{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2906", "width": "1998", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Qass V f\\nBook_^", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "Digitized by the Internet Archive\\nin 2011 with funding from\\nThe Library of Congress\\nhttp://www.archive.org/details/cyclopediaofclasOOIitt", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "4\\n_\\nA 1-l\\nCYCLOPEDIA OF\\nCLASSIFIED DATES", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "CYCLOPEDIA OF\\nCLASSIFIED DATES\\nWITH AN EXHAUSTIVE INDEX\\nBY CHARLES E. LITTLE\\nCOMPILER OF BIBLICAL LIGHTS, AND\\nHISTORICAL LIGHTS AND SIDE-LIGHTS\\nFOR THE USE OF STUDENTS OF HISTORY, AND\\nFOR ALL PERSONS WHO DESIRE SPEEDY\\nACCESS TO THE FACTS AND EVENTS, WHICH\\nRELATE TO THE HISTORIES OF THE VARI-\\nOUS COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD, FROM THE\\nEARLIEST RECORDED DATES\\nFUNK WAGNALLS COMPANY\\nNEW YORK AND LONDON,\\n1900\\nIT\\nwl", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "TWO COPIES RBCEr e ,_\\nJA i 2- ignn\\nRegister of Copyrights,\\n51023\\nCopyright 1S99, by\\nFUNK WAGNALLS COMPANY\\n[REGISTERED AT STATIONERS HALL, LONDON]\\nPRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA\\nSECOND COPY,", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION.\\nThis book is designed for general use, as it possesses the essential features of a Universal\\nHistory, a Biographical Dictionary, a Geographical Gazetteer, and, besides these specific uses,\\na general utility fitting it to become a companion to the Dictionary, both in the library of the\\nscholar, and in the homes and schools where young people are pursuing their studies.\\nIt aims primarily to serve as a volume of historical annals for students and general readers,\\nwho may desire immediate access to historical facts relating to the persons or events referred to\\nin any publication, or wish to obtain the historical setting of such facts, in the current of simul-\\ntaneous events. It also aims to serve as a digest of the history of every country; and yet further\\nto show the trend of history almost at a glance, by noting the relative space allotted to each of\\nthe several topics, under which events are classified.\\nThe author has kept constantly in mind that accuracy of date and statement are of primary\\nimportance in a book of dated facts. No other excellence can atone for inaccuracy, because this is\\na fundamental feature. In pursuit of this purpose immense difficulties have been encountered,\\nyet neither labor nor expense have been considered too great to make the information here given\\nreliable. Many difficulties have been occasioned by the general terms so often used by authors in\\ndescribing events, which by the plan of this book must be made specific, and by the frequent\\nabsence in one or several historical narratives of some of the essential facts which the plan of\\nthis work requires, hence much laborious research has often been required to obtain only a small\\npart of a single item.\\nMore serious impediments have been found in the disagreeing statements of various authors.\\nSome of these disagreements are quite surprising. Concerning such an important event as the\\nlanding of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock, historians are wide apart, respecting both the date,\\nand the number of persons landing. The date celebrated in Plymouth, Mass., and that adopted by\\nmany historians, is the 22d of December; others, with satisfactory evidence, accept December 21st\\nas the anniversary day. The error probably arises from an attempt made in the ISth century to\\nfix the New Style date, by adding eleven days to December 11th, Old Style, whereas only ten should\\nbe added, as the landing occurred in the 17th century, when ten days were required to correct the\\ncalendar. Respecting the number of colonists who came over on the Mayflower, some historians\\ngive it as 100, others as 101, and yet others as 102 persons; the last being correct.\\nAnother familiar event illustrates the confusion in historical narratives. The famous Captain\\nWadsworth, who hid the charter of Connecticut in an ancient oak, is designated by some persons as\\nWilliam, by others, and more properly, as Joseph Wadsworth. If we could be misled by the Rev.\\nSamuel Peters, the fabricator of the Blue Laws of Connecticut, we might conclude with him that\\nCaptain Wadsworth s Christian name was Samuel, and that the famous tree was an elm.\\nMuch confusion has been caused by the reluctance with which the Protestant countries accepted\\nthe reformation of the Calendar, made by Gregory XIII. in the year 1582, nearly one hundred and\\ntwenty years having elapsed before its adoption by the Protestant states of Germany, and one hun-\\ndred and seventy years before it was adopted by Great Britain. Hence the same event would have\\na date ten or eleven days apart, according as it was given by a Catholic or a Protestant writer.\\nReaders are aware that the dates of very ancient history have only an uncertain value. The\\nfallibility of human testimony relating to simple events in modern times is well known but\\nwhen its evidence consists entirely in a current tradition, its unreliability is evident. Here the\\ncommonly received chronology has been followed without indicating any suspicion of uncer-\\ntainty but when a point is reached in the history of a country, after which dates may be accepted\\nas authentic, the fact has been stated in the text.\\nIn the dates given to the earlier Biblical events, the order of Usher s Chronology has been fol-\\nlowed, for the lack of something better; but these dates are placed a,\\\\ the end instead of the begin-\\nning of the item, and are enclosed in parentheses with the chronologist s name, to indicate uncer-\\ntainty. Differing authorities are often added in the same manner. When the chronology is com-\\nmonly accepted by modern scholarship the dates are placed in the style followed throughout the book.\\nFor the events of recent years which have not yet passed under the pen of the historian, the\\nbest digests of daily news have been consulted, and the books noted, are those which have been\\ncommended by the most seholarly reviews.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "VI CYCLOPEDIA OF CLASSIFIED DATES.\\nNotable as well as important events have been included in this work. By notable is meant\\nsuch events as excited widespread interest at the time of their occurence, and are often ignored by\\nthe historian; as the brief excitement respecting domestic silk-culture in some New England\\nStates, and the burning of Barnum s Museum in New York. By utilizing this class of events, it\\nis hoped that these pages may in some sense reflect the current thought of each period.\\nSpecial attention is directed to features of the book which are believed to be worthy of par-\\nticular mention. Besides the combination of the topical and chronological systems already men-\\ntioned, the vast assemblage of historical facts may be noted; also, the locality of events which has\\nbeen systematically indicated by a locality word; the simultaneous exhibit of concurrent events;\\nthe names of contemporaries under the heading Births and Deaths; the exhaustive Index, with\\nnumerals referring to the column, as well as the page; and finally the free use of several kinds of\\ntype, making it easy for the eye to search the pages.\\nAncient Greece, Rome, and the Bible Lands have been treated with much care and fulness, in\\norder to meet the needs of students of Classical and Biblical history. The aid of experts has been\\nenlisted in the compiling of the Greek and Assyrian events.\\nObviously the value of a work of this kind depends in great measure on its adaptation for\\npractical use. It is believed that the arrangement and style of this book favors quick access to de-\\nsired information; the grouping of iiems under a common subject, the use of bold face type, and the\\nuniform use of a locality word, are all contributary to this end. But the most valuable feature is\\nthe unique combination of the two common methods of arranging events, so that both the chrono-\\nlogical and the topical orders may be seen at once, yet so that neither is impaired by the union.\\nThroughout the book it will be found that the two opposite pages, that come under the\\neye, have dates relating to a common period; on these pages are all the events the book contains\\nfor that period, relating to the country there named, except as shown by cross-references in the\\nIndex, whenever events are common to two or more Countries; hence, there is no turning of pages\\nafter a period sought for is found. Seven classifications of items may also be seen; these are made\\nby grouping them under comprehensive topics. Thus, without marring the important chronolog-\\nical order, the reader has the advantage of knowing where to look for a fact, under its proper topic.\\nThereby he avoids the loss of time involved were one item to be selected from all the items on the\\npage, instead of selected from only one group. If he chooses, he may now discard all the other\\nclassifications and read one topic continuously, from page to page, and thus obtain the record of a\\nnation s activity in a single department from the beginning. Yet at any time, he may find the\\nhistorical setting of an event amid the variety of concurrent events, all of which fall under his eye\\nat the same time, as the item which engages his attention. The seven topical classifications are\\nchiefly self-explanatory, yet additional explanation may aid the reader in all cases where subjects\\nmay seem to have relation to two or more topical classifications.\\nArmy and Navy includes the organization of military and naval expeditions; the equipment\\nand movements of armies; sieges; and the great battles of history, whether on land or sea, with\\nthe strength of the forces engaged, the names of opposing commanders, and statistics of the\\ncasualties. Special attention has been given to important conflicts which have occurred in recent\\nyears, and an exceptionally full treatment is given to the Civil War in the United States. Here\\nalso are grouped items relating to the launching and testing of war- vessels with their subsequent\\nmovements, and the promotion of the higher officers of the army and navy.\\nArt includes such events as relate to the fine and industrial arts, their progress, increase;\\nfostering organizations; noted architecture; important engineering works; paintings; statuary; the\\ndrama; music; and the founding and meetings of societies for the promotion of art. Science\\nincludes discoveries; important inventions; the founding of scientific institutions; and organizations\\nfor the advancement of science. Nature includes such notable phenomena as the appearance of\\ncomets; eclipses; the occurrence of earthquakes; storms and various other meteorological events.\\nBirths and Deaths includes the names of many thousands of persons who have taken prominent\\npart in the achievements of mankind; in addition, their vocation or official position is recorded.\\nChurch includes all items relating to religious and ecclesiastical aifairs; these are treated\\nwithout sectarian prejudice, partiality, or editorial comment. Facts are grouped which relate\\nto the beginnings and progress of all religions; especially the origin and development of Christian\\nbodies; the general councils of the Church; general assemblies; general conferences; yearly\\nmeetings; and national and international gatheriags; various philanthropic, educational, and\\nmissionary organizations; young peoples societies of many names; Young Men s Christian Asso-\\nciations, and like organizations; reformations; revivals; heresies; disruptions; secessions; reunions;\\nthe founding of religious orders; the consecration of the higher clergy, and the changes in the", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "CYCLOPEDIA OP CLASSIFIED DATES. Vll\\npapacy. Biblical events and the history of Palestine may be found under Turkey; events\\nrelating to early Christianity are chiefly narrated under Italy here are also the names of all the\\npopes, in the order given by the Roman Almanac Gerarchia Cattolica.\\nLetters includes whatever relates to education and literature; such as the founding of institutions\\nof learning and libraries; pioneer and important newspapers; appearance of magazines, together with\\npopular and important books; the organization of educational societies; educational gatherings.\\nSociety includes events which have their chief value as exhibitions of humanity in the social\\nrelations, whether expressive of human brotherhood or of man s inhumanity to man; such as\\nnotable benefactions for human weal; congresses and conferences for the betterment of human con-\\nditions; the anti-slavery agitation; temperance reformation; organization of fraternal associations\\nand brotherhoods; founding of asylums, hospitals, institutions of mercy and reform; also crimes;\\nscandals; suicides; prize fights; lynchings; slavery; strikes, and all indications of social unrest.\\nUnder State are grouped the events relating to the government, whether administrative, legis-\\nlative, or judicial; the founding and federation of states; political agitations; revolutions; arbitra-\\ntions; alliances; conventions; treaties; ministries; ambassadorships; the opening and the closing of\\nParliament. In the United States it includes the organization of political parties and their national\\nconventions; national elections, with both the popular and electoral votes for presidents; the sessions\\nand acts of the Continental, Federal, and the United States Congresses; the speakers of the House\\nof Representatives; cabinet, judiciary and diplomatic appointments; the inauguration of govern-\\nors; and statistics of national currency, revenue, and expenditure.\\nMiscellaneous comprises all items not related to the seven classifications already mentioned;\\nsuch as affairs concerning commerce; railroads; steamship lines; races; accidents; wrecks; fires;\\nepidemics; panics; census returns, and many other subjects.\\nTwo stars preceding an item in the text indicate that the year-date has not been found;\\nthree stars indicate an indefinite period.\\nThe locality word, printed in italics at the beginning of an item, indicates the modern name of\\nthe country to which it relates; when given of ancient times these localities may be only approx-\\nimately correct.\\nThe space given to the Index and the evidence of the labor applied to about 300 pages of con-\\ndensed references, indicate its estimated importance. A large volume for reference without\\ndirect reference guides is like a city without a directory, the larger the city the greater the\\nconfusion of the stranger. Here a stranger to the book may find an item sought by the use of\\nthe Index, as quickly as the author. It has not been deemed advisable to burden the Index with\\nnumerous cross-references to analogous subjects; the reader, however, may extend his information\\nby turning to the names of such as are closely related. As the references are arranged chronolog-\\nically, the history of religious, reformatory, and other movements, as well as personal biographies\\nmay be traced; also the histories of important cities and federated states. For further explana-\\ntions concerning the Index the reader is referred to page 1162, which immediately precedes it.\\nThe labor expended on this work can hardly be estimated by the average reader. The work\\nwas begun in 1890, and concluded in December, 1899 and from two to five persons have been\\ncontinuously employed in collecting materials, verifying dates, spellings, and statements, or in\\ncritically revising copy and printer s proofs.\\nIt is a real pleasure to publicly acknowledge the valuable services of those persons who have\\nshared the toil of the author. Sincere thanks are tendered to John D. Peince, Ph.D., Professor\\nof Semitic Languages and Comparative Philology in the New York University, for assistance\\nin revising Babylon and Assyria; to Horace C. Wait, B.A., late Principal of Hasbrouck\\nInstitute, of Jersey City, for revising Greece; to William Clarke, B,A,, author of\\nschool-books, for assistance in the preparation of Great Britain; to Thomas Cambell-\\nCopeland, editor and statistician, for revising France and Great Britain; to Charles\\nE. Little, Jr., and William Clarke Jr., for assistance in research and compilation; to\\nLouis E. Van Norman, A.M., for assistance in matters relating to general literary form, and\\nin seeing the book through the press; and to Frank H. Vizetelly, editor and critic, for valued\\nsuggestions on the plate-proofs and Index, and for assistance in securing general typographical\\naccuracy. Acknowledgments are due to several legations at Washington for courteous coopera-\\ntion in the revision of the proof-sheets of those portions of this work which relate specifically to\\nthe countries that they represent.\\nJersey City, N. J., Dec. 7, 1S99. C. E. L.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS.\\nThese auk Used Chiefly ix Items itndeb Births and Deaths and in the Index.\\nAcad.,\\nA.D.,\\nadj.,\\nAcademy,\\nAnno Domini,\\nadjutant,\\nadmiral,\\nadvocate.\\nAfghanistan.\\nAfrica.\\nagncultur\\nagr.,\\n1 rtfcl H.UIIUIC ui\\nagricultural.\\nArg. Rep.,\\nArgentine Republic.\\nAla.,\\nAlabama.\\nAlas.,\\nAlaska.\\nAlex.,\\nAlexander.\\nAlf.,\\nAlfred.\\nAlg.,\\nAlgeria.\\nAm.,\\nAmerica or American.\\nantiq.,\\nantiquary.\\nArab.,\\nArabia.\\narchbp.,\\narchbishop.\\nAriz.,\\nArizona.\\nArk.,\\nArkansas.\\nasso.,\\nassociation.\\nAssyr.,\\nAtty.-Gen.,\\nAssyria.\\nAttorney-General.\\nau. or autli.\\nauthor.\\nAust.,\\nAustria.\\nAustral.,\\nAustralia.\\nav.\\nb.,\\nborn.\\nB.,\\nBaron.\\nBait.,\\nBaltimore.\\nBapt.,\\nBaptist.\\nB.C.,\\nBefore Christ.\\nBelg.,\\nBelgium or Belgian.\\nBenj.,\\nBenjamin.\\nbp.,\\nbishop.\\nbrig.,\\nbrigadier.\\nKr. or Brit.\\nBritish.\\nBulg.,\\nBulgarian or Bulgaria.\\nCal.,\\nCalifornia.\\nCan.,\\nCanada.\\ncapt.,\\ncaptain.\\nCard.,\\nCardinal.\\nOath.,\\nCatholic.\\neel,,\\n1 celebration or\\n1 celebrates.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ch.,\\nchurch.\\nclianc,\\nchancellor.\\nChas.,\\nCharles.\\n-chron.,\\nchronologist.\\ncl.,\\nclergy.\\nColo.,\\nColorado.\\nCom.,\\nCommodore.\\nconf.,\\nconference.\\nConfed.,\\nConfederacy or\\n1 Confederate.\\nCong.,\\nCongress.\\nConn.,\\nConnecticut.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0cons.,\\nconsecrated.\\nconven.,\\nconvention.\\nct.,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0eye,\\ncyclopedia.\\nD.,\\nDuke.\\n-d,,\\ndied.\\nB.C.,\\nDistrict of Columbia\\nor Washington.\\nDel.,\\nDelaware.\\nDem.,\\n1 Democrat or\\nDemocratic.\\nDen.,\\nDenmark.\\nDepart.,\\nDepartment.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0dio.,\\ndiocese.\\nDis.,\\n(of Christ), Disciples.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2dis.,\\ndisco versor discoverer.\\nDom. Rep.\\nDominican Republic.\\ndram.,\\ndramatist.\\nE.,\\nEarl.\\nEben.,\\nEbenezer.\\nEcua,,\\nEcuador.\\ned.,\\neditor.\\nEgy.,\\nEgypt.\\nElizabeth.\\nEliz.,\\nemp.,\\nemperor.\\nency.,\\nencyclopedia.\\nEng.,\\nEngland.\\neng.,\\nengineer.\\nengra.,\\nengraver.\\nEpis.,\\nEpiscopal.\\nethnol.,\\nethnologist.\\nEur.,\\nEurope or European.\\nEvan.,\\nEvangelical.\\nEzek.,\\nEzek i el.\\nFla.,\\nFlorida.\\nfnd.,\\nfound or founded.\\nFr.,\\nFrance or French.\\nft.,\\ntort.\\nGa.,\\nGeorgia.\\nG. A. R.,\\nGrand Army\\nof the Republic.\\nG. IS.,\\nGreat Britain.\\nGen. Ass.,\\nGeneral Assembly.\\ngenea.,\\ngenealogist.\\nGeo.,\\nGeorge.\\ngeog.\\ngeol.,\\ngeographer.\\nj;eo].. j;ist.\\ngeom.,\\ngeometrician.\\nGerman.\\nGer.,\\nGr.,\\nGreek or Greece.\\nGuat.,\\nGuatemala.\\nH. C,\\nHouse of Commons.\\nHeb.,\\nHebrew.\\nH. L.,\\nHouse of Lords.\\nHoi.,\\nHolland.\\nhort.,\\nhorticulturist.\\nhosp.,\\nhospital.\\nHung.,\\nHungary.\\nla.,\\nIowa.\\nIce.,\\nIceland.\\nIda.,\\nIdaho.\\nincorp.,\\nincorporated.\\nInd.,\\nIndiana.\\ninst.,\\ninstitute or instituted.\\nInt.,\\nInterior.\\nintro.,\\nintroduced.\\ninventor.\\nIre.,\\nIreland.\\nIs.,\\nIsland or Islands.\\nI. Ter.,\\nIndian Territory.\\nJap.,\\nJapan.\\nJer.,\\nJeremiah.\\njour.,\\njournalist.\\nJos.,\\nJoseph.\\nJr.,\\nJunior.\\nJustice,\\nJustice of the\\n1 Supreme Court.\\nk.,\\nkilled.\\nK.,\\nKing.\\nKan.,\\nKansas.\\nKath.,\\nKatharine.\\nKy.,\\nKentucky.\\nL.,\\nLord.\\nLa.,\\nLouisiana.\\nlexicog.,\\nlexicographer.\\nLond.,\\nLondon.\\nLuth.,\\nLutheran.\\nMaj.,\\nMajor.\\nMaj.-Geu.,\\nMajor-General.\\nMar.,\\nMargaret.\\nMass.,\\nMassachusetts.\\nmath.,\\nmathematician.\\nMatt.,\\nMatthew.\\nM. a,\\nMember of Congress.\\nMd.,\\nMaryland.\\nMe.,\\nMaine.\\nmet.,\\nmetaphysician.\\nMeth.Epis.\\nMethodist Episcopal.\\nMex.,\\nMexico.\\nmfg.,\\nmanufacturing.\\nmfd.,\\nmanufactured.\\nMich.,\\nMichigan.\\nMinn.,\\nMinnesota.\\nMiss.,\\nMississippi.\\nMo./\\nMissouri.\\nMont.,\\nMontana.\\nM. P.,\\nMember of Parliament\\nN.,\\nNorth.\\nnat..\\nnational.\\nNath.,\\nNathaniel.\\nnav.,\\nnavigator.\\nN. B.,\\nNew Brunswick.\\nN. C,\\nNorth Carolina.\\nN. Dak.,\\nNorth Dakota.\\nNeb.,\\nNebraska.\\nNeth.,\\nNetherland.\\nNev.,\\nNevada.\\nN. F..\\nNewfoundland.\\nN. H.,\\nNew Hampshire.\\nN. J.,\\nNew Jersey.\\nnom.,\\nnominated.\\nNor.,Norw\\nNorway.\\nN. S.,\\nNova Scotia.\\nN.T.,\\nNew Testament.\\nN. Y.,\\nNew York.\\n0-,\\nOhio.\\nObad.,\\nObadiah.\\nobs.,\\nOkla.,\\nopd., opnd.,\\nOre.,\\nornith.,\\nO. T.,\\nPa..\\npaint.,\\nPal.,\\nPari.,\\npath.,\\nP. J\u00c2\u00a3. I.,\\nPers.,\\npbil.,\\nPhila.,\\npbilau.,\\npbilol.,\\npbys.,\\nP. M. G.,\\nPol.,\\npolit.,\\nPort.,\\nPP--\\nPr.,\\nPres.,\\nPres., Presb\\nprint.,\\nProf.,\\nProt.,\\nPrus.,\\nQ.,\\nK. C. or\\nRom.Catb.,\\nKef.,\\nKef. Epis.,\\nRef. Presb.,\\nRep.,\\nRev.,\\nR. I.,\\nRobt.,\\nKus.,\\nS.,\\nSam.,\\nSax.,\\nS. C,\\nscbol.,\\nScot.,\\nsculp.,\\nS. Dak.,\\nSera.,\\nSen.,\\nserg.,\\nI?:;\\nstates.,\\nsupt.,\\nsurg.,\\nSwe.,\\nSwitz.,\\nTenn.\\nTer.,\\nTex.,\\ntheo.\\nThos.,\\nTim.,\\nTur.,\\nTur. A.,\\nTur. E.,\\nU.S.,\\nobservatory.\\nOklahoma.\\nopened.\\nOregon.\\nornitholoc\\nOld Testament.\\nPennsylvania.\\npainter.\\nPalestine.\\nParliament.\\npathologist.\\nPrince Edward Island.\\nPersia.\\nphilosopher.\\nPhiladelphia.\\nphilanthropist,\\nphilologist.\\nPost Master General.\\nPoland.\\npolitician.\\nPortugal.\\npages.\\nPrince.\\nPresident.\\nPresbyterian.\\nprinter.\\nProfessor.\\nProtestant.\\nPrussia.\\nQueen.\\nRoman Catholic.\\nReformed.\\nReformed Episcopal.\\nReformed Presbyterian.\\nRepublican.\\nrevenue or Reverend.\\nRhode Island.\\nRobert.\\nRussia.\\nSouth.\\nSamuel.\\nSaxons or Saxony.\\nSouth Carolina.\\nscholar.\\nScotland or Scottish.\\nsculptor.\\nSouth Dakota.\\nSeminary.\\nSenator.\\nsergeant.\\nSpain.\\nSenior.\\nstatesman.\\nsuperintendent.\\nsurgeon.\\nSweden.\\nSwitzerland.\\nTennessee.\\nTerritory.\\nTexas.\\ntheologian.\\nThomas.\\nTimothy.\\nTurkey.\\nTurkey in Asia.\\nTurkey in Europe.\\nUnited States.\\nUnited States Army,\\nUnited States Navv.\\nUnited States\\nVolunteers.\\nYenez.,\\nvol.,\\nV. Pres.,\\nYt.,\\nW.,\\nWash.,\\nWash. City,\\n(often D. C.)\\nW. C. T. XT.,\\nVVes. Methi,\\nWis.,\\n-Win.,\\nW. Va.,\\n^Universalis!.\\nVenezuela,\\nvolunteers.\\nVice-President.\\nVermont.\\nWales.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Washington (State\\nj Washington City.\\nWoman s Christian\\nTemperance TJl\\nWest Virginia.\\nWyoming.\\nZecharian.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "Cyclopedia of Classified Dates.\\nABYSSINIA.\\n329-1842.\\nAbyssinia is an extensive country of Northeastern Africa, and comprises a part of ancient Ethiopia estimated area,\\n190,000 square miles estimated population, 5,000,000. The people are Indo-Caucasians the prevailing religion is Coptic. The\\nempire comprises the kingdoms of Tigr\u00c2\u00a3, Lasta, Amhara, Gogam, and Shoa, with, many outlying dependencies.\\nThe early history is very uncertain. In the first and second centuries the kingdom of the Auxumitie flourished.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n562 Expedition of Chosroes, king\\nof Persia, against the Christian kingdom\\nin Arabia, founded by Abyssinians.\\n1520 A Portuguese fleet enters the\\nRed Sea to aid the Abyssinians against\\nthe Turks.\\n1528 Mohammed Gragn with armies\\nof Mohammedans overruns the coun-\\ntry and drives the Emperor into the\\nmountains. [The country disturbed for\\n12 years.]\\n1539 Another Portuguese fleet un-\\nder Stephen de Gama arrives at Masso-\\nwah to fight the Turks.\\n1540 Christopher de Gama, brother\\nof the admiral, is joined by the natives,\\nand after some success is defeated and\\nexecuted by the Turks.\\nMohammed Gragn is shot and his\\narmy routed.\\nCHURCH.\\n329 The Abyssinians are converted\\nto Christianity by the Coptics.\\n346 Prumentius, bishop of Auxuma\\n(Axum), preaches in Abyssinia.\\n350 The Bible is translated into\\nEthiopic, probably by Frumentius.\\nSaints are excessively honored, re-\\nceiving almost divine reverence.\\n470 Many monks enter the country\\nand perpetuate monachism.\\n520 Christians are persecuted by\\nthe king of the Homerites from the op-\\nposite side of the Red Sea.\\n1490 The Jesuits introduce Cathol-\\nicism.\\nAfter being lost to the annals of the\\nworld for a thousand years, the Abys-\\nsinian Christians are rediscovered by\\nofficers of the Portuguese navy, after\\nsailing around the African continent.\\n1520 Father Alvarez arrives from\\nPortugal, with other Jesuits.\\n1555 The Jesuits send out thirteen\\nmissionaries.\\n1580 Bermudez, the Catholic pri-\\nmate, quarrels with the Emperor, who\\nrefuses to publicly confess himself a\\nconvert.\\nBermudez is obliged to leave.\\n1601 Father Paez arrives, and by\\nhis skill and tact soon wins the favor of\\nthe court.\\n1603 Another Jesuit mission estab-\\nlished, the former having been recalled\\nby a papal bull. [Twenty years of in-\\ntrigue, civil war, and slaughter follow.]\\n1621 An ineffectual attempt is made\\nby the Jesuits to Install a patriarch, and\\nthe result is disastrous.\\n1624 Dec. The Abyssinian church for-\\nmally submits to the See of Rome.\\n1625 Mendez succeeds Father Paez.\\n1633 Disheartened by failure, Mendez\\nabandons the country.\\nThe Jesuits are expelled after labor-\\ning for a century and a half.\\n1750 *-54 The Jesuits reestablish\\nthemselves.\\n1826 The first Protestants arrive\\nMessrs. Gobat and Kugler, missionaries\\nof the Church Missionary Society, are\\nwell received by the Ras of Tigre\\\\\\n1828 The Roman Catholic mission\\nrenewed.\\n1830 Bishop Gobat is favorably re-\\nceived at Gondar.\\nMissionary Isenberg succeeds Chris-\\ntian Kugler, deceased.\\nMissionaries Charles Henry Blum-\\nhardt and John Ludwig Krapf arrive.\\n1833 Bishop Gobat returns to Europe.\\n1834 Bishop Gobat returns to Tigre.\\n1836 111 health compels Bishop Gobat\\nto return to Europe.\\n1838 The missionaries are expelled\\nthrough the opposition of the native\\npriests against all foreigners.\\nMissionaries Krapf and Isenberg go to\\nShoa and compile the Amharic dic-\\ntionary, a geography, and prayer\\nbook.\\n1840 The Amharic translation of the\\nBible is revised by the British and\\nForeign Bible Society.\\n1841* The Abuna appointed by; the\\ngovernment comes from the Church Mis-\\nsion School at Cairo.\\n1842 Missionary Krapf leaves Shoa\\nbecause of intrigues against Protestants.\\n1\\nSTATE.\\n522 King Caleb, or Elesbaan, ex-\\ntends his kingdom into Arabia, and\\na period of great prosperity begins.\\n562 The Abyssinians are driven out\\nof Arabia by the Persians.\\n960 The Jewish Princess Judith\\nsecures the throne and most of the king-\\ndom by murdering nearly all of the royal\\nfamily.\\n1268 The kingdom is restored to\\nthe former line, and Icon Imlac reigns.\\nAbyssinia is supposed to be ruled by\\nPrester John.\\n1507 The Emperor sends Matthew, an\\nArmenian, to the King of Portugal to\\nrequest his aid against the Turks.\\nThe intruding Portuguese are odious\\nto the people and driven out.\\n1535 The Emperor sends Bermudez\\nto Portugal to again solicit aid against\\nthe Turks.\\n1550+ The Galla tribes enter Abys-\\nsinia from the South. [They gradually\\noverrun the whole country].\\nThe empire is broken up.\\n1633 The Emperor dies, and his son\\nFacilidas succeeds him.\\n1838 Through suspicion of foreign in-\\nterference, all foreigners are expelled.\\nThe country is divided into four\\n1841 Nov. 16. Major Harris, envoy\\nfrom India, concludes a treaty of com-\\nmerce with the King of Shoa.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1490 Pedro de Covilham, with an\\nexploring expedition enters the country.\\n1605+ Churches, palaces, and bridges\\nare constructed under the direction of\\nFather Paez.\\n1768 James Bruce, the traveler,\\nvisits the country.\\n1770 Feb. 16. Bruce enters Gondar,\\nthe capital, and visits the Emperor.\\n1773 Bruce makes his second visit.\\n1809* Henry Salt explores the country\\nby the order of the British government.\\n1818+ Lij Kassa (subsequently King\\nTheodore) horn in Kuara.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "1849-1894.\\nABYSSINIA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1855 Feb. King Theodore routs the\\ngovernor of Tigre after defeating the\\nchief of Godjarn.\\n1860* Theodore s army numbers\\nfrom 100,000 to 150,000 fighting men.\\nTheodore terribly avenges the death\\nof two Englishmen, Plowden and Bell,\\nby the slaughter or mutilation of nearly\\n2,000 rebels.\\n1867 Theodore s army reduced to a\\nskeleton by rebellions and desertions.\\nSept. 7, 8. -68 War with Eng-\\nland. A pioneer force under Sir Rob-\\nert Napier sails from Bombay to rescue\\nthe British captives from Theodore.\\nOct. 21. A British force of more than\\n32,000 men lands at Zoulla, and begins\\na journey of 400 miles into the moun-\\ntainous interior.\\nOct. 26. Napier issues his proclamation\\nto the Abyssinians.\\n1863 Jan. 4. Arrives at AnnesleyBay.\\nApr. 2. He arrives below Magdala.\\nApr. 10. Battle of Arogie 3,000 Abys-\\nsinians suddenly attack Napier, are re-\\npulsed, and driven back in good order.\\nApr. 11. Theodore sues for peace.\\nHonorable treatment is promised on\\nthe surrender of the captives and the\\npromise of Theodore to submit to Queen\\nVictoria.\\nLieutenant Prideaux conveys the let-\\nter, which Theudure receives with scorn;\\nan insulting reply follows.\\nApr. 12. Theodore sends an apology.\\nHe surrenders the captives and makes\\na present of 1,000 cows and 500 sheep\\nthe released European artisans and fam-\\nilies enter the British camp. Present\\nrejected Theodore in despair.\\nApr. 13. Theodore attempts to escape.\\nPart of the Abyssinian army mutinies;\\nthe British bombard and storm Mag-\\ndala Theodore is defeated and commits\\nsuicide.\\nApr. 17. Theodore being dead, his troops\\nare sent away, and the fortifications of\\nMagdala destroyed and the town burned.\\nMay 2. The British force retires, after\\nrewarding Prince Kassai of Tigr6, their\\nvaluable ally.\\nReport of animals used by the British\\nIn the expedition 45 elephants, 7,417\\ncamels, 12,920 mules and ponies, 7,033\\nbullocks, 827 donkeys.\\nReport of British expense in the war,\\n$44,887,500.\\n1871 June 21. Civil War* between\\nGobazye, the king of Amhara, and Kas-\\nsai, prince of Tigre, who successfully\\nseeks independence.\\n1871 July 11. Gobazye defeated and\\ncaptured.\\n1875* *-76* War with Egypt. [Is-\\nmail Pasha makes a disastrous attempt\\nto conquer Abyssinian territory.]\\nThe Khedive s army enters Abyssinia;\\nthe natives retiring.\\nThe Abyssinians surprise, defeat, and\\nmassacre the Egyptians at Kherad Iska.\\nOct. 16. The Abyssinians again defeat\\nthe Egyptians in a desperate battle nt\\nGonda Gouddi.\\n1876 Feb. 19. After a three days fight\\nthe Egyptians defeat the Abyssinians.\\n1877 Junel5\u00c2\u00b1. Civil War. Mene-\\nlek, King of Shoa, is totally defeated by\\nKing John.\\n1885 Sep. 23. Conflict at Kufeit near\\nAmadib between Arabs and Abyssinians.\\n1887 War with Italy.\\nJan. 18+. Abyssinians defeated in their\\nattack upon Massowah and the Italian\\noutposts.\\nJan. 25, 26. Abyssinians under Ras A lu-\\nlu cut off about 500 Italians, proceeding\\nwith supplies to Sahati, at Dagoli, near\\nMassowah.\\nMar. 27, 28. Italians have skirmishes\\nwith the Deber tribe.\\nNov. 10. Abyssinians besiege Masso-\\nwah.\\n1888 Aug. By native treachery the\\nItalians are defeated in a conflict at\\nSanganeiti on the border, and four offi-\\ncers are killed.\\n1SS9 Jan. 23. King John prepares for\\nwar with Menelek, King of Shoa.\\nMar. 7. King John besieges Kassala,\\nSenoussis army is marching on Khar-\\ntum.\\nMar. 9. Civil War is declared against\\nKing John by King Menelek of Shoa.\\nMar. 10. King John attacks the der-\\nvishes in their stronghold at Netemmeh,\\nbut is defeated and badly wounded.\\nMar. 12. The dervishes make a sortie,\\nand rout King John s army, killing\\nthe king and his officer, Ras Area, besides\\nmany others.\\nMar. 14. Menelek, proclaiming himself\\nNegus, marches upon Adowa.\\nJune 6. Announcement made that Ital-\\nian troops occupy the Keren district.\\nJune 12. Italians capture and occupy\\nSenalfe.\\nAug. 21. Ras Alulu is defeated at God-\\nfelassi by the Italian General Baldessara.\\nNov. S. General Baldessara resigns.\\nDervishes tight the Abyssinians.\\nNov. 9. General Orero succeeds General\\nBaldessara in command of Italian troops.\\nDec* Menelek s forces wholly defeat\\nthe dervishes.\\n1890 Feb. 3. The ItaUan troops leave\\nAdowa and recross the Mareb.\\nFeb. 13. King Menelek defeats Has\\nAlulu, severely wounding him.\\nMar. S. Menelek reported to have joined\\nforces with the Italians in preparation\\nfor an advance on Adowa.\\n1891 Oct. 5. Ras Alulu and another\\nofficer rout the forces of Debeb, an\\naspirant to the Abyssinian throne.\\n1S93 Dec. 22. The Italian troops de-\\nfeat the dervishes near Massowah; sev-\\neral hundred dervishes are killed, the\\nItalian loss being about one hundred.\\n1894 Dec. 19. Italian (native) troops\\nunder Major Toselli defeat a party of\\nArabs near Halai.\\nCHURCH.\\n1849* *The Roman Catholic mission-\\naries are expelled.\\n1855 Bishop Gobat sends Protestant\\nmissionaries BLrapf and Fad to engage\\nii* secular as well as spiritual work.\\n1858 The Society of Basle has six\\nmissionaries at w\u00c2\u00ab rk.\\n1859 Xegussie, King of Tigre and Si-\\nmen, sends an embassy to Rome, to an-\\nnouncesubmissiou to the Roman Church.\\nThe king gladly receives the vernacu-\\nlar Scriptures furnished by the London\\nBible Society, and distributes them.\\nKing Theodore again expels the\\nJesuits from his kingdom.\\n1860 Dr. Stern is sent by the London\\nSociety as a missionary to the Jews of\\nAbyssinia; soon after, the Scotch So-\\nciety sends Mr. Staiger on a similar mis-\\nsion.\\n1863 Missionary Stern and Mr. and\\nMrs. Rosenthal arrive.\\nOct. Missionary Stern is beaten and im-\\nprisoned by King Theodore.\\n1864 Jan. All the missionaries are\\nimprisoned for pretended insults.\\nMaricha, a Protestant, becomes\\nchief minister of Prince Kassai of Tigr\u00c2\u00a3,\\nand the country enjoys peace.\\n1869 The country is closed to mission-\\nary work.\\n1871 Catholic missionaries are pun-\\nished for interference in politics.\\n1884 The Gospel of Mark in Ethi-\\nopic characters is published.\\n1887 Swedish missionaries, having\\nbeen expelled, return with the Italian\\narmy.\\n1889 May 8. A treaty is made with\\nItaly permitting missionary work.\\nThe Swedish Evangelical Society re-\\nports mission stations at Arkibo, at\\nMcKullo, and also at Djimma.\\nBalli in the Shoa district is occupied\\nby a missionary of the St. Chrischona\\nPilgrim mission.\\n[The native church is ruled by the\\nAbuna; Christianity and Judaism are\\nstrangely mixed; its spirit is savage.]\\n1891 Sept. 10. The new year begins.\\nSept. 26. The anniversary of the find-\\ning of the true cross is celebrated as\\nusual, it being the greatest feast of the\\nyear.\\n[Male and female babes are circum-\\ncised when eight days old 260 regular\\nfast days are appointed for each year,\\nrequiring abstinence from both eating\\nand drinking.]\\nRussia seeks a religious alliance\\nwith the Negus, whereby the church shall\\nbe brought under the jurisdiction of the\\nHoly Synod of St. Petersburg.\\nThe clergy are reported as the only\\neducated people, and they hold all power\\nin their hands.\\nIn recent times the church is di-\\nvided respecting the unction of Jesus\\nChrist, and two parties have excommu-\\nnicated each other.\\nSOCIETY.\\nBlacksmiths are hereditary sor-\\ncerers.\\nMatrimony is entered at the age of\\n12 years, girls having their dowry in oxen.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "ABYSSINIA.\\n1849-1894.\\n1868 Apr. 9. Theodore massacres\\nabout 300 native captives.\\nHenry M. Stanley accompanies the\\nBritish expedition to Abyssinia as cor-\\nrespondent of the New York Herald.\\nJune 5. It is reported that the Mahdists\\nin Western Abyssinia have destroyed\\nwhole flocks and herds, sold into slavery\\nthousands of Christians, while many\\nothers have been butchered without\\nmercy, and hundreds of the noblest in-\\nhabitants have been taken to Mecca and\\nsold for slaves, in violation of treaties.\\n1889 Oct. 7. Abyssinia agrees to help\\nsuppress the slave-trade.\\nDec. 1. Greeting of explorer Henry M.\\nStanley at Massowah by newspaper cor-\\nrespondents.\\n1890 Apr. 7. King Menelek asks Italy\\nto represent him in the Brussels anti-\\nslavery congress.\\nSTATE.\\n1855 Feb.* Has All is deposed by his\\nson-in-law, Lij Kassa [Theodore III.],\\nwho takes the throne.\\n1862 Feb. 9. British Consul Cam-\\neron arrives at Massowah.\\nOct. 7. Consul Cameron is received by\\nTheodore, to whom he presents the\\nQueen s gifts and letter.\\nOct. He is dismissed with a letter to\\nthe Queen of England desiring alliance\\nagainst the Turks. [No reply given.]\\n1863 Aug. Consul Cameron returns.\\nOct. Missionary Stern beaten and\\nimprisoned for alleged intrusion upon\\nTheodore.\\nNov. Despatches are received from Eng-\\nland, but no reply to Theodore s letter.\\n1864 Jan. Consul Cameron, his\\nsuite, and missionaries Stem and Ro-\\nsenthal are imprisoned for pretended\\ninsults.\\nJuly 24, A British messenger, Hormuzd\\nKassam, arrives at Massowah with a let-\\nter from the Queen.\\nJuly Kassam asks permission to present\\nthe Queen s letter, and receives no reply.\\n1865 Aug. 12. Kassam is informed by\\nnote that Consul Cameron is released,\\nand that he may come to the King.\\nNov. 21. Hormuzd Kassam, Lieut. Prid-\\neaux, and Dr. Blanc arrive at Metemeh.\\n1866 Jan. 25. The party reaches the\\ncamp uxDaniot, and is well received.\\nMar. 12. The captives are all released\\nand the mission progresses favorably.\\nApr. 13. After starting for the coast,\\nthe entire party is compelled to return,\\nand is placed in gentle confinement.\\nTheodore sends Mr. Flad to England\\nwith a second letter to the Queen, ask-\\ning for workmen and machinery.\\nJuly The prisoners are put in chains\\nand severely treated.\\nOct. 29. Mr. Flad arrives at Massowah\\nwith the Queen s letter and workmen.\\nDec. 19. Theodore receives the Queen s\\nletter, in which machinery and workmen\\nare promised when the English prisoners\\nare surrendered it has no effect.\\n1867 Jan. Rebellions against the\\nburdensome exactions of Theodore break\\nout his power is waning.\\nShoa has shaken off the yoke of\\nTheodore, and Godjam has become vir-\\ntually independent. Tigre continues in\\nthe hands of his enemies.\\nThe peasantry leave the fertile\\nplains and escape to the mountains to\\navoid the demands of Theodore s army.\\nApr. 16. Lord Stanley s ultimatum\\nsent to Theodore, demanding the release\\nof the captives in three months. [It was\\nnot received.]\\nMay Mr. Flad is received by Theodore,\\nand forced to join his family in prison.\\nJuly The British government decides\\nto send an armed force into the coun-\\ntry under Sir Robert Napier.\\nSept. 9. A formal letter sent bythe Brit-\\nish government to Theodore. [It was\\nnot received.]\\nSept. Tigr\u00e2\u0082\u00ac revolts against the rule\\nof the rebel chief Wagsham Gobazye,\\nand becomes independent under Dejach\\nKassai.\\nNov. 11. The captives reported well.\\nNov. 25. The Gallas reported to he in\\nrebellion against Theodore.\\nNov. 26, 27. Eng. Parliament appro-\\npriates $10,000,000 for the prosecu-\\ntion of the war.\\n1868 A third ultimatum sent by\\nNapier; it was suppressed by Kassam as\\nendangering the lives of the captives,\\nhe having received it through a rebel\\nchief.\\nApr. 12. The captives and foreigners\\nare released. Terunish, Theodore s\\nqueen, accompanies the British troops\\nin returning to her own country.\\nJuly 14. Eng. Theodore s son Alama-\\nyou (aged 7) arrives at Plymouth.\\n1869 Jan. 26. Eng. Alamayou sails\\nfor India to be educated.\\nJuly* Kassai punishes the Catholic\\nmissionaries for partisanship, and en-\\nters an alliance with Egypt.\\n1872 Jan. 12. Kassai is crowned\\nwith much ceremony at Axum, as King\\nJohn II.\\n1879 Oct. Colonel Charles George\\nGordon, of the Egyptian service, con-\\ncludes a peace, granting a seaport to\\nAbyssinia.\\n1884 May 26. King John receives\\nAdmiral Hewett from Suakin, and en-\\nters a treaty respecting Massowah, etc.\\nAug. 19. Two envoys from Abyssinia ar-\\nrive in England.\\n1885 Feb. 6. The Italian flag hoisted\\nby the side of the Egyptian at Massowah.\\nDec. 2. The government of Massowah\\nassumed by the Italians.\\n1S87 May 2. Proclamation issued by\\nItaly announcing war and blockade of\\nports of Massowah and its dependencies.\\nOct. 18. The Chief Kantibay submits to\\nthe authority of Italy.\\n1888 May8+. King John makes a\\ntreaty placing the country under an\\nItalian protectorate.\\nJuly 1. Italy notifies the powers that she\\nhas annexed Massowah.\\nAug. 3. The Italian protectorate is pro-\\nclaimed at Zulla.\\n1889 Feb. 14. The Cossack expedi-\\ntion at Taljarah, on the Gulf of Aden,\\norganizes a large caravan with the in-\\ntention of proceeding to Ankolvar.\\nMar. 12. King John killed Menelek,\\nking of Shoa, proclaims himself Ne-\\ngus, and marches on Adowa.\\nApr. 10. Dagiac Maugascia, the succes-\\nsor of King John, is his nephew.\\nKing Menelek ignores Maugas-\\ncia s claim and assumes authority.\\nMany of the most important chiefs,\\nincluding Ras Michael, have recognized\\nMenelek as Negus.\\nThe king despatches a mission of\\ntwenty persons, including several im-\\nportant chiefs, to the King of Italy.\\nJune 2. The Italians occupy and annex\\nKeren without resistance.\\nAug. 5. Massaval and the whole of Abys-\\nsinia, except the Province of Tigr\u00c2\u00a3, have\\nsubmitted to Menelek.\\nOct. 14. Italian Government declares a\\nprotectorate over Abyssinia.\\nNov. 3. Menelek II. and Queen Taitri\\nare crowned at Aretoto.\\nDec. 9. Menelek orders a suspension of\\ntrade relations between his country and\\nItaly. War is imminent.\\nDec. Menelek having overcome the reb-\\nels in the province of Tigre, establishes\\nhis reign over the whole of Abyssinia.\\n1890 Mar. 5. Menelek agrees to ac-\\ncept Italy s assistance in all negotia-\\ntions with foreign powers, and to give it\\npreference in all industrial and commer-\\ncial concessions.\\nMar. 11. The Abyssinian territory ceded\\nto Italy extends to Mareb.\\nApr. 7. Menelek asks a free passage\\nthrough Italian territory for arms to be\\nused in fighting the dervishes.\\n1891 Apr. Russia sends an expedi-\\ntion of six or seven men to Abyssinia,\\nwhich purports to be scientific, but\\nis, presumably, political.\\nOct. 5. Debeb, an aspirant for power, is\\nrouted by Kas Alulu.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1855 Theodore HI. is the best shot,\\nthe best spearman, the best runner, and\\nthe best horseman in Abyssinia.\\n1868 Apr. 13. King Theodore commits\\nsuicide. A48.\\nMay 10. Queen Terunish, who accom-\\npanied the British, dies on the march to\\nthe interior.\\n1879 Dec. 14. Eng. Prince Alamayou\\ndies at Leeds.\\n1S90 Feb. 14. Reported death of Ras\\nAlulu from wounds. [False report.]\\nPopulation about 6,000,000, and much\\nsuperior in every respect to their Afri-\\ncan neighbors.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "979-1878.\\nAFGHANISTAN.\\nAfghanistan is an inland country of Asia, lying east of India, and having Ell-defined boundaries. It is ruled liy an absolute\\nsovereign called the Ameer. Kabul is the capital. The prevailing religion is Mohammedanism. Estimated area, 279,000 square\\nmiles estimated population, 4,000,000.\\nARMY.\\n1213 Ghengbis Khan with three ar-\\nmies overruns northern China. [1219.\\nConquests in Western Asia.]\\n1358 Tamerlane begins his con-\\nquests. [1398. Enters India.] (See India.)\\n1504* *Baber takes Kabul. [1521. He\\ninvades India. 1525. Again conquers\\nKabul.]\\n1715* Afghans conquer Herat.\\n1731 Nadir Shah takes Herat.\\n1737 -38 Nadir Shah takes Ka-\\nbul and recovers Kandahar. He gains\\nthe good will of the Afghans, and enrolls\\nmany of them in his army.\\n1747* Ahmed Shah resolves to throw\\noff the Persian yoke; he seizes the\\nbooty taken from India by Nadir.\\n1761 June 6. Ahmed Shah wins great\\nvictory over Mahrattas at Panipat.\\n1823 The Afghans defeated by the\\nSikhs at Naoshera.\\n1838 The Persians, influenced by\\nRussia, lay siege to Herat, the key of\\nAfghanistan and India.\\nDec. Shuja Shah, with an army led\\nby British officers and paid by British\\nmoney, marches toward Sind.\\n1839 First war with the British.\\nFeb. 20. A British army passes the\\nIndus about 12,000 strong, and having\\n40,000 camp-followers, besides the new\\nlevies of the Shah.\\nMar. The Bolan Pass is traversed most\\nof the baggage is lost.\\nApr. 7. The Kojuk Pass is traversed.\\nApr. 25. Kandahar, abandoned by\\nthe Afghan princes, is entered by the\\nBritish under Sir John Keane.\\nJuly 22. Ghunzee, a great stronghold,\\nis taken by storm, and Dost Moham-\\nmed s army disbands. The war ends.\\n1840 Nov. 3. Dost Mohammed sur-\\nrenders to British, and is sent to India.\\n1841 Nov. -4.2 Apr. Famous de-\\nfense of Jelalabad, by Sir Robert Sale,\\nagainst the revolting Afghans.\\nNov. 2. The Afghans, led by Akbar\\nKhan, revolt and expel the British\\nfrom Kabul; 24 British are killed.\\nNov. 3. The forts at Kabul close to the\\nBritish camp are occupied.\\nNov. 5. General Elphinstono talks of\\nbuying a free passage out of the country.\\nNov. 9. The commissariat fort has its\\ngarrison of SO men overpowered, and is\\ntaken by the Afghans. The British\\nmenaced with starvation.\\nNov. 15. The British force demor-\\nalized by the incapacity of its com-\\nmander, who negotiates for a cessation\\nof hostilities.\\nX)ec. 23. Akbar Khan treacherously as-\\nsassinates Sir William Macnaghten\\nand others.\\nDec. Shuja Shah assassinated.\\n1842 Jan. 1. The British capitulate.\\nThey agree to pay the Afghans S950.000\\nin coin and sign bills lor \u00c2\u00a3700.000 more\\nto leave nearly all their artillery and\\nammunition, and evacuate the country.\\nThe chiefs promise safe conduct, pro-\\nvisions, and baggage-cattle.\\nJan. 6. The British, with 4,500 combat-\\nants and 12,000 camp-followers, begin\\ntheir march for India.\\nCold, snow, disease, and want, with\\nutter disorder, reduce their number.\\nJan. 6-13. Annihilation of the Brit-\\nish army.\\nTerrible massacre of about 3,849 sol-\\ndiers and 12,000 camp-followers at Khai-\\nbar Pass, by the Ghilzais. Dr. Brydone\\nand a few natives escape. [Later ninety-\\nfive prisoners are recovered.]\\nMar. General Pollock is reenforced at\\nPeshawur and begins his march to re-\\nlieve the troops in Afghanistan, via the\\nKhaibar Pass.\\nJuly Lord Ellenborough, Governor-gen-\\neral of India, orders a general advance\\non Kabul from Kandahar by General\\nNott, and Jelalabad by General Pollock.\\nAug. 20. General Pollock arrives at\\nGundamuck.\\nAug. 23. He defeats a body of Afghans.\\nAug. 30. General Nott takes possession\\nof Ghuznee.\\nSept. 6. General Nott defeats the Af-\\nghans at Alydan.\\nSept. 8. General Pollock carries the\\nJugduluk Pass.\\nSept. 13. He defeats the main body of\\nthe Afghans at Tezeen.\\nSept. 15. The British occupy Kabul,\\nand release Lady Sale and others.\\nSept. 17. The two armies joined at\\nKabul.\\nSept. 29. General M Caskill storms Is-\\ntalif and destroys the town in revenging\\nthe massacre of the garrison at Char-\\nikar, and the harboring of the murderers\\nof Burnes.\\nCaptain Cragie and a Sepoy garrison\\nbrilliantly repulse the Afghans in an at-\\ntack on the fortress of Kala t-i-Ghilzai.\\nDec. British evacuate Afghanistan.\\n1850 Balkh reconquered by Afghans.\\n1S56 Oct. 25. Persians take Herat.\\n1858 Dost Mohammed forms a regu-\\nlar army, containing 1G infantry regi-\\nments (nominally) of 800 men, 3 of cav-\\nalry, of 300 men, and about SO field\\npieces, and a few heavy guns.\\n1563 May 26. Dost takes Herat from\\nAhmed. Ahmed is a vassal of the Per-\\nsians, who are under the influence of\\nRussia; Herat is regarded as the Key\\nof India.\\n1564 June 6. Shere Ali, the Ameer,\\ndefeats his brother Azim and confeder-\\nates at Kujhbaz.\\nJune 14. Shere Ali enters Kandahar.\\n1S66 Mar. 2. Kabul is surrendered\\nto Azim by Ibrahim, a son of the Ameer.\\nMay 10. Shere Ali defeated at Sheik-\\nhabad he flies for Kandahar.\\n1867 Jan. 17. Shere Ali defeated by\\nAzim and Abder-Rahman at Kujbbaz.\\nSept. 17. Shere Ali is again defeated\\nand his general killed.\\n1868 Apr. Azim s army defeated\\nand Yakoob, son of the Ameer, enters\\nKandahar.\\nSept. Azim s army dissolved by deser-\\ntion.\\nNov. -Dec. Shere Ali resists Abder-\\nRahman.\\n1869 Jan. Shere Ali routs Abder-\\nRahman and Azim.\\n1870 May 6. Yakoob takes Herat\\nfrom his father.\\n1878 Sept. 22. ABritishmissionwith\\nan armed escort are threatened at a fort\\nin the Khaibar Pass, if they advance;\\nthey retire.\\n-81 Second war with the\\nBritish.\\nOct. A religious war against the Brit-\\nish is proposed by Shere Ali.\\nNov. 21. The British army (34,730 na-\\ntives and 12,740 Europeans) advances.\\nNov. 22. The British shell AH Masjid,\\nand take 21 guns, losing 2 officers and 35\\nNov. 23. Dakka and Pisheen occupied.\\nNov. 25. Kuram fort occupied.\\nDec. 2. The British, under General Rob-\\nerts, defeat the Gocrkhas at Peiwar\\nPass, losing 2 officers and 80 men killed\\nand wounded.\\nDec. 20. Jellalabad occupied.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1162 Genghis Khan, emperor and con-\\nqueror, born.\\n1227 Genghis Khan dies in Mongolia.\\n1336 Tamerlane is born at Kesh.\\n1405 Feb. 17. Tamerlane dies at Atrar.\\n1483 Feb. 14. Baber. founder of dynasty\\nand\\n1530 Dec. 2G. Baber dies, A 48.\\n1715 Mir Wais, sovereign of Kandahar, d.\\n1724 Mahmud, son of Mir Wais, dies.\\n1747 Kadir Shah, sovereign, assassinated.\\n1773* Ahmed Shah, Ameer, dies.\\n1793* Timor Shah, Ameer, dies.\\n1798\u00c2\u00b1 Dost Mohammed. Ameer, born,\\n1829 Mohammed Shah dies.\\n1830 Abder-Rahman Khan, Ameer, born.\\n1642 Kamran, Ameer at Herat, dies.\\n1863 June 9. Dost Mohammed. Ameer,\\ndies, A 85.\\n1867 Oct. rfzel, rival Ameer, dies.\\n1869\u00c2\u00b1 Jan. Azim, rival Ameer, dies.\\n1878 Aug. 17. Abdoola Jan, the Ameer s\\nheir, dies.\\nSTATE.\\n979 Mahud, Sultan of Ghazni, ex-\\ntends his dominions by adding Trans-\\noxiania, also Kabul and a part of India.\\n1350+: A native dynasty called Kurt3\\nsprings up in Western Afghanistan.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "AFGHANISTAN.\\n979-1878.\\n1369 Tamerlane proclaimed sov-\\nereign at Balkh.\\n1495 Baber enthroned at 12 years of\\nage.\\n1526 Apr. 21. By tlie victory of Pani-\\npat, Kabul and Kandahar become a part\\nof the empire of Delhi, under the so-\\ncalled Mogul dynasty which Baber\\nfounded.\\n1530+ Afghanistan divided be-\\ntween Persia and Hindustan.\\n1715 Herat taken by conquest.\\n1720 The Afghans revolt.\\n1731 Herat is taken by Nadir Shah.\\n1737 Nadir Shah invades the coun-\\ntry, and subdues and rules the Afghans.\\n1747 Nadir Shah assassinated.\\n*-73* Ahmed Shah, an Afghan, be-\\ncomes the successful ruler and warrior.\\nHe resolves to throw off the Persian\\nyoke. Under his rule Afghanistan first\\ntakes a place among the kingdoms of\\nthe earth.\\n1748 He expels the Mogul governor\\nfrom Kabul and Peshawur, and overruns\\nthe Punjab.\\n1749 Herat recovered by the Af-\\nghans.\\n1773 -93 Timur Shah (son) en-\\nthroned; he becomes a tyrant.\\n1774 The seat of government is re-\\nmoved from Kandahar to Kabul.\\n1793 Timur dies; his 23 sons struggle\\nfor the crown, and Zaman gets it.\\nHe conceives the idea of consolidating\\nthe Mohammedan power of India.\\n1800 Zaman is dethroned, and his son,\\nMahmoud Shah, succeeds as Ameer.\\n1803 Mahmoud is dethroned, and\\nShuja Shah (his brother) succeeds him.\\n1808 Afghans lose Sind.\\n1809 Mahmoud is restored to be\\nAmeer by Fatteh Khan.\\n1816 The jealous Mahmoud brutally\\ntortures and murders Fatteh Khan.\\n1818 The Barakzai brothers drive\\nMahmoud from Kabul, and he gains\\nHerat, where he becomes ruler.\\n1819 Afghans lose Kashmir.\\n1826 Dost Mohammed Khan, one\\nof the Barakzais, becomes Ameer.\\n1829* MohammedShahdies,andKam-\\nran, his son, rules at Herat.\\n1837 Captain Alexander Burnes\\nsent to Dost Mohammed at Kabul as am-\\nbassador of the British government, to\\noffset the intrigues of Russia.\\n1838 Persians vainly attempt to wrest\\nHerat from the Afghans.\\nThe British find the Ameer is not sub-\\nservient to their interests, and they at-\\ntempt to restore Shuja Shah, a pen-\\nsioner of India, to the throne; war follows.\\n1839 Aug. 6. Kabul opens its gates to\\nthe British.\\nAug. 7. Shuja Shah enthroned at the\\ncapital; Mohammed a fugitive; the real\\ngovernment in the hands of William\\nMacnaghten, the British envoy.\\nNov. Akbar Khan attempts to re-\\nstore his father by expelling the British.\\n1840 Nov. 3. Dost Mohammed, having\\nsurrendered to the British, is sent to\\nIndia.\\nPenjdeh is assured to Afghanistan by\\nLord Auckland.\\n-41 Insurrections succeed each\\nother.\\n1841 British occupation costs the In-\\ndian treasury $6,250,000 yearly.\\nKTov. 2. An insurrection against the\\nBritish breaks out in Kabul; envoy\\nBurnes and others slain.\\nDec. Semi-anarchy follows the death\\nof the Ameer, who falls at the hands of\\nan assassin.\\nDec. 23. At a conference with Dost s\\nson, Akbar Khan, this chief murders\\nSir W. Macnaghten, the chief British\\nenvoy, with his own hand.\\n1842 British power broken. Akbar\\nKhan rules in place of his father.\\nJan. The British enter a convention to\\nevacuate the country.\\nJan. The convention disregarded by the\\nAfghans and the army massacred.\\nDr. Brydone is the only European\\nwho reaches Jelalabad and he is wounded\\nand nearly dead.\\nOct. 12. The British leave Kabul and\\nmarch for India.\\nOct.\u00c2\u00b1 Dost Mohammed restored to\\nthe throne.\\n1855 Jan. Afghans and British make\\na treaty of peace. Dost Mohammed\\nbecomes an ally.\\n1856 Oct. 25. Persians seize Herat.\\n1857 July 27. Persians restore Herat.\\nThe revenues of Dost Mohammed are\\nestimated at 4,000,000 rupees, or about\\n\u00c2\u00a72,000,000, exclusive of the revenue from\\nHerat, which he does not hold.\\n1863 May 26. After ten months siege\\nDost Mohammed captures Herat from\\nAhmed.\\nJune 9. Shere Ali (3d son) enthroned as\\nAmeer his 15 rival brothers oppose him.\\n1864 Unsuccessful insurrection of\\nthe Ameer s brothers, Ufzul and Azim.\\nMay 16. Azim a fugitive.\\nJune 2. Ufzul acquiesces in the de-\\nmands of the British.\\nAug. Insurrection of Abder-Rahman\\nUfzul in prison.\\nShere Ali enters Kabul.\\n1866 Kabul has two rulers, the sen-\\nsual Ufzul and the cruel Azim.\\n1867 Azim rules alone, on the death\\nof Ufzul.\\nShere Ali holds only Balkh and\\nHerat.\\n1868 Mar. Azim quarrels with Ab-\\nder-Rahman, who deserts him.\\nJuly Azim abandons Kabul.\\nSept. 8. Shere Ali again occupies Kabul.\\nNov. -Dec. The British help Shere\\nAli with arms and money.\\n1869 Mar. 27- Shere Ali receives a\\nsubsidy from the British.\\n1870 May 6. Yakoob, his son, rebels\\nand takes Herat.\\n1871 June* Feramoz Khan, Shere\\nAli s general, assassinated.\\nJuly Yakoob reconciled with his\\nfather through British influence, and\\nmade governor of Herat.\\nSept. Yakoob again rebels.\\nOct. Shere Ali makes new boundaries;\\nBritish pay him another subsidy.\\n1873 Dec. Shere Ali names Abdoola\\nJan, his youngest sou, as his successor,\\nand thus angers Yakoob, his oldest son.\\n1874 Dec. Yakoob confined by his\\nfather.\\n1878 Aug. Stolietoff a Russian\\nenvoy, signs a treaty; Russia to be\\nthe guardian of the Ameer.\\nSept. The Ameer dismisses the envoy\\nfrom the viceroy of India with presents,\\nand declines intercourse with the\\nBritish,\\nSept. 22. A British mission with mili-\\ntary escort is stopped at the Khaibar\\nPass they retire toward Peshawur.\\nOct. 20. The British send an ultima-\\ntum to be answered before Nov. 20.\\nNov. 19. The Ameer sends an evasive\\nreply.\\nNov. 23. The viceroy of India issues a\\nproclamation to the Afghans.\\nDec. 13. Shere Ah flees from Kabul;\\nthe Russian mission retires, and Ya-\\nkoob Khan ass um es authority.\\nDec. 26. General Roberts annexes the\\nKuram district to India by proclama-\\ntion.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n997* Mahmoud patronizes literature.\\n1150+ Ghazni is one of the most\\nsplendid cities of Asia.\\n1413* -24 History of the conquest\\nof Swat by Shakh Mali, written by a\\nchief of the Yusufzais and a leader in\\nthe conquest.\\n17th Century Abdarrahman, the poet,\\nflourishes.\\n1750+ Ahmed Shah writes poetry.\\nIn a single night Ahmed Shah s army\\nloses 18,000 men from cold, near\\nHerat, while retreating from Persia.\\n1754 Modern Kandahar is founded.\\n1809 .First visit of an English envoy\\n(Elphinstone).\\n1832 Visit of Lieut. Alex. Burnes from\\n1837 The remaining population of de-\\nclining Farrah is carried off to Kandahar.\\n1841 Massacre at Kabul.\\n1842 Sir G. Pollock s expedition visits\\nJelalabad and destroys the town walls.\\n1855 The Church Missionary Society\\nstarts a mission for the Afghans at\\nPeshawur.\\n1857 -58 Major Lumsden s party\\nexplores the Kurram Valley.\\n1857 Jan. Sir John Lawrence has\\nan interview with Dost Mohammed at\\nPeshawur in the Punjab. [A treaty fa-\\nvorable to British influence is entered\\ninto, promising arms and a subsidy\\nMaj. Lumsden enters Kandahar, and the\\nIndian mutiny follows.l", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "1879-1894.\\nAFGHANISTAN.\\nARMY.\\n1879 Jan 6. Afghans leave Kandahar.\\nJan 7. Roberts defeats the Mangals\\nnear Matoon occupies Kandahar.\\nFeb. 16. The Alizais attack the British\\nand retire.\\nApr. 2. Action near Futtehabad, 5,000\\nKhugianis defeated by the British.\\nJune 8, The British retire.\\nSept. 5. Mutiny at Herat and many of-\\nficials killed.\\nSept. 6. The British commence a march\\ntoward Kabul.\\nSept. 19. Natives defeated at Shutar-\\ngardan.\\nSept. 24. General Baker at Kushi.\\nSept. 28. Baker at Kabul.\\nSept. 29. Baker occupies Dakka.\\nOct. 2. The British repulse an attack at\\nShutargardan.\\nOct. 6. Battle of Char-asiab 70 killed\\nor wounded on the British side.\\nOct. 8. The Afghans retire.\\nOct. 12. Gen. Roberts occupies Kabul.\\nOct. 14. Gen. Gough occupies Jelalabad.\\nOct. -Nov. Many Afghan mutineers\\ntried, and S7 executed as murderers.\\nDec. 1 1-14. Frequent fighting and heavy\\nlosses.\\nDec. 14. The British army concentrated\\nin the Sherpur cantonments.\\nDec. 23. Roberts and Gough defeat\\n25,000 Afghans near the Sherpur\\ncantonments.\\nDec. 24. The Afghans retire from Kabul.\\nDec. 26. The British reoccupy Kabul.\\nDec. 29. Colonel Norman repulses an at-\\ntack at Jagdalak.\\n1880 Jan. 10. Mohammed Jan seizes\\nGhazni and holds it for Musa Khan.\\nApr. 3. Mohammed Jan killed in battle.\\nApr. 16. Pathans attack a camp at Du-\\nwai and kill the garrison.\\nApr. 19. The Ghilzais in force attack\\nGeneral Stewart at Ahmad Khel and\\nare repulsed.\\nApr. 25. Col. Jenkins checks 4,000 Loga-\\nris, till reenforced by Gen. Macpherson\\nat Char-asiab, then they are routed.\\nMay 2. Gen. Sir Donald Stewart as-\\nsumes command at Kabul.\\nJuly 14\u00c2\u00b1. Shere Ali s troops at Kan-\\ndahar revolt and join Ayoob Khan, the\\ngovernor of Herat.\\nJuly 27. General J. Burrows attacks\\nAyoob Khan, who has an intrenched\\nforce of about 20,000 men at Maiwand,\\non the river Helmud, with about 12,000\\nmen, and is defeated with severe loss.\\nJuly 28. The British, about 4,000 strong,\\nhold the citadel at Kandahar.\\nAug. 9. Ayoob at Kokaran.\\nGeneral Sir F. Roberts starts from\\nKabul to relieve General Burrows at\\nKandahar.\\nAug. 1 1 The British troops withdraw\\nfrom Kabul after an interview with\\nAbder-Rahman, the Ameer.\\nAug. 16. Unsuccessful sortie by British\\nfrom Kandahar, 180 men and several\\nofficers killed.\\nAug. 25. Ayoob reenforced by the\\nGhilzais, making an army of about\\n20,000 men.\\nAug. 30. Ayoob retires from Kandahar.\\nAug. 3 1 Roberts, with about 10,000 men,\\narrives at Kandahar.\\nSept. 1. Roberts defeats Ayoob at\\nMazra and captures his camp.\\n1881 July 26. Ayoob defeats the Am-\\neer s army at Karez-i-atta, G holam\\nHyder commanding it.\\nJuly 30. Ayoob occupies Kandahar.\\nAug. 21. GholamHyderatKhelat-i-Gliil-\\nzai receives reenforcements from Kabul.\\nSept. 22. Ayoob defeated at Old Kan-\\ndahar, chiefly by the desertion of his\\ntroops he flees to Herat.\\nSept. 30. The Ameer occupies Kanda-\\nhar.\\nOct. 2. Ayoob s adherents defeated.\\nOct. 4. The Ameer enters Herat; Ayoob\\nflees to Persia.\\n1883 Apr. 27. The Shinwarris de-\\nfeated by the Ameer.\\n1887 Apr. 19. The Ghilzais reported to\\nhave defeated the Ameer s troops.\\nApr. 25 Again defeated at Khelat-i-\\nGhilzai.\\nJune 9. A mutiny of Ghilzais at Herat\\nis violently suppressed.\\nJune 13-16. Reported defeat of the\\nGhilzais by Gholam.\\nJuly 15. Disastrous defeat of the reb-\\nels at Mashakai reported.\\nJuly 26. Conflicting reports of victory at\\nKotaldab by Gholam Khan.\\nAug. 31. Hot fighting with the insur-\\ngents at Mashakai.\\nSept. Ayoob, having entered Afghan-\\nistan with a few followers, is driven out.\\nSept. 7. The Ameer s troops fight the in-\\nsurgents near Mukur their leader, Ja-\\nlander Khan, taken prisoner.\\nSept. -Oct. Occasional fighting re-\\nported.\\nNov. 15. Another fight with the insur-\\ngents reported 60 killed..\\n1888 May 9. The Afghans defeat the\\nTurcomans in a fight.\\nSept. 29. Ishak Khan defeated by the\\nAmeer s troops at Tash Kurgan.\\nSept. 30. Ishak again defeated at Mazari\\nSherif.\\n1889 Jan. 19. Ishak Khan and follow-\\ners, and Sultan Murad Khan with 3,000\\nfamilies of Afghan Wynegs, cross the\\nfrontier and enter the Bokharan service.\\nFeb. 3. The Shinwarris defeated by\\nthe Ameer s troops under Gholam Hy-\\nder.\\nFeb. 12. Russian troops on a hurried\\nmarch to reenforce frontier posts. Gen-\\neral Komaroff and Russian staff arrive\\nat Chardjin on the Amu Darya.\\nFeb. 14. Komaroff, with a strong force\\nof Russians, arrives at Bokhara.\\nFeb. 22. Russian troops are ordered to\\nattack the Ameer if he approaches the\\nRussian frontier.\\nFeb. 27. Th-- Ameer crosses tho Rus-\\nsian frontier, committing cruelties.\\nFeb. 28. Reported thai 18,000 Russian\\ntroops are massed on the frontier.\\nMar. 1. Afghans advancing from Herat,\\nand the Emir of Bokhara preparing to\\nattack them.\\n1890 Mar. 20. Reported that Ishak\\nKhan has a large force at Bokhara, and\\nis preparing to invade Afghanistan.\\nAug. 7. Troops are sent to quell a revolt\\namong the Alehayaras in Kandahar.\\n1892 Apr. 29. Afghans rise against\\nsoldiery between Herat and lianiian.\\nAug. 4. The Afghans skirmish with both\\nRussians and Chinese on the Alichur\\nPamir and take a number of Kirghiz\\nprisoners.\\nAug. 11. More tigh ti n g reported between\\nthe Afghans and Russians at Pamir.\\nAug. 22. Afghan troops defeated by\\nHazara tribesmen.\\nAug. 30. The Ameer, Abder-Rahman\\nKhan, is preparing to resist a Russian\\nadvance.\\nAug. 31. The Ameer s troops capture\\nKamsan from the revolting Hazaras.\\nSept. 2. Punjab infantry and cavalry,\\nwith a mountain battery, to be sent to the\\nWana Comul Valley, unless the Ameer\\nof Afghanistan recalls the agents dis-\\nturbing the peace on the Indian frontier.\\nSept. 12. The Ameer is supporting the\\nmountain tribes in their resistance to\\nBritish authority.\\nA British force is on its way to the\\nValley of the Indus to destroy the town\\nof Balo. in which Haskim All has been\\nharbored.\\n1894 The Ameer has a regular army\\nof 50,000 troops, and the tribal levies\\nare incorporated with these as irregular\\nauxiliaries, with the exception of the\\nhorsemen who follow feudal chiefs.\\nAn arsenal established at Kabul\\nmanufactures powder.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1879 Feb. 20. Shere Alidies (announced).\\nSTATE.\\n1879 May 26. Treaty of Peace\\nsigned with Yakoob Khan, son of the\\ndeceased Ameer, at Gandamak.\\nThe British to occupy certain territory,\\nhave a resident at Kabul, and pay an\\nannual subsidy uf S30U.000 t the Ameer.\\nAyoob the governor of Herat for his\\nbrother.\\nSept. 3, 4. Revolt of Afghans, who mas-\\nsacre British residents and their\\nguards.\\nSept. 5. Mutiny in Herat; both mili-\\ntary and civil governors killed.\\nOct. 14. Gen. Roberts proclaims martial\\nlaw and Gen. Hills and Gholab Hussein\\nKhan to be military governors.\\nOct. Yakoob TOian abdicates.\\nOct. 30. Roberts announces the occupa-\\ntion of Kabul, etc.\\nDec. Mohammed Jan Wardak combines\\ntribes against the British.\\nDec. 17. Musa Khan, son of Yakoob.\\nreported to be Ameer.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "AFGHANISTAN.\\n1879-1894.\\n18S0 Jan. 6. Gen. Roberts proclaims\\nan almost universal amnesty.\\nMar. 21. The new Ameer, Musa Khan,\\nand the chiefs at Ghazni submit to the\\nBritish.\\nThe British make Shere Ali, cousin of\\nthe late Ameer, Governor of Kandahar.\\nJuly 22. The British proclaim Abder-\\nKahman, Ameer at Kabul.\\nDec. Shere Ali resigns retires to India.\\n1S31 Oct. Abder-Rahman becomes\\nsole ruler.\\n1SS2 Feb. Afzul Khan is chosen by\\nthe Ameer as British resident at Kabul.\\n1333 June 21. Shinwarris accept peace.\\nJuly 21. The Ameer accepts a subsidy\\nfrom India.\\n1884 Apr. 2. The Ameer meets Lord\\nDuiferin, the viceroy, at Rawalpindi.\\nAug. The Ameer accepts the proposal\\nof the Afghan frontier commission.\\n1885 July* England and Kussia dif-\\nfer respecting the Zultikar Pass.\\nJuly Strong Russian force posted at\\nAskabad.\\nJuly The Penjdeh surrendered to\\nRussia.\\nAug. 22. It is announced that the Rus-\\nsians give up their contention respecting\\nthe Zultikar Pass.\\nSept. The dispute between Russia and\\nEngland is closed by signing a Protocol\\nat London.\\nNov. 12. First boundary pillar set by the\\njoint commission.\\n1886 Feb. 13. Russia occupies Penjdeh.\\nSept. 6. Joint commission having con-\\ncluded its work is dissolved.\\nOct. 30+. Revolt against taxation.\\n1887 July 8. Proclamation of peace,\\namnesty, and remission of taxes for\\ntwo years issued by the Ameer.\\nJuly 13. Execution of Taimar Shah,\\nchief of the Herat mutineers.\\nJuly 20. The Afghan Frontier Com-\\nmission meet at St. Petersburg and set-\\ntle the boundary question.\\nAug. 14. Ayoob Khan escapes from\\nTeheran he raises his standard against\\nthe Ameer.\\nAug. 29+. Rebellion reported at an end,\\nand several tribes return home.\\nNov. 9. Reported that Ayoob Khan has\\nsurrendered to the viceroy of India.\\nNov. 13. Peace reported in Southern\\nAfghanistan.\\nDec. 10. The Ameer issues an amnesty\\nproclamation.\\n1888 Sept. Revolt of Ishak Khan,\\nthe governor of Afghan-Turkestan.\\n1889 Feb. 13. The insurrectionary\\nleader, Ishak Khan, is treated with great\\nhonor at Samareand, Russia.\\nFeb. 20. The Ameer has appointed Gho-\\nlam Hyder Khan Governor of Afghan-\\nTurkestan.\\nAug. 7. The Alehayaras in Kandahar re-\\nvolt troops sent to quell disturbance.\\n1890 Aug. 6. The new Ameer sends an\\nembassy to Russia to conclude a com-\\nmercial treaty.\\nSummer. Abder-Rahman, the Ameer,\\ncontinues at Mezar, the chief place in\\nAfghan-Turkestan, for the purpose of\\ncrushing hostilities and reorganizing\\nthe administration.\\nThe Ameer has given the Russians\\nimportant trade concessions which are\\ndenied to the English.\\nThe Ameer seeks to replace pillage\\nand violence with commerce and\\npeaceful industries.\\nAug. 11. The Ameer arrives at Kabul\\nand is given an enthusiastic reception.\\n1891 Sept. 7. Reported arrest of Gen-\\neral Alikhanoff charged with being a\\nRussian spy.\\nThe Russians send out an expedi-\\ntion for political purposes, which has a\\nstrong Cossack support, and starting\\nfrom Osh, in the Russian province of\\nFerghana, it enters the Pamir region,\\nand claims a great part of it.\\n1892 Apr. 11. The Ameer issues a State\\npaper to the Noble Chiefs of Afghan-\\nistan, advising their adherence to\\nGreat Britain rather than to Russia.\\nApr. 15. The Ameer gains possession of\\none of the two passes leading through\\nthe Pamir country to India, the British\\nhaving possession of the other.\\nJuly 8. Reported that the Russians are\\nencroaching on Afghan territory on the\\nMurghab River and in the Pamirs.\\n[The Afghans make an effort to pro-\\ntect their frontier against the advances\\nof the Russians. (See Army.)\\nAug. 9. The revolt of the Hazara tribes\\ngrows more serious daily.\\nAug. 14. Owing to increased complica-\\ntions the Ameer negotiates with the\\nrebels.\\nAug. 23. Reported that the Ameer has\\nasked the Government of India to in-\\ntervene to prevent Russian aggression\\nin the Pamir country.\\nSept. 12. The Ameer is said to be sup-\\nporting the mountain tribes in their re-\\nsistance to British authority.\\nDec. 16. Sher AfzulKhan.murdererand\\nusurper, is driven from Chitral.\\nDec. 22. The Ameer is recognized as\\nSuzerain of Chitral.\\n1893 Feb. 4. Overtures made for a con-\\nference between Russia, England, and\\nChina to consider the frontiers of Russia,\\nChina, and Afghanistan.\\nMar. 13. The Ameer declines to meet\\nLord Roberts to confer concerning the\\ntrouble among Indian frontier tribes.\\nOct. 2. Arrival at Kabul of Sir Mortimer\\nDurand s Mission.\\n!N ov. 15. The Ameer announces, at a\\nmilitary review, that the frontier ques-\\ntion and other matters long pending be-\\ntween Afghanistan and India have been\\nsatisfactorily adjusted.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1879 Sept. Commencement of the\\nQuetta Railway.\\nOct. 16. The British lose arms, ammuni-\\ntion, and about 20 men by an explosion.\\nThe British use a portable heliograph\\nin their campaign.\\nThe Ameer secures a regular sub-\\nsidy of about $25,000 a month from the\\nIndian treasury.\\n1880 Jan. The joint Anglo-Russian\\nBoundary Commission complete the\\nboundary delimitation.\\nOct. The work on the Railway is stopped.\\n1884 Apr. Work on the Railway is re-\\nsumed.\\n1885 Oct. 28. Opening of the Lower\\nBolan Railway, connecting with India.\\n1887 Mar. 14. The rails are joined of\\nthe Sibi and Quetta sections of the Sind-\\nPishin Railroad via the Harrai route.\\nMay Russians, under General Ozan\\nTora, occupy the town of Kerki, on the\\nleft bank of the Oxus, between Bokhara\\nand Herat.\\nAug. 14. Ayoob Khan, the cousin and\\nrival of Abder-Rahman, escapes from\\nTeheran, where he was kept interned\\nby the British.\\n1888 July The opening of the rail-\\nroad through Bokhara to Samareand\\nis celebrated with festivities. General\\nAnnenkoff, who directed its construc-\\ntion, is appointed its chief director for\\ntwo years.\\nOct. Ishak Khan a fugitive in Russian\\nterritory.\\nDec. 26. The Ameer barely escapes as-\\nsassination.\\nRailroad connection is completed to\\nthe Caspian Sea, a distance of 900 miles.\\n1889 Feb. 16. Exportation of goods\\nresumed no obstacle against the impor-\\ntation of Russian goods.\\nApr, 9. Tranquillity prevails along the\\nfrontier.\\nDec. 26. The Ameer is fired at by a sepoy\\nof the Herat Infantry, who is executed\\non the spot.\\nThe railroad is dependent upon the\\nsupply of naphtha, the only fuel\\navailable.\\n1890 Kabul supposed to have 100,000\\ninhabitants.\\nThe tomb of Shah Ahmed at Ka-\\nbul is so sacred that the king may not\\nremove a criminal who has taken refuge\\nwithin its walls.\\nThe Ameer demands a tax of from\\n10 to 30 per cent of the produce of the\\nland, according to the amount of irriga-\\ntion.\\n1891 The Ameer is endeavoring to\\nextend new manufactures.\\n1893 Manufactures are chiefly silk,\\nfelts, carpets, and postins.\\nExports consist chiefly of fruits and\\nnuts and large quantities of asafetida.\\nThe population exceeds 4,000,000.\\nThe Ghilzai, Durani, and other tribes\\ninhabit the central parts of the coun-\\ntry the Tajiks cultivate the soil and\\nply peaceful trades the Aimaks, Haza-\\nras, and Uzbecks dwell in the northern\\npart of the country.\\nA large number of the Hazaras and\\nthe Kizilbashis are Shiite Mohamme-\\ndans.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "lllB.C-1866 A.D.\\nALGERIA.\\nAlgeria is a country of Northern Africa, organized as a colonial possession of France, and divided into three departments,\\nAlgiers, Oran, and Constantine capital, Algiers. The government is vested in a governor-general, appointed by France, and a\\nSuperior Council the prevailing religion is Mohammedanism. Area (Algeria proper), 1*22,870 square miles imputation in 1801,\\n3,910,399.\\nARMY NAVY.\\nIll b. c. War between Rome and\\nNumidia begins. (See Italy.)\\n46* b. c. Juba, the last king of Nu-\\nmidia, is killed at the battle of Thapsus.\\n42* b. c. Suetonius suppresses a revolt\\nin Mauritania.\\n533 -35 A. D. Justinian s great\\ngeneral, Belisarius, conducts the Ro-\\nmans successfully against the Vandals.\\n637 -709 The Saracens subdue\\nthe country.\\n1248 William, Prince of Achaia, con-\\nquers the Moors.\\n1492 The Moors are driven out of\\nSpain into Algiers.\\n1505* Ferdinand, King of Spain,\\nsends a powerful fleet under the Count\\nof Navarre against the country he soon\\ncaptures Oran, Bugia, and other towns.\\n1509 Algiers is taken by the Span-\\niards.\\n1516 The Turks aid in expelling the\\nSpaniards, under Horush Barbarossa.\\n1516* *-20* Algiers is retaken by\\nHorush and Hadher-ed-Din Barbarossa,\\nand made the capital of a Mohammedan\\nstate.\\n1518* The Spaniards capture Horush\\nBarbarossa and put him to death.\\n1541 Oct. 28+. The Spanish Emperor\\nCharles V. loses the greater part of a\\nfleet of 370 vessels and an army of 30,000\\nmen, in an expedition against Algiers\\nCharles himself escapes with difficulty.\\n(See Miscellaneous.)\\nThe Spaniards are driven out.\\n1616 The Algerine fleet consists of\\n40 sail, of ships of between 200 and 400\\ntons, and a flag-ship of 500 tons.\\n1617 A French fleet is sent against\\nthe Algerines, and captures two ves-\\nsels.\\n1620 The English send out an un-\\nsuccessful fleet under Sir Robert Manscl\\nThe Venetians send out a fleet un-\\nder Admiral Capello, which captures IS\\ngalleys.\\n1655* Cromwell sends Admiral Blake\\nwith a fleet, which soon subdues the\\nAlgerines.\\n1680 The French send out a fleet\\nunder Vice-Admiral Duquesne, which\\ndestroys 14 Algerine ships.\\n1683 May Duquesne appears before\\nAlgiers, and threatens to bombard the\\ntown.\\nThe pacific Bev is murdered, and also\\nall the French in the town. The French\\nConsul is fired at the French fleet from\\nthe mouth of a mortar. Duquesne de-\\nstroys the fortifications, the shipping,\\nand the chief part of the town.\\n1792 The Spaniards surrender Oran.\\n1815 Commodore Decatur of the\\nUnited States navy encounters the\\nAlgerine squadron, captures a frigate\\nand a brig, and forces the surrender of\\nAmerican prisoners.\\n1816 Aug. 27. The city of Algiers is\\nsuccessfully bombarded by the Brit-\\nish fleet, under Lord Exmouth, who\\nalso burns its fleet.\\n1817+ The Algerines more strongly\\nfortify their city than ever before.\\n1826* Algerine pirates openly seize\\nItalian vessels in the Mediterranean and\\nextend their incursions to the North Sea.\\n1830 War with France. Caused by\\ninsults given to ambassadors, and to\\ngreat restlessness in France.\\nMay The French prepare a fleet at\\nToulon, for war on a large scale.\\nJune 14. Rout of the Algerines after a\\nfierce attack in strong force.\\nJuly 4. The French begin the bombard-\\nment of Algiers, and subdue the town.\\nJuly 5. Algiers surrendered to the\\nFrench under General Bourmont and\\nAdmiral Duperre, after severe conflicts.\\nThe French force consists of 37,000 in-\\nfantry, and 4,000 cavalry, and a good sup-\\nply of artillery; Hussan Bey s army\\nnumbers 60,000. The spoil consists of\\n12ships, 1,500 bronze cannon, and nearly\\n$10,000,000 in specie.\\nGeneral Clausel succeeds General\\nBourmont.\\n1831 Feb.* General Berthezene is ap-\\npointed commander-in-chief.\\nHe makes unsuccessful attempts to\\nchastise the hostile tribes of the interior.\\nRevolt of the natives against the\\ntyranny of the French.\\nOct. The Kabyles capture Bona.\\nNov. General Savary, Due de Rovigo,\\nreenforces the French with 16.000 men.\\nHe exasperates the natives by cruelty\\nand treachery.\\n1832 The Arab chief Abd-el-Ka-\\nder preaches a holy war, and collects\\nan army of 11,000 men.\\nMay He attacks the French at Oran,\\nand, after bravely fighting three days,\\nis repulsed with considerable loss.\\n1835 Jealousy inspires war with Abd-\\nel-Kader.\\nJune 28. At the Makta River the French\\nare defeated with great slaughter.\\nThe French under Marshal Clausel\\nwith 11,000 men invade Mascara.\\nDec. 5. The French take Mascara and\\nfire the city.\\n1836 Jan. Marshal Clausel undertakes\\nan expedition against Tlemcen; he\\ncaptures and garrisons the town.\\nAbd-el-Kader defeats 3,000 men un-\\nder Count d Arlanges on the Tafna.\\nJuly 6. General Bugeaudeompletelyde-\\nf eats the Arabs on the Sikak River.\\nNov. Marshal Clausel conducts an un-\\nsuccessful expedition of S.OOO men\\nagainst the Bey of Constantine.\\n1837 May 30. Abd-el-Kader thor-\\noughly defeated.\\nOct. A French army of 20,000 men\\nmarches against the Bey of Constantine.\\nOct. 12. The French storm and capture\\nConstantine, losing General Danr\u00c2\u00a3-\\nmont. General Valee succeeds him.\\n1839 Oct. Boundary disputes and\\nintrusion lead to war.\\nReenforcements of 20,000 men are sent\\nout from France.\\nDec. Abd-el-Kader suddenly attacks\\nthe French in the plain of Metidja, and\\nrouts them with great slaughter.\\n1840* The French garrison of 123\\nmen defends Fort Masagran against\\nthe attack of 12,000 to 15,000 Arabs,\\nfor three days.\\n1841 General Eugeaud, with from\\n80,000 to 100,000 men, subdues\\nraiding Arabs by use of flying columns.\\n1842 Jan. Tlemcen is taken by the\\nFrench.\\nFort of Tafna captured and destroyed.\\n1843 Sprint/. The French under the\\nDuke of Aumale surprise Abd-el-\\nKader they take several thousand\\nprisoners and much booty.\\n1844 Aug. 14. The Arabs from Mo-\\nrocco, under Abd-el-Kader, are defeat-\\ned by General Bugeaud, on the river Isly.\\n1845 June 18. General Pelissier suf-\\nfocates about 500 Arab men, -women,\\nand children in a cave after they re-\\nfused to surrender.\\n1847 Dec. 23. Abd-el-Kader finally\\nsurrenders to Lamoriciere.\\n1849 General Pelissier marches\\nagainst several of the rebellious tribes\\nand subdues them.\\n1850 Several revolts are subdued.\\n1851 Kabyle insurrection subdued by\\nthe French under Geueral St. Arnaud,\\nafter several sharp engagements.\\n1852 General Macmahon is sent\\nout against Kabylia.\\nGeneral Pelissier takes Laghouat by\\nstorm.\\n1854 An expedition subdues the\\nArabs in the south.\\n1857 Oct. General Randon subdues\\nthe tribes of Great Kabylia, and the au-\\nthority of France is undisputed.\\n1859 Oct. 31. The Arab tribes rebel,\\nattack the French, and are defeated.\\nNov. 6. They rebel again with like result,\\n1864 Apr.* The Arabs of the south rise\\nin formidable insurrection; rebellion\\nprovoked by an insult.\\nJune After defeat the Arabs submit.\\nOct. 2. Fresh revolts insurgents de-\\nfeated by Jolivet.\\n1865 Oct.* Fresh insurrection in Oran;\\nsubdued by Colonel de Colomb.\\n1866 Mar. 16. Anotherinsurreetion in\\nOran is subdued by the same officer.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "ALGERIA.\\nIll b.c. -1866 ad. 9\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n260\u00c2\u00b1 Arnobius. Rhetorician of Numidia.\\n354* Augustine. Saint. (Numidian bishop\\nof Hippo), born,\\n4th Ce/itury. Donatus, Numidian schismatic.\\n430 Augustine, Saint, Numidian bishop,\\nA76.\\n1059 Abdallah-Ibn-Yasin, founder of\\nthe empire of the Almoravides, dies.\\n1546 Barbarossa, Hadher, (Jreek-Alge-\\n1718 Baba-Ali, Dey of Algiers, dies.\\n1773i Hussein or Houssein Pasha (Dey)\\n1607 Abd-el-Kader (Emir) born.\\n1825* Allemand-Lavig-erie (Fr. Cardi-\\nnal) born in Bayonne.\\n1838 Hussein or Houssein Pasha, last\\nDey of Algiers, dies, A 65.\\n1864 May 22. Marshal Pelissier, governor-\\ngeneral, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n1050+ Abdulla-ben Yazim forms the\\nprosperous sect of Moabites.\\n1540+ *Pope Paul III. issues a bull\\noffering the remission of sins and the\\ncrown of martyrdom to those lost in\\nfighting the Algerians.\\n1828 Abd-el-Kader makes his sec-\\nond pilgrimage to Mecca, and receives\\nthe title Iladji.\\n1832 Abd-el-Kader preaches a holy\\nwar.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1520+ Thirty thousand Christian\\nslaves are employed in constructing a\\nmole in the harbor of Algiers. [Finished\\nin three years.]\\nThe Algerine pirates are dreaded\\nand subsidized by all the commercial\\nnations.\\n1816 Aug.* Under British pressure the\\nDey liberates 1,211 Christian slaves, and\\npromises that piracy and the enslave-\\nment of Christians shall cease forever.\\n1832 A Holy War excitement pre-\\nvails.\\n1860 Sept. Algiers is visited by the\\nFrench Emperor Napoleon HI.\\n1865 May 3-June Napoleon is -wel-\\ncomed with enthusiasm.\\nSTATE.\\n46 b. c. A part of Mauritania (Alge-\\nria) is conquered by the Romans.\\n45* B. c. Mauritania becomes aEoman\\nprovince, with Sallust for proconsul.\\n42 B. c. Mauritania is divided into\\ntwo parts.\\n439 a. d. Mauritania is conquered\\nin part by the Vandals.\\n533 The Vandals are expelled by\\nthe Romans, and the territory is reunited\\nto the empire.\\n690 The Saracens subdue this prov-\\nince. [It becomes divided among many\\npetty chiefs, and relapses into barbar-\\nism.]\\n935+ The town of Algiers is founded\\nby the Arabs near the site of ancient\\nIcosium.\\n1075+ The sect called Moabites sub-\\ndue rival chiefs and lay the foundation\\nof the dynasty of the Almoravides.\\n1147 -1231 The dynasty of the\\nAlmohades follows.\\n1273 Change of dynasty; the country\\nis divided into small states.\\n1509 Spain acquires dominion.\\n1516 The Algerians revolt and seek\\naid of the famous Turkish pirate, Horush\\nBarbarossa.\\nThe invaders being expelled, Barba-\\nrossa murders the prince, Selim Cut-\\nsmi, and mounts the throne.\\nHe extends his dominions by force\\nand treachery.\\nAlgiers becomes nominally a prov-\\nince of Turkey.\\n1518 Hadher Barbarossa, as Pasha\\nof Algiers, succeeds his brother, who is\\nslain by the Spaniards.\\nHe solicits aid from Selim I., and\\nacknowledges his sovereignty.\\nThe Moors establish the pirati-\\ncal states of Algiers and Tunis.\\nViceroys, or pashas, ap pointed\\nby Turkey, continue to govern the coun-\\ntry till the 17th century.\\n1600+ Turkey permits the janizaries\\nto choose their own dey or governor.\\n1609 Many Moors flock to Algiers\\nafter their expulsion from Spain, and as\\nable sailors raise the power of the state.\\n1686 The English conclude a favor-\\nable treaty with Algiers. [It is only par-\\ntially enforced for a long time.]\\n1705 The last Turkish pasha is ex-\\npelled by Dey Ibrahim.\\n1710+ The office of pasha is united\\nwith that of dey.\\nThe janizaries control the appoint-\\nment of chiefs, and they declare inde-\\npendence of the Turks all regular\\ntribute is withdrawn.\\n1795 The Americans refuse any\\nlonger to subsidize the Dey of Algiers.\\n1S16 A new treaty with England is\\nmade, and Christian slavery is abolished.\\n1818 Hussein Bey succeeds to the\\ngovernment.\\n1823 The French demand reparations\\nfor insults to their consul and for out-\\nrages committed on French vessels, but\\nwithout success, and an army follows.\\n1830 July 5. The French depose the\\nDey, and overthrow the barbarian gov-\\nernment. The Dey retires to Naples.\\nGeneral Bourmont is superseded by\\nGeneral Clausel, who makes little effort\\nto conciliate the natives.\\n1833 The French ministry declares its\\npurpose to retain the government and to\\ncolonize the country, in opposition to its\\nagreement with England.\\nMar. General Avizard is appointed\\ninterim Governor on the retirement of\\nRovigo. [He dies soon after.]\\nGeneral Voirol is nominated Gov-\\nernor.\\n1834 Abd-el-Kader enters a treaty\\nacknowledging the supremacy of France,\\nand is recognized as the Emir of the\\nprovince of Mascara.\\nMay 20. The French ministry announces\\nits intention to retain Algiers perma-\\nnently.\\nFrance is displeased with the treaty,\\nand General Desmichels, Governor of\\nOran, is recalled.\\nJuly General Drouet d Erlon he-\\ncomes Governor-general of the colony.\\n1835 Marshal Clausel supersedes\\nCount d Erlon as Governor-general.\\n1837 May 30. The French sign a\\ntreaty of peace with Abd-el-Kader on\\nthe banks of the Tafua he recognizes\\nFrench supremacy.\\nDec.+ General Vale e is appointed\\nGovernor-General of the colony.\\n1841 Feb. 22. General Bugeaud suc-\\nceeds Valee.\\n1842 Feb. Algeria annexed to\\nFrance, and the Emir declared a rebel.\\n1848 General Cavaignac appointed\\nGovernor-general of the Colony.\\nJan. 29. Abd-el-Kader is taken a pris-\\noner to France, contrary to the agree-\\nment of the French.\\n1852 Louis Napoleon releases him\\nfrom prison on the condition that he\\nretires to Asia Minor.\\n1857 French authority undisputed.\\n1858 The government entrusted to\\nPrince Napoleon as special minister.\\n[The special ministry is soon abolished.]\\n1860 Nov. Marshal Pelissier, Duke\\nof Malakhoff, is appointed Governor-\\ngeneral, with a council of thirty mem-\\nbers.\\n1863 Feb. The emperor promises a\\nconstitution, with a representative as-\\nsembly, securing the rights of the Arabs,\\nsaying, I am as much emperor of the\\nArabs as of the French.\\n1864 May 22. Death of Marshal Pelis-\\nsier. Marshal Macmahon, Duke of\\nMagenta, succeeds him.\\n1865 July More rights and privileges\\nare promised by the French to the na-\\ntives.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1520 Under Barbarossa, Algeria be-\\ncomes famous for its pirates. [They\\ninfest the seas till 1S30.]\\n1541 Oct. 28. A fearful storm at-\\ntended by an earthquake nearly destroys\\nthe fleet of the Spaniards in the port of\\nAlgiers.\\n1670 The city of Tlemcen is destroyed\\nby fire.\\n1716 May* -June* Earthquakes de-\\nstroy 20,000 people.\\n1866 Population by census returns\\n2,921,146.\\nThe crops are almost entirely de-\\nstroyed by locusts.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "10\\n1867-1894.\\nALGERIA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1867 Jan. A new expedition subdues\\nthe refractory Arabs of the south.\\n1868 Jan. Si-Hamed leads a revolt\\nand is killed by the French his follow-\\ners are routed.\\n1869 Jan. Several large bodies of in-\\nsurgents in the extreme south move\\nnorthward and surprise Tagguin.\\nFeb. 2. Colonel Sonis defeats about 4,000\\nArabs, and routs them.\\nJune The insurrection is quelled.\\n1870 Aug. 15. Algeria proclaimed\\nin a state of siege.\\n1871 Widespread insurrection of\\nthe Arab and Kabyle tribes, prompted\\nby the weakened oondition of France.\\nJune 24. State of siege raised after the\\nfall of the Commune at Paris [a contri-\\nbution of $0,000,000 imposed upon the\\nrebels].\\n1879 June* Another insurrection j it\\nis soon subdued.\\n1881 Apr.* Dispute between the\\nFrench government and Tunis respect-\\ning the sheltering of insurgents. The\\nFrench land an army in Tunis.\\nJune Arab insurrection headed by Bou\\nAmeema.\\nJuly 13. Bou Ameema is said to be de-\\nfeated by the French, and a fugitive.\\nAug. 1. Reported preparation for a fresh\\nrevolt a strong force marches against\\nBou Ameema.\\nAug. Indecisive actions with the rebels.\\n1882 Apr.* A topographical expedi-\\ntion is attacked, and more than 40 per-\\nsons are reported killed.\\n1883 June* Announcement of the sub-\\nmission of revolting tribes.\\n1891 Dec. 23. The Amours tribe re-\\nbels against French authority, and fight-\\ning begins.\\nEach of the three military depart-\\nments in Algeria is under the direc-\\ntion of the commandant of the 19th\\ncorps of the French army.\\n1892 An insufficient military expedi-\\ntion sent by the Sultan of Morocco to\\npunish the people of the oases for de-\\nclaring their freedom from tribute and\\ntheir sympathy with France, fails in its\\npurpose.\\n1894 Jan. 25. Timbuctu occupied\\nby French Troops.\\nFeb. 9. Colonel Bonnier, commanding\\nthe French force which took Timbuctu,\\nis killed by the Tuaregs, together with\\nseventy-eight officers and soldiers.\\nAug. 28, The Tuaregs, after three days\\nfighting, defeat the French troops at\\nTimbuctu, and compel them to retire.\\nDEATHS.\\n1883* Abd-el-Kader, Algerian chieftain,\\n1889 Algiers has synagogues, a hand-\\nsome cathedral, and three other Catholic\\nchurches, a Protestant chapel, six col-\\nleges, an Episcopal seminary, and bish-\\nop s palace.\\nThe London Society for the Propa-\\ngation of the Gospel among the Jews\\nreports a mission station at Algiers.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1870 Native Jews are admitted to\\nFrench citizenship.\\n1890 May 19. Arabs pillage a Jew s\\nstore at Quelma, and are dispersed by\\ntroops.\\n1893 The French colonists and officials\\ndiscourage any attempt to elevate the\\nnatives, and persistently oppose the\\nproposition to establish schools.\\nSTATE.\\n187 1 A war contribution imposed on\\nthe rebels by the French.\\nOct. The military rule abolished and a\\ncivil government established, [which\\nbrings peace and prosperity.]\\n1873 General Chanzy is appointed\\ngovernor.\\n1878 July* General Chanzy accused of\\ngoverning despotically his resignation\\nnot accepted by Marshal Macmahon.\\nHe is replaced by Albert Gre vy.\\n1879 June An insurrection, which is\\nsoon quelled.\\n1881 Apr. Dispute between Algeria\\nand Tunis respecting incursions of the\\nKroumirs into Algerian territory.\\nMay 12. The French force the Bey of\\nTunis to cede territory and become\\nthe vassal of France.\\nNov. 6. Resignation of the governor, A.\\nGr^vy, announced.\\nNov. 26. Louis Tirman appointed\\ngovernor.\\n1882 Dec. Announcement of the an-\\nnexation of the province Mzab.\\n1883 The French government has\\nproposed to expropriate tribal lands of\\nthe nomadic Arabs and a part of those\\nof the sheep-raising Kabyles of the\\nmountains, in order to advance coloniz-\\nation by Europeans, whose presence will\\ngive security to the French dominion.\\n1891 Governor-general Tirman re-\\ntires from office.\\nApr. Jules Camborn is appointed gov-\\nernor-general.\\n(There are three departments, each of\\nwhich elects one senator in Algeria and\\ntwo deputies.)\\n1892 Jan. 23. The sherif of Wazen is\\nforcibly detained in Algeria by the\\nFrench.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1867 Jan. Several villages destroyed\\nby an earthquake a prolonged drought\\nand famine follow.\\nThe cholera destroys 50,000 persons.\\n1871 The French government grants\\nland and means to start in agriculture\\nto 10,500 refugees from Alsace-Lorraine.\\n1872 Population 2,146,225.\\n1875* Population 2.448,091.\\n1876 The most prosperous year of the\\nI k lony,\\n1880 Mar. M. Mouchot, by a mirror,\\ncollects solar rays, and boils water,\\ndrives an engine, etc.\\n1881 Oct. Reported death of 61 per-\\nsons killed by a waterspout.\\nThere are 2,328,636 persons engaged\\nin agriculture.\\n1883 A project fur making the Sahara\\ndesert an inland sea Is entertained.\\n1884 Railroads completed, 903 miles.\\n1886 Population 3.910,399.\\n1887 Railroads completed, 1,290 miles.\\nA plague of grasshoppers damages\\nthe growing crops.\\n1888 July Another plague of lo-\\ncusts.\\nSwarms of crickets devastate vegeta-\\ntion in many localities.\\nThe first section of the Trans-Sahara\\nRailroad is opened.\\n1889 Jan. 5. The Governor orders the\\nexpulsion from the country of two editors\\nof a Spanish newspaper published at\\nOran.\\n1890 Jan. 22. The authorities forbid\\npilgrimages to Mecca on account of the\\nprevalence of cholera in Arabia.\\nJune 25. Cardinal Lavigerie favors a\\nTrans-Saharan railway.\\nAug. 26. Fire rages in the Soukari s\\nforest two villages destroyed.\\nSept. 26. Destructive storm and cyclone.\\n1891 Jan. 15. Three violent shocks of\\nearthquake occur.\\nAug. 19. A forest fire destroys 35,000\\nacres of trees.\\nPopulation by last census returns.\\n3,G3G,967 in the civil departments, and in\\nthe interior military departments, 487,765.\\nLocusts destroy the pastures.\\nThere are 3,262,478 persons engaged in\\nagriculture, 187,000 of whom are Euro-\\npeans.\\nValue of imports, 652,609,645 ex-\\nports, $45,494,950.\\nThe Trans-Sahara Railroad, starting\\nfrom El Guerrah, has been carried\\nacross the mountains up to the edge of\\nthe Tuareg country, and extends from\\noasis to oasis, to Biscara, 390 miles. It\\nis projected to Lake Chad, 1,887 miles.\\n1892 Aug. 2. Astrongsiroccoprevails.\\nRoads to the interior, with wells sunk\\nalong them, have been established be-\\ntween the military posts.\\nRailroads completed cover 1,910 miles\\ntelegraphs, 7,000 miles.\\n1S93 *The Trans -Sahara Railroad\\nreaches within SO miles of the oasis of\\nFignig.\\n1894 Fr. The annihilation of the\\nFrench advance column at Timbuctu\\ncauses deep feeling in France.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n955 B.C. -1121 a. d.\\n11\\nincludes both North and South America and the adjacent islands.\\nEstimated area, 15,700,000 square miles estimated population in\\nAmerica is a name applied to the Western Continent, i\\nGreatest length, 10,500 1 miles greatest breadth, 3,000\u00c2\u00b1 mil\\n1891, 121,713,000.\\nExplanatory Note. The early history of each American country is given in fuller detail under its proper title, except that of the United\\nStates, which appears under the title of America only until the Declaration of Independence in 177G.\\nMexican, Central and Soutli American dates are of uncertain value until the sixteenth century. All items relating to the No\\nAmerica can hardly be considered well-established historical records.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n4th Century b. c. The spherical shape\\nof the earth is taught by the Greeks.\\n4th Century a. t\u00c2\u00bb. The compass is used\\nby mariners on the Indian Ocean.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n945 Mex. Nauhyotl, king, dies.\\n1007 Mass. Sonorri, son of Thorflnn,\\nborn in Vinland.\\n1054\u00c2\u00b1 Peru. Manco Capac, founder of the\\nstate, dies.\\n1070t Mex. Huemac Ateopanecatl, last Tol-\\ntec king, dies at apultepec.\\nCHURCH.\\n999 Scan. Leif, son of Eric the Bed,\\nbecomes a convert to Christianity [and\\nin the year 1000 takes Roman mission-\\nary priests to Iceland, by whom many\\nare converted.]\\n1000\u00c2\u00b1 Peru. MancoCa pac (from\\nChina?), accompanied by his wife, and\\nsister Mama Ocello, appears.\\nThey announce themselves children\\nof the sun, sent by deity to civilize the\\npeople by teaching agriculture and the\\narts, publishing laws, and by introdu-\\ncing religious rites. {Peruvian Annals.)\\n1056 Iceland. A bishop s see is\\nerected in the east and southwest.\\n1106* Iceland. A bishop s see of\\n175 parishes is erected in the north.\\n1121* Eric Gnupsson is appointed\\nbishop of Greenland and Vinland\\nin partibus infidelium, by Paschal II.\\nDISCOVERY EXPLORATION.\\n635* Mex. The Chichimecs leave\\nChicomoztoc in their progress toward\\nMexico.\\n648* Mex. Toltecs invade Mexico.\\n8th Century. Greenland is visited by\\nNorthmen.\\n860* Iceland is discovered: Nad-\\ndoddr, a Norse pirate, is driven to the\\ncoast by adverse winds.\\n865* Iceland is visited by Floki, the\\nviking.\\n876 Greenland discovered Gunn-\\nbjorn, a Norwegian, driven by adverse\\nwinds beyond Iceland, views its coast.\\n985-1- Greenland. Eric Raude, with\\na number of Icelanders, is said to have\\nspent three years in exploring the coun-\\ntry. (Its name is suggested by its abun-\\ndant verdure.)\\n986* *Ameriea discovered: Her-\\njulfson, a Norse navigator, sailing from\\nIceland, is caught in a storm and driven\\nsouthwestward to the coasts of New-\\nfoundland and Labrador, but does not\\nland.\\n1000 New England is visited by\\nLeif Ericsson with a crew of about 35\\nIcelanders. He arrives at Labrador,\\nand explores the coast as far as Massa-\\nchusetts, where he remains more than a\\nyear at Vinland.\\n1002 Me. Thorwald, a brother of\\nLeif Ericsson, accompanied by his wife\\nand a crew of 30 men, visits Maine and\\nMassachusetts.\\n1003 Summer. Thorwald extends his\\nexplorations, to the southward.\\n1004 Mass. Leif explores the coast\\nnorthward [reaching the present site of\\nBoston], where he is slain by the na-\\ntives.\\n1005 New Eng. Thorstien, another\\nbrother of Leif Ericsson, explores the\\nNew England coast.\\n1006 Mass. Pi. I. Thorflnn Karl-\\nsefne, with three ships, containing 1G0\\nmen, and a number of women and cattle,\\nexplores the coast of Massachusetts and\\nRhode Island, and possibly sails as far\\nsouth as Virginia, but is driven away by\\nthe natives.\\n1011 Mass. Freydis visits Vinland,\\naccompanied by 30 men.\\nGreenland. Helgi and Finnbogi,\\nwith 35 men, sail from Greenland to\\ncut timber in Massachusetts.\\n1012 Mass. The Northmen, under\\nThorwald, having murdered Helgi and\\nFinnbogi, with their followers, sail for\\nGreenland.\\n11th, 12th Centuries. The Arabs explore\\nthe Atlantic, seeking to find its limits.\\n1116 (P)* Mex. The Aztecs migra-\\ntion from the north reaches Chico-\\nmoztoc.\\n1120 Mex. The Chichimecs, a\\nhalf-savage tribe, invade Mexico.\\nLETTERS.\\nMexican annals of a remote pe-\\nriod are recorded by picture-writing.\\n[Their value is uncertain.]\\n4th Century e. c. The story of the Island\\nof Atlantis is mentioned by Plato.\\nSOCIETY.\\n686 Mex. The Toltecs evince an\\nadvanced civilization in weaving,\\nbuilding, jeweling, and making orna-\\nments of feathers among them are as-\\ntrologers, poets, sorcerers, philosophers,\\nand orators.\\n1011 Winter. Mass. The North-\\nmen s games cause dissension.\\nThorwald, the husband of Freydis,\\navenges an insult by the massacre of the\\n35 men and five women of a neighboring\\nexpedition of the brothers Helgi and\\nFinnbogi.\\nPeru. Communism prevails in ag-\\nricultural labor and products.\\nMex. and Peru. The masses of the\\npeople are serfs or slaves.\\nPeru. Manco Capac, with his\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0wife, and sister Mama Ocello, arrives\\nfrom China claiming to be sent by\\ndeity to reclaim the tribes from savage\\nlife civilized society begins. [This\\naccount is received with some incredu-\\nlity by scholars.]\\nSTATE SETTLEMENT.\\n955 b. c. Mexican history begins\\n[according to Brasseur de Bourbourg].\\n470 i *B. c. Peru. The Pirua dynasty\\nbegins [as some allege].\\n4th to 7th Century A. d. Mex. The\\nWahuas dwell in the Mexican plateau.\\n503* Mex. With the appearance of the\\nToltecs on the tableland authentic his-\\ntory begins [according to Ixtlilxocliitl].\\n(Clavigero, 69G, Vetia, 697.)\\n686+ Mex. The Toltec empire is\\nfinally established. The Toltecs are the\\ntrue founders of civilization in this pert\\nof North America.\\n714 Antillia, or the Island of the\\nSeven Cities, is settled from Spain.\\n830 Peru. Fall of the Pirua dy-\\nnasty.\\n835 Greenland is inhabited.\\n875 i* Iceland. The Icelandic com-\\nmonwealth is founded by Norsemen,\\nunder Ingolf, the son of Orn.\\n9th Century. The Irish visit Iceland.\\n895(?)* Mex. Topiltzin Ceacatl\\nQuetzalcoatl, the most famous of the\\nToltec sovereigns, founds a new seat of\\ngovernment on the plain of Huitzilapan.\\n[La Puebla?]\\n930 Iceland. First meeting of the\\nAlthing, a general assembly secured by\\nthe influence of Ulfljot, a leader among\\nthe Icelanders.\\n983 -985 Greenland. Eric Raude\\nreturns, and founds two settlements\\non the west coast.\\nPeru. Manco Capac arrives and\\nreforms the people. (13th Century,\\nWi\\n1007 Can, Colonies are planted [in\\nNewfoundland and Nova Scotia], which\\nare soon abandoned.\\n1041 -47 Mex. Irruption of\\nthe Chichimecs-Teotenancas into the\\nvalley of Mexico.\\n11th Century. Mex. The fall of the\\nToltec power.\\nTho Toltecs. greatly redn\\nbers, leave\\nAmerica.\\n11th Century. Mex. After the fall of the\\nToltec empire, a great migration cf\\nNorthern tribes southward begins. [It\\ncontinues for three centuries.]\\nand enter Central", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "12 1121-1492, Oct. 12.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n13th Century. Mex. The ferocity of the\\nAztecs causes their neighbors to band\\ntogether against them. Many forays and\\nbloody wars follow.\\n1415 Mex. The Tepanecs invade\\nthe territory of the Tezcucans and are\\ninvaded in turn.\\nI425\u00c2\u00b1 Mex. The Tepanecs subdue\\nthe Tezcucans.\\n1433* Peru. Peruvians invade\\nChile, conquering the southern part.\\n1450\u00c2\u00b1 Mex. Montezuma I. subdues\\nthe country to the Gulf of Mexico.\\n1469 Mex. A military expedition\\ntinder Axayacatl moves down the Isth-\\nnius of Mexico as far as Tehuantepec.\\nHe ravages the Totonac region, securing\\nimmense plunder and many captives.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n12th Century. The Catalans and Basques\\nuse the compass.\\n1267 Eny. The OpusMajor*by Roger\\nBacon appears, teaching the sphericity\\nof the globe.\\n1306 It. Map of Marino Sanuto, the\\nbeginning of Atlantic cartography, ap-\\npears.\\n1367 -73 Pizigana s map of the\\nAtlantic appears.\\n1439 Valsequa s chart of the Atlantic\\nappears.\\n1436 Variation of the needle shown\\non maps.\\n1446* Mex. Earthenware pipes used\\nfor conducting water to the capital from\\nChapultepec.\\n1470 Nicholas Donis s map appears\\nthe earliest engraved map in which\\nGreenland is shown.\\n1472 Mex. Art and culture center\\n1484 Regimontanus adapts the astro-\\nlabe for use on the sea.\\n1486 Sp. The Laon Globe appears.\\n[Dated 1493.]\\n1486 Sp. The project of Colum-\\nbus is referred by the king to Ferdinand\\nde Talavera, who summons astronomers\\nand cosmographers to confer with Co-\\nlumbus before a jury of ecclesiastics,\\nwhere his theories are overturned with\\nbiblical texts and extracts from the great\\ndivines.\\n1491 Talavera denounces the pro-\\nject to the king as impracticable.\\n1492 Somewhere 200 leagues west of\\nthe Canaries, lay on ancient maps the\\nLost Island of the Seven Cities.\\nColumbus, after long study and\\nmuch conference with the best authori-\\nties, concludes the globe to be only ten\\nor twelve thousand miles in circumfer-\\nence he also overestimates the size of\\nthe Asiatic continent.\\nSept. 13. Columbus is startled to find\\nthe needle moving westward and no\\nlonger pointing to the pole.\\nSept. 15. A meteor falls five lengths\\nfrom Columbus s ship.\\nCuba. Columbus concludes that fee\\nhas reached Cipango. Afterward he\\nchanges his mind, and decides it to be\\nthe mainland of India.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1357 Mex. Techotl, ruler of the Chichl-\\n1435-56 It. Columbus. Christopher,\\nborn. [1445i Uarri se: 145G l ayne.J\\n1451 It. Vespucci, Amerigo, Mar. 9. b.\\n1466 Mex. .Montezuma II., emperor, b.\\n1469 Afex. Montezuma I., emperor of the\\nAztecs, dies.\\n1472 Mex. Nezabualroyll, king of Tez-\\ncuco, dies.\\n1474 Sp. Casas. Eartolome de Las.\\nThe Apostle of the Indies, born.\\n1481 Mex:. Axayacatl, emperor of the Az-\\ntecs, dies.\\n1486 Mex. Tizoc, king qf Tezcucans, d.\\nCHURCH.\\n1121 Greenland. Bishop Eric Gnups-\\nson goes in search of Vinland. (Massa-\\nchusetts and Rhode Island.)\\n1124* Greenland. Bishop Arnold is\\nconsecrated.\\n1325 Mex. Mexicans adopt the prac-\\ntise of offering human sacrifices in\\nworship.\\n1450 Mex. Mexicans recognize a Su-\\npreme Creator, and also worship a\\nplurality of deities.\\nMex. Fully 5000 priests are at-\\ntached to the principal temple of the\\ncity of Mexico.\\n1487 Mex. Ahuizotl celebrates the\\ndedication of the great temple of Huitz-\\nilopochtli by slaughtering 7 2,344 human\\nvictims. (Probably an exaggeration.)\\n1489 Dec. Sp. Columbus, learning\\nthat the Sultan of Egypt has threatened\\nto raze the tomb of Christ, makes a vow\\nto devote the proceeds of his discovery\\nto the defense of the holy sepulcher.\\n1492 Sp. Juan Perez, prior of the\\nmonastery of La Rabida, writes a letter\\nto Isabella, Queen of Castile, which se-\\ncures an interview for Columbus.\\nColumbus asks powers which the arch-\\nbishop declares arrogant and presump-\\ntuous therefore his mission fails.\\nApr. 17. Through the influence of Perez\\nand others, Columbus is recalled to the\\nSpanish Court and receives his commis-\\nsion.\\nColumbus bears a letter to. the grand\\nKhan of Cipango, whom he hopes to con-\\nvert to Christianity.\\nBefore sailing, Columbus, with most of\\nhis officers and crew, confesses to Juan\\nPerez, and receives the holy sacrament.\\nOct. 12. W. I. The first procedure by-\\nEuropeans in the New World is an\\nact of devotion to God, while over them\\nis unfurled a flag bearing a green cross.\\nThe natives conclude that the gods have\\ncome from their celestial abode.\\nDISCOVERY EXPLORATION.\\n1135 Apr. Greenland visited by-\\nScandinavians, who sail as far north\\nas latitude 73\u00c2\u00b0.\\nThe Northmen visit an island In\\nBaffin s Bay, where they erect a mon-\\nment. [Discovered In 1821]\\n1153 Cfer. Indians said to have been\\ncast upon the German coast.\\n1170 Welshmen under Madoc dis~\\n12th Century. Guatemala occupied by\\nthe Quiches and CakcfcL\\nPeru supposed to have been visited by\\nKublai Khan.\\n1347 The coasts of Labrador and New\\nEngland visited by Norwegian sailors,\\nwho bring the last tidings concerning\\nVinland.\\n1393(1394?) July Greenland visited\\nby three ships under Nicolo Zeno, a\\nVenetian, who had sailed from the Faroe\\nIslands.\\n1396\u00c2\u00b1 Greenland. Antonio, a broth-\\ner of Nicolo Zeno, explores the coasts.\\n1424* *Antillia first found on the maps.\\n1444* America. Biscayans said to\\nhave discovered western land.\\n1463 -64 Newfoundland. Cor-\\ntreal, a Portuguese navigator, said to\\nhave visited the coast.\\nNewfoundland visited by the\\nDutch.\\n1470\u00c2\u00b1 Columbus concludes that\\nmuch of the world is still undiscovered,\\nand that Asia may be reached by sail-\\ning westward.\\n1470 -84 Portugal visited by Co-\\nlumbus.\\n1474 Columbus explains his views to\\nPaola Toscanelli, a Florentine navi-\\ngator, from whom he receives hearty\\nencouragement.\\n1476 Skolno coasts along Labra-\\ndor.\\n1477 Feb. Iceland visited by Colum-\\nbus.\\n15th Century. Greenland ceases to com-\\nmunicate with Europe.\\n1480 -92 Sp. Columbus, impov-\\nerished and disheartened by many rejec-\\ntions, finds a sympathetic friend in\\nIsabella, Queen of Castile.\\n14S4 Port. Columbus, having vain-\\nly appealed to John H. for three ships\\nwith provisions for one year, leaves the\\nPortuguese service.\\nColumbus, having been deceived by\\nJohn II., goes to Spain.\\n1485 It. Columbus lays his project\\nbefore the Genoese, who reject it.\\nIt. Columbus appeals to the Ve-\\nnetians for aid without success.\\nColumbus sends proposals to\\nHenry VU. of England, offering to\\nsail under the English flag. (14SS?)\\nFr. Columbus iu the French pirati-\\ncal service.\\nSp. Fernando de Talavera, the\\nconfessor of Isabella, fearing hetero-\\ndoxy in the ideas of Columbus, pre-\\nvents his access to the king.\\nCardinal Mendoza, the third\\nking of Spain, presents Columbus to\\nFerdinand. (14S5 or 14SG.)", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1121-1492, Oct. 12. IS\\nI486 jfijjjp. Columbus enters the Cas-\\ntilian service.\\n148S -89 Cousin visits the South\\nAmerican coast.\\n1491* Sp. A clerical committee ap-\\npointed by the King to investigate the\\nproject of Columbus report adversely.\\nThe project in question is vain and\\nimpossible, and not becoming great\\nprinces to engage in, on such slender\\ngrounds as had been adduced a con-\\nclusion reached chiefly by controverting\\nScripture texts.\\n1492* Sp. Columbus states his lofty-\\nterms, and his proposal is declined by\\nthe King.\\nHe demands the office of admiral, with\\nthe vice-royalty of the lands he may dis-\\ncover, and one-tenth of the gains to be\\nreceived from them the King declines\\nthe conditions.\\nApr. 17. Sp. Columbus is recalled,\\nand articles of agreement are drawn and\\nsigned at Santa Fe\\\\\\nAug. 3. Friday. Sp. Columbus sails\\nfrom the port of Palos, with 119 men in\\nthree ships. (90 men\\nThe Santa Maria, of 90 feet keel, is\\ndecked over from stem to stern the\\nPinta and Nina are undecked caravels.\\nSome of the crew are obtained by offer-\\ning advanced pay and two months ex-\\nemption from arrest after their return,\\nwhile others are sec iired by impressment.\\nAug. 6. The Pinta loses her rudder.\\nAug. 9. Canary Islands. The expedi-\\ntion puts in at Teneriff e to refit the Pinta.\\nSept. 6. Columbus resumes his voyage.\\nSept. 16. The expedition enters the\\nregion of the trade winds.\\nThe air was so mild that it only\\nwanted the song of the nightingales to\\nmake it like the month of April in An-\\ndalusia. (Columbus.)\\nSept. The vessels enter the Sargasso\\nSea immense quantities of floating sea-\\nweed are observed.\\nSept. 17. Columbus calms his alarmed\\nsailors with a fictitious explanation of\\nthe variation of the compass.\\nSept. 18. Many birds are seen, and they\\nawaken expectations of land.\\nSept. 20. Two pelicans appear.\\nAll are sure of the nearness of land.\\nThe wind shifts to the southwest, and the\\ncrews are glad that they will not ever be\\nurged forward by an east wind, against\\nwhich it would be impossible to return.\\nSept. 23 A storm prevails, and the crews\\ninsist that Providence should be tempted\\nno further.\\nSept. 25. Alonzo Pinzo, deceived by a\\ncloud, raises the false cry of c land\\nGloria in excelsis is sung.\\nOct. 1. Columbus predicts his entrance\\ninto an Asiatic port within forty days.\\nOct. 7. Sailors on the Nina, under the\\nillusion of land in view, raise a flag and\\nfire a gun.\\nOct. The crew approach a condition of\\nmutiny, and despairingly threaten to\\nthrow Columbus overboard.\\nOct. 11. The Pinta fishes up a cane, a\\nlog of wood, and a stick with a piece of\\niron attached. The Nina sights a stake\\ncovered with dog-roses all of them\\nbreathed and were glad.\\nOct. 11. At 10 o clock at night Columbus\\nperceives a distant light no one sleeps\\nthis night.\\nOct. 12. If. I. Land discovered on\\nFriday at two o clock in the morning.\\nRodrigo de Triana, a sailor on board\\nthe Nina, is the first to see it; all the\\nvessels lay to, and the voyage of 36 days\\nis ended, (it is Guanahani, or Watling\\nIsland, one of the Bahamas.)\\nLETTERS.\\n12th Century. Iceland has an intelligent\\npeople and nourishes learning by many\\nschools, four of which have the character\\nof universities.\\n1195+ Mex. The Aztecs celebrate\\nthe festival of tying up the bundle of\\nyears, and begin a new cycle.\\n1215+ Iceland. The Ileimskringla,\\nor Chronicle of Snorro Sturleson, [one\\nof the greatest historical books in the\\nworld,] is written.\\n1264* Iceland has well- developed\\nliterature, consisting of poems, his-\\ntories, and legends.\\n14th Century. Mex. The civil year of\\n365 days is divided into 18 months of 20\\ndays, and 5 supplementary days, the\\nmonth into 4 weeks of 5 days each.\\n1442 Ger. Johann Faust opens the\\nfirst printing place the art of print-\\ning facilitates the work of discovery\\nand exploration in the New World.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1241 Sept. 22. Iceland. Snorro Stur-\\nleson, the good, a warrior, states-\\nman, and poet, is murdered.\\nIceland. The people are remarkable\\nfor their moral qualities.\\n1469 Mex. Axayacatl ascends the\\nthrone, and follows the usual custom of\\nraiding the south country to get thou-\\nsands of prisoners whose sacrifice should\\ngrace his coronation.\\n1480+ Mex. The King of Tezcucohas\\n2,000 concubines in his palace.\\n1486 Mex. King Tizoe is assassi-\\nnated.\\nSTATE.\\n12th Century. Mex. The Aztecs mi-\\ngrate from place to place.\\n1170 Mex. The rude Chichimecs\\nenter Anahuac (Mexico).\\n1177\u00c2\u00b1 Mex. The Aztecs, or Mexi-\\ncans, arrive in Anahuac, leading a mi-\\ngratory and precarious life.\\n1184 or 1186 (P) Mex. The\\nAztecs establish themselves at Cha-\\npultepec.\\n1240+ Peru. Rule of the Incas be-\\ngins with Manco Capac. (Or 1021+.)\\n1260+ Peru. Reign of Sinchi Rocca.\\n1262 Iceland loses its republican in-\\ndependence, and becomes subject to\\nHakon, King of Norway.\\n1280+ Peru. Reign of Inca Lloque\\nYupanqui.\\n1300+ Peru. Reign of Inca Mayta\\n1325 Mex. The Aztecs, under the-\\nreign of Tenuch, found the city of Ten-\\nochtitlan (Mexico), probably at first only\\na cluster of huts, on a low island in a\\ngreat lake. It is the earliest established\\ndate in Mexican history.\\n1340+ Peru. Reign of Inca Rocca.\\n1349 Greenland. The Eskimos ap-\\npear.\\n1350 New Eng. A great plague,\\nwhich depopulates Iceland and Green-\\nland, also destroys the Norsemen in Vin-\\nland, thus cutting off communication\\nwith the New World.\\nGreenland. Hostile Eskimos dis-\\ntress the settlers.\\nMex. Toltecs convert the- hunting\\nChichimecs into an agricultural people.\\nPeru. The Incas exercise a pater-\\nnal authority in government, which is,\\nin fact, a despotism.\\nThese unwarlike kings have domin-\\nion founded on policy, superstition, and\\nthe arts.\\n1357 Mex. Techotl, a great Chichi-\\nmec ruler, dies and is succeeded by\\nIxtlilxochitl.\\n1360+ Peru. Reign of the Inca Ta-\\nhuar-Huaccac.\\n1380+ The commerce of Iceland\\nand Greenland being restricted by Den-\\nmark, these islands begin to decline.\\nPeru. Reign of Inca Uira-Cocha.\\n1400+ Peru. Reign of Inca Pachaeu-\\ntec Yupanqui.\\n1415 Mex. Invasion of the Tepanecs\\nin Tezcuco.\\n1418* Greenland. Settlements of\\nNorsemen are destroyed by natives, and\\nthe foreigners reduced to slavery.\\n1430+ Mex. The Acolhua, Aztec, and\\nTepanec Kings form a triple alliance.\\n(The Aztecs soon become predominant.)\\n1440* *-69* Mex. Montezuma I.,.\\nthe soldier king, reigns.\\nPeru. Reign of Inca Tupac Capac.\\n1450 Mex. The government be-\\ncomes an elective monarchy.\\n1464 Mex. Overthrow of the\\nempire of the Tutul-Xius. [The new\\nempire continues till the arrival of the-\\nSpaniards.]\\n1469 Mex. Axayacatl succeeds Mon-\\ntezuma I.\\n1472 Mex. Nezahualcoyotl,\\nKing of Tezcuco, dies, and is succeeded\\nby his son Nezahuapilli.\\n1481 Mex. A-xayacatl dies, and is-\\nsucceeded by his brother Tizoc.\\n1492 Oct. 12. W.I. Columbus, vice-\\nroy of the New World, assumes authority\\nas its first European ruler.\\nA part of the expedition lands at sun-\\nColumbus, richly clad in official dress,\\nleads, and all, kneeling down, kiss the\\nground and give thanks to God with tears-\\nof joy. Columbus rises, draws his sword,\\nshakes out the royal banner, and takes\\npossession of the land for his sovereigns,,\\nand names it San Salvador.\\n1492\u00c2\u00b1 Peru. Huayna Capac begins\\nhis reign. (Or 1483.)", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "14 1492, Oct. 14-1500, Dec.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1494 Mex, Military force is first\\nused in the New World to subdue the\\noutraged natives to the rule of Spain.\\nBy a brilliant coup de main the cacique\\nCaonabo is captured and his people sub-\\nmit to the Spaniards not one of the 3IX)\\nsoldiers is lost.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\nPeru. Many of the useful arts,\\nas agriculture, architecture, pottery,\\nspinning, and navigation, are developed.\\nPeruvians know how to give hardness to\\ncopper, for making edge tools, by melt-\\ning it with tin.\\nCentral America. The Spaniards\\nfind semi-civilized nations, wearing\\nwoven clothes, and constructing works\\nof art, as temples, grottoes, and fortifi-\\ncations.\\nChileans practise weaving and\\nagriculture.\\n1493 Jan.* Haiti. Columbus completes\\nthe first European structure in the\\nNew World at San Domingo. It is a fort\\nmade out of the timbers of the Santa\\nMaria, which has been wrecked by had\\nsteering.\\nPeruvians far surpass the Mexi-\\ncans in both the practical and elegant\\narts of life. They excel in masonry,\\nusing hard chisels, and they ornament\\ntheir work with carvings,\\n1496 Haiti. Columbus discovers\\ngold mines, and concludes he is in the\\nLand of Ophir.\\n1497 Sebastian Cabot sails within\\ntwenty degrees of the North Pole, while\\nseeking a northwest passage to the\\nPacific.\\nCHURCH.\\n1493 Feb. Terrified by a storm the\\nsailors, and probably Columbus also,\\nvow to attend mass in their shirts at\\ntheir first opportunity.\\nFeb. 1S\u00c2\u00b1. Azores. The sailors keep\\nthe vow made in their distress, by going\\nto the church at Santa Maria.\\nSp. Columbus presents nine Ameri-\\ncan Indians for baptism.\\nMay 3, 4. It. Pope Alexander VI. (a\\nSpaniard) issues bulls out of our pure\\nliberality, certain knowledge, and pleni-\\ntude of Apostolic power, and by vir-\\ntue of the authority of omnipotent God,\\ngranting to Spain all newly acquired\\nlands west of an imaginary line running\\nnorth and south 300 miles west of the\\nAzores Portugal receives dominion\\neast of this line. He divides the\\nworld between two men.\\nSept. Sp. Columbus renews his vow to\\nrescue the Holy Sepulcher, and prom-\\nises within the next seven years to equip\\nat his own expense a crusading army of\\n50,000 foot and 4,000 horse, and in five\\nyears thereafter to follow this with a\\nsecond army of like dimensions.\\nSept. 25. Sp. Christianity is formally\\nintroduced. Twelve missionaries\\nsail for the New World.\\nHaiti. Religion consists of simple\\nfetishism and ancestor worship.\\nW. I. Bernardo Boyle is appointed\\nby the Pope to the office of Apostolic\\nVicar for the Indies, probably the first\\nclergyman sent to America.\\n1498* Eitfj. Henry VTI., being a good\\nCatholic, is deterred from claiming the\\nbenefits of Cabot s discoveries, because\\nof the Pope s inconsiderate grant to the\\ncrowns of Castile and Leon in 1493.\\n1500 Apr. 26. Easter. Brazil. Cabral\\ntakes possession for Portugal, and erects\\nan altar and plants a stone cross, and\\ncalls the country the Iiand of the Holy\\nCross.\\nDISCOVERY EXPLORATION.\\n1492 Oct. 14. Watting Island. Colum-\\nbus coasts along the shore northward.\\nOct. 19. The Island Isabella is discov-\\nered.\\nOct. 28. Cuba is visited.\\nOct. Jan. Columbus discovers Ex-\\numa, Bahia, and Santa Catalina.\\nDec. 6. Haiti. He discovers Hispan-\\niola [later called San Domingo and\\nHaiti].\\nDec. 25. Haiti. Wreck of the Santa.\\nMaria.\\n1493 Jan. Haiti. Columbus erects a\\nfort from the wreckage of the vessel, and\\ncalls it La Navidad.\\nJan. 4. Columbus sails for Spain in\\nthe Nina.\\nFeb. 12. In a terrifying storm Columbus\\nplaces a record of the voyage in a cask,\\nand commits it to the deep.\\nFeb. 18. Azores. Columbus arrives at\\nSanta Maria.\\nThe Portuguese governor disallows his\\ncommission, and threatens to seize him.\\nFeb. 24. Azores. Columbus renews his\\nvoyage.\\nMar. 4. Port. The Nina, under stress of\\nweather, drops anchor near Lisbon. Ad-\\nmiral Columbus is received with highest\\nhonors by the King.\\nMar. 15. Friday. Sp. Columbus com-\\npletes his voyage amid great rejoi-\\ncings.\\nThe gold, cotton, parrots, curious arms,\\nmysterious plants, strange birds and\\nbeasts, and, above all, nine captured In-\\ndians, greatly interest the Court and the\\npeople.\\nSept. 25. Sp. Columbus s second voy-\\nage.\\nHe sails from Cadiz with a fleet of sev-\\nenteen ships, carrying 1,500 people, with\\nanimals and implements for starting a\\ncolony. Many of his company are worth-\\nless adventurers.\\nNov. 3+. Carihbee Inlands. Discovery of\\nDominica and several others of the\\nWindward Group also Porto Rico.\\nNov. 4. jr. Guadaloupe is discov-\\nered.\\nNov. 10. W. Antigua is discovered.\\nNov. 22. Haiti. Columbus arrives at\\nLa Navidad, finds the fort burned, and\\nlearns that the colony has perished.\\nDec. Haiti. The eltj -.i Isabella, the\\nfirst settlement by Europeans in the\\nNew World, is founded.\\nThe fortone-eeeken are disappointed\\nand censure Columbus; they are Igno-\\nrant, proud, contentious, and insubordi-\\nnate.\\n1494 May 3. if. I. Jamaica is dis-\\ncovered.\\nJune 12. Cuba. Columbus signs a doc-\\nument, drawn by a notary, attesting the\\ndiscovery of continuous land the coast\\nof Cuba.\\nJune 13. W. I. Evangelista Island (Isle\\nof Pines) is discovered.\\nSept. 29. Haiti. Columbus returns from\\nhis voyage of discovery to Isabella, and\\nlies sick for five months.\\n-1507 Alleged improbable voyage\\nof Behaim to the South American coast.\\n1496 Mar. 5. Eng. Henry VTL signs\\nthe commission of John Cabot, a Ve-\\nnetian, to make discoveries and take\\npossession of lands for the English flag.\\nNo day in the history of the New World\\nwas more important. (Ridpath.)\\nMar. 10. Haiti. Columbus leaves in the\\nNina for Spain to meet the malicious\\ncharges of his enemies.\\nJune 11. Sp. Columbus returns to\\nCadiz, lands in great dejection, wearing\\nthe costume of a Franciscan.\\n1497 May* Eng. John Cabot sails\\nfrom Bristol, on a voyage of discovery,\\naccompanied by his son Sebastian.\\nMay 10. Sp. Amerigo Vespucci, an\\neducated Italian, sails on bis first voy-\\nage, with Tanez Pinzon and Juan Diaz\\nde Solis, who visit the north coast of\\nHonduras, Gulf of Mexico, Florida, and\\nthe Bermudas. [Disputed.]\\nJune 24. Can First discovery of the\\nAmerican continent, at Cape Breton\\n(or Labrador), by John Cabot; he calls\\nit Prima Vista.\\nHe raises two banners, one the flag\\nof the Kingdom of Great Britain, and\\nthe other the flag of the Republic of\\nVenice. The private enterprise of John\\nCabot and Sebastian, his son, leads to the\\ndiscovery of the American continent, and\\nits annexation to the British realm, the\\nprudent King not sharing the risk of the\\nvoyage.\\n1498 Apr. Sebastian Cabot sails on\\nhis second voyage to the Atlantic coast\\nof North America.\\nHe has five or_ six ships. 300 men, and\\nexplores the coast line from the Gulf of\\nSt. Lawrence to the Chesapeake Bay,\\nand probably as far as Cape Hatteras,\\nclaiming all* the territory for England.\\n(Ridpath.)\\nMay 30. Sp. Columbus sails on his\\nthird voyage, from St. Lucar.\\nHe has a fleet of six ships three bound\\nfor San Domingo, and three others to\\ncontinue his discoveries.\\nJuly 31. JT. I. Trinidad Islam! is dis-\\ncovered by Columbus.\\nAug. 1. T enez. Columbus beholds the\\ncontinent for the first time, and mis-\\ntakes it for an insignificant island he\\nenters the mouth of the Orinoco River.\\nAug. 30. Haiti. Columbus returns to\\nIsabella.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1492, Oct. 14-1500, Dec. 15\\nEng. Thomas Bradley and Lance-\\nlot Tbirkill sail for discoveries iii the\\nNew Isle.\\n1 499 Brazil is discovered by Vincent\\nPinzon, a Spanish navigator, who fol-\\nlows the coast from 30\u00c2\u00b0 northwestward.\\nMay 16. Sp. Vespucci sails on an\\nimportant voyage in the expedition of\\nAlonzo de Ojeda and Juan de La Cosa.\\nThey coast from some point in North-\\nern Brazil to Paria, and westward to\\nMaricabo and to Cape de La Vela. On\\nhis return be gives an exciting report.\\nJune Guiana \u00e2\u0080\u0094Colombia. Ojeda discov-\\ners Surinam, the Gulf of Venezuela, and\\nNew Granada.\\n1500 Jan. Brazil. Diego de Lepe ex-\\nplores the coast to about 10\u00c2\u00b0 south.\\nFeb. 28. Brazil. Discovery of the\\nAmazon River by Pinzon.\\nApr. 24. Brazil. Pedro Alvarez Cabral,\\na Portuguese, bound for India, is driven\\nby adverse winds from his track, and\\nanchors in Port Seguro. [He follows the\\ncoast from about 12\u00c2\u00b0 to 16\u00c2\u00b0 30 south.]\\nMay 3. Brazil. Cabral discovers the\\nmouth of the Amazon, and names the\\ncountry Terra Sanctse Crucis.\\nCan. Labrador is visited by Gas-\\nparo Cortereal, a Portuguese, who also\\nexplores the shores of Canada for 600\\nor 700 miles, and discovers and names\\nConception Bay.\\nOct. -02 Sept. Veiiez. Voyage of Rod-\\nrigo Bastidas and La Cosa, who trace the\\nPearl Coast westward to Point Manza-\\nnilla.\\nNov. 25. Sp. Columbus returns from\\nhis third voyage.\\nLETTERS.\\n1493 Feb. -Mar. Columbus writes\\nthe narrative of his discoveries.\\nMex. Books are made of long strips\\nor webs of cotton cloth, leaves of aloe\\nafter preparation, and skins of animals\\nthey are neatly joined, with pages folded\\nin a zigzag manner, and they are pro-\\ntected by covers of wood.\\nThe Aztec language is copious and\\npolished some of its words have twelve\\nor fifteen syllables.\\nThe written language is essentially\\npicture-writing, with few symbols or\\nreal hieroglyphs.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1492 Oct. Cuba. Columbus finds the\\nnatives enjoy the smoking of tobacco.\\nThe aborigines of America differ.\\nThey speak from 400 to 500 different\\nlanguages, vary in size from the semi-\\ndwarf of the Arctic regions to the Pata-\\ngonian giants of the South, and embrace\\na. variety of shades of brown in their\\ncolor they cultivate the soil and pro-\\nduce maize, beans, pumpkins, and to-\\nbacco. The universal vice is indolence.\\n1493 Mar. Sp. Columbus is made a\\ngrandee.\\nMay 4. Sp. Columbus receives a mag-\\nnificent scutcheon, having the royal\\ncastle and lion of Castile and Leon\\nblazoned in combination with the four\\nanchors of his old coat of arms.\\nW. I. Discords and mutinies pre-\\nvail among the fortune-seekers who\\ncome to the New World.\\n1494* W. I. Columbus enslaves 500\\nIndians, and sends them to Spain to be\\npublicly sold.\\n1495 June 24. W.I. Five ship-loads\\nof Indians are embarked for Seville by\\nColumbus, to be sold as slaves.\\n1496 W. I. Bartholomew Columbus\\nships 300 natives to Spain to be sold as\\nslaves.\\n[A third of the gentle Indians are said\\nto have perished within two or three\\nyears after the arrival of the Spaniards.]\\n1499 June 20. Sp. Isabella, moved\\nwith indignation at the enslavement of\\nIndians, procures the instant libera-\\ntion and speedy return of the last gang\\nbrought into Spain.\\nHaiti. Indians are assigned to labor,\\nin support of certain Spaniards, by a\\nkind of villenage.\\nNorth America. The Indians prac-\\ntise polygamy, treat their wives with\\ncruelty and their children with indiffer-\\nence. The women raise maize, beans,\\nand pumpkins for the support of their\\nfamilies.\\nChile. Chileans make a fermented\\ndrink of maize, and drunkenness is a\\ncommon vice.\\nCivilized nations of the Toltecan\\nfamily occupy Mexico, Peru, and Bogota.\\nCivilization is found to follow\\nclosely the chain of the Andes, and is\\nspecially developed in Mexico and Peru,\\nthe latter being the most highly civi-\\nlized empire in America.\\nMex. Beggars abound, and are\\ndecimated by frequent famines.\\nImmutable custom regulates society,\\nand chains the wheels of progress.\\nChicha, a fermented infusion of maize,\\nand pulque, made from the sap of the\\ngreat aloe plant, are intoxicants drunk\\nby the people public festivals are pro-\\nlonged drinking bouts. To maintain the\\noccupations, one part of the population\\nabstains while the other part indulges.\\nThe masses are attached to the soil,\\nallotments of which are cultivated in\\ncommon by the slaves of nobles for their\\nown subsistence.\\nThe excessive use of pulque appears\\nto have occasioned the decay of the Tol-\\ntecs. (Payne.)\\nPent. An intoxicating beverage\\nis made from the quinoa bean.\\nThe mass of the people are in a state of\\nmild servitude, under a kind of nobil-\\nity, who are ruled by Incas.\\nHarems are maintained by the Incas.\\nThe excessive use of chicha appears\\nto have been nearly connected with the\\nruin of the Peruvians. (Payne.)\\n1500 May* Haiti. Columbus is im-\\nprisoned and put in chains by Bobadilla,\\nwho has been sent out to investigate his\\nconduct.\\nWhile returning to Spain, Villejo, cap-\\ntain of the caravel, proposes to remove\\nthe chains. Columbus replies, I will\\nwear them as a memento of the grati-\\ntude of princes.\\nSTATE.\\n1493 Jan. 16. Haiti. Columbus leaves\\n43 men at the fort called Navidad (Isa-\\nbella), and sails for Spain.\\nMay 3, 4. Bull of demarcation.\\nPope Alexander VI. draws a line from\\nthe North to the South Pole, 100 leagues\\nwest of the Azores, and gives to Spain\\nthe dominion of the hinds westward, and\\nto Portugal those lying eastward, includ-\\ning Western Africa.\\n-1527 Sp. Bishop Fonseca is\\nall-powerful in Indian affairs at the\\nSpanish court.\\n1494 Apr. 24. Haiti. Columbus leaves\\nhis colony in the care of a council of\\nregency, under his brother Diego, with\\nPedro de Margarite for captain-general,\\nwhile he pursues a voyage of discovery.\\nJune 4-7. Sp. Convention at Torde-\\nsillas, which moves the meridian line,\\ndividing Spanish from Portuguese pos-\\nsessions, 370 leagues west of the Cape\\nVerde Islands.\\n1495 Oct. W. I. Juan Aguado ar-\\nrives at Isabella, commissioned to\\ninvestigate the complaints against\\nColumbus rule.\\n1496* Haiti. Columbus founds the\\ncity of San Domingo.\\nMay* Columbus again leaves Diego in\\ncharge of the colony, and sails for Spain.\\nHe fails as a planter of colonies and as a\\nruler of men.\\n1497 June 24+. The discoveries of\\nJohn Cabot along the Atlantic coast\\nform the basis of English claims to the\\nterritory of North America.\\n1498 Aug. 30. Haiti. Columbus is\\ncompelled to compromise with Roldan,\\nwho leads a revolt.\\nFr. Louis XII. is enthroned.\\n1499 May 21. Haiti. Bobadilla, the\\nenemy of Columbus, is made governor\\nof the Spanish colony, and given charge\\nof all fortresses and arms.\\n1500 Aug. 23. Haiti. Bobadilla ar-\\nrives, and confusion and disaster follow.\\n[He entertains accusations agains Co-\\nlumbus of injustice, severity, and venal-\\nity, and sends him and his two brothers\\nto Spain, wearing chains.]\\nOct. Haiti. Prosperity begins to favor\\nthe colonists in the opening of success-\\nful gold mines.\\nIndians are settled in villages and\\nChristianized Columbus estimates the\\nroyal revenues may average (Ml ,000.000\\nreals ($7,500,000) in three years. [The\\nnew governor reverses the prosperity.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1492 Oct. -Dec. Haiti. Columbus\\nconcludes that San Salvador is the Land\\nof Ophir, from whence Solomon ob-\\ntained his gold.\\n1495 W. I. Columbus still believes\\nthat he has discovered the Indies hence\\nthe islands are called the West Indies.\\n1498 Aug. Venez. Columbus enters\\nthe mouth of the Orinoco, and he ima-\\ngines it to be the great river Gihon,\\nhaving its rise in the Garden of Eden.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "16 1500, Dec. 17-1518.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1503 Mex. Montezuma s expedi-\\ntion against the Tlascalans, to get vic-\\ntims for sacrifices, is disastrously de-\\nfeated.\\n1509 Porto Rico is subjugated by\\nPonce de Leon.\\n1511 Cuba is conquered by Diego\\nVelasquez.\\nCONQUEST OF MEXICO.\\n1519 Feb. 10. Cuba. Hernando Cor-\\ntez sails for the invasion of Mexico.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1508* *-12 Sp. Amerigo Ves-\\npucci renders important service to sci-\\nence, in his position of royal pilot.\\nMex. The Spaniards find the na-\\ntives skilled in the arts.\\nPyramids, temples, grottoes, bas-re-\\nliefs, and arabesques slunv their skill in\\nthe fine arts roads, aqueducts, fortifi-\\ncations, and mining operations exhibit\\ntheir practical arts. Buildings with\\nvaulted roofs, obelisks covered with\\nmythical figures, pictorial and hiero-\\ngraphical inscriptions, evince their intel-\\nligence and skill.\\nMex. The calendar of the civil\\nyear is composed of 365 days divided into\\n18 months of 20 days, and having five\\nsupplementary days.\\nThe Mexicans spin thread, weave\\ncloth, build stone houses, cultivate\\nmaize, potatoes, plantains, and raise\\ncotton.\\nPeruvians have admirable pub-\\nlic roads, one extending 1,500 miles;\\nrivers are crossed by suspension bridges.\\nThey excel other nations in navigation,\\nusing sails on rafts, which they tack and\\nveer other races having only the canoe\\nand paddle.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1503 Mex. Ahuitzotl, Aztec king, dies.\\n1504 Sp. Isabella of Castile, patron of\\nColumbus, Nov. 12 dies.\\n1506 -Sp. Columbus. Christopher. May\\n20, A61\u00c2\u00b1.\\n1512 It. Vespucci, Amerigo, navigator, d.\\n1515 Mex. Nezahualpilli, Aztec king, dies.\\n1516 Sp. Ferdinand V., king, dies.\\nArg. Rep. Sobs, Juan Diaz de, navigator,\\n1516 Peru. Manco Capac [2d], inca, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1502 Sp. Bartolome de Las Casas\\nsails with Columbus.\\nHaiti. Franciscans enter Hispan-\\niola.\\n1503 It. Pius III., later Julius II.,\\nis elected pope.\\n1508 Fr. North American Indians\\nare baptized in France.\\n1510 Haiti. Las Casas is ordained a\\npriest, probably the first ordination in\\nthe New World.\\nHaiti. Dominican monks arrive,\\nand rebuke the avarice and cruelty of\\nthe Spaniards.\\n1513 It. Leo X. is elected pope.\\n1514* Haiti. Las Casas, the pro-\\ntector of the Indians. is converted to\\nanti-slavery work by a Bible text. He\\narrays the authority of the church\\nagainst oppression, after first freeing\\nhis own slaves.\\n1517* Ger. The Reformation under\\nLuther begins. [It ultimately affects\\nthe religious development of North Am-\\n1518* Mex. Numerous prisoners are\\nimmolated in honor of the dedication of\\nthe temple of Coatlan, the last slaughter\\nof this kind in Mexico.\\nDISCOVERY EXPLORATION.\\n1501 Mar. 19. Eng. Henry VII. grants\\na patent to a company of discoverers.\\n[They probably reach America.]\\nMay 14. Port. Vespucci sails on his\\nthird voyage with Nuno Manuel\\nalong the coast of Brazil.\\nHe recognizes the discoveries in the\\nNew World as no part of India. [He\\nafterward publishes a narrative which\\nomits all reference to Columbus, and so\\ngives his name to the continent.]\\nCortereal sails again, seeking a passage\\nto the East Indies, and is lost on the voy-\\nage.\\nColombia. Bastidas visits the coasts\\nof New Granada.\\n1502 Jan. 1. Brazil. Vespucci dis-\\ncovers the Bay of Rio de Janeiro.\\nMay 9. Sp. Columbus, 57 years\\nold, sails on his fourth voyage, with\\nfour caravels and 150 men, seeking for a\\nwestern passage to Asia. [He coasts\\nfromCape Honduras eastward andsouth-\\nward to the Gulf of Darien.]\\nMay 10. Port. Gasparo Cortereal being\\nlost, his brother Miguel sails in search\\nof him [and never returns].\\nHaiti. Columbus is refused permis-\\nsion to refit his largest ship in his own\\ncolony.\\nJune 13. Columbus discovers Marti-\\nnique.\\nJuly Darien Mex. Columbus dis-\\ncovers various islands along the coast\\nof Honduras, and explores the coast of\\nDarien.\\nAug. 14. Honduras. Columbus first\\nlands on the American Continent at\\nPunta de Cassinas [Cabo de Honduras]\\nhe claims the country for Spain.\\nOct. 5 JT. Columbus discovers Costa\\nRica and later Nicaragua; he also visits\\nthe coast of New Granada [Colombia].\\nNov. 2. Panama. Columbus discovers\\nand names Porto Bello.\\nSp. Ojeda s second voyage to Terra\\nFirraa (Brazil).\\n1503 May 10. W. I. Columbus discov-\\ners the Tortugas Islands.\\nMay Port. Vespucci sails with Gon-\\ncalo Coelho from Lisbon, with six ships,\\nfor the Brazilian coast, and meets with\\ndisasters.\\nJune 23. Jamaica. Columbus s vessel\\nruns aground in Santa Gloria (St. Ann s\\nBay), [and waits more than a year for\\nrelief.]\\nBrazil. Christovao Jaques coasts\\nsouthward to about 52* south on the\\ncoast of Patagonia.\\nColombia. Coluinbusdhjcovers Darien.\\n1504 Sept. 12. Haiti. Columbus takes\\nfinal leave of the New World, and sails\\nfor Spain.\\nNov. 7. Sp. Columbus returns from\\nhis last voyage.\\nGuiana. VasCO NuiiLV.de Balboa lands\\non the coast of Guiana.\\nNewfoundland visited by Breton\\nfishermen.\\nSp. Juan de la Cosa sails on his\\nthird voyage for South America in a\\n[successful] search for gold. [1.007 and\\n1500. He sails again.]\\n1506* Can. The Gulf of St. Law-\\nrence is examined and sketched by\\nJean Denys of Honfieur and Cauiart\\nof Rouen.\\nMex. Yucatan is discovered by Juan\\nDiaz Solis and Vincent Yanez Pinzon,\\nof Portugal.\\n1507 -08 Panama. Las Casas and\\nVespucci explore the Gulf of Darien.\\n1508 June 29. Brazil. Pinzon and\\nSolis sail from Portugal, and follow the\\ncoast of South America to about 50*\\nsouth.\\nPinzon said to have discovered the Rio\\nde la Plata.\\nCan. Thomas Aubert touches at\\nNewfoundland, and thence carries the\\nFrench flag up the St. Lawrence\\nRiver. He takes Indians with him on\\nhis return to France.\\nCuba circumnavigated by Ocampo,\\nand foxmd to be an island.\\nNewfoundland is visited by the\\nNormans.\\nSp. Sebastian Cabot enters the ser-\\nvice of Spain. [1516. He prepares to\\nsail to seek a northwest passage, but is\\nprevented by the king s death.]\\n1513 Mar. 3. Panama. Juan Pence\\nde Leon sails from Porto Rico for the\\nfabled Fountain of Perpetual Youth.\\nMar. 27. Fla. De Leon rediscovers\\nFlorida, the land of flowers, and claims\\nit for Spain.\\nApr. 8. Fla. De Leon lands [a few\\nmiles north of St. Augustine].\\nSept. 25. Panama. Vasco Nunez de\\nBalboa, having led an expedition of 290\\nmen across the isthmus, discovers the\\nPacific Ocean.\\nSept. 29. Panama. Balboa wades into\\nthe ocean, draws his sword, and takes\\npossession in the name of the King of\\nSpain.\\n1514 -16 Panama. BartolomS\\nHurtado, Espinoza, and Herman Ponce\\nare sent to explore the Pacific coast;\\nthey prepare the way for settlements in\\nCosta Rica.\\n1515* Uruguay. Solis again arrives.\\n1516 Jan.* Solis enters the La Plata\\nRiver, searching for a strait leading\\nwestward.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1500. Dee. 17-1518. 17\\n-17 Can. Alleged voyage of Cabot\\nto New France.\\nFla. Voyage of Diego Miruelo from\\nSpain to Florida.\\n1517 Yucatan rediscovered by Fer-\\nnando de Cordova, and tbe gulf coast\\nexplored as far as Florida.\\nPanama. Balboa is beheaded for\\ntreason, when about to lead an expedi-\\ntion to Peru.\\n1518 May* -June* Mex. The im-\\nportant expedition of Juan de Gri-\\njalva discovers the east coast of Mexico\\nand visits Florida.\\nWith 240 Spaniards he enters Mexico\\nthe Aztees first behold the white man,\\nand give him tidings of the great empire\\nof the Montezumas. Yucatan is visited\\nand named New Spain. He explores\\nthe Gulf of Mexico, and returns with\\nmasses of gold.\\nCan. Baron de Leri attempts to\\nplant a colony on Sable Island, but\\nonly succeeds in introducing cattle.\\nLETTERS.\\n1500 Sp. Juan de la Cosca, a Bis-\\ncayan pilot, makes his remarkable map.\\n1504 Sp. Vespucci publishes an ac-\\ncount of his voyage.\\n1507 Fr. Martin Waltzemuller from\\nFreiburg in Breisgau, professor at St.\\nDie in Lorraine, originates the name\\nAmerica.\\nIn his Introduction to Geography,\\npublished at the college press, he says\\nAnd the fourth part of the world hav-\\ning been discovered by Amerigo, or\\nAmericus, we may call it America.\\n1509 Eng. Sebastian Brant s Ship\\nof Fools is the first English publication\\nto mention America.\\n1510 Sp. The learning and intelli-\\ngence of Spain admit there is a Fountain\\nof Perpetual Youth somewhere in the\\nBahamas Ponce de Leon seeks for it.\\n16th Century. Mex. Dated records of\\nMexican events are preserved, and by\\nmany scholars received as the begin-\\nning of accepted history.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1500 Dec. 17. Sp. Columbus ar-\\nrives as a prisoner in Spain.\\nDec. Columbus, richly dressed, is re-\\nceived by their majesties the Queen is\\nmoved to tears by bis recital of suffer-\\nings and wrongs. Great indignation\\nat his dishonorable treatment is aroused\\nthroughout Spain.\\nSp. Queen Isabella commands the\\nliberation of the enslaved Indians in\\nher European possessions.\\n1501 Haiti. A few negroes are im-\\nported as slaves.\\nCan. Cortereal captures 57 Indians\\nand takes them to Portugal to be sold as\\nslaves.\\n1502 Can. Cortereal sails again for a\\ncargo of slaves. [Not returning tbe fol-\\nlowing year, his brother sails to find him\\nwhat became of the two slave-ships is an\\nunsolved mystery.]\\n1503 Haiti. There are so many Af-\\nrican slaves on the island that the gov-\\nernor entreats for the restraint of the\\ntraffic.\\n1504 Haiti. Hernando Cortez ar-\\nrives in San Domingo, 19 years of age,\\nand seeking adventures.\\n1506 May 20. Sp. Columbus dies in\\nneglect at Valladolid.\\nW. I. The more important islands\\nare colonized, and the natives murdered\\nor reduced to slavery.\\n1507 Mex. To mark the beginning of\\na new cycle of years, fire is kindled for\\nthe last time on a human breast by\\nMexicans.\\nNicaragua suffers under five Span-\\nish rulers.\\nThe first had been a murderer, the\\nsecond a murderer and a rebel, the\\nthird murdered the second, the fourth\\nwas a forger, and the fifth a murderer.\\n(Boyle.)\\n1508 Haiti. The native Indians be-\\ning too weak to labor in the Spanish gold\\nmines, negroes are imported from\\nAfrica.\\nThus was laid the foundation of a\\ntraffic which continued to disgrace the\\ncivilization of Europe for three centu-\\nries. (Ency. Brit.)\\n1510 Haiti. The Spaniards revolt\\nagainst the Dominicans for calling\\nthem no better than Mohammedans, be-\\ncause of their cruelty to the natives.\\n1511* Haiti. A royal ordinance en-\\njoins the direct transportation of slaves\\nfrom Guinea, as one negro can do tbe\\nwork of four Indians.\\n1517 Cuba. The Spaniards fit up an\\nexpedition of three ships for catching\\nslaves Cordova is in command.\\nSTATE.\\n1500 Dec. Sp. Great indignation\\nthroughout Spain because of the treat-\\nment given Columbus the Crown disap-\\nproves of the proceedings against him.\\nMex. The Aztecs spread by force\\nof arms from the Pacific to the Gulf\\nof Mexico.\\n1502 Feb. 18. W. I. Nicolas de Ovan-\\ndo succeeds to the governorship of the\\ncolonies, and sails with a fleet of thirty\\nships and 2,500 people from San\\nLucar, Spain.\\nMex. Ahuitzotl, the Aztec emperor,\\ndies, and Montezuma II. is elected.\\nW. I. Columbus ceases to be\\nviceroy.\\nCosta Rica. Spanish adventurers ar-\\nrive.\\n1503 Mar. Bethlehem is abandoned.\\nColumbus resolves to leave SO men at\\nthe colony of Bethlehem, where gold was\\nfound, arid return to Spain for supplies\\nbut needless quarrels with the natives\\nbreak up the settlement before he sails.\\n1504 June Jamaica. After being re-\\nfused assistance from shipwreck, and\\nwaiting one year, Columbus is at last\\nrescued by Ovando.\\nBrazil. The Portuguese, led by Amer-\\nigo Vespucci, establish a small colony\\nat All Saints. The name Brazil is fre-\\nquently given to South America.\\nW. I. Hernando Cortez comes to\\nthe New World.\\n1509 Colombia. Alonzo de Ojeda at-\\ntempts to colonize New Andalusia and\\nconquer the natives he calls his colony\\nSan Sebastian it is soon abandoned.\\nHaiti. Arrival of Diego Columbus as\\ngovernor of the Indies.\\nEng. Henry VIE. is enthroned.\\nPanama. Arrival of Francisco Pi-\\nzarro.\\nW. I. Ponce de Leon is appointed\\ngovernor of Porto Rico.\\n1510 Brazil. Diego Alvarez at Bahia.\\nDarien. The colony of Santa Ma-\\nria del Darien is planted by Enciso it\\nis the first permanent settlement on\\nthe continent of America.\\nPanama. Nombre de Dios is founded,\\nby Nicuessa.\\n1511* Cuba. Diego Velasquez and Cor-\\ntez, with 300 Europeans, settle at Ba-\\nracoa. Velasquez subdues the Cubans.\\nBrazil. The Portuguese appear in Rio\\nde Janeiro Bay.\\n_17 Darien. The Spaniards hear\\nreports of the wealth of the Incas.\\n1512 Apr. 2. Sp, Ponce de Leon is\\nempowered to settle Bimeni, the great\\nunknown land to the north, which is re-\\nputed to have a fountain of youth.\\nSp. Ferdinand V. is enthroned.\\n1513 Fla. Spain claims Florida by\\nthe right of discovery made by Ponce de\\nLeon England lays a claim to the\\nwhole continent by the original discovery\\nof Cabot.\\n1514* W.I. Santiago becomes tbe\\ncapital of Cuba.\\nTrinidad is settled.\\n1515 Brazil is colonized by the Portu-\\nguese it is the first agricultural col-\\nony.\\nCuba. San Cristoval de la Havana,\\non the south coast, is settled.\\nFr. Francis I. is enthroned.\\nMex. King Nezahualpilli dies.\\n1516 Sp. Charles I. is enthroned.\\nLas Casas is made Universal Pro-\\ntector of the Indians.\\n1517* Panama. Nata is founded by\\nSpaniards.\\nUnfortunate Balboa is beheaded as\\na traitor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1500 Sp. Columbus preserves his\\nfetters in his cabinet, and desires that\\nthey may be buried with him.\\n1501 -02 Newfoundland. Portu-\\nguese fisheries are established.\\n1504 Can. Cape Breton fisheries are\\nvisited by Bretons, Normans, and Basque\\nsailors.\\n1509 June Domestic animals, in-\\ncluding fowls, are first sent to America.\\n1513 Mar 3. W. I. Ponce de Leon\\nsails with three ships from Porto Rico\\nfor the Bahamas, to find the Fountain\\nof Youth.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "18\\n1519-1529.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1519 Mar. 4. Mex. Cortez, with 11\\nships and 550 men, lands at Tabasco,\\nand begins the conquest of Mexico.\\nApr. Mex. Cortez negotiates with\\nMontezuma, who orders the invaders\\nto depart.\\nMex. Cortez is elected general\\nby the troops.\\nCortez scuttles his vessels to cut off\\nretreat.\\nAug. Cortez leaves Vera Cruz, and\\nmarches for the city of Mexico with\\n450 men, beside his Tlascalan allies.\\nSept. 18. Mex. Cortez enters the con-\\nquered city of Tlascala.\\nNov. 8. Mex. Cortez arrives at the\\ncity of Mexico, and is received with\\ngreat distinction.\\nDec. Mex. Cortez seizes Montezuma\\nin his own house for a hostage.\\nHe compels the king to acknowledge\\nhimself a vassal of the King of Spain,\\nand to agree to pay an annual tribute,\\nbesides an immediate payment of a sum\\namounting to $6,300,000.\\n1520 Mex. Velasquez, the jealous\\nGovernor of Cuba, sends Pamfilo de\\nNarvaez with a military force to chas-\\ntise Cortez.\\nMay 26. Mex. Cortez, with about 225\\nmen, surprises and captures Warvaez,\\nhis rival, near Vera Cruz. He gains 10\\nor 12 cannon, 80 horses, and about 900\\nsoldiers.\\nJune 24. Mex. Cortez returns to tbe\\ncapital, and enters the city without mo-\\nlestation.\\nJune 30. Mex. The Mexicans revolt\\nand kill Montezuma, in indignation at\\nhis capitulation.\\nJuly 1. Mex. The retreating Spaniards\\nare furiously attacked on one of the\\ncauseways, while leaving the city, and\\nsuffer terrible loss.\\nJuly 7. Mex. On the Plain of Otumba\\nCortez decides the fate of Mexico by de-\\nfeating the great army which had driven\\nhis forces out of the city, after a gallant\\ndefense of 75 days.\\nDec. Cortez, reenforced and re-sup-\\nplied, assumes the aggressive, and\\nmarches again into the interior.\\nDec. 31. Mex. Cortez occupies Tescuco.\\n1521 Mex. Conquest of Iztapala-\\npan.\\nApr. 28. Mex. Cortez begins the siege\\nof Mexico.\\nMay* -Aug. 13. Mex. Cortez, having\\nbuilt and transported a fleet, launches\\nit en the Lake of Mexico [and takes\\nthe city after a long siege].\\nAug. Mex. The empire of the Mon-\\ntezumas is overthrown, and its cap-\\ntured king, Guatemozin, executed, after\\nsuffering torture.\\nMexico submits to Cortez, who governs\\nit with unlimited power, as a province\\nof Spain.\\nFla. The Caribbee Indians drive\\nPonce de Leon and his men back to\\ntheir ships.\\n1523 Guatemala invaded by Pedro\\nde Alvarado, under orders of Cortez.\\n1524 Honduras. Cortez sends Chris-\\ntoval de Olid, one of his captains, from\\nMexico to assume authority.\\nGuatemala. Alvarado, the conqueror,\\nis also governor [for 17 years].\\nOct. Honduras entered by Cortez.\\nNov. 14. Colombia. Francisco Pizarro\\nwith 100 foot-soldiers and G7 horsemen,\\nsails from Panama for Peru. [He\\nmakes observations, and returns.]\\n1525 S. C. The Indians of Chicora\\ndrive off De Ayllon, tbe treacherous\\nslave -catcher.\\n-26 San Salvador is conquered\\nfor Spain by Alvarado.\\n1526 Mar. 10. Peru. Almagro and\\nLuque sign a contract for the conquest\\nof Peru, Gaspar de Espinosa supplying\\nthe funds. [It is an attempt at private\\nconquest].\\nMay Mex. Cortez returns to Mexico\\nin great splendor.\\nColombia. Pizarro sails from Pan-\\nama on his second expedition to Peru,\\nand lands most of his men at San Juan,\\nwhen Almagro returns for supplies.\\n1527+ Colombia. Pizarro makes his\\nthird start from San Juan, and again\\nhalts at the Island of Gallo and sends\\nback to Panama for supplies here the\\nSpaniards suffer incredible hardships.\\nColombia. Pizarro makes his fourth\\nstart from near the Island of Gallo, and\\ndiscovers Peru. He then returns to\\nPanama for reenforcements.\\nMex. Conquest of Yucatan is begun.\\n1528 Apr. 12. Fla. Pamfilo de Nar-\\nvaez lands at Tampa Bay an army of\\nconquest.\\nIt consists of 260 foot and 40 horsemen.\\n[Unparalleled sufferings and perils by\\nland and sea await them the four survi-\\nvors are finally rescued at San Miguel on\\nthe Pacific coast.]\\nCuba. The buccaneers burn Havana.\\nPeru. Pizarro returns to Spain for\\naid and volunteers, after the Governor\\nof Panama has refused them.\\n1529 July 26. Sp. Pizarro arranges\\na capitulation with the Spanish crown\\nfor the conquest of Peru.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n152 1 Peru. The Spaniards discover\\nthe potato.\\n1522 Sept. 7. Sp. Magellan s ship\\ncompletes the circumnavigation of the\\nglobe.\\n1524 Mar. Verrazano, a Florentine,\\nis supposed to be the first to sail di-\\nrectly west in crossing the Atlantic.\\nThe Cabots notice the immense shoals\\nof fish which throng the waters of New-\\nfoundland.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1530 Mex. Montezuma II., last Aztec king,\\ndies.\\n1525 Peru. Capac, Huayna, inca, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n1519 Mar.* Mex. Tbe Mexicans believe\\ntbe Spaniards to be gods, and nend to\\nCortez human beings for sacrifice.\\n1521* Fenez. LasCasasprosecuteshhj\\nhumanitarian work on tbe Pearl Coast.\\nThe Dominicans are driven from the\\nPearl Coast by natives who have been\\nexasperated by slave-catchers.\\n1522 Las Casas becomes a Dominican.\\nIt. Adrian VT. is elected pope.\\nMex. Franciscan missionaries ar-\\n1523 Clement VTXL is elected\\npope.\\n1526 Fa. Dominican missionaries\\narrive, and erect a chapel on tbe James\\nRiver. Antonio Montesino is tbe mis-\\nsionary preacher. They are the first re-\\nligious teachers sent to this country.\\nMex. Dominican missionaries ar-\\nrive.\\nChile. Chileans believe in a\\nsupreme being, and good and bad\\nspirits, but have neither temples, idols,\\nnor religious rites. They believe in a\\nfuture state, hold vague traditions of a\\ndeluge, and of persons saved on a high\\nmountain.\\nMex. Religion is savage in spirit\\nand more degrading than that of the un-\\ncivilized Indians, their deities being hid-\\neous creatures to whom human sacrifices\\nare yearly offered in great numbers.\\n***Peru. The Incas are regarded as a\\nsacred race, possessing divinity derived\\nfrom the great deity, the sun. They are\\nsupreme pontiffs as well as sovereigns.\\nThe sun, moon, evening star, the spirit\\nof thunder, and the rainbow, are all wor-\\nshiped, and temples are erected in their\\nhonor sacrifices are chiefly the edible\\nfruits or grain, and are always bloodless.\\n1528 Apr. 16. U.S. Franciscan\\nmonks accompany Pamfilo de Xarvaez\\nin his conquest of Florida. [They perish\\nof starvation.]\\nMex. Pedro de Musa, a lay-brother,\\nreports 200,000 converts in six years.\\nDISCOVERY EXPLORATION.\\n1519 Aug. 10. Sp. Fernando Magel-\\nlan, a Portuguese navigator, sails on\\nhis eventful voyage. [He enters the\\nPlata River and later the Pacific Ocean.]\\nFla. Alvarez de Pineda, seeking a\\nstrait leading westward, coasts from\\nCape Florida to the River ranuco in\\nMexico.\\nAug. Pineda enters the mouth of the\\nMississippi.\\nYucatan, Cortez arrives on -the\\ncoast and proceeds to Mexico.\\nPa7iama. Espinoza coasts westward\\non the Pacific as far as Cape Blanco\\n(Costa Rica\\nFrancis de Garay explores the Gulf\\nof Mexico.\\n1520 Oct. 21. Chile. Magellan en-\\nters the Strait of Magellan.\\nNov. 2S. Chile Magellan enters the\\nPacific Ocean.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1519-1529.\\n19\\nJT. T. The Spaniards visit the\\nshores of New York, and leave the\\nPompey stone.\\nS. C. Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon brings\\nan expedition consisting of two vessels\\nto American shores in search of Indians\\nto be taken as slaves.\\nA storm drives him northward, and he\\nenters St. Helena Sound (South Caro-\\nlina), and names the country Chicora,\\nand the river he calls the Jordan (Cam-\\nbahee).\\n1521 Fla. Ponce de Leon lands in\\nFlorida the second time, is mortally\\nwounded by the Indians, and taken back\\nto Cuba, where he dies.\\n1522 Sept. 7. Sp. The circumnavi-\\ngation of the globe is completed by the\\nreturn of Magellan s ship.\\nDiscovery of the Bermudas.\\nNicaragua is regularly explored\\nby an expedition sent out from Panama,\\nunder Gil Gonzalez Davila.\\n1524 Mar. Giovanni Verrazano,\\na Florentine, sailing under the French\\nflag, explores the coast of North Caro-\\nlina, Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey,\\nNew York Bay, and onward to Acadia\\n(Nova Scotia).\\nThe country between the 28th and\\n50th degrees of latitude he calls New\\nFrance. This voyage lays the basis of\\nthe claims of France to this territory.\\n(He is the fourth Italian of great dis-\\ntinction in the discovery of the New\\nWorld, Columbus, Vespucius, John\\nCabot, and Verrazano.)\\nApr. Verrazano enters New York\\nBay.\\nNov. 14. Panama. Francisco Pizarro\\nsails on an unsuccessful voyage for Peru,\\nreaching only one-third the distance.\\nR. I. Verrazano carefully inspects\\nthe spacious harbor of Newport.\\n1525 *Estevan Gomez sails from Spain\\nand follows the east coast from Labra-\\ndor to Florida.\\nJune 13. N. Y. Gomez discovers the\\nSaint Anthony (Hudson) River.\\nCalifornia discovered by Cortez\\nwhile seeking an eastward passage.\\n1526 Voyage of Sebastian Cabot\\nunder the Spanish flag he explores the\\ncountry about Buenos Ayres, and enters\\nthe La Plata and Parana Rivers.\\nParaguay and Uruguay are explored.\\nN. F. Nicolas Don visits Newfound-\\nland.\\nLucas Vasques de Ayllon, a Span-\\niard, follows the Atlantic coast as far as\\nthe Chesapeake Bay.\\n1527 John Rut, an Englishman,\\ncoasts north to 53\u00c2\u00b0 north, and on his re-\\nturn visits Newfoundland, Cape Breton,\\nand the coast of Maine.\\nPamfilo de Narvaez, a Spanish ad-\\nventurer, visits the coast of the upper\\nGulf of Mexico.\\nMex. Cortez despatches an explor-\\ning fleet to the Pacific coast.\\n1528 Apr. 14-1- Fta. Pamfilo deNar-\\nvaez with four ships, carrying 400 men\\nand 80 horses, lands in Appalaehe Bay,\\nand thence explores westward four\\npersons survive many disasters, and\\nwandering 2,000 miles, they finally arrive\\nat Culiacan, Mexico.\\nMay 1. Narvaez, with 300 men, of whom\\n40 are mounted, strikes for the interior.\\nAug. Narvaez reaches the shore (St.\\nMark s Bay) without finding his ships.\\nCabeza de Vaca, a surviving compan-\\nion of Narvaez, crosses the mouth of the\\nMississippi, and discovers fresh water.\\nPanama. Pizarro sails for Spain,\\nand reports his success.\\nLETTERS.\\n1519 July 10. Mex. Cortez writes his\\nfirst letter concerning his explorations.\\n1520 Oct. 30. Mex. Cortez writes a\\nsecond letter.\\n1522 Mex. Cortez writes a third\\nletter.\\n1524 Mex. Cortez writes a fourth\\nletter.\\n1526 Sept. Mex. Cortez writes his\\nfifth letter.\\n1529 Mex. Earliest phonetic render-\\ning of Mexican tongues.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1520* S. C. Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon,\\nwith six others, entices the natives of\\nChicora aboard his ships, and when the\\ndecks are crowded, sails for San Domin-\\ngo, loaded with slaves one vessel sank\\nand most of the natives died en route.\\nS. C. De Ayllon returns for more\\nslaves, but is driven off by the natives.\\nChileans are a brave- spirited\\npeople, without ferocity they are the\\nmost manly and energetic of all Ameri-\\ncans.\\nSTATE.\\n1519 Aug.* Panama. The seat of gov-\\nernment is transferred by Pedro Arias\\nfrom Darien to Panama.\\nCuba. The name Havana is given to\\nthe capital.\\nMex. The golden riches of Mex-\\nico inflame the avarice of the Spaniards.\\nCortez founds the colony of Vera\\nCruz, and causes himself to be elected\\nits captain-general.\\n1520 June 30. Mex. MontezumaH.,\\nthe last of the Aztec kings, dies.\\nVenez. The first settlement is made\\nat Cumana by Spaniards.\\n1521 Aug. 13. Mex. By the capture\\nof the capital, Mexico becomes a Span-\\nish province.\\nMex. The native government is\\na perfect feudal monarchy, in which\\nthe nobility and the priests monopolize\\nall the power.\\nThe government has a system of cou-\\nriers for conveying intelligence, and a\\nkind of police for cleaning and watch-\\ning the city.\\nThe first visitors find notame animals,\\nno roads, and no money for interchange\\nof commerce.\\nChile. The Spaniards find fifteen\\nindependent tribes, who maintain them-\\nselves chiefly by agriculture.\\nPeru. Government is a theoc-\\nracy and paternal in character it is\\nadministered and tithes are collected by\\nofficers placed over the people, who are\\narranged in parties of ten families.\\nOthers rule over five or ten tithings, and\\nothers fifty or a hundred the Inca is\\nboth pontiff and sovereign.\\nThe Peruvians, having the least warlike\\nspirit, maintain the largest empire; it\\ncovers 2,500 miles of territory.\\nColombia. Hernandez de Cordova\\nis beheaded as a rebel by Pedro Arias,\\nthe bloody governor of Panama.\\nFla. Ponce de Leon, with two ships,\\nattempts to find a site for a colony, but\\nis driven away by the Indians.\\nPort. John III. is enthroned.\\n1522 Nicaragua. The city of Granada\\nis founded by Gil Gonzalez Davila.\\n1523 Peru. Huascar becomes Inca.\\n1524 July Giovanni Verrazano claims\\nfor France the coast from the latitude\\nof Wilmington to Nova Scotia, and\\ncalls it New France.\\nS. C. Charles V. of Spain appoints\\nLucas Vasquez de Ayllon governor of\\nChicora, with a grant of territory as a\\nreward for his success in stealing slaves.\\n1525 Nov. Peru. The great Inca,\\nHuayna Capac, the twelfth king in suc-\\ncession from Manco, dies.\\nCan. A [short-lived] Portuguese\\ncolony is planted at Cape Breton Island.\\n1526 Mar. 10. Panama. Francisco\\nPizarro, Almagro, and Luque formally\\nrenew their compact to conquer Peru,\\nand divide the revenue between them-\\nselves.\\nMay Mex. Cortez returns from Yuca-\\ntan.\\nFla. Charles V. appoints the un-\\nscrupulous Pamfilo de Narvaez gover-\\nnor of Florida, with the privilege of con-\\nquest.\\nVa. De Ayllon begins a settlement\\ncalled San Miguel, and is aided in the\\nwork by negro slaves. [It is on the site\\nof Jamestown of 81 years later, and is\\nsoon abandoned.]\\n1528 Mex. Cortez goes to Spain,\\nwhere he is made Marquis del Valle de\\nOajaca.\\nVenez. Germans settle at Caro, be-\\ntween St. Martha and Maracapana.\\nParaguay. Sebastian Cabot arrives\\nand builds a fort called Santo Espiritu.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1519\u00c2\u00b1 Cuba. City of Havana is re-\\nmoved [to its present site].\\nPanama is founded by Pedrarias.\\n[1521. It becomes a city.]\\n1524 The French prosecute the New-\\nfoundland fisheries vigorously, while the\\nEnglish continue to fish in the Icelandic\\nSeas.\\nMay* Sp. An important congress is\\nheld at Badajos.\\n1527 A r F. Normans and Bretons\\narrive.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "20 1530-1541, Feb.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1530 Sp. Francisco Pizarro, with\\nhis four brothers and a band of enthu-\\nsiastic followers, sails for Panama en\\nroute for Peru.\\nDec. 28. Colombia. Pizarro makes his\\nfifth start from Panama for Peru, hav-\\ning three vessels, about 200 men, and 50\\nhorses.\\nCONQUEST OF PERU.\\n[Pizarro, with an army of 1,000 men,\\nconquers Peru in little more than a\\nyear. The easy conquest of this\\ncountry has not its parallel in history.\\n1531 Jan. 14. Peru. Pizarro plunders\\na town in the province of Caque. [Re-\\nenforced by 130 men, he proceeds to\\nbuild the town of San Miguel.]\\nPeru. War between the Inca and\\nthe usurper, Atahualpa the Inca is\\ntaken prisoner.\\n1532 Peru. Pizarro again arrives\\nat Turubez.\\nSept. 25\u00c2\u00b1. Peru. Pizarro, with two-\\nthirds of his army, starts for the interior.\\nNov. 15. Peru. Pizarro, with his little\\narmy, enters Caxamarca.\\nNov. 16. Peru. Pizarro treacherously\\ncaptures the dominant Inca, Ata-\\nhualpa, and massacres a host of Indians,\\nwithout loss to his army of 177 men.\\n1533 Feb. Peru. Pizarro s colleague,\\nAlmagro, arrives with reenforce-\\nments.\\nSpring. Peru. Francisco Pizarro, with\\n20 horsemen and half a dozen arquebus-\\niers, makes a journey of 400 miles and\\ndesecrates the famous temple of Pacha-\\ncamac.\\nAug. 29. Peru. After raising a ransom\\nvalued at $17,500,000, Pizarro puts\\nAtabualpa, the captive Inca, to death.\\nPeru. Hernando Pizarro is sent\\nto Spain with the royal share of the\\nplunder.\\nNov. 15. Peru. Pizarro, with 500 men,\\nenters the city of Cuzco, after a fierce\\nbattle, and proclaims as Inca, Manco\\nInca Yupanqui, the legitimate succes-\\nsor.\\n1534 Eucador. Alvarado marches\\nfrom Puerto Viego to Quito.\\nPeru. Spaniards occupy [Lima, the\\ncapital city].\\n1535 Arg. Hep. Mendoza, having\\nfounded Buenos Ayres, conquers the\\nadjacent country with a force of about\\n2,000 men.\\nAutumn. Peru. Unsuccessful inva-\\nsion of Chile by Almagro with 200\\nSpaniards and many Indian allies.\\n-36 Peru. Rebellion of the na-\\ntives against the Spaniards.\\nThe Peruvian allies desert Almagro\\nand return the natives in many parts\\nof the country revolt and cut off com-\\nmunication between Lima and Cuzco.\\nThe Spaniards send to Panama, Guate-\\nmala, and Mexico for succor.\\n1536 1537 Colombia. Spaniards\\nunder Ximenes de Quesada conquer\\nNew Granada.\\nFeb. -Aug. Peru. The Spaniards are\\nbesieged in Cuzco by the Peruvians,\\nwho make frequent and vigorous as-\\nsaults.\\nSept. The Inca attacks Almagro in\\nthe valley of Yucay, and is defeated wit h\\nmuch slaughter.\\n1537 Apr. 8. Peru. Almagro seizes\\nCuzco as a rival of Pizarro, after having\\nreturned from Chile. He places the\\nbrothers Hernando and Gonzalo Pizar-\\nro in confinement. [They soon escape.]\\n*-48** Peru. Civil disturbance and\\nbloodshed among the Spaniards.\\nPeru. Decisive defeat of Manco\\nCapac by Rodrigo de Orgonez, Alma-\\ngro s lieutenant the natives retire to\\nthe Andes.\\n1538 Apr. Sp. Ferdinand de Soto\\nsails for the conquest of Florida with\\na fleet of seven large and three small\\nvessels.\\nApr. 26. Peru. Almagro is defeated in\\nthe battle of Las Salinas by Pizarro.\\nThe victorious army is commanded by\\nHernando Pizarro, a brother of Fran-\\ncisco Pizarro.\\nJuly 10. Peru. Almagro executed by\\nHernando Pizarro.\\nCuba. French destroy Havana.\\n1539 May 18. Cuba. De Soto sails for\\nthe conquest of unknown cities and the\\ndiscovery of mines of gold.\\nMay 30. Fla. De Soto, with his selected\\ncavaliers, 900fc strong, all gaily dressed\\nand bountifully furnished, lands at\\nTampa Bay.\\n1540 Mar. Peru. Valdivia marches\\nto Chile.\\n1540-41 Louisiana is conquered by\\nDe Soto.\\nCan. Jacques Cartier erects the\\nfortress of Charlesburg.\\nOct. 18. Ala. De Soto has a terrible\\nbattle with the Mobile Indians. (See\\nDiscovery Exploration.)\\n-42 New Mex. Coronado with an\\narmy visits the Zuni. (See Exploration.)\\n1541 Feb. The Spaniards under De\\nSoto are attacked by the Indians and\\nlose 170 men and the remainder of their\\nbaggage. (See Discovery \u00e2\u0080\u0094Exploration.)\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1530* Col. First information concern-\\ning the Pueblo Indians.\\n1540+ Venez. Indications of gold\\nare discovered at several points along\\nthe coast.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1533 Peru. Altahualpa, usurper, executed.\\n1538 Peru. Almagro, Diego, invader, exe-\\ncuted.\\nCHURCH.\\n1531* Can. Cartier consecrates New\\nFrance to Christianity by the erection\\nof a great wooden cross on an eminence,\\nas if to signify a religious mission in his\\ndiscovery.\\nEng. Henry YI11. declares the Eng-\\nlish Church independent of Koine; he\\nis recognized as its head.\\nIt. Pius m. i* elected pope.\\n1534* Peru, Pizarro converts a hea-\\nthen temple into a Dominican monas-\\ntery at Cuzco.\\n1536* Haiti. Las Casas goes to Gua-\\ntemala to protect the Indians.\\n1537 May 2. Guatemala, Las Casas is\\nprepared for his mission in the land of\\nwar. [He wins a complete and peace-\\nful victory.]\\nft. The Pope issues a brief forbidding\\nthe further enslavement of the Indians.\\n1539 Fla. Missionaries accompany\\nDe Soto s expedition all perish.\\nFather Mark, a Spanish monk, at-\\ntempts to establish a mission to the Zuni\\nin the city of Cibola he plants a large\\ncross, but fails in his mission.\\nDISCOVERY EXPLORATION.\\n1530 Mex. An Indian slave tells the\\nSpaniards of the wonders of the seven\\ncities of Cibola, the land of the Buffa-\\nloes.\\nVenez. A mbrosio de Alfinger leads\\nan expedition into the interior, to find\\nthe Eldorado.\\n1531 Jan. 1. Brazil. Martino Alf on-\\nzo de Sousa, a Portuguese adventurer,\\ndiscovers Rio de Janeiro, and examines\\nthe coast southward.\\nVenez. Diego Ordaz seeks the fa-\\nbled Land of Wealth, by sailing up the\\nOrinoco.\\n1532 May* Cal. Hurtaldo de Men-\\ndoza sails up the Pacific coast by order\\nof Cortez, with two vessels, both of which\\nare lost.\\n1533* Mex. Cortez builds two vessels,\\nand sends Diego Becarra on an explor-\\ning expedition he discovers a part of\\nLower California.\\n1534* *-38* Venez. George of\\nSpires searches for the Eldorado.\\nJune -Aug. Can. Jacques Cartier,\\na French navigator, with 2 vessels and\\n61 men, surveys the coast of Newfound-\\nland, and enters the mouth of the St.\\nLawrence, on the banks of which he\\nplants a cross surmounted with the lilies\\nof France.\\n1535 Oct. 3. Can. Cartier arrives at\\nHochelaga (Montreal), having ex-\\nplored the great river to this point. In-\\nformation is received of the Great Lakes.\\nCal. Grijalvas expedition, equip-\\nped by Cortez, discovers California.\\n1536* Can. Cartier explores the\\nupper St. Lawrence country, and takes\\npossession of it for France.\\nMay Mex. Cabeza de Yaca, and three\\nother survivors of the Narvaez expe-\\ndition, after nearly six years of eaptivitj\\napproach the Pacific at San Miguel.\\nJuly 6. Fr. Cartier arrives at St. Malo.\\n1537 Mex. Cortez discovers the pe-\\nninsula of California. (Or Cabrillo in\\n1542.)", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1530-1541, Feb.\\n21\\n1538 Chile. Dom Pedro de Valdivia,\\nan officer of Pizarro, explores the west\\ncoast of South America to 40\u00c2\u00b0 south.\\n1539 Mar. -Aug. Mex. A Spanish\\nexpedition, under Fra Marcos, search-\\ning for the seven cities, discovers the\\nZunis.\\nMay 30. Fla. Ferdinand de Soto,\\nwith over 900 men, lands on the west\\ncoast in search of gold.\\nThe Spaniards hope to repeat the suc-\\ncess of Cortez in Mexico, and of Pizarro\\nin Peru.\\nDec. 25. Ecuador. Gonzalo Pizarro\\nbegins the exploration of the interior\\nforests [builds a vessel on the Napo\\nRiver, and descends it. Part of the com-\\npany sail 4,000 miles down the Am\\nzon to the sea.]\\nPeru. Alonzo de Camargo, a Span-\\niard, completes the exploration of the\\nwest coast of South America by sailing\\nfrom the Straits of Magellan to Peru.\\nMex. Francisco de Ulloa explores\\nthe Gulf of California \u00c2\u00abfor Cortez.\\n1540 Mar. 3. Ga. De Soto resumes\\nhis march for a country governed by a\\nwoman and abounding in gold.\\nApr. Ga. De Soto arrives on the Oge-\\nch.ee River.\\nMex. Mendoza, the Spanish viceroy,\\nsends Francisco Vasquez Coronado\\nin search of the seven opulent cities\\nof Cibola, reported by the Indians. He\\ndiscovers the Grand Cafion of the Col-\\norado.\\nMay 1. S. C. De Soto turns from near\\nthe coast westward.\\nMay 11. AT. Mex. Coronado arrives at\\nZuni.\\nSept. 30. AHz.-Cal. Hernando de\\nAlarcon sent out by Mendoza having\\nexplored the coast of California as far as\\n36\u00c2\u00b0 north, he discovers and ascends the\\nColorado River.\\nOct. 18. Ala. De Soto fights a terrible\\nbattle with the Mobile Indians.\\nIn it 2,500 Indians are shot or burned\\nDe Soto s loss is IS killed and 150\\nwounded, besides 80 horses and nearly\\nall the baggage lost.\\nNov. 18. Ala. De Soto leaves the coast\\nand marches inland.\\nDec. Miss. De Soto arrives in the coun-\\ntry of the Chickasaws (Northern Missis-\\nsippi).\\nThe expedition crosses the Yazoo, and\\nwinters in a deserted Indian village,\\nsubsisting on plantations of ungathered\\nCan. Jacques Cartier s French\\nexpedition of five ships explores the\\nSt. Lawrence.\\n1541 Feb. Miss. The Spaniards are\\nfiercely but vainly attacked by the Indi-\\nans at night.\\nThe small remainder of their baggage\\nis burned, so they are henceforth com-\\npelled to clothe themselves in skins and\\nmats of ivy.\\nApr. 26. Miss. De Soto leaves winter\\nquarters and resumes his march.\\nMay 6. Brazil. Francisco Orellana,\\nhaving crossed the Andes from Quito,\\nand sailed down the Napo and the Ama-\\nzon, he arrives at the sea, thus crossing\\nthe continent.\\nLETTERS.\\n1531* Mexico has a printing-press.\\nShagun, the Dominican, arrives.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1530 W. I. Las Casas goes to Spain\\nand obtains a decree from Charles V.\\nprohibiting the enslavement of Indians\\nin Peru and Chile.\\n1531 June 12. Mex. Zumarraga, the\\nfirst bishop, writes that 20,000 victims\\nperished at the annual saturnalia.\\n[Probably an exaggerated number.]\\n1534 Cuban officials apply to the\\nKing of Spain for 7,000 negroes, that\\nthey might become inured to labor be-\\nfore the Indians ceased to exist.\\n*Peru. Pizarro employs great cru-\\nelty in extracting unbounded wealth\\nfrom the helpless natives, who are driven\\nto exhaustive labors in the mines.\\n1536 May 10. Can. Jacques Cartier\\ndecoys nine Indian Chiefs on board\\nhis vessel, and sails away for France.\\n1539 De Soto takes for his expedition\\na dozen priests, that the festivals of\\nthe church may be kept, and chains for\\nthe captive Indians, and bloodhounds\\nto hunt those who attempt to escape.\\n1540* De Soto burns an Indian guide\\nfor honestly confessing that he does not\\nknow where there are any regions of gold.\\nDe Soto treats the Indians with\\ngreat barbarity.\\nHe pillages their provisions, cuts off\\nthe hands f etiptivt S, burns them at the\\nstake, suffers bloodhounds to tear them\\nto pieces, chains them together with iron\\ncollars, and compels them to carry the\\nbaggage of their tormentors.\\nSTATE.\\n1530 Spam. Pizarro returns to\\nAmerica.\\nJuly 15. Mex. Cortez arrives at Vera\\nCruz.\\nCosta Rica. George de Alvarado sub-\\ndues the Indian tribes and founds a\\ncolony.\\nBrazil is divided into captaincies by\\nthe Portuguese, and is first perma-\\nnently occupied.\\n1531* Brazil. Alfonzo de Sousa, a Por-\\ntuguese, founds San Vincente.\\n1532 Pent. The conquests of Pizarro\\nmake Peru a Spanish province.\\nAtahualpa usurps the throne of the\\nIncas.\\n1533 Chile. The Peruvian domin-\\nion ceases.\\n1534 Mar. 24. Peru. Pizarro allows\\nManco, a son of Huayna Capac, and the\\nrightful heir, to be crowned Inca.\\nSpain. Don Pedro de Mendoza,\\nwith the largest and wealthiest expedi-\\ntion that has ever left Europe, sails from\\nCadiz, Spain, for the Plata River.\\nMex. Cortez marches up the Pacific\\ncoast, and settles Lower California.\\n1535 Jan. 6. Peru. Pizarro founds\\nthe city of Lima.\\nJan. Chile. Almagro receives his com-\\nmission as governor of New Castile\\n(Chile).\\nFeb. 2. Ara, Pep. Mendoza founds\\nBuenos Ayres.\\nMay 29. Fr. Jacques Cartier sails again\\nwith three vessels to colonize New\\nFrance.\\nPeru. Arrival of Pedro de Valdivia,\\nSpain s first viceroy, in America.\\n1537 Aug. 15. Paraguay. Juan de\\nAyolas founds Asuncion on the Para-\\nguay River.\\nNov. 13. Peru Chile. Pizarro and Al-\\nmagro make a fruitless effort to settle\\ntheir disputed boundaries.\\n*Arg. Pep. Buenos Ayres is burnt\\nby the Indians; the colony is broken up.\\nPeru. Spanish adventurers arrive\\nby the ship-load, seize estates, despoil\\ntemples, and make themselves odious\\nas masters.\\nColombia. Spaniards under Quesada\\nsubdue New Granada.\\nCuba. Ferdinand de Soto becomes gov-\\nernor.\\n1538 July* Peru. Hernando Pizarro\\nexecutes Diego Almagro for rebellion.\\nColombia. Belalcazar is at Bogota.\\n1539 Ecuador. Gonzalo Pizarro ap-\\npointed to command the province of\\nQuito. [He is absent on an exploring\\nexpedition for two and a half years.]\\nColombia. Federmann is at Bogota.\\n1540 Fr. Jean Francois de la\\nRoque, Sieur de Roberval, receives\\nfrom the king the empty title of Lord\\nLieutenant-General and viceroy of all\\nAmerican countries discovered, either\\nby the French or English.\\nMar. Peru. Pedro de Valdivia leads an\\nexpedition to Chile.\\nW. I. Cortez again returns to Spain.\\nSpain. Vaca de Castro is sent to in-\\nspect the cruel work of Pizarro in Peru.\\n1541 Chile. The conquests of Alma-\\ngro make Chile a Spanish province.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1533 June 17. Peru. The Incas ran-\\nsom is divided.\\nPizarro receives 2,350 marks of silver\\nand 57,220 pieces of gold his brother\\nHernando,2,2(i7 marks of silver and 31,080\\npieces of gold the church deducts as\\ntithes 90 marks of silver and 2,220 pieces\\nof gold.\\n1535+ Panama. It is estimated that\\n30,000 or 40,000 people perish in\\ntransit across the Isthmus of Panama,\\nseeking the wealth of Peru.\\nPeru. Tillable lands are divided\\ninto three shares.\\nOne share is consecrated to the service\\nof religion, the erection of temples, and\\nthe maintenance of priests the sec-\\nond is set apart for the support of the\\ngovernment the third and largest share,\\nfor the support of the people the divi-\\nsion is revised every year.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "22 1541, May 22-1563.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1541 June 26. Peru. Francisco Pi-\\nzarro is assasinated by conspirators.\\nChile. Don Pedro de Valdivia, with\\nIndian allien, conquers nearly all of\\nChile, under orders of Pizarro.\\n1542 Sept. 16. Peru. Castro, the gov-\\nernor, defeats the army of Almagro the\\nlad, in the battle of Chupas. [He be-\\nheads the boy at Cuzco.]\\n1543 Sept. 10. Mex. Arrival of 311\\nmen, the remains of Be Soto s expedi-\\ntion, at Panuco.\\n1546 Jan. 18. Peru. The viceroy Vela\\nis defeated and killed at the battle of\\nAnaquito by the Spanish rebels.\\nNov. Colombia. Pedro de la Gasca\\ngains possession of the fleet at Panama,\\nin the interest of the Spanish crown.\\n1547 Apr.* Colombia. Gasca sails from\\nPanama with a considerable force to\\nmaintain royal authority in Peru.\\nOct. 20. Peru. The loyal Spaniards\\nunder Diego de Centeno are defeated in\\na bloody battle near Lake Titicaca by\\nPizarro.\\n1548 Apr. 9. Peru. Gasca defeats\\nthe Spanish rebels Gonzalo Pizarro,\\nthe brother of Francisco, is executed on\\nthe field.\\nApr. 12. Peru. Gasca enters Cuzco.\\n1549 Chile. The assaults of the\\nAraucanians imperil the very existence\\nof the Spaniards.\\n1550 Nicaragua. The Spanish col-\\nonists rebel against the mother country.\\n1554 May Peru. Rebels under Fran-\\ncisco Hernandez Giron defeat the army\\nof the judges at Chuquingua.\\nOct. 11. Peru. Giron is routed by the\\narmy of the judges at Pucara.\\nDec. 6. Peru. Giron is defeated and ex-\\necuted at Lima.\\nCuba. The French again destroy\\nHavana.\\n1555 Cuba. Jacob Sores, the pirate,\\nplunders Havana.\\n1560* Brazil. The Portuguese destroy\\nthe French settlement at Rio.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1549\u00c2\u00b1 Brazil. Gold is discovered\\nat Bahia.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1541 Peru. Pizarro, Francisco, conqueror,\\nassassinated.\\n1542 La. De Soto, Ferdinand, adventurer,\\ndies.\\n1544 Peru. Manco Capac, inca, assassi-\\nnated, A 21.\\n1547 Sp. Cortez, Hernando, conqueror\\nof Mexico, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n1541 Dakota Indians come to worship\\nDe Soto and his wobegone cavaliers as\\nchildren of the gods, but the Catholics\\nrefuse their consent to such idolatry.\\n1542 -60 Paraguay. Christian\\nmissions are established by the Fran-\\nArmenta, Lebron, and Solano.\\n[The latter is canonized later as the\\napostle of Paragnay.]\\nPeru. Loaysa becomes bishop of Lima.\\n1544 Guatemala. Las Casas be-\\ncomes bishop of Chiapa.\\n1545 Fla. Louis Cancer de Barbas-\\ntro, a Dominican Father, with three as-\\nsociates, lands at Tampa Bay, where two\\nof his associates are murdered.\\n1547 Gautemala. Las Casas resigns\\nhis bishopric, and returns to Spain.\\nMex. Archbishopric of Mexico and\\nNew Spain created.\\nParaguay. Bishopric of Paraguay\\nestablished.\\n1548 Brazil. Jews banished from\\nPortugal come to Brazil.\\nPeru. Loaysa is made archbishop.\\n1549 Apr. Brazil. Six Jesuits arrive\\nat Bahia with colonists, and undertake\\nthe moral culture of natives and colo-\\nnists.\\n1550 Fla. A number of Dominicans\\nmake another attempt to establish a\\nmission, but are shipwrecked, and all\\nperish.\\nIt. Julius IH. is elected pope.\\n1551 Iceland. Protestantism intro-\\nduced.\\n1552 Brazil. The first bishop arrives,\\nand checks the vices of abandoned\\npriests.\\n1555 Brazil. First Protestant mis-\\nsion in the world.\\nThe church of Geneva sends fourteen\\nmissionaries to Brazil, who land on an\\nisland in the harbor of Rio de Janeiro.\\nIt. Marcellus H., later Paul IV.,\\nis elected pope.\\nPeru. Catholic priests are pro-\\nvided for the conquered natives.\\n1556+ Brazil. Vallegagnon, the\\nleader of the Protestant colony at Rio,\\njoins the Catholics and dissension fol-\\nlows.\\n_70 Fla. A French Jesuit\\nmission is planted on the coast (near\\nAugustine).\\n1558 Eng. Dissenters begin to be\\npersecuted by Henry for not admitting\\nhis authority in spiritual matters. [And\\nlater yet more severely during the reign\\nof Mary, an ardent Catholic Puritan-\\nism is developed.]\\n1559* Ala. Dominicans labor among\\nthe Mobilians.\\nIt. Pius rV. is elected pope.\\n1560+ Paraguay. The Jesuit mis-\\nsionaries, Salonio, Field, and Ortega, la-\\nbor with small success.\\n1562 Fr. Coligni, the high admiral,\\nproposes a refuge colony in America for\\nhis brethren, the persecuted Huguenots.\\nMay S. C. The First Protestant set-\\ntlement in America is made by Hugue-\\nnots at Port Royal.\\nDISCOVERY -EXPLORATION.\\n1541 May De Soto discovers the Mis-\\nsissippi River.\\nMay 30. Miss. Transports are built\\nfor the horses, and the expedition\\ncrosses the Mississippi River in search\\nOf Cities and gold.\\nMay* Can. Cartier sails on a third\\nvoyage, which is devoid of important\\nresults.\\nCoronado s expedition reaches 40\\nnorth, and turns back for Mexico.\\nArk. De Soto s expedition crosses\\nthe St. Francis River, and visits the Hot\\nSprings.\\n-42 I. T. De Soto passes the\\nwinter on the banks of the Washita\\nRiver.\\nVenez. Philip Van Huten search-\\nes for the Eldorado.\\n1542 Spring. Mex. Return of Corona-\\ndo s expedition from the land of the\\nZunis.\\nMay* La. The De Soto expedition,\\ngreatly distressed, follows the Red River\\nto a point near Natchez.\\nMay 21. La. De Soto dies, and is\\nburied in the waters of the Mississippi\\nLuis de Moscoso becomes leader.\\nLa. The De Soto expedition turns\\nto the west, hoping to reach Mexico.\\nDec. La. The Spaniards return to the\\nMississippi, above the Red River.\\n1543 July 2. La. The De Soto expe-\\ndition sails down the Mississippi in\\nvessels rudely built, aiming to reach the\\nGulf of Mexico.\\nOre. Juan Cabrillo and Bartolome\\nPerelo, two Spaniards, explore the Pa-\\ncific coast as far as Oregon.\\nSept. 10. Mex. The 311 survivors of\\nthe De Soto expedition reach Pa-\\nnuco.\\nIn 17 days they have sailed 500 miles to\\nthe sea, and for 55 days have followed\\nthe coast to the River of Palms. Thus\\nends the most marvellous expedition in\\nthe history of our country. (Ridpath.)\\n1549* Fr. Hoberval, the French col-\\nonizer, sails on a voyage of discovery,\\nwith a great company of emigrants\\ntheir fate is unknown.\\nVenez. Pedro d TJrsua, a Portuguese,\\nseeks the Eldorado.\\n1553 May Unfortunate expedition of\\nSir Hugh SVilloughby to the Arctic Seas,\\nseeking a northwest passage.\\n1560 Ga. The Spaniards arrive.\\n*-61 Colombia. Pedro de Ursua\\nsails in search of the Empire of Orma-\\nguas, and Lope de Aguirre sails in search\\nof the Eldorado.\\n1562 Fla. John Bibault, at the\\nhead of a French expedition, discovers\\nthe River of May (St. John).\\nLETTERS.\\n1551 Peru. The University of San\\nMarcos is established at Lima. [The\\nmost ancient in the Xew World.]\\nMex. A University is founded in\\nthe City of Mexico. [It now remains,\\nbut is nearly deserted.]\\n1554+ Brazil. The Jesuits establish\\na college, named St. Paulo. [It greatly\\nbenefits the rising state.]", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1541, May 22-1563. 23\\nSOCIETY.\\n1542 Sp. The New Laws, for-\\nbidding the enslavement of the Indians\\nfor any cause, are promulgated, chiefly\\nthrough the influence of Las Casas.\\n1553 Cuba. Not an Indian is left.\\nPestilence, cruelty, and suicide have\\ndecimated them the remainder escaped\\nin boats to Florida.\\n1562 The English make their first\\nslave voyage to America John Haw-\\nkins brings 300 negroes, in three\\nships, to the West Indies.\\nSTATE.\\n1541 May 22. Can. Cartier sails from\\nSt. Malo with five ships belonging to the\\nexpedition of De la Koque visits the St.\\nLawrence also founds the fortress at\\nCharlesbourg the colonists are chiefly\\nnoblemen and amateurs.\\nOn his arrival he builds a fort near the\\npresent site of Quebec, to repel the hos-\\ntile natives.\\nJune Peru. Almagro the lad, a natural\\nson of Almagro, is proclaimed governor.\\nChile. Santiago de Chile founded.\\nJune 26. Peru. Pizarro is assassinated\\nat Lima.\\n1542 June Can. Cartier returns with\\nhis ships to France.\\niV. F. Sieur de Roberval builds a\\nfort, which is soon abandoned.\\n*-43 Can. Roberval, with a fresh\\ncolony, consisting chiefly of criminals,\\npasses the winter [near the present site\\nof Quebec], and then returns to France.\\nSept. Peru. Almagro the lad, being de-\\nfeated in battle, is beheaded by Castro,\\nthe royal judge at Cuzco.\\nArg. Rep. A new colony reestablishes\\nBuenos Ayres.\\nPeru. The New Laws enacted\\nby Charles V. to restrain the oppression\\nof the natives. [Civil war follows.]\\nA court of chancery and royal\\nandiencia, with authority over Guate-\\nmala and Honduras, are established.\\n1543 Feb. 3. Arg. Rep. Hostile In-\\ndians again break up the settlement at\\nBuenos Ayres.\\nPeru. Blasco Nunez de Vela is sent\\nout as viceroy to enforce the New\\nLaws.\\n1544 Sept. 3. Chile. Valparaiso is\\nfounded by Pedro de Valdivia.\\nPeru. Arrival of Vela as viceroy he\\nis charged to enforce the New Laws,\\naiming at the abolition of slavery and\\nthe protection of the natives.\\nOct. 28. Peru. Gonzalo Pizarro rebels\\nagainst the violence of the viceroy and\\nthe New Laws.\\n1545 Bolivia. The mines of Potosi\\nare claimed by Spain.\\nOct. 20. Peru. The New Laws are\\nrevoked.\\n-20 Venez. Spaniards found To-\\ncuyo.\\n1546 Jan. 18. Peru. Gonzalo, having\\ndefeated and killed the viceroy in battle,\\nbecomes the master of Peru.\\nJuly Peru. Gonzalo enters Lima.\\n_49 ]?i at Luis de Barbastro leads\\na party of Dominican friars in an at-\\ntempt to form a settlement the Span-\\niards are massacred by the Indians.\\n1547 June 13. Peru. After repealing\\npart of the New Laws, Pedro de la\\nGasca succeeds, as viceroy, in securing\\npacification and organization.\\nF r. Henry LT. is enthroned.\\nEng. Edward VI. is enthroned.\\n1548 Apr. 9. Peru. Gasca receives the\\nsubmission of Gonzalo Pizarro.\\nBrazil becomes important, and at-\\ntracts the attention of the mother state.\\nEng. First act of Parliament relat-\\ning to America is one concerning the\\nfisheries of Newfoundland.\\nPeru. The Spanish crown assumes\\nthe gover nm ent of the country.\\n1549 Apr. Brazil. Thome de Souza\\narrives at San Salvador (Bahia) to estab-\\nlish a city and as the first captain-general.\\nHe brings 1220 persons in the king s pay,\\nand 300 free colonists and 400 convicts.\\nCan. Roberval again attempts to\\ncolonize Canada.\\nBrazil. The languishing Portuguese\\ncolonies become prosperous by the dis-\\ncovery of gold.\\n1550 Jan. Peru. Gascasails forSpain.\\nCuba. The seat of Spanish govern-\\nment in the West Indies is removed from\\nSantiago de Cuba to Havana.\\nIceland. Bishop Jon Aaronson fails\\nto achieve the independence of Ice-\\nland, and is executed by the Danes.\\nAll power is removed, and exercised by\\na foreign government.\\nPeru is under the rule of the royal\\naudiencia.\\nVenez. The territory is erected in-\\nto the captain-generalcy of Caracas by\\nthe Spaniards.\\n1551 Sept. 23. Peru. Don Antonio de\\nMendoza, the second viceroy, arrives.\\nPeru. An insurrection against the\\njudges is led by Francisco Hernandez\\nGiron.\\n1552 Venez. Barquisimeto is founded.\\n1553* Brazil. Duarte da Costa arrives,\\nand assumes the captain-generalcy.\\nPeru. The Inoa Sayri Tupac reigns.\\n1554 Dec. 6. Peru. Giron, the rebel,\\nis executed.\\nMar. 30. Peru. Alonzo de Alvarado\\nenters Cuzco.\\n1555 July 6. Peru. The third viceroy,\\nDon Andrez Hurdato de Mendoza, enters\\nLima. [He soon stamps out anarchy.]\\nPeru. The Inca Manco, with his family\\nand nobles, is put to death by the Span-\\niards, and his son, Sayri Tupac, is his\\nsuccessor.\\nBrazil. Coligni sends a Protestant\\ncolony from France under Nicolas de\\nVillegagnon, in two ships, to the Bay of\\nRio de Janeiro.\\n1556 Peru. Mendoza is the first vice-\\nroy to establish a secure government.\\nSp. Philip II. is enthroned.\\n1557* Peru. Hurdato de Mendoza be-\\ncomes viceroy in Chile.\\nBrazil. Large reenforcements of colo-\\nnists arrive from France and Geneva.\\nVillegagnon, having joined the Cath-\\nolics and become oppressive, many colo-\\nnists leave Rio and return to France.\\nPort. Sebastian is enthroned.\\n1558 Brazil. Mem de Sa is sent out\\nas captain-general by Portugal.\\nThe Portuguese murder some of the\\nFrench colonists at Rio Janeiro.\\nJan. 6. Peru. The Inca Sayri Tupac and\\nhis people return from the mountains to\\nLima.\\nVenez. The last Spanish expedition\\nto Carolina fails to settle.\\nEng. Elizabeth is enthroned.\\n1559 Aug. 14. Mex. The expedition\\nof Don Tristan de Luna, with an army\\nof 1,500 men, and a colony including\\nwomen and children and many friars,\\nleaves Vera Cruz for the conquest and\\nsettlement of Florida. [It is wrecked\\non its coast.]\\nArg* Rep. Mendoza crosses the Andes\\nfrom Chile, and founds Mendoza.\\nFr. Francis H. is enthroned.\\nVenez. The audiencia in Caracas.\\n1560 Brazil. Coligni s Protestant\\ncolony at Rio is entirely broken up\\nby the Portuguese.\\nPeru. Reign of the Inca Titu Cusi\\nYupanqui.\\nFr. Charles IX. is enthroned.\\n1561* *Peru. The fourth viceroy, Conde\\nde Nieva, arrives.\\n1562 Feb. 18. Fr. Admiral Cohgni\\ndespatches a squadron with colonists\\nunder Jean Ribault, for Florida; it is\\nhis second [unsuccessful] attempt to\\nfound a Huguenot colony.\\nMay S. C. Ribault forms a French set-\\ntlement at Port Royal Fort Charles is\\nerected.\\nJuly S. C. Ribault leaves his colony,\\nand sails for France.\\nChile. Kodrigo de Quiroza is governor.\\nPeru. The second Council of Lima is\\nformed.\\nMex. Yucatan is separated from Mex-\\nico.\\n1563 Spring. S. C. The French at Port\\nRoyal become discouraged, and sail\\nfor France in a rude brigantine of their\\nown construction. They are rescued\\nfrom famine by an English vessel.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1540 Honduras has large and flour-\\nishing cities.\\nCosta Rica. The colony is renamed\\nNew Carthage.\\n1549 Brazil. The discovery of gold\\nattracts emigrants to Bahia.\\n1555 Peru. Wheat is first reaped in\\nthe valley of Caiiete by a lady named\\nMaria de Escobar.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "24 1564, June 25-1598.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1565 Aug. 28. Fla. Pedro Menen-\\ndez, a ferocious Spaniard, arrives with an\\nexpedition to extirpate the Huguenots\\nand colonize the country.\\nSept. 4. S. C. The fleet of Menendez ap-\\npears at Port Royal but he [retires for a\\ntime and begins to build St. Augustine].\\nSept. 10. S. C. The French sail from\\nFort Royal to capture St. Augustine.\\n[They are dispersed by a gale the next\\nday.]\\nSept. 17. Fla. Menendez assumes the\\noffensive, and starts overland for Port\\nRoyal with 500 men.\\nSept. 20. 8. C. Menendez storms Fort\\nCarolina, and slaughters 142 men, wo-\\nmen, and children who are taken with it.\\nOnly a few persons are spared. I do\\nthis not as to Frenchmen, but as to\\nLutherans.\\nSept. 28. Fla. Menendez murders in\\ncold blood 200 of the French, who,\\nhaving been shipwrecked, vainly appeal\\nto his clemency.\\nSept. 30\u00c2\u00b1. S. C. Menendez finds another\\nparty of 150 French, who surrender on\\nthe promise of safety he then butchers\\nthem. [Philip II. commends his zeal.]\\nFla. Castle of St. Augustine con-\\nstructed by the Spaniards.\\n1567 Apr. Fla. Dominic de Gour-\\ngues appears on the St. Johns River\\nwith three ships fitted out for ven-\\ngeance against the murderers of the\\nFrench Colony. He successively sur-\\nprises three forts on the St. Johns\\nRiver, and hangs the leaders with this\\ninscription affixed Not Spaniards,\\nbut liars and murderers.\\n1570 -88 Great struggle be-\\ntween England and Spain for naval\\nsupremacy of the world.\\n1572* Mex., etc. Francis Drake\\nmakes his first marauding voyage to\\nSouth America, in which he attacks the\\nSpanish settlements at Nombre de Dios,\\nCarthagena, etc.\\n1585 Fla. The Spaniards are plun-\\ndered by the English under Drake.\\n1586 Brazil. The Spanish colony at\\nBahia is plundered by the English\\nunder Witherington.\\nW I. Admiral Drake sacks Porto\\nBello, Panama, St. Domingo, and Car-\\nthagena.\\n1588* Eng. Great struggle of England\\nwith the Invincible Armada the\\nRoanoke colonists are overlooked and\\nperish.\\n1591 Brazil. The Spanish colony of\\nSt. Vincent is burned by the English\\nunder Cavendish.\\n1595 Brazil. James Lancaster, an\\nEnglish buccaneer, captures Pernam-\\nbuco from the Spaniards.\\n1595 Porto Rico repulses the attacks\\nof Admirals Drake and Hawkins.\\nBrazil. The Spanish colony of\\nOlinda is taken by Lancaster.\\nW. I. Sir Walter Raleigh takes\\nTrinidad from the Spaniards.\\n1598 Can. The Marquis de la 1597 U. S. Franciscan monks estab-\\nRoehe obtains from the King of France lish the second successful mission in\\na commission to conquer New France. New Mexico.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1570 Chile. An earthquake de-\\nstroys 2,000 lives at Concepcion.\\n1577 May* Can. Martin Frobisher, an\\nEnglish navigator, approaches Meta In-\\ncognita in the extreme northwest, and\\nthinks it a part of Asia.\\n1578 Spring. Eng. A mineral man\\nof London pronounces a stone brought\\nfrom Meta Incognita to be gold, and fif-\\nteen vessels sail with gold-seekers.\\n[They return with worthless cargoes.l\\n1585 N. C. The English colonists for\\nthe first time see the corn, the sweet\\npotato, and the tobacco plant.\\n1586 June 9. Peru. A great earth-\\nquake at Lima.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1566 Sp. Casas. Bartolome, de Las\\n(Miss.), dies.\\n1568+ Mex. Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Al-\\nva, historian, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1566* It. St. Pius V. is elected pope.\\nPeru. Arrival of the Jesuits.\\nBrazil. John Boles, a Huguenot mis-\\nsionary, is put to death by the Portu-\\nguese after an imprisonment of eight\\nyears, in order to terrify his country-\\nmen.\\n1571 Mex. The Inquisition estab-\\nlished.\\n1572 Aug. 24. Fr. Massacre of St.\\nBartholomew. [It quickens the spirit\\nof emigration among the Huguenots.]\\nIt. Gregory XII. is elected pope.\\nMex. Jesuit missionaries arrive.\\n1573 Nov. 19. Peru. First auto da\\nfe at Lima.\\nU. S. The first successful mission\\nto the Indians is planted at St. Augus-\\ntine by Spanish Franciscans.\\nMex. A gothic cathedral is built\\non the sight of the ancient temple at\\nMexico.\\n1574 Mex. First auto da fe in\\nMexico.\\n1578 Can. Master Wolfall, an Eng-\\nlishman, celebrates a communion on\\nthe shores of Frobisher s Strait, the first\\nrecorded in America.\\n1581 Peru. Archbishop Torebio\\nreaches Lima.\\n*~1776* Peru suffers from the In-\\nquisition. [59 Europeans are burned,\\nand 29 autos occur at Lima.]\\n1585 Sixtus V. is elected pope.\\n1586 Paraguay. Jesuits establish\\ntheir famous mission.\\n1590 It. Urban VTL, later Greg-\\nory XIV., is elected pope.\\n1591 It. Innocent IX. is elected\\npope.\\n1592 Clement VTLI. is elected\\npope.\\nDISCOVERY EXPLORATION.\\n1573 Va. Pedro Menendez Mar-\\nquez coasts northward from Florida,\\nand enters the Chesapeake Hay.\\n1576 June -Aug. Can. Martin Fro-\\nbisher sails from England oil his first\\nvoyage to find a northwest passage\\nhe discovers Frobisher s Strait and\\nMeta Incognita.\\n1577 May -Sept.* Can. Second voy-\\nage of Frobisher in the northwest\\nhis ship is loaded with worthless sand,\\nwhich is supposed to be gold.\\n1578 May -Sept. Can. Third voy-\\nage of Frobisher, having a fleet of 1G\\nsail and 100 colonists.\\nUnsuccessful voyage of Sir Hum-\\nphrey Gilbert. He takes possession of\\nNewfoundland for England, but plants\\nno colony.\\n1579 Cal. Sir Francis Drake traces\\nthe western coast of America as far\\nnorth as New Albion (Oregon), seeking a\\nstrait connecting the two oceans.\\n1580* X. Mex. Augustin Ruys,\\na Spanish missionary, discovers New\\nMexico.\\n1583 Newfoundland visited by Sir\\nHumphrey Gilbert.\\n1584 July 13. X. C. Sir Walter Ra-\\nleigh s expedition lands on the Island\\nof Wocokon, and takes possession, nam-\\ning it Virginia after the Virgin Queen.\\nCan. Gasca discovers Davis s Strait.\\nJohn Davis explores Davis s Strait\\nto 66\u00c2\u00b0 40 visits Gilbert Sound and Cum-\\nberland Strait.\\n1586* Can. Davis makes his second\\nvoyage, and visits Labrador.\\n1587 Can. Davis discovers the Cum-\\nberland Islands, London coast, Lumley s\\nInlet (Frobisher s Strait), on his third\\nvoyage.\\n1592 Davis discovers the Falkland\\nIslands.\\nCan. Spaniards, under Juna de\\nFuea, visit the northwest coast of the\\nAmerican Continent.\\n1594 Willem Barentz explores\\nNova Zembla.\\n1595 Guiana. Sir Walter Raleigh\\nexplores the coast, and ascends the Ori-\\nnoco 400 miles from its mouth.\\nLETTERS.\\n1598 Peru. The University of San\\nAntonio Abad is founded at Cuzco.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1565 Sept. 20. Fla. Pedro Menendez\\nmassacres the Huguenots on the\\nSt. Johns River, sparing neither men,\\nwomen, nor children except a few\\nreserved as slaves.\\nFr. Great resentment against the\\nSpaniards because of the massacre of\\nthe Huguenots in Florida.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1564, June 25-1598. 25\\n1565 Fla. Part of the French colony\\non the St. Johns Kiver embark on a\\npiratical expedition against the Span-\\niards.\\n1567* Fla. Dominic de Gourgues,\\nwith 150 men, comes from France, and\\navenges the Huguenots by hanging 200\\nSpaniards on trees.\\nSTATE.\\n1564 June 25. Fla. A French expe-\\ndition, sent out by Cdligni and led by\\nRene de Laudonniere, arrives at the\\nmouth of the St. Johns River, and builds\\nFort Carolina.\\nDec. Fla. Some of the French colonists\\ndepart, ostensibly for France, but en-\\ngage in piracy against Spain.\\n-69 Peril. Lope Garcia de Castro\\nrules only as governor.\\n1565 Aug.* S. C. Sir John Hawkins,\\nthe slave merchant, relieves the needs of\\nthe colony at Port Royal.\\nAug. 28. Fla. Jean Ribault arrives at\\nthe French colony with 300 men and am-\\nple supplies.\\nFla. Pedro Menendez, the agent\\nof Philip II., arrives in Florida, with a\\ncommission to exterminate the Prot-\\nestants and establish a colony.\\nSept. 8. Fla. St. Augustine is founded\\nby Pedro Menendez.\\nIt is the first permanent European\\nsettlement in [the existing United\\nStates of] North America. He comes\\nto conquer and colonize, and brings 2,500\\npersons with him. [The period of Span-\\nish discovery and adventure in the New\\nWorld practically ends.]\\nSept. 20\u00c2\u00b1. Fla. Menendez annihilates\\nthe Huguenot colony on the St. Johns\\nRiver. (See Society.)\\nArg. Rep. Spaniards cross from Peru\\nand found Tucuman.\\nChile is under the royal audiehcia.\\n1567 Brazil. The Portuguese, having\\nbroken up the French settlement at Rio\\nde Janeiro, now found a colony there,\\nand name it San Salvador.\\nCan. The French, having failed\\nwith two colonies, abandon the colo-\\nnization of the southern coast, and\\nturn northward. The Marquis de la\\nRoche obtains a commission to establish\\na colony on the St. Lawrence. [A colony\\nof criminals is sent out and fails.]\\nVenez. Caracas is founded by the\\nDutch.\\nBrazil. Sebastian is founded.\\n1568 May S. C. Having driven out\\nthe French, the Spaniards hold the\\ncountry.\\nChile. The audiencia established at\\nSantiago.\\n1569 Nov. 26. Peru. Don Francisco\\nde Toledo enters Lima as viceroy.\\n1570 Arg. Rep. Spain cripples the\\ncolonists by restricting navigation\\nand commerce.\\nEngland and Spain contest the\\nmaritime supremacy of the world.\\n1571* Peru. Inca Tupac Amaru reigns.\\nThe viceroy unjustly beheads Tupac\\nAmaru, the last of the Incas, on the\\nsquare of Cuzco.\\n1572 Brazil. An attempt is made to\\ndivide the colony.\\nVa. The colony of Pedro Menendez\\nlands on the banks of the Potomac.\\n1573 Arg. Rep. Spaniards from Peru\\nfound Cordova.\\nDon Juan de Garay leads an expedition\\nto found Santa Fe\\\\\\nCosta Rica. New Carthage receives its\\nthird governor from Madrid, and the\\ncolony is well established.\\n1574 Fr. Henry III. is enthroned.\\nBrazil. The colony is divided.\\n1577 Brazil. Many of the Protestant\\ncolonists return to France.\\n1578* Greenland. Frobisher takes\\npossession of the.west coast in the name\\nof Queen Elizabeth, and calls it West\\nEngland.\\nBrazil. Diego Laurenco da Veiga is\\nappointed governor-general of the flour-\\nishing colonies.\\nBrazil becomes an appendage of\\nSpain, and is again united under one\\ngovernment.\\nNov. 19. Fug. SirHumphreyGilbert s\\nfirst expedition sails to found a colony\\nin America.\\nPort. Henry the Cardinal is en-\\nthroned.\\n1579 May Eng. Gilbert s unsuccess-\\nful expedition returns from Newfound-\\nland.\\n1580 June 11. Arg. Rep. Another\\nSpanish expedition under Garay recolo-\\nnizes Buenos Ayres and prospers.\\nGuiana. The Dutch begin a settle-\\nment on the coast.\\nPort. Anthony is enthroned.\\n-1640 Portugal and her colo-\\nnies are under the dominion of\\nSpain.\\n1581 Hoi. The republic of the United\\nNetherlands is established.\\nPeru. Don Martin Henriquez becomes\\nviceroy.\\n1582 New Mex. Santa F6 is visited\\nby De Espejio.\\nPeru. Second council of Lima.\\n1583 June N. F. An expedition of\\ngenuine colonists, led by Sir Hum-\\nphrey Gilbert, and patronized by Sir\\nWalter Raleigh, sails for America. [It\\nutterly fails.]\\nAug. 5. Newfoundland. Gilbert lands at\\nSt. Johns, and takes possession of the\\nisland in the name of his queen.\\nAug. 27. Gilbert s largest ship is wrecked\\nthrough carelessness, and 100 perish the\\nsurvivors return to England.\\nChile. Sotomayor is governor.\\n1584 Sir Walter Raleigh receives\\nhis first patent.\\nJuly 13. N. C. An exploring expedition\\nis sent out by Raleigh, which lands on\\nRoanoke Island, and takes possession\\nof the country in the name of the virgin\\nqueen, and calls it Virginia.\\n1585 Apr. Eng. Raleigh sends out his\\nfirst colony of 1 10 persons under Gren-\\nville. Many persons are eager to sail for\\nAmerica.\\nJune 26. N. C. Raleigh s colony ar-\\nrives at Roanoke Island and is left\\nin charge of Ralph Lane. It is the first\\nEnglish settlement in the New World.\\nAug. 25. N. C. Grenville sails for Eng-\\nland.\\nArg. Rep. Buenos Ayres advances in\\nprosperity.\\nGuiana is visited by Raleigh.\\n1586 June 19. N. C. The English in\\nless than a year abandon the settlement\\non Roanoke Island and leave with Sir\\nFrancis Drake. They carry back tobac-\\nco and the potato. [A supply-ship ar-\\nrives a few days later and departs.]\\nJuly N. C. Fifteen days later, Gren-\\nville also arrives at Roanoke with sup-\\nplies, and leaves 15 men to hold possession\\nof the country. [Their fate is unknown.]\\n1587 July* N. C. Raleigh s second\\ncolonizing expedition of 117 men and\\nwomen, under Captain John White, ar-\\nrives at Roanoke, but finding no colony\\nit returns.\\nGuiana. The Spaniards found St.\\nThomas Island.\\n1589 Mar. 7. Eng. Raleigh sells his\\nproprietary rights to a company of\\nmerchants.\\nFr. Henry IV. is enthroned.\\n1590 Aug. 17. Gov. John White re-\\nturns to the Roanoke settlement, and\\nfinds it desert, tenantless, and silent.\\nPeru. Herdato de Mendoza is viceroy.\\n1592 Peru. Martin Gracia Onez de\\nLoyola is viceroy.\\n1594 Brazil. French Catholics estab-\\nlish a colony on the Island of Maranhao.\\n1595 Venez. Raleigh visits Guiana,\\nand ascends the Orinoco River 400 miles,\\nin quest of the El Dorado.\\n1597 Arg. Rep. Buenos Ayres is\\nfirmly established.\\n1598 Can. The Marquis de la Roche\\nsecures a patent for a colony in New\\nFrance (Nova Scotia) from Henry IV.\\nLa Roche establishes a colony, chiefly\\ntaken from the prisons of France, on\\nSable Island.\\nSp. Philip m. is enthroned.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1583 Sept. Wreck of Sir Humphrey\\nGilbert s ship all perish.\\n1584+ Privateering and coloniza-\\ntion go hand in hand. Sir Richard\\nGrenville, on his return voyage, takes a\\nSpanish merchantman.\\nBy a process scarcely differing from\\npiracy, and with little regard for the\\nlaw of nations, great wealth was speed-\\nily acquired by many English adven-\\nturers.\\n1587. Aug. 18. N. C. Virginia Dare,\\nthe first child of English parentage,\\nis born at Roanoke.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "26\\n1600-1609.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1603 Uruguay, The Charruas Indi-\\nans defeat the Spaniards in a pitched\\nbattle.\\n1607 Va. John Smith ia taken pris-\\noner by the Indians, and condemned to\\ndeath but is set at liberty after a cap-\\ntivity of seven weeks.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nEXPLORATION.\\n1602 May 14. Mass, Arrival of Bar-\\ntholomew Gosnold, who is the first to\\nsail directly across the Atlantic, from\\nthe Azores, instead of by the Canary Is-\\nland route.\\nMay 15. Mass. Gosnold visits Cape\\nCod.\\nVa. Voyage of Samuel Mace to Vir-\\ngin\\nde-\\nW. T. Port Royal, Jamaica,\\nstroyed by an earthquake.\\n1603 Apr. 10. Eng. Martin Pring\\nsails on a voyage of commerce and ex-\\nploration to New England [where he\\nenters Plymouth Harbor].\\nCan. Samuel Champlain is commis-\\nsioned by a company of French mer-\\nchants of Rouen to explore the country\\nof the St. Lawrence, and establish a\\ntrading-post.\\n1605 May 17+. Me. George Wey-\\nmouth of England explores part of the\\ncoast and some of the rivers.\\n1607 May Eng. Henry Hudson\\nstarts on his first voyage, instructed to\\nsail northwest and directly across the\\npole.\\nMay Va. Newport and twenty others\\nreturn to Jamestown after exploring\\nthe James River as far as the falls [near\\nRichmond].\\nVa. Jamestown colonists send an\\nexpedition of six men up the Chicka-\\nhominy River expecting to find the\\nPacific Ocean.\\n1608 July 21. Va. John Smith re-\\nturns to Jamestown from the first ex-\\nploration of the Chesapeake Bay and its\\ntributaries.\\nJuly 24. Va. Smith sails on an. ex-\\nploring expedition for the Susque-\\nhanna River.\\nSept. 7. Va. Smith returns to James-\\ntown, having explored 3,000 miles of\\ncoast.\\nEng. Sir Henry Hudson makes a\\nsecond attempt to reach India by a\\nnorthwest passage.\\nVa. Capt. Newport sails up the\\nJames River to find the Pacific Ocean.\\n1609 Apr. 4. Hoi. Sir Henry Hud-\\nson sails on his important third voyage,\\nunder the auspices of the Dutch East\\nIndia Company.\\nHis vessel is a small yacht called the\\nHalve. Moon, having a crew of 18 or 20\\nmen; the icebergs baffle his endeavors\\nin the north, and he follows the coast\\nsouthward.\\nJuly N. Y. Samuel Champlain, the\\nFrench navigator, enters the lake which\\nbears his name, and is the first white\\nman to set his foot on the soil of the\\nEmpire State.\\nAug. 28. N. J. Hudson anchors in\\nDelaware Bay. [Soon after he explores\\nthe coast of New Jersey.]\\nSept. 3. N. Y, Hudson anchors in the\\nLower Bay of New York, behind Sandy\\nHook, and is refreshed with green corn,\\nwild fruits, and oysters.\\nSept. 5. N. J. Hudson lands.\\nSept. 6. N. J. Hudson sounds the Nar-\\nrows, and passes through the Kill Van\\nKull to Newark Bay.\\nSept. 9. New York. Hudson passes\\nfrom the Lower Bay into the Narrows.\\nSept. 11. N. Y. Hudson enters the\\nGreat River of the north (Hudson).\\nSept. 14. Hudson visits the Highlands.\\nSept. 19. N. Y. The Halve Moon tarries\\n[at Kinderhook] white a small boat as-\\ncends the river [above Albany].\\nSept. Hudson abandons the pursuit of\\na northwest passage via the Hudson\\nRiver.\\nVa. The colonists of Jamestown be-\\ngin the manufacture of glass beads,\\nfor traffic with the Indians.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1600 Corton, -Samuel, pioneer, born.\\nHonkins, Edward, covernor, born,\\nilason, .Jolin, captain, born.\\n1601 Coddington, William, founder of R. I.,\\nborn.\\n1602 Stuyvesant. Peter. Gov. of N.Y., b.\\n1603 Bra.lstreet, Simon, Gov. of Mass., born.\\nFenwick, George, proprietor in Conn., b.\\n1604 Eliot. John, Apostle to Indians, born.\\n1606 Calvert, Leonard, Gov. of 31d., born.\\nWinthrop, John, Gov. of Conn., born.\\n1607 Gosnold, Bartholomew, colonizer, d.\\nHarvard, John, founder, born.\\n1609 Clarlre, John, Baptist founder, born.\\nClap, Roger, author, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1605 Aug. 19. Me. The English colo-\\nnists at St. George, an island [in the\\nAndroscoggin River], all leave their\\nships and go ashore, where they have\\nlocated their plantation, and listen to a\\nsermon by their preacher, after which\\nthe laws of the colony are read.\\nParaguay. A second band of Jesuit\\nmissionaries Cataldino, Mazeta, and\\nLorenzana begin a successful work.\\nIt. Leo SI. and later Paul V., pope.\\n1606 Apr. 10. Va. The charter is\\nissued it makes the Church of Eng-\\nland the religion of the colony, and all\\nthe people taxable for its support the\\naborigines are to be converted to Chris-\\ntianity if possible.\\n1607 June 21. Va. The Holy Sac-\\nrament is administered in a chapel\\nhaving sail-cloth for a covering, rails\\nfor walls, and logs for benches Rev.\\nR. Hunt, minister at Jamestown.\\nMe. Rev. Richard Seymour accom-\\npanies a colony, for the service of the\\nProtestant Episcopal Church.\\nJR. I. A Baptist Church (according\\nto some authorities^ formed at Tiverton.\\n1608 Eng. Rev. John Robinson\\nand other Puritans thrown into jail for\\ndissenting, when about to flee from Eng-\\nland.\\nParaguay. Jesuits are zealous in\\ncivilizing natives.\\nHoi. Part of the fleeing Puritans\\nreach HoUand.\\n1609 Mat*. William Brewster is\\nchosen elder of the Plymouth colony,\\nand becomes a religious leader.\\nCan. The Jesuit missionaries-\\ncommence the work of converting the\\nIndian tribes, and exhibit unparalleled\\nfortitude and great perseverance.\\nLETTERS.\\n1608 The True Itetafion, by Captain\\nJohn Smith, is printed in London.\\nVa. Smith sends to England his com-\\npleted Map of the Chesapeake Bay.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1606 Apr. The London Company is\\nrequired by a clause in its patent to*\\nhold all property of its settlement in\\ncommon for the first five years.\\n1607* Va. The colony at Jamestown\\nconsists of 12 laborers, 10 or 12 mechan-\\nics, and 48 gentlemen, and no women.\\nVa. Suspicion, dissension, and ras-\\ncality prevail among the colonists.\\nDec. Va. Capt. John Smith is taken\\nprisoner by the Indians, and sentenced\\nto die, but his life is spared by the in-\\ntercession of Pocahontas, daughter of\\nPowhatan.\\n1608* Va. A conspiracy is formed to\\nkill John Smith, and abandon the colony.\\nVa. Gov. John Smith s first law:\\nHe who would not work should not\\neat the second, Each man for six\\ndays in the week should work six hours\\neach day.\\nApr. Va. Capt. Newport arrives with\\na company of 34 gentlemen and an as-\\nsortment of gold hunters, adventur-\\ners, and vagabonds.\\n1609* *-10 Winter. Va. Vicious-\\nness and profligacy on the part of the\\ngreater number of the colonists bring\\nabout dearth only 60 persons out of 490\\nsurvive till spring.\\nVa. Thirty colonists seize one of\\nthe vessels and sail away as pirates\\nriot and idleness prevail, domestic ani-\\nmals are killed, and firearms traded\\naway.\\nSETTLEMENT STATE.\\nThe Cherokee, Catawba, and\\nTuscarora Indians hold the Southern\\nmountain country, and approach within\\nabout 100 miles of the Atlantic coast.\\nThe Dakotas are in the great West\\nand Northwest the Mobilians are in\\nthe South.\\nThe Seminoles are in the Florida\\npeninsula the Shoshones between the\\nRio Grande and lower Mississippi, and\\nin the Great Salt Lake region and north-\\nward the Comanches are east of the\\nRio Grande and near the Shoshones;", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1600-1609.\\n27\\nthe Klamaths are along the Pacific\\nslope south of the Columbia River the\\nCalifornians are south of the Kla-\\nmaths and the Athapascans, between\\nthe Colorado River and the Rocky\\nMountains.\\nNorth American Indian tribes are\\ngoverned by a chief and council who\\nare elective. Captive warriors are\\ntreated with great cruelty; women,\\nboys, and girls are made slaves.\\nThe Huron family of Indian tribes\\ndwell north of Lake Erie and Lake\\nOntario.\\nThe great Algonkian family rule\\nboth forest and prairie, extending along\\nthe Atlantic seaboard from the St. Law-\\nrence to Cape Hatteras, and along the\\nOhio River westward to the Mississippi,\\nand northward to Lakes Superior and\\nHuron.\\nThe powerful Iroquois Indian fam-\\nily, including many tribes, extend south\\nof Lakes Erie and Ontario and the St.\\nLawrence River for one or two hundred\\nmiles, and to the east as far as Lake\\nChamplain.\\n1602 Arg. Rep. Spain permits col-\\nonists to export two ship-loads of pro-\\nduce each year with 50 per cent customs\\nduties.\\nHoll. The Dutch East India Com-\\npany is foamed.\\nMass. The first Hew England set-\\ntlement is made on an island in Buz-\\nzard s Bay, by Bartholomew Gosnold, for\\nthe Association of London Merchants.\\n[It is short-lived.]\\n1603 Mar. 24. Eng. James I. en-\\nthroned.\\nApr. Me. Martin Pring leads an Eng-\\nglish expedition to the coast. [It returns\\nafter an absence of six months.]\\nNov. Sieur de Monts, a French Hu-\\nguenot, receives a grant of the country\\nfrom one degree north of Montreal to\\nthe latitude of Philadelphia.\\n1605. Aug. 9. Me. An English colony\\nis planted at the mouth of the Sagada-\\nhoc (Androscoggin) River, on an island\\ncalled St. George.\\nNov. 14. N. S. De Monts establishes\\nthe first French settlement in the\\ncountry at Port Royal (Annapolis) in\\nAcadia.\\nMaine is visited by an expedition\\nunder George Weymouth.\\nN. S. Acadia is the only active set-\\ntlement except those in Central and.\\nSouth America, after 100 years of explo-\\nration.\\n1606 Apr. 10. Great Virginia. The\\nfirst charter is granted.\\nA great joint-stock company is formed\\nin England for the establishment of two\\ncolonies in America. The London or\\nVirginia Company, having jurisdiction\\nfrom 34\u00c2\u00b0 to 3S\u00c2\u00b0 north latitude, and the\\nPlymouth or North Virginia Company,\\nwith headquarters at Plymouth, having\\njurisdiction from 45\u00c2\u00b0 to 41\u00c2\u00b0; and the in-\\ntervening territory (33\u00c2\u00b0 to 41\u00c2\u00b0) to go to the\\ncompany establishing the first self-sus-\\ntaining colony.\\nAug. Eng. The Plymouth Company\\nof knights, gentlemen, and merchants\\nsends out its pioneer ship for explo-\\nration, and it is taken by the Spaniards.\\nAutumn. Eng. The second ship of the\\nPlymouth Company goes out, and re-\\nturns with glowing accounts.\\nDec. 19. Eng. The London Company\\nof noblemen, gentlemen, and mer-\\nchants sends out three ships. A Su-\\nperior Council in England and an In-\\nferior Council in America are to manage\\nits affairs.\\nFrance claims all the territory\\nnorth of Florida by right of the dis-\\ncoveries of Verrazano.\\nEngland claims the territory from\\nthe Cape Fear in North Carolina to New-\\nfoundland, and westward indefinitely,\\nby the discoveries of John Cabot.\\nMass. The French attempt to settle\\nCape Cod, but are driven off by the In-\\ndians.\\n1607 May Va. John Smith is placed\\nin confinement during the latter part of\\nthe voyage to Virginia, on the absurd\\ncharge of designing to murder the Coun-\\ncil, and make himself its monarch.\\nMay 13. Va. Commander Newport lands\\n105 colonists at Jamestown, on the\\nnorth bank of the James River, about\\n32 miles from its mouth.\\nOnly 12 are laborers, and 10 or 12 are\\nmechanics, while 48 are gentlemen, and\\nthere are no women.\\n-10 Spring. N. S. Port Royal is de-\\nserted.\\nMay Va. The Inferior Council elect\\nEdward Wingfield the first governor.\\nVa. John Smith is at first jealously\\nexcluded from his seat in the Council.\\nJune 2. Va. Capt. Newport sails for\\nEngland, leaving the colonists in a\\nwretched condition.\\nAug. 8. Me. The second English Col-\\nony is planted.\\nGeorge Popham and Raleigh Gilbert\\nplant 120 colonists in a fort at the mouth\\nof the Kennebec River. [It is abandoned\\nthe next year.]\\nAug. Va. General sickness at James-\\ntown only five men able to do sentinel\\nduty.\\nSept. 10. Va. Gov. Wingfield and his\\nconfederate, George Kendall, a mem-\\nber of the governing council, are detected\\nin embezzling the stores of the colony.\\n[They are impeached and deprived of\\noffice.]\\nSept. 15. Va. One half of the colonists\\nhave been swept away by disease.\\nSept. Va. John Ratcliffe is chosen\\npresident of the council and governor\\nof the colony. [He is detected in an\\nattempt to abandon the colony, and is\\ndeposed.]\\nDec. Va. Jamestown improves un-\\nder the management of John Smith by\\nstrategy corn is secured from the Indians\\nfor winter.\\nVa. Only two of the seven members\\nof the council remain, Martin and\\nSmith; Martin elects Smith, not yet\\n30 years old, President of Virginia. [He\\nbecomes the most noted man in the\\nearly history of America.]\\nWinter. Va. Smith is held in captiv-\\nity by the Indians.\\n1608 Jan. Va. Smith returns from\\ncaptivity.\\nApr. Va. Newport returns to James-\\ntown with a second company, con-\\nsisting of 120 emigrants, like the first,\\nvagabond gentlemen, idlers, and gold-\\nhunters only 33 remain of the original\\n105 colonists.\\nNewport sails for England with a lot\\nof worthless earth, supposed to contain\\ngold.\\nJuly 3. Can. Champlain returns from\\nFrance to New France with a colony\\nsent out by De Monts, and lays the foun-\\ndation of Quebec.\\nVa. The colonists waste the planting\\nseason in cold-seeking.\\nAutumn. Va. Arrival of 20 colonists\\nwith Capt. Newport, which increases\\nthe number to a total of 200 persons.\\nSept. 10\u00c2\u00b1. Va. John Smith is formally\\nelected President he enforces law\\ngold-hunting becomes unpopular, and\\nprosperity increases.\\nVa. Smith, Martin, and Newport\\nconstitute the Inferior Council.\\n1609 May 23. Va. A second charter\\nis issued, having enlarged privileges.\\nKing James revokes the constitution\\nwithout consulting the wishes of the\\ncolonists, and grants the London Com-\\npany a new charter, extending from\\nCape Fear to Sandy Hook, and westward\\nto the Pacific.\\nMay Eng. Lord Delaware is elected\\ngovernor of Virginia for life.\\nHe is the first one elected by the stock-\\nholders of the London Company; Sir\\nGeorge Somers is admiral Sir Thomas\\nDale is high marshal Sir Ferdinand\\nWainman master of horse, etc.\\nJune Eng. Many noblemen with 20\\nwomen and children sail in a company\\nof 500 emigrants for Virginia.\\nOne vessel is wrecked, and one run\\nashore in the Bermudas, and seven ar-\\nrive in Jamestown. The governing\\ncommissioners being stranded in Ber-\\nmuda, John Smith continues in office,\\nand greets the worst emigrants yet sent\\nout.\\nSept. 15. Va. Smith sails for England,\\nto recover his health.\\nSept. Va. Sir George Percy governs\\nJamestown as Smith s delegate it con-\\ntains between 50 and 60 houses.\\nWinter. Va. The 450 colonists suffer\\nhunger because of profligacy and ill\\ngovernment.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1604 Eng. The Muscovy Company\\nsends the first English ship to Green-\\nland.\\n1605 Me. George Weymouth sails on\\na trading expedition for furs to the\\ncoast of Maine.\\nVa. Captain John Smith is sick,\\nand so near to death that his comrades\\ndig his grave.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "28\\n1610-1620.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1613 Spring, Me. Captain Argall of\\nJamestown pillages and b urns the\\nFrench settlement at Mount Desert\\nIsland, it being in the territory of the\\nLondon Company.\\nCan. Smith destroys every building\\nof a French colony at the mouth of the\\nSt. Croix River.\\nCan. Smith burns the deserted ham-\\nlet of Port Royal in Acadia (Nova\\nScotia).\\nA r Y. Smith destroys the cabins of\\nthe Dutch on Manhattan Island, and\\ncompels Ihem to acknowledge the sover-\\neignty of James I. of England.\\n1614 N. Y. The Dutch build a fort\\non the southern extremity of Manhattan\\nIsland.\\niV. r. Fort Nassau is built by the\\nDutch [near Albany].\\n1615 Oct. 10. N. Y. Battle between\\nChamplain and the Iroquois Indians in\\nwestern New York.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nEXPLORATION.\\n1610* Eng. Hudson sails on a north-\\nern voyage of discovery, seeking a pas-\\nsage westward to the Indies.\\nSpring. Va. Smith introduces the\\ncultivation of maize, and plants 30 or\\n40 acres.\\nJuly 27. Sir Thomas Smythe discovers\\nDelaware Bay.\\nAug*. 2. Can. Hudson enters the straits\\nwhich bear his name, and thinks he dis-\\ncovers the Pacific [Hudson Bay].\\n1612 Va. The colonists begin to\\nmanufacture bricks.\\nVa. John Eolfe [the husband of\\nPocahontas] begins the systematic cul-\\ntivation of tobacco.\\n1614 N. Y. Adriaen Block of New\\nAmsterdam builds the first colonial ship,\\nthe Onrust (Restless).\\nConn. Block, in the Onrust, explores\\nLong Island Sound, and discovers the\\nConnecticut River.\\nJune Captain John Smith explores\\nthe New England coast, and gives it this\\nname.\\n1615 Can. Champlain visits Lake\\nHuron.\\n1616 Can. Bylot and Baffin are\\nsent in search of the northwest pas-\\nsage Wolstenholme s Sound, Lancaster\\nSound, and Baftin Bay are discovered.\\n1617 Guiana. Sir Walter Raleigh\\nexplores the coast.\\n1618* Can. Baffin reaches the 78\u00c2\u00b0 of\\nlatitude in the bay which bears his\\nname.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1610 Berkeley, Sir William, Gov. of Va., b.\\nNewport, Christopher, commander, dies.\\n1611 Day, Stephen, first printer, born.\\n1613 Bradstreet, Anne, poet, born.\\n1613 Morton, Nathaniel, historian, born.\\n1614 Cheever, Ezekiel, teacher, born.\\n1616 Leverett, Sir John, Gov. of Mass., born.\\nMereloza,de Juan Gonzales, Mex. vicar, A77.\\n1617 Pocahontas dies in Knrope A22-\\n1618 West, Thomas Lord Delaware, Gov.\\nof Va., A41.\\nPowhatan, Indian chief, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n1610 June Va. A day given to reli-\\ngious services on the return of the\\ncolonists to their homes. (See State.)\\n1611 June 10. Va. Many godly emi-\\ngrants arrive they commence the labors\\nof the day by offering prayers in their\\nlittle church, and order and comfort\\nJune 12. N. S. Two Jesuit mission-\\naries arrive at Port Royal, but their\\nwork among the Micmacs is frustrated\\nby the government.\\nVa. Gov. Dale requires every man\\nand woman to give an account of his\\nfaith to the minister for the test of\\northodoxy he orders them to be\\nwhipped if they refuse, and to be\\nwhipped daily till they acknowledge\\ntheir faith.\\n1614 Va. Pocahontas becomes the\\nfirst Christian convert, and is bap-\\ntized in the Episcopal church, under\\nthe name of Rebecca.\\n1615 Can. Le Caron, a Franciscan,\\ncarries the Roman Catholic religion to\\nthe Indians of eastern Maine, and west-\\nward to the Hurons.\\n1617 Eng. The refugee Puritans\\nin Holland apply to the London Com-\\npany for permission to emigrate to their\\nterritory in America, and their request\\nis granted.\\n1619 July* Va. The House of Bur-\\ngesses confirms the Church of Eng-\\nland as the Church of Virginia, and\\nintends that the first four ministers\\nshall each receive \u00c2\u00a3200 a year, and all\\npersons whatsoever shall attend church\\non the Sabbath, both forenoon and\\nafternoon.\\nEng. Another request signed by the\\ngreater part of the Puritans is sent to\\nthe Company. [Dissensions in the Com-\\npany delay success.]\\n**2f. S. Reformed Franciscans be-\\ngin mission work in Acadia.\\n1620 Dec. 21. Afass. Only the Plym-\\nouth people come over as separatists,\\nthe other colonists remain in the\\nChurch of England seeking to reform\\nher corruptions. The Congregational\\nservice is introduced by the Pilgrims.\\nArg. Rep. Buenos Ayres becomes a\\nbishopric by creation of Pope Paul V.\\nEng. A company of London mer-\\nchants is formed that agrees to loan\\nmoney to the poor Puritans so they\\nmay emigrate each is to give his ser-\\nvices for seven years to the company.\\nLETTERS.\\n1610* *The True Repertory of the Wrack\\nand Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates,\\nwritten at Jamestown by William Stra-\\nchey.\\n1613 Good Xftrs from Virginia, by-\\nAlexander Whitaker. The Apostle of\\nVirginia.\\n1614 Captain John Smith makes a\\nmap of the New England coast and\\ncountry names it New England.\\n1616* Pern. The coUege of San\\nCarlos is founded.\\n1619 Va. An effort is made to estab-\\nlish a college at Henrico (Richmond).\\nAn endowment of \u00c2\u00a31,500 and 10,000\\nacres of land is procured the massacre\\nof its friends defeats the project.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1611 June 21. Can. Henry Hudson,\\nhis sons, and five others are sent adrift\\nby his mutinous crew, and perish in\\nHudson Bay.\\nVa. The land hitherto held in com-\\nmon is now divided, and each of the 700\\ncolonists receives three acres.\\nSept. 1. Henry Hudson s mutinous crew\\nis picked up in a wretched condition.\\n1612 June 29. Eng. A lottery is\\ndrawn in London for the benefit of\\nthe Virginia plantations profit nearly\\n\u00c2\u00a330,000.\\n1613 Va. Pocahontas is stolen and\\nheld for a ransom by the colonists. [In-\\ndian troubles follow.]\\n1614 Va. Capt. Hunt, the deputy\\ngovernor, treacherously entices the In-\\ndian chief, Santo, with 27 others, on\\nboard of his ship, and sails for Spain,\\nwhere he sells them into slavery.\\nApr. Va. Pocahontas is married to\\nJohn Rolfe, a worthy young Englishman.\\n[King James is scandalized that one not\\nof royal blood should marry a princess.]\\n1616 Pocahontas visits England\\nand is received at Court.\\n1619 Va. Laws are made against the\\nplaying of dice and cards, drunken-\\nness, and idleness; excess in apparel\\nis restrained by a tax.\\nVa. The colony is reenforced by the\\narrival of 1,200 emigrants, including 100\\nfelons sent by the king to he sold as\\nservants among the planters.\\nEng. Bad management of the treas-\\nurer of the London Company.\\nAbout $400,000 have been spent and\\nonly 600 men, chiefly rovers, are found\\nin the colony it is discovered that\\nwomen must be introduced to make\\nthe enterprise succeed.\\nAug. Va. A Dutch man-of-war brings\\n20 African negroes to Jamestown, and\\nsells them to the colonists at auction,\\nthus introducing African slavery.\\n1620 Dec. 21. Mass. The Pilgrim\\nFathers land at Plymouth Rock, and\\ntheir colony consists of 73 males, 29 fe-\\nmales 34 adult males, IS adult females\\n20 boys and S girls also 3 maid servants\\nand 19 men servants, etc. (Winsor.)\\nEng. Ninety young women of good\\nbreeding and modest manners are per-\\nsuaded to emigrate to Virginia.\\nMen who become husbands pay 120 lbs.\\nof tobacco to repay the almost bankrupt\\ncompany the expense of the voyage.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1610-1620.\\n29\\nSETTLEMENT STATE.\\n1610 May 24. Va. Capt.-gen. Gates\\nand about 150 others arrive from Ber-\\nmuda, where they were shipwrecked.\\nJune* Va. The starving time.\\nVice and famine have reduced the\\ncolonists from 490 to only 60 they are dis-\\nheartened, and abandoning Jamestown,\\nset sail for the fishermen s fleet at New-\\nfoundland.\\nJune 10. Va. The departing colonists\\nmeet a fleet of 3 vessels with reenforce-\\nments and supplies, and then return to\\nJamestown.\\nLord Delaware, the acting governor,\\nbrings peace, plenty, and prosperity to\\nJamestown.\\nNew York. The first Dutch emi-\\ngrants arrive at Manhattan.\\nBrazil. Jesuit settlements are\\nformed communism prevails.\\nFt. Louis XI 1 1. enthroned.\\nNicaragua. The foundation of Leon\\n[the future rival of Granada] is laid.\\nN. F. Mr. Gay, of Bristol, founds a\\ncolony at Conception Bay.\\nParaguay Jesuit settlements of\\nnatives are begun civilization follows.\\nVa. Delaware returns to England for\\nhis health.\\n1611 May 10. Va. Sir Thomas Dale\\narrives in the Chesapeake with stores\\nand emigrants he assumes the govern-\\nment as high marshal.\\nAug.* Va. Sir Thomas Gates arrives\\nwith 300 colonists, 12 cows, 20 goats, and\\nsupplies he enters office as deputy\\ngovernor.\\nVa. Colonists receive individual al-\\nlotments of three acres of land.\\n1612 Mar. Va. James I. grants a\\nthird charter to the London Company.\\nIt includes the Bermudas because of\\nthe financial failure of the venture the\\nstockholders are given control, and with-\\nout intention, a democratic government\\nis encouraged.\\nBrazil. A French colony is founded\\non the island of Marajo. [Maintained\\nsix years.]\\nEng. Sir Walter Raleigh, having\\nspent $200,000 to found a colony, without\\nsuccess, gives up the undertaking.\\nFr. The Protestants being in power,\\nthe great Conde becomes viceroy of\\nthe French empire in America.\\nNew York. The Dutch send the Tiger\\nand the Fortune to trade with the Indians\\non the Hudson River. Huts are erected\\non Manhattan Island. (About 45\\nBroadway.)\\n1613 May Me. Madame de Guerche-\\nville, having secured DeMonts patent\\nand a new one from the crown, for all\\nlands between Florida and the St. Law-\\nrence River, Fort Royal excepted, sends\\nSaussage and two Jesuits, who settle a\\nsmall colony on Mount Desert Island.\\n[It is soon broken up.]\\nGuiana. A colony of Dutchmen ar-\\nrives.\\nNew York. The Dutch establish a\\ntrading-post on Manhattan Island.\\nVa. Captain Samuel Argall of\\nJamestown breaks up the French settle-\\nments in Maine and Acadia, also the\\nDutch trading-station at New Nether-\\nland.\\n1614 Oct. 11. N. T. A charter is\\ngranted by the States-General to the\\nNew Netherland Company, includ-\\ning territory from 40 north to 45\u00c2\u00b0 north,\\nwith a monopoly of the fur trade for\\nthree years.\\nConn. Settlement of Connecticut.\\nThe Dutch, led by Adriaen Block, ex-\\nplore the coast, also the chief river, and\\nbuild a fort [near Hartford].\\nGuiana. The States of Holland en-\\ncourage settlements by offering mono-\\npolies for four years.\\nMass. An expedition is sent to New\\nEngland by Sir Ferdinando Gorges\\nand the Earl of Southampton.\\nN. Y. The Dutch form a settlement\\non Manhattan Island, also erect a fort\\nthey build another [Fort Nassau] 150\\nmiles up the river.\\nNew York. Jean Yigne, the first white\\nchild, born on Manhattan Island.\\nVa. Gov. Gates returns to England,\\nand leaves the government to Sir Thomas\\nDale [for two years].\\nThe cultivation of tobacco brings\\nprosperity to the colony the streets\\nof Jamestown are planted with it, and\\nit becomes the accepted currency.\\n1615 May\u00c2\u00b1 New Eng. John Smith\\nvainly attempts to form a settlement.\\nBrazil. Belem is founded by Calderia.\\nCan. Cham plain leads an expedition\\nto Lake Huron.\\nN. F. Captain Richard Whitborne\\nis sent to establish order among the\\nfishermen at Newfoundland.\\nVa. Private ownership of land\\nbegins, each colonist receiving 50 acres\\nfor himself and heirs.\\n1616 May Va. Sir Thomas Dale re-\\nsigns the governorship, and returns to\\nEngland, leaving George Yeardley as\\ndeputy governor. Pocahontas goes to\\nEngland.\\nNew Eng. Sir Ferdinando Gor-\\nges makes persistent effort for the set-\\ntlement of New England.\\n1617 Jan. Va. Captain Samuel Ar-\\ngall is elected deputy governor.\\n[Fraud, oppression, violence, greed,\\nand tyranny on the part of the govern-\\nment check immigration, and the col-\\nony becomes reduced to 600 persons.]\\nMay 15. Va. Argal I arrives in Jamestown.\\nN.J. The Dutch from New Am-\\nsterdam start a settlement at Bergen.\\n[The first in New Jersey.]\\nN. Y. Fort Nassau [Albany] is de-\\nstroyed by a flood.\\n1618 New Eng. Ferdinando Gorges\\nsends Captain Rocroft from England to\\nNew England he spoils a French bark\\non the way, and goes to Virginia, where\\nhe is killed.\\n1619 Jan. 1. N. Y. Expiration of the\\nfirst New Netherland charter.\\nVa. Lord Delaware sails with sup-\\nplies, and dies on the voyage. Ope-\\nchancanough succeeds Powhatan.\\nApr. 19. Va. Sir George Yeardley is\\nappointed deputy governor. [The col-\\nony grows and prospers.]\\nSol. The Pilgrims get a patent from\\nthe London (South Virginia) Company.\\nJuly Va. Popular government in-\\ntroduced.\\nYeardley divides the plantation into\\n11 boroughs, and issues a proclamation\\nrequesting the election of two citizens\\nfrom each to assist in the government.\\nJuly 30. Va. The House of Burgesses\\nmeets at Jamestown, the first colonial\\nlegislature in the New World.\\nIt is an elective assembly for discus-\\nsion only, and has no power without the\\napproval of the London Company.\\n1620 July 22. Hoi. The Pilgrims de-\\npart from Delfshaven in the Speedwell,\\nhaving spent the preceding night in\\nprayer and religious conversation.\\nThe Pilgrims purchase the Speedwell.,\\nand hire the Mayflower.\\nAug. 5. Eng. The Pilgrims set sail\\nfrom Southampton for Virginia in the\\nMayflower of ISO tons burden, and the\\nSpeedwell, 60 tons. [The Speedwell proves\\nleaky, and compels their return to Dartr-\\nmouth.]\\nAug. 20\u00c2\u00b1. The repairs on the Speedwell\\nbeing completed, the Pilgrims reem-\\nbark. [The Speedwell proves unseawor-\\nthy, and they return to Plymouth.]\\nSept. 6. Eng. The Pilgrims finally\\nleave Plymouth in the Mayfloiver,\\nand number 102 persons.\\nNov. 3. Eng. The Plymouth Com-\\npany reorganized.\\nKing James incorporates forty of his\\nsubjects as the Council established at\\nPlymouth for the planting, ruling, or-\\ndering, and governing of New England\\nin America.\\nNov. 9. Mass. The Pilgrims come in\\nsight of Cape Cod after a voyage of 63\\ndays.\\nNov. 11. Mass. Pilgrims on the May-\\nflower sign an instrument of republican\\ngovernment, and elect John Carver\\ngovernor. (Nov. 21, N. S.)\\nBeing denied a patent by the king, they\\nproceed to discharge all the functions of\\nan organized state.\\nDee. 11. Mass. The Pilgrim Fathers\\ndisembark at Plymouth Rock, and\\nfound a colony numbering 102 persons.\\nNew Style, Dec. 21. (Winsor.)\\nDec. 23. Mass. The Pilgrims begin\\nbuilding a settlement at Plymouth.\\nArg. Rep. The Spaniards erect a new\\ngovernment for Buenos Ayres the\\nRio de la Plata, with Buenos Ayres\\nfor its capital cities and settlements\\nabound.\\nParaguay is separated from Bue-\\nnos Ayres.\\nMass. The whole body of the male\\ninhabitants constitute the legislature.\\n[Continuing thus for 18 years.]\\nVa. The 1,000 inhabitants receive an\\naccession of 1,200 more.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "30 1621, Mar. 21-1629, Aug. 29. AMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1621 Va. The settlers scour the\\nwilderness, burn Indian villages, and\\nkill some savages; the remainder are\\ndriven into the interior.\\nMass. Capt. Miles Standish, with a\\nforce of six men, explores the country to\\nlearn the disposition and number of the\\nIndians.\\nAug. 14. Mass. The Plymouth colony\\nsends 14 armed men to awe the\\nIndians.\\n1622 Mar. 22. Va. Indians attempt\\nto annihilate the settlements by an un-\\nexpected attack, in which 3-17 colonists\\nare killed, and 72 settlements destroyed.\\nOnly 1,600 men survive in the 8 remain-\\ning settlements.\\n1623 Mass. Miles Standish with\\neight men goes to the rescue of Wey-\\nmouth, and defeats the Indians.\\nJune\u00c2\u00b1 X. Y. The Dutch build Fort\\nOrange (Albany).\\nX. J. The Dutch build Fort Nassau\\non the east shore of the Delaware [a\\nlittle below Philadelphia].\\n.July* Va. Parties of settlers attack\\nthe savages and drive them inland.\\n1624 July* Va. The Assembly orders\\nanother attack on the Indians.\\nBrazil. The Dutch take Bahia with-\\nout a struggle.\\n1628* Can. Champlain repulses\\nDavid Kirk in his attempt to capture\\nQuebec Port Royal falls into the hands\\nof the English.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nEXPLORATION.\\n1621 Va. Workmen skilled in mak-\\ning iron arrive, bees are introduced,\\nand cotton is planted as an experiment.\\n1622 Va. First grist-mill erected.\\nTwenty-five shipwrights arrive.\\n1625 Mass. Plymouth has already\\nbuilt a little vessel.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1621 Carver, John, Gov. of Plymouth col-\\nony, A31.\\nfllayhew, Thomas, clergyman of Mass., born.\\nHubbard, William, clergyman of JIass.,born.\\n1 623 Laval- Montmorency, Bp. of Que-\\nbec, born.\\n1625 Cushman, Robert, of Plymouth colony,\\nA45.\\n1627 Yeardley, Sir George, Gov. of Va., d.\\nCHURCH.\\n1621* X. Y. Lutherans settle in New\\nAmsterdam.\\nIt. Gregory XV., pope.\\n1623* Mass. Protestant Episcopal\\nservice is first regularly established\\nhere by Rev. William Morrell of Eng-\\nland.\\nX. H. The colonists are tolerant to-\\nward all religious faiths.\\nIt. Urban VIII., pope.\\nX. Y. The Walloons are driven to\\nAmerica by persecution.\\nVa. The General Assembly ordains\\n.the suppression of all teaching or\\npreaching, public or private, of all\\nnon-Episcopal ministers, and the expul-\\nsion of non-conformists from the colony.\\nMass. The London Company vexes\\nthe Plymouth colony by its efforts to\\nthrust on the Pilgrims a minister of the\\nEstablished Church they had come\\nto the western wilderness to escape such\\noppression.\\n1626* Can. Fathers Brebeuf and\\nDaniel, Recollects, begin work among\\nthe Hurons.\\nNew York. Public worship by the\\nReformed Dutch at New Amsterdam\\nbegins, in the absence of ministers, by\\nthe weekly reading of the Scriptures\\nand the creeds in a room over a horse-\\nmill, by two men (Huyck and Krol) sent\\nover as Comforters of the Sick.\\n1627 X. M. The Franciscan mis-\\nsionaries report 27 new missions, sev-\\neral large churches, 10 convents, thou-\\nsands of Indians baptized, and over 8,000\\nconverts to Christianity.\\n1628 Apr. 7. X. Y. Jonas Michaelius,\\nthe first Dutch minister, arrives; the\\nReformed Dutch Church is organized\\nin New Amsterdam.\\nX. Y. The first Presbyterian\\nchurch in America is organized in New\\nAmsterdam.\\nJuly 20. Mass. The ballot first used\\nin America in the election of John Wil-\\nson as pastor and teacher at Salem after\\na day of humiliation. The church or-\\nganized.\\n1629 Aug. 6. Mass. Organization of\\nthe second Congregational church at\\nSalem.\\nJohn and Samuel Brown set up\\nEpiscopal worship in Salem ap-\\nparently the first to resist the politico-\\nreligious law of the colony.\\nLETTERS.\\n1622 Va. The Bishop of London\\nraises \u00c2\u00a31,000 toward a imiversity for\\nthis colony.\\n1624 General History of Virginia, by\\nCaptain John Smith, is printed in\\nLondon.\\n1626 *A Translation of Ovid,hy Sandys,\\nappears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1621 Mar. 22. Va. Jamestown and\\nother settlements are saved from gen-\\neral massacre by the warning given by\\na converted red man, who reveals\\nthe plot on the previous night.\\nMar. Mass. Massasoit, the great\\nsachem of the Wampanoags, is received\\nby the Plymouth colony with much\\nparade. A treaty of peace follows. [It\\nis faithfully kept for fifty years-l\\nMay 12. The first marriage in the\\nPlymouth colony takes place between\\nEdward Winslow and Susanna White.\\nJune 18. The first duel in New Eng-\\nland brings disgrace on the duelists.\\nIt is fought by two servants with sword\\nand dagger, and both are wounded. The\\nauthorities sentence them to lie 24 hours\\nwith their heads and feet tied together.\\nVa. Sixty more young women\\narrive; 150 lbs. of tobacco are charged\\neach man who becomes a husband, to\\npay expenses incurred in bringing bis\\nbride to Virginia.\\nAug. 21. Va. One widow and eleven\\nmaids consigned to the colony from\\nLondon, to be sold for tobacco at the\\nrate of 120 lbs. of the best leaf for each.\\n1622* Mass. The English settlers at\\nWeymouth seek their subsistence by\\ndefrauding the Indians, instead of\\nlaboring in useful employment conflict\\nfollows.\\n1625 June 9. X. Y. The first white\\nchild born in Brooklyn.\\n1626 X. Y. The Dutch introduce\\nnegro slaves.\\n1628 X. Y. The Dutch on Manhat-\\ntan Island live hi houses thatched with\\nstraw and having wooden chimneys,\\nwhile creaking windmills extend their\\nungainly sails against the sky.\\nSETTLEMENT STATE.\\n1621 Mar. 21. Mass. Massasoit visits\\nPlymouth, and makes a treaty.\\nThe Pilgrims enter a treaty with the\\nWampanoags. [It is kept inviolate for\\n50 years.]\\nSpring. Mass. Of the 102 Pilgrims, only\\nabout 50 survive the winter.\\nJune 1. Eng. John Pierce receives his\\nfirst patent for the Pilgrims.\\nJune 3. X. Y. The States-General grant\\nto the Dutch West India Company a\\ncharter, with full powers over NewNeth-\\nerland for 24 years.\\nJuly 24. Va. Sir Francis Wyatt, the\\ngovernor, brings a new constitution\\nfor the colony.\\nIt vests the government in a governor,\\na council of state, and a general assem-\\nbly, for which two burgesses are to be\\nchosen by each town, hundred, and plan-\\ntation. Thegovernorhas the veto power,\\nand every enactment of the assembly re-\\nquires the company s sanction on the\\nother hand, the assembly may veto the\\nacts of the company.\\nSept. 10. Can. Sir William Alexan-\\nder obtains from the crown of Scotland\\na patent for all Acadia, under the title\\nof Nova Scotia. [An unsuccessful at-\\ntempt is made at colonizing.]\\nNov. 19. Mass. Another company of\\nemigrants arrives with scant provisions\\nfor the winter.\\nNov. *-Dec. Va. First session of the\\nAssembly under the new constitution.\\n.Ifass. William Bradford is elected\\ngovernor, on the decease of Carver.\\nPestilence had swept away about one-\\nhalf of the Indians prior to the arrival\\nof the Pilgrims.\\nWinter. Mass. Starvation threatens the\\ncolonists, and they subsist on half ra-\\ntions for six months.\\nMass. The supply vessel Fortune is\\nsent back from Plymouth, laden with\\nbeaver skins and clapboards valued at\\n\u00c2\u00a72,500, the first returns from the colony.\\nX. F. Sir George Calvert plants\\na colony in Newfoundland [and resides\\nthere for several years].", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "AMERICA. 1621, Mar. 21-1629, Aug. 29. 31\\nSp. Philip IV. enthroned.\\nVa. Jamestown exports 55,000 lbs.\\nof tobacco this year.\\nThe cultivation of cotton is intro-\\nduced.\\n-22 Va. Great increase in im-\\nmigration.\\n1622 Aug. 10. N.H. Sir Ferdinando\\nGorges and John Mason obtain a pa-\\ntent for lands between the Merrimac\\nand Kennebec Rivers, called Lacouia.\\nSettlements made on the sites of Dover\\nand Portsmouth.\\nNov. 6. The king s proclamation prohib-\\nits interloping and disorderly trading\\nto New England.\\n[This hastens the dissolution of the\\nPlymouth company.]\\nCan. Samuel Champlain is gover-\\nnor of Canada [including Michigan].\\nEng. The London Company is bank-\\nrupt, and the numerous stockholders\\nare divided by dissensions.\\nMass. English fishing vessels arrive\\nand sell food to the starving Pilgrims\\nat double price.\\nEmigrants sent out by Thomas Weston\\nof London begin a new settlement [near\\nBoston] called Weymouth.\\nMe. The first permanent settlement\\nin Maine is made at Saco. (Or in 1623.)\\nSpring. N. Y. The great West In-\\ndia Company take possession of New\\nNetherland under their charter.\\nVa. A massacre of a part of the\\ncolonists reduces the plantations from\\nSO to less than eight.\\nThe census shows a population of 2,500\\npeople.\\n1623 Apr. Eng. Lord Baltimore s\\npatent is granted. [Dies. Patent not\\nsealed.]\\nApr.* The whole of Long Island is\\ngranted to the Earl of Stirling.\\nApr. N. Y. Thirty families, called\\nWalloons, arrive from Flanders they\\nseek civil and religious freedom, and to\\nescape the persecutions of their own\\ncountry.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2June 25. Va. King James contends\\nwith the London Company and en-\\ndeavors to annul its charter.\\n-June N. Y. Eighteen of the emigrant\\nfamilies of Walloons ascend the Hud-\\ncon, and build Fort Orange (Albany).\\nN. J. Walloons, under Cornelia Ja-\\ncobson May, ascend the South River\\n(Delaware) and build Fort Nassau [be-\\nlow Camden].\\nCan. Scotch colonists sent out by\\nSir William Alexander arrive in Nova\\nScotia, but return when they find French\\nadventurers already established there.\\nJuly 20. New England is divided\\namong the original patentees.\\nMass. Weymouth [near Boston] is\\nabandoned the majority of colonists re-\\nturn to England.\\nJohn Pierce s second patent issued on\\nhis own account, making the Plymouth\\npeople his tenants. [He sells it to the\\nPilgrims for S2.500 cost price $250.]\\nJohn Lyford and John Oldham\\nconspire against the -welfare of the\\ncolony, and both are banished.\\nThe Pilgrims no longer labor in com-\\nmon, but receive allotments of land to\\nindividuals for one year.\\nMe.-N. U. Settlements are made in\\nNew Hampshire and Maine, including\\nPortsmouth and Dover.\\n1624* Spring. Mass. Land is no\\nlonger held in common every person\\nreceives a little land in perpetual tee.\\nEdward Winslow returns from England,\\nbringing the Cape Ann patent.\\nCattle are first brought to Plymouth\\nthree heifers and one bull.\\nJune 16. Virginia becomes a royal\\ncolony.\\nJames I. arbitrarily annuls the liberal\\ncharter of the London Company, after\\nit has spent $750,000 above its receipts,\\nand Virginia becomes a royal colony,\\nhaving Sir Francis Wyatt for governor,\\nwith 12 councilors.\\nDec. New Eng. After four years of\\nlabor and expense, only 180 persons\\nremain; there is no hope of future\\nprofit.\\nBrazil is invaded by the Dutch.\\nMass. John White, a Puritan minis-\\nter from Dorchester, England, plants a\\nsmall colony en Cape Cod.\\nThe governor s power is restricted by\\na council of five.\\nCape Ann is settled by a few Puri-\\ntans. [Later the colony removes to\\nNaumkeag.]\\nN. Y. The Butch ship New Nether-\\nland brings over a colony of 110 Wal-\\nloons of French origin, to the Hudson\\nRiver region. They bring farm-stock,\\nseed, and implements.\\nThe Dutch begin civil govern-\\nment; Captain Cornelius May is the\\nfirst governor, and his duties chiefly re-\\nlate to the management of a trading-\\nVa. About 2,000 colonists\\nthe 9,000 sent out.\\n1625 Mar. 27. Eng. Charles I. en-\\nthroned.\\nMay 13. Va. Charles I. issues a proc-\\nlamation inimical to the Jamestown\\ncolony.\\nMass. Mount Wollaston [near Bos-\\nton] settled by Captain Wollaston.\\nNew York. Sarah Rapaelje is born,\\nthe first white girl born on Manhattan\\nIsland.\\nThree ships and a yacht bring many\\nsettlers from Holland and 100 cattle.\\nN. Y. William Verhulst is governor\\nof New Netherland. Walloons settle at\\nFort Orange (Albany).\\n1626 Jan. N. Y. The Dutch West\\nIndia Company appoint Peter Min n it\\ngovernor of New Netherland.\\nMay 4. N. Y. Gov. Minuit arrives\\nalso four shiploads of colonists with\\n300 cattle population of New Amster-\\ndam two hundred.\\nGuiana. The French settle on the\\nSinamary River.\\nMay New York. Minuit buys the en-\\ntire Manhattan Island, comprising\\nmore than 20,000 acres, for \u00c2\u00a724 worth\\nof scarlet cloth, brass buttons, etc.\\nN. If. A feeble settlement is made on\\nthe Piscataqua Kiver (Dover).\\nVa. Sir George Yeardley, benefac-\\ntor of Virginia, reappointed governor.\\n1627 Aug. Va. The King proposes a\\nroyal monopoly of the tobacco trade.\\nSummer. Va. One thousand emi-\\ngrants arrive.\\nNov. Mass. Eight of the Plymouth\\ncolonists purchase the entire interest\\nof the London Company in Lhe Plym-\\nouth colony for \u00c2\u00a79,000.\\nNov. Va. The colonists elect Francis\\nWest to fill the vacancy in the gover-\\nnorship. [He is soon excluded.]\\nCan. The colony of Q,uebec is\\ntransferred to the company of 100 mer-\\nchants under Cardinal Kichelieu.\\nGuiana. Dutch settlements are es-\\ntablished.\\nMass. The Plymouth colony intro-\\nduce the use of \u00e2\u0096\u00a0wampum as currency.\\nMass.~N. Y. The Dutch and the Puri-\\ntans are fast friends. Dutch embassy is\\nsent to Plymouth with expressions of\\ngood will.\\n1628 Mar. 19. Mass. The founda-\\ntion of the Massachusetts colony is\\nlaid by 6 Englishmen.\\nThey purchase a belt of land ex-\\ntending from ocean to ocean, and from\\n3 miles north of the Merrimac Kiver to\\n3 miles south of the Kiver Charles and\\nthe Massachusetts Bay.\\nMar. Va. The colonists assent to the\\nroyal monopoly of the tobacco trade.\\nSept. 16. Mass. Arrival of a colony at\\nSalem, led by John Endicott.\\nMass. Endicott suppresses the settle-\\nment at Wollaston.\\nNew York Manhattan has a popu-\\nlation of 270 the fur trade flourishes.\\nVa. John Potts is governor.\\n1629 Mar. 4. Mass. Charles I. issues\\na charter to the company which had\\nsettled Salem, incorporating the pro-\\nprietors as the Governor and Company\\nof Massachusetts Bay in New Eng-\\nland M. Cradoclt governor. [Declines.]\\nJune 6. N. Y. The Dutch West In-\\ndia Company created a charter of\\nprivileges corporation.\\nUnder it certain patroons may each\\nhold in fee simple, as do the hereditary\\nlords of Europe, a tract of land not\\nmore than 10 miles long and 8 miles\\nwide, or other width determined by the\\nposition.\\nJune 30 Mass. Two hundred addi-\\ntional immigrants arrive one-half go to\\nthe Plymouth Colony and the other\\nhalf lay the foundation of Charles-\\ntown, dividing the land into two-acre\\nlots, one for each settler. [More than\\none-half die in a year.]\\nAug. 29. Mass. The charter and gov-\\nernment of the Massachusetts Company\\nis transferred to the colony by the\\nCompany; John Winthrop is chosen\\ngovernor.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "32 1629-1634, Oct.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1629 Can. Conquest of Quebec by\\nthe English, who are led by three refu-\\ngee French Calvinists.\\n1630* Brazil. The Dutch take Olinda.\\n1633 Conn. The Indians commit\\ntheir first act of violence in this col-\\nony by murdering the crew of a trading\\nvessel on the Connecticut Kiver; they\\napologize, and sign a treaty of peace.\\nNew York. Fort Amsterdam is be-\\ngun. [Number 4 Bowling Green.]\\n1634 Oct. Conn. Plymouth colonists\\nascend the Connecticut River, and build\\na fort at Windsor.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nEXPLORATION.\\n1629 Mass. The colonists at Salem\\ncommence to make bricks.\\n1630 Peru. Destructive earthquake\\nat Lima.\\n1631 Can. Searching for the north-\\nwest passage, Fox discovers Pox Chan-\\nnel; touches Cape Peregrine. James,\\non the same errand, discovers James s\\nBay.\\nMass. The little vessel Blessing of\\nthe Bay is built.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1630 Johnson, (Lady) Arabella, PilgTim, d.\\n1633 Smith, John, leader in Va., A53.\\nCHURCH.\\n1629 Mass. Gov. Endicott sends away\\nthe Episcopal brothers Brown, who de-\\nsire services in their own house, as fac-\\ntious and evil-conditioned.\\n1630 Feb. 22. Mass. Fast day\\nchanged into a day of thanksgiving, be-\\ncause of the arrival of a ship from Eng-\\nland with provisions.\\nConn. Presbyterian worship, con-\\nducted by Richard Denton, pastor, com-\\nmences at Wethersfield.\\nMass. John Winthrop, an Epis-\\ncopalian, chooses affliction with the\\nPuritans.\\nN. Y. A colony of Dutch establish\\nthe Reformed Dutch worship at Fort\\nOrange (Albany).\\n1631 Feb. 5. Boston. Roger Wil-\\nliams arrives from England\\nApr. 12. Mass. Williams becomes\\nteacher for the Salem church.\\nMay 18. Mass. The General Court of\\nthe Massachusetts Bay colony decrees,\\nNo man shall be admitted to the body\\npolitic, but such as are members of some\\nof the churches within the limits of the\\ncolony.\\nNov. 3. Boston. Rev. John Eliot ar-\\nrives.\\nMass. Taxes are levied for the sup-\\nport of the gospel attendance at\\nchurch is required by law only church\\nmembers can be elected to offices of\\ntrust intolerance and bigotry, the vice\\nof the age, is also the vice of the Pu-\\nritans.\\nThe Plymouth colony is more toler-\\nant than the Massachusetts colony.\\nRoger Williams, aministerof Salem,\\ndenounces the intolerant laws.\\nHe is the first in America or Europe\\nto proclaim the doctrine of full religious\\ntoleration; he holds that the state\\nshould leave matters of religious opinion\\nand worship to the conscience of the\\nindividual, and confine government to\\nsecular affairs.\\n1632 Can. The conversion of the\\nheathen is committed solely to the\\nJesuits.\\nThe missionaries are employed to\\nconfirm the alliance made with the\\nHurons, by establishing missions among\\nthem.\\nMass. The erection of the first\\nchurch in Boston is commenced.\\n1633 Mar. 25. Va. The services of\\nthe Roman Catholic church are be-\\ngun on St. Clement s Island, on the\\nPotomac, by Revs. Andrew White and\\nJohn Altham.\\nOct. A 7 H. The first Congregational\\nminister preaches in the State.\\nCan. Jesuit missionaries resume\\nwork in the St. Lawrence Valley.\\nSpring. N. Y. A second Dutch\\nminister arrives at New Amsterdam.\\nMd. The Society of Jesus begins its\\nlabors.\\nN. Y. The records of the Re-\\nformed (Dutch) church begin.\\nThe first church on Manhattan\\nIsland is erected by the Dutch (on Pearl\\nStreet, between Broad and Whitehall).\\n1634 Mar. 3. Md. The first colony of\\n200 Catholics arrives on the Potomac,\\nfor the settlement of Maryland under\\nLord Baltimore.\\nMar. 25. Md. The English Catholic\\nfamilies land from the two ships, the\\nArc and the Dove.\\nMar. 27. Md. Lord Baltimore, a Cath-\\nolic, plants the first colony, composed\\nof both Puritans and Catholics, but\\nchiefly Catholics, near the mouth of the\\nPotomac, and some are men of fortune.\\nMass. The opposition to the\\nQuakers rests on semi-political grounds\\nchiefly, because they annoy congrega-\\ntions in their worship.\\nMay 24. Mass. Commencement of the\\ncustom of preaching election-day ser-\\nmons, by Rev. John Cotton.\\nSept. Mass. Roger Williams be-\\ncomes pastor of the Salem church.\\nLETTERS.\\n1630 The Golden Fleece, by Vaughn,\\nappears.\\nA Model of Christian Charity is writ-\\nten by John Winthrop while on his\\nvoyage to Massachusetts.\\nThe Puritans are an educated\\npeople.\\n1633 New York. The Dutch estab-\\nlish a school at New Amsterdam.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1629* Brazil. Commencement of\\nraids into the interior to capture In-\\ndians for slavery the converted Indians\\nin Paraguay are not spared.\\nEng. The Massachusetts colony in\\nLondon, directing Gov. Endicott, says:\\nthough there\\nyel\\nI to\\norder it as that tL-- \\\\w.vj. may not, for\\nour lucre Bake, be induced to the exces-\\nsive use, or rather abuse of it and at\\nany time take care our people gixe no\\nill example and if any shall exceed in\\nthe inordinate kind of drinking as to be-\\ncome drunk, we hope you will take care\\nhis punishment be made exemplary for\\nall others.*\\nParaguay. Spanish colonists raid the\\nIndian tribes of the interior, to secure\\nslaves, repeatedly attacking the Indian\\nsettlements of the Jesuits.\\n-35 Va. Gov. John Hervey sides\\nwith certain speculators and land mo-\\nnopolists in wronging the people.\\n1630 Brazil. The Dutch send an ex-\\npedition to Africa to capture slaves\\nfrom a Portuguese settlement for the\\ncolony at Olinda.\\nMass. About 300 of the best kind\\nof Puritans families emigrate to New-\\nEngland.\\nNot adventurers, not vagabonds,\\nwere these brave people, but virtuous,\\nwell-educated, courageous men and\\nwomen, who, for conscience s sake, left\\ncomfortable homes with no thought of\\nreturning.\\nThe court fixes the prices of labor\\nmechanics to receive no more than 2s. a\\nday, under a penalty of 10s.\\n1631 Del. The entire colony of 30\\npersons at Lewiston is massacred by the\\nIndians in revenge of one murder.\\nMass. Roger Williams arrives.\\n1633 Mass. One of the laws of the\\ncolony directs that No man shall sell\\nor (being in the course of trade) give any\\nstrong water to any Indian.\\nBrazil. Maurice, the Dutch gov-\\nernor, promotes the amalgamation of\\nthe natives and colonists by marriage.\\nThe colony grants partial toleration.\\nIt enacts that provision be made for\\nall refugees from religious persecution\\non their arrival, except Jesuits and\\npriests blasphemy, idolatry, and witch-\\ncraft are made punishable with death\\nimmoralities are severely punished\\nmoney is not to be loaned for inter-\\nest extravagance in dress is a crime;\\nand the Bible is accepted as the ultimate\\ntribunal when the laws are defective.\\nMich. The Iroquois Indians drive the\\nHurons on St. Joseph s Island, where\\nmany starve during the winter.\\n1634 Mass. Mrs. Hutchinson organ-\\nizes a meeting of women, they being\\nexcluded from speaking in the weekly\\nmeetings for social worship.\\nSETTLEMENT STATE.\\n1629 Sept. 13. Mass. Nine sachems\\ncome to Plymouth and offer their alle-\\ngiance. (J. Endicott, acting governor.)\\nCayi. Quebec and all Canada is sur-\\nrendered to the English.\\nMass. The name of the Bay Colony is\\nchanged from Naumkeag to Salem.\\nJV H. Me. Mason and Gorges, the\\nproprietors of New Hampshire and\\nMaine, dissolve their union, and each", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1629-1634.\\nreceives a new grant Mason from the\\nMerrimac to the Piscataway River,\\nGorges from the latter to the Kennebec,\\nand it is called New Somersetshire.\\n*X.J. Godyn and Blomaert, two Dutch\\npatroons, obtain a grant of the lower\\npart of New Jersey, bordering the Del-\\naware Bay.\\nVet. Gov. John Harvey arrives at\\nJamestown, bearing a commission from\\nCharles I. [His presence vexes the col-\\nonists for six years.]\\nLord Baltimore visits Virginia, and\\nis promised citizenship if he will take an\\noath, which his Catholic conscience for-\\nbids. He is not permitted to plant a\\ncolony here.\\nDel. Samuel Godyn, a Dutch direc-\\ntor, purchases from the Indians all their\\nlands from Cape Henlopen to the mouth\\nof the Delaware.\\n1630 Midwinter. Mass. Two hundred\\nPuritans have perished from the\\nseverity of the climate and their inferior\\nshelter.\\nApr. IS. X. Y. Manors are created.\\nMay X. H. The province of Laconia\\nhas its name changed to New Hamp-\\nshire. It is first settled.\\nJune 12. Mass. John Winthrop arrives\\nat Salem with the charter of Massachu-\\nsetts Colony. The government is re-\\nmoved from England to America.\\n(John Winthrop is elected the first\\ngovernor of the Massachusetts Colony.)\\nHe is a Christian patriot and states-\\nman, of the Episcopal religion, and of\\nrepublican principles. [He becomes the\\ncontrolling spirit of the colony.]\\nJuly 6. Mass. Fourteen vessels arrive\\nwith 1,500 colonists for Massachusetts\\nBay. [They found Watertown, Dor-\\nchester, and Roxbury.]\\nJuly* X. Y. The Council ratify the pur-\\nchase from the natives of all land be-\\ntween Cape Henlopen and the mouth of\\nthe Delaware by Samuel Godyn.\\nAug. 9. X. Y. Staten Island is pur-\\nchased from the Indians by Michael\\nPauw, a Dutch director. [They sell it\\ntwice afterwards.]\\nAug. 23. Mass. The first court of as-\\nsistants is held at Charlestown it settles\\nthe price of mechanical labor mechan-\\nics are to receive no more than 2s. a\\nday, under a penalty of 10s. to giver\\nand taker.\\nAug. Mass. Trimountain (Boston) is\\nfounded by John Winthrop and a few\\nleading families.\\nSept. 17. Mass. The court of Charles-\\ntown changes the name of the settle-\\nment at Trimountain to Boston.\\nOct. 19. Boston. The first General\\nCourt in America is held; 110 freemen\\nin the colony.\\nOct. Mass. It is found impracticable\\nto transact public business by a primary\\nassembly of all freemen meeting four\\ntimes in a year a Board of Assistants\\nis appointed.\\nNov. X. J. Michael Pauw becomes the\\npatroon of Hoboken Hacking (Hoboken).\\nGuiana. The first settlement is made\\nat Surinam.\\nBrazil. The Dutch seize the coast,\\nand establish a colony at Olinda in Per-\\nnambuco Count Maurice comes, and\\nprosperity follows.\\nRegular government is established and\\na supply of slaves provided.\\nConn. The Council of Plymouth grant\\nto the Earl of Warwick the land 120 miles\\nsoutheast from the Narragansett River,\\nand extending from the Atlantic to the\\nPacific. [Not settled for five years.]\\nMass. A third and last patent given\\nto the Plymouth Colony, grants lands\\nbetween the Cohasset River and the\\nNarragansett, and westward to the limits\\nof Pokenakut (or Sowamset).\\nThe great emigration begins.\\nOver 1,000 persons brought over in\\n17 vessels, besides horses, cattle, and\\ngoats, also necessaries for planting, fish-\\ning, and ship-building. Many persons\\nof importance are among the emigrants.\\nMe. Settlements are made on the\\nSaco by Biehard Vines and John\\nOldham.\\nX. C. Charles I. grants Sir Robert\\nHeath a patent to Carolina, an im-\\nmense tract south of Virginia. [After\\n33 years of useless existence, it is re-\\nvoked.]\\nX. S. St. Etienne, a Huguenot of La\\nTour, buys the patent for Nova Scotia,\\nof Sir William Alexander, with a con-\\ndition requiring its continued subjection\\nto Scotland.\\nX. Y. Kiliaen van Rensselaer, one\\nof the colonial directors, appropriates\\nlands bought of the Indians, north and\\nsouth of Fort Orange (Albany), 24\\nmiles along the river, and 48 miles in-\\nland. Dutch colonists settle Rensse-\\nlaer wyck.\\nVa. Virginians are vexed with the\\nrash imposition of frequent fines, which\\nnow become the perquisites of Governor\\nHarvey.\\n1631 Feb. 5. Mass. Arrival of the\\nLyon from Bristol, laden with much\\nneeded food.\\nMar. 29. Conn. Warwick transfers his\\nclaim to Lord Say and Seal, Lord\\nBrooke, John Hampden, and others.\\nSpring. Del. De Vries, with 30 Dutch\\ncolonists, lays the foundation of Lewis-\\ntown, the oldest settlement in Delaware.\\n[All are massacred by Indians.]\\nMay 5. X. J. The Dutch purchase Cape\\nMay of the Indians.\\nOct. 18. Mass. The Puritans limit the\\nsuffrage to members of the church,\\nthus putting the government in the\\nhands of a minority, excluding from\\ntheir rights nearly three-fourths of the\\nMass. A fortified town is begun on\\nthe Charles River, and called Newtown\\n(Cambridge).\\n1 Me. A division line is drawn by the\\nproprietors, Gorges and Mason, be-\\ntween Maine and New Hampshire,\\nseparating the colonies.\\nMd. William Clayborne, with other\\nVirginians, makes the first settlement,\\non Kent Island.\\n1632 Mar. 29. Fr. Treaty of St.\\nGermain between France and England\\nNew France, Acadia, and Canada go to\\nthe dominion of France all British in-\\nterests are surrendered.\\nJune 20. Md. Cecil Calvert, second\\nLord Baltimore, receives from Charles\\nI. the grant of a new province, which he\\ncalls Maryland, in honor of the queen.\\n[The severing of their territory vexes\\nthe Virginians, but they remonstrate in\\nvain.]\\nOct. Mass. Governor Winthrop and\\nPastor Wilson, of the Massachusetts\\nColony, visit the Plymouth settlement\\nto show good will.\\nConn. Dutch traders visit the Con-\\nnecticut.\\nMass. The Connecticut valley be-\\ning more fertile, emigration is urged\\nthither by Winthrop.\\nX. Y. Charles I. reasserts the title of\\nEngland to New Netherland, by first\\ndiscovery, occupation, and possession.\\n1633 Jan. 8. Conn. The Dutch buy\\nland of the Indians on both sides of the\\nriver.\\nApr. X. Y. Wouter van Twiller su-\\npersedes Minuet as governor.\\nOct.* Conn. A trading-post is estab-\\nlished by the Pilgrims, and settlers lo-\\ncate at Windsor in disregard of the\\nclaims of the Dutch.\\nNov. 22. Md. Leonard Calvert,\\nbrother of the second Lord Baltimore,\\nsails with a colony of 201 persons, chiefly\\nRoman Catholics and their servants.\\nMass. Men who become eminent ar-\\nrive among them are John Haynes,\\nJohn Cotton, Thomas Hooker, and Sam-\\nuel Stone.\\nMass. Charles I. becomes alarmed\\nat the growing popularity of the liberal\\nMassachusetts government. The Arch-\\nbishop of Canterbury is offended.\\nThe governor s power is restricted\\nby a council which is now increasedf rom\\nfive to ten. (E. Winslow, governor.)\\nPa. The Dutch buy lands on the\\nSchuylkill.\\n1634 Mar. 25. Md. Lord Baltimore s\\nfirst colony lands on St. Clement s\\nIsland.\\nApr. Eng. Superin tendency of the\\ncolonies is removed from the privy\\ncouncil to a special commission led by\\nthe Archbishop of Canterbury.\\nMay Mass. The ballot is substituted\\nfor a show of hands at a public election.\\nMass. Thos. Prince, Gov. of Plym-\\nouth Thos. Dudley, of Mass. Bay.\\nGuiana. The French settle at Cay-\\nenne.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1630 Greenland. Eight men belong-\\ning to the Muscovy Company are left\\nhere by accident till the next season,\\nand yet survive their terrible sufferings.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "34\\n1634-1639.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1635 Apr. 25. Md. Fight between tlie\\narmed boats of William Clayborne\\nand the colonists.\\nMe. The French seize the Penobscot\\ntrading-post established by Plymouth\\ncolonists, who fail to retake it.\\nConn. The English send over men,\\nordnance, and ammunition, with $10,000\\nto build a fort at the mouth of the\\nConnecticut Elver (at Saybrook).\\nA colony led by the younger John\\nWinthrop drives the Dutch from the\\nmouth of the Connecticut River, settles\\nSaybrook, and builds a fort, under a pa-\\ntent given by Lord Say and Seal and\\nLord Brooke.\\n1636* *-37* Conn. The Indians com-\\nmit many ravages near Saybrook.\\nGeneral alarm is felt.\\nTHE PEQTJOT WAR.\\n1636 July+72.7. The Indians of Block\\nIsland plunder a trading- vessel and kill\\nits captain.\\nSept. -Oct. Mass. Capt. Endicott\\nravages the territory of the Pequots in\\nrevenge.\\n1637 Apr.* Conn. Indians massacre\\nnine soldiers at Wethersfield.\\nSpring. Conn. The Pequots seek\\nthe alliance of the Narragansetts, with\\nwhom they had long been at enmity, but\\nare frustrated by Roger Williams.\\nMay 10. Conn. The colonists in conven-\\ntion declare war against the Pequots.\\nMay 26. Conn. Defeat of the Pe-\\nquots in their fort by a force of 80\\nmen, commanded by Captain James\\nMason, and aided by several hundred\\ndoubtful Indian allies.\\nJuly 13. Conn. Complete overthrow of\\nthe Pequots.\\nMd. The colonists have a bloody\\nskirmish with William Clayborne at\\nKent Island, and dispossess him.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nEXPLORATION.\\n1635 A\\\\ig. 15. New Eng. Terrible\\nstorm and great tide 20 feet high lives\\nand property destroyed.\\n1638 June 1. New Eng. An earth-\\nquake alarms the people.\\nN T. The Dutch on Staten Island\\nare the first of the colonists to distil\\nbrandy.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1634 Dongan, Thomas, Gov. of !N .Y.,born.\\n1635 IVIuson, John, founder in N. H-, dies.\\n1636 Oldham, John, colonizer, murdered.\\n1637 Andros, Edmund, Gov. of New. Eng.,b.\\n1638 Harvard. John, founder of Harvard\\nCollege, A31.\\n1 639 Alarcon v Mendoza, de Don Jan,\\nMex. poet, A39.\\nChurch, Benjamin, soldier, born.\\nMather, Increase, Pres. of Harvard, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1634 Can. The Jesuits, Brebeuf and\\nDaniel, join the barefoot Hurons on\\ntheir returning from Quebec to their\\nOWtt country,\\nMass. Irreligion, as well as her-\\nesy, punishable.\\nMr. Lathrop and his flock, fleeing from\\nEngland, settle at Scituate.\\nRoger Williams writes a paper declar-\\ning the grants of land by the King of\\nEngland are invalid until the natives\\nare justly recompensed.\\nMfJ. The colonists, with Father White\\nfor their priest, worship in an immense\\nwigwam of the departed Indian chief,\\nwhich is the first English Catholic\\nchurch in America.\\nVa. A band of non- conformists\\nare driven out because of their religious\\nopinion.\\n1635 Jan. 19. Mass. The governor\\nconvenes the clergy to decide whether\\nit be lawful for us to carry the cross\\n[of England] in our banners? They\\ndivide, and defer their answer.\\nMay Mass. The clergy favor changing\\nthe red cross of the English banner to\\nthe red and white rose.\\nMass. Roger Williams and John\\nSmyth, a miller, are banished from\\nthe colony because of heresy.\\nArrival of Rev. Thomas Hooker, the\\nLight of the Western Churches.\\nMrs. Anne Hutchinson becomes the\\nchampion of her sex against the clergy,\\nwhom she charges with defrauding the\\nwomen of the gospel, also declaring that\\nthey were no better than Pharisees she\\nadvocates Antinomian doctrines.\\n1636 Mar. 30. Mass. The Council\\nsends a constable to Salem, to suppress\\nthose who do not submit to the Estab-\\nlished Church.\\nCan. Fifteen Jesuit Missionaries\\nare among the Indians.\\nDel. Swedes establish Lutheran\\nworship.\\nMass. The first Congregational\\norganization at Cambridge formed.\\n1637 Aug. 30. Mass. The Synod of\\n!N ew England meets for the first time\\nat Newtown, and Anne Hutchinson and\\nher friends are deemed unworthy of the\\nsociety of Christians, and are banished.\\n[They join the colony under Koger\\nWilliams (Khode Island).]\\nMass. The Puritans and others are\\nannoyed by the erratic Samuel Gorton,\\nwho is rated a heretic.\\nRev. Francis Doughty, a Presbyte-\\nrian, is driven from Taunton because\\nhe favors the baptism of the infants of\\nbelievers.\\nGeneral Synod of the Congregational\\nchurch is held at Cambridge it con-\\ndemns Antinomianism.\\n1638 May Ji. I. A citizen of Provi-\\ndence is disfranchised for striking his\\nwife, disturbing her conscience, and\\npreventing her from attending church.\\nDec* N.H. The First Congregational\\nchurch organized at Dover.\\nCan. Eminent French Catholics\\nendow a public hospital for Indians, and\\nthree nuns are sent to serve it.\\nDel. First Episcopal service held\\nwithin the Swedish Fort Christina\\n(Wilmington).\\nLutherans from Sweden bring a min-\\nister with them, and settle on the Dela-\\nware (Wilmington).\\nMass. Arrival of John Davenport,\\na clergyman, from London.\\nJohn Wheelwright is banished for\\nexpressing sympathy with the teachings\\nof Anne Hutchinson.\\nNew York. At New Amsterdam Dom-\\ninie Bogardus writes Van Twiller,\\nthe incompetent governor, threatening\\nto give him such a shake from the pul-\\npit on the following Sunday as would\\nmake him shudder.\\n1639 Mar. I. The first Baptist\\nchurch in America formed at Provi-\\ndence. [Questioned by some.]\\nMar. 16. li. I. Roger Williams s\\nviews of baptism change.\\nHaving been baptized in infancy, he\\nmeekly submits to be baptized again by\\nKzekiel Holliman, a layman, and then\\nWilliams baptizes Holliinan and some\\nten more; thus rejecting the doctrine\\nof infant baptism.\\nJune* Conn. The leading men of New\\nHaven hold a convention in a barn, and\\nadopt the Bible as the constitution of\\nthe State. None but church members\\nto have the rights of citizens. They\\nhave no government for the first year.\\nConn. Religious toleration enacted\\nin New Haven.\\nMd. The Assembly make the Roman\\nCatholic religion the church of the\\nState.\\nMich. St. Mary s becomes the center\\nof mission work among the Hurons.\\nIt. I. Roger Williams withdraws\\nfrom the Baptists because of their non-\\napostolical succession.\\nLETTERS.\\n1635 Boston. Provision is made for\\nthe establishment of a public school.\\nCan. The foundation of a seminary\\nis laid in Quebec by the Jesuits.\\n1636 Oct. 28. Mass. The General\\nCourt makes provision for the erec-\\ntion of a college.\\nThe Colony Court agreed to give \u00c2\u00a3400\\ntowards a sehoole or collidge, whereof\\n\u00c2\u00a3200 is to be paid the next yeare, and\\n\u00c2\u00a3200 when the work is finished, and the\\nnext court to appoint where, and what\\nbuilding. Tlie act doubles the taxes\\nfor this year.\\n1637 Mass. A college is ordered to\\nbe erected at Newetowne.\\n1638 Mass. The name of the college\\nis changed from Cambridge to Har-\\nvard College, because of the bequest\\nof \u00c2\u00a3779 17s. 2d., and his library, by\\nRev. John Harvard the object being\\nthe education of the English and In-\\ndian youth of this country in knowledge\\nand godliness.\\nBoston. Stephen Day imports the\\nfirst font of types.\\n1639 Boston. Day sets up his print-\\ning-press at Cambridge.\\nThe first American almanac appears.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1634-1639.\\n35\\nAn Almanac Calculated for New Eng-\\nland, by Mr. Pierce, Mariner. Stephen\\nDay, printer at Cambridge.\\nCan. An Ursuline convent for the\\neducation of girls established at Quebec.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1637 Nov. 2. Mass. Rev. John Har-\\nvard is made a freeman of the colony,\\nsoon after his arrival.\\nMass. Negro slaves are imported.\\nMass. Ordinary-keepers are ordered\\nnot to sell either sack or strong water\\nto the Indians.\\nRhode Island colonists are protected\\nfrom the dangerous Pequot Indians by\\nthe powerful Narragansetts.\\n1638 May 1. Eng. The King forbids\\nthe sailing of S vessels, ready to depart\\nfor America, and said to have John\\nHampden, Oliver Cromwell, and\\nother noted Puritans on board.\\nMass. One person in each of 21 named\\ntowns is authorized to retail sack or\\nstrong water.\\n1638 N. Y. The Dutch on Staten\\nIsland are the first colonists to distil\\nbrandy.\\nSETTLEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 STATE.\\n1634 Eng. An anti- emigration\\nedict issued, without the effect desired.\\nMassachusetts changes its form of\\ngovernment from a pure to. a repre-\\nsentative democracy deputies chosen\\nby the people assume the powers of gov-\\nernment, while the clergy oppose the\\nchange.\\nThe Massachusetts Company has some\\n20 or 30 villages, and nearly 4,000 English-\\nmen have come over to dwell in them.\\nN. J. Sir Edmund Ployden obtains a\\ngrant of the country on the Delaware\\n(New Jersey) from the king of Eng-\\nland, and calls it New Albion.\\n1635 Feb. The hostility of the king\\nand church causes the Plymouth Coun-\\ncil for New England to surrender its\\ncharter and rights in America, on con-\\ndition that the king disregard various\\ngrants, and divide up the territory in\\nseveralty among its members.\\nMass. John Haynes, who arrived in\\n1633, is elected governor of the Massa-\\nchusetts Bay Colony.\\nMass. William Bradford, who ar-\\nrived in 1620, is elected governor of the\\nPlymouth Colony.\\nFeb. 26. Md. The first general assem-\\nbly meets, and enacts laws.\\nApr. Md. Hostilities between Mary-\\nland and Virginia.\\nWilliam Clayhorne s pinnace is seized\\nby a party from St. Mary s. He refuses\\nto recognize the authority of Lord\\nBaltimore.\\nOct. 8. Conn. John Winthrop, son of\\nthe governor of Massachusetts, arrives\\nfrom England as governor of Connecti-\\ncut.\\nOct. New Eng. A colony of 60 persons\\nleaves Boston and settles in the valley\\nOf the Connecticut River Windsor,\\nHartford, and Wethersfield are\\nfounded many nearly perish for lack\\nof food.\\nDee. Va. Sir John Harvey re-ap-\\npointed governor by King Charles I.\\nVa. The House of Burgesses depose\\nGovernor Harvey, whom Charles I.\\ncommissioned.\\nBecause of his partisanship with un-\\nprincipled speculators, and they appoint\\nCaptain John West in his place until\\nthe king s pleasure be known in the\\nmatter. A majority of the councilors\\nfavoring, the governor is constrained to\\ngo to England for a trial.\\nConn. A Puritan colony having ob-\\ntained a charter, drives the Dutch from\\nthe mouth of the Connecticut and settle\\nSaybrook.\\nGuiana. A French colony established.\\nMass. Roger Williams is banished\\ninto the wilderness.\\nPolitical troubles in England stimu-\\nlate emigration.\\nThree thousand emigrants arrive, and\\nHenry Vane, the younger, and Hugh\\nPeters, are among them.\\nMusket bullets are made lawful cur-\\nrency by enactment.\\nTwelve families of immigrants found\\nConcord, 16 miles from Boston.\\nNew Eng. Selectmen are first ap-\\npointed as the officers of townships.\\nN. E. Permission is given to the\\nFrench to cure and dry fish 3 for a\\nconsideration.\\nEng. A Quo Warranto issued\\nagainst the Massachusetts Company.\\n1636 Apr. Mass. Springfield i s\\nsettled by William Pynchon and others\\nfrom Roxbury.\\nJune R. I. Roger Williams having\\nbought the land of the Indians, with\\nfive others lays the foundation of the\\ncity of Providence.\\nJune -July Conn. Ministers Hooker\\nand Stone, with their congregations,\\nmigrate from Newtown (Cambridge),\\nMassachusetts, and buy land of the In-\\ndians on the Connecticut River.\\nCan. Quebec has 100 inhabitants.\\nMass. The General Fundamen-\\ntals, a code of laws, is established at\\nPlymouth.\\nAn unsuccessful attempt is made to\\nrescind the charter [and again the next\\nyear].\\nThe [afterward distinguished] Henry\\nVane, a young man of great talent and\\nmuch piety, is elected governor. Wins-\\nlow is reelected governor of Plymouth.\\nN. J. New Albion (including New\\nJersey) granted to Sir Edward Plowden,\\nthe viceroy of Ireland.\\n1637 Spring. Mass. John Winthrop re-\\nelected governor. Also Wm. Bradford.\\nMay 10. Conn. The first General Court\\ndeclares war against the Pequots.\\nJuly Eng. Sir Ferdinando Gorges\\nappointed Governor of New England by\\nthe king. [He did not leave England.]\\nSummer. N. Y. The Dutch Company\\nbuy back the lands in Pavonia and\\nStaten Island. Price [$10,000j.\\nAug. Mass. Henry Vane returns to\\nEngland.\\nConn. Windsor, Wethersfield, and\\nHartford become the colony of Con\u00c2\u00ab\\nnecticut.\\n1638 Mar. Bel. Swedes settle in\\nNorthern Delaware, after buying the\\nland of the Indians they call their col-\\nony New Sweden, and greatly prosper.\\nPeter Minuet, governor.\\nJan. Md. An act of attainder is car-\\nried against William Clayborne, as one\\nindicted for piracy and murder he flees\\nfrom justice to England.\\nMar. 7. R. I. Civil government is es-\\ntablished at Newport by John Clarke,\\nM.D., and 17 others, who left Massa-\\nchusetts for religious freedom, the Jew-\\nish Nation furnishing their model of\\ngovernment.\\nMar. 29. New York. William Kieft,\\nthe governor, arrives at New Amster-\\ndam.\\nMar. 30. Conn. A colony of Puritans,\\nled by Rev. John Davenport and The-\\nophilus Eaton, sails from Boston, [and\\nsettle New Haven.]\\nMay 1. Charles I. restrains emigration\\nby detaining a squadron of eight vessels\\nabout to sail from London, in which\\nJohn Hampden and Oliver Cromwell are\\nsaid to have embarked.\\nNov. 24. Conn. New Haven is pur-\\nchased from the Indians.\\nMass. Thomas Prince, governor.\\nN. Y. New Netherland is opened for\\ngeneral trade and settlement.\\nR. I. William Coddington of Mas-\\nsachusetts, with Mrs. Anne Hutchin-\\nson and a few others, buys Rhode Is-\\nland, and then founds the colony of\\nPortsmouth [later Newport], and Cod-\\ndington is elected the first magistrate.\\nEng. Persecution hastens emigra-\\ntion to New England.\\n1639 Jan. 14. Conn. Civil govern-\\nment organized.\\nDelegates from three towns, Windsor,\\nHartford, and Wethersfield, draw up a\\nsimple and liberal instrument at Hart-\\nford. Saybrook and New Haven decline\\nto sign it.\\nApr. Va. Charles I. treats the colo-\\nnists with contempt he restores Gov-\\nernor Harvey.\\nJune 4. Mass. First General Assem-\\nbly of the deputies of each town in the\\nPlymouth Colony.\\nAug. Conn. The leading men of New\\nHaven adopt the Bible as the consti-\\ntution of the State they exclude from\\nrights of citizenship non-church mem-\\nbers. [They so administer the govern-\\nment for twenty years.]\\n3STov. Va. Sir Francis Wyatt reap-\\npointed governor.\\nConn. John Haynes chosen govern-\\nor of the Connecticut Colony, and The-\\nophilus Eaton of the New Haven Col-\\nony-\\nMass. William Bradford is reelected\\ngovernor of Plymouth Colony.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "36 1639-1646, Aug-.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1640 *N. Y. The Dutch, the bloody\\nmen, abuse the Indians, and war fol-\\nlows in New Netherland.\\n1641 N. Y. The Raritan Indiana\\nfrom New Jersey avenge their wrongs by\\ndestroying the Dutch settlements on\\nStaten Island.\\n1642* *-43* Maryland colonists con-\\ntend with the Susquehannock Indians.\\n1643 Feb. 25, 26. N. Y. Massacre\\nof friendly Indians by the Dutch, at\\nPavonia, under orders of Gov. Kieft.\\nA war of revenge follows.\\nSept. N Y. Anne Hutchinson and\\nnearly all her family are massacred [near\\nNew Bochelle].\\nSept. N. Y. A temporary truce with\\nIndians on Long Island is secured by\\nRoger Williams.\\nConn. Miantonomoh, chief of the\\nNarragansetts, is murdered with the ap-\\nproval of the colony.\\n1644 Feb.+ N. Y. Captain John Un-\\nderbill of Long Island leads a force\\nwhich subdues the Delaware Indians\\nin New Jersey, and also the Indians of\\nLong Island and Connecticut.\\nApr. 18+. Va. The Indians suddenly\\nattack the colonists, kill 300, and are\\nthen chastised in turn.\\nApr. -46 Conn. Border warfare\\nwith the Indians prevails.\\n1645 Aug. 30. N.Y. Treaty of peace\\nbetween the Dutch of New Amsterdam,\\nunder William Kieft, and the Lndians of\\nthe vicinity.\\nNew Eng. Treaty of peace between\\nthe New England colonies and the Nar-\\nragansett Indians.\\nBrazil. Insurrection against tyranny\\nled by Joao Fernandez Vieira.\\nSpring. -46 Aug. Md. Rebellion of\\nWilliam Clayborne and Captain Rich-\\nard Ingle; the latter is practically a\\npirate. (Or 1644.)\\n1646 Aug.* Md. Gov. Calvert organ-\\nizes a force, which makes a descent\\non St. Mary s, and recovers the prov-\\nince from the insurgents.\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE \u00e2\u0080\u0094NATURE\\nEXPLORATION.\\n1642 N. Y. A stone tavern is built\\nin New Amsterdam.\\nMass. Iron castings are first made\\nat the Sagus Iron Works.\\nMass. Bostonians are the first colo-\\nnists to manufacture ropes.\\n1644 Feb. 4. Disappearance of a\\nstrange comet of prodigious tail which\\nhad distressed the people of New Eng-\\nland.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1640 Hennepin, Louis, Fr. missionary, born.\\n1641 Minuit, Peter, Gov. of N. Y., A61\u00c2\u00b1.\\n1642\u00c2\u00b1 Bacon, Nathaniel, patriot ofYa.,b.\\n1643 Hutchinson, Anne, rel. enthusiast, A52.\\n1644 Penn, William, founder of Quakers,!).\\n1645 Jolietj Louis, explorer, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1640 Mar. 16. X.J/. An investigating\\ncommittee of the Boston church declares\\nthe New church of Portsmouth irregu-\\nlar in taking the Lord s Supper with ex-\\ncommunicated persons.\\nOct. 21. N. Y. John Young organizes\\na Puritan church at Southold, Long\\nIsland,\\nCan. The Sulpicians make Montreal\\na rendezvous for converted Indians.\\nCharles Raymbault and Claude Pi-\\ncart labor in the Huron Missions, and\\ncarry the gospel to the Indians of Mich-\\nigan.\\nMass. Stevenson Reek is labeled for\\nhis religious opinions, placed in the pil-\\nlory two hours, and fined \u00c2\u00a7250.\\nJV. Y. The Presbyterian church of\\nSouthold, Long Island, formed.\\n1641 June 6. N. Y. The Director and\\nCouncil of New Netherland grant the\\nfree exercise of religion to the\\nChurch of England.\\nOct. 4. Can. Two French Jesuits, Fa-\\nther Charles Raymbault with Father\\nIsaac Jogues, are sent to convert the\\nCliippeways on the Great Lakes.\\nStarting from Sault St. Marie, for sev-\\nenteen days they sail westward, and on\\nlanding, they are met by two thousand\\nChippeways, who welcome them.\\n-44 Can. The missionaries re-\\nceive no supplies, and their clothes fall\\nto pieces.\\nR. I. A church is formed at Newport.\\nMass. Samuel Gorton, an Anti-\\nnomian, is driven out of Plymouth.\\nVa. The Episcopal Churchis estab-\\nlished by law, and dissenting is declared\\nto be a crime.\\n1642 Aug. 16. Can. The site destined\\nfor the city of Montreal is formally con-\\nsecrated.\\nAug. N. Y. Father Jogues is cap-\\ntured and tormented by the Mohawks.\\n[The Indians make him their slave, yet\\nhe opens a mission, in which he has 70\\nconverts when rescued. In 1646, having\\nrecovered from his wounds, he returns\\nto his converts.] (See 1646.)\\nSept. Mass. It is enacted that neither\\nfreeman nor deputies of New Hampshire\\nare required to be church members.\\nOct. 22. Can. Death of Charles Raym-\\nbault, the illustrious missionary to the\\nIndians.\\nDel. Swedes begin to preach to the\\nDelaware Indians.\\nMd. Lord Baltimore, a Catholic, in-\\nvites the Puritans of Massachusetts to\\nsettle in his colony.\\nMd. The administration is in the\\nhands of Catholics, while the very great\\nmajority of the people are Protestants.\\nN. B. The Episcopal minister is\\nbanished from Portsmouth by the Puri-\\ntans.\\nN. Y. Johannis Megapolensis be-\\ncomes the first pastor of the Reformed\\nPutch church at Fort Orange. [\u00c2\u00a73S0.]\\nNew York. A stone church is built\\nat New Amsterdam, on the Battery, by\\nthe Dutch.\\nVa. The Act of Uniformity is made\\nvery stringent.\\n1643 Feb. 28. Mass. Roger Scott is\\ntried by the Court for common sleeping\\nat the public exercise on the Lord s Day,\\nand for striking him that waked him.\\n[He was severely whipped in December.]\\nMar. Va. The colony enacts that dis-\\nbelievers of the doctrine of the English\\nEpiscopal church shall not be allowed\\nto teach, publicly or privately, or preach\\nthe gospel in the colony, and non-con-\\nformists are to be banished.\\nMass. The Protestant Episcopal\\nchurch begins its mission work in New\\nEngland, on the island of Martha s Vine-\\nyard; Thomas Mayhew, Jr., becomes\\npastor of the whites, and missionary to\\nthe Indians.\\nN, Y. Ministers of the Reformed\\nDutch church labor among the Mo-\\nhawk Indians.\\nFrancis Doughty preaches in New\\nYork the first English Presbyterian.\\nLady Deborah Moody, owner of 400\\nacres at Swampscott, is obliged to move\\nto Gravesend, Long Island, for denying\\ninfant baptism.\\nJi. I. The plantations at Providence,\\nand the English on the Piscataqna, are\\nrejected in forming the New England\\nconfederacy, because of their heterodox\\nreligion.\\nFreedom of worship is the chief objec-\\ntion raised against granting the request\\nof Rhode Island,\\n1644 Nov. 13. Mass. Thomas Painter\\nof Hlnghani is whipped for refusing to\\nhave his child christened.\\nThe General Court orders the banish-\\nment of rejecters of infant baptism.\\nCan. Father Francis Joseph Bres-\\nsani, a French Jesuit, is captured and\\ntortured by the Iroquois, when en route\\nto the Hurons.\\nCan. The entire Island of Montreal\\nbecomes the property of the Sulpicians\\nof Paris by royal grant.\\nIt. Innocent X., pope.\\nMd. Clayborne and Ingle, having\\noverturned the government, ship Father\\nWhite and other Jesuits to England.\\nN. Y. German Lutherans arrive.\\nRichard Doughty becomes pastor\\nof Presbyterians at Hempstead, Long\\nIsland.\\nB.I. The first Baptist church\\nformed at Providence.\\nA Baptist church formed at Newport.\\n1645 Sept. 6. N. Y. General thanks-\\ngiving ordained by Gov. Kieft, through\\nNew Amsterdam, for the restoration of\\npeace with the Indians.\\nOct. 10. N. Y. The Director and Coun-\\ncil of New Netherland grant to Flushing\\nby charter the free exercise of rehgion.\\nMass. Hiaccomes is the first In-\\ndian convert engaged in New England\\nfork.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1639-1646, Aug.\\n37\\n1646 Feb.* Mass. Wm. Witter of Lynn\\nis arraigned before tlie Court for saying,\\nThey who stayed while a child is bap-\\ntized do worship the devil,\\nLETTERS.\\n1640* Mass. The Bay State Psalm\\nBook is published at Cambridge it is the\\nfirst book published in America north\\nof Mexico.\\n-64 Mass. Rev. Henry Dunster\\nis president of Harvard College.\\n1642 Oct. 9. Mass. First Commence-\\nment at Harvard College.\\n1643 A Key into the Language of\\nAmerica, by Roger Williams, appears.\\n_44 The Bloody Tenet, a treatise\\nagainst persecution, by Roger Williams,\\n1645 Mass. Every family in New\\nEngland is required to give either a\\npeck of corn or twelve pence, toward\\nthe support of the college.\\nMassachusetts passes a law for the\\nestablishment of public schools.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1640* Brazil. Numerous Southern\\ntribes are reduced to slavery by the\\nPortuguese.\\n1641 Sept. 1. N. J. Raritan Indians\\nmurder colonists on Staten Island, in\\nretaliation of an attack by the Dutch\\nof New Amsterdam.\\n1642 Md. The kidnapping of\\nIndians is made a capital offense.\\nMd. Drunkenness is to be fined by\\nthe payment of 100 lbs. of tobacco and\\nif the offender is a servant and unable\\nto pay, he is to be set in the bilboes and\\ncompelled to fast for 24 hours, or be\\nimprisoned.\\n1643 Feb. 25. N. J. Indians who\\nseek protection from the Mohawks are\\nbarbarously massacred by the Dutch\\nat Pavonia, opposite New Amsterdam\\n80 are killed, and great indignation is\\nexpressed in New Amsterdam at the\\nheartless Governor Kieft.\\nVa. Puritans are held in contempt\\nin loyal Virginia, as disturbers of the\\npeace of England. (See State.)\\n1644 Pennsylvania abandons pro-\\nhibition.\\nThe Court, apprehending that it is\\nnot fit to deprive the Indians of any\\nlawful comforts which God alloweth to\\nall men by the use of wine, orders that\\nit shall be lawful for all who are licensed\\nto retail wines, to sell also to Indians.\\n1645 Sept. 6. N. Y. Thanksgiving\\nDay observed, in gratitude for the close\\nof the Indian hostilities.\\nBoston. A party sails for Guinea to\\nsecure a cargo of slaves.\\nConn. Selling intoxicating liquors to\\nthe Indians is prohibited, under a pen-\\nalty of 40 shillings to 5 pounds.\\nSETTLEMENT STATE.\\n1639 Md. A regular representative\\ngovernment is established.\\nNew Eng. An ineffectual attempt is\\nmade to unite the New England colonies.\\nN. Y. De Vries colonizes Staten\\nIsland.\\n*R. L Newport is settled by colonists\\nfrom the other end of the island.\\n1640 July 7. B. I. Providence has a\\ngovernment formed by 40 citizens after\\ntheir own model.\\nBrazil is restored to the possession\\nof the Portuguese by the Spaniards.\\nConn. Edmund Hopkins is governor.\\nDel. Peter Hollander is governor.\\nMass. Thos. Dudley is governor.\\nNew England advances rapidly.\\nNearly a million dollars have been\\nspent in development, and more than\\nfifty towns and villages are established\\n298 emigrant ships have anchored in\\nMassachusetts Bay, and 21,200 people\\nhave joined the Puritan colonies.\\nN. Y. Increased emigration from\\nHoUand. About forty families from\\nLynn, Massachusetts, migrate, andfound\\nSouthampton on Long Island.\\nPort. John TV. enthroned.\\n1641 Mar. 16. It. I. William Codding-\\nton s Israelite form of government hav-\\ning failed, a new constitution is adopt-\\ned at a public meeting of citizens civil\\nand religious liberty, justice and equal-\\nity, are secured to all citizens. Here\\nthe first declaration of democracy in\\nthe New World was formulated.\\nDec. Mass. The Assembly of the Gen-\\neral Court adopts a code of 100 laws,\\ncalled The Body of Liberties, as the\\nConstitution of the State.\\nBrazil makes a feeble attempt for in-\\ndependence.\\nCan. Maisonneuve becomes governor\\nof Montreal.\\nRichard Bellingham is governor\\nof the Mass. Bay Colony Peter Hol-\\nlander of the Swedes [in Pa.] and Sir\\nWilliam Berkeley in Virginia.\\nEng. Oppressive restriction of colo-\\nnial commerce colonial commodities\\nmust be sold in English ports.\\n1642 Feb.* Va. Sir William Berke-\\nley assumes office as governor [pros-\\nperity follows].\\nApril 14. N. EC. By the action of its\\nown people, New Hampshire is united\\nto Massachusetts it is the only colony\\neast of the Hudson not founded by the\\nPuritans. John Winthrop, governor.\\nMd. A company of Puritans, who\\nhad been expelled from Virginia, settle\\nin Maryland, and become turbulent.\\nNew Eng. About fifty towns and vil-\\nlages are reported.\\nAug. 29. N. Y. The First Represen-\\ntative Assembly meets.\\nGovernor Kieft permits a meeting at\\nNew Amsterdam of the heads of fam-\\nilies, who choose 12 of their number to\\ninvestigate the- affairs of the colony.\\nThey soon pass from Indian difficulties\\nto governmental abuses, and they review\\nthe despotic acts of the governor, [and\\nresist his control, so he dissolves the\\nAssembly.]\\nVa. The trade of the colony is crip-\\npled, as England claims it for herself.\\n[The restrictions of commerce vex the\\ncolonies until the Revolution.]\\nConn. Geo. Wyllys is governor.\\nW. I. Tobago is settled by the Dutch.\\n1643 Jan. By Act of Parliament the\\nEarl of Warwick is made Governor-\\nin-chief and Lord High-admiral of the\\nAmerican colonies he has a council of\\nfive peers and 12 commoners, and is to\\nhave supreme power over governors and\\nofficers.\\nMar. 14. B. I. Roger Williams ob-\\ntains a patent from the Earl of War-\\nwick for the union of the towns of Prov-\\nidence, Newport, and Portsmouth, under\\none charter (Rhode Island).\\nMay 14. Fr. Louis XIV. enthroned.\\nMay 19. New Eng. The first confed-\\nerated government in the New\\nWorld.\\nA measure for uniting the New Eng-\\nland colonies for mutual defense is\\nadopted; Massachusetts, Plymouth, Con-\\nnecticut, and New Haven combine into\\na loose confederacy called The United\\nColonies of New England.\\nConn. New Haven, Milford, Stamford,\\nand Guilford united in the Republic of\\nNew Haven. [Later Southold on Long\\nIsland and Branford are added.]\\nSept. 7. New Eng. The commissioners\\nof the Confederacy open their first meet-\\ning, and elect John Winthrop presi-\\ndent of the United Colonies of New\\nEngland.\\n-64 New Eng. Period of pros-\\nperity. [Civil War in England.]\\nConn. John Haynes and Ed. Hopkins,\\ngovernors. {Del. J. Printz.)\\nPa. The Swedes establish a colony\\non the Delaware, within six miles of the\\nmouth of the Schuylkill.\\n1644 Conn. Saybrook is purchased\\nby George Fenwick, one of the proprie-\\ntors, and permanently annexed to Con-\\nnecticut, and the union of eight towns\\ncalled by the latter name.\\nMass. The colony divides its legis-\\nlative assembly into two bodies, the\\nlegislature and the governor s council.\\nNeio York. A city hall is built in\\nNew Amsterdam (Coenties Slip.)\\nB. I. Roger Williams returns w T ith a\\ncharter for Rhode Island.\\n1645 Aug. 30. N. t. The Butch of\\nNew Amsterdam and the Iroquois In-\\ndians sign Articles of Peace.\\nGovernors inaugurated Wm. Brad-\\nford of Plymouth Thos. Dudley of Mas-\\nsachusetts Bay Richard Kemp (Lieut.),\\nand later Sir Wm. Berkeley, of Virginia.\\nMass. Boston offers 3,000 acres of\\nland as a bounty for setting up iron-\\nworks, also a monopoly for 21 years.\\nMd. A rebellion, led by Clayborne\\nand Ingle, overthrows the government\\nthe governor flees to Virginia.\\nN. Y. Only 100 persons left at\\nManhattan, and 1,500 in the province.\\n1646 Aug. Md. Governor Calvert\\nregains the government; a general\\namnesty is granted.\\nMass. Edward Winslow, governor of\\nPlymouth; J. Endicott, Bay Colony.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "38\\n1646-1654.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1646* *The Dutch are defeated at\\nGuarapari.\\n1647 Apr. Mil. Calvert in person\\nreduces Kent Island.\\n1649 Can. The Huron Indians\\nare massacred at St. Ignatius by the\\nIroquois.\\nBrazil. War between the Dutch and\\nPortuguese colonists the Brazil Com-\\npany aids its people with a fleet.\\n1651* Del, The Dutch of New Am-\\nsterdam build and garrison Fort Casi-\\nmir on the Delaware River, five miles\\nbelow Fort Christiana, to menace the\\nSwedes, who are regarded as intruders.\\n1652 Mar. Va. Parliament sends a\\nnaval force to subdue the Virginians,\\nwho favor Charles I.\\n1653 Sept. 19. New England colonies\\ndeclare war against the Niantick In-\\ndians.\\nNew York. A wall is built across\\nManhattan Island (Wall Street) for de-\\nfense against the Indians and the ex-\\npected troops of Oliver Cromwell it\\nhas breastwork, ditch, and palisades,\\nand extends 2,340 feet.\\nRhode Island declares war against\\nNew Netherland.\\n1654 Md. A civil war between\\nCatholics and Protestants rages.\\nDel. The Swedes under Gov. Rising\\ndrive the Dutch from Port Casimir\\n(New Castle^.\\nBrazil. The insurrection against the\\nDutch is successful.\\nCan. Oliver Cromwell sends a\\nstrong force against the French in\\nNova Scotia.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nEXPLORATION.\\n1652 Mass. First iron forge set up\\nin Raynham, a town of the Plymouth\\ncolony.\\n1654 Aug. 16. N. Y. The Onondaga\\nsalt springs discovered by the Jesuits.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1647 Bogardus, Everardus, Dutch pastor in\\nN. J., dies.\\nCalvert, Leonard, Gov. of Md., A41.\\nDudley, Joseph, Gov. of Mass., born.\\nHooker, Thomas, founder of Conn., A61.\\n1648 P Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Alva, Mex.\\nhistorian, A80.\\n1649 Winthrop. John, Gov. of Mass., A63.\\nYale, Elihu, patron of Yale, born.\\n1650\u00c2\u00b1 Kidd, William, pirate, born.\\n1651 Cruz, Juana Ine s de la, Mex. poet, b.\\nPhips, Sir William, Gov. of Mass., born.\\n1653 Cotton, John, Puritan minister, A66.\\nSewall, Samuel, jurist, born.\\nHaynes, John, statesman, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n1646 Aug. Me. Father Gabriel\\nDreuillettes descends the Kennebec\\nto its mouth, and builds a mission\\nchapel for the Indians.\\nSept. Mass. The Second General\\nSynod meets at Cambridge, and frames\\na Platform of church discipline gath-\\nered out of the Word of God.\\nIt approves the Westminster Assem-\\nbly s Confession of Faith, as slightly\\nmodified by the Savoy Synod.\\nOct. N. Y. The Mohawks secure Fa-\\nther Jogues as a prisoner, kill him, and\\nthrow his body into the Mohawk River.\\nOct. 28. Mass. John Eliot, the Apos-\\ntle to the Indians, preaches his first ser-\\nmon to the Indians in a wigwam at No-\\nnantum the first sermon ever preached\\nin North America in the native tongue.\\nMass. Episcopalians in Boston peti-\\ntion for the use of the Prayer-Book.\\nIt is enacted that the elders of the\\nchurch shall choose two persons yearly\\nto spread the gospel among the Indians.\\nEliot begins his missionary work.\\nHe gathers Christian Indians into\\npraying Indian towns, governed by\\nnative magistrates chosen by the people.\\nThe first was located at Nat ick the sec-\\nond, Pakemitt, at Stoughton the third,\\nHassanamesit, at Grafton the fourth,\\nOkommakamesit, at Marlborough; the\\nfifth, Waniesit, at Tewksbury the sixth,\\nNashobah, at Littleton; and the seventh,\\nMagunkaquog, at Hopkinton.\\n1647 Can. The wilderness has al-\\nready been visited by 42 Jesuit mission-\\naries and 18 assistants.\\nJR. I. A law is passed tolerating all\\nreligious opinions, whether Christian\\nor infidel.\\n1648 July4. Mich. Father Anthony\\nDaniel of St. Joseph s, with many Hu-\\nron converts, is killed by the Mohawks.\\nMass. A Synod of churches at Cam-\\nbridge completes the organization of\\nCongregationalism, and issues the\\nCambridge Platform.\\nN. J. Richard Stout and other Bap-\\ntists settle at Middletown, the govern-\\nment being preeminent in granting reli-\\ngious liberty.\\n1649 Mar. 16. A thousand Iroquois\\nIndians surprise the mission town of St.\\nIgnatius, and only three persons escape\\nthe general massacre.\\nMar. Fathers Jean de Brebeuf and\\nGabriel Lallemand of St. Joseph s\\nMission suffer terrible and fatal tortures\\nafter the taking of St. Louis by the Iro-\\nquois.\\nDel. The Assembly decrees that no\\nperson professing faith in Christ shall\\nbe molested in his religion or its free\\nexercise.\\nEng. Organization by Parliament of\\nthe Society for the Propagation of\\nthe Gospel in New England, through\\nthe example and success of Eliot.\\nMass. Thomas Cushnian is chosen\\nelder.\\nThe General Court lays the Cambridge\\nPlatform before the congregations.\\nMd. The legislature declares for tol-\\neration.\\nNo person believing in the fundamental\\ndoctrines of Christianity to be distressed\\nbecause of his opinions or practises, and\\nit is a finable offense to use opprobrious\\nepithets in religious controversy. The\\nprovince becomes known as the Land\\nof the Sanctuary.\\nVa. Twenty churches are estab-\\nlished, the livings of the ministers being\\nworth on an average at least \u00c2\u00a3100.\\n1650* Mass. Many Indians on Mar-\\ntha s Vim-yard abandon heathenism and\\naccept Christianity.\\nThe opinion gains ground that all bap-\\ntized persons of upright and decorous\\nlives shall for all practical purposes be\\nconsidered members of the church. The\\ntheory is .stigmatized as the Half -way\\nCovenant.\\nX. C. Presbyterians settle in this\\nprovince.\\n1651 July 13. Boston. John Spur is\\nexpelled from the Boston church be-\\ncause he ceased to commune with them,\\non the belief that their baptism, singing\\nof psalms, and covenant were human\\ninventions.\\nSept. 6. Boston. Obadiah Holmes is\\nwhipped he receives 30 stripes for be-\\ning a Baptist. While the blood is flow-\\ning, he says, Tou have struck me with\\nroses. [Thirteen persons afterwards\\nsuffer for showing him sympathy, great\\npublic indignation follows.]\\nMass. John Clarke is persecuted for\\nholding Baptist doctrines. Absence\\nfrom preaching is punishable with a fine.\\nThe Cambridge platform is adopted\\nby the congregations provides a plan\\nof Church discipline.\\nThomas May hew reports 190 conver-\\nsions among the Indians of Martha s\\nVineyard.\\n1652 Oct. Mass. The first native\\nchurch in New England is organized,\\nhaving 282 members.\\nX. Y. A church is built at Flat-\\nbush, the first on Long Island.\\n-53 B. I. A division occurs in\\nthe Baptist church at Providence, a part\\nseceding on the question of the laying\\non of hands.\\n1653* X. C. Dissenting Presbyteri-\\nans, oppressed by the collection of tithes\\nfor the Church of England, leave Vir-\\nginia, and settle on the Chowan River.\\n1654 Oct. Md. The colony is dis-\\ntracted by the dissensions of the Cath-\\nolic and Protestant parties. The\\nProtestant party call an assembly at\\nPatuxent, and disfranchise the Cath-\\nolics, prohibit their worship, and de-\\nprive them of the protection of the laws\\nof their own province.\\nDel. A Dutch Reformed church\\nis established at New Amstel (New\\nCastle).\\nX. T. Father Le Moyne joins the\\nMohawks on the Mohawk River. A\\nmission is opened for the Indians of\\nOnondaga, and a chapel built by the\\nRoman Catholics.\\nA Keformed Dutch- church is es-\\ntablished at Midwout (Flatbush), Long\\nIsland.\\nLETTERS.\\n1647 Mass. It is enacted that every\\ntown or district having fifty household-\\ners should have a public school and\\none hundred families should have a\\ngrammar school.\\nThe Simple Cobbler of Agaicam, by\\nNathaniel Ward, appears.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1646-1654.\\n39\\n1650 The Poems of Anne Bradstreet\\nand Benjamin Thompson appear.\\n1651 Jan. 11. Mass. Mr. Experience\\nMayhew opens the first school in New\\nEngland for the instruction of Indian\\nchildren.\\n1652 Experiments of Spiritual Life,\\nand Health and Their Preservatives, by\\nRoger Williams, appears.\\nHireling Ministry and Bloody Tenet\\nYet More Bloody, by Roger Williams,\\nappears.\\n1654 -72 Mass. Rev. Charles\\nChauney is President of Harvard Col-\\nlege.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1647 R. I. Drunkenness is forbid-\\nden under penalty of 5s., or G hours in\\nthe stocks if unable to pay. Selling to\\nIndians is forbidden under penalty of\\n5 pounds.\\n1648* Boston. It is ordered that only\\none person be allowed to sell wine to\\nthe Indians.\\n1649 Va. There are 6 public brew\\nhouses, 4 windmills, together with 5,\\nwatermills to grind corn.\\n1650 Conn. No licensed dealer is\\nto suffer any one to be drunk or to,\\ndrink excessively (viz., above half a pint\\nat a time), or to tipple above the space of\\nhalf an hour, or at unreasonable times.\\nThe penalty for drunkenness appear-\\ning in speech or gesture only is 10s. for\\nexcessive drinking, 3s. 4rf. for tippling\\nover half an hour, 2s. 6d., for tippling\\nat unreasonable hours, or after nine\\no clock, 5s. Second offenses have a\\ndouble penalty.\\nNew York. Negro slaves brought\\nto New Amsterdam.\\n1652 May 18. R. I. The representa-\\ntives of Providence and Warwick pro-\\nhibit perpetual slavery, and limit\\nbondage to ten years.\\n1654 Mass. Licensed persons, allow-\\ning tippling and excessive drinking, are\\nfined 20s.\\nSETTLEMENT STATE.\\n1646* *Eng. Parliament frees colonial\\nmerchandise from all duty for three\\nyears, on condition that all productions\\nbe carried in English vessels.\\nMass. Gov. Winthrop is reelected.\\nN. Y. Bruecklyn (Brooklyn) re-\\nceives a village charter.\\n1647 May 11. N. Y. Peter Stuyve-\\nsant assumes the governorship he is\\nthe last and greatest of the governors of\\nNew Netherland. [In office 17 years.]\\nMd. Calvert, having recovered author-\\nity, establishes Robert Vaughn, a Pro-\\ntestant, as governor.\\nMich. A settlement is made at Detroit\\nby the French.\\n*\\\\_U. S.] Governors inaugurated:\\nMd. Thomas Greene.\\nMay R. J. John Coggeshall governor\\nof Providence, Warwick, Portsmouth,\\nand Newport.\\nGovernor Stuyvesant claims all the\\nregion between Cape Henlopeu and Cape\\nCod. He restores prosperity to the col-\\nony, which had been nearly ruined by\\nKieft, his predecessor.\\nR. T. The first general assembly of\\nthe province meets, and frames a code of\\nlaws.\\n1648 Aug. Md. Lord Baltimore dis-\\nmisses the Catholic governor, Green, and\\nappoints a Protestant, William Stone,\\nin his place.\\nConn. The settlement of New Lon-\\ndon is commenced.\\nRhode Island petitions to be admitted\\ninto the confederacy of New England\\nColonies, and is refused, after declining\\nto submit itself to the jurisdiction of\\nPlymouth. W. Coddington, governor.\\nEng. THE COMMONWEALTH.\\n1649 Jan. 30. Charles I. is executed.\\nR. I. John Smith, governor. (Mass.\\nBay. J. Endicott.)\\nMass. A definite code of laws is\\nfinally secured.\\nMd. The Assembly passes a law of\\nperfect toleration for all Christian\\nsects. Many exiled Puritans received\\nfrom Virginia and settle Annapolis.\\nFa. The Virginians reject Crom-\\nwell, and proclaim Charles II. as right-\\nful sovereign of the British realm.\\nThe Northern Neck (between the Rap-\\npahannock and the Potomac) is granted\\nto Lord Culpepper and a company of\\nCavaliers, as a refuge for their partisans.\\n1650 June Fa. Berkeley receives a\\nnew commission from the exiled\\nEnglish king, Charles II.\\nOct. 3. Eng. The Long Parliament as-\\nserts its supremacy over the colonies.\\nEng. Foreign ships are forbidden\\nto trade with the rebellious (royalist)\\ncolony of Virginia.\\nMd. The legislature is divided into\\ntwo houses.\\nTo appease the Protestants their settle-\\nment is erected into a separate county\\nAnne Arundel. [Charles County is\\nerected later.]\\nGovernors elected Thomas Dudley\\n(Mass.) Nicholas Easton (R. I.).\\nN. Y. An amicable adjustment of\\nthe boundary line between the Dutch\\nand New England colonies (near the\\npresent line) is treated with contempt\\nby the English government.\\n1651 Oct. 9. Eng. Parliament passes\\nthe first navigation act, forbidding\\nthe importation of goods into England\\nexcept in English vessels. (It is aimed\\nagainst the Dutch, and designed to pun-\\nish the royalists of Virginia.)\\n*[U. S.] Governors elected\\nMass. Bay. John Endicott.\\nR. I. Sam. Gorton (Prov. and War).\\nEng. Parliament appoints commis-\\nsioners to visit America and assume\\ncontrol of the colonies bordering on the\\nChesapeake. Stone, the deputy of Lord\\nBaltimore, is deposed by them.\\nThe war between England and Hol-\\nland somewhat strains the relation be-\\ntween tho English and Dutch colonies,\\nbut no rupture occurs.\\nJSf. C. The first actual settlement\\nmade near the mouth of the Chowan\\nRiver.\\n1652 Mar. 12. Fa. The loyalists\\nsurrender to Parliament when a war-\\nvessel appears with commissioners\\nfrom Cromwell. It is agreed that the\\nPeople of Virginia ought to have all\\nthe liberties of the free-born people of\\nEngland.\\nOct. 2. Eng. Roger Williams secures the\\nconfirmation of the charter and the\\nunion of Providence and Rhode Island.\\nEng. Parliament assumes control of\\nMaryland, and nominally suspends the\\ngovernment in Rhode Island.\\nGuiana. The English colony on the\\nSurinam River returns to Paramaribo.\\nMassachusetts purchases Maine\\nfor $5,334.\\nA mint is erected, and silver coined\\ninto shilling, sixpenny, and threepenny\\npieces.\\nN. Y. Newtown and Flatbush on\\nLong Island are settled under Dutch\\npatents.\\nFa. Richard Bennett, a Puritan, is\\nelected governor. (R. I. John Smith.)\\n1653 N. C. Oppressed colonists\\nemigrate from Virginia, and settle on\\nthe Chowan River. Governor Berkeley\\nassumes jurisdiction, and appoints Wil-\\nliam Drummond governor.\\nFeb. 2. New York. New Amsterdam\\nincorporated, and an elective munici-\\npal government established.\\nDec. 16. Eng. Oliver Cromwell be-\\ncomes Lord Protector of the British\\nrealm.\\nDec. 10. N. Y. First General assembly\\nof the people, consisting of two deputies\\nfrom each village Stuyvesant is un-\\nwilling to sanction it, but is unable to\\nprevent it.\\n[C. Governors inaugurated\\nDel. Johan C. Rising.\\nMass. Richard Bellingham.\\nR. I. Roger Williams.\\nFeb. Md. Governor Stone s proclama-\\ntion to make oath of fidelity to the pro-\\nprietary (a Catholic) is resisted.\\nJuly 15\u00c2\u00b1. Md. Bennett and Clayborne,\\nthe governor and secretary of Virginia,\\ncome and take the government out of\\nthe hands of Stone, and hold it for the\\nLord Protector.\\nJuly Md. William Fuller and nine\\nothers are appointed commissioners\\nto execute government.\\nOct. Md. A factional assembly at\\nPatuxent acknowledges the authority\\nof Cromwell, but disfranchises the\\nwhole Catholic party.\\nBrazil. The colonies unite under\\nthe royal authority of Portugal.\\nMass. Emigration nearly ceases\\nduring the commonwealth many Puri-\\ntans return to assist in the struggle in\\nEngland.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "40\\n1655-1662.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1655 Mar. 25. Md. The Catholic pro-\\nprietary attacks the Puritans at Provi-\\ndence, but is defeated and captured.\\nMay 3. W. I Jamaica is taken from\\nthe Spaniards by the British under Ad-\\nmiral Penn and troops under Venables.\\nSept. 5. N. Y. Peter Stuyvesant with\\n600 men sails from New York against\\nthe Swedes of Delaware, and subdues\\nthem.\\nSept. N. Y. The Algonkian Indians\\nvainly rise in rebellion against the\\nDutch at and near New Amsterdam.\\n[They sue for peace on the return of\\nStuyvesant and his force from Dela-\\nware.]\\n1661 Brazil. An uprising occurs\\nagainst the missionaries.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nEXPLORATION.\\n1659* N. Y. Bricks made at New\\nAmsterdam previously they were im-\\nported from Holland, and only used for\\novens and chimneys, etc.\\n1662 N. Y. A windmill is erected\\nat New Amsterdam.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1655 Winslow. Edward, Gov. of Mass.,\\nA60.\\nStandieh, Miles, Puritan soldier, A72.\\n1657 Carrtillac, Antoine \u00c2\u00abie la Motte, f dr,b.\\nMaybe w, Thomas, minister, A36.\\nHopkins, Edward, Gov. of Conn., A57.\\nFenwick, George, proprietor in Conn., A54.\\n1658 De Peyster, Abraham, mayor of N. Y.,b.\\n1659 Dunster, Henry, pres. of Harvard, d.\\n1660 Dyer. Mary, Quaker martyr, banged.\\nDustin, Hannah, heroine, born.\\nMathews, Samuel, Gov. of Va., dies.\\n1661 Iberville, Pierre le Moyne, Sieur, foun-\\nder, born.\\n1663 Leverett, John, pres. of Harvard, b.\\nCHURCH.\\n1655 Nov. N. Y. Father Chaumo-\\nnot and Claude Dablon join the Onon-\\ndaga Indians.\\nIt. Alexander VII., pope.\\nMd. Several persons killed in a con-\\nflict between Catholics and Protestants.\\nNew York. By special act of the Com-\\npany at Amsterdam the Jews are per-\\nmitted to live in New Amsterdam,\\nprovided they agree to support their\\nown poor.\\n1656 Feb. 1. New York. Tyranny of\\nthe Dutch. The authorities of New\\nNetherland decree all meetings illegal\\nexcept those of the Reformed divine\\nservice.\\nMar. 13. New York. Jews are permitted\\nto worship in their own houses at New\\nAmsterdam, but not publicly in syna-\\nJune 2. N. Y. Corner-stone of the\\nDutch church laid in the center of\\nState Street at Albany.\\nOct. 14. Mass. Act passed prohibiting\\nthe immigration of Quakers, and ap-\\npointing 20 lashes and imprisonment to\\nsuch as should arrive, and death to such\\nas return after transportation.\\nNov. 8. N. Y. Baptists are perse-\\ncuted Wm. Hallet of Flushing fined\\n$250 for permitting meetings to be held\\nin his house. [Afterwards banished for\\nnon-payment.]\\nCan. Two French missionaries be-\\ngin work among the Ottawas by request\\nof the chiefs. One is mortally wounded\\nin an attack by the Iroquois, and both\\nare captured.\\nFather Mesnard goes to the Cayugas\\nand Father Chaumonot to theSenecas.\\nMass. A day of solemn prayer and\\nfasting observed because of reports from\\nEngland concerning Quakers who would\\ndestroy all churches and governments.\\nTwo weeks later two female Quaker\\nmissionaries arrive.\\nN. Y. Baptist converts are baptized\\nat Flushing.\\nE.I. Secession from the Baptist\\nchurch to form a Six-Principle Baptist\\nchurch.\\n1657 Apr. 7. Mass. Henry Dunster,\\nlate president of Cambridge college, is\\narraigned before the Court for refusing\\nto have his infant child baptized.\\nJune 4. Mass. A Congregational minis-\\nters meeting at Boston adopts the\\nHalf-Way Covenant.\\nIt declares that all persons of sober\\nlife and correct sentiments, without\\nbeing examined as to a change of heart,\\nmight profess religion or become mem-\\nbers of the church, and have their chil-\\ndren baptized, though they did not come\\nto the Lord s table.\\nConn. John Eliot is the first to preach\\nthe gospel to the Indians at Hartford,\\nin an assembly of Podunks.\\nThe Podunk Indians were asked by\\nEliot to accept Christ they answered\\nemphatically, No, adding, the Eng-\\nlish had taken their lands, and would\\nnow make them servants.\\nNew Eng. The four united colonies\\nprohibit the landing of Quakers.\\nPersecution of the Quakers. A\\nmotley tribe half fanatic, half insane,\\nand without definite purposes. (Ban-\\ncroft.) The penalty for attending a\\nQuaker meeting is ten shillings, and\\nfor speaking in such a meeting ten\\npounds.\\nMass. Faunce is chosen elder of the\\ncolony.\\nNew York. John E. Goetwater, a\\nLutheran minister, arrives in New Am-\\nsterdam.\\n1658 Mar. 26. New York. The New\\nNetherland authorities annul the right\\nof Flushing to hold town or heretical\\nmeetings, and require all to pay taxes\\nfor the support of the minister, or lose\\ntheir goods and take themselves out\\nof this government.\\nN. C. Presbyterians settle on the\\nChowan Paver. (See page 38.)\\nNew Eng. The commissioners of the\\nfour United Colonies advise the Court\\nof Massachusetts to execute Quakers\\nreturning from banishment the law is\\nenacted by a majority of one vote.\\nB. I. A Jewish congregation is or-\\nganized at Providence.\\nVa. Religious liberty is universal,\\nexcept for tbe Quakers, who are ban-\\nished by law and their return proscribed\\nas a felony.\\n1659 Mass. Two Quakers executed\\nfor returning from banishment.\\n1660 June 1. Mass. Mary Dyer, a\\nQuakeress returning from banishment,\\nis executed.\\nAug. Can. Father Bene Mesnard,\\nan aged man, responds to the request of\\nthe Indians, and opens a mission near\\nKneweenaw, where he is neglected, per-\\nsecuted, and finally dies.\\nMass. John Eliot forms a church of\\nconverted Indians at Natiek.\\nPrisons are full of Quakers ready\\nfor martyrdom.\\nMaryland is an asylum for the per-\\nsecuted.\\n1661 Mar. 14. Mass. William Ledra,\\na Quaker, is hanged by tbe Puritans.\\nMass. The death penalty against the\\nQuakers is removed from the statute-\\nbook.\\nJohn Eliot prints the New Testa-\\nment in the Indian language.\\nConn. Abraham Pierson begins\\npreaching to the Indians about Weth-\\nersfield.\\n*R. I. First yearly meeting of Qua-\\nkers established.\\n1662 Apr. 4, Va. Many Quakers ar-\\nraigned before the Court as recusants.\\nDec. Va. Enactments passed to op-\\npress the Baptists.\\nBoston. A partial Synod approves\\nthe Half Way Covenant.\\nA few French Protestant refugees are\\ngranted leave to reside in the colony.\\nEjectment of non-conformist ministers.\\nVa. Stringent laws passed against\\nQuakers and all sectarians.\\nVa. The Royalists General Assem-\\nbly provides for a church, parsonage,\\nand minister for every parish.\\nHis salary to be \u00c2\u00a3S0, all to be raised\\nin tax levies. [The salary was after-\\nwards changed to 1,600 pounds of tobac-\\nco.] Absence from church for one Sun-\\nday punishable bv fine of 50 pounds of\\ntobacco non-conformists to pay \u00c2\u00a320 for\\na month s absence all non-Episcopal\\nministers are forbidden to preach.\\nLETTERS.\\n1661* *-63 Dec* John Eliot com-\\npletes his translation of the Old Testa-\\nment into the Indian vernacular.\\n1662* Mass. Two licensers of the press\\nare appointed.\\nThe Day of Doo7n,hy Michael Wiggles-\\nworth, appears.\\nS0CD2TY.\\n1655 Md. Hostilities between Prot-\\nestants and Catholics.\\n1656 New Eng. Quakers are per-\\nsecuted. {See Church.)\\n1657 Mass. Selling liquor to In-\\ndians is absolutely prohibited; penalty\\n40s.\\nMass. A return is made to the origi-\\nnal prohibitory law of 1639.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1655-1662.\\n41\\nIt is decreed that All persons are\\nwholly prohibited to sell, truck, barter,\\nor give any strong liquors to any Indian,\\ndirectly or indirectly, whether known\\nby the name of rum, strong waters,\\nwine, strong beer, brandy, eider, or\\nperry, or any other strong liquor going\\nunder any other name whatsoever.\\n1658 Md. Drunkenness is punished\\nby confinement in the stocks for 6 hours\\nor a fine of 100 lbs. of tobacco (half to\\nthe informer) for a second offense, by\\npublic whipping or a fine of 300 lbs. of\\ntobacco for the third offense the of-\\nfender is adjudged infamous, and dis-\\nfranchised three years.\\nVa. One convicted of drunkenness\\nthree times is accounted a common\\ndrunkard.\\n1659 July 26. Can. Indians mas-\\nsacre more than one thousand people\\nat Montreal.\\nConn, Any person found drunk at\\nany private house is to be fined 20s. and\\nthe owner of the house 10s. Distillation\\nof corn or malt into liquor is prohibited.\\n1660 July 27. Boston. Two of the\\nfugitive judges of Charles I., Edward\\nWhalley and William Goff e, are wel-\\ncomed, and concealed from royal officers.\\n1662 June 20. Conn. Three women\\ncondemned at Hartford as witches\\none is hanged.\\nBrazil. A hardy race of men is\\nproduced at San Paulo, from the inter-\\nmarriage of colonists with natives.\\nMass. Adultery is punished with\\ndeath.\\nVa. It is enacted that offspring shall\\nfollow the condition of the mother, mak-\\ning the children of white men by\\nnegro women slaves from birth.\\nSETTLEMENT STATE.\\n1655 Jan. Md. Deputy governor\\nStone vainly seeks to regain authority\\nby revolution.\\nConn. Thomas Welles, governor.\\n(Mass. Bay. John Endicott.)\\nSept. N. Y. Gov. Stuyvesant compels\\nthe Swedes of Delaware to acknowledge\\nthe supremacy of New Netherland the\\nlittle State of New Sweden ceases\\nto exist, and the territory is annexed\\nto New Netherland.\\nMd. Conflict between the Puritans\\nand Roman Catholics.\\nVa. Edward Diggs elected gov-\\nernor.\\n1656 July* Md. Josias Fendall, a\\nweak and impetuous man, commissioned\\nas Lord Baltimore s lieutenant. [The\\ncouncil of ten holds him under arrest as\\na dangerous person. There are two gov-\\nernments for two years-1\\nSept. 11. Conn. Stuyvesant concludes a\\nboundary treaty, limiting New Neth-\\nerland by Oyster Bay on Long Island,\\nand the neighborhood of Greenwich on\\nthe mainland.\\nConn. John Webster, governor. (Va.\\nSamuel Matthews.)\\nDel. The city of Amsterdam pur-\\nchases the proprietary of Delaware\\nfrom the Brandy wine to Bombay Hook,\\nand by purchase from the natives extends\\nits lands to Cape Henlopen. The Dutch\\nown from New England to Maryland.\\nPort, Alfonso VI. enthroned.\\n-58 N. r. A short-lived French\\ncolony in western New York.\\nVa. Charles II., now in exile, is\\ninvited to join the colony and be\\nKing of Virginia. This incident\\nsuggested the title of The Old Do-\\nminion.\\n1657* IU. 5.] Governors inaugu-\\nrated.\\nConn. John Winthrop.\\nPlym. Thomas Prince.\\nR. I. Benedict Arnold. [1662-63.]\\n1658 Mar.* Md. The revolt is settled\\nby compromise, Fendall is acknowledged\\ngovernor, and the Protestant assemblies\\naccepted as valid a general amnesty is\\nannounced.\\nSept. 3. Eng. Kichard Cromwell,\\nLord Protector.\\nConn. Settlement of Southerton\\n(Stonington) commenced.\\nN. J. Purchasers obtain a large grant\\ncalled Bergen, and the station becomes\\na permanent settlement.\\nConn. T. Welles and Francis New-\\nman, governors.\\nVa. Samuel Matthews elected gov-\\nernor the legislature grants a fixed sal-\\nary to the office [and repeals the act in\\nthe following year].\\n1659* Mass. Settlement of Nan-\\ntucket by Thomas Macy.\\nConn. John Winthrop, governor. (Pa.\\nAlex. D Hinoyossa (Dutch). [1663. Re-\\nappointed. 1660. R.I. Wm. Brenton.])\\n1660 Mar. 12. Md. Popular sov-\\neignty is exercised by the representa-\\ntives, who vote themselves a lawful as-\\nsembly without dependence on any other\\npower in the province, thus ignoring the\\nrights of Lord Baltimore.\\nMay 8. Eng. Charles II. enthroned\\nas sovereign over the British realm\\nthe worst monarch of modern times.\\n(Ridpath.) [He oppresses the commerce\\nof Virginia, and sneers at complaints.]\\nNov. 10. Mass. It becomes well known\\nthat the monarchy is restored in England.\\nDec. 19. Mass. The General Court con-\\nvened, and addresses are prepared for\\nthe king and parliament.\\n*-70* Eng. Enactment of naviga-\\ntion, trade, excise, and other laws\\ninimical to the colonies in America.\\nCosta Rica. Spaniards reappear, and\\nsubdue the rebellious Indians again.\\nMass. The government persecutes\\nthe Quakers.\\nMd. Philip Calvert, governor. (R. I.\\nWm. Brenton.)\\nN. F. The French found a colony at\\nPlacentia Bay.\\nNew Eng. Population, 38,000; Md.,\\n12,000.\\nArrival of the English regicides.\\nVa. Sir William Berkeley is elect-\\ned governor by the House of Burgesses.\\nHe surpasses the tyranny of the king;\\nBaptists and Quakers are persecuted\\npersonal property is heavily taxed; large\\nestates are exempted the biennial elec-\\ntion of burgesses is abolished. [This\\ncontinues for 16 years.]\\nThe people contend against a rising\\naristocracy for the control of the polit-\\nical life.\\nThe population is estimated by Gov-\\nernor Berkeley at 40,000, including\\n2,000 black slaves, 6,000 Christian ser-\\nvants, of whom about 1,500 are imported\\nyearly, principally English. The Chris-\\ntian servants are chiefly ex-convicts.\\n1661 Mar. 12. Va. The first session\\nof the royalist assembly marks a polit-\\nical revolution. F. Moryson governor.\\nJune 10. Mass. Foreboding collision\\nwith the Crown, the General Court makes\\na declaration of the natural and char-\\ntered rights of the colonists.\\nJuly 27. N. Y. Schenectady pur-\\nchased from the Indians.\\nAug. 7. Mass. Charles H. is pro-\\nclaimed.\\nAug. Conn. John Winthrop sent to\\nEngland to obtain a charter. Wm.\\nLeete, governor of New Haven.\\nEng. By Act of Parliament, sugar,\\ntobacco, indigo, and other enumerated\\narticles, are not to be shipped from\\nthe colonies to any country but Eng-\\nland.\\nMass. Penal laws against the Qua-\\nkers suspended by the king.\\nIndian wampum a legal tender in small\\ntransactions. [Continued for 50 years.]\\nN. C. A company of New England\\nPuritans establishes a colony on Old-\\ntown Creek.\\nNew Eng. Warrants arrive for the\\narrest of the regicides of Charles I., Ed-\\nward Whalley, William Goff, and John\\nLMxwell, who have escaped to New Eng-\\nland, and are effectually concealed.\\nVa. The loyal Virginians are\\noppressed.\\nCharles II. treats Virginia as personal\\nproperty, and grants large tracts of both\\ntilled and wild lands to the most worth-\\nless profligates that court his favor, pro-\\nducing great uncertainty and distress\\namong the planters. The planters also\\nsuffer religious oppression. (See Church.)\\n1662 Apr. 23. Conn. A Liberal char-\\nter for Connecticut is granted.\\nCharles II. signs the charter prepared\\nby the colonists without the alteration\\nof a word or letter. [It is character-\\nized as the most liberal charter ever\\ngranted by an English monarch for 14\\nyears the younger Winthrop is annually\\nelected governor.]\\nGuiana. Charles II. grants the en-\\ntire English colony to Lord Willoughby.\\nMd. Charles Calvert (Lord Balti-\\nmore) is confirmed in the government.\\nAn Act is passed to establish a mint.\\nVa. The Koyalist Legislature enacts\\na permanent imposition on all ex-\\nported tobacco, to provide a perpetual\\nrevenue for royal officers, and make\\nthem independent of colonial legislation.\\nThe Assembly for 14 years denies to\\nthe people the right of choosing their\\nown legislators, by assuming to be a\\nperpetual body.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "42 1663-1669, Feb.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1663 June 7. N. Y. The Indians at-\\ntack the settlers at Esopus (Kingston;\\non the Hudson, and are subdued after\\nkilling 65 whites. Rondout is almost\\nannihilated by them about this time.\\n1664 Guiana. Cayenne is taken by\\nthe French.\\nSept. 8. New York. New Netherland\\nis taken.\\nA small English fleet takes New Am-\\nsterdam without a struggle Peter Stuy-\\nvesant proposes resistance, but is forced\\nby bis council to sign the capitulation.\\nSept. 24. N. Y. Fort Orange (Albany)\\nsurrenders to the British.\\nOct. 1. Del. The Swedish and Dutch\\ncolonists on the Delaware submit to\\nthe British, who thus complete their\\nconquest.\\nDec. N. Y. Truce with the Indians.\\nW, I. Buccaneers, led by [Sir]\\nHenry Morgan, begin their depredations\\non the colonies of Spain.\\n1665 May N. Y. Treaty of peace\\nentered with the Indians.\\nFla. The town of St. Augustine is\\ncaptured and plundered by a company\\nof buccaneers under Capt. John Davis,\\nan Englishman.\\nCuba. The wall around Havana is\\ncommenced.\\n1666 Jan. 29. Fr, France declares\\nwar against England.\\nJan.+* Can. The French expedition of\\nCourcelles and Tracy goes against the\\nMohawk Indians.\\nGuiana. The Dutch take the English\\nsettlement by storm, and a heavy ran-\\nsom is exacted.\\n1667 Guiana. Surinam is taken by\\nthe English.\\nMass. Ravages are committed by\\nthe Mohawks near Northampton.\\n1668 Can. Peace is made between\\nthe French and Five Nations.\\nMaine yields to the authority of\\nMassachusetts by force of arms.\\nPanama. Morgan s 1,200 bucca-\\nneers take Porto Bello and immense\\nspoils.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nEXPLORATION.\\n1663 Feb. 5. Can. Severe earth-\\nquakes.\\n[They continue with short intermis-\\nsions for over 6 months, and change the\\nsurface of the earth.]\\n1664 Nov. 17. New Eng. Abearded\\ncomet becomes visible.\\n[It exhibits a tail when it departs.]\\n1666 Aug. 4. JY. I. Terrific hurri-\\ncane Lord Francis Willoughby, with his\\nfleet of 15 sail, perishes in it.\\n1667+ Painters ply their art making\\nportraits of dignitaries.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1663 Mather. Cotton, clergyman and au-\\nthor, born.\\nBradford, William, printer in Pa., born.\\n1665 Einllcott, John, Gov. of Mass., A76.\\n1667 Carr, Sir Robert, English officer, dleB.\\n1668 Wilson, .John, clergyman of IJoston, d.\\nI)ay, Stephen, first printer in New Eng., A57.\\nCHURCH.\\n1663 Sept. Va. Oppression of Sep-\\naratists, who are fined fur holding meet-\\nings, and the more affluent are compelled\\nto pay the fines of the poor. Baptists\\nare proscribed, Quakers are fined, per-\\nsecuted, and imprisoned.\\nMass. The first Baptist Church\\nformed in Swansea.\\nJohn Eliot completes the printing of\\nthe O. T. in the Indian language.\\nThe King s commissioners vex the\\nPuritans by using the Episcopal ser-\\nvice in Boston. The Puritans observed\\nSaturday evening as part of the Sabbath,\\nthe commissioners spend it in carousals.\\n1664 May* It. I. The Assembly estab-\\nlishes religious freedom.\\nBoston. Episcopalians petition for the\\nuse of the Prayer-Book. (Second time.)\\n*Mass. Rev. John Cotton preaches to\\nthe Indians of Martha s Vineyard.\\n1665 Mar. 28. Boston. The first re-\\ncorded meeting of Baptists (falsely\\ncalled Anabaptists).\\nSept. Can. Claude Allouez goes to\\nMontreal, intending to return to the\\nmission left vacant by the death of\\nMesnard. He opens a mission on the\\nshores of Lake Superior.\\nIt. I. The Seventh-day Baptists or-\\nganize a church at Newport.\\n1666 June 14. At New Netherland\\nthe Lutherans are permitted to worship\\nin their own houses.\\nN. Y. First church erected in\\nBrooklyn (site on Fulton Ave., near\\nLawrence St.).\\nMich. Allouez, the Jesuit, founds\\nthe mission of St. Espiritu, south of Lake\\nSuperior.\\n1667+ Aug.* Can. Father Lewis\\nNicols goes to the Indians of the north-\\nwest.\\nThe Jesuit missions among the Iro-\\nquois reopened.\\nIt. Clement LX., pope.\\nN. J. A Presbyterian church\\nformed in Newark under pastor Abra-\\nham Pierson.\\n1668 Spring. Can. The celebrated\\nFather Marquette leaves Quebec, in\\ncompany with Father Le Bcesme, to\\njoin the Ottawa mission.\\nN. J. A Presbyterian church is\\nformed in Elizabeth.\\n1669 Feb. New York. Jacob Fabri-\\ncilis reaches New Amsterdam as the\\npioneer preacher to the German Luther-\\nans. He preaches in their own ver-\\nnacular.\\nLETTERS.\\n1663 Mass. Eliot s Indian Bible is\\nthe first one printed in America.\\n1664 Mass. Act passed prohibiting\\nprinting-presses elsewhere than at Cam-\\nbridge.\\n1665 Sept. 5. Mass. Tbe printing of\\nthe New Testament in the Indian ver-\\nnacular is completed.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1664* Va. Tbe Virginia assembly re-\\nstrains tbe clergy. Ministers shall not\\ngive themselves to excess in drinking or\\nriot, spending their time idly by day or\\nnight, in playing at dice, cards, and\\nother unlawful games.\\n1665 N. Y. Dealers required not to\\nsell beer above 2d. a quart, or any other\\nliquor above 12s. a gallon, under penalty\\nof 20s. a gallon, so sold. Selling liquor\\nto Indians is prohibited.\\n1668 N. J. Persons found drinking\\nafter nine o clock are apprehended\\nand punished at discretion drunken-\\nness is fined Is., 2s., and 2s. Gd., for the\\nfirst, second, and third offenses respec-\\ntively.\\nVa. It is enacted that The death\\nof a slave from extremity of correction\\nwas not accounted a felony; since it\\ncannot be presumed that prepensed\\nmalice should induce any man to de-\\nstroy his own estate. (Or 1667.)\\nSETTLEMENT STATE.\\n1663 Feb. 14. Can. The hundred as-\\nsociates surrender their charter, and\\nNew France becomes a royal province.\\nFeb. -July N. Y. Tbe Dutch West\\nIndia Company sells the whole country\\non the Delaware to the city of Amster-\\ndam.\\nMar. 24. Charles II. issues a patent to\\nLord Clarendon, General Monk, and\\nsix other noblemen who had assisted in\\nhis restoration, to lands between the\\nSt. Johns River and the 36th parallel of\\nlatitude, extending from the Atlantic\\nto the Pacific, with jurisdiction over the\\nsame it is called Carolina.\\nJuly 8. It. I. Charles II. renews the\\ncharter of Rhode Island and Provi-\\ndence plantations, to the surprise and\\njoy of the colonists.\\nM. de Mesey becomes (Fr.) governor\\nof Mich. (Can. and Alex. D Hinoyossa\\n(Dutch) governorof Pennsylvania. [1664.\\nRobert Carr, governor of Pennsylvania.\\n1665. Richard Bellingham, of Massa-\\nchusetts Bay Colony, and M. de Cour-\\ncelles (Fr.), of Mich. (Can.).]\\nN. C. The settlers at Puritan on the\\nChowan River organize a civil gov-\\nernment, and elect William Drummond\\ngovernor of the Albemarle Colony.\\nConn. Whalley and G-offe, two of\\nthe regicide judges who voted to put\\nCharles I. to death, flee to New Haven\\nand find protection from the officers\\nsent to arrest them.\\nEng. An act is passed to monopolize\\nthe colonial trade; European goods\\nfor the colonies to pass through British\\nports.\\nN. J. A company of Long Island\\nPuritans obtain permission to settle", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1663-1669, Feb. 43\\non the banks of the Raritan, but they\\ndelay to migrate.\\nMiss. Mississippi is included in the\\ncharter of South Carolina.\\n1664 Mar. 12. New York becomes\\na Duchy.\\nCharles II., deeming the Dutch in Ne-\\\\v\\nNetherland usurpers, totally regardless\\nof prior grants, arbitrarily grants the\\nentire territory between the Connecticut\\nand Delaware Rivers to his brother, the\\nDuke of York he also gives him the\\nterritory between the Kennebec and St.\\nCroix Rivers (Maine).\\nMay 29. N. C. Sir John Yeamans\\nlands several hundred English colonists\\nat Cape Fear River in Clarendon.\\nMay Ft. Louis XIV. grants to a new\\ncompany of the West Indies the mo-\\nnopoly of all French commerce in North\\nand South America, except the fisheries.\\nJune 10. Va. The navigation acts en-\\nforced.\\nJune 23. NY. The Duke of York sells\\nhis claim to lands between the Dela-\\nware and the Hudson (in part) to Lord\\nBerkeley and Sir George Carteret\\nSir George having been governor of the\\nisland of Jersey, it is called New Jer-\\nsey and it becomes a proprietary state,\\nowned by the owners of Carolina. New\\nJersey is separated from New York.\\nEng. The king appoints four com-\\nmissioners, Nicolls, Carr, Cartwright,\\nand Maverick, to hear complaints and\\nappeals in New England, and settle the\\npeace of the country.\\nJuly 23. Boston. The king s commis-\\nsioners arrive, and are opposed as hos-\\ntile to colonial liberties. [They leave\\nfor New Netherland.]\\nN. Y. After much controversy with\\nHolland concerning the title of New\\nNetherland (New York), the English\\nproceed to settle the matter by taking\\nforcible possession.\\nSept. 8. New York. New Netherland\\nceases to exist. The Dutch surrender\\nNew Amsterdam. (O. S. Aug. 29.)\\nColonel Richard Nicolls assumes office\\nas English governor, and the name of\\nthe city is changed to New York. [The\\nEnglish government lasts nine years.]\\nSept. 20. N Y. Fort Orange sur-\\nrenders to the English, and its name\\nchanged to Albany.\\nOct. 1. The Dutch and Swedes on the\\nDelaware capitulate to the English, and\\nfor the first time every mile of the\\nAmerican coast from the N.E. corner\\nof Maine to the southern limits of\\nGeorgia is under the British flag.\\nOct. 25. Mass. A remonstrance\\nagainst the royal menace of tyranny is\\nissued, and addressed to the king.\\nOct. N. J. A village is begun, and\\nnamed Elizabethtown in honor of\\nLady Carteret. (Philip Carteret, gov.)\\nOct. 28. N. J. Governor Nicolls ratines\\nthe sale of the Elizabethtown tract by\\nthe Indians to Long Island Puritans,\\nwhile ignorant of the sale of New Jer-\\nsey by the Duke of York.\\nDec. 1. Connecticut surrenders all claim\\nto Long Island, and obtains a favorable\\nboundary on the coast.\\nDec. New York has an estimated popu-\\nlation of 10,000.\\nMass. Act passed prohibiting print-\\ning-presses elsewhere than in Cam-\\nbridge.\\nN. J. Governor Nicolls grants an ex-\\ntensive tract of land on Newark Bay to\\na company of Puritans.\\nElizabethtown, Newark, Middletown,\\nand Shrewsbury begun by settlers from\\nNew England and Long Island.\\nThe lands of New Jersey are dis-\\ntributed to settlers for a quit-rent of a\\nhalf-penny an acre, payable in the year\\n1670.\\nN. Y. Governor Nicolls makes a\\ntreaty with the Five Nations, they\\nceding their land, and submitting to\\nthe authority of Charles II.\\nFirst settlement [in Central New\\nYork] made at Schenectady. (See 1661.)\\nW. I. The French occupy San Do-\\nmingo.\\n1665 Feb. 10. N. J. The earliest\\nconstitution, Concessions and Agree-\\nments, is adopted. (See 1677, Mar. 3.)\\nFeb. 24. Mass, Deerfieldis purchased\\nof the Indians. (R. Bellingham, gov.)\\nFeb. N. J. The royalist proprietors\\noffer special inducements of a liberal\\ncharacter to emigrants.\\nApr. N. J. William Goulding and\\nothers receive a patent for a grant, ex-\\ntending from Sandy Hook to the mouth\\nof the Raritan. East New Jersey is\\ncalled Albania.\\nMay 26. Mass. The royal commission-\\ners depart. The General Court refuses\\nto recognize them, and they leave the\\nprovince in anger.\\nJune 12. N. Y. City of New York is\\nincorporated by Governor Nicolls a\\nmayor, 5 aldermen, and a sheriff ap-\\npointed. Thomas Willet is the first\\nmayor.\\nJune The Carolina grant is extended\\nnorthward to 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 so as to include the\\nChowan settlement [in North Carolina].\\nArg. Rep. Spain relaxes her restric-\\ntions on commerce.\\nCan. Courcelles governor of New\\nFrance. Much emigration and rapid\\ngrowth.\\nConn. Connecticut and New Haven\\nunite,\\nConn. John Winthrop is elected gov-\\nMaine is taken by .royal authority\\nfrom Massachusetts, and restored to the\\nheirs of Gorges.\\nN. C. A little Puritan colony on\\nthe Cape Fear River is broken up by\\nthe Indians.\\nThe same site is purchased, with 32\\nsquare miles of territory, by a company\\nof planters from Barbados, led by Sir\\nJohn Yeamans. Eight hundred people\\nsettle along the river during the first\\nyear.\\nNew Hampshire is officially named.\\nIT. J. The English plant a colony\\nunder Philip Carteret, the first gover-\\nnor, with Klizabethtown for the capital\\nhis administration not popular.\\nSp. Charles II. enthroned.\\nIT. Y. Governor Nicolls, the deputy\\nof the Duke of York, enacts a code\\ncalled the Duke s Laws. (Feb. 28.)\\n_67 IT. Y. The English oppress\\nthe Dutch.\\nRepresentative government is denied\\nold titles to land are annulled, and new\\ntitles are obtained at a cost which pro-\\nvides an immense revenue.\\n1666 May 21. IT. J. An association\\nof Puritans from Connecticut sails up\\nthe Passaic, and extinguishes the Indian\\ntitle to Newark, after holding a council\\nwith them.\\nGovernors chosen William Bren-\\nton (R. I.); Edward Diggs (Va.) for\\nthe English Commonwealth.\\nCan. Robert Cavalier de la Salle ar-\\nrives from France.\\nConn. Hartford, New Haven, New\\nLondon, and Fairfield are the four\\ncounties, and each has its court.\\nIT. J. Colonists from Connecticut\\nsettle in Elizabethtown, Newark, and\\nin Hackensack.\\nNew York. Thomas Delavall the\\n2d mayor.\\nW I. Great depredations by buc-\\ncaneers.\\nGuiana. Surinam, occupied by the\\nEnglish.\\n1667 May* N.Y. The governor, Fran-\\ncis Lovelace, an outrageous and incu-\\nrable tyrant the people groan under\\nexcessive taxation.\\nJuly 31. Hoi. The Treaty of Breda,\\nbetween England, Holland, France, and\\nDenmark, provides the cession of (l)Nova\\nScotia to France by England, (2) Antigua\\nMonserrat and St. Christopher to Eng-\\nland by France. England retains New\\nNetherland, and Holland Surinam.\\nN. C. The Clarendon colony is aban-\\ndoned. Sam. Stephens, governor.\\nNew York. Thomas Willet the 3d\\nmayor.\\nW.I. The Bahamas granted to the\\nproprietors of South Carolina.\\n1668 May 2. Fr. The treaty of Aix-\\nla-Chapelle ends the war between Eng-\\nland and Spain, and the colonists begin\\nto discuss the right of arbitrary govern-\\nment.\\nMay 26. N. J. The first legislative\\nassembly meets at Elizabethtown, and\\nassigns the punishment of death to\\ntwelve offenses all penalties are made\\nsevere.\\nCan. Sault Ste. Marie founded by\\nFather Marquette at the entrance of\\nLake Superior.\\nMaine again put under the govern-\\nment of Massachusetts, upon applica-\\ntion of some of its people.\\nMass. Daniel Gookin and others\\ngranted a tract eight miles square, to he\\ncalled Worcester.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1669 Ga. Spaniards still work the\\ngold mines.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "44 1669, July-1675, July 8.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1669 Mohawk and Mohegan War.\\n1670 Panama. Morgan reduces the\\ncastle of San Lorenzo at Chagres.\\n1671 Feb. 24. Panama is burned by\\nMorgan s buccaneers.\\nSept. 7, 8. Mass. Great training-days\\nin Boston 1,200 men in the field.\\n1672 May 28. Mass. First declara-\\ntion of war in the colonies Boston\\ndeclares war against the Dutch.\\nDel. A force of Marylanders invades\\nLewis ton.\\nPa. The Susquehannock tribe is an-\\nnihilated by the resistless league of the\\nFive Nations.\\nS. C. Spaniards from St. Augustine\\nendeavor to drive away the settlers in\\nCarolina, but are repulsed.\\nW. I. The English take Tobago from\\nthe Dutch.\\n1673 Feb. 21. Mass. Medfield is\\nsurprised by Indians, principally Nar-\\nragansetts. Eighteen men, women, and\\nchildren are killed, and half the town\\nis burnt.\\nJuly Can. Fort Frontenac is built.\\nVa.-N. J. War between England\\nand Holland; the Dutch ravage the\\nVirginia coast, and subdue New Jersey.\\nAug. 8. New York is taken by the\\nDutch without a shot being fired they\\nrename it New Orange.\\n1674 Feb. 9. New York. According to\\nthe terms of peace between England\\nand Holland, the Dutch governor An-\\nthony Colve is to surrender the city\\nto the British.\\nOct. 31. New York. The Dutch forces\\nevacuate the city.\\nMass. An Indian plot is formed\\nagainst the colonies a friendly Indian\\nmissionary reveals it and is murdered.\\nW. I. The Dutch retake Tobago\\nfrom the English.\\nMe. A Boston ship captures Castine.\\n1675 June 24-78 Apr. 12. New Eng.\\nKing Philip s War. Causes Indian\\njealousy of the growth of the English set-\\ntlements, and the almost complete alien-\\nation of hunting-grounds by treaties.\\nJune 24. Mass. _ King Philip s War be-\\ngins at Swanzey, in the Plymouth\\ncolony, where eight or nine English are\\nslain. Nearly all of the Indians of New\\nEngland from Maine to Connecticut\\ncombine against the foreign invaders.\\nJune 28. Mass. Plymouth colonists at-\\ntack King Philip, routing the Indians.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nEXPLORATION.\\n1669 Can. Hobertde la Salle leaves\\nMontreal and begins his explorations.\\nLouis Joliet explores the Great Lakes.\\n1670 Mass. Bees are introduced.\\n1673 June 17. Wis. Jacques Mar-\\nquette and Louis Joliet discover the\\nMississippi River at its confluence with\\nthe Wisconsin.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1672 Hradstreet, Amu-, [lor-teas, A 60.\\nChauncy, Charles, Pree. of Harvard Col-\\nlege, A 80.\\nMason, John, conqueror of the Pequotn, A72.\\n1673 Puendo, Padre, the great preacher of\\nPeru, dies.\\n1674 Logan, James, statesman, author, b.\\nCHURCH.\\n1669 Aug. 24. 7?. Roger Williams\\nwrites of some who deny punishment\\nfor sin in a future life.\\nCan. A mission for the Iroquois is\\nbegun opposite Montreal by French\\nJesuits.\\nAdvent of Claudius Dablon, Superior\\nof the western missions.\\nA new mission is started on the south\\nshore of the Falls of St. Marie, under\\nI#ablon. Marquette enters the mission\\nuntil now occupied by Allouez, at La-\\npointe, and there spends the winter\\nstudying with an Illinois captive the\\ndialect of his tribe. Allouez proceeds to\\nGreen Bay, where he founds the mission\\nof St. Francis Xavier, and spends the\\nwintei and spring in ministering to the\\nneeds of the Sacs and Foxes, the Potta-\\nwattomies, and the \\\\Vinnebagos.\\nBoston. Secession from the First\\nChurch.\\nThe advocates of the Half-Way Cove-\\nnant organize themselves as the Third\\nChurch of Boston (Old South Church),\\nand an edifice of wood is first erected.\\nWis. The western shores of Lake\\nMichigan are visited by the Jesuits.\\n1670 Mar. Carolina. Locke s consti-\\ntution is modified to tolerate every re-\\nligion, and yet make the Church of\\nEngland the State church.\\nCan. Father .Andre is in charge of\\nthe Ottawa tribes on islands and shores\\nof Lake Huron, and Father Druillettes\\nenters the work at Sault St. Marie.\\nIt. Clement X., pope.\\nMass. The first Indian church,\\nwith native pastor, is organized on\\nMartha s Vineyard 3,000 native Chris-\\ntians on the island.\\n*-73* *Mass. Eliot organizes seven\\nother praying-towns among the\\nIndians.\\nThe first Manchage (Oxford) the second\\nChabanakongkoum.of Dudley; the third,\\nMaanexit, was the northeast part of\\nWoodstock; the fourth, Quantisset, the\\nsoutheast part of Woodstock the fifth,\\nWabquissit, the southwest part of Wood-\\nstock the sixth, Pakaehoog, partly in\\nWorcester and partly in Ward and the\\nseventh, Waeuntug, is now Uxbridge.\\nS. C. Presbyterian and Independ-\\nents jointly settle in this Province.\\n1671 June 4. Mich. Saint Lasson\\nholds a grand conference with many\\nIndian tribes at St. Mary s.\\nCan. Father Henry Nouvel enters\\nthe mission work at the Falls of St.\\nMarie.\\nMarquette establishes the mission of\\nSt. Ignatius among the HuronsatMichil-\\nimackinac.\\nDablon is recalled to Quebec to be-\\ncome Superior of all the Canada mis-\\nsions.\\nCarolina. Quaker preachers are\\nthe first to visit the colonists.\\nNew York. The German Luther-\\nans erect a church.\\nR. I. Secession from the Baptist\\nchurch forms a Seventh-day Baptist\\nchurch.\\nVa. The colonists report 4S parishes,\\nand the ministers well paid.\\n1672 Can. Many of the Ottawas\\nsettle at Marquette mission.\\nFather Allouez preaches to the Illi-\\nnois, Kickapoos, Mascoutens, Miamis,\\nand Weas Indians.\\nA little church is organized and chapel\\nbuilt at Sault St. Marie.\\nAllouez and Dablon visit Catholic\\nmissions in Wisconsin and Illinois.\\nN. C. A Society of Friends settles\\nin Pequimans county, and is visited by\\nWilliam Edmundson, who establishes\\na quarterly meeting.\\nGeorge Fox visits the Quakers of\\nAmerica in all the settlements along the\\ncoast.\\n1673 June* Louis Joliet and Jacques\\nMarquette, Jesuit missionaries, with\\nfive other Frenchmen, leave Green Bay\\nand explore the Mississippi and cer-\\ntain tributaries, traveling 2,500 miles.\\nNew York. The Dutch deprive the\\nGerman Lutherans of their only\\nchurch edifice.\\nPern. Padre Puendo, the great\\npreacher, dies.\\n1674 Can. Bishop Laval becomes\\nthe first Roman Catholic bishop of\\nQuebec, his see extending from Maine\\nto Louisiana.\\nMass. Eliot reports two churches\\nand 1,150 church members in his Indian\\npraying- town.\\n1675 June 24. Mass. This day ob-\\nserved by fasting and prayer, in antici-\\npation of an Indian war.\\nLETTERS.\\n1669* The New England Memorial is\\npublished by Nathaniel Morton.\\n1671* Va. Gov. Berkeley opposes edu-\\ncation.\\nThere are no free schools nor print-\\ning, and I hope we shall not have these\\nhundred years for learning has brought\\ndisobedience and heresy and sects into\\nthe world, and printing has divulged\\nthem, and libels against the best govern-\\nment. God keep us from both.\\n1672 Mass. Harvard College receives\\na valuable library by the bequest of\\nTheophilus Gale.\\n1674 Boston. John Foster is author-\\nized to set up a printing-press.\\nS0CD2TY.\\n1670 Apr. 20. Va. The importation\\nof convicted felons is prohibited.\\nMass. The selectmen are required to\\npost drunkards names in public\\nhouses and prohibit sales to them, or\\ntheir frequenting such places.\\nMd. Importation of convicted felons\\nprohibited.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n16G9, July-1675, July 8. 45\\nNew York. Merchants of Manhattan\\nmeet every Friday at noon on tlie bridge\\nover the Broad Street canal for barter.\\nVa. It is enacted that all servants\\nnot being Christians, imported into this\\ncountry by shipping, shall be slaves.\\nUnder Gov. Berkeley the council lays\\nburdensome taxes on the poorer peo-\\nple, and exempts the holders of large\\n1671 Carolina. Governor Sir John\\nYeamans introduces slavery* by bring-\\ning nearly 200 negroes from Barbados to\\nthis colony. (1G72. Winsor.)\\nMd. Act passed encouraging the im-\\nportation of slaves.\\nW. Great depredations by buc-\\ncaneers.\\n1672 Va. It is made lawful for per-\\nsons pursuing fugitive colored slaves\\nto wound or even kill them.\\nSETTLEMENT STATE.\\n1669 July 21. S.C. The absurd Fun-\\ndamental Constitutions drawn up by\\nJohn Locke are nominally operative.\\nMay R. I. Benedict Arnold, governor.\\nGuiana. The Dutch hold the entire\\nterritory.\\nN. C. The first legislative assem-\\nbly meets at Albemarle, and organizes\\na remarkably liberal government; Sam-\\nuel Stevens governor.\\n-70 New York. Cornells Steen-\\nwyck the 4th mayor.\\nVirginia is dismembered by lavish\\ngrants.\\n1670 Feb. S. C. An English col-\\nony, led by Joseph West and William\\nSayle, is planted on the Ashley River.\\nMay 2. Can. The Hudson Bay Com-\\npany is chartered.\\nN. J. The colonists refuse to pay\\nthe quit-rent for their land, having\\nalready paid for the same twice to other\\nclaimants. (See N. J. 1664.)\\nN. Y. Eight towns on Long Island\\nprotest against paying a tax of 10 per\\ncent on all imports and exports, on the\\nsole authority of the governor and coun-\\ncil. Protest burned.\\nOct. N. Y. Annual assemblies are\\ndemanded, and the government refuses\\nto yield them.\\nVa. The right of suffrage is lim-\\nited to freeholders and householders,\\nand the majority of the people are dis-\\nfranchised.\\nMaine, east of the Penobscot, sur-\\nrendered to France.\\nS. C. The colonists ignore Locke s\\nGrand Model, and show a fine capacity\\nto govern themselves.\\nThe Model made strange provisions\\nfor a state in the wilderness, where a\\nfew colonists lived on venison and\\npotatoes, and paid their debts with\\ntobacco it provided for dukes, earls,\\nand marquises knights, lords, and\\nsquires baronial courts, heraldic cere-\\nmony, and every sort of feudal non-\\nsense. (Ridpath.) [It was nominally\\nthe law of the colony for about 25 years.]\\nFoundation of (old) Charlestown laid\\nby English settlers on the Ashley River.\\nTreaty of Madrid, between England\\nand Spain, settles boundaries of their\\nrespective possessions in America on tbe\\nbasis of possession.\\n1671 Can. The region of Lakes Hu-\\nron and Superior taken for France.\\nCourcelles establishes a trading-post\\non Lake Ontario.\\nAug. 28. S. C. Joseph West is ap-\\npointed governor by the proprietors.\\n[Also 1674.] [Dec. 26. Sir John Yea-\\nmans succeeds him. A revised copy of\\nthe Model arrives.]\\nN. C. The colonists refuse to pay\\nroyal taxes in any form, and seize the\\nrecords of tbe province, imprison the\\ngovernor s secretary, and boldly defy\\nhis authority.\\nMassachusetts is almost on the\\nbrink of renouncing any depend-\\nence upon the Crown.\\nMaryland has a population of 20,000\\npeople.\\nAct passed encouraging the impor-\\ntation of slaves.\\nNew York. Thomas Delavall the 5th\\nmayor.\\nS. C. Dutch emigrants from New\\nYork and others from Holland arrive.\\nVa. Population 40,000, including 2,000\\nslaves.\\n1672 Apr. 19. S. C. The colony de-\\nmands a new government for itself all\\nprevious parliamentary conventions are\\ndissolved.\\nMay 14. N. J. The anti-rent colonists\\nmeet in assembly at Elizabethtown, and\\ndepose Philip Carteret, the governor.\\nMay 31. Mass. Union of the colonies\\nof Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Ply-\\nmouth.\\nCan. Count de Frontenac, having\\nbeen appointed governor, arrives at\\nQuebec.\\nDel. Maryland colonists attempt to\\nabsorb Lewistown by force.\\n*JEng. Third Navigation Law. Par-\\nliament imposes customs upon the col-\\nonies, to be collected by the revenue\\nofficers of the Crown.\\nNew York. Matthias Nicolls the 6th\\nmayor.\\nIt. I. Nicholas Easton, governor.\\n1673 Feb. 25. Virginiais given away\\nby Charles II.\\nCharles II. changes his former grant of\\nVirginia, and leases the entire State for\\nthirty-one years to a pair of ignoble\\ngentlemen, Lord Culpepper and the Earl\\nof Arlington.\\nMar. 18. N. J. John Fenwick, in trust\\nfor Edward Byllinge, buys Berkeley s in-\\nterest in New Jersey for \u00c2\u00a31,000.\\nMass. Josiah Winslow is governor of\\nPlymouth John Leverett of Mass. Bay.\\nMay N. J. The authority of Captain\\nBerry, Philip Carteret s deputy, is ac-\\nknowledged.\\nAug. 8. N. Y. The Dutch recapture\\nand rule New York, also New Jersey,\\nwhich they name Achter Kol the au-\\nthority of HoUand is restored [for\\nthree months] from the Connecticut to\\nMaryland.\\nNew Amsterdam is called New Orange,\\nand Anthony Clove is made governor.\\nEng. Parliament excludes New Eng-\\nland merchants from competing with\\nEnglish merchants in the Southern plan-\\ntations free traffic abolished.\\nNew York. John Lawrence the 7th\\nmayor.\\n0. French Settlers establish them-\\nselves in Western Ohio.\\n1674 Feb. 9. New York. New Am-\\nsterdam is surrendered to the English\\nin making peace between England and\\nHolland, by the Treaty of Westminster.\\nJune 29. N. Y. The Duke of York s\\npatent enlarged.\\nJuly 28, 29. N. J. Sir George Car-\\nteret receives a confirmatory grant from\\nthe Duke of York.\\nJuly 31. If. J. Philip Carteret returns.\\nSept. 21. Va. Agents are appointed to\\nremonstrate with the King against the\\ngrant to Culpepper, and the invasion of\\npopular liberties.\\nOct. 30. N. Y. Sir Edmund Andros\\nassumes the government. [Misrule and\\narbitrary government follow.]\\nNov. 10. N. Y. New York is restored\\nto the English authorities.\\nGuiana. The New Butch West India\\nCompany is founded Guiana conveyed\\nto it by charter.\\nThe French Colony passes under the\\ncontrol of the Crown after a series of\\nfailures through incompetence and mis-\\nmanagement.\\nR. I. William Coddington is ap-\\npointed governor. [1678. Reappointed.]\\nN. C. Population about 4,000 com-\\nmerce is impeded by duties which yield\\nthe proprietors $12,000 from New Eng-\\nland trade alone. G. Cartwright, pres.\\nN. Y. Gov. Andros advises the pro-\\nprietor, the Duke of York, to grant the\\nclamorous people the right of electing a\\nlegislature.\\nThe Duke replies that popular assem-\\nblies are seditious and dangerous; that\\nthey only foster discontent, and disturb\\nthe peace of government; and finally\\nthat he did not see any use for them.\\nTreaty at Albany with Indians.\\nVa. The common peoj le, made desper-\\nate by taxes, make the first movement\\nfor reform it is easily suppressed.\\n1675 May 13. Can. Louis IV. grants\\nLa Salle a manor at Fort Frontenac\\n(Kingston).\\nJuly 8. Va. Lord Culpepper is ap-\\npointed governor of Virginia for life.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1670\u00c2\u00b1 N. Y. Gov. Lovelace orders\\nMay races at Hempstead, Long Island.\\n1672 Dec. 10. A monthly post is\\nestablished between New York and\\nBoston.\\nMass. The business of whale-fishery\\nis commenced at Nantucket.\\n1675 Mar. 21. Boston. The castle at\\nthe entrance of the harbor is accident-\\nally destroyed by fire.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "46 1675, July 9-1680, May 10.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY -NAVY.\\n1675 July 14. Mass. Mendon is at-\\ntacked by Indians several persons\\nkilled.\\nJuly 15. Mass. The Narragansetts en-\\nter into a treaty of peace with the col-\\nonists.\\nThe Nipmuck Indians become allies\\nof Philip.\\nJuly Va. Indians pillage a plantation\\nin revenging a fraud, and are beaten or\\nkilled by the settlers. General hos-\\ntilities follow.\\nConn. Andros, with armed sloops,\\nattempts to establish Ids authority as\\nfar as the Connecticut River.\\nAug. 2. Mass. Captain Hutchinson\\nand 20 men are sent to win back the\\nNipmucks they are waylaid and slain\\nat Brookfield.\\nAug. 25. Mass. Deerfield is attacked\\nby 180 Indians the colonists lose eleven\\nmen, and the Indians twenty-six.\\nSept. 1. Mass. The greater part of Deer-\\nfield is burnt by the Indians Hadley\\nis attacked, but successfully defended\\nby William Goffe.\\nSept. 18. Mass. Battle with Indians at\\nBloody Brook; 700\u00c2\u00b1 Indians surround\\n80 men, killing nearly all of them. Cap-\\ntain Mosley, by hard fighting, drives\\nthem away from Deerfield.\\nSept. -Oct. New Eng. The United\\nColonies assume the burden of the war,\\nand raise 2,000 troops.\\nOct. 5. Mass. Springfield is attacked\\nby the Indians, and saved by reenforce-\\nments.\\nOct. 19. Mass. Philip, with seven or\\neight hundred Indians, attacks Hat-\\nfield, but is driven off.\\nDec. Mass. The colonists, fearing the\\nNarragansetts, prepare to attack them,\\nalthough they have not sided with Philip\\nduring the war.\\nDec. 19. R. I. The numerous and pow-\\nerful Wampanoags are defeated in a\\ndecisive battle near Narragansett Bay.\\nThe New England army consists of 13\\ncompanies of infantry (1, 500) and one of\\ncavalry; Indians kise 1,000 killed and\\ncaptured, colonists from 200 to 400 [the\\nwidespread vengeance of the Indians\\nrests upon all white men alike; burn-\\nings and blood-shedding abound].\\nVa. Six hostile Indian chiefs present\\nthemselves to treat for peace, and are put\\nto death a war for vengeance follows.\\n1676 Feb. 10. Mass. Indians attack\\nLancaster, and nearly destroy it.\\nFeb. 24. Indians surprise Deerfield;\\nmany people are killed, and 50 buildings\\nburnt. (Feb. 21, Holmes.)\\nFeb. 25. Mass. Weymouth is as-\\nsaulted by Indians houses and barns\\nare burnt.\\nMar. 14. Mass. Indians attack North-\\nampton, but are repulsed after six per-\\nsons are killed.\\nMar. 26. Mass. Marlborough de-\\nstroyed by the Indians.\\nMar. 28. Mass. Rehoboth ie partly\\nburnt by Indians. [Mar. 20. Providence.]\\nMar. Va. Three hundred persons have\\nbeen killed by Indians in the last twelve\\nmonths.\\nApr. 18. Mass. Sudbury is attacked\\nby the Narragansett Indians; several\\nhouses and barns are burnt; the pursu-\\ners are ambushed and slain.\\nApr. 20. Va, Rebellion begins; 500\\nmen in arms, with Bacon us leader,\\nagainst the Indians. (See State.)\\nMay 8. Mass. Bridgewater is attacked\\nby Indians 17 buildings are burnt.\\nMay 11. Mass. Plymouth is assault-\\ned; 11 houses and 5 barns are burnt.\\nMay 19. Mass. A camp of Indians near\\nTurner Falls is surprised and destroyed\\nby a company of volunteers.\\nMay 30. Mass. Hatfield is burnt by\\nIndians.\\nJune 2. Mass. Great battle with the\\nIndians near Mount Hope.\\nJune 12. Mass. About 700 Indians at-\\ntack Hadley, and are driven off.\\nJune Mass. The Nipmucks submit to\\nthe colonists and abandon the war.\\nVa. Nathaniel Bacon subdues the\\nIndians without permission from the\\njealous governor.\\nCivil war. Bacon leads a rebellion\\nagainst the outrages of Gov. Berkeley.\\nJuly+ Va. Indians massacre the\\nwhites, and are punished by volunteer\\nexpeditions.\\nJuly 3. JR. I. Indian battle near Nar-\\nragansett.\\nAug. 12. Mass. The King Philip s\\nwar ends with the death of Philip.\\nOne-tenth of the private dwellings are\\nburnt, 000 men have been slain in battle,\\nmany women and children massacred,\\nand nearly every family is in mourning.\\nThe Indi;ni rare is nearly swept out of\\nNew England. [The tribe s of Maine and\\nNew Hampshire continue hostilities un-\\ntil 1678.]\\nSept. Va. Jamestown, the only town\\nin the colony, is burnt by its own citi-\\nzens as an act of patriotism.\\nSept. 6. Me. A Massachusetts force sur-\\nprises and subdues the Indians at\\nCocheco.\\nOct. 1. Va. Bacon dies, and the rebel-\\nlion ends.\\nMe. A Dutch frigate captures\\nCastine.\\nW. J. The French take Trinidad\\nfrom the English.\\nDec. 21. Guiana. The French attack\\nCayenne.\\n1677 Sept. 9. Conn. Hatfield is at-\\ntacked by Indians 20 persons are killed\\nor captured.\\n1678 Apr. 12. Mass. A treaty of peace\\nis made with the Indians.\\nSan Domingo. A negro insurrec-\\ntion arises.\\n1679 Colombia. Buccaneers attack\\nPorto Bello.\\n1680 Jan. III. La Salle builds Fort\\nCrevecoeur in the Illinois country.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nEXPLORATION.\\n1676 Jan.26. Laying of the keel of the\\nGriffin, the first vessel in the western\\nwaters, built by La Salle, 6 miles west of\\nNiagara. Falls.\\n1679 French exploration of the Great\\nLakes and the Mississippi.\\nMay* Can. The Griffin ib launched on\\nLake Erie.\\nAug. 7. La Salle sails in the Griffin from\\nNiagara on his remarkable tour of dis-\\ncovery through three of the Great Lakes.\\nrfov.ir A great comet becomes visible.\\n1680 Feb. 10. The great comet dis-\\nappears.\\n[It terrorized New England, while it\\nenabled Newton to ascertain the para-\\nbolic form of the trajectory of comets.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1675 Marquette. Jacques, explorer of\\nMiss. River, A38.\\nDudley, Paul, colonial jurist, born.\\n1676 Bacon, Nathaniel, patriot of Va.,\\nrebel, A34.\\nCalvert, Cecil, 2d Lord Baltimore, dies.\\nClarke, John, founder of Bap. ch., ACT.\\nWinthrop, John, Gov. of Conn.. ATM.\\nBerkeley, Sir William, Gov. of Va.. ACT.\\nGorton, .Samuel, pioneer settler K. I., A77.\\n1678 Coddington, William, founder of R. I.,\\nA77.\\nConant. Kcz-t. settler in Mass., A *h.\\nLeverett, Sir John, Gov. of Mass., A63.\\nWheelright, John, Puritan clergyman, A85.\\nWolcott, Roger, Gov. of Conn., born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1675 Can. The Recollects are ac-\\ntive, and Hennepin is among them.\\nDel. The first Quaker meetings\\nare held.\\nMass. Indians are abused.\\nFifteen Christian Indians, who had\\nrendered the colonists most faithful\\nservice as scouts, and are living peace-\\nfully in their own towns, are taken and\\nwith their hands bound behind them,\\nare fastened together by ropes round\\ntheir necks, marched down to Boston,\\nand thrown into prison. [Finally they\\nare expelled and remove to Deer s island,\\nwhere hunger, exposure, and disease\\nreduce their number.]\\n1676* Can. Rivalry between the\\nJesuits and other orders.\\nIt. Innocent XI., pope.\\n1677 Mass. Laws passed for the pun-\\nishment of persons attending a Quaker\\nmeeting.\\n1678 .Y. Y. First record of Protes-\\ntant Episcopal services in New York.\\n1679* Boston. Charles II. causes the\\nfirst Episcopal church to he built.\\n-80 Boston. The Congregational\\nReformed Synod approves the Savoy\\nconfession.\\nHoi. Labadists send Danckers and\\nSluyter to New York.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1675 Mass. The colonists are terri-\\nfied by an impending Indian war.\\nSuperstition adds its terrors some\\nhave seen an Indian bow drawn across\\nthe heavens others see a scalp on the\\nface of the eclipsed moon others see\\nphantom horsemen gallop through the\\nair, or hear the whistling of bullets, etc.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1675, July 9-1680, May 10. 47\\nOppression of the Indiana during\\nKing Philip s War.\\nThe governor and council issue an\\norder disbanding all Christian Indians,\\nexpelling them from white towns, im-\\nprisoning them within live of their own\\ntowns, and forbidding them to leave\\nthese towns on penalty of death. [Later\\na reward of \u00c2\u00a7100 was offered for every\\nChristian Indian killed, if found more\\nthan one mile from his town.] Prevent-\\ned from hunting, not allowed to gather\\ntheir crops, forbidden to work or buy\\nfood in white towns, they are reduced to\\nf;reat suffering, and starvation seems to\\nace them and yet they uttered no com-\\nplaint, but continued steadfast in the\\nfaith. (Cyc. of Missions.)\\n1676 June Va. The new reform As-\\nsembly absolutely prohibits the sale\\nof wines and ardent spirits; if not at\\nJamestown, yet elsewhere through the\\nwhole country.\\nMd. The importation of convicted\\nfelons is prohibited.\\n1677 N.J. Selling liquor to Indi-\\nans is a finable offense penalty, $100,\\nand this is doubled at each subsequent\\noffense, with 20 stripes if the offender is\\nunable to pay.\\n1678 N. Y. West Indian or Guinea\\nslaves are valued at about \u00c2\u00a7150 at Man-\\nhattan.\\nSETTLEMENT STATE.\\n1675 July 9. N. Y. A force under\\nGov. Andros sails to the Connecticut\\nto claim the territory westward for\\nthe Duke of York.\\nJuly 11. Conn. The Puritans at Say-\\nbrooke intimidate Andros, and he re-\\nturns. Connecticut protests against the\\ninvasion.\\nMd. Sir Charles Calvert becomes\\nproprietor by the death of Cecil, his\\nfather, on November 30.\\nNov. 6. N. J. Carteret resumes the\\ngovernment from which he had been\\nexpelled in East Jersey.\\nJohn Fenwick plants a colony at Sa-\\nlem. Commissioners rule W. Jersey.\\nNew York. William Darvall the 8th\\nmayor.\\n1676 Apr. Va. Bacon s rebellion\\ndistracts the colony. Civil war is brought\\non by the corruption, tyranny, and in-\\nefficiency of Governor Berkeley.\\nVirginians are divided into an aris-\\ntocratic and a people s party. [The lat-\\nter is suppressed after the death of\\nBacon, its leader. The rebellion cost\\nthe colony \u00c2\u00a3100,000.]\\nThe particular causes of the rebellion\\nchiefly lay in the low price of tobacco\\nand wrongs committed in exchanging\\ngoods for it, with a dislike for proprie-\\ntaries unknown to the charter and bur-\\ndensome taxes occasioned thereby; the\\nburdening of trade by parliamentary\\nrestraints also excited opposition.\\nApr. 19. Eng. Charles II. orders that\\na liberal charter be prepared for Vir-\\nginia, in response to protests. [May 31.\\nOrder reversed.]\\nMay 29. Va. Berkeley proclaims Bacon\\na traitor.\\nR. I. Walter Clarke, governor.\\nJune 24. Va. Meeting of the New As-\\nsembly that enacts the Baecn\\nLaws, a series of reform measures.\\nBacon appointed commander-in-chief\\nagainst the Indians.\\nJuly 1. N.J. By a quintipartite deed,\\nNew Jersey is divided into East and\\nWest Jersey; the former is granted to\\nGeorge Carteret, the latter to the Quaker\\nassignees of BylUnge.\\nJuly 4. Va. Completion of the reform\\nlegislation of the new assembly, and\\nmomentary joy of the colony. (Date by\\nNew Style.) It is the first revolution.\\nJuly Boston. Arrival of Edward\\nRandolph as king s messenger, to coL\\nlect evidence against Massachusetts.\\nAug. 3. Va. A popular convention\\nmeets at Middle Plantations (Williams-\\nburg), and votes to sustain Bacon against\\nthe Indians, and if possible prevent civil\\nwar.\\nOct. 1. Va. Bacon suddenly sickens and\\ndies.\\nNov. Va. Thomas Hanford, a pa-\\ntriot, is condemned and hanged by\\nBerkeley. He is the first native Amer-\\nican to perish on the gallows, a martyr\\nto the right of the people to govern\\nthemselves.\\nCan. La Salle returns as proprietor\\nof a large tract near Fort Frontenac.\\nEng. The king commands the royal\\ngovernors to strictly enforce the navi-\\ngation laws, as well as those imposing\\nduties (1672) on colonial trade.\\nNew York. Nicholas de Meyer thie\\n9th mayor.\\nVa. The patriotic citizens of James-\\ntown burn their own houses and the\\nentire town to ashes, rather than have\\nit the capital of a tyrant.\\n1677 Jan. 20. Va. The vindictive gov-\\nernor Berkeley hangs the patriot, Wil-\\nliam Drummond, three hours after\\nhis trial.\\nJan 31. Va. Arrival of royal commis-\\nsioners to investigate the causes of the\\nrebellion. [Sir H. Jeffreys, governor.]\\nVa. Disastrous consequences fol-\\nlow the rebellion.\\nBerkeley hangs 22 of the leading pa-\\ntriots, and distresses the people with\\nfines and confiscations speaking or\\nwriting against the government is made\\npunishable by fine or whipping, when\\nthrice repeated, with death arbitrary,\\ntyrannical government ensues.\\nMar. 3. N.J. The fundamental laws of\\nWest New Jersey perfected and pub-\\nlished (Concessions and Agreements)\\ndemocratic equality conspicuous social\\ngovernment is established.\\nMay. Maine is bought by Massachu-\\nsetts for \u00c2\u00a31,250, after the dispute with\\nthe heirs of Ferdinando Gorges is de-\\ncided against them. It becomes a part\\nof their colony.\\nAug. 25. Va. Lord Culpepper ob-\\ntains the control of the government, as\\nproprietor and governor.\\nN. C. An English collector of cus-\\ntoms provokes an insurrection in the\\ndistrict of Pasquotank, which over-\\nturns the government it is practically\\nan independent state [for two years].\\nPresident Miller is imprisoned, and John\\nCulpepper elected to his place.\\nNew Eng. A postal system is in-\\naugurated, which substitutes the custom\\nof leaving letters at the Town House, to\\nbe forwarded at the pleasure of persons\\nwho visit that place.\\nN. If. The king secures a decision\\nfrom the judges that the revived Mason\\nclaims had always been worthless.\\nMd. Thomas Notley, governor. {R.I.\\nBenedict Arnold.) [1678. John Crans-\\nton. Pa. Sir Henry Chicheley.]\\nNew York. S. van Cortlandt the 10th\\nmayor.\\n1678 Apr. 12. Mass. Governor Wins-\\nlow makes peace with the Indians,\\neach English family to pay them a peck\\nof corn, annually, as quit-rent.\\nMay 12. La Salle receives a grant for\\nthe construction of forts, taking lands,\\nand holding a monopoly of trade in\\nthe West.\\nJune 10. Boston. Arrival of Edward\\nRandolph, collector and surveyor of\\ncustoms, with specific instruction to en-\\nforce the Navigation Act. The people\\ntreat him as an enemy invading their\\nrights.\\nOct. 10. N. Y. Governor Andros de-\\nmands that the ships of New Jersey\\nshould pay tribute to New York.\\nN. J. Many Quakers arrive.\\nNew York. Thomas Delavall the 11th\\nmayor. The city contains 343 houses.\\n1679 July 24. N. II. By a decree of\\nCharles II., New Hampshire is sepa-\\nrated from Massachusetts, and organ-\\nized as a royal province, and Edward\\nCranfield is its first governor.\\nN. C. Governor Miller escapes from\\nprison, goes to England, and seeks re-\\ndress. {N.J. Sam. Jennings, dep. gov.)\\nMass. The British government as-\\nsails Massachusetts.\\nThe General Court opposes the\\nking. (Simon Bradstreet, governor.)\\nIt votes that the acts of navigation\\nare an invasion of the rights and privi-\\nleges of the subjects of his majesty in\\nthis colony, they not being represented\\nin Parliament.\\nNew York. Francis Rombouts the\\n12th mayor.\\n1680 Mar. 16. N. H. The first Pro-\\nvincial Assembly convened at Ports-\\nmouth John Cutts the royal governor.\\nApr. 30. N. J. Gov. Philip Carteret\\nis arrested for interference with the\\nauthority of the governor of the prov-\\nince of New York, Sir Edmund Andros,\\nand is taken to New York City.\\nMay 10. Va. Lord Culpepper arrives\\nand assumes the office of governor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1676 Nov. Boston. Forty-six dwell-\\nings, a church, and other buildings are\\nburned.\\n1679 Boston. A great fire occurs\\n80 dwellings and 70 warehouses are\\nburned. Estimated loss \u00c2\u00a3200,000.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "1680, June-1685.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1680 Panama. Morgan s buccaneers\\ncross the isthmus, and take the city of\\nSanta Maria from the Spaniards.\\n1681 III. Fort St. Louis, on the Illi-\\nnois Jtiver, is founded by La Salle.\\n1682 i The Carolina colonists main-\\ntain war wi th the savages for a year, not\\nso much to punish as to capture them,\\nin order to sell them as slaves in the\\nWest Indies.\\nCan. The French attack the Hudson\\nBay Company s posts.\\n1684 A long war begins between the\\nFive Nations and the French, chiefly on\\nthe upper lakes.\\nThe French Jesuits repeatedly fail to\\npersuade the Five Nations to break their\\npeace with the Dutch and English.\\nThe French erect a fort at the Falls of\\nNiagara. Under De la Barre they in-\\nvade the country of the Iroquois, but the\\nmighty Mohawks and the brave Oneidas\\ndrive them back with much slaughter.\\n1685 Nicaragua. Leon is sacked by\\nWilliam Dampier.\\nART \u00e2\u0080\u0094SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1680 Hennepin, a French priest,\\nwith La Salle, discovers the Mississippi\\nRiver and the Falls of Saint Anthony\\nof Padua.\\n1681 Feb. 6. La Salle is on the Mis-\\nsissippi.\\nMar. 14. La Salle is near the Arkansas\\nRiver.\\nAug. 17. First appearance of a comet\\nhaving a tail 15\u00c2\u00b0 long. [It continues in\\nthe view of New Englanders for several\\nweeks.]\\n1682 Apr. 9. La Salle reaches the\\nMississippi River, and sets up a cross\\nand the arms of France, having de-\\nscended from the confluence of the Illi-\\nnois River to the Gulf of Mexico he\\ncalls the great valley Louisiana. [One\\nof the most remarkable exploits in the\\nhistory of the country.]\\n16S3 Nov. Can. La Salle returns\\nfrom his explorations.\\n1685 Oct. 31. La Salle,- with four\\narmed French vessels, leaves the Lavaca\\nRiver on the Gulf coast to find the Mis-\\nsissippi, without success.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1680 Bienville, de. Jean Eaptiste L.,\\nSieur, born.\\nBoylston, Zalxliel, physician, born.\\n1682 Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier, de,\\nJesuit, born.\\nStuyvesant. Peter, Gov. of K Y., A80.\\n1683 Williams. Roger, founder in R. I.,\\nA84.\\n1685 Morton, Nathaniel, historian in New\\nEng., A73.\\nCHURCH.\\n1680* Can. Father Hennepin is cap-\\ntured by the Sioux, and attempts mission\\nwork among them, hut without success.\\nThe Society of Friends (Quakers)\\nbegins to spread rapidly in America.\\nN. J, Presbyterian church organ-\\nized in Woodbridge and Fairfield.\\nS. C. The first Episcopal clergyman\\nis Rev. Atkin Williamson.\\nBoston. A Baptist church edifice\\nerected.\\nVa. Four of Cromwell s soldiers are\\nhanged by a mob for religious opinions\\nas a warning to the remainder.\\n1681 June 28. N. J. First General\\nYearly Meeting of the Quakers at\\nBurlington.\\n1682 Sept. 25. Me. The first Baptist\\nchurch in Maine organized at Kittery.\\n[Bitter opposition from the Standing\\nOrder follows.]\\nBoston. The quarrel between the\\nFirst and Third churches ends.\\n-90 jV. J. Persecuted Quakers\\nand Presbyterians arrive in great\\nnumbers.\\nMany Scotch Presbyterians arrive.\\nS. C. The first Baptist church is\\nformed in this colony at Charleston.\\nThe Episcopal church is also estab-\\nlished there.\\n1683 Oct.* N. Y. The first General\\nAssembly of the royal province enacts\\nthat no person should be in any wise dis-\\ntressed or persecuted who accepts the\\ngeneral doctrines of religion.\\nCan. Mission of St. Francis de Sales\\nestablished at the Falls of the Chaudiere;\\ntheir work spreads into Maine.\\nMich. French priests plant the cross\\nand the flag of France in the wilderness\\nin the present site of Detroit.\\nBoston. John Emblem of England\\nbecomes pastor of the Baptist church.\\nMd. A Presbyterian church at\\nRehoboth formed.\\nFrancis Makemie, a Presbyterian,\\nsent out from Ireland, arrives. [A\\nnew era in Presbyterianism follows.]\\nN. J. Many Covenanter Presby-\\nterians arrive in East Jersey, whither\\nthey flee from the persecutions in Scot-\\nland on the reestablishment of Episco-\\npacy.\\nN. Y. A Huguenot Presbyterian\\nchurch established.\\nNew York. A Catholic, Thomas Don-\\ngau, appointed governor of New York by\\nthe Catholic Duke of York.\\nJesuit Fathers arrive, and com-\\nmence the services of the Catholic\\nchurch.\\nPa. Mennonites arrive at German-\\ntown.\\n1684 July Mass. Joseph Gatchell of\\nMarblehead is brought before the Gen-\\neral Court for discoursing that all men\\nshould be saved.\\nMtl. Francis Makemie organizes\\nthe Presbyterian church at Snow Hill.\\n1685 Fr. Blind and bigoted Louis\\nXIV. of France, hoping to make Catholi-\\ncism universal, revokes the edict of\\nNantes, which protected Protestants\\nin their worship he thus exiles 500,000\\nof the best people of France [many of\\nwhom settle in America, chiefly in\\n(South) Carolina, during the following\\nyears].\\nA. A Huguenot Presbyterian\\nchurch formed on Staten Island.\\nNew Jersey becomes the refuge of\\npersecuted Scotch Presbyterians.\\n8. C. First Baptist church organ-\\ni/. -ii near Cooper River.\\nVa. Dr. James Blair i. sent as the\\ncommissary of the Bishop London.\\n[The American Protestant Episco-\\npal churchis without abishop 100 years.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1680 Oct. Mass. The Court grants\\nthe ferry between Boston and Charles-\\ntown to Harvard College.\\nMOSS. A new edition of Eliot s Bible\\npublished.\\n1684* Va. The first printing-press\\nsouth of Boston is set up, and soon sup-\\npressed by the governor.\\n1685 -1701 Mass. Increase\\nMather is president of Harvard College.\\nPhifa. William Bradford sets up\\nthe first printing-press in the colony,\\nand issues an almanac.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1680\u00c2\u00b1 Carolina. Two opposing par-\\nties contend, the Cavaliers and Hi-\\nlivers, having morals fashioned after\\nthose of the profligate court of Charles,\\nand the Presbyterians. Quakers, and\\nHuguenots.\\n1681 Mar. 5. Pa. William Perni pro-\\nposes a commonwealth founded on free-\\ndom, without respect to color, race, or\\nreligion, to subdue the savages by the\\nweapons of love and justice, and to es-\\ntablish a refuge for persecuted Quakers.\\nPa. Penn writes the Swedes who have\\nalready settled in Pennsylvania to be\\nof good cheer, keep their homes, make\\ntheir own laws, and fear no oppression.\\nNov. JV. J. The West Jersey Assem-\\nbly prohibits the sale of ardent spir-\\nits to red men, and permits criminals,\\nother than murderers, to be pardoned by\\nthe persons injured.\\nVa. Six Susquehannoek chieftains\\nsue for peace, and are foully murdered.\\n[This shameful atrocity leads to war.]\\n1682 Va. It is enacted that the con-\\nversion of servants to the Christian faith\\ndoes not make them free.\\n1683 Pa. To prevent lawsuits, three\\npeacemakers are appointed for each\\ncounty.\\n1635** Pa. The yearly Meeting of\\nFriends, for Pennsylvania and New Jer-\\nsey, declares against intemperance.\\nThis meeting doth unanimously agree\\nand give as their judgment that it is not\\nconsistent with the honor of truth, for\\nany that make profession thereof, to sell\\nrum or any strong liquors to the Indians,\\nbecause they use them not to modera-\\ntion, but to excess and drunkenness.\\nVa. Many persons Implicated in the\\nMonmouth rebellion, in England, are\\nsent to this colony, by Jeffries, as ser-\\nvants for a term of years.\\nSETTLEMENT STATE.\\n16S0 June Va. A royal revenue\\nfrom a perpetual export duty on to-", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1680, June -1685. 49\\nbacco is voted by the Assembly and\\nthus the only check on the administra-\\ntion is dissolved.\\nAug. N. J. The Duke of York relin-\\nquishes every claim to the territory of\\nNew Jersey.\\nIII. La Salle is among the Illinois\\nIndians.\\nMaine organized as a province of\\nMassachusetts by the governor and Gen-\\neral Court.\\nN. C. John Harvey, president. [John\\nJenkins.] B. Peleg Sandford.\\nNew Mex. Revolts begin.\\n-81 New York. William Dyer the\\n13th mayor.\\nS. C. The colony on the Ashley River\\nat (old) Charleston, move to [the present\\nsite of] Charleston, and make it the\\nseat of government.\\n1681 Mass. T. Hinckley, governor of\\nPlymouth. (N. C. Henry Wilkinson.)\\nMar. 4. Pennsylvania is granted to\\nWilliam Penn (41\u00c2\u00b0 and 43\u00c2\u00b0 N.), who be-\\ncomes the proprietor of a great state at\\nthe cost of \u00c2\u00a316,000 sterling.\\nMar. N. J. The Duke of York confirms\\nPerm s purchase in New Jersey.\\nMar. 14. Ark. La Salle, near the Ar-\\nkansas River, takes possession of the\\ncountry for France.\\nJune 27 Md. Lord Baltimore, by proc-\\nlamation, arbitrarily annuls the liberal\\nelective franchise, and limits it to\\nfreeholders possessing 50 acres, or free-\\nmen having a visible estate of 40 pounds,\\nand making no distinction respecting\\ncolor.\\nJuly 11. Eng. Penn agrees to the\\nConditions and Concessions.\\nThree immigrant vessels are sent out\\nfor Pennsylvania.\\nNov. N. J. The first General Sessions\\nof the province of West Jersey meets\\nat the call of Jennings, the deputy-gov-\\nMd. The opposition to Lord Balti-\\nmore as a feudal sovereign and a Catho-\\nlic increases. [In England he is accused\\nof favoring papists.]\\nPa. The first colony arrives, and\\nsettles above the confluence of the\\nSchuylkill and the Delaware.\\n1682 Feb. 1, 2. N. J. William Penn\\nand eleven other Quakers buy the re-\\nmainder of New Jersey from the heirs\\nof Carteret.\\nFeb. Mass. The General Court ap-\\npoints Joseph Dudley and John Rich-\\nards as its agents in defending its\\ncharter before the king.\\nMar. N. Y. An attempt to levy cus-\\ntoms without a colonial assembly is de-\\nfeated by the grand jury, and trade\\nbecomes free.\\nApr. 9. La Salle, having descended the\\nSt. Joseph, the Illinois, and the Missis-\\nsippi Rivers to the sea, takes possession\\nof the great valley for Louis XXV.,\\nand calls it Louisiana.\\nApr. 25. Penn, by proclamation, pro-\\nposes that the colonists make their\\nown laws, and pledges not to interfere,\\nor leave it in the power of his successors\\nto do so, that the will of no one man\\nmay hinder the good of a whole coun-\\ntry.\\nJuly 10. Phila. [Walnut Street] sur-\\nveyed by David Hammon.\\nAug. 24. Del. The Duke of York\\ngrants the territories beyond the\\nDelaware (Newcastle) to Penn.\\nOct. 27. Pa. Penn,with 100 immigrants,\\nfirst lands at Newcastle. Witnin one\\nyear 80 houses and cottages are built.\\nDec. 4+. Pa. Penn holds a general con-\\nvention of colonists at Chester to or-\\nganize the territory.\\nCan. Frontenac recalled to France.\\nIII. First English settlement made\\nnear the Mississippi River (near Alton).\\nN. H. The people revolt against\\narbitrary government, and the governor\\nabandons the colony.\\nN.J. Perth Amboy founded.\\nNewark has about 100 families. Set-\\ntlements commenced on the Jersey shore\\nof the Delaware by 360 emigrants.\\nThe Friends, having control of both\\nEast and West Jersey, elect Robert\\nBarclay, a Scotch Quaker, governor of\\nthe province for life.\\n-87 N.J. Period of Scotch emi-\\ngration, pressed by persecution.\\n-83 New York. Cornells Steen-\\nwyck the 14th mayor.\\nPa. Welsh immigrants arrive.\\nS. C. Jos. Morton is governor.\\n1683 Jan. Pa. Penn buys out the\\npossessions of the Swedes near the\\nSchuylkill.\\nFeb. Pa. Penn completes the laying\\nout of the city of Philadelphia by\\nblazing the trees.\\nMar. 12. Phila. The first Assembly\\nis held. [Apr. 2. New charter given.]\\nConn. R. Treat, gov. [N. J. Gawen\\nLawrie. R. I. Win. Coddington, Jr.]\\nMay 23. Fa. Appeals to the king, un-\\nder the value of one hundred pounds\\nsterling, prohibited.\\nJune 23. Pa. Penn enters a treaty of\\npeace and friendship with the Indians\\nunder an elm-tree at Shackamoxon\\n(Kensington). The only treaty never\\nsworn to, and never broken. (Voltaire.)\\nJuly 26. Mass. A writ of quo war-\\nranto issued against the charter by the\\nCrown.\\nThe king will regulate the charter for\\nhis service and their good, if submission\\nis made before prosecution. The colony\\nsends a letter of attorney to an agent in\\nEngland to act in their behalf.\\nAug. 28. N. Y. Thomas Dongan ar-\\nrives, and succeeds Andros as governor.\\nAug. Va. Lord Howard of Effing-\\nham is appointed governor.\\nOct. 17. N. Y. First session of the\\nAssembly.\\nRepresentatives of the freeholders first\\nmeet in an assembly of two houses, under\\nDongan, the Roman Catholic governor.\\n[Oct. 30. It passes the Charter of Liber-\\nties, enlarging rights, with toleration\\nfor all Christians.]\\nNov. 23. N. Y, Partition line agreed\\nto between New York and Connecticut.\\nN. C. Seth Sothel is sent out as gov-\\nernor he oppresses the people and de-\\nfrauds the proprietors.\\nS. C. A company of dissenters\\nleaves England and settles in Charleston.\\nAn Irish company settles in the same\\nprovince, on the Ashley River. The best\\nblood of Europe, English, Irish, Scotch,\\nand French, combines in these settle-\\nments.\\nPa. Germantown settled by about\\n20 families of Germans, chiefly Mennon-\\nites.\\nPort. Peter H. enthroned.\\nVa. Arlington surrenders his interest\\nin Virginia to Culpepper.\\nVa. Poverty, misgovernment,\\nand general distress prevail.\\n1684 June 21. Mass. On a suit of\\nscire facias, the English Court of Chan-\\ncery gives judgment against the colony,\\ndeclares its charter is forfeited, and\\nits liberties seized by the king.\\nJuly 25. Virginia becomes a royal\\nprovince. Lord Howard, governor.\\nCharles II. revokes the grant of Vir-\\nginia to Lord Culpepper on the ground of\\nhis dishonesty, frauds, and many vices.\\nAug. 2. N. Y. The agent of Massachu-\\nsetts, the governors of New York and\\nVirginia, and the sachems of the Iro-\\nquois Indians meet at Albany, and set-\\ntle on the terms of a lasting peace.\\nAug.* Pa. Penn sails for England,\\nand appoints Thomas Lloyd president\\nin his absence five commissioners are\\nchosen to assist him.\\nAug. La. La Salle is sent from France\\nto settle a colony at the mouth of the\\nMississippi [the entrance is missed, and\\nSt. Louis is settled and abandoned.]\\n-88 Mass. The darkest period\\nin the history of this colony. The\\nmother country exasperates the colo-\\nnists by tyrannical government. Jos.\\nDudley, president Massachusetts Bay.\\nNew York. Gabriel Minviellethe 15th\\nmayor.\\nPhiladelphia has about 2,000 inhab-\\nitants.\\nS. C. Lord Cardross, with ten families\\nof persecuted Presbyterians, arrives at\\nPort Royal. [Expelled by Spaniards.]\\nRich. Kirk [Robert Quarry], governors.\\nN.J. Thos. Olive, gov. (West Jersey).\\n1685 Feb. 6. Eng. The Duke of York\\nenthroned as James II.\\nApr. 20. Boston. JamesII. proclaimed.\\nJuly 2. Boston. A copy of the judgment\\nof the Court of Chancery received, and\\nthe charter expires.\\nJuly Tex. La Salle, with four French\\nships, lands a colony on the coast the\\ncountry becomes a part of Louisiana.\\nOct. 22. Fr. The edict of Nantes is\\nrevoked, and emigration to America\\nquickened.\\n[U. S.] Governors appointed:\\nN. J. John Skeine (W. Jersey).\\n*B.I. Henry Bull.\\nS. C. Joseph Norton.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "50 1685-1691, June.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1686 ^V. Y. The French attack the\\nSenecas.\\nS. C. The Scotch colonists at Port\\nKoyal are driven away by Spaniards,\\nwho lay waste their plantation.\\n1687 June 13. Can. Denonville leaves\\nMontreal to attack the Senecas.\\nN. Y. The invading French under\\nDenonville are again driven back by\\nthe Mohawks and Oneidas.\\n1688 June 17. Guiana. Mutiny of\\nsoldiers in Dutch Guiana the Gov-\\nernor is killed.\\nMe. Fort Andros is built.\\n1689 -97 King William s War\\nwith the French, a part of the gen-\\neral war against Louis XIV.\\nJune 25. France declares war against\\nEngland.\\nJune 27. N. H. Indians are allies of\\nthe French, and they surprise Dover\\n23 persons are killed and 29 captured\\nthe houses are burned, and the place\\nleft desolate.\\nAug. 4, 5. Can. The Iroquois attack\\nLachine.\\nAug. 25. Can. The Isle of Montreal is\\nsurprised by l t 500 Iroquois, and its 200\\ninhabitants are massacred.\\nThe war-like Iroquois spread terror\\nthroughout Canada as far as Quebec,\\nuntil peace is finally made.\\nCan. Frontenac decides to make a\\ntriple descent upon the English colonies.\\n-90 N. H. Indians commit many\\ndepredations.\\n1690 Feb. 8. N. Y. Surprise and mas-\\nsacre of the English at Schenectady\\nby 300 French and Indians 60 persons\\nare killed, 30 captives taken, and the\\nvillage is burned.\\nMar. 27. N. H. The Indians surprise\\nand destroy Salmon Falls on the Pis-\\ncataqua River.\\nApr. Can. The English under Sir Wil-\\nliam Phips seize Port Royal (Annapo-\\nlis).\\nMay 17. Me. The French and Indians\\ntake and destroy Casco.\\nAug. N. Y. The land-attack on Can-\\nada fails, through the division and\\nmutual criminations of Leisler and\\nWinthrop, after reaching Lake Cham-\\nplain.\\nOct. 16. Can. A Massachusetts fleet of\\n32 vessels, under the incompetent Phips,\\narrives before Quebec.\\nOct. 21. Can. The invaders reembark\\nfor Boston without making an attack.\\nOct. Can. Wreck of a part of the re-\\nturning New England fleet.\\nNov. The exhausted and debt-burdened\\ncolonies content themselves with the\\ndefense of their frontiers against the\\nFrench.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n16S6 Apr. 26. La Salle again starts to\\nascend the Mississippi to Canada.\\n1687 Jan. 12. Tea;. La Salle and 10\\ncompanions set out to walk from the\\nTexas coast to Canada. [He is assassi-\\nnated by one of his men.]\\nPeru. Terrible earthquake at Lima.\\nCity of Callao also destroyed by an\\nearthquake followed by a tidal wave.\\n1690 Phila. Wm. Bradford estab-\\nlishes the first paper-mill in America\\nat Germantown.\\nS. C. Rice is first planted, the seed\\nbeing given by the captain of a vessel.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1686 Alden, John, Pilgrim settler, A88.\\n1687 La Salle, de, Robert. Cavalier, ex-\\nplorer, A44.\\nPrince, Thomas, clergyman, born.\\n1688 Dickinson, Jonathan, clergyman, horn.\\nIWayhew, John, missionary to Indians, dies.\\nVincennes, Jean de, founder, born.\\n1690 Allouez, Claude Jean, Jesuit Miss., A70.\\nBarclay, Robert, Scottish writer, A52.\\nBeissel, Johann Conrad, Ger.-Am. mystic, b.\\nEliot, John, Apostle to the Indians, A86.\\n1691 Leisler, Jacob, usurper in N.Y., hanged.\\nCHURCH.\\n1686 Boston. Andros, the President\\nof New England, forcibly seizes the Old\\nSouth Church for Episcopal service.\\nNew Eng. The Episcopal clergy-\\nman is the only person in all New Eng-\\nland who is authorized to unite persons\\nin marriage.\\nMass. Episcopacy is fully intro-\\nduced by Governor Andros, and the\\npeople required to furnish funds to build\\na church for its service. A tax of the\\nsame amount is levied upon each person,\\npoor or rich. Some towns refuse to pay it.\\nHuguenots arrive.\\n5. C. A Huguenot Presbyterian\\nchurch formed in Charleston.\\n1687 Mar. 27. Boston. The Old South\\nMeeting-house opened on Good Fri-\\nday, by Andros, for Episcopal service.\\nBoston. A Huguenot Presbyterian\\nchurch formed in Boston.\\n1688* Boston. Governor Andros causes\\nthe erection of King s Chapel.\\nWorship after the form of the Protes-\\ntant Episcopal Church becomes regular\\nand permanent among the Puritans.\\nMe. Mission work among the Abnaki\\nIndians is renewed by the Jesuits.\\n1689 It. Alexander VIII., pope.\\niV. J. A Baptist church is organized\\nat Piscataqua called Anabaptist Town.\\nPa. Presbyterians begin to arrive\\nfrom Scotland and the north of Ireland.\\nA Presbyterian church formed in Phil-\\nadelphia.\\n1690 May 20. Mass. John Eliot,\\nnearly GO years a pastor and missionary\\nto the Indians, dies, aged 86.\\nInd. French priests establish a mis-\\nsion on the Wabash River at Vincennes\\n(Indiana).\\nMd. A Presbyterian organization is\\nformed in Upper Marlborough.\\nLETTERS.\\n1688 XT. Y. Printing presses are\\nforbidden in the province by royal\\nauthority.\\n1690 Sept. 25. Boston. The first\\nnewspaper, called Public Occurrences,\\nissued the government suppresses it\\nafter the first issue.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1691 May 16. A*. Governor Slough-\\nter is made drunk by Royalists, who\\nthereby secure his signature U) the death\\nwarrants of the patriots Leisler and Mil-\\nborne.\\nSETTLEMENT STATE.\\n1685 Brazil. Insurrection at\\nMaranham.\\nCan. Denonville becomes governor.\\n*-87* James II. makes strenuous\\nefforts to take away all the New Eng-\\nland charters.\\nHe consolidates all the American colo-\\nnies from Maine to the Delaware, with\\nSir Edmund Andros as temporary royal\\ngovernor.\\n2f. T. The Duchy of New York be-\\ncomes a royal province.\\n*XeivYork. Nicholas Bayard the 16th\\nmayor.\\nS. C. Great numbers of persecuted\\nHuguenots arrive.\\nA collector of customs for the Crown\\nis established at Charleston.\\nVa. Despotism attempted by James\\nII. and resisted by the colonists.\\nRivalry between France and Great\\nBritain in America.\\n1686 April 27. N. Y. Governor Don-\\ngan grants a charter to the city of New\\nYork. [It remains the basis of its muni-\\ncipal rights for 200 years.]\\nMay 14. Mass. Joseph Dudley, a late\\nconvert to kingly prerogative, is ap-\\npointed the royal president of Massa-\\nchusetts by James II. [He is regarded\\nas the betrayer of his country s liberties.]\\nMay 25. Mass, The charter govern-\\nment is displaced.\\nJuly 22. N. Y. City of Albany incor-\\nporated.\\nNov. 16. Eng. Treaty of neutrality\\nbetween England and France, for Amer-\\nica.\\nNov. S. C. James Colleton becomes\\ngovernor.\\nHe foolishlv attempts to establish\\nPhilosopher Locke s absurd constitu-\\ntion, hence the colony rebels.\\nDec. 19. Nev Eng. Sir Edmund An-\\ndros, vicegerent of New England and\\nthe first royal governor, arrives at Bos-\\nton two companies of soldiers are sent\\nto support his authority.\\nConnecticut and [S.] Carolina have\\nwrits quo warranto issued against\\nthem.\\nEng. James II. resolves to reduce\\nall colonies to a direct dependence on\\nthe Crown,\\nMass, Arrival of Huguenots.\\nA r J. Lord Neill Campbell is gover-\\nnor (E. Jersey). (R.I. W.Clarke.)\\nX. Y. James II. abolishes the rep-\\nresentative assembly, and resumes ar-\\nbitrary and oppressive government.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1685-1691, June. 51\\n-87 New York. S. van Cortlandt\\nthe 17th mayor.\\n16S7 Conn.\u00e2\u0080\u0094R. L Charters are re-\\nscinded in England.\\nJan. 12. Ii. Andros dissolves the gov-\\nernment, and breaks the seal.\\nFive citizens are appointed members\\nof his council, and a commission substi-\\ntutes representative government.\\nOct. 31. Conn. Gov. Andros visits\\nHartford to establish his authority.\\nHe enters the Assembly, writes FINIS\\nat the bottom of the record, and demands\\nthe immediate surrender of their liberal\\ncharter; Governor Treat pleads and ar-\\ngues till darkness falls, when Joseph\\nWadsworth secretly takes the charter\\naway and hides it in the famous oak, and\\nso saves the liberties of Connecticut.\\nAndros assumes the government.\\nCan. French diplomacy aims to per-\\nvade the West, and concerts an alliance\\nwith all Indians to the Mississippi.\\nAbout 11,000 persons in New France,\\none-twentieth of the population in the\\nEnglish settlements.\\nMd. A writ quo warranto issued\\nagainst Maryland.\\nN. C. Gov. Colleton attempts to collect\\nquit-rents on cultivated fields and wild\\nlands, and arouses insubordination;\\nthe secretary of the province is impris-\\noned, the records seized, and the gov-\\nernor and his patrons defied.\\nN.J. Daniel Coxe receives Byllynge s\\ninterest in West Jersey. Coxe becomes\\ngovernor Andrew Hamilton is gover-\\nnor of East Jersey.\\nN. Y. Got. Dongan is ordered, from\\nEngland, to protect the Five Nations\\nfrom the French.\\n1688 New Eng. Continued tyr-\\nanny of Andros the colonists send an\\nagent to England to present their griev-\\nances to the king.\\nNew York is made a dependency of\\nNew England by annexation to the vice-\\nroyalty of Andros, its governor-general.\\nApr. N. J. Proprietors of East New\\nJersey submit to Andros, the royal\\nusurper of authority.\\nJuly iVeto Eng. The seaboard from\\nthe St. Croix to Maryland is under one\\ndominion, having Boston for its capital.\\nAug. 11. Andros is made governor-gen-\\neral of British America.\\nOct. N J. The proprietors of West\\nNew Jersey vote to surrender their\\ngovernment to New England.\\nNov. 5. Eng. William of Orange\\nlands in Devonshire.\\nDec. 11. Eng. James II. flees for France.\\nN. Y. Francis Nicholson appointed\\nlieutenant-governor. (Pa. John Black-\\nwell, deputy. Va. Nathaniel Bacon.)\\nCarolina. Many Huguenots, flee-\\ning from the persecutions of Louis XIV.,\\njoin this colony.\\nN.C. An insurrection against Seth\\nSothel; the infamous governor is over-\\nthrown, disfranchised, and banished by\\nthe colonists.\\n1689 Jan. 4. Eng. Col. Henry\\nSloughter appointed governor of N. Y.\\nFeb. 13. Eng. William and Mary en-\\nthroned.\\nMar. 14. Mass. The king concedes the\\nrecall of Governor Andros.\\nApr. 4. Boston. The Revolution in\\nEngland known.\\nA messenger announces the invasion\\nof England by William III., and is\\nthrown into prison.\\nApr. 18. Boston. Tidings received of\\nthe accession of William and Mary,\\nthe royal government is overthrown [and\\nthe despotic Andros is sent to prison].\\nApr. 20. Boston. The general court\\nagain assembles, and Simon Bradstreet\\nis restored to power.\\nApr.* Md. An armed force, led by John\\nCoode, is organized against the adher-\\nents of Baltimore, in the interest of\\nWilliam III.\\nApr, New York. A tumult of gladness\\nover the Revolution in England takes\\nplace.\\nMay 1. Rhode Island resumes its char-\\nter privileges which Andros annulled.\\nMay 9. -Conn. James II. being dethroned\\nand Andros deposed, the old govern-\\nment, under Treat, is resumed by the\\ncolonists, under the charter so saga-\\nciously preserved in the oak-tree.\\nMay 26. Mass. News of the accession\\nof William and Mary received with\\ngreat joy.\\nMay N. Y. Bitter feud between fac-\\ntions in New York, each seeking to con-\\ntrol the colony for or against William\\nand Mary.\\nJune* -92 Aug.* N.J. Owing to many\\nconflicting claims of authority, there is\\nno recognized government the peo-\\nple are vexed by a superfluity of rulers.\\nJune 1. New York. The military com-\\npanies persuade Jacob Leisler, their\\nsenior captain, to possess the fort and\\nassume the temporary government\\nfor William HI.\\nJune 5. Mass. The House of Repre-\\nsentatives meets, and refusea to act till\\nthe old charter officers of 1686 assume\\ntheir power as of right.\\nJune 8. A r 1 A committee of safety\\nof ten is appointed, and they attempt\\nto reorganize the government on liberal\\nprinciples.\\nAug. 1. Md. John Coode, at the head\\nof the Association in arms for the de-\\nfense of the Protestant religion, usurps\\nthe government, forces the adherents\\nof Baltimore to capitulate, and consent\\nto exclude Catholics from office.\\nAug. N. Y. Lieut.-Gov. Nicholson\\ngoes to Albany to escape the hostile peo-\\nple, and denounces Leisler as a rebel.\\nSept. N. Y. Commissioners from New\\nEngland hold a conference with the\\nMohawks at Albany.\\nDec* N. Y. A royal letter received, com-\\nmissioning Nicholson as governor.\\nN. C. Gov. Philip Ludwell conducts\\nan excellent administration [continuing\\nsix years].\\nHuguenots arrive.\\nN. Y. New Rochelle is settled by\\nHuguenots.\\n-90 New York. Peter de la Noy,\\nthe 18th mayor.\\nS. C. Governor Ludwell comes to\\nSouth Carolina, and attempts to en-\\nforce the absurd constitution of\\nLocke, and confusion, approaching an-\\narchy, prevails.\\nGov. Colleton pretends to fear danger\\nfrom Indians or Spaniards, and pro-\\nclaims martial law, but can find no\\nforce to execute it.\\nConn. Robt.Treat.gov. (Mass. Thos.\\nHinckley, Plymouth Thos. Danforth,\\nacting governor Mass. Bay Colony.)\\n1690 May 1 New York. First Amer-\\nican Congress. A conference of colo-\\nnial governors, respecting the safety of\\nthe colonies, is held.\\nThey decide to attempt the conquest\\nof Canada, by a force descending Lake\\nChamplain, and another sailing from\\nBoston for Quebec.\\nMar. 12. N.H. On the downfall of Gov.\\nAndros, the Assembly reannex the\\nprovince to Massachusetts.\\nCar. Va. Many French Protestant\\nrefugees migrate to America, and settle\\nchiefly in Carolina and Virginia.\\nMassachusetts issues paper money to\\nmeet her war debt.\\nN. Y. Jacob Leisler is recognized\\nthroughout the province as temporary\\ngovernor.\\nN. C. Governor Ludwell leaves the\\ncolony, despairing of its government.\\nS. C. Gov. Colleton is impeached by\\nthe colonists for arbitrary government\\nand banished.\\nSeth Sothel, the candidate of the\\npopular party, becomes their vexatious\\ngovernor [for two years].\\n+_* Germany. The ravages of war in\\ntheir native land drive many Germans\\nto America; Germantown, near Phila-\\ndelphia, is settled by them.\\nJR. I, Henry Bull, governor. Later,\\nJohn Easton.\\n1691 Mar. 19. New York. The new\\ngovernor, Col. Sloughter, arrives from\\nEngland.\\nCaptain Jacob Leisler resigns his\\ntrust, and is immediately arrested on\\nthe charge of treason.\\nApr. 1. Pa. Delaware secedes from\\nPennsylvania. Penn reluctantly con-\\nsents to the desire of the lower coun-\\nties (Del.) to govern themselves. [They\\nare two years under Markham.]\\nMay 16. New York. Leisler and Mil-\\nborne, his son-in-law, are hanged for\\ntreason, by the authority of a drunkard,\\nGovernor Sloughter. The act considered\\njudicial murder.\\nJune 1. Md. King William revolution-\\nizes the government, and takes it as a\\nroyal province Sir Lionel Copley is\\nsent out as governor.\\n[He establishes the Church of England,\\nand taxes the Catholics to maintain it.\\nHe finally disfranchises the Catholics,\\nwho established the colony.]", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "52 1691, Aug.-1697, Mar.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1691 Can. Major Schuyler makes a\\nraid, on the French settlements on the\\nSorel.\\n1692 -94 Me. Indian depreda-\\ntions occur.\\nJan. 25. Me, The town of York is\\nsurprised and nearly destroyed by the\\nFrench and Indians about 75 people\\nare massacred, and as many taken into\\ncaptivity.\\nFeb. Can. The French send a force\\nagainst the Mohawks.\\nFrontenac sends 300 French with In-\\ndians against the hunting parties of\\nSenecas in Upper Canada, and under-\\ntakes to subdue the Five Nations.\\nOct. 26. Conn. Gov. Fletcher is com-\\nmissioned to take command of the mi-\\nlitia of Connecticut but the Puritans\\nof Hartford successfully resist him, and\\nhe returns to New York.\\nNov. 26. Can, Port Royal (Annapolis)\\nsurrenders to a French ship.\\nN. Y. Major Schuyler, of Albany,\\nmakes great efforts to pacify the terri-\\nfied settlers, and protect them from the\\nIndians.\\nMe. Sir William Phips, the governor,\\nerects Fort William Henry at Pemaquid.\\n*-1700* Mexico is reconquered,\\nby Diego de Vergas.\\nNewfoundland. The English destroy\\nthe French settlement.\\n1693 Jan. -Feb. N. T. A strong\\nFrench force invades the country of the\\nMohawks, bent on their extermination.\\nFeb. 6. N. Y. Mohawks are attacked\\nby the French and Indians 300 prison-\\ners are taken.\\nFeb. N. Y. Major Schuyler leaves\\nAlbany with 200 men, pursues the\\nFrench, and liberates the captive Mo-\\nhawks.\\nAug. 11. Me. The Abnaki Indians sue\\nfor peace after a long and bloody war.\\nCan. Frontenac leads a French ex-\\npedition against the Iroquois,\\nEngland resolves to conquer Can-\\nada. A British fleet arrived at Boston.\\n1694 July 18. N. H. About 250 In-\\ndians attack a village on Oyster River\\n94 persons are killed or captured.\\nCan. Frontenac conducts his last\\ncampaign against the Iroquois.\\n1696 Eng. King William gives Cap-\\ntain Kidd a commission and a galley of\\n30 guns to suppress piracy. [He turns\\npirate himself.]\\nNew England suffers from French\\nincursions.\\nJune 26. N. H. Indians attack Ports-\\nmouth Plain 14 persons are killed.\\nMe. The French under Iberville and\\nCastin capture the fort at Pemaquid\\n(Bremen).\\nFla. Spaniards build a fort at Pen-\\nsacola.\\nJuly 28. Can. The French under\\nFrontenac for the last time invade\\nnorthern New York. [They are defeated\\nby the colonists and their Iroquois allies.]\\n1697 Mar. 15. Mass. Indians attack\\nHaverhill; 40 persons are killed or\\ntaken captive among the latter is\\nHannah Dustin, the heroine, who kills\\nher sleeping captors. (See Society.)\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1692 June 7. W. I. Great earthquake\\nin Jamaica nine-tenths of Port Koyal\\nburied under water 2,000 perish in the\\nconvulsion, and 3,000 whites by a follow-\\ning pestilence.\\n1693 S. 0. The cultivation of rice\\nbegins, and with it the prosperity of the\\ncolony. (1694?; 1695?; 1698?)\\n1694 Can. A company of amateur\\nactors give a theatrical performance at\\nQuebec.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1692 Bravo, Lonardo, Mex. patriot, born.\\nDinwiddie, Kobert, Limit. -gov. of Va., born.\\n1695 Phips, Sir Wm,, Gov. of Mass., A44.\\n1696 Johnson, Samuel, Pres. of Col. Coll.,b.\\nPepperell, Sir William, general, born.\\nWentworth, Benning, Gov. of N. H., born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1691 It. Innocent XII., pope.\\nMd. The colony being made a Royal\\nProvince, the Church of England is\\nestablished by law, and the Catholic col-\\nonists are taxed to maintain it.\\nMass. A Baptist church is organ-\\nized at Cohansey.\\nVa. Francis Makemie goes to Lon-\\ndon, and appeals to the Presbyterian\\nministers for missionaries [two young\\nmen, John Hampton and George Mc-\\nNish, are sent out.] (Briggs, 1704.)\\n1692* *N. J. The Scotch Meet-\\ning-house, Presbyterian church, or-\\nganized at Freehold.\\nN. Y. Governor Fletcher attempts\\nto force the Episcopal church on the\\ncolonists; but the General Assembly de-\\ncrees equality and toleration, and places\\nthe Episcopal church on a level with\\nother churches, and permits vestrymen\\nto call non-Episcopal pastors. About\\none-tenth of the population are Episco-\\npalians.\\nThe provisions of the English Test Act\\nare enforced against Catholics.\\nPhila. First Presbyterian con-\\ngregation in Philadelphia meets in the\\nBarbadoes Company s warehouse.\\n1693 Mass. The General Court pro-\\nvides for common schools and the sup-\\nport of Congregational ministers.\\nN. Y. The Assembly provides for the\\nsettlement and support of ministers by\\nlevying a tax on all the people.\\nEpiscopacy is established by law.\\nS. C. The Baptist church is moved\\nfrom Cooper River to Charleston.\\nVa. The colonists establish a col-\\nlege (William and Mary) to educate a\\ndomestic succession of Church of Eng-\\nland ministers, as well as to teach the\\nchildren of Indians to read.\\n1694 Aug.* R.I. Jews first establish\\npublic worship at Newport, and find\\nprotection,\\n1695 Apr. 10. N. Y. The House de-\\ncides that non-Episcopal rninisters\\nmay be called in New York.\\nX. Churches are erected, and\\nprovisions made lor sustaining public\\nworship.\\nPhila. First record of Protestant\\nEpiscopal services in Pennsylvania; a\\nchurch is erected in Philadelphia.\\n1696 May 11. X. Y. The Reformed\\nProtestant Dutch church formed in\\nAmerica incorporated.\\nFla. Spaniards build a Roman Cath-\\nolic church at Pensacola.\\nNew York. The first Jewish syn-\\nagogue in America is erected.\\nThe first Trinity church (Prot. Epis.)\\nis built and endowed Kev. W. Vesey\\npastor.\\nPhila. The nucleus of a Baptist\\nchurch appears in the persons of John\\nFarmer and wife from London.\\n1697 Feb. 6. New York. The first\\nTrinity church (Prot. Epis.) is opened\\nfor worship.\\nLETTERS.\\n1692 Va. William and Mary Col-\\nlege (Prot. Epis.) chartered at Williams-\\nburg, through the efforts of Kev. James\\nBlair and Lieut.-gov. Nicholson.\\nMass. The degree of D.D. is first\\nconferred by Harvard College it is\\ngiven to its president. Increase Mather.\\nPhila. A public high school, char-\\ntered by Penn, is established.\\n1693 Mar. 25. Xew York. Printing is\\nordered to be introduced.\\nXew York. William Bradford moves\\nto New York, sets up the first printing-\\npress, and is appointed State-printer.\\n[He is called the Father of Printing\\nin the middle colonies.l\\nAug. 23. Xeio York. The first printing\\nis a proclamation by the governor.\\nVa. Rev. James Blair is appointed\\nthe first president of William and Mary\\nCollege. [1729. Active.]\\nThe Wonders of the Invisible World,\\nby Cotton Mather, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\nX. Y. The colony is protected from\\nFrench invasions and hostile Indians, for\\nmany years, by the friendly Five Na-\\ntions.\\n1691* *-17l5* *X.H. Land specu-\\nlators vex the people by buying ancient\\nclaims to their lands, and trying to dis-\\npossess them or secure rents, but no\\njudgments are obtained in the courts.\\n1692 Feb. Mass. The witchcraft\\ndelusion breaks out at Danvers, a part\\nof Salem.\\nA niece of the minister is the subject,\\nand an old Indian servant, Tituba, the\\nvictim, whose confession is obtained un-\\nder the rod.\\nApr. 22. Mass. Edward Bishop, having\\ncured one of the afflicted by flogging\\nhim, and proposed that others be cured\\nin the same way, is sent to prison for\\nexpressing his opinion.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1691, Aug.-1697, Mar. 53\\nJune 10. Mass. Bridget Bishop is\\nhanged for witchcraft at Salem.\\nJune 30. Mass. The General Court con-\\ndemns to death five women, all of\\nblameless lives, and all declaring them-\\nselves innocent of witchcraft.\\nJuly 19. Mass. Rebecca Nurse, a wo-\\nman of blameless life, is taken to church\\nin chains, and publicly excommunicated\\nas a witch [later she is hanged].\\nAug. 3. Mass. The Court condemns six\\nothers as witches.\\nMass. The children of Martha Car-\\nter witness against their mother, who is\\naccused of witchcraft the two sons re-\\nfuse to perjure themselves till tied neck\\nand heels, and the little daughter, seven\\nyears old, is made a witness.\\nAug. 19. Mass. Five witches\\nhanged for witchcraft at Salem.\\nAug. Mass. The delusion affects the\\nhigher classes, and a clergyman of the\\nhighest respectability is executed.\\nMass. Giles Cory, an octogenarian,\\nrefuses to plead to the charge of witch-\\ncraft, and is pressed to death.\\nSept. 9. Mass. Six women condemned\\nfor witchcraft.\\nSept. 22. Mass. Two men and seven\\nwomen are executed at Salem for\\nwitchcraft one is pressed to death for\\nstanding mute.\\nSept. 28. Mass. Eight persons are\\nhanged as witches.\\nAutumn. Mass. Twenty persons have\\nbeen put to death, fifty-five tortured, and\\nthe jails are full of victims.\\nOct. 18. Mass. Protest made by the\\npeople of Andover to the General Court\\nagainst the witch tribunals.\\nOct. Mass. The delusion of witchcraft\\nis rapidly disappearing.\\nNew York. The whipping- post, pil-\\nlory, and ducking-stool are set up.\\n-98 N. Y. Gov. Fletcher receives\\nlarge gifts from the pirates.\\n1693 Jan. -Feb. Mass. It becomes\\ndifficult to convict accused witches.\\nMass. Great popular indignation\\nagainst the prosecutors for witchcraft.\\n1695 Carolina. Gov. John Archdale\\n(a Quaker) protects the Indians from\\nthe kidnapping colonists. Some native\\nCatholics are ransomed from slavery,\\nand sent to their homes in Florida.\\n1696 Apr. 1. John Briggs, the her-\\nmit, dies, aged 97.\\nHis figure has become grotesque he-\\ncause of the numerous pieces of leather\\nnailed to his clothes one of his shoes\\nis made of about 1,000 pieces of leather.\\nApr. Eug. Capt. William Kidd, a\\nhold, successful American shipmaster,\\nis commissioned to suppress piracy. [He\\nbecomes a pirate himself.]\\n1697 Jan. 14. Mass. Samuel Sewall\\nmakes a public confession of his com-\\nplicity in the witchcraft trials.\\nMar. Mass. Hannah Dustin, her ser-\\nvant, and a boy kill ten of twelve Indians\\nwhile they sleep, and then escape from\\ncaptivity.\\nSETTLEMENT STATE.\\n1691 Aug. New York. Capt. Richard\\nIngoldsby is acting governor Governor\\nSloughter deceased (July 23).\\nSummer. N. Y. The treaty with the\\nIroquois Indians (Five Nations) is re-\\nnewed at Albany.\\nOct. 7. Eng. King William grants a\\nnew and less liberal charter to Massa-\\nchusetts. [He permits Rhode Island and\\nConnecticut to resume their charters.]\\nMass. Increase Mather is permitted\\nto nominate the first officers under the\\nnew charter he proposes Sir William\\nPhipps for governor.\\nNew York. John Lawrence,10th mayor.\\n1692 Jan. 26. Can. Acadia (Nova\\nScotia) becomes a part of Massachusetts.\\nFeb. Mass. The witchcraft frenzy\\nbreaks out. (See Society.)\\nMay 14. Mass. Gov. Phipps arrives\\nwith the new charter. Phipps is also\\ngovernor of Plymouth Colony and the\\nprovinces of Maine, Nova Scotia, and\\nthe country north of the St. Lawrence\\nalso, the Elizabeth Islands, Nantasket,\\nand Martha s Vineyard unites Plym-\\nouth with Massachusetts.\\nAug. 13. N. H. The English govern-\\nment separates New Hampshire from\\nMassachusetts the second time, not-\\nwithstanding the protests of the people.\\nSept. New York. Benjamin Fletcher,\\na man of bad passions and poor abilities,\\narrives, and assumes office as governor.\\nOct. 21. Pa. The British government\\ntakes away Perm s proprietary rights\\nand transfers the government to Fletcher\\nof New York. [Penn is restored in 1694.]\\nNov. 26. Can. Nova Scotia again un-\\nder the French flag.\\nConn. The Crown claims the control\\nof the militia.\\nMd. Sir L.Copley, the first royal gover-\\nnor, assumes office. (N.J. A.Hamilton.)\\nNew York. The assembly passes a\\nresolution against arbitrary govern-\\nment, and claiming that the people are\\na part of the governing power.\\n-95 Neiv York. Abraham de Peys-\\nter the 20th mayor.\\nS. C. The proprietaries reject all the\\nacts of the democratic legislature.\\nRhode Island and Connecticut retain\\ntheir charters.\\nVa. [and Md.] Sir Edmund Andros,\\ngovernor. (S. C. Philip Ludwell.)\\n1693 Apr. Carolina. Proprietors at\\nlength abandon the John Locke\\nscheme of government thus the paper\\nEmpire of the West vanishes.\\nS. C. Thomas Smith appointed gov-\\nernor. (N. C. Alex. Lillington, deputy.)\\nApr. 26. Pa. Governor Fletcher again\\nunites Maryland to Pennsylvania, and\\nassumes authority.\\nOct. 26. Conn. Gov. Fletcher of New\\nYork goes to Hartford to assume com-\\nmand of the militia.\\nWhile reading his commission, Capt.\\nWadsworth orders the drums beaten,\\nand intimidates the royally commis-\\nsioned officer from intruding on an inde-\\npendent people.\\nDelaware is placed under the rule of\\nthe governor of New York.\\n1694 Mar. 26. Pa. Penn sends Mark-\\nham to be his deputy-governor, who calls\\nan Assembly of the people to form for\\nthemselves a liberal constitution.\\nAug. 20. Pa. Penn is reinstated in\\nhis province, which had been taken from\\nhim and annexed to New York.\\nS. C. John Archdale, an upright\\nQuaker, is elected governor.\\nHe mitigates the hostility existing be-\\ntween the profligate Cavalier party\\nand the Presbyterians, etc., who oppose\\nthem.\\nMd. The capital is removed from St.\\nMary s to [Annapolis] by the Protes-\\ntants.\\n1695 Apr. 12. N Y. Votes of the As-\\nsembly first published.\\nAug. 17. S. C. Gov. Archdale selects\\nfor his council two men of the moderate\\nparty to one High Churchman.\\nColombia. A company for colonizing\\nDarien is formed.\\nMd. A public post is established,\\nand letters conveyed eight times a year\\nfrom the Potomac to Philadelphia.\\nN. Y. Lord Bellamont is appointed\\ngovernor. (See 1698.)\\n-98 New York. William Merritt\\nthe 21st mayor.\\n1696 May Eng. The affairs of the\\nplantations are permanantly entrusted\\nto the commissioners who form the Board\\nof Trade, and all questions of colonial\\nliberties and affairs are decided from the\\nstandpoint of English commerce.\\nSummer. Me. By Iberville s capture of\\nPemaquid (Bremen) the French fron-\\ntier is extended into the heart of Maine.\\nNov. 7. Pa. Third frame of govern-\\nment passed by Gov. Markham on a\\npurely democratic basis.\\nFla. Spaniards build a fort, a church,\\nand a few houses at Pensacola.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-02 Md. Nathaniel Blackstone.\\n-97 P. I. Walter Clarke.\\nS. C. Joseph Blake.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\nN. C. Carolina is noted for its pro-\\nduction of naval stores.\\nVa. For many years voluntary im-\\nmigration almost ceases, there being\\nsuch restrictions on commerce as to\\ncause all forms of industry to languish.\\n1693 June 11. Mass. A terribly ma-\\nlignant disease is brought to Boston\\nby an English military expedition 3,100\\nout of 4,500 members die while crossing\\nfrom England.\\nBrazil. Gold mining commenced.\\n1695 A post route is established be-\\ntween the Potomac, through Annapolis\\nto Philadelphia, the mail-carrier to make\\neight trips in a year for \u00c2\u00a350.\\n1696 Neio Eng. Population is about\\none hundred thousand.\\nN. Y. Population of the city six\\nthousand.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "54 1697, Sept. -1703.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1697 Sept. 20. The King William s\\nWar ends by the peace of Ryswick.\\nSept. 21. N.Y. An impending invasion\\nof the French into the province of New\\nYork is averted by the peace of Ryswick.\\nColombia. Cartagena is taken by buc-\\ncaneers.\\n1699* Miss. Biloxi is fortified by\\nthe French.\\n1700* S. C.-k The Creek Indians\\nmuster about 5,000 warriors.\\n1701 June Mich. Be la Motte Car-\\ndillac, with a Jesuit missionary and 100\\nFrench, is sent from Canada to occupy\\nDetroit.\\n1702 *-13 Queen Anne s War,\\nbetween French and English; it is known\\nin Europe as the War of the Spanish\\nSuccession.\\nSept. Fla. The colonists of Carolina,\\nled by Gov. Moore, send an unsuccessful\\nexpedition against the Spaniards of\\nFlorida for plunder.\\nIII. The French vacate their post on\\nthe Illinois.\\n1703 Apr.* N. Y. The Assembly\\ngrants $7,500 to fortify the Marrows,\\nand for no other use whatever. [The\\nmoney disappeared, and the Narrows\\nwere neglected.]\\nJune 20. Me. The Abnakis promise\\npeace.\\nAug. 10. Me. Irruption of French\\nand Indians. [They desolate the coun-\\ntry from Casco to Wells, and massacre\\nor enslave 150 persons.]\\nAug. Massachusetts is at war with the\\nAbnakis. [Frontier war for several\\nyears.]\\nDec. S. C. Indian towns between the\\nAltamaha and Savannah are laid in ashes\\nbecause of the alliance of their people\\nwith the Spaniards.\\nGa. Colonel Moore invades the Apa-\\nlache country.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nEXPLORATION.\\n1699 U. S. The Mississippi River\\nis explored.\\n1701 Iberville makes his third voy-\\nage to the Gulf of Mexico.\\nCal. Father Kino makes his explo-\\nrations in California.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1700*\\nFaneuil, Peter, founder, born.\\nJoliet, Louis, explorer of the iliss., A55.\\n1701\\nliartram, John, botanist, born.\\nHennepin, I,., Finnish missionary, A61.\\nKidd, William, pirate, hanged, A51.\\nSanvolle, Le Movne, colonial Oov. of La., A50,\\n1702*\\nFitch, James, divine and missionary, A 80.\\n1703*\\nClap, Thomas, pres. of Yale, born.\\nl)e Laneey, James, Gov. of N.Y., born.\\nEdwards. Jonathan, clergyman, born.\\nIsla, Jost- Francisco, dc, Jesuit, born.\\nPynchon, John, N. Eng. colonist, A 66.\\nTennent, Gilbert, clergyman, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1697* Cat. Tbe Spaniards having been\\nexpelled by the ill-used natives, Upper\\nCalifornia is granted by Charles XI.\\nof Spain to the Jesuits.\\nPhila. John Watts immerses four\\nBaptists.\\nS. C. All Christians except Cath-\\nolics are enfranchised.\\n1698 Dec. 13. Phila. The first Bap-\\ntist church formed in a storehouse\\nJedediah Andrews, minister.\\nCal. The Spanish establish mission-\\nary stations. Father Kino arrives.\\nCarolina. Two-thirds of the colo-\\nnists are Dissenters, yet they consent\\nthat one minister of the Church of\\nEngland shall be maintained at public\\nexpense.\\n1699* Boston. Ellis Callender becomes\\npastor of the Baptist church.\\nThe Manifesto church is a protest\\nagainst Matberism.\\nDel. Consecration of Trinity Epis-\\ncopal church near Wilmington.\\nR. I. A (first) Protestant Episco-\\npal parish is formed at Newport.\\nS. C. Baptists at Charleston build\\na brick church and parsonage.\\nVa. A Presbyterian church is or-\\nganized, and Francis Makemie is li-\\ncensed to preach.\\n1700 7?. The Yearly Meeting is\\nestablished by the Friends, at Newport.\\nNov. 23. It, Clement XI. pope.\\nMass. The province enacts the ban-\\nishment of all Roman Catholics and\\nJesuits.\\n*N Y. Because of their hostile influ-\\nence among the Indians, the Legislature\\nprovides for the hanging; of every\\npopish priest who shall voluntarily\\nenter the province.\\n1701 Can. Jesuits try to live with\\nthe Iroquois [remaining 8 years].\\nEng. The Society for the Propaga-\\ntion of the Gospel in Foreign Parts\\nhas for its object the conversion of the\\nIndians, but is diverted by politicians to\\npromote the Church of England in all\\nthe American colonies.\\nN. Y. J. N. Kurtz is the first Lu-\\ntheran minister ordained in this coun-\\ntry.\\nPa. Religious liberty is estab-\\nlished.\\nPhila. J. Andrews is ordained and\\ninstalled pastor of the first Presby-\\nterian church in this city.\\n1702 Conn. The Society for the\\nPropagation of the Gospel sends Messrs.\\nKeith and Talbot as (Prot. Epis.) mis-\\nsionaries to New London.\\nMd. The Anglican Church is estab-\\nlished.\\nCatholics alone subject to intolerance\\nno priest or bishop may seek to make a\\nproselyte or teach the young. Not one-\\ntenth of the people adhere to the es-\\ntablished church,\\nN J. Liberty of conscience granted\\nto all, except the Papists.\\nThe first Episcopal Church in New\\nJersey is organized.\\n.V. J Got. Cornbury forges a clause\\nin his commission that he may foster\\nthe Episcopal church.\\n1703 May 6. S. C. Orthodoxy pro-\\ntected by the menace of disfranchise-\\nment and prisons.\\nCarolina. The first minister (Prot.\\nEpis.) arrives.\\nNew York. The Lutherans rebuild\\ntheir church (southwest corner of Broad-\\nway and Rector Streets).\\nThe King s Farm is granted to\\nTrinity Church by Queen Anne.\\nVa. A legal opinion is received from\\nLondon, that a minister is an incum-\\nbent for life, and cannot be removed by\\nhis parishioners. Church revenue is paid\\nin tobacco.\\nLETTERS.\\n1700* Conn. Tale College is com-\\nmenced.\\nI give these books for the founding of\\na College in this colony. Words of ten\\nCongregational ministers, assembled at\\nthe village of Branford, a few miles east\\nof Hartford, used in donating books\\nhereby lale Col-\\nNew York. The first public library\\nis established in America.\\nVa. The college of William and\\nMary graduates its first class.\\nThe Selling of Joseph, by Samuel Sew-\\nall, appears.\\n1701* Conn. Rev. Abraham Pierson\\nthe first rector of Tale College.\\nOct. 9. Conn. Yale College receives\\nits charter, and is formally opened as a\\nschool at Saybrook.\\n1702 Jacob Hemmingway the first\\nand only student of Yale until Septem-\\nber, when seven others enter.\\nMass. Magnalia Christi Americana,\\nby Cotton Mather, appears.\\nApr. N. J. Queen Anne prohibits the\\nkeeping of a printing-press, and for-\\nbids the publication of any book or pam-\\nphlet without a license.\\n1703* New York. The rector and war-\\ndens of Trinity Church are directed to\\ntake steps toward the erection of a col-\\nlege. [King s College (Columbia) was\\nthe result.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1697 New York. A night watch is\\ninstituted.\\n1699* New York. Capt. William\\nKidd returns from a long piratical\\nvoyage, bringing an immense booty.\\n[With great audacity he visits Boston,\\nis arrested, sent to Eugland for trial, and\\nfinally hanged.]\\nPa. William Perm, accompanied\\nby his wife, returns to America, purpos-\\ning to abide there. [1701. He is recalled\\nto preserve his imperiled charter from\\nappropriation by the crown.]\\n1700 N. H. Innkeepers permitting\\ntownspeople to remain in their houses\\ndrinking on Saturday night or Sunday", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1697, Sept.-1703. 55\\nare fined 5s. tlie same fine is to be paid\\nby tbe drinker.\\nCarolina. Pestilence and strong\\ndrink have reduced the savages to a\\nsmall number; out of a thousand war-\\nriors, but a dozen weak men remain.\\nPa. Penn legislates for the sanctity\\nof marriage among negro slaves, and\\nalso frees his own slaves.\\n1701 Boston instructs its representa-\\ntives to encourage the bringing of\\nwhite servants, and to put a period to\\nnegroes being slaves.\\nN. H. A fine of 5s. is imposed for\\ndr unk enness.\\nSTATE.\\n1697 Sept. 20. Peace of Ryswick\\nFrance and England are each to restore\\ntheir recent conquests Acadia restored\\nto France.\\nMassachusetts and New Hamp-\\nshire recognize the authority of Bella-\\nmont, governor of New York, but Con-\\nnecticut, and Rhode Island remain inde-\\npendent. (N. J. Jer. Basse, governor.)\\nN. Y. On complaint of the Lords of\\nTrade, Bellamont is instructed to re-\\nstrict the liberties of the courts and\\nassemblies in New York, and to increase\\nthe prerogatives of the governor and\\ncouncil a political struggle thenceforth\\nensues.\\nS. C. The English remove all dis-\\ncriminations against French emigrants.\\nPa. Penn proposes an annual con-\\ngress of all the American provinces\\nwith power to regulate commerce.\\n1698 Apr. 2. New York. The Earl of\\nBellamont arrives with a commission\\nincluding New York, New Jersey, and\\nall New England except Connecticut\\nand Rhode Island.\\nOct. Conn. The Assembly divides, and\\nforms an Upper House.\\n[U. S.} Governors inaugurated\\n-07 Conn. Fitz-John Winthrop.\\nR. I. Samuel Cranston.\\n-05 Va. Francis Nicholson.\\n-99 New York. Johannes de Pey-\\nster the 22d mayor.\\n1699 Mar. 2. La. A French colony\\nenters the Mississippi, under Lemoine\\nd Iberville.\\nMay Miss. Iberville erects a fort on\\nBiloxi Bay, and lays the foundation of\\nthe State of Mississippi by the French.\\nSept. 16. La. An English colony under\\nBienville follows Iberville, but retires\\non discovering the French.\\nNov. 30. Pa. William Penn arrives.\\nEng. Parliament oppresses manu-\\nfactures.\\nIt enacts that no wool or woolen\\nmanufactures shall be shipped from\\nany of the colonies, under penalty of\\nforfeiture of ship and cases.\\nMe. France claims the coast from\\nKennebec eastward, and the fisheries of\\nthe north coast.\\nMass. N. II. Massachusetts and\\nNew Hampshire are placed under Gov.\\nBellamont. (May 26.)\\n*[U. Governors inaugurated\\n-1700* Mass. Richard Coote. [1700-\\n01, Win. Stoughton.]\\n-01 N. J. Andrew Hamilton.\\n-05* *N.C. H. Walker (Pres.). [1700-\\n02, 19. 5. C. James Moore.]\\n*-1700* New York. David Provoost\\nthe 23d mayor.\\n1700 Jan. 17. Lemoine d lberville\\ntakes possession of the Mississippi\\nRiver for France, and plants a colony\\nat Poverty Point. [It languishes.]\\nMar. 30. Darien. The Scotch settle-\\nments surrendered to the Spaniards.\\nJune 7. Pa. The old constitution is\\nsurrendered with the consent of the\\nassembly and governor s council.\\nSept. 8. Can. A treaty made with the\\nIroquois.\\nNov. 1. Sp. Philip V. king.\\nLa. Bienville reaches the Red River.\\nFrench missionaries occupy various\\npoints on the Mississippi, and take pos-\\nsession for France.\\n01 New York. Isaac de Riemer\\nthe 24th mayor.\\nVa. Huguenots arrive.\\n1701 May* Conn. It is decided that\\nthe government meet alternately in\\nHartford and New Haven,\\nJune 24. Mich. Sieur de la Motte Ca-\\ndillac, with 100 men, makes the first per-\\nmanent settlement in Michigan (De-\\ntroit).\\nJuly 19. N. Y. Alleged treaty with the\\nIroquois at Albany, surrendering beaver\\ngrounds to the English.\\nAug. 4. Can. The French make a treaty\\nwith the Iroquois.\\nSept. 2. N. Y. A Court of Chancery for\\nthe State is organized.\\nOct. 28. Philadelphia is first char-\\ntered by William Penn.\\nLa. Bienville is in command of the\\nFrench settlements.\\n*-02* Mass. Government as-\\nsumed by the Council.\\n-02 New York. Thomas Noell the\\n25th mayor. John Wanfan, governor.\\nPa. Andrew Hamilton and John\\nEvans are appointed deputy-governors\\nby Penn.\\nN. J. The Jerseys become a royal\\nprovince.\\nLord Cornbury arrives.\\n1702 Jan. Ala. The first settle-\\nment in the state is made by the French\\nfrom Biloxi, on the western bank of the\\nMobile River. (Mobile.)\\nMar. S. Eng. Queen Anne en-\\nthroned.\\nApr. 17. New Jersey a royal province.\\nThe proprietors of East and West\\nJersey surrender their rights to the\\nCrown. One government is formed and\\ncalled New Jersey by mutual agree-\\nment all the various claimants surrender\\nthe right of government, but retain\\ntheir rights to the soil.\\nMay3. -08* N. Y. Lord Corn-\\nbury succeeds Bellamont as governor.\\nHe unites in one government New\\nYork and New Jersey. [The union con-\\ntinues thirty-six years with a single\\nexecutive, but two separate assemblies.]\\nMay 28. Boston. News received of Queen\\nAnne s accession.\\nJune 1. Boston. Queen Anne is pro-\\nclaimed.\\n*-15* Mass. Joseph Dudley\\ngovernor.\\nSept. 1. Carolina, by vote of tbe provin-\\ncial assembly, refuses an hereditary\\nnobility, or the dominion of wealth.\\nCarolina. The colony is burdened\\nwith a debt of \u00c2\u00a36,000 by its unsuccessful\\nmilitary expedition against the Span-\\niards at St. Augustine. (The assembly\\nenacts the issuing of bills of credit.)\\nDel. Pa. The two legislatures\\nconvened apart [and never again re-\\nunited].\\nInd. Vincennes founded. The\\nFrench vacate their posts on the Il-\\nlinois.\\nLa. Only 30 French families have\\nbeen settled.\\n-03 New York. Philip French the\\n26th mayor.\\ni703 *[U.S.] Governors inaugu-\\nrated\\n-04 Md. Thomas Trench.\\n-08 C. Sir Nathaniel Johnson.\\nMass. Joseph Dudley, governor,\\nquarrels with the General Court over\\nthe salaries of State officers.\\nN. J. The General Assembly meets\\nat Perth Amboy.\\nN. Y. Gov. Cornbury denies the\\nright of the assembly to ask questions\\nof the governor until the queen has\\ngiven them permission.\\nPa. The province is set apart from\\nthe territories Pennsylvania and Dela-\\nare have separate assemblies. Edward\\nShippen (pres. of council).\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1697* N. Y. The Common Council or-\\nders the city to be lighted by lanterns\\nsuspended from poles, which are to pro-\\nject from every seventh house.\\n1699* Pa. The yellow fever appears\\nat Philadelphia, where it commits great\\n1700* Miss. A gold-seeking expedition\\nfrom Biloxi ascends to the Falls of\\nSt. Anthony.\\nEnglish imports from the North\\nAmerican Colonies amount to \u00c2\u00a71,975,000.\\nBoston. Population about 7,000.\\nNew York has about 750 dwellings,\\n4,500 whites, and 750 blacks.\\nAbout 300,000 negroes imported\\ninto America by the English in the last\\n20 years.\\n1701 Population of the American col-\\nonies estimated at two hundred and\\nsixty-two thousand.\\n1702 New York. A pestilence is\\nbrought from St. Thomas, and nearly\\nGOO people (one in ten) die.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "56\\n1703-1712.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1704 Mar. 1. Mass. Deerfield is sur-\\nprised and burnt.\\nIt is the work of 200 French and 142\\nIndians under Hertel de Kouville 47\\nare .slain! and 147 captives, among whom\\nis Eunice Williams, are taken through\\nthe snow to Canada.\\nDec. S. C. Gov. James Moore leads a\\nf reebooting expedition of 50 whites and\\n1,000 Indians against the Indians south-\\nwest of Savannah five important towns\\nare carried, and the English flag is borne\\nto the Gulf of Mexico. [The only crime\\nof the Indians is their willingness to be\\ntaught agriculture and religion by the\\nSpaniards.]\\n1705 Dec. 14. Fla. Moore defeats the\\nIndians near St. Marks.\\nDec. 15. Fla. Moore defeats the\\nSpanish commander on Apalachee Bay.\\nMass. Prowling Indians terrorize the\\ncountry. Death hangs on the frontier.\\nMe. A war party burns the Indian\\nchurch and village at Norridgewock.\\n1706 S. C. A French expedition\\nfrom Havana, to enforce French claims\\nfor the country, is repulsed at Charles-\\nton by William Rhett and the Governor.\\n1707 Massachusetts attempts the\\nconquest of Acadia [Nova Scotia]\\nby a costly expedition.\\nMay Mass. Two regiments leave Nan-\\ntasket to attack the French at Port\\nRoyal. [The attempt to bombard the\\nfort fails.]\\n1708* Can. Awar-council at Montreal\\nresolves to invade New England with\\nan expedition of Indians and 100 picked\\nCanadians led by French officers.\\nAug. 30. JST. H. The French and Indi-\\nans surprise Haverhill, on the Merri-\\nmac, killing 40 and carrying away 100\\nprisoners.\\nMassachusetts offers a bounty for\\nIndian scalps.\\n1709 Costa Rica. A second massacre\\nof the Spaniards is accomplished by\\nthe Indians whom they had conquered.\\nThe English colonies prepare to aid\\na British fleet in the conquest of Can-\\nada the fleet fails to arrive.\\n1710* *JST. Y.-N.J. The colonists of\\nNew York and New Jersey raise 1,800\\nvolunteers to aid in the conquest of\\nCanada.\\nSept. -Oct. Conquest of Acadia\\n[Nova Scotia]\\nSept. 18. Boston. A second expedition\\nagainst the French sails for Port Royal.\\nOct. 16. N. S. Port Royal is taken by\\na fleet from England aided by a colonial\\narmy its name changed to Annapolis\\nin honor of Queen Anne.\\nBrazil. One thousand French led by\\nDuclerc attack Rio, but are defeated\\nand captured.\\n1711 July 30. Boston. A large colo-\\nnial army and a British armament, un-\\nder Sir Hovenden Walker, sail to take\\nQuebec. [The wreck of 8 vessels de-\\nfeats the expedition.]\\nAug. 28. N. Y. A second expedition\\nleaves Albany to march against the\\nFrench. [It returns on hearing of the\\nfailure of the first one.]\\nSept. 12. Brazil. AnotherFrenchsquad-\\nron with 0,000 troops, under Admiral\\nDuguay-Trouin, attack Rio and take\\nthe town after a battle of 4 days.\\nSept. N. C. Capture and torture of\\nSurveyor Lawson by Indians.\\nSept. 22. N. C. The Indian War.\\nThe Tuscaroras and Cores massacre 130\\npersons between the Roanoke River and\\nPamlico Sound.\\nOct. 10. Brazil. To prevent the burning\\nof Rio by the French, the governor signs\\na capitulation to pay 010,000 crusados,\\n500 cases of sugar, and to provision the\\nfleet.\\n1712 May Mich. Detroit, the center\\nof New France, is besieged by the Fox\\nIndians, and delivered by its various\\nIndian allies.\\nAug. Truce between England and\\nFrance.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1704*\\nGodfrey, Thomas, mathematician, born.\\nHubbard, William, ck-rt;yman, A83.\\nSpangenberg. August G., founder of Mo-\\nravians in Am., born.\\n1705*\\nChauncy, Charles, elenryman, born.\\nLoudoun, .luhn i. ampbfll, Brit, pen., born.\\nTennent, William. I resb. clergyman, b.\\n1706*\\nAbererombic, James, Brit, gen., born.\\nJan. 17. Franklin, Benjamin, printer,\\nphilosopher, statesman, born in Boston.\\nIberville, d P. Lemoine, Canadian com-\\nmander, A 45.\\nOliver, Andrew, Lieut.-Gov. of Mass., born.\\n1707*\\nByles, Mather, rlerpyman, born.\\nHopkins, Stephen, signer of Declaration, b.\\n1708*\\nCheever, Ezekiel, teacher, A93.\\nLaval-Montmoieney, Francois Xavler, R. C.\\nBp. of Que., A86.\\n1710*\\nCruger, John, Mayor of N.Y., born.\\nHamilton, James, governor, born.\\nLovell, John, educator, born.\\nTrnmbull, Jonathan, statesman, born.\\n1711\\nBrailstreel, .John, general, born.\\nCridley, liirliaiil, general, born.\\nHutchinson, Thomas, nov. of Mass., born.\\nWheelock, Eleazer, clergyman, born.\\n1713*\\nBernard, Sir Francis, Gov. of N. J., born.\\nIngraham, Benjamin, bishop, born.\\nLawson, John, surveyor, dies.\\nPontiae, Ottawa Indian chief, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1704 Md. An Act passed to prevent\\nthe growth of Roman Catholicism.\\nCatholic priests prohibited from mak-\\ning; converts or teaching the young.\\nChildren becoming Catholics forfeit\\ntheir share in the estate of their\\nparents.\\nN. C. The Church of England made\\nthe established church, and officials\\nrequired to take an oath to sustain it.\\nA 1 Y. Protestants send Mr. Moore, a\\nmissionary, to the Indians of New\\nYork, who returns in one year dis-\\ncouraged.\\nR. I. A (Prot. Epis.) missionary is\\nsent to Newport.\\nS. C. The Church of England made\\nthe established church and dissenters\\ndisfranchised two-thirds of the people\\nare dissenters.\\nX. J. First Episcopal church\\nerected in New Jersey at Burlington.\\n1705 Conn. The first Baptist church\\nin this state is organized in Groton.\\nFla. The Apalache Indians are\\nSpanish converts to Catholicism they\\nlive in villages and construct churches.\\nCarolina. The first church is built.\\nPhila. First American Presbytery\\norganized, having 7 members present.\\n(Briggs, 1706.)\\n1706 Jan. 17. Boston. Benjamin\\nFranklin is born and baptized on the\\nsame day, according to the Boston\\nregister.\\nJune 10. S. C. Parliament decides that\\nthe disfranchising act, because of\\nreligion, is contrary to the laws of Eng-\\nland.\\nNov. 30. Carolina. The colonial Assem-\\nbly repeals the act3 of intolerance,\\nafter being declared null by royal au-\\nthority.\\nDec. 29. K. J. First meeting of the\\ngeneral Presbytery, of which record\\nnow remains at Freehold.\\nJohn Boyd is the first Presbyterian\\nordained in America.\\nConn. Absentees from the law-\\nful church are liable to a fine of 20s.\\nMeetings in private houses are forbid-\\nden. A fine of \u00c2\u00a310, with whipping for\\neach offense, is imposed on unlawful\\nministers who administer the sacra-\\nments.\\nEpiscopacy is introduced.\\nThe persons, families, and estates of\\nministers are exempt from taxation.\\nMich. The Jesuit mission at Mack-\\ninaw is abandoned.\\n1707 Jan.* Kew York. Two Presby-\\nterian ministers are arrested by Gover-\\nnor Cornbury for preac hing without\\nhis permission. (Or 1706.)\\nMar. 22. Pa. Meeting of the general\\nPresbytery at Philadelphia.\\nApr.* Conn. Organization of the parish\\nof Christ s Church (Prot. Epis.), Strat-\\nford, the first in the state.\\nFirst Episcopal society is formed at\\nNew Haven.\\nKew York. Francis Makemie is tried\\nand imprisoned by Lord Cornbury for\\nthe crime of preaching to dissenters.\\nPhila. The Philadelphia Association\\nof Baptists formed, including delegates\\nfrom Pennepek, Middletown, Piscata-\\nway, Cohansey, and Welsh Tract.\\n1708 Dec. 9. Mass. John Higginson,\\nthe first minister at Salem, dies.\\nSept. 9. Conn. Congregational Synod\\nmeets at Saybrook and forms the Say-\\nbrook Platform of discipline. Pres-\\nbyterians and Congregationalists unite\\non it. [Oct. General Court approves.]\\nThe custom introduced of preaching\\na sermon on the day appointed by law\\nfor the election of civil rulers, proper\\nfor the direction of the towns. [Later\\nit becomes a law.]", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1703-1712.\\n57\\nThe General Assembly passes an act\\nremoving the penalty from sober dis-\\nsenters who do not worship with the\\nstanding order.\\nDel. The first Episcopal church in\\nDover is erected.\\n1709 May 18. Conn. The General\\nAssociation of Congregational min-\\nisters organized; the first state organ-\\nization.\\n1710 June 14. New York. Gov. Hun-\\nter arrives from England with 3,000\\nPalatines fleeing from persecution [a\\nLutheran church is soon formed].\\nCan. The Jesuits have become the\\nprotectors of the natives against the\\ncolonists.\\nN. Car. The whole country has hut\\none clergyman; he is of the Church\\nof England.\\nFrom New England to Carolina it\\nis commonly believed that baptism is\\ninconsistent with a state of slavery,\\nand that Christian slaves should be set\\nfree.\\nConn. A Baptist church is organized\\nat Waterford.\\nMany forms of religion among\\nthe colonists.\\nCalvinism predominates in New Eng-\\nland, Quakerism in Pennsylvania, Ro-\\nman Catholicism in Maryland, Florida,\\nand among the French along the St.\\nLawrence, and Episropalinnism in South\\nCarolina, Virginia, and New York.\\n1711 May 25. N.J. Important coun-\\ncil of the Baptist church consigning\\nthe record of past quarrels to ob-\\nlivion. Vote 42-26. [Prosperity fol-\\nlows.]\\nNew York. Baptist preaching intro-\\nduced in the house of Nicholas Eyers,\\nby Valentine Wightman. (Or 1712.)\\nEng. The Society for the Propagation\\nof the Gospel send Rev. Mr. Andrews to\\nthe Indians of New York he arrives at\\nAlbany.\\nN. C. The population is described by\\nroyalists as made up of Presbyterians,\\nIndependents, Quakers, and other evil-\\ndisposed persons. The proprietors de-\\ntermine to establish the Church of\\nEngland the people resist.\\nS. C. It is enacted that baptism\\ndoes not entitle slaves to freedom.\\nLETTERS.\\n1704 Apr. 24. Boston. The News-Let-\\nter, the first continuous American news-\\npaper, appears. (Continues till 1744.)\\nEdited, apparently, by John Campbell,\\nand printed on a half sheet, eight by\\ntwelve inches in size.\\n1705 History of Virginia, by Robert\\nBeverly, appears.\\nConn. The first printing-press in\\nthis colony is set up at New London.\\n1710 Essays to do Good, by Cotton\\nMather, appears.\\nNew York. Trinity School estab-\\nlished in connection with the Anglican\\nchurch.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1705 Va. By the fifth colonial re-\\nvision of the code, a slave is declared\\nreal estate and attached to the soil,\\nlike a Russian serf.\\n1709* *New York has a regular\\nslave-market at the foot of Wall\\nStreet.\\n1710\u00c2\u00b1 The popular belief that Chris-\\ntianity should enfranchise her con-\\nverts proves an obstacle to the con-\\nversion of these poor people.\\n1711 N. C. The colony is called the\\nSanctuary of Runaways, as it has\\nhardly any government.\\n1712 N. C. John Lawson, surveyor-\\ngeneral, is burned to death by Indians.\\nSTATE.\\n1703 -07 New York. William\\nPeartree the 27th mayor.\\nParliament condemns to the navy\\nevery pitch-pine tree that is not with-\\nin an enclosure,\\nRice and molasses are added to the\\nlist of commodities which are only to\\nbe sold in the English colonies.\\n*[U.S.] Governors inaugurated\\n-08 Md. John Seymour.\\nN. C. Robert Daniel (deputy).\\n[1705-08. Thomas Carey.]\\n1705 Dec* Fla. England gains anew\\nclaim to the territory of northern\\nFlorida by the conquests of James\\nMoore of South Cai*olina.\\nNf C. Anarchy prevails after the\\ndeath of the governor.\\nNeto Eng. Joseph Dudley, Gov-\\nernor of Massachusetts and a native of\\nNew England, takes the lead in the\\nconspiracy against its liberties.\\n*-06* Va. Edward Nott, lieuten-\\nant-governor.\\n1706 Nov. S. C. Repeal of the law\\nwhich disfranchises dissenters.\\n-10 N. C. The royalists and pop-\\nular party each has a governor and\\nlegislature the former lacks popular\\nfavor, and the latter lacks legal sanc-\\ntion.\\nPort. John V. king.\\nS. C. Governor Johnson becomes the\\nexecutive.\\nInvasion by the French and Span-\\nish, who claim the country as a part of\\nFlorida.\\n*_io* Va. Edmund Jennings\\nlieutenant-governor.\\n1707 Apr. 7. New York. Samuel Jen-\\nnings reads to Lord Cornbury a sharp\\nremonstrance, passed by the New\\nJersey assembly, against his acceptance\\nof bribes and his new methods of gov-\\nernment.\\nDec. 17. Conn. Rev. Gurdon Salton-\\nstall, of New London, is elected\\ngovernor.\\n*N. C. A band of French Huguenots\\nsettle here.\\n-10 New York. Ebenezer Wilson\\nthe 2Sth mayor.\\n1708 June 26. N. Y. The act vacat-\\ning extravagant grants of land in New\\nYork confirmed.\\nDec. 18. N. Y. Arrival of John Love-\\nlace, the new governor of the province.\\n(1708-1709.) New Jersey included.\\nCan. The French press forward\\ntheir great design of uniting the region\\nof the Great Lakes with the Valley of\\nthe Mississippi by means of trading-\\nposts and missions.\\nN. Y. Governor Cornbury stub-\\nbornly curtails the liberties of the\\ncolonists, and they stubbornly curtail\\nthe revenue of the governor, and peti-\\ntion for his removal. He is dismissed\\nfrom office, and imprisoned for debt till\\nthe death of his father, when he be-\\ncomes a peer.\\n1709 Apr. N. Y. The assembly meets,\\nand proceeds to contest the governor s\\nclaim for a permanent revenue, and de-\\ncides on an annual revenue instead.\\nJune 8. N. Y. Paper money is first\\nauthorized and issued here.\\n-10 N. C. William Grover, gov-\\nernor. (1709. C. S. Edward Tynte.)\\nN.J. Paper money is first issued.\\n-10 N. Y. Richard Ingoldsby,\\ngovernor. (1709. N. J.)\\nPa. Charles Gookin becomes deputy-\\ngovernor. (-1713. Md. Edward Lloyd.)\\n1710 Eng. Parliament provides for\\na post-office establishment in the col-\\nonies, with New York as the chief office.\\n-12 N. C. Edward Hyde, gov-\\nernor. (-1711. S. C. Robert Gibbes.)\\nN. Y. GerardusBeekman governor.\\n-19 N. Y. Robert Hunter, gov-\\nernor. (1710. N. J.)\\n*-22* Va. Alexander Spotswood,\\nlieutenant-governor.\\nHe builds iron furnaces, and fosters\\nschools, trade, and peace. The colony\\nflourishes under his administration.\\n*-ll* New York. Jacobus van Cort-\\nlandt the 29th mayor.\\n1711**^.0. Thomas Carey, the\\ndeputy-governor, being deposed, leads a\\nrebellion against the Assembly and Ed-\\nward Hyde, the president of the Coun-\\ncil, and proclaims himself governor.\\nGovernor Spotswood of Virginia sends\\nan armed force to aid Hyde, and Carey\\nflees. [He is sent to England for trial.]\\n-14 New York. Caleb Heathcote\\nis the 30th mayor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1710 Apr. 18. Eng. Four Indian\\nchiefs arrive in London, and are carried\\nin the royal coaches to their audience\\nwith the queen.\\nBrazil. Diamonds discovered.\\n1711 Oct. 2. Boston. Great fire lives\\nlost and 100 buildings destroyed.\\n1712* N. C. Yellow fever decimates\\nthe colonists.\\nN. Y. Albany has a /population of\\nfour thousand.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "1712-1721, Feb.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1712* Guiana. The French attack\\nthe Dutch, and exact a contribution.\\nJan. 28. N. C. Above New Berne, S.\\nCarolinians under Col. Barnwell re-\\nvenge a massacre of settlers on Sept.\\n22)-, by attacking the Tuscarora In-\\ndians, killing 300 and capturing 100.\\n1713 Mar. 20. N. C. Col. James Moore\\nof S. C. defeats the fortified Tuscaroras\\non Cotentnea Creek [Snow Hill], killing\\nmany and capturing 800. The tribe mi-\\ngrates north, and joins the Iroquois Con-\\nfederation as the Sixth Nation.\\nMar. 31. Can. The Peace of Utrecht\\nends the hostilities with Canada.\\n1715 Apr. 26. S. C. Massacre of the\\nEnglish by the Yamasis begins, and\\n.Charleston itself is in peril. [After kill-\\ning 400 whites, and a struggle of two\\nyears, they are finally driven into Flor-\\nida by Gov. Craven.]\\n1718 W. I. The buccaneers are\\nsuppressed by Wood Rogers, the gover-\\nnor of New Providence.\\nS. C. Pirates on the coast are sup-\\npressed by the Governor.\\n1719 Me. Fort St. George is built.\\nPanama. The Indians destroy several\\ntowns which the Catholic missionaries\\nhad established.\\nWar between France and Spain.\\n1720* N. S. The French begin the\\ndefenses of Louisburg.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nEXPLORATION.\\n1715 *N. J. John Watson, born in\\nScotland, commences painting por-\\ntraits at Perth Amboy, and is the first\\nartist to attain celebrity in America.\\nVa. Commencement of the manu-\\nfacture of pig-iron in Virginia.\\n1716 Feb. 8. Peru is shaken by an\\nearthquake.\\n1717 Feb. 22. Boston. Snowissixfeet\\ndeep.\\n1720 Pa. S. Nutt erects a forge in\\nCoventry, and manufactures iron.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1713*\\nLewis, Francis, signer of Declaration, born.\\n1714*\\nAcrelius, Israel, Swedish missionary, born.\\nAndros, Sir Edmund, Gov. of N. Eng., A77.\\nHenry, Matthew, author, A52.\\n1715*\\nDongan, Thomas, Governor of New York,\\nA81.\\nFinley, Samuel, pres. Princeton coll., b.\\nHerkimer, Nicholas, general, born.\\nJohnson, Sir William, colonist, horn.\\nPomeroy, Seth, patriot, born.\\nWilliams, Ephraim, founder, born.\\n1716*\\nBoylston, .Nicholas, philanthropist, born.\\nLivingston, Philip, signer of Declaration,!).\\nPatch, Elizabeth, the first female born in\\nMassachusetts, dies.\\n1717*\\nCollins, John, Governor, born.\\nCooke, Nicholas, deputy-governor, born.\\nGardiner, Sylvester, physician, born.\\n1718*\\nBrainerd, David, missionary, born.\\nChurch, Benjamin, American officer, A79.\\nHopkins. Esek, first commodore I S. N.,\\nborn.\\nPenn. William, founder of Pa., A7-J.\\nPrideaux, .John, soldier, born.\\nPutnam, Israel, general, patriot, born.\\n1719*\\nBellamy, Joseph, clergyman, writer, born.\\nCulpepper, Thomas, Lord, Gov. of Va., dies.\\nPhillips, John, philanthropist, born.\\n1720*\\nDudley, Joseph, Gov. of Mass,, A73.\\nGates, Thomas, Brit, gen., born.\\nLennox, Charlotte, novelist, born.\\nMayhew, Jonathan, clergyman, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1713 N. Y. About 150 families of\\nLutherans settle in Schoharie County.\\nU S. Large accessions of Irish Pres-\\nbyterians, who are driven to America\\nby the Test Act.\\n1714* ya. First Baptist church in\\nthis province formed at Burleigh.\\n1715 Md. It is enacted that bap-\\ntism does not entitle slaves to freedom.\\nBenedict Charles Calvert, the pro-\\nprietary, renounces his Catholic faith\\nto receive his inheritance.\\nN. Y. A third Reformed Dutch\\nchurch is built at Albany.\\n7?. Roman Catholics are disfran-\\nchised.\\n1716 Sept. 22. Phila. Presbyterians\\ndivide into three Presbyteries, and\\nthus constitute the first, synod, called\\nthe Synod of Philadelphia.\\nNew York. William Tennent ar-\\nrives [and leaves the Episcopal church\\nfor the Presbyterian].\\n1717 Sept. 17. Phila. The Presby-\\nterian Synod first meets. It founds\\na fund for pious uses.\\nCan. French priests have flanked\\nthe English colonies with more than 60\\nmissions, between Montreal and New\\nOrleans on the great lakes and rivers.\\nLa. French priests plant the cross\\nand the flag of France on the lower\\nMississippi, at New Orleans.\\nMass. Dr. Ebenezer Gay, of Hingham,\\nis [supposed to be] the first Unitarian\\npreacher in America.\\nMe. Flourishing Catholic mission\\nof Sebastian Kasles, on the Kennebec\\nRiver.\\nMassachusetts founds an anti-Catho-\\nlic mission among the Indians on the\\nKennebec.\\nNew York. A Presbyterian church\\nis organized in this city.\\nN. Y. Many more Lutherans come\\nover.\\nTex. Franciscan missionaries begin\\ntheir labors among the Indians.\\n1718 May 21. Mass. Increase Math-\\ner preaches the ordination sermon of\\nElisha Callender, pastor of the Baptist\\nchurch subject, Good Men United.\\n\u00c2\u00b1**-30** Pa. The German Baptists,\\ncalled Dunkers, come to this country.\\n1719* Scot. The Synod of Glasgow\\nand Ayr orders one-tenth of a collection\\nto be taken up in aid of Presbyterian\\nworship in New York City.\\nNew York. The first Presbyterian\\nchurch in this city is built (Wall Street).\\n1720* *-23* Greenland. Hans\\nEgede, a Danish missionary, founds a\\nmission at Good Hope.\\nN. H. Mrs. Rachel Scammon moves to\\nStatharn, and i* the first Baptist in the\\ncolony.\\nN.J. T. J. Frelinghuysen preaches in\\nRaritan and vicinity.\\nMay* Pa. William Tennent removes\\nto Neshaminy, where he establishes\\nLog College.\\nS. C. A Presbytery in connection\\nwith the kirk is formed.\\n1721 Jan. 23. New York. Nicholas\\nEyers, a brewer, is licensed to preach\\nto a Baptist flock by the authorities of\\nNew Amsterdam.\\nLETTERS.\\n1714 W I. The Codrington Col-\\nlege at Bridgetown, Barbados, is\\nfounded by the Moravians.\\n1716* Conn. The College is moved\\nfrom Sayhrook to New Haven, and\\ncalled Yale.\\n1717 Boston has its first auction sale\\nof books.\\n1718* Mass. Psalterium Amerieanum,\\nby Cotton Mather, appears.\\n1719 Boston. Mother Goose s Tales\\nare published.\\nThe Boston Gazette is first published.\\nPhila. The American Weekly Messen-\\nger (the third newspaper) is published\\nby Andrew Bradford.\\n_22 Conn. Rev. Timothy Cutler\\nis rector of Yale College.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1712 New York. Negro plot to burn\\nthe town nineteen negroes convicted\\nand executed.\\nPa. The legislature receives a peti-\\ntion for the enlargement of negro\\nslaves by law it replies that it is\\nneither just nor convenient to set\\nthem at liberty.\\nS. C. Special enactment denying that\\nbaptism confers freedom to negroes.\\n1713 Mar. 31. By the 12th article of\\nthe Treaty of Utrecht, an English com-\\npany secures the exclusive right to\\ncarry African slaves into American\\nports; this defeats the colonial legisla-\\ntures that seek- to stop the slave-trade.\\nPa. The introduction of negroes and\\nslaves is prohibited as exciting the\\nsuspicions and dissatisfaction of the\\nIndians.\\nVa. Gov. Spots wood writes to the\\nBoard of Trade of London that the\\nIndians never break with the English\\nwithout gross provocation from persons\\ntrading with them.\\n1715 Md. Two fines are imposed\\n(1) for carrying liquor to Indian towns,\\n5.000 lbs. of tobacco (2) for selling over\\none gallon of liquor a day to an Indian,\\n3,000 lbs.\\nSpecial enactment denying that bap-\\ntism confers freedom to negroes.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n17121721, Feb. 59\\n1719 La. Negroes arrive from\\nGuinea.\\nN. if. The names of drunkards aro\\nposted in public houses; the sale of\\nliquor to them is forbidden.\\nSTATE.\\n1712 Ghiiana. The French compel\\nthe Dutch in Surinam to pay a ran-\\nsom to save their city.\\nSept. 14. Fr. Antony Crozat is granted\\na monopoly of trade and \u00c2\u00a710,000 an-\\nnually for settling the Southwest (Loui-\\nsiana).\\nMass. Province bills are made legal\\ntender.\\nNorth Carolina is the refuge of many\\nfugitives from justice, and has scarcely\\nany government.\\n*-13* *N.C. Thos. Pollock, president.\\nS.C. Issue on interest of new bills for\\n\u00c2\u00a350,000. (1715. Chas. Craven, governor.)\\n1713 Mar. 31. Treaty of Utrecht, be-\\ntween Great Britain and France.\\nBy this treaty Hudson Bay and Straits,\\nNova Scotia, Newfoundland, and St.\\nChristopher of the West Indies become\\nsubject to Great Britain. The Five\\nNations become subject to England with\\nAcadia. The French have certain re-\\nserved rights on the French shores\\nof Newfoundland. Brazil is confirmed\\nto Portugal.\\nMass. Rectification of the bound-\\nary line by ceding 100,000 acres of land\\nto Connecticut.\\nWorcester settled.\\nMiss. A trading-post established at\\nNatchez.\\nN. Y. The Five Nations and the\\nTuscaroras of Carolina send their sa-\\nchems to Albany to meet the governors\\nof New York, Pennsylvania, and Vir-\\nginia.\\nA treaty is made with these six nations,\\nby which the valuable fur trade of the\\nIndians is to be diverted from the French\\nto the English.\\nThe English establish a trading-post\\nat Oswego, with a garrison the French\\nhave strong forts at Niagara and at\\nCrown Point on Lake Champlain.\\n1714 Aug. 1. Eng. George I. en-\\nthroned.\\nMass. Emission of \u00c2\u00a350,000 in bills, to\\nbe let out at five per cent on safe mort-\\ngages of real estate, and to be paid back\\nin five annual instalments. [Not paid\\nmore issues demanded.]\\nMd. Benedict Charles Calvert suc-\\nceeds to his father s hereditary rights,\\nand he soon restores the authority of\\nthe proprietary, after a suspension of\\n24 years.\\nJohn Hart rules for [the Dth] Lord\\nBaltimore.\\n*-21* N. C. Chas. Eden, governor.\\n-19 New York. John Johnson the\\n31st mayor..\\nTerm. A trading-post started on the\\nTennessee River [at Nashville].\\n1715 Sept. 1. Fr. Louis XV. en-\\nthroned.\\njV. C. Edonton founded.\\nMass. The Council governs. Jo-\\nseph Dudley, royal governor.\\n*-16* Mass. William Taller, gov-\\nernor.\\n1716* Me. English settlements estab-\\nlished on the Kennebec.\\nMiss. Natchez is settled, and trade\\nwith England begins.\\nFr. Law s- Mississippi scheme be-\\ngins in France.\\nVa. Gov. Spotswood crosses the\\nBlue Ridge and is the first to enter the\\ngreat valley beyond he opens a road,\\nand emigration soon follows to the Ohio\\nlands.\\n-23 Mass. Samuel Shute, gov-\\nernor.\\nS. C. Robert Daniel, governor.\\n0. Route from the Miami River to\\nthe Wabash is opened.\\nThe French are in the Ohio val-\\nley.\\n1717 Sept. Fr. The Western Louisi-\\nana Company obtains its grant. Illi-\\nnois is annexed.\\nLa. Crogat transfers his interest in\\nthis province to a chartered company,\\nheaded by John Law, whose national\\nbank and Mississippi speculation (Law s\\nBubble) involve the ruin of half the\\nFrench nobility.\\nBienville appointed governor-gen-\\neral.\\nPa. Sir William Keith becomes\\ngovernor [the last appointed by Penn\\nhimself].\\n1718 May* Massachusetts imposes a\\nduty on English manufactures, and\\nmakes a small discrimination in favor\\nof its commerce. [It is negatived by the\\nking.]\\nJuly 30. Eng. William Penn dies.\\nPa. The government is administered\\nfor his three sons (minors) by deputies\\n[till the Revolution, when their claims\\nare purchased by the Commonwealth],\\nAug. 25. La. Arrival of 800 French\\nemigrants at Dauphine Island. They\\nfound New Orle ans Bienville is com-\\nmandant-general.\\nColombia. New Granada becomes\\na Spanish vice-royalty.\\nEcuador. The province of Quito\\nis detached from Peru and annexed to\\nNew Granada.\\nEng. Period of official corrup-\\ntion.\\nOfiices in the colonies are used by men\\nin power to provide for their relatives,\\ndependents, and partisans, or sold out-\\nright for cash, or by setting apart a pro-\\nportion of the emoluments for the\\npatron.\\nFa. Parliament extends the post-\\noffice establishment to Virginia.\\n0. French settlements made in\\nthe Ohio Valley.\\nTex. La Harpe arrives.\\nNew Eng. Arrival of the Scotch-\\nIrish, who introduce potatoes.\\nLa. Land grants are issued by the\\nMississippi Company for settlements on\\nthe Bay of St. Louis.\\n1719 July 31. N. Y. The chief com-\\nmand of the province comes to Peter\\nSchuyler, in the absence of Colonel\\nHunter. [To 1720.]\\nDec. 21. S. C. The government of Car-\\nolina is revolutionized.\\nJames Moore, having been elected gov-\\nernor by the people, is inaugurated with\\nmilitary display, notwithstanding the\\nopposition of Governor Johnson in be-\\nhalf of the proprietors.\\nEng. Parliament first prohibits the\\nmanufacture of iron in the colonies.\\nThe Mother Country enacts a law pro-\\nhibiting the working of iron or steel in\\nthe colonies, and also declaring that no\\nsugar, tobacco, ginger, indigo, cotton,\\nfustic, or dyeing woods shall be trans-\\nported to any other th;ui Knglish markets\\nunder penalty of forfeiture, and requir-\\ning all goods to be imported in .English\\nvessels, and therefore from English\\nmarkets because erecting any manu-\\nfactories in the colonies tended to lessen\\ntheir dependence on Great Britain.\\nEngland restricts American\\nmanufactures.\\nThe inhabitants worked up their\\nwool and flax, and made a coarse cloth\\nfor their own use. Hatters were in\\nthe marine towns. Six furnaces\\nand nineteen forges were set up for\\nmaking iron.\\nLa. Eleven French vessels arrive;\\n500 negroes imported from Guinea.\\n-20 New York. Jacobus van Cort-\\nlandt the 32d mayor.\\nS. C. Arthur Middleton, governor.\\n1720* -Brazil. The district of Minas is\\nseparated from San Paulo, having 5 prin-\\ncipal settlements with royal charters.\\n-26 Md. Chas. Calvert, governor.\\nEng. Royal orders forbid the Eng-\\nlish colonies to issue paper money.\\n*N. Y. William Burnet, governor [till\\n1728] trade between the French and In-\\ndians prohibited. New Jersey included.\\n-25 New York. Robert Walters\\nthe 33d mayor.\\n1721 Feb. S.C. Francis Nichol-\\nson, governor of Carolina, arrives.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1713 Mar.* N. Y. A part of the de-\\nfeated Tuscaroras leave Carolina, and\\nmigrate to northern New York, and be-\\ncome the sixth nation of the Iroquois\\nconfederacy.\\n1714 Boston has a project for a bank\\nof credit.\\n-17 New Eng. Period of great\\ncommercial activity. The trade with\\nthe West Indies is extensive.\\n1716 May 2. Fr. Law s bank estab-\\nlished in Paris.\\n1717 Carolina. Population has in-\\ncreased but 600 in 41 years.\\nFr. The Company of the West\\nchartered, with John Law director.\\nNew Eng. The whale fishery is\\nbegun.\\n1719* Mass. Colonists begin to use\\ntea.\\n1720* U. S. Clocks introduced\\nabout this date, and substitute hour-\\nglasses.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "I0 1721, May-1730, Feb.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1721**5. C. Gov. Nicholson confirms\\npeace with the Indians.\\n1722 July 25. New England declares\\nwar against the Indians.\\n1723 Mar. 9. Me. An expedition\\nfrom Massachusetts burns an Abnaki\\nvillage on the Penobscot.\\nMiss. Second Natchez War.\\n1724 Aug. 23. Me. An expedition\\nfrom Massachusetts again burns Nor-\\nritlgewock, an Abnaki village on the\\nPenobscot.\\nLa. France sends out 1,000 soldiers\\nto protect the colonists.\\n1725 Dec. 15. Me. The Eastern In-\\ndians sign a peace with the English.\\nCarolina is invaded by the Yamasis\\nof Florida.\\nLove-well s fight occurs at Pegwacket.\\nO. The English are disturbed by the\\nFrench, who establish themselves on the\\nOhio.\\n1726 The French retake Fort Denon-\\nville near Niagara River.\\nN. Y. The French build Fort Niag-\\nara [at Lewiston].\\n1729 Uruguay. The Spaniards com-\\nplete the conquest begun by the Portu-\\nguese at Montevideo, under General\\nZarala.\\nNov. 29. Miss. The Indians attack\\nthe French settlement at Natchez; 200\\ncolonists slain, 150 children, 80 women,\\nand as many negroes taken into cap-\\ntivity only 20 whites and 6 negroes\\nescape.\\n1730 Feb. 8. La. An expedition of\\nrevenge captures nearly the whole tribe\\nof Natchezan Indians, that massacred\\nthe French. [They are sent to St. Do-\\nmingo as slaves.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\n1722+** R.I. Hemp -duck is first\\nmanufactured.\\nW. I. Destructive cyclone at Ja-\\nmaica. The town of Port Royal is over-\\nwhelmed with an inundation of the sea.\\n1727 Oct. 29. New Eng. An alarming\\nearthquake occurs.\\n1729 i Brazil. Diamond mines discov-\\nered in Seria Frio (1710.) are announced.\\nMass. First paper-mill is erected at\\nCharlestown.\\nPeru. A piece of gold weighing 90\\nmarks is found near La Paz.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1721*\\nAshe, John, patriot, born.\\nDe Kalb, Baron John, general, born.\\nHopkins, Samuel, clergyman, born.\\nPendleton, Krimunri, judge, born.\\nSherman. Roger, statesman, born.\\nYale, Elihu, patron of Yale College, A73.\\nZeisberger, David, missionary, born.\\n1722*\\nAdams, Samuel, statesman, born.\\nAuchmuty, Samuel, loyalist, born.\\nHumphrey, Marshall, botanist, born.\\nLowndes, Rawlins, statesman, born.\\nWitherspoon, John, clergyman, patriot, born.\\n1733*\\ni Calef, Robert, anii-perseeuiionist, dies.\\nCornbury, Lord Edward Hyde,t;ov. of N.Y.,\\ndies.\\nHarnett, Cornelius, statesman, born.\\nLandon, Samuel, i n-s. of Harvard, horn.\\nLivingston, William, ;ov. of X. J., poet, A67.\\nMather, Increase, clergy man, author, AH4.\\nltandolph, Peyton, ilrst I res. of Congress, b.\\n1724*\\nBackus, Isaac, clergyman, born.\\nCarleton, Sir (;uy, ;uv. of gucbec, born.\\nLavies, Samuel, I res. of Princeton, born.\\nLaurens, Henry, statesman, born.\\nRivington, James, printer, horn.\\n1725\\nCooper, Samuel, clergyman born.\\ndishing, Thomas, Gov. of Mass., born.\\nHall, Lyman, statesman, born.\\nMason, George, statesman, born.\\nMixon, John, general, born.\\nOtlB, James, patriot, born.\\nPrdvost, Augustine, major-general, born.\\nThomas, John, general, born.\\n1726*\\nAlexander, William, major-general, born.\\nLass, Edward, P. K. bishop, horn.\\nFolsom, N., brigadier-general, born.\\nOtterbem, Philip William, founder, horn.\\nl reseott, William, colonel, born.\\nWythe, George, jurist, born.\\n1727*\\nLowdoin, James, statesman, born.\\nEllery, William, signer of declaration, born.\\nMcintosh, Lachian, general, born.\\nStiles, Ezra, Pres. of Yale College, born.\\nWard, ArtemaB, general, born.\\n1728*\\nDe Peyster, Abraham, artmg Gov. of N.Y.,\\nA70.\\nGates. Horatio, general V. S. A., born.\\nHolyoke, Edward Augustus, physician, born.\\nMather. Cotton, theologian, A65.\\nStark, John, general, born.\\nWarren, Mercy, authoress, born.\\n1729\\nBartlett, Josiah, signer of Declaration, born.\\nLuddington, William Ives, clergyman, A62.\\nEmbury. Philip, Methodist preacher, born.\\nFranklin, William, Governor of N. J., born.\\nHowe, Sir William, Lug. general, born.\\nSeabury, Samuel, p. E. bishop, born.\\nThomson, Charles, Sec. of Congress, born.\\nWilliams, John, The Redeemed Captive, A85.\\nCHURCH.\\n1721 May 8. It. Innocent XUL pope.\\nMich. The Mackinaw mission is re-\\nopened.\\n1722 Conn. The Protestant Epis-\\ncopal church has its effective begin-\\nning at Stratford.\\n1723 Miss. The Jesuits are in the\\nMississippi Valley, north of Natchez.\\nConn. First Episcopal church in this\\nprovince built at Stratford, under Dr.\\nJohnson.\\nSept. 20. Pkila. The Synod of Philadel-\\nphia appoints a Committee of Confer-\\nence with the ministers of Connecticut,\\nwith regard to their affairs.\\nMiss. The Natchez tribe of Indi-\\nans worships the sun, and keeps an un-\\ndying fire in its great wigwam.\\n1724 May 29. It. Benedict XIII. pope.\\nAug. 23 Me. Father Sebastian Rasles,\\nthe most noted Catholic missionary in\\nNew England, is killed in battle, after a\\nservice of thirty-seven years he dies\\nstanding by the cross, at Norridgewock.\\nSept. New York. The first Baptist\\nchurch is organized, with Nicholas\\nEyers pastor.\\n1725 Jan. 1. Greenland. Fred. Chris-\\ntian, the first convert of the Danish\\nmissionaries, is baptized,\\nMass. The ministers desire a synod\\nto recover and establish the faith and\\norder of the gospel. [They are repri-\\nmanded by the Bishop of London for\\nsetting a bad precedent for dissenters.]\\n1726 R. J. The Baptists of Newport\\nv.te to take a weekly contribution for\\nthe support of the ministry.\\n1727 May 19. Bng. The Bishop of\\nLondon declares that Christianity and\\nthe embracing of the gospel does not\\nmake the least alteration in civil prop-\\nerty (slaves,.\\nLa. Ursuline nuns established at\\nNew Orleans.\\nN. C. Paul Palmer forms the Shiloh\\nBaptish church in Camden Corner.\\nPa. Rev. George Michael Weiss,\\nthe pioneer minister of the German\\nReformed church, arrives and organizes\\nthe first church.\\nWilliam Tennent, a Presbyterian, es-\\ntablishes the first theological school\\nin America, at Neshaminy it is com-\\nmonly called Log College.\\nPhila. It is proposed in the Presby-\\nterian Synod to require all ministers to\\nsubscribe to the confession of faith.\\n[New Englanders object.]\\nA great number of German Luther-\\nans arrive.\\n1728 G-reenland. Godthaab becomes\\na Danish mission station.\\n1729* Boston. The Old South\\nChurch is erected [now standing],\\nMass. The Baptists and Quakers ex-\\nempted from paying the parish minis-\\nterial taxes when it offends their con-\\nsciences.\\nN. C. A second Baptist church formed\\nat Meherrin, by Joseph Parker.\\nNeiv York. Many Jews arrive and\\nsettle in this city.\\nPkila. The Presbyterian Synod, by an\\nAdopting Act, makes the Westmin-\\nster Confession of Faith its standard.\\nR. I. General or Arminian Baptists\\nform an association at Newport.\\nLETTERS.\\n1721 Aug. 21. Boston, TheXeicEnq-\\nland Courant is published by James\\nFranklin.\\nMass. The Christian Philosopher, by\\nCotton Mather, appears.\\n1723 Jan. Boston The legislature ap-\\npoints a committee of inquiry respect-\\ning the libels of the press, and James\\nFranklin is imprisoned.\\nTheA ?r England Courant is continued\\nwith Benjamin Franklin, the younger\\nbrother and apprentice to James, as\\nnominal publisher.\\n1725 Oct. 16. A Y. The New York\\nGazette, the first newspaper in the\\ncity and the fifth newspaper established\\nin the colonies, issued by William Brad-\\nford. [Continued till 1741.]\\n1726* *-39* Conn. Rev. Ehsha Wil-\\nliams rector of Yale College.\\n1727 The Maryland Gazette, the first\\nin this colony, issued at Annapolis.\\n1728 Feb. 13. Mass. Cotton Mather,\\nthe most learned man in America, dies.\\n1729* Pa. Modern Chivalry, or the\\nAdventures of Captain Farrago, by\\nBrackenridge, appears.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1721, May-1730, Feb. 61\\nPhila. The Pennsylvania Gazette,\\nwith a circulation of ninety, is bought\\nby Benjamin Franklin.\\n1730 Apr. 22. New York. A public\\nlibrary founded.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1721 Boston has an inoculation con-\\ntroversy.\\nVa. Free negroes, mulattoes, and\\nIndians are disfranchised for the\\nbetter government of negroes.\\n1723 New York. Benjamin Frank-\\nlin arrives in a penniless condition.\\nPhila. Benjamin Franklin, 17 years\\nof age, arrives and works at the prin-\\nter s trade.\\n1724 Phila, Benjamin Franklin\\nsails for Europe to buy printer s ma-\\nterials.\\n[Dec. He arrives in London, but is\\ndisappointed in his expectations. 172G.\\nJuly 23. He sails for Philadelphia, in-\\ntending to become a merchant. Oct. 11.\\nHe arrives.]\\nVa. Strong opposition to the slave\\ntrade.\\nEng. The government opposes ef-\\nforts of colonists to suppress the slave\\ntrade.\\nSTATE.\\n1721 May* Mass. Dispute with the\\ngovernor. The House of Representa-\\ntives declines to ask the governor to ap-\\nprove its choice of speaker, and it also\\nrefuses grants of money till the governor\\nshall accept its acts, resolves, and elec-\\ntions.\\nJune La. News of John Law s flight\\narrives.\\nSept.* Eng. The Board of Trade presents\\na plan for consolidating the government\\nof the American colouies, and getting a\\nrevenue from them, which endangers\\nthe charter governments.\\nJeremiah Dummer defends the New\\nEngland charters.\\nLa. Nearly 1,000 immigrants and\\n1,367 slaves arrive.\\nN. Y. The English hold a conference\\nwith the Five Nations at Conestoga.\\nPortugal. The Brazil Company is\\nabolished by John V.\\nR. I. Notes issued for \u00c2\u00a340,000, inter-\\nest on which is payable in hemp and\\nflax.\\nS. C. Proprietary government is\\noverthrown.\\nVa. Free negroes are first disfran-\\nchised.\\n1722 July Mass. The legislature de-\\nclares the Abnakis to be traitors and\\nrobbers, and offers a bounty for scalps.\\nChile. After a struggle of 180 years\\nthe Chileans make a treaty with the\\nSpaniards, separating a part of the\\ncountry to form Spanish Chile.\\nLa. German settlers remove from\\nArkansas, and settle 20 miles above New\\nOrleans.\\nMd. Marylanders declare themselves\\nthe inheritors of English common\\nlaw.\\nMex. Don Juan de Acuna becomes\\nviceroy, and evinces ability and in-\\ntegrity.\\nN. C. Thomas Pollock, president of\\ncouncil.\\n_24 N.C. William Peed, presi-\\ndent of council.\\nN. Y. The authorities of New York,\\nPennsylvania, and Virginia hold a con-\\nference with the Iroquois.\\nBurnet builds a trading-house at\\nOswego.\\n-26 Va. Hugh Drysdale is lieu-\\ntenant-governor.\\n1723 Aug. La. New Orleans made\\nthe center of French authority in the\\nSouth.\\nMass. Gov. Samuel Shute flees to\\nEngland to arraign the colony for in-\\nsubordination.\\n-28 Mass. William Dummer\\ngovernor. [1729-30. Again.]\\nPa. Paper money amounting to\\n\u00c2\u00a345,000 has been issued in the last two\\nyears.\\nFranklin assists in introducing paper\\nmoney. [Afterwards he perceives its\\nevil tendencies.]\\nVa. The negro, mulatto, and Indian\\nare disfranchised.\\n1724* *-41* Conn. Joseph Talcott\\ngovernor.\\n-25 N. C. George Burrington\\ngovernor.\\n0. The Delawares migrate to\\nbranches of the Ohio for convenience in\\ngetting game.\\nSp. Louis I. king.\\nPhilip V. again king.\\n*-31* Vt. French settlements\\nmade.\\nVt. Fort Dummer built, the first\\nEnglish settlement.\\n1725 Mass. Western Massachusetts\\nis settled.\\nDec. 15. Mass. Dummer makes a treaty\\nwith the Indians.\\nThe rivalry between France and\\nEngland for the possession of Oswego\\nand Niagara begins.\\n*N. C. Sir Richard Everard gover-\\nnor. _S. Arthur Middleton.)\\n-26 New York. Johannes Jansen\\nthe 34th mayor.\\n1726* Can. Beauharnois is appointed\\ngovernor. (To 1747.)\\nMass. Gov. Shute receives an ex-\\nplanatory charter from the Crown, giv-\\ning him more power over the General\\nCourt.\\nTreaty of peace made [and long kept]\\nwith Eastern Indians.\\nN. Y. By treaty, the Senecas, Cayu-\\ngas, and Onondagas place their lands\\nunder English protection, with that of\\nthe Mohawks and Oneida Indians.\\n-35 New York. Robert Imrting\\nthe 35th mayor.\\n-f- England and France dispute re-\\nspecting the boundaries along the\\nLakes and St. Lawrence the avenue\\nof western communication. The In-\\ndians surrender a strip six miles wide,\\nalong the southern shore of Lake On-\\ntario, to the English.\\nPa. Patrick Gordon governor.\\n-27 Va. Robert Carter is lieu-\\ntenant-governor.\\n1727 July 11. Eng. George II. en-\\nthroned.\\nJuly Me. Further treaty made with\\nthe Indians at Falmouth (Portsmouth).\\nN. Y. Oswego is founded as a for-\\ntress.\\nVa. Fredericksburg founded.\\nGovernors inaugurated\\n-30* Md. Benedict L, Calvert.\\n-32 R. 1. Joseph Jenckes.\\n-49 Va. William Gooch.\\n1728 Conn. England strives to alter\\nthe laws of Connecticut.\\nThe English law in regard to intestate\\nestates, favoring the eldest-born, is de-\\nclared in force by the English govern-\\nment, and the colonial law annulled.\\nEng. Sir William Keith proposes a\\nStamp Act.\\nNew Jersey colonists petition the\\nking to separate their colony from\\nNew York he refuses their request.\\nN. Y. Gov. Burnet is transferred to\\nMassachusetts to make way for John\\nMontgomerie, the groom of the chamber\\nof George II. while he was Prince of\\nWales. (To 1731). Governor of N. J.\\nThe Shawnees migrate to branches\\nof the Ohio.\\n1729 July 29. Carolina becomes a\\nroyal government, the king having\\nhought a seven-eighths interest of the\\nproprietors for the sum of \u00c2\u00a317,500, with\\n\u00c2\u00a35,000 added for quit-rents.\\nSept. Carolina is divided into North\\nand South Carolina, and a governor ap-\\npointed for North Carolina.\\n-30 Mass. William Dummer is\\ngovernor agaiu.\\nR.I. George Berkeley arrives.\\nS. C. German Palatines arrive.\\n1730 Jan. 15. New York. Gov. Mont-\\ngomerie grants a new charter to the\\ncity. It provides for the annual election\\nof aldermen and other local officers by\\nthe people.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1721 Mass. A scourge of small-pox\\nattacks about 6,000 people in and near\\nBoston vaccination is introduced\\nand much opposed.\\n1722 Mass. Population is about\\nninety-four thousand.\\n1724 Eng. English ship -carpenters\\ncomplain of the competition of Ameni-\\ncans.\\n1727 English imports from the\\nNorth American Colonies amount to\\n$2,870,000 exports, $2,G85,000.\\n1730 Boston. Small pox ravages\\nthe town loss, 500 lives.\\nPort. The discovery of diamonds in\\nBrazil being announced, the govern-\\nment declares them crown property.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "62 1730, Aug. -1736.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1731* N. Y. The French construct\\nFort Frederick at Crown Point on the\\nwest shore of Lake Champlain [and\\nmake it a strong fortress], commanding\\nthe natural waterway between the Hud-\\nson and the St. Lawrence rivers.\\nLa. The last of the Natchez war-\\nriors are defeated by the French [near\\nNatchitoches].\\n1735 Apr.\u00c2\u00b1 Ala. The French send\\none expedition from the South and an-\\nother from the North against the brave\\nChickasaws. [Both of them are de-\\nfeated.]\\n1736 May 20. Miss. The Chicka-\\nsaws defeat the French force from Illi-\\nnois under D Artaguette, and burn him\\nand others at the stake.\\nMay 29. Miss. The Chickasaws de-\\nfeat a large body of French and their\\nIndian allies under Gov. Bienville.\\n1736 Ga. Gov. Oglethorpe builds a\\nfort on the Savannah River at Augusta,\\nin anticipation of a Spanish war various\\nother forts are also erected. [In Eng-\\nland, Parliament appropriates $50,000\\nfor expenses.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1731 May* Phila. Thomas Godfrey\\nobtains a patent for his reflecting\\nquadrant, used in taking altitudes of\\nthe sun or stars.\\nBishop Berkeley and his family are\\npainted by John Symbert.\\n1734 W. I. A destructive cyclone\\nvisits Jamaica.\\n1736 Feb. 6. New England is shaken\\nby an earthquake.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1730*\\nCardillac, Antoine de la Motte, founder, d.\\nFairfax, Bryan L., loyalist, born.\\nHewes, Joseph, signer of l erkiration, born.\\nRodney, I resar, patriot, born,\\nRoss, George, statesman, born.\\nSewall, Samuel, jurist, A78.\\nSteuben. Baron Frederick, I rus, gen., b.\\nStockton, Richard, signer of declaration, b.\\n1731*\\nBanneker, Benjamin, negro mathematician,\\nborn.\\nClavigero, Francis X., Mexican historian, b.\\nCraik, James, physician, born.\\nHollis, Thomas, benefactor of Harvard, A72.\\nHuntington, Samuel, signer of Declaration, b.\\nLandiver, Rafael, Jesuit poet, born.\\nLee, Charles, general, born.\\nMcDougall, Alexander, general, born.\\nMoultrie, William, general, born.\\nTreat, Robert, lawyer and patriot, born.\\nWilliams, William, signer of Declaration, b.\\n1733*\\nAbbott, Benjamin, Methodist preacher, born.\\nAbbott, Samuel, founder, born.\\nBlair. John, justice, born in Va.\\nCarver, Jonathan, traveler, born.\\nDickinson, John, political writer, born.\\nDunmore, John Murray, governor, born.\\nEdes, Benjamin, journalist, born.\\nErving, John, clergyman, born.\\nJohnson, Thomas, justice, born in Md.\\nJohnston, Samuel, governor, born.\\nLee. Richard Henry, patriot, born.\\nMarion, Francis, patriot, born.\\nRittenhouse, David, astronomer, born.\\nWashing-ton, George. Father of his coun-\\ntry, born. Feb. 32.\\n1733*\\nConway, Thomas, Count de, general, born.\\ndishing, William, justice, born in Mass.\\nDeane, Samuel, clergyman, born,\\nDuane, James, statesman, born.\\nFellows, John, general, born.\\nLaw, Richard, jurist, born.\\nLincoln, Benjamin, general, horn.\\nWhipple, Abraham, naval officer, born.\\n1734*\\nCaldwell, James, patriot, I res. ci., born.\\nFloyd, William, patimi, born.\\nGoodrich, Klizur, cl.-rgvman. horn.\\nHeck, Barbara, Methodist, born.\\nLee, Francis Liphtfoot. patriot, born.\\nManly, John, naval commander, born.\\nMclveau, Thomas, jurist, born.\\nMorris. Robert, statesman, born.\\nSaint Clair. Arthur, general, born.\\nSumter, Thomas, general, sen. for S. C.,born.\\n1735*\\nOct. 19. Adams, John. 2d President, b.\\nBoone, Daniel, pioneer, born.\\nCarroU, John D.. Archbp. of Baltimore, b.\\nClayton, Aimer, general, born.\\nCooper, Miles, i res. of Columbia Coll., born.\\nMorgan, John, physician, born.\\nRevere, Paul, patriot, born.\\nTrumbull, Benjamin, historian, born.\\nWilliamson, Hugh, physician, born.\\n1736*\\nClinton, James, general, born.\\nHenry, Patrick, orator, born.\\nLee, Ann, founder of Shakers, born.\\nMontgomery. Richard, general, born.\\nMorcan, Daniel, general, born.\\nVincennes Sieur, de, Jean, an. founder, A48.\\nWentworth, Sir John, Gov. of K. H., born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1730* Boston. The Presbyterian\\nchurch is organized.\\nJuly 12. It. Clement XIII. pope.\\nConn. B.J. Thirteen Baptist\\nchurches hold yearly meetings upon\\nthe Six Principles.\\nMe. The Jesuits send a missionary\\nfrom Quebec, and Norridgewock is re-\\nbuilt.\\n1731 Dec. 13. W. I. The first Mora-\\nvian missionaries arrive at St. Thomas.\\n1732 Dec. 13. W.I. O Leonard Dober\\nand Kitschman, Danish missionaries,\\narrive at St. Thomas.\\n*2?.H. Its first Protestant Episcopal\\nchurch erected at Portsmouth.\\nPa. Catholics come under the min-\\nistrations of English Jesuits.\\nW. I. Nassau becomes a mission sta-\\ntion of the Society for the Propagation\\nof the Gospel.\\n1733 May 20. Greenland. Moravian\\nmissionaries first arrive.\\nMay Pa. The Seventh Day (German)\\nBaptists establish a monastic society at\\nEphrata.\\nGa. Lutherans settle at Ebenezer.\\nThe Jews at Savannah organize.\\nEng. The Society for the Propagation\\nof the Gospel sends Jonathan Barber, a\\nmissionary, to the Mohicans.\\nPa. The first German Lutheran\\nchurch in America is organized.\\nPhila. The only Homan Catholic\\nchurch north of Maryland, erected\\nbefore the Revolution, is built.\\nW. I. St. Croix becomes a mission\\nstation of the Moravians.\\n1734 Oct. Conn. Rev. John Sargent,\\nof Yale College, opens a mission station\\namong the Housatonics, receiving \u00c2\u00a3500\\nannually from the Society for the Prop-\\nagation of the Gospel.\\nGa. The German Lutherans settle\\nin Georgia, with Pastors Bolzius and\\nGronau.\\n-35 Mass. The great awaken-\\ning at Northampton, under the minis-\\ntry of Jonathan Edwards.\\n1735 Oct. 14. Eng. The two Wes-\\nleys sail for America.\\nJohn Wesley, having declined a quiet\\nrectory,. sets out with his brother Charles\\nfor Georgia, to become missionaries to\\nthe Indians. Charles Wesley is also to\\nbe secretary to the governor.\\nJohn Wesley observes the Mora-\\nvians.\\nA terrible storm convinces Wesley that\\nthe German Moravians on board the ves-\\nsel have a fellowship with God, to which\\nhe is a stranger.\\nConn. A Baptist church is organized\\nat Wallingford.\\nGuinea. The first Moravian mission-\\naries land at Surinam.\\nMass. The General Assembly orders\\nanew meeting-house built for the Indi-\\nans, which should be thirty feet wide\\nand forty feet long.\\nN. Y. The Church of England mis-\\nsion among the Mohawks reports marked\\nsuccess.\\nVa. Lutherans settle Spottsylvania.\\n1736 Ga. The Wesleys change\\ntheir plan.\\nThey abandon the project of establish-\\ning missions among the Indians, and\\nengage in religious work among the col-\\nonists, but they enforce the forms of\\nthe church with a rigor and frequency of\\nrepetition which soon tires the people,\\nand provokes resentment and persecu-\\ntion.\\nGa. The Moravians begin mission-\\nwork among the Indians.\\nA colony of pious men from Herrnhut\\nand neighborhood arrives, seeking that\\nreligious liberty which was denied at\\nhome. Some brethren resolved to go\\nwith it, in order to preach the gospel to\\nthe Creek, Chickasaw, and Cherokee\\nIndians.\\nThe two Wesleys become ascetics.\\nThey deny themselves many of the\\ncommon conveniences of life, sleep on\\nthe ground, eat only bread and water,\\nand John Wesley goes barefoot that he\\nmay encourage the poor boys of his\\nschool.\\nConn. Mr. Sargent s church among\\nthe Housatonics reports 52 members.\\n[Later two hundred and fifty.]\\nS. C. Ashley River Baptist church is\\nformed.\\nLETTERS.\\n1730 S. C. A printing-press set up\\nat Charleston.\\n1731 Jan. 8. The South Carolina Ga-\\nzette issued at Charleston.\\nPhila. Franklin establishes the first\\ncirculating library in this city. The\\nLibrary Company and Loganian Library\\nfounded.\\n1732 Phila. Benjamin Franklin s\\nPoor Richard s Almanac, the first of any\\nnote in the United States, appears.\\n1733 New York. John Peter Zenger\\nissues the Weekly Journal, and criticizes\\nthe arbitrary acts of the governor and\\nAssembly in imposing illegal taxes\\nthe first attempt to criticize political\\nmeasures in a newspaper.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1730- Aug., 1736. 63\\nGreat agitation respecting the free-\\ndom of the press.\\nThe aristocratic party denies its right\\nto criticize the government the demo-\\ncratic party maintains that right.\\nPhila. Benjamin Franklin, at the\\nage of twenty-seven, begins the study of\\nthe French, Italian, Spanish, and Latin\\nlanguages.\\nIt. I. The first Rhode Island Gazette\\nappears at Newport. (Or Sept. 7, 1732.)\\n1734 Nov. 17. New York. Zenger\\nimprisoned for defending popular gov-\\nernment in the Weekly Journal.\\nZenger is the editor, and is put in\\nprison for criticizing the administra-\\ntion the people are clamorous for his\\nrelease. [He is acquitted shortly after.]\\n1735 Pa. The first newspaper in a\\nforeign tongue is issued in German, at\\nGerm an town.\\n1736 Aug. 6. Va. The Virginia Ga-\\nzette appears at Williamsburg.\\nMass. Mr. Hollis of London pledges\\nto support twelve Indian scholars in the\\nHousatonic School at $100 per annum,\\nand Mr. Holden five more on the same\\nterms.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1732 Georgia Colony is planned as a\\nbenevolent enterprise.\\nJames Oglethorpe, a High Churchman,\\na cavalier, a soldier, a member of Parlia-\\nment, and an Oxford man, organizes this,\\nthe last of thirteen colonies, in pure\\nbenevolence as a refuge for the poor, es-\\npecially for the thousands of poor debtors\\nwho are thrown, annually, into the\\nprisons of England for no other offense\\nthan impecuniosity.\\nNov. 17. Eng. Oglethorpe sails with.\\n120 poor people to plant a colony in\\nthe wilderness of Georgia.\\n1733 Jan. 26. N.J. Anegrois burnt\\nalive for an assault on a white woman.\\nMay 21\u00c2\u00b1. Ga. Oglethorpe secures a\\ngeneral council with many Indian\\nchiefs this spreads his fame for justice\\nand goodness far and wide.\\nTomo-chichi, chief of the Yamacraws,\\nmeets his new neighbor, Gov. Ogle-\\nthorpe, and presents him with a buffalo\\nrobe painted on the inside with the head\\nand feathers of an eagle. Here is a\\npresent for you, said the donor. The\\nfeathers are soft and signify love, the\\nbuffalo skin is an emblem of protection,\\ntherefore protect us. The request was\\nnot lost on the philanthropist.\\nJuly 30. Boston. The first lodge of\\nFreemasons is opened.\\nGa. On the second day after his ar-\\nrival, Governor Oglethorpe declares that\\nthe importation of ardent spirit is\\nillegal.\\n1734 Ga. The councilors of Georgia\\nprohibit the importation of rum into\\nthe colony slavery is positively for-\\nbidden traffic with the Indians is regu-\\nlated by license.\\nPhila. The second Freemasons\\nlodge in the colonies is opened.\\n1735 July* New York. Alexander\\nHamilton, a noted lawyer of Philadel-\\nphia, argues for the acquittal of Editor\\nZenger, who is charged with libel for\\ncriticizing the government he gains\\nthe verdict, and receives a gold bos as a\\ntestimonial from the citizens.\\n1 Eng. Parliament prohibits the im-\\nportation of liquors into Georgia.\\nSlaves run away to Florida, where the\\nSpaniards welcome them and give them\\nlands; this irritates the colonists and\\nprovokes war, as the authorities refuse\\nto surrender such slaves.\\nSTATE.\\n1730* Brazil. The Government de-\\nclares diamond mines regalia.\\n[IT. S.] Governors inaugurated:\\nJune-July. Mass. William Tailer.\\n-41* J. Belcher. Aug. 10. Arrives.\\n-35 S. C. Robert Johnson.\\nKg. Settlers straggle into this country.\\nMd. Baltimore founded.\\nP. I. Wild issues of paper money.\\n1731 May 14. Conn.~N Y. Final\\nsettlement of the boundary line be-\\ntween New York and Connecticut.\\n[U. S.] Governors inaugurated:\\n-33 Md. Samuel Ogle.\\nN. C. George Burnington.\\n-32 N. Y. Rip van Dam.\\nN. C. It is a royal province again.\\n1732 Apr. 10. La. The Mississippi\\nCompany surrenders its unprofitable\\ncharter to the French crown.\\nJune 9. Eng. George II, grants [Geor-\\ngia] to James Edward Oglethorpe, the\\nphilanthropist, to be held in trust for\\nthe poor 40,000 hopeless debtors lie in\\nEnglish prisons.\\nEng. Parliament prohibits the in-\\ntroduction from one colony into another\\nof hats and woolens of domestic man-\\nufacture, and makes it illegal for hatters\\nto have more than two apprentices.\\n[U. S.] Governors inaugurated\\n-33 Md. Charles Lord Baltimore.\\n-36* N. Y. Wm. Crosby. Aug. 1.\\nArrives.\\n-36 N. J. John Anderson (pres.).\\n-34 R.I. William Wanton.\\nMd. Tobacco is made a legal ten-\\nder at one penny a pound.\\nN. Y. Two parties struggle for\\nsupremacy, the democratic party main-\\ntains the freedom of the press to criticize\\nthe government, and the aristocratic\\nparty, which opposes its freedom.\\n*-33* R. I. Wm. Wanton gov-\\nernor.\\n1733 Feb. 1. Ga. Gov. Oglethorpe\\nlays out the streets of his settlement\\n(Savannah) and lands his colony.\\nFeb. 12. Ga. The colony of Savannah\\nis begun.\\nHe designs it as a home for the poor,\\nand a reformatory for prisoners 35\\nfamilies, numbering about 150 persons,\\nsettle here.\\nMay 21\u00c2\u00b1. Ga. Oglethorpe holds an im-\\nportant council with the Indians.\\nEng. Parliament passes the odious\\nImportation Act, laying exorbitant\\nduties on all the sugar, molasses, and\\nrum imported into the colonies. [This\\nexcites resentment, and evasion, and\\nleads to revolution.]\\nLa. Bienville returns from France\\nwith a commission from the king as\\ngovernor.\\nMass. The province of Massachu-\\nsetts Bay petitions Parliament against\\nthe grievance of a royal instruction to\\nsupport the Crown officers by a general\\ninstead of an annual grant. [The peti-\\ntion is voted to be frivolous and ground-\\nless a high insult.]\\n1734 Mar. Ga. Germans found Eb-\\nenezer, above Savannah.\\nNov. 17. Neio York. Zenger, printer\\nof the Weekly Journal, is arrested for\\nlibeling Governor Crosby. [Ac-\\nquitted in 1735.] This is the first attack\\nupon freedom of speech.\\n*[U. Governors inaugurated\\n-41 Md. Samuel Ogle.\\nN. C. Nathaniel Rice (pres.).\\n-52 N. C. Gabriel Johnson.\\n-52 R.I. John Wanton.\\nCosta Rica. The port of Caldera is\\nopened, and prosperity revives.\\nGa. Augusta founded.\\n1735 May* Ga. Nine Moravians, or\\nUnited Brethren, begin a settlement\\nsouth of Savannah.\\n-39 New York. Paul Richards\\n36th mayor.\\n_37 S. C. T. Brougbton, gov.\\n1736* Ga. A party of 100 Scotch\\nHighlanders, with John M Leod their\\nminister, arrive and [found Inverness on\\nthe Altamaha].\\nFeb. 6. Ga. Governor Oglethorpe re-\\nturns from England, bringing 300 im-\\nmigrants, including 25 Moravians and\\nthe two Wesleys.\\n[U. 5.] Governors inaugurated.\\n-43 N. Y. George Clarke.\\nN. J. John Anderson (pres.).\\n-38 N. J. John Hamilton (pres.).\\n-38* Pa. James Logan (pres.).\\nPa. Benjamin Franklin is chosen\\nclerk of the general assembly.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1731* New York. First fire engines\\nintroduced a department is organized.\\nPhiladelphia has 12,500 population.\\nRhode Island has about 18,000 inhab-\\nitants.\\n1732 N. Y. A stage route opened\\nfrom New York to Boston, a journey of\\nfourteen days.\\nS. C. Prevalence of yellow fever\\nbusiness nearly suspended.\\nW. I. The yellow fever appears in\\nseveral islands of the West Indies.\\nNew York province has a population\\nof about 65,000 Pennsylvania, about\\n30,000 and Virginia, about sixty thou-\\nsand.\\n1733 Maryland has a population of\\nthirty-sis thousand.\\n1734 Can. Quebec and its suburbs\\nhave 4,603 inhabitants.\\n1735 Boston has a population of\\nabout sixteen thousand.\\n1736* Mass. A regular line of stages\\nruns from Boston to Newport.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "64\\n1737-1744.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1737 Ga. Gov. Oglethorpe returns\\nfrom England with a military commis-\\nsion and a British regiment of GOO men,\\nto protect the colony from the Spaniards.\\n1739 Oct. 23-48* England is at\\nwar with Spain to open the ports of\\nSpanish America to English merchants.\\nNov. 22. Colombia. Admiral Edward\\nVernon, with six English men-of-war,\\ntakes Portobello from Spain.\\n1740 Jan. 4\u00c2\u00b1, Ga. Governor Ogle-\\nthorpe with 1,200 troops and 1,000 Indi-\\nans invades Florida as ordered from\\nEngland. [May 10. Takes Fort St. Di-\\nego, near St. Augustine.]\\nMar. Ala. The French send another\\nexpedition against the Chickasaws.\\nJune -July Fla. Oglethorpe leads a\\nstrong expedition to capture St. Augus-\\ntine after a siege of five weeks he\\nwithdraws.\\nOct. W. I. New England troops join\\nAdmiral Vernon in an expedition sent to\\nbreak Spanish power in the West Indies.\\nNov. Ala. The Chickasaws promise\\npeace to the French.\\n1741 Mar. Colombia. Admiral Ver-\\nnon s expedition of 27,000 men against\\nCartagena is frustrated by disease.\\nCuba. The English colonies partici-\\npate in an attack upon this island.\\n1742 July 5. Ga. A Spanish fleet\\nof 51 vessels, with 5,000+: men, carries\\nthe war northward into Georgia. [It\\nis foiled by the stratagem of Ogle-\\nthorpe and his small army the Span-\\nish commander is dismissed from the\\nservice.]\\nJuly 15. Ga. The Spaniards retire\\nfrom the attack on Savannah County.\\nJuly 18. Ga. The Spaniards attack\\nFort William and are repulsed.\\n1744* *-48* *King George s War\\nbetween Great Britain and France.\\nMar. 15. France declares war against\\nGreat Britain.\\nMay Me. A French force, from Cape\\nBreton surprises the English garrison at\\nCanso and destroys the fort.\\nJune 2. Boston receives information\\nthat France has declared war against\\nEngland.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1741 Vitus Bering discovers north-\\nwestern America.\\n1742 Boston. Faneuil Hall is built\\nby Peter Faneuil, and presented to the\\ntown.\\nCam,. Middleton and Moore make\\ntheir discoveries in Hudson Bay,\\nMd. Copper-works are in operation.\\n1743 Pa. John Bartram engages in\\nbotanical explorations.\\nPhil a. Benjamin Franklin estab-\\nlishes the American Philosophical So-\\nciety. [1753\u00c2\u00b1. Expires. 1769. Revived.]\\nS. C. The cultivation of indigo\\nbegins.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1737*\\nAllen. Ethan, colonel, born.\\nCarroll. Charles, patriot, born*.\\nCopley, .liibn SinfiU-ton, painter, bom.\\nDeane. Silas, diplomatist, born.\\nHancock. John, statesman, born.\\nHeath, William, general, born.\\nHopkinson, Francis, author, born.\\nNicholson, James, commodore, born.\\nPaine, Thomas, author, born.\\n1738*\\nBoardman, Richard, clergyman, born.\\nHobart, John i... senator, born.\\nNelson. Thomas, statesman, born.\\nPalmer, Rotas, general, born.\\nr, born.\\nWest, Benjemi]\\n1739*\\nliartram, William, botanist, born.\\nClinton, George, vice-president, Gov. of N.\\nClymer, (Jeorpe, statesman, born.\\nDuche. Jacob, first chaplain of Cong., born.\\nDupont, Pierre Samuel, economist, born.\\nJarviB, Abraham, bishop, born.\\nLangilon, John, statesman, born.\\nPickens, Andrew, general, born.\\nRutledge. John, justice, born in S. C.\\n1740*\\nHarrison, Benjamin, signer of Decl n, b.\\nLathrop, John, clergyman, born.\\nLee, Arthur, statesman, born.\\nMeigs. Return Jonathan, officer, born.\\nO lirien, Jeremiah, privateer, born.\\nHis, Samuel A., senator, born.\\nSullivan. John, general, born.\\n1741*\\nArnold, Benedict, gen., traitor, born.\\nChase, Samuel, justice, born in Md.\\nFitzstmmons, Thomas, patriot, born.\\nKirklami, Samuel, founder, born.\\nMurray, John, clergyman, born.\\nPeabody, Nathaniel, general, born.\\nPeale, Charles Wilson, painter, born.\\nPerkins, Elisha, physician, born.\\nReed, Joseph, patriot, born.\\nWarren, Joseph, patriot, born.\\n1742*\\nHard, Samuel, physician, born.\\nBradford, Andrew, journalist, A55.\\nBrant, Joseph, Mohawk chief, born.\\nCadwallader. John, general, born.\\nClagget, J. Thomas, bishop, born.\\niMayton, William Henry, statesman, born.\\nGreene, Nathaniel, general, born.\\nHooper, William, patriot, born.\\nHagar, Isaac, general, born,\\nlenrd, Ralph, statesman, born.\\nMiddleton, Arthur, statesman, born.\\nI rovoost, Samuel, bishop, born.\\nRobertson, -lames, pioneer, born.\\nWilson. James, justice, born in Pa.\\n1743*\\nAllen, Thomas, chaplain, born.\\nBlair, James, William and Mary College, d.\\nDana, Francis, jurist, born.\\nDexter, Timothy, eccentric citizen, born.\\nElbert, Samuel, (iovernor of Ga., born.\\nFaneuil, Peter, donor of Faneuil Hall, A43.\\nFitch, John, inventor, born.\\nHeckewelder, John, missionary, born.\\nJackson, Jonathan, congressman, born.\\nJefferson, Thomas, President, born Apr. 2.\\nPorter, Andrew, general, born.\\nRand, Isaac, physician, born.\\nRumsey. James, inventor, born.\\nWarner, Seth, officer, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1737 Sept. 23. N. Y. Hebrews dis-\\nfranchised by the Legislature.\\nGa. Charles Wesley leaves the colony\\nfor England via Boston.\\nJohn Wesley sails for England later\\nin the year, having failed as a mission-\\nary, and thoroughly cured of mysticism.\\n1738 Jan. George Whiteneld, pul-\\npit orator and consecrated Methodist\\nevangelist, sails for Georgia on his first\\nvisit to America. [He projects an or-\\nphan asylum, and soon returns to Eng-\\nland in its interests.]\\nMay Ga. Whiteneld arrives, and es-\\ntablishes an asylum for orphans.\\nSept. .S C. Whiteneld sails from\\nCharleston for England.\\nGreenland. Kajaruak, the first Eski-\\nmo convert, is awakened by the Moravian\\npreaching.\\nS.C. Peedee Baptist church formed.\\n1739 Sept. Bng. George White-\\nneld Bails from England to visit Amer-\\nica the second time.\\n[He lands in Philadelphia early in\\nNovember. He visits New York, preach-\\ning thrice daily for a week goes to\\nGeorgia and visits his Orphan House;\\nvisits most of the important cities,\\npreaching incessantly, and greatly hon-\\nored by clergy and people, and power-\\nfully moving the masses of the people by\\nhis zeal and eloquence. Twenty thou-\\nsand persons listen to his farewell ad-\\ndress on the Common in Boston he\\nraises much money for his Orphan\\nHouse.]\\nMass. The meeting-house (and school\\nhouse), built by the Assembly for the\\nIndians, is first occupied.\\nMd. Baltimore has its first Protestant\\nEpiscopal church.\\nPa. The Presbyterian Synod divided\\ninto friends and foes of the revival\\nconnected with Whiteneld.\\n1740 Aug. 17. It. Benedict XTV.\\npope.\\nConn. Conversion of the Indian, Sam-\\nson Occum, afterward Indian mission-\\nary.\\nMass. Arian views of Christ cher-\\nished in New England.\\nN. Y. Henry Kaueh, the first Mora-\\nvian missionary to the New York In-\\ndians, begins work at Shekosniko.\\nMissionary Henry Rauch is bitterly\\nopposed by the white people.\\nTheir large income in trading with the\\nIndians is due to the ignorance of the\\nlatter. In proportion to the success of\\nthe mission, opposition increases Mis-\\nsionaries and Christian Indians are ar-\\nrested upon absurd and false charges,\\nand the work of Rauch and his co-\\nlaborers is obstructed in every possible\\nway.\\nPa. The Moravians begin mission\\nwork among the Indians at Bethlehem.\\n_47 p a Between these dates\\nLudweek Hacker set up a Sabbath-\\nschool at Ephrata, among the German\\nSeventh-day Baptists there. (Haydn.)\\n[The school-room was used as a hos-\\npital after the battle of Brandywine,\\n(1777), thus breaking up the school.]\\nPhila. Friction in the Presby-\\nterian Synod; cause, revivals.\\nS. C. George Whiteneld is called\\nbefore the commissary to answer for\\ncertain articles, touching irregulari-\\nties and breach of pledges made in\\nordination.\\n1741 Jan. 16. S. C. TThitefield em-\\nbarks at Charleston for England.\\nPhila. Schism in the Presbyterian\\nSynod the New Brunswick Presbytery\\nis excluded.\\nJune 2. Phila. The Presbytery of New\\nBrunswick meets, with others who are\\nexcluded from the synod, and organizes\\nthe Presbytery of Londonderry. [A\\nsynod is called for August, 1742.]", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1737-1744.\\n65\\nNew Eng. Whitefield s revival.\\nBetween thirty and forty thousand\\npersons have professed conversion dur-\\ning the last two years, under the preach-\\ning of Whiteneld.\\nN.Y. The Church of England Mo-\\nhawk Mission reports 500 Indians in 2\\ntowns, and 58 communicants.\\nPa. Count Zinzendorf visits\\nAmerica and preaches to the Moravians.\\nIt is claimed that Dr. George de Benne-\\nville first preaches Universalism in\\nAmerica.\\nThe Moravians found Bethlehem.\\n1742 Feb. 11. Pa. Count Zinzendorf\\nordains two missionaries at Oly.to labor\\namong the Indians.\\nConn. The General Assembly repeals\\nthe law exempting sober dissent-\\ners from worshiping with the stand-\\ning order.\\nSevere laws enacted against the\\nNew Lights, who favor a more\\nspiritual life in religion bitter conten-\\ntion with the Old Lights.\\nHarvard and Yale arrayed against\\nWhitefield the General Assembly\\nmakes it illegal for any unsettled min-\\nister to preach at all.\\nMd. The first Baptist church formed\\nat Chestnut Ridge, near Baltimore.\\n*JV. Y. A great revival prevails\\namong the Mohican and other Indian\\ntribes.\\nAug. Pa. The Presbytery of New Lon-\\ndonderry holds its first meeting it con-\\nsists of members who were excluded from\\nthe Presbyterian Synod.\\nPa. Arrival of Henry M. Muhlen-\\nberg, the founder of the Lutheran\\nchurch in America. A new epoch opens\\nfor the Lutherans in his organizing work.\\n1743* Boston. A second Baptist\\nchurch formed.\\nMay 30. Pkila. The Presbyterian Synod\\nmeets, and rejects overtures of peace\\nfrom the Synod of New York.\\nN. Y. The Mohawk mission of the\\nChurch of England reports only two or\\nthree of the tribe uubaptized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1739 -66 Conn. Rev. Thomas\\nClap is president of Yale College.\\n1741* Pkila. The American Magazine,\\nconducted by John Webbe, appears. It\\nis the earliest magazine in America\\nbut two numbers issued.\\nThe General Magazine and Historical\\nChronicle, the first literary journal iu\\nAmerica, is issued by Benj. Franklin.\\n(Six numbers.)\\n1742 Pa. The first public library in\\nPennsylvania is instituted by the effort\\nof Franklin.\\n1743 -47 Boston. The American\\nMagazine appears.\\nBoston. The Boston Weekly Museum\\nappears. (Four numbers.)\\n-45 Boston. The Christian History\\nappears.\\nMass. The education of Housatonic\\nIndian girls is begun with poor success.\\nNeio York. The Neio York Gazette or\\nWeekly Post-\u00c2\u00a3ov issued by Jas. Parker.\\nPa. A German edition of the Bible is\\npublished at Germantown.\\nSOCIETY.\\n173S* S. C. Desolating insurrection\\nof negroes, inspired by Spanish influ-\\nence leaders are executed.\\n1740 S. C. Teaching negroes to\\nwrite is prohibited by law.\\n1741 Neio York. Negroes conspire\\nto murder their masters, and burn the\\ncity a panic ensues, and a public fast\\nis observed.\\nFour whites and IS negroes are sud-\\ndenly hanged, 14 negroes are burned, 71\\ntransported, and many imprisoned; the\\nexistence of a plot is doubted. [Later it\\nis proved that none existed.]\\n1743 Ga. Gov. Oglethorpe closes\\nten years of office with the colonists, not\\nhaving taken for himself an acre of\\nground, nor even owned a house.\\nThe poor colonists clamor for the\\nintroduction of slaves; the prohibitory\\nlaws are first evaded and then defied.\\nGa. Improvident English settlers\\ncontend that rum is necessary to resist\\nthe climate, and that none but slaves\\ncan till the soil.\\n1744+ Va. Mobs persecute the\\nBaptists here and elsewhere ministers\\nare frequently imprisoned for preaching.\\nSTATE.\\n1737 La. A royal edict permits ten\\nyears freedom of commerce between\\nLouisiana and the West Indies.\\nMar. N. C. The Assembly imprisons\\nthe king s officers for distraining rent\\nbecause of this it is dissolved, leaving\\nthe colony without revenue and the\\nofficers without pay.\\n-43 S. C. Wm. Bull, governor.\\n1738 Jamaica. The Maroons (run-\\naway slaves) are permitted to form set-\\ntlements in the north part of the island.\\nNew Jersey becomes a separate\\ncolony.\\nColonists again petition for separation\\nfrom New York, and the king yields, and\\nappoints Lewis Morris governor.\\n*[U. S.] Governors inaugurated\\n-46 *N.J. Lewis Morris.\\n-47* Pa. George Thomas (deputy).\\n1739 Colombia. The new kingdom\\nof Granada is established under a\\nviceroy.\\nMe. A few Germans settle in Waldo-\\nborough.\\n-44 jsfew York. John Cruger\\nthe 37th mayor.\\n1740 Ga. The Moravians are op-\\nposed to war, and emigrate as a body\\nto Pennsylvania, where they found Beth-\\nlehem and Nazareth.\\n-43 P. I. Richard Ward gover-\\nnor.\\nS. C. Act passed forbidding to\\nteach negroes how to write.\\nThe jurisdiction of the French north\\nof Baton Rouge, in the Mississippi Val-\\nley, is only in name its expensive colo-\\nnization is a failure.\\nTennessee first explored.\\nPeriod of colonial prosperity.\\n1741 Eng. Parliament interferes to\\nrestrain the issue of paper currency\\nin the colonies.\\nNew Hampshire is finally separated\\nfrom Massachusetts, and becomes the\\nonly royal government in New England.\\nU. 5.] Governors inaugurated\\n-50 Conn. Jonathan Law.\\nMay 6-49 Mass. Wm. Shirley.\\n1742 Va. Richmond is established\\nby legislative enactment.\\nMd. Thos. Bladen, governor.\\n17*43* *[U. Governors inaugu-\\nrated\\nSept. 22-53 N. Y. Gen. Clinton.\\n-44 R. I. W. Greene. [1746, 48-54.]\\n-55 S. C. James Glen.\\nSept. 27. N. Y. Gov. Clinton s first offi-\\ncial act is to dissolve the Legislature,\\nand issue writs calling another.\\n1744 July 4\u00c2\u00b1. Pa. Commissioners from\\nPennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia\\nmeet envoys of the Iroquois at Lan-\\ncaster, and for $2,000 purchase their\\nclaim to the region between the Blue\\nRidge and the Alleghany Mountains.\\n[Later the English claims extend to the\\nMississippi.]\\nEng. Parliament provides for the\\ngovernment of the province of Quebec,\\nempowering the king to appoint a coun-\\ncil of administration.\\nO. The English seek to occupy the\\nOhio Valley in competition with the\\nFrench. [The struggle continues for\\nthirty years.]\\n_47 iVew; York. Stephen Bayard\\nthe 38th mayor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1738 Paper currency depreciated;\\ngold is at a premium.\\nOne hundred English sovereigns are\\nworth \u00c2\u00a3500 in New England notes, \u00c2\u00a3160\\nor more in the notes of New York, New\\nJersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland,\\n\u00c2\u00a31,000 in notes of North Carolina or\\n\u00c2\u00a31,400 if offered in London.\\n1739 Aug.* Ga. Governor Oglethorpe,\\nwith only three or four attendants, jour-\\nneys through the unbroken wilderness\\nfor a month, suffering great hardships,\\nin order to meet Tomo Chichi and other\\nchiefs in a great council at the Indian\\ntown of Choweta, 300 miles northwest of\\nSavannah.\\nW. I. The yellow fever rages.\\n1740 S. C. Great fire best build-\\nings burned. [Parliament appropriates\\n$100,000 for the sufferers.]\\n1741 Mar. IS. New York. The chapel\\nand buildings in the fort are burned.\\n1743 Ga. Settlers not permitted to\\nhold their lands in fee simple previous\\nto this date.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "66 1744-1751, Nov.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1745 June 17- N. S. Louisburg, the\\nchief stronghold of the French in\\nAmerica, is taken hy 4,000 colonists\\nfrom New England, led hy William\\nPepperell, a wealthy merchant of Maine,\\naided by a few English vessels.\\nNov. 16. N. Y. The French and In-\\ndians surprise the village of Saratoga.\\nCan. The projected conquest of Can-\\nada by the united colonists is abandoned\\non the arrival of a French, fleet.\\nBoston becomes apprehensive of an\\nattack from D Anville s fleet.\\n1746 Aug. 20. Mass. The French and\\nIndians take Fort Massachusetts\\npart of the prisoners are massacred.\\n1747 Feb. 4. N. S. Colonel Noble is\\nsurprised at Grand Pre\\\\\\nJan. 31. N. S. Battle of Minas.\\nJune Can. Montreal is raided by the\\nBritish.\\n1748 June 26. Vt. A battle with In-\\ndians is fought at Marlborough; the\\nIndians retire.\\n1749 Can. Fort Rouill\u00c2\u00a3 [Toronto]\\nis built.\\n1750 Apr. Can. Hostilities occur in\\nAcadia [Nova Scotia] between French\\nand English respecting boundaries.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1745 Benjamin West, seven years\\nof age, executes his infant sister s por-\\ntrait in black and red inks.\\nW. I. A theatrical representation\\ngiven by a company of amateur actors,\\nincluding the famous Moody, in the\\nIsland of Jamaica.\\n1746 Oct. 28. Peru. An earthquake\\ndestroys Lima and Callao.\\nEighteen thousand persons are buried\\nin ruins; every inhabitant but one, of\\nCallao, is destroyed by the earthquake\\nor the tidal wave attending it.\\nPa. The first iron rolling and slit-\\nting mill is erected in Thornbury.\\nPhila. Franklin experiments with\\nelectricity.\\n1748 Phila. Franklin makes an ex-\\nhibition of electricity.\\nAt a picnic he killed a turkey by the\\nelectric spark, and roasted it by an elec-\\ntric jack before a tire kindled by the\\nelectric bottle.\\n1749* Boston. The King s Chapel is\\nbuilt. (1689. First built.)\\nPhila. A company of amateurs at-\\ntempt to open a theater.\\nAid. Eight furnaces and nine forges\\nare at work.\\n1750 Mar. 5. New York. Bichard IXE.\\nis performed at a theater on Nassau\\nStreet.\\nBoston. Otway s Orphan is acted at\\nthe coffee-house in State Street. It is\\nthe first theatrical performance in\\nthe country, and is immediately pro-\\nhibited.\\nMex. Burns of Palenque are first\\ndiscovered.\\nPhila. Robert Feke paints por-\\ntraits.\\nPatience Wright models miniature\\nheads in relief, with wax.\\nBeacon Shem Browne makes some\\nelaborate weather-vanes.\\n1751 Nov. 21. W.I. Port-au-Prince,\\nSt. Bomingo, is ruined by an earthquake.\\nLa, Sugar-cane is introduced.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nAda\\ns, Al\\nlJelkiiap, Jeremy, historian, born.\\nBradstreet, John, major-general, dies.\\nGerry. Elbridge, vice-president, born.\\njMifflin, Thomas, genera!, born.\\nParker, Samuel, bishop of .Mass., born.\\nQuincy. Josiah. patriot, born.\\nRomeyn, Theodorie D., theologian, born.\\nSevier, .John, pioneer, born.\\nSullivan, James, statesman, born.\\n1745\\nAsbury. Francis, bishop, born.\\nAvery, Waighlstill, lawyer, born.\\nBacbe, Sarah, nurse, born.\\nBarry, John, naval officer, born.\\nEdwards, Jonathan, theologian, born.\\nEllsworth. Oliver, chief-justice, b. in Conn.\\nHarrison, Robert H.. justice, born in Md.\\nHayne, Isaac, officer, born.\\nJay. John, chief-justice, born in N.Y.\\nKitteridge, Thomas, surgeon, born.\\nL Ouvertnre, Toussaint, liberator, bom.\\nMurray, Lindley, grammarian, born.\\nPaterson, William, justice, born in K. J.\\nPatterson, Robert, senator, born.\\nPickering, Timothy, statesman, born.\\nRush. Benjamin, physician, born.\\nRutgers. Henry, patriot, born.\\nWayne, Anthony, general, born.\\n1746*\\nAllen, John, patriot, born.\\nAndrew, John, clergyman, born.\\nBenson, Egbert, judge, born.\\nBillings, William, composer, born.\\nLivingston, Robert R., statesman, born.\\nMuhlenberg, John P. G., general, born.\\nNeale, Leonard, bishop, born.\\nPinckney, Charles Cotesworth, states-\\n1747*\\nBrainerd. David, missionary, A29.\\nCoke, Thomas, bishop, born.\\nDickinson. Jonathan, clergyman, A59.\\nFarrar, Timothy, judge, born.\\nFitson, John, explorer, born.\\nHowell, David, judge, born.\\nJones, John Paul, naval officer, born.\\nMoody, Samuel, minister, A7I.\\nShays, Daniel, insurrectionist, born.\\n1748*\\nDeane, James, missionary, born.\\nFew, William, colonel, born.\\nHicks, Elias. Friend preacher, born.\\nMartin, Luther, lawyer, born.\\nMoore, Benjamin, bishop, born.\\nWilliams, Otho H., general, born.\\n1749*\\nBackus, Charles, clergyman, born.\\nBaynan, William, surgeon, born.\\n(iansevoort, 1 eter, officer, born.\\nGodfrey, Thomas, mathematician, dies.\\nGriffin, Cyrus, statesman, born.\\nIngersoll, Jared, jurist, born.\\nLincoln. Levi, statesman, born.\\nLynch, Thomas, Jr., signer of Declaration, b.\\nPalmer, Anthony, statesman, dies.\\nRamsav, David, physician, born.\\nRutledg-e. Edward, statesman, born.\\nSargent, John, missionary, A49.\\nStevens, John L., inventor, born.\\nThomas, Isaiah, journalist, born.\\n1750*\\nBiddle, Nicholas, navy, born.\\nDaboll, Nathan, teacher, born,\\nFrancisco, Miranda. Venezuelan, born.\\nGirard. Stephen, founder, born.\\nIredell. James, justice, born in N. C.\\nJasper. William, patriot, born.\\nKnox, Henry, general, born.\\nLawrence, John, statesman, born.\\nParsons. Theophilus, judge, born.\\nPinckney. Thomas, general, born.\\nTaliaferro, Benjamin, officer, born.\\nTrumbull, John, poet, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1744 N. 5 The governor opposes\\nthe missionaries.\\nInfluenced by white opposition, he\\nissues orders that the several Moravian\\nand vagrant teachers among the Indians\\nof New York should desist from further\\nteaching and preaching to the Indian.-,\\nand depart the province. These orders\\nwere executed hy the sheriff.]\\nRev. David Brainerd is sent by the\\nPresbytery of New York a missionary to\\nthe Indians.\\nPa. The Old Side or strict Pres-\\nbyterians open an academy at New Lon-\\ndon.\\nGeorge Whitefield makes his third\\nevangelistic visit to America.\\nVa. Mobs of persecutors torment\\nthe Baptists.\\n1745 May 25. Phila. Commissioners\\nfrom the Presbvtery of New York de-\\ncline to accept the report of a Synodical\\nCommission appointed to remove differ-\\nences it proposes to the Synod a mutual\\nagreement to erect another synod, to be\\ncalled the Synod of New York.\\nSept. 19. N.J. The Presbyteries of New\\nYork, New Brunswick, and New London-\\nderry unite at Elizabethtown and er.-.-i\\nthe Synod of New York, thus dividing\\nthe Presbyterian church.\\nThe division is chiefly caused by differ-\\nences in opinions respecting ministerial\\neducation. The Old Side constitute\\nthe Synod of Philadelphia the \u00c2\u00bbw\\nSide, the Synod of New York the\\nlatter urge a more spiritual ministry.\\n1746 May 15. Phila. Fifty-sbc Bap-\\ntists form a Baptist church entirely in-\\ndependent of that at Pennepeck (Lower\\nDublin).\\nN. J. The New Side Presbyterians\\nget a charter for the college of New\\nJersey (Princeton College) first locate\\nit at Elizabethtown.\\n1747* Mass., etc. John Brainerd suc-\\nceeds his brother as missionary to the\\nIndians.\\nMd. Controversy on baptism by\\nSamuel Finley and Abel Morgan\\nthrough the press.\\nSept. 12. New York. A sub-governing\\nbody, called the Coetus, is formed in\\nthe Dutch Reformed church.\\nSept. 29. Pa. The first Reformed Ger-\\nman Coetus is formed.\\n1748 Aug. 14. Phila. Convention\\nof Lutherans meets and organizes the\\nfirst Lutheran Synod in America J. N.\\nKurtz is ordained for the ministry,\\nthe first of this denomination in the\\ncolonies.\\n1749 Boston. The corner-stone of the\\n[present] King s Chapel is laid. [1754,\\nAug. 21. Reopened.]\\nX. Y. A new missionary resumes the\\nwork among the Mohawks, which was\\nabandoned during the recent war.\\n1750 Jan. Boston. Jonathan May-\\nhew preaches against tyranny and priest-\\ncraft.\\nJune 22. Mass. Contention drives Jon-\\nathan Edwards from his church at\\nNorthampton, the largest Protestant\\nsociety in the world he becomes a\\nmissionary to the Stockbridge Indians.\\nor 1755 *N. H. The first Baptist\\nchurch is formed at Newtown (Kewton).", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1744-1751, Nov.\\n67\\nLETTERS.\\n1744* p a Benjamin Franklin be-\\ncomes the projector of the University\\nof Pennsylvania,\\nFranklin becomes the founder of the\\nAmerican Philosophical Society.\\n1745 Boston. The American Monthly\\nMagazine is established by Jeremy\\nGri dley.\\nMd. The Maryland Gazette, the first\\nnewspaper printed in this province, is\\nrevived at Annapolis, the capital.\\n1746 Oct. 22. N. Y. Bill introduced\\nin the assembly to raise \u00c2\u00a711,250 by lot-\\ntery, for the erection of a college\\n(Columbia).\\nN. J. The (Presbyterian) Presbytery\\nof New York, in session at Elizabeth-\\ntown, New Jersey, founds Nassau Hall\\n(Princeton).\\n-47 New York. The Evening Post\\nissued by Henry de Forrest.\\n*A Treatise Concerning the Religious\\nAffections, by Jonathan Edwards,\\nappears.\\n1747 History of the First Discovery\\nand Settlement of Virginia, by William\\nStith, appears.\\nPhilosophic Solitude, by William Liv-\\ningston, appears.\\nN. J. The College of New Jersey\\n(Princeton) is removed to Newark.\\n1748 Oct. 28. N. Y. Governor Clin-\\nton signs the bill revising an act to\\nraise $9,000 by lottery, to build a col-\\nlege (Columbia).\\nS.C. The Library Society is organized.\\n1749 An Inquiry into the Qua! idea-\\ntions for Full Communion in the Church,\\nby Jonathan Edwards, appears.\\nN. C. Printing is introduced.\\nPa. The University of Pennsyl-\\nvania (non-sect.) is founded. (Or 1740.)\\nVa. Washington and Lee Uni-\\nversity] (non-sect.) is founded as a school\\nat Greenville.\\n1750 Mass. Ninety Mohawks come\\nfrom New York, and put their children\\nin the Stockbridge Indian School.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1745 Feb. 2. W. I. A conspiracy of\\nnegroes in Jamaica to murder their\\nmasters, exposed by a negress to her mis-\\ntress. [Severely punished.]\\n1747 K ov. 17. Boston. The British\\nimpress seamen. An indignant mob\\nexpresses the public resentment against\\nCommander Knowles the governor\\nwithdraws to Castle William.\\n1750 Boston. An amateur theatrical\\nplay leads the legislature to prohibit\\ntheatrical exhibitions in the province.\\nSTATE.\\n1744 Virginia purchases of the Indi-\\nans the right to extend settlements to the\\nOhio, and build a fort [where Pittsburg\\nnow stands].\\nWis. Charles de Langlade becomes a\\nsettler.\\n1745* Md. Frederick City is founded.\\nP. I. Gideon Wanton governor.\\n[1747.]\\nVa. Lord Halifax settles beyond the\\nmountains.\\n1746 Sp. Ferdinand VI,, king.\\n[CT. S.] Governors inaugurated\\n-51 Md. Samuel Ogle.\\nN. J. John Hamilton (pres.).\\n-47* *N.J. John Reading.\\n1747 Nov. 17. Boston. Commander\\nKnowles impresses seamen, and his\\nofficers are imprisoned by a mob until\\nthe release of the men impressed.\\n*-57* New York. Edward Holland\\nthe 39th mayor.\\n*[U. S.] Governors inaugurated\\n-57 N. J. Jonathan Belcher.\\n-48 Pa. Anthony Palmer (pres.).\\n1748 July N. Y. A colonial con-\\ngress held at Albany is attended by\\nrepresentatives of New England and of\\nthe Six Nations.\\nOct. 7. Fr. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle\\nbetween England, France, and Spain,\\nby which each surrenders its conquests,\\nand Cape Breton is restored to the\\nFrench. [1749. May 10. It is proclaimed\\nat Boston.]\\nOct. N. Y. Gov. Clinton meets an as-\\nsembly at Albany, and demands a rev-\\nenue for the king. The assembly\\ninsists on naming the incumbent of\\neach office, and is prorogued.\\nPersons in England and Virginia unite\\nto form the Ohio Company.\\nPa. James Hamilton, governor.\\nW. I. Tobago is declared a neutral\\nisland.\\n1749 Mar. 3. Eng. Under the pretext\\nof suppressing the flagrant evils of co-\\nlonial paper money, Walpole reports a\\nbill to overrule all charters, and to\\nmake the orders by the king, or under\\nhis authority, the highest law of\\nAmerica.\\nJune 5. N. S. The British government\\nsends emigrants to Nova Scotia at its\\nown expense Halifax is founded.\\nOct. 16. Massachusetts makes a treaty\\nwith the eastern Indians.\\nEng. A Stamp Act proposed.\\nMassachusetts becomes a hard money\\ncolony.\\n[CT. S.] Governors inaugurated:\\n-53 Mass. Spencer Pliips.\\n-70 Va. Lord Albemarle, Thomas\\nLee, and later, Lewis Bur-\\nwell (acting).\\nNew England is reimbursed by\\nEngland in specie for her outlay in the\\nLouisburg expedition, and thus enabled\\nto redeem her paper currency.\\nN. H. Disputes over the New Hamp-\\nshire grants [continuing for forty years].\\nThe struggle between the French\\nand English for possession of Ohio\\nValley begins. The French are the\\nfirst occupants.\\n1750 The Ohio Company obtains a\\ngrant of about 600,000,000 acres ahout\\nthe Ohio River in territory claimed by\\nFrance. [War follows for eight years.]\\nArg. Rep. Montevideo enjoys a pro-\\nvincial government separate from that\\nof Buenos Ay res.\\nBoston. Jonathan Mayhew makes\\nhis bold utterances against England.\\nEng. Parliament attempts to sup-\\npress the development of the colo-\\nnies, to prevent competition in similar\\nproductions.\\nIt forbids, under penalties, the main-\\ntaining of iron-mills, slitting or rolling\\nmills, plaiting-furges, ;uid especially the\\nmanufacture of steel it also prohibits\\nthe felling of pine-trees outside of cer-\\ntain enclosures.\\nMd. Pa. Mason and Dixon are\\nappointed to survey the division line\\nbetween Maryland and Pennsylvania.\\n[It afterwards becomes the notable\\nboundary between freedom and slavery.]\\nN. Y. The colony grows slowly,\\nbeing outstrix ped by Massachusetts,\\nConnecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland,\\nand Virginia.\\nN. S. Conflicting claims are made\\nby the French and English.\\n0. Christopher Gist, G. Crogan, and\\nA. Mentour are in the Ohio country.\\nThe Shawnees enter the Ohio country.\\nParaguay. The Jesuits resist the\\ntransfer of a part of Paraguay to the\\nSpaniards, till they are subdued by com-\\nbined Spaniards and Portuguese troops.\\nIt is in the interest of their missions.\\nPort. Joseph Immanuel king.\\nJ a. George Washington, nineteen\\nyears of age, is appointed surveyor-gen-\\neral of the Northern District.\\nThe Ohio Company send Christopher\\nGist into the west on an exploring ex-\\npedition.\\n54 Conn. Roger Wolcott is gov-\\nernor.\\n1751 July* N. Y. A colonial con-\\ngress at Albany in which South Caro-\\nlina joins for the first time. Subject,\\nthe protection of the colonies from the\\nFrench. Peace concluded between the\\nEnglish colonies and the Six Nations.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1745 N. J. A census taken popu-\\nlation sixty-one thousand four hundred\\nand three.\\nW. I. The yellow fever rages.\\n1748 Md. The population is esti-\\nmated at 94,000 whites and 36,000 blacks\\ntotal, 130,000.\\nColombia. Porto Bello is the great\\ncommercial mart for the rich commerce\\nof Chile and Peru. [Now a small village\\n20 miles northeast of Colon.]\\n1750 New Eng. Popoulation about\\nthree hundred and fifty-four thousand.\\nW. I. Fire consumes a part of Port\\nRoyal, Jamaica.\\nPennsylvania receives 5,317 emi-\\ngrants.\\nSince 1607 there has been very little\\nemigration to the colonies to this date.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "68 1751-1755, Sept. 8.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1751 Va. George Washington, 19\\nyears of age, is appointed Adjt.-Gen. for\\nthe Northern District of Virginia.\\n1752* Pa, Virginians delay building\\nthe fort at the forks of the Ohio.\\nO. The French destroy the English\\ntrading-post at Pickawillany.\\n1754* Lieut.- Col. Washington, 22\\nyears old, becomes colonel on the illness\\nof Col. Fry. Without experience in war\\nhe soon strikes the first blow in the final\\nstruggle between the French and Eng-\\nlish for supremacy in the New World.]\\nMar. Pa. Thirty-three Virginians\\nforestall the French and build a stock-\\nade in the West. [On the present site\\nof Pittsburg.]\\nApr. 17. Pa. The French capture the\\nVirginians, erect a stronger fortress and\\ncall it Fort Du Quesne (Pittsburg).\\nMay 28. Pa. Near the Great Meadows\\nat the confluence of the Monongahela\\nand the Alleghany Rivers, Washington\\nsurprises and defeats a French force\\nunder M. Jumonville, who is killed with\\n10 of his men 22 survivors are captured,\\nwhile only one Virginian is killed and\\ntwo or three wounded.\\nJuly 4. Pa. Col. George Washington\\nhas his first defeat in the defense of\\nFort Necessity (S. W. Pennsylvania),\\nwhere he capitulates to a superior force\\nof the French.\\nAug. 27. JSf. Y. The French and In-\\ndians break up all settlements at Hoo-\\nsick and Sehaghticoke.\\nMe. Fort Halifax is built on the Ken-\\nnebec.\\nThe English establish forts west of\\ntbe Alleghanies.\\n1755 Feb. Va. Gen. Braddock, com-\\nmander of British forces, arrives from\\nIreland.\\nOLD FRENCH AND INDIAN ^VAR.\\n-63 The French and Indian\\nWar between England and France\\na part of the Seven Years War in Eu-\\nrope. It is a struggle to acquire su-\\npremacy in the New World.\\nTbe French have Indians as their\\nallies.\\nApr. Three expeditions are planned\\nagainst the French in a council of colo-\\nnial governors (1) against Fort Du\\nQuesne (2) against Fort Niagara; (3)\\nagainst the fort at Crown Point.\\nMay 20. N. S. Two thousand troops\\nsail from Boston to subdue the French\\nin Acadia. [In less than a month, with\\na loss of only 20 men, the English take\\nthe entire country.]\\nMay 30. Va. Gen. Braddock advances\\nto drive the French intruders out of the\\nOhio Valley.\\nJune 8. The British fleet off Cape Race\\nattacks a part of a French fleet, and\\ncaptures two vessels. (June 10\\nJune 7. Md. Gen. Braddock sets out\\non his disastrous march from Fort Cum-\\nberland.\\nJune 16. X. S. Fort Beau Sejour sur-\\nrenders to Col. Monckton after a siege\\nof four days.\\nFort Gaspereau surrenders to\\nMonckton.\\nJune Va. Braddock refuses the aid of\\nIndian scouts and frontier men, having\\nexperienced troops on whom he could\\nrely for all purposes.\\nJune -July A r Y. Fort Edward,\\non the Hudson, is erected against tbe\\nFrench by General Phineas Lyman, with\\nabout G,000 troops they also fortify Ti-\\nconderoga.\\nJuly 7. Pa. Braddock s defeat.\\nNear Fort Du Quesne (Pittsburg), Gen.\\nBraddock is surprised by a party of\\nFrench and Indians, his 1,200 troops are\\nrouted, and he is mortally wounded.\\nThe enemy consist of 220 French, led\\nby Beaujeu and Dumas, with 637 In-\\ndians of Braddock s 85 officers, 26 are\\nkilled and 37 wounded, and 714 privates\\nkilled or wounded. Colonel George\\nWashington saves the remnant of the\\narmy he has two horses shot under\\nhim, and, though his coat is shot\\nthrough, he escapes unscathed.\\nEngland and France struggle for\\npossession of the Ohio Valley and\\nAcadia.\\nMass. Governor Shirley of Mas-\\nsachusetts is appointed commander-in-\\nchief of the British forces in America.\\nSummer. Pa. The disaster attend-\\ning Braddock s expedition fills the colo-\\nnies with gloom and consternation;\\nit shakes the colonists confidence in the\\nBritish soldiers.\\nAug. 2. Pa. Col. Dunbar leaves a few\\ntroops at Fort Cumberland, and retires\\nwith tbe rest of his army to Philadelphia.\\nAug.* N. r. Gen. William Johnson\\nerects a fort at the head of Lake George.\\nAug. 30\u00c2\u00b1. A r Y. Gen. William John-\\nson with 3,400 men is sent to drive the\\nFrench from the Lake Champlain region.\\nSept. 5. N. S. Exile of the Acadians\\nannounced.\\nThe British, having subdued the\\nFrench in Acadia, proceed to banish\\nmore than 4,000 hapless men, women,\\nand children among the British colonies,\\nand burn their property. The history\\nof civilized nations furnishes no parallel\\nto this wanton and wicked destruction\\nof an inoffensive colony. (Ridpath.)\\nSept. 8. N. Y. Col. Ephraim Wil-\\nliams, with a thousand men, leaves Lake\\nGeorge, and marches for the defense of\\nFort Edward. He is soon surprised by\\nFrench and Indians under Baron Dies-\\nkau, and driven back. The English lose\\namong the killed Col. Williams and tbe\\nIndian Chief Hendrick.\\nThe French follow the returning fu-\\ngitives to Lake George, where they are\\nrepulsed by the New England militia.\\nAmerican loss, 216 killed and 96 wound-\\ned tbe French loss is greater.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1751 PMla. David Kittenhouse\\n(19 years old) discovers the method of\\nfluxions.\\n1752 Sept. 25. Va. The first play\\nperformed in America by a regular\\ncompany of comedians is acted.\\nThe Merchant of Venice and Garrick s\\nLet)n are performed by William Hal-\\nlam s Company pi English acton at Wil-\\nliamsburg, the capital city.\\nPhita. Benjamin Franklin makes\\nremarkable electrical discoveries.\\nFranklin brings electricity down from\\na cloud, and proves that it is identical\\nwith lightning.\\nLightning conductors are set up\\nfor the protection of buildings by Ben-\\njamin Franklin.\\nS. C. St. Michael s Church at\\nCharleston is built.\\n1753 Sept. 17- Xew York, Thesecond\\ntheater in this city is opened in Nassau\\nStreet, by Hallam s Company, with\\nSteele s Conscious Lovers.\\nPhila. An Arctic expedition is sent\\nout under the instigation of Franklin.\\nPa. Benjamin West paints the\\nDeath of Socrates at Lancaster.\\nIt is commonly believed, even by\\neducated people, in the Old World, that\\nplants and animals degenerate in size\\nand quality when transplanted into the\\nNew World.\\n1754 Apr. 15. Phila. The first thea-\\nter is opened at the corner of Cedar and\\nVernon Streets, with the Fair Penitent,\\nby Hallam s Company, at the store-\\nhouse of Wm. Plumstead.\\n1755 Apr. Ecuador. An earthquake\\ndestroys Quito.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1751\\nAllen, Ira, founder, born.\\nAllen, Solomon, clercvinan, born.\\nBarber, Francis, officer, born.\\nCabot, George, agitator, born.\\nDearborn. Henry, general, born.\\nDecatur. Stephen, commodore U. S. N., b.\\nDudley. Paul, jurist, dies.\\nLedyard, John, traveler, born.\\nMadison, James. 4th l resident, born Mar. 16.\\nPhillips, Samuel, bent- fact or, born.\\nRed Jacket, Seneca Indian, born.\\nSmybert, John, painter, A67.\\n1752*\\nBleecker, Ann Eliza, poetess, born.\\nBowdoin, James, diplomat, born.\\nBradford. William, printer, A92.\\nBurton, Asa, clergyman, born.\\nChampe, John, soldier, bom.\\nChijunan, Nathaniel, jurist, born.\\nClarke, George Rogers, general, born.\\nDuval. Gabriel, justice, born in Jld.\\nDwight. Timothy. Pres. of Yale Coll., b.\\nFreneau, Philip, poet, born.\\nGarrettson. Freeborn, Jleth. cl., born.\\nHoward, John Kagt-r. soldier, born.\\nHumphreys, David, soldier, born.\\nLinn, William, chaplain, born.\\nLogan, Benjamin, pioneer, bom.\\nMorris, Gouverneur, statesman, born.\\n1753*\\nBaldwin, Thomas, theologian, born.\\nEustis, William, physician, born.\\nHaniKir, Josiali, general, born.\\nHull, William, general, bora.\\nJlcCrea, Jane, killed by Indians, born.\\nRumford, Count (Benjamin Thompson),\\nphilosopher, bom.\\nWarren, John, physician, born.\\nWheat-ley, Phillis, negro poetess, born.\\nWilkinson, Jemima, impostor, born.\\n1754*\\nBarlow, Joel, poet-patriot, born.\\nBurbeck, Henry, army officer, born.\\nEllieotr.Andrew, astronomer, bom,\\nHampton. Wade, general, born.\\nTallmadge, Benjamin, army officer, bora.\\nThatcher, James, physician, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1751 Mass. Tuscarora and Oneida\\nIndians join the Christian Indians of\\nStocUbridge, and put their children in\\nthe Indian schools.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1751-1755, Sept. 8. G9\\nJonathan Edwards becomes pastor\\nof the church at Stockbridge, and mis-\\nsionary to the Stockbridge Indians.\\nSalary, \u00c2\u00a36 13s. 4c/.\\nS. C. Charleston Baptist Association\\nformed.\\n1752 Can. Moravian missionaries\\nland in Labrador.\\nPa. Arrival of Mr. Cuthbertson, a\\nPresbyterian (Reformed) minister sent\\nfrom Scotland.\\nArrival of Philip William Otter-\\nbein (Ger.), founder of the United\\nBrethren in Christ.\\n1754 N. V. The Coetus of the Re-\\nformed Dutch church takes steps for\\nthe formation of a Classis.\\nJamaica. Moravian missionaries be-\\ngin labor among the natives.\\nVa. By the laws of this colony, every\\nsettlement is to have a house for the\\nworship of God absence therefrom is\\npunishable with a fine traveling or\\nshooting on the Sabbath is interdicted.\\nW. I. Friedensthal becomes a mis-\\nsion station of tbe Moravians, at St.\\nCroix.\\nCatholic vs. Protestant.\\nThe religious future of the New World\\nis in the issue of the French and Indian\\nwar the success of the French signifies\\nthe dominance of\u00c2\u00bbCatholicism of the\\nEnglish, thesupreinaeyof Protestantism.\\nLETTERS.\\n1751 N.J. Woodbridge has the first\\nprinting-press in the province.\\nN. Y. The sum of \u00c2\u00a33,443 has been\\nraised to found King s College (Colum-\\nbia).\\n1752* New York. The Independent Re-\\nflector issued by James Parker.\\nThe Mercury issued by Hugh Gaine.\\nStruggle in the legislature and\\nthrough the press to prevent the estab-\\nlishment of seminaries of learning\\nhaving connection with any religious\\nsociety; William Livingston leader.\\n1753 Nero York. The Pacquet issued\\nby William Wenman.\\nNew York. Rev. Dr. Samuel Johnson,\\nof Connecticut, is invited to the presi-\\ndency of King s (Columbia) College\\nsalary, \u00c2\u00a3250.\\nP. I. The Athenseum Library at\\nProvidence is founded.\\n1754 July 17. New York. King s (Co-\\nlumbia) College, under the presidency\\nof Dr. Johnson, opens with a class of\\nten students, in the vestry room of\\nTrinity Church.\\nOct. 31. New York. A royal charter\\nfor King s (Columbia) College (Prot.\\nEpis.) passes the seals.\\nGovernors, the Archbishop of Canter-\\nbury, the principal clergy of five re-\\nligious denominations in New York,\\nand twenty private gentlemen. Money\\nis raised in England, ami Joseph Murray\\ngives S40.000 and his library.\\nThe Society Library is founded.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1752 Feb. 2. Pennsylvania hospital\\nadmits its first patient.\\nNew Eng. It becomes fashionable\\nas well as honorable to wear home-\\nspun, because of British oppression in\\nrestricting manufactures and commerce.\\nHarvard students make it a point to\\nbe graduated in homespun.\\nGa. The Colony is a financial\\nfailure.\\nAfter nearly 20 years of benevolent ef-\\nfort and the expenditure of more than\\nSiiun.noit in Parliamentary grants, and\\nof private contributions amounting to\\nnearly $90,000, Georgia has only 1,700\\nwhites, and 40O negroes, and a discoura-\\nging future. The failure of the colony is\\ncharged to its benevolent scheme, and\\nlack of wisdom in the proprietary regu-\\nlations.\\n1753 Oct. 31. Va. George Wash-\\nington, a surveyor, 22 years old, with\\nfour comrades and an interpreter, sets\\nout for the shores of Lake Erie, bearing\\nan important remonstrance from the\\nGovernor of Virginia to the commander\\nof the French.\\nDec. 16. Pa. Washington starts on\\nhis return journey, in great peril from\\nIndians.\\nSTATE.\\n1751 D.C. Georgetown is laid out at\\nthe head of navigation on the Potomac\\nit grows rapidly.\\nAmerica refuses to be ruled by ar-\\nbitrary instruction.\\nEng. The colonies are regarded by\\nthe mother country as depots for the\\ndistribution of home products on a new\\nsoil.\\n1752 Jan. 1. Eng. The calendar is\\nchanged.\\nParliament enacts that the beginning\\nof the new year shall be changed from\\nthe 25th of March to January 1 in Eng-\\nland and her colonies. Eleven days to\\nbe omitted after September 3d.\\nMar. Pa. A plan of American union\\nis proposed.\\nJune 13. Virginia treats with the Indi-\\nans at Logstown, and is permitted to\\nbuild a fort at the forks of the Ohio.\\n[Delayed.]\\nJune 23. Ga. The trustees of this un-\\nsuccessful colony surrender the char-\\nter to the king, and it becomes a royal\\nprovince.\\nSept. 3. Eng. New Style introduced.\\nThe CALENDAR CHANGED\\nSept. 3 changed to Sept. 14 in England\\nand her colonies.\\n*[U. S.] Governors inaugurated\\n-54 Ga. Capt. J.Reynolds (Prov.).\\nMd. Benjamin Tasker.\\nN. C. Nathaniel Bice (pres.).\\n-58 Va. Robert Dinwiddie.\\n1753 May O. A large body of\\nFrench and Indian allies enter the val-\\nley of the Ohio.\\nOct. 10. N. Y. Sir Danvers Osborn\\nsupersedes Governor Clinton.\\nOct. 31. The English colonies are irri-\\ntated by the erection of French forts in\\nthe interior, at their rear. George Wash-\\nington commissioned by the governor of\\nVirginia to remonstrate.\\nNov. 14. Va. Washington starts from\\nWilliamsburg on his perilous journey\\nthrough the forest, to inquire the pur-\\nposes of the invading French at Fort Le\\nBceuf [Pittsburg].\\nDec. 12. N. Y. The Assembly passes\\nan act for the registry of mortgages,\\nto prevent fraud.\\nConnecticut colonizes lands in Penn-\\nsylvania.\\nU. S.] Governors inaugurated\\n-56 Mass. William Shirley.\\n-56 Md. Horatio Sharpe.\\n-54 A r C. Matthew Rowan (pres.).\\nOct- 10. N. Y. Sir Danvers Osborne.\\n-55 N. Y. James de Lancey.\\nPa. The first settlement in the Ohio\\nValley is made by Virginians on the\\nbanks of the Youghiogheny.\\n1754 Jan 16. Va. George Washing-\\nton brings a letter from the French\\ncommander refusing to vacate the terri-\\ntory held by the French in the West.\\nJune 19. N. Y. Congress of seven\\ncolonies at Albany a union for de-\\nfense is proposed.\\nJuly 4. N. Y. Benjamin Franklin\\nlays before the Congress at Albany a\\nplan for a federal constitution, aim-\\ning to provide by union for a common\\ndefense against French encroachment\\nit is adopted [but afterward rejected by\\nsome of the colonies, and by the British\\ngovernment].\\nDec. Boston. Gov. Shirley lays before\\nFranklin a scheme of colonial union,\\nwhich provides for a colonial congress\\nand British taxation.\\nKentucky is settled by Col. Daniel\\nBoone of Bucks County, Pennsylvania.\\n*tU. Governors inaugurated:\\n-66 Conn. Thomas Fitch.\\n-56 Ga. John Reynolds.\\n-63 N. C, Arthur Dobbs.\\n-55 Pa. Robert H. Morris (dep.).\\nVa. The French continue to en-\\ncroach upon the territory of Virginia,\\nwest of the Alleghanies.\\n1755 Apr. 14. Va. In a colonial con-\\ngress at Alexandria, Gen. Braddock\\nand five colonial governors recommend\\ntaxation of America by Parliament.\\nJuly Eng. Halifax proposes to ease\\nthe mother country by taxing the colo-\\nnies.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1751* La. Sugar-cane is introduced.\\nPa. Franklin estimates the popula-\\ntion of the colonies at nearly a mil-\\nlion English souls, about 20,000 of them\\nto be native born.\\nPhiladelphia has about 17,000 people,\\nincluding 6,000 negroes.\\n1752 Boston loses about 550 people by\\na small-pox scourge. The population\\nis 17,574.\\nN. Y. The first house is erected in\\n[the city of Troy].\\n-54 Iceland. Great famine be-\\ncause of the failure of crops thousands\\nperish.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "70 1755, Sept. 10-1759, July.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY- NAVY.\\n1755 Sept. 10. Can. Seven thousand\\nAcadians are forced to embark for\\nbanishment. [Fisher s estimate, 7,000\\nWinsor B, 4,000.]\\nSept. N. Y. Fort William Henry, a\\nuseless wooden defense, is erected at\\nLake George by Gen. Johnson.\\nOct. 24. Gov. Shirley, commander of the\\nexpedition against Fort Niagara, grows\\nweak-hearted, and abandons the move-\\nment after learning of Braddock s defeat.\\nN. Y. The French fortify Ticon-\\nderoga.\\nVa. Indian warfare on the fron-\\ntier [continuing several years].\\n1756 May 17. Eng. After fighting the\\nFrench for two years, Great Britain\\nmakes an open declaration of war.\\nJune 9. France formally declares war\\nagainst Great Britain.\\nJune 15. New York. Gen. Abercrom-\\nbie, the second in command under the\\nEarl of Loudoun, arrives with several\\nBritish regiments.\\nForty German officers arrive to re-\\ncruit a loyal American regiment of 4,000\\nJune 27. If. Y. Abercrombie, at Al-\\nbany, billets his soldiers upon private\\nhouses, and proceeds to while away the\\nsummer.\\nJune Gov. Shirley resigns the com-\\nmand of the British troops in America.\\nAug.\u00c2\u00b1 Can. The Marquis Louis Joseph\\nMontcalm supersedes Baron Dies-\\nkau in command of the French.\\nAug. 12. Can. Montcalm, with a mixed\\nforce of over 5,000 men, and 30 pieces of\\ncannon, commences the siege of Fort\\nOntario, on the Oswego Kiver.\\nAug. 13. If. Y. The garrison of Fort\\nOntario retires to the old fort on the\\nopposite side of the river.\\nAug. 14. N. Y. Surrender of Oswe-\\ngo. Montcalm obtains an immense\\namount of military stores, also 1,400 pris-\\noners, and 134 cannon.\\nSept. 8. Pa. Col. John Armstrong,\\nwith 300 volunteers, surprises and de-\\nstroys the hostile Indians in Western\\nPennsylvania, with a loss of only 1G men.\\nIII. The French construct a system\\nof forts in the interior, westward, near\\nthe Illinois River.\\nRhode Island sends 50 privateers,\\nwith 1,500 men, against the French.\\nVa. George Washington drives the\\nthe Indians out of the Valley of the\\nShenandoah.\\n1757 Jan.* Can. General Stark goes\\ndown Lake George with 70 rangers, and\\nturns the strong post of Carillon.\\nJune 20. Can. Loudoun sails with a\\nsplendid army for Halifax. [He is reen-\\nforced later by additional troops, mak-\\ning 11,000 men and 16 men of war.]\\nAug. 3. If. Y. The French and Indians\\nunder Montcalm besiege Fort Wil-\\nliam Henry; Col. Monroe sends to\\nFort Edward 15 miles distant for aid, of\\nGen. Webb, who has 4,000 men at com-\\nmand; he declines the request, and coun-\\nsels a surrender.\\nAug. 4. Can. Gen. Loudoun is in-\\nformed that a large French fleet and a\\ngarrison of 0,000 men await him at Louis-\\nburg, so he abandons the expedition\\nagainst it.\\nAug. 9. If. Y. Col. Monroe with about\\n2,000 men surrenders Fort William\\nHenry to Gen. Montcalm who has\\n11,500 men the Indian allies, maddened\\nwith rum, cruelly massacre the pris-\\noners at Bloody Pond.\\nThe French seem triumphant every-\\nwhere.\\nThe campaigns of the last two years\\nhave been disgraceful to the British\\nflag imbecility and cowardice in the\\nmanagement is the cause. France pos-\\nsesses twenty times as much American\\nterritory as England.\\nEng. Lord Jeffrey Amherst is ap-\\npointed commander of a division of\\nthe British army in America James\\nWolfe is his talented lieutenant.\\n1758 Jan.\u00c2\u00b1 The imbecile Lord Lou-\\ndoun is retired and Gen. Abercrombie\\nsucceeds him in command of the\\nBritish army in America. Lord\\nHowe is next in rank.\\nMar. Rogers is defeated on Lake Cham-\\nplain.\\nApr. 30. N. Y. German Flats are at-\\ntacked by the Indians.\\nMay 28 -July 26. if. S. Successful\\nexpedition of the British against\\nLouisburg.\\nGen. Amherst, with nearly 12,000 men,\\nand Admiral Boscawen, with nearly 40\\nvessels, capture the fortress and destroy\\nthe shipping.\\nJune 8. If. S. General Amherst lands\\nhis forces near Louisburg.\\nJuly 5. If. Y. Abercrombie and Lord\\nHowe embark on Lake George against\\nTiconderoga and Crown Point, having\\nnearly 16,000 men and much artillery\\nwith them.\\nJuly 6. If. Y. The French ambuscade\\nthe British advance near Fort Ticon-\\nderoga; Lord Howe, the soul of the\\narmy, is killed, and the soldiers are\\ndispirited, having no confidence in Aber-\\ncrombie.\\nJuly 8. If. Y. Battle of Ticonderoga\\nwon by the French.\\nThe British attack the fort, which is\\nsuccessfully defended by about one-\\nfourth their number. In no battle of\\nthe Revolution did the British have so\\nlarge a force engaged or meet so terrible\\na loss. (Ridpath.)\\nJuly 9. If. Y. Abercrombie retreats\\nfrom Ticonderoga to Fort George.\\nJuly 26. N. S. England takes Nova\\nScotia.\\nAfter a siege of a few weeks Louisburg\\ncapitulates to Gens. Wolfe and Amherst:\\nCape Breton, Prince Edward Island, and\\nnearly 6,000 prisoners fall to the British.\\nJuly Fort Stanwix is built.\\nAug. 27. Can. The British, under Col.\\nBradstreet, take Fort Frontenac\\n(Kingston), also 46 cannon, 9 vessels of\\nwar, and a large military store.\\nSept. 15. Pennsylvania troops and 800\\nHighlanders under Gen. Bouquet ap-\\nproach the French position at Fort Du\\nQuesne, arc surprised and routed.\\nNov. 24. Pa. The French abandon\\nand burn Fort Du Quesne at the\\napproach of Gens. Forbes, Washington,\\nand Armstrong, with 9,000 men.\\nNov. 25. Pa. The English flag is raised\\nover the ruins, and the place is called\\nPittsburg after the great Commoner.\\nCan. Montreal is surrounded by\\nwalls.\\n1759 Jan.\u00c2\u00b1 Va. Washington (aged\\n26; resigns his command after the de-\\nparture of the French from Fort Du\\nQuesne.\\nJan. 23. W.I. The British attack\\nGuadeloupe.\\nJan. Eng. General Amherst (Lord\\nJeffrey) is promoted to the chief com-\\nmand of the army in America par-\\nliament votes $60,000,000, to carry on the\\nwar William Pitt proposes to con-\\nquer all Canada.\\nJune 21. Can. The English fleet ap-\\nproaches Quebec.\\nJune 27. Can. Gen. Wolfe lands an\\narmy of about 8,000 a few miles below\\nQuebec. A French force of 13,000 is in\\nthe city.\\nJune 30. Can. Wolfe takes possession\\nof Point Levi, where he proceeds to\\nerect batteries.\\nJuly 18. Can. Some of Wolfe s vessels\\npass above Quebec.\\nJuly 25, Can. Fort Niagara capitu-\\nlates to the British under Sir William\\nJohnson after a bloody battle.\\nFrench communication between Can-\\nada and Louisiana is forever broken off.\\nGen. Prideaux is killed by the bursting\\nof a gun during the siege.\\nJuly 26. If. Y. The French garrison re-\\ntreats from Fort Ticonderoga to Crown\\nPoint at the approach of Gen. Amherst.\\nSummer. Pa. Stanwix builds Fort Pitt\\nnear Du Quesne.\\nJuly 31. Can. Wolfe is checked in\\nan impetuous assault on the French at\\nQuebec, in which he loses 400 men.\\nIf. Y. The French abandon the\\nimportant fortress at Crown Point, and\\nsurrender the valley of the Champlain\\nwithout a battle.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1755 Nov. 18. New England is shaken\\nby an earthquake.\\nPhi-la. Franklin makes experiments\\nin electricity with a kite.\\nNov. 18. An earthquake extends from\\nNew England to the West Indies.\\n1756 Feb. 14. if. Y. The Hudson\\nRiver is free from ice recruits sail from\\nNew York for Albany.\\nPiiila, Benjamin West is estab-\\nlished as a portrait painter.\\n1758 Co7in. The first paper-mill is\\nerected at Norwich.\\nNew York: A sail-loft is used for the-\\natrical purposes by a strolling company.\\nA new theater is built at Cruger s\\nwharf by Mr. Douglas.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1755, Sept. 10-1759, July. 71\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n1755*\\nAdams, Hannah, authoress, horn.\\nBancroft, Aaron, theologian, horn.\\nEvans, Oliver, engineer, horn.\\nGray, Kohert, discoverer, born.\\nHale, Nathan, patriot, horn.\\nKenton, Simon, pioneer, horn,\\nKing. Ruius. statesman, horn.\\nMarshall, John, chief justice, horn in Va.\\nMoore. Alfred, justice, born in N. C.\\nTruxtun, Thomas, naval officer, horn.\\nWilliams, Ephraim, colonel, founder, A40.\\n1756*\\nBurr, Aaron, slayer of Hamilton, horn.\\nDale, Kichanl, commodore, born.\\nLaurens, John, officer, born.\\nLee, Henry, general, born.\\nStuart, Gilbert Charles, painter, born.\\nTilghman, William, jurist, born.\\nTrumbull, John, painter, born.\\n1757*\\nBadger, Joseph, missionary, born.\\nHamilton. Alexander, statesman, horn.\\nHammond, Samuel, statesman, born.\\nLaiayette, Marquis de, born in France,\\nSept. 6.\\nMacon, Nathaniel, sen. for N. C. born.\\nPaine, Elijah, jurist, born.\\nRobbins, Ashur, statesman, born.\\nWilkinson, James, general, born.\\n1758*\\nAmes, Fisher, statesman, born.\\nArmstrong, John, author, horn.\\nEdwards. Jonathan, theologian, A55.\\nMesserve, Nathaniel, colonel, patriot, A43.\\nMonroe, James. 5th President, born Apr.\\n28 in Va.\\nPaulding:. John, patriot, born.\\nPinckney, Charles, statesman, born.\\nPrince, Thomas, historian, A71.\\nWebster. Noah, lexicographer, horn.\\nWorcester, Noah, clergyman, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1755 Sept. 30. N. T. Assembling of\\nthe Conferentie of theReformed Dutch\\nin New York. [Much strife and fre-\\nquently some violence in the churches\\non governmental questions.]\\nCan. In Nova Scotia 7,000 Catholic\\nAcadians are banished and scattered\\nfor refusing to take the oath of suprem-\\nacy.\\nN. Y. The Presbytery organizes a\\nmission presbytery in Hanover County,\\nVirginia.\\n1756 Apr. 1. Jamaica. The first Mo-\\nravian missionary lands at St. Johns.\\nOct. 5. N. J. The Philadelphia Baptist\\nAssociation decides to raise money for\\nthe establishment of a school at Hope-\\nwell.\\nMass. Isaac Backus becomes a Bap-\\ntist, and forms the first Baptist church\\nat Middleborough.\\n1757 Jan. 12. Jamaica. The first Mo-\\nravian convert is baptized.\\nSept. 10. N. J. G. Du Bois, the first\\npastor of the Reformed Dutch Church\\nof Bergen, is installed.\\n1758 Jan. 11. Ga. The General As-\\nsembly, meeting at Savannah, legalizes\\nthe Church of England as the church\\nof the province.\\nMay 22. Pa. The two Presbyterian\\nSynods reunite after a separation of\\nthirteen years, and form the Synod of\\nNew York and Philadelphia with 94\\nmembers.\\nGreenland. Lichtenfels becomes a\\nmission station of the Moravians.\\nSt. Clement XXU. pope.\\nN. C. A Baptist Association formed.\\nO. Christian Frederic Post first opens\\na Moravian mission in the Ohio country.\\nLETTERS.\\n1755 Mass. John Adams graduates\\nat Harvard.\\nMass. An Inquiry into the Modern\\nPrevailing Notion respecting that Free-\\ndom of Will which is supposed to be\\nessential to Moral Agency, etc., by Jon-\\nathan Edwards, appears. [Or 1754.]\\nDec. N. C. Its first newspaper, the\\nNorth Carolina Gazette, is issued at\\nNew Berne.\\nConn. The first newspaper, the Con-\\nnecticut Gazette, is issued at New Haven.\\nNew York. Sir Charles Hurdy, the\\nnew governor, subscribes .2,500 for the\\nfounding of a college this settles the\\ncontroversy in favor of the church party.\\n1756 Aug. 23. New York. Thecorner-\\nstone of King s (Columbia) College is\\nlaid.\\nN. H. Its first newspaper, the Neiv\\nHampshire Gazette, is issued at Ports-\\nmouth.\\n1757 The Great Christian Doctrine of\\nOriginal Sin Defended, by Jonathan\\nEdwards, appears.\\nN. J. The College of New Jersey\\nis removed from Newark to Princeton.\\nPhila. The American Magazine ap-\\npears.\\n1758 Boston. The New England\\nMagazine appears.\\nN. J. Jonathan Edwards is called\\nto the presidency of Princeton College.\\n-6Q N. J. North American Mag-\\nazine appears at Woodbridge.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1757 Ga. It is enacted that no liq-\\nuor license shall be granted to any\\njoiner, bricklayer, plasterer, shipwright,\\nsilversmith, goldsmith, shoemaker,\\nsmith, tailor, tanner, cabinet maker, or\\ncooper, who should be capable of getting\\na livelihood by honest labor and indus-\\ntry.\\n1759 Jan. 6. Va. George Washing-\\nton marries Martha Custis.\\nSTATE.\\n1755 Sept. 10. Can. The Acadians,\\noccupying territory claimed by England,\\nare forced to embark for transporta-\\ntion, leaving their homes behind them\\nfor the English Crown.\\nAmerica s first discontent arises\\nfrom duties levied upon goods imported\\nfrom foreign countries.\\nS. C. The governor induces the Cher-\\nokee Indians to cede a large territory\\nto Great Britain, and to agree to move\\ninland away from the British settle-\\nments.\\n-63 The French and Indian\\nWar unites the colonies, and schools\\nthem in the art of war.\\nPort. A second Brazil company is\\nchartered.\\n[U. S.] Governors inaugurated:\\n-57 *N. Y. Sir Charles Hardy.\\n-56 E.I. Stephen Hopkins. [Also\\nin 1758, 1763, 1767.]\\n1756 May* Can. Montcalm arrives\\nin Quebec. [He becomes the greatest of\\nthe governors.]\\n*[U. S.] Governors inaugurated:\\n-57 Mass. Spencer Phips.\\n-58* Pa. W. Denny; J. Hamilton,\\ndeputy. [Also in 1759-62, 1777.]\\n-59 S. C. William H. Littleton.\\n-63 The colonists begin to discuss\\nthe political questions involved in the\\npolicy of the Home Government, and its\\nendeavor to interfere with their civil\\nrights and industries the people are\\nintensely aroused.\\nTenn. The first settlement is made\\non the Tennessee River (30 miles from\\nKnoxville).\\n1757 Jan.* Boston. A congress of\\ngovernors meets and agrees to raise\\n4,000 men against the French. Another\\ncongress of Southern governors meets\\nat Philadelphia.\\nJune Eng. William Pitt enters the\\nNewcastle ministry, and soon recovers\\nBritish military prestige in America.\\n[He rejects a stamp-tax.]\\nPa. A controversy occurs between\\nthe governor and the Assembly respect-\\ning a scheme of taxation.\\nJuly 27. Benjamin Franklin again ar-\\nrives in London, as ambassador to the\\nking, from the colony of Pennsylvania.\\n*\\\\_U. Governors inaugurated:\\n-59 Del. Henry Ellis.\\nApr.-Aug. Mass. The Council.\\n-60* Mass. Thomas Pownall.\\n-60 N. Y. James de Lancey.\\nN. J. John Reading (pres.).\\nR. I, William Greene.\\nMass. The General Court and Lord\\nLoudoun have a controversy respecting\\nthe quartering of troops.\\n-66 New York. John Cruger the\\n40th mayor.\\n1758 Nov. 26. Thanksgiving Day is\\nobserved by the colonists because the\\nFrench are driven out of Fort Duquesne,\\nand the valley of the Ohio and the great\\nWest are opened for the advance of Eng-\\nlish settlers.\\nN. S. A constitution is granted to\\nthis province.\\nGeorgia is divided into eight parishes.\\n*[U.S.] Governors inaugurated\\n-58 N. J. Francis Bernard.\\n-61 P.I. Stephen Hopkins. [1767.]\\n-68 Va. Francis Fauquier John\\nBlair, lieutenant.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1755 New Eng. Population about\\n435,000.\\n1757 La. The French population is\\nabout 10,000\\nNew York City. Population about\\n12,000.\\nPhiladelphia. Population about\\n13,000.\\n1758** Va: About 70,000 hogsheads\\nof tobacco exported.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "72 1759, Aug.-1763.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1759 Aug. 4. JV. Y. Crown Point is\\noccupied by 11,000 British under Gen.\\nAmherst on the retreat of the French.\\nAug. 11. N. Y. The British embark at\\nCrown Point to follow the French, but\\nsoon abandon the effort.\\nSept. 13. Can. First battle on the\\nPlains of Abraham.\\nAfter a siege of 69 days, Quebec is as-\\nsaulted and the French defeated. Gen.\\nJames Wolfe falls with his third wound,\\nand the equally brave French general,\\nMontcalm, is mortally wounded. Great\\nBritain wins a vast empire by a single\\nbattle, one of the most momentous\\nvictories in the annals of mankind.\\n(Bancroft.)\\nSept. 18. Quebec capitulates to the\\nEnglish.\\nSept. 26. Tenn. Col. Montgomery, with\\na force from Carolina, attacks the Chero-\\nkees [burning many of their towns].\\nOct. Va. Gov. Lyttleton, by perfidious\\nconduct and insolence, provokes a war\\nwith the Cherokees.\\nMe. Fort Pownall is built on the\\nPenobscot.\\n1760 Mar. 3. S. C. Unsuccessful at-\\ntack of 300 Cherokees on Fort Ninety-\\nApr. 28. Can. The French (tempo-\\nrarily) defeat the English in a second\\nbattle on the Plains of Abraham.\\nMay 16. Can. English reenforcements\\narrive, and the French retire from\\nQuebec.\\nJune Tenn. Carolinians, under Colonel\\nMontgomery, invade and ravage the\\nvalley of the Tennessee, to punish the\\nCherokees. They enrage the Indiana\\nwithout subduing them.\\nJuly 1. S. C. Arrival of Montgomery\\non his retreat from the Tennessee coun-\\ntry.\\nAug. 7. Tenn. The garrison of Fort\\nLoudoun capitulates to the Chero-\\nkees [and is foully massacred or taken\\ninto captivity.]\\nALL CANADA TAKEN BY THE\\nBRITISH.\\nSept. 8. Montreal falls into the hands\\nof General Amherst, at the head of\\nthree powerful armies.\\nAmherst approached the city from up\\nthe river, white Murray ascended from\\nbelow, and Haviland marched from the\\nLake Champ lain region.\\nNov. 29. Mich. Belfetre surrenders at\\nDetroit.\\n1761 June 10 Tenn. The Chero-\\nkees are defeated by the British under\\nLieut. Col. James Grant their town,\\nmagazines, and cornfields destroyed.\\nSummer. Mich. The garrison of De-\\ntroit barely escapes a conspiracy to\\nmassacre the force by the Seneca and\\nWyandot Indians.\\n1762 Jan. 1. War between England\\nand Spain.\\nN. B. The French gain [temporary]\\npossession of St. John.\\nJune 6. Cuba. An English squadron of\\n32 men-of-war and 200 transports, with\\n20,000 men, under the command of the\\nDuke of Albemarle and Admiral Pocock,\\nappears off Havana.\\nJuly 30. Cuba. The Morro Castle is\\ntaken by storm.\\nAug. 13. Cuba. The governor of Ha-\\nvana capitulates.\\nThe English gain ships of the line and\\n4 frigates, and 14,000 prisoners, besides\\nspoil valued at 10,000,000.\\nAutumn. Fontiac plans his conspiracy.\\nW. I. The English take Martinique,\\nSt. Lucia, and St. Vincent.\\nThe French West Indian Islands\\nsurrender to an expedition of royal and\\nprovincial troops.\\n1763 Feb. 10. The Treaty of Paris\\ncloses the French and Indian War, one\\nof the most important and far-reaching\\nin its results.\\nMay 7. -Nov. Mich. Pontiac, chief of\\nthe Ottawas, instigates a conspiracy.\\nIt aims to surprise every English post\\nbetween the Alleghanies and the Missis-\\nsippi by a confederacy of all the tribes,\\nand thus exterminate the English in the\\nWest; an Indian maiden at Detroit ex-\\nposes and defeats the scheme at that\\ngarrison.\\nMay 16. O. The Wyandots take Fort\\nSandusky, and butcher the garrison.\\nMay 29. Mich. The Chippeways take\\nFort Mackinaw, and murder nearly all\\nof its defenders.\\nMay-f Mich. Siege of Detroit.\\nJuly 15. All the English forts of the\\nWest captured by the Indians except\\nNiagara, Fort Pitt, and Detroit.\\nSept. 3. Mich. Detroit is relieved from\\na long siege, conducted by Pontiac, by a\\nvessel from Niagara.\\nNov. General Gage succeeds Am-\\nherst as commander-in-chief of the\\nBritish forces.\\nDec. 14-27. Pa. The Paxton Boys\\nmassacre the Conestogas, who were con-\\nverted Indians.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1760 Mass. John Singleton Cop-\\nley first paints.\\nBenjamin West goes abroad to study\\n1761\\nAlRop, Richard, poet, born.\\nharlevolx, Pierre Francois Xavier, miBsIon-\\nDavie s, Samuel, pres. of Princeton C olL A37.\\nMurray, William Vans. btat.-Muan, bora.\\nPreble. Edward, commodore, born.\\nSpauldim. Solomon. Hook of Mormon, born.\\nWistar, Casper, pbvsician, born.\\n1782\\nAbbot, Benjamin, teacher, born.\\nKarle. I liny, inventor, born.\\nGiles, William liran.-h. statesman, born.\\nMoore, Uichard i harming, bp. of Va., born.\\nWashington, Bushrod, justice,born in Va.\\n1763*\\nAstor, John Jacob, capitalist, born.\\nBreckinridge. James, congressman, born.\\nDelano, Amasa, traveler, born.\\nHolmes. Abiel, clergyman, born.\\nKent. James, jurist, born.\\nSlaclure, William, geologist, born.\\nart.\\nBoy and Tame Squirrel is sent by John\\nSingleton Copley to the Royal Academy.\\n1761 Mar. 12. Mass. An earthquake\\nshocks this and adjoining states.\\nJR. T. Performance of The Provoked\\nHusband at Newport.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1759*\\nAdair, John, general, born.\\nBarney, Joshua, commodore, born.\\nCooper, Thomas, scientist, born.\\nDallas. Alex. James, statesman, born.\\nGilman, John, Gov. of N. H., horn.\\nPepperell, Sir William, general, A63.\\nPlumer, William, statesman, born.\\nPrideaux, John, officer, A41.\\nRead, Nathan, inventor, born.\\nWolfe, James, general, dies.\\n1760*\\nCarey, Matthew, philanthropist, born.\\nDayton. Jonathan, patriot, born.\\nDessalines, Jean .bn-qnes. Haitian emp., b.\\nDuane, William, politician, born.\\nDuponceau, Peter S., lawyer, born.\\nVan Wort, Isaac, patriot, born.\\nWolcott, Oliver, statesman, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1759 N. Y. Samson Occ am an In-\\ndian convert, is ordained by the Suffolk\\nPresbytery.\\n1760 Aug. 10. New York. Arrival of\\nPhilip Embury, the first Methodist\\npreacher in America.\\nBrazil. On the pretext of influencing\\na native revolt the Jesuits are expelled\\nwith great severity.\\n1761 New York. The American peo-\\nple are alarmed at Episcopacy because\\nof its connection with politics, the clergy\\nof the Colony having, in concealed cor-\\nrespondence, urged the Archbishop of\\nCanterbury to promote the abrogation\\nof provincial charters.\\n1762 June 10. New York. The [pres-\\nent] First Baptist church is organized.\\nDec. 9. Mass. Dr. Jonathan May-hew\\navows Universalism in a Thanksgiving\\nsermon.\\n1763 Can. First Baptist church\\nformed in [British America,] at New\\nBrunswick.\\nFla. The Franciscan Mission in\\nFlorida reports at this date 25 stations,\\n81 missionaries, and over 600 converts.\\n*N. r. The Synod of New York or-\\nders a collection to be taken in all its\\nchurches for the support of Indian\\nmissions.\\nThe Presbytery of Dutchess County is\\norganized.\\nPa. The Christian Indians in Beth-\\nlehem and vicinity are persecuted by\\nthe whites during the Pontiac War.\\nLETTERS.\\n1759 Mass. Joseph Warren grad-\\nuates at Harvard.\\n1760 New England surpasses all\\nthe other colonies in education.\\nThere was not to be found, in all\\nNew England, an adult, born in the\\ncountry, who could not read and write.\\n(Ridpath.)\\nVirginia leads the Southern colonies\\nin diffusing education, and Maryland,\\nCarolina, and Georgia bring up the rear\\nof the column.\\n1761* *-62* The American Chronicle\\nissued by Samuel Farley.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1759, Aug. -1763. 73\\nDel. The first newspaper, the Wil-\\nmington Gazette, appears.\\nMass. Speech of James Otis, the\\norator, against the writs of assistance.\\n1762 R. I. Providence has its first\\nnewspaper, the Providence Gazette.\\n*A Vindication of the Conduct of the\\nHouse of Representatives, by Patrick\\nHenry, appears.\\nVa. Thomas Jefferson graduates\\nat William and Mary College.\\n1763 Apr. 17. Ga. The Georgia Ga-\\nzette issued at Savannah on its first and\\nrecently arrived printing-press.\\nAid. Frederick College (non-sect.)\\norganized.\\nNew York. Rev. Myles Cooper be-\\ncomes president of King s (Columbia)\\nCollege.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1760 Various social customs in the\\ncolonies.\\nManners and customs of the Puritans\\nprevail in New England those of the\\nDutch on the banks of the Hudson\\nthose of the Quakers along the Delay-\\nware those of the Huguenots along the\\nrivers of South Carolina.\\nNew Eng. Laws prohibit many\\nthings.\\nAmong them, the defrauding of credit-\\nors, in order to live in luxury drink-\\ning of healths, as a bad habit wearing\\nembroidered garments and laces, also\\nsleeves that do not reach the wrist, these\\nmust not be more than an ell wide the\\nuse of tobacco by such as are under 20\\nyears of age, those who use it publicly are\\nfinedsixpenee all persons are restrained\\nfrom swimming in the waters on the\\nSabbath day or unreasonably walking in\\nthe fields or streets. Those who refuse\\nto vote, or serve when elected to office,\\nare fined for want of patriotism.\\nThomas Hutchinson is the most con-\\nspicuous man in New England. (Win-\\nsor).\\nPa. Laws prohibit stage plays,\\nplaying of cards, dice, May-games,\\nmasques, and revels.\\nVa. Rigorous laws regulate con-\\nduct.\\nAbsence from church is punishable by\\nfine the wardens are sworn to report\\ncases of drunkenness, swearing, and\\nother vices, offenders are liable to\\npunishment by fines, at the rate of a\\nshilling an oath for swearers minis-\\nters are to abstain from excess of drink-\\ning and riot, and are not to play cards\\nor dice.\\nCar. Laws similar to the preceding\\nare enacted in the Carolinas.\\n1763 Ohio. The English introduce\\nthe rum traffic (which the Erench had\\nprohibited) among the Indians along the\\nlakes and the Valley of the Ohio their\\ndemoralization follows.\\nGuiana. A formidable insurrection\\nof negro slaves.\\nSTATE.\\n1759 Sept. 18. Can. Ramezay is gov-\\nernor at Quebec.\\nSp. Charles m. king.\\nMassachusetts has self-imposedtaxes.\\nPa. James Hamilton governor.\\n1760 Sept. 8. Canada, having been sur-\\nrendered to General Amherst, is united\\nto Great Britain [ceded in 1763].\\nOct. 25. Eng. George II. dies.\\nNov. 20. Eng. George TU. enthroned.\\nDec. 27. Boston receives tidings of the\\ndeath of George II.\\nEng. The king and aristocracy strug-\\ngle against the people.\\nEng. Franklin denies that Ameri-\\ncans desire independence, or ever will,\\nexcept they suffer gross abuse.\\nGa. This province issues $37,050 this\\nyear in paper money.\\nGviiana. Peace is made with the Au-\\nkan negroes in Dutch Guiana.\\nEstimated population of the 13 colo-\\nnies, 1,695,000 people, of which number\\n310,000 were negroes.\\nEnglish imports from the North Amer-\\nican colonies amount to $3,805,000; ex-\\nports, $13,060,000.\\nU. Governors inaugurated\\n-75 Ga. James Wright.\\nJune-Aug. Mass. Thos. Hutchinson.\\n[1769-74.]\\n-69 Mass. Sir Francis Bernard.\\nN. J. Thomas Boone.\\n-61* N. Y. Cadwallader Colden.\\n[1761-65; 1769-70.]\\n-61 S. C William Bull. [1763-69.]\\n1761 Jan. 27. Mass. Joseph Hutch-\\ninson is appointed chief-justice.\\n[John Adams considered this date the\\nbeginning of the American Kevolu-\\ntion.]\\nFeb. Boston. James Otis becomes the\\nchampion of the colonies in opposing the\\nActs of Trade before the subservient\\nChief-Justice Hutchinson.\\nHe produces a sensation throughout\\nthe colonies by his masterly address,\\nshowing the unconstitutionality of the\\nParliamentary acts, and advocating the\\nrights of the colonies.\\nEng. The British ministry endeavor\\nto strictly enforce the Importation\\nAct.\\nMass. Disputes and bitterness pre-\\nvail over the arbitrary methods of col-\\nlecting customs.\\nGreat excitement follows the unjust\\nand tyrannical action of the king s offi-\\ncers in Salem and Boston, who are given\\nWrits of Assistance for entering and\\nsearching any place for goods suspected\\nof evading the import duty.\\n[U. S.] Governors inaugurated:\\n-62 N. J. Josiah Hardy.\\nOct. 26. N. Y. Robert Monckton.\\n1762 Nov. 1. Phila. Franklin again\\nreturns from England.\\nNov. 3. La. France, by a secret treaty,\\ncedes to Spain the whole of Louisi-\\nana west of the Mississippi, and also the\\nisland of New Orleans.\\nGuiana. Peace is made with the\\nSaramaccan negroes in Dutch Guiana.\\n*[U. S.] Governors inaugurated\\nR. I. Sam. Ward. [1765. Reappointed.]\\nS. C. Thomas Boone.\\n1763 Jan. Pa. The English govern-\\nment orders Connecticut to cease colo-\\nnizing the Wyoming Valley.\\nFeb. 10. The Treaty of Paris, between\\nGreat Britain, France, Spain, and Por-\\ntugal.\\nThe Mississippi becomes the western\\nboundary of Virginia Spain cedes Flor-\\nida to Great Britain France cedes to\\nSpain all the vast territory of Louisiana\\nlying west of the Mississippi Uiver, and\\nthe isles of St. Pierre and Miquelon are\\nconfirmed to her. England restores\\nHavana, receives Nova Scotia, Canada,\\nand Cape Breton. The French power\\ndisappears from the New World.\\n-65 Apr. Eng. George Gren-\\nville prime minister.\\nOct. 7. Eng. The king by a proclama-\\ntion defines the respective boundaries of\\nQuebec, East Florida, West Florida, and\\nGranada, but the regions north of the\\nGreat Lakes and west of the Alleghanies\\nremain Crown lands, closed to settlers.\\nNov. 3. Treaty of Fontainebleau be-\\ntween England, Prance, and Spain.\\nNov. 15. Pa. Charles Mason and Jere-\\nmiah Dixon begin the running of\\nthe Mason and Dixon line. [It\\nforms the southern boundary of the\\nfree State of Pennsylvania in later\\ntimes.]\\nDec. 28. N. Y. The governor issues a\\nproclamation claiming the territory\\n(Vermont) west of the Connecticut River\\nunder the grants of Charles II. to the\\nDuke of York.\\nDec. Va. First collision in Virginia\\nbetween the prerogative of the king and\\nthe authority of the Legislature occurs.\\nThe king refuses to sign the law au-\\nthorizing debtors to pay their public\\ndues in money instead of tobacco the\\nlegalized currency. Patrick Henry\\npleads the rights of the colonists, and\\ndenies the king s right to make laws for\\nthe colonies.\\nBrazil. The capital transferred\\nfrom Bahia to Rio Janeiro.\\nThe English occupy all the posts es-\\ntablished by the French along the lakes\\n^and the Ohio Valley.\\nIt is believed that England intends to\\ntax the colonies to relieve her financial\\nburdens.\\n*[U. 5,] Governors inaugurated\\n-75 N. C. William Franklin.\\n-72* Pa. JohnPenn. [1773-76.]\\n-64 R. I. Stephen Hopkins.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1759 Port. A third Brazil company\\nis formed.\\n1760 Mar. 20. Boston. One-tenth of\\nthe city destroyed by fire.\\nCuba. Yellow fever first appears at\\nHavana.\\n72. 7. Newport has about 650 slaves.\\n1762 Oct. Phila. The yellow fever\\nrages with unparalleled violence.\\n1763 *N. Y. A ferry established be-\\ntween New York and Paulus Hook (Jer-\\nsey City).", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "74 1763-1768, June 10.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1764 June* Col. Bradstreet conducts a\\ncampaign along the Great Lakes.\\nAug. 5, 6. Battle of Bushy Run.\\nMajor Loftus, with British troops,\\nascends the Mississippi from New\\nOrleans.\\nOct. -Nov, 0. Col. Henry Bouquet\\nmarches against the Ohio Indians.\\n1765 Fort Chartres is turned over to\\nEnglish troops.\\nIII. English, troops first enter the\\nIllinois country.\\n1766 Mar. 5. Ulloa takes possession of\\nNew Orleans for Spain.\\nBoston. The royal artillery arrives.\\n1767 Boston. Irritation caused by\\nthe appearance of a man-of-war, the\\nIiomney the colony having broken no\\nlaws, and only appealed for redress.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1765 Thomas Godfrey writes Prince\\nof Parthia, the first play written by an\\nAmerican.\\n1767 Aug. IF. I. About 16,000 perish\\nby an earthquake at Martinique.\\nNew York. A theater is built in John\\nStreet.\\nPa. David Rittenhouse projects a\\nlarge orrery on a new and improved plan.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1764*\\nIiiigget.t, l);ivid, si iiMfor, born.\\nEaton, William, soldier, born.\\nEmmet, Thomas, lawyer, born.\\nLivingston, lirockholst, V. x. Supreme Court,\\nborn.\\nLivingston, Edward, statesman, born.\\nMitchell, Samuel Latham, physician, born.\\nPerkins, Thomas, philanthropist, born.\\nPinkney, William, lawyer, born.\\nTennent, Gilbert, clergyman, dies.\\nVan Rensselaer, Stephen, statesman, born.\\nWare, Henry, clergyman, born.\\n1765*\\nAndrada, Sylvae, d Brazilian statesman, b.\\nBackus, A /.el, college president, born.\\nPulton. Robert, engineer, born.\\nGardiner, John S., clergyman, born,\\nHarper, Robert (loodloe, lawyer, born.\\nMeigs, Ketui ii Jonathan, Gov. of 0., born.\\nPitkin, Timothy, historian, born.\\nSinithson, James L. M., physicist, born.\\nStanwix, John, general, dies.\\nTodd, Thomas, justice, born in.Ky.\\nWhitney, Eli, inventor, born.\\n1766*\\nAppleton, Samuel, philanthropist, born.\\nBarton, Benjamin Smith, naturalist, born.\\nBoylston, Zabdiel, physician, A86.\\nDunlap, William, painter, born.\\nFinley, Samuel, pres. Princeton Coll., A51.\\nIrving, William, author, born.\\nMayhew, Jonathan, clergyman, A46.\\nPerkins, Jacob, inventor, born.\\nWilson, Alexander, ornithologist, born.\\n1767*\\nAdams, John Q., 6th President, horn in\\nMass.. July 11.\\nBayard, James Asheton. statesman, born.\\nBlack Hawk, Indian chief, born.\\nBrooks, Peter philanthropist, born.\\nClap, Thomas, Pres. Yale Coll., A64.\\nGeorge, Enoch, bishop, born.\\nGranger, Gideon, statesman, born.\\nJackson, Andrew, general, statesman, 7th\\nPresident, born.\\nThompson, Smith, justice, born in N.Y.\\nWolcott, Roger, Gov. of Conn., A88.\\nCHURCH.\\n1764 Apr. 15. New York. The Re-\\nformed Dutch church has preaching in\\nEnglish by an English pastor lately\\ncalled. (Much opposition to the lan-\\nguage follows.)\\n1765 May 9. Mass. The Baptist church\\nof Haverhill is constituted; Hezekiah\\nSmith, pastor.\\nBoston. Samuel Stillman becomes\\npastor of the Baptist Church. [He\\npreaches against the Stamp Act.]\\nMick. Only two Jesuit missionaries\\nremain in the Northwest both are at\\nMackinaw.\\nN. C. The Kehukee Baptist Associa-\\ntion is formed.\\nTenn. Two Baptist churches formed\\nin East Tennessee.\\nS. C. Jews have a congregation at\\nCharleston.\\nPa. Lutherans start a private the-\\nological Seminary.\\nW. I. Two Moravian missionaries are\\nsent to the Barbados.\\n1766 New York. Methodism is in-\\ntroduced.\\nThe first Methodist sermon in the New\\nWorld is preached by Philip Embury at\\nhis residence in New York.\\nPa. The Presbyterian Synod unites\\nwith the General (Cong l) Associa-\\ntion of Connecticut to defeat the pro-\\nposed establishment of an Episcopal\\nchurch for the colonies, to be supported\\nby a common tax they also agree to\\nmeet in annual conventions.\\n1767 New Eng. Some of the Baptist\\nchurches are Seventh-day, some Ar-\\nminian, and a majority maintain the im-\\nposition of hands on the immersed as a\\ndivine ordinance.\\nNew York. The Methodists worship\\nin a rigging-loft.\\nPa. Capt. Thomas Webb introduces\\nMethodism into Philadelphia.\\nA general missionary collection is\\nordered among Presbyterians by the\\nSynod, to maintain preaching on the\\nfrontier.\\nParaguay. The Jesuits are expelled.\\nR. I. Warren Baptist Association\\nformed.\\nW I. Moravian mission work pros-\\npers in Barbados.\\nExpulsion of the Jesuits from Span-\\nish South America.\\nLETTERS.\\n1764 Mar. 24. Pa. The New Castle\\nChronicle first issued.\\nOct. 29. Conn. Hartford has its first\\nnewspaper, the Connecticut Courant.\\nCan. The first newspaper in Que-\\nbec is issued, the Quebec Gazette, pub-\\nlished in two languages.\\nMass. The Harvard Library is de-\\nstroyed by fire; about 6,000 books are\\nburned.\\nPhila. The first medical school in\\nAmerica is founded.\\nB. I. Brown University (Baptist)\\nestablished at Warren.\\nBights of Britisk Colonies, by Otis,\\nappears.\\n1765 N. Y. Samson Ocum visits Eu-\\nrope, and secures \u00c2\u00a750,000 for his Indian\\nschools on Long Island.\\n1766 Nov. 10. N. J. The Reformed\\nDutch obtain a charter for Queen s\\n(Rutgers) College. (Unsatisfactory\\nand inoperative.)\\nConn. Rev. Eleazer Wheelock estab-\\nlishes a school for training Indian hoys\\nto be teachers of their own race.\\n*_77* *Conn. Rev. Naphtali Dag-\\ngett is president of Yale College.\\nNew York. The Chronicle issued by\\nA. and J. Robertson.\\nThe New York Journal, or General\\nAdvertiser, issued by John Holt.\\n1767 Oct. Conn. The Connecticut Jour-\\nnal and New Haven Post-Boy is issued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1764 Mass, John Adams marries\\nAbigail Smith.\\n1765* Conn. Indignation of colo-\\nnists against the Stamp Act.\\nThe Connecticut stamp-officer rode\\ninto Hartford on his white horse to de-\\nposit his resignation, with a thousand\\narmed farmers riding after him, and\\nsaid he felt like death on the pale\\nhorse with all hell following him.\\nEncy. Brit.\\nEng. Parliament authorizes the min-\\nistry to send troops to enforce the Stamp\\nAct; the colonies are to find quar-\\nters, fuel, cider or rum, candles, and\\nother necessaries for them.\\nMerchants resolve to purchase no\\nmore goods in England, and the people\\npledge themselves to buy nothing of\\nEnglish manufacture.\\nStamp Act agitation prevails.\\nMuffled bells toll the fimeral peal of\\nliberty in Boston and Philadelphia in\\nNew York a copy of the Stamp Act is\\ncarried through the streets, having a\\ndeath s-head nailed to it, and this in-\\nscription attached, The FoUy of England\\nand the Ruin of America.\\n1766 Oct. Boston. The Daniel Mal-\\ncolm riot writ forcibly resisted.\\n1768 June 10. Boston. Riot against\\nthe action of the commissioners of the\\nking s customs, in seizing the sloop Lib-\\nerty belonging to John Hancock.\\nSTATE.\\n1763 -64 Eng. The ministry\\nseeks to enforce the Importation Act\\nby seizing and confiscating colonial ves-\\nsels in unlawful trade.\\nGuiana. A French company sends\\nout 12,000 colonists without provision\\nfor tbeir labor or support very many\\nsuffer and perish.\\nMass. Samuel Adams shows that ac-\\ncording to English common law the peo-\\nple alone have the right of voting taxes\\nby tbeir representatives and the colo-\\nnists have the full right of Englishmen.\\n1764 Mar. 10. Eng. The House of\\nCommons adopts a resolution affirming\\nthe propriety of charging certain stamp\\nduties on the American colonies. [The\\nreport soon crosses the sea and produces\\nuniversal indignation.]", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1763-1768, June 10. 75\\nApr. 6. Eng. Passage of Grenville s\\nAct, modifying the Sugar Act of 1732, to\\ntake effect Sept. 30th.\\nMay 24. Boston takes action against\\ntaxation by Parliament.\\nDec. 17. N. H. The governor issues a\\nproclamation declaring the claims of\\nNew York to Vermont are obsolete.\\nDec. Eng. Franklin returns to Lon-\\ndon.\\nMass. Colonists resolve not to use\\nBritish manufactures.\\n11 The Rights of British Colonists as-\\nserted and proved by James Otis, aids\\nthe movement for liberty.\\nMo. The French settle the town of\\nSt. Louis, making it a trading-post.\\nThe enforcement of the Importation\\nAct nearly destroys the colonial trade\\nwith the West Indies.\\nS. C. The Legislature offers large\\nbounties of land to settlers; many im-\\nmigrants arrive from Germany, France,\\nEngland, and Scotland, chiefly poor\\npeople.\\nOct. 27-71 July 1. N. C. Wm, Tyron\\nis governor.\\nFontleroy is sent by the French\\ngovernment to observe the American\\ncolonies.\\n1765 Feb. 6. Eng. George Grenville\\nintroduces the resolutions for a\\nStamp Act, and a favoring vote is\\ntaken by the Committee of the House\\nof Commons. Vote 245 49.\\nFeb. 27. Eng. The Stamp Act passes\\nthe House of Commons without a formal\\ndivision.\\nMar. 8. Eng. The Lords pass the\\nStamp Act without debate, protest,\\namendment, division, or a single oppos-\\ning vote.\\nMar. 22. Eng. Commissioners, acting\\non behalf of King George III., sign the\\nobnoxious Stamp Act, and it becomes\\nlaw.\\nAfter the first of November every\\nlegal document is to be executed on\\npaper bearing an English stamp, each\\nsheet costing the colonist from three-\\npence to six pounds sterling; news-\\npapers, pamphlets, and almanacs to be\\non paper stamped to the value of one\\nhalf-penny and increasing to t onrpence;\\neach advertisement two shillings.\\nApr. Eng. The Mutiny Act is ex-\\ntended to the English colonies.\\nMay 30. Va. The right of taxation\\ndenied.\\nPatrick Henry (29 years of age) makes\\nhis famous fiery speech in the House of\\nBurgesses, and the assembly passes reso-\\nlutions in expression of colonial rights\\nits effect on the colonies is electrical.\\n[New York and Massachusetts assem-\\nblies pass similar resolutions.]\\nJune 6. Mass. The assembly issues a\\ncall for a congress of deputies from\\nthe several colonies to meet in New\\nYork on October 7th.\\nJuly 13. -66 Aug. 2. Eng. The Rock-\\ningham ministry.\\nBoston. The mob compels Andrew\\nOliver, the stamp-agent, to resign, and\\npromise he will not aid in the distribu-\\ntion of the stamps. He is hanged in\\neffigy.\\nAug. 26. Boston. The chief justice,\\nJoseph Hutchinson, is assailed, and his\\nhouse is sacked.\\nOct. 7-25. N. Y. An Anti-Stamp Act\\nCongress meets in New York City.\\nTwenty-eight delegates are present\\nfrom nine colonies. New Hampshire,\\nVirginia, North Carolina, and Georgia\\nbeing representatively absent, but quies-\\ncent. It promises loyalty, and sends a\\npetition to Parliament.\\nOct. 19. New York. The Stamp Act\\nCongress, having drawn up petitions and\\nmemorials to the King and Parliament,\\nadopts a Declaration of Rights.\\nOct. 31. New York. All the governors\\nof colonies, Rhode Island excepted, take\\noath to execute the Stamp Act.\\nThe Sons of Liberty are organ-\\nized to oppose arbitrary government and\\ndefend colonial rights. The right of\\ntaxation by Parliament is much dis-\\ncussed.\\nPa. Pittsburg is laid out and set-\\ntled.\\nNov. 1. The Stamp Act comes into\\nforce on this day and is universally con-\\ntemned flags fly at half-mast, bells are\\ntolled, and business suspended.\\nIn New York ten boxes of stamps are\\nforcibly seized and destroyed; in Con-\\nnecticut the stamp-officer is threatened\\nwith hanging; in Boston houses are de-\\nstroyed and the stamps given to the\\nwinds and flames every stamp-officer\\nin America is obliged to resign or leave\\nthe country.\\nMerchants of the principal cities en-\\nter into engagements with each other\\nto import no more goods from Great\\nBritain till the Stamp Act shall be\\nrepealed.\\nNov. 7. Massachusetts appoints Dennis\\nDeberdt its agent in London.\\nFrench Guiana. Only 918 colonists\\nremain alive out of 12,000 sent out.\\nNov. R- I. Governor Ward refuses to\\ntake an oath to sustain the Stamp Act\\nother governors acquiesce.\\n*-69* N. Y. SirH, Moore, governor.\\n1766 Jan. 14. Eng. Pitt advocates the\\nrepeal of the Stamp Act in Parliament.\\nHe says, I rejoice that the Americans\\nhave resisted if they had submitted,\\nthey would voluntarily have become\\nslaves. They have been driven to mad-\\nness by injustice. (See p. 917.)\\nJan. 2S. Eng. Benj. Franklin is ex-\\namined in the House of Commons\\nrespecting the Stamp Act. He testifies\\nas to the temper of his countrymen.\\nMar. 7. Eng. The Declaratory Act is\\npassed by Parliament, asserting that\\nParliament has power to bind the col-\\nonies in all cases whatsoever.\\nMar. 18. Eng. The Stamp Act is re-\\npealed great joy among the friends of\\nAmerica bonfires, flags, and illumina-\\ntions in London. The act had brought\\nin no revenue.\\nMay 6. Eng. Lord Howe and Gen.\\nHowe appointed commissioners for re-\\nstoring peace in the British colonies.\\nNews of the repeal occasions great\\nrejoicing in the colonies bells are rung\\nand bonfires lighted and importations\\nencouraged a great calm follows, while\\nanother storm is brewing. (May 19.)\\nAug. 10. Neio York. At night soldiers\\ncut down a citizen s flagstaff. Replaced.\\nDec. New York. Soldiers again cut\\ndown the flagstaff. Great excitement\\nfollows.\\n*_76* New York. Whitehead Hicks\\nthe 41st mayor.\\n[U. S.] Governors inaugurated\\n-69 Conn. William Pitkins.\\n-66* *R.I. Samuel Ward.\\n-68 S. C. Charles Montague.\\n1767 June 20. Eng. Parliament en-\\nacts duties on tea, etc.\\nJune 29. The irritation of the colo-\\nnies renewed.\\nRoyal assent is given to an act impos-\\ning colonial duties on imported glass,\\npaper, painters colors, and tea; it also\\nsuspends the powers of the General\\nAssembly of New York until it votes\\nsupplies for the King s troops in that\\nErovince. [The flames of resentment\\nurst out afresh.]\\nMass. Non importation associa-\\ntions again come into vigorous exist-\\nence.\\nEng. Custom House and Hoard of\\nCommissioners created for America.\\nNov. 20. The Act taxing colonial im-\\nports goes into effect.\\nDec. 26. Pa.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Md. Mason and Dixon\\ncomplete their important survey as far\\nas a war-path, thirty-six miles from the\\nend of the line, where the Indians com-\\npel them to stop.\\nDec. -70 Jan. Eng. Duke of Graf-\\nton prime minister. Hillsborough\\nsucceeds Shelburne in the ministry as\\ncolonial secretary.\\n1768 Feb. 11. Mass. The Assembly,\\nby a circular letter, calls upon other\\ncolonies to unite in an effort to obtain\\nredress for grievances.\\nJune Eng. The ministry perempto-\\nrily orders the Assembly of Massachu-\\nsetts to rescind its circular.\\nJune 10. Boston. The commissioners\\nof customs seize John Hancock s sloop\\nLiberty, and the enraged citizens drive\\nthem to the fort for safety.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1764 June 18. N J. The lighthouse\\nat Sandy Hook first put in operation.\\n1765 Aug;. 14. Boston. Consecration\\nof the Liberty-tree copper-plate af-\\nfixed with the words, The Tree of Lib-\\nerty. Aug. 14, 1765.\\nThe British Board of Trade has\\nchecked all manufacturing enter-\\nprise, by means of restrictions which\\nmake success impossible.\\n1766 N. Y.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Pa. An express wag-\\non runs from New York to Philadelphia\\nin two days, and the enterprise is con-\\nsidered remarkable.\\n1767 The colonists again form non-\\nimportation associations to destroy\\nthe market for British goods importa-\\ntions of dutiable articles nearly cease.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "76 1768, July-1772.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1768 Sept. Boston. Two British re-\\ngiments arrive, having been sent by\\nrequest of the royal officers in the\\ncolony. (Sept. 28.)\\nOct.* Mass. General Gage, commander-\\nin-chief, is sent from Halifax to subdue\\nthe insolent town of Boston.\\nHe marches through the streets with\\n700 regulars having fixed bayonets the\\npeople are enraged at the invasion.\\n*-71* X. C. War of the Regulators.\\n1770 Mar. 5. Boston. The Boston\\nMassacre. The citizens exasperate\\nCaptain Prescott s company of soldiers,\\nand they fire, killing three citizens and\\nwounding eight.\\nSoon after several thousand colonists\\nappear under arms, and demand that\\nthe governor withdraw the troops from\\nthe city, and he is forced to yield.\\n1772 June 10. P. I. The armed ves-\\nsel, Gaspee, is grounded and burned\\nfor enforcing customs.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1768 Oct. 5. Cuba. A great cyclone\\nstrikes Havana; 4,048 houses and 1,000\\nlives are destroyed.\\n1769 July 3. X. Y. The first theatri-\\ncal performance at Albany is the play,\\nVenice Preserved.\\nCal. San Francisco Bay is discov-\\nered.\\nEng. Samuel Hearne seeks a north-\\nwest passage in the Arctic seas. [He is\\nabsent 3 years.]\\nKy. Daniel Boone explores the Ken-\\ntucky region.\\nPhila. The American Philosoph-\\nical Society begins its publications.\\n1770 Conn. The first manufacture\\nof tinware in the colonies begins at\\nBerlin.\\nW. Billings and others write music\\nfor the singing-schools hi New England.\\nA portrait of Washington, in the uni-\\nform of a Virginia colonel, is painted by\\nC. W. Peale.\\n1771* Boston. John Ramage paints\\nminiatures.\\nMatthew Prat paints the portrait of\\nCadieallader Golden for the New York\\nChamber of Commerce.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1768*\\nBeissel, Johann, Conrad, mystic, A78.\\nBoyd, John Parker, neutral, born.\\nDennie, .Joseph, journalist, born.\\nHarris, Thaddeits. clcriryman, born.\\nJones, Jacob, naval oilicer, born.\\nMason, Jeremiah, senator, born.\\nTeeumseh, Shawnee chief, born.\\nWadsworth, James, philanthropist, born.\\n1769*\\nBarron, James, commodore, born.\\nBrown, Nicholas, patron of Brown Univer-\\nsity, born.\\nClinton, De Witt, Gov. of K. T., born.\\nCrancli, William, jurist, born.\\nMesser, Asa, pres. of Brown Univ., born.\\nMiller, Samuel, clergyman, born.\\nPlessants, .lames, senator, born.\\nPontiac, Ottawa chief, A57-\\n1770*\\nAttucks, Crispns, Boston massacre, dies.\\nBlunt, Edmund March, writer, born.\\nBurpress, Tristam. jurist, born.\\nCahlas, Kraneiseo Jos.-, Am. savant, b.\\nClarke. William, explorer, born.\\nIHnwkhlie, Itobert, ..1 a., \\\\T-..\\nGuess, George\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Se-qiioy-ah, Indian inventor\\nborn.\\nIlopkinson, Joseph, jurist, born.\\nKirkland, John T., pres. Harvard Univ., b.\\nMason, John Mitchell, clergyman, born.\\nMoore, Zeph. Swift, pres. of Williams C oll.,b.\\nWentworth, Benning, Gov. of N. II., A74.\\nWhltefleld. George, revivalist. A5fi.\\nZea, Francisco Antonia, statesman, born.\\n1771\\nAlden, Timothy, college president, born.\\nBallou, Hoeea. Universalis! clergyman, b.\\nBovlston, Nicholas, henetaetor. A55.\\nBrown, Charles Brockden, author, born.\\nFessenden, Thomas Green, author, born.\\nHopper. Isaac Tatem, philanthropist, b.\\nIrving, Peter, author, born.\\nJohnson, William, justice, born.\\nMorrow, Jeremiah, statesman, born.\\n1772*\\nAlexander, Archibald, elergyman, born.\\nAppleton, Jesse, pies, of Bowdoin Coll., born.\\nBurrill, James, lawyer, born.\\nCaldwell, Charles, physician, born.\\nChauncey, Isaac, navy, born.\\nCrawford, William Harris, statesman, born.\\nDooly, John Mitchell, jurist, born.\\nDowse, Thomas, book collector, born.\\nFinley, liobert, elergyman, born.\\nMae Arthur, Dunean, Gov. Of O., born.\\nPorter, Ebenezer, seholar, born.\\nQuincy. Josiah, statesman, born,\\nWirt, William, orator, born.\\nWoolinan, John, author, A53.\\nCHURCH.\\n1768 Aug. 17. X. J. John Wither-\\nspoon is inaugurated president of the\\ncollege of New Jersey.\\nOct. 30. N. Y. John Street Methodist\\nchurch in New York is dedicated by\\nPhilip Embury.\\nPhila. First organization of Metho-\\ndists meetings held in a sail-loft by a\\nclass of 7 members.\\nVt. The first Baptist church is\\nfounded in Shaftsbury.\\n1769 May 19. It. Clement XIV.\\npope.\\nCal. Father Junipero Serra, a Fran-\\nciscan monk, founds a mission at San\\nDiego. Many of his associates die dur-\\ning the first months of hardship.\\nJesuit missions are established in New\\nCalifornia.\\nCan. The Burgher Presbytery of\\nTruro, Nova Scotia, is formed.\\nPhila. First Methodist church (St.\\nGeorge) obtained by purchase.\\nArrival of Bichard Boardman and\\nJoseph Pilmoor, Wesleyan Methodist\\nmissionaries.\\nVa. Methodism is planted by Bobert\\nWilliams, a local preacher.\\n1770 Mar. 20. X. Y. The Reformed\\nDutch obtain a new charter for a col-\\nlege (Rutgers).\\nSept. 30. X. J. John Murray, founder\\nof the Universalist church in America,\\narrives from England, and preaches his\\nfirst sermon in America at Good Luck.\\nCal. A mission station is founded at\\nMonterey on the Pacific coast, by Fran-\\nS. C. Presbytery of Orange is organ-\\nized.\\nThere are about 97 Baptist churches\\nin the 13 colonies.\\n1771 Feb. 27. Ji. I. The Six-PriiiH-\\nple Baptists secede from the Baptist\\ncburch at Providence, because their\\npresident (Manning) did not make impo-\\nsition of hands a bar to conun union, and\\nprobably because of his holding to sing-\\ning in public worship, which was highly\\ndisgustful.\\nJuly 31. Mass. George UX disallows\\nand rejects the act of the colony in op-\\npressing Baptists at Ashfield.\\nOct. 15. 2feto York. General conven-\\ntion of Reformed Dutch ministers\\nand laymen, to plan for union.\\nOct. 27. Phila. Arrival of Francis As-\\nbury and Richard Wright, being sent by\\nJohn Wesley to preach Methodism in\\nAmerica.\\nLabrador made a Moravian mission\\nstation.\\nPa. The Presbyterian Synod approves\\na scheme for the support of candidates\\nfor the ministry.\\nW. I. Friedensberg, St. Croix, be-\\ncomes a mission station of the Mora-\\nvians, who work among the slaves.\\n1772 May ^V. Y. English Shakers\\nemigrate to America.\\nOct. New York. The General Conven-\\ntion of the Reformed Dutch church\\nmeets and consummates the union of\\nthe churches.\\nO. Moravians and their converts\\nremoved from Pennsylvania, open an\\nIndian mission at Schonbrann, in the\\nMuskingum Valley.\\nXew York. The Classis of Amsterdam\\ngives full approbation to the formation\\nof a Dutch Synod in America, (Jan. 14.)\\nFrancis Asbury is temporarily ap-\\npointed general assistant in America,\\nby John Wesley.\\nLETTERS.\\n1768 July 4. Boston. Dickinson s\\nLiberty Song is published.\\nX. J. John Witherspoon made\\npresident of Princeton College.\\nPhila. Phonography suggested by\\nFranklin.\\nCircular Letter to Each Colonial Legis-\\nlature, by Adams and Otis, appears.\\n1769 The Croakers, by J. R. Drake,\\nappears.\\nX. H. Dartmouth College (Cong.)\\nfounded at Hanover.\\nPhila. The American Magazine ap-\\npears.\\n1770 May* Jt.T. The Baptist CoDege\\nremoved from Warren to Providence,\\nJames Manning, president.\\nJuly Mass. The Massachusetts Spy first\\nappears.\\nPeru. The College of San Carlos\\nestablished.\\nPoems on Various Subjects, JReligious\\nand Moral, by Phillis Wheatley, a ne-\\ngress, born in Africa appears.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1768, July-1772. 77\\n1771 Nov. 3. N. Y. First newspaper\\nprinted in Albany, the Albany Gazette.\\nN. J. James Madison graduates at\\nPrinceton.\\nThe Royal Spiritual Magazine issued.\\n1772 The Progress of Dullness, by\\nJohn Trumbull, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1768 Sept. Boston. The newly arrived\\nBritish officers are fretted with legal im-\\npediments, and denounce this country\\nwhere every man studies law.\\n1770 Feb. 22. Boston. A patriotic\\ncrowd of men and boys resents the Con-\\ntravention Act and is fired on by sol-\\ndiers a Mr. Richardson and Christo-\\npher Snider, a boy 11 years old, are\\nkilled the newspapers announce the\\nboy as the first martyr to American\\nliberty.\\nMar. 5. Boston. The Boston Massa-\\ncre. Three persons are killed and\\neight wounded by the fire of the soldiers.\\nMd. Umbrellas first introduced,\\nhaving been landed at Baltimore, and\\ncommonly scouted as evidences of effem-\\ninacy.\\nThe Indians become civilized.\\nThemissionamong the Onoidas is placed\\nunder the care of the London Board of\\nCorrespondence in Boston. With their\\naid, a meeting-house, schoolhouse, saw-\\nmill, grist-mill, and blacksmith s shop\\nare erected. Drunkenness is almost un-\\nknown, and the people become sober,\\nregular, industrious, praying Indians.\\n1772 Jan. 1. Va. Thomas Jeff erson\\nmarries Martha Skelton.\\nFounding of the Improved Order of\\nRed Men.\\nSTATE.\\n1768 July 8. Boston. Thirty Bostoni-\\nans board a schooner seized by custom of-\\nficers for having 30 hogsheads of molasses\\nonboard; they confine the officers, and\\nremove the molasses.\\nSept. Boston. The ministers of the col-\\nony, in the King s name, require the As-\\nsembly to express regrets, and\\nrescind their action, but it reaffirms the\\nformer action in a circular letter by a\\nnearly unanimous vote.\\nSept. 24. N. Y. A treaty entered into\\nby the English colonists with the Indians\\nat Fort Stanwix, defining a line between\\nthe English colonies and the Indians\\n[later known as the property line\\nSept. 27-29. Mass. Convention of the\\ntowns to consider the coining of the\\ntroops.\\nSept. N. C. The Regulators bind\\nthemselves to resist the payment of\\ntaxes, except such as were levied and\\nwere to be applied according to law.\\nOct.* Boston. Troops arrive to sustain\\nthe officers.\\nThe selectmen of Boston flatly refuse\\nto provide quarters for General Gage s\\ntroops so they are quartered in the\\nState House.\\nBaron De Kalb is sent by Choiseul to\\nobserve the spirit of the Americans.\\nEng. The term American begins\\nto be used in connection with the sup-\\nporters of colonial privileges, who adopt\\nthe name of American Whigs.\\nLa. A temporary French republic\\nestablished.\\nTenn. Parties from North Carolina\\nsettle in Tennessee.\\nGovernors inaugurated\\n-77 Mich. Guy Carleton.\\n-69 R. I. Josiah Lyndon.\\nVa. John Blair lieutenant-governor.\\n-70 Va. Norborne Berkeley, Lord\\nde Botetourt.\\n1769 Feb. Eng. Parliament cen-\\nsures the people of Massachusetts, ap-\\nproves the use of force against them, and\\nurges the trial of leaders for treason in\\nthe courts of England.\\nMay Ky. Daniel Boone and a party\\nof Virginians settle in Kentucky.\\nMay 16. Va. The Assembly passes\\nresolutions as bad as those of Massa-\\nchusetts.\\nMay 17. Va. The Governor, Lord Bote-\\ntourt, dissolves the Assembly for pass-\\ning obnoxious resolutions.\\nMay 18. Virginia enters into the non-\\nimportation agreement.\\nThe members of the Assembly hold a\\nmeeting in which Washington presents\\nthe resolutions against importing Brit-\\nish merchandise. The members make a\\nspecial covenant not to import any more\\nslaves, nor to purchase any that others\\nimport.\\nJuly 15. Mass. Gov. Bernard pro-\\nrogues the General Court, because it\\nrefuses to make provision for the support\\nof British soldiers, sent to take away\\nthe liberties of the people.\\nMass. Lieut.-Gov. Thomas Hutch-\\ninson assumes authority.\\nAug.* N. Y. Bernard sails for England.\\nCal. Spaniards occupy the coast.\\nMonterey is founded.\\nKy. Daniel Boone makes explora-\\ntions beyond the mountains.\\nMass. The General Court refuses to\\ndo business while a guard is stationed\\nat the door, and adjourns to Cambridge.\\nTenn. The Watauga Association\\nmakes settlements.\\n*[U. Governors inaugurated:\\n-84 Conn. Jonathan Trumbull.\\n-74 Md. Robert Eden.\\n-74 R. I. Joseph Wanton.\\n1770 Jan. Eng. Lord North be-\\ncomes prime minister.\\nJan. Neio York. Soldiers cut down the\\nliberty pole and the people retaliate.\\nMar. 5. Eng. The non-importation as-\\nsociations cripple the English colo-\\nnial trade.\\nAll duties are now removed except\\nthreepence a pound on tea, retained at\\nthe express command of the King, who\\nsaid, There should always be one tax,\\nat least, to keep up the right of taxing\\nthe non-importatiiui agreement is soon\\nrelaxed, except with regard to tea.\\nMass. Public excitement is intensi-\\nfied throughout the colonies by the Bos-\\nton Massacre. (See Army.)\\nApr. Eng. The Townshend Act re-\\npealed, except that relating to the\\nduty on tea.\\nAug. 21. New York. An equestrian\\nstatue of George III. is erected in Bowl-\\ning Green by loyalists.\\nSept. 22. Boston. Covention of dele-\\ngates at Faneuil Hall, from 96 towns, to\\nconsider the grievance of a standing\\narmy.\\n-73 There is scarcely any gov-\\nernment in the colonies, the royal gov-\\nernment having practically gone to\\npieces.\\nBoston. The King s soldiers cut down\\na liberty pole which had stood in the park\\nfor several years.\\nEng. Edmund Burke becomes agent\\nfor New York. [He continues for five\\nyears.]\\n0. The Zane family settle on the Ohio,\\nnear the mouth of Wheeling Creek.\\nGovernors inaugurated\\n-71 N. Y. John, Lord Dunmore.\\n-72* Va. William Nelson, lieutenant-\\ngovernor.\\n1771 Mar. 28. N.T. A Mr. McDougal,\\nsome time imprisoned as the author of\\na newspaper article signed A Son of\\nLiberty, is discharged by the Supreme\\nCourt.\\nCuba. The port of Havana is no\\nlonger monopolized by Seville and Cadiz,\\nbut open to all nations for certain arti-\\ncles of trade.\\nN. C. The Regulators attempt to\\noverthrow the government and courts\\nby force.\\n\\\\U. .5.] Governors inaugurated\\nJuly 1. N. C. James Hasell (pres.).\\nAug. -76 N. C. Josiah Martin.\\n-77 N. Y. William Tryon.\\n-72 Pa. Richard Penn.\\n1772 June 10. R. I. The Americans\\nburn the revenue schooner Gaspee in\\nNarragansett Bay.\\nAug. 4. Eng. D art mouth succeeds\\nHillsborough in the Ministry.\\nNov. 2. Boston. Town-meeting held\\ncommittees of correspondence ap-\\npointed by the Sons of Liberty [out\\nof it grows the Colonial Congress]\\nSamuel Adams the leader.\\nEng. Parliament orders that the\\nburners of the Gaspee be arrested, and\\ntaken to England for trial.\\nGuiana. The revolt of the Maroons\\nat Surinam [lasts five years].\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1768 New York. The Chamber of\\nCommerce founded.\\n1770* *New York. The Chamber of\\nCommerce incorporated by Act of Legis-\\nlature.\\nSept. 10. Boston. The governor delivers\\nCastle William over to the king s\\ntroops.\\n1772* *Mass.\u00e2\u0080\u0094R. I. A stage-coach\\nruns between Boston and Providence.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "78 1772-1775, Mar, 8.\\nAMHRICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1774* Indian war; caused by the\\natrocities of the whites and by the mur-\\nder (Apr. 30) of the family of Logan.\\nOct. 10. W. Va. Battle of Point Pleas-\\nant, on the Ohio; 1,500 Shawnees under\\nChiefs Cornstalk and Logan are defeated\\nby 1,200 Virginians under Gen. A. Lewis,\\nwho lose 75 killed and 140 wounded.\\nSept. 5\u00c2\u00b1. Boston. Gen. Gage erects for-\\ntifications on the Neck.\\nDec. 13. Mass, The people take posses-\\nsion of the arsenal at Charlestown,\\nfrom which the powder had been re-\\nmoved by Gen. Gage.\\nDec. 13\u00c2\u00b1. X. H. A company of men led\\nby John Sullivan [afterward major-\\ngeneral] capture the fort at Ports-\\nmouth, and remove 100 barrels of pow-\\nder and some cannon.\\n1775 Jan.* Boston. Gage sends troops\\nto Marshfield.\\nR. I. At Newport the patriots seize\\n44 pieces of artillery and convey them\\nto Providence. (Dec. 6.)\\nFeb. 26. Mass. Gen. Gage orders 140\\nsoldiers to go to Salem and seize the\\nmilitary stores; the militia under Col.\\nPickering raise the drawbridge and\\notherwise oppose the attempt.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1773 Dec. Guatemala. An earth-\\nquake swallows up 80,000 inhabitants.\\nPhil a. The first steam-engine built\\nin America is set up.\\nS. C. A theater is opened at Charles-\\nton.\\n1774 Oct. 24. Phila. The Continental\\nCongress recommends a suspension of\\nall public amusements.\\nW. I. Port Royal, Jamaica, is de-\\nstroyed by a cyclone.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1773*\\nBiglow, William, teacher ami poet, born,\\nliowditvh, Nathaniel, mathematician, born.\\nCaldwell, .Joseph, college president, born.\\nClayton, John, physician and botanist, dies.\\nDay, Jeremiah, pres. of Yale oil., born.\\nHarrison. William Henry, 9th President,\\nborn in Va. Feb. 9.\\nHull, Isaac, commodore, born.\\nNott, Elipbalet, pres. of Union Coll., born.\\nPaine, Robert Treat, Jr., author, horn.\\nRandolph. John, statesman, born.\\n1774*\\nBainbridge, William, commodore, born.\\nDaviess, Joseph Hamilton, lawyer, born.\\nGriscom, John, educator, born.\\nOliver, Andrew, Lieut. -Gov. of Mass., AGS.\\nTompkins, Daniel D., statesman, born.\\nVan Rensselaer, Solomon, general, born.\\nWood, Leonard, clergyman, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1773 July 14-16. Phila. The first\\nAmerican conference of Methodist\\npreachers in session at St. George s\\nchurch American membership 1,160.\\nMd. The Catholics are left without\\npriests by the complete suppression of\\nthe order of Jesuits, by Pope Clement\\nXIV-\\nPa. The Presbyterian Synod appoints\\na committee on religious publications.\\nEng. Mr. Wesley appoints T/hos.\\nRankin general superintendent of\\nMethodist societies in America.\\n1774 Mar. 10. The Presbytery of the\\nReformed Presbyterian Church of\\nAmerica is formed.\\nMay 25. Phila. Second Methodist Con-\\nference is held.\\nAug. 16. Xew York. Ann Lee and nine\\n(Shaker) followers arrive in New York.\\nSept. 7. Phila. Rev. J. Puche, an as-\\nsistant minister of Christ s (Episcopal)\\nchurch, reads prayers and Psalm xxxv.\\nfor the First Continental Congress,\\nin Carpenter s Hall. It seems as if\\nheaven had ordained that psalm to he\\nread that morning. (John Adams.)\\nNov. 29. Boston. The Old South\\nMeeting-house is used by the patriots\\nfor the purpose of a town meeting, to\\ndiscuss the tea question, the Dartmouth\\nhaving arrived with a cargo of tea. Its\\nfrequent use for such purposes, when\\nFaneuil Hall was not large enough for\\nthe meeting, led the governor to desig-\\nnate this church as the seed-bed of\\nrebellion.\\nCan. Religious liberty is granted to\\nRoman Catholics.\\nEng. During the discussion of the\\nBoston Port Bill in Parliament, Ex-gov.\\nJohnston said If you ask an Amer-\\nican who is his master, he will tell\\nyou he has none nor any governor\\nbut Jesus Christ.\\nGreenland. Lichtenan becomes a mis-\\nsion station of the Moravians.\\nX. Y. The English Shakers settle\\nnear Albany.\\nVa. The first Baptist church in Vir-\\nginia (Simpson Creek) is formed.\\n1775 Feb. 15. It. Pius VI. pope.\\nFeb. Mass. The ministers of Salem\\nprevent an outbreak against General\\nGage, who comes on Sunday to search\\nfor powder.\\nLETTERS.\\n1774 Observations on the Boston Port\\nBill, by Josiah Quincy, appears.\\nThe Journal of John Woolman ap-\\npears.\\nHistory of Redemption, by Jonathan\\nEdwards, appears.\\n*-75 Boston. The Royal American\\nMagazine appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1773 Dec. 16. Boston. The Boston\\nTea Party.\\nSeven thousand people assemble in\\ntown-meeting Adams and Quincy ad-\\ndress them in the evening come about\\nfifty men disguised as Indians, who, with\\nwar-whoops, lead the crowd to the\\nwharves, and then empty 342 chests of\\ntaxed tea into the harbor.\\n1774 June 1. Xew Eng. Thepatriotic\\ncolonists make this a day of fasting\\nand mourning, because of the Port Bill.\\nSept. Phila. Asserting the rights of\\nBritish America, Thomas Jefferson laid\\nbefore the Colonial Congress an anti-\\nshivery paper\\nThe abolition of domestic Slavery is\\nthe greatest object of desire in these\\nColonies, where it was unhappily intro-\\nduced in their infant Stat But pre-\\nvious to the enfranchisement of the\\nslaves, it is necessarj to exclude further\\nimportations from Africa. Y\u00c2\u00abt our re-\\npeated attempts to effect this have bi en\\ndefeated by his majesty s negative.\\nMass, The people of all the colonies\\nsend money and provisions for the\\npoor of the proscribed town of Boston,\\neven the settlements beyond the Al-\\nleghanies remember them, and $150,000\\nare subscribed in London.\\n1775 Mar. 8. A citizen of Billerica is\\ntarred and feathered by the British the\\nAmericans adopt it as the mode of pun-\\nishing Tories.\\nSTATE.\\n1772 Mass. Parliament enacts that\\nthe salaries of the colonial governors and\\njudges shall be paid out of the colonial\\nrevenues without authorization by the\\nGeneral Assembly. (The Assembly soon\\ndeclares the act of Parliament void.]\\nX. C. S. C. Settlement of the\\nboundary between North and South\\nCarolina.\\nEng. The tea tax produces from the\\nAmerican eolonies a revenue of only\\nS400 a year, at an annual expense of\\n\u00c2\u00a71,500,000 for collection.\\n-76 Va. John, Lord Dunmore, gov-\\nernor.\\n1773 Jan. -Feb. Mass. A contro-\\nversy exists between Governor Hutch-\\ninson and the General Court.\\nMass. Ships loaded with tea arrive\\nat Charlestown.\\nThe tea is landed, but its sale is forbid-\\nden at New York and Philadelphia the\\nports are declared closed and the ships\\nare forbidden to enter at Boston the\\ntown authorities refuse to permit the\\ntea to be landed, although it is consigned\\nto Gov. Hutchinson and his friends.\\nThe colonial assemblies meet, and be-\\nfore the governors can prorogue them,\\nappoint committees of correspon-\\ndence, in order to secure unity of\\naction among the colonies.\\nMar. Va. Intercolonial committees of\\ncorrespondence established.\\nMay Eng. The ministry applies strata-\\ngem to dispose of the accumulated tea\\nof British merchants.\\nIt removes the export tax, so that\\nwith the import tax paid, tea can be\\nbought in Boston cheaper than in Lon-\\ndon the Americans respond by order-\\ning captains to take their cargoes back\\nto England.\\nJune -July. Miss. About 400 English\\nfamilies emigrate to the vicinity of\\nNatchez.\\nDec. 16. Mass. The Boston Tea Party.\\nDestruction of tea in Boston Harbor by\\ncitizens disguised as Indians 342 chests\\nof tea are emptied into the sea. (See\\nSociety.)\\nDec. 25. Xetc York. A tea ship is sent\\nback with her cargo.\\nThe captain is escorted out of town\\nwith banners flying and the band playing", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1772-1775, Mar. 8. 79\\nGod Save the King. Eighteen chests of\\ntea concealed mi board another ship are\\nthrown into the dock.\\nCal. Presidios established in Upper\\nCalifornia.\\nCan. Celtic settlers arrive in Nova\\nScotia.\\nEng. Franklin is called before the\\nPrivy Council.\\nKentucky is settled by colonists led\\nby Daniel Boone.\\nPhiladelphians denounce as an en-\\nemy to his country whosoever shall\\nabet in unloading, receiving, or vending\\nthe tea, Charleston and New York\\nadopt similar resolutions.\\nS. C. About 300 families of Germans\\nleave Maine, and settle in southwestern\\nSouth Carolina.\\nGovernors inaugurated\\n-82 Cal. Felippe de Neve (Spanish).\\nMass. General Thomas Gage.\\n-75 Mass. A Provincial Congress\\ngoverns.\\n1774 Jan. 29. Eng. Franklin appears\\nbefore the Privy Council of George III.,\\nto present a petition from Massachu-\\nsetts.\\nConventions, to agitate the public\\nmind in favor of liberty, are held in all\\nthe colonies.\\nJan. 31. Eng. Parliament votes to dis-\\nmiss Benjamin Franklin from his\\noffice of postmaster-general in America\\nbecause of his patriotic sympathies.\\nMar. 31. Eng. Parliament passes the\\nBoston Port Bill.\\nIt closes that port to all commerce,\\nexcept food and fuel, and transfers\\nthe seat of government to Salem, which\\ndeclines the honor, and refuses to profit\\nby the band of tyranny. The bill is to\\ntake effect on June 1.\\nApr. 19. Eng. Edmund Burke makes\\nbis famous speech on American taxa-\\ntion.\\nApr. Ky. Emigrants arrive Harrods-\\nburg is soon settled.\\nEng. The Quebec Bill passes Parlia-\\nment, which grants unusual concessions\\nto the Catholics of Canada, to secure\\ntheir fidelity.\\nMay 13. Mass. Gov. Hutchinson is\\nsuperseded by Gen. Gage, who vainly\\nstrives to repress the ferment of liberty\\namong the people.\\nMay 17. Rhode Island proposes a\\ngeneral congress.\\nMay 20. Eng. Parliament subverts\\nthe charter of Massachusetts by au-\\nthorizing the removal of certain persons,\\ncharged with crime, beyond its limits\\nfor trial.\\nThe colonists are divided into two\\nparties; the patriots, called Whigs, and\\nthe Royalists, called Tories.\\nMay 20. Ft. Louis XVI. en-\\nthroned.\\nJune 1. Mass. The Boston Port Bill\\ngoes into operation, closing the har-\\nbor against commerce business is sus-\\npended; the day observed in many parts\\nwith fasting and mourning. General\\nsympathy for Boston.\\nBoston. Ex-Gov. Hutchinson de-\\nparts.\\nJune 17. Boston. A Port Act meeting\\nis convened.\\nAug. -Sept. Mass. County conven-\\ntions held to protest against the Parlia-\\nment.\\nAug. S. C. Generous Carolinians\\nsend Bostonians 200 barrels of rice and\\npromise 800 more, but urge them not\\nto pay for an ounce of tea.\\nNorth Carolina raises by subscription\\n\u00c2\u00a71,000 for the relief of Boston.\\nSept 5. Phila. The First Continental\\nCongress and second Colonial Con-\\ngress meets in Carpenter s Hall 56 del-\\negates represent 11 colonies. [Later,\\n68.] Peyton Randolph of Virginia, pres-\\nident. [Oct. 22. Henry Middleton of\\nSouth Carolina.] Charles Thomson,\\nsecretary.\\nGeorgia, having a royalist governor,\\nhas no delegate. Congress proceeds to as-\\nsume control of all military movements\\nin all the colonies it acknowledges the\\nauthority of the king, but opposes the\\nActs of Parliament. No delegate is in-\\nstructed to ask for independence. [Sept.\\n6. Each colony is given one vote. Sept.\\n7. Rev. J. Duche elected chaplain.\\nSept. 10. Approval of Suffolk (Mass.)\\nResolutions of Sept. 6, No obedience is\\ndue to any part of the recent Acts of\\nParliament. Sept. 28. Rejects Joseph\\nGalloway s plan of union aiming at per-\\npetual dependence. Oct. 14. Adopts\\nDeclaration of Rights. Oct. 20. The\\nAmerican Association is formed by 52\\nmembers; it pledges itself for non-inter-\\ncourse with Great Britain until the of-\\nfensive Acts are repealed. Oct. 21. The\\nAddress to the People of Great Britain,\\nprepared by John Jay, approved. A\\nmemorial to the several Anglo-Ameri-\\ncan Colonies adopted. Oct. 22. Letters\\ndespatched to unrepresented colonies at\\nSt. John s (now Prince Edward Island),\\ndered. Oct. 26. An Address to the Peo-\\nple of Quebec, drawn by Dickinson,\\nadopted. Dissol v ed.\\nSept. 28. Mass. The royalist governor\\ndissolves the Assembly.\\nOct. 5\u00c2\u00b1. Mass. The Assembly meets\\nat Salem, notwithstanding the action of\\nGovernor Gage in countermanding the\\nsummons which convoked it.\\n[The members of the Assembly, having\\nadjourned to Concord, resolve them-\\nselves into a Provincial Congress,\\nwith John Hancock, president, and Ben-\\njamin Lincoln, secretary.]\\nOct. Mass. The colonists are further\\nincensedby the arrival of British troops,\\nand by the measures adopted by General\\nGage.\\nOct. 26. Mass. The Provincial Congress\\nproceeds to organize the militia as\\nminute-men, and collect stores and\\nammunition for public defense.\\nNov. 4. Congress, by its committee,\\nmakes a Declaration of Rights.\\nIt claims the right of participating\\nin the making of the laws of the land,\\nand in the ordering of the taxes of\\nhaving trial by jury in the vicinage\\nof holding, public meetings of seeking\\nredress for grievances. It protests\\nagainst a standing army imposed with-\\nout its consent and against eleven\\ngovernmental acts violating colonial\\nrights and privileges. It proposes peace-\\nable redress by funning an American\\nassociation pledged not to trade with\\nGreat Britain, or the West Indies, nor\\nwith those engaged in the slave-trade,\\nand not to buy British goods or tea;\\na non-importation, non-consumption,\\nand non-exportation agreement is\\nadopted.\\nNov. Provincial legislatures pass\\nresolutions for obtaining military\\nstores and arming the inhabitants.\\nNov. 5. Va. The militia assembled at\\nFort Gower resolve to support their\\ncountrymen rather than the tyranny of\\ntheir King.\\nDec. The king, having prohibited the\\nexportation of military stores to\\nAmerica, patriots in Rhode Island take\\nabout 40 cannon from the public battery\\nin New Hampshire they seize over 100\\nbarrels of gunpowder lying in the fort\\nat Portsmouth.\\nCan. A legislative council is es-\\ntablished the laws made by the French\\nare confirmed, and the Catholics secured\\nin their religious freedom.\\nConnecticut issues paper money,\\nthe first of the Revolution.\\nGa. Several millions of acres of land\\nceded to the King, by the Creek and\\nCherokee Indians.\\nKy. George R. Clark arrives.\\nMass. A great commotion arises\\nagainst Gov. Hutchinson and Lieut.-gov.\\nOliver, whose letters to the British\\ngovernment against the liberties of\\nthe colony become known. These offi-\\ncials propose the introduction of troops,\\nand one of them suggests the establish-\\nment of a patrician order. The\\ngovernor advises the abridgement of\\nEnglish liberties, as he doubted if\\nthe people of a colony could enjoy all\\nthe liberty of the parent State.\\nSpain permits free-trade with several\\nof her South American settlements.\\nNewspapers are divided, for and\\nagainst the government.\\n1775 Eng. Parliament is occupied\\nwith American affairs.\\nJan. 20. Eng. Chatham presents his\\nmotion to Parliament for conciliation\\nwith America.\\nFeb. 1. Mass. The second Provincial\\nCongress meets at Cambridge.\\nFeb. 10. Eng. Lord North introduces\\na bill to restrain the trade and com-\\nmerce of New England [which soon\\nafter passes Parliament].\\nFeb. Franklin is in London, conferring\\nwith the Howes.\\nMar. 5. New York. A town-meeting\\nfavors a congress hoop-poles from a\\nneighboring cooper s yard are used to\\nenforce a favoring vote.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1773 Conn. An old copper-mine at\\nSimsbury is used as a prison.\\n1774 Boston. The streets are first\\nlighted.\\nConn. Only 1,363 Indians are reported\\nin this colony.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "80 1775, Mar. 18-1775.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1775 Mar. 18. Mass. Gen. Gage seizes\\n13,425 musket cartridges and 3,000\\nlbs. of ball belonging to private Ameri-\\ncans and stored on Boston Neck.\\nHe strengthens the fortifications on\\nBoston Week, and accumulates mili-\\ntary stores.\\nApr. 18. Boston. Gen. Gage issues\\norders forbidding any one to leave the\\ntown after dark.\\nPaul Revere rides to Concord to\\narouse the patriots.\\nWAR OF INDEPENDENCE.\\nApr. 19. Mass. Lexington, the First\\nBattle of the War for American In-\\ndependence.\\nGen. Gage secretly sends a regiment\\nof 800 men to Concord, 16 miles from\\nBoston, to destroy the military stores of\\nthe colonists. They attack the patriots\\nat Lexington and partially succeed in\\ntheir mission, when they are in turn at-\\ntacked by the minute-men, and driven\\nback to Boston. American loss 49 killed,\\n34 wounded, and five missing; British\\nloss 273. This is the world-renowned\\nbattle of Concord, more eventful than\\nAgincourt and Blenheim.\\nApr. 20. Mass. Gen. Putnam arrives\\nat Concord, having ridden his horse\\nabout 100 miles in 18 hours.\\nApr. 20 -76, Mar. 17,1776.\\nSIEGE OF BOSTON.\\nApr. 20. Boston under siege by about\\n20,000 Americans.\\nThe isthmus connecting the town of\\nBoston with the main land is blockaded\\nand the siege of the city begins.\\nVa. Gov. Dunmore sends marines in\\nthe night, to remove about 20 barrels\\nof gunpowder from the arsenal at Wil-\\nliamsburg, the capital; some of the ex-\\nasperated inhabitants fly to arms.\\nApr. 25. Md. Baltimoreans seize the\\nprovincial magazines, containing 1,500\\nstand of arms, on receiving the war-news\\nfrom Lexington.\\nApr. 27. Mass. Bos tonians deliver up to\\nGen. Gage a large quantity of guns, etc.\\nMay 2. fa. Patrick Henry and 700\\npatriots force the governor to pay for\\nthe powder removed from Williamsburg.\\nMay 5. Mass. A naval skirmish takes\\nplace at Martha s Vineyard.\\nMay 10. N. Y. Surrender of Ticon-\\nderoga the gateway to Canada is\\ntaken.\\nEthan Allen of Vermont, with 83\\nGreen Mountain Boys, surprises the\\ngarrison, and demands its surrender of\\nommander Delaplace, In the name\\nof the Great Jehovah and the Conti-\\nnental Congress. Thirty-eight prison-\\ners and a fortress costing $40,000,000,\\nwith 120 cannons and vast military stores\\nare taken by these extempunzed troops\\nin ten minutes. [The military supplies\\nare soon hurried to the besiegers of Bos-\\nton, where they are much needed.]\\nMay 12. A Crown Point is taken\\nby Seth Warner without loss of life.\\nEng. British officers resign their\\ncommissions rather than fight the colo-\\nnists.\\nMay 25. Boston. Gens. Howe, Clin-\\nton, and Burgoyne arrive, and com-\\nmand an army of more than 10,000\\ndisciplined soldiers.\\nMay 27. Bos/on. Israel Putnam defeats\\na few British raiders oil Hog Island.\\nMay Boston. Artemas Ward com-\\nmander-in-chief of the American forces.\\nConflicts occur in the harbor.\\nPhila. Congress adopts the army\\nbefore Boston as the Continental army.\\nA 1 Sir John Johnson flees from\\nthe Mohawk Valley to Canada.\\nJune 9. Mass. The American army\\nat Cambridge; officers 1,581, privates\\n6,063 total 7,644.\\nJune 12. Me. The Margarelta seized at\\nMac hi as.\\nJune 16. Mass. The Americans throw\\nup entrenchments near Bunker Hill\\nduring the night, and command Boston\\nwith their cannons.\\nJune 17. Phila. Continental Congress\\nelects George Washington com-\\nmander-in-chief of the American\\narmy he accepts the appointment, re-\\nfusing all compensation. (June 15?)\\nMassachusetts authorizes priva-\\nteering.\\nRhode Island commissions two\\ncruisers, and sends Abraham Whipple\\nto Bermuda to seize powder.\\nMass. Battle of Bunker Hill\\n(Breed s Hill).\\nAbout 3.000 British troops under Gen-\\nerals Howe and Pigot, aided by the fleet,\\ncarry the entrenchments on the third\\nassault, the Americans having consumed\\ntheir ammunition. British loss, 1.054\\nkilled and wounded; Americans lose\\n150 killed (among them the brave Gen.\\nJoseph Warren), 270 wounded, and 32\\nCharlestown is burnt by the British.\\nJune 21. Phila. Washington leaves\\nto take command of the American army.\\nJune Ky. Daniel Boone builds his\\nfort.\\nJuly 2. Mass. Washington arrives at\\nCambridge.\\nJuly 3. Mass. Washington assumes\\ncommand of the army, consisting of\\n14,500 men.\\nJuly 27. Phila. Congress establishes a\\nhospital for 20,000 men.\\nJuly Can. Col. Guy Johnson holds a\\nconference with the Indians at Mon-\\ntreal. Many Indian chiefs agree to\\nsupport the King s cause, against the\\ncolonists, but accomplish very little.\\nBoston. The army in three divisions\\ninvests the city.\\nAug. 21. X. Y. Continental army un-\\nder Gen. Montgomery arrives at Fort\\nTiconderoga.\\nAug. 26. Mass. The Americans open\\ntheir entrenchments on a hill near\\nBoston.\\nAug. 30. Conn. Stonington is at-\\ntacked by the British.\\nSept. 2. Mass. Washington begins to\\ncommission war-vessels.\\nSept. A Y. Schuyler from Ticonde-\\nroga moves toward Canada, but yields\\nthe command to Montgomery, who\\ncaptures Chambly.\\nMe. Benedict Arnold moves up tbo\\nKennebec to invade Canada.\\nSept. -Dec. Pa. Hostilities in the\\nSusquehanna country between the Con-\\nnecticut and Pennsylvania settlers.\\nSept. 25. Can. Col. Ethan Allen, with\\n83 men, attempts to take Montreal all\\nare made prisoners.\\nSept. S. C. Col. Moultrie, with the\\nmilitia, takes possession of Fort John-\\nson on St. James Island.\\nOct. 7. B. I. British vessels sail into the\\nharbor of Bristol and fire upon the town\\nNewport is threatened with destruction.\\nOct. 10. Boston. Lord William Howe\\nsucceeds General Gage in command\\nat Boston.\\nOct. 13. The United States Wavy\\noriginated by an order of Congress for\\nthe construction of 2 cruisers, mounting\\nrespectively 10 and 14 guns.\\nOct. 18. Me. Falmouth (Portland) is\\nburned by the British under Lieutenant\\nMowatt.\\nOct. -Dec. The American vessels,\\nLynch and Franklin, cruise in the Gulf\\nof St. Lawrence.\\nNov. 2. A r B. The garrison at St. John\\nsurrenders to Americans under Gen-\\neral Montgomery.\\nNov. 9. Can. General Arnold, with\\n1.000 men, arrives before Quebec; they\\nare deterred from taking the city by the\\nwant of boats.\\nNov. 12. Can. The Americans under\\nMontgomery, having invaded Canada,\\nattempt to surprise the British and\\ntake Montreal.\\nGer. British efforts to secure Ger-\\nman mercenaries begin.\\nNov. 22. Mass. Americans take Cobble\\nor Miller s Hill near Boston and for-\\ntify it.\\nNov. 23. British despatch-bearer Con-\\nnelly captured near Hagerstown. while\\non his way to Detroit, with papers of\\ngreat consequence.\\nNov. 25. Phila. Congress declares Brit-\\nish vessels open to capture by Amer-\\nicans, in retaliation for ordering the\\nattack on American seaport towns by\\nBritish vessels.\\nNov. 29. An American privateer cap-\\ntures three British ships containing\\nmilitary stores.\\nNov. Eng. Parliament votes to in-\\ncrease the British army in America\\nto 40,000 men, requiring an addition of\\n25,000 men. British subjects decline to\\nenlist, and 17,000 Hessians are hired of\\nBrunswick and Hesse-Cassel, at \u00c2\u00a736 a\\nhead.\\nDec. 1. Can. Arnold and Montgom-\\nery unite their forces on the St. Law-\\nDec. 8. Can. The siege of Quebec\\nDec. 9. Fa. A slight action takes place\\nat Cedar Bridge.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1775, Mar. 18 1775. 81\\nDec. 10. British vessels destroy the\\nbuildings on Canonicut Island.\\nDec. 13. Phila. The germ of the navy\\ndepartment. Congress first determines\\nto build a navy of 13 frigates.\\nDec. 22. Phila. Congress appoints a\\ncorps of naval officers, Esek Hopkins\\ncommander, and John PaulJones lieu-\\ntenant, naval affairs being in charge of\\na Marine Committee.\\nBoston. Admiral Shuldam relieves\\nAdmiral Graves as commander of the\\nBritish fleet.\\nDee. 30. Can. Gen. Montgomery de-\\nfeated and killed before Quebec.\\nGen. Arnold coutinues the fruitless\\nsiege.\\nDec* Phila. Congress authorizes Wash-\\nington to push the attack upon Boston,\\nto the destruction of the town if neces-\\nsary.\\nCHURCH.\\n1775 May 28. B. I. Dedication of a\\nnew Baptist church at Providence\\nsteeple 196 ft. high; bell, 2,515 lbs.;\\ncost, \u00c2\u00a735,000.\\nMay 20. N. C. Presbyterians form the\\nMecklenburgh Convention, which\\nanticipates the Declaration of Indepen-\\ndence made at Philadelphia.\\nMay Va. Baptist churches issue a\\npatriotic address.\\nLETTERS.\\n1775 May 10. New York. A mob com-\\npels President Cooper of King s (Co-\\nlumbia) College to flee for his life\\nbecause of his Tory sentiments.\\n*Nov. Xew York. Kivington s Ga-\\nzetteer office is destroyed by Connecticut\\nmarauders.\\nEng. Appeals and addresses, or-\\ndered by the Colonial Congress, arrive in\\nEngland.\\nWilliam Pitt commends the patriots.\\nFor myself I must avow, that, in all\\nmy reading, and I have read Thucyd-\\nides, and I have studied and admired\\nthe master states of the world,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 for\\nsolidity of reason, force of sagacity, and\\nwisdom of conclusion, under a compli-\\ncation of difficult circumstances, no\\nnation or body of men can stand in\\npreference to the general congress at\\nPhiladelphia. The histories of Greece\\nand Rome give us nothing equal to it,\\nand all attempts to impose servitude\\nupon such a mighty continental nation\\nmust be in vain.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1775 Apr. 14. Phila. The first Aboli-\\ntion Society is formed, with Benjamin\\nFranklin as president, and Benjamin\\nRush as secretary.\\nApr. 19. The patriots victory at the\\nbattle of Lexington fires the country.\\nPublic sentiment quickly changes from\\nloyalty to an almost universal desire to\\nseparate from England.\\nMay* Eng. The people are divided in\\ntheir allegiance.\\nEnglish privilege and officialism are\\nwith the kings the popular heart and\\nconscience are with the colonists, by a\\ngreat majority.\\nJune 17. The Battle of Bunker Hill,\\nthough a defeat, inspires the war\\nspirit in the colonies it is discovered\\nthat British troops are not invincible.\\nBoston. The people suffer because of\\nthe rigorous siege.\\nBoston. Dr. Benj. Church, director of\\nthe hospital, is the first American traitor.\\nNov. 4. Phila. The Continental Con-\\ngress directs that there should be issued\\ndaily to each soldier a pint of milk and\\na quart of spruce beer or cider.\\nSTATE.\\n1775 Mar. Eng. Franklin leaves Lon-\\ndon.\\nMar. Mass. The movement develops\\na struggle for liberty.\\nJohn Adams says, That there are any\\nwho pant after i ndependenee is the\\ngreatest slander on the province. [A\\nsudden change soon follows.]\\nApr. 3. A 7 Y. The Colonial Assembly\\nholds its last session, and adjourns.\\nApr. 19. The political existence of the\\nUnited States dates from the Battle of\\nLexington its legal existence from\\nthe adoption of the Declaration of Inde-\\npendence on July 4, 1776.\\nW. Y. Richmond and Queens Counties\\nside with the Tories, and send no dele-\\ngates to the Provincial Congress. The\\nwealth and influence of New York\\nCity are hostile to the patriots.\\nApr. 22. Mass. The Provincial Congress\\nresolves to raise an army of 30,000\\nmen, of which the quota of Massachu-\\nsetts will be 13,600.\\nMay 5. Phila. Benjamin Franklin\\nreturns from England after an absence\\nof more than ten years.\\nMay 10. Phila. The Second Conti-\\nnental Congress opens in Independence\\nHall. [Peyton Randolph, president;\\nCharles Thomson, secretary.] Colonies\\nrepresented, 13 delegates present, 55.\\nMay 15. Phila. Congress resolves to\\nissue paper money as a substitute for\\ntaxation.\\nPhila. Congress votes to establish a\\nline of posts from Maine to Georgia.\\nMay 20. Phila. Articles of confed-\\neration and perpetual union agreed\\nupon in the Congress.\\nA 7 C. The colonists begin to speak\\nof the United Colonies of America:\\nat Charlotte the citizens assemble has-\\ntily to startle the country by adopting\\nthe Mecklenburg Declaration of Inde-\\npendence, [two months before that\\nwritten by Jefferson. Winsor May 20\\nsome others May 31].\\nMay 24. Phila. John Hancock is\\nelected president of Congress.\\nJune 7. Mass. The General Court con-\\nsiders the creation of a naval force, and\\nauthorizes privateers.\\nIts action is anticipated by the people\\nof Buzzard s Bay. [.Jeremiah O Brien\\nis made a naval captain, commanding\\nthe prize sloop Margaretta.]\\nJune 12. Mass. Gen. Gage by procla-\\nmation arrogantly offers pardon to all\\nrebels and traitors who may sur-\\nrender, but excepts Samuel Adams and\\nJohn Hancock.\\nJune 14. Phila. Congress votes to raise\\nan army of 20,000 men. [June 15. Wash-\\nington elected commander.]\\nJune 15. Phila. Congress makes a\\nlast appeal to George III. for justice and\\nliberty. [July 8. Second petition.]\\nJune 22. Phila. Congress resolves to\\nemit $2,000,000 in bills of credit.\\nJuly 6. Phila. Congress issues a man-\\nifesto, justifying its resistance to\\nEngland.\\nJuly 26. Md. The Maryland Convention\\nmeets at Annapolis, and resolves to sup-\\nport the measures of Congress orders\\n$266,666 bills of credit struck, and\\ndecides to raise 40 companies of min-\\nute-men.\\nPhila. Congress first establishes a\\npost-office; Benjamin Franklin, post-\\nmaster.\\nSummer. Franklin proposes a plan for\\nconfederating the English colonies.\\nAug. Georgia joins the other colonies.\\nSummer. The King s authority ia\\noverthrown in all the colonies the\\ngovernors either join the popular cause,\\nor are driven away by the people.\\nAug 23. Eng. King George III. pro-\\nclaims the existence of open rebellion\\nin the colonies, and calls on loyal per-\\nsons to give information against the dis-\\nloyal colonists.\\nPhila. Congress passes a Pension\\nAct.\\nOct. 6. Phila. Congress urges the arrest\\nof Tories.\\nPhila. Congress appoints a Naval\\nCommittee.\\nOct. 13. Phila. Congress orders war-\\nvessels to be built.\\nNov. Can. Commissioners from Con-\\ngress go to Canada.\\nPhila. Bonvouloir sounds Congress\\nby direction of the French government.\\nNov. 13. Massachusetts authorizes pri-\\nvate armed vessels to cruise.\\nNov. 29. Phila. Congress first seeks ad-\\nmission into the family of nations by\\nappointing Franklin, Jay, and three\\nothers, a committee to confer with\\nfriends of the colonies in Great Britain,\\nIreland, and elsewhere.\\n[U. S.] Governors inaugurated:\\nNov. -78 R. I. Nicolas Cooke.\\nS. C. William Campbell.\\nDec. 2. Phila. Congress votes to em-\\nploy foreign engineers.\\nDec. 21. Eng. Act of Parliament for\\nconfiscating all American vessels\\nand impressing their crews into the\\nBritish navy.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1775 Can. Quebec has 5,000 inhab-\\nitants.\\nDec. 14. Boston. Gen. Howe orders\\nabout 100 wooden buildings to be taken\\ndown and used for fuel,", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "82 1775-1776, July 3.\\nAMERICA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1775 Both the English and Americans\\nseek the aid of the Indians.\\n1776 Jan. 1. Mass. The Union flag\\nis first unfurled in the camp at Cam-\\nbridge.\\nVa. Norfolk, the principal shipping\\nport of Virginia, is partly burned by\\nthe Americans to deprive the British\\nof shelter, and in part by the British\\nTories under Gov. Lord Dunmore, who\\nhad been driven from office by the\\npatriots.\\nWashington commissions Samuel\\nTucker as naval captain.\\nJan. 20. Sir John Johnson is forced\\nby Gen. Schuyler to disband his High-\\nlanders and Mohawks, and give his\\nparole not to fight the patriots.\\nFeb. 4. New York. The Americans\\ntake possession; Gen. Charles Lee\\nenters the city and encamps in the\\nsuburb on The Fields (City Hall Park).\\nFeb. The first American fleet of armed\\nvessels begins its cruise.\\nThe British seek to transfer the seat\\nof war to the southern colonies.\\nThe American regular army num-\\nbers a little more than 14,000 men 6,000\\nMassachusetts militia are available.\\nFeb. 10. Mass. Washington, at Charles-\\ntown, writes: Without men, without\\narms, without ammunition, little is to\\nbe done.\\nFeb. 27. A 7 C. Tories and Highlanders\\nunder McDonald defeated at Moore s\\nCreek Bridge by the patriots, who\\ntake the British general, 350 guns, 1,500\\nrifles, 13 wagons, 150 swords.\\nMass. The cannons taken at Fort\\nTiconderoga, having been hauled\\nthither on sleds, are placed along the\\nAmerican line around Boston.\\nMar. 2. Mass. Americans bombard\\nthe British in Boston.\\nAn action occurs at Morris Creek.\\nMar. 3. Ga. Col. Bull and Americans\\nburn British ship Inverness, and 6 other\\nvessels laden for England, near Savan-\\nnah.\\nMar. 4. W. I. Com. Esek Hopkins\\ntakes New Providence from the Brit-\\nish with its military stores.\\nMar. 5. Mass. A detachment of Amer-\\nicans under Gen. Thomas takes posses-\\nsion of Dorchester Heights in the\\nnight, thus beginning the long-expected\\nattempt to take Boston.\\nBoston. A severe storm delays the\\nstorming of the American works by the\\nBritish, and the works are strengthened.\\nMar. Can. The Americans are ex-\\npelled from Canada by Sir Guy Carle-\\nton.\\nMar. 17. Boston is evacuated by the\\nBritish under Howe without molesta-\\ntion, there being an informal agreement\\nthat the city would not be burned if no\\nattack was made. [Eleven days re-\\nquired.]\\nMar. 18. Boston. Washington enters\\nthe city, and finds 250 cannon and 25,000\\nbushels of wheat.\\nMar. 23. Philu. Congress issuesletters\\nof marque and reprisal against Eng-\\nland, and declares all British vessels to\\nbe lawful prizes.\\nMar. -Apr. Ger. The troops of\\nHesse-Cassel are first mustered in by\\nthe British.\\nApr. 4. Mass. Washington leaves Cam-\\nbridge for New York.\\nApr. 6. British ship Glasgow, 20 guns,\\nand her tender, under Captain Howe,\\nattack the brigantine Cabot, 30 guns,\\nColumbus, 28 guns, brig Annodinc, G\\nguns, and sloop Providence, 12 guns,\\nunder Commodore Hopkins, and escapes\\nwith the loss of her tender.\\nWashington ceases to supervise naval\\naffairs.\\nApr. 13. New York. Washington and\\nthe main part of the army arrive from\\nCambridge he has about 8,000 effective\\nMay 17. Boston. Capt. Mugford, having\\ncaptured the British ship Nope, with\\n1,500 barrels of powder, brings tbe prize\\nto port.\\nNew York. Washington first learns\\nthat 17,000 German troops have been\\nhired by the British, who are landing\\nin Canada.\\nMay 19. Can. Gen. Benedict Arnold,\\nwith 900 Americans, captures the British\\npost at the Cedars, releasing 500 Amer-\\nican prisoners.\\nMay 25. Phila. Congress resolves to\\nengage the Indians for military ser-\\nMay* Can. The Americans are de-\\nfeated at Three Rivers.\\nGen. Thomas retreats from Quebec\\nin command of the Northern army.\\nJune 2. Can. Gen. John Thomas dies\\nof smallpox.\\nJune 4. S. C. The British fleet appears\\noff Charleston.\\nGen. Lee arrives at Charleston, for\\nits defense, as Gen. Clinton arrives\\nto destroy it both parties proceed to\\nerect defenses.\\nJune 15. Can. The British retake\\nMontreal from the Americans.\\nJune Can. Gen. Howe leaves Halifax,\\nand sails with his army for New York\\nBay.\\nJune 16. Can. The Americans abandon\\nthe province of Canada.\\nJune 17, 18. English transports hound\\nfor Boston are captured by American\\ncruisers.\\nJune 18. Canada is entirely evacu-\\nated by the Americans, defeated, dis-\\ncontented, dispirited, diseased.\\nJune 25. N. 1 Gen. Howe arrives\\nat Sandy Hook with his forces.\\nJune 28. New York. Gen. Howe, with\\nthe garrison of Boston, on board a\\nBritish fleet of 40 vessels, enters the\\nharbor,\\nJune Gen. Horatio Grates takes com-\\nmand of the Northern army of\\nAmericans.\\nJune 27. The British underGen. Clinton\\nand Sir Peter Parker bombard the fort\\non Sullivan s Island for 10 hours and\\nretire; British loss, 210 killed and\\nwounded Americans, 32. [The name\\nof the fort is changed to Fort Moultrie,\\nin honor of its commander.]\\nIncident of bravery: Sergeant Jasper\\nleaps outside the fort and seizes the\\nfallen flag, which he ties to a pole on\\nthe parapet amid iron hail.**\\nJune 30. -V. Y. Gen. Howe lands a\\nstrong British force on Staten Island,\\nwhere he is welcomed by the Tories.\\nGen. Ward commissions Capt. Mug-\\nford to cruise near Boston.\\nPaul Jones wit 1, the privateer Provi-\\ndence takes 1G prizes.\\nJune* New York. Washington discovers\\na Tory conspiracy, in which some of\\nthe patriot soldiers are involved, and\\none of the guard, Thomas Hickey, is\\nhanged for mutiny, sedition, and\\ntreachery. Tories take warning.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1775 Boston. Tbe Blockade of Boston\\nis written by General Burgoyne, and\\nperformed in Boston by British officers.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nBarbour. James, statesman, horn,\\nBeecber, Lyman, theologian, horn.\\nBolder, Peter, Moravian bishop, AtS3.\\nBrown, Jaroh, major-general, horn.\\nChase. Philander, bishop, born.\\nEckford, Henry, shipbuilder, born.\\nEmbury. Philip, rirst .Meth. preacher. A -16.\\nHobart, John Henry, Prot.-Epis. bishop of\\nN.Y., author, born.\\nLviuaii, 1 hineas, general, A 59.\\nJlillnloler, Philip, pres. of Kutgers Coll., b.\\nMontgomerv, Richard, general, A39.\\nMorgan, William, abducted, born.\\nQuincy. Josiah. Jr.. patriot and orator, A 31.\\nRandolph. Peyton, rirst American Con\\ngress, A52.\\nSpalding, Lyman, physician, born.\\nWarren, Joseph, gen., phys., patriot, A34.\\nCHURCH.\\n1775 Boston. The Old South\\nChurch used as a riding-school for\\nBurgoy ne s light-horse.\\nCo7in. Discomfort in the churches.\\nStoves are not yet introduced into Con-\\nnecticut churches, though the climate is\\nmore severe than in recent years, and\\nthe communion bread freezes on the\\ntables, yet new-born infants are taken\\nto the churches to be baptized, accord-\\ning to the custom.\\nEng. The religious sympathies of the\\ndissenters especially favor the colonists.\\nNew Eng, The Presbyterian Synod\\nof New England is formed (London-\\nderry, Salem, and Palmer).\\nVa. The General Association of Bap-\\ntists appoints 3 bishops; one is elected\\nan apostle by ballot.\\n1776 May 4. B. I. The Baptists re-\\npudiate all allegiance to George III.\\nAll the colonies, with the exception of\\nRhode Island, New Jersey, and Pennsyl-", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "AMERICA.\\n1775-1776, July 3. 83\\nvania, Lave a church established by\\nlaw, or custom, as the rightful custo-\\ndian of the spiritual interests of the\\npeople.\\nJune Francis Asbury, a distinguished\\nMethodist, is arrested and fined \u00c2\u00a35 for\\npreaching without first taking the oath\\nof loyalty.\\nLETTERS.\\n1775 Mar. 6. Boston. Joseph War-\\nren repeats his massacre oration.\\nNew York. Rev. Benjamin Moore\\nhecomes president of King s (Columbia)\\nCollege.\\nThe Constitutional Gazette issued by\\nJohn Anderson. (Dies the same year.)\\nPhila. The Pennsylvania Magazine\\nappears.\\nT a. Patrick Henry, the greatest\\norator in America, makes his famous\\npatriotic speech before the House of\\nBurgesses.\\nMeMngal, by John Trumbull, appears\\nin part.\\n1776 Jan. 8. Thomas Paine issues his\\nCommon Sense, which is -widely circu-\\nlated, and greatly aids the Eevolution\\nby showing the importance and necessity\\nof seeking independence.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1776 Mar. 18. Boston. Washington\\nenters the city at the head of his army\\nthe whole country is wild with de-\\nlight. [Congress orders a gold medal\\nto be struck for General Washington.]\\nApr. 6. Phila. Congress prohibits the\\nimportation of slaves.\\nSTATE.\\n1775* Governors inaugurated\\nS. C. William Campbell governor,\\nlater, John Rutledge, the first governor\\nunder the Federal Constitution.\\n1776. Jan. 1. Mass. The flag of the\\n13 United Colonies is first raised it re-\\ntains the crosses of St. George and St.\\nAndrew on a blue ground, and adds red\\nand white stripes. It is first used by\\nWashington at Cambridge.\\nNeio York. Gov. Tryon prudently\\nretires on board of a British man-of-war.\\nJan. 2. Phila. Congress urges strenu-\\nous measures against the Tories.\\nJan. Eng. Pitt makes a speech on\\nthe Americans in Parliament.\\nFeb. 1. Eng. Gen. Howe is directed\\nnot to use the King s name in the ex-\\nchange of prisoners.\\nFeb. 17. Phila. Congress is obliged to\\nissue $4,000,000 additional bills of\\nContinental paper to meet the expenses\\nof the war.\\nMar. 2. Phila. Congress appoints Silas\\nDeane, of Ct., commissioner to France.\\nMar.* Phila. Congress commissions\\nCarroll, Franklin, and Chase to go\\nto Canada to effect a union.\\nMar. 23. Phila. Congress authorizes\\nprivateers to prey upon British com-\\nmerce.\\nMar. 14. Phila. Congress urges the dis-\\narming of disaffected citizens.\\nMar.* -June* V. S. Notable increase\\nof the spirit of independence.\\nMar. 26. S. C. The General Assembly\\nadopts a Constitution for the govern-\\nment of the Province. It is to continue\\ntill October 21, and no longer.\\nPhila. Congress issues instructions\\nto privateers.\\nApr. 6. Congress declares American\\nports open to the trade of all nations\\nexcept Great Britain, but prohibits the\\nslave-trade.\\nApr. 22. Worth Carolina authorizes her\\ndelegates to subscribe to a declaration\\nof independence.\\nApr. Phila. A finance committee,\\nthe germ of the Treasury Department,\\nis appointed by Congress.\\nMay 4. H. I. The Assembly repeals the\\nAct for the more effectually securing\\nto his Majesty the allegiance of Rhode\\nIsland and Providence plantations, and\\nprovides that in legal papers, the name\\nand authority of the King shall be\\nomitted, and those of the Governor\\nand Company of this Colony be sub-\\nstituted.\\nMay 10. Pa. The colonial charter is\\noverthrown.\\nMass. The General Assembly calls\\nupon the people to assemble in town-\\nmeetings, and instruct their represen-\\ntatives, Whether, if the Honorable\\nCongress should, for the safety of said\\nColonies, declare them independent\\nof the Kingdom of Great Britain, they,\\nthe said inhabitants, will solemnly en-\\ngage, with their lives and fortunes,\\nto support them in the measure.\\n[Barnstable is the only town in the\\nCommonwealth that hesitates.]\\nMay 15. Phila. Congress calls upon\\nthe States to provide independent gov-\\nernments, and totally suppress every\\nkind of authority under the Crown.\\nVa. The Convention instructs the\\ndelegates of Virginia in Congress to\\nurge it to declare the United Colo-\\nnies free and independent States,\\nabsolved from allegiance to, or depend-\\nence upon, the Crown or Parliament of\\nGreat Britain.\\nMay* Fr.-Sp. France and Spain se-\\ncretly resolve to aid the Americans\\nwith money.\\nMay 24. Phila. The Continental Con-\\ngress elects John Hancock of Massa-\\nchusetts as its president.\\nJune 7. Phila. Congress changes its\\ndemand, and asks for independence\\ninstead of constitutional liberties.\\nPhila. Richard Henry Lee, in obe-\\ndience to the instructions of the Assem-\\nbly of Virginia, offers a resolution in\\nCongress that the united colonies\\nare, and of right ought to be, free\\nand independent States. John\\nAdams of Massachusetts seconds the\\nmotion, and a great debate follows. New\\nYork, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Mary-\\nland, and South Carolina are conserva-\\ntive,- and hesitate to support such a\\nradical step. The resolution is post-\\nponed till July first.\\nJune 10 and Aug. 11. Phila. Beau-\\nmarchais, as agent, receives from the\\nFrench and Spanish governments mon-\\neys, and conducts his business under the\\nstyle Hortalez et Compagnie.\\nJune 11. Phila. Congress appoints T.\\nJefferson, John Adams, Benj. Franklin,\\nRoger Sherman, and Robert R. Living-\\nston a committee to prepare a decla-\\nration of independence.\\nJune 12. Va. A Declaration of Rights.\\nis adopted.\\nJune Va. Gov. Dunmore prudently re-\\ntires on board a British man-of-war.\\nJune 20. Conn. The General Assembly\\nissues a declaration of independence\\nand absolution from all allegiance to the\\nKing of Great Britain.\\nJune* A 7 York. Discovery of the\\nHiekey Plot, to assassinate Wash-\\nington.\\nFr. Silas Deane reaches France as\\nthe first agent of the United States.\\nPhila. The United States solicits\\nmoney of France.\\nPhila. Congress proposes a loan.\\nJune 28. Phila. Congress. The reso-\\nlution of Independence drafted by\\nThomas Jefferson of Virginia, having\\nbeen accepted by the committee, is re-\\nported to the delegates.\\nJuly 1. Phila. Congress. Debate com-\\nmences on the resolution for Independ-\\nence.\\nJuly 2. Phila. Congress. Delegates of\\nall the colonies adopt the resolution of\\nIndependence except New York, whose\\ndelegates have not been instructed to\\ntake such an important step.\\nJuly 3. Phila. Congress debates the\\nDeclaration of Independence with\\ngreat earnestness, but the discussion is\\nnot completed.\\nNote The Resolution of Independence, the\\nimportant event, passes on the 2d of July.\\nThe reasons for so doing are passed by Con-\\ngress two days later. John Adams predicted\\nthe 2d day of July would be long cele-\\nbrated.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\nWealth abounds in many South-\\nern families it is chiefly produced by\\ngrowing tobacco, indigo, and rice.\\n1776 Jan. 1. Va. Norfolk is de-\\nstroyed by Are and the cannon balls of\\nthe British loss, $1,500,000.\\nSpring. Neio York. Hydrant water in-\\ntroduced reservoir on the east side of\\nBroad Street, near Pearl.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "8-1 1776, July 4-1777, Jan. 1.\\nAMERICA\\nThe United States of America is a federal republic, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans, and occupying\\nmost of the southern half of the Continent of North America. It comprises 45 States and three Territories, besides the District\\nof Columbia, Washington is the federal capital.\\nThe government is a representative democracy. The Federal executive authority is vested in a President, elected for four\\nyears, aided by a Cabinet having eight members the legislative authority, in a Congress having two houses, the Senate com-\\nprising two members for each State, and a Ilouse of Representatives having 350 members who are elected by the direct vote of\\nth# people. Batio of representation, one Representative to 173,901 of the population. The Senators are elected by the State Le-\\ngislatures the Representatives are elected for two years by the direct vote of the people of the different States. The Federal\\nauthority is limited to national affairs. Each State has a Governor and a Legislature of two houses, having extensive inde-\\npendent power reserved to it under the Federal Constitution, for controlling its local affairs. The Federal judiciary system is\\ndistinct from that of the States the highest court being the Supreme Court of the United States. All religions are tolerated,\\nand English is the common language. Area, 3,025,600 square miles including Alaska, 3,557,000. Population, 1800, G2.C22,250.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1776 July 5. Conn. New Haven is\\nplundered and pillaged by the British.\\nJuly 12. N.Y. Sir William Howe lands\\n9,000 British soldiers on Staten Island.\\nJuly 15-Oet. 11. S. C. War with the\\nCherokee Indians. Their settlements\\nare destroyed, and they are driven be-\\nyond the mountains by a force under\\nCol. Andrew Williamson.\\nJuly X. Y. General Sullivan is driven\\nfrom Canada by the British he rests at\\nCrown Point.\\nAug. 1. X. Y. Sir Henry Clinton s\\narmy arrives from Charleston, South\\nCarolina.\\nAug. 8. Northern army under Washing-\\nton reports 10,514 fit for duty 3,668 sick\\n2,946 on command 97onfurlough total,\\n17,225.\\nLieut. Paul Jones receives a captain s\\ncommission. [Nov. 2. B. I. He sails in\\ncommand of the ship Alfred, having 30\\nguns and 300 men, and the sloop Provi-\\ndence, having 12 guns and 70 men. He\\nsoon breaks up the fishery at Cape\\nBreton.]\\nAug. 14. N. Y. Lords Dunmore and\\nCampbell and Sir Peter Parker, after\\ntaking from the Virginians about 1,000\\nnegroes, join Lord Howe on Staten\\nIsland, making his entire force about\\n35,000 men.\\nAug. 20. X. Y. Gen. Sullivan suc-\\nceeds Gen. Greene in command of the\\nAmericans on Long Island. [Aug. 24.\\nHe is succeeded by Gen. Putnam.]\\nAug. 22. X. Y. Gen. Howe lands 10,000\\nBritish soldiers on Long Island near\\nthe Narrows. (The British fleet num-\\nbers 437 vessels.)\\nAug. 27. JV. Y. BattleofLonglsland.\\nDisastrous defeat of 5,000 Americans\\nby 16,000 British and Hessians in Brook-\\nlyn [Greenwood Cemetery]. The Amer-\\nicans under Putnam, Sullivan, and Stir-\\nling lose 2,000 killed and taken prisoners,\\nincluding three generals captured Brit-\\nish loss, about 400 men.\\nAug. 28. X. Y. The British on Long\\nIsland make no assault on the Amer-\\nican lines, but prepare for a regular\\nsiege the Americans are reenforced.\\nSuccessive disasters fall to the\\nAmericans.\\nAug. 30. N. Y. Washington, favored\\nby a dense fog, secretly retreats during\\nthe night from Brooklyn to New York,\\nSept. Pkita. Congress establishes uni-\\nforms for the army and navy.\\nX. Y. Great numbers of the militia\\ndesert after the defeat on Long Island\\nWashington s army is reduced to less\\nthan 20,000 men.\\nSept. 14. AT. Y. The British enter\\nNew York City, and the Americans\\nretire to Harlem. Washington narrowly\\nescapes capture in his reluctant retreat.\\nSept. 16- A 7 T. The British make an un-\\nsuccessful attack at Harlem Heights,\\nnear New York, losing 20 killed and 100\\nwounded.\\nSept. 22. A r r. Captain Nathan Hale\\nis captured while reconnoitering the\\nBritish force on Long Island he is de-\\nnied the attendance of a clergyman, and\\nspeedily hanged by Sir William Howe;\\nhis letters to his mother and friends are\\ndestroyed.\\nXew York. Oliver de Lancey raises\\na royalist corps.\\nSept.-f- X. Y. The two armies watch\\neach other for several weeks.\\nOct. 10. Pkila. Congress creates cap-\\ntains in the navy, which comprises 26\\nvessels carrying 536 guns.\\nOct. 11-13. Brig.-Gen. Benedict Ar-\\nnold, in command of a small fleet on\\nLake Champlain, heroically fights a su-\\nperior force under Sir Guy Carleton,\\nGovernor of Canada the enemy retire?,\\nbut afterward returns and defeats Ar-\\nnold, who runs some of his vessels ashore\\nand fires them, while others escape.\\n[Oct. 14. A 7 Y. Carleton occupies Crown\\nPoint.]\\nArnold destroys the buildings at\\nCrown Point [and retreats to Fort\\nTiconderoga].\\nOct. 23. New York. Manhattan Island\\nis abandoned by the Americans, while\\nGen. Howe attempts to gain their rear.\\nOct. 28. X. Y. Gen. Howe defeats\\nWashington at the Battle of White\\nPlains, near New York; losses, about\\n400 men on each side.\\nOct.* X. Y. Finding Ticonderoga\\nstrengthened by Gen. Gates, Carleton\\nretires to Canada, and postpones the\\nproposed division of the colonies by con-\\nnecting with Howe at New York.\\nCapt. Lambert Wickes, of the Re-\\nprisal, takes Dr. Franklin to Europe\\nWickes is the first American to cruise\\nin European waters.\\nEsek Hopkins, commander-in-chief\\nof the navy, captures the English hip-\\nof-war Glasgow. [1777. Jan. 2. Dis-\\nmissed the service for neglect.]\\nNov. 4. JV r Y. Washington withdraws\\nto North Castle, about five miles distant.\\nNov. A*. The two armies watch each\\nother.\\nNov. X. J. Washington crosses the\\nHudson to Fort Lee, near New York, on\\nthe west bank he leaves 7,000 men with\\nGen. Charles Lee.\\nNov. 16. A r Y. The British under Howe\\nattack Fort Washington, and Col.\\nZUagaw capitulates after a stubborn re-\\nsistance; the British take more than\\n2,000 prisoners.\\nNov. 18. X. Y. Gen. Cornwallis, with\\n6,000 British soldiers, crosses the Hudson\\nto attack Fort Lee in New Jersey.\\nNov. 20. N. J. Washington, hastily\\nabandoning his artillery, withdraws\\nwith his little army of 3,000 men to\\nHackensack. [Nov. He retreats to\\nNewark, New Brunswick, and Prince-\\nton.]\\nNov. Gen. Charles Lee is virtually in-\\nsubordinate, and refuses to cooperate\\nwith and reenforce Washington.\\nNov. 30. X. J. Washington s army oc-\\ncupies Trenton.\\nDec. 2-4. X. J. Gen. Lee crosses the\\nHudson at Haverstraw. [Dec. 11. He\\nfinally reaches IVIorristown.]\\nDec. 8. Pa. Washington, having re-\\ntreated across the State of New Jersey,\\ncrosses the Delaware into Pennsylva-\\nnia he destroys all the boats within 70\\nmiles, and is not pursued farther.\\nII. I. The British take Rhode\\nIsland, and blockade its ports Provi-\\ndence and Canonicut Islands are also\\nsubdued. [Held for 3 years.]\\n*The militia, especially that of New\\nJersey, refuses to take the field in be-\\nhalf of a ruined enterprise.\\nDec. 13. X. J. A squad of British cav-\\nalry captures Gen. Lee at Basking\\nBidge. [Taken to New York.]\\nDec. 14. X. J. The British go into win-\\nter quarters.\\nDec. X. J. Gen. Schuyler, with part\\nof the army from Lake Champlain, re-\\nenforces Washington at Morristown,\\naugmenting his force to 6,000 men.\\nDec. 20. Pa. Gen. Sullivan with Lee s\\narmy arrives at headquarters.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1776, JulyJl-1777, Jan. L 85\\nARMY WAVY.\\nDec. 25. The tide of fortune turns in\\nfavor of tlie Americans. \u00e2\u0096\u00a0Washington\\nreerosses the Delaware in the night\\namid the floating ice with 2,400 men.\\nDec. 26. X.J. Battle of Trenton.\\nWashington surprises and surrounds\\nthe 1,500 liritisli at Trenton under Col.\\nKahl he captures 1,000 Hessians, losing\\nonly two men. [This victory rouses the\\nnation from despondency.]\\nDec. 27. N. J. The British abandon all\\ntheir posts on the Delaware River.\\nDec* Robert Rogers recruits the\\nQueen s Rangers [afterward led by\\nJohn Graves, Lord Simcoe].\\nEng. John the Painter fires the Eng-\\nlish dockyards.\\nMarshal Broglie makes movements to\\nsupersede Washington.\\n1777 Jan. 1. N. J. Col. Reed, with\\nsix horsemen, makes a dash ziear Prince-\\nton, captures 12 dragoons, and brings\\nthem to the American camp at Trenton.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS\\n1776*\\nBates, Joshua, cl., college president, born.\\nBoyer, Jean Pierre, Haiti, born.\\nCheves, Langdon, statesman, born.\\nEaton, Amos, naturalist, born.\\nHale. Capt. Nathan, patriot, A21.\\nMorris, Thomas, statesman, born.\\nMurdock, James, theologian, born.\\nThomas, John, general, A51.\\nTroost, Gerard, rheinist, born.\\nVanderlyn, John, painter, bora.\\nCHURCH.\\n1776* Boston. The churches suffer\\nthe British have used one church as a\\nriding-school, three as barracks, and one\\nfor firewood.\\nCat. Catholic missionaries settle at\\nVerba Buena [San Francisco].\\nDel. All the Methodist preachers\\nsent by Mr. Wesley return to England,\\nexcept Francis Asbury.\\nLETTERS.\\n1776 Dee. 3. N. J. First issue of the\\nNew Jersey Gazette at Burlington it is\\nthe first newspaper in the State.\\nThe American Crisis, by Thomas Paine,\\nappears.\\nNew York. Rivington s Gazetteer,\\nthe most influential Tory journal in the\\ncountry.\\nNew York. John Englishman in De-\\nfence of the English Constitution issued\\n(for.threejnonths) by Parker and Wyman.\\nThe New York Pacquet and the Ameri-\\ncan Advertizer issued by Samuel Loudon.\\nThe Committee of Safety take King s\\n(Columbia) College for a military hos-\\npital.\\nPhila. The Declaration of Inde-\\npendence is drafted by Thomas JefTer-\\nP. I. Dialogue against Slavery, by\\nSamuel Hopkins, appears.\\nVa. James Monroe graduates at Wil-\\nliam and Mary College.\\nHampden-Sidney College (non-\\nsect.) is organized.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1776 Sept.* Phila. Alexander Ham-\\nilton, 20 years of age, attracts the atten-\\ntion and wins the long friendship of\\nWashington by his skill in planning\\nthe defenses of Fort Washington, New\\nYork.\\nSept. -Dec. General despondency\\nprevails because of the military disas-\\nters and the loss of hope.\\nNov. IS. Phila. Congress approves of\\na lottery bill to defray military ex-\\npenses.\\nPhila. Kobert Morris offers his\\nprincely fortune for the support of the\\ndistressed army.\\nSlavery exists in every one of the\\ncolonies that enters the struggle for lib-\\nerty.\\nWashington issues orders forbidding\\nall playing at cards or other games of\\nchance in the army.\\nSTATE.\\n1776 July 4. Phila. Continental Con-\\ngress At 2 o clock in the afternoon the\\nDeclaration of American Indepen-\\ndence is adopted by the delegates of\\n13 colonies.\\nResolved that these united colonies\\nare and of right ought to be, free and\\nindependent States that they are ab-\\nsoh ed from all allegiance to the British\\ncrown and that all political connection\\nbetween them and the State of Great\\nBritain is and ought to be totally dis-\\nsolved. [Aug. 2. Signed by the last\\nJuly The colonists accept the Declara-\\ntion with great enthusiasm they ex-\\npress their delight with bonfires, bells,\\nand speeches the New Yorkers (July 9)\\npull down the leaden statue of George\\nIII. and cast it into bullets.\\nJuly 8. Phila. The Declaration of In-\\ndependence is read from the steps of\\nthe State House, and to the American\\narmy\\nJuly 9. N. Y. The Provincial Congress\\nassembles at White Plains and formally\\ntakes the name of the Representatives\\nof New York, and proclaims its adhe-\\nsion to the Declaration of Independence.\\n[July 10. New York is declared an in-\\ndependent State]\\nJuly 12. Phila. Dickinson s proposed\\nplan for confederation is presented to\\nCongress.\\nJuly 14. Gen. Washington refuses to re-\\nceive a letter from Adm. Lord Howe,\\naddressed to George Washington,\\nEsq. (And later another to George\\nWashington, etc., etc., etc. He finally\\naccepts one properly addressed.)\\nAug. 23. New York. Sir William Howe\\nissues a proclamation of pardon to\\nall who return to the allegiance of the\\nKing.\\nSept. 5. Phila. A report on treason\\nis made to Congress.\\nSept. 9. Phila. The Colonies are first\\ncalled the United States of America,\\nby Congress.\\nSept. 11. N. Y. Adm. Howe, having so-\\nlicited a conference respecting rec-\\nonciliation, meets John Adams, Benj,\\nFranklin, and Edward Rutledge, at a\\nhouse on Staten Island opposite Amboy\\nthe Americans disdain submission.\\nDec. Kentucky is made a county of\\nVirginia. [1791. Feb.* Separated.]\\nOct. 13. Phila. Congress lays the foun-\\ndation of the American navy by ap-\\npointing a committee to build 13 frigates.\\nNov. 2. Phila. Congress establishes a\\ncannon-foundry.\\nNov. Phila. Congress appoints Ar-\\nthur Lee and Benjamin Frankhn am-\\nbassadors to negotiate a treaty with\\nFrance. [Dec. 7. They arrive at Nantes,\\nFrance.]\\nNov. 30. N. Y. Adm. Lord and Gen.\\nSir William Howe issue a proclamation\\nof pardon.\\nIt calls upon all insurgents to lay down\\ntheir arms, and offers pardon for 60 days.\\n[Many persons, especially the wealthy\\npeople, comply among whom are two\\ndelegates of the Continental Congress,\\nand the president of the New Jersey\\nConvention whicb approved the Decla-\\nration of Independence. For 10 days\\nafter its issue from 200 to 300 come daily\\nto take the oath.]\\nPhila. Congress orders that persons\\nrefusing to take Continental money be\\narrested.\\nDec. 12. Phila. Owing to the proximity\\nof the British army, the Continental\\nCongress adjourns to Baltimore.\\nDec. 20. Aid. Third session of the\\nColonial Congress at Baltimore.\\n[Dec. 27. It clothes Washington with\\ndictatorial powers to direct all mili-\\ntary operations for six months.]\\n-84 New York. David Matthews\\n(Tory), the 42d mayor.\\nThe hiring of Hessian troops to sub-\\njugate the colonists causes disloyalty\\nto become rampant.\\nGovernors inaugurated\\n-77 Del. John McKinley.\\nGa. Archibald Bullock (acting).\\n-79 N. C. Richard Caswell.\\n-89 N. J. Win. Livingston.\\n_77 p a Benj. Franklin (Committee\\nof Safety).\\n-79 Va. Patrick Henry.\\nU. S. The States adopt new consti-\\ntutions. (July 2, N. J. July 5, Va.\\nJuly 15, Pa.; Aug. 14, Bid. Sept. 20, Del.;\\nDec. 18, N. C.) [1777, Feb. 5, Ga. Apr.\\n20 1778, Mar. 19, S. C. 1780, Mar. 2,\\nMass.]\\n1777 Jan. 1. Md. Congress authorizes\\nFranklin to negotiate a treaty with\\nSpain.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1776 Sept. 21. New York. Trinity\\nChurch and 492 buildings are de-\\nstroyed by fire after the evacuation.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "86 1777, Jan. 2 -Oct. 16.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1777 Jan. 3. N.J. Battle of Princeton.\\nWashington again surprises and defeats\\na part of Cornwallis s army and takes\\nseveral hundred prisoners. British loss,\\n100 slain, 300 prisoners American loss,\\nvery slight, includes Gen. Mercer.\\nJan. The army is in very bad con-\\ndition, owing to the lack of money, the\\npaper currency having little value.\\nJan. 5. N. J. Washington withdraws\\nhis troops to a strong position at Morris-\\ntown, the right wing under Putnam is\\nat Princeton, and his left wing under\\nGen. Heath in the Highlands on the\\nHudson.\\nThe militia rises in arms and vexes the\\nBritish, until their lines are contracted\\nabout New Brunswick and Amboy.\\n[Washington s headquarters continue\\nhere during nearly all of the remainder\\nof the war.]\\nFr. The first vessels leave France\\nwith supplies for the American army.\\nJan. 7. May 28. N. J. Washington s\\nforce is encamped at Morristown.\\nJan. 7. N J. British troops evacuate\\nElizabethtown Gen. Maxwell attacks\\ntheir rear, takes 70 prisoners and a\\nschooner loaded with baggage.\\nFeb. 6. Great Britain grants letters\\nof marque and reprisal against the\\nUnited States.\\nFeb. 13. Fr. Franklin and Deane en-\\ngage Du Portail and other engineers.\\nFeb. 18. N. J. Col. Neilson, with a\\nparty of American militia, defeats\\nBritish troops under Major Stockton,\\nkills 4 and captures the commander and\\n59 men.\\nFeb. 19. Baltimore. Congress commis-\\nsions five major-generals.\\nThey are Stirling, St. Clair, Mifflin,\\nStephen, and Lincoln. (Benedict Arnold\\nis overlooked.) Eighteen brigadier-gen-\\nerals are also commissioned. They in-\\nclude Glover, George Clinton Woodford,\\nMuhlenberg (Ger. Lutheran clergyman),\\nHand, Anthony Wayne, and Conway,\\nthe Irish adventurer.\\nH. I. The entire American fleet\\nunder Adm. Hopkins is blockaded at\\nProvidence.\\nFeb. 27. S. C The militia defeats a\\nlarge force of American royalists, and\\ncaptures much ammunition and other\\nmilitary stores.\\nMar. 23. N. Y. British, under Bird,\\nland at Peekskill to seize military\\nstores some are burned by Gen. Mc-\\nDougall, who retires. The British secure\\nmuch provision, forage, and burn valu-\\nable property.\\nMar. 29. New York. Gen. Charles Lee\\nwrites treasonable negotiations for Gen.\\nHowe. [Discovered after his death.]\\nMay 6. Can. Gen. Burgoyne arrives\\nat Quebec to take command of the\\nBritish forces in Canada.\\nHe proposes to cut the colonies in two\\nby an expedition moving through Lake\\nChamplain and down the Hudson River.\\nMar. Fr. Three ship-loads of mili-\\ntary supplies sail for America. [Only\\none escapes the British cruisers, and it\\nbrings great relief to the army at Mor-\\nristown, in April.]\\nSpring. Capt. Conyngham is sent out\\nby Silas Deane from Dunkirk, to prey\\non British commerce.\\nApr. 13. N. J. The British under Corn-\\nwallis surprise Gen. Lincoln with 500\\nAmericans at Boundbrook he retreats\\nwith the loss of GO men.\\nApr. 15. Ky. Indians attack Boones-\\nboro; 4 of Col. Boone s men are killed.\\nPhila. Congress resolves to abolish\\ndistinctions between troops, as Cong-\\nress Own Regiment, Washington s\\nLife Guards.\\nApr. 17. Capt. John Barry captures the\\nBritish vessel Edward, the first Amer-\\nican prize.\\nApr. N. J. Washington s force is in-\\ncreased to about 7,000 men.\\nApr. 25. S. C. Marquis de Lafayette,\\nbut 19 years old, with 11 officers, lands at\\nCharleston, having raised a corps at his\\nown expense, this forms one of the prom-\\ninent events of the war.\\n27. Conn. Gen. Tryon, with 2,000\\nBritish soldiers, makes a raid on Dan-\\nbury and burns 18 houses and military\\nstores the patriotic militia attacks their\\nflank and rear wbile they retreat to the\\ncoast.\\nSpring. N. H. A vessel arrives at Ports-\\nmouth from France with more than\\n11,000 stand of arms and 1,000 barrels\\nof gunpowder; 10,000 stand of arms are\\nreceived at another port.\\nMay 22. Phila. Gen. Schuyler is con-\\nfirmed in the command of the Northern\\narmy.\\nMay 24. NT. Col. Meigs, with 200 Con-\\nnecticut militia-men, surprises the Brit-\\nish post at Sag Harbor, Long Island,\\nand captures 90 prisoners, a gun-ship,\\n30 loaded transports and vast military\\nstores, and all without the loss of a single\\nman. [Congress afterward voted the gal-\\nlant colonel a sword.]\\nMay* Benedict Arnold commissioned\\nmajor-general and presented by Con-\\ngress with a horse richly caparisoned\\nhe is yet below the 5 other major-\\ngenerals.\\nMay 28. N.J. Washington removes his\\nheadquarters to the heights of Middle-\\nbrook.\\nCapt. John Mauley sails on a cruise.\\nCaptain Johnson of the Lexington\\ncruises in European waters.\\nJune 1. N. Y. Burgoyne, the suc-\\ncessor of Sir Guy Carleton, invades\\nNorthern New York with an army\\nfrom Canada.\\nJune 19. N. J. Sir Wm. Howe, hav-\\ning received large reenforcements and\\nsupplies, establishes his headquarters\\nat New Brunswick, about ten miles\\nfrom Washington s army.\\nN. Y. Burgoyne lands at Crown Point.\\nJune 20+. N. Y. Howe makes various\\nattempts, but fails to draw Washington\\napart from his strong position into a\\ngeneral engagement.\\nJune* X. V. Burgoyne meete the chiefs\\nof the Six Nations in council and induces\\n400 l their warriors to join his army.\\nJune* N, Y. Burgoyne^byproclamatiOD,\\ncalls on the patriots i submit, or to be\\nravaged by his Indian allies.\\nJune 25. X. J. Cornwallis being reen-\\nforced by Howe, maneuvers for position,\\nbut dares not attack Washington at\\nBoundbrook.\\nJune 30. N. Y. After six months ma-\\nneuvering and little lighting, the Brit-\\nish abandon New Jersey, and encamp\\non Staten Island. [The national spirits\\nrevive, and the British are dismayed at\\nthe unexpected turn of affairs.]\\nJuly 4. Kg. Boonesboro attacked by\\nIndians.\\nJuly 5. N. Y. Gen. St. Clair and 3,000\\nAmericans abandon Fort Ticonder-\\noga in the night, and retreat through\\nVermont toward Fort Edward.\\nJuly 6. X. Y. Gen. Burgoyne takes\\npossession of Ticonderoga, with about\\n7,000 troops and 7,000 Indians.\\nBurgoyne captures a large quantity\\nof military stores near Whitehall.\\nJuly 7. N. Y. The Americans burn Fort\\nAnn\\nVt. Burgoyne defeats the Americans\\nunder St. Clair at Hubbardton, while\\non their retreat.\\nJuly 8. N. y. Battle of Fort Ann;\\nAmericans under Livingston defeated\\nthey retire to Fort Edward, losing 128\\ncannons, and stores.\\nCol. William Barton of Providence by\\nstratagem surprises and captures Gen.\\nPrescott while in bed at a farmhouse\\nnear Newport. [The Americans after-\\nward exchanged him for Gen. Lee.]\\nJuly 12. X. Y. Gen. St. Clair arrives\\nat Fort Edward, having in late re-\\nverses lost nearly 200 pieces of artillery\\nand large quantities of military stores.\\nJuly 19. Ky. About 200 Indians besiege\\nLogan s Fort 16 men repel them.\\nPa. Leading Quakers are arrested\\nand sent South.\\nJuly 23. Gen. Howe leaves a garrison\\nat Staten Island and takes 1S.000 men to\\nsea in transports destination unknown\\nto Americans.\\nJuly 24. N. J. Washington marches\\nSouth. [Lafayette, DeKalb, and Pu-\\nlaski soon join his army.]\\nJuly 27. X. Y. Jane McCrea is slain.\\nThe Indian allies of the British toma-\\nhawk her while she is being conveyed\\nto her lover in the camp at Fort Edward.\\n[Public horror intensities the hatred of\\nBritish oppression.]\\nJuly 30. Burgoyne arrives at Fort\\nEdward, recently deserted by the Amer-\\nicans under Gen. Schuyler (an unsuc-\\ncessful commander), who retire to\\nSaratoga.\\nN J. Washington crosses the Del-\\naware to Germantown with his army.\\nJuly 31. Lafayette, 20 years old, made\\nMajor- General in the army by Con-\\ngress (without command).", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n17 7 7,- Jan. 2 -Oct. 16. 87\\nAug. 3-23. N.Y. Barry St. Ledger, with\\na British force, attacks Fort Stanwix.\\nAug. 3. N. Y. Battle of Fort Schuy-\\nler on the Mohawk River (Fort Stanwix).\\nThe garrison of 600 Continentals, under\\nCols. Gansevoort and Willet, successfully\\nresists 1,800 Tories, Canadians, and In-\\ndians under Gen. St. Ledger and Indian\\nChief Brant.\\nPhila. Congress accepts the service\\nof Count Pulaski of Poland his fel-\\nlow countryman, Thaddeus Kosciusko,\\n21 years of age, is already serving with\\nGeneral Schuyler.\\nAug. 6. N. Y. Battle of Oriskany.\\nGen. Herkimer is defeated and mortally\\nwounded in an ambuscade while march-\\ning to the relief of Fort Schuyler with\\nthe militia of the vicinity.\\nAug. 10. N. Y. Burgoyne sends a de-\\ntachment under Col. Baum to seize the\\nprovisions and military stores at Ben-\\nnington, Vermont.\\nAug. 15. N. Y. Gen. Burgoyne leaves\\nFort Edward.\\nAug. 16. Ft. Battle of Bennington.\\nCol. John Stark, with the militia,\\ndefeats the British force under Col.\\nBaum, which loses 200 killed and 700\\nprisoners American loss, 14 killed and\\n40 wounded. [The country is fired with\\nenthusiasm.]\\nAug. 17. N. F. Gen. Schuyler is re-\\nenforced he now has 13,000 men.\\nAug. 19. Gen. Schuyler is super-\\nseded by Gen. Gates in the Northern\\nDepartment.\\nAug. 22. N. Y. Gen. Sullivan and Col.\\nOgden raid the British on Staten\\nIsland, capture 130 prisoners, a few\\nofficers, destroy stores, etc.\\nGen. Benedict Arnold marches to\\nthe relief of Fort Schuyler. St. Ledger\\nand his panic-stricken army leave in\\nhaste with tents standing.\\nAug. 24. Pkila. Washington s army\\npasses through Philadelphia for the\\nChesapeake.\\nAug. 25. Md. Gen. Howe, with 16,000\\nmen, enters the Chesapeake Bay, lands\\nat Head of Elk, and, advancing in two\\ncolumns, threatens Philadelphia.\\nSept. 1. W. Va. An attack is made on\\nFort William Henry (Wheeling).\\nSept. 8. N.Y. The Northern army, 6,000\\nstrong, under Gen. Gates, establishes\\na fortified camp at Bemis Heights,\\nnear Stillwater, in Saratoga county.\\nSept. 9. N. Y. Col. Brown, with a de-\\ntachment of men, seizes the posts at the\\noutlet of Lake George, and a fleet of\\nbateaux laden with provisions for Bur-\\ngoyne.\\nSept. 11. Pa. Battle of Brandywine.\\nWashington is severely defeated by\\nsuperior numbers under Howe, aided by\\nCornwallis and Knyphausen American\\nloss, 1,000; British loss, 584. Lafayette\\nis wounded in this, his first American\\nbattle. Alexander Hamilton is aide to\\nWashington.\\nGen. Arnold is quarrelsome, and de-\\nnied a command under Gen. Gates.\\nSept. 12. Phila. Washington reenters\\nwith the remnant of his army.\\nN. Y. Gen. Gates, with the Northern\\nArmy, encamps at the mouth of the\\nMohawk River.\\nSept. 13. N. Y. Gen. Burgoyne crosses\\nthe Hudson and encamps on the heights\\nand plains of Saratoga.\\nSept. 18. N. Y. Burgoyne advances\\nwithin two miles of Gen. Gates s camp.\\nN. Y. Americans under Col. Brown\\nseize the British posts at the outlet of\\nLake George and at Ticonderoga, taking\\n293 prisoners and releasing 100 Amer-\\nicans they cut off Burgoyne s re-\\ntreat.\\nSept. 19. Pa. The Americans cross\\nthe Schuylkill and encamp on the\\neastern hank.\\nN. Y. Battle of Stillwater (Sar-\\natoga).\\nBurgoyne attacks Gates the action is\\nindecisive the British hold the field\\nwith a loss of GOO men, and the Amer-\\nicans retire with a loss of 319. The\\nBritish are distressed for supplies, and\\nthe army is put on half-rations.\\nSept. 20. 4- N. Y. Burgoyne fortifies his\\ncamp.\\nPa. Gen. Wayne, with 1,500 Amer-\\nicans, surprised at Paoli, or Truduffin,\\nby the British loss 300.\\nSept. 23. Pa. Howe crosses the\\nSchuylkill with the entire British army.\\nSept. 24. Alight at Diamond Island.\\nSept. 25. Pa. The British encamp at\\nGerman town.\\nSept. 27. Phila. The British under Howe\\nenter the capital of the Republic,\\nthe rebel city, while the main army\\nremains at Germantown^y\\nOct. 3. New York. Gen. Clinton em-\\nbarks his troops to ascend the Hudson\\nso as to cooperate with Burgoyne.\\nOct. 4. Phila. Battle of German-\\ntown. Washington, with 1,100 men,\\nsuddenly falls on the British under\\nHowe, is successful at first, hut soon\\nretreats British loss 535 American\\nloss 152 killed and 521 wounded.\\nOct. 6. A*. Y. Sir Henry Clinton cap-\\ntures Forts Clinton and Montgomery\\non the Hudson, from Gov. George Clin-\\nton supported by the New York militia.\\nOct. 7. N.Y. Battle of Saratoga (Still-\\nwater).\\nTerrible conflict at Bemis Heights, in\\nwhich Gqn. Benedict Arnold nghts(with-\\nout authority) with great bravery, and\\nis the inspiring spirit of battle. The\\nBritish general, Fraser, is mortally\\nwounded. Burgoyne is again defeated.\\nOct. 8. N. Y. Burgoyne encamps on\\nheights one mile from his late battle-\\nfield.\\nOct. 9. N. Y. Burgoyne retreats to\\nSaratoga, where he finds the Americans\\nentrenched.\\nOct. 10. N. Y. Burgoyne s army re-\\nturns to its former camp, which it pro-\\nceeds to strengthen, and waits for Sir\\nHenry Clinton and much needed sup-\\nplies.\\nOct. 13. N. Y. Burgoyne s retreat being\\ncut off and provisions nearly exhausted,\\nhe proposes a cessation of hostilities,\\nand rejects the demand for an uncon-\\nditional surrender.\\nThe British wantonly burn the village\\nof Kingston.\\nOct. 16. N. Y. British loss in Bur-\\ngoyne s army, since July G, in killed,\\nwounded, and desertions, nearly 3,000\\nSOCIETY.\\n1777 Mar. 7. N.Jf. James Aitken, con-\\nvicted of arson, is hanged on a gallows\\n60 feet high at Portsmouth.\\nJuly 27. N. Y. Murder of Jane Me-\\nCrea at Fort Edward by Indians.\\nSTATE.\\n1777 Jan. 5. Fr. Franklin arrives in\\nParis as ambassador, seeking to negoti-\\nate a treaty.\\nFranklin s wisdom and sagacity, united\\nwith great simplicity, captivate the gay\\ncourt of Louis XVI. [The American Am-\\nbassadors are lionized after Burgoyne s\\nsurrender a treaty is made.]\\nJan. Md. Congress pays the army in\\npaper money having but little value.\\nMd. Congress advises the States to\\ncease the issue of paper money.\\nJan. 15. Vt. The people of the New\\nHampshire grants make a declaration of\\nindependence, and call their territory\\nVermont.\\nFeb. Eng. Parliament votes supplies\\nand men for the prosecution of the war.\\nMar. 4. Baltimore, Md. The Conti-\\nnental Congress adjourns.\\nPhila. The Fourth session of the\\nContinental Congress.\\nMar. 29. New York. Gen. Charles Lee,\\na prisoner and traitor, writes Mr. Lee s\\nPlan, of destroying the Congress gov-\\nernment.\\nApr. 17. Phila. Congress appoints a\\nCommittee on Foreign Affairs.\\nJune 14. Phila. Congress adopts a\\nflag 13 stripes alternate red and white\\n13 stars, white on a blue canton, which\\nreplace the crosses of St. George and\\nSt. Andrew.\\nJune 26. Ger. Arthur Lee s State papers\\nare stolen in Berlin.\\nLee suspects the British envoy, states\\nhis suspicions to the minister, and his\\npapers are secretly returned.\\nAug. 25. Pa. Sir William Howe again\\nby proclamation offers pardon to those\\nrebels who submit. (Aug. 27?)\\nSept. 18. Phila. Congress adjourns to\\nLancaster because of the approach of\\nthe British.\\nSept. 27. Pa. Fifth session of the\\nContinental Congress at Lancaster.\\nIt immediately adjourns to York.\\nSept. 30. Pa. Sixth session of the\\nContinental Congress at York. [Its\\nsession continues until the British evac-\\nuate Philadelphia.]\\nOct. Jacob Duche attempts to seduce\\nWashington from the American cause.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1777 Oct. U. S. The Continental\\nbills advance 20 per cent in value after\\nthe surrender of Burgoyne.", "height": "2824", "width": "1923", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "88 1777, Oct. 17- 1778, Nov. 3.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1777 Oct. 17. N. Y. Gen. Burgoyne\\nsurrenders his army to Gen. Gates at\\nSaratoga.\\nBurgoyne surrenders his army on con-\\ndition that it march out of camp with\\nhonors of war, and the soldiers be taken\\nfrom Boston to England. The prisoners\\nnumber 5,791, and include G members\\nof Parliament. Forty-two pieces of brass\\nartillery and immense military stores are\\ntaken. Active American force about\\n11,000. [Congress refuses to ratify the\\nterms.]\\nOct. 22. N.J. Twelve hundred Hessians\\nunder Count Donop attack Fort Mer-\\ncer, at Red Bank, 7 miles below Phila-\\ndelphia, on the Delaware River the\\ngarrison of 400 men, under Col. Chris-\\ntopher Greene of Rhode Island, makes\\na successful resistance. British loss,\\nabout 400 American, 8 killed and 29\\nwounded.\\nOct. 29. Pa. The army under Washing-\\nton numbers 12,480 men, of whom 8,963\\nare Regulars or Continentals.\\nOct. Philadelphia still occupied by the\\nBritish army.\\nAutumn. Ger. Frederick the Great\\nstops the German mercenaries from\\ncrossing his dominions on their march\\nto embark for America.\\nOct. 29. Pa. Washington retires to\\nWhite Marsh, below Philadelphia.\\nPa. Washington is reenforced by\\nabout 4,000 victorious troops from the\\nNorth.\\nNov. 6. Mass. The Convention\\ntroops (Burgoyne s from Saratoga)\\nreach the neighborhood of Boston for\\nembarkation.\\nNov. 10-16. Pa. Admiral Howe s fleet\\nand a land force attack Fort Mifflin, on\\nMud Island, in the Delaware, and a siege\\ncontinues till the Americans burn the\\nfort and retreat to Fort Mercer. Gen.\\nHowe thus gains control of the Delaware.\\nNov. 16. Pa. The British occupy Fort\\nMifflin.\\nNov. IS. A r J. Fort Mercer is aban-\\ndoned to the British.\\nNov. 25. N. J. Lafayette is at\\nGloucester.\\nPaul Jones is cruising in the Ranger.\\nDec. 1. Me. Baron Steuben arrives at\\nPortland, and tenders his services to\\nAmerica as a volunteer.\\nYork, Pa. Congress resolves that\\nGen. Washington be informed that it is\\nhighly agreeable to Congress that the\\nMarquis de Lafayette be appointed to\\nthe command of a division in the Conti-\\nnental army. [Antedated July 31.]\\nDec. 4. Lafayette is appointed to the\\ncommand of Gen. Stephen s division of\\nthe army, whose intemperate habits had\\ncaused his dismissal.\\nPa. Gen. Howe vainly attempts to\\nsurprise Washington at White Marsh,\\nnear Philadelphia, but he receives\\ntimely information by Lydia Darrah\\nHowe maneuvers four days, and then\\nretires to the city.\\nDec. 8. Phila. Howe s army goes into\\nwinter quarters.\\nDec. 11 Pa. Sufferings at Valley\\nForge.\\nWashington s army goes into dreary\\nwinter quarters on the Schuylkill River,\\n20 miles north of Philadelphia, where,\\namid his half-clad and half-led army, he\\nspends the darkest days of his life, Con-\\ngress having partly abandoned him, and\\nthe people being doubtful of his success.\\nDec. 23. Pa. Washington s army num-\\nbers 8,200, with 2,898 of them unfit for\\nduty, being barefooted, or otherwise\\nnaked and suffering.\\nDec. A conspiracy exists to remove\\nWashington from the chief command,\\nand place Gen. Gates or Gen. Lee (the\\ntraitor) at the head of the American\\nforces.\\n1778 Feb. 3. Boston. Burgoyne s army\\nis denied embarkation.\\nFeb. 7. Ky. Daniel Boone is captured\\nby French and Indians [who hold him a\\nfew days].\\nVa. Henry Lee, Light Horse\\nHarry, raises an independent body of\\nhorse.\\nMar. 4. The British ships Ariadne and\\nCeres take the American frigate Alfred,\\nhaving 20 guns.\\nMar. War between England and\\nFrance, caused by a French alliance\\nand treaty with the Americans.\\nMar. 7. The American frigate Randolph,\\nCapt. Nicholas Biddle, having 36 guns\\nand 305 men, is blown up by the British\\nship Yarmouth of 64 guns only 4 of the\\ncrew are saved.\\nMar. 18. N. th An action takes place at\\nQuintin s Bridge.\\nMar. 23 Nathaniel Greene made quar-\\ntermaster-general.\\nApr. Eng. Paul Jones makes a de-\\nscent on Whitehaven.\\nMay.* Gen. Charles Lee is exchanged\\nfor the British Gen. Prescott.\\nApr. An address in German is scattered\\namong the Hessians, inviting them to\\ndesert.\\nApr. PaulJones cruises on the Scottish\\ncoast.\\nMay 6. Pa. The French alliance is\\ncelebrated at Valley Forge.\\nMay 12. Baron Steuben enters the\\nAmerican service, Congress having ap-\\npointed him inspector-general, with\\nthe rank of major-general [he improves\\ndiscipline].\\nMay 20. Pa. Gen. Grant, with 5,000\\nBritish, surprises Lafayette at Barren\\nHill, near Valley Forge, who falls back\\nin good order to the main army.\\nMay 24. Phila. Gen. Howe embarks\\nfor England.\\nSir Henry Clinton assumes com-\\nmand of the British army, Gen. Howe\\nbeing recalled at his own request.\\nJune IS. Phila. France having become\\nan ally, the British evacuate Phila-\\ndelphia on the approach of the French\\nfleet, to concentrate their force in New\\nYork. They retreat across New Jersey.\\n[Washington is soon in pursuit.]\\nJune 19. I tula. Maj.-Gen. Benedict\\nArnold appointed to command this city.\\nJune 28. X. Battle of Monmouth.\\nGen. Washington turns the retreat un-\\nder Gen. Charles Lee into a victory; severe\\nlighting continue till night, when tbe\\nBritish retire and abandon New Jersey,\\nLosses, American, G7 killed. 170 wounded;\\nthe British leave nearly 300 dead on the\\nfield. [On march, 2,000 Hes lans desert.\\nJune29. Molly Pitcher l sergeant.]\\nJuly 4. Gen. Charles Lee is brought to\\ntrial for insubordination. [Guilty.]\\nJuly 4, 5. Pa. Terrible massacre in\\nthe Wyoming Valley during the ab-\\nsence of many of the men in the army.\\nTories, Canadians, and Indians, under\\nMaj. John Butler, a Tory of Niagara, are\\nresponsible for the slaughter of about\\n300 aged people, women, and children\\nBrant, a Mohawk chief, assists Butler.\\nJuly 8. A French fleet of 18 vessels,\\nwith about 4,000 men under Count\\nD Estaing, arrives at the mouth of the\\nDelaware. He proposes to surprise the\\nsmaller British fleet, but finds it has\\nsailed northward he seeks it in New\\nYork Bay, but the bar prevents his deep\\nfrigates entering.\\nWashington advises Count D Estaing\\nto sail for Newport, and aid the Amer-\\nicans in an attempt on Rhode Island.\\n-81 O. George Kogers Clark, a\\nKentuckian, under authority of the\\nState of Virginia, leads a band of fron-\\ntiersmen to the capture of the British\\nposts north of the Ohio River covering\\nthe country as far as Detroit.\\nJuly 29. R. I. The French fleet ar-\\nrives at Newport.\\nJuly N. Y. Washington conducts his\\narmy to White Plains to cooperate\\nwith the expected French fleet against\\nNew York.\\nR.I. Lafayette is employed in\\nRhode Island.\\nThe British army, 33,000 strong at its\\nmaximum, now holds possession of but\\ntwo cities, New York and Newport, R. I.\\nAdmiral Byron succeeds Admiral\\nLord (Richard) Howe in command of\\nthe British fleet in America.\\nN. Y. Indian Chief Brant raids the\\nMohawk Yalley, and burns houses in the\\nCobbleskill Yalley at Springfield.\\nAug.* X.Y. Brant burns German Flats.\\nAug. 5. R. I. D Estaing enters the Nar-\\nragansett Bay.\\nAug. 12. R. I. The French and Brit-\\nish fleets maneuver to give battle, when\\na terrible storm separates them.\\nAug. 15. Sullivan advances on Rhod^\\nIsland (but the French fleet leaving him\\nwithout support, his expedition returns].\\nAug. 8. Ky. Daniel Boone successfully\\ndefends his fort against the Indians.\\nAug. 23. R. I. The French fleet s;uls\\nfor Boston to refit, by strict orders.\\nAug. 29. R. I. Americans under Sulli-\\nvan are victorious at Quaker Hill, but\\nsoon retire.\\nLafayette rides from Rhode Island\\nto Boston, 70 miles, in 6\u00c2\u00a3 hours, to beg\\nCount D Kstaing to return and assist in\\nan attack upon the British.\\nThe British decide to make a demon-\\nstration upon the Southern States, and\\ninvade Georgia from the north and the\\nsouth.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1777, Oct. 17-1778, Nov. 3. 89\\nThe war degenerates into maraud-\\ning expeditions against helpless\\nvillages.\\nSept. Mass. The towns of New Bed-\\nford and Fair Haven are wantonly\\nburned with 70 vessels in their ports.\\nS. C. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln ap-\\npointed to the command of the Southern\\n(American) army at Charleston.\\nOct. N. J. The American vessels at\\nLittle Egg Harbor are burned by a\\nband of incendiaries led by Ferguson.\\nPa. An expedition punishes the sav-\\nages for the massacres committed in the\\nWyoming Valley.\\nNov. 1. New Yor/c. Departure of 5,000\\nBritish troops for the West Indies.\\nBoston. D Estaing sails for the\\nWest Indies.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1777 li.l. Cold-cut nails are manu-\\nfactured at Cumberland.\\nAid. The first theater is opened at\\nBaltimore.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1777*\\nAuchmuty, Samuel, clergyman, A55.\\nBartram, .John, botanist, A7(i.\\nBeasley, Frederick, clergyman, born.\\nChandler, Abiel, philanthropist, born.\\nChauncy, Charles, lawyer, born.\\nClay, Henry, orator, born.\\nDow, Lorenzo, eccentric Jletli. preacher, b.\\nFraser, Simon, Brit, gen., dies.\\nGaines. Edward Pendleton, general, horn.\\nGrundy, Felix, jurist, senator for Va., born.\\nHerkimer, Nicholas, general, dies.\\nJackson, James, physician, born.\\nMalbone, Edward (J., painter, born.\\nNiles, Hezekiah, journalist, born.\\nPickering, John, philologist, born,\\nTaney, Roger Brooke, jurist, born.\\nTennent, William, clergyman, A72.\\nTrimble, Robert, justice, born in Ky.\\nWooster, David, general, A67.\\nCHURCH.\\n1778 Spring. Del. Francis Asbury is\\ncompelled to desist from preaching [for\\nabout two years], because of his English\\nconnections.\\nLETTERS.\\n1777 -95 Conn. Rev. Ezra Stiles\\nis President of Yale College.\\nNew York. The New York Gazetteer,\\netc., changed to Rivington s New York\\nRoyal Gazette.\\nThe Pretty Story by Francis Hopkin-\\nson, concluded.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1777 Gen. Stephen, one of Wash-\\nington s division commanders, is dis-\\nmissed because of intemperance.\\nPhila. The following resolution pass-\\nes the Continental Congress\\nResolved, That it be recommended\\nto the several legislatures in the United\\nStates immediately to pass laws the\\nmost effectual for putting an immediate\\nstop to the pernicious practise of distil-\\nling grain, by which the most extensive\\nevils are likely to be derived, if not\\nquickly prevented.\\n1778 Jan. 19. N. J. Francis Furgler,\\na recluse, dies after living 25 years\\nwithout fire in an oven-like cell, near\\nBurlington.\\nMay Eng. Nearly $20,000 raised for\\nthe benefit of American prisoners,\\n(about 924) in England.\\nMay 31. New York. After two and a\\nhalf years of captivity, Col. Ethan Al-\\nlen arrives in the army he is received\\nwith a military salute.\\nJune 28. Gen. Charles Lee and Col. John\\nLaurens fight a duel, occasioned by\\nLee s disrespect to Washington; Lee is\\nshot in the side.\\nJune 29. Having been passionately re-\\nproved at the battle of Monmouth,\\nGen. Lee demands an apology from\\nWashington, shows insubordination\\n[and is suspended from the service for a\\nyear].\\nJuly 4. Gen. CadwalladerandHaj.-Gen.\\nThomas Conway fight a duel.\\nSTATE.\\n1777 Oct. 29. Alass. John Hancock,\\nthe President of Congress, resigns. [Nov.\\n1. Henry Laurens (S. C.) his successor.]\\nNov. 15. York, Pa. Congress adopts the\\nArticles of Confederation and Per-\\npetual Union prepared by its committee\\n(Dickinson s plan) the confederacy is\\nto be called the United States of Amer-\\nica. [Nov. 17. Sent to the separate\\nStates for ratification.]\\nFr. Lee and Deane quarrel in Paris.\\nNov. 21. York, Pa. Congress recalls\\nSilas Deane from London, and appoints\\nJohn Adams his successor.\\nParis. The United States commission-\\ners issue instructions to privateers.\\nNov. Pa. Congress creates a Board of\\nWar.\\nYork, Pa. Congress becomes more\\nand more the mere agent of the States\\nin issuing paper and borrowing money\\nits national character grows less, while\\nthe State jealousies and ambitions in-\\ncrease.\\nGovernors inaugurated:\\n-85 Mich. Frederick Haldimand.\\n-79 N. C. Kichard Caswell.\\n-95 N. Y. George Clinton.\\nPa. Thomas Wharton, Jr., President\\nof the Supreme Executive Council.\\n1778 Jan. York, Pa. The Con-\\nway Cabal is exposed.\\nIt includes some members of Congress.\\nA few officers, led by an Irish adven-\\nturer, endeavor to undermine the popu-\\nlarity of Washington and advance\\nGeneral Gates. [The cabal cowers be-\\nfore the storm of indignation which\\narises.]\\nJan. The military success of the past\\nyear facilitates the efforts of the colon-\\nists in securing foreign aid and influence.\\nJan. 30. Feb. 6. France acknowl-\\nedges the independence of the United\\nStates, and enters into treaty rela-\\ntions; [America rejoices; England is\\nenraged.] France agrees to send 16 ves-\\nsels and 4,000 men to America.\\nQuestions relating to the Western ter-\\nritory delay the adoption of Articles.\\nFeb.* Eng. Parliament renounces the\\nright of taxing the American colonies,\\nexcept for the regulation of trade, and\\nappoints commissioners to negotiate for\\ntheir submission.\\nArticles of Confederation signed\\n[Feb. 5. S. C. Feb. 6, N. Y. Feb. 9,\\nR. I. Feb. 12, Conn. Feb. 26, Ga. Mar.\\n4. N. H. Mar. 5, Pa. Mar. 10, Mass.\\nApr. 5, N. C. Nov. 19, N. J.: Dec. 15,\\nVa.; 1779, Feb. 1, Del.; 1781, Jan. 30, Md.]\\nFeb. 12. Fr. John Adams is sent to\\nFrance in Silas Deane s place [where he\\nremains only a short time].\\nFeb. 17. Eng. Lord North s concilia-\\ntory bills are presented in Parliament.\\nMar. 9. N. Y. A Great Council is held\\nat Johnstown, between the Six Nations\\nIndians and the New York company.\\nMar. 11. Eng. Parliament, alarmed at\\nthe loss of an army at Saratoga, and at\\nthe French alliance, repeals the ob-\\nnoxious bills, to placate Americans.\\nMar. 13. Eng. The treaty of France\\nwith the United States is officially an-\\nnounced.\\nVermont is constituted a State.\\nApr. 7. Eng. Chatham s last appear-\\nance in Parliament. [Apr. 11. Dies.]\\nApr. 30. America receives information\\nof Lord North s .conciliatory bills, of-\\nfered in Parliament Feb. 17th.\\nMay 5. Eng. Sensation produced by\\nthe treaty of France with the United\\nStates.\\nMay Eng. Gen. Burgoyne defends\\nhimself in Parliament.\\nMay York f Pa. Congress ratifies the\\ntreaty with France. George III. is wil-\\nling to treat with the Americans.\\nJune 4. York, Pa. Commissioners of\\nParliament arrive with proposals for\\nreconciliation, which are submitted to\\nCongress.\\n[Congress demands independence the\\nBritish Commissioners resort to bribery\\nand intrigue, and Congress declines to\\nhave any further conference with them.]\\nJune 17. York, Pa. Congress rejects\\nthe proposals of the commissioners ap-\\npointed by Parliament, until independ-\\nence is acknowledged.\\nJune 18. Phila. Three thousand Tories\\nleave with the British troops.\\nJune New York passes a banish-\\nment act against the Tories.\\nJune 27. York, Pa, Congress ad-\\njourns to Philadelphia.\\nJuly 2. Phila. The 7th session of the\\nContinental Congress opens.\\nJuly 9. The delegates of eight states\\nsign the Articles of Confederation.\\n[Later in the month Georgia and North\\nCarolina sign them.]\\nJuly 26. Convention of the United\\nStates and France concerning the\\nDroit d Aubaine.\\nAug. 6. Phila. Monsieur Gerard, am-\\nbassador from France, is introduced to\\nCongress the first from any nation.\\nSept. Massachusetts passes an act\\nagainst the Tories.\\nSept. 14. Franklin is sent to France as\\nminister plenipotentiary.\\nOct. The Illinois Country is\\nmade a county of Virginia.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "90 1778, Nov. 11-1780, Apr. 18.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1778 Nov. 11, 12. X. Y. Massacre\\nin Cherry Valley, Otsego County, by\\nTories and Indians with terrible cruelty,\\nevery house in the village being burned,\\nmany persons are murdered, and 40 are\\ndragged into captivity.\\nNov. 21 New York. Departure of\\n3,000 British troops by transports for\\nGeorgia.\\nNov. 27. N. J. Washington goes into\\nwinter quarters at Middlebrook.\\nDec. 17. Jnd. Gen. Hamilton recaptures\\nVincennes from the Americans.\\nDec. 23. Ga. The British troops attack\\nSavannah.\\nDec. 29. The British capture Savan-\\nnah.\\nGen. Robert Howe in command of 850\\nmen is driven out of the city by Col.\\nCampbell commanding 2,000 invading\\nBritish. [This is claimed to be the only\\nreal conquest of the British during this\\nentire year; the thinly populated State\\nis easily subjugated.]\\nPa. Col. David Rogers takes stores\\nfrom New Orleans up the river to Fort\\nPitt.\\nSeveral vessels of considerable force\\nare purchased or built and added to the\\nnavy, including the celebrated Alliance,\\na frigate of 32 guns.\\n1779 Jan. 1. Boston. Burgoyne s\\n(Saratoga) army is removed to\\nVirginia.\\nJan. 7. Mass. France being at war with\\nEngland, Lafayette sails from Boston\\nin the Alliance to aid his native land,\\ncarrying honorable scars, and a sword\\ngiven by Congress. [Feb. 11. Arrives.]\\nJan. 9. Ga. Fort Sunbury on St. Cath-\\nerine s Sound, below Savannah, is cap-\\ntured by Gen. Prevost with British\\ntroops from Florida.\\nJan. 29. Ga. Two thousand British\\nunder Col. Campbell take Augusta.\\nFeb. 3. First organized mutiny in the\\nAmerican service occurs on board the\\nUnited States frigate Alliance, bound\\nto France with Lafayette on hoard.\\nS. C. Gen. Moultrie defeats 200 Brit-\\nish at Port Royal, and drives them off\\nthe Island.\\nFeb. 14. Ga. Col. Pickens, with a\\nforce of Carolina militia, annihilates a\\nforce of Tories west of Broad River,\\nkilling Col. Boyd, their commander, and\\n70 men, hanging five of the ringleaders\\nfor treason this secures western Georgia\\nto the patriots.\\nFeb. Charges are made against Gen.\\nArnold. (See Dec. 1779.)\\nFeb, 25. Jnd. Col. G. R. Clark cap-\\ntures Gov. Hamilton, and reoccupies\\nVincennes.\\nKy. St. Vincent, with stores, taken\\nby Americans under Col. Clark; 79 Brit-\\nish captured.\\nS. C. Capt. Anderson defeats the\\nTories in Carolina.\\nMar. Conn. Gov. Tryon of New York,\\nwith 1,500 regulars and Tories, goes to\\nHorse Neck to destroy the salt-works.\\nIsrael Putnam and the militia resist,\\nbut are flanked and defeated Gen.\\nPutnam makes his famous ride down\\nthe steep declivity.\\nGov. Tryon burns the village of West\\nGreenwich.\\nMar 3. Ga. Gen. Ashe, with about CO\\nContinental troops and 1,500 militia, is\\nsurrounded and utterly defeated by a\\nBritish force at Brier Creek below\\nAugusta; he loses 150 killed and 160\\nprisoners. Georgia is now entirely\\nsubjugated.\\nMar. 19. Phila. Gen. Arnold resigns\\nhis command.\\nApr. 5. Mass. Refugees plunder Nan-\\ntucket and carry off with them two\\nloaded brigs and several other vessels.\\nApr. 18 -24. X. Y. Gen. Van Shaick\\ndestroys the Onondaga towns, killing\\n12 Indians and capturing thirty-four.\\nApr. 23. S. C. Gen. Lincoln, with 5,000\\nmen, attempts to enter Georgia via\\nAugusta.\\nApr. 1 enn. An expedition is sent\\nagainst the Tennessee Indians.\\nArnold opens treasonable corre-\\nspondence with Clinton, commander-\\nin-chief of the British forces.\\nSpring. British incursions are made in\\nthe Chesapeake.\\nMay 8 -June 16. Spain declares war\\nagainst Great Britain.\\nMay 12. S. C. Gen. Prevost demands\\nthe surrender of Charleston; being re-\\nfused by Gen. Moultrie [he soon retires\\nat the approach of Gen. Lincoln].\\nMay 14+. Va. Portsmouth and Nor-\\nfolk are taken by 2,500 British under\\nGen. Matthews stores, houses, and ves-\\nsels are burned with many small towns\\nin the vicinity.\\nMay Va. The British burn the navy-\\nyard at Gosport, destroying 130 mer-\\nchant ships and several war-vessels on\\nthe stocks.\\nMay 31. X. Y. Stony Point is aban-\\ndoned at the approach of the British\\nunder Gen. Clinton.\\nJune 1. N. Y. Stony Point is used to\\nsubdue Verplanck s Point on the oppo-\\nsite side both forts are soon strongly\\nfortified and garrisoned by the British.\\nNaval war between England and\\nFrance.\\nJune 20. S. C. Americans are repulsed\\nin an attack on the British at Stono\\nFerry.\\nMe. The British occupy Castine.\\nJuly 5. Conn. Gov. Tryon of New York,\\nwith 2,G00 Hessians and Tories, sails for\\nNew Haven, and takes the town.\\nJuly 7. Conn. Fairfield is plundered\\nand burnt by 2,500 British under Gov.\\nTryon.\\nJuly 11. Conn. The British under Tryon\\nplunder and burn Norwalk.\\nJuly 15. 8 p.m. X. Y. Stony Point\\nretaken.\\nGen. Wayne, having raised a force of\\nlight infantry, suddenly assaults Stony\\nPoint on the Hudson, and with a loss of\\n1. killed and S:J wounded, he captures\\nthe garrison (515; and its vast stores he\\ndestroys the fort; G3 of the British are\\nkilled in the attack. [Congress votes\\nGen. Wayne a gold medal.]\\nJuly 19. X. Y, AmericfUB fortify\\nWest Point.\\ni Boston. The New England fleet de-\\nstroyed.\\nAn expedition of 24 transports and 20\\narmed transports and privateers leaves\\nto subdue the British at Penobscot,\\nMaine.\\nX. Y. Indians under Brant attack\\nMinnisink settlements.\\nJuly 25. Me. After a useless delay at\\nPenobscot [the vessels of the New Eng-\\nland fleet are all taken or destroyed by\\nthe British the men escape].\\nJuly 31. X. Y. Sullivan begins bis\\nmarch through the Indian country.\\nAug. 19. X.J. Light Horse Harry\\n(Lee), with a company of militia, sur-\\nprises the garrison at Paulus Hook\\n(Jersey City), takes 150 prisoners, with\\nthe loss of only two men. [Congress\\nvotes him a gold medal.]\\nAug. 22 X. Y. Military expedition,\\nunder Col. Brodhead, into the Indian\\ncountry about 50,000 bushels of corn\\nburned in 8 Indians towns.\\nAug. 29 X.Y.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Pa. The expedition\\nunder Gens. Sullivan and James Clinton\\ndefeats the Tories and Indians at Tioga,\\nand the whole country, including 40 In-\\ndian villages, is wasted by the patriots\\nin retaliatory massacres.\\nSept. 3. Ga. The French fleet under\\nD Estaing arrives on the Savannah\\nRiver. He captures a British fleet.\\nSept. 10. X. Y. The Indian village of\\nCanandaigua burnt.\\nSept. 15. X. Y. Sullivan begins his re-\\nturn march from the Indian country.\\nSept. Ga. Gen. Lincoln marches on\\nAugusta, but retires before determined\\nresistance.\\nSept. 23. Naval battle with the Ser-\\napis.\\nPaul Jones with the Bon horn me Rich-\\nard has a battle off the coast of Scotland\\nwith the British frigate Serapis, carry-\\ning 44 guns the battle lasts one and a\\nhalf hours. The vessels are lashed to-\\ngether, and at last the Serapis surren-\\nders, and the Bonhnmme Richard sinks;\\nthe companion of the Serapis is also\\ntaken out of 375 Americans, 300 were\\neither killed or wounded.\\nGa. The siege of Gen. Prevost s\\narmy begins at Savannah.\\nSept. -Oct. 5. C. Prevost makes\\nan unsuccessful attempt to capture\\nCharleston.\\nSept. 27 t. Ga. The French fleet and a\\npart of the southern army besiege\\nSavannah.\\nSept. The Spaniards capture British\\nposts on the Lower Mississippi.\\nOct. 4. Hoi. Paul Jones enters Texel,\\nNorth Holland, in the Serapis.\\nOct. 11-25. X. I. Sir H. Clinton with-\\ndraws the British forces from Rhode\\nIsland, in anticipation of the arrival of\\na French fleet, leaving his heavy guns\\nand large military stores behind him.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1778, Nov. 11-1780, Apr. 18. 91\\nOct. 9. Ga. The Americans and French\\ntogether attempt the reduction of Sa-\\nvannah; their assault is repulsed by\\nthe British, and Count Pulaski is mor-\\ntally wounded.\\n[The fleet now sails for the West In-\\ndies great excitement through the coun-\\ntry because of the inefficient cooperation\\nof the French fleet.]\\nOct. 25. N. J. Washington goes into\\nwinter quarters near Morristown.\\nDec* Phila. Benedict Arnold istried\\nby court martial on various charges,\\nchiefly for tyranny and mercenary cor-\\nruption. (See Jan. 26, 1730.)\\nGreat discouragement prevails in\\nthe colonies, the French alliance hav-\\ning brought little help to America; the\\ncredit of Congress is almost worthless,\\nthe treasury bankrupt, and the army\\nchiefly fed with unkept promises, while\\nfreedom is yet out of sight.\\nDec. 26. New York. Gen. Clinton, with\\n8,500 men, sails for Savannah, leaving\\na powerful garrison under Knyphauseu.\\nFort Mcintosh is built.\\nThe British winter in New York.\\n1780 The British are successful in\\nthe South.\\nJan. 10. Gen. Charles Lee is dismissed\\nfrom the army for insolence.\\nJan. 26. Phila. The court martial ac-\\nquits Benedict Arnold of criminal\\nintent, but condemns him to be repri-\\nmanded by Washington.\\nFeb. 2. N. C. A skirmish occurs at\\nCowan s Ford.\\nFeb. 11. S. C. The British, under Sir\\nHenry Clinton land on St. John s Island,\\nabout 30 miles from Charleston, and\\nbegin their attack.\\nMilitary operations are nearly sus-\\npended at the North during this year,\\nowing largely to the destitution of Wash-\\nington s army.\\nMar. The British propose to subjugate\\nthe entire South, beginning atCharleston.\\nMar. 14. Ala. Spaniards take Mo-\\nbile. Capt. Darnford, with the British\\ngarrison of 284 regulars and 51 armed\\nIndians, capitulates to Don Bernardo de\\nGalvez.\\nApr. Lafayette returns to America,\\nand brings good news arms, clothing,\\nand an army are on the way from France.\\nApr. 9. S. C. Charleston is invaded by\\nBritish land and naval forces under Sir\\nHenry Clinton.\\nApr. 12-20. S. C. The British fire on\\nthe batteries at Charleston.\\nApr. 14. S. C. Tarleton surprises and\\ndefeats the American cavalry at Monk s\\nCorner, capturing a large quantity of\\narms, clothing, and ammunition.\\nApr. 18. S. C. Lord Cornwallis arrives\\nat Charleston with 3,000 fresh troops.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1779* New York. Stereotyping is in-\\ntroduced by Mr. Colden. See p. 121.\\n17SO Jan. 29. Phila. This is the\\ncoldest day in 25 years.\\nFeb. 22. Phila. Ice is 17 inches\\nthick an ox is roasted on the river.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nllanos. Nulhan, clergyman, born.\\nKid. lie, Nicholas, naval commander, A28.\\nBuel, Jesse, journalist, born.\\nGaston. William, jurist, born.\\nGruber, .Jacob, clergyman, born.\\nHammond, Jabez 1 judge, born.\\nKingsley. .James Luce, scholar, born.\\nLadcl, William, peace advocate, born.\\nLivingston, Philip, signer of Decl n, A 62,\\nPeale, Rembrandt, painter, born.\\nIlitchie, Thomas, journalist, born.\\nStewart, Charles, rear-admiral, born.\\nTallmadge, James, jurist and statesman, b.\\nWarren, John Collins, anatomist, born.\\n1779*\\nAllston. Washington, painter, born.\\nBaldwin, Ilenrv, justice, born in Pa.\\nBernard, sir Pram-is, (iov. of N. H., A65.\\nBowen, Nathaniel, bishop, born.\\nBrownell, Thomas Church, college pres., b.\\nBrute, Simon W. C, bishop, born.\\nDecatur, Stephen, Jr., commodore, born.\\nDrayton. William Henry, patriot, A37-\\nFarrar, John, mathematician, born.\\nHartsborne, Joseph, physician, born.\\nHumphrey, lleman, Pres. of Amherst, born.\\nJasper, William, brave soldier, A29.\\nJay, William, philanthropist, born.\\nLynch, Thomas, Jr., signer of Decl n, A 30.\\nMoore, Clement Clarke, poet, born.\\nParrisli, Josepli, physician, born.\\nPaulding, James Kirke, novelist, born.\\nPike. Zebulon Montgomery, general, b.\\nPoindexter, Ceorge, statesman, born.\\nPoinsett, Joel Roberts, statesman, born.\\nRoss, (ieorge, statesman, A49.\\nSergeant, John, jurist, born.\\nSiliiman. Benjamin, physicist, born.\\nStory. Joseph, justice, born in Mass.\\nTudor, William, author, born.\\nWatson, John Panning, author, born.\\nWheelock, Eleazer, pres. of Dartmouth, A68.\\nCHURCH.\\n1778 Massachusetts relaxes her\\nseverity against the Baptists.\\n1779 May 18. Fa. On the question of\\nordinance, more than one-half of the\\nMethodist preachers secede tempo-\\nrarily, and hold a separate conference\\nat Fluvanna.\\nLETTERS.\\n1778 Yankee Doodle sung by the\\ntroops.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1779 Ft. Drunkenness is liable to\\na penalty of $2, if noticeable in speech,\\ngesture, or behavior.\\nApr. Md. The Methodist Conference\\nat Baltimore proposes to disown all\\npersons who should engage in the prac-\\ntise of distilling grain into liquor.\\nSTATE.\\n1778 Nov. New Jersey signs the Ar-\\nticles of Confederation.\\nEng. Complications with France, and\\napproaching hostility of Spain and Hol-\\nland, with paucity of military results,\\nalarm the British government.\\nDec. 10. Phila. John Jay, of New\\nYork, is elected president of Congress.\\nDec. 15. Maryland refuses to vote for\\nthe Confederation until the rights for\\nthe lands in the Northwest are settled.\\nDec. Holland. C. W. F. Dumas he-\\ncomes agent for the United States.\\nGovernors inaugurated\\nPa. Joseph Reed, President of the\\nSupreme Executive Council.\\n-86 R.I. Wni. Greene, Jr.\\n-89 Ft. Thomas Chittenden.\\n1779 Jan. 2. Phila. Congress calls for\\na contribution from the States of six\\nmillions annually for 18 years, to form a\\nsinking fund.\\nFeb. -Mar. Phila. Congress for-\\nmulates its conditions of peace with\\nGreat Britain.\\nMar. 3. Ga. By the utter defeat of the\\nAmericans at Brier Creek, the royal\\ngovernment is soon reestablished.\\nMar. -July Phila. A struggle in\\nCongress over the fishing demands of\\nFrance. Common rights maintained.\\nApr. Spain by a secret treaty makes\\ncommon cause with France against\\nGreat Britain.\\nApr.* Massachusetts passes a Conspir-\\nacy Act against the Tories.\\nJune Eng. Joseph Galloway is ex-\\namined before Parliament.\\nAug. 17. La. Independence of the\\nUnited States declared at New Orleans\\nwith beating of drums, etc.\\nSept. 27. John Adams is appointed\\ncommissioner to negotiate a treaty with\\nGreat Britain.\\nSept. 28. John Jay is chosen commis^\\nsioner to Spain.\\nSept. Phila. Luzerne arrives as min-\\nister from France.\\nPa. Extension westward of Mason\\nand Dixon s line.\\nEng. Controversy in Parliament over\\nthe generalship of Sir William Howe\\nand of General Burgoyne. [It continues\\nmore than two years.]\\nFa. The seat of government is re-\\nmoved from Williamsburg to Rich-\\nmond.\\nGovernors inaugurated\\nN. C. Abner Nast.\\n-81 Fa. Thomas Jefferson.\\n1780 Feb. 19. New York cedes her\\nright in Western lands to the United\\nStates. [1781. Mar. Congress accepts.]\\nFeb. 28-Mar. 10. Russia issues a dec-\\nlaration of armed neutrality.\\nMar. 1. Bank of Philadelphia chartered.\\nSpring. Ky. Louisville settled by\\nabout 600 people.\\nMar. 18. Phila. Congress resolves to\\ncall in by taxes all the Continental\\nmoney and burn it, and to issue\\n$10,000,000 new money, redeemable\\nin specie within six years.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1778 The British and Tories flood\\nthe country with counterfeit money.\\nBusiness is paralyzed for want of\\ncurrency, and the distress is extreme\\nand widespread.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "92 1780, Apr. 24.-1781, Mar. 2. AMERICA\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1780 May 6. S.C. Fort Moultrie sur-\\nrenders to tlio British.\\nMay 9. S, C. The British begin to can-\\nnonade Charleston.\\nMay 11. X. J. Lafayette rejoins Wash-\\nington, after an absence of 15 months,\\nand announces the approach of French\\nsuccor.\\nMay 12. S. C. Charleston is taken.\\nGen. Lincoln with an army of 3,000\\nmen capitulates to Sir Henry Clinton\\nwith 5,000 British soldiers, and Charles-\\nton is surrendered after a siege in which\\nthe fortifications were beaten down by\\n200 cannons 6,000 Americans become\\nprisoners of war.\\nMay S. C. Clinton sends off three ex-\\npeditions one to intercept approaching\\nreenforcements under Col. Buford, one\\ntoward Augusta, and the third toward\\nCamden.\\nMay 21. X. Y. Johnstown is burned by\\nTories.\\nMay S. C. The British take Ninety-\\nSix, an American post 150 miles north-\\nwest of Charleston.\\nMay 25. X. J. Two regiments of Wash-\\nington s troops mutiny they are soon\\npersuaded to return to duty.\\nMay 26. Mo. The Spaniards at St.\\nLouis are attacked by the English.\\nMay 29. S. C. Col. Buford with 400\\nAmericans is pursued by Col. Tarleton\\nand massacred at Waxhaw Creek,\\nwhile negotiations for surrender are\\npending.\\nMay Failure of the English plans to\\ncapture posts on the Mississippi.\\nJune 5. X. J. Knyphausen leads an\\nexpedition into New Jersey, visiting\\nElizabethtown and burning Connecti-\\ncut Farms. He is harassed by the mili-\\ntia and makes an inglorious retreat.\\nS. C. The Americans being subdued,\\nGen. Clinton, with a large part of his\\ntroops, embarks for the North.\\nJune 13. Phi/a. Gen. Gates, the most\\npopular American general, is ordered\\nby Congress to take command of the\\narmy in the South.\\nJune Fort Jefferson, on the Mississippi\\nbelow the Ohio, is built.\\nJune 23. X.J. Gen. Greene defeats the\\nBritish at Springfield.\\nJuly 10. R. I. A French fleet arrives\\nat Newport, bringing the Count de\\nRochambeau and 6,000 soldiers to aid\\nthe Americans. [They soon join Wash-\\nington in New Jersey. The British\\nfleet blockades the French vessels at\\nNewport.] (Winsor, July 12.)\\nJuly 21. Va. Gen. Wayne has a skirmish\\nat Bull s Ferry.\\nJuly 25. Gen. Horatio Gates takes\\ncommand of the Southern army.\\nJuly 30. S. C. Col. Sumter attempts\\nto surprise a British post at Eocky\\nMount, but a Tory apprises the com-\\nmander and Sumter is repulsed.\\nAug. 1. X. I Indians burn the village\\nof Canajoharie.\\nAug. 3. X. 1 Maj.-gen. Benedict\\nArnold, by his own request, takes\\ncommand of the fortress at West Point,\\non the Hudson it contains the most\\nvaluable collection of military stores in\\nAmerica.\\nAug. 6. S. C. Col. Sumter attacks a\\nlarge detachment of British regulars\\nand Tories at Hanging Rock, and then\\nretires. Here Andrew Jackson, nut\\n14 years of age, begins his career as a\\nsoldier.\\nAug. 15. S. C. By coincidence, Gen.\\nGates and Lord Cornwallis set out in\\nthe night to surprise each other, at\\nSanders* Creek.\\nAug. 16. S. C. Nearly 3,000 Americans\\ndefeated in the battle of Sanders 1\\nCreek near Camden. Gates loses all\\nhis artillery, ammunition, wagons, and\\nmuch of the baggage. Here Baron De\\nKalb is mortally wounded, and 1,000 men\\nare killed or taken prisoners. [It is one\\nof the worst defeats suffered by any\\nAmerican army.] British loss 325.\\nAug. 18. S. C. Col. Sumter s force is\\ndispersed by Col. Tarleton at Fishing-\\nCreek Gen. Marion retreats toward\\nNorth Carolina.\\nAutumn and Winter. S. C. Ga. An\\naudacious partizan warfare is success-\\nfully conducted in the South by the\\nfamous Col. Thomas Sumter and Col.\\nFrancis Marion, great leaders of the\\nmilitia.\\nSept. 8. X. C. The British at the South\\nadvancing northward enter North Caro-\\nlina.\\nSept. 21. X. Y. Maj. Andre lands in\\nthe night from the British sloop-of-war\\nVulture, and proceeds to meet Arnold.\\nTreason of Maj. -Gen. Arnold.\\nAbout midnight, Benedict Arnold\\nmeets Maj. John Andre, two miles he-\\nlow Haverstraw, on the Hudson, to per-\\nfect the scheme of treason. Arnold\\nbargains to betray his country for\\n:?50,()ou ;ll id ;i commission as brigadier\\nin the British army he surrenders to\\nthe British descriptive papers of the\\nfortress and directions for approach.\\nSept. 23. X. Y. Maj. Andr\u00c2\u00a7, the\\nBritish spy, is arrested near Tarrytown\\nby John Paulding, David Williams, and\\nIsaac Wirt, who refuse his bribes.\\nSept. 26. X. Y. Benedict Arnold flees\\nto the British sloop-of-war Vulture, and\\nis taken to New York.\\nSept. Conn. Washington and Rocham-\\nbeau confer at Hartford.\\nSept. 26. C. The British on their\\nnorthward march enter Charlotte the\\nAmericans falling back without a battle.\\nSept. 29. X. Y. A court martial at\\nTappan, consisting of six major-generals\\nand eight brigadiers, finds Maj. Andre\\nguilty and condemns him to death.\\nOct. 2. X. Y. Maj. Andre is hanged\\nas a spy at Tappan.\\nOct. 7. X. C. Battle of King s Moun-\\ntain.\\nCol. Ferguson with 1,100 regulars and\\nTories is defeated on the top of King s\\nMountain by 1,000 militia men under\\nCol. Campbell. Ferguson and 300 men\\nare killed, SOO are taken prisoners, and\\n10 Tories are hanged. [Druopiug pa-\\ntriotism begins to revive.]\\nOct. 14. Gen. Nathaniel Greene, next\\nto Washington the ablest of the Ameri-\\ncan officers, supersedes Gen. Gates in\\nthe South.\\nOct. 16. Ft. Koyalton \\\\s attacked by\\n300 Indians many houses are burned.\\nOct. X. Y. The Americans raid Staten\\nIsland.\\nNov. 18. X. C. An action occurs at Fish\\nDam Ford.\\nNov. 20. X. C. Col. Sumter defeats CoL\\nTarleton at BlackstockB.\\nDec. 2. Gen. Nathaniel Greene assumes\\ncommand of the Southern army.\\nX. C. Col. Jolin Sevier conducts an\\nexpedition against the Indians west of\\nNorth Carolina.\\nDec. N. Y. Indians make attacks\\nalong the Mohawk Biver and through S\\nthe Champlain country.\\nX. J. Washington enters winter\\nquarters at Totowa and Preakness.\\n17S1 Jan. 1. X. J. Kevolt in the\\narmy.\\nWashington s army is in a desperate\\ncondition\u00e2\u0080\u0094 no food, ho pav, no clothing.\\nThe whole Pennsylvania line, 1,300\\nstrong, mutiny, and leaving their camp\\nat Morristown, they start tor Philadei-\\nghia to lay their complaints before\\nongress.\\nJan 3 Va. Benedict Arnold is ap-\\npointed Brig.-Gen. in the British army.\\n[He conducts a ravaging expedition into\\nVirginia, along the James River.]\\nJan. X. J. Emissaries from Gen. Clin-\\nton meet the mutinous Pennsylvanians\\nat Princeton with bribes to desert the\\nservice, which are indignantly declined,\\nand the agents delivered to be hanged\\nas spies. [Concessions from Congress\\nquiet the mutiny.]\\nJan. 5. Fa. Benedict Arnold, with\\n1,G00 British troops, burns the stores\\nnear Richmond.\\n*X.J. The New Jersey brigade\\nmutinies at Pompton.\\nIt is quelled by force 12 of the prin-\\ncipal mutineers are compelled to shoot\\nthe two ringleaders. [The insurrections\\nhave a good effect on Congress.]\\nJan. 17. C. Battle of Cowpens.\\nGen. Morgan, with 1.000 men. utterly\\ndefeats Gen. Tarleton with 1.100 British\\ntroops. Losses, British, 300 killed and\\nwounded, more than 500 made prisoners\\nAmericans, 12 killed, GO wounded.\\nJan. S. 0. The great military race\\nbegins by Gen. Greene ordering both\\ndivisions of his army to fall back re-\\ntreating northward from the approach\\nof Lord Cornwallis s advance.\\nJan. 28. S. C. Gen. Morgan s division\\ncrosses the Catawba River to the north-\\nern banks Cornwallis arrives late in\\nthe day on the opposite side, but floods\\nof rain during the night compel his de-\\nlay for many days, before crossing.\\nJan. 31. X. C. Gen. Greene takes\\ncommand of Morgan s army.\\nJan. *-Mar. Mich. The Spaniards in-\\nvade Michigan.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1780, Apr. 24-1781, Mar. 2. 93\\nFeb. 1. .V. C. Lieut.-Col. Wm. Davidson\\nis defeated and killed at Cowan s Ford,\\non the Catawba, by Lord Cornwallis,\\nwhose horse is killed under him.\\nFeb. 7. N. C. Gen. Greene arrives at\\nGuilford Court House, and there joins\\nthe remainder of his army.\\nFeb. 15. N. C. Greene, with great tact,\\ncompletes his retreat by crossing the\\nBan into Virginia, narrowly escaping his\\npursuers, but abandoning to them the\\nentire State of North Carolina.\\nFeb. 21, 22. N. C. Greene re-crosses\\nthe Dan he sends Lieut.-Col. Lee after\\na troop of Tarleton s dragoons under\\nCapt. Miller.\\nFeb. 23. N. C. Greene s rear guard is\\nattacked by the van of the British while\\ncrossing the Yadkin.\\nFeb. 25. N. C. Col. Pyle and a body of\\nroyalists defeated near Haw River by\\nPickens and Lee, without losing a man.\\nMar. 2. N. C. Cols. Lee and Pickens,\\nwith their cavalry, cut to pieces three\\nor four hundred mounted Tories enlisted\\nby Tarleton.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1780 May 19. New Eng. The dark\\nday occasioned by a thin cloud, or\\nvapor.\\nBoston. The American Academy of\\nArts and Sciences founded.\\nN. H. The first American glass-fac-\\ntory is erected in Temple township.\\nNew Eng. The making of wrought\\niron nails is an important home indus-\\ntry during the winter months, and in\\nstormy weather, among the thrifty, in-\\ndustrious rural people.\\n1781 John Trumbull paints the\\nDeath of Montgomery.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1780*\\nAnderson, Isaac, pioneer clergyman, born.\\nAndre, John, Iirit. miijor mid spy, hanged.\\nAudubon, John James, ornithologist, born.\\nBinney. Horace, statesman, born.\\nCarver, Jonathan, traveler, A48.\\nChanning-. William Ellery, clergyman, b.\\nChapman, Nathaniel, physician, born.\\nCleaveland, Parker, inincraluiiist, born.\\nLe Kalb, John, Baron, gen., k. at Camden,\\nA59.\\nDuane, William John, Sec. of Treasury, b.\\nDudley, Charles Edward, senator, born.\\nDuer, William Alexander, jurist, born.\\nFeatberstonaugh, George William, geologist,\\nForsyth, John, statesman, born,\\nRedding, Elijah, bishop, born.\\nHitchcock, 1 etcr, jurist, born.\\nHutchinson, Thomas, Gov. of Mass., A69.\\nKey, Francis Scott, poet, born.\\nLogan, Indian chief, dies.\\nMcKinley, John, justice, born in Ala.\\nMussey, Reuben Diamond, surgeon, born.\\nPorter. David. euLiimudure, burn.\\nRush, Richard, diplomatist, born.\\nSehweinitz, von, Lewis David, botanist, b.\\nStuart. Moses, theologian, born.\\n1781*\\nAbercrombie, James, general, A75.\\nAshe, John, patriot, A60.\\nIierrien, John Mcl herson, senator, born.\\nDrown, John A., financier, born.\\nGreene, Christopher, col., dies.\\nHare, Robert, physicist, born.\\nHarnett, Cornelius, statesman, A58.\\nHayne, Isaac, officer, A 36.\\nHolley, Horace, clergyman, born.\\nLawrence, .lames, naval otlicer, born.\\nLeigh, lienjamin, statesman, born.\\nMiller, William, Advent preacher, born.\\nStockton, Richard, signer of Declaration, A51,\\nCHURCH.\\n1780 Apr. 24. Md. The Methodist\\npreachers of the North hold a Conference\\nat Baltimore.\\nMay 8. Va. The separated Methodist\\nbodies unite in the Conference held at\\nManakintown, in Powhatan county.\\nThe southern seceders bring slavery\\nas asocial institution among Methodists.\\nMass. First Universalist church\\nformed, in Gloucester.\\nMiss. First Baptist church in Missis-\\nsippi formed near Natchez.\\nA 7- H. The Freewill Baptists organ-\\nize their first society, at Dover.\\nN. J. The independent Presbytery of\\nMorris County is formed.\\n*Pa.~ Va. Christ s Church, Phila-\\ndelphia, is the only Protestant Episcopal\\nchurch left in the State after the war\\n2S Episcopal clergymen remain in Vir-\\nginia 91 (loyalists) leave the State.\\nFrancis Asbury becomes the de facto\\nSuperintendent of Methodism in Amer-\\nica, the war having detached Methodists\\nfrom Wesley.\\n-1800 Great revival of religion\\namong the colored people.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1780 Apr. Md The Methodist Confer-\\nence at Baltimore proposes to disown\\nall persons who should engage in\\ndistilling.\\nThe first measures are taken for extir-\\npating slavery among Methodists by\\ndeclaring That slavery is contrary\\nto the Jaws of God, man, and nature,\\nand hurtful to society, contrary to the\\ndictates of conscience and pure religion,\\nand doing that which we would not\\nothers should do to us and ours.\\nGloom settles over the country.\\nThe treason of Benedict Arnold intensi-\\nfies the general depression.\\nJune 13. Phila. Women organize the\\nAmerican Daughters of Liberty,\\nan association to provide clothing for\\nthe suffering soldiers.\\nJune 17. Phila. A bank is opened for\\nsupplying the army with provisions,\\nand \u00c2\u00a7945,000 subscribed.\\nSept. 23. NY. Maj. Andre a British\\nspy, is arrested near Tarry town.\\nOct. 2. N. Y. Maj. Andre* is hanged\\nas a spy at Tappan.\\nPennsylvania abolishes slavery.\\nMassachusetts adopts a constitution\\nwhich abolishes slavery.\\nThe mothers of America send sup-\\nplies of food and clothing to the camps\\nof the patriots.\\nVa. James Monroe marries Eliza\\nKortright.\\nS. C. Negroes in great numbers\\ndesert their masters and flee to the\\nBritish.\\n1781 Feb. Lafayette s force of 1,200\\nmen is in a state of extreme destitution.\\nCongress has neither money nor credit\\nLafayette purchases a full outfit from\\nhis private purse.\\nSTATE.\\n1780 May 11. Lafayette brings Wash-\\nington the appointment of lieutenant-\\ngeneral in the army of France and vice-\\nadmiral in its navy, in order to remove\\nvexmg questions of etiquette from the\\nminds of French officers in American\\nservice.\\nMay* Kg. The Legislature of Virginia\\nincorporates the town of Louisville.\\nSummer. S. C. Bf the capture of\\nCharleston and other American ports,\\nroyal authority is re-established\\nover the territory of South Carolina,\\nbut not over the people.\\nAug. 2. Boston. The Massachusetts\\nConstitutional Convention meets.\\nOct. 5. Phila. The United States ac-\\ncedes to the armed neutrality at sea.\\nOct. 7-20. New York. Benedict Ar-\\nnold issues an address and proclamation\\nfrom the British headquarters.\\nOct. 10. Conn. The State offers its\\nwestern lands to the Federal Union\\nwith [unsatisfactory] conditions.\\nOct. 25. Mass. John Hancock is\\nchosen first governor under the New\\nConstitution.\\nHenry Laurens, IT. S. minister to\\nThe Netherlands, is captured at sea by\\nthe British.\\nDec. The Hollanders sympathize with\\nthe Americans they declare war\\nagainst England.\\nMassachusetts adopts a constitution\\nwith a bill of rights, which abolishes\\nslavery.\\nDec. 18. Phila. Congress appoints\\nFrancis Dana minister to Russia.\\nNew York. A Board of Associated\\nLoyalists is formed to aid the British.\\n1781 Jan. Virginia offers to condi-\\ntionally give up its lands northwest of\\nthe Ohio. (See Mar. 1, 17S4.)\\nFeb. 20. Phila. Congress appoints\\nRobert Morris Superintendent of Fi-\\nnance.\\nMar. 1. N. Y. The delegates of New\\nYork facilitate the completion of the\\nUnion by the transfer to the Federal\\nCongress of the vague claims of that\\nState to western territory.\\nMaryland, the last of the 13 States,\\nsigns the Articles of Confederation.\\nThe Confederation is accepted by\\nall the States as a loose union of inde-\\npendent commonwealths.\\nPhila. The old Congress of the\\nRevolution closes.\\nMar. 2. Phila. The new Congress of\\nthe Confederation opens.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1780 July* U.S. Continental cur-\\nrency notes are worth two cents on\\na dollar. It takes a wagon load of\\ncurrency to buy a wagon load of provis-\\nions.\\nAug. O. Two block-houses are built on\\nthe Ohio River (Cincinnati) by Ameri-\\ncan troops.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "94 1781, Mar. 6-1783, Mar.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY -WAVY.\\n1781 Mar. 6. X. C. The British are\\nworsted in an engagement at Reedy\\nFort Creek.\\nMar. 8. Va. Washington sends Lafay-\\nette with 1,200 men [and the French fleet\\nfrom Rhode Island] to Virginia to cap-\\nture Benedict Arnold.\\nMar. 15. X. C. Battle at Guilford\\nCourt House (Greensborough).\\nGen. Greene is attacked by Lord Corn-\\nwallis American force, 4,400, mostly\\nraw militia; British force, 2,400, chiefly\\nveteran soldiers. Losses American,\\n2,309 killed, wounded, and missing;\\nBritish, over 532 men. The Americans\\nretire in good order after a bloody bat-\\ntle, with Cornwallis unable to pursue.\\nMar. 16. Va. The British Admiral Ar-\\nbuthnot compels the French fleet to\\nreturn to Rhode Island.\\nMar. 18. N. C. Cornwallis retreats\\nfrom Guilford Court House, leaving\\nthe wounded Americans and 70 wounded\\nBritish.\\nMar. 25. Va. A British force of 2,000\\nmen under Gen. Phillips reenforces\\nArnold.\\nThe British under Phillips spare the\\nbuildings at Mount Vernon on con-\\ndition that supplies are furnished.\\nMar. 30. The mutiny on board the\\nUnited States frigate Alliance is fully\\ndisclosed on her return from France to\\nBoston.\\nApr. 7. X.C. Cornwallis at WHmington.\\nApr. Va. Steuben is active in Vir-\\nginia.\\nApr. 18. S. C. The British evacuate\\nCharleston after firing buildings, and\\nleave their badly wounded behind them.\\nGen. Greene approaches Camden.\\nApr. 23. S. C. Col. Lee takes Fort\\nWatson from the British.\\nApr. 25. S. C. Battle at Hobkirk s\\nHill, near Camden Lord Rawdon de-\\nfeats Gen. Greene, who saves his artil-\\nlery and carries off his wounded.\\nVa. The British under Arnold and\\nPhillips take Petersburg, burn 400\\nhogsheads of tobacco, a ship, and several\\nsmall craft.\\nApr.H- X. H. The first American man-\\nof-war is built at Portsmouth, under\\nthe superintendence of Paul Jones it is\\na line-of-battle ship and named America.\\nApr. 25. Va. Lord Cornwallis under-\\ntakes the conquest of Virginia; La-\\nfayette undertakes its defense.\\nMay 8. Count De Barras arrives from\\nFrance, and announces that 20 ships of\\nthe line are coming in a few months.\\nMay 9. Fla. The Spaniards take Pen-\\nsacola.\\nMay 10. S. C. The British under Lord\\nRawdon evacuate Camden and retire\\nbeyond the Santee.\\nMay 11. X. Y. Ogdensburg surren-\\nders to Americans under Gen. Sumter.\\nMay 13. Va. On the death of Gen. Phil-\\nlips, Benedict Arnold becomes com-\\nmander-in-chief of the British forces\\nin Virginia for 7 days the summit of\\nthe traitor s glory\\nMay 14.+ S. C. The British posts at\\nFort Granby, Orangeburg, and Fort\\nMotte successively fall into the hands\\nof the Americans under Col. Leo.\\nGa. Augusta is besieged.\\nMay 20. Va. Cornwallis arrives at\\nPetersburg, and joins the forces lately\\ncommanded by Gen. Phillips.\\nMay2l. Cann. Washington and\\nGen. Jean Roehambeau confer at\\nWethersfield.\\nJune 5. Ga. Americans capture Au-\\ngusta.\\nJune 21. Va. Cornwallis evacuates\\nRichmond.\\nJune 19. S. C. After maintaining the\\nsiege of Hinety-Six for 27 days, Gen.\\nGreene is obliged to retire on the ap-\\nproach of an army under Lord Rawdon.\\nJuly 4. Va. Williamsburg is evacu-\\nated by Cornwallis.\\nJuly* S. C. Gen. Greene is forced to\\nretire to the mountains.\\nJuly 6. Va. Lafayette orders an attack\\non Cornwallis Gen. Wayne makes an\\nassault and retires in good order.\\nX. Y. After 11 months of inactivity\\nat Newport, R.I., the French army\\njoins Washington on the Hudson.\\nJuly* Cornwallis refuses to serve with\\nMaj.-Gen. Benedict Arnold in A r irginia;\\nArnold is sent North.\\nAug. 1. Va. The British forces are\\nconcentrated at Yorktown and Glou-\\ncester, and entrench.\\nAug. 4. S. C. Col. Isaac Hayne, a\\npatriot soldier, is hanged by the British\\nat Charleston.\\nAug. 14. X. Y. Washington decides to\\ntransfer his army from New York to\\nVirginia.\\nAug. 28. It. I. De Barras; commanding\\nthe French fleet at Newport, suddenly\\nputs to sea, steering toward Chesapeake\\nBay.\\nAug. 30. Va. Count De Grasse ar-\\nrives iu the Chesapeake Bay, from the\\nWest Indies, with a French fleet of 23\\nsaihof-the-line.\\nX. Y. The British Adm. Graves is re-\\nenforced by nearly 20 ships-of-the-line,\\nfrom the West Indies.\\nSept. 5. Va. Adm. Graves arrives in\\nthe Chesapeake, and a fight of two hours\\nensues, off the Capes.\\nSept. 6-10. De Grasse maneuvers four\\ndays, as if for battle, and thus secures a\\npassage for the approaching fleet under\\nDe Barras to enter the bay, where they\\nunite to blockade Cornwallis.\\nSept. 6. Conn. An expedition under\\nBenedict Arnold burns New London,\\nhis native town, after capturing Fort\\nGriswold, and killing most of the garri-\\nson after they have surrendered.\\nSept. 7. Va. Lafayette,withS,000 men,\\ncuts off Cornwallis from retreating into\\nNorth Carolina.\\nSept. 8. S. C. Battle of FJutaw\\nSprings, the last important conflict\\nin the South.\\nbattles of the war ensues. British loss,\\nnearly 700 killed and woumlcd, and 600\\nprisoners; American lass. r ^j men. By\\nthi.s battle tin; British p.-w.-r i- br.ik.-n\\nin the South. [Though defeated in every\\nbuttle, Greene finally drives the Briti.-li\\nout of the country.]\\nSept. 14. Fa. Washington arrives at\\nWilliamsburg and assumes command.\\nSept. 28. Va. The siege of Yorktown\\nbegins.\\nThe Army of the North, under Wash-\\nington, 9,000 strong, and the French\\narmy under Kuchambeau, 7,000 strong,\\narrive at Yorktown.\\nOct. 19. Va. Lord Cornwallis sur-\\nrenders his army of 7,247 men, besides\\nS40 seamen, at Yorktown this victory\\npractically concludes the War of\\nIndependence.\\nOct. 20. X. Y. The Mohawk Valley is\\ninvaded by Indians.\\nNew York. Clinton sails to reenforce\\nCornwallis in Virginia with 7,000 men.\\nOct. Ga. Col. Andrew Pickens invades\\nthe Cherokee country-\\n!N ov. 13. Phila. John Moody is hanged\\nas a British spy.\\nDec. The British in the South are\\nconfined to the cities of Charleston and\\nSavannah.\\nGeorge R. Clark fails in his plans for\\nthe capture of Detroit.\\n1782 Feb.* Xew York. Benjamin\\nThompson (Count Rumford) is an officer\\nof the King s Dragoons, but takes no\\npart in the war.\\nMar. O. Col. Williamson massacres\\n90 inoffensive Indians, men, women,\\nand children, on the Muskingum, to\\ntake vengeance on suspected murderers.\\nMar. 24. .V. J. A blockhouse on Toms\\nRiver is captured by royalists, and its\\ncommander summarily executed with-\\nout trial.\\nApr. A*. Y. Washington s headquarters\\nis located at!N ewburgh, on the Hudson.\\nMay -June Col. William Crawford\\nleads an expedition against the Wyan-\\ndot Indians.\\nMay* New York. Sir Guy Carleton\\narrives, and relieves Gen. Clinton of\\nhis command.\\nJune 6. 0. An expedition against the\\nremnant of the Christian Indians from\\nwestern Pennsylvania is ambushed and\\ndefeated, with the loss of many prisoners.\\nJuly 11. Ga. Savannah is evacuated\\nby the British.\\nAug. 15. Ky. Indians attack Bryant s\\nStation, and are repulsed.\\nAug. 27. S. C. The last battle of the\\nRevolution is fought on the Combahee.\\nnear Charleston the younger Laurens\\nis killed much lamented.\\nNov. 5. X. H. The America, a 74-gun\\nship, is launched at Portsmouth it is\\nthe first line-of-battle ship.\\nNov. O. George R. Clark conaucts an\\nexpedition against the Miami Indians.\\nNov. 30. Paris. A preliminary treaty\\nof peace with Great Britain is signed.\\nDec. 14. S. C. The British evacuate\\nCharleston.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1781, Mar. 6-1783, Mar. 95\\n1783 Feb. 4. Final cessation of hos-\\ntilities with Great Britain.\\nFeb. N. Y. Col. Marinus Willett at-\\ntempts to surprise the British at Os-\\nwego on Lake Erie, because they retain\\nthe post after the treaty.\\nMar. N. F. A plausible address is pri-\\nvately circulated in camp at Newburg,\\nproposing the intimidation of Con-\\ngress for the redress of soldiers griev-\\nances.\\nART SCIENCE \u00e2\u0080\u0094NATURE.\\n1782 Pkila. Oliver Evans patents a\\nsteam-wagon.\\nPkila. The manufacture of fustians\\nand jeans begins.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1782*\\nBenton, Thomas Hart, senator for Mo., b.\\nBond, Thomas E., editor, born.\\nCalhoun. John Caldwell, Sec. of State,\\nsenator for S. C, born.\\nCass, Lewis. Sec. of State, sen. for Mich., b.\\nDarlington, William, botanist, born.\\nDuer, John, jurist, born.\\nElliott, Jesse Duncan, commodore, born.\\nFraser, buries, painter, born.\\nGrimshaw, William, author, born.\\nGuthrie, Samuel, chemist, born.\\nIngersoll, Charles Jared, author, born.\\nLaurens, John, officer, A26.\\nLee, Charles, general, A51.\\nLincoln, Levi, governor of Mass., born.\\nLongworth, Nicholas, horticulturist, born.\\nLoudoun, John Campbell, earl of, gen., A77.\\nMacomb, Alexander, general, born.\\nRipley, Elea/.er Wlieelock, general, born.\\nWarrington, Lewis, naval othcer, born.\\nWebster, Daniel, sen. for Mass., Sec. of\\nState, born in N. H.\\nCHURCH.\\n1781 Apr. 24. Md. The United\\nMethodist preachers of the North and\\nthe South meet in Conference at Balti-\\nmore.\\nJune Ky. The first Baptist church is\\norganized at Elizabethtown.\\nPhila. Elhanan Winchester, a Bap-\\ntist minister, joins the Universalists.\\n1782 Mar. O. Moravian converts\\nare massacred. Over ninety inoffensive\\nChristian Indians, men and women, of\\nthe Moravian missions, are gathered by\\nthe whites into two slaughter-pens, and\\nbutchered in cold blood.\\nApr. 17. Va. The Methodist preachers\\nhold a Conference at Ellis s Chapel,\\nSussex County.\\nMay 21. Md. The Methodist preachers\\nhold a Conference at Baltimore.\\nSept. 12. New Eng. The Presbyterian\\nSynod of New England, being very\\nweak, dissolves.\\nOct. 13. The Reformed Presbytery is\\ndisorganized by its union with the Pres-\\nbytery of the Associate Church. [Dis-\\nsatisfaction follows, and there are three\\norganizations instead of one.]\\nNov. 1. Phila. The Synod of the\\nAssociate Reformed Church is or-\\nganized by the union of two Associate\\nPresbyteries with the Reformed Pres-\\nbytery.\\nPa. Dr. William White [afterward\\nbishop] recommends the bishopless Epis-\\ncopalians to adopt temporarily a Pres-\\nhyterian form of government.\\nLETTERS.\\n1781 Ft. First issue of the Vermont\\nGazette or Green Mountain Post-Hoy at\\nWestminster, the first newspaper in\\nthe State.\\n1782 Md. Washington College\\n(non-sect.) organized at Chestertown.\\nMcFingal, by John Trumbull, ap-\\npears complete.\\nPhila. The first English Bible pub-\\nlished in America appears.\\nJune 8. N. Y. First issue of the Brook-\\nlyn Hall Super-Extra Gazette, the first\\npaper in the city.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1781 Oct. 23. Phila. A messenger from\\nWashington arrives at the capital city,\\nbringing tidings of the victory at\\nYorktown the night watchmen call\\nthe hour and often add, and Corn-\\nwallis is taken.\\nEng. The fictitious story of the Blue\\nLaws of Connecticut is published by\\nRev. Samuel Peters, a Tory refugee.\\nU. S. The people pursue the avoca-\\ntions of peace, except in the vicinity of\\nmilitary conflict, for some time before\\nthe close of the war independence is\\npractically a fact except near the camps\\nof the enemy.\\nSTATE.\\n1781 Apr. 19. Massachusetts cedes\\nher claims to western lands to the\\nUnion.\\nMay 26. Phila. Congress resolves to\\nestablish the Bank of North America.\\nMay 9. Ft a. Pensacola is taken by the\\nSpaniards.\\nPhila. Robert Morris is appointed\\ntreasurer by Congress.\\nHe and his friends pledge their private\\nfortunes for the payment of the future\\nobligations of Congress, and so improve\\nthe credit of the Government.\\nJune 15. Phila. Congress appoints five\\ncommissioners to conclude a treaty\\nwith Great Britain, John Adams, Ben-\\njamin Franklin, John Jay, Henry Lau-\\nrens, and Thomas Jefferson.\\nAn Austro-Russian offer of media-\\ntion between the United States and\\nGreat Britain is made.\\nJuly 9. Phila. Congress ratifies the\\nArticles of Confederation.\\nAug. 10. Phila. R.R.Livingston is made\\nthe first Secretary of Foreign Affairs.\\nOct. 24. Phila. Congress assembles\\nand listens to Washington s despatch\\nannouncing the victory at Yorktown\\nthe weeping and exulting members, with\\nmany citizens, go to the Dutch church,\\nwhere thanks are rendered to Almighty\\nGod.\\nEng. The capture of a second army\\n(Cornwallis s) by the Americans makes\\nthe war unpopular in England.\\nDec. 31. Plula. Congress charters the\\nBank of North America.\\n1782 Jan. Eng. An Act of Parlia-\\nment is passed to enable George TTT\\nto make peace with the United States.\\nMar. 4. Eng. The House of Commons\\nfavors peace.\\nGen. Conway s motion approved, say-\\ning the House would consider as ene-\\nmies to his Majesty and the country, all\\nthose who should advise or attempt the\\nfurther prosecution of offensive war on\\nth.e American continent.\\nMar. 20. Eng. Resignation of the hos-\\ntile ministry of Lord North, and acces-\\nsion of that of the Marquis of Rock-\\ningham.\\nApr. 6. Eng. Lord Shelburne sends\\nOswald to Franklin.\\nApr. 19. Holland acknowledges the In-\\ndependence of the United States, and\\nreceives John Adams as its minister.\\nApr. 23. Eng. The British Ministry de-\\ncide to send separate negotiators to\\nA ergennes and to Franklin.\\nMay 4-7. Fr. Oswald and Grenville are\\nin Paris,\\nMay 23. Eng. The Ministry agree to\\npropose American Independence.\\nMay New York. Sir Guy Carleton\\narrives, empowered to make proposi-\\ntions of peace. He proposes the cessa-\\ntion of hostilities to Washington.\\nJune 20. Phila. Congress adopts the\\ngreat seal of the United States.\\nJune 23. Fr. John Jay arrives in\\nParis.\\nJuly 1 K Eng. The Earl of Shel-\\nburne s Administration follows that of\\nRockingham.\\nSept. 13. Phila. Congress agrees to ac-\\ncept the offer of Virginia s western\\nlands.\\nOct. 8. John Adams concludes a treaty\\nwith Holland.\\nOct. 26. Fr. John Adams reaches\\nParis.\\nOct. 29. Phila. Congress accepts the\\nlands ceded to it by New York.\\nNov. 20. Va. Delegates are authorized\\nto complete the transfer of western\\nlands to Congress.\\nNov. 30. Paris. Adams, Franklin, Jay,\\nand Laurens sign a preliminary treaty\\nof peace with Great Britain.\\nDec. Loyalists leave the Atlantic\\nports in large numbers.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-90 Cat. Pedro Fajes (Spanish).\\nPa. John Dickinson is president of\\nthe Supreme Executive Council.\\n1783 Jan. 20. Fr. England on one\\nhand, and France, the ally of America\\nand Spain on the other, being desirous\\nof peace, suspend hostilities, and sign\\npreliminary articles at Versailles.\\nFeb. 5. Sweden acknowledges the Inde-\\npendence of the United States.\\nFeb. 16. Pelatiah Webster makes a prop-\\nosition to remodel the Government.\\nFeb. 25. Denmark acknowledges the\\nIndependence of the United States.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1782 Jan. 7. Phila. The Bank of\\nNorth America opens for business.\\nJan. U. S. The war debt at the close\\nof the struggle is \u00c2\u00a342,000,000.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "96\\n1783, Mar. 24-1785, Sept. 14. AMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1783 Apr. 11. Phil a. Congress pro-\\nclaims the cessation of arms.\\nApr. 19. Cessation of hostilities is\\nproclaimed in the American army, just\\n8 years from the commencement of the\\nwar. Troops engaged, regulars, 130,-\\n711; militia and volunteers, 164,080 j total,\\n309,781. Great Britian sent to America,\\nduring the war, 112,5S4 soldiers and 22,000\\nseamen. Estimated loss of life to the\\nAmericans, 70,000 men, vast numbers of\\nwhom died on prison-ships 11,000 alone\\non the prison-ship Jersey. Estimated\\ncost of the war to the Americans, $135,-\\n000,000 in specie.\\nJune 2. Washington furloughs the sol-\\ndiers of the war.\\nJune 8. Washington announces his in-\\ntended resignation, as commander of\\nthe army, to the governors of the vari-\\nous States.\\nJune 21. Phila. About 300 American\\ntroops with fixed bayonets surround\\nthe house in which Congress is sitting,\\nand demand a redress of grievances.\\nOct. 18. Princeton, N. J. Congress is-\\nsues a proclamation that the army will\\nbe disbanded from and after Nov. 3.\\nNov. 2. Washington issues his farewell\\naddress to the army.\\nNov. 3. N. Y. The army disbands.\\nNov. 25. New York. The British evac-\\nuate the city and Washington enters.\\nDec. 4. Neiv York. Washington takes\\nleave of the officers of the army.\\nDec. 23. Annapolis, Md. Washington\\nsurrenders his commission to Con-\\ngress.\\nDee. Ga. Chief M Gillivray leads the\\nCreeks in the Oconee War.\\nMaj.-Gen. Henry Knox is appoint-\\ned (second) to command the army.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1784 Franklin is appointed by the\\nFrench Academy one of a commission to\\ninvestigate mesmerism.\\nSept. James Kumsey experiments in\\nsteam navigation on the Potomac.\\n1785 Mar. 11. Phila. The Southwark\\nTheater is opened by Hallam s Com-\\npany.\\nPa. John Fitch makes experiments\\nin steam navigation on the Delaware.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1783*\\nAlexander, William, general, A57.\\nBarber, Francis, oihcer in the war, A32.\\nBarbour, Philip P., justice, born in Va.\\nKiddle, James, roimundore TJ. S. N., born.\\nChurchill, Sylvester, general, born.\\nCooper, Samuel, patriot, A58.\\nDorsey, John Svug, surgeon, born.\\nGreenleal, simon, author, born.\\nIrving, Washington author, born.\\nMacdonough, Thomas, commodore, born.\\nOsborn, Selliek, journalist, born.\\nOtis. James, orator, A58.\\nReid, Samuel Chester, naval officer, born.\\nRodney, Oresar, signer of Declaration, A53.\\nSully, Thomas, painter, born.\\n1784*\\nAllen, William Henry, naval officer, born.\\nAllen, William, writer, born.\\nBuckminster, Joseph S., clergyman, born.\\nCobb, Thomas W., senator for Ga., born.\\nDewey, Chester, naturalist, born.\\nGammere, John, mathematician, born.\\nHa],., Niuhaii, journalist, horn.\\nHoffman. David, author, bom.\\nMorris, barh-s. .-oihjii .|..iv. horn.\\nMorton, Marcus, Gov. of Maes., bom.\\nEtanneeque, Constantine S., botanist, born.\\nStevenson, Andrew, statesman, horn.\\nTaylor. Zachary. 1 Jih ITr-M-nt, born.\\nWalsh, Kohert, journalist, horn.\\nWarner. Seth. general I S. A., A41.\\nWool, John E., general, born.\\nWorcester. Joseph Emerson, lexicogra-\\npher, born.\\n1785*\\nAppleton, Daniel, publisher, horn.\\nBeman, Nathaniel S., clergyman, born.\\nCartwright, Peter, piou *r preacher, born.\\nDaniel, Peter, V.. Justice, born in Va.\\nDrake, Daniel, physician, born.\\nDudley, Benjamin Winsluw, surgeon, born.\\nEspy, James P., meteorologist, born.\\nFinn, Henry J., actor.\\nGadsden, Christopher hishop, born.\\nHavens, Nathaniel Appleton, philanthropist,\\nHopkins, Stephen, signer of 1 teclaration, A78.\\nMcLean. John, justice, born in Ohio.\\nMerrill, Joseph A., clergyman, born.\\nMorgan, Abel, clergyman, A72.\\nMott, Valentine, surgeon, born.\\nNoah, Mordecai M., journalist, born.\\nPerry. Oliver Hazzard, commodore, born.\\nPierpont, John, poet, born.\\nReed, Joseph, statesman, A44.\\nSeaton, William W., journalist, born.\\nSpring-, Gardiner, clergyman, born.\\nTally, William, physician, born.\\nWheaton, Henry, puhlirist, born.\\nWoodworth, Samuel, poet, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1783 Mar. 25. Conn. The Episcopal\\nministers of Connecticut meet at Wood-\\nbury, and elect Samuel Seabury\\nbishop.\\nMay 7. Va. A Methodist Conference\\nopens at Ellis s Chapel, in Sussex county.\\nMay 27. Md. A second Methodist Con-\\nference opens in Baltimore.\\nMay* Md. The Methodist Conference\\nat Baltimore forbids members to man-\\nufacture, sell, or drink intoxicating\\nliquors.\\nNov. 26. Neto York. Dr. Rodgers re-\\nturns, and begins to restore the Pres-\\nbyterian churches they having been\\nbadly used and some of them partly\\ndestroyed during the war.\\nBoston. James Freeman of King s\\nChapel changes the Book of Common\\nPrayer to harmonize with Unitarianism.\\nConn. A Protestant Episcopal Dio-\\ncese is organized.\\nKy. David Rice establishes Presby-\\nterian worship in Kentucky.\\nMd. A Protestant Episcopal Diocese\\nis organized.\\nMethodism, which has hitherto been\\nalmost entirely confined to the country\\nsouth of New Jersey, begins to advance\\nnorthward.\\n1784 Apr. 17. N. F. A law is passed\\nenacting religious equality.\\nApr. 30. Va. A Methodist Conference\\nopens at Ellis s Chapel, in Sussex County.\\nMay 24+. Pa. The- appointment of a\\nStanding Committee of the Episco-\\npal church is the first step in the forma-\\ntion of a union of the Episcopal churches\\nof America.\\nMay 25. Md. A second Methodist Con-\\nference opens in Baltimore.\\nSept. 2. Eng. Thomas Coke is conse-\\ncrated a bishop for the Methodists of\\nSept. 7. N.Y. Arm Lee, Elect Lady\\nof the Shakers, dies near Albany.\\nOct. 6. New York. First Protestant\\nEpiscopal Convention; 13 clergymen\\nare present.\\nNov. 3. New York. Thomas Coke ar-\\nrives, the first Protestant bishop in\\nthe New World.\\nNov. 14. Scot. Preparatory steps are\\ntaken for the organization of the Prot-\\nestant Episcopal Church of America.\\nDr. Samuel Seabury is consecrated\\nfirst American bishop at Aberdeen, by\\nthree non-juring bishops Kilgour,\\nPetre, and Skinner.\\nDee. 24 Md. Organization of the\\nMethodist Episcopal Church at the\\nChristmas Conference held in Lovely\\nLane Chapel, Baltimore,\\nSixty preachers are present Bishop\\nThomas Coke presides Francis Asbury\\nis elected superintendent (bishop),\\nafter having been ordained deacon and\\nelder; John Wesley s authority over the\\nAmerican churches ends. Total preach-\\ners, 83 total members, 14,000.\\nMethodist preachers are first author-\\nized to administer the sacraments by\\nthe Conference at Baltimore.\\nOrigination of the Chartered Fund for\\nNeedy (Methodist) Ministers.\\nDec. 27. Md. Francis Asbury is or-\\ndained bishop of the Methodist Episco-\\npal Church.\\nCal. Nine missions have already been\\nfounded along the Pacific coast.\\nMass. A Protestant Episcopal Dio-\\ncese is organized.\\nMd. Dr. John CarroU of Baltimore\\nappointed (Roman Catholic) Prefect\\nApostolic of the United States.\\nMe. A Jesuit missionary arrives at\\nOldtown, to work among the Abnakis.\\nPa. The Protestant Episcopal Dio-\\ncese of Pennsylvania is organized.\\nAbout 35,000 Baptists are reported in\\nthe 13 colonies.\\nEng. Two young men from America\\nare refused ordination, unless they take\\nthe oath of uniformity Franklin ad-\\nvises them to act as though England\\nand Ireland were sunk in the sea.\\n1785 Jan. 2. AW. Close of the first\\nMethodist General Conference at Balti-\\nmore.\\nJune 22. N. Y. First Convention of the\\nEpiscopal Diocese of New York.\\nJune Arrival iu America of Bishop\\nSeabury of the Protestant Episcopal\\nChurch.\\nAug. 3. Bishop Seabury (Protestant\\nEpiscopal) ordains (four deacons) for the\\nfirst time in America.\\nLETTERS.\\n1783* *Cohh, The American Spelling\\nBook, by Noah Webster, is published.\\nPa. Dickinson College (Meth.-Epis.)\\nis founded at Carlisle.\\n17S4 Mar. 24. Boston. The Massa-\\nchusetts Sentinel and the Republican\\nJournal first issued.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1783, Mar. 24-1785, Sept. 14. 97\\nThe Massachusetts Magazine is first\\npublished [and continues to be issued\\ntill 1705].\\nNew York. The regents of a state\\nuniversity are appointed, who demand\\nwhat property belongs to King s Col-\\nlege and change its name to Colum-\\nbia.\\nPhila. The first American daily-\\nnewspaper is issued, The Pennsyl-\\nvania Packet or the General Advertiser,\\nformerly a weekly.\\nNotes on Virginia, by Thomas Jef-\\nferson, appears in Paris.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1783 Apr. The Society of the Cin-\\ncinnati is established, chiefly by Gen-\\neral Knox it is restricted to officers of\\nthe regular army, who have served in\\nthe Revolutionary War.\\n1784 Dec. Md. The extraordinary\\nsession of the Methodist Conference at\\nBaltimore declares, that members who\\nbuy and sell slaves, if they buy\\nwith no other design than to hold them\\nas slaves, and have been previously\\nwarned, shall be expelled, and be per-\\nmitted to sell on no consideration.\\nConn. The Legislature enacts a law\\nfor the gradual abolition of slavery-\\nThere is a strong feeling against the\\nSociety of the Cincinnati.\\nLaf ayette travels through the States.\\nSTATE.\\n1783 Mar. 24. Spain acknowledges the\\nIndependence of the United States.\\nApr. 3. Treaty of amity and peace\\nfor 15 years is concluded by Franklin\\nbetween Sweden and the United States.\\nApr. 11. Phila. Congress proclaims\\nthe cessation of arms on land and sea.\\nApr. 18. Phila. Congress appeals to\\nthe States for power to levy duties, and\\nfor other taxation by which to raise\\nannually for the expenses of the Gov-\\nernment $2,500,000. [The States with-\\nhold consent.]\\nJune 18. Washington issues his last\\ncircular to the States.\\nJune 21. Phila. Congress, insulted\\nby an uncontrollable mutiny of unpaid\\nsoldiers, adjourns to Princeton.\\nJune 30. Princeton, N. J. The 8th\\nsession of the Continental Congress\\nopens under the Confederation.\\nJuly Russia recognizes the Indepen-\\ndence of the United States.\\nSept. 3. Paris. A definitive treaty with\\nGreat Britain is signed.\\nThe treaty (1) recognizes the Indepen-\\ndence and establishes the boundaries\\nof the United States (2) secures the\\nright of fishery on the Grand Banks, etc.\\n(3) binds the payment of good outstand-\\ning debts; (4) provides that Congress shall\\nrecommend the restoration of confis-\\ncated estates (5) provides open naviga-\\ntion of the Mississippi River to both\\nparties.\\nFlorida is ceded to Spain by Great\\nBritain, by the Treaty of Paris.\\nOct. 18. Phila. Congress direets that\\nthe army shall he disbanded on Nov. 3.\\n(Winsor, Nov. 2.)\\nOct. 20. Virginia agrees to the terms of\\nCongress, and ce des its claim to terri-\\ntory north of the Ohio.\\nBoston. The Supreme Court de-\\nclares that the statement, All men are\\nborn free and equal, in the Massachu-\\nsetts Bill of Rights, is a bar to slave-\\nholding in that State.\\nNov. 4. Princeton. Congress adjourns.\\nNov. 26. Annapolis, Md. The 9th ses-\\nsion of the Continental Congress\\nopens it is under the Confederation.\\nNov. Md. Congress makes repeated\\nand urgent attempts to get a quorum\\nto ratify the treaty of peace with Great\\nBritain.\\nDec. 23. Annapolis, Md. Washington\\nis introduced to Congress; he deliv-\\ners a fitting address, and resigns his\\ncommission.\\nMany American Tories accompany\\nthe retiring British armies to England.\\nThe public debt of the United States\\nis about $42,000,000; $8,000,000 of this\\namount is owed abroad.\\n1784 Jan. 14. Annapolis, Md. Con-\\ngress ratifies the treaty with Great\\nBritain. Vote, 20-10.\\nFeb. 20. Annapolis, Md. Congress ap-\\npoints Robert Morris Superintendent\\nof Finance.\\nMar. 1. Annapolis, Md. A part of Vir-\\nginia s western lands is transferred\\nto the Federal Union. They lie north-\\nwest of the Ohio. Congress accepts the\\ntransfer.\\nMar. 24. Massachusetts resolves to ex-\\npel dangerous aliens.\\nApr. 9. Eng. George m. ratines the\\ndefinitive treaty. (See Sept. 3, 1783.)\\nApr. 23. Annapolis, Md. Congress con-\\nsiders a plan for Federal division of the\\nvast, unoccupied northwest territory.\\nA preliminary plan of adjusting the\\nquestion of unoccupied territory is pre-\\nsented by a committee, of which Thomas\\nJefferson is chairman it provides for\\nthe erection of seventeen oddly named\\nStates north and south of the Ohio, and\\nfor the exclusion of slavery after the year\\n1800. [Seven States disapprove and the\\nplan is dropped.]\\nMay 12. Annapolis, Md. Congress\\nauthorizes Franklin, Adams, and Jef-\\nferson to make treaties of commerce.\\nJune 3. Annapolis, Md. Congress ad-\\njourns.\\nJune North Carolina cedes her west-\\nern lands to the Federal Government.\\n[In November it annuls the cession.]\\nOct. 22. N. Y. At Fort Stanwix the\\nIndians surrender their lands west of\\nPennsylvania.\\nNov. 1. Trenton, N J. The 10th ses-\\nsion of the Continental Congress\\nopens.\\nDec. Tenn. Revolt in western North\\nCarolina against the Government the\\nsettlers secede and form a State which\\nthey call Frankland or Franklin [till\\nthe State Government interposes].\\n-89 New York. James Duane is\\nthe 43d mayor.\\nThe territory north and west of the\\nOhio is provided with a temporary gov-\\nernment by Act of Congress.\\nDec. 24. Trenton, N. J. Congress\\nadjourns.\\nU, S. Governors inaugurated:\\n-87 N. C. Richard Caswell.\\n-86 Va. Patrick Henry.\\n1785 Jan. 11. New York. The 11th\\nsession of the Continental Congress\\nopens.\\nJan. 21. A treaty is made with the Wyan-\\ndots at Fort Mcintosh.\\nFeb. 25. New York. John Adams is ap-\\npointed the first minister to England.\\nMar. 10. New York. Thomas Jeffer-\\nson is commissioned minister to France.\\nMar. 17. Meeting of the boundary com-\\nmissioners of Maryland and Virginia.\\n[The Annapolis Convention of 1786 is its\\nsuccessor.]\\nApr. 18. Phila. Congress votes to ac-\\ncept the offer of western land by\\nMassachusetts.\\nThe territory lies west of New York,\\nand extends to the Mississippi Kiver.\\nApr. 19. N. Y. The State executes a\\ndeed renewing the grant of its western\\nlands to the Federal Government.\\nMassachusetts cedes her western ter-\\nritory to the Federal Government.\\nMay 20. New York. Congress passes itB\\nfirst act relative to western lands.\\nMay 31. Mass. Gov. James Bowdoin\\nattempts to start a movement to revise\\nthe articles of Confederation.\\nJune 1. Eng. John Adams, first Ameri-\\ncan ambassador to England, is presented\\nto King George III.\\nJuly 6. New York. Congress establishes\\nthe standard of the American dollar.\\nSept. 10. A treaty of amity and com-\\nmerce is entered with Prussia.\\nSept. 14. Phila. Franklin again\\nreturns.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1783 June 27. Eng. Parliament votes\\nhalf-pay to loyalist officers of\\nAmerica.\\nJuly 2. Eng. An order in council ut-\\nterly forbids American ships to engage\\nin the British West-Indian trade.\\n1784* Boston. The Empress of China\\nsails as the first American ship hound\\nfor China.\\nThe second bank in the United States\\nis established.\\nPa. Pittsburg is laid out in town\\nlots.\\nConn. Incorporation of Hartford, New\\nHaven, New London, Norwich, and Mid-\\ndletown as cities.\\nEng. Eight bags of cotton from an\\nAmerican ship are seized at Liverpool,\\non the ground that America could not\\nproduce so much cottou.\\nO. Washington inspects the Ohio\\nValley, preliminary to the forming of\\nthe Potomac Company.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "98 1785, Sept. 14-1787, Nov.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1785 O. Fort Harmar is built.\\nThe Algerine pirates seize American\\nvessels.\\n1786 Dec. 25. Mass. Shays s Rebel-\\nlion.\\nA thousand men, under the leadership\\nof Daniel Shays, force the Supreme\\nCourt to adjourn, to prevent its issuing\\nwrits for the collection of debts.\\n1787 Jan. 25 K Mass. Shays s rebel-\\nlion is suppressed by the State militia\\nunder Gen. Lincoln at Springfield 3\\nkilled.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE*\\n1785 Nov. 19. New York. The John-\\nstreet Theater is opened by the Old\\nAmerican Company with The Gamester.\\nJean Antoine Houdon comes from\\nParis to America to execute the statue\\nof Washington.\\n1786 Apr. 16. New York. Contrast, by\\nRoyal Taylor, is performed by the Old\\nAmerican Company at the John-street\\nTheater. The first play written in\\nAmerica by an American and performed\\nby a professional company. (Ency.\\nBrit.)\\nAug. The first playhouse in Baltimore\\nis opened. (Or 1773.)\\nConn. John Trumbull paints The\\nBattle of Bunker mil.\\nJoseph Wright paints the portrait\\nof John Jay.\\nS. C. A theater is built in Charleston.\\n1787* Mass. The first cotton-mill is\\nput in operation at Beverly. [Very im-\\nperfect and soon closed.]\\nN.Y. The manufacture of salt at\\nSyracuse begins.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1786*\\nBarton, William P. C, botanist, born.\\nBiddle, Nicholas, financier, born.\\nBreckenrid^e, Henry M., jurist, born.\\nCadwallader, .John, oilicer in the war, A44.\\nCambreleng, Churchill politician, born.\\nCatron. John, justice, born in Tenn.\\nCogswell, Joseph (liven, scholar, born.\\nCrockett. David, pioneer, born.\\nDwight, Sereno E.. clergyman, born.\\nEngland, John, R. C. Bishop of Charleston,\\nborn in Cork.\\nGales, Joseph, journalist, born.\\nGardiner, Sylvester, physician, A79.\\nGrayson, William, politician, born.\\nGreene, Nathaniel, general, A44.\\nGreelileaf, Benjamin, author, born.\\nGrimkie, Thomas Smith, philanthropist, b.\\nKing, William Ruius. statesman, born.\\nLawrence, Amos, philanthropist, born.\\nMacLane, Lewis, statesman, born.\\nMarcy, William L., statesman, born.\\nMcDongall, Alexander, general, A55.\\nNorton, Andrews, theologian, born.\\nNuttall, Thomas, naturalist, born.\\nPorter, Alexander, statesman, born.\\nRusb, James, physician, born.\\nSargent, Lucius Manlms, writer, born.\\nScott, Winfleld. general, born.\\nTappan, Arthur, philanthropist, bom.\\nVaux, Robert, philanthropist, born.\\nVerplanck, G Lilian Crommelin, author, born.\\n1787*\\nAndrews, Ethan Allen, philologist, born.\\nBedel, Timothy, patriot, dies.\\nBouvier, John, jurist, writer, born.\\nChauncy, Charles, clergyman, dies.\\nCrittenden, John Jordan, statesman, b.\\nDana, Richard Henry, poet, born.\\nDavis, John, statesman, born.\\nDurand, Cyrus, engraver, born.\\nFrelmghuysen, Theodore, statesman, b.\\nGallandet, Thomas 1L, teacher of deaf mutes,\\nborn.\\nGould, Benjamin Apthorp, educator, born.\\nHensen, Joslab, Uncle Tom, born,\\nMacYicar, John, professor, born.\\nMiddh-ton, Arthur, patriot, A44.\\nMuhlenberg. Henry M.. founder of Am.\\nLutheran eh., A76.\\nSay, Thomas, naturalist, born.\\nSouthard, Samuel L., senator for N.Y., b.\\nWilliams, Elea/.er, clergyman, born.\\nWilbard, Emma 11., educator, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1785 Sept. 14. Mass. The first Con-\\nvention of Universalist ministers and\\nparishes in America is held at Oxford.\\nSept. 27. Phila. The first General\\nConvention of the Protestant- Epis-\\ncopal Church is held Bishop Seabury\\nand his clergy decline to attend 1G cler-\\ngymen and 2G laymen are present.\\nOct. 7. Phila. The Protestant Episco-\\npal Convention adjourns.\\nBoston. An organ is set up in the\\nFirst Church, introducing instrumental\\nmusic in the Congregational Church.\\nOrganic Unitarian ism begins in\\nthis city.\\nJames Freeman, lay reader of\\nKing s (Epis.) Chapel (Stone Chapel),\\nsecures an alteration in the liturgy\\neliminating Trinitarianism, and the con-\\ngregation secedes from the Protestant\\nEpiscopal Church.\\nMass. Free-Corn munion Baptists or-\\nganize the Groton Conference.\\nMe. John Cheverus of Boston\\nmakes an annual missionary visit to\\nthe Abnakis and other Indians. A\\nchurch is erected among them.\\nMe. Mr. Ciquard of St. Sulpice, Bal-\\ntimore, is sent as a Jesuit missionary to\\nthe Abnakis and other Indians.\\nMd. The first Baptist church in Bal-\\ntimore is formed.\\n*N. Y. The Lutheran Synod (min-\\nisterium) is formed.\\nThe first Shaker house of -worship\\nerected at New Lebanon.\\nS. C. A Protestant Episcopal Con-\\nvention is held at Charleston.\\nVa. The first Protestant Episco-\\npal Convention in Virginia is held\\nafter the war meets at Richmond.\\nThe Abingdon Presbytery is formed.\\nThe Synod of the Presbyterian\\nChurch draws up a plan of govern-\\nment and discipline, and also takes\\nsteps to revise the standards.\\nOrganization of Protestant Episcopal\\ndioceses in New York, Virginia, South\\nCarolina, and New Jersey.\\n1786* Del. Protestant Episcopal Dio-\\ncese of Delaware is organized.\\nAn adjourned meeting of the (Protes-\\ntant Episcopal) General Convention\\nis held at Wilmington.\\nKy. The Presbytery of Transylvania\\nis formed.\\nNew York. Erection of the first\\nRoman Catholic church (St. Peter s).\\nRev. John Stanford arrives in Amer-\\nica, and soon publishes and circulates\\ntracts as formerly in England.\\nSept. 14. Phila. Meeting of the Sec-\\nond General Convention (Protestant\\nEpiscopal); 10 clergymen and 11 laymen\\npresent.\\n.S. C. Organization of the Associ-\\nated Churches (Protestant Episco-\\npal) of South Carolina.\\nVa. David Griffith is elected bishop\\nby the Protestant Episcopal Convention.\\nA Sunday-school is taught in Hano-\\nver County.\\n1787 Feb. 4. Bng. Bishop White\\nof Pennsylvania and Bishop Provoost\\nof New York are consecrated in Lam-\\nbeth Chapel bishops of Bath and Wells\\nand of Peterborough giving the apos-\\ntolic succession to the American Church.\\nApr. New York. The American Epis-\\ncopal Church separates from the\\nChurch of England.\\nThe Protestant Episcopal Church of\\nthe United States has its organization\\nas a national Church made complete by\\nthe arrival of Bishops White and Pro-\\nvost; it is no longer attached to the\\ndiocese of London.\\nMay 1 Md. A General Conference\\nof Methodist preachers is held at\\nBaltimore, called by Bishop Coke few\\nof the Southern preachers attend, as\\nthey had not authorized the call. The\\nBook of Discipline is revised.\\nSept. 17. U. S. Separation of Church\\nand State is established by the Federal\\nConstitution.\\nNo religious tests shall ever be re-\\nquired as a qualification to any office or\\npublic trust under the United States.\\n(Art. vi. 3.)\\nOct. 7. Pa. The Lutherans deplore the\\ndeath of their founder, Henry M.\\nMuhlenberg.\\nN. Y. The Shakers first gather into\\na community at New Lebanon.\\nThe Reformed Dutch Church\\nadopts domestic mission work.\\nU. S. The Presbyterian General\\nSynod sends down the Report on Gov-\\nernment and Discipline to the presbyte-\\nries and churches for consideration.\\nVa. The Separate and Kegular Bap-\\ntists unite to form the United Bap-\\ntist Churches of Christ.\\nLETTERS.\\n1785 Ga. The University of Geor-\\ngia (non-sect.) organized.\\nMe. The Falmouth Gazette, the first\\nnewspaper in Maine, is issued.\\nNew York. The Manumission Society\\nestablishes free schools for the poor\\ncolored children of the city.\\nThe Daily Advertiser is first issued by\\nFrancis Childs and Company the first\\ndaily in tne city.\\nN. Y. Schenectady Academy, the pio-\\nneer of Union College, is founded.\\nPhila. The Philadelphia Directory is\\npublished the first city directory in the\\nUnion.\\nTenn. The University of Nashville\\n(non-sect.) organized at Nashville as the\\nDavidson Academy. [It becomes Cum-\\nberland College in 1806.]\\nSketches of American Policy, by Noah\\nWebster, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1785, Sept. 27-1787, Nov. 99\\nConquest of Canaan, by Timothy\\nDwight, appears.\\n1786 Pa. The Pittsburg Gazette, the\\nfirst newspaper west of the Alleghauies,\\nis issued.\\n_89 Phila. The Columbian Maga-\\nzine appears.\\nThe Anarchiad papers, by Trumbull,\\nHopkins, Barlow, and Humphreys, ap-\\npear in the New Haven Gazette.\\n1787 Apr. 13. X. Y. The Board of\\nRegents of the University of the State\\nis established.\\nMay 21. Neio York. Samuel Johnson\\nis elected President of Columbia Col-\\nlege.\\nSept. 17. Del. Cokesbury College,\\nthe first literary institution of the Meth-\\nodists in America, is opened at Abing-\\ndon.\\nKy. First issue of the Lexington Ga-\\nzette the first paper in Kentucky,\\nSOCIETY.\\n1785 Nezo York. The Manumission\\nSociety, John Jay president, is formed\\nto secure the freedom of slaves.\\nThe gradual abolition of slavery is\\ndetermined by the State.\\nPa. Benjamin Rush puts forth his\\nfamous tract, An Inquiry into the Effects\\nof Ardent Spirits upon the Human Mind\\nand Body, which creates a profound sen-\\nsation.\\n1786 Massachusetts. The (undenomi-\\nnational) Charity Society is organized.\\nNew York. The Tammany Society\\nis organized. (See 17SS.)\\n1787 July 13. New York. The Federal\\nGovernment perpetually prohibits sla-\\nvery in the territory north of the Ohio,\\nthe first territory coming under its\\ncontrol.\\nSTATE.\\n1785 Nov. 4. New York. Congress ad-\\njourns.\\nNov. 7. New Y rk. The 12th session\\nof the Continental Congress opens.\\nNov. 30. Eng. John Adams, the Amer-\\nican Minister to St. James, demands\\nthe surrender of the frontier posts to\\nthe United States.\\nGa. Treaty with the Creeks at Gal-\\nphinton.\\nNoah Webster publishes a project for\\nan American policy.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-96 Conn. Samuel Huntington.\\n-88 State of Franklin, (Tennes-\\nsee) John Sevier.\\n-87 Mass. James Bowdoin.\\n-86 Mich. Henry Hamilton.\\nPa. Benjamin Franklin is president\\nof the Supreme Executive Council.\\n1786 Jan. 16. A treaty is made with\\nthe Chickasaws at Hopewell.\\nJan. 21. Virginia invites the States to\\na general conference for forming a less\\nrestricted Constitution.\\nJan. 31. A treaty is made with the\\nShawnees.\\nMay 11. Connecticut again offers to\\ncede a part of its western lands.\\nMay 26. Phila. Congress declares its\\nwillingness to receive the Connecticut\\nlands in the West.\\nJuly 16. A treaty of peace is entered\\nwith the Emperor of Morocco.\\nSept. 11. Mi. A convention of some\\nof the States is held at Annapolis to\\nregulate commerce on the Chesapeake\\nBay five States send delegates to it. [It\\nis the germ of the Constitutional Con-\\nvention.]\\nSept. 14. Conn. The deed for western\\nlands is given to Congress. The lands\\nlie east of the Mississippi, between lati-\\ntude 41\u00c2\u00b0 and 41\u00c2\u00b0 2 and west of a meridian\\n120 miles west of the [present] western\\nlimit of Pennsylvania.\\nNov. 3. New York. The Congress of the\\nConfederation adjourns.\\nNov. 6. New York The 13th session\\nof the Continental Congress opens.\\nDec. 16. Massachusetts yields the juris-\\ndiction over her lands in New York to\\nthat State.\\nDec. 25 Mass. Shays s rebellion\\narises in the western part of the State\\ncaused by financial complications. The\\ninsurrection infects New Hampshire.\\n(See Army.)\\nGa. A treaty is made with the Creeks\\nat Shoulderbone.\\nMassachusetts sells the Phelps and\\nGorham Purchase, in New York,\\n6,000,000 acres for $1,000,000.\\nPortugal orders her fleet in the\\nMediterranean to protect American\\nvessels from pirates.\\nRequisitions of Congress on the\\nStates for the last four years amount\\nto $10,000,000; receipts one-fourth of\\nthat amount.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-96 Mich. Lord Dorchester.\\n-90 *R.I. John Collins.\\n-88* Va. Edmund Randolph.\\n1787 Apr. 13. New York. General St.\\nClair makes his report to Congress on\\nthe British infraction of the treaty on\\nthe northwestern frontier.\\nMay 14. Phila. A National Consti-\\ntutional Convention for framing (in\\npart) a less restricted Constitution as-\\nsembles, [and Washington is unani-\\nmously elected its President. It does\\nnot begin its work till May 25. All of\\nthe States (9) except Rhode Island are\\nrepresented before its close.]\\nMay 29. Phila. Edmund Randolph\\nmoves the Convention to set aside the\\nArticles of Confederation and adopt a\\nnew Constitution a committee is ap-\\npointed.\\nJuly 5. Phila. New York retires\\nfrom the Convention.\\nJuly 13. New York. Passage of the\\nOrdinance of 1787 by the Congress of\\nthe Confederation.\\nIt is unanimously passed for the\\ngovernment of the territory to the\\nnorthwest of the Ohio it contains an\\nunalterable article, forbidding sla-\\nvery or involuntary servitude. The or-\\ndinance was drawn up by Nathan Dane,\\na member of Congress from Massachu-\\nsetts.\\nCongress adopts St. Clair s report of\\nApr. 13th.\\nJuly 18. New York. Congress ratifies\\nthe treaty with Morocco.\\nJuly Phila. It is rumored that the\\nFederal Convention in secret session\\nconsiders the advisability of offering to a\\nforeign prince the Crown of America.\\nJuly 24. Phila. The Committee on the\\ndetails of the Federal Constitution be-\\ngins work.\\nAug. 6. Phila. A draft of a Federal\\nConstitution, in twenty-three articles,\\nis reported to the Convention.\\nIt permits the slave trade for twenty\\nyears, and concedes that three-fifths of\\nthe slaves shall be counted in the appor-\\ntionment of Congressional representa-\\ntives, and that fugitive slaves shall be\\nreturned to their masters. These con-\\ncessions are made to secure union.\\nAug. 9. South Carolina cedes her west-\\nern lands to the Federal Government.\\nAug. 19. S. C. The delegates in Con-\\ngress execute a deed to Congress for the\\nwestern lands of the State. [They\\npartly comprise the area of Tennessee.]\\nA Federal Democratic Govern-\\nment is established.\\nSept. 17. Phila. The Federal Consti-\\ntution is signed by the Convention the\\nArticles of Confederation are set aside,\\nand the Constitution is to be submitted\\nto Congress. The Convention adjourns.\\nU. S. The first political agitation\\noccurs. Federalists favor and Republi-\\ncans or Anti-Federalists oppose the ap-\\nproval of the Constitution by the States.\\nSept. 28. New York. The Congress of\\nthe Confederation sends the new Con-\\nstitution to the several States for their\\naction.\\nN. C. The attempt to form the State\\nof Franklin j in the western lands,\\ncollapses.\\nOct. 5. New York. Congress recalls\\nMinister Adams from London.\\nOct. 30. New York. The Continental\\nCongress adjourns.\\nNov. 5. New York. The 14th and last\\nsession of the old Continental Con-\\ngress opens.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1785 Pa. Harrisburg is laid out\\nin town lots.\\nThe regular exportation of cotton\\nbegins one bag is sent from Charleston\\nto Liverpool, 12 from Philadelphia, and\\none from New York.\\nThe Lombardy poplar is introduced.\\n17S6 Mar. 6. Boston. The Ohio Com-\\npany is formed by Putnam, Cutler, and\\nothers.\\nApr. 24. Boston. About 100 houses are\\nburned.\\n1787 Sept. 30. Departure of the first\\nAmerican vessel making a voyage\\naround the world.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "100 1787, Dec. -1789.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY -NAVY.\\n1787 Dec* Ga. The Creeks are de-\\nfeated at Jack B Creek.\\n1788 Sept. IT. S. Lieut.-Col. Josiah\\nHarmar is general-in- chief by brevet.\\n1789 The maximum strength of the\\narmy is one regiment of infantry, one\\nbattery of artillery, 840 men.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1788 Apr. 12. Phila. The first pow-\\ner-loom is set up.\\nNew York. The first dentist s office\\nis established by John Greenwood.\\nB. I. A company is formed in Provi-\\ndence for the manufacture of home-\\nspun cloth.\\n1789 Conn. The Sortie of the Garri-\\nson from Gibraltar is exhibited by John\\nTrumbull at the Royal Academy.\\nWilliam Rush executes ideal figures\\nand portrait busts in wood and clay.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1788*\\nBlake, John L., clergyman, born.\\nBlanchard, Thomas, inventor, born.\\nBoyden, Setli, inventor, born.\\nByles, Mather, wit and divine, A82.\\nCampbell. Alexander, founder, born.\\nCiisliliiL, Thomas, statesman, A60.\\nElbert, Samuel, Gov. of Ga., A55.\\nGadsden, .lames, statesman, born.\\nGrayson, William J., senator for S. C, born.\\nHill, Isaac, senator, editor, born.\\nJudson, Adoniram. missionary, born.\\nLovell, John, selinnlniaster, A78.\\nBobbins, Koyal, historian, born.\\nStevens, Hubert Livingston, born.\\nTotten, Joseph G., military engineer, born.\\n1789*\\nAllen, Ethan, colonel in Revolution, A52.\\nBond, William ranch, astronomer, born.\\nClay, Clement C, ex-senator, born.\\nComstock, John Lee, author, born.\\nCooper, James Fenimore, novelist, born.\\nDeane. Silas, diplomatist, A52.\\nEmory, John, bishop, born in fad.\\nFarmer, John, genealogist, born.\\nFelt, Joseph l- arluw, historian, born.\\nFrancis, John Wakeiield, physician, born.\\nGould, Hannah Flagg, poet, born.\\nHillbouse, James Abraham, poet, born.\\nKearny, Lawrence, commodore, born.\\nKendall, Amos, statesman, born.\\nLedyard, John, traveler. A38.\\nLundy, Benjamin, abolitionist, born.\\nMeade, William, bishop of Va., born.\\nNelson, Thomas, patriot, A51.\\nPetigru, James Lewis, lawyer, born.\\nSedgwick, Catherine Maria, novelist, b.\\nSparks, .Tared, hisorian, born.\\nSt. Leger, Barry, Brit, colonel, A52.\\nWinslow, Miron, missionary, born.\\nWoodbury, Levi, justice, born in N. H.\\nCHURCH.\\n1788 May 28. Phila. The Presby-\\nterian Synod meets.\\nIt adopts the amended Report on Gov-\\nernment and Discipline and the amended\\nConfession of Faith as the constitution\\nof the Church.\\nMay 29. Phila. The Westminster\\nLarger and Shorter Catechisms and\\nthe Directory for Worship are ap-\\nproved as a part of the constitution of\\nthe Presbyterian Church.\\nFour Synods comprise the Presbyte-\\nrian Church New York, Philadelphia,\\nVirginia, and the Carolinas.\\nBoston. Mass is first celebrated\\nin New England, and the first Roman\\nCatholic Church is erected.\\n1789 May 21. Phila. The General\\nSynod meets and resolves itself into the\\nfirst General Assembly of the Pres-\\nbyterian Church.\\nThe Synod resolves to send mission-\\naries to the frontiers.\\nThe Confession of Faith and the Cate-\\nchisms issued by the Presbyterian Synod\\nof New York and New Jersey.\\nPhila. The Book Concern of the\\nMethodist Episcopal Church is estab-\\nlished. Capital, $600.\\nU. S. The several Annual Confer-\\nences concur in the formation of a\\nMethodist Council, of bishop and pre-\\nsiding elders.\\nJuly 28. Phila. Meeting of the Gen-\\neral Convention of the Protestant\\nEpiscopal Church, Bishop White pre-\\nsiding.\\nBishops White and Seabury constitute\\nthe House of Bishops.\\nAug. 8. Phila. The General Convention\\ndecides on a constitution for the Prot-\\nestant Episcopal Church in America.\\nSept. 25. U. S. The Constitution of the\\nUnited States is amended by Congress\\nto prohibit an established religion or\\ninterference with freedom in the\\nexercise of religion. (See Dec. 15, 1791.)\\nOct. 2. Phila. Union of the several\\ndioceses of the Protestant Episcopal\\nChurch in one Convention.\\nOct. 16. Phila. The Book of Prayer is\\nAmericanized and formally ratified by\\nthe (Protestant Episcopal) Convention.\\nAid. The See of Baltimore is erected,\\n[and John Carroll created its first\\nbishop] the diocese includes the entire\\nRepublic.\\nVa. David Griffith relinquishes the\\nbishopric of Virginia, as the Church\\nfails to pay the expenses of consecration\\nin England.\\nVa. The General Committee of the\\nBaptist churches resolves against\\nslavery.\\nResolved, That slavery is a violent\\ndeprivation of the rights of nature, and\\ninconsistent with republican govern-\\nment, and therefore (we) recommend it\\nto our brethren to make use of every\\nmeasure to extirpate this horrid evil\\nfrom the land, and pray Almighty God\\nthat our honorable Legislature may have\\nit in their power to proclaim the great\\njubilee.\\nLETTERS.\\n1787 New York. The Independent\\nJournal is issued.\\nThe New York Journal is sold to\\nThomas Greenleaf, and the name\\nchanged to the Argus or Greenleaf s\\nNew Daily Advertizer.\\nColumbia College is incorporated.\\nThe New York Magazine and Literary\\nRepository issued. [Stopped 1792.]\\n*.88* Neio York. A series of eighty-\\nfive papers, entitled the Federalist, by\\nAlexander Hamilton, John Jay, and\\nJames Madison, appear.\\nPhila. The American Museum is pub-\\nlished by Matthew Carey. [Stopped 1792.]\\nCollege of Physicians is established.\\nPa. Franklin College Lutheran) ia\\nestablished by the legislature in recog-\\nnition of services and virtues of Ger-\\nPower of Religion on the Mind ,byLind-\\nley Murray, appears.\\nTJie Vision of Columbus, by Joel Bar-\\nlow, appears.\\n1788 A Dissertation concerning the\\nTrue Nature of Christian Virtue, by\\nJonathan Edwards, appears.\\n1789 July 28. Pa. The Pittsburg Ga-\\nzette is published.\\n-96 Boston. The Massachusetts\\nMagazine appears.\\nD. C. The Georgetown Academy\\n(College) (Rom. Cath.) is organized.\\nMd. St. John s College (non-sect.)\\nis organized at Annapolis.\\nNew York. United States Gazette is\\nissued by John Fenno.\\nA Dissertation Concerning the End for\\nwhich God created the World, by Jona-\\nthan Edwards, appears.\\nDissertations on the English Language,\\nby Noah Webster, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1788 Jan. 1. Phila. The Quakers\\nemancipate their slaves.\\nMay 13. New York. First meeting of\\nthe Tammany Society, having a Grand\\nSachem (chosen from thirteen sachems),\\na Sagamore, and a Wiskinskie found-\\ned on principles of patriotism, and hav-\\ning for its motives charity and brotherly\\nlove.\\nJune 8. Eng. On motion of William\\nPitt, Parliament votes S6,70O,0O0 for the\\nbenefit of loyalists in America.\\nJuly 26. New York. A mob favorable\\nto the Federal Constitution destroys the\\nAnti-Federal printing-office of Thomas\\nGreenleaf.\\n1789 The slave trade, no longer a\\nSpanish monopoly, becomes free, and\\nrapidly increases.\\nConn. A number of farmers of Litch-\\nfield County combine, to do their agri-\\ncultural work without recourse to\\nspirituous liquors.\\nSTATE.\\n17S7 Dec. 7. Delaware is the first\\nState to ratify the Federation Con-\\nstitution, with a unanimous vote in a\\nState Convention. (Fiske, Dec. 6.)\\nDec. 12. Pennsylvania is the second\\nto ratify the Constitution. Vote, 46 to\\n23.\\nDec. 18. New Jersey ratifies the Con-\\nstitution with a unanimous vote.\\nNew York. The Congress of the\\nConfederation decides to make Philadel-\\nphia the Capital for ten years, and\\nthen to select a site on the Potomac.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1787, Dec. -17 8 9. 101\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated:\\n-93 Mass. John Hancock.\\n-89 N. C. Samuel Johnston.\\n1788 Jan. 2. Georgia, the 4th State,\\nratifies the Constitution by a unanimous\\nvote.\\nJan. 9. Connecticut, the 5th State,\\nratifies the Constitution. Vote, 128 to\\n40.\\nFeb. 6. Massachusetts, the 6th State,\\nratifies the Constitution. Vote, 187 to\\n168.\\nApr. 28. Maryland, the 7th State, rati-\\nfies the Constitution. Vote, 63 to 12.\\nMay 23. South Carolina, the 8th State,\\nratifies the Constitution. Vote, 149 to\\n73.\\nJune 17. N. Y- A Convention meets\\nat Poughkeepsie to consider the Federal\\nConstitution.\\nJune 21. New Hampshire, the 9th\\nState, ratifies the Constitution. Vote,\\n57 to 46 two-thirds of the States favoring\\nthe Federal Constitution, it becomes\\nvalid.\\nJune 25. Virginia, the 10th State, rati-\\nfies the Constitution. Vote, 89 to 79.\\nJune 26. New York, the 11th State,\\nratifies the Constitution and adds pro-\\nposed amendments. Vote, 30 to 27.\\n(Bryant, June 25.)\\nJuly 14. New York. The old Congress\\nratifies the Constitution framed by\\nthe Convention of the States.\\nJuly 15. Georgia cedes her -western\\nlands to the Federal Government.\\nSept. 13. New York. Congress makes\\nNew York the Capital City.\\nThe old Continental Congress appoints\\nthe first Wednesday in January for Fed-\\neral elections in the several States.\\nNov. 1. New York. The last Conti-\\nnental Congress dies of inanition,\\nits records cease [and for six months\\nthere is no National Government].\\nNew York makes a treaty with the\\nOnondagas.\\nA Consular Convention is held be-\\ntween France and the United States.\\nXT. S. Governors inaugurated\\n*-1802 0. Ter. Arthur St. Clair.\\nPa. Thomas Mifflin is president of the\\nSupreme Executive Council.\\n-91 Va. Beverly Randolph\\nIowa is first settled.\\n1789 Jan. St. Clair makes treaties\\nwith the Indians at Fort Harmar.\\nJan. 7. XT. S. Wednesday, the first Na-\\ntional election is held.\\nFeb. 4. XT. S. The electoral votes are\\ncast by the electors.\\nFeb. 26. N. Y. The Cayuga Indians\\nsell their lands to the State.\\nMar. 4. XT. S. The Constitution goes\\ninto force as the law of the land.\\nNew York. The First Federal Con-\\ngress assembles in the hall at the corner\\nof Wall and Broad Streets.\\nMar. 30. New York. After a delay of\\nmany days Congress secures a quorum\\n(30 members present), and proceeds to\\norganize the House. F. A. Muhlenbnrg\\nof Pa. is elected the first Speaker.\\n(Moore, House, Apr. 1 Senate, Apr. 6.)\\nApr. 6. New York. George Washing-\\nton of Va. is chosen President by the\\nelectors.\\nTbe electoral vote is counted George\\nWashington, G9 John Adams, 34 John\\n.Jay, 9; K.H.Harrison, 6; John Rut-\\nledge, 6; John Hancock, 4; George Clin-\\nton, 3 Samuel Huntington, 2 John\\nMilton, 2; James Armstrong, Benjamin\\nLincoln, and Edward Telfair, each one\\nvote. Each elector votes for two candi-\\ndates. The person receiving the next\\nlargest vote is declared Vice-President.\\nNew York. The Senate organizes.\\nJohn Langdon of N. H. is elected Presi-\\ndent pro tempore.\\nApr. 21. New York. John Adams of\\nMass. is seated in the Senate as Vice-\\nPresident.\\nFirst Administration; Federalist.\\nApr. 30. New York. George Wash-\\nington of Va. is inaugurated, the first\\nPresident. John Adams of Mass. is\\nVice-President, he being the next in the\\nnumber of votes.\\nJuly 4. New York. President Washing-\\nton approves the first Tariff Act\\na declaration of financial independence\\nthe duties average about 8\u00c2\u00a3 per cent.\\nAug. 7. New York. Congress organizes\\ntbe War Department.\\nSept. 10. New York. Congress orders\\nthe organization of three executive\\nDepartments.\\nNew York. A President s Cabinet\\nis formed.\\nThomas Jefferson, Secretary of State\\nAlexander Hamilton, Secretary of the\\nTreasury Henry Knox, Secretary of\\nWar; Edmund Randolph, Attorney-\\nGeneral.\\nSept. 15. New York. The Depart-\\nment of State is made the depository\\nof the archives of the United States.\\nSept. New York. A National judi-\\nciary is established.\\nJustices appointed to the Supreme\\nCourt of the United States John Jay\\nof N. Y. Chief Justice John Bla\\nVa. William Cushing of I\\nof\\nRob-\\nert H. Harrison of Md. John Rutledge\\nof S. C. James Wilson of Pa.\\nSept. 25. New York. Congress passes\\n12 Constitutional Amendment Bills.\\n[Ten are soon approved by three-fourths\\nof the States.]\\n1st Amendment of the Constitution\\nCongress shall make no law respecting\\nan establishment of religion, or pro-\\nhibiting the free exercise thereof, or\\nabridging the freedom of speech, or of\\nthe press, or the rights of the people\\npeaceably to assemble and to petition\\nthe Government for the redress of\\ngrievances.\\n2d Amendment, respecting the right\\nto bear arms.\\n3d Amendment, forbidding the quar-\\ntering of soldiers on the people.\\n4th Amendment, respecting searches\\nand seizures of persons, property, etc.\\n5th Amendment, respecting indict-\\nment, martial law, legal process, and\\neminent domain.\\n6th Amendment, providing for privi-\\nleges of accused persons and speedy\\ntrials.\\n7th Amendment, guaranteeing jury\\ntrial for anything over $20 in common\\nlaw suits.\\n8th Amendment, respecting bail, fines,\\ncruelty, and unusual punishment.\\n9th Amendment, declaring that the\\nenumeration of rights in the Constitu-\\ntion does not impair other rights.\\n10th Amendment, respecting State\\nrights.\\nSept. 29. New York. Congress estab-\\nlishes a regular army.\\n1st Congress the first session closes.\\nNov. 21. North Carolina, the 12th\\nState, accepts the Constitution. Vote,\\n193 to 75.\\nDec. 22. North Carolina cedes its\\nwestern lands to Congress. [They\\npartly comprise the area of Tennessee.]\\nIt makes the condition that no regula-\\ntion of Congress shall tend to the\\nemancipation of slaves in this terri-\\ntory.\\nXT. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-96 Del. Joshua Clayton.\\n-90 Ga. George Walton.\\n-92 N. C. Alex. Martin.\\n-94 N. J. Win. Livingston.\\n-92 S. C. Thos. Pinckney.\\n-90 Vt. Moses Robinson.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1788 Mar. 21. La. Seven-eighths of\\nNew Orleans is burned to ashes.\\nApr. 7. O. Commencement of Mari-\\netta, tbe first permanent settlement, by\\nthe Ohio Company.\\nNew York. Questions of official cere-\\nmony and etiquette vex the Govern-\\nment.\\nAdams desires much ceremony Jef-\\nferson will have none Hamilton advises\\nsimple formality Washington coincides.\\nXT. S. The National debt exceeds\\n$80,000,000.\\nJuly 4. Pliila. Magnificent and varied\\ncelebration of National Indepen-\\ndence.\\nIn recognition of the Federal Union,\\nthe new Constitution is personified by a\\nlofty ornamental car, in the form of an\\neagle, drawn by six horses the Chief-\\nJustice and two of his associates are\\nseated within it, bearing the Constitu-\\ntion upon a staff.\\nOct. 15. New York. Washington sets\\nout in his carriage to make a tour of the\\nNorthern States.\\nOct. 24. Boston. Washington arrives.\\nIndiana is first settled.\\n1789 Jan. O. Cincinnati is laid out.\\nMar. 4. Neio Yoi-k. Citizens celebrate\\nthe assembling of Congress by the\\nringing of bells and firing of cannon, at\\nearly morn, at noon, and at sunset.\\nTenn. Knoxville is settled. [Named\\nin honor of Gen. Knox.]", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "102 1789-1792, Nov.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1790 Sept. 19.-1795 Aug. 3. North-\\nwestern Indian wars; 8,983 men en-\\ngaged cause, the Indians claim the\\nterritory.\\nOct. O. War with the Miami In-\\ndians in the Ohio Valley; Gen. Harmar\\nis defeated.\\nXew York. Castle William (Castle\\nGarden) is erected.\\nU. S. The army consists of 1,316\\nmen for service on the Indian frontier.\\n1791 U. S. Maj.-Gen. Arthur St.\\nClair is appointed (fourth) commander\\nof the army.\\nJune 1. O. Kickapoo Indians are sur-\\nprised on the Wabash many are killed\\nand taken prisoners.\\nSept. 9. O. Gen. St. Clair, with 2,000\\nmen, sets out to subdue the Miami con-\\nfederacy.\\nNov. 4. O. Gen. St. Clair is surprised\\nand routed by the Indians on the Wa-\\nbash, losing half his men.\\nGeneral Knox formulates a plan for\\norganizing the militia.\\n1792 Apr. 11. U.S. Maj.-Gen. An-\\nthony Wayne is appointed (fifth) com-\\nmander of the army.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1790 June 5. Pa. The steamboat con-\\nstructed by John Fitch makes a trip from\\nPhiladelphia to Trenton and return. It\\nis propelled by 12 oars.\\nDec. li. I. Samuel Slater, an English-\\nman, starts the first successful Amer-\\nican cotton-factory at Pawtucket, near\\nProvidence.\\nPhila. A statue of Was hingto7i [now\\nin Independence Hall] is executed by\\nWilliam Rush.\\n1791 Ky. The first American fur-\\nnace is erected by Government troops\\non Slate Creek.\\nLa. The first dramatic representation\\nin New Orleans is presented.\\nPa. Accidental discovery of An-\\nthracite coal in Carbon and other\\ncounties.\\nBroom-corn brooms are first made in\\nGiuseppe Ceracchi executes busts of\\nWashington, Alexander Hamilton, and\\nothers.\\nDavid Rittenhouse succeeds Benja-\\nmin Franklin as president of the Amer-\\nican Philosophical Society.\\n1792 May 7. Ore. Capt. Robert Gray,\\nof the merchant ship Columbia, discovers\\nand enters the Columbia Kiver.\\nAug. 16. Boston. The first theater is\\nopened in the new Exhibition Room\\nto evade the law, the first play is called\\nthe Moral Lecture of Douglas (p. 104).\\n_94 Qre.^ George Vancouver, of\\nEngland, explores the Pacific coast.\\nJohn Trumbull paints a Portrait of\\nWashington.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n];;irtl.-it, John Shcrri ii, editor, born.\\niiellainy, Joseph, cliTirymmi, writer, ATI.\\nliowdoin, .James, philosopher, statesman,\\nA 63.\\nCapers, William, Meth. Kpis. bishop, South, b.\\nburfee, Job, jurist, M. C. fur K. I., born.\\nForce, Peter, historian, horn in N. J.\\nFranklin, Benjamin, printer, philosopher,\\npatriot, and statesman, A 84.\\nGibbs, Josiali Willard, philologist, born.\\nGoodrich, Chauncey Allen, clergyman, au-\\nthor, born.\\nGray, Francis f. ulley, lawyer, scholar, born.\\nGrayson, William, soldier of Revolution, d.\\nHarper, William, senator for S. C, born.\\nHooper, William, lawyer and patriot of N. C,\\nA48.\\nLivingston, William, Gov. of N. J., M. C,\\nA 67.\\nLongstreet, Augustus B., Meth. Epis. clergy-\\nman of S. C, born.\\nPutnam, Israel, general in Revolution, A72.\\nShubrick, William P.ranford, admiral, born.\\nTurner, Samuel Hulbeart, Prot. Epis. clergy-\\nman, professor, born.\\nTwiggs, David Emanuel, Secessionist gen., b.\\nTyler. John. 10th president, born in Va.\\n1791\\nBeck, Theodric Romeyn, physician, born.\\nBlair, Francis Preston, journalist, born.\\nBuchanan, James, 15th president, born in\\nPa., Apr. 22.\\nBullions, Peter, author, born.\\nBurden, Henry, manufacturer, born.\\nButler, Richard, major-general, killed by In-\\ndians.\\nCooper. Peter, philanthropist, horn in Xew\\nYork.\\nHall, Lyman, statesman, A90.\\nHarrison, Benjamin, general, signer of\\nDecl., ex-governor, A51.\\nHayne, Robert Young, orator, born.\\nHopkinsmi, Kranns, author, signer of Dec-\\nlaration, A54.\\nMorse, Samuel Finley Breese, artist, in-\\nventor, born.\\nOlmsted, Denison, natural philosopher, b.\\nPond, Enoeh, theologian, born.\\nSigourney. Lydia Huntley, poet, born.\\nSprague, Charles, poet, born.\\nTicknor, leorge, scholar, -writer, born.\\nTread well, Daniel, mechanician, born.\\n1792*\\nAinslie, Hew, poet, born.\\nAstor, William B., capitalist, born.\\nBirney, James Gillespie, statesman, aboli-\\ntionist, born.\\nCollamer, Jacob, senator for Vt., born.\\nCruger, John, mayor of New York, A82.\\nDallas. George Mifflin, statesman, born.\\nDe Kay, James Ellsworth, naturalist, born.\\nEverett, Alexander Hill, diplomatist, b.\\nFairbanks, Erastus, Gov. of Vt., born.\\nFinney, Charles Grandison, college presi-\\ndent, born.\\nFisk, Pliny, missionary, born.\\nFisk, Wilbur, pres. of Wesleyan Univ., born.\\nHarding, Chester, painter, born.\\nJones, John Paul, naval officer, A45.\\nLaurens, Henry, statesman, A68.\\nLawrence, Abbott, benefactor, born.\\nLea, Isaac, naturalist, born.\\nJIason, George, statesman, A67.\\nMason, Lowell, musical composer, born.\\nNelson, Samuel, justice, born in N. T.\\nPayne, John Howard, actor, born.\\nRenwick. James, physicist, born.\\nRichards, William, missionary, born.\\nKumsey, James, inventor, A4B.\\nSartwell, Henry Parker, botanist, born.\\nSmith, Seba, author, born.\\nSpangenburg, August, founder, A 88.\\nStevens. Thaddeus. senator for Pa., born.\\nStone, William Leete, journalist, born.\\nVassar, Matthew, philanthropist, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1790 Sept. 19. Va. James Madison\\nconsecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop at Lambeth, England.\\nOct. 1. U.S. The modified Prayer-Book\\ncomes into use in all Protestant Episco-\\npal churches.\\nNov. 18. P.I. Organization of the (Prot-\\nestant Episcopal) Diocese of Rhode Is-\\nland.\\nXew York. The second Methodist\\nchurch in this city is formed.\\nPa. Jacob Albright begins his work\\nof reform among the German Christians\\nof Eastern Pennsylvania. [The Evan-\\ngelical Association is developed later.]\\nPhila. The General Assembly of\\nthe Presbyterian Church meets Robert\\nSmith, moderator.\\nVt. The Protestant Episcopal) Dio-\\ncese of Vermont is organized, and the\\nfirst Episcopal Convention in Ver-\\nmont is held.\\nThe Methodist Council becomes un-\\npopular and holds its last session.\\nThe Methodist Conference omits the\\nwords buying and selling from John\\nWesley s rules on intemperance.\\nThe Methodist Conferences order the\\norganization of Sunday-schools for\\nthe instruction of poor children, white\\nand black. Sessions to be from 6 to 10\\nA. M-, and 2 to 6 p. M.\\n1791 Sept. 14. Mass. The presbytery\\nof Salem is dissolved.\\nMd. First legislation in the Catholic\\nChurch by the Synod of Baltimore*.\\nA 7 Y. The Xew York Baptist Associ-\\nation is formed.\\nPhila. The General Assembly of\\nthe Presbyterian Church meets John\\nWoodhull, moderator.\\nPa. Lutherans receive a grant of\\n5,000 acres of land from the Legislature.\\n1792 Sept. 11. New York. The (Prot-\\nestant Episcopal) Convention meets.\\nSept. 17. Md. Consecration of Thos. J.\\nClaggett (Protestant Episcopal) bishop\\nfor Maryland.\\nNov. 1-15. Md. The First Regular\\nGeneral Conference of the Methodist\\nEpiscopal Church is held at Baltimore.\\nLETTERS.\\n1790 May 31. First Copyright Act\\nin the United States passed, chiefly\\nthrough the influence of Noah Webster\\n[the lexicographer].\\nX. Y. A proposition in the Assembly\\nto establish public schools is hardly\\nnoticed.\\n-97 New York Magazine appears.\\nVa. William Henry Harrison\\ngraduates at Hampden-Sidney College.\\n1791 Oct. 24. Md. First issue of the\\nBaltimore Daily Repository.\\nCon 71. The First Geography is pub-\\nlished by Jedediah Morse.\\nMd. St. Mary s Seminary (Rom.\\nCath.) founded at Baltimore.\\nVt. University of Vermont (non-\\nsect.) founded at Burlington.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1789 Washington makes a tour of\\nthe Northern States, and is greeted with\\ngreat enthusiasm.\\n1790 Apr. 30. Xew York. Congress en-\\nacts that every soldier shall have half\\na gill of rum, brandy, or whisky daily.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1789-1792, Nov. 103\\nDec. 29. New York. Presentation of tlio\\nMemorial of the College of Physicians\\nto tlie Senate of the United States Con-\\ngress, deprecating the use of ardent\\nspirits, and recommending the imposi-\\ntion of high duties upon their impor-\\ntation.\\nPhila. The Pennsylvania Anti-\\nSlavery Society (Benjamin Franklin\\nPres.) petitions Congress to devise\\nmeans for removing the inconsistency of\\nslavery from the American people.\\nNew York. A bill is introduced in\\nCongress for taxing distilled liquors.\\nSlavery is already prohibited in\\nsix of the States.\\nU. S. Total number of slaves,\\n697,897.\\n1791 July 4. George Buchanan makes\\nhis address on slavery.\\nSTATE.\\n1789 New York. Jefferson and Ham-\\nilton representing opposite parties in\\nthe Cabinet, Washington is vexed by\\nmany disagreements.\\n1790 Jan. 4. New York. The 1st\\nCongress: 2d session opens. Presi-\\ndent Washington orally addresses the\\ntwo Houses assembled to hear him.\\nMar. 25. Eng. The plan of the British\\nGovernment for compensating Ameri-\\ncan loyalists for losses is suspended.\\nApr. 2. North Carolina finally cedes\\nits western lands. (See 1789.)\\nNew York. Congress accepts the\\nlands ceded by North Carolina.\\nKentucky is organized as a Territory.\\nMay 29. Rhode Island, the 13th State,\\nand the last of all, approves the Federal\\nConstitution. Vote, 34 to 32.\\nJune S. C. Meeting of State Conven-\\ntion to frame a new Constitution.\\nNew York. Congress is urged to as-\\nsume the debts of the several States\\nincurred in the prosecution of the Revo-\\nlutionary War. (\u00c2\u00a718,271,786.)\\nSouthern members oppose and North-\\nern members favor the plan. [The mat-\\nter is finally settled by a compromise\\nthe Northern members consenting to the\\nlocation of the Capital on the Potomac\\nRiver.]\\nJuly 10. New York. Congress resolves\\nto hold its sessions in Philadelphia\\nfor ten years, and thereafter on the\\nPotomac. Vote, 32-29.\\nJuly 16. New York. Congress passes an\\nact locating the future seat of Govern-\\nment in the District of Columbia.\\nSixty square miles of territory are ceded\\nto the United States by Maryland and\\nVirginia.\\nAug. 4. New York. Congress finally\\npasses the bill for funding the debts\\nof the States, which it has assumed,\\nthus putting the finances of the country\\non a firm basis.\\nKentucky applies for admission into\\nthe Union.\\nAug. 7. N. Y. The Creek Indian\\nchiefs sign a treaty in the Hall of\\nRepresentatives, in which the territory\\nsouth and west of the Oconee is solemn-\\nly guaranteed to them, they resigning\\nlands north and east of that river.\\nAug. 12. New York. The 1st Con-\\ngress the second session closes.\\nSept. 2. Pa. A new State Constitution\\nis adopted.\\nU.S. Philadelphia the Capital City.\\nThe seat of the Federal Government\\nis removed from New York.\\nDec. 6. Phila. The 1st Congress the\\nthird session opens.\\nU. S. James Iredell of N. C. is\\nmade Justice of the Supreme Court.\\nThe Federal Revenue is $4,000,000\\nthe expenditure of the Government,\\nincluding interest on the public debt,\\nis \u00c2\u00a71,000,000.\\nVt. The jurisdiction of New York\\nin the Province of Vermont is purchased\\nby the latter for S30.000.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-92 Cat. Jose A. Roman (Spanish).\\n-93 Ga. Edward Telfair.\\nPa. Thomas Mifflin.\\n-05 P. I. Arthur Fenner.\\nTerm. Ter. Wm. Blount.\\n-97 Vt. Thomas Chittenden.\\n1791 Jan. 1. The National debt is\\n375,463,476.\\nJan. 10. Vermont adopts the Federal\\nConstitution.\\nFeb. 25. Phila. The Bill to establish a\\nNational Bank becomes a law it is\\ngenerally favored by Northern members,\\nand generally opposed by those from the\\nSouth.\\nMar. 3. The District of Columbia is\\nfully organized.\\nMar. 4. Vermont is admitted into the\\nUnion as the 14th State.\\nPhila. The 1st Congress ends.\\nJune 7. Phila. The Bank of the United\\nStates is instituted capital $10,000,000\\nit is opposed by Jefferson and the Anti-\\nFederal party.\\nAug. Phila. George Hammond, the\\nfirst minister from Great Britain, is re-\\nceived.\\nOct. 24. Phila. The 2d Congress\\nopens.\\nOct. Phila. Congress Senate John\\nLangdon of N. H. is reelected President\\npro tempore. House Jonathan Trum-\\nbull of Conn, is elected Speaker.\\nPhila. Thomas Johnson of Md. is\\nappointed Justice of the Supreme Court.\\nDec. 15. U. S. The first ten Amend-\\nments of the Constitution come in force.\\nDec. U. S. Thomas Pinckney of\\nS. C. is appointed minister to England.\\nO. Gen. St. Clair appointed governor\\nof the Northwestern Territory, with in-\\nstructions to drive out the Indians.\\n-94 Va. Henry Lee governor.\\n1792 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$77,227,924.66.\\nMar. 1. Phila. Congress provides by\\nenactment for the Presidential suc-\\ncession in certain contingencies.\\nIn case of inability of the Vice-Presi-\\ndent, the office devolves on the president\\npro tempore of the Senate and if he\\ncannot assume the office it goes to the\\nSpeaker of the House of Representatives.\\nApr. 2. Phila. The National Mint is\\nestablished.\\nApr. 17. Phila. Congress; Senate:\\nIt. H. Lee of Va. is elected President\\npro tempore.\\nMay 8. Phila. The 2d Congress: the\\nfirst session closes.\\nJune 1. Kentucky is admitted into the\\nUnion as the 15th State.\\nJune 4. Ky. The first legislature\\nmeets Isaac Shelby governor.\\nJune Rumors circulate of a conspiracy\\nto change the Government into a mon-\\narchy.\\nJune N. Y. Chief Justice John Jay\\n(Federalist) is elected Governor of New\\nYork over George Clinton by about 400\\nvotes.\\nClinton s friends in the canvassing\\ncommittee throw out three counties on\\ntechnicalities, and award the office to\\nhim.\\nNov. 5. Phila. The 2d Congress:\\nsecond session opens. Senate John\\nLangdon of N. H. is elected President\\npro tempore.\\nU. S. Second Presidential elec-\\ntion Washington is unanimously re-\\nelected President, and John Adams\\nis reelected Vice-President. The Anti-\\nFederalists, now called Republicans, are\\nled by Jefferson, the Federalists by\\nHamilton and Adams.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1789 New York. It is proposed to lay\\nout a park bordering the drainage canal\\n(Canal Street), but the project is aban-\\ndoned because of the remoteness of the\\nlocality.\\n1790 U. S. The first census is ta-\\nken. Philadelphia lias a population of\\n43,000; New York, 33,000; Boston, 18,000;\\nBaltimore, 13,000; the whole country,\\n3,929,214, including 697,681 slaves.\\nU. S. The center of population is 23\\nmiles east of Baltimore.\\nJuly 17. N. Y. The first bank of Al-\\nbany begins to discount.\\nAug. 1. Nero York. The yellow fever\\nrages.\\nDec. 20. Phila. The Bank of the\\nUnited States commences to discount.\\nIts notes are payable in specie, and re-\\nceivable in all payments to the United\\nStates.\\nJD. C. The city of Washington is\\nfounded.\\nMass. First American whaling ship\\nfor tbe Pacific sails from Nantucket.\\nN.C. An Act of Legislature is passed\\nfor laying out the town of Raleigh.\\nNew York. The first bank in this city-\\nis established The Bank of New York.\\n1792 June 4. N. Y. The survey of a\\nroute from Pennsylvania through the\\nGenesee country is completed.\\nJune 11. N. H. The first bank in this\\nState begins discounting at Portsmouth.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "104\\n1792-1794.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1792 The army consists of 5,120 men.\\n1793**0. Gen. Wayne Mad An-\\nthony leads 3,000 men against the\\nIndians.\\nDec. 0. Fort Greenville is built by\\nGen. Wayne.\\nThe war between Portugal and Algiers\\ncloses, and American vessels are again\\nseized by the pirates.\\n1794 Mar. 27. Phila. Congress\\nauthorizes the construction of 6 frigates,\\n3 of them to be of the very heavy class,\\nthus beginning the navy.\\nO. Fort Recovery is built by Gen.\\nWayne.\\nAug. 20. O. Gen. Wayne defeats the\\nMiami Indians at the Maumee Rapids,\\nand then desolates their country.\\n0. Fort Defiance is built.\\nMay 7. D. C. Congress establishes a\\ncombined corps of engineers and artil-\\nlery, with a military school for cadets.\\nSept.* Nov. Pa. The Whisky\\nRebellion.\\nWashington sends a force of militia\\ninto western Pennsylvania to put down\\nthe Whisky Rebellion, the distillers hav-\\ning refused to pay the Government tax\\nand fired on its officers.\\nGen. Wayne is victorious in breaking\\nthe Miami confederacy.\\nU. S. The maximum strength of the\\narmy is 3,629.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1792 D. C. The Federal Commis-\\nsioners advertise in the newspapers of\\nall the principal cities for designs for\\na Federal Capitol building and a\\nPresident s House.\\nGa. The cotton-gin is invented by\\nEli Whitney, a Connecticut school-\\nteacher residing in Georgia.\\n[It gives an immense impetus to the\\ncultivation of cotton, and adds many\\nmillions of wealth to the South it has\\ngiven direction to the politics and history\\nof the country.]\\nDr. S. U. Johnston is painted by Gil-\\nbert Stuart.\\n1793 Jan. 9. Phi/a. The first balloon\\nascension in America is made by Fran-\\ncois Blanchard, in the presence of\\nWashington.\\nSept. 18. D. C. The corner-stone, at\\nthe southeast corner of the Capitol at\\nWashington, is laid by Washington in\\nconnection with Masonic ceremonies.\\nC. W. Peale paints a portrait of\\nWashington.\\nConn. Eli Terry of Plymouth is the\\nfirst to manufacture clocks as a busi-\\nness.\\nR. I. Samuel Slater of North Provi-\\ndence erects the first mill for the manu-\\nfacture of cotton-yarns.\\nWash. Alexander Mackenzie, trav-\\neling overland, touches the coast above\\nthe Columbia River.\\n1794 Feb. 4. Boston s first theater\\nbuilding is opened, and called the Fed-\\neral-street Theater. (See 1775, 1792.)\\nFeb. 17. Phila. A new theater is opened\\nin Chestnut Street by Wignel.\\nMass. Newburyport has the first fac-\\ntory for the manufacture of woolen\\ngoods.\\nN. Y. Samuel Morey builds a stern-\\nwheel steamboat, which runs from\\nHartford to New York.\\nFt. I. Cotton sewing thread is\\nmanufactured at Pawtucket.\\nFrom this time forward the United\\nStates bad two stock [theatrical] com-\\npanies of extraordinary merit, surpassed\\nonly by the companies at the three patent\\nhouses in London. (Ency. Brit.)\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n1793*\\nBates, Edward, statesman, born.\\nBedell, (Jreyory Tow nsend, clergyman, bcrn.\\nButler, William statesman, born-\\nCarey, Henry Charles, political economist, b.\\nChase, Irali, clergyman, born.\\nColburn, Warren, mathematician, born.\\nCox, Samuel Hanson, clergyman, born.\\nDoughty, Thomas, painter, born.\\nForest i, l-viice, educator, born.\\nFrothingliam, Nathaniel L., clergyman, b.\\nGoodrich, Samuel Griswold, author, born.\\nGuthrie, .lames, statesman, born.\\nHall, James, author, born.\\nHancock. John, statesman. A56.\\nHitchcock, Edward, pies, of Amherst Coll., b.\\nHouston. Sam, general, born.\\nManly, John, naval officer, A59.\\nMeKeever, Isaac, commodore, born.\\n.Mitchell, Klisha, chemist, born.\\nMott, Lucretia, philanthropist, born.\\nNeal, John, poet, born.\\nPhelps, Almira Hart L., teacher, born.\\nRives, William Cabell, statesman, born.\\nSchoolcraft, Henry Howe, ethnologist, born.\\nSherman, Roger, statesman, A72.\\nSlidell, John, lawyer, born.\\n1794*\\nAndrew, James Osgood, bishop, born.\\nAngell, Joseph Kinnicut, lawyer, born.\\nArmstrong, -lames, general, dies.\\nAshmun, Jebiub. philanthropist, horn.\\nBeck, John Brodheud, physician, born.\\nBelknap, William general, horn.\\nBryant, William Cullen, poet, born.\\nButler, John, Tory leader, dies.\\nChase, Carlton, bishop, born.\\nCorwin, Thomas, statesman, born.\\nDempster, John, educator, horn.\\nDewey, Orville, clergyman, born.\\nEverett. Edward, orator, born.\\nGraham, Sylvester, reformer, born.\\nGrier. Robert C. justice, born in Pa.\\nHolbrook, John Edwards, naturalist, born.\\nKearney, Stephen Wttts, general, born.\\nLeavitt, Joshua, journalist, born.\\nLee, Richard II., senator for Va., A62.\\nMarsh, James, theologian, born.\\nlUeriam, Eben, meteorologist, born.\\nMorris, Thomas A., bishop, born.\\nPaine, Mariyn, physician, born.\\nPerry, \u00e2\u0096\u00a0Matthew Calbraith, commodore, b.\\nPreston, William C. senator, born.\\nRobinson, Edward, scholar, born.\\nStueben. Baron Frederick William A.,\\ngeneral, A 64.\\nTappan, William Bingham, poet, born.\\nVanderbilt, Cornelius, capitalist, born.\\nWalker, James, pres. of Harvard Coll., born.\\nWare, Henry, Jr., clergyman, born.\\nWitherspoon. John, clergyman, A72.\\nWorth, William J., general, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1792 Nov. Md. The Baltimore Confer-\\nence of the Methodist Episcopal Church\\nis organized.\\nN. H. First Annual Meeting of the\\nFree-will Baptists.\\nN. Y. The Reformed Dutch Church\\npublish their Standards of Doctrine,\\netc., in English.\\nThe Associated Presbytery of the Pres-\\nbyterian Church is formed for West-\\nchester.\\nPa. The General Assembly of the\\nPresbyterian Church meets at Carlisle\\nJohn King, moderator.\\nIt enters into correspondence with the\\nGeneral Association of Churches of Con-\\nnecticut by the appointment of a Stand-\\ning Committee, and both agree to be\\nrepresented in each other s annual meet-\\ning, by three commissioners.\\nVa. James O Kelley secedes from\\nthe Methodist Episcopal Church, and\\nforms the Republican Methodist Church..\\n1793 Oct. N. Y. The Synod of the\\nReformed Dutch Church adopts the\\nvolume containing (in English) the Stand-\\nards, Liturgy, Rules, etc., and it becomes\\nthe Constitution of the Church.\\nLa. The Roman Catholic Arch-\\ndiocese of New Orleans is established.\\nLouisiana and the Floridas are\\nplaced under separate Roman Catholic\\nbishops.\\nPhila. The General Assembly of\\nthe Presbyterian Church meets James\\nLatta, moderator.\\nDelegates from the General Association\\nof Connecticut take seats in the (Presby-\\nterian) General Assembly.\\nP. I. Samuel Slater establishes the\\nfirst Sunday-school in New England.\\nVt. Edward Bass is elected Protes-\\ntant Episcopal Bishop of Vermont at the\\nannual Convention.\\nThe Associated Northern Presbytery\\nof the Presbyterian Church is formed.\\n1794 New York. The Reformed\\nDutch General Synod is organized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1792 D. C. Georgetown College\\n(Rom. Cath.) is founded controlled by\\nthe Society of Jesus.\\nN. Y. Dr. Samuel Latham Mitchill\\ngives the first course of chemical lec-\\ntures ever listened to in the United\\nStates.\\n1793 Nov. 9. O. First issue of the\\nSentinel of the Xorthicestern Territory,\\nat Cincinnati, the earliest Western news-\\npaper.\\nMass. Williams College (non-sect.)\\nincorporated at Williamstown. [It was\\nfounded by bequest of Col. Ephraim\\nWilliams, who died in 1755.]\\nTenn. First printing-press set up\\nin Tennessee, at Knoxville, and the\\nKnoxville Gazette issued.\\nN. H. Farmer s Museum appears at\\nWalpole.\\nNew York. The Minerva [which is\\nsoon changed to the Commercial Adver-\\ntiser] is issued by Noah Webster.\\nMass. The essays under the signature\\nof Marcel lus, by John Quincy Adams,\\nappear.\\nSystem of Doctrines contained in Divine\\nRevelation Explained and Defender!, by\\nSamuel Hopkins, appears.\\n1794 Sept. 5. Boston Prices-Current\\nand Marine Intelligencer, Commercial\\nand Mercantile, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1792-1794.\\n105\\nSOCIETY.\\n1792 Washington makes 1 a tour of\\nthe Southern States, ami is enthusias-\\ntically welcomed.\\nViscount Chateaubriand visits the\\nUnited States.\\n1793 Phila. Congress gives sum-\\nmary power to slave-masters, or their\\nagents, to seize and return fugitive\\nslaves which have fled to other States.\\nPhila. William Cobbett, the En-\\nglish political writer, editsa paper in this\\ncity.\\n1794 Feb. 4. Mass. The Legislature,\\nhaving repealed the law against the-\\natrical amusements, the Federal-street\\nTheater opens.\\nSTATE.\\n1792 Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue\\nS 20S,942.\\nInd. A treaty is made with the In-\\ndians at Vincennes.\\nPhila. Congress fixes the postage\\nrate on letters at G\\\\ cents for 30 miles,\\nand the rate to increase with the dis-\\ntance beyond that limit.\\nU.S. Governors inaugurated\\n-94* Cal. Jose J.de Arrillaga(Span.).\\n-96* *Ky. Isaac Shelby.\\n-95 N. C. Richard D. Spaight.\\n-94 N. H. Josiah Bartlett.\\n-94 S. C. Arnoldus Vanderhorst.\\nConnecticut conveys 500,000 acres of\\nWestern Reserve lands [in Ohio] to\\ncertain citizens, as compensation for\\nproperty destroyed by fire and pillage\\nduring the Revolution.\\n1793 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n\u00c2\u00a780,352,634.\\nFeb. 13. Phila* Congress counts the\\nelectoral vote.\\nFor President George Washington,\\nFederalist, 132 votes John Adams, Fed-\\neralist, 77 George Clinton of N. Y., Re-\\npublican, 50 Thomas Jefferson of Va.,\\nRepublican, 4; Aaron Burr of N. Y.,\\nRepublican, one vote. Vacancies, 3.\\nFeb. Phila. Congress passes the Fu-\\ngitive Slave Act, for the rendition of\\nslaves to owners when found in other\\nStates or Territories. Vote, House, 48-7\\nSenate, no opposition. [It becomes a\\ndead letter till 1850.]\\nMar. 2. Phila. The 2d Congress: the\\nsecond session closes.\\nMar. 4. Phila. George Washington\\nof Va., the first President, enters his\\nsecond term; John Adams of Mass.\\nis Vice-President.\\nMar. 9. Phila. Congress passes the act\\norganizing the militia; all male white\\ncitizens between the ages of IS and 45 to\\nbe enrolled.\\nApr. 8. S. C. Edmond C. Genet, min-\\nister of France, arrives at Charleston.\\nFrance having declared war against\\nGreat Britain, Genet proceeds to fit out\\nprivateers, etc.\\nApr. 22. Phila. Washington issues a\\nproclamation of neutrality in the war\\nbetween France and England [Genet ap-\\npeals from the President to the people].\\nMay 9. France orders the seizure of\\nneutral vessels carrying supplies to an\\nenemy s port.\\nMay 16. Phila. Genet is received with\\ngreat enthusiasm.\\nMay 17. Phila. Genet, as minister\\nfrom France, presents his papers to the\\nPresident. (McMaster, May 18.)\\nJuly* Phila. The President asks France\\nto recall Genet because of his audacity\\nin attempting to controltheGovernment.\\nNov. 6. Eng. George III. issues secret\\ninstructions to British privateers to\\nseize all neutral vessels found trading\\nin the French West Indies. [Americans\\nlose many millions of dollars, and the\\nwar spirit prevails among the people.]\\nDec. 2. Phila. The 3d Congress\\nopens.\\nDec* Phila. Congress; Senate: Ralph\\nIzard of S. C. is elected President pro\\ntempore. House F. A. Muhlenburg\\nof Pa. is elected Speaker.\\nDec. 31. Phila. Jefferson resigns as\\nSecretary of State because, the Govern-\\nment adopts the policy of neutrality in-\\nstead of aiding France against England.\\nU. S. Internal revenue $337,705.\\nU. S. Jefferson s followers become\\nknown as Republicans, and Hamil-\\nton s followers as Federalists.\\nU. S. The first Republican party\\nappears.\\nU. S. William Faterson of N. J.\\nis appointed Justice of the United States\\nSupreme Court.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-96 Ga. George Matthews.\\n-97 Mass. Samuel Adams.\\n1794 Jan. 1. U. S. Total National debt\\n$78,427,404, with $26,000,000 applicable to\\nthe sinking fund.\\nJan. 2. Phila. Congress resolves to\\nbuy peace with Algiers.\\nJan. 13. Phila. Congress adds two\\nmore stars to the Federal flag.\\nJan. Phila. Edmund Randolph suc-\\nceeds Jefferson as Secretary of State.\\nFeb. 3. Phila. Congress: the House\\nfavors Madison s bill, asserting the\\npolicy of discriminating duties on the\\nproducts of nations not in treaty with\\nthe United States. Vote, 51-46.\\nFeb. 20. Phila. Congress: The Sen-\\nate ceases to sit with closed doors.\\nMar. 5. U. S. Ratification of the 11th\\nAmendment to the Constitution re-\\nspecting the judicial power of the\\nUnited States as against the States, as-\\nserting the non-suability of the States.\\nMar. 6. Phila. Congress passes an\\nembargo law for a period of sixty\\ndays.\\nMar. 27. Phila. Congress provides for\\na navy. (See Army Navy.)\\nApr. 19. Phila. Congress; Senate:\\nJohn Jay is confirmed as special envoy\\nto England.\\nMay* The Treaty of Paris being unexe-\\ncuted, and certain military posts still\\nheld by the British, American seamen\\nimpressed, trading vessels captured, and\\nother irritating grievances existing,\\nChief Justice Jay goes to England to\\nsecure redress and negotiate a treaty\\nof amity, commerce, and navigation.\\nMay 27. Phila. Washington recalls\\nGouverneur Morris from France and\\nappoints James Monroe as minister.\\nJune 9. Phila. The 3d Congress:\\nthe first session closes.\\nSept. Pa. A whisky insurrection\\nbreaks out in western Pennsylvania,\\nbecause of the tax laid on -whisky for\\nrevenue. (See Army, and Society.)\\nNov. 3. Phila. The 3d Congress:\\nsecond session opens. [The Senate lacks\\na quorum, and delays opening for two\\nweeks.]\\nNov. 19. Jay s Treaty concluded.\\nIt provides for the delivery of the\\nposts on the northern frontier (Treaty\\nof Paris) before June, 1796 for a com-\\nmission to define the St. Croix River\\nfor commissioners to determine com-\\npensation due to British subjects and\\nAmerican citizens, in certain cases; for\\nthe regulation of trade, the extradition\\nof criminals, etc. [It is received by the\\ncountry with great displeasure.]\\nPhila. Congress passes the Neu-\\ntrality Act.\\nIt makes it a misdemeanor for Ameri-\\ncans to augment any hostile force that\\nmay be directed against any nation with\\nwhich the United States is at peace.\\nIrritation is caused by the continued\\noccupation of western forts on Lake\\nErie by the British, contrary to treaty\\nagreement.\\nA despatch is received from Fauchet,\\nthe French envoy, which is supposed to\\ncompromise Edmund Randolph, Secre-\\ntary of State, in an intrigue attended\\nwith bribery. [Later disproved.]\\nDec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue $274,089.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated:\\n-00 Cal. Diego de Borica (Span.).\\n-01 N.J. Richard Howell.\\n-05 N. H. John T. Gilman.\\nN. J. Wm. Paterson.\\n-96 S. C. Wm. Moultrie.\\n-96 Va. Robert Brooke.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1793 July* Phila. The yellow fever\\nagain spreads devastation, carrying off\\nseveral thousand persons.\\n1794 Dec. 24. Mass. South Hadley\\ncanal is opened.\\nO. Dayton is laid out in lots, which\\nare disposed of by lottery.\\nPhila. Incorporation of the Insur-\\nance Company of North America,\\nalso the Insurance Company of Penn-\\nsylvania.\\nPa. The first turnpike road is con-\\nstructed by a company, extending G2\\nmiles, and connecting Lancaster with\\nPhiladelphia.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "106 1794-1797, June.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1796 July 14. X. Y. British troops\\nevacuate Oswego, and Americans\\noccupy the post.\\nDec. 15. U. S. Maj.-Gen. James Wil-\\nkinson appointed (sixth) commander of\\nthe army.\\n1797 Mar. 10. Fr. The Directory\\norder the French men-of-war to prey\\nupon American commerce, aiming to\\nforce Americans to join France\\nagainst England.\\nU. S. A provisional army is raised\\nWashington is lieutenant-general.\\nThe frigate Constitution islnunched\\nat Boston, and the Constellation at Bal-\\ntimore.\\nMay The United States begins to send\\na fleet to sea against France.\\nART \u00e2\u0080\u0094SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1795 Aug. Conn. A theater is opened\\nin Hartford by Hodgkinson and a part\\nof the Old American Company.\\nThe portrait of Washington is painted\\nby Gilbert C. Stuart.\\n1796 Dec. 9. Phila. T. C. Cooper first\\nappears in America as Macbeth,.\\nMass. Newburyport has a factory for\\nprinting calico.\\nMartha Washington is painted by Gil-\\nbert C. Stuart.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nlufacturer.li.\\nBartlett/Josiah, patriot, A66.\\nBennett. James Gordon, founder, born.\\nBonneville, Benjamin L. E., traveler, born.\\nBradford, William, U. S. attorney, A40.\\nBrooks, Maria, poetess, born.\\nDana, Samuel L., agricultural chemist, born.\\nDrake, Joseph Hodman, poet, born.\\nGiddings. Joshua Reed, statesman, born.\\nHall, Hiland. jurist, born.\\nHarper, James, publisher, born.\\nHarris, Thaddeus William, entomologist, b.\\nHopkins. Johns, philanthropist, born.\\nKennedy, John Pendleton, novelist, born.\\nIWattitt, John Newland, Metli. preacher, b.\\nMarion, Fram-is, general, A 63.\\nTarker, Joel, jurist, born.\\nPeabody, George, philanthropist, born.\\nPercival, James Hates, poet, born.\\nPhillips, John, founder, A76.\\nPolk, James K.. 11th president, born.\\nPreseott, William, col. at Hunker Hill, A 69.\\nRobertson, Jacob, clergyman, born.\\nStevens, Edwin Augustus, inventor, born.\\nStiles, Ezra, college president, A68.\\nSullivan. John, general, A55.\\nThompson, Daniel Pence, novelist, born.\\n1796*\\nAbbott, Benjamin, clergyman, A64.\\nAnderson, Kufus, clergyman, bom.\\nBallou. Hosea, college president, born.\\nBascom. Henry B.. bishop, born.\\nBeaumont, William, physiologist, born.\\nBrainard, John G. C, poet, born.\\nBrigss, George N.. gov. of Mass., born.\\nBush, George, author, born.\\nCatlin, George, artist, born.\\nClayton, John Middleton, statesman, born.\\nDurand, A slier Brown, painter, born.\\nHarlan, Richard, naturalist, born.\\nHuntington, Samuel, signer of Decl n, A65.\\nIngham, Charles painter, born.\\nJohnBon, Reverdy. statesman, born in Md.\\nLick, James, philanthropist, born.\\nMann, Horace, educationist, born.\\nMuhlenberg, William A., poet, born.\\nPalfrey, John tlorham, historian, born.\\nPreseott, William Hickllng-. historian, b.\\nRives, John C, journalist, born.\\nSeabury, Samuel, first I rot. Epis. bp., A 67.\\nSumner, Edwin Vose, general, born.\\nWayland, Francis, philosopher, horn.\\nWayne, Anthony, gen. of Revolution, A51.\\n1797*\\nAnthon, Charles, scholar, born,\\nBaraga, Frederick, bishop, born.\\nBarnard, Daniel Dewy, diplomatist, born.\\nBell, John, senator (or Tenn., horn.\\nChlckerlng. Jonas, piano-maker, born.\\nColton, Walter, writer, born.\\nDe Lancev, William llejuheote, bishop, born.\\nDowler, Bennet, physician, born.\\nEmerson, George r... educationist, born.\\nHale, Benjamin, eduraior, horn.\\nHamline, Leonidas Lent, bishop, born.\\nHenry, Joseph, physieist, born.\\nHodge, Charles, theologian, born.\\nHuger, Isaac, general, A5o.\\nHughes, John, arHihishop, born.\\nKenriek, Francis Patrick, prelate, born.\\nLangdon, Samuel, college president, A74.\\nLee, Francis Lightfoot, army officer, A63.\\nLyon, Mary, founder, born.\\nMay, Samuel Joseph, clergyman, born.\\nOlin, Stephen. Meth. Ejus, clergyman, b.\\nPaulding, Hiram, naval officer, born.\\nSmith, Gerrit. philanthropist, born.\\nWare, William, author, born.\\nWeed, Thurlow. journalist, born.\\nWmebrenner, John, clergyman, born.\\nWood, George, B., physician and author, b.\\nCHURCH.\\n1794 X. Y. The minutes of the Gen-\\neral Synod of the Reformed Dutch\\nChurch are first written in English.\\nThe Sands-street Methodist Episcopal\\nchurch is organized in Brooklyn, the\\nfirst in this city.\\nPhila. The General Assembly of\\nthe Presbyterian Church meets;\\nAlex. McWhorter, moderator.\\nIt is agreed that commissioners visit-\\ning either the General Assembly (Presby-\\nterian) or the Association of Connecticut,\\n(Congregational) be allowed to vote.\\nVt. The lands belonging to the\\nChurch of England and the Society for\\nthe Propagation of the Gospel are se-\\nquestered and applied to the school\\nfund.\\n1795 Sept. 13. S. C. Consecration of\\nRobert Smith (Protestant Episcopal)\\nBishop for South Carolina.\\nMass. Hosea Ballou avows Unita-\\nrian views of God and Christ.\\nX. Y. Shakers sign a written cove-\\nnant, making a full consecration to God\\nof life, services, and treasure.\\nPa. The General Assembly of the\\nPresbyterian Church meets at Car-\\nlisle; John McKnight, moderator.\\nPhila. A special General Conven-\\ntion of the Protestant Episcopal Church\\nmeets.\\nThe Society of (Orthodox) Friends\\nbegins mission-work among the Indians.\\n1796 May 15. Boston. The first Metho-\\ndist church is opened.\\nJune 21. The Vermont (Congrega-\\ntional) Convention is organized.\\nOct. 20. Md. The Second General\\nConference of the Methodist Episcopal\\nchurch meets at Baltimore Bishop Coke\\nand 120 preachers present.\\nOct. The New England and Philadel-\\nphia (Methodist Episcopal) Conferences\\nformed.\\nDec. 6. 0. The first Congregational\\nchurch in Ohio formed.\\nThe first Baptist church in Illi-\\nnois formed at New Design.\\nMass. Unitarian doctrines spread\\namong the Congregationalists.\\nThe New York Missionary Soci-\\nety is organized, principally by Pres-\\nbyterians.\\nXew York. The first colored Metho-\\ndist church in this city is formed.\\nPhila. The General Assembly of\\nthe Presbyterian Church meets Robert\\nDavidson, moderator.\\n1797 May 7. Mass. Consecration of\\nEdward Bass (Protestant Episcopal)\\nBishop for Massachusetts.\\nJune New York: The General Synod\\nof the Reformed Church meets; Dirck\\nRomeyn, president.\\nLETTERS.\\n1794 Greenfield Hill, by Timothy\\nDwight, appears.\\nLa. First issue of the Moniteur, the\\nfirst paper published west of the Mis-\\nsissippi.\\nMe. Bowdoin CoUege (Cong.),\\nfounded at Brunswick.\\nTenn. Greenville and Tusculum\\nCollege (non-sect.) organized.\\n1795 Apr. 9. X. Y. The legislature\\npasses an enactment for the encourage-\\nment of common schools.\\nConn. The reserve lands of the State\\nare sold for $1,200,000 this sum is\\nappropriated for the support of schools\\nin the State.\\nX. C. University of North Caro-\\nlina (non-sect.) is organized at Chapel\\nHill.\\nX. Y. Union College (non-sect.) is\\norganized at Schenectady.\\n*-1817* Conn. Rev. Timothy\\nDwight is President of Tale College.\\nXT, Y. The assembly appropriates\\nS50,000 annually for five years for the\\nestablishment of public schools.\\nGrammar of the English Language, by\\nLindley Murray, appears.\\nEssays of Camillas s by Alexander\\nHamilton, appears.\\n1796 June 11. D. C. The Washington\\nGazette first issued.\\nOct. 6. Mass. The Polar Star and\\nBoston Daily Advertiser first issued.\\nPhila. The Literary Magazine and\\nAmerican Register, by C. Brockden\\nBrown, is published. [Continues till\\n1810.]\\n1797 May 3. X. Y. Union College\\nholds its first commencement for con-\\nferring degrees in the arts and sciences.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1794 Sept.*- Nov.* Pa. The Wnis-\\nky Rebellion in western Pennsylvania.\\nOccasioned by an excise tax of II cents\\nper gallon on spirits distilled from for-\\neign materials, and 9 cents when distilled\\nfrom domestic materials. It cost the\\nFederal Government SI. 500,000 to quell\\nit, or 32 per cent of the average annual\\ncost of the Government.\\nPhila. The General Assembly of the\\nPresbyterian Church adds the following\\nnote to the Catechism,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1794-1797, June. 107\\nStealers of men are those who bring off\\nslaves or freemen, and keep, sell, or buy\\nthem. To steal a freeman, says Grotius, is\\nthe highest kind of theft. In other instances\\nwe steal only human property, but when we\\nsteal or retain men in slavery, we seize those\\nwho, in common with ourselves, are consti-\\ntuted by the original grant lords of the\\nearth.\\nU. S. The President is authorized by\\nCongress to increase the quantity of\\nliquor to a gill, for troops on the fron-\\ntiers.\\nThe Quakers present to Congress the\\nfirst anti-slavery petition.\\nTenn. Andrew Jackson marries\\nRachel Robards.\\nIn the navy, a half-pint of spirits, or\\na quart of beer, constitutes part of a\\ndaily ration, by order of Congress.\\nVa. James Madison marries Dolly\\nTodd.\\n1795 Phila. A uniform ration of\\nhalf a gill of liquor is ordered by Con-\\ngress for each soldier.\\nO. William Henry Harrison mar-\\nries Anna Symmes.\\n1796 U. S. Washington continues\\nhis ascendency over the minds of the\\npeople, securing in favor of his measures\\nthe votes of those elected to oppose them.\\nJefferson writes, Congress has ad-\\njourned. One man outweighs them\\nall in influence over the people, who\\nsupport his judgment against their own\\nand that of their representatives. Re-\\npublicanism resigns the vessel to its\\npilot.\\nSTATE.\\n1795 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of Na-\\ntional debt 880,7-47,587.\\nFeb. 20. Phila. Congress; Senate:\\nHenry Tazewell of Va. is elected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nMar. 4. Phila. The 3d Congress:\\nthe second session closes.\\nJune 8. Phila. Congress: the Senate\\nconvenes in special session to consider\\nthe Jay Treaty.\\nJune 24. Phila. Congress; Senate\\nThe Jay treaty is ratified. (Article\\nXII. excepted.)\\nJune* U. S. Very great excite-\\nment arises over the treaty with Eng-\\nland.\\nAug. 3. 0. Gen. Wayne makes a treaty\\nwith 11,000 Indian warriors, at Fort\\nGreenville on the Miami.\\nSept. 5. Phila. David Humphries makes\\na shameful treaty of peace (like that\\nof other nations) with the dey of Algiers,\\nby which the pirate ships are bought\\noff by the payment of an annual tribute\\nof S24,000 in stores.\\nSept. 9. Connecticut alienates the re-\\nmainder of the Western Reserve\\nfor the sum of 31,200,000.\\nOct. Jay s Treaty is finally ratified by\\nboth countries.\\nOct. 27. Treaty of San Lorenzo.\\nBetween the United States and Spain\\nby Charles C. Piuckney, settling the\\nboundary between Louisiana and the\\nUnited States, and securing the free\\nnavigation of the Mississippi.\\nDec. 7. Phila. The 4th Congress\\nopens.\\nDec* Phila. Congress; House: Jona-\\nthan Dayton of N. J. is elected Speaker.\\nDec. 10. Phila. Timothy Pickering\\nof Mass. becomes Secretary of State.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue $337,755.\\nThe Yazoo land grants occasion a con-\\ntroversy [continuing till 1814].\\nThe Indians begin to cede land to the\\nUnited States.\\nMich. The British plot to buy up the\\nlower peninsula of Michigan is disclosed.\\nJohn Rutledge of S. C. is appointed\\nChief Justice of the United States Su-\\npreme Court.\\n-98 *2f.C. Samuel Ashe, governor.\\n1796 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of the\\nNational debt $83,762,172.\\nJan. 4. Phila. Congress receives the\\nmessage of Washington.\\nJan. 14. Tennessee adopts a Constitu-\\ntion.\\nFeb. 6. Vermont adopts a Constitution.\\nMar. 1. Phila. Proclamation of the\\nratification of the Jay Treaty.\\nApr. 20. Phila. Congress: The House\\nagrees to sustain Jay s Treaty. Vote,\\n51-48.\\nApr. 28. Phila. Congress House:\\nSpeech by Fisher Ames, Federal\\nleader, in support of Jay s Treaty.\\nMoney is at last voted to execute it.\\nMay 6. D. C. Congress Senate\\nSamuel Livermore of N. H. is elected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nJune 1. Tennessee is admitted into\\nthe Union as the sixteenth State.\\nPhila. The 4th Congress: first ses-\\nsion closes.\\nJune A treaty with the Creek Indians\\nis made by the Government at Colraine.\\nJuly 12. Redemption of 94 American\\nprisoners from the Algerines, by the\\nUnited States consul.\\nJuly 14. O. The Connecticut Western\\nReserve is first occupied.\\nThe Government makes a treaty with\\nthe Cherokees at Holston.\\nSept. 17. Phila. Washington, having\\ndeclined a third term in the presidency,\\nissues his farewell address to the\\ncountry, and proposes to retire to pri-\\nvate life.\\nSept. Phila. C. C. Pinckney of S. C.\\nsucceeds Monroe as minister to France.\\nThird Presidential Election. John\\nAdams of Mass. is the candidate for\\nthe Federal party and those opposed to\\nclose relations with France, and Thomas\\nJefferson of Va. for the Anti-Federalists\\nor Republicans.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Nov. Tenn. Andrew Jackson is\\nelected to the House of Representatives.\\nDec. 5. Phila. The 4th Congress:\\nthe second session opens.\\nMass. Disunion sentiments are as-\\nserted.\\nPhila. The custom arises of holding\\nCongressional Caucuses to nominate\\ncandidates for the Presidency.\\nDec. 7. Phila. Congress: Washing-\\nton meets both Houses for the last time\\nas President.\\nDec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue $475,289.\\nU. S. Oliver Ellsworth of Conn, is\\nappointed Chief Justice, and Samuel\\nChase of Md. a Justice of the Supreme\\nCourt.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-98 Conn. Oliver Wolcott.\\n-97 Del. Gunning Bedford.\\n-98 Ga. Jared Irwin.\\n-1804 Ky. James Garrard.\\n-1800 Mich. Arthur St. Clair (of\\nN. W. Ter.).\\n-01 N. Y. John Jay.\\n-98 S.C. Chas. Pinckney.\\n-01 Tenn. John Sevier.\\n-99 Va. James Wood.\\n1797 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of the\\nNational debt $82,064,479.\\nFeb. 8. Phila. Congress counts the\\nelectoral vote.\\nFor President John Adams, Federal-\\nist, 71 Thomas Jefferson, Republican,\\n68; Thomas Pinckney, Federalist, 59;\\nAaron Burr, Republican, 30; Samuel\\nAdams, Republican, 15; Oliver Ells-\\nworth, Independent, 11; George Clinton,\\nRepublican, 7 John Jay, Federalist, 5\\nJames Iredell, Federalist, 3; George\\nWashington, John Henry, and S. John-\\nson, all Federalists, two votes each;\\nCharles Cotesworth Pinckney, Federal-\\nist, one vote.\\nFeb. 16. Phila. Congress Senate\\nWilliam Bingham of Pa. is re-\\nelected President pro tempore.\\nMar. 8. Phila. The 4th Congress\\nends.\\nSecond Administration Federalist.\\nMar. 4. Phila. John Adams of Mass.\\nis inaugurated the second President,\\nin the third term of the presidency.\\nThomas Jefferson of Va. is Vice-Presi-\\ndent. The cabinet is continued.\\nMar. 10. N. Y. The capital is changed\\nfrom New York to Albany.\\nMay 6. Phila. Congress House Jon-\\nathan Dayton of N. J. is reelected\\nSpeaker.\\nMay 15. Phila. The 5th Congress\\nopens in special session to consider\\nrelations with France.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1795 Feb. 28. N. Y. About 500 emi-\\ngrants sleighs pass through Albany\\non their way to the Genesee country,\\nthe Genesee Valley being the Far West.\\nNew York. Yellow fever rages, and\\n700 deaths occur.\\nU.S. Exports for 1795, $47,000,000.\\n1796 Feb. 4. American ship Sedgley\\nrescues 160 men from the sinking British\\nship Aurora.\\nJune 20. S. C. Three hundred houses\\nare burned at Charleston.\\nNov. 25. Ga. Fire; 350 houses are\\nburned at Savannah loss, $1,000,000.\\nO. Chillicothe is founded.\\nO. Many settlers emigrate to Ohio\\nCleveland is founded.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "108 1797, July-1800, June 15.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1798 Apr. 30. Phila. The Wavy De-\\npartment is formally created, and Ben-\\njamin Stoddert of Md. is appointed its\\nfirst secretary. [Cabot declined.]\\nMay Va. Harper s Ferry is selected\\nfor a Government armory and manu-\\nfactory.\\nJuly 7. U.S. Washington is appointed\\nlieutenant-general of the armies of the\\nUnited States. [Enthusiastic prepara-\\ntions are made for war with France.]\\nJuly 9 -1800 Sept. 30. The third\\nwar. A quasi-war with France; 4,593\\nmen including naval forces are enrolled.\\nIt commences without a declaration by\\neither Government.\\nDec. 29. Commanders of American ves-\\nsels are ordered to resist by force the\\nmustering and searching of their vessels,\\nand then to strike colors and surrender\\nto superior forces only.\\nU. S. George Was hin gton is ai\\npointed the first general (seventh) in com-\\nmand of the army.\\nU. S. The navy consists of 42 vessels\\ncarrying 950 guns. The marine corps is\\ncreated by Congress.\\n1799 Feb. 9. W. I. The frigate Con-\\nstellation, Commodore Truxtun, of 38\\nguns, captures the French frigate ISIn-\\nsurgente of 48 guns and more than 400\\nseamen, after a battle of one hour loss,\\n1 killed and 2 wounded; French loss 29\\nkilled and 44 wounded.\\n1800 Feb. 1. Commodore Truxtun\\nhas a severe battle with the French\\nman-of-war Vengeance, which escapes\\ndefeat by sailing away in the darkness\\nthe flag of the Union wins renown.\\n[The war proceeds no farther.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1797 New York. Chancellor Living-\\nston builds a steamer on the Hudson.\\nCast-iron plows are introduced, su-\\nperseding those with mold-boards of\\nwood.\\n1798 Jan. New York. The Park Thea-\\nter is built.\\nMass. Hats and bonnets are first\\nmanufactured from straw braid at Ded-\\nham.\\n1799* Conn. The Connecticut Acad-\\nemy of Arts and Sciences is founded.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1798+\\nAlcott, William Andrews, educationist, b.\\nBarber, John Warner, historian, born.\\nBarnes, Albert, commentator, born.\\nBeck, Lewis C, naturalist, born.\\nBelknap, Jeremy, historian, A54.\\nBorden, Simeon, engineer, born.\\nButler, Pierce SI., (iov. of S. C, born.\\nChampe, John, soldier, A46.\\nCrawford, George, Gov. of Ga., born.\\nDavies, Charles, mathematician, horn.\\nDlx, John Adams, general, Gov. of N.Y., b.\\nDrake, Samuel Gardner, historian, born.\\nDuche^, Jacob, chaplain, A59.\\nDnnglison, Robley, medical writer,b.in Eng.\\nEvans, Thomas, Friend, born.\\nFitch, John, inventor, A55.\\nHicUok, Laurens Perseus, metaphysician, b.\\nMason, James Murray, statesman, born.\\nMorris, Lewis, signer of Declaration, A72.\\nNoyes, George Kapall, hiblieal scholar, horn.\\nRead, (.jeorpe, signet of Declaration, A65.\\nRoe, A^el Stevens, novelist, born.\\nRussell, William, elocutionist, born.\\nStewart, Charles S., author, horn.\\nStringham, Silas Morton, rear-admiral, horn.\\nSumrherfleld, John, Metn. Kpls. clergyman\\nand orator, born.\\nWilson, James, signer of Declaration, A56.\\n1799*\\nAlcott, Amos Bronson, philosopher, born.\\nBuckland, Cyrus, inventor, born.\\nCameron, Simon, senator for Pa., born.\\nCaswell, AUxis, pres. of Brown Univ., born.\\nChoate, Rurus, senator for Mass., advocate,\\nborn.\\nColquitt. Walter T.. senator for Ga., born.\\nDoane, George Washington, bishop, born.\\nEdmonds, John W., jurist, born.\\nHenry, Patrick, orator and patriot of Va.,\\nJune 6, A63.\\nRollins, George X., naval officer, born.\\nIredell, James, jurist, A 48.\\nKnapp, Jacob, revivalist, born.\\nLathrop, John II., college president, born.\\nLewis, Samuel, philanthropist, born.\\nLowell. John, founder, born.\\nMason, Francis, missionary, born.\\nMellen, Grenville, poet, born.\\nMeredith, William Morris, statesman, born.\\nJlorton, Samuel G., naturalist, born.\\nPoey, Felepe, scholar, scientist, b. in Cuba.\\nQuitman, John Anthony, general, born.\\nRutledge, Francis H., bishop, born.\\nSands, Robert Charles, author, born.\\nSaxton, Joseph, mechanician, born.\\nUpham, Thomas Cogswell, metaphysician, b.\\nWalker, Amasa, economist, born.\\nWashing-ton, George, 1st President, Fa-\\nther of his Country, Dec. 14, A67.\\n1800*\\nAcrelius, Israel, Swedish missionary, A86.\\nAllen, David O., Cong, missionary, born.\\nBancroft. George, historian, b. Mass., Oct. 3.\\nPeecher, Catherine, writer, born in N. Y.\\nBillings, William, musical composer, A54.\\nBogardus, James, inventor, born in N. Y.\\nBowman, Samuel, Asst. P. E. bp. of Pa.,\\nborn in Pa.\\nBreckinridge, Robert J., Pres. clergyman,\\nborn in Ky.\\nBrown, John, abolitionist, born in Conn.\\nDurbin, John P., M. E. clergyman, orator,\\nborn in Ky.\\nFillmore, Millard, 13th President, born in\\nH\\\\ Y. Jan. 7.\\nFoote, Henry Stuart, sen. for Miss., b. Va.\\nGoodyear, Charles, inventor (rubber), born\\nRaekett, James Henry, actor, born in N. Y.\\nllallock, Gerard, journalist, born in Mass.\\nHarney, William Selby, general, b. in Tenn.\\nHentz, Caroline Lee, novelist, born in Mass.\\nHering, Coustantine, physician, author, born\\nin Ger.\\nLawrence, Wm. Beach, jurist, born in 3ST. Y.\\nLee, Eliza P., miscellaneous writer, b. in N.H.\\nLee, Luther, theologian, anti-slavery advo-\\ncate, born in N. Y.\\nLenox, James, founder of library, b. inN.Y.\\nLieber, Francis, political philos., b. in Ger.\\nLowndes, Rawlins, lawyer, statesman, A78.\\nMifflin, Thomas, major-general in Revolution,\\nOwen, Robert Dale, spiritualist, b. in Scot.\\nParker, Willard, surgeon, born in N. H.\\nPotter, Alonzo, Prot. Epis. bishop of Pa.,\\nhorn in N. Y.\\nRutledge, Edward, statesman of S. C, A51.\\nRutledge, John, Gov. of S. C, M. C., A61.\\nTodd, John, Cong, clergyman, author, born\\nin Vt.\\nTyng, Stephen H., Epis. clergyman, au-\\nthor, born in Mass.\\nWade, Benj. F., senator for O., b. in Mass.\\nWard, Artemas, general, in Mass., A73.\\nWhitiunrr, Thomas, clergyman, author, b.\\nWUltams, Otlio 11., general, dies.\\nOlney, Jesse, geographer, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1797 Sept. 18. Conn. Consecration of.\\nAbraham Jarvis (Protestant Episcopal)\\nBishop of Connecticut.\\nNew York. The third Methodist\\nchurch in this city is formed in Duane\\nStreet.\\nPhila. The General Assembly of\\nthe Presbyterian Church meets Wm,\\nM. Tennant, moderator.\\nOrganization of the Northern\\nMissionary Society by various\\nChristians.\\n1798 Cat. Eighteen missions are es-\\ntablished in Upper California.\\nInd. Baptists form the Charlestown\\nchurch in Indiana.\\nAutumn. Mass. Hosea Ballou an-\\nnounces his new views respecting Christ\\nand the atonement, and this event marks\\na new departure in Universaliflt\\ntheology.\\nN. Y. Lyman Beeeher is ordained\\npastor of the Congregational church of\\nEast Hampton, Long Island, with a sal-\\nary of $300 a year.\\nPhila. The General Assembly of\\nthe Presbyterian Church meets John\\nB. Smith, moderator.\\n4- Period of spiritual depression in\\nPresbyterian and other churches in-\\nfidelity, irreligion, and immorality\\nabound.\\nNew Eng. Founding of the Mission-\\nary Society of Connecticut, and the\\nBerkshire and Columbia Missionary\\nSociety.\\nPa. No Episcopal Convention is held\\nin Philadelphia because of the prevalent\\nyellow fever.\\nPhila. The Reformed Presbytery\\nof,North America is constituted.\\n1799 June 11. Richard Allen, the first\\nclergyman among the colored people, is\\nordained by the Methodists.\\nPhila. A special (Protestant Epis-\\ncopal) Convention held.\\nMass. Organization of the Massa-\\nchusetts Missionary Society.\\nMiddle States. Great revivals pre-\\nvail among the Presbyterians, who hold\\nthe first camp-meeting in America, on\\nthe Red River, in Kentucky.\\nFa. The General Assembly of the\\nPresbyterian Church meets at Winches-\\nter; S. S. Smith, moderator.\\n1800 Mar. 13. It. Pius VII. is elected\\npope.\\nMay 6-20. Md. The Third General\\nConference (Methodist Episcopal)\\nmeets in Baltimore.\\nMay IS. Md. Richard Whatcoat is\\nelected bishop of the Methodist Episco-\\npal Church.\\nMay N. Y. The New York (Methodist\\nEpiscopal) Conference is formed.\\nLETTERS.\\n1797 Conn. Lyman Beeeher gradu-\\nates from the theological school of Yale\\nCollege.\\nNew York. The Medical Repository is\\nfirst issued conducted by Dr. S. L.\\nMitchill.\\nThe Commercial Advertiser (formerly\\nthe Minerva) is published; Noah Web-\\nster, first editor.\\nPhila. American Universal Magazine\\nappears.\\nThe United States Magazine appears.\\nThe Methodist Magazine appears.\\nWieland s Oberon, translated by\\nJohn Quincy Adams, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1797, July-1800, June 15. 109\\n1798* Phila. Hail Columbia is\\nwritten by Judge Joseph Hopkinson.\\nKy. Transylvania College is founded\\nat Lexington.\\nWieland, by C. B. Brown, appears.\\nLaocoon, by Fisher Ames, appears.\\n1799 June 26. N. Y. The first news-\\npaper in Brooklyn is issued.\\n*-1800* New York. The Monthly\\nMagazine and American Revieio appears.\\nU. S. The licentiousness of the\\npress, chiefly directed by adventurers\\nfrom Great Britain, provokes Congress\\nto issue the unpopular sedition laws\\nrestraining its liberty.\\nOrmond, by C. B. Brown, appears.\\nThe Ladies Magazine appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1797 Oct. N. H. Daniel Webster\\nenters Dartmouth College.\\nMass. John Quincy Adams mar-\\nries Louisa Catherine Johnson.\\n1799 Mar. 28. N. Y. The legislature\\npasses a law for the gradual abolition\\nof slavery- Every child born of a slave\\nafter July 4 shall be free.\\nDec. 14. Washington dies at Mount\\nVernon after a sickness of only one day\\nuniversal sorrow prevails.\\n[The civilized world honors the great\\ndead with appropriate ceremonies. Bo-\\nnaparte announces to his legions, the\\ndeath and virtues of the warrior, the\\nlegislator, and the citizen without re-\\nproach.\\nSTATE.\\n1797 July 6. Phila. Congress; Sen-\\nate: William Bradford of R. I. is\\nelected President pro tempore,\\nJuly 10. Phila. The 5th Congress:\\nfirst session closes.\\nOct. Connecticut authorizes the re-\\nlease to the United States of her juris-\\ndiction over lands immediately westward\\nof Pennsylvania.\\nOct. Fr. John Adams s new Commis-\\nsion meets in Paris, and the Directory\\nmakes an indirect demand for a\\nbribe.\\nThe Commission consists of Minister\\nPinckney, and two others as special\\nambassadors of peace to France. The\\nDirectory refuses to receive them unless\\nthey will enter an alliance against Great\\nBritain and pledge the payment of a\\nquarter of a million of dollars Pinck-\\nney replies, Mil /ions for defense, but not\\na cent for tribute! They are ordered\\nout of the country. [X, Y, and Z des-\\npatches to the American envoys.]\\nJohn Q. Adams is sent to Prussia as\\nminister.\\nNov. 13. The 5th Congress: second\\nsession opens.\\nNov. 22. Phila. Congress Senate\\nJacob Read of S. C. is elected President\\npro tempore.\\nDec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue \u00c2\u00a7575,491.\\nTenn. Andrew Jackson is elected a\\nSenator.\\n[He attends the Senate a year without\\nmaking a speech or casting a vote he\\nthen resigns and goes home.]\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-98 Del. Daniel Rogers.\\n-99 Mass. Increase Sumner.\\n-07 Vt. Isaac Tichenor.\\n1798 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of the\\nNational debt $79,223,529.\\nJan. 5. Phila. Congress: the House\\nappropriates $12,000 to pay Kosciusko.\\nMar. Phila. Congress organizes the\\nMississippi Territory.\\nApr. 20. Phila. Congress; House:\\nGeorge Dent of Pa. is elected Speaker.\\n(Also, on May 28.)\\nApr. 27. Phila. Congress orders the\\nfitting out of cruisers for war.\\nApr. 30. U. S. The navy department\\nof the Government is separated from the\\nwar department and organized.\\nPhila. George Cabot appointed\\nSecretary of the Navy, but declines.\\nJune 18. Phila. Congress amends the\\nnaturalization laws so as to require\\na residence of 14 years to become a\\ncitizen.\\nJune 25. Phila. Congress passes the\\nAct concerning aliens.\\nJune 27. Phila. Congress; Senate\\nTheodore Sedgwick of Mass. is elected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nJuly 6. Phila. Congress .passes the\\nAct concerning alien enemies.\\nJuly 7. Phila. Congress declares the\\nFrench treaties annulled.\\nJuly 14. Phila. Provoked by the vio-\\nlence of the French sympathizers, Con-\\ngress passes the last of the Alien and\\nSedition Laws. The latter is called the\\ngag law.\\nJuly 16. Phila. The 5th Congress\\nthe second session closes.\\nPhila. Congress suspends inter-\\ncourse with France.\\nOct. 17. Me. The St. Croix River is iden-\\ntified by commissioners as the northeast\\nboundary of theUnited States.\\nU. S. The Federalists lose their pop-\\nularity in passing the Alien law for the\\nexpulsion of odious foreigners by the\\nPresident, and a Sedition law restrict-\\ning freedom of speech and the press.\\nNov. 10. Ky. Passage of the Ken-\\ntucky resolutions asserting the right\\nof each State to determine the extent of\\nNational authority.\\nDec. 3. Phila. The 5th Congress the\\nthird session opens.\\nDec. 6. Phila. Congress Senate John\\nLaurence of N. Y. is elected President\\npro tempore.\\nDec. 21. Va. Passage of the Virginia\\nresolutions denouncing the action of\\nCongress for the infraction of the\\nConstitution by passing the Alien and\\nSedition laws.\\nDec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue S644,357.\\nA British committee discovers that\\nthe source of the Mississippi is at least\\none degree south of the 49th parallel the\\nboundary line claimed by Great Britain.\\nMiss. Spain finally evacuates the\\nYazoo country.\\nU. S. Bushrod Washington of Va.\\nis appointed Justice of the Supreme\\nCourt.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-06 Conn. Jonathan Trumbull.\\n-01 Del. Richard Bassett.\\n-01 Ga. James Jackson.\\n-02 Miss. Ter. Wintbrop Sargent.\\n-99 N. C. Wm. R. Davie.\\n-00 S. C. Edward Rutledge.\\n1799 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of the\\nNational debt $78,408,669.\\nMar. 1. Phila. Senate James Ross of\\nPa. is elected President pro tempore.\\nMar. 4. Phila. The 5th Congress ends.\\nMar. 30. Fr. John Q. Adams serves on\\na second embassy to France he is\\nreceived by Napoleon I.\\nSpring. Pa. John Fries leads an insur-\\nrection against the window tax.\\nSept. 30. Fr. A convention is con-\\ncluded with France by which the treaty\\nof 1788 is annulled, and the United States\\nassumes the claims of its citizens for\\nFrench spoliations.\\nInd. The Territory of Indiana is\\nerected.\\nU. S. Movements are organized both\\nfor and against legislation to secure in-\\nternal improvements.\\nDee. 2. Phila. The 6th Congress\\nopens.\\nPhila. Congress Senate Samuel\\nLivermore of N. H. is elected President\\npro tempore. House Theodore Sedg-\\nwick of Mass. is elected Speaker.\\nJohn Randolph of Va. enters Con-\\ngress.\\nDec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue 5779,136.\\nPa. The Legislature locates the capi-\\ntal at Lancaster.\\nU. S. Alfred Moore of N. C. is ap-\\npointed Justice of the Supreme Court.\\nFrance welcomes minister Van Mur-\\nray.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-00 Mass. Moses Gill.\\n-02 N. C. Benj. Williams.\\nPa. Thomas M Kean.\\n-02 Va. James Monroe.\\n1S00 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n382,976,294.\\nMay 14. Phila. Congress Senate\\nUriah Tracy of Conn, is elected Presi-\\ndent pro tempore.\\nThe 6th Congress the first session\\ncloses.\\nMay 30. The transfer of the last cession\\nof Connecticut lands to the United\\nStates is completed. The State retains\\nher claim to the soil of The Western\\nReserve in Ohio.\\nJune 15. D. C. The National Capi-\\ntal is transferred to Washington.\\nThe north wing of the Capitol is ready\\nfor use, and the public offices are\\nmoved thence from Philadelphia.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1797 Oct. U. S. The yellow fever\\nagain appears.\\n1798 Sept; i The yellow fever rages\\n3,645 persons die in Philadelphia, and\\n2,086 in New York.\\n1799 Dec. 18. Va. Burial of Wash-\\nington.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "110 1800-1803, June 29.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1800 Brig. -Gen. James Wilkinson\\nis appointed (8th) commander of the\\narmy.\\nTHE FOURTH WAR.\\n1801 June 10 -05 June 4. War with\\nTripoli.\\nIt is occasioned by the Bey of Tripoli,\\nwho demanded of Capt. Bainbridge the\\nuse of the U. S. frigate George Washing-\\nton to convey an ambassador to Con-\\nstantinople. He was obliged to comply\\nor submit to destruction by the guns o f\\nthe Castle of Tripoli 3,330 men are en-\\nrolled.\\nN. Y. Congress establishes a U. S.\\nnavy yard at Brooklyn.\\nOn the accession of Pres. Jefferson\\nthe navy is reduced.\\n1802 Mar. 16. N. Y. The Govern-\\nment establishes a military academy\\nat West Point. (Lossing, 1801.)\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1800 Mary Kies takes out a patent\\nfor straw-weaving, with silk or thread,\\nthe first patent issued to a -woman in\\nthis country.\\n1801 Pa. The compound blowpipe\\nis invented by Professor Robert Hare\\nof Philadelphia.\\n1802 Mass. Sheet copper first man-\\nufactured at Boston.\\nPhila. A Museum of Natural History\\nis opened by E. W. Peale.\\nFrench Soldier Telling a Story is\\npainted by Washington Allston.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1801\\nAllston, Robert F. W., Gov. of S. C, born\\nin S. C.\\nArnold. Benedict, traitor, dies in Eng. A60.\\nBacon, Joel S-, clergyman, born in N. Y.\\nl .oanhnan, George bana, missionary, born\\nin Me.\\nChurch, Pharcellus, Bapt. clergyman, born\\nin N. Y.\\nCoan, Titus, missionary, born in Hawaii.\\nCole, Thomas, painter, born in Eng.\\nDeane, James, physician, born in Mass.\\nEastburn, Manton, Prot. Epis. bishop of\\nMass., born in Eng.\\nEdwards. Jonathan, Cong, theologian,\\nmetaphysician, A56.\\nFarragut, David Glascoe, admiral U. S. N.,\\nborn in Tenn.\\nFrancis, Joseph, inventor of life-boat. born.\\nHarper, Joseph Wesley, publisher, born.\\nHowe, Samuel G., philanthropist, b. in Mass.\\nInman, Henry, painter, born in N. Y.\\nJanney, Samuel M., author, born in Va.\\nKirkland, Carolina Matilda, author, born in\\nN.Y.\\nLane, Joseph, senator for Ore., born in Ind.\\nMarsh. George P.. philologist, diplomatist,\\nborn in Vt.\\nMarshall Humphrey, botanist, A79.\\nMeans, Alexander, prof. Emery College,\\nborn in N. C.\\nRnss, John D-, inventor of phonetic alpha-\\nbet, born in Mass.\\nSeward. William H.. Secretary of State,\\nborn in N.Y., May 16.\\nWoolsey, Theodore liwight, scholar, born in\\nN. Y.\\nYoung, Brig-ham. Mormon leader, b. in Vt.\\n1802*\\nBacon, Leonard, lecturer in Yale, editor,\\nborn in Mich.\\nBela, B. Edward, author, born.\\nBotts, John Minor, M. C. for Va., b. in Va.\\nBushnell. Horace, Cong. tbeol.,b. in Conn.\\nChild. Lydia Maria, philanthropist, born\\nCleveland, Charles Dexter, author,!), in Mass.\\nConant, Thomas Jefferson, biblical scholar,\\nAMERICA:\\nEurnes\u00c2\u00ab, William Henrv, religions writer,\\nburn In Mass.\\nHopkins, Esek, first commander of the\\nnavy, AM.\\nHopkins. Mark. Prea. of Williams College,\\nborn in Mass.\\nHunter, David, general T*. s. A., b. In T), C.\\nKavanuucji, Hubbard H-, Meth. Epis., South,\\nbp., born, in Ire.\\nKirk, Edward Norris, clergyman, author,\\nPre\\nRevol n. A66.\\ne, George Dennison. journalist,\\n1 itzpatrick, Benj., senator for Ala., b. in Ala.\\nRipley, George, journalist, writer, b. in Mass.\\nKogers, James lilylhe, chemist, born in Pa.\\nSears, Barnas, Bapt. clergyman, scholar,\\nborn in Mass.\\nSoule. Pierre, senator for La., diplomatist,\\nborn in Fr.\\nStowe, Calvm Ellis, Cong, clergyman, author,\\nborn in Mass.\\nCpham, Charles Wentworth, Unit, clergy-\\nman, born in N. B.\\nWashington. Martha, widow of George\\nWashington, A70.\\nWebb, James Watson, journalist, b. in N.Y.\\nWells, Gideon, Sec. of Navy, born in Conn.\\n1803*\\nAbbott, Jacob, author, born in Me.\\nAdams. Samuel, senator for Mass., patriot,\\nA81.\\nBackus, Charles, Cong, clergyman, A54.\\nBarry, John, commodore, born in Ire., A58.\\nBass, Edward, Prot. Epis. bp. of Mass., A77.\\nBeecner, Edward, Cong, clergyman.!). N. Y.\\nBinney, Amos, naturalist, born in Mass.\\nBird, Robert M., author, born in Del.\\nBonaparte, Cbas. L. J. L., ornithologist, born\\nin Fr.\\nBrownson. Orestes Augustus. R. C. theo-\\nlogian, editor, born in Vt.\\nCalvert, (ieorge Henrv, author, born in Md.\\nClifford. Nathan. V. S. S. Court, b: in Me.\\nCoit, Thomas Winthrop, Prot. Epis. theolo-\\ngian, born in Conn.\\nDupont, Samuel Francis, admiral, b. in N. J.\\nEdes, Benjamin, journalist, patriot, A7I.\\nEmerson, Ralph Waldo, philosopher, au-\\nthor, born in Mass.\\nEricsson. John, designer of Monitor., born\\nin Sweden.\\nField, Richard S., senator, born.\\nGalloway, Joseph, lawyer, loyalist of Phda.,\\nA74.\\nGrinell, Moses H., collector for N.Y., A74.\\nHopkins. Samuel. Congregational clergy-\\nman, founder of school of theulogy, A82.\\nJohnston, Albert Sidney. Confederate\\nmajor-general, born in Ky.\\nLeveret, Frederick P., scholar, b. in Mass.\\nMackenzie, Alex. S., naval officer, author,\\nborn in N.Y.\\nMemminger. Charles G., politician, b. in Ger.\\nMorrill, Anson P.. Gov., 31. C. for 31e., born\\nin Me.\\nNevin, John Williamson, theologian, b. in Fa.\\nNorris, John scholar, born in Eng.\\nPendleton. Edmund, patriot, judge, A82.\\nRusk, Thomas J. senator for Tex., b. in S. C.\\nStewart, Alex. T., merchant of N.Y., born\\nin Ireland.\\nWeir, Robert Walter, painter, born in N.Y.\\nCHURCH.\\n1800 June N~. Y. The General Synod\\nof the Reformed Church meets at Al-\\nbany S. Ira Condict, president.\\nMass. The Boston Female Society, for\\nMissionary Purposes, is organized. (Bap-\\ntist and Congregational.)\\nThe highest court of the State decides\\nthat a Catholic must pay taxes for the\\nsupport of a Protestant minister.\\nGreat revivals continue among the\\nPresbyterians in the YVest.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets Joseph Clark,\\nmoderator.\\nThe first Roman Catholic Church\\nis erected.\\nMd. The United Brethren in\\nChrist organize.\\n*The Pacific Coast (Roman Catholic)\\nMissions become wealthy to an almost\\nincredible degree.\\nPa. The Evangelical (Methodist) As-\\nsociation organizes under Jacob Al-\\nbright.\\nU. S. Communicants in churches\\n3G4,872, about one in 14 of the popu-\\nlation.\\n1801 Sept. 8. -Y. J. The General\\nConvention (Protestant Episcopal)\\nmeets at Trenton.\\nSept. 11. S lf York. Consecration of\\nBenj. Moore (Protestant Episcopal), as-\\nsistant bishop.\\nA*. Y. The Xew York Missionary\\nSociety starts a mission among the Sen-\\neca Indians.\\nThe Mennonites open a mission among\\nthe Cherokees.\\nMass. The Boston Female Society\\n(Congregational) for Promoting the Dif-\\nfusion of Christian Knowledge is or-\\nganized.\\nThe Plymouth Congregational\\nChurch declares itself Unitarian in\\nfaith. (Mayflower Church of 1620.)\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets; Xathaniel Irwin,\\nmoderator.\\nThe Assembly and the Connecticut\\nGeneral Association of Congregational-\\nists adopt a formal Plan of Union.\\n[Abrogated in 1852 by Congregation-\\nal! sts.j\\n1802 Aug. 25. X. H. First meeting\\nof the Episcopal Diocesan Convention,\\nat Concord.\\nKy. The (Presbyterian) Synod of Ken-\\ntucky is formed.\\nMass. Dr. Jedediah Morse publishes\\ntracts and circulates them in Maine,\\nKentucky, and Tennessee.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets Azel Roe, moder-\\nator. It organizes the Standing Com-\\nmittee on Missions.\\n1803 June 29. Mass. The General\\nAssociation (Congregational) is organ-\\nized.\\nJune A Y. The General Synod of\\nthe Reformed Church meets at Pough-\\nkeepsie John H. Livingstone, presi-\\ndent.\\nLETTERS.\\n1800 C. The Library of Con-\\ngress is founded [1,000,000 vols.].\\nArthur Mervgn, by C. B. Brown, ap-\\npears.\\nHasty Pudding, by Joel Barlow, ap-\\npears.\\nA eto York. James Cheetham buys\\nGreenlea/ s New York Journal and\\nPatriotic Register, and changes its name\\nto the American Watchman.\\nNew York. James Cheetham buys\\nThe Argus or Greenleaf s Netc Daily\\nAdvertiser, and changes its name to The\\nAmerican Citizen.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1800-1803, June 29. Ill\\nNew York. Dr. Wharton is elected\\nPresident of Columbia College.\\nVt. Middlebury College (non-sect.)\\nis founded at Middlebury.\\n1801 Nov. 16. Sew York. The Even-\\ning Post, Federal in politics, is first\\nissued.\\nD. C. The Intelligencer is first issued.\\nNev) York, Bishop Benjamin Moore\\nbecomes President of Columbia\\nCollege.\\nS. C. The South Carolina College\\n(non-sect.) is organized at Columbia.\\nPhila. The Port/olio is published\\nmonthly by Jos. Dennie.\\nClara Howard, by C. B. Brown, ap-\\npears.\\nU. S. The total number of news-\\npapers published is 200 this includes\\n17 dailies,\\n-02 The Monthly Magazine is car-\\nried on as the American Review and\\nLiterary Journal.\\n1802 N. Y. The West Point Mili-\\ntary Academy is organized.\\nMe. The Bowdoin College Library\\nis founded [40,000 vols.].\\nPa. The Washington and Jeffer-\\nson College (non-sect.) is organized.\\nTenn. The first newspaper published\\nin the Mississippi Valley is called the\\nNatchez Gazette.\\nThe Practical Navigator, by Nathaniel\\nBowditeh, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1800 Conn. R. I. Only 400 Indiana\\nremain in Connecticut and 500 Narra-\\ngansetts in Rhode Island.\\n1801 Nov. 22. Boston. The pillory is\\nused for the last time.\\nD. C. Congress withdraws the option\\nof a quart of beer, in the navy ration,\\ninstead of half a pint of spirits.\\n1802 D. C. Congress enacts that the\\nPresident take steps to prevent the\\ntraffic in liquor with the Indians.\\nN. Y. De Witt Clinton exchanges\\nfive shots with John Swartwout in a\\nduel.\\nSTATE.\\n1800 Oct. 18. La, The treaty of Ilde-\\nfonso is signed Spain again cedes the\\nTerritory of Louisiana to Prance.\\nU. S. The 4th presidential elec-\\ntion. Anti-Federalists are elected.\\nNov. 17. B.C. The 6th Congress:\\nthe second session opens.\\nNov. 21. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nJohn E. Howard of Md. is elected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nDec. 19. D. C. John Jay of N.Y. is\\nappointed Chief Justice, but declines.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue\\n\u00c2\u00a7809,396.\\nU.S. Governors inaugurated\\n-14 Cat. Jose J. de Arrillaga\\nSpan.).\\n-11 [Indiana Ter.]. Wm. H. Harri-\\nson.\\n-07 Mass. Caleb Strong.\\n[Mich. Ter.}. Wm. H. Ha\\n-05 [Mich, Ter.]. Wm. H. Ha\\n-02 S. C. John Drayton.\\n1801 Jan. 1. U. S. The National\\ndebt $83,038,050.\\nFeb. 11. D. C. The electoral vote is\\ncounted. Vote for President: Thomas\\nJefferson of Va. (Republican), 73\\nAaron Burr of N. Y. (Republican), 73\\nJohn Adams of Mass. (Federalist), 65\\nCharles C. Pinckney of S. C. (Feder-\\nalist), 64 John Jay of N. Y. (Feder-\\nalist), one.\\nFeb. 17. D. C. The House of Represen-\\ntatives breaks the tie between Jeffer-\\nson and Burr on the thirty-sixth ballot,\\nwhich elects Jefferson, he having ten\\nStates and Burr only four. Burr, having\\nthe next largest number, is elected Vice-\\nPresident.\\nFeb. 22. Congress Senate James\\nHUlhouse of Conn, is elected President\\npro tempore.\\nMar. 4. D. C. The 6th Congress ends.\\nFourth Administration Democrat-\\nic-Republican.\\nThomas Jefferson of Va. is inaugu-\\nrated the third President, in the fourth\\nterm of the presidency. Aaron Burr\\nof N. Y. is Vice-President.\\nJefferson introduces the system of\\nexcluding from the President s cabinet\\npersons who are in opposition to his\\nparty.\\nCabinet James Madison of Va.\\n(State), Albert Gallatin of Pa. (Treas.),\\nHenry Dearborn of Mass. (War),\\nRobert Smith of Md. (Navy), Levi Lin-\\ncoln of Mass. (Attorney-General), and\\nGideon Granger of Conn. (Postmaster-\\nGeneral).\\nMar. 30. j/. Y. Jail liberties are es-\\ntablished for the first time.\\nJune 10. Tripoli declares war against\\nthe United States. (Winsor, May 14.)\\nDee. 7. D.C. The 7th Congress opens.\\nDec* D. C. Congress; House: Na-\\nthaniel Macon of N. C. is elected\\nSpeaker.\\nDec. 7. L C. Congress Senate Abra-\\nham Baldwin of Ga. is elected Presi-\\ndent pro tempore.\\nDec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue\\n$1,048,033.\\n1 D. C. John Marshall of Va. is ap-\\npointed Chief Justice of the TJ. S.\\nSupreme Court.\\nNew York. Edward Livingston is\\nelected the 45th mayor.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-02 Del. James Sykes.\\nGa. David Emanuel.\\n-02 Ga. Josiah Tattnall.\\n-04* N. Y. George Clinton.\\n1802 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$86,712,632.\\nMar. 16. D. C. Congress establishes a\\nmilitary academy at West Point,\\nNew York.\\nApr. 6. D. C. Congress abolishes the\\ninternal revenue system on the rec-\\nommendation of Jefferson.\\nApr. 24. Georgia cedes its western\\nterritory (Alabama and Mississippi) to\\nthe United States on condition that slav-\\nery shall never be prohibited.\\nMay 3. D. C. The 7th Congress the\\nfirst session closes.\\nNov. 29. Ohio, the 17th State, comes\\ninto the Union by authority of Congress.\\nPopulation 75,000. (See Feb. 19, *03.)\\nDec. 6. D. C. The 7th Congress the\\nsecond session opens.\\nDec. 14. D. C. Congress Senate\\nStephen R. Bradley of Vt. is elected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nDec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue\\n\u00c2\u00a7621,898.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-05 Del. David Hall.\\n-06 Ga. John Milledge.\\n-05 Miss. Wm. C. C. Clayhourne.\\n-05 N. C. James Turner.\\n-03 0. Charles W. Bird (Territory).\\n-04 S. C. James B. Richardson.\\n-05 Va. John Page.\\n1803 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$77,054,686.\\nFeb. 19. Ohio is admitted by the act\\nof Congress conceding the stipulations\\nof the Ohio convention, relative to\\nschool lands. (See 1802.)\\nFeb. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nStephen K. Bradley of Vt. is reelected\\nPresident pro tempore. [Also on Mar. 2.]\\nMar. 4. D. C. The 7th Congress ends.\\nApr. 30. The Louisiana purchase is\\nmade, doubling theoriginalnational area.\\nThe vast Territory of Louisiana, ex-\\ntending from the Gulf of Mexico to Can-\\nada, and from the Mississippi to the\\nRocky Mountains, is purchased of France\\nwithout authority, by Pres. Jefferson,\\nfor $15,000,000, less than $12 a square\\nmile. Napoleon s fear of English con-\\nquest and occupation facilitated the\\nsale at a low price. Some people declare\\nthis purchase to be fatal to the Consti-\\ntution.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1800 Boston. Aqueduct water is\\nfirst introduced from Jamaica pond.\\nMd. More than 1,000 deaths from\\nyellow fever occur in Baltimore.\\nU. S. There are 903 post-offices.\\nPeople begin to talk of the West,\\nmeaning western New York, Ohio, or\\nKentucky emigration becomes active.\\nU.S. Second census: 16 States, 4,306,-\\n464 white and 1 ,002,037 colored population\\n(10S,435 free colored, 893,602 slaves); total\\npopulation, 5,303,433. Increase, 35.11 per\\ncent. Center of population 18 miles west\\nof Baltimore westward movement in 10\\nyears, 41 miles.\\nPopulation of large cities: New\\nYork, 60,000 Philadelphia, about 40,-\\n000 Boston, 24,937 Baltimore, 23,971\\nCharleston, 1S.712 Providence, 7,614\\nWashington, 3,210.\\n1801 June 27. Philadelphia is first\\nsupplied with aqueduct water.\\nS. T. Buffalo is laid out.\\n1802 Phila. The yellow fever re-\\nappears.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "112 1803, Sept.-1806, June 16.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1803 Oct. 31. Commodore Preble\\nis sent against the Moors.\\nHe loses the frigate Phil add pitta by\\nrunning on a reef the officers are made\\nprisoners and the crew (300 men) en-\\nslaved.\\nThe gunboat system is inaugurated\\nin the navy.\\n1804 Feb. 16. Tripoli. Lieut. Stephen\\nDecatur burns the captured United\\nStates frigate Philadelphia, in the har-\\nbor of Tripoli, with the loss of one man,\\nin an action lasting fifteen minutes.\\nJuly Tripoli. Preble blockades the\\nport, and begins the siege of Tripoli\\n[which lasts till the following spring].\\nAug. 3. Africa. Preble captures sev-\\neral gunboats.\\n1805 Mar.5+. Africa. Gen. William\\nEaton forms an alliance with Hamet,\\nin Egypt, and hastens to Derna.\\nApr. 27. Tripoli. Aided by the navy,\\nEaton carries the town of Tripoli.\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1803 N. H. The first cotton-mill in\\nthis State is opened at New Ipswich.\\nNew York. The City Hall is begun.\\n1804 Sept. 8. Ga. Savannah is greatly\\ndamaged by a storm.\\nNew York. The Academy of the\\nFine Arts and a Botanical Garden are\\nestablished.\\nThe Murder of Jane McCrea by the\\nIndians is painted by John Vanderlyn.\\nCapt. Meriwether Lewis and Capt. Wil-\\nliam Clarke, with 35 men, are sent by the\\nGovernment to explore a path to the Pa-\\ncific Ocean they leave the falls of the\\nMissouri, and cross overland to the Ore-\\ngon country on the Pacific coast, losing\\nonly one man.\\nRobert Fulton invents a submarine\\ntorpedo.\\n1805 Mass. A Botanical Garden\\nand Chair of Natural History are es-\\ntablished at Harvard.\\nAriadne is painted by John Van-\\nderlyn.\\n1806 Captains Lewis and Clarke re-\\nturn from their exploring expedition\\nacross the continent to the Pacific.\\nJune 16. A total eclipse of the sun is\\nobserved.\\nBIRTHS -DEATHS.\\n1804*\\nAbeel, David, author, missionary, b. in N. J.\\nAlexander, James W., Pres. el., b. in Va.\\nClark. Alvan, telescope-maker, b. in Mass.\\nColburn, Zerah, mathenialiral prodigy, born\\nin Vt.\\nDow, Neal, prohibitionist, born in Me.\\nEaton, George W., Bap. clergyman, profes-\\nsor, born in Pa.\\nFarnham, Thomas Jeff., traveler, b. in Vt.\\nGarrison, Wm. Lloyd, abolitionist, born in\\nMass.\\nGraham, William A., gov., sen. forN. C. sec.\\nof navy, b. in N. C.\\nHamilton, Alex., general, lawyer, leader of\\nFederalists, sec. of Ireas., July 12, A47.\\nHavemeyer, William F., mayor, b. in N.Y.\\nHawthorne, Nathaniel, author, b. in Mass.\\nHeck, Barbara, foun. of Am. Methodism, A70.\\nHenrv. Caleb I rot. Epis. clergyman, pro-\\nfessur, born in Mass.\\ni Ind.\\n.ACT.\\nO Conor. Charles, law yer, born in N.Y.\\nOsceola, Seminole chief, bom in Fla.\\nParker, Samuel, I rot. Epis. Up. of Mass., A 60.\\nParrott, Robert I arker, inventor, b. in N. H.\\nPeabo.lv, Eliza P., educator, b. in Mass.\\nPierce. Franklin. 14th President, b. in X. II.\\nPriestley, Joseph, chemist, A71.\\nRedUeld, Isaac Fletcher, jurist, born in Vt.\\nRichmond, I lean, tinaucier, born in Vt.\\nRogers, Win. Barton, physicist, born in Pa.\\nRomeyn, Theo. D., theologian of N.V., A60.\\nSchuyler. Philip, ucm-ni l \u00e2\u0096\u00a0v..; n. ATI.\\nShepani, CharU-s I mineralou ist. h. in K. I.\\nSwavne, Noah 11.. 1 S. justice, bom m O.\\nWalter, Thomas Ustiefe, ar. hit! i b. m Pa.\\nWalton, George, signer of I erlarar iii. A C4.\\nWright. Elizur, publicist, born in Conn.\\n1805\\nAbbott, John Stevens, historian, born in Me.\\nAllan, John, patriot of Revolution, A59.\\nAnderson. Robert, general U. S. A., born.\\nBailey, Theudunis. admiral, born in N.Y.\\nBartlett, John Russell, author, born in R. I.\\nBethune, Geo. W., Ref d Dutch clergyman,\\npoet, born in N.Y.\\nBlake, William Ruins, actor, born in N. S.\\nDodge, William E., philanthropist of \\\\Y.,\\nDorr, Thomas Wilson, rebel leader, b. in R. I.\\nField, David Dudley, jurist, born in Conn.\\nFlaeg, Wilson, naturalist, born in Mass.\\nGadsden, Christopher, Gov. of S. C, A7D.\\nGayarre, Chas. E. A., historian, born in La.\\nGoldsborough, Lewis M., admiral, b. in D. C.\\nGould, Augustus A., naturalist, b. in N. H.\\nGreenougb, Horatio, sculptor, born in Mass.\\nGross, Samuel surgeon, horn in Pa.\\nHedge, Fred. Henry, Unit, clergyman, author,\\nborn in Mass.\\nHetntzelman, Samuel P., general U. S. A.,\\nborn in Pa.\\nJackson, lias. Thomas, physicist, b. in Mass.\\nMoultrie, William, general of Revol n. ATI.\\nPalmer, William Pitt, author, born in Mass.\\nPowers, Hiram, sculptor, born in Vt.\\nPownall, Thomas, statesman, A62.\\nRantoul, Robert J., senator for Mass., born\\nin Mass.\\nSmith, Joseph, founder of Mormonism,\\nborn in Vt.\\nStephens, John L., traveler, author, b. in N.J.\\nTappan, Henry Philip, clergyman, professor,\\nauthor, horn in N.Y.\\nWalker, Sears mathematician, b. in Mass.\\nWittingham, Wm. R., P. E. bp. of Wd., horn.\\n1806*\\nAdams, Nehemiah, Cong, clergyman of\\nBoston, born in Mass. s\\nAiken, William, Gov. of S. C, born in S. C.\\nAlexander, Stephen, astronomer, b. in N.Y.\\nAmes, Edward R., Meth. Epis. bp. b. in 0.\\nBache, Alexander D., philosopher, b. in Pa.\\nBackus, Isaac, historian, Bapt. ch, A82.\\nBanneker, 1 ienj.. ne-ro mathematician, A75.\\nBrace, Julia, deaf, blind mute, b. in Conn.\\nFessenden, Wm. Pitt, senator for Me., b.\\nin N. H.\\nFoote, Andrew Hull, rear-admiral U. S. N.,\\nborn in Conn.\\nForrest, Edwin, actor, born in Pa.\\nGates, Horatio, major-gen. of Revol n, A78.\\nGray, Robert, discoverer Columbia Riv.,A51.\\nGrigsby, Hu _ h P.hiir, scholar, born.\\nHale. John Parker, sen. forN. H., b. in N. H.\\nHarper. Fletcher, publisher, born in N.Y.\\nHart, Solomon Alexander, artist, born.\\nHaven, Samuel F.. areheologist, b. in Mass.\\nHayes. Augustus Allen, chemist, b. in Vt.\\nHohnian. Charles Fenno. author, b. in N.Y.\\nHooker, Worthimjtoii, phvsician, author, b.\\nin Mass.\\nHudson, Erasmus D., surgeon, lecturer, born\\nHughes, Robert Ball, sculptor, born.\\nKing, Preston, senator for N.Y b. in N.Y.\\nKnox, Henry, general of Revolution, slates-\\nman, A56.\\nMaury, Matthew Fontaine, bydrographer\\nV. S. N., born in Va.\\nMcintosh, Lachlan, general of Revol n, A79.\\nMorris, Robert, financier of Revol n, A72.\\nPacker, Asa. philanthropist, born in Conn.\\nPatterson, Robert M., senator, A61.\\nPolk, Leomdas, Prot. Epis. bp., Confederate\\ngeneral, born in N. C.\\nRanch, Frederick Aug., theologian, b. Ger.\\nRobinson, Horatio N., mathematician, horn\\nin N.Y.\\nRoebling, John Angus., engineer Brooklyn\\nbridge, born in Ger.\\nSimms, Wm. Gilmore, novelist, born in\\nS. C.\\nWillis. Nath. Parker, poet, journalist, born\\nin Me.\\nWise. Henry A., gov. of Va., Confederate\\nK -ueral. boril in Va.\\nWythe, George, signer of Declaration, A80.\\nCHURCH.\\n1803 Mass. Sept. The Massachusetts\\nSociety for Promoting Christian Knowl-\\nedge is founded by Dr. Morse and others.\\nKy. A bitter controversy rages\\namong Presbyterians respecting re-\\nvivals.\\nN. C. Lutherans form a Synod.\\nN. H. The General Convention\\n(Universalis!) at Winchester adopts a\\nProfession of Belief called the Win-\\nchester Confession.\\nX. Y. The Presbyterian Synod of Al-\\nbany is formed.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presb3 terian) meets James Hall, mod-\\nerator.\\nGreat revivals prevail among the\\nPresbyterians.\\n1804 May 6-23. Md. The Fourth\\nGeneral Conference (Methodist Epis-\\ncopal) meets at Baltimore; the non-\\nlimit plan is changed to one for a lim-\\nited pastorate of two years.\\nMay New York. The General Synod\\n(Keformed) meets J. H Livingstone,\\npresident.\\nSept. 14. Mass. Samuel Parker (Protes-\\ntant Episcopal) is consecrated a bishop.\\nCat. Nineteen Dominican Missions\\nhave been established.\\nThey occupy the entire coast-line from\\nSan Francisco to San Diego, and are\\nseparated from one another only by an\\neasy day s journey 20,000 Indians are\\nconnected with these stations, and lead\\nindustrious lives.\\nNew York. The General Conven-\\ntion (Protestant Episcopal) meets.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets James F. Arm-\\nstrong, moderator.\\nSunday-schools begin to be estab-\\nlished in various parts of the country\\nthey increase rapidly.\\n1805 Ky. A Committee of the Pres-\\nbyterian Synod witholds its authority\\nfrom the licentiates of the Cumberland\\nPresbytery, because of their unsound-\\nness in doctrine, and illiteracy. [A great\\ncontroversy follows.]\\nMass. Henry Ware, a Unitarian, is\\nmade professor in Harvard against much\\nopposition.\\nMiss. The first Baptist church in this\\nState, the Tywappity, is formed.\\nPa. The General Assembly (Pres-\\nbyterian) meets; J. Richards, moderator.\\n1S06 June* N. Y. The General\\nSynod (Keformed) meets at Albany;\\nJ. V. C. Komeyn, president.\\nLETTERS.\\n1803 Letters of a British Spy, by\\nWilliam Wirt, appears.\\n*_ii* Boston. The Monthly Anthol-\\nogy appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1803, Sept. -1806, June 16. 113\\n*or05* Pkila. The Literary Maya- to be rati tied by the States; it relates\\nzine and American Register is issued by to the election of President, and reme-\\nCharles Brockden Brown. dies a defect in the electoral system.\\n1804 May 9. Va. The Richmond hi- Dec. 20. La. The United States takes\\nquirer is first issued.\\nDec. 10. New York. The New York\\nHistorical Society is instituted.\\nO. The Ohio University (non-sect.)\\nis organized at Athens.\\n-05 Mass. The Literary Miscel-\\nlany appears at Cambridge.\\nJane Talbot, by C. B. Brown, appears.\\nMd. St. Charles College (Rom.\\nCath.) is founded at Elliott s Mills.\\nThe New York Historical Society Li-\\nbrary is founded [75,000 vols.].\\n1805 S. C. The Monthly Register ap-\\npears at Charleston.\\nHistory of the American Revolution, by\\nMercy Warren, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1803 Dec. New York has its first\\nlabor strike.\\nA number of sailors demand a rise\\nfrom $10 to $14 a month, and march\\npossession of Louisiana.\\n*New York. De Witt Clinton, the\\n46th mayor, is elected.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-07 O. Edward Tiffin.\\n-09 Tenn. John Sevier.\\n1804: Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$86,427,120.\\nJan. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nJohn Brown of Ky. is reelected Presi-\\ndent pro tempore*\\nMar. 10. D. C. Congress Senate\\nJesse Franklin of N. C. is elected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nMar. 27. D. C. The 8th Congress\\nthe first session closes.\\n-Sept. 25. D. C. The 12th amendment\\nto the Constitution being ratified, is de-\\nclared in force it relieves each of the\\nState electors from voting for two candi-\\ndates for President, as required previous\\nto this date.\\nabout the city compelling other sailurs Nov. 5. D. C. The 8th Congress the\\nto join them, till the leaders are jailed second session opens,\\nby constables. U. S. The fifth Presidential elec-\\n1804 Feb. 15. N.J. The Legislature tion Jefferson reelected,\\npasses an act for the gradual abolition De c. 31. Um St internal revenue\\nof slavery.\\nAll born after the next 4th of July to\\nbe free male children to be free at 25,\\nand females at 21 years of age.\\nJuly 11. N. J. Vice-President Aaron\\nBurr challenges Alexander Hamil-\\nton to fight a duel.\\nHamilton appears, but refuses to fire\\nBurr deliberately fires and mortally\\nwounds him cause, Hamilton s sup-\\nposed interference with Burr s election\\nto the governorship of New York.\\nJuly 17. Boston. Daniel Webster of\\n$50,941.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated:\\n-08 Ky. Christopher Greenup.\\n-12* La. (Tor.). Wm. C. C. Claiborne.\\n-07 N. T. Morgan Lewis.\\n-06 S.C. Paul Hamilton.\\nWilliam Johnson of S. C. is ap-\\npointed Justice of the U. S. Supreme\\nCourt.\\n1805 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$S2,312,150.\\nNew Hampshire, 22 years of age, arrives Jan. 11. Congress: Michigan Terri-\\nand pursues his legal studies\\nD. C. Congress provides that an\\nequivalent of malt liquors or wine\\nmay be substituted for spirits at such\\nseasons of the year as, in the opinion of\\nthe President, it may be advisable to\\nmake the change, in order to promote\\nthe health of the soldiers.\\nAbolition Societies begin to dwindle\\nas the value of the cotton-gin becomes\\nknown slavery is advocated as a posi-\\ntive good.\\n1805 N. J. At Allentow\\nSober Society is founded.\\nNew York. The tailors form the first\\norganization having the character of a\\ntrade- union.\\nSTATE.\\n1803 Oct. 17. D. C. The 8th Con-\\ngress: the first session opens. It as-\\nsembles to act on the treaty with\\nFrance, by which Louisiana is ceded.\\nCongress Senate John Brown of\\nKy. is elected President pro tempore.\\nHouse Nathaniel Macon of N. C. is\\nre-elected Speaker.\\nDec. 12. D. C. Congress submits the\\n12th amendment to the Constitution\\ntory is formed from a portion of Indiana.\\nJan. 15. D. C. Congress; Senate: Jo-\\nseph Anderson of Tenn. is elected\\nPresident pro tempore. [Also, on Feb.\\n28th and Mar. 2d.]\\nFeb. 13. D. C. Congress counts the\\nelectoral vote.\\nVote for President: Thomas Jefferson\\nof Va. (Republican), 1 2 Charles C.\\nPinckney of S. C. (Federalist), 14. For\\nVice-President: George Clinton of N.Y.\\n(Republican), 1G2 Rufus King of N.Y.\\n(Federalist), 14.\\nThe Mar. 4. D. C. The 8th Congress ends.\\nThomas Jefferson of Va., the 3d\\nPresident, enters his 2d term in the 5th\\nterm of the Presidency. George Clin-\\nton of N. Y. is Vice-President.\\nCabinet changes Jacob Crownin-\\nshield of Mass. becomes Secretary of\\nthe Navy, and Robert Smith of Md.,\\n[followed by John Breckinridge of\\nKy.], becomes Attorney-General.\\nMar. 5. B.C. Congress: The Senate,\\nsitting as a High Court, fails to impeach\\nSamuel Chase, a Justice of the U. S.\\nSupreme Court. (Moore, Mar. 1.)\\nJune 4. Atreaty of peace is concluded\\nwith Tripoli, and no more tribute is\\npaid to pirates.\\nDec. 2. D. C, The 9th Congress\\nopens.\\nCongress Senate Samuel Smith\\nof Md. is again elected President pro\\ntempore. House Nathaniel Macon of\\nN. C. is reelected Speaker.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue $21,747.\\nThe An ti- Federalists change their\\nname from Republicans to Democrats.\\nEngland revives an old edict for-\\nbidding neutrals from trading with\\nFrance and her dependencies, or other\\nnations with which England may he at\\nwar, aiming to crush the prosperous\\nAmerican commerce.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-08 Del. Nathaniel Mitchell.\\n-13* Mich. (Ter.). William Hull.\\n-09 Miss. Robert Williams.\\n-07 N. C. Nathaniel Alexander.\\n-09 N. H. John Langdon.\\nR. I. Paul Mumford.\\n-06 R.I. Henry Smith.\\n-08 Va. Wm. H. Cabell.\\n1806 Jan. 1. U.S. National debt\\n875,723,270.\\nMar. 18. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nSamuel Smith of Md. is reelected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nApr. 15. B.C. Congress prohibits the\\nimportation of specific articles of Brit-\\nish growth or manufacture, the act to\\ntake effect the 11th of November.\\nApr. 21. D. C. The 9th Congress:\\nthe first session closes.\\nApr. The British ship Leander is or-\\ndered out of American waters after\\nfiring on an American sloop and killing\\nJohn Pierce, the owner.\\nApr. Tenn. Colonel Aaron Burr is\\ndetected in a treasonable conspiracy.\\nMay 16. Eng. Orders in Council are\\nissued.\\nThe British Ministry declares the\\nwhole coast of Europe, from the Elbe to\\nBrest, to be under blockade thus, ac-\\ncording to its theory, excluding Amer-\\nican commerce, while not invested by\\nBritish fleets. Paper blockade.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1803 O. The Miami Exporting Com-\\npany opens the first bank in Cincinnati.\\n1804 July 4. Pa. A weekly mail-\\nstage commences to run between Pitts-\\nburg and Philadelphia.\\nChicago. Fort Dearborn is erected.\\nMass. The Middlesex Canal, the\\nfirst in the Union, is completed. It con-\\nnects Boston harbor with the Concord\\nRiver.\\n1805 June 1. Mich. Detroit is de-\\nstroyed by fire.\\nJune 4. Tripoli. The American pris-\\noners at Tripoli are liberated.\\nBoston. Frederick Tudor begins the\\nice-trade of America, by shipping a\\ncargo of 130 tons to Martinique.\\nNew York. Yellow fever prevails.\\nPhila. The first dry-goods com-\\nmission-house in this country opens for\\nthe sale of the cotton yarns and threads\\nmanufactured in Rhode Island.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "114 1806, Nov. 21-1809, Mar. 4.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1807 June 22. The British man-of-war\\nLeopard demands the right to search\\nthe United States frigate Chesapeake for\\ndeserters, and, heing refused, attacks\\nand captures the ship and carries away\\nfour men as deserters, three of whom\\nare American citizens.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1807 The Pennsylvania Academy\\nof Fine Arts is established.\\nAug. 11(?)+. N. Y. Robert Fulton s\\nsteamboat, the Clermont, sails from New\\nYork to Albany on her first trip 150\\nmiles in 33 hours. (Engine made by\\nBoulton and Watt, of England.)\\nDec. 14. Conn. An extraordinary and\\nbrilliant meteor is seen it explodes\\nthree times.\\n1808 Marius Sitting Among the Ruins\\nof Carthage, painted by Vanderlyn, re-\\nceives the gold medal at the Paris Ex-\\nhibition.\\nN. J. The steamboat Phamix, built\\nby John Stevens, makes the first ocean\\ntrip from Hoboken to Philadelphia.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1807*\\nAbbot, Gorham D\u00e2\u0080\u009e educator, horn in Me.\\nAdams, Charles Francis, minister to Eng.;\\narbitrator of Alabama claims, b. in Muss.\\nAdams, Willntiii, 1 ivs. _-Itu ^yiiiaii,b. in Conn.\\nAgassiz, Louis John R., teacher, natural-\\nist, born May 28, in Switz.\\nAlden, Joseph, educittiunist, born in N.Y.\\nBailey, Gamaliel, journalist, born in K. J.\\nBrant, Joseph, Mohawk chief, A65.\\nBuford, Nap. B., brig.-gen., engineer, b. Ky.\\nCasey, Silas, brevet, niaj.-gen., born in R. I.\\nCheever, George B., Cong, cl., b. in Me.\\nDayton, Win. Lewis, senator for N.Y., b. N. J.\\nEllsworth, Oliver, chief justice, A62.\\nFay, Theodore Sedgwiek, author, b. in N.Y.\\nFelton, Cornelius Conway, author, I res. of\\nHarvard University, b. in Mass.\\nFloyd, John 1!., Sec. of War, b. in Va.\\nForbes, John M., Prot. Epis. clergyman, b.\\nGuyot, Arnold H., geographical writer, born\\nHammond, James II., senator for S. C, born\\nin S. -C.\\nHerbert, Henry William, author, b. in Eng.\\nllitdreth, Hichard, historian, born in Mass.\\nHolt, Joseph, secretary of war, born in Ky.\\nJanes, Edmund storer, M. E. bp., b. in Mass.\\nLee, Alfred, P. E. bp. of Col., U.S.A., Del.,\\nb. in Mass.\\nLee. Robert Edward, col. U.S.A., Confed-\\nerate general, born in Va., Jan. 19.\\nLongfellow, Henry Wadsworth. poet, b.\\nin Me., Feb. 27-\\nMalboue, Edward G., miniature painter, A30.\\nMcMicharl, Morton, editor, orator, b. in N.J.\\nMount, William Sidney, painter, b. in N.Y.\\nMuhlenberg, Jo! in Pel it (lubriel, Ken., A til.\\nN/eal, Joseph Clay, humorist, born in N. H.\\nOwen, David Dale, lieolo.uist, born in Scot.\\nPacker, Wm. F., journalist, Gov. of Pa.,\\nhorn in Pa,\\nPalmer, Pbtcbe, evangelist, horn in N.Y.\\nParker, Amasa J., lawyer, born in Coun.\\nPickens, Francis W., Gov., senator for S. C,\\nborn in S. C.\\nPreble, Edward, commodore U. S. N., A46.\\nRidgelv, .lames I,., lawyer, 0. F., b. in Md.\\nRusehenberger, Win. S. W., author, b. in N. J.\\nSchaeffer, Charles Fred., Luth. clergyman,\\nborn in Pa.\\nStillman, Samuel, Bapt. clergyman, A70.\\nWhittier, John Greenleai, poet, born in\\nMass., Dec. 17-\\nWoods, Leonard, Jr., president of Bowdoin\\nCollege, born in Mass.\\n1808*\\nAlexander, Natb., Gov. of N. C, officer in\\nRevolution, A52.\\nAmes. Fisher, M. C. for Mass., orator,\\nJuly 4, A58.\\nBache, Sarah, nurse in Am. Revol n, A64.\\nBartine, David W., M. E. clergyman, orator ,b.\\nBeardsley, E. Edwards, P. E. clergyman, b.\\nin Conn.\\nChase, Salmon P.. Chief Justice, h. In K. II.\\nCraven, Thomas T., rear-admiral, b. In D. C.\\nDavidson, Lucretia Maria, poet, b. in N.Y.\\nDavis, Jefferson, sec. of war., B -n. for Miss.,\\nPres. of Confcd. States, b. June 3, In Ky.\\nDecatur. Stephen, Sr., naval oilher, A 57.\\nDickinson, John, M. C. for Del., A76.\\nEvans, Fred Win., Shaker elder, b. in Eng.\\nFasquelle, Jean Louis, author, horn.\\nFish. Hamilton. Gov. of N.Y., secretary of\\nstate, born In N.Y.\\nGage, Francis D., orator, horn In 0.\\n(lallaKher, William D., poet, born in Pa.\\nHactett, Horatio Balch, biblical scholar,\\nborn in Mass.\\nHenderson, .James P., sen. for Tex., b. N. C.\\nIlillard, George S., author, journalist, b. Me.\\nIlilliard, Henry W., lawyer, horn in N. C.\\nJohnson. Andrew, 17th President, senator\\nfor Tenn., born Dec. 29, in N. C.\\nKirkland, Samuel, founderof Hamilton Col-\\nlege, A 64.\\nLee, Leroy M., M. E. clergyman, theologian,\\nborn in Va.\\nLinn,Wdliam, chaplain in Revol n army, A\\nPalmer, Ray, Cong, clergyman, hymnolo-\\ngist, born in R. I.\\nPark, Edwards A., clergvman, author, critic,\\nborn in R. I.\\nPatterson, John, general, A64.\\nPrentiss, Seargent Smith, M. C. for Miss.,\\nhorn in Me.\\nReed, Henry, scholar, author, born in Pa.\\nRockwell, James O., poet, born in Conn.\\nRogers, Henry Darwin, geologist, b. in Pa.\\nSartin, John, engraver, born in London.\\nStrong, William, justice S. Court, b. in Pa.\\nSullivan, .lames, Cov. of Mass, writer, A64.\\nVan Rensselaer, Cortland, Pres. clergyman,\\nborn in N.Y.\\nWashington, Samuel A tier, writer, born.\\nZeisberger, David, Moravian missionary, A87.\\nCHURCH.\\n1806* *Ky. The Presbytery of Ken-\\ntucky is dissolved by the Synod, because\\nof the lack of ministerial learning and\\nsound doctrine.\\nMass. The .American Board of\\nCommissioners for Foreign Mis-\\nsions germinates.\\nAt a gathering of four students of\\nWilliams College, under the lee of a\\nhaystack, where they take refuge from\\na thunder-storm, Samuel J. Mills pro-\\nposes that they attempt to send the gos-\\npel to the heathen, and says, We can\\ndo it if we will.\\nThe Massachusetts Evangelic Mis-\\nsionary Society is instituted.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets Samuel Miller,\\nmoderator.\\n1807 Sept.* iV. Y. The General\\nSynod (Reformed) meets at Harlem\\nJ. V. C. Komeyn, president.\\nConn. The Connecticut Religious\\nTract Society is organized at New\\nHaven by Timothy Dwight and others.\\nThe Lake Baptist Missionary Society\\nis formed.\\nThe Society of Friends opens a mission\\namong the Brotherton Indians.\\nMass. The Baptist Missionary So-\\nciety is formed.\\nJV. Y. The Associated Saratoga Pres-\\nbytery is formed.\\nThe first Baptist mission to the In-\\ndians is opened among the Tuscaroras.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets A. Alexander,\\nmoderator.\\n1808 May 6-26. Md. The General\\nConference (Methodist Episcopal) is\\nheld in Baltimore.\\nA delegated General Conference is\\nprovided for restrictive rules adopted;\\nWm. McKendree ordained bishop.\\nSept. 28. Mass. Andover Theological\\nSeminary (Congregational) is opened.\\nOct. 2. Ala. The fir t Baptist church is\\norganized (Flint River).\\nKg. The Roman Catholic diocese of\\nLouisville is established.\\nMass. Organization of the Baptist\\nFemale Mite Society at Beverly.\\nMd. The General Convention\\n(Protestant Episcopal) meete in Balti-\\nmore it consents to the organization\\nof the Western country into a separate\\ndiocese.\\nNew York. The Methodist Publishing\\nHouse is removed from Philadelphia to\\nNew York.\\n-V. The first church edifice in\\nWilliamsburg is built by the Methodists.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets Philip Miledoler,\\nmoderator.\\nThomas CampbeH of Ireland he-\\ncomes pastor of the Seceders (Disciples\\nof Christ).\\nVa. The Accomack Baptist Associa-\\ntion is formed.\\nRoman Catholic Sees are erected at\\nNew York, Boston, Philadelphia, and\\nBards town.\\nLETTERS.\\n1806 Mass. John Quincy Adams\\nbecomes professor of belles-lettres in\\nHarvard University.\\nJV. Y. The Young Misses Magazine\\nappears in Brooklyn.\\nPhila. The American Register ap-\\npears.\\nThe Foresters, by Alexander Wilson,\\nappears.\\n1807 Mass*. The Andover Theologi-\\ncal Seminary (Cong.) is organized.\\nTenn. The University of Tennes-\\nsee (non-sect.) is organized at Knoxville.\\nIt has previously been known as Blount\\nCollege.\\nThe Salmagundi papers, by Washing-\\nton Irving and J. K. Paulding, appear.\\nXew York. The Ladies Weekly\\nMiscellany appears.\\nMass. The Theological Seminary\\nLibrary is founded at Andover [43,000\\nvols.].\\nThe Boston Athenaeum Library is\\nfounded [1-49,910 vols.]. (Whitcombe,\\n1S06.)\\nMd. Mount St. Mary s College\\n(Rom. Cath.) is founded at Emmittsburg.\\n1808 July Mo. First issue of the\\nMissouri Gazette at St. Louis the first\\nnewspaper in this city.\\nThe Columbiad, by Joel Barlow, ap-\\npears.\\nThe first volume of Ornithology, by\\nAlexander Wilson, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1807 2V. Y. Martin Van Buren mar-\\nries Hannah Hoes.\\n1S0S Jan. 1. U. S. The importation\\nof slaves is prohibited by Act of\\nCongress after this date.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1806, Nov. 21-1809, Mar. 4. 115\\nApr. 30. 27. Y. Organization of the\\nFirst Temperance Society, The\\nUnion Temperance Society of Moreau\\nand Northumberland, by Billy J. Clark,\\nin Saratoga county.\\nIt declares that no member shall\\ndrink rum, gin, whisky, wine, or any\\ndistilled spirits, or compositions of the\\nsame or any of them, except by advice\\nof a physician, or in case of actual dis-\\nease, also excepting at public dinners,\\nunder the penalty of 25 cents, provided\\nthat this article shall not infringe on\\nany religious rite no member shall be\\nintoxicated under penalty of 50 cents,\\nand that no member shall offer any of\\nthe above liquors to any person to drink\\nthereof under the penalty ol 25 cents for\\neach offense.\\nSTATE.\\n1806 Nov. 21. Fr. Napoleon retali-\\nates by issuing the Berlin Decree,\\nand declares all the British Islands\\nblockaded. [Both the French and En-\\nglish capture American vessels.!\\nDec. 1. D. C. The 9th Congress: the\\nsecond session opens.\\nD. C. Congress grants pensions to\\ndisabled soldiers and sailors.\\nDec. 31. Monroe and Pinckney procure\\na treaty with Great Britain regarding\\nthe protection of the rights of neutrals.\\n[It is suppressed by the President.]\\n*D.C. Brockholst Livingston of New\\nYork is appointed Justice of the U. S.\\nSupreme Court.\\n*England persists in searching\\nAmerican vessels for deserters, and\\nimpressing American seamen.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-09 Ga. Jared Irwin.\\n-OS* Mass. James Sullivan.\\n-07 B. I. Isaac Wilbur.\\n-08 S. C. Chas. Pinckney.\\n1807 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\nS69,218,39S.\\nJan. 7. Eng. Orders in Council are\\nissued.\\nEngland forbids all coast trade with\\nFrance. [Many American vessels are\\nseized.]\\nJan. 22. Z C. Congress is officially\\ninformed of Aaron Burr s conspiracy.\\nFeb. Tenn. Aaron Burr is arrested\\non the charge of treason, having ar-\\nranged for the invasion of Mexico, to\\ndetach the Western and Southern States\\nfrom the Union, and to set up a western\\nempire. [No overt act is proven.]\\nMar. 2. D. C. Congress Senate Sam-\\nuel Smith of Md. is elected President\\npro tempore.\\nMar. 4. D. C. The 9th Congress ends.\\nJune 22. The British man-of-war Leop-\\nard fires upon the frigate Chesapeake, be-\\ncause of the refusal to deliver up four\\nmen claimed as deserters after three\\nmen are killed, the frigate s colors are\\nstruck.\\nJuly 2. D. C. Jefferson, by proclama-\\ntion, forbids all intercourse with Brit-\\nish ships-of-war, and orders all that are\\nin American waters to withdraw.\\nOct. 26. D. C. The 10th Congress\\nopens.\\nCongress; House: Joseph B. Var-\\nnum of Mass. is elected Speaker.\\nControversy between England and\\nthe United States respecting the rights\\nof neutrals; England claims the right\\nto search American ships, and to take\\nnaturalized American citizens.\\nNov. 11. Eng. Orders in Council is-\\nsued, which vex American commerce, by\\nprohibiting all trade with France or her\\nallies.\\nDec. 17. Fr. The Milan Decree is-\\nsued by Napoleon supplements the Ber-\\nlin Decree, and extinguishes the most\\nprofitable portion of the commerce of\\nthe United States.\\nDec. 22. D. C. Congress passes the\\nSecond Embargo Act.\\nThis [celebrated and much ridiculed]\\nAct detains all American vessels in\\nAmerican ports, and cuts off commercial\\nintercourse with England and France, to\\ncompel their recognition of the rights of\\nneutrals. [The Americans fail to starve\\ntheir enemies.]\\nNew York. Marinus Willett is elected\\nthe 47th mayor.\\nThomas Todd of Ky. is appointed\\nJustice of the U. S. Supreme Court.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\nLa. (Ter.). Meriwether Lewis.\\n-OS N. C. Benjamin- Williams.\\n-17 N. Y. Daniel D. Tompkins.\\n-08 0. Thomas Kirker.\\n-11* JR. I. James Fenner.\\n-08 Ft. Israel Smith.\\n1808 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$65,196,317.\\nD. C. Congress prohibits the impor-\\ntation of slaves after this date.\\nJan. 8. D. C. Congress requires coast-\\ning and fishing vessels to give bonds to\\nreland their cargoes in the United\\nStates (Embargo Act),\\nFeb. 4. N. Y. The first legislative pro-\\nceedings relative to the canals appear.\\nMar. 12. D. C. Congress subjects ves-\\nsels and boats of all kinds, and land car-\\nriages, to the Embargo.\\nMar. 17. D. C. Kupture of the nego-\\ntiations between the British minister\\nand the Government.\\nApr. 16. B.C. Congress Senate Sam-\\nuel Smith of Md. is reelected President\\npro tempore.\\nApr. 17. France, by the Bayonne\\nDecree, directs the seizure of all Ameri-\\ncan vessels in French ports.\\nApr. 25. D. C. Congress forbids for-\\neign vessels to engage in the coasting\\ntrade, and requires all others to come\\nunder stringent rules.\\nThe 10th Congress: the first session\\ncloses.\\nMay 30. X C. The new House of\\nRepresentatives is first occupied.\\nAug. 9. D. C. Jefferson suspends in-\\ntercourse with Great Britain because of\\nthe non-ratification of the British treaty.\\nFree Trade and Sailors Rights\\nis a political war-cry of the times.\\nVa. Jefferson declines the nomi-\\nnation for a third term in the presidency,\\nNov. 7. B.C. The 10th Congress:\\nthe second session opens.\\nNew Englanders talk of rebellion,\\nas their ships are rotting at their docks\\nbecause of the Embargo.\\nDec. 28. Z C. Congress; Senate: Ste-\\nphen It. Bradley of Vt. is elected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nU. S. Sixth Presidential election\\nDemocratic-Republicans are elected.\\nThe national election sweeps away the\\nAdministration majority in Congress\\n(84 to 30), and prepares the way for the\\nrepeal of the Embargo Act.\\n_10 New York. DeWitt Clinton\\nis elected the 48th mayor.\\nV. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-11 Del. George Truett.\\n-12 Ky. Charles Scott.\\n-09 Mass. Levi Lincoln.\\n-10 N. C. David Stone.\\n-10 O. Samuel Huntington.\\nPa. Simon Snyder.\\n-10 S. C. John Drayton.\\n-11* Va. John Tyler.\\n-09 17. Isaac Tichenor.\\n1809 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$57,023,192.\\nJan. 9. Congress proceeds to drastic\\nmeasures attempting to avoid the Em-\\nbargo Act forfeits the vessel or carriage,\\nand involves a fine of four times the\\nvalue of the merchandise, one-half of it\\nto go to the informer.\\nJan. 30. B. C. Congress Senate John\\nMilledge of Ga. is elected President\\npro tempore.\\nFeb. 3. Illinois Territory (Illinois and\\nWisconsin) is formed.\\nFeb. 8. B. C. Congress counts the\\nelectoral vote.\\nVote for President James Madison\\nof Va. (Republican), 122 Charles C.\\nPinckney of S. C. (Federalist), 47;\\nGeorge Clinton of N. Y. (Republican),\\n6. Vote for Vice-President: George\\nClinton (Republican), 113 Ruf us King\\nof N. Y. (Federalist), 47 John Langdon\\nof N. H., 9 James Madison of Va., 3\\nJames Monroe of Va., 3; vacancy, 1.\\nFeb. 27. L C. Congress; The Em-\\nbargo Act of 1807 is repealed, to take\\neffect Mar. 15th.\\nMar. 4. D. C. The 10th Congress ends.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1806 Pa. Coal is first mined in the\\nUnited States, at Mauch Chunk.\\n27. Y. A log cabin is erected on the\\npresent site of Rochester.\\nCommerce, which had become very\\nprosperous during the French and En-\\nglish wars, suiters greatly by the unan-\\nnounced blockades which override the\\nrights of neutrals.\\nThe principal maritime towns suf-\\nfer because of the restrictions of com-\\nmerce, and their citizens send numerous\\npetitions to the President and to Con-\\ngress, praying for the removal of the\\nEmbargo.\\n1808 May 28. N. Y. Solemn re-\\nburial of the bones of Revolutionary\\nprisoners in a vault at Wallabout.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "116 1809, Mar. 4-1811, Nov. 18.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1811 Jan. 9. La. The entire militia\\nof New Orleans is called out to suppress\\na negro insurrection.\\nApr. 6. Va. French privateer Revanche\\ndu Cerf is burnt at Norfolk, hy 15 meu\\nm 2 boats, about 2 a.m.\\nMay 16. Va. The British sloop-of-war\\nLittle Belt fires a shot at the United\\nStates frigate President; the latter\\nretaliates with, a broadside that kills\\n10 and wounds 30 men. [This action\\ncreates great excitement throughout\\nthe country.]\\nSept. Ind. The Shawanese In-\\ndians make incursions among the set-\\ntlers, whom they outrage and murder.\\nNov. 7. Ind. Battle of Tippecanoe;\\nthe Indians conspire to surprise Gov.\\nWilliam H. Harrison at Burnet Creek,\\nand are effectively subdued after a ter-\\nrific battle.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1809 Nov. 21. New York. George F.\\nCook first appears in America in Richard\\nIII., at the Park Theater.\\nBoston. Sails are made from cotton\\nduck.\\n1810 Dec. 31. Boston. Mrs. Duff first\\nappears in America as Juliet.\\nBoston. The Park Street Church\\nis erected.\\n1811 New York. Steamboat Paragon\\nis built.\\nSept. 17. Va. A beautiful annular\\neclipse of the sun is observed at\\nRichmond.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1809*\\nAlbright, Jacob, foun. Evang. Ass n, A 49.\\nAlexander, Joseph Addison, theologian, ori-\\nentalist, born in Pa.\\nArthur, Timothy S-, author, born in N.Y.\\nBailey, Silas, [ires. Cranville cull., O., born\\nin Mass.\\nBaldwin, John Denison, author, b. in Conn.\\nBarnard, Fred. A. P., instructor, b. in Blass.\\nBartlett, Wm. H. C, scientific writer, b. Pa.\\nBenjamin, Park, poet, born in Guiana.\\nBledsoe, Albert T., unfed, officer, b. in Ky.\\nBuckley, Samuel liotsford, botanist, b. N.Y.\\nBurgess, George, P. E. bp. of Me., b. in K. I.\\nBurns, Francis, M. K. missionary bp.,b. N.Y.\\nCarson, Christopher, Kit Carson), b. in Ky.\\nChapman, Alvan W-, botanist, b. in Mass.\\nCurry, Daniel, M. E. cl., editor, born in N.Y.\\nCurtis, Benj. Hot. bins, justice S. Ct.,b. Mass.\\nDahlgren, John Adolf, rear-admiral, b. in Pa.\\nEdwards, Tryon, Cong, clergyman, writer,\\nborn in Conn.\\nFowler, Orson Squire, phrenologist, b. N.Y.\\nGibbes, Robert W., pby., author, b. in S. C.\\nGiles, Henry, essayist, born in Ireland.\\nGliddon, George R., Egyptologist, b. in Eng.\\nGlisson, Oliver S., rear-admiral, bora in 0.\\nGreene, William, Gov. of K. I., dies.\\nGriffiths, John Willis, architect, b. in N.Y.\\nHamlin, Hannibal, Vice-President, sen-\\nator for Me., born in Me.\\nHaswell, Charles Havnes, engineer, b. N.Y.\\nHeyward, Thomas, patriot of S. C, A63.\\nHolmes, Oliver Wendell, poet, b. in Mass.\\nHoughton, Douglas, naturalist, h. in N.Y.\\nHunter, Robert M. T., senator for Va., b. Va.\\nIngraham, Joseph 11., author, burn in Me.\\nJohnston, Joseph E., Confed. gen., b. in Va.\\nJohnson, Oliver, editor, abolitionist, born,\\nJones, James Gov. Tenn., sen.,b. in Tenn.\\nKendn.-k, Asahel scholar, author, b. in Vt.\\nKirkbride, Thos. S., phy. to insane, b. in Pa.\\nLewis, Meriwether, explorer, A55.\\nLincoln, Abraham, ltitb President, b. Feb.\\n12, near Hodgonsville, Hardin Co., Ky.\\nLittle, George, rapt, in Revol ii army, A55.\\nLittle, It. M., pres. Ins. Co., b. Mass.\\nMackenzie, Robt. S., Brit. Am. journalist, b.\\nMayer, Branz, lawyer, hist l writer, b. inMd.\\nMcCormlck. Cryus H.. Inventor of reapers,\\nborn in Va.\\nMcGill, John It C. bp. of Va., b. in Pa.\\nMitchel, Ormflby M., astronomer, gen., b. Ky.\\nPaine. Thomas, patriot, writer, AT.\\nPike, Albert, poet, born in Mass.\\nPrice, Sterling, Gov., M. C. for Mo.,n. In Va.\\nSemmes, -Raphael, Confederate naval officer,\\nborn in Ma.\\nSchenek, Robert C.,M. C. for 0., gen., b. in O.\\nThompson, Cephas I iiovaniu, artist, b. Mass.\\nTrumbull, Jonathan. Gov., sen. for Conn.,\\nA69.\\nWInthrop, Robt. C, M. C, senator for Mass.,\\nborn in Mass.\\nCat, b. In .Y.\\nst, born in N.Y.\\nIi n, b. In Conii-\\n1810*\\nAblridge, Ira, colored actor, horn in Md.\\nAllen, Thomas, chaplain, A77.\\nBackus, Jay S., sec. Rapt. Home Miss. So.,b.\\nBarnum, Phineas T., showman, b. in Conn.\\nBlack. Jeremiah S.. jurist, secretary of\\nstate, born in Pa.\\nBrooks, James, journalist, politician, b. Me.\\nBrougham, John, actor, born in Ireland.\\nBrown, Charles Brockden, novelist, A39.\\nBurritt, Elihu, linguist, writer, b. in Conn.\\nClark, Willis Gay lord, poet, author, b. N.Y.\\nClarke, James Freeman, Unit, clergyman,\\nauthor, born in N. H.\\nClay, Cassias M., minister to Rus., b. in Ky.\\nCooper, James, lawyer, born in Md.\\nCrosbv, A lpiir us, educationist, born in N. II.\\nHoggett, David S., bp. M. E. Ch. South, b.\\nDu l .ois, Wm. Ewing, numismatist, b. in Pa.\\nICllet, Charles, Jr., engineer, born in Pa.\\nFuller, Sarah Margaret, author, b. in Mass.\\nGarland, Landon C, educator, mathemati-\\ncal writer, born in Va.\\nGray. Asa, botanist, born in N.Y.\\nGreen, Samuel S., educator, born.\\nGriffin, Cyrus, statesman, judge, A6I.\\nHart, Joel P., sculptor, born in Ky.\\nHart, John S., educationist, author, b. in\\nMass.\\nHumphreys, Andrew A., general, b. in Pa.\\nJackson, Jonathan, of Mass, A67.\\nLangstroth, L., inventor of beehive, dies.\\nLawrance, John, jurist, statesman, A 60.\\nLincoln, Benj., maj.-gen. in Revolution, A77.\\nLoomis, Justin R., educator, author, b. N.Y.\\nbord, John, historical lecturer, b. in N. II.\\nMacanally, David Rice. M. E. clergyman, ed-\\nitor, born in Tenn.\\nMagoon, Klias L., Baj)t. clergyman, author,\\nborn in N. H.\\nMcCloskey. John, first American cardinal,\\nborn Mar. 20, in N.Y.\\nMcKay, Donald, shipbuilder, born.\\nMorrill, Justin S., senator for Vt., b. in Vt.\\nNotman, John, architect, born in Scot.\\nPalmer, James S., rear-admiral, b. in N. J.\\nParker, Theodore, Unit, cl., b. in Mass.\\nPotter, Hazard Arnold, physician, b. in N.Y.\\nPutnam, Mary Lowell, author, b. in Mass.\\nRiggs, Elias, missionary, linguist, b. hi N. J.\\nSears, Edmund II., Unit, clergyman, author,\\nborn in Mass.\\nSeymour, Horatio.Gov. of N. Y.,b.inN. Y.\\nSharswood, George, jurist, born in Pa.\\nSkene, Philip, Brit, officer in Am., A85.\\nSpalding 1 Martin John, K. C. archbishop,\\nborn in Ky.\\nToombs, Rob. sen. for Ga. Confed. sec. state,\\nb. Ga.\\nTrautwine, John Cresson, engineer, b. in Pa.\\nTurner, Wm. Wadden, philologist, b. in Eng.\\nTyler, William Seymour, scholar, b. in Va.\\nVan Buren, John, politician, born in N.Y.\\nWashington, Wm. A., officer in Revol n, A58.\\nWood, Alphonso, botanist, born in N. H.\\n1811*\\nAsbotb, Alex. S., brig. -gen., b. in Hungary.\\nBailey, Jacob Witman, scientist, b. in Mass.\\nBaker, Edward Dickinson, senator for Cal.,\\nborn in Eng.\\nBarnard, Henry, educator, b. in Conn.\\nHoggs, Charles S., rear-admiral, b. in N.J.\\nRouvier, Hannah M., writer on astronomy, b.\\nBowen, Francis, prof., author, b. in Mass.\\nCampbell, Jolm A., justice, born in Ga.\\nChase, Samuel, jurist of Md., A70.\\nCrawford, Nathaniel M., Rapt, cl., b. Ga.\\nDana, Francis, jurist of Mass., A68.\\nDaviess, Joseph H., att y-gen. of Ky., A 37.\\nDraper, John William, chemist, b. in Eng.\\nEaton, William, soldier, consul, A 47.\\nEmory, William II., major-general, b. in Md.\\nFoster, A blue Iv., reformer, born in Mass.\\nGilliss, James M-, astronomer, born in D. C.\\nGreeley, Horace, editor, b. Feb. 3, in N. H.\\nGreene, George Washington, author, b. It. I.\\nHall, James, geologist, burn in Mass.\\nHunt, Ward, justice, S. Ct., b. in N.Y.\\nJames. Henry, philosophical writer, b. N.Y.\\nJenkins, Thornton A., U. S. navy, b. in Va.\\nJohnson, James, Gov. of Ga., born in N.C.\\nKennedy, Anthony, senator for Va., b. in Md.\\nfn Mans.\\nMurdoch. J a. 1 1- I w. ard. :t\u00c2\u00ab tnr. born III Pa\\nNoyea. Job,, u., commojust ol Oneida, b. Vt.\\nPage, Win., painter, born in N.Y.\\nPanic, Robert Treat. Jr., author.\\nParton, Sara P. Willis, (Fanny Fern), b.\\nin Me.\\nI eahudv, Andrew P., prof., cl., b. Mass.\\nPeck, Jesse Truesdell, M. E. bp., b. In N.Y.\\nPhillips, Wendell, orator, reformer, bum\\nNov. 29, in Mass.\\nPierce, George Foster, M. E. bp., b. In cu.\\nPorter, Noah, psychologist, b. in Conn.\\nPratt, Orson, Mormon leader, born m N.Y.\\nSimpson. Matthew, SI. K. bp., orator, born\\nJune 20, in 0.\\nBtowe. Harriet Eliza [Reedier], author,\\nborn In Conn.\\nStreet, Alfred Billings, poet, horn in N.Y\\nSumner, Charles, senator lor Mass., orator,\\nborn in Mass.\\nThomas, Jos., physician, biographer, b. N.Y.\\nWilliams, Win., signer of Declaration, A80.\\nWinslow, John A., rear-admiral, b. in N. C.\\nCHURCH.\\n1809 May 3. R. I. The Itliode Island\\nCongregational Conference is organized.\\nJune 8. N. H. The General Association\\n(Congregational) of New Hampshire is\\norganganized.\\nJune New York. The General Synod\\n(Reformed) meets Nicolas Lansing,\\npresident.\\nAutumn. Mass. Samuel J. Mills be-\\ncomes interested in the natives of the\\nPacific Islands by the simple story of\\nHenry Obookiah, a native boy. (He\\nbecomes one of the founders of the\\nAmerican Missionary Society.)\\nNew York. English is first exclu-\\nsively used in the Lutheran Church.\\nN. Y. Organization of the New YTork\\nBible and Common Prayer-Book So-\\nciety of the Episcopal Church.\\nPhifa. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets Drury Lacy, mod-\\nerator.\\nThe first Synod of the Reformed Pres-\\nbyterians is formed.\\nPa. The first church Sunday-school\\nis formed at Pittsburg; the transfer of\\nSunday-schools to church control be-\\ngins, and schools rapidly increase.\\nVt. The General Association of Ver-\\nmont Congregationalists is allowed del-\\negates in the (Presbyterian) General\\nAssembly.\\n1810 Feb. Ky. The Cumberland\\nPresbyterian Church is finally organ-\\nized, as a separate church, because of\\nthe high educational standard de-\\nmanded for the Presbyterian ministry.\\nJune 29. Mass. The plan for the or-\\nganization of the American Board of\\nCommissioners for Foreign Missions is\\ndevised by Samuel Spring and Samuel\\nWorcester, and is adopted by the Gen-\\neral Association of Congregational\\nChurches, at Bradford.\\nSept. 5. Conn. The American Board\\nof Commissioners for Foreign Missions\\nis formally constituted at Farmington.\\nSept. 10. Pa. The Brush Run (Disciples)\\nchurch is organized.\\nConn. Lyman Beecher is installed\\npastor of the Congregational church at\\nLitchfield. [He remains 1G years.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1809, Mar. 4-1811, Nov. 18. 117\\nMass. A remarkable missionary move-\\nment begins.\\nFour students of Andover Theological\\nSeminary Messrs. Mills, Judson, New-\\nell, and Nott meet a number of minis-\\nters in the parlors of Professor Stuart, to\\nreceive a reply to their request to be sent\\nwith the Gospel to the heathen. The an-\\nswer is, Go in the name of the Lord,\\nand we will help you.\\nNew Eng. Congregational churches\\nare disrupted by the withdrawal of\\nUnitarians.\\nN. H. The General Association of\\nCongregationalists is allowed delegates\\nin the (Presbyterian) General Assembly.\\nNew York. The Protestant Episco-\\npal Tract Society is organized.\\nN. Y. Genesee Conference of the\\nMethodist Episcopal Church is formed.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets John B. Homey n,\\nmoderator.\\nRegulations and rules are adopted\\nby the Roman Catholic bishops.\\n1811 May 29. N. Y. John Henry Ho-\\nbart (Protestant Episcopal) assistant\\nbishop of New York, and A. V. Gris-\\nwold, presiding bishop of the Easton\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2diocese, are consecrated.\\nLETTERS.\\n1809 Apr. 4. Pa. The Legislature di-\\nrects that the poor be sent to the most\\nconvenient school, and their tuition\\nbe paid.\\nA History of New York by Diedrich\\nKnickerbocker, by Washington Irving,\\nSolomon Spaulding writes a religious\\nromance, The Manuscript Found (The\\nBook of Mormon).\\n1810 N.J. Queen s College (Rut-\\ngers) and the (Reformed) Theological\\nprofessorate are united Dr. Livingston\\nis professor and president.\\n*_n* phila. The Mirror of Taste\\nappears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1810 Jan. 15. New York. Masquerades\\nand masked balls are prohibited.\\nJan. 17. Phila. Masquerades and\\nmasked balls are prohibited.\\nU, S. A total of 1,191,363 slaves is\\nreported.\\nLa. Zachary Taylor marries Mar-\\ngaret Smith.\\nSTATE.\\nFourth Adm i n istration. Democratic-\\nRepublican.\\n1809 Mar. 4. D. C. James Madison\\nof Va. is inaugurated the fourth Presi-\\ndent in the sixth term of the Presidency,\\nand George Clinton of N. Y. continues\\nVice-President.\\nCabinet Robert Smith of Md.\\n(State), Albert Gallatin of Pa. (Treas.),\\nWilliam Eustis of Mass. (War), Paul\\nHamilton of S. C. (Navy), Gideon\\nGranger of Conn. (Postmaster-General),\\nCaesar A. Rodney of Del. (Attorney-\\nGeneral).\\nMar. 15. U. S. The Embargo is re-\\nmoved, hut commercial intercourse\\nwith England and France interdicted.\\nMar. Fr. Napoleon ignores his prom-\\nise to the Americans by again en-\\nforcing the obnoxious decrees, and\\ndeclares that the decrees of Berlin and\\nMilan were fundamental laws of the\\nEmpire. By a diplomatic fiction he\\nhas succeeded in his purpose to array\\nthe United States and Great Britain\\nagainst each other in mutual hostility.\\nApr. 23. D. C. David M. Erskine, Brit-\\nish minister, pledges the Court to re-\\npeal the anti-neutral decrees by June 10.\\nTrade will then he resumed between\\nthe United States and Great Britain.\\n[The announcement of the agreement\\nis received with great joy by the country,\\nas an assurance of peace.]\\nMay 22. It. C. The 11th Congress\\nmeets in extra session [and continues\\nthe controversy with Great Britain],\\nMay* I). C. Congress; House Joseph\\nB. Varnum of Mass. is elected Speaker.\\nJune 26. D. C. Congress Senate An-\\ndrew Gregg of Pa. is elected President\\npro tempore.\\nJune 28. D.C. 11th Congress: the first\\nsession closes.\\nSept. Gov. William Henry Harrison\\nmeets the Indians of the Northwest, and\\nbuys the title to 3,000,000 acres of land.\\nNov. 8. D. C. The President denies\\nthe British minister farther inter-\\ncourse with the Cabinet, because his\\npledges have been disavowed by the\\nBritish Government. Erskine s func-\\ntions cease.\\nNov. 27. D.C. The 11th Congress:\\nthe second session opens.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-11 Conn. John Treadwell.\\n-13 Ga David B. Mitchell.\\n-18* *Ill.(Ter.) Ninian Edwards.\\n-10 Mass. Christopher Gore.\\n-17 Miss. David Holmes.\\n-10 N. H. Jeremiah Smith.\\n15 Tenn. Wm. Blount.\\n-13 Vt. Jonas Galusha.\\nIndiana is constituted a Territory.\\n1810 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$53,173,217.52.\\nFeb. 28. I). C. Congress Senate\\nJohn Gaillard of S. C. is elected Presi-\\ndent pro tempore. [Reelected Apr. 17.]\\nMar. 23. Fr. The Rambouillet Decree\\nis issued.\\nNapoleon decrees that all American\\nvessels entering French ports shall he\\nseized and condemned.\\nMay 1. D. C. Congress passes the\\nMacon s No. 2 Act, pledging to pro-\\nhibit American trade with the other\\ncountry if either France or England\\nshall revoke its offensive edicts.\\nThe 11th Congress: the second ses-\\nsion closes.\\nJuly 13. N. Y. The British minister,\\nAugustus J. Foster, is burned in effigy\\nbefore the door of his lodgings in\\nAlbany.\\nJuly 19. Ger. The king of Prussia, by\\ndecree, forbids American vessels enter-\\ning his ports.\\nAug. 5. France revokes some of its\\nedicts revocation to take effect Nov.\\n1 as to American vessels.\\nNov. 2. D. C. President Madison pro-\\nclaims all restrictions removed from\\nthe commerce of France.\\nDec. 3. T C. The 11th Congress:\\nthe third session opens.\\n*_11* New York. Jacob Radcliff is\\nelected the 49th mayor.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-12 Mass. Elbridge Gerry.\\n-11 N. C. Benj. Smith.\\n-12 N. H. John Langdon.\\n-12 O. Jonathan Meigs.\\n-12 S.C. Henry Middleton.\\n1811 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n^48,005,587.\\nFeb. 2. D. C. The President announces\\nthe revival of the Won -importation\\nAct against Great Britain.\\nFeb. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nJohn Pope of Ivy. is elected President\\npro tempore.\\nMar. 4. D.C. The 11th Congressends.\\nApr. 8. N Y. The first law is passed\\nrespecting the Erie Canal.\\nJuly 3. Fla. The Government resolves\\nto occupy West Florida, against the re-\\nmonstrance of the British Government.\\nNov. 4. D.C. The 12th Congress opens.\\nNov. D. C. Congress House Henry\\nClay of Ky. is chosen Speaker he with\\nJohn C. Calhoun of S. C. and Wil-\\nliam H. Crawford of Ga. leads the\\ntwo Houses.\\nThe majority force Madison to declare\\nwar against Great Britain as a condition\\nof his reelection. New England is re-\\nluctant to engage in war.\\nNov. 18. Differences are settled respect-\\ning the attack on the frigate Chesa-\\npeake; Great Britain makes reparation.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1809 June 28. Vt. The first steam-\\nboat appears on Lake Champlain.\\n1810 June IX. S. Third Census 17\\nStates: 5,863,073 white 1,377,808 colored\\npopulation (186,446 free colored, 1,191,363\\nslaves); total population, 7,239,822. In-\\ncrease, 36.38 per cent. Center of popula-\\ntion, 40 miles northwest of Washington\\nwestward movement in 10 years, 36 miles.\\nOct. 6. Pa. A mill near Philadelphia\\nmakes the first cotton print goods\\nprinted from cylinders (superseding\\nblock-printing).\\nD. C. The first agricultural exhi-\\nbition is held at Georgetown.\\nOre. Astoria is founded by the Pa-\\ncific Fur Company, John Jacob Astor\\npresident.\\nKags are first imported to supply ISO\\npaper-mills.\\n1811 May 19. New York. A great\\nfire consumes 100 buildings.\\nOct. 29. Pa. The first steamboat on\\nWestern waters leaves Pittsburg for New\\nOrleans.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "118 1811, Bee. 16-1812.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1812 Jan. 27. Maj.-Gen. Henry\\nDearborn is appointed (9th) com-\\nmander of the army.\\nApr. 11. Fa. Four British barges\\nare taken in Hampton Roads by the\\nU. S. frigate Constellation and revenue\\ncutter Jefferson 80 prisoners.\\nApr. 25. Capt. Cothell of the privateer\\nschooner Surprise, 10 guns, captures\\nthe British brig Kutous, 12 guns, laden\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0with coffee, and brings her into port.\\nTHE FIFTH WAR.\\nJune 18-1815 Feb 17. The War of\\n1812, with Great Britain.\\n[Two generals win renown Gen. Wil-\\nliam Henry Harrison, as commander of\\nthe army in Canada, and Gen. Andrew\\nJackson as a fighter of Indians in the\\nSouth and later as the hero at New\\nOrleans. Men enrolled, S5,000 regulars,\\n471,622 militia and volunteers.]\\nJuly 2. The American embargo expires\\nby its own limitation Capt. David Porter\\nof the U. S. ship Essex sails on a cruise\\nagainst the British motto on his flag,\\nFree Trade and Sailors Rights.\\nJuly 12. William Hull, governor of\\nMichigan, crosses the Detroit River with\\n1,500 men to capture Fort Maiden,\\nhut fails through incompetence.\\nJuly 17. Mich. The important Ameri-\\ncan post at Mackinaw is surprised\\nand surrendered to the British.\\nAug. 5. Mich. Maj. Thomas B. Van\\nHome, with 200 Americans, is de-\\nfeated in a skirmish with 600 Indians\\nand British at Brownstown,\\nAug. 7. Mich. Gen. Hull returns from\\nCanada without attempting anything.\\nAug. 9. Mich. The British, with In-\\ndians (900) under Tecumseh, are defeated\\nby Col. Miller (600) at Maguaga, near\\nBrownstown.\\nAug. 13. The Essex, Capt. David Porter,\\nin a fight of eight minutes, forces the\\nBritish sloop Alert to strike her flag.\\nAug. 15. III. The Indians treacher-\\nously turn on the retreating garrison\\nand refugees, near Fort Dearborn\\n(Chicago), and murder 52 persons, in-\\ncluding 12 children the women and\\nother prisoners are distributed among\\nthe savages.\\nAug. 16. Mich. Gen. Hull, with 2,500\\nAmericans, surrenders Detroit to Gen.\\nBrock with 1 ,300 British. [The surrender\\nis made without firing a gun, and is\\ncharacterized as the most shameful of\\nany in the history of the country and\\na court-martial decides that Hull is a\\npatriot and yet a coward.]\\nAug. 19. A naval battle and great\\nAmerican victory occurs off the coast of\\nMassachusetts.\\nCaptain Dacres surrenders the British\\nship-of-war Gxierr uri to Capt. Isaac Hull\\nof the frigate Constitution, after receiv-\\ning a territie broadside. Losses: British,\\n15 killed and G3 wounded; American, 7\\nkilled and 7 wounded.\\nOct. 4. JV. Y. A British force under\\nLieut.-Col. Jjethbridge embarks in 25\\nboats and two gunboats, to capture\\nOgdensburg; they are driven back by\\nGen. Brown without effecting a landing.\\nOct. 8. Capt. Elliott captures two British\\nfrigates on Lake Erie.\\nOct. 13. Can. British batteries at\\nQjieenstown are captured by the\\nAmericans retaken through disgraceful\\nconduct of the New York militia, who\\nrefuse to leave the State 2,200 Ameri-\\ncans under Van Rensselaer surrender to\\n2,500 British under Brock American\\nloss, 99 killed, 900 wounded.\\nOct. 18. Naval battle off the coast of\\nVirginia.\\nCapt. Jacob Jones, in the sloop-of-war\\nWasp, 18 guns, after an engagement\\nlasting three-quarters of an hour, takes\\nCapt. Whinyates with the British brig\\nFrolic of 22 guns immediately after the\\ncapture, the British seventy-four gun\\nship Poictiers arrives and captures the\\nWasp and the wreck of the Frolic.\\nOct. 25. Naval battle west of the Ca-\\nnary Isles Commodore Decatur, with the\\nfrigate United States, of 44 guns, attacks\\nthe British frigate Macedonia, of 49\\nguns, and after fighting two hours the\\nlatter surrenders, with a loss of 100\\nkilled and wounded.\\nNov. 23. X. Y. The Northern army,\\nunder Gen. Dearborn, goes into winter\\nquarters at Plattsburg, Burlington, and\\nGreenbush.\\nDec. 12. Capt. Porter, with the ship\\nEssex, captures the British packet\\nNocton, having on board S55,000 in specie.\\nDec. 29. Naval Battle off the coast of\\nBrazil.\\nCommodore Bainbridge, with the Con-\\nstitution, captures the British frigate\\nJava after a battle of 2 hours, in which\\n200 men are killed or wounded, and\\nevery mast is torn out.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1811 Dec. 16. An earthquake is felt\\nfrom Pittsburg and Ohio to Savannah.\\nMass. Manufacture of chemicals\\nis begun in New England at Salem.\\n1812 Feb. 7. Phila. An earthquake\\nat Philadelphia and elsewhere for 30\\n*New York. The City HaH is com-\\npleted.\\nEnglish workmen commence the\\nmanufacture of pins with imported\\nmachines price one dollar a paper.\\nThe steamboat Richmond is built.\\nPa. The first rolling-mill at Pitts-\\nburg is erected.\\nPhila. The Academy of Natural\\nSciences is organized.\\nThe Dead Man Revived by Touch of\\nElisha s Bones is painted by Washing-\\nton Allston.\\nMass. The first cotton-mill at Fall\\nRiver is in operation.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1812*\\nAbbot, Samuel, founder of Andover Semi-\\nnary, A 80.\\nAlexander, John Henry, scientist, b. in Md.\\nAppleton, Thomas Hold, author, b. in Mass.\\nAndrews, Stephen P., lawyer, writer, b. Mass.\\nBall, Eph in, inventor of Buckeye mower,\\nBannister, Henry, theological professor, b.\\nI .arlow, Joel, statesman, poet, A 56.\\nlinekmirist -r. Joseph, one lert vman, A61.\\nChirk, HaviK H a^atf, M. K. bp., b. in Me.\\n(lark, Thomas Mareli, I*, h. ho. of R. I., b.\\nin Mass.\\nClinton, George, 4th Vice-Pres. of U. s., a?3.\\nClinton. James, K *n. in Kevol n War. A76.\\nElliott, Charles L., portrait painter, D. N.Y.\\nFlint, Austin, physician, medical writer,\\nFlor.-na. Thomas p... M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.\\nGammel, William, author, born in Mass.\\n\u00c2\u00ab.ari .-.....rt. p. t- r. officer m Involution, A63.\\nGardner, logos! E., physician, b. in Mass.\\nGilder, William II.. .-Iitur. I,, in Phila.\\nHaldeman, Samuel S., naturalist, philolo-\\ngist, born in Pa.\\nHawks, Cicero s.. P. E. bp. of Mo., b. N. C.\\nHill, Joshua, senator for Ca., horn in 8.\\nHoe. Richard M.. inventor of printing-\\npress, born in N.Y.\\nKlngsley, Calvin, M. E. bp.* born in N.Y.\\nMarshall. Humphrey, Coufed.gen., M. C. for\\nKy., born in Ky.\\nMayo, Wni. Starbuck, novelist, physician,\\nborn in N.Y.\\nOsgood, Frances Sarcent. poet, b. in Mass.\\nPerkins, Geo. Roberts, mathematician, born\\nin N.Y.\\nPrime. Sam. Irenseus. N.Y. Observer, born\\nin N.Y.\\nReynolds, Wm. M., P. E. clergyman, author,\\nRogers, John, rear-admiral XT. S. N., born.\\nSargent, Epes, author, born in .Mass.\\nStephens. Alex. H.. Confed. Vice-Pres.;\\nsen. for Ga., b. in Ga.\\nTrail, Russell Thacher, hydropathist, born in\\nWarren, Wm., Jr., comedian, born in Pa,\\nWaters, Horace, philanthropist, born.\\nWilliams, Sam. Wells, Chinese scholar, born\\nin N.Y.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Wilson. Henry, Vice-Pres.; senator for\\nMass., born in N. H., Feb. 26.\\nCHURCH.\\n1811 Boston. The Evangelical\\nTract Society is organized.\\nConn. The General Convention\\n(Protestant Episcopal) meets in New\\nHaven only two bishops present.\\nThe Protestant Episcopal Church\\nin America is declared to be the church\\nformerly known as the Church of Eng-\\nland in America.\\nMass. Organization of the Salem\\nFemale Cent Society (Baptist).\\nMass. The General Association of\\nCongregationalists is allowed delegates\\nto the Presbyterian General Assembly.\\nY. The Kelig^ous Tract Society\\nis organized at Albany.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets Eliphalet Nott,\\nmoderator.\\n1812 Feb. 6. Mass. Messrs. Judson,\\nHall, Xewell, Nott, and Kice are or-\\ndained at Salem for service in foreign\\nmissions (Congregationalist).\\nFeb. 19. Mass. Messrs. Judson and\\nNeweU, with their wives, sail from Sa-\\nlem for Calcutta Bombay being selected\\nas the first mission of the American\\nBoard.\\nFeb. 22. Phila. Messrs. Hall, Kice,\\nand Nott, with Mrs. Nott, sail for Cal-\\ncutta as missionaries.\\nMay 1-22. X?w York. The sixth (first\\ndelegated) General Conference (.Meth-\\nodist Episcopal) meets.\\nJune 2. Pa. Thomas and Alexander\\nCampbeU (Disciples of Christ) are im-\\nmersed by a Baptist minister.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1811, Dec. 16-1812. 119\\nJune Phila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets Andrew Flinn,\\nmoderator.\\nJune 12. The General Assembly (Pres-\\nbyterian) approves the suggestion of the\\nAmerican Board of Commissioners for\\nForeign Missions respecting the organi-\\nzation for cooperation of a similar board\\nby the Presbyterian Church.\\nJune 17. India. Missionaries Judson\\nand Newell and their wives arrive at\\nCalcutta.\\nJune N. Y. The General Synod (Re-\\nformed) meets at Albany Jacob Sickles,\\npresident.\\nOct. 15. S. C. Consecration of Theo.\\nDehon (Protestant Episcopal) bishop for\\nSouth Carolina.\\nConn. Organization of the Female\\nForeign Missionary Society of New\\nHaven. (Contributes \u00c2\u00a7177.09 to the\\nAmerican Board.)\\nLa. The first Baptist church is organ-\\nized in Louisiana on Bayou Chico.\\nN. J. Princeton is selected by the\\nPresbyterians as the location for a theo-\\nlogical school a board of directors is\\nchosen, and Dr. Archibald Alexander\\nis elected professor.\\nLETTERS.\\n1811* Mass. The Amherst College\\nLibrary is founded [47,000 vols.].\\nNew York. Rev. William Harris is\\nelected president of Columbia College.\\nNew York. The Literary Miscellany\\nappears.\\nPhila. Select Views of Literature ap-\\npears.\\n-13 The American Review of His-\\ntory and Politics appears.\\n1812* Mass. The General Repertory\\nand Revieio, the first American quar-\\nterly, is issued at Cambridge, by An-\\ndrews Norton.\\nThe American Antiquarian Society\\nLibrary is founded at Worcester\\n[85,000 vols.].\\nN. J. The Presbyterian Theological\\nSeminary Library is founded at Prince-\\nton [50,000 vols.].\\nN. Y. Hamilton College (Pres.) is\\norganized at Clinton.\\nThe U. S. Military Academy Library\\nis founded at West Point [30,000 vols.].\\nPhila. The library of the Academy\\nof Natural Science is founded [35,000\\nvols.].\\nJudgment A Vision, by Hillhouse, ap-\\npears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1812 May* New York. The (Meth.\\nEpis.) General Conference votes down\\nthe resolution, That no stationed or\\nlocal preacher shall retail spirituous\\nor malt liquors, without forfeiting his\\nministerial character among us.\\nJuly 27. Md. A mob in Baltimore at-\\ntacks some of the anti-war party and\\nis repulsed j 2 are killed and others\\nwounded. [Later it attacks the jail and\\nkills General Lingan and eleven others.]\\nNov. N. H. Daniel Webster enters\\npolitical life as representative in Con-\\ngress from his native State.\\nU. S. A. A gill of rum, whisky, or\\nbrandy is made a part of the regular\\ndaily ration of each soldier.\\nSTATE.\\n1811 D. C. Congress authorizes an\\nadditional army of 25,000 men.\\n*New York. De Witt Clinton, is\\nelected the 50th mayor.\\nD. C. Joseph Story of Mass. and\\nGabriel Duval of Md. are appointed\\nJustices of the U. S. Supreme Court.\\nB. C. Congress has its first agita-\\ntion over the admission of a slave State\\non the application of Louisiana.\\nIt results in the plan of a twin-birth\\nof States, one free and the other slave,\\nafter the admission of Louisiana [which\\nenters the Union alone].\\nPhila. The charter of the First\\nNational Bank expires. It fails of\\nrenewal by the casting vote of the Presi-\\ndent of the Senate.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-13 Conn. Roger Griswold.\\n-14 Del. Joseph Haslett.\\n-13 Ind. Ter. John Gibson.\\n-14 N. C. Wm. Hawkins.\\n-17 R. I. William Jones.\\nVa. James Monroe.\\n-12 Va. George W. Smith.\\nOre. Astoria is settled as a trading-\\npost.\\n1812 Jan. 1. U.S. The National debt\\n$45,209,737.\\nFeb. 2. John Henry, an Irish-American,\\nexposes a conspiracy of the British\\nMinistry and the Governor of Canada to\\nsow discontent in New England, with a\\nview to its secession and union with\\nCanada, for which Henry was promised\\n$5,000 per annum.\\nMar. 9. D. C. Congress The British\\nplot to dismember the Union is dis-\\nclosed. Its exposure solidifies public\\nsentiment against the English Henry\\nreceives $50,000 public money for disclos-\\ning it, and immediately sails for France.\\nMar. 24. I). C. Congress Senate\\nWilliam H. Crawford of Ga. is elected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nApr. 4. D. C. A third Embargo Act\\nis passed by Congress.\\nIt is a retaliatory measure, caused by\\nthe impressment of 6,000 American sea-\\nmen, and it lays an embargo for 90 days\\non all British vessels within the juris-\\ndiction of the United States.\\nApr. 30. D. C. Congress admits Loui-\\nsiana into the Union as the 18th State.\\nJune 1. D. C. Congress receives a war\\nmessage from the President.\\nJune 18. B.C. Congress declares\\nwar against England and votes to raise\\nan army of 35,000 men. Vote Senate,\\n19-13 House, 79-10.\\nJune 19. B.C. The President pro-\\nclaims war against Great Britain\\n25,000 enlistments for the regular army,\\n50,000 volunteers, and 100,000 militia are\\ncalled for.\\nCauses of the war impressment of\\nAmerican seamen, seizure of Americans\\non the high seas while sailing under\\ntheir country s Mag offensive action of\\nBritish cruisers Orders in Council\\naffecting the rights of neutrals, etc.\\nMassachusetts, Connecticut, and\\nRhode Island oppose the war, refuse\\nto furnish the levies of troops, and\\nthreaten to secede.\\nJune 23. Eng. The British Government\\nrepeals its Orders in Council, but it is\\ntoo late to stop the war.\\nJune 30. Algeria. The Dey of Algiers\\nis forced to sign a treaty of peace, re-\\nleasing all American prisoners and relin-\\nquishing all claim to tribute.\\nJuly 6. D. C. The 12th Congress the\\nfirst session closes.\\nJuly The Dey of Algiers believes the\\nAmericans unable to defend themselves\\nagainst Great Britain, so commences a\\npiratical warfare on their shipping,\\nand also extorts a large sum of money\\nfrom Mr, Lear, the American consul, as\\nthe price of his freedom.\\nNov. 2. D. a The 12th Congress the\\nsecond session opens.\\nSeventh Presidential election. The\\nDemocrat-Republicans defeat the Feder-\\nalists and reelect Madison.\\nDec. 26. Great Britain proclaims the\\nblockade of the Chesapeake and the\\nDelaware.\\nPa. The State capital is removed\\nfrom Lancaster to Harrisburg.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-16 Ky. Isaac Shelby.\\n-16 la. Wm. C. C. Clayborne.\\n-16 Mass. Caleb Strong.\\n-13 N.H. William Plumer.\\nN. J. Joseph Bloomfield.\\n-13 *N.J. Aaron Ogden.\\n-14 S. C Joseph Alston.\\n-14 Va. James Barbour.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1811 Dec. 26. Va. A theater at\\nRichmond, containing about 600 people,\\nburns, and 75 lives are lost.\\nDec. 31. Mass. At Newburyport 200\\nbuildings burn loss, $600,000.\\nNew York. Five steamboats are now\\nrunning between New York and Albany,\\nand one between New York and New\\nBrunswick, N. J. (Philadelphia route).\\n*JV. Y. A ferry-boat propelled by\\nsteam runs between New York and Ho-\\nboken the first in the country.\\nN. Y. The mails pass through Long\\nIsland weekly.\\n1812 U. S. The naval victories of\\nAmericans over the greatest of naval\\npowers raise intense excitement.\\nN. Y. The first house in Rochester is\\nerected.\\nO. Columbus is laid out and made\\nthe capital of the State.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "120\\n1812-1813.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1812 Five naval duels occur during\\nthis year, in which the American frig-\\nates either capture or sink their British\\nadversaries.\\nDuring the year American privateers\\ncapture over 300 British vessels.\\n1813 Jan. 18. Mich. Frenchtown is\\ntaken from an invading force of British\\nand Indians by Americans under Gen.\\nWinchester, who encamp in the town.\\nJan. 22. Mich. The British (1,500) under\\nGen. Proctor retake Frenchtown, and\\nGen. Winchester and his 800 troops are\\nmade prisoners of war 2G0 wounded\\nAmericans are massacred by the Indians.\\nJan. The army of the West is com-\\nmanded by Gen. W. H, Harrison the\\narmy of the Center, near Niagara River,\\nby Gen. Dearborn, and the army of\\nthe North, near Lake Champlain, by\\nGen. Hampton.\\nFeb. 1. The American privateer schooner\\nHazzard, of 3 guns and 38 men, captures\\nthe British merchant ship Albion, of 12\\nguns and 15 men.\\nFeb. 4. Va. The frigate Constellation is\\nchased into Norfolk by a British squad-\\nFeb. 5. The British Admiral Warren\\ndeclares Chesapeake Bay to be in a\\nstate of blockade.\\nFeb. 7. Can. Capt. Forsyth, with 200\\nvolunteers, crosses from Morristown to\\nElizabeth, and surprises the British\\nhe takes 52 prisoners, 140 muskets, with\\nammunition, and liberates from jail 16\\nBritish deserters.\\nFeb. 22. N. Y. Ogdensburg is taken\\nby the British under Col. McDonell.\\nFeb. 23. The Albion is recaptured by\\nthe British cutter Caledonia, of 8 guns\\nand 38 men.\\nFeb. 24. The sloop-of-war Hornet, com-\\nmanded by Capt. Lawrence, attacks and\\nin 15 minutes defeats the British man-\\nof-war Peacock; the latter soon sinks.\\nFeb. 26. The Hazard captures the\\nBritish frigate Albion and the cutter\\nCaledonia.\\nMar. 10. The schooner Adeline sinks the\\nBritish schooner Lottery in Chesapeake\\nBay.\\nMar. 11. The privateer schooner General\\nArmstrong, 18 guns, escapes from a Brit-\\nish frigate, 24 guns, off Surinam River,\\nwith the loss of 6 killed and 16 wounded.\\nMar. 14. British vessels blockade the\\nDelaware River.\\nMar. 16. Del. Capt. Beresford, of the\\nBritish ship Poictiers, 74 guns, at Lewis-\\nton, demands 25 oxen, vegetables, etc.\\nhe threatens to destroy the town the\\npeople refuse his demand.\\nMar. 26. N. Y. American batteries at\\nBlack Rock silence the lower battery of\\nthe British.\\nMar. 30 Miss. Gen. Andrew Jack-\\nson s army of 2,070 men disbands, by\\norder of the Government.\\nApr. 3. Md. Action near Urbana, on the\\nChesapeake, between 17 British barges\\nand 4 American vessels one of the latter\\nis taken by the British.\\nApr. 6. Del. Lewiston is bombarded\\nfor about 20 hours, with little damage,\\nby the British frigate Belvidere.\\nApr. 9. Mass. The frigate Chesapeake.\\nreturns from her cruise to Boston, hav-\\ning captured two British brigs, one ship,\\none American brig with a British license,\\nand a schooner.\\nApr. 16. Md. Part of the British squad-\\nron anchors off Patapsco River, in sight\\nof Baltimore.\\nApr. 20. O. The advance of the British\\nand Indians appears at Fort Meigs.\\nApr. 27. Can. Americans (1,700), under\\nGen. Pike, assault and capture York\\n(Toronto), the capital of Upper Canada,\\nwith property valued at $500,000. Brit-\\nish force under Sheaffe, 1,500; American\\nloss, 300.\\nApr. 28. The American privateer York-\\ntown captures the British brig Avery,\\nwith a valuable cargo, and brings her\\ninto port.\\nApr. 29. British ships Montezuma and\\nPolicy, each 10 guns, and Georgiana, 6\\nguns and 4 swivels, capture the frigate\\nEssex near Albemarle Island.\\nBritish Admiral Cockburn burns the\\nstorehouses of Frenchtown on the Ches-\\napeake Bay he also burns two ships\\nand plunders private houses.\\nMay 1-5. O. Gen. W. H. Harrison is\\nbesieged at Fort Meigs by 2,000 British\\nand savages under Gen. Proctor and\\nChief Tecumseh Gen. Henry Clay,\\nwith 1,200 Kentuckians, reenforces Har-\\nrison. American loss, 800.\\nMay 3. Md. HavTe de Grace is burned\\nby the British under Admiral Cockburn.\\nMay 9. O. Proctor abandons the siege\\nof Fort Meigs after the desertion of his\\nIndian allies.\\nMay 27. Can. Fort George, near the\\nNiagara River, is taken from Gen. Vin-\\ncent by the Americans under Gen. Dear-\\nborn loss, 72 killed and wounded.\\nA British squadron appears before\\nSackett s Harbor.\\nMay 29. N. Y. The British (1.000) under\\nSir George Prevost are repulsed in an\\nattack on Sackett s Harbor by (1,000)\\nAmericans under Gen. Jacob Brown,\\nwho lose 100 killed and wounded; Brit-\\nish loss, 260 killed and wounded.\\nMay 30. The privateer Yankee captures\\nthe British brig Thames. (Cargo sold\\nfor \u00c2\u00a7180,000.)\\nJune 1. Naval battle eastward of Cape\\nAnn,\\nThe British frigate Shannon, Capt.\\nBroke, defeats and captures the frigate\\nChesapeake, Capt. Lawrence, who dies\\ncrying, Don t give up the ship The\\naction lasts only fifteen minutes.\\nJune 6. Can. At Burlington Heights the\\nAmericans under Gen. Winder repulse an\\nattack of the British under Gen. Vincent.\\nJuly 8. Can. Outposts of Americans at\\nFort George are attacked by British\\nand Indians cruelties of the Indians\\nlead to the employment of Indians by\\nAmericans in retaliation.\\nJuly 17. Can. British and Indians at-\\ntack an outwork at Fort George and are\\nrepulsed.\\nJuly 21. O. Gen. Proctor, with about\\n4,000 troops, again besieges Fort Meigs\\n[for a few days and retires].\\nTHE SIXTH WAR.\\nJuly 27 -1814 Aug. 9. War with\\nCreek Indians concurrent with the\\nfifth war. 13,781 men enrolled.\\nJuly 31. A Y. Plattsburg is taken\\nby the British without opposition.\\nAug. 2. 0. Gen. Proctor (1,300) assaults\\nFort Stephenson on the Lower San-\\ndusky River; he is repulsed by Col.\\nGeorge Croghan (100) and retires.\\nAug. 14. The American brig Argus, after\\na successful cruise, is captured by the\\nBritish brig Pelican of about equal force.\\nAug. 30. Ala. The Creek Indians sur-\\nprise Fort Mims, north of Mobile; a\\nmassacre follows.\\nSept. 5. The British brig Boxer surren-\\nders to the American brig Enterprise,\\nafter an engagement of forty minutes,\\noff the coast of Maine the commanders\\nof both vessels fall, and are buried side\\nby side.\\nSept. 10. Naval Battle and American\\nvictory on Lake Erie, near Put-in-Bay.\\nCommodore O. H. Perry, who had\\nnever seen a naval battle, with an Amer-\\nican fleet of nine vessels, carrying 54\\nguns, captures the British fleet of 6\\nvessels, carrying 63 guns, under Com-\\nmodore Barclav. This battle gives the\\nAmericans control of the lake.\\nSept. 27. Gen. W. H. Harrison in-\\nvades Canada from Detroit.\\nOct. 5. Can. Gen. Harrison, with 2,500\\nAmericans, defeats Gen. Proctor with\\n2,000 British, on the River Thames\\nTecumseh, the Shawnee chief, is slain.\\nAmerican loss 50 killed and wounded.\\nNov. 3. Ala. Gen. Coffee, with 900\\nmen, surrounds a body of Indians at\\nTaUushatches and kills about 200 of\\nthem.\\nNov. 5. Can. Aforceof 7,000 Americans\\nembarks at French Creek and de-\\nscends the St. Lawrence River to take\\nMontreal.\\nNov. 8. Ala. Battle of Talladega;\\nCreek Indians are defeated by Gen.\\nJackson.\\nNov. 11. Can. Severe skirmish at Wil-\\nliamsburg the Americans, led by Gen-\\neral Brown, lose 300, and the British 200\\nmen.\\nAn indecisive action at Chrystler s\\nField 1,500 Americans under John P.\\nBoyd, engage 2,000 British under Morri-\\nson reenforcements not arriving, the\\nexpedition against Montreal is aban-\\ndoned; 200 Americans are killed or\\nwounded.\\nNov. 29. Ala. Battle of Autosse; the\\nCreeks defeated by Gen. A. Jackson, the\\nhero of this war.\\nDec. 12. Can. On the approach of the\\nBritish, Gen. McClure abandons Fort\\nGeorge after burning Newark.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1812-1813.\\n121\\nDec. 19. i\\\\ r Y. The British take pos-\\nsession of Fort Niagara, and proceed\\nto retaliate for the burning of Newark,\\nby burning Youngstown, Lewiston,\\nManchester, and the Indian Tuscarora\\nvillage.\\nDec. 30. N. r. The British burn Black\\nBock and Buffalo.\\nDepredations of British marines and\\nsoldiers in the Chesapeake and Delaware\\nBays Lewiston is bombarded.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\n1813 New York. The first stereo-\\ntyping is done. (See p. 91.)\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1813*\\nAllen, William Henry, naval officer, A29.\\nBartol, Cyrus Augustus, Unit, clergyman,\\nborn in Me.\\nBeecher, Henry Ward, Cong, clergyman,\\norator, born in Conn. June 24.\\nBlair, Montgomery, l .M.G., b. in Ky.\\nBradley, Joseph P., U. S. Ct., born in N. J.\\nCassin, John, urnithulogist, born in Pa.\\nClymer, George, M. C. for Pa., A74.\\nCrancb, Christopher P., artist, poet,b. in Va.\\nCrawford, Thunms, sculptor, born in N.Y.\\nDana, James Dwig ht, geologist, b. in N.Y.\\nDouglas, Stephen Arnold, Sen. for 111.,\\nborn in Vt.\\nDwight, John S., musical critic, b. in Mass.\\nFranklin, William, ;ov. of N. J., A84.\\nTremont, John Charles, explorer, general\\nU. S. A., born in Ga.\\nGUes, Chauncey, Swedcnborgian clergyman,\\nborn in Mass.\\nHamilton, Prank, surgeon, born in Vt.\\nHarmar, Josiah, general U. S. A., A60.\\nHealy, George Peter Alex., painter, b. Mass.\\nJarvis, Abraham, P. E. bp. of Conn., A74.\\nLawrence, James, naval captain, A32.\\nLivingston, Kobt. K., minister to Fr., jurist,\\nA66.\\nLoseing-, Benson J., historian, b. in N.Y.\\nOtterbein, Philip Wm., Ger. Am. f der of\\nChurch of United Brethren in Christ, A87.\\nParsons, Theoplnlits, jurist of Mass., A63.\\nPeters, Christian Henry F., astronomer, born\\nPike, Zebulon M., brig.-gen., explorer, A34.\\nPorter, Andrew, general C. S. A., A70.\\nPorter, David Dixon, admiral, b. in Pa.\\nRandolph, Edmund, Gov. of Va., A60.\\nSedgwick, John, ma j. -gen. U. S. A., b. Conn.\\nSedgwick, Theo., Gov. of Conn., M. C.,\\nspeaker, A 67.\\nStephens, Anna Sophia, author, b. in Conn.\\nStill6, Alfred, phvs., medical writer, b. in Pa.\\nTecumseh, Chief of the Sliawnees, A43.\\nThurman, Allen. G., sen. for O., b. W. Va.\\nTrumbull, Lyman, sen. for 111., b. in Conn.\\nTuckerman, Henry Theo., art-critic, born\\nin Mass.\\nWhiting, William, lawyer, born in Mass.\\nWilson, Alex., Scottish ornithologist in Am.,\\nA47.\\nCHURCH.\\n1812 N. Y. The Presbyterian Synod\\nof Geneva is formed.\\nNew York. The New York Tract\\nSociety is organized.\\nPa. A religious romance, written in\\nimitation of Scripture style, by Rev.\\nSolomon Spaulding appears in a print-\\ning-office at Pittsburg. Book of Mor-\\nmon\\nThe Ohio (Methodist Episcopal) Con-\\nference is formed.\\nThe Baptists commence their mis-\\nsionary work by forwarding to the\\nEnglish Baptist Society S4,650 in aid of\\nthe translation of the Scriptures into\\nthe languages of India.\\nThe Methodist Episcopal Church\\nbegins home mission work Bishop\\nAsbury solicits funds for it.\\n1813 June* The Union American\\nMethodist Episcopal Church is organ-\\nized.\\nOct. New York. The General Synod\\n(Reformed) meets James S. Cannon,\\npresident.\\nThe first legacy for missions is granted\\nto the American Board.\\nThe sum of $345.83 out of an estate of\\n$500, left by Sally Thomas of Cornish,\\na domestic, whose highest, wages were 50\\ncents a week.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets; Samuel Batchford,\\nmoderator.\\nThe Presbyterian synods of North\\nCarolina, South Carolina, and Georgia\\nare formed.\\nLETTERS.\\n1812 The Diverting History of John\\nBull and Brother Jonathan, by J. K.\\nPaulding, appears.\\nBoston. The Christian Disciple ap-\\npears.\\n1813 Jan. 13. N. Y. First issue of\\nthe Albany Argus.\\nMar. 3. Boston. First issue of the Bos-\\nton Daily Advertiser, the first success-\\nful daily paper in this city.\\nMe. A charter is obtained for the\\nMaine Literary and Theological Institu-\\ntion by Baptists.\\nPhila. The Analytical Magazine ap-\\npears.\\nDemetria is written by Hillhouse.\\nSix additional volumes of Ornithology,\\nby Wilson, appear.\\nGrammar of the Hebrew Language,\\nwithout Points by Moses Stuart, appears.\\nSylphs of the Seasons, by Washington\\nAUston, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1812 Jan. 9. N. J. A society is formed\\nat Trenton for organizing a colony of\\ncolored people.\\nAug. Ala. The Creek Indians mas-\\nsacre 400 persons at Fort Mims not\\na woman or child is spared.\\nMich. The British Gen. Proctor leaves\\nthe wounded Americans at Frenchtown\\nto the merciless brutalities of the In-\\ndians, who use the scalp-knife, toma-\\nhawk, and the torch to destroy many\\nothers are taken into captivity.\\nVa. John Tyler marries Letitia\\nChristian.\\nSTATE.\\n1813 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n\u00c2\u00a755,962,827.\\nFeb. 6. D. C. The Government orders\\nall alien enemies to report themselves\\nto the marshals of the districts in which\\nthey reside.\\nFeb. 12. X C. Congress counts the\\nElectoral vote.\\nVote for President: James Madison,\\nof Va. (Republican), 1L!S De Witt Clin-\\nton, of N. V. (Federalist), 80. For Vice-\\nPresident Elbridge Gerry of Mass.\\n(Republican), 131 Jared Ingersoll of Pa.\\n(Federalist), 86. Vacancy, 1.\\nMar. 4. D.C. The 12th Congress ends.\\nSecond term of the 4th Adminis-\\ntration; Democratic-Republican.\\nJames Madison of Va., the 4th\\nPresident, enters his second term\\nthe seventh term of the Presidency; El-\\nbridge Gerry of Mass. is Vice-Presi-\\ndent.\\nCabinet James Monroe of Va.\\n(State), Albert Gallatin of Pa. (Treas-\\nury), John Armstrong of Pa. (War),\\nWilliam Jones of Pa. (Navy), also\\nWilliam Pinkney of Md. Attorney-\\nGeneral for a time [and later Richard\\nRush of Pa.].\\nMar. 20. Great Britain proclaims the\\nwhole Atlantic Coast under a block-\\nade, with the exception of the New\\nEngland (anti-war, Federal) States.\\nMay 24. D. C. The 13th Congress\\nopens.\\nVa. Thomas Jefferson writes indig-\\nnantly of English outrages.\\nThey have impressed two nephews\\nof General Washington returning from\\nEurope, and put them as common sea-\\nmen under the ordinary discipline of\\ntheir ships-of-war.\\nAug. 2. D. C. The 13th Congress:\\nthe first session closes.\\nDec. 6. D. C. The 13th Congress:\\nthe second session opens.\\nD. C. Congress; Senate Joseph B.\\nVarnum of Mass. is again elected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nDec. 19. D. C. Congress passes an\\nEmbargo Act (the fourth) against all\\nexports whatever.\\nD. C. Congress establishes a system\\nof internal revenue from direct tax\\nand excise.\\nIT. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-18 Conn. John Cotton Smith.\\n-15 Ga. Peter Early.\\n-16 *Ind. (Ter.). Thomas Posey.\\n-31* Mich. (Ter.). Lewis Cass.\\n-16 N. H. John T. Gilman.\\n-15 N. J. Wm. S. Pennington.\\n-15 Vt. Martin Chittenden.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1812 Pa. Nine wagons loaded with\\nanthracite coal are hauled 106 miles to\\nPhiladelphia two loads are sold at cost\\nof transportation, and seven given away,\\nand the sale is denounced as a fraud.\\nThe first steamboat navigates the\\nOhio.\\nPhila. A steam-ferry first connects\\nPhiladelphia and Camden.\\nNew Eng. The large foreign com-\\nmerce of the Eastern States is wholly\\ndestroyed.\\n1813 May 10. N. V. A steam-ferry\\nfirst connects Brooklyn and New York.\\nNov. 22. N. H. A great fire occurs at\\nPortsmouth over 300 buildings are con-\\nsumed.\\nOre. Astoria is sold to the North\\nWest Company.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "122 1814, Jan. 1-1815, Apr. 6.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1814 Jan. 22. Ala. Battle of Emuc-\\nfau the Creeks are defeated by Gen.\\nJackson.\\nFeb. 5. 0. Seventeen British officers are\\nput in close confinement at Chillicothe\\nby way of retaliation.\\nFeb. 13-K Gen. Wilkinson burns his\\nboats in Salmon River, and breaks up\\ncantonment at French Mills Gen.\\nBrown goes to Sackett s Harbor, and\\nGen. Macomb, with the Army of the\\nNorth, marches for Plattsburg through\\nsnow three feet deep.\\nFeb. 21. K. T, Col. Scott and 2,000 Brit-\\nish arrive at French Mills, burn the\\narsenal at Malone, and pillage the town.\\nMar. 4. The British are defeated at\\nLongwood, about 100 miles from De-\\ntroit, losing 80 men American loss, 8\\nmen.\\nMar. 27. Ala. Gen. Jackson defeats\\nthe Creek Indians at Horse-shoe Jack-\\nson s loss 91 killed, Indian loss 800.\\nMar. 28. British ship Phoebe and sloop-of-\\nwar Cherub, in all 81 guns and 500 men,\\ncapture in the neutral port of Valparaiso\\nthe United States frigate Essex, 52 guns,\\n255 men, Capt. Porter.\\nMar. JT. Y. The Army of the North\\nleaves Plattsburg and invades Canada.\\nMar. 30. Can. Gen. Wilkinson, -with\\n4,000 Americans, is repulsed at La Colle\\nMills by Gen. Hancock with 2,000 British\\nand falls back on Plattsburg American\\nloss, 13 killed and 123 wounded British,\\n13 killed, 45 wounded.\\nApr. 7- Conn. Saybrookeis surprised\\nby a force of 200 British marines, who\\nburn the shipping, spike the cannon,\\nand safely retreat to their ships.\\nApr. 14. Europe. Napoleon having ab-\\ndicated, the British are free to rein-\\nforce their armies in America; they\\naim at the conquest of Louisiana.\\nApr. 21. Com. Bainbridge, sloop Erotic,\\nis taken by the British frigate Orpheus.\\nApr. 29. The sloop-of-war Peacock, 20\\nguns, 1G0 men, captures the British brig\\nE,peroier, 18 guns and 128 men, with\\n$118,000 on board.\\nMay Wis. Prairie du Chien is taken\\nby an American force of 200 men.\\nJune 28. Near the British Channel the\\nsloop Wasp, Capt. Blakely, captures the\\nBritish brig Reindeer, Capt. Manners.\\nJuly 3. Can. Gens. Brown, Winfield\\nScott and Bipley cross the Niagara\\nRiver, and 200 British at Fort Erie sur-\\nrender without a battle.\\nJuly 5. Can. Battle of Chippewa.\\nThe Americans under Gen. Brown de-\\nfeat the British under Gen. Kiall, in a\\nbattle south of the Chippewa River.\\nLosses: American, 33S; British, 500.\\nJuly 11. Me. A British fleet takes East-\\nport.\\nJuly 20. The privateer General Arm-\\nstrong arrives at New York, having\\ncaptured 11 British vessels.\\nCan. Large reinforcements arrive i r\\nthe British. Many of these are veterans\\nwho served under Wellington in Spain.\\nJuly 25. Can. Battle of Lundy s\\nLane, fought at night, near Niagara.\\n[Both sides claim the victory.]\\nGen. Brown (2,000) defeats the British\\n(4,500) under Gen. Drummond. Gens.\\nBrown and Scott are wounded. Losses\\nBritish, 878, Americans, 858.\\nAug. 4. Can. Gen. Drummond, with a\\nBritish force, besieges Gen. Gaines at\\nFort Erie.\\nMich. Col. Crogan assaults the for-\\ntifications of Mackinaw, in the North-\\nwest, and is repulsed.\\nAug. 9+. Conn. The British, under Com-\\nmodore Hardy, bombard Stonington,\\nand make several ineffectual attempts\\nto land.\\nAug. 15. Can. The British unsuccess-\\nfully assault Fort Erie, and lose nearly\\n1,000 men American loss, 84.\\nAug. 19. Md. A British fleet in the\\nChesapeake ascends the Pawtuxet, for an\\nadvance on Washington. Gen. Ross\\nlands 5,000 British soldiers at Benedict.\\nAug. 24. Md. Battle of Bladensburg,\\nsix miles from Washington.\\nGen. Winder is defeated the British\\nmarch on Washington and burn the\\nCapitol, and all the public buildings,\\nexcept the Patent Office and the jail.\\nAug. 29. J a. Alexandria is ransomed\\nfrom burning by the payment of 21 ships,\\n16,000 barrels flour, and 1,000 hogsheads\\nof tobacco.\\nAug. Ela. The Spaniards permit a\\nBritish fleet to use Pensacola, to fit\\nout an expedition against Fort Boyer, at\\nthe entrance of Mobile Bay.\\nSept. 6. A r Y. Gen. Macomb retires\\nwith the Army of the North from Platts-\\nburg to the south bank of the Saranac\\nRiver.\\nSept. 9. JST. Y. Bold attack on the Brit-\\nish near Plattsburg, by Capt. JIcGlassin\\nand 50 Americans.\\nSept. 11. JV~. Y. An important land and\\nnaval battle at Plattsburg.\\nThe British, under Gen. Prevost and\\nAdmiral Downie, are defeated bv Gen.\\nMacomb and Admiral MeDonough; the\\nBritish retreat with a loss of 1,500.\\nSept. 12. Md. The British attack Bal-\\ntimore the British Gen. Ross is killed,\\nand the Americans under Gen. Smith\\nfall back.\\nSept. 13. Md. The British squadron\\nbombards Fort McHenry, near Balti-\\nmore, from sunrise till near midnight.\\nSept. 14. Md. The British abandon the\\nexpedition against Baltimore, after mak-\\ning demonstrations of attack.\\nSept. 15. Ala. The British attack Fort\\nBoyer, commanding the entrance to\\nMobile Bay, and are repulsed.\\nSept. 17. Can. The British retire from\\nthe siege of Fort Erie, after a success-,\\nful sortie by the Americans, and the ap-\\nproach of reinforcements.\\nOct. 29. New York. The first steam\\nfrigate, the Fulton, is launched.\\nNov. 5. Com. Xhe Americans evacuate\\nand destroy Fort Erie, and retire to the\\nAmerican sid\u00c2\u00ab*of the Niagara River; this\\nends the war in that region.\\nNov. 6. Ela. Gen. Jackson, without\\nauthority, at the head of 3,000 men,\\nappears before the Spanish town of\\nPensacola to drive out the British, who\\nblow up the fort, and in their seven\\nvessels retire from the Bay. This neu-\\ntral port is no longer a British port\\nof outfit.\\nDec. 2. La. Gen. Jackson arrives at\\nNew Orleans and takes command.\\nDec. 10. La. The British fleet enters\\nLake Borgne, and defeats a small squad-\\nron under Lieut. Jones, but suffers\\nseverely in killed and wounded.\\nDec. 14. La. The British capture a\\nsmall American fleet; this gives them\\nthe command of the route to New\\nOrleans, but they fail to use their\\nopportunity.\\nDec. 15. La. Gen. Jackson declares\\nmartial law in Xew Orleans.\\nDec. 23. La Gen. Jackson attacks\\nwith success the British camp of 2,400\\nmen, nine miles below New Orleans,\\nbut falls back to his intrenchments,\\nwithin 4 miles of the city. Loss on each\\nside, about 200.\\nDec. 24. Belgium. The war ends on\\npaper by the signing of the treaty of\\nPeace at Ghent. (See State.)\\nDec. 28. La. The British, under Sir E.\\nPakenham, attack Gen. Jackson, and\\nare repulsed.\\n1815 Jan. 1. La. The British again\\nattack Gen. Jackson, and are signally\\nbeaten.\\nJan. 4. La. Gen. Jackson is reinforced\\nby 2,250 Kentuekians, mostly unarmed.\\nJan. 6. La. The English are reinforced\\nat New Orleans, and have an army vari-\\nously estimated from 8.000 to 14,000.\\nJan. 8. La. Battle of New Orleans.\\nThe British make a desperate attack on\\nGen. Jackson, who is protected by\\nbreastworks of cotton bales.\\nThey are repulsed, with small loss\\nto the Americans S killed and 13\\nwounded; British loss about 700 killed\\nand 1.400 wounded. Sir E. Pakenham,\\ntheir commanding general, and Gen.\\nGibbs, second in command, both lose\\ntheir lives, and Gen. Keane is disabled.\\nJan. 15. The British ship Endi/mion\\ncaptures the American frigate President.\\nJan. 18. La. The British retire from\\nNew Orleans.\\nCommodore Decatur captures an\\nAlgerian frigate and brig, and sailing\\ninto the Bay of Tunis, forces the Bey\\nto surrender American prisoners and re-\\nlinquish all claims to American tribute.\\nFeb. 5. The privateer brig George Little,\\nS guns, 5S men, is captured by the British\\nship Granicits.\\nFeb. 11. Ala. Col. Lawrence, with 375\\nmen, surrenders Fort Boyer, Mobile,\\nto 5,000 British, with a large fleet, under\\nGen. Lambert.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1814, Jan. 1-1815, Apr. 6. 123\\nFeb. 20. Naval Battle off Cape St.\\nVincent.\\nThe frigate Constitution, after a severe\\nfight, captures the British brigs Cyane,\\n30 guns, and the Levant, IS guns.\\nMar. 4. The privateer brig Aspasia, 3\\nguns, 25 men, is captured by the British\\nbrig Volontaire.\\nMar. 8. The British ship Tiber, Capt.\\nDacres, captures the privateer Leo, Capt.\\nHemes, with seven guns and 93 men.\\nMar. 19. U. S. Military operations on\\nland entirely cease.\\nMar. 24. Naval battle off the coast of\\nBrazil.\\nIn 22 minutes the brig Hornet, 16 guns,\\nCapt. Biddle, captures the British brig\\nPenguin, IS guns and a 12-pound car-\\nronade, having 132 men under Capt.\\nDickinson British loss, 14 killed, 28\\nwounded American loss, one killed, 11\\nwounded.\\nApr. 6. Eng. American prisoners in\\nDartmoor prison are fired upon by\\ntheir guard, and many of them killed\\nand wounded [the Prince-regent cen-\\nsures the officers.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1814* Boston. The Linnasan Society\\nis organized. [Disbanded.]\\n*Mass. The first power cotton-mill in\\nthe United States is erected at Waltham.\\nN. Y. Conn. Carriages are first\\nmanufactured at Albany and New\\nHaven.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1814*\\nAdams, Chas. Baker, naturalist, b. in Mass.\\nAllen, Ira, one of the founders of Vt., A63.\\nBailey. James Roosevelt, R.C. archbishop,\\nborn Aug. 23 in N.Y.\\nBaynan,Wm., surgeon, anatomist of Va.,A65.\\nBellows, Henry Whitney, Unit, clergy-\\nman, born in Mass.\\nBigelow, Erastus B., inventor, b. in Mass.\\nBrown, Henry Kirk, sculptor, born in Mass.\\nChapin, Edwin H., Univ. cl., oxator. b. N.Y.\\nClemens, Jeremiah, sen. for Ala., b. in Ala.\\nCoke, Thomas, first M. bp., A67.\\nColt. Samuel, inventor of revolver, b. Conn.\\nColton, Gardner Q., physician, dentist, b.Vt.\\nCraik, James, plivsirian, surgeon, A83.\\nDavenport, Edward L., actor, born in Mass.\\nDeane, Samuel, on.tr. clergyman, poet, A71.\\nDonaldson, James L., maj.-gen., b. in Md.\\nEllis. Geo. Edw., Unit, clergyman, writer,\\nb. in Mass.\\nEverts, Win, W., Bapt. cl., author, b. in N.Y.\\nGay, Sydney Howard, author, born in Mass.\\nGerry. Elbridge, patriot, Vice-Pr. U. S., A70.\\nGilman, Nicholas, senator for N. H., A52.\\nGregg, Maxey.Oont ed. Brig-Gen., b. in S. C.\\nHarris, Samuel, Cong, clergyman, b. in Me.\\nHeadley, Joel T., historical writer, b. in N.Y.\\nHeath, William, maj.-gen. in Itevol n, A77.\\nHooker. Joseph, gen. U. S. A.,b. in Mass.\\nHowe, Sir William, gen. at Bunker Hill, A8.5.\\nHudson, Henry Norman, essayist, b. in Vt.\\nKirkwood, Daniel, mathematician, b. in Md.\\nLang, Louis, painter, horn in Ger.\\nLapham, Eldridge G., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y.\\nMaynard, Horace, P. M. general, b. in Mass.\\nMcClintock, John, M. E. clergyman, author,\\nborn in Ire.\\nMeek, Alexander B., editor, born in S. C.\\nMell, Patrick Hues, Bapt. clergyman, b. Ga.\\nMiller, Morns S., brig. -gen. U. S. Vol., b.\\nMiner, Alonzo A., cl., educator, b. in N. H.\\nMotley. John Lothrop. historian, b. Mass.\\nOtis, Samuel A., senator for Mass., A74.\\nPaine, Robert T., lawyer, signer of Declara-\\ntion of Independence, A83.\\nPrime, Edward D. G., N. Y. Observer, b. N.Y.\\nRobertson, -lames, pioneer in Tenn., A72.\\nRobinson, Wm. E., journalist, editor, b. Ire.\\nRumford. Benjamin Thompson, count,\\nBrit, officer, philosopher, A61.\\nStanton, Edwin McMasters, sec. of war,\\nborn in O.\\nThompson, Jerome, painler, born in Mass.\\nTilden. Samuel J., Gov. of N. Y., lawyer,\\nborn in N.Y.\\nWilmot, David, sen. for Pa., born in Pa.\\nWynian, Jeffries, anatomist, prof., b. Mass.\\nYancey, William L., M. C. for Ala.,b. inS. C.\\nCHURCH.\\n1814 Apr. 11. New York. A woman s\\nmissionary society is organized in the\\nFayette Street Baptist Church.\\nMay 18. Va. R. C. Moore is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop.\\nPhila. An assembly of 26 ministers\\nand 7 laymen, representing 11 different\\nStates and the District of Columbia, or-\\nganizes the Triennial Convention of\\nthe Baptist Church, in the interest of\\nforeign mission work.\\nJune New York. The General Synod\\nof the Reformed Church meets John\\nN. Bradford, president.\\nSept. 1. Md. James Kemp is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal) suffragan\\nbishop.\\nPhila. The General Convention\\n(Protestant Episcopal) meets.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets Samuel Inglis,\\nmoderator.\\nO. Tenn. The Presbyterian synods\\nof Ohio and Tennessee are formed.\\nThe National Foreign Missionary\\nSociety (Baptist) is organized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1814 Aug. 24. B.C. The British burn\\nthe National Library at Washington.\\nNew York. The New York Weekly\\nMuseum appears.\\nSept. 13. Md. Francis S. Key composes\\nthe Star-spangled Banner, during the\\nbombardment of Fort McHenry, near\\nBaltimore, while detained on board a\\nBritish ship.\\nThe first religious newspaper, The\\nRecorder, is issued at Chillicothe, Ohio.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S15 Jan. 23. La. Thanksgiving\\nDay is observed in New Orleans for\\nGeneral Jackson s victory.\\nApr. 6. Eng. Massacre of 64 Ameri-\\ncans at Dartmoor Prison.\\nSTATE.\\n1814 Jan. 1. U.S. National debt\\n$81,487,846.\\nJan. 19. X C. Congress; House:\\nLangdon Cheves of S. C. is elected\\nSpeaker. [Re-elected Nov. 25.]\\nApr. 14. Congress repeals the Em-\\nbargo Act of December, 1813.\\nApr. 18. D. C. Congress Senate\\nJohn Gaillard of S. C. is elected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nThe 13th Congress: the second ses-\\nsion closes.\\nAug. 22. Mass. The people of Nan-\\ntucket declare themselves neutral and\\nunder the protection of England.\\nAug. 24. D. C. The President and\\nCabinet flee from Washington at\\nthe approach of the British.\\nSept. 19. D. C. The 13th Congress:\\nthe third session opens.\\nDec. 15. Conn. Delegates assemble\\nfrom the New England States and orga-\\nnize the Hartford Convention as an\\nanti-war movement, and also to oppose\\nthe administration of President Madison.\\nIt urges certain amendments to the\\nConstitution and a defining of the power\\nof the General Government over State\\ntroops, but accomplishes nothing. [The\\nDemocrats allege that it is a disloyal\\nassembly. Its chief effect is the ruin\\nof the Federal party, which called it\\nno political preferments await its mem-\\nbers in after years.]\\nDec. 24. Belgium. Peace comes by the\\nTreaty of Ghent, which is negotiated\\nby John Q. Adams, Albert Gallatin,\\nHenry Clay, James A. Bayard, and\\nJonathan Russell.\\nThe treaty provides for commissions to\\nrun boundaries, which previous treaties\\nhad provided for, but it settles none of\\nthe questions which brought on the\\nwar [yet its effect was essentially that\\ndesired by the Americans.]\\nD. C. Congress orders the first war-\\ntax, on hats, caps, umbrellas, leather\\nboots, plate, beer, ale, playing-cards,\\nharness, household furniture, and gold\\nand silver watches.\\nD. C. Henry Clay is the leader of\\nthe new Democracy the Federalist\\nparty has been nearly annihilated by its\\nunpopular conduct during the war.\\nDec. 31. U.S. Internalrevenue$l,662,0S4.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\nCal. Jose Arguello (Spanish).\\n-17 Del. Daniel Rodney.\\n-17 N.C. William Miller.\\nO. Othniel Looker.\\n-18 O. Thomas Worthington.\\n-16 S. C. David R. Williams.\\n-16 Va. Wilson C. Nicolas.\\n1815 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$99,833,660.\\nJan. 12. U. S. A National fast-day is\\ni observed.\\nJan. 15. D. C. President Madison ve-\\ntoes the bills to recharter the National\\nBank.\\nFeb. 18. D. C. Congress: the Senate\\nratifies the Treaty of Ghent.\\nMar. 4. B.C. The 13th Congress ends.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1814 Feb. 1. New rates of postage.\\nLetters, for 40 miles, 12 cents; between 40\\nand 90 miles, 15 cents between 90 and\\n150 miles, 18| cents between 150 and 300\\nmiles, 25 cents; between 300 and 500\\nmiles, 30 cents over 500 miles, 37\u00c2\u00a3 cents\\ndouble letters at double price.\\nApr.* La. New Orleans banks suspend\\nspecie payments.\\nAug. Philadelphia banks suspend\\nspecie payments. (Also banks in D. C.)\\nSept.* U.S. Nearly all other banks in\\nthe country suspend.\\nDec. The National debt is increased\\nby the war of 1S12 to", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "124 1815, Apr. 13- 1817\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\nTHE SEVENTH WAR.\\n1815 May 19. New York. An expe-\\ndition, consisting of nine vessels, under\\nCommodore Decatur, sails for Algiers\\nto punish, piracies, war having been de-\\nclared by the United States.\\nJune 17. Decatur, after a fight of 20\\nminutes, captures the principal Al-\\ngerine frigate off Gibraltar.\\nJune 18. Hostilities cease between the\\nUnited States and England.\\nJune 19. Decatur captures another\\nAlgerine vessel.\\nJune 28. Algeria. The American squad-\\nron arrives in the Bay of Algiers.\\nJune 30. Algiers. The Americans dic-\\ntate terms of peace.\\nJune D. C. Maj.-Gen. Jacob Brown\\nis appointed (10th) commander of the\\narmy.\\n1816 May 8. The Washington is the\\nfirst ship-of-t he-line she puts to sea and\\ncarries 74 guns.\\nTHE EIGHTH WAR.\\n1817 Nov. 20 18 Oct. 21. The\\nSeminole Indian War.\\n[Troops engaged 1,000 regulars, 6,911\\nmilitia and volunteers total, 7,911 men.\\nGeorgia and Alabama are the seat of the\\nwar.]\\nDec. 26. Gen. Andrew Jackson is or-\\ndered to take the field against the\\nSeminole and Creek Indians.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1815* Boston,. The Handel and\\nHaydn Society is founded.\\nMary Brush takes out a patent for a\\ncorset, the second patent issued to a\\nPa. Iron-workers have begun to use\\nanthracite coal, but their cold blast\\ncauses a failure.\\n1516* *-17* Pa. The first rolling-\\nmill to puddle iron and roll iron bars is\\nbuilt on Redstone Creek.\\nApr. 30.* Phila. A spot on the sun\\nis visible to the naked eye for several\\ndays.\\n1817 Jan. 7. S. C. Two shocks of\\nearthquake occur at Charleston.\\nKy. The Kentucky River overflows,\\ncausing damage to the extent of a million\\ndollars.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1815\\nAnthony, Henry B., Gov., sen. for R. 1., born\\nin It. I.\\nAlsop, Richard, poet, linguist, A74.\\nAppleton, Juhn, lawyer, born in Mass.\\nBarnard, John C..,mil. eng. U. S. A.,b. Mass.\\nBarton, Benjamin Smith, plivs., butanist,\\nA49.\\nBayard, -lame? Assheton, sen. for Del., A 48.\\nBeecber, Charles, Cong, clergyman, writer,\\nborn in Conn.\\nBonham, Milledge L., Confed. Gen., b. S. C.\\nBradford, Alex. Warrlrhl, jurist, b. in N.Y.\\nBrady, .lames T., lawyer of N.Y., b. in N.Y.\\nBrooks, Krastus, journalist, politician, b. Me.\\nBiuUniiton, Win. Ives, Cong, el., b. in Conn.\\nCampbell, Jab../. P., A f r. M. E. bp.,b. In Del.\\nCarroll. John D., first R. C. bp., A80.\\nCobb. Howell. M. C. for Ga., sec. treas., b. Ga.\\nCopley. John s.. painter, A78.\\nDana, Richard Menrv, Jr., lawyer, b. In Mass.\\nDavis, David, V. S. S. Ct., born in 111.\\nDoolittle, Jas. It., senator for Wis., b. in N.Y.\\nDowning, Andrew J., ruralist economist.\\nborn In N.Y.\\nDumont, Ebenezer, brig.-gen., M. C. for Ind.,\\nborn in Ind.\\nFarnham, Eliza W., philanthropist, b. N.Y.\\nFlagg, Edmund, journalist, author, b. in Me.\\nFoster, John Wells, geologist, horn in Mass.\\nFry, William H., editor, born in Pa.\\nFulton. Robert steamboat-builder, A 50.\\nGnswold, Stanley, senator, A\\nHaUeck, Henry W., maj.-gen., military\\nwriter, born in N.Y.\\nHurlbut, Stephen A., maj.-gen., b. in S. C.\\nKearny. Philip, maj.-gen., born in N.Y.\\nLester, Cbas. E., author, born in Conn.\\nLyman, Theodore B., V. E. bp. of N. C, born\\nin Mass.\\nMeade. Georg-e G.. maj.-gen., commander\\nof the Army of the Potomac at Gettysburg,\\nborn in Spain.\\nMills, Clarke, sculptor, born in N.Y.\\nMurray. John, founder of L mversalist\\nChurch in America, A74.\\nNadal, B. II., M. E. clergyman, b. in Md.\\nNixon, John, general in Revolution, A90.\\nPakenham, Sir Edward, Brit, gen., A37.\\nPhelps, Elizabeth Stuart, writer, b. in Mass.\\nPoland, Luke P., senator for Vt., b. in Vt.\\nProvoost, Samuel P. E. bp. of N.Y., A73.\\nRamsay, Alex., sec. of war, Gov. of Minn., b.\\nRamsay, David, physician, historian, A66.\\nRobinson, Ezekiel G-, Bapt. cl.,b. in Mass.\\nRodman, Thomas J., brig.-gen., inventor,\\nborn in Ind.\\nSevier, John, gov. of Tenn., A7L\\nShubrick, John T., naval officer, A37.\\nVan Ainburg, Isaac, showman, b. in N.Y.\\nWarren, John C, physician, A62.\\nWells, Horace, anesthetics, born in Vt.\\n1816*\\nAUibone, Samuel Austin, author, b. in Pa.\\nAlston, Joseph, Gov. of S. C, A38.\\nAsbury. Francis, first Metli. bp., A71.\\nBackus, Azel, Pres. of Hamilton Coll., A51.\\nBanks, Nathaniel P., general, M. C. for\\nMass., speaker, b. in Mass.\\nBelmont, August, financier, born in Ger.\\nBrantly, Win. T., Bapt. clergyman, b. S. C.\\nCrane, Wm. C, Bapt. cl., writer, b. in Va.\\nCushman. Charlotte S.. actress, b. in Mass.\\nDexter, Samuel, jurist, A55.\\nDonaldson, Edward, commodore U. S. N., b.\\nDuyckinck, Evert Augustus, writer, b. N.Y.\\nEarly, Jubal A.. Confederate gen., b. in Va.\\nField, Stephen J., associate justice U. S.,\\nborn in Conn.\\nGerstacker, Fried., novelist, traveler, b. Ger.\\nGodwin, Parke, author, born in N.Y.\\nHaven, Joseph, Cong, cl., philo., b. in Mass.\\nHoar, Ebenezer Rockwood, jurist, statesman,\\nborn in Mass.\\nHooper, Lucy, poetess, born in Mass.\\nHowe, Timothy O., U. S. senator, b. in Me.\\nHuntington, Daniel, painter, born in N.Y.\\nJacobus, Melanctbon W., Pres. theologian,\\nauthor, born in N. J.\\nJohnston, Samuel, Gov. of N. C, A89.\\nK ernan, Frniieis, senator for N.Y., b. in N.Y.\\nKimball, Uicliard Burleigh, author, b. iuN.H.\\nLear, Tobias, sec. to Washington, A66.\\nLeutze. Emanuel, painter, born in Ger.\\nLowell, Robert T. S., P. E. cl., b. in Mass.\\nMeigs, Montgomery C, Q. M. gen., b. in Ga.\\nMiller, Samuel F., justice S. Ct.. born in Kv.\\nMoure, Benjamin, P. E. bp. of N.Y., A68.\\nMorris, Gouverneur, statesman, A64.\\nProctor, Joseph, actor, born in Mass.\\nRobinson, Stuart, Pres. clergyman, b. in Ire.\\nSawyer, Plnletus, senator for Wis., b. in Vt.\\nSaxe, John Godfrey, poet, born in Vt.\\nSillinian, Benj., Jr., physicist, born in Conn.\\nSpalding. Solomon, clergyman, reputed au-\\nthor of Bin k of Murmou, A55.\\nStanton. Elizabeth Cady, reformer, born\\nin N.Y.\\ni Va., July 31.\\nWade, Morrison R., chief justice S. Ct., born\\nin Conn.\\nWilson, William Dexter, scholar, b. in N. H.\\nCHURCH.\\n1815 June. N. Y. The General\\nSynod of the Reformed Church meets\\nat Albany, John Sehureman, president.\\n[At New York in Sept., Jacob Brodhead,\\npresident.]\\nNov. 19. X. John Croes is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop.\\nInd. The Harmonists, having emi-\\ngrated from WUrtemberg, found New\\nHarmony. They hold their property in\\ncommon, and consider marriage a civil\\ncontract.\\nGa. The American Board sends Cyrus\\nKingsbury as missionary to the Chero-\\nkee Indians.\\nMass. Open rupture and hot con-\\ntroversy separate Trinitarian and Uni-\\ntarian Congregationalists.\\nMass. A legacy from Mrs. Norris of\\nSalem is realized to the American Board\\nS30,000, the largest yet received.\\nN. Y. The Episcopalians begin mis-\\nsion work among the Oneida Indians.\\nPHta. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets; William NeiU,\\nmoderator.\\n1816 Mar. 24. Va. Bishop Francis\\nAsbury, the organizer of American\\nMethodism, preaches his last sermon, at\\nRichmond.\\nApr. 14. La. The first Protestant Epis-\\ncopal church is opened at New Orleans.\\nMay 1-24. Md. The General Confer-\\nence (Methodist Episcopal) is held at\\nBaltimore.\\nEnoch George and Robert R. Morris\\nare ordained bishops the Mississippi\\nConference is formed.\\nMay 8. New York: The American\\nBible Society is organized in the Re-\\nformed Dutch church, in Garden Street.\\nJune.* New York. The General\\nSynod of the Reformed Church meets\\nJacob Brodhead, president.\\nOct. The Bangor Theological Sem-\\ninary (Congregational! is opened.\\nEpiscopalians form a Common\\nPrayer-Book and a Tract Society.\\nThe Reformed Dutch Church practi-\\ncally co-operates with the American\\nBoard of Commissioners for Foreign\\nMissions.\\nBoston. The Unitarian Society for\\nthe Promotion of Theological Edu-\\ncation is organized.\\nThe Divinity School of Harvard is\\nestablished by Unitarians.\\nThe Boston Society for the Moral\\nand Religious Instruction of the\\nPoor is organized.\\nNew York: The first religious meet-\\ning in behalf of sailors is held at the\\ncorner of Front Street and Old Slip.\\nN. Y. Lutherans establish a theo-\\nlogical seminary at Hartwick.\\nk Cyrus Kingsbury, the first missionary\\nof the American Board to the Indians,\\nis sent to the Cherokees.\\nfc 0. The Female Charitable Society\\nof Tallmadge contributes S20 to tlie\\nAmerican Board, the first received from\\nwest of the Alleghanies, save one dollar\\nfrom a pastor s pocket.\\nfc Phila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets James Blythe,\\nmoderator. It organizes the Board of\\nMissions.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1815, Apr. 13-1817 125\\nTract societies are organized in Phila-\\ndelphia, Baltimore, and Hartford.\\nRichard Allen is elected bishop of the\\nAfrican Methodist Episcopal Church.\\n1817 Mar. 14. New York. The Ma-\\nrine Bible Society for supplying\\nsailors with Bibles is organized.\\nApr. 2. N. C. The (Protestant Episco-\\npal) Diocese of North Carolina is orga-\\nnized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1815 Pa. Allegheny College (Meth.\\nEpis.) is organized at Meadville.\\nThe North American Review is issued.\\nMoral Pieces in Prose and Verse, by\\nMrs. Sigourney, appears.\\nMd. The Portico appears at Balti-\\nmore.\\n1816 N. J. Queen s College (Rutgers\\nReformed) suspends work [till 1S25].\\nPa. The Pennsylvania State Library\\nis founded at Harrisburg. [53,000 vols.]\\nO. The Appeal is issued. (See Society.)\\n1817* Boston. The Methodist Maga-\\nzine appears it is the first Methodist\\nperiodical.\\nOhio State Library is founded at\\nColumbus. [51,439 vols.]\\nApr. 7. Conn. An institution for deaf\\nmutes is opened at Hartford by T. H.\\nGallaudet, with seven pupils.\\nApr. 21. Neio York. The New York\\nState Library is established.\\nSept. 24. N. Y. Thirteen Baptists meet\\nin Hamilton and lay the foundation of\\n[the present] Madison University.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1815 Aug.* New York. The first\\nPeace Society in the world is founded.\\nD. C. Congress enacts that any one\\nestablishing a still in the Indian country\\nshall be fined $500 and forfeit the still.\\n1816 New York. Authorities forbid\\nchimney-sweeps to cry their trade in\\nthe streets.\\nO. The Appeal is started at St. Clairs-\\nville, to champion the anti- slavery\\ncause.\\n1817 Jan. 19. ^V. J. Riot and rebel-\\nlion is engaged in by Princeton students.\\nFeb. 25 Isaac Roget, a merchant in high\\nstanding, with others, is convicted of\\nloading the lost schooner Ocean with 97\\nboxes of stone, in an effort to defraud the\\ninsurance companies of $58,000.\\nKy. Abraham Lincoln, nine years\\nof age, removes with his parents to In-\\ndiana, crossing the Ohio on a raft.\\nDec. 28. I). C. An American Colo-\\nnization Society is formed at Washing-\\nton object, to return negroes to Africa\\nHenry Clay is its prime\\nSTATE.\\n1815 Apr. 13. N. Y. Bill for the con-\\nstruction of the Erie Canal, from\\nAlbany on the Hudson to Lake Erie,\\npasses the Assembly. Vote, 84-15.\\nJune 30. Algiers. Commodore Deca-\\ntur negotiates a treaty.\\nThe Dey renounces all claims to tribute\\nfor the pi otection of American com-\\nmerce from pirates, and yields the right\\nto enslave prisoners of war.\\nJuly 3. Eng. A commercial treaty\\nbetween the United States and England\\nis signed at London.\\nDec. 4. The 14th Congress opens.\\nCongress House Henry Clay of\\nKy. is elected Speaker.\\nDec.31. U.S. Internal revenue $4,678,059.\\nNew York. John Ferguson is elected\\nthe 51st mayor.\\n-18 New York. Jacob Badcliff\\nis elected the 52d mayor.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\nCat. Pablo V. de Sola (Span.).\\n-17 Ga. David B. Mitchell.\\n-17 N. J. Mahlon Dickerson.\\n-21 Term. Joseph M Minn.\\n-20 Vt. Jonas Galusha.\\n1816 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$127,334,933.\\nApr. 10. D. C. Congress charters a\\nsecond national bank for twenty\\nyears, with a capital of $35,000,000.\\nApr. 27. D. C. Congress imposes a\\nprotective tariff of about 25 per cent\\non imported cotton and woolen goods,\\nand specific duties on iron. The South\\nopposes, and the North favors it. Vote\\nSenate, 25-7 House, 88-54.\\nApr. 30. D. C. The 14th Congress\\nthe first session closes.\\nSept. The Government makes a treaty\\nwith the Choctaw and Cherokee Indians.\\nNov. U. S. Eighth Presidential\\nelection. Democrat-Republicans defeat\\nthe Federalists and elect James Monroe.\\nDec. 2. D. C. The 14th Congress:\\nthe second session opens.\\nDec. 11. D. C. Congress admits Indi-\\nana into the Union as the 19th State.\\nNew Eng. The necessity of protec-\\ntion for manufacturing industries\\ndraws New England toward the Repub-\\nlican party.\\nDec.31. U.S. Internal Revenue $5,124,-\\n708.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated:\\n-22 Ind. Jonathan Jennings.\\nKy. George Madison.\\n-20 Ky. Gabriel Slaughter.\\n-20 La. Jacques Villere.\\n-23 Mass. John Brooks.\\n-19 N H. William Plumer.\\n-IS S. C. Andrew Pickens.\\n-19 Va. James P. Preston.\\n1817 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$123,491,965.\\nPhila. The New Bank of the United\\nStates opens at Carpenter s Hall.\\nU. S. The policy of internal im-\\nprovements is approved by the Repub-\\nlicans and opposed by the Democrats.\\nFeb. 12. D. C. Congress counts the\\nelectoral vote.\\nVote for President James Monroe\\nof Va. (Dem.-Rep.), 183 Rufus King of\\nN. Y. (Federalist), 34. Vote for Vice-\\nPresident: Daniel D. Tompkins of\\nN. Y. (Republican), 183 John E. How-\\nard of Md. (Federalist), 22 James Ross\\nof Pa., 5; John Marshall of Va. 4;\\nRobert G. Harper of Md., 3. Vacan-\\ncies, 4.\\nMar. 4. B.C. The 14th Congress ends.\\nFifth Administration Democratic-\\nRepublican.\\nMar. 4, D. C. James Monroe of Va.\\nis inaugurated the fifth President, in the\\neighth term of the presidency. Daniel\\nD. Tompkins of N. Y. is Vice-President.\\nThe Capitol having been burned by\\nthe British, the inauguration ceremonies\\ntake place in Congress Hall.\\nCabinet John Q,. Adams of Mass.\\n(State), Wm. H. Crawford of Ga.\\n(Treas.), John C. Calhoun of S. C.\\n(War), Benj. W. Crown in shield of\\nMass. (Navy), and Wm. Wirt of Va.\\n(Atty.-Gen.).\\nU.S. The Democratic-Republican\\nparty is dominant. Era of good feel-\\ning in politics; party distinctions are\\nnearly obliterated.\\nMay 3 14-. D. C. President Monroe per-\\nsonally inspects the military posts.\\nDec. 1. I). C. The 15th Congress\\nopens.\\nDec. 10. B.C. Congress admits Missis-\\nsippi into the Union as the 20th State,\\nafter dividing the Territory the eastern\\nportion is called the Territory of Ala-\\nbama.\\nDec. 23. D. C. Congress abolishes the\\ninternal taxes. [They are next levied in\\n1861, to meet the expenses of another\\nDec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue\\n$2,678,100.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-20* Del. John Clarke.\\n-19 Ga. William Rabun.\\n-20 N. C. John Branch.\\n-29 N. J. Isaac H. Williamson.\\n-22 N. Y. De Witt Clinton.\\nPa. Wm. Findlay.\\n-21 R. I. Nehemiah R. Knight.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1815 0. Cincinnati has a popula-\\ntion of 11,600.\\nPa. The Fairmount Water- works\\nfor supplying Philadelphia are com-\\npleted. [The present system was com-\\npleted in 1827.]\\n1816 *Md. Baltimore is the first\\ncity lighted by gas.\\nNov. 25. Phila. A theater is lighted\\nby gas.\\nDec. 2. U. S. The first savings-bank\\nis opened at Philadelphia.\\nNew York. More than 7,000 immi-\\ngrants arrive this year.\\nN. Y.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Pa. Travelers pass from New\\nYork to Philadelphia between sunrise\\nand sunset.\\n1817 Mar. 4. Phila. The rechartered\\nNational Bank goes into operation,\\nand business, long languishing, now re-\\nvives.\\nJuly 4. N. Y. The construction of the\\nErie Canal is commenced by breaking\\nground near Rome.\\nAug. 2. Mb. A steamboat first arrives\\nat St. Louis.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "126 1817\\n1819\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1818 Apr. Florida, the refuge of the\\nCreeks, is invaded by Gen. Jackson,\\nwithout express authority.\\n[Congress refused to censure him, and\\nSpain accepted money for Florida, rather\\nthan spend it in a doubtful defense.]\\nApr. 7. Fla. Gen. Jackson captures St.\\nMarks, a Spanish, post.\\nApr. 30. Fla. He hangs Alexander\\nArbuthnot and an Englishman named\\nRobert C. Ambrister, for inciting the\\nCreeks to war.\\nMay 24. Fla. He takes Penaacola from\\nthe Spaniards.\\nMay 27. Fla. He reduces the Spanish\\nfortress of the Barancas [and sends the\\nauthorities and troops to Havana].\\nMay Ga. Ala. Gen. Jackson subdues\\nthe Seminole Indians. [Cost of the war,\\n$40,000,000.]\\nART \u00e2\u0080\u0094SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1817* John Trumbull receives a com-\\nmission from Congress for four historical\\npictures Declaration of Independence\\nSurrender of Burgoyne; Surrender of\\nCornwallis; Resignation of Washington.\\n,1818 Aug. 13. Mass. Gelatinous mat-\\nter falls near Amherst soon after the\\npassage of a brilliant meteor.\\nBoston. Handel s Messiah is produced.\\nAdams and Dodge are said to have in-\\nvented a sewing-machine.\\nBoston. The Creation, by Haydn, is\\nproduced.\\nMo. N. M. Ludlow gives the first\\ndramatic performance in St. Louis.\\nN.J. Seth Boyden, by an experiment\\nat Newark, produces the first patent\\nleather made in this country.\\nN. Y. A large part of Table Eock, at\\nNiagara Falls, gives way and drops.\\nNew York. The Lyceum of Natural\\nHistory is inaugurated.\\nPa. An unsuccessful attempt is made\\nat Mauch Chunk to use anthracite coal\\nin making iron.\\nPhila. The Academy of Natural\\nScience is founded.\\nJacob Perkins invents engraving on\\nsoft steel, which, when hardened, will\\nmultiply copper plates indefinitely.\\n1819 May 26. Ga. The steamship\\nSavannah, of 350 tons, sails from Savan-\\nnah for Liverpool, arriving June 20 the\\nfirst steamship to cross the Atlantic.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1817*\\nBarnes, Joseph, bri^.-grn., surgeon, b. in Pa.\\nBedell, Gregory T., P. E. bp. of O., b. N.Y.\\nBigelow, .John, author, editor, horn in N.Y.\\nBowman, Thomas, M. E. bishop, b. in Pa.\\nBragg-, Braxton, Confed. gen., b. in N. C.\\nByford, Win. Heath, physn-ian, horn in 0.\\nCarnochan, John M., surgeon, born in Ga.\\nChampney, Benjamin, painter, b. in N. H,\\nDallas, Alex, .lames, see. of treas., A58.\\nDavis, Henry Winter, M. C. for Md., b. Md.\\nDouglass. Fred fe, orator, b. a slave in Hid.\\nDupont, Pierre Sam., of Del., economist, A78.\\nD wight, Timothv, Pres. of Yale Col., A65.\\nEwell, Kit-hard s., Confed. lieut.-gen.,b. D.C.\\nFairehild, .lames It., Presh. el., b. in Mass.\\nFields, James Thomas, editor, b. N. H.\\nFinley,Rohert,l*ivsh.elev.gvnuinof N. J.,A45.\\nForney, John Weiss, journalist, b. in Pa.\\nFrelinghuysen. Frederick T., senator for\\nN. J., sec. of state, born in K. J.\\nQough. John B.. twiiperanee orator, b. Eng.\\nGreen, Seth, llsh euUtinsl, horn In N.Y.\\nHager, I avjd Albert, gfologist, horn in Vt.\\nHale, Horatio, ethnologist, horn in N. II.\\nHarbaugh, Henry, author, born In Pa.\\nHarris, Win. L., E. bishop, born in O.\\nHit.hro.k, Roswell Dwight, prof., h. in Me.\\nlloliister, Gideon Hiram, author, horn.\\nHuntington, Samuel, judge, A42.\\nJones, Wm. A., librarian, born in N.Y.\\nJudson, Emily (Fanny Forester), b. in N.Y.\\nLincoln, -John L., edueator, horn in Mass.\\nMcKeau, Thomas, patriot, jurist, A83.\\nMeek, Kielding 1 palei.ui..]., gist. h. in Ind.\\nNeale, Leonard, R. C. bp. of Baltimore, ATI.\\nOdenlieimer.Win. H., P. E. bp.of N. J.,b. Pa.\\nPalmer, Erastus How, sculptor, b. in N.Y.\\nPalmer. John MeCauley. sen. for 111., h. Ky.\\nPickens, Andrew, Revolutionary gen., A78.\\nI ierrepont, Edwards, att y-gen., b. in Conn.\\nIiicketls, .lames P., gen. U. S. A., b. in N.Y.\\nRiddle, George R., senator for Md., b. in Del.\\nRobinson, John C, major-general, b. in N. Y.\\nKuthermel, 1 eter F., painter, horn in Pa.\\nSaulshury, Eli, senator for Del., b. in Del.\\nThoreau. Henry D., naturalist, b. in Mass.\\nWallace, Horace Binney, lawyer, b. in Pa.\\nAgnew. D. Hayes, phys., surgeon, b. Pa.\\nAndrew, John A lhion, gov. of Mass., b. Me.\\nBaker, Ilarnette N. Woods, author, h. Mass.\\nBarnev. .Joshua, commodore U. S. N-, A59.\\nBarrvl William F., brevet maj.-gen., b. N.Y.\\nBeauregard. Pierre Gustave T., Confed-\\nerate general, horn in La.\\nBlackwell, Lucy Stone, woman suffragist,\\nborn in Mass.\\nBoutwell, Geo. Sewall, M. C. for Mass., sec.\\nof treas., born in Mass.\\nBrowne, J. Ross, writer, born in Ire.\\nBuell, Hon alios, maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. O.\\nBurr, Enoch Fitch, Cong, cl., b. in Conn.\\nButler, Benjamin Franklin, lawyer, M.C.,\\ngeneral, born in N. H.\\nClarke, Ceo. Rogers, gen., frontiersman, A66.\\nCorbit, Win. P., M. E. clergyman, b. in Pa.\\nCoxe,ArthurC.,P.E. bp. of N.Y.,poet,b.N.J.\\nCozzens, Fred. S., writer, born in N.Y.\\nCuff ee, Paul, philanthropist, A59.\\nDaboll. Nathan. teacher, mathematician, A68.\\nDavis, Noah, jurist of N.Y., born in N. H.\\nDenver, .James W., Gov. of Kan., b. in Va.\\nDorsev, John Syng, surgeon, A35.\\nEastman. Mary II., author, born in Ya.\\nEllet, Flizaheth F., author, born In N.Y.\\nEvarts, Wm. Maxwell, lawyer, sec. of\\nstate, born in Mass.\\nFav, Jonas, surgeon, A81.\\nFuilerton, Wm., lawyer, jurist, born.\\nCatling, Richard J. inventor of gun, b. N. C.\\nGorgas. .Tosiah, vice-chancellor, born in Pa.\\nGreen, Norvin, pres. of tel. CO., born in Ind.\\nHampton, Wade, Confed. lie ut. -gen., senator\\nfor S. C M gov., born in S. C.\\nHardee, Wm. J., Confed. gen., born in Ga.\\nHarris, Caleb F., book collector, b. in R. I.\\nHarris, Ishaui C, sen. for Tenn., b. in Tenn.\\nIlaitslionie, Fdward, plivs. of Phila., b. Pa.\\nHill, Thomas, Unit, cl., pres. of Harvard\\nUniversity, born in N. J.\\nHorsford, Eben Norton, chemist, b. in N.Y.\\nHumphreys, David, soldier, poet, A65.\\nIrwin, .Tared, Gov. of Ga., A68.\\nJames, Horace, Cong, clergyman, born.\\nJarves, James J., traveler, author, b. Mass.\\nKensett, .John F-, painter, born in Conn.\\nLeClear, Thomas, portrait painter, b. in N.Y.\\nLeConte, John, physicist, horn in Ga.\\nLee, Henry, general, M. 0., A62.\\nLee, Henry, Confed. gen. b.\\nLoring, William W., Confed., Egyptian gen-\\neral, born in N.C.\\nMaeI owell, lrvin,mai.-gen. XT. S. A., b. in O.\\nMathews, William, author, born in Me.\\nMilledge, John, gov., founder of Georgia\\nUniversity, A61.\\nMitchell. Maria, astronomer, b. in Mass.\\nMorgan, Lewis II., ethnologist, b. in N. J.\\nO Brien. Jeremiah, privateer in Revol n, A78.\\nOrd, Fdward O. C, maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. Md.\\nPaulding, John, a captor of Andr 5, A60.\\nPope, Clias. A., surgeon of Mo,, b. in Ala.\\nPrentiss, F.lizabeth, religious writer, b. in Me.\\nReid, Mavne, Capt., novelist, born in Ire.\\nRenwiek. .James, architect, horn in N.Y.\\nRevere, Raul, engraver, patriot of .Mass., A S3.\\nRice, Alex. II., statesman, scholar, b. Mass.\\nRichardson. Israel B.. major-gen., b. in Vt.\\nRobinson, Wm. S., editor, writer, b. in Ind.\\nSaint Clair. Arthur, general V. S. A., A84.\\nShaw, Henry W. (Josh Uilliiifjs), humorist,\\nwriter, born in Mass.\\nSmith, .John L., mineral., chemist, b. in S. C\\nStevens. Isaac Ingalls, maj.-gen., b. in Mass.\\nWistar, Caspar, physieian, anatomist, AS\\nWorden, John L,.. com. U. S. N., b. N. Y.\\nCHURCH.\\n1817 June X. Y. The General Synod\\n(Reformed) meets at Albany; 0. D.\\nWestbrook, president. [At Kingston in\\nOct.]\\nConn. The American Board organizes\\na foreign mission school at New\\nHaven, with five Hawaiian lads, among\\nothers, as its first pupils.\\nMissions are established among the\\nChoctaw Indians by the American\\nBoard.\\nN. J. The Theological School Build-\\ning at Princeton is opened.\\nNew York. The General Conven-\\ntion (Protestant Episcopal) meets.\\nPhila. The Philadelphia Sunday\\nand Adult School Union is orga-\\nnized.\\nThe Baptist Triennial Meeting as-\\nsembles.\\nThe American Baptist Mission Union\\nmodifies its constitution so as to include\\ndomestic mission work.\\nThe General Assembly (Presby-\\nterian) meets James Coe, moderator.\\nTenn. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof Tennessee is organized.\\n1818 Jan.* O. The (Protestant Epis-\\ncopal) Diocese of Ohio is organized.\\nJune 5. New York. The Society for\\nPromoting the Gospel among Sea-\\nmen in the port of New York is orga-\\nnized.\\nJune Neic York. The General Synod\\n(Reformed) meets; Wm. Mc. Murray,\\npresident. [In August it meets again at\\nAlbany J. M. Bradford, president.]\\nSept. 23. Boston* The American Board\\nappoints Pliny Fisk and Levi Parsons the\\nfirst American missionaries to the Orient.\\nOct. 8. S. C. Nathaniel Bowen is con-\\nsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop\\nof South Carolina.\\nN. C. The Baptists begin work among\\nthe Cherokees. The General Conference\\nsends a missionary to the Miamis, Kicka-\\npoos, Pottawattamies, and Shawanoes.\\nPa. The Woman s Missionary So-\\nciety (Presbyterian) is formed in Derry.\\nThe Cumberland Presbyterian Church\\nsends evangelists among the Chiekasaws.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets J. J. Janeway,\\nmoderator. It forms the Board of\\nMissions. Dr. Ashbel Green s paper\\nagainst slavery is passed.\\n1819 Feb. 11. O. Philander Chase,\\nthe first western bishop (Protestant\\nEpiscopal), is consecrated.\\nApr. 5. New York. The Missionary\\nSociety of the Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch is organized at the preachers\\nmeeting.\\nJuly 5. New York. A woman s Mis-\\nsionary Society is formed in the Wes-\\nleyan Seminary, on Forsyth Street.\\n0. The Joint Synod (Evangelical Lu-\\ntheran) of Ohio is organized.\\nOct. 23. Hiram Bingham, Asa Thurston,\\nand others of the American Board sail", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1817** -1819\\n127\\nfor the Sandwich Islands to open a\\nmission.\\nOct. 27. Conn. T. C. Brownell is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal) presiding\\nbishop for Connecticut.\\nLETTERS.\\n1817 Conn. The Hartford Times is\\nfirst issued.\\nRev. Jeremiah Day is President of\\nYale College [till 1846].\\nMass. The Divinity School (Unit.)\\nof Harvard University is established.\\nNew York. The General Theological\\nSeminary (Prot. Epis.) is organized.\\nThe American Monthly Magazine ap-\\npears.\\nPhila. The American Register ap-\\npears.\\nThanatopsis, by W. C. Bryant,\\nappears.\\nKeep Cool, by John Neal, appears.\\nLife and Character of Patrick Henry,\\nby William Wirt, appears.\\n1818 Boston. Christian Examiner\\nis issued quarterly by Charming, Dewey,\\nWare, and others.\\n*N. Y. The New York State Library-\\nis founded at Albany. [128,529 vols.]\\nThe American Journal of Science and\\nArts, a quarterly, by Benjamin Silliman,\\nis issued.\\nEarly European Friends of America,\\nby Julian C. Verplanck, appears.\\nThe Battle of Niagara, by John Neal,\\nappears.\\n**The Methodist Magazine [later the\\nMethodist Quarterly Review} appears.\\nThe Backiooodsman, by J. K. Paulding,\\nappears.\\nTheology Explained and Defended in\\nOne Hundred and Seventy-three Sermons,\\nby Timothy Dwight, appears.\\n1819 Apr. 2. Md. The American\\nFarmer is first issued at Baltimore it is\\nthe first agricultural paper in the\\ncountry.\\nMay Baptists begin the publication of\\nthe weekly Christian Watchman.\\nKy. Center CoUege (Pres.) is or-\\nganized at Danville.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1818 U. S. Great agitation of the\\nslavery question is occasioned by the\\npetition of Missouri for admission to\\nthe Union as a slave State.\\nIn order to counteract the habitual\\nuse of ardent spirits among the people,\\nSecretary Calhoun prohibits the use of\\nliquor altogether in the U. S. Army.\\n1819 Apr. 26. Md. The first society\\nof Odd Fellows, in the United States is\\ninstituted as Washington Lodge No. 1.\\nGa. Expulsion of the Cherokees.\\nGreedy white men wjxnt their land,\\nand a great body of Indians are per-\\nsuaded to go over the Mississippi. The\\nCherokees, the Creeks, the Choctaws,\\nand the Chickasaws are greatly agi-\\ntated and distressed at the prospect of\\na removal from lain Is guaranteed to them\\nby treaty with the United States.\\nInd. Abraham Tun coin (nearly 11\\nyears old) mourns the death of his\\nmother.\\nNew York. Hatters form a union.\\nSTATE.\\n1818 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$103,466,633.\\nMar. 18. U. S. Congress grants pen-\\nsions to veterans of the war of the\\nRevolution who are in needy circum-\\nstances.\\nMar. 31. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nJohn Gaillard of S. C. is reelected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nApr. 4. D. C. Congress adopts the\\nUnited States flag it has 13 stars on a\\nblue canton, and 13 stripes alternate red\\nand white one for each original State.\\nApr. 20. D. C. The 15th Congress the\\nfirst session closes.\\nSept. 1. N. Y. Auburn prison is opened.\\nOct. 20. A Convention is signed with\\nGreat Britain respecting boundaries\\nand the fisheries.\\nThe 49th parallel of north latitude\\nshall be established as the boundary\\nline between United States and British\\nAmerica in the west, and the joint occu-\\npation of Oregon shall take place for\\nten years. The convention of 1S15 is\\nrenewed.\\nNov. 16. D. C. The 16th Congress:\\nthe second session opens.\\nDee. 3. D. C. Congress admits Illinois\\nas the 21st State.\\nDee. 31. U. S. Internal revenue\\n$955,270.\\nU. s. Governors inaugurated\\n-27 Conn. Oliver Wolcott.\\n-22 III. Shadrach Bond.\\n-25 Ind. William Hendricks.\\n-22 0. Ethan A. Brown.\\n-20 S.C. John Geddes.\\n_2l New York. Cadwallader D.\\nColden is elected the 53d mayor.\\n1819 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$95,529,648.\\nFeb. 13. D. C. Congress House vig-\\norous resistance is made to a bill in-\\ntroduced to organize the Territory of\\nMissouri into a State. Of the 22 States,\\n11 are free and 11 are slave States.\\nJames Tallmadge of N. T. moves the\\nbill be so amended as to forbid the\\nfurther introduction of slaves, and\\ngrant freedom to the offspring^ of\\nslaves at 25 years of age. [Passed, Feb.\\n16. Vote, 87-76. It is defeated in the\\nSenate. Vote, 31-7.]\\nFeb. 15. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nJames Barbour of Va. is elected Presi-\\ndent pro tempore.\\nFeb. 22. D.C. Treaty with Spain.\\nSpain surrenders all claim to West Flor-\\nida, and cedes East Florida. The United\\nStates surrenders all claim to Texas, and\\nagrees to pay an indemnity of $5,o h .uW)\\nto satisfy the claims of American citi-\\nzens against Spain.\\nMar. 4. D.C. The 15th Congress\\nends.\\nMar. D. C. President Monroe approves\\nthe act of Congress, by which all Afri-\\ncans recaptured from slavers shall be\\nreturned to Africa, and cared for.\\nJune 19. Maine is separated from Mass.\\nDec. 6. D. C. The 16th Congress\\nopens. House Henry Clay of Ky. is\\nreelected Speaker. Vote, 147-8.\\nDec. 14. D.C. Alabama is admitted into\\nthe Union as the 22d State.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue\\n$229,593.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-20 Ala. Wm. W. Bibb.\\n-25 Ark. (Ter.) James Miller.\\nGa. Matthew Talbot.\\n-23 Ga. John Clarke.\\n-21 Miss. George Poindexter.\\n-23 N. H. Samuel Bell.\\n-22 Va. Thomas M. Randolph.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1817 Ala. Montgomery is founded.\\n*N Y. The Black Ball Line (the\\nfirst line of packets) of 4 ships is estab-\\nlished, to run to Liverpool.\\nVermont has its first bank at Wind-\\nsor, and receives a bonus from the insti-\\ntution.\\nXI. S. Flour sells at $10 to $15 a\\nbarrel.\\nThe country is flooded with foreign\\ngoods at low prices, which ruin many\\nmanufacturing establishments fostered\\nby high prices during the war.\\n1818 Mar. 19. Del. A powder-mill\\nexplodes near Wilmington 35 persons\\nare killed.\\nMay 28. N. Y. The Walk-in-the- Water,\\nthe first steamboat on Lake Erie, is\\nlaunched at Black Rock.\\nJuly 8. New York. Gen. Montgom-\\nery s remains are removed from\\nCanada, and deposited with military\\nhonors in the mural tomb in St. Paul s\\nchurchyard.\\nAug. 23. N. Y. The first steamboat\\ntrip on Lake Erie begins at Buffalo.\\nD. C. The center foundation of the\\nCapitol at Washington is laid.\\nMd. The first savings-bank at Bal-\\ntimore is established.\\nShoe-pegs are introduced.\\n1819 Oct. 24. N. Y. The Erie Canal\\nis opened from Utica to Rome.\\nNov. 24. N Y. The Champlain Ca-\\nnal is declared to be navigable.\\nDec. Ind. Fifteen families are settled\\nat Indianapolis.\\nKy. John J. Crittenden resigns his\\nseat in the Federal Senate, at $900 a\\nyear, to get bread for bis family.\\nN. C. A great fire occurs at Wil-\\nmington loss over $1,000,000.\\nNl J. Forest fires near Springfield\\nburn 3,000 acres of timber.\\nYellow fever prevails in Southern\\ncities in New Orleans there are 1,200\\ndeaths many more occur in Mobile,\\nSavannah, Charleston, and Baltimore.\\nThe first national financial crisis\\noccurs.\\nIt is occasioned by extravagant spec-\\nulations following the reorganization\\nof the National Bank \u00c2\u00a72,000,000 are\\nwithdrawn from the bank, beyond its\\nsecurities the bank barely escapes\\ninsolvency.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "128\\n1819\\n1821\\nAMERICA\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1820 Nov. 29. New York. Edmund\\nKean first appears in America in Richard\\nIII. at the Anthony Street Theater.\\nVt. Carpenters steel squares are first\\nmanufactured, at Bennington.\\nJeremiah is painted by Washington\\nAllston.\\nJohn Frazee executes busts in\\nmarble.\\nHezekiah Augur practises the art of\\nsculpture.\\nIndia-rubber shoes are first seen in\\nAmerica.\\n1821 Jan.* N. Y. The Hudson\\nRiver is frozen over, and loaded sleighs\\ncross on the ice from Cortlandt Street to\\nJersey City.\\nJuly 13. Va. Junius Brutus Booth\\nfirst appears in America in Picliard III.\\nat Richmond.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1819*\\nAbbott, Ezra, scholar, born in Me.\\nAlexander, Barton L., brig.-gen., born.\\nAppleton, Jesse, Cong, clergyman, President\\nOf Bowdoin, A47.\\nArmitage, Thomas, Bapt cl., born in Eng.\\nBall, Thomas, sculptor, born in Mass.\\nBarker, Fonlyce, physician, born in Me.\\nBlackmail, iei rge Curtis, surgeon, b. Conn.\\nBrannan, John Si., major-general, b. in D. C.\\nCanby, Edward R. S., brig.-gen., b. in Ky.\\nCrane, Jonathan T., M. E. cl., b. in N. J.\\nDana, Chas. Anderson. X. Y. Sun, b. N. H.\\nEnglish, Thomas Dunn, Ben Bolt, b. in Pa.\\nEvans, Oliver, inventor of engines, A64.,Md.\\nFenton, Reuben E., senator, Gov. of N. Y.,\\nborn in N.Y.\\nField, Cyrus West, merchant of K. Y.\\npromoter of Atlantic cable, b. Mass.\\nFishburn, William, ma j. -gen. of Revol n, A59.\\nGeary, John brig.-gen., Gov. of Pa.,b. Pa.\\nGetty, Geo. W., maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. D. C.\\nGreenough, Richard s., sculptor, b. in Mass.\\nHecker, Isaac Thomas, Paulist, b. in N.Y.\\nHendricks. Thomas A., Vice-Pres., sen.\\nfor Ind., b. in O.\\nHinrnan, Clark T., founder of N. W. Univer-\\nsity, born in N.\\nHolland. Josiah. Gilbert, poet, b. in Mass.\\nHowe, Elias. inv. sewing-machine, b. Mass.\\nHowe, Julia Ward, poet, born in N.Y.\\nHudson, Frederick, journalist, b. in Mass.\\nHuntington, Frederick P. E. bp. of Cen-\\ntral N. Y., born in Mass.\\nJeffries, John, physician, aeronaut, A74.\\nJohnson, Win. Sam., M. C. for Conn., F. R.\\nS., A 92.\\nKedney, John Steinfort, P. E. cl., b. in N. J.\\nKeener, John Christian, M. E. S. bp., b. Md.\\nLangdon, John, senator for N. H.,\u00c2\u00a3OV., A80.\\nLanman, Charles, author, painter, b. Mich.\\nLesley, John Peter, geologist, born in Pa.\\nLowell. James Russell, poet, professor in\\nHarvard, minister to England, born in Mass.\\nLyon, Nathaniel, general, born in Conn.\\nMelville, Herman, novelist, born in N.Y.\\nMorton. Wm. Thomas Green, dentist, phy-\\nsician, discoverer of the use of ether as an\\nanesthetic, born in Mass.\\nMowatt, Anna Cora (Uitchiel, actor, b. Fr.\\nPainter, Gamaliel, jurist, founder of Middle-\\nbury College, Vt., A66.\\nParsons, Thomas Wm., poet, b. in Boston.\\nPerry. Oliver Hazard, com. U. S. navy, A34.\\nRodgers, Christopher R. P., rear-admiral,\\nborn in N.Y.\\nRosecrans, William S., brig.-gen. U. S. A.,\\nborn in 0.\\nScbaff, Philip, Swiss-Am. Pres. cl., b. Switz.\\nSoutliworth, Emma D. E., novelist, b. I). C.\\nStory, Wm, Wetmore, sculptor, poet, born\\n1820*\\nAnthony, KtiBan B., woman s rights advo-\\ncate, born in Mass.\\nBlatchford, Samuel, Q. s. S. Ct., b. fn Ga.\\nBoone, Dan., explorer, colonizer of Ky., AW.\\nP.righam, Charles II., Cong, clergyman, edu-\\ncator, born in Mass.\\nBrlsted, Charles A., author, born In N.Y.\\nBroderlck, David C, sen. for Ga., b. r C.\\nBrooks, William T. II., brig.-ccn. vol., b. O.\\nBrownell, Henry Howard, author, b. In R. I.\\nBurrill, James, atty.-gen. of R. I., A 48.\\nGary, Alice, poet, born in O.\\nCbauvenet, Win., mathematician, b. in Pa.\\nCrawford, Martin J., diplomat, b. in Ga.\\nDavie, Win. Richardson, (iov. of N. C, A64.\\nDe Bow, James D. B., statistician, b. S. C.\\nDeems, Charles F., Meth. Epis. South clergy-\\nman, author, born in Md.\\nDecatur, Stephen. Jr., Com. V. S. N.,\\nkilled in a duel, A41.\\nDe Vere, Maximilian Scheie, philologist, es-\\nsayist, born in Sweden.\\nDevens, Charles, jurist, born in Mass.\\nMoubledav, Aimer, gen. of vol., col. U. S. A.,\\nborn in N.Y.\\nDrake, Joseph Rodman, poet, A25.\\nEads, James II., engineer, born in Ind.\\nEllicott, Andrew, astronomer, A 66.\\nFoster, Randolph S., M. E. bishop, b. in O.\\nGaston, William, Gov. of Mass., b. in Conn.\\nGayler, Chas., journalist, dramatist, b. N.Y.\\nGreatorex, Eliza, artist, born in Ire.\\nHall, Chas. H., clergyman, born in Ga.\\nHarlan, James, senator tor la., born in 111.\\nHaven, Erastus, M. E. bishop, b. in Boston.\\nHewit, Augustine Francis, clergyman, Paul-\\nist, born in Conn.\\nHolmes, George F., educator, b. in Guiana.\\nHopkins, John H., P. E. clergyman, b. Ire.\\nHonchton, George F., jurist, born in Vt.\\nHoyt, I .enjamm T., educator, born in Mass.\\nKane, Elisha Kent, explorer, born in Phila.\\nKeene, Laura, actress, born in Eng.\\nKetchum, Winthrop W., judge, born in Pa.\\nLe Vert, Octavia YV., author, born in Ga.\\nLincoln, Levi, M. C. for Mass., A71.\\nLornt, Campbell, chemist, author, b. in Mo.\\nNesmith, Jas. W-, senator for Ore., b. Can.\\nPoore, Benjamin l erley, journalist, b. Mass.\\nPursh, Frederick, botanist, A46.\\nRaymond, Henry Jarvis, journalist, b. N.Y.\\nReynolds, John Fulton, gen. U. S. A., b. Pa.\\nRoot, George F., musical composer, b. Mass.\\nRousseau, Lovell II., hrig.-cen. F.S.A.,b. Ky.\\nShedd, Wm. T., Pres. cl., an., b. in Mass.\\nSherman, William Tecumseh, 15th Gen-\\neral of V. S. A., born in 0.\\nTrumbull, lienj., Cong, cl., historian, A85.\\nVallaiidiu haiu, clement L.,M. C.forO.,b. 0.\\nWells, Samuel Roberts, phrenologist, b. Ct.\\nWentworth, Sir John, Gov. of N. H., A83.\\nWest, Benjamin, painter in Eng., A82.\\nWharton, Francis, jurist, P. E. clergyman,\\nbora in Phila.\\niMa\\nThompson, Joseph P., Cong, cl.,\\ni Pa.\\nthor, born In N.Y.\\nWheeler. Wm.A.,19th Vice-Pres., b. in N.Y.\\nWhipple, Edwin I crcv, essayist, critic, born\\nin Mass.\\nWhitman, Walt, poet, born in N.Y.\\nWhitney. Josiah Itwight, geologist, b. Mass.\\nWilkinson. Jemima, religious impostor, Ati(i.\\nWillianisuii, Hugh, ]ibysician, scholar, A84.\\nCHURCH.\\n1819* *Md. Dr. William ElleryChan-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2nin g preaches at Baltimore, and gives\\nwhat is called the Unitarian Declara-\\ntion of Independence, and becomes\\nthe leader of bis church.\\nThe Hamilton Baptist Missionary\\nSociety sends a missionary to the\\nOneidas.\\nThe Ohio Conference (Methodist Epis-\\ncopal) appoints James B. Finley superin-\\ntendent of its Indian mission among the\\nWyandots.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets James Holt Rice,\\nmoderator.\\n1S20 May 1-27. Md. The General\\nConference (Methodist Episcopal)\\nmeets in Baltimore.\\nMay 3. Me. The Protestant Episcopal\\ndiocese of Maine is organized.\\nJune 4. New Yo7 k. The first mariners\\nchurch in the United States is dedi-\\ncated, in Roosevelt Street.\\nJune* New York. The General Synod\\n(Reformed) meets; James S. Cameron,\\npresident. [In Oct. it meets at Al-\\nbany.]\\nOct. 22. Lutherans form a General\\nSynod, with 150 ministers and 35,000\\ncommunicants.\\nMd. Va. Each of these States orga-\\nnizes a Lutheran Synod.\\nNew York. The African Methodist\\nEpiscopal Zion Church is organized.\\nMethodists are divided respecting the\\nEpiscopacy, and Methodist Protestant\\nChurches are formed.\\nPhila. The General Convention\\n(Protestant Episcopal) meets. It orga-\\nnizes the Domestic and Foreign Mis-\\nsionary Society.\\nThe General Assembly (Presby-\\nterian) meets John McDowell, mod-\\nerator.\\nPresbyterians enter a Plan of Corre-\\nspondence with the Reformed Church.\\nThe Baptist Triennial Meeting is\\nheld. The Meeting decides to again\\nrestrict its Baptist mission work to\\nforeign fields.\\nS. C. The Roman Catholic Diocese\\nof Charleston is established.\\n*The United Synod, South (Evan-\\ngelical Lutheran) of Tennessee, is orga-\\nnized.\\n*A mission is established among the\\nChoctaws by the American Board.\\nThe United Foreign Missionary Soci-\\nety commences work among the Osage\\nIndians.\\nThe Southern General Synod of\\nLutherans organizes.\\nU. S. Methodists are agitated con-\\ncerning the election of presiding\\nelders.\\n1821 June 3. New York. The Bethel\\nUnion is organized. [It soon expires.]\\nJune N. Y. The General Synod (Re-\\nformed) meets at Albany S. S. Wood-\\nhull, president.\\nLETTERS.\\n1819 N. Y. Auburn Theological Sem-\\ninary (Pres.) is established.\\nPa. The Western University of\\nPennsylvania (non-sect.), at Pittsburg,\\nis organized.\\nTenn. Maryville CoHege (Pres.) is\\nfounded.\\nThe Presbyterian Board of Education\\nbegins its work.\\nFanny, by Fitz-Greene Halleck, ap-\\npears.\\nVoyage to South America, by Henry\\nM. Brackenridge, appears.\\nThe Sketch Book, by Washington\\nIrving, appears.\\nThe American Flag, by J. R. Drake,\\nappears.\\nVieioof the Lead Mints of Missouri, by\\nHenry R. Schoolcraft, appears.\\nThe State Triumvirate A Political\\nTale, by Verplanck, appears.\\nPercy s Masque, by James A. Hill-\\nhouse, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1819\\n1821\\n129\\n1S20 May 1. A r Y. The Hamilton Lit-\\nerary and Theological Institution (Bapt.)\\nis opened.\\nArk. The Arkansas Gazette, at Ar-\\nkansas Village, is first issued.\\nMe. Colby University (Bapt.) is\\nfounded at Waterville.\\nN. Y. The Colgate University\\n(Bapt.) is organized at Hamilton as the\\nMadison University.\\nMass. Jacob Bigelow and others start\\nthe American Pharmacopeia.\\nThe Literary and Scientific Repository\\nappears. [Expires in 1821.]\\nThe Apprentice Library is founded.\\n[63,000 vols.]\\nThe Mercantile Library Association s\\nLibrary is founded. 207,128 vols.]\\nPrecaution, by James Fenimore\\nCooper, appears.\\nJudith, Esther and Other Poems, by\\nMaria Brooks, appears.\\n-44 The Ladies Companion ap-\\npears.\\n1821 Apr. 20. Boston. The Christian\\nRegister (Unit.) is issued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1820 Mar. 22. Commodore Barron\\nTHllsi Commodore Decatur in a duel.\\nMay 5. D. C. Congress recognizes the\\nslave-trade to be piracy, and prohibits\\ncitizens from engaging in it under pen-\\nalty of death.\\nMiss. A lottery is established at\\nNatchez, to build a church.\\nU. S. Total slaves, 2,009,031.\\nWebster, Calhoun, and Clay with\\nmasterly eloquence denounce agitators\\nwho constantly declare the iniquity of\\nthe slave system.\\n1821 Africa. Liberia is secured for\\nthe colonization scheme of the American\\nColonization Society, and a new town is\\ncommenced, called Monrovia.\\nMe. The selectmen are required to\\npost up, in all places where liquor is\\nsold, the names of all persons reported\\nto be drunkards or tipplers.\\nSTATE.\\n1820 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\nS91 ,015,560.\\nJan. 25. D. C. Congress Senate John\\nGaillard of S. C. is elected President\\npro tempore.\\nFeb. 18. D. C. Congress; Senate: The\\nMissouri Compromise Bill passes.\\nVote, 24-20.\\nMar. 2. D. C. Congress; House: The\\nMissouri Compromise Bill passes.\\nIt admits Missouri as a slave State, but\\nforever prohibits slavery from the bal-\\nance of the territory west of the Missis-\\nsippi, north of 36* 30 north latitude the\\nlatitude of the southern border of Mis-\\nsouri. Vote House, 134-42.\\nMar. 3. D.C. Congress admits Maine\\ninto the Union as the 23d State, to take\\neffect Mar. 15.\\nCongress lim its the tenure of office\\nof Governmental appointees to four\\nyears, or the pleasure of the Govern-\\nment.\\nMay 15. D.C. The 16th Congress:\\nthe first session closes.\\nOct. 20. Spain ratifies the treaty ceding\\nFlorida.\\nNov. 13. D.C. The 16th Congress:\\nthe second session opens.\\nNov. 14. D. C. Congress House John\\nW. Taylor of N. Y. is elected Speaker.\\nNov. U.S. Ninth Presidential Elec-\\ntion Democratic-liepublicans elected.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue\\n$106,260.\\nU. S. The Missouri Compromise\\nquells the slavery agitation for a\\ntime, and it is deemed settled forever.\\nU. S. Old issues in politics are\\nabandoned the new issues are protec-\\ntion for manufactures, internal improve-\\nments by the General Government, and\\nthe recognition of the South American\\nrepublics.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-21 Ala. Thomas Bibb.\\n-21 Del. Jacob Stout.\\n-24 Ky. John Adair.\\n-22 La. Thos. B. Robertson.\\n-21* Me. William King.\\n-24 Mo. Alexander M Nair.\\n-21 N. C. Jesse Franklin.\\nPa. Joseph Heister.\\n-22 S. C. Thomas Bennett.\\n-23 Vt. Richard Skinner.\\n1821 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$89,987,427.\\nFeb. 14. D. C. Congress counts the\\nelectoral vote.\\nVote for President, James Monroe of\\nVa., Republican, 231 John Q. Adams of\\nMass., Opposition, 1. For Vice-Presi-\\ndent, Daniel I). Tompkins of N. Y., Re-\\npublican, 218 Richard Stockton of N. J.,\\n8; Daniel Rodney of Del., 4; Robert G.\\nHarper of Md.,1 Richard Rush of Pa., 1.\\nVacancies, 3.\\nFeb. 26. D. C. Congress The House\\nvotes to admit Missouri conditionally.\\nVote, 87-81.\\nFeb. 27. D.C. Congress: The Senate\\nvotes to admit Missouri conditionally.\\nVote, 26-15.\\nMar. 4. D.C. The 16th Congress ends.\\nThe 2d term of the fifth adminis-\\ntration; Democratic-Republican.\\nMar. 4. D. C. James Monroe of Va.,\\nthe fifth President, enters his second\\nterm, in the ninth term of the presi-\\ndency. Daniel D. Tompkins of N. Y.\\nis Vice-President.\\nCabinet: John Q,. Adams of Mass.\\n(State), Wm. H. Crawford of Ga.\\n(Treas.), John C. Calhoun of S. C.\\n(War), Smith Thompson of N. Y.\\n(Navy), Wm. Wirt of Va. (Atty.-Gen.).\\nJuly 1. Spain is constrained to sur-\\nrender Florida to the United States.\\nAug. 10. D. C. The President proclaims\\nMissouri admitted into the Union as\\nthe 24th State, amid a tempest of po-\\nlitical excitement, occasioned by the\\nexistence of slavery therein.\\nDec. 3. D. C. The 17th Congress\\nopens.\\nCongress; House: Philip P. Bar-\\nbour of Va. is elected Speaker.\\n-24 New York. Stephen Allen is\\nelected the 54th mayor.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-25 Ala. Israel Pickens.\\n-22 Del. John Collins.\\n-22 Fla. (Ter.). Andrew Jackson.\\n-22 Me. W. D. Williamson.\\n-25 Miss. Walter Leake.\\n-24 2T. C. Gabriel Holmes.\\n-24 R. I. William C. Gibbs.\\n_27 Tenn. William Carroll.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1820 Jan. 11. Ga. One-half of Sa-\\nvannah is burned loss, $4,000,000.\\nJune* U.S. Fourth census States, 23;\\nwhites, 7,S62,1G6; colored, 1,771,656 (free\\ncolored 233,634, slaves 1,538,022); total\\npopulation, 9,633,822. Increase, 33.0S\\nper cent. Center of population 16 miles\\nnorth of Woodstock, Md. westward\\nmovement in 10 years, 50 miles.\\nJune 20. X. Y. A Great fire occurs\\nin Troy; 120 of the best buildings are\\nburned; loss nearly $1,000,000.\\nJune The first steamship line be-\\ntween New York and New Orleans com-\\nmences its trips.\\nJuly 1. .V. Y. Toll is first collected on\\nthe Erie Canal.\\nJuly The first steamboat on Lake\\nMichigan arrives at Green Bay, with 200\\npassengers and a large cargo.\\nSummer. Ga. About 700 people die\\nof yellow fever in Savannah 343\\nbouses are left vacant by fugitive\\nowners.\\nDec. Phila. Anthracite coal begins\\nto find a market 365 tons are sold dur-\\ning the year.\\nConn. The whale fishery business\\ncommences at New London.\\nTenn.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ark. Memphis is laid out;\\nalso Little Rock.\\nFlour has fallen from \u00c2\u00a710 and $17 a\\nbarrel in 1817, to $5 or \u00c2\u00a76 a barrel many\\nmanufactories are closed, and workmen\\nare idle.\\nMd. TV. Va. Completion of the great\\nNational road from Cumberland to\\nWheeling, costing $1,700,000 and 14 years\\nof labor (connecting the Ohio Kiver with\\nthe seaports it was originally intended\\nto continue to the Mississippi).\\nU. S. Immigrants and other aliens in\\n1820, 8,385.\\n1821 Aug. 10. -V. Y. The remains of\\nMajor Andre are exhumed, and placed\\non board of a British frigate for inter-\\nment in Westminster Abbey.\\nDec* Phila. Sales are made of 1,073\\ntons of anthracite coal during the\\nyear.\\nMass. Lowell is founded by the\\nMerrimac Manufacturing Company.\\nTex. Colonization from the United\\nStates begins.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1821, 9,127.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "130 1821 *-182 4, May 22.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1822 A small naval force subdues the\\npirates of the Cuban coast, capturing\\nmore than 20 vessels.\\n1824 W.I. Commodore David\\nPorter subdues the pirates.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1821 Christ Rejected is painted by\\nWilliam Dunlap.\\nPortrait of Thomas Jefferson is painted\\nby Thomas Sully.\\n1822 Charles Mathews, the actor,\\nfirst appears in America.\\nMass. The first cotton mill is\\nerected.\\n1823 June* New York. The first\\nsteam-power printing- press is set up\\nits first work is an abridgment of Mur-\\nray s Grammar.\\nO. The manufacture of wine is\\ncommenced in Cincinnati.\\nDurant, Henry Fowle, philan., bom in N. H.\\nDwight, Thco. W.. prof. -.1 law. .-.I., 1,. N.Y.\\nField, Henrv Martvn, turn. -1., an., b, 1\\nf llllr\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1621\\nAdler, Georg J., prof., author, born in Ger.\\nAllen, Solomon, Cong, cl., major in Kev., A70.\\nArnold, Samuel Green, historian, b. in R. I.\\nAugur, Christopher C, maj.-gen., b. in N.Y.\\nAvery, Waitstill, attv.-gen. of Conn., A76.\\nBalch, Geo. B., com. I S. N\\\\, b. in Tenn.\\nBankhead, John P., officer U. S. N., b. S. C.\\nBard, Samuel, physirian, A79.\\nBeaumont, John naval officer, b. in Pa.\\nBlackwell, Elizabeth, first woman in U. S.\\nmade M. D., born in Eng.\\nBlair, Francis P., Jr., sen. for Mo., b. in Ky.\\nBoudinot, Elias, patriot, philanthropist, A8I.\\nBreckinridge, John C.,Confed. general, 14th\\nVice-President, horn in Ky.\\nCalhoun, Edmund R,., officer U. S. N., born.\\nChester, Joseph L., antiquary, horn in Conn.\\nCoffin, Charles Carleton, author, b. in N. H.\\nCooke, Jay, financier, born in O.\\nCoppee, Henry, officer U. S. N., editor, au-\\nthor, Pres. Lehigh Univ.. horn in Ga.\\nDe Peyster, John W., military critic, b. N.Y.\\nDexter, Henry Martyn, Cong, el., b. in Mass.\\nDiaz, Abby Morton, author, horn in Mass.\\nDawson, Henry Barton, historian, b. in Eng.\\nEliot, Samuel, educator, b. Boston.\\nFebiger, John, capt. U. S. N., horn in Pa.\\nFloyd, Win., gen., sec of \\\\var,( out. Cong., A87.\\nForrest, Nathan II., routed, gen., b. Tenn.\\nGarnett, Robert Selden, unfed, gen., b.Va.\\nHadlev, .lames, philologist, prof, of Greek,\\nborn in N.Y.\\nHall, Charles F., Arctic explorer, b. in N. H.\\nHarris, Tucker, physician, A74.\\nHaven, Gilbert, -M- E. bishop, horn in Mass.\\nHill, Daniel II., routed, lieut. -gen., b.inS. C.\\nIrving, William, author, A55.\\nJordan, Thomas, Confed. brig.-gen., b. in Va.\\nKneeland, Samtiel, phys., naturalist, b. Mass.\\nLeslie, Frank Henry Carter J publisher,\\nborn in England.\\nLilly, William, M. C. for N.Y., born in N. Y.\\nIiOngstreet. James, U. S. A., Confed. maj.-\\ngen., b. in S. C.\\nMacleod, Xavier Donald, mis. writer, b. N.Y.\\nO Neill, Charles, M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.\\nParker, Foxhall, com. U. S. N.,born in N.Y.\\nPhelps, Austin, Cong, clergyman, b. Mass.\\nKichardson, Win. A., jurist, author, b. Mass.\\nShort, Charles, scholar, born in Mass.\\nSpalding, Lyman, physician, author, A46.\\nSquier, Ephraim archaeologist, b. in N.Y.\\nStorrs. Richard Salter, Cong, clergyman\\nof Brooklyn, born in Mass.\\nTaliaferro, Benj., Revolutionary officer, A71.\\nTrumbull, James llannuond, philol., b.Conn.\\nWayman, Alex.W., bp. Af. M. E. Ch., b. Mil.\\nWelby, Amelia 11., poet, born in Md.\\nWhite, Richard Grant, author, born in N.Y.\\nYoumans, Edward L., chemist, ed., b. N.Y.\\n1822*\\nAdams, Wm. Taylor (Oliver Optic), writer,\\nborn in Mass.\\nBancroft, John Chandler, diplomatist, born.\\nBartholomew, Edward S., sculptor, b. Conn.\\nBurlingatne, Anson, diplomatist, b. in N.Y.\\nCummins, George David, Reformed Epis.\\nbishop, born in Del.\\nDana, Napoleon J. T., maj.-gen. vols., b. Me.\\nDarley, Felix O. C, artist, born in Phila.\\nfii. lor 111., horn in 0.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Orge, artiHt, born in Mass.\\nam, Octavius B-, I nit. cl.,b. Mass.\\nGalaudet, T.. P. E, cL (deaf mutest, born.\\nGarrard, J., soldier in Kev.. Gov. of Ky.,A73.\\nt.arrettson, Freeborn, M. E. clergyman, A7\u00c2\u00ab.\\nGihbs, Oliver Wolcott, chemist, b. in N.Y.\\nGirard, Charles, naturalist, horn in Fr.\\nGranger, Gideon, 1 M. Gen. U. S., A55.\\nGrant. Ulysses Simpson. 14th Gen. of V. 3.\\nA., iHth President of r. s., b. inO., Apr. 27.\\nHale. Edward Everett, Cmt. clergyman,\\nauthor, horn in Mass.\\nHayes, Rutherford Birchard, brig.-yen.\\nvols., Gov. O., lHtli President of C. S., b. O.\\nHewitt, Abraui S., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y.\\nIlolman, William S., M. C. for Ind., b. lnd.\\nHough, Franklin Benj., writer, b. in N.Y.\\nIngersoll, Jared, jurist, uf Pa., A73.\\nJohnson, Samuel, Unit clergyman, b. Mass.\\nJohnston, Itich d M., author, educator, b. (ia.\\nJudd, Orange, agricultural editor, b. in N.Y.\\nKane, Thomas L., lawyer, born in Pa.\\nKasson, John Adams, M. C. lor la., b. in Vt\\nLyon, Caleb, M. C. for N.Y., born in N.Y.\\nMitchell, iKuiald Grant, author, b. in Conn.\\nOlmsted, Fred. L., landscape gardener, b. Ct.\\nOrr, James L., M. C. for S. C, gov., b. S. C.\\nOsgood, David, Cong, cl., Federalist, A75.\\nParton, .lames, biographer, born in Eng.\\nPhelps, William Franklin, educator, b. N.Y\\nPinkney. WiHiam, sen. for Md., atty.-gen.,\\nminister to Eng., A58.\\nPope, John, brig.-gen. U. S. A., b. in Ky.\\nPorter, Fit/. John, general, born in N. H.\\nPorter, Moses, V. S. officer, A47.\\nPugh, George E., sen. for O., born in O.\\nRand, Isaac, physician, A79.\\nRead, Thomas Buchanan, poet, b. in Pa.\\nRunkle, John I)., astronomer, born.\\nStark, John, general in Revolution, A94.\\nStewart, John, Apostle to the Wyandots, d.\\nStrong, James, scholar, author, b. in N.Y.\\nTaylor, Benjamin Franklin, poet, b. in N. Y.\\nTruxtun, Thomas, com. U. S. N., A67.\\nVan Dyke, H. J., Pres. clergyman, b. in Pa.\\nVasey, George, botanist, born in Eng.\\n1823*\\nAlger, William Rouiiseville,Cnit. cl.,b. Mass.\\nBadger, Oscar C, officer U. S. N.. b. Conn.\\nBaird, Spencer Fullerton. naturalist, b. Pa.\\nBartraui, William, botanist, A84.\\nBeers, W. H., pres. of Insurance Co., born.\\nBerg-h. Henry, philan., f der of Society for\\nPrevention of Cruelty to Animals, b. N.Y.\\nBloomtield, Jos., Revolutionary officer, A57.\\nBoker, George Henry, poet, born in Pa,\\nBozman, John Leeds, historian, jurist, A66.\\nBuckner, Simon B., U. S. A., Confed. gen.,\\nborn in Ky.\\nChadhourne, Paul Ansel, educator, b. Me.\\nClinton, Jos. J., Af. M. E. bishop, b. Phila.\\nCollyer, Robert, I nit. clergyman, b. in Eng.\\nCraven, Braxton, Pres. Trinity College, N.\\nC, born in N. C.\\nColfax. Schuyler. M. C. for Ind., Speaker,\\n17th Vice-Pres.,b. N. Y.\\nCropsey, Jasper Frank, artist, born in N.Y.\\nDavidson, Margaret Miller, poetess, b. N.Y.\\nDeane, James, missionary to Indians, A75.\\nDelano, Capt. Amasa, traveler, A60.\\nDent, John Herbert, capt. U. S. N., A4L\\nDerby, George H., U. S. N., born.\\nDod, Daniel, mechanical engineer, A35.\\nDuvckinck, George Long, writer, b. in N.Y.\\nEddy, Thomas M., M. E. cl., editor, b. in O.\\nElliott, Ezekiel B., scientist, born in N. Y.\\nFerry, Orris Sanford, sen. for Conn., brig.-\\ngen. volunteers, born in Conn.\\nFrancis, John B., sen. for R. I., gov., A39.\\nFranklin, William B., U. S. A., maj.-gen. U. S.\\nvol., born in Pa.\\nGifford, Sanford Robinson, painter, b. N.Y.\\nGilmore, James Roberts, author, b. in Mass.\\nHardin, Martin D., U. S. senator, A43.\\nHarris, Thomas Lake. Spiritualist, b. Eng.\\nHart, William, landscape painter, b. in Scot.\\nHartsborne, Henry, physician, horn in Pa.\\nHawkins. W. G., P. E. clergyman, b. in Md.\\nHeckewelder, John, Moravian mis ry, A80.\\nHeilprin, Michael, scholar, born in Poland.\\nHigginsou, Thomas Wentworth, an., b. Mass.\\nHill, Benjamin H., sen. for Ga., born in Ga.\\nHoughton, Henry Oscar, publisher, b. in Vt.\\nHubbard, Joseph S.. astronomer, b. in Conn.\\nHunt on, Eppa, sen. for Va., born in Va.\\nJoy, Cbas. A., chemist, born in N.Y.\\nKfauth, Chas. P., Luth. cl., author, b. Va.\\nLay, Henry C, miss, of Southwest, b. Va.\\nLe Conte, Joseph, naturalist, born in Ga.\\nLeidy, Joseph, naturalist, born in Phila.\\nLewis, Dio, physician, lecturer, b. in N.Y\\nLippincott, Sarah J., author, born in N.Y*.\\nMayo, Amory Dwight, Unit, cl., au.,b. Mass.\\nMedill, Joseph, editor, born in Can.\\nM -iggs, It. J., sen. for O., governor, A59.\\nMilburn, William Henry. M\u00c2\u00abth. Epis. clergy-\\nman, chaplain, born in I a.\\nMorton, Oliver l erry,sen. for lnd., governor,\\nInd.\\nMoore, Zephanlab Swift, scholar, A53.\\nNewton, John, military engineer, b. in Va.\\nPatterson, James w., sen, for K. B.,b.H. H.\\nParkman. Francis, historian, b. at Boston.\\n1 cahody. Nathaniel, gen.. A h.\\nPerkins, Charles Callahan, art critic, b. Mass.\\nRoger, w. c, jurist, born.\\nciss, Joseph A., Luth. clergyman, b. in Md.\\nSherman. John. sen. for O., sec of treas.,\\n.sickles, Daniel E., gen. of vols., M. C. for\\nN. Y., born in N.Y.\\nTweed. Wm. M., Tammany Boss, em-\\nbezzler, born in N. Y.\\nVan Dorn. Earl. Confed. gen., bora m Miss.\\nWood, Thomas Waterman, painter, b. m Vt.\\nWright, Horatio G., maj.-gen. of vols., b. Ct.\\nCHURCH.\\n1821* *Md. The first General Synod\\n(Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Fred-\\nerick.\\nThe Methodists begin work among the\\nCreeks.\\n-V. Y. The (S. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof Genesee is formed.\\n0. The Protestant Episcopal Diocese\\nof Cincinnati is established.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets; Wm. Hill,\\nmoderator.\\nA special meeting is held of the\\n(Protestant Episcopal) General Con-\\nvention.\\nS. C. The Synod of this State com-\\nmences mission work among the Chiek-\\nasaws.\\nThe American Board has 250 contrib-\\nuting societies many of them composed\\nexclusively of women.\\nThe mission for the Seneca and Tusca-\\nrora Indians is transferred to the United\\nForeign Missionary Society.\\nVa. The Roman Catholic Diocese of\\nRichmond is established.\\n1822 June New York. The General\\nSynod (Reformed) meets Philip Mille-\\ndoler, president.\\nMich. Baptists begin work among\\nthe Ottawas.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets; O. Jennings,\\nmoderator.\\nThe union of the Presbyterians and\\nReformed Church is effected.\\nThe Society of Friends engages in\\nmission work among the Onondagas.\\nThe Methodists begin work among the\\nCherokees.\\nThe Western Missionary Society\\ncommences work among the Maumees,\\nor Ottawas.\\nO. The Wyandot mission-house is\\ncompleted, schools prosper, and over\\n200 Indians are converts.\\nThe United Domestic Missionary\\nSociety (undenominational) is founded.\\nD. C. The Triennial Meeting of\\nBaptists is held in Washington.\\n1S23 Feb. 24. Ga. The Protestant\\nEpiscopal Diocese of Georgia is orga-\\nnized.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1821 *-1824, May 22. 131\\nFeb. N. Y. The General Synod (Re-\\nformed) meets at Albany P. Milledoler,\\npresident. [And again in June, Jesse\\nFonda, president.]\\nMay 22. N. C. John S. Ravenscroft\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop.\\nSept. 28. It. Leo XTT. is elected pope.\\nMd. The Jews form a congregation.\\nThe second General Synod (Evan-\\ngelical Lutheran) meets at Frederick.\\nN. T. Joseph Smith [The Mormon]\\nannounces a vision at Palmyra of the\\nAngel Moroni.\\nThe New England Tract Society\\nchanges its name to the American\\nTract Society.\\nN. J. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\n*The United Domestic Missionary\\nSociety commences work among the\\nMackinaws.\\nPhi/a. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets John Chester,\\nmoderator.\\nA Presbyterian Society for the Sup-\\nport of Heathen Youth is organized.\\n[Existed until 1874.]\\nThe General Convention (Protes-\\ntant Episcopal) meets.\\nBaptist missionaries commence work\\namong the Creeks.\\nMrs. Judson having returned to\\nAmerica, stirs the churches to mission-\\nary zeal. [Her influence is felt for 40\\nyears.]\\n1824 Feb. 20. The American Bap-\\ntist Publication Society is formed.\\n[Receipts the first year, \u00c2\u00a7373.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1821 D. C. Columbian University\\n(non-sect.), of Washington, is organized.\\nKy. Gonzago College (Rom. Cath.)\\nis organized.\\nThe Kentucky State Library is\\nfounded at Frankfort. [33,900 vols.]\\nMass. Amherst College (Cong.) is\\nfounded.\\nN. Y. Auburn Theological Seminary\\n(Presb.) is opened.\\nPhil a. Atkinson s Casket appears.\\nThe Saturday Magazine appears.\\nThe Mercantile Library Company Li-\\nbrary is founded. [152,741 vols.]\\nThe Spy, by Cooper, appears.\\nThe Dying Raven, by Richard H.\\nDana, appears.\\nTravels in New England and New\\nYork, by Timothy Dwight, appears.\\nThe Ages, by W. C. Bryant, appears.\\nThe Idle Man, by R. H. Dana, appears.\\n1822 Neto York. The Albion is issued.\\nThe Literary Review is established.\\nPhila. The Museum of Foreign Litera-\\nture appears. [Expires in 1839.]\\nVa. The Virginia State Library is\\nfounded at Richmond. [44,000 vols.]\\nRee s Cyclopedia is republished in the\\nUnited States.\\nA New England Tale, by Catherine\\nM. Sedgwick, appears.\\nThe Aborigines of America, by Lydia\\nH. Sigourney, appears.\\nPrometheus y J. G.Percival, appears.\\nSeventy-six, by John Neal, appears.\\nLogan, by John Neal, appears.\\nBracebrldge Hall, by Washington\\nIrving, appears.\\nConn. Trinity College (Prot. Epis.)\\nis organized at Hartford.\\n1823 New York. The New York Mir-\\nror appears.\\nMay 17. The New York Observer is\\nfounded by Sidney E. and Richard C.\\nMorse, and the first number issued.\\nAlexander Campbell establishes the\\nChristian Baptist.\\nThe Pioneers and The Pilot, by\\nCooper, appear.\\nMarco Bozzaris, by Halleck, appears.\\n1824 Mar. 2. Boston. The Boston\\nCourier is first issued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1821 S. C. The city council of\\nCharleston prohibits the opening of\\nnight or Sunday-schools for the in-\\nstruction of negro slaves.\\nXT, S. The anti-slavery agitation\\nbecomes violent. [It continues, with\\nmore or less vehemence, to vex the\\nnation for forty years, till every yoke\\nis broken by the bloody hand of war.]\\n18224- W.I. Piracy in the West\\nIndies having become common, a fleet\\nsent to break it up captures more than\\ntwenty vessels.\\nSTATE.\\n1822 Jan. 1. XT. S. National debt\\n$93,546,676.\\nFeb. 1. B.C. Congress; Senate: John\\nGaillard of S. C. is reelected President\\npro tempore.\\nMar. 28. D. C. Congress the House\\npasses a bill to recognize the inde-\\npendence of the Spanish provinces in\\nSouth America. Vote 167-1.\\nMar. 30. D. C. Congress provides for\\na territorial government in Florida.\\nMar. D. C. President Monroe gives ut-\\nterance to the famous Monroe Doc-\\ntrine. (See Dec. 2, 1823.)\\nMay 4. C. The President communi-\\ncates to Congress his objections to na-\\ntional appropriations for internal im-\\nprovements. [It arrests public attention\\nand legislative action.]\\nMay 8. D. C. The 17th Congress:\\nthe first session closes.\\nDec. 2. T). C. Congress: the second\\nsession opens.\\nD. C. Congress recognizes the South\\nAmerican Republics.\\nXT. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-23 Cal. Pablo V. de Sola (Mex.).\\n-23 Del. Caleb Rodney.\\n-34* Fla. (Ter.) William P. Duval.\\n-26 III. Edward Coles.\\n-25 Ind. William Hendricks.\\n-24 La. H. S. Thibodeaux,\\n-24* N. Y. Joseph Tates.\\nO. Allen Trimble.\\n-26 O. Jeremiah Morrow.\\n-24 S.C. John L. Wilson.\\n-25 Va. James Pleasants.\\n1823 Jan. 1. XT. S. National debt\\n$90,875,877.\\nFeb. 19. B.C. Congress; Senate:\\nJohn Gaillard of S. C. is reelected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nFeb. Tex. Mexico grants Stephen F.\\nAustin of Va., founder of Texas, a grant\\nof territory for a colony.\\nMar. 4. B. C. The 17th Congress\\nends.\\nDec. 1. D. C. The 18th Congress\\nopens.\\nCongress House Henry Clay of\\nKy. is again elected Speaker.\\nDec. 2. D. C. Declaration of the\\nMonroe doctrine.\\nIt is enunciated by the President in his\\nmessage to Congress, That the Ameri-\\ncan Continents, by the free and inde-\\npendent position which they have as-\\nsumed and maintained, are henceforth\\nnot to be considered as subjects for future\\ncolonization by any European power;\\nhe also declares that t lie extension of the\\nsystem of the Holy Alliance to these con-\\ntinents would not be regarded in any\\nother light than as the manifestation\\nof an unfriendly disposition toward the\\nUnited States.\\nB. C. Smith Thompson of N. T.\\nis appointed Justice of the U. S. Su-\\npreme Court.\\nXT. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-25 Cal. Luis Arguello (Mexican).\\n-24 Bel. Joseph Haslett.\\n-27 Ga. George M. Troup.\\n-25 Mass. Wm. Eustis.\\n-24 *N. Levi Woodbury.\\nPa. John Andrew Shulze.\\n-26 Vt. C. P. Van Ness.\\n1824 Jan. 1. XT. S. National debt\\n$90,269,777.\\nJan. 9. B. C. Congress House a\\nprotective tariff bill is introduced. It\\nis opposed by the South and New Eng-\\nland.\\nMay 22. D. C. Congress enacts a\\nnew tariff which is more highly pro-\\ntective than the old law. Average rate\\n37 per cent. It has a slender majority\\nin its favor only five in the House and\\nfour in the Senate.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1822 Autumn. The first regular\\nsteamer sails between New York and\\nNorfolk, Va.\\nBoston becomes an incorporated city.\\nDec. 31. XT. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1822, 6,911.\\n1823 Oct. 8. N. Y. The first boat\\npasses from Rochester to Albany through\\nthe Erie Canal.\\nBoston. Gas is used. The first\\nmayor under the city charter is elected.\\nMiss. Natchez is scourged with yel-\\nlow fever; most of the citizens flee.\\nN. Y. The first three-story brick\\nhouse in Brooklyn is erected the\\nhouses are first numbered, and some of\\nthe streets paved population about 7,000.\\nDec. 31. XT. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1823, 6,354.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "132 1824, Apr. 19-1826, Jan. 3.\\nAMERICA\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1824 Wis. The Colorado Beetle\\n(potato-bug) is first found in Wisconsin\\nit is described by Thomas Say, and named\\nDoryphora decemlineata.\\nMass. The manufacture of flannel\\nby water-power is commenced at Ames-\\nbury.\\n1825 June 17. Mass. The venerable\\nMarquis de Lafayette lays the corner-\\nstone of Bunker Trill Monument\\nDaniel Webster delivers the oration.\\nNov. 29. New Tori:. Rossini s II Bar-\\nbier is produced by the Manuel Garcia\\nCompany, including Maria Felicita Ma-\\nlibran. The first genuine Italian opera\\nin America.\\nNew York. Dr. Gram, educated in\\nDenmark, introduces the homeo-\\npathic practice of medicine.\\nPhila. Queen s-ware is first manu-\\nfactured.\\n*U.S. Anthracite coal is used in\\ndwellings and factories.\\nVa. A small observatory is erected\\nby Thomas Jefferson for the University\\nof Virginia.\\nU. S. A bottle containing acid and\\ncotton surmounted with phosphorized\\npine sticks substitutes the tinder-box,\\nflint, and steel, in starting a fire.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1834*\\nAshby, Turner, Confed. gen., born in Va.\\nBaird, Absalom, maj.-^i-n. vols., born in Pa.\\nBaker, William M uint ord, author, b. in D. C.\\nBeard, William II., animal painter, b. in O.\\nBee, Bernard on fed. gen., b. in S. C.\\nBeecher, Thomas K., Cong, el., born in Conn.\\nBonner, Robert, journalist of N. Y., b. Ire.\\nBradford, .Joseph M., naval orlicer, b. Tenn.\\nBroome, John L-, officer U. S. N., b. in N. Y.\\nBurnside, Ambrose E., inaj.-gen. of vols.,\\nsen. for R.I., gov., born in Ind.\\nCary, Phoebe, poet, born in 0.\\nColquitt, Alfred H., sen. for Ga., b. in Ga.\\nCooley, Thomas M., jurist, b. in N. Y.\\nCox. Samuel Sullivan, M.C. for N.Y., b. 0.\\nCurtis, George William, author, editor\\nHarper s Weekly, born in K. I.\\nDayton, Jonathan, Kevl n. patriot, A64.\\nDoremus, Robert Og.len, chemist, b. N.Y.\\nDuncan, William Bap. cl., editor, b. N.Y.\\nFlemmmg, William, M. C, A70.\\nFry, Benj. St. .lames, M. E. cl., b. in Tenn.\\nGould, Benjamin A., Jr., astronomer, born\\nin Mass.\\nGraham, Chas. K., officer IT. S. N., b. N.Y.\\nGrow, Galusha Aaron, M.C. for Pa., Speaker,\\nborn in Conn.\\nHancock, Winfleld Scott, maj.-gen. TT. S.\\nA., born in Pa.\\nHaven, Harriet jr., reformer, born.\\nHowell, David, judge, A77.\\nHunt, William Morns, painter, born in Vt.\\nJackson, Thomas Jonathan, Stonewall,\\nU. S. A., Confed. lieut.-gen., b. Va., Jan. 21.\\nJeffers, William, U. S. N., born.\\nJohnson. Eastman, painter, born in Me.\\nKing, Thomas Starr, Unit, cl., born in N. Y.\\nLelaiul, Charles t;., essayist, humorist, b. Pa.\\nLewis, Estelle Anna 1 author, born in Md.\\nLittlejobn, Abram N., P. E. bp. b. N.Y.\\nMatthews, Stanley, U. S. S. Ct., born in 0.\\nMorgan, John T., sen. for Ala., born in Tenn.\\nOgden, John, founder I isk Univ., born.\\nOglesby, Richard J., gov., sen. for 111., gen.,\\nborn in Ky.\\nPalmer, Tunis, army officer, born.\\nPleasonton, Alfred, brig. -gen. vol., b. D. C.\\nPutnam, Unfits, gen., pioneer of O., A86.\\nQuintard, Chas. T., P. E. bishop, b. Conn.\\nRodney, Crcsar A., atty.-gen., of Pa., A42.\\nRandall, Charles S.,M. C. for Mass., born in\\nMass.\\nSeelye, Julius Hawlev, educator, b. Conn.\\nShea, John 1 Cilmary, scholar, b. N.Y.City.\\nSigel, Franz, brig.-gen. of vols., b. in Ger.\\nStanford, Leland, sen. for Cab, b. in N.Y.\\nThompson, Chas., pres. of Congress, A95.\\nWalker. William, filibuster, b. in Tenn.\\nWhitney, Adeline D. Train, au., b. in Muss.\\nWight, Orlando Williams, author, b. N.Y.\\nWinchell, Alexander, geologist, b. in N.Y.\\nWoods, William P., I S. S. Ct., b. in Ga.\\n1825\\nAkers, Penj. Paul, sculptor, born in Me.\\nAndrews, Edward Gayer, M. E. bp., b. N.Y.\\nP.aldwm, Thomas, I .apt. cl. m Postun, A7.\\nlielden, James J., M. C. forN.Y., b. in N.Y.\\nlierg, Albert W., composer, organist, born.\\nP.irney, David Bell, maj.-gen. of vols., b. Ala.\\nlilaekwell, Antoinette Drown, Congrega-\\ntional preacher, philanthropist, b. in N.Y.\\nBliss, Willard, physician, born.\\nBoyd, Andrew K. II., P. E. cl., born in Scot.\\nBristow, ;eo. P., com] oser, musician, b. N.Y.\\nBrooks, John, t.ov. of Mass., A73.\\nButler, Win. Allen, poet, born in N.Y.\\nChild, Francis James, scholar, b. in BoBton.\\nCook, John, brig.-gen. vols., born in 111.\\nCurry, Jabez L. M., P.apt. clergyman, b. Ga.\\nDalton, John all, physiologist, b. in Mass.\\nDavnlson, Lu.retia Maria, poetess, A17.\\nEustis, William, physician, M. C, Gov. of\\nMass., sec. of war, minister, A 72.\\nDorr, J alia C. R., author, born in S. C.\\nFanning, David, Tory leader in Hev., A69.\\nFiske, Pliny, missionary m Palestine, A33.\\nFischer, ;eo. Jackson, phvsirjaii, surgeon, b.\\nGear, John H., M. C, born in N.Y.\\nGeorge, Win. S., journalist, editor, born.\\nGillmore, Quincy A., gen., engineer, b. in O.\\nGordon, Geo. Henry, brig.-gen. vols., b. Mass.\\nGordon, Granger, maj.-gen. vols., b. in N.Y.\\nGreen, William Henry, Pres. cl., b. in N. J.\\n(Jueriisey, Alfred Hudson, editor, b. in Vt.\\nHaight, Henry Huntley, jurist, born in N. Y.\\nHarper, Robert lawyer, statesman, A60.\\nHill, Ambrose P., U. S. A., Confed. maj.-\\ngen., born in Va.\\nHonk, ;eorge W., M. C. for 0.. born in Pa.\\nHull, William, gen. in war of 1812, A62.\\nHunt, Thomas Sterry, chemist, b. in Conn.\\nInness, George, landscape painter, b. N.Y.\\nJewell, Marshall, Gov. of Conn., b. in N. H.\\nLamar, Lucius Q. C, U. S. S. Ct., b. in Miss.\\nLea, Henry C, author, born in Pa.\\nLe Conte, John L., entomologist, b. in N.Y.\\nLivingston, John H., father of Reformed\\nDutch Church in Am., A79.\\nMacdonough, Tbos., com. U. S. N., A42.\\nMarch, Francis Andrew, philologist, b. Mass.\\nMerrill, Stephen M., M. E. bishop, b. in O.\\nPalmer, John Williamson, editor, b. in Md.\\nParker, Edward G., journalist, an., b. Mass.\\nPickett, Geo. E., U.S.A., Confed. gen.,b. Va.\\nPinckney, Charles Cotesworth, maj.-gen.,\\nminister to Fr., A79.\\nPorcher, Francis i eyrc, physician, b. S. C.\\nPreston, Tbos. Scott, R. C. primate, b. Conn.\\nPrime, William C, editor, born in N.Y.\\nRarey, John S., horse-tamer, born in O.\\nReno, Jesse L., general, born in W. Va.\\nRequier, Augustus J., jurist, poet, b. S. C.\\nRinehart, William H., sculptor, born in Md.\\nRogers, Randolph, sculptor, born in N.Y.\\nSehweinitz, Edmund Alex, de, Moravian\\nbishop, born in Pa.\\nShays, Daniel, rebel of Mass., A85.\\nStevens, Moses T., M. C. for Mass., b. Mass.\\nStoddard, Richard Henry, poet, b. in Mass.\\nSummerfleld, John, M. E. cl., orator, A27.\\nTaylor, Bayard, traveler, poet, born in Pa.\\nThomas, Cyrus, entomologist, born in Tenn.\\nTompkins, Daniel D. statesman, M, C. for\\nN.Y., 6th Vice- Pres., governor, A51.\\nUnderwood, Francis Henry, author, b. Mass.\\nWeems, Mason L., author, born in Va.\\nWhitney, Eli, inventor of cotton gin, AGO.\\nWilkinson, -lames, general U. S. A., A68.\\nCHURCH.\\n1824 May 1-28. Md. The General\\nConference (Methodist Episcopal) is\\nheld in Baltimore reports from the An-\\nnual Conferences condemn the plan for\\nelecting presiding elders.\\nIt establishes the Upper, Middle, and\\nCherokee Missions.\\nIt organizes the Maine, Illinois, Pitts-\\nburg, and Holston Conferences, and or-\\ndains as bishops Joshua Soule and\\nElijah Hedding.\\nMay 21. Md. A Convention of Metho-\\ndist Reformers is held at Baltimore.\\nJune New York. The General Synod\\n(Reformed) meets Thomas Be Witt,\\npresident.\\nN. Y. The Baptist* work among the\\nTusearoras and Tunawandus of western\\nNew York.\\nPhila. The American Sunday-\\nschool Union is organized.\\nThe General Assembly (Presby-\\nteriauj meets Ashbel Green, moderator.\\nS. C. The United Synod, South\\n(Evangelical Lutheran), of South Caro-\\nlina, ifi organized.\\n1825 Feb. X. Y. The General Synod\\n(Reformed) meets at Albany T. I e\\\\Yitt.\\npresident. [Also, at Xew Brunswick, in\\nJune, Jacob Broadhead, president, and\\nagain in Sept.]\\nMay 24. Boston. The American Uni-\\ntarian Association is formed.\\nThere are 95 Unitarians and 310 Con-\\ngregational churches.\\nMay 25. Boston. The Unitarian Mis-\\nsionary Association is founded.\\nMd. The General Synod (Evangeli-\\ncal Lutheran) meets at Frederick.\\nN. Y. The Universalist State Con-\\nvention is organized.\\nNew York. The [present] American\\nTract Society is organized.\\nO. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod of\\nthe \\\\Vestern Reserve is formed.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets S. N. Rowan, mod-\\nerator.\\nPa. A Protestant Episcopal bishop is\\nfirst seen west of the Alleghanies.\\nThe Reformed (German) Church estab-\\nlishes a theological school at Carlisle.\\nWis. The Episcopalians open an In-\\ndian mission at Green Bay.\\nLETTERS.\\n1824 Boston. The Christian Exam-\\niner is issued.\\nNew York. The Atlantic Magazine is\\nissued [and afterwards changed to the\\nNew York Monthly Review],\\nN. Y. The Rensselaer Polytechnic In-\\nstitute (non-sect.) is organized at Troy.\\n0. The Miami University (non-\\nsect.) is organized at Oxford.\\nVa. The Union Theological Seminary\\n(Presb.)-is established.\\nThe Mutual Bights (Meth. Protestant)\\nis issued.\\nJohn Bull in America, by Paulding,\\nappears.\\nTales of a Traveller, by Irving,\\nappears.\\nReflections on the Politics of Ancient\\nGreece, by George Bancroft, appears.\\nUses and Various Evidences of Re-\\nvealed Religion, by A erplanck, appears.\\n1825* Conn. The Connecticut Histori\\ncal Society Library is founded at Hart-\\nford. [20,000 vols.]\\nLa. The Centenary College\\n(Meth. Epis.) is established.\\nMass. Xewton Theological Institute\\n(Bapt.) is founded at Xewton Centre.\\nA J. Queen s College (Reformed)\\nis revived, and called Rutgers College.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1824, Apr. 19-1826, Jan. 3. 133\\nNew York. The Sunday Courier is is-\\nsued. It is the first Sunday newspaper.\\nN. Y. Hobart Free College (Prot.\\nEpis.) is founded at Geneva.\\nO, Franklin College (non-sect.), at\\nNew Athens, is organized.\\nKenyon College (Prot. Epis.) is orga-\\nnized at Gambier.\\nFa. The University of Virginia\\n(non-sect.) is organized. Its Library\\n[4S.000 vols.] is founded.\\nThe Biblical Repertory and Princeton\\nReview, founded by Hodge, appears.\\nThe Religious Messenger (Meth. Epis.)\\nis issued. [Later merged into the Chris-\\ntian Advocate.]\\nGeorge Guess (or Sequoyah), a half-\\nbreed Cherokee about 50 years old, in-\\nvents the Cherokee alphabet.\\nZophieVe; or the Bride of Seven, by\\nMaria Brooks, appears.\\nThe Southern Literary Gazette appears.\\nIladad, by Hillhouse, appears.\\n-26 Observations on Cornine, a\\nNew Alkaloid, by Samuel G. Morton,\\nappears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1824 Aug. 15. New York. Lafay-\\nette, aged and gray, revisits America\\nby invitation of Congress and as the\\nnatron s guest, he is received with tre-\\nmendous enthusiasm [in all his tour of\\n5,000 miles through the States].\\nInd. Robert Dale Owen of Scotland\\nestablishes a philanthropic settlement,\\ncalled New Harmony, at his own ex-\\npense.\\nTenn. James K. Polk marries Sarah\\nChildress.\\n1825 Sept. 8. D. C. Gen. Lafayette,\\nthe Nation s guest, bids farewell to\\nAmerica, and sails from Washington for\\nFrance in an American frigate.\\nNov. 29. N. Y. The completion of the\\nErie and Champlain canals is cele-\\nbrated.\\nDec. 22. D. C. Congress votes Lafay-\\nette $200,000 and 24,000 acres of fertile\\nland in Florida, as a reward for services\\nand remuneration of expenses, incurred\\nduring the Revolution.\\nInd. Abraham Lincoln, sixteen\\nyears old, is working a ferry on the\\nOhio for sis dollars a month.\\nNew York. The Sunday Courier is\\nissued, but soon suspends for lack of\\nU.S. Working people begin to dis-\\ncuss the questions of shorter hours,\\nhigher wages, and greater safety.\\n*-30* *The Columbia Charitable As-\\nsociation of Shipwrights and Calkers\\norganizes.\\n1S26 Jan. 3. New York. Veterans or-\\nganize the Society of the War of\\n1812.\\nSTATE.\\n1824 Apr. 19. D. C. Congress:\\nHouse The A.B. Plot culminates.\\nCharges are presented against William\\nH. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury\\nand candidate for the presidency, which\\nreflect on his integrity; they are made\\nby Ninian Edwards, ex-senator for Illi-\\nnois, but not sustained.\\nMay 21. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nJohn Gaillard of S. C. is reelected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nMay 27. D. C. The 18th Congress:\\nthe first session closes.\\nD. C. President Monroe declines to\\nbe a candidate for reelection.\\nDec. 10. Congress; House: Henry\\nClay welcomes Lafayette in an address.\\nU. S. Great public excitement pre-\\nvails in the election, owing to the number\\n(4) of candidates Adams in the East,\\nCrawford in the South, Jackson and\\nClay in the West.\\nU. S. The custom of making nomi-\\nnations for President and Vice-Presi-\\ndent by caucuses of members of\\nCongress becomes unpopular, and is\\nabandoned.\\nNov. U. S. The 10th Presidential\\nelection; coalition candidates are\\nelected. Popular vote for President\\nAndrew Jackson (Dem.-Rep.) of Tenn.,\\n155,S72 John Q,. Adams (Opposition)\\nof Mass., 105,321 Henry Clay (Rep.) of\\nKy., 46,5S7; William H. Crawford\\n(Rep.) of Ga., 44,282.\\nTenn. James K. Polk of Tenn. is\\nfirst elected to Congress, aged 29. [He\\nis reelected continuously for 14 years.]\\nDec. 6. L C. The 18th Congress the\\nsecond session opens.\\nDec. 22. D. C. Congress votes Lafay-\\nette remuneration. (See Society.)\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-27 Del. Samuel Paynter.\\n-28 Ky. Joseph Desha.\\n-28 La. Henry Johnson.\\n-26 Mo. Frederick Bates.\\n-27 N. C. Hutchins G. Burton.\\n-27 N. H. David L. Morrill.\\n-28* N. Y. De Witt Clinton.\\n-31 R. I- James C. Fenner.\\n-26 S. C. Richard J. Manning.\\n1825 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n\u00c2\u00a7S3,788,432.\\nJan. 11. D. C. Congress: the senate\\nratifies a boundary treaty with Russia.\\nIt establishes the boundary line at 54\u00c2\u00b0 40\\nFeb. 12. Ga.-Ala. A treaty is made\\nwith the Indians.\\nD. C. President Adams recommends\\ninternal improvements, but Congress\\ndoes not approve.\\nFeb. 9. D. C. Congress counts the\\nelectoral vote.\\nVote for President: Andrew Jackson\\nof Tenn., 99 John Q. Adams of Mass., 84\\nHenry Clay ot Ky.. 37 Wm. H. Craw-\\nford of Ga., 41. Vote for Vice-Presi-\\ndent: John C Calhoun (Dem.-Rep.) of\\nS. C, 182; Nathan Sanford of N. Y., 30;\\nNathanial Macon of N. C, 24 Andrew\\nJackson of Tenn. (Rep.), 13 Martin Van\\nBuren of N. Y. (Rep.), 9; Henry Clay\\nof Ky. (Rep.), 2.\\nNo candidate having a majority of the\\ntotal electoral vote (261), the House of\\nRepresentatives elects Adams on the\\nfirst ballot, by the votes of 13 States.\\nVote of the House of Representatives\\nJackson, 00; Adams, 84; Crawford, 41\\nMar. 4. D. C. The 18th\\nends.\\nSixth Administration Coalition.\\nMar. 4. D. C. John Quincy Adams of\\nMass. is inaugurated the Gth President,\\nin the 10th term of the presidency. John\\nC. Calhoun of S. C. is Vice-President.\\nCabinet Henry Clay of Ky. (State),\\nRichard Rush of Pa. (Treas.), James\\nBarbour of Ya. (War), Samuel L.\\nSouthard of N. J. (Navy), William\\nWirt of Va. (Atty.-Gen.), John Mc-\\nLean of O. (P. M.-Gen.).\\nMar. 9. D. C. Congress; Senate John\\nGaillard of S. C. is elected President\\npro tempore.\\nDec. 5. D. C. The 19th Congress\\nopens.\\nDec. House John W. Taylor of N. Y.\\nis elected Speaker.\\nGa. A Controversy concer nin g\\nCreek (Indian) lands in Georgia oc-\\ncurs the State ignores the Federal au-\\nthority the Indians sell their lands, and\\nremove to the West.\\nA treaty of commerce is made with the\\nRepublic of Colombia.\\nThe opponents of President Jackson s\\nadministration become known as\\nWhigs, and their number increases\\nrapidly.\\n*-26* New York. William Paulding,\\nthe 05th mayor, is elected.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-29 Ala. John Murphy.\\n-29 Ark. (Ter.) George Izzard.\\n-31 Cal. J. M. de Echeandia(Mex-).\\n-31 Ind. James B. Ray.\\nMass. Marcus Morton.\\n-34 Mass. Levi Lincoln.\\n-27 Miss. David Holmes.\\n_27 Va. John Tyler.\\n1826 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$81,054,059.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1824 N. Y. Steam ferries are first\\nrun between New York and Brooklyn.\\nNew York. Anthracite coal is first\\nused.\\nSummer. La. The yellow fever\\nrages in New Orleans.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1824, 7,912.\\n1825 Oct. 26. N. Y. The great Erie\\nCanal, 363 miles long, is completed,\\nchiefly through the influence of De Witt\\nClinton. It costs $7,500,000, and connects\\nthe Great Lakes with the seaboard at\\nNew York. The Champlain Canal is\\nalso completed.\\nNov. 2. N. Y. The opening of the\\nErie Canal is celebrated with great\\nceremony by the city of Albany-.\\nNov. 4. New York. The first boat via\\nthe Erie Canal arrives.\\nN. J. The Morris Canal, to connect\\nNewark and Phillipsburg, is commenced.\\nN. Y. The State treasurer has paid\\nnearly \u00c2\u00a790,000 in the last ten years for\\nthe extermination of wolves.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "134 1826, Jan. 10.-1828, July 4. AMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1828 May 24. Maj.-Gen. Alexander\\nMacomb is appointed (11th) commander\\nof the army.\\nJuly 1. N. Y. Jefferson Davis, 20 years\\nof age, graduates at West Point Military\\nAcademy.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1826 June 23. New York. Edwin\\nForrest appears as Othello at the Park\\nTheater.\\nOct. 2. New York. W. C. Macready\\nfirst appears in America as Virginius at\\nthe Park Theater.\\nConn. The manufacture of axes\\nand other edge-tools is commenced at\\nHartford.\\nMass. The manufacture of palm-leaf\\nhats commences.\\n*New York. The Academy of Design\\nis founded.\\nN. J. Thomas Seir Cummings of\\nHackensack is elected member of the\\nNational Academy of Design.\\nPa. The manufacture of school-\\nslates is commenced in this country.\\nPatrick Lyon, the Blacksmith, is\\npainted by John Neagle.\\nJames H. Hackett, a merchant, turns\\nto the stage, and becomes the foremost of\\nAmerican comedians.\\n1827 Md. The manufacture of fire-\\nbrick is commenced at Baltimore.\\nD. C. The Capitol at Washington is\\ncompleted.\\nPortrait of Jared Sparks is painted by\\nGilbert Stuart.\\nMorse, Jedidiab, yotfraphi-r, _\\\\i..\\nMurray, Lindley. ^rainiiianan, AMI.\\nN filev, James S.. inaj.-Kt-n. vols., 1 in l*a.\\nNewman, .John P., M. K. bishop, b. in N.Y.\\ni Jake*, .lames, l.ri-v. hriL .-een., horn in J a,\\norton, William, pre*. W. I Tel. Co., b. N. Y.\\nA 43.\\ni in O.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1836*\\nAdams, John, of Mass., diplomatist, 2d\\nPres. of V. .S., dies July 4, A91.\\nAbbot, .Joel, M. for Oa., A60.\\nBlake, William I mineralogist, b. in N.Y.\\nBond, George Phillips, astronomer, b. Mass.\\nBowles, Samuel, journalist, born in Mass.\\nBrace, Charles l., author, philan., b. Conn.\\nBraden, .John, coll. pres. Nashville, b. N.Y.\\nBrown, Benj. iiraU, editor, teacher, born.\\nBuford, John, U. S. N., born in Ky.\\nChurch. Frederick Edwin, landscape\\npainter, born in Conn.\\nCrosby, Howard. Pres. clergyman, Greek\\nscholar, born in N.Y.\\nDale, Richard, commodore, A70.\\nDaniels, Charles, M. C, born in N.Y.\\nDasbiel, Robert L., M. E. el., born in Md.\\nDavis, Andrew .J., clairvoyant, writer on\\nspiritualism, born in N.Y.\\nDavis, John, M. C, born in 111.\\nDe Forest, John William, author, b. Conn.\\nEwer, Ferdinand Cartwriglit, P. E. clergy-\\nman, author, born in Mass.\\nFoster, Stephen ballad composer, b. Pa.\\nGeorge, James Z., sen. for Miss., born in Ga.\\nGibbon, John, maj.-gen. of vols., b. in Pa.\\nGregg, John I., br9\u00c2\u00ab. brig. -gen., born in Pa.\\nHall, Gordon, tirst Am. miss, in Bombay, A 44.\\nHawley, Joseph K., sen. for Conn, born N. C.\\nHoar, George F., U. S. sen. for Mass.,b. Mass.\\nJefferson. Thomas, of Va., minister to Fr.,\\nsec. of state, 3d Pres., dies July 4, A83.\\nLarcom, Lucy, author, poet, born in Mass.\\nLogan, John A., maj.-gen. vols., sen. for\\n111., candidate for Vic e-Pres., b. 111., Feb. 9.\\nLong, Armistead L., Confed. gen., b. in Va.\\nMacClellan. George Brinton. Gen. of U. S.\\nA., Dein. candidate for Pres., Gov. of N. J.,\\nborn in Pa., Dec. 3.\\nMabone, Win., Confed. gen., sen. for Va., b.\\nin Va,\\nMacconnel, John L., novelist, born in 111.\\nMartin, Luther, lawyer, A78.\\nMehan, Thomas, botanist, horn in Eng.\\nMorgan. John II., Confed. guerrilla, b. Ky.\\nMorgan, William, mechanic, abducted, A51.\\n(juaekenbos, .eorgc 1 ayn, educator, b. N.Y.\\nRansom, Matt. W., Confed. -gen., sen. for\\nN. C, b. in N. C.\\nRobinBon, Lucius B., Gov. of N.Y., b. N.Y.\\nSeney. George I., philanthropist, b. N.Y.\\nX Stoekbrtdge, Francis 11., sen. for Mich., bom\\nin Me.\\n1827*\\nAddison, David, author, born.\\nAtkinson, Edward, writer, born in Mass.\\nBascom, John, author, M. E. cl., b. in N.Y.\\nBates, Samuel Penuiinan, historian, b. Mass.\\nIletts, Beverly R., P. E. clergyman, b. N.Y.\\nBoyce, Jas. P., Bap. cl., theologian, b. S. C.\\nBradford, William, painter, born in Mass.\\nHroadus, J. A., Bap. theol. prof., born in Va.\\nattell, Win. C, Pres. Lafayette, b. N. J.\\nCooke, .Josiah Parsons, chemist, b. in Mass.\\nCooke, Rose Terry, writer, poet, b. in Conn.\\nCorcoran, Michael, brig. -gen., born in Ire.\\nCummins, .Maria S., novelist, born in Mass.\\nDix. Morgan, P. E. clergyman, b. N.Y. City.\\nDooly, John Mitchell, wit, jurist, A55.\\nEmrriit, Thomas A., lawyer of N.Y., A63.\\nFerry, Thomas W., I*. S. sen., born in Mich.\\nFink, Albert, engineer, born in Ger.\\nFisher, George Park, prof, in Yale, b. Mass.\\nFry, James B., general, born in 111.\\nGaillard, Edwin S., phvs., educator, b. S. C.\\nHendricken, Thos. F., R. C. bishop, b. Ire.\\nHolcombe, Win. F., surgeon, prof., b. Mass.\\nHolley, Horace, Unit, clergyman, A46.\\nHoward, John E.,gen., sen. for Md.,gov.,A75.\\nHurlbut, Wm. Henry, journalist, b. in S. C.\\nKing. Rufus. M. Cont l Cong, from Me.,\\nsen. for N.Y., minister to Eng., A72.\\nLatham, Milton S., statesman, born in O.\\nMurphy, John McLeod, naval engineer, born.\\nNewhall, Fales H., prof. Wesleyan t niv., b.\\nPalmer. Frank W., editor, born in Ind.\\nParke, John G., mag.-gen. of vols., b. in Pa.\\nPayson, Edward, Cong, clergyman, A44.\\nPeale, Chas. Wilson, painter, naturalist, A86.\\nPickens, Israel, senator, dies.\\nPike, Mary II. Greene, author, born in Me.\\nPiatt, Orville II., senator for Conn., born.\\nPratt, Daniel J., scholar, writer, b. in N.Y.\\nRains, J., Confed. gen., born.\\nRobeson, George M., sec. of navy, b. in N. J.\\nRosecrans, Sylvester H., K. C. bishop, b. O.\\nSchermerhorn, Simon J., M. C.,born in N.Y.\\nSlocum, Henry Warner, maj.-gen. vols., law-\\nyer, born in N. Y.\\nStewart, William M., sen. for. Nev., b. N.Y.\\nTerrv, Alfred Ilowe.bng.-gen. vols., b. Conn.\\nTilghman, Wm., jurist, A71.\\nTrowbridge, John Townsend, novelist, born.\\nVenable, ciiarles S., mathematician, b. Va.\\nVoorhees, Daniel W., sen. for Ind., born in O.\\nWhitney, WiUiam Dwight. comparative\\nphilologist, born in Mass.\\nWindom. William, sen. for Minn., sec. of\\ntreas., born in O.\\nCHURCH.\\n1826 Jan. 10. Me. The General Con-\\nference (Congregational) of Maine is or-\\nganized.\\nMar. New York. The General Synod\\n(Reformed) meets Thomas DeWitt,\\npresident. [And again in June, John\\nLudlow, president.]\\nMay 10. New York. The United Do-\\nmestic Missionary Society is changed to\\nthe American Home Missionary So-\\nciety at New York.\\nIts object is to assist congregations\\nthat are unable to support the Gospel\\nministry, and to send the Gospel to the\\ndestitute within the United States.\\nMay 17. Miss. The Protestant Episco-\\npal Diocese of Mississippi is organized.\\nBoston. Lyman Beecher becomes\\npastor of the Hanover Street church.\\nInd. Both the (N. S. and the O. S.)\\nPresbyterian Synods of Indiana are\\norganized.\\nMo. The Roman Catholic Diocese of\\nSt. Louis is erected.\\nThe American Board receives from the\\nUnited Foreign Missionary Board cer-\\ntain Indian missions.\\nThe Osages the Isaacs of Missouri;\\nthe mixed tribes at Mackinaw; the Ot-\\ntawas at Maumee the Senecafl at Alle-\\ngheny Cattarauiine and S.-necas, and\\nalso the Tuscaroras, in New York. Cy-\\nclopedia of Missions.\\nNew York. A congregation of the\\nAfrican Union Methodist Church is\\nformed.\\nThe Baptist Triennial Meeting is\\nheld.\\nO. The Universalist State Conven-\\ntion is organized.\\nPhila. The General Convention\\n(Protestant Episcopal) meets.\\nThe General Assembly (Presbyte-\\nrian) meets; Francis McCauley, mod-\\nerator.\\nTenn. The (X. S.) Presbyterian Syn-\\nods of West Tennessee and the (O. S.)\\nSynod of Nashville are formed.\\n*The American Board has 7 mission\\nstations among the Cherokee Indians of\\nGeorgia, 10 among the Choctaws of Mis-\\nsissippi, and one among the Cherokees\\nof Arkansas.\\nThe Baptists commence missions\\namong the Ottawas also among the\\nChoctaws.\\n1827 June* Phila. The General\\nSynod (Reformed) meets Cornelius C.\\nCuyler, president.\\nSept. 22. N. Y. Joseph Smith an-\\nnounces the discovery of the Book of\\nMormon, written on plates of gold, in\\nEgypt* 3 11 characters. (See 1812.)\\nOct. 25. Pa. H. U. Onderdonk is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant\\nbishop for Pennsylvania.\\nNov. Md. A General Convention of\\nMethodist Reformers is held at Balti-\\nmore.\\nMass. The Unitarian Sunday-\\nschool Society is organized.\\nMich. The first Congregational Church\\nin Michigan is formed.\\nN. H. A General Conference of\\nFree-will Baptists is formed.\\nPa. The General Synod (Evangeli-\\ncal Lutheran) meets at Gettysburg.\\nThe Church of Christ (Disciples of\\nChrist) is organized.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets Francis Ilcrron,\\nmoderator. Congregational delegates\\nhave their right to vote taken away.\\nAn extensive secession divides the\\nSociety of Friends the names Ortho-\\ndox and Eicksite are given to the\\ntwo branches.\\nTex. The Franciscan missionaries\\non the Rio Grande teach a great number\\nof Jndians to read and write.\\nVa. The Dover Association (Baptist)\\ndecrees excommunication from fellow-\\nship of those holding the views of Alex-\\nander Campbell.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1826, Jan. 10-1828, July 4. 135\\nThe Sunday- school Union (Metho-\\ndist Episcopal) is formed.\\nThe Methodists begin work among the\\nChoc taws and Chiekasaws.\\nThe Synods of Georgia and South Car-\\nolina transfer their mission among the\\nChiekasaws to the American Board.\\nThe Baptists begin work among the\\nChippewas.\\n1828 Jan. Md. The Associate Metho-\\ndist Reformers meet at Baltimore.\\nApr. N. Y. The General Synod (Re-\\nformed) meets at Albany Cornelius C.\\nCuyler, president. [And again in June,\\nJacob Schoonmaker, president.]\\nMay 1-24. Pa. The General Confer-\\nence (Methodist Episcopal) meets in\\nPittsburg connection with the Cana-\\ndian Conference is practically dissolved.\\nMay* Pa. A memorial of grievances\\nfrom Methodist Reformers is presented\\nto the General Conference at Pitts-\\nburg; unsatisfactory proposals are made.\\nMay 5. New York. The New York\\nAmerican Seaman s Friend Society\\nis organized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1826 Sept. 9. New York. First issue\\nof the Christian Advocate (Meth. Epis.).\\nOct. 25. N. Y. The Rochester Daily\\nAdvertiser appears.\\nBoston. The State Library of Massa-\\nchusetts is founded. [60,000 vols.]\\nLa. The New Orleans Bee appears.\\nMd. The Maryland State Library is\\nfounded at Annapolis. [70,000 vols.]\\n0. Western Reserve College\\n(Pres). is founded at Hudson.\\nThe Cincinnati Commercial Register\\nappears.\\nVa. The Richmond Whig appears.\\n-30 Commentaries an- American\\nLaw, by James Kent, appears.\\nLionet Lincoln, by Cooper, appears.\\nMerry Tales of the Three Wise Men of\\nGotham, by Paulding, appears.\\nLast of the Mohicans, by Cooper, ap-\\npears.\\n1827 May New York. The Morning\\nEnquirer is started.\\nSept. 1. New York. The Journal of\\nCommerce issues its first number it is\\nhostile to slavery.\\nIII. Shurtleff College is founded by\\nBaptists at Upper Alton.\\nPa. The Western Theological Semi-\\nnary (Pres.) is established in Allegheny.\\nPhila. The American Quarterly Re-\\nview, by Robert Walsh, is published\\n[till 1837].\\nThe Prairie, hy Cooper, appears.\\nBiography of the Signers of tlie Dec-\\nlaration of Independence, by John San-\\nderson, appears.\\nThe Red Rover, by Cooper, appears.\\nThe Buccaneer, by Richard H. Dana,\\nappears.\\nCommentary on the Epistle to the\\nHebrews, by Moses Stuart, appears.\\n1828 Feb. 28. McKendree Col-\\nlege (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Lebanon.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1826 Feb. 13. Boston. The American\\nSociety for the Promotion of Temper-\\nance, on the basis of abstinence from\\nstrong drink, organizes.\\nApr. 4. Henry Clay and John Ran-\\ndolph fight a duel. The latter had stig-\\nmatized the coalition of Adams and\\nClay as a union of the Puritan and\\nthe black-leg.\\nSept. 11. N.Y. The alleged abduction\\nof William Morgan, by Freemasons\\nfor revealing secrets, causes intense\\nand widespread excitement.\\n*N. Y. Millard Fillmore marries\\nAbigail Powers.\\n1827* Tenn. Andrew Johnson mar-\\nries Eliza McCardle.\\nSTATE.\\n1826 Mar. 14. D. C. Congress ap-\\npoints Richard C. Anderson and John\\nSargeant as delegates to the General\\nCongress of South American States,\\nto meet in Panama, in June.\\nPhila. The [present] system of the\\nFairmount Water-works is completed.\\nMay 14. N. Y. Sing Sing prison is com-\\nmenced.\\nMay 20. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nNathaniel Macon of N. C. is elected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nMay 22. D. C. The 19th Congress:\\nthe first session closes.\\nJune The Panama Congress of South\\nAmerican States fails to meet and put\\nthe Monroe doctrine into practice.\\n(See Mar. 14, 1S26.)\\nJuly 4. The death of two ex-Presidents,\\nJohn Adams and Thomas Jefferson, on\\nthe 50th anniversary of American In-\\ndependence, arrests attention.\\nOct. N. Y. The Morgan anti-Mason\\nexcitement is taken into politics, and\\nmany members suffer in their reputa-\\ntion among them is De Witt Clinton.\\n(See Society.)\\nNov. 13. A convention is entered by\\nthe United States and Great Britain,\\nwhereby American citizens receive in-\\ndemnification for British spoliations\\nduring the war with Napoleon.\\nDec. 4. D. C. The 19th Congress: the\\nsecond session opens.\\nTenn. Seat of the State government\\nis changed from Murfreesboro to Nash-\\nville.\\n_27 New York. Philip Hone is\\nelected the 56th mayor.\\nD. C. Robert Trimble of Ky. is ap-\\npointed Justice of U. S. Supreme Court.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-30 III. Ninian Edwards.\\n-32 Mo. John Miller.\\n-30 O. Allen Trimble.\\n-28 S. C. John Taylor.\\n-28* Ft. Ezra Butler.\\n1827 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n\u00c2\u00a773,987,357.\\nJan. 2. Congress; Senate: Nathaniel\\nMacon of N. C. is re-elected President\\npro tempore. [Reelected Mar. 2.]\\nMar. 4. D. C. The 19th Congress\\nends.\\nAug. 6. Ore, The joint occupation of\\nOregon by American and British sub-\\njects is extended indefinitely by a treaty\\nagreement.\\nSept. 29. XI. S. The difference exist-\\ning between the United States and Great\\nBritain respecting boundaries is re-\\nferred to an arbiter for settlement.\\nDec. 3. D. C. The 20th Congress\\nopens.\\nHouse: Andrew Stevenson of Va. is\\nelected Speaker.\\n-29 New York. William Paulding\\nis elected the 57th mayor.\\nII. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-31 Conn. Gideon Tomlinson.*\\n-30 Del. George Poindexter.\\n-29 Ga. John Forsyth.\\n-29 Me. Enoch Lincoln.\\n-31 Miss. Gerard C. Brandon.\\n-28 *N. C. James Iredell.\\n-29 N. H. Benjamin Pierce.\\n-29 Tenn. Sam Houston.\\n-30 Va. Wm. B. Giles.\\n1828 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$67,475,043.\\nApr. N. Y. Martin Van Buren be-\\ncomes governor.\\nMay 15. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nSamuel Smith of Md. is elected Presi-\\ndent pro tempore.\\nMay 19. D. C. Congress: A heavy\\nprotective tariff bill passes, by which\\nthe sliding scale is advanced from 33\u00c2\u00a3 to\\nan average of 40 to 45 per cent. It com-\\nmences a serious division between the\\nNorth and the South. Called the tariff\\nof abominations. (House: Vote, 105-74.)\\nMay 26. D. C. The 20th Congress\\nthe first session closes.\\nU. S. Intense excitement, surpass-\\ning that of previous years, attends the\\nPresidential\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1826 Oct. 7. Mass. A railway for\\nhorse-power, 3 miles long, is completed\\nat Quincy, for conveying granite rock to\\ntide-water. It is the first railroad in\\nthe United States.\\nKerosene is first used for illuminate\\ning purposes.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1826, 10,837.\\n1827 May Pa. A gravity railroad\\nfor transporting coal is completed at\\nMauch Chunk the empty cars are to be\\ndrawn back by mules.\\nBoston. The first lithograph estab-\\nlishment is completed it uses imported\\nmaterials.\\nAmerican cotton manufactures are\\nfirst exported to any considerable extent.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1827, 18,875.\\n1828 July 4. Md. The corner-stone of\\nthe Baltimore and Ohio Railroad is\\nlaid with great ceremony at Baltimore\\nthe rails of wood are covered with iron\\nbars.", "height": "2855", "width": "1929", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "136 1828, Sept 26-1830, July.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1829 N. Y. Robert E. Lee, 22 years\\nof age, graduates at West Point.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1828 Sept. 26. Mass. A monument is\\nerected at Charlestown to the memory\\nof John Howard.\\nOct. N. J. The Franklin Institute in\\nPhiladelphia awards Seth Boyden of\\nNewark a premium for malleable cast-\\nings.\\nNew York. The manufacture of var-\\nnish for commercial use is commenced.\\nN. Y. The Albany Institute is or-\\nganized.\\nPa. Damask table-linen is first\\nmade at Pittsburg.\\nPaper is first made of straw and\\nhay at Meadville.\\nWilliam Woodworth s planing-ma-\\nchine is introduced.\\nThe Garden of Eden is painted by\\nThomas Cole.\\nThe Portrait of Fitz-Greene Hailed: is\\npainted by Henry Inman.\\nThe Chanting Cherubs is executed\\nby Horatio Greenough. The first group\\nexecuted in marble by an American.\\nCalvary is painted by William Dunlap.\\n1829 Mar. 27. New York. John W.\\nRevere explains his invention of gal-\\nvanized iron at the Lyceum of Natural\\nHistory.\\nConn. The manufacture of sewing-\\nsilk by machinery is commenced at\\nMansfield.\\nMass. The manufacture of pen-\\nknives and pocket-knives is com-\\nmenced in this country at Worcester.\\nThe Massachusetts Horticultural So-\\nciety is organized.\\nNew York. Bricks are first made by\\nmachinery.\\nIt. I. Figured muslin is first woven\\nin this country on a power-loom at Cen-\\ntral Palls.\\nU.S. Friction matches are first used.\\n1830 May 31. Tenn. A destructive\\nstorm prevails Carthage is laid in ruins.\\nJuly 24. Boston. The mercury at noon\\nstands at 95\u00c2\u00b0 at sundown, at GO*.\\nJuly N. Y. Terrific rains and floods\\nin the Champlain region mill-dams,\\niron-works, bridges, and crops are de-\\nstroyed.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1828*\\nAshmun, Jelniili, philanthropist-, A34,\\nBaird, Chas. W., Presb. el., author, b. N.J.\\nBayard, Thomas Francis, sen. for l el.,sec.\\nof state, minister to Kng., b. Del., Oct. 29.\\nBeatty, John, brig.-gen. V. S. vols., b. in 0.\\nBennett, Clitis. educator, horn in N.Y.\\nBrainard, John G. C, poet, editor, A32.\\nBrown, Jacob, maj.-gen. Mb cum. of U. S.\\nArmy, A53.\\nCamden, Johnson N., sen. W. Va., b. W. Va.\\nChamberlain, Joshua, ni;ij. -gen. vols., b, Me.\\nChesebio Caroline, author, horn in N.Y.\\nClinton, De Witt, gov., sen. for N.Y., A59.\\nCook, Clareme, critic, born in Mass.\\nCookman, Alfred, M. E. clergyman, b. N. J.\\nCrook. Geo., maj.-gen. V. S. A., born in O.\\nDrake, Francis Samuel, author, b. in N. H.\\nD wight, Timothy, pres. of Yale, b. Conn.\\nEdmunds. Geo. F.. sen. for Vt., b. in Vt.\\nFew, William, senator for ia,, A80.\\nFisk, Clinton B., Prohibition candidate for\\nPres., philanthropist, born In N.Y.\\nFisk, Samuel, clergyman, rapt., b. in JIass.\\nFoster, Charles, Gov. of O., born in O.\\nFulton, Justin L)., Bapt cl., lecturer, b. N.Y.\\nGeorge, Enoch, 11. E. bishop, Atil.\\nGilman, John T., Gov. of N. 11., A69.\\nGrate, Albrecht, naturalist, born In Berlin.\\nGray, Horace, L*. S. S, Ct., born in Mass.\\nHammond, William Alex., physician, sur-\\ngeon, author, born in Md.\\nHart, James llcDougal, painter, b. in Scot.\\nHoppln, Augustus, artist, born in R. I.\\nMacPherson, .las. B., brig.-gen. U. s. A., b. 0.\\nJSlcEntee, Jcrvis, painter, born in N.Y.\\nMarvin, Francis, M. C, born in N.Y.\\nSlyer, Albert Joseph, scientist, born in N.Y.\\nPaddock, Benjamin H., P. E. bp., b. Conn.\\nPinckney. Thomas, gen. of Revolution,\\ngov. of S. C.j minister to Eng., A78.\\nPorter, James Lewis, statesman, born.\\nRandall, Samuel J., M. C. for Pa., speaker,\\nborn in Pa.\\nSavage, John, author, born In Ire.\\nStuart, Gilbert Charles, painter, A73.\\nTrowbridge, William Petit, engineer, b. Mich.\\nVanWart^ Isaac, a captor of Andre\\\\ A68.\\nWells, David Ames, economist, born in O.\\nWilson, James F., sen. for la., born in O.\\nWinthrop, Theodore, author, born in Ct.\\nWurtz, Henry, chemist, born in Pa.\\n1839*\\nAllison, William B., sen. for la., born in 0.\\nBelknap, W. W., maj.-gen. of vols., sec. of\\nwar, born in Io.\\nBrackett, Albert G., col. V. S. A., b. in N.Y.\\nBridgman, Laura, blind deaf-mute, b. N. H.\\nChilds, George Wra.. journalist, b. Md.\\nClark, William Travis, editor, born.\\nCoke, Kichard, sen. for Tex., born in Va.\\nConkling, Roscoe, sen. for N.Y., b. N.Y.\\nCrawford, Samuel W., brig.-gen. vols.,b. Pa.\\nCullom, Shelby M., senator for 111., b. in Ky.\\nDearborn, Henry, maj.-gen., sec. of war,\\n8th com. U.S.A., minister to Portugal, A78.\\nFailey, Noah L., U. S. A., born.\\nGoodell, Wm., physician, author, b. Malta.\\nGottschalk. Louis Moreau, pianist, b. La.\\nHalpine, Charles G., journalist (Miles O lii-\\nley), born in Ire.\\nHalstead. Murat, journalist of O., b. in 0.\\nHanaford. PI ire be author, preacher, born\\nin Mass.\\nHayden, Ferdinand V., geologist, b. Mass.\\nHelper, Hinton Rowan, author, b. in N. C.\\nHolyoke, Edwd. A ug. phys., nat uralist, A 101.\\nJay. John, of N.Y., Pres. of Continental\\nCongress, tirst chief justice, sec. of foreign\\naffairs, A 84.\\nJefferson, Joseph, actor, born in Phila.\\nJones, John, surgeon, born.\\nKynett, Alpha, M. E. clergyman, b. in Pa.\\nLansing, John, statesman, Rev. soldier, A65.\\nLincoln, Enoch, Gov. of Me., poet, historian,\\nA41.\\nMason, John Mitchel, Pres. clergyman, A59.\\nMitchell, S. Weir, physiologist, born in Pa.\\nPiatt, Donn, journalist, born.\\nPickering-, Timothy, colonel, sec. of state,\\nsenator for Mass., A84.\\nRawson, Albert L., explorer, journalist, b. Vt,\\nRogers, John, sculptor, statuette groups,\\nborn in Mass.\\nSchurz, Carl, brig.-gen., sen. for Mo., sec. of\\ninterior, born in Ger.\\nSeymour, George Franklin, P. E. bp., b. N.Y.\\nSbreve, Samuel Ilenrv. engineer, b. in N. J.\\nSmith, Roswell, founder of Century Maga-\\nSmithson. James Lewis Macie. founder\\nof Smithsonian Institution, A75.\\nTaylor, William M., Pres. el., b. in Scot,\\nTurpie, David, sen. for Ind., born in O.\\nVan Elton, Hendrik D. K., painter, b. Hoi.\\nVezin, Hermann, actor, born in Pa.\\nWalker, Joseph H., M. C, editor, b. Mass.\\nWiirner, Charles Imdlev, author, b. Mass.\\nWashington, Bushrod, t T S. S. Ct., A70.\\nCHURCH.\\n1828 Aug. 14. Boston Meeting of Gen-\\neral Convention of the New Jerusalem.\\nNov. 12. Md. A General Convention of\\nMethodist Reformers meets in Balti-\\nmore, and organizes The Associated\\nMethodist Churches.\\nBoston. The Boston Seaman s\\nFriend Society is organized.\\nMe. The TJniversalist State Conven-\\ntion is held.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian; meets; Ezra Stiles Ely,\\nmoderator.\\nTenn. The Protestant Episcopal Dio-\\ncese of Tennessee Is organized.\\nMorris Brown is elected bishop of the\\nAfrican Methodist Episcopal Church.\\nThe American Board starts a mission\\namong the Stockbridge Indians.\\nThe Methodist Episcopal Church trans-\\nfers its mission to the O jib was to the\\nCanadian Conference.\\nMissionary Adoniram Judson gives\\n$6,000 to the Baptist Mission Board.\\n1829 Mar. 31. Pius VTH. is elected\\npope.\\nJune New York. The General Synod\\n(Reformed) meets; John Knox, presi-\\ndent.\\nJuly 8. Ky. The Protestant Episcopal\\ndiocese of Kentucky is organized.\\nJuly 22. The Brooklyn Mission and\\nTract Society is organized.\\nAug. 19. Fa. William Meade (Protes-\\ntant Episcopal) is consecrated bishop of\\nVirginia.\\nOct. Elijah C. Bridgman and David\\nAbeel are sent out by the American\\nSeaman s Friend Society to labor among\\nseamen.\\nMd. The first Provincial Council\\n(Roman Catholic) of Baltimore is con-\\nvened by Archbishop James Whitfield.\\nThe Fifth General Synod (Evan-\\ngelical Lutheran) meets at Hagerstown.\\nPhila. The first Methodist Protestant\\nchurch in this city is formed byseceders\\nfrom the Methodist Episcopal Church.\\nThe General Assembly (Presby-\\nterian) meets; B. H. Rice, moderator.\\nThe General Convention (Protes-\\ntant Episcopal) meets.\\nThe Baptist Triennial Meeting is\\nheld.\\nPresbyterians form the Synods of\\nUtica (N. S.), Mississippi (O. S.), South\\nAlabama (O. S.), and Cincinnati (X. S.\\nand O. S.).\\nThe Protestant Episcopal Church sends\\nout its first foreign missionaries to\\nGreece.\\n1S30 Jan. 25. Ala. Friends of the\\nProtestant Episcopal Church in Mobile\\nmeet preliminary to the organization of\\nthe Diocese of Alabama.\\nApr. 6. N. Y. The first Mormon\\nchurch is organized by Joseph Smith at\\nManchester, Ontario County.\\nJune N. J. The General Synod (Re-\\nformed) meets at New Brunswick VY.\\nEllinge, president.\\nLETTERS.\\n1828 Boston. The Ladies Magazine,\\nthe first periodical for women, appears.\\nConn. A Dictionary of the English\\nLanguage, by Noah Webster, appears\\nat New Haven.\\nInd. The Indiana University (non-\\nsect.) is organized at Bloomington.\\nMe. Baptists start the Ziotfs Advo-\\ncate at Portland.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1828, Sept. 26-1830, July 137\\nMich. The Michigan State Library\\nis founded at Lansing. [54,000 vols.]\\nNew York. The Quarterly Review\\n(Meth. Epis.), formerly the Methodist\\n(Monthly) Magazine, is first issued.\\nNew York. Courrier des Stats- Unis is\\nfounded by Charles Laselle and others.\\nO. The Western Review appears at\\nCincinnati.\\nS. C. The Southern Agriculturist ap-\\npears at Charleston.\\nThe Southern Review appears at\\nCharleston. [Expires 1832.]\\nRemarks on the Life and Character of\\nNapoleon Bonaparte, by W. E. Chan-\\nning, appears.\\nRachel Dyer, by John Neal, appears.\\nHistory of the Life and Voyages of\\nChristopher Columbus, by Washington\\nIrving, appears.\\n1829 Sept. 21. Md. The first public\\nschool in Baltimore is established.\\nOct 13. Me. The first daily newspaper\\nin this State the Daily Courier ap-\\npears.\\nKy. The first public school in this\\nState is opened.\\nMo. St. Louis University is orga-\\nnized.\\nNew York. Noah* s New York Nation-\\nal Advocate appears.\\nO. Lane Theological Seminary (Pres.)\\nis established in Cincinnati..\\n-43 The American Quarterly Re-\\ngister appears.\\nThe Offering of Sympathy, by Francis\\nParkman, appears.\\nAl Aaraaff, Tamerlane, and Minor\\nPoems, by E. A. Poe, appears.\\nThe Conquest of Granada, by Wash-\\nington Irving, appears.\\nM canique Celeste, is translated by\\nNathaniel Bowditch, with copious\\ncommentaries.\\nThe Wept of WisJirton-Wish, by\\nCooper, appears.\\nThe Life of John Ledyard, by Jared\\nSparks, appears.\\n1830 July* Boston. The Globe appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1829 Dee. 20. Ga. The Legislature\\nenacts that no Indian or descendant\\nof an Indian, residing within the Creek\\nor Cherokee nations, should be deemed\\na competent witness to any suit where\\na white man is a defendant.\\nBoston. The first asylum in the\\nUnited States for the blind is incor-\\nporated.\\nSTATE.\\n1828 Nov. U.S. The 11th Presi-\\ndential election; Democrats elected.\\nPopular vote for President Andrew\\nJackson of Tenn. (Democrat), 647,231\\nJohn Q,. Adams of Mass. (National Re-\\npublican), 509,097.\\nDec. 1. D.C. The 20th Congress the\\nsecond session opens.\\nN. Y. Van Buren becomes the leader\\nof New York Democracy [for 20 years].\\nU. S. The political party known as\\nthe Workingmen s Organization ap-\\npears in the principal cities.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-32 Ky. Thomas Metcalfe.\\n-29 La. Peter Derbigny.\\n-30 N. C. John Owen.\\n-29 *N. Y. Nathaniel Pitcher.\\nMartin Van Buren.\\n-30 S. C. Stephen D. Miller.\\n-31 Vt. Samuel C. Crafts.\\n1829 Jan. 1. V. S. National debt\\n\u00c2\u00a758,421,413.\\nFeb. 11. D. C. Congress: the House\\ncounts the electoral vote.\\nVote for President Jackson, 178\\nAdams, 83. Vote for Vice-President\\nJohn C. Calhoun (Democrat) of S. C,\\n171; Richard Rush (National Republi-\\ncan) of Pa.. S3; William Smith (Demo-\\ncrat) of S. C, 7.\\nMar. 4. D.C. The 20th Congress ends.\\nSeventh Administration Demo-\\ncratic.\\nMar. 4. D. C. Andrew Jackson of\\nTenn. is inaugurated the seventh Presi-\\ndent, in the 11th term of the Presidency.\\nJohn C. Calhoun of S. C.is Vice-Presi-\\ndent.\\nCabinet: Martin Van Buren of\\nN. Y. (State), Samuel D. Ingham of\\nPa. (Treas.), John H. Eaton of Tenn.\\n(War), John Branch of N. C. (Navy),\\nJohn M P. Berrien of Ga. (Atty.-Gen.),\\nand William T. Barry of Ky. (P. M.-\\nGen.).\\nThe reign of Andrew Jackson\\nbegins. [It lasts eight years.]\\nMar. 9. D. C. The Postmaster- Gen-\\neral becomes a recognized member of\\nthe President s cabinet.\\nMar. 28. A treaty is signed with Den-\\nmark for the adjustment of indemnity\\nclaims.\\nApr. 14. D. C. Congress: the House\\nrejects a bill for building a national\\nroad, extending from Buffalo, N. Y., to\\nNew Orleans, La. Vote, 88-105.\\nDee. 7. D. C. The 21st Congress\\nopens.\\nD. C. John McLean of Ohio is ap-\\npointed Justice of the IT. S. Supreme\\nCourt.\\nD. C. Inauguration of the Spoils\\nSystem.\\nThe President makes 176 appointments\\nof political adherents to office. [A total\\nof only 74 removals of office-holders\\nunder all preceding Presidents about\\n190 by Jackson during his first year].\\nN. Y. A workingmen s ticket ap-\\npears, and an assemblyman is elected\\nby it.\\nThe high tariff acts bring protests\\nfrom the merchants of Boston, and later\\nfrom the Legislatures of South Carolina,\\nVirginia, Alabama, and North Carolina.\\nFrom this period begins the office-seek-\\ners struggle with each new administra-\\ntion.\\nDec. President Jackson takes strong\\nground against the National bank in\\nhis message to Congress.\\n-33 New York. Walter Bowne is\\nelected the 58th mayor.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-31 Ala. Gabriel Moore.\\n-35 Ark. (Ter.). John Pope.\\n-31 Ga. George R. Gilmer.\\n-30 La. A. Bauvais.\\n-30 Me. Nathan Cutler.\\n-30 N. H. John Bell.\\n-32 N. J. Peter D. Vroom.\\nN. Y. Martin Van Buren.\\n-33 *N. Y. Enos T. Throop.\\nPa. George Wolf.\\n-35 Tenn. Wm. Carroll.\\n1830 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$48,565,406.\\nJan. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nRobert Y. Hayne makes a great\\nspeech in defense of State rights.\\nJan. 27. D.C. Congress; Senate:\\nDaniel Webster makes his great\\nspeech for the Union in reply to Rob-\\nert Y. Hayne of South Carolina, who\\nis a radical upholder of State rights.\\nMay 7. D. C. A treaty with Turkey is\\nmade.\\nMay* 1). C. President Jackson and\\nJohn C. Calhoun become political ene-\\nmies.\\nMay 31. D. C. The 21st Congress:\\nthe first session closes.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1828 Nov. 15. N. Y. The Cayuga\\nand Seneca Canal is completed.\\nMass. The first steamboat in Boston\\nharbor the Benjamin Franklin is\\nused as an excursion boat.\\nNew Eng. The first boat passes\\nthrough the entire length of the Black-\\nstone Canal, 45 miles Jong, connect-\\ning Providence and Worcester.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1S2S, 27,382.\\n1829 Apr. 3. Ga. A great fire occurs\\nin Augusta 300 buildings are burned.\\nJune 4. The steam frigate Fulton blows\\nup 26 persons are killed.\\nJuly 4. Phila. U.S. Mintcornerstone laid.\\nAug. 8. Pa. The first trip of a loco-\\nmotive is made on the Carbondale and\\nHonesdale Kailroadl\\nOct. 17. Del. The Delaware and Ches-\\napeake Canal is opened.\\nNov. 13. N. Y. Sam Patch kills him-\\nself by jumping the Genesee Falls\\nat Rochester, in the presence of a great\\nassembly.\\nDec. 31. V. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1829, 22,520.\\nMany canals are completed, including\\nthe Cumberland and Oxford (Me.), the\\nFarmington (Conn.), the Oswego (N.\\nY.), and the Delaware and Hudson.\\n1830 May 24. Md. The Baltimore\\nand Ohio Railroad has 24 miles of\\ntrack opened for use.\\nJune* U. S. Fifth Census: States, 24;\\nwhites, 10,537,378; colored, 2,328,642 (free\\ncolored 319,599, slaves 2,009,043) total\\npopulation, 12,866,020. Increase, 33.5. r\\npercept. Center of population 19 miles\\nwest southwest of Moorefield, W. Va.\\nwestward movement in 10 years, 39", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "138 1830, Aug. 3-1831.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\nTHE NINTH WAR.\\n1831 Apr. 21\u00e2\u0080\u00941832. Sept. 31. Wis.\\nThe Black Hawk Indian War, with\\nthe Sac and Fox Indians. Men en-\\nrolled, G,4G5.\\nIII. Abraham Lincoln volunteers\\nin the Black Hawk War, and is chosen\\ncaptain of his company.\\n-32 Wis. Jefferson Davis serves\\nin the Black Hawk War as brevet 2d\\nlieutenant.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1830 Sept. 1. New Tori:. Charles\\nJohn Kean commences an engagement\\nat the Park Theater.\\nBoston. The Boston Society of Natu-\\nral History is organized.\\nThe Fourdrinier machine, used in\\nthe manufacture of paper, is first made\\nin this country at Windham importa-\\ntions of it nearly cease.\\nMd. The first locomotive {Tom\\nThumb) built in the United States is\\nconstructed by Peter Cooper, at the\\nCanton Iron Works, near Baltimore a\\nsmall tractor engine, of little use.\\nConn. The Observatory of Yale Uni-\\nversity is erected at New Haven. The\\nfirst telescope in this country is set up.\\nTomb of General Brock is painted by\\nThomas Cole.\\n1831 Feb. 12. U. S. A great solar\\neclipse (annular) is generally visible.\\nDec. Pa. Dr. F. W. Geisenhainer ob-\\ntains a patent for the application of a\\nhot-air blast to anthracite coal in mak-\\ning iron this invention begins a new\\nera in producing iron.\\nConn. The Groton monument, oppo-\\nsite New London, is completed.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n\\\\830*\\nAgnew, Cornelius Rea, surgeon, b. in N.Y.\\nArthur. Chester Alan. 20th Vice-President,\\n21st President, born in Vt.\\nBacon, Leonard Woulsey, Cong, clergyman,\\nauthor, born in Conn.\\nBierstadt, Albert, painter, born in Ger.\\nBlaine, James Gillespie. M. C. from Me.,\\nspeaker, senator, candidate for Pres., sec.\\nof state, born in Pa., .Jan. 31.\\nBowers, Sirs. 1 P., actor, born in Conn.\\nCobb, Thomas W.. senator for (la., A46.\\nCompton, Barnes, M. C. for Md., b. in Md.\\nCooke, John ksten, author, poet, b. in Va.\\nCulberson, David 11., M. C. for ;a., b. Ga.\\nDodge, Mary Abigail (Gail Hamilton), b.\\nin Mass.\\nBuncombe, Parmelee Dubois, chemist, born.\\nGarrard, Kenuer, brcv. brig. -gen., b. in O.\\nGiles, William IS., statesman, A68.\\nGodman, .John D., physician, naturalist, A36.\\nHayne, Hamilton, poet, born in S. C.\\nHazen, William ISabeock, soldier, b. in Vt.\\nHobart, John Henry, P. E. bp. of N. Y., A55.\\nHicks, Elias, Quaker preacher, A82.\\nHosmer, Harriet Goodhue, sculptor in It.,\\nborn in Mass.\\nHoward. Oliver O., maj.-gen.U. S. A.,b. Me.\\nHoyt, A. M., Gov. of Pa., born.\\nJohnson, Samuel Win., chemist, an., b. N.Y.\\nJones, John P., sen. for Nev., born in Eng.\\nMurray, David, educator, born in N.Y.\\nNeely, Henry A., P. E. bp. of Me., b. N.Y.\\nNordhoff, Charles, an., journalist, b. Ger.\\nOrton, James, naturalist, born in N.Y.\\nOtis, George A., surgeon, horn in Mass.\\nPaddock, Algernon S., sen. for Neb., b. N.Y.\\nPerry, Arthur Latham, economist, b. N. H.\\nPratt, Charles, philanthropist, born in Mass.\\nPugh, James L., sen. for Ala., born in Ga,\\nRed Jacket, chief of the Seneeas, A 79.\\nRutgers, Henry, patriot, philanthropist, A 85.\\nSothern. Edward ABkew. actor, b. Eng.\\nTeller, Henry M., sen. for Col., born in N.Y.\\nTerhune, Mary Virginia (Marion Borland),\\nauthor, born in Va.\\nTrumbull, Henry lav, Cong. cl., b. in Conn.\\nTudor, William, author, A51.\\nVance, Zebulon B-, sen. for N. C, b. in N.C.\\nVest, George C, sen. for Mo., born in Ky.\\nWard. John Quincy A., sculptor, b. in O.\\nWarren, Gouverneur Kemble, gen., b. N.Y.\\nYenell, George Henry, artist, born in Md.\\n1831*\\nAbbott, Henrv L., engineer V. S. A., b. Mass.\\nAllen, Richard, tirst bp. of Afr. M. E. Ch.,\\nA71.\\nBaker, William, M. C. for Kan., born in Pa.\\nUartholow, Huberts, phvsician, born in Md.\\nBarton, William, gen. in Rev n of R. I., A84.\\nlioardman, (ieorge Dana, m!s. to India, A30.\\nBooth, Mary L., author, editor Harper s Ba-\\nzar, born in N.Y.\\nBreese, Kidder Randolph, capt.U. R. N., b. Pa.\\nBurbridge, Stephen c, gen. of vols., b. Ky.\\nCase, Augustus I.., rcar-adm. V. S. N., b. a .Y.\\nDe Koven, James, P. E. cl. of N.Y., b. Conn.\\nDinnan, Jeremiah Lewis, Cong, cl., b. R. I.\\nDonnelly, Ignatius, M. C, author, b. Phila.\\nEvarts, Jeremiah, editor, A50.\\nFairchild, Lucius, brig.-gen. of vols., born.\\nFrye, William P., sen. for Me., born in Me.\\nGarfield. James A., ma j. -gen. of vols., M.\\nC. forO., sen., 20th Pres.. of the U. S.,b. O.\\nGihlersleeve, Basil Launeau, scholar, b. S. C.\\nGilman, Daniel Coit, educator, b. in Conn.\\nGirard, Stephen, Franco-Am. merchant,\\nfounder of college, A8L\\nGodkin, Edwin Laurence, journalist, b. Ire.\\nCoodwin, Win. Watson, scholar, b. in Mass.\\nGrady, Benjamin F., M. C. for N. C, b. N. C.\\nHodge, Casper W., prof, at Princeton, born.\\nHunter, A. J., M. C, born in lnd.\\nJackson, Helen Hunt, poet, horn in Mass.\\nLivingston, Henry B., gen in Rev n, A8l.\\nMarsh. OthnielC. paleontologist, b. N.Y.\\nMcCook, Alex. McD., niaj.-gen. vols., born.\\nMcLaren, Edw. W., P. E. bishop, born in O.\\nMitcbill, Sarn. Latham, physician, natural-\\nist, A 67.\\nMonroe, James, sen. for Va., minister to\\nFr., gov. of Va., sec. of state, sec. of war,\\ndoctrine, 5th Pres. U. S., A73.\\nRawlins, John A., sec. of war, born in 1U.\\nRockwell, James O., poet, A24.\\nSchofleld, John M., niaj.-gen., 17th com-\\nmander U. S. A., b. in N.Y.\\nShell, ceorge W., M. C. for S. C, b. in S. C.\\nSheridan, Philip Henry, General, 16th\\ncommander of U. S. Army, born in N.Y.\\nStephenson, Samuel M., M. C. for 111., born\\nin Can.\\nThomas, Theodore G., physician, b. in S. C.\\nThomas, Isaiah, printer, journalist, A82.\\nTrumbull, John, poet, satirist, A81.\\nWalthall, Edward C, sen. for Miss., b. Va.\\nWashburn, Wm. D., sen. for Minn., b. Me.\\nCHURCH.\\n1830 Oct. 21. N. Y. W. M. Stone\\n(Protestant Episcopal) is consecrated\\nbishop for New York.\\nOct. Pa. German Reformed Baptists\\nmeet at Harrisburg and form The\\nChurch of God. John Winebrenner is\\ntheir leader.\\nNov. 2. Md. A General Convention\\nof An ti- episcopal Methodist reform-\\ners meets in Baltimore, and assumes the\\ntitle Methodist Protestant Church.\\nAla. The Protestant Episcopal Dio-\\ncese of Alabama is organized.\\nGa. Indian Missions are successful.\\nTwo hundred and fifty Chickasaws\\nunite with the church connected with\\nthe mission. One-fifth of the Stock-\\nbridges are church members. Three-\\nfourths of all the church members of\\nthe missions of the American Board are\\nIndians. Half the Cherokees can read\\nand they have eleven churches, also\\nschools, courts, a legislature, and strin-\\ngent laws against intemperance.\\nThe First Congregational church\\nis formed.\\nPa. The East Pennsylvania eldership\\nof the Church of God is organized.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets; Ezra Fisk, mode-\\nrator.\\nThe Bible Association of Friends in\\nAmerica is organized.\\nNew York. A Primitive Methodist\\nchurch is formed.\\nO. The Mormons organize a church\\nat Kirtland.\\nVa. The United Synod, South\\n(Evangelical Lutheran), of Virginia, is\\norganized.\\nThe Methodists begin work among the\\nemigrant Creek and Cherokee Indians.\\n1831 Jan. 3. Ala. The Protestant Epis-\\ncopal Convention invites Bishop Brown-\\nell to take charge of the parishes in Ala-\\nbama.\\nFeb. 2. It. Gregory XVT. is elected\\npope.\\nGa. Opposition is made to mission-\\naries.\\nTwo missionaries, Revs. Butler and\\nWorcester, receive notification of a law\\nof Georgia, requiring all white men on\\nCherokee land to take the oath of alle-\\ngiance to the State of Georgia. Remain-\\ning at their posts, they refuse to do so,\\nclaiming their rights under the Consti-\\ntution, laws, and treaties of the general\\nGovernment. Cyclopedia of Missions.\\nMar. 12. Missionaries to the Indians\\nare persecuted.\\nThe Georgia guard arrest three of the\\nmissionaries to the Cherokee Indians,\\nand take them before the County Court,\\nwhere they are released on the ground\\nthat they are agents of the general\\nGovernment. [The President of the\\nUnited States then declared them not\\nto be agents of the general Government.\\nAgain they were warned to leave, and,\\nrefusing to do so, were, with a Methodist\\nminister, Mr. Trott, and a Cherokee\\nnamed Proctor, arrested. Mr. Trott and\\nProctor were chained by the neck to a\\nwagon and made to march in this way\\nfor two days. After eleven days im-\\nprisonment in a tilthv log prison, Mr.\\nWorcester and Mr. Butler were sen-\\ntenced to four years imprisonment at\\nhard labor. The court of Georgia re-\\nfused to discharge the prisoners when\\nso ordered by the Supreme Court of the\\nUnited States.] Cyclopedia of Mis-\\nJune* New York. The General Synod\\n(Reformed) meets John Gasman, presi-\\ndent. [And again in June at Albany\\nJohn Gasman, president.]\\nSept. 22. A. C. Levi S. Ives is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop.\\nOct. Me. Freewill Baptists hold their\\nFifth General Conference at Wilton.\\nIII. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof Illinois is formed.\\nMd. The Sixth General Synod\\n(Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Fred-\\nerick.\\nLETTERS.\\n1830 Ala. Spring Hill College\\n(Rom. Cath.) is founded.\\nChicago. The McCormick Theological\\nSeminary (Pres.) is established.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1830, Aug. 3-1831. 139\\nIII. The Illinois Monthly Magazine\\nappears.\\nIII. The Illinois College (Pres. and\\nCong.) is organized at Jacksonville.\\nKy. Georgetown College (Bapt.) is\\norganized at Georgetown.\\nMississippi College (Bapt.) is orga-\\nnized at Clinton.\\nThe Christian Intelligencer (Reformed)\\nappears.\\nN. Y. The Albany Evening Journal\\nappears.\\nPhiladelphia has a penny paper, The\\nCent, which has a brief existence.\\nU.S. There are 852 newspapers\\nin the United States.\\nThe Booh of Mormon is translated and\\npublished.\\nAn edition of Horace, translated by\\nAnthon, appears.\\n-39 The Birds of America, by\\nAudubon, appears. [He obtained nu-\\nmerous subscribers at $1,000 per copy.]\\n1831 Jan. 1. Boston. The Liberator\\n(Abolition) is first issued by William\\nLloyd Garrison.\\nJan. 7. The Methodist Protestant is is-\\nsued.\\nNov. 9. Boston. The Daily Morning\\nPost is first issued.\\nAla. The University of Alabama\\n(non-sect.) is organized at Tuscaloosa.\\nCmin. The Wesleyan University\\n(Meth. Epis.) is founded.\\nKy. The Louisville Journal is first\\nissued.\\nN. C. The North Carolina State Li-\\nbrary is founded at Raleigh. [42,000\\nvols.]\\nNew York. The Spirit of the Times,\\nthe first sporting paper, is issued.\\nThe University of the City of New\\nYork (non-sect.) is organized.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1830* 111. Abraham Lincoln, 21\\nyears old, becomes a resident of Illinois.\\nGa. Half the Cherokee Indians\\nread they have eleven churches, also\\nschools, courts, a legislature, and strin-\\ngent laws against intemperance.\\n1831 Jan. 1. Boston. William Lloyd\\nGarrison s Liberator puts new life into\\nthe anti-slavery cause.\\nIt advocates the immediate and uncon-\\nditional emancipation of the negroes,\\nand hastens the organization of the\\nabolition party.\\nApr. 26. N. Y. Imprisonment for\\ndebt is abolished.\\nAug. 21. Va. A negro insurrection\\nis led by Nat Turner.\\nIt is started by three white men and\\nfour slaves they secure about 200 fol-\\nlowers, who desohite the country troops\\nare called out in Virginia and North\\nCarolina, and 55 white persons are killed\\nbefore the insurrection is quelled.\\nSept. 24. Four persons are killed\\nby the military in a riot at Providence.\\nSTATE.\\n1830 Dec. 6. D. C. The 21st Con-\\ngress: the second session opens.\\nU, S. Governors inaugurated\\n-33 Del. David Hazzard.\\n-34* III. John Reynolds.\\nLa. Jacques Dupre\\\\\\n-34 La. Andre B. Roman.\\n-31 Me. Jonathan D. Hunton.\\n-32 *N. C. Montford Stokes.\\n-31 N. H. Matthew Harvey.\\n-32 O. Duncan M Arthur.\\n-32 S. C. James Hamilton.\\n-34 Va. John Floyd.\\n1831 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$39,123,191.\\nMar. 1. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nSamuel Smith of Md. is reelected\\nPresident pro tempore. [Later L. W.\\nTazewell of Va.]\\nMar. 4. D. C. The 21st Congress\\nends.\\nApr. 5. D. C. A boundary and commer-\\ncial treaty is made with Mexico.\\nApr. D. C. A quarrel occurs in the\\nPresident s cabinet, and many changes\\nare made.\\nCabinet Edward Livingston of\\nLa. (State), Louis McLane of Del.\\n(Treas.), Lewis Cass of O. (War), Levi\\nWoodbury of N.H. (Navy), and Roger\\nB. Taney of Md. (Atty-Gen.).\\nJuly 4. A convention is made with\\nFrance.\\nIn a mutual settlement of claims,\\nFrance agrees to pay the United States\\n25.000,000 francs, and: to accept 1,300,000\\nfrancs these sums are for distribution\\nto claimants in either country.\\nAug. 21 Va. The Southampton\\nnegro insurrection, led by Nat Turner,\\nis suppressed in 4S hours.\\nSept. 26. Md. The Anti-Masons nomi-\\nnate a National ticket at Baltimore it is\\nsupported by National Republicans.\\nOct. 5. Phila. A free-trade conven-\\ntion opens.\\nOct. 26. New York. A high-tariff con-\\nvention opens.\\nDec. 5. D.C. The 22d Congress opens.\\nDec.* D. C. Ex-President John Q.\\nAdams enters Congress after two years\\nof retirement from office. [He here\\ncontinues for the remainder of his life,\\na period of 17 years.]\\nDec. 12. Md. The National Republi-\\ncan Party, in convention at Baltimore,\\nnominates Henry Clay of Ky. for the\\npresidency. Leading issue high tariff\\nand internal improvements.\\nNew York. The Common Council is\\ndivided into two boards.\\nDec. D. C. Benjamin F. Butler of\\nN. Y. becomes Attorney-General.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-35 Ala. John Gayle.\\n-31* Cal. Manuel Victoria (Mexican).\\n-33 Conn. John S. Peters.\\n-35 Ga. Wilson Lumpkin.\\n-37 Ind. Noah Noble.\\n-34 Me. Samuel E. Smith.\\n-34 Mich. (Ter.). George B. Porter.\\n-33 Miss. Abraham M. Scott.\\nJV. H. Joseph M. Harper.\\n-34 N. II. Samuel Dinsmoore.\\n-33 R. I. Lemuel H. Arnold.\\n-35 Vt. Wm. A. Palmer.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1830 Aug. 3. N.Y. The first vessel via\\nthe Welland Canal arrives at Oswego.\\nAug. 12. N. Y. The first American\\nrailroad is completed; it connects Al-\\nbany and Schenectady.\\nSummer. S.C. The first steam rail-\\nroad for the transportation of both\\npassengers and merchandise, com-\\nmences operations over six miles of its\\ntracks.\\nIt connects Charleston with Ham-\\nburg, opposite Savannah; the track is\\nbuilt upon piles. The locomotive was\\nmade in New York.\\nOct. 5. XI. S. American ports are re-\\nopened to British commerce.\\nNew York. A vehicle with the word\\nOmnibus painted on both sides com-\\nmences to run many suppose the name\\nto be that of the owner.\\nIT. S. The nation flourishes.\\nA most remarkable period of develop-\\nment in wealth and natural resources,\\nwith intellectual quickening, begins-\\nthroughout the Northern and AVestern\\nStates; the labor system of the South\\nretards its progress.\\n1831 Apr. 23. La. The first rail-\\nroad in this State is opened between\\nNew Orleans and Lake Pontchartrain\\n4\u00c2\u00a3 miles across a swamp.\\nMay 29. N. C. Fayetteville is destroyed\\nby fire.\\nJuly 4. Md. The Baltimore and Sus-\\nquehanna Railroad is opened for six\\nmiles it uses horse-power.\\nN. Y. Ex-President James Monroe, fifth\\nPresident of the United States, dies in\\nNew York City.\\nAug. 4. Chicago is surveyed, laid out,\\nand the map recorded on this date.\\nAutumn. Chicago. The first sale of lots\\nin this new town takes place.\\nSept. 1. N. Y. The Hudson and Mo-\\nhawk Railroad is opened from Albany\\nto Schenectady, and a trip of 16 miles is\\nmade in 46 minutes.\\nSept. 24. Mass. Mount Auburn Cem-\\netery, near Boston, is dedicated.\\nNov. JV. J. Canal boats first pass from\\nthe Hudson to the Delaware via the\\nMorris Canal.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens for 1831, 22,633.\\nThe Lexington and Ohio Railroad\\nis commenced.\\nN. Y. Commencement of the Har-\\nlem Railroad, also the Ithaca and\\nOswego road.\\nPa. The great line of improvements\\nconnecting Philadelphia with Pitts-\\nburg, and costing the State more than\\n\u00c2\u00a712,000,000, is completed.\\nThere are S2 miles of railroad, includ-\\ning 36 miles over the Alleghames, with\\ninclined planes worked by stationary\\nengir,\\nand 177 miles of canals.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "140 1831 *-1833, Feb. 20.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1832 Feb. 6. The crew of the United\\nStates frigate Potomac attacks Qualla\\nBatto, in Sumatra, killing 150 Malaya,\\nand destroying the town losing two\\nmen killed and 14 wounded.\\nApr. 1. War arises between the Winne-\\nbago Indians and other tribes.\\nAug. 2. Wis. The Indians, led by Black\\nHawk, are subdued by an expedition un-\\nder Gen. Atkinson at Bad-axe River.\\nS. C, The Nullifiers make military\\npreparations to resist the Government.\\nD. C. President Jackson orders the\\navailable army and a ship-of-war to\\nCharleston, S. C.\\nART SCIENCE \u00e2\u0080\u0094NATURE.\\n1831 N. C. The University of North\\nCarolina has its first observatory. [It\\nis used only a few years.]\\nN. Y. Dr. Samuel Guthrie of Sack-\\nett s Harbor disoovers chloroform;\\nit is used only as a medicine.\\n1832 Jan.* Conn. Chloroform is first\\nused by inhalation at New Haven.\\nFeb. 19. O. The Ohio River, at Cin-\\ncinnati, rises 63 feet above low-water\\nmark a great loss of property occurs.\\nJuly 13. Minn. Henry R. Schoolcraft\\ndiscovers the source of the Mississippi\\nRiver.\\nJuly 16. New York. The Ravel family\\nof gymnasts appear at the Park Theater.\\nSept. 17. Neio York, Charles Kemble\\nand his daughter, Fanny Kemble,\\nmake their first appearance.\\nOct. N. Y. Hosiery is first manufac-\\ntured by power at Cohoes.\\nPortrait of Washington is painted by\\nRembrandt Peale.\\nThe Course of Empire is painted by\\nThomas Cole.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1832*\\nAdams, Hannah, writer, A77.\\nBaird, Henry Martin, author, born in Pa.\\nBancroft. Hubert Howe, historian, b. 0.\\nBelknapp, Geo. E., com der navy, b. N. H.\\nBoniface, George C-, actor, born in N.Y.\\nBowers, Theo. S., brig. -gen. U. S. A., b. Pa.\\nBristow, Benj. II., see. of treas., born in Ky.\\nCarroll, Charles, last signer of Declaration\\nof Independence, A 95.\\nCesnola, di, Lugii P., brig.-gen., antiquarv,\\nb. in It.\\nConway, Moncure Daniel, Unit, clergyman,\\nauthor, born in Va.\\nCornell, Alonzo B., Gov. of N.Y., b. in N.Y.\\nDe Haas, Maurice F., painter, b. Rotterdam.\\nDingley, Nelson, Jr., M. C. for Me., b. Me.\\nEarle, Pliny, inventor, of R. I., A 70.\\nEckford, Henry, shipbuilder, A57.\\nKgleston, Thomas, mining engineer, b. N.Y.\\nFellows, -John k\\\\, M. C. for N. Y., b. in N.Y.\\nFreneau, Philip, poet of Revolution, journal-\\nist.\\nA80\\\\\\nGarland. Augustus Hill, attv.-gen., born\\nin Tenn.\\nGatschet, Albert Sam., philologist, b. Switz.\\nGibson, Randall L., sen. for La., b. in Ky.\\nGordon, John B., sen. for Ga., born in Ga.\\nHayes, Isaac I., arctic explorer, b. in Pa.\\nHolley, Alexander L., metallurgist, b. Conn.\\nJackson, Howell E., V. S. S. Ct., b. in Tenn.\\nKnapp, Hermann, surgeon of N.Y., b. Ger.\\nLewis, Morgan, maj. gen., jurist, A90.\\nLivingston, l.eoniilas M. C. for Ga.,b. Ga.\\nMeCormiek, Richard C, Jr., Gov. or Ariz.\\nTer., born in N.Y.\\nMills, Roger Q.., sen. for Tex., born in Ky.\\nMitchell, Maggie, actor, born in N. Y.\\nNimle, Win. X., M. E. bishop, horn In N.Y.\\nOsborne, Thomas general, born in O.\\nPerry, Win. S., 1 E. bishop of la., b. K. I.\\nPhelps, Benjamin K., lawyer, born.\\nPoe, Orlando M., military engineer, b, in O.\\nSands, Hubert (_ author, Journalist, ASS.\\nShiras, George, Jr., I!. S. S. t., Imrn in J a,\\nStimpson, William, naturalist, born in Mass.\\nStudley, John B., actor, born In Mass.\\nSumter, Thomas, Revolutionary gen., AH8.\\nTalmage. Thomas De Witt, Pres. clergy-\\nman, born in N. J.\\nVincent. John H., M. E. bishop, b. In Ala.\\nWhite, Andrew Dickson. Pres. Cornell Univ.,\\nborn in N.Y.\\nWood, De Volson, engineer, born in N.Y.\\nCHURCH.\\n1831 III. The (O. S.J Presbyterian\\nSynod of Illinois is organized.\\nMe. Father Demilier becomes resi-\\ndent missionary to the Penobscot In-\\ndians, who soon exchange log cabins for\\npainted cottages.\\nO. The Mormons, under Joseph\\nSmith, remove from western New York\\nto Kirtland.\\nMo. The Mormons found Zion, in\\nJackson County.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets Nathan S. S. Be-\\nman, moderator.\\n33 Baptist missions are sustained\\namong the Delaware Indians, also begun\\namong the Shawanoes.\\nThe American Board starts a mission\\nfor the Ojibwa Indians.\\n1832 Apr. 27, 28. New York. The\\nAmerican Baptist Home Missionary\\nSociety is organized.\\nMay 1-28. Phila. The General Con-\\nference (Methodist Episcopal) is held.\\nJames O. Andrew and John Emory are\\nordained bishops.\\nThe Alabama, Indiana, New Hamp-\\nshire, and Troy Conferences are orga-\\nnized.\\nJune New York. The General Synod\\n(Reformed) meets Isaac Ferris, presi-\\ndent. [And at Albany in Oct.]\\nThe Mission Board of the Re-\\nformed (Dutch) Church in America\\nis organized by the election of the Gen-\\neral Synod.\\nThe Board of Education of the Re-\\nformed [Dutch] Church is established.\\nSept. 10. Mich. The Protestant Epis-\\ncopal Diocese of Michigan is organized.\\nOct. 31. Protestant Episcopal bishops\\nare consecrated. John H. Hopkins for\\nVermont, Benjamin B. Smith for Ken-\\ntucky (presiding bishops), Charles P. Mc-\\nIlvaine for Ohio, and George W. Doane\\nfor New Jersey.\\nConn. N. H. Pa. The Universalist\\nState Convention is organized.\\nGa. The American Board starts a\\nMe. The Freewill Baptist Foreign\\nMissionary Society is organized at\\nNorth Parsonsfield.\\nMo. The (N. S. and the O. S.) Presby-\\nterian Synods of Missouri are organized.\\nNetv York. The Baptist Triennial\\nMeeting is held.\\nThe General Convention (Protest-\\nant Episcopal) meets.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets Jamea Hoge,\\nmoderator.\\nFt. The Protestant Episcopal Dio-\\ncese of Vermont is organized. (1790?)\\nRichard Waters is elected bishop of\\nthe African Methodist Episcopal Church.\\nLETTERS.\\n1831 Me. The Maine State Library\\nis founded at Augusta. [40,000 vols.]\\nO. St. Xavier College (Rom. Cath.)\\nof Cincinnati is chartered.\\nDenison University (Bapt.) is orga-\\nnized at Granville.\\nS. C. Columbia Theological Seminary\\n(Pres.) is established. (1S2S 7)\\nBaptists start the Baptist Weekly\\nJournal [it becomes the Journal and\\nMessenger].\\n-35 Buckingham s Nero England\\nMagazine appears.\\nThe Bravo, by Cooper, appears.\\nThe Dutchman s Eireside, by Paulding,\\nappears.\\nLegends of New England, by Whittier,\\nappears.\\n-39 Ornithological Biography t by\\nAudubon, appears.\\nTJie Causes and Evils of Contentions\\nAmong Christia7is, by Noah Worcester,\\nappears.\\n1832 Conn. The alumni add $100,000\\nto the endowment of Yale College.\\nInd. Wabash College (Pres. and\\nCong.) is founded at Crawfordsville.\\nMo. St. Louis University (Rom.\\nCath.) is founded.\\n0. Baptists found the Ladies Insti-\\ntute at Granville.\\nLyman Beecher is chosen President\\nof Lane Seminary, near Cincinnati.\\n[He holds this position for twenty\\nyears, and during one-half that time\\nadds to his other duties the pastorate of\\nthe Second Presbyterian Church of Cin-\\ncinnati.]\\nPa. Lafayette College (Pres.) at\\nEaston is organized.\\nPennsylvania College (Evang. Luth.)\\nof Gettysburg is organized.\\nSt. Charles Borromeo Seminary\\n(Rom. Cath.) is organized at Overbrook.\\nVa. Randolph-Macon College\\n(Meth. Epis.) at Ashland, is organized.\\nMass. My Country, tis of\\nThee, is written by Samuel Francis\\nSmith, a Baptist miuister of Newton\\nCentre.\\nNew York. The Knickerbocker Maga-\\nzine is established by C. F. Hoffman,\\nlater by L. G. Clark.\\nCommentary on the Epistle to the lio-\\nmans, by Moses Stuart, appears.\\nThe Neio York Globe is issued by James\\nGordon Bennett.\\nThe Heidenmauer, by Cooper, appears.\\nWestward, Ho! by Paulding, appears.\\nMoll Pitcher, by Whittier, appears.\\nThe Western Christian Advocate (Meth.\\nEpis.) is authorized by the General\\nConference.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1831 *-1833, Feb. 20. 141\\nThe Alhambra, by Irving, appears.\\nThe Life of Gmivemeur Morris, by\\nJared Sparks, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1831* New York. The first local unions\\nof printers are formed.\\nS. C. The Vigilance Association of\\nColumbia offers a reward of $1,000 for\\nthe apprehension of any persons distrib-\\nuting Garrison s Liberator, or any other\\npublication of seditious tendency.\\nThe New England Association of Far-\\nmers, Mechanics, and Workingmen is\\norganized.\\n1832 Jan. 1. Mass. The first Aboli-\\ntion Society on the basis of immediate\\nand unconditional emancipation is or-\\nganized, with 12 members Arnold Buf-\\nfum (a Quaker), president.\\nV. S. Soldiers are given the right to\\ndraw coffee and sugar instead of the\\nepirit ration.\\nThe ten-hour movement among the\\nshipwrights and calkers of New England\\ncities is sustained by strikes.\\n-33 Anti-slavery Societies are\\nformed by Arthur Tappan and others.\\nThey are moral and religious, not\\npolitical, organizations persecution\\nspreads, instead of extinguishing, the\\nfire.\\nSTATE.\\n1832 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$24,322,235.\\nJan. 9. D. C. Congress is memorialized\\nin each House to renew the charter\\nof the National Bank.\\nJan. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate W.\\nL. Marcy of N. Y., declares, To the\\nvictors belong the spoils. [This\\nsaying becomes a political proverb.]\\nMay 31. Md. The First Democratic\\nNational Convention, assembled at\\nBaltimore, nominates Gen. Jackson and\\nMartin Van Buren. It adopts the two-\\nthirds rule. [It succeeds the Republi-\\ncan or Anti-Federalist party.]\\nJune 11. D. C. Congress: the Senate\\npasses the bill to recharter the Na-\\ntional Bank. Vote, 28-20.\\nJuly 3. D. C. Congress the House\\npasses the bill to recharter the Na-\\ntional Bank. Vote, 107-85.\\nJuly 9. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nL. W. Tazewell of Va. is elected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nJuly 10. V. C. President Jackson\\nvetoes the bill to recharter the Bank.\\nJuly 14. D. C. Congress passes new\\ntariff laws, which reduce the duties on\\niron, but increase them on woolens, yet\\nthey retain the protective principle;\\nSouthCarolina, in opposition, approaches\\na condition of rebellion.\\nJuly 16. D. C. The 22d Congress:\\nthe first session closes.\\nAug.* III. Abraham Lincoln (23 years\\nof age) zealously supports the cause of\\nHenry Clay, and is a candidate for the\\nLegislature.\\nOct. 14. D. C. An indemnity treaty is\\nmade with Naples.\\nNov. U. S. 12th presidential elec-\\ntion Democrats elected. Popular vote\\nAndrew Jackson (Dem.) of Tenn.,\\n687,502 Henry Clay (Nat. Rep.) of Ky.,\\n530,189 John Floyd (Ind.) of Va. and\\nWilliam Wirt of Md. (Anti-Mason),\\ntogether 33,108.\\nNov. 19. S. C. A State Convention\\nmeets at Columbia by the call of the\\nLegislature; Gov. Hamilton, president.\\nNov. 24. S. C. The State Convention\\nreports a nullification ordinance, de-\\nclaring the tariff laws of 1828 and 1832 to\\nbe unconstitutional, and are null and\\nvoid, and no law, nor binding upon this\\nState. It threatens to secede from the\\nUnion if force is used.\\nDec. 3. D. C. The 22d Congress the\\nsecond session opens.\\nCongress Senate Hugh L. White\\nof Tenn. is elected President pro tem-\\npore.\\nDec. 10. D. C. President Jackson issues\\na proclamation against nullifiers, warn-\\ning and threatening them with trial for\\ntreason, setting forth the National\\ntheory, and combating the States rights\\ndoctrine.\\nDec. 18. D. C. A commercial treaty\\nis made with Russia.\\nDec. 20. S. C. The Legislature provides\\njudicial remedies for the recovery of\\ngoods seized or held for the payment of\\nduties imposed by the Act of Congress.\\nDec. 21. S. C. Governor Hamilton is-\\nsues a proclamation, warning the citi-\\nzens of the State not to be diverted\\nfrom their aUegiance by the anti-\\nnullification proclamation of President\\nJackson.\\nDec 28. D. C. John C. Calhoun resigns\\nthe office of Vice-President because of\\nPresident Jackson s proclamation\\nagainst nullifiers.\\nDec. S. C. Colonel Hayne (Senator) is\\nelected governor, and J. C. Calhoun is\\nelected Senator.\\nDec. D. C. The President s message\\nrecommends Congress to remove the\\npublic funds from the National\\nBank [it refuses by a decisive vote\\nthe President removes them without\\nthe sanction of Congress Clay, Web-\\nster, and Calhoun lead the opposition\\nin the Senate the House sustains the\\nPresident].\\nS. C. President Jackson sends a part\\nof the army to Charleston, and a ship-\\nof-war to collect the revenue.\\nD. C. Franklin Pierce, 28 years old,\\nis elected to Congress from New Hamp-\\nshire.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-33 Cal. Pio Pico (Mex.).\\n-34* Ky. John Breathitt.\\n-36 Mo. Daniel Dunklin.\\n-35 N. C. David L. Swain.\\n-33 N.J. Samuel L. Southard.\\n-36 O. Robert Lucas.\\n-34 S. C. Robert Y. Hayne.\\n1833 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\nS7,001,698.\\nJan. 16. D. C. President Jackson issues\\nhis anti-nullification message, which\\nelectrifies the country.\\nFeb. 12. D. C. Congress: Introduc-\\ntion of Henry Clay s Compromise\\nTariff Act, which aims to harmonize\\nCongress. It provides for a gradual re-\\nduction of duties until 1843, when they\\nare to drop to 20 per cent.\\nFeb. 13. D. C. Congress counts the\\nelectoral vote.\\nVote for President Jackson, 219 Clay,\\n49 Floyd, 11 Wirt, 7. Vote for Vice-\\nPresident M. Van Buren (Dem.) of N.\\nY., 189; John Sergeant (Nat. Rep.) of\\nPa., 49; Henry Lee (Ind.) of Mass., 11;\\nAmos Ellmaker (Anti-Mason) of Pa., 7\\nWilliam Wilkins (Dem.) of Pa., 30.\\nFeb. 16. D. C. Congress Senate In\\na debate with John C. Calhoun, Dan-\\niel Webster makes a speech against\\nthe right of nullification.\\nFeb. 20. D. C. Congress the Senate\\npasses the Force Bill. Vote, 32-1.\\nIt authorizes the President to remove\\nto another place any custom-house\\nwhere the collection of the revenue is\\nobstructed, and to use military force,\\nwhen necessary, to secure the collection\\nof the duties.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1831* S. C. Four-wheeled trucks are\\nfirst used on the South Carolina railroad.\\nVa. The first railroad in Virginia is\\nopened 13 miles, for carrying coal to\\nManchester.\\nEstimated miles of completed canals,\\n1,343; partly completed, 1,800; projected,\\n408 more.\\n1832 Apr. 9. Tenn. The steamboat\\nBrandyicine burns near Memphis 125\\nlives are lost.\\nJune 21. New York. The Asiatic chol-\\nera first appears it spreads rapidly\\nand with appalling results.\\nJuly Cholera appears in Philadelphia,\\nAlbany, and Rochester.\\nJuly lOf III. The first steamboat ar-\\nriving at Chicago brings Gen. Scott and\\nhis troops.\\nAug.* Mass. The Boston and Worces-\\nter Railroad is commenced.\\nOct. La. Cholera rages in New Or-\\nleans.\\nNov. 15. Pa. Philadelphia and Har-\\nrisburg are connected by rail.\\nNov.* Nevj York. The first street rail-\\nroad in the U. S. is opened between the\\nCity Hall and Fourteenth Street.\\nChicago is yet a frontier town.\\nla. The first house in Iowa is erected\\n[near Davenport],\\nN.J. The Paterson and Jersey\\nCity Railroad is opened.\\nN. Y. The Schenectady and Sara-\\ntoga Railroad is opened.\\nPa. The West Chester Kailroad\\nis opened also, the Philadelphia, Ger-\\nmantown, and Norristown roads.\\n**U.S. Wild Cat banks issue\\ncurrency which soon becomes worthless.\\nA commercial panic ensues.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens received in 15 months, 60,482.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "142 1833, Feb. 26-1834, Oct. 20. AMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1833 Tex. Texans begin a war\\nagainst Mexico for independence.\\n-35 Jefferson Davis serves in the\\nwar against the Pawnee Indians.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1833 July 2. N. T. The first public\\ntrial of reaping-machines is made be-\\nfore the Hamilton County Agricultural\\nSociety; Obed Hussey, patentee.\\nNov. 13. A remarkable display of mete-\\noric stars is seen over a large part of\\nNorth America.\\nNov. 18. New York. The first theater\\nfor operatic purposes in the United\\nStates is erected. [A failure.]\\nMass. The Essex County Natural\\nHistory Society [Essex Institute] is\\norganized.\\nThe Court of Death, by Rembrandt\\nPeale, is exhibited at the Royal Acad-\\nemy.\\nTitian s Goblet is painted by Thomas\\nCole.\\nNew York. The Mechanics Insti-\\ntute is formed.\\n1834 Jan. Mass. The first American\\ntable cutlery is made at Greenfield.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1833*\\nAlcott, Louisa May, author, horn in Pa.\\nAshmun, John Honker, jurist, A33.\\nBainbridge, William, coin. U. S. N., A59.\\nBenson, Egbert, jurist, A87.\\nBooth, Edwin, actor, born in JMd.\\nBreckenridge, James, M. C. for Va., A70.\\nBromley, Isaac II., editor, born in Conn.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Cameron, J. Donald, sen. for Pa., b. in Pa.\\nCockrell, Jer. V-, M. C. for Tex., b. in Mo.\\nCoffee, John, general, A51.\\nColburn, Warren, mathematician, A 40.\\nComfort, (Jeo. Fisk, educator, born in N.Y.\\nCoombs, William J., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y.\\nEdwards, Xinian, senator for 111., gov., A58.\\nEvans, Edward I*., scholar, born in N.Y.\\nFish, Nicholas, lietit.-col. of Ilev. war, A75.\\nFletcher, Loren, M. C. for Minn., b. in Me.\\nFuller. Melville Weston chief justice\\nlregg, David M., maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. Pa.\\nCrosvenor, Charles H., M. C. for O., b. Conn.\\nHarrison. Benjamin, brig.-gen. vols., sen.\\nHatch, William II., M. C. for M(\\nHepburn. William P., M. C. for la., b. in 6.\\nIlerrick, Stephen S., .Inn., physician, b. in Vt.\\nHulick, George W., M. C. for O., born In O.\\nIng-ersoll, Robert Green, lawyer, orator,\\nborn in N.Y.\\nLacroix, John C, clergyman, born.\\nLocke, David R. (Petroleum V. Nasby).\\nhumorous and satirical writer, b. in N.Y.\\nMartin, John, sen. for Kan., born in Ky.\\nMcLean, Alex., see. Bible Society, born.\\nM-rherson, .John II., sen. for N.J., b. N.Y.\\nNeekeve, de, Leo R., R. C. bp. of N. 0., A33.\\nNorlhway, Stephen A., M. C. for O., b. N.Y.\\nPhillips, Adelaide, singer, born in Eng.\\nPiatt, Thomas, C. sen. for N.Y., politician,\\nborn in N.Y.\\nTorter, Thomas, officer TJ. S. A., A99.\\nPost, Philip S., M. C. for 111., born in N.Y.\\ntjuay, Matthew S., sen. for Pa., born in Pa.\\nRandolph, John, orator, sen. for Va., AtiU.\\nKedpath, James, journalist, born in Eng.\\nIvoticrs, Kainnau, physicist, born in Pa.\\nKuger, Thonms II., brig.-gen., born in N. Y.\\nStedman, Ednmnd Clarence, poet, b. in Conn.\\nSt. John, John P., gov. of Kan., prohibition-\\nist, born in Ind.\\nThompson, Denman, actor, born in Pa.\\nThompson. I.annt, sculptor, b. in Ireland.\\nWheeler, William A., lexicographer, b. Mass.\\nWolcott, Oliver, sec. of treas., gov. of\\nConn., A73.\\nWoodward, Joseph J., histologist, b. in Pa.\\n1834*\\nBarlow, Francis Channing, brig gen., b. N.Y.\\nBedell, Gregory Townsend. I E. cl., A41.\\nBlackie, George S., physician, born.\\nBnnton, Garrison, aivhcuLomst, b. in Pa.\\nBlair, Henry \\\\V., M. b. S -V 11.\\nBlodgett, RafQS, sen. for N. J.\\nBowers, William W.,M. C. for CaL, b. N. Y.\\nBrowne, Charles Farrar (Artemus Ward),\\nwriter, humorist, born in Me.\\nBrickner, George 11., M. C. for Wis., b. Ga.\\nCall, Wilkinson, sen. for Fla., b. in Ky.\\nCockreU, Francis M., sen. for Mo., b. in Mo.\\nCondict, John, surgeon, A79.\\nCannon, Marion, M. C. for CaL, b. in W. Va.\\nCrawford, William Harris, sec. of treas.,\\nsen. for Va., A52.\\nDepew, Chauncey M., orator, M. C. for\\nN. Y., R. R. officer, born in N. Y.\\nDick, James T., artist, born in N. Y.\\nDow, Lorenzo, eccentric Meth. preacher, A57.\\nEaton, Daniel Cady, prof, in Yale, b. in Mich.\\nEmmerton, James A., genealogist, b. in Mass.\\nEliot, CharleB William, pres. of Harvard,\\nborn in Mass.\\nFoss, Cyrus D-, M. E. bp., b. in N. Y.\\nGibbons. James, cardinal, born in Md.\\nGorgas, Ferd., editor, born.\\nGrimke, Thomas Smith, scholar, philan., A48.\\nHenderson, Tlios. J., 51. C, born In Tenn.\\nHilborn, Samuel G-, M. C, born in Me.\\nHiscoek, David, sen. for N. Y., b. in N. Y.\\nHitt, Robert R., M. C. for CaL, born in O.\\nHurst, John F., M. E. bp., chancellor of\\nWash. Univer., born in Md.\\nJones, Galuslia, soldier in Revolution, A83.\\nI.anglev, Samuel P., astronomer, b. in Mass.\\nMcCook, Edward M., gov. of Col., b. in O.\\nOwen, Elias K., naval commander, born.\\nPorter, Ebenezer IX, pres. Andover Semi-\\nnary, A 62.\\nPorter, George B., statesman, A 44.\\nPhillips, Philip, composer, singer, b. N.Y.\\nPowell, John W., ethnologist, geologist,\\nborn in N. Y.\\nRansom, Thomas Edward G., brig.-gen.,\\nborn in Vt.\\nSanders, Wilbur F., sen. for Mont., born\\nin N. Y.\\nSay, Thomas, zoologist, A47.\\nSchweinitz, von, Lewis I avid, botanist, A54.\\nUpdegraff, Thomas, M. C. for la., b. in Pa.\\nWirt, William, lawyer, author. A62.\\nYoung-. Charles Augustus, astronomer,\\nborn in N. H.\\nCHURCH.\\n1833 June 6. Boston. The General\\nConvention of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nJune 26. Clucago. The first Presby-\\nterian Church is organized.\\nJune N. Y. The General Synod (Re-\\nformed) meets at Schenectady Jacob\\nJ. Janeway, president.\\nAug. 16. Boston. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nOct. 19. Chicago. The Baptists orga-\\nnize a church.\\nMassachusetts amends her constitu-\\ntion, making contributions for the sup-\\nport of the minis try voluntary in-\\nstead of obligatory.\\nMich. The Diocese of Detroit (Roman\\nCatholic) is established.\\n*Md. The General Synod (Evan-\\ngelical Lutheran) meets at Baltimore.\\nN. Y. \\\\Villiam Miller of East White-\\nhall lectures on the End of the World,\\nwhich he predicts will occur in 1S43 his\\ndisciples are called Millerites.\\nOre. The Methodists begin work\\namong the Indians in Oregon.\\n0. The Archbishopric of Cincinnati\\n(Roman Catholic) is created.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets William A. Mc-\\nDowell, moderator.\\nA secession from the General Synod\\nof the Reformed Presbyterian Church\\noccurs.\\nThe division is caused by diverse opin-\\nions respecting the civil institutions of\\nthe country; some declaring that the\\nConstitution and the Government are\\nessentially inlidel and immoral.\\nThe Mormons are opposed and\\ndriven from the settled parts of the\\ncountry, because of their teachings and\\nalleged deceptions.\\nThe Presbyterians begin mission-work\\namong the Chippewas at Lac Court\\nd Oreilles.\\nThe Baptists begin work among the\\nOtoe, Omaha, Delaware, andStockbridge\\nIndians.\\n1834 Jan. 14. Tenn. James H. Otey\\n(Protestant Episcopal) is consecrated\\nbishop of Tennessee.\\nFeb. 6. The Bishop White Prayer-\\nbook Society is organized.\\nMay 21. N. Y. The General Associa-\\ntion Congregational) is organized.\\nJune NeicYork. The General Synod\\n(Reformed) meets Sam. A. Van Vran-\\nken, president.\\nLETTERS.\\n1833 July 16. New York. The corner-\\nstone of New York University is laid.\\nSept. 8. New York. The Sun is first\\npublished a penny paper.\\nNov. 26. HI. The first newspaper of\\nChicago, The Democrat, is issued.\\nDec. 11. Wis. The first newspaper in\\nthe State, The Green Bay Intelligencer,\\nis issued.\\nBoston. The New England Magazine\\nIs established by Buckingham.\\nBoston. The Boston Daily Journal is\\nfirst issued.\\n-34 Boston. The Select Journal of\\nForeign Periodical Literature appears.\\nConn. The Wesleyan University\\nLibrary is founded at Middletown.\\n[35,000 vols.]\\nGa. Mercer University (Bapt.) is\\norganized at Macon.\\nInd, Hanover College (Pres.) is or-\\nganized.\\nMich. Kalamazoo College (Bapt.) is\\nfounded.\\nN. C. Wake Forest College is\\nchartered by Baptists at Wake Forest.\\nNew York. The Journal of Commerce\\nestablishes relays of horses between New\\nYork and Philadelphia, and secures news\\nfrom Washington one day earlier than\\nother papers. [Later, its relays are\\nextended to Washington.]\\n*-3S* NevJ York. The American\\nMonthly Magazine appears.\\nO. St. Xavier s College (Rom.\\nCath.), Cincinnati, is founded.\\nPa. Haverford College (Orthodox\\nFriends) is organized at Haverford.\\n*-36* *The Western Monthly Maga-\\nzine supersedes the Illinois Monthly\\nMagazine.\\nAtalantis A Story of the Sea, by W. G.\\nSimrus, appears.\\nThe Down-Easters, by John Neal,\\nappears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1833, Feb. 26-1834, Aug. 12. 143\\nZHscourses and Addresses on Subjects\\nof American History, Art and Literature,\\nby Verplanck, appears.\\n_40 The Life and Writings of\\nGeorge Washington, by Jared Sparks,\\nappears.\\nCommentaries on the Constitution of\\nthe United States, by Joseph Story,\\nappears.\\nAn Edition of the Iliad, by Cornelius\\nC. Felton, appears.\\nAn edition of tlie Alcestis of Euripi-\\ndes, by Theodore D. Woolsey, appears.\\nA translation of Malte-BruiVs Geog-\\nraphy, by J. G. Percival, appears.\\n1834* Conn. Hartford Theological\\nSeminary (Cong.) is founded.\\nInd. Franklin College (Bapt.) is or-\\nganized at Franklin.\\nLa. Tulane University (non-sect.)\\nis organized at New Orleans.\\nNew York. The New -Yorker Staats-\\nZeitung is founded.\\nO. Oberlin College (Cong.) is\\nfounded at Oberlin.\\nLife of George Washington, by J. K.\\nPaulding, appears.\\nVa. The Southern Literary Messen-\\nger, by T. W. White, is published at\\nRichmond.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1833 Feb. 26. D. C. The Congres-\\nsional Temperance Society, under a\\ncall of 25 members of Congress, is or-\\nganized.\\nIts object By example and kind\\nmoral influence to discountenance the\\nuse of ardent spirit and the traffic in it\\nthroughout the community.\\nMay* Phila. The first National Tem-\\nperance Society meets.\\nThe traffic in ardent spirits as a drink\\nis morally wrong, and ought to be aban-\\ndoned throughout the world.\\nOct. 2. New York. An anti-slavery\\nsociety is organized Arthur Tappan,\\npresident.\\nDec. 6. Phila. The American Anti-Sla-\\nvery Society is formed; Beriah Green,\\npresident.\\nGa. The first local option law\\nfor the suppression of intemperance is\\ngranted by the Legislature to the in-\\nferior courts of Liberty and Camden\\ncounties.\\nN. Y.-Pa. Laws for the suppression\\nof lotteries are passed.\\n-36 III. Abraham Lincoln is a\\nmerchant, drifting into bankruptcy.\\nO. James A. Garfield, two years of\\nage, is bereaved of his father; his wid-\\nowed mother has a log cabin and 20\\nacres of cleared land.\\nPhiladelphia has a Whig barbecue,\\ncelebrating its victory at the polls;\\n50,000 people are present.\\n1834 Jan. 30. Bichard Lawrence at-\\ntempts to assassinate President\\nJackson.\\nApr. 8-10. New York City has an\\nelection riot.\\nIt is between Jackson Democrats and\\na new party called Whigs political\\nmeetings are broken up, business in\\nWall Street is suspended, and citizens\\nare under arms all night, fearing the\\nbanks would be sacked.\\nJuly 4. Neio York. A meeting of the\\nAmerican Anti-Slavery Society is\\nbroken up by a mob.\\nJuly 10-12. N. Y. Abolition riots agi-\\ntate New York abolitionists are perse-\\ncuted.\\nThe house of Lewis Tappan is sacked\\nby a mob; other houses, enure lies, school-\\nhouses, and homes of colored families\\nare also assaulted.\\nJuly 11. N.J. Pro-slavery violence\\nand persecution are rampant.\\nA mob takes a colored man from the\\npulpit, to which he has been invited by\\nthe minister, and conveys him to jail,\\nthreatening to tear down the jail unless\\nthe jailer receives him; they then re-\\nturn and demolish the interior of the\\nchurch.\\nAug. 11. Mass. Catholics are perse-\\ncuted.\\nA Charlestown mob burns the Ursuline\\nConvent, driving 70 females into the\\nnight, and plundering the property, it\\nbeing alleged that a girl is confined\\nthere against her will.\\nAug. 12. Boston. An indignation\\nmeeting is held in Faneuil Hall, be-\\ncause of the Charlestown outrage.\\nSTATE.\\n1833 Feb. 26. D. C. Congress The\\nHouse passes the Compromise Tariff\\nBill. Vote, 119-35.\\nIt scales down all duties over 20 per\\ncent by one-tenth of the surplus of each\\nyear, so as to make the uniform rate of\\n20 per cent in the year 1842.\\nMar. 1. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Compromise Tariff Bill.\\nVote, 29-16. The House passes the\\nForce Bill, empowering the President\\nto execute the revenue laws in South\\nCarolina. Vote, 149-48.\\nMar. 2. D. C. President Jackson signs\\nthe Tariff and Force bills, and they\\nbecome laws.\\nMar. 2. D. C. The 22d Congress ends.\\n7th Administration; Democratic.\\nAndrew Jackson of Tenn., the sev-\\nenth President, enters his second term,\\nthe 12th term of the presidency. Mar-\\ntin Van Buren is Vice-President.\\nMar. 15. S. C. The State Convention,\\nbeing reconvened, repeals the ordi-\\nnance of nullification and secession.\\nMar. 18. S. C. The State Convention\\nadopts an ordinance declaring null the\\nForce Act passed by Congress.\\nSept. 16. N Y. N. J. The boundary\\nbetween New York and New Jersey is\\nsettled.\\nSept. 23. D. C. President Jackson or-\\nders the removal of deposits of\\nthe United States Government from the\\nUnited States Bank to certain State\\nbanks Pet Banks causing great agi-\\ntation. [The Senate declared the act\\nunconstitutional the fluids were not\\nremoved to the State banks.]\\nW. J. Duane, Secretary of the Treas-\\nury, refuses to remove the public fimds,\\nis dismissed from office by the President,\\nand Roger B. Taney of Md. succeeds\\nhim.\\nDec. 2. B.C. The 23d Congress opens.\\nDec. 20. C. Congress: The Senate\\nresolution censuring President Jack-\\nson is introduced by Henry Clay.\\nU. S. Political nominating con-\\nventions take the place of caucuses of\\nthe State Legislature.\\nU. S. The political machine, under\\nJacksonian favor, rapidly develops.\\nPolitical workers are to be re-\\nwarded with political offices, and politi-\\ncal parties are to be held together by\\nthe cohesive power of public plunder.\\nNew York. Gideon Lee is elected the\\n59th mayor.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-35 Cat. Jose Figueroa (Mex.).\\n-34 Conn. Henry W. Edwards.\\n-37 Del. Caleb P. Bennett.\\n-35* Miss. Hiram G. Runnels.\\nN J. Elias P. Seeley.\\n-36 N.J. Peter D. Vroom.\\n-38 N. Y. Wm. L. Marcy.\\n-38 li. I. John B. Francis.\\n1834 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$4,760,082. [It is paid off during the\\nyear.]\\nJan. 28. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nHugh L. White of Tenn. is elected\\nPresident pro tempore. [Later George\\nPoindexter of Miss, is elected.]\\nFeb. 17. D. C. An indemnity treaty is\\nmade with Spain.\\nMar. 28. D. C. Congress The Senate\\nadopts Henry Clay s resolution censur-\\ning the President for the removal of\\nGovernment deposits. Vote, 26-20.\\nApr. 4. D. C. Congress The House re-\\nsolves that the National Bank shall\\nnot he rechartered, and forbids the re-\\nmoval of deposits.\\nJune 3. D. C. Congress: Joint resolu-\\ntions censuring the President pass\\nthe Senate. Vote, 29-10.\\nJune 20. Z C. Congress; House:\\nJohn Bell of Tenn. is elected Speaker.\\nJune 30. T). C. The Indian Territory\\nis set apart exclusively for Indians.\\nThe 23d Congress: the first session\\ncloses.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1S33 Mar. 31. D. C. The Treasury\\nBuilding at Washington is destroyed by\\nfire.\\nJune 1. Ky. Cholera breaks out at\\nLexington.\\nSept. JV. J. The Camden and Amboy\\nRailroad is opened to Bordentown.\\nOct. 8. N J. The first severe rail-\\nroad accident occurs on the Amboy\\nand Bordentown road several persons\\nare killed.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1S33, 5S.640.\\n1834 May* N.J. The railroad from\\nJersey City to New Brunswick is\\nopened.\\nBoston. Ice is first exported to the\\nEast Indies [arriving there in the au-\\ntumn].", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "144 1834, Aug. 13 -1835\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\nTHE TENTH WAR.\\n1835 Dec. 23\u00e2\u0080\u009443 Aug. 14. The\\nFlorida Indian War.\\n[Men enrolled, 11,1G9 regulars, 29.053\\nmilitia and volunteers. Total, 41,122.]\\nDec. Fla. The Seminole Indians be-\\ngin hostilities, and continue the struggle\\nfor 4 years. [The war was caused by the\\nattempt of the Government to remove\\nthe Indians beyond the Mississippi.]\\nDec. 28. Fla. The Seminole Indians\\nsurprise a detachment of 117 men un-\\nder Major Francis L. Dade, and kill all\\nbut one man, who is covered by the dead.\\nThe Seminoles, led by Osceola, a\\nhalf-breed, who displays great talents\\nand audacity, surprise Gen. Thomp-\\nson, commanding the forces near Fort\\nKing, riddle his body with 15 bullets,\\nand escape.\\nDec. 31. Fla. Gen. Duncan L. Clinch\\ndefeats the Seminoles on the banks of\\nthe Withlacooch.ee.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1834+ Conn. Kettles of hammered\\nbrass are first made at Wolcottville.\\nD. C. Hiram Powers executes the\\nbusts of the President and others, at\\nWashington.\\nMass. A gun is rifled at South Bos-\\nton the first in the United States.\\nCyrus Hall McCormick patents his\\nreaper for harvesting grain an inven-\\ntion which nearly equals the locomotive\\nin its value to America.\\n1835 Apr. 8. Boston. Charlotte\\nCushman first appears, at the Tremont\\nTheater.\\nNov. 17. An aurora borealis of surpass-\\ning grandeur is observed.\\nDec. New York. The Howe Company\\nmanufacture pins.\\nConn. Samuel Colt patents his\\nrevolving pistol.\\nN. Y. Horseshoes are made by\\nmachinery at Troy.\\nPa. A small stack is erected near\\nPottsville for making iron by the use\\nof anthracite coal and the hot blast.\\nFrederic TV. Geisenhainer is the inventor\\nand pioneer.\\nPhila. The manufacture of false\\nteeth from minerals is commenced by\\nD. W. Stockton.\\nHosiery goods are first made by knit-\\nting a circular web.\\nAudubon publishes his remarkable\\nwork on the Birds of America, which\\nis engraved and printed in four huge\\nfolios in Edinburgh, Scotland, and sold\\nby subscription for $800.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1835*\\nAbbott, Lyman. Cong, cl., editor, b. Mass.\\nAdams, Charles Kendall, author, b. In Vt.\\nAmes, Adelbert, maj.-Ren., sen. for Miss., b.\\nBarker, George r redone, chemist, b. Mass.\\nBarnard, Charles, author, born in Mass.\\nBayard, George 1 brig.-gen., b. in N. Y.\\nBavard, Tnuiiiiii II., sculptor, born in Vt.\\nBland, Richard P., M. C. for Mo., b. in Ky.\\nBrooks. Phillips. P. E. bishop, b. Dec. 13,\\nin Mass.\\nCaffery, Donelson. sen. for La., born in La.\\nhaillii. Paul \u00c2\u00ablu, traveler, born in France.\\nCaldwell, Joseph, Pres. clergyman, A52.\\nCarlisle. John G.,sec. of treas., sen. for Ky.,\\nborn in Kv.\\nChandler, Win. E,, sen. for N. H., b. N. II.\\nClarke, John s., actor, born in Md.\\nClemens, Samuel L. fMark Twain), hu-\\nmorist, author, born in Mo.\\nCobb, .lames i;., M. C. for Ala., born in Ala.\\nCurtis, Newton M.. M. C fur N. Y., b. Y.\\nDana, Nathan, lawyer, A83.\\nDolph, Joseph N., sen. for Ore., b. in N. Y.\\nDraper, John hrislopher, scientist, b. in a.\\nDuane, William, author and novelist. A 75.\\nDinsmoor, Samuel, gov. of N. H., A69.\\nEvans, Augusta, novelist, born in Ga.\\nFallows, Samuel, Kef. E. hp., born in Eng.\\nFindlev, James, statesman, ABO.\\nFitch, LeRoy, u, S. N., born in Ind.\\nFoster, Stephen, cl. and educator, A37.\\nFrothingham, Ellen, scholar, b. in Ger.\\nFuller, Timothy, lawyer, orator, A57.\\nGarside, William P... Iiouieopalhist, born.\\nGraham, John H., M. C. for N. Y., b. in Ire.\\nGregg, Andrew, U. S. senator, A 80.\\nHallowed, Kirhard Price, merchant, b. in Pa.\\nHampton. Wade, of S. C, brig.-gen., A81.\\nHarris, Win. Torrey, educationist, b. in Conn.\\nHnsack, David, physician, author, A66.\\nKilgore. Buckley, M. C. for Tex., born in Ga.\\nLander, Louisa, sculptor, horn in Mass.\\nLawson, Thos. G., M. C. for Ga., born in Ga.\\nLmdsav, William, sen. for Kv., horn in Kv.\\nLucas, William V., M. C. for S. D.,b. in Ind.\\nMarshall, John, chief justice, A80.\\nMcCrarv, George W., sec. of war, b. Ind.\\nMcKendree, William, H. E. bp., A78.\\nMead, Larkin G., sculptor, b. in N. H.\\nMitchell, John H., sen. for Ore., born in Pa.\\nMitchell, Samuel Mix, statesman, A 92.\\nNeweomb, Simon, astronomer, b. in N. S.\\nNorton, Andrews, t nit. cl., author, A45.\\nOates, William C, M. C. for Ala., b. in Ala.\\nO Rourke, Patrick II., colonel, born in Ire.\\nOsgood, Helen L. i., armv nurse, b. in Mass.\\nPhillips, Thomas W., M. C. for Pa., b. Pa.\\nPratt, John James, poet, born in Ind.\\nPolk. William, patriot, A76.\\nPotter, Henry P. E. bp. of N, Y b. N. Y.\\nPowers, 11. iienrv, M. C. for Vt., born in Vt.\\nRobertson, I has. F., P. E. bp., born in N. Y.\\nShepard, Elliot F., lawyer, journalist, born\\nin N. Y.\\nSpofford, Harriet Prescott, born in Me.\\nStone, William Leete, Jr., author, b. in N. Y\\nThomas. Theodore, musician, b. in (ier.\\nWise, George D., M. C. for Va., b. in Va.\\nCHURCH.\\n1834 Oct. 20. la. The first Baptist\\nchurch is organized at Danville.\\nBoston. The Benevolent Frater-\\nnity of (Unitarian) churches in Boston\\nis organized.\\nThe American Board begins mission-\\nwork among the Dakota and Pawnee\\nIndians.\\nInd. The Diocese of Vincennes (Ro-\\nman Catholic) is established.\\nMass. The Universalist State Con-\\nvention is organized.\\nMich. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof Michigan is organized.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets Philip Lindsley,\\nmoderator.\\nThe Mormon Twelve Apostles are\\norganized.\\n1835 Mar. 8. III. The Diocese of Illi-\\nnois (Protestant Episcopal) is organized.\\nJune Phila. The General Synod (Re-\\nformed) meets Robert Bronk, presi-\\ndent.\\nJune 11. N. Y. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nSept. 25. Jackson Kemper is conse-\\ncrated first (Protestant Episcopal) mis-\\nsionary bishop of the Northwest.\\nAla. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof Alabama is organized.\\n111. Three clergymen organize\\na (Protestant Episcopal) convention in\\nIllinois, and appoint Philander Chase\\nto the episcopate f Qlinols.\\nThe Protestant Episcopal Diocese of\\nChicago is organized.\\nN. J. A Society for the Evangeli-\\nzation of the World is organized in\\nthe First Presbyterian chur-jh of New-\\nark.\\nNew York. Twelve city missionaries\\nare employed by the City Tract Society.\\nOre. The American Board starts a\\nmission among the Oregon Indians, also\\namong the Abnakis and the Sioux or\\nDakota Indians.\\nPhila. The General Convention\\n(Protestant Episcopal; meets.\\nIt changes the organization of its Mis-\\nsionary Society so as to comprehend all\\nmembers of the Church.\\nPa. The General Synod (Evan-\\ngelical Lutheran) meets at York.\\nLETTERS.\\n1834* 17. Norwich University (Prot.\\nEpis.) is founded.\\n*-44* His tori/ of the United States,\\nby George Bancroft, appears.\\nNarrative of an Expedition to Itasca\\nLake, by H. R. Schoolcraft, appears.\\nWritings of George Washington, etc.,\\nby Jared Sparks, appears.\\nCalavar: A Romance of Mexico, by K.\\nM. Bird, appears.\\nThe Yemassee, by \\\\Y. G. Simms, ap-\\npears.\\nGuy Rivers, by W. G. Simms, appears.\\nAnatomical Character, Causes, Symp-\\ntoms, and Treatment of Pulmonary Con-\\nsumption, by Morton, appears.\\nCommentaries on the Conflict of Laws,\\nby Joseph Story, appears.\\n1835 May 6. New York. The New York\\nHerald is first issued.\\nAug. *-Sept. The Moon Hoax,\\nby Richard Adams Locke, is published\\nin the Sun.\\nGreat Astronomical Discoveries\\nLately Made bv Sir John Herschel at\\nthe Cape of Good Hope. [The article\\nis copied by the most sober journals.]\\nBoston. The Christian Review, a Bap-\\ntist quarterly, is issued.\\nThe Culprit Fay, by J. R. Drake, ap-\\npears.\\nNew York. The American Monthly\\nMagazine is published [till 1S3S]\\nby Herbert, Hoffman, and Benjamin.\\nO. The Toung Men s Mercantile\\nLibrary is founded at Cincinnati.\\n[47,039 vols.]\\nThe Oberlin Theological Seminary\\n(Cong.) is opened.\\nThe Marietta College (Pres. and\\nCong.) is founded.\\nTenn. The Baptist is first issued\\n[later called The Tennessee Baptist, and\\nafterwards The Baptist].\\nVa. Southern Literary Messenger ap-\\npears at Richmond.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1834, Aug. 13-1835\\n145\\nBaptists start the Baptist Banner [The\\nWestern Recorder].\\nThe Infidel, by It. M. Bird, appears.\\nItalian Sketch Book, by Tuckerman,\\nappears.\\nThe Manikins, by Cooper, appears.\\nOutre-Mer, by Longfellow, appears.\\nThe Partisan, by W. G. Simms, ap-\\nPencillings by the Way, by Willis, ap-\\npears.\\nTmir of the Prairies, by Washington\\nIrving, appears.\\nWinter in the West, by C. F. Hoffman,\\nappears.\\nAn edition of The Antigone of Sopho-\\ncles, by Woolsey, appears.\\nElements of Moral Science, by Francis\\nWayland, appears.\\n-39 Tbe first series of The Library\\nof American Biography, edited by Jared\\nSparks, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1834 Aug. 13+. Phila. An anti-abo-\\nlition riot continues three nights 54\\nhouses occupied by colored people are\\nassaulted, and some of them wrecked.\\nConn. A mob with a brass band inter-\\nrupts a lecturer on the abolition of sla-\\nvery, and marches him out of Norwich,\\nto tbe tune of the Rogue s March.\\nD. C. Congress enacts a penalty of\\n$500 for the offense of selling liquor or\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0wine to Indians in tbe Indian country\\nsetting up a still, $1,000 fine.\\nD.C. President Jackson recommends\\nCongress to pass an act for the suppres-\\nsion of anti-slavery literature.\\nN. H. Franklin Pierce marries\\nJane Means Appleton.\\nN. Y. A convention of mechanics\\nmeets at Utica it protests against con-\\nvict labor.\\nGreat opposition is made to the\\nanti-slavery movement it is ridi-\\nculed, scorned, stormed with abuse and\\nviolence, but augmented.\\nTbe Legislatures of several Southern\\nStates call upon tbe Northern States to\\nprohibit the printing of anti-slavery\\npublications.\\n*JV. Y. Delavan s declaration ar-\\nrests attention.\\nEdward C. Delavan, ex-wine merchant\\nof Albany, draws up the following decla-\\nration, and secures the signatures of\\nPresidents Jackson, Madison, John Q.\\nAdams, Van Buren, Tyler, Polk, Taylor,\\nFillmore, Pierce, Buchanan, Lincoln,\\nand Johnson.\\nBeing satisfied from observation and ex-\\nperience, as well as from medical testimony,\\nthat ardent spirit, as a drink, is not only\\nneedless, but liurti.il, and that the entire dis-\\nuse of it would tend to promote the health,\\nthe virtue, and the happiness of the commu-\\nnity, we hereby express our conviction that\\nshould the citizens of the United States, and\\nespecially the young men, discontinue en-\\ntirely the use of it, they would not only pro-\\nmote their own personal benefit, hut the\\ngood of our country and of the world.\\nPhila. The Presbyterian General\\nAssembly declares that The traffic\\nin ardent spirits, to be used as a drink\\nby any people, is, in our judgment, mor-\\nally wrong, and ought to be viewed as\\nsuch by the churches of Jesus Christ\\nuniversally.\\n1835 June 30, Kg. Lieut. Jeff erson\\nDavis resigns his commission in the\\narmy, and soon after elopes with Sally\\nKnox Taylor, daughter of Gen. Zach-\\nary Taylor.\\nJuly 29. S. C. A mob forces the post-\\noffice at Charleston, and rifles the mails\\nto destroy anti-slavery publications.\\nAug. 8. Md. A riot occurs at Balti-\\nmore, about the Bank of Maryland sev-\\neral persons are killed or wounded.\\nAug. S. C. The U. S. mail is opened\\nand anti-slavery documents are removed\\nand burned by citizens of Charleston.\\nNew York. The publication of the\\nMoon Hoax in the Neio York Sun\\ndeceives many credulous people. (See\\nLetters.)\\nOpposition to friends of freedom.\\nChurches and public halls are as-\\nsaulted when opened for anti-slavery\\nspeakers, in many Northern sections.\\nGreat indignation is felt in the Soiith\\nbecause of the circulation of anti-slavery\\npamphlets by various societies.\\nSTATE.\\n1834 Nov. III. Abraham Lincoln is\\nelected to the Legislature as a member\\nof the Assembly.\\nDec. 1. D. C. The 23d Congress: the\\nsecond session opens.\\nNew York. The mayor is no longer\\nappointed by the Common Council, but\\nelected by the voters of the city.\\nDec. D. C. President Jackson recom-\\nmends reprisals on French com-\\nmerce, in satisfaction of a claim of\\n$5,000,000 against France long overdue.\\n[France settles the claim Portugal is\\nbrought to terms in the same way.]\\n**-37**Ncw York. Cornelius W.\\nLawrence is elected the 60th mayor.\\nIT. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-35* Conn. Samuel A. Foote.\\n-36* Fta. (Ter.). John H. Eaton.\\n-38 III. Joseph Duncan.\\n-36 Ky. James T. Morehead.\\n-38 La. Edward D. White.\\n-35 Mass, John Davis.\\n-38 Me. Robert P. Dunlap.\\n-35 Mich. (Ter.). Stevens T. Mason.\\n-36 N. II. William Badger.\\n-36 S. C. George McDuffie.\\n-36 Va. Littleton W. Tazewell.\\n1835 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$37,513.\\nMar. 4. D. C. Congress; Senate: John\\nTyler of Va. is elected President pro\\ntempore.\\nCongress establishes three branch\\nmints New Orleans, Charlotte, N. C,\\nand Dablonega, Ga.\\nMar. 4. D. C. The 23d Congress\\nends.\\nOct. N. Y. The anti-monopolist branch\\nof the Democratic party is called Loco-\\nfocos by tbe other branch.\\nDee. 7. D. C. The 24th Congress\\nopens.\\nCongress House James K. Polk\\nof Teim. is elected Speaker.\\nDec. D. C. President Jackson recom-\\nmends Congress to prohibit the circula-\\ntion of anti-slavery papers through\\nthei\\nils.\\nDec. D. C. James M. Wayne of\\nGa. is apx ointed Justice of the U. S.\\nSupreme Court.\\nDec. 20. Tex. Texans declare their\\nmdependence of Mexico, and Ameri-\\ncans rally to help them.\\nDec. 29. Ga. The Seminoles cede all\\ntheir territory east of the Mississippi\\nfor $5,000,000.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Revenue in 1835, from\\nthe sales of public lands, $24,877,179.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-37 Ala. Clement C. Clay.\\n-36 Ark. (Ter.). Wm. S. Fulton.\\n-38 Conn. Henry W. Edwards.\\n-37 Ga. William Schley.\\n-36 Mass. Samuel Armstrong.\\n-40 Mich. Stevens T. Mason.\\n-37* Miss. Charles Lynch.\\n-37 N. O. Richard D. Spaight.\\nPa. Joseph Ritner.\\n-39 Tenn. Newton Cannon.\\n-36 Tex. Henry Smith (Provisional\\nPresident).\\n-41 Vt. Silas A. Jenison.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1834 Nov. 1. N. J. The railroad from\\nNew Brunswick to Trenton is opened.\\nChicago receives one mail a week\\nit is carried on horseback from Niles,\\nMich.\\nNew York. Cholera again prevails.\\nO. The Ohio Canal is opened for\\n307 miles, connecting the Ohio River with\\nLake Erie.\\nVa. The Petersburg and Roanoke\\nRailroad is opened 60 miles in length.\\nS. C. The South Carolina Railroad\\nis opened 136 miles.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1834, 65,365.\\nOre. The first emigrants arrive.\\n1835 June 2. Mass. The Boston and\\nProvidence Railroad is opened.\\nJune 27. Mass. The Boston and Low-\\nell Railroad is opened.\\nJuly 6. Mass. The Boston and Wor-\\ncester Railroad is opened.\\nAug. 25. Md. The Baltimore and\\nWashington Railroad is opened.\\nNov. 7. The New York and Erie Rail-\\nDec. 9. Boston. The President s mes-\\nsage arrives from Washington in 26\\nhours and 50 minutes.\\nDec. 16. New York suffers from a\\ngreat fire.\\nIt sweeps over 30 acres, destroying 520\\nbuildings and property worth $18,000,000.\\nDec. Chicago s first bank is opened.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1835, 45,374.\\nNew Eng. In a rage for silk culture\\nmany mulberry trees are planted, and\\nfortunes are made and lost.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "146 1835 *-1837, May 30.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY -NAVY.\\n1836 Feb. 29. Fla. Gen. Gaines,\\nwith 1,000 men, is attacked by the Semi-\\nnole Indians on the Withlacoochee. [Gen.\\nClinch comes to his relief.]\\nFeb. Fla. Gen. Winfield Scott as-\\nsumes command of the army in the\\nIndian War.\\nMar. 6. Fla. Some of the Seminole\\nchiefs come to Gen. Jessup, and sign a\\ntreaty of peace [which is soon broken].\\nApr. 21. Tex. Sam Houston, an Ameri-\\ncan, at the head of 800 Texans, defeats\\nSanta Anna at San Jacinto, and drives\\nthe Mexicans across the Rio Grande\\nSanta Anna is taken prisoner, and inde-\\npendence secured.\\nTHE ELEVENTH WAR.\\n-37 The Cherokee Indian dis-\\nturbance. Men enrolled, 9,494 militia\\nand volunteers. Caused by the enforced\\nremoval of the Indians to the West.\\nTHE TWELFTH WAR.\\nMay 5-1837 Sept. 30. The Creek In-\\ndian War. Caused by the unwilling-\\nness of the Indians to surrender their\\nlands to the whites. Men enrolled, 935\\nregulars, and 12,483 volunteers and mi-\\nlitia. Total, 13,418.\\nTHE THIRTEENTH WAR.\\n-1839 Me. The Aroostook dis-\\nturbance, respecting the northeast boun-\\ndary of the U. S. arises among the people\\ncontiguous to the territory in dispute.\\nMen enrolled, 1,500 militia and volun-\\nteers.\\nOct. Fla. Gov. Call leads 2,000 men\\ninto the interior of the State, and has a\\nfight at Wahoo Swamp with the In-\\ndians, and a second engagement a few\\ndays later, without decisive results.\\nDec. 25. Fla. Col. Zachary Taylor s\\nforce defeats the Indians near Big Water\\nLake.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1836 Dec. 12. New York. Miss Ellen\\nTree makes her first appearance at the\\nPark Theater.\\nConn. Felt cloth is first successfully\\nmanufactured at Norwalk.\\nEng. Edwin Forrest appears in\\nSpartacus at the Drury Lane Theater,\\nLondon.\\nMass. Williamstown has the first (con-\\ntinuous) astronomical observatory.\\nMich. Fine-cut chewing tobacco\\nis first manufactured at Centerville.\\nPhila. Wrought-iron tubing and fit-\\ntings are first made.\\nU. S. Anthracite coal is first used\\non steamboats and locomotives. (1837?)\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1836*\\nAldrich, Thns. Bailev, poet, writer, b. N H.\\nAustin, Stephen K., founder of Tex., dies.\\nAvery, John, M. C. for Mich., born in N. Y.\\nBangs, Frank actor, born in Va.\\nlieanislev. Lester A., lieut. V. S. N., born.\\nBunce, Francis M., com. U. S. N., born.\\nBurr. Aaron, Vice-Pres. TJ. S-, A60.\\nBrown, Henry B., U. S. Justice, b. in Mich.\\nBurton, Asa. Cong, cl., controveraionabst,\\nA74.\\nButler. Matlhfw(*.,sen. for S. h. in S.\\nannon, Joseph G., M. C. for 111., b. N. C.\\n(handler, (_ has. F., cb.-n.ist, born in Mass.\\nCheney, Charles E.. Iter. k. bp., b. in N. Y.\\nCrockett. David, b:i..-kwi*oiJsiiiuii, M. for\\nTenn., A50.\\nIiavies, Henry E., lawyer, born in X. Y.\\nEdmunds, l aul C, M. C. for Va., b. in Va.\\nFayne, Frank L., aetor, born in Kv.\\nFlint. Austin. Jr.. physician, medical wri-\\nter, born in Mass.\\nFunston, Edward H., Member of Congress,\\nborn in Ohio.\\n;iadd -!i, Washington, cl., writer, b. in Pa.\\nGould. Jay. llnaneier, born in N. Y.\\nGrout, William W M. C. for Vt., b. in Can.\\nGrubbs, John editor, born in Ore.\\nHackley, Ohas. E., surgeon, b. in N. Y.\\nHale, Eugene, sen. for Me., born in Me.\\nHansard, .John it. i., author, editor, born.\\nHenry, William, rbi-mist, A74.\\nHitchcock, Chas. II., geologist, b. In Mass.\\nHodge, H. Lenox, surgeon, b. in Pa.\\nHomer, Winslow, artist, burn in Mass.\\nHouse, Edward Howard, author, b. Mass.\\nKenton, Simon, pioneer, A8I.\\nKflpatrick, Judson, cavalry general, b. N. J.\\nLivingston, Edward, M. (_ for X. Y. and La.,\\nA72.\\nLeverett, Frederick Percival, scholar, A33.\\nLowell, John F., of Lowell Inst., A37.\\nMadison, James, M. C. for Va,, sec. of\\nstate, 4th Pres. of TJ. S., A85.\\nMayer, Alfred Marshall, physicist, b. in Md.\\nMet abe, Charles chaplain, M. E. cl.,b. O.\\nMesser, Asa, Pres. of Brown I niv., A67.\\nMoon, John W., M. C. for Mich., b. in Mich.\\nMorton, Henrv, scholar, born in N. Y.\\nMurphy, Edward, Jr., sen. for N. Y.,b. X.Y.\\nPackard. Luiiis P., philologist, born in Pa.\\nPleasants, James, sen. for Va., Gov., A67.\\nRobson, Stuart, actor, born in Md.\\nSafford, Henry Truman, astronomer, b. Yt.\\nSlioup, Genrge L., sen. for Ida., born in Pa.\\nSpringer, William M., M. C. for 111., b. Ind.\\nTownsend, Luther Tracv, M. E. cl., b. in Me.\\nToy, Crawford Howell, Hebraist, b. in Va.\\nVedder, Elihu, painter, born in N. Y.\\nVaux, Robert, philanthropist, A50.\\nWheeler, .Joseph, M. C. for Ala., born in Ga.\\nWinter, William, poet, critic, b. in Mass.\\nWright, Arthur Williams, physicist, b. Conn.\\nCHURCH.\\n1835 Pa. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets in Pittsburg; YV. W.\\nPhillips, moderator.\\nThe Presbyterian Church establishes\\nits first mission among the Indians.\\nVa. The Eighth Baptist Triennial\\nMeeting is held at Richmond.\\n1S36 May 2. 0. The General Con-\\nference (Methodist Episcopal) meets in\\nCincinnati.\\nBeverly Waugh and Thomas A. Morris\\nare consecrated bishops.\\nThe Arkansas, Erie, Liberia, Michigan,\\nNew Jersey, and North Carolina Con-\\nferences are formed.\\nMay 13. New Tor 7c. The Baptists with-\\ndraw from the American Bible Society.\\nJune 16. Boston. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nJune N. T. The General Synod (Re-\\nformed) meets at Albany Thomas M.\\nStrong, president.\\nJuly 7. Mich. Samuel A. McCoskry\\n(Protestant Episcopal) is consecrated\\nbishop of Michigan.\\nO. The Ohio Eldership of the Church\\nof God is organized.\\nO. The General Synod (Evangeli-\\ncal Lutheran) of East Ohio is organized.\\nPa. The General Assembly (Pres-\\nbyterian) meets in Pittsburg; John\\nWitherspoon, moderator.\\nThe Reformed Dutch Church sends a\\nmissionary to the Nez Perce s Indians.\\nMission-work is undertaken by the\\nReformed Presbyterian Church.\\n1837 May* Phila. The General As-\\nsembly (Presbyterian) meets; David\\nElliott, moderator.\\nMay 23. Phila. The Plan of Union\\nwith Congregational Churches is abro-\\ngated on constitutional grounds by the\\nPresbyterian General Assembly. Vote,\\n143-110.\\nMay 30. Md. The German Foreign\\nMissionary Society is organized by\\nthe Lutheran Church in Hagerstown.\\nMay* Phila. The Old School party ex-\\nscind four presbyteries and offend the\\nNew School party; Presbyterians are\\ngreatly agitated.\\nMay* Phila. The American and For-\\neign Bible Society is organized by\\nBaptists.\\nLETTERS.\\n1836 Mar. 10. Md. The Baltimore\\nTranscript is issued as a penny paper.\\nMar. 25. Phila. The Public Ledger is\\nYork. The Xc\\nYork\\nJune 20.\\nExpress is issued.\\nJuly 29. O. The Philanthropist, an abo-\\nlition newspaper of Cincinnati, is de-\\nstroyed by a mob, the office pillaged, the\\ntypes scattered, and the press thrown\\ninto the river.\\nConn. The Yale Literary Magazine\\nappears.\\n*Ky. The Kentucky University\\n(Disciples) is organized at Lexing-\\nton.\\nStudents of both sexes are received.\\nNew York. Union Theological Semi-\\nnary (Pres.) is organized and a Library\\nis founded. [50,000 vols.] The Legisla-\\nture grants a charter, two years later.\\nN. Y. Alfred University (Seventh-\\nday Baptist) is organized.\\nN. Y. The Buffalo Library is founded.\\n[53,638 vols.]\\nPa. Franklin and Marshall College\\n(Reformed) is organized at Lancaster.\\nThe Reformed (German) Church estab-\\nlishes a college at Mercersburg.\\nP. I. The Providence Athenaeum\\nLibrary is founded. [44,502 vols.]\\nMogg Megone, by J. G. Whittier, ap-\\npears.\\nAstoria, by Washington Irving,\\nappears.\\nInklings of Adventure, by N. P. ^Villis,\\nappears.\\nThe Poor Pich Man, by Catherine\\nMaria Sedgwick, appears.\\nMellichampe, by AY. G. S\\nap-\\npea\\nNature, by B. W.Emerson, appears.\\nTwenty-seven Orations, by Edward\\nEverett, appears.\\nCommentaries on Equity of Jurispru-\\ndence, by Joseph Story, appears.\\nr Elements of International Law, by\\nHenry TVheaton, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1835 *-1837, May 30. 147\\n1837 Jan. 25. La. The New Orleans\\nPicayune is first issued.\\nFeb. 1. The memorial of 56 British\\nauthors, praying for the exclusive right\\nto their respective writings, is presented\\nto Congress.\\nFeb. 6. Ga. Emory College (Meth.\\nEpis.) is chartered [and soon organized].\\nMay 17. Md. The Baltimore Sun\\nappears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1836 Jan. 11. D. C. A petition is pre-\\nsented to Congress praying that the in-\\nstitution of slavery may be abolished\\nin the District of Columbia.\\nJuly 29. O. A riot breaks out in Cin-\\ncinnati the printing-press of James G.\\nBirney s Abolition paper is destroyed.\\nAug. N. T. The Second National\\nTemperance Convention is held at\\nSaratoga.\\nBoston. The Transcendental Club\\nis formed.\\nD. C. The right of petition de-\\nnied.\\nThe House of Representatives adopts\\nas a rule, that all petitions, memorials,\\nand resolutions, relating to slavery\\nshall be laid on the table, and no\\nfurther action whatever shall be had\\nthereon. (See State.)\\nGa.-Ala. Thousands of settlers leave\\ntheir homes through fear of the Indians.\\nIII. Abraham Lincoln, 27 years\\nold, begins the study of law.\\nThe Ancient Order of Hibernians\\nof America is founded.\\n1837 Feb. 13. New York. A riot is\\noccasioned by the high price of flour,\\nand hundreds of barrels are destroyed.\\nApr. III. Abraham Lincoln com-\\nmences the practice of law in Spring-\\nfield.\\nSTATE.\\n1836 Jan. 1. IT. S. National debt\\n$336,957.\\nFeb. 5. D. C. Congress; House: Henry\\nL. Pinckney introduces a bill providing\\nthat all memorials praying for the\\nabolition of slavery in the District of\\nColumbia be referred to a select com-\\nmittee, with instructions to report that\\nCongress has no power to interfere with\\nslavery in the States, and that, in the\\nopinion of the House, it would be a viola-\\ntion of public faith to interfere with the\\ninstitution in the District. [Adopted.\\nVote, 117-68. Called a Gag-Law.]\\n(Die. of Am. Politics.)\\nMar. 2. Texas again proclaims her\\nindependence of Mexico, and adopts\\na republican form of government.\\nMay 26. D. C. Congress The select\\ncommittee reports that Congress cannot\\nconstitutionally interfere with slavery\\nin any State, and it ought not to do so\\nit recommends that all petitions and\\npapers relating to slavery or its aboli-\\ntion shall, without being printed or\\nreferred, be laid upon the table. Ap-\\nproved. Vote, 117-68.\\nMay 29. Wisconsin Territory is orga-\\nnized out of the Northwest Territory.\\nJune 15. D. C. Congress admits Ar-\\nkansas into the Union as the 25th State.\\nJuly 1. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nWilliam R, King of Ala. is elected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nJuly 4. D. C. The 24th Congress:\\nthe first session closes.\\nJuly 11. -D.C. The President s Specie\\nCircular is issued, ordering payments\\nto be made to the Government in gold or\\nsilver [causing the contraction of the\\ncurrency a scarcity of money follows].\\nIT. S. The 13th presidential elec-\\ntion Democrats elected. Popular\\nvote Martin Van Buren (Dem.) of\\nN. T., 761,549 Wm. Henry Harrison\\n(Whig) of Ohio, Hugh L. White (Whig)\\nof Tenn., Daniel Webster (Whig) of\\nMass., and \u00e2\u0096\u00a0Willie P. Mangum (Whig)\\nof N. C, all combined, 736,656.\\n!Nov. HI. Abraham Lincoln is re-\\nelected to the Legislature.\\nDec. 5. D. C. The 24th Congress:\\nthe second session opens.\\nCal. After a bloodless revolution\\nCalifornia disclaims all dependence on\\nMexico.\\nD. C. Roger B. Taney of Md. is ap-\\npointed Chief Justice, and P hili p P.\\nBarbour of Va. Justice, of the United\\nStates Supreme Court.\\nU. S. The Democratic party begins\\nto favor the annexation of Texas.\\nXT. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-40* Ark. James S. Conway.\\nCal. Nicolas Gutierrez later,\\nMariana Chico yet later, Nico-\\nlas Gutierrez (Mexicans).\\n-42* Cal. Juan B. Alvarado (Mex.).\\n-39 Fla. Richard K. Call.\\n-37 Ky. James Clark.\\n-40 Mo. Liburn N. Boggs.\\n-40 Mass. Edward Everett.\\n-39 N. H. Isaac Hill.\\n-37 N. J. Philemon Dickerson.\\n-38 O. Joseph Vance.\\n-38 S. C. Pierce M. Butler.\\nTex. David G. Burnet (Pres.).\\n-38 Tex. Sam Houston (President).\\n-37 Va. Windham Robertson.\\n-41 Wis. (Ter.). Henry Dodge.\\n1837 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$3,308,124.\\nJan. 16. D. C. Congress Senate It\\nis ordered that the vote of censure\\ncondemning President Jackson s policy\\nrespecting the National Bank be ex-\\npunged. Vote, 24-19.\\nJan. 26. D. C. Congress admits Mich-\\nigan into the Union as the 26th State.\\nJan. 28. D.C. Congress; Senate:\\nWm. R. King of Ala. is reelected\\nPresident pro tempore. [He is reelected\\nMarch 7, and again on Oct. 13.]\\nFeb. 8. D. C. Congress counts the\\nElectoral vote.\\nVote for President Van Buren, 172\\nHarrison, 73; White, 26; Webster,\\n14; Mangum, 11. Vote for Vice-Pres-\\nident R. M. Johnson (Dem.) of Ky.,\\n147 Francis Granger (Whig) of N. Y\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\n77 John Tyler (Whig) of Va. 47 Wil-\\nliam Smith (Dem.) of Ala., 23.\\n[Tbere being no majority for Vice-\\nPresident, Richard M. Johnson is\\nelected by the Senate, against F.\\nGranger. Vote, 33-16.]\\nMar. 3. D.C. The 24th Congress:\\nthe second session closes.\\nEighth Administration Democratic.\\nMar. 4. D. C. Martin Van Buren of\\nN. Y. is inaugurated the eighth Presi-\\ndent, in the 13th term of the presidency.\\nRichard M. Johnson of Ky. is Vice-\\nPresident.\\nCabinet John Forsyth of Ga. (State),\\nLevi Woodbury of N. H. (Treas.),\\nJoel R. Poinsett of S. C. (War), Mahlon\\nDickerson of N. J. (Navyj, Benj. F.\\nButler of N. Y. (Atty.-Gen.), Amos\\nKendall of Ky. (P. M.-Gen.).\\nMar. III. Abraham Lincoln has his\\nprotest against the pro-slavery action\\nof the majority in the Legislature en-\\ntered on the journal of the Assembly.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1835 The national debt is extin-\\nguished by duties on imports and the\\nsale of public lands.\\nFeb. 10. Philadelphia is first lighted\\nwith gas.\\nMar. 29. Phila. The United States\\nBank is newly incorporated by the State\\nof Pennsylvania. [Suspended Feb. 5,\\n1841.]\\nApr. 18. N. Y. The Brooklyn and\\nJamaica Railroad is completed.\\nMay 15. Ga. Roanoke is burned by\\nIndians.\\nJuly 10. Pa. It is discovered that lo-\\ncomotives can make ascents without\\nthe aid of stationary engines and ropes.\\nAug. 1. N. Y. The Utica and Sche-\\nnectady Railroad (7S miles) is opened.\\nDec. 15. D. C. The patent office and\\nthe post-office at Washington are\\nburned.\\nIT. S. It is discovered that anthra-\\ncite coal is superior to wood for loco-\\nmotive fuel. Its use on railroads\\nbegins.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1836, 76,242.\\nIT. S. Great financial prosperity-\\nprevails throughout the country.\\nPa. Laurel Hill Cemetery, near Phil-\\nadelphia, is laid out.\\n1837 Mar. 4. Chicago is incorpo-\\nrated as a city population, 4,170.\\nMay 8. The steam-packet Ben Sherrod,\\nwhile racing above Fort Adams on the\\nMississippi, burns at night 200 lives\\nare lost.\\nMay IT. S. A financial panic follows\\nover speculation and the sudden con-\\ntraction of the currency.\\nVast issues of irredeemable wild\\ncat paper money are accepted in busi-\\nness transactions.\\nMay 10\u00c2\u00b1. U. S. The banks of all the\\nlarge cities in the North suspend\\nspecie payments. [Other banks soon\\nfollow.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "148 1837, June 1-1838\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1837 Oct. 23. Fla. Gen. Jessup se-\\ncures as prisoners Osceola and other\\nIndians by violating a flag of truce.\\nOct.* -Dec* Many Americans assist the\\nCanadians in their revolt for independ-\\nence.\\nDec. 19. Fla. Col. Taylor leads a body\\nof troops against the Seminoles.\\nDec. 25. Fla. Col. Taylor defeats the\\nSeminoles at Lake Macaco.\\nDec. 29. Canadians attack and set on\\nfire the American steamboat Caroline,\\nand send her over the Niagara Falls\\n22 Americans are lost with her.\\nFla. The Seminole Indian war contin-\\nues at great cost and with small results.\\n1838 Apr. Col. Taylor is brevetted\\nbrigadier-general for his services against\\nthe Seminoles.\\nMay Ga. The State troops begin to take\\nthe Cherokee Indians from their\\nhouses and gather them into camps\\npreparatory to their removal beyond\\nthe Mississippi.\\nJuly* Lieut. Robert E. Lee is pro-\\nmoted to the raDk of captain U. S. A.\\nOct. 28. Mo. Mormons at Far West sur-\\nrender to militia under Gen. Atchison.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1837 Conn. One-day clocks with\\nbrass movements are invented, and\\nclock-making is revolutionized.\\nEng. The screw is introduced in\\nsteam navigation by John Ericsson and\\nF. P. Smith on the steamer Thames.\\nMass. An induction coil is made\\nby G. C. Page of Salem.\\nNew York. Samuel F. B. Morse firBt\\npublicly e xhi bits his telegraph.\\nNew York. Charlotte Cushman is\\nengaged at the Park Theater.\\nThe dynamometer is first used to\\ndetermine the power employed in driv-\\ning machinery.\\nA remarkable aurora borealis is ob-\\nserved.\\n*The Long Story is painted by W. S.\\nMount.\\n1838 Apr. 20. Tenn. A shower of me-\\nteors is observed.\\nAug. 19. The United States exploring\\nexpedition of six vessels Vincennes,\\nPeacock, Porpoise, Relief, Flying Fish,\\nand Sea Gull) under Lieutenant Wilkes,\\nU. S. N., sails for the Antarctic region.\\nSept. 18. U. S. A remarkable eclipse of\\nthe sun is observed.\\nBoston. Regularly set elementary\\nsinging lessons are given in a number\\nof the public schools.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1837*\\nAlbaugh, John W., actor, born in Md.\\nAlden, Timolliv, Coii\u00c2\u00a3. el., educator, A66.\\nBarwitr, Charles, M. lor Wis.,b. inGer.\\nBreckinridge, W. C. P., M. C.forKy.,b. Ky.\\nBrewer, David J., Justice Supreme Court,\\nhorn in Kan.\\nI .uchanan,Thos. McKean, Lieut.-Com.. U. .S.\\nN., b. in Pa.\\nBurroughs, John, author, born in N. V.\\nBurrows, Julius C-, M. C. for Mich., h. Mich.\\nCasey, Lyman L., sen. for N. Dak., born\\nin N. Y.\\nChanfrau, F. S M actor, born in Pa.\\nClancy, John M, M. C. for N.T., b. in Ire.\\nCleveland, Grover., Gov. of N. Y., 22d\\nand 24th Pres. of U. S., h. in N. J.\\nCox, Nicholas M. C. for Tenn., born\\nin Tenn.\\nDolbear, Amos Emerson, physicist, b. Conn.\\nDraper. Henry, scientist, born in Va.\\nEytintfc, U se, actor, horn in Pa.\\nFanning, John Thomas, engineer, b. in Conn.\\nFessemien, Tlios. Green, author, journalist,\\nA 66.\\nFloyd, John, M. C. and Gov. for Va., dies.\\nFowler, Charles Henry, M. E. bp., b. Can.\\nGaUaudet, Edw. M., Pres. Deaf Mute Col-\\nlege, born in Conn.\\nGilman, Arthur, philanthropist, born.\\nGUI, Theodore N-, scientist, naturalist, born\\ninN. Y.\\nHall, Louisa Jane, poet, A35.\\nHarkness, William, prof., U. S. Navy, born\\nin Scot.\\nHinsdale, Burke A., educator, born in O.\\nHolmes, Abiel, author, A74.\\nHopkins, Albert C, M. C. for Pa., b. N. Y.\\nHowells, William Dean, author, b. in 0.\\nKent, Joseph, Gov. of Md., A58.\\nLapham. Oscar, M. C. for R. I., b. in R. I.\\nLester, Kufus E., M. C, born in Ga.\\nLong, Eli, general, born.\\nLovejoy, Elijah Parish, abolitionist of 111.,\\nA35.\\nMacon, Nathaniel, speaker, sen. for N. C,\\nA80.\\nManderson, Charles F., sen. for Neb., born\\nin Pa.\\nMcCook, Hubert L., bri^.-gen., born in 0.\\nMitchell, David B., Gov. of Ga., A51.\\nMoody, Dwight Lyman, Cong, evangelist,\\nborn in Mass.\\nMontgomery, Alexander B., M. A. for Ky.,\\nborn in Ky.\\nMoran, Thomas, painter, born in Eng.\\nMorphy, Paul C. champion chess-player,\\nborn in La.\\nNew, John C, sec. of treas., horn in Ind.\\nNewton, Isaac, naval engineer for Tenn.,\\nborn in N. Y.\\nPatterson, Josiah, M. C. for Tenn., b. Ala.\\nParker, Francis W., educator, b. in N. H.\\nPhysick, Philip Syim, surgeon, A69.\\nPorter, Horace, mil. sec. to Gen. Grant,\\nborn.\\nReid, Whitelaw. journalist, b. 0.\\nWolvertun, Simon P., M. C. for Pa., born\\nin Pa.\\nScudder, Samuel Hubbard, naturalist, born\\nin Boston.\\nShirlaw, Walter, painter, born in Scot.\\nWorcester, Noah, Cong, cl., A79.\\n1838*\\nAbbe, Cleveland, meteorologist, b. in N. Y.\\nBaldwin, Melvin H-, M. C. for Minn., b. Vt.\\nBarrett, Lawrence, actor, born in N. J.\\nBird, Frederick M., P. E. cl., hymn col-\\ninKy.\\nBlack Hawk, Indian chief, A71.\\nBowditeh, Nathaniel, mathematician, A65.\\nClark, William, general explorer of Rocky\\nMountains, A 68.\\nCobb, Seth W., M. C. for Mo., born in Va.\\nCogswell, William, M. C. for Mass., born\\nin Mass.\\nCohen, Jacob Sulis, phvsieian, b. in N. Y.\\nCook, Joseph, Cong, cl., lecturer, b. N. Y.\\nDaly, Augustin, dramatist, born.\\nDavidson, Margaret Miller, poet, A15.\\nDavis, Cushman K., sen. for Minn., b. N. Y.\\nDodge, Mary Mapes, author, burn in N. Y.\\nEcclcston, James C, P. E. bp. of la., born.\\nFarmer, John, genealogist, A49.\\nFarrer, Thomas Charles, painter, b. in Eng.\\nFlemming, Walter M., physician, surgeon,\\nborn.\\nFunk, r.eniamin F., M. C. for III., b. HI.\\nGilder, William Henry, explorer, b. in Pa.\\nCilmor, Harry, soldier, author, born in Md.\\nCHURCH.\\n1S37 June 1. Phila. The General As-\\nsembly declares the Synod of the\\nWestern Eeserve to be no part of\\nthe Presbyterian Church.\\nJune* Phila. The General Assembly\\nappoints a Presbyterian Board of\\nForeign Missions.\\nJune New York. The General Synod\\n(Reformed) meets Isaac N. Wycoii,\\npresident.\\nJuly 28. Miss. The Roman Catholic\\nSee of Natchez is erected,\\nAug.* A A convention of aggrieved\\nPresbyterians meets at Auburn.\\nDec. 10. la. Mathias Loras (Roman\\nCatholic) is conserated bishop of Du-\\nbuque.\\nla. The Roman Catholic Diocese of\\nDubuque is established.\\nla. The Presbyterians open a mission-\\nstation among the Iowa Indians.\\nla. The first Congregational church\\nin Iowa is organized at Green Mountain.\\nIII. The Universalist State Conven-\\ntion is organized.\\nMd. The Seventh General Synod\\n(Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Hagers-\\ntown.\\nN. Y. The General Synod (Evan-\\ngelical Lutheran) of Franckean is or-\\nganized.\\nTenn. The Roman Catholic Diocese\\nof Nashville is established.\\nWis. The first Baptist Church in the\\nstate is organized in Milwaukee.\\n183S Apr. 28. La. The Protestant\\nEpiscopal Diocese of Louisiana is or-\\nganized at New Orleans.\\nJune 14. Neio York. The General Con-\\nvention of the Wew Jerusalem meets.\\nJune.* X. Y. The General Synod of toe\\nReformed Church meets at Albany\\nBenj. C. Taylor, president.\\nSept. 29. The Missionary Board of the\\nReformed (German) Lutheran Church\\nis Organized.\\nRoman Catholic missionaries begin\\nwork among the Nez Perce Indians.\\nDee. 9. Ark. Xeonidas Polk is conse-\\ncrated Protestant Episcopal missionary\\nbishop.\\n*Fla.,N. Y.,La. The Protestant Epis-\\ncopal dioceses of Florida, Western New\\nYork, and Louisiana are organized.\\n*New York. The Baptist Triennial\\nMeeting is held.\\nGa. The Universalist State Conven-\\ntion is organized.\\nOre. Methodists open an Indian mis-\\nsion at Dalles.\\nLETTERS.\\n1837 June 5. Ind. Anbury TJniversity\\n(Meth. Epis.i is founded at Greencastle\\n[later called De Pauw University].\\nBoston. The Boston Quarterly Beview\\nis established by O. A. Brownson.\\nD. C. The Democratic Beriew is\\nestablished.\\n*Tlt. Knox College (Pres. and Cong.)\\nis founded at Galesburg.\\nLa. St. Charles College (Rom.\\nCath.) is organized at Grand Coteau.\\nMich. University of Michigan (non-\\nsect.) is organized at Ann Arbor.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1837, June 1-1838\\n149\\nN. C. Davidson College (Presbyte-\\nrian colored) is organized at Davidson.\\nNew York. The New York Review, a\\nquarterly, is published by J. G. Cogswell.\\nO. Muskingum College (United\\nPres.) is organized in New Concord.\\n_40 Phila. The Gentleman s Mag-\\nazine appears.\\nVa. Emory and Henry College\\n(Meth. Epis.) is organized at Emory.\\nAdventures of Captain Bonneville, by\\nWashington Irving, appears.\\nBianco. Visconti, by N. P. Willis,\\nappears.\\nBriercliff, by G. P. Morris, appears.\\nCharcoal Sketches, by Joseph Neal,\\nappears.\\nAn edition of The Electro, of Sophocles,\\nand another of The Prometheus of JEs-\\nchylus, by Woolsey, appear.\\nReign of Ferdinand and Isabella, by\\nPrescott, appears.\\nTwice-told Tales, by Nathaniel Haw-\\nthorne, appears.\\nEvidences of the Genuineness of the\\nFour Gospels, by Andrews Norton, ap-\\nElements of Political Economy, by\\nFrancis Wayland, appears.\\n1838 Boston. The Boston Quarterly\\nReview appears.\\nHomeward Bound, by Cooper, ap-\\npears.\\nThe Little Frenchman and His Water-\\nLots, by G. P. Morris, appears.\\nThe Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym,\\nby E. A. Poe, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1837 July 14. R. I. A horse-thief is\\npublicly whipped on the court-house\\nparade in Providence. [The law autho-\\nrizing whipping is soon after repealed.}\\nNov. 7. III. A pro-slavery mob at\\nAlton murders Rev. E. P. Lovejoy,\\nthe editor of an abolition paper, breaks\\nhis press, throws it into the river, and\\nfires the building.\\nBoston. Wendell Phillips makes\\nhis debut as an anti-slavery advocate\\nin Faneuil Hall he champions a most\\nunpopular cause.\\n1838 Feb. 24. D. C. Congressman\\nWm. J. Graves of Kentucky kills Con-\\ngressman Jonathan Cilley of Maine in\\na duel.\\nMay 17. Phila. A mob opposed to anti-\\nslavery discussions destroys Pennsylva-\\nnia Hall.\\nAug. The cruel and iniquitous re-\\nmoval of 16,000 Cherokees begins.\\nSick and well, old men and infants,\\nmothers and mothers to be, were forced\\nto march on through the cold winter\\nmonths. The suffering was terrible, the\\ndeath-rate fearful. Fifteen deaths a\\nday was the average, and 4,500\u00e2\u0080\u0094 more\\nthan one-fourth of the whole nation\\nperished before they reached their West-\\nern home. Yet through all this terrible\\nordeal witnesses testify that the de-\\nportment of the Cherokees was worthy\\nof a Christian people. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Cyclopedia of\\nMissions.\\nR. I.-N. H. Rhode Island and New-\\nHampshire leave the license of the\\nliquor traffic optional with the towns.\\nSTATE.\\n1837 Sept. 4. D. C. The 25th Con-\\ngress opens its special session it assem-\\nbles to relieve the financial distress of\\nthe country.\\nHouse James K. Polk of Tenn. is\\nreelected Speaker.\\nD. C. Congress attempts to relieve\\nthe financial distress by authorizing the\\nissue of Treasury notes, not exceed-\\ning $10,000,000.\\nOct. 4. D.C. Congress: The first Sub-\\ntreasury BUI passes the Senate. [It is\\ndefeated in the House.]\\nOct. 16. D. C. The 25th Congress\\nthe first session closes.\\nDee. 4. D. C. The 25th Congress\\nthe second session opens.\\nDec. 21. D. C. Congress; House An-\\nother gag-law is passed, on mo-\\ntion of John M. Patton of Va. Vote,\\n122-74. It aims to suppress debate on\\nthe slavery question. (See 1S36, Feb. 5.)\\n-38 Ga. The Government forcibly\\nremoves the Cherokee Indians be-\\nyond the Mississippi.\\n-39 New York. Aaron Clark is\\nelected the 61st mayor.\\nE C. John Catron of Tenn. and\\nJohn McKinley of Ala. are appointed\\nJustices of the U. S. Supreme Court.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-41 Ala. Arthur P. Bagby.\\n-40 Del. Cornelius P. Comegys.\\n-39 Ga. George R. Gilmer.\\n-40 Ind. David Wallace.\\n-41 Miss. Alex. G. M Nutt.\\n-41 N. C. Edward B. Dudley.\\n-43 N.J. Wm. Pennington.\\n-40 Va. David Campbell.\\n1838 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$10,434,221.\\nJan. 5. I). C. President Van Buren\\nissues a proclamation warning Ameri-\\ncan citizens not to aid the Canadian\\nrevolt. [It was devised by disloyal Eng-\\nlishmen and sympathizing Americans.]\\nMar. 26. D. C. Congress The Senate\\npasses the Sub-treasury Bill. Vote,\\n27-25. [The House rejects it.J\\nApr. 18. N. Y. The Legislature enacts\\na general banking law.\\nJune D. C. Mr. Dickerson, Secretary\\nof the Navy, resigns, and James K.\\nPaulding of N. Y. is appointed in his\\nplace.\\nJune 12. D. C. Congress organizes\\nIowa as a Territory.\\nJuly 2. D. C. Congress Senate Wm.\\nR. King is reelected President pro\\nDec. 8. Pa. After a four days struggle\\nthe militia are called out to settle the\\nfight in the Legislature, which is\\norganized by two opposing bodies, and\\nthe Senate is expelled by a mob.\\nDec. 11. D.C. Congress; House: A\\nthird gag-law is passed. Vote, 127-78.\\nCharles G. Atherton of New Hamp-\\nshire introduces resolutions denying the\\npower of Congress to interfere with\\nslavery in the States or District, and\\nproviding that all papers or memorials\\naffecting the subject of slavery be\\nlaid on the table without being debated,\\nprinted, or referred. [It is adopted\\nagainst the opposition of Northern\\nWhigs.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1837 June 1. New York. The mercantile\\nfailures for two months, in this city,\\nexceed $100,000,000.\\nPhila. The Bank of the United\\nStates suspends specie payments.\\nJuly 19. Md. The Baltimore and\\nWilmington road is opened.\\nOct. 9. The steamer Home, from New\\nYork to Charleston, is wrecked 100 lives\\nare lost.\\nOct. 26. N. Y. The Harlem road is\\nJuly 9. D. C. The 25th Congress\\nthe second session closes.\\nNov. III. Abraham Lincoln is re-\\nelected to the Assembly, and becomes\\nleader of the Whigs.\\nDec. 3. D.C. The 25th Congress:\\nthe third session opens.\\nNew York. The Harlem Railroad\\nCompany completes the city tunnel.\\nNov. 10. The Providence and Ston-\\nington road is opened.\\nDec. 27. The steamer Black Hawk, on the\\nRed River, explodes 50 lives are lost.\\nMich. The Michigan Central road,\\nconnecting Detroit and Ypsilanti (30\\nmiles), is opened.\\nN. Y. The Chenango Canal is com-\\npleted, connecting the Susquehanna with\\nthe Erie Canal at Utica.\\n*_42* New York. The Croton\\naqueduct is completed.\\nVa. The road from Richmond to\\nFredericksburg is completed.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1837 r 79,340.\\n1838 Apr. 8-23. Steam navigation\\nacross the Atlantic is established. The\\nGreat Western steamship first sails from\\nBristol to New York [arriving in 15 days].\\n(Lossing, June.)\\nApr. 25. O. The steamer Moselle bursts\\nher boiler near Cincinnati 101 lives are\\nlost.\\nConn. New Haven celebrates its\\nsecond centennial.\\nApr. 27. S. C. A fire at Charleston lays\\nwaste 145 acres, and destroys 1,158 build-\\nings loss, $3,000,000.\\nMay 16. New York State banks re-\\nsume specie payments.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1838, 38,914.\\nN. H. The Nashua and Lowell\\nroad is opened.\\nO. The Mad River road is opened.\\nIT. S. Business languishes, and the\\nAdministration becomes unpopular.\\nVa. The Richmond and Peters-\\nburg road is opened.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "150\\n1838* *-1840, July 2.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1839 June Fla. The governor of the\\nTerritory offer8 a reward of S200 for\\nevery Indian killed or taken.\\nFla. The Seminole chiefs send in\\ntheir submission and sign a treaty.\\nN. Y. Ulysses S. Grant of Ohio en-\\nters the Military Academy at West Point.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1838 Conn. Solid-headed pins are\\nfirst made by the Howe Pin Company\\nat Birmingham they supersede the\\nspun-headed pins.\\nD. C. James Smithson s legacy of\\n$500,000 is received from London [it es-\\ntablishes the Smithsonian Institution in\\n1846.]\\nIt. The statue of Eve is executed by\\nHiram Powers.\\nMass. Gold thimbles and specta-\\ncles are first manufactured at Long-\\nmeadow.\\n0. An observatory is erected for the\\nWestern College at Hudson.\\nPhila. The High School Observatory\\nis erected.\\nA full-length portrait of Queen Vic-\\ntoria is painted by Thomas Sully.\\nZinc is first manufactured at Wash-\\nington from the red oxide of New Jersey.\\n1839 Feb. Conn. Charles Goodyear\\nobtains his first patent for making vul-\\ncanized india-rubber.\\nIt. The statue of The Greeh Slave is\\nexecuted by Hiram Powers.\\nMass. The first power-looms in the\\nworld, for making carpets, are set up\\nat Lowell.\\nNew York. Capt. John Ericsson\\narrives from England with the first suc-\\ncessful screw propeller.\\nN. Y. The Observatory of the United\\nStates Military Academy is erected at\\nWest Point.\\nThe Penny Paper is painted by F. W.\\nEdmonds.\\nPa. Anthracite coal is first success-\\nfully used in making iron at Pottsville\\n$5,000 are presented to the proprietor of\\nthe works by citizens.\\n1840 Jan. 19. The Antarctic Conti-\\nnent is discovered, on the same day, by\\nboth French and American expeditions.\\nMay 7. Miss. A destructive tornado\\nvisits Natchez, killing 317 persons and\\ndestroying $1,500,000 of property.\\nMay 25. Lake Erie rises four feet in a\\nfew hours, and then subsides, without\\napparent cause.\\nMay 27. A great freshet swells the Sa-\\nvannah River 35 feet above low water.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1838\\nHouse, James Alvord, inventor, b. in N. Y.\\nHowe, Lyman IS., medical prof., born.\\nHyatt, Alpheus, naturalist, born in D. C.\\nIrving, Peter, author, A67.\\nMcAleer, William, M. C. for Pa., b. Ire.\\nMcCreary, James B., M. C. for Ky., born\\ninKy.\\nMcMillan, James, sen. for Mich., b. Can.\\nMiller, Warner, sen. for N. Y., b. in N. Y.\\nMorse, Edward S., naturalist, born hi Me.\\nNeill, Robert, M. 0. for Ark., born in Ark.\\nOsceola, chief of the Seminolee, A34.\\nPalfrey, Warwick, eilitur, AM.\\nPollard, Euward A., Journalist, to, Va-ElfflS].\\nRodgers, John, com. V. S. N., A67.\\nHoe, Edward Payson, novelist, b. In N.Y.\\nScranton, Joseph A., M. C. for Pa., born in\\nSctuider, Horace Elislia, author, b. In Mass.\\nSquire, Watson C, sen. for Wash., b. H. Y.\\n.Stevens, John, inventor (Steamboat), A89.\\nStrong, Luther M., M. C. for O., born in O.\\nWatson, James Craig, astronomer, b. Can.\\nWright, George En.-ilenck, geologist, Cong.\\nclergyman, author, born in N. Y.\\n1839*\\nAdams, Silas, M. C. for Ky., born in Ky.\\nAmes, Mary Clennner, author, born In N.Y.\\nArmstrong, Samuel _ gen., b. in Hawaii.\\nBancroft, Aaron, Unit, cl., writer, A84.\\nBeard, George Miller, plivs., author, b;\\nBlack, John C, M. C. for 111., b. in Miss.\\nBooth, John Wilkes, assassin, born in Md.\\nBoutelle, Chas. A., M. C. for Me., b. in Me.\\nBowen, Nathaniel, P. E. bp. of S. C, A60.\\nBroderick, Case, M. C. for Kan., b. in Iml.\\nBrown, Jason B.. M. C. for Ind.,b. in Ind.\\nBuel, Jesse, agricultural writer, A61.\\nBrute, Simon G., R. C. bp. of Vincennes. A60.\\nCarey, Matthew, philan., publisher, A79.\\nColeman, Leighton, P. E. bp. of Wis., born\\nin Pa.\\nCuster. George A., gen. cavalry corps,\\nborn in O.\\nDunlap, William, painter, historian, A73.\\nEverett, William, M. C. for Mass., born in\\nMass.\\nEverett, Charles Carroll, Unit, clergyman,\\nauthor, born in Me.\\nFisk, Wilbur, Pres. of Wesleyan University,\\nA47.\\nFunk, Isaac K., Luth. cl., reformer, editor\\nof Standard Dictionary, b. in O.\\nGeorge, Henry, economist, an., born in Pa.\\nGorman, Arthur P., sen. for Md., b. in Md.\\nHarte. Francis Bret, author, b. in N.Y.\\nHay, John, author, born in 111.\\nEayne, Robert Young-, orator, sen. for\\nS. C, A48.\\nJones, James K., sen. for Ark.,b. in Miss.\\nLeggett, William, author, A37.\\nLundy, Benjamin, abolitionist of Md., A50.\\nMayo, Frank, actor, born in Mass.\\nMcArthur, Duncan, soldier, Gov. of O., A67.\\nMoney, Hernando D., M. C. for Miss., born\\nin Miss.\\nMurphy, Joseph, actor, born in N Y.\\nNllea, Hezekiah, journalist at Baltimore,\\nA62.\\nOgden, Aaron, Gov. of N. J., A83.\\nO Kane, James, naval commander, born.\\nParker, Isaac, U. S. A., born.\\nPackard, Alpheus s.,pnu inulogist,b. in Me.\\nPatterson, Daniel Todd, V. S. Navy, A53.\\nPerkins, George C, sen. for Cal., b. in Me.\\nPower, Thomas C, sen. for Mont., b. in la.\\nReed, Thomas B.. M. C. for Me., speaker,\\nborn in Me.\\nRipley, Eleazer Wheelock, maj.-gen., A57.\\nSchouler, James, lawyer, historian, born in\\nan Kensseiaer, Mepnen,\\nPatroon of N.Y., A75.\\nCHURCH.\\n1838 III. The Mormons are driven\\nout of Missouri they found Nauvoo,\\nand number about 12,000.\\nPa. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof Pennsylvania is organized.\\nPhila. Old School Presbyterians\\nrefuse the demands of the New School,\\nand the General Assembly is divided\\ninto two bodies, New School and\\nOld School.\\nThe New School Presbyterians or-\\nganize a General Assembly, and elect\\nSamuel Fisher moderator. The Old\\nSchool also organize, with William S.\\nPlumer moderator.\\nThe Old School Presbyterians estab-\\nlish a Board of Publication.\\nR. I. The Universalis t State Conven-\\ntion is organized.\\n1839 May 9. .V. J Wm, H. de Lancey\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal;\\nbishop of Western New York.\\nJune 12. Boston. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nJune Phila. The General Synod of\\nthe Reformed Church meets George\\nW. Bethune, president.\\nJuly X. J. The General Synod of the\\nReformed Church meets at New\\nBrunswick George W. Bethune, presi-\\ndent.\\nMo. The Protestant Episcopal Dio-\\ncese of Missouri is organized.\\nPa. The 9th General Synod (Evan-\\ngelical Lutheran) meets at Chambers-\\nburg.\\nPhila. A Woman s Missionary So-\\nciety of the Evangelical German Church\\nis organized.\\nPhila. The General Assembly (N. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets; Baxter Dickin-\\nson, moderator.\\nThe General Assembly (O. S. Presby-\\nterian) meets J. L. Wilson, moderator.\\nThe Reformed Dutch Sabbath-School\\nUnion is formed.\\nMore than 680 Ladies Associations,\\nhaving nearly 3,000 local agents of their\\nown membership, collect funds for the\\nAmerican Board.\\n1840 Mayl June 3. Md. The 13th\\nGeneral Conference (Methodist Epis-\\ncopal) meets in Baltimore.\\nThe East Texas, North Ohio, Provi-\\ndence, and Rock River conferences are\\nformed.\\nJune 3. Phila. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nJune New York. The General Synod of\\nthe Reformed Church meets James\\nMurphy, president.\\nJune 21. S. C. Christopher Edwards\\nGladsden is consecrated (Protestant\\nEpiscopal) bishop.\\nLETTERS.\\n1839 Jan. Christliche Apologete, vTm.\\nNast, editor, is first published.\\nJuly 3. Mass. The first normal school\\nin America is opened at Lexington.\\nConn. The Hartford Library Associ-\\nation is founded. [34,500 vols.]\\nD. C. The Patent Office Library is\\nfounded. [47,040 vols.]\\nInd. Concordia College (Lutheran)\\nis organized at Fort Wayne.\\nMd. Baltimore City College (non-\\nsect.) is organized in Baltimore.\\nMd. The Mercantile Library Associ-\\nation is founded at Baltimore. [30,000\\ntoIs.]\\nMich. St. Philip s College (Rom.\\nCath.) is founded near Detroit.\\nNew York. The Evening Express is\\nfounded.\\nThe Raptist Advocate is started [and\\nis later called the New York Recorder\\nand afterward the Examiner],", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1838 -1840, July 4. 151\\nWash. The first priii ting-press west\\nof the Rockies is set up at Walla Walla\\nby Presbyterian missionaries.\\nS. C. Erskine College (Asso. Ref d\\nPres.) is organized at Due West.\\nVa. Rector College (Bapt.) is f ded.\\nThe Adventures of Jtobiu Day, by R.\\nM. Bois, appears.\\nDramas, Discourses, and Other Pieces,\\nby Hillbouse, appears.\\nHistory of the Navy of the United\\nStates, by Cooper, appears.\\nHyperion, by Longfellow, appears.\\nVoices of the Night, by Longfellow,\\nappears.\\nCrania Americana, by Samuel G.\\nMorton, appears.\\nSpiritual Improvement, by Ray Palmer,\\nappears.\\nTreatise on the Laio of Agency, by\\nJoseph Story, appears.\\nLetters from Under a Bridge, by N. P.\\nWillis, appears.\\n1840 June 24. Boston. The four hun-\\ndredth anniversary of the discovery of\\nthe art of printing is celebrated.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1838 U. S. In the army, coffee and\\nsugar, or the money equivalent, may be\\ndrawn by each soldier instead of a gill of\\nspirits.\\nThe violence of fanatical. Mormons\\narrests attention.\\n1839 June Fia. The governor offers\\na reward of $200 for every Indian killed\\nJuly 1. Minn. Sioux Indians massacre\\nChippewas at the Falls of St. Anthony.\\nNov. N. Y. Abolitionists organize a\\npolitical party.\\nA number of abolitionists meet at\\nWarsaw and organize a political anti-\\nslavery party, with a- platform consist-\\ning of a single plank, as follows\\nResolved, That in our judgment\\nevery consideration of duty and expedi-\\nency which ought to control the action of\\nChristian freemen requires of the abo-\\nlitionists of the United States to orga-\\nnize a distinct and independent political\\nparty, embracing all the necessary means\\ntor nominating candidates for office and\\nsustaining them by public suffrage.\\nConnecticut leaves the license of\\nliquor dealers optional with the towns.\\n-39 The Spanish vessel VAmi-\\nstad, with many African slaves on\\nboard, lands them on the American\\ncoast, after the slaves have revolted and\\nkilled or confined the Spaniards to ob-\\ntain their liberty.\\nThe slaves are imprisoned as pirates\\nand the case is taken through the State\\ncourts to the Supreme Court of the\\nUnited States, and a decision given jus-\\ntifying the uprising and discharging the\\nprisoners. It occasions much excite-\\nment.\\n1840 Apr. 6. Md. The Washing-\\ntonian movement is organized as a\\nmoral suasion movement.\\nA Baltimore drinking-club of six men\\nW. K. Mitchell, a tailor, J. F. Hoss, a\\ncarpenter, David Anderson and George\\nSteers, blacksmiths, James McCurley, a\\ncoachmaker, and Archibald Campbell,\\na silversmith. They were induced to\\nchange their habits by the address of a\\ntemperance lecturer. Cyclopedia of\\nTemperance.\\nApr. 30. New York. John Q. Adams\\npronounces an oration before the His-\\ntorical Society in celebration of the\\nfiftieth anniversary of Washington s in-\\nauguration.\\nSTATE.\\n1838* D.C. Benj.F.ButlerofN.Y.re-\\nsigns the office of Attorney-General, and\\nFelix Grundy of Tenn. succeeds him.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-42 Conn. Wm. W. Ellsworth.\\n-41 la. (Ter.). Robert Lucas.\\n-42 III. Thomas Carlin.\\n-41 La. Andre B. Roman.\\n-39 Me. Edward Kent.\\n-42 *N.Y. William H. Seward.\\n-40 O. Wilson Shannon.\\n-39 P. I. William Sprague.\\n-40 S. C. Patrick Noble.\\n-40 Tex. Mirabeau B. Lamar (Pres.).\\n1839 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n\u00c2\u00a73,573,343.\\nFeb. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nWm. R. King of Ala. is reelected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nMar. 3. D. C. The 25th Congress\\nends.\\nNov. 13. N. Y. A convention of the\\nLiberty Party is held at Warsaw. (See\\nSociety.)\\nDec. 2. D. C. The 26th Congress\\nopens.\\nDec. 5. D. C. Congress: John Q,.\\nAdams restores decorum and effects an\\norganization of the House, by putting\\nthe question to vote, which the Speaker\\nrefuses to present.\\nDec. 6. Pa. The Whig National\\nConvention (meeting at Harrisburg)\\nnominates Gen. W. H. Harrison of O.\\nfor President, and John Tyler of Va.\\nfor Vice-President. Vote Harrison,\\n148; Clay, 90; Scott, 16.\\nDec. 10. B.C. Congress; House: E.\\nM. T. Hunter of Va. is elected Speaker.\\nIII. The capital is changed from Van-\\ndalia to Springfield.\\n*-41* New York. Isaac L. Varian\\nis elected the 62d mayor.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-41 Fla. {Ter.). Robert R. Reid.\\n-43 Ga. Charles J. M Donald.\\n-40 Ky. Charles A. Wickliffe.\\n-40 Me. John Fairfield.\\n-42 N. LT. John Page.\\nPa. David R. Porter.\\n-43 P. I. Samuel W. King.\\n-41 Tenn. James K. Polk.\\n1840 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$5,250,875.\\nJan. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Independent or Sub-\\ntreasury Bill, requiring the National\\nfunds to be kept at Washington, and in\\nsub-treasuries in certain cities, where\\nthey will be subject to the order of the\\nTreasurer, instead of keeping them in\\nbanks. Vote, 24-18.\\nApr. 1. N. Y. The moderate Abolition-\\nists found the liberty Party, hold a\\nNational Convention at Albany, and\\nnominate James G. Birney of N. Y.\\nfor President, and Thomas Earle of Pa.\\nfor Vice-President. [It is the first na-\\ntional anti-slavery convention. Birney\\ndeclines the nomination.]\\nMay 5. Md. The Democratic Na-\\ntional Convention meets at Baltimore\\nand unanimously nominates Martin\\nVan Buren of N. Y. for President.\\nThe Vice-President is left for the States\\nto nominate.\\nMay I). C. John M. Wiles of Conn,\\nsucceeds Amos Kendall of Ky. as Post-\\nmaster-General.\\nJune 30. D. C. Congress The House\\npasses the Sub-treasury or Inde-\\npendent Treasury Bill. Vote, 124-107.\\nJuly 4. D. C. The Independent Treas-\\nury Bill, having passed both houses,\\nbecomes a law.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1839 Mar. 4. U.S. The express busi-\\nness is first organized by W. F. Harn-\\nden he makes a trip from Boston to\\nNew York as a public messenger.\\nApr. 11. N. Y. Greenwood Cemetery\\nin Brooklyn is incorporated [lots are first\\nsold in October].\\nMay 31. New York. The steamship\\nGreat Western, from Bristol, arrives in\\n13 days and 8 hours, the quickest voy-\\nage ever made.\\nJuly 6. Me. A large portion of Eastport\\nis burned.\\nSept. 6. New York. A great fire burns\\n46 buildings loss, $10,000,000.\\nSept. 9. Ala. Mobile is wasted by a sec-\\nond great fire.\\nOct. 1. Mass. The Western road is\\nopened from Worcester to Springfield.\\nOct. 10. Phila. The United States\\nBank fails, after speculating in cotton.\\n[Many banks, chiefly in the South and\\nWest, also fail loss of the Government\\non deposits, $2,000,000.]\\nDec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1839, 68,069.\\nMd. Green Mount Cemetery, near\\nBaltimore, is dedicated.\\nMississippi repudiates $5,000,000\\nof its State bonds.\\nN. Y. The Syracuse and Utica,\\nand the Syracuse and Auburn roads\\nare opened.\\n1S40 Jan. 13. The steamboat Lexing-\\nton is burned in Long Island Sound\\nonly four out of 145 persons escape.\\nFeb. 12. Conn. The Housatonic road\\nis completed from Bridgeport to New\\nMilford.\\nCal. J. A. Sutter starts a settle-\\nment (Sacramento).\\nJune U. S. Sixth Census States, 26;\\nwhites, 14,195,805 colored, 2,873,648 (free\\ncolored 386,293, slaves 2,487,355) total\\npopulation, 17,069,453. Increase, 32.67\\nper cent. Center of population, 16 miles\\nsouth of Clarksburg, W. Va. westward\\nmovement in 10 years, 55 miles.\\nJuly 1 Mass. The New Bedford and\\nTaunton road is completed.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "152 1840, Sept. 17-1841, Oct.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1840 Dec. 3-24. Fla. Gen. W. K.\\nArmistead, the successor of Gen.\\nScott, presses the war with the Indians.\\nDec. Fla. Col. Harney penetrates the\\nEverglades and captures 40 Indians.\\n1841 Maj.-Gen. Winfield Scott is\\nappointed (11th) commander of the\\narmy.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1840 July New York. John Baldwin\\nBuckstone makes his first appearance\\nin America, at the Park Theater.\\nBoston. First iron-front building\\nin America is erected on Washington\\nStreet, the builder guaranteeing it.\\nD. C. The Society for the Promotion\\nof Science and the Useful Arts [National\\nSociety of Arts and Sciences] is estab-\\nlished at Washington.\\nNew York. The Trinity Church is\\nerected.\\nA movement begins, out of which\\ndevelops the American Association\\nfor the Advancement of Science.\\nGold pens are first manufactured in\\nthis country.\\nJohn William Draper at the New\\nYork University is the first to succeed\\nin making daguerreotype portraits in\\nAmerica London experts ascribe his\\nsuccess to brilliancy of the climate.\\nSamuel F. E. Morse obtains his first\\npatent on the telegraph.\\nFanny Elssler, the dancer, first ap-\\npears in America, at the Park Theater\\nenthusiastic reception.\\nDaniel Huntington is elected a member\\nof the National Academy of Design.\\nPhil a. William J. Florence (Ber-\\nnard Conlin) makes his first appearance,\\nat the National Theater.\\nv The statues Bath, Daniel, and others\\nare executed by Henry K. Brown.\\nThe statue Orpheus is executed by\\nThomas Crawford.\\n1841 Jan. 25. Neio York. A slight\\nearthquake shock is felt.\\nMar. The grain drill, for sowing\\ngrain, is patented.\\nNov. A meteoric display appears.\\nCal. The coast is explored by the\\nUnited States expedition under Lieut.\\nCharles Wilkes.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1840*\\nAbbott, Jo., M. C. for Tex., born in Ala.\\nAdair, John, pen., sen. for Kv., A83.\\nAlexander, Sydenham B., M. C. for N. C,\\nborn in N. C.\\nAngus, Samuel, capt. U. S. N., dies.\\nBaclie, (Jen. M., officer U. S. N., born.\\nPartlett, W. Francis, brev. maj.-gen., born\\nBynum, William I)., M. C. for Ind., b. Ind.\\nChauncey, Isaac, com. U. S. N., A68.\\nColburn, Zcrah, mathematical prodigy, A36.\\nCooper, Thomas, natural philos., A 81.\\nCope, Edward Drinker, naturalist, b. Pa.\\nDrayton, Henry, journalist, born.\\nFinn, Henry J., comic actor, AS5.\\nFlint, Timothy, cl., novelist, historian, A60.\\nFollen, Charles Theodore Christian, Unit,\\nd., scholar, A45.\\nFoote, Josiah 1., I res. cl., educator, A44.\\nGillet, Charles W., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y.\\nGreene, S. Dana, officer V. S. N., b. in Md.\\nGifford, Hubert Swain, arti6t, born in Mass.\\ndray, George, sen. tor Del., born in Del.\\nGriffin, Cilderoy W., journalist, horn in Kv.\\nGriflth, Walter S., statesman, born.\\nGrundy, Felix. Ben. for Tenn., atty.-geii.,\\nA 63.\\nHeard, John T., M. C. for Mo., b. in Mo.\\nHenderson, David B., M. C. for la., born in\\nScot.\\nHlggihs. Anthony, sen. for Del., b. in Del.\\nKeene, Thomas W., actor, born in N.Y.\\nKirkland, John Thornton, I res. of Harvard,\\nA70.\\nMa-lure, William, Scottish geol. inAm., ATT.\\nMahon, ThaddeusM.,M. C. forI*a.,b.in Pa.\\nMellin, Prentiss, I S. sen., A76.\\nMorris, George S., scholar, philos., b. in Vt.\\nMurray, William 11. II., Cong, cl., b. in Conn.\\nNast, Thomas, artist, burn in Bavaria.\\nO Ferrall, Charles T., M. C. for Va.,b. in Va.\\nParrish, Joseph, phvs., medical writer, AHI.\\nPerkins, George D\u00e2\u0080\u009e M. C. for la., b. in N.Y.\\nRaymond, Kossiter W., mining engineer, b.\\nRedden, Laura C. (Howard Glyndon i,\\nauthor, born.\\nKidpatli, .John lark, historian, b. in Ind.\\nRoach, William N., sen. born in D. C.\\nRyan, William, M. C. for N. Y., b. in Ire.\\nSankey Ira David, evangelist singer, b. Pa.\\nSchuyler, Eugene, author, born in N.Y.\\nShaler, Nathaniel S., geologist, born in Ky.\\nStanley, Henry M. (John Rowlands), ex-\\nplorer of Africa, born in Wales.\\nThompson, Alfred Wordsworth, artist, b.Md.\\nVilas, William F., sen. for Wis., b. in Vt.\\nWilson, George W., M. C. for O., b. in O.\\n1841\\nAMrich, Nelson AY., sen. for R. I.,b. in R. I.\\nBaker, Henry M., M. C, born in N. H.\\nBarbour, Philip P., lawyer, judge, A58.\\nBarron, Charles, actor, born in Mass.\\nBeltzhover, Frank P., M. C. for Pa., b. Pa.\\nBerry, James J., sen. for Ark., born in Ala.\\nBingham, Ilenrv H., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.\\nlirawley, William H., M. C. forS. C.,b. S. C.\\nPreckinridge, John, of Ky., theologian, A44.\\nBrown, Nicholas, endowed Brown Univer-\\nsity, AT 2.\\nCampbell, Timothy J., M. C. for N. Y., born\\nin Ire.\\nCausey, John W., M. C. for Del., b. in Del.\\nClark, Willis (iavlord, journalist, A31.\\nCoffeen, Henry A., M. C. for Wyo., b. in O.\\nCookman, Gecirge C, M. K. clergyman, A41.\\nCummings, Amos J., M. C for N. Y., b. N. Y.\\nEmmons, Samuel F., geologist, b. in Mass.\\nEnneking, John J., artist, born in O.\\nEwing, Finis, Cumber. Cong, cl., A68.\\nForsyth, John, sen. for Ga., see. of state,\\nA61.\\nFeissenhainer, Jacob A., M. C. for N. J.,\\nborn in N. Y.\\nGresham, Walter, M. C. for N. Mex., b. in Va.\\nHarris, William A., M. C. for Kan., b. in Va.\\nHarris, Samuel S-, P. K. bp. of Mich., b. Ala.\\nHarrison. WiUiam H.. maj.-gen. U. S. A.,\\nsen. for 0., 9th Pres. of U. S., A (58.\\nHayes, Walter I., M. C. for la., b. in Mich.\\nIlillhoLisc, James A., poet, A52.\\nHoneychurch, Henry C, U. S. N.,b. in W. I.\\nHooper, Lucy, poet, A25.\\nHull, John A. T-, M. C. for la., born in O.\\nLacey. John F., M. C. for la., b. in W. Va.\\nLadd, William, peace advocate, A63.\\nLeland, John, Bapt. clergyman, AST.\\nMacomb, Alexander, com. U. S. N., A57.\\nMaUory, Stephen A., M. C. for Fla., b. S. C.\\nMarshall, Humphrey, historian, dies.\\nMellen, Grenville, poet, A43.\\nMiller, Joaquin, poet, born in 0.\\nMilner, Thomas A., founder of Yale Med.\\nInst., A64.\\nMoore, Richard Cham, I\\\\ E. bp. of Va., AT9.\\nMordaunt, Frank, actor, born in Vt.\\nMorse, Elijah .1., M. C. for Mass., born Ind.\\nOuthwaite, Joseph H., M. C. for O., b. in 0.\\nRaucb, Fred A., theologian, A35.\\nSargent, Charles Sprague, botanist, b. Mass.\\nSavage, Minot Judsoii, l int. cl., born in Me.\\nSavers, Joseph M. C. for Tex., b. in Miss.\\nStone, William J., M. C. for Ky., b. in Ky.\\nWaugh, Daniel, M. C. for Ind., born in Ind.\\nWood, Horatio physician, author, b. Pa.\\nWright, Ashley B., M. C. for Mass., b. Mass.\\nCHURCH.\\n1840 Sept. 17. Md. William Rollingson\\nWhittingham is consecrated (Protestant\\nEpiscopal) bisbop.\\nOct.* Wis, Tbe Congregational Con-\\nvention is organized.\\nNov. 6. la. The General Congregational\\nAssociation is organized.\\nNew York. The Consolidated\\nAmerican Baptist Missionary Con-\\nvention is formed.\\n-44 Extensive revivals prevail.\\nPhila. Tbe General Assembly of the\\nPresbyterians meets Wm. M. En g lis is\\nmoderator of tbe Old School branch,\\nand Wm. AVisner of the New School\\nbranch.\\nTex. The Texas Union Baptist Asso-\\nciation is formed.\\nNov. N, Y. The General Synod of the\\nReformed Church meets at Albany\\nJames Murphy, president.\\nThe Dominican Missions on the Pa-\\ncific Coast become reduced from 20,000\\nto 0,000 Indians.\\n1841 Feb. 28. Ga. Stephen Elliot is\\nconsecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Georgia.\\nMay 13. New York. The American\\nBible Society celebrates its 25th anni-\\nversary.\\nJune 2. New York. The General Con-\\nvention of tbe New Jerusalem meets.\\nJune .V. r. Tbe General Synod (Re-\\nformed) meets at Albany James\\nRomeyn, president. [Meets again in\\nNew York, in Sept.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1540 Boston. The Dial appears\\nRalph Waldo Emerson, editor.\\nNew York. The Arcturus appears.\\nNew York. Hunt s Merchants Maga-\\nzine appears.\\nO. St. Xavier s College (Rom. Oath.)\\nis organized at Cincinnati.\\nVa. Richmond CoDege (Rapt.) is\\nfounded.\\nThe (Protestant) Methodist Recorder\\nis first issued.\\nTbe Baptist Weekly is issued.\\nTwo Years Before the Mast, by Richard\\nH. Dana, Jr., appears.\\nLoitering s of Travel, by Willis, aji-\\npears.\\n*A Greek Reader, by Cornelius C. Felton,\\nappears.\\nGreyslaer, by C. F. Hoffman, appears.\\nThe Pathfinder, by Cooper, appears.\\nThe poems of G. P. Morris appear.\\nTales of the Grotesque and Arabesque,\\nby E. A. Poe, appears.\\nAudubon s Birds of America is repro-\\nduced in seven volumes of smaller size\\nthan the original work.\\nHistory of South Carolina, by W. G.\\nSimms, appears.\\nConn. An enlarged edition of TTeft-\\nster s Dictionary is issued.\\n1541 Mar. 2. N.Y. The Eagle, the first\\ndaily paper in Brooklyn, is issued.\\nApr. 10. New York. The Tribune is first\\npublished, Horace Greeley, editor. [Sub-\\nscribers, 600; first week expenses,\\n$525 receipts, $92.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1840, Sept. 17-1841, Oct. 153\\nSOCIETY.\\n1840 President Van Buren establishes\\nthe ten-hour system at the United\\nStates Navy Yards.\\n1341 July* X. Y. The National\\nTemperance Convention meets at\\nSaratoga,\\nSept. 4, 5. O. A riot against abolition-\\nists and negroes occurs at Cincinnati.\\nBands of armed men, chiefly Irishmen,\\npatrol the streets in search of negroes\\nhouses and churches belonging to col-\\nored people are demolished.\\nOct. Va. Uprising of slaves.\\nThe brig Creole sails from Richmond\\nfor New Orleans with igs slaves on\\nboard [near the Bahamas, led by Madi-\\nson Washington, one of their number,\\n19 slaves take possession of the ship; a\\nslave-seller is killed, and the captain,\\nfirst mate, and 10 of the crew wounded\\nsailing into Nassau, all the slaves are\\nfree, being on English soil]. (See State.)\\nSTATE.\\n1840* U.S. Harrison s Log-Cabin\\nand Hard- Cider campaign begins.\\nD. C. Van Buren s Administration is\\ncharacterized as successful but in-\\nglorious.\\nD. C. Congress House Another\\npro-slavery gag-law is passed as\\nthe twenty-first rule of the House. (See\\nDec. 11, 183S.)\\nU. S. The Whigs are greatly in-\\ncensed at the nomination of the aboli-\\ntionist, Birney.\\nJuly 20. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nWilliam R. Kong of Ala. is reelected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nJuly 21. B. C. The 26th Congress:\\nthe first session closes.\\nU. S. The election contest is noted\\nfor its intense excitement and fierce\\ncontroversies.\\nFlour is advertised at $6 a barrel if\\nHarrison is elected, and $3 if Van Buren\\nis elected the whole country is an\\narena of political debate.\\nNov. U.S. Fourteenth presiden-\\ntial election: a political revolution;\\nthe Democratic rule of 40 years is broken\\nby the election of Whigs.\\nPopular vote William Henry Har-\\nrison (Whig) of O., 1,275,017 Martin\\nVan Buren (Dem.) of N. Y., 1,128,702\\nJames G. Birney (Liberty) of N. T.,\\n7,059.\\nDec. 7. B. C. The 26th Congress:\\nthe second session opens.\\nB.C. Henry D. Gilpin of Pa. suc-\\nceeds Felix Grundy as Attorney-General.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-44 Ark. Archibald Yell.\\n-44 Del. Wm. B. Cooper.\\n-A3 Ind. Samuel Bigger.\\n-44 Ky. Robert P. Letcher.\\n-41 Mass. Marcus Morton.\\n-41 Me. Edward Kent.\\n-41 Mich. Wm. Woodbridge.\\n-44 Mo. Thomas Reynolds.\\n-42 O. Thomas Corwin.\\n-42 S. C. John P. Richardson.\\nS. C. B. K. Hennegan.\\n-41 Tex. David G. Burnet (Pres.).\\n-41 Va. Thomas W. Gilmer.\\n1841 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$13,594,480.\\nFeb. 6. N. Y. Indictment of Alexander\\nMcLeod of Canada, charged with\\nmurder and arson in the destruction of\\nthe Caroline.\\nFeb. 19. B. C. Congress counts the\\nelectoral vote.\\nVote for President Harrison, 234\\nVan Buren, 60. Vote for Vice-Presi-\\ndent John Tyler (Whig) of Va., 234;\\nR. M.Johnson (Dem.) of Ivy. ,48; L. W.\\nTazewell (Dem.) of Va., 11 James K.\\nPolk (Dem.) of Tenn., 1.\\nMar. 3. B. C. Congress; Senate:\\nWilliam R. King ot Ala. is reelected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nThe 26th Congress ends.\\nNinth Administration Whig.\\nMar. 4. B. C. William Henry Har-\\nrison of O. is inaugurated the ninth\\nPresident, in the 14th term of the presi-\\ndency. John Tyler of Va. is Vice-\\nPresident.\\nCabinet Daniel Webster of Mass.\\n(State), Thomas Ewing of O. (Treas.),\\nJohn Bell of Tenn. (War), George E.\\nBadger of N. C. (Navy), Francis\\nGranger of N. Y. (P. M.-Gen.), J. J.\\nCrittenden of Ky. (Atty.-Gen.).\\nApr. 4. B. C. President W. H. Har-\\nrison dies, after being in office one\\nmonth.\\nTenth Administration Whig,\\nApr. 4. B. C. The Vice-President,\\nJohn Tyler, becomes the tenth Pres-\\nident by the decease of Mr. Harrison.\\nApr. 6. B. C. President Tyler takes\\nthe oath of office.\\nMay 31. B. C. The 27th Congress\\nassembles in special session. [The Sub-\\ntreasury Bill is repealed, and the general\\nbankrupt law is passed.]\\nCongress; Senate: Samuel L.\\nSouthard of N. J. is elected President\\npro tempore.\\nCongress; House: John White of\\nKy. is elected Speaker.\\nJune B. C. President Tyler has seri-\\nous disagreements with the Whig\\nleaders, both in his Cabinet and in\\nCongress, respecting the establishment\\nof a national bank.\\nJuly 27. B. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses a bill for the establishment of a\\nFiscal Bank of the United States.\\nJuly 28. B. C. Congress The Bank\\nBill passes the House. Vote, 128-97.\\nAug. 16. B. C. President Tyler vetoes\\nthe Bank Bill.\\nPresident Tyler vetoes the Senate\\nBill providing for the establishment of\\na Fiscal Bank, distributed over the\\ncountry with power to discount.\\nAug. 19. B. C. Congress The Senate\\nrefuses to pass the Bank Bill over the\\nPresident s veto. Vote, 25-25.\\nCongress passes a Bankruptcy Bill.\\nAug. 23. B.C. Congress; House: A\\nnew Fiscal Bank Bill is passed.\\nCongress The House passes another\\nBank Bill. Vote, 125-94.\\nSept. 3. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the second Bank BUI. Vote,\\n27-22.\\nSept. 6 Congress; Senate The House\\nBill for a Fiscal Bank is passed.\\nSept. 9. B. C. President Tyler vetoes\\nthe bill for a Fiscal Corporation the\\nWhigs are indignant [and repudiate the\\nPresident in a manifesto].\\nSept. 1 1 All of the Cabinet resign ex-\\ncept Daniel Webster (who remains for\\nspecial reasons), because of President\\nTyler s Democratic policy respecting a\\nnational bank he is charged with be-\\ntraying the trust of his supporters at the\\npolls.\\nA new Cabinet is appointed Walter\\nForward of Pa. (Treas.), John C.\\nSpencer of N. Y. (War), Abel P. Up-\\nshur of Va. (Navy), Charles A. Wick-\\nliffe of Ky. (P. M.-Gen.), and Hugh S.\\nLegare of S. C. (Atty.-Gen.).\\nSept. 13. B. C. The 27th Congress\\nthe first session closes.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1840 Oct. 12. JST. F. The Acadia ar-\\nrives from Liverpool, making the pas-\\nsage in 12 days and 12 hours.\\nChicago is supplied with water\\nby a private corporation, through pipes\\nmade of logs.\\nB. C.-Pa. The Chesapeake and\\nOhio Canal is completed from George-\\ntown, D. C, to Cumberland, Pa., 191\\nmiles, at a cost of \u00c2\u00a716,000,000.\\n*_41* m m TheMormonslay outthe\\ncity of Nauvoo on the Mississippi, and\\nbuild a temple.\\nN. C. Completion of the Kaleigh\\nand Gaston, the Wilmington and the\\nRoanoke roads.\\nThe Cunard line of steamers is es-\\ntablished between New York and Liv-\\nerpool.\\nPa. Scranton is founded.\\nThe National revenue is nearly\\n$20,000,000; population, 17,000,000;\\neleven-twelfths of the people live\\noutside of the larger cities and\\ntowns 2,818 miles of railway have pen-\\netrated the country.\\nAdams Express Company, operat-\\ning between Boston and New York, via\\nSpringfield, is founded.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1840, 84,066.\\n1841 Mar. 11. The steamer President,\\nrunning between New York and Liver-\\npool, sails with many passengers on\\nboard [two days later she encountered\\na terrific storm, and her fate is un-\\nknown].\\nJuly 18. Ore. The Peacock, a vessel of\\nthe United States exploring expedition,\\nis wrecked at the mouth of the Columbia\\nRiver.\\nAug. 9. The steamboat Erie, bound\\nfrom Buffalo to Chicago, takes fire,\\nand only 28 out of 200 persons are saved.\\nAug. 20. JV. Y. A destructive explo-\\nsion occurB at Syracuse, and 26 lives are\\nlost.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "154 1841, Oct. 11-1843, June 30. AMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1843 June 30. Ulysses S. Grant\\ngraduates at West Point; he rankB\\nnumber 21 in a class of 39.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1841 Mass. Elias Howe, a mechanic\\nof Cambridge, invents the first practical\\nsewing-machine.\\nThe Voyage of Life is painted by\\nThomas Cole.\\nColumbus before the Council of Sala-\\nmanca is painted by Emanuel Leutze.\\n1842 Mar. 3. D. C. Congress appro-\\npriates $30,000 to aid Prof. Morse in es-\\ntablishing the first telegraph line\\nbetween Washington and Baltimore.\\nJuly 14. Wyo. John Charles Fre-\\nmont, with. Kit Carson and 28 Cana-\\ndians and Creoles accustomed to prairie\\nlife, arrives at Fort Laramie, on an ex-\\npedition to explore the country between\\nMissouri and the Rocky Mountains.\\nJuly 23. Mass. The Bunker Hill\\nMonument is entirely completed (221\\nfeet high).\\nAug.* Wyo. Fremont s expedition lo-\\ncates the South Pass in the Rocky Moun-\\ntains [and returns].\\nSept. 21. New York. George Vander-\\nhoff dramatic reader, makes his first\\nappearance.\\nOct. 18. New York. A submarine tele-\\ngraph is laid between Governor s Island\\nand New York City\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the first in America.\\nC. The United States Naval Ob-\\nservatory is founded at Washington, by\\nan Act of Congress, as a depot for charts\\nand instruments for the Navy.\\nNew York. The Philharmonic Soci-\\nety gives its first concert.\\nO. The Cincinnati Observatory is\\nerected.\\nPa. John A. Roehling manufactures\\nwire ropes for the Allegheny Portage\\nRailroad.\\nSir Walter Raleigh s Farewell to His\\nWife is painted by Emanuel Leutze.\\n1843 Feb. 16. JV. T. A great landslide\\noccurs at Troy, by which 18 persons are\\nkilled.\\nMay 25. The 100th anniversary of\\nthe American Philosophical Society,\\nfounded by Franklin, is observed.\\nMay 29. Mo. John C. Fremont starts\\nfor Oregon and California on his second\\nexploring expedition.\\nJune 17. Mass. Bunker Hill Monu-\\nment is dedicated Daniel Webster,\\nsurrounded by veterans of the War of\\nthe Revolution and an immense multi-\\ntude, delivers the oration.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1843*\\nBankhead, John H., M. C. for Ala., b. Ala.\\nBarbour. James, sec. of war, sen. for Va.,\\nDickinson. Anna Elizabeth, lecturer,\\nborn In I*a.\\nDonne, Maria Dalle, physician, A66.\\nDraper. William P.. M. C. for .Mass., born\\nin Mass.\\nEaton, Ainos, naturalist, A 66.\\nChannirii?, William Ellery. Unit, cl., A62.\\nCoues, Elliot, naturalist, born.\\nCovert, James W., M. C. for N. Y., b. N. Y.\\nDaniel, John W., sen. for Va., born in Va.\\nEngland, John, li. C. bp. of S. C, A56.\\nEpes, James I M. C. for Va., horn in Va.\\nErnsl, Oswald IE, military engineer, b. m O.\\nFislder, Oeorge li., M. C. for N. b. N. J.\\nFiske. John, phil., historian, born m Conn.\\nFoord, John, editor, born in Scot.\\nGibson, Charles li., sen. lor Md., b. in Md.\\nDarns, Thaihieus Mason, Cony. el. of Mass.,\\nA74.\\nlaranw\\nInpkm\\nA72.\\nHutcheson, Jos. C, M.C. for Tex., born In Va.\\nJames, Louis, actor, burn in 111.\\nKellogg-. Clara Louise, singer, h. in S. C.\\nLanier, .Sidney, poet, born in Ca.\\nLincoln, Robert T., minister to Eng., b. in 111.\\nKane, Edward, M. C. for O., born in 0.\\nMarsh, James, theologian, scholar, A 48.\\nMcKeigban, William A., M. C. for Neb.,\\nborn in N. J.\\nMever, Adolph, M. C. for La., born in Miss.\\nMitchell, John L., sen. for Wis., horn in Wis.\\nMiller, Charles Henry, artist, born in N. Y.\\nPaine, Elijah, sen. for Vt., scientist, A85.\\nKatinesque, Constantine S.. botanist, A58.\\nRagiiet, Comlv, political economist, A85.\\nSimpson, Jeremiah, M. C. for Kan., b. in Pa.\\nSouthard, Samuel L., sec. navy, A55.\\nWoodworth, Samuel, poet (tiuken Bucket).\\nA 57.\\nCHURCH.\\n1841 Oct. 12. Del. Alfred Lee is con-\\nsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop\\nof Delaware.\\nOct. 16. La. Leonidas Polk, Protestant\\nEpiscopal missionary bishop, is trans-\\nlated to Louisiana.\\nOct. New York. The General Synod\\n(Reformed) meets James Romeyn,\\npresident.\\nNov. 30. [Archbishop] Peter R. Ken-\\nrick is consecrated (Roman Catholic)\\nbishop of Drasa.\\nArk. Presbyterians send a missionary\\nto the Creeks of Arkansas.\\nBoston. The Boston Society for the\\nMoral and Religious Instruction of the\\nPoor changes its name to the City Mis-\\nsion Society.\\nBoston. The Boston Sunday-School\\nUnion is dissolved, and its -work trans-\\nferred to the City Mission Society.\\n*Ind. The (O.S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof Northern Indiana is organized.\\nMd. The Baptist Triennial Meet-\\ning is held in Baltimore.\\nMd. The General Synod (Evangeli-\\ncal Lutheran) meets at Baltimore.\\nNew York The General Conven-\\ntion (Protestant Episcopal) meets.\\nNew York. The Bible and Common\\nPrayer Book (Protestant Episcopal) So-\\nciety is incorporated.\\nNew York. The Baptist Tract and\\nBook Society is organized.\\nN. Y. The American Tract Society\\nintroduces the system of colportage.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets Robt. J. Breck-\\ninridge is moderator of the Old School\\nbranch, and Ansel Doan Eddy of the\\nNew School branch.\\nk W. Va. The (O. S.) Presbyterian\\nSynod of Wheeling is organized.\\nSix hundred Baptist churches are\\nreported among the Indians.\\n*The Free-Communion Baptist\\nchurches unite with the Freewill\\nBaptists.\\nTwo thousand Nez Perce Indians have\\n1842 June 8. Boston. Meeting of the\\nGeneral Convention of the New Jeru-\\nsalem.\\nJune* New York. The General Synod\\n(Reformed Church) meets; James K.\\nHardenburg, president.\\nOct. 11. Mich. The General Congrega-\\ntional Association is organized.\\nOct. 13. Va. John Johns is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop\\nof Virginia.\\nDec. 29. Mass. Man ton Eastburn is\\nconsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) as-\\nsistant bishop of Massachusetts.\\nNew York. The First German Meth-\\nodist Church is organized.\\nPhila. The General Assembly (O.\\nS. Presbyterian) meets John Todd\\nEdgar, moderator.\\nPa. The General Synod (Evan-\\ngelical Lutheran) of Allegheny and\\nEast Pennsylvania is organized.\\nR I. The Seventh day Baptist\\nMissionary Society is founded.\\nThe United Synod, South (Evan-\\ngelical Lutheran), of Southwest Virgin-\\nia, is organized.\\n1843 Mar. Dr. William Patton writes\\nan important letter advocating a closer\\nunion of the denominations of Chris-\\ntendom, and outlining an organization.\\nMay U. S. Wealeyan Methodist\\nConvention secedes from the Meth-\\nodist Episcopal Church.\\nJune 14. Phila. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nLETTERS.\\n1841 Ala. Howard CoDege (Bapt.)\\nis organized at Marion (Birmingham).\\nMich. The University of Michigan\\nLibrary is founded at Ann Arbor.\\n[78,000 vols.]\\nMo. University of Missouri (non-\\nsect.) is organized at Columbia.\\nJV. Y. St. John s College (Rom.\\nCath.) is founded at Fordham.\\nN. Y. The Northern Christian Advo-\\ncate (Metb. Epis.) is issued at Syracuse.\\nW.Va. Bethany College (Christian)\\nis organized.\\nThe Lowell Offering appears.\\nGraham s Magazine replaces Atkin-\\nso)i s Casket, and is the foremost Ameri-\\ncan magazine.\\nBallads and Other Poems,, by Long-\\nfellow, appears.\\nThe Deerslayer, by Cooper, appears.\\nk Essays, by Emerson, appears.\\nk Pocahontas, by Mrs. Sigourney. ap-\\npears.\\nk A Classical Dictionary by Charles\\nAnthon, appears.\\nfc Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount\\nSinai, and Arabia Petrtea, by Edward\\nRobinson, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1841, Oct. 11-1843, June 30. 155\\n1842 Sept.* O. Cincinnati Wes-\\nleyan College (Metk. Epis.) is founded\\nin Cincinnati.\\nhid. University of Notre Dame\\n(Rom. Catb.-) is organized.\\nLa. College of the Immaculate\\nConception (Rom. Cath.) is organized\\nat New Orleans.\\nMich. Baptists start The Michigan\\nChristian Herald.\\nO. Rutherford B. Hayes graduates at\\nKenyon College.\\nO. Wesleyan University (Meth.\\nEpis.) is organized at Delaware.\\nC. The Southern Quarterly Revieio\\nappears at Charleston.\\nTenn. Cumberland University\\n(Cumberland Pres.) is organized at Leb-\\nanon.\\nThe Masque of the Gods, by Bayard\\nTaylor, appears.\\nPleasant Memories of Pleasant Lands,\\nby Mrs. Sigourney, appears.\\nWing and Wing, by Cooper, appears.\\nAn edition of The Gorgias of Plato, by\\nTheodore D. Woolsey, appears.\\nConjectures and Researches concern-\\ning the Love, Madness, and Imprisonment\\nof Torquato Tasso, by Richard Henry\\nWilde, appears.\\nHints on the Prophecies, by Moses\\nStuart, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1841* B. C. The U. S. Supreme Court\\nrenders a decision in the Prigg case, re-\\nlating to kidnaping negroes in free\\nStates, declaring that the law of sla-\\nvery is supreme in the free as well as\\nin the slave States.\\nU. S. John H. W. Hawkins (Wash-\\ningtonian) reports 100,000 signers of\\nthe temperance pledge.\\n1842 Feb. 22. Abraham Lincoln,\\naddresses the Washingtonian Temper-\\nance Society at Springfield, favoring\\ntotal abstinence and a temperance rev-\\nolution.\\nAug. 1. Phila. Colored people are\\nassaulted by a proslavery mob.\\nWhile celebrating the emancipation of\\nslaves in the West Indies, the colored\\npeople are attacked by a mob a church\\nis burned, houses demolished, and blood\\nshed.\\nAug. 2. The Independent Order of\\nRechabites organize for the promo-\\ntion of temperance,\\nSept. 29. N. Y. The Sons of Temper-\\nance organize.\\nOct. Mass. John B. Gough, 25 years\\nof age, signs the pledge and reforms his\\nhabits.\\nNov. 111. Abraham Lincoln marries\\nMary Todd of Lexington, Ky.\\nD. C. The Congressional Temper-\\nance Society is reorganized on the\\nbasis of abstinence from all intoxicat-\\ning drinks.\\nU. S. By treaty with Great Britain\\nthe United States agrees to assist in sup-\\npressing the African slave-trade, by\\nkeeping a force of 1,080 guns patrolling\\nthe coast.\\nU. S. Charles Dickens makes his\\nfirst visit.\\nThe navy ration is a gill of spirits, but\\npersons under 21 are not permitted to\\ndraw it half a pint of wine may be\\ngiven instead. Butter, cheese, raisins,\\ndried fruit, pickles, or molasses may be\\nsubstituted sailors may take the value\\nof the ration in money.\\nIn many States antislavery meet-\\nings are broken up, buildings dam-\\naged, and its advocates assaulted.\\n1843 Mar. 20. New York. CharlesG.\\nCorliss is shot dead on the street by a\\ni, who escapes.\\nSTATE.\\n1841 Dec. 6. B.C. The 27th Congress\\nthe second session opens.\\nDec. Dispute with England respecting\\nthe slaver Creole.\\n[The American vessel Creole was con-\\nveying a cargo of slaves to New Orleans.\\nThe slaves killed the owner, and com-\\npelled the seamen to sail to Nassau,\\nwhere the governor recognized their\\nfreedom against the protests of the\\nAmerican consul.]\\n*-44* New York. Robert H. Morris\\nis elected the 63d mayor.\\nB. C. Peter V. Daniel of Va. is ap-\\npointed a Justice of U. S. Supreme Court.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-45 Ala. Benj. Fitzpatrick.\\n-44* Fla. (Ter.). Richard K. Call.\\n-46 la. (Ter.). John Chambers.\\n-45 La. Alex. Mouton.\\n-43 Mass. John Davis.\\n-43 Me. John Fairfield.\\n-42 Mich. J. Wright Gordon.\\n-43 Miss. Tilghman M. Tucker.\\n-45 JV. C. John M. Morehead.\\n-44* Tex. Sam Houston (Pres.).\\n-45 Tenn. James C. Jones.\\n-42 Va. John Rutherford.\\n-43 Vt. Charles Paine.\\n-44* Wis. (Ter.). James D. Doty.\\n1842 Jan. 1. IT. S. National debt\\n$26,601,226.\\nMar. 21. B. C. Congress; House:\\nJoshua R. Giddings of O. presents reso-\\nlutions adverse to slavery. [He is cen-\\nsured. Vote, 125-69.]\\nMar. 31. B. C. Congress; Senate:\\nHenry Clay of Ky. resigns.\\nMay 3, 4. P.I. Two rival govern-\\nments are organized: The Suffrage\\nparty, led by Thomas W. Dorr, and the\\nLaw and Order party, led by Samuel\\nW. King.\\nMay31. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nW. P. Mangum of N. C. is elected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nJune 25. R.I. Dorr s Rebellion:\\nDorr joins others of his party under\\narms, but they disperse without resist-\\nance when troops are sent against them.\\nJuly 16. B.C. Congress: The House\\npasses a bill restoring a modified pro-\\ntective tariff to increase the revenue\\nduties average 33 per cent.\\nAug, 5. D. C. Congress: the Senate\\npasses the Tariff Bill.\\nAug. 9. D. C. Lord Ashburton and\\nDaniel Webster sign the Washington\\nTreaty.\\nIt establishes the northeastern boun-\\ndaries, and those extending westward\\nbeyond the great lakes; provides for the\\nsuppression of the African slave-trade,\\nand makes provision for the extradition\\nof criminals.\\nThe President vetoes the Tariff Bill.\\nAug. 18. I). C. Congress The House\\npasses a Tariff Bill which omits the\\noffending distribution clause.\\nAug. 20. D. C. Congress The Senate^\\nratifies the Webster-Ashburton Treaty.\\nVote, 39 to 9.\\nAug. 28. D. C. Congress changes the\\nbeginning of the fiscal year from Jan.\\n1 to July 1, to take effect in 1843.\\nAug. 30. D. C. Congress The Senate\\nadopts the Tariff Bill.\\nThe President signs the Tariff Bill.\\nAug. 31. B.C. The 27th Congress:\\nthe second session closes.\\nDec. 5. B. C. The 27th Congress the\\nthird session opens.\\nU. S. Congress passes the Copy-\\nright Bill.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated:\\n-45 Cat. Manual Micheltorena..\\n-44 ponn. C. F. Cleveland.\\n-46 Lit. Thomas Ford.\\n-44 N. H. Henry Hubbard.\\n-44 N. Y. Wm. C. Bouck.\\n-44 O. Wilson Shannon.\\n-44 S. C. James H. Hammond.\\n-43 Va. John M. Gregory.\\n1843 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt\\n$20,601,226.\\nMar. 3. B. C. Congress repeals the\\nBankruptcy Act of 1841.\\nThe 27th Congress ends.\\nMay* B. C. Daniel Webster resigns,\\nand Hugh S. Legare of S. C. succeeds\\nhim as (acting) Secretary of State.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1841 Oct. 11. Phila. The United\\nStates Bank fails.\\nDec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1841, 80,289.\\nN. Y. The Western Railroad is\\ncompleted to Greenbush.\\n1842 Apr. 15. Md. The steamer Me~\\ndora explodes her boiler at Baltimore,\\nkilling 27 persons and injuring 40 others.\\nSept. 1. N. H. The Concord and\\nNashua road is opened.\\nOct. 14. New York. The Croton aque-\\nduct (40 miles long), supplying this city\\nwith water, being completed, the event\\nis celebrated. (Cost about $12,500,000.)\\nN. Y. The railroad from Rochester\\nto Buffalo is opened, thus completing a\\nline from Boston to Lake Erie.\\nNew York. The Guion line of steam-\\ners is established between New York and\\nLiverpool.\\nPennsylvania and Maryland de-\\nfault in the payment of interest due on\\ntheir State debts.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1842, 104,565.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "156 1843, June *-1844, Dec. 2.\\nAMKRICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1844 Feb. 23. The great gun\\nPeacemaker explodes on board\\nthe war-steamer Princeton. Abel P.\\nUpshur, Secretary of State, and Thomas\\nW- Gilmer, Secretary of the Navy, are\\nboth among the killed.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\n1843 July 11. Fremont s expedition\\nsights Pike s Peak.\\nAug. 13. Fremont s expedition cross-\\nes the Rockies at South Pass.\\nSept. Utah. Fremont s expedition\\nvisits Great Salt Lake.\\nOct. 25. Ore. Fremont s expedition\\nreaches the Columbia River.\\nNov. 25. New York. Ole Bull makes\\nhis first appearance in America.\\nAlbert Gallatin is painted by W. H.\\nPowell.\\nThe Boy Stealing Milk is painted by\\nF. W. Edmonds.\\nThe colossal statue of Washington,\\nexecuted by Horatio Greenough, is com-\\npleted.\\n1844 Feb. 3.+ Continued cold weather.\\nLong Island Sound is frozen over a few\\nmiles from New York, and a canal is cut\\nthrough the ice in Boston harbor for a\\nBritish steamer to reach the sea.\\nMay 27. Morse s telegraph line between\\nBaltimore and Washington is brought\\ninto practical use.\\nMay 29. Md. Morse telegraphs the\\nDemocratic nomination from Baltimore\\nto Washington.\\nJune A surpassing rise of the Missis-\\nsippi River causes an immense loss of\\nproperty.\\nJuly 31. Kan. The Fremont expedi-\\ntion returns by a southerly route.\\nOct. 18. N. Y. Destructive gale at Buf-\\nfalo shipping suffers, and more than 50\\nlives are lost.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1843*\\nAldrich, Louis, actor, born in mid-ocean.\\nAUston, Washington, painter, poet, A 64.\\nArmstrong-, John. sec. of war gen., A 85.\\nBrosius, Marriot, M. C. for Pa., born in Pa.\\nCampbell, Bart Ivy, dramatist, born in Pa.\\nChampney, James Wells, t^enre painter, born\\nin Mass.\\nChickering, Charles A., M. C. for N. Y., b.\\nin N. Y.\\nChipman, Nathaniel, sen. for Vt., A91.\\nChurch, John Adams, miniinj engineer, born\\nin N.Y.\\nClarke, Richard H., M. C. for Ala., b. in Ala.\\nCrowninshield, coin. U. S. N., born in N.Y.\\nCrowder, Thomas, geologist, born.\\nKarrer, Henry, painter, born in Eng,\\nCrirhs, William r.lhot, Kef. el., born in Pa.\\nCriswold, Alex. V., P. E. bp. of N. E., A77.\\nGuess, George, inventor of Cherokee alpha-\\nbet, A 73.\\nHall, Frederick, prof, of chemistry, A63.\\nHammond, Thomas, M. C. for Ind., born in\\nMass.\\nHare, Darius D., M. C. for O., born in 0.\\nHarlan, Richard, naturalist, author, A47.\\nHermann, Binger, M. C. for Ore., b. in Md.\\nHill. David B.. sen. for N.Y., b. in N.Y.\\nJames, Henry, Jr., novelist, born in N.Y.\\nKey, Francis Scott, poet (Star Spangled\\nBanner), A63.\\nLeigh, Benjamin, sen. for Va., A62.\\nMackaye. Steele, actor, born in N.Y.\\nMorgan, Charles II., M. C. for Mo., b. in N.Y.\\nPage, Charles H., M. C. for R. I., b. in R. I.\\nPayne, Sereno E., M. C. for N.Y., b. in N.Y.\\nPorter, David, com. U. S. N., of Mass., A63.\\nPreston, James P., statesman, A68.\\nRichardson, James D., M. for Term., horn\\nIn Tenn.\\nRilcv, Charles V., entomologist, b. in Eng.\\nRoberts, Robert R-, M. E. bp. for Liberia,\\nA67.\\nStone, Charles W., M. C. tor Pa., born m\\nMass.\\nTalbott,J. F. C, M. C. for Md., b. in Md.\\nThomas, Henry P., M. C. for Mich., born in\\nMleh.\\nTrowbridge, John, physicist at Harvard,\\nborn in Mass.\\nTrumbull, John, painter, of Conn., A87.\\nWare, Henry, Jr., Unit, theologian, author,\\nA49.\\nA 58.\\nBiglow, William, teacher, poet, A71.\\nBunn, Benjamin II., M. C. for S. C, born\\nin S. C.\\nBolles, Lucius, I .apt. clergyman, A65.\\nBurdett, Robert Jones, humorist, horn\\nin Pa.\\nl .ur- ss, John W., Prof. Col. coll., b. in Tenn.\\nCable. George W., novelist, born in La.\\nCadmus, Cornelius A., M. C. for N. J., b. in\\nN.J.\\nCaruth, Asher G., M. C. for Ky., b. in Ky.\\nComstock. Anthony, reformer, born.\\nConn, Charles G.,M. C. for Ind., b. in N.Y.\\nDe Armond, David A., M.C. for Mo., born\\nin Pa.\\nDe Lung, George Wash., explorer, born in\\nN.Y.\\nDuponeeau, Peter S., lawyer, A84.\\nEzekiel, Moses Jacob, sculptor, b. in Va.\\nFarlow, William G., botanist, born in Mass.\\nFulton, Wm. S., sen. for Ark., A49.\\nGaston, William, M. C. for N. C, jurist, A 66.\\nGilder, Richard Watson, ed. of Century,\\nhorn in N. J.\\nGreely, Adolphus Wash., Lieut. U. S. N.,\\nexplorer, horn in Mass.\\nHicks, Josiah D., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.\\nHudson, Thomas J., M. C. for Kan., born in\\nInd.\\nKerr, John L., senator, A64.\\nLockwood, Daniel N., M. C. for N.Y. born\\nin N. C.\\nLynch, Thomas, M. C. for Wis., b. in Wis.\\nMarshall, James W., M. C. for Va., born\\nin Va.\\nMcDearmon, James C, M. C. for Tenn.,\\nborn in Va.\\nMoore, Gabriel, Gov. of Ala., dies.\\nMorris, Thos., sen. for Va., A68.\\nParker, Arthur A., statesman, A54.\\nPickler, John A., M. C. for S. D., b. in Ind.\\nPintard, John, journalist, A85.\\nPorter, Alexander, sen. for La., A58.\\nPorter, Peter Buel, gen., sec. of war, A71.\\nPonlson, Zacliariah, editor, A83.\\nRay, George W., M. C. for N.C., b. in N.C.\\nSanderson, John, litterateur, A 59.\\nSipe, William A., M. C. for Pa., born in Pa.\\nSmith. Joseph, founder of Moriuonisni,A;(i).\\nStone, William L., historian, A52.\\nThacher, James, physician, author, A90.\\nThompson, Maurice, poet, born in Ind.\\nWadsworili, -lames, phtlantliropist, A76.\\nWarren, Francis E., sen. for Wvo., b. in Mass.\\nWells, Owen A., M. C. for Wis., b. in N.C.\\nWoomer, Epbraim, M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.\\nCHURCH.\\n1S43 June N. Y. The General Synod\\n(Reformed Church) meets at Albany\\nWm. C. Brownlee, president.\\nAug. 11. Ji. I. John Prentiss K. Hen-\\nshaw is consecrated (Protestant Episco-\\npal) bishop of Rhode Island.\\nOct. The second coming of Christ,\\nand the end of the world, are pre-\\ndicted by the Millerites for this date.\\nArk. The Roman Catholic Diocese of\\nLittle Rock is established.\\nInd. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof Northern India Is organized.\\nIII. The(N. S.) Presbyterian Synod of\\nPeoria is organized.\\nIII. The Congregational Conference\\nof Illinois is organized.\\nMd. The General Synod (Evan-\\ngelical Lutheran) meets at Baltimore.\\nMich. The rjniverealifit State Con-\\nvention is organized.\\nMo. Peter B. Kenrickis appointed\\n(Roman Catholic] bishop f St. Louis.\\nPa. The Roman Catholic Diocese of\\nPittsburg is established.\\nPa. The CS. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof Western Pennsylvania is organized.\\nPhita. The General Assembly (O. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets; Gardiner Spring,\\nmoderator.\\nThe General Assembly (N. S. Presby-\\nterian) meets Ansel Doan Eddy, mod-\\nerator.\\nX. Y. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof Buffalo is organized.\\n*The Seventh-day Baptist Tract Soci-\\nety is formed.\\nThe Foreign Mission Committee of\\nthe Reformed Presbyterian (Cove-\\nnanter) Church is organized.\\n1844 May 1-June 10. New York. The\\n14th General Conference (Methodist\\nEpiscopal) is held. The slavery discus-\\nsion is prolonged, and intense feeling\\nprevails.\\nThe Florida, Iowa, North Indiana, and\\nVermont Conferences are formed.\\nA declaration is passed favoring the\\nsuspension of Bishop J. O. Andrew,\\nuntil he shall manumit the slaves that\\nhe received by marriage. Tote, 110-6S.\\nJune* TheMethodistEpiseopal Church\\nis divided on the slavery question, and\\nthe Southern Methodists secede. [They\\norganize the Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch South.] (See Church, 1S45,\\nMay 1.)\\nJune 7. New York. Leonidas L. Ham-\\nline and Edmond S. Janes are ordained\\nbishops (Methodist Episcopal).\\nJune 12. New York. The General Con-\\nvention of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nJune 21. The General Congrega-\\ntional Association of Illinois is orga-\\nnized.\\nJune N. Y. The General Synod (Re-\\nformed) meets at Poughkeepsie Jacob\\nA an Vechten, president.\\nJune Joseph Smith, the head of\\nthe Mormon Church, and Hyrum, his\\nbrother, when in prison, charged with\\ntreason, are shot by an anti-Mormon\\nmob.\\nOct. 20. Carleton Chase is consecrated\\n(Protestant Episcopal) bishop of N. H.;\\nNicholas H. Cobbs, of Ala.; Cicero S.\\nHawkes, of Mo.\\nOct. 21. Pa. H.U.Onderdonk, Bishop\\nof the Diocese of Pennsylvania, is sus-\\npended from the ministry for intem-\\nperance.\\nOct. 26. William Jones Boone is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal) missionary\\nbishop for China; Geo. Washington\\nFreeman, for Arkansas Horatio South-\\ngate, for Turkey.\\nLETTERS.\\n1843 Conn. The New Englandcr, a\\nquarterly, appears at New Haven.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1843, June *-1844, Dec. 2. 157\\nGa. Southern (Female) College is\\nfounded at La Grange.\\nIowa Wesleyan University (Meth.\\nEpis.) is organized at Mount Pleasant.\\nMass. College of the Holy Cross\\n(Rom. Cath.), at Worcester, is organized.\\nMd. New Windsor College (Pres.)\\nis organized.\\nConquest of Mexico, by Prescott, ap-\\npears.\\nThe Congregational College Society is\\nformed.\\nThe Dreams of a Day and Other Poems,\\nby J. G. Percival, appears.\\nThe Spanish Student, by Longf ellow,\\nappears.\\nThe Universalist Quarterly appears.\\nWyandotte, by Cooper, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1843 Oregon passes a prohibitory\\nlaw.\\nJohn B. Gough decides to devote his\\nlife to saving drunkards he lectures\\nfor 75 cents a night.\\n*The Independent Order of B nai\\nB*rith is founded.\\n1844 Jan. 25. D. C. A disgraceful\\nencounter occurs on the floor of the\\nHouse of Representatives between mem-\\nbers Weller and Shriver.\\nMay 6-8. Phila. Fourteen persons are\\nkilled and 40 wounded, and 30 houses\\nand churches burned, in a race riot\\nbetween native Americans and\\nnatives of Ireland.\\nIII. Mormons destroy an anti-\\nMormon press at Nauvoo, and the edi-\\ntors flee for their lives.\\nThe Mormons resist arrest, and the\\nmilitia is ordered out. Joseph Smith\\nand other leaders surrender to the Gov-\\nernor on. his promise of protection.\\nJune 27. III. A mob kills Joseph Smith\\nand his brother Hyrum, in the jail at\\nCarthage, where they were held for\\ntreason.\\nJune III. Brigham Young becomes\\npresident of the Mormons.\\nJuly 7. Phila. The race-riot is re-\\nnewed 5,000 troops are called out, and\\n40 or 50 persons are killed.\\nAug. 21. N. T, Outrages by Anti-\\nRenters of Rensselaer county com-\\nmence, in resisting land-rent to the heirs\\nand assignees of the Dutch patroons.\\nDec* N. Y. More Anti-Renters\\noutrages occur in Rensselaer county.\\nBoston. The first effort is made for\\ncooperation in the labor movement.\\nNew York. The Polka dance is in-\\ntroduced, and attracts great crowds by\\nits novelty.\\nSTATE.\\n1843 July 1. U. S. National debt\\n\u00c2\u00a732,742,922.\\nAug. 30. N.Y. The National Liberty\\nConvention at Buffalo nominates, as\\npresidential candidates, James G. Birney\\nof Mich, and Thomas Morris of Ohio.\\nNov.* Tenn. Andrew Johnson is\\nelected to Congress.\\nDec. 4. D. C. The 28th Congress\\nopens.\\nD. C. Congress; Senate: W. P.\\nMangum of N. C. is reelected President\\npro tempore. House John W. Jones\\nof Va. is elected Speaker.\\nDec. D. C. President Tyler presses\\nGreat Britain to a settlement of the\\nboundary line in the Northwest, and\\nannounces American claims.\\nMiss. Jefferson Davis begins his\\npolitical career as delegate to the Demo-\\ncratic State Convention held at Jackson.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-48 Ind. James Whitcomb.\\n-44 Mass. Marcus Morton.\\n-44 Me. Edward Kavanagh.\\n-45 Mick. John S. Barry.\\n-48 Miss. Albert G. Brown.\\n-44 N. J. Daniel Haines.\\n-45 P. I. James Fenner.\\n-46 Va. James M Dowell.\\n-44 Ft. John Mattocks.\\n1844 Jan. 8. D. C. Congress refunds\\nthe fine imposed on Gen. Jackson at\\nNew Orleans in 1814.\\nMar. D. C. John C. Calhoun is ap-\\npointed Secretary of State, and John\\nY. Mason Secretary of the Navy.\\nApr. 12. D. C. Congress: The Govern-\\nment enters a treaty to annex Texas [but\\nthe Senate rejects it].\\nThe Democrats favor, the Whigs op-\\npose, in view of the war involved. [The\\nissue enters the following National elec-\\ntion, the pro-slavery party favoring and\\nthe anti-slavery party opposing.]\\nMay 1. Md. The Whig National Con-\\nvention, in session at Baltimore, nomi-\\nnates Henry Clay of Ky. and Theo-\\ndore Frelinghuysen of N. J.\\nMay 27-29. Md. The Democratic Na-\\ntional Convention, in session at Balti-\\nmore, nominates James K. Polk of\\nTenn. and Geo. M. Dallas of Pa.\\nMay Md. The first division in the\\nDemocratic party occurs at the Na-\\ntional Convention the South, in the\\ninterest of slavery, enforces the two-\\nthirds (majority) rule.\\nThe Democratic National Convention\\nadopts an aggressive program for the\\nannexation of Texas and reoccu-\\npation of Oregon, which has popular\\nfavor.\\nMay 27, 28. Md. The partisans of\\nTyler hold a convention in Baltimore,\\nand nominate him for the presidency.\\nJune 8. D. C. Congress. The Senate\\nrejects the treaty made with the commis-\\nsioners of Texas.\\nJune 17. D. C. The 28th Congress:\\nthe first session closes.\\nJune R. I. Thomas W. Dorr is tried\\nfor treason, and sentenced to imprison-\\nment for life.\\nJulyl. U.S. National debt \u00c2\u00a723,461,652.\\nJuly 3. D. C. A treaty is made with\\nChina, permitting trade and residence\\nin certain ports.\\nAug 16+. Henry Clay writes his Ala-\\nbama letter.\\nBupport it is characterized as Clay s\\ndeath-warrant. Far from having any\\npersonal objection to the annexation of\\nTexas, I should be glad to see it without\\ndishonor, without war, and with the\\ncommon consent of the Union.\\nAug. D. C. President Tyler an-\\nnounces his withdrawal as a presi-\\ndential candidate.\\nAug. 30. Convention of the Liberty\\nparty, which renominates James G.\\nBirney of Mich, for the presidency, and\\nis encouraged by the alienated friends\\nof Clay.\\nSummer\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Autumn. No contest for the\\npresidency, either before or since, has\\nbeen conducted with such intense energy\\nand deep feeling. (J. G. Blaine.)\\nSept. Oct. Candidate Clay writes three\\nexplanatory letters, to correct the\\neffect of the July letter.\\nU.S. Fifty-four, forty, or fight,\\nbecomes a Democratic watchword (54\u00c2\u00b0\\n40 northwest boundary line).\\nBoth parties in the North have each\\nan anti-slavery wing and a pro-slavery\\nwing.\\nNov. U, S. Fifteenth Presidential\\nelection; Democrats elected.\\nPopular Vote James K. Polk (Dem.)\\nof Term., 1,337,243 Henry Clay (Whig)\\nof Ky., 1,299,068; James G. Birney\\n(Liberty) of Mich., 62,300.\\nThe Abolition vote in New York,\\nbeing chiefly a defection from Henry\\nClay, causes his defeat for the presi-\\ndency.\\nNov. Miss. The name of Jefferson\\nDavis appears on the Polk and Dallas\\nelectoral ticket.\\nDec. 2. D. C. The 28th Congress the\\nsecond session opens.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1843 June Mo. About 1,000 emi-\\ngrants leave Westport on the .Missouri\\nfrontier on a journey of 2,000 miles\\nto Oregon.\\nAug. 27. The United States steam fri-\\ngate Missouri is destroyed by fire at\\nGibraltar.\\nOct. Ore. The great emigrant train\\nfrom Missouri arrives [many others fol-\\nlow.] (See 1843, June\\nGa. The Georgia road, connecting\\nAugusta and Atlanta, 191 miles long, is\\ncompleted.\\nMass. The Boston and Maine road\\nis opened.\\nO. The Miami Canal, 215 miles long,\\nconnecting the Ohio with Lake Erie, is\\ncompleted.\\nDec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and other\\naliens received in nine months, 52,496.\\n1844 Jan. 2. The steamboat Shepherd-\\ness strikes a snag, about midnight, in\\nthe Mississippi near St. Louis more\\nthan 40 persons perish.\\nMar. 1. Two steamboats collide on the\\nMississippi 80 lives lost.\\nOct. 25. The steamboat Lucy Walker,\\non the Ohio, bursts her boilers, killing\\nabout 50 persons.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "158 1844, Dec. 3-1845\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1844 La. Lieut. U. S. Grant, 22 years\\nold, is stationed in Louisiana.\\n1845 Nov. Tex. Gen. Taylor, with\\nan army of 4,000 men, encamps at the\\nmouth of the Neuces River to watch\\nthe Mexicans.\\nMd. Secretary of the Navy, George\\nBancroft, establishes a naval school at\\nAnnapolis under an Act of Congress.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1844 New York. The first hydro-\\npathic establishment in the United\\nStates is opened at 63 Barclay Street.\\nThe Rattler is launched the first\\npropeller built in the United States.\\nColumbus at the Gate of La Rabida Mon-\\nastery is painted by Emanuel Leutze.\\ntf ew York. The equestrian statue of\\nWashington [now] in Union Square is\\nexecuted by Henry K. Brown.\\n1845 June 13. New York. Mrs. Anna\\nCora Mowatt first appears.\\nPa. Petroleum is obtained while\\nboring for salt near Tarentum, above\\nPittsburg.\\nThe American Association for the\\nAdvancement of Science is formed.\\nMachinery is invented for making 20\\nyards of Brussels carpet per day, and\\nmatching figures.\\nMr. King patents an incandescent\\nelectric light.\\nJohn Knox and Mary Stuart is painted\\nby Emanuel Leutze.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1845*\\nArnold, Marshall, M. C. for Mo., b. in Mo.\\nAllen, .Jolin P.., sen. fur Wash., born.\\nBeasley, Frederick, P. E. cl. of Conn., A68.\\nBraltoii, Hubert F., M. C. for Md., b. in Md.\\nlirice, Calvin S., sen. for O., born in O.\\nBrooks, Maria Gowen, poet, A50.\\nCarey, Joseph M.,sen. for Wyo.,horn in Del.\\nCarleton. Will, poet, born in Mich.\\nChilds, Robert A., M. C. for 111., b.in N. C.\\nCody, William F. (Buffalo Bill), actor, b. la.\\nCoffin, George W., officer U. S. N., born.\\nCrisp. Charles F.. M. C. for Ga., speaker,\\nborn in Eng.\\nCrane, William H., actor, born in Mass.\\nCrawford, F. Marion, novelist, born in Italy.\\nDalzell, John, M. C. for Pa., born inN. Y.\\nDeForest, K. E., M. C. for Conn., b. in Conn.\\nDockerv, Alexander M.. M. C. for Mo., b.Mo.\\nElliott, .I esse Duncan, com.! S. N., A63.\\nEllis, William T., M. C. for Ky., b. in Ky.\\nGardner, John J., M. C. for JST. J., b. N. J.\\nGermon, Effle, actor, born in Ga.\\nGummere, John, mathematician, A61.\\nJackson. Andrew, uen., sen. for Tenn.,7th\\nPresident of U. S., A78.\\nMcDowell, Alex., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.\\nMe.Ka.itr, William M., M. C. fur Md., b. Md.\\nMcMUlin, Benton, M. C. for Tenn., b. Ky.\\nPaschal, Thomas M., M. C. for Tex., b. La.\\nPendleton, Geo. C, M. C. for Tex., b. Tenn.\\nPerry, Thomas Serjeant, author, b. in R. I.\\nReillv, James B., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.\\nReyburn, John E., M. C. for Pa., b. in O.\\nRichards, James A. D., M. C. for O., b. Mass.\\nRobbins, Ashur, sen. for Conn., ASS.\\nRussell, ltenjamin E., M. C. for Ga., b. Fla.\\nSewall, Thomas, writer and lecturer, A59.\\nStory, Joseph, jurist 34 yrs. Supreme Court,\\nA66.\\nTalbert, W. J., M. C. for S. C, b. in S. C.\\nTarsney, John C, M. C. for Mo., b. Mich.\\nThorne, Edwin F., actor, born in N. Y.\\nWhite, Edward D., sen. for La., justice Su-\\npreme Court, born in La.\\nCHURCH.\\n.1844 Chicago. The Roman Catholic\\nSee of Chicago is erected.\\nConn. The Roman Catholic Diocese\\nof Hartford is erected.\\nHI. The Mormon Temple at Nau-\\nvoo is finished Brigham Young becomes\\nleader of the Mormons on the death of\\nJoseph Smith.\\nKy. The General Assembly (O. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Louisville\\nGeorge Junkin, moderator. It organizes\\na Church Erection Fund.\\nNew York. The Five Points Mission\\nis organized by Methodist women.\\nNew York. A Wesleyan Methodist\\nChurch is organized. N\\n0. The General Synod (Evangelical\\nLutheran) of Miami is organized.\\nOre. The First Baptist church in\\nOregon is organized at Union.\\nPhila. The General Convention (Pro-\\ntestant Episcopal) meets.\\nAfter an excited discussion, the Con-\\nvention votes an expression of confi-\\ndence in the Liturgy, officers, and\\nArticles and Canons of the Church as\\nsufficient exponents of the sense of Holy\\nScripture, and affording ample means\\nof discipline and correction.\\nPa. The West Pennsylvania Elder-\\nship (Church of God) is organized.\\nPhila. The Baptist Triennial\\nMeeting is held.\\nWis. The Roman Catholic Diocese of\\nMilwaukee is established.\\nWm, Paul Quinn is elected bishop\\nof the African Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch.\\nThe Methodist Indian Mission Confer-\\nence is organized.\\nThe Church being divided on the sla-\\nvery question, the Indian Conference\\nremains with the Church South.\\n1845 Jan. 3. N. Y. B. T. Onderdonk,\\nbishop of the Protestant Episcopal Dio-\\ncese of New York, is suspended from\\nthe ministry on the charge of immorality\\nand impurity.\\nFeb. 23. Pa. Alonzo Potter is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of\\nPennsylvania.\\nMay 1. Ky. The Methodist Episco-\\npal Church South is organized as a\\ndistinct body by a convention at Louis-\\nville.\\nMay 25. Neiv York. The Swedish Mis-\\nsion, by O. G. Hedtrom of the Method-\\nist Episcopal Church, is begun in the\\nBethel ship John Wesley.\\nMay Ga. A convention of Southern\\nBaptists is held at Augusta, on the invi-\\ntation of the foreign missionary society\\nof Virginia.\\nThe secession from the Northern Bap-\\ntists is caused by the slavery agitation\\n377 delegates are present.\\nMay R. I. The Triennial Conven-\\ntion (Baptist) is held at Providence an\\namicable division of Baptist interest is\\nprovided for with the Southern Baptists.\\nJune 11. Boston. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nJune N. J. The General Synod (Re-\\nformed Church) meets at New Bruns-\\nwick M. D. Dwight, president.\\nSept. 7. Mo. St. Louis has the first He-\\nbrew synagogue built In the Missis-\\nsippi Valley.\\nGa. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof Georgia is organized.\\nN. J. The Universalist State Conven-\\ntion is organized.\\nMo. St. Louis Conference, Method-\\nist Episcopal Church South, is formed\\nby division.\\nA Y. The Joint Synod (Evangeli-\\ncal Lutheran) of Buffalo is organized.\\nO. The General Assembly (O. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Cincinnati John\\nM. Krebs, moderator.\\nLETTERS.\\n1844 Boston. LittelVs Living Age\\nappears.\\nThe revised edition of Webster s\\nDictionary becomes a standard.\\nMo. St. Vincent s College (Rom.\\nCath.), at Cape Girardeau, is organized.\\nMass. The City Library is founded\\nat Lowell. [30.100 vols.]\\n*Md. The Maryland Historical Library\\nis founded at Baltimore. [20,000 vols.]\\nNew York. The American Revieip is\\npublished by G. H. Colton.\\nThe Churchman is founded.\\nThe Eclectic Magazine appears.\\nThe Ledger is founded by Robert\\nBonner.\\nOre. Willamette University (Meth.\\nEpis.) is founded at Salem.\\nThe Columbian Magazine appears.\\nAfloat and Ashore, by Cooper, appears.\\nEssays, by Emerson, appears.\\nLectures to Young Men, by Henry\\nWard Beecher, appears.\\nLegend of Brittany, Prometheus, and\\nother poems, by Lowell, appear.\\nPeter Ploddy, by Joseph Neal, appears.\\nWoman in the 19th Century, by Mar-\\ngaret Fuller Ossoli, appears.\\nCrania Egyptiaca, by Samuel G. Mor-\\nton, appears.\\nSecond series of The Library of Ameri-\\ncan Biography, edited by Jared Sparks,\\nappears.\\nThe I nicersalist Quarterly Recietc ap-\\npears.\\nTheory of Morals, by Hildreth, ap-\\npears.\\n1845* Boston. The New England His-\\ntorical Genealogical Society Library is\\nfounded. [29,000 vols.]\\nMd. V. S. Naval Academy is orga-\\nnized at Annapolis.\\nNeio York. The New-Yorker Zeitung\\nis founded.\\nO. Wittenberg College (Evan.\\nLuth.) is organized in Springfield.\\nThe American Review [American\\nWhig Review] is issued.\\nThe Chain-Bearer, by Cooper, ap-\\npears.\\nDashes at Life with a Free Pencil, by\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Willis, appears.\\nFashion, by Mrs. Mowatt, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\nMargaret: A Tale of the Ileal and the\\nIdeal, by Sylvester Judd, appears.\\nPoets and Poetry of Europe, by Long-\\nfellow, appears.\\nThe Haven, by E. A. Poe, appears.\\nA translation of Berzelius on the Blow-\\npipe, by Josiali D. Whitney, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1844 John Tyler marries Ids second\\\\\\nwife, Julia Gardiner.\\nAbolitionists are divided the Gar-\\nrisonians oppose the compromises of the\\nConstitution of the United States as\\nan agreement with hell and a covenant\\nwith death.\\n1845 Aug. 27. N. Y. Anti-Rent-\\ners of Delaware County, disguised\\nas Indians, resist the collection of rents,\\nand kill the sheriff; Gov. Wright pro-\\nclaims an insurrection.\\nOct. 12. New York. The first Indus-\\ntrial Congress in the United States\\nopens its session.\\nBoston. The New England Work-\\ningmen s Association is organized.\\nD. C. The right of petition is re-\\nnewed by Congress.\\nJohn Quincy Adams secures the re-\\nscinding of the rule of Congress refus-\\ning the right of petition on the slavery\\nquestion.\\nMiss. Jefferson Davis marries his\\nsecond wife, Miss Howell.\\nThe Whigs oppose slavery.\\nSouthern Whigs, under the lead of\\nHenry Clay, had been taught that sla-\\nvery was an evil, to be removed in\\nsome practical way, at some distant pe-\\nriod, but not to be interfered with in the\\nStates where it existed. (Blaine.)\\nThe Order of United American Me-\\nchanics is founded.\\nJohn B. Gough is ensnared by a\\ntrick of his enemies, and becomes in-\\ntoxicated.\\nSTATE.\\n1844 Dec. 3. D.C. Congress House\\nJohn Q,. Adams, The old man elo^\\nquent, the champion for the right of\\npetition, at length carries his annual\\nmotion, to rescind the rule forbid-\\nding the reading of petitions for the\\nrestriction of slavery. Vote, 108-88.\\nD.C. Secretary of State Calhoun\\npractically avows that Texas must be\\nincorporated in the Union.\\nA 7 T. Martin Van Buren opposes\\nthe annexation of Texas in the press\\nan act which proves fatal to his politi-\\ncal prospects by arousing Southern an-\\ntagonism.\\nDec. 9-12. D. C. Congress The an-\\nnexation of Texas is introduced in\\nboth Houses.\\nNew York. James Harper is elected\\nthe 64th mayor.\\nW. S. Governors inaugurated\\nArk. Samuel Adams.\\n-48 Ark. Thomas S. Drew.\\n-46 Conn. Roger S. Baldwin.\\n-46 Del. Thomas Stockton.\\n-45 Fla. (Ter.). John Branch.\\n-48 Ky. William Owsley.\\n-47 Me. Hugh J. Anderson.\\n-48 Mo. John C. Edwards.\\n-46 N. B. John H. Steele.\\n-48 N.J. Charles C. Stratton.\\n-16 N. Y. Silas Wright, Jr.\\nO. Thomas W. Bartley.\\n-46 O. Mordecai Bartley.\\n-46 S. C. William Aiken.\\n-46 Tex. Anson Jones (Pres.).\\n-45 Wis. Nathaniel P. Tallmadge.\\n-46 ft. William Slade.\\n1845 Jan. 16. D. C. Congress The\\nSenate ratifies the treaty with China,\\nnegotiated by Caleb Cushing.\\nJan. 23. D.C. Congress fixes the pres-\\nidential elections on one uniform\\nday the first Tuesday after the first\\nMonday in November. Since 1792 elec-\\ntions have been ordered within 34 days\\npreceding the first Wednesday in De-\\ncember.\\nJan. 25. D.C. Congress; House: A\\njoint resolution for the annexation of\\nTexas as a State of the Union is ap-\\nproved. Vote, 120-98.\\nFeb. 12. D. C. Congress counts the\\nelectoral vote.\\nVote for President Polk, 170 Clay,\\n105. Vote for Vice-President George\\nM. Dallas (Dem.) of Pa., 170; Theo.\\nFrelinghuysen (Whig) of N. J., 105;\\nThomas Morris (Liberty) of O., none.\\nFeb. 27. D. C. Congress Senate The\\namended joint resolution for the annex-\\nation of Texas is approved. Vote, 27-25.\\nFeb. Ore. Great Britain accepts the\\nforty-ninth parallel boundary line\\nit is characterized as a settlement hon-\\norable to both countries.\\nD.C. Congress Both Houses unite\\nfor the first time in passing a bill over\\nthe President s veto the bill relates\\nto steam-vessels in the navy.\\nMar. 1. D. C. The President signs the\\nbill for the annexation of Texas.\\nMar. 3. D. C. Congress admits Florida\\ninto the Union as the 27th State.\\nCongress reduces the rate of postage\\nto five cents for 300 miles, and ten cents\\nfor greater distances.\\nThe 28th Congress ends.\\nMar. 6. D. C. The Mexican minister\\nasks for his passport.\\nEleventh Administration ;.Democratic.\\nJames K. Polk of Tenn. is inaugu-\\nrated the 11th President, in the 15th term\\nof the presidency. George M. Dallas\\nof Pa. is Vice-President.\\nCabinet James Buchanan of Pa.\\n(State), Robert J. Walker of Miss.\\n(Treas.), William L. Marcy of N. Y.\\n(War), George Bancroft of Mass.\\n(Navy), Cave Johnson of Tenn. (P. M.-\\nGen.), and John Y. Mason of Va.\\n(Atty.-Gen.).\\nJune 12. The Oregon boundary dis-\\npute is settled by treaty.\\nJune 16. Tex. The Texas Congress\\napproves of the terms of annexation.\\nJune 27. P. I. Thos. W. Dorr is re-\\nleased from imprisonment.\\nJulyl. U.S. National debt \u00c2\u00a715,925,303.\\n1844, Dec. 3-1845**. 159\\nJuly 4. Tex. A ratifying convention of\\ncitizens votes to annex Texas to the\\nUnited States.\\nJuly 6. Tex. The President is requested\\nto occupy the ports of Texas, and to send\\nan army for its protection.\\nAug. 8. D. C. Congress House David\\nWilmot of Pa. introduces his pro-\\nviso.\\nOct. 13. Tex. The people ratify the\\nConstitution.\\nDec.l. D.C. The 29th Congress opens.\\nD. C. Congress; Senate: W. P.\\nMangum of N. C. is reelected President\\npro tempore. House John W. Davis\\nof Ind. is elected Speaker.\\nDee. 8. D. C. Congress House Jef-\\nferson Davis enters as a Representative\\nfrom Mississippi.\\nDec. 16. D. C. Congress: The House\\nvotes to receive Texas into the Union.\\nVote 141-56.\\nDec. 22. D. C. Congress Senate The\\nBill for the annexation of Texas carries.\\nVote, 31-13.\\nDec. 29. D.C. Congress admits Texas\\nas the 28th State of the Union. (Slavery\\nis permitted.)\\nDec. D. C. The Federal Government\\nbecomes curiously involved.\\nOne-half the States are always to be\\nslave States, thereby holding the dis-\\ntinctive power of a tie-vote in the Sen-\\nate, and thus a minority may dominate\\non all questions the greatly preponderat-\\ning and increasing population of the\\nNorth.\\nD.C. Samuel Nelson of N. Y. and\\nLevi Woodbury of N. H. are appointed\\nJustices of the Supreme Court.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1844 Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and\\nother aliens in 1844, 78,615.\\nMich. Copper-mining on the shores\\nof Lake Michigan begins..\\nSamuel F.B. Morse offers his inven-\\ntion of the electric telegraph to the\\nGovernment for a moderate price it is\\ndeemed of little practical value.\\n1845 Jan. 8. The steamboat Belle\\nZane strikes a snag in the Mississippi\\nand capsizes; 40 out of 90 passengers\\nare drowned.\\nApr. 10. Pa. A great fire at Pittsburg\\nburns 100 buildings loss, \u00c2\u00a76,000,000.\\nJuly 1. La. The steamboat Marquette,\\nat New Orleans, explodes all her boil-\\ners simultaneously, killing about 50\\npeople.\\nJuly 19. New York. A fire burns 302\\nstores and dwelling-houses, and property\\nworth \u00c2\u00a76,000,000 4 lives are lost.\\nDec. 31. XT. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens, 1S45, 114,371.\\n\u00c2\u00a3y. The Cave Hill Cemetery, near\\nLouisville, is incorporated.\\nN. Y. The Mount Hope Cemetery,\\nnear Rochester, is established.\\nO. Spring Grove Cemetery, near Cin-\\ncinnati, is incorporated.\\nPa. The Allegheny Cemetery is es-\\ntablished.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "160 1845* *-1846*\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1846 Mar. 28. Tex. The American\\narmy of occupation (3,500 men), under\\nden. Taylor, takes post on the Rio\\nGrande, opposite Matamoras. (Lossing,\\nMar. 29.)\\nMar. Cat. Capt. John C. Fremont\\nraises the American standard against\\nthe Mexicans, who seek to drive him\\nfrom the country.\\nTHE FOURTEENTH WAR.\\nApr. 24. 1848 July 4. War with\\nMexico. Men enrolled, 30,954 regulars,\\nand 73,776 militia and volunteers. Total,\\n112,230. For cause, see State.\\nApr. 26. Tex. First hostilities in the\\nwar Capt. Thornton with 63 men is\\nattacked on the east side of the Rio\\nGrande, above Matamoras 16 men are\\nkilled and wounded and the others are\\ncaptured.\\nGen. Scott plans the invasion of Mex-\\nico by three columns: the first, through\\nthe northern provinces, under Gen. S. W.\\nKearny the second, from the seacoast\\nto the City of Mexico, under his own\\ncommand and the third, as an army\\nof occupation, under Gen. Taylor.\\nMay 5, 6. Tex. The Mexicans bombard\\nFort Brown till it is relieved by Gen.\\nTaylor.\\nMay 8. Tex. Battle of Palo Alto.\\nGen. Taylor with 2,300 men defeats\\nGen. Arista with 6,000 men in a battle\\nof five hours* duration. Mexican loss\\nabout 100 men American loss, 4 killed\\nand 40 wounded.\\nMay 9. Tex. Battle of Resaca de la\\nPalma.\\nGen. Taylor with 2,000 Americans\\nrouts 5,000 Mexicans, who flee across the\\nRio Grande. American loss, 1*20 killed\\nand wounded; Mexican loss, 500 killed\\nand wounded.\\nMay -June The call of the President\\nfor 50,000 volunteers is responded to by\\n300,000, who tender their services.\\nJune 15. Cat. Gen. Fremont captures\\nSonoma.\\nJuly Cal. Commodore Stockton takes\\nLos Angeles.\\nAug. 18. Gen. Kearny captures\\nSanta F6 with 400 dragoons [he con-\\ntinues his march to the Pacific Coast].\\nAug. 19\u00c2\u00b1. Mex. Commodore Stock-\\nton blockades the Mexican ports on the\\nPacific Coast.\\nSept. 12. Mex. Col. Jefferson Davis\\ncharges Fort Teneria, at the head of the\\n1st Regiment, Mississippi riflemen.\\nSept. 21-23. Mex. Battle of Mon-\\nterey.\\nThis fortified town is stormed, and the\\n10,000 Mexicans under Gen. Ampudia\\nare driven out by 4,700 Americans.\\nAmerican loss, 1 20 killed, 3G8 wounded;\\nMexicans much more. An armistice of\\neight weeks follows, to permit Mexico\\nto make overtures of peace.\\nSept. 26. New York. Stevenson s Cali-\\nfornia regiment sails.\\nOct. 25. Mex. Commodore M. C. Perry\\nbombards Tobasco.\\nNov. 14. Mex. Commodore David\\nConner occupies Tampico.\\nNov. 15. Mex. Gen. Worth captures\\nthe town of Saltillo.\\nDec. Mex. Col. A. W. Doniphan\\nwith 900 men sets out on a march of\\nmore than 1,000 miles through the\\nenemy s country, from Santa Fe to Sal-\\ntillo; one of the most brilliant achieve-\\nments of the war.\\nDec. Cal. The Mexicans make a fee-\\nble attempt to regain California.\\nDec. 25. Mex. Col. Doniphan with\\n450 volunteers defeats 1,100 Mexicans\\nunder Gen. Ponce de Leon at Brazito.\\nAmerican loss, six wounded Mexican\\nloss, 63 killed and 150 wounded.\\nMex. Ulysses S. Grant serves under\\nGen. Taylor as 2d lieutenant.\\nMex. Col. Jefferson Davis becomes\\none of the idols of the army.\\n_4s Mex. Capt. Robert E. Lee\\nserves in the army of Gen. Scott as chief\\nengineer.\\nCalifornia is occupied by the army of\\nthe United States.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1846 Sept. 10. Mass. Elias Howe,\\nJr., receives a patent for the first com-\\nplete sewing-machine.\\nNov. A grand display of meteors is ob-\\nserved.\\nD. C. John F. E. Prud homme of\\nGeorgetown is elected a member of the\\nNational Academy of Design.\\n*D.C. The Smithsonian Inst itution,\\ndesigned for the increase and diffusion\\nof knowledge among men, is estab-\\nlished in a handsome building at Wash-\\nington, by means of a legacy of 3515,000,\\nbequeathed for the purpose to the United\\nStates Government by James Smithson,\\nan Englishman.\\nMcCormick s reapmg-machine is\\nperfected. (See 1834.)\\nDiscoverythat inhalation of etherpre-\\nventspain byChas. T. Jackson of Boston.\\nSleepy Student is painted by F. TV.\\nEdmonds.\\n-49 The statue of Henry Clay is\\nexecuted by Joel T. Hart.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1846*\\nArmstrong, Wm. J., S. Pres. cl., A50.\\nUadiier, -Joseph, missionary in A 89.\\nBean, Tarh 1 ton Hoffman, i.-lithvolO!iist,b. Pa.\\nBreckinridge,Clifton R.,M.C.for Ark.,b. Ky.\\nBuchanan. Virginia, a. -tor, born in 0.\\nDenson, William II. M. C. for Ala., b. Ala.\\nErdman, Constantino J., M.O. for Pa.,b. Pa,\\nFlorence, Mrs. W. J., actor, bom in N. Y.\\nFoote, Sam L A., sen. and tiov. of Conn., A 66.\\nHawthorne, .Inlian, novelist, born in Mass.\\nHenderson, John S., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y.\\nHolden, Edward S., astronomer, born in Mo.\\nHopkins, Albert,!., M. C. for 111., b. mill.\\nKribbs, George F., M. C, born In Ta.\\nLoring, Frederick W., author, born in Mass.\\nMcKtt.rick, M. J., M. C. for Mass., b. in Mass.\\nMillet, Francis I \u00c2\u00bbavis, painter, born in Mass.\\nMorris. Clara, actor, born in O.\\nPearson, Albert J., M. C. for 0., born in 0.\\nPickering, John, philologist, iurist, A 69.\\nKobinson, John P., M. C. for Pa,, b. in Pa.\\nSmith, George W M. C. for 111., born in O.\\nStone, William A., M. C.for Pa., born in Pa.\\nStrait, Thomas J., M. C. for S. C, b. in S. C.\\nTvler, D. Gardiner, M. C. for Va., b. in N. Y.\\nWadsworth, Jas. M. C. for N. Y., b. Pa.\\nCHURCH.\\n1845 0. The Missionary Society of\\nthe Church of God of North America\\nis formed especially for borne mission\\nwork.\\nThe Baptist foreign mission work\\nsuffers by the agitation of the slavery\\nquestion, and by the withdrawal of\\ntbe Southern churches from its support.\\nPa. The Pittsburg (Evangelical Lu-\\ntheran) Synod is organized.\\nPhila. The General Synod of the\\nEvangelical Lutheran Church meets.\\nThe Seventh-day Baptists divide\\ninto five associations.\\nU. S. The discussion of the slavery\\nquestion leads to a division of the\\nBaptist Church, into Northern and\\nSouthern Baptists.\\n1S46 May 1. Va. The General in-\\nference (Methodist Episcopa outh)\\nmeets in its first session at Petersburg.\\nThe Book of Discipline is revised, and\\nthe portions relating to slavery stricken\\nout commissioners are appointed to\\nsettle questions of property with Ell\\nMethodist Episcopal Church.\\nWm. Capers and Robert Paine i re\\nordained bishops of the Methodist Epis-\\ncopal Church South.\\nThe Missouri, Louisiana, and Louis-\\nville Conferences are organized.\\nMay 4- Dr. Judson visits his native land\\nfor the first time since his departure in\\n1813.\\nHe awakens much enthusiasm, and\\nsets in motion the tide of modern prog-\\nress in Baptist missions.\\nMay* The Triennial Convention of\\nthe Baptist Churches by reorganiza-\\ntion becomes the American Baptist\\nMissionary Union.\\nJune 10. Phila. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nJune 16. It. Pius IX. is elected pope.\\nJune X. T. The General Synod (Re-\\nformed) meets at Albany; VTm. H.\\nCampbell, president.\\nHI. The Mormons, being much har-\\nassed by their neighbors, abandon Nau-\\nvoo, and enter the Territory of Iowa near\\nCouncil Bluffs. [Later they remove to\\nSalt Lake.]\\nLid. The Indiana Eldership (Church\\nof God) is organized.\\nN. T. The American Missionary\\nAssociation is formed at Albany as a\\ngeneral missionary society with anti-\\nslavery principles.\\nThe Baptist Triennial Meeting is\\nheld at Brooklyn.\\nOre. The Roman Catholic Diocese of\\nOregon City is established.\\nLETTERS.\\nHarmoyiy of the Four Gospels, in Greek,\\nby Edward Robinson, appears.\\n*The American Whig Review appears.\\n*-50* The Quadrupeds of North.\\nAmerica, by Audubon, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1845**1846** 161\\n1846 Oct. 20. 0. Mount Union Col-\\nlege (Meth. Epis.) is founded as a sem-\\ninary.\\nConn. Theodore D. Woolsey be-\\ncomes President of Yale College.\\nInd. Fort Wayne College (Meth.\\nEpis.) is organized.\\nLa. De Bow s Commercial Review\\nappears at New Orleans.\\n-49 Mass. Edward Everett is\\nPresident of Harvard University.\\nMo* The St. Louis Mercantile Library\\nis founded. [62,204 vols.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1846 Feb.* III. Part of the Mormons\\n(1,600) leave Nauvoo, cross the Missis-\\nsippi on the ice, and with ox-teams move\\nwestward till they settle on the Great\\nPrairie, and establish a town.\\nAug. 7. Me. The Democrats enact a\\nprohibitory law against the drink\\ntraffic.\\nSTATE.\\n1845 Ore. A provisional government\\nis formed.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-47 Ala. Joshua L. Martin.\\n-46 Cal. Pio. Pico (Mexican).\\n-49 Fla. Wm. D. Moseley.\\n-47 Ga. Geo. W. Crawford.\\n-50 La. Isaac Johnson.\\n-51 Mass. George N. Briggs.\\n-49 N. C. Wm. A. Graham.\\n-49* Ore. G. Abernethy (Provisional).\\nPa, Francis R. Shunk.\\n-46 It. I. Charles Jackson.\\n_47 Tenn. Aaron V. Brown.\\n-48 Wis. (Ter.). Henry Dodge.\\n1846* *D.C. Congress: The House\\nvotes to give treaty notice to Great\\nBritain that the joint occupation of\\nOregon must cease. Vote, 163-54.\\nPublic apprehension of war follows.\\nFeb. 20. Tex. The first legislature\\nmeets at Austin.\\nApr, 2. B.C. Congress: The Senate\\nBill substitutes that of the House on the\\nOregon question, and is adopted. The\\nline, 54\u00c2\u00b0 40 is abandoned by the Demo-\\ncrats for the 49th parallel. [The southern\\nportion, which falls to the United States,\\nretains the name Oregon.]\\nApr. U. S. The war spirit against\\nMexico rises high with the news of the\\nsmall conflict in Texas. American\\nblood has been spilled on American\\nsoil I\\nApr. 26. D. C. Congress declares War\\nagainst Mexico.\\nMay 11. D. C. PresidentPolk sends an\\naggressive war message to Congress,\\nannouncing that war exists by the act of\\nMexico.\\nMay 12. D. C. Congress: A bill passes\\nboth Houses which appropriates\\n$10,000,000 for the war, and gives\\nauthority to call out 50,000 volunteers.\\n(Vote House, 142-14 Senate, 40-2.)\\nMay -Aug. Cal. Commodore Stock-\\nton establishes a military government\\nin Upper California.\\nJune 1. X. Y. A convention of delegates\\nmeets at Albany to revise the Con-\\nstitution.\\nJune 15. Signing of the Oregon\\nTreaty.\\nBoth Great Britain and the United\\nStates having claimed the territory west\\nof the Rockies and north of Mexico to\\nAlaska, it is now divided between them\\nat the 49th parallel. The British also\\nsecure Vancouver s Island and the free\\nnavigation of the Columbia River.\\nJulyl. U.S. National debt $15,550,202.\\nJuly 3. D. C. Congress The House\\npasses a bill for a lower tariff. Vote,\\n114-95. (See July 28.)\\nJuly 4. Cal. Captain John C. Fre-\\nmont and his companions declare the\\nindependence of California after de-\\nfeating superior forces of Mexicans.\\nJuly 9. Cal. Commodore Sloat hoists\\nthe American flag at Monterey.\\nJuly 28. T). C. Congress The Senate\\nvotes to modify the tariff, cutting out its\\nprotection features average rate of\\nduties, 25 per cent. Vote, a tie till the\\nVice-President casts a vote.\\nAug. 3. D. C. President Polk vetoes\\nthe River and Harbor Bill.\\nAug. 6. D.C. Congress establishes the\\nWarehouse System, reenacts the In-\\ndependent Treasury system, and au-\\nthorizes Wisconsin to form a constitu-\\ntion and organize a State government.\\nAug. 7. Me. The Democratic Legisla-\\nture enacts the first Maine Prohib-\\nitory Law.\\nAug. 8. D. C. President Polk vetoes\\nthe French Spoliation Indemnity Bill\\nfor the benefit of claimants who had\\nlost property by French seizures in\\n1807\u00c2\u00b1.\\nCongress Senate D. R. Atchison of\\nMo. is elected President pro tempore.\\nCongress; House: The Wilmot Pro-\\nviso is approved. Vote, 94-78.\\nDavid Wilmot, 33 years of age, moves\\na proviso to the Two-million-dollar Bill\\nasked by the President to arrange peace\\nwith Mexico, declaring it to be an ex-\\npress and fundamental condition to the\\nacquisition of any territory from Mex-\\nico, that neither slavery nor involuntary\\nservitude shall ever exist therein. The\\nconsecration of American territory to\\nfreedom becomes a rallying-cry the\\nbattle of the giants follows, long and\\nfierce.\\nAug. 10. D.C. Congress; Senate: The\\nWilmot Proviso is brought up, and\\nJohn Davis of Mass. holds the floor till\\nthe session expires, to defeat action on\\nthe bill.\\nThe 29th Congress: the first session\\ncloses.\\nU. S. Great agitation prevails over\\nthe Wilmot Proviso.\\nAug. California is in the undisputed\\nmilitary possession of the United\\nStates.\\nNov. D. Abraham Lincoln is\\nelected to Congress from Illinois, the\\nsolitary Whig among seven Democrats.\\nDec. 1. U. S. The lower tariff law\\ngoes nto effect.\\nDec. 7. D.C. The 29th Congress:\\nthe second session opens.\\nCongress; Senate: D.E.Atchison\\nof Mo. is elected President pro tempore.\\nDec. 28. D. C. Congress admits Iowa\\ninto the Union as the 29th State.\\nAla. The capital is removed from\\nTuscaloosa to Montgomery.\\nD. C. Congress House Jefferson\\nDavis resigns his seat to engage in the\\nMexican war as colonel of volunteers.\\nNew York. Manhood suffrage is\\nintroduced.\\nD. C. Congress House Demo-\\ncrats lose their majority while con-\\nducting a spirited and successful war,\\nowing to the new tariff and Northern\\nsuspicion of pro-slavery issues in the\\nwar. Polk s party stands 110 to 118.\\nU. S. Robert C. Grier of Pa. is\\nappointed Justice of the Supreme Court.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\nCal. (Ter.). Com. J. D. Sloat.\\n-47* Cal. (Ter.). Com. R. F. Stock-\\nton.\\n-47 Conn. Isaac Toucey.\\nDel. Joseph Maul.\\nDel. Wm. Temple.\\n-51 Del. Wm. Thorp.\\nla. (Ter.). James Clark.\\n-50 la. Ansel Briggs.\\n-53 III. Augustus C. French.\\n-47 Mich. Alpheus Felch.\\n-47 N. H. Anthony Colby.\\n-49 N. Y. John Young.\\n-49 0. William Bebb.\\n-47 B. I. Byron Dyman.\\n-48 S. C. David Johnson.\\n-47 Tex. J. P. Henderson.\\n-49 Va. Wm. Smith.\\n-49 Vt. Horace Eaton.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1846 Apr. N.J. The telegraph\\nline from Philadelphia to Fort Lee, near\\nNew York, is completed.\\nJune 5. Pa.-Md. The telegraph line\\nfrom Philadelphia to Baltimore is com-\\npleted.\\nJune 27. Boston and New York are con-\\nnected by telegraph.\\nJuly 3. Boston and Buffalo are con-\\nnected by telegraph.\\nJuly 13. Mass, A fire at Nantucket\\nburns 300 buildings, valued at $800,000.\\nSept. 9. New York and Albany are\\nconnected by telegraph.\\nSept. Pa. Harrisburg and Philadel-\\nphia are connected by telegraph.\\nDec. 8. The U. S. brig Somers is capsized\\nin a squall off Vera Cruz, and 39 persons\\nare drowned.\\nDec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1S4G, 154,416.\\n*N.H. The lower section of the North-\\nern Railroad is opened.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "162 1846 *-1848, Feb.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1847 Jan. 8, 9. Cal. At San Gabriel\\nGen. Kearny defeats the revolted Cali-\\nfornians.\\nJan. 24. Mex. Col. Sterling Price de-\\nfeats 1,500 Indians and Mexicans in the\\nValley of Taos.\\nFeb. 23. Mex. Battle of Buena Vista.\\nSanta Anna with 22,000 Mexicans is\\ndefeated by Gen. Taylor with 4,750 Amer-\\nicans Mexican loss, nearly 2,000 men:\\nAmerican loss, 746 killed, wounded and\\nmissing.\\nFeb. 28. Cal. Battle of Sacramento.\\nCol. Doniphan with 924 men defeats\\n4,000 Mexicans under Gen. Heredia, los-\\ning but 1 killed and 17 wounded. Mexi-\\ncan loss, GOO killed and wounded and 40\\nprisoners.\\nMar. 9. Mex. Gen. Scott lands at A r era\\nCruz with about 12,000 men.\\nMar. 22. Mex. Commodore Conner bom-\\nbards Vera Cruz, while Gen. Scott s army\\njoins in the cannonade [which continues\\nfour days].\\nMar. 27. Mex. Gen. Morales agrees to\\nsurrender Vera Cruz to the Ameri-\\ncans. American loss, 80 killed and\\nwounded Mexican loss, 2,000 killed and\\nwounded, besides 5,000 prisoners and\\n500 cannon.\\nMar. 29. Mex. Mexicans evacuate Vera\\nCruz.\\nMar. Col. Jefferson Davis is compli-\\nmented, in Gen. Taylor s despatch, for\\nbrilliant service in Mexico.\\nApr. 2. Mex. Alvarado is surrendered\\nto Lieut. Hunter.\\nApr. 18. Mex. Commodore Perry takes\\nTuspan.\\nBattle of Cerro Gordo.\\nGen. Scott with 8,500 Americans de-\\nfeats Santa Anna with 12,000 Mexicans,\\nand captures his papers and wooden\\nleg. Losses: Mexican, 1.000 killed and\\nwounded and 3,000 prisoners American,\\n431 men.\\nApr. 19. Mex. The Americans enter\\nJalapa.\\nApr. 22. Mex. Gen. Worth takes the\\nstrong castle of Perote without resist-\\nance.\\nMay 15. Mex. The American army en-\\nters the sacred city of Puebla, unop-\\nposed by its 80,000 inhabitants.\\nJuly 6. Cal. Commodore Sloat takes\\nMonterey, in Southern California.\\nAug. 20. Mex. Battles of Contreras\\nand Churubusco, near Mexico City.\\nAt Contreras Gen. Scott with 4,000\\nmen defeats Gen. Valencia with 7,000\\nMexicans, losing but 60 killed and\\nwounded Mexican loss, 2,000 killed and\\nwounded and 1,000 prisoners.\\nAt Churubusco Gen. Scott with R,000\\nmen defeats Gen. Santa Anna with 25,000\\nMexicans. American loss in both en-\\ngagements, 1,053 killed and wounded;\\nMexican loss, 4,000 killed and wounded,\\nand 3,000 prisoners, including S generals.\\nAug. 21. Mex. The Mexicans pro-\\npose an armistice.\\nSept. 7. Mex. Gen. Scott learns that the\\narmistice is broken by the Mexicans.\\nSept. 8. Mex. Hostilities are renewed\\nin the Battle of Molino del Rey.\\nGen. Worth with 3,500 Americana\\nstorms the fortiiicatious, ami drives out\\n14,000 Mexicans under Gen. Alvarez,\\nwith the loss of 787 killed and wounded\\nMexican loss, 3,000 killed, wounded, and\\nprisoners.\\nSept. 12, 13. Mex. Battle of Chapul-\\ntepec, near Mexico City.\\nGen. Scott with 7,200 men, under Gens.\\nWorth, Quitman, and Pillow, carries the\\nfortified heights, defeating Gen. Bravo\\nand 25,000 Mexicans. American loss,\\n832 men.\\nSept. 14. Mexico is surrendered; Gen.\\nScott marches his victorious army into\\nthe city, and the war practically ends.\\nSept. U. S. Grant is promoted to be\\n1st lieutenant, for meritorious conduct\\nat Molino del Rey and Chapultepec.\\nOct. 9. Mex. Gen. Lane with 500 men\\ntakes the city of Huamantla, defeating\\nGen. Santa Anna and 1,000 Mexicans,\\nwith the loss of 24 killed and wounded.\\nOct. 12. Mex. Mexicans have besieged\\nCol. Childs and 400 men, besides 1,800\\nsick and in hospitals at Puebla, for 28\\ndays, when reinforcements appear, and\\nthe siege is raised.\\nOct. 20. Mex. The frigate Congress and\\nsloop Portsmouth bombard the port of\\nGuayamas.\\nDec. 8. The United States brig-of-war\\nSomers is wrecked and part of her crew\\ndrowned.\\n1848 Feb. 18. Mex. Gen.Wm. O. But-\\nler succeeds Gen. Scott in command\\nof the army.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1847 June 28. III. The first theater\\nin Chicago is opened.\\nOct. 1. N. H. A violent tornado visits\\nPortsmouth.\\nOct. 19. Neva York. The corner-stone of\\nthe Washington Monument is laid.\\nAsia. The Government sends an expe-\\ndition under W. F. Lynch to the River\\nJordan for the advancement of geo-\\ngraphical science.\\nBoston. The American Association\\nfor the Advancement of Science is or-\\nganized.\\nPa. Zinc mines are discovered in\\nLehigh County.\\nUtah. Salt Lake City is founded by\\nMormons.\\nThe power-loom is introduced.\\nThe rotary press is made by R. Hoe\\nand Company.\\nThe successful use of anesthetics is\\nintroduced.\\nPontine Marshes is painted by J. F.\\nCropsey.\\n1848 Jan. 24. Cal. Gold is first dis-\\ncovered in the mill-race of Capt. Sutter\\nby a laborer named Marshall.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1847*\\nAllen, William V., sen. for Neb., born in\\nAllen, John M., M. C. fur Miss., b. in Miss.\\nBartlett, Franklin, M. C. for N. Y., b.-JIass.\\nBinnev, Amos, naturalist, A44.\\nBranch, Wm. A. B., M. C. for N. C.,b. Fla.\\nBrulgman, Frederick A., painkT, b. in Ala.\\nButler, Pierce M., Cov. of S. C, col., A49.\\nCapebnrt, .lames, M. C. for W. Va., born in\\nW. Va.\\nCachings, Thos. C, M. for Miss., b. Mis*.\\nClay, Henry, Jr., officer, lawyer, A 36.\\nCrabtree, Lotta, actor, born in N. Y.\\nDixon, Nathan F. t sen. for It. I., b.in R. I.\\nDIelman, Frederick, artist, born lo Gen\\nEdison, Thomas Alva, electrician, Inven-\\ntor, born in O.\\nEdwards, Henry W., scholar, senator, A61.\\nEverett, Alex. II., essayist, diplomatist, ed-\\nitor, A55.\\nFauey, Harriet, philanthropic writer, born.\\nFaulkner, Charles J., sen. for W. Va., born\\nin W. Va.\\nFawcett, Edgar, novelist, born in Y.\\nForman, Win. S., M. C. for I1L, b. in Miss.\\nHardy. Arthur -S., novelist, born in Mass.\\nIhirr, Charles II., author, born in Pa.\\nKent, .James, an., chancellor of \\\\Y.. A\\nLayton, Fernando C, M. C. for O., b. In O.\\nLoud, Eugene F., M. C. for Cal., b. in Mass.\\nMartin. Augustus X.. M. C. for Inu., b. Pa.\\nKeal, Joseph Clay, humorist. A40.\\nIvniivbrii ker, Isaac, V. S. sen. for Va.. A41.\\nStorer, Bellamy. M. C. for bom in\\nTra.-ev, Charles, M. C. for X. Y., b. in X. Y.\\nWilliams, Cus, actor, born in N. Y.\\nWright, Myron B., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.\\nWright, Silas, t;ov., sen. for i A 52.\\nWever, John M., M. C. for X b. in Mich.\\nWhiting, Justin R., M. C. i lien., b. X. Y.\\nCHURCH.\\n1846 Phila. The General Assem-\\nbly (N. S. Presbyterian) meets Samuel\\nHanson Cox, moderator.\\nThe General Assembly (O. S. Pres-\\nbyterian) meets Charles Hodge, mod-\\nerator.\\nThe Mormons send missionaries to\\nOregon, California, and the Sandwich\\nIslands, and also to Australia.\\nThe Hanges Norwegian (Evangelical\\nLutheran) Synod is organized.\\n1847 June 9. New York. The General\\nConvention of the New Jerusalem\\nmeets.\\nJune New York. The General Synod\\n(Reformed) meets Abraham Messier,\\npresident.\\nJuly 24. The Mormon pioneers, hav-\\ning established themselves at Great Salt\\nLake, are now joined by Brigham\\nYoung, the leader of the church.\\nOct. 13. New York. Two hundred Ger-\\nman Catholics secede from the Roman\\nCatholic Church.\\nOct. 31. Me. George Burgess is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of\\nMaine.\\nNov. 29. Wash. Indians massacre the\\nmissionaries, Dr. Whitman, his wife,\\nand others, at Walla Walla.\\nMo. At St. Louis a Roman Catholic\\ndiocese is established, and an archbish-\\nopric erected the latter includes the\\ndioceses of Dubuque, Nashville, St.\\nPaul, Chicago, and Milwaukee.\\nMo. Peter R. Kenrick is promoted\\nto be archbishop of St. Louis.\\nNew York. The General Conven-\\ntion (Protestant Episcopal) meets.\\nThe American Unitarian Associa-\\ntion is incorporated.\\nThe Society for the Promotion of\\nEvangelical Knowledge (Protestant\\nEpiscopal) is organized.\\nThe Roman Catholic dioceses of Al-\\nbany, Buffalo, Galveston, and Cleveland\\nare established.\\nO. The General Synod (Evangeli-\\ncal Lutheran) of Wittenberg is orga-\\nnized.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1846 *-1848, Feb. 163\\n0. The Baptist Annual Meeting is\\nheld at Cincinnati.\\nOre. The Methodist Episcopal Indian\\nMission at the Dalles is transferred to\\nthe Reformed Church.\\nThe Synodical Conference (Evan-\\ngelical Lutheran) of Missouri, Ohio, and\\nother States is organized.\\nTerm. The (0. S. Presbyterian) Synod\\nof Memphis is organized.\\nVa. The General Assembly (0. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Richmond Jas.\\nH. Thorn well, moderator.\\n17. The Free Baptist Female Mission\\nSociety is formed in Sutton. [It contin-\\nued in operation for over twenty years.]\\nWis. The Protestant Episcopal Dio-\\ncese of Milwaukee is organized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1846 X. J. Burlington College\\n(Prot. Epis.) is founded.\\n0. Farmer s College (non-sect.), at\\nCollege Hill, is organized.\\nPa. Bucknell University (Bapt.) is\\nfounded at Lewisburg.\\nPhila. Worcester s Dictionary is\\npublished.\\nTex. Baylor University (Bapt.), at\\nIndependence, is organized.\\nWis. Beloit College (Cong.) is or-\\nganized at Beloit.\\nThe Home Journal is founded.\\nArt, Literature, and the Drama, by\\nMargaret Fuller Ossoli, appears.\\nThe Belfry of Bruges, and Other Poems,\\nby Longfellow, appears.\\nMosses from an Old Manse, by Haw-\\nthorne, appears.\\nThe Old Continental, by Paulding,\\nappears.\\nAn edition of Shakespeare, by G. C.\\nVerplanck, appears.\\nThoughts on the Poets, by H. T. Tuck-\\nerinan, appears.\\nViews Afoot, by Bayard Taylor, ap-\\npears.\\n1847* Boston. The American Messenger\\nis first issued by the American Tract\\nSociety.\\nDel. St. Mary s College (Bom. Cath.)\\nis founded at Wilmington.\\nIowa State University (non-sect.) is\\norganized at Iowa City.\\nIowa College (Cong.) is organized at\\nGrinnell.\\nIII. The Chicago Tribune is first\\nissued.\\nHlinoisFemale,College (Meth. Epis.)\\nis founded in Jacksonville.\\nMass. The Massachusetts Quarterly\\nReview appears.\\nThe Springfield Republican appears.\\nMinn. The first school in Minnesota\\nis established at St. Paul.\\n*N.H. The Boston University, School\\nof Theology (Meth. Epis.), is founded at\\nConcord.\\nNew York. The St. Francis Xavier\\nCollege (Rom. Cath.) is organized.\\nThe Union Magazine appears.\\n0. Otterbein University (United\\nBrethren), at Westerville, is organized.\\nPhila. Stryker s American Register, a\\nquarterly, appears.\\nWis. Lawrence University (Meth.\\nEpis.) is founded at Appleton.\\nEvangeline, by Longfellow, appears.\\nFresh Gleanings, by Donald Grant\\nMitchell, appears.\\nConquest of Peru, by Prescott, appears.\\nAn edition of The Agamemnon of jEs-\\nchylus, by C. C. Felton, appears.\\nAn edition of Panegyricus of!socrates t\\nby Felton, appears.\\n1848 Jan. 1. Phila. Girard College\\nis opened.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1847 Mar. 25. N. Y. An anti-rent\\nriot occurs in Columbia county.\\nDec. N. Y. Kise of Spiritualism.\\nMysterious rappings begin in the\\nhome of John D. Fox of Hydeville\\nmuch interest is awakened in mani-\\nfestations.\\nMex. The Aztec Club, a military\\norganization of United States officers, is\\nformed in the City of Mexico.\\nN. H. The Legislature passes a law\\nmaking ten hours a legal day s work.\\nPhila. The Patriotic Order of Sons\\nof America is organized.\\nU. S. Starving Ireland is remem-\\nbered by Americans, and a great out-\\npouring of gifts occurs.\\nSTATE,\\n1847 Jan. 14. New Mex. Gov. Bent\\nand five other Americans are killed\\nin an uprising of Mexicans against the\\nauthority of the United States.\\nFeb. 8. Cal. Col. Fremont proclaims\\nthe annexation of California, and\\nassumes the office of governor.\\nFeb. 13. D. C. Congress The House\\nhonors the first appearance during the\\nsession of the venerable John Quincy\\nAdams, by rising and suspending busi-\\nness to welcome him.\\nMar. 3. D. C. The 29th Congress\\nends.\\nJuly 1. V. S. National debt $38,826,-\\n534.\\nOct. The Liberty Party Convention\\nnominates John P. Hale of N. H. for\\nPresident, and George W. Julian of\\nInd. for Vice-President.\\nDec.6. D. C. The 30th Congress\\nopens.\\nCongress; Senate: D. R. Atchison\\nof Mo. is reelected President pro tem-\\npore. House Robert C. Winthrop\\n(Whig) of MasR. is elected Speaker.\\nDec* D.C. Congress: Abraham Lin-\\ncoln and Andrew Johnson enter the\\nHouse, and Stephen A. Douglas and\\nJefferson Davis enter the Senate.\\n*-48* New York- William V. Brady\\nis elected the 65th mayor.\\nU. S. Politics in the army.\\nThe Government is anxious to make a\\nDemocratic hero of the war, and recalls\\n(leu. Wiuneld Scott (Wing), after crip-\\npling Gen. Zachary Taylor (Whig). Three\\nmajor-generals and seven brigadier-gen-\\nerals are appointed, not one of them a\\nWhig, or acquainted with service in the\\nfield or at West Point. [The popular\\nheroes are Whigs, notwithstanding.]\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-49 Ala, Reuben Chapman.\\nCal. (Ter.). John C. Fremont.\\nGen. S. W. Kearny.\\n-49 Cal. Col. E. B. Mason.\\n-49 Conn. Clark Bissell.\\n-51 Ga. Geo. W. B. Towns.\\n-50 Me. John W. Dana.\\nMich. fm. L. Greenly.\\n-49 N. H. Jared W. Williams.\\n-49 R. 2. Elisha Harris.\\n-49 Tenit, Neil S. Brown.\\n-49 Tex. George T. Wood.\\n1848 Feb. 2. The Treaty of Guada-\\nlupe Hidalgo is signed.\\nMexico cedes New Mexico and Upper\\nCalifornia (522,955 square miles), and\\naccepts the Rio Grande as the boundary\\nshe is to receive $15,000,000 and to be\\nreleased from the payment of $3,500,000\\nin debts due American citizens, which\\nthe Government assumes.\\nFeb. Mexican commissioners ask that\\nthe ceded territory be guaranteed to\\nfreedom.\\nMr. Trist, the American commissioner,\\nreplies, If it were covered a foot thick\\nwith pure gold, on the single condi-\\ntion that slavery should be forever ex-\\ncluded, he would not entertain the\\noffer for a moment.\\nCalifornia becomes a part of the\\nUnited States by the treaty with Mexico.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1847 Junel. New York. The steamer\\nWashington sails, the first of the Collins\\n(American) line.\\nJuly 5. Chicago. The River and Har-\\nbor Convention assembles for pro-\\nmoting improvements.\\nNov. 19. Mo. A collision occurs on the\\nMississippi, near Cape Girardeau; one\\nboat is sunk, and 50 persons are drowned.\\nNov. 21. Wis. The steamer Phoznix\\ntakes fire before daylight on Lake\\nMichigan, near Sheboygan 160 lives are\\nlost.\\nDec. 29. Ky. The steamboat A. N. John-\\nson explodes her boiler on the Ohio\\nabove Maysville, and kills 60 persons.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens, in 1847, 234,968.\\nInd. The city of Indianapolis is char\\ntered (population about 6,000).\\nN. H. The entire Northern Rail-\\nroad is opened.\\nU S. Postage stamps are first used\\nyears later than in England).\\nVa. Hollywood Cemetery, at Rich\\nmond, is opened.\\nThe Hamburg-American line of\\nsteamers is established between New\\nYork, Southampton, and Hamburg.\\n184S Jan. 8. The boilers of the steamer\\nBlue Ridge burst on the Ohio, and kill\\n30 persons.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "164 1848, Mar. 10- 1849, June 30. AMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1848 June 12. Mex. The American\\narmy evacuates the city of Mexico.\\nART \u00e2\u0080\u0094SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1848 July 4. JJ.C. The corner-stone of\\nthe Washington Monument, at Wash-\\nington, is laid by President Polk.\\nNov. 25. Col. John C. Fre mont starts\\nfrom Fort Pueblo on his fourth explor-\\ning expedition, seeking a route for a\\nhighway to the Pacific.\\nMass. G. P. Bond of the Harvard\\nObservatory discovers Hyperion, the\\nseventh satellite of Saturn.\\nN. Y. S. T. Armstrong of Brooklyn\\nfirst applies gutta-percha for coating\\ntelegraph wires.\\nNew York. W. C. Macready appears\\nat the Astor Place Opera House.\\nGutta-percha is first manufactured\\nin this country.\\nStorming of the Teocallh is painted by\\nEmanuel Leutze.\\nChromolithography, a method of\\nprinting from stone in colors, is intro-\\nduced.\\nF. S. Chanfrau produces his play, Mose,\\nthe Neiv York Fireman, and the Bowery\\nBoy.\\n1849 Jan. 5. O. An announcement of\\nthe invention of the magnetic clock\\nby Dr. Locke is made by Lieut. Matthew\\nF. Maury.\\nMar. La. A flood prevails at New\\nOrleans the streets are ten feet under\\nwater plantations are swept by irresist-\\nible currents damage, $60,000,000.\\nMay 12. La. A crevasse made in the\\nlevee causes floods in New Orleans.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1848*\\nAdams, John Quincy. minister to Berlin,\\nsen. for Mass., prof, in Harvard, minister\\nto Eng., sec. of state, 6th Pres. of U. S.,\\nM. C. for Mass., dies Feb. 23, A81.\\nAstor. John Jacob, financier, founder of\\nAstor Library, A85.\\nItiddle, James, Oomiuodore U. S. N., A 65.\\nUliss, Porter Cornelius, editor, h. in N. Y.\\nBrooks, William Keith, naturalist, b. in O.\\nBur beck, Henry, officer of the Rev., A94.\\nClaxton, Kate, actor, born in N. Y.\\nCole, Thomas, painter, A47.\\nCrain, William II., M. C. for Tex., b. Tex.\\nDorsev, .lames Owen, physicist, born.\\nEnloe, Benj. A., M. C. for Tenn., b. in Tenn.\\nKarnhani, Thunias .leJiVrsmi, traveler, A44.\\nFitch, Ashbel P., M. C. for N. Y., b. N. Y.\\nGuthrie, Samuel, ehemist, inventor, dies.\\nHansbrough, Henry C, sen. for N. D., b. 111.\\nHarris, Joel .handler, author, born in (la.\\nHarrison, James Albert, philanth., b. in Miss.\\nKearny, Stephen Watts, mai.-gen., A54.\\nMaeKeuzie, Alex, Slidell, naval officer, A45.\\nMartin, Henry Newell, biologist, born in Ire.\\nMason, Jeremiah, lawyer, sen. for N. H., A 80.\\nMeredith. Klisba K., M. C. for Va., b. in Ala.\\nNewlands, F. G., M. C. for Nev., b. in Miss.\\nOlds, Gamaliel S., prof, of math., A71.\\nI ettiyrew, Richard F.. sen. for S. I)., b. Vt.\\nRussell. Sol Smith, actor, born in Mo.\\nSnodgrass, Henry C, M. (_ for Tenn., horn\\nin Tenn.\\nSperry, Lewis, M. C. for Conn., b. in Conn.\\nWells, Horace, dentist, introduces anesthe-\\nsia, A33.\\nWheaton. Henry, jurist, diplomatist, A 63.\\nWheeler, Hamilton K., M. C. for 111., born\\nin N\\\\ V.\\nWolcott, Edward O., sen. for Col., b. Mass.\\nCHURCH.\\n1848 May 1-June 1. Pa. The 15th\\nGeneral Conference (Methodist Epis-\\ncopal) is held at Pittsburg.\\nThe plan of separation on the slavery\\nquestion is declared null and void.\\nThe East Maine, New York East,\\nand Wisconsin conferences, and the\\nCalifornia and Oregon Mission confer-\\nences are formed.\\nJune 10. Va. The Second Baptist\\nConvention (Southern) is held at Rich-\\nmond.\\nJune 14. Boston. The General Conven-\\ntion of the JNew Jerusalem meets.\\nJune N. Y. The General Synod (Re-\\nformed) meets at Kingston Thos. E.\\nVermilye, president.\\nJuly 13. Ore. The Congregational Asso-\\nciation of Oregon is organized.\\nSept. N. Y. The General Synod (Re-\\nformed) meets at Brooklyn Thos. E.\\nVermilye, president.\\nOct. 19. III. An incendiary destroys\\nthe Mormon Temple at Nauvoo.\\nThe Iowa Eldership (Church of God)\\nis organized.\\nInd. The General Synod (Evangeli-\\ncal Lutheran) of Olive Branch is orga-\\nnized.\\nInd. The Universalist State Conven-\\ntion is organized.\\nMd. The Ladies China Mission-\\nary Society of Baltimore is formed by\\nMethodists.\\nMd. The General Assembly (O. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Baltimore Alex.\\nT. McGill, moderator.\\nNew York. The General Synod\\n(Evangelical Lutheran) meets.\\n*N. Y. The Baptist Annual Meet-\\ning is held at Troy.\\nTex. The Texas State Association of\\nBaptists is formed.\\nWis. The Universalist State Conven-\\ntion is organized.\\nThe Protestant Episcopal Society for\\nthe Promotion of Evangelical Liter-\\nature is incorporated.\\nFather John Bapst, Jesuit, becomes a\\nmissionary to the Indians at Oldtown.\\nThe American Missionary Asso-\\nciation begins work, with much peril,\\nin the South among both whites and\\nblacks.\\n1849 June 13. Phila. The General Con-\\nvention of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nLETTERS.\\n1848 Conn. The American Church\\nlieview appears at New Haven.\\nMass. The scientific department of\\nHarvard University is established, chief-\\nly by Abbott Lawrence.\\nThe Essex Institute Library is\\nfounded at Salem. [34,800 vols.]\\nMiss. The University of Missis-\\nsippi (non-sect.) is organized at Oxford.\\n*New York. College of the City of\\nNew York (non-sect.) is organized.\\nThe Journal of Commerce, the Courier\\nand Examiner, the Tribune, the Herald,\\nthe Sun, and the Express unite in form-\\ning the Associated Press.\\nN. Chester A. Arthur [Presi-\\ndent] graduates at Union College.\\nI a. The Geneva College (Ret.\\nPres.) is organized at Beaver Falls.\\nAugustinian College (Bom. Cath. i of\\nSt. Thomas, Villanova, is incorporated.\\nO. The Ohio Practical Farmer ap-\\npears at Cleveland.\\nTenn. Burritt CoUege (Disciples) hi\\nfounded at Spencer.\\nTenn. Union College (Bapt.) is\\nfounded at Murfreesboro.\\nWis. The University of Wisconsin\\n(non-sect.) is organized at Madison.\\nThe Biglnw Papers, by James Rus-\\nseU Lowell, appear.\\nA Fable for Critics, by Lowell, ap-\\npears.\\nIndian Summer Reverie, by Lowell,\\nappears.\\nNotes on the Iroqiiois, by H. R. School-\\ncraft, appears.\\nOak Openings, by Cooper, appears.\\nNew Rape of the Lock, by J. G. Saxe,\\nappears.\\nThe Rosary, by E. E. Hale, appears.\\nThe Visum of Sir Launfal, by Low-\\neU, appears.\\n1849 Apr. 25. Minn. St. Paul has its\\nfirst newspaper, The Pioneer.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1848 May Pa. The Methodist Gen-\\neral Conference at Pittsburg forbids\\nmembers buying, selling, or drinking\\nintoxicating beverages.\\nAug. 3. N. Y. A Woman s Rights\\nConvention at Rochester claims suf-\\nfrage, preaching, teaching, and property\\nrights.\\nAug. 22. Mo. Lieut. U. S. Grant, 26\\nyears of age, marries Julia T. Dent of\\nSt. Louis.\\nMiss. Jefferson Davis declines, on\\nproslavery grounds, to vote for his\\nfather-in-law, General Zachary Taylor,\\nthe Whig candidate for the presidency.\\nNew York. The Century Club is\\nformed. (1847?).\\n0. James A. Garfield, 15 years old,\\nenters the employ of his cousin he\\ndrives mules along the Pennsylvania\\nand Ohio Canal.\\nOre. The prohibitory liquor law is\\nrepealed.\\nUtah. Another migration of Mor-\\nmons brings them to Salt Lake.\\nThe Unitarian Society for the Relief\\nof Aged and Destitute Clergymen is\\nformed.\\nNearly 300,000 volunteers offer\\nto enter the ranks against Mexico.\\n1849 May 10. New York. Astor\\nPlace riot.\\nFriends of Edwin Forrest decide th.it\\nWilliam 0. Macready shall not act in the", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1848, Mar. 10-1849, June 30. 165\\ncity. The theater is assaulted, militia\\ncalled out; 22 persons are killed, and 36\\nwounded. Macready escapes m disguise.\\nJune 30. New York. Father Mathew\\narrives from Ireland is welcomed by\\nthe City Council, and addresses are pre-\\nsented by the board of aldermen and the\\nAmerican Temperance Union.\\nSTATE.\\n1848 Mar. 10. V. C. Congress The\\nSenate adopts the treaty made with\\nMexico by the commissioner, with\\nsome modifications.\\nApr. 12. N. Y. The new code of laws\\nis adopted.\\nApr. 13. D. C. Congress by resolution\\ncongratulates the French people on\\nthe formation of a republic.\\nN. Y, The Democracy sends rival\\ndelegations to the National Convention\\nat Baltimore the Barnburners, follow-\\ners of Silas Wright, the Hunkers, fol-\\nlowers of Wm. L. Marcy. These are re-\\nspectively the antislavery and the pro-\\nslavery wings of the party.\\nMay 20. Mex. The United States com-\\nmissioners, A. H. Sevier and N. Clifford,\\nsign articles of peace at Queretaro\\nwith Signor De la Rosa, the Mexican\\nminister.\\nMay 22-26. Mil. The Democratic Na-\\ntional Convention meets at Baltimore,\\nand nominates Lewis Cass of Mich, for\\nPresident, and William O. Butler of\\nKy. for Vice-President.\\nThe Barnburners, or Free-Soil Demo-\\ncrats, withdraw from the Convention,\\nbecause of its proslavery attitude.\\nMay 29. D.C. Congress admits Wis-\\nconsin into the Union as the 30th State.\\nJune 7-9. Phila. The Whig National\\nConvention meets, and nominates\\nZachary Taylor of La. for President,\\nand Millard Fillmore of N. Y. for\\nVice-President.\\nThe Convention rejects a resolution\\nfavorable to the prohibition of slavery\\nin the Territories, and several Free-Soil\\nWhigs withdraw.\\nJune 22. N. Y, The Barnburners\\nassemble a Democratic Convention\\nat Utica, and nominate Martin Van\\nBuren of N. Y. for the presidency.\\nJuly 1. National debt $47,044,862.\\nJuly 4. D. C. Peace with Mexico is\\nproclaimed.\\nAug. 9, 10. N~. Y. A convention of the\\nnew Free-Soil Party is held.\\nIt meets at Buffalo, and is composed\\nof Barnburners, antislavery Whigs,\\nand Abolitionists. Salmon P. Chase is\\npresident. Delegates :iro present from\\nall the Free States; also from Delaware,\\nMaryland, Virginia, and the District of\\nColumbia. Martin Van Buren is nom-\\ninated for the presidency, and Charles\\nFrancis Adams for Vice-President. (It\\nis the germ of the Republican party.)\\nSummer. Ky. Henry Clay is enraged\\nat the nomination of Rough and\\nReady (Gen. Taylor) by the Whig con-\\nvention, and withdraws from activity\\nin the campaign.\\nAug. 14. D. C. The 30th Congress\\nthe first session closes.\\nCongress organizes Oregon as a Ter-\\nSummer. N. Y. William H. Seward,\\nThurlow Weed, and Horace Greeley\\ndominate the politics of the State.\\nSept.+ U. S. Gen. Taylor s canvass is\\ncalled a Star-and-Stripes canvass.\\nNov. 7. U. S. 16th presidential elec-\\ntion; Whigs are elected.\\nPopular vote Zachary Taylor (Whig)\\nof La., 1,360,101 Lewis Cass (Dem.) of\\nMich., 1,220,544; Martin Van Buren\\n(Free-Soil) of N. Y., 291,263.\\nNov. Mass. Conscience WhigB re-\\nfuse to vote for Gen. Taylor (a slave-\\nholder), on antislavery grounds.\\nDec. 4. D.C. The 30th Congress: the\\nsecond session opens.\\nDec. 15. A postal convention between\\nGreat Britain and the United States\\nis signed.\\nD.C. Congress The House declares\\nit expedient and constitutional for\\nthe General Government to promote\\nriver and harbor improvements.\\nVote, 112-53.\\nD. C. Congress: Jefferson Davis\\nis elected senator from Mississippi.\\nDec. 27. D.C. Congress: The House\\npasses a bill for the abolition of sla-\\nvery in the District of Columbia.\\nVote, 98-87. [It afterward reconsiders\\nthe motion and then postpones action.]\\nCat. The discovery of gold hastens\\nemigration [and soon disturbs the\\npolitical equation by a preponderating\\nNorth and West devoted to free soil].\\nD. C. President Polk authorizes the\\nUnited States minister at Madrid to\\noffer Spain $100,000,000 for Cuba;\\nhe obtains a curt refusal.\\nNew York. William F. Havemeyer\\nis elected the 66th mayor.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-52 Ark. John S. Roane.\\n-49 Ind. Paris C. Dunning.\\n-50 Ky. John J. Crittenden.\\n-53 Mo. Austin A. King.\\n-49* Mich. Epaphroditus Ransom.\\n-50 Miss. Joseph W. Matthews.\\n-51 JV. Daniel Haines.\\nPa. Wm. F. Johnson.\\n-50 S.C. W. B. Seabrook.\\n-51 Wis. Nelson Dewey.\\n1849 Feb. 11. The electoral vote is\\ncounted.\\nVote for President: Taylor, 163; Cass,\\n127 Van Buren, 0. Vote for Vice-Presi-\\ndent Millard Fillmore (Whig) of N. Y.,\\n163 William O. Butler (Dem.) of Ky.,\\n127 Charles F. Adams (Free-Soil) of\\nMass., 0.\\nMar. 3. Z C. Congress creates the\\nDepartment of the Interior; it or-\\nganizes Minnesota as a Territory.\\nThe 30th Congress ends.\\nThe Twelfth Adminislration; Whig.\\nMar. 5. D. C. Zachary Taylor of La.\\nis inaugurated the 12th President, in\\nthe 16th term of the presidency. Mil-\\nlard Fillmore of New York is Vice-\\nPresident.\\nCabinet John M. Clayton of Del.\\n(State), Wm. M. Meredith of Pa.\\n(Treas.), Geo. W. Crawford of Ga.\\n(War), Wm. B. Preston of Va. (Navy),\\nThomas Ewing of O. (Interior), Jacob\\nCollamer of Vt. (P. M.-Gen.), and\\nReverdy Johnson of Md. (Atty.-Gen.).\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1848 May 10. Mick. A great fire\\noccurs in Detroit.\\nMay 27. The steamer Clarksville burns\\non the Mississippi, near Ozark Island\\nmore than 30 lives are lost.\\nJune 29. N. Y. The Croton aqueduct\\nbridge over the Harlem River, 1,400 ft.\\nlong, is completed.\\nAug. 9. III. A flue of the steamer Ed-\\nward Sates collapses on the Mississippi,\\nnear Hamburg 53 persons are killed,\\nand 40. injured.\\nAug. 17. N. Y. A fire burns several\\nhundred buildings at Albany loss,\\n$1,000,000.\\nAug. 22. New Eng. A train of cars\\nruns from Springfield to Hartford, 26\\nmiles, in 33 minutes.\\nAug. 24. The ship Ocean Monarch, of\\nBoston, is burned near Liverpool 170\\nlives are lost.\\nSept. 9. N. Y. A fire in Brooklyn burns\\n300 buildings loss, $1,500,000.\\nOct. 25. Boston. Cochituate water is\\nintroduced.\\nNov. 14. N. Y. The first public lec-\\nture is given on spirit-rappings at\\nRochester.\\nNov.* Cal. A great emigration to Cali-\\nfornia begins.\\nDec. 8. Cal. The first deposit of gold is\\nmade in the U. S. Mint.\\nDec. 16. New York. The Park Theater\\nis burned.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens, in 1848, 226,527.\\nIII. The canal connecting Lake Michi-\\ngan with the Illinois River is completed.\\nMass. Forest Hills Cemetery is es-\\ntablished, near Boston.\\nMo. St. Louis is lighted with gas.\\nN. Y. Calvary Cemetery (Roman\\nCatholic), near New York, is opened.\\nCypress Hill Cemetery, near New York\\nis dedicated.\\nBrooklyn is lighted with gas.\\nW.Va. The suspension bridge (1,010\\nfeet) across the Ohio at Wheeling is\\nopened.\\nGuano is first introduced.\\n1849 Jan. 9. Cal. The first regular\\nbanking-house is opened in San Fran-\\ncisco.\\nMay 17. Mo. A fire at St. Louis burns\\n23 steamboats and 15 blocks of houses\\nloss about $3,000,000.\\nJune 26. La. The great crevasse in\\nthe levee of the Mississippi River is\\nstopped.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "166 1849, June -1850, Sept. 30. AMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\nTHE FIFTEENTH WAE.\\n1849 The Apache, Navajo, and\\nUtah War. Men enrolled, 1,500 regu-\\nlars, and 1,001 militia and volunteers;\\ntotal, 2561.\\nART SCIENCE \u00e2\u0080\u0094NATURE.\\n1849 July 16. Mass. Frost appears at\\nPittsfield the mercury stood at 90\u00c2\u00b0\\nduring the previous day.\\nAug. 21. Md. A National Convention\\nof inventors meets at Baltimore.\\nSept. 10. Mass. Edwin Booth, yet\\nunder 16 years of age, makes his first\\nappearance on the stage, in Boston.\\nIII. Abraham Lincoln [the future\\nPresident] secures letters patent on the\\nmodel of a boat for lifting vessels over\\nshoals.\\n*N.J. A process for the condensation\\nof milk is invented by Gail Borden of\\nNewark.\\nNew York. Jared B. Flagg and Fred-\\nerick E. Church become members of the\\nNational Academy of Design.\\nUtah. The Great Salt Lake Valley\\nis surveyed by order of the United States\\nGovernment.\\nMount Washington from North Con-\\nway is painted by J. F. Kensett.\\nThomas Crawford receives a com-\\nmission from the State of Virginia to\\nexecute a colossal equestrian statue of\\nWashington.\\n1850 May 24. New York. Henry\\nGrinnell s Expedition departs in\\nsearch of Sir John Franklin in the Arc-\\ntic Sea.\\nIt sails in the Advance and Rescue\\nunder Lieut. Edwin T. De Haven and\\nDr. Elisha K. Kane. [They succeed in\\nentering Baffin Bay, and return with\\ntheir vessels in October, 1851, but search\\nin vain for Sir John Franklin s expe-\\ndition.]\\nJune 29. JV. Y. Part of Table Rock at\\nNiagara Falls gives way.\\nAug. 19. Neio York. P. B. Conway\\nmakes his first appearance in America, at\\nthe Broadway Theater.\\nSept. 1. Neto York. Arrival of Jenny\\nLind, the Swedish Nightingale. She\\nis greeted with immense enthusiasm.\\nSept. 11. New York. Jenny Lind first\\nappears on the American stage, at Castle\\nGarden, before 7,000 persons first-night\\nreceipts, \u00c2\u00a730,000 $225 is paid for the first\\nticket sold.\\nII;uiK*n, Nils P., M. for Wis., born in\\nNorway.\\n.Jewell, Sarah (true, author, horn in Me.\\nJohnston, Alexander, puhlhisl author, h.\\nin N.Y.\\nJones, William A., M. C. for Va..h. in Va.\\nJoy, Charles P., M. C. for Mo., born in 111.\\nLazarus, Emma, poet, A38.\\nLyon, Mary, founder of Mount Ilolyoke\\nSeminary, A52.\\nMerrill, .Joseph, M. E. cl., A64.\\nMiller, William. Advent preacher, A68.\\nPoe. Edgar Allan, poet, editor, A 40.\\nPolk, James K.. M. for Tenn.. speaker,\\nGov. of Tenn., 11th l res. V. S., fi.54.\\nRead, Nathan, inventor of nail-machine, A 90.\\nBchwatka, Frederick, Arctic explorer, born\\nin 111.\\nTappan, William liimjhaui, poet, A55.\\nTaylor, Alfred A., M. C. for Tenn.\\nTurpin, Louis W., M. C. for Ala., b. Va.\\nWorth. Wm J., maj.-gen. U. S. A., A45.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1849\\nAbbott, Benjamin, educator, A87.\\nHlanchard, Newton C, M. C. for La., b. La.\\nHoatner, Charles J., M. C. for La., b. in La.\\nHurgess, Neil, actor, born in Mass.\\nHurnett, Frances Eliza Hodgson, novelist,\\nborn in Eng.\\nChase, William M., painter, born in Ind.\\nChauncey, Charles, lawyer, A72.\\nDanenhower, .John Wilson, explorer, born.\\nDavenport. Fanny, actor, born in Eng.\\nFarrar, Timothy, scholar, judge, A 102.\\nGaines, Edmund Pendleton, of Va., brig.-\\ngen. U. S. A., A72.\\nGallatin. Albert. Swiss-American, leader\\nof Republicans, sen. for Pa., sec, of treas.\\nA 88.\\nGoodnight, Isaac II. M. C. for Ky.,b. Ky.\\nCHURCH.\\n1849 June New York. The General\\nSynod (Reformed) meets George H.\\nFisher, president. [Again, at Schenec-\\ntady in August J. Van Veckten, presi-\\ndent.]\\nAug. 1. Tex. The Protestant Episcopal\\nDiocese of Texas is established.\\nSept. 21. Cat. Wm. Taylor, a Metho-\\ndist minister, arrives in California, and\\nsoon begins mission-work by streets\\npreaching.\\nDee. 3. The trial of Bishop G. W. Doane\\n(Protestant Episcopal) begins. [He sur-\\nrenders his property to his creditors,\\nand the case is dismissed.]\\nDec. 16. Ind. George TJpfold is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of\\nIndiana.\\nPa. The General Assembly (O. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Pittsburg Nich-\\nolas Murray, moderator.\\nPhila. The General Assembly (S.\\nS. Presbyterian) meets Philip C. Hay,\\nmoderator.\\nThe Baptist Annual Meeting is\\nheld.\\n1850 Feb. 24. Miss. William Mercer\\nGreen is consecrated (Protestant Episco-\\npal) bishop of Mississippi.\\nMay* N. Y. The Baptist Annual\\nMeeting is held at Buffalo.\\nMay 23. The party favoring a revision\\nof the Bible is defeated in the Baptist\\nAnnual Meeting.\\nMay* Mo. The 2d General Confer-\\nence (Meth. Epis. South) meets at St.\\nLouis.\\nJune 10. New York. The American\\nBible Union is organized by Baptists,\\nwho have seceded from the American\\nand Foreign Bible Society.\\nJune 12. N Y. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jesusalem meets.\\nJune N. F. The General Synod (Re-\\nformed) meets at Poughkeepsie Jer.\\nSearle, president.\\nLETTERS.\\n1849 Oa. Monroe Female College\\n(Bapt.) is founded at Forsyth.\\nMo. William Jewell College (Bapt.)\\nis founded at Liberty.\\nNew York. V Eco rf Italia is founded\\nby political refugees.\\nNew York. The Astor Library is\\nfounded [2G0,G11 vols.] by John Jacob\\nAstor, by the gift of $400,000.\\nOhio Central CoUege (non-sect.) is\\norganized at Iberia.\\nO. Oxford College (Pres.) is organ-\\nized at Oxford.\\nPa. University of Lewisburg\\n(Bapt.) is founded at Lewisburg.\\nTenn. Hiwassee College [Meth.\\nEpis..) is organized at Hiwassee.\\nCarson-Newman College (Bapt.) is\\nfounded at Mossy Creek.\\nWis. Lawrence University (Meth.\\nEpis.) is opened.\\nWis. The Wisconsin State Historical\\nSociety Library is founded at Madison.\\n[55,361 vols.]\\nThe California and Oregon Trail, by\\nFrancis Parkman, appears.\\nCharacteristics of Literature, by Tuck-\\nerman, appears.\\nLife of Goldsmith, by Irving, appears.\\nHistory of Spanish Literature, by\\nGeorge Ticknor, appears.\\nHistory of the United States, by Rich-\\nard Hildreth, appears.\\nKavanaugh, by LongfeUow, appears.\\nLectures on Subjects Connected with\\nLiterature and Life, by Edwin P. Whip-\\nple, appears.\\nPoems, by J. T. Fields, appears.\\nGod in Christ, by Horace Bushnell,\\nappears.\\nLowell Lectures on the Application of\\nMetaphysical and Ethical Science to the\\nEvide7ices of fieligion by Boix-en, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1849 Dec. 20. D. C. President Tyler\\ngives a banquet at the White House\\nto Father Mathew the Senate votes\\nthe extraordinary distinction to admit\\nhim to the bar of the Senate.\\nN. Y. Elizabeth BlackweU receives\\nthe first degree of M. D. given in the\\nUnited States to a woman.\\nIt is bestowed by the Medical School\\nat Geneva, after being refused in New\\nYork, Philadelphia, and Boston.\\nThe Bloomer costume, resembling a\\nTurkish jacket and trousers, is intro-\\nduced by Mrs. Ann Bloomer.\\nThe Fugitive -Slave Law is vio-\\nlated.\\nPeople of the North give great offense\\nto the people of the South by helping\\nmen, women and children of color to\\nsecure their freedom, instead of assist-\\ning those who would enslave them, un-\\nder laws forbidding their education, ;ind\\nproviding no defense for marriage, etc.\\n1850 Apr. 22. Mass. The banns of\\nmarriage are legally published for the\\nlast time in this State.\\nApr. 25. La. General Karcisso Lopez\\nsails from New Orleans with 300 fili-\\nbusters to invade Cuba.\\nMay 19. Cuba. Gen. Lopez lands at\\nCardenas and defeats a Spanish force,\\nbut soon abandons the enterprise for", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1849, June *-1850, Sept. 30. 161\\nlack of support by deserters from the\\nSpanish army and by the Cubans.\\nSept. 20 New York. Jenny Lind be-\\nstows \u00c2\u00a710,000 upon several worthy chari-\\nties of the city.\\nSTATE.\\n1849 Julyl. National debt $63,061,858.\\nSept. 1. Cal. A convention at Monterey\\nforms a State constitution for Cali-\\nfornia.\\nDec. 3. D. C. The 31st Congress\\nopens.\\nThe Democrats have a strong majority\\nin the Senate the Free-Soilera hold the\\nbalance of power between the Demo-\\ncrats and Whigs.\\nDec* D.C. Congress House After a\\nstruggle of three weeks Howell Cobb\\n(Dem.) of Ga. is elected Speaker on the\\nsixty-third ballot.\\nDec. D. C. The President recommends\\nthat California be received into the\\nUnion (Free State).\\nDec. D. C. Congress Exciting\\ndebates occur on the slavery ques-\\ntion; several Southern members\\nthreaten secession and civil war if\\nslavery is excluded from the Territories.\\nDec. Cal. The people adopt a consti-\\ntution by a popular vote, and choose\\nP. H. Burnett as the first governor.\\nD.C. Congress The Senate is emi-\\nnent for its ability. At no time in\\nits history, before or since, has its mem-\\nbership been so illustrious, its weight\\nof character and ability so great.\\nBlaine.]\\n_5i iVeio York. Caleb S. Wood-\\nhull is elected the 67th mayor.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-53 Ala. Henry W. Collier.\\nCal. (Ter.). Gen. B. Eiley.\\n-51 Cal. P. H. Burnett.\\n-50 Conn. Joseph Trumbull.\\n-53 Fla. Thomas Brown.\\nInd. Joseph A. Wright.\\nMinn. (Ter.). Alex. Ramsey\\nX. C. Charles Manley.\\niV. H. Samuel Dinsmore.\\nIf. Y. Hamilton Fish.\\n0. Seabury Ford.\\nOre. (Ter.). Joseph Lane.\\nOre. (Ter.). John P. Gaines.\\nR. I. Henry B. Anthony.\\nTenn. Wm. Trousdale.\\nTex. P. Hansborough Bell.\\nfa. John B. Floyd.\\nVt. Carlos Coolidge.\\n-57\\n-53\\n-51\\n-52\\n-51\\n-50\\n-S3\\n-51\\n-51\\n-53\\n-52\\n-50\\n1850 Feb. 5, 6. D. C. Congress;\\nSenate Henry Clay introduces a hill\\nfor compromising the slavery contro-\\nversy. (See Sept. 9.)\\nMar. 7. D. C. Congress Senate\\nDaniel Webster delivers his memo-\\nrable speech against his antislavery\\nfriends, who regard it as a betrayal.\\nWebster asserts that the South has\\nmonopolized three-fourths of the places\\nof honor and emolument, under the\\nFederal Government, ever since the\\nUnion was formed.\\nApr. 19. The Bulwer- Clayton Treaty\\nis concluded.\\nIt provides that neither England nor\\nthe United States shall obtain exclusive\\ncontrol over the Central American Inter-\\nOcean Canal, or erect any fortification\\nin that country.\\nCongress Senate After prolonged\\ndebate, the Compromise Bill is referred\\nto a Committee of 13.\\nMay 6. D.C. Congress Senate Wil-\\nliam B. King of Ala. is elected Presi-\\ndent pro tempore.\\nJune 3. Tenn. South Carolina and Mis-\\nsissippi legislatures issue a call for a\\nSouthern Congress, to frame a govern-\\nment for a United States South.\\n[A disunion assembly meets at Nash-\\nville it is thinly attended, and treated\\nwith ridicule].\\nJuly 1. U. S. National debt \u00c2\u00a763,452,773.\\nJuly 9. D. C. President Taylor dies.\\nJuly 10. D. C. The Vice-President,\\nMillard Fillmore of N. Y., is inaugu-\\nrated the 13th President.\\nThirteenth Administration Whig.\\nCabinet Daniel Webster of Mass.\\n(State), Thomas Corwin of O. (Treas.l,\\nCharles M. Conrad of La. (War),\\nJas. A. Pearce of Md. (Interior), Wm.\\nA. Graham of N. C. (Navy), Nathan\\nK. Hall of N. T. (P. M.-Gen.), and\\nJohn J. Crittenden of Ky. (Atty-Gen.),\\n[Alex. H. H. Stuart of Va. Interior].\\nJuly D. C. President Fillmore favors\\ncompromise measures with slavery.\\nThe Democrats of the South are di-\\nvided into Union men and Southern\\nBights men.\\nAug. 5 i D. C. Congress: A long\\nand exceedingly violent struggle\\noccurs in connection with the bill to\\nreceive the Free State of California\\nwithout its being paired with a new\\nSlave State.\\nAug. 14. D. C. Congress Senate\\nJefferson Davis and others vainly at-\\ntempt to have entered on the journal\\ntheir protest against the wrong done\\nto the slave-holding States, in giving\\nthe entire Pacific Coast to freedom.\\nSept. 9. New Mexico and Utah Terri-\\ntories are organized.\\nD. C. Henry Clay s compromise\\nsecures the admission of California\\nas a free State.\\nIt provides for the payment of $10,000,-\\n000 to Texas for herclaim to New Mexico,\\nand the organization of Utah and New\\nMexico Territories without any commit-\\ntal respecting slavery, for the prohibi-\\ntion of the slave-trade with the insti-\\ntution undisturbed in the District of\\nColumbia, and the execution of the\\nFugitive-Slave Law. It is opposed by\\nSenators Seward, Wade, Stevens (of\\nPa.), Fessenden, and others.\\nCongress admits California into the\\nUnion as the 31st State.\\nSept. 10. D. C. Congress The House\\npasses the Fugitive-Slave Bill. Vote,\\n109-95.\\nIt imposes a fine of $1,000 and 6 months\\nimprisonment on any person harboring\\na fugitive piavn, r aiding him to escape.\\nIt terrorizes about 20,000 fugitives m the\\nNorth, and creates great indignation.\\nSept. 18. D.C. President Fillmore signs\\nthe Fugitive-Slave Law.\\nSept. 30. D. C. The 31st Congress.:\\nthe first session closes.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1849 Aug. 17. N.Y. A fire at Albany\\nburns 600 buildings, besides steamboats,\\netc.; 24 acres are wasted Iosb, $3;0O0-,O00.\\nSept. 27. N. Y. Owego is almost de-\\nstroyed by fire.\\nOct. 1. X.Y. The Hudson Biver Bail-\\nroad is opened to Peekskill.\\nNov. 12. The ship Caleb Grimshaw\\nburns at sea 339 passengers are res-\\ncued, 60 perish on a raft.\\nNov. 15. La. The steamboat Louisiana\\nexplodes at New Orleans, killing 60\\npersons.\\nDec. 29. La. A great crevasse is made\\nin the levee, 40 miles above New Orleans.\\nDec. 31. X~. Y. The Hudson Biver\\nBailroad is opened as far as Pough-\\nkeepsie.\\nV. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1849, 297,024.\\nProduction of gold for 1849, $40,000,-\\n000 of silver, $50,000.\\nConn. Evergreen Cemetery, at New\\nHaven, is dedicated.\\nD.C. Oak Hill Cemetery, at George-\\ntown, is incorporated.\\nMo. Belle Fontaine Cemetery is es-\\ntablished.\\nU. S. Cholera prevails, and many\\ndeaths occur. In New York, 5,071 St.\\nLouis, 4,557; Philadelphia, 1,022: Buf-\\nfalo, 858 Nashville, 805 Chicago, 678\\nBoston, 611.\\nGold dollars are first coined.\\n1850 Jan. 8. If. Y. The first ship en-\\nters the dry-dock at Brooklyn.\\nFeb. 4. New York. Seventy-five persons\\nare killed by a street explosion.\\nFeb. 12. Phila. The original manu-\\nscript of Washington s Farewell Ad-\\ndress is sold at auction for $2,300.\\nJune 14. Cal. A fire in San Francisco\\nconsumes 300 buildings.\\nJune 17. The steamer Griffith on Lake\\nErie is burned, and 300 lives are lost.\\nJune U. S. Seventh Census States,\\n31 whites, 19,553,068 colored, 3,638,S08\\n(free colored 434,495, slaves 3,204,313);\\ntotal population, 23,191,876. Increase,\\n35.86 per cent. Center of population, 23\\nmiles southeast of Parkersburg, W. Va.\\nwestward movement in 10 years, 55 miles.\\nJuly 9. Phila. A fire destroys 35 lives\\nand $1,000,000 in property; 100 persons\\nare also injured.\\nAug. 24. N. II. The greater part of the\\nbusiness portion of Concord is destroyed\\nby fire.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "168 1850, Oct. 1-1851**\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1851 Aug. -Sept. Defeat of the sec-\\nond filibustering expedition against\\nCuba Gen. Lopez ami 480 men made\\nprisoners by the Spaniards.\\nFifty-one are shot by the Cuban au-\\nthorities Lopez is garroted, and the rest\\nare sent to Spain [where, after some\\nnegotiations, they are liberated].\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1850 Nov, 4. New York. Signorina\\nTeresa Parodi first appears in America,\\nat the Astor Place Opera House.\\nNov. 11. New York. Madame Ponisi\\nfirst appears in America, at the Broad-\\nway Theater.\\nCal. Wellingtonia Gigantea, the\\nlargest tree in the world, is discovered\\nby W. Whitehead.\\nMe. The Society of Natural History\\nis organized in Portland.\\nN. J. Gail Borden invents a meat\\nbiscuit.\\nWis. The Musik-Verein is established\\nat Milwaukee.\\nWashington Crossing the Delaware is\\npainted by Emanuel Leutze.\\nA colossal statue, The Genius of Amer-\\nica, is executed by Thomas Crawford.\\nA bronze statue of Beethoven is exe-\\ncuted by Thomas Crawford.\\n1851 June* Floods of vast extent pre-\\nvail in the upper Missouri and in the\\nMississippi crops cannot be planted.\\nJuly 4. D. C. The corner-stone of the\\ngreat white marble wings of the Federal\\nCapitol is laid.\\nAug. 15. Mo. A cyclone destroys prop-\\nerty at St. Louis.\\nDec. 29. New York. Lola Montez, the\\ndancer, first appears in the United\\nStates, at the Broadway Theater.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1850*\\nAdams, Herbert B., prof., author, b.Mass.\\nBahcock, Jos. W., M. C. for Wis., b. in Vt.\\nBellamy, Ed., au. of Looking Backward, b.\\nBascom. Henry B., bp. M. E. Church\\nSouth, A.M.\\nBower, Wm. H., Member of Congress for\\nN. C, born in N. C.\\nCalhoun, Jolm C, sen. for S. C, leader for\\nfree trade, sec of state, nullitier, A68.\\nClark, Champ, M. C. for Mo., born i n Kv.\\nCooper, S. B., M. C. for Tex., born in Ky.\\nDinsmore, Hugh A., M. 0. for Ark., b. Ark.\\nDoolittle. W. H., M. C. for Wash., b. in Pa.\\nEllis, William K., M. C. for Ore., b. Ind.\\nElmore, Franklin H., sen. for S. C, AS4.\\nFuller, Sarah M. (Countess d Ossoli), au-\\nthor, A40.\\nGibson, Wi)li:nn Hamilton, arlist, 1). Conn.\\nGorman, J. S., M. C. for Mich., b. in Mich.\\nHager, A. L., M. C. for la., born in N. V.\\nHartsborne, .Joseph, physician, surgeon, A71.\\nJones, Jacob, commodore, U. S. N., A 80,\\nJohnson, Henry U.,M. C. for Ind., b. Ind.\\n.Johnson, Martin N., M. C. for N. D., b. Wis.\\nJudson, Adoniram, Bapt. missionary in\\nIndia, A62.\\nLodge, Henry C. sen. for Mass., b. in Mass.\\nMnfflt, John Xewland, M. E. cl., A55.\\nMrNagny, William F., M. C. for Ind., b. O.\\nMiller, Samuel, I res. cl. of N. Y., A81.\\nNoah, Mordecai M., Jewish ionrnalist in\\nN. Y., A 65.\\nOsgood, Frames Sargent Locke, poet, A39.\\nFlumer, William, sen. for N BL, A91.\\nPrentiss, Sergeant Smith, M. C. for Miss.,\\norator, A 42.\\nRayner, Isidor, M. C. for Md., b. in Md.\\nRichardson, George F., M. C. for Mich.,\\nborn in Mich.\\nSibley, Joseph C, M. C. for Pa., b. N. Y.\\nHomers, I eter J.. M. for Wis., b. Wis.\\nTaylor, Zachary. maj.-gen. U. S. A., 12th\\nPres. of the I*. S.. A 66.\\nTerry, William L., M. C, for Ark., b. N.\\nMich., b. Ir\\nWeadock, Th. A. E-.\\nWhite, William J., M. u. ioru., d. uan.\\nWilliams, .bum s K.. M. for 111., b. 1U.\\nWilson, John L., M. C. for Wash., b. Ind.\\n1851\\nAlexander, Archibald, l res. author, A79.\\nAudubon, John J., ornithologist, A71.\\nBarron, James, of Ya., commodore, A82.\\nBeck, John Brodhead, physician, A57.\\nBelknap, William brig-gen., A57.\\nBoen, Baldor E., M. C. for Minn., b. Nor.\\nBouvier, Jolm, jurist, author, A 64.\\nBarnes, Daniel D.,M. C. for Mo., b. in Mo.\\nChandler, Abiel, of Mass., philanthropist,\\nmerchant, A74.\\nColton, Walter, clergyman, writer, A54.\\nCooper, George W., M. C. for Ind., b. in Ind.\\nCooper, James Fenimore, of N. Y., novel-\\nist, A 62.\\nDaggett, David, sen. for Mass., A87.\\nDeKay, James E., naturalist, A59.\\nDixey, Henry E-, actor, born in Mass.\\nDubois, Frederick T., sen. for Ida., b. in IU.\\nGallaudet, Thomas IL, founder of deaf and\\ndumb asvlum, A64.\\nGillett, Fred. H., M. C. for Mass., b. Mass.\\nGoode, George Brown, ichthyologist, b. Ind.\\nGraham, Sylvester, vegetarian adv., A57.\\nHainer, EnVene J., M. C. for Neb., b. Hun.\\nHill, Isaac, editor, Got., sen. for K. H., A63?\\nHolden, Oliver, composer, dies.\\nHornblower, William IL. jurist, born in N. Y.\\nJonian, David Starr, zoologist, b. in N. Y.\\nKyle, John C, M. C. for Miss., b. in Mich.\\nLatimer, Asburv C, M. C. for S. C, b. S. C.\\nMcCall, Sani l W., M. C. for Mass., b. Pa.\\nMcCulloch, Philip D., Jr., M. C. for Ark.,\\nborn in Tenn.\\nMcOannold, John J., M. C. for 111., b. HI.\\nMcDuffie. George, Gov., sen. for S. C, A63?\\nMcDowell. Ephraun, surgeon, A80.\\nMcKae, Thomas C, M. C. for Ark., b. Ark,\\nMorton, Sam l G., naturalist, ethnologist. Ao2.\\nOlin. Stephen, M. E. clergyman, A54.\\nPaynter. Tlios. IL, M. C. for Ky., b. in Ky.\\nRichardson, Charles Francis, author, b. Me.\\nSmith, .lames, Jr., sen. for N. J., b. in N. J.\\nVan Ness, Cornelius P., Gov. of Vt., minis-\\nter to Spain, A70.\\nWarrington, Lewis, capt. L T S. N., A69.\\nWarner, John D., M. C. for N. Y., b. in N. Y.\\nWashington, Joseph E., M. C. for Tenn,\\nborn in Tenn.\\nWoodbury, Levi, Gov. of N. H., sec. of\\ntreas., justice U. S. S. Ct., A69.\\nCHURCH.\\n1850 Cal. The Protestant Episcopal\\nDiocese of California is organized.\\nMich. The General Assembly (N.\\nS. Presbyterian) meets at Detroit D. H.\\nKiddle, moderator.\\nNew York is created an archi-\\nepiscopal see (Roman Catholic) the\\nbishops of Albany, Buffalo, Boston, and\\nHartford are suffragans to it.\\nThe Roman Catholic dioceses of\\nWheeling, Nesqually, Savannah, Mon-\\nterey and Los Angeles, and St. Paul are\\nestablished. Santa ITe is created an\\narchdiocese.\\nNew Eng. The Unitarian Associa-\\ntion of Ministers at Large, in New\\nEngland, is organized.\\nO. The General Assembly (O. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Cincinnati\\nAaron W. Leland, moderator.\\n0. The General Convention (Prot-\\nestant Episcopal) meets hi Cincinnati.\\nO. The Annual Convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Cincin-\\nnati A. Campbell, moderator.\\nS. C. The General Synod (Evan-\\ngelical Lutheran) meets in Charleston.\\nU. S. The church co mmuni cants\\nnumber 3,529,988, about one in seven of\\nthe population.\\nHenry B. Bascom is ordained bishop\\nof the M. E. Church South.\\nThe Evangelical Lutheran Synodical\\nConference is organized.\\n1851 June 11. Boston. The General\\nConvention of the New Jerusalem\\nmeets.\\nJune N. Y. The General Synod (Re-\\nformed) meets at Albany; Alex H.\\nMann, president.\\nJuly 11. John Payne is consecrated\\n(Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Africa.\\nOct. 15. Francis Hughes Rutledge is\\nconsecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Florida.\\nOct. 29. Conn. John Williams is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant\\nbishop of Connecticut.\\nDec. 29. The Boston (undenominational)\\nYoung Men s Christian Association, the\\nfirst in the United States, is organized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1850 Cal. California State Library\\nis founded at Sacramento. [53,000 vols.]\\nMo. Christian College (Disciples) is\\nfounded at Columbia.\\nGrand River College (Bapt.) is\\nfounded at Edinburg.\\nNeio York. Harper s Neic Monthly\\nMagazine is founded.\\nN. Y. The University of Rochester\\n(Bapt.) is founded.\\nO. Capital University (Evang.\\nLuth.), of Columbus, is organized.\\nHeidelberg College (Reformed), at\\nTiffin, is organized.\\nTex. Austin College (Pres.1, at Sher-\\nman, is organized.\\nUtah. University of Utah (non-\\nsect.L, of Salt Lake City, is organized.\\nThe International Magazine appears.\\nA Few Thoughts for a Young Man, by\\nHorace Mann, appears.\\nEl Dorado, by Bayard Taylor, appears.\\nLectures on Art, and Poems, by Wash-\\nington Allston, appears.\\nMahomet and Sis Successors, by\\nWashington Irving, appears.\\nPeople I Nave Met, by Willis, appears.\\nJRepreseittative Meri, by Elmerson,\\nappears.\\nReveries of a Bachelor, by Donald\\nGrant Mitchell (Ik Marvel), appears.\\nThe Scarlet letter, by Hawthorne,\\nappears.\\nWays of the Hour, by Cooper, ap-\\npears.\\nWide, Wide World, by Elizabeth Weth-\\nerell, appears.\\nHistory of the Indians of Connecticut,\\nby J. W. de Forrest, appears.\\nSongs of Labor, and Other Poems, by\\nWhittier, appears.\\n1851 Sept. 18. New York. The Times\\nis founded by George Jones and Henry\\nJ. Raymond.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1850, Oct. 1-1851**. 169\\nOct. 10. Cal. The California Christian\\nAdvocate (Meth. Epis.) is first issued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1850* New York. Tlie Methodist Home\\nfor the Aged is opened.\\nVa. In this State there are 83,000\\nwhite persons, more than 21 years of\\nage, who are unable to read or write.\\nU. S. Total slaves, 3,204,313.\\n-60 U. S. National and interna-\\ntional trades-unions, and local bodies\\ngenerally organized.\\nU. S. The labor agitation chiefly\\nrelates to a reduction of hours by legis-\\nlative enactment, hence it goes into\\npolitics.\\n1851 June 2. Me. Neal Dow s bill be-\\ncomes the Maine Law by the signature\\nof the governor it prohibits the manu-\\nfacture, sale, and use of intoxicating\\ndrinks, with certain exceptions.\\nAug. 11. Cuba. Lopez lands another\\nband of filibusters, 480 strong [which is\\nsoon defeated, and he, with many others,\\nis captured].\\nAug. 21. Cal. A reprieved prisoner is\\nhanged by citizens.\\nAug. A T Y. The National Temper-\\nance Convention meets at Saratoga.\\nSept. 1. Cuba. Gen. Nareisco Lopez\\nis executed.\\nSept. 11. Pa. A riot occurs at Christi-\\nana in the rescue of a fugitive slave\\nthe owner is killed, his son mortally\\nwounded, and the sheriff and posse are\\ndriven away.\\nDec. 5. N. Y. Gen. Louis Kossuth,\\nthe Hungarian patriot, arrives a mili-\\ntary and civic procession and a vast\\nassembly welcome him and listen to his\\neloquent address.\\nDec. 11. N. Y. The City Council gives\\na banquet in honor of Kossuth.\\nDec. 30. B.C. Kossuth arrives at\\nWashington, and with masterly elo-\\nquence pleads for his oppressed coun-\\ntrymen.\\nMichigan adopts a Constitution which\\nforbids the Legislature to enact license\\nlaws.\\nSTATE.\\n1850 Oct. 7. Miss. Disunion meetings\\nare held in Natchez and Yazoo City\\ndisunion resolutions are voted down.\\nOct. 14. Va. A convention assembles at\\nRichmond to amend the Constitution.\\nOct. 22. The Chicago City Council nul-\\nlifies the Fugitive-Slave Law, and re-\\nleases the police from obedience to it.\\n[It afterward reconsiders its action.]\\nDec. 2. D. C. The 3 1st Congress: the\\nsecond session opens.\\nCongress grants a right of way and\\ndonates land to the States of Illinois,\\nMississippi, and Alabama, in aid of a\\nrailroad from Chicago to Mobile.\\nDakota is first settled.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-53 Conn. Thos. H. Seymour.\\n-54 la. Stephen Hempstead.\\n-51 Kg. John L. Helm.\\n-54 La. Joseph Walker.\\n-53 Me. John Hubbard.\\n-51 Mick. John S. Barry.\\n-51 Miss. John A Quitman.\\n-53 O. Reuben Wood.\\n-52 S. C. John H. Means.\\n-54* Utah. (Ter.). Brigham Young.\\n-52 Vt. Chas. K. Williams.\\n1851 Mar. 3. D. C. Congress author-\\nizes the President to send a Government\\nvessel to the Mediterranean to convey\\nGen. Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot,\\nand his fellow exiles to America.\\nIt decides that Congress expires at\\nnoon on the 4th day of March.\\nMar. 4. D.C. The 31st Congress ends.\\nApr. 25. D. C. The President issues a\\nsecond proclamation against filibus-\\ntering. He causes the Cleopatra, about\\nto sail for Cuba, laden with military\\nstores, to be seized.\\nJulyl. U.S. National debt $68,304,796.\\nAug. 11. Cuba. Gen. Lopez lands about\\n500 filibusters. (See Army and Navy.)\\nNov. n. C. Jefferson Davis resigns\\nhis seat in the Senate to become a Re-\\nsistance or State Eights candidate for\\ngovernor of Mississippi, and is defeated\\nby H. S. Foote, Unionist, by a plurality\\nof 1,009 votes.\\nDec. 1. D.C. The 32d Congress opens.\\nDec. D. C. Congress House Linn\\nBoyd of Ky. is elected Speaker.\\nBenjamin F. Wade of Ohio and\\nCharles Sumner of Massachusetts en-\\nter the Senate Thomas A. Hendricks\\nfirst enters the House from Indiana.\\nDec. 24. D. C. Fire consumes part of\\nthe Capitol and the whole of the Con-\\ngressional Library.\\nDec. 30. I). C. Louis Kossuth, the\\nHungarian patriot, addresses Congress\\nwith great eloquence.\\nD.C. The President proclaims neu-\\ntrality in the Mexican revolutionary\\nmovement.\\nD. C. Benj. B. Curtis of Mass. is\\nappointed justice of the Supreme Court.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-52 Cal. John M Dougall.\\n.55** Del. Wm. H.Ross.\\n-53 Ga. Howell Cobb.\\n-55 Ky. Lazarus W. Powell.\\n-53 Mass. George S. Boutwell.\\nMiss. John G. Guion.\\n-52* Miss. James Whitfield.\\n-55 N. C. David S. Reid.\\n-54 iV J. George F. Fort.\\n-52* N.Mex.(Ter-). John S. Calhoun.\\n-53 N. Y. Washington Hunt.\\n-52 It. I. Philip Allen.\\n-53 Tenn. Wm. B. Campbell.\\n-53 Wis. Leonard J. Farwell.\\nNew York. Ambrose C. Kingsland\\nis elected the 68th mayor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1850 Oct. 1. N.Y.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Vt. The Whitehall\\nand Rutland Railroad is opened.\\nDec. 13. La. The steamboat Anglo-\\nNorman bursts her boilers at New Or-\\nleans nearly 100 persons are killed or\\nwounded.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Railroads in use, 9,021\\nmiles.\\nImmigrants and other aliens, in 16\\nmonths, 369,980.\\nNasliville and Lowell are both lighted\\nwith gas.\\nChicago has a Board of Trade the\\ncity is lighted with gas.\\nIII. The Galena and Chicago\\nUnion Railroad is completed to Elgin,\\n42 miles the first railroad out of\\nChicago.\\nLa. Eight steamboats and 37 persons\\nare burned at New Orleans.\\nN. Y. ForeBt Lawn Cemetery, near\\nBuffalo, is dedicated.\\nU. S. Production for the year: Gold,\\n$50,000,000 silver, $50,000,000. Bushels\\nof grain: corn, 592,071,104; wheat,\\n100,485,179; oats, 146,584,179; barley,\\n6,167,015; rye, 14,188,813; buckwheat,\\n8,956,912.\\n1851 Jan. 1. Phila. .The City of Glas-\\ngow arrives, the first of a line of steam-\\ners running between Philadelphia and\\nLiverpool.\\nJan. 27. The steamer John Adams strikes\\na snag in the Ohio 123 lives are lost.\\nMar. 2. An explosion on the steamer\\nOregon, near Island No. 82, on the Mis-\\nsissippi, kills 60 persons.\\nMar. 12. Cal. A fire in Nevada City\\nburns about 200 buildings; Iobb, $1 ,300,000.\\nApr. The New York and Lake Erie\\nRailroad is opened, from Dunkirk to\\nPiermont on the Hudson.\\nMay 3. Cal. A fire at San Francisco\\nburns 2,500 buildings loss, $3,500,000.\\nMay 11. Cal. A fire rages at Stockton\\nloss, $1,500,000.\\nMay 14. N. Y. President Fillmore is\\npresent at the celebration of the for-\\nmal opening of the New York and Lake\\nErie Railroad.\\nMay The Pacific, of the Collins line of\\nsteamers, breaks the record by crossing\\nthe Atlantic in nine days and nine-\\nteen hours.\\nJune 22. Cal. Another fire at San\\nFrancisco burns 500 buildings and\\n$3,000,000 in property.\\nAug. 22. Eng. The yacht America\\nwins the Cup of All Nations at the\\ninternational regatta race at Cowes.\\nAug. 28. Eng. The yacht America\\nbeats the iron yacht Titania in a race\\nof 80 miles, and leaves her 8 miles astern.\\nOct. 8. N. Y. The Hudson River\\nRailroad is opened between New York\\nand Albany.\\nNov. 27. New York. A catastrophe in\\na schoolhouse occurs because of a panic\\non an alarm of fire the banisters give\\nway, and 43 scholars are killed.\\nDec. 24. D. C. A part of the Capitol and\\nthe whole of the Library of Congress are\\nburned.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1851, 379,466.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "170 1851**-1852*\\nAMERICA;\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1852 Sept. 3 55 Mar. 3. Brev.-\\nCol. Robert E. Lee is superintendent\\nof the West Point Military Academy.\\nOre. First Lieut. Ulysses S. Grant\\nserves in Oregon.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1851 McCormick, the inventor of reap-\\ning-machines, receives a gold medal from\\nthe jurors of the Exhibition at London.\\nGeorge W. Flagg of Nantucket, Mass.,\\nAlfred Jones and John W. Casifear of\\nNew York City, Jasper F. Cropsey of\\nHastings-on-Hudson and T. Addison\\nRichards are elected members of the\\nNational Academy of Design.\\nNew York, The Central Park is\\nsuggested by A. J. Downing, a practical\\nartist in landscaping.\\n*N.C. Birth of Millie- Christine, the\\nnegro twins.\\nThey are wholly distinct in the upper\\nand lower parts of the body, but one in\\nthe lower part of the spinal column and\\npelvis they have four legs and four\\nSketch of Mount Washington is painted\\nby J. F. Kensett.\\nMinn. Frank B. Mayer makes valu-\\nable studies among the Dakota Indians.\\nThe Rescue is executed by Horatio\\nGreenough.\\n1852 Jan. 20. N. Y. The East River\\nis frozen over, and for a few hours many\\npersons cross on the ice from Brooklyn\\nto New York.\\nFeb. 14. Minn. John Rae, the Arctic\\nexplorer, arrives at St. Paul after a\\nvain search for relics of Sir John\\nFranklin.\\nJune* U. S. Signora Marietta Alboni,\\ncontralto singer, arrives.\\nAug. 19. Me. A desolating tornado, 40\\nmiles long and one-fourth of a mile\\nwide, visits Hancock county.\\nNov. 22. An earthquake is felt in\\nNew England.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1852*\\nApsley, Lewis D., M. C. for Mass., b. in Pa.\\nAbbey, Edwin Austin, artist, born in Pa,\\nBallou, Hosea, clergyman, founder of mod-\\nern Universalism, A81.\\nBretz, Jonn L., M. C. for Ind., born in Ind.\\nChase, Philander, P. E. bp. of 0-, A77.\\nClay, Henry, Kentucky s favorite son,\\norator, M. C, speaker, sen., sec. of state,\\nleader of Whigs, A75.\\nDowning, Andrew J., horticulturist, land-\\nscapist, A 37-\\nDrake, Daniel, physician, author, A67.\\nGadsden, Christ. E., P. E. bp. of S. C, A67.\\nGrimshaw, Win., author of school-books,\\nA72.\\nGriseom, John, c lnc:i(nr, philan., A78.\\nHall, Uriel S., M. C. for Mo., born in Mo.\\nRedding, Elijah, M. E. bp., A72.\\nHopper, Isaac Taleni. emancipationist, A81.\\nIkirt, George P., M. C. for O., born in O.\\nKingsley, James Luce, prof, in Yale, A74.\\nLawrence, Amos, merchant, patron of col-\\nleges, A77.\\nLoudenslager, H. C, M. C. for N. J., b. N. J.\\nMatthews, 1-irander, author, dram., b. in La.\\nMcGann, Lawrence E., M. C. for 111., b. Ire.\\nMorrow, Jeremiah, Got., sen. for O., A87.\\nNorton, Andrews, theolog. in Harvard, A76.\\nPayne, John Howard, actor, poet {Home,\\nSweet Home), AfiO.\\nRobertson, sani l M M Member of Congress\\nfor Louisiana, h. in La.\\nRush, Henry Welles, M. C. for Md.,b. inMd.\\nRussell, Cbas. A.,.\\\\I. C. for Conn., b. in Mass.\\nRantoul, Robert, Jr., sen. for Mass., A47.\\nRogers, James Illvthe, chemist, A50.\\nReed, Itoland, actor, born in Pa.\\nSergeant, John, jun., M. C. for Pa., A73.\\nStuart. Moses, philologist, prof, at An-\\ndover, A72.\\nTaylor, Arthur II., M. C. for Ind.. b. in Can.\\nVamlcrlyn, John, historical painter, A76.\\nVan Rensselaer, Solomon, gen., M. C. for\\nN. Y., A75.\\nVan Voorhis, Henry C, M. C. for 0., b. in O.\\nWagner, riving P., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.\\nWare, William, novelist, A55.\\nWebster, Daniel, born in N. H., lawyer,\\nfirst of Am. orators and statesmen, M. C.\\nfor Mass., sen., sec. of state, A70.\\nCHURCH.\\n1851 Ind. The (N. S.) Presbyterian\\nSynod of Wabash is organized.\\nIII. The General Synod (Evangelical\\nLutheran) of Northern Illinois is orga-\\nnized.\\nMo. The General Assembly (O. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at St. Louis Edw.\\nP. Humphrey, moderator.\\nMinn. The first Congregational\\nChurch is formed at Minneapolis.\\nN.Y. The General Assembly (N. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at TJtica; Albert\\nBains, moderator.\\n0. The annual convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Cincin-\\nnati; A. Campbell, moderator.\\nTex. The Texas Synod (Evangelical\\nLutheran) is organized.\\nTex. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof Texas is organized.\\nWis. The (0. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof Wisconsin is organized.\\n1852 May* -June 1. Boston. The Gen-\\neral Conference (Methodist Episcopal)\\nis held.\\nLevi Scott, Matthew Simpson, Osmon\\nC. Baker, and Edward R. Ames are or-\\ndained bishops.\\nThe Cincinnati, Kentucky, Northwest\\nIndiana, Oregon, Southeastern Indiana,\\nSouthern Illinois, and Wyoming confer-\\nences are formed.\\nMay 7. 0. The Western Unitarian Con-\\nference is organized at Cincinnati.\\nJune 9. Phila. The General Conven-\\ntion of the Hew Jerusalem meets.\\nJune 24. O. The Congregational Asso-\\nciation of Ohio is organized.\\nJune 30. New York. The Young Men* s\\nChristian Association is established.\\nJune N. Y. The General Synod (Re-\\nformed) meets at Williamsburg Gus-\\ntavus Abeel, president.\\n!Nov. 10. New York. Jonathan Mayhew\\nWainwright is consecrated (Protestant\\nEpiscopal) provisional bishop of New\\nYork.\\n*Ark. The (0. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof Arkansas is organized.\\nla. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod of\\nIowa is organized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1851 Cal. Santa Clara College\\n(Rom. Cath.) is organized.\\nUniversity of the Pacific (Met a.\\nEpis.) is founded at College Park.\\nIII. Northwestern University\\n(Meth. Epis.) is chartered at Evanston.\\nLombard University (non-sect.) is or-\\nganized at Galesburg.\\nInd. HartsviHe University ^United\\nBreth.) is organized.\\nMississippi College (Bapt.) is orga-\\nnized at Clinton.\\nN. J. The Bordentown Female Col-\\nlege is opened.\\nO. Urbana University (New Church;\\nis organized.\\nTenn. The Mary Sharp Female\\nCollege (Bapt.), at Winchester, is or-\\nganized.\\nBethel College (Cumb. Pres.), at Mc-\\nKenzie, is organized.\\nBrownsviHe Female College (Bapt.)\\nis founded at Brownsville.\\nThe Biblical Repository and Biblio-\\ntheca Sacra appears.\\nBook of Romances, Lyrics, and Songs,\\nby Bayard Taylor, appears.\\nThe Golden Legend, by Longfellow,\\nappears.\\nHistory of the Conspiracy of Pontiac,\\nby Francis Parkman, appears.\\nThe House of Seven Gables, by Haw-\\nthorne, appears.\\nNile Notes of a Howadji, by G. W.\\nCurtis, appears.\\nKatherine Walton, by W. G. Simms,\\nappears.\\nConstructwe Democracy, by Parke\\nGodwin, appears.\\n1852 Mar. 20. Uncle Tom s Cabin, by\\nH. B. Stowe, appears in book form.\\nArk. Cane Hill CoUege (Cumber-\\nland Pres.) at Boonsborough is organ-\\nized.\\nBoston. The Ntu- England Historical\\narid Genealogical Register appears.\\nThe Public library is founded, hav-\\ning 10 branches. [453,967 vols.]\\nB.C. The United States Senate Li-\\nbrary is founded. [30,000 vols.]\\nla. Burlington CoUege (Bapt.) is\\nfounded.\\nThe Howadji in Syria, by G.W. Curtis,\\nappears.\\n*Mass. Tufts College (Univ.) is or-\\nganized at College Hill.\\nNeie York. The New York Quarterly\\nRevieio appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1851 Cal. A Vigilance Committee\\nis organized to suppress crime in a sum-\\nmary manuer in so doing it supersedes\\nthe courts.\\nLa. A riot in New Orleans rises\\nout of the Cuban expedition.\\nMe. The Democrats of the Legisla-\\nture strengthen the Maine law by an\\nenactment.\\nN. Y. The Independent Order of\\nGood Templars is organized in Central\\nNew York.\\nOhio votes an additional section\\nto the Constitution, forbidding the\\nLegislature to enact Hcense laws.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1851**1852**. 171\\nSeveral attempts are made in northern\\nStates to capture fugitive slaves for\\ntheir owners, which create intense ex-\\ncitement. Some of the fugitives are res-\\ncued by force and some with money.\\n1852 Feb. 13. New York. Horace\\nGreeley writes in the Tribune: What\\nthe temperance men demand is, not the\\nregulation of the liquor traffic, but\\nits destruction.\\nFeb. 16. O. The Homeopathic Col-\\nlege at Cleveland is attacked by a mob,\\nin consequence of the robbing of graves\\nfor anatomical subjects.\\nJune 24. D. C. The first National Ag-\\nricultural Convention convenes at\\nWashington Marshal P. Wilder, presi-\\ndent.\\nJuly 16. New York. Louis Kossuth,\\nthe Hungarian, leaves for Liverpool\\nunder the assumed name of Alexander\\nSmith.\\nJuly 20. New York. The obsequies of\\nHenry Clay are celebrated with much\\npomp business is suspended, the city\\nshrouded, and flags placed at half-mast.\\nJuly 26. New York. Irishmen attempt\\nthe rescue of Thomas Kaine from the\\nUnited States marshal he is claimed\\nby England as a fugitive from jus-\\ntice.\\nAug. The Lone Star Society is or-\\nganized.\\nIt is for the extension of national in-\\nfluence in the Western Hemisphere, and\\nfor the acquisition of Cuba and the\\nSandwich Islands.\\nNov. 26. Eng. An appeal to the women\\nof America against slavery, adopted by\\nthe Duchess of Sutherland and other\\nladies, bears the signatures of 576,000\\nEnglishwomen.\\n111. Abraham Lincoln joins the\\nSons of Temperance in Springfield.\\nO. Rutherford B. Hayes\\nLucy Ware Webb.\\nB. I. A prohibitory law i\\nby a Democratic legislature.\\nThe American Society of Civil En-\\ngineers is\\nSTATE.\\n1852 June 1-5. Md. The Democratic\\nNational Convention meets in Balti-\\nmore, and on the forty-ninth ballot nomi-\\nnates Franklin Pierce of N. H.\\nLewis Cass of Mich, and James Bu-\\nchanan of Pa. being his chief competi-\\ntors William L. Marcy of N. Y. and\\nStephen A. Douglas of 111. are promi-\\nnent William R. King of Ala. is\\nnominated for Vice- President.\\nJune 16-21. Md. The Whig National\\nConvention meets at Baltimore, and\\non the fifty-third ballot nominates Gen.\\nWinfield Scott of N. J. Millard Fill-\\nmore of N. Y. and Daniel Webster of\\nMass. are prominent candidates Wm.\\nA.Graham of N. C. is chosen for Vice-\\nPresident.\\nJune 29. D. C. Henry Clay dies.\\nJulyl. U.S. National debt $66,199,-\\n34 1.\\nAug. 11. Pa. The Free-Soil Party\\nmeets at Pittsburg, and nominates\\nJohn P. Hale of N. H. for President, and\\nGeorge W. Julian of Ind. for Vice-Pres-\\nident.\\nAug. 31. D.C. The 32d Congress:\\nthe first session closes.\\nOct. 24. Mass. Daniel Webster dies,\\nand the plans of his friends who de-\\nsired him to he an independent candi-\\ndate for the presidency fail.\\nNov. 2. U. S. 17th presidential elec-\\ntion Democrats elected.\\nPopularvote: Franklin Pierce\\n(Dem.) of N. H., 1,601,474; Winfield\\nScott Whig) of N. J., 1,380,576 John P.\\nHale (Free Dem.) of N. H., 156,149.\\nDec. 6. D. C. The 32d Congress: the\\nsecond session opens.\\nDec. 20. Congress Senate D. B. At-\\nchison of Mo. is again elected President\\npro tempore.\\nD. C. The Government has a dispute\\nwith England regarding the fisheries.\\nThe Government sends an expedition\\nto Japan under Commodore Perry\\n[who negotiates a treaty].\\nU. S. The slavery agitation is qui-\\neted by the compromise pledges of\\nboth political parties, which are re-\\ngarded as a finality.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-60 Ark. Elias S. Conway.\\n-56 Cal. John Bigler.\\n-53 N. Mex. (Ter.). Wm. C. Lane.\\n-53* Mich. Robert McClelland.\\n-54* Miss. Henry S. Foote.\\n-54 N. H. Noah Martin.\\nPa. Wm. Bigler.\\n-54 S. C. John L. Manning.\\n-56 Va. Joseph Johnson.\\n-53 Vt. Erastus Fairbanks.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1851 la. The city of Davenport is\\nincorporated.\\nLa. The steamer Brilliant explodes\\non the Mississippi, near Bayou Goula,\\nkilling 90 persons.\\nMass. Woodland Cemetery, near\\nBoston, is established.\\nN. Y. Evergreen Cemetery, on\\nLong Island, is opened.\\nO. The Wabash and Erie Canal,\\nconnecting the Ohio River at Evansville\\nwith Lake Erie at Toledo (467 miles), is\\ncompleted.\\nPa. Woodlands Cemetery, near\\nPhiladelphia, is laid out.\\nThe rate of postage is reduced\\nprepaid letters, three cents unpaid, five\\ncents and double rates for distances\\nover 3,000 miles.\\n1852 Feb. 1. O. The State House at\\nColumbus, containing valuable papers,\\nis burned.\\nFeb. 10. D. C. New York friends of\\nHenry Clay present him with a gold\\nmedal at Washington.\\nMar. 31. Boston. Tremont Temple is\\nburned.\\nApr. 2. O. An explosion on the steamer\\nBedstone, on the Ohio near Carrolton,\\nkills 20 persons.\\nApr. 3. Mo. The steamer Glencoe ex-\\nplodes her boilers at St. Louis, killing\\n83 persons.\\nApr. 9. Mo. The steamer Saluda ex-\\nplodes near Lexington, killing 100 per-\\nsons.\\nApr. Mich. The Michigan Southern\\nRailroad is completed from Monroe to\\nChicago, the first eastern railroad\\nentering Chicago.\\nMay 21. Mich. The Michigan Cen-\\ntral Railroad is opened from Detroit to\\nChicago.\\nJuly 3. Cal. A branch mint is estab-\\nlished by Congress at San Francisco.\\nJuly 5. La. The steamer St. James ex-\\nplodes on Lake Pontchartrain, near New\\nOrleans, killing 40 persons.\\nJuly 27. N. Y. Great public excite-\\nment is caused by the burning of the\\nsteamboat Henry Clay, while racing on\\nthe Hudson, near Yonkers 70 lives are\\nlost.\\nAug. 20. A night collision occurs on\\nLake Erie between the propeller Ogdens-\\nburg and the steamer Atlantic 100 per-\\nsons, chiefly Norwegians, who could not\\nunderstand directions for safety, are\\nkilled.\\nAug. 22. A flue collapses on the\\nsteamer Franklin, on the Mississippi\\nnear St. Genevieve, and kills 32 persons.\\nSept. 4. The Hudson River steamboat\\nBeindeer explodes 28 persons are\\nkilled and 20 injured.\\nOct. 3. The ship Crescent City is hoarded\\nby the Spanish Government at Havana,\\nand not allowed to land her mails or\\npassengers.\\nOct. 18. Til. The Chicago and Rock\\nIsland Railroad is opened from Chi-\\ncago to Joliet.\\nNov. 2. Cal. Three-fourths of Sacra-\\nmento is burned loss, 2,500 buildings,\\nseveral lives, and $5,000,000. Half the\\ninhabitants are without shelter.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1852, 371,603.\\nBoston. A system of telegraphic fire-\\nalarms is adopted,\\nChicago. The first through train\\nfrom the East arrives ina the Michigan\\nCentral Railroad.\\nNew York. The Anchor Line of\\nsteamers for Glasgow is established.\\nNew York. The Bible House is\\nerected by the American Bible Society\\ncost S300,000.\\nN. Y. The Lutheran Cemetery, near\\nNew York, is established.\\n0. The Cleveland, Painesville,\\nand Ashtabula Railroad is opened.\\nOre. About 10,000 emigrants arrive.\\nOre. Some half-breed Indians dis-\\ncover gold in a sand-beach, near the\\nCoquille River.\\nTenn. Elmwood Cemetery, near Mem-\\nphis, is incorporated.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "172 1852**-1853\\nAMERICA\\nARMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NAVY.\\n1853 June 21. Martin Koszta, a Hun-\\ngarian-American at Smyrna, is rescued,\\nin a summary manner from the Austri-\\nan authorities by Capt. Ingraham of the\\nSt. Louis; excitement follows in Europe\\nand America.\\nJuly 5\u00c2\u00b1. Lieut. IT. S. Grant is raised to\\nthe rank of captain U. S. A.\\nJuly 14. Japan. Com. M. C. Perry\\nsecures an interview with the Mikado,\\nwhich changes the non-intercourse pol-\\nicy of the Japanese Government.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1852* New York. Louis Lang is elected\\na member of the National Academy of\\nDesign.\\nJames W. Wallack takes Brough-\\nam s Lyceum, and calls it Wallaek s\\nTheater.\\nPhila. The manufacture of galva-\\nnized iron is introduced.\\nWellman sself top-card cotton- Btrip-\\nper is exhibited.\\nThe lens system of illuminating\\nlighthouses supersedes reflectors.\\n-54 Battle of Monmouth is painted\\nby Emanuel Leutze.\\nSpeculator is painted by F. W.\\nEdmonds.\\n1853 Jan. 4. Neio York. Capt. John\\nEricsson exhibits a vessel in which\\ncaloric, or heat, is the motive power.\\nIt sails down the bay at the rate of 14\\nmiles an hour, at a cost of 80 per cent\\nless than steam.\\nJan. 10. New York. Madam Henrietta\\nSontag, singer, first appears.\\nJan. 11. The caloric ship Ericsson\\nmakes a trial-trip on the Potomac.\\nFeb. O. The first successful steam\\nfire-engine made in this country is\\ncompleted at Cincinnati.\\nMay 31. New York. The Arctic expe-\\ndition in the Advance, under Dr. Kane,\\nsails in search of Sir John Franklin\\nand for scientific purposes expenses\\nborne jointly by the United States and\\nMoses H. Grinnell.\\nJune An expedition under command of\\nCapt. Ringgold is sent out to explore\\nroutes for vessels between San Francisco\\nand China also the whaling-grounds of\\nthe Sea of Okhotsk and Bering Strait.\\nSept. 9. N. Y. The remnant of Table\\nRock at Niagara Falls drops into the\\nabyss.\\nSept. 12. Greenland. Dr. Kane s ex-\\nploring expedition is frozen in near\\nthe coast, at the most northerly point\\never reached.\\nDec. 28. A great snowstorm begins and\\ncontinues 36 hours it blockades the New\\nEngland roads.\\nLa. The New Orleans Association of\\nScience is organized.\\nS.C. The Elliot Natural History So-\\nciety of Charleston is organized.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1863*\\nAdams, Chas. Baker, naturalist. A 39.\\nAldrJch, J. Frank, M. for III., b. in Win.\\nAppleton, Samuel, iii.-nh;iul. pliilan.. AST.\\nliartlioldt, ]C, M. for Mo.. b. in Cr-r.\\nlieauinont, William, physiologist, AS7.\\nlieck, Lewis I. ch.-mist, mineralogist, A45.\\nHell, Chas. K., M. C. for Tex., b. in Tenn.\\ni;urgess, Trislain, M. C. for K. I., AR1.\\nChapman, Nathaniel, ph\\\\siei;m, A7!(.\\nCheckering, Jonas, piano mannf., A55.\\nChilton, lloraee, sen. for Tex., b. in Tex.\\nCaldwell, Charles, phvsieian, author, Aftl.\\nDavey, Robert C, M. C. for La., b. in La.\\nDrew, John, actor, born in Pa.\\nFarrar, .John, an., prof, mathematics, A74.\\nnleaf, Simon, jurist, Harvard prof., A70.\\nHitchcock, Peter, sen, for O., A73.\\nJurkl, Sylvester, Unit, el., author, A40.\\nKing, William Rufus. 13th Vice-Pres. of\\nU. S., M. C, sen. for Ala., minister to Fr.,\\nA 67.\\nMagUlre, James C, M. C, for CaL, b. Mass.\\nMeClearv, .1. T., M. for Minn., b. in Can.\\nMurray, W., M. C. for S. C, b. in S. C.\\no Neil, .Jos. H., M. C. for Mass., b. in Pa.\\nPaine, Charles, statesman, A54.\\nHit. -hie, Byron P., M. C. for 0., born in O.\\nTalluiailu e, .laun-s, jurist, anti-slavery, M.\\nC. forN.C, A75.\\nTucker, Henry St. 0., M. C. for Va.,b. in Va.\\nUnderwood, L. M., hot., author, b. in N.C.\\nWalker, Sears Conk, astronomer, A45.\\nWhite, Stephen M., sen. for CaL, b. in CaL\\nCHURCH.\\n1852 The (0. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof the Pacific is organized.\\nThe Congregationalists of Connecti-\\ncut abrogate the Plan of Union with\\nPresbyterians.\\nD. C. The General Assembly (N. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Washington\\nWm. Adams, moderator. It appoints a\\nCommittee on Publications.\\nN.Y. The third American General\\nCongregational Convention is held\\nat Albany, consisting of a pastor and\\ndelegates from each church. It ends\\nthe Plan of Union between Congre-\\ngationalists and Presbyterians. (First\\nConvention 1637, second, 1646.)\\n0. The Progressive Friends organize\\nat Salem.\\n0. The Annual Convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Cincin-\\nnati A. Campbell, moderator.\\nPa. The Baptist Annual Meeting\\nis held in Pittsburg.\\nThe Baptists sustain work among the\\nPueblos and Navajos.\\nS. C. The General Assembly (0. S.\\nPresbyterian) is held at Charleston\\nJohn C. Lord, moderator.\\nMission work among the Chinese\\non the Pacific Coast is begun by Pres-\\nbyterians in San Francisco.\\nThe American Missionary Association\\nbegins its Chinese work in the United\\nStates. It reports 21 missionaries sta-\\ntioned among the Indians of the North-\\nwest.\\n1853 Feb. 3. Cal, The California\\nConference of the Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch holds its first session.\\nJune 8. Chicane The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nJune Phila. The General Synod (Re-\\nformed) meets Duncan Kennedy,\\npresident.\\nAug. 17. fa. The Protestant Episcopal\\nDiocese of Iowa is organized.\\nBishop Levi S.Ives (Protestant Epis-\\ncopal), a High -Churchman, is conse-\\ncrated by the Pope at Rome.\\nOct. 14. Bishop Levi S. Ives (repudi-\\nating Protestantism) is deposed.\\nOct. 17. Thomas Frederick Davis is con-\\nsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop\\nof South Carolina, and Thomas Atkin-\\nson, bishop of North Carolina.\\nOct. 28. Cal. William Ingraham Kip is\\nconsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) mis-\\nsionary bishop of California.\\nNov. 6. Cal. The first Presbyterian\\nChinese Church is organized in San\\nFrancisco.\\nThe Norwegian (Evangelical Luther-\\nan) Synod is organized.\\nCal. The Roman Catholic Arch-\\ndiocese of San Francisco is erected.\\nN. Y. The General Assembly (N.S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Buffalo D. H.\\nAllen, moderator.\\n*N.Y. The Baptist Annual Meeting\\nis held at Albany.\\nOre. The Congregational Conference\\nof Oregon is organized.\\nPa. The Progressive Friends or-\\nganize at Chester.\\nPa. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof Susquehanna is organized.\\nPhila, The General Assembly (0. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets John C. Young,\\nmoderator.\\nVa. The General Synod (Evangeli-\\ncal Lutheran) meets at Winchester.\\nFt. Lotus De Goesbriand is conse-\\ncrated first (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nBurlington.\\n*The Missionary Society of the\\nUnited Brethren in Christ is or-\\nganized.\\nRoman Catholics establish the dio-\\nceses of Burlington, Yt., Brooklyn, N.\\nY., Newark, N. J., and Covington, Ky.\\n*The American Baptist Historical\\nSociety is formed.\\nLETTERS\\n1852 0. Antioch College (non-sect.)\\nis organized at Yellow Springs.\\nBenjamin Harrison graduates at Miami\\nUniversity.\\nPa. The Westminster College\\n(United Pres.) is organized at New\\nWilmington.\\nPhila. The Pre$byteria)i Quarterly\\nReview appears.\\nSt. Joseph s College (Rom. Catb.) is\\norganized.\\nS. C. The Furman University (Bapt.)\\nis organized at Greenville.\\nTenn. The Soule College (Female)\\nis founded by Baptists at Murfreesboro.\\nThe Child s Paper is issued by the\\nAmerican Tract Society.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1852* *-1853\\n173\\nSermons on Theism, Atheism, and\\nPopular Theology, by Theodore Parker,\\nappears.\\nThe Blithedale Romance, by Haw-\\nthorne, appears.\\nAylmere; or, The Bond Man of Kent,\\nby R. T. Conrad, appears.\\nLotus Eating, by G. Yf. Curtis, ap-\\npears.\\nPotiphar Papers, by G. W. Curtis,\\nappears.\\nThe White Slave, by Richard Hil-\\ndreth, appears.\\nOutlines of Moral Science, by Archi-\\nbald Alexander, appears.\\nBoston. The Congregational Library\\nis founded.\\nCal. The Mercantile Library Asso-\\nciation Library is founded at San\\nFrancisco. [53,858 vols.]\\n1853 Conn* A large sum is added to\\nthe endowment fund of Yale College\\nby its alumni.\\nla. Central University is founded\\nby Baptists, at Pella.\\nIllinois Wesleyan University\\n(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Bloomington.\\nKy. Danville Theological Seminary\\n(Pres.) is established.\\nLa. Mt. Lebanon University\\n(Bapt.) is founded.\\nMass. Rev. James Walker is elected\\npresident of Harvard University.\\nThe Free Public Library is founded\\nat New Bedford. [48,600 vols.]\\nMo. The Christian University (Disci-\\nples of Christ) is founded at Canton.\\nWashington University (non sect.)\\nis organized at St. Louis.\\nN. C. The Rutherford College (non-\\nsect.) is organized at Rutherford.\\nNew York. The Clipper is founded.\\nFrank Leslie s Illustrated Newspaper\\nis founded.\\nPutnam s Magazine appears.\\nThe first committee on the removal\\nof Columbia College is appointed.\\nManhattan College (Rom. Cath.) is\\norganized.\\nPa. Beaver College and Musical\\nInstitute (Meth. Epis.) is founded at\\nBeaver.\\nFranklin and Marshall College\\n(Reformed) is organized at Lancaster.\\nVa. Roanoke College (Luth.) is\\norganized at Salem.\\nWis. Racine College (Prot. Epis.) is\\norganized at Racine.\\nWis. Ripon College (non-sect.) is\\norganized at Ripon.\\nThe United States Review appears.\\nAlone, by Marion Harland, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1853 May 31. New York. Dr. Kane s\\nsecond Arctic expedition sails in the\\nAdvance to seek for some trace of Dr.\\nFranklin.\\nSummer. Great sums of money are\\nraised in the Northern States for suf-\\nferers from yellow fever in the\\nSouth.\\nOct. 12. N. Y. John Morrisey and\\nYankee Sullivan have a brutal\\nencounter in the prize ring Morrisey\\nwins.\\nOct. 17. Cal. Seventy-five adventurers\\nunder Col. Wm.Walker sail from San\\nFrancisco to establish a proslavery re-\\npublic in Lower California.\\nNov. 29. Cal. Johri Mitchel, the Irish\\nexile, having escaped from Van Die-\\nmen s Land, arrives at San Francisco.\\nDec. 19. New York. A banquet is given\\nto John Mitchel by citizens.\\n*-60* Cal. Numerous murders oc-\\ncur in San Francisco, and lynch law is\\napplied to suppress crime.\\nO. Benjamin Harrison marries Caro-\\nline Lavinia Scott.\\nPa. A murderous society called\\nthe Molly Maguires (originally Buck-\\nshot), is formed among the alien miners.\\nR.I. The prohibitory law is de-\\nclared unconstitutional.\\nSTATE.\\n1853 Feb. 9. D. C. Congress counts\\nthe electoral vote.\\nVote for President Pierce, 254 Scott,\\n42; Hale, 0. Vote for Vice-President:\\nWm. R. King of Ala. (Dem.), 254 Wm.\\nA. Graham of Ala. (Whig), 42 George\\nW. Julian of Ind. (Free Dem.), 0.\\nMar. 4. B.C. The 32d Congress ends.\\nThe 14th Administration Democratic.\\nMar. 4. B.C. Franklin Fierce of N. H.\\nis inaugurated the 14th President, in the\\n17th term of the presidency Wm. R.\\nKing of Ala. is Vice-President.\\nCabinet: William L. Marcy of\\nN. Y. (State), James Guthrie of Ky.\\n(Treas Jefferson Davis of Miss.\\n(War), James C. Dobbin of N. C.\\n(Navy), Robert McClelland of Mich.\\n(Interior), James Campbell of Pa.\\n(P. M.-Gen.), Caleb Gushing of Mass.\\n(Atty.-Gen.).\\nJune 7. New York. Important changed\\nare made in the charter of New York\\nCity, restraining the municipal officers\\nin financial matters.\\nJuly 1. U.S. National debt $59,803,117.\\nJuly 14. Commodore Perry lands in\\nJapan, and delivers a letter from\\nPresident Pierce to the imperial com-\\nmissioners.\\nDec. 5. D. C. The 33d Congress\\nopens.\\nDec. D. C. Congress Senate D. R.\\nAtchison of Mo. is re-elected President\\npro tempore. House IJinn Boyd of\\nKy. is re-elected Speaker.\\nDec. 30. Mex. The Gadsden Purchase\\nis made by treaty it averts war and\\nsettles the Mexican boundary dispute.\\nThe line follows the Rio Grande from\\nits mouth to31\u00c2\u00b020 north latitude, thence\\ndue west to the 111th meridian, thence\\ndirectly to a point on the Colorado\\nRiver, 20 miles below the Gila, thence\\nup the middle of the Colorado River to\\nthe California line. Area acquired,\\n45,000 square miles the United States\\nis to pay .-#10,000,000 for the territory\\nceded.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1853 Feb. 16. Cal. The steamer In-\\ndependence is wrecked off Lower Cali-\\nfornia fire follows there are 129\\ndeaths, and the survivors suffer terribly\\non the barren shore.\\nMar. Four surveying parties, seeking a\\nrailroad route to the Pacific, are au-\\nthorized by Congress, and \u00c2\u00a7150,000 is\\nappropriated for expenses.\\nApr. 11. A steam-pipe bursts on the\\nsteamer Jenny land, when on her way\\nto San Francisco 31 persons are killed.\\nApr. 20. The steamer Ocean Wave burns\\non Lake Ontario 38 persons are killed.\\nApr. 23. 77/. A collision occurs on the\\nMichigan Central and Northern Indiana\\nrailroads near Chicago 20 persons are\\nkilled.\\nMay 6. Conn. A train on the New York\\nand New Haven Road enters an open\\ndrawbridge into the Norwalk River\\n50 persons are killed.\\nMay 26. La. Yellow fever appears in\\nNew Orleans.\\nJuly 14. New York. The Crystal Pal-\\nace, containing an exhibition of goods\\nfrom all nations, is opened by private\\nenterprise in the presence of President\\nPierce and many other dignitaries.\\nJuly 18. Me.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Can. The railroad from\\nPortland to Montreal, 290 miles long,\\nis opened.\\nSept. 4. The Galena and Chicago\\nUnion Railroad, 121 miles long, is\\nSept. 22. California has its first tele-\\ngraph line, from San Francisco to a\\npoint 8 miles nearer the sea.\\nOct. 4. Mass. The Great Republic is\\nlaunched at East Boston it is 4,000\\ntons burden, the largest merchant ves-\\nsel in the world.\\nOct. 11. New York. The Clearing\\nHouse, comprising 52 banks, goes into\\noperation.\\nNov. 9. The Washington aqueduct\\nenterprise is inaugurated President\\nPierce turns the first turf.\\nNov. N. J. The New York and Erie\\nRailroad moves its eastern terminus\\nfrom Piormont to Jersey City.\\nDec. 10. Neiv York. Harper Brothers\\npublishing house is burned out loss,\\n$1,000,000.\\nDec. 17. N. Y. The Brooklyn City Rail-\\nroad is incorporated.\\nDec. 22. New York. The new steamship\\nSan Francisco sails from port. [She is\\nwrecked in a gale, and 200 lives are\\nlost.]\\nDec. 27. New York. The mammoth\\nclipper Great Republic is burned.\\nDec. 31. U. S- Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1853, 368,645.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "174 1853**1854, Aug. 10.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1854 July 13. Capt. Hollins of the U.\\nS. sloop-of-war Cyane bombards San\\nJuan de Nicaragua, in revenge for an\\nalleged theft, and insults.\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1854 Jan. 20. 0. A tornado half a\\nmile wide nearly destroys the town of\\nBrandon.\\nFeb. 20. The most violent snow-storm\\nfor 23 years, prevails from Washington\\nnorthward.\\nMar. 18. N. T. A terrible gale at\\nAlbany unroofs 50 houses many chim-\\nneys and walls are blown down.\\nMar. 20. Ga. Two shocks of an earth-\\nquake are felt at Macon.\\nMay 1. Cnnn. A great flood sweeps the\\nConnecticut valley the river is 20k ft,\\nabove low-water mark.\\nJune 23. III. A prostrating destructive\\ncyclone visits Manteno.\\nJuly 18. III. A cyclone visits Daven-\\nport life and property are destroyed.\\nAug. 10. A tornado obstructs the Pitts-\\nburg and Cleveland Railroad.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1854*\\nAitken, David D., M. C. for Mich., b. Mich.\\nAlderson, J. D., M. C. for W. Va., b. in W. Va.\\nAshbumer, Chas. Albert, geologist, born.\\nAtherton, Alice, actor, born in O.\\nBateman, Isabel, actor, born in O.\\nBates, .Inslma. chaplain of senate, A78.\\nBird, Robert IMC., author, editor, A51.\\nCaminetti, Aiithonv, M. for Cab, b. in Cal.\\nCockran, W. Bourke, M. C. for N. Y., b. Ire.\\nCope, Thos. I men-hunt, dies in Pa.\\nI avis, John, Honest John Davis, Gov.,\\nsen. for Mass., A67.\\nEly, Richard Tbeo., politic, economist, born.\\nFithian, G. W., M. C. for 111., b. in 111.\\nGartland, R. C, bp. of Savannah, A 49.\\nGeary, Thos. J., M. C. for Cal., b. in Mass.\\nGoldzier, Julius, M. C. for 111., b. in Aus.\\nGreenhow, Robert, historical writer, A54.\\nHeiner, Daniel B., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa.\\nHinman, Clark T., fd. N western Uni., A35.\\nHoffman. David, lawyer, author, of Pa., A 70.\\nIrby, John L. M., sen. for S. C, b. in S. C.\\nJohnson, Tom L., M. C. for O., born in Ky.\\nKyle, James H., sen. for S. Dak., born in O.\\nLewis, Samuel, educationist, A55.\\nPerkins, T. H., philau., merchant, AflO.\\nPrice, Andrew, M. C. of La., born in La.\\nReed, Henry, metaphysician, author, A 46.\\nRitchie, Thos., ed. Riclnnoud Enquirer, A76.\\nShaw, Geo. B., M. C. for Wis., b. in N.Y.\\nWainwright, Jon. M., P. E. bp. of N. Y., A62.\\nWilliams, John S., M. C. for Miss., b. Tenn.\\nWoodard, Fred. A., M. C. for N. C, b. in N.C.\\nWoods, Leonard, prof, of theology, A80.\\nCHURCH.\\n1553 III. The Illinois eldership\\n(Church of God) is organized.\\nla. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof Iowa is organized.\\nNew York. The General Conven-\\ntion (Protestant Episcopal) meets.\\nNew York. The Five Points Mis-\\nsion House is erected on the site of an\\nold brewery.\\nO. The annual convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Cincin-\\nnati A. Campbell, moderator.\\n1554 Jan. 8. Thomas F. Scott (Protes-\\ntant Episcopal) is consecrated mission-\\nary bishop of Oregon and Washington.\\nMay 31. la. The Protestant Episcopal\\nDiocese of Iowa first assembles.\\nMay* Ga. The 3d General Confer-\\nence (Meth. Epis. South) meets at Col-\\nJune 1. N. Emily C. Judson, Bap-\\ntist missionary, dies at Hamilton.\\nJune 21. Me. The General Convention\\nof the New Jerusalem meets at Port-\\nland.\\nJune A Y. The General Synod die-\\nformed) meets at Hudson Mancius S.\\nHutton, president.\\nLETTERS.\\n1853 The Chapel of the Hermits, by\\nWhittier, appears.\\nPassion Flowers, by J. W. Howe, ap-\\npears.\\n**A Health Trip to the Tropin, by\\nWillis, appears.\\nHistory of England, by E. E. Hale,\\nappears.\\nMental Portraits, or Studies of Char-\\nacter, by Tuckerman, appears.\\nPoivers and Duties of Woman, by\\nHorace Mann, appears.\\nSix Months in Italy, by George S.\\nHillard, appears.\\nGeology of the Globe, by Edward\\nHitchcock, appears.\\nTheory of Politics, by Hildreth, ap-\\npears.\\n1854 Jan. 9. New York. The Astor\\nLibrary is opened.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1854 Jan. 17. Pa. Two railroad bridges\\nand crossings at Erie are destroyed by a\\nmob of women, who are afterward es-\\ncorted with banners and music.\\nJan. 18. La. JudahTourodiesatNew\\nOrleans, leaving nearly $2,000,000 to pub-\\nlic institutions.\\nConn. A prohibitory law is passed,\\nyet providing for town agents to sell\\nspirituous liquors for sacramental, chem-\\nical, mechanical, and medicinal uses.\\nMar. 6. T C. A block of marble, sent\\nby the Pope, Pius EX., for the Wash-\\nington Monument, is destroyed in the\\nnight by unknown persons.\\nApr. Mass. The Legislature incorpo-\\nrates a company to aid emigrants to\\nsettle in the new Territories especially\\nin Kansas.\\nMay 26. Boston. A great crowd of men\\nmake ineffectual attempts to rescue An-\\nthony Burns, an arrested fugitive\\nslave; the assistant sheriff is killed.\\nMay* Mass. Indignation meetings are\\nheld, and buildings draped in mourn-\\ning, on the return of Anthony Burns to\\nslavery, under the Fugitive-Slave Law.\\nJune 3. N. Y. A riot in Brooklyn is\\ncaused by opposition to street-preach-\\ning; quiet is restored by the military\\nafter many are killed or wounded.\\nJuly 13. X. Y. Opposers of street-\\npreaching create a riot at Buffalo.\\nJuly Conn. The Connecticut Legisla-\\nture incorporates an Emigrant Aid\\nAssociation.\\nJuly 29. Mo. The Platte County\\nDefense Association meets at Wes-\\nton, and declares its readiness, when\\ncalled upon by any of the citizens of\\nKansas, to remove any and all emi-\\ngrants who go there under the auspices\\nof Northern Emigrant Aid Societies.\\nAug. 3. New York. Col. Loring of Cali-\\nfornia is murdered at the St. Nicholas\\nHotel by Dr. Graham of New Orleans.\\nSTATE.\\n1853 C. S. The Know-Nothing\\nSociety (American party) springs up\\nsuddenly, proclaims its principles, [and\\nsoon disappears]\\nThe Americans shall rule America.\\nThe Union of the States. No North, no\\nSouth, no East, no West. No sectarian\\ninterference in legislation or in the\\nadministration of American law. Hos-\\ntility to the assumptions of the Pope,\\nthrough the hierarchy and priesthood,\\nin a republic. Thorough reform in the\\nnaturalization laws. Free and liberal\\neducational institutions for all sects\\nami classes, with the Bible as a text-\\nbook.\\nI). C. John A. Campbell of Ala. is\\nappointed Justice of the TJ. S. Supreme\\nCourt.\\nD. C. Jefferson Davis, Sec. of War,\\nsends out various expeditions to explore\\na railway route from the Missouri to\\nthe Pacific.\\nMex. Gen. Walker lands a filibus-\\ntering expedition in Lower California\\ntile North believes it is done in the in-\\nterest of slavery.\\nU. S. Greatpoliticalquietprevails.\\nYet the South is deeply disappointed\\nwith the political results of the Mexican\\nwar, as it gives the Free State Cali-\\nfornia and a majority of two votes in the\\nSenate to the North.\\nWashington Territory is created.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-57 Ala. John A. Winston.\\n-57 Fla. James E. Broome.\\n-57 Ga. Herschell V. Johnson.\\n-67 III. Joel A. Matteson.\\n-54 Mass. John H. Clifford.\\n-55 Me. W. G. Crosby.\\n-54 Mich. Andrew Parsons.\\n-57 Minn. Willis A. Gorman.\\n-57 Mo. Sterling Price.\\nA Mex. (Ter.). Solon Borland.\\n-55* *N. Mtx. (Ter.). David Merri-\\nwether.\\n-55 A Y. Horatio Seymour.\\n-56 O. William Medill.\\nOre. (Ter.). Joseph Lane.\\n-54 Ore. Ter.). George L. Curry.\\n-54 Francis M. Dimond.\\n-57 Tenn. Andrew Johnson.\\n-57 Tex. Edward M. Pease.\\n-54 17. John S. Robinson.\\n-57 irash. (Ter.). Isaac I. Stevens.\\n-55 Wis. Wm. A, Barstow.\\nNew York. Jacob A. Westervelt is\\nelected the 69th mayor.\\n1854 Jan. IS. Mex. William Walker,\\nthe filibuster, in the interests of sla-\\nvery, proclaims the new Republic of\\nSonora, formed of two States, Sonora\\nand Lower California.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1853 *-1854, Aug. 10. 175\\nJan\u00c2\u00b1. D. C. Congress; Senate: The\\nslavery agitation is reopened by\\nArchibald Dixon of Ky. (Dem.), who\\ngives notice that the Missouri Com-\\npromise the basis of harmony is to\\nbe repealed, and new States will be\\ngiven to slavery.\\nThe supreme want of the South is to\\ngain two Senators who will equalize the\\nvote of the Senate.\\nJan. 23. D. C. Congress Senate\\nStephen A. Douglas of 111. introduces\\nthe Kansas-Nebraska Bill, for the or-\\nganization of two new territories, and\\nthe repeal of the Missouri Compro-\\nmise.\\nThe hill permits the settlers to de-\\ncide whether the State to be organized\\nshall be a free or slave State Squat-\\nter Sovereignty\\nJan. D. C. Congress Acrimonious\\ndebates on the extension of slavery en-\\ngage the Senate for four months great\\nexcitement follows.\\nFeb. 7. D.C. Congress Senate Doug-\\nlas of 111. moves an argumentative\\namendment to the Kansas-Nebraska\\nBill.\\nIt declares the restriction of the Mis-\\nsouri Compromise inoperative and void,\\nbecause inconsistent with the principle\\nof non-intervention by Congress with\\nslavery.\\nFeb. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nagrees to the Douglas Amendment.\\nMar. 3. D.C. Congress: The Senate\\nprolongs its session and passes the Kan-\\nsas-Nebraska Bill, at five o clock in\\nthe morning. Vote, 37-14.\\nMar. 21. D. C. Congress: The House\\nrefers the Kansas-Nebraska Bill to the\\nCommittee of the Whole. Vote, 110-95.\\nMar. 31. Japan. A commercial treaty\\nwith the United States is negotiated\\nand signed by Commodore Perry.\\nApr. 20. D. C. President Pierce vetoes\\nthe bill of Miss Dix, the philanthro-\\npist, granting ten million acres of public\\nlands to be distributed among the States\\nfor the amelioration of the indigent\\ninsane.\\nApr.* Mass. The Massachusetts Emi-\\ngrant-Aid Company is organized, with\\na fixed capital limited at $5,000,000.\\nIt proposes to make Kansas a free\\nState by colonizing settlers there who\\noppose slavery.\\nMay 22. D.C. Congress: The House\\nhas its last great battle on the Kansas-\\nNebraska Bill, which finally passes.\\nVote, 35-13.\\nMay 24. Ind. The Democratic State\\nConvention pledges the Democracy to\\nsupport the Kansas -Nebraska Bill.\\nMay 25. Ind. Revolting Democrats\\nhold a Convention at Indianapolis, and\\ndenounce the Kansas-Nebraska Bill\\nas a conspiracy against humanity, and a,\\ncrime against God.\\nMay 26. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, as\\nchanged by the House. Vote, 35-13.\\nMay 30. D. C. President Pierce signs\\nthe Kansas-Nebraska Bill, which pro-\\nvides for the organization of Kansas and\\nNebraska Territories.\\n1. The slavery question is to be settled\\nby the residents (Squatter Sovereignty).\\n2. The Supreme Court is to determine\\nthe title to slaves, if appeal is taken\\nfrom the local courts. 3. The Fugitive\\nSlave Laws are to apply to the Terri-\\ntories. [The utter destruction of the\\nWhig party follows, and the Republi-\\ncan party rises.]\\nJune 5. V. S. A commercial reci-\\nprocity treaty with Great Britain is\\nsigned.\\n1. It provides for the use of the sea-\\nfisheries of the British Provinces by\\nAmericans, by enlarging the rights ac-\\ncorded them under the convention of\\n1818, and grants to British subjects fish-\\nery rights along the coast southward to\\nthe 36\u00c2\u00b0 north latitude.\\n2. It establishes a free interchange\\nbetween the British Provinces and the\\nUnited States of flour, breadstuff s, fruit,\\nfish, animals, lumber, and manufactured\\narticles.\\nJune 14. D. C. Sec. Marcy notifies the\\nDanish minister that forcible resis-\\ntance to the collection of Sound dues\\nwill not be made for one year.\\nJuly 1. U. S. National debt $42,242,-\\nJuly 6. Mich. A State Convention is\\nheld in Detroit of all anti-Nebraska\\ncitizens, irrespective of former affilia-\\ntions.\\nThe convention is the first to give\\nthe name Republican to the fusion of\\nWhigs, Free Soilers, many Know-Noth-\\nings, and some Democrats, who oppose\\nthe extension of slavery.\\nJuly 17. Kan. The first party of emi-\\ngrants is sent out by the Massachu-\\nsetts Emigrant Aid Society.\\nAug. 7. D. C. The 33d Congress: the\\nfirst session closes.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1853 *Mass. Railroads having made the\\nMiddlesex Canal useless, it is filled up.\\nMe.~Can.\u00e2\u0080\u0094N. H. Opening of the en-\\ntire lines of the Atlantic and St. Law-\\nrence, from Portland to Montreal, the\\nBaltimore and Ohio, and of the Boston,\\nConcord, and Montreal railroads.\\nN. Y. Consolidation of the Albany\\nand Schenectady, the Utica and Sche-\\nnectady, the Syracuse and Utica, the\\nAuburn and Syracuse, the Auburn and\\nRochester, the Tonawanda, and the At-\\ntica and Buffalo railroads, all together\\nforming the New York Central.\\nYellow fever scourges many South-\\nern cities 7,200 deaths in New Orleans\\nVicksburg loses one-sixth of its inhab-\\nitants.\\nThe Government sends out expeditions\\nto explore a route from the Missouri to\\nthe Pacific, for the Pacific Railroad.\\n1854 Jan. 17. Can. Detroit and Ni-\\nagara Falls are connected by the com-\\npletion of the Great Western Rail-\\nroad of Canada.\\nFeb. 1. Passengers first ride from Buf-\\nfalo to Erie and Chicago, over a track\\nof uniform gauge.\\nFeb. 23. New York. The Stonington\\nsteamer, delayed three days in the\\nice, finally arrives at her dock.\\nFeb. 24. N. Y. Two men fall from the\\nSuspension Bridge at Niagara Falls, and\\nare dashed to pieces.\\nFeb. 28. Cuba. Thesteamer.fi/acA- War-\\nrior is. seized because of a technical error\\nin her manifest, which certified that she\\nhad no cargo, while cotton was found.\\nFeb. Chicago. The water-works are\\ncompleted, supplying the city from a\\ncrib, built in the lake 600 feet from the\\nshore.\\nFeb. III. The Chicago and Rock\\nIsland Railroad is completed to the Mis-\\nsissippi, 182 miles.\\nApr.i N. Y. Cyrus W. Field secures\\nfrom the Legislature of Newfoundland\\nthe exclusive right for 50 years to land\\na marine telegraph cable.\\nApr. 11. Ind. One of the college build-\\nings of the Indiana University, at\\nBloomington, with 2,700 volumes, is de-\\nstroyed by fire.\\nApr. 15. Cal. The steamboat Secretary\\nbursts her boiler near San Francisco\\n50 persons perish.\\nApr. 16. N. Y. The ship Powhatan,\\nfrom Havre for New York, is wrecked\\nin a gale on Long Beach, near Egg Har-\\nbor 311 emigrants and the crew perish.\\nApr. 23. New York. Fifteen firemen\\nperish by the fall of a burning store on\\nBroadway.\\nApr. Cuba. The Spanish Government\\nremits the fine, but considers the seizure\\nof the Black Warrior legal.\\nMay 8. N. Y. The Cable Company\\nis organized.\\nCyrus W. Field, Peter Cooper, Moses\\nTaylor, Marshall O. Roberts, and Chan-\\ndler White organize the New York,\\nNewfoundland, and London Telegraph\\nCompany to lay a cable from America\\nto Europe.\\nMay 18. Chicago. The corner-stone of\\nthe Masonic Temple, on Dearborn\\nStreet, is laid with impressive cere-\\nmonies.\\nMay 31. Del. Three wagon-loads(ll,250\\nlbs.) of powder explode in the street\\nat Wilmington, killing several persons.\\nMay III. U. S. Grant engages in the\\nleather business with his father at\\nGalena.\\nJune 5. R. I. A mad elephant does\\nmuch damage near Providence.\\nJune 14. Mass. A fire at Worcester\\nconsumes property valued at about\\n$500,000.\\nJuly 3. N. Y. Street cars commence\\nrunning in Brooklyn.\\nJuly 4. Md. A collision occurs near\\nBaltimore, on the Susquehanna Road\\n30 persons perish.\\nJuly 5. Phila. The National Theater\\nand other edifices are burned.\\nJuly 30. N. J. A fire in Jersey City\\nburns 30 factories and other buildings.\\nAug. 1. La. Yellow fever becomes\\nepidemic in New Orleans.\\nSummer. Over 900 deaths occur in July,\\nfrom cholera, in Chicago, and 650 deaths\\nduring the summer in BrookljTi,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "176 1854, Aug. 4-1855, Sept. 13. AMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1854 Sept. 28. The U. S. sloop-of-war\\nAlbany sails from Aspinwall [and ia\\nnever heard from again].\\nJuly 31. Capt. U. S. Grant resigns his\\ncommission in the United States army.\\n1855 June 29. Nicaragua. Gen. Wm,\\nWalker, with his filibusters,* rights\\na battle at Rivas, and defeats the\\nNicaraguans.\\nSept. 3. Neb. Gen. Kearny gains a vic-\\ntory over the Sioux Indians.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1854 Aug. 27. Ky. A cyclone at Louis-\\nville demolishes a church during ser-\\nvice 25 persons are killed, 67 injured.\\nSept. 1. The asteroid Euphrosyne is\\ndiscovered by James Ferguson.\\nSept. 4. New York. Operatic perform-\\nances are produced at Castle Garden, by\\nGiulia Grisi and Signor Mario.\\nOct. 2. New York. The Academy of\\nMusic is opened with the opera of\\nNorma.\\n1855 Jan. 31. Western trains are\\nblockaded with snow [there is no\\ncommunication between St. Louis and\\nChicago for 11 days].\\nJan. Minn. The first bridge across the\\nMississippi is completed at Minneapolis.\\nMar. 8. N. Y. Opening of the railway\\nSuspension Bridge at Niagara Falls.\\nEngineer, John A. Roebling height\\nof towers, 88 feet and 78 feet length, 800\\nfeet width, 24 feet height above the\\nriver, 250 feet the 4 cables, 10 Inches in\\ndiameter, contain about 4,000 miles of\\nwire; ultimate capacity of the 4 cables,\\n12,400 tons total weight of bridge, 800\\ntons cost of construction, \u00c2\u00a7500,000.\\nMay* Arctic Sea. Dr. Kane s party\\nabandons the Advance, and starts home-\\nward in open boats.\\nMay 31. N. Y. Lieut. Hartstein, with\\nthe Arctic and Release, leaves Brooklyn\\nto find Dr. Kane in the Arctic regions.\\nAug. 6. Greenland. The boats of Dr.\\nKane s expedition arrive at the Danish\\nsettlements, having sailed 1,300 miles in\\n81 days.\\nSept. 3. New York. Mile. Rachel first\\nappears at the Metropolitan Theater.\\nSept. 13. Greenland. Lieut. Hartstein\\nfinds Dr. Kane at Lieveley.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1856*\\nBarnes, Lyman E.,M. C. for Wis., b. in Wis.\\nBeet, Theodore Konieyn, phys., author, A64.\\nBrown, Thompson S., military engineer, A48.\\nCapers, William, hp. ill. E. Oh. South, Al 5.\\nColquitt, Walter T., sen. for la., A56.\\nCone, Spencer II., l .apt. el., of N.Y., A70.\\nDownes, -John, commodore U. S. navy, A69.\\nFolsom, J. L., U. S. A., discoverer of gold in\\nCal., A39.\\nHammond, J. D., M. C. for N. Y., judge, A77.\\nHaworth, Joseph S., artor, horn in R. I.\\nKern, Omer M., M. C. for Neb., born in Ind.\\nKettell, Samuel, editor, A55.\\nLawrence, Abbott, benefactor, diplomatist,\\nA 63.\\nSherman, Jas. S-, M. C. for N. Y-, b. in K.Y.\\nSpencer, John Canlield, M. C. for N.Y., sec.\\nof war, A 67.\\nSully, Daniel, actor, horn in Mich.\\nTawney, James A., M. C. for Minn., h. Pa.\\nWoodberry, George Edward, author, born\\nCHURCH.\\n1854 Oct. 18. Ia. Henry Washington\\nLee is consecrated (Protestant Episco-\\npal) bishop of Iowa.\\nNov. 22. N. Y. Horatio Potter is con-\\nsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) provis-\\nional bishop of New York.\\nDec. 6. P. Thomas March Clark is\\nconsecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Rhode Island.\\nIa. The German Synod (Evangelical\\nLutheran) is organized.\\nKan. A Congregational church is first\\nestablished in Kansas at Lawrence.\\n*The German Eldership (Church of\\nGod) is organized.\\nO. The Annual Convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Cincin-\\nnati A. Campbell, moderator.\\nMd. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof Baltimore is organized.\\nN. Y. The General Assembly (O. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Buffalo H. A.\\nBoardman, moderator.\\nPa. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof Allegheny is organized.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(N. S. Presbyterian) meets T. H.\\nSkinner, moderator.\\nIt organizes a church erection fund,\\nand expresses the hope that the day is\\nnot distant when a prohibitory law shall\\nbe universally adopted and enforced.\\nThe Baptist Annual Meeting\\nassembles.\\nWis. Missionary Bishop Jackson\\nKemper (Protestant Episcopal) accepts\\nthe bishopric of Wisconsin.\\nNew York. The Reformed Dutch\\nBoard of Publication is formed.\\nAlexander Duff, the Scotch mis-\\nsionary, visits the United States and\\narouses missionary zeal.\\nJohn Early, Hubbard H. Kavanaugh,\\nand Geo. F. Pierce are ordained bishops\\nof the Methodist Episcopal Church\\nSouth.\\nPacific Conference (Methodist Epis-\\ncopal South) is organized.\\n1855 June 27. Boston. The General\\nConvention of the New Jerusalem\\nmeets.\\nAug. Kan. The General Association\\n(Congregational) of Kansas is organized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1854* *Ill. Eureka College (Disciples)\\nis founded at Eureka.\\nInd. Moore s TTill College (Meth.\\nEpis.) is founded at Moore s Hill.\\n*Ky. Bethel College (Bapt.) is\\nfounded at Kussellville.\\nMinn. Hamilton University (Meth.\\nEpis.) is incorporated at Red Wing.\\nPa. Lincoln University (non-sect.)\\nis organized at Oxford.\\n*New York. The Gazette of Fashion is\\nfounded by Frank Leslie.\\nN. Y. Polytechnic Institute (non-\\nsect.) is organized at Brooklyn.\\nfc Mass. James A. Garfield enters the\\njunior class of Williams College.\\nk Pa. Pittsburg Female College\\n(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Pittsburg.\\nS. C. Greenville Female College\\n(Bapt.) is founded.\\nWofford College (Meth. Epis. S.) is\\norganized at Spartanburg.\\n*The Protestant Episcopal Quarterly\\nReview appears.\\nA Journey to Central Africa, by Bay-\\nard Taylor, appears.\\nDespotism in America, by Hildreth\\n(enlarged edition), appears.\\nFamous Persons and Places, by N. P.\\nWillis, appears.\\nPoems, by William Winter, appears.\\nPoems and Parodies, by Phoebe Cary,\\nappears.\\nPoems of the Orient, by Bayard Taylor,\\nappears.\\nThe Virginia Comedians, by J. E.\\nCooke, appears.\\nWalden, by Henry I Thoreau, ap-\\npears.\\nIntellectual Philosophy, by Francis\\nWayland, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1854 Aug. 4. A savage battle is fought\\nbetween the Sioux and the Chippewa\\nIndians.\\nNov. 7. N. Y. Myron H. Clark (Whig)\\nis elected governor on a prohibition\\nplatform.\\nA large majority of the people of the\\nNorth and a large majority of the\\npeople of the South are arrayed against\\neach other on the slavery issue, both\\nmen and women, by considerations of\\ninterest, pride, and conscience.\\nKan. A remarkable emigration\\npours into Kansas from both Northern\\nand Southern States.\\nIt aims to secure the political organ-\\nization of the State the former for\\nfreedom and the latter for slavery. Con-\\nfusion and violence, approaching an-\\narchy, soon prevail.\\nN. Y. After a long and bitter struggle\\nthe Legislature charters the first com-\\npany organized to estab lish an asylum\\nfor inebriates.\\nCal. Forgeries by Henry Meigs,\\namounting to \u00c2\u00a71,000,000, are discovered\\nin the comptroller s office at San Fran-\\ncisco.\\nCapt. U. S. Grant resigns his commis-\\nsion and becomes a farmer on a small\\nplace in Missouri.\\n1855 Mar.* and Apr. Kan. A bloody\\nelection is held.\\nApr. 21. Chicago. The military is called\\nout to suppress a riot occasioned by the\\nagitation of the license question.\\nMay 10. Ind. A mob destroys the Birch\\nCreek (Canal) reservoir.\\nJune 2. Me. Riot at Portland.\\nA crowd attempts to take possession of\\ncertain liquors held bv the city: the\\nmilitary is called out bv Mayor Neal\\nDow one man is killed and many others\\nare wounded.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1854, Aug. 4-1855, Sept. 13. 177\\nJuly 12. A mob at Jonesville\\ntakes a prisoner out of the hands of the\\nsheriff and hangs him to a tree.\\nJuly Kan, The proslavery Legislature\\nmakes it a felony to circulate anti-\\nslavery publications, or to deny the\\nright to hold slaves in the Territory.\\nAug. 6. Ky. A riot breaks out at\\nLouisville between the Americana\\n(Know-Nothings) and foreigners; several\\nare killed on both sides.\\nAug. 7. Mo. A bloody riot occurs at St.\\nLouis between the Irish and the Ameri-\\ncan party.\\nWis. A Milwaukee mob seizes a\\nprisoner named Debar, arrested, for\\nmurder, and kills him, without interfer-\\nence from two companies of militia that\\nare escorting him to prison.\\nSTATE.\\n1854 Aug. Utah. Col. Steptoe, U.S.A.,\\nis appointed governor in place of Brig-\\nham Young, who refuses to recognize\\nthe authority of the Chief Justice.\\nOct. 6. Kan. A. H. Reeder (Dem.), the\\nfirst governor, arrives.\\nOct. 13. Ft. The United States Minis-\\nters in Council, having adjourned from\\nOstend to Aix-la-Chapelle, issue the\\nOstend Manifesto.\\nThey recommend an immediate effort\\nto purchase Cuba, at $120,000,000 as a\\nmaximum price. If Spain refuses to ac-\\ncept the price, it is suggested that it may\\nbe necessary to seize the island, to pre-\\nserve the internal peace and the Union\\nof the American Republic. [The move-\\nment is fruitless of results.]\\nOct. V. S. Efforts are made to secure\\nthe annexation of the Sandwich Is-\\nlands to the United States, by negotia-\\ntion. [The death of the king of the\\nIslands defeats the effort.]\\nOct. *-Nov. Antislavery Whigs and\\nantislavery Democrats coalesce in\\nthe North by attraction, and without a\\ncommon name the Democratic party is\\ndefeated in most of the Free-State elec-\\ntions.\\nOct. III. Abraham Lincoln chal-\\nlenges Stephen A. Douglas to a joint\\ndebate in the canvass for Congress.\\nNov. 29. Kan. Armed political in-\\ntruders from Missouri take possession\\nof the polls and elect J. W. Whitfield\\nas a pro-slavery delegate to Congress.\\n(1,729 illegal votes are cast, out of a total\\nof 2,781.)\\nDec. 4. D.C. The 33d Congress: the\\nsecond session opens.\\nCongress Senate Lewis Cass of\\nMich, is elected President pro tempore.\\nDec. 5. D.C. Congress Senate Jesse\\nD. Bright of Ind. is elected President\\npro tempore.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-55 Conn. Henry Dutton.\\n-58 la. James W. Grimes.\\n-55 Kan. (Ter.). A. H. Reeder.\\n-56 La. Paul O. Hebert.\\n-55 Mass. Emory Washburn.\\n-58 Miss. John J. M Rae.\\nNeb. {Ter.). Francis Burt.\\n-55 Neb. (Ter.). T. B. Cuming.\\n-55 N. H. Nathaniel B. Baker.\\n-57 N.J. Rodman M. Price.\\nOre. (Ter.). John W. Davis.\\n-57 Ii. I. William W. Hoppin.\\n-56 S. C. James H. Adams.\\n-57 Utah {Ter.). E. J.Steptoe,U.S.A.\\n-56 Vt. Stephen Royce.\\n1855 Feb. 1. Paraguay. The United\\nStates surveying steamer Water Witch\\nis fired upon while unlawfully ascend-\\ning the Paraguay River.\\nFeb. 10. I). C. Congress approves an\\nact to secure the rights of citizenship\\nto children of American citizens who\\nare born in foreign countries.\\nFeb. 15. D. C. Congress revives the\\ngrade of lieutenant-general by brevet,\\nin the army.\\nMar. 4. D.C. The 33d Congress ends.\\nMar. 19. D. C. Congress: The inves-\\ntigating committee reports that the\\nKansas elections were carried by\\nfraud.\\nMar. 30. Kan. An election is held at\\nLawrence, to choose members for the\\nTerritorial Legislature.\\nArmed political bodies of Missouri-\\nan3 take possession of the polls, and\\nelect a pro-slavery Legislature. Of 6,218\\nvotes cast, only 1,310 of them are legal.\\n(Gov. Reeder sets the election aside and\\norders another.)\\nMay 22. Kan. Supplementary elec-\\ntions are held, by order of the Governor,\\nand the Free-State men defeat their op-\\nponents.\\nJune 5. I hila. The American (Know-\\nNothing) National Convention con-\\nvenes its managers decide to ignore\\nthe slavery question.\\nJune 11. Kan. Gov. Reeder is\\ncharged with irregularities in the\\npurchase of Indian lands.\\n[He is removed by the President, July\\n26; John L.Dawson refuses the appoint-\\nment of governor, and Daniel Woodson\\nbecomes acting governor.]\\nJune 13. O. The antislavery branch\\nof the American party (Know-Nothings)\\nmeet at Cincinnati in National Con-\\nvention.\\nJuly 1. U. S. National debt \u00c2\u00a935,586,853.\\nJuly 2. Kan. The proslavery Legis-\\nlature meets at Pawnee, organizes, ex-\\npels nine Free-State members [and ad-\\njourns to Shawnee Mission, near the\\nMissouri State line].\\nJuly 12. Mo. A convention of the\\nfriends of slavery is held at Lexington.\\nAug. 14. Kan. The Free-State men\\nhold a convention at Lawrence, repu-\\ndiate the Shawnee Mission Legislature\\nas spurious, and summon a second con-\\nvention for Sept. 5, at Big Springs.\\nSept. 7. Kan. Wilson Shannon (Dem.),\\nappointed governor by President Pierce,\\nassumes office.\\nSept. 5. Kan. The convention at Big\\nSprings nominates ex-Gov. Reeder\\nas the Free-State candidate for Con-\\ngress.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1854 Aug. 13. Ky. A powder maga-\\nzine containing 800 kegs explodes at\\nMaysville, destroying 13 houses.\\nAug. 25. N. Y. A fire at Troy burns\\nmore than 100 buildings.\\nAug. 29. N. J. A railway accident oc-\\ncurs at Burlington, between New York\\nand Philadelphia 21 persons are killed.\\nSept. 27. The steamer Arctic collides\\nwith the steamer Vesta off Cape Race,\\nand 323 lives are lost.\\nOct. 28. O. A fire rages at Cleveland\\nloss, $2,000,000.\\nNov. 1. Forty persons are killed\\nor wounded in a disaster on the Chi-\\ncago and Rock Island Railroad.\\nDec* New York. Great distress prevails\\namong the poor.\\nDec. 31. Report of accidents for the\\nyear 193 railroad accidents, 186 per-\\nsons killed, 589 wounded also, 48 steam-\\nboat accidents, killing 587 persons, and\\ninjuring 225 more.\\nImmigrants and other aliens received\\nin 1354, 427,833.\\nD. C. Congress grants a right of way\\nand a tract of land 200 feet wide, from\\nthe Mississippi River to the Pacific\\nOcean, to a telegraph company.\\nEng. The British press denounces\\nthe bombardment of Greytown by the\\nfrigate Cayne, claiming the place to be\\nunder British protection. (See Army\\nNavy, p. 174.)\\n111. The Illinois Central Railroad,\\n704 miles long, is completed.\\nN. J. The Jersey City water-works\\nare completed, taking water from the\\nPassaic River.\\nThe crinoline skirt, ascribed to the\\nEmpress Eugenie, and worn by her a few\\nmonths before the birth of Prince Napo-\\nleon, becomes fashionable with ladies.\\n1855 Jan. 1. .V. Y. Brooklyn, Wil-\\nliamsburg, and the town of Bushwick\\nare consolidated.\\nFeb. 22. The California banks sus-\\npend payment a panic follows.\\nFeb. 26. Gen. Jackson s sword is pre-\\nsented to Congress by the heirs of Gen.\\nArmstrong.\\nMar. N. Y. The Niagara Suspension\\nBridge, two miles below the Falls, is\\ncompleted.\\nMar. 14. N. Y. A train of cars first\\ncrosses the Suspension Bridge at Ni-\\nagara Falls.\\nMar. 19. Fa. An explosion occurs in\\nthe Midlothian coal-mines 45 miners\\nperish.\\nAug. 29. N. J. A train on the Camden\\nand Amboy Railroad is derailed; 21\\npersons are killed.\\nSummer. Fa. Yellow fever ravages\\nNorfolk and Portsmouth with great\\nmortality citizens become refugees.\\nSept. 5. The steamer Sierra Nevada\\nleaves New York for Nicaragua chol-\\nera carries off 95 passengers.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "178 1855, Sept. 17-1856, June 2. AMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1855* *The army consists of 1,885,216\\nmen: regulars, 11,658; militia, 1,873,553\\nnavy, 72 vessels, carrying 2,200 guns.\\n1856 May 5-21. Kan. Lawrence is be-\\nsieged by invaders from Missouri it\\nsurrenders, and many buildings are\\nburned.\\nMay 26. Kan, At Pottawatomie eight\\nmen are killed in a fight with invaders\\nfrom Missouri.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1855 Oct. 11. New York. The propeller\\nArctic and the bark Release of the Arctic\\nexpedition bring back Dr. Kane and his\\nentire party, except three who had died.\\nPhysical Geography of the Sea, by\\nLieut. Matthew F. Maury, appears.\\nThe Recording Angel, a statue, is exe-\\ncuted by Larkin G. Mead.\\nThe Pearl Diver, a statue, is executed\\nby Benjamin Paul Akers.\\n1856 Feb. 3. Kan. The mercury falls\\n30\u00c2\u00b0 below zero.\\nFeb. 10. N. Y. Very cold weather pre-\\nvails people cross between New York\\nand Brooklyn on the ice.\\nFeb. 23. 0. A freshet commences in\\nOhio several steamboats are destroyed.\\nMar. 17. New York. Miss Adelaide\\nPhillips first appears in opera.\\nApr. 13. Phila. A tornado unroofs 150\\nhouses.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1856*\\nBarton, William P. C, botanist, author, A70.\\nBerrien, John McPherson, senator for Ga.,\\natty.-gen., A75.\\nBond, Thos. K., editor, M. E. el., A64.\\nBorden, Simeon, eivil engineer, A58.\\nJJrookshire, Elijah V., M. C. for Ind., born\\nin Ind.\\nChanning, Edward T., prof, of rhetoric and\\noratory, A66.\\nClayton. John Middleton, sen. for Del.,\\nsec. of state, A60.\\nCooper, Charles M., M. C. for Fla., b. Ga.\\nCrawford, William T., M. C. for U. C, b. in\\nN. C.\\nDawson, William C, statesman, judge, A58.\\nDoughty, Thomas, hindsi-ipe painter, A63.\\nDowse, Thomas, hook collector, A84.\\nDnnphy, Edward J., M. C. for N.Y., born in\\nN.Y.\\nFinney, James B., M. E. cl., writer, A75.\\nGaul, Gilbert Spencer, painter, born in N.Y.\\nGray, Francis alley, writer, A66.\\nGray, Henrv Peters, painter, A66.\\nHaines, Charles D., M. C. for N. Y., born in\\nN.Y.\\nHarper, William Kaincv, educator, born.\\nHarris, Thaddeus Win., entomologist, A6I.\\nHentz, Caroline Lee Whiting, author, A56.\\nHines, William II., M. C. for Pa., b. N.Y.\\nHooker, Warren B., M. C. for N.Y., born in\\nN.Y.\\nLinton, William S., M. C. for Mich,, born in\\nMich.\\nLee, Henry, actor, born in New York City.\\nMelveever, Isaac, commodore U. S. N., A63.\\nMorris, Charles, commodore l T S. N., A72.\\nMoses, Charles L., M. C. for Ga., b. in Ga.\\nM unlock, James, prof, of theology, A80.\\nPereival, .lames nates, poet, A61.\\nPlxlev, Annie, actor, born in N. Y. City.\\nRobbins, Thomas, clergyman, A79.\\nRusk, Thomas J., s.-nator for Tex., A54.\\nScanlau, William J., actor, born in Mass.\\nstalliugs, Jesse F., M. C. for Ala., b. Ala.\\nStevens, Robert Livingston, inventor of\\nimprovements in steamers, A 69.\\nSweet, Willis. M. C. for Ida., horn in Vt.\\nTate, Parish C, M. C. for Ga., b. in Ga.\\nWallace, Horace P.., lawyer, essayist, A39.\\nWarren, John anatomist, editor. A78.\\nWebber, Chas. W., naturalist, author, A37.\\nCHURCH.\\n1855 The Baptist Annual\\nMeeting is held in Chicago.\\nKan. The Congregational Confer-\\nences of Kansas and Minnesota are\\norganized.\\nMo. The General Assembly (N. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at St. Louis Win.\\nC. Wisner, moderator. It provides for\\nministerial relief.\\n*N. Y. The(N.S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof Onondaga is organized.\\nTenn. The General Assembly (O. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Nashville; Na-\\nthan L. Rice, moderator. It provides\\nfor ministerial relief.\\nO. The Annual Convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Cincin-\\nnati A. Campbell, moderator.\\nMe. The Roman Catholic Diocese of\\nPortland is established.\\nO. The General Synod (Evangelical\\nLutheran) meets at Dayton.\\nThe Methodists (South) report 30 In-\\ndian missions, 2S missionaries, 4,2G4\\nmembers, 18 churches; expenditures,\\n\u00c2\u00a712,176.\\nThe Seventh-day Baptist Educa-\\ntional Society is formed.\\nThe General Synods (Evangelical\\nLutheran) of Central Pennsylvania,\\nIowa, and North Indiana are organized.\\nThe United Synod South (Evangeli-\\ncal Lutheran) of Mississippi is orga-\\nnized.\\n1S56 May l.-June 4. Ind. The Gen-\\neral Conference (Methodist Episcopal)\\nis held at Indianapolis.\\nThe Central Ohio, Germany, and\\nSwitzerland (Mission), Detroit, Kansas,\\nMinnesota, Newark, Upper Iowa, and\\nWest Wisconsin Conferences areformed.\\nJune Phila. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nLETTERS.\\n1S55 Sept. 17. Boston. The corner-\\nstone of the Public Library is laid with\\nimpressive ceremonies.\\nCat. The Pacific Advocate (Meth.\\nEpis.) is established.\\nGa. New Ebenezer College (Bapt.)\\nis founded at Cochran.\\nAbingdon College (Christian) is\\norganized at Abingdon.\\nHI. Eureka College (Disciples) is\\norganized at Eureka.\\nIII. Northwestern University\\n(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Evanstou.\\nIII. Almira College (Bapt.) is\\nfounded at Greenville.\\nHedding College (Meth. Epis.)\\nis founded at Abingdon.\\nInd. Butler University (Disciples)\\nis organized at Irvington.\\nIowa Wesleyan University (Meth.\\nEpis.) is founded at Mt. Pleasant.\\nLa. Homer College pfeth. Epis.)\\nis chartered.\\nMich, Kalamazoo College (Bapt.) is\\norganized at Kalamazoo.\\nHillsdale College (Free Bapt.) is orga-\\nnized at Hillsdale.\\nMo. The College of Christian\\nBrothers (Rom. Cath.) is organized at\\nSt. Louis.\\nWestminster College (Pres.) is or-\\nganized at Fulton.\\nN. C. Thomasville Female Col-\\nlege (Bapt.) is organized at Thomasville.\\nX. Y. Elmira College (Pres.) is or-\\nganized at Elmira.\\nNew York. Prank Leslie s Illustrirte\\nZeitung is founded.\\nO. The Western Methodist Protestant\\nis first issued.\\nTex. Baptist Female College is\\nfounded at Belton.\\nTex. St. Mary s University (Rom.\\nCath.) is organized at Galveston.\\nFairy Tales, by L. M. Alcott, appears;\\nalso Flower Fables.\\nk Hiawatha, by Longfellow, appears.\\nfc The Hidden Path, by M. Harland, ap-\\npears.\\nk Japan as it Was and Is, by Hildreth,\\nappears.\\nk Leaves of Grass, by Walt Whitman,\\nappears.\\nk The New Pastoral, by T. B. Read, ap-\\npears.\\nfc The Reign of Philip the Second, by\\nWilliam H. Prescott, appears.\\nk Poems, by P. H. Hayne, appears.\\nPoems of Home and Travel, by Bayard\\nTaylor, appears.\\nRemember Me, by Ray Palmer, ap-\\npears.\\nOat iJnors at Idlewild, by Willis, ap-\\npears.\\nStar Papers, by Beecher, appears.\\nLife of Washington, by Irving, ap-\\npears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1855 Sept. 26. Phila. The corner-stone\\nof the Masonic Hall is laid; 4,000\\nMasons march in a procession.\\nMe. The prohibitory law is re-\\nenacted by a Democratic Legislature,\\nand its penalties increased.\\nOct. 8. New York. Grand jury indict-\\nments are found against several city\\nofficials for corruption and malver-\\nsation in office.\\nWinter. New York. Many associa-\\ntions, soup-kitchens, and plans for visi-\\ntation are formed to relieve the suffer-\\ning poor.\\nR. I. A prohibitory law is passed\\nby the American (Know-Nothing\\nparty.\\nFilibustering is maintained by Gen.\\nWalker in Nicaragua, and encouraged\\nby Southerners.\\n1856 Apr. 10. New York. A company\\nof 20Smen leaves to join Gen.Walker s\\nfilibusters iu Nicaragua.\\nApr. 24. Kan. A sheriff is shot while\\nsitting in his tent.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1855, Sept. 17-1856, June 2. 179\\nMay 14. Cal. Serious disturbances by\\ncriminals are checked by a Vigilance\\nCommittee, in San Fr\\nJames P. Casey, editor of the Sunday\\nTimes, shoots and kills James King,\\neditor of the San Francisco Bulletin.\\n[Thousands of leading citizens arm and\\norganize a Vigilance Committee, which\\ntries and executes Casey they then\\nsuppress the bullies and desperadoes in-\\nfesting the city.]\\nMay 21. Kan. Lawrence is sacked\\nby border ruffians. (See State.)\\nMay 22. D. C. Preston S. Brooks, M. C.\\nfrom South Carolina, assaults Senator\\nCharles Sumner, of Massachusetts,\\nwhile sitting at his desk in the Senate\\nchamber. He fells him to the floor with\\na cane, because of an offensive anti-\\nslavery speech in the Senate. [Mr. Sum-\\nner is made an invalid for four years.]\\nSTATE.\\n1855 Sept. 19. Kan. The defrauded\\nFree-State settlers hold a third conven-\\ntion at Topeka, adopt a Free-State\\nConstitution, and nominate ex-Gov.\\nReeder (Rep.) for Congress.\\nOct. 1. Kan. The proslavery party,\\nin an election called by their Legisla-\\nture, elect John W. Whitfield for Con-\\ngress he receives more votes than the\\ncensus-tables warrant.\\nOct. 3. Kan. The proslavery party meet\\nat Leavenworth.\\nOct. 9. Kan. Ex-Gov. Reeder is elected\\nas a Free-State Representative in Con-\\ngress by 2,400 majority.\\nOct. 23.-Nov. 11. Kan. The Free-\\nSoil party declares the proslavery\\nLegislature to have been elected by\\nfraud assembling at Topeka, it\\nadopts a constitution which excludes\\nall negroes, and organizes a rival gov-\\nernment. [Discord, violence, and crime\\nabound for one year. The Kansas ques-\\ntion is made an issue in national poli-\\ntics Bleeding Kansas\\nDec. 3. D.C. The 34th Congress opens.\\nCongress House A prolonged and\\nexciting struggle over the speakership\\nensues. [Finally (Feb. 2, 133 ballot) N.\\nP. Banks (Rep.) of Mass. is elected\\nover Wm. Aiken (Dem.) of S. C. by a\\nplurality of three votes every vote for\\nBanks coining from the free States.]\\nDec. 15. Kan. The Topeka (anti-\\nslavery) Constitution is accepted by a\\npopular vote. Vote, 1,731-46.\\nU.S. Revenue from the sale of pub-\\nlic lands in 1855, \u00c2\u00a711,497,049.\\nU. S. The antislavery party becomes\\ngenerally known as the Republican\\nparty the Whig party rapidly dis-\\nappears from view.\\n*The United States decline to pay\\nSound dues to the Danish Government,\\nand the claim is settled by paying a\\ncompensation.\\n*-58 New York. Fernando Wood s\\nelected the 70th mayor.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-57 Conn, William T. Minor.\\n-59 Bel. Peter F. Cansey.\\n-56* Kan. (Ter.). Wilson Shannon.\\n-59 Ky. Charles S. Morehead.\\n-5S Mass. Henry J. Gardner.\\n-58 Mich. Kinsley S. Bingham.\\n-59 *N. C. Thomas Bragg.\\n-57 *N. H. Ralph Metcalf.\\n-58 Neb. (Ter.). Mark W. Izard.\\n-57 *N. Y. Myron H. Clark.\\nPa. James Pollock.\\n-57. Wis. Coles Bashford.\\n1856 Jan. 11. D. C. Congress; Sen-\\nate Jesse D. Bright of Ind. is re-\\nelected President pro tempore.\\nJan. 15. Kan. A Territorial election is\\nheld, a Legislature chosen, and Charles\\nRobinson (Rep.) elected governor un-\\nder the Free-State Constitution.\\nJan. U. S. Deep political excite-\\nment and solicitude prevail, both in\\nthe North and the South.\\nJan. 26. D. C. President Pierce, in a\\nspecial message to Congress, recognizes\\nthe proslavery Legislature in Kansas.\\nFeb. 11. D. C. The President by proc-\\nlamation orders the dispersion of\\narmed invaders of Kansas.\\nFeb. 22. Phila. The National Con-\\nvention of the American party\\n(Know -Nothings) nominates Millard\\nFillmore of N. Y. for President, and\\nA. J. Donelson of Tenn. for Vice-Presi-\\ndent.\\nIt virtually approves of the Fugitive-\\nSlave law and the Kansas-Nebraska\\nAct; it professes opposition to foreign\\ninfluence in national legislation.\\nMar. 4. Kan. The Legislature meets\\nat Topeka, and inaugurates Gov. Rob-\\ninson then adjourns till July 4.\\nMar. 19. D. C. Congress: The House\\nappoints a committee to investigate\\nthe Kansas troubles.\\nApr. 6. Utah. The Constitution of the\\nproposed Mormon State of Deseret is\\nadopted by a convention held at Salt\\nLake City.\\nApr. 14. Kan. The Congressional\\nCommittee begins to take testimony\\nrespecting the political situation.\\nApr. Kan. Colonel Buford arrives with\\narmed men from Georgia, Alabama,\\nand other Southern States.\\nMay 5. Kan. The grand jury of Doug-\\nlas County finds indictments for\\ntreason against Reeder, Robinson,\\nand Lane, the Free-State leaders.\\nMay 14. D. C. President Pierce re-\\nceives Father Vijil, Filibuster\\nWalker s minister from Nicaragua.\\nMay 20. D. C. Congress; Senate\\nCharles Sumner of Mass. delivers an\\nelaborate antislavery philippic, en-\\ntitled, The Crime against Kan-\\nsas, in which he comments severely\\non Senator Butler of S. C.\\nMay 21. Kan. Lawrence is sacked\\nby the posse of the U. S. marshal after\\nthe cannon and arms of the residents\\nhave been surrendered, under pledges of\\nsafety.\\nMay 22. D.C. Congress; Senate:\\nCharles Sumner is brutally assaulted\\nwith a cane in the Senate chamber.\\n(See Society.)\\nMay 26. Kan. A political fight c\\neight deaths at Pottawatomie.\\nMay 28. D. C. Diplomatic relations\\nwith Great Britain are strained be-\\ncause of diverse interpretations of the\\nClayton-Bulwer Treaty.\\nMay 29. D.C. President Pierce informs\\nCongress that he has ceased to hold\\ndiplomatic correspondence with Mr.\\nCrampton, British rninister, because\\nof his attempting to enlist citizens of\\nthe United States in the British\\nservice.\\nMay Kan. The U. S. marshal takes\\nCol. Buford s volunteers from Ala-\\nbama into Government pay, and arms\\nthem to drive out Northern men.\\nJune 2. Kan. A political fight occurs\\nat Palmyra Capt. Pate of S. C. and 30\\nmen are captured by a Free-State\\nforce. [Civil war prevails for several\\nmonths.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1855 Sept. Cholera breaks out on the\\nPacific steamer Uncle Sam; 111 deaths\\nfollow.\\nNov. 1. Mo. An excursion train breaks\\nthrough a bridge 100 miles from St.\\nLouis 20 persons are killed and many\\nare wounded.\\nDec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1855, 200,877.\\nNew York. Castle Garden ceases to\\nbe a theater, and becomes a depot for\\nreceiving immigrants.\\nBoston. The banks establish a Clear-\\ning-house.\\nN.J. Fairmount Cemetery, _ near\\nNewark, is incorporated.\\nAn explosion occurs on the steamer\\nLexington, on the Ohio, 90 miles below\\nLouisville 35 persons perish.\\n1856 Jan. 23. The steamer Pacific\\nleaves Liverpool for New York with 186\\npersons on board. [Her fate is un-\\nknown.]\\nFeb. 17. S. C. Charleston is almost de-\\nstroyed by fire.\\nFeb. 20. The packet-ship John Rutledge\\nstrikes an iceberg and founders only\\none survives out of 156 persons.\\nFeb. 22. Cal. The first railroad in\\nthe State is opened, from Sacramento to\\nFolsom, 224 miles long.\\nFeb. 26. Ice breaks up on the Missis-\\nsippi and wrecks 23 steamboats.\\nFeb. Spanish coins are driven out of\\ncirculation by Congress, and the coinage\\nof a much smaller cent is provided for.\\nMar. 15. N. J. The ferry-boat New Jer-\\nsey takes fire near Camden and becomes\\nunmanageable 50 persons perish.\\nMar. 26. Boston. The Boston and Cam-\\nbridge Street Railroad is opened.\\nApr. 7. New York. The steamship Adri-\\natic is launched the largest vessel of\\nthe kind yet built.\\nApr. 11. III. Locomotives cross the\\ngreat bridge over the Mississippi at\\nBock Island.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "180 1856, June 2-1857, Feb. 11. AMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1856 Aug. 29. Kan. A band of pro-\\nslavery men, under Capt. Reid, defeats\\nJohn Brown and the abolitionists at\\nOsawatomie.\\nTHE SIXTEENTH WAR.\\n1858 Fla. The Seminole In-\\ndian War. Men enrolled, 2,(187. Cause:\\nthe removal of a remnant of Indians to\\nthe West.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1856 July 4. New York. A statue of\\nWashington, in Union Square, is un-\\nveiled.\\nAug. 28. N. T. The Dudley Observa-\\ntory, at Albany, is inaugurated.\\nAug. Last Island, a summer resort in\\nthe Gulf of Mexico, is submerged in a\\netorm, the houses are wrecked, and 300\\npersons drowned.\\nAutumn. Destructive gales prevail on\\nthe Great Lakes 49 wrecks and more\\nthan 200 deaths. The steamer Supe-\\nrior is wrecked near Pictured Rocks.\\nConn. Condensed milk is first manu-\\nfactured at Litchfield.\\nIII. The bridge 1,582 feet long, across\\nthe Mississippi at Rock Island, is com-\\npleted.\\nN.J. The first experiments in pro-\\nducing steel by the Bessemer process\\nare tried at the Phillipsburg furnace.\\nCapt. Ericsson patents an improved\\ncaloric engine.\\nSorghum, or Chinese sugar-cane, is in-\\ntroduced.\\nThirsty Drover is painted by F. W.\\nEdmonds.\\n1857 Jan. 23-25. Severe cold prevails\\nthroughout New England.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1857*\\nAnderson, Isaa West. Pres. pioneer cl., A77.\\nBailey, Jacob Wltitiii:in, microsi-opist, A 46.\\nBirney, James G., pliilan., antislavery edi-\\ntor, of O., A 65.\\nBlake, John L., P. E. cl., author, A69.\\nBrenton, Sam l, M. E. cl., 31. C. for Ind., A47.\\nBrown, (iooM, Kranunarmn, author, A66.\\nButler, Andrew P., senator for S. C, A61.\\nCheves, Lampion, senator for S. C, A81.\\nColton, Calvin, P. E. cl., author, A68.\\nCrawford, Thomas, sculptor, A44.\\nl illon, Louise, actor, horn in Ga.\\nDnrBorow, Allan C, Jr., M. C. for 111., born\\nin Pa.\\nGallinger, Jacob H., sen. for N II., b. Can.\\nCJliddon, Ccoi ^e Unburns, Kffyptologist, A48.\\nGoodwin, Nat actor, born in Mass.\\nGriswold, Kufus Wilmot, historical writer,\\nA 42.\\nCHURCH.\\n1856 The Presbyterians establish a\\nmission among the Kickapoo Indians.\\nOct. 23. Minn. The General Associa-\\ntion (Congregational) of Minnesota is\\norganized.\\nIII. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof Chicago is organized.\\nNew York. The General Assem-\\nbly (N. S. Presbyterian) meets; L. P.\\nHickok, moderator. It condemns sla-\\nvery.\\nNew York. The General Assembly\\n(O. S. Presbyterian) meets Francis\\nMcFarland, moderator.\\nNew York. The Baptist Annual\\nMeeting assembles.\\nO. The Annual Convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Cincin-\\nnati A Campbell, moderator.\\nPhila. The General Convention\\n(Protestant Episcopal; meets.\\nThe Foreign Indian-School Mission\\nbegins practical work.\\n*The American Missionary Society\\nreports 79 missionaries in the foreign\\nfield.\\n1857 Jan. 9. III. The Roman Catholic\\nDiocese of Quincy is transferred to\\nAlton.\\nLETTERS.\\n1856 Sept. 23. N. J. The Peter Hert-\\nzog Theological Hall at Rutgers College\\nis dedicated.\\nAla. Southern University (Meth.\\nEpis.) is chartered.\\nla. Western College (U. Brethren)\\nis organized at Toledo.\\nHI. Garrett Biblical Institute (Meth.\\nEpis.) is opened at Evanston.\\nIII. Monmouth College (United\\nPres.) is organized at Monmouth.\\nKy. Daughters College (Disciples)\\nis founded at Harrodsburg.\\nMass. James A. Garfield graduates at\\nWilliams College.\\nMo. Stephens CoUege, Female\\n(Bapt.), is founded at Columbia.\\nN. C. Raleigh Christian Advocate\\n(Meth. Epis. South) is issued.\\nS. C. Newberry College (Lutheran)\\nis organized at Newberry.\\n*N. J. Seton Hall College (Rom.\\nCath.) is founded at South Orange.\\nNew York. Harper s Weekly is\\nfounded.\\n*N. Y. College of Our Lady of\\nAngels (Rom. Cath.) is organized at\\nSuspension Bridge.\\nSt. Lawrence University (Univ.)\\nis organized at Canton.\\nO. Baldwin University (Meth.\\nEpis.) is organized at Berea.\\nWis. St. Francis de Sales College\\n(Rom. Cath.) is organized at St. Francis.\\nDred A Tale of the Dismal Sicamp, by\\nH. B. Stowe, appears.\\n-67 0. The Public Library is\\nfounded at Cincinnati. [158,136 vols.]\\nThe Dutch Republic, by JohnLothrop\\nMotley, appears.\\nEnglish Traits, by Emerson, appears.\\nHistory of the United States, by George\\nTucker, appears.\\nThe Last of the Foresters, by J. E.\\nCooke, appears.\\nMarried, not Mated, by Alice Cary,\\nappears.\\nThe Poetry of the Orient, by \\\\Y. R.\\nAlger, appears.\\nPrue and I, by G. W. Curtis, appears.\\nTravels in Central Africa, by Du\\nChaillu, appears.\\nLife of Frhnont, by Joiin Bigelow,\\nappears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1856 June 5. Cal. San Francisco is\\ndeclared in a state of insurrection\\nby Gov. Johnson. (See May.)\\nJuly 8. D.C. Preston S. Brooks is\\nindicted fur assaulting Charles Sumner.\\n[lie pays the fine of $300.]\\nAug. 18. Cal. The Vigilance Com-\\nmittee in San Francisco, having accom-\\nplished its ends, disbands after a pa-\\nrade.\\nSept. 12. Md. A riot at Baltimore arises\\nbetween two bands of lawless clubs, the\\nRip Raps and the Wampa-\\nnags one man is killed and 20\\nwounded.\\nOct. 8. Md. A riot at Baltimore arises\\nbetween the Rip Raps and the\\nNew Market Fire Company.\\nNov. 4. Md. A riot in Baltimore arises\\nbetween Democrats and Know-Noth-\\nings; 8 persons are killed and 150\\nwounded.\\nNov. 27. Nicaragua. Gen. Walker,\\nwith his third company of adventurers,\\ninvades Central America by landing at\\nPunta Arenas.\\nDec. 14. D. C. Congress: The revival\\nof the slave-trade is proposed and de-\\nfeated. Vote, 1S3-5S.\\nMass. James A. Garfield graduates\\nat Williams, and returns to Ohio.\\nMe. The prohibitory Maine Law\\nis repealed, and license laws enacted.\\nN. Y. Charles B. Huntington is dis-\\ncovered to be a forger to the extent of\\nfifteen or twenty milli ons of dollars,\\nmainly used as collateral security.\\n1857 Jan. 30. New York. Dr. Harvey\\nBurdell is brutally murdered in his\\nown house in Bond Street, a fashionable\\nquarter of the city.\\n[The sensational trial of Mrs. Cunning-\\nham, his landlady (mistress) follows\\nshe escapes the penalty of her crime by\\nan irregularity in the proceedings.]\\nSTATE.\\n1856 June 2. O. The Democratic Na-\\ntional Convention assembles at Cincin-\\nnati; James Buchanan of Pa. is unani-\\nmously nominated on the 17th ballot, and\\nJohn C. Breckinridge of Ky. is nomi-\\nnated for the vice-presidency. Frank-\\nlin Pierce, Stephen A. Douglas, and\\nLewis Cass are prominent candidates.\\nJune 9. D.C. Congress; Senate:\\nCharles E. Stewart of Mich, is elected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nJune 17. Phila. The Republican\\nNational Convention assembles it\\ndenounces those twin relies of bar-\\nbarism, polygamy and slavery John\\nC. Fremont of Cal. and William L.\\nDayton of N. J. receive the presidential\\nnominations John McLean is a rival\\ncandidate for the presidency, while\\nAbraham Lincoln, Charles Sumner,\\n.fl P. Banks, and David Wilmot are\\nurged for the vice-presidency.\\nJu le 24. D.C. President Pierce recog-\\nn. zes Walker, the filibuster, as Presi-\\ndent of Nicaragua.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1856, June 2-1857, Feb. 11. 181\\nJune30. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nStephen A. Douglas proposes the ap-\\npointment of a committee of five, to\\nset things in order in Kansas.\\nJuly 1. U. S. National debt \u00c2\u00a731,972,537.\\nJuly 3. I). C. Congress The Senate\\npasses the Douglas Bill for a com-\\nmittee of five on Kansas. Vote, 33-12.\\nThe House votes to receive Kansas\\ninto the Union with the Free-State\\nConstitution.\\nJuly 4. Kan. The State Legislature\\nassembles at Topeka, and is dispersed\\nby IT. S. troops.\\nJuly 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nrejects the bill to admit Kansas.\\nJuly D. C. Congress The Investi-\\ngating Committee make a report con-\\ncerning Kansas troubles which favors\\nthe Free-State men.\\nAug. 14. Kan. Free-State men capture\\na fortified post near Lecompton Col.\\nTitus and 20 men are captured.\\nAug. 17. Kan. Gov. Shannon ex-\\nchanges the cannon taken at Law-\\nrence for Col. Titus and other prisoners.\\nAug. 18. D. C. The 34th Congress\\nthe first session closes.\\nAug. 21. D. C. The 34th Congress:\\nthe second session opens.\\nIt is called by the President to pass\\nthe Army Bill, which caused a great\\nstruggle in the first session.\\nAug. 25. Kan. Acting-Governor Wood-\\nson proclaims the Territory to be\\nin a state of rebellion.\\nAug. 29. Kan. A large proslavery\\nforce is collected at Lecompton and\\nanother at Santa Fe Osawatomie is cap-\\ntured seven men killed, many wounded,\\nseven prisoners taken, and 30 buildings\\nburned. Frederick Brown, a son of\\nJohn Brown, is among the killed.\\nAug. 30. Kan. David R. Atchison s\\n(proslavery) force, being threatened,\\nwithdraws into Missouri.\\nD. C. Congress passes the Army\\nBill without the proviso respecting\\nKansas.\\nThe 34th Congress: the second ses-\\nsion closes. (Ten days.)\\nAug. D. C. Congress: The House adds\\na provision to the Army Appropriation\\nBill, that Government troops shall not\\nbe employed to enforce the laws passed\\nby the Kansas Territorial Legislature.\\n[The Senate disapproves, and the bill\\nfails to pass during the session.]\\nSept. 1. Kan. In a municipal election\\nat Leavenworth, Missourians (chiefly)\\nkill and wound several Free-State\\nmen, burn their houses, and force about\\n150 to embark for St. Louis.\\nSept. 3. D. C. President Pierce appoints\\nJohn W. Geary to be military gov-\\nernor of Kansas Territory.\\nSept. 11. Kan. Gov. Geary arrives at\\nLecompton he releases Robinson and\\nother (Free-State) prisoners on bail, and\\nproclaims the disbanding of all hostile\\nforces.\\nSept. 15d=. Kan. Three regiments of\\nMissourians with cannon proceed to\\nattack Lawrence Gov. Geary with\\nUnited States troops interposes, and\\nthey retire.\\nSept. 17. Md. The last Whig Na-\\ntional Convention meets at Baltimore,\\nand adopts the nominees of the Ameri-\\ncan party.\\nNov. 4. The ISth presidential elec-\\ntion Democrats elected.\\nPopular Vote James Buchanan\\n(Dem.) of Pa., 1,S38,169; John C. Fre-\\nmont (Rep.) of Cal., 1,341,204; Millard\\nFillmore (American) of N. Y., 87-4,538.\\nIllinois refuses to support its Little\\nGiant, Stephen A. Douglas, and\\nelects Lyman Trumbull, a Free-Soil\\nsenator.\\nDec. 1. B.C. The 34th Congress: the\\nthird session opens.\\nDec. 15\u00c2\u00b1. Kan. Lecompton, a parti-\\nsan judge, is removed on demand of the\\ngovernor, and James C. Harrison of Ky.\\nis appointed in his place.\\nDec. 30 i. Kan. Gov. Geary reports to\\nthe President that peace and order\\nprevail in the Territory.\\nMe. Democrats repeal the Prohibitory\\nlaw.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-58 Cal. J. Neely Johnson.\\n-57 Kan. (Ter.). John W. Geary.\\n-60 La. R. C. Wickliffe.\\n-57 Me. Samuel Wells.\\n-60 0. Salmon P. Chase.\\n-58 S. C. Robert F. W. Alston.\\n-60 Va. Henry A. Wise.\\n-58 Vt. Ryland Fletcher.\\n1857 Jan. 6. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nJames M. Mason of Va. is elected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nKan. TheTopekaFree-StateLegis-\\nlature organizes the Federal marshal\\narrests its leading members as revolu-\\ntionists.\\nJan. 7. Kan. Both houses being without\\na majority, the Legislature adjourns till\\nJune.\\nJan. Utah. The Mormon digni-\\ntaries revolt, and drive officers of\\nthe Federal Government out of the\\nTerritory.\\nJan. 12. Kan. The proslavery Territo-\\nrial Legislature (declared illegal) meets\\nat Lecompton, and provides for a con-\\nvention to frame a State Constitution.\\nJan. 24. D. C. Congress modifies the\\nPolk Tariff of 1846, to diminish the\\nrevenue the average rate on duties\\nis reduced 20 per cent.\\nJan.* Kan. Gov. Geary resigns be-\\ncause the Federal Senate refuses to\\nconfirm the appointment of Judge Har-\\nrison, and thereby restores Judge Le-\\ncompton to office.\\nFeb. 11. D. C. Congress counts the\\nelectoral vote.\\nVote for President Buchanan, 174\\nFremont, 114; Fillmore, 8. Vote for\\nVice-President J. C. Breckinridge of\\nKy. (Dem.), 174; Wm. L. Dayton of\\nN. J. (Rep.), 114; A. J. Donelson of\\nTenu. (American), 8.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1856 July 7. Phila. Between 20 and\\n30 persons are drowned by the giving\\nway of a wharf on Reed Street.\\nJuly 16. Pa. Two trains come together\\nat full speed at Campbell five cars are\\nshivered and set on fire 60 persons\\nare crushed or burned, 78 wounded.\\nJuly 17. The steamer Northern Indiana\\ntakes fire on Lake Erie 40 persons\\nperish.\\nJuly 26. The steamboat Empire State\\nexplodes her boilers on Long Island\\nSound, killing and wounding several\\npersons.\\nJuly 27. N. Y. The steamer John Jay\\nis burned on Lake George several\\npersons perish.\\nJuly 29. Boston. A fire renders 80 fami-\\nlies homeless 9 lives are lost.\\nAug. 21. Conn. The Charter Oak at\\nHartford is blown down a dirge is\\nplayed at noon, and the bells are tolled\\nat sundown.\\nMass. The submarine cable is laid\\nto the main land.\\nOct. Boston. An industrial exhibi-\\ntion is opened.\\nNov. 2. The French steamer Le Lyonais\\ncollides with a sailing vessel on the\\nAtlantic both founder, and only 16\\npersons out of 132 from the steamer\\nare saved.\\nNov. 8. N. Y. A fire at Syracuse burns\\n100 buildings.\\nDec. 12. The Resohite, of the Franklin\\nexpedition, is presented to Queen Vic-\\ntoria.\\nDec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and o tv \u00c2\u00a3r\\naliens in 1856, 195,857.\\nChicago. The first wooden pavement\\nis laid on Wells Street.\\nMass. The Hoosac Tunnel, under\\nHoosac Mountain, is begun. [Completed\\nin 1873, four and three-fourths miles\\nlong.]\\nJSFeio York. The Trim an line of\\nsteamers, running to Liverpool, is estab-\\nlished.\\nThe Ocean Wave, carrying emigrants\\nfrom Rotterdam to New York, collides\\nwith a British vessel 77 persons perish.\\nFirst passage of a vessel through the\\nGreat Lakes and Welland Canal to\\nEurope.\\nGrants of land are made in Florida,\\nAlabama, ^Mississippi, Louisiana, Michi-\\ngan, and Wisconsin, to aid in construct-\\ning railroads in those States.\\nThe Chicago, Burlington, and\\nQ,uincy Railroad, connecting Chicago\\nwith the Mississippi, is completed also\\nthe Chicago and Fort Wayne, the\\nIowa extension of the Chicago and\\nRock Island, and the Penobscot and\\nKennebec.\\n1857 Jan. 5, 6. A large American ves-\\nsel\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Northern Belle is wrecked near\\nBroadstairs, England.\\n[The Government sent 21 silver medals\\nand \u00c2\u00a71,350 to be distributed among the\\nboatmen of the place who saved the\\ncrew.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "182 1857, Mar. 4-1858, Mar. 4.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1857 May* -June* Rebellion breaks\\nout in Utah; 0,000 troops are sent to\\nsupport the new governor.\\nJuly Kan. Disturbances are quelled by\\nthe United States Government actively\\naiding the proslavery party (Bleeding\\nKansas).\\nNov. Utah. Col. A. S. Johnston s army\\ngoes into winter-quarters about 100\\nmiles from Salt Lake City.\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE \u00e2\u0080\u0094NATURE.\\n1857 Aug. 21. Wis. A cyclone destroys\\nproperty in Woodland.\\nOct. 4. The asteroid Virginia is dis-\\ncovered by James Ferguson.\\nNew York, A granite shaft, in honor\\nof Maj.-Gen. Worth, U. S. A., is un-\\nveiled.\\nNew York. Work is begun on Central\\nPark.\\nMass. Watches are successfully\\nmade by machinery.\\nBackwoods of America is painted by\\nJ. F. Cropsey.\\nHigh Banks on the Genesee River is\\npainted by J. F. Kensett.\\nThe statue Vermont is executed by\\nL. G, Mead.\\nThe statue Indian Hunter is first\\nsketched out by J. Q. A. Ward.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1857\\nHamilton, James, senator for S. C M A71.\\nHubbard, Henry, senator, A73.\\nHerndon, Wm. L., of Va., naval officer, A44.\\nKane, Elisha Kent, Arctic explorer, au-\\nJO* thor, A37.\\nMacLane. Louie, sen. for Del., min. to\\nEng., sec. of treas, A71.\\nMarcy, William Learned, sen. for N. Y.,\\nGov., sec. of state, A71.\\nMartinot, Sadie, actor, horn in N. Y.\\nMeiklejolm, Geo. I)., M. C. for Neb., b.Wis.\\nMercer, David H., M. C. for Neb., b. in la.\\nMitchell, Elisha, pruf. N. C. Univ., At 4.\\nPence, Late, M. C. for Col., born in lnd.\\nRedfleld, William C, meteorologist, AtiS.\\nStevenson, Andrew, M. C. for Va., minister\\nto Eng., A73.\\nThursby, Emma, actor, born in N.Y.\\nToomey, Michael, geologist, A52.\\nCHURCH.\\n1857 May 3. Miss. Wm. H. Elder is\\nconsecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nNatchez.\\nJune 10. 0. The General Convention\\nof the New Jerusalem meets at Cin-\\ncinnati.\\nCat. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof California is organized.\\nIII. The General Synod (Evangeli-\\ncal Lutheran) of Southern Illinois is\\norganized.\\nlnd. The South Indiana Eldership\\n(Church of God) is organized.\\nlnd. The Roman Catholic Diocese of\\nFort Wayne is established.\\nKy. The General Assembly (O. S.\\nPresbyterian} meets at Lexington C.\\nVan Rensselaer, moderator.\\nBoston. The Baptist Annual Meet-\\ning assembles.\\nfc Mont. The Presbyterians (South)\\nstart a mission among the Blackfeet\\nIndians.\\nk Minn. The Protestant Episcopal Di-\\nocese of Minnesota is organized.\\nMich. The Roman Catholic Diocese of\\nMarquette is established. (Also in 1805.)\\n0. The Annual Convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Cincin-\\nnati A Campbell, moderator.\\nc 0. The District of Ohio Synod (Evan-\\ngelical Lutheran) is organized.\\nNeb.-Cal. The Congregational Con-\\nferences of Nebraska and California\\nare organized.\\nO. The General Assembly (N. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Cleveland S.\\nW. Fisher, moderator. Resolutions are\\nadopted opposing slavery.\\nPa. The General Synod (Evangeli-\\ncal Lutheran) meets at Reading.\\nPa. The Christian Indians build the\\ntown of Naln, near Bethlehem. (School-\\nhouses, chapels, and mills are soon\\nerected.)\\nThe Board of Missions of the Pres-\\nbyterian Church is now called The\\nTrustees of the Board of Domestic\\nMissions.\\nU.S. A great religious awakening\\nprevails.\\n*The Reformed (Dutch) Church with-\\ndraws from the American Board of\\nCommissioners for Foreign Missions, to\\nform a Missionary Society in the Re-\\nformed Church.\\nThe South Indiana and Texas, Ar-\\nkansas and Indian Territory Elderships\\n(Church of God) are organized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1857 May New York. Columbia Col-\\nlege is removed to a new site on 49th\\nStreet.\\nAla. Alabama Female College is\\nfounded by Baptists at Tuscaloosa.\\nBoston. The Atlantic Monthly appears.\\nGa. Bowdon College (non-sect.) is\\norganized at Bowdon.\\nla. Amity College, (non-sect.) is or-\\nganized at College Springs.\\nOct. HI. Chicago Theological Semi-\\nnary (Cong.) is opened.\\nla. Cornell College (Meth. Epis.)\\nis founded at Mt. Vernon.\\nla. Upper Iowa University (Meth.\\nEpis.) is founded at Fayette.\\nKan. Highland University (Pres.)\\nis organized at Highland.\\nKan. Baker University (M e t h.\\nEpis.) is founded at Baldwin.\\nSt. Benedict s College (Rom. Cath.)\\nis organized at Atchison.\\nKy. Eminence College (Christian)\\nis organized at Eminence.\\nlnd. Bock Hill College (Rom. Cath.)\\nis organized at Ellicott City.\\nIII. The Northwestern University\\nLibrary is founded at Evanston. [25,000\\nvols.]\\nX. Y. The Brooklyn Library is\\nfounded. [83,888 vols.]\\nMo. Central College (Meth. Epb.)\\nis organized at Fayette.\\nN. C. Davenport Female College\\n(Meth. Epifl.) is founded.\\nO. Hillsborough College (Meth,\\nEpis.) is founded at Hillsborough.\\nPennsylvania State College (non-\\nsect,) is organized at State College.\\n-58 S. C. Russell s Magazine ap-\\npears at Charleston.\\nBanner of Light (Spiritualist) is first\\nissued.\\nThe Historical Magazine appears.\\nThe Bay Path, by J. G. Holland, ap-\\npears.\\nMoss Side, by Marion Harland, ap-\\npears.\\nOriental Acquaintance, by J. W. De\\nForrest, appears.\\nSylvia, or the Lost Shepherd, by T. B.\\nRead, appears.\\nTravels in Greece and Russia, by B.\\nTaylor, appears.\\nWords for the Hour, by Julia W.\\nHowe, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S57 Apr. 29.+ Md. A strike begins\\non the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad\\nlater the troops are called out to sup-\\npress interference of strikers with the\\ntrains many are killed and wounded.\\nJune 16. New York. A riot breaks out\\nin connection with the police department\\nand offices, which are claimed by two sets\\nof officials Mayor Fernando Wood\\nis arrested for assault and battery.\\nJune D. C. A riot in Washington\\noccurs between Irish and Americans.\\nJuly 4. New York. Another riot occurs.\\nIt grows out of the struggle between\\nthe mayor and the new board of police\\ncommissioners six men are killed, 100\\nwo onded.\\nSept. 18. Utah. At Mountain Meadow\\n120 men, women, and children are mas-\\nsacred by Mormons and Indians, while\\nemigrating westward; only a few chil-\\ndren are spared.\\nNov. 24. Gen. AYalker lands another\\nfilibustering expedition in Nicaragua.\\n*N. Y. William H. Armstrong, G. W.\\nP. of the Grand Division of the Sons of\\nTemperance, secures the unanimous\\nindorsement of the Grand Division to a\\nscheme for a constitutional amend-\\nment, prohibiting the liquor traffic.\\nPa. The Society of the War of 1812\\nis formed.\\nSTATE.\\n1857 Mar. 4. D. C. The 34th Con-\\ngress ends.\\nThe 15th Administration Democratic.\\nJames Buchanan of Pa. is inaugu-\\nrated the 15th President, in the ISth\\nterm of the presidency. J. C. Breck-\\ninridge of Ky. is Vice-President.\\nCabinet Lewis Cass of Mich. (State),\\nHowell Cobb of Ga. (Treas.), John B.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1857, Mar. 4-1858, Mar. 4. 188\\nFloyd of Va. (War), Isaac Toucey of\\nConn. (Navy), Jacob Thompson of\\nMiss. (Interior), Aaron V. Brown of\\nTenn. (P. M.-Gen.), and Jeremiah S.\\nBlack of Pa. (Atty.-Gen.).\\nCongress Senate James M. Mason\\nof Va. is elected President pro tempore.\\nJefferson Davis of Miss, begins his\\nsecond term in the Senate.\\nMar. 6. D. C. The Dred Scott decis-\\nion is rendered by Chief Justice Taney,\\nof the Supreme Court of the United\\nStates. Vote, 7-2. (Case of Dred Scott,\\nwho is claimed as a slave, in a free\\nState.)\\nIt decides that neither negro slaves\\nnor their descendants, whether slave or\\nfree, could become citizens under the\\nConstitution of the United States that\\nit is unconstitutional for Congress to\\ndecree freedom to any Territory. The\\ndictum of the Court declares the Mis-\\nsouri Compromise to be unconstitu-\\ntional. [It is received at the South with\\ndelight and at the North with indig-\\nnation.]\\nMar. 14. D. C. Congress Senate T.\\nJ. Rusk of Texas is elected President\\npro tempore.\\nMar. 18. D. C. Lord Napier, the\\nBritish envoy, arrives.\\nMay Kan. Robert J. Walker, the\\nnew governor, arrives.\\nJune 15. Kan. Delegates to the State\\nConvention are chosen; Free-State\\nmen ignore the call as illegal only 2,000\\nout of 10,000 votes are cast.\\nJune 16. New York. The new Metro-\\npolitan Police Law is resisted by\\nMayor Fernando Wood, and a serious\\ncollision occurs between the old and\\nthe new police forces. (See Society.)\\nJune 17. An additional treaty with\\nJapan, negotiated by Townsend Harris,\\nis signed.\\nJulyl. U.S. National debt $28,699,831.\\nJuly 2. N. Y. The Court of Appeals\\ndecides that the Metropolitan Police\\nLaw is constitutional, and that the\\nold police force must accept its decision\\nand disband.\\nSept. 7. Kan. The Constitutional Con-\\nvention meets at Lecompton. [Adjourns\\ntill Oct.]\\nSept. 15. Utah. Brigham Young for-\\nbids a U. S. force to enter Utah, and\\ncalls out his troops. [The President re-\\nmoves Governor Young.]\\nOct. 5. Kan. The Territorial election\\nis won by Free-State men (7,600-3,700).\\nA fraudulent attempt is made to\\nchange the result by using 1,624 names\\nfrom a Cincinnati directory as the roll\\nof voters a*t Oxford, a place having\\neleven houses.\\nNov. 7. Kan. The illegal Constitu-\\ntional Convention meets, and pro-\\nvides a constitution which prohibits the\\nLegislature from making antislavery\\nlaws.\\nDec. 7. D. C. The 35th Congress\\nopens.\\nD. C. Congress; Senate: Benj.\\nFitzpatriek of Ala. is elected President\\npro tempore. House: James L. Orrof\\nS. C. is elected Speaker; he receiving\\n128 votes to 84 for Galusha A. Grow\\nof Pa.\\nDec. 9. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nStephen A. Douglas of 111. opposes\\nthe Lecompton Constitution.\\nDec. 15. D. C. Congress: The Repre-\\nsentatives first occupy their commo-\\ndious new chamber.\\nDec. 21. Kan. An election is held on\\nthe Constitution.\\nAll ballots are marked Constitution\\nwith slavery, or Constitution with\\nno slavery but no provision made to\\nvote again;? l the Constitution as a whole.\\nThe Missouri border counties (1,000 votes\\nby the census), cast 6,143 votes for the\\nConstitution and 569 votes against it,\\nFree-State men not voting. It is nomi-\\nnally adopted, with slavery.\\nU. S. The government of many\\ncities is dominated by the disorderly\\nand lawless element of the population.\\nThe Plug Uglies rule in Baltimore,\\nand visit Washington to decide the\\ncharter election; the roughs of New\\nYork, who are called Dead Rabbits,\\ncontrol Fernando Wood, the mayor\\nNew Orleans is ruled by the same class\\ntill a vigilance committee forces a noto-\\nrious mayor to resign.\\nU.S. The Republican party is\\npledged to resist the extension of sla-\\nvery into free territory it controls 11\\nStates, and contests others.\\nN. Y. The Whig Legislature, in de-\\nspair of local self-government, begins to\\ninterfere with the government of\\nNew York City.\\nThe governor is directed to appoint\\na commission to construct Central\\nPark, and another commission to con-\\ntrol the police force.\\nThe commissioners transfer the police\\ndepartment of New York from the mu-\\nnicipal authorities to those of the State,\\nand four counties are united in a police\\ndistrict.\\nThe Dred Scott decision reacts in\\nfavor of the Republicans in the North.\\nTenn. Andrew Johnson is elected\\na United States Senator.\\nUtah. Rebellion of the Mormons;\\nBrigham Young and many other Mor-\\nmon dignitaries are indicted for treason.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-61 Ala. Andrew B. Moore.\\n-58 Conn. Alex. H. Hclley.\\n-61* Fla. Madison S. Perry.\\n-65 Ga. Joseph E. Brown.\\n-61 Win. H. Bissell.\\n-61 hid. Ashbel P. Willard.\\n-58* Kan. (Ter.). Robert J. Walker.\\nMe. Hannibal Hamlin.\\n-58 Me. Joseph H. Williams.\\n-58 Minn. Samuel Medary.\\nMo. Truston Polk.\\nMo. Hancock Jackson.\\n-61 Mo. R. M. Stewart.\\n-59 N. H. William Hale.\\n-60 N. J. Wm. A. Newell.\\n-61 N. Mex. (Ter.). Abraham Ren-\\ncher.\\n-59 K. r. John A. King.\\n-59 R. I. Elisha Dyer.\\n-59 Tex. H. G. Runnels.\\n-61 U.. (Ter.). Alford Cummings.\\nWash. (Ter.). J. P. Anderson.\\n-61* Wash.(Ter.). Fayette M Mullen.\\n-61 Wis. Alex. W. Randall.\\n1858 Jan. 4. Kan. An election of\\nState officers is held under the Con-\\nstitution also, by act of Legislature,\\nthe Lecompton Constitution itself\\nis submitted to the popular vote it is\\nrejected by 10,206 votes.\\nFeb. 2. D. C. President Buchanan s\\nmessage to Congress declares, Kan-\\nsas is at this moment as much a slave\\nState as South Carolina.\\nMar. 4. B.C. Congress; Senate Sen-\\nators from the South indulge in extrava-\\ngant predictions.\\nJ. H. Hammond of S. C. declares\\nin the Senate Without firing a gun,\\nwithout drawing a sword, should the\\nNorth make war on us no cotton\\n[would be] furnished for three\\nyears. England would topple\\nheadlong, and carry the whole civilized\\nworld with her. No power on\\nearth dares to make war on cotton.\\nCotton is king.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1857 Apr. 15. The Milwaukee and\\nPrairie du Chien Railroad is opened.\\nMay 1. W. Va. The Parkersburg\\nbranch of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail-\\nroad is completed.\\nMay The Memphis and Charleston\\nRailroad is opened.\\nJune 25. Pa. The Pennsylvania Rail-\\nroad purchases of the State its line of\\ncanals and railroads, 353 miles long, for\\n$7,500,000.\\nJune Baltimore and St. Louis are\\ndirectly connected by rail.\\nAug. 5. The laying of the Atlantic\\ncable commences at Valentia in Ireland.\\nThe vessels employed are the Niagara\\nand Susquehanna, and the British ves-\\nsels Leopard and Agamemnon. After\\nsailing a few miles the Atlantic cable\\nbreaks, but is soon repaired.\\nAug. 11. Eng. The cable breaks after\\n300 miles have been paid out [the vessels\\nsoon return to Plymouth].\\nAug. 24. O. The failure of the Ohio\\nTrite and Trust Company is reported\\nliabilities about $7,000,000. [This fail-\\nure is the precursor of the panic]\\nSept. 12. The large steamer Central\\nAmerica is wrecked by a gale in the Gulf\\nof Mexico 152 out of 526 persons are\\nsaved by drifting 600 miles on rafts\\n\u00c2\u00a72,500,000 are sunk.\\nDec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1S57, 246,945.\\nNew York. The winners of the Amer-\\nica cup present it to the New York\\nYacht Club for a perpetual Interna-\\ntional Challenge Cup.\\nThe North German Lloyd line of\\nsteamers, running to Southampton and\\nBremen, is established.\\nThe Chicago and St. Louis Railroad\\nis completed.\\nThe road between Detroit and Tole-\\ndo is completed.\\nVa. The Virginia Central Rail-\\nroad, connecting Richmond and Jack-\\nson s River, 195 miles, is completed.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "184 1858, Mar. 13-1859, Sept. 16. AMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1858 May.* The war with the Seminoles\\nhas lasted seven years, cost the Govern-\\nment about \u00c2\u00a710,000,000, and the loss of\\n1,466 lives.\\nJune Utah. The Government sends an\\narmy against the Mormons a compro-\\nmise is entered into, and peace estab-\\nlished by Governor Cummings.\\nAn American vessel in the Paraguay\\nRiver is fired upon by a garrison the\\nU. S. Government demands an apology.\\n1S59 June 25. China. Commodore Tatt-\\nnall assists the English in an engage-\\nment with the Chinese on the river\\nPeiho.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1858 June 12. The levee ahove\\nCairo yields to the flood, and the town\\nJay, Win., jinltfe, anti-shiverv philan., A69.\\n.Jones, Anson, last president of Tex., AbO.\\nLeslie, Eliza, author, ATI.\\nPeck, .John Mason, Hapt. cl., author, A69.\\nPern-, Matt hi w ;U fn :ut h, ruliuuudore\\nU. S. N., A64.\\nPorter, William T., editor, A52.\\nQuitman, John A., gen., Gov. of Mies., M.C.,\\nA59.\\nririeh, Charles Freileriek, painter, b. N.Y.\\nWtHianis, Kleazei, elertryirtan, reputed son of\\nLouis XVI. and Mane Antoinette, ATI.\\nSept. 11. The asteroid Pandora is dis-\\ncovered by George Mary Searle.\\nCol. Gold is found at Pike s Peak\\nsilver is also discovered in Nevada. It\\nis the first discovery of pure silver\\nmetal in the United States.\\nNew York. William Hart and Arthur\\nF. Tait are elected members of the Na-\\ntional Academy of Design.\\nNew York. Mile. Piccolomini makes\\nher first appearance.\\nNew York. The corner-stone of St.\\nPatrick s Roman Catholic Cathedral is\\nlaid, with impressive ceremonies.\\nGreat floods prevail in the Southwest\\n[and later in the Upper Mississippi loss,\\n\u00c2\u00a730,000,000].\\nSt. Agnes is painted hy Rothermel.\\nBargaining is painted hy F. W.\\nEdmonds.\\n1859 July 1. Mo. Prof. Wise and\\nthree others ascend in a balloon at St.\\nLouis, and travel 1 150 miles in 19 hours\\nand 15 minutes they descend, in an ex-\\nhausted condition, in Jefferson County,\\nNew York.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1858*\\nAndrews, Ethan A., author Lat.-Eng. lead-\\ncon, A71.\\nAugur, Hezekiah. sculptor, inventor of carv-\\ning-machine, A67.\\nBartholomew, Edward S., of Conn., sculp-\\ntor, A36.\\nBenton, Thomas Hart, sen. for Mo., his-\\ntorian, A76.\\nBerry, L. W M college pres., A43.\\nCayvan, Georgia, actor, born in Me.\\nCleaveland, Parker, mineralogist, chemist,\\nA78.\\nComstock, John L., au. of school-hooks, A69.\\nCook:, Clarence, art-critic, journalist, ATI.\\nConrad, Robert T., judge, poet, A48.\\nDauvrey, Helen, actor, born in O.\\nDeane, .lames, phvsieian, geologist, A57.\\nDolliver, .Jonathan P., M. O. for la., b.W.Va.\\nDreher, Virginia, actor, born in Ky.\\nDuer, William Alex., pres. of Columbia col-\\nlege, jurist, A78.\\nEllsler, Erne, actor, horn in Pa.\\nEllsworth, Henry L., com. of patents, ACT.\\nForesti, E. Felice, prof. Columbia coll., AG5.\\nGadsden, James, of S. C, minister to Mex.\\nA77.\\nOilman, Samuel, Unit, cl., author, A67.\\nHaupt, Paul, prof, in Harvard, A75.\\nHare, Robert, physicist. A77.\\nHawkins, John Henry W.. temperance advo-\\ncate Wfishinctonian A59.\\nHerbert, Henry William (Frank Forester),\\nauthor, A51.\\nHunt, Freeman, author, editor, A54.\\nBailey, Gamaliel, editor National Era, A52.\\nBeleher, Joseph, Bapt. clergyman, A66.\\nBond, William C, astronomer, ATU.\\nBrown, John, abolitionist, anti-slavery\\nBush, George, Swedenborgian editor, A6.1.\\nBurnap, George W., Unit, el., author, AST.\\nCarnahan, James It., Pres. clergyman, prof,\\nat Princeton, A84.\\nChoate, Ruius. lawyer, orator, senator for\\nMass., A60.\\nCornish, .lohnston, M. C. for N. J., b. N. J.\\nCousins, Robert G., M. C. for la., b. la.\\nDoane, Geo. W., P. E. bishop of N. J., A60.\\nDavis, John W., statesman, A60.\\nFrost, John, teaclier, writer, A59.\\nGayle, John, lawyer, jurist, A67.\\nGould, Benj. Apthorp, leaeher, classical edi-\\ntor, A72.\\nIrving Washington, of N.Y., author, A76.\\nJames, John Angell, Cong, cl., author, A74.\\nJones, James C, Gov. sen. for Tenn., A50.\\nLeslie, Chas. R., painter in Eng., A65.\\nMann, Horace, educationist, of Mass., A63.\\nMason. John Y., of Va., sec. of navy, atty.-\\ngen., minister to France, A60.\\nMatcher, Howard, M. C. for Pa.,b.Pa.\\nNott, Abner Kingman, Bapt. cl., A25.\\nNuttalJ, Thomas, botanist, A73.\\nOlmsted, D -iiison. astronomer, geologist, A6S.\\nPrescott, WiUiam Hickling-, historian, A(j:i.\\nRichards, John, clergyman, editor, A62.\\nBobbins. Gaston A., M. C. for Ala., bom in\\nAla.\\nSedgyvick, Theodore, lawyer, author of legal\\nworks, A48.\\nTully, William, physician, author, A74.\\nTurner, Wm. Waddeii, oriental scholar, A49.\\nWalsh, Robert, author, ed. National Gazette.\\nA75.\\nCHURCH.\\n1858 Mar. 13. Ind. The General\\nAssociation (Congregational) is organ-\\nized.\\nMay 1. Tenn. The 4th General Con-\\nference (Meth. Epis. South) meets at\\nNashville.\\nMay 26. Pa. The Associate and As-\\nsociate Reformed Churches (Presby-\\nterian) are united at Pittsburg in one\\nchurch, styled The United Presbyte-\\nrian Church of North America.\\nJune 9. Boston. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nAug. 25. Pa. Samuel Bowman is con-\\nsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) assist-\\nant hishop of Pennsylvania.\\nChicago. The General Assembly\\n(N. S. Presbyterian) meets M. L. P.\\nThompson, moderator.\\nInd. The Congregational Conference\\nof Indiana is organized.\\nThe Trie nni al Convention (Congre-\\ngational) of the Northwest is formed.\\nla. The (0. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof Southern Iowa is organized.\\nLa. The General Assembly (O. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at New Orleans\\nWin. A. Scott, moderator.\\n*Mo. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod\\nof Upper Missouri is organized.\\n0. The Annual Convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Cincin-\\nnati; A. Campbell, moderator.\\nPa. The General Assembly\\n(United Presbyterian) meets at Pitts-\\nburg J. T. Pressy, moderator.\\nPhila. The Baptist Annual Meet-\\ning assembles.\\nThe Presbyterians celebrate the re-\\nunion of the Old Sides and the\\nNew Sides.\\nThe Baptist churches among the In-\\ndians are reported to number about 1500.\\nFrancis Burns, colored, is ordained\\n(Methodist Episcopal) missionary bishop\\nfor Liberia.\\nA body of antislavery Methodists se-\\ncede from the Methodist Protestant\\nChurch because of slavery, and they\\norganize the Methodist Protestant\\nChurch of the Northwestern States\\n[later, the Methodist Church].\\nThe Local Preachers National Asso-\\nciation (Methodist Episcopal) is organ-\\nized.\\n1859 June 8. Phila. The General\\nConvention of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nLETTERS.\\n1858* Conn. TheWatkinson Library\\nof Reference is founded at Hartford.\\n[34,899 vols.]\\nKy. The Southern Baptist Theologi-\\ncal Seminary is founded at Louisville.\\nN. C. Judson College (Bapt.) is\\nfounded at Henderson.\\nO. Mount Union College (Meth.\\nEpis.) is founded at Alliance.\\nNature and the Supernatural, hy Hor-\\nace Bushnell, appears.\\nAutocrat of the Breakfast Table, by O.\\nW. Holmes, appears.\\nBitter- Street, by J. G. Holland, ap-\\npears.\\nThe Courtship of Miles Standish, by\\nLongfellow, appears.\\nEuropean Acquaintance, by J. W. De\\nForrest, appears.\\nSystem of Mineralogy, hy James D.\\nDana, appears.\\nTimothy Tit comb s Letters to Young\\nPeople, by J. G. Holland, appears.\\n1859* Cat. St. Ignatius College\\n(Rom. Cath.) is organized at San Fran-\\nla. Griswold College (Prot. Epis.)\\nis organized at Davenport.\\nInd. Earlham College (Friends) is\\norganized at Richmond.\\nMich. Adrian College (Meth. Epis.)\\nis organized.\\nMick. Olivet College (non-sect.) is\\norganized at Olivet.\\nMass. The Free Public Library is\\nfounded at Worcester. [61,204 vols.]\\nMo. La Grange College (Bapt.) is\\nfounded.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1858 June 26. Utah, Col. A. S. John-\\nston s army finds Salt Lake City de-\\nserted by 30,000 Mormon citizens, who\\nhave departed southward on its approach\\nas a posse comitatus.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1858, Mar. 13-1859, Sept. 16. 185\\nAug. 5-i O. The successful laying of\\nthe Atlantic cable is celebrated with\\ncannon-tiring, bell-ringing, and general\\njubilation.\\nAug. 26. S. C. Lieut. Moffat of the U. S.\\nNavy seizes the American slave-ship\\nEcho [and brings her to Charleston].\\nSept. 1. N Y. A mob on Staten Island\\ndestroys the quarantine hospitals.\\n[Troops are sent and the people declared\\nin rebellion.]\\nOct. 29. K. Y. John Morrissey de-\\nfeats John Heenan in a revolting\\nprize-fight; they fight 11 rounds in 22\\nminutes.\\nDec. 6. Ala. Gen. Walker sails with\\nanother filibustering expedition. [It ia\\nwrecked soon afterward.]\\nO. James A. Garfield marries Lu-\\ncretia Kudolph.\\nVa. Mount Vernon is purchased by\\nthe Ladies Mount Vernon Associa-\\ntion for $200,000.\\n1859 Feb. 26. B.C. Daniel E. Sickles,\\nM. C. for New York, is acquitted for kill-\\ning Philip Barton Key, the seducer of\\nhis wife.\\nSTATE.\\n1858 Mar. 23. B.C. Congress: The\\nSenate passes the Lecompton Bill, to\\nadmit Kansas as a State, under the Le-\\ncompton Constitution. Vote, 33-25.\\nMar. 29. B.C. Congress; Senate:\\nBenj. Fitzpatrick of Ala. is elected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nApr. 1. B. C. Congress: The House re-\\njects the Lecompton Bill in favor of\\nthe Crittenden-Montgomery substitute.\\nMay 4. Fla. The last of the Seminole\\nIndians are removed from Florida.\\nMay 11. B. C. Congress admits Min-\\nnesota into the Union as the 32d State.\\nMay -i- The relations of the Republic\\nwith England are somewhat strained by\\nher persistence in the right to search\\nAmerican vessels in the West Indies,\\nin suppressing the slave-trade.\\nJune 13. U. S. A treaty with China\\nis signed at Tien-Tsin.\\nJune 14. B. C. Congress Senate\\nBenj. Fitzpatrick of Ala. is reelected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nThe 35th Congress: the first session\\ncloses.\\nJulyl. U.S. National debt \u00c2\u00a744,911,881.\\nAug. 3. Kan. An election ordered by\\nCongress again decides the fate of the\\nconstitution; it is rejected by a ma-\\njority of 9,500.\\nAug. 21.-Oct. 15. III. Abraham\\nLincoln and Stephen A. Douglas,\\nrival candidates for Congress, hold joint\\ndiscussions in their electioneering can-\\nWov. 25. Vt. The Legislature passes a\\nPersonal Liberty Bill, to secure\\nfreedom to all persons within the State,\\nespecially to prevent the operation of\\nthe Fugitive Slave Act.\\nDec. 6. B. C. The 35th Congress\\nthe second session opens.\\nColorado is first settled.\\nB. C. Nathan Clifford of Me. is\\nappointed Justice of the U. S. Supreme\\nCourt.\\nXetv York. Daniel N. Tiemann is\\nelected the 71st mayor.\\nU, S. Governors inaugurated\\n-60 Cat. John B. Weller.\\n-66 Conn. W. A. Buckingham.\\n-60 la. Ralph P. Lowe.\\nKan. (Ter.). James W. Denver.\\n-59 Ka?i.(Ter.). Samuel Medary\\n-61 Mass. Nathaniel P. Banks.\\n-61 Me. Lot M. Morrill.\\n-60 Minn. Henry H. Sibley.\\n-60* *Miss. William M l Willie.\\nNeb.(Ter.). Wm. A. Richardson.\\n-59 JVe Ter.). Sterling Morton.\\nPa. Wm. F. Packer.\\n-60 S. C. Wm. H. Gist.\\n-60 Vt. Hiland Hall.\\n1859 Jan. 4. B. C. The Senate first\\noccupies its new chamber in the north\\nwing of the Capitol. The Supreme\\nCourt occupies the old chamber.\\nJan. Kan, The Territorial Legislature\\norders that the question of calling an-\\nother convention to prepare a con-\\nstitution shall be decided by a popular\\nvote.\\nJan. 24. B. C. Congress: Senator Slidell\\nof La. presents a hill which proposes to\\nplace $30,000,000 in the hands of the\\nPresident for the purchase of Cuba.\\nFeb. 14. B. C. Congress admits Ore-\\ngon into the Union as the 33d State the\\ndomain not included in the State is\\nadded to the Territory of Washington\\nPresident Buchanan signs the bill.\\nFeb. 26. -D. C. Congress: Senator Sli-\\ndell withdraws the Cuba bill.\\nMar. 3. B.C. Congress The President,\\nby special message, saves the public\\ncredit from the dishonor of an empty\\ntreasury. Congress authorizes the issue\\nof $20,000,000 in treasury notes.\\nMar. 4. B.C. The 35th Congressends.\\nMar. 14. B. C. Joseph Holt of Ky. is\\nappointed Postmaster-General, succeed-\\ning Aaron V. Brown of Tenn.\\nMar. Kan. A new convention, to\\nframe a constitution, is ordered by a\\npopular vote; majority, 3,881.\\nMay 16. Ore. The Legislature meets in\\nspecial session for the purpose of com-\\npleting the organization of the State\\ngovernment.\\nJune 25. B. C. Congress Senate\\nBenj. Fitzpatrick of Ala. is reelected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nJuly 1. U. S. National debt $58,496,837.\\nJuly 5. Kan. A State Convention meets\\nat Wyandotte. [It prepares an anti-\\nslavery constitution, and restricts the\\nsuffrage to white male persons.\\nJuly 27. Pacific Coast. Gen. Harney\\nsends a military force to San Juan\\nIsland, near Vancouver s Island, in the\\ninterests of American pioneer settlers.\\nJuly China. Gen. Ward, the United\\nStates envoy, is not permitted to see\\nthe emperor, after going to Pekin.\\nAug.* W. Va. The Knights of the\\nGolden Circle meet at White Sulphur\\nSprings they are organized for the\\nchief purpose of extending the area of\\nslavery by conquering Central America.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1858 May 11. j\\\\r. Y. A disaster occurs\\non the New York Central Railroad at\\nUtica 8 persons are killed, 30 wounded.\\nJune 3. The steamer Pennsylvania, on\\nthe Mississippi, bursts its boilers 10\\nlives are lost.\\nJune 26. Two steamers commence to lay\\nthe Atlantic cable in mid-ocean the\\ncable parts when live miles are laid.\\nJuly 29. The third attempt to lay the\\nAtlantic cable commences in mid-ocean.\\nAug. 5. The Atlantic cable is success-\\nfully laid between Newfoundland and\\nIreland.\\nAug. 16. Queen Victoria and President\\nBuchanan send the first messages by\\nthe Atlantic cable.\\nSept. 13. The steamer Austria is burned\\nat sea 539 lives are lost.\\nOct. 5. New York. The Crystal Palace,\\nwith its contents, is burned; loss more\\nthan SI ,000,000.\\nOct. 9. Mo. The first overland mail\\narrives at St. Louis, 23 days and 4 hours\\nfrom San Francisco. (Pony express.)\\nNov. iV. Y. Aqueduct water is intro-\\nduced into Brooklyn.\\nDec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and other\\naliens in 1858, 119,501.\\nCol. The first colony of miners in\\nColorado is established on Clear Creek,\\nin Gilpin County.\\nB.C. The New Patent Office Building\\nat Washington is completed.\\nR. I. Swan Point Cemetery near\\nProvidence is incorporated.\\n1859 Feb. 27. The steamer Princess,\\nfor New Orleans, bursts her boilers, and\\n25 persons are killed and 35 wounded.\\nApr. 27 28. The ship Pomona is wrecked\\non Blackwater Bank of 419 persons on\\nboard, only 24 are saved.\\nJune, 5. O. The wheat crop throughout\\nmost of the State is destroyed by frost.\\nJune 27. Ind. A disaster occurs on\\nthe Michigan Southern Railroad near\\nSouth Bend 38 persons are killed and\\n50 wounded.\\nJune 30. N. Y. Emile G. Blondin\\ncrosses the chasm at Niagara Falls on\\na tight rope.\\nAug. 26. Pa. E. L. Drake bores through\\nthe rock at Titusville, and at the depth\\nof 71 feet strikes oil (petroleum), which\\nrises near the surface it is the first oil\\nwell.\\nSept. 16. Mo. The first overland mail\\n(Pony express) for the Pacific coast\\nleaves St. Louis. [It arrives at San\\nFrancisco Oct. 10.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "186 1859, Oct. 4-1860, June 16. AMERICA\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1859 Oct. 16 K W. Va. John Brown\\nmakes a raid into Virginia to free the\\nslaves.\\nWith 17 white men and 5 negroes he\\nsurprises and captures the United States\\narsenal at Harper s Ferry.\\nOct. 17. W.Va. The militia and Federal\\ntroops besiege John Brown.\\nOct. 18. W. Va. The armory is captured\\nby Col. R. E. Lee with 1,500 troops 12 of\\nBrown s men are killed Brown and 4\\nmen are taken prisoners.\\n1860 Jan. U. S. The militia of the\\nvarious States numbers 3,070,987.\\nThe United States Navy numbers 93\\nvessels of all kinds.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1859 Nov. 24. New York. Adelina\\nPatti makes her first appearance in\\nAmerica.\\nThe French Government voluntarily\\npresents Samuel F. B. Morse with\\n$80,000 for his invaluable services in\\nintroducing the telegraph.\\nPhoto-lithography is introduced in\\npreparing maps.\\nNew York. Charles F. Blauvelt of\\nMaryland, and James M. Hart of New\\nYork, are elected members of the Na-\\ntional Academy of Design.\\n*New York. A bronze bust of Schiller\\nis unveiled in Central Park.\\nAdirondacks is painted by J. M. Hart.\\nKaaterskill Clove is painted by S. It.\\nGifford.\\n*The group The Checker Players is\\nexecuted by John Rogers.\\nStar of Empire is painted by Eman-\\nuel Leutze.\\nVenus is painted by Thomas Page.\\n1860 Mar. 29. Conn. Charles F. Hall\\nsails from New London in the ship George\\nHenry for the Arctic regions to search\\nfor tidings of Sir John Franklin.\\nJune 3. IlL-Ia. A terrible tornado,\\nmoving at the rate of from 70 to 90 miles\\nan hour, devastates the country along\\nits path, and causes 150 deaths.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nI860*\\nAlexander, Joseph A., theologian, orientalist\\nat Princeton, A51.\\nArcher. Hell, actor, born in Pa.\\nBrett, Philip M., RefM. clenivman, A43.\\nBryan, Wm.J., M. O. for Neb., born in 111.\\nCurtis, Charles, M. C. of Kan., born in Kan.\\nDent, 1 tennis, inaj.-^-ii. U. S. A., dies.\\nDrake, Benjamin, M. E. clergyman, AGO.\\nErwin, Alex. R., clergyman M. E. Ch, South,\\nA40.\\nEspy, James P., meteorologist, author, A75.\\nPraser; Charles, painter, writer, A78.\\nGoodrich, Chauncey, clergyman, editor Web-\\nster s Dictionary, A70.\\nGoodrich, Sam. G. (Peter Parley) an., A67.\\nHouk, John C, M. C. for Tenn., b. in Tenn.\\nGray, Alonzo, author, educator, A52.\\nJesup, Thomas Siilnev, niuj.-ircn,, A72.\\nMaimer, Thomas F., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y.\\nMeLanrin, John I,., M. O. for S. C, b. S. 0.\\nMiles, Richard P., R. 0. hp. of Nashville, AG9.\\nNeumann, John N., R. C. bp. in Phila., A49.\\nOwen, David Dale, geologist, A53.\\nPaulding, James Kirke, novelist, sec. of\\nnavy, A81.\\nParker. Theodore. Unit, el., author, A50.\\nPeale, Rembrandt, portrait painter, A82.\\nPreston, Wm. C, sen. for S. C, A66.\\nRussell, Lilian, actor, born in Iowa,\\nVan Rensselaer, Cortland, I n-s. el., A52.\\nWalker. William, filibuster, A36.\\nWatson, John E., antiquary, historical writer,\\nA36.\\nWinebrenner, John, Ger. Hef d. cl. t A63.\\nCHURCH.\\n1859 Oct. 13. Alexander Gregg is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of\\nTexas, Wm. Henry Odenheimer of New\\nJersey, Gregory Thurston Bedell (assist-\\nant) of Ohio, and Henry Benjamin Whip-\\nple of Minnesota.\\nOct. 23. Ark. Henry Champlin Lay is\\nconsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) mis-\\nsionary bishop of Arkansas.\\nDel. The General Assembly (N. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Wilmington R.\\nW. Patterson, moderator.\\nHI. The Illinois Conference (Free\\nMethodist) is organized.\\nInd. The General Assembly (O. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Indianapolis\\nWm. L. Breckinridge, moderator.\\nKan.-O. The Protestant Episcopal\\ndioceses of Kansas and Southern Ohio\\nare organized.\\nNew York. The Baptist Annual\\nMeeting assembles.\\nNew York. St. Patrick s magnificent\\ncathedral (Roman Catholic) is erected.\\nN. Y. The Genesee Conference (Free\\nMethodist) is organized.\\n0. The Annual Convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Cincin-\\nnati; A. Campbell, moderator.\\nO. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Xenia Peter\\nBullions, moderator.\\nPa. The General Synod (Evangeli-\\ncal Lutheran) meets at Pittsburg.\\nThe Society for the Increase of the\\nMinistry (Protestant Episcopal) is in-\\ncorporated.\\nU. S. The American Board -with-\\ndraws from the Choctaw Indians,\\nbecause of complications respecting\\nslavery.\\nVa. The General Convention\\n(Protestant Episcopal) meets in Rich-\\nmond.\\nThe American Missionary Association\\nabandons its work among the Indians\\nof the Northwest.\\nThe Choctaw Indians are declared\\na Christian people.\\nA Church Antislavery Society is\\ninstituted for the purpose of convincing\\nAmerican churches and ministers that\\nslavery is a sin, and inducing them to\\ntake the lead in the work of its abolition.\\n1860 Feb. 15. Joseph Cruikshank\\nTalbot is consecrated (Protestant Epis-\\ncopal) missionary bishop of the North-\\nwest.\\nMay 1-June 4. N. Y. The General\\nConference (Methodist Episcopal) is\\nheld at Buffalo.\\nMay The Nebraska Conference is organ-\\nized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1859* N.C. North Carolina College\\n(Evan. Lutheran) is organized at Mt.\\npleasant.\\nTrinity College (Meth. Epie. S.) is or-\\nganized at Durham.\\nNew York. Audubon s Birds of Amer-\\nica is republished in the form of the\\noriginal edition.\\nN. Y. St. Bonaventura College\\n(Rom. Cath.) is organized at Allegany.\\nO. Willoughby College (Meth.\\nEpis.) is organized.\\nAvolio, by P. H. Hayne, appears.\\nBeulah, by A. J. E. Wilson, appears.\\nHistory of New England during the\\nStuart Dynasty, by J. G. Palfrey, ap-\\npears.\\nHome Ballads and Poems, by Whittier,\\nappears.\\nLife Thoughts, by Henry Ward\\nBeecher, appears, and Notes from Plym-\\nouth Pulpit.\\nThe Minister s Wooing, by H. B.\\nStowe, appears.\\nMoney King, by J. G. Saxe, appears.\\nSeacliff, by J. W. De Forrest, appears.\\nSicily, a Pilgrimage, by Tuckerman,\\nappears.\\nHistory of the United States, by J. H.\\nPatton, appears.\\nA quarto edition of Webster s Diction-\\nary, revised by C. A. Goodrich, appears.\\nThe Diamond Wedding, by Edmund\\nClarence Stedman, appears.\\n1860 June* New York. The World\\nis founded.\\nWheaton College (Cong.) is or-\\nganized at Wheaton.\\nAugustana College (Lutheran) is or-\\nganized at Rock Island.\\nKy. Cecilian College (Rom. Cath.)\\nis organized.\\nLouisiana State University (non-\\nsect.) is organized at Baton Rouge.\\nN. Y. St. Stephen s College (Prot.\\nEpis.) is organized at Annadale.\\nOre. McMinnville College (Bapt.)\\nis organized at McMinnville.\\nThe National Quarterly Review ap-\\npears in New York.\\nConduct in Life, by Emerson, appears.\\nIntuitions of the Mind, by James\\nMcCosh, appears.\\nThe Marble Faun, by Hawthorne, ap-\\npears.\\nMother Goose for Grown Folks, by A.\\nD. T. Whitney, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1859 Oct. 16. Va. John Brown at-\\ntempts a raid to free the slaves by\\ninciting a general uprising.\\nBrown and 22 armed men seize the\\narsenal at Harper s Ferry, and hold it as\\na place of refuge for uprising slaves.\\nTwelve insurgents and seven citizens\\nincluding the mayor, are\\nArmy, State.)\\nDec. 2. Va. John Brown, who aimed\\nto be the emancipator of the slaves of\\nAmerica, is hanged by the authorities\\nof the State as an insurrectionist.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1859, Oct. 4-1860, June 16. 1ST\\nDec. 16. Va. Jolin Brown s compan-\\nions, Cook, Coppoc, Copeland, and Green\\nare executed.\\nCal. Senator Broderick and Judge\\nTerry fight a duel Broderick is killed\\non the first fire cause, political antag-\\nonism. [Great excitement throughout\\nthe country. This tragedy reacts in\\nfavor of the Republicans.]\\nIII. TJlyssea S. Grant moves to\\nGalena, and engages in the leather trade.\\n*New York. The Athenaeum Club is\\nfounded.\\n1860 Mar. 16. Va. Stevens and Haz-\\nlett, the last of the John Brown insur-\\ngents, are executed.\\nMay 17. D. C. The Japanese embassy\\nis received by President Buchanan.\\nJune 1. U. S. Total pensioners, 11,585\\n(165 Revolutionary veterans) total an-\\nnual payment, $1,183,141.\\n*U.S. Total number of slaves, 4,002,996.\\nJune 16. Phila. The Japanese embassy\\nis received as the guests of the city.\\nSTATE.\\n1859 Oct. 4. Kan. The antislavery\\nconstitution is approved by about\\n4,900 majority at a general election.\\nOct. 16. Va. John Brown, of Kansas,\\nseizes Harper s Ferry. (See Society.)\\nNov. 2. John Brown is tried at Charles-\\ntown and convicted 5f treason, conspir-\\nacy, and murder in the first degree\\nhe is sentenced to be hanged.\\nDec. 2. If. S. A profound sensation\\nis caused by the hanging of John Brown\\nin Virginia.\\nDec. 5. D. C. The 36th Congress\\nopens.\\nPolitical classification Senate, 38\\nDemocrats out of 66 members House,\\n113 Republicans, 93 Administration Dem-\\nocrats, 8 Anti-Lecompton Democrats,\\nand 23 (Southern) Americans. (Tribune\\nAlmanac.)\\nCongress: the Senate appoints a com-\\nmittee of five (Mason, Davis, Fitch,\\nCollamer, and Doolittle), to investigate\\nthe raid of John Brown. [It is alleged\\nthat they aim to fasten the responsibil-\\nity of Brown s raid on the Republican\\nparty.]\\nDec. D. C. Congress; House A long\\ncontest ensues between the Republicans\\nand Democrats over the speakership.\\n(See Feb. 1, 1860.)\\nDec. -61 Mar.* D.C. Jefferson\\nDavis is the Democratic leader in the\\nSenate.\\nXT. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-63 Del. Win. Burton.\\n-61 Kan. (Ter.). Fred. P. Stanton.\\n-61 Ky. Beriah H. Magoffin.\\n-60 Mich. Moses Wisner.\\n-61 Neb. (Ter.). Samuel W. Black.\\n-61 *N. C. John TV. Ellis.\\n-61 N. H. Ichabod Goodwin.\\n-63 N. Y. Edwin D. Morgan.\\n-62 Ore. John Whittaker.\\n-60 R. I. Thomas G. Turner.\\n-61 Tex. Sam Houston.\\n1860 Jan. 30. D. C. Congress;\\nHouse John Sherman of O. with-\\ndraws on the 40th ballot as a (Rep.)\\ncandidate for Speaker.\\nFeb. 1. D. C. Congress House After\\na struggle of eight weeks, Wm. Pen-\\nnington of N. J. is elected the first\\nRepublican Speaker.\\nFeb. 2. D. C. Congress; Senate: Jef-\\nferson Davis of Miss, introduces seven\\nproslavery resolutions [which the Sen-\\nate adopts after three months of debate].\\nSome of them are propositions that have\\nbeen voted down by the Southern De-\\nmocracy in National Convention.\\nMar. 5. D. C. Congress: The House\\nadopts the Covode resolution for a\\ncommittee to investigate the conduct of\\nthe President.\\nMar. 12. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses a Preemption BUI for the third\\ntime it provides for giving land to\\nactual settlers at a nominal price, or\\nfree of cost. Vote, 115-65. All the nays\\nbut one come from the slave States.\\nMar. 13. N. Y. The Senate approves\\na joint temperance resolution provid-\\ning for a Constitutional Prohibitory\\nAmendment. Vote, 30-6.\\nMar. 27- Cal. The Japanese embassy\\narrives at San Francisco.\\nIt includes two ambassadors, two asso-\\nciates, ten officials, two interpreters, two\\nphysicians, and 53 servants.\\nMar. 28. D. C. President Buchanan\\nresents a proposed inquiry relative\\nto his acts.\\nApr. 23. S. C. The Democratic Na-\\ntional Convention assembles at\\nCharleston, and divides on the sla-\\nvery issue.\\nThe South demands explicit assertion\\nof the right of citizens to establish\\nslavery in the Territories, and to be\\nprotected in that right by Federal\\nauthority the Douglas men refuse to\\nindorse these demands. Vote, 165-138.\\nApr. 30. S. C. The Democratic Conven-\\ntion substitutes the Minority (Con-\\nservative) Report on the platform for\\nthat of the majority.\\nMay 3. S. C. The Democracy is dis-\\nrupted.\\nSouthern Democrats secede from the\\nConvention because a radical prosla-\\nvery platform is refused. [The remain-\\ning members, hampered by the two-thirds\\nrule, ballot 57 times, but fail to make a\\nnomination, and adjourn to meet in\\nBaltimore, on June 18.]\\nMay 9. Md. The Constitutional\\nUnion Party (chiefly members of the\\nlate American party) meets at Balti-\\nmore, and nominates John Bell of\\nTenn. and Edward Everett of Mass. for\\npresidential offices. Vote: Bell, 138;\\nHouston of Tex., 69.\\nMay 10. D. C. Congress The Senate\\npasses a substitute for the Preemption\\nBUI. Vote, 44-S. [The House refuses\\nto concur.] The House passes the\\nMorrill Tariff Bill, to increase the\\nrevenue by increasing the scale of du-\\nties. (See Mar. 2, 18C1.)\\nMay 14. D. C. The Japanese em-\\nbassy arrives.\\nMay 16. Chicago. The Republican\\nNational Convention meets.\\nMay 18. Chicago. The Convention votes\\n1st ballot: Wm. H. Seward, 173i; Abra-\\nham Lincoln, 102 Simon Cameron, 50^\\nscattering, 2d ballot Seward, 184-i\\nLincoln, 181. 3d ballot: Lincoln, 354;\\nSeward, 110\u00c2\u00a3; Wm. E. Dayton, 1 John\\nMcLean, J.\\nAbraham Tiincoln of 111. and Han-\\nnibal Hamlin of Me. are unanimously\\nnominated for presidential offices.\\nMay Wash. Boundary disputes are\\nrenewed at San Juan; Gen. Harney\\nis recalled.\\nJune 7. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses a bill to admit Kansas as a State\\nof the Union. [It fails in the Senate.]\\nJune 11. Va. The Southern seceding\\nDemocrats meet at Richmond, and\\nadjourn till the close of the Baltimore\\nConvention. (See May 3.)\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1859 Dec. 21. U. S. Immigrants and\\nother aliens in 1859, 118,616.\\nIII. Rose HiU Cemetery, near Chi-\\ncago, is established.\\nIll.-Md. The first street cars are rim\\nin Chicago and in Baltimore.\\nNeb. The Colorado potato-beetle\\nappears.\\nIt feeds on potato plants, and gradually\\nproceeds eastward through Nebraska,\\nIowa, Illinois, Ohio, to the New England\\nStates.\\nThe Ohio and Pennsylvania, Ohio and\\nIndiana, and the Fort Wayne and Chi-\\ncago Roads, consolidate, and form the\\nPittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago\\nRailroad Company, connecting Pitts-\\nburg and Chicago by a continuous line\\n471 miles long.\\n1860 Jan. 10. Mass. The Pemberton\\nCotton Mill at Lawrence collapses while\\nin operation the wreck takes fire 117\\npersons are known to be dead, and 89\\nmissing.\\nJan. A railway line is completed from\\nMaine to Louisiana by the opening of\\nthe Mississippi Central, and 61 miles\\nbetween Lynchburg and Alexandria,\\non the Orange and Alexandria Road.\\nFeb. 2. New York A fire destroys much\\nproperty and 50 lives.\\nFeb. 19. The emigrant vessel Luna is\\nwrecked on rocks off Barfleur 100 lives\\nare lost.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "188\\n1860, June 18 -Dec. 31.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1860 Nov. 15. New York. Maj. Hob-\\nert Anderson of Ky. is ordered to\\ntake command of Federal forts and\\nforces in Charleston Harbor.\\nNov. 21. S. C. Maj. Anderson as-\\nsumes command at Fort Moultrie.\\nNov. 28. J a. The steam sloop-of-war\\nBrooklyn, carrying 28 guns, unexpect-\\nedly returns from Panama, and arrives\\nat Norfolk,\\nDec. 26. S. C. Maj. Anderson, U.S. A.,\\nevacuates Fort Moultrie and occupies\\nFort Sumter in Charleston Harbor.\\nDec. 27. S. C. The State authorities\\nseize Castle Pinckney and Fort Moul-\\ntrie.\\nDec. 30. D. C. Gen. Scott communi-\\ncates directly with the President, and\\nasks permission to send 250 recruits to\\nFort Sumter -without the knowledge of\\nthe War Department.\\nDec. 31. S. C. State troops take pos-\\nsession of the IT. S. arsenal at Charles-\\nton, and supplant the U. S. flag with the\\nPalmetto flag.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1860 July 6. Boston. Dr. Isaac I.\\nHayes sails in the schooner United\\nStates to make researches in the polar\\nregions.\\nJuly 20. A remarkable meteor passes\\nover New York, Connecticut, and Rhode\\nIsland.\\nSept. 10. O. The statue of Com.\\nPerry is unveiled at Cleveland, on the\\n47th anniversary of the battle of Lake\\nErie.\\nSept. 15. The asteroid Echo is discov-\\nered by J. Ferguson.\\nSept. 16. The asteroid Artemis is dis-\\ncovered by J. C. Watson.\\nCHURCH.\\n1860 June 20. Chicago. The General\\nConvention of the New Jerusalem\\nmeets.\\nSept. 12. Mass. The Congregational\\nConference of Massachusetts is organ-\\nized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1860* History of the United Nether-\\nlands, by John Lothrop Motley, appears\\nin part.\\nThe Poems of Henry Timrod appears.\\nThe Poems of Rose Terry, by K. T.\\nCooke, appears.\\nPoems Lyric and Idyllic, by E. C.\\nStedman, appears.\\nNeio York. The Fireside Companion\\nis issued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1860 June 19. III. Abraham Lin-\\ncoln, the President-elect, declines a\\nrequest to furnish liquors to the Na-\\ntional Committee sent to inform him of\\nhis nomination to the presidency he\\nreturns unopened the hampers of wines\\nand liquors given to him.\\nJune La. William Walker sails for\\nHonduras, on another lilibustering ex-\\npedition. [He is captured and shot.]\\nJune New York. The Japanese em-\\nbassy is received with great honor.\\nJuly 6. N. J. Jacob S. Harden is\\nhanged at Belvidere for the murder\\nof his wife.\\nJuly 13. N. Y. Albert W. Hicks is\\nhanged on Bedloe s Island for a triple\\nmurder on the oyster-sloop Edwin A.\\nJohnson.\\nSept. 20. Mich. The tour of the\\nPrince of Wales begins at Detroit.\\nOct. 3-7. L). C. The Prince of Walea\\nis the guest of the President.\\nOct. 11. New York. The Prince of\\nWales is received with a grand mili-\\ntary and civic display.\\nSTATE.\\n1860 June 18. Md. The Democratic\\nNational Convention reassembles at\\nBaltimore Southern members fail in\\ntheir proslavery demands and another\\nsecession occurs.\\nThe seceders from the Baltimore Con-\\nvention hold a convention, and (June\\n23) nominate John C. Breckinridge\\nof Ky. and Joseph Lane of Ore.\\nJune 19. D. C. Congress: The Pre-\\nemption Bill, as amended by the Sen-\\nate, passes both Houses with large\\nmajorities.\\nJune 22. Md. Stephen A. Douglas of\\n111. and Hersehel V. Johnson of Ga.\\nare nominated fur presidential offices by\\nthe Democratic National Convention.\\nJune 23. I). C. President Buchanan\\nvetoes the Preemption Bill.\\nJune 25. B.C. The 36th Congress:\\nthe first session closes.\\nJune 26. Va. The Richmond Con-\\nvention of seceding Democrats reas-\\nsembles, and ratifies the nomination of\\nBreckinridge and Lane.\\nJuly 1. U. S. National debt $64,842,287.\\nAug. 30. Miss. The governor declares\\nhimself ready to dare all and hazard\\nall, rather than to see Mississippi a\\ndependent province of a Black Repub-\\nlican government.\\nSept. 8. D. C. Secretary Cobb nego-\\ntiates $10,000,000, 5 per cent ten\\nyear bonds at from par to 1.45 per cent\\npremium. [Only \u00c2\u00a77,022,000 of the money\\nwas paid in.]\\nSept. S. C. Several influential gentle-\\nmen meet at Charleston, and organize\\nthe secret society called The 1860\\nAssociation.\\nIt is organized to influence public\\nsentiment, and to resist Northern and\\nFederal aggression, and improve the\\nmilitary defenses of the slave States.\\n[A secret league of Southern governors\\nfollows, with a firm union of public men\\nat Washington, D.C.]\\nOct. U. S. Republicans organize Wide\\nAwake clubs they parade with torches\\nand cannon.\\nThe political canvass, with four candi-\\ndates in the field for the presidency, is\\nhighly exciting.\\nSouth Carolina communicates to\\nother States proposals for secession.\\nOct. 12. 8. C. Gov. Gist proclaims the\\nconvening of the Legislature in extra\\nsession, to appoint electors of Presi-\\ndent and Vice-President and, if advisa-\\nble, to take action for the safety and\\nprotection of the State.\\nOct. 23. Cal. Edward D. Baker makes\\na speech concerning the rights of free-\\ndom, in the American Theater at San\\nFrancisco.\\nOct. 29. New York. The veteran Lieut.-\\nGen. Winfield Scott, general- in-chief of\\nthe army, counsels the President to\\nmake preparation for secession and\\nhostilities by increasing garrisons at\\nnational forts.\\nOct. The pivotal States give decisive\\nRepublican majorities, which fore-\\nshadow the election of Mr. Lincoln.\\nMajoritv for governor in Pennsvlvania\\nis 32,000: in Indiana nearly 10,000; and\\nfor Congressmen in Ohio 27,000.\\nNov. 5. S. C. The Legislature meets in\\nextra session the governor s message\\nadvocates secession and the reorganiza-\\ntion of the militia.\\nNov. 6. U. S. 19th Presidential elec-\\ntion the first Republican victory.\\nPopular vote Abraham Lincoln of\\n111. (Rep.), 1,S66,352 Stephen A. Douglas\\nof 111. (Dem.), 1,375,157; J. C. Breckin-\\nridge of Ky. (Dem.), S45.7S3 John Bell\\nof Xenn. (Union), 589,581.\\nAll the Republican electors are chosen\\nin 17 free States, besides four of the seven\\nelected in New Jersey 15 slave States\\nare divided between three candidates.\\nNov. 7. S. C. Intense excitement fol-\\nlows the election at Charleston, and\\nthrough all the slave States exultation\\nabounds in the antislavery States.\\nNov. 9.-11. D. C. Congress The Sen-\\nators from South Carolina resign their\\nseats.\\nNov. 13. S. C. The Legislature calls a\\nconvention to consider the question of\\nsecession, from the Union. [It resolves\\nto raise 10,000 volunteers.]\\nNov. 14. Ga. Alexander H. Stephens\\ndelivers a union speech before the\\nLegislature, which creates a marked\\nsensation.\\nNov. 17. 5. C. A-grand mass meeting\\nis held at Charleston, and enthusiastic\\naddresses are made to citizens of the\\nSouthern Republic.\\nNov. IS. Ga. The Legislature votes\\n81,000,000 to arm the State.\\nNov. 20. D. C. The Administration\\nadopts a non-coercive policy towards\\nthe seceding States it is expressed in\\nthe opinion rendered by the Attorney-\\nGeneral.\\nNov. 26. Miss. The Legislature is\\nconvened.\\nIt meets to consider the propriety and\\nnecessity of providing surer and better\\nsafeguards for the lives, liberties, and\\nproperty of her citizens than have been\\nfound in Black Republican oaths.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1860, June 18-Dec. 31.\\n189\\nS. C. The Legislature meets in reg-\\nular annual session.\\nNov. Miss. The Legislature adopts a\\njoint resolution directing the appoint-\\nment of commissioners to the several\\nslaveholding States, to Becure united\\naction in a secession movement.\\nDec. 3. D, C. The 36th. Congress: the\\nsecond session opens.\\nPresident Buchanan recommends Con-\\ngress to conciliate the South hy making\\ncertain concessions and he reminds\\nthe South that no single act has ever\\npassed Congress impairing in the slight-\\nest degree its rights to property in\\nslaves, and admits that the sword\\nis not placed in the hands of Congress\\nto preserve it [the Union] hy force.\\nDec. 4. D. C. Congress: In the House\\nAlexander R. Bouteler of Ya, intro-\\nduces a resolution for the appointment\\nof a Special Committee [of Thirty-\\nthree] to consider the condition of the\\ncountry.\\nDec. 6. D. C. Congress In the Senate\\nL. W. Powell of Ky. introduces a resolu-\\ntion for the appointment of a Special\\nCommittee [of Thirteen] to concert\\nmeasures of compromise or pacification.\\nHouse the Speaker announces the\\nCommittee of Thirty-three; Thomas\\nCorwin of O., chairman.\\nMembers T. Corwin of O., J. S. Mill-\\nson of Va., C. F. Adams of Mass., W.\\nWinslow of N. C, J. Humphrey of N. Y.,\\nW. W. Boyce of S. C, J. H. Campbell of\\nPa., P. E. Love of Ga., O. S. Ferry of\\nConn., H. \\\\V. Davis of Md., C. Robinson\\nof R. I., W. G. Whiteley of Del., M. W.\\nTappan of N. H., J. L. N. Stratton of\\nN. J., F. M. Bristow of Ky., J. S. Morrill\\nof Vt., T. A. R. Nelson of Tenn., W.\\nMcK. Dunn of Ind., M. Taylor of La.,\\nR. Davis of Miss., W. Kellogg of 111.,\\nG. S. Houston of Ala., F. H. Morse of\\nMe., J. S. Phelps of Mo., A. Rast of Ark.,\\nW. A. Howard of Mich., G. S. Hawkins\\nof Fla., A. J. Hamilton of Tex., C. C.\\nWashburne of Wis., S. R. Curtis of la.,\\nJ. C. Birch of Colo., W. Windom of Minn.\\nand L. Stout of Ore.\\nDec. 8. D. C. Secretary Cobb resigns\\nthe office of Treasurer, and joins the Se-\\ncession movement.\\nDec. 10. D. C. Congress Senate\\nJefferson Davis of Miss, makes a\\nspeech, and declares that the Union had\\ncost little time, little money, and no\\nblood.\\nDec. 12. D.C. Philip F.Thomas of Md.\\nis appointed Secretary of the Treasury.\\nDec. 13. D. C. The House Committee\\nof Thirty-three passes a resolution\\ndeclaring any reasonable, proper, and\\nconstitutional remedies and effectual\\nguarantees of their [Southern] peculiar\\nrights and interests should be promptly\\nand cheerfully given. Vote, 22-8.\\nDec. 14. D. C. Gen. Cass, Secretary\\nof State, resigns his office, because the\\nPresident declines to reenforce Maj.\\nAnderson.\\nThe President by proclamation ap-\\npoints the fourth of January prox. to be\\nobserved as a day of humiliation, fast-\\ning, and prayer, because of the dan-\\ngerous and distracted condition of the\\ncountry.\\nAbout one-half of the Senators and\\nRepresentatives from eight Southern\\nStates unite in issuing an address to\\ntheir constituents, urging the seces-\\nsion of separate States for the purpose\\nof organizing a Southern Confederacy;\\nit is the official beginning of the\\nConfederacy.\\nDec. 17. D. C. Jeremiah S. Black of\\nPa. is appointed Secretary of State.\\nCongress authorizes a loan of\\n$10,000,000.\\nS. C. A State Convention assembles\\nat Columbia, by the call of the Legisla-\\nture, and adjourns to Charleston to\\nescape an epidemic of smallpox.\\nDec. 17. S. C. F. W. Pickens is in-\\naugurated governor.\\nThe President writes Gov. Pickens that\\nhe has sent Caleb Cushing to South\\nCarolina to avert if possible the seced-\\ning of the State.\\nDec. 18. D. a Congress: The Senate\\norders the appointment of the Special\\nCommittee of Thirteen. John J.\\nCrittenden of Ky. introduces a plan of\\nconcession. (Schouler, Dec. 22.)\\nIt proposes to restore the Missouri\\nCompromise line by constitutional\\namendment, and to run tbe line to the\\nPacific to admit Territories as States,\\nwith or without slavery, as their consti-\\ntutions shall determine; to guarantee\\nslavery in the slave States against aboli-\\ntion by Congress to restrain interfer-\\nence by the Federal Government with\\nthe interstate transportation of slaves\\nto recompense the value of fugitive\\nslaves lost to their owners by mob vio-\\nlence and urges the Northern States\\nto repeal personal liberty bills wher-\\never enacted. [It is not accepted by\\nCongress.]\\nThe secession of States begins.\\nDec. 20. South Carolina secedes by\\nthe ordinance of a special convention.\\nS. C. The State Convention des-\\npatches three special commissioners,\\nRobert W. Barnwell, James H. Adams,\\nand James L. Orr, to Washington, to\\nnegotiate for the division of Federal\\nproperty, and a surrender to South Car-\\nolina of the forts in Charleston Harbor.\\nD. C. Congress: The Senate Com-\\nmittee of Thirteen is appointed to\\ndevise compromise measures for the\\nrestoration of peace.\\nMembers Lazarus W. Powell and\\nJohn J. Crittenden of Ky., R. M. T.\\nHunter of Va., William H. Seward of\\nN. Y., Robert Toombs of Ga., Stephen\\nA. Douglas of 111., Jacob Collamer of\\nVt., Jefferson Davis of ~\\\\Iiss., Benjamin\\nF. Wade of O., William Bigler of Pa.,\\nHenry M. Rice of Minn., James R. Doo-\\nlittle of Wis., and James W. Grimes of\\nla.\\nThe request of Gov. Pickens that\\nFort Sumter be surrendered to the\\nState is delivered to President Bu-\\nchanan by a special messenger. He\\nreplies that he has no authority to\\nsurrender any of the forts or public\\nproperty in South Carolina to the State.\\nDec. 21. S. C. Gov. Pickens with-\\ndraws his request of the 20th inst. by\\nadvice of his friends.\\nDec. 24. S. C. The State Convention\\nmakes a declaration of independ-\\nence.\\nD. C. Congress House Members\\nfrom South Carolina withdraw.\\nSecretary Floyd orders 78 guns to\\nbe shipped from Pennsylvania to New-\\nport, near Galveston, Tex., and 46 guns\\nto Balize, at the mouth of the Mississippi.\\nDec. 26. I). C. The commissioners\\nfrom South Carolina arrive.\\nDec. 28. D. C. President Buchanan re-\\nceives the three commissioners as pri-\\nvate gentlemen.\\nSecretary Thomas obtains bids for less\\nthan half of the $5,000,000 in Treasury\\nnotes he had advertised, and the Gov-\\nernment is reduced to desperate straits.\\n[Bankers in New York save the na-\\ntional credit by making a combination\\npurchase of 31,500,000.]\\nDec. 29. D. C. J. B. Floyd of Va. re-\\nsigns his office as Secretary of War. [He\\nis succeeded by Joseph Holt, Dec. 31.]\\nThe three commissioners write Pres-\\nident Buchanan that he must disapprove\\nof Maj. Anderson s occupancy of Sum-\\nter before they can negotiate with him.\\nDec. 30. I). C. Secretary Black succeeds\\nin changing the President s vacillat-\\ning policy; he refuses to see the\\ncommissioners from South Carolina.\\nDec. 31. D. C. The President informs\\nthe three commissioners that Fort\\nSumter will be defended to the last\\nextremity.\\nCongress Senate The Committee\\nof Thirteen on compromises reports\\nthat it is not able to agree upon any\\ngeneral plan of adjustment.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1860 June U. S. Eighth census\\nStates, 33; whites, 26,922,537, colored,\\n4,441,830; (free colored, 488,070, slaves,\\n3,953,760; Indians omitted total popula-\\ntion, 31,443,321. Increase 35.58 per cent.\\nThe center of population is 20 miles\\nsouth of Chillicothe the westward\\nmovement in 10 years is 81 miles.\\nJune 28. Kew York. The Great Eastern\\narrives the largest vessel ever built.\\nSept. S. The steamer Lady Elgin collides\\nwith the schooner Augusta on Lake\\nMichigan, and goes down of 835 persons\\non board, 2S7 are lost.\\nIII. Oakridge Cemetery, near\\nSpringfield, is consecrated.\\nMass. Newton Cemetery, near\\nBoston, is established.\\nU.S. Statistics for 1860. Produc-\\ntion: Gold, SIC.OOIMHHI; Silver, $150,(1110\\nBusht ls of Grain Indian Corn, S3S,-\\n795 74 J Wheal 173.1(14,924 ats, 172,043,-\\n1S5; Barley, 15.825.898; Rye, 21,101,380;\\nBuckwheat, 17,571,818; bales of Cotton,\\n4,669,770.\\nCurrency in circulation, $435,407,l 52\\nper capita, $13.85. Immigrants, 150,273.\\nMiles of railroad, 30,635.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "190 I860 *-1861, Feb. 13.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1860 The United States Army is\\nscattered in remote parts of the coun-\\ntry, vast military stores are lodged in\\nSouthern arsenals by direction of Secre-\\ntary Floyd, a sympathizer with seces-\\nsion the navy is chiefly absent on\\nforeign stations.\\n1861 Jan. 1-4. Ala. The governor seizes\\nMount Vernon Arsenal and Forta\\nMorgan and Gaines at Mobile.\\nJan. 2. S. C. State troops seize Fort\\nJohnson, guarding the harbor of\\nCharleston.\\nJan. 3. Ga. Gov. Brown seizes Forts\\nPulaski and Jackson near Savannah.\\nJan. 5. New York. The Star of the West\\nsails with reenforcenients and supplies\\nfor Maj. Anderson.\\nJan. 7. Fla. The State troops seize\\nFort Marion and Fort Augustine.\\nJan. 9. 5. C. The first shot is fired in\\nthe Civil War when the Star of the\\nWest is approaching Fort Sumter, she is\\nattacked by the batteries of Fort Moul-\\ntrie, and compelled to retire.\\nMaj. Anderson demands of Gov.\\nPickens an explanation of the hostile\\nact against the U. S. flag.\\nC. Plans for the defense of\\nWashington are presented by Col.\\nCharles P. Stone, and adopted.\\nJan. 9, 10. N. C. State troops and citi-\\nzens occupy Forts Caswell and John-\\nston, without authority.\\nJan. 9-11. Fla. Lieut. Slemmer trans-\\nfers his command from Forts Barran-\\ncas and McRae to the strong defenses\\nof Fort Pickens, Santa Rosa Island.\\nJan. 10. La. State troops seize the Baton\\nRouge barracks and TJ. S. arsenal.\\nMiss. The State seizes U. S. forts and\\nproperties.\\nJan. 11. S. C. Gov. Pickens demands\\nthe surrender of Fort Sumter. Maj.\\nAnderson refuses.\\nJan. 12. Fla. A force of volunteers,\\nunder authority of the governor, de-\\nmands of Commodore Armstrong the\\nsurrender of the Pensacola navy\\nyards; they are given up, with two\\ndeserted forts.\\nMiss. The Confederates fortify\\nVicksburg.\\nN. C. Forts Caswell and Johnston\\nare restored, by order of Gov. Ellis.\\nJan. 14. Fla. Fort Taylor at Key West\\nis garrisoned by Federal troops.\\nJan 15. La. Fort Jackson and Fort\\nSt. Philip are seized.\\nJan. 20. Miss. Confederates take pos-\\nsession of the unfinished fort on Ship\\nIsland.\\nJan. 22. D. C. President Buchanan\\nrefuses to pledge the government to\\nextend the truce at Charleston till Feb-\\nruary 15th.\\nJan. 24. Ga. State troops demand and\\noccupy the XT. S. arsenal at Augusta.\\nJan. 29. D. C. The President orders\\nthe expedition sent to Pensacola, not\\nto land the troops, on the assurance\\nthat Fort Pickens will not be attacked\\nby seceders. (Fort Pickens truce.)\\nJan. i Mo. The secessionists organize\\nMinute Men for the purpose of\\ncapturing the U. S. arsenal at St. Louis\\nthe Union men organize the Home\\nGuards for its defense.\\nFeb. 6. C. The Secretary of War re-\\nfuses to surrender Fort Sumter on the\\ndemand of the Confederates.\\nFeb. 8. Ark. The State seizes the\\nU. S. arsenal at Little Rock.\\nFeb. 12. Ark. The State seizes the\\nU. S. ordnance stores at Napoleon.\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1860 Boston. A 15-in. Rodman gun,\\nweighing 49,000 pounds, is cast by the\\nSouth Boston Iron Company.\\nMd. Baltimore acquires G93 acres for\\nDruid TTill Park.\\nNew York. Clara Louise Kellogg\\nmakes her debut in Eigoletto at the\\nAcademy of Music.\\nNew York. A time ball connected\\nby telegraph with the Dudley Observa-\\ntory, at Albany, is placed on the Custom\\nHouse.\\nNew York. Eastman Johnson and Al-\\nbert Bierstadt are elected members of\\nthe National Academy of Design.\\nN. Y. Prof. Henry Draper s observa-\\ntory is erected at Hastings.\\nThe Spencer repeating rifle is pat-\\nented.\\nFlight into Egypt is painted by\\nThomas Moran.\\nBay of New York is painted by G. L.\\nBrown.\\n1861 Jan. 5. N. Y. The Brooklyn Art\\nAssociation is established.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nI860.\\nJuly 1. Goodyear. Charles, inventor of\\nhard rubber, A63.\\n1861.\\nJan. 4. Kent, William, jurist of N.Y., A59.\\nJan. 10. Hacklev, Charles W., P. E. cl.,\\nprof., A52.\\nJan. 24. Letcher, Kobert P., Gov. Ky. A73.\\nJan. 11. Cobbs, Nicholas H., P. E. bp. of\\nAla., A65.\\nJan. 20. Lowell, Charles, Unit, cl., au-\\nthor, A79.\\nJan. 28. Reid, Sam. C, U. S. N., designer\\nU. S. flag, ATS.\\nFeb. 8. Francis, John \\\\W, physician, wri-\\nter, AT2.\\nCHURCH.\\nI860 Mich., Minn, The Synodical\\nConference (Evangelical Lutheran) of\\nMinnesota and Michigan is organized.\\nN. Y. The General Assembly (O.S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Rochester John\\nW. Yeomans, moderator.\\nPa. The General Assembly (N. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Pittsburg T. A.\\nMills, moderator.\\nO. The Baptist Annual Meeting is\\nheld at Cincinnati.\\nO, The Annual Convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Cincin-\\nnati A. Campbell, moderator.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(United Presbyterian; meets Joseph\\nClokey, moderator.\\nThe Susquehanna Conference (Free\\nMethodist) is organized.\\nThe Episcopalians open a mission\\namong the Sioux Indians.\\nThe American Board withdraws its\\nmission from the Cherokee Indians,\\nits proper work being done, and the\\nIndians Christianized.\\nGa. The Augustana Synod (Evangel-\\nical Lutheran) is organized.\\n1861 Jan. 15. New York. The Wo-\\nmen s Union Missionary Society is or-\\nganized.\\nSOCIETY.\\nI860 Cal. The Institution for the\\nDeaf, Dumb, and Blind is opened at\\nBerkeley.\\nSTATE.\\n1860 The commissioners send a let-\\nter to the President, which he declines\\nto receive he considers them disrespect-\\nful and violent, and their assertions un-\\nfounded.\\nU. S. There are thirty-three States\\nin the Union, 18 free and 15 slave this\\ngives the control of the government to\\nfree States.\\nD. C. Congress: A treaty with\\nMexico, negotiated by Louis McLane,\\nis rejected by the Senate.\\nNew York. Fernando Wood is re-\\nelected the 72d mayor.\\nC. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-64 Ark. Henry M. Rector.\\nCal. M. S. Latham.\\n-62 Cal. John G. Downey.\\n-62 La. Thomas O. Moore.\\n-64 la. Samuel J. Kirkwood.\\n-64* Minn. Alex. Ramsey.\\n-62 Miss. John J. Pettus.\\n-63 N. J. Charles S. Olden.\\n-62 O. Wm. Dennison.\\n-61 B. I. Wm. Sprague\\n-62 S. C. Francis W. Pickens.\\n-64 f a. John Letcher.\\n-61 Vt. Erastus Fairbanks.\\n1861 Jan. 1. Ala. A State Conven-\\ntion meets, and on the same day resolves\\nthat Alabama cannot and will not sub-\\nmit to the administration of Lincoln\\nand Hamlin.\\nV. S. Nominal balance in the\\nTreasury, $2,233,220.\\nJan. 2. D. C. President Buchanan de-\\ncides to reenf orce Fort Sumter.\\nJan. 3. V. C. Congress: In the Senate\\nJohn J. Crittenden of Ky. introduces\\nresolutions for taking a vote of the\\npeople for the settlement of dissen-\\nCommissioners from South Carolina\\ndemand the surrender of Fort Sum-\\nter; President Buchanan refuses.\\nDel. The proposal of the Commis-\\nsioner to join the Southern Confed-\\neracy is rejected by the Legislature", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1860 1861, Feb. 13. 191\\nunanimously by the Assembly, and by\\na majority of tlie Senate.\\nFla. A State Convention assembles.\\nGa. Gov. Brown orders the seizure\\nof Fort Pulaski.\\nJan. 5. Fla. The governor seizes the\\nTJ. S. arsenal at Apalachicola.\\nNew York. Mayor Wood recommends\\nthe secession of the city to the Common\\nCouncil.\\nD. C. Senators from seven Southern\\nStates hold a caucus.\\nThey resolve to assume temporarily\\nthe political and military control of the\\nSouth, to advise the calling of a conven-\\ntion of seceders at Montgomery, aiming\\nto force the Border States from a posi-\\ntion of neutrality they also decide to\\nretain their seats in the Senate, to pre-\\nvent inimical measures by the Govern-\\nment.\\nJan. 7. D. C. Congress; Senate: Rob-\\nert Toombs of Ga. denounces Abra-\\nham Lincoln as an enemy of the\\nhuman race, deserving the execration of\\nmankind.\\nAla. A State Convention assembles.\\nMiss. A State Convention assembles.\\nVa. The Legislature meets in spe-\\ncial session to consider the condition\\nof public affairs. [South Carolina and\\nMississippi have already threatened to\\nclose their markets against the sale\\nof slaves from the border States as a\\nmeans of coercion.]\\nCongress receives a patriotic message\\nfrom President Buchanan.\\nJan. 8. D. C. Jacob Thompson of Miss.,\\nSecretary of the Interior, retires from\\nthe Cabinet, and becomes an active Se-\\ncessionist.\\nPhilip F. Thomas of Md., Secretary\\nof the Treasury, resigns after serving\\nonly one month.\\nFla. The governor orders the sei-\\nzure of the Wavy Yard and the unoccu-\\npied forts at Pensacola.\\nJan. 9. .D. C. Congress: In the House\\na committee of five is appointed, Wm.\\nA. Howard of Mich, chairman it is\\nto inquire whether any officer of the\\nUnited States has been or is now treat-\\ning with any person or persons concern-\\ning the surrender of forts, or pledging\\nnot to send reenforcements to forts in\\nCharleston harbor.\\nMississippi, the second State, se-\\ncedes by ordinance of a State Conven-\\ntion. Vote, 8*1-15.\\nS. C. The relief expedition from New\\nYork approaches Charleston bar in the\\nnight, and waits for the coming day.\\nJan. 10. D. C. Congress Senate\\nJefferson Davis of Miss, speaks in\\njustification of secession.\\nFlorida, the third State, secedes by\\nordinance of a State convention. Vote,\\n62-7.\\nJan. 11. Alabama, the fourth State,\\nsecedes by ordinance of a State conven-\\ntion. Vote, 61-39.\\nD. C. John A. Dix of N. Y. is ap-\\npointed Secretary of the Treasury, fin\\nhis orders to revenue officers, he says\\nIf any man attempts to haul down the\\nAmerican flag, shoot him on the spot\\nJan. 14. D. C. Congress The House\\nCommittee of Thirty-three on com-\\npromise make a majority report and\\nseven minority reports.\\nThe majority report humiliates the\\nNorth without appeasing the South; by\\nit the Northern representatives abandon,\\nwithout a protest, nearly all they have\\nstruggled for in seven years.\\nJan. 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nkills the Crittenden Bill by adopting\\nthe Clark substitute, stating that the\\nConstitution needs to be obeyed rather\\nthan amended, and declaring a disso-\\nlution of the Union illusory and de-\\nstructive. Vote, 25-23. Six Southern\\nSenators refuse to vote, and so defeat\\nthe original bill.\\nGa. A State Convention assembles.\\nJan. 18. Mo. The Legislature calls a\\nState Convention to act upon secession\\nit provides that no ordinance of seces-\\nsion shall be valid unless ratified by the\\npeople. [Meets Feb. 2S Sterling Price,\\nPresident.]\\nJan. 19. Georgia, the fifth State, se-\\ncedes by ordinance of a State Conven-\\ntion. Vote, 203-89.\\nMiss. The Legislature adopts the re-\\nport of a committee, making provisions\\nfor the organization of a Southern\\nConfederacy, and the establishment\\nof a provisional government.\\nVa. The Legislature resolves to\\nunite with the other States of the Union\\nin sending commissioners to Washing-\\nton on February 4th to adjust the\\npresent unhappy controversies.\\nJan. 21. D. C. Congress: Senators\\nfrom Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi\\nwithdraw, after each has made a final\\nspeech of defiance the bill passes ad-\\nmitting Kansas under the Wyandotte\\nconstitution.\\nTex. A State Convention meets at\\nA ustin.\\nJan. 23. La. A State Convention as-\\nsembles.\\nJan. 24. D. C. Congress Senate:\\nJefferson Davis of Miss, defends State\\nSovereignty in a speech, and withdraws.\\nEx-President Tyler of Va. asks the\\nPresident to give his pledge that there\\nwill be no hostilities during the session\\nof a peace convention but he refuses\\nto do so.\\nJan. 26. Louisiana, the sixth State, se-\\ncedes by ordinance of a State Conven-\\ntion vote, 113-17. The motion to submit\\nthe question to a popular vote is over-\\nwhelmirigly defeated.\\nC. The House unanimously passes\\nresolutions declaring that the State will\\ngo with the slave States if reconcilia-\\ntion between the North and South fails.\\nJan. 28. D. C. Senator Iverson of Ga.\\nwithdraws and joins the Secessionists.\\nJan. 29. Kansas is admitted into the\\nUnion as the 34th State. (Moore, Jan.\\n30.J\\nJan. 31. D, C. Col. Hayne, commis-\\nsioner from South Carolina, demands\\nthe surrender of Fort Sumter by\\nPresident Buchanan.\\nFeb. 1.- Texas, the seventh State, se-\\ncedes by act of a convention, subject to\\nan approving vote of the people. Vote,\\n1G6-7.\\nFeb. 4. Ala. The Confederate Con-\\ngress is organized, at Montgomery, by\\ndelegates from six States; Howell\\nCobb is chairman.\\nD. C. A peace convention assem-\\nbles at Washiugton, by request of the\\nLegislature of Virginia delegates ap-\\npear from 14 free States and seven\\nslave States; ex-President John Ty-\\nler of Va. is elected president.\\nCongress Senators John SlideU\\nand Judah P. Benjamin, both of La.,\\nmake speeches and retire.\\nVa. The people elect members of a\\nState Convention.\\nFeb. 6. Z C. Secretary Holt replies to\\nCommissioner Hayne, and denies the\\nright of eminent domain respecting\\nFort Sumter.\\nFeb. 8. D. C. Congress The issue\\nof $25,000,000 of 10-20 year bonds at\\n6 per cent is authorized.\\nAla. The Confederate Congress\\nadopts a provisional Constitution, re-\\nsembling that of the United States, under\\nthe style of the Confederate States of\\nAmerica.\\nFeb. 9. Ala. The Provisional Con-\\ngress of six States elects Jefferson\\nDavis of Miss. President of the Con-\\nfederate States, and Alex. H. Ste-\\nphens of Ga. Vice-President for the\\nterm of six years.\\nCabinet of Jefferson Davis Robert\\nToombs of Ga. (Sec. State), C. G. Mem-\\nminger of S. C. (Sec. Treas.), L. P.\\nWalker of Ala. (Sec. War), S. R. Mal-\\nlory of Fla. (Sec. Navy), J. H. Reagan\\nof Tex. (P. M.-Gen.), J. P. Benjamin\\nof La. (Atty.-Gen.).\\nTenn. A general election gives a\\nmajority of 12,000 votes against holding\\na convention desired by Secessionists.\\nFeb. 11. III. Abraham Lincoln makes\\na tender address to his neighbors, who\\nthrong the depot at Springfield, on his\\ndeparture for Washington.\\n[He travels slowly, and is welcomed at\\nall towns and cities.]\\nFeb. 12. Ala. The Confederate Con-\\ngress assumes charge of all ques-\\ntions arising between the seceded States\\nand the Federal Government.\\nFeb. 13. D. C. Congress counts the\\nelectoral vote.\\nVote for President. Lincoln, ISO\\nDouglas, 12; Breckinridge, 72: Bell, 39.\\nVote for Vice-President: Hannibal\\nHamlin of Me. (Rep.). 180 Joseph Lane\\nof Ore. (Dem.), 72 Edward Everett of\\nMass. (Union), 39 H. V. Johnson of Ga.\\n(Dem.), 12.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1861 Jan. 1. New York. Price of cot-\\nton is 11 cents a pound. [It rapidly ad-\\nvances.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "192 1861, Feb. 13 -Apr. 17.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1861 Feb. 16. Tex. Gen. Twiggs sur-\\nrenders the military posts, containing\\nSI, 300,000 worth of stores and \u00c2\u00a755,000 in\\nspecie, to the State authorities.\\nFeb. 19. Mo. By Gen. Scott s orders,\\nGen. Harney concentrates a force of\\nnearly 500 regulars and recruits for the\\ndefense of the military depot at St.\\nLouis, containing G0,000 stand of im-\\nproved arms, 1,500,000 ball cartridges,\\n90,000 pounds of powder, besides field-\\npieces, siege-guns, and other military\\nsupplies.\\nTex. Col. A. C. Waite, appointed\\nJan. 28, arrives to supersede Gen.\\nTwiggs at San Antonio, and finds an\\nagreement made to withdraw the Fed-\\neral troops and surrender the valuable\\nUnited States property.\\nMar. 1. Gen. David E. Twiggs is dis-\\nmissed from the U. S. Army as a traitor,\\nhaving surrendered U. S. forces and\\nproperty in Texas to Secessionists.\\nMar. 3. S. C. Gen. Beauregard assumes\\ncommand of the Confederates at\\nCharleston.\\nMar. 5. Tex. At Brownsville Texan\\ntroops occupy Fort Brown.\\nMar. 9. Ala. The Confederate Secre-\\ntary of War makes a requisition on the\\nStates for 11,000 volunteers.\\nMar. 11. Ala. Brig.-Gen. Bragg as-\\nsumes command of the Confederate\\nforces.\\nMar. 12. D. C. Gen. Scott sends orders\\nto Capt. Vogdes to reenforce Fort\\nPickens.\\nMar. Jefferson Davis prepares for war\\nand asks for 100,000 Confederate soldiers.\\nMar. The Regular Army of the United\\nStates consists of one major-general,\\nfour brigadier-generals, and 16,000 offi-\\ncers and men.\\nMar. D. C. Lieut.-Col. Robert E. Lee\\nis appointed colonel of the 1st Cavalry,\\nU. S. A.\\nTHE SEVENTEENTH WAK.\\n1861 The Great Civil War. [Men\\nenrolled in the Federal Army, 2,772,408\\nin the Confederate Army, 600,000(?).]\\nApr. 6. New York. An expedition pre-\\npared by Capt. Meigs sails for Fort\\nPickens.\\nApr. 7. S. C. Gen. Beauregard denies\\nMaj. Anderson any further communi-\\ncations with Charleston for purposes of\\nsupply.\\nApr. 8. D. C. The Government notifies\\nGov. Pickens of its purpose to reenforce\\nFort Sumter.\\nApr. 10. New York. An expedition,\\nprepared by Capt. Fox, led by the Pow-\\nhatan, Lieut. D. D. Porter, sails for\\nFort Sumter.\\nApr. 11. S. C. Maj. Anderson is sum-\\nmoned to surrender Fort Sumter. He\\nrefuses, yet informs Gen. Beauregard\\nthat his provisions will be exhausted by\\nthe 15th inst.\\nApr. 12. S. C. The Confederates\\nopen fire on Fort Sumter at 4.40 a.m.\\nMaj. Anderson makes a vigorous reply,\\nApr. 14. B.C. Maj. Anderson evacu-\\nates Fort Sumter after a furious cannon-\\nade of M hours, his supply of provisions\\nbeing exhausted [and the fleet arriving\\ntoo late to relieve him].\\nStrength of the Federal garrison\\ncommissioned officers, GS non-conn Mis-\\nsioned officers and privates, 8 musicians,\\nand 43 non-combatant laborers; total\\n128 men.\\nApr. 15. President Lincoln calls for\\n75,000 volunteers to serve for throe\\nmonths.\\nApr. 16. Mass. The militia compa-\\nnies, responding to the President s\\ncall, march into the city of Boston.\\nN. C. The Confederates again seize\\nForts Caswell and Johnston.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1861 Apr. 9. The asteroid Mala is dis-\\ncovered by H. P. Tuttle.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1861.\\nMar. 25. Gibbs, Josiah Willard, prof, in\\nYale, philologist, ATI.\\nMar. 26. Kobbins, Koval, Cong, el., histo-\\nrian, A73.\\nMar. 30. Shaw, Lemuel, of Mass., jurist,\\nA80.\\nApr. 3. Humphrey, TTeman, t ong. cl.,PreB.\\nof Amherst, A82.\\nApr. 4. MaeLean, John, M. C. forO., U.S.\\nS. Ct., A76.\\nApr. 10. Tucker, George, M. C. for Va.,\\nhistorian, A86.\\nApr. 11. Buckingham, Joseph T., ed. Bos-\\nton Courier, AS2.\\nApr. 12. Freling-huyeen. Theodore, sen.\\nfor J., A74.\\nCHURCH.\\n1861 Apr. 4. Neb. The Nebraska Con-\\nference (Methodist Episcopal) first as-\\nsembles.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1861 Mar. D. C. Three Territories\\nhave recently been organized on the\\nbasis of non-intervention respecting\\nslavery.\\nIt is a singular fact that on the eve\\nof the litter destruction of the institu-\\ntion of slavery, its legal status was\\nstronger than ever before in the history\\nof the Government, and the area over\\nwhich it might lawfully spread was\\nfar larger than at any previous period.\\n(Blaine.)\\nApr. XT. S. At the call of the Presi-\\ndent for volunteers, meetings are held,\\nwork is suspended, and the whole peo-\\nple surrender to a patriotic ardor\\nnever before witnessed, while they has-\\nten the forwarding of troops to Wash-\\nington.\\nApr. 1. General discontent with the\\nGovernment prevails it is too radical\\nfor the Conservatives and too conserva-\\ntive for the Radicals.\\nApr. 5. N. Y. The Assembly approves\\nthe joint resolution providing for a con-\\nstitutional Prohibitory Amendment.\\nVote, 69-33.\\nApr. 8. Mr. Seward s reply to the Com-\\nmissioners from the South is published\\nas it signifies resistance, it enrages\\nthe Southern people.\\nApr. 15. Conn. A woman of Bridgeport\\norganizes a society for the relief and\\ncomfort of soldiers.\\nMass. Miss Almena Bates of Charlefi-\\ntown organizes a movement for the re-\\nlief and comfort of soldiers. [The\\nSanitary Commission is evolved from\\nthis beginning.]\\nSTATE.\\n1861 Feb. 13 fa. The State Con-\\nvention meets.\\n[The Administration at Washington\\nmakes a great effort to Bave the State\\nfrom seceding.]\\nFeb. 14. D. C. Congress; House Rep-\\nresentative Branch of N. C. objects to\\nbringing seven companies of artillery\\nand one of sappers and miners for the\\nprotection of Washington as im-\\npolitic, offensive, and destructive of\\ncivil liberty. [Southerners are seizing\\nforts and stores.]\\nFeb. 18. Ala. Inauguration of Jeff er-\\nson Davis at Montgomery, as President\\nof the Confederate States of America.\\nFeb. 20. D. C. Congress The Mor-\\nrill Tariff Bill passes the Senate.\\nVote, 25-14.\\nWest Virginia maintains a loyal\\nsentiment.\\nFeb. 22. Pa. President-elect Lincoln\\nabandons his public journey, and makes\\na secret and hasty departure in the\\nnight from Harrisburg for Washington.\\nFeb. 23. D. C. Abraham Lincoln,\\nPresident-elect, reaches Washington\\nin safety, amid many rumors of peril.\\nTex. The people ratify the ordinance\\nof secession. Vote, 34,794-11,235.\\nFeb. 26. B.C. The Peace Convention\\nagrees upon a plan of adjustment,\\nwhich, by a bare majority, makes sla-\\nvery national rather than sectional, and\\nadjourns. Vote, 9 States for the plan, 3\\nagainst it.\\nIt makes proposals to Congress for\\nthe amendment of the Constitution\\n1. Prohibiting slavery in the Territories\\nnorth of lat. 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 while tolerating it\\nin the States, and forbidding antisla-\\nvery legislation. 2. Prohibiting future\\nacquisitions of territory, without the\\napproval uf a mniority of the Senators\\nof both slave and free States. 3. Pro-\\nhibiting Congress from interfering with\\nslai\\nfrom taxing slaves at a higher\\nrate than land. 4. Prohibiting the for-\\neign slave-trade. 5. Providing for the\\npayment by Congress for slaves who are\\nlost by the interference of mobs. [All\\nare unacceptable.]\\nCongress passes a bill admitting mer-\\nchandise to the mail, and authorizing the\\nPostmaster-General to furnish stamped\\nletter-sheets. Also an act providing\\nfor a daily mail delivery in New York\\nCity and vicinity.\\nFeb. 28. D. C. Congress authorizes a\\nloan of S25.000.000. It organizes the\\nTerritory of Colorado.\\nThe House approves a 13th Consti-\\ntutional Amendment, providing that\\nthe Constitution shall never be so\\namended as to give Congress the power", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1861, Feb. 13-Apr. 17. 193\\nto abolish slavery or interfere with the\\ninstitution. Vote, 133-65. [Adopted by\\nthe Senate, March 2. Vote, 24-12.]\\nMo. A State Convention, having\\na majority for Union, meets at Jefferson\\nCity.\\nFeb.* Ala. The Confederate Government\\nsends Martin J. Crawford of Georgia,\\nand John Forsyth of Alabama [later\\nA. B. Roman], as Commissioners to\\nWashington, to insist on the acknowl-\\nedgment of the independence of the\\nConfederate States.\\nFeb. Chicago. The city charter is\\namended.\\nMar. 1. Ala. The Confederate Gov-\\nernment assumes control of military\\naffairs at Charleston.\\nMar. 2. B.C. Congress organizes\\nDakota and Nevada as Territories.\\nCongress enacts the Morrill Tariff,\\nwhich is largely protective the change\\nfrom low duties to high duties marks\\nan era in the history of the nation. [It\\ngoes into operation April 1.]\\nThe Senate defeats the Crittenden\\nCompromise Bill. Vote, 25-23 it re-\\njects the amendments to the Constitu-\\ntion proposed by the Peace Conference\\nvote, 7-28 it passes a bill for a 13th\\nConstitutional Amendment, to make\\nslavery perpetual. Vote, 24-11.\\nNo amendment shall be made to the\\nConstitution which will authorize or\\ngive Congress the power to abolish, or\\ninterfere, within any State, with the\\ndomestic institutions thereof, including\\nthat of persons held to labor or service\\nby said State.\\nD. C. The 36th Congress ends.\\nThe 16th Administration First\\nRepublican.\\nMar. 4. D. C. Abraham Lincoln of\\n111. is inaugurated the 16th President,\\nin the 19th term of the presidency.\\nHannibal Hamlin of Me. is Vice-Presi-\\ndent.\\nCabinet Wm. H. Seward of N. T.\\n(State), S. P. Chase of O. (Treas.), S.\\nCameron of Pa. (War) G. Welles of\\nConn. (Navy), C. B. Smith of Ind. (In-\\nterior), E. Bates of Mo. (Atty.-Gen.),\\nand Montgomery Blair of Md. (P. M\\nGen.).\\nTex. The State is declared by procla-\\nmation to be out of the Union.\\nMar. Texas is represented in both the\\nUnited States and the Confederate Con-\\ngresses for a short time.\\nMar. 6. Ala. The Confederate Con-\\ngress authorizes an army of 100,000 to\\nbe raised.\\nTex. Gov. Houston refuses to ap-\\nprove the secession of the State, as the\\nconvention was elected to submit the\\nquestion to the vote of the people.\\nMar. 11. Ala. The Confederate Gov-\\nernment prohibits the importation of\\nslaves from the United States as a\\ncoercive measure, affecting the border\\nStates, especially Virginia.\\nThe Confederate Congress adopts a\\npermanent Constitution.\\nD. C, John Forsyth of Ala., and\\nMartin J. Crawford of Ga., Commis-\\nsioners from the Confederate States,\\nbegin to negotiate for a peaceable\\nseparation.\\nMar. Ala. Commissioners are ap-\\npointed to go to England, France, Rus-\\nsia, and Belgium iu the interests of the\\nConfederacy and others to go to Wash-\\nington, D.C.\\nMar. 15. D. C. Secretary Seward in-\\nforms the Confederate Commissioners\\nthat he is not authorized to recognize\\nthem as diplomatic agents that he only\\ncommunicates with foreign govern-\\nments.\\nThe Cabinet disfavors the resupplying\\nof Fort Sumter. Vote, five to evacu-\\nate, two to resupply. [The vote is after-\\nward reversed.]\\nAla. The Confederate Congress\\nrecommends the States to cede the\\nforts, arsenals, dockyards, etc., within\\ntheir limits, to the Confederation.\\nMar. Ala. The Confederacy provides\\nfor revenue, to be collected from\\ntrains and vessels bringing goods into\\nthe Confederacy.\\nMar. 16. Ala. The first Confederate\\nProvisional Congress at Montgomery\\ncloses.\\nTex. The State Convention de-\\nclares the office of governor to be va-\\ncant, because Gov. Houston refuses to 1\\ntake the official oath of allegiance to\\nthe Confederate States.\\nMar. 22. La. The Legislature ratifies\\nthe Confederate Constitution.\\nMar. 23. Tex. The Legislature ratifies\\nthe Confederate Constitution. Vote,\\n68-2.\\nMar. 26. Kan. The first State Legis-\\nlature meets at Lawrence.\\nMiss. A State Convention ratifies\\nthe Constitution of the Southern Con-\\nfederacy.\\nMar. Mo. At an adjourned meeting of\\nthe State Convention held at St. Louis,\\nthe committee rej ort against secession.\\nMar. 29. D. C. The Cabinet again vote\\non the question of resupplying Fort\\nSumter, and the majority favors the\\nattempt.\\nMar. President Lincoln s inaugural\\nmessage announces a change of ad-\\nministrative policy; instead of con-\\ncession to the secessionists, he proposes\\nconciliation, conservation, and res-\\ntoration.\\nApr. 1. V. S. The Morrill tariff be-\\ncomes operative.\\nSecretary Seward indirectly informs\\nthe Confederates through Judge Camp-\\nbell that, The President may desire\\nto supply Fort Sumter, but will not\\ndo so without giving notice to Gov.\\nPickens.\\nApr. 4. Va. The State Convention re-\\njects an ordinance of secession (vote,\\n89-15) but appoints three commis-\\nsioners to inquire the President s policy\\ntoward the Confederacy.\\nApr. 5. I). C. The Government is in-\\nformed by Maj. Anderson that he has\\nbread for only 28 days, and he must be\\nprovisioned and reenforced, or Fort\\nSumter be summarily abandoned.\\nApr. 7. D. C. The Confederate Com-\\nmissioners demand a reply to their offi-\\ncial note of March 12, under a threat to\\nclose their mission.\\nApr. 8. D. C. The Federal Govern-\\nment makes its reply to the Confed-\\nerate commissioners \u00e2\u0080\u0094dated March 15.\\nS. C. The Federal Government noti-\\nfies Gov. Pickens that it intends to sup-\\nply Fort Sumter.\\nA State Convention called by the\\nLegislature revises the Constitution,\\nwhich becomes operative without the\\nratification of the people.\\nApr. 11. D. C. The Treasury, with\\nthe cooperation of the New York Cham-\\nber of Commerce, sells $5,000,000\\nnotes at par.\\nThe Virginia Commissioners present\\ntheir credentials at Washington.\\nDel. The Legislature declares the\\nState to he loyal to the Union.\\nPa. The Legislature takes the first\\nofficial step in the loyal States for\\nthe defense of the Union, by appro-\\npriating \u00c2\u00a7500,000 for a reorganization of\\nthe State militia, in advance of the first\\novert act.\\nApr. 14. S. C. The Stars and Stripes\\nare struck at Fort Sumter patriotism\\nis fired in the North.\\nApr. D. C. President Lincoln issues a\\ncommunication for use in Virginia,\\naiming to save that State to the Union\\nhe informs its Commissioners that he\\nwill not acknowledge the Confederate\\nStates.\\nApr. 15. D.C. President Lincoln sum-\\nmons Congress to meet on July 4, in\\nextra session, and by proclamation calls\\non the States to furnish 75,000 volun-\\nteers, to serve three months.\\nKy. Gov. Beriah Magoffin refuses\\nto honor the call of the Federal Govern-\\nment for troops.\\nKentucky will furnish no troops for\\nthe wicked purpose of subduing her\\nsister Southern States.\\nN. C. The governor refuses to fur-\\nnish the quota of troops demanded.\\nApr. 16. Ala. The Confederacy calls\\non the governors of the seven States to\\nsend 32,000 troops into the field.\\nVa. The Governor refuses to honor\\nthe President s call for troops.\\nApr. 17. Virginia, the eighth State,\\npasses an ordinance of secession. Vote,\\n88-55. The western counties remain\\nloyal.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1861 Apr. 1. Neto York. The price of\\ncotton is 12\u00c2\u00a3 cents.\\nApr. 4. Cal. The first pony express\\nleaves Sacramento for St. Joseph, Mo.\\nThe price of petroleum goes up to\\nS19.25 per barrel the highest price ever\\nreached.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "19-1 1861, Apr. 17 -May 25.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1861 Apr. 17. Ala. Jefferson Davis, by\\nproclamation, invites applications for\\nletters of marque and reprisal, under\\nwhich privateers may be sent out.\\nFla. Fort Pickens is further re-\\nenforced by 200 men from the transport\\nAtlantic, under Capt. Meigs. [200 men\\nland from the Illinois on the 19th, The\\nfort is effectively protected.]\\nMass. The 6th Massachusetts\\nRegiment starts for Washington.\\nPhila. A detachment of 500 men\\nleave for Washington.\\nVa. Vessels are sunk in Norfolk\\nharbor, by order of the governor.\\nApr. 18. D. C. A few companies of\\nPennsylvania militia arrive in\\nWashington.\\nRobert E. Lee is unofficially offered\\nthe command of the Union Army by\\nFrank B. Blair, Sr. [Sec. Cameron says\\nhe accepted the offer Sec. Montgomery\\nBlair says he was undecided what to do\\nGen. Lee says he declined it.]\\nInd. The 1st Regiment from In-\\ndiana leaves for Washington.\\nVa. The U. S. arsenal at Harper s\\nPerry is fired to prevent its falling\\ninto the hands of the Confederates, and\\n15,000 stand of arms are destroyed.\\nGen. W. B. Taliaferro is given com-\\nmand of the State troops at Norfolk.\\nO. Two regiments are organized at\\nColumbus, and sent to Washington with-\\nout uniforms or arms.\\nApr. 19. Md. A secession mob in Bal-\\ntimore fire on the Massachusetts 6th\\nRegiment while hastening to the de-\\nfense of Washington this is the first\\nblood shed in the war.\\nD. C. The Confederate ports are\\nproclaimed under blockade.\\nNew York. The 7th Regiment, Col.\\nLefferts, starts for Washington.\\nApr. 20. B. C. The President relieves\\nGen. W. S. Harney at St. Louis, and\\nCapt. Nathaniel Lyon is directed to\\nraise four regiments of Missouri Volun-\\nteers.\\nMo. State troops seize and gar-\\nrison the U. S. arsenal at Liberty, by\\norder of Gov. Jackson.\\nVa. Nine ships of war and naval\\nstores in the navy yard near Nor-\\nfolk are burned by Com. Paulding,\\nto prevent their falling into the hands\\nof the Confederates.\\nCol. Robert E. Lee resigns his\\ncommission in the U. S. Army.\\nApr. 22. N. C. The U. S. arsenal at\\nFayetteville is surrendered to the State\\nauthorities.\\nVa. The governor and State Con-\\nvention appoint Robert E. Lee to the\\nchief command of the State troops.\\nApr. 23. III. Gov. Yates sends a force\\nof volunteers, who occupy the important\\nposition at Cairo.\\nVa. Gen. Lee assumes command.\\nHis resignation not having been ac-\\ncepted in Washington, he is legally an\\nofficer in both armies.\\nApr. 24 La. The State raises 6,000\\nConfederate troops.\\nApr. 25. Tex. At Saluria, Col. Van-\\nDorn captures 450 Federal troops.\\nMo. By a secret movement 21,000\\nstand of arms and 110,000 cartridges are\\nremoved from the arsenal at St. Louis\\nand shipped en route for Springfield, 111.\\nApr. 27. B.C. Gen. B. P. Butler is\\nassigned to command the department of\\nAnnapolis.\\nN. C.f Va. The ports are proclaimed\\nto be in a state of blockade.\\nApr. 29. Ala. Jefferson Davis proposes\\nin his message to add 100,000 men to\\nthe 82,000 already in the Confederate\\nservice.\\nApr. D. C. Washington is fortified\\nagainst an attack by Confederates.\\nApr. TJ. S. Grant returns to army\\nlife by tendering his services to Gov.\\nYates, and is appointed to command\\ncamps Yates, Grant, and Douglas.\\nApr. R. I. The young Gov. William\\nSprague puts on a soldier s uniform,\\nand leads the State troops to the defense\\nof the Federal Capital.\\nMay 3. B.C. President Lincoln calls for\\n42,034 volunteers for three years\\nalso for 23,714 regulars and 18,000 sea-\\nThe military Department of the Ohio\\nis created; Gen. George B. McClel-\\nlan, commander, with headquarters at\\nCincinnati.\\nN. J. Four regiments of volunteers\\nunder Gen. Theodore Runyon leave for\\nthe seat of war.\\nMay 4. Md. The Relay House on the\\nBaltimore and Ohio Railroad is seized\\nby a force under Gen. Butler.\\nMay 6. Va. Gen. Robert E. Lee is\\ngiven supreme command of Confederate\\nforces in Virginia.\\nMay 7. Term. A military league is\\nentered into with the Confederacy.\\nMay 8. Mo. Cannon and several hun-\\ndred muskets, furnished by the Con-\\nfederacy, are landed at St. Louis from\\na New Orleans steamer.\\nMay 9. Md. Federal troops again pass\\nthrough Baltimore to Washington.\\nMay 10. Mo. Capt. Lyon with a Federal\\nforce makes a sudden move on Camp\\nJackson, in the suburbs of St. Louis,\\nand compels its unconditional surrender.\\nMay 11. Mo. Gen. Harney returns\\nfrom Washington and resumes com-\\nmand at St. Louis.\\nS. C. Charleston Harbor is block-\\naded by the U. S. frigate Niagara.\\nMay 13. Md. Baltimore is occupied\\nby Gen. Butler with 900 Federals.\\nC. The U. S. frigate Niagara cap-\\ntures the English ship General Park-\\nhill off Charleston Harbor.\\nMay 14. B. C. Capt. George B. Mc-\\nClellan (Major-Genera] of the Ohio\\nMilitia; is appointed a major-general in\\nthe U. S. A.\\nMay 17. B. C. William T. Sherman\\nand Ulysses S. Grant are appointed\\nbrigadier-generals of volunteers. [Com-\\nmissions are dated back to this date,\\nSherman s froin Aug. 3, Grant s from\\nAug. 7.]\\nMay 18. The Government initiates the\\nmovement for creating an armament\\non the Mississippi and Ohio rivers.\\nMay 19. Va. The armed schooner Star\\nattacks a Confederate battery at Sew-\\nell s Point, at the mouth of the Eliz-\\nabeth River, and is driven back by\\nits fire this is the first offensive opera-\\ntion by the Federal Navy.\\nMay 22. Fa. Gen. Butler assumes\\ncommand at Fortress ilonroe.\\nMay 24. B. C. Federals advance from\\nWashington, and occupy Arlington\\nHeights and Alexandria. Col. Elmer\\nEllsworth of the New York Zouaves is\\nkilled.\\nMay 25. N. II. The first regiment of\\nNew Hampshire volunteers leaves Con-\\ncord for the war.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1861.\\nApr. 24. Barnard, Daniel D., M. C. for\\nN. Y., A64.\\nMay 15. Derby, George H., soldier, au-\\nthor, A38.\\nMay 21. Akers, Henj. P., sculptor, A36.\\nMay 24. Ellsworth, Elmer E., col. of Zou-\\naves, A24.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1861 Apr. IS. Md. Secessionists raise\\na flag and salute it with artillery on\\nFederal Hill, Baltimore; loyal citizens\\nquickly seize the cannon and haul down\\nthe flag.\\nApr. 20. 0. The Soldiers Aid Soci-\\nety of Northern Ohio is formed.\\nApr. 29. New York. The Woman s Cen-\\ntral Association of Relief is organized\\nfor the benefit of the soldiers.\\nApr. The Confederates, supposing half\\nof the North would oppose subjugation,\\nare greatly surprised at the effect of\\nthe firing on Fort Sumter.\\nIt unites the people, and arouses their\\npatriotism. President Lincoln s Ad-\\nministration suddenly becomes popular.\\nAll divisions are healed.\\nSTATE.\\n1861 Apr. 17. Va. Governor Letcher\\nissues a proclamation, recognizing the\\nConfederacy, and calling for military\\npreparations to be made.\\nAla. Jefferson Davis issues a proc-\\nlamation counteracting that of Presi-\\ndent Lincoln.\\nMo. The governor refuses to furnish\\nthe quota of troops called for by the\\nPresident.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1861, Apr. 17 -May 25. 195\\nApr. 18. Ky. A union meeting is held at\\nLouisville, which decides that Kentucky\\nshall he maintained a neutral State,\\nand adhere to the Federal Government\\nuntil the latter becomes the aggressor.\\nApr. 19. D. 0. The ports of the seced-\\ning States are proclaimed to be under\\nblockade.\\nThe Government orders the marshals\\nof the large cities to seize all tele-\\ngrams that have accumulated for six\\nmonths the seizure to be made simul-\\ntaneously, on the 20th, at three P. M.\\nthe object in view is to obtain evidence\\nof a conspiracy implicating Northern\\npoliticians.\\nApr. 20. D. C. A committee from Bal-\\ntimore informs the President that\\ntroops cannot march through that\\ncity without fighting their way; ap-\\nproaching troops are ordered to inarch\\naround the city. [Later it is demanded\\nthat Federal troops be ordered not to\\ncross the territory of Maryland.]\\nMo. Missourians seize the U. S. ar-\\nsenal at Liberty.\\nN. C. The State seizes the U. S.\\nbranch mint at Charlotte.\\nNew York. A war-meeting held in\\nUnion Square is attended by more than\\n100,000 people.\\nApr. 22. Md. Gov. Hicks writes Presi-\\ndent Lincoln urging a truce, and sug-\\ngesting that Lord Lyons be requested\\nto act as mediator between the North\\nand the South.\\nApr. 23. Ark. The governor refuses to\\nfurnish the quota of troops required.\\nVa. The State Convention sends\\ncommissioners to treat with the Confed-\\neracy.\\nAlexander H. Stephens, the pleni-\\npotentiary of the Confederacy, enters a\\nformal military league with certain\\nmembers of the State Convention, mak-\\ning Virginia an immediate member of\\nthe Southern Confederacy.\\nApr. 25. Va. The commissioners sign a\\ncompact with the Confederacy. Gover-\\nnor Letcher proclaims Virginia a Con-\\nfederate State, subject to the ratification\\nof the people.\\nApr. 27. D. C. President Lincoln di-\\nrects Gen. Scott to suspend the privi-\\nlege of habeas corpus if necessary.\\nThe blockade is extended by procla-\\nmation to North Carolina and Virginia.\\nApr. 29. Ala. The Confederate Pro-\\nvisional Congress assembles in spe-\\ncial session, to meet the emergency at\\nCharleston, occasioned by the attempt\\nto reenforce Major Anderson.\\nMd. The secession ordinance is\\nrejected by the House of Delegates.\\nVote, 53-13.\\nTenn. Gov. Harris seizes $75,000\\nworth of bonds and \u00c2\u00a75,000 in cash that\\nare in the keeping of the U. S. collector\\nat Nashville.\\nApr. 30. A 7 J. The Legislature makes\\nan appropriation of $2,000,000 for mili-\\ntary purposes, and provides for an an-\\nnual tax of $100,000 in addition.\\nPa. Gov. Curtin convenes the Legis-\\nlature in extra session to make military\\npreparations for the coming war.\\nApr.* Tenn. Gov. Harris refuses to honor\\nPresident Lincoln s call for troops.\\nApr. Va. By a proviso the secession\\nordinance is not to take effect until\\nratified by a vote of the people, on the\\n30th of May.\\nMay 1. Tenn. The Legislature author-\\nizes the governor to enter a military\\nleague with the Confederacy, by\\nwhich the entire military power of the\\nState will be subject to Confederate\\nauthority.\\nMay 1\u00c2\u00b1. John A. Campbell of Ga., an\\nassociate justice of the Supreme Court\\nresigns [and joins the ConfederacyJ.\\nMay 3. C. President Lincoln, on\\nofficial authority alone, calls for addi-\\ntional volunteers. (See Army.)\\nThe President directs military com-\\nmanders to suspend the writ of habeas\\ncorpus in certain cases.\\nMay 4. D. C. President Lincoln in-\\nforms foreign governments that he\\nintends to maintain the Union by force\\nif necessary.\\nKy. A large majority of the delegates\\nchosen to attend the Border State Con-\\nvention are opposed to secession.\\nMay 6. Arkansas, the ninth State, se-\\ncedes from the Union by ordinance of\\na convention. Vote 69-1.\\nAla. The Confederate Congress\\nmeets in special session.\\nVa. The State becomes a member of\\nthe Confederacy.\\nMay 7. Ala. Virginia is admitted to\\nrepresentation in the Confederate Con-\\ngress.\\nTenn. Gov. Harris announces a mili-\\ntary league between Tennessee and the\\nSouthern Confederacy.\\nMay 8. D. C. The direct donations\\nmade by men of wealth, within the\\nlast three weeks, for the support of the\\nGovernment, are estimated at $23,000,000.\\nMay 9. Ala. The Confederate Con-\\ngress passes an act recognizing the\\nexistence of war between the United\\nStates and the Confederate States.\\nIt authorizes Jefferson Davis to use\\nthe whole land and naval force of the\\nConfederacy, and to commission priva-\\nteers.\\nMay 10. D. C. The writ of habeas corpus\\nis suspended in Key West, Tortugas, and\\nSanta Rosa.\\nMay 11. Ky. It is agreed by arbitration\\nof the Union men and the Breckinridge\\nmen that the State shall aid neither\\nNorth nor South, but maintain an armed\\nneutrality.\\nMay 13. W. Va. At Wheeling, 5,000\\nloyal citizens from 25 counties pledge\\ntheir support to the Union.\\nEng. The Confederate States are\\nrecognized as belligerents by Great\\nBritain in a proclamation of neutrality.\\nMay 14. D. C. The mails are ordered\\nto be withdrawn from many Southern\\nroutes.\\nMass. An extra session of the Legis-\\nlature is held, and an act is passed for\\nthe maintenance of the Union and the\\nConstitution the Union Fund is created,\\nand the issue of $3,000,000 in scrip\\nauthorized.\\nMay 16. Va. Virginians are notified by\\nSenator Mason, ten days in advance of\\nthe submission election, that they must\\nvote for secession, or retaining their\\nUnion sentiments, they must leave\\nthe State.\\nKy. The House of Representatives\\nresolves to maintain the neutrality of\\nthe State.\\nThe great leader of the Democracy,\\nStephen A. Douglas, pursues a pa-\\ntriotic course in aid of President Lin-\\ncoln no partisan word is spoken only\\nthe safety and honor of the Government\\nare considered by him.\\nMay 20. Ky. Gov. Magoffin proclaims\\nKentucky a neutral State.\\nA 7 C. An ordinance of secession is\\npassed by the State Convention it both\\nrevises the State Constitution and adopts\\nthe Confederate Constitution.\\nNorth Carolina, the 10th State,\\nsecedes by ordinance of a State Con-\\nvention it is passed by a unanimous\\nvote.\\nMay 21. The Confederacy confiscates\\nthe property and estates of aliens.\\nIt affixes a fine of $5,000 and imprison-\\nment to those who withhold informa-\\ntion of such property. [The total amount\\nconfiscated is estimated at $200,000,000.]\\nAla. The Confederate Provisional\\nCongress adjourns, to meet in Rich-\\nmond, Va., on the 20th of July.\\nMay 23. Va. The people confirm the\\nordinance of secession by a popular\\nvote of 125,950-20,373.\\nMay 25. Md. John Merryman is ar-\\nrested in Baltimore, and confined in\\nFort McHenry, for raising companies to\\njoin the secessionists.\\n[Chief Justice Taney issues a writ of\\nhabeas corpus (which* is ignored), and\\ndeclares that the President cannot sus-\\npend the privilege of a writ of habeas\\ncorpus, or allow a military officer to do\\nso.]\\nMass. Gov. Andrew issues a call ask-\\ning for additional troops. [The next\\nday 3,100 report at his headquarters on\\nthe Boston Common.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1861 Apr. 18. Kan. The steamboat New\\nSam Gaty, flying the Confederate flag,\\narrives at Leavenworth the captain is\\nforced to substitute the Union flag.\\nApr. 20. D. C. The railroad authori-\\nties propose to Gen. Scott a new route\\nfor troops to reach the Capital and avoid\\nBaltimore.\\nThey propose passage by rail to Perry-\\nville, Md., thence hy water to Annapolis,\\nthence by rail to Washington, and if the\\nrailroad be destroyed, by wagon-roads.\\nMay 9. 111. Boats loaded with provis-\\nions for the Confederates are stopped\\nat Cairo.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "196 1861, May 27-July 25.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1861 May 30. W. Va. The Federals\\nenter Grafton.\\nMay 31. Va. Gen. Beauregard as-\\nsumes command of the Confederate\\nforces in Virginia.\\nMay Va. Gen. Butler refuses to return\\nto their owners three refugee slaves at\\nFortress Monroe he holds them as con-\\ntraband of war.\\nJune 2. S.C. The -privateer Savannah\\nescapes from Charleston Harbor. [It is\\ncaptured on June 3 by the Federal brig-\\nof-war Perry.]\\nJune 3, TV. Va. At Philippi, Federals\\nunder Cols. Kelley and Lander lose\\ntwo killed, two wounded, and two miss-\\ning Confederates, under Col. Porter-\\nfield, lose 16 killed and 26 missing, and\\nretreat.\\nJune 5. Va. Gen. Beauregard calls on\\nthe Virginians by proclamation to rise\\nand expel the Federals from their State.\\nJune 8. Va. The Virginia State troops\\nare transferred to the Confederacy.\\nJune 10. Va. At Big Bethel, Federals\\nunder Brig.-Gen. Peirce are repulsed,\\nlosing 14 killed, 49 wounded, and five\\nmissing Confederates, under Col. J.\\nMagruder, lose one killed and four\\nwounded.\\nJune 12. Mo. Gov. Jackson calls for\\n50,000 militia to defend the State\\nagainst the Federal forces, and also an-\\nnounces his loyalty to the United States.\\nJune 14. Va. Confederates evacuate\\nHarper s Ferry.\\nJune 15. Boston. The Massachusetts\\n1st the first regiment to respond to the\\ncall for three years troops leaves for\\nWashington.\\nMo. Gen. Lyon with an expedition\\nfrom St. Louis occupiea Jefferson\\nCity, without resistance.\\nJune 16. Va. Federals occupy Harper s\\nFerry.\\nMd. At Seneca Mills, Federals,\\nunder Maj. Everett, attack the Confed-\\nerates, who lose three killed.\\nJune 17. III. TJ. S. Grant returns to\\narmy life, and is commissioned colonel\\nof the 21st Regiment of Illinois Volun-\\nteers.\\nMo. Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, having\\nraised a Union army, defeats the State\\ntroops under Gen. Price at Boonville.\\nFederal loss, 14 killed, 49 wounded, and\\nB prisoners Confederate loss about 40\\nkilled and wounded, and many prisoners.\\nTV. Va. Federals under Gen. Robert\\nC. Schenck are surprised by the Confed-\\nerates under Col. Gregg at Vienna,\\nand lose five killed, six wounded, and 13\\nprisoners.\\nJune 18. Mo. Battle near Warsaw\\nFederals, under Capt. Cook, lose 25\\nkilled, 52 wounded, and 28 prisoners\\nConfederates, under Gov. Jackson, lose\\n45 killed and wounded.\\nVa. Gen. Patterson, with about 23,000\\nmen, recrosses the Potomac, and falls\\nback on Hagerstown, Md.\\nJune 24. Ky. Gen. S. B. Buckner, com-\\nmander-in-chief of the State Guards,\\norders six companies to Columbus to\\nmaintain the neutrality of Kentucky.\\nJuly 1. La. The privateer Sumter, un-\\nder Capt. Semmes, runs the blockade at\\nKew Orleans [and preys on Union mer-\\nchantmen for seven months].\\nD. C. John Charles Fremont is\\ncommissioned major-general.\\nU. S. The official army list includes\\n14,108 regulars, 169,480 volunteers pres-\\nent for duty, 183,588.\\nJuly2. W.Va. At Martinsburg, Feder-\\nals, under Col. Abercrombie, lose three\\n.killed, 10 wounded; Confederates, un-\\nder Gen. Jackson, lose 30 killed and\\nwounded, 20 missing.\\nGen. Patterson with a Federal force\\ncrosses the Potomac at Williamsport.\\nSummer. James B. Eads creates a\\ngunboat fleet of 13 guns each, heavily\\nplated with iron at the hows.\\nJuly 3. D. C. Gen. J. C. Fremont is\\nappointed to command the Western\\nDepartment.\\nJuly 4. JD. C. The Secretary of War re-\\nports as in commission 82 war vessels,\\ncarrying 1,100 guns.\\nTV. Va. AtHarper s Ferry, the 9th\\nN. Y. Regiment loses two killed and\\nthree wounded Confederates lose two\\nkilled.\\nJuly 4 Jefferson Davis appoints Gen.\\nLeonidas Polk to command the mili-\\ntary Department of the Lower Missis-\\nsippi headquarters at Memphis.\\nJuly 5. Mo. Battle of Carthage: l.ioo\\nFederals under Col. Franz Sigel, attack\\na superior force under Gov. Jackson,\\nGens. Price, Rains, and Parsons; Fed-\\nerals are successful at first, but finally\\nforced to retreat. Federal loss, 13\\nkilled, 31 woundojd Confederate loss,\\n200 killed and wounded, and 250 pris-\\noners.\\nJuly 6. TV. Va. At Middle Fork\\nBridge, the 3d Ohio loses one killed,\\nthree wounded Confederates lose seven\\nkilled and wounded.\\nJuly 9. TV. Va. At Laurel Hill, Cols.\\nMcCook and Andrews defeat the Con-\\nfederates under Gen. Garnett. Federal\\nloss, one killed and three wounded.\\nJuly 11. TV. Va. Battle of Rich Moun-\\ntain: Rosecrans, of Gen. McClellan s\\ncommand, defeats the Confederates un-\\nder Col. Pegram. Federal loss, 11 killed\\nand 35 wounded; Confederate loss, 150\\nkilled and wounded.\\nJuly 12. TV. Va. At Beverly, Col.\\nPegram surrenders GOO Confederates to\\nGen. McClellan.\\nAt Barbourville, Col. Woodruff de-\\nfeats the Confederates, who lose 12\\nkilled Federal loss, one killed.\\nJuly 13. Jr. Va. Battle of Carrick s\\nFord Gen. McClellan and Gen. Morris\\ndefeat the Confederates under Gen.\\nGarnett. Federal loss, 13 killed and 40\\nwounded Confederate loss, 150 killed\\nand wounded, and SOO prisoners Gen.\\nGarnett is among the killed.\\nJuly 14. TV. Va. Gen. Patterson cau-\\ntiously advances, and occupies Bunker\\nHill with a force of 18,000 to 22,000 men\\nGen. Johnston is nine miles away with\\n12,000 men.\\nJuly 16. Va. Gen. McDowell begins his\\nadvance upon Manassas; total com-\\nmand, 34,320 men his marching column\\nless than 28,000 men with 49 guns.\\nJuly 17. TV. Va. Gen. Patterson prac-\\ntically retreats from Bunker Kill to\\nCharleston.\\nAt Scarytown three Federal cn]r\\nnels, two captains, and seven men are\\ncaptured by the Confederates.\\nJuly 18. TV. Va. Gen. J. E. Johnston\\neludes Gen. Patterson in the Shenan-\\ndoah Valley, hastens with 9,000 men to\\nreenforce Gen. Beauregard, in time to\\ndefeat Gen. McDowell at Bull Run on\\nthe 21st.\\nMo. At Kansas City Maj. Tanhorn\\ndefeats the Confederates. Federal loss,\\none killed Confederate loss, 20 killed\\nand wounded.\\nD. C. Mr. Lowe makes a balloon\\nascension, at Washington, for military\\ninformation.\\nVa. Battle at Blackburn s Ford,\\nnear Centerville. Gen. Tyler loses 83\\nkilled and wounded the repulsed Con-\\nfederates lose 68 killed and wounded.\\nGen. McDowell s advance reaches\\nCenterville, to hud the Confederates\\nretired to Manassas Junction, an im-\\nportant railroad center.\\nJuly 21. Va. First Battle of Bull\\nRun: Confederates under Gens. Beau-\\nregard and Johnston defeat the\\nFederals under Gen. McDowell,\\nThe Federal army becomes panic-\\nstricken, and retreats toward Washing-\\nton in a disorderly rout. Federals lose\\n481 killed, 1.011 wounded, 1,421 missing,\\nbesides 28 guns and 5,000 small arms.\\nConfederate loss, 387 killed, and 1,582\\nwounded.\\nJuly 22. TV. Va. Gen. McClellan is\\nrelieved of his command and ordered to\\nWashington Gen. W. S. Rosecrans is\\nhis successor.\\nMo. Gen. Sweeney encounters Con-\\nfederates at Forsyth, losing two\\nwounded Confederates lose five killed\\nand 10 wouuded.\\nJuly 25. Mo. Gen. John C. Fremont\\ntakes command of the Western Depart-\\nment of the Federal army.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1861 May 29. The asteroid Feronia\\nis discovered by Peters and Safford.\\nJuly 1. A r J. Steel guns are first man-\\nufactured at Trenton.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1861.\\nJune 3. Doug-las, Stephen Arnold, M.C.,\\nsen. for 111., dem. candidate for Pres. (Pop-\\nular Sovereigntv), A48.\\nJune 5. Garland, John. Col., V. S, A., A69.\\nJune 10. Winthrop, Theodore, author,\\nmaj. of vols., k. at Iiie Bethel, A33.\\nJuly 13. Garnett, Robert S., V. S. A., Con-\\nfed, brig.-gen., A42.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1861, May 27 -July 25. 197\\nCHURCH.\\n1861 May Phila. The General As-\\nsembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets J.\\nChester Backus, moderator.\\nOnly 13 Commissioners are present\\nfrom the seceding States it approves\\npatriotic resolutions. (Vote, 156-66.) The\\nSouthern Commissioners are offended\\nand withdraw. [The resolutions become\\nthe alleged reasons for the organization\\nof the Presbyterian Church of the Con-\\nfederate States.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1861 May Phila. The volunteers\\nrefreshment saloon is opened in a\\ncooper-shop, on Otsego Street. [It feeds\\n600,000 soldiers who pass through the\\ncity during the war.]\\nJune 9. B. C. A Sanitary Commis-\\nsion is appointed by the Secretary of\\nWar.\\nMembers Rev. Henry W. Bellows,\\nD.D., Prof. A. D. Bache, Jeffries Wy-\\nman, M.D., W. H. Van Buren, M.D.,\\nR. C. Wood, Surgeon-General and two\\narmy officers, G. W. Cullum and Alex-\\nander Shiras.\\nJune 13. B.C. The United States Sani-\\ntary Commission organizes and takes\\nits name.\\nFast-day is observed in the Confeder-\\nate States.\\nJuly 4. President Lincoln s message\\ninspires public patriotism.\\nVa. The holiday illusion respect-\\ning the war is dispelled at Bull Run.\\nA great lesson is taught the North.\\nJuly 21. General gloom prevails in the\\nNorthern States over the disastrous de-\\nfeat at Bull Run [followed by increased\\ndetermination to preserve the Union].\\nSTATE.\\n1861 May 27. Va. Gen. Benj. F. Butler\\nof Mass. is the first to declare fugitive\\nslaves contraband of war.\\nMay 30. B. C. The Treasury acquires\\nS7,310,00O by sale of bonds at rates from\\n85 to 93 per cent, and 81,684,000 by Treas-\\nury notes at par.\\nMay Mass. The Legislature passes an\\namendment to the Union Fund by\\nwhich the governor is authorized to\\nissue scrip to the amount of \u00c2\u00a77,000,000,\\nto be loaned to the U. S. Government.\\nMay Utah. Gov. Cuinmings resigns.\\nJune 1. Postal communications with\\nseceding States are prohibited.\\n*Ala. The Confederacy removes its\\ncapital to Richmond, Va.\\nJune 3. Chicago. The loyal Democrats\\nmourn the death of their leader,\\nStephen A. Douglas.\\nKy. A Border State Convention\\nis held at Frankfort.\\nIt commends neutrality to Kentucky,\\nand urges the Federal Government to\\nsatisfy the slave States that slave prop-\\nerty shall not be interfered with.\\nJune 6. S. C. Gov. Pickens proclaims\\nthat citizens will be guilty of treason if\\nthey remit money to pay creditors in\\nthe North.\\nJune 8. Term. Tennessee, the 11th\\nState, secedes by the vote of the people.\\nU. S. The aggregate of subscriptions\\nfor carrying on the war amounts to\\n$32,000,000.\\nJune 10. Fr. Napoleon III. proclaims\\nneutrality in the American conflict.\\nJune 11. W. Va. A loyal State Con-\\nvention at Wheeling; declares the\\noffices of the State of Virginia are made\\nvacant by disloyalty, and proceeds to\\nfill them and to form a regular State\\ngovernment.\\nJune 12. Mo. The governor by procla-\\nmation calls for 50,000 militia to re-\\npel invasion, and then flees South.\\nJune 18. Tex. Gov. Clark proclaims the\\npayment of debts to people at war with\\nthe Confederates to be an act of treason.\\nJune 19. W. Va. The convention at\\nWheeling passes an ordinance to reor-\\nganize the State of Virginia on a loyal\\nbasis.\\nJune 20. Ky. In a special election for\\nten members of Congress, nine Union\\nmen are chosen.\\nIT. S. Passports from the Secretary\\nof State are required of persons enter-\\ning the South.\\nTenn. A Union Convention is\\nheld at Greenville, and grievances are\\ndeclared.\\nW. Va. The convention elects\\nFrancis H. Pierpont governor.\\nJune 21. Tenn. A Union Convention\\nat Greenville, in East Tennessee, opposes\\nthe secession movement.\\nJune 24. Tenn. Gov. Harris by procla-\\nmation declares the State out of the\\nUnion. (Vote of the people, 104,913 for\\n47,238 against.)\\nJune 27. Del. A Peace Convention\\nis held at Dover it condemns the war\\nand favors a peaceful separation.\\nJune 30. Statistics for 1861. Revenue\\ncustoms, $39,582,126 sales of public\\nlands, $870,659; premiums on loans and\\nsales of gold, $33,631; miscellaneous\\nitems, $1,023,515. Total revenue, $41,509,-\\n930. Expenditures: War Department,\\nS22,981,150 Navy Department, $12,420,-\\n888; Indians, *2,s41.35S; 8,636 pensions,\\n$1,036,064; interest, $4,000,174; other\\ncivil and miscellaneous items, $23,267,-\\n010. Total ordinary expenditures, $66,-\\n546,645. Excess of expenditure over\\nrevenue, $25,036,714. Public debt, $90,-\\n580,873. Exports, $219,553,833; imports,\\n$289,310,542.\\nJuly 2. D. C. The habeas corpus is\\nfurther extended by the President.\\nW. Va. The first Legislature or-\\nganizes at Wheeling.\\nJuly 4. B. C. The 37th Congress\\nopens in special session. Galusha A.\\nGrow of Pa. is elected Speaker.\\nAndrew Johnson is the only Senator\\npresent from any of the 11 seceding\\nStates, and there are only two members\\nin the House from those States.\\nJohn J. Crittenden of Ky. is an emi-\\nnent accession to the House.\\nPresident Lincoln s message states\\nhis policy.\\nTo hold the public places and prop-\\nerty not already wrested from the Gov-\\nernment, to collect the revenue \u00e2\u0080\u0094relying\\nfor the rest on time, discussion, and the\\nballot-box.\\nPresident Lincoln asks for $400,-\\n000,000 and 400,000 men.\\nThe Treasurer asks Congress to pro-\\nvide resources for the fiscal year,\\namounting to $318,519,581, and suggests\\nthat $80,000,000 be raised by taxation\\nand $240,000,000 by loans.\\nJuly 5. D. C. The President s authority\\nto declare martial law and issue writs of\\nhabeas corpus is sustained by Atty.-Gen.\\nBates.\\nJuly 6. Va. Jefferson Davis sends a\\nthreat of retaliation on Union pris-\\noners, if 13 persons captured on the\\nprivateer Savannah are executed.\\nJuly 8. B. C. The Government pro-\\nhibits telegraph communication with\\nrespect to the army, unless the consent\\nof the commanding general has been\\nobtained.\\nJuly 10. B. C. Congress The House\\npasses the first great War-Loan Bill\\nafter a debate in committee of the whole\\nfor one hour, and on the next day after\\nits introduction. Vote, 105-5.\\nJuly 11. B.C. Congress: The Senate\\nexpels Mason and Hunter of Va., Cling-\\nman and Bragg of N. C., Chestnut of\\nS. C, Nicholson of Tenn., Sebastian and\\nMitchell of Ark., Hemphill and Wigfall\\nof Tex. All had vacated their seats.\\nVote, 32-10.\\nJuly 13. B.C. Congress; Senate: Two\\nSenators, who have been elected by the\\nloyal people of the western counties\\nof Virginia, are sworn into office.\\nJuly 17. B.C. The Loan Act becomes\\na law.\\nThe Treasury may offer $250,000,000\\nbonds at 7 per cent, running 20 years, or\\nnotes at 7^ per cent interest, payable\\nafter three years. By a separate sec-\\ntion $100,000,000 may be offered abroad.\\nJuly 18. B. C. Congress; Senate:\\nSolomon Foot of Vt. is elected Presi-\\ndent pro tempore.\\nJuly 20. Va. The Confederate Pro-\\nvisional Congress opens its third ses-\\nsion at Richmond.\\nJefferson Davis delivers his second\\ninaugural address to the Confederate\\nCongress at Richmond.\\nJuly 22. B. C. Congress The House\\npasses the Crittenden Resolution, de-\\nfining the object of the war. [July 25,\\nit is adopted by the Senate.]\\nJuly 22-25. Va. Congress passes acts\\nauthorizing the raising of an army of\\na million men.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1861 June 1. The Confederate dol-\\nlar is valued at 90 cents.\\nJuly 1. Cal. The first daily overland\\nmail route from Missouri to San Fran-\\ncisco is established.\\nXew York. Price of cotton, 14f cents.\\nJuly 18. Kan. The first overland coach\\narrives from San Francisco, havingmnd*\\nthe trip in 17 days.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "198 1861, July25-0ct. 4.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1861 July 25. Va. Gen. N. P. Banks\\nsupersedes Gen. Kobert Patterson as\\ncommander of the Army of the Shen-\\nandoah.\\nJuly 27. D. C. Gen. Geo. B. McClellan\\nassumes command of the Department\\nof Washington and Northeastern\\nVirginia.\\nHis force consists of 50,000 infantry,\\nabout 1,000 cavalry, G50 artillerymen,\\nwith nine imperfect field batteries of\\ntbirty pieces.\\nJuly The Confederate army is offi-\\ncially declared to number 210,000 men\\n400,000 more are authorized by the Con-\\nfederate Congress.\\nAug. 2. Mo. Battle of Dug Spring\\nGen. Lyon loses nine killed, 30 wounded;\\nConfederates, under Gen. Rains, lose -40\\nkilled and 40 wounded.\\niV. Mex. Mag Isaac Lynde surrenders\\nFort Fillmore and a force of 700 Fed-\\nerals to Col. John R.. Baylor.\\nAug. 5. Md. At Point of Rocks, Con-\\nfederates lose three killed, two wounded,\\nand seven prisoners.\\nMo. At Athens, Col. Moore loses 10\\nkilled, and wounded Confederates lose\\n23 killed, 50 wounded.\\nAug. 7. Col. U. S. Grant is promoted\\nto the rank of brigadier-general of\\nvolunteers. (His commission is dated\\nback to May 17.)\\nAug. 10. Mo. Battle of Wilson s\\nCreek The Federals under Gens. Lyon\\nand Sigel have a desperate fight with\\nthe Confederates under Gens. Price and\\nMcCulloch [and fall back to Springfield],\\nFederal loss, 223 killed, 721 wounded,\\nand 292 missing. Confederate loss, 265\\nkilled, 800 wounded, and 30 missing.\\nGen. Lyon is killed.\\nAug. 13. IV. Va. Near Grafton, Capt.\\nBay ton routs the Confederates, who lose\\n21 killed and wounded.\\nAug. 16. Va. Gen. John E. Wool\\ntakes command at Fortress Monroe.\\nAug. 19. D. C. Henry W. Halleck is\\ncommissioned major-general.\\nMo. At Charleston, Col. Dougherty\\nand Lieut. -Col. Ransom defeat the\\nConfederates under Col. Hunter Fed-\\neral loss, one killed and six wounded\\nConfederate loss, 20 killed and wounded,\\nand 17 prisoners.\\nAug. 20. Va. Gen. George B. Mc-\\nClellan assumes command of the Army\\nof the Potomac, and proceeds to reor-\\nganize it. (He fortifies Washington\\nuntil 32 forts protect it.)\\nAug. 26. IV. Va. At Cross Lanes,\\nFederals, under Col. Tyler, are defeated,\\nand lose 15 killed, 40 wounded, and 30\\nprisoners Confederate loss unknown.\\nVa. The Hatteras expedition,\\ncommanded by Flag-officer Silas H.\\nStringham and Gen. B. F. Butler, leaves\\nFortress Monroe it comprises five war\\nvessels, two transports, and a tug, with\\na force of 800 men.\\nAug. 28, 29. JT. C. The Hatteras ex-\\npedition bombards Forts Hatteras and\\nClark at the Inlet till they surrender.\\nFederals lose one killed, two wounded\\nConfederates lose 12 or 15 killed, 35\\nwounded, and 750 prisoners.\\nAug. 29. Mo. At Lexington Federals\\nlose five or six wounded Confederates,\\nunder Col. Reed, lose eight killed, sev-\\neral wounded.\\nAug. 31. Mo. Gen. J. C. Fremont\\nproclaims martial law in Missouri, and\\nmilitary emancipation to Blaves of\\nsecessionists.\\nAug. Ky. Gen. Win. Nelson organizes\\nCamp Lick Kobinson in Garrard County,\\nfor mustering Union soldiers.\\nSept. 1. Mo. At Bennett s Mills, Fed-\\nerals lose three killed, six wounded.\\nGen. IT. S. Grant assumes command\\nof Southeastern Missouri.\\nVa. At Boone Court House, the\\nFederal loss, six wounded Confederate\\nloss, 30.\\nSept. 4. Ky. The Confederates are the\\nfirst to violate the neutrality of the\\nBorder States; they send Gen. Polk\\nto occupy a section of Kentucky border-\\ning the Mississippi.\\nColumbus, the Gibraltar of the\\nWest, is occupied by Gen. Pillow with\\n6,000 men, who cross the river from\\nMadrid.\\nMo. A gunboat reconnaissance is\\nsent out under Gen. Grant, on the Mis-\\nsissippi River [which discovers the Con-\\nfederate occupation of Kentucky].\\nSept. 5. III. The Grant expedition,\\nconsisting of two gunboats, 1,800 men,\\nwith 16 cannon for batteries, leaves Cairo\\nfor Paducah, Kentucky.\\nSept. 6. Ky. A Union force xinder Gen.\\nUlysses S. Grant enters Kentucky and\\noccupies Paducah.\\nSept. 10. TV. Va. Battle of Carnifex\\nFerry Gen. Rosecrans defeats Con-\\nfederate Gen. John B. Floyd with a loss\\nof 16 killed, 102 wounded; Confederate\\nloss small.\\nKy. Gen. George H.Thomas is as-\\nsigned to a command in East Kentucky.\\nThe Confederacy appoints Gen. A. S.\\nJohnston to command the Department\\nof Tennessee, Arkansas, and parts of\\nMississippi, Kentucky, Missouri, Kan-\\nsas, and the Indian Territory.\\nSept. 10 Ky. Cumberland Ford is\\noccupied by six regiments of Confeder-\\nates under Brig.-Gen. Zollicoffer, which\\nenter the State through Cumberland\\nGap from Tennessee.\\nSept. 12. Mo. At Black River, Maj.\\nGavitt encounters Confederates under\\nCol. Talbot, who lose five killed and four\\nprisoners.\\nSept. 12-14. W. Va. Battle of Cheat\\nMountain Gen. Reynolds defeats the\\nConfederates under Gen. Lee. Federal\\nloss, 13killed, 20 wounded, and 60 prison-\\ners; Confederate loss, 100 killed and\\nwounded, besides 20 prisoners.\\nSept. 13. Mo. At Boonville, Federals\\nunder Capt. Eppstein lose one killed\\nand four wounded Confederates lose\\n12 killed and 30 wounded.\\nSept. W. Va. The Confederates send\\nGens. John B. Floyd and Henry A Wise\\nto regain West Virginia.\\nSept. 14. Mo. At Kansas City, Con-\\nfederates lose seven killed and six\\nprisoners.\\nSept. 17. Mo. At Morristown Con-\\nfederates lose seven killed, and 100\\nhorses captured with tents and supplies.\\nBattle at Blue Mills Landing\\nLieut.-Col, Scott encounters the Con-\\nfederates under Gen. AtohitM.u Fed-\\neral loss, 100 killed and wouuded.\\nSept. 18. Ky. Bowling Green is occu-\\npied by Confederated under Gen. Buck-\\nner a part of his command advances\\nto Mumfordville. This invasion of\\nKentucky is proclaimed to be a meas-\\nure of defense against an alleged inva-\\nsion proposed by the Federals.\\nSept. 18-20. Mo. Battle of Lexing-\\nton: Gen. Price besieges the Federals\\nunder Col. Mulligan, who surrenders\\nafter the exhaustion of his supplies.\\nFederal loss, 42 killed, 108 wounded,\\nand 1,624 prisoners Confederate loss,\\n25 killed, 75 wounded. Mulligan s\\nSurrender.\\nSept. 19. Ky. Lexington is occupied\\nby the Union Home Guard under Col. T.\\nE. Bramlette.\\nSept. 21. Mo. Battle of Papinsville\\nGen. Lane loses 17 killed and 40 wounded;\\nConfederates lose 40 killed, 22 wounded,\\nand 100 prisoners, also all their tents\\nand supplies.\\nKy. Gen. O. M. Mitchel, of the De-\\npartment of the Ohio, assumes command.\\nSept. 23. Jr. Fa. At Mechanic s Gap\\nthe Federals lose three killed and 10\\nwounded the defeated Confederates\\nlose 15 killed and 30 wounded.\\nSept. 24. Count de Paris and Due de\\nChartres enter the Federal service as\\naids to Gen. McClellan.\\nSept. 25. W. Va. At Chapmansville,\\nCol. Pratt encounters the Confederates\\nunder Col. Davis Federal loss, four\\nkilled and eight wounded Confederate\\nloss, 20 killed, 50 wounded, and 47 prison-\\ners Col. Davis is among the killed.\\nMo. At Osceola, Col. Montgomery\\nloses one killed and four wounded the\\nConfederates lose 10 killed.\\nfour killed\\nand five prisoners.\\nMo, Gen. John C. Fremont takes\\nthe field.\\nOct. 1\u00c2\u00b1. Va. The Confederates be-\\nfore Washington begin to fall back.\\nOct. 3. IV. Va. Battle of Greenbrier\\nGen. Reynolds encounters the Confeder-\\nates under Gen. H. R. Jackson in an\\nindecisive battle. Federal loss, eight\\nkilled and 32 wounded; Confederate loss,\\n100 killed, 95 wounded, and 13 prisoners.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1861.\\nAug. 3. Bowman, Samuel, asst, P. E. bp.\\nof Pa.,A61.\\nAug. 10. Lvon, Nathaniel, gen. U. S.Vols.,\\nk. at Wilson s Creek, A43.\\nAug. 12. Reese, David M., physician, au-\\nthor, A 61.\\nSept. 12. Briggs, Geo. H.. Gov. of Mass.,\\nM. C, A65.\\nCHURCH.\\n1861 Sept. 26. U.S. Fast-day is ob-\\nserved in the Northern States, by procla-\\nmation of the President.\\nLETTERS.\\n1861 Cal. Pacific College, South-\\nern (Meth. Epis.) is organized at Santa", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1861, July 25 -Oct. 4. 199\\nk Boston. The Boston Review appears.\\nfc la. Norwegian Lutheran Univer-\\nsity is organized at Decorah.\\nk Til. Northwestern College (Evan-\\ngelical Ass n) is organized at Napierville.\\nfc III. St. Joseph s College (Rom.\\nCath.) is organized at Teutopolis.\\nt La. Jefferson College (Rom. Catli.)\\nis organized in St. James parish.\\nMich. Albion College (Meth. Epis.)\\nis organized at Albion.\\nNew York. The World absorbs the\\nCourier and Enquirer.\\nNew York. Bellevue Hospital Medi-\\ncal College is opened.\\nc New York. Homeopathic Medical\\nCollege is opened.\\nN. Y. St. Joseph s College (Rom.\\nCath.) is organized at Buffalo.\\nVassar College is founded at Pough-\\nkeepsie by Matthew Vassar, by the gift\\nof $408,000, for the higher education of\\nwomen.\\nr Wash. Washington University\\n(non-sect.) is organized at Seattle.\\n1 The Battle of Bull Run, by E. C. Sted-\\nman, appears.\\n1 Cecil Dreeme, by Tbeodore Winthrop,\\nappears.\\nElsie Vernier, by Holmes, appears.\\nExploration and Adventures in Equa-\\ntorial Africa, by Paul B. du Chaillu,\\nThe Genius of Solitude, by Alger, ap-\\npears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1861 Aug. 5. President Lincoln signs\\nan act of Congress forbidding the selling\\nor giving intoxicating drinks to sol-\\ndiers.\\nAug. 12. Me. A mob entirely destroys\\nthe office of the Democrat, a secession\\nnewspaper at Bangor.\\nSept. 12. Mo. Two slaves of Thomas\\n1*. Snead, a secessionist of St. Louis, are\\nmanumitted by Gen. Fremont.\\nSTATE.\\n1861 July 3 1 Mo. A loyal conven-\\ntion deposes the governor and other\\nfugitive State officers Hamilton R.\\nGamble is appointed provisional gover-\\nnor.\\nAug. 1. D. C. Congress Senate Gen.\\nBaker of Ore. makes a speech, in which\\nhe characterizes the utterances of\\nSenator Breckinridge of Ky. as\\nwords of brilliant, polished treason.\\nVa. Citizens who hold office under\\nthe Federal Government are declared\\nchargeable with treason against the\\nState.\\nAug. 2. D. C. Congress passes an act\\nconfiscating all the slaves employed\\nby the Confederates for military pur-\\nposes.\\nAug. 3. Mo. Joint protection is offered\\nby Gov. Gamble and the Federal Govern-\\nment to those in arms who peaceably\\nreturn to their homes.\\nAug. 5. D. C. The Morrill Tariff is\\nincreased with an extended schedule,\\nand radically changes the policy of\\nrevenue.\\nThe average imports on dutiable ar-\\nticles are raised from 19 to 36 per cent,\\nand on total importations from 15 to 28\\nper cent.\\nCongress passes a supplemental Loan\\nAct, permitting the Treasurer to issue\\n6 per cent treasury notes, running 20\\nyears, and allowing holders of seven-\\nthirties to exchange their notes for such\\nbonds limit, $50,000,000.\\nIt enacts a direct tax of \u00c2\u00a720,000,000 to\\nbe levied annually upon the States.\\nThe Cabinet disagree Secretary\\nWelles contends for the closing of\\nSouthern ports in preference to a\\nblockade.\\nMo. A declaration of State inde-\\npendence is issued by Gov. Jackson at\\nNew Madrid, on his return from Rich-\\nmond, Va.\\nAug. 6. D. C. Congress confiscates\\nthe property, including slaves, of ene-\\nmies of the United States.\\nThe 37th Congress the first session\\ncloses.\\nIt has appropriated $207,000,000 for the\\nArmy, $56,000,000 for the Navy, and\\npassed in all 76 public acts, 72 of which\\nrelate to the war.\\nAug. 13. D. C. The British Govern-\\nment opens official communication\\nwith the Confederate Government,\\nthrough Consul Bunch, relative to pri-\\nvateering. [Secretary Seward demands\\nhis removal England refuses.]\\nAug. 14. Va. The Confederate Con-\\ngress warns all citizens of the United\\nStates, 14 years old and upwards, to re-\\nmove from the Confederate States\\nwithin 40 days.\\nAug. 16. D. C. The President proclaims\\nthe seceding States in a condition of\\ninsurrection, and forbids all commer-\\ncial intercourse with them.\\nU. S. The banks promptly sub-\\nscribe for $50,000,000 loan, and receive\\nseven- thirties. [Afterwards they fur-\\nnish \u00c2\u00a750,000,000 more.]\\nAug. 20. W. Va. The convention at\\nWheeling adopts an ordinance for a\\nnew State.\\nAug. 22. Va. The Confederate Pro-\\nvisional Congress at Richmond closes\\nits third session.\\nAug. 30. Mb, Gen. Fremont declares\\nthe State under martial law.\\nAug. Missouri decides to be neutral\\nduring the war [but the State becomes\\nthe center of a great conflict between the\\ntwo armies].\\nSept. 2. Ky. The Legislature meets, and\\nproceeds to arm the State against in-\\nvasion by either the Federals or the\\nConfederates.\\nSept. 4. Ky. Confederates are the first\\nto violate the neutrality of Kentucky by\\nSept. 11. D. C. President Lincoln re-\\nvokes Gen. Fremont s emancipation\\norder.\\nKy. A resolution passes the Legisla-\\nture ordering the Confederate troops\\nto leave the State the Federals are not\\nincluded in the order.\\nSept. 12. Ky, A resolution of the Legis-\\nlature requires the governor to call out\\nthe State troops to expel the Confeder-\\nate invaders.\\nGen. Buckner issues an address from\\nPtussellville calling upon the people of\\nKentucky to rise in armed resistance\\nagainst the usurpations of Abraham\\nLincoln.\\nSept. 13. Ky. Gov. Magoffin, by direc-\\ntion of the Union Legislature, issues a\\nproclamation.\\nIt announces that Kentucky expects\\nConfederate or Tennessee t roups to with-\\ndraw from the State unconditionally.\\n[Jefferson Davis replies that they will be\\nwithdrawn if the Federal army will also\\nbe excluded. The Legislature rejects\\nthe condition proposed.]\\nSept. 16. Ky. Gov. Magoffin protests\\nagainst the entrance of either Federal\\nor Confederate armies into Kentucky,\\nas it is a neutral State.\\nD. C. Congress House A bill is\\nread for the abolition of slavery in\\nthe District of Columbia.\\nSept. 17. Md. Many members of the\\nLegislature being under arrest on a\\ncharge of treason, no meeting is held.\\nSept. 21. L C. John C. Breckinridge\\nleaves the Senate [and joins the Con-\\nfederacy].\\nSept. 24. Ky. The House passes a bill\\nfor raising a force of 40,000 men to repel\\nthe Confederates. It provides that\\nthey shall be mustered into the Federal\\narmy.\\nSept. Ky. The Legislature requests\\nGen. Robert Anderson of Fort Sum-\\nter fame to take command of the State\\ntroops the resolution is passed over the\\ngovernor s veto.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1861 July* Mass. The contractors aban-\\ndon work in the Hoosac Tunnel.\\nJuly The Emperor of Russia sends\\nto the United States Government ex-\\npressions of good-will saying he hopes\\nthe Union will not be dissolved.\\nAug. 16. Intercourse between the\\nNorth and the South is restricted to\\npersons bearing passes.\\nAug. Pa. Great excitement prevails\\nin the valley of Oil Creek, where a single\\nflowing well yields 3,000 barrels of pe-\\ntroleum oil in a day.\\nSept. 18. La. The banks of New Or-\\nleans suspend specie payments.\\nSept. The telegraph line between\\nDenver, Colo., and Sacramento, Cal.,\\nis completed.\\nOct. 1. Nero York. Price of cotton, 2U\\ncents.\\nOct. 4. Va. Aeronaut La Montaine\\nmakes an ascension in the service of the\\nArmy of the Potomac, passes over the\\nConfederate lines, and later descends in\\nMaryland.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "200 1861, Oct. 8-Dec. 19.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1861 Oct. 8. Ky. At Hillsborough:\\nLieut. Sadler encounters the Confeder-\\nates under Capt. Holliday. Federal\\nloss, three killed and three wounded;\\nConfederate loss, 11 killed, 29 wounded,\\nand 22 prisoners.\\nGen. W. T. Sherman supersedes\\nGen. Robert Anderson.\\nFla. Fort Pickens is attacked by\\nConfederates.\\nOct. 9. Fla. At Santa Rosa Island,\\nCol. Wilson encounters the Confederates\\nunder Gen. Anderson Federal loss, 13\\nkilled, 29 wounded, and 24 prisoners\\nConfederate loss, 11 killed, 29 wounded,\\nand 22 prisoners.\\nOct. 11. La. New Orleans is placed un-\\nder Confederate martial law.\\nOct. 12. La. The Confederate ram\\nManassas strikes the Federal steamship\\nRichmond, under Capt. John Pope, while\\ncoaling at New Orleans.\\nMo. At Cameron in Ray County,\\nMaj. James loses one killed and four\\nwounded routed Confederates lose\\neight killed and five prisoners.\\nS- C The Confederate envoys run\\nthe blockade in the night at Charleston.\\n(See Trent affair, Nov. 8.)\\nOct. 13. Mo. Near Lebanon, Maj.\\nWright defeats the Confederates under\\nCapts Lowell and Wright. Federal loss,\\none killed Confederate loss, 62 killed\\nand wounded and 30 prisoners.\\nAt Beckwith*s Farm, Lieut. Tufts\\nloses two killed, five wounded, and three\\nmissing Confederates lose 12 killed and\\nwounded.\\nOct. 15. D. C. Gen. McClellan has\\nan army of 150,000 under his imme-\\ndiate command.\\nMo. At Big River Bridge, Federals\\ndefeat the Confederates under Gen.\\nThompson and burn the bridge. Fed-\\neral loss, one killed and six wounded\\nConfederate loss, five killed and four\\nwounded.\\nOct. 16. Mo. At Ironton, Maj. Gavitt\\ndefeats the Confederates under Gen.\\nThompson. Federal loss, 11 killed\\nConfederate loss, 36 killed and wounded.\\nThe Federals occupy Lexington.\\nOct. 19. Mo. At Big Hurricane Creek,\\nCol. Morgan defeats the Confederates.\\nFederal loss, 14 wounded; Confederate\\nloss, 14 killed and eight prisoners.\\nAt Fredericktown, the Confeder-\\nates, under Gen. Thompson and Col.\\nLowe, are defeated, and lose 80 prison-\\ners and four heavy guns. Col. Lowe is\\nkilled Federal loss, seven killed and 60\\nwounded.\\nOct. 21. Va. Battle of Ball s Bluff on\\nthe Potomac Col. Baker crosses the\\nriver in force to reconnoiter is at-\\ntacked by the Confederates under Col.\\nEvans, defeated, and among the killed.\\nFederals lose 49 killed, 153 wounded,\\n714 missing Confederates, under Col.\\nEvans, lose 33 killed, 115 wounded and\\nprisoners.\\nOct. 22. Mo. At Buffalo Mills, Con-\\nfederates lose 20 killed and 60 prisoners.\\nOct. 23. Mo. At West Liberty, Con-\\nfederates lose 10 killed, five wounded,\\nand six prisoners.\\nKy. At Hodgesville, Lieut. Grayson\\nloses three wounded Confederates lose\\nthree killed and five wounded.\\nOct. 24. D. C. The President orders\\nthat Gen. Fremont surrender his com-\\nmand to Gen. Hunter.\\nOct. 25. Mo. Battle of Springfield:\\nMaj. Zagonyi is routed by the Confeder-\\nates and loses 15 killed, 27 wounded, and\\n10 missing Confederate loss, 106 killed\\nand 27 missing.\\nOct. 26. W. Va. At Romney, Gen.\\nKelley defeats the Confederates under\\nCol. McDonald. Federal loss, two killed\\nand 14 wounded Confederate loss, 20\\nkilled, 15 wounded McDonald and 500\\nmen are made prisoners.\\nOct. 27. D. C. Gen. McClellan reports\\nthe strength of the Army of the Po-\\ntomac at 168,318, with 147,695 present\\nfor duty, and more en route.\\nMo. At Plattsburg, Confederates\\nlose eight killed and 12 wounded.\\nOct. 29. Va. The Port Royal expedi-\\ntion sails from Fortress Monroe under\\nCapt. Samuel F. Dupont, and Gen.\\nThomas TV Sherman.\\nIt comprises one frigate, 14 gunboats,\\n34 steam transports, and 26 sailing ves-\\nsels, and 10,000 troops, or about 22,000,\\nincluding the crews of the vessels.\\nOct. 30. Gen. McClellan reports Gen.\\nJohnston s army as numbering 150.000\\nmen Gen. Johnston reports an effective\\ntotal of 41,000 men.\\nOct. 31. J C. Lieut.-Gen. Winfield\\nScott resigns the command of the\\nArmy.\\nOct. S. C. The Confederate steamer\\nNashville r uns the blockade at\\nCharleston. [She returns with a cargo\\nworth $3,000,000.]\\nOct. Tenn. The Union men in East\\nTennessee burn many railroad bridges\\nto delay the movement of Confederate\\ntroops. By order of Jefferson Davis,\\nUnion men charged with bridge burn-\\ning are hanged, prisons are filled with\\nsuspects, and a reign of terror prevails.\\nNov. 1. D, C. Gen. George B. Mc-\\nClellan is appointed (13th) Commander-\\nin-chief of the Army of the United\\nStates.\\nNov. 2. Gen. Fremont surrenders his\\ncommand to Gen. Hunter, who is sent\\nto supersede him.\\nMo. At Platte City, Maj Joseph en-\\ncounters Confederates under Silas Gor-\\ndon they lose 13 killed and wounded,\\nand 30 prisoners.\\nNov. 6. III. Gen. Grant sends an ex-\\npedition\u00e2\u0080\u0094 3,000 men and two gunboats\\nfrom Cairo down the river.\\nNov. 7. Mo. Battle of Belmont Gens.\\nGrant and McClernand defeat the Con-\\nfederates under Gen. Polk, but are\\nfinally driven back to their boats. Fed-\\neral loss, 79 killed, 2S9 wounded Con-\\nfederate loss, 105 killed, 419 wounded,\\nand 235 prisoners.\\nNov. 8. Ky. At Piketon, Gen. Nelson\\ndefeats the Confederates Federal loss,\\nsix killed and 24 wounded Confederate\\nloss, 400 killed and wounded.\\nS. C. Battle of Port Royal: The\\nPort Royal expedition (at Hilton\\nHead) bombards Forts Walker and\\nBeauregard till the Confederates are\\ndriven out, and the Federals gain pos-\\nsession. Federal loss, eight killed and\\n23 wounded Confederate loss, 11 killed\\nand 48 wounded, and 42 guns.\\nCapt. Charles Wilkes, of the San\\nJacinto, overhauls the British mail\\nsteamer Trent from Havana, and\\nforcibly removes James M. Mason and\\nJohn Slidell, the Confederate envoys to\\nGreat Britain and France. (He conveys\\nthem to Boston.] (See State.)\\nNov. 9. I). C. The Department of Mis-\\nsouri is organized, and the Department\\nof the Ohio is extended to Kentucky\\nand Tennessee.\\nVa. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston re-\\norganizes the Confederate Army of\\nVirginia.\\nNov. 10. Jr. Va. At New River, Fed-\\nerals lose eight killed, and 10 wounded.\\nAt Guyandotte, Col. K. V. Whaley\\nloses eight killed, 12 wounded, and 45\\nprisoners.\\nNov. 11. Mo. At Kansas, Col. Anthony\\nencounters Confederates, loses eight\\nkilled and eight wounded, and with-\\ndraws.\\nNov. 12. W.Ya. At Romney, Feder-\\nals lose two killed Confederates lose 12\\nNov. 14. W. Va. At McCoy s Mill,\\nGen. Benham encounters Confederate\\nGen. Floyd, who loses 15 killed.\\nNov. 18. Mo. Gen. Halleck takes com-\\nmand of the Western Department.\\nNov. 20. Mo. Gen. Halleck issues\\nOrder No. 3, forbidding the admission of\\nfugitive slaves into Federal camps.\\nVa. Gen, McClellan reviews the\\nArmy of the Potomac, 70,000 strong.\\nNov. 22. Fla. At Fort Pickens, Fed-\\nerals lose two killed and 14 wounded.\\nNov. 19. Boston. The San Jacinto ar-\\nrives with the Confederate Commission-\\ners, Mason and Slidell, on board, for\\nincarceration in Fort Warren.\\nVa. At Lancaster, Col. Moore de-\\nfeats the Confederates under Lieut.-Col.\\nBlanton. Federal loss, one killed and\\ntwo wounded Confederate loss, 13\\nkilled, many wounded and some pris-\\noners.\\nNov. 26. Va. At Dranesville.Col. Bay-\\nard loses two wounded Confederates\\nlose two killed and four prisoners.\\nNov. 29. Mo. At Black Walnut\\nCreek, Maj. Hough loses six wounded\\nConfederates lose 17 killed and live\\nprisoners. Maj. Hough is wounded.\\nNov. The blockade of the Southern\\nports becomes effective.\\nDec. 3. Mo. At Salem, Maj. Bowen de-\\nfeats the Confederates under Cols. Free-\\nman and Turner. Federal loss, 15 killed\\nand wounded Confederate loss un-\\nknown.\\nD. C. The Secretary of War reports\\nthe army strength to be 660,971, including\\n640,637 volunteers it comprises 550,000\\ninfantry, 6,000 cavalry, and 25,000 artil-\\nlery.\\nThe Secretary of the Navy reports 264\\nwar-vessels, carrying 2,557 guns and\\n22,000 men.\\nDec. 4. Mo. At Dunksburg, the Con-\\nfederates, under Capts. Young and\\nWheatly, lose seven killed and 10\\nwounde d.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1861, Oct. 8 -Lee. 19. 201\\nDec. 4. Ky, At Whippoorwill Bridge\\nFederals lose lour wounded Confeder-\\nates lose six killed and wounded and 11\\nprisoners.\\nDec. 5. Ky. At Brownsville the Fed-\\neral Home Guards lose three killed and\\nfive wounded.\\nDec. 7. W. Va, At Dam Number 5\\nConfederates are defeated, losing two\\nkilled.\\nMo. At Olathe Federals lose two\\nkilled Confederates lose three killed\\nand live wounded.\\nDec. 11. Mo. At Bertrand Lieut.-Col.\\nRhodes loses one killed; Confederates\\nlose 16 prisoners.\\nDec. 13. W. Va. At Camp Alleghany\\nBrig.-Gen. Milroy loses 21 killed, 107\\nwounded, and 10 missing; Confederates\\nunder Col. E. Johnson lose 20 killed and\\n96 wounded.\\nDec. 19. Mo. At Milford Col. Davis\\ndefeats the Confederates, who lose 1,300\\nprisoners, besides wagons and stores.\\nFederal loss, two killed and eight\\nwounded.\\nAt Shawnee Mound the Federals\\nunder Gen. Pope take 150 prisoners.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1861 Nov. -Dec. Cal. Disastrous\\nfloods prevail during four weeks of\\nrain mills, dams, and houses are swept\\naway. Loss, $10,000.\\nDec. 5. N. Y. The Society of Natural\\nSciences is organized in Buffalo.\\nThe Gatling gun is first patented.\\nJohn S. Rarey attracts attention\\nby his skill in horse-training.\\nCHURCH.\\n1861 Nov. 14. A special convention of\\nthe Young Men s Christian Association\\nresults in the organization of the U. S.\\nChristian Commission for service with\\nthe armies.\\nDec. 4. Ga. The Southern Presbyteri-\\nans meet at Augusta. They proceed to\\nform the General Assembly of the\\nConfederate States of America, and\\nappoint a committee on Foreign Missions.\\nLETTERS.\\n1861 History of France, by Parke\\nGodwin, appears.\\nLectures on the English Language, by\\nG. P. Marsh, appears.\\nLife in the Iron Mills, by Rebecca H.\\nDavis, appears.\\nThe Magic Marriage, by Charles Gay-\\nler, appears.\\nThe Man Without a Country, by E. E.\\nHale, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1861 Nov. Partisan elections are\\npractically obliterated.\\nNov. There is great rejoicing in the\\nNorth over the seizure of Mason and\\nSlidell, the Confederate Commission-\\ners. (See Army Navy.)\\nDec. 14. Phila. Christ Church Hos-\\npital is completed. (Begun in 1856.)\\nSTATE.\\n1861 Oct.12. S.C. James M.Mason and\\nJohn Slidell, Confederate Commis-\\nsioners to European courts, sail from\\nCharleston Harbor in the Confederate\\nsteamer Theodore [and go to Havana].\\nJV*. C. A convention is held in Hyde\\nCounty it aids the Union movement by\\ndeclaring the independence of the State\\ngovernment. [It is soon suppressed,]\\nOct. 16. Mo. Each civil officer is re-\\nquired by the State Convention at Jef-\\nferson City to subscribe to an oath\\nwithin 60 days to support the Constitu-\\ntion.\\nOct. 17. Kng. Lord John Russell pro-\\nposes a somewhat peremptory summons\\nto the conflicting governments in the\\nUnited States that they abandon their\\nstrife. [Lord Palmerston does not ap-\\nprove.]\\nOct. 21. Mo. A special session of the\\nLegislature, called by Gov. Jackson,\\nmeets at Neosho.\\nOct. 24. W. fa. The ordinance for form-\\ning a new State is approved by a vote\\nof the people.\\nOct. 28. Mo. An act of secession is\\npassed by the Legislature in session at\\nNeosho.\\nOct. N. Y. The Government has in-\\ncarcerated 174 persons in Fort Lafay-\\nette during the past four months.\\nNov. 5. California ceases to be a Demo-\\ncratic State, and elects Leland Stanford\\n(Rep.) for governor.\\nKan. A vote is cast for locating the\\nState capital: Vote, Topeka, 7,996;\\nLawrence, 5,291 other cities, 1,184.\\nNov. 6. A general election is held in\\nthe Confederate States under the per-\\nmanent Constitution Jefferson Davis\\nof Miss, and Alexander H. Stephens\\nof Ga. are elected to the highest offices\\nfor six years.\\nNov. 8. Mason and SlideU are seized.\\n(See Army and Navy.)\\n[The Confederate Commissioners are\\ngiven up, thus establishing a principle\\nin international law for which the\\nUnited States had invariably con-\\ntended.]\\nNov. 9. Ala. The Confederate Congress\\nadmits Kentucky into the Confederacy.\\nNov. 18. N. C. A Union Convention\\nmeets and declares the State offices\\nvacant; it elects M. N. Taylor pro-\\nvisional governor.\\nKy. A Sovereignty Convention\\n(Confederate) is held at Russellville,\\nLogan County 65 counties are repre-\\nsented.\\nIt passes an ordinance of secession,\\nand elects George W. Johnson provis-\\nional governor, and Bowling Green for\\nthe capital.\\nVa. The Confederate Provisional\\nCongress, at Richmond, opens its fourth\\nsession.\\nNov. 19. Boston. Mason and Slidell\\narrive here on board the San Jacinto.\\nNov. 24. Mass. Mason and Slidell are\\nimprisoned at Fort Warren.\\nNov. 25. Nev. Carson City is chosen\\nby the Legislature as the capital.\\nNov. 26. W. Va. A convention meets\\nat Wheeling to form a State constitu-\\ntion.\\nNov. IT. S. The strife between Re-\\npublicans and Democrats intensifies.\\nNov. 30. Z C. England orders Lord\\nLyons, the British minister, to leave\\nthe country if Mason and Slidell are\\nnot released within seven days.\\nKy. An ordinance of secession is\\npassed by an unauthorized Sover-\\neignty Convention. (Lossing, Oct. 29.)\\nDec. 2. D. C. The 37th Congress:\\nthe second session opens.\\nDec* .D. C. Congress; House: Ga-\\nlusha A. Grow of Pa. is elected Speaker.\\nVote, 99-60.\\nCongress Senate Lyman Trum-\\nbull of 111. introduces a bill for the\\nconfiscation of the property of reb-\\nels, and giving freedom to the persons\\nthey hold in slavery.\\nCongress gives a vote of thanks to\\nCapt. Wilkes of the San Jacinto. (See\\nArmy, Nov. 8.)\\nCongress The House requests an in-\\nvestigation of the Ball s Bluff disas-\\nter. A blunder so gross that all men\\ncan see it. (Roscoe Conkling.)\\nDec. 3. Congress; House: An open\\ndivision begins on the slavery ques-\\ntion, by the rejection of W. S. Holman s\\nresolution to reaffirm the Crittenden\\nresolution of July 22. Vote, 71-65.\\nDec. 4 D. C. Secretary Chase recom-\\nmends a National banking system,\\nwhich shall give the nation entire con-\\ntrol of the currency, and abolish State\\nbanks.\\nCongress The Senate expels John\\nC. Breckinridge of Ky. for treason.\\nD. C. Congress authorizes the is-\\nsue of $10,000,000 in bonds, and\\n$2,000,000 in Treasury notes.\\nDec. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nresolves that a joint committee of the\\ntwo Houses (Senate 3, House 4), be ap-\\npointed that shall inquire into the con-\\nduct of the war, with necessary power.\\nVote, 33-3. (The House concurs on Dec.\\n10.)\\nDec. 14. Ky. The Confederate Legis-\\nlature meets within the Confederate\\nlines and elects 10 delegates to represent\\nthe State in the Confederate Congress.\\nDec. 16. D. C. Congress; House: A\\nbill is introduced for the abolition of\\nslavery in the District of Columbia.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1861 Oct. 25. West. The Pacific Tele-\\ngraph line between St. Louis and San\\nFrancisco is completed.\\nNov. 14. N. H. Much of the business\\npart of Concord is burned.\\nDec. 1. Southern States. The Confed-\\nerate dollar is worth 80 cents. [Dec. 15\\nit drops to 75 cents.]\\nDec. 11. S. C. A great fire in Charles-\\nton causes a loss of $5,000,000.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "202 1861, Dec. 20-1862, Feb. 6.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1861 Dec. 20. Fa. At Dranesville\\nGen.Ord defeats the Confederates under\\nGen. Stuart. Federal loss, seven killed,\\nCI wounded, and three prisoners; Con-\\nfederate loss, 70 killed, 143 wounded,\\nand 44 prisoners.\\nMo. At Hudson Maj. McKee de-\\nfeats the Confederates, who lose 10\\nkilled and 17 prisoners.\\nDec. 21. S. C. The Federals sink 17\\nold hulks to blockade the channel of\\nCharleston Harbor.\\nDec. 22. Fa. At Newport News and\\nNew Market Bridge Maj. Scnoepf loses\\nsix wounded Confederates lose 10\\nkilled.\\nDec. 23. Mo. Maj.-Gen. Halleck pro-\\nclaims St. Louis under martial law.\\nDec. 25. D. C. Prig.-Gen. Samuel R.\\nCurtis is appointed to the command of\\nthe Federal forces in Southwest Mis-\\nsouri.\\nDec. 27. S. C. The Confederate priva-\\nteer Isabel escapes from Charleston\\nHarbor.\\nDec. 28. Mo. At Mount Zion Col.\\nJohn Glover loses three killed and 46\\nwounded; Confederates lose 25 killed,\\n150 wounded, and 40 prisoners.\\nDec. 31. Miss. A Federal naval force\\nunder Capt. Melancthon Smith captures\\nthe town of Biloxi.\\nDec. Gen. Kobert E. Lee is put in\\ncommand of the Confederate coast\\ndefenses of South Carolina and Georgia.\\nLa. The Federal sloop-of-war Brook-\\nlyn blockades the port of New Orleans.\\nHenry M. Stanley enlists in the\\nConfederate Army.\\n1862 Jan. 1. U. S. The Federal\\nArmy consists of 19,871 regulars, 507,333\\nvolunteers. Present for duty, 527,204.\\nThe war greatly increases in mag-\\nnitude and intensity.\\nJan. 3. Va. Big Bethel is occupied hy\\na Federal force.\\nConfederates evacuate Nashville.\\nS. C. At Port Royal Ferry Gen.\\nStevens loses three killed and 11\\nwounded Confederates retreat with the\\nloss of six killed and 12 wounded.\\nJan. 4. W. Va. At Bath Federals re-\\ntire, losing three killed and 30 prisoners\\nConfederates, under Gen. Jackson, lose\\nseven killed.\\nAt Huntersville Maj. Webster cap-\\ntures $50,000 worth of Confederate army\\nstores two Confederates are killed and\\nseven wounded.\\nJan. 5. D.C. Gen. Stone is apparently\\nexonerated, before a Congressional\\nCommittee, from all responsibility in\\nthe Ball s Bluff disaster.\\nJan. 7. W. Va. At Blue Gap Federal\\nCol. Dunning captures three cannon\\nConfederate loss, 15 killed and 20\\nprisoners.\\nThirty miles east of Sutton Col. H.\\nAnisansel defeats the Confederates, who\\nlose 22 killed and wounded.\\nN. C. Gen. A. E. Burnside is as-\\nsigned to the command of the Depart-\\nment of North Carolina.\\nJan. 8. Mo. AtSilver Creek Maj. Tor-\\nrence loses three men killed and 10\\nwounded; the Confederates, under Col.\\nPoindexter, lose 12 killed, 22 wounded,\\n15 prisoners, and retreat.\\nJV. Va. At Romney Confederates\\nlose 15 killed, several wounded, and 20\\nprisoners.\\nJan. 9. Ky. Gen. Grant, with the co-\\noperation of Flag-officer Andrew H.\\nFoote, leaves Cairo, and begins a\\nmovement up the Tennessee River, on\\nFort Henry [and returns].\\nJan. 10. Ky. After a struggle, Col.\\nJames A. Garfield defeats Confederate\\nCol. Humphrev Marshall at the battle\\nof Middle Creek on the Big Sandy\\nRiver. Federal loss, two killed and 25\\nwounded; Confederate loss, 40 killed,\\nmany wounded. [Marshall leaves Ken-\\ntucky.]\\nJan. 11. Va. The Hatteras Expedi-\\ntion of 20 war vessels, and an army of\\n32,829 men, under Gen. Burnside and\\nFlag-officer Goldsborough, sails from\\nFort Monroe.\\nJan. 13. N. C. Burnside s expedition\\nto Roanoke Island arriveB at Hatteras\\nInlet.\\nJan. 17. Fla. Cedar Keys is captured\\nby the Federals.\\nJan. 19. Ky. Battle of Mill Springs\\nGen. Thomas defeats the Confederates\\nunder Gen. Zollicoffer, who is killed.\\nFederal loss, 38 killed and 194 wounded\\nConfederate loss, 1 iokilled, IGOwounded,\\n89 prisoners, 1,200 horses and mules, 100\\nwagons, and 10 guns.\\nJan. 23. S. C. A stone fleet is sunk\\nby the Federals, to obstruct the channels\\nof Charleston Harbor.\\nJan. 27. L). C. The President issues\\nan order, in which he commands a gen-\\neral advance against the Confederates\\non the 22d of February.\\nJan. 28. D. C. The War Department\\ndirects Gen. McClellan to arrest Gen.\\nStone, who commanded at Ball s Bluff,\\non charges too indefinite to be framed.\\n[He is confined in Fort Lafayette six\\nmonths, and then restored to duty with-\\nout reparation or trial.]\\nJan. 30. A r Y. The Monitor, the first\\nturreted war-vessel, is launched.\\nJan. Mo. Gen. Price begins a guerrUla\\nuprising against the Federals roads\\nare destroyed, bridges are burned, and\\noutrages committed.\\nFeb. 2. III. A formidable land and\\nnaval expedition under Gen. Grant and\\nCapt. A. H. Foote leaves Cairo.\\nFeb. 2-4. Gen. Grant and Flag-\\nofficer Foote begin a movement against\\nFort Henry with seven gunboats and\\n15,000 men on transports.\\nFeb. 3. Ena. The Confederate steamer\\nNashville is ordered to leave South-\\nampton.\\nFeb. 6. Term. Capt. Foote takes Fort\\nHenry on the Cumberland River Gen.\\nTilghman and his staff are among the\\n90 prisoners the land forces are com-\\nmanded by Gen. Grant. Federal loss,\\n40 killed and wounded Confederate\\nloss, five killed, 10 wounded, 83 prison-\\ners, 20 guns, and a large amount of\\nstores.\\nA r C. The Burnside Expedition,\\nhaving crossed a difficult bar, now ad-\\nto Roanoke Island.\\nART \u00e2\u0080\u0094SCIENCE NATURE.\\nThe Henry rifle, firing 15 shots be-\\nfore reloading, is patented,\\nXew York. W. Stanley Haseltine of\\nRome, Italy, Aaron D. Sbattuck of\\nGranby, Conn., William L. Sonntag,\\nWorthington Whittredge, Henry A.\\nLoop, and David Johnson of Xew York,\\nare elected members of the National\\nAcademy of Design.\\nUseful metals are discovered in Michi-\\ngan, gold in Snake River, Oregon, and\\ncoal near Denver, Colorado.\\nLaramie Peak is painted by Albert\\nBierstadt.\\nThe group The Picket-guard is exe-\\ncuted by John Rogers.\\nA bronze statuette, The Freedman, is\\nexecuted by J. Q. A. Ward.\\n1862 Jan. 31. Mass. A star [now\\nknown as the Companion of Sirius] is\\ndiscovered by A. Clarke at Cambridge.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1861.\\nDec. 31. Turner, Samuel H., P. E. cl.,\\ntheologian, critic, A71.\\nBradford, Win. H., Pres. cl., editor, A61.\\nFarnbain, Kalpli, rev. soldier, A95.\\nHartman, Charles S., M. C. for Mont,\\nbora in Ind.\\n1863.\\nJan. 3. Blunt, Edmund March, nautical\\nwriter, A92.\\nJan. 10. Colt. Samuel, inventor of revol-\\nver, A48.\\nJan. 18. Tyler. John. Gov. of Va., sen..\\nVice-Pres., 10th Pres. of U. S., mem. Con-\\nfederate cong., A72.\\nJan. 19. Zollicoffer. Felix K.. M. C. for\\nTenn., Confederate brig.-gen., k. at Mill\\nSprings, A50.\\nCHURCH.\\n1861 Ga. The Southern General\\nSynod (Evangelical Lutheran) secedes\\non the slavery question.\\nThe General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Monmouth K.\\nD. Harper, moderator.\\n.V. F. The Baptist Annual Meet-\\ning is held at Brooklyn.\\nA Y. The General Assembly (X.\\nS.Presbyterian) meets at Syracuse J.B.\\nCondit, moderator.\\nO. The Annual Convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Cincin-\\nnati A. Campbell, moderator.\\nVa. The American Missionary So-\\nciety opens its first day-school for\\nfreedmen at Hampton Koads.\\n*The New School Presbyterians\\nwithdraw from the American Home\\nMissionary Society, and organize the\\nPresbyterian Committee of Home\\nMissions.\\n*The United Synod South (Evangeli-\\ncal Lutheran) of Holston is organized.\\n1S62 Jan. 2. Pa. Wm. Bacon Stevens\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Pennsylvania.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S61 Dec* D.C. Labor is the su-\\nperior of capital, and deserves much\\nthe higher consideration. (President s", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1861, Dec. 20-1862, Feb. 6. 203\\nD. C. Congress begins to develop\\nan opposition to slavery, by declaring\\nthat all slaves employed in military or\\nnaval service shall be made free by such\\nact.\\nDec. Boston. The New England\\nWomen s Auxiliary Association is\\norganized for the benefit of the soldiers.\\nO. The Cincinnati Branch of the\\nSanitary Commission is organized.\\nTex. The State Lunatic Asylum at\\nAustin is opened.\\n*U. S. Army: Gens. Butler, McClel-\\nlan, and Banks issue orders exclud-\\ning all liquors from their respective\\ncommands.\\nSuspected secessionists in the North\\nare forced to speak for the loyal cause,\\nand ultra Southern newspapers are com-\\npelled to display the National flag.\\nU. S. The navy ration is made a\\ngill of spirits, with the right to draw\\nhalf a pint of wine, or provisions, or\\nmoney instead.\\nA gill of whisky daily is allowed by\\nCongress to each man in the navy in\\ncases of excessive fatigue and exposure.\\n-65 The eight- hour movement\\nobtains great headway during the pros-\\nperous times of the war.\\nSTATE.\\n1861 Dec. 20. D. C. Congress: The\\ncommittee on the conduct of the war\\nelect Ben]. F. Wade of O. chairman\\nmembers, Chandler of Mich., Johnson\\nof Tenn., Gooch of Mass., Covode of Pa.,\\nJulian of Ind., and Odell of N.T.\\nDec. 21. D. C. The Cabinet decides\\nthat troops shall not pass through\\nBaltimore, if they are not interrupted\\nwhen in transit remote from the city of\\nBaltimore. Virginia is in arms south\\nof Washington, and Maryland to the\\nnorth.\\nDec. 24. D. C. Congress increases the\\nduties on tea, coffee, and sugar, as a\\nwar measure.\\nDec. 25. Mo. Martial law is extended\\nto all railroads in the State.\\nDec. 30. D. C. Congress; House: E.\\nG Spaulding of N. Y. introduces the\\noriginal Legal-tender Bill.\\nDec. D. C. The term of enlistment is\\nchanged from one to three years, and a\\nbounty of S50 is offered.\\nColo. The first Legislature meets at\\nDenver.\\nD. C. Congress The House meets\\nwith much obstruction, opposition,\\nand criticism from some of its mem-\\nbers, chiefly C. L. Vallandigham of O.\\nand H. C. Burnett of Ky. the Senate is\\nvexed with J. C. Breckinridge of Ky.\\nuntil his departure southward.\\nZ C. The President accedes to the\\nprovisions of the Treaty of Paris, which\\nabolish privateering, and define the\\nrights of neutrals but England and\\nFrance stipulate that this action shall\\nhave no bearing on the internal differ\\nences in the United States. [The con-\\ndition is unaccepted.]\\nD. C. Noah H. Swayne of O. is ap-\\npointed Justice of the U. S. Supreme\\nCourt.\\nDec. Md. The Legislature appropri-\\nates $7,000 to be distributed by the\\nGovernor of Massachusetts among the\\nfamilies of those killed in the Baltimore\\nriot.\\nMo. The Legislature establishes the\\nMetropolitan police force of St. Louis.\\nNeio York. C. Godfrey Gunther is\\nelected the 74th mayor.\\n*The 16 eminent and able governors of\\nthe Northern States become popularly\\nknown as War Governors.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-63 Ala. John G. Shorter.\\n-63 Dak. (Ter.). Wm. Jayne.\\n-65 Fla. John Milton.\\n-65 III. Richard Yates.\\n-67 Ind. Oliver P. Morton.\\nKan. (Ter.) George M. Bebee.\\nKan. Charles Robinson.\\n-65 *Kan. Thomas Carney.\\n-63* Ky. James F. Robinson.\\n-66 Mass. John A. Andrew.\\n-63 Me. Israel Washburn, Jr.\\n-64 Mich. Austin Blair.\\nMo. Claiborne F. Jackson.\\n-64 Mo. Hamilton R. Gamble.\\n-6B Neb. (Ter.). Alvan Saunders.\\n-62 N. C. H. T. Clark.\\n-63 N.H, Nathaniel S. Berry.\\n-64 Nev. (Ter.). James W. Nye.\\n-65* N. Mex.(Ter.). Henry Connolly.\\nPa. Andrew G. Curtin.\\n-62 R. I. John R. Bartlett.\\nTex. Edward Clark.\\n-63 Tex. Francis R. Lubbock.\\n-64 U. {Ter.). Stephen S. Harding\\n-63 Vt. Frederick Holbrook.\\nWash. (Ter.). R. D. Gohlson.\\nWash. (Ter.). Wm. H. Wallace.\\n-67 Wash. (Ter.). Wm. Pickering.\\nW. Va. Francis H. Pierpont.\\n-62 Wis. Louis P. Harvey.\\n0. The Legislature passes a law de-\\nclaring the property of volunteers free\\nfrom execution for debt during their\\ntime of service.\\nO. The Legislature provides for the\\nacceptance of ten regiments beyond\\nthe number required from the State,\\nand votes $500,000 to support them.\\nVt. The Legislature repeals the Per-\\nsonal Liberty Bill of 1858, as opposed\\nto the Federal Constitution.\\n1862 Jan. 1. D. C. The Government\\nsurrenders Mason and Slidell on the\\ndemand of the British ministry. [They\\nsail for Europe.]\\nIt suspends specie payments.\\nJan. 7. III. A convention meets to\\nform a new constitution it ratines the\\n13th Amendment, assumes legislative\\npower, and frames a Constitution.\\nJan. 11. D. C. Simon Cameron of Pa.\\nresigns the office of Secretary of War,\\nand Edwin M. Stanton of O. takes his\\nplace.\\nJan. 15. D. C. Congress; Senate: Sol-\\nomon Foot of Vt. is reelected President\\npro tempore. Jesse D. Bright of Ind. is\\nexpelled from the Senate for disloyal\\nutterances.\\nJan. 22. D. C. Congress House The\\nLegal-tender BiU is reported by its\\nauthor, Mr. Spaulding, of N.T.\\nUtah. A second Territorial Conven-\\ntion meets at Salt Lake City, to frame\\na constitution for the State of Deseret.\\nJan. 25. Va. Henry S. Foote of Miss,\\noffers peace resolutions in the Confeder-\\nate Congress at Richmond.\\nJan. 27. D. C. President Lincoln issues\\nGeneral War Order Number 1, com-\\nmanding a general advance to be made\\nagainst the Confederates on Feb. 22.\\nJan. D. C. The Federal Government is\\nin a three-fold contest a military\\none with the Confederacy a diplomatic\\nand moral one with the governments of\\nEngland and France and a financial\\none with the money power of Europe.\\n(Blaine.)\\nFeb. 3. D. C. An offer of mediation by\\nFrance is presented by the French min-\\nister at Washington.\\nFeb. 4. D. C. Congress; House: Mr.\\nMorrill of Vt. expresses the sanguine\\nfeeling of the public by ridiculing the\\nsuggestion that the war is to be pro-\\nlonged until July 1, 1863 he pre-\\ndicts peace by July 30, next ensuing.\\nFeb. 6. D. C. Congress; House: The\\nLegal-tender Bill passes. Vote, 93-59\\nyeas are all Republican. It was the\\nmost momentous financial step ever\\ntaken by Congress. (Blaine.)\\nSec. Seward declines the proffered\\nmediation of France.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1861 Dec. 21. Eng. There is a great\\nexcitement in England over the reported\\nattempt of the Federals to destroy the\\nharbor of Charleston by sinking 17 old\\nhulks, in blockading the port.\\nDec. 30. The banks of New York, Phila-\\ndelphia, and Boston suspend specie\\npayments, owing to the depositors\\nwithdrawing gold to sell at a premium.\\n[Resumed 18 years later.]\\nDec. 31. U. S. Immigrants for 1861,\\n89,724.\\nIII. Graceland Cemetery, near\\nChicago, is incorporated.\\nMd. After two failures a submarine\\ncable is successfully laid between Bal-\\ntimore and Fortress Monroe.\\nNew York. The Produce Exchange\\nis organized.\\nU. S. Letters addressed to the\\nConfederate States are sent to the\\ndead-letter office.\\n1862 Jan. 1. New York. Price of cot-\\nton, 35J- cents.\\nConn. New Haven is supplied with\\nwater from Mill River,\\nJan. U. S. Petroleum reaches the low-\\nest price 10 cents per barrel for crude\\noil.\\nFeb. 1. Southern States. The Confed-\\nerate dollar is worth 60 cents.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "204 1862, Feb. 7-Apr. L\\nAMERICA;\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1862 Feb. 7. N. C. The war vessels\\nengage the shore batteries on Roanoke\\nIsland; the army lands.\\nVa. At Fairfax Court House Col.\\nFriedman loses two wounded; Confed-\\nerates lose one killed, 12 prisoners.\\nFeb. 8. N. C, Com. L. M. Goldshorough\\nand Gen. Burnside take Roanoke Is-\\nland, losing 37 killed, 214 wounded\\nConfederates, under Gen. Wise, lose 23\\nkilled, 58 wounded, 2,700 prisoners, also\\nsix forts, 40 guns, and 3,000 small arms.\\nFeb. 9. D, C. Capt. David G. Far-\\nragut is appointed to the West Gulf\\nBlockading Squadron.\\nVa- Gen. Stone is relieved of his\\ncommand, placed under arrest, and im-\\nprisoned. (See Jan. 5.)\\nKan. Martial law is proclaimed.\\nFeb. 10. N. C. Commander Rowan takes\\nElizabeth City, and destroys four Con-\\nfederate gunboats three escape.\\nVa. At Linn Creek Capt. Smith\\nloses one killed and one wounded\\nConfederate loss, eight killed, seven\\nwounded, and 17 prisoners.\\nThe Confederate Government orders\\nall Union prisoners to be released.\\nW. Va. Gen. Banks army crosses\\nthe Potomac at Harper s Ferry, and\\nadvances on Charlestown.\\nFeb. 13, 14. Term, Gen. Grant invests\\nFort Donelson, and the Confederates\\nrepulse an assault on one of their bat-\\nteries by Gen. Mc demand s division\\nFlag-officer Foote arrives in the eve-\\nning with six gunboats; Federal reen-\\nforcements also arrive.\\n(Feb. 14.) Gen. Grant, with30,000men,\\nattacks Fort Donelson fierce artillery\\nduels follow, and desperate sorties are\\nmade by the Confederates.\\nCapt. Foote bombards Fort Donel-\\nson with six gunboats, two of which are\\ndisabled. Foote is wounded.\\n(Feb. 15.) Confederates attempt to\\nbreak through Grant s lines at Fort\\nDonelson and are repulsed by a gen-\\neral assault Grant drives them to their\\ninner works.\\n(Feb. 16.) Gens. Floyd and Pillow, hav-\\ning departed in the night, Gen. Buck-\\nner surrenders Fort Donelson to\\nGen. Grant.\\nFederal loss, 510 killed, 2,152 wounded,\\n224 prisoners Confederate loss, 2,000\\nkilled and wounded, 13,829 prisoners,\\nand 40 guns.\\nFeb. 14. Va. At Blooming Gap Gen.\\nLander loses seven killed Confederates,\\nunder Gen. T. J. Jackson, lose 13 killed,\\n20 wounded, and 65 prisoners, including\\n17 officers.\\nKy. At Flat Lick Ford Col. Munday\\nencounters the Confederates, who lose\\nfour killed, four wounded, and three\\ncaptured.\\nFeb. 16. D. C. Gen. TJ. S. Grant is pro-\\nmoted to the rank of major-general for\\nhis brilliant services at Fort Donelson.\\nThe Worth is electrified with the\\nreport of Gen. Grant s victory. He\\nbecomes the hero of the war in a day,\\nand is called Unconditional Surren-\\nder United States and Uncle Sam\\nGrant, instead of Ulysses S. Grant.\\nFeb. 17. Ark. At Sugar Creek the\\nFederals repel a Confederate charge,\\nlosing 13 killed and wounded.\\nFeb. 18. Gen. Halleck announces that\\nGen. Curtis has driven Gen, Price from\\nMissouri.\\nMo. At Independence Federals\\nlose one killed and three wounded Con-\\nfederates under Quantrell and Parker\\nlose three killed.\\nFeb. 21. N. Mex. At Valverde (Fort\\nCraig) Col. Canby loses 68 killed, 160\\nwounded, 35 missing Confederate loss,\\n240 killed and wounded.\\nFeb. 22. Ky. At Pound Gap Col.\\nJames A. Garfield surprises a Confeder-\\nate camp several prisoners are cap-\\ntured.\\nTerm. Martial law is proclaimed\\nin West Tennessee.\\nVa. The President s order of Jan. 27\\nfor a general advance of the army is\\nnot obeyed.\\nFeb. 24. Ark. Fayetteville is captured\\nby the Federals, after being fired by the\\nConfederates.\\nFeb. 25. Term. Gen. Nelson s division\\nof Gen. Grant s army lands and occu-\\npies Nashville; Gen. Buell, by forced\\nmarches, arrives opposite the city at\\nnearly the same time.\\nFeb. 28. N. C. The Confederate steamer\\nNashville runs the blockade at Beaufort.\\nMar. 2. D. C. Gen. W. S. Rosecrans\\nis appointed major-general.\\nGa. Brunswick is captured by the\\nFederals.\\nKy. The Confederates evacuate the\\nstronghold at Columbus, because of\\nthe surrender of Fort Donelson. [Their\\nforces concentrate 100 miles below Cairo\\nat Island Number 10.]\\nMar. 3. Mo. Gen. Pope, with 10,000\\nFederals [soon increased to 20,000 men]\\nappears before New Madrid, and be-\\ngins a siege.\\nVa. Gen, McClellan directs Gen.\\nHalleck, his accuser, to arrest Gen.\\nGrant if the good of the service re-\\nquir\\nlit.\\nGen. Grant, having left his command\\nwithout permission, is ordered to yield\\ncommand to Gen. C. F. Smith, and re-\\nmain at Fort Henry.\\nMar. 4. Tenn. At Pittsburg Landing\\nFederals lose five killed and fire\\nwounded Confederates lose 20 killed,\\n200 wounded.\\nMar. 5. NeivYork. John Ericsson s tur-\\nreted ironclad Monitor is completed,\\nand delivered to the Federal Govern-\\nment for trial.\\nGen. Beauregard assumes command\\nof the Confederate Army of the Missis-\\nsippi.\\nMar. 6. New York. John Ericsson s\\nturreted ironclad, Monitor, sails for\\nFort Monroe.\\nMar. 7,3. Ark. Battle of Pea Ridge,\\nor Mkhorn Gens. Curtis, Sigel, As-\\nboth, and Jeff. C. Davis, with 10,500, de-\\nfeat 16,202 Confederates under Gens.\\nVan Dorn, Price, McCulloch, and Pike.\\nFederal loss, 203 killed, 980 wounded,\\nand 201 prisoners Confederate loss 1,100\\nto 1,300. Gens. McCulloch, Mcintosh,\\nand Slack are among the killed.\\nMar. 7. Va. At Winchester Capt.\\nCole has three wounded; Confederates\\nlose six killed and five wounded.\\nGen. Johnston begins the evacuation\\nof Manassas, in anticipation of a Fed-\\neral advance.\\nGa. Fta. Fort Church and St. Mary\\n(Ga.) and Fernandina (Fla.) are taken\\nby the l)upont expedition.\\nMar. 8. D. C. The President issues Gen-\\neral War Order No. 2; he orders the\\nArmy of the Potomac to be divided\\ninto four corps\\nGenerals Irvin McDowell is to com-\\nmand the 1st corps E. V. Sumner, the\\n2d; S. P. Heintzelman, the 3d: F.. D.\\nKeyes, the 4th Gen. J. S. Wadsworth\\nis to command the defense of Washing-\\nton, and Gen. N. P. Banks a 5tb corps\\nsoon to be formed.\\nPresident Lincoln issues General\\nWar Order No. 3.\\nHe commands that no change shall be\\nmade in the base of operations without\\nproviding for the security of Washing-\\nton, and that an immediate attempt be\\nmade to capture Confederate batteries\\non the Potomac.\\nVa. At Hampton Roads the Fed-\\neral frigate Cumberland is sunk by the\\nConfederate ironclad Merrimac, and\\nthe Congress is burned.\\nGreat anxiety pervades the North,\\nconcerning the safety of its great cities,\\nbecause of the apparently invincible\\nMerrimac.\\nMar. 9. Va. At Hampton Roads the\\nturret ironclad battery Monitor ar-\\nrives in the nick of time, and in a\\nnearly harmless duel of five hours de-\\nfeats the Merrimac, which retires to\\nNorfolk.\\nMar. 10. New Mexico is occupied by\\nConfederate troops from Texas.\\nVa. Gen. McClellan s great army\\nof nearly 200,000 men crosses the Poto-\\nmac in an advance toward Richmond.\\n[They find Manassas evacuated.]\\nTenn. The Tennessee River ex-\\npedition under Gen. Smith lands at\\nSavannah.\\nMar. 11. D. C The departments of\\nKansas and Missouri are united in one\\nunder Gen. Halleck.\\nThe Mountain Department is formed\\nin Western Virginia Gen. Fremont,\\ncommander.\\nThe Department of the Mississippi is\\nformed Gen. Halleck, commander.\\nAll commanders are to report directly\\nto the Secretary of War.\\nFla. St. Augustine is surrendered\\nto the Federals without a struggle.\\nVa. McClellan s advance occupies\\nCenterviUe.\\nGen. McClellan is relieved of the com-\\nmand of other departments, and assumes\\npersonal command of the Army of the\\nPotomac. Gen. John C. Fremont com-\\nmands the Mountain Department, in\\n[West] Virginia.\\nMar. 12. Fla. Jacksonville is surren-\\ndered to Capt. Samuel F. Dupont.\\nMar. 13. Mo. Gen. Henry W. Hal-\\nleck assumes command of the three\\nWestern departments.\\nGen. Pope occupies New Madrid,\\non the Mississippi the Confederates", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1862, Feb. 7 -Apr. 1. 205\\nretire, losing 100 killed, $100,000 worth\\nof stores, and 25 guns.\\nGen. Pope captures Point Pleasant.\\nVa. Gen. Banks occupies Winches-\\nter with a Federal army.\\nGen. McClellan proposes a change of\\nbase near Fort Monroe. [The President\\napproves.]\\nAll persons in the Federal service are\\nforbidden to return fugitive slaves to\\nConfederate owners.\\nMar. 14. N.C. New Berne is captured\\nfrom the Confederates under Gen.\\nBranch, by Gen. Burnside, after a battle\\nof four hours Gens. Foster, Reno, and\\nParke support Burnside. Federal loss,\\n91 killed, 466 wounded Confederate loss,\\n64 killed, 101 wounded, and 413 prisoners,\\nwith six forts mounting 64 guns.\\nKy. At Cumberland Mountains\\nCols. Carter and Keigwin defeat Con-\\nfederates, who lose three killed, six\\nwounded, 18 prisoners.\\nTenn. Gen. Smith provides 19 steam-\\nboats as transports, and orders Gen.\\nSherman to ascend the Tennessee\\nRiver towards East Port, and destroy\\nrailroads and bridges.\\nMar. 15-18. Tenn. Flag-officer Foote\\nbombards Island Number 10, on the\\nMississippi River, with a gunboat fleet.\\nMar. Va. Gen. McClellan changes\\nhis plan, and determines to approach\\nRichmond by marching up the penin-\\nsula from Yorktown.\\nMar. 17. Tenn. Gen. Grant resumes\\ngeneral command in person, with three\\ndivisions at Savannah and two at Pitts-\\nburg Landing.\\nVa. The Army of the Potomac\\nbegins to embark for Yorktown, in chan-\\nging its base.\\nMar. 21. N. C. Washington is occupied\\nby the Federals.\\nThe Departments of the Gulf and\\nthe South are created.\\nMar.* Va. Federal Gen. Banks\\nmoves up the Shenandoah Valley in\\nforce.\\nMar. 22. Mo. At Independence the\\nConfederates under Quantrell are de-\\nfeated. Federal loss, one killed Con-\\nfederate loss seven killed, 11 wounded.\\nMar. 22, 23. Va. At Winchester\\n(Kernstown) Gen. Shields defeats the\\nConfederates under Gen. Thomas J.\\nJackson, who retreat in disorder [and\\nare pursued to Harrisonburg]. Federal\\nloss, 103 killed, 440 wounded, and 24\\nprisoners. Confederate loss, 691 killed\\nand wounded.\\nMar. 23\u00c2\u00b1. Tenn. Gens. Johnston and\\nBeauregard unite their armies at or\\nnear Corinth.\\nMar. 26. Mo. At Humansville Confed-\\nerates lose 15 killed and many wounded.\\nCol. Near Denver City, 50 Confeder-\\nate cavalrymen are captured.\\nMar. 28. N. Mex. At Vallis Kanch\\n(Apache Cafion) Col. Slough loses 20\\nkilled, 54 wounded, and 35 prisoners\\nthe defeated Confederates lose 80 killed,\\n100 wounded, and 93 prisoners.\\nMar. 29. Mo. At Warrensburg Capt.\\nThompson defeats the Confederates\\nunder Col. Parker. Federal loss, two\\nkilled; Confederate loss, 15 killed and\\n25 prisoners.\\nMar.* Mo. Col. J. W. Bissell connects\\nthe river and a bayou below Island Num-\\nber 10, by cutting a path for boats through\\na forest.\\nMar. Va. Gen. Kobert E. Lee re-\\nturns from the inspection of the sea-\\ncoast defenses, and resumes command\\nof the Confederates in Virginia.\\nThe Army is reorganized.\\nGen. Halleek is assigned to the Depart-\\nment of the West, Gen. Hunter to that\\nof the South, Gen. Butler to that of the\\nGulf, Gen. Fre mont to the Mountain\\nDepartment of Western Virginia and\\n.Eastern Tennessee, Gen. Banks to the\\nShenandoah, Gen. McDowell to the\\nRappahannock, and Gen. McClellan to\\nthe Department of the Potomac.\\nMar. 31. Tenn. At Union City a Con-\\nfederate camp with extensive stores is\\ncaptured.\\nApr. 1. N. C. Gen. Burnside takes\\nBeaufort.\\nArk. At Putnam s Ferry Confeder-\\nates are defeated, and stores captured.\\nVa. At Woodstock Gen. Banks\\ndrives back the Confederates.\\nApr. 1-7. Ky. Island Number 10, in\\nthe Mississippi River, near the north-\\nwest corner of Tennessee, is besieged\\nand captured by Flag-officer Foote and\\nGen. Pope. Confederates under Gen.\\nMackall lose 17 killed and many\\nwounded, together with 6,300 prisoners,\\nand 70 guns. This victory opens the Mis-\\nsissippi to the Federals.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1863.\\nFeb. 20. Appleton, Wm., BoBton mer-\\nchant, philan., A76.\\nFeb. 26. Felton, Cornelius C.,pres. of Har-\\nvard, A55.\\nMar. l. Lander, Fred. W., brig.-gen. of\\nvols., A40.\\nMar. 7. McCulloch, Ben, Confed. brig.-\\ngen., k. at Battle of Pea Ridge, A51.\\nMar. 14. Meade, William, P. E. bp., au-\\nthor, A73.\\nMar. 18. Wheaton, Nathaniel S., P. E.\\nelergyman, A70.\\nCHURCH.\\n1862 Mar. 6. Ala. Richard Hooker\\nWilmer is consecrated (Protestant Epis-\\ncopal) bishop of Alabama.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1862 Feb. 21. New York. Nathaniel\\nP. Gordon, convicted of engaging in the\\nslave-trade, is hanged [the first execu-\\ntion in the United States for this offense\\nin 40 years].\\nFeb. 22. D. C. The Capitol is illumi-\\nnated in celebration of recent victo-\\nries many believe the war is near\\nits close.\\nMar. 6. D. C. The President, in his\\nmessage, requests Congress, to provide\\na scheme for the gradual emancipa-\\ntion of slaves in the border States, with\\ncompensation.\\nMar. 9. S. C. About 60 teachers arrive\\nfrom the North to instruct and care for\\nthe f reedmen.\\nSTATE.\\n1862 Feb. 8. D. C. The Government\\nprohibits the circulation of the Chicago\\nTimes.\\nFeb. 12. D. C. Congress: The limit\\nof demand notes is raised to $60,000,000,\\nof which $10,000,000 are to be of less\\ndenomination than $5, and in addition\\nto issues previously authorized.\\nFeb. 13. D.C. Congress Senate The\\nLegal-tender Bill passes, with an\\namendment providing for the payment\\nof the debt in coin. Vote, 30-7.\\nFeb. 17. Va. The Confederate Fro-\\nvisional Congress at Richmond closes\\nits last session.\\nFeb. 18. Va. The First Confederate\\nCongress meets at Richmond.\\nFeb. 20. Tenn. The Secessionists re-\\nmove the capital to Memphis\\nFeb. 22. Va. Jefferson Davis is in-\\naugurated President of the Confeder-\\nate States, at Richmond, under the per-\\nmanent Constitution.\\nFeb. 23. D. C. The President appoints\\nAndrew Johnson military governor of\\nTennessee.\\nFeb. 25. D. C. Congress passes the\\nLegal-tender Act, as reported by the\\nconferees of both Houses, and it be-\\ncomes a law.\\nTreasury bonds to the amount of\\n$500,000,000 are to be issued at 6 per\\ncent interest, redeemable at the pleas-\\nure of the Government after five years,\\nand payable in 20 years also $150,000,000\\nin notes without interest, none less than\\n$5, and one-third of these in lieu of the\\nsame amount under the act of July 17,\\n1861 all to be exempt from taxation, a\\nlegal tender for all debts, public and\\nprivate, except duties on imports and\\ninterest on the public debt. The notes\\nare nicknamed greenbacks.\\nMar. 3. Utah. The people ratify the\\nConstitution.\\nMar. D. C. Congress Senate An-\\ndrew Johnson resigns his seat at the\\nrequest of President Lincoln, to become\\nmilitary governor of Tennessee.\\nMar. 6. D. C. Congress receives a mes-\\nsage from President Lincoln.\\nHe recommends the adoption of a joint\\nresolution declaring that the United\\nStates ought to cooperate in any State\\nwhich may adopt gradual abolishment\\nof slavery, giving to such State pecu-\\nniary aid, to be used in its discretion, to\\ncompensate for the inconveniences, pub-\\nlic and private, produced by such change\\nof system. [It is opposed by members\\nfrom the border States.]\\nMar. 7. D. C. Congress authorizes cer-\\ntificates of indebtedness to be issued\\nfor creditors whose claims have been\\naudited, bearing 6 per cent interest.\\nMar. 13. D. C. The President approves\\nthe Act forbidding military officers from\\nreturning fugitive slaves to their owners.\\nMar. 17. T C. Congress authorizes\\nthe Treasury to buy bonds or notes at\\ndiscretion demand notes are made\\nlegal tender.\\nMar. 31. D. C. Congress; Senate: Sol-\\nomon Foot of Vt. is elected President\\npro tempore.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1862 Feb. 21. D.C. Bereavement visits\\nthe White House: Tad (Thomas) Lin-\\ncoln, the President s youngest son, dies.\\nApr. 1. New York, Price of cotton, 28\\ncents.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "206 1862, Apr. 2-May 15.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1862 Apr. 2. B. C. Gen. Wadsworth\\nreports that he has but 19,000 men to\\ndefend Washington, and eight regi-\\nments are soon to leave, while a force\\nof 55,000 is needed.\\nFa. Gen. George B. McClellan\\narrives at Fort Monroe and begins the\\ncampaign against Richmond. He re-\\nports [Apr. 3] 5S,000 men ready to move,\\nand 100 guns, besides the entire division\\nof artillery.\\nApr. 3. Fa. A great Federal Army,\\nunder Gen. McClellan, leaves Fortress\\nMonroe for an advance on Yorktown.\\nGen. Magruder, with 10,000 Confeder-\\nates, holds the place [and checks Gen.\\nMcClellan s advance for one week, when\\nGen. Joseph E. Johnston arrives with\\nthe main army, and holds him back for\\nthree weeks longer].\\nApr. 4. Mo. A canal 12 miles long\\nis completed, to send the gunboats below\\nIsland Number 10.\\nCommander Henry Walke with the\\ngunboat Carondelet safely runs past\\nthe Confederate batteries at Island\\nNumber 10 in the night to New Madrid.\\n[The Pittsburg follows on the night of\\nApr. 6.]\\nFla. Apalachicola is surrendered\\nto the Federals.\\nMiss. Pass Christian, on the Gulf\\nCoast, is taken by the Federals.\\nFa. A Federal force occupies Thor-\\noughfare Gap.\\nGen. McDowell s corps is detached\\nfrom the Army of the Potomac, and the\\nDepartment of the Rappahannock is\\nformed, McDowell commander.\\nApr. 5. Va. The siege of Yorktown\\nis begun by Gen. McClellan Confed-\\nerates lose three killed, 22 wounded.\\nApr. 6, 7. Tenn. Great Battle of Shi-\\nloh, or Pittsburg Landing. Gen.\\nGrant, with about 33,000 men, assisted\\nby Gens. Sherman and Thomas, defeats\\n40,955 Confederates under Gens. A. S.\\nJohnston, Beauregard, Polk, and Har-\\ndee. Gen. Johnston is killed.\\nFederal loss in Grant s army, 1,513\\nkilled, 6,G01 wounded, and 2,S30 prison-\\ners; in Buell s army, 241 killed, 1,807\\nwounded, and 55 prisoners Confederate\\nloss, 1,728 killed, 8,012 wounded, and 959\\nprisoners.\\nApr. 7. Tenn. Gen. Buell s army,\\n20,000 strong, arrives at Pittsburg\\nLanding, after the battle the united\\narmies drive the Confederates from the\\nfield.\\nIsland Number 10 is forced to\\nsurrender to Flag-officer Foote with-\\nout a battle; Gen. Pope pursues the\\nfleeing garrison, and takes 0,000 to 7,000\\nConfederate prisoners.\\nApr. 9\u00c2\u00b1. Gen. McClellan has a con-\\ntroversy with the President and the\\nSecretary of War.\\nApr. 10. B. C. Franklin s division of\\nMcDowell s corps is ordered to join Gen.\\nMcClellan.\\nGa. The Federals under Gen. Q. A.\\nGillraore open fire on Fort Pulaski at\\nthe mouth of the Savannah River. [It\\nsurrenders on the 11th 48 guns and 385\\nprisoners are captured.]\\nApr. 11. Miss. Gen. Halleck arrives\\nbefore Corinth, and, as superior officer,\\nsupersedes Gen. Grant.\\nAla. Gen. O. M. Mitchel surprises\\nHuntsville, takes 200 prisoners, and 15\\nlocomotives.\\nHe seizes 100 miles of railroad, and\\ninterrupts Confederate communications\\nbetween the West an\\nCoast.\\nGa. Gen. Hunter captures Fort\\nPulaski, commanding the Savannah\\nRiver, with 3G0 prisoners, 47 guns, and\\n40,000 pounds of powder. This victory\\ncuts off Confederate commerce, and\\npermits an effective blockade. Federals\\nlose two men.\\nVa. At Yorktown Federals lose 20\\nkilled and wounded.\\nThe repaired Merrimac reappears in\\nHampton Roads, but no action takes\\nplace.\\nApr. 13. Va. Gen. McClellan reports\\nthe Army of the Potomac as number-\\ning 100,970 men.\\nApr. 15. Ark. Confederates cut the\\nlevee near Fort Wright, on the Missis-\\nsippi, and an immense amount of prop-\\nerty is destroyed.\\nTenn. Gen. Halleck orders Gen.\\nPope to transfer his successful troops\\nto join the army on the Tennessee River.\\nApr. 16. Va. At Lee s Mills Gen. Mc-\\nClellan loses 35 killed, 120 wounded,\\nand nine prisoners Confederate loss, 20\\nkilled, 76 wounded, and 50 prisoners.\\nApr. 17. S. C. A skirmish occurs on\\nEdisto Island the Confederates are put\\nto flight.\\nTenn. At Woodson s Gap the Con-\\nfederates capture 475 Federal refugees\\nkilled and wounded, GO.\\nFa, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston as-\\nsumes command of the Confederate\\ntroops at Yorktown with an army in-\\ncreased to about 53,000 men.\\nApr. 18. Fa. Gen. McDowell begins a\\nmovement upon Fredericksburg.\\n-Ark. The Federal fleet of gunboats\\nand mortars makes an ineffective at-\\ntack on Fort Wright, on the Mississippi\\nKiver.\\nLa. Flag-officer Farragut, with 17\\nmen-of-w r ar, and Captain Porter, with\\na mortar flotilla of 19 schooners and six\\narmed steamships for guard and towing\\nservice, appear below Forts Jackson\\nand St. Philip, both having about 115\\nguns. 15 Confederate gunboats and one\\niron-plated ram lie above the forts,\\nguarding the approach to New Orleans.\\nThe Federal navy bombards Forts\\nJackson and St. Philip, 75 miles be-\\nlow New Orleans [and continues the at-\\ntack five days].\\nApr. 19. X. C. At Camden, or South\\nMills, Federals under Gen. Reno lose\\n14 killed, 9d wounded, and 14 prisoners\\nthe defeated Confederates lose 70 killed\\nand wounded.\\nApr. 21. X. Mex. The Federals regain\\nSanta Fe\\nVa. The Confederate Congress at\\nKichmond is broken up and dispersed\\nby the nearness of the armies.\\nApr. 22. Tenn. The chief part of Gen.\\nPope s army joins Gen. Halleck at\\nPittsburg Landing.\\nApr. 24. La. Farragut s fleet forces\\na passage of the batteries on the Mis-\\nsissippi, below New Orleans, after a\\nlong bombardment.\\nHis fleet in two columns passes Forts\\nJackson and St. Philip in the darkness;\\n13 out of 17 vessels make the passage\\nin safety, losing only 24 killed and 66\\nwounded Confederate loss, 12 killed,\\n40 wounded.\\nX. C. Gen. Eurnside takes Fort\\nMacon. Federals lose one killed and\\n11 wounded; Confederates lose 6even\\nkilled, 18 wounded, 450 prisoners, and 20\\nguns.\\nVa. The destruction of the Dismal\\nSwamp Canal is completed.\\nApr. 25. X. Mex. Santa Fe is evacu-\\nated by the invading Texans.\\nLa. Gen. Mansfield Lovell with-\\ndraws the Confederate forces from\\nNew Orleans, after firing an immense\\namount of property. [Planters proceed\\nto burn millions of dollars worth of cot-\\nton, by order of the Confederacy.]\\nNew Orleans is surrendered to Adm.\\nFarragut without opposition.\\nMo. At Neosho Confederates lose 30\\nkilled and wounded, and 62 prisoners.\\nApr. 26. La. The army under Gen.\\nPutler invests Forts Jackson and\\nSt. Philip, cutting off retreat, supply,\\nand reenforcements.\\nApr. 27. La. Federals raise a flag over\\nthe U. S. mint at New Orleans; four\\nmen, led by William E. Mumf ord, cut\\nthe halyards and dash away with the\\nU. S. flag.\\nApr. 2S. La. Forts Jackson and St.\\nPhilip are surrendered to Com. Porter.\\nTenn. Gen. Halleck s army of 108,000\\nmen is reorganized as the Army of the\\nTennessee.\\nApr. 29. La. At New Orleans Far-\\nragut sends marines with howitzers, to\\nlower Confederate flags and raise the\\nStars and Stripes on the public buildings.\\nApr. 30. Fa. Gen. McClellan reports\\na force of 112,392 ready for duty.\\nMay 1. Tenn. At Pulaski 200 Federals\\nare captured.\\nVa. The Confederates determine to\\nevacuate Norfolk.\\nMay 3. Miss. At Farmington Confed-\\nerates are defeated, losing eight killed.\\nMay 4. Fa. Gen. McCleUan begins an\\nadvance on Richmond.\\nThe Confederates burn their gnnboats\\non the York River.\\nAt West Point the Confederates are\\ndefeated.\\nThe Confederates evacuate York-\\ntown, after a siege of 30 days, by Gen.\\nMcClellan they leave 71 spiked guns\\nin the fortifications.\\nA naval fight occurs near Memphis\\nbetween the Confederate ram Mallory\\nand the Federal gunboat Cincinnati;\\nboth vessels are sunk.\\nMay 5. Ark. The Confederates make an\\nineffectual attack with eight gunboats", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1862, Apr. 2-May 15. 207\\non the Union fleet at Fort Wright, on\\nthe Mississippi River, and are driven off\\nwith the loss of three of their vessels.\\nVa. Battle of Williamsburg Gen.\\nHooker attacks the rear-guard of Gen.\\nJohnston s retreating army Gens.\\nHeintzelman and Hancock also have an\\nengagement. McClellan s advance under\\nGen. Sumner drives hack the Confeder-\\nate rear-guard under Gen. Longstreet.\\nFederal loss, 456 killed, 1,400 -wounded,\\nand 623 prisoners Confederate loss, 700\\nkilled, 1,000 wounded, and 300 prisoners.\\nMay 6. Va. Gen. Johnston s army\\nretreats toward Richmond, leaving its\\nwounded on the field of battle at Wil-\\nliamsburg.\\nMay 7. Va, Gen. Franklin lands a Union\\nforce at West Point, on the York\\nRiver, and defeats the Confederates\\nunder Gen. Whiting. Federal loss, 47\\nkilled, 110 wounded, and 46 prisoners\\nConfederate loss, eight killed and 32\\nwounded.\\nMay 8. Miss. At Corinth the Federal\\ncavalry, under Maj. Arlington, is de-\\nfeated by the Confederates. Maj. Ar-\\nlington is killed.\\nVa. At SomerviHe Heights Feder-\\nals under Col. Foster are defeated,\\nlosing 29 men, and then retreat.\\nAtMcDowell Gens. Sehenck and Mil-\\nroy are defeated by Confederate Gens.\\nJackson and Johnson Federals lose 30\\nkilled and 200 wounded Confederates\\nlose 71 killed and 390 wounded. Gen.\\nEdward Johnson is killed.\\nThe Merrimac again appears in Hamp-\\nton Roads, and then retires without\\naction.\\nGen. Stonewall* Jackson begins\\nhis second [and famous] campaign in\\nthe Shenandoah Valley.\\nMay 9. Ala. The Federals, under Capt.\\nConnet, lose five killed, the Confederates\\n13 killed, in a skirmish 12 miles from\\nAthens.\\nMiss. At Farmington Gen. Pope\\nloses five killed Confederates under\\nGen. Van Dorn lose many more.\\nS. C. Gen. Hunter issues an order for\\nthe military emancipation of slaves,\\nas the Department is under martial law.\\nCom. Foote resigns his command\\nbecause of a wound, and is succeeded by\\nCapt. Charles H. Davis.\\nVa. The iron-clad battery Monitor\\nmakes an attack on Sewell s Point.\\nMay 10. Fla. Pensacola is occupied by\\nFederal troops.\\nTenn. The Confederate flotilla of\\neight gunboats attacks the Federal fleet\\nbefore Fort Pillow, but is repulsed.\\nVa. Norfolk is occupied by Gen.\\nWool and a Federal detachment from\\nFortress Monroe, without resistance.\\nGen. Huger destroys the Gosport\\nWavy Yard, valued at $10,000,000, to\\nprevent its possession by the Federals.\\nGen. McClellan appeals to the War\\nDepartment for more men he reports\\n100,000 men present for duty.\\nMay 11. Va. The Merrimac is fired\\nby Com. Tattnall, near Norfolk, to pre-\\nvent her falling into the hands of the\\nFederals she soon blows up.\\nMay 12. Miss. The Confederates from\\nNew Orleans begin to erect the de-\\nfenses of Vicksburg.\\nMay 13. Tenn. At Monterey Gen.\\nSmith loses two killed Confederates\\nlose 10 killed.\\nMiss. Natchez is surrendered to Fed-\\neral gunboats.\\nS. C. The Confederate steamer\\nPlanter is run out of Charleston by\\nRobert Smalls, a negro; he delivers\\nher up to the Federals. [Later the ex-\\nslave becomes a M. C. for South Caro-\\nlina.]\\nMay 13. Va. The Confederate army\\nis gradually concentrated around\\nRichmond.\\nMay 14. N. C. At Trenton Bridge\\nCol. Amory defeats the Confederates,\\nwho lose 12 killed.\\nVa. Gen. McClellan appeals for\\nmore men, apprehending a battle with\\ndouble his number of men.\\nMay 15. La. Gen. Butler publishes\\nOrder No. 15 it gives great offense.\\nAs officers and soldiers of the United\\nStates have been subject to repeated in-\\nsults from the women (calling them-\\nselves ladies) of New Orleans, it is\\nordered that hereafter when any female\\nshall, by word or gesture, or movement,\\ninsult or show contempt for any officer\\nor soldier, she shall be held and re-\\ngarded as a woman of the town plying\\nher trade.\\nVa. Gen. Johnston orders his army\\nto cross the Chickahominy River it\\nencamps three miles from Richmond.\\nApprehending an immediate attack,\\nby Federals, many families are sent out\\nof Richmond for safety the archives of\\nthe government are also sent away.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1S62 Apr. 7. New York. The asteroid\\nClytia is discovered by H. P. Tuttle.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1863.\\nApr. 6. Johnston, Albert Sidney, col.\\nIT. S. A., Confed. brig.-gen., killed at Shi-\\nloh, A59.\\nO Brien, Fitz-James, lieut. of vols., wri-\\nter, poet, A 34.\\nApr. 10. Wallace, AViRiam H. L., brig.-\\ngen. vols., killeil at Sliiloli, A41.\\nApr, 25. Smith, Charles F., maj. -gen. vols.,\\nA55.\\nApr. 27. Betbune, George W., theologian,\\npoet, A57.\\nApr. 30. Cambreling, Churchill C, M. C.\\nfor N.Y., minister to Russia, A76.\\nMay 3. Bangs, Nathan, ed., author, M. E.\\ncl., A84.\\nMay 6. Thoreau. Henry D., naturalist, ge-\\nologist, author, A 45.\\nMay 14. Ingersoll, Charles J., M. C. for\\nPa., author, A80.\\nCHURCH.\\n1862 Apr. La. The General Conference\\n(Methodist Episcopal South) fails to meet\\nat New Orleans because of the war.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1862 Apr. 11. B.C. Congress abolishes\\nslavery in the District of Columbia.\\nPa. The Molly Maguires, a\\nsecret and murderous society among\\nthe miners, attracts attention [and for\\n14 years its members commit acts of\\nviolence and murder in Carbon, Schuyl-\\nkill, and other mining counties].\\nApr. 21. B. C. Congress provides for\\nthe appointment of a special corps of\\neight sanitary inspectors.\\nSTATE.\\n1862 Apr. 3, B.C. Congress: The\\nSenate passes an Act for the immediate\\nemancipation of the slaves in the Dis-\\ntrict of Columbia, with remuneration\\nfor loyal owners. Vote, 29-14.\\nJV. Va, The new Constitution is\\napproved by a vote of the people. Vote,\\n18,862-514.\\nApr. 7. B. C. The United States enters\\ninto a treaty with Great Britain for the\\nsuppression of the slave-trade.\\nApr. 11. B. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the bill to abolish slavery in the\\nDistrict of Columbia. Vote, 92-38.\\nApr. 14. Tenn. The Union sentiment\\nin East Tennessee is remarkably\\nstrong, and becomes elsewhere mani-\\nfest.\\nThe Legislature and State officials fled\\nat the approach of the Union army, but\\nthe city council at Nashville ordered the\\nStars and Stripes to be displayed on\\nthe public buildings.\\nApr. 16. Va. The Confederate Congress\\nat Richmond passes a conscription act\\non the recommendation of Jefferson\\nDavis.\\nB. C. The President signs the bill to\\nabolish slavery in the District of Co-\\nlumbia, and it becomes a law.\\nApr. 22. Va. The first Confederate\\nCongress closes its first session.\\nApr. La. Opelousas becomes the Con-\\nfederate capital.\\nMay 2. MA. The writ of habeas\\ncorpus is first suspended in the case\\nof John Merryman, a prisoner in Fort\\nMcHenry.\\nD. C. Congress Senate E. B Wash-\\nburne of 111. defends Gen. Grant\\nagainst the criticisms and aspersions\\nthat follow the battle of Shiloh.\\nMay 4. Tenn. Leading citizens issue a\\ncall for a reorganization of the State\\ngovernment on a legal basis.\\nMay 6. B.C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Pacific Railroad Bill. Vote\\n79^49.\\nMay 13. W. Va. The Legislature of\\nVirginia at Wheeling formally approves\\nthe formation of a new State from\\nthe western counties.\\nMay 15. D. C. Congress establishes\\nthe Department of Agriculture.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1862 Apr. 12. New York. Gold is first\\nquoted at a premium.\\nMay 10. N. Y. A fire in Troy burns 671\\nbuildings, including the Union Railroad\\nDepot and several churches; seven lives\\nare lost, and \u00c2\u00a73,000,000 in property.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "208 1862, May 15. -June\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1862 May 15. Va. The Monitor and\\nseveral gunboats under Capt. John\\nKodgers attempt to force their way up\\nthe James River, but are repulsed by\\nthe Confederate batteries at Fort Dar-\\nling on Drewry s Bluff, losing 13 killed\\nand 14 wounded.\\nEng. The steamer Alabama, of 950\\ntons, with engines of 300 horse-power,\\nis launched at Birkenhead for the Con-\\nfederates as a privateer.\\nMay 16. ^V. C. Wear Trenton Maj.\\nFitzsimmons loses live prisoners; Con-\\nfederates lose six killed and many\\nwounded.\\nVa. Gen. McClellan establishes his\\ndepot at White House, on the Pa-\\nmunkey River.\\nMay 17. Va. A naval expedition as-\\ncends the Pamunkey River, and burns\\nConfederate gunboats.\\nMiss. At Corinth Federals under\\nGen. Halleck lose 10 killed and 31\\nwounded Confederate loss, 12 killed\\nand many wounded.\\nMay 18. Va. Suffolk, near Norfolk, is\\noccupied by Federal troops.\\nArk. Near Searcy Gen. Osterhaus\\nencounters the Confederates, who lose\\nabout 100 men.\\nMiss. Gen. Grant invests Vicks-\\nburg with communications open via\\nthe Yazoo.\\nCommander Samuel P. Lee of Farra-\\ngut s fleet demands the surrender of\\nVicksburg, and is refused by Gen.\\nM. L. Smith, who commands 10,000 Con-\\nfederates in its defense.\\nW. Va. At Princeton Gen. Cox\\nencounters Confederates under Gen.\\nHumphrey Marshall, who loses about\\n100 men.\\nMay 19. N. C. At New Berne Feder-\\nals lose five killed Confederates, 11.\\nD. C. President Lincoln counter-\\nmands Gen. Hunter s order for mili-\\ntary emancipation.\\nLa. At New Orleans the Recorder\\nand Chief of Police are arrested by or-\\nder of Gen. Butler, and sent to Fort\\nJackson.\\nMay 20. Miss. Flag-officer Farragut\\narrives at Vicksburg his guns cannot\\nreach the batteries on the Bluffs.\\niV. Va. At Moorefield Federals\\nunder Col. Downey lose rive killed; Con-\\nfederates lose four killed and 12 pris-\\noners.\\nMay 21. Va. Gen. McClellan s ad-\\nvance reaches the Chickahominy River.\\nMiss. Near Corinth Col. Sedgwick\\nloses 25 killed.\\nMay 22. W. Va. At Lewisburg Col.\\nCrook defeats the Confederates under\\nGen. Heth Federal loss, 10 killed and\\n40 wounded Confederate loss, 50 killed,\\n60 wounded, 100 prisoners, also four can-\\nnon and many arms.\\nMay 23. Va. At Front Royal Confed-\\nerates under Gen. Ewell drive back Col.\\nKenly, who is captured with 700 men.\\nOn the Chickahominy River Federals\\nlose one killed and six wounded Con-\\nfederates lose 15 wounded and 31 pris-\\noners.\\nMay 24. Va. At New Bridge the 4th\\nMichigan loses 10 killed the 5th Louisi-\\nana loses 50 killed and wounded, besides\\n37 prisoners.\\nI). The President orders Gen. -Mc-\\nDowell s corps to return from the ad-\\nvance on Richmond to the defense of\\nWashington, and to aid in the cap-\\nture 0^ Gen. Jackson in the Shenan-\\ndoah Valley. [This proves unfortunate,\\nas it paralyzes the main army.]\\nMay 25. Va. Battle near Win-\\nchester Gen. Banks with 7,000 Federals\\nis defeated by Gen. Jackson, whose en-\\ntire force numbers 20,000 men. [Banks\\nmakes a rapid and masterly retreat to\\nMartinsburg, pursued by Stonewall\\nJackson.] Federal loss, 38 killed, 155\\nwounded, and 711 missing Confederate\\nloss not given.\\nD. C. Alarm prevails for the\\nsafety of Washington governors of\\nloyal States are telegraphed to forward\\nmilitia and volunteers at once.\\nMay 26. Va. Near Winchester Col.\\nCluseret loses seven wounded; Confed-\\nerates, under Gen. Jackson, lose 25\\nprisoners, killed and wounded unknown.\\nMay 27. Va. Gen. McClellan takes\\nHanover Court-House, 16 miles north\\nof Richmond.\\nFederal loss, five killed and 326\\nwounded and missing Confederate\\nloss, about 250 killed and wounded, and\\n610 prisoners.\\nLa. A Federal force occupies Baton\\nRouge.\\nMiss. At Corinth Col. Purcell loses\\n25 killed and wounded; Confederates\\nleave 30 killed on the field.\\nMay 29. S. C. At Pocotaligo Federals\\nlose 11 killed Confederates lose 20\\nkilled and wounded.\\nTerm. Gen. Beauregard evacuates\\nCorinth without a battle, and retires to\\nBaldwin and Okoloua.\\nW. Va. Stonewall Jackson begins\\nhis [famous] retreat from the Potomac\\nRiver up the Shenandoah Valley.\\nMay 30. Miss. Gen. Halleck s army of\\n120,000 men advances on Corinth, after\\nwaiting six weeks, and finds it deserted\\nby Gen. Beauregard Gen. Pope is sent\\nin pursuit, and takes a few prisoners.\\nVa. At Front Royal Federals lose\\neight killed and five wounded Confed-\\nerate loss, 20 killed and wounded, and\\n156 prisoners.\\nMay 31. iv C. Near Washington\\nFederals lose two wounded defeated\\nConfederates lose 11 killed.\\nVa. The returns of the Army of the\\nPotomac show an aggregate of 127,166\\nofficers and men 98,008 are present for\\nduty with 280 guns.\\nMay 31.-June 1. Va. Battle of Fair\\nOaks, or Seven Pines Gen George B.\\nMcClellan repulses the Confederates\\nunder Gen. Joseph E. Johnston.\\nThe Confederates under Gen. Daniel\\nH. Hill attack the Federal advance\\nunder Gen. Casey. In the absence of\\nGen. McClellan, there is no supreme\\nauthority on the field; Gens. Heintzel-\\nman and Kearny fall back till reenforced\\nby Gen. Sumner, when the Confeder-\\nates, pressed by Gen. Hooker, withdraw\\nto Richmond, five miles distant. Gen.\\nJohnston is wounded.\\nForces present: Federal, 51,543; Con-\\nfederate, 39,000\u00e2\u0080\u0094 of which only about 20,-\\n000 were engaged on each side.\\nFederal, 790 killed. 3,504 wounded, and\\n647 missing; Confederate, 9i0 killed. 4,749\\n^wounded, 405 missing.\\n(June l. The battle is renewed, and\\nthe Federals recover lost ground at\\nSeven Pines; Gen. G. W. Smith suc-\\nceeds Gen. Johnston until the battle\\nends, at two o clock, when Gen. Robert\\nE. Lee assumes command and with-\\ndraws his army in the night; Federal\\nloss, in two days, 5031 Confederate loss,\\n6134.\\nMay* -June* La. Gen. Butler excites\\ngreat indignation among the Secession-\\nists of New Orleans by his strict mili-\\ntary discipline.\\nJune 1. Va Gen. Fremont s belated ad-\\nvance enters Strasburg as Gen. Stone-\\nwall Jackson s rear-guard retires, hi\u00c2\u00bb\\narmy escaping the three armies sent to\\ncapture it.\\nJune 2. D. C. Gen. Wool is transferred\\nto the Department of Maryland, and\\nGen. Dix is ordered to Fortress Monroe.\\nJune 3. S. C. Federal troops land on\\nJames Island.\\nVa. Gen. Robert E. Lee assumes\\ncommand of the Army of Northern Vir-\\nginia, now engaged in defending Rich-\\nmond, the capital of the Confederacy.\\nJune 4. X. C. A skirmish takes place at\\nTrentor s Creek.\\nTenn. At Fort Pillow Federals lose\\none killed and three wounded; Con-\\nfederates lose 150 killed, 400 prisoners,\\nand are forced to evacuate the fort.\\nNear Jasper Gen. Negley defeats the\\nConfederates under Gen. Adams, who\\nloses 12 killed and wounded, and 25 pris-\\nVa. At New Bridge, near Richmond,\\nthe Confederates are defeated in an\\nartillery battle.\\nJune 6. Tenn. Battle of Memphis;\\nthe Federal fleet under Commodore\\nDavis takes possession of Memphis,\\nafter a fight lasting 20 minutes with\\neight Confederate gunboats, seven of\\nwhich are destroyed. Federal loss, one\\nwounded; Confederate loss, SO killed and\\nwounded.\\nJune 7. La. William B. Mum ford is\\nhanged by order of Gen. Butler for\\ntaking down the Federal flag on the\\nU. S. mint at New Orleans after the sur-\\nrender of the city.\\nJune 8. J a. Battle of Cross Keys,\\nin the Shenandoah Valley Gen.\\nFremont overtakes Stonewall Jack-\\nsou s rear-guard, and an indecisive fight\\noccurs.\\nFederal loss, 125 killed and 500 wound-\\ned Confederate loss, 600 killed and\\nwounded.\\nJune 9. Va. At Port Republic, in the\\nShenandoah Valley, Stonewall Jack-\\nson attacks Gen. Shields s division, and\\ndrives it back upon the main body.\\nFederal loss, 67 killed, 361 wounded,\\nand 574 missing; Confederate loss, 1,000\\nkilled, wounded, and missing.\\nJune 10. 5. C. At James Island Fed-\\nerals lose one killed and 13 wounded\\nConfederates leave 15 killed and two\\nwounded on the field.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1862, May 15 -June*. 209\\nJune 12. Ark. Gen. Curtis moves against\\nthe Confederates at Little Rock.\\nNear Village Creek Col. Brackett\\ndefeats the Confederates; Federal loss,\\n13 wounded Confederate loss, 28 men.\\nPlundering guerrilla bands overrun\\nKentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri\\nthey greatly afflict the Union people.\\nJune 13. Va. Gen. McCall s division of\\nMcDowell s army, 10,000 strong, reen-\\nf orces Gen. McClellan, thus enlarging\\nhis army to 156.S38 men, with 127,327\\npresent.\\nGen. J. E. B. Stuart s Confederate cav-\\nalry, 1,200 strong, start on a raid to pass\\naround Gen. McClellan s army.\\nJune 14. S. C. On James Island the\\nFederals lose three killed and 19 wound-\\ned Confederates lose 17 killed and\\neight wounded.\\nJune 15. Va. Gen. Stuart s Confeder-\\nate cavalry completes its passage around\\nthe Federal army and enters Richmond.\\nJune 16. S. C. At Secessionville, on\\nJames Island, Gen. Benhani is defeated\\nby Confederates under Col. Lamar.\\nFederal loss, 85 killed, 472 wounded,\\n128 prisoners Confederate loss, 40 killed\\nand 100 wounded.\\nJune 17. Ark. At St. Charles, on the\\nWhite River, the Confederate batteries\\nare captured by the Federal gunboats.\\nJune 18. Ark. Near Smithville Maj.\\nZeley loses three killed and lour\\nwounded; Confederate Capt. Jones loses\\nfour wounded and 15 prisoners.\\nTenn. Gen. Morgan seizes the Con-\\nfederate works at Cumberland Gap,\\nthe gateway between Kentucky and\\nTennessee.\\nJune 20. Va. Gen. McClellan reports\\nhis force to be 105,445 men, exclusive\\nof Gen. Dix a force. [Gen. Webb gives\\nGen. Lee s force as 80,762 men.]\\nJune 25+. Miss. Flag-officer Farragut\\nagain arrives at Vicksburg, accom-\\npanied by Admiral Porter with 1G mor-\\ntar boats and 3,000 Federal troops under\\nGen. Thomas Williams.\\nJune 25.-July 1. Va. The Seven\\nDays Battles are fought on the Chicka-\\nhominy, near Richmond Gen. Mc-\\nClellan makes a masterly retreat\\nand change of base.\\nFederal generals under McClellan\\nSumner, Hooker, Heintzelman, Keyes,\\nPorter, Franklin, and McCall Confed-\\nerate generals under Lee Jackson,\\nLongstreet, A. P. Hill, D. H. Hill, Ma-\\ngruder, Huger, and Holmes.\\nTotal Federal losses during the Seven\\nDays battles, 1,582 killed, 7,709 wounded,\\nand 5,958 missing total, 15,249. Con-\\nfederate loss, 17,583 killed, wounded, and\\nprisoners.\\n(June 25.) Gen. Lee attacks McClellan s\\narmy at Oak Grove Hooker s division\\nbears the brunt, and Confederates are\\nrepulsed. Federal loss, 51 men.\\nGen. McClellan pushes forward his\\npickets from the vicinity of Seven Pines\\nto within four miles of Richmond, his\\nnearest approach.\\n(June 26.) Battle of Mechanicsville\\n(Ellison s Mill); Gens. A. P. Hill, D. II.\\nHill, and Longstreet, in strong force,\\nattack the Federals under Gen. Porter,\\nand are repulsed.\\nAt Beaver Dam Creek the attack of\\nthe Confederates under Gens. Long-\\nstreet, D. H. Hill, and A. P. Hill is\\nterribly repulsed by Gen. McCall s di-\\nvision of Fitz-John Porter s corps. Fed-\\neral force 5,000, loss 250; Confederate\\nforce 10,000, loss nearly 2,000 Gen.\\nPorter urges an advance into Richmond.\\nGen. Stonewall Jackson s force\\njoins the Confederates at Richmond.\\n(June 27.) Battles of the Chickahom-\\niny, Gaines Mill.\\nGen. Porter is attacked by Gens. Hill,\\nLongstreet, and Jackson, while covering\\nthe retreat of the army. The Confeder-\\nates are successful for a time, and then\\nare driven back Federal loss, 4,000 men\\n(June 28.) The retreat of McClellan s\\narmy from the Cbickahominy to the\\nJames River continues but little fight-\\nGen. McClellan informs his corps\\ncommanders of his intended change of\\nbase to the James River, and the move-\\nment at once begins.\\n(June 29.) Battle of Savage s Station\\nand White Oak Swamp Lee attacks\\nthe Federal rear-guard under Gen.\\nSumner.\\nGens. Sedgwick, Richardson, Heintzel-\\nman, and Smith of Franklin s corps repel\\na Confederate attack under Magruder.\\nFederals leave 2,500 wounded men at\\nSavage s Station.\\n(June 30.) Battle of Frayser s Farm,\\nor Glendale Gen. Franklin holds\\nStonewall Jackson in check at White\\nOak Swamp, while Gen. Lee makes an\\nobstinate but unsuccessful attempt to\\nbreak the line of McClellan s retreat.\\n(July 1 Battle of Malvern Hill (Crew s\\nFarm). The Confederates, under Gens.\\nD. H. Hill, Magruder, and Armistead,\\nattempt to carry Malvern Hill by storm,\\nand are repulsed by McClellan s army,\\nled by Gens. Porter, Morell, and Couch.\\nJune 26. Miss. The Confederates de-\\nstroy their gunboats on the Yazoo River.\\nJune 27. Ark. The Federals begin to cut\\na canal to change the course of the Mis-\\nsissippi opposite Vicksburg.\\nMiss. Farragut s mortar-sloops begin\\nthe bombardment of the Confederate\\nbatteries at Vicksburg.\\nJune 28. Miss. Vicksburg batteries are\\nattacked by the Federal fleet most of\\nthe vessels pass up the river with small\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1862 June 30. Conn. A new and bril-\\nliant comet is discovered by observers\\nat New Haven.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1862.\\nMay 26. Babbitt, Isaac, inventor of anti-\\nfriction metal, A63.\\nJune 6. Ashby, Turner, Coufed. liriy.-fjt ii.,\\nk. at Cross Kevs, A38.\\nJune2l. EUet, Charles, Jr. (first iron\\nbridge), engineer, A52.\\nCHURCH.\\n1862 June 11. Boston. The General\\nConvention of the New Jerusalem\\nmeets.\\nLETTERS.\\n1862 Colo. The University of Den-\\nver (Meth. Epis.) is organized.\\nD. C. Congress passes an Agricul-\\ntural College Act, granting to each\\nstate 30,000 acres of land, by which each\\nSenator and Representative is to endow\\na college.\\nla. Oskaloosa CoUege (Disciples) is\\norganized at Oskaloosa.\\nKan. Lane University (United\\nBreth.) is organized at Lecompton.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1862 June 7. D. C. A treaty is en-\\ntered with Great Britain for the sup-\\npression of the slave-trade.\\nJune 13-16. Utah. The Mormon apos-\\ntates, called Morrisites, defy the\\nsheriff for three days, when summoned\\nto surrender under an indictment for\\nresisting the execution of the laws.\\nJune 14. Pa. F. W. S. Langdon is\\nkilled by Molly Maguires near\\nAudenreid.\\nSTATE.\\n1862 May 16. N. C. Edward Stanley\\narrives at New Berne, bearing a com-\\nmission as temporary governor over that\\nportion of the State still under Federal\\nauthority.\\nMay 20. D. C. The President approves\\nthe Homestead Act. He appoints Ed-\\nward Stanley military governor of\\nNorth Carolina.\\nMay 24. Tenn. Unionists hold a meet-\\ning at Murfreesboro.\\nJune 5. D. C. Congress recognizes the\\nindependence of Haiti and Liberia,\\nand provides for the establishment of\\ndiplomatic relations.\\nJune 10. D. C. The President appoints\\nCol. G. H. Shipley military governor\\nof Louisiana.\\nJune 19. D. C. Congress passes an act\\nexcluding slavery forever from the\\nTerritories of the United States.\\nCongress Senate Solomon Foot\\nof Vt. is reelected President pro tempore.\\nJune 20. D. C. Congress The Senate\\npasses the Pacific Railroad Bill.\\nVote, 35-5.\\nJune 30. U. S. Statistics for 1862. Rev-\\nenue customs, $49,or (;,398 direct tax,\\n$1,795,332 sales of public lands, \u00c2\u00a7870,659\\npremiums on loans and sales of gold\\ncoin, \u00c2\u00a708,400 miscellaneous items, $915.-\\n122; total revenue, $51,987,455.\\nExpenditures War Department, $394,-\\n368,407; Navy Department, $42,608,277\\nIndians, $2,273,223; 8,159 pensions, $853,-\\n095; other civil and miscellaneous items,\\n821,408,491 interest on the public debt,\\n\u00c2\u00a713,190,324; total ordinary expenses,\\n8471,701,819. Excess of expenditure\\nover receipts, $422,771,303. Public debt,\\n$524,170,412. Exports, $190,070,501; im-\\nports, $139,356,677.\\nJune D. C. The Government pays\\nabout $2,000,000 a day for the prose-\\ncution of the war.\\nJune III. The new Constitution i.s\\nrejected by the votes of the people,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "210 1862, July 1-Aug. 18.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1862 Julyl. Miss. The gunboat flo-\\ntilla, under Commodore Davis, unites\\nabove Vicksburg with tbe Federal fleet\\nfrom New Orleans.\\nMo. At Booneville tbe Federals\\nlose 41 killed tbe Confederates lose G5\\nkilled.\\nZ C. The President calls for\\n300,000 more volunteers.\\nJuly 2. Va. Gen. McClellan has\\nfailed in his advance on Richmond he\\nretires down the James River to Har-\\nrison s Landing, where he is protected\\nby gunboats.\\nSummer. Eng. The privateer Flor-\\nida sails out of Liverpool harbor, where\\nshe has been fitted out for the Confed-\\nerates.\\nJuly 6. Ark. A skirmish takes place at\\nDuvaH s Bluff the Confederates lose all\\ntheir provisions and camp equipage.\\nJuly 8. JV. C. A Federal expedition\\nleaves Plymouth to ascend theRoanoake\\nRiver.\\nKy. Gen. John H. Morgan begins\\nhis first cavalry raid with 900 men. [He\\ncaptures 17 towns in Kentucky.]\\nJuly 9. N. C. At Hamilton the Federals\\ncapture batteries, steamers, schooners,\\nand supplies.\\nJuly 11. D. C. Gen. H. W. Halleck\\nis appointed (14th) commander-in-chief\\nof all the Federal land forces.\\nArk. Federal troops under Gen.\\nWashburn occupy Helena.\\nJuly 13. Term. At Murfreesboro\\nConfederate cavalry captures the Fed-\\neral force. Federal loss, 33 killed, 62\\nwounded, and 800 missing Confederate\\nloss, 50 killed and 100 wounded.\\nJuly 15. Miss. The Confederate ram\\nArkansas engages a part of the flotilla\\nat the mouth of the Yazoo River, runs\\nthrough it, and ascends the Mississippi\\nto Vicksburg.\\nInd. Ttr. Gen. Blunt encounters\\nConfederates, and loses 200 killed and\\nwounded.\\nJuly 16. XT. S. Officers of the Navy are\\ngraded in nine ranks.\\nJuly 17. Ky. At Cynthiana Morgan and\\nhis guerrillas attack the Home Guards\\nunder Lieut. -Col. Lindrum. Federal\\nloss, 13 killed and 34 wounded Confed-\\nerate loss, 24 killed and 78 wounded.\\nVa. Gen. John Pope assumes\\ncommand of the Army of Virginia; it\\nincludes all the Federal forces in this\\nState, except those under Gen. Mc-\\nClellan.\\nJuly 20. Ky. Confederate guerrillas are\\ndefeated between Mount Sterling and\\nOwensville, losing cannon and horses.\\nMiss. The river falling fast, Flag-\\nofficer Farragut hastens to run past\\nthe Confederate batteries at Vicks-\\nburg, and proceed to New Orleans.\\nJuly 22. Miss. The Confederates repel\\nan attack on the ram Arkansas near\\nVicksburg.\\nD. C. President Lincoln orders mili-\\ntary commanders to seize and use\\nproperty, real or personal, for military\\nuses and to employ negroes as laborers.\\nJuly 23. Mo. At Florida Maj. Caldwell\\nis defeated by a Confederate force under\\nCol. Porter, with a loss of 26 men.\\nVa. Gen. Pope is ordered to arrest\\nall disloyal citizens within his lines.\\nJuly 24. Ala. Near Decatur Capt.\\nHarman defeats the Confederates, who\\nlose 10 killed and 30 wounded.\\nVa. Gen. Halleck, as General-in-\\nchief of all the armies, orders a change\\nof base to Acquia Creek. [Gen. Mc-\\nClellan argues against it.]\\nJuly 25. Va. Wear Orange Court\\nHouse Federal Gen. Gibson loses 5 killed,\\nand 12 wounded and prisoners.\\nGen. Halleck arrives at Gen. McClel-\\nlan s camp.\\nJuly 28. Mo. At Moore s Mills, near\\nFulton, Federals defeat Cols. Porter and\\nCobb. Federal loss, 10 killed and 30\\nwounded Confederates leave on the\\nfield 52 killed and 100 wounded.\\nMiss. Gen. Van Dorn assumes\\ncommand of the Confederates at\\nVicksburg.\\nEng. The Alabama sails as a Con-\\nfederate privateer from Birkenhead\\none day before the English Government\\ntelegraphs to detain her. [See Alabama\\nClaims.]\\nJuly 29. Ky. The Home Guards drive\\nthe Confederates from Mount Sterling.\\nTenn. At BrownsvUle Capt. Dollin\\nloses four killed and six wounded Con-\\nfederate loss, 10 killed and wounded,\\nand 11 prisoners.\\nVa. Gen. Pope assumes command\\nin the field of the Army of Virginia.\\nJuly 30. Ky. At Paris Morgan s guer-\\nrillas are driven out by the Federals.\\nLa. Gen. J. W. Phelps, having raised\\nfive companies of negro recruits near\\nNew Orleans, makes requisitions for\\narms and camp equipage. [Phelps, being\\nrefused, resigns.]\\nJuly X. C. Gen. Burnside is recalled\\nto reenforce Gen. McClellan on the\\nJames River.\\nJuly Ark. The canal to cut off Vicks-\\nburg is abandoned as a failure; Gen.\\nWilliams force returns to Baton Rouge.\\nAug. 1. Miss. Farragut s fleet suspends\\nthe bombardment of Vicksburg,\\nawaiting the arrival of the land forces.\\nVa. The Confederate Government\\nissues a retaliatory order declaring\\nthat Gen. Pope and his officers, if cap-\\ntured, are not entitled to the considera-\\ntion of prisoners of war.\\nGen. Pope had issued orders for the\\ndestruction of Confederate property and\\ntbe harsh treatment of civilians.\\nMo. At Newark the Federals are de-\\nfeated, losing 70 prisoners. [Confeder-\\nates are defeated the next day.]\\nAug. Oct. Miss. The Vicksburg\\ndefenses are greatly strengthened.\\nAug. 2. Va. Orange Court House is\\ntaken by Gen. Crawford, of Pope s army;\\nFederal loss, four killed and 12 wounded.\\nAug. 3. Va. Gen. Hooker drives the\\nConfederates from Malvern Hill.\\nAug. 4. D. C. The President issues a\\ncall for 300,000 more men they are\\nto serve nine months. (See State.\\nAug. 5. La. At Baton Rouge the Con-\\nfederates under Maj. -Gen. John C.\\nBreckinridge unsuccessfully attack the\\nFederals under Gen. Williams, who is\\nkilled. Confederate loss, 400 killed, (SO\\nwounded, and many prisoners.\\nVa. Malvern Hill is reoccupied by\\nthe Federals.\\nAug. 6. La. Tbe Confederate ram\\nArkansas is fired and blown up by her\\nofficers, near Baton Rouge.\\nKan. Gen. J. H. Lane enlists negro\\ntroops at Fort Leavenworth, without\\nauthorization by the government.\\nMo. At Kirksville Col. McNeil de-\\nfeats the Confederates under Col. Por-\\nter. Federal loss, 28 killed and GO\\nwounded Confederate loss, ISO killed\\nand 500 wounded.\\nVa. Near Mattapony River Gens.\\nGibbons and Cutter lose 72 prisoners,\\nwho are taken by Confederate Gen.\\nStuart.\\nAug. 7. Tenn. At Fort Fillmore\\nCol. Canby defeats the Confederates un-\\nder Col. Sibley.\\nAug. 8. X. Mex. Near Fort Fillmore the\\nConfederates are defeated.\\nAug. 9. Va. Battle of Cedar Moun-\\ntain General Banks is defeated by\\nStonewall .Jackson desperate fighting\\nalone saves the Federals from a com-\\nplete rout. Federal loss. 450 killed, 6G0\\nwounded, and 290 prisoners Confeder-\\nate loss, 1,367 men.\\nAug. 10. Fa. Gen. McClellan reports\\nan aggregate of 113,000 men present for\\nduty.\\nAug. 11. Ark. East of Helena Con-\\nfederate Gen. Thompson loses 700 pris-\\nAt Clarendon Gen. Hovey takes GOO\\nConfederates prisoners.\\nMo. Independence is surrendered to\\nthe Confederates.\\nAt Compton s Ferry Col. Guitar de-\\nfeats Confederate Gen. Poindexter, who\\nloses 100 killed and wounded, besides 200\\nprisoners.\\nTenn. At Kinderhook Col. McGowan\\ndefeats tbe Confederate Gen. R. H. An-\\nderson, who loses seven killed and 20\\nwounded.\\nAug. 12, Tenn. At Gallatin Col. Miller\\nis defeated by the Confederate raiders,\\nunder Col. J.*H. Morgan, who loses six\\nkilled and many wounded.\\nMo. At Yellow Creek, Clinton County,\\nthe Confederates are defeated.\\nVa. StonewallJackson makes a raid\\ndown the valley of the Shenandoah.\\nAug. Va. The Federals ravage the\\nShenandoah valley.\\nAug. 14. Va. L T nder orders of Gen.\\nHalleck, the army of Gen. McClellan\\nbegins to change its base from Harri-\\nson s Landing to the Rappahannock.\\nAug. 15. Tenn. At Merriwether s\\nLanding Col. T. AV. Harris defeats the\\nConfederates under Capt. Barfield.\\nVa. Near the Rapidan, Gen. Pope\\nwith 50,000 men is confronted by Gen.\\nLee s army, S0.0O0 strong, and falls back\\nacross the Rappahannock,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1862, July 1-Aug. 18. 211\\nAug. 16. Mo. At Lone Jack Maj.\\nFoster has 60 killed and 100 wounded\\nConfederate Col. Coffee loses 110 men.\\nLa. Federal troops evacuate Baton\\nRouge by order of Gen. Butler.\\nVa. Gen. Lee orders Gen. Long-\\nstreet s corps to tlie Rapidan, together\\nwith Gen. Jackson s divisions and Gen.\\nStuart s cavalry corps.\\nAug. 17. Minn. The Great Sioux War.\\nIt is caused by a new breach of promise\\non the part of the United States Govern-\\nment, by the spirit of war wafted from\\nthe Southern Rebellion, and by the in-\\nfluence of the native sorcerers, who have\\nconvinced their people that the Indian\\ngods are superior to the white man s\\nDeity. The Sioux Indians massacre 500\\npeople and destroy millions of dollars\\nworth of property at Acton in Sleeker\\nCounty Gen. Sibley is sent with troops,\\nand defeats them in two battles.\\nVa. Gen. McClellan s army leaves\\nits camp near Harrison s Bar for Ac-\\nquia Creek.\\nAug. 18. Mo. A cavalry expedition is\\nsent against the Confederates at Spring-\\nfield.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1862 July 18. N. Y., Mass. Comet\\nII., 1862 is discovered by Thomas\\nSimons at the Dudley Observatory at\\nAlbany also on the same evening, by\\nH. P. Tuttle at Cambridge.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1862.\\nJuly 24. Van Buren, Martin, sen. for\\nN. Y., Gov., Bee. of state, Vice-Pres., 8th\\nPres. of U. S., (Dem.) Freesoil candidate\\nfor Pres., A80.\\nAug. 6. McCook, Robert L., brig.-gen.\\nvols., A 35.\\nAug. 9. Plummer, Joseph B., author, brig.-\\ngen. vols., A 42.\\nLETTERS.\\n1862 Ky. Cedar Valley Seminary\\n(Bapt.) is founded at Clinton.\\nN, Y. The Long Island Historical\\nSociety Library is founded. [75,000 vols.]\\n0. The State University is founded.\\nPa. An Agricultural College is estab-\\nlished at Bellefonte.\\nWash. Holy Angel s College (Rom.\\nCath.) is organized at Vancouver City.\\nAesthetics, by J. Bascom, appears.\\nArtemus Ward; His Book, by Charles\\nF. Browne, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1862 July New York. Several prom-\\ninent newspapers violently denounce\\nthe Federal authorities in their adminis-\\ntration of the government and conduct\\nof the war the Journal of Commerce,\\nthe World, and the Daily News are con-\\nspicuous opposers.\\nJuly 16. D. C. The Sanitary Police\\nCompany is appointed.\\nAug. 18. Minn. The Little-Crow band\\nof Sioux Indians massacre the whites\\nat Yellow Medicine Agency.\\nSTATE.\\n1862 July 1. D.C. President Lincoln\\ncalls for 300,000 more troops, in re-\\nsponse to the official request of the gov-\\nernors of 18 States.\\nCongress enacts the Internal Rev-\\nenue Law [this creates the Bureau of\\nInternal Revenue almost everything\\noutside of the grave is taxed].\\nAn average tax of three per cent is\\nplaced on manufactured articles dis-\\ntilled spirits, 20 cents a gallon: ales, etc.,\\n$1 a barrel occupations are licensed at\\nfrom \u00c2\u00a75 to $200; stamps, from three\\ncents to $1, are required on bills of ex-\\nchange, and SI to if 20 on conveyances\\nthree per cent on incomes over $600 up\\nto $10,000, and five per cent on greater\\nincomes.\\nIt enacts a bill for the punishment of\\npolygamy in the Territories.\\nJuly 2. D. C. Congress passes the\\nIron-clad Oath of Office Bill.\\nA candidate for office must swear that\\nhe has never given aid or encouragement\\nto the enemies of the United States, or\\naccepted office under any government\\nhostile thereto.\\nPresident Lincoln approves the Pa-\\ncific Railroad Bill.\\n$32,000 fourth (Sierra\\n$48,000; fifth (California), $32,000. [After-\\nward it makes more liberal subsidies,\\nand includes a land grant.]\\nAttorney-General Bates gives an opin-\\nion sustaining the legality of the acts of\\nthe Government in suspending the\\nwrit of habeas corpus.\\nJuly 4. Pa. The Democratic State Con-\\nvention declares, this is a govern-\\nment of white men, and was estab-\\nlished exclusively for the white race.\\nO. The Ohio Democratic State Con-\\nvention declares, it would be unjust to\\nour gallant soldiers to compel them to\\nfree the negroes of the South, and\\nhereby fill Ohio with a degraded popula-\\ntion to compete in labor.\\nJuly 11. D.C. The hill authorizing the\\nissue of $150,000,000 legal-tender\\nnotes, of $1 and upwards, becomes a\\nlaw.\\nJuly 12. D. C. Congress provides for\\n2000 medals to be distributed among\\nnon-commissioned officers and privates\\nof distinguished merit.\\nPresident Lincoln again urges Repre-\\nsentatives of border States to accept\\nhis plan of compensated emancipation.\\nJuly 14. D. C. A Tariff Act is passed,\\nwhich increases duties on imports it\\nalso forbids the issue of tokens to circu-\\nlate as money.\\nCongress The Senate votes to admit\\nWest Virginia into the Union. Vote,\\n23-17 one Dem. votes yea.\\nJuly 16. D.C. Congress votes to greatly\\nenlarge the scope of the naval organ-\\nization, and to advance the rank of its\\nofficers.\\nJuly 17. D. C. Congress passes the\\nConfiscation Act.\\nConfiscating the property of rebels,\\nand giving freedom to the persons whom\\nthey hold in slavery, if the owners do\\nnot submit to the Government within\\nGO days. It also provides for the punish-\\nment of persons in rebellion, whom it\\ndivides into six classes.\\nCongress makes postage and other\\nstamps legal tender for fractions of a\\ndollar. [Vote; House, 82-42; Senate,\\n27-12. Government currency soon ex-\\ncludes shinplasters.\\nThe President approves the Act of\\nCongress, authorizing the enrollment\\nof the militia.\\nPersons between 18 and 45 years are to\\nbe included. Negroes are to be admitted\\ninto the army.\\nThe 37th Congress: the second ses-\\nsion closes.\\nJuly 25. D. C. The President warns\\nthe owners of slaves that the confisca-\\ntion and emancipation acts will be\\nduly executed.\\nJuly Wis. The Legislature repeals the\\nPersonal Liberty Bill.\\nU. S. Democrats are alienated\\nfrom the Government, and oppose\\nan Abolition war.\\nNo Democrat voted for the destruction\\nof slavery in the District of Columbia,\\nnor for the compensated emancipation\\nof slaves in the border States, nor for the\\nact confiscating the property of rebels.\\nAug. 4. D. C. Orders are issued direct-\\ning a draft of 300,000 more men, for\\nnine months service, besides the 300,000\\nvolunteers previously called for liberal\\nbounties encourage enlistments.\\nAug. 8. U. S. The writ of habeas\\ncorpus is suspended; orders are given\\nto arrest persons who discourage enlist-\\nments.\\nAug. 12. Va. The first Confederate\\nCongress opens its second session at\\nRichmond.\\nAug. 16. Ky. Gov. Beriah Magoffin\\nis defeated in his attempt to make Ken-\\ntitcky a neutral state, and resigns he\\nis succeeded by J. F. Robinson, the\\nspeaker of the State senate, who is a\\nUnion man.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1862 July 1. New York. Price of cot-\\nton, 38\u00c2\u00a3 cents.\\nJuly 18, 19. New York and Philadelphia\\nbegin to use car tickets and postage\\nstamps as fractional currency.\\nJuly 22. Cat. About 150 convicts es-\\ncape from the State prison.\\nJuly 27. The steamer Golden Gate on\\nthe Pacific is burned off the coast of\\nMexico about $1,500,000 in treasure are\\nlost, and nearly 200 lives.\\nJuly Mo. The court-house at St.\\nLouis is completed cost, about $1,200,-\\n000.\\nJuly Northern States. A marked re-\\nvival in trade occurs. Shinplas-\\nters and tokens are issued from\\nprivate sources, and become superabun-\\ndant.\\nAug. Northern States. A keen expec-\\ntation of the speedy capture of Rich-\\nmond by Gen. McClellan prevails.\\nAug. 13. Va. Two steamers collide on\\nthe James River the West Point goes\\ndown 75 lives are lost.\\nMany States offer special bounties\\nto induce enlistment us volunteers.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "212 1862, Aug. 19 -Sept 21.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1862 Aug. Capt. Semmes becomes com-\\nmander of the privateer Alabama, re-\\ncently built in England.\\nAug. Minn. The Sioux Indians be-\\nsiege Fort Ridgely for nine days.\\nAug. 19. Va. At White Oak Ridge, near\\nHickman, Capt. Moore loses two\\nwounded Confederate loss, four killed\\nand 19 prisoners.\\nD. C. The Department of the Ohio\\nis formed.\\nAug. 20. Tenn. At Edgefield Junc-\\ntion the Confederates under Col. J. H.\\nMorgan lose seven killed and 20\\nwounded.\\nMo. Near Union Mills Maj. Price en-\\ncounters the Confederates, losing four\\nkilled and three wounded Confederate\\nloss, four prisoners and 16 horses.\\nMinn. At Fort Ridgely, an attack of\\nSioux Indians is repulsed.\\nVa. Gen. Pope falls back across\\nthe Rappahannock on the approach of\\nGen. Lee with superior numbers.\\nAug. 21. S. C. At Pinckney s Island,\\nthe Federals lose three killed, three\\nwounded, and 32 prisoners.\\nAug. 22. Va. Catlett s Station is cap-\\ntured by Stuart s Confederate cavalry.\\nTenn. Near Gallatin Gen. J. H.\\nMorgan defeats Gen. Johnson, who loses\\n100 killed, many wounded, and 350 pris-\\noners Gen. Morgan captures Gallatin,\\nalso Gen. Johnson and his staff.\\nAug. 23. Minn. The Indians are re-\\npulsed in an attack on New Ulm.\\nVa. Gen. Reynolds s division of\\nthe Army of the Potomac is the first to\\njoin the Army of Virginia at Acquia\\nCreek.\\nAug. 24. Mo. Confederates are defeated\\nin a skirmish between Bloomfield and\\nCape Girardeau.\\nTenn. Gen. Bragg advances for the\\ninvasion of Kentucky with more than\\n50,000 men. Gen. Buell with 40,000 men\\nprepares to repel him.\\nVa. Gen. McClellan s army arrives\\nat Acquia Creek.\\nAug. 25. Tenn. At Fort Donelson\\nthe Confederates under Col. Woodward\\nare repulsed with heavy loss.\\nD. C. The Secretary of War formally\\nauthorizes Gen. Saxton at Port Royal,\\nS. C, to enlist and drill 5,000 negroes\\nto guard and protect plantations.\\nVa. At Waterloo Bridge a skirmish\\ntakes place.\\nArk. A combined military and naval\\nexpedition under Gen. Curtis and Com-\\nmander Davis, returns to Helena, after\\ncapturing a Confederate battery on the\\nYazoo River, the steamer Fair Play,\\nand war materials.\\nAug. 26. Minn. The militia under Col.\\nH.H.Sibley advance against the Sioux.\\nAug. 27. Va. At Kettle Bun Gen.\\nHooker defeats the Confederates under\\nGen. Ewell and drives them from the\\nfield. Federal loss, 300 killed and\\nwounded Confederate loss, the same,\\nbesides 1 ,000 prisoners.\\nGen. Pope orders Gen. Fitz-John\\nPorter, at Warrenton Junction, to\\ninarch at 1 a.m. to Bristoe Station. [He\\ndoes not start until dawn].\\nGen. McClellan arrives at Alexan-\\ndria, awaiting orders.\\nAug. 28. Tenn. At Readyville Col.\\nMurphy defeats Confederate Gen, For-\\nrest.\\nVa. West of Centerville Gens. Mc-\\nDowell and Sigel drive back the Confed-\\nerates under Gen. Jackson, and take\\n1,000 prisoners.\\nStonewall Jackson s army, by\\nmarching via Thoroughfare Gap, strikes\\nGen. Pope s base of supplies at Manas-\\nsas Junction.\\nAug. 29. N. C. Forts Hatteras and\\nClark are captured by Federals.\\nVa. Battle of Groveton: Gen. Jack-\\nson defeats Gen. Pope after the arrival\\nof Gen. Longstreet s corps of 30,000 men,\\nand drives back Gen. McDowell s corps.\\nGen. Pope is enraged at Gen. Porter for\\ndisobedience of orders Gen. R. E. Lee\\narrives, and assumes command of the\\nConfederates.\\nCity Point, on the James River, is\\nshelled by Federal gunboats.\\nKy. At Richmond the advance of\\nGen. Bragg s army under Gen. E. Kirby\\nSmith routs the Federals under Gens.\\nManson and Nelson.\\nFederal loss, 200 killed, 700 wounded,\\nand 4,000 prisoners Confederate loss,\\n250 killed and 500 wounded.\\nAug. 30. Va. Battle of Manassas, or\\nthe second battle of Bull Run Gen. Lee\\nutterly defeats Gen. Pope, and drives the\\nFederals back on Centerville.\\nFederal loss 1,747 killed, S.452 wounded,\\nand 4,262 missing Confederate loss,\\n1,482 killed, and 6,145 wounded and mis-\\nsing.\\nGen. Pope attributes his failure in\\nthis campaign to Gen. Porter s inaction\\nand disobedience to orders on Aug. 27\\nand 29, and to Gen. McClellan s reluc-\\ntance in forwarding reenforeements from\\nAlexandria.\\nTenn. At Bolivar Col. Legget routs\\nthe Confederates under Gen. Armstrong.\\nFederal loss, five killed, IS wounded, and\\n64 missing.\\nSept. 1. Ky. Confederate raids occasion\\nthe removal of the Legislature from\\nFrankfort to Louisville.\\nTenn. At Britton s Lane Col. Den-\\nnis defeats the Confederates under Gen.\\nArmstrong. Federal loss, 200 killed\\nConfederate loss, ISO killed and 220\\nwounded.\\nVa. A part of Gen. Pope s army\\nhas a severe action at Chantilly, and\\nrepulses the Confederate Gens. Jackson\\nand Ewell. Gens. Philip Kearny and\\nIsaac I. Stevens are killed. Federal loss,\\n1,300 killed and wounded; Confederate\\nloss, 800 killed and wounded.\\nSept. 1-12. 0. Gen. Lew Wallace, by\\nextraordinary exertions, saves Cincin-\\nnati from capture by the Confederates\\nunder Gen. E. Kirby Smith.\\nSept. 2. K. C. Near Plymouth Sergt.\\nGreen defeats the Confederate Col. Gar-\\nrett, who loses 30 killed and 40 prisoners.\\nD. C. Gen. George B. McClellan is\\nappointed to command the defences of\\nWashington and the troops engaged\\ntherein.\\nGen. Pope is relieved of the command\\nof the Army of Virginia, and is assigned\\nto a command in the Northwest.\\nO. Martial law is declared in Cin-\\ncinnati, the -ity being threatened by\\napproaching Confederates.\\nSept. 3. Va. The Federals evacuate\\nCenterville and fall back toward\\nWashington.\\nMinn. The Indians attack Cedar\\nCity, JlcLeod County.\\nKy. Near Slaughterville Lieut.-\\nCol. Foster encounters the Confederates,\\nwho lose three killed, two wounded, ana\\n25 prisoners.\\nVa. Fighting occurs between Fairfax\\nCourt House and Washington.\\nSept. 4. Md. Gen. Lee crosses the Po-\\ntomac, at Point of Rocks, and invades\\nMaryland.\\nKy. Gen. Morgan reaches Lexing-\\nton on his second raid.\\nSept. 5. Va, Gen. McDowell is re-\\nlieved of his command, at his own re-\\nquest.\\nKy. Gen. Bragg enters Kentucky.\\nSept. 6. N. C. At Washington Fed-\\neral Gen. Foster repulses an attack of\\ncavalry supported by two gnnboats; Fed-\\neral loss, eight killed and 36 wounded\\nConfederate loss, 33 killed and 100\\nwounded.\\nKy. Gen. Henry Heth, with 6,000\\nConfederates, arrives near Coving-\\nton, opposite Cincinnati.\\nMd. Gen. Lee occupies Freder-\\nick.\\nJV. Va. Near Martinsburg Gen.\\nJulius White repulses an attack of Con-\\nfederate cavalry Federal loss, two\\nkilled and 10 wounded Confederate\\nloss, 50 prisoners, besides the killed\\nand wounded.\\nSept. 6, 7. O. Gen. Kirby Smith threat-\\nens Cincinnati.\\nSept. 8. Md. Gen. Lee issues a procla-\\nmation to the people of Maryland, in-\\nviting them to cast their lot with the\\nConfederacy.\\nNear Poolesville Maj. Chapman loses\\none killed and eight wounded the de-\\nfeated Confederates lose seven killed.\\nMinn. The Indians are defeated by\\nthe troops, in a fight at the Lower\\nAgency.\\nVa. At Edwards Ferry, on the\\nPotomac, Gen. Keyes repulses Confeder-\\nate Gen. Stuart, who loses 90 men.\\nSept. 9. Va. At Williamsburg Col.\\nCampbell repulses an attack of Confed-\\nerate cavalry but he with live captains\\nand four lieutenants are taken prison-\\ners. Confederates lose eight killed.\\nSept. 10 Md. Gen. Stuart s cavalry\\ncrosses the Potomac, makes a circuit\\naround Gen. McClellan s army, and\\nrecrossing the river, enters Gen. Lec s", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1862, Aug. 19 -Sept. 21. 213\\nSept. 10. Mil, Gen. Lee occupies Ha-\\ngerstown.\\nMiss. Near Coldwater Col. Grier-\\nson encounters Confederates, who lose\\nfour killed and 30 wounded.\\nPa. Gov. Curtin calls out every\\nable-bodied man in the State to assist\\nin repelling Confederate invaders.\\nVa. At FayetteviHe Col. Siber\\nis defeated by Confederates under Gen.\\nLoring, with the loss of 100 killed and\\nwounded.\\nW. Va. At Gauley the Federals burn\\nthe Government property, and flee be-\\nfore the approaching Confederates.\\nSept. 11. Ky. Maysville is taken by\\nthe Confederates. [It is recaptured by\\nthe Federals on the following day.]\\nSept. 12. Mo. Eureka is captured by the\\nFederals.\\nMd. At Middletown the Confeder-\\nates lose SO killed and wounded.\\njr. Va. The Confederates invest\\nHarper s Ferry.\\nSept. 14. Md. Gen. Lee finds Gen. Mc-\\nClellan in his rear, and falls back to\\nAntietam Creek.\\nBattles of South Mountain: Gen.\\nMcClellan, with the combined army of\\nVirginia (Gen. Pope s), and the Army\\nof the Potomac, defeats Gen. Lee at\\nTurner s and Crampton s Gaps.\\nFederal loss, 443 killed, 1,806 wounded,\\nand 75 missing; Confederate loss, 500\\nkilled, 2,343 wounded, and 1,500 prisoners.\\nKy. At Munf ordville Col. Wilder\\nwith 2,000 Federals for five hours repulses\\n8,000 Confederates under Gen. Duncan,\\nwhen re enforcements arrive, and Con-\\nfederates are driven away with heavy\\nloss.\\nVa. At Harper s Ferry the Fed-\\neral cavalry elude the investing Confed-\\nerates, and escape in the night.\\nSept. 14, 15. W. Va. At Harper s\\nFerry, Gen. Stonewall Jackson, with\\n14,000 troops, bombards the garrison\\nfrom the commanding heights.\\neral loss, 37 killed and wounded, besides\\n3,5UG prisoners Confederate loss, 714\\nkilled and wounded.\\nSept. 16. Tenn. Near Durhamville\\nLieut. R. Griffin loses two killed and 10\\nwounded Confederates, under Lieut.\\nCol. Faulkner lose eight killed and 20\\nwounded.\\nSept. 16. Miles, Dixon S., col. IT. S. A.,\\nkilled at Ilarp\u00c2\u00abr a Kerry, A58.\\nSept. 17. Croasdale, Samuel, col. l_\\\\ S. A.,\\nkilled at Antietam.\\nSept. 18. Mansfield. Joseph K. F., rnaj.-\\ngen. of vols., mortally wounded at Antic-\\ntan i, AC9.\\nSept. 19. Little, Louis H., capt. U. S. A.,\\nConfed. brig.-gtu., killed at luka, A44.\\nVa. Col. D. H. Miles, having dis-\\nobeyed orders to prepare for defense,\\nsurrenders Harper s Ferry to Stone-\\nwall Jackson.\\nFederal loss, 80 killed, 120 wounded,\\n11,583 prisoners, and 479 guns Confeder-\\nate loss, 500 killed and wounded. Col.\\nMiles is killed.\\nSept. 16, 17. Md. Battle of Antie-\\ntam; Gen. McClellan, with 87,000 men\\npresent and 60,000 engaged, attacks Gen.\\nLee, with 40,000 men [in one of the\\nbloodiest battles of the war. Both sides\\nclaim the victory.]\\nGens. Hooker, Burnside, Sumner,\\nMansfield, Franklin, and O. O. Howard\\ncommand on the Federal side; Gens.\\nJackson, Longstreet, Hood, Early, and\\nD. H. and A. P. Hill support Gen. Lee.\\nGen. Mansfield is killed, and Gen. Hooker\\nis wounded. Federal loss, 2,108 killed,\\n9,549 wounded, and 753 missing. Con-\\nfederate loss estimated at 11,172.\\nSept. 16, 17. Ky. At Munfordville\\nGen. Polk with 20,500 men of Gen.\\nBragg s army, defeats the Federals un-\\nder Col. J T. Wilder with 6,000. Fed-\\nVa. At Leesburg, in a cavalry\\nfight, Col. Kilpatrick defeats the Con-\\nfederates.\\nSept. 18. Md. Both armies rest after\\nthe battle of Antietam, but at night\\nGen. Lee slips away and recrosses the\\nPotomac.\\nSept. 19. Md. The Federals make a\\ntardy pursuit of Gen. Lee s army a\\nforce crosses the Potomac and takes\\nfour guns.\\n1). C. The Department of the Mis-\\nsouri is formed; Maj. Gen. Samuel\\nR. Curtis, commander.\\nKy. At Owensburg a Confederate\\nattack is repulsed with great loss. Fed-\\nerals lose two killed and 18 wounded.\\nMiss. At luka Gen. Rosecrans de-\\nfeats the Confederates under Gen. Price,\\nand drives them southward after a hot\\nbattle.\\nFederal loss, 144 killed, 598 wounded,\\nand 40 prisoners Confederate loss, 263\\nkilled, 692 wounded, and 561 prisoners.\\nVa. Harper s Ferry is evacuated\\nby the Confederates.\\nSept. 20. Md. Gen. McClellan reports\\n93,149 men present for duty.\\nSept. 20\u00c2\u00b1. Md. Gen. Lee s army retires\\nsouthward, laden with stores taken from\\nthe Federals.\\nSept. 20. Ky. Near Lebanon Junction a\\ncavalry skirmish occurs.\\nMo. Wear Shirley s Ford Col.\\nRitchie defeats the Confederates, who\\nlose 60 or 70 killed and wounded.\\nTV. Va. Wear Shepherdstown the\\nFederals cross the Potomac and are\\ndriven back into Maryland.\\nSept. 21. Ky. At Shepherdsville Col.\\nGranger encounters the Confederates,\\nwho lose five killed and 28 prisoners.\\nThe Federal troops occupy Mun-\\nfordville.\\nVa. Col. Barnes encounters the\\nConfederates near the Potomac they\\nlose 150 killed, wounded, and prisoners.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1862 Sept. 13. C.F.Hallreturnsfrom\\nthe Arctic regions after an absence of\\nabout two years,\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nA52.\\nRead, George Campbell, rear-admiral,\\nA74.\\nAug. 28. Means, John H., gov. of S. C,\\nA50.\\nSept. 1. Kearny. Philip, maj. -gen. t r S.\\nvols., killed at Chant illy, A47.\\nStevens, Isaac lug-alls, maj. ni ii.\\nvols., killed at Cliantilly, A44.\\nSept. 14. Reno. Jesse L., brig.-gen. vols.,\\nkilled at South Mt., A3!).\\nSept. 15. Twiggrs, David E.. brig.-gen.\\nU. S. A., Cout ed. maj. -gen., A72.\\nLETTERS.\\n1862 John Brent, by Theodore Win-\\nthrop, appears.\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00acountry Living and Country Thinking,\\nby M. A. Dodge, appears.\\nThe King s Bell, by E. H. Stoddard,\\nOrigin and History of the English Lan-\\nguage, by G. P. Marsh, appears.\\nThe Poet s Journal, by Bayard Taylor,\\nappears.\\nThe Wagoner of the Alleghanies, by\\nT, B. Read, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1862 Aug. 21. Minn. The Sioux In-\\ndians massacre the whites at New Ulm,\\nin Brown County.\\nAug. 29. Ky. Brig.-Gen. Jefferson C.\\nDavis, U.S.A., shoots and mortally\\nwounds Maj.-Gen. William Nelson,\\nin an altercation at Louisville.\\nSept. 1. D. C. An act is passed declar-\\ning that the spirit ration in the navy\\nshall cease forever, and that no spirits\\nshall be admitted on board vessels of\\nAvar except as medical stores and in\\nlieu of the ration, five cents per day is\\nadded to the pay of each sailor.\\nSept. 18. Thanksgiving- day is ob-\\nserved in the Southern States.\\nSTATE.\\n1862 Aug. 21. La. Brig.-Gen. George F.\\nShepley is appointed military governor.\\nVa. The Confederacy issues orders\\nfor retaliation against Maj.-Gen. Hunter\\nand Brig.-Gen. Phelps for organizing\\nnegro regiments, and declares that these\\nofficers will be held and treated as out-\\nlaws whenever captured.\\nSept. 3. D. C. Joseph Holt of Ky. is\\nappointed Judge Advocate-general.\\nSept. 11. Pa. Gov. Curtin calls out\\n50,000 militia to repel the invasion of\\nGen. Lee.\\nSept. 14. The governors of Pennsylvania,\\nOhio, and West Virginia unite in send-\\ning a joint invitation to all the loyal\\ngovernors to meet at Altoona, Pa.,\\nto consult respecting the best means of\\ncommon defense, and to aid in the prose-\\ncution of the war.\\nSept. 19. Md. Gen. McClellan arrests\\n16 members of the Maryland Legisla-\\nture and its officers; they favor the\\nConfederacy.\\nSept. 24. Pa. The Governors of 14\\nloyal States and the proxies of three\\nothers meet at Altoona; they approve\\nthe proclamation of emancipation as a\\nwar measure.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "214 1862, Sept. 22-Nov. 17.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1862 Sept. 22. Minn. The Indians\\nare defeated by a detachment of the\\nregular army at Wood Lake 500 prison-\\ners are taken, and 300 are sentenced to\\nbe hanged.\\nSept. 23. Mo. At Sturgeon, Maj. Hunt\\ndefeats the Confederates under Capt.\\nCunningham.\\nMinn. At Yellow Medicine River\\nGen. Sibley has a battle with the Sioux,\\nkilling 30 of the savages and wounding\\nmany others four whites are killed and\\n30 wounded.\\nSept. 25. Bermuda. Commodore Wilkes s\\nsquadron arrives, and he is ordered by\\nBritish authorities to leave within 24\\nhours.\\nKy. Louisville escapes capture by\\nthe forced march of Gen. Buell from\\nTenn., and his arrival one day in ad-\\nvance of Gen. Bragg.\\nSept. 27. Ky. Augusta is attacked by\\nConfederates they defeat and capture\\nthe garrison, and destroy the town\\nFederal loss, nine killed, 15 wounded,\\nand 96 prisoners Confederate loss, 90\\nkilled and wounded.\\nMinn. The Sioux Indians surrender\\n91 captive white women and children\\nnear the Chippewa River.\\nSept. JV. Dak. Fort Abercrombie is\\ntwice unsuccessfully assaulted by Sioux\\nIndians.\\nSept. 29. Md. At Sharpsburg the Con-\\nfederates are dispersed, and several of\\nthem captured.\\nVa. Warrenton is taken by the Fed-\\nerals.\\nSept. 30. Mo. At Newtonia Gen. Sol-\\nomon encounters Confederates under\\nCol. Cooper, and loses 50killed, 80 wound-\\ned, aud 120 prisoners Confederate loss,\\n90 killed and wounded.\\nKy. At Russellville Col. Harrison\\nencounters Confederates, who lose 35\\nkilled and 10 prisoners.\\nVa. The entire Army of the Poto-\\nmac, including Gen. Banks s command,\\nis reported to be 303,959 men.\\nOf these, 301,756 are absent, 28,458 on\\nspecial duty; 73,601 present for duty in\\nGen. Banks s command, and 100,144\\nready for duty in Gen. McClellan s im-\\nmediate command.\\nOct. 1. The Western gunboat fleet is\\ntransferred from the War to the Navy\\nDepartment.\\nGen. Halleck is sent by the Govern-\\nment to urge Gen. McClellan to cross\\nthe Potomac and attack the Con-\\nS. C. A combined military and naval\\nexpedition leaves Hilton Head for the\\nSt. John s River.\\nTenn. At Gallatin Col. Stokes de-\\nfeats the Confederate Col. Bennett, who\\nloses 40 killed, 39 prisoners, and many\\nwounded.\\nJF. Va. At Shepherdstown Gen.\\nPleasanton crosses the Potomac, and\\ndrives the Confederates under Gen.\\nWade Hampton to Martinsburg. Fed-\\neral loss, 12 wounded and three prison-\\ners Confederate loss, 60 killed and\\nwounded, and nine prisoners.\\nOct. 2, 3. Fla. The Federal expedition\\nopens fire on the fortifications on St.\\nJohn s Bluff, and reduces the works.\\nOct. 3. Miss. At Corinth a Confederate\\nadvance driveB in the Federal pickets.\\nOct. 3, 4. Mies. Battle of Corinth.\\nThe entrenched Federals under Gen.\\nRosecrans, 20,000 strong, repulse the ter-\\nrible attack of Gens. Van Dorn, Price,\\nand Lovell with 38,000 men losses\\nFederals, 355 killed, 1,841 wounded, 324\\nmissing Confederates, 1,423 killed, 5,692\\nwounded, and 2,268 missing.\\nOct. 4. Ky. Gens. Bragg and Kirby\\nSmith unite their forces at Frankfort.\\n[Gen. Buell, reenforced by 20.000 men,\\nadvances against Gen. Bragg, who\\nslowly retreats with immense trains\\nloaded with plunder.]\\nOct. 5. Fla. Jacksonville is reoccu-\\npied by the Federals.\\nOct. 6. TJ. C. Gen. McClellan is ordered\\nto cross the Potomac and engage the\\nenemy; he dislikes interference by the\\ngovernment, and claims the army needs\\nrest and recruiting.\\nOct. 8. Ky. Battle of Perryville; Gen.\\nBuell engages in an indecisive conflict\\nwith the Confederates under Gen.\\nHardee, commander of Gen. Bragg s\\nleft wing.\\nFederal loss, 916 killed, 3,432 wounded\\nand prisoners Confederate loss, 510\\nkilled, 2,635 wounded, and 251 prisoners.\\nTex. Com. William B. Renshaw,\\ncommanding a Federal squadron, takes\\npossession of Galveston.\\nOct. 9. Va. Gen. Stuart s Cavalry starts\\non its raid into Pe nns ylvania, and\\ncrosses the Upper Potomac 1,800 strong.\\nOct. 10-13. Fa. Gen. Stuart s Cavalry\\ncapture Chambersburg (Oct. 11) and\\nother towns laden with spoils, it re-\\nturns safely to camp, having passed\\ncompletely around the Federal\\nArmy.\\nOct. 11. Fa. Gen. Wool arrives at\\nHarrisburg, and assumes command of\\nthe troops stationed for the defense of\\nPennsylvania.\\nOct. 12. La. Gen. B. F. Butler orders\\nthe citizens of New Orleans to take\\nthe oath of allegiance to the United\\nStates, to furnish their names, and regis-\\nter their property in the office of the\\nprovost marshal.\\nVa. Gen. Stuart s Cavalry re-\\ncrosses the Potomac.\\nOct. 14. Ky. At Stanford (Lancaster)\\nthe Confederates lose several killed and\\n14 prisoners.\\nMiss. Laeut.-Gen. John C. Pern-\\nberton, as commander of the Confeder-\\nate Department of Mississippi and East\\nLouisiana, supersedes Gen. Van Dorn\\nat Yicksburg.\\nOct. 16. W. Va. Wear Charlestown\\nGen. Hancock loses one killed and eight\\nwounded; Confederate loss, nine\\nwounded and prisoners.\\nOct. 17. Va. At Thoroughfare Gap\\nGen. Stahl takes 100 Confederate pris-\\noners.\\nOct. IS. Ky. At Lexington Morgan s\\nguerrillas make a dash into the town\\nand take 125 prisoners.\\nMo. Col. McNeil orders the hang-\\ning of ten of Col. John C. Porter s men\\nin retaliation for the capture in a raid\\nand the disappearance of Andrew Alls-\\nman of Palmyra.\\nKan. Quantrell, the Confederate\\nguerrilla chief, makes a raid into John-\\nsou County and burns Shawneetown.\\nOct. 20. Kit. At Bardstown Morgan s\\nguerrillas destroy a Federal train of 80\\nwagons loaded with ammunition and\\nstores, before daylight, and a few hours\\nlater capture another train.\\nOct. 21. Term. At Woodville Maj. J. J.\\nMudd defeats tlie Confederates and\\ntakes 40 prisoners.\\nOct. 22. S. C. At Pocotaligo, or Te-\\nmassee, Gen. Brannan defeats the Con-\\nfederates under Gen. Walker, losing 43\\nkilled, 258 wounded, and five prisoners\\nConfederate loss not reported.\\nArk. At Van Buren Maj. Lazear\\ndefeats Confederates, under Col. Boon,\\nwith considerable loss.\\nKy. Louisville is threatened by\\nConfederates under Gen. Morgan, and\\nthe Governor calls out the citizens for\\nits defense.\\nOct. 23. Tenn. At Waverly, Maj.\\nBlott loses one killed and five wounded\\nConfederate loss, 40 killed and wounded,\\nand 30 prisoners.\\nAt Shelby depot Gen. Stuart defeats\\nthe Confederates, who lose eight or 10\\nkilled and wounded.\\nOct. 24. Ky. Gen. Rosecrans is appointed\\nto succeed Gen. Buell as commander of\\nthe Federal Army of the Ohio.\\nAt Morganstown a skirmish takes place.\\nMo. At Grand Prairie Maj. F. G.\\nWhite loses three wounded Confeder-\\nate loss, eight killed and 20 wounded.\\nVa. Gen. McClellan assumes the\\noffensive the Army of the Potomac\\ncross from Maryland into Virginia.\\nOct. 26. The Confedrate army, under\\nGen. Bragg, traverses Cumberland Gap,\\nwhile retreating from Kentucky.\\nOct. 27. Mo. At Pittman s Ferry\\nCol. Lewis attacks and defeats the Con-\\nfederates, who loBe several killed and\\n40 prisoners.\\nLa. At Donaldsonville Gen. Weit-\\nzel loses 18 killed and 74 wounded Con-\\nfederate loss, six killed, 15 wounded, and\\n208 prisoners.\\nOct. 28. Ark. Wear Fayetteville Gen.\\nHerron defeats Confederates, under Col.\\nCraven, and chases them to the Boston\\nMountains they lose eight killed.\\nOct. 29. Mo. Near Butler Col. Seaman\\nloses eight killed and 10 wounded Con-\\nfederates, under Gen. Cockerill, lose 30\\nkilled and wounded.\\nOct. 30. Ky. Gen. Rosecrans assumes\\ncommand of the Army of the Cumber-\\nland.\\nOct.* The TJ. S. war-vessels number\\n256 of all classes.\\nOct.* -Dec* The Confederate priva-\\nteer Alabama, Capt. Raphael Semmes,\\ncaptures many merchant vessels.\\nNov. 1. Va. At Philomount, an artillery\\nfight continues for five hours the Con-\\nfederates retreat towards Bloomfield,\\nand another action lasts for four hours.\\nMd. The last of Gen. McClellan s\\narmy crosses the Potomac into Virginia.\\nNov. 2. Tenn. Gen. Grant begins the\\nadvance on Yicksburg from Jackson by\\nmoving along the line of the Mississippi\\nCentral Railroad.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1862, Sept. 22 -Nov. 17. 215\\nNov. 3. Ky. In Webster County Col.\\nFoster loses 25 prisoners, and captures\\nthree Confederate lieutenants.\\nGa. At Kingsburg the Federals de-\\nstroy the salt-works.\\nNov. 4. Tenn. Near Grand Junction\\nGen. Grant completes the gathering of\\nan army of about 30,000 men for opera-\\ntions in Mississippi.\\nVa. The Federals capture Maj. Reid\\nSanders on the coast, while endeavor-\\ning to get to sea with Confederate de-\\nNov. 5. Tenn. Near Nashville Gen.\\nNegley repulses an attack of the Con-\\nfederates under Gen. Morgan. Federal\\nloss, five killed and 19 wounded; Con-\\nfederate loss, 23 prisoners.\\nNov. 6. Va. At Warrenton Gen. Rey-\\nnolds takes seven Confederate prisoners,\\n150 muskets, and 40 horses and wagons.\\nKy. At Piketon Col. Dills takes SO\\nConfederate prisoners.\\nNov. 7. D. C. President Lincoln re-\\nlieves Gen. George B. McClellan of\\nthe command of the unsuccessful Army\\nof the Potomac, 120,000 strong, and or-\\nders him to report at his home in Tren-\\nton, N.J. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside\\nis appointed his successor, and assumes\\ncoinmand. [Both orders are received\\nNov. 7.]\\nS. C. The 1st Regiment of South\\nCarolina Volunteers (colored) is organ-\\nized at Port Royal [Col. T. W. Higgin-\\nson of Mass. takes command Dec. 1st].\\nNov. Va. Gen. Burnside changes\\nthe plan of campaign, and makes Ac-\\nquia Creek the base of supplies for an\\nadvance on Richmond.\\nNov. 8. Miss. At Hudsonville Col.\\nLee encounters the Confederates, who\\nlose 16 killed and 175 prisoners.\\nArk. Near Marianna (La Grange),\\nCapt. L. M. Perkins defeats the Confed-\\nerates, who lose five killed and several\\nwounded.\\nNov. 9. Va. At Fredericksburg\\nCapt. Dahlgren takes 39 Confederate\\nprisoners.\\nGa. The Federal gunboat Mohawk, of\\nAdm. Dupont s fleet, enters the river and\\nshells St. Mary s, driving out the Con-\\nfederates and burning the town.\\nLa. Gen. N. P. Banks is ordered to\\nsupersede Gen. B. F. Butler in the\\ncommand of the Department of the\\nGulf.\\nNov. 11. Tenn. At Huntsville Capt.\\nDuncan defeats Confederates, who lose\\nseven killed and 25 prisoners.\\nNear Lebanon Capts. Kennett and\\nWolford encounter Morgan s Confeder-\\nates, who lose seven killed, and 125 pris-\\noners.\\nNear La Grange Col. Lee defeats the\\nConfederates, losing two wounded Con-\\nfederate loss, 16 killed and 134 pris-\\nNov. 13. Miss. In a fight at Holly\\nSprings with Col. Lee, Confederates\\nlose four killed and several captured.\\nNov. 15. Va. At Fayetteville Gen.\\nSturgis defeats the Confederates.\\nThe Army of the Potomac advances\\nfrom Warrenton towards Fredericks-\\nburg.\\nNov. 17. Va. Near Fredericksburg the\\nFederal artillery opens fire.\\nAt Richmond Jefferson Davis issues\\norders to make retaliation upon the Fed-\\nerals for the execution of 10 Confeder-\\nates in Missouri. (See Oct. 1862.)\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1862 Sept. 22. N. r. The asteroid\\nEurydice is discovered by C. H. F.\\nPeters, [Also Frigga, Nov 12.]\\nNov. 12. Shells from Whitworth guns\\nare sent through solid iron plates of five\\nand a half inches and a wood backing.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1863.\\nSept. 29. Kelson, William, maj. -gen. vols.,\\nA37.\\nOct. 4. Ilackleniiin, Pleasant A., lawyer,\\nbrig.-gen. vols., killed at Corinth, A48.\\nOct. 8. Jackson, .James 8., M. C. for Ky.,\\nbrig.-gen. vols., killed at 1 erryville, A39.\\nTerrill, William K., brig.-gen. vols.,\\nkilled at Perryvule, A28.\\nOct. 15. Hudson, Wdliam L., capt. TJ. S.\\nN., A 68.\\nOct. 17. James, Charles T., sen. for K. I.,\\ninventor of rifled cannon, A58.\\nOct. 30. Mitchel, Ormsby Maeknight, as-\\ntronomer, maj. -gen. of vols., A53.\\nNov. 3. Richardson, IsaaelB.. maj.-gen.\\nvols., mortally wounded at Antietam, A47.\\nNov. 6. Jameson, Charles D., brig.-gen.\\nvols., A35.\\nNov. 7. Mcintosh, James McQueen, Con-\\nfed, brig.-gen., killed at Pea Ridge, A34.\\nPendergrast, Garrett J., com. U. S. N.,\\nA60.\\nNov. 11. Porter, Jas. M., jurist, a fdr. of\\nLafayette col., Easton, Pa., A69.\\nCHURCH.\\n1862 Nov. 3. Phila. The Evangel-\\nical Educational Society is organized\\nby Bishop Potter.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1862 Sept. 22. D. C. President Lincoln\\nissues a monitory proclamation, de-\\nclaring that the slaves of all in\\nrebellion against the United States\\non Jan. 1, 1863, shall be forever free.\\nSept. 26. Minn. Thirty-eight condemned\\nIndians are hanged.\\nNov. 12. New York. The United States\\nBrewers Association is organized at\\na meeting of representative brewers.\\nSTATE.\\n1862 Sept. 22. D.C. President Lincoln\\nissues a monitory proclamation of\\nemancipation one hundred days are\\ngiven for dissemination and decision.\\nAll slaves of those in rebellion are to\\nbe free on Jan. 1, 1863.\\nN. Y. The Republican State Conven-\\ntion nominates James S. Wadsworth for\\ngovernor. [Defeated by 10,000 majority.]\\nThe Democratic State Convention\\nnominates Horatio Seymour of New\\nYork for the governorship, [Elected.]\\nSept. 24. D. C. The President issues\\nanother proclamation suspending the\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0writ of habeas corpus, in respect to per-\\nsons held by miUtary authority, to pre-\\nvent their release.\\nSept. 30. Va. The Confederate Con-\\ngress at Richmond entertains retalia-\\ntory resolutions, occasioned by the\\nproclamation of emancipation.\\nSept.* Eng. Lord Palmerston proposes\\nthat England offer to mediate in the\\nUnited States with a view to recognize\\nthe independence of the Southern Con-\\nfederacy. [Lord Granville opposes.]\\nSept. Va. The Confederate Con-\\ngress enacts the conscription of all men\\nbetween the ages of 18 and 45 years.\\nSept.* Both a McClellan and an anti-\\nMcClellan party appear in the press,\\namong the people, in Congress, and in\\nthe army.\\nOct. 4. Ky. The Confederates again\\norganize a State government at Frank-\\nfort Richard Hawes, governor. It de-\\nparts the same day.\\nOct. 11. Va. The Confederate Con-\\ngress exempts from conscription one\\nman for every plantation of 20 negroes.\\nOct. 12. New York. A great Demo-\\ncratic meeting is held in which Mr.\\nLincoln s policy in conducting the war\\nis bitterly assailed.\\nOct. 13. Va. The Confederate Congress\\nadjourns to meet in January, 1863.\\nOct. 30. Fr. The mediation of Great\\nBritain and Russia, in favor of an\\narmistice between the North and South\\nis proposed by the French Government.\\nFr. The French Government pro-\\nposes to England and Russia that the\\nthree cabinets exert their influence at\\nWashington and Richmond to obtain an\\narmistice for six months.\\nOct. .D. C. The Internal Revenue\\nbrings the Government $1,000,000\\nevery secular day, and tho people\\nbear the burden cheerfully industries\\nand business flourish.\\nOct. U. S. The elections are encour-\\naging for the Democracy, and dis-\\nheartening to Republicans, who elect\\nhut three members in 11 congressional\\ndistricts.\\nOct. U. S. President Lincoln s eman-\\ncipation proclamaticv. for a time seems\\ndisastrous to the Administration. The\\nnation is choosing between freedom\\nand slavery.\\nNov. 4. Mo. A Legislature favorable to\\nemancipation is elected.\\nIII. President Lincoln s party is\\noverwhelmingly defeated by the\\nDemocrats in his own State.\\nNov. 6. Fr. Drouyn de l Huys, the\\nFrench minister of Foreign affairs, an-\\nnounces to Mr. Dayton his intention to\\ninvite the governments of England and\\nRussia to join with France in proposing\\nto the United States their friendly\\nmediation between the Federal govern-\\nment and the Confederacy.\\nNov. 8. Russia declines to participate\\nin a joint mediation with England and\\nFrance.\\nNov. 13. Eng. The British Government\\ndeclines to join France in an amicable\\nintervention in the United States, as\\nits success would be hopeless at the\\npresent time.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1862 Oct. 1. New York. Price of mid-\\ndling upland cotton, 57 cents pre-\\nmium on gold, 123.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "210 1862, Nov. 18-*\\nAMKRICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1862 Nov. 18. Term. At Rural Hill\\nCol. HawkinB defeats Confederates, who\\nlose 10 killed.\\nW. T. At the Island of Martinique\\nthe Alabama escapes the San Jacinto.\\nNov. 22. J a. TSTear Winchester Capt.\\nHarkins captures 30 horses; four Con-\\nfederates are killed.\\nNov. 24. Miss. Gen. Joseph E. John-\\nston, only partially recovered frotn\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0wounds at Fair Oaks, is appointed to\\nsupreme command of the Confederate\\narmies in the West Gens. Pemberton\\n(Miss.), E. Kirby Smith (La.), and Bragg\\n(Tenn.) are retained in command.\\nNov. 25. W. J a. At Sinking Creek\\nthe Confederates lose two killed and 113\\nprisoners.\\nD. C. The Government orders the\\nrelease of political prisoners.\\nraided by Confed-\\nN. C. New Berne is attacked by\\n4,000 Confederates, who are repulsed.\\nNov. 26. Tenn. Gen. Grant starts on\\nhis expedition into Mississippi Gen.\\nW. T. Sherman is to leave Memphis and\\nsoon unite with Gen. Grant.\\nVa. At Cold Knob Mountain Col.\\nJ. C. Paxton defeats Confederates, and\\ncaptures 100 prisoners.\\nNov. 27. W. Va. At Frankfort the Con-\\nfederates suffer a defeat.\\nTenn. Near La Vergne Cols. Hurd\\nand Dodge lose 10 wounded several\\nConfederates are killed.\\nNov. 28. Miss. Gen. Grant s army\\nadvances toward Holly Springs.\\nArk. At Cane Hill Gen. Blunt de-\\nfeats Confederate Gen. Marmaduke.\\nVa. Near Hartwood two companies\\nof Federal cavalry are captured by Con-\\nfederates, who have crossed the Potomac\\nf- ;his purpose.\\nNov. 29. Va. Near Berryville Gen.\\nStahl defeats a Confederate force.\\nNov. I). C. Gen. Fitz John Porter\\nis ordered to Washington for trial by\\ncourt martial on charges of disobe-\\ndience to orders. Court Maj.-Gen.\\nDavid Hunter, president; Maj.-Gen.\\nHitchcock, Brig.-Gens. King, Prentiss,\\nKicketts, Casey, Garfield, Buford,\\nSlough; Col. Joseph Holt, Judge Advo-\\ncate General.\\nNov. Tex. Gen. N. J. T. Dana, with\\n6,000 Federals, occupies Brazos Santi-\\nago, and Brownsville.\\nDec. 1. W. Va. Near Charlestown\\nGen. Sloeum defeats the Confederates,\\nwho lose live killed and IS wounded.\\nDec. 2. W. Va. At Franklin Col. Spear\\ndefeats Confederates.\\nNear Charlestown Gen. Geary de-\\nfeats Confederates, who lose TO killed\\nand wounded, and 145 prisoners.\\nVa. Federals capture King George\\nCourt House.\\nAn expedition goes out from Suffolk,\\naud recaptures a lost Pennsylvania bat-\\ntery.\\nDec. 3. Miss. At Oxford Col. Hatch\\nloses 20 killed and wounded Confeder-\\nate loss, 92 prisoners.\\nDec. 4. NetD York. Gen. Banks sails\\nwith a part of his expedition for New\\nOrleans.\\nDec. 5. Miss. In a skirmish at Coffee-\\nville Federals lose live killed, 50\\nwounded, and GO prisoners; Confeder-\\nates lose GO killed and 280 wounded.\\nArk. At Helena the Confederates\\nmake an attack, and are repulsed with\\nthe loss of eight killed and 30 wounded.\\nDec. Va. Gen. Burnside proposes to\\nadvance on Richmond with the great\\nArmy of the Potomac, by way of Fred-\\nericksburg.\\nDec. 7. Ark. At Prairie Grove Gens.\\nBlunt and Herron of Gen. Curtis s army\\ndefeat the Confederates under Gens.\\nHindman, Marmaduke, Parsons, and\\nFrost.\\nFederal loss, 167 killed, 798 wounded,\\nand 183 missing Confederates lose\\n1,317 killed and wounded.\\nThe California steamer Ariel is cap-\\ntured by the Confederate cruiser Ala-\\nbama.\\nMiss. Concordia is burned by the\\nFederals.\\nTenn. At HartsviUe Col. A. B.\\nMoore loses 55 killed and 1.800 missing\\nConfederate loss, 149 killed and wounded,\\nDec. 8. Miss. Gen. Grant orders Gen.\\nSherman to advance on Yicksburg via\\nMississippi River [he commands an\\narmy of 20,000 men later, 32,000 men.]\\nDec. 10. Va. Port Royal is nearly de-\\nstroyed by Federal gunboats.\\nDec. 11. Va. The Federals are defeated\\non the Blaekwater, and driven back to\\nSuffolk.\\nGen. Burnside a army crosses to the\\nwestern side of the Rappahannock.\\nDec. 12. Miss. At Yazoo the Federal\\ngunboat Cairo is blown up by a torpedo.\\nNear Corinth Col. Roddy defeats the\\nFederals under Col. Sweeney. Federal\\nloss, one killed and two wounded; Con-\\nfederate loss, 11 killed and 30 wounded.\\nTenn. At Franklin Gen. Stanlev en-\\ncounters the Confederates. Federal loss,\\none killed Confederate loss, five killed\\nand 10 wounded.\\nFa. Fredericksburg is occupied by\\nthe Federals after a terrible bombard-\\nment from Gen. Sumner s artillery.\\nDec. 13. Va. Battle of Fredericks-\\nburg; Gen. Burnside is repulsed.\\nThe Federals make heavy and simul-\\ntaneous assaults along the entire line,\\nbut fail to drive Gen. Lee from his\\nstrong position. Burnside s army of\\n113,000 men is commanded by Gens.\\nSumner, Franklin, Hooker, Hancock,\\nStoneman. Reynolds, Couch, and others;\\nGen. -Jackson s army of 78,000 men is\\nunder Gens. Early, Longstreet, A. P.\\nHill, and others. Federal loss, 1,284\\nkilled, 9,600 wounded, and 1.769 missing:\\nConfederate loss, 596 killed, 4,068 wound-\\ned, and 651 missing.\\nAla. At Tuscumbia the Federals\\nsurprise and defeat the Confederates,\\nlosing four killed aud 14 wounded the\\nConfederates lose 70 prisoners.\\nDec. 14. La. Gen. Butler is succeeded\\nby Gen. W. P. Banks.\\nK. C. At Kinston Gen. Foster loses\\n90 killed and 478 wounded Confeder-\\nates, under Gen. Evans, lose 71 killed,\\n268 wounded, 400 prisoners, aud 13 guns.\\nPlymouth is destroyed by Confeder-\\nates.\\nDec. 14, 15. Va. Fredericksburg:\\nUnder the persuasion of bis division\\ncommanders, Burnside decides not to\\nrenew the attack on L\u00c2\u00ab-e, and withdraws\\nacross the Rappahannock during the\\nnight.\\nDec. 15. Ark. At Yellville the Confed-\\nerate salt-works are destroyed.\\nDec. 15\u00c2\u00b1. La. Gen. Banks sends Gen.\\nC. Grover, with a force of 10,000 men,\\nfrom New Orleans, to capture Baton\\nRouge.\\nMiss. Gen. Forrest s large force of\\ncavalry strikes Gen. Grant s lines of\\ncommunication with the North.\\nDec. 16. N. C. A battle is fought at\\nWhite Hall.\\nDec. 16^. U.S. The defeat of Burnside\\nis followed by national gloom, and a\\nfeeling akin to mutiny in the army.\\nDec. 17. A y. At MunfordviUe a Con-\\nfederate cavalry force of Gen. Bragg s\\narmy is defeated. Federal loss, 10 killed\\nand 17 wounded Confederate loss, 33\\nkilled and GO wounded.\\n-V. C. A battle is fought at Golds-\\nborough.\\nVa. At Occoquan a company of Fed-\\neral cavalry is surprised and captured.\\nAt Dumfries Col. Candy loses 10 killed\\nand wounded routed Confederates,\\nunder Gens. Stuart and Fitz-Hugh Lee,\\nlose 30 or 40 killed and wounded.\\nDec. 18. D. C. The President appoints\\nGen. J. A. McClernand to supersede\\nGen. Sherman in immediate command\\nof the Yicksburg Expedition under Gen.\\nGrant.\\nKy. At Lexington Col. R. G. In-\\ngersoll is defeated bv Confederate Gen.\\nForrest, losing 40 killed.\\nDec. 19. Tenn. At Memphis Gen.\\nSherman begins to embark his army of\\n20,000 men on 67 boats, for the capture of\\nYicksburg.\\nDec. 20. Miss. At Holly Springs\\nGen. Yan Dorn captures a large quan-\\ntity of Federal supplies.\\nGen. TJ. S. Grant is compelled to\\ndesist from his march on Yicksburg,\\nowing to the capture of his base of sup-\\nplies by Gen. Yan Dorn.\\nGen. William Tecumseh Sherman,\\nwith a strong armament, drops down the\\nMississippi River from Memphis, and\\nproceeds as far as Yazoo.\\nDec. 21. Tenn. In East Tennessee Fed-\\neral raiders destroy important railroad\\nbridges, disable locomotives, capture 500\\nprisoners and 700 stand of arms.\\nMiss. At Davis Mills, on Wolf\\nRiver, Col. K. H. Morgan defeats Con-\\nfederate Gen. Yan Dorn. who loses three\\nkilled, 30 wounded, and 20 prisoners,\\nbeside 100 stand of arms left on the field.\\nDec. 23. J a. At Richmond Jefferson\\nDavis issues a proclamation announ-\\ncing retaliatory measures against Gen.\\nButler, and dooming him and his offi-\\ncers to be hanged if captured.\\nDec. 24. Kit. Near MunfordviUe\\nCapt. Dickeys is defeated by Confeder-\\nate Gen. Morgan, and loses 23 prisoners.\\nThe next day Col. Gray defeats Gen.\\nMorgan, who loses nine killed and 22\\nwounded.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1862, Nov. 18\\n217\\nDec. 25. Miss. The Vioksburg Expedi-\\ntion reaches Milliken s Bend 20 miles\\nabove Vieksburg, and lands Gen. A. J.\\nSmith s division to cut off supplies from\\nentering the city.\\nDec. 26\u00c2\u00b1. Miss. Com. Porter s fleet\\nconvoys Gen. Sherman s advance up\\nthe Yazoo.\\nDec. 26. Tenn, Gen. Rosecrans leaves\\nNashville to engage Gen. Bragg at Mur-\\nfreesboro.\\nDec. 27, 28. Ark. At Van Buren Fed-\\nerals lose seven killed; Confederates\\nlose 120 prisoners.\\nDec. 28. Ky. At Elk Fork Maj. Foley\\ndefeats Confederates, who lose 30 killed,\\n176 wounded, 51 prisoners, and SO horses.\\nDec. 29. Miss. At Chickasaw Bayou,\\nnear Vieksburg, Gen. Sherman makes a\\ndisastrous attack on the Confederates.\\n[His army retires to the fleet.]\\nFederal loss, 191 killed, 982 wounded,\\nand 756 missing Confederate loss, 207\\nkilled, wounded, and missing.\\nDec. 30. Tenn. At Packer s Cross\\nRoads Gen. Sullivan defeats Confeder-\\nate Gen. Forrest Federal loss, 100 killed\\nand wounded Confederate loss, 600\\nwounded.\\nDec. 31. The ironclad Monitor founders\\noff Cape Hatteras.\\nDec. 31.-Jan. 2. Tenn. Battle of Mur-\\nfreesboro or Stone s River Gen.\\nRosecrans repulses the attack of Gen.\\nBragg, and after a long struggle forces\\nhim to retire; 43,000 Federals are com-\\nmanded by Gens. McCook, Thomas, Crit-\\ntenden, Rousseau, Palmer, Sheridan,\\nand A. J. Davis about an equal number\\nof Confederates are commanded by\\nGens. Hardee, Breckinridge, Polk,\\nKirby Smith, Cheatham, and Withers.\\nFederal loss, 1,294 killed, 7,945\\nwounded, and 1,027 missing; Confeder-\\nate loss, 10,000 killed and wounded, 500\\nprisoners.\\nDec. Ark. Gen. Sherman adds 12,000\\ntroops to the Vieksburg Expedition\\nat Helena.\\nPhila. The New Ironsides is com-\\npleted.\\nIt has 4-inch armor, is of 4,015 tons bur-\\nden, 700 horse-power, six knots speed\\nit carries 20 11-inch smoothbore guns.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1862 Dec. 4. N. T. The Buffalo Acad-\\nemy of Fine Arts is incorporated.\\n-63 Chicago. The Dearborn Observa-\\ntory is founded.\\nNew York. Samuel Coleman of New-\\nport, R. I., Wm. H. Beard and Launt\\nThompson of New York, are elected\\nmembers of the National Academy of\\nDesign.\\nU. S. Ammonia is first used for de-\\nveloping photographs.\\nThe first experiments are made in\\nshooting petroleum wells, by ex-\\nploding nitro-glycerine, to increase\\ntheir flow.\\nRichmond Hill is painted by J. F.\\nCropsey.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1862.\\nDec. 6. Jackson, Clairborne F., gov. of\\nMo., Con fed. liriK.-ijen., A55.\\nDec. 7. Churchill, Sylvesler, brig.-gen. U.\\nS. A., A79.\\nDec. 13. Cobb, Thomas R. R., lawyer,\\nConfed. brig.-gen., k. at Fredericksburg,\\nA 39.\\nJackson, Conrad F., brig.-gen. vols.,\\nkilled at lMVilorn-ksburg, A 49.\\nDec. 14. Bayard, Geo. 1)., brig.-gen. cav-\\nalry, A27.\\nDec. 20. Pearce, James A., sen. for Del.,\\nAGO.\\nDec. 31. Garesche, Julius P., lieut.-cul.,\\nscholar, k. at battle of Sluiie Kiver, A41.\\nRains, James E., Confed. brig.-gen.,\\nkilled at Murfreesboro, A29.\\nRoberts, George \\\\V., brig.-gen. vols.,\\nkilled at Murfreesboro, A29.\\nSill, Joshua W., brig.-gen. vols., killed\\nat Murfreesboro, A31.\\nAndersun, Genn, r e 1!., unfed, brig.-gen.,\\nA 31.\\nFasquelle, Jean L., author Fr. text-buoks,\\nA54.\\nFisher, Elwood, editor .Southern Press,\\nA54.\\nLisle, Marcus C, M. C. for Ky., b. in Ky.\\nSwanson, Claude A., M. C. for Va., b. Va.\\nCHURCH.\\n1862 Nov.19. Ga. The first General Con-\\nvention of The Protestant Episcopal\\nChurch of the Confederate States of\\nAmerica meets at Augusta.\\nNew York. The General Conven-\\ntion (Protestant Episcopal) meets.\\nO. The General Assembly (N. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Cincinnati Geo.\\nDuffield, moderator.\\nThe General Assembly (O. S. Pres-\\nbyterian) meets at Columbus Chas. C.\\nBeatty, moderator.\\nCorrespondence is established be-\\ntween the Old School and New School\\nPresbyterian assemblies.\\nO. The Annual Convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Cincin-\\nnati A.Campbell, moderator.\\nPa. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Pittsburg Jo-\\nseph J. Cooper, moderator.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1862 Dec* Pa. The Molly Ma-\\nguires stop the mining operations at\\nGoyne s mine, in the town of Cass.\\nDec. 27. Phila. The Union League\\nClub is founded, the first in the United\\nStates. [It raises 10 regiments in the\\nwar for the Union.]\\nInd. A political convention declares\\nthe soil of Indiana should belong to\\nthe white man.\\nD. C. Congress enacts that the pen-\\nalty for selling or giving liquor or\\nwine to Indians in the Indian country\\nshall be a fine of not more than $300\\nand imprisonment for not more than\\ntwo years.\\nChicago. The Northwestern\\nBranch of the Sanitary Commission is\\norganized.\\nSTATE.\\n1862 Nov. 22. D.C. A general order is\\nissued for the release of State (politi-\\ncal) prisoners.\\nU. S. The failure of the Peninsula\\ncampaign is followed by much contro-\\nversy.\\nDec. 1. D. C. The 37th Congress:\\nthe third session opens.\\nPresident Lincoln, in his message, ap-\\nproves a national banking system,\\nmaking one uniform circulation of equal\\nvalue throughout the country.\\nHe recommends emancipation by the\\nloyal States, with Federal compensation,\\nif the slaves shall beset free by the State\\nprior to Jan. 1, 1000 and that slaves\\nmade free by the war be declared eman-\\ncipated, and that loyal owners be reim-\\nbursed.\\nDec. 3. La. Benjamin F. Flanders and\\nMichael Hahn are elected members of\\nCongress.\\nDec. 10. D. C. Congress The House\\nvotes to admit West Virginia into the\\nUnion. Vote 9G-55. The yeas are all\\nRepublican.\\nDec. 22. Va. Jefferson Davis issues\\na proclamation of retaliation to offset\\nPresident Lincoln s proclamation of lib-\\nerty to the slaves.\\nHe directs that Federal oflieers serving\\nwith armed slaves be held for execution\\nas outlaws when captured.\\nDec. 23. Va. Jefferson Davis proclaims\\nGen. Butler and his commissioned\\nofficers to he criminals deserving death,\\nbecause of their enlisting freedmen for\\nthe Federal army.\\nDec. 31. D. C. President Lincoln signs\\nthe Act admitting West Virginia into\\nthe Union.\\nCongress admits West Virginia into\\nthe Union as the 35th State dating the\\nadmission June 20, 1863.\\nDak. Yankton is made the capital.\\nD.C. Samuel F. MiUer and David\\nDavis are appointed associate justices\\nof the Supreme Court of the United\\nStates. (With one exception the only\\nnon-Democratic justices appointed since\\n1841.)\\nNeiu York. George Opdyke is elected\\nthe 73d mayor.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-63 Ariz. (Ter.). John A. Gurley.\\n-63 Cat. Leland Stanford.\\n-65 Col. (Ter.). John Evans.\\n-64 Miss. Jacob Thompson.\\n-65 N. C. Zebulon B. Vance.\\n-64 O. David Tod.\\n-66 Ore. Addison C. Gibbs.\\n-64 S. C. M. L. Bonham.\\n-63 Wis. Edward Salomon.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1862 Dec. 22. Boston. The corner-stone\\nof the new City Hall is laid.\\nDec. A feeling of general discourage-\\nment pervades the country as the un-\\nsuccessful armies go into winter quar-\\nters.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Immigrants for ISG2,\\n89,207.\\nN. Y. The extensions of the Eric\\nCanal are completed.\\nNew York. The French line of\\nsteamers, running between New York\\nand Havre, is established.\\nNew York. The Guion line of\\nsteamers, between New York and Liver-\\npool, is established.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "218 1862 *~1863, Mar. 3.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1863 Jan. 1. D. C. Abraham Lincoln\\nissues his Emancipation Proclama-\\ntion as a war measure.\\nTex. At Galveston the Federals\\nare defeated by Gen. J. B. Magruder\\nCom. Renshaw blows up the Hatteras\\nafter it runs aground, to prevent the\\nvessel s capture by the privateer Ala-\\nbama. He is killed by the explosion.\\nGalveston is recaptured by the Con-\\nfederates under Gen. Magruder, who\\nthus secure their trans-Mississippi De-\\npartment.\\nFederal loss, 600 killed, wounded, and\\nmissing Commander Kenshaw is among\\nthe killed; Confederate loss, 50 killed,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0wounded, and missing.\\nTenn. At Red Mound the Federals\\nlose 20 killed, 100 wounded, and 60 pris-\\noners Confederate loss, 100 killed, 200\\nwounded, and 400 prisoners.\\nNear Lexington Federal Gen. Sullivan\\nhas an encounter with the Confederates\\nunder Gen. Forrest.\\nJan. 2. Miss. Gen. McClernand super-\\nsedes Gen. Sherman in command of the\\nadvance on Vicksburg. He orders the\\ntransfer of the expedition to Milliken s\\nBend, on the Mississippi.\\nJan. 3. Ark. Wear La Grange Gen.\\nWashburn encounters the Confederates,\\nwho lose 10 killed and wounded, and\\n10 prisoners.\\nJan. 4. Tex. Confederate Gen. Ma-\\ngruder declares the port of Galveston\\nopen to the commerce of the world.\\nArk. Federals under Gen. McCler-\\nnand advance on Arkansas Post on the\\nArkansas River, 73 miles southeast of\\nLittle Rock.\\nTenn. Clarksville is surrendered to\\nthe Federals.\\nJan. 7, 8. Mo. Springfield 1b at-\\ntacked by Confederates under Gens.\\nMarmaduke and Price, who are re-\\npulsed by Gen. Brown and Col. Crabb.\\nFederal loss, 17 killed and 50 wounded\\nConfederate loss, 200 men.\\nJan. S Tenn* At Ripley Capt. Moore\\nmcounters the Confederates under\\nLieut.-Col. Dawson. Federal loss, three\\nwounded Confederate loss, eight killed,\\n20 wounded, and 46 prisoners.\\nJan. 9. Va. At Suffolk Gen. Corcoran\\ndefeats the Confederates under Gen.\\nPryor. Federal loss, 104 men.\\nThe exchange of 20,000 prisoners is\\neffected by negotiation.\\nJan. 10. Tex. Federals bombard Gal-\\nveston.\\nJan. 11. Ark. Gen. McClernand and\\nAdm. Porter capture Arkansas Post\\nfrom the Confederates under Gen.\\nChurchill. Federal loss, 129 killed, S31\\nwounded, and 17 prisoners Confeder-\\nate loss, 550 killed and wounded, and\\n4,720 prisoners.\\nLa. Federal Gen. Weitzel destroys\\nthe gunboat Cotton on the Bayou Teche.\\nMb. At Hartville Col. Merrill de-\\nfeats the Confederates under Gen.\\nMarmaduke. Federal loss, 35 killed\\nand wounded Confederate loss, 150\\nkilled and wounded, and 150 prisoners.\\nThe Confederate cruiser Alabama\\nsinks the gunboat Hatteras, near the\\ncoast of Texas.\\nJan. 13. Tenn. At Harpeth Shoals, on\\nthe Cumberland Kiver, the Confederates\\ndestroy several boats carrying wounded\\nsoldiers.\\nJan. 15. N. C. At Masonborough Inlet,\\nthe Confederates burn the stranded\\ngunboat Columbia.\\nArk. Federals burn Mound City.\\nJan. 16. Ala. The privateer Florida es-\\ncapes from Mobile Bay. [It destroys 15\\nmerchantmen during the same month,\\nand is finally captured at Bahia, Brazil.]\\nJan. 17. Ark. The Vicksburg Expe-\\ndition returns from Arkansas Post to\\nNapoleon, at the mouth of the Arkansas\\nRiver.\\nJan. 18. Ark. Federals take DuvalPs\\nBluff and Des Arc, and suffer only a\\ntrifling loss Confederate loss, 150 pris-\\noners.\\nJan. 21. Ark. Gen. McClernand occu-\\npies Young s Point, nine miles above\\nVicksburg.\\nD. C. Gen. Fitz-John Porter is\\ndismissed from the army for disobe-\\ndience of orders at the second battle of\\nBull Run. [Later the sentence is re-\\nversed.]\\nJan. 22. Ark. The Federals reopen the\\ncanal dug by Gen. Williams, in order\\nto get below Vicksburg.\\nJan. 23. Va. Gen. Burnside dismisses\\nGens. Hooker, Franklin, Newton, and\\nBrooks from their commands for un-\\ndermining the confidence of the\\narmy.\\nJan. 25. D. C. The President relieves\\nGen. Burnside of his command at his\\nown request, and assigns him to one in\\nthe West.\\nGen. Joseph Hooker is appointed\\nto the command of the Army of the\\nPotomac.\\nJan. 26. Ten n Near Woodbury Gen\\nPalmer loses two killed and nine\\nwounded the defeated Confederates\\nlose 35 killed and 100 prisoners.\\nJan. 27. Ga. Fort McAllister, on the\\nbombarded by the\\nlontauk.\\nJan. 30. Ark. Gen. Grant, having\\njoined the army at Young s Point, as-\\nsumes command.\\nTenn. At Trenton Col. Wood en-\\ncounters Confederates under Capt. Daw-\\nson they lose 34 men.\\nS. C. On the Stono River the Federal\\ngunboat Isaac Smith is captured.\\nVa. At Deserted House, nine miles\\nfrom Suffolk, Gen. Corcoran and Con-\\nfederate Gen. Pryor each lose about 60\\nkilled and wounded.\\nJan. 31+. S. C. Confederate gunboats\\nattack the blockading squadron at the\\nentrance of Charleston harbor, and Gen.\\nBeauregard and the Confederate Secre-\\ntary of State proclaim the harbor open\\nto commerce.\\nTenn. At Dover, near Nashville,\\nthe Confederates are defeated. Federal\\nloss, five wounded Confederate loss, 12\\nkilled and 300 prisoners.\\nFeb. 1. Tenn. The Federals occupy\\nFranklin.\\nFeb. 3. Mo. At Mingo Swamp Mai.\\nReeder has an encounter with Confed-\\nerates they lose nine killed and 20\\nwounded.\\nArk. The levee at Yazoo Pass is cut,\\nand opens a channel for the Vicksburg\\nexpedition to reach the Coldwater River\\n[it returns in March from an unsuccess-\\nful adventure].\\nD. C. Congress passes a vote of\\nthanks to Commander John L. Wor*\\nden, L .S.N., of Monitor fame.\\nTenn. At Fort Donelson Col. Har-\\nding repulses an attack of the Confeder-\\nates, under Gens. Wheeler and Forrest.\\nFederal loss, 12 killed and 30 wounded\\nConfederate loss, lOOkilled, 400 wounded,\\nand 300 prisoners.\\nFeb. 4. La. Near Lake Providence\\nthe 3d Louisiana defeats the Federals\\nConfederate loss 30 killed and wounded.\\nFeb. 5. Tenn. Confederates are re-\\npulsed in a second attack on Fort Don-\\nelson.\\nTex. The removal of the blockade at\\nGalveston and Sabine Pass is proclaimed\\nby the Confederates.\\nVa. At Williamsburg a Federal\\ncavalry force is ambushed, and loses 40\\nkilled and wounded.\\nFeb. S. Tenn. The Federals occupy\\nLebanon, and capture 600 Confederates.\\nFeb. 10. La. At Old River Capt.\\nTucker defeats the Confederates. Fed-\\neral loss, eight killed and wounded\\nConfederate loss, 11 killed and wounded,\\nand 25 prisoners.\\nMiss. The Queen of the West, Capt.\\nEllet, of Com. Porter s fleet, runs the\\nbatteries at Vicksburg.\\nFeb. 11. La. Secessionists attempt to\\nassassinate Gen. Banks on his way to the\\nOpera House at New Orleans.\\nFeb. 12. Tenn. Near Bolivar the de-\\nfeated Federals lose four killed and\\nfive wounded.\\nThe Confederate cruiser Florida cap-\\ntures the Jacob Bell from China, and\\nburns a cargo of tea worth $1,000,000.\\nMiss. The Confederates capture\\nthe Queen of the JVest. The Federal\\nironclad, Indianola, runs the Vicksburg\\nbatteries in the night.\\nFeb. 14. Va. The Federal cavalrv is\\ndefeated at Annandale.\\nFeb. 15. Tenn. At Nolensville Sergt.\\nHolmes defeats Confederates, who lose\\neight killed, 20 wounded, and four pris-\\noners.\\nAt Cainsville Col. Monroe defeats\\nMorgan s cavalry Confederate loss, 20\\nkilled, many wounded, six prisoners, 50\\nhorses, and*300 stand of arms.\\nArk. At Arkadelphia Capt. Brown\\ndefeats the Confederates. Federal loss,\\ntwo killed and 12 wounded Confederate\\nloss, 14 killed and 12 wounded.\\nFeb. 19. Miss. At Coldwater the Con-\\nfederates under Lieut.-Col. Wood are\\ndefeated, losing six killed, three wound-\\ned, and 15 prisoners.\\nFeb. 20. Miss. At Yazoo Pass the 5th\\nIllinois disperses the Confederates.\\nFederal loss, five wounded Confederate\\nloss, six killed and 20 prisoners.\\nFeb. 24. Miss. Commander Porter sends\\na dummy past the Vicksburg bat-\\nteries it alarms the Confederates, and\\nthey destroy the captured Queen of the\\nWest and l7idiano(a.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1862 *-1863, Mar. 3. 219\\nFeb. 26. I a. At Woodstock the\\nConfederates are defeated. Federal loss,\\n200 killed and wounded.\\nFeb. 28. Ga. The Montauk destroys the\\nConfederate steamer Nashville on the\\nOgeechee River.\\nMar. 1. Tenn. At Bradyville the Fed-\\nerals lose 15 killed and wounded; Con-\\nfederate Gen. Morgan loses eight killed,\\n30 wounded, and S9 prisoners.\\nMar. 2. Tenn. Near Petersburg the\\ndefeated Confederates lose 12 killed and\\n20 wounded.\\nMar. 3. D. C. Congress provides for the\\nenrolment of all able-bodied citizens\\nbetween 20 and 45 years of age.\\nGa. The Federals attack Fort Mc-\\nAllister with three ironclads, without\\nimportant results.\\nVa. At Aldie Capt. Schultze de-\\nfeats Confederates under Col. Mosby,\\nand takes 30 prisoners.\\nAt Chapel Hill Col. Johnson encoun-\\nters the Confederates under Col. Roger,\\nwho loses 12 killed and 72 prisoners.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1863 Jan. 26. Phila. The Chestnut\\nStreet Theater is opened Edwin For-\\nrest appears as Virginias and John\\nMcCullough as Icilius.\\nJan. Mass. Alvan Clark of Cam-\\nbridgeport is awarded the Lalande prize,\\nvalue $500, by the French Academy of\\nSciences, for his discovery of the\\nCompanion of Sirius.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1863.\\nJan. 1. Wainwright, Jonathan M-, com.\\nU. S. N., A42.\\nJan. 4. Branch, John, sen. for N. C, sec.\\nnavy, A86.\\nKendall, B. F., lawyer, astronomer, A33.\\nJan. 10. Beecher. Lyman. Cong, cl., of\\nBoston, A88.\\nJan. 12. Renwick, James., prof, in Colum-\\nbia, physicist, A73.\\nJan. 23. Hall, Bayard R., Presb. cl., au-\\nthor, A65.\\nJan. 37. Robinson, Edward, plhlol.,\\nBiblical critic, A69.\\nFeb. 3. Pinckney, Henry L., journalist, A69.\\nFeb. 9. Hale, Nathan, editor Boston Daily\\nAdvertiser^ A79.\\nFeb. lO. Embury, Emma C, poet, A57.\\nLongwnrth, Nifhohis, ln\u00c2\u00bbrlirultiirist,A81.\\nFeb. Elliott, William, politician S. C,\\nwriter, A75.\\nMar. 3. Petigru, James Louis, of S. C,\\nopponent of secession, A74.\\nCHURCH.\\n1862 Pa. The General Synod (Evan-\\ngelical Lutheran) meets at Lancaster.\\nThe Southern Presbyteries secede\\nfrom the Northern churches, and form\\na separate Presbyterian church.\\nThe Missionary Society of the Amer-\\nican Wesleyan Methodist Convention is\\norganized.\\nJi. I. The Baptist Annual Meeting\\nis held in Providence.\\n1863 Feb. 25. N.H. The New Hamp-\\nshire Unitarian Association is organized\\nat Manchester.\\nLETTERS.\\n1863 Jan. 10. X. Y. The Historical\\nSociety of Buffalo is incorporated.\\nFeb. 20. Kan. The State University\\nis located at Lawrence by the Legisla-\\nture.\\nMar. 3. Kan. The Legislature estab-\\nlishes a State Normal School at Em-\\nporia.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1862 N. Y. The Woman s Relief\\nAssociation of the city of Brooklyn is\\norganized for the relief of soldiers.\\nla. The Soldiers Orphans Home\\nand the Home for Indigent Children\\nare opened at Davenport.\\n1863 Jan. 1. D. C. President Lin-\\ncoln issues a proclamation of eman-\\ncipation. (See State.)\\nFeb. 6. New York. The Union League\\ni3 founded on the basis of uncondi-\\ntional loyalty to the Union.\\nIt proposes to aid the Government in\\nsuppressing treason, and to raise troops\\nfor the overthrow of rebellion.\\nFeb. 9. Eng. The George Griswold ar-\\nrives, laden with stores contributed by\\nAmericans for the relief of the dis-\\ntressed cotton-workers in Lancashire.\\nFeb. 19. la. The Constitution office at\\nKeokuk is sacked by Federal Soldiers\\nfrom the local hospital.\\nSTATE.\\n1863 Jan. 1. D. C. President Lin-\\ncoln proclaims the emancipation of\\nall the slaves in the States now in\\nrebellion, with the exception of Ten-\\nnessee and certain loyal portions of Loui-\\nsiana and Virginia. Total made free,\\nabout 3,120,000.\\nVa. The joint resolution of the Con-\\nfederate Congress declaring that white\\nofficers of negro regiments shall, if\\ncaptured, be put to death or otherwise\\npunished at the discretion of a military\\ncourt, is approved by Jefferson Davis.\\nJan. D. C. President Liucoln urges\\nCongress to provide compensated\\nemancipation for the border States.\\nJan. 5. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses a bill appropriating $10,000,-\\n000 to aid the State of Missouri to vol-\\nuntarily emancipate its slaves. Vote,\\n73-46.\\nJan. 9. Fr. The Government of France\\noffers to mediate between North and\\nSouth, in the interest of peace.\\nJan. 12. Va. Jefferson Davis, in his\\nannual message, declares that persons\\nexecuting President Lincoln s emanci-\\npation proclamation will be treated as\\ncriminals, and commissioned officers\\nwill be punished for exciting servile in-\\nsurrection.\\nJan. 13. N. J. Peace resolutions are in-\\ntroduced in the Legislature.\\nJan. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate: H.\\nWilson of Mass. offers an extraordinary\\nresolution of inquiry, respecting the\\nconduct of subordinate generals, in\\nunderm inin g confidence in their mili-\\ntary superiors.\\nJan. 26. D.C. Congress; Senate: J.\\nSherman of O. introduces the National\\nBank Bill.\\nIt proposes the establishment of one\\nuniform circulation, of equal value\\nthroughout the country, upon the foun-\\ndation of national credit, combined with\\nprivate capital. (Sec. Chase.)\\nJan. Democratic opponents engage in a\\ncrusade against President Lincoln.\\nRepublicans allege that their object is\\nto destroy his prestige, suspend hostili-\\nties on the field, force a compromise\\nwith the South, and place Abolitionists\\nunder a perpetual ban.\\nFeb. 6. D. C. The Government declines\\nthe proffered mediation of France.\\nFeb. 8. D. C. The Government orders\\nthe suppression of the Chicago Times\\nfor inciting disloyalty.\\nFeb. 9. D. C. Congress; House: Rep-\\nresentatives from Louisiana are ad-\\nmitted.\\nFeb. 14. D. C. Congress The House\\npasses a joint resolution, authorizing\\nthe issue of Treasury notes, to the\\namount of $100,000,000, to meet the\\nimmediate needs of the Army and Navy.\\nFeb. 15. Congress: The Senate passes\\nthe joint resolution to issue $100,000,-\\n000.\\nFeb. 16. D. C. Congress The Con-\\nscription Bill passes the Senate.\\nFeb. 18. D. C. Congress Senate Sol-\\nomon Foot of Vt. is reelected Pres-\\nident pro tempore.\\nKy. A State Convention of Seces-\\nsionists at Frankfort is broken up by\\nFederal troops.\\nFeb. 19. D. C. Congress House The\\nNational Bank Bill is introduced.\\nFeb. 20. D.C. Congress; House: The\\nNational Bank Bill passes as it came\\nfrom the Senate. Vote, 78-64. It re-\\nsembles the bill of 1791, only in the use\\nof Government bonds as the foundation\\nof each the paper currency and bank-\\ning laws are made uniform in all the\\nStates.\\nFeb. 24. N. Mex. Congress forms the\\nTerritory of Arizona by dividing New\\nMexico.\\nFeb. 25. D. C. Congress; House Rep-\\nresentatives Thomas L. Price, Elijah\\nL. Norton, and Wm. A. Hall (Dems.) of\\nMissouri, by parliamentary tactics, de-\\nfeat the bill for compensated eman-\\ncipation in Missouri, which appropriates\\n$15,000,000 to their State for the manu-\\nmission of slaves.\\nThe National Bank Bill becomes a\\nlaw by the President s approval.\\nFeb. 26. Ind. Ter. The Cherokee nation\\nrepeals the Act of Secession.\\nMar. 3. D. C. President Lincoln ap-\\nproves the Financial Bill.\\nIt authorizes a loan of \u00c2\u00a7300,000,000 for\\nthe current fiscal year, and \u00c2\u00a3600, 0(10,000\\nfor the next year, for which bonds shall\\nbe issued it also authorizes $400,ooo.o io\\nin Treasury notes at six per cent interest,\\nto be legal tender $150,000,000 of same\\nwithout interest, and $50,000,000 in frac-\\ntional currency.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1863 Feb. 1. Southern States. The\\nConfederate dollar is worth 20 cents.\\nFeb. 22. Cal. Gov. Stanford breaks\\nground at Sacramento for the Central\\nPacific KaUroad.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "220 1863, Mar. 3 -May 6.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1863 Mar. 4. Term. Gens. Van Dorn\\nand Wheeler capture four regiments of\\nGen. Rosecrans s army while recon-\\nnoitering in force.\\nMar. 5. Tenn. Near Franklin Col.\\nCoburn is defeated by the Confeder-\\nates, who capture the town. Federal\\nloss, 100 killed, 300 wounded, and 1,306\\nprisoners Confederate loss, 180 killed\\nand 450 wounded.\\nMar. 6. Gen. Hunter orders the drafting\\nof negroes in the Department of the\\nSouth.\\nMar. 7. Tenn. At Unionville Gen.\\nManly defeats the Confederates under\\nMar. 29. Ky. Near Somerset Gen.\\nGillmore defeats Confederates under\\nGen. Pegram, who lose 350 men.\\nArk. Gen. Grant despatches Gen.\\nMcClernand with the 13th Corps from\\nMilliken s Bend, to gain the rear of\\nViuksburg via New Carthage.\\nW. Va. At Point Pleasant Federals\\nlose one killed and one wounded Con-\\nfederate loss, 12 killed and 14 wounded.\\nMar. 30. Ky. At Dutton Hill, in Pu-\\nlaski County, the Confederates are de-\\nfeated after fighting five hours.\\nMar. 31. Ariz. Gen. Herron is ap-\\npointed to command the Army of the\\nFrontier.\\nnent L.\\nMar. 8. Va. At Fairfax Court House\\nMosby s guerrillas capture Brig.-Gen.\\nStoughton and 30 men.\\nMiss. Federals capture 23 Confeder-\\nate steamboats on the Yazoo River.\\nMar. 10. Tenn. Near Covington Fed-\\neral Col. Grierson defeats the Confeder-\\nates under Col. Richardson, who loses\\n25 killed and many prisoners.\\nFla. Jacksonville is again taken\\nby a Federal force under Col. Higginson.\\nMar. 14. La. Adm. Farragut attempts\\nto pass the Confederate batteries of Port\\nHudson his flag-ship, the Hartford,\\nand an iron-clad succeed. Federal loss,\\n65 killed and missing Confederate loss\\nnot reported.\\nMar. 15. Miss. Another attempt is\\nmade to reach Vicksburg by Steele s\\nBayou and Haines s Bluff. [The en-\\ntrapped fleet barely escapes capture.]\\nMar. 16. Ark. The Federals abandon\\nan attempt to get below Vicksburg via\\nLake Providence.\\nMar. 18. La. At Berwick Bay Capt.\\nPerkins defeats the Confederates, who\\nlose 10 killed and 20 wounded.\\nMar. 20. Tenn. Near Milton, Col. Hall\\ndefeats the Confederates. Federal loss,\\nseven killed and three wounded Con-\\nfederate loss, 40 killed, 140 wounded, and\\n12 missing.\\nMiss. The Federals abandon an at-\\ntempt to gain the rear of Vicksburg by\\nthe Steele Bayou route.\\nMar. 21. Ky. Mount Sterling is taken\\nby Confederates under Col. Cluke.\\nMar. 22. Mo. Near Blue Spring\\nQuantrell defeats the Federals, who\\nlose nine killed, several wounded, and\\nfive missing.\\nMar. 23. Ky. Federals retake Mount\\nSterling.\\nMiss. The Federals abandon an at-\\ntempt to open a route to the rear of\\nVicksburg via the Yazoo Pass.\\nMar. 25. Tenn. At Brentwood Gen. For-\\nrest attacks the Federals, who lose one\\nkilled, four wounded, and 400 prisoners\\nConfederates lose 10 killed and wounded.\\nVa. The impressment of private\\nproperty is authorized by the Confeder-\\nate Congress.\\nMar. 26. Ky.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tenn. Gen. Burnside suc-\\nceeds Gen. H. G. Wright as commander\\nof the Army of the Ohio.\\nMar. 27- Ark. The Vicksburg expedi-\\ntion returns again to Young s Point,\\nhaving suffered no loss of vessels.\\nMar. Ga. The blockade runner Kash-\\nville is sunk by an iron-clad at the\\nmouth of the Savannah River\\nVa. Near Dranesville the 1st Ver-\\nmont Regiment is defeated in a cavalry\\nfight with Col. Mosby, losing 60 men.\\nApr. 1. Tenn. At Snow Hill Federal\\nGen. Stauley attacks Gen. Morgan, and\\ndrives him out of his stronghold.\\nApr. 2. Tenn. At Woodbury Gen.\\nHazen defeats the Confederates, who\\nlose 12 killed, 30 wounded and prisoners.\\nApr. 5. Eng. The Government detains\\nConfederate vessels at Liverpool.\\nApr. 6. Va. President Lincoln and fam-\\nily visit the Army of the Potomac.\\nArk. Gen. McClernand arrives at\\nNew Carthage his further advance is\\ndelayed by the river bursting the levee.\\nApr. 7. S. C. Adm. Dupont, with a\\npowerful fleet of iron-clads, attempts to\\ntake Charleston. He makes an attack\\non Fort Sumter and the other defenses\\nof Charleston the Confederates disable\\nfive of seven monitors, and sink the Keo-\\nkuk. Federal loss, two killed, 13 wound-\\ned Confederate loss, seven killed.\\nApr. 8. Va. The Federals make a raid\\nthrough Loudoun County.\\nGreat havoc is made among mer-\\nchantmen by the English-built Confed-\\nerate cruisers, Georgia, Olustee, Shenan-\\ndoah, and Chickamauga. [Losses are\\nreimbursed later, in the arbitration of\\nthe Alabama claims.]\\nApr. 10. Tenn. At Franklin Gen.\\nGranger defeats the Confederates under\\nGen. Van Dorn. Federal loss, 100 killed\\nand wounded Confederate loss, 300\\nkilled and wounded.\\nApr. 11. La. Gen. Banks starts from\\nNew Orleans with 17,000 men to capture\\nFort de Russy, commanding the Red\\nPaver.\\nApr. ll.-May 3. Col. Streight s raid.\\nHe leaves Nashville with about 1,S00\\nmounted men for the purpose of destroy-\\ning railroads and breaking up Bragg s\\nconnections and supplies in Northern\\nGeorgia and Alabama. After meeting\\nwith some success, he is overtaken by a\\nsuperior cavalry force under Confeder-\\nate Gen. Forrest, and compelled to sur-\\nrender with his entire command near\\nRome, Ga.\\nApr. 13. O. Gen. Burnside issues orders\\nWo. 3S, threatening death to all per-\\nsons convicted of aiding within his lines\\nthe enemies of our country. [It\\narouses the antagonism o\\nVallandigham and others.]\\nApr. 14. La. At Bayou Teche Fed-\\nerals lose 150; Confederate loss much\\ngreater.\\nApr. 15. Vet. Gen. Hooker reports an\\narmy of about 130,000 men Gen. Lee s\\narmy, deprived of LongRtreet s corps,\\ncomprises about 60,000.\\nApr. 16. Miss. Adm. Porter s fleet\\nruns down the Mississippi, past 14 miles\\nof batteries, to Grant s army at Bruins-\\nburg, below Vicksburg.\\nThe 45 vessels carrying 280 guns and 21\\nmortars receive little harm.\\nApr. 17. -May 2. Tenn. Col. Benjamin\\nGrierson leaves La Grange with about\\n1,700 mounted men, on a raid.\\nHe marches more than 800 miles in\\nTennessee and Mississippi, tearing up\\nrailroads and destroying property. He\\nfinally enters Louisiana, and arrives at\\nBaton Rouge. Federal loss, three killed\\nand nine missing Confederate loss, 100\\nkilled and wounded, and 500 prisoners.\\nApr. 19. Tenn. At Coldwater Col.\\nBryant defeats the Confederates he\\nloses 10 killed and 20 wounded they\\nlose 20 killed and 40 wounded.\\nApr. 20. Mo. At Patterson Federal\\nCol. Smart is defeated, losing 50 killed\\nand wounded.\\nLa. Gen. Banks s expedition captures\\nOpelousas, the gunboats take Butte-\\na-la-Rose at the same time.\\nApr. 22. Va. Near Strasburg Majors\\nMeGee and White defeat the Confeder-\\nates, who lose five killed, nine wounded,\\nand 25 prisoners.\\nApr. 24. W. Va. At Beverly the Fed-\\nerals are defeated in a skirmish.\\nMo. Near St. Louis, on the Iron\\nMountain Railroad, the Confederates\\nare defeated.\\nAla\\narede\\nApr. 25. TV. Va. At Greenland Gap\\nthe Federals lose 15 killed and 60 prison-\\ners the Confederates lose 100 killed and\\nmany prisoners.\\nApr. 26. Miss. Federals make a devas-\\ntating raid on Deer Creek.\\nMo. The Confederates under Gen.\\nMarmaduke attack the post at Cape\\nGirardeau, on the Mississippi, and are\\ndriven away by the garrison. Gen. Mc-\\nNeil loses six killed and six wounded\\nGen. Marmaduke loses 40 killed and\\n200 wounded.\\nApr. 27. Va. Three corps of Gen.\\nHooker s army, numbering 70,000 men,\\nadvance towards Chancellors ville to\\nmeet Gen. Lee. Gen. Sedgwick, with\\n30,000 men, remains opposite the Con-\\nfederate army encamped at Fredericks-\\nburg.\\nApr. 28. Ga. At Sand Mountain an\\nengagement of cavalry occurs, in which\\nthe Confederates are defeated.\\nVa. Gen. Hooker s army crosses the\\nRappahannock. [Apr. 30. It crosses\\nthe Rapidan. Four corps reach Chan-\\ncellorsville.j", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1863, Mar.3-May6. 221\\nApr. 29. Miss. A naval battle is fought\\nat Grand Gulf; Adm. Porter fails to\\nsilence the Confederate batteries. Fed-\\neral loss, 26 killed, 54 wounded Confed-\\nerate loss unknown.\\nApr. 29.-May 3. Va. Great raid of\\nGen. Stoneman, with 10,000 Federal\\ncavalrymen. He sweeps around the Con-\\nfederate army, cuts Lee s communica-\\ntion, and tears up the Virginia Central\\nRailroad.\\nFederal loss, 150 killed, wounded, and\\nmissing; Confederate loss, 100 killed\\nand wounded, and 500 prisoners.\\nApr. 30. Va. At Chancellorsville an\\nartillery duel occurs.\\nMiss. Gen. McClernand s force cros-\\nses the Mississippi at Bruinsburg;\\nGen. McPherson follows.\\nMay 1. Ky. At Monticello Gen. Car-\\nter defeats the Confederates under Col.\\nMorrison.\\nArk. Wear La Grange the Federals,\\nunder Capt. De Huff, are defeated, losing\\n41 killed, wounded, and missing.\\nMiss. At Port Gibson Gen. Grant\\ndefeats 8,000 Confederates under Gen.\\nJ. S. Bowen Federal force, 19,000.\\nFederal loss, 131 killed, 719 wounded,\\nand 25 missing; Confederate loss, 1,150\\nkilled and wounded, and 500 prisoners.\\nTain. Wear Franklin Col. Campbell\\nencounters Van Dorn s pickets the\\nConfederates lose 30 killed and wounded,\\nand 11 prisoners.\\nVa. Near Suffolk, on the Nanse-\\nmond River, Col. Nixon defeats the\\nConfederates, losing 41 killed and\\nwounded the Confederate loss is much\\ngreater.\\nMay 1-4. Va. Battle of Chancellors-\\nville: The 132,000 Federals under Gen.\\nHooker are led by Gens. Couch, Howard,\\nSedgwick, Reynolds, and Meade the\\n65,000 Confederates under Gen. Lee are\\nled by Gens. Jackson, A. P. Hill, and\\nD. H. Hill.\\n(May 1.) A part of the 5th corps engage\\nthe Confederate advance on the Fred-\\nericksburg road.\\n(May 2.) Gen. Stonewall Jackson,\\nwith 26,000 men, by a detour gains the\\nextreme right of the Army of the Poto-\\nmac, and falls on it with great fury.\\nGen. Jackson is fatally wounded by\\nthe fire of his own troops while return-\\ning from beyond his lines, in the dusk of\\nevening, he being mistaken for a Fed-\\neral.\\n(May 3.) The struggle is resumed by\\nGen. Hooker without success, and a\\ncouncil of war favors a retreat, except\\nGens. Meade, Reynolds, and Howard,\\nwho favor an advance,\\n(May 4.) The Federal army reerosses\\nthe Rappahannock in the night.\\nFederal losses during four days, 1,606\\nkilled, 9,762 wounded, and 5,919 pris-\\noners: Gen. Lee loses 1,649 killed, 9,106\\nwounded, and 1 ,708 prisoners and missing.\\nMay 2. La. Gen. Grierson e raid is com-\\npleted. (See Apr. 17.)\\nMiss. Gen. Grant being in their rear,\\nthe Confederates evacuate Grand Gulf.\\nMay 3. Va. At Warrenton Junction\\nCol. De Forrest defeats Col. Mosby s\\nguerrillas with heavy loss.\\nMiss. At Haines s Bluff on the Mis-\\nsissippi, the Confederates are defeated\\nin a naval engagement, with the loss of\\nSO killed and wounded.\\nFa. Gen. Longstreet retires with\\nConfederate troops from the unsuccess-\\nful siege of Suffolk, on the Nansemond\\nGen. Peck commands the Federals.\\nMay 5. O. Gen. Burnside arrests C. L.\\nVallandigham at his residence for dis-\\nloyal utterances.\\nHe is convicted by a military commis-\\nsion [and confined in a United States\\nfortress. The President .commutes the\\nsentence by sending him within the\\nConfederate lines].\\nMay 6. Miss. At Tupelo Col. Corwyn\\ndefeats and puts to flight the Confeder-\\nates under Gen. Ruggles, who lose 90\\nprisoners.\\nVa. Gen. Hooker issues orders of\\ncongratulation to the Union army, on\\nthe achievements of the past seven\\ndays.\\nThey are read with derisive comments\\nby the public, in view of the ill success\\nof the conflict.\\nMay 6-8. Miss. Gen. Sherman s force\\njoins Gen. Grant in the rear of Vicks-\\nhurg.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1863 Mar. 4. B.C. Congress establishes\\na National Academy of Sciences at\\nWashington.\\nIt proposes to make examinations, in-\\nvestigations, and experiments in the\\nvarious branches of art and science, and\\nto report its work for the benefit of the\\npublic the Government will pay the\\ncosts.\\nApr. 14. Pa. William Bullock of Pitts-\\nburgh patents his web-perfecting\\npress; it prints from a self -feeding\\ncontinuous roll or web, and on both\\nsides at one process.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1863.\\nMar. 4. King, Thomas Starr, Unit, cl.,\\nauthor, A 39.\\nMar. 6. Van Santvoord, George, lawyer,\\nauthor, A44.\\nMar. 21. Sm\\nU. S. A., A67\\nEdwin Vose, maj.-gen.\\nMar. 28. Carleton, Henry, jurist of N. O.,\\nLa., A80.\\nMar. 30. Duyokinck, Geo. Long, scholar,\\nwriter, A40.\\nApr. 7. Francis, Convers, Unit, cl., au.,\\nlecturer, A67.\\nApr. 18. Burns, Francis, M. E. missionary\\nbp., A54.\\nApr. 22. Blake, William Rufus, comic ac-\\ntor, A55.\\nApr. 23. Otey, James H., P. E. bishop of\\nTenn., A63.\\nMay 2. Berry. Hiram George, maj.-gen.\\nof vols., killed at Chaneellorsville, A39.\\nCartwright, Samuel A., physician, A70.\\nLETTERS.\\n1863 Apr. N~. T. The Long Island\\nHistorical Society is incorporated at\\nBrooklyn.\\nBoston College (Rom. Cath.) is or-\\nganized.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1863 Mar. 3. The demand of the United\\nStates Brewers Association causes\\nthe Government to reduce the tax on\\nbeer from $1 to GO cents a barrel.\\nMar. 5. 0. The office of the Crisis at\\nColumbus is wrecked by Federal sol-\\ndiers.\\nMar. Utah. Seven Morrisites are con-\\nvicted of murder in the second degree,\\ntheir leader and others having been\\nkilled in resisting the sheriff.\\nApr. 2. Va. A bread riot by women\\noccurs at Richmond.\\nApr. 3. Pa. The Knights of the\\nGolden Circle are arrested at Reading.\\nApr. 9. Boston. The Union Club is\\norganized.\\nApr. U. S. The deepest depression\\npervades the minds of the Northern\\npeople during the war.\\nSTATE.\\n1863 Mar. 3. D.C. Congress author-\\nizes the suspension of the writ of ha-\\nbeas corjnts throughout the entire United\\nStates on the order of the President 36\\nDemocrats desire to enroll their names\\non the journal of the House in protest\\ntheir request is laid on the table. Vote,\\n75-41.\\nCongress authorizes postal receiving\\nboxes to be established it organizes\\nthe Territory of Idaho formerly a part\\nof Washington, and passes a resolu-\\ntion against mediation as tending to pro-\\nlong the war.\\nThe President approves the act for the\\nenrolling of all able-bodied citizens be-\\ntween the ages of 20 and 45 years, and\\nfor calling out the National forces by\\ndrafting, without the intervention of\\nState authorities.\\nMar. 4. B. C. Congress; Senate Sol-\\nomon Foot of Vt. is reelected President\\npro tempore.\\nThe 37th Congress ends.\\nMay 1. O. C. L. Vallandigh^ a dis-\\ntinguished Democrat, makes a speech at\\nMount Vernon, against King Lincoln,\\nand urges the people to hurl the tyrant\\nfrom his throne.\\nMay 5. 0. C. L. Vallandigham, M. C.\\nfor O., is arrested at Dayton by Gen.\\nBurnside for treasonable utterances.\\nMay5+. U. S. Great indignation is\\nexpressed by anti-war Democrats against\\nthe overthrow of free institu-\\ntions by Abraham Lincoln.\\nMay 6. O. C. L. Vallandigham is sen-\\ntenced by a military commission to\\nsuffer close confinement during the war.\\n[He is taken to Fort Warren, Mass.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1863 Mar. 8. Ark. Work on the canal\\nfor passing Vicksburg is interrupted by\\nthe breaking of the levee by the river.\\nApr. 1. New York. Price of middling\\nlands cotton, 72 to 74cents; premium\\non gold, 156\u00c2\u00a3 to 156f.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "222 1863, May 7 -June 30.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1863 May 7. Va. Gen. Lee con-\\ngratulates hia army on the victory at\\nChancellorsville.\\nMiss. Gen. Grant begins his ad-\\nvance to strike a point between Jackson\\nand Vicksbui g.\\nMay 8. D.C. President Lincoln issues a\\nproclamation for a military draft in July.\\nTenn. The Confederate Gen. Van\\nDorn is assassinated in a private quarrel.\\nMay 9. La. Gen. Banks s Expedition\\narrives at Alexandria, after restoring\\na very large territory to the Union.\\nVa. The Confederate authorities,\\nalarmed at Gen. Grant s movements,\\norder Gen. Johnston to Mississippi\\nas commander-in-chief, and give hiin\\n30,000 troops.\\nMay 12. Miss. At Raymond Gen. Mc-\\nPherson defeats5,000 Confederates under\\nGen. Gregg.\\nFederal loss, 66 killed and 339 wound-\\ned Confederate loss, 100 killed, 305\\nwounded, and 415 prisoners.\\nKy. At Horseshoe Bend the Fed-\\nerals lose 25 killed and wounded; Con-\\nfederate loss, 100 killed and wounded.\\nMay A painful sense of the need of a\\ngreat commander for the Army of the\\nPotomac pervades the country and is\\noften expressed.\\nMay 13. Miss. Gen. Joseph E. John-\\nston arrives at Jackson, and assumes\\ncommand of the Confederate forces.\\nYazoo City is taken by Federal gun-\\nboats.\\nMay. 14. Miss. At Jackson Gens.\\nSherman and McPherson,of Gen. Grant s\\nadvance, give battle to more than 8,000\\nConfederates under Gen. Johnston, and\\ntake the city.\\nFederal loss, 41 killed, 240 wounded and\\nmissing Confederate loss, 845.\\nMay 16. Miss. Battle of Champion\\nHills; Gen. Grant, with two corps of\\n32,000 men under Gens. McClernand and\\nIcr Person, defeats about 25,000 Confed-\\nerates under Gen. Pemberton, in the\\nhardest fought battle of the campaign.\\nFederal loss, 2,254 killed and wounded,\\n187 missing Confederate loss, 3,624, in-\\ncluding 2,195 prisoners.\\nMay 17. Miss. At Black River Gen.\\nGrant defeats 4,000 Confederates under\\nGen. Pemberton, who retreats toward his\\ndefenses at Vicksburg. Federal loss, 39\\nkilled, 237 wounded, and three missing\\nConfederate loss, 1,751 men and 18 guns.\\nMay 18. Miss. Gens. McClernand and\\nMcPherson are delayed in building a\\nfloating bridge across the Big Black\\nRiver Gen. Pemberton is thereby en-\\nabled to reach the defenses of Vicks-\\nburg.\\nThe Confederates evacuate Haines s\\nBluff on the Yazoo above Vicksburg on\\nthe approach of Gens. McClernand and\\nMcPherson s corps of Gen. Grant s\\narmy.\\nMo. At Sherwood a Confederate\\nforce defeats the Federals in a skirmish;\\nAMERICA\\nFederal loss, 35 killed and wounded, and\\n4 prisoners.\\nMay 18.-July4. Miss. Gen. Grant be-\\nsieges Vicksburg [with an army that\\nsoon numbers 71,000 men] his commu-\\nnications are open via the Yazoo Iiiver.\\nMay 19. Miss. Gen. Grant assaults\\nthe defenses of Vicksburg he is re-\\npulsed with terrible loss, but secures\\nsome advanced positions.\\nMay 22. Miss. At Vicksburg Gen.\\nGrant again orders an assault, and is\\nrepulsed with the loss of 3,000 men he\\nconcludes to establish a regular siege.\\niV. C. At Gum Swamp the Federals\\nlose 67 killed and wounded the Confed-\\nerates lose 202 killed, wounded, and\\nprisoners.\\nMay 24. La. Gen. Banks s troops arrive\\nat Port Hudson.\\nGen. John McA. Schofield relieves\\nGen. Curtis as commander of the Depart-\\nment of Missouri.\\nMay 25. La. At Port Hudson Gen.\\nBanks is repulsed by the Confederates.\\nTenn. A cavalry escort conveys C.\\nL. Vallandigham of O. within the Con-\\nfederate lines near Murfreesboro.\\nMay 27. La. Gen. Banks assaults Port\\nHudson, and is repulsed in a bloody\\nstruggle.\\nThe siege begins 14,000 Federals in-\\nvest the works. The Confederates, under\\nMaj.-Gen. Franklin K. Gardner, number\\nabout 7,000.\\nMiss. Adm. Porter attacks Fort\\nHill, at Vicksburg, and loses the gun-\\nboat Cincinnati by the plunging fire of\\nConfederate guns.\\nMay 28. Boston. The 54th Regiment\\nleaves for Port Royal it is the first\\ncolored regiment formed in the free\\nStates.\\njlfo. Wear Doniphan the Federals\\nunder Maj. Lippert are defeated, with a\\nloss of 80 men.\\nMay 30. Miss. Gen. McClernand pub-\\nlishes a congratulatory order to his\\ntroops [which is much criticised].\\nJune 1. Gen. Burnside suppresses\\nthe Chicago Times for one day. [Order\\nrevoked June 4.]\\nJune 3. S. C. Gen. Q. A. Gillmore\\nrelieves Gen. Hunter as commander of\\nthe Department of the South.\\nAdm. Foote is ordered to relieve Adm.\\nDupont at Charleston.\\nJune 4. Tenn. At Triune the Confed-\\nerates suffer a loss of 200 in killed and\\nwounded. The Federal loss is much\\nless.\\nJune 5\u00c2\u00b1. Va. Gen. Lee concentrates\\nhis army at Culpeper he is preparing\\nto invade the North.\\nJune 7. La. At MiUiken s Bend, 17\\nmiles north of Vicksburg, Gen. Thomas\\ndefeats 3,000 Confederates under Gen.\\nMcCulloch. Federal loss, 154 killed, 223\\nwounded, and 115 missing; Confederate\\nloss, 200 killed, 500 wounded and missing.\\nJune 8. Z C. The Departments of Mo-\\nnongahela and Susquehanna are formed.\\nMiss. At Vicksburg Gen. Grant\\nreports the complete investment of the\\ncity, and a force of 30,000 extra troopB to\\nrepel anything from the rear.\\nJune 9. Va. At Brandy Station an\\nimportant cavalry fight occurs.\\nGen. Hooker sends Gen. Pleasonton s\\ncavalry to discover a Confederate move-\\nment; it unexpectedly meets the Con-\\nfederate cavalry under Gen. Stuart.\\nAt Beverly Ford Gens. Buford and\\nGregg lose 380 men Confederate Gens.\\nJ. E. B. Stuart and Fitz-Hugh Lee lose\\n750 men.\\nJune 10. S. C. At Morria Island the\\nFederals win a victory.\\nJune 12. Ga. The Federals destroy\\nDarien.\\nPa. Gov. Curtin calls out the militia\\nof the State, and solicits troops from\\nNew York, to repel an anticipated inva-\\nsion by Confederates.\\nVa. Gen. Hooker falls back from\\nthe Rappahannock, in order to protect\\nWashington against Gen. Lee s army,\\nsaid to number 100,000 men.\\nJune 13, 14. La. Gen. Banks demands\\nthe surrender of Port Hudson; Gen.\\nGardner s refusal is followed by a grand\\nassault, in which the Federals are re-\\npulsed at all points, but the siege con-\\ntinues. Federal loss, 203 killed, 1,401\\nwounded, and 201 missing.\\nVa. The Confederates under Gen.\\nEwell invest Winchester and demand\\nits surrender Gen. Milroy refuses,\\nfighting his way. escapes from Gen.\\nEwell with the loss of 3,000 men. Con-\\nfederate loss, 850.\\nJune 14. Md.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Pa. The Confederate\\ncavalry invades the loyal States.\\nPa. Pittsburg is protected from\\nanticipated Confederate attacks by\\nearthworks.\\nJune 15. D. C. President Lincoln an-\\nnounces by proclamation the Confeder-\\nate invasion of the North, and calls upon\\nthe governors of the threatened States\\nfor 100,000 militia for immediate\\nservice.\\nPa. Chambersburg is raided by the\\nConfederate cavalry.\\nVa. At Winchester Gen. Milroy,\\ncommanding 7,000 men, is defeated by\\nthe Confederates under Gen. Ewell;\\nFederal loss, 3,000; Confederate loss,\\n850.\\nJune 16. Ind. Confederates under Capt.\\nHines cross over from Kentucky, at Flint\\nRock, sack Leavenworth and other\\ntowns, and recross the Ohio River.\\nKy. In Fleming county a Federal\\nforce defeats a force of Confederates\\nFederal loss, 45 killed and wounded.\\nJune 17. Ga. Capt. John Rodgers with\\nthe Weekaicken, and Commander John\\nl ownes with the Xahant, capture the\\nConfederate iron-clad Atlanta in War-\\nsaw Sound.\\nJune 18. Miss. Gen. McClernand is\\nrelieved of the command of the 13th\\ncorps by Gen. Grant.\\nVa. At Aldie the Federal cavalry\\nunder Gen. Pleasonton attacks the Con-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1863, May 7- June 30. 223\\nfederate cavalry under Gen. Stuart\\nthe Federals lose 50 killed and wounded\\ntlie Confederates, 100 killed and wounded,\\nbesides 112 prisoners.\\nJune 21. Va. Wear Middleburg Gen.\\nPleasonton defeats a body of Confed-\\nerates in a cavalry battle; they lose\\n100 killed and wounded, besides SO\\nprisoners.\\nJune 22. La. At Brashear City Col.\\nJ. P. Major of Gen. Taylor s command,\\nwith a force of cavalry, successfully at-\\ntacks the Federal force in the rear, and\\ncaptures the place. [July 22 it is retaken\\nby Gen. Banks.]\\nPa. Gen. Lee s advance enters\\nChambersburg, only a few miles from\\nHarrisburg business is paralyzed in\\nPhiladelphia.\\nC. L. VaUandigham, having escaped\\nfrom the Confederate States, arrives at\\nBermuda on a blockade-runner.\\nJune 23. Va. At South Anna Col. Spear\\ndefeats the Confederates, and captures\\n110 prisoners, Gen. W. F. Lee, the com-\\nmander, being among the number.\\nJune 24. La. At Berwick Bay Gen.\\nTaylor, with a force numbering 3,000 to\\n5,000 Confederates, captures the post\\nwith several hundred convalescent Fed-\\nerals and valuable stores.\\nTenn. At Hoover s Gap the Con-\\nfederates are beaten by Gen. Rosecrans s\\narmy, losing many killed and wounded\\nFederal loss, 45 killed and wounded.\\nJune24.-July3. Tenn. Gen. Rosecrans\\nbegins his advance southward by a\\nseries of flank movements he crowds\\nGen. Bragg s army out of Tennessee\\ninto Georgia Federal loss, 560.\\nJune 25. Miss. At Vicksburg Gen.\\nGrant fires a mine on the Jackson road.\\nVa. Gen. Lee, with about 80,000\\nmen, crosses the Potomac at Harper s\\nFerry, for the invasion of Pennsyl-\\nvania,\\nTenn. At Liberty Gap Gen. Willich\\ndefeats the Confederates, who suffer a\\nheavy loss he loses 90 killed and 100\\nwounded.\\nJune 26. Va. The Federal army under\\nGen. Hooker crosses the Potomac in\\npursuit of Gen. Lee.\\nTenn. At Shelbyville Gen. Rose-\\ncrans defeats Gen. Bragg Federal loss,\\n85 killed, 463 wounded, and 13 missing\\nConfederate loss, 1,634, including many\\nprisoners.\\nJune 27. Ky. Gen. John Morgan, the\\nguerrilla chief, starts on his great raid\\nacross the Ohio with 3,500 men. [He\\nraids Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio, fight-\\ning and fleeing before his pursuers.]\\nLa. At Donaldsonville a naval ac-\\ntion occurs the Confederates lose 64\\nkilled, 16 wounded, and 120 prisoners.\\nPa. Gen. Hooker is relieved, by his\\nown request, of the command of the\\nArmy of the Potomac, and Maj,-Gen.\\nGeorge Gordon Meade is appointed\\nhis successor.\\nGen. Lee s army encamps near\\nChambersburg its first encampment\\non free soil.\\nThe Confederate advance occupies\\nKingston, and threatens Harrisburg,\\nonly 13 miles distant.\\nJune 28. Md. The bridge over the Sus-\\nquehanna is burned by the Confederates.\\nLa. At Donaldsonville Gen. Taylor\\nassaults the Federal garrison under Maj.\\nJ. D. Bullen in their intrenchments\\n225 men, aided by the gunboats, repulse\\nten times their number.\\nPa. At Chambersburg Gens. Long-\\nstreet and Hill concentrate their corps\\nGen. Ewell, with two divisions, is at\\nCarlisle, and Gen. Early s division occu-\\npies York a Confederate cavalry force\\nadvances within four miles of Har-\\nrisburg.\\nThe main Confederate army begins to\\nmove toward Gettysburg; Ewell ad-\\nvances from Carlisle, and Longstreet and\\nHill from Chambersburg.\\nJune 29. Md. Gen. Meade moves the\\nFederal army northward, stretching\\nacross 30 miles of country with his front\\nline.\\nMe. The Revenue cutter Caleb Gush-\\ning is captured at Portland by the Con-\\nfederate privateer Archer; which then\\nputs to sea, is pursued, and taken, the\\nofficers having, however, destroyed their\\nprize before being themselves seized,\\nwith the crew.\\nJune 30. Md. Gen. Schenck puts the\\nWest Shore counties, including Bal-\\ntimore, under martial law. He makes\\nmany arrests of suspected sympathizers\\nof secession, and suspends the Maryland\\nClub and other organizations.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1863.\\nMay 8. Van Dorn, Earl, Confed. maj. -gen.,\\nA40.\\nMay 10. Jackson. Thomas Jonathan.\\nTJ. S. A., Confed. lieut.-gen. Stonewall\\nJackson), puritan-like In piety, courage,\\nand daring; mortally wounded at Chani-el-\\nlorsville, A 39.\\nJune. 26. Foote, Andrew Hull, rear-\\nadm., A57.\\nCHURCH.\\n1863 June 10. Phila. The General Con-\\nvention of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nLETTERS.\\n1863 Cal. The Mercantile Library\\nAssociation Library is founded at San\\nFrancisco. [62,000 vols.]\\nKy. The Commercial is issued at\\nLouisville.\\nLa. The Times-Democrat is issued at\\nNew Orleans.\\nMe. Bates CoUege (Freewill Bapt.)\\nis organized at Lewiston.\\nMich. Grand Traverse College\\n(Cong.) is organized at Benzonia.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1863 May 15. Ind. The office of the\\nJeffersonian at Richmond is wrecked\\nby Federal soldiers.\\nSTATE.\\n1863 May 11. 0. C. L. Vallandig-\\nham s application for a writ of habeas\\ncorpus is brought before the U. S. Cir-\\ncuit Court at Cincinnati. [The motion\\nis denied by the Court.]\\nMay 18. New York. Agreat Democratic\\nconvention is held to express sympa-\\nthy with C. L.Vallandigham, who is im-\\nprisoned for disloyalty.\\nJune 1. Phila. A Democratic conven-\\ntion is held to express sympathy for C.\\nL. VaUandigham.\\nJune 3. New York. A peace-party\\nmeeting is held under the leadership of\\nFernando Wood.\\nIt recommends a suspension of hostil-\\nities, and that two conventions of States,\\nUnion and Confederate, be held, which\\nshall finally determine on what terms\\nthe South shall be reconciled.\\nJune 11. 0. The Democratic State Con-\\nvention nominates C. L. VaUandig-\\nham, lately a prisoner of State, for gov-\\nernor.\\nJune 12. D. C. President Lincoln de-\\nfends himself against anti-war critics in\\na powerful letter to Albany Demo-\\ncrats, a document which stirs the heart\\nof the Nation.\\nJune 14. The consuls of England and\\nAustria are dismissed from the Confed-\\neracy.\\nJune 15. D. C. President Lincoln\\nissues a proclamation calling for 100,-\\n000 volunteers for six months, to repel\\nthe Confederate invasion of Pennsyl-\\nvania.\\nJune 20. W. Va. The loyal counties\\nof western Virginia having separated\\nand formed a new State,West Virginia\\nis proclaimed to be admitted into the\\nUnion as the 35th State.\\nJune 29. D. C. The President replies to\\nthe Ohio Committee, who urge the\\nrelease of C. L. VaUandigham, their can-\\ndidate for governor. (See Army, May 4.)\\nHe consents on condition that they in-\\ndividually subscribe to three proposi-\\ntions: 1st, that there is now a rebellion\\nin the United States, the object and\\ntendency of which are to destroy the\\nNational Union, and that in your opin-\\nion an Army and Navy are constitutional\\nmeans for suppressing that rebellion.\\n2d, that no one of you will do that which,\\nin his own judgment, will tend to hinder\\nthe increase, or favor the decrease, or\\nlessen the efficiency, of the Army and\\nNavy while engaged in the effort to sup-\\npress the rebellion. 3d, that each of you\\nwill, in his sphere, do all he can to have\\nthe officers, soldiers, and seamen of the\\nArmy and Navy, while engaged in the\\neffort to suppress the rebellion, paid,\\nfed, clad, and otherwise provided for\\nand supported. [They do not sub-\\nscribe.]\\nJune 30. Statistics for 1863. Revenue\\nCustoms, $569,059,642; internal revenue,\\n$37, U0.7S3 direct tax, \u00c2\u00a31,485,104; sales\\nof lands, $167,617 premium on loans\\nand sales of gold coin, .$(102,345 miscel-\\nlaneous items, ^3,741,794: total, $112,-\\n697,291.\\nExpenditures: Civil and miscella-\\nneous items, $23,256,965; War Depart-\\nment, \u00c2\u00a7599,298,601 Navy Department,\\n$63,221,964 Indians, $3,154,357 7,884\\npensions, $1,(173,992 interest, $24,729,-\\n847; total. $714,740,725. Excess of ex-\\npenditures, $(in2,i 143,434. Public debt,\\n\u00c2\u00a71,119,772,138. Exports, $203,964,447; im-\\nports, \u00c2\u00a7243,335,815.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "224 1863, June 30- July 24.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1863 June 30. Pa. The two opposing\\narmies march toward Gettysburg.\\nTenn. Gen. Rosecrans establishes\\nhis army at Chattahoochee, on the left\\nbank of the Tennessee River.\\nJune* S. C. Col. Montgomery makes an\\nunimportant raid up the Cambahee\\nRiver.\\nJuly 1. Pa. At Carlisle a cavalry battle\\nis fougbt the Federals under Gen. Iv.il-\\npatrick, the Confederates under Gen.\\nStuart.\\nJuly 1-3. Pa. Battle of Gettysburg\\nthe turning-point of the war. A Fed-\\neral victory compels the Confederates to\\nretreat to Virginia, but without a vigor-\\nous pursuit.\\nGen. Meade commands 92,000 to 94-\\n000 Federals, having 300 guns; Gen.\\nLee commands 78,000 Confederates,\\nhaving 250 guns.\\nFederal corps commanders, Gens.\\nReynolds, Hancock, Hays, Sickles, Sykes,\\nSedgwick, Howard, Slocum, and Pleas-\\nonton. Confederate commanders,\\nLieut.-Gens., Longstreet, Ewell, and A.\\nP. Hill. Division commanders, Gens.\\nMcLaws, Pickett, Hood, Early, Johnson,\\nRodes, Anderson, Heth, Pender, Wilcox,\\nand Stuart.\\nFederal loss, 3,072 killed, 14,497 wound-\\ned, and 5,434 missing total, 23,033. Con-\\nfederate loss, 2,592 killed, 12,706 wounded,\\nand 5,150 missing total, 20,451.\\n(July 1.) The Confederates drive the\\nFederals back to the high ground south\\nof Gettysburg Gen. John F. Reynolds\\nis killed. Gen. Lee arrives in the after-\\nnoon. The Federal army takes a new\\nposition during the night.\\n(July 2.) Gen. Meade arrives on the bat-\\ntle-field and wins a partial victory. Both\\narmies struggle desperately for the pos-\\nsession of Little Round Top Hill and\\nCemetery Ridge the Federals retain\\npossession of both, when the firing ceases\\nat 10 o clock at night both armies are\\nin essentially the same positions they\\noccupied in the morning, but with the\\nfield strewn with dead and wounded.\\n(July 3.) The entire forenoon is spent in\\npreparing for the final struggle. From\\n12 m. until 2 p.m. occurs the fiercest can-\\nnonading ever known on this continent\\nthen the firing ceases, and the Confed-\\nerate line charges on the Federal center,\\nmeeting with a bloody repulse upon\\nwhich Gen. Lee desists from further at-\\ntack, while Gen. Meade is not in condi-\\ntion to assume the offensive Gen. Lee\\nretreats.\\nJuly 1. Miss. AtVicksburg Gen. Grant\\nfires a mine, destroying a Confederate\\nredan, and disabling about 26 men.\\nPa. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton, in\\ncommand of the cavalry division of Gen.\\nMeade s army, takes post at Gettys-\\nburg, in advance of the Confederates.\\nYa. At Hanover Junction Federals\\nin a cavalry tight lose 12 killed and 43\\nwounded the Confederates lose75 killed\\nand wounded, and 60 prisoners.\\nJuly 2. Ky. Gen. John H. Morgan,\\nraiding northward, crosses the Cum-\\nberland River at Burkesville.\\nPa. Gen. Stuart s cavalry rejoins\\nGen. Lee s army, after having made\\nanother circuit of the Federal army.\\nJuly 4. Ark. At Helena Lieut.-Gen.\\nHolmes, with about 9,000 Confederates,\\nattacks about 4,000 Federals under Gen.\\nB. M. Prentiss, and is severely repulsed.\\nFederal loss, S50 killed and wounded,\\nwith 30 or 40 missing Confederate loss,\\n500 killed and wounded, and 1,000 pris-\\noners.\\nKy. At Green River Bridge Col.\\nO. H. Moore repulses an attack of Gen.\\nMorgan s Confederate cavalry. Federal\\nloss, six killed and 23 wounded Confed-\\nerate loss, 50 killed and 200 wounded.\\nMd.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Pa. Gen. Lee retreats from\\nPennsylvania .without disorder to the\\nPotomac.\\nMiss. Gen. Pemberton surrenders\\nVicksburg to Gen. Grant, after a siege\\nof six weeks and the exhaustion of his\\nsupplies.\\nFederal loss, over 245 killed, 3,6SS\\nwounded, ami 3n; prisi ner.s Confederate\\nloss, 9,000 killed and wounded, 29,491\\nprisoners, 172 cannon, and about 60,000\\nmuskets, besides a large amount of am-\\nmunition.\\nVa. At Monterey Gap the Confeder-\\nates lose 200 wounded and 1,700 pris-\\noners number of killed unknown.\\nJuly 5. Can. C. L. Vallandigham,\\nthe exiled citizen, arrives at Nova Scotia.\\nKy. At Lebanon Gen. Morgan s\\ncommand captures 400 Federals, and\\nburns the greater part of the town.\\nMiss. At Bolton Gen. Sherman cap-\\ntures the rear guard of Gen. Johnston s\\narmy, taking 400 prisoners.\\nJuly 6. S. C. Adm. Dahlgren succeeds\\nAdm. Foote at Charleston.\\nJuly 7. Ala. Federal Gen. Rosecrans\\nforces Gen. Bragg s army across the\\nTennessee River at Bridgeport.\\nVa. W. FJ. Jones s raid is arrested\\nby Federal Gen. Hunter at Staunton\\nthe Confederates lose 648 prisoners and\\nthree guns their commander is killed.\\nJuly 9. Ind. Gen. Morgan s cavalry,\\n4,000 strong, cross the Ohio River at\\nBrandenburg, 40 miles below Louisville,\\nand raid the country.\\nLa. Fall of Port Hudson; having\\nlearned of the fall of Vicksburg, Gen.\\nGardner, in command of the Confeder-\\nates at Port Hudson, unconditionally\\nsurrenders to Gen. Banks about 6,000\\nmen, besides 500 in the hospitals and 51\\nguns. (See May 27.)\\nThe entire length of the Mississippi\\nRiver is now opened to the Federals.\\nMiss. Gen. Sherman, commanding\\nthree corps of Gen. Grant s army, arrives\\nat Jackson in pursuit of Gen. Johns-\\nton.\\nS. C. Gen. Gillmore surprises the\\nConfederates on Morris Island, near\\nCharleston, and takes three-fourths of\\nthe island.\\nJuly 9-16. MUb. At Jackson Gen.\\nSherman besieges Gen. Johnston.\\nJuly 10. Ky. Martial law is proclaimed\\nat LouisviUe.\\nVa. On the Antietam battle-field a\\ncavalry engagement is fought.\\nJuly 11. New York. The conscription\\nto fill up the army begins.\\nInd. At Vernon the Home Guards\\nmake a show of resistance, and Gen.\\nMorgan, with 3,000 or 4,000 men, passes\\nthe city toward Ohio, tearing up rail-\\nroads and burning bridges as he ad-\\nvances.\\nS. C. Gen. George C. Strong s\\nFederal brigade fails in an assault on\\nFort Wagner, suffering only a slight\\nloss.\\nJuly 12. Ind. At Verlage Morgan s\\nguerrillas encounter Col. Lowe, with\\n12,000 militia; Morgan retreats before\\nan uprising of the citizens.\\nftfiss. At Rienzi, near Jackson, Col.\\nHatch loses 13 killed and wounded\\nConfederate loss, 175 killed and wounded,\\nand 400 conscripts released.\\nAt Jackson Gen. Lauman attacks the\\nConfederate works, and loses 300 killed\\nand wounded.\\nO. Cincinnati is proclaimed under\\nmartial law.\\nJuly 13. La. At Donaldson ville a\\nConfederate force defeats the Federals\\nFederal loss, 450 killed and wounded.\\nMd. Gen. Lee s army recrosses the\\nPotomac at Williamsport, during the\\nnight.\\nMiss. The Federals take Yazoo\\nCity, capturing300 prisoners and 6 guns.\\nTenn. At Jackson a Federal caval ry\\nforce defeats the Confederate cavalry.\\nFederal loss, 13 killed and wounded\\nConfederate loss, 175 killed and wounded.\\nJuly 13+. 0. Morgan s raiders leave\\nIndiana, enter Ohio at Harrison, and\\nthreaten Cincinnati.\\nJuly 14. Va. At Falling Waters Gen.\\nKilpatrick s cavalry attacks and defeats\\nthe retreating Confederates of Gen. Lee s\\narmy. Federal loss, 29 killed and 36\\nwounded Confederate loss, 130 killed\\nand wounded, besides a brigade, 1,300\\nstrong, taken prisoners.\\nJuly 16. La. The steamboat Imperial,\\nthe first to descend the river without\\nbeing molested on the trip, arrives at\\nNew Orleans with a commercial cargo.\\nMiss. Gen. Johnston evacuates\\nJackson, after a siege of seven days.\\n[July 17. Gen. Sherman s army enters\\nthe city.] Federal loss, 1,000 killed,\\nwounded, and missing; Confederate\\nloss, 300 killed.\\nS. C. At James Island the Confed-\\nerate assault on Gen. Alfred H. Terry s\\ndivision is repulsed with the aid of the\\ngunboats.\\nJV. Va. At Sheppardstown the Con-\\nfederates gain advantage over a Federal\\nforce in a sharp engagement Federal\\nloss 150; Confederate loss. 75.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1863, June 30 -July 24. 225\\nJuly 17. Ind. Ter. At Elk s Spring\\n(Elk Creek) Gen. Blunt defeats tlie Con-\\nfederates under Gen. Cooper. Federal\\nloss, 10 killed and 25 wounded Confed-\\nerate loss, 400 killed and wounded, and\\n60 prisoners.\\nJuly 18. Ind. Ter. At Honey Springs\\nGen. Blunt loses nine killed and 50\\nwounded Confederate loss, 50 killed,\\n75 wounded, and 65 prisoners.\\nS. C. Gen. Gillmore begins tlie siege\\nof Fort Sumter, and assaults Fort\\nWagner.\\nAfter a bombardment by Adm. Dalil-\\ngren s fleet for several hours, the assault\\nis made under the immediate command\\nof Gen. T. Seymour, and is repulsed by\\nGen. L. M. Keitt, but the siege contin-\\nues; Federal loss, 1,500; Confederate\\nloss, 174.\\nVa. At Wytheville Cols. Tolland\\nand Powell destroy the Virginia and\\nTennessee Railroad. Federal loss, 65\\nkilled and wounded; Confederate loss,\\n75 killed and 150 wounded.\\nJuly 19. O. Gen. Morgan attempts to\\ncross the Ohio near Parkersburg, but\\nis prevented by Federal gunboats and a\\nforce of cavalry he abandons his guns,\\nwagons, and prisoners, to facilitate his\\nescape from bis pursuers.\\nJuly 20. 0. Near BufEngton Island,\\nthe principal part of Gen. Morgan s\\nraiders are captured only 500 escape\\nwith the leader.\\nJuly 23. Va. At Manassas Gap the\\nFederals lose 30 killed and 80 wounded\\nthe defeated Confederates lose 300 killed\\nand wounded, besides 60 prisoners.\\nLETTERS.\\n1S63 Faith Gartney s Girlhood, by\\nA. D. T. Whitney, appears.\\nHannah Thurston, by Bayard Taylor,\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1863.\\nJuly 1. Reynolds, John Fulton, maj.-\\ngen. of vols., killeil at (iettjshurg, A43.\\nJuly 2. Weed, Stephen H. brig.-gen.\\nU.S. vols., killed at Gettysburg, A29.\\nJuly 3. Armistead, Lewis A., Confed. brig.-\\ngen., killed at Gettysburg, A46.\\nGarnett, Richard 13., Confed. brig.-gen.,\\nKilled at Gettysburg, A 44.\\nJuly 6. Kenrick, Francis Patrick, R. C.\\narchbishop of Baltimore, A66.\\nJuly 10. Moore, Clement C, writer, A84.\\nJuly IS. Read, Abner, com. U. S. N., A42.\\nJuly 15. Hale, Benjamin, Cong, cl., prof.\\nat Dartmouth, AGS.\\nJuly 17. Allen, David O., Cong, missionary,\\nA63.\\nJuly 18. Pender, William D., Confed. maj.-\\ngen., dies.\\nShaw, Robert Gould, col. U. S. vols.,\\nkilled at Fort Wagner, A26.\\nJuly 21. McCook, Daniel, maj. V. S. A.,\\nA65.\\nJuly 24. Hildreth, Samuel P., historian,\\nphysicist, A80.\\nCHURCH.\\n1863 July U. S. Thanksgiving Day\\nis appointed.\\nAfter the great deliverance from\\nConfederate invasion at Gettysburg,\\nPresident Lincoln, by proclamation,\\ncalls upon the people to give thanks,\\nbecause it has pleased Almighty God\\nto hearken to the supplications and\\nprayers of an afflicted people, and. to\\nvouchsafe signal and effective victo-\\nries and he asks the people to ren-\\nder homage to the Divine Majesty, and\\nto invoke the influence of His Holy Spirit,\\nto subdue the anger which has produced\\nand so long sustained a needless and\\ncruel rebellion,\\nNew York. Manhattan College is\\nincorporated.\\nN. Y. The Normal School at Os-\\nwego is established.\\nO. Wilberforce University (Afri-\\ncan Meth. Epis.) is organized.\\nPTiila. La Salle College (Rom. Cath.)\\nis organized.\\nR. I. The Evening Bulletin is issued\\nat Providence.\\nChristian Recorder is established by\\nthe African Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch.\\nThe Amber Gods, by H. E. Spofford,\\nappears.\\nExcursions in Field and Forest, by\\nThoreau, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1863 July 11. New York. The drafting\\nof soldiers begins and proceeds quietly.\\nJuly 13-17. New York is in the hands\\nof an anti-draft mob.\\n(July 13.) A great mob attacks and\\nfires the Colored Orphan Asylum at\\nFifth Avenue and Forty-fourth Street,\\nsheltering several hundred orphans.\\nThe Tribune office is dismantled, but\\nthe mob is driven away by the police.\\nCol. H. T. O Brien is brutally mur-\\ndered by the mob, who dance on his\\ncorpse.\\n(July 13.) Gov. Seymour addresses the\\nmob in conciliatory terms, and recites\\nhis efforts to secure a suspension of the\\ndraft.\\n(July 14.) Sunday: Gov. Seymour issues\\ntwo proclamations, calling on the people\\nto retire to their homes, and declaring\\nthe penalties against insurrectionists.\\nSecret meetings are held in opposition\\nto the draft.\\n(July 15.) The draft commissioners\\nare attacked by a mob at Forty-third\\nStreet and Third Avenue, and the build-\\ning is fired.\\nThe mob is especially infuriated by\\nthe provision which permits drafted\\nmen to avoid service by the payment\\nof $300.\\n(July 16.) Archbishop Hughes issues\\nan address to the men of New York,\\nwho are called in many papers rioters,\\ninviting them to meet him for counsel.\\nArrayed in canonical attire, he ad-\\ndresses several thousand people in front\\nof his residence, and begs them to be\\nquiet in the name of Ireland.\\n(July 17.) A few soldiers fire on the\\nmob in Third Avenue at Twenty-first\\nStreet, killing 13 and wounding 18, and\\ntaking a score or more prisoners. [Sol-\\ndiers returned from the front restore\\nthe peace of the city, after $2,000,000 of\\nproperty and 1,000 lives have been de-\\nstroyed.]\\nJuly 14. Boston. A mob of non-Union-\\nists attempts to break into the armory\\nof the 11th Battery many are shot and\\nkilled in the firing which ensues.\\nJuly 15. Draft riots occur in Boston,\\nBrooklyn, Jersey City, Staten Island,\\nand other places.\\nSTATE.\\n1863 June* B.C. The President or-\\nders a draft of 300,000 men, between\\nthe ages of 20 and 45 years. [Only about\\n50,000 are so obtained after many weeks,\\nbut volunteering is quickened, and many\\nsubstitutes are provided.]\\nJulyl. Mo. The State Convention adopts\\nan ordinance by which slavery shall\\ncease after July 4, 1870.\\nTenn. A Union Convention meets\\nat Nashville under the call of W. C.\\nBrownlow, Horace Maynard, and 13\\nothers 40 counties are represented.\\nJuly 4. A T H. Ex-President Franklin\\nPierce makes an anti-war speech at\\nConcord v^hleh, attracts national atten-\\ntion.\\nVa. Alexander H. Stephens, Vice-\\nPresident of the Confederacy, makes\\nknown his desire, as a representative of\\nJefferson Davis, to communicate per-\\nsonally with Abraham Lincoln. [Presi-\\ndent Lincoln declines the interview,\\npreferring customary agents and chan-\\nnels of communication.]\\nJuly 5. X C. President Lincoln publicly\\nannounces the triumph at Gettysburg,\\nadding: The President especially de-\\nsires on this day, that He whose will,\\nnot ours, should ever be done, be every-\\nwhere remembered and reverenced with\\nthe profoundest gratitude.\\nJuly 13. New York. The great Anti-\\nDraft Riot begins.\\nA mob, encouraged by a portion of the\\npress and certain politicians, demolishes\\nthe headquarters of the provost mar-\\nshals, resists the police, burns an orphan\\nasylum for colored children, and kills\\nabout 1,000 people, the majority being\\nnegroes. (See Society.)\\nJuly 14. New York. The mob defies\\nthe city authorities; Gov. Seymour\\npromises the rioters that the draft shall\\nbe suspended, and threatens the penal-\\nties for insurrection, but without effect.\\nJuly 15. Va. Jefferson Davis issues\\nhis first conscription proclamation,\\nwhich calls into the Confederate ser-\\nvice all white men between 18 and 45\\nyears of age.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1863 June Southern States. The\\nConfederate dollar is worth 8 cents.\\nJune Tenn. Pauline Cushman is sen-\\ntenced to be hanged as a Union spy, but\\nis left behind by Gen. Bragg in his re-\\ntreat from Shelbyville, and rescued by\\nFederal troops.\\nJuly 1. New York. Price of middling\\nupland cotton, 73 to 74 cents; premium\\non gold, 144i to 144f\\nJuly 4. Pa. An indescribable feeling\\nof relief in the North follows the battle\\nof Gettysburg.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "226 1863, July 24-Nov. 3.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1863 July 25. New Tor);. Many regi-\\nments from the seat of war encamp in\\nthe public squares to assist in enfor-\\ncing the draft.\\nJuly 26. O. Near New Lisbon CoL\\nShackleford captures the Confederate\\nguerrilla Gen. Morgan, and the rem-\\nnant of his command, about 400 cavalry,\\nwhile he is trying to escape south of\\nthe Ohio River.\\nJuly 28. New York. The supervisors\\nappropriate $2,000,000 for the relief of\\ndrafted men.\\nJuly 30. D. C. President Lincoln issues\\na proclamation announcing retaliation\\nfor outrages perpetrated upon negro\\nsoldiers.\\nJuly JT. Va. Col. John Tollard makes\\na raid into Virginia, and is killed sev-\\neral days afterward his command returns\\nto Kanawha, having lost 82 men and 300\\nhorses.\\nAug. 1. Va. At Kelley s Ford the\\nConfederates are defeated in a cavalry\\nfight.\\nAug. 3. Ey. Gen. Burnside declares\\nthe State under martial law.\\nAug. 7- Dak. An Indian battle is\\nfought on the Upper Missouri the\\ntroops lose four killed and six wounded j\\nIndian loss, 150 killed and wounded.\\nAug. 8. Va. Gen. KobertE. Lee offers\\nhis resignation to Jefferson Davis, but ho\\nrefuses to accept it.\\nAug. 15. Mo. At Painesville the Con-\\nfederates lose 65 killed and wounded.\\nyew York. The Common Council\\nvotes $3,000,000 for the purchase of sub-\\nstitutes for conscripts.\\nAug. 16. Ky. Gen. Burnside with the\\n9th corps leaves Camp Kelson for the\\nrelief of East Tennessee and to co-\\noperate with Gen. Bosecrans,\\nTenn. The Army of the Cumber-\\nland, 55,000 strong, under Gen. Rose-\\ncrans, begins its advance southward.\\nAug. 17-24. S. C. Gen. Gillmore fiercely\\nbombards Fort Sumter, in concert\\nwith Adm. Dahlgren s fleet, until the\\nfort is practically demolished.\\nAug. 21. Ey. Gen. Burnside s concen-\\ntrated force leaves Crab Orchard for\\nEast Tennessee.\\nS. C. Charleston ia fired upon\\nby the Federals from Marsh Battery,\\nfive miles distant, by the gun Swamp\\nAngel, after 14 hours notification.\\n[Aug. 22, Gen. Beauregard protests\\nagainst the shelling of the city, charac-\\nterizing the Greek fire used as a vil-\\nlainous compound.]\\nAug. 22. Ark. At Pocahontas the Fed-\\nerals capture Gen. Jeff. C. Thompson and\\nhiB staff, with about 100 men.\\nAug. 24. S. C. The great Parrott gun\\nSwamp Angel bursts while bom-\\nbarding Charleston.\\nAug. 25. Kan. Quantrell, the Con-\\nfederate guerrilla, with a company of\\ndesperate followers, makes a raid upon\\nLawrence; they sack the town, burn\\na large number of dwellings and other\\nbuildings, and massacre 143 of the in-\\nhabitants.\\nAug. 25-30. W. Va. Gen. Averell\\nmakes a raid into West Virginia, de-\\nstroys saltpeter works, menaces Staun-\\nton, and returns to Tygart s Valley, los-\\ning 207 men Confederates lose 156 men.\\nAug. 26. Ky. Gen. Burnside s force\\ncrosses the State line into Tennessee.\\nAug. 28. Va. At Warm Springs the\\nFederals capture 200 prisoners.\\nAug. 29. Ttnn. Gen. Rosecrans, com-\\nmanding the Army of the Cumberland,\\nbegins to cross to the south of the Ten-\\nnessee River, at Bridgeport, Caperton\\nFerry, Shell Mound, and the mouth of\\nBattle Creek [he presses the pursuit of\\nthe Confederates under Gen. Bragg].\\nSept. 1. Tenn. Gen. Burnside reaches\\nKingston; the Confederates under\\nGen. Buckner evacuate Knoxville and\\nKingston.\\nSept. 3-5. Dak. Ter. At White Stone\\nHill the Federal force engages in a\\nbloody fight with the Indians Federal\\nloss, 20 killed and 38 wounded Indian\\nloss, 300 killed, 300 prisoners.\\nSept. 4. Tenn. Gen. Burnside reaches\\nKnoxville; he is welcomed by the\\npeople as a deliverer.\\nSept. 5. S. C. The army and navy unite\\nin a tremendous bombardment of Fort\\nWagner in Charleston harbor.\\nSept. 7. S. C. Before daylight the Con-\\nfederates evacuate Fort Wagner and\\nBattery Gregg after a long siege by\\nGen. Gillmore and Adm. Dahlgren 70\\nprisoners and 25 guns are captured.\\nTex. A Federal expedition under\\nGen. Banks, to restore the flag in\\nTexas, arrives at Sabine Pass Gen.\\nW. B. Franklin is in immediate com-\\nmand of 4,000 troops.\\nSept. 7-8. Tenn. Gen. Bragg makes\\na stand against the approach of Gen.\\nBosecrans, fronting the east slope of\\nLookout Mountain, with 35,000 men, be-\\nsides his cavalry.\\nSept. 8. S. C. Com. T. H. Stevens, of\\nAdm. Dahlgren s squadron, makes an\\nattack upon Fort Sumter; he meets\\nwith a decisive repulse, losing 114 men.\\nTex. At Sabine Pass Gen. Franklin\\nattacks the Confederate fort with the\\ngunboats Clifton and Sachem, which are\\ncaptured by the Confederates, and the\\nexpedition retires.\\nSept. 9. Tenn. Gen. Bosecrans occupies\\nstrategic positions in the mountains of\\nChattanooga, after the forced retreat\\nof Confederates under Gen. Bragg.\\nAt Tilford the Federals are defeated\\nand lose 300 prisoners.\\nThe corps of Gen. Crittenden enters\\nChattanooga.\\nVa. At Cumberland Gap Gen.\\nBurnside defeats Gen. Frazier, who\\nevacuates the place, losing 2,000 prison-\\ners and large army stores.\\nSept. 10. Ark. Gen. Steele captures\\nLittle Rock, the capital city, and re-\\nestablishes the national authority.\\nTenn. Wear Stevens s Gap Con-\\nfederates under Gen. T. C. Hindman\\nopen tire on Gen. Thomas s advance.\\nSept. 11. S. C The Federals take one-\\nhalf of James Island, in Charleston\\nharbor.\\nSept. 13. Va. At Culpeper Court House\\na cavalry engagement takes place.\\nSept. 18. Tenn. Part of Gen. Long-\\nstreet s command arrives from Virginia\\nand reenforces Gen. Bragg.\\nSept. 19-20. Oa. Battle of Chicka-\\nmauga; Gen. Bragg defeats the Ft-d-\\nerals under Gen. Bosecrans. A victory\\nwhich proves the ruination of the Con-\\nfederacy. (Lieut.-Gen. D. H. Hill.)\\nFederal Gens. Crittenden, Thomas, and\\nMcCook have 56.965 men the Confed-\\nerate generals, I ulk and Longstreet, have\\n71,551 men. Losses Federals. 1,656\\nkilled, 9,749 wounded, 4,774 prisoners,\\nand 36 guns, total 10.179 Confederates.\\n2,263 killed, 13,613 wounded, and 1,090\\nmissing, total 16,971.\\n(Sept. 19.) Both armies claim success,\\nand exult in the victory of this day.\\n(Sept. 20.) Gen. Bragg, having been re-\\nenforced during the night, attempts to\\noverwhelm the Federal army. The\\nright wing under Bosecrans, Critten-\\nden, and McCook is swept pell-mell into\\nChattanooga, but the left wing of 20,000\\nmen, under Gen. Thomas, resists as-\\nsault after assault by Gen. Bragg*s entire\\narmy till evening; then Gen. Thomas\\nwithdraws to Eossville.\\nSept. 21. Tenn. Gen. Bragg begins the\\nsiege of Chattanooga,\\nVa. At Madison Court House the\\nFederal cavalry defeats the Confeder-\\nates.\\nSept. 23. Va. Maj.-Gen. Hooker, with\\nthe 11th and 12th corps, is ordered South\\nto reenf orce Gen. Bosecrans.\\nSept. 24. Va. The Government declares\\nthe port of Alexandria is open to trade.\\nSept. 28. Gens. McDowell, McCook, and\\nCrittenden are relieved of their com-\\nmands, and ordered to Indianapolis for\\ninquiry into their conduct at Chicka-\\nmauga.\\nOct. 2. Tenn. Gen. Sherman s corps\\nreaches Memphis on its way to reeu-\\nforce Gen. Grant at Chattanooga [he\\nadvances across the country 400 miles].\\nOct. 5. Tenn. Gen. Bragg, on Lookout\\nMountain, bombards Chattanooga.\\nOct. 7. Eng. The British Government\\nseizes the Confederate rams in the ship-\\nyards on the Mersey, and prevents their\\ndeparture.\\nOct. 8. Tenn. At Farcnington Gen.\\nMcCook loses 29 killed and 150 wounded\\nConfederate loss is 125 killed and\\nwounded, and 300 prisoners.\\nOct. 10. Kan. At Baxter s Springs\\nGen. Blunt s escort is met and attacked\\nby the guerrilla, Quantrell 5 soldiers\\nare massacred, the general himself nar-\\nrowly escaping the men are first robbed\\nand then murdered.\\nOct. 10, 11. Va. At Culpeper the\\nFederal cavalry have a skirmish with\\nthe Confederate cavalry under Gen.\\nStuart; Federal loss, 150; Confederate\\nloss, 400.\\nOct. 11. Tenn. At CoUiersville Gen.\\nSherman s corps has a fight with Con-\\nfederate cavalry.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1863, July 24-Nov. 3. 227\\nOct. 13+. Va. Gens. Meade and Lee en-\\ngage in a military race along parallel\\nlines for Washington; [it ends at\\nIiristow s station, and is won by the\\nFederals].\\nOct. 15. Va. At Bristow s Station the\\nConfederates under Gen. A. P. Hill\\nattack Gen. A. S. Webb of Gen, War-\\nren s corps, and are completely repulsed.\\nFederal loss, 50 killed, 335 wounded, and\\n161 prisoners; Confederate loss, 136\\nkilled, 797 wounded, and 445 prisoners.\\nOct. 16. D. C. Gen. U. S. Grant is\\nappointed to the command of the\\nWestern armies.\\nOct. 17. D. C. The President calls for\\na levy of 300,000 men for three years\\nthose not furnished by January, 1864, are\\nto be obtained by means of a draft.\\nOct. 18. Tenn. Gen. Grant assumes\\ncommand of the Western armies.\\nOct. 19. Va. At Buckland s Mills the\\nFederals lose 200 Confederate loss un-\\nknown.\\nOct. 20. Tenn. At Philadelphia Gen.\\nLongstreet attacks Gen. Burnside s out-\\npostB. Federal loss, 400; Confederate\\nloss heavy.\\nGen. Kosecrans is relieved, and Gen.\\nGeorge H. Thomas assumes command\\nof the Army of the Cumberland.\\nOct. 21. Tenn. Gen. Grant arrives at\\nNashville.\\nOct. 23. Tenn. Gen. Grant arrives at\\nChattanooga.\\nOct. 25. Ark. At Pine Bluff the Fed-\\nerals lose 17 killed, 39 wounded Con-\\nfederates lose 53 killed, 164 wounded,\\nand 33 prisoners.\\nOct. 26. Tenn. Gen. Hooker s corps\\ncrosses the Tennessee River at Bridge-\\nport to the South bank.\\nOct. 27. Tenn. Gen. Sherman s ad-\\nvance under Gen. Blair reaches Tus-\\ncumbia.\\nGen. Hazen, with 1,800 picked men,\\ndrifts down the river in 16 pontoons, and\\nsurprises the Confederates at Brown s\\nFerry in the early dawn the army\\ncrosses on the pontoons.\\nOct, 29. Tenn. Battle of Wauhatehie,\\nin Lookout Valley.\\nThe Confederates under Gen. Long-\\nstreet attack Gen. Hooker s corps in\\nthe night and are repulsed; Federal\\nloss, 76 killed, 339 wounded, and 22 miss-\\ning Confederate loss somewhat more.\\nOct. Tenn. The Confederate army is\\nlargely reenforced at Chattanooga.\\nNov. 1. O. A plot to liberate Confeder-\\nate prisoners is discovered.\\nThe expedition of Gen. Banks,\\nunder immediate command of Gen. N.\\nJ. T. Dana, to restore the Federal flag\\nin Texas, arrives at Brazos Santiago.\\nVa. Gen. Meade begins an advance\\nacross the Rapidan towards Richmond.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1863 Sept. 14. Mich. The asteroid\\nEurynome is discovered by Jas. C.\\nWatson.\\nCal. A good harbor and port avail-\\nable for large vessels are discovered near\\nthe head of the Gulf of California.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1863.\\nJuly 26. Crittenden, John Jordan, atty,-\\ngen., A76.\\nHouston, Sam, M. C, Gov. of Tenn.,\\ngen., Pres. of Tex., sen. and Gov. of Tex.,\\nA70.\\nJuly 28. Yancey, Wm. Lowndes, sena-\\ntor for Ala., leader of secessionists, Fire-\\nEater, A49.\\nJuly 30. Strong, George C, brig.-gen. U. S.\\nvols., wounded at Fort Wagner, A31.\\nAug. 16. Hubbard, Joseph S., astronomer,\\nA40.\\nAug. 26. Floyd, John B., sec. of war, Con-\\nfed, brig.-gen., A56.\\nAug. 30. Newcomb, Harvey, cl., teacher,\\nauthor, A60.\\nSept. 27. Ahert, John J., military engi-\\nneer, A76.\\nOct. l. Emmons, Eben., geologist, author,\\nA65.\\nOct. 4. Grayson, William J., senator for\\nS. C, A75.\\nOct. 14. Cook, Henry F., Confed gen.,\\nkilled at Bristow Station.\\nOct. 22. Darcy, John S., physician of N. J.,\\nA75.\\nCHURCH.\\n1S63 Aug. 6. U. S. A National\\nThanksgiving is observed for recent\\nvictories.\\nIII. The General Assembly (O. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Peoria; J. H.\\nMorrison, moderator.\\nKy. The Kentucky Conference of the\\nAfrican Methodist Episcopal Zion\\nChurch is organized.\\nO. The Baptist Annual Meeting\\nis held at Cleveland.\\nLETTERS.\\n1863 Hospital Sketches, by L. M. Al-\\ncott, appears.\\nIn War Time and Other Poems, by\\nJ. G. Whittier, appears.\\nLife of William H. Prescott, by George\\nTicknor, appears.\\nMy Farm of Edgewood, by Donald\\nGrant Mitchell, appears.\\nOut-Door Papers, by T. W. Higginson,\\nappears.\\nManual of Geology, by James D. Dana,\\nappears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1863 Sept. 5. Ala. A bread riot by\\nwomen occurs at Mobile.\\nOct. 1. New York. The authorities pub-\\nlicly welcome the officers of the five\\nRussian war vessels the first to visit\\nthis port.\\nOct. 9. Eng. Henry Ward Beecher\\nmakes the first of five great speeches\\nin England in behalf of the Union.\\nAt Liverpool he struggles for three\\nhours against insult, taunt, irony, imper-\\ntinent questioning, and blackguardism\\nyet the great orator s pluck, good humor,\\nwit, and wisdom win the day.\\nOct. 27. Chicago. A Sanitary Fair,\\nthe first of many, is opened for the bene-\\nfit of soldiers.\\nSTATE.\\n1863 Judy 30. D. C. The President\\nissues a proclamation of retaliation,\\nto protect Federal soldiers against bar-\\nbarous treatment.\\nJuly U. S. The free letter-carrier\\nsystem goes into effect.\\nJuly U. S. The entire situation is\\nchanged by the victories of Meade\\nand Grant; a political reaction in\\nfavor of the Government follows.\\nAug. 3. New York. Governor Seymour\\nprotests against certain inequalities of\\nthe draft, and requests that it be sus-\\npended.\\nAug. 5. W. Va. The county of Berke-.\\nley is transferred from Virginia to West\\nVirginia.\\nAug. 7. D. C. President Lincoln replies\\nto Governor Seymour s anti-draft pro-\\ntest, and intimates that the drafting of\\ntroops will be executed.\\nAug. 12. The bankruptcy of the Confed-\\neracy is exposed by Gen. Robert Toombs.\\nSept. 15. D. C. President Lincoln,\\nauthorized by a special act of Con-\\ngress, proclaims a general suspen-\\nsion of the privileges of the writ of\\nhabeas corpus throughout the Union.\\nOct. 17. D. C. President Lincoln calls\\nfor 300,000 volunteers, chiefly to re-\\nplace those whose enlistments have ex-\\npired, the diseased, and the dead.\\nIt also provides that a draft in the\\nfollowing January will supply any defi-\\nciency or volunteers.\\nNov. 3. Md. The emancipation question\\ndivides the Unionists into two parties\\nthe Union and the Unconditional Union\\nparties.\\nN. Y. Chauncey M. Depew, 29\\nyears of age, heads the Republican\\nticket, and is elected to Congress by\\n30,000 majority.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1863 Sept. 22. Eng. Confederate Com-\\nmissioner Mason is displeased with the\\nmanner of his reception, and departs.\\nSept.* -Oct. New York. A Russian\\nsquadron of five vessels visits this port,\\nand is warmly received.\\nOct. 1. New York. Price of middling\\nupland cotton, 81 to 83 cents premium\\non gold, 140| to 142J\\nOct. 31. Eng. The Government places\\nthe two steam rams, built at Birken-\\nhead, under the charge of officers, as\\nthe vessels are suspected of being Con-\\nfederate war-ships.\\nOct. Mass. The State resumes the work\\nof boring the Hoosac Tunnel.\\nOct. Neto York. The corner-stone of\\nthe National Academy of Design is\\nlaid.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "228 1863, Nov. 3-186 4, Jan. 11. AMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1863 Nov. 3. La. At Bayou Coteau\\nGen. Burbridge loses 26 killed, 124\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2wounded, and 576 missing Confederate\\nloss, 445.\\nTerm. At Columbia and Collinsville\\nthe Confederate cavalry is defeated.\\nNov. W. Va. Gen. Averell makes a\\nraid into Virginia with 5,000 men.\\nNov. 4. Tenn. Gen. Longstreet, with\\n16,000 men, is detached from Gen.\\nBragg s army to move agai nst Gen.\\nBurnside at Knoxville.\\nNov. 6. Term. AtRogersville, an out-\\npost of Gen. Burnside, Gen. W. K. Jones\\nby a spirited dash defeats the Federals\\nunder Col. Garrard Federal loss, 5\\nkilled, 12 wounded, 650 prisoners; Con-\\nfederate loss, 30 men,\\nTex. Brownsville, on the Rio\\nGrande, is occupied by Gen. Dana s ad-\\nvance it moves northward.\\nW* Va. At Droop Mountain the\\nFederals under Gen. W. W. Averell, de-\\nfeat Maj. John Echols.\\nFederals force Gen. W. S. Jackson out\\nof West Virginia. Federal loss, 100 men\\nConfederate loss, over 300.\\nNov. 7. Va. At Rappahannock Sta-\\ntion Gen. Sedgwick, commanding the\\nright wing of Gen. Meade s army, de-\\nfeats the entrenched Confederates.\\nFederal loss, 300 killed and wounded\\nConfederate loss, six killed, 29 wounded,\\nand 1,629 prisoners, besides four guns,\\neight battle-flags, and a pontoon-bridge.\\nGen. Meade begins an active cam-\\npaign by advancing southward from\\nCenterville.\\nAt Kelley s Ford Gen. French, com-\\nmanding Gen. Meade s left, defeats Gen.\\nRodes Confederate loss, five killed, 39\\nwounded, and 295 prisoners.\\nNov. 8. Va. Gen. Lee concentrates his\\narmy behind the Rapidan, and is not\\nfollowed by Gen. Meade.\\nNov. 8 Tex. The Texas expedition\\narrives at Mustang Island, Corp us Christi\\nBay Gen. C. C. Washburne in command.\\nNov. 11. D.C. The Confederate scheme\\nfor a raid from Canada, for the destruc-\\ntion of Buffalo and the liberation of\\nConfederate prisoners at Sandusky, O.,\\nis disclosed to the Government by Lord\\nLyons, the British minister.\\nTex. A fleet of French steamers\\narrives off Brazos for the invasion of\\nMexico. [France attempts to enthrone\\nMaximilian.]\\nNov. 13. Tenn. Gen. Sherman s ad-\\nvance from the Southwest arrives at\\nBridgeport to reenforceGen. Rosecrans.\\nNov. 15. Tenn. Gen. Burnside falls\\nback from Loudon toward Knoxville,\\non the approach of Gen. Longstreet s\\nstrong force.\\nTex. Corpus Christi Pass is cap-\\ntured by Federal troops.\\nNov. 16. Tenn. At Campbell s Sta-\\ntion, near Knoxville, Gen. Longstreet\\nattacks Gen. Sanders of Gen. Burnside s\\narmy. Gen. Sanders is killed. Federal\\nloss, 300 men Confederate loss, 370.\\nKnoxville is besieged by Gen, Long-\\nstreet with 15,000 [later 23,000] men;\\nFederals under Gen. Burnside number\\n12,000.\\nNov. 17.-Dec. 4. Tenn. At Knox-\\nville Gen. Burnside loses 92 killed, 393\\nwounded, 207 missing; Gen. Longstreet\\nloses 198 killed, 850 wounded, 248missing.\\nNov. 18. Tex. At Arkansas Pass,\\nMustang Island, the Confederate works\\nare carried by Federals under Gen. T.\\nE. G. Ransom.\\nNov. 19. Pa. Gettysburg battle-field\\nis consecrated as a National Cemetery\\nfor soldiers.\\nNov. 23.-25. Tenn. Battles before\\nChattanooga.\\nGen. Grant, with 60,000 men, defeats\\nand routs Gen. Bragg s army of about\\n35,000. Federal loss, 753 killed, 4,722\\nwounded, and 349 missing Confederate\\nloss, 361 killed, 2,180 wounded, and 4,146\\nmissing.\\n(Nov. 23.) Gen. Thomas drives back\\nthe enemy and advances his line one\\nmile, each side losing about 1,100 killed\\nand wounded.\\n(Nov. 24.) Gen. Sherman s command,\\n8,000 strong, crosses the Tennessee River,\\nand gains part of Missionary Ridge by\\nassault Gen. Hooker, 13 miles from\\nGen. Sherman, moves against the Con-\\nfederates on Lookout Mountain,\\nfighting above the clouds.\\n(Nov. 25.) The decisive battle of Chat-\\ntanooga Gen. Grant orders an advance\\nof the entire line Missionary Ridge,\\non which Gen. Bragg s army is concen-\\ntrated, is entirely captured, and the\\nretreating Confederates are pursued\\nuntil night.\\n(Nov. 26.) Ga. At Ringgold Gens.\\nHooker and Palmer, of Gen. Thomas s\\npursuing force, overtake and defeat the\\nConfederates under Gen. Cleburne Fed-\\neral loss, C5 killed, 1,367 wounded and\\nmissing; Confederate loss, 133.\\nGen. Bragg s army is pursued 20 miles\\nto Tunnel Hill, when Gen. Grant orders\\na halt.\\nGen. Bnrnside defeats Gen. Longstreet\\nin an action south of the Holston River\\nthe Confederates having seized a po-\\nsition which commanded the fort at\\nKnoxviHe.\\nGen. Longstreet learns of the defeat\\nof Gen. Bragg at Chattanoqga.\\nNov. 27-30. Va. At Locust Grove\\nGen. Meade loses 1,000 men; Gen. Lee\\nloses 800.\\nNov. 28, 29. Tenn. At Knoxville Gen.\\nLongstreet makes an unsuccessful night\\nassault on Fort Sanders, and loses 800\\nNov. 29. Tenn. Rattle of Knoxville;\\nafter a furious artillery fire, Gen. Long-\\nstreet unsuccessfully assaults Fort Sand-\\ners, being repelled by the Federals under\\nGen. Burnside. Federal loss, 13 killed\\nand wounded; Confederate loss, 1,000.\\n[Gen. Longstreet withdraws his force up\\nthe Holston River.]\\nNov. 30. Tex. Fort Esperanza, com-\\nmanding the entrance to Matagorda Bay,\\nis evacuated by Confederates, and occu-\\npied by the Texas expedition.\\nVa. Gen. Meade declines to attack\\nGen. Lee in his entrenchments at Mine\\nRun [and returns to the vicinity of\\nWashington].\\nNov. O. Gen. John H. Morgan, the\\nConfederate raider, escapes from the\\npenitentiary at Columbus.\\nDec. 2. Tenn. Gen. Bragg is superseded\\nby Gen. W. J. Hardee.\\nDec. 2, 3. Miss. At Pocahontas Fed-\\nerals lose 125 killed and wounded, be-\\nsides 40 prisoners the Confederates lose\\n15 killed and 40 wounded.\\nDec. 3. Tenn. Gen. Longstreet raises\\nthe siege of Knoxville, and retires on\\nthe approach of Gen. Sherman with re-\\nenforcements from Gen. Grant B army.\\nDec. 6. S. C. Near Charleston bar the\\nironclad U eehuwken sinks through\\nfaulty construction four officers and 20\\nmen are drowned.\\nVa. Gen. Halleck offers Gen. Lee\\nfull equivalents for all Federal pris-\\noners at Richmond.\\nDec. 8. D. C. Congress bestows its\\nthanks on Gen. Grant and his army,\\nand orders a gold medal to be struck in\\nhis honor.\\nDec. 8-21. Va. Gen. Averell makes\\na raid.\\nHe aims to destroy railroad communi-\\ncation between Gen. Lee s army and the\\nConfederate army in Georgia; Federal\\nloss, five wounded and 94 prisoners Con-\\nfederate loss, 200.\\nDec. 11. Tenn. Gen. Burnside having\\nresigned, Gen. John G. Foster assumes\\ncommand in East Tennessee.\\nDec. 12. Va. Gen. Lee declines to ex-\\nchange the prisoners at Richmond\\nwho are starving, and gives notice that\\nno more supplies for their relief will be\\npermitted.\\nDec. 14. Tenn. At Bean s Station Gen.\\nJ. M. Shackleford is repulsed by Gen.\\nLongstreet Federal loss, 700 Confed-\\nerate loss, 900.\\nDec. 20. Tenn. Gen. Grant establishes\\nhis headquarters at Nashville, a central\\npoint for communicating with all the\\ndivisions of the Army of the Tennessee,\\nand equally so for communicating -with\\nWashington.\\nDec. 25. Tenn. At Pulaski Gen. G. M.\\nDodge captures 50 Confederates under\\nGen. Forrest.\\nDec. 26. Tenn. At Charleston Col.\\nLuberk defeats the Confederate Gen.\\nWheeler, and takes 121 prisoners.\\nDec. 27. Ga. Gen. Joseph E. John-\\nston assumes command of the Confed-\\nerate army in Georgia.\\nVa. Gen. Lee s army is in winter\\nquarters on the upper Rappahannock\\nGen. Meade s is encamped at Culpeper.\\nA general exchange of prisoners is\\nmade the Federal authorities give up\\n121 ,900 in return for 1 10,800 from the Con-\\nfederates.\\n1S64 Jan. 2. W. Va. Near Moore-\\nfield the Confederates are defeated, and\\nlose 13 killed and 20 wounded.\\nJan. 3. Va. At Jonesville the Federals\\nlose 60 killed and wounded, besides 300\\nprisoners.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1863, Nov. 3 -1864, Jan. 11. 229\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1863 Mass. The Worcester County-\\nMusical Association is organized.\\nN. Y. The Park Theater, the first\\nin Brooklyn, is opened with the comedy\\nMarried Life.\\nNew York. W. P. W. Dana and W. J.\\nHennesy of London, England, and J. Q.\\nA. Ward, John Kogers, J. R. Brevoort,\\nand J. G. Brown of New York City, are\\nelected members of the National Acad-\\nemy of Design.\\nU. S. The Miller car-coupler and\\nbuffer is patented.\\nRocky Mountains is painted by Albert\\nBierstadt.\\nSeveral important topographical sur-\\nveys are undertaken and completed for\\ndevelopment of ship canals to connect\\nthe Mississippi and the Hudson with the\\nGreat Lakes.\\nGreat improvements made in geo-\\ngraphical wall-maps by Professor Arnold\\nGuyot.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1863.\\nNov. 38. Dempster, John, M. E. cl., edu-\\ncator, A 69.\\nDec. 10. Ingham, Charles C, portrait\\npainter, Ati7.\\nDec. 19. Buford. John, maj.-gen. vols.,\\nA37.\\nDec. 17. Van Brunt, Gershom J., com.\\nU. S. N., A 63.\\nDec. 22. Corcoran, Michael, brig.-gen. U. S.\\nvols., A36.\\nBailey, Joseph W., M. C. for Tex., b.\\nMiss.\\nHeron, Bijou, actor, born in N. Y. City,\\ndies.\\nHooper, Johnson J., lawyer, editor, dies.\\nRourke, Patrick H., colonel, b. in Ire.,\\nA28.\\nSeymour, Isaac, banker, philanthropist,\\ndies.\\nThornburn, Grant, writer, philan., A90.\\n1864\\nJan. 3. Hughes. John. R. C. arehbp. of\\nN.Y., A67.\\nJan. 7. Smith, Caleb B., jurist of Ind.,\\nSec. of the Interior, A56.\\nJan. 8. Storer, George W., rear-adm. IT.\\nS. N., A74.\\nCHURCH.\\n1863 O. The Annual Convention of\\nthe Disciplea of Christ is held at Cin-\\ncinnati A. Campbell, moderator.\\n0. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Xenia A.\\nYoung, moderator.\\nPhil a. The General Assembly (N.S.\\nPresbyterian) meets H. B. Smith,\\nmoderator.\\n*The General Synod of the Re-\\nformed (German) Church is orga-\\nnized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1863 New York. The New American\\nCyclopedia is begun by Appleton.\\nTimothy Titcomb s Letters to the\\nJoneses, by J. G. Holland, appears.\\nTales of a Wayside Inn, by H. W.\\nLongfellow, appears.\\nOur Old Home, by Nathaniel Haw\\nthorne, appears.\\n68* History of Charles the Bold,\\nby John Foster Kirk, appears.\\n1864 Jan. 4. Phila. The Evening\\nTelegraph is issued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1863 Nov. 25. Pa. The Molly Ma-\\nguires murder George K. Smith, near\\nAudenreid.\\nU. S. The name Copperhead (a poi-\\nsonous snake) is contemptuously given\\nto anti-war Democrats, who favor peace\\non any terms.\\nNov. 30. Paris. The European\\nBranch of the Sanitary Commission is\\norganized for the relief and comfort of\\nsoldiers.\\nDec. 2. D. C. A village for contra-\\nbands is dedicated at Arlington\\nHeights.\\nDec* Mont, A sheriff, two deputies, and\\n21 outlaws are hanged by a vigilance\\ncommittee, and eight are banished\\nthe evidence showing that the outlaws\\nhad killed more than 100 persons.\\nKan. The State Insane Asylum is\\nestablished at Osawatomie.\\nMd. Gen. Schenck arrests many per-\\nsons for disloyalty; he suspends the\\nMaryland Club and other societies\\nsuspected of disloyalty.\\nMinn. The Minnesota school for deaf\\nmutes is opened at Faribault.\\nPa. The Pittsburg Branch of the\\nSanitary Commission is organized.\\nR. I. The Prohibitory law is re-\\npealed by the Republican Legislature.\\nSTATE.\\n1863 Dec. 7. Va. Jefferson Davis, in his\\nmessage to the Confederate Congress,\\nrecommends the compulsory funding\\nof the finances, and large taxation.\\nD. C. The 38th Congress opens.\\nCongress House Schuyler Colfax\\n(Rep.) of Ind. is elected Speaker. Vote,\\n101-81.\\nDec. 8. D. C. President Lincoln issues\\na proclamation, of amnesty. He an-\\nnounces his willingness to recognize\\nany loyal government which may be\\nset up in the South by as many as one-\\ntenth of the voters of 18C0.\\nPresident Lincoln, in his message to\\nCongress, proposes a definite plan of\\nreconstruction on the basis of amnesty,\\nan oath of future loyalty, and the exclu-\\nsion of ex-Secessionists from high offices.\\nHe declares that The crisis which\\nthreatened to divide the friends of the\\nUnion is past.\\nDec. 14. D. C. Congress; House:\\nJames M. Ashley of 0. introduces the\\nfirst proposition to amend the Consti-\\ntution so as to prohibit slavery\\nthroughout the United States.\\nDec. 18. D. C. Congress Senate Dan-\\niel Clark (Rep.) of N. H. is elected Pres-\\nident pro tempore.\\nDec. 29. Arizona is organized as a ter-\\nritorial government.\\nStephen J. Field of Cal. is appointed\\njustice of the U. S. Supreme Court.\\nD. C. Congress authorizes the Presi-\\ndent to enlist soldiers of African de-\\nscent; Democrats vainly resist.\\nInd. Thomas A. Hendricks is\\nelected to the Senate by the Democratic\\nLegislature.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-65 Ala. Thomas H. Watts.\\n-66 Ariz. (Ter.). John A. Goodwin.\\n-68 Cal. Frederick F. Low.\\n-66 Dak. (Ter.). Newton Edmonds.\\n-67 Del. Wm. Cannon.\\n-64 Ida. (Ter.). Wm. H. Wallace.\\n-67 Ky. Thomas E. Bramlette.\\n-64 Me. Abner Coburn.\\n-65 N. H. Joseph A. Gilmore.\\n-66 N.J. Joel Parker.\\n-65 N. Y. Horatio Seymour.\\nR. I. Wm. C. Cozzens.\\n-66 R. I. James Y. Smith.\\n-65 Tex. Pendleton Murray.\\n-65 ft. John G. Smith.\\n-69 W. Va. Arthur J. Boreman.\\n-66 Wis. James T. Lewis.\\n1864 Jan. 8. La. A Free-State Con-\\nvention is held, which declares its loy-\\nalty to the Government.\\nJan. 11. Ark. At Little Rock a pro-\\nvisional Free-State government is in-\\nD. C. Congress; Senate: J. B. Hen-\\nderson of Mo. introduces a joint resolu-\\ntion for the abolition of slavery by\\namendment of the Constitution. (13th\\nAmendment.)\\nLa. Gen. Banks issues a proclama-\\ntion for a State election to be held\\non Feb. 22.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1863 Nov. 19. Pa. The National Soldiers\\nCemetery at Gettysburg is dedicated.\\nNov. 28. Under the new National Bank\\nAct, 134 banks have been organized.\\nNov. Secretary Stanton moves by\\nrail two corps of 23,000 men from Wash-\\nington to Chattanooga, a distance of\\n1,200 miles, in seven days.\\nDec. 31. U.S. Immigrants for 1863,\\n174,524.\\nColo. Great suffering is caused by the\\ncold during the Winter and by drought\\nduring the Summer.\\nInd. Crown Hill Cemetery, near\\nIndianapolis, is dedicated.\\nN. Y. Woodlawn Cemetery, near\\nNew York, is organized.\\nThe Northern States evince great\\nprosperity, notwithstanding the war.\\nWealth increases rapidly; the shoddy\\naristocracy people enriched by gov-\\nernment contracts, often fraudulently\\nobtained and. dishonestly fulfilled\u00e2\u0080\u0094 be-\\ncomes conspicuous.\\nThe State bank currency is dis-\\ncredited.\\nOne-sixth of the 1,600 State banks\\nhave notes counturfeitiMl, l,Stil kinds of\\nimitations are afloat, anil 3,039 altera-\\ntions, in addition to 1,685 spurious\\nnotes. (John Sherman.)\\n1864 Jan. 1. Neio York. Prices of\\nmiddling upland cotton, 81 to 82 cents;\\npremium on gold, 152.\\nJan. Southern States. The Confeder-\\nate doUar is worth two cents.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "230 1864, Jan. 12 -Apr. 15.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1864 Jan. 12. Tenn. AtMossy Creek\\nGen. McCook defeats the Confederates,\\nwho lose 14 killed and 49 wounded.\\nJan. 14. Tenn. Gen. Sehofield is or-\\ndered to remove the 23d corps to the\\nEast.\\nGen. Grant completes the repairing\\nof railroads in his rear to convey sup-\\nplies.\\nJan. 17. Tenn. Hear Dandridge the\\nFederals are defeated, losing 150 killed\\nand wounded.\\nJan. 25. Miss. The Federal army\\nevacuates Corinth.\\nJan. 27. Tenn. At Sevierville, East\\nTennessee, the Confederate cavalry are\\ndefeated.\\nAt Fair Garden, East Tennessee, the\\nConfederates are defeated, losing 65\\nkilled and wounded, hesides 100 pris-\\noners.\\nJan. 28. Ga. At Tunnel Hill the Con-\\nfederates are defeated, losing 32 killed\\nand one company prisoners.\\nJan. 29. Ky. At Scottville Maj. John-\\nson defeats the Confederates, who lose\\n40 killed and 20 wounded.\\nW. Va. At Medley, Near Peters-\\nburg, Col. Snyder loses 80 killed and\\nwounded: Confederate loss, 100; a Fed-\\neral supply-train is captured.\\nFeb. 1. D. C. The President orders a\\ndraft for 500,000 men to be made on\\nMarch 10 all to serve three years or for\\nthe war.\\nFeb. 3. Miss. At Bolton Sherman s\\nadvance loses 12 killed and 35 wounded\\nthe defeated Confederates suffer a heavy\\nloss.\\nGen. Sherman, with a picked force,\\nleaves Vicksburg for Meridian, to\\ndrive Confederate raiding forces from\\nthe central part of the State [loss, 170\\nmen Confederate loss, 400].\\nFeb. 3\u00c2\u00b1. Tenn. Gen. W. S. Smith\\nleaves Memphis with a large cavalry\\nforce, to advance toward central Missis-\\nsippi, and join Gen. Sherman.\\nFeb. 3, 4. N. C. At New Berne Gen.\\nFoster encounters Confederates under\\nGen. Pickett; Federal loss, 212.; Con-\\nfederate loss, 300.\\nFeb. 4. Miss. At Clinton the Federals\\nrepulse a Confederate attack, losing 15\\nkilled and 30 wounded.\\nW, Va. Col. Mulligan drives Gen.\\nEarly out of Moorefield.\\nFeb. 7-20. Fla. Gen. Truman Sey-\\nmour conducts an expedition 6,000\\nstrong to encourage Union men, and re-\\nstore under Maj. Hay a loyal State\\ngovernment.\\nFeb. 7. Fla. At Jacksonville the\\nFlorida expedition drives out the Con-\\nfederates, and advances toward the in-\\nterior.\\nFeb. 9. Va. Cols. Thomas, Rose, and\\nStreight, with about 100 other prisoners,\\nescape from Libby Prison by means of\\na tunnel dug under the walls 48 men\\nare recaptured.\\nFeb. 14. Fla. At Gainesville Capt.\\nRoberts routs 100 Confederates,\\nLa. Gen. A. J. Smith, commanding\\nthe advance of Banks s Red River expe-\\ndition, captures Fortde Hussy. Losses:\\nFederal, 34 Confederate, 264.\\nMiss. Gen. Sherman s expedition\\nreaches Meridian, [lie destroys avast\\namount of Confederate property, tears\\nup the railroads in all directions, and\\nreturns to Vicksburg.]\\nFeb. 15. Ga. Federal prisoners are\\nfirst confined at Andersonville.\\nFeb. 17. N.C. Fort Anderson, a heavy\\nearthwork on Cape Fear River, is at-\\ntacked by Adm, Porter s gunboats.\\nAt Town Creek Gen. Cox routs the\\nConfederates under Gen. Hoke, and cap-\\ntures nearly 400 prisoners.\\nFeb. 18. S. C. The Federal steam-sloop\\nHousatonic is destroyed by a torpedo in\\nCharleston Harbor.\\nFeb. 20. Fla. At Olustee Station 5,500\\nConfederates, under Gen. Joseph Fin-\\negan, gain a complete victory, defeat-\\ning the Florida expedition under Gen,\\nSeymour. Federal loss 193 killed, 1,175\\nwounded, and 460 prisoners Confeder-\\nate loss, 940.\\nFeb. 22-25. Ga. At Tunnel Hill the\\nFederals lose 75 killed and wounded\\nConfederate loss 300 prisoners.\\nFeb. 22. Miss. Near West Point Gen.\\nSherman s cavalry, under Gen. W. S.\\nSmith, is badly beaten by Gen. Forrest.\\nFederal loss, 47 killed, 152 wounded,\\nand 100 prisoners Confederate loss not\\ngiven.\\nVa. Near Dranesville the Federals\\nare defeated by Col. John S. Mosby, and\\nlose eight killed and seven wounded\\nand 75 missing. Moshy s guerrillas are\\nan effective body of cavalry, and a con-\\nstant menace to small bodies of Fed-\\nerals in Northern Virginia.\\nFeb. 24. D. C. Congress grants free-\\ndom to all male slaves between 20 and\\n45 years who may enlist in the Union\\nAla. Fort Powell, below\\nbombarded by Adm. Farragut,\\nVa. Gen. Kilpatrick makes\\nFeb. 26.\\nMobile, i\\nFeb. 28.\\na raid.\\nWith 5,000 cavalry, he advances within\\nthree miles of Richmond, but is unable\\nto reach and release the Federal prison-\\ners he tears up railroads, and damages\\nthe James River Canal.\\nFeb. 29. D. C. The grade of lieuten-\\nant-general is revived in the army.\\nFeb.* Fla. At Baldwin Col. Guy V.\\nHenry, of the Florida expedition, cap-\\ntures eight guns, and Confederate stores,\\nwagons, and horses.\\nMar. 2. D. C. Ulysses S. Grant is ap-\\npointed lieutenant-general he becomes\\ncommander of not less than a million\\nmen in arms.\\nMar. 4. Tenn. Gen. U. S. Grant starts\\nfor Washington, leaving Gen. Sher-\\nman in command at the West.\\nMar. 5. Miss. At Yazoo City the Fed-\\nerals lose 130 killed and wounded; the\\ndefeated Confederates lose 300 men.\\nMar. 6. W. C. At Kinston the Con-\\nfederates hang 23 Federal pr\\nMar. 8. D. C. Gen. Grant first arrives\\nin Washington from Tennessee.\\nMar. 8, 9. N.C. At Kinston Gen. Cox\\nrepulses two attacks by Gens. Bragg ai.d\\nHoke the Confederates retire.\\nMar. 9, 10. Va. Federal colored tro\\nunder Col. Coles, capture Suffolk, with\\nthe loss of 210 men Confederates lose\\n25 killed.\\nMar. 9. D. C. President Lincoln, in per-\\nson, gives Gen. Grant his commission\\nas lieutenant-general. Grant is the\\n15th commander-in-chief.\\nMar. 10. Ky. The governor protests\\nagainst the enrolment of slaves in the\\narmy.\\nVa. Gen. Grant first visits the Army\\nof the Potomac, at Brandy Station.\\nMar. 11. D. C. Gen. Grant departs\\nfrom Washington for the West.\\nMar. 12. D. C. By order of the War\\nDepartment Gen. Grant is placed in\\ncommand of all the armies.\\nGen. Sherman is appointed to the\\nDepartment of the Mississippi; Gen.\\nMcPherson is assigned to the Depart-\\nment and Army of the Tennessee.\\nLa. The powerful fleet of Adm.\\nPorter enters the Red River, followed\\nby Gen. A. J. Smith s troops of Gen.\\nSherman s army, in transports.\\nMar. 14. D. C. The President orders a\\ndraft for 200,000 men for the navy and\\nthe army reserve.\\n**D.C. Gen. Halleck orders Gen. Banks\\nto ascend the Red River Valley for the\\nrecovery of western Louisiana. [Un-\\nsuccessful.]\\nN. C. Kinston is occupied by Gen.\\nSehofield.\\nMar. 16. La. At Alexandria the two\\nforces of the Red River expedition\\nunite. [Gen. McPherson and 3,000\\ntroops are recalled.]\\nTenn. Near Fort Fttlow the Con-\\nfederates are defeated, losing 50 men.\\nMar. 17. U. S. Gen. Grant assumes\\ncommand of all the armies of the\\nUnion.\\nLa. Fort de Russy is blown up by the\\nFederals.\\nMar. 18. Gen. Sherman takes com-\\nmand of the Military Division of the\\nMississippi.\\nMar. 21. La. At Henderson s Hill\\nnear Alexandria, Gen. J. A. Mower, of\\nGen. Banks s Red River Expedition,\\ncaptures 306 Confederate cavalry. [Mar.\\n25 occupies Alexandria.]\\nX C. Goldsboro is occupied by\\nGen. Sehofield.\\nMar. 23 Tenn. The Confederate Gen.\\nN. B. Forrest makes an extensive and\\ndaring raid into Kentucky.\\nMar. 25. Ky. Gen. Forrest demands\\nthe surrender of Paducah, promising\\nthat the garrison will be treated as pris-\\noners of war if it surrenders but, if I\\nhave to storm your works, you may ex-\\npect no quarter!\\nLa. Gen. Banks s expedition is con-\\ncentrated at Alexandria.\\nMar. 25 Va. Gen. Grant establishes\\nhis headquarters at Culpeper Court-\\nHouse.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1864, Jan. 12 -Apr. 15. 231\\nMax. 27. Ky. Gen. Forrest abandons\\nan attack on Col. Hicks, at Fort An-\\nderson, on the approach, of Federal\\nreenforceinents, having lost 300 men in\\nthe right. Federal loss, 14 killed and 46\\nwounded. The town is nearly destroyed\\nby the bombardment.\\nMar. 28. La. At Cane River Gen. A. J.\\nSmith defeats the Confederates under\\nGen. Richard Taylor. Federal loss, 80\\nConfederate loss, 700.\\nApr. 2. D. C. The Secretary of War re-\\nports a total of 71,976 negro troops in\\nthe service of the Government.\\nApr. 2, 3. La. Gen. Banks s Red River\\nExpedition advances to Natchitoches.\\nApr. 4. D. C. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan\\nis appointed to the command of all the\\ncavalry of the Array of the Potomac.\\nGen. Sehofield is assigned to com-\\nmand the new department of North\\nCarolina, and directed to capture Wil-\\nmington.\\nApr. 6. La. Gen. Banks s army leaves\\nNatchitoches on a march of 100 miles to\\nShreveport, with 12 miles of wagon\\ntrains.\\nApr. 8. La. Battle of Sabine Cross\\nRoads.\\nThe Red River Expedition, 12,000\\nstrong, is defeated and routed by 11,000\\nConfederates under Gen. Richard Tay-\\nlor. Federal loss, 200 killed, 900 wound-\\ned, and 1,800 prisoners, besides many\\nguns and army trains; Confederate loss,\\n1,500 men.\\nApr. 9. La. Gen. Banks falls back on\\nPleasant Hill.\\nThe attack of Gen. Taylor is repulsed,\\nby Gens. Emory and Mower; Federal\\nloss, 100 killed, 700 wounded, and 300\\nng; total loss in two days, about\\n5,000 or 6,000.\\nApr. 10. La. Gen. Banks abandons\\nthe forward movement, and falls\\nback on Grand Ecore, on the Red\\nRiver.\\nN. C. The Cape Lookout light-\\nhouse is seized and blown up by Con-\\nfederates.\\nApr. 12. Tenn. The Confederate Gen.\\nForrest attacks Fort Pillow, on the\\nMississippi River, garrisoned by 557\\nFederal troops (262 colored).\\nHe gains an advantage over Majs.\\nBooth and Bradford by treachery, over-\\npowers the garrison, and massacres 300\\npersons, white and black, including\\nwomen and children. Federal loss, 250\\nkilled, 60 wounded, 164 missing; Confed-\\nerate loss, 20 killed, 60 wounded.\\nApr. 15. La. The fleet on the Red\\nRiver, above Grand Ecore, defeats a\\nConfederate attack under Gen. Thomas\\nGreen. Confederate loss, 700 men.\\nApr. 15 La. At Camden, on the\\nWichita River, Gen. Steele with S.OOO\\nmen captures an important military\\npost.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1864.\\nJan. 13. Foster, Stephen Collins, ballad\\ncomposer, A 38.\\nJan. 16. Bowden, Lemuel J., sen. for Va.,\\n4.49.\\nJan. 21. Tarbell, John A., phvsinan,\\nMass., A54.\\nJan. 24. Champlin, Stephen G., brig.-gen.\\nU. S. vols., A37.\\nJan. 31. Borland, Solon, sen. for Ark.,\\nConfed. gen., d.\\nGamble, Hamilton It., loyal gov. of Mo.,\\nA66.\\nFeb. 1. Stark, aleb, lawyer, historian, A59.\\nFeb. 6. Morton, Marcus, Gov. of Mass.,\\njurist, A80.\\nFeb. 11. McUluney, William J., com. U. S.\\nN., A 68.\\nFeb. 12. Cranston, Henry Y., lawyer, M.\\nC. for E. I., A74.\\nCooke, Parsons, Cong. cl. of Boston,\\nA64.\\nFeb. 13. Bullions, Peter, Pres. clergyman,\\nauthor of educational books, A73.\\nFeb. 16. Duncan, William, politician,\\nbrig.-gen. U. S. vols., A92.\\nFeb. 27. Hitchcock, Edward, geologist,\\npres. of Amherst, author, A71.\\nMar. 4. Dahlgren, Ulric, col., killed n.\\nRichmond, A22.\\nMar. 8. Perit, Pelatiah, merchant, philan.,\\nof N. Y., A79.\\nMar, 13. Cozzens, William B., hotel prop.,\\nN. Y. City, A77.\\nMar. 19. Bache, Franklin, physician,\\nchemist, A72.\\nMeriam, Kbenezer, statistician, meteor-\\nologist, A70.\\nMar. 22. Gardiner, Robert H., philanthro-\\npist, A82.\\nMar. 23. Van Rensselaer, Henry, col. U.\\nS. A., inspector-gen,, A54.\\nMar. 25. Lovejoy. Owen, abolitionist,\\nM. C. for 111., A53.\\nMar. 26. Marmaduke, Meredith M., loyal\\ngov. of Mo., A73.\\nMar. 27. Campbell, John N., Pres. cl.,\\norator, scholar, A 66.\\nApr. 6. Kirkland, Caroline M. S., author,\\neditor, A63.\\nApr. 7. Allston, Robert F. W., Gov. of S.\\nC, agriculturist, A63.\\nApr. 8. Mouton, Jean Jaques A. A., Con-\\nfed, maj.-gen., A35.\\nApr. 13. Gilder, Wm. H., editor, educator,\\nKy. A Border-State Freedom\\nConvention is held.\\nFeb. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nSolomon Foot of Vt. is reelected\\nPresident pro tempore. [He is reelected\\nagain on March 11 also on April 11.]\\nFeb. 24. D. C. Congress grants free-\\ndom to all male slaves between the\\nages of 20 and 45 who shall enlist in the\\nFederal armies it allows every loyal\\nmaster $300 for each of his slaves\\nwho enlists in the army.\\nFeb. 29. D. C. The President approves\\nthe bill for reviving the grade of lieu-\\ntenant-general.\\nFeb. Va. The Confederate Congress\\nextends the conscription to include\\nall white males between 17 and 50 years.\\nFeb.* D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the bill empowering the Presi-\\ndent to appoint a lieutenant-general\\nof all the Federal armies. Vote, 96-41.\\nAK.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1864 Feb. Mont. A Vigilance Com-\\nmittee completes its work of suppres-\\nsing desperadoes, having hanged 24 and\\nbanished eight the criminals confessed\\nto the commission of 102 murders.\\nMar. 5. London. An Auxiliary Society\\nto the United States Sanitary Commis-\\nsion is organized by Americans.\\nMar. 22. 111. A riot occurs at Charles-\\nton between citizens and soldiers seven\\npersons are killed.\\nApr. 4. New York. A Sanitary Commis-\\nsion Fair on a large scale opens. [Re-\\nceipts, $1,200,000.]\\nSTATE.\\n1864 Jan. 25. D.C. Congress thanks\\nCornelius Vanderbilt for his gift of the\\nsteamer Vanderbilt for the use of the\\nGovernment the vessel is worth\\n$800,000.\\nFeb. 1. D. C. The President calls for a\\ndraft of 500,000 men to be made on\\nthe 10th of March. [Later the draft was\\nindefinitely postponed.]\\nFeb. 18. Ky. The Legislature protests\\nagainst the organization of negro regi-\\nments in Kentucky, and requests the\\nPresident to remove all negro camps\\nfrom the State, because they entice\\nslaves to run away.\\nFeb. 22. La. Michael Halm is elected\\nGovernor.\\nMar. 3. D. C. Congress authorizes\\nthe issue of bonds.\\n$200,000,000 in bonds payable in five or\\n40 years in coin, with interest limited at\\n6 per cent [and, later, the issue of $400,-\\n000,000 of bonds of like tenor; or $200,-\\n000,000 in treasury notes, in lieu of equal\\namount in bonds, drawing 7j^ per cent\\ninterest, and payable in lawful\\nmoney, and to be a legal tender].\\nMar. 7. D. C. Congress raises the tax\\non distilled spirits to 60 cents a gallon.\\nMar. 10. Arkansas votes to become a\\nfree-labor State.\\nMar. 14. Ark. The Constitution is rati-\\nfied. [Unrecognized by Congress.]\\nMar. 15. La. President Lincoln ap-\\npoints Gov. Hahn to act as military\\ngovernor.\\nD. C. The President calls for a\\ndraft of 200,000 men.\\nMar. 21. D. C. President Lincoln signs\\nthe bill permitting the people of Colo-\\nrado and Nevada to form a State gov-\\nernment.\\nMar. 28. La. The State Constitutional\\nConvention meets at New Orleans.\\nMar. 30. D. C. Congress repeals the\\ndirect tax imposed by the Act of Aug.\\n5, 1861.\\nApr. 1. D. C. Congress restores the\\ntax of $1 per barrel on beer.\\nApr. 6. La. The loyal State Convention\\nmeets, and incorporates an antislavery\\nclause in the organic law.\\nApr. 8. D.C. Congress: The Senate\\napproves the joint resolution for the\\nabolition of slavery by amending\\nthe Constitution. Vote, 38-6. Nays\\nall Democratic.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1864 Feb. 8. Conn. The Colt Armory\\nat Hartford is burned; loss, $1,000,000,\\nand 900 men are without work.\\nMar. 17. Chicago. The water-works\\ntunnel under the lake is begun.\\nApr. 1. New York. Price of middling\\nupland cotton, 76 cents premium on\\ngold, 166*.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "232 1864, Apr. 16-May 21\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1864 Apr. 16. Ky. At Half Mountain\\nCol. Gallup surprises and defeats the\\nConfederates.\\nLa. At Grand Ecore Adm. Porter\\nand Gen. Andrew J. Smith join Gen.\\nBanks s army and unite forces. The\\nFederal fleet ia imperiled by the\\nrapid falling of the river [the retreat\\nis hastened].\\nApr. 17-20. N. C. The Confederate\\nGen. Hoke storms and captures Plym-\\nouth Gen. Henry W. Wessels and\\n1,600 troops are made prisoners. Con-\\nfederate loss, 500 men.\\nApr. 19. N. C. The Confederate ram\\nAlbemarle attacks the Federal gunboats\\nat Plymouth; she sinks one. and the\\nothers retire.\\nApr. 21. C. Near Wilmington the\\nFederals destroy valuable Confederate\\nsalt-works.\\nApr. 24. La. At Cane River Ferry the\\nreturning expedition of Gen. Banks en-\\ncounters 8,000 Confederates under Gen.\\nH. P. Bee, having 1G guns, and drives\\nthem across the river. Federal loss, 350;\\nConfederate loss, 400.\\nApr. 25. Gen. Banks is ordered by Gen.\\nGrant to abandon the Red River Ex-\\npedition, and return to New Orleans.\\nArk. At Pine Bluff the Confeder-\\nates capture a large supply-train and\\n2,000 persons Federal Col. Drake\\namong the number.\\nApr. 26. La. The Red River Expe-\\ndition returns to Alexandria.\\nApr. 29. La. Gen. McClernand reen-\\nforces Gen. Banks with troops from\\nMatagorda.\\nApr. 30. Ark. At Jenkins s Ferry-\\nGen, Steele repulses a severe attack\\nof Confederates, under Gen. E. Kirby\\nSmith, who loses over 1,100 men; Fed-\\neral loss, 1,155 men.\\nVa. The Federal force on the\\nNorth side of the Rapidan num-\\nbers 122,146, including Bumside s corps\\n22,708; Gen. Hancock commands the 2d\\ncorps, Gen. Warren the 5th, Gen. Sedg-\\nwick the 6th, Gen. Burnside the 9th\\nGen. Philip H. Sheridan commands the\\ncavalry. These are supported by Gens.\\nBarlow, Gibbon, Birney, Getty, Gregg,\\nJ. H. Wilson, Willcox, Griffin, and\\nKicketts.\\nThe Confederate army encamped on\\nthe south bank of the Rapidan under\\nGen. Lee numbers 61,952 men. Its three\\ncorps are commanded by Gens. Long-\\nstreet, Ewell, and Hill. Gen. J. E. B.\\nStuart commands the cavalry other\\ngenerals are Gordon, Edward Johnson,\\nUodes, Ramseur, Hetb, Hampton, and\\nthe two Lees.\\nApr. 30. May 8. La. Lieut.-Col. Jo-\\nseph Bailey, chief engineer, erects a\\ndam which raises the water seven feet\\nat the Falls of Alexandria, and there-\\nby enables Adm. Porter s fleet to pass\\nthe shallows.\\nApr. The enrolment of the National\\nforces shows 2,245,000 men, from\\nages 20-45, in the various States, who\\nhave not been called out, while a million\\nof men are in the field.\\nMay 1. D.C. Gen. Halleck countermands\\nthe order for abandoning the Red River\\nExpedition to Shreveport. [Low water\\nprevents compliance.]\\nIV. Va. Gen. Sigel is sent up the\\nShenandoah Valley with 10,000 men\\nGen. Crook commands an army moving\\nfor his support.\\nMay 2. O. The Ohio National Guard,\\n38,000 strong, offers its service to the\\nPresident.\\nMay 3. D. C. Capt. Charles Wilkes is\\nreprimanded and suspended from duty\\nfor three years, as punishment for diso-\\nbedience and disrespect to his superior\\nofficer.\\nGen. Grant s campaign in Vir-\\nginia.\\nMay 4. Va. The Army of the Poto-\\nmac, 140,000 strong, begins its final ad-\\nvance on Richmond, and crosses the\\nRapidan soon after midnight.\\nCol. Spear leaves Portsmouth on a\\nraid, with the 11th Pennsylvania cav*\u00c2\u00a3\\nairy. [He captures a Confederate camp\\non the Weldon Railroad, and destroys\\nproperty valued at $500,000, at Jarratt s\\nStation.]\\nTenn. Gen. Sherman begins the\\nAtlanta campaign by advancing south-\\nward from Chattanooga.\\nMay 5-7. Va. Battle of the Wilder-\\nness it is the first trial of strength be-\\ntween Gens. Lee and Grant.\\nA succession of flank movements by\\nGen. Grant near Cbancellorsville is at-\\ntended with indecisive results. Gen.\\nLongstreet is wounded, and the Federal\\nGens. Wadsworth and Hays are killed.\\nLosses Federal, 2,246 killed, 12,037\\nwounded, 3,5S3 missing Confederate,\\n2,000 killed, 6,000 wounded, 3,400 prison-\\ners.\\nMay 5. Tenn. Gen. Sherman begins\\nhis campaign to the Chattahoochee\\nwith an army aggregating 9S,797 men\\nand 254 guns. Gen. Thomas commands\\nthe Army of the Cumberland, Gen. Mc-\\nPherson the Army of the Tennessee,\\nand Gen. Schofield the Army of the\\nOhio. Gen. Johnston has 68,620 Confed-\\nerates at Dalton, Ga. Gens. Hardee,\\nPolk, and Hood, each commands a corps.\\nJV. C. The Confederate ram Albe-\\nmarle is defeated in a naval battle in\\nAlbemarle Sound by the Sassacus.\\nVa. The Army of the James, under\\nGen. B. F. Butler, 35,000 strong, sails\\nfrom Fortress Monroe for Bermuda\\nHundred it is to cooperate with the\\nArmy of the Potomac.\\nMay 6. Va. Bermuda Hundred and\\nCity Point, on the James River, are\\ntaken by Gen. Butler; his army en-\\ntrenches.\\nMay 7. Ga. At Rocky Face Ridge Gen.\\nSherman makes a demonstration in front\\nof Gen. Johnston s lines, but declines to\\nassault them in force.\\nVa. Gen. Grant declines to attack\\nGen, Lee in his entrenchments, and\\nmoves by the left flank toward Spottsyl-\\nvania Court-House. Gen. Sheridan\\ndefeats Confederate Gen. Stuart s entire\\ncavalry at Todd s Tavern, driving him\\na long distance. Federal loss, SO men.\\nMay 8-21. Va. Indecisive Battle of\\nSpottsylvania. (Forces, see May 5-7.)\\nFederal loss, 2,271 killed, 9,360 wounded,\\nand 1,970 missing; Confederate loss,\\nabout 10,000, including between 3,000\\nand 4,000 prisoners many general offi-\\ncers are killed or wounded. Federal\\nlosses in two weeks, 37,335 men.\\n(May 9.) The Federal army concentrates\\nnear Spottsylvania, and finds Gen. Lee s\\narmy in the path of its advance. Maj.-\\nGen. Sedgwick, of the 6tb corps, is killed\\nby a sharpshooter.\\n(May 10.) Gen. Grant renews the attack,\\nand makes a strong assault through\\nthe thickets Gen. Upton occupies the\\nbloody angle, and holds it for a time,\\nbut the Confederates finally drive the\\nFederals back to their entrenchments.\\n(May 11.) No general operations occur.\\nGen. Grant telegraphs, I propose to\\nfight it out on this line, if it takes all\\nsummer.\\n(May 12.) Gen. Hancock s men as-\\nsault the apex of the Confederate earth-\\nl works. One of EwelFs entire divisions\\n.(4^000) is captured Gen. Warren s assault\\nis repulsed; Gen. Burnside carries the\\nConfederate entrenchments, but is un-\\nable to hold them Confederates fall\\nback three-fourths of a mile, and defy\\nattack.\\n(May 14.) An assault on the Confeder-\\nates, being delayed by bad roads, is post-\\nponed active operations are suspended\\nbecause of astorm formore than aweek.\\n(May 18.) Gen. Grant makes one final\\nbut unsuccessful assault on Gen. Lee s\\nleft flank.\\n(May 19.) Gen. Ewell is severely re-\\npulsed in an attack with 6,000 men on\\nGen. Grant s right, and loses nearly 1,000\\nmen. The army resumes its movement\\nby the left flank.\\n(May 20, 21.) The movement by the left\\nflank continues in the night, and the\\narmy reaches Guiney Station by day-\\nbreak.\\nMay 9, 10. Ga. At Rocky Face Ridge\\nand Buzzard s Roost strong skirmish\\nlines are engaged.\\nMay 9. Va. Gen. Sheridan cuts loose\\nfrom the Army of the Potomac on his\\n[famous] raid.\\nHe moves around the left of Gen. Lee s\\narmy, to cut bis line of supplies and\\ncommunications, and to draw the en-\\nemy s cavalry from Gen. Grant. [He\\ndefeats the Confederate cavalry in four\\nengagements, and passes entirely around\\nLee s army, before his return, 16 davs\\nlater. Federal loss, 600 killed arid\\nwounded, and 150 missing 200 Confed-\\nerates are captured.]\\nAt Swift Creek Kautz s cavalry, of\\nGen. Butler s army, destroys the rail-\\nroad, and defeats the Confederates. Fed-\\neral loss, 90 killed and 400 wounded\\nConfederate loss, 500.\\nMay 10. Va. At Cloyd s Mountain\\nand New River Bridge Gen. Crook\\ndefeats the Confederates under Gen.\\nJenkins. Federal loss, 126 killed, 5S5\\nwounded, and 34 missing; Confederate\\nloss, 900 men, besides 300 prisoners.\\nNear Wytheville Gen. Averell de-\\nfeats the Confederate Gen. Jones.\\nWU rV", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1864, Apr. 16 -May 24. 233\\nMay 11. Ga. Gen. Sherman advances\\nsouth towards Snake Gap Creek.\\nVa, Gen. Butler advances to Drew-\\nry s Bluff (Fort Darling) on the James\\nRiver.\\nMay 12. Fa. At Yellow Tavern, six\\nmiles from Richmond, a fierce cavalry\\nbattle is fought.\\nGen. Sheridan attacks Gen. Stuart,\\nand completely defeats the Confeder-\\nates. Gens. Stuart and Gordon are\\nkilled, and Gen. Fitz-Hugh Lee s divis-\\nion is pursued through the outer de-\\nfenses of Richmond.\\nMay 13. Ga. Dalton is evacuated by\\nGen. Johnston.\\nVa. Gen. Sheridan s cavalry enter\\nGen. Butler s army, on the James River.\\n[May 17 Sheridan leaves to join Grant.]\\nMay 13.-June 1. Ga. In several engage-\\nments between Rocky Face Ridge\\nand Dallas, Gen. Sherman loses 800\\nkilled, 4,500 wounded, and 1,000 prison-\\ners Confederates lose 600 killed, 2,100\\nwounded, and 4,000 prisoners.\\nMay 14, 15. Ga. Wear Camp Creek\\nGen. Sherman s advance engages in\\nheavy skirmishes.\\nMay 14. Fa. At Drewry s Bluff Gen.\\nButler attacks Gen. Beauregard and\\ntakes his outer lines, but is unable to\\ndrive him out of his entrenchments;\\nFederal loss, 422 killed, 2,380 wounded,\\n210 missing; Confederate loss, 2,500.\\nMay 15. Ga. Battle of Resaca. A part\\nof Gen. Sherman s army attacks and\\ndefeats Gen. Johnston, who retires in\\nthe night toward Dallas, and burns the\\nbridges behind him. [May 16 Gen.\\nSherman enters the city.] Federal loss,\\n600 killed and 2,147 wounded; Confed-\\nerate loss, 2,800 men.\\nVa. At New Market in the Shen-\\nandoah Valley, Gen. Breckinridge com-\\npletely routs 8,000 Federals under Gen.\\nSigel; Federal loss, 120 killed, 560\\nwounded, and 240 missing Confederate\\nloss, 405 men.\\nMay 16. Va. At Drewry s Bluff (Fort\\nDarling) Gen. Beauregard attacks Gen.\\nButler in force, and compels his army,\\n20,000 strong, to retire to the entrench-\\nments at Bermuda Hundred. Federal\\nloss (May 11-16), 422 killed, 2,330 wound-\\ned, 1,400 prisoners; Confederate loss,\\n2,500.\\nMay 17. Ga. The Federal troops under\\nGen. Jeff. C. Davis occupy Rome, and\\ndestroy mills, foundries, and other Con-\\nfederate property.\\nMay 18. Ga. At Adairsville Gen. O.\\nO. Howard defeats the Confederates.\\nLa. At Yellow Bayou Gen. A. J.\\nSmith repulses an attack by Confeder-\\nates under Prince Polignac and Gen.\\nWharton.\\nMay 19. Ga. Gen. Johnston retreats\\nacross the Etowah, under cover of\\nnight; and takes a strong position at\\nAUatoona Pass.\\nVa. Wear Winchester Gen. Milroy\\ndefeats the Confederates, who lose six\\nkilled and seven prisoners.\\nMay 20. Ga. Gen. Sherman rapidly pur-\\nsues the Confederates, and crosses\\nthe Etowah River.\\nLa. At Simsport Gen. Banks surren-\\nders command of the troops to Gen. E.\\nR. S. Canby, commander of the Mili-\\ntary Division of West Mississippi.\\nTenn. At Middletown Gen. Stanley\\ndefeats the Confederates, who lose eight\\nkilled and 90 prisoners.\\nMay 21. Cal. Gen. Irwin McDowell as-\\nsumes command of the Pacific.\\nIf. Va. Gen. Franz Sigel assumes\\ncommand of the Department of West\\nVirginia.\\nMay 23. Ga. Gen. Sherman s army\\ncrosses the Etowah, and advances to-\\nward Dallas.\\nMay 23, 24. Va. Battle of North\\nAnna:\\nGen. Grant advances toward Rich-\\nmond, and crosses the North Anna.\\nGen. Lee attacks the advance, which is\\nwithdrawn, and the army moves toward\\nthe Pamunkey River. Federal loss, 186\\nkilled, 792 wounded, and 165 missing,\\ntotal, 1,143; Confederate loss, 2,000.\\nMay 24. Va. At Wilson s Landing\\nGen. Wild loses 40 men; Gen. Fitz-Hugh\\nLee loses 275, besides 11 prisoners.\\nGen. Burnside s corps is incorporated\\nwith the Army of the Potomac.\\nGen. Sheridan returns to the Army\\nof the Potomac from his great raid.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1864 Apr. Colo. A flood occurs at\\nDenver.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1864.\\nApr. 16. Blanchard, Thos., inventor of\\nlathe in Mass., A7G.\\nMay 1. Duncan, Wm. C.\u00c2\u00ab Bapt. el., editor,\\nA40.\\nPorter, Wm. D., com. U. S. N., A54.\\nRinggold, Geo. H., scholar, painter, sol-\\ndier, A50.\\nMay 5. Hays, Alex,, brig.-gen. IT. S. vols.,\\nA 45.\\nMay. 7. Jenkins, Albert G., Confed. brig.-\\ngen., A 34.\\nMay. 8. Wadsworth, James S., brig.-pen.\\nU. S. vols., woumled at Wilderness, A 57.\\nMay 9. Ikmbleday, Tlios. D., Col. U. S.\\nvols., A48.\\nSedgwick, John, maj.-gen. U. S. vols.,\\nkilled at Sp\u00c2\u00bb ltsvlvania, A51.\\nMay 10. Jones, John M., Confed. brig.-\\ngen., k. at spuitsvlvania, A44.\\nKing, Tlios. Butler, M. C. for Ga., A 60.\\nRives, John C, journalist, Congres-\\nsional Globe, A68.\\nStevenson, Thomas G., brig.-gen. XI. S.\\nvols., A28.\\nMay 12. Stuart, James E. B., Confed.\\nmaj.-gen. cavalry of N. Va., A31.\\nMay 16. Spencer, Piatt R., author of\\nSpencerian system of writing, A64.\\nMay 19. Hawthorne, Nathaniel, the\\ngreatest of American novelists, A60.\\nMay 22. Toiten, Joseph G.,brev. maj.-gen.\\nU. S. A., engineer, A76.\\nCHURCH.\\n1864 May 2-27. Phila. The General\\nConference (Methodist Episcopal) is in\\nsession the pastoral term is extended\\nfrom two to three years.\\nIt organizes the Church Extension\\nSociety, and forms the Central German,\\nColorado, Delaware, Des Moines, Ne-\\nvada, Southwest German, Northwest\\nGerman, and Washington Conferences.\\nDavis W. Clark, Edward Thompson, and\\nCalvin Kingsley are ordained bishops.\\nLETTERS.\\n1864 May 18. New York. The Journal\\nof Commerce and the World are sup-\\npressed, and their editors ordered under\\narrest, by direction of the President, for\\ninciting disloyalty.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1864 Apr. 17. Ga. A women s bread-\\nriot occurs at Savannah.\\nApr. 27. III. The State secures $238,000\\nat a master s sale of the property of ex-\\nGov. Matteson, on the discovery of the\\nfraudulent reissue of canal scrip for a\\nlarge sum, dated many years back.\\nMay 1. D.C. At Washington the\\nLadies National Covenant is formed,\\nto abstain from the use of imported\\narticles.\\nMay 24. Boston. The South End City\\nHospital is dedicated.\\nMay The Auxiliary Relief Corps in\\nthe United States is organized in con-\\nnection with the Sanitary Commission,\\nwhich distributes relief to the sol-\\ndiers and sailors during the war.\\nSTATE.\\n1864 Apr. 16. D.C. Congress: The\\nHouse defeats an amendment permit-\\nting State and municipal taxation of\\nNational Banks.\\nApr. 18. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses a bill permitting the local taxa-\\ntion of National Banks, providing no\\npart of the tax be imposed on that part\\nof their capital that is invested in United\\nStates bonds. Vote, 70-60.\\nApr. 19. D. C. Congress passes an en-\\nabling act for the formation of a State\\ngovernment in Nebraska.\\nPresident Lincoln signs the bill per-\\nmitting the people of Nebraska to form\\na State government.\\nApr. 26. 7). C. Congress; Senate:\\nDaniel Clark of N. H. is elected Presi-\\ndent pro tempore.\\nApr. 27. Md. A Constitutional Con-\\nvention meets at Annapolis.\\nMay 2. Va. The second Confederate\\nCongress meets at Richmond.\\nMay 10. D. C. Congress: the Senate\\npasses the Amended National Bank\\nBiU. Vote, 30-9; absent or not voting, 10.\\nMay 17. D. C. Congress provides for\\nthe Postal Money Order system. [Be-\\ncomes operative Nov. 1.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS-\\n1864 May 18. U.S. A forged presi-\\ndential proclamation, calling for\\n400,000 more men, is published, by spec-\\nulators in gold. [Howard and Mallison,\\nthe perpetrators, are discovered and im-\\nprisoned in Fort Lafayette.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "234 1864, May 25- July 4.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1864 May 25, 26. Ga. At Pumpkin-\\nVine Creek, near Dallas, Gen. Hooker\\nhas a severe but indecisive engagement\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0with the Confederates under Gen. Hood;\\nlosses, about 1,000 on each side.\\nMay 26. Maj.-Gen. Foster assumes com-\\nmand of the Department of the South.\\nMay 27. Va. Gen. Grant secures a posi-\\ntion south of the Pamunkey River,\\nand finds Gen. Lee awaiting him.\\nNear the Totopotomoy River heavy\\nskirmishing occurs between the armies\\nof Gen. Grant and Gen, Lee; Federal\\nloss, 99 killed, 50S wounded, 52 missing.\\nMay 28. Ga. Near Pumpkin-Vine\\nCreek Gen. Hardee furiously attacks\\nGen. McPherson, and delays his union\\nwith Gen. Hooker.\\nGen. Sherman having outflanked the\\nConfederates under Gen. Johnston, they\\nretreat to Lost Mountain. Loss: Fed-\\neral, 300 men Confederate, 2,500, be-\\nsides 300 prisoners.\\nVa. At Eawes Shop a detach-\\nment of Sheridan s cavalry defeats the\\nConfederate cavalry both sides fight as\\ninfantry.\\nCol. Clendenin makes a raid, and\\ncaptures 111 Confederates.\\nMay 30. Ga. Wear Marietta Gen. Mc-\\nPherson captures 400 prisoners, also a\\nrailroad train of sick and wounded\\nConfederates.\\nMay 31. Va. Gen. Sheridan drives\\nConfederates under Gen. Fitz-Hugh Lee\\nout of their entrenchments near Cold\\nHarbor, and occupies their position.\\nJune 1. Va. Gen. Grant is reenforced\\nby Gen. Smith s ISth corps from the\\nArmy of the James.\\nJune 1-4. Va. The bloody battle of\\nCold Harbor.\\nGen. Grant attacks Gen. Lee s army in\\nits strong entrenchments, nine miles\\nfrom Richmond, and is terribly repulsed.\\nFederal loss, 1,769 killed, 6,752 wounded,\\nand 1,537 missing Confederate loss,\\nabout 1,000. I have always regretted\\nthat last assault at Cold Harbor.\\n(Grant s Memoirs.)\\n(June 1.) Gens. Wright and Smith\\nattack the Confederates under Gen. R.\\nP. Anderson, who succeeds Gen. Long-\\nstreet, after he was wounded (May 6) and\\ncarry the Confederates first line and\\nentrench.\\n(June 2) Gen. Grant s army prepares\\nfor a grand assault, and repels the Con-\\nfederate attack on its right flank.\\n(June 3) A terrific and destructive\\nassault is made by the Federal army led\\nby Gens. Hancock, Wright, and Smith\\nsome advance positions are gained. The\\nConfederates make counter assaults at\\nseveral points; but the Federals succeed\\nin holding some points gained.\\nJune 2. Ky. Gen. John H. Morgan\\nenters Kentucky from Virginia on his\\nsecond raid.\\nGa. In Ossabaw Sound the Con-\\nfederates surprise and capture the gun-\\nboat Water Witch.\\nVa. At Bermuda Hundred an artil-\\nlery fight and skirmishing occur.\\nJune 4. Ga. AUatoona is abandoned\\nto the Federals by Gen. Johnston.\\nGen. Sheridan i\\nakes\\nhe Confederate\\nthreaten Rich-\\nut Gen. Hunter,\\nration with him,\\nJune 4-24. Vt\\nhis second raid.\\nHe aims to dest\\ncommunications a\\nmond from the re;i\\nwho was to act in c\\nfails to meet him al\\nJune 5. Va. At Piedmont Gen. Hunter\\ndefeats the Confederates under Gen.\\nW. E. Jones, and advances up the\\nValley. Federal loss, 130 killed, 650\\nwounded Confederate loss, heavy in\\nkilled and wounded, besides 1,500 pris-\\noners. Gen. Jones is among the killed.\\nGen. Grant relieves Gen Sigel of the\\ncommand of West Virginia, and appoints\\nGen. Hunter as his successor.\\nJune 5-30. Ga. At Lost Mountain,\\nKenesaw Mountain, and Little\\nKenesaw, Gen. Sherman loses 1,370\\nkilled, 6,500 wounded, and 800 prison-\\ners; Confederate losses, 4,600 killed,\\nwounded, and prisoners.\\nJune 6. Fa. Staunton is occupied by\\nFederals under Gen. Hunter.\\nJune 7. Va. Gen. Grant sends Gen.\\nSheridan on a cavalry raid to destroy\\nthe Virginia Central Railroad.\\nGen. Grant continues his movement\\nby the left flank, intending to cross the\\nChiekahominy and James Rivers, to\\nthe south of Richmond.\\nJune 8. Ga. Gen. Frank Blair reen-\\nforces Gen. Sherman with two divisions\\nand a brigade of cavalry.\\nJune 9. Ky. At Mount Stirling Gen.\\nS. G. Burbridge defeats Confederate\\nGen. Morgan, captures 700 of his men\\n[and drives him back into Virginia].\\nN. C. Lexington refuses to sur-\\nrender to a part of Gen. Morgan s force.\\nThe supply steamer Newbern runs\\nashore the Pervensey, a blockade run-\\nner, worth, with her cargo, \u00c2\u00a71,000,000.\\nJune 10. Miss. AtBrice sCrossRoads,\\nnear Guntown, Federal Gen. Sturgis\\nloses 223 killed, 394 wounded, and 1,623\\nmissing Gen. Forrest s loss is 606 men.\\nVa. Gen. Butler makes an unsuccess-\\nful attempt to take Petersburg.\\nNear Trevilian Station Gen. Sheri-\\ndan is attacked by Gen. Hampton s Con-\\nfederate cavalry, and drives it several\\nmiles. Federal loss, 85 killed, 490\\nwounded, and 160 missing; Confederate\\nloss, 370 men.\\nJune 11. Ky. Gen. Morgan s command\\ninvests Frankfort, which is success-\\nfully defended by Federals.\\nJune 12. Ky. At Cynthiana Gen. Mor-\\ngan defeats the Federals under Gen.\\nBurbridge. Federal loss, 200, besides\\n1,200 prisoners Confederate loss, 305\\nkilled, 275 wounded, and 400 prisoners.\\nVa. Gen. Grant begins the move-\\nment for a change of base to the south\\nside of the James River.\\nJune 13. Va. Gen. Grant s army begins\\nto cross the Chiekahominy.\\nJune 14. Ga. Lieut. -Gen. Leonidas\\nPolk is killed at Pine Mountain.\\nJune 15. Ga. Gen. Johnston evacuates\\nPine Mountain; Gen. Sherman occu-\\npies it.\\nJune 15, 16. Va. Gen. Grant s army,\\nnumbering about 115,000, crosses the\\nJames River, and joins Gen. Butler.\\nAbout one-half its artillery has been sent\\nback to Washington as superfluous.\\nJune 15-22. Va. The Federals fail in an\\nattempt to take Petersburg. Federal\\nloss, 1,G88 killed, 8,513 wounded, and\\n1,185 missing Confederate loss, 3,500.\\n(June 15.) Gen. W. F. Smith s corps,\\n16,000 strong, suddenly appears and\\ncaptures, near the close of the day, the\\nConfederate entrenchments. [Gen.\\nBeauregard reenforces the garrison dur-\\ning the night.]\\n(June 17*) The Federals under Gen.\\nHancock, by heavy fighting all day,\\nadvance their lines at Petersburg.\\n(June 18.) Gen. Meade orders a vigorous\\nassault on Petersburg.\\nThe Confederates under Gens. Lee and\\nBeauregard repulse the repeated as-\\nsaults, until the Federals seek the cover\\nof their entrenchments. Federal loss in\\nfour days about 10,000 men. The siege\\nof Petersburg begins.\\n(June 22.) Gen. Meade sends Gen. Wil-\\nson s cavalry to break all three of the\\nrailroads connecting Richmond with the\\nSouth.\\n[He severs the Weldon road at Reams s\\nStation, destroys 30 miles of the Lynch-\\nburg road, and as many miles of the\\nDanville road.]\\nJune 16. Va. Lynchburg is invested\\nby Gen. Hunter, aided by Gens. Crook\\nand Averell.\\nJune 17. Ga. Near Atlanta 600 Con-\\nfederate conscripts flee to the Federal\\narmy.\\nAt Lost Mountain Gen. Johnston is\\ndriven from a strong position after three\\ndays desultory fighting.\\nJune 18. Va. Gen. Hunter s army, 20,000\\nstrong, retires from Lynchburg, be-\\ning short of ammunition sufficient for\\na battle. Loss Federal, 100 killed, 500\\nwounded, and 400 missing Confederate,\\n200.\\nJune 1S-20. Va. Gen. Sheridan has\\na skirmish at King and Queen s Court-\\nHouse.\\nJune 19. France. The Kearsarge, Capt.\\nWinslow, destroys the privateer Ala-\\nbama in a brilliant engagement, lasting\\ntwo hours, off Cherbourg. Adm. Semmes\\nand the crew of the Alabama are picked\\nup and rescued by a British vessel.\\nThe Alabama had destroyed 58 vessels,\\nvalued at $6,547,609, yet had never\\nentered a Confederate port. Losses\\nFederals, one killed, three wounded\\nConfederates, 40 killed and 10 wounded.\\nJune 21. Va. Gen. Sheridan has a\\nfight with the Confederate cavalry un-\\nder Gen. Wade Hampton at White\\nHouse and TunstalPs Station.\\nJune 21, 22. Va. Gen. Meade sends a\\nlarge force under Gens. Hancock and\\nWright to seize the Weldon Railroad.\\nThey are defeated and nearly captured\\nhy the Confederates under Gen. A. P.\\nHill.\\nLosses: Federal, 604 killed. 2.494\\nwounded, 2,217 prisoners Confederate,\\n306 killed and wounded, 200 prisoners.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1864, May 25 -July 4. 235\\nJune 22. Ga. At Kulp House Gen.\\nHood attempts to break Sherman s line,\\nand is repulsed with great losses on both\\nsides, especially severe for the Confed-\\nerates.\\nJune 23. Va. Gen. Sheridan has an-\\nother fight at Jones s Bridge. [On the\\n24th he again encounters the Confeder-\\nates at St. Mary s Bridge.]\\nJune 25. Tenn. At Lafayette an at-\\ntack of 3,000 Confederates under Gen.\\nPillow is repulsed.\\nJune 27. Mo. Near St. Charles the\\nConfederates are defeated by Gen. Carr.\\nGa. Near Kenesaw Gen. Sherman\\nmakes a heavy assault on the Confeder-\\nate position, and is repulsed with the\\nloss of 2,500 men Gens. Charles G.\\nHarker and Daniel McCook are killed.\\nConfederate loss, 600.\\nJune 30. Va. The Federal loss in the\\ntrenches before Petersburg (June 20-30)\\nis 112 killed, 606 wounded, and 800 mis-\\nsing.\\nGen. Wilson s raid on the Weldon\\nRailroad ends. Federal loss in eight\\ndays, 76 killed, 265 wounded, and 700\\nmissing Confederate loss, 300 men.\\nJuly 1. Ga. At Marietta Gen. John-\\nston evacuates the city, and Gen. Sher-\\nman captures 3,000 prisoners.\\nJulyl.i Va. Gen. Early starts north-\\nward with 17,000 men, in his campaign\\nagainst Washington, via Shenandoah\\nValley.\\nJuly 2, 3. W. Va. Gen. Early moves\\ndown the Shenandoah Valley from Win-\\nchester with a strong force great fears\\nare entertained for the safety of Balti-\\nmore.\\nJuly 3. Ga. Gen. Sherman s troops oc-\\ncupy Kenesaw Mountain at daylight,\\nafter its evacuation by Gen. Johnston s\\narmy, which retires across the Chatta-\\nhoochee.\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1864 June 30. D. C. Congress grants\\nthe Yosemite Valley and the Mari-\\nposa Big-tree Grove on the Merced\\nRiver to California for public use.\\nJune Hall s second expedition sails for\\nthe Polar regions. [It finds many\\nrelics of Sir John Franklin, and tidings\\nof four men who died from cold and\\nstarvation.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1864.\\nMay 27. Giddings, JoBhua Reed, M. C.\\nfor O. for 21 years, A69.\\nJune 2. Doles. George P., Confed. brig.-\\ngen., killed at hatlle of Cold Harbor, A34.\\nJune 4. Keitt, Lawrence M., Confed. col.,\\nA40.\\nJune 5. Jones, William E-, Confed. maj.-\\ngen, A 40.\\nJune 8. Adams, Daniel, writer of school\\ntext-books, physician, A90.\\nJune 11. Hornblower, Joseph C, chief\\njustice, N. J., A87.\\nJune 14. Polk. Leonldas. P. E. bp., Con-\\nfed. lieut.-gen., A58.\\nJune 16. Ewing, Andrew, lawyer; Confed.\\nofficer, dies.\\nJune 17. Lftmson Alvan, Unitarian cl.,\\nauthor, A72.\\nJune 24. Coffin, Joshua, antiquary, A72.\\nJune 27. Harker, Charles G-, brig.-gen. 1\\nS. vols., killed at Kenesaw Mountain, .\\\\Ti.\\nJune 29. Taylor, Joseph P., brig.-gen. U. S.\\nvols., A68.\\nJuly 1. Quincy. Josiah, M. C. for Mass.,\\npres. of Harvard, A92.\\nJuly 2. Dutton, Arthur H., col. 21st Conn.\\nvols., A30.\\nCHURCH.\\n1864 June 8. N. Y. The General Con-\\nvention of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nJune 22. Me. The Maine Conference\\nof Unitarian Churches is organized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1864 June 7. O. German WaUace\\nCollege (Meth. Epis.) is organized at\\nBerea\\nSOCIETY.\\n1864 June 4. N. T. A great meeting\\nis held to express gratitude to Gen.\\nGrant and his army for late victories\\nwon.\\nJune 7. Phila. The Sanitary Fan-\\nopens.\\nJune 28. D. V. The National Deaf\\nMute College, the only college for\\ndeaf mutes in the world, is opened at\\nWashington.\\nSTATE.\\n1864 May 26. D. C. Congress organ-\\nizes the Territory of Montana, out of a\\npart of Idaho.\\nMay 31. O. The KepubHean party\\nis divided. The radical men of the\\nnation meet at Cleveland, and nom-\\ninate Gen. J. C. Fremont and Gen.\\nJ. Cochrane for presidential offices.\\nThe Convention charges the Administra-\\ntion with incapacity and infidelity.\\nMay All persons imprisoned under the\\nwrit of habeas corpus are discharged.\\nJune 3. D. C. President Lincoln ap-\\nproves the National Bank Tax BiH.\\nThe Currency Bureau of the Treas-\\nury is opened, in charge of a controller.\\nJune 7. Md. The Republican Na-\\ntional Convention meets at Baltimore;\\nthe venerable Robert J. Breckinridge\\nof Ky., temporary chairman, thrills the\\nNorth with his patriotic speech.\\nJune 8. Md. The Convention nomi-\\nnates Abraham Lincoln of 111. for\\nPresident, and Andrew Johnson, a\\nwar Democrat of Tenn., for Vice-Presi-\\ndent. Lincoln receives 496 out of 518\\nvotes on the first ballot.\\nJune 13. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses a bill for the repeal of the Fugi-\\ntive Slave Law. Vote, 82-58.\\nJune 15 D. C. Congress: The House\\nfails to approve the joint resolution (the\\n13th amendment) for the abolition of\\nslavery, by amending the Constitution.\\nVote, 93-65 this is 27 short of two-\\nthirds.\\n0. C. L. VaUandigham returns\\nfrom Canada.\\nJune 23. D. C. Congress The Senate\\npasses the bill to repeal the Fugitive\\nSlave Law. Vote, 27-12.\\nJune 27. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nRepresentation in Congress is refused to\\nSenators elected in Arkansas. Vote,\\n27-6. [This occasions a conflict with the\\nPresident.]\\nJune 28. D. C. The President approves\\nthe repeal of the Fugitive Slave Law.\\nJune 30. D. C. Congress authorizes\\nthe issue of $400,000,000 in bonds, or\\nTreasury notes, amounting to $200,-\\n000,000, and bonds for the same amount.\\nCongress passes an Internal Reve-\\nnue Law providing for almost univer-\\nsal taxation on every occupation,\\nmanufacture, and document.\\nSalmon P. Chase, Secretary of the\\nTreasury, resigns his office.\\nU. S. Statistics. Revenue Cus-\\ntoms, $102,316,153; sales of public lands,\\n$588,333 Internal Revenue, $109,741,134\\ndirect tax, $475,649 premium on loans\\nand sales of gold coin, $21,174,101; mis-\\ncellaneous items, $30,331,401 total rev-\\nenue, $264,626,772.\\nExpenditures: Civil and miscella-\\nneous items, $27,505,599 War Depart-\\nment, $090,791,843; Navy Department,\\n$85,725,995; Indians, $2,629,859; pen-\\nsions, $4,983,924 interest on the public\\ndebt, $53,685,422; total ordinary ex-\\npenses, $865,322,642. Excess of expendi-\\ntures over receipts. m;oii.:i .i:.,s70. Pub-\\nlic debt, $1,815,784,370. Exports, $158,-\\n837,988. Imports, $316,447,283.\\nJuly 1. D. C. The Government raises\\nthe tax on distilled spirits to $1.50\\nper proof gallon.\\nJuly 2. D. C. The bill prohibiting the\\ncoastwise slave-trade is approved.\\nCongress grants public lands in Ore-\\ngon for the purpose of constructing a\\nmilitary road through the State.\\nJuly 4. D. C. Congress passes the bill\\nproviding for the reconstruction of\\nthe Southern States; President Lin-\\ncoln refuses to sign it. Republicans in\\nCongress unanimously dissent from his\\ncourse.\\nThe 38th Congress the first session\\ncloses.\\nNev. A State Convention meets at\\nCarson City, to frame a Constitution.\\nThe Democratic National Con-\\nvention is appointed to meet on this\\nday in Chicago. [The recent Union vic-\\ntories occasion a change of date to\\nAugust.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1864 July 1. New York. Price of mid-\\ndling upland cotton, 150 to 152 cents;\\npremium on gold, 245.\\nJuly 2. D. C. Congress amends the\\nPacific Railroad Act of 1862, so as to\\nincrease the value of its securities. It\\ngrants 12,800 acres for each mile of com.\\npleted road total, 25,000,000 acres.\\nCongress charters the Northern Pa-\\ncific Railroad to connect Lake Superior\\nwith Puget Sound (1,800 miles), and ex-\\ntending to the Columbia River (200\\nmiles); subsidy, 47,000,000 acres 73,000\\nsquare milei.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "236 1864, July 4 -Aug. 22.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1864 July 4. Ga. Near Smyrna\\nCamp Ground Gen. Sherman s army\\ncelebrates the day by a noisy but not\\ndesperate battle in pursuit of Gen.\\nJohnston.\\nVa. The Federals celebrate the day\\nby firing a national salute from double-\\nshotted cannons into Petersburg.\\nB.C. Congress grants to each drafted\\nman a bounty for one year s service,\\nand doubles and trebles the amount for\\ntwo and three years service respectively.\\nJuly 5. Ga. Gen. Johnston retires\\nbehind his strong entrenchments on the\\nChattahoochee he is nearly besieged\\nby Gen. Sherman.\\nMd. Gen. Early, with 20,000 Con-\\nfederates, crosses the Potomac into\\nMaryland to threaten Washington\\na movement to divert Gen. Grant from\\nRichmond.\\nMiss. At Jackson, the capital, Gen.\\nSlocum flanks the Confederates, and\\ndrives them out of the city.\\nVa. Gen. Bradley T. Johnson, with\\n3,000 Confederate troops, crosses the\\nPotomac into Maryland consterna-\\ntion spreads among the farmers of two\\nStates.\\nJuly 8. Ga. Gen. Rousseau, with 2,000\\nFederal cavalry, leaves Decatur on a\\ndestructive raid west of Opelika.\\nMd. Gen. Early s whole force en-\\nters the passage of South Mountain.\\nGen. Ricketts s division of Gen. Grant s\\narmy arrives at Baltimore.\\nJuly 9. Ga. Gov. Brown calls out the\\nmilitia, including all males between the\\nages of 15 and 45 years.\\nGen. Johnston is forced to retire be-\\nhind the Chattahoochee River.\\nMd. Gen. Early, at the head of an\\ninvading army, defeats a small force\\nunder Gen. Lew Wallace on the\\nMonocacy.\\nThis action, however, checks the ad-\\nvance of the Confederates till troops\\narrive and save Washington and Balti-\\nmore from great peril. Federal loss, 98\\nkilled, 579 wounded, and 1,280 missing\\nConfederate loss, 700.\\nJuly 10. Ga. The entire Confederate\\narmy under Gen. Johnston is concen-\\ntrated behind the defenses of At-\\nlanta.\\nMd. Gen. Early s cavalry ap-\\nproaches Baltimore and alarms the\\ncity it encamps at Rockville.\\nJuly 11. D. C. Gen. Early makes a\\nclose reconnoissance of Fort Stevens,\\nthree miles from the city limits of\\nWashington, and within sight of the\\ndome of the Capitol.\\nGen. Wright arrives from Gen.\\nGrant s army with two divisions for the\\ndefense of Washington.\\nJuly 12. Md. Gen. Wright sends Gen.\\nBidwell to drive Gen. Early s skir-\\nmishers back, and a severe action\\noccurs Federal loss, 2S0 killed and\\nwounded.\\nIn the night Gen. Early retires and\\nescapes pursuit.\\nJuly 13-15. Miss. Between Pontotoc\\nand Tupelo Gens. A. J. Smith and\\nSlocum defeat the Confederates under\\nGens, Forrest, Lee, and Walker in five\\nsuccessive engagements. Federal lose,\\n153 killed, 794 wounded, 49 missing\\nConfederate loss, 82 killed, wounded,\\nand missing.\\nJuly 14. Va. At White s Ford Gen.\\nEarly recrosses the Potomac into Vir-\\nginia, with trains laden with plunder.\\nJuly 15. Ala. At Youngstown Gen.\\nRousseau burns four storehouses and a\\ngreat quantity of provisions gathered for\\nthe Confederates.\\nJuly 17. Ga. Gen. Sherman begins\\nhis march from the Chattahoochee to\\nAtlanta.\\nGen. J. B. Hood supersedes Gen.\\nJohnston in command of the Confeder-\\nate army in Georgia the Department\\nof Tennessee.\\nMiss. At Grand Gulf Gen. Slocum\\ndefeats the Confederates.\\nJuly 18. D. C. The president calls for\\n500,-000 volunteers to be furnished within\\n50 days, any deficiency to be made up by\\na draft.\\nMe. Confederate raiders from St.\\nJohn attempt to rob a bank, but fail,\\nthe authorities being forewarned.\\nMiss. A Federal raiding force destroys\\na large part of the Atlanta and Mont-\\ngomery Railroad, defeats 1,500 Confed-\\nerates in an engagement, and captures\\n400 conscripts.\\nJuly 19. Va. Gen.GrantasksPresident\\nLincoln to call for 300,000 men to reen-\\nforce the armies.\\nJuly 20. Va. Near Winchester, at\\nStephenson s Depot, Gen. Wm. W.\\nAverell defeats Gen. Ramseur s division\\nof Gen. Early s army. Federal loss, 250\\nmen Confederate loss, 300 killed and\\nwounded, besides 200 prisoners.\\nGa. Battle for the defense of Atlanta\\n(Peach Tree Creek).\\nGen. Hood comes out from his en-\\ntrenchments and furiously assaults Geu.\\nSherman s line, but is repulsed with\\nheavy loss. Col. [President] Benjamin\\nHarrison wins distinction Gen. Walter\\nQ. Gresham [Sec. of State] is seriously\\nwounded Federal loss, 300 killed and\\n1,410 wounded; Confederate loss, 4,796\\nkilled, wounded, and prisoners.\\nFla. Gen. Asboth captures a Con-\\nfederate camp with many conscripts.\\nJuly 21. Ky. Henderson is attacked\\nby 700 guerrillas.\\nJuly 22. Ga. Gen. Rousseau com-\\npletes his raid from Decatur, Ala., of\\n450 miles in 15 days, and enters Gen.\\nSherman s camp.\\nHe reports 2,000 prisoners captured\\nand paroled, 200 Confederates killed and\\nwounded, S00 horses and mules and S00\\nnegroes taken, 31 miles of railroad de-\\nstroyed, 13 depots burned, besides cars,\\ncotton, provisions, and stores.\\nSecond battle of Atlanta, or Deca-\\ntur Gen. Sherman repulses Gen. Hood s\\nsecond sortie. Maj.-Gen. James B. Me-\\nPherson is killed in a reconnoitering\\nmovement.\\nFederal loss, 500 killed, 2,114 wounded,\\nand 100 prisoners Confederate loss,\\n$,499 men. Gen. Hood loses more men in\\nVa. Gen. Early s army arrives at\\nStrasburgh, in the Shenandoah.\\nJuly 24. Va. At Kearnstown, near\\nWinchester, Gen. Early turns upon Gen.\\nCrook, his pursuer, defeats and routs\\nhis force the Federals are driven out\\nof the Shenandoah Valley and across\\nthe Potomac. Federal loss, 1,200; Con-\\nfederate loss, 600.\\nLa. An expedition on Grand Lake\\ndestroys boats and mills belonging to\\nthe Confederates.\\nJuly 26 Ga. Gen. Hood sends Gen.\\nWheeler with 8,000 cavalry to break\\nup railroads and capture supplies in\\nSherman s rear.\\nJuly 26-31. Ga. Gen. Stoneman\\nmakes a raid to destroy the railroads\\nabout Macon; he destroys much rail-\\nroad property, and is finally defeated by\\na Confederate force; Federal loss, sev-\\neral hundred men.\\nJuly 27. Ga. At Atlanta Gen. Sherman\\nbegins the movement by the right flank\\nagainst Gen. Hood.\\nGen. O. O. Howard succeeds Gen.\\nMcPherson to the command of the Army\\nof the Tennessee.\\nGen. Sherman sends out a cavalry\\ncolumn to the right under Gen. E. M.\\nMcCook, and another to the left under\\nGen. Stoneman, aiming to cut Gen.\\nHood s comm uni cations. [Both fail.]\\nJuly 28. Ga. Third battle before\\nAtlanta. Gen. Hood is repulsed in re-\\npeated assaults on the right flank by\\nGen. Logan, supported by Gens. Dodge\\nand Blair the Confederates finally re-\\ntire into the town. Loss Federal, 100\\nkilled and 600 wounded; Confederate,\\n4,643.\\nGen. Stoneman, with 5,000 men,\\nmakes a raid toward Macon [and is cap-\\ntured with many of his men],\\nGen. Canby enrolls all citizens in the\\nDepartment of the Gulf, and sends the\\nfamilies of Confederate soldiers beyond\\nhis lines.\\nJuly 30. Pa. At ChambersburgGen.\\nMeCausland, of Gen. Early s command,\\ndemands a ransom of $500,000 in\\ncurrency and \u00c2\u00a7100,000 in gold, and in\\ndefault of payment burns the town.\\nJuly 31. Md. At Hancock Gen. Me-\\nCausland demands a ransom of $30,-\\n000 while the citizens are raising the\\nmoney, Federal cavalry under Gen.\\nAverell arrive, and drive the Confeder-\\nates out of the town.\\nVa. The mine at Petersburg is\\nexploded.\\nIt throws a Confederate fort into the\\nair, and opens a crater 200 feet long, 50\\nfeet wide, and 25 feet deep the assault\\nby Gen. Burnside is disastrously repulsed\\nbv the Confederates. Federal loss, 417\\nkilled, 1.679 wounded, and about 2,000\\nprisoners Confederate loss, S00, besides\\n200 prisoners.\\nJuly Ga. Gen. Frank Blair, with the\\n17th corps, reenforces Gen. Sherman,\\nmaking the Federal force about", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1864, July 4 Aug. 22. 237\\n100,000, while the Confederates num-\\nber about 50,000.\\nAug. 1. Md. At Cumberland Gen. Kel-\\nley has a sharp fight, and defeats the\\nConfederates under Gen. McCausland,\\nwho withraws into West Virginia.\\nAug. 1-26. Ga. Gen. Sherman be-\\nsieges Atlanta.\\nAug. 2. La. Gen. Banks enrolls all ne-\\ngroes in his department between the\\nages of 18 and 45 for the Federal ser-\\nAug. 4. Ala. Gen. Gordon Granger\\nlands 5,000 Federals in the rear of Fort\\nGaines, Dauphin Island. The last of\\nFarragut s fleet arrives.\\nAug. 5. Ala. Adin. Farragut attacks\\nForts Morgan and Gaines Fort Powell\\nis blown up.\\nW. Va. At the Williamsport and\\nShepherdstown fords, Gen. Early again\\ncrosses the Potomac into Maryland.\\nAug. 5-20. Ala. Naval Battle in Mo-\\nbile Bay.\\nAdm. Farragut, with 14 wooden war-\\nvessels and four ironclads, attacks the\\nsmaller Confederate fleet under Adm.\\nBuchanan, which is supported by three\\nstrongly garrisoned forts commanded by\\nGen. Page, and guarding the entrance\\nto the harbor. Farragut loses the Te~\\ncumseh; he lashes himself to the mast\\nof the Hartford, and from thence com-\\nmands the battle. The Confederate fleet,\\nincluding the ram Tennessee, is captured\\nor driven away, and the forts are sur-\\nrendered. Total Federal loss, 120 killed,\\n88 wounded Confederate loss, 1,756 men,\\nchiefly prisoners.\\nAug. 7. Ala. Fort Gaines, with its\\ngarrison of 800 men, is surrendered by\\nCol. C. D. Anderson to Adm. Farragut.\\nMd. Gen. Early recrosses the Po-\\ntomac and retires to Bunker Hill, near\\nWinchester.\\nVa. Maj.-Gen. Sheridan is ap-\\npointed to succeed Gen. Hunter in com-\\nmand of the Army of the Shenandoah\\nit is 30,000 strong, and includes 8,000\\ncavalry.\\nW. Va. Gen. Sheridan assumes\\ncommand of the Middle Military Divis-\\nion in the Shenandoah Valley.\\nHis army comprises the 6th corps, Gen.\\nWright; the 19th corps, Gen. Emory;\\nGen. Crook s army of Western Virginia,\\nbesides a large force of cavalry. Total\\npresent for duty, 22,000 infantry and\\n8,000 horse.\\nAt Moorefield Gen. Averell attacks\\nand routs the Confederate cavalry under\\nGen. McCausland, capturing 400 prison-\\ners, besides his guns and army trains.\\nAug. 9. Va. At City Point the explo-\\nsion of an ordnance-boat, laden with\\nammunition, kills 50 men, and wounds\\n120 more.\\nAug. 12. Gen. William T. Sherman\\nis made major-general in the regular\\nArmy.\\nAug. 13, 14. Va. Gen. Grant makes a\\nmovement threatening Richmond, in\\norder to prevent Confederate reenforce-\\nments being sent against Sheridan.\\nAug. 14. Va. Gen. Grantmakesaheavy\\ndemonstration in the direction of Rich-\\nmond, on the north side of the James\\nRiver.\\nAug. 14-18. pit. At Strawberry Plains\\naud Deep Bottom Run Gen. Grant loses\\n400 killed, 1,755 wounded, and 3,176 pris-\\noners Gen. Lee loses 1,100.\\nAug. 15. Port. Com. Craven of the Niag-\\nara captures the English-built Confed-\\nGeorgia near Lisbon.\\nAug. 16. Va. At Crooked Run Gen.\\nMerritt s cavalry repulses an attack of\\nConfederates under Gens. L. L. Lomax\\nand W. C. Wickham.\\nAug. 18-21. Va. Gen. Warren seizes\\nand permanently holds the Weldon\\nRailroad, at the Globe Tavern, where\\n(Aug. 18) he repels an attack by Con-\\nfederates under Gen. Heth. Each side\\nloses about 1,000 men.\\n(Aug. 19.) Gen. Warren repulses an at-\\ntack by Gen. A. P. Hill, and holds the\\nWeldon road.\\n(Aug. 21.) Gen. Warren repulses a severe\\nassault by Gen. A P. Hill, who leaves\\nhis dead and wounded on the field sev-\\neral hundred Confederates are captured.\\nAug. 18-22. Ga. At Atlanta Gen.\\nSherman sends Gen. Kilpatrick, with\\n5,000 cavalry, on a raid. [He destroys\\nthe Macon Railroad near Jonesboro, and\\npasses entirely around the Confederate\\nlines at Atlanta. He returns on the\\n22d.]\\nAug. 18. Gen. George G. Meade is\\ncommissioned major-general in the U. S.\\nArmy he commands the Army of the\\nPotomac under Gen. Grant.\\nAug. 20. Va. Gen. Grant withdraws\\nhis troops from the north side of the\\nJames River.\\nAug. 21. Ga. At Dalton Col. Siebold\\ndefeats the Confederates under Gen.\\nWheeler. Federal loss, 30 men Con-\\nfederate loss, 150.\\nW. Va. At Bunker Hill, near\\nCharlestown, Gen. Early s advance at-\\ntacks Gen. Sheridan, who falls back to\\nhis defenses at Halltown Federal loss,\\n90 men Confederate loss, 400.\\nAug. 22. Ala. Fort Morgan is invested\\nby the Federals under Gen. Granger, and\\nthe bombardment begins.\\nGa. Gen. Kilpatrick returns from\\nhis raid he dashes through the Confed-\\nerate lines with his 70 prisoners.\\nAug. 23. Ala. The Federals take pos-\\nsession of Fort Morgan, on the sur-\\nrender of Gen. R. L. Page to Adm.\\nFarragut and Gen. Granger, thus clos-\\ning the port of Mobile against the Con-\\nfederates.\\nArk. Near Duvall s Bluff Confed-\\nerate Gen. Shelby captures nearly all of\\nthe 5th Illinois Regiment.\\nAug. 24, 25. Va. Gen. Lee is repulsed\\nat Reama s Station in an attempt to\\nrecapture the Weldon Railroad.\\nGens. Hancock and Gregg are defeated\\nby Gen. A. P. Hill. Federal loss, 125\\nkilled, 546 wounded, and 1,769 missing\\nConfederate loss, 2,000.\\nAug. 25. Ga. At Atlanta Gen. Sher-\\nman begins his last flank movement,\\nsouth of the city [and for several days\\ndestroys the connecting railroads].\\nAug. 27. IV. Va. Gen. Early falls back\\nfrom the Potomac to Bunker Hill.\\nEIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1864.\\nJuly5. Keeder, Andrew II., Gov. of Kan-\\nsas, A57.\\nJuly 6. Morris, George Pope, poet, jour-\\nnalist, A62.\\nJuly 22. MacPherson, James Birdseye.\\nmaj.-gen. U. S. vols., k. at Atlanta, A36.\\nJuly 23. Fisk, Samuel, Cong, el., writer,\\ncapt. V. S. vols., A36.\\nJuly 30. Waldo, Daniel, rev l. centena-\\nrian, A 102.\\nAug. 1. Hadley, Henry H., Hebraist, tlieo-\\nAug. 13. Winslow, Hubbard, Cong, cl.,\\nauthor, A65.\\nAug-. 22. Appleton, John, ed., minister to\\nSTATE.\\n1864 July 2. U. S. The New Tariff\\nLaw goes into force.\\nIt charges a duty of 25 cents a pound\\non teas three to five cents on sugars\\nbrandies, $2.50 per gallon cigars, from\\n75 cents to $3.00 a pound, besides an ad\\nvalorem duty of from 20 to 60 cents to-\\nbacco, 35 to 50 cents iron, 33 per cent on\\nthe value coal, from 40 cents to \u00c2\u00a91.25\\nper ton wools, three to 10 cents, besides\\n10 per cent ad valorem; woollen goods,\\nnone less than 50 per cent on the value,\\nand many grades much more cotton\\nmanufactures, from 5 to 7? cents per\\nsquare yard, also an ad valorem duty\\nfrom 10 to 35 per cent of value.\\nJuly 5. D. C. Wm. Pitt Fessenden\\nof Me. succeeds Salmon P. Chase as\\nSecretary of the Treasury.\\nThe President suspends the writ of\\nhabeas corpus in Kentucky, and declares\\nthe State under martial law.\\nJuly 7. D. C. The President appoints\\nthe 4th day of August as a day of\\nhumiliation and prayer.\\nJuly 8. D. C. The President makes\\nknown his objections to the Recon-\\nstruction Act in a public message.\\nHe requests Horace Greeley to con-\\nfer with certain Confederates in Canada,\\nwho desire a conference respecting\\npeace. [Nothing is accomplished.]\\nJuly 18. D. C. President Lincoln calls\\nfor 500,000 more volunteers, mak-\\ning 700,000 called for since the 1st of\\nMarch, besides the draft of 500,000 men.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1864 July 11. Phila. The first organ-\\nized National Bank opens.\\nJuly 16. New York. Gold sells for\\n$2.85 the highest premium paid\\nduring the war.\\nJuly Eng. The seal of the Confeder-\\nate States is completed cost, $600.\\nJuly* U.S. Crude petroleum is quoted\\nat $12.12\u00c2\u00a3 per barrel.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "238 1864, Aug. 28 -Nov. 7.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1864 Aug. 28. W. Va. Gen. Sheri-\\ndan resumes the offensive in the Shenan-\\ndoah Valley.\\nAug. Ga. Geu. Wheeler with a force of\\ncavalry destroys the railroad north of\\nResaca this is the line hy which Sher-\\nman has been communicating with his\\nbase of supplies. [He sweeps on into\\nTennessee.]\\nAug. 29. W. Va. Gen. Crook super-\\nsedes Gen. Hunter, as commander of the\\nDepartment of West Virginia.\\nAug. 31. Va. In the trenches at Peters-\\nburg Gen. Grant loses during August,\\n87 killed and 484 wounded.\\nGa. The Confederates under Lieut.\\nGen. Hardee attack the army of the\\nTennessee under Gen. Howard, at\\nJonesboro, and are repulsed. A coun-\\nter-attack by Gen. Davis fails to dis-\\nlodge the Confederates. Losses Fed-\\neral, 1,149 wounded Confederates,\\n2,000.\\nSept. 1. Ga. Gen. Hood having divided\\nhis army, Gen. Sherman attacks Gen.\\nHardee on the railroad 20 miles south\\nof Atlanta; Hardee retires during the\\nnight.\\nAt Atlanta Gen. Hood, being unable\\nto maintain his position, blows up his\\nmilitary works, destroys his stores, and\\nevacuates the city in the night.\\nSept. 2. Ga. Gen. Slocum enters At-\\nlanta in the early morning thus the\\nsiege of more than four weeks ends.\\n[Sherman afterwards compels the citi-\\nzens to leave.]\\nSept. 3. Va. At Berryville Gen.\\nAvereirs cavalry defeats Confederates.\\n[Rodes s infantry drives Gen. Averell\\nout on the 4th.] Federal loss, 300.\\nSept. 4. Term. At Greenville Gen. A.\\nC. Gillem surprises and kills the guer-\\nrilla Gen. John H. Morgan when about\\nto start on another raid the Confeder-\\nates lose 100 killed and 75 prisoners,\\nincluding Morgan s entire staff.\\nSept. 7. Tenn. At Reedyville the Con-\\nfederates are defeated by Col. Jourdan\\nwith 250 Pennsylvania cavalry.\\nSept. 8. Ark. At Dardanelles the Con-\\nfederate Gen. Price crosses the Arkansas\\nRiver, and marches for Missouri.\\nGa. Gen. Sherman returns from\\nthe movement south of Atlanta, and\\nenters the city.\\nFederal losses since leaving Chat-\\ntanooga aggregate, 5,284 killed, 26,129\\nwounded, and 5,786 missing.\\nSept. 9. Ga. Gens. Sherman and Hood\\nenter a truce for 10 days, for the re-\\nmoval of non-combatants from Atlanta.\\nSept. 14. Ga. Gov. Brown withdraws\\nthe militia of the State, 15,000 strong,\\nfrom the army of Gen. Hood, near At-\\nlanta\u00e2\u0080\u0094an act for which he is bitterly\\ncensured.\\nVa. Gen. Early s army is dimin-\\nished by the departure of Gen. Ander-\\nson s division to reenforce Gen. Lee.\\nSept. 16. Va. At Sycamore Church\\nGens. Gregg and Kautz encounter the\\nConfederates under Gen. Hampton.\\nLosses Federal, 110 Confederate, 00.\\nKan. At Cabin Creek a train worth\\n\u00c2\u00a71,000,000 is captured by 1,500 Confed-\\nerates.\\nSept. 19. Va. Battle of Winchester,\\nor Opequan Creek.\\nGen. Sheridan has his first battle with\\nGen. Early, and drives him into his\\nbreastworks erected outside of Win-\\nchester, thence pursues him up the\\nvalley. Federal loss, C53 killed, 3,719\\nwounded, and 018 missing. Confederate\\nloss, 2.0UU prisoiHTs, besides nearly 3,000\\nwounded left at Winchester. The Con-\\nfederate Gens. Rodes and Gordon are\\nkilled, also the Federal Gen. Russell.\\n[Sheridan s victory electrifies the North.]\\nA plot to capture the gunboat Michi-\\ngan on Lake Eric, by Seeessionistpassen-\\ngers on board the steamers Island Queen\\nand Parsons, miscarries the Queen is\\nsunk, the Parsons abandoned, and the\\nSecessionists captured.\\nSept. 21. Ga. Thetruceof lOdaysends;\\n446 families of 2,035 persons have been\\nremoved from Atlanta to the South by\\norder of Gen. Sherman.\\nSept. 22. Va. Battle of Fisher s HiU.\\nGen. Sheridan overtakes the Confeder-\\nates under Gen. Early, assaults them in\\ntheir strong position, completely defeats\\nthem, and drives them up the valley in\\nhot haste.\\nLoss: Federal, 600; Confederate, 500\\nkilled, 4,000 wounded, 1,100 prisoners,\\nand 60 guns.\\nSept. 23. Ala. At Athens the Federals\\nencounter the enemy and lose 950 men\\nConfederate loss, 30.\\nSept. 24.-Oct. 28. Mo. Confederates\\nunder Gen. Price invade the State.\\nSept. 25. Ga. Jefferson Davis visits Gen.\\nHood s army at Palmetto.\\nVa. Gen. Early abandons the valley\\nof the Shenandoah, leaving Sheridan s\\narmy at Harrisonburg.\\nSept. 26. Mo. At Ironton (Pilot Knob)\\nGen. Ewing defeats the Confederates\\nunder Gen. Price.\\nSept. 27. Mo. A guerrilla band under\\nBill Anderson robs and massacres the\\nFederal soldiers and citizens of Centra-\\nlia. [Anderson is killed near Albany.]\\nSept. 29. Ga. Gen. Sherman sends Gen.\\nThomas back to Chattanooga for the\\npurpose of checking Gen. Hood s ad-\\nvance northward.\\nVa. Gen. Paine s brigade of colored\\ntroops successfully assaults the strong\\nredoubt on Spring HiU, near Peters-\\nburg.\\nSept. 29+. Va. Gen. Grant again threat-\\nens Richmond by a demonstration north\\nof the James River, to prevent reenforce-\\nments going to Gen. Early against Gen.\\nSheridan the advance captures Fort\\nHarrison on the James River, mounting\\n1G guns, and takes many prisoners. Fed-\\neral less, 394 killed, 1,554 wounded, and\\n324 missing.\\nSept. 30. Tenn. At Carroll Station, in\\nE. Tenn., Gen. Gillem drives the Confed-\\nerate Gen. Vaughan out of his works.\\nVa. At Chapin s Bluff the Confed-\\nerates under Gen. Anderson attempt to\\nretake Fort Harrison by assault, but\\nare repulsed by Gen. Stannard, who loses\\nan arm. Gen, Barnham is killed. Fed-\\neral loss at Fort Harrison in two days,\\n141 killed, 788 wounded, and 1.750 miss-\\ning; Confederate loss, 2,500 killed and\\nwounded, 300 prisoners, and 22 guns.\\nAt Peeble s Farm, beyond Peters-\\nburg, Gen. Warren drives back the Con-\\nfederates and captures their worke.\\nLosses Federal, 788 killed and wounded,\\nand 1.750 prisoners Confederate, 900.\\nVa. The siege of Petersburg by\\nGen. Grant continues through the fall\\nand winter.\\nOct. 1. Va. Gen. Warren s lines on the\\nWeldon Railroad are advanced one mile\\nnearer Richmond.\\nOct. 2. Va. At Abingdon Gen. Bur-\\nbridge loses 350 men Confederate Gen.\\nEchols loses 18 killed, 71 wounded, and\\n21 missing.\\nOct. 3. Va. Gen. Sheridan orders all\\nthe houses to be burned within five miles\\nof the spot where John B. Meigs, his\\nchief engineer, was brutally murdered\\nby guerrillas.\\nOct. 6. Va. Gen. Sheridan begins his\\nreturn movement, and devastates the\\nShenandoah Valley of its food and\\nforage, as it is the granary of Lee s army\\nat Richmond.\\nGa. Battle of AUatoona Pass: the\\nattack of Gen. S. G. French is repulsed\\nby Federal Gen. Corse with 1,944 men,\\ntill reenforced by Gen. Sherman, and\\nimmense stores are saved. Federal loss,\\n707 men.\\nGen. Kautz*s Federal cavalry is\\ndriven from its position on the Darby\\nroad, on the north side of the James,\\nby Gens. C. W. Field and Hoke, who cap-\\nture their guns the Confederates are\\nrepulsed in an attack on the entrenched\\ninfantry.\\nOct. 7. Brazil. In the harbor of Bahia\\nCommander Collins of the gunboat JVa-\\nchusett captures the Confederate cruiser\\nFlorida. [It is sunk by a collision after\\nits arrival in Hampton Roads.]\\nVa. Gen. Early, having been reen-\\nforced, follows Gen. Sheridan down\\nthe Shenandoah Valley.\\nOct. 8. Va. At Fisher s Hill Gen.\\nSheridan s cavalry defeats and routs\\nGens. Rosser and Wickham Federal\\nloss, 414 men Confederate loss, 330 pris-\\nOct. 11. Ga. Gen. Hood, moving\\nnorthward, crosses the Coosa Kiver,\\nand marches upon Resaca and Dalton,\\nto break Gen. Sherman s communi-\\ncations.\\nOct. 12. Ga. Col. Clark R.Wever refuses\\nto surrender Kesaca to Confederates\\nunder Gen. S. D. Lee, and successfully\\ndefends it.\\nOct. 13. Ga. Dalton is surrendered by\\nthe Federal garrison to Gen. Hood.\\nVa. On the Darbytown Boad Gen.\\nTerry retreats before the Confederates,\\nhaving lost 414 men; Confederate loss,\\n200.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1864, Aug. 28 -Nov. 7. 239\\nThe Federals are engaged in digging\\na short canal called Dutch Gap, to con-\\nnect a loop in the James River below\\nRichmond Gen. Butler puts 87 Confed-\\nerate prisoners at work digging in the\\nditch, under the fire of Confederate\\nshells, in retaliation for the forced labor\\nof negro soldiers captured by the Con-\\nfederates.\\nOct. 19. Va. Battle of Cedar Creek\\nGen. Early surprises, and at first com-\\npletely routs, the Federals under Gen.\\nWright, in the absence of Gen. Sheridan,\\nwho is 20 miles away; Gen. Sheridan\\narrives on the field Sheridan s Ride\\nrallies his troops, and inflicts a crushing\\ndefeat upon the Confederates. Federal\\nloss, 588 killed, 3,516 wounded, 1 ,891 miss-\\ning, and 18 guns Confederate loss, 4,200,\\nincluding prisoners and 42 guns.\\nOct. 19. Vt. Confederates in Canada,\\nunder Lieut. Bennett H. Young, raid\\nthe town of St. Albans; Gen. Dix orders\\nthat the U. S. troops pursue them across\\nthe line if they are not surrendered.\\n[The Government soon revokes the\\norder.] (See Society.)\\nOct. 20. Get. Gen. Hood s army arrives\\nat Gadsden preparatory to the invasion\\nof Tennessee.\\nOct. 21. Mo. At Little Blue the Fed-\\nerals under Gen. Curtis are defeated by\\nGen. Price.\\nOct. 22. Va. Col. Augur protects army\\ntrains on the Manassas Gap Railroad,\\nfrom the attacks of guerrillas, by placing\\neminent Secessionists residing within the\\nFederal lines at the post of danger.\\nOct. 25. Mo. At Mine Creek, on the\\nOsage River, Gens. Curtis and Pleas-\\nanton defeat the Confederates under\\nGen. Price Confederate Gens. Marma-\\nduke and Cabell are wounded. Federal\\nloss, 1,000 killed and wounded, and 2,000\\nprisoners Confederate loss, 900 killed,\\n2,800 wounded, and 1,000 prisoners, be-\\nsides 1,500 stand of arms.\\nOct. 2 Va. Battle of Hatcher s\\nBun; Gens. Hancock and Warren with\\n35,000 infantry, and Gen. Gregg with\\n3,000 horse, attempt to seize the South\\nSide Railroad, and are repulsed. Fed-\\neral loss, 156 killed, 1,047 wounded, and\\n699 missing Confederate loss, 1,000.\\nThe Army of the Potomac goes into\\nwinter quarters.\\nGen. Butler makes a demonstration\\non the north side of the James Gen.\\nWeitzel is severely defeated by Gen.\\nLongstreet, and loses 1,000 men.\\nN. C. At Plymouth Lieut. W. B.\\nCushing and a force of daring volun-\\nteers place a torpedo under the Con-\\nfederate ram Albemarle, and blow her\\nup. This craft had been a serious ob-\\nstacle to the success of Federal opera-\\ntions in Albemarle Sound.\\nOct. 28. Mo. In his 34 days invasion\\nof Missouri, Gen. Price loses 170 killed\\nand 336 wounded.\\nTerm. At Morristown Gen. Gillem\\ncaptures 200 prisoners and eight guns\\nfrom the Confederates under Gen.\\nOct. 28-30. Ala. At Decatur Col. Mor-\\ngan loses 100 men Confederates under\\nRhoddey lose 400.\\nOct. 29. Ala. Gen. Hood, having\\nmarched north, goes into camp near\\nDecatur.\\nOct. 30. Va. Gen. Grant s army, in the\\ntrenches before Petersburg- during\\nthe month of October, loses 170 killed,\\n822 wounded, and 812 prisoners Confed-\\nerate loss, 1,000 men.\\nOct. 31. Ala. Gen. Hood, with an\\narmy of 45,000 men, crosses to the north\\nside of the Tennessee River, at a point\\nbetween the Shoals.\\nN. C. Federal Commander Macomb\\ntakes Plymouth.\\nOct. Mo. Gen. Price is defeated by the\\nFederals at Big Blue, Little Osage,\\nand Newtonia.\\nNov. 4. New York. Maj.-Gen. Butler\\ntakes command of the city.\\nNov. 5. Va. At Fort Sedgwick the\\nConfederates are defeated and lose 120\\nmen Federal loss, 70 men.\\nTenn. At Johnsonville the Confed-\\nerate Gen. Forrest destroys three tin-\\nclad gunboats and seven transports,\\nand valuable supplies.\\nNov. 7. Va. Jefferson Davis s message\\nrecommends that 40,000 slaves be\\ndrilled, and employed as pioneers and\\nengineer laborers.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1864.\\nSept. 4. Cook, Russell S., Cong, d., A53.\\nJohnson, Henry, Gov. of La., killed in\\naction at Dublin, Va., A89.\\nLong, Stephen Harriman, engineer, ait.,\\nA80.\\nMorgan, John H., Confed. maj.-gen.,\\nraider, k. near Granville, Tenn., A38.\\nSept. IS. Benjamin, Park, poet, lecturer,\\njournalist, A55.\\nSept. 19. Russell, David A., maj.-gen. U.\\nS. A., killed at Opequan, Va., A44.\\nSept. 24. Bates, Joshua, financier in Lon-\\ndon, founder of Boston Library, A76.\\nSept. 25. Conover, Thos. A., com. U. S.\\nN., A70.\\nSept. 39. Williams, Jared W., Gov., sen.\\nfor N. H., A68.\\nOct. 13. Taney, Roger B., chief justice\\nU. S. Ct., A87.\\nOct. 16. Willard, John D., jurist of N. T.,\\nphilanthropist, A65.\\nOct. 18. Birney, David Bell, maj.-gen.\\nU. S. vols., A39.\\nOct. 19. Bidwell, Daniel, brig. -gen. U. S.\\nvols., killed at Odar Creek, A4S.\\nOct. SO. Lowell, Charles R., brig.-gen. U. S.\\nvols., A29.\\nRamseur, Stephen D-, Confed. maj.-\\ngen., A 27.\\nOct. SS. Winslow, Miron, missionary, au-\\nthor, A75.\\nOct. 29. Ransom, Thos. E. G., brig.-gen.\\nU. S. vols., A30.\\nGreenleaf, Benj., au. of math, text-\\nbooks, A78.\\nNov. 1. Chase, Irah, Bapt, cl., theologian,\\nA71.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1864 Sept. 4. Ala. A bread-riot oc-\\ncurs at Mobile.\\nOct. 12. Mich. The Harper Hospital\\nis opened at Detroit.\\nOct. 17. Ind. William A. Bowles, L.\\nP. Milligan, and Stephen Horsey are\\nsentenced by a military commission to\\nbe hanged for conspiracy against the\\nUnited States in organizing the Ameri-\\ncan Knights of the Sons of Liberty.\\n[Released by the decision of the Su-\\npreme Court.]\\nOct. 18. Eng. A fair in aid of the\\nConfederate cause is opened in Liver-\\npool by ladies of the English nobility,\\nand by Secession women from America.\\nOct. 19. Vt. The bank at St. Albans\\nis robbed by sympathizers with the\\nConfederacy who enter from Canada\\nthey kill several persons.\\nSTATE.\\n1864 Aug. 29. Chicago. The Demo-\\ncratic National Convention meets;\\nHoratio Seymour of N. Y. is Chairman.\\nGen. George B. McClellan of N. J.\\nis nominated for President against T.\\nH. Seymour of Conn. Vote, 202t-23\u00c2\u00a3.\\nGeorge H. Pendleton of O. is nomi-\\nnated for Vice-President. The Conven-\\ntion declares the war a failure.\\nAug. 31 D. C. President Lincoln is-\\nsues a proclamation of thanksgiving\\nfor Union victories.\\nSept. U. S. The Democrats are di-\\nvided into two classes one favoring,\\nand the other opposing, the prosecution\\nof the war.\\nSept. 5. La. The loyal people approve\\nthe new Constitution. Vote, 6,836-\\n1,566.\\nSept. 8. N. J. Gen. McClellan ac-\\ncepts the nomination for the presi-\\ndency, but rejects the platform by\\nloyally favoring the continuance of hos-\\ntilities until the Union is restored.\\nSept. 17. Gen. Fremont withdraws as\\na candidate for the presidency.\\nOct. 12-13. Md. The new Constitution\\nis ratified by the people. Citizens vote,\\n27,541-29,536; soldiers vote, 2,633-263;\\nmajority, 375.\\nOct. 31. D. C. The President proclaims\\nNevada admitted into the Union, as\\nthe 36th State.\\nNov. 2. New York. The mayor receives\\na telegram from Secretary Seward dis-\\nclosing a plot to burn the principal\\ncities of the North.\\nNov. 7. Va. The second session of the\\nsecond Confederate Congress opens\\nat Richmond.\\nR. M. T. Hunter of Va. continues\\nPresident pro tempore in the Senate,\\nand Thomas S. Bocock of Va. Speaker\\nin the House. There are IS Senators,\\ntwo from each State, and 104 Repre-\\nsentatives from nine States. Kentucky\\nand Missouri are represented, although\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1864 Aug. 28. III. A trial trip of the\\nrailroad post-office is made between\\nChicago and Clinton.\\nOct. 1. New York. Price of middling\\nupland cotton, 115 to 120 cents pre-\\nmium on gold, 191\u00c2\u00a3 to 193J.\\nOct. 4. Pa. The Philadelphia and\\nErie Road is opened.\\nNov. 1. U. S. The Postal Money-\\nOrder System comes into operation.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "240 1864, Nov. 8-1865, Jan. 13.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1864 Nov. 8. N.J. Gen. Geo. B. Mc-\\nClellan resigns his commission in the\\nU. S. Army.\\nPhilip H. Sheridan is commissioned\\nmajor-general in the U. S. Army.\\nNov. 10. Ga. At Home Gen. Sherman\\nburns the foundries, mills, and shops.\\nNov. 11. Va. On the road to Front\\nRoyal Gen. W. H. Powell severely\\ndefeats Confederates under Gen. Mc-\\nCausland.\\nNov. 12. Ga. Gen. Sherman cuts the\\nwires connecting Atlanta with Washing-\\nton, and isolates his army.\\nNear Fort Pulaski Col. Mulford ef-\\nfects the exchange of 10,000 prisoners\\n18 steamers are employed in conveying\\nthe men.\\nNov. 13. Ala. Gen. Hood s army crosses\\nthe Tennessee River to Florence.\\nTenn. At Bull s Gap, East Tennes-\\nsee, the Confederate Gen. Breckinridge\\ndefeats Gen. Gillem, capturing his ar-\\ntillery, trains, and baggage. Federal\\nloss, 600 Confederate loss only slight.\\nNov. 14. Ga. Gen. Sherman burns\\npart of the city of Atlanta.\\nNov. 16. Ga. At seven o clock in the\\nmorning Gen. Sherman s army begins\\nits march from Atlanta to the sea.\\nHe cuts loose from his base, depending\\non the country through which he marches\\nfor supplies his army consists of 60,000\\ninfantry and 5,500 cavalry, and marches\\nby four parallel roads Gen. Howard\\ncommands the right wing, and Gen. Slo-\\ncuin the left wing.\\nNov. 17. Va. At Bermuda Hundred\\nthe Confederates surprise and capture\\nGen. Butler s picket-line.\\nNov. 19. D. C. The President declares\\nthe blockade raised at Norfolk, Va.,\\nand at Pensacola and Fernandina, Fla.\\nNov. 21. Ala. Gen. Hood leaves Flor-\\nence, with 40,000 men, and moves toward\\nMiddle Tennessee, aiming to strike\\nNashville.\\nTenn. Gen. Schoheld, at the head of\\nGen. Thomas s army of 30,000 men, falls\\nback before the approach of Gen. Hood.\\nNov. 22. Ga. At Griswold the Georgia\\ntroops under Gen. Smith attack Gen.\\nSherman s rear-guard, and are repulsed.\\nNov. 23. Ga. Gen. Sherman s left wing\\nreaches Milledgeville the Legislature\\npasses an act to levy the population\\nen masse to resist Gen. Sherman.\\nNov. 24. Tenn. Gen. Schofield reaches\\nColumbia in advance of the arrival of\\nthe Confederate cavalry of Gen. Forrest.\\nNov. 24-28. Tenn. At Columbia con-\\nsiderable fighting occurs between de-\\ntachments of Gen. Thomas s army and\\nGen. Hood s advance. Federal loss, 800\\nConfederate loss, 600.\\nNov. 25. New York. Confederate agents\\nare accused of attempting to burn the\\ncity by starting fires in their own rooms\\n15 incendiary fires break out in as many\\nhotels in the city Gen. Dix announces\\nthat he will hang all such incendiaries\\nwhom he catches.\\nNov. 27. Colo. Col. Chivington, com-\\nmanding 900 men, attacks an Indian\\nCamp at Sand Creek; 131 Indians\\nmen, women, and children are killed.\\nNov. 29. Tenn, At Spring Hill, Maury\\nCounty, Gen. D. S. Stanley of Gen. Scho-\\nn eld s command defeats the Confeder-\\nates under Gen. Hood.\\nNov. 30-Dec. 7- S. C. AtHoneyHUl,\\nBroad River (Grahamsville.), and Fo-\\ncotaligo Gen. Foster encounters the\\nConfederates. Federals lose from 1,200\\nto 1,500 men.\\nNov. 30. S. C. At Honey Hill Gen.\\nJohn P. Hatch is defeated by the Con-\\nfederates.\\nTenn. Battle of Franklin, near\\nNashville.\\nThe Confederates under Gen. Hood\\nare repulsed in tierce attacks on the en-\\ntrenched Army of the Cumberland under\\nGen. Schofield. After the battle Gen.\\nSchofield falls hack during the night,\\ncloser to Nashville. Federal loss, 1S9\\nkilled, 1,033 wounded, and 1,104 missing;\\nConfederate loss, 1,750 killed, 3,800\\nwounded, and 702 missing. Gen. Hood\\nloses some of his prominent brigade and\\ndivision commanders, including Maj.-\\nGen. Patrick Cleburne, and Bng.-Gen.\\nO. F. Strahl.\\nDec. 3. Ga. Mill en is occupied by Gen.\\nSherman s army on its march to the sea.\\nDec. 3-14. Tenn. Gen. Hood with a\\nlarge army partially invests Nashville.\\nDec. 5-8. Tenn. Near Murfreesboro,\\nor Cedars, Gen. Milroy of Gen. Rous-\\nseau s command defeats and routs the\\nConfederate Gen. Forrest s cavalry and\\nBates s infantry the Federals capture\\n207 prisoners and 14 guns.\\nDec. 6-9. S. C. At Deveaux Neck, or\\nMason s Bridge, the Federals lose 39\\nkilled, 390 wounded, and 200 missing;\\nConfederates lose 400.\\nDec. 10. Ga. Gen. Sherman arrives\\nat Savannah, and invests the city.\\n[Gen. Hardee destroys the outer line of\\nConfederate -works, and withdraws to\\nthe inner line.]\\nDec. 12. Ga. Gen. Sherman reaches\\nthe sea.\\nDec. 12-21. Tenn.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Va. Gen. Stone-\\nman is sent on a raid from Bean s\\nStation he destroys the salt-works at\\nSaltville, tears up railroads, and drives\\nGen. Breckinridge into the mountains.\\nDec. 13. Ga. Gen. Hazen s division\\nassaults and captures Fort McAllister,\\nguarding Savannah Federal loss, 23\\nkilled, 82 wounded Confederate loss,\\n14 killed, 21 wounded, and 211 prisoners.\\nTenn. At Kingsport Gen. Bur-\\nbridge (Stoneman s raid) defeats and\\nrouts the Confederates under Gen.\\nDuke, -who lose 150 men.\\nVa. A part of Gen. Butler s Fort\\nFisher expedition leaves Hampton\\nRoads Gen. Butler proposes to destroy\\nthe defense at Wilmington by exploding\\na powder-boat. [Transports with 6,500\\ntroops follow on the 14th.]\\nDec. 14. Tenn. At Bristol Gen. Bur-\\nbridge (Stoneman s raid) captures 300\\nConfederates.\\nDec. 15, 16. Tenn. Battle of Nash-\\nviUe; Gen. Thomas attacks and com-\\npletely routs the Confederates under\\nGen. Hood his army flees in disorder,\\nand is pursued into Alabama. Federal\\nLOSS, 400 killed, 1,740 wuunded Confed-\\nerate loss, 1,500.\\nDec. 15. Tenn. At Murfreesboro Gen.\\nRousseau defeats the Confederate Gen.\\nForrest, who loses 1,500 men.\\nGeorge H. Thomas is commissioned\\nmajor-general in the L S. Army.\\nDec. 15\u00c2\u00b1. Va. Gen. Sheridan sends the\\nGth corps to reenforce Gen. Meade.\\n[Gen. Crook s corps soon follows.]\\nDec. 17. Ga. Gen. Sherman summons\\nGen. Hardee, to surrender Savannah.\\nKy. At Ashbyville Gen. McCook s\\ncavalry defeats the Confederates under\\nGen. Lyon.\\nDec. 20, 21. Ga. Gen. Hardee de-\\nstroys his ironclads and navy yard, and\\nwith 15,000 Confederate troops escapes\\nfrom Savannah during the night, and\\nretreats to Charleston.\\nDec. 21, B.C. Adm. Farragnt is made\\nvice-admiral a grade of rank corre-\\nsponding to that of general in the army.\\nDec. 22. Ga. Gen. Sherman estab-\\nlishes headquarters at Savannah, hav-\\ning lost 567 men in marching to the sea.\\nDec. 23. X. C. A powder-boat (250\\ntons) is blown up by the Federals to de-\\nstroy Fort Fisher the fort is uninjured.\\nDec. 24, 25. A C. Fort Fisher, near\\nWilmington, is bombarded by Adm.\\nPorter Gen. Butler, at the head of a\\nland force, prepares to storm it; but\\nfinally decides the work to he impreg-\\nnable, and retires. Federal loss, 195\\nmen Confederate loss. 100 killed and\\nwounded, besides 2S0 prisoners.\\nDec. 26, 27. Ala. Gen. Hood s shat-\\ntered army recrosses the Tennessee\\nRiver [and retreats to Tupelo, Miss.].\\nDec. 28. X. C. Gen. Butler returns with\\nhis force from Fort Fisher to Fortress\\nMonroe.\\nDec. 29. Ala. Miss. Col. W. J.\\nPalmer with only 600 men roves through\\nthe northern counties from Corinth to\\nOkalona, destroying Confederate sup-\\nplies and resources.\\n-65 The war becomes a continuous\\ncampaign, through summer and winter.\\n1865 Jan. 5. Miss. Gen. Grierson ter-\\nminates his raid at Vicksburg. after\\ndestroying 100 miles of railroad and cap-\\nturing 600 prisoners.\\nJan. 6. Va. Gen. Terry with 9,000 troops\\nleaves Fortress Monroe for an assault\\non Fort Fisher.\\nJan. 7. Colo. Julesburg is attacked by\\n1,600 Indians 19 soldiers and others are\\nkilled; the Indians are defeated.\\nJan. 8. Va. Gen. Butler is removed\\nfrom command of Army of the James\\nGen. Ord temporarily succeeds him.\\nJan. 10. D. C. Congress passes resolu-\\ntions of thanks to Gen. Sherman and\\nhis army.\\nJan. 11. IT. Va. At Beverly Federals\\nlose five killed, 20 wounded, and 5S3 pris-\\noners, and the Confederate force under\\nGen. Early occupies the town.\\nJan. 13-15. X. C. The Federals cap-\\nture Fort Fisher.\\n(Jan. 13.) Adm. Porter with more than\\n50 gunboats reaches and attacks Fort\\nFisher while Gen. Terry s army lands.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1864, Nov. 8-1865, Jan. 13. 241\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1864 Dec. New York. Theodore\\nThomas begins his symphony concerts.\\nNew York. Christopher P. Cranch of\\nCambridge, Mass., and Arthur Parton of\\nNew York are elected members of the\\nNational Academy of Design.\\nNew York. Edwin Booth plays Ham-\\nlet at the Winter Garden Theater.\\n0. The Soldiers* Monument in\\nSpring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, is\\ncompleted.\\nNitrous oxide gas is first used as an\\nanesthetic.\\nRipening of the Leaf is painted by\\nThomas Moran.\\nOctober Afternoon, is painted by J. F.\\nKensett.\\nScene from Buhner s Richelieu is\\npainted by Emanuel Leutze.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1864.\\nNov. IS. Gorman, John Berry, physician,\\n.author, A71.\\nNov. 20. Fairbanks. Erastus, mfr. of\\nscales, gov. of Vt., A72.\\nNov. 24. Nilhinan, Urnj., physicist, prof,\\nin Yale, A85.\\nNov. SO. Cleburne, Patrick R., Confed.\\nmaj.-gen., killed at battle of Franklin,\\nTenn., A36.\\nDoc. 1. Dayton, William Lewis, sen.\\nfor N. J., 1st rep. candidate for Vice-Pres.,\\nminister to France, A57,\\nDec. 10. Schoolcraft, Henry R., traveler,\\nethnologist, ATI.\\nDec. 15. Farnham, Eliza W., philanthro-\\npist, author, A49.\\nDec. 10. McClellaml, Alexander, clergy-\\nman, orientalist, A 68.\\nDec. 21. Frv, William H., composer, edi-\\ntor Philadelphia Gazette, A4!\\nDec. 25. Is oyes, William Curtis, jurist,\\npatriot, A59.\\nWallack, James William, actor, A70.\\nDec. 28. Orton, Azariah G., Pres. cl.,\\npoet, A 75.\\nDec. 31. Dallas, Geortre TVT.,sen. for Pa.,\\nmin. to Russia, lith Vice-Pres., min. to\\nEng., A72.\\nHowell, Joshua B., brig.-gen. U. S. vols.,\\nA 65.\\nKeen, Alpheus A., prof. Latin, Tufts\\nCollege, A3!\\nNewton, Eph. II., cl., naturalist, A77.\\nCHURCH.\\n1864 Dec. 15. Kan. Thomas Hubbard\\nVail is consecrated (Protestant Episco-\\npal) bishop of Kansas.\\nMich. The Michigan Conference (Free\\nMethodist) is organized.\\nN.J. The General Assembly (O. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Newark James\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Wood, moderator.\\n0. The General Assembly (N. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Dayton Thos.\\nBrainerd, moderator.\\n*The United Synod of the South is\\nunited with the General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian).\\nO. The Annual Convention of the\\nDisciples cf Christ is held at Cincin-\\nnati; A. Campbell, moderator.\\n*Phila. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets D. A. Wallace,\\nmoderator.\\nPhila. The Baptist Annual Meet-\\ning is held.\\nPa. The General Synod (Evangeli-\\ncal Lutheran) meets at York.\\nA rupture is caused in the synod\\nby the admission of the Franckean\\nSynod (N.Y.), which is alleged to be\\nheretical. The Pennsylvania Synod\\nwithdraws.\\n1865 Jan. 4. N. Y. Arthur Cleveland\\nCoxe is consecrated (Protestant Epis-\\ncopal) assistant bishop of Western New\\nYork.\\nLETTERS.\\n1S64 D. C. National Deaf Mute\\nCollege (non-sect.) is organized.\\nMass. Lasell Seminary (Meth. Epis.)\\nis organized.\\nMo. Central Wesleyan College\\n(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Warrenton.\\nN. Y. The Standard- Union is issued\\nat Brooklyn.\\nPa. The Commercial Gazette is issued\\nat Pittsburg.\\nAzarian, by H. P. Spofford, appears.\\nMan and Nature, by George P. Marsh,\\nappears.\\nThe Old Regime in Canada, by Fran-\\ncis Parkman, appears.\\nWebster s Dictionary, a new and en-\\nlarged edition, appears, containing\\n114,000 words and 3,000 illustrations.\\nThe American Conflict, Yol. I., by\\nHorace Greely, appears.\\nLife of Benjamin Franklin, by James\\nParton, appears.\\nJohn Godfrey s Fortunes, by Bayard\\nTaylor, appeal s.\\nFireside Travels, by James Russell\\nLowell, appears.\\nWet Days at Edgewood, by Ik Marvel,\\nappears.\\nOut of His Head, by Lyman Abbott,\\nappears.\\nThe Maine Woods, by H. D. Thoreau,\\nappears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1864 Nov. 25. New York. An attempt\\nis made to burn hotels. [Robert Ken-\\nnedy is arrested and hanged. See Army.]\\nCal. The Union Club at San Fran-\\ncisco is organized.\\nMd. The First National Labor Con-\\ngress meets in Baltimore.\\nN. Y. The Binghamton Asylum for\\nInebriates the first in history is\\nopened.\\nW. Va. A hospital for the insane is\\nopened by the State at Weston.\\nThe Cigarmakers* International\\nUnion is organized.\\nThe labor movement takes new life,\\nand labor organizations multiply.\\nSTATE.\\n1S64 Nov. 8. U.S. The 20th presiden-\\ntial election Republicans are elected.\\nPopular vote Abraham Lincoln of\\n111. (Rep.), 2,216,007; George B. Mc-\\nClellan of N. J. (Dem.), 1,80S,725.\\nLincoln and Johnson carry 22 States,\\nMcClellan and Pendleton, three 11\\n(Southern) States do not vote.\\nNov. Chicago. A conspiracy to lib-\\nerate the Confederate prisoners at\\nCamp Douglas is detected the leaders\\nare arrested. [.The conspirators are tried\\nand convicted by court-martial at Cin-\\ncinnati.]\\nDec. 5. D. C. The 38th Congress: the\\nsecond session opens.\\nDec. 6. D. C. Congress receives Presi-\\ndent Lincoln s message. In it he says\\nFondly do we hope, fervently do we\\npray, that this mighty scourge of war\\nmay speedily pass away. Yet if God\\nwills that it continue, until all the\\nwealth piled by the 1 ondsman s 250\\nyears of unrequited toil shall be sunk,\\nand until every drop of blood drawn\\nwith the lash shall be repaid with an-\\nother drawn by the sword, it must\\nbe said the judgments of the Lord are\\ntrue and righteous altogether.\\nHe recommends the adoption of the\\n13th Amendment by the House\\nIf the people should, by whatever\\nmode or means, make it an executive\\nduty to reenslave such persons, another,\\nnot I, must he their instrument to per-\\nform it.\\nDec. 17. D. C. The Secretary of State\\nrequires passports to be shown by per-\\nsons entering the United States, except\\nimmigrants who arrive by sea.\\nDec. 19. President Lincoln calls for\\n300,000 more volunteers. Total number,\\nsince March, 1862, 1,000,000 men.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-68 Ark. Isaac MurpUy.\\n-68 la. Win. M. Stone.\\n-66 Ida. (Ter.). Caleb Lyon.\\n-65 La. Michael Hahn.\\n-67 Me. Samuel Corry.\\n-66 Minn. Stephen Miller.\\n-65 Miss. Charles Clarke.\\n-69 Mo. Thomas C. Fletcher.\\n-65 Mont. (Ter.). Sidney Edgerton.\\n-71* *Nev.(Ter.). Henry G. Blaisdell.\\n-65 O. John Brough.\\n-65 S. C. A. G. Magrath.\\n-68 Va. Francis H. Pierpont.\\n-65 U. (Ter.). James D. Doty.\\n1865 Jan. 1. D. C. Congress raises\\nthe tax on distilled spirits to S2.00 per\\nproof -gallon.\\nJan. 6. D. C. Congress House J. M.\\nAshley of O. reintroduces the 13th\\nAmendment. [A long debate ensues.]\\nJan. 9. Tenn. A popular convention\\nmeets at Nashville to reorganize the\\nState on a loyal basis.\\nJan. 11. Mo. An ordinance abolishing\\nslavery is adox ted by the Constitutional\\nConvention at St. Louis.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1864 Nov. Southern States. The Con-\\nfederate doUar is worth 4^ cents.\\nDec. 22. The steamship North America\\nfrom New Orleans is sunk at sea nearly\\n200 lives are lost (mostly sick soldiers).\\n111. Oakwcod Cemetery, near Chi-\\ncago, is established.\\nInd. Street-cars are introduced in In-\\ndianapolis.\\n1865 Jan. 1. Nexo York. Price of mid-\\ndling upland cotton, IIS to 120 cents;\\nprice of the gold dollar, 121% cents.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "242 1865, Jan. 13-Mar. 4.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1865 (Jan. 14.) The bombardment by\\nthe navy continues. (See p. 240).\\n(Jan. 15.) Fort Fisher is carried by\\nassault by Gen. N. M. Curtis of Gen.\\nTerry s army, aided by 400 marines and\\n600 sailors, and the continued bombard-\\nment of Adm. Porter s fleet.\\nTotal Federal losses, 184 killed and\\n749 wounded, 22 missing. Confederate\\nloss, 2,483 men and 72 guns.\\nJan. 14. S. C. At Focotaligo the Con-\\nfederates are repulsed, losing 50 men.\\nJan. 16. A*~. C. The Confederates blow\\nup their cruisers, the Chickamauga and\\nthe Tallahassee, also Fort Caswell near\\nFort Fisher, on the Cape Fear River.\\nAt Fort Fisher 300 Federal soldiers are\\nkilled or wounded by the accidental ex-\\nplosion of a magazine.\\nJan. 17. 8. C. In Charleston Harbor\\nthe Confederates blow up the Federal\\nmonitor Patapsco with a torpedo seven\\nofficers and 65 men go down with the\\nvessel.\\nJan. 18. N. C. Three blockade-runners\\nenter Cape Fear River and are captured\\nby the Federals, who now hold posses-\\nJan. 19. Va. The Confederate Congress\\ndisplaces Jefferson Davis as com-\\nmander-in-chief of the Confederate\\nArmy, by appointing Robert E. Lee to\\nthat office.\\nJan. 23. Miss. At his own request Gen.\\nHood is relieved of the command of\\nhis shattered and demoralized army.\\nJan. The leading conspirators for the\\nrelease of Confederate prisoners con-\\nfined at Camp Douglas, Chicago, are\\nconvicted by court-martial.\\nFeb. 1. Ga. Gen. Sherman leaves\\nSavannah on his northward march.\\nFeb. 3. Can. The Canadian authorities\\nsurrender Bennett G. Bailey, one of the\\nSt. Albans raiders, to the U. S. Govern-\\nment.\\nS. C. At Salkehatchie the Confed-\\nerates are repulsed.\\nFeb. 5. W. Va. At Moorefield Col.\\nWhit taker surprises and breaks up the\\nConfederate camp of Gen. Harry Gil-\\nmor the guerrilla leader himself is cap-\\ntured. Whittaker s command consisting\\nof 300 mounted men, marched 140 miles\\nin 48 hours, crossing rivers and moun-\\ntains.\\nFeb. 5-7. Va. At Hatcher s Run and\\nDabney s Mills Gen. Grant s troops\\ndrive back the Confederates.\\nThe latter being reenforeed, the Fed-\\nerals are in turn repulsed and forced to\\nretire, losing 232 killed, 1,062 wounded,\\nand 186 prisoners. Confederate loss,\\n1,200 men, Gen. Pegram being among\\nthe killed.\\nFeb. 8. S. C. At Williston Station the\\nConfederates are repulsed.\\nFeb. 9. D. C. Gen. John M. Schofield\\nis appointed to command in North Caro-\\nlina.\\nGen. Robert E. Lee assumes com-\\nmand of all the armies of the Confed-\\neracy.\\nFeb. 10. Ky. Gen. Burbridge is relieved\\nfrom command of the district of Ken-\\ntucky by Gen. John M. Palmer.\\nS. ft At James Island Gen. Sher-\\nman s right column effects a landing,\\nlosing 80 men killed.\\nFeb. 11. X. C. Near Wilmington Gen.\\nTerry loses 60 men Confederate loss,\\n100.\\nS. C. At Aiken the Federal cavalry\\nunder Gen. Kilpatrick engages the Con-\\nfederate cavalry under Gen. Wheeler.\\nFeb. 15. S. C. AtCongaree Creek the\\nConfederates are repulsed.\\nFeb. 16. Va. The Federals destroy the\\nConfederate iron-works in the Shenan-\\ndoah Valley.\\nFeb. 17. S. C. Gen. Sherman s army\\nreaches Columbia, the capital of the\\nState it enters unopposed, the Confed-\\nerates under Gens. Beauregard and\\nWade Hampton having retreated.\\nAfter the Federals enter, a fire breaks\\nout, which destroys much of the city.\\n[Gen. Sherman and the Confederate gen-\\neral, Wade Hampton, recriminate each\\nother as to responsibility for the confla-\\ngration, Hampton insisting that it is\\nan act of deliberate vandalism on the\\npart of the Federals Sherman, that it is\\nowing to the recklessness of the Confed-\\nerates in firing a large amount of cotton\\nbefore they abandoned the place.]\\nOwing to the success of Gen. Sherman\\nin the interior, the Confederates under\\nGen. Hardee are compelled to retire\\nfrom Charleston; [the city is occupied\\non the 18th by Gen. Foster, who extin-\\nguishes a destructive conflagration kin-\\ndled by the retreating Confederates.]\\nFeb. 19. jV. C. Fort Anderson is cap-\\ntured by the Federals Gens. Schofield\\nand Terry, with Adm. Porter, lose 100\\nmen Confederate Gen. Hoke loses 60\\nprisoners, beside the killed and wounded.\\nS. C. Charleston is placed under\\nmartial law by the Federals.\\nFeb. 20. X. C. At Town Creek sev-\\neral slight engagements occur. Federal\\nloss, 200 killed; Confederate loss, 363\\nprisoners.\\nFeb. 21. TV. Va. At Cumberland Gens.\\nCrook and Kelley are captured in their\\nbeds by Confederate guerrillas.\\nFeb. 22. X. C. Wilmington is occu-\\npied by the Federals, who lose 200 killed\\nConfederate loss, 1,072 prisoners.\\nFeb. 24. X. F. John Y. Beall of Va.,\\na Confederate spy, is hanged at Fort La-\\nfayette.\\nFeb. 25. X. C. Gen. Beauregard, en-\\nfeebled by illness, is superseded in com-\\nmand of the Confederate forces in North\\nCarolina by Gen. Joseph FJ. Johnston.\\nFeb. 25.-Mar. 26. Va. Gen. Sher-\\nidan, with 10,000 cavalry, makes a raid\\nthrough Waynesboro, Staunton, and\\nthe country southward, until he joins\\nGrant s army before Petersburg.\\nMar. 1. Adm. Dahlgren s flag-ship, the\\nHarvest Moon, is blown up by a Confed-\\nerate torpedo.\\nMar. 2. Va. Near Waynesboro Gen.\\nCuster, commanding a division of Gen.\\nSheridan s cavalry, surprises and defeats\\nGen. Early, capturing 1,600 prisoners, 11\\nguns, 17 battle-flags, and 200 loaded\\nsupply wagons. Federal Loss, iess than\\na dozen men. [The next day Sheridan\\nenters Charlottesville.]\\nGen. Lee proposes to Gen. Grant that\\na meeting of the two commanding gen-\\nerals be had, for an interchange of views\\nlooking toward a military convention to\\narrange terms of peace.\\nMar. 3. D.C. The President orders Gen\\nGrant to decline the conference with\\nGen. Lee.\\nS. C. At Cheraw Gen. Howard de-\\nfeats the Confederates under Gens.\\nHardee and Hampton, who are forced\\nto retire by Gen. Sherman s flank move-\\nment.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1865 Feb. 10. London. The gold medal\\nof the Royal Astronomical Society is\\nawarded to G. P. Bond, astronomer of\\nHarvard University.\\nBIRTHS -DEATHS.\\n1865\\nJan. 13. Brownell, Thomas C, P. E. bishop\\nof Conn., author, Abti.\\nJan. 15. Everett, Edward, orator, Gov. of\\nMass., sen., minister to Kng., pres. of Har-\\nvard, sec. of.siate, A7I.\\nHarper, Joseph M.. plivsician, M. C. for\\nN.H., A77.\\nJan. 16. Bell, Louis, col. U. S. A., A29.\\nJan. 21. Wbeelock, Charles, brig. -gen. U.S.\\nvols., A53.\\nJan. 23. Bacon. David F., plivs., au., A53.\\nFeb. 5. Gilliss, James M..astrbnoruer,A54.\\nFeb. 6. Pegram, John, Confed. maj.-gen.,\\nA 33.\\nFeb. 17. Bond, George Phillips, astron-\\nomer, A39.\\nFeb. 18. Conant, Hannah O Brien Chap-\\nlin, editor, author, translator, A53.\\nCHURCH.\\n1S65 Jan. 25. 7 a. Jefferson Davis\\nproclaims a public fast, to be observed\\nthroughout the Confederacy, on March\\n15.\\nLETTERS.\\n1865 Jan. 25. D. C. The library of\\nthe Smithsonian Institution at Washing-\\nton is burned.\\nFeb. 2. Mont. The Historical Society\\nis incorporated.\\nFeb. 22. Ky. An agricultural college\\nis established.\\nFeb. Ky. The Universities of Tran-\\nsylvania and Kentucky are consolidated\\nby an act of the Legislature.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S65 Jan. 10. Phila. A meeting is held\\nto raise funds to send relief to the suf-\\nfering Confederates at Savannah.\\nJan. 14. New York. Two vessels sail\\nwith supplies for the suffering Con-\\nfederates at Savannah. Fluids were\\nraised at a public meeting held on\\nJan. 11.\\nJan. 27. Xetc York. The Ladies* Loyal\\nLeague sends a petition, bearing 100.000\\nsignatures, to Congress, asking for gen-\\neral emancipation.\\nJan. Xev. The Free Masons Grand\\nLodge of Nevada is organized.\\nFeb. 1. John S. Rock, a negro of pure\\nblood, is the first of his race to be ad-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1865, Jan. 13 -Mar. 4. 243\\nmitted to practice in the Supreme\\nCourt of the United States.\\nD. C. Congress abolishes slavery\\nas an institution in the United States.\\nFeb. New York. The Union League\\nClub is incorporated.\\nMar. Apr. D. C. A conspiracy is\\nformed to create anarchy by the as-\\nsassination of the chief officers of the\\nGovernment.\\nThe conspirators are John Wilkes\\nBooth, George A. Atzerot, Dr. S. A.\\nMudd, Lewis Payne (Powell), David\\nHerrold, John H. Surratt, Mrs. Mary E.\\nSurratt, Michael O Laughlin, Samuel\\nArnold, and Edward Spangler.\\nIt is planned that Booth shall assassi-\\nnate President Lincoln Atzerodt, Vice-\\nPresident Johnson Payne, Secretary of\\nState Seward; O Laughlin, Gen. Grant.\\n[Gen. Grant s absence in Philadelphia\\ncaused his escape from attack.]\\nMar. 3. D.C. Congress passes the Freed-\\nmen s Bureau Act the object of the\\nmeasure is to control all matters relat-\\ning to negroes and freedmen. It also\\nprovides for the establishment of a\\nNaval and Military Asylum in the\\nDistrict of Columbia, which is to be\\nmaintained by the Government.\\n1865 Jan. 17. Ga. The President ap-\\npoints James Johnson provisional gov-\\nJan. 26\u00c2\u00b1. Tenn. A State Convention\\nheld at Nashville passes a Constitutional\\nAmendment prohibiting slavery.\\nJan. 28. Va. Jefferson Davis requests\\nAlexander H. Stephens of Ga. (Vice-\\nPres.), R. M. T. Hunter of Va. (Ex-Sec.\\nof State), and John A. Campbell of Ala.\\n(Asst. Sec. of War), to proceed to Wash-\\nington as peace commissioners, to\\nhold an informal conference with Presi-\\ndent Lincoln.\\nThe Confederate House of Representa-\\ntives at Richmond authorizes the enlist-\\nment of negroes.\\nJan. 29. Va. The three Confederate\\npeace commissioners present them-\\nselves at the Union lines, near Rich-\\nmond, for passage to Washington.\\nJan. 31. D.C. Congress. The House\\npasses the resolution for the 13th\\nAmendment to the Constitution\\nabolishing slavery, amid tumultuous\\napplause. Vote, 119-56, the yeas include\\n10 Democratic votes. The resolution goes\\ntotheSenate. [Apr.8.Passes. Vote, 38-6.]\\nFeb. 1. D. C. The three Confederate\\ncommissioners reach Fortress Mon-\\nroe Secretary Seward leaves Wash-\\nington to meet them at Gen. Grant s\\nheadquarters.\\nIII. The Legislature ratifies the Con-\\nstitutional Amendment for emanci-\\npation\u00e2\u0080\u0094the first of the States to do\\nso.\\nVa. The three Commissioners recede\\nfrom their terms (complying with the\\nPresident s conditions) contained in a\\nnote to Gen, Grant, and are notified that\\nthey can proceed no farther. [They re-\\nconsider their decision on the 2d.]\\nFeb. 2. D. C. Mr. Lincoln telegraphs\\nthe peace commission that he will\\nstart immediately to meet them.\\nThe legislatures of Rhode Island and\\nMichigan ratify the 13th Amendment.\\nFeb. 2, 3. Va. President Lincoln, ac-\\ncompanied by Secretary Seward, holds a\\npeace conference at Hampton Roads\\nwith three Confederate representatives,\\nStephens, Hunter, and Campbell.\\nMr. Lincoln s conditions of peace\\nthe restoration of Federal authority\\nin all the States the maintenance of\\npositions already taken on the subject\\nof slavery no suspension of military\\noperations till every hostile force is dis-\\nbanded. The Confederate commis-\\nsioners insist upon final and complete\\nseparation as the only basis of negotia-\\ntion. The conference fails.\\nFeb. 3. The Legislatures of New York,\\nMaryland, Massachusetts, Pennsylva-\\nnia, and West Virginia ratify the 13th\\nAmendment. [Feb. 7, Maine; Feb. 8,\\nKansas and Minnesota Feb. 9, Virginia\\nFeb. 13, Indiana Feb. 16, Nevada Feb.\\n21, Wisconsin Feb. 24, Missouri Mar. 9,\\nVermont April, Arkansas May 4, Con-\\nnecticut June 30, New Hampshire.]\\nFeb. 7. Va. The Confederate Senate\\ndefeats the measure for raising an army\\nof 200,000 negroes.\\nFeb. D. C. Congress adopts a joint\\nrule directing that no electoral vote\\nobjected to shall be counted, except by\\nthe concurrent votes of the two Houses.\\nFeb. 8. D. C. Congress counts the\\nelectoral vote.\\nVote for President Lincoln (Rep.),\\n213; McClellan (Dem.), 21. Vote for\\nVice-President Andrew Johnson\\n(Rep.) of Tenn., 213; George H. Pen-\\ndleton (Dem.) of O., 21. Necessary to a\\nchoice, 117.\\nCongress receives a special message\\nfrom President Lincoln announcing that\\nhe had signed the joint reconstruc-\\ntion resolution in deference to the view\\nof Congress, implied in its passage and\\npresentation.\\nFeb. 17. D. C. Congress: the Senate\\nrepudiates the Confederate debt.\\nFeb. 18. S. C. The Federal flag is\\nagain raised at Charleston.\\nFeb. 22. Tenn. The new Constitution\\nis ratified. Vote, 25,263-48.\\nFeb. 23. Ky. The Legislature refuses\\nto ratify the 13th Amendment.\\nFeb. D. C. President Lincoln an-\\nnounces an addition to the army of\\n150,000 conscripts.\\nFeb. Va. The Confederate Congress\\nissues an address to the Southern people.\\nThe Southern States, would be held\\nas conquered provinces by the despotic\\nGovernment at Washington kept in\\nsubjugation by military power,\\nand socially degraded to the level of\\nslaves.\\nVa. The Confederate Congress pro-\\nvides for the enlistment of slaves who\\nmay volunteer their services in defense\\nof the Confederacy.\\nMar. 1. N. J. The Legislature rejects\\nthe 13th Amendment to the Federal\\nConstitution, making emancipation uni-\\nversal.\\nMar. 2. D. C. Congress passes the\\nMilitary Reconstruction Act.\\nMar. 3. D. C. Congress authorizes the\\nSecretary of the Treasury to borrow\\n$600,000,000 on bonds, with interest\\nnot exceeding 6 per cent., payable in\\ncoin. [The last war-loan.]\\nIt passes an act for the establishment\\nof a Freedmen s JBureau for the re-\\nlief and control of refugees, freedmen,\\nand abandoned lands.\\nIt imposes a tax of 10 per cent on the\\nnotes issued by State banks after July 1,\\n1866 increases the rate of the income\\ntax from 5 to 10 per cent for incomes\\nover \u00c2\u00a75,000, the $600 exemption remain-\\ning as before.\\nThe House repudiates all obligations\\nfor the Confederate debt.\\nLa the Senate, Andrew Johnson, the\\nVice-President, takes the oath of office.\\nMar. 4. D.C. The 38th Congress ends.\\nThe 16th Administration continued.\\nAbraham Lincoln of 111., the 16th\\nPresident, erters his second term,\\nthe 20th of the presidency. Andrew\\nJohnson of Tenn. is Vice-President.\\nWith malice towards none, with\\ncharity for all, with firmness in the\\nright, as God gives us to see the right,\\nlet us strive on to finish the work we\\nare in to bind up the nation s wounds\\nto care for him who shall have borne the\\nbattle, and for his widow and his or-\\nphan to do all which may achieve and\\ncherish a just and a lasting peace among\\nourselves and with all nations. (Lin-\\ncoln s Inaugural Address.)\\nThe President calls an extra session\\nof the Senate. The Senate meets.\\nU. S. The salaries of Congress-\\nmen become $5,000 a year, besides 20\\ncents a mile for traveling expenses.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1865 Jan. Southern States. The Con-\\nfederate dollar is worth 2i cents.\\nJan. New York. Paper sells at high\\nprices first class commercial note, 55 to\\n60 cents a pound; common, 40 and 45\\ncents rag paper for printers, 22 to 25\\ncents, and straw paper, 20 and 22 cents\\nmanilla wrapping paper, 18 to 20 cents.\\nFeb. 4. Nev. A t unn el four miles long,\\nto afford drainage to the Comstock lode\\n1,600 feet deep is undertaken and a\\ncharter is issued.\\nFeb. 8. Phila. A fire causes 20 deaths\\nand the loss of $500,000 in property.\\nFeb. 16. By permission of Confederate\\nofficials, cotton is allowed to be carried\\nto the New York market to buy\\nblankets for prisoners the cargoes of\\nthe first two vessels sell for $6,000,000.\\nFeb. 17. Va. A Confederate paper\\ndollar is worth two cents.\\nSeveral States take steps early in the\\nyear to extend the elective franchise\\nto negroes they having been excluded\\nin all, except Maine, Vermont, New\\nHampshire, and Massachusetts.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "244 1865, Mar. 6. -Apr. 8.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1865 Mar. 6. N~. C. Gen. Sherman s\\narmy crosses the Pedee Eiver.\\nMar. S. N. C. At Kinston Gens. Cox\\n;ind Couch of Gen. Schofield s command\\nrepulse the Confederates under Gens.\\nHill and Hoke, wiLh a loss of 2,000. Fed-\\neral loss, 300.\\nMar. 9. JV. C. At Kinston (Wilcox s\\nBridge, Wise s Fork), Gen. Schofield de-\\nfeats the Confederate Gen. Bragg; Fed-\\nerals lose 80 killed, 421 wounded, and 000\\nprisoners Confederate loss, 1,500 men.\\nMar. 10. N. C. Near Jackson s Mills\\nGen. Wade Hampton surprises and\\nrouts the Federal cavalry under Gen.\\nKilpatrick.\\nThe latter narrowly escapes capture,\\nand loses 1,500 prisoners and several\\nfuns Ivilpatriek rallies the remnant of\\nis command, defeats the Confederates,\\nand recaptures the lost guns.\\nNear Goldsboro Gen. Cox repulses an\\nattack of Confederates under Gen. Hoke;\\nFederal loss, 300; Confederate, 1,500.\\nVa. Gen. Sheridan s cavalry ar-\\nrives at Columbia.\\nMar. 11. N, C. Gen. Sherman takes\\npossession of Fayetteville [and de-\\nstroys the Confederate arsenal and valu-\\nable military stores].\\nMar. 15. N. C. Gen. Sherman leaves\\nFayetteville, and crosses the Cape Fear\\nRiver for Goldsboro.\\nMar. 15.-Apr. 13. Tenn. Gen. Stone-\\nmanmakes a brilliant raid from ICnox-\\nville into North Carolina and Virginia,\\nwhere he operates for several weeks\\nConfederate stores are captured, rail-\\nroads are torn up, and bridges burned.\\nThe Federal loss is small, while the Con-\\nfederates lose COO killed and wounded,\\nbesides 2,000 prisoners and 14 guns.\\nMar. 16. N. C. At Averysboro* Gen.\\nSlocum defeats and pursues 20,000 Con-\\nfederates under Gen. Hardee Federal\\nloss, 77 killed and 477 wounded Confed-\\nerate loss, 327 killed, and 373 wounded\\nor prisoners.\\nMar. 10. Va. Gen. Sheridan s army\\nreaches White House, near Gen. Meade s\\nlines.\\nMar. 19-21. JV r C. Battle of Benton-\\nville; Gen. Slocum s division of Sher-\\nman s army is suddenly attacked by Gen.\\nJohnston, and the safety of the entire\\narmy is imperiled.\\nThe Confederates make six desperate\\nassaults, and then withdraw Federal\\nloss, 191 killed, 1,103 wounded, and 2S7\\nprisoners Confederate loss, 2,825.\\nMar. 21. N. C. Gen. Slocum occupies\\nGoldsboro.\\nMar. 22.-Apr. 24. Tenn. Gen. Wil-\\nson with 13,000 men, chiefly mounted,\\nand six batteries, makes a raid to\\nassist in the capture of Mobile and to\\ndestroy Confederate stores he is pro-\\nvided with a supply train of 250 light\\nwagons, and a pontoon train of 30 boats,\\nconveyed on 56 wagons.\\nFederal loss, 99 killed, 59S wounded,\\nand 28 prisoners Confederate loss, 1,200\\nkilled and wounded. G,S2fi prisoners, 288\\ngun* Wilson parnh-H 5 .i.x7,s other pris-\\nMar. 22. Tenn, Gen. Thomas sends\\nGen. Stoneman s force towards Lynch-\\nburg, Va., to head off the expected\\nretreat of Gen. Lee.\\nMar. 23. iV. C. Gen. Sherman arrives at\\nGoldsboro where he joins the armies of\\nGens. Schofield and Terry. The united\\narmies number 900,000 men.\\nMar. 24. Va. Gen. Grant issues an\\norder for a grand advance of the army\\nto the left, to prevent the escape of Gen.\\nLee total force, 124,700, including\\n13,000 cavalry; Gen. Lee s force is 57,-\\n000, including G,000 cavalry.\\nMar, 25. Va. Fort Steadman, near\\nPetersburg, is assaulted by Gen. Lee,\\nand a gap is made in the Federal lines.\\nGen. Gordon surprises and captures\\nthe fort in the early morning with little\\nresistance. It is soon recovered by the\\nFederals, who also advance their line.\\nFederal loss, 6S killed, 3;s7 wounded, 006\\nmissing; Confederate loss, 2,G81.\\nGen. Sheridan s cavalry, after raid-\\ning the Confederate communications,\\narrives from the Shenandoah Valley, at\\nCity Point, to join Gen. Grant.\\nAla. At Pine Barren Creek Gen.\\nSteele defeats 800 Confederate cavalry\\nunder Gen. Clanton, who loses 200 men,\\nkilled and wounded, besides 275 prison-\\ners.\\nN. Y. At Fort Lafayette R. C. Ken-\\nnedy is hanged as a Confederate spy;\\nhe was concerned in the attempt to burn\\nNew York City.\\nMar. 25-Apr. 9. Ala. Gen. Canby\\nbesieges Mobile. Federal loss, 100\\nkilled, G93 wounded Confederate loss,\\n552 killed and wounded, besides 30 guns.\\n(Mar. 27.) Gen. Canby invests Spanish\\nFort and Fort Blakely, which protect\\nthe city of Mobile. (See Apr. 8.)\\nSpanish Fort is attacked by the Fed-\\neral land force, 30,000 strong, under\\nGen. A. J. Smith, and the navy under\\nAdm. Thatcher.\\nAt Mitchell s Fork Gen. Steele defeats\\nS00 Confederates.\\n(Mar. 28.) In Mobile Bay, the Confeder-\\nates blow up and sink the monitor\\nMilwaukee, before Fort Blakely.\\n(Mar. 29.) The monitor Osage is blown\\nup by a Confederate torpedo.\\nMar. 23. N~. C. Gen. Stoneman, on a\\ncavalry raid, captures Boone.\\nVa. Gen. Sheridan drives Gen. Bush-\\nrod Johnson from the Quaker Road,\\neach army losing about 500 men.\\nMar. 29. Ala. Gen. Steele, with a divis-\\nion of Gen. Canby s army, arrives be-\\nfore Fort Blakely, near Mobile, after\\ncapturing Canton, with 275 Confeder-\\nates. [Other forces soon arrive.]\\nVa. Gen. Sheridan s cavalry\\nreaches Dinwiddie Cou: t-House. A\\nheavy storm of rain comes on in the\\nnight [and continues 24 hours].\\nMar. 30. Va. Gen. Sheridan s cavalry\\nadvances to Five Forks.\\nMar. 31. Ala. At Montevallo Gen.\\nWilson s cavalry destroys furnaces and\\nX. C. Gen. Sherman returns to\\nGoldsboro after visiting Gen. Grant at\\nCity Point, Va.\\nFa. Gen. Sheridan is forced back\\nfrom Five Forks to Dinwiddie Court-\\nHouse by Pickett s infantry (7000), united\\nwith the Confederate cavalry Gen.\\nPickett returns to Five Forks.\\nBattle of Boydtcn and White Oak\\nRoads. Gen. Lee attacks Gen. Ayres*\\ndivision of Gen. Warren s advance,\\ndrives it back on the main line at Grav-\\nelly Run, and then is himself driven\\nhack to his entrenchments; Federal loss,\\n177 killed, 1,131 wounded, and 550 pris-\\noners Confederate loss, 1,235 men.\\nAbout 500 soldiers perish in the burn-\\ning of the transport General Lyon, off\\nCape Hatteras.\\nApr. 1. Va Gen. Sheridan appears in\\nGen. Lee s front, at Dinwiddie Court-\\nHouse Sheridan is reenforced by Gen.\\nWarren s corps.\\nBattle of Five Forks. Gen. Sheri-\\ndan, assisted by Gens. Warren, Ayres,\\nand Merritt, turns the front of the Con-\\nfederates, under Gen. Pickett, driving\\nthem out of their entrenchments, and\\npressing their disorderly flight.\\nFederal loss, 124 killed, 706 wounded,\\nand 54 prisoners; Confederate loss,\\n8,500, including 6,000 prisoners and their\\nartillery.\\nGen. Sheridan relieves Gen. Warren\\nof command, and appoints Gen. Grirlin\\nhis successor. [Twelve years later a\\ncourt of inquiry decides that Gen. War-\\nren did his whole duty.]\\nAla. The Iiodolph is sunk by the Con-\\nfederates before Fort Blakely.\\nApr. 2. Va. At Petersburg Gen.\\nWright assaults and captures the Con-\\nferate main works in his front, where in\\n15 minutes he loses 1,100 men he then\\nsweeps out the batteries at Hatcher B\\nRun, capturing 3,000 prisoners.\\nGen. Parke assaults and captures the\\nConfederate outer lines, but is driven\\nback from the strong interior lines by\\nGen. Gordon.\\nGen. Humphreys, with Gen. Hay s di-\\nvision, attacks and captures the Confed-,\\nerate redoubt at Crow s Nest.\\nGens. R. S. Foster and J. W. Turner of\\nGen. Gibbon s corps capture Forts Gregg\\nand Wit worth west of Petersburg. The\\nConfederate Lieut.-Gen. A. P. Hill is\\nkilled.\\nKichmond is abandoned by the Gov-\\nernment of the Confederacy about two\\no clock in the afternoon.\\nAt Richmond the Confederates blow\\nlip their forts and iron-clads, prepara-\\ntory to the evacuation of the city.\\nRichmond is evacuated in the night\\nby Gen. Lee; he retreats in a south-\\nwesterly direction, hoping to unite his\\nforces with those of Gen. Johnston in\\nNorth Carolina; Gen. Grant prepares\\nfor the great struggle of the next day.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1865, Mar. 6 -Apr. 8. 245\\nAla. At Ebenezer Church, on Big\\nMulberry Creek, Gen. Wilson defeats\\nGen. Forrest, who loses 300 prisoners\\nand three guns.\\nGen. Wilson captures Selma; Col.\\nRoddey and 3,000 men are made prison-\\ners the surrender includes a large\\namount of war material stored in the\\ntown.\\nApr. 3 Va. Fall of Petersburg Gen\\nGrant s vigorous assault causes the evac-\\nuation of the city; Gen. Lee notifies\\nJefferson Davis that Petersburg and\\nRichmond must be abandoned.\\nFederal loss, 296 killed, 2,596 wounded,\\nand 500 prisoners Confederate loss,\\nabout 3,000.\\nThe flight of the Confederate army\\nfrom Richmond and its pursuit both\\nbegin about the same time Gen. Lee\\npushes toward Amelia Court-House;\\nfighting occurs between cavalry forces.\\nRichmond is occupied by Federal\\nGen. Weitzel s command (colored troops)\\nat 8.15 a.m. It finds a formidable con-\\nflagration in the city, started by the re-\\ntreating Confederates. Grant s losses in\\ntwo days, S,000 Lee s losses, 9,000.\\nApr. 4. Va. At Richmond President\\nLincoln receives army officers in the\\nlate residence of Jefferson Davis.\\nGen. Sheridan gets his cavalry into\\nposition eight miles southwest of Ame-\\nlia Court-House, where Gen. Lee s\\narmy is resting, and there entrenches\\nThe Confederates are obliged to forage\\nfor food, and thereby lose the day.\\nApr. 5. Va. Gen. Lee turns his flee-\\ning army westward to reach Lynch-\\nburg; he is pursued and harassed by\\nGens. Sheridan and Meade.\\nGen. Grant orders Gen. Sheridan to\\nattack Gen. Lee at Amelia Court-\\nHouse.\\nApr. 6. Va. A series of obstinate battles\\ntake place. Gen. Humphreys drives Gen.\\nGordon down the creek, and captures\\n1,700 men of Gen. Lee s army, and a\\nlarge part of his main trains.\\nGen. Lee s retreating army is con-\\nfronted by the Federals, and fights the\\nbattle of Sailor s Creek with persistent\\ncourage infantry, artillery, and cavalry\\nare all engaged in a severe action Gen.\\nEwell s corps of 7,000 men surrenders to\\nGen. Sheridan.\\nFederal loss, 166 killed and 1,014\\nwounded Confederate loss is not re-\\nported 7,700 prisoners and 14 guns are\\ntaken.\\nAt High Bridge, on the Appomattox\\nRiver, Federals lose 10 killed, 31\\nwounded, and 1,000 prisoners.\\nGen. Grant is unable to bring on a de-\\ncisive battle at night Gen. Lee re-\\nsumes his retreat westward.\\nApr. 7. Va. At Farmville the Confed-\\nerates gain a slight success, Gen.\\nMiles s cavalry division being repulsed\\nby Gens. Rosser and T. T. Munford all\\nthe Federal officers are killed, and the\\ncommand (655 men) is captured.\\nAt Wytheville Gen. Stoneman s\\ncavalry destroys a large quantity of\\nConfederate stores, after rendering use-\\nless 90 miles of railroad west of Lynch-\\nburg.\\nGen. Grant sends a summons to Gen.\\nLee to prevent further effusion of blood\\nby surrendering the Army of Northern\\nVirginia.\\nGen. Lee wishes to know on what\\nconditions the surrender of his army\\nwill be received.\\nThe remnant of Gen. Lee s army\\nsteals away in the night. [The 2d and\\n6th corps pursue it all the next day.]\\nApr. 8. Ala. Spanish Fort, defending\\nMobile, is assaulted by the Federals, and\\npart of the entrenchments are carried\\nby Gen. Canby; 350 prisoners are taken.\\n[The Confederates escape at night, but\\nlose 600 prisoners.]\\nFort Blakely, near Mobile, is taken\\nby assault, after bombardment by Gen.\\nCanby and Adm. Thatcher Federal loss,\\n113 killed and 516 wounded the Confed-\\nerates under Gen. Taylor lose 500 men,\\nbesides 300 prisoners. (See Mar. 25.)\\nN. Y. The Government discharges\\nthe last of the political prisoners con-\\nfined at Fort Lafayette.\\nVa. At Appomattox Station Gen.\\nSheridan succeeds in thrusting into\\nGen. Lee s front Gen. George A. Cus-\\nter s cavalry near night it captures four\\nprovision trains, and drives the Confed-\\nerates towards the Court-House.\\nGen. Lee sends a second letter to Gen.\\nGrant proposing negotiations for\\npeace, but denying a purpose to surren-\\nder.\\nAt Richmond a review of Federal\\ntroops is held.\\nART \u00e2\u0080\u0094SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1865 Mar. Pa. The first sheet zinc\\nmanufactured in America is made at\\nBethlehem.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1865.\\nMar. 18. Crosbv, William B., merchant,\\nphilanthropist, N. Y. City, A80.\\nMar. 20. Phillips, Win. Wirt, Pres. cl., A68.\\nMar. 23. Hamline, Leonidas Lent, M. E.\\nbishop, editor, A68.\\nApr. 1. Winthrop, F., brig.-gen.U. S.vols.,\\nkilled at Five Forks, A25.\\nApr. 2. Wilder, Samson V. S., merchant,\\nphilanthropist, A85.\\nApr. 3. Hyde, Lavius, Cong, cl., au., A76.\\nApr. 5. Barnum, Zenas, first president\\nAm. Telesrraph Co., A55.\\nDeLanrcv, Win. Ileathcote, P. E. bishop\\nof Western N. Y., A68.\\nApr. 7. Miles, Pliny, postal reformer, A47.\\n1865 Apr. 5, 6. Nero York. The Na-\\ntional Conference of the Unitarian\\nand other churches meets.\\nThe Home Convention and Missionary\\nUnion turns over all its mission work in\\nthe Indian Territory to the American\\nBaptist Home Missionary Society.\\n1865 Mar. 25. N. J. A home for sol-\\ndiers* children at Trenton is incorpo-\\nrated.\\nSTATE.\\n1865 Mar. 7. D. C. Hugh McCul-\\nloch of Ind. is appointed secretary of\\nthe Treasury.\\nMar. 11. D. C. The special session of\\nthe Senate closes.\\nMar. 13. Va. Jefferson Davis issues\\nhis last message to the Confederate\\nCongress.\\nMar. 17. Mo. The officer and judges\\nof the Supreme Court and of all circuit\\ncourts of the State are required to vacate\\non May 1 by the Constitutional Conven-\\ntion.\\nMar. 18. Va. The [last] Confederate\\nCongress at Richmond adjourns sine\\ndie.\\nApr. 1. U. S. The high-tariff law be-\\ncomes operative.\\nApr. 2. Va. The Confederate Gov-\\nernment leaves Richmond in haste,\\non the approach of the Federal army.\\nApr. 5. Tenn. The Legislature votes to\\nratify the 13th Amendments forbid-\\nding slavery.\\nN. C. On reaching Danville, in his\\nflight southward from Richmond, Jef-\\nferson Davis issues an address to the\\npeople of the Confederacy, urging fur-\\nther sacrifices and a continuance of\\nhostilities.\\nApr. 7. D. C. Correspondence begins\\nwith the British Government respecting\\nAmerican claims for damages caused\\nby the Confederate privateers. [It\\nterminates in a proposal for settlement\\nby arbitration.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1865 Mar. 15. Pa. The Credit\\nMobilier of America is incorpo-\\nrated. [It assumes a contract to build\\n100 miles of the Union Pacific Kail-\\nroad, west of the Mississippi River, the\\noriginal contractor having failed.]\\nMar. 31. The steam-transport General\\nLyon burns off Cape Hatteras a great\\nnumber of lives are lost.\\nApr. 1. Southern States. The Confed-\\nerate dollar is worth lh cents.\\nNew York. Price of middling upland\\ncotton is 45 to 48 cents the value of a\\ngold dollar is 154 cents.\\nApr. Va. The great seal of the Con-\\nfederacy arrives at Richmond.\\nApr. 2. Va. A fire in Richmond on the\\nevacuation of the Confederate army\\nburns the business part of the city.\\nJefferson Davis, while at church, is\\nsummoned by Gen. Lee to flee from Rich-\\nmond.\\nA Richmond paper quotes flour, $900\\nto $1,000 a barrel; corn, $100 a bushel,\\nbutter, $20 a pound.\\nApr. 4. Va. President Lincoln visits\\nRichmond. (See Army and Navy.)", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "246 1865, Apr. 8- June 10.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1865 Apr. 8, 9. Fa. The struggle is re-\\nnewed at Appomattox Court House,\\nor Clover Hill, by Gen. Sheridan. Fed-\\neral loss, very slight Confederate loss,\\n500 killed and wounded.\\nApr. 9. Fa. Gen. Lee s cavalry ad-\\nvances against that of Gen. Sheridan,\\nand finds Gens. Ord and Griffin\\nmassed in its front, they having marched\\n30 miles to get there Gen. Lee orders\\nhostilities to cease.\\nGen. Lee proposes the surrender of\\nthe Army of Northern Virginia to Gen.\\nGrant. Hostilities are suspended for\\ntwo hours Gen. Grant receives Gen.\\nLee s proposal at 10.50 a.m., and he sug-\\ngests an interview as soon as they can\\nmeet.\\nAt two o clock (Palm Sunday), Gen.\\nUlysses S. Grant and Gen. Robert\\nE. Lee, attended by staff-officers, meet\\nat Appomattox Court House, and a\\nformal surrender is made of the Army\\nof Northern Virginia, consisting of 28,231\\nmen, who are all paroled.\\nTerms officers are to give their in-\\ndividual paroles not to take up arms\\nagainst the United States until prop-\\nerly exchanged they are to retain\\ntheir side-arms, private horses, and bag-\\ngage. Confederate soldiers are to keep\\ntheir horses You will need them for\\nyour spring plowing.\\nPrisoners taken before the surrender,\\nsince March 29th, aggregate 19,132 guns\\ncaptured, 689, including those at Appo-\\nmattox.\\nD. C. The Secretary of War orders\\nthat a salute be fired at West Point,\\nand at each post, arsenal, department,\\nand army headquarters, as a manifesta-\\ntion of joy for the surrender of Gen.\\nLee s army.\\nN. C. At Salisbury Gen. Stoneman s\\ncavalry defeats Gens. Pemberton and\\nGardiner, and captures Gen. Lee s enor-\\nmous supply of reserve stores. [Gen.\\nStoneman returns to Tennessee.]\\nApr. 10. A 1 C. Gen. Sherman begins\\nhis advance in cooperation with Gen.\\nGrant.\\nApr. 11. Ala. FortsHuger and Tracy\\nare taken by the Federal navy, opening\\nthe way for the possession of Mobile.\\nApr. 12. Ala. Mobile, having been\\nevacuated by Confederate troops, sur-\\nrenders to 8,000 troops under Gen.\\nGranger.\\nWear Wetumpka, on the Coosa,\\nGen. Wilson destroys five heavily laden\\nsteamboats.\\nMontgomery is surrendered to Gen.\\nWilson by Gen. Wirt Adams, who fires\\n90,000 bales of cotton, and flees Confed-\\nerate loss, 2,700 prisoners and 100 guns.\\nAT. C. Jefferson Davis holds a coun-\\ncil of war with Gens. Johnston and\\nBeauregard at Greensboro the cabi-\\nnet are also present Gen. Breckinridge\\nbrings the first official intelligence of the\\nsurrender of Gen. Lee.\\nAt Grant s Creek the Federal Gen.\\nStoneman captures 1,800 prisoners and\\n14 guns, and occupies Salisbury (Stone-\\nman s raid).\\nRaleigh is occupied by Federal troops\\nunder Gen. Sherman after a slight skir-\\nmish.\\nU.S. Kecruiting is stopped.\\nApr. 14. Ala. Confederate torpedoes\\nblow up four Federal vessels in Mobile\\nBay.\\nN. C. Jefferson Davis and Mb cabi-\\nnet leave Greensboro, going southward\\nby extemporized conveyances.\\nS. C. The Federal flag is restored on\\nFort Sumter.\\nApr. 16. Ga. The Federals under Gen.\\nWilson capture Columbus, with 1,200\\nprisoners and 52 guns they burn 115,000\\nbales of cotton, destroy 15 locomotives\\nand 250 cars, four cotton-factories, three\\npaper-mills, an arsenal, manufactories,\\nand foundries the Confederates burn\\nthe gunboat Chattahoochee.\\nApr. 17. N. C. Gen. Johnston by flag\\nof truce inquires of Gen. Sherman what\\nterms will be granted if he surrenders.\\nApr. 18. A*. C. At Durham Station\\nGen. Sherman accepts the surrender\\nof Gen. Johnston s army, provided the\\nGovernment shall approve the terms\\ngiven.\\nJohnston asks that all persons engaged\\nin the rebellion shall at once be restored\\nto every right and privilege, social and\\npolitical, which they had previously en-\\njoyed, and be exempt from liability to\\npunishment the terms are accepted.\\nJefferson Davis s party arrives at\\nCharlotte.\\nD. C. The Government disavows the\\nterms offered by Gen. Sherman to Gen.\\nJohnston.\\nApr. 24. jY C. Gen. Grant meets Gen.\\nSherman at Raleigh.\\nLa. The Confederate ram Webb, with\\na valuable cargo, is captured below New\\nOrleans, while attempting to escape to\\nsea.\\nApr. 26. N. C. Near Durham Station\\nGen. Johnston surrenders his army\\n(29,924 men and 108 guns) to Gen. Sher-\\nman, on the same terms as those ac-\\ncepted by Gen. Lee.\\nJefferson Davis and his party leave\\nCharlotte, moving southward, accompa-\\nnied by about 2,000 horsemen. [The\\nnumber is soon diminished to a hand-\\nful.]\\nGen. Kirby Smith in the southwest\\nissues a proclamation declaring that he\\nis able to continue the war.\\nMay 1. The aggregate armies of the\\nUnited States number 1,034,064 men.\\nKy. Gen. Morgan s old command,\\n1,200 strong, surrenders at Mt. Stirling.\\nMay 4. Ala. At Citronelle, near Mobile,\\nCom. F. Farrand surrenders the Confed-\\nerate fleet of 12 vessels to Com. Simpson\\nLdeut.-Gen. Bichard Taylor, the sen-\\nior Confederate officer east of the Mis-\\nsissippi, capitulates to Gen. Canby.\\nFla. At Tallahassee Gen. Sam\\nJones surrenders hiB force of 8,000 men\\nto Gen. McCook.\\nMay 9. Ga. At Irwinville Jefferson\\nDavis decides to abandon the attempt to\\nreach the trans-Mississippi country, and\\nturn.-, to escape by the Florida coast.\\nMay 10. D. C. President Johnson\\nproclaims that armed insurrection\\nis at an end in the Southwestern States.\\nGa. A part of Gen. Wilson s cavalry,\\nunder Lieut.-Cols. Henry Harnden and\\nPritchard, captures Jefferson Davis,\\nencamped at Irwinville, while endeav-\\noring to escape from the country he\\nis accompanied by his wife, mother, and\\nothers. [He is taken to Fortress Monroe.]\\nMay 11. Ark. At Chalk Bluff Gen.\\nJeff. Thompson surrenders 7,454 men\\nto the Federals.\\nMay 13. Tex. Wear Palo Pinto Con-\\nfederates under Col. Slaughter defeat\\nCol. Barrett in the last fight of the war.\\nFederal loss, 70 men.\\nMay 18. D. C. The Adjutant-General\\nissues orders for a grand review of the\\narmies of Gens. Sherman and Meade,\\nby the President and his cabinet.\\nMay 20. If The Confederate ram\\nStonewall is surrendered by her officers\\nto Cuban authorities.\\nMay 23. I). C. The grand review of\\nthe Army of the Potomac takes place at\\nWashington President Johnson and\\nhis cabinet review 199 regiments in line.\\nMay 24. D. C. The President and his\\ncabinet review the Army of Tennes-\\nsee and Georgia.\\nMay 26. Lieut.-Gen. E. Kirby Smith\\nsurrenders the Confederate trans-Mis-\\nsissippi army it numbers 20,000 men,\\nwith 150 guns.\\nMay 31. Miss. Gen. Hood surren-\\nders his command to Gen. John W.\\nDavidson at Natchez. This is the last\\narmy of the Confederacy.\\nTotal number of Federal troops\\nengaged in the war, 2,772,40S.\\nCasualties of the War, as reported\\nat the Adjutant-General s office\\nDeaths on the battle-field, 67.058\\nfrom wounds, 43,012 from disease, 199,-\\n720; miscellaneous causes (accident,\\nstarvation, murder, etc 40,154. Total,\\n349,944.\\nPrisoners taken during the war bv Con-\\nfederates, 212,608; desertions, 199.105.\\n(Complete statistics of Confederate\\nlosses are not attainable.)\\nEstimated expenses of the war to\\nthe Federal States and national Govern-\\nment, $6,165,237,000 total North and\\nSouth, $8,165,237,000. (David A. Wells.)\\nU. S. The Wavy comprises 671 ves-\\nsels of all classes aggregate tonnage,\\n510,396; armament, 4,610 guns.\\nJune 5. Tex. Galveston is surrendered\\nto the Federals it is the last seaport\\nheld by the Confederates.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1865, Apr. 8-June 10. 247\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n1865.\\nApr. 9. Potta, Stacy G., politician, N. J.,\\nlawyer, author, A65.\\nApr. 11. Aaron, Samuel, Baptist clergy-\\nman, teacher, author, At 5.\\nApr. 15. Lincoln, Abraham, capt. in\\nBlack Hawk war, advocate of freedom,\\nM. C. for 111., 1st Rep. and 16th Pres. of\\nTJ. S., eiiKini ipator, A Hi. (See Society.)\\nApr. 22. McKean, William \\\\V., com. U. S.\\nN., A 65.\\nApr. 23. Creighton, William, P. E. cl., A72.\\nGibson, Charles B., Confed. surgeon-\\ngen., writer, A49.\\nApr. 26. Mott, Valentine, surgeon, of\\nN. Y., A80.\\nBooth, John Wilkes, actor, assassin of\\nPresident Lincoln, A26.\\nApr. 28. Latta, Alexander B., inventor\\nsteam fire-engine, A44.\\nMay 8. Reynolds, John, Gov. of 111., jour-\\nnalist, author, A76.\\nMay 12. Willard, Joseph, antiquarian, au-\\nthor, A 67.\\nMay 26. McMurtrie, Henry, educator, Pa.,\\nA72.\\nMay 30. Krauth, Chas. P., pres. Lutheran\\ncollege, Pa., A70.\\nJune 10. Sigourney, Lydia Huntley, au-\\nthor, poet, A74.\\nCHURCH.\\n1865 May 15. S. C. The South Caro-\\nlina Conference (African Methodist\\nEpiscopal) is organized.\\nJune 1. A national fast is observed, in\\nrecognition of the great bereavement in\\nthe death of President Lincoln.\\nTenn. The Holston Conference\\n(Methodist Episcopal) is organized at\\nAthens.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1865 Apr. 9.+ Universal joy, mingled\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0with strong sympathy for the South,\\nabounds in the North because of Gen.\\nLee s surrender the nation approves of\\nGen. Grant s clemency.\\nApr. 14. D. C. Booth enters the Presi-\\ndent s box at Ford s Theatre, shoots\\nMr. Lincoln in the back of the head,\\nwounds Maj. Rathbone with a dagger,\\nleaps to the stage-, and escapes on a\\nhorse held in waiting by one of his ac-\\ncomplices.\\nPayne, in the guise of a physician s\\nmessenger, gains access to the Seward\\nmansion, wounds Frederick Seward,\\nwhom he meets in the hall, stabs Secre-\\ntary Seward many times, is overpowered\\nby several men, yet escapes on his horse.\\nApr. 15. Md. Booth and Herrold arrive\\nat Dr. Samuel Mudd s house, near\\nBryantown, 30 miles from Washington.\\nD. C. Abraham Lincoln remains\\nunconscious till his death, at 7.30 a.m.\\nThe military order of the Loyal Le-\\ngion is organized as a non-political and\\nnon-sectarian association.\\nS. C. At Charleston Gen. Saxton\\ncalls a mass meeting, and William\\nLloyd Garrison, the abolitionist,\\nmakes an address.\\nApr. U. S. The assassination of the\\nPresident enshrouds the country in a\\ngloom like thick darkness.\\nApr. 17- Va. Samuel Arnold is ar-\\nrested at Fortress Monroe Payne is\\narrested at the Surratt home in Wash-\\nington.\\nApr. 19. D. C. Most impressive fu-\\nneral services of the Great Emanci-\\npator, Abraham Lincoln, are held at\\nWashington in the rotunda of the Capi-\\ntol.\\nThe War Department offers a reward\\nof $50,000 for the arrest of Atzerodt\\nand Herrold.\\nApr. 20. Md. Atzerodt is arrested in\\nMontgomery County.\\nApr. 21. D. C. The body of Abraham\\nLincoln is taken away for Springfield,\\n111. [The obsequies are continued at\\nBaltimore, Harrisburg, Philadelphia,\\nNew York, Albany, Buffalo, Cleveland,\\nColumbus, Indianapolis, and Chicago.]\\nApr. 22. The 22,000 Confederate pris-\\noners at Point Lookout give expression\\nto their sorrow at the assassination of\\nMr. Lincoln, and their abhorrence of\\nthe act.\\nApr. 25. New York. The most impos-\\ning ceremonies ever witnessed in New\\nYork attend the remains of President\\nLincoln 60,000 people march in\\nprocession.\\nApr. 26. Va. Booth, the assassin, is\\nfound in a barn near Bowling Green,\\nVa., and refuses to surrender he is\\nfinally shot by Sergt. Boston Corbett\\nHerrold, his companion, surrenders.\\nMay 4. III. The remains of Abraham\\nLincoln are interred in Oak Ridge\\nCemetery at Springfield, after an oration\\nby Bishop Matthew Simpson.\\nMay 11. D. C. By executive order, the\\ntrial of the assassins begins before a\\nmilitary commission.\\nMembers Maj.-Gen. David Hunter,\\npresident; Maj.-Gen. Lewis Wallace,\\nbrev. Maj.-Gen. A. V. Kautz, Brig.-\\nGens. A. P. Howe, it. S. Foster, T. M.\\nHarris, brev. Brig.-Gen. J. A. Elkin,\\nbrev. Col. C. H. Tompkins, Lieut.-Col.\\nD. R. Clendennin. Brig.-Gen. Joseph\\nHolt is Judge Advocate.\\nMay 19. Va. Jefferson Davis and his\\nassociates, guarded by an escort, arrive\\nat Fortress Monroe.\\nMay Chicago. The Sanitary Com-\\nmission Fair raises $250,000.\\nSTATE.\\n1865 Apr. 10. Mb. A new Constitu-\\ntion is completed.\\nApr. 11. D. C. The Southern ports,\\nexcept Key West, are closed by procla-\\nmation of the President.\\nApr. 13. T C. Orders are issued to\\nstop the drafting of men and the pur-\\nchase of war material.\\nApr. 14. D. C. President Lincoln is\\nassassinated at Ford s Theatre. (See\\nSociety.)\\nThe 17th Administration.\\nApr. 15. D. C. Andrew Johnson of\\nTenn. takes the oath of office in the\\nKirkwood Hotel at Washington, three\\nhours after the death of President Lin-\\ncoln; he is the 17th President, in the\\n20th term of the presidency.\\nApr. 21. D. C. The Government disap-\\nproves of Gen. Sherman s peace\\nrandum with Gen. Johnston in North\\nCarolina.\\nApr. 29. D. C. President Johnson pro-\\nclaims the opening of Southern ports\\nto trade, with some temporary restric-\\ntions on munitions of war.\\nMay 1. T). C. The trial, by court-mar-\\ntial, of the assassins of President Lin-\\ncoln is ordered by the Government.\\nMay 2. D. C. President Johnson pro-\\nclaims a reward of 8100,000 for the cap-\\nture of Jefferson Davis.\\nHe also offers $25,000 for Clement C.\\nClay, Jacob Thompson, George N. Saun-\\nders, and Beverly Tucker, and 810,000\\nfor William C. Cleary the last five as\\naccomplices in the murder of Presi-\\ndent Lincoln and the attempted assassi-\\nnation of W. H. Seward.\\nMay 6. Miss. Gov. Clarke, on hearing\\nof Gen. Taylor s surrender to Gen.\\nCanby, orders the State officials to Jack-\\nson, with the archives, and convenes the\\nLegislature, recommending the re-\\npeal of the secession ordinance, and\\nframing of a new Constitution.\\nMay 9. D. C. President Johnson issues\\na proclamation for the restoration of\\nVirginia to the Union he recognizes\\nFrancis H. Pierpont as governor.\\nMay 10. D. C. President Johnson is-\\nsues a proclamation announcing the\\ncessation of hostilities.\\nThe trial of the assassination con-\\nspirators begins. (See Society.)\\nMay 15. D. C. James Harlan of la. is\\nappointed secretary of the interior.\\nMay 22. D. C. President Johnson s\\nproclamation opens the Southern ports.\\n[He conducts the reconstruction of the\\nSouth according to his personal views\\ntill Congress meets in December.]\\nMay 29. D. C. President Johnson pro-\\nclaims an exceptional amnesty to\\npersons involved in the recent rebellion,\\nprovided they take the oath of allegiance\\nto the United States 14 classes are in-\\ncluded.\\nHe proclaims a provisional govern-\\nment established in South Carolina.\\nHe appoints William M. Holden pro-\\nvisional governor of North Carolina.\\nJune 2. Eng. The Government rescinds\\nthe recognition of the Confederates as\\nbelligerents. [France does the same on\\nJune 6.]\\nLa. Henry F. Allen, the Confederate\\ngovernor, resigns.\\nJune 5. Mo. The people ratify the\\nConstitution. Vote, 43,670-41,808.\\nJune 7. D. C. It is announced by the\\nAttorney-General that all applicants for\\npardon must first take the oath of\\nallegiance.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1865 May 2. New York A paid fire\\ndepartment and steam engines replace\\nthe old service.\\nMay U. S. The war debt reaches the\\nenormous sum of $2,808,549,437.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "248 1865, June 13 -Dec. 29.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1865 June ff. C. Gen. Thomas H.\\nRuger succeeds to the command of\\nNorth. Carolina.\\nJuly 25. Ind. Ter. Platte s Bridge Sta-\\ntion is attacked by 1,000 Indians;\\nthey are driven off.\\nAug. 1. D. C. The President orders the\\n2d, 4th, 5th, Gth, 7th, 8th, 9th. 10th, 14th,\\n15th, 17th, 20th, 23d, and 24th army\\ncorps to be discontinued.\\nAug. 21. D. C. A commission begins\\nthe trial of Capt. Henry Wirz for\\ncruelty to Federal prisoners under his\\ncharge at Andersonville, Ga. It is al-\\nleged that 12,000 died in 1804-G5. [Nov.\\n10, Capt. Wirz is hanged.]\\nOct.* U. S. The aggregate of 4,000,000\\nmen, constituting the armies of the\\nNorth and South at various times, is\\npeacefully and easily reduced to one\\narmy of 30,000 men.\\nNov. 6. Eng. Capt. J. I. Waddell, of\\nthe privateer Shenandoah, puts in at\\nLiverpool [and surrenders his vessel\\nto the authorities, claiming that he had\\nnot heard of the close of the war till\\nAug. 2].\\nNov. 9. Eng. The Shenandoah is sur-\\nrendered to the United States consul by\\nthe British government.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1865 June 17. Mass. A monument\\nin memory of the first victims of the\\nwar from Massachusetts is erected\\nat Lowell.\\nSept. 19. iV. Y. The asteroid Io is dis-\\ncovered by C. H. F. Peters.\\nOct 8. Cat. A severe earthquake shock\\noccurs at San Francisco.\\nOct. 8-9. Ore. An earthquake follows\\nthe continued eruption of Mount Hood,\\nwhich for years had been in a state of\\ninactivity.\\nNov. 25. Kg. Lead ore mining is be-\\ngun in Fayette County.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1865.\\nJune 13. Campbell, Cleveland J., brig.-\\ngen. U. S. vols., wounded at Petersburg,\\nA 29.\\nJune 23. Dupont, Samuel Francis, rear-\\nadin. U. S. N., A62.\\nJuly 4. lunulas, James, banker, horticul-\\nturist, Pa., A77.\\nPotter, Alonzo, P. E. bishop of Pa.,\\nauthor, A(i3.\\nJuly 11. Hildretii, Richard, editor, A58.\\nJuly 18. Haywood, Nathaniel, inventor of\\nrubber cloth process, A 57.\\nJuly 23. Tappan. Arthur, merchant,\\nantislavery advocate, philanthropist, of\\nN. Y., A. 79.\\nAug 1 4. Drayton, Percival, capt. U. S. N.,\\nA53.\\nAug. 16. Campbell, Duncan R.,Bapt. cler-\\ngyman, prof., pres. Georgetown coll., A51.\\nSept. 3. Draper, Alonzo G., brig.-geu. U. S.\\nvols., A30.\\nSept. 5. Gould, Hannah Flagg, poet, of\\nMass., A76.\\nEept. 9. Irvin, William, physician, U. S.\\nconsul at Amoy, A 60.\\nSept. 17. Neagle, John, portrait painter,\\nA66.\\nSept. 27. Duane, William John, lawyer, of\\nPa., sec. of treas., AS5.\\nSept. 30. Wayland. Francis. Eapt. cl.,\\npres. of Brown, author, A69.\\nOct. 2. Talinage, Samuel K., Pres. clergy-\\nman, author, A67.\\nOct, 11. Giger, ;eorge M., Pres. clergy-\\nman, professor Latin, Princeton, A43.\\nOct. 22. Dwight, William T., Cong. cler.\\ngyman, author, A70.\\nOct. 23. Jlissroon, John S-, Com. U. S.\\nA 55.\\nOct. 26. Miner, Chas., ed., author, A85.\\nOct. 27. Worcester. Joseph Emerson,\\nlexicographer, A8l.\\nNov. 3. Arnold, George, poet, journalist,\\nmis. writer, A3I.\\nNov. 9. Collamer, Jacob, M. C. for Vi.,\\nsenator, postmaster-general, A74.\\nEastman, Robert L., capt. U. S. A., A25.\\nHill, Ambrose Powell, I S. A., Con-\\nfed. heut.-gen., k. at Petersburg, A40.\\nNov. 12. King. Preston. M. C. and sen-\\nator of N. Y., A59.\\nNov. 15. Adams, Julius W., capt. U.S. A.,\\nA25.\\nNov. 17. Ives, Thomas P., commander\\nU. S. N., A32.\\nNov. 28. Harrington, Samuel M.. judge,\\nA62.\\nNov. 30. Meek, Alexander B., lawyer, edi-\\ntor of Ala., A51.\\nDec. 13. Duchachet, Henry, P. E. clergy-\\nA70.\\nDec. 14. Barstow, William, Gov. of Wis.;\\nbrlg.-gen. U. S. vols., A54.\\nDec. 16. Boyd, Andrew H. H., Pres. cler-\\ngyman, organized United Synod, A51.\\nDec. 18. Corwin, Thomas, orator, Gov.\\nof O., senator, sec. of treas., A71.\\nDec. 20. Ames, Samuel, jurist, K.T., A59.\\nDec. 24. Cutter, George W., poet, orator,\\nA 64.\\nDec. 27, Lee, Hannah F. S., author, novel-\\nist, A 85.\\nDec. 29. Kurtz, Benjamin, Luth. clergy-\\nman, author, A71.\\nCHURCH.\\n1865 June 14. Chicago. The General\\nConvention of the New Jerusalem\\nmeets.\\nAug. Ga. The bishops of the Meth-\\nodist Episcopal Church South hold a\\nmeeting at Columbus and issue a pasto-\\nral address.\\nOct. 11. Tenn. Charles Todd Quintard\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Tennessee.\\nOct. 27. Mo. The Congregational Associ-\\nation of Missouri is organized.\\nOct. Ind. Missionary Bishop Joseph\\nC. Talbot (Protest ant Episcopal) is trans-\\nlated to Indiana.\\nNov. 15. Neb. Robert Harpet Clarkson\\nis consecrated (Protestant Ipiscopal)\\nmissionary bishop of Nebraska.\\nDec. 28. Colo. George Maxwell Randall\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nmissionary bishop of Colorado.\\nLETTERS.\\n1865 July 21. Mass. Commemora-\\ntion Day is observed at Cambridge, in\\nhonor of the patriotic heroes of Harvard\\nUniversity.\\nOct. 1. S. C. Avery Institute (colored)\\nis opened by the American Missionary\\nAssociation.\\nOct. 2. Va. Gen. Robert Ej. Lee be-\\ncomes president of Washington and Lee\\nUniversity.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S65 June 30. D. C. The trial of the\\nassassins closes. [Sentenced July 5.]\\nSentences Herrold, Atzerodt, Payne,\\nand Mrs. Surratt are to be hanged;\\nO Laughlin, Arnold, and Mudd are to\\nbe imprisoned for life; Spangler is to\\nbe imprisoned at Dry Tortugas for six\\nyears. [John 11. Surratt is discovered in\\nthe pope s army in Italy he escapee to\\nEgypt, i- arrested and tried at Washing-\\nton in June, 1867 the jury fail to agree,\\nand he is discharged.]\\nAug. 1. A. The 5th National Tem-\\nperance Convention, at Saratoga, re-\\nsolves to form a National Society and\\nestablish a publication house.\\nAug. ivew York. The forgeries of\\nEdward B. Ketchum, amounting to\\nabout $1,500,000, and his abstraction of\\nS3.000.000 in securities, wrecks one of the\\nwealthiest banking-houses in the city.\\nOct. 16-24. Phita. A great meeting of\\nFenians is held the Irish republic is\\nproclaimed.\\nNov. 25. S. C. A Freedmen s Con-\\nvention is held at Charleston it ap-\\npeals for justice and generosity.\\nSTATE.\\n1S65 June 13. D. C. President John-\\nson issues a proclamation for the resto-\\nration of civil government in Missis-\\nsippi he appoints Judge William L.\\nSharkey, provisional governor. He also\\nremoves the restrictions on trade south-\\neast of the Mississippi after July 1.\\nThe insurrection is declared sup-\\npressed in Tennessee, and disabilities\\nare removed by the proclamation of the\\nPresident.\\nJune 14. Mo. The new judges of the\\nhigher courts are established in office\\nby force, the old judges having refused\\nto yield.\\nJune 17- D. C. President Johnson is-\\nsues a proclamation for the reconstruc-\\ntion of Georgia and Texas, and\\nappoints provisional governors, James\\nJohnson for Ga., and Gen. A. J. Hamil-\\nton for Texas.\\nAlexander H. Stephens of Ga. and\\nRobert E. Lee of Va. apply for pardon.\\nJune 21. D. C. The President appoints\\nLewis E. Parsons provisional governor\\nof Alabama.\\nJune 23. D. C. The President proclaims\\nthe blockade removed.\\nJune 24. D.C. The President proclaims\\nall restrictions removed from trade\\nbetween the North and the South.\\nJune 29. The trial of the assassination\\nconspirators ends. (See Society.)\\nJune 30. C. The President appoints\\nBenj. F. Perry provisional governor of\\nSouth Carolina.\\nU. S. Statistics for 1SG5. Eeve-\\nnue: Customs, SS4,92S,261 internal\\nrevenue, $209,401,215 direct tax, $1,200,-\\n573 sales of public lands, $990,553 pre-\\nmiums on loans and sales of gold coin,\\n811,633,447; miscellaneous items. $25.-\\n441.55G. Total revenue, $333,714,005.\\nExpenditures: Premiums on loans,\\npurchases of bonds, etc.. $1,717,000; mis-\\ncellaneous items. $43.047.i7 War De-\\npartment, $l,03l.323.::tfl Navv Depart-\\nment, $122,612,945; Indians, $5,116,837;\\npensions, $16,33S,S11 interest on the\\npublic debt, $77,397,712. Total ordinary\\nexpenses, $1,297,555,224; excess of ex-\\npenses over receipts. S9io.S40.019 public\\ndebt, $2,630,647,869. Exports, $166,029,-\\n303; imports, $23S,745,5S0.\\nJuly 7. D. C. The conspirators, Payne,\\nHerrold, Atzerodt, and Mrs. Surratt, are\\nhanged at Washington.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1865, June 13 Dec. 29. 249\\nJuly 13. D. C. The President appoints\\nWilliam Marvin provisional governor of\\nFlorida.\\nJuly 18. D. C. The Government refuses\\nto recognize M ain mil ifl.n as Emperor of\\nMexico.\\nJuly 21. Tex. Gen. A. J. Hamilton,\\nappointed provisional governor of Texas\\nby President Johnson, assumes office.\\nJuly 25. If. S. The Confederate pris-\\noners of war are released, on taking the\\noath of allegiance.\\nJuly 31. U. S. The national debt is\\n$2,757,253,000, and bankruptcy is\\nfeared by many, owing to the burden\\nof a yearly interest which amounts to\\n$133,000,000 in gold.\\nAug. 22. Miss. The ordinance of seces-\\nsion is declared null by a State Con-\\nvention the delegates petition the Fed-\\neral Government to pardon Jefferson\\nDavis.\\nAug;. 29. D. C. The President proclaims\\nthe restrictions on trade with all South-\\nern ports removed after Sept. 1.\\nAug. 31. If. S. The national debt is\\nat its maximum, being $2,S45,907,62().5G;\\nbesides \u00c2\u00a9800,000,000 of revenue spent in\\nsustaining the war. [The total cost of\\nthe war to both the North and the South,\\nincluding the destruction in property\\nand loss of slaves, has been estimated\\nat $8,000,000,000.]\\nSept. 7. D. C. The President issues a\\nsecond amnesty proclamation, par-\\ndoning all who have upheld the Confed-\\neracy, except the leaders.\\nSept. 15. S. C. The ordinance of se-\\ncession is repealed by a State Conven-\\ntion at Columbia.\\nSept. 25. Ala. The ordinance of seces-\\nsion and the State war debt are annulled\\nby the State Convention, which also de-\\nclares slavery abolished.\\nSept. 27. S. C. The Convention enacts\\na Constitution which becomes effective\\nwithout the ratification of the people.\\nSept. D. C. President Johnson an-\\nnounces his reconstruction policy,\\nwhich is approved by many Democrats,\\nbut strongly opposed by the Republi-\\ncans.\\nOct. 7. N. C. A State Convention, held\\nat Raleigh, repeals the ordinance cf\\nsecession [and on Oct. passes another\\nprohibiting slavery].\\nOct. 11. D. C. The President paroles\\nseveral prominent officials of the late\\nConfederacy.\\nAlex. H. Stephens of Ga., John H.\\nReagan of Tex., Geo. A. Trenholm of\\nS. C, Chas. Clark of Miss., and John A.\\nCampbell of Ala.\\nOct. 12. Ky. Martial law is abolished.\\nOct. 2S. Fla. A State Convention,\\nmeeting at Tallahassee, adopts a new\\nConstitution and repeals the ordinance\\nof secession. [Georgia annuls its seces-\\nsion Oct. 30.]\\nOct. 31. D. C. Congress admits Ne-\\nvada into the Union as the 3Gth State\\nher gold and silver mines are diminish-\\ning the losses by war.\\nU.S. The outstanding paper currency\\nin circulation is reported at \u00c2\u00a7704,000,000.\\nAbout $4*28,000,000 in greenbacks, $185,-\\n000,000 in national bank-notes, and $05,-\\n000,000 in State bank-notes.\\nOct.* D.C. The Government defers the\\ntrial of Jefferson Davis.\\nOct. *-Nov. 7. If. S. The fall elec-\\ntions are favorable to the Republican\\npolicy.\\n!N ov. 2. If. S. A national thanksgiving\\nfor peace is observed.\\nNov. 5. Ala. The new constitution is\\nadopted by the State Convention. [Rati-\\nfied, November, 1S75.]\\nNov. 7. Ga. A State Convention de-\\nclares the war debt void, and adopts a\\nrevised constitution.\\nN. C. The repeal of the ordinance of\\nsecession and the ordinance prohibiting\\nslavery are both ratified by the people.\\nVote, on the former, 20,000-2,002 on the\\nlatter, 19,039-3,039.\\n3NTov. 10. The Confederate Capt. Henry\\nWirz is executed, after trial for cru-\\nelty to Federal prisoners under his\\ncharge at Andersonville. (See Army,\\nAug. 21.)\\nNov. 13. S. C. The Legislature ratifies\\nthe 13th Amendment to the Federal\\nConstitution. [Dec. 1, North Carolina;\\nDec. 2, Alabama Dec. 6, Georgia; Dec.\\n11, Oregon Dec. IS, California.]\\nNov. Wis. The people reject the\\namendment to the Constitution granting\\nnegro suffrage. Vote, 55,591-4G,5SS.\\nDec. 1. D. C. The President partially\\nrestores the writ of habeas corpus the\\nexceptions are limited.\\nDec. 4. D.C. The 39th Congress opens.\\nCongress Senate John P. Stock-\\nton (Dem.) of N. J. is sworn in as Sen-\\nator. [A protest from the Legislature\\nfollows, he having received a minority\\nvote.] House Schuyler Cclfax of\\nInd. is reelected Sptaker. Vote, Col-\\nfax (Rep.), 139 James Brooks of N. V.\\n(Dem.), 36.\\nA Joint Committee of 13 is proposed,\\nto consider reconstruction no Repre-\\nsentatives are to be received from any of\\nthe late Confederate States till the com-\\nmittee makes its report. Vote, 129-35.\\nDec. 5. J). C. Congress; House :Thad-\\ndeus Stevens of Pa. proposes an amend-\\nment to the Constitution, to apportion\\nRepresentatives on the basis of actual\\ncitizenship; the House passes a resolu-\\ntion pledging the faith of the nation for\\nthe full payment of the public debt,\\nboth principal and interest.\\nDec. 6-16. I). C. The Government pro-\\ntests in an emphatic manner against\\nthe French occupation of Mexico, in\\nthe interests of the Austrian prince,\\nMaximilian.\\nDec. 12. D. C. Congress: Republican\\nSenators are divided on the Recon-\\nstruction Bill four Conservatives dis-\\nsent from the Radicals.\\nDec. 14. D. C. Congress: The House\\nappoints nine members of the Joint\\nCommittee on Ee construction.\\nIt consists of Thuddt us Stevens of Pa.,\\nE. B. Washburne of 111., J. S. Morrill of\\nVt., John A. Bingham of O., Henry\\nGrider of Ky. Roscoe Conkling of N. Y-,\\nG. S. Boutwell of Mass., Andrew J.\\nRogers of N. J., and Henry T. Blow of\\nMo.\\nDec. IS. D. C. The 13th Amend-\\nment to the Federal Constitution, pro-\\nhibiting slavery, is declared ratified by\\nthe Legislatures of 27 States, and is pro-\\nclaimed by the President to be a part of\\nthe fundamental law.\\nCongress: The House passes J. B.\\nAlley s resolution favoring the policy\\nof contracting the currency. Vote,\\n144-6. The [remarkably long] debate\\non reconstruction begins.\\nDec. 20. D.C. Congress; House:\\nThomas A. Jenckesof R. I. introduces a\\nbill to regulate the civil service of\\nthe United States it is the first step\\nin the civil service reform movement.\\nDec. 21. D. C. Congress: the Senate\\nappoints six members of the Joint Com-\\nmittee of Fifteen on Reconstruc-\\ntion William P. Fessenden of Me.,\\nJames W. Grimes of la., Ira Harris of\\nN. Y., Jacob M. Howard of Mich., Rev-\\nerdy Johnson of Md., and George H.\\nWilliams of Ore.\\nDec. 23. N. C. The President relieves\\nGov. Holden of his office Gov. Worth\\nsucceeds him.\\nDec. 29. D. C. Congress excludes 85\\nmembers from Southern States.\\nMISCELLANEOUS*\\n1865 July 1. New York. Priceof mid-\\ndling upland cotton is 43 cents the\\nvalue of a gold dollar is 136i to 138 cents.\\nJuly 13. New York. Barnum s Mu-\\nseum, corner of Ann Street and Broad-\\nway, is burned.\\nJuly 23. Ireland. The laying of the\\nsecond Atlantic cable begins at Valen-\\ncia the Great Eastern pays it out.\\nJuly Ore. The First National Bank of\\nPortland is established it is the first\\nwest of the Rocky Mountains.\\nAug. 2. The cable breaks when 1,312\\nmiles are laid.\\nAug. 3. The cable is grappled, but the\\nrope breaks, losing both cable and\\ngrapple.\\nAug, 7. The cable is grappled, and is\\nagain lost by the breaking of the rope.\\nAug. 11. The cable is grappled, and\\nthe rope again breaks the Great East-\\nern sails for England to get more rope.\\nSept. 16. Boston. Horticultural HaU\\nin Tremont Street is dedicated.\\nOct. 1. New York. Price of middling\\nupland cotton is 45 to 45\u00c2\u00a3 cents the\\nvalue of a gold dollar is 143J to 144\\ncents.\\nTOov. 13. The steamer Henry Chaitricey\\nmakes a rapid passage from Aspinwall\\nto New York, in six days, five hours,\\nand thirty minutes.\\nDec. 25. Chicago. The Union Stock-\\nYards are opened.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "250 1865, Dec. 30-1866, Mar. 17. AMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1865 Md. The Naval School is re-\\nturned to Annapolis, having been trans-\\nferred to Rhode Island during the war.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1865 Cal. It is ascertained by the\\nGeographical and Geological survey of\\nCalifornia that the highest mountain\\npeaks in the United States are in the\\nSierra Nevada, several exceeding 15,000\\nfeet.\\nChicago. The German Miinnerchor is\\norganized.\\nD. C. The frescoing of the Capitol\\ndome canopy at Washington is under-\\ntaken by Constantine Brumidi.\\nD. C. The art of polychromy is\\napplied by Mr. Shulter to the ceiling of\\nthe great central hall, Patent Office,\\nWashington.\\nLondon. Joseph Jefferson appears\\nIn Rip Van Winkle at the Adelphi.\\nLondon. Three paintings by F. E.\\nChurch, landscape painter, are exhibited\\nand favorably received by English art\\ncritics.\\nNew York. The Mendelssohn Glee\\nClub is organized.\\nNew York. Seymour Joseph Guy,\\nWinslow Homer, and Elihu Vedder of\\nNew York City are elected members of\\nthe National Academy of Design.\\nNew York. Commerce, a bronze\\nfigure, is unveiled in Central Park.\\nThe American Social Science Asso-\\nciation is founded.\\nCapt. Charles F. Hall, Arctic explorer,\\nreports that four of the Franklin ex-\\npedition party are probably alive. He\\nalso reports progress in discoveries con-\\ncerning the northwest passage.\\n1866. Jan. 7. Philadelphia records its\\ncoldest day the thermometer marks\\n18 degrees below zero.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1865.\\nDec. 30. Davis, Henry Winter, M. C. for\\nMd., A48.\\nSettle, Thomas, M. C. for N. C, b. in N. C.\\nVan Amburgh, Isaac, showman, A50.\\n1866.\\nJan. 1. Stillman, Thos. I5.,mech.eng., A60.\\nJan. 10. Mapes, James J., agriculturist,\\nA60.\\nJan. 14. Judah, Henry M., brig.-gen. IT. S.\\nvols., A 42.\\nJan. 15. Clioate, Rufus, capt. F. S. vols.,\\nA32.\\nJan. 24. Doorman, .his., merrliantof N.Y.,\\nphilan., A83.\\nJan. 26. Roman, Andrew B., Got. of La.,\\nA70.\\nJan. 27. Crele, Joseph, oldest man in\\nAmerica, A 141.\\nJan. 29. Nott, Eliphalet. Pres. clergy-\\nman, pres. of t nion coll., A93.\\nFeb. 7. Hinkley, Holmes, inventor, con-\\nstructor of locomotives, A73.\\nFeb. 27. Jackson, John K., Confed. brig.-\\ngen., A 38.\\nMar. 4. Campbell. Alexander, fdr. of\\nDisciples of Christ, A80.\\nMar. 12. Moore, Martin, Cong, clergyman,\\neditor, historian, A76.\\nMar. 14. Sparks, Jared, pres. of Harvard,\\nhistorian, biographer, A77.\\nCHURCH.\\nBoston. The 4th General Synod\\n(National Council) of the Congrega-\\ntional Church meets.\\nBoston. The Young Women s\\nChristian Association is incorporated.\\nCat. The California Conference {Af-\\nrican Methodist Kpiseopal) is formed.\\nla. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Washington\\nJohn B. Clark, moderator.\\nMo. The Baptist Annual Meeting\\nis held in St. Louis.\\nNew York. The first Free Methodist\\nSociety is organized.\\nN. Y. The General Assembly (N.S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Brooklyn J. B.\\nShard, moderator. It organizes aFreed-\\nmen s Board.\\nO. The Annual Convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Cincin-\\nnati A. Campbell, moderator.\\nPa. The General Assembly (O. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Pittsburg John\\nC. Lowrie, moderator.\\nPa. The Protestant Episcopal dio-\\ncese of Pittsburg is established.\\nPhila. The General Convention\\n(Protestant Episcopal) meets.\\nThe reunion of the Protestant\\nEpiscopal Church is affected by the\\nattendance of two Southern bishops at\\nthe Convention.\\nThe Presbyterian Church in the Con-\\nfederate States takes the name Pres-\\nbyterian Church in the United\\nStates.\\n1866 Jan. 25. Pa. John Barrett Ker-\\nfoot is consecrated (Protestant Episco-\\npal) bishop of Pittsburg.\\nJan.4- The centenary of Methodism\\nin America is celebrated.\\nMar. 11. Boston. John Joseph Williams\\nis consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop\\nof Boston.\\nLETTERS.\\n1S65 Boston. The Massachusetts In-\\nstitute of Technology is opened.\\nCal. The Daily Examiner is issued\\nat San Francisco also the Chronicle.\\nD. C. The Surgeon-General s Office\\nLibrary is founded at Washington.\\n[72,219 vols.]\\nD. C. St. Louis College (Rom.\\nCath.) is organized at Washington.\\nla. Des Moines College (Bapt.) is\\norganized at Des Moines.\\n*Ill. Westfield (United Brethren)\\nCollege is organized.\\n77/. Irvington College (Pres.) is or-\\nganized.\\nKan. Washburn College (Cong.) is or-\\nganized at Topeka.\\nMd. An agricultural college is es-\\ntablished in Prince George s County.\\nMich. Hope College (Reformed) is or-\\nganized at Holland.\\nMich. The Public Library is founded\\nat Detroit. [60,000 vols.]\\nMo. The Public School Library is\\nfounded at St. Louis. [56,192 vols.] the\\nSt. Louis Historical Society is organ-\\nized.\\n-V. Shaw University (Colored\\nBapt.j is founded at Ualeigh.\\nX. J. The Scientific School con-\\nnected with Rutger s College is opened.\\nNew York. Tin.- Catholic World mag-\\nazine appears.\\nO. Willoughby CoUege .Meth.\\nEpis.) is established at Willoughby.\\nPhila. The Saturday Sight is issued.\\nPa. Mercersburg College I Re-\\nformed) is organized.\\nWis. Northwestern U n i v e r s i t y\\n(Evan. Luth.) is organized at Water-\\ntown.\\nThe National Baptist i. i-sued.\\nThe Chimney Comer is founded by\\nFrank Leslie.\\nThe Commercial Bulletin is founded.\\nCommemoration Ode, by James Rus-\\nsell Lowell, appears. Conceded to\\nbe the greatest heroic ode America\\nhas produced. (Welsh.)\\nDrum Taps, by Walt Whitman, ap-\\npears.\\nThe Gayworthys, by Mrs. A. D. T.\\nWhitney, appears.\\nNational Lyrics, by John Greenleaf\\nWhittier, appears.\\nTlie Pioneers of France in the New\\nWorld, by Francis Parkman, appears.\\nGlimpses of History, by George Make-\\npeace Towle, appears.\\nLife of John Jacob Astor, by James\\nParton, appears.\\nLife and Adventures of Jefferson Davis,\\nby George Arnold, appears.\\nMethod of Philological Study in the\\nEnglish Language, by Francis A. Marsh,\\nappears.\\nAllworth Abbey, by Mrs. Emma D. E.\\nN. Southworth, appears.\\nCape Cod, by Henry David Thorean.\\nappears; also Letters to Various Persons.\\n1866 Jan. 15. Ky. The Agricultural\\nCollege of Kentucky purchases Ash-\\nland, the old home of Henry Clay.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1865 Oiicago. Cook County Hos-\\npital is established.\\nJnd. The Legislature enacts that col-\\nored people shall be accepted as com-\\npetent witnesses in the courts of the\\nState.\\nKan. The Institution for the Deaf,\\nDumb, and Blind is established at\\nOlathe.\\nMiss. The Federal Government ar-\\nrests and imprisons Gov. Charles\\nClarke.\\nNew York. A band of the Disciples\\nof Lassalle is organized.\\nNew York. The Manhattan Club is\\nfounded.\\nThe Presbyterian General Assembly\\ndeclares liquor makers and sellers", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1865, Dec. 30-1866, Mar. 17. 251\\nshall be excluded from membership, and\\nit recommends total abstinence.\\nU. S. The spirit ration is discontinued\\nin the navy, and it is ordered that the\\nsupply on hand shall be sold.\\n1866 Jan. 1. Wis. A home for sol-\\ndiers orphans is opened.\\nJan. Kan. A convention of colored\\nmen is held at Topeka it petitions the\\nLegislature to strike the word white\\nfrom the Constitution.\\nU. S. The charities of the war are\\nbeyond precedent.\\nContributions for the aid and relief of\\nsoldiers by States, counties, and towns\\namount to $1S7 ,209,60$ offerings of as-\\nsociations and individuals, S24.044.S65\\nofferings for sufferers abroad, :?:;S0,040\\nfor sufferers by the riot in New York\\nin 1863, for freedmen and refugees,\\n$639,033. Total charities, \u00c2\u00a7212,274,248.\\nFeb. 10. The franking privilege is\\ngranted to Mrs. Lincoln.\\nFeb. 26. Xew York. The Board of\\nHealth is established.\\nSTATE.\\n1865 Dec. D. C. A deplorable dis-\\nagreement between the President and\\nCongress.\\nPresident Johnson holds that the se-\\nceding States were not out of the Union\\nwhen in rebellion, and forms a policy\\nfrom that standpoint Congress would\\nreconstruct the States with special legis-\\nlation and special guaranties.\\nDec. D. C. Congress becomes more\\nradical; complaint is made against the\\ncourse pursued by the South in electing\\nmembers who a few months before were\\nin the Confederate army, and still hold\\nto the legality of their attempts to\\nbreak up the Union.\\nDec. D. C. Secretary McCulloch begins\\nthe immediate contraction of the\\ncurrency.\\nMiss. The Legislature passes a law\\ngiving civil rights to freedmen.\\n111. The Legislature ratifies the\\n13th Amendment to the Federal Con-\\nstitution.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\nAla. Lewis E. Parsons.\\n-68* Ala. Robert M. Patton.\\n-67* *Colo. (Ter.). Alexander Cum-\\nmings.\\n-69 Del. Gove Saulsbury.\\n-66 Fla. William Marvin.\\nGa. James Johnson.\\n-67 Ga. Charles J. Jenkins.\\n-69 III. Richard J. Oglesby.\\n-69 Kan. Samuel J. Crawford.\\n-67 La. James M. Wells.\\n-68 Mick. Henry H. Crapo.\\n-66 Miss. William L. Sharkey.\\n-66* Mont. (Ter.). Thomas Francis\\nMeagher.\\nN. C. William W. Holden.\\n-68 A r C. Jonathan Worth.\\n-67 *2T.H. Frederick Smyth.\\n-67* *K.Mex.(Ter.). Robert B. Mitch-\\nell.\\n-69 N. Y. Reuben E. Fenton.\\n-66 0. Charles Anderson.\\n5. C. Benjamin F. Perry.\\n-68 S. C. James L. Orr.\\n-69 Tenn. William G. Brownlow.\\n-66 Tex. A. J. Hamilton.\\n-69 U. (Ter.). Charles Durkee.\\n-67 Vt. Paul Dillingham.\\n1S66 Jan. 5. D. C. Congress House\\nR. P. Spaulding of O. proposes an amend-\\nment to the Constitution, for the\\napportionment of representatives on the\\nbasis of a franchise freely exercised,\\nby blacks as well as whites.\\nJan. 6. D. C. Congress The Joint\\nSpecial Committee on Reconstruc-\\ntion is organized.\\nJan. 8. D. C. Congress House James\\nG. Blaine of Me. proposes an amend-\\nment to the Constitution, by which\\nthe enumeration of persons whose right\\nof suffrage is impaired on account of\\nrace or color shall be omitted in appor-\\ntioning representatives.\\nJan. 9. D. C. Congress v The House,\\nwith four-fifths of its members Repub-\\nlicans, refuses to pass a resolution of\\nconfidence in the Republican Presi-\\ndent this occasions a break in its rela-\\ntions with him.\\nJan. 12. D. C. Congress Senate\\nLyman Trumbull of 111. introduces\\nthe Civil Rights BUI.\\nThere shall be no discrimination in\\ncivil rights on account of race,\\ncolor, or previous condition of servi-\\ntude.\\nJan. 14. A T C. A convention meets at\\nRaleigh under the Reconstruction Acts\\nof Congress, and proceeds to frame a\\nConstitution.\\nJan. 15. D. C. Congress; House Ros-\\ncoe Conkling of N. T. proposes an\\namendment, prohibiting the enumera-\\ntion of all blacks in any State when the\\npolitical rights or privileges of any\\nman shall be denied on account of race\\nor color also for denying or abridging\\nthe elective franchise.\\nJan. 22. B.C. Congress: The Joint\\nReconstruction Committee report\\ntheir amendment to the Constitution\\nto both Houses.\\nIt excludes the enumeration of freed-\\nmen as a basis of representation when\\nthe exercise of the elective franchise is\\ndenied or abridged in any State.\\nJan. 25. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Freedmen s Bureau BiH.\\nJan. 29. D.C. Congress The amend-\\nment resolutions are referred again\\nto the Reconstruction Committee.\\nJan. 31. D. C. Congress: The Joint\\nCommittee makes another report ex-\\ncluding freedmen from enumeration\\nwhen the elective franchise is denied or\\nabridged in any State on account of\\nrace or color. Adopted by the House.\\nTote, 120-46.\\nJan. la. The Legislature ratifies the\\n13th Amendment to the Federal Con-\\nstitution.\\nFeb. 2. J). C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Civil Rights Bill, which is\\nintended to confer on the freedmen all\\nthe rights enjoyed by the white men,\\nexcept that of suffrage. Vote, 33-12.\\nFeb. 6. D. C. Congress The Senate\\nbegins the debate on the Constitutional\\nAmendment.\\nCongress confers additional power on\\nthe Freedmen s Bureau. Vote:House,\\n13G-33; Senate (previously), 37-10.\\nFeb. 9. N eb. A Constitutional Conven-\\ntion frames a Constitution.\\nFeb. 10. Tex, A State Convention\\nmeets at Austin to frame a new Consti-\\ntution,\\nFeb. 19. D. C. President Johnson ve-\\ntoes the Freedmen s Bureau Bill.\\nFeb. 20. D. C. Congress Senate The\\nattempt to override the President s\\nveto fails. Vote, 30-18. (See July 16.)\\nFeb. 21. D.C. Congress; House: J.\\nS. Morrill of Vt. reports a bill for fund-\\ning certain national obHgations.\\nFeb. 22. D. C. The President makes a\\nspeech in front of the Presidential Man-\\nsion, in which he denounces the Re-\\nconstruction Committee, and declares\\nCongress to be in rebellion against the\\nGovernment of the United States.\\nMar. 9. D. C. Congress The Senate\\nfails to carry the Civil Rights Amend-\\nment Bill. Vote, 25-22. [Passed Mar.\\n16.]\\nMar. 10. W. Va. Congress, by a joint-\\nresolution, recognizes the transfer of\\nthe counties of Berkely and Jefferson\\nfrom Virginia to West Virginia.\\nMar. 14. D. C. Congress House The\\nCivil Rights Bill passes. Vote, 111-38.\\nMar. 16. D. C. Congress the Senate\\npasses the Civil Rights Bill.\\nIt accords to the negro every legal right\\nenjoyed by the white man, and empowers\\nthe President to use the army to enforce\\nthe Act.\\nCongress; House: The debate on the\\ncontraction of the currency closes the\\nMorrill Funding Bill is defeated.\\nVote, 67-70.\\nMar. 17. U.S. The United States termi-\\nnates the reciprocity treaty regulating\\ntraffic between Canada and the United\\nStates, it having given one year s notice,\\naccording to the terms of the treaty.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1865 Dec. 31. U.S. The fire record\\nfor 1865 shows 354 fires of $20,000 loss and\\nupwards, and a total estimated loss of\\n$43,139,000.\\nImmigrants in 1865, 247,453.\\nCal. The Mountain View Cem-\\netery at San Francisco is established.\\nConn. Cedar Httl Cemetery, near\\nHartford, is laid out.\\nD. C. The Freedman s Savings\\nand Trust Company is chartered.\\n1866 Jan. 1. Neio York. Price of mid-\\ndling upland cotton is 52 to 53 cents\\nthe value of a gold doUar is 144| cents.\\nJan. 11. Kij. The State Farmers con-\\nvention meets at Frankfort delegates\\nare present from 40 counties.\\nJan. 24. D. C. The Smithsonian In-\\nstitution at Washington is partially\\nburned.\\nJan. 30. The steamer Miami s boilers\\nexplode, and she sinks in the Missis-\\nsippi 150 lives are lost.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "252 1866, Mar. 19 -Aug. 28.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1866 Apr. 13. D. C. Congress passes\\na resolution providing for the preserva-\\ntion of soldiers graves from dese-\\ncration.\\nApr. 21. L C. Congress tenders its\\nthanks to Gen. W. S. Hancock.\\nMay 3. D. C. Congress tenders the\\nthanks of the Nation, to officers, sol-\\nJune 17. D. C. Congress limits admis-\\nsion to West Point Academy to can-\\ndidates who are between 17 and 22 years\\nof age.\\nJuly 26. Winfield S. Hancock is com-\\nmissioned major-general.\\nJuly Ulysses S. Grant is appointed\\ngeneral-in-chief (the 15th commander)\\nof the U. S. A. W. T. Sherman, Lieu-\\ntenant-General D. G. Farragut, Ad-\\nmiral of the U. S. N., and D. D. Porter,\\n-Vice-Admiral,\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1866 May 1. Md. A destructive hail-\\nstorm visits Baltimore; 20,000 panes of\\nglass are broken.\\nMay 12. D. C. A variable star in the\\nconstellation Corona is seen from the\\nWashington observatory it appears to\\nbe nearly as large as the sun [within 30\\ndays it dwindles from second to ninth\\nmagnitude.]\\nJune 15. N. Y. The asteroid Thisbe\\nis discovered by C. H. F. Peters.\\nJune 23. Phila. The Chestnut-Street\\nbridge is completed. (Begun in 1861.)\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1866.\\nMar. 21. Elliot, Stephen, Confed. brig.-\\ngen., A34.\\nApr. 1 Harding, Chester, portrait painter,\\nA74.\\nApr. 12. Dickinson, Daniel Stevens, sen.\\nfor N.Y., Am.\\nApr. 22. Allen, Henry K, Gov. of La.;\\nConfed. brig.-gen., A 46.\\nWaxriner, Francis, Cong, cl., writer,\\nA61.\\nApr. 23. Ewing, William B., physician,\\nN.J., A90.\\nMay 7. Waite, Carlos A., brig.-gen. U. S.\\nvols., A66.\\nMay 29. Cox, Henry G., plivsician, N.Y.,\\nA47.\\nKogers, Henry Darwin, geologist, A58.\\nScott, Winfield, lieutenant-general\\nU. S. A., Whig candidate for the Presi-\\ndency, A80.\\nJune 8. Davis, Emerson, Cong, cl., A68.\\nJune 13. Odell, Moses F., naval officer,\\nM. C. N.Y., A48.\\nJune 16. Seaton, William W., journalist,\\nD. C, A81.\\nJune 17. Caas, Lewis, sen. for Mich.,\\nGov., min. to France, see. of state, A84.\\nJune 18. Merrick, James, Cong, clergy-\\nman, missionary to Persia, Ati3.\\nJune 21. MargLieritt.es, Julie de, author,\\ndramatic critic, A52.\\nMussev, Reuben Pimond, surgeon, au-\\nthor, A86.\\nJuly 6. liruce, George, tvpefounder, pres.\\nMech. Inst. N. Y. City, A85.\\nJuly 14. Hlooilgood, Samuel DeWitt, mer-\\nchant, N.Y. City, A67.\\nJuly 24. Morgan, George N., brig.-gen.\\nU. S. vols., A41.\\nAug-. 2. Lathrop, John H., pres. of coll.,\\nA67.\\nAug. 21. Brainenl, Thomas, Cong, clergy-\\nman, writer, editor, A62.\\nAug. 23. Haven, Alice B., author of ju-\\nvenile books, A38.\\nAur. 25. Porter, John Addison, chemist,\\nA44.\\nAui?. 26. Plerpont, John, Cult, clergyman,\\npoet, A81.\\nAuk. 27. Richmond, Dean, merchant, finan-\\ncier, of N.Y., At 2.\\nCHURCH.\\n1866 Apr. 4^. La. The General Con-\\nference (Methodist Episcopal South)\\nmeets at New Orleans.\\nDavid S. Doggett, William M. Wight-\\nman, Enoch M. Marvin, Holland N. Mo\\nTyeire, and John C. Koiuierare ordained\\nbishops. [June 20. J. W.Robertsmiss.bp.]\\nThe Baltimore, Columbia, Northwest\\nTexas, West Texas, Little Rock. North\\nGeorgia, and South Georgia Conferences\\nare formed.\\nMay 31. III. The Eighth Triennial Gen-\\neral Eldership (Church of God) opens\\nat Decatur.\\nJune 1. Boston. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nLETTERS.\\n1866 Mar. 27. Mich. The Detroit Daily\\nPost is issued.\\nApr. 2. Phila. The Evening Star is\\nissued.\\nJune 20. Phila. The Public Ledger is\\nissued.\\nJuly Tenn. Central Tennessee Col-\\nlege is chartered.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1866 Apr. 6. 77/. The first post of\\nthe Grand Army of the Republic is\\norganized at Decatur.\\nApr.* Me. Fenians gather at Eastport\\nfor a raid on Campobello, New Bruns-\\nwick, but are deterred by the Govern-\\nment.\\nApr. Md. A fair is held at Baltimore\\nfor the relief of destitute people in the\\nSouthern States the net receipts are\\nS1G4.5G9.\\nApr.* New York. The American Society\\nfor the Prevention cf Cruelty to An-\\nimals is organized Henry Bergh, pres-\\nident.\\nMay 1-3. Tenn. Twenty-four negroes\\nare killed in a race riot at Memphis.\\nMay 10. New York. James Stephens,\\nthe fugitive Fenian Head-Center, ar-\\nMay* N. Y. Fenians assemble at Buf-\\nfalo for a raid into Canada.\\nMay 19. N. Y. The Government seizes\\n1,200 stand of arms from Fenians at\\nHouse s Point, play SO, it seizes 1,000\\nmore at St. Albans, Vt.]\\nJune 1. iV. Y. Canada is invaded by\\nabout 1,500 Fenians from Buffalo.\\n[They retire after a skirmish with the\\nCanadians many are arrested by Fed-\\neral officers.]\\nJune 7. Vt. About 1,000 armed Feni-\\nans invade Canada, and return on the\\napproach of Canadian troops.\\nJune 8. Phila. Antoine Probst is exe-\\ncuted for the murder on April 7 of the\\nDeering family, consisting of eight\\npersons.\\nJune 21. I). V. The Howard Institute\\nBUI becomes a law, establishing an in-\\ndustrial home for freedmen at Wash-\\nington.\\nJuly 11. D. C. Senator J. H. Lane of\\nKa\\nside.\\nJuly 12. Ind. The first department en-\\ncampment of the Grand Army of the\\nRepublic is held at Indianapolis.\\nJuly 27. U. S. The Government orders\\nall circulars and letters concerning lot-\\nteries to be excluded from the mail.\\nJuly 30. La. A meeting composed\\nmostly of colored people meets at New\\nOrleans to form a new constitution\\na riot follows, in which many are killed.\\nA massacre of Republicans in a polit-\\nical convention occurs at New Orleans.\\nAbout 40 are killed and 150 wounded\\nby the anti-negro suffrage party. [The\\nRadicals of the North are intensified in\\nfeeling and united in action by this\\noccurrence.]\\nSTATE\\n1866 Mar. 19. D. C. Congress: The\\nHouse reconsiders the Funding EiU.\\nMar. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndeclares John P. Stockton (Rep.) of N. J.\\nentitled to his seat, notwithstanding an\\nalleged irregularity in his election. Vote,\\n22-21.\\nThe decisive vote is cast by Stockton\\nhimself, owing to peculiar circumstances\\nrespecting the pairing of votes. The\\nHouse again passes the Funding Bill\\nwith a proviso. Vote, 83-53.\\nMar. 26. D. C. Congress The Senate\\nreconsiders the question of admitting\\nJ. P. Stockton, and unanimously con-\\ndemns his voting for himself it decides,\\nwithout his vote, that he is not entitled\\nto a seat. Vote, 23-20.\\nMar. 27. D. C. President Johnson ve-\\ntoes the Civil Eights BUI.\\nMar. 28. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nGeorge F. Edmunds of Vt. is sworn\\nin as Senator.\\nApr. 1\u00c2\u00b1. D. C Congress: The Senate\\noverrides the President s veto of the\\nCivil Eights BUI. Vote, 33-15. [The\\nHouse follows on Apr. 9. Vote, 122-41.]\\nApr. 2. D. C. President Johnson re-\\nstores the habeas corpus in all States\\nbut Texas.\\nU. S. The President proclaims that\\nthe insurrection is suppressed east of\\nthe Mississippi River it is henceforth\\nto be so regarded.\\nApr.* I). C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Funding Bill. Vote, 32-7.\\n[Approved Apr. 12 it becomes a law.]\\nApr. 24. D. C. Congress; House: A\\nmemorable legislative encounter be-\\ntween J. G. Blaine and Eoscce Conk-\\nling takes place, by which they become\\nenemies for life.\\nApr. 30. D. C. Congress: The Joint\\nReconstruction Committee makes\\ntheir final report, which is known as\\nthe 14th Amendment. (See below.)\\nMay 5. T). C. Congress extends the\\nboundary of Nevada one degree east.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1866, Mar. 19 -Aug. 28. 253\\nMay 6. Va. Jefferson Davis is in-\\ndicted for treason by a grand jury in\\nthe U. S. Circuit Court of Virginia.\\nMay D. C. Congress passes the bill to\\nadmit Colorado. Vote Senate, 10-13\\nHouse, 81-57. [Vetoed, May 10.]\\nMay S. D. C. Congress House The\\ndebate on the 14th Amendment is\\nopened by Thaddeus Stevens of Pa.\\nMay 10. B. C. Congress The House\\npasses the 14th Amendment Bill to\\naid in the reconstruction of the Southern\\nStates. Vote, 128-37. (See June 16.)\\nMay 24. IV. Va. The people ratify an\\namendment to the Constitution, dis-\\nfranchising all who had given volun-\\ntary aid to the Confederacy after June,\\n1361.\\nMay 29. B. C. The President issues a\\nproclamation of general amnesty, with\\ncertain classes excepted.\\nMay* Torn. The Legislature by enact-\\nment disfranchises all who have aided\\nthe secession cause iu any way.\\nJune 6. B. C. The Pension Eill be-\\ncomes a law it authorizes the payment\\nof $25 per month to soldiers and sailors\\nrendered helpless.\\nJune 7. D. C. The President issues a\\nmonitory proclamation against the in-\\nvasion of Canada by Fenians.\\nJune S. B. C. Congress The Senate\\npasses the Constitutional Amend-\\nment Eill. Vote, 32-11.\\nJune 13. B. C. Congress: The House\\nconcurs with the Senate s amendments\\nto the Constitutional Amendment\\nBill. Vote, 120-32. It then passes the\\nBill. Vote, 13S-3G.\\nIts aim is (1) to override the Dred\\nScottdecision, and to prevent theabridg-\\nment of the privileges and immunities of\\nnative or naturalized citizens (2) to pre-\\nvent the exclusion of the negro vote,\\nwhich it does, by reducing the repre-\\nsentation of the Strifes in Congress in pro-\\nportion to the reduction of votes (3) to\\nprevent the payment of the Confederate\\ndebt, and to guarantee the payment of\\nthe national debt.\\nJune 16. 7 C. The 14th Amend-\\nment is submitted to the States.\\nJune 18. B. C. Congress: The Com-\\nmittee on Reconstruction reports that\\nno Southern State has placed itself in\\nsatisfactory relations to the Union it\\nproposes new legislation as a condition\\nby which, any State may be qualified for\\nrepresentation in Congress.\\nJune 21. B. C. The Homestead BUI\\nbecomes a law; it provides for the dis-\\nposal of all public lands in Mississippi,\\nLouisiana, Arkansas, and Florida.\\nNeb. The people ratify the Constitu-\\ntion. Vote, 3,938-3,S38.\\nJune 22. I). C. The President s message\\nto Congress expresses his objections to\\nthe submission to the States of the 14th\\nAmendment.\\nJune 30. Connecticut is the first State\\nto approve the 14th Amendment.\\nU.S. Statistics for 1866. Revenue:\\nCustoms, S17! ,0U ,ir 2; internal revenue,\\n$309,226,81:1; direct tax, $1,974,754 sales\\nof public lands, $665,031 premiums on\\nloans and sales of gold min, $:.W,()s;{,(i5i.;\\nmiscellaneous items, $2!i,n:j(;,:314. Total\\nrevenue, $558,032, 6_o excess of revenue\\nover ordinary expenditures, $37,223,203.\\nExpenditures: Premiums on loans, pur-\\nchase of bonds, etc., $58,477; miscel-\\nlaneous items, $41,056,962; War Depart-\\nment, $284,449,702; navy department,\\n$43,324,119; Indians, $3,247,065; pen-\\nsions, $15,605,352; interest on public\\ndebt, $133,067,742. Total ordinary ex-\\npenditures, $520,809,417 public debt,\\n$2,773,230,173: exports, $348,859,522; im-\\nports, $434,812,066.\\nJune Tex. The people ratify the new\\nConstitution. Vote, 34,794-11,235.\\nJuly 7. New Hampshire approves the\\n14th Amendment.\\nJuly 11. B. C. Dissent in the Cabinet\\nwith the President s views on recon-\\nstruction William Dennison, Post-\\nmaster-General, tenders his resignation.\\nJuly 13. D. C. Congress passes a bill\\nfor the reduction of the internal reve-\\nnue taxes. Estimated yearly reduction,\\n$265,920,474.\\nJuly 16. D. C. Congress overrides the\\nPresident s veto of a new Freedmen s\\nBureau Eill. Vote: House, 104-33;\\nSenate, 33-12. The bill becomes a law.\\nJuly 18. D. C. Attorney-General James\\nSpeed retires from the Cabinet.\\nJuly 19. Tennessee ratifies the 14th\\nAmendment. Vote, 58-17.\\nJuly 22\u00c2\u00b1. B. C. Secretary Harlan re-\\ntires from the Interior Department.\\nJuly23\u00c2\u00b1. B. C. Congress passes the\\nBill to admit Nebraska. A^ote Sen-\\nate, 24-13 House, 62-52. [It remains un-\\nsigned by the President when Congress\\nadjourns. A pocket veto.\\nHenry Stanbery of Ky. is appointed\\nattorney-general.\\nCongress limits the U. S. Supreme\\nCourt to a chief justice and six associate\\njustices.\\nJuly 24. B. C. Congress The House\\npasses a joint resolution to readmit\\nTennessee. Vote, 125-12.\\nJuly 25. B. C. Congress passes an act\\nreviving the grade cf general in the\\narmy, and creates the rank of admiral\\nin the navy.\\nCongress receives a special message\\nfrom the President respecting the ad-\\nmission of Tennessee.\\nAlexander W. Randall of Wis. is\\nappointed postmaster-general.\\nJuly 26. B. C. Congress passes an act\\nregulating the time and manner of\\nholding elections for senators in Con-\\ngress.\\nJuly 27. B.C. Congress, having legal-\\nized the metric system, provides that\\nthe Secretary of the Treasury shall fur-\\nnish each State with one set of the stan-\\ndard weights and measures.\\nOrville H. Browning of 111. is ap-\\npointed secretary of the interior.\\nJuly 28. B. C. Congress increases the\\npeace establishment in the army.\\nThe 39th Congress: the first session\\ncloses\\nJuly 30. La. The Republican con-\\nvention that framed the Constitution\\nof 1864 attempts to reassemble a riot\\nand massacre ensue. (See Society.)\\nAug. 14. PJiila. A National Union\\nConvention of Conservatives assem-\\nbles, seeking a union of Administration\\nRepublicans and Democrats, it is com-\\nposed chiefly of the latter; James R.\\nDoolittle of Wis., president. [It in-\\ndorses the course of President Johnson.]\\nAug. 17. B. C. The President pro-\\nclaims the decree of Maximilian, clos-\\ning certain Mexican ports, to be null\\nand void as against the United States.\\nAug. 20. B. C. The President pro-\\nclaims the insurrection suppressed in\\nTexas.\\nU. S. The writ of habeas corpus is\\nrestored in all the States.\\nAug. 28. B. C. President Johnson\\nleaves Washington for Chicago to lay\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0-stone of the Douglas Monu-\\nHis circuitous journey is derisively\\ncalled swinging around the circle.\\nHe makes frequent speeches in an ag-\\ngressive and disputatious spirit, concern-\\ning political questions.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1S66 Mar. 23. O. Pike s Opera House\\nat Cincinnati is burned.\\nMar. Eng. The Atlantic Telegraph\\nCompany reorganizes as the Anglo-\\nAmerican Telegraph Company, lim-\\nited.\\nApr. 1. New York. Price of middling\\nuplands cotton is 40 to 42 cents the\\nvalue of a gold dollar is 127J to 128\u00c2\u00a3\\ncents.\\nMay 21. New Tori;. The Academy of\\nMusic and the University Medical Col-\\nlege are burned.\\nJuly 1. Neio York. The price of mid-\\ndling upland cotton is 36 to 33 cents;\\nthe value of a gold dollar is 151J to 153g\\ncents.\\nJuly 4. Me. A great fire burns a large\\npart of Portland an area one and a\\nhalf miles long by one-fourth of a mile\\nwide is devastated, 1,500 buildings con-\\nsumed loss $10,000,000 to $15,000,000\\none-fourth of the population is homeless.\\nJuly 13. The Great Eastern again com-\\nmences to lay the deep-sea cable, from\\nnear Valencia, Ireland.\\nJuly 27. B. C. Congress charters the\\nAtlantic and Pacific Railroad to con-\\nnect Springfield, Mo., with the Pacific;\\nlength, 2,000 miles subsidy, 12,800 acres\\nof land per mile in the States, 25,000 in\\nthe Territories total 42,000,000 acres, or\\n70,000 square miles.\\nN. F. The third Atlantic cable be-\\ntween England and Newfoundland\\nis completed.\\nAfter 12 years of remarkable faith and\\ntoil Cyrus W. Field succeeds in laying a\\nreliable working cable 1,6S6 miles long\\nbetween the New World and the Old.\\nJuly Eng. A cable message is sent\\nby Queen Victoria to President Johnson.\\nJuly 30. B.C. The President replies to\\nthe Queen s message.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "254 1866, Aug. *-1867, Jan. 7.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1866 Dec. 21. Mont. The Sioux In-\\ndians massacre and scalp three officers\\nand 90 privates at Fort Philip Kearny,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0near Big Horn.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1866 Sept. A destructive flood sweeps\\nthe Ohio River and its tributaries.\\nConn. The Tale School of Fine\\nArts is opened.\\nDale. Rich fields of gold, silver, and\\ncopper are discovered in the Black\\nHills.\\nD. C. Congress sets apart $10,000 for\\na life-size statue of Abraham Lincoln\\nto be placed in the Federal Capitol a\\ncommission is given to Vinnie Ream.\\nLondon. Richelieu is presented by\\nEdwin Booth at the Winter Garden\\nTheater.\\nMass. The Museum of Harvard Uni-\\nversity is built a chair of American\\narchaeology and ethnology is endowed\\nby George Peabody, who gives $150,000\\nfor the purpose.\\nNew York. A bronze bust of Irving\\nis unveiled at Bryant Park.\\nNew York. The building of the Na-\\ntional Academy of Design is com-\\npleted at a cost of \u00c2\u00a7237,000. John F.\\nWeir of New Haven is elected a member\\nof the National Academy of Design.\\nN. Y. The Brooklyn Academy of\\nDesign is established.\\nValley of the Yosemite is painted by\\nAlbert Bierstadt.\\nThe Statue, The Returned Soldier, is\\nexecuted by L. G. Mead.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1866.\\nAug. Rutherford, John C, lawyer, poli-\\ntician, Va., A4I.\\nSept. 3. Iiurnham, James C, col. XJ. S. A.,\\nA46.\\nSept. 7. Baldwin, Matthias William, in-\\nventor of locomotives, A70.\\nSept. 13. Orme, William W., brig.-gen.\\nU. S. vols., A34.\\nSept. 15. Gould, Augustus A., naturalist,\\nof Boston, A61.\\nSept. 26. Hawks, Francis Lister, P. E.\\nclergyman, historian, A68.\\nOct. 1. Cummins, Maria S., novelist, A39.\\nOct. 4. Rarey. John S., horse-tamer, Alls.\\nOct. 7. Stockton, Hubert F.,eom. XT. S. N-,\\nA71.\\nOct. 13. Van Buren, John, politician, of\\nN.Y., A56.\\nOct. 16. Barrow, Wash., M. C. for Tenn.,\\nA59.\\nD wight, Theodore, journalist, author,\\nA70.\\nOct. 38. Ansorge, Charles, prof, of music,\\nMass., A49.\\nOct. 31. Lacey, William, P. E. clergyman,\\nwriter of text-books, A85.\\nNov. 6. Rutledge, Francis 11., P. E. bp. of\\nFla., A67.\\nNov. 10. Ewen, Marv C, aetor, A39.\\nNov. 12. Freeman, William G., col. U. S.\\nA., A51.\\nNov. 14. Lewis,WilliamI ..,majorTT. S. A.,\\npolitician, A82.\\nNov. 22. Brewsler, -lames, philanthropist,\\nA81.\\nNov. 29. Green, Horace, phvsician, au-\\nthor, A64.\\nDec. lO. Minot, Charles,railroadeng.,A56.\\nDec. 16. Vethake, Henrv, writer, editor,\\nPa., A75.\\nDec. 20. Semple, .lames, lawver, senator,\\nfor III., A68.\\nDec 21. Elliott, Stephen, first P. E. bishop\\nof Ga., AGO.\\nDec. 22. Forrest, French captain V. S. N.,\\nConfed. adrn., A70.\\nAdams, John Jt., Cong, clergyman, A45.\\nIngraham, J. H., romancist, A57.\\n1867\\nJan.7. Hayne, Arthur P., sen. of S. C, A77.\\nCHURCH.\\n1866 Sept. 30. la. John Hennessy is\\nconsecrated (Itonian Catholic) bishop of\\nDubuque.\\nOct. 3. Channing Moore Williams is con-\\nsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) mission-\\nary bishop for Japan and China.\\nOct. 10, 11. N. Y. The Second Na-\\ntional Unitarian Conference is held\\nin Syracuse.\\nOct. 24. Wis. The Wisconsin Confer-\\nence of Unitarian and Independent So-\\ncieties is organized at Sheboygan.\\nNov. 7. La. Joseph Pere Bell Wilraer\\nis consecrated {Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Louisiana.\\nNov. 15. Ky. George David Cummins\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nassistant bishop of Kentucky.\\nDec. 5. Mass. The Norfolk Conference\\nof Unitarian and other churches is\\norganized at Dedham.\\nDec. 6. Wis. William Edmond Armi-\\ntage is consecrated (Protestant Episco-\\npal) bishop of Wisconsin.\\nDec. 11. The Essex Conferenceof Liberal\\nChristian churches is formed.\\nDec. 12. Mass. The South Middlesex\\nConference of Congregational (Unita-\\nrian) churches is organized at Cam-\\nbridgeport and the Worcester Confer-\\nence is organized at Worcester.\\nDec. 17. Boston. The Suffolk Confer-\\nence of Unitarian and other Christian\\nchurches is organized.\\nDec. 18. Mass. The North Middlesex\\nCongregational Conferenceof Unitarian\\nand other Christian churches is orga-\\nnized at Littleton.\\nDec. Pa. The Pennsylvania Luther-\\nans, having called the adherents of\\nthe Augsburg Confession to unite, a pre-\\nliminary convention is held at Reading\\nit provides for a General Council.\\nAlas. The Moravians send mission-\\naries to Western Alaska, near Fort\\nAlexander.\\nBoston. The Baptist Annual Meet-\\ning assembles.\\nInd. The General Synod (Evangeli-\\ncal Lutheran) meets at Fort Wayne.\\nThe Pennsylvania Lutheran Synod is\\ndeclared by the General Synod to have\\nsevered its connections.\\nMo. The General Assembly (O. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at St. Louis K. L.\\nStanton, moderator.\\nThe General Assembly (N. S. Pres-\\nbyterian) meets at St. Louis S. M.\\nHopkins, moderator.\\nThe Old and New School Gen-\\neral Assemblies fraternize at the\\nLord s Table at St. Louis.\\nThe Presbyterian General Assembly\\ndeclares its regret because of the sepa-\\nration of the Southern churches.\\nA joint committee of both New and\\nOld School Presbyterians is appointed\\nto consider a reunion.\\nN. Y. The New York City Mission\\nand Tract Society is reorganized.\\n0. The Annual Convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Cincin-\\nnati A. Campbell, moderator.\\nO. The Freedmen s Aid Society\\n(Methodist Episcopal; is organized at\\nCincinnati.\\nPa. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian; meets at Allegheny\\nDavid Kerr, moderator.\\nPa. The General Synod (Evangelical\\nLutheran; of Pittsburg is organized.\\nThe East German, Texas. South Caro-\\nlina, and Tennessee Conferences (Meth-\\ndist Episcopal; are formed.\\nLETTERS.\\n1866 Oct. 24. Md. The Peabody Insti-\\ntute, at Baltimore, is inaugurated in the\\npresence of the founder.\\nBoston. The Institute of Technol-\\nogy is opened.\\nColo. The Republican is issued at\\nDenver.\\nla. Tabor College (Cong.) is organ-\\nized at Tabor.\\nInd. De Pauw College (Meth. Epis.)\\nis founded at New Albany.\\nInd. The Indianapolis Normal\\nSchool is opened.\\nKan. The University of Kansas\\n(non-sect.) is organized at Lawrence.\\nKan. Ottawa University (Bapt.) is\\norganized at Ottawa.\\nKy. The Kentucky Wesleyan Col-\\nlege (Meth. Epis.) is organized at Mil-\\nlersburg.\\nKy. Normal Institute (colored), of\\nLexington, is opened by the American\\nMissionary Association.\\nKy. The Logan Female College is\\nfounded at Russelville.\\nMd. Centenary Biblical Institute\\n(Meth. Epis.) is organized in Baltimore.\\nMd. Morgan College and Dela-\\nware Conference Academy (Meth.\\nEpis.) is organized at Baltimore.\\nMo. Lewis College (Meth. Epis.) is\\nopened at Glasgow.\\n*Mo. The Lincoln Institute Normal\\nSchool at Jefferson City is opened.\\n*N.J. Drew Theological Seminary\\n(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Madison.\\nNew York. The Galaxy magazine\\nappears.\\nO. One Study College (Meth. Epis.)\\nis established at Scio. Each student is\\nto pursue but one study at a time.\\n[Name changed to Scio College.]\\nOre. The Medical Department of\\nthe Willamette University at Portland\\nis opened.\\nOre. Christian College (denomina-\\ntional) is organized at Monmouth.\\nPa. Lehigh University (Prot. Epis.)\\nis organized at South Bethlehem.\\nTenn. U.S. Grant University (Meth.\\nEpis.) is organized at Chattanooga.\\nWis. The State Normal School at\\nPlatteville is opened.\\nVenetian Life, by William Dean\\nHowells, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1866, Aug. *-1867, Jan. 7. 255\\nCharacter and Characteristic Men, by\\nEdwin Percy Whipple, appears.\\nJosh Billings and His Sayings, by\\nHenry Wheeler Shaw, appears.\\nLife of Stonewall Jackson, by John\\nEsten Cooke, appears.\\nLyrics and Hymns, by Alice Cary,\\nappears.\\nThe Masquerade and Other Poems, by\\nJohn G. Saxe, appears.\\nSaint Elmo, by Augusta Evans (Mrs.\\nWilson), appears.\\nSnow-Bound, by John Greenleaf\\nWhittier, appears.\\nThe Story of Kennett, by Bayard Tay-\\nlor, appears.\\nDoctor Johns, by Donald G, Mitchell,\\nappears.\\nLyrics, by Julia Ward Howe, appears\\nit includes the Battle Hymn of the Re-\\npublic, written in camp, in 1861.\\nOur Artist in Peru, by G. W. Carleton,\\nappears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1866 Oct. 1. N. C. Colored delegates\\nmeet in convention at Raleigh to ad-\\nvance their race.\\n.Nov. 10. Me. Soldiers are first ad-\\nmitted to the National Home, for dis-\\nabled volunteers, at Togus Springs.\\nNov. 20. Tad. The first national encamp-\\nment of the Grand Army of the Repub-\\nlic is held at Indianapolis Gen. S. A.\\nHurlbut of 111., commander-in-chief.\\nDec. 1. Paris. Minister Bigelow receives\\na gold medal for the widow of Abra-\\nham Lincoln, \u00e2\u0080\u0094the gift of 40,000 French\\ncitizens.\\nDec. 6. Minn. A State hospital for the\\ninsane is opened at St. Peter.\\nDec. D. C. The scandalous sale of\\npardons to ex-Confederates by middle-\\nmen and by women is exposed at\\nWashington.\\nCal. The State Institution for the\\nDeaf, Dumb, and Blind is established\\nat Oakland.\\nChicago. The Crosby Opera\\nHouse Association conducts a lot-\\ntery, in which the Opera House is the\\nprincipal prize.\\nD. C. Miss Mary Harris is tried at\\nWashington forthe murder of A. J. Bur-\\nroughs and acquitted.\\nKy. The colored population of Marion\\nCounty is terrorized by a band of\\narmed outlaws called the Skaag s\\nmen.\\nMd. The Legislature passes a bill to\\nenforce a strict observance of Sun-\\nday.\\nN. J. A Soldiers Home is estab-\\nlished at Newark.\\nO. John W. Hughes is hanged for\\nthe murder of Miss Tamzen Parsons at\\nCleveland.\\nPa. The Pittsburg Homeopathic\\nHospital is chartered.\\nTenn. The Legislature removes the\\ndisability which prevents negroes and\\nIndians giving testimony in courts of\\njustice.\\nVt. A Home for destitute children\\nis established at Burlington.\\nSTATE.\\n1866 Aug. D. C. Secretary Seward\\ntransmits a list of individual claims\\nagainst England, based on the losses\\ncaused by the Alabama.\\nSept. 3-7. Phila. Two National Conven-\\ntions are held one composed of Loyal-\\nists from the South, the other of their\\nsympathizers in the North they unite\\nin condemnation of the President s re-\\nconstruction policy.\\nSept. 11. N. J. The Legislature ratifies\\nthe 14th Amendment to the Federal\\nConstitution. [Sept. 19, Oregon Nov. 9,\\nVermont Dec. South Carolina\\nAMrginia.]\\nSept. 17. O. A Convention of Sol-\\ndiers and Sailors is held at Cleveland\\nto render moral support to the Adminis-\\ntration it is weak in attendance and\\nbarren of results.\\nSept. 25, 26. Pa. A National Con-\\nvention of Citizen Soldiers and Sail-\\nors meets at Pittsburg it favors the\\nRadicals in Congress who oppose the\\nPresident; Gen. John A. Logan is\\npresident.\\nSept.+ U. S. Great excitement attends\\nthe political campaign.\\nIt concerns chiefly the choice of mem-\\nbers of the 40th Congress, aud of mem-\\nbers of legislatures who are to act on\\nthe 14th Amendment.\\nNov. 6. Ind. A convention of colored\\npeople meets at Indianapolis to ad-\\nvance a movement for full citizenship.\\nU. S. The State elections favor the\\nRepublicans in Congress.\\nDec. 3. D. C. The 39th Congress the\\nsecond session opens.\\nCongress receives a moderate and con-\\nciliatory message from the President.\\nDec. 4. N. C. The Legislature rejects\\nthe 14th Amendment to the Federal\\nConstitution.\\nDec. 5. Z C. Congress; Senate G. H.\\nWilliams of Ore. introduces a bill to\\nregulate the tenure of civil offices.\\nCongress: The House suspends the\\nrules and repeals the act authorizing the\\nPresident to extend amnesty. Vote, 112-\\n29.\\nDec. 14. D. C. Congress passes a bill\\nextending the right of suffrage to the\\nnegroes of the District of Columbia.\\n[The President vetoes the bill, Jan. 5,\\n1867.]\\nDec. 22. N. C. The Legislatxire passes\\nan act of amnesty to all soldiers of both\\narmies who have committed offenses\\nagainst the criminal laws of the State.\\nU. S. The income tax of five per\\ncent, on all incomes over $800 yields a\\nrevenue of $61,071,932.\\nThe significant movement of the\\nU. S. troops to the Mexican border has\\nthe desired effect on Napoleon III. he\\npromises to withdraw French troops\\nfrom the continent within a limited\\ntime.\\n*U. S. Governors inaugurated:\\n-69 Ariz. (Ter.). R. C. M Cormick.\\n-67 Conn. Joseph R. Hawley.\\n-69 Dak. (Ter.). Andrew J. Falk.\\n-68 Fla. David S. Walker.\\n-67 Ida. (Ter.). David W. Ballard.\\n-69 Mass. Alexander H. Bullock.\\n-70 Minn. William R. Marshall.\\n-70* Miss. Benjamin G.Humphreys.\\n-69* Mont. (Ter.). Green Clay Smith.\\n-69 N. J. Marcus L. Ward.\\n-67 Neb. (Ter.). David Butler.\\n-68 O. Jacob D. Cox.\\n-70 Ore. George L. Woods.\\n-69 P. L Ambrose E. Burnside.\\n-67 Tex. J. W. Throckmorton.\\n-72 Wis. Lucius Fairchild.\\n1867 Jan. D. C. Congress again ad-\\nmits Colorado. [Jan. 25, the President\\nvetoes the bill.]\\nJan. 7. D. C. Congress: A movement\\nto impeach President Johnson begins\\nin the House.\\nJames M. Ashley of O. charges him\\nwith usurpation of power and violation\\nof law, by corruptly using the appoint-\\ning, and the pardoning, and the veto\\npower. The charge is referred to the\\nJudiciary Committee. Vote, 108-39.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1866 Sept. 6. Chicago. President John-\\nson lays the corner-stone of the Stephen\\nA. Douglas monument.\\nOct. 1. New York. The price of mid-\\ndling upland cotton is 40 to 42 cents\\nthe value of a gold dollar is 145 to 146\\ncents.\\nOct. 3. The steamer Evening Star, New\\nYork to New Orleans, founders; 250\\nlives are lost.\\nDec. 6. Chicago. The water-works\\ntunnel is completed, extending two\\nmiles under Lake Michigan.\\nDec. 11. New York. The yachts Henri-\\netta, Vesta, and Fleetwing sail on an\\nocean race for England.\\nDec. 25. Eng. The Henrietta arrives\\nat Cowes, with her rivals only a few\\nhours behind her Henrietta s time, 13\\ndays, 21 hours, and 55 minutes distance,\\n3,106 miles.\\nCal. A paid fire department with\\neteam engines is established at San\\nFrancisco the volunteer department is\\nabolished.\\n*N. H. The incline railroad to the\\ntop of Mount Washington is com-\\nmenced.\\nIT. S. The Government taxes all in-\\ncomes over $1,000.\\nOne merchant in New York pays\\n$407,125, as his tax on an income of\\n$4,071,250.\\nThe white man has gone to work\\nin the South, and produced 55 per cent\\nof the cotton crop, against 10 per cent\\nin 1860.\\n1867 Jan. 1. O., Ky. The Cincinnati\\nand Covington Suspension Bridge,\\n1,057 feet long, is opened.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "256 1867, Jan. 7 -June 30.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1867 Mar. 2. D. C. Congress provides\\nthat the pay of army officers below the\\nrank of major-general shall be increased\\none third, for two years, It declares\\nthat the Admiral shall be the ranking\\nofficer in the navy.\\nMar. 11, 12. 1). C. The President di-\\nrects the issue of Order Number 10.\\nIt assigns to .each of the five military\\ndistricts its commander in the following\\nnumerical order Gen. J. M. Schofielcl,\\nGen. D. E. Sickles. Gen. G. H. Thomas,\\nGen. E. O. C. Ord, and Gen. P. H.\\nSheridan.\\nMar. 15. D. C. Orders are issued as-\\nsigning Gen. John Pope to the 3d\\nMilitary District, and Gen. G. H.\\nThomas to command the Cumberland\\nDepartment.\\nApr. 30. Kan. Gens. Hancock and Cus-\\nter are sent against the Indians in. the\\nwestern part of Kansas.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1867. June 4. New York. An Ameri-\\ncan life raft, supported by cylinders,\\nBails for Southampton. [It arrives at its\\ndestination on July 25.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1867.\\nJan. 19. Robinson, Horatio N., mathemati-\\ncian, educator, A(jl.\\nJan. 20. Willis, Nathaniel Parker, poet,\\nauthor, journalist, A61.\\nJan. 25. Pennington, Alexander C, law-\\nyer, M. C. from N. J., A57.\\nJan. 27. avis, Charles A., merchant of\\nN. Y., writer, A72.\\nFeb. 1. Merrick, Pliny, jurist, A73.\\nFeb. 2. Hunt, Washington, statesman, A5G.\\nFeb. 13. Orton, Jason U., phys., poet, jour-\\nnalist, A6I.\\nFeb. 17. Kache, Alexander D., physicist,\\nwriter, A(il.\\nFeb. 18. Goode, Wm.,Cong. missionary to\\nSyria, A75.\\nMar. 3. Alexander, John H., chemist, phys-\\nicist, editor, A54.\\nMar. 6. Browne, Charles Farrar, Arte-\\nmus Ward, humorist, author, A33.\\nMar. 20. Clark, Billy James, founder of\\nfirst temppram-e society, A 89.\\nMar. 21. Bailey, Joseph, brig.-gen. U. S.\\nvols., A40.\\nMar. 29. Kiddle, Geo. R., statesman, A 50.\\nApr. 5. Evans, George, sen. for Me., A70.\\nApr. 7. Roane, John S., Confed. brig.-gen.,\\ngov. Ark., A50.\\nWooil, James, Presbyterian clergyman,\\neducator, writer, A68.\\nApr. 9. Stearns, George L., antislavery ad-\\nvocate, reformer, A58.\\nApr. 14. Abrahams, Simeon, phys., N. Y-,\\nphilanthropist, A58.\\nBullock, William A., inventor of a\\nprinting-press, A53.\\nApr. 15. Field, David Dudley, Cong, cler-\\ngyman, A 86.\\nApr. 16. Pennock, Caspar W., phys., med-\\nical professor, Phila., A68.\\nApr. 17. GUmore,Joseph A., Gov. of N.H.,\\nA 56.\\nApr. 29. Paulding, Leonard, commander\\nU. S. N., A41.\\nMay 24. Hoyt, Benjamin T., educator, A 47.\\nJune 2. Sargent, Lucius Manhus, writer of\\ntales, A81.\\nJune 19. Dodge, Henry, sen. for Wis., A85.\\nCHURCH.\\n1867 Jan. 16. Mass. The Connecticut\\nValley Conference of Unitarian, Congre-\\ngational, and other Christian Churches\\nis organized at Greenfield.\\nJan. 25. Me. Henry Adams Neely is\\nconsecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Maine.\\nJan. 30. New York. The United States\\nbranch of the Evangelical Alliance is\\nfully organized at the Bible House;\\nWilliam E. Dodge, president.\\nFeb. 3. Ark. Edward Fitzgerald is con-\\nsecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nLittle Rock.\\nFeb. 5. Mass. The Plymouth Bay Uni-\\ntarian Conference is organized at Iling-\\nham.\\nApr. 17. R.I. TheChanning(Unitarian)\\nConference is organized at Providence.\\nMay 7. A General Convention of the\\nProtestant Methodists is held to con-\\nsider the matter of union with the Meth-\\nodist Episcopal Church South the union\\nis not formed.\\nMay 30. Ga. The Georgia Conference\\n(African Methodist Episcopal) is organ-\\nized.\\nJune 7. O. The General Convention of\\nthe 3NTew Jerusalem meets at Cincin-\\nnati.\\nJune 8. The Florida Conference(African\\nMethodist Episcopal) is organized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1867 Feb. 1. N. Y. The name, Vassar\\nFemale College, is changed to Vassar\\nCollege by act of the Legislature.\\nFeb. Eng. George Peabody, an Amer-\\nican banker, gives $1,000,000 to pro-\\nmote education in the South.\\nMar. 2. D. C. Congress creates an Edu-\\ncational Department. (See State.)\\nMar. 16. D. C. Henry Barnard is\\nappointed Commissioner of Education.\\nMay 22. The Peabody Fund of\\n\u00c2\u00a72,100,003 for Southern education is\\nplaced in care of a board of trustees.\\nJune 17. W. Va. The West Virginia\\nUniversity at Morgan town is opened.\\nLafayette; Clemens is killed by the\\nState troops.\\nMay 13. Va. Jefferson Davis is ad-\\nmitteil to bail at Uichinond amount\\nof bond, $100,000.\\nNames of sureties: Horace Greeley,\\nAugustus Schell, Aristidea Welsh, Da-\\nvid K. Jackman, W. H. Mc Far land,\\nRichard B. Jlakiill, Isaac Daren port\\nAbraham Warwick, G. A. Myers, W. W.\\nCrump, James Lyons. J. A. Meredith.\\nW. II. Lyons, J. M. Botte, T. W. Bos-\\nwell, .James Thomas, Jr.\\nMay 28. Ind. The Good Templars\\nfavor political action.\\nThe Eight Worthy Grand Lodge, in\\nsession at Richmond, recommends to\\nthe temperance people of the country\\nthe orgmization of a national political\\nparty whose platform of principles shall\\ncontain prohibition.\\nJune 5. Chicago. The National\\nBrewers* Congress favors political\\naction.\\nIt resolves That we will use all\\nmeans to stay the progress of this fa-\\nnatical [Temperance] party, and to se-\\ncure our individual rights as citizens,\\nand that we will sustain no candidate\\nof whatever party, in any election, who\\nis in any way disposed toward the total\\nabstinence cause.\\nJune 9. Phila. The Methodist Home\\nfor the Aged is opened.\\nJune 29. Eng. William Lloyd Gar-\\nrison, radical abolitionist and champion\\nof emancipation, is given a reception at\\nSt. James Hall, London.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1867 Feb.* Tenn. The Legislature\\nabolishes all distinction of race and\\ncolor in the qualifications of electors.\\n[The popular vote in Ohio, Minnesota,\\nand Kansas rejects the proposed aboli-\\ntion of race distinction as to suffrage.]\\nFeb. Pa. The temperance movement\\ndrifts into politics.\\nThe State Temperance Convention\\ndeclares that, if the adversaries of\\ntemperance shall continue to receive\\nthe aid and countenance of present po-\\nlitical parties, we shall not hesitate to\\nbreak over political bands and seek re-\\ndress through the ballot-box.\\nMar. 2. D. C. Congress abolishes\\npeonage in New Mexico.\\nMar. 7. D. C. Congress votes a gold\\nmedal to Cyrus W. Field as a recog-\\nnition of his services in laying the At-\\nlantic Cable.\\nMar. D. C. Senator Henry Wilson of\\nMass. is instrumental in reviving the\\nCongressional Temperance Society.\\nApr. 30. Phila. The Americus Club\\nis organized.\\nSpring. Mo. Desperadoes, led by\\nArchie Clemens, rob and murder in\\nSTATE.\\n1S87 Jan. 7, 8. D. C. Congress\\npasses a law over the President s veto\\nregulating the elective franchise in the\\nDistrict of Columbia.\\nJan. 8. D. C. Congress passes the\\nNegro Suffrage Bill over the President s\\nveto.\\nJan. 10. B.C. Congress Senate Dis-\\ncussion begins on the Tenure of Office\\nBill.\\nJan. D. C. Congress The House in-\\ncludes members of the Cabinet in the\\nTenure of Office Bill. Vote, 75-69. [It\\nis not approved by the Senate.]\\nJan. D. C. Congress The House\\npasses the amended Tenure of Office\\nBill by a party vote. Vote, 111-38. [It\\nis soon after amended and passed by\\nboth Houses.]\\nJan. 20. D. C. Congress House A,\\nCivil Service Reform measure is in-\\ntroduced by T. A. Jenckes of K. I.\\nJan. 22. D. C. Congress passes a law\\nto regulate future meetings of Con-\\ngress one to be held at noon on the\\nfourth of March, the day on which the\\nterm begins for which each Congress is\\nelected.\\nJan. C. Congress passes the Com-\\npromise Bill for admitting Nebraska;\\nthe exclusion of negroes from the elec-\\ntive franchise is to be removed before\\nadmission. [Jan. 29. Vetoed.]\\nJan. D. C. The United States Supreme\\nCourt decides that the appointment of", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1867, Jan. 7 -June 30. 257\\nmilitary tribunals by Congress is an\\nunconstitutional act.\\nFeb. 6. D. C. Congress House\\nThaddeus Stevens of Pa. introduces a\\nReconstruction Act, dividing the South,\\ninto five military districts. [It be-\\ncomes the leading measure of the 39th\\nCongress, and passes the House by a\\nvote of 109-55.]\\nFeb. 9. D. C. Congress passes, over\\nthe President s veto, the bill admitting\\nNebraska.\\nFeb. 14. Z C. Congress; Senate;\\nKeverdy Johnson of Md. proposes the\\nBlaine Amendment to the Military\\nDistrict Bill, which requires impartial\\nsuffrage previous to the restoration of\\nState governments.\\nFeb.* D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Sherman Substitute, known\\nin the House as the Blaine Ameudment,\\nfor the Military Government Bill. Vote,\\n29-9.\\nFeb. 17. D. C. Congress: The House\\ninjects the Sherman Substitute. Vote,\\n73-98. [Compromise amendments are\\nadded.]\\nFeb. D. C. Congress House The\\nBlaine Amendment to the Military\\nBill is rejected. Vote, 69-94.\\nFeb. 20. D.C. Congress: The Senate\\nand the House pass the amended Mili-\\ntary BUI by a party vote.\\nIt divides the Southern States into five\\nmilitary districts, to be under army offi-\\ncers,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 each seceded State to be restored\\nto its Federal relations when a conven-\\ntion of delegates shall frame a Constitu-\\ntion ratified by the people and approved\\nby Congress, and when the Legislature\\nelected under such Constitution shall\\nadopt the 14th Amendment. All male\\ncitizens, except those disfranchised for\\nacts of rebellion, are to participate in\\nelecting delegates to the conventions.\\nVote House, 135-48 Senate, 38-10.\\nCongress: The Senate passes the\\namended Tenure of Office BUI.\\nXeb. The Legislature accepts the\\nterms of admission into statehood.\\nFeb. 22. D. C. Congress provides for\\nthe further establishment and protection\\nof national cemeteries for burial of\\nsoldiers and sailors.\\nFeb. 23 Kan. A treaty is made with\\nthe Indians for their removal to the\\nIndian Territory.\\nMar. 1. D. C. The President proclaims\\nNebraska admitted into the Union as\\nthe 37th State.\\nMar. 2. D.C. President Johnson vetoes\\nthe Tenure of Office BUI and the Re-\\nconstructional Military District BiU.\\nCongress passes the Tenure of Of-\\nfice BUI over the President s veto.\\nVote: Senate, 35-11; House, 133-37. It\\nalso overrides the veto of the Military\\nDistrict BUI. Vote, House, 135-48;\\nSenate, 38-10.\\nIt sets apart $20,000 to provide an\\nequestrian statue of Gen. Winfield\\nScott and passes the National Bank-\\nruptcy Bill it establishes a Depart-\\nment of Education. [Later, it is made\\na Bureau of the Interior.]\\nThe Judiciary Committee reports\\nits inability to conclude its labors, and\\nrecommends that the investigation of\\nthe charges against the President be\\ncontinued. The testimony is committed\\nto the clerk, for use during the ensuing\\nsession.\\nCongress enacts that the Federal\\nGovernment shall assume the govern-\\nment of Virginia.\\nThe MorriU bill, for reducing the in-\\nternal revenue taxes $30,000,000 yearly,\\nbecomes a law.\\nThe amount exempted from the in-\\ncome tax is raised t nun $600 to $1,000;\\nthe excess above 81,000 to be taxed at\\nthe rate of 5 per cent the tax to expire\\nin 1S70.\\nThe Secretary of the Treasury is au-\\nthorized to exchange three per cent\\ncertificates of indebtedness for com-\\npound interest notes, which may be\\ncounted as part of the reserves of na-\\ntional banks.\\nCongress Senate Benj. F. Wade\\nof O. is elected President pro tempore.\\nMar. 4. D. C. The 39th Congress\\nends.\\nThe 40th Congress opens.\\nIt opens the moment that the previous\\nCongress closes SO members are absent,\\nand 17 States are without represen-\\ntation.\\nCongress; House: Schuyler Colfax\\n(Rep.) is reelected speaker (third time),\\nagainst Samuel S. Marshall (Dem.) of\\n111. Vote, 127-30. James Brooks of\\nN. Y. presents the protest of the Dem-\\nocrats against organizing the House.\\nMar. 7. D.C. Congress; House: James\\nM. Ashley of O. asks the continuance\\nof the impeachment investigation he\\nis opposed by the Democrats, but sus-\\ntained by a party vote.\\nMar. 19. D. C. Congress concurs in\\nthe Supplementary Be construction\\nAct, and sends it to the President.\\n[Mar. 23. Vetoed.]\\nMar. 20. Mass. The Legislature rati-\\nfies the 14th Amendment to the Fed-\\neral Constitution.\\nMar. 23. D. C. Congress: the Supple-\\nmentary Reconstruction Act is passed\\nover the President s veto. Vote: House,\\n114r-25 Senate, 40-7.\\nGen. Schofield takes charge of a mili-\\ntary district at Richmond Gen. Sickles,\\nat Columbia; Gen. Pope, at Montgom-\\nery; Gen. Ord, at Vicksburg; Gen. Sheri-\\ndan, at New Orleans.\\nMar. D. C. Congress refuses to ac-\\ncept the nevr Constitution of Georgia.\\nMar. 30. D. C. A treaty is concluded\\nby which the Territory of Russian Amer-\\nica [Alaska] is purchased from Russia\\nfor the sura of \u00c2\u00a77,200,000; it contains\\n577,390 square miles.\\nCongress; the first session adjourns\\nto July 3.\\nThe Legislatures of 16 States have\\nratified the 14th Amendment to the\\nFederal Constitution.\\nJan. 4, O.; Jan. 8, Mo.; Jan. 10, N.Y.,\\nKan., and Ky. Jan. 9, Va. (reiects)\\nJan. 11, Me. and Nev. Jan. 15, 111. and\\nMinn. Jan. 16, W. Va. Jan. 29, Did.\\nJan. 30, Miss.; Jan. Mich.; Feb. 6, Pa.,\\nwhile Del. and La. (reject) Feb. 7, E. I.\\nand Wis.; Mar. 23, Md. (rejects).\\nApr. 1. D. C. The Senate meets, in\\nspecial session, at the call of the Presi-\\ndent.\\nApr. 10. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\napproves the treaty for the purchase\\nof Russian-America.\\nApr. 19. jO. C. The Senate adjourns\\nsine die.\\nMay 8. Md. A constitutional con-\\nvention meets at Annapolis.\\nMay 13. Va. Horace Greeley and\\nothers sign Jefferson Davis s bail-\\nbond, at Richmond, and he is released\\nfrom prison. (See Society.)\\nMay 20. Va. Jefferson Davis leaves\\nthe United States. [Resides in Canada.]\\nMay 24. D. C. Attorney-General Stan-\\nbery gives an opinion respecting the He-\\nconstruction Acts, which tends to-\\nneutralize their force. [Another opin-\\nion on June 12.]\\nJune 3. La. Gov. Wells prevents the\\noperation of the Reconstruction Act,\\nand is removed by Gen. Sheridan [June\\n6, he appoints B. F. Flanders governor].\\nJune 30. U. S. Statistics for 1867,\\nrevenue Customs, $170,417,811 in-\\nternal revenue, $266,027,537 direct tax,\\n$4,200,234 sales of public lands, $1,163,-\\n576 premiums on loans and sales of gold\\ncoin, $27,787,330; miscellaneous items,\\n$15,037,522. Total revenue, \u00c2\u00a7490,034,010.\\nExcess of revenue over ordinary ex-\\npenses, $133,091,335. Ependitures: pre-\\nmiums on loans, purchase of bonds, etc.,\\n810,813,349 miscellaneous items, $51,-\\n110,224; War Department. $95,224,416;\\nNavy Department, $31, 034,011 Indians,\\n$4,642,532; pensions, $20,936,552; inter-\\nest on public debt, $143,781,592. Total\\nordinary expenses, $357,512,675; public\\ndebt, $2,678,126,103., Exports, $204,51)0,-\\n141. Imports, $395,761,096.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1867 Jan. 22. New York. By resolution\\nof Congress, the lower part of City Hall\\nPark is to be purchased for $500,000, as\\na site for post-office and U. S. courts.\\nJan. 23. N. Y. About 5,000 persons cross\\nthe East River on the ice, between New-\\nYork and Brooklyn.\\nJan. The charter of the Credit Mo-\\nbilier is purchased by the builders of\\nthe Union Pacific Railroad, and the stock\\nincreased to $3,750,000. [Large dividends,\\nas the profits of building the Pacific\\nrailroad, advance the price of the stock\\nto a high figure.]\\nMar. 25. Chicago. Water is first let\\ninto the tunnel beneath the lake, for\\nsupplying the city.\\nApr. 14. Ore. Grading is begun at Port-\\nland for the Oregon Central Rail-\\nroad.\\nJune 6. Phila. An explosion occurs\\nin a sawmill on Samson Street 22 per-\\nsons are killed and seven injured.\\nJune 19. Phila. The American Thea-\\nter on Walnut Street is burned; 10 per-\\nsons are killed by falling walls.\\nJune 22. Boston. The corner-stone of\\nthe Masonic Temple is laid.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "258 1867, June 30-\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1867 Aug. 16. Neb, Gen. Augur with\\nFederal troops attacks 500 Sioux In-\\ndians at Plum Creek, near Omaha, in\\npunishment for train wrecking and the\\nmurder of train hands.\\nAug. 17. D. C. Gen. W. S. Hancock\\nis appointed to command in the 5th Dis-\\ntrict, as successor to Gen. P. H. Sheri-\\ndan.\\nAug. 26. N. C. Gen. Edward R. S.\\nCanby is given command of the 2d\\nMilitary District, as successor to Gen.\\nSickles.\\nSummer-Autumn. The Sioux In-\\ndians are defeated in several engage-\\nments.\\nNov. 24. Mont. The Sioux are de-\\nfeated by tl\\nMcKenzie, i\\nMountains.\\nDee. 28. D. C. Maj.-Gen. George. C.\\nMeade is appointed to command in the\\n3d District, as successor to Gen. John\\nPope. Gen. Irwin McDowell is ap-\\npointed to command in the 4th District.\\nThe President directs Gen. Ord to\\nturn over his command in Mississippi\\nto Gen. Gillem.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1867 July 7. N. Y. The asteroid Un-\\ndina is discovered by C. H. F. Peters.\\nAug. 24. Mich. The asteroid Minerva\\nis discovered by J. C. Watson. [Also\\nAurora, Sept. 6.]\\nNov. 14. D. C. At the naval observa-\\ntory, the fall of 1,000 meteors in 21\\nminutes is seen this shower, which had\\nbeen foretold, was seen at many points,\\naud appeared to all professional ob-\\nservers as emanating from the constel-\\nlation Leo; fully 5,000 meteors were\\nobserved from various places.\\nNov. I). C. The extensions of the\\nnational Capitol are completed.\\nNov. Boston. The statue of Edward\\nEverett is completed.\\nDec. 11-15. A widespread snowstorm\\ncauses the loss of many lives and the\\nwreck of many vessels.\\nBoston. The New England Conser-\\nvatory of Music is established; it is\\nthe largest of its kind in the world.\\nFr. McCormick s reaping-ma-\\nchine receives the highest prize at the\\nParis Exposition.\\nLondon. The Merchant of Venice is\\npresented by Edwin Booth at the Win-\\nter Garden Theater.\\nMass. The Salem Oratorio Society\\nis organized at Salem.\\nNew York. The Black Crook is acted\\nseveral hundred times at Niblo s Garden.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1867\\nJuly 1. Meacher, Thomas Francis, Irish Con-\\nfederation leader; iiuij.-gen. U. S. Vol.; Gov.\\nof Idaho; journalist, orator, A44.\\nJuly 7. Kins, John Alsop, Gov. of N. Y.,\\nA80.\\nJuly 9. King, Rufus U., banker, N.Y., A83.\\nJuly 20. CliamlliT, Samuel, major-gen.\\nU. 8. A., v*-t, of 1812, AT::.\\nJuly 29. A nt lion, I hurlrs, kissu-aL scholar,\\nA70.\\nJuly 31. Sedgwick, Catherine M., novelist,\\nphilanthropist, at*.\\nAug. 6. Cooke, Edwin brig.-gen. IT. 8.\\nvols., A32.\\nAug. 7. Aldridge, Ira, mulatto actor, A57.\\nAug. 15. Butler, Pierce, lawyer of PhUa.,\\nAGO.\\nAug. 22. Day, Jeremiah, mathematician,\\npres. of Yak-, AM.\\nAug. 26. Davenport, Nicholas T., actor,\\na:j\u00c2\u00ab.\\nAug. 27. Jackson, James, phys., professor\\nin Harvard, A )0.\\nSept. 9. Tavlor, Thomas H., P. E. clergy-\\nman, N. Y., scholar, writer, A68.\\nSept. 15. Griffin, Charles, major general\\nU. S. A., A4I.\\nSept. 29. Price, Sterling, Gov. of Mo.,\\nConfed. maj.-gen., A58.\\nOct. 3. Howe, Elias, inventor of sewing-\\nmachine, A48.\\nOct. 7. Itiddell, John L., physician, in-\\nventor hiiHirular microscope, A60.\\nOct. 22. Kendall, George W., founder of\\nNew Orleans Picayune, A58.\\nOct. 30. Andrew, John Albion, War\\nGov. of Mass., A49.\\nOct. Herring, .lames, portrait painter, A73.\\nNov. 5. Bradford, Alexander Warfleld,\\nlawyer, editor, A52.\\nNov. 6. Hooker, Worthington, phvs., au-\\nthor, A 61.\\nNov. 11. Packard, Frederick Adolphus,\\neditor, A73.\\nNov. 12. Stevens, Walter H., Confed.\\nbrig.-gen., chief engineer, A40.\\nNov. 15. Sartwell, Henry Parker, bota-\\nnist, A75.\\nNov. 19. Halleck, Fitz-Greene, poet, A77.\\nNov. 27. Walworth, Reuben Hyde, last\\nchancellor of N. Y., A 79.\\nEngles, William M., Pres. cl., A70.\\nDec. 5. Dewev, Chester, educator, bota-\\nnist, A83.\\nDec. 7. Palmer, James S-, rear-admiral\\nU. S. N., A57.\\nDec. 28. Harbaugh, Henry, Ger. Ref. cler-\\ngyman, A50.\\nDec. 31. Arrington, Alfred, W. lawyer,\\nwriter, A57.\\nCHURCH.\\n1867 July 25. Fla. John Freeman\\nYoung is consecrated (Protestant Epis-\\ncopal) bishop of Florida.\\nOct. 16. III. The Illinois Conference\\n(Methodist Episcopal Church South) is\\norganized.\\nNov. 12. Conn. The General Conference\\n(Congregational) of Connecticut is or-\\nganized.\\nNov. 20. Ind. The first General Coun-\\ncil of Lutherans meets at Fort Wayne.\\nChicago. The Baptist Annual Meet-\\ning assembles.\\n111. The General Synod (Evangelical\\nLutheran) of Central Illinois is organ-\\nized.\\nMd. The Presbyterian Synod of Pa-\\ntapsco unites with the Southern As-\\nsembly.\\nMo. The Presbyterian Synods of Mis-\\nsouri and Kentucky separate from the\\nNorthern Assembly.\\nN. Y. The General Assembly (X. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Rochester H. A.\\nNelson, moderator.\\nLETTERS.\\n1867 Aug. 24. Md. The Johns Hop-\\nkins University is incorporated.\\nSept. 19. Wyo. The Cheyenne Evening\\nLeader is issued.\\nOct. 1. N. Y. The Legislature passes an\\nact making the public schools entirely\\nfree.\\nOct. 25. Wyo. The Daily Argus in\\nissued.\\nOct. Mass, Th^ Massachusetts Agri-\\ncultural College at Amherst is opened.\\nDec. 8. Wyo. The Bocky Mountain Star\\nis issued.\\nAla. Emerson Institute (colored) of\\nMobile is opened by the American Mis-\\nsionary Association.\\nAla. Talladega College is opened\\nfor colored students by the American\\nMissionary Association.\\nCal. St. Augustine College (Prot.\\nEpis.) is organized at Benicia.\\nCal. St. Vincent s College (Kom.\\nCath.) at Los Angeles is organized.\\n*D.C. Howard University (non-sect.)\\nis organized at Washington. The Med-\\nical Department of the University is\\nopened.\\nIt is chartered by Congress without a\\nrace basis, yet aiming to provide espe-\\ncially for negroes.\\nDel. Delaware College (non-sect.)\\nis founded at Newark.\\nla. Simpson College (Meth. Epis.)\\nis founded at Indianola.\\nThe Baptist Union Theological\\nSeminary is organized at Morgan Park.\\nThe University of Illinois (non-\\nsect.) is organized at Champaign.\\nInd. St. Meinrad s CoUege (Rom.\\nCath.) is organized at St. Meinrad.\\nKy. Cecilian College (Kom. Cath.)\\nis organized at Cecilian.\\nMd. Ridgeville College (Free-will\\nBapt.) is organized at Ridgeville.\\nMinn. The Tribune is issued at Minne-\\napolis.\\nN. C. Biddle University (Pres.) is\\norganized at Charlotte.\\nNew York. The Evening Telegram is\\nfounded.\\nNew York. The News is founded.\\n0. The Western Reserve Historical\\nSociety of Cleveland is organized.\\nO. The Public Library is founded\\nat Cincinnati. [15S,136 vols.]\\nO. Hiram College (Disciples) is or-\\nganized at Hiram.\\nO. Scio College, formerly One Study\\nCollege (.Meth. Epis.), is founded at Scio.\\nPhila. The Baptist Quarterly review\\nappears.\\nPHla. The American Naturalist mag-\\nazine appears.\\nPa. Muhlenberg College (Evan.\\nLuth.) is organized at Allen town.\\nPa. Lebanon Valley College (United\\nBreth.) is organized at Annville.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S67 Aug. 10. D. C. The jury disa-\\ngree in the case of John H. Surratt,\\non trial for complicity in the murder\\nof President Lincoln.\\nSept. 18. La. A negro judge presides in\\na court of justice at New Orleans.\\nOct. N. Y. Rev. Thomas Lake Harris\\nfounds the Brocton Community cf\\nSocialists, at Brocton.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1867, June 30-* 259\\nNov. 5. New York. John Morrissey is\\nelected M.C. from the Bloody Sixth\\nward.\\nHe had twice fought bloody battles in\\nthe prize-ring, had been eiglit times in-\\ndicted, for assault with intent to kill, as-\\nsault and battery, and burglary he had\\nalso served nine months in the peniten-\\ntiary for nine breaches of the peace.\\n[He is afterward reelected.]\\nIII. The Legislature passes a law\\nabolishing capital punishment.\\nMass. Clarke Institute, for the\\ntraining of deaf mutes, is opened at\\nNorthampton.\\nMe. The Legislature passes a law pro-\\nhibiting the sale of intoxicating bev-\\nerages, and provides for its enforcement\\nby the appointment of a State constable.\\nSTATE.\\n1867 July 3. B.C. The 40th Congress\\nthe special session reopens.\\nJuly 8. D. C. The right of suffrage is\\nextended to the colored citizens of the\\ndistrict.\\nJuly 11. D. C. A reciprocity treaty\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0with Hawaii is signed.\\nJuly 13. I). C. Congress passes the\\nSecond Supplementary Reconstruc-\\ntion Act.\\nJuly 19. D. C. President Johnson ve-\\ntoes the Second Supplementary Re-\\nconstruction Act.\\nHe favors reorganization by civil rather\\nthan military methods his message is\\nregarded as a threat to use military\\npower against Congress, and his impeach-\\nment is suggested.\\nCongress overrides the last veto.\\nVote House, 10S-25 Senate, 30-6.\\nJuly 20. D. C. The 40th Congress;\\nthe first session again adjourns, to\\nNov. 21.\\nJuly 30. Tex. Gen. Sheridan removes\\nGov. Throckmorton E. M. Pease is ap-\\npointed governor.\\nAug. 5. D. C. President Johnson re-\\nquests Secretary Stanton to resign\\nfor public considerations; Stanton\\nreplies that public considerations\\nforbid it.\\nAug. 12. D. C. Secretary Stanton is\\nremoved by the President, and Gen.\\nGrant is appointed his successor, ad\\ninterim.\\nAug. Sept. D. C. President John-\\nson, alleging insubordination, removes\\nGen. Sheridan (Aug. 17) from the mili-\\ntary department of Louisiana, and Gen.\\nSickles from that of North Carolina.\\nSept. 3. D. C. The President, by proc-\\nlamation, declares that the supremacy\\nof the Civil Court (Federal) must be\\nupheld.\\nSept. 7. D. C. The President proclaims\\na general amnesty; this includes all\\nbut a few of the high officials of the Con-\\nfederacy.\\nSept. 18. Md. The new Constitution\\nis approved by the people. Vote, 27,152-\\n23,036.\\nSept. 25. Fla. A convention of conser-\\nvatives organizes the Constitutional\\nUnion party, at Tallahassee.\\nSept. 27. N. C. A conservative mass-\\nmeeting is held at Raleigh to oppose\\nthe radical Republicans.\\nSept. Oct. Kan. A woman s suf-\\nfrage campaign is conducted by Lucy\\nStone, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth\\nCady Stanton, and others.\\nOct. 9. Alaska is formally trans-\\nferred by Russia, and Gen. Rousseau\\ntakes possession of Sitka Island.\\nOct. 11. Ky. Gov. Stevenson provides\\nfor the suppression of the regulators\\nand lynchers in Marion, Boyle, and\\nother countries by the organizing of an\\narmed force.\\nOct. 22. Fa. The people vote to call\\na constitutional convention. Vote,\\n107,342-61,887.\\nNov. 5. Kan. An amendment to the\\nConstitution, by striking out the word\\nwhite, is not carried. Vote, 10,483-\\n19,421 another, to drop the word\\nmale, is not approved. Vote, 9,070-\\n19,857.\\nNov. 9. Vt. The Legislature ratifies the\\n14th Amendment.\\nU. S. The Republican freedmen\\ngain the ascendancy in the elections\\nheld in Southern States Democrats\\nobtain large majorities in the North.\\nNov. 11. U. S. The public debt has\\nbeen reduced \u00c2\u00a710,000,000 monthly, on\\nthe average, since Aug. 31, 1865.\\nNov. 14. A treaty is concluded with\\nDenmark for the sale of the islands of\\nSan Juan and Santa Cruz in the West\\nIndies for $7,500,000.\\nNov. 21. D. C. The 40th Congress:\\nthe adjourned first session reopens.\\nNov. 22. La. A Constitution prohibit-\\ning slavery, declaring the ordinance of\\nsecession void, and disfranchising ex-\\nConfederates, is adopted by the Con-\\nstitutional Convention at New Or-\\nleans.\\nVa. Jefferson Davis returns to\\nRichmond.\\nNov. 25. D. C. Congress; House: The\\nreport of the Impeachment Com-\\nmittee directs that Andrew John-\\nson, President of the United States, be\\nimpeached of high crimes and misde-\\nmeanors a minority report directs\\nthe discharge of the Committee, and the\\ntabling of the subject. [Dec. 7. The\\nHouse rejects the majority report. Vote,\\n57-108.]\\nNov. 26. Va. The trial of Jefferson\\nDavis for treason is again adjourned.\\nDec. 2. D. C. The 40th Congress:\\nthe first session closes the second ses-\\nsion opens.\\nDec. 3. Va. The Constitutional Con-\\nvention meets at Richmond.\\nDec. 5. Ga. A convention of native\\nwhites at Masson forms the Conserv-\\native Party of Georgia.\\nDec. 7\u00c2\u00b1. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Schenck Bill, forbidding\\na further reduction of the currency\\nby retiring and canceling United States\\nnotes. Vote, 127-32. [Act of Feb. 4,\\n1868.]\\nDec. 9. Ga. A Constitutional Con-\\nvention is held by request of the gen-\\neral commanding the district; it as-\\nsembles at Atlanta.\\nDec. 12. D. C. Congress receives the\\nPresident s message relative to the dis-\\nmissal of the Secretary of War.\\nNeb. The capital is removed from\\nOmaha to Lincoln.\\nNev. The act of the Legislature which\\ntaxes every person one dollar who leaves\\nthe State in a public conveyance, is\\ndeclared unconstitutional by the U. S.\\nSupreme Court.\\nMe. Prohibitory State Liquor Law\\npassed.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-69 Colo. (Ter.). A. Cameron Hunt.\\n-69 Conn. James E. English.\\n-68 Ga. T. H. Ruger.\\n-68 Ida. (Ter.). Isaac L. Gibbs.\\n-73 Ind. Conrad Baker.\\nKy. John L. Helm.\\n-72 Ky. John W. Stevenson.\\n-68 La. Benjamin F. Flanders.\\n-71 Me. J. L. Chamberlain.\\n-71 Neb. David Butler.\\n-69* *N. H. Walter Harriman.\\n-69* N. Mex.(Ter.) Wm. F.N. Amy.\\nPa. John W. Geary.\\n_70 Tex. Edward M. Pease.\\n-69 Vt. John B. Page.\\n-69* Wash. (Ter.). MarshallF.Moore.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1867 June 30. U. S. Immigrants for\\n18G7, 298,967.\\nJuly 2. New York. A single track of\\nelevated cable railroad is opened from\\nthe Battery to Thirtieth Street.\\nAug. 16. Neiv York. The first gold\\nand stock company in the United\\nStates ie \u00e2\u0080\u00a2rganized.\\nAug. La. The yellow-fever rages in\\nNew Orleans and in the Southwest.\\nAug. The Credit Mobilier, through\\nOakes Ames, contracts to build 637 miles\\nof the Union Pacific Railroad, at prices\\nwhich aggregate $47,000,000. [The value\\nof shares soon rises to 400 per cent.]\\nSummer. N. Y. There are 390 cases of\\nyellow-fever at quarantine, near New\\nYork City.\\nSept. 17. Md. The National Ceme-\\ntery at Antietam is dedicated in the\\npresence of the President.\\nOct. Mass. An explosion in the Hoo-\\nsac Tunnel causes the loss of 13 lives,\\nand much damage to the head-house.\\nDec. 9. N. Y. Work begins on the new\\nCapitol at Albany.\\nDec. 18. N. Y. An accident occurs on\\nthe Lake Shore railroad, caused by the\\ncaving in of an embankment ignition\\nof cars 41 persons burned to death.\\nDec. Credit Mobilier stock is quietly\\ndistributed among members of Con-\\ngress for the purpose of influencing\\nvotes in its favor. [The scandal is un-\\nearthed in 1872.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "260 1867, *-1868, Apr. 18.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1867 *Ml88. W. H.McArdle, the editor\\nof the Viekabwrg Times, is charged with\\nobstructing the Reconstruction Acts,\\nand is confined in the military prison\\nby order of Gen. Ord.\\n1868 Jan. 15. Mont. Gen. Miles de-\\nfeats and routs the Indians.\\nSpring. Mont, The Indians under Sit-\\nting Bull and Crazy Horse are subdued\\nand scattered.\\nMar. 18. D. C. Gen. Robert C. Bu-\\nchanan is appointed to command in the\\n5th District, as successor to Gen. W. S.\\nHancock.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1867 New York. M. F. DeHaas and\\nC. G. Griswold are elected members of\\nthe National Academy of Design.\\nWyo. Gold is found near the source\\nof the Sweetwater River.\\nThe attempt to raise Alpaca, An-\\ngora, and Cashmere goats as domestic\\nanimals, with a view to utilization of\\ntheir fleece, is abandoned.\\nThe silk worm industry develops in\\nCalifornia, but fails for climatic reasons\\nin the Atlantic States.\\nAmerican Institute of Architects is\\nestablished.\\nCoast of Rhode Island is painted by\\nWorthington Whittredge.\\nThe Splinter is painted by J. B. Irving.\\nNotch at Lancaster is painted by A. F.\\nBellows.\\nIn the Woods is painted by A. B.\\nDurand.\\nAmerican Sunset is painted by George\\nIiiness.\\nGlimpse of TV kite Mountains is painted\\nby J. F. Kensett.\\nThe Village Post-Offi,ce is painted by\\nT. W. Wood.\\nGeorge L. Fox appears as Bottom in\\nMidsummer Night s Dream.\\n1868 Mar. New York. A steam-mo-\\ntor-man is exhibited.\\nApril 15. D. C. A memorial and etatue\\nof Lincoln is unveiled at the Capitol.\\nApr. 18. N. Y. The asteroid Ianthe is\\ndiscovered by C. H. F. Peters.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1868.\\nJan. 1. Gillespie, Win, M., civil engineer,\\nA52.\\nJan. 11. Bell, Henry Haywood, rear-adm.,\\nU. S. N., drowiifd in Japan, A68.\\nJan. 12. Steele, Frederick, maj.-gen., U.S.\\nvols., A49.\\nJan. 15. Ellsworth, William W., gov. of\\nConn., A77.\\nJan. 19. Baraga, Frederick, Austrian E. C.\\nbishop in U. S., A71.\\nDick, James T., artist, A34.\\nJan. SI. Asboth, Alex. S., Hungarian offi-\\ncer, maj.-gen. in Civil War, A57.\\nJan. S3. Force, IVler, journalist, compiler,\\nA78.\\nJan. 26. Dean, Anms, chancellor, professor,\\nauthor, A65.\\nFeb. 1. Leeser, Isaac, Jewish rabbi of\\nPhila., editor, author, A62.\\nFeb. 4. Gilliams, Jacob, physician of Phila.,\\nnaturalist, A84.\\nFeb. 5. Herrick, Anson, journalist, M. C.\\nfor N. Y., A56.\\nFeb. 10. hMchardson, John Frarn, educator,\\nlinguist, At 0.\\nFeb. 16. Fendall. Philip R., jurist, Wash-\\nington, 1 C, A74.\\nFeb. 18. Sewall, Samuel, antiij., writer,\\nCong, clergyman, A83,\\nFeb. 22. Cannon, Mary, aelress, A 39.\\nMar. 4. Lord, Daniel, lawyer of N. V. city,\\nA73.\\nMar. 5. Hughes, Ball, sculptor, A62.\\nMar. 11. Dana, Samuel Luther, chem.,A73.\\nMar. 16. Wilmot. David. Wihnot Pro-\\nviso, M. C. for Pa., A54.\\nMar. SS. Childs, Henry H., physician. A85.\\nCarter, Josu .h Mason, lawyer and poli-\\ntician, Conn.. A55.\\nMar. S7, Goodrich, Chauncey, Cong, cler-\\ngyman, scholar, A51.\\nMar. 30. Parker, Edward G. journalist,\\nauthor, A40.\\nMar. 31. Hartstene, Henry J., commander\\nU. S. N., explorer with Dr. Kane, dies.\\nPaige, Alonzo Christ, jurist of N. Y.,\\ncompiler, ATI.\\nApr. 1. Ashburn, George W-, southern\\nloyalist, soldier, A\u00e2\u0080\u0094.\\nParker, James, statesman, A92.\\nApr. 5. Howell, Robert Boyte C, Baptist\\nclergyman, writer, author, A67.\\nApr. 12. Cooper, Julia D., actor, writer,\\nA 37.\\nApr. 14. Baugher, Henry L., Lutheran\\nclergyman, pres. of Luth. college, A63.\u00c2\u00b1\\nApr. 17. Homans, John, physician of Bos-\\nton, A7o.\\nCHURCH.\\n1867 O. The General Assembly\\n(United Presbyterian) meets at Xenia\\nJohn B. Dales, moderator.\\n0. The General Assembly 0. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Cincinnati Phin-\\neas D. Gurley, moderator.\\nO. The Annual Convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Cincin-\\nnati A. Campbell, moderator.\\nPa. The General Synod (Evangelical\\nLutheran) of Susquehanna is organized.\\nPhila. The Presbyterian National\\nUnion Convention is held George\\nH. Stuart, president. It fails to effect\\nthe organic union of all Presbyterians.\\nTex. A General Association of Bap-\\ntists is formed.\\nNetherlands. Delegates of the United\\nStates branch of the Evangelical Alli-\\nance first attend the great conference\\nheld at Amsterdam.\\nThe Reformed Protestant Dutch\\nChurch of North America changes its\\nname to the Reformed Church in\\nAmerica.\\nThe Alabama, Georgia, and Virginia\\nConferences (Methodist Episcopal) are\\nformed.\\n1868 Mar. 3. P. I. The Union for\\nChristian Work (undenominational) is\\norganized at Providence.\\nMar. 10. The Colorado Association\\n(Congregational) is organized.\\nApr. 2. Ga. John Watrous Beck with\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Georgia.\\nLETTERS.\\n1867 Tenn. East Tennessee Wes-\\nleyan University (non-sect.) is or-\\nganized at Athens.\\nTenn. King College (Pres.) is organ-\\nized at Bristol,\\nTcyin. Fiske University (Cong.) is\\norganized at Nashville.\\nVa. The Richmond Theological\\nSeminary (Bapt.) is founded.\\nWis. Milton College (Seventh-day\\nBapt.) is organized.\\nState Normal Schools are opened\\nat Peru, Neb. Brockport, N. Y. Cas-\\ntleton, Randolph, and -Johnson, Vt.\\nand at Fairmonnt, W. Va.\\nW. Va. The Storer College at\\nHarper s Ferry is opened.\\nFlower tie Lure, by Henry W. Long-\\nfellow, appears also a translation of\\nthe Divine Comedy (1SG7-1870).\\nk Pool; of the Artists, by Henry T. Tuck-\\nerman, appears.\\nk The Jesuits in America, by Francis\\nParkman, appears.\\nk Condensed Novels, by Bret Harte,\\nappears.\\nk Greece, Ancient and Modern, by Cor-\\nnelius C. Felton, appears.\\nThe Guardian Angel, by Oliver Wen-\\ndell Holmes, appears.\\nfc Language and the Study of Language,\\nby William D wight Whitney, appears.\\nMay-Day and Other Pieces, by Ralph\\nWaldo Emerson, appears.\\nc Norwood, by Henry Ward Beecher,\\nappears.\\nfc Miss Haveners Conversion, by J. VT.\\nDeForest, appears.\\nk The Tent on the Peach, by John\\nGreenleaf Whittier, appears.\\nt Tiger Lilies, by Sidney Lanier, ap-\\npears.\\nb Waiting for the Verdict, by Rebecca\\nH. Davis, appears.\\nFamous Americans of Recent Times, by\\nJames Parton, appears.\\nHistory of the Anuri can Civil War, by\\nJohn William Draper, appears.\\ni The Wearing of the Gray, by John\\nEsten Cooke, appears.\\nColorado, by Bayard Taylor, appears.\\n*A Journey to Ashango-Land by Paul\\nB. Du Chaillu, appears.\\nNew America, by William Hepworth\\nDixon, appears.\\n*New York in the Nineteenth Century.\\nand American Leaves, etc., by Samuel\\nOsgood, appear.\\nHistory of the Christian Church, by\\nPhilip Schaflf, appears.\\nCyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological,\\nand Ecclesiastical Literature, by Mc-\\nClintock and Strong, Vol. 1. appears.\\nPoems, by William Dean Howells,\\nappears; also Italian Journeys.\\nSwinging Round the Circle, by Petro-\\nleum V. Nasby, appears.\\nComplete Manual of English Litera-\\nture, by Thomas B. Shaw, appears.\\nr War Poetry of the South, edited by\\nWilliam Gilmore Simms, appears.\\nReligious Poems, by Harriet Beecher\\nStowe, appears.\\nThe Celebrated Jumping Frog, etc., by\\nMark Twain, appears.\\nNew System of Infantry Tactics, by\\nGen. Emory Upton, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1867, *-1868, Apr. 18. 261\\n1S68 Jan. 1. Ga. The Methodist Advo-\\ncate is published, at Atlanta.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1867 *N. r. The State Board of\\nCharities is organized.\\nU. S. Farmers organize the Gran-\\ngers to protect farming interests.\\n1868 Jan. 1. Ind. The Reform\\nSchool for boys is opened at Plainfield.\\nFeb. 8. Mo. The Legislature passes an\\nact by which prize fighting for money\\nis made punishable by imprisonment or\\na fine.\\nMar. 31. Cat. The Chinese Embassy\\narrives at San Francisco.\\nD.C. The President receives Charles\\nDickens.\\nApr. 18. New York. A dinner in honor\\nof Charles Dickens is given by some of\\nhis admirers. [Apr. 22. He sails for\\nEngland.]\\nSTATE.\\n1S67 Congress attaches that por-\\ntion of New Mexico which lies above\\n37\u00c2\u00b0 to Colorado.\\n1868 Jan. 4. D. C. Congress House\\nResolutions are adopted approving\\nthe course of Gen. Sheridan as mili-\\ntary governor of Louisiana, and cen-\\nsuring President Johnson.\\nJan. 8. Ga. The State Convention re-\\nmoves the capital from Augusta to\\nAtlanta.\\nJan. 13. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nrefuses to concur with the President in\\nthe removal of Secretary Stanton;\\nGen. Grant promptly vacates the\\noffice of Secretary of War.\\nJan. 14. 5. C. A State Convention,\\ncalled under the Reconstruction Acts,\\nassembles at Charleston to frame a new\\nConstitution.\\nJV. C. A State Convention, called\\nunder the Reconstruction Acts, assem-\\nbles at Raleigh. [A Constitution is\\nframed, and it is afterward ratified.]\\nJan. 14, 15. D. C. Secretary Stanton\\nresumes his office.\\nJan. 20. Fla. A Constitutional Con-\\nvention^ meeting at Tallahassee, is or-\\nganized by 41 of the 46 delegates the\\neligibility of four others is contested.\\nJan. 21. D. C. Congress; House: The\\nSouthern States are declared to be with-\\nout valid government jurisdiction\\nover them is taken from the Presi-\\ndent, and assigned to Gen. Grant, as\\ncommander of the army.\\n-Jan. Miss. The Legislature unani-\\nmously rejects the 14th Amendment\\nto the Constitution.\\nFeb. 3. D. C. Congress exempts cot-\\nton from the internal revenue tax.\\nFeb. 4. D. C. Congress An act pro-\\nhibiting any further reduction of the\\ncurrency is passed the minimum limit\\nof legal-tender notes is fixed at $356,-\\n000,000.\\nFeb. 6. Fla. The president of the Con-\\nstitutional Convention announces that a\\nlegal quorum of 20 or 22 delegates have\\nadopted a new Constitution it super-\\nsedes that of 1865.\\nFeb. 18. Fla. A meeting of the dele-\\ngates of the Constitutional Convention\\nis called by Gen. Meade Horatio Jen-\\nkins is appointed president.\\nFeb. 20. X. J. The Legislature with-\\ndraws the ratification of the 14th\\nAmendment. [Feb. 25, the withdrawal\\nis vetoed by Governor Ward Mar. 5,\\nSenate overrides the veto Mar. 25, the\\nHouse also.]\\nFeb. 21. D. C. President Johnson dis-\\nmisses E. M. Stanton, Secretary of\\nWar, and appoints Gen. Lorenzo\\nThomas as his successor ad interim;\\nthe President notifies the Senate of his\\naction.\\nFeb. 22. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndeclares the appointment of Gen.\\nThomas illegal, and Stanton causes\\nhis arrest he is held on bail, but re-\\nleased Feb. 24.\\nThe President nominates Thomas\\nEwing of O. as Secretary of War.\\nFeb. 24. D. C. Congress: The House\\nresolves to impeach President John-\\nson of high crimes and misdemeanors.\\n(Second attempt.) Vote, 126-47 17 not\\nvoting. Two members are appointed to\\nimpeach him at the bar of the Senate.\\nHe is charged with violating the Tenure\\nof Office Act, and much friction exists\\nbetween the Executive and Congress,\\nbecause of his opposition to the Recon-\\nstruction Acts.\\nFeb. 25. D. C. Congress: The action\\nof the House for impeachment is re-\\nported at the bar of the Senate by\\nThaddeus Stevens of Pa. and John\\nA. Bingham of O., the Committee of\\nImpeachment.\\nFla. The State Constitution is\\nadopted nine delegates refuse to sign it.\\nFeb. 29. D. C. Congress House the\\nCommittee of Impeachment reports\\nnine articles.\\nMar. 2. D. C. Congress House The\\narticles of impeachment are adopted\\nby a party vote.\\nImpeachment managers John A. Bing-\\nham, Chairman, of O., George S. Bout-\\nwell of Mass., James F. Wilson of la.,\\nBenjamin F. Butler of Mass., Thomas\\nWilliams of Pa., John A. Logan of 111.,\\nThaddeus Stevens of Pa. President s\\ncounsel B. K. Curtis, WilliamM. Fvarts,\\nW. S. Grosbeck, and Henry Stanbery.\\nMar. 3. D. C. Congress; Senate The\\nBoard of Managers presents two addi-\\ntional articles of impeachment, sedi-\\ntion, and speech declaring that Congress\\nwas not a legal body.\\nMar. 4. D. C. Congress The Senate\\nnotifies the House that it is ready to\\nreceive the managers of the impeach-\\nment. The House bill of impeachment\\nis presented.\\nMar. 5. D.C. The Senate convenes as a\\nCourt of Impeachment, with the Chief\\nJustice in the chair. The President is\\nsummoned to appear.\\nMar. 11. Ga. The new Constitution\\nis ratified.\\nMar. 13. D. C. The Court of Impeach-\\nment is reopened it adjourns to the\\n23d.\\nArk. The new Constitution is\\nadopted and ratified.\\nMar. 23. D.C. Congress Senate The\\nImpeachment Court receives the Pres-\\nident s response to the charges.\\nMar. 30. D.C. Congress Senate Gen.\\nB. F. Butler of Mass., as counsel for the\\nprosecution, opens the case against the\\nPresident the actual trial begins.\\nMar. 31. Cat. The Chinese embassy,\\nwith Anson Burlingame as special\\nambassador, arrives at San Francisco.\\nApr. 3. la. The Legislature ratifies the\\n14th Amendment to the Federal Con-\\nstitution.\\nApr. 9. D. C. Congress Senate Ben-\\njamin E. Curtis of Mass. opens the de-\\nfense in the impeachment trial.\\nApr. 14-16. S. C. The new Constitu-\\ntion is ratified by the people. Vote,\\n70,558-27,288.\\nApr. 17. Va. The Constitutional Con-\\nvention adopts a constitution. Vote,\\n51-36. [It was to have been submitted to\\nthe people for ratification, June 2 but\\nthe election was not held.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1867 III. The pioneer Pullman\\ncar is built the Pullman Car company\\nis organized.\\nMo. Carondelet is incorporated with\\nSt. Louis. [Effective Apr. 1871.]\\nN. Y. The Hudson River railroad\\nbridge at Albany is completed.\\nMinn. Minneapolis is incorporated\\nas a city.\\nNew York. The county court-house\\nis completed.\\nOre. The bark Whistler carries a\\ncargo of wheat direct to Australia.\\nPhila. The new court-house is\\nWagner s Palace-Car Company is\\nincorporated.\\n1S68 Jan. 2. Cat. The Santa Clara\\nand Pajaro Valley Railroad Company is\\nchartered.\\nJan. 28. Chicago is devastated by a\\ngreat fire loss, S3,000.000.\\nJan. Boston. The town of Roxbury is\\nannexed.\\nMar. 2. New York. Barnum s Mu-\\nseum is again burned.\\nMar. 18. The steamer Magnolia on the\\nOhio River explodes SO lives are lost.\\nMar. 31. Miss. A convention of land-\\nowners is held at Jackson to encourage\\nimmigration to the South delegates arc\\npresent from Mississippi, Tennessee,\\nAlabama, and Louisiana.\\nApr. 9. The steamer Sea Bird burns on\\nLake Michigan 100 lives are lost.\\nApr. 14. Pa. An Erie train is thrown\\ndown an embankment at Carr s Rock,\\non the Delaware River 2G persons are\\nkilled and 52 are injured.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "262 1868, Apr. 18 -Oct. 26\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1868 June 1. D. C. Gen. G. Stone-\\nman is appointed to command in the 1st\\nDistrict, as successor to Gen. J. M. Scho-\\nfield.\\nJune 4. D. C. Gen. Irvin McDowell\\nassumes command of the 4tlx Military\\nDistrict.\\nJune 30. D. C. Gen. Alvan C. Gillem\\nis appointed to command in the 4th Dis-\\ntrict, as successor to Gen. I. McDowell.\\nJuly 28. D. C. Gen. J. J. Reynolds is\\nappointed to command in the 5th Dis-\\ntrict, as successor to Gen. P. H. Sheridan.\\nA.ug. 4. Pa. Philadelphia presents\\nLeague Island in the Delaware to the\\nFederal Government as the site for a\\nnavy-yard area, 923 acres.\\njlug. Kan, The Indians make a raid\\ninto the Solomon Valley and along the\\nRepublican and Saline Rivers.\\n-Sept. 9-17. Kan. Col. George A. For-\\nsyth has a fight with the Indians along\\nthe Republican River.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n*68 May 10. D. C. W. W. Corcoran\\ndeeds his valuable Art Gallery to trus-\\ntees for public use.\\nMay 27. Mo. The monument to\\nThomas H. Benton at St. Louis is\\nunveiled.\\nJuly 11. Mick. The asteroid Hecate is\\ndiscovered by J. C. Watson. [Also\\nHelena, Aug. 16, Hera, Sept. 7, and\\nDione, Oct. 10.]\\nAug. 22. N. Y. The asteroid Miriam\\nis discovered by C. H. F. Peters.\\nOct. 21. Cat. An earthquake shakes\\nthe Pacific Coast walls are broken,\\nchimneys fall, and five persons are killed\\nin San Francisco.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n186S.\\nApr. 19. Hawks, Cicero Stephen, P. E.\\nbishop of Mo., A56.\\nApr. 20. Osgood, Helen L. G., army nurse,\\nA33.\\nApr. 26. Rives. William Cabell, senator\\nfor Md., minister to France, author, mem-\\nber Confederate ronu r ress, A75.\\nMay 5 Page, Charles Grafton, writer,\\nphysicist of D. C, A5t\\nRidgeley, Daniel Boone, commander\\nTJ. S. N., A55.\\nMay 20. Junkin, George, Pres. clergy-\\nman, college president, A78.\\nMay 21. Dyckman, Garrett W., capt. in\\nMexican war, col. U. S. V., dies.\\nMay 23. Carson, Christopher, Kit Car-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0on, trapper, Fremont s gni le, A59.\\nMay 25. Evans, Thomas, Quaker preacher,\\neditor, author, A70.\\nMay 29. Lincoln, Levi, M. C, Gov. of\\nMass., senator, A86.\\nMay 30. McRae, John J., Gov. of Miss., A58;\\nJune 1. Buchanan, James, M. C. for Pa.,\\nsenator, secretary of state, minister to\\nEng., 15th President of TJ. S., A77.\\nJune 3. Noyes, George RapaU, Biblical\\nscholar, A70.\\nJune 6. Thompson, Daniel Pierce, novel-\\nist, A73.\\nJune 12. Garner, Peter M., abolitionist in\\n0., A58.\\nJune 15. Bradley, Warren I., Glance\\nGaylord, author, writer, A21.\\nJune 22. Kimball, HeberC, Mormon, A67.\\nJune 23. Raphall, Morris Jacob, Jewish\\nrabbi of New York, writer, author, A70.\\nVassar. Matthew, founder of Vassar\\ncollege, A76.\\nJuly 2. Baker, Lafayette C., brig.-gen.\\nU. S. A., chief of secret service, A42.\\nJuly 5. Hall, James, author, judge, A75.\\nJuly 7. Coles, Edward, antislavery Gov.\\nof 111., A82.\\nJuly 9. Grayson, Wrn., Gov. of Md., A82.\\nJuly 11. Miller, James Fergurson, com-\\nmander V. S. N., A63.\\nJuly 15. Morton, Wm. T. G., dentist,\\nphysician, A49.\\nJuly 16. Allen, William, president Bow-\\ndoin, biographer, A84.\\nJuly 18. Leutze. Emanuel, historical\\npainter, A52.\\nJuly 29. Smith, Seba (Maj. Jack Down-\\ning), author, A76.\\nAupr. 3. Potter, Chandler E., editor, au-\\nthor, A61.\\nHalpine, Charles G. (Miles O Reilly),\\njournalist, A38.\\nAug. 8. .Stevens, Edwin Aug., railroad\\nmanager, inventor, founder Stevens insti-\\ntute, A73.\\nAug. 11. Stevens. Thaddeus, M. C. for\\nPa., abolitionist, A76.\\nAug. 16. Carhart, Jeremiah, inventor of\\ntubular reed-board, A53.\\nAug. 24. Adler, George J., philologist, au-\\nthor, A 47.\\nAug. 27. Armstrong, James, commodore\\nU. S. N., A74.\\nAug. 28. Granger, Francis, M. C. for\\nN. Y., posHnasier-geiieral, A76.\\nSept. 23. Morse, Kioiiard Gary, journalist,\\nPres. el., founder of N. Y. Observer, A73.\\nSept. 29. Andrew s, Lorrin, founder of\\nHawaii University, missionary, A73.\\nOct. 9. Cobb, Howell, M. C, speaker,\\nGov. of Ga., sec. of treasury, Confederate\\nmaj.-gen., A53.\\nOct. 26. Fairchild, Cassius, brig.-gen.\\nV. S. A., A40.\\nCHURCH.\\n1868 Apr. 30. Va. Francis McNeece\\nWhittle is consecrated (Protestant Epis-\\ncopal) assistant bishop of Virginia.\\nMay 1-June 2. Chicago. General Con-\\nference (Methodist Episcopal) meets.\\nProvision is made for the introduction\\nof Lay Delegation. The Arkansas, Cen-\\ntral Pennsylvania, St. Louis, and Wil-\\nmington Conferences are formed.\\nIt establishes Children s Day,\\nto he observed on the second Sunday in\\nJune.\\nMay 24. Ky. William G. McCloskey is\\nconsecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nLouisville.\\nJune 3. Yt. Wm. Henry Augustus Bis-\\nsell is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Vermont.\\nJune 10. Me. The General Convention\\nof the New Jerusalem meets at Port-\\nland.\\nJuly 12. N. T. Bernard J. McQuaid is\\nconsecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nRochester.\\nPa. Wm. O Hara is consecrated\\n(Roman Catholic) bishop of Scranton.\\nAug. 2. Pa. Tobias Mullen is conse-\\ncrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Erie.\\nAug. 16. Md. James Gibbons is con-\\nsecrated (Roman Catholic) archbishop\\nof Baltimore.\\nN. C. Thomas A. Becker is conse-\\ncrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Wil-\\nmington.\\nSept. 13. Mo. John J. Hogan is conse-\\ncrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Kan-\\nsas City.\\nOct. 7-9. New York. The third Na-\\ntional Unitarian Conference is held.\\nOct. 25. Mo. Charles Franklin Robert-\\nson is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Missouri.\\nLETTERS.\\n1868 Sept. 4. .V. U. The College of\\nAgriculture and Mechanics is opened\\nat Hanover.\\nOct. X. Y. Cornell University Cnon-\\nsect.) at Ithaca is opened.\\nAla. Burrill School, colored, isopened\\nat Selma by the American Missionary\\nAssociation.\\nCat. University of California (non-\\nsect.) is organized at Berkeley.\\nCal. The Overland Monthly magazine\\n(first series) is issued at San Francisco.\\nD. C. The Bureau of Education\\nLibrary is founded at Washington.\\n[1G,500 vols.]\\nGa. The Haven Normal Academy,\\ncolored (Meth. Epis.), is founded at\\nWaynesboro.\\nGa. The Constitution is issued at\\nAtlanta.\\nIII. German English College\\n(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Galena.\\nKy. Blandville College (Bapt.) is\\nfounded.\\nKy. Concord College (Bapt.) is or-\\nganized at New Liberty.\\nKy. The Courier Journal is issued at\\nLouisville.\\nMe. The State Agricultural College\\nis organized at Orono.\\nMass. Worcester Polytechnic Insti-\\ntute (non-sect.) is organized at Worces-\\nter.\\nMass. The Dental School of Harvard\\nUniversity is established.\\nMiss. Eust University, colored\\n(Meth. Epis.), is founded at Holly\\nSprings.\\nMinn. University of Minnesota\\n(non-sect.) is organized at Minneapolis.\\nThe Board of Education of the Meth-\\nodist Episcopal Church is organized.\\n*N.J. St. Benedict s CoUege (Rom.\\nCath.) at Newark is organized.\\n*N. T. Cornell University library is\\nfounded at Ithaca. [60,300 vols.]\\nNew YorJ:. Harper s Bazaar Is\\nfounded.\\niV. r. Wells CoUege (non-sect.) is\\nfounded at Aurora.\\nOre. The State Agricultural College\\nis opened at Corvallis.\\nO. University of Wooster (Pres.)\\nis organized at Wooster.\\n0. The Public School library is\\nfounded at Cleveland. [45,905 vols.]\\nOre. Philomath College (United\\nBreth.) is organized.\\nPa. Monongahela College (Bapt.)\\nat Jefferson is organized.\\nPhila. Lippincotfs Magazine appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S6S May 5. The Grand Army of the\\nRepublic institutes Decoration Day\\nMay 30th as a memorial day of its de-\\nceased comrades.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1868, Apr. 18 -Oct. 26. 263\\nMay 22. Ind. An express car on the\\nJeffersonville Railroad is robbed by\\narmed men.\\nMay 30. N. F. Memorial Day is first\\ncelebrated it is a legal holiday.\\nJune 25. D. C. Eight hours constitute\\na day s work. (See State.)\\nJuly 1. Eng. A dinner is given in\\nhonor of Cyrus W. Field in London.\\nCable messages are exchanged with\\nPresident Johnson, and also with JLord\\nMonk, viceroy of Canada.\\nJuly 20. Lnd. A train bearing the ex-\\npress robbers of the Jeffersonville\\nRailroad is stopped by a band of\\nlynchers from Seymour, and the pris-\\noners hanged.\\nJuly 0. The National Temperance\\nConvention is held at Cleveland.\\ni\\nSTATE.\\n1868 Apr. 18. La. The new Consti-\\ntution is ratified by the people in a State\\nelection.\\nApr. N. C. The people ratify the new\\nConstitution. Vote, 93,118-74,009.\\nApr. _ Y*. J. The Democratic Legislature\\npasses a resolution withdrawing the pre-\\nvious ratification of the 14th Amend-\\nment by a Republican body.\\nMay 7. D. C. Congress Senate Thad-\\ndeus Stevens of Pa. introduces a bill to\\nreadmit Arkansas to representation in\\nCongress.\\nMay 16. D. C. Congress; Senate The\\n11th article of impeac hm ent is re-\\njected. Vote, 35-19 one less than two-\\nthirds, the number required to impeach.\\nThe court adjourns to May 26.\\nMay 20. Chicago. The Kepublican\\nNational Convention meets Joseph\\nR. Hawley of Conn., president.\\nMay 21. Chicago. Gen. Ulysses S.\\nGrant is nominated for the presidency\\non the first ballot, without a competitor.\\nSchuyler Colfax is nominated for the\\nvice-presidency. Vote for the vice-presi-\\ndency Schuyler Colfax of Ind., 541 B.\\nF. Wade of O., 3S Reuben E. Fenton of\\nN. T., 69.\\nMay 26. D. C. Congress Senate The\\nCourt of Impeachment votes on the\\nsecond and third articles, and lacks\\none vote of two-thirds of the Senate.\\nVote, 34-16. It abandons the case at this\\npoint.\\nThe trial of President Johnson is the\\nmost memorable attempt made by any\\nEnglish-speaking people to depose asov-\\nereign ruler in strict accordance with\\nthe forms of law. The order, dignity, and\\nsolemnity which marked the proceedings\\nmay therefore be recalled with pride by\\nevery American. (Blaine.)\\nEdwin M. Stanton resigns as Secre-\\ntary of War.\\nMay 30. D. C. President Johnson ap-\\npoints Gen. J. M. Schofield of N. T.\\nSecretary of War.\\nCongress creates a Fishery Com-\\nmission.\\nMay 31. D. C. Congress relieves from\\ntaxation all manufactures except dis-\\ntilled and fermented liquors and to-\\nbacco.\\nMay* D. C. Congress passes resolutions\\ncongratulating the Emperor of Russia\\non his escape from assassination.\\nMay Fla. The new Constitution is\\nratified by the people.\\nJune 1-K Tex. A convention called\\nunder the Reconstruction Acts is held at\\nAustin.\\nJune 5. D. C. The Chinese embassy\\nis received at Washington.\\nJune 12. D. C. Congress; Senate\\nReverdy Johnson of Md. is appointed\\nminister to Great Britain.\\nJune 15. Miss. Gen. McDowell appoints\\nMaj.-Gen. Adelbert Ames provisional\\ngovernor Gov. Humphreys is forced to\\nvacate the executive mansion.\\nJune 20. D. C. President Johnson ve-\\ntoes the bill restoring Arkansas to\\nrepresentation in Congress. [Congress\\noverrides the veto, June 22.]\\nJune 25. D. C. Congress passes the\\nbill for readmitting to representation\\nin Congress six Southern States\\nAlabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana,\\nNorth and South Carolina. The Presi-\\ndent vetoes it.\\nIt extends amnesty to about 1,000\\nex-Confederates.\\nIt enacts that eight hours shall con-\\nstitute a day s work for laborers, me-\\nchanics, and other workmen in the em-\\nployment of the Government. (Passed\\nthe House on January 6.)\\nCongress, having overriden the Pres-\\nident s vetoes by a vote of more than\\nthree to one in both houses, the long\\nreconstruction contest is closed.\\nD. C. Gen. Grant, in accepting the\\nRepublican nomination to the presi-\\ndency, says Let us have peace.\\nJune 28. Miss. The people reject the\\nConstitution of May 15. Vote, 56,231-\\n63,860.\\nJune 30. IT. S. Statistics for 186S.\\nRevenue Customs, $164,464,600 in-\\nternal revenue, Slol,os7,r\u00c2\u00bbxii direct tax,\\n\u00c2\u00a71,788,146; sales of public lands, $1,34S-\\n715; premiums on loans and sales of gold\\ncoin, \u00c2\u00a729,203,629; miscellaneous items,\\n$17,745,404. Total revenue, \u00c2\u00a7405,638,033\\nexcess of revenue over ordinary expendi-\\ntures, \u00c2\u00a728,297,798. Expenditures: Pre-\\nmiums on loans and purchase of bonds,\\netc., $7,001,151 miscellaneous items,\\nS53,009,8rt3; War Department, \u00c2\u00a7123,240,-\\nG49; Navy Department, \u00c2\u00a725,775,503; In-\\ndians, $4J00,6S2; pensions, \u00c2\u00a723,7X2,387\\ninterest on public debt, \u00c2\u00a3.140,424,040.\\nTotal ordinary expenses. S377,340,285\\npublic debt, S2.G11,C87.851 exports,\\n\u00c2\u00a7281,952,899 imports, \u00c2\u00a7357,436,440,\\nJune Fla. The 14th Amendment is\\nadopted by the Legislature.\\nJune Mass. The Legislature adjourns,\\nhaving been in session 165 days, the\\nlongest term ever held in the State.\\nJuly 4. D. C. The President proclaims\\na general amnesty, making but few\\nexceptions.\\nFla. The government is transferred\\nto Harrison Reed, who is inaugurated\\ngovernor.\\nN. C. The 14th Amendment of\\nthe Federal Constitution is ratified.\\nJuly 4-7. New York. The Democratic\\nNational Convention nominates Ho-\\nratio Seymour of N. Y. for the presi-\\ndency on the 22d ballot, and Francis\\nP. Blair of Mo. for the vice-presidency.\\n[A bitter and exciting campaign fol-\\nlows.]\\nJuly 13. Ala. The Legislature ratifies\\nthe 14th Amendment.\\nJuly 14. Fla. Gen. Meade turns the\\nState over to the civil authorities.\\nJuly 15. D. C. William M. Evarts of\\nN. Y. is appointed Attorney-General.\\nJuly 20. D. C. Congress removes the\\nlegal and political disabilities from\\nseveral hundred ex-Confederates.\\nThe Secretary of State announces that\\nthree-fourths of the States (29) have rat-\\nified the 14th Amendment.\\nJuly 21. Ga. The Legislature ratifies\\nthe 14th Amendment.\\nJuly 25. D. C. Congress organizes\\nWyoming Territory out of parts of\\nDakota, Utah, and Idaho.\\nIt passes a bill for the payment of the\\npublic debt and reducing the rate of\\ninterest.\\nIt enacts the discontinuance of the\\nFreedmen s Bureau after Jan. 1, 1S69.\\nJuly 27. D. C. Congress enacts the\\nextension of Federal laws over Alaska.\\nHouse, vote, 113-i3 it organizes the\\nterritory.\\nIt passes an act for the protection of\\nnaturalized citizens in foreign coun-\\ntries.\\nThe President signs the bill for the\\npurchase of Alaska.\\nCongress enacts the bill requiring\\nletter carriers to wear uniforms.\\nThe 40th Congress the second ses-\\nsion adjourns to Sept. 21.\\nJuly 28. B.C. The Burlingame treaty\\nwith China is negotiated at Washing-\\nton.\\nJuly La. The Legislature ratifies the\\n14th Amendment to the Federal Con-\\nstitution.\\nAug. 17, 18. La. The new Constitu-\\ntion is ratified in a State election it\\ndeclares the ordinance of secession null\\nand void.\\nSept. 21. D. C. The 40th Congress:\\nthe second session reopens, and ad-\\njourns to Oct. 16.\\nOct. 16. D. C. The 40th Congress:\\nthe second session reopens and adjourns\\nto Nov. 10.\\nOct. 26. O. The Democratic Legisla-\\nture recalls the assent of the State to\\nthe 14th Amendment.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1868 Apr. Wyo. Laramie City is\\nfounded.\\nJune 30. U. S. Immigrants in 1868,\\n282,189.\\nJuly* Md. A flood on the Patapsco\\nRiver causes a loss of about $3,000,000\\nand several lives.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "264 1868, Oct. 27-1869, Feb. 26.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n186S Nov. 27. Kan. Gen. Custer de-\\nfeats the rebellious Indians on the\\nWichita; a village is burned, and their\\nbands nearly annihilated.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1868 Oct. John Ericsson announces a\\ndevice for obtaining motive power by\\ncondensing the rays of the sun.\\nNov. 13. U. S. A brilliant display of\\nmeteors occurs.\\nChicago. Der Nordamerikanische\\nSangerbund is reorganized.\\nMass. The Dental School of Har-\\nvard University is established.\\nNew York. A bronze statue of Lin-\\ncoln in Union Square is unveiled.\\nNew York. A bronze statue of Gari-\\nbaldi is unveiled in Washington Square.\\nNew York. George Inness of New\\nYork, George Henry Hall of Paris,\\nFrance, and George C. Lambdin are\\nelected members of the National Acad-\\nemy of Design.\\nO. Bessemer steel is first made at\\nCleveland.\\nO. Cincinnati determines to hold bi-\\nennial musical festivals.\\nU. S. Westinghouse air-brakes are\\nintroduced.\\nWyo. Coal is discovered near Evans-\\nton.\\nIn the Narrows is painted by Edward\\nMoran.\\nWhite Mountains in October is painted\\nby A. D. Shattuck.\\nPortrait of a Lady is painted by W. S.\\nMount.\\nSioiss Lake is painted by J. W. Casilear.\\n1869 Feb. 3. New York. Booth s\\nTheater is opened by Edwin Booth with\\nRomeo and Juliet.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1868.\\nOct. 29. MeVickar, John, P. E. clergyman,\\nNew York, prutVssor in Columbia, A81.\\nNov. 19. Mount, William Sidney, land-\\nscape painter, A61.\\nNov. S3. Thompson, Waddv, M. C. for\\nS. C, diplomat, A70.\\nNov. 38. Clark, Laban, M. E. cl., A90.\\nNov. 29. Kearnev, Lawreiu-t eoniiuoilore\\nU. S. N., A79.\\nDec. 12. Flint, Henry M., author, editor,\\ncorrespondent, A39.\\nDec. 18. Robertson, Anthony Lispenard,\\njurist of New York, AGO.\\nDec. 20. Mitchell, Samuel Augustus, geog-\\nrapher, author, A76.\\nDec. 26. Cibhs, Alfred, mai.-gen., U. S. A.,\\nA45.\\nCarrell, Geo. A., R. C. bp., teacher, AG5.\\n1869.\\nJan. 6. Elliot, Charles, Meth. Epis. clergy-\\nman, editor, author, A77.\\nJan. 7. Botts, .John M., M. C. for Va., A67.\\nRousseau, Lovell H., brev. maj.-gen.\\nU. S. A., M. C. for Ky., A51.\\nJan. 1 0. Cassin, John, ornithologist, of\\nPa., A56.\\nJan. 15. Key, Thomas M., lawyer, politi-\\ncian, of 0., A50.\\nJan. 25. Pickens. Francis W., Gov. of\\nS. C, M. C, minister lu Russia, A62.\\nFeb. 6. Brady, James T., lawyer, A54.\\nHubbard, John, statesman, A75.\\nFeb. 7. Burrill, Alexander M., lawyer, au-\\nthor of legal works, A62.\\nFeb. 24. Dinsmoor, Samuel, Gov. of N. H.,\\nA70.\\nCHURCH.\\n1868 Oct. 27, 28. Phila. A hot but in-\\ndecisive discussion on ritualism occurs\\nat a general convocation of the Protes-\\ntant Episcopal Church.\\nNov. 8. N. V. Stephen V. Ryan is con-\\nsecrated (Roman Catholic; bishop of\\nBuffalo.\\nDec. 2. N. Y. A Preliminary Conven-\\ntion of the Albany (Protestant Episco-\\npal) diocese is held.\\nDec. 3. N. Y. William Croswell Doane\\nis elected bishop of the (Protestant Epis-\\ncopal) dioeese of Albany.\\nAlabama and Arkansas Conferences\\n(African Methodist Episcopal) are\\nformed.\\nBoston. The Women s Board of\\nMissions is formed.\\nCal. Chinese Mission- Work is be-\\ngun on the Pacific coast by Otis Gib-\\nson of the Methodist Episcopal Church.\\nKan. The General Synod (Evangelical\\nLutheran) of Kansas is organized.\\nMo. Neb. The Universalis! State\\nConvention is organized.\\nN. Y. The General Assembly (0.\\nS. Presbyterian) meets at Albany\\nGeorge W. Musgrave, moderator.\\nN. Y. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Argyle James\\nHarper, moderator.\\nNew York. The Baptist Annual\\nMeeting assembles.\\nNew York. The General Conven-\\ntion (Protestant Episcopal) assembles\\nit renews the vote of confidence taken\\ninlS44.\\nO. The Annual Convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Cincin-\\nnati D. S. Burnet, moderator.\\nOre. Wash. Benjamin Wistar Morris\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Oregon and Washington.\\nPa. The General Assembly (N. S.\\nPresbyterian) meets at Harrisburg J. P.\\nStearns, moderator.\\nPa. The General Synod (Evangeli-\\ncal Lutheran) meets at Harrisburg.\\nV. S. The Presbyteries of the Old\\nSchool Presbyterians give a majority\\nvote against the committee s report\\nfavoring a union.\\nProtestant Episcopal dioceses are es-\\ntablished in Nebraska, Portland (Ore.),\\nLong Island, Central New York, Albany,\\nand Easton, Pa.\\nMany Roman Catholic dioceses are\\nestablished.\\nColumbus, 0., St. Joseph, Mo., Wil-\\nmington, Bel., Seranton and Harrisbur\u00c2\u00a3,\\nPa., Green Bay, Wis., Rochester, N. Y.,\\nand La Crosse, Wis. Vicarates apos-\\ntolic are established for Idaho, North\\nCarolina, and Denver, Colo.\\n1869 Jan. 27. N. Y. Abram Newkirk\\nLittlejohn is consecrated (Protestant\\nEpiscopal) bishop of Long Island.\\nFeb. 2. N. Y. William Croswell Doane\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Albany.\\nLETTERS.\\n1868 South Carolina fur the first\\ntime elects a superintendent of public\\ninstruction.\\nTenrt. The University of the South\\n(Prot. Epis.; at Swanee is opened.\\nWis. The State Normal School at\\nWhitewater is opened.\\nW. Va. The Marshall College Nor-\\nmal School at Huntingdon is opened\\nby the State.\\nW. Va. West Virginia College,\\n(Free-will Bapt.) at Flemington, is or-\\nganized.\\nVa. Hampton Institute (non-sect.)\\nis organized at Hampton.\\nAmerican Otological Society is or-\\nganized.\\nAmong the Hills and Other Poems, by\\nJohn Greenleaf Whittier, appears.\\nThe Earthly Paradise, by Edmund\\nClarence Stedman, appears.\\nDallas Galbraith, by Rebecca H.\\nDavis, appears.\\nThe Gates Ajar, by Elizabeth Stuart\\nPhelps, appears.\\nIf, Yes, and Perhaps, by Edward Ev-\\nerett Hale, appears.\\nKathrina, by J. G. Holland, appears.\\nLittle Women, by Louisa May Alcott,\\nappears also Proverb Stories.\\nMen of Our Times, by Harriet Beecher\\nStowe, appears also The Chimney Cor-\\nner.\\nNew England Tragedies, by Henry\\nW. Longfellow, appears.\\nPoems of Faith, Hope, and Love, by\\nPhcebe Cary, appears.\\nThe United Netherlands, by John\\nLothrop Motley, appears.\\nWoman s Wrongs: A Counter-Irritant,\\nby Gail Hamilton, appears.\\nWhat Answer? by Ann a Dickinson,\\nappears.\\nOhio in the War, by Whitelaw Reid,\\nappears.\\nAutobiography of Benjamin Franklin,\\nwith notes by John Bigelow, appears.\\nfc Recollections of a Busy Life, by Horace\\nGreeley, appears.\\nJesus o/Nazareth, His Life and Teach-\\nings, by Lyman Abbott, appears.\\nfc Sermons, by Henry Ward Beecher,\\nappears.\\nfc Planchette s Diary, by Kate M. Field,\\nappears.\\nk The Human Intellect, by Noah Porter,\\nappears.\\nMoral Uses of Dark Things, by Horace\\nBushnell, appears.\\nWill the Coming Man Drink Wine?\\nand Does Smoking Pay? by James Par-\\nton, appears.\\nc Tobacco and Alcohol (a reply to Par-\\nton s book), by J. Fiske, appears.\\nc Plain Thoughts on the Art of Living,\\nby W. Gladden, appears.\\nEkkoes from Kentucky, by Petroleum\\nVesuvius Nasby, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1868, Oct. 27-1869, Feb. 26. 265\\nThe Negroes in Negroland; in Amer-\\nica; Generally, by E\\\\ R. Helper, appears.\\nChrist in Song, by Philip Schaff, ap-\\npears.\\nNo Love Lost, A Poem of Travel, by W.\\nD. Howells, appears.\\nUnder the JVillows, etc., by James\\nRussell Lowell, appears.\\nSense and Nonsense, by Brick Pome-\\nroy, appears.\\nOn Ice and Other Things, by Josh Bil-\\nlings, appears.\\nPassages from the Note-Books of Na-\\nthaniel Hawthorne, appears.\\nSmoked Glass, by Orpheus C. Kerr,\\nappears.\\nRuby s Husband, by Marion Harland,\\nappears.\\nStoi ies of the Gorilla Country, for\\nYoung People, by Paul B. Du Cbaillu,\\nappears.\\nSystem of Naval Defence, by J. B.\\nEads, appears.\\n1S69 Jan. 18. New York. The Mer-\\ncantile Library building is opened.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1868 Nov.* La. Astounding election\\nfrauds are discovered.\\nNov. 3. New York. William M.\\nTweed Boss Tweed dominates\\nTammany Hall.\\nHe holds back the election returns of\\nthe city, till, by manipulation, they are\\nmade to eliminate the majority given\\nagainst his party in the State election.\\nBoston. The New England Women s\\nClub is organized.\\nD. C. President Johnson signs the\\nEight-hour Labor Bill for the benefit\\nof Government employees.\\nLa. Political and color riots are\\nprevalent during the year.\\nTenn. The Legislature prohibits the\\nKuklux Klan, and makes membership\\na penal offense.\\nThe Benevolent and Protective Order\\nof Elks is founded.\\n1869 Jan. 4. La. The Legislature\\npasses the Social Equality Bill, by\\nwhich all persons, without regard to\\ncolor, are given equal rights in public\\nconveyances, and places of public resort.\\nJan. 30. Phila. George S. Twitehell\\nis sentenced to be hanged for the mur-\\nder of Mrs. Mary E. Hill, on Nov. 22,\\n186S. [He commits suicide April 8.]\\nJan. 0. The Cincinnati hospital is\\noccupied.\\nSTATE.\\n1868 Nov. 3. The 21st Presidential\\nelection; Republicans elected. Popu-\\nlar vote Ulysses S. Grant (Rep.) of 111.,\\n3,015,071 Horatio Seymour (Dem.) of\\nN. Y., 2,709,615.\\nla. An amendment to the State\\nConstitution is adopted by a public vote\\nthe word white is dropped from the\\nqualifications of electors. Vote, 105,384\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009481,119.\\nVirginia, Mississippi, and Texas\\nare the only States of the late Confeder-\\nacy that are excluded from participa-\\ntion in the national election.\\nNov. 9. Ark. Gov. Clayton declares 10\\ncounties under martial law.\\nNov. 10. I C. The 40th Congress:\\nthe second session reopens and closes.\\nLondon. A convention for the settle-\\nment of the Alabama claims by a\\ncommission is signed by Reverdy John-\\nson and the Earl of Clarendon, but is\\nfruitless of results.\\nMinn. The people ratify the amended\\nConstitution it eliminates the word\\nwhite.\\nNov. 30-Dec. 1. Miss. The People\\nratify the Constitution of May 15, 1SGS.\\nVote, 105,223-954. An almost unani-\\nmous vote is given against disfranchis-\\ning Confederate soldiers.\\nDec. 7. D. C. The 40th Congress:\\nthe third session opens.\\nDec. D. C. The President s recommen-\\ndation to repudiate obligations of the\\ngovernment arrests attention.\\nDec. 14. D. C. Congress: The House\\nannounces the purpose to fully pay\\nthe national debt. Vote, 155-6 60\\nnot voting.\\nDec. 24. Mass. The Governor and coun-\\ncil contract for the completion of the\\nHoosac Tunnel for $4,594,268.\\nDec. 25. D. C. President Johnson issues\\na proclamation of general uncondi-\\ntional amnesty to persons implicated\\nin the rebellion it includes Jefferson\\nDavis.\\nColo. The State capital is removed\\nfrom Golden City to Denver.\\nMe, The constabulary law of 1S67\\nis repealed.\\nTenn. The Legislature enacts a mini-\\nmum fine of 1^500 and imprisonment for\\nfive years for members of the Kuklux\\nKlan society.\\nTenn. The petition of 4,000 citizens\\nasking for the removal of political dis-\\nabilities is denied by the Legislature.\\nThe Greenback financial agita-\\ntion becomes widespread.\\nThe same currency for both plow-\\nholder and bondholder, say Demo-\\ncrats The best currency for both\\nplowholder and bondholder, say Re-\\npublicans.\\nThe ruling classes of the South,\\naroused by the misgovernment of the\\nreconstructed States, wage war on the\\nCarpet-Baggers unscrupulous\\npoliticians from the North.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-70 Ala. William H. Smith.\\n-71 Ark. Powell Clayton.\\n-72 Cal. Henry H. Haight.\\n-72 Fla. Harrison Reed.\\n-72 Ga. Rufus B. Bullock.\\n-72 la. Samuel Merrill.\\n-70 Ida. (Ter.). David W. Ballard.\\nLa. Joshua Baker.\\n-72 La. Henry C. Warmoth.\\n-72 O. Rutherford B. Hayes.\\n-72 S. C. Robert K. Scott.\\n-70 Fa. Henry H. Wells.\\n1869 Jan. 4. La. The Social Equal-\\nity Bill is passed. (See Society.)\\nJan. 13. D. C. A National Convention\\nof Colored Men assembles at Washing-\\nton Frederick Douglass, president.\\nJan. 14. London. Reverdy Johnson, U. S.\\nminister to England, and the Earl of\\nClarendon sign a treaty, which includes\\nthe adjustment of the Alabama claims.\\nJan. 20. I). C. Congress: The House\\napproves the 15th Amendment res-\\nolution to secure impartial suffrage,\\nirrespective of race or color. [Rejected\\nby the Senate. See Feb. 26.]\\nFeb. 4. Kan. A Woman s Suffrage\\nConvention is held at Topeka.\\nFeb. 10. D. C. Congress counts the\\nelectoral vote.\\nVote for President Grant, 214 Sey-\\nmour, SO. Vote for Vice-President:\\nSchuyler Colfax Rep- t f -h u-, l 14; Frank\\nP. Blair (Dem.) of Mo., SO. (26 States\\nare Republican, 8 Democratic.)\\nFeb. 11. D. C. A nolle prosequi is en-\\ntered in the treason case against Jeffer-\\nson Davis.\\nFeb. 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nrejects the treaty with England respect-\\ning the Alabama claims.\\nFeb. 19. T). C. Congress prohibits the\\nnational banks from making loans of\\nmoney on U. S. notes.\\nFeb. 20. Tenn. Gov. Brownlow pro-\\nclaims martial law in nine counties,\\nand calls out the militia to suppress the\\nKuklux Klan societies.\\nFeb.26. 1). C. Congress: B 3th Houses\\npass the 15th Amendment resolution,\\nproviding that the right to vote shall\\nnot be denied or abridged, in any State,\\non account of race, color, or previous\\ncondition of servitude. Vote Senate,\\n39-13; House, 145-14.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1868 Nov. 7. 111. The bridge across the\\nMississippi at Quincy is opened.\\nDec. 1. N. Y. Old Fort Lafayette, in the\\nNarrows, is destroyed by fire.\\nO. The Standard Oil Company is\\nfounded at Cleveland. (See p. 281).\\nOre. Joseph Watt exports the first\\nfull cargo of wheat sent direct from\\nOregon to Liverpool.\\nPhila. The National Encampment of\\nthe Grand Army of the Republic is\\nheld Gen. John A. Logan of 111. com-\\nniander-m-chief.\\nThe inalienable right of man to\\nchange his habitation, is officially rec-\\nognized by China and the United States,\\nin the Burlingame Treaty.\\nThe first dining car, the Delmon-\\nico, is run by the Chicago and Alton\\nRoad.\\n1869 Jan. 1. Chicago. The Washing-\\nton Street tunnel under the Chicago\\nRiver is opened.\\nJan. N. Y. The Albany and Susque-\\nhanna Railroad is finally completed.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "266 1869, Feb. 27 -Sept. 30.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1869 Mar. 4. Gen. Philip H. Sheri-\\ndan is promoted to the rank of lieuten-\\nant-general, and John M. Schofield is\\ncommissioned major-general, U. S. A.\\nMar. T C. Gen. Adelbert Ames is\\nappointed to command in the 4th Dis-\\ntrict, as successor to Gen. A. C. Gillem.\\nApr. 20. Va. Gen. E. K. S. Canby\\nassumes command of the 2d District.\\nMay 21. Kan. Indians make a raid on\\nthe Republican River.\\nJune 25. D. C. The Government ac-\\ncepts Stevens s Battery, a -war-ship\\nbequeathed by Edwin A. Stevens of\\nN. J.; also \u00c2\u00a71,000,000 given to complete\\nit.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1869 May 29. Phila. The monument\\nto Washington and Lafayette, erected\\nin Monument Cemetery, is dedicated.\\nMay *-Aug. Maj. J. W. Powell, with a\\nparty of 10 in four boats, descends the\\ncation of the Colorado to Rio Virgen,\\na distance of 500 miles.\\nJune 15-19. Boston. A National\\nPeace Jubilee and Musical Festival\\nis held in celebration of the restoration\\nof the Union.\\nConductor, P. S. Gilmore Ole Bull,\\nCarl Rosa, Parepa-Rosa, and Miss Phil-\\nlips are conspicuous. The chorus con-\\nsists of 10,371 selected voices, and the\\ninstruments number 1,094.\\nJuly 5. Phila. The Washington\\nMonument, erected in front of the\\nState Ho\\\\ise, is dedicated.\\nJuly Tex. Rivers rise 47 feet after\\nthree days of rain buildings, bridges,\\nand crops are swept away loss several\\nmillions of dollars.\\nAug. 7. A solar eclipse occurs.\\nSept. 30. H. M. Parkhurst discovers a\\nnew asteroid which he calls Galatea;\\nthis discovery is made by means of his\\ninvention for mapping the stars.\\nSept. Capt. C. F. Hall returns from an\\nArctic exploration, and reports that he\\nhas found many traces of the Franklin\\nexpedition, and has discovered that the\\nEsquimaux plundered the members of\\nthe Franklin party, and allowed their\\ndogs to feed on the bodies of the victims.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1869.\\nMar. 3. McWillie, William, Gov. of Miss.,\\nA74.\\nMar. 13. Fessenuen, Samuel, lawyer, of\\nN. H., A85.\\nGuthrie, James, senator for Ky., secre-\\ntary of treasury, A77.\\nMar. 25. Bates. Edw., M. C. for Mo.,\\natty.-gen., A76.\\nMar. 27. Folsom, George, antiquarian, dip-\\nlomat, author, A 67.\\nHarper. James, fdfc. Harper Bros., A74.\\nApr. 1. iMinclison, IJohley, physician, au-\\nthor medical books, A71.\\nApr. 2. Wise, Henry A., capt U. S. ^.au-\\nthor, A50.\\nApr. 12. Button. Henry, jurist, Gov., M. C.\\nfor Conn., author, A73.\\nApr. 20. Smith, Sol. Franklin, actor, man-\\nager, author, A68.\\nApr. 23. McAlester, Miles David, brig.-gen.\\nU. S. A., engineer, A 36.\\nMay 2. Seymour, Charles P.., editor, musi-\\ncal ami dramatic nitic, A 40.\\nMay 18. Peters. Absalom, Cong, clergy-\\nman, professor, editor of Eclectic, A76.\\nMay 26. Rush, James, phys.. pbilan., A 83.\\nJune 14. Cock, Thomas, physician, pro-\\nfessor, medical writer, A87.\\nJune 17. iJi.Ton, .loH -ph, photographer, in-\\nventor, crucible maker, A71.\\nJune 18. Raymond, Henry J., founder\\n.V. Times, A 49.\\nJune 29. Benton, Nathaniel S., jurist, poli-\\ntician, edwator, A77.\\nJuly 16. Park, j;..sw\u00c2\u00ab-U, P. E. cL, A62.\\nJuly 22. Roeblinc?. John A., designer of\\nBrooklyn Bridge, A63.\\nAug. 6. Allen, Charles, jurist, M. C. for\\nMass., A72.\\nAug. 18. Cleveland, Charles Dexter, au-\\nthor, scholar, A67.\\nSept. 8. Kelt, Joseph Barlow, Cong, clergy-\\nman, historian, AK0.\\nFesBenden, William Pitt, senator for\\nMe., sec. of treas., A63.\\nSept. 9. Itawlins, John A., brig.-gen., sec-\\nretary of war, A38.\\nSept. 10. Bell, John, lawyer, M. C. for\\nTenn., speaker, sec. of war, candidate for\\nVice-President, A72.\\nSept. 17. Tallmauge, Frederick Augustus,\\nM. C. for N. Y., recorder, A77.\\nCHURCH.\\n1869 Mar. Boston. The Women s\\nForeign Missionary Society (Metho-\\ndist Episcopal) is organized.\\nApr. 8. N. Y. Frederic Dan Hunting-\\nton is consecrated (Protestant Episco-\\npal) bishop of Central New York.\\nMay* New York. The General As-\\nsembly (0. S. Presbyterian) meets M.\\nW. Jacobus, moderator it adjourns to\\nmeet at Pittsburg, on Nov. 12, in further-\\nance of a union movement,\\nThe General Assembly (N. S. Pres-\\nbyterian) meets P. H. Fowler, modera-\\ntor it also adjourns to meet on Nov. 12,\\nat Pittsburg.\\nJune 2. N. J. The Congregational As-\\nsociation of New Jersey is organized.\\nJune 16. New York. The General Con-\\nvention of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nLETTERS.\\n1869 Mar. 8. Utah. The University\\nof Deseret, Salt Lake City, is organized.\\nJuly 14. Ky. A State Educational\\nConvention is held near Louisville by\\nthe colored people.\\nBoston. Boston University and\\nCollege of Liberal Arts (Meth. Epis.)\\nis founded.\\nCal. Hesperian College (Christian)\\nis organized at Woodland.\\nChicago. The Lake Side Monthly\\nmagazine appears.\\nChicago. St. Ignatius College (Rom.\\nCath.) is organized.\\nInd. The News is issued at Indian-\\napolis\\nla. The Iowa Agricultural College\\nis opened at Ames.\\nKan. St. Mary s College (Rom.\\nCath.) is organized at St. Mary s.\\nKan. The Capital is. issued at To-\\npeka.\\nKy. The Louisville Medical College\\nis opened.\\nLa. Straight University (Cong.) is\\norganized at New Orleans.\\nMinn. The State University is\\nopened at St. Anthony, and the State\\nNormal Schools at St. Cloud and\\nMankato.\\nMinn. The Augsburg Theological\\nSeminary is opened at Minneapolis.\\nMiss. Tougaloo University is es-\\ntablished at Tougaloo.\\nMd. Western Maryland College\\n(Meth. Prot.) is organized at Westmin-\\nster.\\nMo. Cane College (Bapt.) is founded\\nat Louisiana.\\nNeb. University of Nebraska (non-\\nsect.) is organized at Lincoln.\\n*N. J. The German Theological\\nSchool rPres.) is opeDed at Bloomfield.\\nNew York. The Eclectic English\\nMagazine appears.\\nk New York. St. Louis College (Rom.\\nCath.) of New York City is organized.\\nk New York. The Evening Mail is\\nfounded. [1SS0. Mail and Express.]\\n*N. Y. The Normal Schools at\\nPotsdam and Portland are established.\\nO. The Cleveland Evening News and\\nHerald is issued.\\nOre. St. Helen s Hall (Rom. Cath.)\\nat Portland is opened.\\nPa. Swarthmore College (Friends)\\nis organized at Swarthmore.\\nTex. Trinity University (Com.\\nPres.) at Tehuacana is opened.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1869 Mar. 7. N. C. Gov. Holden pro-\\nclaims Alamance County in a state of\\ninsurrection the Kuklux are the lead-\\ners. [Caswell county on July 8.]\\nMay 12. Cuba. Thomas Jordan s fili-\\nbustering expedition from New York\\nlands on the north coast.\\nJune 2. Ala. A convention to increase\\nimmigration meets at Montgomery.\\nJune 26. New York. A filibustering\\nexpedition under Col. Ryan sails for\\nCuba. [It is detained by revenue officers.l\\nAug. 16. Phila. A National Labor\\nConvention assembles.\\nSept. 1-3. Chicago. A National Tem-\\nperance Convention is attended by\\n5,000 delegates.\\nSept. 28. Boston, The Horace Mann\\nSchool for the Deaf is opened.\\nSept. 30. New York. George Peabody\\nsails for England.\\nHe contributes munificent sums for\\nthe endowment of several educational\\ninstitutions, and adds SI. 400,000 to his\\nformer gift (S2.ouO.UOOl for Southern edu-\\ncation.\\nSTATE.\\n1869 Feb. 27. La. The State Senate\\nratifies the 15th Amendment to the\\nFederal Constitution. [Mar. 1 the House\\nratifies it.]\\nMar. 1. Nev. The Legislature ratifies\\nthe 15th Amendment to the Federal\\nConstitution.\\nMar. D. C. Congress The House\\npasses the Schenck BiH, pledging the\\npayment of all Government obligations\\nin coin.\\nMar. 3. Z C. Congress; House:\\nCharles Pomeroy of la. is elected", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1869, Feb. 27 -Sept. 30. 267\\nSpeaker, in place of Schuyler Colfax,\\nresigned.\\nCongress sets apart St. Paul and St.\\nGeorge Islands, Alaska, as a reserva-\\ntion for the protection of fur seal, and\\nforbids the landing of vessels.\\nW. Va. The Legislature ratifies the\\n15th Amendment to the Federal Con-\\nstitution.\\n18th Administration: Republican.\\nMar. 4. I). C. General Ulysses S.\\nGrant of 111. is inaugurated the 18th\\nPresident, in the 21st term of the pres-\\nidency Schuyler Colfax of Ind. is\\nVice-President.\\nCabinet: EhhuB.Washburneof 111,\\n(State), Alexander T. Stewart of N. Y.\\n(Treaa.), John M. Sehofield of N. Y.\\n(War), Jacob D. Cox of O. (Interior),\\nAdolph E. Borie of Pa. (Navy), John\\nA. J. Creswell of Md. (P. M.-Gen.),\\nEbenezer R. Hoar of Mass. (Atty.-\\nGen.):\\n[George S. Boutwell of Mass. takes\\ntbe place of Mr. Stewart, Hamilton Fish\\nof N. Y. succeeds Mr. AVashburne, and\\nJohn A. Rawlins succeeds Gen. Seho-\\nfield at later dates.]\\nThe 40th Congress ends.\\nThe 41st Congress opens\\nCongress; Senate Hiram R. Revels,\\ncolored, of Miss., occupies the seat\\nvacated by Jefferson Davis. House\\nJames G. Blaine of Me. is elected\\nSpeaker. Vote: Blaine, 135;. Michael\\nC.Kerr of Ind., 57.\\nMar. U. IS. The nation is surprised\\nby the Cabinet appointments of Presi-\\ndent Grant.\\nMar. 5. III. The Legislature ratifies\\nthe 15th Amendment to the Federal\\nConstitution. Vote Senate, 17-7 House,\\n52-27. (Also in N. C.)\\nMar. 6. D. C. Congress Senate John\\nSherman of O. proposes to change the\\nlaw so that A. T. Stewart of N. Y. may\\nbecome secretary of the treasury while\\nan importing merchant.\\nMar. 9. D. C. Congress The House\\nrepeals the Tenure of Office Act with-\\nout debate. Vote, 138-1G.\\nA. T. Stewart, secretary of the treas-\\nury, resigns because the law of 1789 for-\\nbids an importer holding the office.\\nMar. 9-12. Mass.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wis. The Legisla-\\ntures ratify the 15th Amendment to\\nthe Federal Constitution. [Mar. 13, Ky.\\nMar. 16, Conn, and S. C]\\nMar. 11+ D.C. E. B. Washburne re-\\ntires from the Cabinet. [He is soon\\nafterward appointed minister to France.]\\nMar. 15. D. C. Congress; Senate The\\nSchenck Bill, for the payment of U. S.\\nbonds in coin, is passed.\\nMar. 18. U. S. The Schenck Bill be-\\ncomes a law.\\nMar. 23. D.C. Congress; Senate:\\nHenry B. Anthony of R. I., is elected\\nPresident pro tempore. [He is also re-\\nelected Apr. 9.]\\nMar. 24. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the substitute for the Tenure\\nof Office Act. Vote, 37-15.\\nIt appears to maintain the act in an-\\nother form, while in tact setting it aside.\\nThe Tenure of Office Act was enacted\\nlest President Johnson should remove\\nRepublican office-holders too rapidly\\nand it was practically repealed lest Pres-\\nident Grant should not remove Demo-\\ncratic office-holders rapidly enough.\\n(Blaine.)\\nApr. 7. D. C. The President sends a\\nmessage to the Senate on British\\nclaims.\\nApr. 10. D. C. The 41st Congress\\nthe first session closes.\\nApr. 12. D. C. The Senate meets, in\\nspecial session, at the call of President\\nGrant.\\nApr. 13. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nrejects the Johnson- Clarendon\\ntreaty respecting the Alabama claims.\\nApr. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nratifies the naturalization treaty with\\nGreat Britain.\\nApr. D. C. John Lothrop Motley is\\nappointed U. S. minister at the Court\\nof St. James.\\nApr. 20. Va. Gen. E. R. S. Canby be-\\ncomes military governor.\\nApr. 23. D. C. The special session of\\nthe Senate closes.\\nMay 26. Mo. The State seal, lost since\\nthe beginning of the Civil War, is handed\\nover to the Governor by ex.-Lieut.-Gov.\\nT. C.Reynolds.\\nJune 8. Ind. The Legislature ratifies\\nthe 15th Amendment to tbe Federal\\nConstitution. [June 11, 16, Fla. Julyl,\\nN. H. Oct. 21, Vt.]\\nJune 20. Kan. A State Convention of\\ncolored people meets at Topeka, and\\nrequests the Legislature to petition Con-\\ngress for negro suffrage.\\nJune 22. D. C. Adolph E. Borie, sec-\\nretary of the navy, resigns.\\nGa. The Supreme Court decides that\\nnegroes are eligible for public office.\\nJune 25. D. C. Geo. M. Robeson of\\nN. J. is appointed Secretary of the Navy.\\nJune 30. U.S. Statistics for 1869. Re-\\nceipts: Customs, 61S0,WS,427 internal\\nrevenue, S15S,:;50,461 direct tax, $765,-\\n686; salesof public lands. $4,020,344; pre-\\nmiums on loans and sales of gold coin,\\n\u00c2\u00a713,755,491 miscellaneous items, $370,-\\n943,747 excess of revenue over ordinary\\nexpenses, $48,078,469. Expenditures\\nPremiums on loans, purchase of bonds,\\netc., $1,674,680: miscellaneous items,\\n$56,474,062; War Department, $78,501,-\\n991; Navy Department, $20,000,758 In-\\ndians, $7,042,923 pensions, $28,476,622;\\ninterest on public debt. S130.694.243.\\nTotal ordinary expenses, $322,865,278.\\nPublic debt, $2,588,452,213. Exports,\\n$280,117,697; imports, $417,506,379.\\nJuly 4, 5. Chicago. The Irish National\\nRepublican Convention meets, with\\n221 delegates present.\\nJuly 6. Va. The people adopt the New\\nConstitution by a majority of 39,957.\\nSept. 12. Chicago. The National Pro-\\nhibition party is organized by a Con-\\nvention of 500 delegates.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1869 Feb. 27. Chicago. The West Side\\nPark Commission is incorporated.\\nMar. 1. Pkila. The Chamber of Com-\\nmerce is dedicated.\\nMar. 23. Chicago. The South Park\\nCommission Act is ratified at the elec-\\ntion.\\nMay 10. Utah. The connecting of the\\nUnion and Central Pacific Railroads\\nis made at Promontory Point Thomas\\nDurant and Gov. Leland Stanford drive\\nthe last spikes the line exteuds from\\nOmaha to San Francisco, 1,914 miles.\\nThe Atlantic and Pacific coasts are now\\nconnected by rail.\\nMay 12. Fr. The shore end of the\\nFranco-American cable is laid at\\nBrest.\\nMay 18. Term. A Southern commer-\\ncial convention is held at Memphis 22\\nStates are represented by 1,100 delegates.\\n[May 25, another is held at New Orleans.]\\nJune 25. N. J. The Camden and\\nAmboy Railroad Company and the\\nRaritan Canal Company surrender their\\nreserved rights, by which they have mo-\\nnopolized the trans-State carrying trade\\nfor 40 years.\\nJune 30. U. S. Immigrants in 1869,\\n352,569. A^T*\\nJuly 7. A r Y. The first stone of the new\\nCapitol at Albany is laid. y^\\nJuly 23. Mass. The French cable is\\nlanded at Duxbury, connecting with\\nFrance, via St. Pierre, near Newfound-\\nland. Length, 3,047 miles.\\nJuly 27. Mass. The landing of the,.\\nFrench Atlantic cable is celebrated.\\nAug. New York. The work off improv-\\ning the channel of the East Paver at\\nHell Gate begins.\\nAug. N. T. The Erie Railroad seeks\\nto acquire control of the Albany and\\nSusquehanna Road a war of injunctions\\nand armed resistance ensue.\\nSept. 6. Pa. A fire in the Avondale\\ncoal-mi n e in Luzerne County causes\\nthe loss of 108 lives.\\nSept. 7. la. A Commercial Conven-\\ntion assembles at Keokuk.\\nSept. 13. New York. The Erie Ring\\npanic occurs.\\nHaving secured the chief control of\\nthe gold in the market, and the preven-\\ntion of sales of gold by the Government,\\nJay Gould and James Fisk begin to pur-\\nchase gold at about 130.\\nSept. 22. New York. The Erie Ring runs\\nup the price of gold to 140.\\nSept. 23. New York. The price of gold\\nreaches 144, and the conspirators declare\\ntheir purpose to crowd it up to 200.\\nSept. 24. New York. Black Fri-\\nday 7i a financial panic causes great\\nfinancial disasters.\\nThe clique of speculators push up the\\nprice of gold to 164, and all the small\\nand middle-* I :tss speculators fail. [While\\nit enriches a few, it brings great calamity\\nto the business community, which is re-\\nquired to pay duties in gold. The Gov-\\nernment breaks the corner by offering\\nto sell \u00c2\u00a74,000,000 of gold. The conspira-\\ntors plunder tbe market of about \u00c2\u00a711,.\\n000,000 in profits.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "268 1869, Oct 5-1870, Feb. 9.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1869 Dec. 24. D. C. Gen. A. H.\\nTerry is assigned to the Georgia Mili-\\ntary District.\\nThe Federal Government estab-\\nlishes a torpedo school at Newport.\\nThe Indian War ends.\\nART SCIENCE \u00e2\u0080\u0094NATURE.\\n1S69 Oct. 9. N. Y. The asteroid Fe-\\nlicitas is discovered by C. H. F. Peters.\\nCal. A new gold district is discovered\\nnear San Diego.\\nNew York. John A. Roebling makes\\nthe first survey for the East River\\nBridge.\\nJVew York. E. Wood Perry, John La-\\nfarge, A. H. Wyant, and E. L. Henry\\nare elected members of the National\\nAcademy of Design.\\nNew York. Augnstin Daly takes\\ncharge of a theater in Twenty-fourth\\nStreet.\\nN. Y. The Orpheus Singing- Society\\nof Buffalo is organized.\\n0. The Harmonic Society of Cin-\\ncinnati is organized.\\n70 U. S. A method is introduced by\\nwhich wood is ground to form the raw\\nmaterial for paper.\\nU. S. The cotton crop of the year is\\nthe largest since I860, amounting to at\\nleast 3,000,000 bales (of 400 lbs.).\\nTry sting Tree is painted by A. B.\\nDurand.\\nSan Giorgio is painted by S. R. Gif-\\nford.\\nWine Tasters is painted by J. B. Ir-\\nving.\\n1870 Jan. 3. N. Y. Work on the\\nEast River Bridge is commenced by\\nsinking a caisson on the Brooklyn side.\\nAMERICA\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nfor N. H., brig.-gen. of vols., 14th Pres. of\\nU. S., A65.\\nOct. 16. ltitner, Joseph, Gov. of Pa., A90.\\nNov. 2. Bancs, Heman, M. E. cl., eri., A79.\\nNov. 4. Peabody. Georgre. of Massachu-\\nsetts, banker in Eng., philanthropist, pa-\\ntron of education, A74.\\nNov. 6. Stewart. Charles, rear-adm., A91.\\nNov. 10. Wool. John Ellis, ma j. -gen.\\nU. S. A., A 85.\\nNov. 11. Kendall, An\\nmaster-general, A 80.\\nof Mass., post-\\nNov. 15. Butterfield, John, founder of\\nstage and express lines, A86.\\nDec. 3. Potter, Hazard Arnold, physician,\\nsurgeon, A59.\\nDec. 18. Gottschalk, Louis Moreau, pian-\\nist, composer, A 40.\\nDec. 23. Crapo, Henry H., Gov. of Mich.,\\nA65.\\nCozzens, Fred. Swartwout, writer, au-\\nthor, A51.\\nDec. 24. Stanton. Edwin McMasters.\\natty.-gen., secretary of war, A55.\\nDec. 31. Perkins, Justin, Cong, clergyman,\\nmissionary to Nestorians, A64.\\n0.870.\\nJan. 3. Lozier, Charlotte T., physician,\\nprofessor, writer, A26.\\nJan. 6. Joseph A. Mower, brev. maj.-gen.,\\nA63.\\nJan- 18. Chase, Carlton, P. E. bishop of\\nN. H., A76.\\nJan. 20. Dudley, Benjamin W., surgeon, of\\nKy., professor of surgery, A85.\\nJan. 22. Prentice. George Dentaon. edi-\\ntor, author, A68.\\nJan. 23. Placide, Henry, actor, A71.\\nFeb. 5. Elton, Kouieo, liapt. clergyman,\\nprofessor, author, A78.\\nTiinble, Allen, Gov. of O., A87.\\nCHURCH.\\n1869 Oct. 13. Ariz. William Whitaker\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Nevada and Arizona.\\nOct. Phila. A reform convention\\n(Protestant Episcopal) is held, and al-\\nterations in the ritual aud other changes\\nare favored.\\nNov. 12. Pa. The (adjourned) General\\nAssembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets at\\nPittsburg M. W. Jacobus, moderator.\\nThe (adjourned) General Assembly\\n(N. S. Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg\\nP. H. Fowler, moderator.\\nThe returns from the Presbyteries are\\noverwhelmingly favorable to reunion.\\nThe union of the New and Old School\\nPresbyterian Churches is consum-\\nmated on the basis of the Stand-\\nards, pure and simple.\\nDec. 8. Pope Pius IX. opens a\\ngeneral council. [It propounds the doc-\\ntrine of papal infallibility and a list of\\nanathemas.]\\nDec. 22. N, J. The Ocean Grove\\n(Methodist Episcopal) Association is\\norganized.\\nThe word German is erased from\\nthe title, German Reformed Church.\\nBoston. A Congregational Club is or-\\nganized.\\nBoston. The Baptist Annual Meet-\\ning assembles.\\nD.C. The General Synod (Evangel-\\nical Lutheran) meets at Washington.\\nIII. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Monmouth R.\\nA. Browne, moderator.\\nKy. The Annual Convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Louis-\\nville; R, M. Bishop, president.\\nKy, A part of the Synod of Kentucky\\njoins the Presbyterian Church in the\\nUnited States (Southern Presbyterian).\\nKan, The Kansas Conference (Free\\nMethodist) is organized.\\nKan. The Universalist State Conven-\\ntion is organized.\\nNew Mex. The Roman Catholic Vica-\\nrate Apostolic of New Mexico is estab-\\nlished.\\nThe Presbyterians begin mission-work\\namong the Dakota Indians.\\nJohn Dickinson is first elected bishop\\nof the United Brethren.\\nThe General Council of the Evangeli-\\ncal Lutheran Church begins its foreign\\nmission-work in Southern India.\\nThe Lexington and Louisiana Confer-\\nences (Methodist Episcopal) are formed.\\n1870 Jan. 25. Henry Mies Pierce is\\nconsecrated /Protestant Episcopal) mis-\\nsionary bishop of Arkansas and Indian\\nTerritory.\\nJan. 26. La. The Louisiana Congrega-\\ntional Association is organized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1869 The Association of American\\nMedical Editors is organized.\\nBallads of New England, by J. G.\\nWhittier, appears.\\nCompendious German Grammar, by\\nW. D. Whitney, appears.\\nThe Discovery of the Great West, by\\nFrancis Parkman, appears.\\nThe Heathen Chinee, by Bret Harte,\\nappears also The Outcasts of Poker\\nFlat.\\nHitherto, by Adeline D. T. Whitney,\\nappears.\\nInnocents Abroad, by Mark Twain,\\nappears.\\nLady Byron Vindicated, by Harriet\\nBeecher Stowe, appears also Old Toicn\\nFolks.\\nLiterature of the Age of Elizabeth, by\\nE. W. Whipple, appears.\\nAn Old- Fashioned Girl, by Louisa M.\\nAlcott, appears.\\nA Pictorial History of the Civil War,\\nby Benson J. Lossing, appears.\\nStepping Heavenward, by Elizabeth\\nPrentiss, appears.\\n*The Story of a Bad Boy, by T. B.\\nAldrich, appears.\\nPrinciples of Psychology, by John Bas-\\ncom, appears.\\nMemoirs of Service Afloat, by Raphael\\nSemmes, appears.\\nLife and Letters of Fitz-Greene Hat-\\nleck, by James Grant Wilson, appears.\\nThe Cathedral, by James KusseU\\nLowell, appears.\\nWoman 9 s Suffrage, the Reform against\\nNature, by Horace Bushnell, appears.\\nThe Switzerland of America, by Sam-\\nuel Bowles, appears.\\nBy- Ways of Europe, by Bayard Taylor,\\nappears.\\nLong and Short Span Bridges, by J. A.\\nRoebling, appears.\\nMai bone an Oldport Romance, by T.\\nW. Higginson, appears.\\nMm, Women, and Ghosts, by Elizabeth\\nStuart Phelps, appears.\\nFire Acres too Much, by Robert Barn-\\nwell Roosevelt, appears.\\nHilt to Hilt, by John Esten Cooke,\\nappears.\\nOverture of Angels, by Henry Ward\\nBeecher, appears.\\nNaval Architecture aJid Shipbuilding,\\nby Com. Meade, appears.\\nJesus of Nazareth His Life and Teach-\\nings, by Lyman Abbott, appears.\\nThe Blameless Prince and Other\\nPoems, by Edmund Clarence Stedman,\\nappears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1869, Oct. 5-1870, Feb. 9. 269\\nSOCIETY.\\n1869 Oct. 20. N. C. Gov. Holden is-\\nsues a proclamation against the dis-\\norders and violence of secret societies\\nin four counties.\\nOct. 24. New York. Pere Hyacinthe\\nof Paris is publicly introduced by Henry\\nWard Beecher.\\nOct. Wis. The northwestern branch\\nof the National Home for Disabled\\nSoldiers, established near Milwaukee,\\nis dedicated.\\nNov. 20. Ky. Regulators horsewhip\\na cooper at Somerset a riot ensues in\\nwhich three men are killed.\\nNov. 24. O. A Woman s Suffrage\\nConvention meets. (See State.)\\nNov.* Del. A Woman s Suffrage\\nConvention is held at Wilmington.\\nDec. 10. D. C. A National Colored La-\\nbor Convention meets.\\nDec. 11. Utah. A Mormon rebellion\\nrises against Brigham Young.\\nDec. 12. Ind. A party of 70 men enter\\nthe jail at New Albany, take out four\\nprisoners, and hang them.\\nThe Chicago Club is founded.\\nMass. A prohibitory statute is\\nenacted.\\nNeb. The State deaf and dumb in-\\nstitute is opened at Omaha.\\nNev. The State erects an orphan s\\nhome at Carson City.\\nNew Tori:. The Baptist Home for\\nAged People is founded.\\nN. Y. The Association of the Bar\\nis instituted William M. Evarts is the\\nfirst president.\\nO. St. Mary s Hospital at Cincin-\\nnati is established.\\n0. The third National Encampment\\nof the Grand Army of the Republic is\\nheld at Cincinnati Gen. John A.Logan\\nof 111., commander-in-chief.\\nPhila. The Baptist Home of Phila-\\ndelphia is founded.\\nPhila. Uriah S. Stevens, a clothing\\ncutter, organizes a secret society for\\nthe protection of the working people.\\n[It develops into the Knights of\\nLabor.]\\nP. I. The Board of State Charities\\nand Correction is organized.\\nTex. The Buckner Orphans Home\\n(Bapt.) is founded at Dallas.\\nThe General Assembly (Presbyte-\\nrian) recommends total abstinence.\\nThe National Prison Association\\nis formed. (1870?)\\n1S70 Jan. 24. D. C. Prince Arthur,\\nQueen Victoria s third son (Duke of\\nConnaught), is presented to President\\nGrant.\\nFeb. 8. Me. Prince Arthur and many\\ndistinguished people attend the funeral\\nof George Peabody at Portland.\\nFeb.* Mass. The remains of George\\nPeabody are buried at Peabody.\\nSTATE.\\n1S69 Oct 5. J a. The Legislature\\nmeets the first regular meeting in a\\ndecade.\\nOct. 8. Va. The Legislature ratifies the\\n14th and 15th Amendments to the\\nFederal Constitution.\\nOct. 25. D. C. William W. Belknap of\\nIowa is appointed secretary of war.\\nOct. -Nov. Free-trade doctrines be-\\ncome more popular than formerly.\\nNov, 2. Fla. A majority of the people\\nwest of the Choctawhatchee River vote\\nfor annexation with Alabama.\\nNov. 24. O. The National Woman s\\nSuffrage Convention meets at Cleve-\\nland, with 1S3 delegates present; Rev.\\nHenry Ward Beecher, president. The\\nAmerican Woman s Suffrage Associa-\\ntion is organized.\\nNov. 29. A treaty with the Dominican\\nRepublic is negotiated, for its annexa-\\ntion to the United States, and for the\\nleasing of the bay and peninsula of Sa-\\nraana as a naval rendezvous.\\nNov. 30.-Dec. 1. Miss. The people\\nratify the new Constitution. Vote,\\n105,223-954.\\nNov. 30.-Dee. 3. Tex. The people rat-\\nify the Constitution. Vote, 72,395-4,924.\\nDec. 6. D.C. The 41st Congress opens.\\nDec. 13. D. C. Congress renews the\\nCanadian Reciprocity treaty.\\nDec. 14. D. C. Congress removes the\\nlegal and political disabilities from a\\nlarge class of ex-Confederates.\\nDec. 16. D. C. Congress declares the\\nexclusion of free dm en from the Legis-\\nlature, as done in Georgia, revolution-\\nary, and to be prohibited.\\nDec. 20. D. C. President Grant appoints\\nEdwin M. Stanton of Pa. an associ-\\nate justice of the Supreme Court.\\nDec. 22. Ga. The Legislature refuses\\nto ratify the 15th Amendment.\\nGa. The reconstruction of the\\nState in compliance with an Act of Con-\\ngress is accomplished.\\nDec. D. C The correspondence of Sec-\\nretary Fish and Lord Clarendon on the\\nAlabama claims is made public.\\nD. C. Congress reduces the tax on\\ndistilled spirits from $1.97 to 54 cents\\nper proof gallon.\\nla. The Legislature creates a State\\nBoard of Immigration.\\nMinn. Both Houses vote to remove\\nthe capital from St. Paul to a site in\\nKandiyohi County the governor vetoes\\nthe bill.\\nNew York. A. Oakey Hall is elected\\nthe 77th mayor.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-76 Ariz. (Ter.). A. P. K. Safford.\\nColo.(Ter.). Edwin M. M Cook.\\nConn. Marshall Jewell.\\nDak. (Ter.). John A. Burbank.\\nDel. James Ponder.\\n111. John M. Palmer.\\nKan. James M. Harvey.\\nMass. William Claflin.\\nMich. Henry P. Baldwin.\\n-73*\\n-70*\\n-73*\\n-75*\\n-73*\\n-72\\n-71 Mo. Joseph W. M Clurg.\\n-70 Mont. (Ter.). James M. Ashley.\\n-71 N. H. Onslow Stearns.\\n-72 N. J. Theodore F. Randolph.\\n-71 *N. Mex. Ter.). William A. Pile.\\n-73 N. Y. John T. Hoffman.\\n-73 It. I. Seth Padelford.\\n-71 Tenn. DeWitt C. Senter.\\n-71 U. (Ter.) J. Wilson Shaffer.\\n-70 Vt. Peter T. Washburn.\\n-70 Wash. (Ter.) Alvin Flanders.\\n-71* W.Va. William E. StephenBon.\\n1370 Jan. 10. Mo. The Legislature rati-\\nfies the 15th Amendment to the Fed-\\neral Constitution. [Jan. IS by Rhode\\nIsland Feb. 2, Georgia Feb. 3, Iowa\\nFeb. 15, Minnesota; Feb. 17, Nebraska;\\nFeb. 18, Texas Mar. 3, Kansas Mar. 26,\\nTennessee.]\\nJan. D. C. Congress approves the\\nscheme for a canal across the Isthmus\\nof Darien.\\nJan. 24. D. C. Congress The Sen-\\nators from Virginia are readmitted.\\n[Representatives are admitted Jan. 26.]\\nJan. 26. D. C. A treaty is signed re-\\nspecting the Darien Canal.\\nJan. 27. Va. Gen. Canby turns the State\\nover to the authorities elected by the\\npeople.\\nFeb. 2. Ga. The Legislature permits\\ncolored members to resume their seats,\\nand then ratifies the 15th Amendment.\\nFeb. 8. Va. Gov. Walker proclaims the\\nState fully reconstructed.\\nFeb. 9. D. C. Congress provides for\\nthe establishment of a weather bureau.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1869 Oct. 13. Ky. A Commercial\\nConvention assembles at Louisville\\nex-President Fillmore, chairman.\\nOct. 27- III. About 200 lives are lost by\\nthe burning of the steamer Stonewall,\\nnear Cairo, on the Mississippi.\\nNov. 14. Cal. About 15 persons are\\nkilled in a collision on the Pacific Rail-\\nroad near San Francisco.\\nDec. 11. Eng. The body of George Pea-\\nbody, the American philanthropist, is\\nplaced on board the British steamship\\nMonarch, to be conveyed to America.\\nChicago has a park system of seven\\nparks, comprising 2,530 acres.\\nThe two south parks, 372 and 593\\nJackson Park, GOO Douglas Park, 171\\nGarfield Park, 185; Humboldt Park,\\n1S4; Lincoln Park, 310; having 37\u00c2\u00a3\\nmiles of boulevards cost, S10,000,000.\\nMo. Tower Grove Park, 276 acres,\\nis donated to St. Louis.\\nMich. Woodmere Cemetery, near De-\\ntroit, is established.\\nArthur Cummings introduces curve\\npitching in baseball.\\n1S70 Jan. 20. The Anglo-American and\\nAnglo-French cable companies unite.\\nJan. 22. Cal. The California Southern\\nRailroad Company is chartered.\\nJan. 23. The U. S. corvette Oveida col-\\nlides with the steamship Bombay, and\\nsinks, near Yokohama, Japan 112 lives\\nare lost.\\nJan. Boston. Dorchester is annexed.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "270 1870, Feb. 10 -Oct. 13.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1870 Sept. Utah. Gen. Shaffer for-\\nbids tiie drilling of the Mormon militia.\\nOct. 17. Vice-Admiral David D.Porter\\nis made admiral.\\n*D. C. Gen. Fitz-John Porter ap-\\npeals to the President for a reversal of\\nthe sentence of the court martial.\\nMilitary governments are with-\\ndrawn on the reconstruction of the\\nSouthern States.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1870 New York. James Gordon Ben-\\nnett, the proprietor of the Herald, sends\\nHenry M. Stanley to Africa in search\\nof David Livingstone.\\nApr. 13. New York. A charter is granted\\nto the Metropolitan Museum of Art.\\nMay 24. D. C. The Corcoran Gallery\\nof Art at Washington is chartered.\\nAug. 14. N. Y. The asteroid Ate is dis-\\ncovered by C. H. F. Peters.\\nSept. 28. Va. The James River risea\\nabout 24 feet in two days, and the Shen-\\nandoah about twice a3 much, destroying\\ncrops, buildings, etc. loss, $3,000,000.\\nOct. 20. An earthquake is felt through\\nthe Northern States from Maine to\\nIowa.\\nOct. Africa. Henry M. Stanley of\\nU. S. A., arrives at Zanzibar.\\nBoston. The Museum of Fine Arts\\nis incorporated.\\nBoston. The New England Conser-\\nvatory of Music is incorporated.\\nThe National Academy of Science\\nextends the limit of membership from\\n50 to 1,000.\\nla. A cave is discovered on the Du-\\nbuque and Minnesota Railroad line, con-\\ntaining a number of relics apparently\\nOriental, also skeletons of giants.\\nMass. Prof. Win lock, of the Harvard\\nObservatory, uses a horizontal photo-\\nheliograph in photographing the sun.\\nNew York. Victor Nehlig is elected a\\nmember of the National Academy of\\nDesign.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1870.\\nFeb. 14. Harper, Joseph WVsli v, publisher\\nin N. Y., A69.\\nFeb. 22. Houghton, George Frederick,\\nlawyer, writer, A50.\\nFeb. 23. Burlingame, Anson, diploma-\\ntist, M. C. for Mass., ambassador from\\nChina, A50.\\nMar. 1. Ashmead, Isaac, printer, inventor\\nOf composition printing rollers, A80.\\nMar. 4. McClintock. John, M. E. cl., au-\\nthor, president of Drew Seminary, A56.\\nMar. 16. Ripley, James W., bfev. maj.-\\ngen., chief of ordnance, A76.\\nMar.17. Cornell, William \\\\V.,ironfounder,\\nOf N. Y., philanthropist, A48.\\nMar. 18. Verplanck, Gulian Crommelin,\\nauthor, A84.\\nMar. 26. Soule, Pierre, senator for La.,\\nminister to Spain, A68.\\nMar. 28. Thomas, George H., maj.-gen.\\nU. S. A., A54.\\nMar. 31. Boyden, Serb, inventor malleable\\ncast-iron, h:ii -doming machine, A82.\\nApr. 3. Frothinghani, Nathaniel L., Unit,\\nclergyman, author, A77.\\nApr. 15. Willard. Emma, pioneer educa-\\ntionist for women, N. Y., A83.\\nApr. 22. Furrar, Eliza Ware, author, ATS.\\nKing, Austin A., iov. of Mo., A69.\\nMay 17. Littell, Eliakiin, editor LitteWs\\nLiving Age, A73.\\nMay 22. Hazzanl, Samuel, archeologist,\\nhistorian, publisher, A.86.\\nJune 3. Learned, Joseph E. inventor,\\nInspector of iron-ckuls, A51.\\nJune. 7. Reed, David, antislavery re-\\nformer, editor. AM.\\nJune 12. Eliot, Thomas D., lawyer, M. C.\\nfor Mass., A62.\\nJune 26. Catting, Francis B., jurist, of\\nN. Y., A65.\\nJuly 6. Pope, Charles A., physician, pro-\\nfessor of anatomy, A52.\\nJuly 7. Ashmun, George, M. C. for Mass.,\\nA 66.\\nJuly 12. DahlgTen, John Adolf, chief of\\nordnance, rear-adm. V. S. N., A61.\\nJuly 19. Brooks, William T. H., maj.-gen.\\nof vols., A 49.\\nJuly 21. Baldwin, Theoron, Cong, clergy-\\nman, educationist, A69.\\nJuly 28. Ritchie, Anna Cora Ogden Mow-\\natt, novelist, actor, dramatist, A49.\\nAug. 5. Hitchcock, Ethan Allen, maj.-gen.\\nvols., author, A72.\\nAug. 6. Cobb, George, M. C. for N. J.,\\nbenefactor, A57.\\nAug. 14. Farragut. David G., first ad-\\nmiral U. S. N., A69.\\nAug-. 18. Kennedy, John Pendleton, M. C.\\nfor Md., author, secretary of navy, A75.\\nSept. 5. Bedford, Gunning S.. physician,\\nprofessor of obstetrics, N. Y., A64.\\nSept. 7. Munroe, James, col. IT. S. vols.,\\nM. C. for N. Y., A71.\\nSept. 8. Kingsley, Calvin, Meth. Epis.\\nbishop, A58.\\nSept. 9. Lord, Nathan, Cong, cl., prosla-\\nvery advocate, president Dartmouth, A77-\\nLongstreet, Augustus B-, lawyer, Meth.\\nEpis. clergyman, author, A80.\\nSept. 11. Sayre, David Austin, merchant,\\nbanker, benefactor, of Ky,, A77.\\nSept. 18. Dawson, John Littleton, M. C.\\nfor Pa., A57.\\nSept. 27. Packer, William Fisher, Gov. of\\nPa., A63.\\nOct. 10. Bartley, Mordecai, pioneer, Gov.\\nof O., A84.\\nOct, 12. Lee, Robert Edward, col. U. S.\\nA., commander-in-chief of Confederate\\narmies, college pres., A63.\\nCHURCH.\\n1870 May 4. Tenn. The General\\nConference (Methodist Episcopal\\nSouth) meets at Memphis the North\\nMississippi, White River, Los Angeles,\\nNorth Alabama, and Western Confer-\\nences are organized.\\nMay 19. Phila. The first reunited\\nGeneral Assembly of the Presbyterian\\nChurch is held J. T. Backus, moderator.\\nJune 17. Phila. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nSept. 21. N.H. William Woodruff Niles\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of New Hampshire.\\nSept. 25. Mass. Patrick T. O Reilly is\\nconsecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nSpringfield.\\nOct. 6. Md. William Pinkney is con-\\nsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant\\nbishop of Maryland.\\nLETTERS.\\n1S70 Feb. 17. Miss. The State Nor-\\nmal School is opened at Holly Springs.\\nApr. O. The University of Cincin-\\nnati (non-sect.) is incorporated.\\nMay 14. Phila. The Public Record [Rec-\\nord] is issued.\\nJune 16. S. C. A free-school system\\nis established for the State.\\nJune 20. New York. The Lenox Li-\\nbrary is incorporated.\\nJuly 2. The Eraiigelical Seminary\\nat Elmhurst is opened.\\nOct. 13. (ia. The Legislature establishes\\na system of public instruction.\\nConn. The Silas Bronson Library is\\nfounded at Waterbury. [3G\\\\500 vols.]\\nBoston. Literary World magazine is\\nestablished.\\nBoston. The Old and New magazine\\nis established.\\nCat. Napa CoUege (Meth. Epis.) U\\nfounded at Napa.\\nDelaware CoUege (non-sect.) is or-\\nganized at Newark, Delaware.\\nla. The Medical Department of\\nthe State University of Iowa at Iowa\\nCity is opened.\\nCarthage College (Luth.) is or-\\nganized.\\nThe Swedish Theological Semin-\\nary (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Evanston.\\nLa. Leland University (Bapt.i is\\nfounded at New Orleans.\\nMich. The Michigan University\\nopens all its departments to women.\\nMiss. The Legislature passes a law\\norganizing a State Board of Education,\\nand providing for a superintendent of\\npublic education.\\nMo. The Legislature establishes the\\nState Agricultural CoUege at Colum-\\nbia.\\nNew York. Scribner s Monthly maga-\\nzine (first series) is established.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1870 Mar. 3. La. The trial of George\\nM. Wickliffe, the State auditor, re-\\nsults in his conviction and impeach-\\nment for extortion and fraud.\\nMar. 7. TVyo. A grand jury of both\\nsexes is impaneled at Fort Laramie.\\nMar. Pa. The MoUy Maguires\\nsubside.\\nApr. 5. Utah. Mormons in mass-meeting\\nat Salt Lake protest against the inter-\\nference of Congress with polygamy.\\nApr. 14. Del. The ratification of the\\n15th Amendment to the Federal Con-\\nstitution is celebrated by great gather-\\nings of colored people.\\nMay 10. yew York. Daniel MacFar-\\nland is tried and acquitted of the mur-\\nder of Albert D. Richardson on Nov. 25,\\n1SG9, at New York.\\nMay 19. Md. The colored people of\\nBaltimore celebrate the passage of the\\n15th Amendment.\\nJuly 22. New York. The Times exposes\\nthe frauds of the Tweed Ring.\\nJuly 30. New York. Benjamin Nathan,\\na wealthy Hebrew, is found murdered\\nin his home. [Criminal unknown.]\\nJuly N. C. The governor sends the\\nmilitia to suppress Kuklux outrages.\\nApr. 9. The American Anti-Slavery\\nSociety is dissolved.\\nMay 25-27. Ft. Armed Fenians, 500\\nstrong, invade Canada from Fairfield,\\nand quickly return when resisted.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1870, Feb. 10 -Oct. 13. 271\\nAug. 15. O. The National Labor Con-\\ngress meets at Cincinnati.\\nAug. 23. 0. The Irish National Con-\\ngress meets at Cincinnati.\\nOct. 4. O. A National Commercial\\nConvention meets at Cincinnati.\\nSTATE.\\n1870 Feb. 10. Tenn. A Constitu-\\ntional Convention meets at Nashville,\\nFeb. 12. Utah. Brigham Young ap-\\nproves the bill granting the right of\\nsuffrage to women.\\nFeb. 15. N. J. The Legislature refuses\\nto ratify the 15th Amendment to the\\nFederal Constitution.\\nFeb. 18. Tex. The Legislature ratifies\\nthe 14th and 15th Amendments to\\nthe Federal Constitution.\\nFeb. 21. La. The Legislature grants\\n$3,000,000 in 8 per cent State bonds to\\nthe New Orleans, Mobile, and Chatta-\\nnooga Railroad.\\nFeb. 23. D. C. Congress: Mississippi\\nis again admitted to representation in\\nboth Houses.\\nFeb. 25. D. C. Congress Hiram R.\\nRevels of Miss., the first colored Sen-\\nator, takes the required oath.\\nMar. 7. D, C. Congress restores legal\\nand political rights of a large class of\\nex-Confederates.\\nMar. 16. D. C. Congress; House:\\nH. R. Revels of Miss, makes a speech\\nin favor of universal amnesty and suf-\\nfrage.\\nMar. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nrejects the treaty for the purchase of the\\nIslands of St. Thomas and St. John.\\nMar. 26. Tenn. The people ratify the\\nnew Constitution. Vote, 98,128-33,872.\\nMar. 30. D. C. Congress: Represen-\\ntatives from Texas are admitted to the\\nHouse, and Senators to the Senate. The\\nSouthern States are now all repre-\\nsented in the National Congress.\\nThe 15th Amendment having been\\nratified by 29 States, is proclaimed apart\\nof the Constitution it confers the right\\nof suffrage to freedmen.\\nGreat apprehension prevails at the\\nSouth the white taxpayers being a\\nminority of the population in some of\\nthe States, are at the mercy of the non-\\ntaxpaying negroes, who may be easily\\ncorrupted by political adventurers.\\nMar. D. C. Congress House Mor-\\nmons who practise polygamy are de-\\nprived of civil rights.\\nApr. 5. New York. The Legislature\\ngrants the Tweed-Frear charter, com-\\nbining the city and county.\\nMay 24. D. C. President Grant issues\\na proclamation against the invasion of\\nCanada by Fenians.\\nMay 28. D. C. Congress Senate\\nHenry B. Anthony of R. I. is reelected\\nPresident pro tempore. [Again on July\\n1, and also on July 14.]\\nMay 31. D. C. Congress passes an act\\nto enforce the right of citizens to\\nvote in the several States.\\nMay D. C. Congress charters the\\nNorthern Pacific Railroad.\\nMay A convention meets at Spring-\\nfield, and forms a new Constitution.\\nJune 12. I). C. The act limiting the\\ncirculation of the national banks to\\n\u00c2\u00a7354,000,000, secured by the deposit of\\nGovernment bonds with the Treasurer,\\nis approved.\\nJune 15. D. C. E. R. Hoar of Mass.\\nresigns the office of attorney-general.\\nJune 22. D. C. Congress provides for\\nthe organization of the Department of\\nJustice with the attorney-general at its\\nhead.\\nJune 30. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nrejects the treaty for the annexation\\nof San Domingo. Vote, 28-28.\\nJune D. C. Congress reduces the in-\\ncome tax by abolishing many stamp-\\ntaxes.\\nJune 30. U. S. Statistics for 1870.\\nRevenue Customs, $194,538,374 in-\\nternal revenue, 8184,899,750; direct tax,\\n$229,103; sales of public lands. $3,350,-\\n482 premiums on loans and sales of gold\\ncoin, $15,295,644; miscellaneous items,\\n$12,942,118. Total revenue, $411,255,478\\nexcess of revenue over ordinary ex-\\npenses, $101 .001 ,917. Expenditures: Pre-\\nmiums on loans, purchase of bonds, etc.,\\n$15,990,550 miscellaneous items, $53,-\\n237,401-; War Department, \u00c2\u00a757,655,(175;\\nNavy Department, $21.7X0,230; Indians,\\n$3,407,938 pensions, S2X.34O.202 interest\\non the public debt. $129,235,498. Total\\nordinary expenditures, $309,0.53,561 pub-\\nlic debt, $2,4X0.072,427. Exports, $392,-\\n771,768; imports, $435,958,405.\\nJuly 2. The Constitution is rati-\\nfied by the people. Vote, 134,227-35,\\n443.\\nJuly 4. D. C. Congress The Senate\\nrefuses to extend citizenship to the\\nChinese strong opposition to Chinese\\nimmigration prevails in many parts of\\nthe country.\\nJuly 13. D. C. Congress changes the\\ntariff and reduces the revenue by\\ndiminishing duties on tea, coffee, sugar,\\nand certain articles of iron and si,eel;\\nto go into force on Jan. 1st, 1871.\\nJuly 14. D. C. Congress repeals the\\ntax on legacies and successions.\\nIt grants a pension of $3,000 per an-\\nnum to the widow of President Lincoln.\\nIt passes an act for the refunding of\\nthe national debt at a lower rate of in-\\nterest 5, 4*, and 4 per cent.\\nJuly 15. D. C. Congress passes an act\\nproviding for the removal of the Osage\\nIndians and the sale of their lands.\\nCongress passes an act to reduce\\nthe peace footing of the army to 30,000\\nThe 41st Congress: the second ses-\\nsion closes.\\nPresident Grant approves the act for\\nthe readmission of Georgia.\\nJuly D. C. The President requests J.\\nL. Motley, minister to Great Britain, to\\nresign. [In November he is recalled.]\\nAug. 22. D. C. President Grant pro-\\nclaims the neutrality of the United\\nStates in the Franco-Prussian War.\\nSept. 8. Mass. Wendell Phillips is\\nnominated for governor by the Labor\\nReform and Prohibition parties.\\nSept. 15. Utah. Gov. Shaffer issues a\\nproclamation forbidding the review of\\nthe Nauvoo legion, comprising 13,000\\nmen.\\nOct. 13. D. C. The President by pro-\\nclamation forbids military expeditions\\nagainst nations with whom the United\\nStates is at peace.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1870 Feb. 11. Eng. A board is found\\nin Cornwall with writing, which states\\nthat the missing steamer City of Boston\\nwas sinking.\\nFeb. 15. Minn. The Northern Pacific\\nRailroad is begun at the Dalles of the\\nSt. Louis.\\nApr. 27. Va. The galleries of the Capi-\\ntol break down 60 persons are killed,\\nand 120 wounded.\\nMay 3. Cal. Blossom Rock, near\\nNorth Point, San Francisco, is blown\\nup.\\nMay 10. Eng. The American yacht\\nSappho wins in a triangular race with\\nthe Cambria.\\nMay 12. Mo. At Eureka 19 persons\\nare killed in a collision.\\nMay 17. Eng. The Sappho again wins\\nin a triangular race.\\nJune The 9th Census is taken. States,\\n37; whites, 33,589,377 colored, 4,880,009.\\nTotal population, 3S. 558,371 increase,\\n22.63 per cent. Center of population,\\n48 miles east by north of Cincinnati\\nwestward movement in 10 years, 42\\nmiles.\\nJuly 4. The ocean yacht race begins.\\nIn the international yacht race from\\nCork to New York, the English yacht\\nCambria wins, arriving July 27, at 4\\np.m.; the American yacht Dauntless,\\ntaking a more northerly route, arrives\\ntwo hours later.\\nJuly 14. D. C. Congress taxes real es-\\ntate in the District of Columbia.\\nJuly 24. New York. The first through\\ncar from the Pacific arrives.\\nAug. 8. New York. The English schooner\\nyacht Cambria sails against the New\\nYork Yacht Club the Magic wins the\\nrace, retaining the America cup the\\nCambria is the 8th of 16 rivals.\\nAug. 15. The Union Pacific road is com-\\npleted for 63S miles from Kansas City to\\nDenver also, the Denver Pacific road,\\n106 miles, from Denver to Cheyenne.\\nSept. 30-Oct. 2. Va. Freshets in the\\nvalleys of the James and the Shenan-\\ndoah destroy property valued at $5,000,-\\n000.\\nSept. O. The first Industrial Exposi-\\ntion, in Cincinnati, is held.\\nOct. 4. O. A Southern Convention\\nmeets in Cincinnati for political and\\ncommercial purposes.\\nOct. 12. The Southern Pacific Railroad\\nis formed by consolidation length,\\n992.9S miles.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "272 1870, Oct. 18-1871, Mar. 27. AMERICA\\nARMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NAVY.\\n1871 D. C. Adm. Rodgers is ordered\\nto command the Asiatic fleet. [June 11.\\nHe attacks the forts of Korea in pun-\\nishment for an attack made by masked\\nbatteries.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE,\\n1870 Pa, A bone-cave is discovered\\nnear Phoenixville, containing remains\\nof a mastodon and other animals of a\\nperiod prior to the great northern drift.\\nAft. Whitney is painted by Albert\\nBierstadt.\\nVenice is painted by Jervis McEntee.\\nGreenwood Lake is painted by J, F.\\nCropsey.\\nTwilight is painted by George Inness.\\nContinentals is painted by Frank B.\\nMayer.\\nSketcher is painted by A. B. Durand.\\nHead of Christ is painted by William\\nPage.\\n1871 Jan. 25. D. C. A statue of\\nAbraham Lincoln is unveiled.\\nFeb. 15. Phila. An exhibition is given\\nof the sand-blast.\\nIt is a method of cutting hard sub-\\nstances by the erosive action of a jet of\\ndriven sand B. C. Tilghman, inventor.\\nFeb. 18. Africa. The Bennett expe-\\ndition, led by Stanley, starts from\\nZanzibar for the interior, -\\\\vith 193 men\\ndivided into five caravans.\\nMar. 21. Zanzibar. Stanley starts for\\nthe interior vrith the fifth caravan.\\nMar. R. I. The State authorities pre-\\nsent to the Federal Government a mar-\\nble statue of Boger Williams, to be\\nplaced in the Capitol.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1870.\\nOct. 18. Bacon, Ezekiel, jurist, M. C. for\\nMass., A94.\\nOct. 27. Harrison, Napoleon B., capt.\\nU. S. N., A47.\\nNov. 26. Bassini, Carlo, musician, com-\\nposer, writer, A58.\\nDec. 12. Launitz, Robert E., Russo-Ameri-\\ncan sculptor, A64,\\nDoc. 13. Cuauvenet, William, mathema-\\ntician, author, A50.\\nDec. 20. Holland, George, comedian, A79.\\nDec. 24. Barnes, Albert, Fres. clergyman,\\nA76.\\n1871.\\nJan. 3. Lovell, Charles Swain, capt. Mexi-\\ncan war; col. U. S. A., AGO.\\nJan. 18. Richings, Peter, English-Ameri-\\ncan actor, manager, A74.\\nJan. 19. Burden, Henry, inventor water-\\nwheel, horse-shoe machine, A80.\\nJan. 26. Tieknor, George, professor, au-\\nthor, A80.\\nJan. 29. Taylor, R. Harvev, educator, au-\\nthor, A64.\\nFeb. 7. steinway, Henry Englehard, man-\\nufacturer of pianos, A74.\\nFeb. 11. Bagioli, Antonio, musician,\\nteacher of vocal music, A76.\\nFeb. 12. Carv, Alice, author, poet, A51.\\nFeb. 21. Elzey, Arnold, capt. IT. S. A.;\\nConfederate maj.-gen., A55.\\nFeb 23. Claflin, l.ee, manufacturer, of Bos-\\nton, benefactor of Boston Cniversitv, ASO.\\nMar. 3. Palmer, Joseph, ed., in Boston, A75.\\nMar. 18. Xisbet, Kiigenins Arisiides. ju\\nof Ga., M. C; Confederate M. C, A68.\\nMar. 25. Tappan, John, merchant, philan\\nthropist, of Boston, A til).\\nCHURCH.\\n1870 Oct. 19-21. New York. 4th Na-\\ntional Unitarian Conference is held.\\nNov. 30. Mass. The Cape Cod Confer-\\nence of Unitarian Congregational and\\nother Liberal Christian churches is or-\\nganized at Barnstable.\\nDec. 16. Tenn. Bishop Paine organizes\\nthe Colored Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch of America.\\nCat. Chinese mission work on the\\nPacific coast is begun by the American\\nBaptist Home Missionary Society.\\nFla.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Mass. The Roman Catholic\\ndioceses of St. Augustine and Springfield\\nare established.\\nPhifa. The Baptist Annual Meet-\\ning is held.\\nPresbyterians begin mission work\\namong the Cattaraugus and Chippewa\\nIndians.\\nInd. The Annual Convention of the\\nDiciples of Christ is held at Indianap-\\nolis R. M. Bishop, president.\\nPa. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Pittsburg T. S.\\nKendall, moderator.\\nPhila. The Woman s Board of the\\nPresbyterian Church is organized.\\nThe mission to the Ojibway Indians\\nis transferred from the American Board\\nto the Presbyterian Board.\\nU. S. The work of the American\\nBoard of Commissioners for Foreign\\nMissions becomes practically confined\\nto the Congregational churches.\\nif. S. Church communicants num-\\nber 6,673,396 about one in six of the\\npopulation.\\nLETTERS.\\n1870* New York. Neio-Yorker Tages\\nNachrichten is founded.\\nN. T. Canisius College (Horn. Cath.)\\nat Buffalo is organized.\\n*N. Y. St. John Baptist s College\\n(Rom. Cath.) of Brooklyn is organized.\\nN. Y. Syracuse University (Meth.\\nEpis.) is founded at Syracuse.\\n0. Wilmington College (Friends)\\nis organized at Wilmington.\\n0. The Cincinnati University (non-\\nsect.) is opened at Cincinnati.\\nPa. The Pittsburg Leader is issued.\\nPa. Thiel College (Evan. Luth.) is\\norganized at Greenville.\\nPa. St. Vincent s College (Rom.\\nCath.) is organized at Beatty.\\nMinn. Carleton College (Cong.) is\\norganized at Northfield.\\nPa. Ursinus College (Ref d.) at Free-\\nland is organized.\\nfc Utah. Salt Lake Seminary (Meth.\\nEpis.) is founded at Salt Lake City.\\nW. Va. The State Normal School\\nat West Liberty is opened.\\nAmong My Books, by James Russell\\nLowell, appears.\\nfc At Last, by Marion Harland, appears.\\nfe Looks and Beading, by Noah Porter,\\nappears.\\nFarmer s Alminaz, by Josh Billings\\n(11. W. Shan i, i.- issued.\\nHammer and Rapier t\\nappears,\\nGreat Americans, by Theodore Parker,\\nappears.\\nIngham Papers, by Edward Everett\\nHale, appears.\\nThe Luck of Roaring Camp, by Bret\\nHarte, appears also Poems.\\nMechanism in Thought and Morals, by\\nOliver Wendell Holmes, appears.\\nMiriam, and Other Poems, by John G.\\nWhittier, appears.\\nPassage to India, by Walt Whitman,\\nappears.\\nSociety and Solitude, by Ralph Waldo\\nEmerson, appears.\\nWe Girls, by Adeline D. T. Whitney,\\nappears.\\nTaittiriya-Prdticakhija (Sansk.), by\\nWilliam L\\\\ Whitney, who receives the\\nBopp prize from the Berlin Academy.\\nappears.\\nThe War between the States, by Alex-\\nander H. Stephens, appears.\\nThe Iliad, a translation by William\\nCullen Bryant, appears.\\nSketches of Creation, by Alexander\\nWinchell, appears.\\nTent Life in Siberia, by George Ken-\\nnan, appears.\\nA Comparative Grammar of the Anglo-\\nSaxon Language, by Francis A. March,\\nappears.\\nHedged In, by E. Stuart Phelps [Ward],\\nappears also The Silent Partner.\\nJoseph and his Friend, by Bayard Tay-\\nlor, appears.\\nWords and their Uses, by Richard\\nGrant White, appears.\\nA Battle of the Books, by Gail Hamil-\\nton, appears also Stumbling Blocks.\\nMi/ Summer in a Garden, by Charles\\nDudley Warner, appears.\\nGinger Snaps, by Fanny Fern, appears.\\nCrumbs Swept Up, by T. Be Witt Tal-\\nmage, appears.\\nThe Nation, by Elisha Mulford, ap-\\npears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1870 D.C. The 4th National En-\\ncampment of the Grand Army -of. the\\nRepublic is held at Washington Gen.\\nJohn A. Logan of 111., commander-in-\\nchief.\\nMe. The Legislature passes a bill to\\nincrease the effectiveness of the pro-\\nhibitory law, without opposition in\\neither House.\\nMinn. The Legislature changes the\\nliquor law by providing for local option.\\nOre. The Oregon School for Deaf\\nMutes is opened at Salem.\\nPhila. The Volunteer Fire Depart-\\nment is abolished.\\nR, I. The Legislature abolishes im-\\nprisonment for debt. Tote, 56-2.\\n?r. 1 a. The school for the deaf and\\nblind at Romney is opened by the State.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1870, Oct. 18-1871, Mar. 27. 273\\nThe American Association for the\\nCure of Inebriates is organized.\\nThe Association of Medical Super-\\nintendents of American Institutions\\nfor the Insane is organized.\\n*_73* New York. Robbery of New\\nYork by the Tweed Ring.\\nWilliam M. Tweed, the Tammany\\nBoss, and his accomplices proceed to\\nrob the city by requiring contractors to\\nincrease their bills, and pay over to them\\nthe excess. Bills amounting to $6,000,-\\n000 are passed at one meeting, and\\n$1,000,000 traced to Tweed the expenses\\nof the city are nearly equal to the ex-\\npenses of the civil list of the National\\nGovernment.\\nN. T. The Society of the Royal\\nTemplars of Temperance is organized\\nat Buffalo.\\n1S71 Jan. Pa. The Working Men s\\nBenevolent Association order a strike\\nof coal-miners in the Schuylkill, Lehigh,\\nand Lower Wyoming districts.\\nFeb. 25. Ky. A white man, incarce-\\nrated for the murder of a negro, is\\ntaken from the jail at Frankfort and\\nset free, by a band of armed men.\\nMar. 12. O. The reading rooms of the\\npublic library at Cincinnati are first\\nopened on Sunday.\\nSTATE.\\n1870 Oct. 30. C. Jacob D. Cox,\\nsecretary of the interior, resigns.\\nNov. 8. Mich. The people ratify an\\namendment to the Constitution, which\\nabolishes all distinction in the enjoy-\\nment of civil and political rights which\\nare based on color.\\nD. C. The Republican majority in\\nCongress is much reduced by the elec-\\ntions.\\n.Nov. 25. Ala. Gov. Smith enjoins the\\nPresident of the Senate from counting\\nthe votes cast for governor on Nov. 8.\\nDec. 5. D. C. The 41st Congress: the\\nthird session opens.\\nDec. 7. Ala. Gov. Lindsay begins suit\\nto recover the books and papers of the\\ngovernor s office.\\nDec. 12. D. C. Congress House J.\\nH. Rainey of S. C, the first colored\\nmember, is sworn in.\\nDec. 14. N. C. Gov. Holden is im-\\npeached for malfeasance in office. He\\nrefused to surrender Kuklux prisoners\\non a writ of habeas corpus.\\nDec. 22. D. C. Gen. Robert C. Schenck\\nof O. is appointed minister to Great\\nBritain.\\nD. C. William Strong of Pa. and\\nJoseph P. Bradley of N. J. are ap-\\npointed associate justices of the Su-\\npreme Court.\\nLa. The Legislature passes an act\\ngranting a charter uniting Jefferson\\nCity and Algiers with New Orleans.\\nMd. The Legislature rejects the 15th\\nAmendment to the Federal Constitu-\\ntion by a unanimous vote.\\nOre. The Legislature rejects the 15th\\nAmendment it protests against the\\ntreaty with China.\\nU.S. Governors inaugurated\\n-72 Ala. Robert B. Lindsay.\\n-71 Conn. James E. English.\\n-71 Ida. {Ter.). Gilman Marston.\\n-74 Minn. Horace Austin.\\n-71* Miss. James L. Alcorn.\\n-82 Mont. (Ter.). Benj. F. Potts.\\n-77 Ore. Lafayette S. Grover.\\n-74 Tex. Edmund J. Davis.\\n-74 Va. Gilbert C. Walker.\\n-72 Vt. John W. Stewart.\\n-71 Wash. (Ter.). Ed. S. Salomon.\\n1871 Jan. 1. U. S. The new tariff\\ncomes into operation.\\nJan. 12. D. C. President Grant appoints\\nB. F. Wade of O., A. D. White of N. T.,\\nand Dr. Samuel G. Howe of Mass., a\\nBoard of Commissioners to visit San\\nDomingo, and report on the desirability\\nof annexing that Republic to the United\\nStates.\\nJan. 16. I). C. The Supreme Court ren-\\nders its decision that the Legal Tender\\nAct of 1S62 is in harmony with the Con-\\nstitution. Case of Knox vs. Lee.\\nJan. 20. D. C. Congress passes an-\\nother Refunding Act for the reduc-\\ntion of interest on the debt.\\nJan. 26. D. C. Sir Edward Thornton,\\nBritish minister at Washington, pro-\\nposes a joint high commission for\\nsettling international claims.\\nFeb. 9. D. C. Congress passes an act\\nproviding for a commission on fish and\\nfisheries.\\nFeb. 21. D. C. Congress grants a ter-\\nritorial government to the District of\\nColumbia, and provides for a governor,\\nwith a council of 11 members, appointed\\nby the President, and a house of dele-\\ngates, elected by the people.\\nFeb. 27. D. C. The Joint Commission\\nmeets at Washington to settle several\\ndisputes with Great Britain the dam-\\nages done by the Confederate privateers,\\nthe fishery question, and the San Juan\\nboundary.\\nIt consists of ten members the Earl\\nde Gray and Marquis of Ripon, Sir Staf-\\nford Northcote, and three others for\\nGreat Britain Secretary Fish, Gen.\\nSchenck, and three others for the United\\nStates.\\nFeb. 28. P C. Congress passes an\\nadditional act* to protect the right\\nof suffrage Republicans vote for the\\nmeasure, Democrats against it.\\nMar. 3. D. C. Congress passes an act\\nfor the celebration at Philadelphia, in\\n1876, of the centennial of American\\nIndependence.\\nIt enacts that rules may be provided\\nby the President for admission to the\\ncivil service.\\nIt is the first important step in the\\ncivil service reform. [George William\\nCurtis, Alexander G. Cattell, Joseph\\nMedill, D. A. Walker, E. B. Ellicott,\\nJoseph H. Black fan, and David C. Cox,\\nare appointed the first Civil Service\\nCommissioners. Fitness for the place is\\nto supersede political influence.]\\nMar. 4. D. C. The 42d Congress\\nopens.\\nMar. I). C. Congress House Jamea\\nG. Blaine (R\u00c2\u00abp.) of Me. is reelected\\nSpeaker; vote, 12G-92; George W. Mor-\\ngan (Dem.) of O., 92 votes.\\nMar. 10. D. C. Congress: Charles\\nSumner of Mass. is deposed from the\\nchairmanship of the Senate Committee\\non Foreign Relations because of con-\\ntentions respecting San Domingo\\nJames Donald Cameron of Pa. is his\\nsuccessor.\\nMar. 5. I). C. President Grant issues a\\nproclamation against the Kuklux ter-\\nrorists in North Carolina.\\nMar. 10. Z C. Congress; Senate\\nHenry B. Anthony of R. I. is reelected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nMar. 24. D. C. President Grant issues\\na proclamation against the armed Ku-\\nklux bands of South Carolina.\\nMar. 27. D. C. Congress: Senator Sum-\\nner makes a powerful speech against the\\nannexation of San Domingo. [His\\npersonal intercourse with the President\\nis suspended, and his relations to Repub-\\nlican senators are changed.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1870 Dec. 1. Utah. Mormons incor-\\nporate Zion s Cooperative Mercan-\\ntile Institution,\\nDec. 27. Phila. The new Chamber of\\nCommerce is opened.\\nDec. U. S. The census lately completed\\nestimates the wealth of the United\\nStates at $31,000,000,000.\\nDec. 31. U.S. Statistics for 1S70.\\nProduction: gold, $50,000,000; silver,\\n$16,000,000. Bushels of grain Indian\\ncorn, 760,944,549; wheat, 287,745,626;\\noats, 282,107,157 barley, 29,761,305 rye,\\n16,918,795; buckwheat. 9,8_ 1,721. Bales\\nof cotton, 3,154,946. Pounds of wool,\\n162,000,000. Currency in circulation,\\nS( 55,212,794; per capita, $17.50. Immi-\\ngrants, 387,203.\\nNew York. The White Star Line of\\nsteamers running to Liverpool is estab-\\nlished.\\nCal. The Government commences the\\nimprovement of Golden Gate.\\nO. Lake View Cemetery, near Cleve-\\nland, is laid out.\\nLa. A new charter is adopted at\\nNew Orleans Jefferson City is annexed.\\nMinn. The digging of a ship canal\\nacross Minnesota Point at Duluth is be-\\ngun.\\n0. Mount Auburn, Corryville, and\\nStorrs township are annexed to Cin-\\ncinnati.\\n1871 Jan. 27. Tenn. An explosion\\noccurs on the steamer H. R. Arthur,\\nabove Memphis; fire follows, and 87\\npersons perish.\\nJan. 31. Chicago. The Foundling s\\nHome is opened.\\nMar. 3. D. C. Congress charters the\\nSouthern Pacific Railroad, connecting\\nMarshall, Texas, with Los Angeles, Cal.\\nMar. 15. Phila. The paid fire depart-\\nment is inaugurated.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "274 1871, Mar. *-Dec.\\nAMERICA:\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1871 Apr. 15. Africa. Stanley ob-\\ntains tidings respecting Livingstone.\\nApr. N. Y. The State grants a site and\\n$500,000 for a building to be used by the\\nMetropolitan Museum of Art,\\nJune 10. New York. A bronze statue\\nof Samuel F. B. Morse, inventor of\\nthe electric telegraph, is unveiled in\\nCentral Park.\\nJune Stanley reaches Unganyembe, in\\nWest Central Africa.\\nJune 24. N. Y. The corner-stone of the\\nCapitol at Albany is laid.\\nThe building is 300 by 400 feet, and\\nwith its porticos will cover seven acres of\\nland estimated cost, about $24,000,000.\\nJune 29. Neio York. Capt. Charles F.\\nHall sails in the Polaris on his third\\nexpedition to the polar regions.\\nJuly 24. N. Y. The asteroid Cassandra\\nis discovered by C. H. F. Peters. [Also\\nIphigenia, Sept. 19.]\\nAug. 6. Mich. The asteroid Thyra ia\\ndiscovered by J. C. Watson.\\nSept. The Polaris, with Capt. Hall s\\nexpedition, is frozen in by arctic ice.\\nOct. 6. 0. The Tyler-Davidson foun-\\ntain at Cincinnati is unveiled.\\nOct. Great forest fires rage in Michi-\\ngan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin 15,000\\npeople lose their homes in Michigan.\\nNov. 8. Capt. Charles F. Hall, the arc-\\ntic explorer, dies in the polar region.\\nNov. 10. Africa. Stanley s band dis-\\nplay the American flag and march into\\nUjiji, where he finds Livingstone.\\nChicago. Trie Apollo Musical Club\\nis organized.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1871.\\nApr lO, Chauncey, John S., com. TJ. S. N.,\\nA71\u00c2\u00b1.\\nApr. 16. Dumont, Ebenezer, brig.-gen.\\nvols., M. C. for Ind., A56.\\nApr. 17. Marshall, Thomas Alexander,\\njurist, M. C. for Ky., A77.\\nApr. Mason, James Murray, senator for\\nVa., author of I umiivrsluw law, A74.\\nMay S3. Clark, Davis W asgatt, editor,\\nM. E. bishop, A59.\\nMay. 31. Montgomery, William- Reading,\\nU. S. A., brig. gen. vols., A70.\\nJune l. Murphy, John McLeod, naval engi-\\nneer, writer, A44.\\nJune 3. Lord, Eleazer, financier, scholar,\\nauthor, benefactor, A83.\\nJune 4. Tatnall, Josiah, capt. IT. s. N.;\\ncapt. Confederate navy, A75.\\nJune 7. Kodman, Thomas .I.mT., brev. brig.-\\ngen. U. S. A.; inventor of cannon, A53.\\nJuneS. Ketchuin, Wm., brig.-gen. vols., A58.\\nJune 13. Croswell, Kdwin, editor, A74.\\nJune 17. Vallandighain, Clement Laird,\\nM. C. for O., exded to the on fed., A5l.\\nJune 25. Gannett, Ezra Stiles, Unit, cler-\\ngyman, A70.\\nJuly 1. May, Samuel Joseph, Unit, clergy-\\nman, abolitionist, A74.\\nJuly 29. Slidell, John, sen. for La., A78.\\nJuly 31. Cary, l hojbe, author, poet, A47.\\nAug-. 8. Reman, Nathaniel S. S., Pres. cler-\\ngyman, A86.\\nAug 1 26. SeribiuT, Charles, publisher Scrib\\nner s Monthly, A51.\\nSept. 8. Holbrook,.]olni Kdwards, natural\\nist, of S. C, A76.\\nSept. 16. Longnecker, Henry Clay, law-\\nyer, M. C. for Pa.; col. vols., A51.\\nOct. 26. Ewing, Thomas, see. of treas,\\nsenator for O., A82.\\nOct. 27. Anderson. Robert, maj.-gen,\\ndefender of Fort Sumter, A66.\\nCrawford, Nathaniel Macon, Bapt. cler\\ngyman, A 60.\\nNov. 5. Loring, Fredrick W., author, A23.\\nNov. 8. Hall, Charles Francis, arctic ex-\\nplorer, A50.\\nNov. 13. Cookinan, Alfred, M. K. clergy-\\nman, A43.\\nNov. 26. Cogswell, Joseph Green, geolo-\\ngist, librarian, A86.\\nNov. 29. Dunn, Oscar, born a slave, lieut.-\\ngov. of La., A51.\\nDec. 17. Tuckerman, II. T.. essayist, art-\\ncritic, A58.\\nDec. 20. Baker, Osman C, M. E. bp., A59.\\nDec. 24. Morse, Sidney E., editor, A77.\\nDec. 26. Barker, Jacob, financier, politi-\\ncian, of N. Y., A92.\\nDec. 27. Breckinridg-e, Robert J., Pres.\\nclergyman, A71.\\nDec. 28. Ilackett, James Henry, actor, A71.\\nCHURCH.\\n1871 May 24. D. C. The Interna-\\ntional Young Men s Christian Asso-\\nciation assembles at Washington.\\nJune 9. Chicago. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem is held.\\nJune 11. Kan. Louis M. Fink is conse-\\ncrated (ftoman Catholic) bishop of Leav-\\nenworth.\\nOct. S. S. C. William Bell White Howe\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) as-\\nsistant bishop of South Carolina.\\nOct. 25. Tenn. The Central South Con-\\ngregational Association is organized.\\nNot. 17. O. A National Council of\\nCongregational churches is formed\\nat Oberlrn.\\nNov. N. Y. The Lutheran General\\nCouncil meets at Rochester; Charles\\nP. Krauth, president.\\nDec. 4. Tex. The Congregational Associ-\\nation of Southwest Texas is organized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1871 Apr. *N. J. The free school\\nsystem is introduced.\\nSept. 6. H. I. The State Normal\\nSchool is opened at Providence.\\nSept. Tex. The public school system\\nis introduced.\\nOct. 4. Ala. The University of Ala-\\nbama at University is reorganized and\\nDec. 20. JVis. A College for Women\\nis opened in connection with the State\\nUniversity at Madison.\\nAla. The Alabama Polytechnic\\nCollege (non-sect.) is organized at Au-\\nburn.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1871 Apr. 26. Cal. Laura D. Fair is\\ntried and acquitted at San Francisco for\\nthe murder of A. P. Crittenden on Nov. 3,\\n1S70.\\nApr. PMla. The Presbyterian Hos-\\npital is chartered.\\nMay IS. N. Y. Edward H. Ruloff, a\\nphilologist, is tried for murder, and\\nhanged at Binghamton.\\nMay S. C. A taxpayers convention\\nis held at Columbia.\\nJuly 4. Utah. A parade of the Mor-\\nmon militia is broken up by United\\nStates officers.\\nJuly 12. New York. A riot occurs be-\\ntween the Irish Catholics and Irish\\nProtestants.\\nThe Catholics attempt to break up a\\nparade of Orangemen, though protected\\nby the police; th*\u00c2\u00b1 military are called\\nout, and over 100 persons are killed and\\nwounded.\\nAug. 10. Mo. A National Labor Con-\\ngress assembles at St. Louie.\\nAug. Mich. George Vanderpc-ol is\\ntried for the murder of Herbert Field,\\nat Manistee, on Sept. 5, 18G9, and finally\\nacquitted. 1st trial, guilty 2d trial,\\nthe jury disagree 3d trial, acquitted.\\nSept. 2. N. Mex. An election riot breaks\\nout at La Mesilla.\\nSept. 4. New York. A mass-meeting of\\ncitizens appoints a committee of 70 to\\ninvestigate the charges against the\\nTweed Ring.\\nSept. 18. Chicago. The Sovereign Grand\\nLodge of Odd Pellows assembles.\\nSept. 26. Md. A National Commercial\\nConvention assembles at Baltimore.\\nOct. 2. Utak. Brigham Young, the\\npresident of the Mormon Church, is ar-\\nrested for bigamy.\\nOct. 24. Cal. A mob causes a riot at\\nLos Angeles in which 15 Chinamen are\\nhanged and six shot.\\nOct. 28. New York. William M. Tweed\\nis arrested on a civil charge, and released\\non $2,000,000 bail.\\nOct. 31. Tenn. The Reunion and Re-\\nform Association convenes at Nash-\\nville.\\nOct. Mich. The sum of $462,106 and\\nabout $250,000 worth of clothing are dis-\\ntributed among the sufferers by forest\\nfires; the gifts are the benefactions of\\nmany States and several nations.\\nOct. U. S. Great sums of money con-\\ntributed throughout the country for the\\nsufferers by the Chicago fire.\\nUtah. Brigham Young escapes trial\\nby flight; Elder Hawkins is senteuct-d\\nto three years imprisonment for bigamy.\\nNov. 7. New York. The Tammany Ring\\nis defeated in the municipal election.\\nNov. 19. New York. The Grand Duke\\nAlexis arrives, accompanied by a fleet\\nof Russian war-vessels. [He is publicly\\nwelcomed, Nov. 21.1\\nDec. 16. New York. William M.\\nTweed is committed to the Tombs for\\na short time.\\nBosto7i. The 5th National Encamp-\\nment of the Grand Army of the Re-\\npublic is held Gen. Ambrose E. Burn-\\nside of B. L, commander-in-chief.\\nNeb. The State insane asylum is\\nopened at Lincoln.\\nThe American Society of Mechani-\\ncal Engineers is organized.\\n1S71 Mar.* Ky. The Government sends\\ntroops into the State, and withdraws\\nthe mail for one month from Benson,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1871, Mar. -Dec. 275\\nbecause of the murder of AVilliam H.\\nGibson, a colored mail agent of the Lex-\\nington and Louisville road, on Jan. 2G.\\nApr. 5. J). C. Congress receives the\\nreport of the San Domingo Commis-\\nsion; also a message from President\\nGrant, relating to annexation.\\nApr. 10. I). C. Congress passes a Gen-\\neral Amnesty Bill, which excepts three\\nclasses of secessionists. Vote, 134-4G.\\n[Deferred by the Senate.]\\nApr. 19. D. C. Congress passes the\\nunpopular Force Bill.\\nBy it military action may be taken in\\nStates where ;i conspiracy denies equal\\nprotection to all the citizens, and per-\\nmits the President to suspend the writ of\\nhabeas corpus in such States.\\nApr. 20. D. C. The President approves\\nAnti-Kuklux Act (Force Bill) it has\\nfor its object the enforcement of the\\n14th Amendment.\\nThe42d Congress: the first session\\ncloses.\\nApr. 27. W. Fa, The people vote to\\nrestore the rights of citizenship to\\npersons implicated in aiding the Con-\\nfederacy.\\nMay 3. D. C. President Grant issues a\\nproclamation to inform the South that\\nit may avoid the enforcement of the\\nobnoxious Kuklux Act by orderly be-\\nhavior.\\nConn. A joint committee of the Gen-\\neral Assembly is appointed to examine\\nthe election returns.\\nMay 8. D. C. The Treaty of Wash-\\nington resulting from the labors of the\\nJoint High Commission is signed.\\nIt provides for reference to the Em-\\nperor of Germany of the dispute as to\\nthe Oregon boundary for a partial\\nsettlement of the fishery dispute and for\\nthe settlement of the Alabama claims.\\nMay 10. D, C. The Senate meets in\\nspecial session at the call of the Presi-\\ndent (Apr. 20). [It adjourns May 27.]\\nConn. The joint committee reports\\nto the General Assembly the vote for\\ngovernor; total vote, 94,860; Marshall\\nJewell (Rep.), 47,473 James E. English\\n(Dem.), 47,373 scattering, 14. It reports\\nJewell elected.\\nMay 26. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nratifies the treaty of Washington it\\nrelates to Alabama claims.\\nMay* D. C. The President suspends the\\nhabeas corpus act in nine counties of\\nSouth Carolina, consequent on Kuklux\\noutrages.\\nJune 2. Neb. Gov. David P. Butler,\\ncharged with appropriating to his own\\nuse \u00c2\u00a717,000 of the school fund, is im-\\npeached for corruption.\\nJune 28. The Civil Service Commis-\\nsioners meet, and elect George Wil-\\nliam Curtis of N. Y. chairman.\\nJune 30. V. S. Statistics for 1871.\\nRevenue: Customs. S 206.270.408; internal\\nrevenue, $143,008,154; direct tax, S5S0,-\\n355; sales of public lands, $2,3*8,047;\\npremiums on loans and sales of gold\\ncoin, \u00c2\u00a78,892,840; miscellaneous items,\\n$22,0! 3,541. Total revenue, \u00c2\u00a7383,323,945\\nexcess of revenue over ordinary ex-\\npenses, \u00c2\u00a791,146,757. Expenditures: Pre-\\nmiums on loiins, purchase of bonds, etc.,\\n\u00c2\u00a79,01(5,795 miscellaneous items, $60,-\\n481,917 War Department, \u00c2\u00a7:;5,7 .i9,992\\nNavy Department, \u00c2\u00a7111,431,027 Indians,\\n\u00c2\u00a77,426,997 pensions, \u00c2\u00a734,-W3,s;i5 interest\\non the public debt. \u00c2\u00a7125,576.566. Total\\nordinary expenses, \u00c2\u00a7292,177,188; public\\ndebt, \u00c2\u00a72,353,211,332. Exports, \u00c2\u00a7442,820,-\\n178 imports, \u00c2\u00a7520,223,684.\\nJuly 4. Utah. The Federal Government\\ndisperses companies of the Nauvoo\\nLegion.\\nAug. 8. La. The spirit of political\\nfaction disturbs the peace of the State.\\nA convention called by the Republican\\nState Central Committee (Warmouth-\\nites) meets at New Orleans to choose\\na State Committee; an opposition con-\\nvention (Kelloggites) led by Lieut.-Gov.\\nOscar J. Dunn, colored, meets in the\\nCustom-house.\\nSept. 26. D. C. The Joint High Com-\\nmissioners meet at Washington, and\\norganize to adjust private elaimsagainst\\nGreat Britain and the United States,\\narising between the 13th of April, 1861,\\nand the 9th of April, 1865.\\nOct. 12. D. C. President Grant issues a\\nproclamation against the Kuklux, who\\nterrorize the negroes in the upper coun-\\nties of South Carolina. He suspends the\\nhabeas corpus in several counties, and\\nstations troops for the restoration of\\norder 600 citizens are arrested.\\nOct. 30. Ga. Gov. Bullock being ac-\\ncused of fraud, resigns and leaves the\\nState.\\nNov. 7 New York. Tammany Hall is\\ndefeated in the State election William\\nF. Havemeyer is elected the 78th mayor.\\nNov. 22. La. The Carter faction of the\\nRepublican party declares the election\\nof P. B. S. Pinchback, to fill the va-\\ncancy caused by the death of the lieuten-\\nant-governor, to be unconstitutional.\\nNov. 23. Ind. Gov. Baker issues a pro-\\nclamation against mob violence and\\nthe lynching of criminals.\\nNov. 25. D. C. M. Katakazy, the\\nRussian envoy, becomes obnoxious to\\nSecretary Fish, by bis unwaranted in-\\nterference in diplomatic matters, and\\nhe is dismissed.\\nDec. 13. D. C. Attorney-General A. T.\\nAkerman resigns.\\nDec. 4. D. C. The 42d Congress the\\nsecond session opens.\\nDec. 14. Tenn. The Legislature pro-\\nvides for an Agricultural Bureau.\\nDec. 15. Switz. The Alabama Arbi-\\ntration Commission opens and organ-\\nizes at Geneva.\\nThe Court consists of five members\\nCount Frederick Sclopis, president, for\\nItaly, Baron Slaempii for Switzerland,\\nVicomte d ltajuba for Brazil, CharleB\\nFrancis Adams for the United States,\\nand Sir Alexander Cockburn for Great\\nBritain.\\nDec. 20. Switz. The American and Brit-\\nish claims are presented to the Commis-\\nDec. La. Two factions strive to cap-\\nture the Legislature by unseating oppo-\\nnents.\\nDec. 21. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nHenry B. Anthony of R. I. is reelected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1871 June 18. O. C. L. Vallandig-\\nham accidentally kills himself with a\\npistol in a court-room.\\nJune 24. N. Y. The corner-stone of the\\nnew Capitol is laid at Albany.\\nJune 30. U. S. Immigrants for 1871,\\n321,350.\\nJuly 14. A foreign syndicate offers to\\ntake all the five per cent bonds that\\nthe government desires to sell.\\nJuly 1. Chicago. The La Salle Street\\ntunnel is^opened.\\nJuly Infill. The Illinois and Michi-\\ngan Canal is deepened, to create a cur-\\nrdnrorom Lake Michigan to the Illinois\\niiver.\\nJuly 30. New York. The Staten Island\\nferry-boat Westfield, while crowded with\\npassengers, explodes her boilers 100\\npersons are killed, and many injured.\\nAug. 26. Mass. A collision occurs at\\nRevere, on the Boston and Portland\\nroad, and causes 20 deaths.\\nAug. 27. Ala. The steamer Ocean Wave\\nexplodes at Mobile 60 lives lost.\\nAug. III, The Illinois and Michigan\\nCanal is transferred to the State.\\nAug. Nev. The new Capitol at Car-\\nson City is occupied.\\nSept. 19. III. President T .in coin s\\nbody is removed to its resting-place at\\nSpringfield.\\nOct. 8. Chicago. The great fire.\\nA fire breaks out in a cow-stable at\\n9.30 o clock on Sunday evening, and a\\nstrong west wind drives it rapidly\\nthrough 73 miles of streets, till it covers\\nthree and a half square miles, destroys\\n17,450 buildings, 20( lives, and property\\nvalued ;it S2()i),ooi),oou !\u00c2\u00bbs,rioo people are\\nrendered homeless. It is checked on\\nthe second day.\\nOct. 8-9. Wis. A terrific sheet of fire,\\n10 miles wide, sweeps over the counties\\nbordering Green Bay losses, 1,000 lives,\\nand $3,000,000 in property.\\nOct. 9. New York. The Grand Central\\nDepot is opened.\\nOct. 16-22. The English yacht Livonia\\nand the yachts of the New York Yacht\\nClub engage in an international race,\\nwhich is won by the Columbia and the\\nSappho of New York, they leading in\\nfour of the five races.\\nOct. Mich. Many lives are lost by\\nforest fires, which prevail during an ex-\\ntensive drought in Michigan and the\\nNorthwest.\\nHov. 22. la. The corner-stone of the\\nnew State Capitol is laid at Des Moines.\\nDec.\u00c2\u00b1* Phila. An epidemic of small\\npox causes 4,464 deaths.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Increase of railroads for\\n1871, 7,670 miles.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "F6 1871, *-187 2, May 1.\\nAMERICA\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1871* Mass. A School of Agricul-\\nture is established at Harvard Univer-\\nsity by the gifts of Benjamin Bussey.\\nMo. Beethoven s Conservatory of\\nMusic is established at St. Louis.\\nNew York. George H. Boughton of\\nLondon, England, Thomas Waterman\\nWood, and Alexander H. Ritchie are\\nelected members of the National Acad-\\nemy of Design.\\nN. Y. The Buffalo park system is\\nbegun 638 acres and 17 miles of drive-\\nways are laid out.\\nPhila. Work begins on the Public\\nBuilding.\\nIt covers four acres; extreme height,\\n537\u00c2\u00a3 feet estimated cost, $10,000,000.\\nPhila. The Orpheus Society is or-\\nganized.\\nU. S. Automatic self-binders for\\nharvesting grain are introduced.\\nGenesee Meadows is painted by J. W.\\nCasilear.\\nClose of Day is painted by A. B. Du-\\nrand.\\nThe Battle of Gettysburg is painted by\\nPeter F. Rothermel.\\n1872 Jan. 9. D. C. Congress places\\na statue of Roger Williams in the\\nNational Capitol.\\nFeb. 4. The aurora borealis is visible\\nin Northern States, very brilliant.\\nFeb. 20. New York. The Metropolitan\\nMuseum of Art gives its first exhibi-\\ntion, consisting of paintings, in a tem-\\nporary gallery.\\nMar. 1. Wyo. Congress sets apart the\\nYellowstone National Park.\\nIt comprises about 3,300 square miles\\nof remarkable scenery, and includes\\nYellowstone Lake, many rivers, moun-\\ntains, and forests the hot springs,\\nspouting geysers, and mud volcanoes\\nattract attention.\\nMar. 8. Conn. The State formally pre-\\nsents to the U. S. Senate the statues of\\nJonathan Trumbull and Roger Sher-\\nman, to be placed in the National Capi-\\ntol.\\nMar. 26, 27. Cal. Earthquakes de-\\nstroy about thirty lives, and ruin several\\nsmall towns.\\nApr. 3. Mich. The asteroid Althaea is\\ndiscovered by J. C. Watson. [Also, Her-\\nmione. May 12, and Nemesis, Nov. 25.]\\nApr. 9. Mich. The Soldiers Monu-\\nment at Detroit is unveiled cost,\\n$75,000.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1872.\\nJan. 3. Brittan, Nathan, (earlier, inventor,\\nA64.\\nPorter, Andrew, brig.-cen. IT. S. vols.,\\nA52.\\nJan. 4. Naudain, Arnold, physician, sen.\\nfor Del., A82.\\nJan. 9. Halleck, Henry Wager, maj.-\\ngen., gen. -in-chief, military writer, A57.\\nJan. 13. Rich, Isaac, merchant, philan-\\nthropist, fdr. of Huston University, A71.\\nJan. 25. Ewell. Richard Stoddard, capt\\nU. S. A., Poured, lieut.-gen., A52.\\nJan. 28. Eddv, Norman, lawyer, M. C. for\\nInd., A61.\\nLyman, .Joseph B., journalist, agricul-\\nturist, author, A 42.\\nFeb. 7. Grimes, James W., senator, Gov.\\nof Iowa, A56.\\nSpalding, Martin John, R. C, arch-\\nbishop of Baltimore, A62.\\nFeb. 27. Tread well, l amel, machinist, in-\\nventor, A8L\\nMar. 6. Howard, Benjamin C, lawyer,\\nM. C. forMd., A8I.\\nMar. 28. .Marshall, Humphrey, M. C. for\\nKv., Confederate l.rig.-gen., A 60.\\nApr. 2. Morse, Samuel Finley B., artist\\nand inventor (Telegraph), A81.\\nUpham, Thomas Cogswell, Cong, clergy-\\nman, metapln si.ian, author, A72.\\nApr. 5. Galloway, Samuel, lawyer, M. C\\nfor 0., A61.\\nApr. 16. Buchanan, HcKean, tragedian,\\nTufts, Quincy, philanthropist,\\nFort, George, physician, Gov.\\nA63.\\nKidwell, Zedekiah, physician,\\nlawyer, M. C. for Va., A58.\\nMoore, Nathaniel F., professor Greek\\nand Latin at Columbia, A90.\\n449.\\nApr.\\n18.\\nA81\\nan.\\nof N. J.\\nApr.\\nt#l.\\nCHURCH.\\n1871* The Protestant Episcopal dio-\\nceses of Arkansas and Central Pennsyl-\\nvania are formed.\\nBoston. The Woman s Baptist For-\\neign Missionary Society is organized.\\nChicago. The Baptist Annual Meet-\\ning is held.\\nChicago. The Woman s Baptist\\nForeign Missionary Society of the\\nWest is organized.\\nChicago. The General Assembly of\\nPresbyterians meets Z. M. Humphrey,\\nmoderator.\\nInd. The Indiana Synod (Evangelical\\nLutheran) is organized.\\nThe Kansas Eldership (Church of God)\\nis organized.\\nThe Minnesota and North Iowa Con-\\nference (Free Methodist) is organized.\\nMd. The General Convention (Pro-\\ntestant Episcopal) meets in Baltimore\\nit renews the vote of confidence taken\\nin 1844.\\nThe Missouri Eldership (Church of\\nGod) is organized.\\nNeb. The General Synod (Evangelical\\nLutheran) of Nebraska is organized.\\nO. The General Synod (Evangelical\\nLutheran) meets at Dayton.\\nO. The Annual Convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Cincin-\\nnati R. M. Bishop, president.\\nO. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Xenia; R. A.\\nMcAyeal, moderator.\\nPa. The Reformed Presbyterian Sy-\\nnod at Pittsburg subscribes to the\\nbond of the covenant received from\\nthe sessions.\\nThe Woman s Auxiliary to the\\nBoard of Missions of the Protestant\\nEpiscopal Church is organized.\\nS. Dak. The Congregational Associa-\\ntion of South Dakota is organized.\\nCal. The Congregational Associa-\\ntion of Christian Chinese is organized\\nat San Francisco.\\n1872. Apr. 14. O. Richard Gilmour\\nis consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop\\nof Cleveland,\\nInd. Joseph Dwenger is consecrated\\n(Roman Catholic) bishop of Fort Wayne.\\nApr. 21. A 1 Francis McNeimy is\\nconsecrated (Roman Catholic) bit-hop of\\nthe diocese of Albany.\\nMay l.-June 4. N. Y. The General\\nConference (Methodist Episcopal) is\\nheld in Brooklyn lay delegates are\\nadmitted; incipient action is taken to\\npromote fraternal relations with the\\nMethodist Episcopal Church South.\\nThe Central New York, Florida, and\\nNorthwest Iowa Conferences are organ-\\nized also the Chicago German Confer-\\nence.\\nThomas Bowman, William L. Harris,\\nRandolph S. Foster, Isaac W. Wiley,\\nStephen M. Merrill, Edward G. Andrews,\\nGilbert Haven, and Je6S6 T. Peck are\\nordained bishops.\\nLETTERS.\\n1871* Arkansas College (Pres.) is or-\\nganized at Batesville.\\nArk. Judson University (Bapt.) is\\norganized at Judsonia.\\nArkansas Industrial University (non-\\nsect.) is organized at Fayetteville.\\nBoston University is opened.\\nCal. Mills College at Mills College\\nis opened.\\nCal. The San Francisco Theological\\nSeminary (Pres.) is opened.\\nCat. Pierce Christian College\\n(Christian) is organized at College City.\\nConn. Noah Porter is elected presi-\\ndent of Yale University, as successor to\\nTheodore D. Woolsey.\\nGa. Dorchester Academy, colored, is\\nopened at Mcintosh, by the American\\nMissionary Association.\\nKy. The Public Library of Ken-\\ntucky is founded. [60,800 vols.]\\nMiss. Alcorn University (non-sect.)\\nis organized at Rodney.\\nMo. The State Normal School at\\nWarrensburg is opened also another\\nat Kirksville; at Plymouth, N. H. at\\nGenesee and Buffalo, N. Y. the Le-\\nMoyne Normal Institute at Memphis,\\nTenn. and the Roman Catholic Normal\\nSchool of the Holy Family, at St. Fran-\\ncis, Wis.\\n*N. C. Rutherford CoDege is opened.\\nNeb. Edward Rosewater establishes\\nthe Omaha Daily Bee.\\nNeb. The University of Nebraska\\nis opened at Lincoln.\\nN. H. The compulsory education\\nlaw becomes effective.\\nN. J. Stevens s Institute of Tech-\\nnology at Hoboken, founded by Edwin\\nAugustus Stevens, is opened.\\nN. J. The Princeton Review is estab-\\nlished.\\nN. Mex. The Legislature provides for\\ncommon schools in each county.\\nNew York. The Witness is issued.\\nA*. Dak. Fargo College (Cong.) is\\nfounded.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1871,* *-1872, May 1. 277\\nNew York. Forest and Stream, is\\nfounded.\\n0. Miami Valley College (Friends)\\nin Springboro is organized.\\n0. Buchtel University (Univ.) is\\nopened at Akron.\\nPa. Lincoln Theological Seminary\\n(Colored Pres.) is established.\\nS. C. Benedict Institute (Colored\\nBapt.) is founded at Columbia.\\nW. Va. Shepherd College (non-sect.)\\nis organized.\\nJr. Va. The Broaddus College\\n(Bapt.) at Clarksburg is opened.\\nA Woman s Poems, by Sarah M. B.\\nPiatt, appears.\\nLandmarks, by John James Piatt, ap-\\npears.\\nThe Book of the Fast, by K. H. Stod-\\ndard, appears.\\nEast and West Poems, by Bret Harte,\\nappears.\\nDictionary of Literature and Authors,\\nby Samuel Austin Allibone, appears.\\nLife of Christ, by Henry Ward Beecher,\\nappears.\\nLife of General P. E. Lee, by John\\nEsten Cooke, appears.\\nLittle Men, by Louisa May Alcott,\\nappears.\\nMy Study Windows, by Jamea Rus-\\nsell Lowell, appears.\\nDemocratic Vistas, by Walt Whitman,\\nappears.\\nPeat Folks, by Adeline Dutton Train\\nWhitney, appears.\\nThe Hoosier Schoolmaster, by Edward\\nEggleston, appears.\\nSuccess and its Conditions, by Edwin\\nPercy Whipple, appears.\\nHistory of Frederick the Great, by John\\nS. C. Abbott, appears.\\nChristianity and Positivism, by James\\nMcCosh, appears.\\nCastilian Days ,hy John Hay, appears;\\nalso, Pike County Ballads.\\nTlte Country of the Dwarfs, by Paul B.\\ndu Chaillu, appears.\\nOur Girls, by Dio Lewis, appears.\\nThe Moral Duty of Total Abstinence,\\nby Theodore L. Cuyler, appears.\\nCommon Sense in the Household, by\\nMarion Harland, appears.\\nOverland, by J. W. DeForest, appears.\\nPink and White Tyranny, by Harriet\\nBeecher Stowe, appears.\\nSongs of the Sierras, by Joaquin Mil-\\nler, appears.\\nVerses by H. H. (Helen Hunt, after-\\nwards Mrs. Jackson) appears.\\nElements of Intellectual Philosophy,\\nby Noah Porter, appears also Science\\nof Nature vs. the Science of Man.\\nThe Sympathy of Religions, by Thomas\\nW. Higginson, appears.\\nThe Divine Tragedy, by Henry W.\\nLongfellow, appears.\\n1872 Mar. 25. Chicago. The Inter-\\nOcean is issued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1871 N. Y. Aratus F. Pierce is\\ntried and acquitted of the murder of\\n*William Bullock at Lockport.\\nGreat bitterness prevails in the South\\nagainst free suffrage.\\nNorthern men in the Southern States\\nare stigmatized Cai-petbaggers, loyal\\nSoutherners are called Scalawags,\\n1872 Jan. 6. New York. Edward S.\\nStokes, through jealousy for a dissolute\\nwoman, shoots Col. James Fisk, Jr.,\\na prominent railroad official and finan-\\ncial speculator, at the Grand Central\\nHotel.\\nMar. 18. New York. The Workmen s\\nInternational Association makes a\\npublic demonstration.\\nApr. New York. Carpenters, brick-\\nlayers, and helpers make a combined\\nstrike the employers also combine.\\nApr. 24. Mo. Judge J. C. Stephenson,\\nThomas E. Detro, and James C. Cline\\nare assassinated by a large body of\\nmasked men near Gun City they were\\naccused of complicity in increasing\\ntaxes by the fraudulent issue of railroad\\nbonds.\\nSTATE.\\n1871 Vt. The Constitution is\\namended the sessions of the Legisla-\\nture to be biennial, also the State elec-\\ntions the council of censors is abolished.\\nIT. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-72 Ark. Orzo A. Hadley.\\n-73 Conn. Marshall Jewell.\\n-75* *Ida.(Ter.). Thomas W. Bennett.\\n-74 Me. Sidney Perham.\\n-74 Miss. Ridgely C. Powers.\\n-73 Mo. Benj. Gratz Brown.\\n-73 Neb. William H. James.\\n-74 *N. C. Tod R. Caldwell.\\n-72 N. H. James A. Weston.\\n-79 Nev. Louis R. Bradley.\\n-79 *N. Mex. (Ter.). Marsh Giddings.\\n-75 Tenn. John C. Brown.\\n-73 XT. {Ter.). George L. Woods.\\n-77 W. Va. John J. Jacob.\\n1872 Jan. 2. Utah. Brigham Young\\nsurrenders himself for trial.\\nJan. 6. La. The Warmouth Legis-\\nlature meets at the Mechanics Institute\\nat New Orleans the adherents of the\\nspeaker of the House, Geo. W. Carter,\\nalso meet in another hall.\\nJan. 8. D. C. Congress provides for the\\nissuing of one-cent postal cards.\\nJan. 16. W. Va. A Constitutional\\nConvention is held at Charleston.\\nJan. 22. La. The Carterites, several\\nthousand strong, attempt to seize the\\nMechanics Institute at New Orleans,\\nbut are held in check by Gen. Emory,\\ncommander of the Federal troops.\\nThe House holds an extra session, with\\nWarmouthites in the majority in the\\nabsence of Speaker Carter, it declares\\nhis chair vacant, and elects O. H. Brew-\\nster to fill it.\\nJan. 24. Mo. A convention at Jefferson\\nCity inaugurates the Liberal Republi-\\ncan movement.\\nJan. Eng. Great excitement prevails\\nbecause of the claims advanced for in-\\ndirect losses in the Alabama case.\\nJan. La. Federal troops preserve the\\npeace in the Legislative contest.\\nFeb. 22 0. The 1st National Con-\\nvention of the Prohibition party is\\nheld at Columbus James Black of Pa.\\nand John Russell of Mich, are nomi-\\nnated as presidential candidates.\\nA Labor Reform Convention meets\\nand nominates David Davis of ill. and\\nJoel Parker of N. J. as presidential\\ncandidates.\\nFeb. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nHenry B. Anthony of R. I. is reelected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nFeb. 26. Ala. The Legislature passes a\\nnew election law.\\nFeb. Fla. Another unsuccessful at-\\ntempt is made to impeach Gov. Reed.\\nMar. 1. D. C. The Act establishing the\\nYellowstone National Park in Wyom-\\ning is approved it is about 3,300 square\\nmiles.\\nMar. 4. D. C. The Japanese embassy\\nis presented to President Grant.\\nMar. 5. D. C. Congress removes the in-\\nternal taxes on fish, fruits, and meats.\\nMar. D. C. President Grant appoints\\nthree commissioners to examine plans\\nand proposals for the Panama canal.\\nApr. 10-14. La. A National Conven-\\ntion of colored men convenes at New\\nOrleans Frederick Douglass, president.\\nApr. 24. D. C. Congress The Senate\\nadmits Matthew W Ransom of N. C.\\nall of the Southern States are now rep-\\nresented in this branch of Congress.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1871* La. The city of New Orleans\\npurchases Exposition Park.\\nMiss. The Planters, Manufactur-\\ners, and Mechanics Association is\\nincorporated.\\nNew York. The Gilbert Elevated\\nRailroad is sold under a foreclosure.\\nNew York. Dummy locomotives sub-\\nstitute the cable on the Elevated Rail-\\nroad.\\nN. Y. Prospect Park in Brooklyn\\nis completed.\\nO. The Cincinnati Cotton Exchange\\nis established.\\nO. The Union Stock Yards Com-\\npany is incorporated at Cincinnati.\\n1872 Jan. 2. N. Dak. Ground is bro-\\nken at Grand Forks for the Northern\\nPacific Railroad.\\nMar. 4. Phila. The Centennial Com-\\nmission is organized to prepare for a\\nNational celebration in 1876.\\nMar. Neiv York. The Erie Ring,\\nruled by James Fisk and Jay Gould,\\ncollapses restoration is made to Eng-\\nlish bondholders Gens. Dix and McClel-\\nlan are among the new directors.\\nApr. 11. The boiler of the Mississippi\\nsteamer Oceanus explodes 40 lives are\\nlost.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "278 1872, May 1-\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1872. Nov. 29. Ore. Capt. Jackson,\\nsent to remove the Modoc Indians to a\\nreservation, has a battle with them on\\nthe Lost River.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1372 May Zanzibar. Stanley arrives\\nfrom the interior of Africa.\\nJune 17 -July 4. Boston. The\\nWorld s Peace Jubilee is celebrated\\nunder the musical leadership of P. S.\\nGilmore 10,000 singers accompanied by\\n1,000 instruments sound forth the joys of\\npeace.\\nJuly 31. N. Y. The asteroids Brun-\\nhilda and Gerda are discovered by C.\\nH. F. Peters. [Also, Alceste, Aug. 23.]\\nSept. 22. PHla. The Lincoln Monu-\\nment in Fairmount Park is unveiled.\\nNov. 25-27. Brilliant meteroic dis-\\nplays are visible in the Northern and\\nNorthwestern States.\\nNov. The discovery of an atmospheric\\nwave, covering nearly the entire terri-\\ntory between the two great oceans, is\\nreported by the chief of the Sigual\\nService.\\nInd. Discovery of block coal, whereby\\nan impetus is given to the iron manu-\\nfactures of the State.\\ni .urhanan, poet,\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1872.\\nMay 11. Read, Tin\\nartist, A50.\\nMay 24. Hopkins, Albert, astronomer,\\nphysicist, A 65.\\nMay 26. Stiinpson, William, naturalist,\\nA40.\\nJune 1. Bennett, James Gordon, founder\\nof N. T. Herald, All.\\nJune 3. Colvocoresses, George M., capt.\\nU. S. N., AGO.\\nJune 6. Scranton, Joseph H., capitalist,\\none of the fuumlers of Scranton, Pa., A59.\\nJune 29. Crab be, Thomas, rear-adm. U. S.\\nN., A 84.\\nJuly 25. Nicholson, William C, com. U.\\nS. N., A72.\\nRandall, Alexander W., P. M.-gen., A52.\\nJuly 31. Olney, Jesse, geographer, educa-\\ntor, author, A74.\\nAug. 3. Eaton, Geo. W., Bapt. clergyman,\\nteacher, A 68.\\nAug. 11. Mason, Lowell, musical com-\\nposer, A80.\\nAug-. 18. Davenport, Henry K., capt. 1 S.\\nN., A52.\\nAug. 26. Ingersoll, Ralph I., lawyer, M. C.\\nfor Conn., AH4.\\nSept. 11. Kastburn, Manton, P.E. bishop\\nof Mass., A71.\\nSept. 22. Davis, Garrett, sen. for Ky., A7I.\\nSept. 25. Cartwright, Peter, frontier M.\\nE. clergyman, A87.\\nOct. 2. Liebt-r, Francis, publicist, writer,\\nA72.\\nOct. 3. Faville, Oran, educationist, in la.,\\nA45.\\nOct. 8. Bache, Hartman, brig. -gen. U. S.\\n0ct.*9. Deming, Henry C, M. C. for Conn.,\\nauthor, A57.\\nOct. 10. I arton, Sara I Willis (Fanny\\nFern), author, A61.\\nSeward, William Henry, Gov., sen. for\\nN.Y., Lincoln s sec. of state, A71.\\nOct. 30. Ames, Joseph, portrait and genre\\npainter, A56.\\nOct. 31. Brownell, Henry Howard, poet,\\nA52.\\nGriswold, John A., iron manufacturer,\\nbuilder of Monitor, M. C. for X. Y., A54.\\nNov. 5. Sullv, Thomas, painter, A89.\\nNov. 6. Meade, George Gordon, maj.-\\ngen., commander of Army of Potomac at\\nGettysburg, A57.\\nNov. 14. Hadley, James, philologist, pro-\\nfessor of Greek at Yule, A51.\\nNov. 29. Greeley, Horace, editor, phi-\\nlanthropist, founder A. Tribune^ A62.\\nDec. 12. Forrest, Edwin, actor, A.66.\\nPollard, Edward, journalist, litterateur,\\nhistorian, A44.\\nDec. 16. KenBett, John Frederick, land-\\nscape painter, A56.\\nDec. 20. Putnam, George P., publisher,\\nauthor, A58.\\nDec. 23. ratlin, George, artist, A76.\\nDec. 31. Brown, John A., llnancier, A84.\\nCHURCH.\\n1872 May 5. N.Y. Edgar P. Wadhams\\n(Roman Catholic), bishop of Ogdens-\\nburg, is consecrated.\\nJune 7. Boston. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem is held.\\nOct. 22-25. Boston. The National\\nUnitarian Conference is held.\\nNov. 0. The Lutheran General\\nCouncil meets at Akron.\\nX. J. The New Jersey Conference\\n(African Methodist Episcopal) is formed.\\nLETTERS.\\n1872 May The Fisk University Ju-\\nbilee Singers make a campaign for\\n$20,000.\\nAla. The State Agricultural and Me-\\nchanical College at Auburn is opened.\\nBoston. The National Educational\\nAssociation meets; appoints a commit-\\ntee to examine the kindergarten system.\\n[It reports favorably.]\\nBoston. The Globe is issued.\\nCal. St. Mary s College (Rom.\\nCath.) is organized at San Francisco.\\nInd. The Indiana Public Library is\\nfounded at Indianapolis. [39,273 vols.]\\nMass. A School of Forestry is es-\\ntablished at Harvard.\\nMd The College of Physicians and\\nSurgeons at Baltimore is opened.\\nMiss. The East Mississippi Female\\nCollege is opened.\\nMo. The Fulton Synodical Female\\nCoUege is opened. Harding College\\nis founded by Baptists at Mexico.\\nXeb. Doane CoUege (Cong.) is\\nfounded at Crete.\\nXew York. The Popular Science\\nMonthly is founded.\\nXeio York. The newspapers succeed\\nin arousing the public for the complete\\noverthrow of the Tweed Ring the\\nTimes holding the place of honor.\\nOre. The Legislature establishes a\\nreform school at Portland.\\n0. Buchtel CoUege (Univ.) in Akron\\nis organized.\\nS. C. The Walhalla Female Col-\\nlege at SValhalla is opened.\\nTenn. Christian Brothers CoUege\\n(Rom. Cath.) is organized at Memphis.\\nTex. Mansfield CoUege (non-sect.)\\nis organized at Mansfield.\\nUtah. Ogden Seminary (Meth.\\nEpis.) is founded at Ogden City.\\nRoughing It, by Mark Twain, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1872 May* -V.I Many other trades\\njoin the striking builders a sympa-\\nthetic strike.\\nJune 15. -V. I Strikers force then-\\nway into Steinway s piano-factory to\\npersuade the remaining workmen to\\nstrike.\\nJune* Xew York. Most of the 90,000\\nstrikers surrender.\\nGreat losses contractors and builders,\\n$1,100,000; workmen, \u00c2\u00a31.400,000: general\\npublic, in an indirect way, $5,760,000.\\nJune 17 July 4. Boston. World s\\nPeace JubUee. (See Art Science\\nNature.)\\nJuly U. S. Temperance Republicans\\nresent the Raster resolution placed in\\nthe national platform.\\nThe party is opposed to laws for the\\npurpose of removing evils by interfer-\\nence with rights not surrendered by the\\npeople to either the State or National\\nGovernment. [Mr. Herman Raster\\nsays it applies to prohibitory- and Sun-\\nday law.]\\nAug. 18. Xeie York. George C. Bar-\\nnard, a judge of the Supreme Court \u00c2\u00bbf\\nthe State, having been convicted of offi-\\ncial corruption in connection with the\\nErie Ring, is degraded.\\nSept. 18. A r. The corner-stone of the\\nState Insane Asylum is laid at Buffalo.\\nSept. 25. Ky. The House of Reform\\nfor JuvenUe Delinquents is opened\\nby the State at Anchorage.\\nSept. -73 Feb. U. S. Prof. John\\nTyndaU of England, lectures in the\\nchief citieB.\\nThe Kuklux of the Southern States\\nmake night raids in disguise, and terrify\\nthe blacks they commit many outrages\\nto prevent the exercise of free suffrage.\\nOct. 10. Xew York. The Presbyterian\\nHospital is opened.\\nOct.\u00c2\u00b1* New York. Jacob Rosenzweig,\\nan abortionist, is tried for killing Alice\\nA. Bowlesby the body was shipped in\\na trunk for Chicago. [Imprisoned for\\nseven years.]\\nNov. 5. X. Y. Susan B. Anthony and\\nother women vote at the election in\\nRochester. [Miss Anthony and 14 other\\nwomen are prosecuted for illegal vot-\\ning-]\\nSTATE.\\n1872 May 1. D. C. Congress removes\\nthe customs duties on tea and coffee, to\\ntake effect July 1.\\nMay4+. 0. The National Conven-\\ntion of Liberal Republicans is held\\nat Cincinnati; Carl Sehurz, president\\nHorace Greeley of N. T., editor of the\\nTribune, is nominated for President, and\\nB. Gratz Brown of Mo. for Vice-Presi-\\ndent.\\nMay 8. D. C. Congress passes an act\\nfor the removal of the Kansas Indians\\nto the Indian Territory.\\nMay* Utah. The Supreme Court annuls\\nthe bigamy proceedings against Brig-\\nham Young.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1872, May 1-\\n279\\nMay 21. B. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Civil Rights Bill.\\nMay 22. D. C. Congress modifies po-\\nlitical disabilities under Art. 3 of the\\n11th Amendment; the only exceptions\\nbeing former members of Congress, of\\nthe Judiciary, of the Army aud Navy,\\nand of the diplomatic service.\\nMay 23. W. Y. The Legislature passes\\nan act establishing a commission for\\nState parks.\\nXeio York. A working men s Na-\\ntional Convention nominates U. S,\\nGrant and Henry Wilson as presidential\\ncandidates.\\nMay 31. B.C. Congress: Senator\\nSumner assails President Grant in a\\nbitter speech, Sumner being strongly\\nopposed to Grant s renomination.\\nJune 6. B. C. Congress makes a re-\\nduction of 10 per cent in the tariff\\nrates for certain articles, and reduces\\ninternal revenue taxes.\\nPhila, The Republican National\\nConvention, Thomas Settle of N. C.,\\npresident, renominates Gen. Ulysses S.\\nGrant for the presidency on the first\\nballot, and Henry Wilson of Mass. for\\nthe vice-presidency. Vote for Vice-\\nPresident, Wilson, 364\u00c2\u00a3 Schuyler Col-\\nfax, 321$.\\nJune 10. B.C. The 42d Congress:\\nthe second session closes.\\nJune 15. Switz. The tribunal for the\\narbitration of the Alabama claims re-\\nsumes its sittings.\\nJune 19. La. The discordant Republi-\\ncans (Packard and Pinchback) hold two\\nconventions at Baton Rouge. William\\nP. Kellogg is nominated for governor by\\nthe Packard Convention.\\nJune 21. UTew York. A convention of\\nLiberal Republican Revenue Re-\\nformers convenes, and nominates Wil-\\nliam S. Groesbeck of O. and Fred-\\nerick Law Olmsted of N. Y. as\\npresidential candidates.\\nJune 24. III. David Davis declines the\\nnomination for President. [Joel Parker\\ndeclines on the 28th.] (See Feb. 22.)\\nJune B. C. The State Department se-\\ncures the release of Dr. Howard, an\\nAmerican citizen, long imprisoned in\\nCuba.\\nJune Congress abolishes the tax on\\nincomes, and all stamp taxes under\\nschedule B, except that of 2 per cent on\\nbank checks, drafts, and orders.\\nJune 30. U. S. Statistics for 1872.\\nRevenue: Customs, 21G,:-;7u,287 inter-\\nnal revenue, si;;o,^12, 178; sales of public\\nlands, $2,575,714; premiums on loans\\nand sales of gold coin, $0,412,638; mis-\\ncellaneous items, $15,106,051. Total rev-\\nenue, \u00c2\u00a7374,106,868 excess of revenue\\nover ordinary expenses, $96,583,905.\\nExpenditures: Premiums on loans,\\npurchase of bonds, etc., $6,958,267; mis-\\ncellaneous items, $00,984,757 War De-\\npartment, \u00c2\u00a735,372,157; Navy Departs\\nment, \u00c2\u00a721,249,810; Indians, $7,061,729;\\npensions, $28,533,403 interest on public\\ndebt, \u00c2\u00a7117,357,840. Total ordinary ex-\\npenses, $277,517,963 public debt, $2,253-\\n251,328. Exports, $444,177,586: imports,\\n$626,595,077.\\nJuly S. B. C. Congress Senate\\nHenry B. Anthony of II. I. is reelected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nJuly 9. Md. The National Democratic\\nConvention convenes at Baltimore;\\nJames R. Doolittle, president.\\nThe Democrats unite in a coalition\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0with the Liberal Republicans, and Hor-\\nace Greeley of N. Y. is nominated for\\nPresident on the first ballot, getting 686\\nout of 724 votes. Greeley has been re-\\ngarded for many years as the most\\nfamous anti-Democrat in the United\\nStates. B. Gratz Brown of Mo, is nomi-\\nnated for Vice-President, getting 713 out\\nof 732 votes.\\nAug. 9. La. P. B. S. Pinchback is\\nnominated for governor by the adjourned\\nPinchback (Rep.) Convention.\\nAug.22. Phila. The Labor Reform Na-\\ntional Convention nominates Charles\\nO Conor of N. Y. and Eli Saulsbury\\nof Del. as presidential candidates.\\n[O Conor declines, Aug. 27.]\\nLa. The State Central Committee\\ncause a fusion of divided Republicans,\\nand W. P. Kellogg is nominated for gov-\\nernor, and Pinckney B. S. Pinchback for\\nCongressman-at-large. [The Senate re-\\nfuses him the seat.]\\nW. Va. The people ratify the amend-\\nment to the Constitution restoring citi-\\nzenship to ex-secessionists.\\nSept. 3-5. Ky. A National Conven-\\ntion of Radical Democrats, who repu-\\ndiate Greeley and Brown as candidates,\\nconvenes at Louisville and nominates in\\ntheir place Charles O* Conor of N. Y.\\nand John Q. Adams of Mass. [They\\ndecline.]\\nSept. 14. Switz. The Court of Arbi-\\ntration announce their decision con-\\ncerning the Alabama Claims.\\nAll the five members vote to award\\nindemnity for the losses caused by the\\nAlabama; four, for losses by the Florida;\\nand three, for losses by the Shenandoah.\\nTotal damages awarded, $15,500,000.\\nSept. 25. Ky. A National Convention\\nof Liberal Colored Republicans con-\\nvenes at Louisville, with delegates from\\n23 States, and nominates Horace\\nGreeley and B. Gratz Brown as presi-\\ndential candidates.\\nOct. 21. The San Juan dispute with\\nGreat Britain regarding the northwest\\nboundary is settled by arbitration\\nEmperor William of Germany de-\\ncides in favor of the United States the\\nCanal de Haro becomes the international\\nboundary.\\nOct. U. S. The Democrats charge lead-\\ning Republicans with corruption by the\\nofiicers of the Credit Mobilier.\\nIt is alleged that the Vice-President,\\nVice-President elect, Speaker of the\\nHouse, and the Secretary of the Treas-\\nury are implicated, by receiving stock in\\nexchange for political influence.\\nNov. 5. U.S. The 22d presidential elec-\\ntion Republicans elected.\\nPopular vote: Ulysses S. Grant of 111.\\n(Rep.), 3,597,070 Horace Greeley of N. Y.\\n(Dem. and Lib.), 2,834,079 Charles\\nO Conor of N. Y. (Dem.), 29,408 -James\\nBlack of Pa. (Probib.), 5,608. Gen. Grant\\nreceives immense majorities in several\\nStates Pennsylvania leading with 137,-\\nAla. Both political parties claim the\\ngovernorship.\\nNov. 18. Ala. Two Legislatures are\\norganized at Montgomery the Republi-\\ncans at the TJ. S. Court-House, and the\\nDemocrats at the State Capitol.\\nNov. 23. Ala. David P. Lewis (Rep.) is\\ndeclared elected governor.\\nNov. 25. Ala. Gov. Lewis assumes office,\\nand recognizes the Republican Legisla-\\nture.\\nDec. 2. B. C. The 42d Congress; the\\nthird session opens.\\nDec. B. C. Congress House James\\nG. Blaine calls for a committee to in-\\nvestigate the Credit Mobilier scandal.\\n(See Oct.\\nDec. La. The Returning Board is di-\\nvided\u00e2\u0080\u0094one faction declaring William\\nP. Kellogg elected governor, the other\\nJohn McEnery.\\nB.C. Ward Hunt of N. Y. is appointed\\na justice of the Supreme Court.\\nDec. 11. La. A Fusion (Rep.) Legis-\\nlature convenes at New Orleans it im-\\npeaches and suspends Gov. Warmouth.\\nDec. La. Judge Druell decides that W.\\nP. Kellogg was elected governor in\\nNovember.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1872 June 30. U. S. Immigrants for\\n1872, 404,806.\\nJune Colo. The first narrow-gauge\\nrailroad is opened, between Denver and\\nPueblo, for 118 miles.\\nAug. 30. The propeller Metis collides\\nwith a schooner on Long Island Sound\\n50 persons perish.\\nSept. 3+. Ky. A National Industrial\\nExposition is held at Louisville.\\nOct.* An epidemic, called the epi-\\nzootic, prevails among horses in the\\nlarger cities, and partially suspends the\\noperation of commerce.\\nNov. 9, 10, 11. Boston. The great fire\\nravages 80 acres, burning 959 build-\\nings, located chiefly in the wholesale\\ndistrict, and destroys 35 lives loss, $73,-\\n000,000.\\nNov. 19. Mass. A special session of the\\nLegislature is held to devise means for\\nthe relief of the sufferers of the Boston\\nfire.\\nNov. 29. Eng. Sergeant Bates of\\nAmerica arrives in London, after hav-\\ning walked on a wager from Gretna\\nGreen, South Scotland, carrying the\\nAmerican flag.\\nDec. 24. Pa. A train breaks through\\na trestle bridge at Corry, and 20 persons\\nare killed.\\nDec. New York. Jay Gould agrees to\\ngive up to the Erie Company 89,000,000,\\nand legal proceedings against him are\\nabandoned.\\nDec. N. Y. Dr. T. DeWitt Talmage s\\nTabernacle Church, Brooklyn, is\\nburned.\\nN. Bale. Bismarck is settled.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "280 1872, *-1873, May 9.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1873 Jan. 17. Ore. The Modoc In-\\ndians, led by their able chief, Captain\\nJack, defeat the troop3 sent against\\nthem.\\nJan. 24. Congress abolishes the naval\\nranks of admiral and vice-admiral.\\nApr. 11. Ore. Captain Jack and other\\nIndians massacre Gen. Canby and\\nDr. Thomas, two Indian commissioners,\\nduring negotiations for a peaceful set-\\ntlement of difficulties Mr. Meacham is\\nshot and stabbed, but survives.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1872 New York. Carl L. Brandt and\\nJ. H. Bear are elected members of the\\nNational Academy of Design.\\nNeto York. A bronze statue of\\nShakespeare, and another of Sir\\nWalter Scott, are erected in Central\\nPark, and another of Franklin in\\nPrinting House Square.\\nN. Y. John William Draper obtains\\na spectra of the stars, showing their fixed\\nlines, by use of the photograph with a\\ntelescopic combination.\\nO. The Cleveland Vocal Society-\\nis organized.\\n-73 0. The Eden Park, 207\\nacres, and Burnett Wood, 168 acres,\\nare laid out at Cincinnati.\\nPhila. John W. Keely begins his ex-\\nperiments to develop a machine worked\\nby a power without cost it is called the\\nKeely Motor.\\nU. S. The triple-valve attachment to\\nthe Westinghouse air-brake is intro-\\nduced.\\nCapt. Ericsson reports the shrinkage\\nof the sun s diameter to be 120.7 feet\\nper day, thus differing from the Helm-\\nholtz estimate.\\nOzone is produced by means of an\\nelectrical apparatus perfected by A. W.\\nWright.\\nHome by the Seaside is painted by\\nWorthington Whittredge.\\nGolden Born is painted by S. R. Gif-\\nford.\\nGrand Canon of the Yellowstone is\\npainted by Thomas Moran.\\n1873 Feb. 5. N~. Y. The asteroid An-\\ntigone is discovered by C. H. F. Peters.\\n[Also, Electra, on Feb. 17, ^thra,\\nJune 13, and Cyrene, Aug. 16.]\\nApr. 30. The steamer Tigress, of New-\\nfoundland, rescues 19 survivors of the\\nPolaris Expedition from a field of float-\\ning ice in Baffin Bay.\\nMay 9. A part of the crew of the Polaris\\nexpedition arrives at Newfoundland,\\nhaving been rescued after drifting 2,000\\nmiles on a field of ice, and experiencing\\ngreat suffering.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1873.\\nJan. 16. Leavitt, Joshua, journalist, A79.\\nFeb. l. Maury, Matt. Fontaine, hydrog-\\nrapher, A67.\\nFeb. 8. Coffin. .James Henry, professor in\\nLafayette college, A67.\\nFeb. 8. Geary, John W., Gov. of Pa.,brig.-\\ngen. of vols., AM.\\nFeb. 16. Chesebro, Caroline, author, A 45.\\nFeb. 25. Gillie, John P., coin. U. S. N. for\\n4H years, A70.\\nFeb. 26. Hodge, Hugh L., physician, medi-\\ncal writer, editor, ATT.\\nMar. 10. Torrey, John, botanist, chemist,\\nA77.\\nMar. 13. Macllvaine, Chas. Pettit, P. E.\\nbishop of O., AT4.\\nMar. 24. Collier, John A., jurist, M. C. for\\nN. Y., A 86.\\nMar. 27. Dixon, James, Ben. for Conn., A59.\\nApr. 11. Canby, Edward Richard S.,brev.\\nmaj.-gen. V. S. A., A54.\\nApr. 27. Aulick, John H., com. U. S. N-,\\nA84.\\nApr. 30. Brooks. James, journalist, M.\\nfor N. Y-, founder of X. Y. Express, A63.\\nMay 4. McGuffey, William Holmes, edu-\\ncator, AT3.\\nMay 5. Orr. James L., M. C. for S. C,\\nspeaker, Gov., senator, A51.\\nMay 6. IlroiUiead, John Komevn, histo-\\nrian, A59.\\nMay 7. Chase, Salmon Portland, Lin-\\ncoln s sec. of treas., sen., Gov. of O., A65.\\nMay 8. Ames, akt-s, manufacturer, rail-\\nroad builder, M. C. for Mass., A69.\\nCHURCH.\\n1872 New York. The Baptist An-\\nnual Meeting is beld.\\nN. Y. R. I. Tbe Roman Catholic\\ndioceses of Ogdensburg and Providence\\nare established.\\nThe Danish Church in America\\n(Evangelical Lutheran) is organized.\\nla. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Washington\\nJohn S. Easton, moderator.\\nKy. The Annual Convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Louis-\\nville R. M. Bishop, president.\\n*Md.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ya. The Maryland and Vir-\\nginia Elderships (Church of God) are\\norganized.\\nA 7 Y. N. J. The General Synods\\n(Evangelical Lutheran) of New York\\nand New Jersey are organized.\\nMass. A Congregational Club is\\nformed at Salem.\\nMich. The General Assembly (Pres-\\nbyterian) is held at Detroit S. J. Nic-\\ncolls, moderator.\\n1873 Jan. 9. William Hobart Hare is\\nconsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) mis-\\nsionary bishop of Niobrara. [Later\\nbishop of South Dakota.]\\nApr. 10. Utah. Brigham Young re-\\nsigns his temporal power over the\\nMormons.\\nApr. 17. John Gottlieb Auer is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal) mission-\\nary bishop for Africa.\\nLETTERS.\\n1872 Sauntering s, by Charles Dud-\\nley Warner, appears also Back-Log\\nStudies.\\nShakespeare, his Life, Art, and Char-\\nacters, by Henry N. Hudson, appears.\\nAtlantic Essays, by Thomas W. Hig-\\nginson, appears.\\nAunt Jo s Scrap-Bag, by Louisa May\\nAlcott, appears.\\nBits of Travel, by Helen Hunt Jack-\\nson, appears.\\nCoral and the Coral Islands, by James\\nD. Dana, appears.\\nThe End of the World, by Edward Eg-\\ngleston, appears.\\nKate Beaumont, by J. W. De Forest,\\nappears.\\nThe Masque of the Gods, by Bayard\\nTaylor, appears; also Beauty and the\\nBeast.\\nThe Material and Form of Language,\\nby W. D. Whitney, appears; also Orien-\\ntal and Linguistic Studies.\\nMy Wife and I, by Harriet Beecher\\nStowe, appears.\\nMyths and Myth-makers, by John\\nFiske, appears.\\nThe Pennsylvania Pilgrim and other\\nPoems, by John Greenleaf Whittier,\\nappears.\\nThe Religion of Humanity, by 0. B.\\nFrothingham, appears.\\nSurly Tim s Trouble, by Frances Hodg-\\nson Burnett, appears.\\nTheir Wedding Journey, by William\\nDean Howells, appears.\\nThe Vatican Council, by L. W. Bacon,\\nappears.\\nYesterdays with Authors, by James\\nThomas Fields, appears.\\nThe Thief in the Night, by Harriet P.\\nSpofford, appears.\\nHow I found Livingstone, by Henry M.\\nStanley, appears.\\nLaicus, by Lyman Abbott, appears.\\nWhat Katy Did, by Susan Coolidge,\\nappears.\\nInfinite and Einite, by Theophilus Par-\\nsons, appears.\\nPoet at the Breakfast Table, by O. W.\\nHolmes, appears.\\nHis Level Best, by Edward Everett\\nHale, appears.\\nBarriers Burned Aicay, by E. P. Roe,\\nappears.\\nThree Books of Sang, by H. W. Long-\\nfeUow, appears.\\nThe Marble Prophecy, by J. G. Hol-\\nland, appears.\\nS0CD3TY.\\n1872* *-73* *The Credit Mobilier\\nScandal is exposed.\\nMany shares of its stock are placed in\\nthe hands of certain Senators and Repre-\\nsentatives at Washington, whose legis-\\nlative action may greatly increase its\\nvalue. (See State.)\\nConn. The prohibitory liquor law\\nis repealed by a Republican Legisla-\\nture.\\nPennsylvania enacts a loeal-option\\nlaw.\\nla. The Legislature passes a law to\\nrestrict the sale of liquors, and limit\\nthe profit of licensees to 33 per cent.\\nAlso an act abolishing the death pen-\\nalty.\\nKy. The German Baptist Orphans*\\nHome is founded at Louisville.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1872,* *-1873, May 9. 281\\nMd. A State institution is established\\nat Baltimore for the blind and for\\ndeaf mutes, among the colored people.\\nMe. The Legislature amends the pro-\\nhibitory law so as to forbid the sale of\\ncider and wine made from home-grown\\nfruits.\\nThe 6th National Encampment of the\\nGrand Army of the Kepublic meets at\\nCleveland Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside\\nof R. I., commander-in-chief.\\niris. The Legislature provides for the\\npunishment of intoxicated persons\\nby fine and imprisonment.\\nThe American Public Health Asso-\\nciation is organized.\\n1873 Jan. 8. Sim York. William M.\\nTweed is brought to trial. [Jan. 31.\\nThe jury disagree.]\\nFeb. 18, 19. Ky. Colored men hold an\\nEducational Convention at Louis-\\nville.\\nFeb. 28. New York. Edward S. Stokes\\nis convicted of the murder of James\\nFisk, Jr., and sentenced to be hanged.\\n(See Oct. 30.)\\nFeb Boston. The reading-room of the\\nPublic Library is first opened to the\\npublic on Sundays.\\nMar. 4. D. C. Gen. Grant refers to the\\nbitterness of the last election in his in-\\naugural address, and complains of per-\\nsonal abuse and slander, scarcely ever\\nequalled in political history.\\nMar. Sew York. Ex-Mayor A. Oakey\\nHall, a member of the Tweed Ring, is\\ntried a juror dies, and ends the trial.\\n[He is tried later, and the jury disagree.\\nHall then leaves the country.]\\nMar. 21. Sew York. William Foster\\nhaving been convicted of the murder of\\nAvery D. Putnam with a car-hook, on\\nApril 2G, 1871, is hanged.\\nMar. 22. Ky. The Society for the Pre-\\nvention of Cruelty to Animals is in-\\ncorporated at Louisville.\\nApr. Wis. The State Northern Hospi-\\ntal for the Insane, at Oshkosh, is\\nopened. [An asylum at Napa, Cal., is\\nestablished.]\\nSTATE.\\n1872 Minn. Minneapolis and St.\\nAnthony are united and incorporated\\nas one city.\\nOre. The 15th Amendment to the\\nFederal Constitution is adopted by the\\nLegislature.\\nIT. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-75 Ark. Elisha Baxter.\\n-75 Cal. Newton Booth.\\n-77 Ga. James Milton Smith.\\n-76 la. Cyrus C. Carpenter.\\n-75* Ky. Preston H. Leslie.\\n-74* Mass. William B. Washburn.\\n-74 S.H. Ezekiel Straw.\\n-75 N.J. Joel Parker.\\n-74 O. Edward F. Noyes,\\n-75 S. C. Franklin J. Moses, Jr.\\n-70 Vt. Julius Converse.\\n-80* Wash. (Ter.). Elisha P. Ferry.\\n-74 Wis. C. C. Washburne.\\n1873 Jan. 6. D. C. Congress: The\\nHouse resolves to conduct the Credit\\nMobilier investigation in open session.\\nIt resolves to investigate the relations\\nof the Credit Mobilier and the Union\\nPacific Railroad Company to the Federal\\nGovernment. [J. M. Wilson of Ind.,\\nSamuel Shellabarger of O., Henry W.\\nSlocuni of N. Y. T Thomas Swaun of Md.,\\nand George F. Hoar of Mass., are ap-\\npointed a committee of investigation, on\\nJan. 7.]\\nJan. 14. La. Two Legislatures assem-\\nble, and two governors are installed\\nW. P. Kellogg (Rep.), and John McEn-\\nery, the caudidate of the Liberals and\\nDemocrats. [The Federal Government\\nfavors Kellogg.]\\nJan. 31. D. C. Congress deprives its\\nmembers of the postal franking privi-\\nlege after July 1.\\nFeb. 6. D. C. Congress The Senate\\nenacts that the coinage of the silver\\ndollar of 1792 and 1837 shall be discon-\\ntinued from April 1 the trade dollar\\nof 420 grains and 900 fine is to take its\\nplace. [The measure passes the House\\non Feb. 7.]\\nFeb. 12. D. C. Congress counts the\\nelectoral vote.\\nVote for President Ulysses S. Grant,\\n286 Thomas A. Hendricks, 42 B.\\nGratz Brown (Dem.), 18; Charles J.\\nJenkins (Dem.), 2 David Davis (Ind.),\\n1. Vote for Vice-President Henry\\nWilson of Mass. (Rep.), 286; George\\nW. Julian of Did., (Lib.), 5; A. H.\\nColquitt of Ga. (Dem.), 5; John M.\\nPalmer of 111. (Dem.), 3 J. E. Bram-\\nlette of Ky. (Dem.), 3 W. S. Groes-\\nbeckof 0.(Dem.), 1; Willis B.Machen\\nof Ky. (Dem.), 1 N. P. Banks of Mass.\\n(Lib.), 1.\\nFeb. 27. D. C. Congress Senate The\\nCommittee on the Credit Mobilier\\nscandal recommend the expulsion of\\none of the Senators. [No action is\\ntaken.]\\nThe House passes resolutions censur-\\ning Oakes Ames of Mass. and James\\nBrooks of N. T. for their connection\\nwith the Credit Mobilier scandal;\\nBrooks was also a government director\\nof the Union Pacific road.\\nMar. 3. D. C. Congress enacts that in\\nfuture no Indian people shall be recog-\\nnized as an independent nation, having\\npower to make treaties.\\nCongress passes a bill for the increase\\nof salaries, popularly called the Grab\\nBill.\\nThe President s salary is raised from\\n525,000 to 550,000 the Vice-President s\\nfrom 38,000 to $10,000; the Senators,\\nRepresentatives, and Delegates from\\n$5,000 to $7,500, besides traveling ex-\\npenses. The increase is retroactive, and\\ndates from Mar. 4, 1871. Total increase\\nof salaries of Congressmen, $972,000.\\nIt enacts the establishment of 10 life-\\nsaving stations on the Atlantic coast.\\nMar. 4. D. C. The 42d Congress ends.\\nThe Senate convenes in special ses-\\nsion, at the call of the President (issued\\nFeb. 21). [Adjourns Mar. 26.]\\nUlysses S. Grant of 111. enters his\\nsecond term as the 18th President in the\\n22d term of the presidency Henry\\nWilson of Mass. is Vice-President.\\nCabinet Hamilton Fish of N. Y.\\n(State), William A. Richardson of M:iss.\\nTreas.), William W. Belknap of la.\\n(War), George M. Robeson of N. J.\\n(Navy), Columbus Delano of 0. (Inte-\\nrior), George H. Williams of Ore. (Atty.-\\nGen.),John A. J. Creswell of Md. (P. M.-\\nGen.).\\nMar. 6. La. The police arrest the mem-\\nbers of the McEnery Legislature.\\nMar. 12. D. C. Congress; Senate: M.\\nH. Carpenter of Wis. is elected Presi-\\ndent pro tempore. [He is reelected Mar.\\n26.]\\nMay 1. D. C. Congress removes all\\nduties on tea and coffee after the\\nfirst of July this reduces the revenue\\n$20,000,000 per annum.\\nThe Government first issues one-cent\\npostal cards.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1872 Sew York. The State Line of\\nsteamers running to Glasgow is estab-\\nlished.\\nSew York. The American District\\nTelegraph Company is organized.\\nSew York. Two elevated railroad\\ncompanies are formed the New York\\nElevated, and the Manhattan Railway\\nCompany.\\nSew York. The Netherlands Line\\nof transatlantic steamers is established.\\nS. Y. The State begins the topo-\\ngraphical survey of the Adirondack\\nregion, under the supervision of Ver-\\nplanck Colvin.\\nPa. A lawsuit discloses the fact that\\nmuch of the stock of the Cre dit Mo-\\nbilier is owned by certain members of\\nCongress. Suspicion of their integrity\\nbecomes general.\\n*The Standard Oil Company is\\nformed by the combination of all the oil\\ncompanies of the United States.\\n1873 Jan. 7-9. Minn. A terrible snow-\\nstorm causes the loss of 70 lives.\\nJan. Sew York. Barnum s Museum\\nis burned this is the fourth time that\\nhis menagerie and exhibition have been\\ndestroyed.\\nFeb. 15. Tex. The steamer Henry A.\\nJones burns in Galveston Bay 21 lives\\nare lost.\\nFeb. Eng. The British press alleges\\nthat $6,250,000 too much is awarded to\\nthe United States in settling the Ala-\\nbama claims.\\nApr. 1. S. S. The steamer Atlantic,\\nof the White Star Line, putting into\\nHalifax for coal, runs on a rock, and is\\nwrecked in a few minutes 535 persons\\nare drowned.\\nApr. 8. S. Y. A wall of a new braiding\\nat Rochester gives way when occupied\\nby spectators of a freshet 30 persons\\nare drowned.\\nMay. 4. 712, An iron bridge falls at\\nDixon, when crowded with people 100\\npersons killed.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "282 1873, May 17.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1873 May 22. Ore. The Indian hos-\\ntilities close in the surrender of nearly\\nall of the Modocs.\\n[June 1\u00c2\u00b1. Captain Jack and 20 well-\\narmed Indians make a desperate resist-\\nance, when surrounded in lava beds.\\nOct. 3. He and others are executed at\\nFort Kalmath.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1873 Sept. 25. Phila. The new Ma-\\nsonic Temple is dedicated.\\nOct. 6. N. Y. An attempt to cross the\\nAtlantic to Europe by a balloon fails\\nthe aeronaut descends in Connecticut.\\nOct. 31. N. Y. The international\\nbridge across the Niagara River at\\nBuffalo is completed.\\nDec. 24. Boston. The Beethoven Quin-\\ntet Club is organized.\\nBoston. The Massachusetts Normal\\nArt School is established.\\nD. C. A 26-inch Clark equatorial is\\nmounted in the U. S. Naval Observatory\\nat Washington.\\n_74 Kan. A long and severe\\ndrought destroys the crops.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1873.\\nMay 17. Russell, Wm., educationist, elocu-\\ntionist, A75.\\nMay 22. Fagnani, Joseph, portrait painter,\\nA 54.\\nJune 16. Ferris, Isaac, Reformed clergy-\\nman, A 75.\\nJune 21. Tappan, Lewis, merchant, foun-\\nder of the Journal of Commerce, A85.\\nJune 27. Powers, Hiram, sculptor, A6ff.\\nJune 29. Whiting, William, lawyer, M. C.\\nfor Mass., author, AtiO.\\nJuly 6. Hitchcock, Henry L., Pres. clergy-\\nman, A60.\\nJuly 14. Pillsbury, Amos, prison reformer\\n,and manager, A68.\\nJuly 26. SehmiU ker, Samuel Simon, Luth.\\nclergyman, A74.\\nAug. 17. Meredith, Wm. M., lawyer, sec.\\nof treas., A74.\\nAug:. 18. Spring, Gardiner, Pres. clergy-\\nman, author, A88.\\nAug, 24. Todd, John, Cong, clergyman,\\nauthor, A73.\\nSept. 11. McCook, Edwin S., maj.-gen.\\nU. S. vols., A37.\\nSept. 29. Winslow. John A., rear-ad-\\nmiral, A62.\\nOct. 26. Saxton, Joseph, expert, inventor,\\nerbocker, A63.\\nNov. 4. Keene, Laura, actor, A53.\\nNov. 5. Early, John, hishop M. E. church\\nSouth, A 87.\\nNov. 6. Hardee, Wm.J., lieut.-col. V. S. A.,\\nConfederal*- licut. -gen., author of Hardee s\\nTactics, A56.\\nNov. 9. Mallorv, Stephen R., jurist, sen.\\nfor Fla., ronfedei-atc sec. of war, A60.\\nNov. 19. Hale, John P., diplomatist, sen-\\nator for N. H., A67.\\nNov. 24. Flagg, Azariah C, founder of\\nFree-soil Party, A83.\\nHitchcock, Samuel A., philanthropist,\\nA89.\\nDec. 13. Nelson, Samuel, associate justice\\nU. S. Supreme Court, A81.\\nDec. 14. Ag-assiz. Louis Jean Rodolphe,\\nnaturalist, prof, at. Harvard, A66.\\nDec. 24. Hopkins, Johns, founder of\\nJohns Hopkins University of Bait., A78.\\nFry, Cary H., brev. hrig.-gen. U. S. A.,\\nA60.\\nCHURCH.\\n1373 June 6. O. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets in\\nCincinnati.\\nSept. 17. Benj. Henry Paddock is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop ot\\nMassachusetts.\\nOct. 3-11. New York. The Evangel-\\nical Alliance holds its sixth meeting.\\nDec. 2. Bishop George David Cum-\\nmins, its organizer, is elected Presid-\\ning Bishop of the Reformed Episco-\\npal Church.\\nDec. 11. N. 0. Theodore Benedict Ly-\\nman is consecrated (Protestant Epis-\\ncopal) assistant bislmp of North Car-\\nolina.\\nDec. 14. Ky. CharleB Edward Cheney\\nis consecrated a bishop of the Reformed\\nEpiscopal Church.\\nDec. 31. Colo. John Franklin Spalding\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nmissionary bishop of Colorado.\\nTad. The Annual Convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Indian-\\napolis; R. M. Bishop, president.\\nThe Iowa Conference (Free Methodist)\\nis organized.\\n*Md. The General Assembly (Pres-\\nbyterian) meets at Baltimore; Howard\\nCrosby, moderator.\\nThe Presbyterians begin work among\\ntheNez.Perces.\\nThe New York Conference (Free\\nMethodist) is organized.\\nNev. The first sermon in Virginia\\nCity, the capital, is preached by Jesse\\nL. Bennett, a Methodist minister.\\nNew York. The Young Women s\\nChristian Association is incorporated.\\nN. Y. The Baptist Annual Meet-\\ning is held at Albany.\\nO. The General Synod (Evangelical\\nLutheran) meets at Canton.\\nLETTERS.\\n1873 July 16. Cal. The University\\nof California is located at Berkeley.\\nAug. 23. Mich. The Evening A r ews is\\nissued at Detroit.\\nAla. The State Normal College is\\nopened at Florence.\\nChicago. The Chicago Public Li-\\nbrary is established. [111,621 vols.]\\nla. Perm College (Friends) is organ-\\nized at Oscaloosa also the German\\nCollege (Meth. Epis.) at Mt. Pleasant.\\nSt. Joseph s College (Rom. Cath.) of\\nDubuque is established.\\nIII. St. Francis Solanus College\\nat Quincy receives its charter.\\n*Ky. State University (Colored Bapt.)\\nis organized at Louisville,\\nLa. New Orleans University (Meth.\\nEpis., Colored) is founded. (Incipient\\norganization effected by Freedmen s Aid\\nSociety in 1S6S.)\\nLa. The Southwestern Christian Ad-\\nvocate (Meth. Epis.) is established at New\\nOrleans.\\nMass. The Haverhill Public Library\\nis founded at Haverhill. [39,268 vols.]\\nMiss. Blue Mountain Female College\\n(Bapt.) is founded.\\nMo. Drury College (Cong.; is founded\\nat Springfield. The State Normal\\nSchool at Cape Girardeau is opened.\\nN. C. Bennett College (Meth. Epis.,\\nColored) is founded at Greensboro.\\nNew York. St. Nicholas magazine in\\nestablished. The Family Story Paper\\nis issued.\\n*-78* New York. The American\\nCyclopaedia (revised edition), by George\\nRipley and Charles A. Dana (17 vols.),\\nappears.\\nN. Y. The Evening News is issued at\\nBuffalo.\\nN. Y, Chautauqua College of Liberal\\nArts (non-sect.) is organized at Chau-\\ntauqua.\\n0. Ohio State University (non-\\nsect.) is organized at Columbus; also\\nthe St. Joseph s College (Rom. Cath.)\\nat Cincinnati.\\nTex. Add-Rau Christian Univer-\\nsity (Disciples) is founded at Thorp*a\\nSprings. Henderson College (non-\\nsect.) is organized also the Marvin\\nCollege (Meth. Epis.) at Waxahachie,\\nand the Wiley University (Meth. Epis.,\\nColored) is founded in Marshall. The\\nSouthwestern University at George-\\ntown is opened.\\nWis. The Germania and Der Haus-\\nund Bauernfreund are issued at Mil-\\nwaukee.\\nW. Va. The Shepherd Normal School\\nand the Normal School at Glenville\\nare opened by the State.\\nThe Poultry World is issued.\\nAmong the Isles of Shoals, by Celia\\nThaxter, appears.\\nArthur Bonnicastle, by J. G. Holland,\\nappears.\\nBressant, by Julian Hawthorne, ap-\\npears.\\nA Chance Acquaintance, by William\\nDean Howells, appears.\\nThe Pair God, by Lew Wallace, ap-\\npears.\\nFarm Ballads, by Will Carleton, ap-\\npears.\\nThe Gilded Age, by Mark Twain (Sam-\\nuel L. Clemens) and Charles Dudley War-\\nner, appears.\\nGunnar, by Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen,\\nappears.\\nHer Majesty the Queen, by John E.\\nCooke, appears.\\nJessamine, by Marion Harland, ap-\\npears.\\nLife Among the Modocs, by Joaquin\\nMiller, appears also So7ig$ oj the Sun\\nLands.\\nMarjone Daic, by Thomas Bailey Al-\\ndrich, appears.\\nThe Mountain Lovers, by Paul Hamil-\\nton Hayne, appears.\\nMystery of Metropolisville, by Edward\\nEggleston, appears.\\nPalmetto Leaves, by Harriet Beecher\\nStowe, appears.\\nPrehistoric Paces in the United States,\\nby John Wells Foster, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1873, May 17\\n288\\nSOCIETY.\\n1873 May 28. Ind. The National\\nCongress of Agriculture holds its sec-\\nond, annual meeting at Indianapolis.\\nJuly 5. yew York. The boy Frank H.\\nWalworth is sentenced to imprison-\\nment for life for killing his father.\\nAug. y. Y. The National Temper-\\nance Convention meets at Saratoga.\\nConn. The 7th National Encampment\\nof the Grand Army of the Republic is\\nheld at New Haven Charles Devens,\\nJr., of Mass., Commander-in-chief.\\nSept. Ind. The Reform School for\\nGirls and the Woman s Prison are\\nopened at Indianapolis.\\nOct. 18. Ore. The Oregon Pioneer As-\\nsociation is organized.\\nOct. 22. Chicago. The Northwestern\\nFarmers Convention meets 150 dele-\\ngates are present.\\nOct. 30. Ifew York. E. S. Stokes, con-\\nvicted of the murder of James Fisk, Jr.,\\nis finally sentenced to four years impris-\\nonment. (1st trial, the jury disagree\\n2d trial, sentenced to be hanged 3d\\ntrial, found guilty of manslaughter in\\nthe third degree.)\\nOct. Ky. The Kuklux commit atroci-\\nties in Shelby and Franklin counties.\\nNov. 5-19. New York. William M.\\nTweed is tried the second time is con-\\nvicted on each of 51 indictments. [Nov.\\n22. He is sentenced to 12 years impris-\\nonment, and fined.]\\nNov. 18. Ala. A State Labor Conven-\\ntion (colored) meets at Montgomery.\\nDec. 14. y. Y. Women in Fredonia\\nform a society to visit the saloons in\\na Christian spirit Mrs. Judge Barker\\nis president. [Out of this movement the\\nWoman s Christian Temperance Union\\ndevelops.]\\nDec. 17. X. Y. The Woman s Temper-\\nance Crusade in Jamestown is opened,\\nbut without success.\\nDec. 23. 0. The Woman s Crusade\\nbegins in Hillsboro Mrs. Eliza J.\\nThompson, chairman the 146th Psalm\\nbecomes the Crusaders Psalm. Mrs.\\nE. D. Stewart, Mother Stewart, is one\\nof the leaders.\\nThe Order of Knights of Honor is\\nfounded.\\nMe. Francis Murphy inaugurates\\nthe blue ribbon temperance movement.\\nMich. The State Board of Health is\\norganized.\\nMinn. The Legislature enacts a spe-\\ncial tax on saloon-keepers, the\\nmoney to be applied to a fund for erect-\\ning an inebriate asylum at Rochester.\\ny. C. The Legislature passes an act\\nof amnesty and pardon for offenses\\ncommitted by various secret societies,\\nincluding the Kuklux.\\nyew York. The Society for the Sup-\\npression of Vice is incorporated.\\nOre. The Institute for the Blind is\\nopened at Salem.\\nSTATE.\\n1873 May 22. D. C. President Grant,\\nby proclamation, warns disorderly\\nbands in Louisiana to disperse.\\nJune 6. D. C. Congress makes a re-\\nduction of 10 per cent in the customs\\nduties on cotton, wool, iron, paper, rub-\\nber, glass, and leather, imported into\\nthe country.\\nJune30. U.S. Statistics for 1873.\\nRevenue: Customs, \u00c2\u00a31*8,089,523; inter-\\nnal revenue, $113,729,314: direct tax,\\n8315,255; sales of public lands, $2,882,-\\n312 premiums on loans and sales of\\ngold coin, $11,560,531; miscellaneous\\nitems, \u00c2\u00a717,161,270. Total revenue, $333,-\\n73S,205 excess of revenue over ordinary\\nexpenditures, \u00c2\u00a743,202,959. Expenditures:\\nPremiums on loans, purchases of bonds,\\netc., \u00c2\u00a75,105,920 miscellaneous items,\\n\u00c2\u00a77:1,328,110; War Department, $40,323,-\\n138; Navy Department, \u00c2\u00a723,526,257; In-\\ndians, \u00c2\u00a77,951,705; pensions, $29,359,427;\\ninterest on the public, debt, $UU,75n,0.xs.\\nTotal ordinary expenditures, $2!\u00c2\u00bb0,:i4r\u00c2\u00bb,-\\n245 public debt, S2.234,4*2,993. Exports,\\n\u00c2\u00a7522,479,922; imports, \u00c2\u00a7642,136,210,\\nJuly 29. Tenn. A convention is held at\\nJackson to promote a new State move-\\nment.\\nIt is proposed to take the western parts\\nof Kentucky and Tennessee, and unite\\nthem with northern Mississippi.\\nAug. 7. y. C. The people ratify eight\\namendments to the State Constitution.\\nWis. The American Constitutional\\nUnion holds its first State meeting at\\nMilwaukee 666 delegates are present.\\nSept. 5. England pays the indemnity\\n($15,500,000) awarded in settlement of\\nthe Alabama claims.\\nSept. 14. La. The McEnery party rise\\nin arms and take possession of the State\\nHouse. [They are dispersed by order of\\nthe President, who sends national troops\\nto New Orleans,]\\nOct. 7. Conn. The Constitution is\\namended following May, 1875, the Gen-\\neral Assembly will meet only at Hart-\\nford.\\nOct. 8. Boston and several suburban\\nmunicipalities vote to consolidate.\\nNov. 24. La. A people s Anti-KeUogg\\nConvention is held at New Orleans.\\nDec. 1. D. C. The 43d Congress opens.\\nCongress: The House elects James\\nG. Blaine of Me., Speaker. Vote\\nBlaine, 189 Fernando Wood, 76 S. S.\\nCox, 2 Hiester Clymer, 1 Alex. H.\\nStephens, 1.\\nDec. 2. Tex. A special election is\\nheld vote for governor, Richard Coke\\n(Dem.), 85,549 Gov. E. J. Davis (Rep.),\\n42,663.\\nDec. 11. D. C. Congress; Senate: M,\\nH. Carpenter of Wis. is reelected Pres-\\nident pro tempore.\\nDec. La. The soldiers are called upon\\nto preserve order between rival factions\\nin New Orleans.\\nDec* D. C. Congress; House: Alex-\\nander H. Stephens, late Vice-President\\nof the Southern Confederacy, returns as\\na Representative from Georgia.\\nD. C. Alexander H. Shepherd is\\nappointed governor of the District.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1873 May, 28. Ind. The United States\\nAgricultural Congress meets at Indi-\\nanapolis.\\nMay 30. Boston. A fire destroys prop-\\nerty valued at about $1,500,000.\\nJune 3. Chicago. The Grand Pacific\\nhotel is opened.\\nJune 8-July 3. Ire. y. F. The Great\\nEastern lays the fourth cable from\\nValentia, Ire., to Heart s Content, N. F.\\nJune 30. U. S. Immigrants for 1873,\\n459,803.\\nJuly 25. Md. A fire in Baltimore de-\\nstroys over $1,000,000 in property.\\nAug. 2. Ore. A fire in Portland de-\\nstroys $1,500,000 in property.\\nJuly Live beef-cattle are exported to\\nEngland.\\nSummer. Active speculation and mani-\\nfest prosperity abound for many\\nmonths.\\nAug. 8. The steamer Wawasset on the\\nPotomac River takes fire, and 70 lives\\nare lost.\\nAug. 24. Me. A fire at Belfast destroys\\nproperty valued at $500,000.\\nSept. 10. y. Y. At a sale of shorthorn\\ncattle at New York Mills, 109 animals\\nbring $382,000, and a cow brings $4,600,\\na calf five months old, $2,700.\\nSept. 18. yew York. A financial panic\\nis precipitated by the suspension of Jay\\nCooke and Company.\\n[Business becomes paralyzed, and full\\nrecovery is delayed for many months\\nthe primary cause is alleged to be the\\nfluctuation of the currency in volume\\nand value.]\\nSept. 20. yew York. The Stock Ex-\\nchange is closed. [It reopens Sept. 30.]\\nOct. 31. y. Y. The International Rail-\\nway Bridge across the Niagara River\\nat Buffalo, built under the joint au-\\nthority of Congress and Parliament, is\\nopened.\\nSummer, y. Y. The Colorado (Potato)\\nBeetle reaches this State.\\nOct. 31. W. I. The American schooner\\nVirginius is captured by a Spanish man-\\nof-war while conveying men and arms\\nto the Cuban insurgents the vessel\\nhaving false papers, the Government\\ndoes not interfere. [Great excitement\\nin the United States follows the execu-\\ntion of 30 Americans.]\\nNov. 1. Chicago. The Palmer House\\nis opened.\\nNov. 4-7. Cuba. Thirty Americans\\ncaptured with the Virginius are shot.\\nNov. 27. Mass. The Hoosac Tunnel\\nis completed.\\nDec. 18. Cuba. The Spanish authorities\\nsurrender 102 survivors of the Virginius\\nMassacre to the Americans at Santiago\\nde Cuba.\\nDec. 19. The nrz/miws founders off Cape\\nFear, after her surrender by the Spanish\\nauthorities.\\nMich. The tunnel under the Detroit\\nRiver is abandoned because of the inflow\\nof sand and water.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "284 1873, -187 4, Sept. 14.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1374 June 23. Md. Cadets are in-\\nfunned that hazing at the Naval\\nAcademy at Annapolis will subject the\\nperpetrators to court-martial ami dis-\\nmissal.\\nJuly 2. N. Dak. A military reconnoiter-\\ning party, under Gen. Custer, accom-\\npanied by a scientific exploring expedi-\\ntion, leaves Fort Abraham Lincoln for\\nthe Black HillB.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1873 New York. George B. Butler\\nand Lemuel E. Wilmarth are elected\\nmembers of the National Academy of\\nDesign.\\nNew York. The Oratorio Society is\\norganized.\\nSunday Morning in New England is\\npainted by A. 0. Shattuck.\\nLake George is painted by A. B. Du-\\nrand.\\nIn the Narroivs is painted by Edward\\nMoran.\\n0. Cincinnati determines to hold bi-\\nennial musical festivals.\\n1874 Feb. 13. The Royal Astronomi-\\ncal Society of England awards its gold\\nmedal to Prof. Simon Newcomb of the\\nWashington observatory, for his re-\\nsearches respecting the orbits of Nep-\\ntune and Uranus.\\nFeb. 18. N. Y. The asteroid Hertha is\\ndiscovered by C. H. F. Peters.\\nJuly 4. Mo. The tubular steel bridge\\nacross the Mississippi at St. Louis,\\nerected by J. B. Eads, is opened.\\nPhila. The Girard Avenue bridge\\nover the Schuylkill is opened.\\nThe corner-stone of the public build-\\ning in Penn Square is laid with cere-\\nmonies.\\nJuly Prof. Bell makes a successful\\nelectric telephone.\\nJuly 26. Pa. A flood at Pittsburg de-\\nstroys about 100 lives and much property.\\nJuly S. Dak. Gold is discovered at\\nDeadwood.\\nSummer. Minn. A plague of locusts de-\\nstroys the crops in the northwestern\\ncounties the people suffer in conse-\\nquence.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1874.\\nJan. 6. Baylor, Robert E. B., jurist, M. C.\\nfor Tex., A81.\\nJan. 15. Basted, Cliarles A., writer, A54.\\nJan. 17. Chang and Eng\\\\ Siamese twins,\\nof N. C., die, within a few hours of each\\nother, A 63.\\nFeb. 2. Dodge, Nathaniel S-, author, A64.\\nFeb. 25. Bachman, John, clergyman, natu-\\nralist, A81.\\nMar. 2. Hall, Nathan K., judge, M. C. for\\nN. Y., A64.\\nKnapp. Jacob. ISapt. evangelist, A75.\\nMar. 3. Mason, Francis, missionary to\\nIndia, A75.\\nMar. 7. Fillmore. Millard. 13th Pres. of\\nU. S., A74.\\nMar. 11. Bondi, Jonas, Hebrew rabbi,\\nfounder JV. Hebrew Leader, A70.\\nSumner. Charles, orator, senator for\\nMass., scliul;!] oiiimn. iit of slavery, A63.\\nMar. 24. Tracy, Joseph, Cong, clergyman,\\njournalist, author, A80.\\nMar. 27. Kirk, Edw. Norris, Cong. clergy-\\nMar. 31. Brown, Harvey, col. 1 S. A.,\\nA79.\\nApr. 5. Edmonds, John W., Jurist, A75.\\nApr. 13. BogardiiH, .hunt s, inventor, A74.\\nApr. 16. Croxton, John T., lawyer, hrig.-\\ngen. U. S. vols., A3ti.\\nApr. 19. Jackson, Abu- r, pres. college, A 3.\\nMay 7. Hecker, .John, journalist, At 2.\\nMay 18. DeWltt, Thomas, Kef. clergyman,\\nA83.\\nMay 20. Dyer, Alex. B., hrev. maj.-geti.\\nI S. A., A59.\\nMay 23. Haven. Joseph, Cong, clergyman,\\nphilosopher, author, A58.\\nMay 27. Shubrick, Win. Branfdnl, rear-\\nadmiral, A84.\\nJune 11. Bailey, Silas, pres. of college,\\nA66.\\nJunel6. Dickinson, Edward, lawyer, M.C.\\nfor Mass., A71.\\nJune 30. Grinnell. Henry, merchant of\\nN. Y., philanthropist, A75.\\nJuly 3. 1 arnielee, Theodore N., journalist,\\nA70.\\nJuly 16. Green, A. L. P.,M. E. clergyman,\\nA68.\\nJuly 18. Williston, Samuel, manufacturer,\\nphilanthropist, A79.\\nWinslow, .lames, New York hanker, A60.\\nJuly 31. Abbot, Gorhani I)., Cong, clergy-\\nman, teacher, author, A66.\\nSept. 2. Foster, John, engineer, maj.-gen.\\nU. S. A., A51.\\nMorris, Thomas A., M. E. bishop, A80.\\nSept. 4. Wyman,. J effnes, comparative anat-\\nomist, professor, A60.\\nCHURCH.\\n1873 Pa. The General Assembly\\n(United Presbyterian) meets at Phila-\\ndelphia; John Y. Scouller, moderator.\\nThe Women s Missionary Society\\nof the Free Baptist Church is organized.\\nThe Baptist General Association of\\nthe Western States and Territories is\\norganized by colored Baptists.\\nThe Columbia River, South Kansas,\\nand Texas Conferences (Methodist Epis-\\ncopal) are organized.\\n1874 Feb. 15. Tex. Robert W. B. El-\\nliott is consecrated (Protestant Epis-\\ncopal) missionary bishop of Northern\\nTexas.\\nFeb. 22. N. Y. Dr. Talmage s new Tab-\\nernacle Church in Brooklyn dedicated.\\nApr. 15\u00c2\u00b1. Chicago. Dr. David Swing\\nis tried for heresy before the Chicago\\nPresbytery, and acquitted.\\nMay 1. The General Conference\\n(Methodist Protestant) assembles.\\nIt declares its settled policy not to\\nlegislate on moral and political ques-\\ntions. (Cyc. of Methodism.)\\nMay Kg. The General Conference\\n(Methodist Episcopal South) meets at\\nLouisville.\\nThe North Texas, Southwest Missouri,\\nand Denver Conferences are formed.\\nJune 9. It. Pope Leo XIII. receives 100\\nAmerican pilgrims.\\nJune 24. Bishop George D. Cummins\\n(Reformed Episcopal Church) is deposed\\nby the Protestant Episcopal Church.\\nSept. 3. Tex. The Roman Catholic di-\\nocese of San Antonio is established.\\nLETTERS.\\n1873 An Outline Study of Man, by\\nMark Hopkins, appears.\\nTwelve Miles from a Lemon, by Gail\\nHamilton, appears.\\nHap-Hazard, by Kate Field, appears.\\nHistory of Napoleon III., by John S.\\nC. Abbott, appears,\\nLars, by Bayard Taylor, appears.\\nAftermath, by Henry W. Longfel-\\nlow, appears.\\nThe Wetherell Affair, by John William\\nDe Forest, appears.\\nTwo Rivulets, by Walt Whitman, ap-\\npears.\\n1874 Apr. 15. N. Y. The Legislature\\npasses the compulsory education law,\\nMayl. Chicago. The circulating depart-\\nment of the Public Library is opened.\\nMay 16. Mass. A State Normal School\\nis opened at Worcester. [Oct. 2. One at\\nColumbia, S.C.]\\nAug. 4. N. Y. The first Summer As-\\nsembly meets at Chautauqua.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1873 Phila. Lydia Sherman is con-\\nvicted of murdering three husbands and\\neight children.\\nS. C. The State debt is repudiated.\\nA law is passed repudiating a part of\\nthe public debt (325,770,011), and also\\nhalf of the remainder by providing for\\nits settlement at 50 centson the dollar.\\n1874 Jan.* O. The crusade against\\nthe saloons of Southern Ohio continues;\\nChristian women sing and pray in the\\nsaloons, and when excluded continue\\nin prayer and song before them on the\\nsidewalk.\\nJan. 4. Phila. The main building of the\\nhospital of the University of Pennsyl-\\nvania is dedicated.\\nMar.* 0. The Christian crusade be-\\ngins to subside.\\nApr. 10. N. Y. Emil Lowenstein is\\nhanged at Albany for the murder of\\nJohn D. Weston on Aug. 5, 1873.\\nApr. 25. Phila. The Produce Ex-\\nchange is organized.\\nApr. 28. Teni). A convention of col-\\nored people is held at Nashville to\\npromote the enjoyment of civil and\\nsocial rights.\\nMay R. I. The Legislature passes the\\nlaw prohibiting the sale of intoxicat-\\ning beverages, and a constabulary act\\nfor its enforcement.\\nJune 8. 5. C. Gov. Moses is indicted\\nfor official acts, but escapes trial on a\\ntechnicality, as the law prescribes im-\\npeachment in such cases.\\nJune 23. Md. Hazing* is abolished\\nat Annapolis. (See Army.)\\nU. S. Causing the involuntary ser-\\nvitude of foreigners is made a punish-\\nable offense. (See State.)\\nJuly 1. Phila. Charley Ross, four\\nyears of age, is abducted. [Great efforts\\nwere made to find him, without success.]\\nJuly 7. jV. Y. He v. Henry Ward\\nBeecher demands an investigation, by\\nhis church, of scandalous charges pre-\\nferred against him by Theodore Tilton.\\n[He is acquitted. See page 2S7-]\\nAug. 12. Miss. A race riot occurs at\\nAustin, which is not suppressed till the\\nmilitary are called out, and 15 persons\\nkilled.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1873, *-1874, Sept. 14. 285\\nAug. 26. Term. Disguised men take,\\nfrom the jail at Trenton, 16 negroes,\\nand shoot them the negroes are charged\\nwith killing two white men.\\nAug. 30. La. Six Republican officials\\nare shot while on their way from Cou-\\nshatta to Shreveport, under arrest.\\nAug.* Term. An uprising of negroes\\nis suppressed, and the leaders are sum-\\nmarily hanged.\\nAug.* N. Y. Christian women at Chau-\\ntauqua decide to call a National Con-\\nvention of Temperance Women.\\nSept. 10. Me. The Bangor Reform\\nClub, organized by Dr. Henry A. Rey-\\nnolds, adopts the red ribbon as its\\nbadge this is the first club of its kind\\nfor reformed drinking men.\\nSTATE.\\n1873* D.C. Congress provides for the\\nsale of public lands containing coal, to\\nencourage mining.\\nI). C. Congress passes stringent laws\\nto prevent cruelty to animals while in\\ntransit by railroad or other conveyance\\nthey must have five hours rest, loosed\\nevery 28 hours.\\nD. C. Congress establishes the custom-\\nhouse value of the English sovereign,\\nor pound sterling, at \u00c2\u00a74.86 and 6\u00c2\u00a3 mills.\\nD. C. Congress passes a law requiring\\nnational banks to restore their capital\\nwhen impaired.\\nD. C. Congress passes a law to en-\\ncourage the growth of timber of West-\\nern prairies by gifts of patents in land.\\nNew York. An amendment to the\\ncity charter is passed.\\nN. Y. Brooklyn receives a new\\ncharter.\\nO. The people reject the revised\\nConstitution.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-74 Colo. (Ter.). Samuel H. Elbert.\\n-77 Conn. Charles R. Ingersoll.\\n-78 Dak. (Ter.). John L.Pennington.\\n-74* Fla. O.B.Hart.\\nIII. Richard J. Oglesby.\\n-77** III. John L. Beveridge.\\n-77 Ind. Thomas A. Hendricks.\\n_77 Kan. Thomas A. Osborn.\\n-77* Mich. John J. Bagley.\\n-75 Mo. Silas Woodson.\\n-75 Neb. Robert W. Furnas.\\n-75 N. Y. John A. Dix.\\nPa. John F. Hartranft.\\n-75 It. I. Henry Howard.\\n1874 Jan. 1. New York. The Act by\\nwhich Morrisania, West Farms, and\\nKingsbridge are annexed takes effect.\\nPa. The new Constitution becomes\\noperative.\\nJan. 5. Tex. The Supreme Court de-\\ncides that the election of Dee. 2 is in-\\nvalid because of the unconstitutionality\\nof the law authorizing it.\\nJan. 13. Tex. Two Legislatures or-\\nganize the governor refuses to recog-\\nnize the new one.\\nJan. 20. D. C. Congress repeals the\\nact for increasing salaries Salary-\\ngrab Bill except so much as relates to\\nthe salaries of the President and the\\nJustices of the Supreme Court.\\nJan. 21. D. C. President Grant appoints\\nMorrison R. Waite of 0. Chief Justice\\nof the Supreme Court the Senate con-\\nfirms the appointment.\\nJan. 29. I). C. Congress passes an Act\\nauthorizing the mint to coin for foreign\\nnations.\\nCongress: The Senate directs that the\\nbusts of Chief Justices Roger B. Taney\\nand Salmon P. Chase be placed in the\\nSupreme Court room.\\nMar. 11. Wis. The Legislature passes\\nthe Potter Law, for regulating rail-\\nroads and other corporations.\\nApr. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses a bill to expand the currency,\\nwith \u00c2\u00a7400,000,000 as the maximum limit.\\nVote, 29-24. [Passed by the House, Apr.\\n14. Vote, 140-102. Vetoed, Apr. 22.]\\nMay 15. D. C: The President by proc-\\nlamation recognizes Elisha Baxter as\\ngovernor of Arkansas, and orders hands\\nof disorderly persons in the State to\\nJune 1. I). C. William A. Richard-\\nson, Secretary of the Treasury, resigns.\\n[June 4. Succeeded by Benjamin H.\\nBristow of Ky.]\\nJune 5. D. C. Congress directs the\\nPresident to invite foreign nations to\\nparticipate in the Centennial Exhibi-\\ntion to he held in Philadelphia.\\nJune 20. D. C. Congress abolishes the\\nelectoral territorial government in the\\nDistrict of Columbia, as a remedy for\\nextravagance, and provides for a govern-\\ning hoard of three commissioners.\\nCongress authorizes the establish-\\nment of public marine schools for in-\\nstruction in navigation and seamanship.\\nJune 23. D. C. Congress provides for\\na court of commissioners to adjust and\\nsettle Alabama claims.\\nIt enacts a law for the punishment of\\npersons who may bring kidnaped or\\ninveigled foreigners into the United\\nStates for the purpose of selling them,\\nor holding them in involuntary servi-\\ntude.\\nThe 43d Congress: the first session\\ncloses.\\nJune 24. D. C. John A. J. Creswell,\\nPostmaster-General, resigns.\\nJune 30. U. S. Statistics for 1874.\\nRevenue: Customs, \u00c2\u00a31(13,103,834; inter-\\nnal revenue, \u00c2\u00a7102,409,785 sales of pub-\\nlic lands, SI, 852,429 premiums on loans\\nand sales of gold coin, \u00c2\u00a35,037,065; mis-\\ncellaneous items, $17,075,043. Total rev-\\nenue, $289,478,755 excess of revenue\\nover ordinary expenditures, \u00c2\u00a72,344,882.\\nExpenditures Premiums on loans, pur-\\nchase of bonds, etc., $1,395,074; miscel-\\nlaneous items, $09,041,593 War Depart-\\nment, \u00c2\u00a742,313,927; Navy Department,\\n530,932,587 Indians, $6,692,462; pen-\\nsions. 829.038,415; interest on the pub-\\nlic debt, $107,119,815. Total ordinary\\nexpenditures, $287,133,873 public debt,\\n$2.25!,690,4(W. Exports, $580,283,040 im-\\nports, $567,406,342.\\nJuly 7. T). C. James W. Marshall of\\nVa. is appointed Postmaster-General.\\n[Aug. 24. Succeeded by Marshall Jew-\\nell of Conn.]\\nJuly 14. Ark. A convention meets to\\nrevise the Constitution. [Oct. 13. The\\nnew Constitution is ratified by a major-\\nity of 53,890.]\\nAug.* La. John McEnery (Dem.?)\\nagain claims the governorship bitter-\\nness and blood follow whites and blacks\\nfight each other in various parts of the\\nSouth.\\nSept. 14. La. Y P. Penn, claiming to\\nbe lieutenant-governor, organizes a mi-\\nlitia force in the absence of John Mc-\\nEnery, defeats the police, and drives\\nW. P. Kellogg out of the State House;\\n26 men are killed.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1873* N.J. The Legislature\\ngeneral railroad law, conditioned by\\nthe surrender of exclusive rights by\\nholders of existing franchises.\\nNeto York. The Red Star Line of\\nsteamers, running to Antwerp, is es-\\ntablished.\\nNew York. The White Cross Line\\nof steamers, running to Antwerp, is es-\\ntablished.\\nO. Lake View Park at Cleveland\\nis purchased by the city, and improve-\\nments are made.\\nS. Dak. The Chicago, Milwaukee, and\\nSt. Paul Railroad is completed from\\nSioux City, Iowa, to Yankton.\\nVa. The Chesapeake and Ohio\\nRailroad, connecting Richmond and\\nHuntington on the Ohio River, is\\nopened; length 421 miles.\\n1874. Apr. 29. The Fairview Pipe-Line\\n[United Pipe-Line] is incorporated\\nfor conducting petroleum from the oil-\\nregions to the seaboard.\\nMay 16. Mass. Williamsburg, Leeds,\\nand Haydensville are almost destroyed\\nby the bursting of a reservoir on the\\nMills River 144 lives are lost and prop-\\nerty to the amount of $1,500,000.\\nJune 8. N H. The Faraday lands the\\ndirect cable of the United States Com-\\npany.\\nJune 30. XT. S. Immigrants for the year,\\n.313,339.\\nJuly 4. Phila. Ground is broken at\\nFairmount Park, in the suburb of the\\ncity, for the erection of the Centennial\\nbui l dings.\\nJuly 14. Chicago. A fire burns 346 build-\\nings loss, \u00c2\u00a74,000,000.\\nWis. A fire at Oshkosh destroys prop-\\nerty valued at $1,000,000.\\nJuly 24. Nev. At Eureka between 20\\nand 30 persons perish by a waterspout.\\nJuly 26, 27. Pa. Rivers in the western\\npart of the State overflow from heavy\\nrains 200 persons are drowned in and\\nnear Pittshurg and Allegheny City.\\nJuly New York. Live cattle are ex-\\nported to England the steamer Euro-\\npean carries 373 head.\\nJuly *-Oct. The grasshopper plague\\ncauses distress in Minnesota, Kansas,\\nand Nebraska.\\nAug. 5. The steamboat Pat Rogers burns\\non the Ohio River 50 persons perish.\\nAug. Sept. The Great Eastern lays\\nthe sixth cable.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "2SG 1874, Sept. 15-1875, Feb. 27. AMERICA\\nARMY NAVY,\\n1874 Oct. 1. Mo. St. Louis is made the\\nheadquarters of the U. S. A.\\nAriz. The Indian War ends in the\\nsurrender of thelastof the hostile trihes\\nto Gen. Crook.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1874 Oct. 10. Mich. The asteroid Jue-\\nwa is discovered by J. C. Watson.\\nOct. 15. III. A Monument to Abraham\\nLincoln is dedicated at Oak Ridge,\\nSpringfield.\\nChicago. S. W. Burnham reports that\\nAlpha Delphini, known as a triple star,\\nis really sextuple.\\nMo. The Morrison observatory is\\nfounded at Glasgow.\\nN. C. Chang and Eng, the Siamese\\ntwins, die at Mount Airy.\\nNew York. A bronze figure of a\\nsoldier is unveiled in Central Park, in\\ncommemoration of members of the 7th\\nregiment who died during the war.\\nNew York. Wordsworth Thompson of\\nNew York is elected a member of the\\nNational Academy of Design.\\nFranconia Notch is painted by A. B.\\nDurand.\\nOn the Calumet is painted by A. C.\\nShaw.\\nScene near Perugia is painted by\\nGeorge Inness.\\nMusketeer of the Seventeenth Century\\nis painted by J. B. Irving.\\nDrove at the Ford is painted by J. M.\\nHart.\\nCape Ann is painted by Jervis Mc-\\nEntee.\\nShakespeare is painted by William\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1874.\\nSept. 15. Curtis, Benj. R., justice U. S. S.\\nn, editor, A5l.\\nOct. 33. Inman, William, com. 17. S. N., A77.\\nOct. 38. Kinehart, Wm. H., American\\nsculptor, A49.\\nWheeler, Win. Adolplius, lexicographer,\\n.Nov. 2. Palmer, Phoebe, evangelist, au-\\nthor, A.67.\\nNov. 5. Bacon, David W., R. C. bishop of\\nPortland, Me., A60.\\nDec. 9. Cornell, Ezra, philanthropist, foun-\\nder Cornell University, A67.\\nDec. 17. Gushing, William II., foimnander\\nU. S. N., A32.\\nDec. 23. Walker, Jas., Unit, clergyman,\\npresident of Harvard, A80.\\nDec. 28. Smith, Gerrit, abolitionist, re-\\nformer, A77.\\n1875.\\nJan. 21. Sprague, Charles, poet, orator, of\\nBoston, A84.\\nFeb. 13. Delafield, Edward, physician,\\nsurgeon, of New York, A81.\\nFeb. 19. Bell, Charles H,, rear-adm. U. S.\\nN., A77.\\nCHURCH.\\n1S74 Sept. 15-13. N. Y. The National\\nUnitarian Conference meets at Sara-\\ntoga.\\nOct. 25. }Hs. Edward Randolph Welles\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Wisconsin.\\nOct. 27. A Triennial Convention of\\nthe Protestant Episcopal Church is held\\na canon is passed against ritualism.\\nOct. The Christian Women s Board\\nof Missions (iJisciples) is organized.\\nNov. 2. Cat. John Henry I Wingfleld\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nmissionary bishop of Northern Cali-\\nfornia.\\nNov. 12. N. J. William H. Odenheimer\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Northern New Jersey.\\nNov. 19. 0. The Woman s Christian\\nTemperance Union is organized in\\nCleveland as the sober, second thought\\nof the temperance crusade.\\nDec. 20. Tex. Alexander Charles Gar-\\nrett is consecrated (Protestant Episco-\\npal) missionary bishop of Northern\\nTexas.\\nDec. The Colored Methodist Episco-\\npal Church in America is organized.\\nD. C. The Baptist Annual Meeting\\nis held at Washington.\\nD. C. The Roman Catholic Bureau\\nof Indian Missions is established at\\nWashington.\\nIII. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Monmouth\\nJohn G. Brown, moderator.\\nThe (Congregational) National Coun-\\ncil meets.\\nMass. The Congregational Club is\\nformed in Taunton.\\nThe Woman s Foreign Missionary-\\nSociety of the African Methodist Epis-\\ncopal Church is organized.\\nMb. The General Assembly (Pres-\\nbyterian) meets at St. Louis Samuel J.\\nWilson, moderator.\\nNew York. The General Conven-\\ntion (Protestant Episcopal) meets. The\\nChurch Congress is organized.\\nThe Protestant Episcopal dioceses of\\nNewark, N. J., Western Michigan,\\nNorthern New Jersey, and Western\\nTexas are organized.\\n0. The Annual Convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Cincin-\\nnati R. M. Bishop, president.\\nOre. The Universalis! State Conven-\\ntion is organized.\\nTex. The Boman Catholic Yicarate\\nApostolic of Brownsville is erected.\\nThe Clergymen s Retiring Fund\\nSociety (Protestant Episcopal) is incor-\\nporated.\\nThe German Mission Conference\\n(Methodist Episcopal Church South) is\\norganized.\\nThe Wisconsin Conference (Free Meth-\\nodist) is organized.\\n1875 Jan. 27. Ky. Thomas U. Dudley\\nis consecrated assistant bishop (Prot-\\nestant Episcopal) of Kentucky.\\nFeb. 2. N.J. John Scarborough is con-\\nsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop\\nof New Jersey.\\nBoston is erected a Roman Catholic\\narchdiocese, with the bishops of Port-\\nland, Burlington, Springfield, Provi-\\ndence, and Hartford suffragans to it,\\nFeb. 12. Boston. John Joseph Wil-\\nliams is created tir.st (Roman Catholic)\\nArchbishop of Boston.\\nFeb. 24. George d _- Normandie Gillespie\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Western Michigan.\\nLETTERS.\\n1874* Ark. Little Bock College (non-\\nsect.), at Little Rock, is organized.\\nColorado College (Cong.) is founded\\nat Colorado Springs.\\nCal. The Legislature passes the com-\\npulsory education law and revises the\\nschool laws.\\nChicago. The Union Signal is issued.\\nGa. Clark University [Meth. Epis.,\\nColored) is founded at Atlanta.\\nSt. Viateur s College (Rom.\\nCath.) is organized at Bourbonnais.\\nEwing College (Bapt.) is founded.\\nThe Southern Illinois Normal Uni-\\nversity is opened at Carbondale.\\nInd. Purdue University (non-sect.)\\nis organized at Lafayette.\\nKy. Central University (Southern\\nPres.) is organized in Richmond.\\nMass. The Memorial Hall is opened\\nat Harvard. It is erected in memory of\\nthe Harvard students who died in the\\nCivil War.\\n*Mich. Dattle Creek College (Ad-\\nventist) is founded.\\nNevada State University (non-sect.)\\nis organized at Elko.\\nN. C. Gregory Institute, Colored, of\\nWilmington, is founded by the American\\nMissionary Association. Weaverville\\nCollege (non-sect.) is organized.\\nN C, N. J. Compulsory education\\nlaws are enacted.\\nNew York. International Review is\\nestablished. The City Record is founded.\\nThe Drama t ic Ne ws is founded by\\nCharles Albert Byrne.\\nO. University of Cincinnati (non-\\nsect.) is organized.\\nTenn. Southwestern University\\n(Bapt.) is founded at Jackson.\\nThe American College and Education\\nSociety (Cong.) is formed by the union of\\ntwo societies.\\nThe Circuit Rider, by Edward Eggles-\\nton, appears.\\nDancinism and Language, by William\\nDwight Whitney, appears.\\nEchoes of tM Foot Hills, by Bret Harte,\\nappears.\\nHazel Blossoms, by John Greenleaf\\nWhittier, appears.\\nIn His Name, by Edward Everett Hale,\\nappears.\\nJoint Andros, by Rebecca H. Davis, ap-\\npears.\\nfc Life and Death of John of Barneveld,\\nby Motley, appears.\\nfc Life on the Mississippi, by Mark Twain,\\nappears.\\nThe Mistress of (he Manse, by J. 6,\\nHolland, appears,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1874, Sept. 15-1875, Feb. 27. 287\\nroans, by Celia Thaxter, appears.\\nThe Prophet, by Bayard Taylor, ap-\\npears.\\nPrudence Palfrey, by T. B. Aldrich,\\nappears also Cloth of Gold and Other\\nPoems.\\nThe Scottish Philosophy, by James\\nMcCosh, appears.\\nSex and Education, by Julia Ward\\nHowe, appears.\\nSongs of Many Seasons, by Oliver Wen-\\ndell Holmes, appears.\\nToinette, by Albion Winegar Tourgde,\\nappears.\\nDemocracy and Monarchy in France,\\nby C. K. Adams, appears.\\nIllustrious Soldiers, by James Grant\\nWilson, appears.\\nOpening of a Chestnut Burr, by E. P,\\nRoe, appears.\\nAround the Tea Table, by T. De Witt\\nTalmage, appears.\\nOutlines of Cosmic Philosophy, by John\\nFiske, appears.\\nThe Doctrine of Evolution, by Alexan-\\nder Winchell, appears also, The Geology\\nof Stars.\\nA Foregone Conclusion, by William\\nDean Howells, appears.\\nLife of Thomas Jefferson, by James\\nParton, appears.\\nThe Old Regime in Canad a, by Francis\\nParkman, appears.\\n1875 Jan. Me. An industrial school\\nfor girls is opened at Hallowell by tbe\\nauthorities of the State.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1874 Sept. 18. Neb, The Nebraska Be-\\nlief and Aid Society is organized to\\nfurnish relief for sufferers by the grass-\\nhopper plague and long drought.\\nOct.* Utah. Brigham Young is in-\\ndicted the second time for polygamy.\\nOct.* Indians massacre settlers in the\\nNorthwest.\\nNov, 12. Pa. William E. Udderzook\\nis convicted and hanged for the murder\\nof W. S. Goss for his insurance, on Feb.\\n2, 1872.\\nNov. 17. 0. The First Woman s\\nNational Temperance Convention\\nmeets in Cleveland. [Nov. 19 The\\nWoman s Christian Temperance\\nUnion is organized.]\\nDec. 7. Miss. A race riot is caused by\\npolitical conflicts, and many negroes are\\nkilled.\\nDec. 12. D. C. Kin g Kalakaua of the\\nHawaiian Islands visits Washington.\\nDec* Miss. A race riot at Vicksburg\\nresults in the death of 75 negroes.\\nCal. The Legislature enacts that\\nwhen persons are convicted of capital\\ncrime, the jury may determine between\\ninflicting the death penalty or imprison-\\nment for life.\\n0. The Constitutional Amend-\\nment in favor of license is voted down\\nby 6,2SG majority.\\n0. The Queen City Club of Cincin-\\nnati is organized.\\nPhila. The Cecilian (musical) So-\\nciety is organized.\\nPa. The 8th National Encampment of\\nthe Grand Army of the Republic is held\\nat Harrisburg; Gen. Charles Devens, Jr.,\\nof Mass., commander-in-chief.\\nTerm. The Tennessee hospital for\\nthe insane, of East Tennessee, is located\\nat Knoxville.\\nU.S. A whisky ring, composed of\\ndistillers and Government officials, as-\\nsumes national proportions it robs the\\nGovernment and disgraces the Admin-\\nistration.\\n1875 Jan. 8-July 2. N. Y. Rev.\\nHenry Ward Beecher of Brooklyn is\\ntried on the charge of adultery, made by\\nTheodore Tilton the scandal causes in-\\ntense excitement during the long trial\\nthe jury disagree. Vote, nine for and\\nthree against conviction.\\nSTATE.\\n1874 Sept. 15. B.C. The President is-\\nsues a proclamation ordering the Loui-\\nsiana armed partizans to disperse within\\nfive days.\\nLa. The Crescent City White\\nLeague is formed, for the reformation\\nand purification of the State govern-\\nment.\\nSept. 17. La. The rival parties peace-\\nably surrender the State buildings to\\nthe XT. S. officers.\\nSept. 18. La. The white people submit\\nto the decision of the President Gov-\\nernor Kellogg is restored.\\nSept. 19. La. Gen. Brooke is appointed\\nmilitary governor; W. P. Kellogg\\ntransacts the duties of the office.\\nOct. 28. Ore. The Legislature passes a\\nlaw creating the State Board of Immi-\\ngration.\\nNov. 2. N. J. v he Legislature sells the\\ncostly yet unfinished Stevens s Bat-\\ntery to the Federal Government for\\n$145,000.\\nNov. 3. Mich. The people ratify the re-\\nvised constitution; the woman suf-\\nfrage clause is defeated in a separate\\nvote (40,077-135,957).\\nNov. 4. U. S. A general political re-\\naction favors the Democrats in the elec-\\ntions.\\nN. Y. Samuel J. Tilden (Dem.) is\\nelected governor after the complete\\noverthrow of the Tweed Ring. (See\\nSociety, 1873.)\\nDec. 7. JD. C. The 43d Congress: the\\nsecond session opens.\\nDec. 18. D. C. Congress gives a recep-\\ntion to King Kalakaua of the Hawaiian\\nIslands.\\nDec. 21. Miss. President Grant issues\\na proclamation ordering disorderly\\npeople of Warren County to conform to\\nthe laws.\\nDec. 22. D. C. Congress; Senate The\\nbill passes to resume specie payments.\\nVote, 32-14. All the yeas are Republi-\\ncan.\\nDec. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate M.\\nH. Carpenter of Wis. is reelected Presi-\\ndent pro tempore.\\nN. Y. The Legislature passes an Act\\nby which the term of office for governor\\nis made three years.\\nVa, The people ratify an amendment\\nof the Constitution abolishing the town-\\nship system.\\nWis. The Supreme Court affirms the\\nconstitutionality of the Potter Law.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-78* Ala. George S. Houston.\\n_77 Fla. M. L. Stearns.\\n-77 La. William Pitt Kellogg.\\nMass. Thomas Talbot.\\n-76 Mass. William Gaston.\\n-76 Me. Nelson Dingley.\\n-76 Minn. Cushman K. Davis.\\n-76* Miss. Adelbert Ames.\\n-77 N. C. Curtis H. Brogden.\\n-76 N. LT. James A. Weston.\\n-75 O. William Allen.\\n-76 Tex. Richard Coke.\\n-78 Va. James L. Kemper.\\n-76 Vt. Asahel Peck.\\n-76 Wis. William H. Taylor.\\n1875 Jan. 4. La. The Legislature is\\nclaimed by two bodies; Kellogg is\\nmaintained by military force.\\nJan. 7. D. C. Congress The House\\npasses the Act to resume specie pay-\\nments on Jan. 1, 1S79. Vote, 125-106;\\nDemocrats are unanimously against it.\\nJan. 8. La. The U. S. troops quell\\ndisturbances in the Legislature, caused\\nby rival parties, while organizing.\\nJan. 14. D. C. The President approves\\nthe Act for resuming specie payments.\\nFeb. 3. D. C. Congress The Senate\\nrejects the new reciprocity treaty be-\\ntween Canada and the United States.\\nFeb. 27. D. C. The Government fixes\\nthe indemnity claimed from Spain\\nfor the families of men massacred in\\nthe Virginius affair of Oct. 31, 1S73, at\\n$S0,000. [It is soon paid.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1874 Sept. 19. Mass Sixty lives are\\nlost by the burning of cotton-mUls at\\nFall River.\\nOct. 14. Kan. The Mennonites pur-\\nchase 300,000 acres of railroad lands for\\nsettlement.\\nDec. 21-26. N, J. Edward Payson Wes-\\nton walks 500 miles in 5 days, 23 hours,\\nand 34 minutes at Newark.\\nLa. Carrollton is annexed to New\\nOrleans.\\nNeb. The Nebraska Legislature ap-\\npoints an arbor-day, and thus inau-\\ngurates a movement for tree-planting\\n[which extends into many States].\\nNew York. The Amsterdam-Neth-\\nerlands line of steamers for Boulogne\\nand Rotterdam is established.\\n1875 Feb. 9. Mass. The first train\\npasses through the Hoosae Tunnel\\n(4| miles long).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "1875, Mar. 1-**\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1875 The troops bring into subjection\\nthe predatory bandsof Kiowas, Cheyen-\\nnes, and Comanches on the borders of the\\nStaked Plains the Indians are subdued\\nin the southwest, where the Cheyennes\\ngive themselves up as prisoners of war.\\nART \u00e2\u0080\u0094SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1875 June 3. N. Y. The asteroids\\nVibilia and Adeona are discovered by\\nC. H. F. Peters at Clinton.\\nJune 15. JST. Dak. Gen. Forsythe, under\\nofficial orders, starts from Bismarck to\\nexplore the Yellowstone River region.\\nJuly* JV. J. Edison makes investiga-\\ntions and experiments for the electrical\\ntransmission of speech.\\nSept. 15-18. Tex. A storm on the\\ncoast does great damage; Galveston,\\nIndianola, and other places are much\\ninjured; villages are washed away by\\nthe sea, and many lives lost.\\nOct. 26. Va. A statue of Gen. Stone-\\nwall Jackson is unveiled at Rich-\\nmond.\\nDec. 22. Va. Richmond is visited by an\\nearthquake.\\nD. C. Prof. Alexander s theory con-\\ncerning the zodiacal light is published\\nby the Smithsonian Institution.\\nHe declares it to be a terrestrial girdle,\\nbo situated that its time of revolution\\naround the earth is equal to, and in the\\nsame direction as, that of the moon.\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n1875.\\nApr. 5. Koosevelt, James L., lawyer, ju-\\nrist, of New York, A80.\\nApr. 13. Fitch, Leroy, commander U. S.\\nN., A 40.\\nMay 17. Breckinridge, John Cabell,\\nsenator for Kv., Vice-President TJ. S., A54.\\nJune 14. Upham, Charles w., Unit, cler-\\ngyman, writer, A73.\\nJuly 3. Florence, Thomas B., M. C. for\\nPa., A 63.\\nJuly 8. Blair, Francis P., maj.-gen. of\\nvols., M. C. for Mo., A54.\\nJuly 30. Pickett, George Edward, Confed.\\ngen., led Confed. charge at Gettysburg, A50.\\nJuly 31. Johnson, Andrew, M. C. for\\nTenn., Gov., senator, Vice-President, 17th\\nPresident, A67.\\nAug-. 3. Lewis, Winslow, physician, medi-\\ncal writer, A76.\\nAug. 11. Graham, William A., lawyer,\\nsenator for N. C, A75.\\nAug:. 12. Binney, Horace, lawyer, M. C.\\nfor Pa., A95.\\nAug. 16. Finney, Charles G., Pres. cler-\\ngyman, president of obeiiin College, AS3.\\nAug-. S3. Nutt, Cyrus, M. E. clergyman,\\neducator, A61.\\nSept. 8. Lyon, Caleb, M. C, for N. Y.,\\nGov. of Idaho, traveler, A53.\\nSept. 14. Lapham, Increase Allen, natu-\\nralist, author, A64.\\nSept. 16. Kemble, Gouverneur, capitalist,\\nA89.\\nOct. SI. Hudson, Frederic, journalist,\\nN. Y. Herald, A56.\\nOct. 29. Walker, Amasa, M. C. for Mass.,\\nprofessor of political economy, A76.\\nNov. 2. Hackett, Horatio Balch, Biblical\\nscholar, professor am-ient languages, AtiT.\\nNov. 22. Wilson, Henry, senator for\\nMass., 18th Vice-President, A63.\\nNov. 24. Astor, William B., merchant,\\ncapitalist, A83.\\nDec. S. Harris, Ira, jurist, senator for\\nN. Y., A73.\\nDec. 9. Browne, J. Ross, traveler, writer,\\nA58.\\nDec. S7. Richardson, William Alexander,\\nM. C. for 111., Gov., senator for Neb., AGy.\\nCHURCH.\\n1875 Mar. 12. It b= announced that\\nArchbishop John McCloskey of New\\nYork has been created a cardinal, the\\nfirst in North America.\\nApr. 28. O. Thomas Augustus Jagger\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Southern Ohio.\\nMay 23. W. Va. John Joseph Rain is\\nconsecrated Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nWest Virginia.\\nJune 5. New York. The General Con-\\nvention of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nJuly 19-22. London. A Pan-Presby-\\nterian Congress is held about 50\\nbodies are represented an Alliance of\\nPresbyterian Churches is formed.\\nOct. 21. Mich. The Michigan Confer-\\nence of Unitarian and other Christian\\nchurches is organized at Jackson.\\nOct.* New York. The first annual meet-\\ning of the Church Congress (Protestant\\nEpiscopal) is held.\\nNov. 11. The Illinois Conference of\\nUnitarian and other independent socie-\\nties is organized at Bloomington.\\nNov. 21. Phila. Moody and Sankey be-\\ngin revival meetings in the old freight\\ndepot, 13th and Market Streets.\\nDec. 6. III. William Edward McLaren\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Illinois.\\nDec. 15. Wis. John Henry Hobart\\nBrown is consecrated (Protestant Epis-\\ncopal) bishop of Fond du Lac.\\nDec. 21. Minn. John Ireland, bishop\\nof St. Paul, is promoted to the archbish-\\nopric.\\nDec. 17. N.Mex. William Forbes Adams\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nmissionary bishop of New Mexico.\\nCal. The California Chinese Mission\\nis organized by the General Association\\nof the Congregational Churches of Cali-\\nfornia as auxiliary to the American Mis-\\nsionary Association.\\nCal. The Women s Baptist For-\\neign Missionary Society of the West\\nis organized.\\nKy. The Annual Convention of the\\nDisciples of Christ is held at Louis-\\nville Isaac Errett, president. The\\nForeign Christian Missionary So-\\nciety is organized at Louisville.\\nKy. The Universalist State Conven-\\ntion is organized.\\nMass. The Worcester Congregational\\nClub is formed.\\nMe. James A. Healy is consecrated\\n(Roman Catholic) bishop of Portland.\\nMe. The Maine Unitarian Associa-\\ntion is incorporated.\\n2f, Mex. Santa Fe is created a\\nKoraan Catholic archiepiscopal see.\\nMich. The North Michigan Confer-\\nence (Free Methodist) is organized.\\nNeb. The Nebraska Eldership\\n(Church of God) is organized.\\nThe Woman s Association of the\\nUnited Brethren in Christ is organ-\\nized for mission work,\\nLETTERS.\\n1875 Mar. 13. Phila. The Daily Times\\nis issued.\\nAug. 24. Va. The colored people hold\\nan educational convention at Kich-\\nmond.\\nDec. 20. The Chicago Daily News is\\nissued.\\nBoston. The Golden Rule is issued.\\nBoston. Joseph Cook begins the Bos-\\nton Monday Lectures.\\nIII. Chaddock College (Meth.Epis.)\\nis founded at Quincy.\\nMd. The Baltimore Morning Herald\\nis first issued.\\nMass. Smith College (non-sect.) ib\\norganized at Northampton.\\nMass. Wellesley College (non-sect.)\\nis organized at Wellesley.\\nMo. Park College (non-sect.) is or-\\nganized at Parkville.\\nNew York. The newspapers, led by\\nthe Times, drive the Government into\\naction against the Whisky Ring.\\nO. Ashland College (non-sect.) is\\norganized at Ashland.\\nO. Hebrew Union College (Jewish)\\nin Cincinnati, is organized.\\nBirds and Poets, by John Burroughs,\\nappears.\\nCeramic Art, by William Phipps Blake,\\nappears.\\nPhila. The Daily Call is issued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1875 Mar. 4. A an. The Legislature\\npasses an Act providing for the issue of\\n$95,000 State bonds to supply grain\\nand seed to destitute citizens.\\nMar. IS. Phila. The Penn Club is or-\\nMar.* Utah. The courts condemn Brig-\\nham Young to support one of his wives\\nwhile she sues for divorce, [He is im-\\nprisoned in his own house for non-com-\\npliance with the mandate.]\\nApr. 5. Mass. The Legislature repeals\\nthe prohibitory liquor law.\\nApr. 20. A mutiny breaks out on board\\nthe schooner Jejf erson Borden two mates\\nare murdered, but the outbreak is finally\\nsuppressed by the captain.\\nApr. New York. A civil suit iv begun\\nagainst William M. Tweed to recover\\n96,198,950 of the city s money embezzled\\nby him.\\n[June 22. Tweed is discharged, be-\\ncause confined on a cumulative sen-\\ntence he is rearrested on an old indict-\\nment.]\\nMay 1. D. C. The whisky frauds iu\\nthe Western States are exposed the\\nloss to the government by corruption is\\nplaced at $1,650,000. (See State.)\\nMay 12. Chicago. The 9th National En-\\ncampment of the Grand Army of the\\nRepublic is held; Gen. John F. Har-\\ntranft of Pa., commander-in-chief.\\nJune 3. Chicago. The National Tem-\\nperance Convention meets.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1875, Marl.-** 289\\nJune 16, 17. Boston. The 100th anni-\\nversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill is\\ncelebrated.\\nJuly 4. S. C. Citizens at Hamburg are\\nincensed against a colored militia com-\\npany for the alleged offense of blocking\\nthe highway. [July 9. The negroes\\nare attacked by white citizens five are\\nkilled and many wounded.]\\nJuly 5. Pa. The Molly Maguires\\nshoot and kill a policeman of Tamaqua.\\nJuly The Indian-ring scandal is dis-\\nclosed by Prof. Marsh. He reports to\\nthe President the corrupt and fraudu-\\nlent conduct of the officials employed to\\ndeal with the Indians.\\nAug. 1-Oct. 1. Mass. A long-continued\\nstrike of 15,000 cotton mill-hands\\nagainst a reduction of wages occurs at\\nFall River, but the operatives finally\\nyield, and return to work.\\nAug. 24. Va. A colored educational\\nconvention meets at Richmond.\\nSept. 1-4. Miss. Riots occur between\\nthe officers and the people at Yazoo City\\nand Clinton.\\nSept. 1. Pa. Molly Maguires mur-\\nder two miners at Raven Run. [Sept 3.\\nJohn P. Jones at Lansford.]\\nSTATE.\\n1875 Mar. 1. D. C. The President ap-\\nproves the stringent amendment to the\\nCivil Rights Act; its aim is to prevent\\ndiscrimination against negroes by com-\\nmon carriers, theater managers, inn-\\nkeepers, and others.\\nMar. 2. Colorado Territory is organ-\\nized. [July 1. The people ratify the\\nState Constitution.]\\nMar. 3. D. C. Congress restores the\\n10 per cent reduction in duties, in-\\ncreases duties on sugars, increases the\\ninternal revenue tax on tobacco, snuff,\\nand cigars, and raises the rate on dis-\\ntilled spirits from 70 to 90 cents, to pre-\\nvent an impending deficiency in the\\ntreasury. It appropriates 200,000 for\\nthe improvement of the mouths of the\\nMississippi by the construction of jet-\\nties.\\nIt passes a supplementary Immigra-\\ntion Act; authorizes the coinage of\\n20-cent silver coins, and provides for\\nmaking a part of the Island of Macki-\\nnac, Michigan, a national park.\\nMar. 4. D. C. The 43d Congress\\nends.\\nMar. 5. D. C. The Senate meets in\\nspecial session at the call of the Presi-\\ndent (issued Feb. 17). [It closes Mar.\\n24-3\\nApr. 14. La. The claims of contending\\ncandidates for the Legislature are sub-\\nmitted to a Congressional committee\\nfor adjustment.\\nMay 4. Fla. The amendments to the\\nConstitution are ratified by the people\\nat a special election.\\nMay 15. J). C. George H. Williams,\\nAttorney-General, resigns.\\nMay 25. R.I. There being no choice\\nof governor in the State election, the\\nLegislature elects. Vote Henry Lip-\\npitt, 70 Mr. Hazard, 3G.\\nMay D. C. Secretary Bristow makes\\na secret investigation of the Whisky\\nRing; it has defrauded the Government\\nof internal revenue taxes on distilled\\nliquors. [Indictments are brought\\nagainst 238 persons $1,650,000 has been\\ndefrauded the Treasury in 10 months.]\\n(See Society.)\\nMay 29. D. C. President Grant s letter,\\ndeclining to be a candidate for a third\\nterm in the presidency, is published.\\nJune 30. U. S. Statistics for 1875, Rev-\\nenue Customs, :?1 7, 107,722 internal\\nrevenue, $110,007 ,494 sales of public\\nhinds, $1,413,11-10 premiums on loans and\\nsales of gold coin, $:;,u79,280 miscella-\\nneous items, $15,431,015. Total revenue,\\n$288,000,051 excess of revenue over or-\\ndinary expenditures, $13,376,658. Ex-\\npenditures: Miscellaneous items, $71,-\\n070,073; War Dep t, $41,120,646; Navy\\nDep t, $21,497,026; Indians, $8,384,057;\\npensions, $20,456/21 G interest on the\\npublic debt. Si 03 .003,545. Total ordinary\\nexpenditures, 274,023,393; public debt,\\n$2/2:;2/2S4.531. Kxpnrts, $513,442.711 im-\\nports, $533,005,436.\\nJuly Green Island, a notorious resort\\nfor outlaws, near Evansville,is declared\\nthe property of Kentucky by a commis-\\nsion appointed by the Legislatures of\\nIndiana and Kentucky.\\nSept. 5. Tex. A Constitutional Con-\\nvention meets at Austin. [Feb. 17, 1876.\\nThe people ratify the new Constitu-\\ntion.]\\nSept. 6. Ala. A Constitutional Con-\\nvention is held at Montgomery.\\nN. C. A Constitutional Convention\\nassembles at Raleigh. [The people ratify\\nthe new Constitution. Vote, 122,912-\\n108,829.]\\nSept. 7. N. J. The people ratify the 28\\namendments to the State Constitution.\\nSept. 22. D. C. Columbus Delano of\\nO., Secretary of the Interior, resigns.\\nOct. 2. Conn. The Constitution is\\namended.\\nOct. 12. Neb. The people ratify the\\nnew Constitution.\\nOct. 19. D. C. Zachariah Chandler\\nof Mich, is appointed Secretary of the\\nInterior.\\nOct. 30. Mo. The new Constitution is\\nratified by the people. Vote, 90,600-\\n14,362.\\nNov. 2. Minn. The people ratify an\\namendment of the Constitution permit-\\nting female suffrage in the election of\\nschool officers (male or female), and re-\\nspecting school questious.\\nNov. 7. New York. William H. Wick-\\nham is elected the 79th mayor.\\nNov. 16. Ala. The new State Consti-\\ntution is ratified. Vote, 95,672-30,004.\\nNov. 22. D. C. Thomas W. Ferry of\\nMich., the President pro tempore of the\\nSenate, becomes acting Vice-Presi-\\ndent of the United States, on the death\\nof Henry Wilson. [Dec. 20. He is re-\\nelected.]\\nO. Rutherford B. Hayes is again\\nreelected Governor.\\nDec. 6. D. C. Congress; House:\\nMichael C. Kerr (Dem.) of Ind. is\\nelected Speaker, against J. G. Elaine\\n(Rep.) of Me. Vote, 173-106. Democrats\\ncontrol the House for the first time\\nsince 1859.\\nCongress; Senate: Ex-President\\nJohnson returns as Senator from Ten-\\nnessee.\\nDec. 7. D. C. President Grant recom-\\nmends nonsectarian and compulsory\\neducation, in his message to Congress.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1875 Apr. 19. Mass. The centennial\\nof the battles of Lexington and Concord\\nis celebrated.\\nApr. 28. Wis. A fire in Oshkosh burns\\nproperty worth $2,000,000.\\nMay 27. Mass. Fire breaks out in the\\nFrench Catholic Church at Holyoke; 75\\ndeaths are caused by a panic.\\nJune 10. N. Y. The direct cable is\\ncompleted, connecting New York with\\nNewfoundland and the Irish coast.\\nJuly 3. Mass. The centennial of Wash-\\nington s assumption of command of the\\narmy is celebrated at Cambridge.\\nJuly 18. Chicago. W. J. Donaldson, an\\naeronaut, makes an ascension, and is\\nlost in a storm on Lake Michigan.\\nAug. 25. Cal. The Bank of California\\nof San Francisco suspends because of\\nunsuccessful speculations.\\nSept. 1. New York. The new post-\\noffice at Broadway and Park Row is _\\noccupied.\\nSept. 16. U. S. The system of fast\\nmail trains is introduced.\\nOct. 26. Nev. Virginia City is destroyed\\nby fire. Several lives and $4,000,000 in\\nproperty are lost 10,000 persons are\\nmade homeless.\\nNov. 4. The steamship Pacific, running\\nbetween Portland and San Francisco,\\nfounders 200 deaths.\\nNov. 9. Tex. Off Galveston Bar the\\nsteamship City of Waco burns nearly\\n70 deaths.\\nNov. 23. Mo. A convention meets at\\nSt. Louis to take action relative to the\\nconstruction of the Southern Pacific\\nRailroad 869 members present.\\nNov.* Phila. The Market Street bridge\\nis burned. Rebuilt in 21 days.\\nDec. 31. U.S. Statistics for 1875. Cur-\\nrency in circulation, $754,101,947; per\\ncapita, $17.16; Production: gold, 33,-\\n467,856; silver, $31,727,560. Cotton, 3,832,-\\n991 bales barrels of petroleum, 121,625,-\\n146. Immigrants (fiscal year), 227,498.\\nFire waste, $78,102,285; insurance, $39,-\\n325,400.\\n*-78* Boston. An aqueduct is built,\\nsupplying Boston with water from the\\nSudbury River.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "290 1875, *-1876, May 10.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1876* JVy. Mont. War with the\\nSioux Indiana is caused by the white\\nman breaking the treaty with the Gov-\\nernment, and by appropriating Indian\\nlands in gold-seeking regions. The\\nSioux Indians burn houses, steal the\\nstock of settlers, and murder those who\\noppose them.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1875 *The American Neurological\\nAssociation is organized, also the\\nAmerican Gynecological Society, the\\nAssociation of Medical Officers of\\nAmerican Institutions for Idiotic and\\nFeeble-Muided Persons, Association of\\nAmerican Medical Colleges, Ameri-\\ncan Dermatological Association, and\\nthe American Academy of Medicine.\\nN. Y. The Powers Art Gallery of\\nRochester is established.\\nN. Y. Homer D. Martin, John B.\\nBristol, Charles H. Miller, and Charles\\nCalverley of New York, and L. G. Sell-\\nstedt of Buffalo, are elected members of\\nthe National Academy of Design.\\n0. Charles Brush of Cleveland in-\\nvents a successful dynamo and are-\\nlight lamp.\\nR. J. Moses G. Fanner of Newport\\nsucceeds in making incandescent\\nlights with platinum and iridium wire.\\nSteamer Panther among Icebergs in\\nMelville Bay under the Light of the Mid-\\nnight Sun is painted by William Brad-\\nford.\\nFrance is painted by J. A. Brown.\\nValley of Kern s River is painted by\\nAlbert Bierstadt.\\nTrout Brook is painted by J. W. Casi-\\nlear.\\nKeene Valley is painted by A. C. Shaw.\\n1876 Feb. 21. A r Y. The asteroid\\nUna is discovered by C. H. F. Peters.\\n[Lorely, Aug. 10; Rhodope, Aug. 17;\\nUrda, Aug. 29.]\\nFeb. 26. Phila. The Pennsylvania Mu-\\nseum and School of Industrial Art is\\nincorporated.\\nApr. 14. D. C. A statue of Lincoln, by\\nJohn Q. A. Ward, is unveiled in Lincoln\\nPark, Washington, as a memorial of\\nemancipation the contributions of\\nfreedmen erect it.\\nApr. 18. Mich. The asteroid Athol is\\ndiscovered by J. C. Watson. [And\\nSibylla on Sept. 18th.]\\nMay 2. Phila. The Academy of Natu-\\nral Sciences is opened.\\nMay 10. Boston. Prof. Bell exhibits\\nand explains his method of transmitting\\nspeech by electricity. [Later he ex-\\nhibits his telephone at the Centennial\\nExhibition he uses an iron diaphragm.]\\nPhila. The Corliss engine, of 1,400\\nhorse power, and weighing 700 tons, sets\\nin motion the machinery of the Centen-\\nnial Exhibition. It attracts much at-\\ntention because of its immense size and\\nsilent movement.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1676.\\nJan. 3. Clifford, John Henry, lawyer,\\nGov. Mass., pres. overseers of Harvard.\\nAfi7.\\nJan. 9. Howe, Samuel CrHlev, surceon for\\nthe blind, philanthropist, of lioston, A 75.\\nJan. 10. (iranger, Gordon, maj. -gen. vols.,\\ncol. U. S. A., A55.\\nJan. 14. Sears, Kdinund Hamilton, poet,\\nUnit, clergyman, Atiti.\\nFeb. 7. Stringliain, Silas Horton, rear-\\nadm. U. S. N., A78.\\nFeb. 8. Cushman, Charlotte Saunders, ac-\\ntor, singer, dramatic reader, A60.\\nFeb. 10. Johnson, Reverdy, Benator for\\nMd., atty.-tien., minister to Kngland, A80.\\nFeb. 17. Bushnell, Horace. Cong, cler-\\ngyman, author, theologian, educator, A74.\\nFeb. 27. Horsley, Charles Kdward, musi-\\ncian, composer, A54.\\nMax. 11. Kobinson, William Stevens, jour-\\nnalist, Warrington, A58.\\nMar. 23. Iiedtield, Isaac Fletcher, jurist,\\nauthor, A72.\\nApr. 7. Olden, Charles Smith, merchant,\\nGov. of N. J., A77.\\nApr. 10. Stewart, Alex. Turney, mer-\\nchant, of N. Y., A73.\\nApr. 16. Polk, Tnisten, lawyer, Gov.; sen-\\nator for Mo., Confederate official, A65.\\nApr. 17. Brownson. Orestes Augustus,\\nPres., Unit., Univ., Rom. Cath. clergyman,\\neditor Quarterly rietc, A73.\\nMay 3. Sprague, William Buell, PreB. cler-\\ngyman, author, A81.\\nCHURCH.\\n1875 O. The German Augsburg Synod\\n(Evangelical Lutheran) of Ohio and ad-\\njacent States is organized. The General\\nAssembly (United Presbyterian) meets\\nat Wooster; W. W. Barr, moderator.\\nThe General Assembly (Presbyterian)\\nmeets at Cleveland E. D. Morris, mod-\\nerator. The (Protestant Episcopal) dio-\\ncese of Southern Ohio is organized. The\\nCleveland Congregational Club is formed\\nin Cleveland.\\n*The German Baptist Brethren s\\nChurch begins foreign mission work\\nin Denmark.\\nMd. The General Synod (Evangeli-\\ncal Lutheran) meets at Baltimore.\\nJV. J. Henry Boehm, a centenarian\\nof the Methodist Episcopal Church, and\\ncompanion of Bishop Asbury, the organ-\\nizer of American Methodism, dies.\\nyea\\ndd.\\nFree and Open (Protestant Episco-\\npal) Church Association is organized.\\nPa. The Roman Catholic diocese of\\nPhiladelphia is erected an archdiocese.\\nPhiladelphia is created a Roman\\nCatholic archiepiscopal see the bish-\\nops of Pittsburg, Harrisburg, Erie,\\nScranton, and Wilmington are suffra-\\ngans to it.\\nPhila. The Baptist Annual Meet-\\ning is held.\\nJVis. Milwaukee is created a Roman\\nCatholic archiepiscopal see; bishops\\nof Green Bay, La Crosse, Marquette,\\nand St. Paul are suffragans to it.\\nThe Theosophical Society is advo-\\ncated by Madame Blavatsky of Russia,\\nand Col. Olcott, an American.\\nThey teach universal brotherhood,\\nand commend the study of Eastern\\nphilosophy.\\nThe mission work of the Associate\\nReformed Presbyterian Synod of the\\nSouth begins by sending a missionary\\nto Egypt.\\n*The Woman s Executive Committee\\nof Home Missions plants its first\\nChristian school among the Indians of\\nNew Mexico and Alaska.\\n*The Woman s Board of Foreign\\nMissions of the Eeformed Church of\\nAmerica is organized.\\n1876 Feb. 24. William Rufus Nichol-\\nson is consecrated (Reformed Episcopal)\\nbishop.\\nMar. 25. The Home Mission Board\\nof the Presbyterian Church (North)\\nsends out its first missionaries to the\\nAmerican Indians.\\nApr. 6. The Congregational Association\\nof Alabama is organized.\\nMay 1-31. Md. The General Confer-\\nence (Methodist Episcopal) meets at\\nBaltimore fraternal messengers are\\nreceived from the Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch South.\\nThe Austin, Central Alabama, Central\\nIllinois, East Ohio, India, Montana,\\nSouthern California, Southern German,\\nand Savannah Conferences are formed.\\nLETTERS.\\n1875 Tenn. The Peabody Normal\\nCollege is opened at Nashville.\\nTenn. Southwestern University\\n(Bapt.) is organized at Jackson, and\\nopened.\\nTenn. Southwestern Presbyterian\\nUniversity is organized at Clarkville.\\nTenn. VanderbiltUniversityfMoth.\\nEpis. South) is organized at Nashville.\\nFormerly called the Central University.\\n[It is endowed by Cornelius Vanderbilt\\nof New York with S1,000,000.]\\nWis. The State Normal School at\\nRiver Falls is opened.\\nFarm Legends, by Will Carleton, ap-\\npears.\\nFlorida, by Sidney Lanier, appears.\\nThe Hanging of the Crane, and The\\nMasque of Pandora, by Henry W.\\nLongfellow, appear.\\nHappy Dodd, by Rose Terry Cooke,\\nappears.\\nHistory of the United States for Chil-\\ndren, by Benson J. Lossing, appears.\\nHome Pastorals, by Bayard Taylor,\\nappears.\\nA Lady of the Aroostook, by William\\nDean Uowells, appears.\\nLeisure-Day Rhymes, by John G. Saxe,\\nappears.\\nLetters and Social Aims, by Ralph\\nWaldo Emerson, appears.\\nMabel Martin, by John Greenleaf\\nWhittier, appears.\\nThe New Bay, by Richard Watson\\nGilder, appears.\\nA Horseman s Pilgrimage, by Hjalmar\\nHjorth Boyesen, appears.\\nPlaying the JTischief, by J. W. De\\nForest, appears.\\nPoetic Studies, by Elizabeth Stuart\\nPhelps, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1875, *-1876, May 10. 291\\nRoderick Hudson, by Henry James,\\nappears also Transatlantic Sketches.\\nTales of the Argonauts, 15y Bret Harte,\\nappears.\\nThe Victorian Poets, by Edmund Clar-\\nence Stedman, appears.\\nYoung .Folks History of the United\\nStates, by T. W. Higginson, appears.\\nMemoirs, by Gen. W. T. Sberman, ap-\\npears.\\nShip in the Desert, by Joaquin Miller,\\nappears.\\nWe and Our Neighbors, by Harriet\\nBeecber Stowe, appears.\\nCastle Noivhere, by C. F. Woolson, ap-\\npears.\\nFrom Jest to Earnest, by E. P. Roe,\\nappears.\\n1S76 Feb. 22. Md. Daniel C. Oilman\\nis installed president of Johns Hopkins\\nUniversity.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1875 Boston. Jesse Fomeroy, tbe\\nboy murderer, is sentenced to imprison-\\nment for the murder of Horace W. Mil-\\nieu, on Apr. 22, 1S74. Three other vic-\\ntims are alleged to have been killed.\\nChicago. Day schools for the deaf\\nare opened.\\nMass. The prohibitory statute is\\nrepealed.\\nMe. The Legislature passes a com-\\npulsory education biH.\\nNeb. The Legislature authorizes the\\nsale of S50,000 in State bonds for the re-\\nrelief of citizens suffering from lo-\\ncusts and the failure of the crops.\\nN. Y. The Baptist Home for the\\nAged of Brooklyn is founded.\\nNew York. The Society for the Pre-\\nvention of Cruelty to Children is in-\\ncorporated.\\nNew York. The Society of the Sons\\nof the Revolution is organized its\\nobject is to keep alive the spirit of patri-\\notism, and to preserve the history and\\nfellowship of the Revolution.\\nO. The 2d Woman s National\\nTemperance Convention meets in\\nCleveland Mrs. Annie Wittenmyer,\\npresident.\\nPa. The local-option law is repealed.\\n*R.I. The Legislature repeals the con-\\nstabulary prohibitory law, and passes\\nan Act to regulate and restrain the sale\\nof intoxicating liquors.\\nTex. The State Constitution is changed\\nso as to guarantee local option.\\n1876. Jan. 1. Phila. The beginning\\nof the Centennial year is appropri-\\nately celebrated.\\nJan. 13. Neb. The State institution for\\nthe blind is opened at Nebraska City.\\nJan. 26. Boston. Extensive forgeries by\\nE. D. Winslow are discovered.\\nJan. Wis. Tbe application of Miss\\nLavinia Goodell for admission to\\ntbe Wisconsin bar is rejected by the\\nSupreme Court, on the ground of in-\\ncompatibility, the profession being un-\\nfitted for the female sex.\\nFeb. 7. Mo. Gen. O. E. Babcock, pri-\\nvate secretary of President Grant, is\\nacquitted of complicity in the whisky\\nfrauds.\\nMar. 8. New York. A verdict is given\\nagainst William M. Tweed in the great\\ncivil action the jury decides that he\\nmust refund to the city $6,537,117.38.\\nApr. Pa. Non-union men are treated\\nwith great violence by union miners\\nmuch property is destroyed in the coal\\nMay 7. D. C. Dom Fedro, Emperor of\\nBrazil, and the Empress Theresa, are\\npresented to the President.\\nMay 9. N. Y. Fasach W. Rubenstein,\\nafter trial in Brooklyn, is sentenced to\\nbe hanged for the murder of Sarah\\nAlexander, but dies in jail.\\nSTATE.\\n1875 Mo. St. Louis has its bounda-\\nries extended by the new Constitution,\\nso as to annex 40,000 acres, having 17\\nmiles of river front.\\nXT. S. Governors inaugurated.\\n-77 Ark. A. H. Garland.\\n-79 Cal. William Irwin.\\n-76 Colo. (Ter.). John I. Kouatt.\\n-79 Bel. John P. Cochran.\\n-76 Ida. (Ter.). John P. Hoyt.\\n-79 Ky. James B. M Creary.\\n-77 Mo. Charles H. Hardin.\\n-79* *Neb. Silas Garber.\\n-77 N.H. Person C. Cheney.\\n-78 N. J. Joseph D. Bedle.\\n-77 N. Y. Samuel J. Tilden.\\n-77 P. I. Henry Lippitt.\\n-77 S. C. Dan. H. Chamberlain.\\n-79 Tenn. James D. Porter.\\n-80 U. (Ter.). George W. Emery.\\n1876 Jan. 10. D. C. Congress House\\nThe Randall Universal Amnesty Bill\\nfails to receive a two-thirds vote. Vote,\\n175-97. Republicans oppose granting\\namnesty to Jefferson Davis, Robert\\nToombs, and Jacob Thompson.\\nFeb. 16. D. C. Congress appropriates\\n$1,500,000 in aid of the Centennial Exhi-\\nbition. (See Miscellaneous.)\\nFeb. 18. Wis. The Legislature modifies\\nthe severity of the Potter Law.\\nFeb. 23. Ala. The governor approves\\nthe Act to fund the State debt at a\\nlower rate of interest.\\nFeb. 24. D. C. Gen. O. E. Babcock,\\nthe President s private secretary, resigns\\nhis office after acquittal. (See Society,\\nFeb. 7.)\\nMar. 2. T C. Congress: The House\\npasses a resolution to impeach Secre-\\ntary Belknap for selling official places\\nin the Navy Department he resigns a\\nfew hours later.\\nMar. 4. D. C. Congress Senate Ar-\\nticles of impeachment are presented\\nagainst Ex-Secretary Belknap.\\nKan. The Legislature passes an Act\\nabolishing all restriction of the fran-\\nchise as to color.\\nMar. 28. Miss. Gov. Adelbert Ames,\\nhaving been impeached, resigns.\\nMar. Gen. Robert C. Schenck, min-\\nister to England, is accused of compli-\\ncity in the Emma Mine frauds, and\\nresigns.\\nMar.*-May. A diplomatic dispute\\nwith England occurs in relation to tbe\\nrendition of Winslow, an American\\nforger.\\nApr. 3. Cat. The O Connor Bill becomes\\na law three commissioners have power\\nto regulate the condition of railroads\\nwhen necessary for public safety.\\nApr. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nrejects the appointment of Charles A.\\nDana of N. Y. as minister to England.\\nApr. 19. D. C. President Grant vetoes\\nthe bill reducing the presidential sal-\\nary from \u00c2\u00a750,000 to \u00c2\u00a725,000, as it stood in\\n1873 the bill was to be operative after\\nMarch 4, 1877.\\nApr. 20. D. C. Congress Senate:\\nGrievances of Californians, respecting\\nthe immigration of Chinese, are pre-\\nsented.\\nMay 4. D. C. Congress receives a mes-\\nsage from the President in relation to\\nhis absence from the Capitol.\\nMay 5. D. C. Congress; Senate: Ed-\\nwards Pierrepont of N. Y. is nomi-\\nnated for minister to England. [Con-\\nfirmed.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1875 Cal. The Palace Hotel is com-\\npleted at San Francisco.\\nLa. Capt. Eads begins his work of\\ndeepening the mouth of the Mississippi\\nRiver by means of jetties.\\nMd. The foundation of the Johns\\nHopkins Hospital is laid at Baltimore\\nendowment, \u00c2\u00a74,500,000.\\nMo. St. Louis acquires three public\\nparks Carondelet, 180 acres Forest\\nPark, 1,371 acres; O Fallon Park, 158\\nacres.\\nNew York. The North Dutch\\nChurch, corner of Fulton and Williams\\nStreets, and over 100 years old, is de-\\nmolished.\\nNew York. The railroad tunnel\\nthrough Fourth Avenue, leading to the\\nGrand Central Depot, is completed.\\nPa. A fire sweeps through Osceola\\nloss, \u00c2\u00a72,000,000.\\n1876. Feb. 8. New York. A fire in\\nBroadway consumes 30 buildings; total\\nloss, $3,000,000.\\nMay 10. The Centennial Exhibition\\nis opened at Fairmount Park, Philadel-\\nphia.\\nMany people and dignitaries from both\\nhemispheres are present. Gen. Grant\\nand Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil,\\njointly start tbe great Corliss engine,\\nmoving all the machinery; $14,500,000\\nare invested in the preparation of build-\\nings, grounds, and other expenses 236\\nacres are enclosed in the grounds the\\nmain building is 1800 ft. long and 464 ft.\\nwide, the area, 21.47 acres. The Ma-\\nchinery Hall is 1402 ft, long and 360 ft.\\nwide.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "292 1876, May 11-\\nAMERICA\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1876 June 25. Mont. Gen. Custer\\nattacks about 2,500 Indians under Sitting\\nBull, in a ravine on the Little Big Horn\\nRiver; his entire command is outnum-\\nbered, surrounded, and killed.\\nGen. Reno, in charge of a near-by\\nforce, holds his own until reenforced\\ntotal loss, 2G1 killed, and 52 wounded.\\nJuly Mont. Gen. Sheridan is put in\\ncommand of the expedition against the\\nSioux Indians.\\nNov. 24. Mont. The Sioux are se-\\nverely defeated by the 4th Regiment\\nof Cavalry, under Col. Mclvenzie, at a\\npass in the Big Horn Mountains.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1876 Aug. 2. D. C. Congress appropri-\\nates 8200,000 for the completion of the\\nWashington Monument at the na-\\ntional Capital.\\nAug. 14. N. Y. The first wire of the\\nEast River Bridge is drawn over.\\nSept. 6. We ip York. A bronze statue of\\nLafayette is unveiled in Union Square\\nit is the gift of the French Republic to\\nthe city.\\nCal. The Loring musical club is or-\\nganized at San Francisco.\\nW. J. Thomas A. Edison establishes\\na laboratory at Menlo Park, near New\\nBrunswick.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1876\\nMay 30. Peck, George, M. E. clergyman,\\neditor, writer, A79.\\nJune 21. Neal, John, lawyer, poet, critic,\\nmiscellaneous writer, A83.\\nJune 25. Custer, George A., maj.-gen. of\\ncavalry, killed hy Sioux Indians, A37.\\nJune 26. Cummins. George David, Ii. E.\\nbishop, founder of Reformed Episcopal\\nChurch, A54.\\nAug. 22. Perkins, George R., mathema-\\ntician, astronomer, A59.\\nSept. 14. Davids, Charles, mathematician,\\nprofessor at Columbia, A78.\\nSept. 18. Janes, Edmund Storer, M. E.\\nbishop, A69.\\nSept. 27. Bragg-, Braxton, capt. U. S. A.,\\nConfederate general, A61.\\nOct. 1. Lick, James A., merchant, of Cal.,\\nphilanthropist, founder of Lick Observa-\\ntory, A80.\\nOct. 18. Blair, Francis Preston, journalist,\\nsenator for Mo., one of the founders of the\\nRepublican party, A85.\\nOct. 28. .Jacobus, Melancthon W., Pres.\\nclergyman, author, AGO.\\nDec. 17. Bartlett, William Francis, officer\\nU. S. vols., A36.\\nDec. 24. Tufts, Charles, manufacturer,\\ndonor of Tufts College, A95.\\nNye, James Warren, lawyer, orator,\\nGov., sen. for Nev., brig.-gen., A77.\\nDec. 28. Meek, Ficldmu; Bradford, paleon-\\ntologist, A59.\\nDec. 29. Bliss, Philip Paul, evangelist,\\npoet, composer, A38.\\nCHURCH.\\n1876 June 9. Phila. Tne General Con-\\nvention of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nJuly 17. Edward Cridge and Samuel\\nFellows are consecrated (Reformed\\nEpiscopal) bishops.\\nAug. 1 N. J. A joint commission of\\nthe Methodist Episcopal Church and\\nthe Methodist Episcopal Church South\\nmeets at Cape May to consider a basis\\nof reconciliation and formal fraternity\\nthree ministers and two laymen are pres-\\nent from each Church.\\nRevs. R. K. Hargrave, Edward Jl.\\nMyers, Thomas M. Finney, Messrs.\\nTrusten Polk, and David Clopton of the\\nSouth meet Revs. John I Newman, M.\\nM. D C. Crawford, E. A. Fuller, Gen.\\nClinton B. Fisk, and Mr. E. L. Fancher\\nof the North.\\nSept. 10. la. William Stevens Perry\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Iowa.\\nSept. 12-15. N. Y. The National\\nUnitarian Conference is held in\\nSaratoga.\\nOct. 8. Cal. The centennial of the\\nestablishment of the Spanish mission\\nat San Francisco is celebrated.\\nOct. 9. The (Unitarian) Ministers In-\\nstitute first meets.\\nAlas. Philip Mackay, an Indian,\\nstarts a mission at Fort Wrangel.\\nAla. The (Presbyterian) Institute for\\ntraining colored ministers is opened at\\nTuscaloosa.\\nLETTERS.\\n1876 July* Phila. An International\\nEducational Congress is held.\\nAug. 17. Phila. The Spelling Reform\\nAssociation is organized.\\nOct. 18. Ore. The University of Ore-\\ngon is opened at Eugene City.\\nAla. An act is passed to establish\\na public school system.\\nBoston. Wide Awake magazine ap-\\npears.\\nBoston. A Chinese school is organized\\nin the Mount Vernon Church.\\nChicago. The Homeopathic Medical\\nCollege is opened.\\nFla. Cookman Institute (Meth. Epis.\\nColored) is established at Jacksonville.\\nGa. Fio Nono College (Rom. Cath.)\\nis organized at Macon.\\nla. Parsons College (Pres.) is or-\\nganized at Fairfield.\\nMd. Johns Hopkins University\\n(non-sect.) is opened at Baltimore. [Li-\\nbrary, 23,000 vols.]\\nMd. The Peabody Institute Library\\nis founded at Baltimore. [S4.726 vols.]\\nNew York. Las Novedades (printed in\\nSpanish) is founded. Puck is founded.\\nThe Library Journal appears.\\nO. The Ohio Agricultural and\\nMechanical Colleges at Columbus are\\nopened under control of the State.\\nO. Rio Grande CoUege (Free-will\\nBapt.) is organized.\\nO. The National Repository (Meth.\\nEpis.) is issued at Cincinnati.\\nOre. The Blue Mountain Uni-\\nversity (Meth. Epis.) is organized at\\nLe Grande.\\nPhila. The Centennial Medical Con-\\ngress is held.\\nPhila. The American Catholic Quar-\\nterly appears.\\nTex. The State Agricultural and\\nMechanical CoUege at College Station\\nopens.\\nVa. W. W. Corcoran -f Washington\\ngives $55,000 to the University of\\nVirginia.\\nMusic Teachers* National Associa-\\ntion is organized\\nState Normal Schools are opened at\\nCedar Falls, Tex. and at Philadelphia\\nby act of the Legislature of Pennsyl-\\nSecond series of Among My Books, by\\nJames Russell Lowell, appears.\\nBetty s Bright Idea, by Harriet\\nBeecher Stowe, appears.\\nCloth of Gold, by T. B. Aldrich, ap-\\npears also Flower and Thorn,\\nThe Complete Poetical Works of Ray\\nPalmer appears.\\nCulture of Small Fruits, by Edward\\nPayson Roe, appears, also Near to\\nNature s Heart.\\nGabriel Conroy, by Bret Harte, ap-\\nHawthorne, by James Thomas Fields,\\nappears.\\nPhilip Nolan s Friends, by Edward\\nEverett Hale, appears.\\nPoems, by Sidney Lanier, appears.\\nTales from Two Hemispheres, by H.\\nH. Boyesen, appears (in book form).\\nThat Lass o Lowries, by Frances\\nHodgson Burnett, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1876 May 15. XT. Y. The State Sol-\\ndiers Home is incorporated at Bath.\\nJune 26. Phila. The World s Convention\\nof Homeopathic Physicians opens.\\nJuly 4. Phila. An imposing demonstra-\\ntion celebrates the Centenary of the\\nfounding of the Republic.\\nJuly 9. S.C. At Hamburg, whites mas-\\nsacre six colored militiamen who had\\njoined in a parade on the 4th of July.\\nAug. IV. J. The State opens an asylum\\nfor the insane at Morristown.\\nSept. 8. Spain. William M. Tweed is\\narrested at Vigo, and held for extradi-\\ntion. [Nov. 23. Arrives in New York.]\\nSept. 14. N. Y. An international rifle\\nmatch is concluded at Creedmoor the\\nAmerican team is victorious.\\nSept. 17. S. C A race war at Aiken\\noccurs between whites and blacks.\\nOct. JD. C. President Grant declines to\\nreceive a Centennial address from Irish\\nHome Rulers.\\nDec. 12. D. C. Senator Henry W.Blair\\nintroduces a resolution in the Senate\\nproposing Federal prohibition of the\\nliquor traffic.\\nCal. The Society for the Prevention\\nof Cruelty to Children is chartered.\\nChicago. The red flag is carried in\\nthe parade of 1500 armed Communists.\\nMe. The Legislature abolishes the\\ndeath penalty.\\nSTATE.\\n1S76 May 11. O. Second National\\nConvention of the Prohibition party", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1876, May 11-**. 293\\nconvenes at Cleveland it nominates as\\npresidential candidates Green Clay\\nSmith of Ky. and G. T. Stewart of O.\\nMay IS. Ind. The Greenback National\\nConvention convenes at Indianapolis it\\nnominates Peter Cooper of N. Y. and\\nNewton Booth of Cal. as presidential\\ncandidates. [Samuel F. Cary of C\\\\\\ntakes the place of Senator Booth, re-\\nsigned.]\\nMay 22. D. C. Alphonso Taft of O. is\\nappointed attorney-general he resigns\\nthe office of secretary of war.\\nMay 30. R. I. The Legislature elects\\nHenry Lippitt (Rep.) governor, the\\npeople having failed to make a choice\\nin April.\\nJune U. S. Many Republicans favor\\nthe election of President Grant for\\na third term, but he declines to be a\\ncandidate.\\nJune 11. O. The National Republi-\\ncan Convention assembles at Cincin-\\nnati; Edward M. McPherson of Pa.,\\npresident.\\nA spirited contest ensues for the nomi-\\nnation of James G. Blaine for President.\\nFirst ballot: James G. Blaine of Me.,\\n285 Oliver P. Morton of Ind., 124 Ben-\\niamin H. Bristow of Ky., 113; Roscoe\\nConkling of N. Y., 99; Rutherford B.\\nHayes of O., 61 John F. Hartranft of\\nPa., 53; Marshall Jewell of Conn., 11;\\nWilliam A. Wheeler of N. Y., 3. Neces-\\nsary for a choice, 378. Seventh ballot\\nHayes, 3S4 Blaine, 351; Bristow, 21.\\nThe nomination of Rutherford B. Hayes\\nis declared unanimous, and William A.\\nWheeler is nominated for Vice-Presi-\\ndent.\\nJune 20. D. C. Benjamin H. Bristow\\nof Ky., secretary of the treasury, resigns.\\nJune 27. Mo. The Democratic Na-\\ntional Convention assembles at St.\\nLouis John A. McClernand of 111.,\\npresident.\\nFirst ballot Samuel J. Tilden of N.Y.,\\n417 Thomas A. Hendricks of Ind., 140\\nWinfield S. Hancock of Pa.. 75; Wil-\\nliam Allen of G.,56; Thos. F. Bayard\\nof Del., 33; Joel Parker of N. J., 18.\\nNecessary for a choice, 496. On the sec-\\nond ballot Samuel J. Tilden receives\\n535 votes, and his nomination is declared\\nunanimous. [Thomas A. Hendricks of\\nInd. receives the unanimous vote of the\\nconvention for Vice-President.]\\nJune 30. U. S. Statistics for 1S76.\\nRevenue: Customs, $148,071,9S5; inter-\\nnal revenue, \u00c2\u00a7116,700,732; direct tax,\\n$93,799; sales of public lands, $1,129,467;\\npremiums on loans and sales of gold\\ncoin, \u00c2\u00a74,029,281 miscellaneous items,\\n$17,456,776. Total revenue, $287 ,482,039\\nexcess of revenue over ordinary expen-\\nditures, \u00c2\u00a729,022,242. Expenditures: Mis-\\ncellaneous items, $66,1)08,374 War De-\\npartment, $38,070,889; Navy Depart-\\nment, S1S,9G3,310; Indians, .^5,966,558;\\npensions. 828,257,396: interest on the\\npublic debt, 8HH i,243.271. Total ordinary\\nexpenditures, S25S,459,797. Public debt,\\n82,180,395,067. Exports, 8^1,3^4,671 im-\\nports, $460,741,190.\\nJuly 7. D. C. Iiot M. Morrill of Me.\\nis appointed secretary of the treasury.\\nJuly 11. B.C. Marshall Jewell of\\nConn., postmaster-general, resigns.\\nJuly 12. D. C. James N. Tyner of\\nInd. is appointed postmaster-general.\\nJuly 22. D. C. Congress authorizes\\nthe coinage of not less than \u00c2\u00a710,000,000\\nin silver, to take the place of legal-tender\\nnotes the trade dollar ceases to be a\\nlegal tender.\\nAug. 1. D. C. The President proclaims\\nColorado admitted into the Union as\\nthe 3Sth State.\\nCongress; Senate: The Court of\\nImpeachment fails to convict ex-\\nSecretary W. W. Belknap of official\\ncorruption. Vote, 35 guilty 25 not\\nguilty. (See Mar. 2.)\\nAug. 2. D. C. Congress appropriates\\n$200,000 for the completion of the\\nWas hin gton Monument at Washing-\\nton City.\\nAug. 15. D. C. The 44th Congress:\\nthe first session closes.\\nOct. 7. S, C. Gov. Chamberlain issues a\\nproclamation ordering all organizations\\nto disband within three days; the\\nState militia is alone excepted. [Presi-\\ndent Grant issues a like proclamation\\nOct. 17.]\\nNov. 7. The 23d presidential elec-\\ntion Republicans elected.\\nPopular vote Samuel J. Tilden\\n(Dem.) of N. Y., 4,284,885 Rutherford\\nB. Hayes (Rep.) of O., 4,033,950; Peter\\nCooper (Greenback) of N. Y., 81,740;\\nGreen Clay Smith (Prohib.) of Ky.,\\n9,522; James B. Walker (American) of\\n111., 2,636.\\nNov. 8. Both parties claim the electoral\\nvotes of Louisiana, South Carolina, and\\nFlorida, and the strife between them is\\nbitter.\\nNov. 15. Ala. The Legislature first\\nmeets in biennial session under the new-\\nConstitution.\\nNov. 22. S. C. The State Board of Can-\\nvassers gives certificates to Republi-\\ncan presidential electors; members\\nof the Legislature from Edgefield and\\nLaurens Counties are refused certifi-\\ncates for alleged irregularities in their\\nelection.\\nNov. 28. S. C. Two Legislatures are\\norganized Democrats and Republi-\\ncans the Democrats withdraw, and in\\na public hall organize their body\\nWilliam H. Wallace, speaker.\\nAll the Southern States are Demo-\\ncratic, and the freedmen commonly\\nhave all their rights except that of\\nvoting.\\nDec. 4. D.C. The 44th Congress The\\nsecond session opens. Samuel J. Ran-\\ndall (Dem.) of Pa. is elected Speaker.\\nVote, Randall, 162; James A. Garfield\\n(Rep.)of 0.,S2.\\nDec. 6. U.S. The count of the electoral\\nvote by the electors reveals a close\\nelection. The returning boards give\\nHayes (Rep.) 185 votes, and Tilden (Dem\\n184. Much dispute and great excitement\\nprevail.\\nDec. 7. S. C. Daniel H. Chamberlain\\nis sworn in as governor after he has\\nbeen declared elected by the Republican\\nLegislature.\\nDec. 12. S. C. Wade Hampton is de-\\nclared to be elected governor, by the\\nspeaker of the Democratic Legislature,\\nafter counting the votes, which have\\nbeen certified by the secretary of state.\\nDec. 14. D. C. Congress; House J. P.\\nKnott (Dem.) reports a resolution from\\nthe Judiciary Committee, providing a\\nCommittee of Seven, to act with a\\nsimilar committee of the Senate, in pro-\\nviding a means for counting the elec-\\ntoral vote.\\nDec. 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nalso appoints a Committee of Seven.\\nThe Joint Committee Senators\\nGeorge F. Edmunds of Vt., Frederick\\nT. Frelinghuysen of N. J., John A.\\nLogan Of 111., Oliver P. Morton oi Ind.,\\nAllen G. Thurman of O., Thomas F.\\nBayard of Del.,* ami Matt. W. Ransom\\nof N. C* Representatives Henry B.\\nPayne of O. Eppa Hunton of Va.,*\\nAbram S. Hewitt of N.T.,* William M.\\nSpringer of 111. George W. Cary of la.,\\nGeorge F. Hoar of Mass., and George\\nWillard of Mich. (Democrats are indi-\\ncated by stars.)\\nDec. 20. D. C. Congress The Senate\\npasses an amendment to its bill to form\\na territory of Pembina from the north-\\nern part of Dakota [changing the name\\nPembina to Huron].\\nDec.+* Fla. Three sets of electoral\\nvotes are sent to Congress.\\nThe Republican set is signed by Gov.\\nStearns; the Democratic, by the attor-\\nney-general the Democratic set, au-\\nthorized by the Legislature, is signed\\nby Gov. Drew.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1876 June 30. Immigrants for the year,\\n169,986.\\nJuly 10. The Lake steamer St. Clair\\nburns on Lake Superior 27 persons\\nmissing.\\nAug. 11, 12. The Canadian schooner\\nyacht Countess of Dufferin sails in a\\nrace for the America cup, and is beaten\\nby the Madeline.\\nAlfred Johnson, in 57 days, completes\\na voyage from America to Abercastle,\\nEngland, in the Centennial, a boat\\n20 feet long.\\nSept. 24. New York. Hallett s Reef\\nis blown up.\\nGen. Newton blows up Hallett s Point\\nReef, the chief obstruction at Hell\\nGate in the East River. After seven\\nyears spent in tunneling two and three-\\nquarters acres of area, ten feet below\\nthe surface of the rock, 3,680 charges\\nof dynamite and vulcanite are dis-\\ncharged from the shore through an elec-\\ntric wire, by the young daughter of Gen.\\nNewton.\\nOct. A convention of governors is held\\nat Omaha to consider the grasshopper\\npest several States are represented.\\nNov. 10. Phila. The International\\nExhibition closes total admissions,\\n9,7S9,392 average daily admissions,\\n61,568; receipts, S3,813,749.\\nDec. 5. N. Y. The Brooklyn Theater\\ntakes fire during a performance a panic\\nensues 295 persons are killed.\\nDec. 21. I). C. All the awards in pay-\\nment of the Alabama Claims are made,\\nand about $8,000,000 surplus remains.\\nDec. 29. O. A train drops through the\\nAshtabula iron bridge to the water, 75\\nfeet below fire follows, and more than\\n70 persons perish.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "294 1876, *-1877 June 30.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1877. Jan. 5. Mont. The Sioux Indi-\\nans are overtaken and again defeated\\nby Gen. Miles; they scatter, and the\\nSioux war ends.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1876 H. Vander Weyde succeeds in\\nmaking electric light effectual in\\nphotography.\\nNew York. A bronze statue of Wil-\\nliam H. Seward is unveiled in Madison\\nSquare Park.\\nNew York. William Magrath of Wash-\\nington, D. C, and James D. SmiUie of\\nNew York, are elected members of the\\nNational Academy of Design.\\nThe Landsknecht is painted by Roth-\\nermel.\\nSong of Summer is painted by Jervis\\nMcEntee.\\nAutumn is painted by J. W. Casilear.\\nCoast of Maine is painted by A. C.\\nShaw.\\nAutumn near Stockbridge is painted\\nby A. D. Shattuck.\\nOff the Track is painted by J. B. Irving.\\nStudies from Nature is painted by A. B.\\nDurand.\\n1877 Jan. N. J. Edison invents the\\ncarbon loud-speaking telephone.\\nJan. 23. Ind. and Ky. A brilliant me-\\nteor is seen at several points it falls\\nnear Cyntheana, Ky., and penetrates\\nthe soil about a foot weight about 13\\npounds.\\nFeb. 12. Mass. A. Graham Bell exhib-\\nits his telephone at the Essex Insti-\\ntute, Salem.\\nApr. 1. Edison invents a microphone.\\nApr. 11. N. Y. Lewis Swift discovers\\nthe third comet of the year, at Roches-\\nter it has a direct motion.\\nApr. Mass. The first telephone for\\nbusiness purposes is erected between\\nBoston and Somerville distance, three\\nmiles.\\nMay 10. Boston. A. Graham Bell de-\\nscribes his telephone inventions before\\nthe Academy of Arts and Sciences.\\nMay 16. New York. A bronze statue of\\nFitz-Greene Halleck is unveiled in\\nCentral Park.\\nP. E. clergyman, poet, Aftl.\\nApr. 14. H.ibine, Lorenzo, historian, A74.\\nMay 11. Lewis, Taylor, Greek scholar,\\nauthor, A75.\\nMay 28. Harper, Fletcher, one of the four\\nHarper Brothers, publisher, A72.\\nMotley, John Lotbrop, historian, dip-\\nlomat, A 63.\\nJune 3. Ellet, Elizabeth F., author, poet,\\nA59.\\nJune 14. Owen, Hubert Dale, M. C. for\\nInd., author, A77.\\nJune 17. Abbott, John Stevens Cabot, his-\\ntorian, A72.\\nPratt, Daniel D., lawyer, Benator for\\nInd., Af 4.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1877.\\nJan. 3. Abercrombie, John J., brig.-gen.\\nof vols., A75.\\nJan. 4. Vanderbilt. Cornelius, capitalist,\\nof N. Y., A83.\\nJan. 8. Caswell, Alexis, president Brown\\nUniversity, A78.\\nJan. 26. Haines, Daniel, Gov. of N. J.,\\neducationist, A80.\\nFeb. 8. Wilkes, Charles, rear-adm. U. S.\\nN., A76.\\nFeb. 16. Bailey, Theodorus, rear-adm.\\nU. S. N., A75.\\nFeb. 18. Davis, Charles H., rear-adm.\\nV. S. N., author, A70.\\nFeb. 20. Goldsborough, Lewis M., rear-\\nadm. U. S. N., A72.\\nFeb. 21. Eaton, Amos B., brev. niaj.-gen.,\\nA71.\\nMar. 1. Hart, Joel T., sculptor, A67.\\nMar. 26. Hurt, John Seelv, educational,\\nA67.\\n1876 Tbe (Roman Catholic) Prefec-\\nture Apostolic of tbe Indian Territory\\nis erected.\\nTbe Illinois Conference (African\\nMethodist Episcopal) is organized.\\nMiss. The Synod of Mississippi (N. S.\\nPresbyterian) is organized.\\nN. Y. The Baptist Annual Meeting\\nis held at Buffalo.\\nTbe Reformed Episcopal Synod of tbe\\nPacific, tbe Synod of tbe Northwest and\\nof the West are organized.\\nN. Y. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets at Brooklyn H. J.\\nVan Dyke, moderator.\\nIt enters the Alliance formed by the\\nunion of the Reformed Churches\\nthroughout the world holding the\\nPresbyterian system.\\nTbe modified book of Common Prayer\\nis issued by Dr. Gregg of the Reformed\\nEpiscopal Church.\\nThe General Synod of Wartburg\\n(Evangelical Lutheran) is organized.\\nPa. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Philadelphia\\nJames Brown, moderator.\\nVa. The Annual Convention (Dis-\\nciples of Christ) is held at Richmond\\nIsaac Errett, president.\\n1877 Feb. 13. Charles Clifton Penick\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nmissionary bishop of Africa.\\nMay 1. III. John L. Spalding is con-\\nsecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nPeoria.\\nMay 11. Md. Two conventions, repre-\\nsenting the two bodies, meet in Balti-\\nmore, and reunite the Methodist\\nand the Protestant Methodists*\\nunder the latter title.\\nMay 13. Fla. John Moore is conse-\\ncrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of St.\\nAugustine.\\nJune 1. 0. The General Convention of\\nthe New Jerusalem meets at Cincinnati.\\nla. An association of Unitarian\\nand other Independent Churches is or-\\nganized at Burlington.\\nJune 20. Thomas H. Gregg is conse-\\ncrated (Reformed Episcopal) bishop.\\nLETTERS.\\n1876 Tom Saioyer, by Mark Twain,\\nYoung Folks Centennial lihymes, by\\nWill Carleton, appears.\\nThe Unseen World t t.;. John Flake,\\nappears.\\nMy Winter on the Nile, by Charles\\nDudley Warner, appears.\\nSights arid Insights, by A. D. T. Whit-\\nney, appears.\\nNational Ode, by Bayard Taylor, ap-\\npears, also The Echo Club, and The Boys\\nof Other Countries.\\nWhy We Laugh, by Samuel Sullivan\\nCox, appears.\\nA Study of Haicthorne, by George\\nParsons Lathrop, appears.\\nRose in Bloom, by Louisa May Alcott,\\nappears.\\nMy Little Love, by Marion Harland,\\nappears.\\nHans Brinker, by Mary Mapes Dodge,\\nappears.\\nHelen s Babies, by John Habberton,\\nappears, also The Barton Experiment\\nand The Jericlw lioad.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1876 Mich. The State Constitution\\nis so amended as to prohibit any act of\\nlegislation that shall authorize the sale\\nof intoxicating beverages.\\nN.J. The Woman s Christian Tem-\\nperance Union meets in National Con-\\nvention at Newark Mrs. Annie Witten-\\nmyer is elected president.\\n*Md. The first stone of tbe Johns\\nHopkins Hospital is laid at Baltimore\\nits endowment of $3,500,000 comes from\\nJohns Hopkins a merchant of Baltimore.\\nNew York. The Society for the Pre-\\nvention of Crime is founded Howard\\nCrosby, D.D., president.\\nPhila. The Baptist Orphanage is\\nfounded.\\nThe 10th National Encampment of\\nthe Grand Army of the Eepublic is\\nheld in this city; Gen. John F. Har-\\ntranft, commander-in-chief.\\nWis. The St. John s Catholic Deaf\\nMute Institution is opened.\\nCongress prohibits both the soliciting\\nand the receiving of political contribu-\\ntions from Government employees.\\nThe Catholic Mutual Benefit Asso-\\nciation is founded.\\nThe United Order of the Golden\\nCross is founded.\\n1S77 Jan. 3. N. J. The centennial\\nanniversary of the Battle of Princeton\\nis celebrated.\\nFeb. 12. Mass. Me. The engineers of\\ntbe Boston and Maine road strike with-\\nout notice the strikers places are soon\\nsupplied [and they are not taken back].\\nMar. 23. The Mormon bishop, J. D.\\nLee, is shot as sentenced, for his share\\nin the Mountain Meadows massacre\\nof Sept. 18, 1S57, in which 136 emigrants\\nwere murdered.\\nApr. 1. Fla. Tbe State prison is mado\\nan insane asylum.\\nApr. 2. 7?. I. A school for the deaf is\\nopened by the State, at Providence.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1876, *-1877, June 30. 295\\nMay 17. Phila. Gen. Grant starts on\\nhis journey round the world.\\nJune 21. Pa. Ten Molly Ma-\\nguires, after trial and conviction for\\nmurder, are hanged. The conspirators\\nare subdued.\\nJune 23. Boston. The Supreme Coun-\\ncil of the Royal Arcanum is organized.\\nSTATE.\\n1876 D. C. Congress places the tax\\non distilled spirits at 90 cents per proof-\\ngallon.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-79 Colo. John L. Routt.\\n-SO Ida. Ter.). Mason Brayman.\\n-78 la. Samuel J. Kirkwood.\\n-79 Mass. Alexander H. Rice.\\n-79 Me. Selden Conner.\\n-82* *Minn. John S. Pillsbury.\\n-82 Miss. John M. Stone.\\n-78* *N.Mex.(Ter.). Samuel B.Axtell.\\nO. Rutherford B. Hayes.\\n-79 Pa. John F. Hartranft.\\n-79 Tex. Richard Hubbard.\\n-78* Vt. Horace Fairbanks.\\n-78 Wis. Harrison Ludington.\\n1877 Jan. 8. La. There are two gov-\\nernors and two Legislatures the Re-\\npublicans regularly inaugurate S. B.\\nPackard in the State-house, and the\\nDemocrats install Francis T. Nicholls\\nin a public hall.\\nJan. 9. La. The State offices and build-\\nings at New Orleans are surrendered to\\nthe Nicholls party.\\nJan. 18. D. C. Congress: The Joint\\nCommittee makes a report favoring a\\ncommission for counting the electoral\\nvote.\\nJan 24. D. C. Congress The Senate\\npasses an Electoral Commission Bill.\\nVote, 47-17. (Yeas, 26 Dem., and 21 Rep.\\nnays, 16 Rep., and 1 Dem.)\\nJan. 25. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Electoral Commission Bill.\\nVote, 191-86. (Yeas, 158 Dem. and 33\\nRep. nays, 68 Rep. and IS Dem.)\\nIII. David Davis (Dem.), a justice in\\nthe Supreme Court, is elected Senator.\\nJan. 28. D. C. Congress votes on Sen-\\nator Matthews concurrent resolution\\non the silver question. Vote Senate,\\n34-22 House, 189-79.\\nJan. 29. D. C. The President approves\\nthe Electoral Commission Act. It is\\nto count the electoral votes, and to\\nsettle all questions that may arise con-\\ncerning the votes of Florida, Louisiana,\\nSouth Carolina, and other disputed\\nStates.\\nMembers of the commission. Jus-\\ntices: Nathan Clifford* of Me., Samuel\\nF. Miller of la., Stephen J. Field* of\\nCal., and William Strong of Pa. [These\\nselect the fifth member, Joseph P. Brad-\\nley of N. J.] Senators: George F. Ed-\\nmunds of Vt., Oliver P. Morton of Ind.,\\nFrederick T. Frelinghuysen of N. J.,\\nAllen G. Thurman* of 6. (see Feb. 26),\\nThomas F. Bayard* of Del. Represen-\\ntatives: H. B. Payne* of Wis., Joseph\\nG.Abbott* of Mass., Eppa Ilunton* of\\nVa., James A. Garfield of O., George F.\\nHoar of Mass. Total, seven Democrats\\nto eight Republicans. (Democrats are\\ndistinguished by a star.)\\nJan. 31. C. Congress: The Elec-\\ntoral Commission is organized. Emi-\\nnent counsel are employed on both sides.\\nFeb. 7. D.C. Congress: The Elec-\\ntoral Commission begins the investi-\\ngation respecting the electoral votes in\\nthree States.\\nIn South Carolina two bodies claim to\\nbe the Legislature. One gives the vote\\nto Hayes by about 800 majority; the\\nother gives it to Tilden by a somewhat\\nsmaller majority. In Florida both par-\\nties claim the vote, each by a small ma-\\njority. In Oregon, one of the three\\nRepublican electors is denied a certifi-\\ncate by the Governor, having been a\\npostmaster when nominated the Gov-\\nernor gives one electoral certificate to a\\nDemocrat. Revolution and civil war are\\nfreely threatened.\\nFeb. 9. D. C. The Electoral Commis-\\nsion awards the contested vote of Flor-\\nida to the Republicans. Vote, 8-7 S\\nRepublicans, 7 Democrats.\\nFeb. 16. D. C. The electoral vote of\\nLouisiana is awarded to the Republi-\\ncans, who claim that the Commission\\nhas no power to examine into returns\\nmade in due form. Vote, 8-7.\\nFeb. 21. D. C. Congress; House: De-\\nbate on the Bland Silver Bill is re-\\nsumed. [The Senate changes are adopted\\nlater.]\\nFeb. 23. D. C. Congress removes the\\npolitical disabilities of Gen. Joseph E.\\nJohnston of Va.\\nFeb. 26. D. C. Senator Thurman being\\nill, Senator Francis Kernan of N. Y.\\ntakes his place on the Electoral Com-\\nmission.\\nFeb. 27. L). C. The electoral vote of\\nSouth Carolina is awarded to the Re-\\npublicans. Vote, 8-7.\\nMar. 2. D. C. The two houses of Con-\\ngress meet in joint session, and confirm\\nthe election of Hayes and Wheeler\\nonly two days before the inauguration.\\nCongress removes the political disabil-\\nities of Gen. John S. Marmaduke of\\nMo.\\nCongress counts the electoral vote.\\nVotefor President: Tilden, 184; Hayes,\\n185; Smith and Walker, 0. Vote for\\nVice-President Thomas A. Hendricks\\n(Dem.) of Ind.. 1S4 William A. Wheeler\\n(Rep.) of N. Y., 185; Samuel F. Carey\\n(Greenback) of O.. Gideon T. Stewart\\n(Prohib.)of O.,0; D. Kirkpatrick(Amer.)\\nof N. Y.,0.\\nCongress: The Monetary Commis-\\nsion (organized Aug. 15, 1875) makes a\\nreport.\\nMar. 3. D. C. Congress: The House\\nrepudiates the decision of the Electoral\\nCommission in a strong resolution,\\nwhich declares that Samuel J. Tilden\\nand Thomas A. Hendricks both received\\n196 electoral votes, and were elected.\\nVote, 136-88 not voting, 66.\\nThe 44th Congress ends.\\nRutherford B. Hayes is privately\\nsworn in as President (Saturday).\\nMar. 4. D. C. Sunday The inaugura-\\ntion is deferred until Monday.\\nThe 23d Administration: Republi-\\ncan.\\nMar. 5. h. C. Rutherford B. Hayes\\nof 0. is inaugurated the 19th President\\nin the 23d term of the presidency.\\nWilliam A. Wheeler of N. Y. is Vice-\\nPresident.\\nCabinet William M. Evarts of N. Y.\\n(State), John Sherman of O. (Treas.),\\nGeorge W. McCrary of la. (War),\\nRichard W. Thompson of Ind. (Navy),\\nCarl Schurz of Mo., (Interior), Charles\\nDevens of Mass. (Atty.-Gen.), David\\nM. Key of Tenn. (P. M.-Gen.).\\nThe Senate meets in special session\\nat the call of President Hayes. [Ad-\\njourns March 17.]\\nApr. 11. L C. Both claimants to the\\ngovernorship of South Carolina visit\\nWashington, and influenced by Presi-\\ndent Hayes, D. H. Chamberlain with-\\ndraws his claim.\\nApr. 21. La. The Packard Legisla-\\nture (Rep.), deprived of the President s\\nsupport, is dispersed. [President Hayes\\nthereby becomes unpopular with the\\nstalwart Republicans.]\\nMay 5. D. C. The President calls a\\nspecial session of the 45th Congress for\\nOct. 15, to make provision for the sup-\\nport of the army this having been\\nomitted by the 44th Congress.\\nJune 22. D. C. President Hayes orders\\nall Federal officials who are subject to\\nthe civil-service rules to resign any\\nsituation held as political managers,\\nor to give up their offices, in order\\nto take the office-holders out of poli-\\ntics.\\nJune 30. U. S. Statistics for 1877.\\nRevenue: Customs. \u00c2\u00a7130.956,493; inter-\\nnal revenue, *ll.s,G30,40S sales of public\\nlands, $970,254 premiums on loans and\\nsales of gold coin, \u00c2\u00a7405,777 miscellane-\\nous, $18,031,655. Total revenue, \u00c2\u00a7269,-\\n000,587; excess of revenue over expendi-\\ntures, $30,340,57S. Expenditures: Mis-\\ncellaneous items, :?50.252,007; War De-\\npartment, $37,0X2,7311; Naw Department,\\n$14,959,935; Indians, #5,277,007; pensions,\\n27,9(13,752 interest on the public debt,\\n\u00c2\u00a997,124,512. Total ordinary expenditures,\\nS23S.000.009. Public debt, $2.205.301, 392.\\nExports, \u00c2\u00a70(12,475,220 imports, $451,323,-\\n126.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1876 S. Dak. Deadwood is laid out\\nas a town. The Indians surrender all\\ntitle to lands in South Dakota.\\nU. S. Loss by fire in 1876, $64,630,600\\ninsurance loss, $34,374,500.\\nJan. 7. N. J. The steamer L Amirigue\\nruns ashore near Seabright three of\\nthe crew are lost.\\n1877. Mar. 5. Mo. The Southern\\nHotel at St. Louis is burned 11 lives\\nare lost.\\nMar. 6. New York. Property valued at\\n$1,500,000 is destroyed by a Broadway\\nfire.\\nMar. 16. New York. The new building\\nof the New York Hospital is opened\\n(Organized 1770).\\nMay 29. Ky. At Louisville the horse\\nTen Broeck runs two miles in 3.27\u00c2\u00a3.\\nJune 5. New York. The Sixth-Avenue\\nElevated Railroad to Fifty-ninth Street\\nis opened.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "296 1877, June 30-*\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1877 July 22. Pa. Gen. Sheridan is\\nsent to Pittsburg with troops to quell\\ntlie riots.\\nJuly Ida. An Indian war breaks out\\nin the Northwest Gen. Howard is sent\\nagainst Chief Joseph of the Idaho Indi-\\nans. [Oct. 1. The chief is captured after\\na long pursuit.]\\nAug. 4. Pa. Order is restored at Pitts-\\nburg by the troops.\\nSept. Ida. The Nez Perces Indians\\ndefeat the troops and kill 33 men.\\nNov. 24. N. C. The sloop-of-war\\nHuron strikes the rocks near Oregon\\nInlet nearly 100 lives are lost.\\nDec. 13. Tex. A mob of Mexicans\\nand others attack the State troops at\\nSan Elizario six persons are killed.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1877 Aug. 11,18. D.C. Two satellites\\nof Mars are discovered by Prof. Asaph\\nHall at Washington.\\nSept. 3. Mich. The asteroid Phoedra is\\ndiscovered by J. C. Watson at Ann Ar-\\nbor. [Andromache on Oct. 1 and Cly-\\ntemnestra on Nov. 12.)\\nOct. 14. N. Y. The asteroid Idun is dis-\\ncovered by C. H. F. Peters, at Clinton.\\nOct. 21. Africa. Henry M. Stanley\\narrives at Cape Town from his tour of\\nexploration.\\nOct. 30. Kan. A monument is dedicated\\nto John Brown at Osawatomie.\\nNov. 10. The American Chemical So-\\nciety is incorporated.\\nDec. 22. New York. The first building\\nof the American Museum of Natural\\nHistory is opened.\\nDec. N. J. Edison announces a phono-\\ngraph.\\nChicago. Elisha Gray files a caveat\\nfor his telephone three hours after Bell s\\nis filed.\\nKan. Lead is discovered in Cherokee\\nCounty Galena and Empire City be-\\ncome prosperous.\\nN. J. The Observatory of the J. C.\\nGreen School of Science is erected at\\nPrinceton.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1877.\\nJuly 9. Tenney, Sanborn, naturalist, au-\\nthor, A50.\\nAug: 9. Conrad. Timothy A., naturalist,\\nauthor, A74.\\nAug. 39. Young, Brigham, Mormon high-\\npriest, A76.\\nAug. 30. Semmes, Raphael, Confed. adm.,\\ncommander of the Alabama, A68.\\n8ept. 1. Davenport, Edward L., actor, A61.\\nSept. 33. Trail, Russell, teacher, physi-\\ncian, hydrojirttiiist, author, A65.\\nSept. 35. Orton, .lames, naturalist, A47.\\nSept. 39. ftleiggs, Henry, builder of rail-\\nroads in S. Am., and public works, A54.\\nOct. 3. Fish, Henry, Baptist idergvman of\\nN. J., author, A57.\\nOct. 3. ISaylev, -lames R., R. C. archbishop\\nof Baltimore, A63.\\nNov. 1. Norton, Oliver Perry, war Gov.,\\nsenator for Ind., A54.\\nNov. 3. Eve, Paul Fitzsimmons, surgeon,\\nlitholomist, A71.\\nNov. 13. Gray, Henry, artist, portrait-\\npainter, A58.\\nNov. 29. Greene, Nathaniel, journalist,\\neditor Boston Statesman, A80.\\nDec. 3. Marvin, Enoch M-, bishop of M. E.\\nChurch South, author, AS4.\\nDec. 7. HiiRer, Col. U. S. A., Confederate\\nmaj.-gen., A 72.\\nDec. 8. Bledsoe, Albert Taylor. Confeder-\\nate asst. sec. war, A 68.\\nDec. 24. Parrott, Robert Parker, inventor\\nA73.\\nCHURCH.\\n1877 July 3. Scot. The first meeting of\\nthe General Council of the Alliance\\nof the Keformed Churches throughout\\nthe world holding the Presbyterian Sys-\\ntem is held at Edinburgh.\\nAug. 29. John Taylor, chief of the\\nTwelve Apostles, succeeds Brigham\\nYoung, deceased, as president of the\\nMormon Church.\\nOct. 16. N. Y. Francis McNeirny\\nbecomes (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nAlbany.\\nOct. 31. Samuel T. J. Schereschewsky\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal\\nmissionary bishop of Shanghai.\\nDec. 18. III. The Protestant Episcopal\\ndiocese of Springfield is organized.\\nAlas. The Presbyterian Home Board\\nopens a mission and school for girls at\\nFort Wrangel.\\nBoston. The General Convention\\n(Protestant Episcopal) meets.\\nCat. Chinese Mission Work is be-\\ngun in Oakland.\\nChicago. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets James Eells, mod-\\nerator.\\nConn. The Congregational Club is\\nformed at Hartford.\\nA meeting of the (Congregational)\\nNational Council is held.\\nIda. The State Convention (Univer-\\nsalist) is organized.\\nIII. The General Synod (Evangeli-\\ncal Lutheran) meets at Carthage. The\\nGeneral Assembly (United Presbyte-\\nrian) meets at Sparta Kobert E. Ewing,\\nmoderator. The Roman Catholic diocese\\nof Peoria is established.\\nLETTERS.\\n1877 Sept. 17. Phila. The Jefferson\\nMedical College is opened.\\nArk. Philander Smith CoUege\\n(Meth. Epis. Colored) is founded at\\nLittle Rock.\\nThe Boston Library reports 320,000\\nvolumes.\\nCal. The San Joaquin Valley Col-\\nlege (United Brethren) is organized at\\n^Voodb ridge.\\nColo. The. University College (non-\\nsect.) of Boulder is organized.\\nD. C. The National Tribune is issued\\nat Washington.\\nGa. The Shorter College (Fern.)\\nis founded by Baptists at Rome.\\nClark University (Metli. Epis.) is\\norganized at Atlanta.\\nA The Times is issued at Louisville.\\nKy. Ogden College (non-sect.) Is\\norgaoized at Bowling Green.\\nLa. The City Item la issued at New\\nOrleans.\\nMich. Detroit College (Bom, Cath.)\\nis organized at Detroit.\\nMiss. The Lea Female CoUege is\\nfounded at Summit.\\nNew York. The Lenox Library on\\nFifth Avenue is opened.\\nNew York. The Mn gazine of American\\nHistory appears.\\nN. C. The Biddle University at\\nCharlotte is chartered. The State Col-\\nored Normal School, at Fayetteville,\\nis opened.\\nPa. The National Stockman and\\nFarmer is issued at Pittsburg.\\n.5. C. The Adger College (Pres.) is\\norganized at TValhalla.\\nTenn. The Medical Department of\\nthe University of Tennessee at Nash-\\nville is opened.\\nTex. The North Texas Female\\nCollege (Meth. Epis. South) is char-\\ntered.\\nW. Va. The Broaddus CoUege at\\nClarksburg receives its charter.\\nTJie American, by Henry James, ap-\\npears.\\nBiology, Orthodoxy, and Transcenden-\\ntalism, by Joseph Cook, appears.\\nEight Cousins, by Louisa May Alcott,\\nappears.\\nFootprints of the Master, by Harriet\\nBeecher Stowe, appears.\\nGarth, by Julian Hawthorne, appears.\\nHaicthorne, by Edmund Clarence Sted-\\nman, appears.\\nNicholas Minturn, by J. G. Holland,\\nappears.\\nCount Frontenac and New France, by\\nFrancis Parkman, appears.\\nThe Queen of Sheba, by T. B. Aldrick,\\nappears.\\nModern Philosophy by Francis Bo wen,\\nappears.\\nReconciliation of Science aiid Religion,\\nby Alexander Winchell, appears.\\nTable Talk, by A. Bronson Aleott.\\nappears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S77 July 1. Md. A general reduction\\nof wages on railroads strikes are\\nthreatened.\\nJuly 4. Fla. A convention of colored\\nmen is held in Tallahassee it advises the\\nfostering of a general social and moral\\nimprovement of the colored people.\\nJuly 14 4-. Md. A great labor strike\\noccurs. It extends over most of the\\nrailroads of the Northern States.\\nIt begins on the Baltimore and Ohio\\nRailroad against a 1U per cent reduction\\nof wages soon the militia is called out.\\nand later the National troops, to pro-\\ntect new employees; 100.000 workmen\\nparticipate in it.\\nJuly 19. W. Va. A detachment of Na-\\ntional troops arrives to protect railroad\\nemployees from strikers.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1877, June 30-**. 297\\nJuly 20. Md. A mob stones the soldiers\\ncalled against the strikers on the Balti-\\nmore and Ohio Railroad, at Baltimore;\\nnine of the mob are killed and mora\\nthan 20 are wounded by the fare of the\\nsoldiers.\\nJuly 21. Pa. At Pittsburg strikers at-\\ntack the soldiers.\\nThey drive them for shelter into the\\nroundhouse, where they are besieged.\\nOil-cars are moved up to the building\\nand tired, while the tire companies are\\nrestrained railroad buildings are fared\\n2,000 freight-cars are pillaged or burned\\nbarrels of liquor are taken from the\\ncars, and general robbery follows, in\\nwhich women participate, until sup-\\npressed by Federal troops. Loss esti-\\nmated at about $10,000,000.\\nJuly Pa. The strikers raise a riot at\\nReading in a collision between the\\nmilitary and the mob, 13 are killed, 43\\nwounded.\\nJuly 23. Cal. The Vigilance Com-\\nmittee of San Francisco reorganizes.\\nJuly 25. NewYoi-k. Communists meet\\nin Tompkins Square and make inflam-\\nmatory addresses great alarm is felt\\nthroughout the country.\\nJuly 26. Chicago. The Federal cavalry\\nassist the police in charging a crowd of\\nsocialists 19 deaths follow.\\nJuly 27. Pa. The unsuccessful strikers\\ncommence returning to work.\\nAug. 12. Tex. A band of Mexican des-\\nperadoes breaks open the Jail at Rio\\nGrande City, and releases two notorious\\ncriminals, Esproneda and Garza, who\\nescape with them to Mexico.\\nAug. 22. N. J. A convention of col-\\nored men convenes at Princeton to\\npromote the welfare of their race.\\nSept. Oct. S.C. The frauds and\\nembezzlements of the official ring in\\ncharge of the State are disclosed and the\\noffenders prosecuted.\\nSept.* New York. Boss Tweed\\ndiscloses the system by which the Tam-\\nmany frauds were perpetrated, also the\\nnames of guilty parties.\\nOct. New York. The United States\\nBrewers Association is incorporated.\\nNov. 3. Cal. Dennis Kearney, leader\\nof the Workingmen s Party, is arrested\\nand imprisoned on a charge of incendi-\\nary speeches and threats.\\nNov. S. S. C. F. L. Cardoza, ex-treas-\\nurer of the State, convicted of fraud, is\\nsentenced to imprisonment for two years\\nand to pay a fine of $4,000.\\nNov- Chicago. The National Con-\\nvention of the Woman s Christian\\nTemperance Union meets Mrs. Annie\\nWittenmyer, president.\\nDec. 1. Md. The Presbyterian Eye, Ear,\\nand Throat Hospital at Baltimore is\\nopened.\\nDec. 10. Wyo. Women are authorized\\nto vote and hold office.\\nBoston. The Marcella Street Home\\nfor the reformation of boys is opened.\\nCal. An anti-Chinese riot at San\\nFrancisco is subdued by members of the\\nold vigilance committee of 1856.\\nChicago. The Citizens League,\\nagainst the saloon, and to save young\\nmen from intemperance is organized.\\nN. J. A State Board of Health is\\norganized.\\nNev. The Legislature amends the\\nconstitution so as to disfranchise biga-\\nmists and polygamists.\\nP. I, The eleventh National Encamp-\\nment of the Grand Army of the Re-\\npublic is held at Providence Gen. J.\\nC. Robinson, commander-in-chief.\\nSTATE.\\n1877 July IS. D. C. President Hayes\\nissues a proclamation for the suppres-\\nsion of disorder and violence in West\\nVirginia. [July 21 another for Mary-\\nland. July 23 another for Pennsyl-\\nvania.]\\nJuly N. S. The Fishery Commis-\\nsion meets at Halifax. Commissioners\\nSir Alex. T. Gait, Ensign H. Kellogg,\\nand Maurice Delfosse, the Belgian min-\\nister to the United States.\\nAug. 7. W. Va. The capital is located\\nat Charleston by a popular vote.\\nSept. D. C. President Hayes holds a\\nconference with a number of Indian\\nchiefs at Washington.\\nOct. 5. Cal. The Workingman s Party\\nof California is organized at San Fran-\\ncisco Dennis Kearney sand-lot ora-\\ntor president.\\nOct. 15. D. C. The 45th Congress\\nopens in special session.\\nOct.* D. C. Congress Senate Thomas\\nW. Ferry of Mich, is elected President\\npro tempore. House Samuel J. Ran-\\ndall of Pa. (Dem.) is reelected Speaker,\\nreceiving 149 votes James A. Garfield\\nof O. (Rep.), 132.\\nThomas B. Keed of Me. and William\\nMcKinley of O. enter the House.\\nNov. 5. D. C. Congress House R. P.\\nBland of Mo. introduces a bill for the\\nfree coinage of the standard silver dol-\\nlar, and for its circulation as a legal\\ntender in any amounts. (See Feb., 1878.)\\nNov. 6. Minn. The people ratify an\\namendment to the Constitution, chan-\\nging the sessions of the Legislature from\\nannual to biennial.\\nNov. 23. 1ST. S. The Halifax Fishery\\nCommission, under the Treaty of\\nWashington, makes its decision, one\\nmember dissenting.\\nIt awards to the British government\\n\u00c2\u00a75,500,000 for 12 years use of the inshore\\nCanadian fisheries, which belonged to\\nthe United States by the treaty of 1782\\nit also remits to Canada, the annual\\nduties ($350,000), which in 12 years\\namount to \u00c2\u00a71,200,000.\\nDec. 3. D. C. The 45th Congress; the\\nspecial session closes.\\nThe 45th Congress opens in regular\\nBession.\\nThe President s message recom-\\nmends the resumption of specie pay-\\nments on Jan. 1, 1879, and urges justice\\nfor freedmen.\\nDec. 12. D. C. Congress Senate\\nKoscoe Conkling of N. Y. and others\\noppose the Civil Service Reform\\nefforts of the Administration.\\nD. C. President Hayes appoints John\\nM. Harlan of Ky. a Justice of the U. S.\\nSupreme Court.\\nN. Dak. The capital is removed to\\nBismarck.\\nN. H. The people adopt 12 amend-\\nments to the Constitution, and reject a\\n13th amendment which would eliminate\\nthe word Protestant from the Bill of\\nRights.\\nNew York. Smith Ely is elected the\\nSOth mayor.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated:\\n-78* Ariz. (Ter.). John P. Hoyt.\\n-81 Ark. William R. Miller.\\n-79 Conn. James E. English.\\n-81 Fla. George F. Drew.\\n-82 Ga. Alfred H. Colquitt.\\n-83 III. Shelby M. Cullom.\\n-81 hid. James D. Williams.\\n-79 Kan. George T. Anthony.\\n-78 La. Stephen B. Packard.\\n-81 Mich. Charles M. Crosswell.\\n-81 Mo. John S. Phelps.\\n-79 N. C Zebulon B. Vance.\\n-79 N.H. Benjamin F. Prescott.\\n-80 N. Y. Lucius Robinson.\\n-78 O. Thomas L. Young.\\n-78** Ore. S. F. Chadwick.\\n-78 S. C. Wade Hampton.\\n-80 R. I. Charles C. Van Zandt.\\n-81 W. Va. Henry M. Matthews.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1877 June 30. Immigrants for the\\nyear, 141,857.\\nJuly* Because of the great Pittsburg\\nstrike, six or seven thousand miles of\\nrailroads are forced into idleness.\\nAug. 9. N. J. A train falls through a\\nbridge at Ocean port 60 persons are\\ninjured; Gen. Grant is one of the pas-\\nsengers and escapes unhurt.\\nAug. 15-17. Vt. The centennial of the\\nBattle of Bennington is celebrated.\\nAug. 26. New York. The Third Ave-\\nnue Elevated Railroad is opened to\\nForty Second Street.\\nAug. 29. la. By the washing away of a\\nrailroad bridge near Des Moines, 17\\nlives are lost.\\nAug. Colo. Leadville is settled.\\nAug. la. The canal around the Des\\nMoines rapids is opened it is 7J- miles\\nlong and cost $1,500,000.\\nDec. 20. New York. An explosion\\nand fire in Greenfield s confectionery\\nworks cause the death of about 50 per-\\nsons.\\nAla. Birmingham is founded.\\nBoston. The Back Bay Park System\\ncomprising 1,069 acres is established\\nCharles River Embankment, Gd Back\\nBay Park, 106; Muddy River, 110; Ja-\\nmaica Park, 120; Arnold Arboretum,\\n167; West Roxbury, 485. English bi-\\ncycles are first imported into the\\nUnited States. The Produce Ex-\\nchange is organized.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "298 1877, *-1878, Nov.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1878 Apr. 12. D. C. A rehearing of\\nthe case of Fitz-John Porter by a\\nmilitary commission is granted; the\\nboard consists of Maj.-Gens. Schofield,\\nTerry, and Getty. [He is finally restored\\nto the army.]\\nNov. 29. Ky. Gov. Jackson sends\\ntroops into Breathitt County to sup-\\npress an old feud which was revived by\\na mob attacking a sheriff while in\\ncharge of a prisoner.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1877 K.J. Thomas A. Edison com-\\nmences experiments with incandescent\\nplatinum at Menlo Park.\\nNew York. The Lenox Library Art\\nGallery is opened.\\nPa. The Mozart Club is organized\\nat Pittsburg.\\nClose of Stormy Day is painted by\\nArthur Quartley.\\nPonce de Leon is painted by Thomas\\nMo ran.\\nScene in New Hampshire is painted by\\nJ. W. Casilear.\\nHead of Jersey Bull is painted by A.\\nC. Shaw.\\n1878 Mar. 1. N. T. The asteroid\\nEunike is discovered by Peters at Clin-\\nton. [And Menippe on June ISth.]\\nJune 20. N. Y. Charles B. Everest,\\nwhile boring for oil at Warsaw, discov-\\ners a strata of rock salt 70 feet thick\\nlying 1,272 feet below the surface.\\nJune^iV. Y. William E. Sawyer patents\\nan incandescent carbon lamp, which\\nhe places on exhibition.\\nJuly 7. N. Y. At the Rochester Obser-\\nvatory a tailless comet, also without a\\nnucleus, is discovered.\\nJuly 29, 30. Mich. J. C. Watson of\\nAnn Arbor claims to have seen the\\nplanet Vulcan during the solar eclipse.\\nJuly N. J. Thomas A. Edison an-\\nnounces the invention of themicrotasi-\\nmeter, in which he applies the princi-\\nple of the carbon microphone to the\\nmeasurement of infinitesimal pressure.\\nAug. 6. Eng. McCormick s automatic\\nself-binding grain harvester takes the\\ngold medal at the Royal Agricultural\\nSociety s competitive test.\\nAug. 21. Mo. The American Associa-\\ntion for the Advancement of Science\\nmeets at St. Louis.\\nSept. 9. N. Y. The asteroid Phthia is\\ndiscovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clinton.\\n[Ismene, on Sept. 22, and Kolga, on\\nSept. 30.]\\nOct. 21-24. Phila. A great storm pre-\\nvails it destroys 384 houses, churches,\\nand many public buildings, besides\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0wrecking eight ships. Loss, 32,000,000.\\nOct. N. J. Thomas A. Edison an-\\nnounces his success in subdividing the\\nelectric current, adapting it for house-\\nhold use. He invents an electric pen\\nfor copying. He also announces the in-\\nvention of the megaphone, a form of\\ntelephone.\\nOct. 31. Ga. A monument to com-\\nmemorate fallen Confederate soldiers is\\nuncovered at Augusta.\\nD. C. A. Graham Bell and Sumner\\nTainter of Washington invent a photo-\\nphone.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1878.\\nJan. 16. Bowles, Samuel, miscellaneous\\nwriter, journalist, A52.\\nJan. 18. Efollins, George N., commander\\nV. S. N., com. Confederate N., A79.\\nFeb. 11. Welles, (iidt-on, editor, sec. navy,\\nwriter, A76.\\nMar. 2. Wade, Benjamin Franklin, anti-\\nslavery leader, Benator lor 0., acting Vice-\\nPresident, A78.\\nMar. 17. Pickering, Charles, physician,\\nnaturalist. niLScelluueoiiB writer, A73.\\nMar. 18. Hartt, Charles Frederic, natural-\\nist, author, A38.\\nApr. 1 2. Tweed, W illiam M., political\\nboss, embezzler, A55.\\nApr. 21. Peck, John .lames, capt. U. S. A.\\nin Mex., maj.-gen. U, S. vols., A5I.\\nApr. 22. Orton, William, president West-\\nern Union Telegraph Co., politician, A52.\\nApr. 24. Dyer, Charles Volney, surgeon,\\nabolitionist, ATI.\\nApr. 25. llashford, Coles, jurist, Gov. of\\nWis., A62.\\nApr. 30. Simons, Thomas Young, lawyer,\\npolitician, unit-derate capt., editor, A50.\\nMay 7. Hoffman, Murray, jurist, legal\\nWTiter, A87.\\nMay 12. Beecher, Catherine E., educator,\\nwriter, A7R.\\nMay. 13. Henry, Joseph, physicist, Smith-\\nl Institution, A81.\\nJune 12. Bonneville, Benjan\\ndier, explorer, author, A85.\\nL. E., sol-\\nBrvant, William Cullen, poet, editor\\nEvening Post of N. Y., author, A84.\\nJune 19. Hodge, Charles, Pres.,cl., theolo-\\ngian, professor at Princeton, author, A81.\\nJune 21. Warren, Fitz Henry, lawyer,\\npolitician, journalist, maj.-gen. U. S. vols.,\\nA62.\\nFast,,\\nHarvey G., educator,\\nJuly 13.\\npoliticii\\nJuly 17. Appleton, George S., publisher, of\\nN. Y., A57.\\nAug. 13. Duyckinck, Evert Augustus,\\njournalist, compiler of cyclopedias, A78.\\nPrentiss, Elizaheth, iiymnologist, reli-\\ngious writer, A60.\\nAug-. 16. Upjohn, Richard, architect, A7S.\\nAug-. 17. Adrian, Garnett B., M. C. for\\nA65.\\nSept. 2. Haight, Henry Huntlev, lawyer,\\nGov. of Cal., A53.\\nOct. 6. Adams, Nehemiah, Cong, clergyman,\\ntheologian, author of devotional and other\\nworks, A72.\\nPillow, Gideon J., lawyer, maj.-gen.\\nU. S. vols.. Confederate bnu.-tren., A72.\\nOct. 20. Paulding, Hiram, ivar-adm. U. S.\\nN., A81.\\nOct. 21. Kosecrans, Svlvester H., Rom.\\nCath. bishop of Columbus, 0., A51.\\nNov. 29. Godey, Louis Anloine, founder\\nof Godey s Ladies Bool; A74.\\nCHURCH.\\n1S77 Mo. The Annual Conven-\\ntion (Disciples of Christ) is held at St.\\nLouis W. K. Pendleton, president.\\nN. Mex. A mission to the Zunis is\\nopened by the Presbyterian Home Board.\\nP. I. The Annual Meeting (Bap-\\ntist) is held at Providence.\\nTex. The Eastern Convention (Bap-\\ntist) is formed.\\nUtah. The Utah Conference (Metho-\\ndist Episcopal) is formed.\\nControversyintlieUnitedPresbyterian\\nChurch respecting instrumental music.\\nThe Protestant Episcopal dioceses of\\nQuincy, West Virginia, and Springfield,\\n111., are organized.\\n*The (Protestant Episcopal) Girls\\nFriendly Society L- formed.\\n*The Baptists labor among the Chero-\\nkees, Creeks, Seminoles, Delawares,\\nShawanoes, Kickapoos, and Sac and Fox\\ntribe, with 13 missionaries.\\nNicholas Castle is elected first bishop\\nof the United Brethren.\\n1878 Jan. 10. The Church Society for\\nPromoting Christianity among the Jews\\nis organized.\\nFeb. 20. It. Cardinal GiacchinoPecci\\nis elected successor to Pius IX., under the\\ntitle of Leo XIII.\\nMay 1. Ga. The General Confer-\\nence (Methodist Episcopal South) meets\\nat Atlanta.\\nMay 12. Ind. Francis S. Chatard is\\nconsecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop\\nof Vincennes and Francis Mora bishop\\nof Monterey and Los Angeles.\\nMay 15. 77/. Alexander Burgess is con-\\nsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop\\nof Quincy.\\nMay 24. X. Y. The Brooklyn Church\\nSociety (Methodist Episcopal) is incor-\\nporated.\\nMay 30. George William Peterkin is con-\\nsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop\\nof West Virginia.\\nMay 31. Boston. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nJune 11. George Franklin Seymour is\\nconsecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Springfield.\\nSept. 1. Ind. The Indiana Conference\\nof Unitarian and Independent Religious\\nSocieties is organized at Hobart.\\nSept. 3. Samuel Allen McCoskey, (Prot-\\nestant Episcopal) bishop, is deposed.\\nSept. 17-20. N. r. The National Con-\\nference (Unitarian) is held at Saratoga.\\nLETTERS.\\n1877 A Knight of the Nineteenth Cen-\\ntury, by E. P. Roe, appears.\\nBeing a Boy, by Charles Dudley\\nWarner, appears.\\nTwo Men of Sandy Bar, by Bret Harte,\\nappears; also Thankful Blossom.\\nThe Story of Avis, by Elizabeth Stuart\\nPhelps, appears.\\n1S7S Nov. 3. The New West (Cong.)\\nEducation Commission is incorporated.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S77 IHs. The Legislature legalizes\\nthe practice of law by women.\\nThe Knights and Ladies of Honor\\nis founded.\\nU. S. The demand for the rights of\\nlabor becomes more general and em-\\nThe Order of the Catholic Knights\\nof America is founded.\\n1878 Jan. V. S. The Workingman s\\nParty is reorganized as The Social-\\nistic Labor Party.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1877, *-1878, Nov. 299\\nFeb. Chicago. The Union Club is or-\\nganized.\\nApr. 4. Chicago. The Calumet Club\\nand the Illinois Club are organized.\\nJune 13. Phila. The Society for Or-\\nganizing Charity is founded,\\nAug. 5. Boston. Dennis Kearney of\\nSan Francisco, the labor agitator, deliv-\\ners a public address in Faneuil Hall.\\nOct. N. Y. Jesse Billings, Jr., is ac-\\nquitted of the murder of his wife at\\nSaratoga on June 4.\\nNov. 7. New York. Thieves take the\\nremains of the late A. T. Stewart from\\nthe family vault in St. Mark s church-\\nyard. [Never found.]\\nNov. 26. N. Y. The Brooklyn Bureau\\nof Charities is organized.\\nSTATE.\\n1S73 Feb. 21. D. C. Congress: The\\nSenate passes and returns the Bland\\nSilver Bill with two amendments one\\nlimiting silver coinage, and the other\\nproviding for an International Mone-\\ntary Conference. Vote, 48-21.\\nFeb. 22. 0. A convention at Toledo\\norganizes the National Greenback\\nparty, following the Greenback party of\\n1874.\\nIt advocates the unlimited coinage of\\ngold and silver, the substitution of green-\\nbacks national bills of credit made\\nlegal tender for national bank-notes,\\nfemale suffrage, and the advancement\\nof working people.\\nFeb.* D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Senate amendments to the\\nBland Silver Bill. Vote on money\\nconference, 96-71 on limiting coinage,\\n203-72. This concurrence passes the bill.\\nFeb. 28. D. C. The President vetoes\\nthe Bland Silver Bill.\\nCongress The Bland Silver Bill is\\npassed over the President s veto. House\\nvote, 196-73 Senate vote, 46-19.\\nIt revives the coinage of the standard\\nsilver dollars of 412.! grains, to the ex-\\ntent of not less than \u00c2\u00a72,000,000 or more\\nthan $4,000,000 per month all seignior-\\nage to accrue to the Treasury. These\\ndollars are to be full legal tender for all\\ndebts, public or private.\\nFeb.\u00c2\u00b1 U. S. Public opinion is agitated\\nrespecting the payment of bondhold-\\ners in gold.\\nMar. 11. B.C. Congress: The Senate\\nrequests the President to transmit the\\ncorrespondence which preceded the\\nselection of Mr. Delfosse as the third\\ncommissioner in the Fishery Dispute.\\n[His sole vote decided the issue.]\\nMar. 26. Conn. The Legislature meets\\nin the new Capitol at Hartford for the\\nfirst time.\\nApr. 17. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nThomas W. Ferry of Mich, is reelected\\nPresident pro tempore.\\nApr. July N. Mex. The Federal\\nGovernment removes the Ute Indians\\nfrom New Mexico to the Colorado.\\nMay 2. Z C. Congress votes to sup-\\npress the coinage of silver pieces of the\\ndenomination of 20 cents.\\nMay 17. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nThe President transmits the correspon-\\ndence respecting the appointment of\\nMr. Delfosse as the third commissioner\\non the Fishery Dispute.\\nIt proves his disqualification to act as\\narbitrator, and exhibits the persistency\\nof England to secure his appointment.\\nThe House appoints a select committee\\nto investigate the alleged election\\nfrauds of November 18, 1876, in Louisi-\\nana and Florida.\\nMay 28. D. C. Congress The Senate\\nvotes an appropriation to pay the Hali-\\nfax Award. (See Nov. 23, 1877.)\\nIt is to be paid if the Government of\\nher Britannic Majesty, after a full re-\\nview of all the facts and circumstances\\nof the case, shall conclude and declare\\nthe award to be lawfully and honorably\\ndue.\\nMay 31. D. C. Congress forbids the\\nretirement of legal-tender notes.\\nJune 7. D. C. Congress repeals the\\nBankruptcy Law of March 2, 1S67, to\\ntake effect Sept. 1.\\nJune 11. Wash. A Constitutional Con-\\nvention assembles at Walla Walla.\\nJune 18. B.C. Congress restricts the\\nuse of the army as a posse comitatus in\\nthe execution of laws, except in such\\ncases as are expressly provided for by\\nthe Constitution.\\nIt provides for additional stations of\\nthe life-saving service.\\nJune 19. D. C. Congress relieves Gen.\\nE. Kirby Smith of Tenn. from politi-\\ncal disabilities.\\nJune 20. D. C. The 45th Congress\\nthe second session closes.\\nJune 30. U. S. Statistics for 1878.\\nRevenue: Customs, $130,170,680; inter-\\nnal revenue, $110,581,625 sales of public\\nlands, $1,079,743 premiums on loans and\\nsales of gold coin, $317,102; miscellane-\\nous items, $15,614,728. Total revenue,\\n$257,763,879; excess of revenue over ex-\\npenditures, $20,799,552. Expenditures\\nMiscellaneous items, $53,177,704 War\\nDepartment, $32,154,148; Navy Depart-\\nment, $17,365,301 Indians, $4,629,280\\npensions, $27,137,019 interest on the\\npublic debt, $102,500,825. Total ordinary\\nexpenditures, $^;i;.:k 4,; 27. Public debt,\\n$2,256,205,.SD2. Exports, $694,805,766; im-\\nports, $437,051,532.\\nAug. Cat. Dennis Kearney starts a\\npolitical agitation against the resump-\\ntion of specie payments, and against\\nnational bondholders, on the sand lots\\nof San Francisco.\\nSept. 28. Cat. A convention meets to\\nrevise the Constitution.\\nC. Secretary of State Evarts com-\\nmunicates to the British Government his\\narguments against tlie Halifax Awards.\\nHe shows by fishery statistics that, for\\nfive years, under the treaty, the profits\\nto fishermen have been only $25,000 a\\nyear.\\nThe first Chinese embassy to the\\nUnited States presents its credentials.\\nOct. 7. D. C. The President by procla-\\nmation orders disorderly persons in New\\nMexico to desist from violence.\\nNov. 5. Conn. The election fails to\\nmake a choice of State officers, and it\\nfalls to the Legislature for settlement.\\nNov. Wash. The people ratify the\\nConstitution.\\nNov. Kan. John P. St. John is\\nelected governor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1877 Chicago. The Exposition\\nbuilding is opened.\\nU. S. Loss by fire in 1877, $68,265,800\\niniurance loss, $37,398,000.\\nLa. By means of jetties, Capt. James\\nB. Eads secures a 20-ft. channel at the\\nmouth of the Mississippi Kiver, which\\nmaintains its depth by the force of the\\ncurrent.\\n1878 Jan. 1. Colo. The gold and silver\\nproduction up to date is 80 tons of pure\\ngold, and 770 tons of silver, besides a\\nlarge quantity of copper and lead.\\nJan. 15. Conn. A train of cars falls\\nthrough a bridge at Tariffville, killing\\n16 persons.\\nJan. 31. N. C. The Steamer Metropolis^\\nbound from Philadelphia to Brazil, goes\\nashore off the coast in a gale about\\n100 lives lost.\\nMar. S. C. The Legislature passes a\\njoint resolution to settle certain debts\\nat the rate of 50 per cent.\\nIt includes all the unfunded debts and\\nliabilities of the State, including the hills\\nof the Bank of the State, and so much of\\nthe debt of the State as is known as the\\nLittle Bonanza.\\nApr. 29. U. S. The enactment of Con-\\ngress to prevent the introduction of con-\\ntagious diseases becomes operative.\\nApr. 30. New York. A trial trip is made\\nof the Gilbert [Metropolitan Ninth\\nAvenue] Elevated Railroad. [June 5.\\nIt is opened to the public, from Rector\\nStreet to Central Park.]\\nMay 2. Minn. The Washburn Flour\\nMills explode fire follows, which\\nspreads to other mills, resulting in 17\\ndeaths and the loss of $1,500,000 in prop-\\nerty.\\nMay 23. La. The first case of yellow\\nfever is reported. [About 4,500 deaths\\nfollow.]\\nJune 30. U. S. Immigrants for the\\nyear, 138,469.\\nJuly 12. La. Yellow fever appears as\\nan epidemic.\\nSept. Oct. Yellow fever rages in the\\nSouthern States 20,000 cases and 7,000\\ndeaths are reported. Some of the in-\\nterior towns in Louisiana are depopu-\\nlated.\\nOct. 8. Mass. An excursion train on\\nthe Old Colony Road is wrecked at\\nQuincy by a misplaced switch, killing\\n21 persons and injuring 150.\\nNov. N. Y. Gas stocks fall 12 to 20\\nper cent on the announcement of Edi-\\nson s discovery, subdividing the electric\\ncurrent for household use.\\nNov. 25. The Pomerania, a Hamburg-\\nAmerican mail steamer, is sunk about\\nmidnight off Folkestone by an iron bark\\nof Carnarvon; 162 persons are saved,\\nand 48 missing.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "300 1878, Nov. *-1879, June 30. AMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1879 Mar. 4. William K. Shatter is\\ncommissioned colonel 1st infantry.\\nJuly The Sioux Indians under Sitting\\nBull, being defeated in a raid, retire to\\nCanada, where they remain.\\nMar. 19. D. C. The board appointed\\nto rehear the Fitz-John Porter case\\nreports, exonerating his conduct. [He\\nis restored to the army.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1878 Mich. J. C. Watson of Ann\\nArbor observes two intra- Mercurial\\nplanets.\\nMe. The State presents a statue of\\nWilliam King, its first governor, to the\\nFederal Government, to be placed in\\nStatuary Hall at Washington.\\nNew York. The Symphony Society\\nis organized. The College of Music is\\nincorporated. The Society of Ameri-\\ncan Art is organized for the advance-\\nment of the Fine Arts. Horace Walcott\\nBobbins and R. Swain Giff ord are elected\\nmembers of the National Academy of\\nN. Y. The Vassar College Obser-\\nvatory is erected at Poughkeepsie.\\nO. The Cincinnati College of Music\\nis incorporated. The Bach Society is\\norganized at Cleveland.\\nPJdla. The first telephone exchange\\nis opened for business.\\nWis. The Washburn Observatory\\nis erected at Madison.\\nPlatte River is painted by Worthing-\\nton Whittredge.\\nNew England Village School is painted\\nby A. F. Bellows.\\nCapri is painted by G. L. Brown.\\nLandscape is painted by Geo. Inness.\\nMidsummer Day is painted by J. M.\\nHart.\\nBay of New York is painted by S. R.\\nGifford.\\nView on the Scliemung River is painted\\nby J. W. Casilear.\\n1879 Mar. 21. N. Y. The. asteroid\\nProene is discovered by C. H. F. Peters\\nof Clinton. [Philomela, on May 17.]\\nMay 29. Chicago. The Academy of\\nFine Arts (Art Institute) is incorpo-\\nrated.\\nMay 30. Mo., Kan., Neb. An extensive\\ntornado causes 40 deaths and destroys\\nmuch property.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1878.\\nDec. 15. Alexander, Barton Stone, brev.\\nbrig.-gen., U. S. A., A59.\\nDec. 19. Taylor, Kayard, historian, poet,\\nnovelist, traveler, A 3.\\nDec. 25. Hoff, Henry K., rear-adm. V. S.\\nN., A69.\\nM. C. for Mass., atty.-gen., minister\\nSpain, orator, jurist, scholar, author, A79.\\nJan. 6. lUi Mniiael, Morton, of Phila., ed-\\nitor, orator, A72.\\nJan. 10. Bigelow, Jacob, physician, bota-\\nnist, writer, A92.\\nJan. 13. Guest, John, com. U. S. N., A58.\\nJan. 31. Hillard, (leonje Stillnian, lawyer,\\norator, editor, author, A71.\\nFeb. 2. -Dana, Richard Henry, lawyer,\\npoet, essayist, author, A92.\\nFeb. 21. Halglit, Benjamin J.,1*. E. clergy-\\nman, theologian, A70.\\nMar. 9. Burritt, Klilm, blacksmith, re-\\nformer, UngOlBt, author, eilitor, A69.\\nMar. 16. Sherman, Thomas WeBt, maj.-\\nMar. 19. I e Koven, James, clergyman,\\neducator, A4*.\\nMar. 25. Malcom, Howard, Bapt. clergy-\\nman, author, Amo.\\nMar. 30. Wood, (Jeorge Bacon, physician,\\nmedical writer, author, A82.\\nApr. 12. Taylor, Richard, lieut.-gen. Con-\\nfederate arm v, son of Zachary, A53.\\nApr. 13. llavs, Isaac, physician, editor,\\nscientist, of Phila., A83.\\nApr. 21. I ix, .John Adams, lawyer, A80.\\nApr. 25. Ames, Edward Raymond, M. E.\\nbishop, A73.\\nApr. 30. Hale, Sarah Josepha Buell, ed-\\nitor, writer, A89.\\nMay 15. Garrard, Kenner, capt. U. S. A.,\\nA5I.\\nMay 17. Packer, Asa, contractor, capital-\\nist, R. R. president, M. C. for Pa., donor\\nLehigh University, A73.\\nMay 26. Garrison, Win. Lloyd, antisla-\\nvery agitator, editor of Liberator, A58.\\nJune 26. Anderson, Richard H., capt.\\nU. S. A., lieut.-gen. Confederate army, A58.\\nCHURCH.\\n1S7S Dec. 12. Ga. The Georgia Associ-\\nation (Congregational) is organized.\\nGa. The Woman s Foreign Mis-\\nsionary Society (Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch South) is organized at Atlanta.\\n*The Presbyterian Home Board sends\\nmissionaries to the Jemez Indians.\\nThe Central Illinois Conference (Free\\nMethodist) is organized.\\nThe Maine Eldership (Church of\\nGod) is organized.\\nMinn. A Congregational club is\\nfounded at St. Paul.\\nN. Y. The Foreign Sunday School\\nAssociation in Brooklyn incorporated.\\nNew York. A Chinese School is\\norganized in the Trinity Baptist Church.\\nThe Southern and Western Baptists\\nwithdraw from the consolidated Ameri-\\ncan Baptist Missionary Convention.\\nO. The Annual Convention (Dis-\\nciples of Christ) is held at Cincinnati\\nA. I. Hobbs, president. The General\\nAssembly (United Presbyterian) meets\\nat Cambridge S. G. Irvine, moderator.\\nThe Baptist Annual Meeting is held\\nin Cleveland. The Ohio Conference\\n(Free Methodist) is organized.\\nThe Woman s American Baptist\\nHome Missionary Society is formed.\\nPa. The General Assembly (Pres-\\nbyterian) meets at Pittsburg F. L.\\nPatton, moderator.\\nTenn. The General Synod (Evan-\\ngelical Lutheran) of Middle Tennessee\\nis organized.\\n1879 May 25. New York. St. Patrick s\\nCathedral (Roman Catholic) is dedi-\\ncated by Cardinal McCloskey. (The cor-\\nner-stone was laid August, 1858.)\\nMay 26. N. C. The North Carolina Con-\\nference (Congregational) is organized.\\nMay 30. N. Y. The General Convention\\nof the New Jerusalem meets.\\nLETTERS.\\n1878 Ala. Selma University (Col.\\nBapt.) is founded.\\nBoston. The Daily Evening Record is\\nissued.\\nLa. The University of Louisiana\\n(non-sect.) is organized at New Orleans.\\nMinn. The Journal is issued at Min-\\nneapolis.\\nMo. The Southwest Baptist Col-\\nlege is founded at Bolivar.\\nNeb. Creighton University (Rom.\\nCath.) at Omaha is organized.\\nN. Y. The Chautauqua Literary\\nand Scientific Circle is organized at\\nthe instance of Lewis Miller of Akron, O.\\nNew York. The Magazine of Art ap-\\npears. The Christian Herald and Sign*\\nof our Times is issued also Texas Sifl-\\nings. The New-Yorker Volkes-Zeitung\\nfounded.\\nO. The Cleveland Press is issued.\\nO. Ashland CoDege (Ger. Bapt.) is\\norganized.\\nPa. Pittsburg College (Bom. Cath.\\nis organized.\\nUtah. The Brigham Young Col-\\nlege is opened at Logan.\\nWis. The National German-American\\nTeachers Seminary at Milwaukee is\\nopened.\\nThe Baptist Review (l ater Baptist\\nQuarterly) is first issued.\\nBarriers Burned Away, by E. P. Roe,\\nappears.\\nConscience, Heredity, and Marriage, by\\nJoseph Cook, appears.\\nDriftwood, by Celia Thaxter, appears.\\nThe Europeans, by Henry James, ap-\\npears also Daisy Miller and French\\nPoets and Novelists.\\nFalco7iberg, by H..T3.. Boyesen, appears;\\nalso Goethe and Schiller.\\nKeramos, by Henry W. Longfellow,\\nappears.\\nThe Poet and Bis Master, by Richard\\nWalton Gilder, appears.\\nPrince Deukalion, by Bayard Taylor,\\nappears.\\nRoxy, by Edward Eggleston, appears.\\nSigurd, by E. C. Stedman, appears.\\nStory of a Mine, by Bret Harte, ap-\\npears.\\nThistledown, by William Winter, ap-\\npears.\\nUnder the Lilacs, by Louisa May Al-\\ncott, appears.\\nThe Visio7i of Echard, and other\\nPoems, by John Greenleaf Whittier,\\nappears.\\nSongs of Italy, by Joaquin Miller, ap-\\npears.\\nElements of Geology, by Joseph Le\\nConte, appears.\\nIn the Wilderness, by Charles Dudley\\nWarner, appears.\\nPoganuc People, by Harriet Beecher\\nStowe, appears.\\nHaworth s, by Frances Hodgson Bur-\\nnett, appears.\\n1S79 May. New York. The Uni-\\nversity Club is reorganized.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1878, Nov. *-1879, June 30. 301\\nSOCIETY.\\n1878 la. The Legislature repeals the\\nAct to abolish the death penalty, and\\nempowers the hanging of convicted pris-\\noners or their imprisonment for life.\\nKentucky. The Legislature establishes\\na State Board of Health. The Ken-\\ntucky House passes a bill to reestablish\\nthe -whipping post. Vote, 63-21. It is\\nlost by one vote in the Senate.\\nMd. The Woman s Christian Tem-\\nperance Union meets in National Con-\\nvention at Baltimore Mrs. Annie\\nWittenmyer, president.\\nMich. A State Insane Asylum is\\nopened at Pontiac.\\nMo. A day school for the deaf is\\nestablished at St. Louis.\\nMass. The twelfth National En-\\ncampment of the Grand Army of the\\nRepublic is held at Springfield; Gen.\\nJ. C. Robinson, commander-in-chief.\\nA general assembly of the National\\nAssociation of the Knights of Labor is\\norganized. Terence V. Powderly is\\nelected general master-workman.\\nThe American Legion of Honor is\\nfounded. The Improved Order of\\nHeptasophs and the Order of Scot-\\ntish Clans is founded. The American\\nBar Association is organized in New\\nYork.\\n1S79 Jan. 1. Minn. The State inebri-\\nate asylum at Rochester is opened.\\nJan. 10. JV. J. Benjamin F. Hunter\\nis hanged at Camden for the murder of\\nJ. F. Armstrong, at Camden, on Jan.\\n23, 1378.\\nFeb. 15. D. C. Women are authorized\\nto practise law before the Supreme\\nCourt, by Act of Congress.\\nFeb. 26. Boston. The Associated\\nCharities is organized.\\nMar. -Apr. A great many negroes\\nemigrate from the South to the West.\\nApr. 10. Vt. John P. Phair is hanged\\nat Windsor for the murder of Ann E.\\nFrieze of Rutland, on June 9, 1874.\\nApr. 30. Mass. The Legislature passes\\na law abolishing the several boards, and\\nestablishing the Board of Health,\\nCharity, and Lunacy.\\nApr. Kan. The first influx of refugee\\ncolored people arrives at Wyandotte,\\nfrom the former slave States on the\\nMississippi.\\nMay 5. Miss. A meeting of the Missis-\\nsippi Valley Labor Convention is held\\nto consider the question of the negro\\nexodus.\\nMay* Mass. An Advent fanatic as-\\nsumes to imitate Abraham in offering\\nup Isaac, and sacrifices his sleeping\\nchild while the mother looks on.\\nSTATE.\\n1878 Nov.* D.C. The award of $5,-\\n500,000 by the Fisheries Commission\\nis paid to England by the Government,\\nwith a protest against the injustice of\\nthe award. (See May 17.)\\nDec. 2. D. C. The 45th Congress:\\nthe third session opens.\\nDec. D. C. Congress Senate A bill\\nrestricting Chinese immigration is\\nintroduced.\\nD. C. The usufruct cipher de-\\nspatches, relating to the bribery of elec-\\ntors in Florida, South Carolina, and\\nOregon, are exposed.\\nD. C. Congress enacts a law for the\\nencouragement of timber plantations,\\ngranting a quarter section of land to\\nany one growing 10 acres of timber on\\nit for 10 years.\\nD. C. Congress provides for the per-\\nmanent government of the District by\\nthree commissioners.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-82 Ala. Rufus W. Cobb.\\n-82 Ariz. (Ter.). John C. Fremont.\\n-80 la. John H. Gear.\\n-80 La. Francis T. Nicholls.\\n-82* N.Mex.(Ter.). Lewis Wallace.\\n-81 K. J. George B. McClellan.\\n-80 0. R. M. Bishop.\\n-82 Ore. William W. Thayer.\\n-80 S. C. William D. Simpson.\\n-82 Fa. Fred W. M. Holliuay.\\n-80 Vt. Redfield Proctor.\\n-82 Wis. William E. Smith.\\n1879 Jan. 1. U. S. Specie payments\\nare resumed, without excitement or\\nexcessive demand for gold, after 17 years\\nof suspension.\\nJan. 9. Conn. The Legislature elects\\nCharles B. Andrews (Rep.) governor.\\nJan. 20. I). C. Congress: The House\\nappoints a committee to investigate the\\ncipher telegrams; they relate to\\nthe purchase of presidential electors at\\nthe South in the interest of Samuel J.\\nTilden.\\nFeb. 3. D. C. The President approves\\nthe Act of Congress declaring the incor-\\nporation of the Society of the Jesuit\\nFathers of New Mexico to be void.\\nFeb. 14. B. C. The Chair of the Senate\\nis first occupied by a colored Senator\\nBlanche K. Bruce of Mississippi.\\nFeb. 15. D. C. Congress authorizes\\nwomen to practise before the Supreme\\nCourt.\\nCongress The Senate passes the Wil-\\nlis Bill to restrict Chinese immigra-\\ntion; the object of this bill is to limit\\nthe number of passengers that may be\\nbrought over by a single vessel. Vote,\\n39-27.\\nFeb. 22. I). C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Chinese Bill. Vote, 155-72.\\nFeb. 25. Va. A new party is organized,\\ncalled Readjusters of the State debt.\\nMar. 1. D. C. Congress President\\nHayes vetoes the Chinese BUI as violat-\\ning treaty stipulations without notice.\\nThe House sustains the veto. Vote, 95-\\n109.\\nMar. 3. D. C. Congress makes an ap-\\npropriation of $250,000, the income from\\nwhich is to be applied for the support of\\nthe American Printing House for the\\nBlind at Louisville, Ky.\\nIt provides for the organization of a\\nNational Board of Health of seven\\nmembers.\\nMar. 4. D. C. The 45th Congress\\nends.\\nThe President calls an extra session\\nof the 46th Congress for March 18.\\nMar. 18. D. C. The 46th Congress\\nopens, in extra session, to provide for\\nthe expenses of the Government.\\nCongress; House Samuel J. Ran-\\ndall (Dem.) of Pa. is reelected Speaker,\\nreceiving 143 votes James A. Gar-\\nfield (Rep.) of O., 125 votes.\\nMar. 28. Tenn. The Legislature passes\\na bill for the settlement of the State\\ndebt at the rate of 50 cents on the dol-\\nlar.\\nApr. 15. D. C. Congress; Senate: A.\\nG. Thurman (Dem.) of O. is elected\\nPresident pro tempore. Democrats\\ncontrol both House and Senate for\\nthe first time since 1856.\\nApr. 21. La. A convention is held at\\nNew Orleans and a new Constitution is\\nformed the capital is changed from\\nNew Orleans to Baton Rouge.\\nApr. 26. D. C. The President, by proc-\\nlamation, orders the removal of settlers\\nnot of the Indian race from Oklahoma,\\nin the Indian Territory.\\nApr. 29. D. C. President Hayes vetoes\\nthe Army Appropriation Bill; also\\nthe Legislative, Executive, and Judicial\\nAppropriation Bill.\\nJune 23. D. C. A second Army Ap-\\npropriation Bill is approved.\\nJune 28. D, C. Congress provides for\\nthe appointment of a commission of\\nseven members to improve the mouths\\nof the Mississippi River.\\nJune 30. U. S. Statistics for 1879.\\nRevenue: Customs, $137,250,048 inter-\\nnal revenue, $113,501,011 salesof public\\nlands, $924, 7sl premiums on loans and\\nsales of cold coin, $1,505,048; miscella-\\nneous items, $20,585,097. Total revenue,\\n$273,S27,1S4 excess of revenue over ex-\\npenditures, $0,879,301. Expenditures:\\nmiscellaneous items, $05,741,555 War\\nDepartment, $40,425,001 Navv Depart-\\nment, $15,125,127 Indians, $5,206,109\\npensions, $35,121,482; interest on the\\npubliedel t, $105,327,949. Total ordinary\\nexpenditures, $200,947,883. Public debt,\\n*2,:;40,232. Exports, $710,439,441 im-\\nports, $445,777,775.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1878 Dec. 18. A gold and a paper\\ndollar are of equal value for the first\\ntime in 17 years.\\nU. S. Loss by fire in 1876, $64,315,900\\ninsurance loss, $36,575,900.\\n1S79 Jan. 1. Mich. The new Capitol\\nis formally dedicated.\\nFeb. 12. N. Y. The new Capitol at\\nAlbany is opened.\\nMar. 1. D. C. The internal revenue\\ntax on tobacco is reduced.\\nMar. 2. Nev. A fire at Reno burns\\n$1,000,000 worth of property.\\nJune 16-21. London. Edward Payson\\nWeston, an American, walks 550 miles\\nin six days at Agricultural Hall.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "302 1879, June 30-1880, Apr. 18. AMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1879 Sept. 29. Colo, Maj Thornbury\\nand 17 men are killed in a fight with\\nIndians at Milk Creek, near Rawlins.\\nNov. 9. Colo. The Apache Indians re-\\ntreat before Gen. Merritt, then suddenly\\nturn and attack their pursuers, and kill\\n1880 Feb. 8. Elwell S. Otis is com-\\nmissioned colonel 20th infantry.\\nART SCIENCE \u00e2\u0080\u0094NATURE.\\n1879 July8. New York. JamesGordon\\nBennett, proprietor of the New York\\nHerald, sends out the Jeannette, under\\nthe sanction of Congress, on an Arctic\\nexploring trips; it sails from San Fran-\\ncisco under Capt. G. W. DeLong, U. S.N.\\n[A few survivors reach Siberia and finally\\nthe United States.]\\nJuly 10. N. Y. The asteroid Byblis is\\ndiscovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clin-\\nton. [Dynamene, on July 28.]\\nAug. 16-20. A cyclone wrecks or dis-\\nables 300 vessels near the North Atlantic\\ncoast, and damages inland property\\nthe wind at Cape Lookout attained a\\nvelocity of 138 miles an hour.\\nSept. 11. N. Y. The asteroid Chryseis\\nis discovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clin-\\nton. [Pompeia, on Sept. 27.]\\nOct. 15. N. Y. The asteroid Hersilia\\nis discovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clin-\\nton. [Dido, on Oct. 22.]\\nDec. 5. Chicago. The Central Music\\nHall is opened.\\nDec. JV. J. Edison exhibits his incan-\\ndescent carbon vacuum lamps at\\nMenlo Park.\\nColo. The first large discovery of sil-\\nver in Gunnison County is made.\\nMo. The St. Louis Choral Society\\nis organized.\\nN. Y. A monument to Maj. Andre\\nis erected at his grave in Tappan by\\nCyrus W. Field.\\nS. C. A department of agriculture\\nis established.\\nShelford Bidwell announces an im-\\nproved phonograph.\\nLieut. Schwatka, of the U. S. N.,\\nleads a Franklin Search Expedition\\noverland, and discovers some human re-\\nmains of Franklin s crew and other\\nrelics he sets up memorials, and brings\\nhome the remains of Lieut. John Irving\\nof the Terror.\\n-80 JV. Y. The Warner Observa-\\ntory is erected at Rochester.\\nPasture Watching is painted by George\\nInness.\\nLake Nemi is painted by J. F. Cropsey.\\nQuack Doctor is painted by T. VT.\\nWood,\\nHomeward is painted by Edward\\nMoran.\\nClouds is painted by Jervis McEntee.\\nCatskill Brook is painted by Worth-\\nington Whittredge.\\nMarket Boats is painted by William\\nBradford.\\nBack from the Beach is painted by F. S.\\nChurch.\\n1880 Feb. 16-17. N. T. The asteroid\\nLileea is discovered by C. H. F. Peters\\nof Clinton.\\nMar. 30. New York. President Hayes\\nopens the Metropolitan Museum of\\nArt.\\nSpring. Ga. A nugget of gold is found\\nnear Nacooche weighing over a pound.\\nApr. 18. Mo. An extensive tornado\\nstrikes Mansfield 65 persons are killed,\\n200 injured, and the town destroyed;\\nloss, $110,000.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1879.\\nJuly 7. Olin, Abram Baldwin, jurist,\\nM. C. for N. Y., A71.\\nJuly 11. Allen, William, lawyer, M. C,\\nsenator, Gov. of O., A73.\\nJuly 18. Barry, William Farquar, brig-\\ngen, vols., Atil.\\nAug. 14. Odenheimer, William Henry,\\nP. E. bishop of N. J., author, A62.\\nAug. 30. Hood, John Bell, lieut. U. S. A.,\\nlieut.-gen. Confederate army, A48.\\nSept. 8. Hunt, William Morris, painter of\\nBoston, A55.\\nSept. 19. Drew, Daniel, capitalist, founder\\nDrew Seminary, A91.\\nOct. 13. Carey, Henry Charles, political\\neconomist, A8t\\nOct. 31. Abbott, Jacob, author, Cong,\\nclergyman, A76.\\nNov. 1. Chandler, Zachariah, senator for\\nMich., secretary of interior, A66.\\nNov. 23. Schaeffer, Charles Frederick,\\nLuth. clergyman, theologian, author, A72.\\nNov. 29. Buddington, William Ives, Cong,\\nclergyman, writer, A64.\\nDec. 6. Bigelow, Lrastus Brigham, in-\\nventor of weaving machines, A65.\\nDec. 19. Fowler, Philemon Halsted, Pres.\\nclergyman, A65.\\n1880.\\nJan. 10. Leslie, Frank, (Henry Carter),\\npublisher, A59.\\nJan. 24. Brewer, Thomas Mayo, ornitholo-\\ngist, author, A66.\\nJan. 30. Haven, Gilbert, editor, author,\\nM. E. bishop, A59.\\nFeb. 5. Borie, Adolph E., sec. navy, A71.\\nFeb. 17. Lenox, James, founder of Lenox\\nLibrary, N. Y. City, A80.\\nApr. 2. Punchard, George, Cong, clergy-\\nman, editor, A74.\\nCHURCH.\\n1879 July 22. Peter Fayssoux, James\\nAllen Latane, and Alfred Spencer Rich-\\nardson are consecrated (Reformed Epis-\\ncopal) bishops.\\nAug. 10. Conn. Lawrence S. McMahon\\nis consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop\\nof Hartford.\\nAug. 19. Hubert Bower is consecrated\\n(Reformed Episcopal) bishop.\\nSept. 7. Mich. Samuel Smith Harris is\\nconsecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Michigan.\\nSept. 14. John Vertin is consecrated\\n(Roman Catholic) bishop of Marquette.\\nOct. 28. Alas. iEgidius Junger is. con-\\nsecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nVancouver Island and Alaska.\\nDee. 14. Mont. John B. Brondel is con-\\nsecrated the first (Roman Catholic)\\nbishop of Helena.\\nIII. The Annual Convention (Dis-\\nciples of Christ) is held at Bloomington\\nW. H. Hopson, president.\\n*Me.-N. Y. The Portland and the\\nNew York Congregational Clubs are\\nformed.\\nN. Y. The General Assembly (Pres-\\nbyterian) meets at Saratoga H. H.\\nJessup, moderator.\\n-V. r. The Baptist Annual Meet-\\ning is held at Saratoga.\\nO. The General Synod (Evangelical\\nLutheran) meets at Wooster.\\nO. The Women s Home and For-\\neign Missionary Society (Lutheran\\nChurch) is organized at Canton.\\nPa. The Woman s Foreign Mis-\\nsionary Society (Methodist Protestant)\\nis organized at Pittsburg.\\nPa. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at New Wilming-\\nton William Bruce, moderator.\\n*The (Protestant Episcopal) Church\\nGerman Society is incorporated.\\nThe Synod of the Special South (Re-\\nformed Episcopal) is organized.\\n1880 Jan. 8. N. J. Thomas Alfred\\nStarke; is consecrated (Protestant Epis-\\ncopal) bishop of Northern New Jersey.\\nFeb. 1. Dak. Martin Marty is conse-\\ncrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Sioux\\nFalls.\\nFeb. 5. La. John Nicolas Galleher is con-\\nsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop\\nof Louisiana.\\nLETTERS.\\n1879 Oct. 6. Tex. The Prairie View\\nNormal School at Hempstead is opened.\\nNov. 17. Mich. The Michigan CoUege\\nof Medicine is opened.\\nCal. The Free Public Library is\\nfounded at San Francisco. [45,004 vols.]\\nChicago. The Graphic is issued.\\nConn. The News is issued at New\\nHaven.\\nGa. The Southern Medical CoHege\\nat Atlanta is opened.\\nKy. The Polytechnic Society Li-\\nbrary is founded at Louisville. [39,379\\nvols.]\\nMass. Radeliffe CoHege, annex to\\nHarvard, is founded for the education\\nof women.\\nMiss. Jackson CoHege (Col. Bapt.)\\nis founded.\\nMo. St. Louis CoHege of Physicians\\nand Surgeons is opened. A manual\\ntraining school is established at St.\\nLouis. Stewartsville College (non-sect.)\\nis organized at Stewartsville.\\nN. J. The State Normal School is\\nopened at Newark,\\nNew York. John Jacob Astor adds\\n$250,000 in improvements to the Astor\\nLibrary.\\nTown Topics, The Art Amateur, Brad-\\nstreet s. Harper s Young People, and TV\\nProgreso Italo- Americano and The New-\\nYorker Herold are issued.\\nN. Y. The Telegram is issued at\\nElmira.\\nOre. Ashland CoHege and Normal\\nSchool (Meth. Epis.1 is founded.\\nPa. The Pittsburg Daily Times is\\nissued.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1879, June 30-1880, Apr. 18. 303\\nPhila. The News is issued.\\nTex. The Sam Houston Normal\\nSchool at Hunts ville is opened.\\nWis. A compulsory education hill\\nis passed by the Legislature.\\nArchibald Malmaison, by Julian Haw-\\nthorne, appears.\\nBoys Froissart, by Sidney Lanier, ap-\\npears.\\nEthics, by John Bascom, appears.\\nFigs and Thistles, and A Fool s Er-\\nrand, by Albion Winegar Tourg^e, ap-\\npear.\\nAn International Episode, by Henry\\nJames, appears also Hawthorne (Eng-\\nlish Men of Letters Series).\\nLabor, by Joseph Cook, appears.\\nAn Old Maid s Paradise, by Elizabeth\\nStuart Phelps, appears.\\nShort Studies of American Authors, by\\nThomas W. Higginson, appears.\\nLyrics and Idylls, by Edmund Clar-\\nence Stedman, appears.\\nVisions of the Future, by Octavius\\nB. Frothingham, appears.\\nOld Creole Days, by George W. Cable,\\nappears.\\nMoney, Trade, and Industry, by Fran-\\ncis A. Walker, appears.\\nLocusts and Wild Honey, by John\\nBurroughs, appears.\\nProgress and Poverty, by Henry\\nGeorge, appears.\\nAlong the Way, by Mary Mapes Dodge,\\nappears.\\nMy Desire, by Susan Warner, appears.\\nRudder Grange, by Frank R. Stockton,\\nappears.\\nDetmotd, by W. H. Bishop, appears.\\nf Old Friends and New, by Constance\\nFenimore Woolson, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1879 July 2. O. The comer-stone of\\nthe Widow s and Old Men s Home\\nis laid at Cincinnati.\\nJuly Ky. Col. Thomas Buford is ac-\\nquitted of the murder of Judge Elliott\\nat Frankfort, on the ground of insanity.\\nAug.* Cal. Political disorder abounds;\\nEditor De Young shoots and dangerously\\nwounds Mayor Kallock of San Francisco.\\nSept. 20. Cal. Gen. Grant is received\\nat San .Francisco, on his return from\\nhis tour around the world, with a grand\\nprocession and public ceremonies.\\nSept. 29. Colo. Indians massacre N. C.\\nMeeker, the Indian agent, and 12 others,\\nat the White River agency.\\nNov. 18. O. The Associated Charities\\nis organized at Cincinnati.\\nDec. 12. Ind. The Charity Organiza-\\ntion Society of Indianapolis is organ-\\nized.\\nDec. 17-24. New York. A banquet is\\ngiven in honor of Gen. Grant on his\\nreturn from his tour around the world.\\nAla. An Act is passed granting a pen-\\nsion of $75 to citizens who lost either a\\nleg or an arm in the Confederate army.\\nConn. H. H. Hayden is acquitted of\\nthe murder of Mary Stannard at New\\nHaven.\\nInd. The School for Feeble-minded\\nYouth is opened at Richmond.\\nInd. The Women s Christian Tem-\\nperance Union meets in national con-\\nvention at Indianapolis; Frances\\nWillard, president.\\nKan. The Constitutional Prohibitory\\nAmendment Bill passes the Legisla-\\nture.\\nMinn. The State school for the\\nfeeble-minded is opened at Faribault.\\nMich. The Prohibitory Bill is voted\\ndown. Vote 50-37.\\nMiss. Mrs. Dorsey of Beauvoir be-\\nqueaths her estate to Jefferson Davis,\\nto which he retires, and here devotes\\nhimself to literary pursuits.\\nN. C. The colored people organize a\\nState Industrial Association.\\nN. Y. The Oneida community is\\ndissolved, owing to opposition led by\\nProf. Mears of Hamilton College.\\nN. Y. The 13th National Encamp-\\nment of the Grand Army of the\\nRepublic is held at Albany William\\nEarnshaw, commander-in-chief.\\nO. Rev. William H. Delano s church\\nin Garretsville is blown up with gun-\\npowder by anti-temperance men.\\nThe Knights of Labor increase and\\nnourish.\\nThe Equitable Aid Union is organ-\\nized.\\nThe Gaelic Society is organized.\\nThe Order of Chosen Friends is\\nfounded.\\nThe Home Circle Association is\\nfounded.\\nThe United Order of Pilgrim\\nFathers is founded.\\n1880 Feb. 11. Mich. An Association\\nof Charities is organized at Detroit.\\nMar. 15. Cal. Dennis Kearney, a\\nsand-lot orator and leader, is sen-\\ntenced to six months imprisonment and\\na fine of $1,000 for inciting a riot. [Sen-\\ntence reversed, May 27.]\\nMar. 26. Wis. The State insane asylum\\nat Milwaukee opens.\\nSTATE.\\n1879 July 1. D. C. The 46th Con-\\ngress the first session closes.\\nJuly 4=. Cal. The new Constitution\\ntakes effect.\\nJuly* John Walsh, minister to Eng-\\nland, resigns.\\nAug. 19 U. C. James Russell Lowell\\nis appointed minister to England.\\nAug. 27. Tenn. The people reject the\\nscaling down of the State debt. Vote,\\n30,920 19,669.\\nOct. *-!N ov. U. S. Election returns\\nare favorable to Republicans.\\nDec. 1. D. C. The 46th Congress:\\nthe second session opens.\\nDec. 8. La. The new Constitution\\nand the debt ordinance are ratified by\\nthe people at the State election.\\nDec. 10. D. C. George W. McCrary,\\nSecretary of War, resigns he is suc-\\nceeded by Alexander Ramsey of Minn.\\nThe Government reduces the annual\\ninterest charge from $81,639,684 to $61,-\\n738,838, by issuing low-rate bonds, and\\ntaking up those bearing a higher rate of\\ninterest $500,000,000 at 5 per cent, $185,-\\n000,000 at Uper cent, and $710,345,950 at\\n4 per cent.\\nNew York. Edward Cooper ia\\nelected the 81st mayor.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-83 Cal. George C. Perkins.\\n-81 Colo. F. W. Pitkin.\\n-81 Conn. Charles B. Andrews.\\n-83 Del. John W. Hall.\\n-83 Kan. John P. St. John.\\n-83 Ky. Luke P. Blackburn.\\n-80 Mass. Thomas Talbot.\\n-80 Me. Alonzo Garcelon.\\n-83 Neb. Albinus Nance.\\n-85 N. C. Thomas J. Jarvis.\\n-83 Nev. John H. Kinkead.\\n-81 N. II. Nathaniel Head.\\n-83 Pa. Henry M. Hoyt.\\n-81 Tenn. Albert S. Marks.\\n-83 Tex. Oran M. Roberts.\\n1880. Jan. Me. Republicans claim a\\nmajority of members, and organize the\\nLegislature.\\nJan. 16. Me. The Supreme Court recog-\\nnizes the Republican Legislature and\\nDaniel F. Davis (Rep.) assumes the office\\nof governor.\\nFeb. 12. D. C. The President issues a\\nsecond proclamation against settlers\\nentering Oklahoma.\\nApr. 7. D. C. Congress Senate Allen\\nG. Thurman of 0. is elected President\\npro tempore. [Again May 6.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1870 June 30. Nev. The completion\\nof the Sutro Tunnel, four miles long,\\nis celebrated in the Carson Valley.\\nImmigrants for the year, 177,826.\\nSept. Tenn. The yeUow fever rages\\nat Memphis.\\nAutumn. The grain crops are reported\\nto be the largest for many years.\\nNov. 15. Mass. The French cable\\nis landed at North Eastham, Cape Cod.\\nMiss. The Mississippi Valley Cotton\\nPlanters* Association is organized.\\n0. The South Side Park at Cleve-\\nland is purchased.\\nII. S. Loss by fire in 1879, $77,703,700\\ninsurance loss, $44,464,700.\\n1880 Jan. 13. Ga. The State sells at\\nauction the Macon and Brunswick\\nrailroad for $1,125,000.\\nJan. 14. La. The Legislature passes an\\nAct establishing a Bureau of Agricul-\\nture and Immigration.\\nMar. 1. New York. The Second Avenue\\nElevated Railroad is opened to Sixty-\\nSeventh Street.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "304 1880, Apr. 23-**\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1880 Spring. U, S. The Apache In-\\ndians are driven by the troops into\\nMexico Victoria, their leader, is killed\\nand most of the band captured,\\nNov. U. S. About 1,500 of Sitting\\nBull s Indians return from British\\nAmerica and surrender.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1880 May 20. Tenn. A statue of Gen.\\nJackson is unveiled on the Capitol\\ngrounds at Nashville.\\nMay 28. Tex. A storm in Fannin\\nCounty destroys much property and 40\\nlives 83 persons are injured.\\nCai. The erection of the Lick Ob-\\nservatory is begun on Mount Hamilton,\\n4,250 feet above the sea level. [1888.\\nCompleted.]\\nJune 12. Egypt. The Egyptian obe-\\nlisk is shipped in a special vessel from\\nAlexandria for New York. [July 22 it\\narrives.!\\nNov. 8. New York. Sarah Bernhardt,\\nthe French actress, makes her first ap-\\npearance in this country at Booth s\\nTheater.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1880.\\nApr. 30. Janney, Samuel M., Quaker au-\\nthor, A79.\\nMay l. ECeintzelman, Samuel P.,maj.-gen.\\nU. S. A., A75.\\nMay 14. Church, Sanford E., jurist, poli-\\ntician, of N. Y., AG5.\\nMay SO. Foote, Henry S., senator for\\nMiss., Gov., A80.\\nMay 27. O Callaghan, Edmund B., histo-\\nrian, A83.\\nMay 30. Anderson, Rufus, Cong- clergy-\\nman, 34 yearssec. Am. Board, author, A84.\\nJune 13. Bayard, James A., lawyer, sena-\\ntor for Del., A81.\\nJuly 4. Ripley. George, Unit, clergyman,\\ntranscemlrntalist, scholar, critic, au., A78.\\nJuly 6, Sears, Barnas, Bapt. clergyman,\\neducator, A78.\\nCurtis, William E., jurist, N. Y., A54.\\nJuly 23. Hering, Constantin, (Jerinan-Am-\\nerican phv.sician. author, A80.\\nAug-. 6. Butler, William 0., M. C. for Ky.,\\nbrev. maj. U. S. A., A89.\\nAug-. 9. Bigler, William, senator for Pa.,\\nGov., editor, A66.\\nAug 16. Johnson, Herschel V., lawyer,\\nsenator for Ga., Gov., Dem. candidate for\\nvice-presidency, A68.\\nAug. 24. Mvers, Albert J., chief signal\\nofficer and brig.-gen. U. S. A., A53.\\nAug-. 28. Jackson, Charles T., physicist,\\nauthor, A75.\\nAug;. 29. Gifford, Sanford It., landscape\\npainter, A57.\\nHerbert, Paul Gov. of La., A62.\\nAug. 31. Adams, William, Fres. clergy-\\nman, writer, A73.\\nSept. 10. Haldeman, Samuel S., natural-\\nist, philologist, author, Ati8.\\nSept. 11. Roberts, Marshall O., merchant,\\nphilanthropist, of N. Y., A66.\\nSept. 19. Foster, Lafayette S., senator for\\nConn., A74.\\nSept. 20. MeK;*v. Dnnahl, shipbuilder, A70.\\nOct. 2. Hallock, William A., ed., au., A66.\\nOct. 6. Peirce, Benjamin, mathematician,\\nprof, at Harvard, IT. S. Coast Survey, A71.\\nOct. 13. Spmgue, 1 cU g, politician, jurist,\\nof Me., A87.\\nOct. 20. Child, Lydia M.. author, editor,\\nphilanthropist, A78.\\nOct. 27. Doggett, David S., bishop M. E.\\nChurch South, A70.\\nOct. 28. Seguin, Edward, physician, fdr.\\nof training srin.nl for idiots, A68.\\nNov. 4. Lewis, Estella A., poet, dramatist,\\nauthor, A56.\\nNov. 11. Mott, Lucretia C, social re-\\nformer, Quaker preacher, A87.\\nNov. 23. Watson, James C, astronomer,\\nauthor, A42.\\nNov. 27. Crittenden, George B., lawy\\nConfederate maj-gen., A68.\\nNov. 30. Mackenzie, Robert S., journalist,\\nauthor, A71.\\nDec. 6. Ketchum, Wintbrop W., Jurist,\\nM. for Pa.. AW).\\nDec. 21. Akennaii, Amos T-, attorney-gen\\neral, A38.\\nDec. 27. Chapin. Edwin H, Univ. clergy-\\nman, orator, author, A iB.\\nDec. 31. Sargent, Epes, journalist, au.\\nthor, Al)8.\\nCHURCH.\\n1880 Apr. The centennial of the birth\\nof Channing is Celebrated by Unita-\\nrians.\\nMay 1-23. The General Conference\\n(Methodist Episcopal) is held at Cincin-\\nnati.\\nIt decides that He His and\\nHim in the Book of Discipline, is not\\nto be construed so as to exclude women\\nfrom the office of stewards, leaders, and\\nSunday School superintendents.\\nHenry W. Warren, Cyrus D. Foss,\\nJohn F. Hurst, and ErastusO. Haven are\\nordained bishops.\\nJune 18. Chicago. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nJuly 1. Edward Wilson is consecrated\\n(Reformed Episcopal) bishop.\\nAug. 8. John A. Watterson is consecrated\\n(Roman Catholic) bishop of the Diocese\\nof Columbus.\\nSept. 10. Mo. The Roman Catholic Dio-\\ncese of Kansas City is established.\\nChicago. Patrick A. Feehan is pro-\\nmoted (Roman Catholic) archbishop of\\nChicago.\\nMo. John J. Hogan is transferred to\\nthe (Roman Catholic) Diocese of Kansas\\nCity, and made administrator of the Dio-\\ncese of St. Joseph.\\nSept. 21-24. N.Y. The National Con-\\nference (Unitarian) is held at Saratoga.\\nSept. 23. The Pan-Presbyterian Con-\\nvention commences in Philadelphia.\\nOct. 25. The American Church Build-\\ning Fund Commission (Protestant\\nEpiscopal) is established.\\nNov. 21. N. Mex. George K. Dunlop\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of New Mexico.\\nNov. Ala. A convention of Southern\\nBaptists is held at Montgomery; the\\nBaptist Foreign Mission Convention\\nof the United States is organized.\\nDec. 2. The Kansas Conference (Unita-\\nrian) is organized.\\nDec. 8. Legh Richmond Brewer is con-\\nsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) mission-\\nary bishop of Montana.\\nDee. 15. Wash. John Adams Paddock\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nmissionary bishop of Washington Terri-\\ntory.\\nLETTERS.\\n1880 Oct. 6. Miss, The State Agricul-\\ntural and Mechanical College at Spark-\\nville opens for white students.\\nNov. 2. N. Y. The Long Island His-\\ntorical Society opens its new building\\nat Brooklyn.\\nCat. The University of Southern\\nCalifornia is opened at Los Angeles.\\nIn. The Dexter Normal College is\\nopened at Dexter.\\nT. The Indian University (Ind.\\nBapt.) is founded at Bacone.\\nKy. The Kentucky College of Agri-\\nculture and Mechanics is incorpo-\\nrated.\\nLa. The Southern University at\\nNew Orleans is opened it is established\\nfor the higher education of colored\\nyoung men.\\nLa. The States is issued at New Or-\\nleans.\\nMiss. The Mississippi Agricultural\\nCollege (non-sect.) is organized at Jack-\\nson.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1880 May 18. New York. A Board of\\nHealth is authorized.\\nMay. 31. li. I. The League of American\\nWheelmen is organized at Newport.\\nJune 8. 0. The Grand Army of the\\nRepublic meets in the 14th National\\nEncampment at Dayton; John Wagner\\nof Pa., commander-in-chief.\\nJuly 16. N. Y. Chastine Cox, a negro,\\nis hanged for the murder of Mrs. Jane\\nD. Hall, on June 10, 1S79, in New York.\\nAug. 6. y. Y. Pietro Balbo is hanged\\nfor the murder of his wife.\\nAug. 20. 0. Monroe Robertson, the\\nmurderer of nine men, is hanged at\\nGreenville.\\nSept. 29. Mich. The State opens a\\nschool for the blind at Lansing.\\nOct. 5. Tenn. New Rugby is inaugn-\\nrated by a colony of British farmers.\\nfollowing the suggestion of Thomas\\nHughes.\\nDec* Phila. The Committee of One\\nHundred is organized for the improve-\\nment and purification of the city govern-\\nSTATE.\\n18S0 May 4. D. C. President Hayes a\\nsecond time vetoes the Appropriation\\nBill.\\nMay 6. Mb. Republicans who oppose\\na third term in the presidency hold a\\nConvention at St. Louis; John B.\\nHenderson, president.\\nThe precedent set by Washington is\\nignored by the Stalwarts this\\nstrong faction, led by Roscoe Conkling\\nof N. Y., claims that an intervening\\npresidency makes the precedent inap-\\nplicable.\\nMay 25. i?. The people having failed\\nto choose a governor, the Legislature\\nelects Alfred H. Littlefield (Rep.).\\nMay D. C. P. M.-Geu. David McKay\\nKey resigns.\\nJune 2. D. C. Horace Maynard of\\nTenn. is appointed postmaster-general.\\nJune 2-7. Hi. The Republican Na-\\ntional Convention is held George\\nF. Hoar of Mass., president. The friends\\nof Blaine and of Grant conduct a spirited\\ncanvass.\\nFirst ballot James A. Garfield of 0.,\\nU. S. Grant, 304 James G. Blaine of\\nMe., 2S4 John Sherm;iu of O., 93 E. B.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1880, Apr. 21-*\\n305\\nWiishburne. of 111., 31 William Wlndom\\nof Minn., 10. Tlie Blaine and Sherman\\nmen unite on the 3Gth ballot. Garfield.,\\n399 Grant, 30G Blaine, 42 E. B. Wask-\\nburne of 111., 5 Sherman, 3. Chester\\nA. Arthur of N. V. is nominated for vice-\\npresident. Vote, Arthur, 408 Wash-\\nburne, 193.\\nJune 7. D. C. Congress appropriates\\n\u00c2\u00a7100,000 for the erection of a memorial\\nof Cornwallis s surrender at Yorktown.\\nJune 9-11. Chicago. The Greenback\\nNational Convention is held Richard\\nTrevellick of Mich., president. James\\nB. Weaver of la. is unanimously nomi-\\nnated for president, and B. S. Chambers\\nof Tex. for vice-president. Vote, Cham-\\nbers, 403 A. M. West of Miss., 311.\\nJune 16. D. C. The 46th Congress\\nthe second session closes.\\nJune 17. O. The Prohibition National\\nConvention meets at Cleveland, and\\nnominates Weal Dow of Me. and H. A.\\nThompson of O. as presidential candi-\\ndates.\\nJune 18. New 1 ork. Samuel J. Tilden\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0writes a letter declining to be a candi-\\ndate for the presidency.\\nJune 22-24. O. The Democratic Na-\\ntional Convention is in session at\\nCleveland John W. Stevenson of Ky.,\\npresident. Wlnfield Scott Hancock\\nof Pa. and William H. English of Ind.\\nare nominated as presidential candi-\\ndates.\\nFirst ballot Winfleld S. Hancock,\\n171; Thomas F. Bayard of Del., 153i\\nHenry B. Payne of O., 81; Allen G.\\nThurman of O., US Stephen J. Field of\\nCal., 65; William II. Morrison of 111.,\\n62 Thomas A. Hendricks of Ind., 49i\\nSamuel J. Tilden of N. Y., 38; Samuel\\nJ. Randall of Pa., 0. Second ballot:\\nHancock, 320 Randall, 12SA Bayard,\\n113. William H. English is unanimously\\nnominated for Vice-President.\\nJune 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal\\nyear. Revenue: Customs. 8180,522,1105;\\ninternal revenue, $124,009,374; direct\\ntax, \u00c2\u00a731; sales of public lands, $1,016,-\\n507 premiums on loans and sales of gold\\ncoin, $110; miscellaneous items,. $21. 978.-\\n525. Total revenue, $333.526,611 excess\\nof revenue over expenditures, 865,883,053.\\nExpenditures: Premium on loans, pur-\\nchase of bonds, etc., $2,795,320; miscel-\\nlaneous items, $54,713,530 War Depart-\\nment, $38,116,916 Navy Department,\\n$13,536,985 Indians, $5,945,457 pen-\\nsions, $56,777,174 interest on the public\\ndebt, $95,757,575. Total ordinary expen-\\nditures, $267,642,958. Public debt 82,128,-\\n791,054. Exports, 8835,038.658 imports,\\nS667,954,746.\\nSept. 1. S.C. Gov. Simpson resigns, and\\nis succeeded by Lieut. -Gov. T. B. Jeter.\\nOct. 20. U.S. The Morey letter,\\na lithographed forgery in imitation of\\nGarfield s handwriting and signature, ap-\\nproving Chinese immigration, is widely\\ndistributed for the purpose of impairing\\nhis vote.\\nNov. 2. U.S. 24th Presidential Elec-\\ntion Republicans elected.\\nPopular vote James A. Garfield\\n(Rep.) of O., 4,454,41G; Winfield S.\\nHancock (Dem.) of Pa., 4,444,952;\\nJames B. Weaver (Greenback) of la.,\\n308,578; Neal Dow (Prohib.) of Me.,\\n10,305; John W. Phelps (American)\\nof Vt., 707.\\nPopular Vote for President.\\nCandid\\nVTES.\\nStates.\\nGarfield\\nHancock\\nWeaver\\nDow\\nAla.\\n51,,221\\n91,185\\n4,642\\nArk..\\n42,436\\n60,775\\n4,079\\nCal.\\n811,348\\n80,426\\n3,392\\n27,450\\n24,647\\n1,435\\nConn.\\n67,071\\n64,415\\n868\\n409\\nDel.\\n14,133\\n15,275\\n120\\nFla.\\n23,654\\n27,964\\nUa.\\n54,086\\n102,470\\n969\\n111.\\n318,037\\n277,321\\n26,358\\n443\\nInd.\\n232,164\\n225,522\\n12,1186\\nla.\\n183,1127\\n105,845\\n32,701\\n592\\nKan.\\n121,549\\n59,801\\n111.851\\n25\\nKy.\\n106,306\\n1411,068\\n11,499\\n258\\nLa.\\n38,637\\n65,067\\n439\\nMe.\\n74,0311\\n65,171\\n4,408\\n93\\nMel.\\n78,515\\n93,706\\n818\\nMass.\\n165,205\\n111,960\\n4,548\\n682\\n185,341\\n131,597\\n34,8115\\n942\\nMinn.\\n93,003\\n53,315\\n3,267\\n286\\nMiss.\\n34,854\\n75,750\\n5,797\\nMo.\\n153,567\\n208,600\\n35,135\\nNeb..\\n54,979\\n28,523\\n3,950\\nNev.\\n8,732\\n9,613\\nN. H.\\n44,852\\n40,794\\n528\\nl80\\nN. J.\\n120,555\\n122,5li i\\n2,617\\n191\\nN. Y.\\n555,544\\n534,511\\n12,:l7:i\\n1,517\\nH. C.\\n115,874\\n124.208\\n1,126\\n0.\\n375,048\\n340,821\\n6,456\\n2,616\\nOre.\\n20,619\\n19,948\\n249\\nPenn.\\n444,704\\n407,428\\n211.61,8\\n1,939\\nE. I.\\n18,195\\n10,779\\n236\\n20\\nS.C.\\n58,071\\n112,312\\n566\\nTenn.\\n107,677\\n128,191\\n5,917\\n43\\nTex.\\n57,893\\n156,428\\n27,405\\nVt.\\n45,567\\n18,316\\n1,215\\nVa.\\n84,020\\n128,586\\nw. Va.\\n46,243\\n57,391\\n9,079\\nWis.\\n144,400\\n114,649\\n7,986\\n69\\nTotal\\n4,454,416\\n4,444,952\\n308,578\\n10.305\\nPerct.\\n48.31\\n48.20\\n3.34\\n0.11\\nPlur.\\n9,464\\nAmi. The people vote to approve\\nthe prohibitory amendment to the\\nConstitution. Vote, 92,302-84,304.\\nNov. 9. D. C. A treaty with China is\\nconcluded.\\nDec. 6. D. C. The 46th Congress: the\\nthird session opens House Samuel J.\\nRandall of Pa. is reelected Speaker.\\nDec. 15. D. C. Richard W. Thompson\\nof Ind., Secretary of the Navy, resigns.\\nCal. The Legislature passes the De-\\nbris Relief Bill, providing for a special\\ntax on miners to relieve agriculturists\\nwho suffer loss by the dl brls washed into\\nthe valley in hydraulic ruining.\\nD.C. William B. Woods of Ga. is\\nappointed Justice in the Supreme Court\\nof the United States.\\nOre. The Constitution is amended\\nto authorize female suffrage.\\nCivil Service Reform Associations\\nare formed in several cities, chiefly in\\nthe Eastern States.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\nla. Buren R. Sherman.\\nLa. Louis A. Wiltz.\\nMass. John D. Long.\\nMe. Daniel F. Davis.\\nJSf. Y. Alonzo B. Cornell.\\nO. Charles Foster.\\nR. I. Alfred H. Littlefield.\\nS. C. Johnson Hagood.\\nUtah (Ter.). Eli H. Murray.\\nVt. Roswell Farnham.\\nWash. (Ter.). Wm. A. Newell.\\n-86*\\n-83*\\n-82*\\n-81*\\n-83*\\n-84\\n-83*\\n-84*\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1880 Apr. 23. W.Afri\\nCapt. Made\\nThe steamer\\nfounders off\\nCape Palmas nearly all the passengers\\nand crew escape in boats.\\nMay 2. Neiv York. The Ninth Avenue\\nElevated Railroad is reopened after be-\\ning entirely rebuilt.\\nMay 17-24. Tenn. The centennial of\\nthe settlement of Nashville is cele-\\nbrated.\\nMay 30. Chicago. The Government\\nbuildings, including the post-office and\\ncustom-house, are completed.\\nJune 11. N. Y. The steamer Narragan-\\nsett collides with a vessel near Cornfield\\nPoint Shoal, Long Island Sound 27\\nlives are lost.\\nJune 28. JST. Y. The Seawanhaka is\\nburned off Ward s Island 24 lives are\\nlost.\\nJune The 10th census is taken.\\nStates, 38: whites, 43,402,970; colored,\\n6,580,793; (slaves, 0); total population,\\n50,155,783 increase, 30.08 per cent. Cen-\\nter of population, eight miles west by\\nsouth of Cincinnati westward move-\\nment in ten years, 58 miles.\\nJuly 4. Minn. The second centennial of\\nthe discovery of the Falls of St. An-\\nthony is celebrated at Minneapolis.\\nJuly 7. New York. Dr. Henry S. Tan-\\nner successfully closes his fast of 40\\ndays. He drank water occasionally,\\nbut partook of no food his loss of\\nweight was 36 pounds.\\nThe Harvard freshmen defeat those\\nof Columbia in a boat-race time H.32.\\nJuly 21. N.J. Water bursts into the\\nHudson River Tunnel while the ex-\\ncavators are at work, and drowns 20\\nworkmen.\\nJuly 22. Mich. The steam-yacht Mamie\\ncollides with the steamer Garland on\\nthe Detroit River 16 lives are lost.\\nAug. 29. Fla. The steamer City of Vera\\nCruz founders in a hurricane off the\\ncoast of Florida, 30 miles from shore\\nonly 11 out of 82 persons are saved.\\nSept. 17. Boston. The 250th anniver-\\nsary of the settlement of Boston is cel-\\nebrated.\\nSept. 28. Ind. The corner-stone of the\\nnew State House at Indianapolis is laid\\nwith ceremonies.\\nOct. 10-15. Md. The 150th anniversary\\nof the founding of Baltimore is cele-\\nbrated by its citizens.\\nOct. 15 Mich. The steamer Alpena\\nfrom Grand Haven for Chicago is lost\\nabout 70 lives are lost.\\nNov. 15. Minn. The asylum for the in-\\nsane at St. Peter takes fire, and 30 lives\\nare lost.\\nDec. 31. V. S. Statistics for 1880.\\nProduction: Gold, $36,000,000 silver,\\n$38,450,000. Bushels of grain: Indian\\ncorn, 1,754,861.535; wheat, 459,479,503;\\noats, 407,858,900 barlev, 44,113.495; rye,\\n19,831,595; buckwheat, lt,,sl7,327. Bales\\nof cotton, 5,797,397. Pounds of wool,\\n232,500,000. Barrels of petroleum, 26,-\\n2S6.123. Currency in circulation, Juno\\n30, \u00c2\u00a7973,382,228; per capita. \u00c2\u00a719.41. Im-\\nmigrants (fiscal year), 457,257. Miles of\\nrailroads worked, S2.140 capital stock,\\n!?2,70,s,K7;;,:;7, r total accidents. 1.07S lives\\nlost, 315; injured, 1,172. Fire waste,\\n$74,643,400 insurance, $42,525,000.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "306 1880, *-1881, July 2.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1881 Jan. 24. D. C. Charles H. Tomp-\\nkins is commissioned colonel quarter-\\nmaster s department.\\nFeb. 18. D. C. David G. Swaim is com-\\nmissioned brigadier-general\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1880 Boston. The Boston Sym-\\nphony Society is established.\\nChicago. The audiphone is invented\\nby R. G. Rhodes.\\nNew York. A bronze bust of the poet\\nThomas Moore, and a bronze statue of\\nRobert Burns, are unveiled in Central\\nPark. George 11. Yewell and Benjamin\\nC. Porter of New York and Louis C.\\nTiffany of Chicago are elected mem-\\nbers of the National Academy of De-\\nsign. The Madison Square Theater is\\nopened with the performance of Hazel\\nKirke.\\nRuins of the Parthenon is painted by\\nS. R. Gifford.\\nOn the Plains is painted by Worthing-\\nton Whittredge.\\nMuskraVs Nest is painted by F. S.\\nChurch.\\nTouchstone and Audrey is painted by\\nP. F. Rothermel.\\nOld Church at Arreton is painted by\\nJ. F. Cropsey.\\nThe statue of Farragut is executed\\nhy A. St. Gandens.\\nIn a Rye Field is painted by A. C.\\nShaw.\\nThe Coming Storm is painted by\\nGeorge Inness.\\nFarmington River is painted by J. M.\\nHart.\\nEdge of a Wood is painted by Jervis\\nMcEntee.\\nBachelor s Breakfast is painted by G.\\nW. Maynard.\\nStrictly Confidential is painted by T.\\nW. Wood.\\nCupid is painted by William Page.\\nThe Trappist is painted by Frank B.\\nMayer.\\n1881 Jan. 22. New York. The Egyp-\\ntian obelisk is erected on its pedestal\\nin Central Park.\\nHeight, 90 feet; weight of shaft, 443,-\\n000 pounds cost of removal and erec-\\ntion, defrayed by W. H. Vanderbilt,\\n$103,732.\\nFeb. 15. O. The Cincinnati Museum\\nAssociation is incorporated.\\nApr. 4. The Chemical Industrial So-\\nciety is founded.\\nJune Lieut. A. W. Greely and 24 others\\nstart on the Lady Franklin Bay Ex-\\npedition to Northern Greenland. [July\\n7. They leave Newfoundland on the\\nProteus.]\\nJune 13. The Jeannette of the De Long\\nPolar expedition is crushed in the ice,\\nin 77\u00c2\u00b0 15 N., 155 E.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1881.\\nJan. 4. Wood, Alphonsn, botanist, au.. A71.\\nJan. 20. Sotliern, Edward Askew, Kng.-\\nAm. comedian (Dundreary), A55.\\nFeb. 3. JJiman, Jeremiah Lewis, Cong,\\nclergyman, author, prof, of history, A 50.\\nFeb. 13. Wood, Fernando: M. C. for if. Y.,\\nA68.\\nMar. 14. Emerson, George Barrel!, educa-\\ntionist, writer, A84.\\nMar. 24. HoUiBter, Gideon Hiram, au.,A64.\\nMar. 26. Lawrence, William Beach, jurist,\\nauthor, A81.\\nApr. 26. Palfrey, John Gorham, Unit, cler-\\ngyman, author, professor at Harvard, his-\\ntorian, M. C. for Mass., A85.\\nApr. 28. GrigBby, Hugh Blair, historical\\nscholar, A 75.\\nJune 2. Street, Alfred Billings, poet, au-\\nthor, A70.\\nJune 5. Sabine, Joseph, Eng. bibliophile\\nin America, A60.\\nCHURCH.\\n1880 Chicago is created a (Roman\\nCatholic) archiepiscopal see, with the\\nbishops of Alton and Peoria suffragans\\nto it.\\nChicago. The Synod of Chicago (Re-\\nformed Episcopal) is organized.\\nKy. The Annual Convention (Dis-\\nciples of Christ) is held at Louisville\\nT. P. Haley, president.\\nNew York. The General Conven-\\ntion (Protestant Episcopal) meets.\\nIt constitutes itself a Board of Mis-\\nsions.\\nN. Y. The Baptist Annual Meet-\\ning is held at Saratoga.\\nO. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Xenia E. T.\\nJeffers, moderator.\\nU. S. Church comm uni cants num-\\nber 10,065,963\u00e2\u0080\u0094 about one in five of the\\npopulation.\\nWis. The General Assembly (Pres-\\nbyterian) meets at Madison William\\nM. Paxton, moderator.\\nThe Congregational National Coun-\\ncil meets.\\nThe Foreign Missionary Society of the\\nMennonites sends its first missionary to\\nthe American Indians.\\nThe Educational Department is\\nadded to the American Home Mission-\\nary Society,\\n*The Woman s Board of Foreign\\nMissions of the Cumberland Presbyte-\\nrian Church is organized.\\nThe Presbyterian Home Board opens\\na school among the Chilcat Indians\\nalso a school for the Pueblos.\\n1881 Feb. 2. Me. The first Young\\nPeople s Society of Christian En-\\ndeavor is organized at Portland, by\\nRev. F. E. Clark of the Williston Con-\\ngregational Church.\\nApr. 8. Tenn. The Board of Missions\\nof the Methodist Episcopal Church\\nSouth is chartered by the Legislature.\\nApr.* Chicago. The Channing Club\\n(Unitarian) is organized.\\nMay 1. La. Francis Janssens is pro-\\nmoted Roman Catholic Archbishop of\\nNew Orleans.\\nMay 4. Mo. The Woman s Western\\nConference (Unitarian) is organized\\nat St. Louis.\\nMay 8. Tex. John C. Neraz (Roman\\nCatholic) is consecrated bishop of San\\nAntonio.\\nMay 20. D. C. The General Convention\\nof the New Jerusalem meets at Wash-\\nington.\\nJune.* N. Y. The International Med-\\nical Missionary Society is established\\nfor ministering to the poor.\\nLETTERS.\\n1880* Miss. The Shuqualak Female\\nCollege (Bapt.) is founded.\\nMo. Pierce City College (Bapt.) is\\nfounded.\\nMo. The Sporting News is issued at\\nSt. Louis also the Daily Chronicle.\\nNew York. The Critic is founded.\\nO. The Farmer s Home at Dayton iss.\\nThe Cincinnati Daily Post is established.\\nPhil a. Golden Days is issued.\\nTenn. Memphis Hospital Medical\\nCollege of the Southwestern Baptist\\nUniversity is opened at Memphis.\\nBible Dictionary (illustrated), by\\nPhilip Schaff, appears.\\nBen Hur, by Lew Wallace, appears.\\nThe Boys King Arthur, by Sidney La-\\nnier, appears.\\nBricks without Straw, by Albion W.\\nTourgi^e, appears.\\nThe Iron Gate, and Other Poems, by\\nOliver Wendell Holmes, appears.\\nJack and Jill, by Louisa May Alcott,\\nappears.\\nThe Kingdom of God, by Edward Ev-\\nerett Hale, appears.\\nLouisiana, by Frances Hodgson Bur-\\nnett, appears.\\nSebastian Strome, by Julian Haw-\\nthorne, appears.\\nThe Stillwater Tragedy, by T. B. Al-\\ndrich, appears.\\nSocialism, by Joseph Cook, appears.\\nHistory of the United States under the\\nConstitution) by James Schouler, ap-\\npears.\\nA Tramp Abroad, by Mark Twain\\n(Samuel L. Clemens), appears.\\nAn Undiscovered Country, by William\\nDean Howells, appears.\\nVoices of Hope and Gladness, by Ray\\nPalmer, appears.\\nThe Emotions, by James M Cosh, ap-\\npears.\\nThe Pre-Adamite, by Alexander Win-\\nchell, appears.\\nModern Society, by Julia Ward Howe,\\nappears.\\nThe Grandissimes, by G. W. Cable,\\nappears.\\nRodman the Keeper, by C. F. Woolsen,\\nappears.\\nOdd or Even, by Adeline D. T. Whit-\\nney, appears.\\nEvery Day English, by Richard Grant\\nWhite, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1880, **-1881, July 2. 307\\nSOCIETY.\\n1830 Chicago. The National Far-\\nmers Alliance is founded.\\nla. The State Board of Health is\\norganized.\\nKan, A great immigration of\\ncolored people brings 40,000 negroes\\ninto the State.\\nMass. The antiscreen law respect-\\ning liquor saloons becomes operative.\\nN. C. An asylum for insane colored\\npeople is opened by the State at Golds-\\nborough.\\nOre. A Constitutional Amendment\\nauthorizing female suffrage is passed\\nand approved.\\nPhila. Dr. Buchanan is detected in\\nthe extensive and fraudulent sale of\\ndiplomas of Doctor of Medicine for\\n\u00c2\u00a750 each; he claims to be the dean of\\nthe American University of Phila-\\ndelphia.\\nS. Dak. The State school for deaf\\nmutes at Sioux Falls is opened.\\nThe Memphis Hospital Medical Col-\\nlege (Southwest Baptist University)\\nopens.\\nThe National Association for the\\nProtection of the Insane and for the\\nPrevention of Ins ani ty is organized.\\nBoston. The Woman s Christian\\nTemperance Union meets in National\\nConvention Frances Willard, presi-\\ndent. It creates the department of Sci-\\nentific Temperance Instruction in public\\nschools.\\nU. S. The census returns show that\\n5,107,993 white and colored persons, aged\\n15 years and upward, are unable to\\nwrite.\\nU. S. The American Society of Me-\\nchanical Engineers is organized.\\nThe Irish National League of\\nAmerica is founded.\\n1881 Jan. 5. B. C. An International\\nSanitary Congress meets at Washing-\\nton.\\nJan. 14. 0. The Society for Organiz-\\ning Charities is formed at Cleveland.\\nMe. Women are partially enfran-\\nchised, being made legal voters for su-\\npervisors of schools, and also eligible to\\nthe offices of supervisor and superin-\\ntendent of school committees.\\nFeb. 3. Pa. George Smith and Mrs.\\nCatharine Miller are haDged at Wil-\\nliamsport for the murder of Mrs.\\nMiller s husband on Mar. 18, 1SS0, near\\nJersey shore.\\nFeb. 22. President Hayes issues an order\\nprohibiting the sale of intoxicating\\nliquors at military posts and sta-\\ntions this order is for the government\\nof post-traders, or private vendors.\\nITeb. Neb. The enactment of the Slo-\\ncumb Law starts the high-license\\ncrusade fees for saloons are $500 to\\n\u00c2\u00a71,000.\\n.Apr. 30. Md. The Charity Organiza-\\ntion Society is formed at Baltimore.\\nJune IK Ky. Iron workers of Cov-\\nington and Newport strike for a new\\nscale of prices after 21 weeks of idle-\\nness and the loss of $300,000 in wages,\\nthe strike ends in the defeat of the\\nstrikers.\\nJune 7. B. C. The Society of Associ-\\nated Charities is organized at Wash-\\nington.\\nJune 11. W. Va. The Legislature es-\\ntablishes a State Board of Health.\\nJune 15. Ind. The Grand Army of\\nthe Republic meets in its 15th Nation-\\nal Encampment at Indianapolis George\\nS. Merrill of Mass., commander-in-chief.\\nJune N. Y. The National Temper-\\nance Convention meets at Saratoga.\\nJuly 2. B. C. President Garfield is\\nshot in the Baltimore and Potomac\\nRailroad station at Washington by\\nCharles Guiteau. (See State.) [Uni-\\nversal sympathy is expressed for the\\nwounded President deep and prolonged\\nsuspense prevails.]\\nSTATE.\\n1881 Jan. 6. B.C. Nathan Goff, Jr.,\\nof W. Va., is confirmed as Secretary of\\nthe Navy.\\nFeb. 4. D. C. Congress The Senate\\ndeclares the President of the Senate not\\nauthorized by the Constitution to count\\nand determine the presidential vote.\\n[The House concurs.]\\nFeb. 9. .D. C. Congress: The Vice-\\nPresident in convention of both Houses\\ncounts the electoral vote.\\nFor President Garfield, 214 j Han-\\ncock, 155. Vote for Vice-President\\nChester A. Arthur (Rep.) of N. T.,\\n214; William H. English (Dem.) of\\nInd., 155 B. J. Chambers (Greenback)\\nof Tex., A. M. Thompson (Prohib.)\\nof O., 0; S. C. Pomeroy (Amer.) of\\nKan., 0.\\nMar. 3. B. C. President Hayes vetoes\\nthe Funding Act, which proposes the\\nfunding of about 700,000,000 of the na-\\ntional debt at 3 per cent.\\nMar. 4. B. C. The 46th Congress\\nends.\\nThe Senate meets in special session\\non the call of the President^Feb. 28).\\nf\\n24th Administration; Republican.\\nJames A. Garfield of O., the 20th\\nPresident, in the 24th term of the presi-\\ndency, is inaugurated. Chester A.\\nArthur of N. Y. is Vice-President.\\nCabinet: James G. Blaine of Me.\\n(State), William Windom of Minn.\\n(Treas.), Samuel J. Kirkwood of la.\\n(Interior), Robert T. Lincoln of 111.\\n(War), William H. Hunt of La. (Navy),\\nThomas L. James of N. Y. (P. M.-Gen.),\\nWayne McVeagh of Pa. (Atty.-Gen.).\\nMar. 28. D. C. A protest against the\\nremoval of Gen. Merritt from the col-\\nlectorship of New York, and the ap-\\npointment of William H. Robertson,\\nwithout the consent of the senators of\\nN. Y., is presented to President Garfield.\\nIt is signed by Thomas L. James, Chester\\nA. Arthur, Roscoe Conkling, and Thomas\\nC. Piatt. [Its influence leads to the as-\\nsassination of the President].\\nApr. 20. D. C. The Assistant Post-\\nMaster-General, Thomas A. Brady,\\nresigns on the exposure of the Star\\nKoute frauds.\\nMay 5. I). C. The Senate confirms the\\nChinese Immigration and Commer-\\ncial treaty, also treaties with Colombia\\nand Japan.\\nMay 16. D. C. Senators Conkling and\\nPiatt of N. Y. resign because of a con-\\ntroversy with President Garfield respect-\\ning appointments. (See Mar. 2S.)\\nMay 20. B. C. The special session of\\nthe Senate closes.\\nJune 24. B.C. Secretary Blaine issues\\na circular letter to ministers at European\\ncourts, stating that the United States\\nwill regard with disfavor any movement\\nof European powers to jointly guaran-\\ntee the neutrality of the Panama\\nCanal.\\nJune 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal\\nyear. Revenue: Customs, \u00c2\u00a7198,159,676\\ninternal revenue, $135,264,3S6 direct\\ntax, $1,517 sales of public lands,\\n$2,201,803; miscellaneous items, $25,154,-\\n851. Total revenue, $360,782,293 excess\\nof revenue over expenditures, $100,069,-\\n405. Expenditures Premiums on loans,\\npurchase of bonds, etc., $1,061,249; mis-\\ncellaneous items, $04,4.10,325 War De-\\npartment, $40,400,401 Navy Department,\\n$15,680,672 Indians, $6,514,161 pen-\\nsions, $50,059,280 interest on the public\\ndebt, $32,508,741. Total ordinary ex-\\npenditures, $260,712,888. Public debt,\\n$2,077,3*9.253. Exports, $902,377,346 im-\\nports, $642,664,628.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1880 Cat. The poor squatters of San\\nFrancisco are ejected from the Sand\\nLots by the Southern Pacific Railroad,\\nafter a conflict, In which several persons\\nare killed.\\nFla. About 1,800,000 acres of land\\nare conveyed to the State under an Act\\nof Congress.\\nKan. The people oppose the Green\\ndrive- well patent as Invalid, and form\\nfour associations in South Kansas to de-\\nfend users of driven wells in litigation.\\nNew York. Bordeaux Line of steam-\\ners is established to run between New\\nYork and Bordeaux, France.\\nAn international postage rate of\\nfive cents is adopted.\\nThe United Pipe-Lines Company be-\\ngins to lay pipes for conveying petro-\\nleum long distances.\\n1881 Jan. 17. S. C. The centennial of\\nthe Battle of Cowpens is celebrated at\\nSpartansburg Gen. Daniel Morgan s\\nstatue is unveiled.\\nJune 1. B. C. The Secretary of War\\nprohibits the use of tobacco by the\\ncadets at the West Point Military\\nAcademy.\\nJune 27. Harvard defeats Columbia\\nin the boat-race time, 21.45.\\nJune 30. Harvard Freshmen defeat\\nColumbia in a boat-race time, 9.05$.\\nImmigrants received in 1881, 669,431.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "308 1881, July 2-*\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1881 Dec. 15. A T Y. The old frigate\\nConstitution (Old Ironsides) goes out of\\ncommission at Brooklyn. (Launched in\\n179G.)\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1881 July 16. Minn. A cyclone de-\\nmolishes 100 houses at New Ulm 30 per-\\nsons are killed or injured.\\nAug. 12. Greenland. Lieut. Greely s\\nexpedition arrives at Discovery Harbor.\\nAug. Mass. Prof. Dolbear announces\\na new system of telephone, with an im-\\nproved receiver.\\nSept. 6. Mass. A dense fog at Salem\\nmakes this the darkest day on record\\nsince the dark day of May, 1780 a\\ndry fog extends from New Hampshire\\nto North Carolina, and largely conceals\\nthe sun.\\nDec. liussia. Two of the Jeannette s\\nboats, carrying 15 men, arrive at the\\nmouth of the Lena River, Siberia; one\\nboat is missing. [All perish except two,\\nwho were sent forward for relief.]\\nDec. D. C. At Washington Alexander\\nGraham Bell and Sumner Tainter pro-\\nduce sound by electricity and light.\\nNew York. Frederick A. Bridgman\\nof France is elected a member of the\\nNational Academy of Design.\\nN. Y. Henry Draper succeeds in\\nphotographing the nebulse in Orion.\\nO. The Case School of Applied\\nScience is opened at Cleveland.\\nGreen River is painted by Thomas\\nMo ran.\\nSketching in the Glen is painted by\\nJ. F. Cropsey.\\nBird Song is painted by A. F. Bellows.\\nReturn of the Fleet is painted by Ed-\\nward Moran.\\nGlen Mill Brook is painted by J. A.\\nBrown.\\nDec. 4. Kilpatrick, .Tudson, maj.-gen. of\\ncavalry, minister, A 45.\\nDec. 9. Forney, John Weiss, journalist,\\nThe Press, clerk of House, see. of Senate,\\nA64.\\nDec. 17. Morgan, Lewis Henry, ethnolo-\\ngist, archaeologist, author, A63.\\nHayes, Isaac Israel, Arctic explorer,\\nauthor, A 49.\\nDec. 24. llacon, Leonard, Cong, clergy-\\nman, theologian, editor, author, A79.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1881.\\nJuly 14. Du Bois, William Ewing, numis-\\nmatist, writer, A71.\\nRoberts, William Milnor, civil engineer,\\nA71.\\nJuly 17. Tuttle, Charles Wesley, astron-\\nomer, lawyer, A52.\\nJuly 24. Quaekenbos, George Payn, edu-\\ncator, author of text-books, A55.\\nAug. 2. Haven, Erastus Otis, editor, pres-\\nident of college, M. E. bishop, A(il.\\nAug-. 3. Fargo, William George, president\\nAm. Express Co., A63.\\nAug. 24. lliggs, George Washington,\\nhanker, of Washington city, A68.\\nSept. 8. Lanier, Hugh Sidney, critic, poet,\\nlitterateur, author, A39.\\nSept. 1 3. Burnside, Ambrose Everett,\\nmaj.-gen. U. S. A., sen. for 11. I., Gov., A57.\\nSept. 19. Garfield. James Abram, col-\\nlege pres., maj.-gen. U. S. vols., M. C. for\\nO., senator, \u00e2\u0080\u00a2Jiiih pn-sident U. S-, A50.\\nOct. 2. Harris, Caleb Fiske, book collector,\\nA63.\\nOct. 3. Durant, Henry Fowle, founder of\\nWellesley College, A59.\\nOct. 5. Robinson, Stuart, Pres. clergyman,\\nauthor, editor, A65.\\nOct. 12. Holland, .losiah Gilbert (Timothy\\nTitcomb), author, editor, A62.\\nOct. 21. Cox, Samuel Hanson, Pres. cler-\\ngyman, prof, ecclesiastical history, A88.\\nOct. 30. De Long, George W.,lieut. U. S. N.,\\narctic explorer, A37.\\nNov. 15. Tappau, Henry Philip, Cong.\\nclergyman, educationist, author, A76.\\nCHURCH.\\n1881 Aug. 24. Killan C. Flasch is\\nconsecrated (Koman Catholic) bishop of\\nthe Diocese of La Crosse.\\nOct. 18. N. J. Winand M. Wigger is\\nconsecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nthe Diocese of Newark.\\nNov. 1. N. J. Michael J. O Farrell is\\nfirst consecrated (Koman Catholic)\\nbishop of Trenton.\\nAlas. The Presbyterian Home Board\\nopens a school among the Hydahs in\\nSouthern Alaska.\\nInd. The Baptist Annua l Meeting\\nis held at Indianapolis. The Anrmal\\nConvention (Disciples of Christ) is held\\nat Indianapolis R. Moffett, president.\\nla. The Roman Catholic Diocese of\\nDavenport is established.\\nThe first contingent of the Salvation\\nArmy lands in the United States.\\nJV J. The Roman Catholic Diocese of\\nTrenton is established.\\nN. Y. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets at Buffalo Henry\\nDarling, moderator.\\nPa. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Allegheny\\nDavid W. Carson, moderator. The\\nGeneral Synod (Evangelical Lutheran)\\nmeets at Altoona.\\nE. B. Kephart is elected first bishop of\\nthe United Brethren.\\nLETTERS.\\n1881* Ala. The Normal and Indus-\\ntrial School established by the State at\\nTuskegee is opened. [Also the Western\\nNormal College is opened at Shenan-\\ndoah, la. the State Normal School at\\nPlymouth, N. C, and another for col-\\nored students at Salisbury and the\\nTillotson Collegiate and Normal Insti-\\ntute, at Austin, Tex.]\\nChicago. The Herald is issued.\\nLa. Southern Academic Institute at\\nNew Orleans is opened.\\nla. The Drake University (Disci-\\nples of Christ) is founded at Des Moines.\\nIII. St. Joseph s Diocesan College\\n(Rom. Cath.) is chartered at Teutopolis.\\nI, T. The Levering Manual Labor\\nSchool (Ind. Bapt.) is founded at We-\\ntumpka.\\n*Ky. The South Kentucky CoUege\\n(Christian) is organized in Hopkinsville.\\nKan. Bethany CoUege (Luth.) is or-\\nganized at Linds.\\nN. Mex. The University of New\\nMexico (non-sect.) at Santa F^ is\\nopened.\\nNeiu York. The Judge is issued.\\nPa. The L. P. Linderman Memorial\\nLibrary is founded at Bethlehem.\\n[50,000 vols.j\\nPhila. The Medico-Chirurgical\\nCollege opens.\\nS. C. The Cooper Limestone Institute\\n(Fern. Bapt.) is founded at Limestone\\nSprings.\\nTex. Bishop CoHege (Col. Bapt.) is\\nfounded at Marshall.\\nTex. The State University at Austin\\nis organized.\\nThe Boys Mabinogion, by Sidney La-\\nnier, appears.\\nThe Choice of Books, by C. F. Richard-\\nson, appears.\\nDoctor Breen s Practice, by William\\nDean Howells, appears.\\nEsmeralda, by Frances Hodgson Bur-\\nnett, appears also A Fair Barbarian.\\nEve s Daughters, by Marion Harland,\\nappears.\\nIlka on the Bill- Top, by H. H. Boyesen^\\nappears also Queen Titania.\\nJosh Billings s Spice-Box, by Henry\\nWheeler Shaw, appears.\\nThe King s Missive, and Other Poems,\\nby John Greenleaf Whittier, appears.\\nMemoirs of the Jtffersons, by William\\nWinter, appears.\\nRise and Fall of the Confederate Gov-\\nernment, by Jefferson Davis, appears.\\nThe School of Life, by William R.\\nAlger, appears.\\nScience of Mind, by John Bascom, ap-\\npears.\\nSomebody s Neighbors, by Rose Terry\\nCooke, appears.\\nWithout a Home, by E. P. Roe, appears.\\nVirginibus Puerisque, and other papers.\\nMemoirs and Portraits, by Robert Louis\\nStevenson, appears.\\nScience of English Verse, by Sidney\\nLanier, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1881 Aug.l. N.C. The people reject the\\nProhibition Bill. Vote, 48, 370-1 66, 325.\\nSept. 2+. La. About 10,000 cotton han-\\ndlers at New Orleans strike for in-\\ncreased wages in two weeks the strike\\nends and fails loss in wages, $50,000.\\nSept. 6. D. C. The wounded President\\nis removed to Elberon, N. J. flowers\\nare strewn over the railroad in many\\nplaces by sympathizing multitudes.\\nSept. 13. D. C. Sergeant Mason, one of\\nthe guards, fires at Guiteau, but misses\\nhis mark. [For this act Mason was tried\\nand sentenced to imprisonment.]\\nSept. 20. U. S. Demonstrations of\\ngrief abound from all parties and every\\nclass over the death of the President\\nthe cities are swathed in black drapery.\\nSept. 20. Eng. Queen Victoria cables\\nas a message of condolence to Mrs.\\nGarfield Words cannot express the\\ndeep sympathy I feel with you at this\\nterrible moment. May God support you\\nas He alone can,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1881, July 2-\\n309\\nSept. 21-28. Eng. The Court is or-\\ndered to go into mourning because of\\nthe death of President Garfield.\\nSept. 23. O. After lying in state at\\nWashington, the body of President Gar-\\nfield is buried at Cleveland.\\nOct. 26. Mo. Anlndustrial Convention\\nfor the people of the Mississippi Valley\\nmeets at St. Louis.\\nOct. Chicago. The Brewers Con-\\ngress opposes woman s suffrage.\\nHesolved, That we oppose always and\\neverywhere the ballot in the hands of\\nwoman, for woman s vote is the last\\nhope of the Prohibitionists.\\nNov. 2. O. The American Association\\nof Professional Baseball Clubs is or-\\nganized at Cincinnati.\\nNov. 14. D. C. The trial of Charles\\nGuiteau begins.\\nDee. 22. Wis. The Charity Organi-\\nzation Society is formed at Milwaukee.\\nDec. 24-31. S. C. Several thousand\\ncolored people leave Edgefield County,\\nbeing terrorized by violence.\\nDec. 27. D- C. An order is issued for\\nthe exclusion of women from the em-\\nployment of the Government.\\nColo. The Legislature provides for an\\nIndustrial School at Golden City.\\nD. C. The Woman s Christian\\nTemperance Union meets in a national\\nconvention at Washington Prances\\nWillard, president.\\nB.C. The Star Route frauds against\\nthe Government are discovered. (See\\nMar. 1882.)\\nDel. The Legislature passes an Act\\nwhich imposes a fine on any person who\\nmarches in a torchlight parade.\\nN. C. The Legislature passes a bill\\nprohibiting the manufacture and sale\\nof alcoholic beverages; it is subject\\nto the approval of the people. This so-\\ncalled Prohibitory amendment is voted\\ndown by more than 116,000 majority.\\nNeto York. The Church Temper-\\nance Society of the Protestant Episco-\\npal church is organized.\\nThis Society lays down as the basis on\\nwhich it rests, and from which its work\\nshall be conducted, union and coopera-\\ntion on perfectly equal terms for the\\npromotion of temperance between those\\nwho use temperately and those who ab-\\nstain entirely from intoxicating drinks\\nas beverages.\\nN.J. The Charity Organization is\\nformed at Newark for systemizing pub-\\nlic charities.\\n0. A fund of $364,000 is presented to\\nMrs. Garfield by admirers of the mar-\\ntyred President.\\nThe Catholic Benevolent Legion\\nis founded also the Order of the\\nGolden Chain the National Union\\nthe Order of United Friends the So-\\nciety of the Knights of Pythias.\\nA movement for land nationaliza-\\ntion begins.\\nIt is warmly advocated by Henry\\nGeorge in his book, Pi-ogress and Pov-\\nerty, which condemns compensation to\\nSTATE.\\n18S1 July 2. B.C. President Garfield\\nis shot and fatally wounded by Charles\\nJ. Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker,\\nin the Pennsylvania depot at Washing-\\nton. (See Society.)\\nJuly 16. A Y. The Legislature eleets\\nWarner Miller to succeed Senator\\nPiatt. [And Elbridge G. Lapham to\\nsucceed Senator Conkling, on July 22,]\\nAug. 12. Capt. Hooper and Mr. Reynolds\\nof the revenue cutter Conoin take pos-\\nsession, in the name of the United States,\\nof Wrangel Land, in the Arctic Sea.\\nSept. 19. A 7 J. President Garfield\\ndies at Elberon public and private\\nbuildings throughout the country are\\ndraped in mourning.\\nSept. 20. New York. Chester Alan\\nArthur, vice-president, is sworn into\\nthe presidency as the 21st President.\\nThe 24th Administration is con-\\ntinued by Chester A. Arthur.\\nOct. 10. D. C. The Senate meets, in\\nspecial session, at the call of President\\nArthur. (Sept. 23.) [Closes Oct. 25.]\\nThomas F. Bayard of Del. is re-\\nelected President pro tempore. [David\\nDavis of 111. is elected Oct. 13.]\\nOct. 27. D. C. Charles J. Folger of\\nN. T. is appointed Secretary of the\\nTreasury.\\nNov. 4. D. C. Sir Lionel Sackville\\nWest, the new minister for England,\\nis received by the President.\\nNov. 14. D. C. William Windom of\\nMinn., Secretary of the Treasury, re-\\nsigns.\\nNov. D. C. Wayne McVeagh of Pa.,\\nAttorney-General, resigns.\\nDec. 5. JD.C. The 47th Congress opens.\\nDec. 5. D. C. John W. Keifer (Rep.)\\nof O. is elected Speaker. Vote, Keifer,\\n148; S. J. Randall of Pa., 129.\\nDec. 12. D. C. Fred. T. Freling-\\nhuysen of N. J. is appointed Secretary\\nof State.\\nDec. 15. D. C. James G. Blaine re-\\nsigns the office of Secretary of State.\\nDec. 19. D. C. Benj. H. Brewster of\\nPa. is appointed Attorney-General.\\nDec. 20. D. C. Timothy O. Howe of\\nWis. is appointed Postmaster-General.\\nCongress grants the postal franking\\nprivilege to the widow of President\\nGarfield.\\nD. C Congress passes an act legaliz-\\ning trade-marks.\\nD. C. Stanley Mathews of O. and\\nHorace Gray of Mass. are appointed\\nJustices of the Supreme Court of the\\nUnited States.\\nD. C. Secretary Windom ex-\\nchanges about \u00c2\u00a7500,000,000 in bonds\\nbearing 6 per cent and other rates of\\ninterest, for 3h per cent bonds.\\nKan. The Supreme Court of the State\\ndecides that the prohibitory amend-\\nment is valid.\\nNew York. William R. Grace is\\nelected the 82d mayor.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-83*\\nArk.\\nThomas J. Churchill.\\n-83*\\n*Conn\\nHobart B. Bigelow.\\n-85*\\nFla.\\nWilliam D. Bloxham.\\n-85*\\nInd.\\nAlbert G. Porter.\\n-83*\\nMe.\\nHarris M. Plaisted.\\n-83*\\nMich,\\nDavid H. Jerome.\\n-85*\\nMo.\\nThomas T. Crittenden.\\n-83*\\n*$~.H.\\nCharles H. Bell.\\n-84*\\n*N.J.\\nGeorge C. Ludlow.\\n-83*\\nTenri.\\nAlvin Hawkins.\\n-85*\\n*W.V\\na. Jacob K. Jackson\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1881 Aug. 24. Eng. Two American sail-\\nors arrive at Falmouth after crossing\\nthe Atlantic in the City of Bath, a boat\\nfourteen feet long.\\nSept. 6. Wis. An exposition is opened\\nat Milwaukee.\\nSept. 14. The steamer Asia is wrecked\\non Lake Huron; about 100 lives are\\nlost.\\nSept. Mich. Forest fires devastate over\\n1,800 square miles in Huron, Sanilac,\\nand Tuscola counties 2,900 families are\\nburned out, and 138 lives lost.\\nOct. 5-Dec. 31. Ga. An International\\nCotton Exposition, the first in the\\nUnited States, is held at Atlanta.\\nOct. 19. Va. The centennial of the\\nBattle of Yorktown is celebrated on a\\ngrand scale. [Military review, Oct. 20\\nnaval review, Oct. 21.]\\nOct. Md. Citizens celebrate the opening\\nof the aqueduct supplying Baltimore\\nwith water from the Gunpowder River.\\nNov. 4. Colo. Denver City becomes the\\npermanent capital.\\nNov. 9. The American sloop Mischief\\ndefeats the Canadian sloop Atalanta in\\na race for the America cup.\\nNov. 29. Mo. A Missouri River Im-\\nprovement Convention meets at St.\\nJoseph.\\nDec. 3. Phila. Electric street-lights\\nare introduced.\\nDec. 26. Va. The steamer West Point\\ntakes fire on the York River 19 lives\\nare lost.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Statistics for 1881.\\nProduction: Gold, $34,700,000; silver,\\n$43,000,000; bales of cotton, 6,589,329;\\npounds of wool, 240,000,000; barrels of\\npetroleum, 27,661 ,238. Currency in circu-\\nlation (June 30), $1,114,238,419 per cap-\\nita, $21.71. Immigrants received (fiscal\\nyear), 669,431. Miles of railroads worked,\\n92,971; capital stock, $3,117,375,179. Fire\\nwaste, $81,280,900; insurance, $44,641,-\\n900. Railroad accidents, 1,458; persons\\nkilled, 414 persons injured, 1,597.\\nD. C. Congress awards Mrs. Ida\\nLewis Wilson, the daughter of the\\nkeeper of the Lime Rock lighthouse, a\\ngold medal for heroic services in saving\\n13 lives at various times.\\n*Ela. Philadelphia capitalists pur-\\nchase 4,000,000 acres of State land\\nsouth of the Ocala and east of the Kis-\\nsimmee Rivers for $1,000,000.\\nIII. The streets of Aurora are lighted\\nby electricity the first city in the\\nworld so lighted.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "310 1881, *~1882, Dec. 28.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1882 May 4. D.C. President Arthur\\nremits so much of Fitz-John Porter s\\nsentence by court martial as forever dis-\\nqualifies him from holding office under\\nthe Government.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1881 The Cup that Cheers is painted\\nby T. W. Wood.\\nTwilight on the Hudson is painted by\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Worthington Whittredge.\\nKaatskill River is painted by Jervis\\nMcEntee.\\nCows by the Meadow Brook is painted\\nby A. D. Shattuck.\\nFoggy Day is painted by F. S. Church.\\nSpring is painted by George Inness.\\nView of the Rocky Mountains is painted\\nby J. W. Casilear.\\n1832 Mar. 18. N. Y. A new comet\\nis discovered at the Dudley Observatory\\nat Albany.\\nMar. 23. Russia. The bodies of Capt.\\nDe Long and others of the Jeannette\\nPolar Expedition are found by G. W.\\nMelville near the mouth of the Lena\\nRiver.\\nMar. A great flood prevails on the\\nMississippi and its tributaries 85,000\\npersons are made destitute Congress\\nvotes \u00c2\u00a7150,000 for relief.\\nApr. 16-17. U. S. An aurora of ex-\\ntraordinary magnificence is observed\\nthroughout the country it lasts from\\nnine in the evening till daylight appears.\\nApr. Tornadoes occur in the South\\n150 people lose their lives.\\nMay Ind. Ter. A cyclone kills and\\nwounds 120 people.\\nMay 15. Arctic Sea. A part of Lieut.\\nGreely s Expedition, under David L.\\nBrainard, penetrates to latitude 83\u00c2\u00b0 24.V\\nnorth, longitude -40\u00c2\u00b0 46V west. A higher\\nlatitude than ever before reached.\\nJune 18. la. A terrific tornado occurs\\nat Grinnell GO persons are killed and\\n150 wounded. Property is damaged to\\nthe amount of $600,000.\\nDec III. Sugar is manufactured in\\nlarge quantities from sorghum.\\nMay 14. Barnard. Jnim Gross, gen., mili-\\ntary engineer, writer, A67.\\nMay 26. Chester, Josei h Lemuel, genealo-\\ngist in Eng., writer, A61.\\nMay 30. Kuh ts, William Uarton, physi-\\ncist, geologist, A78.\\nJune 15. Dennison, William, lawyer, Co v.\\nOf 0-, P. M. G., A6(J.\\nJune 21. Haves, Augustus Allen. Chemist.\\nwriter, A76.\\nJuly 10. Giles, Henry, criti.-, essayist. AT\\nJuly 24. Marsh, ;eorf:e Perkins, philolo-\\ngist, politician, tlipluiuatist, A81.\\nAug-. 8. Warren, Gouverneur, Kemble,\\nmaj.-gen. V. S. vols., military eng., A52.\\nAug. 19. Hill, r ciijatiiin Harvev, lawyer,\\nM. C, sen. for Ga., Confederate sen., A5 J.\\nOct. 3. PhillipB. Adelaide, Anglo-Ameri-\\ncan contralto singer, A49.\\nNov. 20. Draper, Henry, scientist, educator,\\ncelestial photographer, A45.\\nNov. 22. Weed, I hurlow, journalist, poli-\\ntician, author, A85.\\nDec. 1. Coan, Titus, Cong, missionary at\\nHawaii, A81.\\nDec. 18. James, Henry, au., novelist, ATI.\\nCHURCH.\\n1881 The American Baptist Publica-\\ntion Society organizes a special Bible\\ndepartment, with a secretary, to raise\\nmoney for the circulation of the Scrip-\\ntures at home and abroad.\\nThe Reformed Episcopal Synod of\\nNew York and Philadelphia, is organ-\\nized.\\n1882 Jan. 8. S. C. H. P. Northrop is\\nconsecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nCharleston.\\nJan. 25. Pa. Cortlandt Whitehead is\\nconsecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Pittsburg.\\nApr. 30. Tex. N. A. Gallagher is con-\\nsecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nGalveston.\\nMay 3. Term. The General Conference\\n(Methodist Episcopal South) meets at\\nNashville.\\nMay 19. Mich. The Roman Catholic\\nDiocese of Grand Rapids is established.\\nJune 9. Chicago. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nSept. 19-22. K.T. The National Con-\\nference (Unitarian) is held at Saratoga.\\nNov. 9. Neb. The Nebraska Association\\n(Unitarian) is organized at Omaha.\\nDec. 28. The Utah Association (Congre-\\ngational) is organized.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1882.\\nJan. 4. Draper, John William, chemist,\\nphysiologist, historian (spectrum analysis),\\nA71.\\nJan. 17. Bullock, Alexander Hamilton,\\nlawyer, Gov. of Mass., writer, A66.\\nJan. 21. Pond, Enoch, Cong, el., au., A91.\\nJan. 29. Holley, Alexander Lyman, metal-\\nlurgist, author, A50.\\nJan. 30. Bellows, Henry Whitney, Unit.\\ncl., au., pres. U. S. Sanitary ononis., AGS.\\nFeb. 19. Johnson, Samuel, Unit, clergy-\\nman, author, A60.\\nMar. 4. Latham, Milton Seott, lawyer,\\nM. C, senator, Gov. of Cal., A55.\\nMar. 21. Dewey, Orville, Unit, clergyman,\\nwriter, A88.\\nMar. 24. Longfellow. Henry Wads-\\nworth, poet, author, prof, of belles lettres\\nat Harvard, A75.\\nApr. 27. Emerson, Ralph Waldo, essay-\\nist, philosopher, poet, lecturer, au., A79.\\nMay 3. Maynard, Horace, M. C. for Tenn.,\\nP. M. G., author, A68.\\nMay 5. Rodgers, John, rear-adm. IT. S. N.,\\nA70.\\nLETTERS.\\n1882. Aug. 16. Mass. The Harvard\\nAnnex for the instruction of women,\\norganized in 1S79, is incorporated.\\nOct. 1. 5. C. The State reopens its mili-\\ntary academy at Charleston.\\nNov. 16. iris. The Milwaukee Daily\\nJournal is issued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1882 Jan. 1. Xe\\nthe Friendless\\nJan. 24. D.\\nand acquitted c\\nW. S. Ketchum.\\nJan. 25. D. C.\\nthe assassin of\\nfound guilty of\\nto be hanged.\\nb. The State Home for\\nat Lincoln is opened.\\nMrs. Wharton is tried\\n)f the murder of Gen.\\nCharles J. Guiteau,\\nPresident Garfield, is\\nmurder, and sentenced\\nJan. 26. New York. The Charity Or-\\nganization Society is formed.\\nFeb. 22. Boston. The National La-w-\\nand Order League is organized.\\nFeb. Many Jews find refuge In Amer-\\nica from European oppression.\\nMar. 14- Mass. About 5,255 weavers\\nand spinners at Lawrence, unsuccess-\\nfully strike against reduced wages,\\nholding out 23 weeks, at a loss of $800,-\\n000 in wages.\\nMar. 22. D.C. The penalty for polygamy\\nin the territories of the United States it\\na fine not exceeding S5,000, and impris-\\nonment not exceeding five years. (See\\nState.)\\nMar.i* D. C. Some of the Star Route\\nconspirators are brought to triaL\\nIndictments are found against the\\nsecond assistant Postmaster Thomas J.\\nBrady, Stephen W. Dorsey, John W.\\nDorsey, John M. Peek, and John K.\\nMiner, who had made fraudulent mail\\nbids. [The jury disagree on the first\\ntrial there are no convictions on the\\nsecond trial.]\\nApr. I- 1 Pa. More than 2,000 coal\\nminers in Western Pennsylvania un-\\nsuccessfully strike against reduced\\nwages, and hold out 20 weeks, at a wage-\\nloss of $500,000.\\nApr. 17^. -V. Y. About 5,000 cotton-\\nmill hands at Cohoes unsuccessfully\\nstrike against reduced wages, and hold\\nout 19 weeks, at a wage-loss of $541,250.\\nMay 9-. O. About 5,000 rolling-mill\\nhands at Cleveland unsuccessfully\\nstrike for the adoption of the rules of\\ntheir Association, for 95 days, at a wage-\\nloss of $376,250.\\nJune 1-f. Pa. About 30.000 iron-workers\\nat Pittsburg unsuccessfully strike for\\na new scale of prices, and hold out four\\nmonths, at a wage-loss of S3,300,000.\\nJune 21. Md. The Grand Army of\\nthe Republic meets in its 16th Na-\\ntional Encampment at Baltimore; Paul\\nVan Der Voort of Neb., commander-in-\\nchief.\\nJune 30. D. C. Charles J. Guiteau is\\nhanged at Washington for the murder\\nof President Garfield.\\nJune Conn. James Malley is acquitted\\nof the murder of Jennie E. Cramer at\\nNew Haven on Aug. 5, 1881.\\nJuly 1. Nev. An asylum for the insane\\nis opened by the State at Reno.\\nSept. 11 D.C. The jury on the Star\\nRoute trials disagree respecting the\\nguilt of the principals.\\nOct. 11. Mass. The 100th anniver-\\nsary of the birth of Daniel Webster is\\ncelebrated at Marshfield.\\nOct. 13. Mo. John Cockrill, editor of\\nthe St. Louis Post-Dispatch, is acquitted\\nof murder in fatally shooting Col. Slay-\\nback.\\nNov. Neb. The people reject the\\namendments to the Constitution, ex-\\ntending suffrage to women. Vote,\\n25,756-50,693.\\nDec. 17. -V. Y. St. Mary s General\\nHospital at Brooklyn is opened for the\\nreception of patients.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1881,* *-1882, Dec. 28, 311\\nSTATE.\\n1882 Feb. 2. D. C. Congress grants\\nan additional pension to the widow of\\nAbraham Lincoln.\\nFeb. 16. D. C. Congress: The House\\nfixes its membership at 325, and\\nchanges the apportionment according to\\nthe late census.\\nFeb. 27. D. C. Congress; House:\\nJames G. Blaine delivers a eulogy at\\nthe memorial services on the late\\nPresident Garfield.\\nMar. 22. D. C. Congress passes the\\ndrastic Edmunds Bill.\\nIt disfranchises polygamists, and\\nplaces the elections in ITtahimder charge\\nMar. 28. D. C. Congress extends the\\nnorthern boundary of Nebraska to the\\n43d parallel.\\nMar. 31. D. C. Congress grants a\\npension of \u00c2\u00a75,000 each to the widows of\\nJames A. Garfield, James K. Polk, and\\nJohn Tyler.\\nApr. D. C. Samuel J. Kirkwood of\\nla., Secretary of the Interior, resigns\\nalso William H. Hunt, Secretary of\\nthe Navy. William E. Chandler of\\nN. H. is appointed Secretary of the\\nNavy.\\nApr. 4. D. C. President Arthur vetoes\\nthe Anti-Chinese BUI, restricting the\\nimmigration of Chinese for 20 years.\\nApr. 18. Z C. Congress: The Senate\\nconfirms Henry M. Teller of Colo, as\\nSecretary of the Treasury, and William\\nE. Chandler of N. H. as Secretary of\\nthe Navy. [The latter is appointed\\nminister to Russia.]\\nApr. 28. D. C. Congress passes a\\nsecond Anti-Chinese Bill, making the\\nterm of exclusion 10 years, and prohibit-\\ning naturalization.\\nMay 3. L C. President Arthur, by\\nproclamation, orders disorderly persons\\nto desist from violence in Arizona.\\nMay 15. D. C. Congress provides for\\na Tariff Commission.\\nIt consists of nine civilians, who are to\\nvisit various sections of the country, in-\\nvestigate the subject of tariff revision,\\nand report to Congress. Members\\nJohn L. Hayes, president, Henry W.\\nOliver, Jr., Austin M. Garland, Jacob\\nAmbler, Kobert P. Porter, John W. H.\\nUnderwood, Duncan F. Kenner, Alexan-\\nder R. Boetler, and William H.McMa-\\nhon.\\nMay 19. I). C. Congress The House\\npasses the hill extending the national\\nbank charters 25 years.\\nMay 25-31. D. C. Congress: The\\nHouse is in a deadlock over the con-\\ntested election case of G. M. Mackey of\\nS. C, vs. Samuel Dibble Mackey ob-\\ntains the seat.\\nMay 28. I). C. Congress The Senate\\npasses the General Award Bill, ap-\\npointing a court to distribute the re-\\nmaining moneys received in payment of\\nthe Alabama claims. [June 5. Ap-\\nproved.]\\nJune 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal\\nyear. Revenue: customs, $220,410,730;\\ninternal revenue, $140,407,595 direct\\ntax, $160,142 sales of public lands, $4,-\\n7f U40; miscellaneous items, $31,703,04.1\\nTotal revenue, $403,525,250 excess of\\nrevenue over expenditures, \u00c2\u00a7145,543,811.\\nExpenditures Miscellaneous items,\\n$57,2111,325; War Department, $43,570,-\\n404; Navy Department, $15,032,040; In-\\ndians, \u00c2\u00a79,730,747; pensions, $01,345,104;\\ninterest on the public debt, $71,077,207.\\nTotal ordinary expenditures, \u00c2\u00a3:i\u00c2\u00bb7,9S 1,440.\\nPublic debt, $1,926,038,078. Exports,\\n$750,542,257 imports, $724,639,574.\\nAug. 1. D. C. President Arthur vetoes\\nthe River and Harbor Appropriation\\nBill, because of its excessive amount.\\nAug. 2. D, C. Congress: Both Houses\\npass the River and Harbor Bill over\\nthe President s veto.\\nAug. 3. D. C. Congress provides for\\nthe calling of an international confer-\\nence to establish a common prime me-\\nridian for the world.\\nAug. 4. U. S. The Chinese Exclusion\\nAct becomes operative.\\nD. C. Congress Senate George H.\\nPendleton of O. introduces a bill for the\\nreform of the civil service, having as\\na conspicuous feature open competitive\\nexaminations. [It attracts little atten-\\ntion in Congress till after the elections,\\nwhich alarm the majority.]\\nAug. S. I). C. The 47th Congress:\\nthe first session closes.\\nAug. 23. Chicago. Organization of the\\nHome-Protection party.\\nNov. 7. If. Y. Grover Cleveland\\n(Dem.) is elected governor by 193,825\\nmajority over Charles J. Folger (Hep.).\\nNov. Ya. The people ratify the amend-\\nment to the Constitution, abrogating\\nthe clause requiring the payment of a\\ncapitation tax as a condition of suffrage.\\nVote, 107,303-66,131.\\nDec. 4. D. C. The 47th Congress:\\nthe second session opens.\\nCongress The Tariff Commission\\nreports a bill favoring protection.\\nKan. A Democratic governor is\\nfirst elected.\\nDec. 24. D. C. Gen. N. M. Curtis, hav-\\ning appealed to the U. S. Supreme\\nCourt against a fine imposed for vio-\\nlating the civil service rules, the\\ncourt declares the law constitutional\\nand the sentence affirmed.\\nDec. 27. D. C. Congress Senate The\\nPendleton Civil Service BiUispassed.\\nVote, 38-5. [All the minority are Dem-\\nocrats.]\\nDec. 28. 2 C. Congress Senate A\\nhill for the relief of Fitz- John Porter\\nis introduced. [Passes. Vote, 33-27. It\\nis strongly opposed in the House.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1881 Great Britain pays the United\\nStates $75,000 compensation for damages\\ndone to American fishermen in For-\\ntune Bay.\\nThe Standard Oil Trust is organized\\nby the petroleum companies.\\n1882 Jan. 6. la. A railroad disas-\\nter causes 21 deaths at New Albion.\\nJan. 13. A r V. Acollisionon the Hud-\\nson River Railroad at Spuyten Duyvil\\nCreek causes nine deaths.\\nJan. 28. Chicago. The new cable street-\\nrailroad is publicly tried for the first\\ntime.\\nFeb. 4. The steamer Bahama, running\\nbetween Puerto Kico and New York,\\nfounders at sea 20 lives are lost.\\nFeb. 17. Pa. A fireworks factory at\\nChester explodes, and 14 persons are\\nkilled.\\nA H. The business center of Haver-\\nhill is burned loss about $2,000,000.\\nMar. 30. The steamer Golden City is\\nburned on the Mississippi near Mem-\\nphis 20 lives are lost.\\nApr. 9. New York. The huge elephant\\ncalled Jumbo arrives from London.\\nApr. 10. La. The second centennial\\nof the discovery of the mouths of the\\nMississippi River by Sieur de La Salle\\nis celebrated.\\nJuly 1. The Columbia Freshmen defeat\\nHarvard in a boat-race time 10.56.\\nJuly 3. Columbia defeats Harvard;:\\ntime 24.32.\\nJuly 4. The steamer Sciota is sunk by a\\ncollision on the Ohio 57 lives are lost.\\nJuly 20. The steamer Louisiana runs\\nfrom New Orleans to New York in 4=\\ndays, 14 hours, and 17 minutes.\\nJuly 22. Cal. Miners hold a conven-\\ntion at Nevada City to consider the de-\\nbris question, as it affects streams of\\nwater.\\nAug. 7. The steamer Gold Dust on the\\nOhio River bursts her boilers, and\\nkills 17 persons.\\nAug. 19. Ky. The 100th anniversary\\nof the battle of Blue Lacks is cele-\\nbrated.\\nSept. 26. Cal. Residents and property\\nowners in the Sacramento and San Joa-\\nquin Valleys hold an Anti-Debris\\nConvention at Sacramento.\\nSept. 29. The steamer Robert E. Lee is\\nburned on the Mississippi 20 lives are\\nlost.\\nOct. 8. Cal. The steamer Arabic runs\\nfrom Yokohoma, Japan, to San Fran-\\ncisco in 13 days, 21 hours, and 43 minutes.\\nOct. 10. The bark Malleville runs\\naground in Vancouver Sound 19 lives\\nare lost.\\nOct. 22-27. Philadelphia celebrates\\nthe second centennial of its settle-\\nment.\\nOct. 22. The lYambe is wrecked off Van-\\ncouver Island several hundred lives are\\nlost.\\nOct. 30. Next) York. The Park Theater\\nis burned two lives are lost.\\nNov. Cal. The Big Bend gold mining\\ntunnel is begun. [It is completed April,\\n18S6 length, 12,000 size, 12 by 16 feet.]\\nNov. V. J. Work is suspended on the\\nHudson Hiver Tunnel from the New\\nJersey side, for financial reasons.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "312 1882, Dec. 31-1883, June 24.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1882 The cruiser Trenton IB lighted by\\nelectricity the first war-vessel in the\\nworld so lighted.\\n1883 May* Gen. Crook pursues hos-\\ntile Apache Indians into Mexico, with\\nthe concurrence of the Mexican Gov-\\nernment he captures 383 prisoners.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1882 Conn. A new observatory is\\nerected for Yale.\\nMass. A Veterinary School is es-\\ntablished at Harvard.\\nNeio York. Thomas Hovenden of Pa.,\\nWilliam J. Linton of New Haven, and\\nAlfred C. Howland, George H. Smillie,\\nand Gilbert Gaul of New York, are\\nelected members of the National Acad-\\nemy of Design.\\nNev. Nickel is discovered in Hum-\\nboldt County.\\nSan Juan Abajo is painted by Thomas\\nMoran.\\nPrincess Lily is painted by J. M. Hart.\\nRugged Maine is painted by William\\nBradford.\\nUncle Ned and I is painted by T. W.\\nWood.\\nCattle is painted by A. D. Shattuck.\\nThe Huntsman is painted by George\\nInness, Jr.\\nBathers is painted by G. W. Maynard.\\nIndian Summer is painted by Jervis\\nMcEntee.\\nVenice is painted by G. L. Brown.\\nA colossal statue of Washington is\\nexecuted by J. Q. A. Ward. [It is set\\nup in Wall Street, New York City.]\\n1883 Feb. 23. A comet is discovered.\\nFeb. Floods prevail in Pennsylvania\\nand Ohio 50,000 people in the valley of\\nthe Ohio are rendered homeless; rise\\nof the Ohio at Cincinnati, 6(J feet relief\\nis sent from all parts of the country.\\nFeb. Wyo. The mercury falls to 57\\ndegrees below zero at La Crosse.\\nApr. 22. Miss. A cyclone at Beaure-\\ngard destroys 200 houses and 83 lives.\\nApr.* Ga. La. Tornadoes destroy\\nmillions of property and many lives in\\nGeorgia and Iowa.\\nMay 11. New York. The American\\nArt Union is incorporated, for the ad-\\nvancement of art.\\nMay 18. Wis. A cyclone at Racine\\nkills 16 people and injures 100 52 build-\\nings are destroyed loss, $175,000.\\nMay 24. N. Y. The East River\\nBridge is opened for public use.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1883.\\nJan. 2. Krauth, Charles Porterfield, Luth-\\neran clergyman, theologian, author, A(J0.\\nJan. 10. Merrill, Lot Myriek, lawyer, sen-\\nator, Gov. of Me., secretary of treas., A70.\\nJan. IS. Mills, Clark, sculptor, A68.\\nJan. 23. Beard, George Miller, physician,\\nauthor, A44.\\nFeb. 2. Greene, George Washington, au-\\nthor of hislniiral books, A82.\\nFeb. 9. ltortse, William Karl, merchant, of\\nN. Y., philanthropist, A77.\\nFeb. 10. Jewell, Marshall, Gov. oT Conn.,\\nminister to Russia, M. G., A5B.\\nFeb. 14, Morgan, Kdwiti J eimlson, senator\\nfor N. Y-, Gov., A72.\\nMar. 4. Stephens. Alexander Hamil-\\nton, senator for Ga., Gov., Confederate\\nVice-President, M. C. for Ga., A7L\\nMar. 25. Howe, Timothy OtiB, lawyer, sen-\\nator for WiB., K M. G., A 67.\\nApr. 4. Cooper. Peter, manufacturer,\\nfounder of Cooper Union, Greenback can-\\ndidate for pres., A92.\\nApr. 6. Harries, .Joseph K., surg.-gen. U. S.\\nA., A66.\\nMay 12. Washburn, Israel, M. C, Gov. of\\nMe., A70.\\nMay 17. Peck, Jesse Truesdell, Chanc. of\\nSyracuse Univ., M. E. bp., author, A72.\\nMay 28. Sbarswood, George, jurist, of Pa.,\\nlegal writer, A73.\\nJune 11. Brooks, Charles T., Unit, cler-\\ngyman, author, A70.\\nCHURCH.\\n1882* Cal. The California Conference\\n(Free Methodist) is organized.\\nThe Boarfl of Foreign Missions of\\nthe Methodist Protestant Church is or-\\nganized.\\n111. The General Assembly (Pres-\\nbyterian) meets at Springfield Herrick\\nJohnson, moderator.\\nThe Presbyterian Home Board opens\\na Choctaw Orphan School.\\nIII. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Monmouth\\nDavid Paul, moderator.\\nKy. The Annual Convention (Dis-\\nciples of Christ) is held at Lexington\\nB. B. Tyler, president.\\nMass. The Connecticut Valley Con-\\ngregational Club is formed at Springfield.\\nMass. A Congregational Club is\\nformed at Fitchburg.\\nN. Y. A Baptist Ministers Home\\nis founded at West Farms.\\nNew York. The Baptist Annual\\nMeeting is held.\\nThe Missouri, Pittsburg, South Da-\\nkota, and West Kansas Conferences\\n(Free Methodist) are organized.\\nThe American Missionary Society re-\\nceives by transfer the Indian missions\\nof the American Board the association\\nwithdraws from work in foreign coun-\\ntries.\\n1883 Jan. 27. S. C. H. P. Northrop\\nis transferred to the Roman Catholic\\nDiocese of Charleston.\\nFeb. 24. Miss. Hugh Miller Thompson\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nassistant bishop of Mississippi.\\nMar. 31. The Congregational Associa-\\ntion of Mississippi is organized.\\nApr, 22. Mich. Henry Joseph Richter\\nis consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop\\nof Grand Rapids.\\nApr. 23. Wis. Michael Heiss is pro-\\nmoted (Roman Catholic) archbishop of\\nMilwaukee.\\nMay 17. -N. Y. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets at Saratoga E. F.\\nHatfield, moderator. It organizes the\\nBoard of Aid for Colleges.\\nMay 24. The two Bible Societies organ-\\nized by Baptists yield their work and\\noffice to the Missionary Union and the\\nPublication Society.\\nMay 26. The General Synod of Great\\nBritain and Ireland (Reformed Epis-\\ncopal; is granted separate organization\\nby the General Council.\\nJune 1. Boston. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nJune 24. Joseph Rademacher is cod-\\nsecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nNashville.\\nLETTERS.\\n1882 Cal. The Normal School es-\\ntablished by the State at Los Angeles is\\nopened.\\nChicago. The College of Physicians\\nand Surgeons opens.\\nla. The West Des Moines Training-\\nschool is opened.\\nIda. The Wilbur CoUege (Meth.\\nEpis.) is founded in Lewiston.\\nSt. Mary s School at Knoxville\\nreceives its charter.\\nKy. The Christian CoUege (Disci-\\nples) is founded at Columbia.\\nMd. The Westminster Theological\\nSeminary (Meth. Prot.) is founded.\\nNeb. Gates CoUege at Neligh is\\nopened.\\nNew York. The Argosy and the Morn-\\ning Journal are issued.\\nN. Y. The Saturday Globe is issued\\nat Utica.\\nO. The Western Reserve CoUege\\nis removed from Hudson to Cleveland,\\nand its name changed to Adelbert.\\nO. The Central Ohio CoUege (Dis-\\nciples) is founded at East Liberty.\\nPa. The Holy Ghost CoUege (Rom.\\nCath.) at Pittsburg is chartered.\\nPa. The Pennsylvania Grit is issued\\nat Williamsport.\\nS. Dak. The Yankton CoUege is\\nopened.\\nWash. Spokane College (Meth. Epis.)\\nis founded at Spokane Falls.\\nW. Va. The Normal and Classical\\nAcademy established at Buckhannon is\\nopened.\\nHistory of the American People, by J.\\nH. Patton, appears.\\nIdyls of Noricay, by H. H. Boyesen.\\nappears.\\nA Modern Instance, by W. D. Howells,\\nappears.\\nMr. Isaacs, by F. Marion Crawford,\\nappears.\\nPrince SaronVs Wife, by J. Haw-\\nthorne, appears.\\nSunday Observance and Sunday Law,\\nby L. W. Bacon, appears.\\nSpecimen Days and Collect, by Walt\\nWhitman, appears.\\nEngland Withoutand Within, by Rich-\\nard Grant White, appears.\\nPrince and Pauper, by Mark Twain,\\nappears.\\nLife of John Randolph, by Henry\\nAdams, appears.\\nAnne, by Constance Fenimore Cooper,\\nappears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1882, Dec 31.-1883, June 24. 313\\nLife of Hamilton, by Henry Cabot\\nLodge, appears.\\nAn Echo of Passion, by George Par-\\nsons Latbrop, appears.\\nThrough One Administration, by Fran-\\ncis Hodgson Burnett, appears.\\n1883 Apr. 5. Ky. An educational\\nconvention is held at Frankfort it or-\\nganizes a movement against illiteracy.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1882 Dec. U. S. The Indians\\nRights Association is organizeu\\nDec. D. C. New trial of the Star\\nRoute cases begins, and continues for\\nsix months.\\nThere were 296 contracts dishonestly\\nobtained with worthless bonds for\\n$8,000,000. A swindle amounting to\\n$5,000,000 is alleged, in expediting\\nprivileges.\\nChicago. The Charity Organization\\nSociety is formed.\\nColo. Labor Day becomes a legal hol-\\niday, to be observed on the first Monday\\nin September.\\nla. The Prohibitory Amendment\\nis adopted by the people majority\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nnearly 30,000 votes.\\nNo person shall manufacture forsale,\\nsell, or keep for sale as a beverage, any\\nintoxicating liquors whatever, including\\nale, wine, and beer.\\nKy. The Woman s Christian Tem-\\nperance Union meets in national con-\\nvention at Louisville Frances Wil-\\nlard, president. The Hatfield faction\\nin Pike County capture four political\\nmurderers of the McCoy faction, and\\nshoot them. The Regulators dis-\\nband, surrender to the civil authorities\\nat Louisville, and furnish the names of\\nmany members of their organization.\\nMich. An insane asylum is located\\nby the State at Traverse City.\\nMiss. The Legislature enacts a law\\nagainst the selling or giving away of\\nintoxicating liquors within five miles\\nof the University of Mississippi.\\nThe Royal Society of Good Fel-\\nlows is founded.\\nNew York. The Actors Fund is es-\\ntablished, to provide aid for disabled\\nand needy members of the theatrical\\nprofession.\\nVa. The Legislature abolishes cor-\\nporal punishment.\\n1883 Jan. 4. Tenn. It is announced\\nthat the defalcation of M. T. Polk, the\\nState treasurer, amounts to $4,000,000.\\nJan. 26. D. C. The Marquis of Lome\\nvisits Washington.\\nJan. Ala. The deficit of the State\\ntreasurer, I. H. Vincent, is found to be\\n$212,000.\\nMar. 21. Pa. N. L. Dukes is acquitted\\nof the murder of Col. Nutt of Union-\\ntown.\\nMar. 28. The Legislature establishes a\\ncouncil of State charities and correc-\\ntion.\\nMar. Mo. The Downing Law (bigh-\\nlicense) is enacted.\\nIt fixes yearly license charges at S. r .O to\\n200 for State purposes, and $500 to $800\\nfor county purposes a minimum of\\n$550 and a maximum of $1,000.\\nApr. 21. Chicago. Over 3,000 bricklayers\\nsuccessfully strike for increased\\nwages they hold out 68 days at a wage-\\nloss of $500,000.\\nJune 9. B. C. The remains of John\\nHoward Payne, removed from Tunis,\\nare interred with public ceremonies at\\nWashington.\\nJune 11. D. C. Tbomas J. Brady and\\nthe Dorseys are acquitted in the second\\nStar Route trial.\\nSTATE.\\n1882 D. C. Samuel Blatchford of\\nN. Y. is appointed justice of U. S. Su-\\npreme Court.\\nKy. Commissioners are appointed\\nto consider railroad affairs.\\nU S. Governors inaugurated\\n-86 Ala. Edw. A. O Neal.\\n-86* Ariz.lTer.). Frederick A. Tuttle.\\n-83 Ga. Alex. H. Stephens.\\n-88 fe L t. Samuel I). M Knery.\\n-83 Mass. Benj. F. Butler.\\n-90 Miss. Robert Lowry.\\n-84 Mont.(Ter.). J. Schuyler Crosby.\\n-t 6 N. Mex. Ter.). L. A. Sheldon.\\n-06 Ore. Z. F. Moody.\\n-06 S. C. Hugh S. Thompson.\\n-86 Va. William E. Cameron.\\n-84 Ft. John L. Barstow.\\n-88 Wis. Jeremiah M. Rusk.\\n1883 Jan. 4. Boston. Gen. B.F.But-\\nler is inaugurated governor of Massa-\\nchusetts.\\nJan. 5. D. C. Congress House The\\nPendleton Civil Service Bill is passed.\\nVote, 155-i7.\\n101 Republicans, 49 Democrats, and 5\\nIndependents vote for it 7 Republicans,\\n39 Democrats, and one Independent vote\\nagainst it.\\nJan. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses a Presidential Succession Bill.\\nVote, 40-13.\\nIt is designed to provide for a contin-\\ngency when neither President nor Vice-\\nPresident is selected, and where no Pres-\\nident pro tempore has been chosen by the\\nSenate. [Not considered in the House.]\\nJan. 10. D. C Congress Senate A\\ntariff bill is reported.\\nJan. 16. D. C. Congress House The\\nCommittee of Ways and Means reports\\na tariff bill.\\nThe Civil Service Reform Bill is\\nsigned by the President, and becomes\\nthe law of the land it requires compet-\\nitive examination for admission into\\ncertain departments of the civil service.\\nJan. 26. Va. The Legislature passes\\nthe Riddenberger Act, proposing cer-\\ntain terms of settlement with holders of\\nState bonds.\\nFeb. 28. D. C. Congress A Confer-\\nence Committee meets to consider the\\ntariff bill. [Mar. 2. It reports.]\\nMar. 3. D. C. Congress approves the\\ntariff bill. Vote, Senate, 32-31 House,\\n152-116. The President immediately\\nsigns the bill.\\nThis act reduces the internal .reve-\\nnue and repeals the tax on bank checks,\\netc., also on matches and medicinal pre-\\nparations the protective tariff principle\\nis retained.\\nCongress authorizes postal notes of\\nless Gums than $5 it reduces the rate\\nof first-class matter from three cents to\\ntwo cents per half-ounce.\\nMar. 4. D. C. Congress removes the\\nspecial duty of 10 per cent on goods\\nimported from ports west of the Cape of\\nGood Hope.\\nThe 47th Congress ends.\\nMar. 5. B.C. Chief Justice Waite makes\\na decision in the case of New York and\\nNew Hampshire vs. Louisiana.\\nOne State cannot create a contro-\\nversy with another State within the\\nmeaning of that term as used in the\\njudicial clauses of the Constitution, by\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1882 Dec. 31. U.S. Statistics for 1882.\\nProduction: gold, $32,500,000, silver,\\n$46,800,000; bales of cotton, 5,435,845;\\npounds of wool, 272,000,000; barrels of\\npetroleum, 30,000,000; currency in circu-\\nlation (June 30), yi,174,2yo,419; per cap-\\nita, $22.37. Immigrants received (fiscal\\nyear), 788,1)112. Miles of railroads worked,\\n104,971; capital stock, \u00c2\u00a3o,511, 035,424; to-\\ntal accidents, 1,305; persons killed, 380\\ninjured, 1,588. Fire waste, $84,505,024;\\ninsurance, $48,875,131.\\nFla. Philadelphia capitalists begin\\nthe drainage of Lake Okeechobee to\\nreclaim valuable land.\\nN. Y. New York Yacht Club returns\\nthe America cup to one of the surviv-\\ning donors, that he may make new con-\\nditions.\\n1883 Jan. 10. Wis. The Newhall\\nHouse is burned at Milwaukee, causing\\n71 deaths George Scheller, lessee of\\nthe barroom, is arrested on a charge of\\narson.\\nJan. 19. Cal. A passenger train on\\nthe Southern Pacific is wrecked near\\nTehichipa 15 persons are killed.\\nFeb. 13. Ga. Savannah celebrates the\\n150th anniversary of its settlement.\\nMar. 4. The steamer Yazoo sinks in\\nthe Mississippi the accident is caused\\nby an obstruction 19 lives are lost.\\nMar. 17. Three base-ball clubs form\\na tripartite or national agreement the\\nNational League, American Associa-\\ntion, and the Northwestern League.\\nMar. 24. Distinct telephonic commu-\\nnication is opened between New York\\nand Chicago distance, 1,000 miles.\\nMar. 30. O. An accident occurs on\\nthe Cincinnati Southern Railroad near\\nMason s Station 53 persons are injured.\\nMay 3\u00c2\u00b1. The steamer Grappler is\\nburned near Vancouver Island 70\\nlives are lost.\\nMay 24. N. Y. The great East River\\nBridge, connecting New York and\\nBrooklyn, is opened for traffic after 13\\nyears have been spent in its construc-\\ntion. Cost, $15,000,000. (See Art, 1870.)\\nMay 30. A panic occurs on the East\\nRiver Bridge 12 persons are crushed to\\ndeath, and many injured.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "314 1883, June 30.-**.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1883 July 2. Judson D. Bingham is\\ncommissioned colonel quartermaster s\\ndepartment.\\nJuly 3. Matthew M. Blunt is commis-\\nsioned colonel the lGth infantry.\\nOct. 31. Philip H. Sheridan is ap-\\npointed (10th) to command the army,\\nand (4ch) to rank as general.\\nNov. 1. D. C. Gen. W. T. Sherman\\nrelinqiiishes command of the U. S.\\nArmy; Gen. Sheridan assumes com-\\nmand.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1883 Aug. 12. N. Y. The asteroid\\nBarbara is discovered hy C. H. F. Peters\\nof Clinton.\\nSept. 2. Another comet is discovered.\\nOct. 22. New York. The Metropolitan\\nOpera House is opened.\\nOct. Henry Irving (John Henry Brod-\\nrib) makes his first appearance in the\\nUnited States.\\nOct. Ellen Alice Terry Kelly makes\\nher first appearance in the United\\nStates. (Ellen Terry.)\\nN. J. A 23-inch Clark equatorial,\\nwith several large spectroscopes, is\\nmounted in the Halstead Observatory\\nat Princeton.\\nNew York. A bronze statue of\\nWashington is unveiled in Wall Street.\\nJuly 13. The steamer Proteus, sent to\\nrelieve the Greely Arctic Expedition of\\n1881, is crushed in the ice of Smith s\\nSound it is the second unsuccessful at-\\ntempt to send relief.\\nAug. 21. Minn. A tornado destroys\\none-third of the houses in Rochester\\nand many lives property loss, S1,000,000.\\nNew York. Frederick Dielman, H.\\nBolton Jones, Edgar M. Ward, and\\nKruseman Van Elten of New York are\\nelected members of the National Acad-\\nemy of Design.\\nS. Dak. Tin is discovered in the\\nBlack Hills.\\nN. Y. The Caecilia Ladies* Vocal\\nSociety is organized at Brooklyn.\\nThe American Climatological Asso-\\nciation is organized.\\nCampanini makes his first appear-\\nance in the United States.\\nAncient Mariner is painted by G. W.\\nMaynard.\\nCockle Gathering is painted by Edward\\nMoran.\\nScene on Long Island is painted by J.\\nW. Oasilear.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1883.\\nJuly 4. Pnrcell, John Baptist, P. C. arch-\\nbishop of Cincinnati, 0., writer, A83.\\nJuly 8. Baldwin, John Dennison, Cong.\\ncl., editor, author, M. 0. for Mass., A74.\\nJuly 15. Stratton, Charles Sherwood,\\ndwarf (Gen. Tom Thumb), A45.\\nJuly 21. Milmore, Martin, sculptor, A39.\\nJuly 27. Blair, Montimiiif rv. lawyer, P. M.\\nG., A70.\\nAug-. 19. Sikes, William Wirt, writer, au-\\nthor, A47.\\nBlack, Jeremiah Sullivan, jurist, of\\nPa., atty.-gen., secretary of state, A73.\\nAug-. 20. Baker, William Mum ford, Pres.\\nclergyman, novelist, A58.\\nOct. 10. Ewer, Ferdinand Cartwright, P. E.\\nclergyman, author, A57.\\nOct. 12. Smith, John Lawrence, mineralo-\\ngist, chemist, author, A65.\\nOct. 22. Keid, Wayne, captain in Mexican\\nwar, novelist, A65.\\nNov. 7. liandolph, Theodore Frelinghuv-\\nsen, Gov., sen. for X. J., A57.\\nNov. 13. Sims, James Martin, phys.,surg.,\\ninventor of medical instruments, A70.\\nNov. 15. Le Conte, John Lawrence, ento-\\nmologist, naturalist, author, A58.\\nDec. 27. Humphreys, Andrew Atkinson,\\nbrig.-gen. U. S. A., A73.\\nCHURCH.\\n1883 July 4. 0. Wm. H. Elder succeeds\\nto (Roman Catholic) See of Cincinnati.\\nSept. 16. If. Patrick W. Riordan is\\nconsecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nCabesa.\\nOct. 6. The Mormons hold a great meet-\\ning at Salt Lake 57 missionaries are\\nsent out to make converts.\\nOct. 14. Ind. David Buel Knicker-\\nbacker is consecrated (Protestant Epis-\\ncopal) bishop of Indiana.\\nOct. 20. N Y. Henry Codman Potter\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nassistant bishop of New York.\\nOct. 21. Va. Alfred Magill Randolph\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nassistant bishop of Virginia.\\nDec. 6. Fla. The General Congrega-\\ntional Association of Florida is organ-\\nized.\\nDec. 20. N. Dak. William W. Walker\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nmissionary bishop of North. Dakota.\\nThe Women s General Missionary-\\nSociety (United Presbyterian) is or-\\nganized.\\nBoston. The Unitarian Ministers\\nMonday Club is established.\\nThe Bureau of Woman s Work is\\norganized by the American Missionary\\nAssociation.\\nThe American Board of Commis-\\nsioners for Foreign Missions transfers\\nall their Indian missions to the Ameri-\\ncan Missionary Asssociation.\\nIt becomes responsible for the Indian\\nwork of the Congregational Church.\\nThe missions transferred are the Fort\\nBerthold Mission and school, among the\\nMandans, Gros Ventres, and Rees, in\\nDakota the Santee Mission and a\\nlarge normal training-school, at Santee\\nAgency, Nebraska and the Fort Sully\\nMission, with its out-stations, on the\\nCheyenne. (Cyc. of Missions.)\\n*_# Y. The Baptist Annual Meet-\\ning is held at Saratoga.\\nN. Dak. The North Dakota General\\nCongregational Conference is organized.\\n0. The General Synod (Evangelical\\nLutheran) meets at Springfield.\\n0. The Annual Convention (Dis-\\nciples of Christ) is held at Cincinnati\\nD. R. Dangan, president.\\nLETTERS,\\n1883 Ala. The Normal College for\\ngirls at Livingston and the State Nor-\\nmal School at Jackson are opened.\\nArk. Little Rock University (Meth.\\nEpis.) is founded at Little Rock,\\nCat. Washington CoUege (Disci-\\nples; i.s founded at Irvine.\\nFla. Stetson University (Bapt. i*\\nfounded at Deland. The State Uni-\\nversity is removed from Ban Gallic to\\nLake City.\\nOa. The Gammon Theological\\nSchool of Clark University is founded\\nat Atlanta.\\nInd. The Rose Polytechnic Insti-\\ntute at Terre Haute is opened.\\nKy. Home College (Disciples) is\\nfounded at Cambellsburg.\\nMo. Ash Grove College (Disciples)\\nis founded at Ash Grove. The St. Louis\\nEvening Star Sayings is issued.\\nMont. The College of Montana,\\nestablished at Deer Lodge, is opened.\\nN.J. The Evening News is issued at\\nNewark.\\nNew York. The World is bought by\\nJoseph Pulitzer.\\nPa. The Press is issued at Pittsburg.\\nPhila. The Ladies 1 Some Journal is\\nissued.\\nS. Dak. The State Normal Schools\\nat Spearfish and Madison are opened.\\nSioux Falls University (Bapt.) is\\nfounded. The University of South Da-\\nkota (non-sect.) is organized at Vermil-\\nlion. Pierre University (Pres.) is or-\\nganized at East Pierre.\\nTex. University of Texas (non-sect.)\\nis organized at Austin.\\nVa. The State Normal and Collegiate\\nInstitute is located at Petersburg.\\nHartshorn Memorial CoUege (Col.\\nBapt.) is fo unded at Richmond. The\\nSouthwest Virginia Institute (Fern.\\nBapt.) is founded at Glade Springs.\\nWash. Witman CoUege at Walla\\nWalla is opened.\\nFrom Ponkapog to Pesth, by T. B. Al-\\ndrich, appears also Mercedes.\\nThe Bay of Seven Islands, hy John\\nGreenleaf Whittier, appears.\\nBeyond the Gates, by Elizabeth Stuart\\nPhelps, appears.\\nDonald and Dorothy, by Mary Mapes\\nDodge, appears.\\nDr. Claudius, by F. Marion Crawford,\\nappears also To Leeward.\\nThe English Novel and lis Develop-\\nment, by Sidney Lanier, appears.\\nEnglish Bambles, by William Winter,\\nappears.\\nExcursions of an Evolutionist by John\\nFiske, appears.\\nFarm Festivals, by Will Carleton, ap-\\npears.\\nFortune s Fool, by Julian Hawthorne,\\nappears also Dust.\\nHistory of Virginia, by John Esten\\nCooke, appears.\\nThe Booster School bo f/,by Edward Eg-\\ngleston, appears.\\nHot Ploughshares, hy Albion Winegar\\nTourgee, appears.\\nLulu s Library, by Louisa M. Alcott,\\nappears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1883, June 30-*\\n315\\nMichael Angelo, by Henry \\\\V. Long-\\nfellow, appears.\\n1 Portraits of Places, by Henry James,\\nCommon Sense in the Kitchen, by Mar-\\nion Harland, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1883 June III. The Legislature\\npasses the Harper law.\\nMinimum rates of $500 for the sale of\\nall kinds of liquors, and \u00c2\u00a7150 for the sale\\nof malt liquors only, are fixed.\\nJuly 19. Pa. Tlie great strike of 67,-\\n000 telegraph operators, for an ad-\\nvance of 15 per cent in tlieir wages,\\nbegins at Pittsburg [and extends to sev-\\neral States].\\nJuly 25. Colo. The Grand Army of\\nthe Republic meets in its 17th National\\nEncampment at Denver Robert B.\\nBeath of Pa., commander-in-chief.\\nAug. 15. The successful strike of tele-\\ngraphers ends.\\nSept. 1+. Pa. About 1,200 glass-blowers\\nof western Pennsylvania successfully\\nstrike against reduced wages, and hold\\nout 23 weeks at a wage-loss of \u00c2\u00a7526,000.\\n-Sept. 24+. Ky. A national convention of\\ncolored men is held at Louisville it\\nclaims civil and political rights.\\nSept. *-Oct. Chief Justice Coleridge\\nof England visits America.\\nOct. 30. N. Y. Edward M Rowell of\\nBatavia is acquitted of murder in\\nfatally shooting Johnson L. Lynch of\\nUtica, his wife s lover.\\nNov. 3. Fa. A riot breaks out between\\nthe negroes and the white military at\\nDanville seven negroes are killed, and\\nseven white men wounded.\\nNov. 26. New York. The Centenary\\nof the British Evacuation is cele-\\nbrated by an immense procession.\\nChicago. The Washington Park\\nClub is organized.\\nIII. The Chicago Voice and Hearing\\nSchool for the Deaf established at\\nEnglewood is opened.\\n*Ky. La. The Charity Organization\\nSociety is formed at Louisville another\\nat New Orleans.\\nMass. The Legislature passes a law\\nfor the bringing of children of worth-\\nless parents before the court and provid-\\ning them with the proper guardianship.\\nMass. About 50,000 voters vainly peti-\\ntion the Legislature to submit a Con-\\nstitutional Amendment against the\\nliquor traffic.\\nMick. The Woman s Christian\\nTemperance Union meets in a national\\nconvention at Detroit Frances Wil-\\nlard, president. It organizes a World s\\nWoman s Christian Temperance\\nUnion.\\nMe. The death penalty is restored\\nto the statutes.\\nMo. The Legislature passes the Down-\\ning High-License law; fee $1,200.\\nMo. A State Board of Health is es-\\ntablished.\\nMont. Mormons expelled from Utah\\nfor their monogamic apostasy settle in\\nDeer Lodge and Gallatin Counties.\\nN. C. The State hospital for the in-\\nsane is opened at Morganton.\\n-87\\nb N. Y. Grover Cleveland.\\nNev. Jewett W. Adams.\\nPa. Robert E. Pattison.\\n1 JR. I. Augustus O. Bourn.\\nTenn. William B. Bate.\\nTex. John Ireland.\\nSTATE.\\n1883 June 30. U. S. Statistics for the\\nfiscal year. Revenue: Customs, $214,-\\n706,497; internal revenue, $144,7211,309\\ndirect tax, $10S, 157; sales of public lands,\\n$7,955,Si;4; miscellaneous items, $30,790,-\\n395. Total revenue, \u00c2\u00a7398,1*87,582 excess\\nof revenue over ordinary expenditures,\\n$132,879,444. Expenditures: Miscella-\\nneous items, $08,678,022; War Depart-\\nment, \u00c2\u00a748,911,383; Navy Department,\\n$15,283,437; Indians, $7,362,590; pen-\\nsions, $66,012,574 interest on the pub-\\nlic debt, $59,160,131. Total ordinary ex-\\npenditures. $205,408,138. Public debt,\\n$1,892,547,412. Exports, $823,839,402; im-\\nports, $723,180,914.\\nSept. 19. S. Dak. A Territorial Conven-\\ntion at Sioux Falls frames a State Con-\\nstitution.\\nOct. 10. U. S. Two-cent letter pos-\\ntage goes into effect.\\nOct. 15. D. C. The XJ. S. Supreme Court\\ndecides that the Civil Rights Act of\\nMarch 1, 1875, requires that equal privi-\\nleges be given to colored people and\\nwhites in inns, cars, and theaters, is\\nunconstitutional except within the\\nDistrict of Columbia and in the Terri-\\ntories.\\nNov. 6. Dakota adopts by a popular vote\\na Constitution erecting South Dakota\\nas a separate State.\\nNew York. Franklin Ed son is\\nelected the 83d mayor.\\nDec. 3. D. C. The 48th Congress\\nopens.\\nCongress Senate George F. Ed-\\nmunds of Vt. is elected President pro\\ntempore. House John G. Carlisle\\n(Dem.) of Ky. is elected Speaker by 191\\nvotes against 112 for J. W. Keifer (Rep.),\\nand 10 scattering.\\nDec. 31. D. C. The reduction of the\\npublic debt since July amounts to 81\\nmilli ons.\\nKan. The Legislature provides for a\\nrailroad commission, to regulate the\\npassenger and freight charges of rail-\\nroads.\\nTenn. The Legislature passes a law\\nfor funding the State debt at a discount\\nof 24 per cent on 6 per cent bonds the\\nothers are cut down in like proportion.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-85 Ark. Jas. H. Berry.\\n-87 Cal. George Stoneman.\\n-85 Colo. James B. Grant.\\n-85 Conn. Thomas M. Waller.\\n-87 Del. Charles C. Stockley.\\n-86 Ga. Henry D. M Daniel.\\n-84 Ma. (Ter.) John N. Irwin.\\n-85 III. John M. Hamilton.\\n-85 Kan. George W. Glick.\\n-87 Ky. J. Proctor Knott.\\n-86 Mass. George D. Robinson.\\n-87 Me. Frederick Robie.\\n-85 Mich. Josiah W. Begole.\\n-86 Minn. Lucius F. Hubbard.\\n-87 Neb. James W. Dawes.\\n-85 N. H. Samuel W. Hale.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1883 July 4. NY. The first intercol-\\nlegiate boat-race for fours is pulled at\\nLake George, 1\u00c2\u00a3 miles straight. Cornell,\\n11.57 University of Pennsylvania, 12.29\\nPrinceton, 12.40 Wesleyan, 12.47.\\nJuly 23. Md. Near Baltimore a pier\\non the Patapsco River gives way, and\\n70 excursionists lose their lives.\\nJuly 24. N. Y. Capt. Matt. Webb is\\ndrowned while attempting to swim\\nacross the Niagara Whirlpool Rapids.\\nJuly New York. Work is suspended\\non the Hudson River Tunnel for lack\\nof funds the amount expended on the\\nabandoned tunnel is $1,000,000.\\nAug 1+. Ky. The Southern Exposi-\\ntion is held at Louisville.\\nAug. 11. Mass. Vineyard Haven is\\nalmost destroyed by fire.\\nSept. 1. Ala. The State Agricultural\\nDepartment becomes operative E. C.\\nBetts is appointed commissioner.\\nSept. 3. Boston. The Foreign Expo-\\nsition opens.\\nSept, 4. III. A railroad accident near\\nGrayville causes nine deaths.\\nSept. 6. N. Y. The new steamboat Maid\\nof the Mist makes a perilous passage\\nthrough the lower rapids and whirlpools\\nof the Niagara River.\\nSept. 8. Mont. The last spike is driven\\nin the Northern Pacific Railroad, at\\na point near the mouth of Gold Creek\\nthe road is 1,674 miles long.\\nOct. 1. Miss. An Interstate Levee Con-\\nvention meets at Vicksburg.\\nOct. 3. Pa. The Pittsburg Exposition\\nbuildings burn with the exhibits loss,\\n$1,000,000.\\nNov. Six New England fishing schoon-\\ners founder at St. George s Bank 76\\nlives are lost.\\nDec. 14. New York. The Standard\\nTheater is burned.\\nDec. 20. N. Y. The cantilever rail-\\nroad bridge across Niagara River is\\nopened.\\nFlorida prospers .after long neglect\\nits wilderness is boomed by British and\\nAmerican capitalists.\\nDec. 31. U. 8. Statistics for 1883.\\nProduction: Gold, $30,000,000; silver,\\n$40,^00,000 bales of cotton, G.992,234\\npounds of wool, 290,000,000 barrels of\\npetroleum, 23,449.033. Currency in cir-\\nculation (June 30), $1,230,305,696 per\\ncapita, $22.91. Immigrants received\\n(fiscal year) 603,322. Miles of railroads\\nworked, 110.414 capital stock, $3,708,-\\n060.5S3; total accidents, 1,619; persons\\nkilled, 474 persons injured, 1,954. Fire\\nwaste, $100,149,223; insurance, $54,808,-\\n664; lives lost, 447.\\nPhila. The William Penn cottage,\\nerected in \u00c2\u00b11683 the pioneer brick\\nhouse is transferred to Prospect Park,\\nand rebuilt.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "316 1883, *-1884, Sept. 14.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1884 Apr. 18. Peter T. Swaine is com-\\nmissioned colonel 22d infantry.\\n.July 2. D. C. President Arthur vetoes\\nthe bill to restore Fitz-John Porter\\nto the army as unjust to other officers.\\n(See State, Feb. 1.)\\nJuly 5. Guido N. Lieber is commissioned\\ncolonel.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1883 Geysers is painted by Albert\\nBierstadt.\\nNeglecting Trade is painted by T. W.\\nWood.\\nUplands in Autumn is painted by Jer-\\nvis McEntee.\\nWawayanda Valley is painted by J.\\nP. Cropsey,\\nSunny Day in the Woods is painted by\\nWortbington Whittredge.\\nHillside is painted by A. F. Bellows.\\nJuly Day is painted by A. C. Shaw.\\nThomas Le Clear is painted by Wil-\\nHam Page.\\nFishing Craft at Sunset is painted by\\nWilliam Bradford.\\nNiagara Falls is painted by George\\nWilling Captives is painted by F. S.\\nChurch.\\nMother of the Herd is painted by\\nGeorge Inness.\\n1884 Feb. 7\u00c2\u00b1. Great inundations oc-\\ncur in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and other\\nregions about 15 lives are lost and 5,000\\npeople are homeless. [Congress appro-\\npriates $500,000 for relief.]\\nFeb. 14. O. The flood in the Ohio\\nreaches 71J inches at Cincinnati, the\\nhighest water recorded.\\nFeb. 18. Tornadoes in the Southern\\nStates cause the loss of 600 lives.\\nJMay 10. An expedition under W. S.\\nSchley sails in search of Lieut. Greely\\nin the Arctic regions a reward of\\n$25,000 is offered by the Government.\\nMay 24. NY. The East River Bridge\\nis opened.\\nDepth of the New York foundation be-\\nlow high-water mark, 78 ft., 6 in. depth\\nof the Brooklyn foundation below high-\\nwater mark, 45 ft. Size of the towers at\\nhigh-water line, 140 x 59 ft. at roof\\ncourse, 136 x 53 ft. height of the towers\\nabove high-water mark, 276 ft., 6 in.\\nheight of roadway in the clear in the\\nmiddle of the East River, 135 ft. width\\nof bridge, S5 ft. length of main span\\n1,595 ft., 6 in. length of each land span\\n930ft. length nf the Brooklyn approach,\\n971 ft.; length nf the New York approach\\n1,560 ft. length of each of the four great\\ncables, 3,578 ft., 6 in. diameter, 15J\\nnumber of steel galvanized wires in each\\ncable, 5,434 weight of each cable, about\\n800 tons. Ultimate strength of each\\ncable, 15,000 tons weight of steel in the\\nsuspended superstructure, 10,000 tons.\\nTotal cost, $15,000,000. (Houghtaling s\\nHandbook.)\\nJune 18. Conn. A memorial of Gov-\\nernor Buckingham is unveiled at Hart-\\nford sculptor, Olin L. Warner.\\nJune 22. Arctic Region. Capt. Schley of\\nthe Thetis finds the seven survivors\\nof Lieut. Greely s expedition five\\nmiles off Cape Sabins, on Smith s Sound,\\n17 persons having starved and one acci-\\ndentally drowned. The expedition had\\npenetrated to 83 24 N.\\nJuly 17. N. F. Lieut. Greely and\\nparty arrive at St. Johns. [Aug. 1.\\nThey arrive at Portsmouth, N. H.j\\nAug. 5. New York. The corner-stone of\\nthe pedestal for the Statue of Liberty\\non Bedloe s Island is laid.\\nAug. 10-11. U. S. Slight shocks of\\nearthquake are felt in the region be-\\ntween New York and Washington.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1884.\\nJan. 36. Letcher, John, lawyer, M. C. for\\nVa., Gov., A71.\\nFeb. 3. Phillips. Wendell, lawyer, orator,\\nantislavery leader, A73.\\nFeb. 8. Guyot, Arnold Henry, naturalist,\\ngeographer, author, A 77.\\nFeb. 16. Williams, Samuel Wells, prof, of\\nChinese at Vale, author, A72.\\nFeb. 37. Hunt, William Henry, lawyer,\\nsec. navy, diplomatist, A60.\\nMar. 31. Abbot, Ezra, Biblical scholar,\\ntheologian, author, A65.\\nFuller, George, figure and portrait\\npainter, A62.\\nApr. 17. Appleton, Thomas Gold, author,\\npoet, A72.\\nMay 3. Toebbe, Augustus Mary, K. C.\\nbishop of Covington, Ky., A55.\\nMay 6. Gross, Samuel David, surgeon,\\nauthor, A79.\\nMay 8. Benjamin, Judah Philip, lawyer,\\nsenator for La., Confederate atty.-gen., sec-\\nretary of state, A73.\\nMay 13. O Conor. Charles, lawyer, Dem.\\ncandidate for presidency, A 80.\\nMay 13. McCormick, Cyrus Hall, inventor-\\nof reaper for harvesting grain, A75.\\nJune 7. Hoffman, Charles Fenno, poet,\\nnovelist, A 78.\\nWebb, James Watson, journalist, of\\nN. Y., A82.\\nJune 8. Swayne, Noah Haynes, jurist, as-\\nsociate justice of U. S. S. Ct., A80.\\nJune 18. Simpson, Matthew, coll. pres.,\\nM. E. bishop, orator, A74,\\nJuly 1. l inkt-rton, Allan, detective, au.,A64.\\nAug-. 8. Whitehead, William Adee, histo-\\nrian, A74.\\nAug-. 17. Woodward, Joseph Janvier, sur-\\ngeon, histologist, author, A72.\\nAug-. 18. Hudson, Mary Clemmer Ames,\\nwriter, author, correspondent, A45.\\nSept. 3. Bowen, Henry, journalist, editor,\\nGov., sen. for R. I., A79.\\nFolger, Charles James, jurist of N. Y.,\\nsecretary of treasury, AM.\\nCHURCH.\\n1S83 Pa. General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Pittsburg\\nWilliam H. McMillan, moderator.\\nPhila. The General Convention\\n(Protestant Episcopal) meets it pro-\\nvides for the enrichment of the\\nPrayer Book.\\nN. C. The Protestant Episcopal\\nDiocese of East Carolina ia established.\\nCongregational Clubs are formed in\\nOmaha, New Haven, Old Colony, San\\nFrancisco, and Central New York.\\nThe Presbyterian Home Board starts\\na day-school among the Cherokees at\\nFort Gibson also a boarding-school\\namong the Sioux.\\nThe Presbyterians begin mission-work\\namong the Sac and Fox Indians.\\nThe Presbyterian Board of Aid for\\nColleges is well sustained.\\nThe National Council (Congrega-\\ntional) meets. The committee presents\\na Declaration of Faith.\\nThe East Michigan Conference (Free\\nMethodist) is organized.\\nThe Woman s Board of the Evan-\\ngelical Association (German Churches)\\nis organized.\\n1884 Mar. 7. Mont. The Roman Catho-\\nlic Diocese of Helena is established.\\nApr. 17. N. C. A. A. Watson is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop\\nof East Carolina.\\nApr. 24. Ga. The Southern Conference\\n(Unitarian and other Christian Churches)\\nis held at Atlanta,\\nMay 1-28. Phila. The General Con-\\nference (Methodist Episcopal) is held.\\nCharles H. Fowler, William X. Ninde,\\nWillard F. Mallalien, John M. Walden,\\nare elected bishops; and William Tay-\\nlor is elected missionary bishop for\\nAfrica.\\nMay 29. Phila. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nJune 11. N. H. Dennis M. Bradley is\\nconsecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nNew Hampshire.\\nJune 17. The Montana Conference\\n(Congregational) is organized.\\nJune 19. The General Association (Con-\\ngregational) of Arizona and New Mexico\\nis organized.\\nJuly 31. Minn. Bishop John Ireland\\nsucceeds to the (Roman Catholic) Archi-\\nepiscopal See of St. Paul.\\nSept. 14. Ia. Henry Cosgrove is conse-\\ncrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nDavenport.\\nLETTERS.\\n1883 His Somber Rivals, by Edward\\nPayson Roe, appears.\\nLife of Henry Ward Beecher, by Ly-\\nman Abbott, appears.\\nLife on the Mississippi, by Mark Twain,\\nappears.\\nDaniel Webster, by Henry Cabot\\nLodge, appears.\\nSpanish Vistas, by George Parsons\\nLathrop, appears.\\nHistory of the People of the United\\nStates, Vol. L, by John Bach McMaster,\\nappears.\\nThe Mate of the Daylight, by Sarah\\nOrne Jewett, appears.\\nFor the Major, by Constance Fenimore\\nCooper, appears.\\nA Daughter of the Philistines, by H. H.\\nBoyesen, appears.\\nThe House of a Merchant Prince, by\\nWilliam Henry Bishop, appears.\\nBut Yet a Woman, by Arthur S.Hardy,\\nappears.\\n1884 Apr. 7. D. C. Congress passes\\nan Educational BiH appropriating $77,-\\n000.000 to be apportioned among the\\nStates, in proportion to illiteracy.\\nApr. 23. D. C. Congress grants 46,0S0\\nacres of land to the State of Alabama,\\nfor the benefit of the Alabama Uni-\\nversity.\\nSOCIETY.\\n18S3 The Brewers and Malsters\\nAssociation define the political atti-\\ntude of the trade.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1883, *-1884, Sept. 14. 31T\\nCirculars will demand answers by all\\ncandidates. It is Pcsotved, When candi-\\ndates of both and all parties answer in\\nthe affirmative (that is, opposed to Pro-\\nhibition), each member of this Associa-\\ntion shall be at liberty to vote as he\\ndeems best. Where they fail to commu-\\nnicate it will be considered as an answer\\nin tho negative, in which case we shall\\nwithhold oar votes or select an indepen-\\ndent candidate. When one answers in\\nthe affirmative and the other in the neg-\\native, we shall always support the man\\nwho cooperates with us, whatever may\\nbe his party.\\ne 0. The Prohibitory Constitutional\\nAmendment is adopted by the people\\nby over 82,000 majority. [Technicali-\\nties defeat its execution.]\\nO. The Scott Law is passed taxing\\nthe liquor traffic an anti-license ma-\\njority of 92,268 votes is given.\\nOre. S. Dak. An asylum for the in-\\nsane is completed by the State at Salem.\\nAlso one at Yankton in South Dakota is\\nWis. The school for the deaf is\\nopened at Milwaukee.\\nThe Choctaw Indians adopt negroes\\ninto their tribes.\\nU. S. Memorial services are held in\\nmany places celebrating the 400th an-\\nniversary of the birth of Luther.\\nVa. A Baptist Home for Aged\\nWomen is founded in Richmond.\\nThe National Provident Union is\\nfounded. The Brotherhood of Rail-\\nroad Trainmen is founded in America.\\nThe Fraternity of Modern Wood-\\nmen of America is founded.\\n1884: Feb. 44-. Mass. About 5,000 spin-\\nners at Fall River strike unsuccess-\\nfully against reduced wages, and hold\\nout 16 weeks, at a wage-loss of $412,950.\\nFeb. 26+. Ind. About 3,000 miners at\\nBrazil strike unsuccessfully against\\nreduced wages, and hold out 14 weeks,\\nat a wage-loss of $300,000.\\nMar. 17+. New York. About 6,000 paint-\\ners strike successfully for increased\\nwages, and hold out three weeks, at a\\nwage-loss of $324,000.\\nMar. 28. 0._ William Berner, a confessed\\nmurderer, is convicted of manslaughter\\nat Cincinnati, in killing William H.\\nKirk.\\nMar. 28-Apr. 3. O. A riot ensues in\\nCincinnati upou the lenient verdict of\\nmanslaughter against the murderers,\\nBerner and Palmer 20 more murder\\ncases await trial the court-house with\\nits records is burned, the militia is\\ncalled out, and 42 rioters are killed, and\\n120 wounded.\\nMar. Pa. The Union Veteran Legion\\nis organized at Pittsburg.\\nMay 17. D.C. Congress prohibits the im-\\nportation of intoxicating liquors into\\nAlaska.\\nJune 2. Ore. The people defeat the\\nWoman Suffrage Amendment. Yote,\\n11,223-28,716.\\nJune 16+. Pa. Nearly 7,000 miners\\nin the western part of the State unsuc-\\ncessfully strike for increased wages\\n[they lose $727,480 in wages].\\nJune 23+-. O. Over 2,000 miners in\\nHocking Valley strike unsuccessfully\\nagainst a reduction of wages, and hold\\nout nine months, at a wage-loss of\\n$727,480.\\nJuly 4. la. The prohibitory liquor\\nlaw becomes operative.\\nJuly 10. The National Democratic Con-\\nvention in its platform declares We\\noppose sumptuary laws which vex the\\ncitizen and interfere with individual\\nliberty.\\nJuly 23. Minn. The Grand Army of\\nthe Republic meets in its 18th Encamp-\\nment at Minneapolis John S. Kuntz of\\nO., commander-in-chief.\\nSept. 2. Kan. The Prohibition party\\norganizes at Lawrence.\\nSTATE.\\n1884 Jan. 14. Mont. A Constitutional\\nConvention meets.\\nJan. 21. D. C. Congress: The House\\nvotes to repeal the Iron Clad Oath\\nBill of the war period only one vote is\\ncast in the negative.\\nFeb. 1. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the bill to restore Fitz-John\\nPorter to the army with emoluments.\\nVote, 184-78. [Mar. 13. It passes the\\nSenate. Vote, 36-25. July 2. The bill is\\nvetoed by the President later the House\\nrepasses it. Vote, 168-78; but it fails of a\\ntwo-thirds vote in the Senate 127-27.]\\nFeb. 15. I). C. The German minister\\nreturns the resolution of the House of\\nRepresentatives, laudatory of HerrLas-\\nker, by order of Prince Bismarck, who\\ndeclines to present it to the Reichstag,\\nbecause opposed to his political convic-\\ntions.\\nMar. 3. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Mexican War Pensions Bill.\\nVote, 227-46.\\nThe U. S. Supreme Court decides the\\nLegal Tender Act for the reissue of\\nTreasury Notes in time of peace con-\\nstitutional, and that such notes are a\\nlawful tender for all debts.\\nMar. 11. D. C. Congress The Senate\\nratifies a commercial treaty with Mex-\\nico. Vote, 41-20. House: The Morrison\\nTariff BUI is reported it aims to re-\\nduce import duties and war tariff taxes.\\nApr. 7. D. C. The Educational Bill\\npasses. (See Letters.)\\nApr. 15. D. C. Congress: The House\\nrejects the Morrison Tariff Bill. Vote,\\n159-155.\\nMay 8. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the bill appropriating $1,000,000\\nfor the New Orleans Exhibition, [it\\nbecomes a law.]\\nMay 29. Ind. The National Green-\\nback Convention nominates B. F.\\nButler of Mass. for President, and A.\\nM. West of Miss, for Vice-President.\\nJune 6. Chicago. The Republican Na-\\ntional Convention nominates James\\nG. Blaine for President. John A.\\nLogan is nominated by acclamation for\\nVice-President.\\nFourth ballot Blaine, 544 Chester A.\\nArthur of N. Y., 207; George F. Edmunds\\nof Vt., 41 John Sherman of O., 25 Jos-\\neph R. Hawley of Conn., and John A.\\nLogan of 111., 7 and two each for W. T.\\nSherman of O., and R. T. Lincoln of 111.\\nJune 30. IT. S. Statistics for the fiscal\\nyear. Revenue: Customs, #195,067,490;\\ninternal revenue, ?12l,r\u00c2\u00bb,xG,07o direct tax,\\n$70,721 saies of public lands, $0,810,705\\nmiscellaneous items, $27,984,882. Total\\nrevenue, $348,519,870 excess of revenue\\nover ordinary expenditures, $104,393,026.\\nExpenditures Miscellaneous items,\\n$70,92(1,434; War Department, $39,429,-\\nG03; Navy Department, $17,292,601; In-\\ndians, $6,475,999 pensions, $55,420,228\\ninterest on the public debt, $54,578,378.\\nTotal ordinary expenditures, J44,12G,-\\n244. Public debt, $l,s:;s,9(M,fl07. Exports,\\n$740,513,609 imports, $667,697,693.\\nJuly 7. D.C. The 48th Congress: the\\nfirst session closes.\\nJuly 10. Chicago. The Democratic Na-\\ntional Convention nominates Grover\\nCleveland of N. Y. for President [and\\nThomas A. Hendricks of Ind. for\\nVice-President]\\nThird ballot Cleveland, 683 Thomas\\nF. Bayard of Del., 81 Thomas A. Hen-\\ndricks of Ind., 45i Samuel J. Randall\\nof Pa., 4; Allen G. Thurmanof 0.,4 and\\nJoseph E. McDonald, 2.\\nJuly23. Pa. The Fourth National Pro-\\nhibition Convention opens at Pitts-\\nburg [it nominates John P. St. John\\nof Kan. for President, and William\\nDaniel of Md. for Vice-President].\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1884 Jan. 5. III. The Convent of the\\nImmaculate Conception at Belleville is\\nburned 38 lives are lost.\\nJan. 18. Mass. The steamer City of\\nColumbus is wrecked on Devil s Bridge,\\noff Gay Head 97 lives are lost.\\nJan. 31. Ind. A passenger train is\\nthrown into White Kiver six persons\\nare killed.\\nFeb. 28. Phila. Fire destroys 19 build-\\nings valued at $1,500,000.\\nApr. 18. The Glasgow steamer State of\\nFlorida and the bark Pomona are sunk\\nin collision in the Atlantic, off the coast\\nof Canada about 123 lives are lost.\\nMay 6, 7. New York. The Marine Na-\\ntional Bank suspends payment; Grant\\nand Ward fail, owing $16,000,000.\\nMay 12, 13. Neio York. A panic oc-\\ncurs in the stock-market Wall Street\\nis demoralized.\\nMay 14. Pa. A collision of trains near\\nConnellsville causes 14 deaths.\\nJune 18. Harvard defeats Columbia\\nin a boat-race time, 24.21.\\nJune 26. Columbia Freshmen defeat\\nHarvard time, 9.43\u00c2\u00a3.\\nJuly 7. N. Y. The second intercol-\\nlegiate boat-race for fours is pulled at\\nSaratoga; 1\u00c2\u00a3 miles. Time: University\\nof Pennsylvania, 8.39^ Cornell, 8.41\\nPrinceton, 8.49 Columbia, 9.25 Bow-\\ndoin, not timed.\\nJuly 27. O. The first regular trip by\\nelectric street-cars is made in Cleve-\\nland\u00e2\u0080\u0094East Cleveland Street line.\\nAug. 1. Jay- Eye-See trots one mile In\\ntwo minutes and 10 seconds.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "318 1884, Sept. 22-1885, Jan. 29. AMERICA\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1884 Oct. 15. Mass. A Statue of John\\nHarvard is unveiled at Cambridge.\\nOct. 27. Pa. An oil-well is sunk on\\nThorn Creek, which immediately flows\\nabout 10,000 barrels daily [the volume\\nsoon diminishes].\\nDec. 6. D. C. Thirty-six years after the\\nlaying of the corner-stone, the cap-\\nstone of the Washington monument\\nis placed in position. Total cost, about\\n$1,500,000.\\nThe base of the monument is 55 ft., Ik\\nin. square, and the walls 15 ft., J in. thick.\\nAt the 500-foot mark, where the pyra-\\nmidal top begins, the shaft is 34 ft. 5\\\\ in.\\nsquare, and the walls are 18 in. thick.\\nThe height above the ground is 555 ft.\\nThe pyramidal top terminates in an\\naluminum tip, which is 9 in. high and\\nweighs 100 ounces. The mean pressure\\nof the monument is 5 tons per square\\nfoot, and the total weight, foundation\\nand all, is nearly 81,000 tons. (Houghta-\\nling s Handbook:.)\\nCat. The Lick Observatory is com-\\npleted.\\nNew York. An equestrian statue of\\nGen. Simon Bolivar is unveiled in\\nCentral Park. The bronze bust of Bee-\\nthoven, on a pedestal 15 feet high, is\\nunveiled in Central Park. Thomas\\nMoran of New York is elected a mem-\\nber of the National Academy of Design.\\nPa. Natural gas is introduced into\\nPittsburg as a fuel.\\nIT. S. Cocaine is first used as an an-\\nesthetic in ophthalmic and other surgi-\\ncal operations.\\nVa. The McCormick Observatory\\nof the University of Virginia is com-\\npleted.\\nSpringtime in England is painted by\\nJ. F. Cropsey.\\nAround the World is painted by G. W.\\nMaynard.\\nCrab Catching is painted by Edward\\nMoran.\\nColorado is painted by Worthington\\nWhittredge.\\nKaatskills in Winter is painted by\\nJervis McEntee.\\nSo Near and Yet so Far is painted by\\nJ. M. Hart.\\nReturn of Labrador Fishing Boats is\\npainted by William Bradford, also Lofty\\nand Lowly.\\nPeaceful Bays is painted by A. D.\\nShattuck.\\nPandora is painted by F. S. Church.\\nPortrait of Professor Torrey is painted\\nby T. W. Wood.\\nAshen Days is painted by A. C. Shaw.\\nMarket Days in San Juan Abajo is\\npainted by Thomas Moran.\\nVieio on Kern River is painted by Al-\\nbert Bierstadt.\\nBaccliantes is painted by Peter F.\\nRothermel.\\nSpringtime is painted by J. A. Brown.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1884.\\nNov. 26. Ivison, Henry, educational pub-\\nlisher, of N. Y., A76.\\nDec. 1 1. Greene, Samuel Dana, com-\\nmander U. S. N., A45.\\n1885.\\nJan. 9. Gaines, .Myra (lurk, lifiress, AKO.\\nJan. 12. Jervis, .loliii lilooiulield. engineer,\\nA90.\\nJan. 13. Colfax, Scliuvler, Vice-President,\\nM. C. for Ind., speaker, AG2.\\nJan. 14. Suliinan, Benjamin, chemist,\\nauthor, professor at Yale, A69.\\nCHURCH.\\n1884 Sept. 22-26. N. Y. The Na-\\ntional Conference (Unitarian) is held\\nin Saratoga.\\nOct. 11. N. Mex. Bishop J. B. Sal-\\npointe is promoted (Roman Catholic)\\narchbishop of Santa Fe.\\nNov. 7- Md. The Third Plenary\\nCouncil (Roman Catholic) meets at\\nBaltimore about 70 bishops and arch-\\nbishops are present.\\nDec. 28. Cat. Patrick W. Riordan\\nsucceeds to the archbishopric of San\\nFrancisco.\\nCan. The International Mission-\\nary Union, at Niagara Falls, is inau-\\ngurated.\\nCat. P. Manogue becomes first\\n(Roman Catholic) bishop of Sacra-\\nmento.\\nConn. The Eastern Connecticut Con-\\ngregational Club is formed at Norwich.\\nIre. The Pan-Presbyterian Con-\\nvention meets at Belfast; delegates\\nfrom the United States attend.\\nMich. The Baptist Annual Meet-\\ning is held at Detroit.\\nMo. The Annual Convention (Dis-\\nciples of Christ) is held*at St. Louis;\\nA. G. Thomas, president. The Gen-\\neral Assembly (United Presbyterian)\\nmeets at St. Louis William H. French,\\nmoderator. The Congregational Club\\nis formed at Kansas City.\\nN. H. The Roman Catholic Diocese\\nof Manchester is established.\\nN. Y. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets at Saratoga; Geo.\\nP. Hays, moderator.\\nThe first Women s Missionary So-\\nciety, auxiliary to the Southern Baptist\\nConvention, is organized.\\nThe Women s Executive (Mission)\\nBoard of the Seventh-day Baptist\\nchurch is organized.\\nThe Danish (Evangelical Lutheran)\\nAssociation is organized.\\nThe Woman s National Indian\\nAssociation begins mission-work among\\nthe Indians.\\nThe Presbyterian Home Board sends\\na missionary to the Papagoes in Arizona\\nand continues its work among the Mis-\\nsion Indians of Lower California.\\nThe Wabash, Oregon and Washington,\\nand West Iowa conferences (Free Meth-\\nodists) are organized.\\nThe West Virginia eldership (Church\\nof God) is organized.\\n1885 Jan. 8. Md. William Paret is con-\\nsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop\\nof Maryland.\\nJan. 25. Ky. Camillus Paul Maes is\\nconsecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nKentucky.\\nJan. William E. Dodge (son of ite\\nformer president) is elected president of\\nthe t nited States branch of the Evan-\\ngelical Alliance.\\nLETTERS.\\n1884 Sept. 25. NevaTork. The Voice\\n(Prohibition) is first issued.\\nLa. The Tulane University non-\\nsect.) at New Orleans is opened. The\\nStorm Lake Normal and Business\\nSchool is opened at Storm Lake, and\\na Normal School at Woodbine.\\nla. Lenox College (Pres.) is organ-\\nized at Hopkinton.\\nInd. The School of Theology of De\\nPauw University (Meth. Epis.) is founded\\nat Greencastle.\\nN. Dak. University of North Da-\\nkota (non-sect.) is organized at Grand\\nForks.\\nS. Dak. The State opens an Agri-\\ncultural College at Brookings.\\nTenn. Doyle College (Bapt.) is\\nfounded. Bloomington College (Meth.\\nJEpis.) is founded at Bloomington.\\nVt. St. Joseph s College (Rom.\\nCath.) is established at Burlington.\\nAn American Politician, by F. Marion\\nCrawford, appears, also A Roman Singer.\\nBeatrix Randolph, by Julian Haw-\\nthorne, appears.\\nComplete Poems, by Sidney Lanier\\nappears.\\nThe Democratic Party: Its History\\nand Influence, by J. H. Patton, appears.\\nTJie Destiny of Man, by John Fiske,\\nappears.\\nMemorie and Rime, by Joaquin Miller,\\nappears.\\nMemoir of Margaret Fuller Ossoli, by\\nThomas W. Higginson, appears.\\nMontcalm and Wolfe, by Francis Park-\\nman, appears.\\nNature s Serial Story, by E. P. Roe,\\nappears.\\nNewport, by G. P. Lathrop, appears.\\nTke Occident, by Joseph Cook, appears.\\nHuckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain,\\nappears.\\nThe Fate of Mansfield Humphries, by\\nRichard Grant White, appears.\\n*-S9 Narrative and Critical His-\\ntory of America is edited by Justin\\nWinsor. (S vols.)\\nThe Lady or the Tiger? and Other\\nStories, by Frank Richard Stockton, ap-\\npears.\\nChoy Susan, by William Henry Bish-\\nop, appears.\\nA Gentleman of Leisure, by Edgar\\nFawcett, appears also, Tinkling Cym-\\nbals, and The Adventures of a Widow.\\nMingo, by Joel Chandler Harris, ap-\\npears.\\nA Country Doctor, by Sarah Orne Jew-\\nett, appears.\\nIn the Tennessee Mountains, by Charles\\nEgbert Craddock, appears also, Where\\nthe Battle 2Cas Fought.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1883, Sept. 22-1885, Jan. 29. 319\\n;f: Poems for Children, by Celia TUaxter,\\nappears.\\nThe Study of Hindoo Grammar and\\nthe Study of Sanskrit, by William Dwight\\nWhitney, appears.\\nDoctor Sevier, by George W. Cable,\\nappears.\\nDoctor Zay, by Elizabeth Stuart\\nPhelps, appears.\\nMarse Chan, by Thomas Nelson Page,\\nappears.\\nStudies in History, by Henry Cabot\\nLodge, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1884 Sept. Mrs. Belva Lockwood ac-\\ncepts the nomination for the presidency\\nof the United States tendered by the Cal-\\nifornia Woman Suffrage Convention.\\nNov. 20-!-. Phila. About 2,000 carpet\\nweavers partly succeed in a strike\\nagainst reduced wages, after holding out\\n22 weeks at a wage-loss of $312,000.\\nDec. Olda. W. L. Couch establishes an\\narmed camp at Stillwater, and defies\\nthe troops to eject the intruding settlers.\\n[They are expelled in January.]\\nChicago. The Ephphatha School for\\nthe Deaf is opened.\\nD. C. Congress creates a national\\nBureau of Labor.\\nFla. The State institution for the\\nblind, deaf, and dumb is located at\\nSt. Augustine.\\nla. The Eastern Iowa School for the\\nDeaf is opened at Dubuque.\\nMass. A petition having 106,000 signa-\\ntures vainly entreats the Legislature to\\nsubmit a Prohibitory Amendment.\\nMd. The third Plenary Council of\\nRoman Catholic Prelates, at Baltimore,\\ndeclares against the liquor traffic.\\nBoth love of religion and of country\\ntherefore urge all Christians to use every\\neffort to stamp out this pestiferous evil.\\nMe. The Constitutional Prohibitory\\nAmendment is approved by the people\\nby a vote of three to one.\\nMinn. The Charity Organization\\nSociety is formed at Minneapolis.\\nMo. The Woman s Christian Tem-\\nperance Union meets in national con-\\nvention at St. Louis Frances Wil-\\nlard, president.\\nNeb. Lands are given by the Govern-\\nment to Omaha Indians in severalty.\\nN. Mex. An orphans home and in-\\ndustrial school is established at Santa\\nFe by the State.\\nNew York. The Church Temperance\\nSociety reports that 633 political conven-\\ntions and primaries, out of a total of\\n1,002, are held in saloons, and 96 others\\nin places next door to saloons. The\\nBoodle Board of 24 Aldermen\\ncontains 12 saloon-keepers or ex-saloon-\\nkeepers and four saloon politicians.\\nUtah. The Deaf-Mute Institute at\\nSalt Lake City is opened.\\nVa. The Legislature provides for the\\nestablishment of the Southwest Luna-\\ntic Asylum.\\nThe Fraternal Mystic Circle is\\nfounded. The American Society of\\nElectrical Engineers is organized.\\n1885 Jan. 9. New York. Richard Short\\nattempts to kill Capt. Thomas Phelan\\nas a suspected traitor to the Fenians.\\nJan. 12. Miss. The East Mississippi In-\\nsane Asylum at Meridian is opened.\\nSTATE.\\n1SS4 Sept. 24. D.C. Walter Q,. Gresh-\\nam, Postmaster-General, is appointed\\nSecretary of the Treasury. [Oct. 2S. He\\nis succeeded by Hugh McCulloch of\\nInd. Oct. 14. Frank Hatton of la. is\\npointed P. M. G.]\\nSept. Me. The people vote to adopt the\\nProhibitory Amendment to the Con-\\nstitution. Vote, 70,7S3-23,811.\\nOct. 29. New York. Dr. Samuel D.\\nBurchard, one of a delegation of clergy-\\nmen calling on James G. Blaine, uses\\nthe alteration, Rum, Romanism,\\nand Rebellion, as connected with the\\nantecedents of the Democratic party.\\nDemocrats immediately use it in the\\npolitical canvass. [It is alleged to have\\nturned New York over to the Democrats\\nby a majority of 1,047, and thus defeated\\nthe election of Mr. Blaine to the presi-\\ndency 524 votes taken from Mr. Cleve-\\nland would have changed the result.]\\nNov. 4. Mont. The people ratify the\\nnew Constitution.\\nU. S. The 25th Presidential Elec-\\ntion; Democrats elected.\\nPopular vote Grover Cleveland\\n(Dem.) of N. Y., 4,874,986; James G.\\nBlaine (Rep.) of Me., 4,851,981 John\\nP. St. John (Prohib.) of Kan., 150,626\\nBenj. F. Butler (People s) of Mass.,\\n133,825.\\nPopular Vote for President.\\nCakdid\\nVTES.\\nStates.\\nBlaine\\nCleveland\\nButler\\nSt.John\\nAla.\\n59,591\\n93,951\\n873\\n612\\nArk.\\n50,895\\n72,927\\n1,847\\nCal.\\n102,416\\n89,288\\n2,017\\n2,920\\nColo.\\n36,290\\n27,723\\n1,958\\n761\\nConn.\\n65,923\\n67,199\\n1,688\\n2,305\\nDel.\\n12,951\\n16,964\\n6\\n55\\nFla.\\n28,031\\n31,766\\n72\\nGa.\\n48,603\\n94,667\\n145\\n195\\n111.\\n337,474\\n312,355\\n10,910\\n12,074\\nInd.\\n238,463\\n244,990\\n8,293\\n3,028\\nla.\\n197,089\\n177,316\\n1,472\\nKan.\\n154,406\\n90,132\\n16,341\\n4,495\\nKy.\\n118,122\\n152,961\\n1,691\\n3,139\\nLa.\\n46,347\\n62,540\\nMe.\\n72,209\\n52,140\\n3,953\\n2,160\\nMd.\\n85,699\\n96,932\\n531\\n2,794\\nMass.\\n146,724\\n122,481\\n24,433\\n10,026\\nMich.\\n192,669\\n149,835\\n42,243\\n18,403\\nMinn.\\n111,923\\n70,144\\n3,583\\n4,684\\nMiss.\\n43,509\\n76,510\\nMo..\\n202,929\\n235,988\\n2,153\\nNeb.\\n76,912\\n54,391\\n2,899\\nNev.\\n7,193\\n5,578\\n26\\nN.H.\\n43,249\\n39,183\\n552\\n1,571\\nN.J.\\n123,440\\n127,708\\n3,496\\n6,159\\nN. Y.\\n562,005\\n563,154\\n16,994\\n25,016\\nN. C.\\n125,068\\n142,952\\n454\\nO.\\n400,082\\n368,280\\n5,1*79\\n11,069\\nOre.\\n26,860\\n24,604\\n726\\n492\\nPenn.\\n473,804\\n392.785\\n16,992\\n15,283\\nR.I.\\n19,030\\n12,391\\n928\\nS. C.\\n21,733\\n69,890\\nTenn.\\n124.078\\n133,258\\n957\\n1,131\\nTex.\\n93J141\\n225,309\\n3,321\\n3,534\\nVt.\\n39,514\\n17,331\\n785\\n1,752\\nVa.\\n13!l.. !.n6\\n145,497\\n138\\nW. Va.\\n63,096\\n67,317\\n810\\n939\\nWis.\\n161,157\\n146,459\\n4,598\\n7,656\\nTotal\\n4,851.981\\n4,874,986\\n175,370\\n150,369\\nPerct.\\n48.22\\n48.48\\n1.74\\n1.49\\nPlur.\\n23,005\\nDec. 1. JJ. C. The 48th Congress the\\nsecond session opens.\\nDeo. 16. 1). CongresB: The Senate\\npasses a bill for the admission of South\\nDakota, and forms the domain north of\\nthe 4Gth parallel into the Territory of\\nLincoln the House passes the Reagan\\nInter-commerce Bill.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-86 Dak. (Ter.). Gilbert A. Pierce.\\n-86* Ida (Ter.). Wm. N. Bunn.\\n-86 Mont. (Ter.). Piatt Carpenter.\\n-87 If. J. Leon Abbott.\\n-86 O. George Hoadly.\\n-86 Vt. Samuel E. Pingree.\\n-87 Wash. (Ter.). Watson C. Squire.\\n1885 Jan. 5. D. C. Congress: The\\nHouse fails to pass the Mexican War\\nPensions Bill, after passing the Senate\\nwith amendments. Vote, 129-85 a two-\\nthirds vote is required.\\nJan. 6. N. Y. Grover Cleveland,\\nPresident elect of the United States,\\nresigns the governorship, and is suc-\\nceeded by the lieutenant-governor,\\nDavid B. Hill.\\nJan. 7. D. C. Congress The House\\ndefeats a bill for the suspension of\\nsilver dollar coinage.\\nJan. 14. D. C. Congress The House\\npasses the bill to submit the French\\nSpoliation Claims to the decision of\\na Court of Claims. [Later it passes the\\nSenate and becomes a law Jan. 20, 1885.]\\nIn 1799 the Government offset certain\\nclaims of France by surrendering the\\nclaims of American citizens for the\\nspoliation of their commerce by France\\nwhen at war with England, France hav-\\ning seized, many cargoes of vessels trad-\\ning with her enemy.\\nJan. 29. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nrefuses to ratify the Nicaragua treaty.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1884 Oct. 2few York. Fares on the\\nelevated roads are reduced from 10 cents\\nto five.\\nOct. 3. Chicago. The pacer Johnston\\ncovers one mile in 2.06^.\\nNov. 18-22. Mo. About 12,000 cat-\\ntlemen hold a convention at St. Louis,\\nand organize a National Live Stock As-\\nsociation.\\nDec. 16. La. The World s Industrial\\nCotton Exposition is opened at New\\nOrleans President Arthur at Washing-\\nton sets the machinery in motion by\\nelectricity. [It closes Mar. 31, 1885.]\\nDec. 31. V. S. Statistics for 1S84.\\nProduction Gold, $30,S00,000 silver,\\n$48,800,000; bales of cotton, 5,714,052:\\npounds of wool, 300,000.000; barrels of\\npetroleum. 24,21S,4.jS. Currency in cir-\\nculation (June 30), 81,243,925,909; per\\ncapita, $22.65. Immigrants received (fis-\\ncal year), 518,592. Miles of railroads\\nworked, 115,072; capital stock, $3,762,-\\n616, 6SG total accidents, 1,191; persons\\nkilled. 389: persons injured, 1,760. Fire-\\nwaste, \u00c2\u00a7110,008,611 insurance, \u00c2\u00a760,679,-\\n1 \u00e2\u0096\u00a0St. 3S4.\\n1885 Jan. 3. Chicago. The County\\nCourt-house and City Hall are opened.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "320 1885, Feb. 1-*\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1885 Mar. 3. D. C. Congress prohibits\\nthe repairing of wooden vessels when\\nthe expense will exceed 20 per cent of\\nthe cost of a new vessel.\\nApr. 24. Panama. United States troops\\nland, arrest Aizpuru, the insurgent\\nleader, and protect American property\\n[until the troubles are settled].\\nMay 17. A Mex.~- Ariz. The Apache\\nIndians under Chief Geronimo take the\\nwar-path. [The Apache Indians con-\\ntinue to make raids into New Mexico\\nfrom Arizona until October.]\\nJuly 10. Henry C. Merriam is commis-\\nsioned colonel 7th infantry.\\nSept. 1. Gen. Crook captures a band of\\nApache Indians, who have maintained\\nwarfare for three years. [They escape a\\nfew days later.]\\nN. Y. A pneumatic dynamite tor-\\npedo-gun is built, and mounted at Fort\\nLafayette.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE,\\n1885 Feb. 21. D. C. The Washing-\\nton Monument is inaugurated at Wash-\\nington orations by Robert C. Winthrop\\nof Mass., and John W. Daniel of Va.\\n(See Dec. 6, 18W.)\\nMar. 16. An eclipse of the sun is\\nobserved.\\nApr. 13. Va. The McCormick Obser-\\nvatory, costing about \u00c2\u00a770,000, dedicated.\\nJune 19. New York. Bartholdi s co-\\nlossal Statue of Liberty is received\\na gift of the French people to the United\\nStates.\\nJuly 7. Term. A new comet is ob-\\nserved.\\nAug. 3. N~. J. A terrific storm sweeps\\nCamden County six persons are killed\\nand 500 buildings destroyed property\\nloss, $500,000.\\nAug. 16. ^V. 7. The asteroid Use is\\ndiscovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clinton.\\nAug. 18. Chicago. The Chicago Opera\\nHouse is opened.\\nAug. 25\u00c2\u00b1. Ga. S. C. Savannah and\\nCharleston are visited by destructive\\ncyclones 22 persons lose their lives\\nproperty loss, $2,000,000.\\nAug. New York. A mechanical tele-\\nphone, invented by A. A. Knudsou and\\nT. G. Ellsworth, is announced. A large\\ngalvanometer is made by William A.\\nCornell.\\nSept. 8. 0. Washington Co\\\\irt-House is\\nnearly destroyed by a tornado.\\nOct. 23. Cat. Larkin G. Mead s marble\\ngroup, Columbus before Isabella, the\\ngift of D. O. Mills, is placed in the ro-\\ntunda of the Capitol at Sacramento.\\nNov. 7. Wis. The statue of Washing-\\nton by Parks is unveiled at Milwaukee\\nit is the gift of Miss Elizabeth Planking-\\nton.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1885.\\nFeb. 27. Drake, Francis Samuel, author,\\nMar. 18. Warner, Susan (Oizabefh Weth-\\nerell), novelist, writer, A66.\\nMar. 34. Thompson, Jacob, M. C. for Miss.,\\nsecretary of Interior, A.75.\\nApr. 8. White, Richard Grant, author,\\ncritic, A63.\\nMay 4. Maclmwell, Irvin, maj.-gen. U. S.\\nA., A67.\\nMay 15. Sunderland, Le Hoy, author, A83.\\nMay 20. Frelingnuysen. Frederick The-\\nodore, lawyer, senator for N. J., secretary\\nof state, Ab8.\\nJune 6. Hough, Franklin Benjamin, phy-\\nsician, historical writer, A63.\\nJune 21. Coil, Thomas Winthrop, P. E.\\nclergyman, theologian, AS2.\\nJune Barber, John Warner, historical\\nwriter, A87.\\nJuly 6. Gorringe, Henrv H., capt. U. S. N.,\\nA44.\\nJuly 10. Gilbert, Ruf us Henry, inventor of\\nthe elevated railroad system, A53.\\nJuly 18. Prime, Samuel 1 reuse us, Pres.\\nclergyman, author, A72.\\nJuly 23. Grant. Ulysses Simpson, gen.\\nV. S. A., 18th President of U. S-, A63.\\nAug. 12. Jackson, Helen Hunt (nee Fiske\\nH. H.), poet, novelist, A54.\\nAug. 25. Kenton, Reuben Katon, senator,\\nGov., M. C. for N. Y., AtJ6.\\nAug-. 29. Alden, Joseph, Cong, clergyman,\\npresident of college, editor, author, A78.\\nSept. 3. Gwin. William JIcKerv ree, phy-\\nsician, 11. C, senator for Cal., A 80.\\nSept. 16. TetTt, Benjamin Franklin, M. E.\\nclergyman, author, diplomatist, A72.\\nOct. 1. Page, William, painter, A74.\\nOct. 10. McCloskey. John, archbishop,\\nfirst American cardinal, A75.\\nOct. 14. Shaw, Henry Wheeler (Josh Bil-\\nlings), humorist, A67.\\nOct. 29. McClellan. George Erinton,\\ngen. -in-chief of U. S. armies, candidate for\\npresidency, Gov. of N. J-, A59.\\nNov. 8. JlcCullough, John, Irish- Ameri-\\ncan tragedian, A48.\\nNov. 14. Claflin, Horace Brighton, mer-\\nchant, of N- Y., A74.\\nNov. 15. Young, John Freeman, P. E.\\nbishop, of Fla., A65.\\nNov. 17. Seyffarth, Gustav, Luth. clergy-\\nman, archfologist, Kgvptoln^ist, A 89.\\nNov. 21. Wright, Elizur, journalist, pub-\\nlicist, reformer, A81.\\nNov. 25. Hendricks, Thomas Andrews,\\nVice-President U. S., M. C, senator for Ind.,\\nGov., A66.\\nDec. 8. Vanderbilt, William H., railroad\\npresident, capitalist, A64.\\nDec. 9. Mulford, Ehsha. P. E. cl.,au., A52.\\nSiblev, John Langdon, librarian of Har-\\nvard, A81.\\nDec. 15. Toombs, Robert, senator for Ga.,\\nConfederate brig. -gen,, A75.\\nDec. 20. Draper, John Christopher, chem-\\nist, author, A50.\\nCHURCH.\\n1885 Feb. 1. Bishop William H.\\nGross is promoted (Roman Catholic)\\narchbishop of the province of Oregon.\\nFeb. 24. Neb. George Worthington\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Nebraska.\\nMar. 19. La. Anthony Durier is con-\\nsecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nNatchitoches.\\nApr. 19. Ida. A. J. Glorieux is conse-\\ncrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Apol-\\nlonia. [Vicar-apostolic of Idaho.]\\nApr. 29. The Conference of the Middle\\nStates and Canada (Unitarian) is or-\\nganized.\\nMay. 1. Ariz. P. Bourgade is consecrated\\n(Roman Catholic) vicar-apostolic of Ari-\\nMay 28. Cincinnati. The General Con-\\nvention of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nJune 20. Alas. A band of Moravian\\nmissionaries land on the shores of Alas-\\nka, aud found the Bethel Mission.\\nJuly 25. Mich. The Pentecost Bands\\nat Parma are organized for home mis-\\nsion-work [afterward for foreign work].\\nAug. 2. Richard Pbelan is consecrated\\n(Roman Catholic; bishop.\\nOct. 2. The Roman Catholic Diocese of\\nOmaha is established.\\nOct. 10. New York. Archbishop Cor-\\nrigan succeeds to the Roman Catholic\\nSee of New York.\\nDec. 31. The Chicago Church Extension\\nSociety is organized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1885 May 22. New York. The Re-\\nvised Old Testament is published sim-\\nultaneously in London and New York.\\nOct. 22. Miss. The Industrial Institute\\nand College is opened at Columbus for\\nthe education of white girls.\\nCat. Maclay College of Theology\\n(Meth. Epis.) is founded at San Fer-\\nnando.\\nChicago. The Chicago Training-school\\n(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Chicago.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1885 Feb. 2. New York. An attempt\\nis made to kill O Donovan Rossa, a\\nFenian he is shot in the street by Mrs.\\nLucille Y. Dudley. [June 30. She is\\nacquitted, as insane.]\\nFeb. 14. Phila. The Philadelphia\\nMethodist Episcopal Hospital is incor-\\nporated.\\nMar. 5-r. Pa. About 4,000 miners in\\nWestern Pennsylvania strike unsuc-\\ncessfully against reduced wages, and\\nhold out 54 days at a wage-loss of\\n$344,300.\\nMar. 9+. Pa. Over7,0Wminersin West-\\nern Pennsylvania strike successfully\\nfor increased wages they hold out 29\\ndays at a wage-loss of S323,G00.\\nApr. 30. -V. Dak. A hospital for the\\ninsane is opened at Jamestown.\\nJune 1+. Pa. Over 15,000 iron-workers\\nin Western Pennsylvania strike suc-\\ncessfully against reduced wages they\\nhold out 16 days at a wage-loss of S442,-\\n733.\\nJune 19. New York. Bartholdi s gigan-\\ntic Statue of Liberty is received with\\ngreat ceremonies.\\nJune 24. Me. The Grand Army of\\nthe Republic meets in its 19th National\\nEncampment at Portland; S. S. Bur-\\ndette of Washington, D. C, commander-\\nin-chief.\\nJuly 1^. O. About 3,000 rolling-mill\\nhands in Cleveland strike success-\\nfully against reduced wages they hold\\nout S3 days at a wage-loss of $410,000.\\nJuly 4. Utah. Mormons at Salt Lake\\nCity place the United States flag at half-\\nmast. (See State, Mar. 23.)\\nPhila. The Woman s Christian\\nTemperance Union meets in National\\nConvention at Philadelphia; Frances\\nWillard, president. The Social Pu-\\nrity movement is inaugurated.\\nAug. 29+. Wyo. White miners make\\nmurderous attacks on 400 Chinese la-\\nborers at Rock Spring the Federal", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1885, Feb. 1-\\n321\\nGovernment sends troops to quell the\\ndisturbance after many Chinese have\\nbeen massacred.\\nSept. 25. S. Dak. The proposed Consti-\\ntution is framed by a convention at\\nSioux Falls, with an article prohibiting\\nthe liquor traffic. (See 1889, May 14,\\nOct. 1.)\\nSept. 4.^- Pa. About 4,r 00 miners in\\nWestern Pennsylvania strike unsuc-\\ncessfully for increased wages, and hold\\nout four months at a wage-loss of\\n$549,780.\\nOct. 17. Mich. The National Prison\\nAssociation meets at Detroit.\\nNov. 5. Wash. Gov. Squire issues a\\nproclamation against riotous Knights of\\nLabor who attempt to expel the Chi-\\nnese.\\nNov. 14-K Mass. Nearly 6,000 lasters\\nand bottomers in Brockton partly suc-\\nceed in astrike against rixed rates they\\nhold out six weeks at a wage-loss of\\n$430,000.\\nGa. The Legislature passes a general\\nlocal option law.\\nNov. 25. Ga. Prohibitionists have a\\nmajority in the first election held under\\nthe local option law in Fulton County.\\nNov. The Irish Parliamentary Fund\\nAssociation is organized.\\nSTATE.\\n1885 Feb. 4. D. C. Congress: The\\nSenate passes the Cullom Interstate\\nCommerce Bill, as a substitute for the\\nReagan Bill. Vote, 43-12. [It fails in\\nthe House.]\\nFeb. 11. D. C Congress counts the\\nelectoral vote.\\nVote for President Grover Cleveland,\\n219; James G. Blaine, 1S2. Vote for\\nVice-President Thomas A. Hendricks\\n(Dem.) of Ind., 219 John A. Logan (Rep.)\\nof 111., 182.\\nFeb. 27. N. Y. President elect Cleve-\\nland publishes a reply to the silver\\nadvocates in Congress, deprecating\\nfurther coinage of silver as tending to\\nproduce a financial crisis.\\nMar. 4. D. C. Congress passes the bill\\nretiring Gen. Grant with the full pay\\n($13,000) of the retired list.\\nIt enlarges the weight of single rate\\nletters from one-half an ounce to one\\nounce, for two cents postage; news-\\npapers from the publishers* offices are\\nreduced to one cent per pound.\\nThe 48th Congress ends.\\nThe 26th Administration; Demo-\\ncratic.\\nGrover Cleveland of N. Y., the 22d\\nPresident, in the 26th term of the presi-\\ndency, is inaugurated. Thomas A.\\nHendricks of Ind. is Vice-President.\\nGreat rejoicing among Democrats\\nfollows the inauguration of Mr. Cleve-\\nland, as the party has been excluded\\nfrom the administrative offices for 25\\nyears.\\nCabinet: Thomas F. Bayard of Del.\\n(State), Daniel Manning of N. T.\\n(Treas.), William C. Endicott of Mass.\\nWar), William C. Whitney of N. T.\\n(Navy), Lucius Q. C. Lamar of Miss.\\n(Interior), William F. Vilas of Wis.\\n(P. M.-Gen.), and Augustus H. Gar-\\nland of Ark. (Atty.-Gen.).\\nMar. Edward J. Phelps of Vt. is\\nappointed U. S. minister to England.\\nMar. 23. D. C. The Supreme Court de-\\ncides that the Edmunds Anti-polygamy\\nBill is constitutional.\\nApr. 11. D. C. President Cleveland\\ndeclines to unite with European govern-\\nments in prohibiting alcoholic liquors,\\narms, ammunition, and dynamite for\\nthe Pacific Islands.\\nApr. 16. N. Y. The Legislature passes\\na bill making the grounds bordering the\\nNiagara Falls a State reservation, free\\nto visitors cost, more than \u00c2\u00a71,400,000.\\nMay 15. N. Y. The Legislature pro-\\nvides for the appointment of three forest\\ncommissioners.\\nJune 30. XI. S. Statistics for the fiscal\\nyear. Revenue: Customs, \u00c2\u00a7181,471,939;\\ninternal revenue, $112,498,726 sales of\\npublic hauls, $5,705,980; miscellaneous\\nitems, ,$24,014,055. Total revenue, $323,-\\n690,706 excess of revenue over ordinary\\nexpendit ures, $63,463,771 Expenditures\\nMiscellaneous items, \u00c2\u00a787,494,258; War\\nDepartment, $42,670,578 Navy Depart-\\nment, $16,021,080; Indians. \u00c2\u00a76,552,495;\\npensions. \u00c2\u00a756,102,267 interest on the\\npublic debt, \u00c2\u00a751,386,256. Total ordinary\\nexpenditures, \u00c2\u00a7260,226,935. Public debt,\\n\u00c2\u00a71,872,340,557. Exports, \u00c2\u00a7742,189,755; im-\\nports, \u00c2\u00a7577,527,329.\\nSept. 25. S. Dak. A convention at Sioux\\nFalls, called by the Legislature, frames\\na State Constitution.\\nNov. 4. New York. William R. Grace is\\nelected the 84th mayor.\\nNov. 9. D. C. President Cleveland\\nissues a proclamation against the bar-\\nbarous treatment of Chinese laborers\\nin Washington Territory.\\nNov. 25. D. C. Vice-President Thomas\\nA. Hendricks suddenly dies at his\\nhome in Indianapolis.\\nDec. 7. D. C. The 49th Congress\\nopens.\\nDec* D. C. Congress; Senate: John\\nSherman (Rep.) of O. is elected Presi-\\ndent pro tempore. House John G. Car-\\nlisle (Dem.) of Ky. is elected Speaker.\\nDec. 17. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Presidential Succession\\nBill in case of the decease of both\\nPresident and Vice-President, it invests\\nthe presidency in the secretary of state,\\nor other Cabinet officers in their order.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1885 Feb. 19. Phila. Fire destroys\\nnine buildings in the business section\\nloss 83,000,000.\\nFeb. 27- D. C. The National Theater\\nat Washington is burned.\\nFeb. The Alert, used by the United\\nStates in the search for Lieut. Greely,\\nis returned to the British Government\\nwith thanks.\\nApr. 12. New York. Twelve persons\\nare injured in the collapse of eight\\nbuildings while workmen are completing\\nthem.\\nMay 14. N. Y. The first five-mile sec-\\ntion of the Erooklyn Elevated road\\nJune 20. Harvard defeats Columbia in\\na boat-race time, 24.27.\\nJune 25. Harvard Freshmen defeat\\nColumbia time, 12.22.\\nJuly 4. Mass. The third intercollegiate\\nboat-race for fours.\\nIt takes place on Lake Quinsigamond,\\nnear Worerster, I. 1 in ih-s straight. Time\\nCornell, 9.UU, followed by Brown, Bow-\\ndoin, and the University of Pennsylva-\\nnia.\\nJuly 15. N. Y. The Niagara Inter-\\nnational Park, purchased by the\\nFederal Government for public use, is\\nopened.\\nJuly 30. O. Maud S. trots one mile\\nin 2.08 J at Glenville.\\nJuly* A West Shore Road train runs\\nfrom East Buffalo to Weehawken, 4-22.6\\nmiles, in 9.23 hours speed, 45 miles per\\nhour, including stops, or 51 miles actual\\nrunning speed.\\nAug. 5-7. New York honors the\\nmemory of Gen. Grant by obsequies\\nworthy of royalty. He lies in state\\ntwo days and his body is followed to\\nthe grave by a funeral procession six\\nmiles long.\\nIt includes the General s bereaved\\nfamily, President Cleveland, Gens.\\nHancock and Sherman, and other offi-\\ncers of the U. S. Army Gen. Johnston\\nand many ex-Confederate officers\\nsoldiers, marines, and regiments of\\nState militia from the Atlantic to the\\nPacific also many carriages. The pro-\\ncession starts at nine a.m., and arrives\\nat the temporary tomb in Riverside\\nPark on the Hudson at five p.m.\\nAug. 14. N. Y. The first of the inter-\\nnational yacht-races near Sandy Hook\\nis won by the American schooner-yacht\\nPuritan over the English cutter Genesta;\\nlead, 16 minutes 48 seconds.\\nAug. 29. New York. The first cable-\\nroad begins its service.\\nSept. 16. N. Y. The Puritan again beats\\nthe Genesta in a race for the America\\ncup; lead, lm. 38s.\\nOct. 10. N. Y. Flood Rock in Hell\\nGate is blown up with 285,000 pounds\\nof dynamite and powder.\\nOct. 18. N. J. A train is wrecked\\nnear Hackensack nine persons killed.\\nNov. 10. La. The North, Central, and\\nSouth Exposition opens at New Orleans.\\nDec. 15. Ga. Two trains collide near\\nAustell 11 persons are killed.\\nDec. 26. Gloucester fishing schooners\\nare lost at sea 42 fishermen perish.\\nDec. 3 1 Statistics for 1885.\\nProduction: Gold, $31,SOO,000; silver,\\nS51,6oo.00i bushels of grain: Indian\\ncorn, 1,936,176,000; wheat, 357,112,000;\\noats, 629,409,000; barley, 5S,360,000; rye,\\n21,756,000; buckwheat, 12.626,000; bales\\nof cotton, 5,669,021 pounds of wool,\\n308,000.000; barrels of petroleum, 21,847,-\\n205. Currency in circulation (June 30),\\n\u00c2\u00a71,292,568,615; per capita, $23.02. Im-\\nmigrants received (fiscal year), 395,346.\\nMiles of railroads worked, 123,320:\\ncapital stock, $3,817,697,832 railroad\\naccidents, 1,217 persons killed, 307;\\npersons injured, 1,538. Fire-waste,\\n$102,818,796; insurance, $57,430,789.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "322 1885 *-1886, June 17.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY -NAVY.\\n1886 Jan. 21. Gen. Miles, having been\\nappointed to succeed Gen. Crook, con-\\ntinues the pursuit of the Apaches;\\nCapt. Crawford is unintentionally\\nkilled by Mexican troops.\\nFeb. 7-9. Wash. Troops are ordered\\nout to suppress the anti-Chinese rioters\\nat Seattle.\\nFeb. 19. D. C. Com. James E. Jouett\\nis promoted rear-admiral. [Also Mar.\\n4. Com. John H. Russell.]\\nMar. 4. D. C. Capt. John Irwin is pro-\\nmoted commodore. [Also May 19.\\nCapt. James A. Greer.]\\nCommander Norman H. Farquhar is\\npromoted captain. [Also May 19.\\nCommander Theodore F. Kane. Dec.\\n13. Commander Henry B. Seely.]\\nMar. 19. D. C. Oliver O. Howard is\\ncommissioned major-general.\\nThomas H. Ruger is commissioned brig-\\nadier-general.\\nThe military board (Gens. Schofield,\\nTerry, and Getty) entirely exonerate\\nFitz-John Porter of the charges\\nunder which he was dismissed from the\\narmy.\\nMar. 26. D. C. The Government orders\\nU. S. troops to protect the transportation\\nof mails against interference by riotous\\nstrikers at St. Louis and other points.\\nApr. 20. Zenas R. Bliss is commissioned\\ncolonel 24th infantry. [Also June 11.\\nJames W. Forsyth 7th cavalry. Sept.\\n6. Thomas M. Anderson 14th infan-\\ntry. Sept. 16. George H. Mendel 1\\ncorps of engineers. Oct. 12. Henry L.\\nAbbot corps of engineers. Oct. 13.\\nEdwin F. Towns 12th infantry. Oct.\\n19. Robert E. A. Crofton 15th infan-\\ntry.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1885 Cat. The Observatory of the\\nUniversity of the Pacific is erected at\\nSan Jose\\\\\\nInd. The McKim Observatory is\\nerected at Greencastle.\\nNew York. A bronze statue of Wil-\\nliam E. Dodge, a philanthropist of\\nNew York, is unveiled. J. C. Nicoll,\\nF. D. Millet, F. E. Church, and George\\nTV. Maynard of New York are elected\\nmembers of the National Academy of\\nDesign.\\nThe Jack o* Lantern is painted by T.\\nTV. Wood.\\nAt the Watering Trough is painted by\\nJ. M. Hart.\\nSunset is painted by George Inness.\\nPeacocks in the Snow is painted by F.\\n5. Church.\\nTJie Strange Gods is painted by G. TV.\\nMaynard.\\nThe Russet Tear is painted by A. C.\\nShaw.\\nChristmas Eve is painted by Jervis\\nMcEntee.\\nOctober in Itamapo Valley is painted\\nby J. F. Cropsey.\\nWaiting for Dad is painted by Ed-\\nward Moran.\\nMorning at Vera Cruz is painted by\\nThomas Moran.\\nSunrise over the Sea is painted by\\nWorth ington Whittredge.\\n1886 Jan. 19. Cal. Much damage is\\ndone by a gale at San Francisco.\\nJan. Neic York. A comet is discov-\\nered by TV. R. Brooks of Geneva.\\nMar. 1-3. A heavy snowstorm occurs\\nin New England, and trains are stopped.\\nApr. 14. Minn. A terrific tornado strikes\\nSt. Cloud and Sauk Rapids, killing 34,\\nand wounding 136 persons a great\\namount of property is destroyed.\\nApr. 29. Ala. Jefferson Davis lays the\\nfoundation of a monument to Con-\\nfederate soldiers of the State at Mont-\\ngomery.\\nMay 6. Mo. A terrible tornado in\\nKansas city kills 70 people and destroys\\nmany buildings.\\nMay 12-15. Destructive tornadoes\\nsweep through Southern Ohio, Indiana,\\nand Illinois.\\nMay 19. O. A waterspout devastates\\nXenia loss, 100 houses and 25 lives.\\nJune 17. N. H. A bronze statue of\\nDaniel Webster erected in the State-\\nhouse Park is dedicated it is the gift\\nof Benjamin Cheney.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1886.\\nJan. 16. Hudson, Henry Norman, P. E.\\nclergyman, shakesp.-unan srholar, A72.\\nJan. 26. Atchison, David R., senator for\\nMo., A79.\\nFeb. 9. Hancock, Winfleld Scott, maj.-\\ngen., Dem. candidate far resident, A62.\\nFeb. 12. Seymour, Horatio, Gov. K. Y.,\\nDem. candidate for President, A76.\\nFeb. 18. Goug-h, John B., temperance\\norator, A69.\\nMar. 27. Hunt, Ward, associate justice\\nU. S. S. Ct;, A76.\\nApr. 13. Noyes, John Humphrv, commu-\\nnist at Oneida, N. Y., A75.\\nApr. 28. Richardson, Henry Hobson, ar-\\nchitect, A47.\\nMay 1. Robertson, Charles F., P. E. bishop\\nof Mo., A51.\\nShepard, Charles Upbam, phvsinst,\\nauthor, A82.\\nMay 21. Lewis, Dio, physician, lecturer,\\nA68.\\nAndrews, Stephen Pearl, author, A74.\\nMay 25. Steele, Joel Dorman, educator,\\nA50.\\nJune 6. Kevin, John Williamson, Ger. Kef.\\nclergyman, theologian, A83.\\nJune 7. Hoe, Richard March, inventor of\\nrevolving press, A74.\\nJune 16. Whipple, Edwin Percy, essayist,\\ncritic, lecturer, A67.\\nCHURCH.\\n1885* Boston The Society of Chris-\\ntians, professing to effect physical\\nhealing by mental effort, is organized\\nMrs. M. B. G. Eddy, leader.\\nColo. The Colorado Conference (Free\\nMethodist) is organized.\\nC. The Congregational Club is\\nformed.\\nKan. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Topeka Wil-\\nliam Johnston, moderator.\\nN. Y. The Baptist Annual Meet-\\ning is held at Saratoga.\\n0. The Annnal Convention Disci-\\nples of Christ) is held at Cleveland;\\nL. L. Carpenter, president. The Gen-\\neral Assembly (Presbyterian) meets at\\nCincinnati E. K. Craven, moderator.\\nPa. The 32d General Synod (Evan-\\ngelical Lutheran) meets at Harrisburg.\\nWis. The Icelanders Synod (Evan-\\ngelical Lutheran) is organized.\\n1886 Jan. 1. Mont. The American\\nUnitarian Association begins its work\\namong the Indians.\\nJan. 13. New York. The Christian or-\\nders of the King s Daughters, and the\\nKing s Sons are founded by ten women.\\nIt is interdenominational, and its in-\\ndividual members are pledged to render\\nservice of mercy or help; its motto,\\nIn His Name. [Jan. 18. The pioneer\\ncircle is formed.]\\nMar. 26. Ga. Thomas A. Becker, Roman\\nCatholic bishop, is transferred to Savan-\\nnah.\\nMay 5. Va. The General Conference\\n(Methodist Episcopal South) is held at\\nRichmond.\\nW. W. Duncan, Charles B. Galloway,\\nE. H. Hendrix, and Joseph S. Key are\\nelected bishops of the Methodist Episco-\\npal Church South.\\nMay 26. New York. The General Con-\\nvention of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nMay.* Alas. A band of Moravian mis-\\nsionaries found the Carmel Mission.\\nJune 7. Md. John Gibbons, Roman\\nCatholic archbishop of Baltimore, is\\ncreated a Cardinal.\\nLETTERS.\\n1885 Fla. Rollins CoUege (Cong.)\\nis organized at Winter Park.\\nLa. The Normal School is estab-\\nlished at New Orleans.\\nMich. The College of Physicians and\\nSurgeons at Detroit opens.\\nMinn. Macalester CoUege (Pres.) is\\norganized at St. Paul.\\nNeb. The Nebraska Central College\\nis opened at Central City.\\nNew York. The Cosmopolitan mag-\\nazine is founded.\\nN. Y. The Brooklyn Institute opens\\na training-school for teachers.\\nPa. Bryn Mawr College (Orthodox\\nFriends) is organized.\\nOre. Provision is made for the estab-\\nlishment of a State Normal School at\\nDrain.\\nS. I ak. Dakota University (Meth.\\nEpis.) is founded at Mitchell.\\nWis. The State Normal School at\\nMilwaukee is opened.\\nA Biography of Emerson, by Oliver\\nWendell Holmes, appears.\\nPoets of America, by Edmund Clar-\\nence Stedman, appears.\\nElements of Moral Science, by Noah\\nPorter, appears.\\nThe I?isuppres$ible Book, by Gail Ham-\\nilton (Mary Abigail Dodge), appears.\\nMaruja, by Bret Harte, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1885, *-1886, June 17. 323\\nMy Lady Pokahontas, by John Esten\\nCooke, appears.\\nProblems in Philosophy, by John Bus-\\ncorn, appears.\\nThe Else and Fall of Silas Lapham,\\nby William Dean Howells, appears.\\nStudies in Shakespeare, by Richard\\nGrant White, appears.\\nAn Original Belle, by Edward Payson\\nRoe, appears.\\nThe Idea of God as Affected by Modern\\nKnowledge, by John. Fiske, appears.\\nThe Silent South, by George W. Cable,\\nappears.\\nCity Ballads, by Will Carletou, ap-\\npears.\\nMiss Cadogna, by Julian Hawthorne,\\nappears also, Noble Blood.\\nThe Prophet of the Great Smoky Moun-\\ntains, by Charles Egbert Craddock, ap-\\npears also, Down the Ravine.\\n1886 Jan. 3. Md. The Public Li-\\nbrary at Baltimore, the gift of Enoch\\nPratt, is opened.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S85 Boston. The Algonquin Club\\nis organized.\\nCal. The State Home for the care\\nand training of feeble-minded chil-\\ndren at Santa Clara is opened.\\nla. The prohibitory liquor law is\\npassed by a Democratic Legislature.\\nKan. The anti-saloon Republican\\nmovement is organized to induce the\\nparty everywhere to adopt a platform\\nof uncompromising hostility to the sa-\\nloon.\\nMe. A State Board of Health is es-\\ntablished.\\nN. C. A Baptist Orphanage is\\nfounded in Thomasville.\\nNeb. The Santees are granted lands\\nin severalty.\\nJV. J. A State school for deaf mutes\\nis opened near Trenton.\\nN. Mex. A State school for the deaf\\nand dumb at Santa Fe is opened.\\nO. The Legislature establishes a State\\nBoard of Health.\\nThe Knights of Temperance (Total\\nabstainers) are organized under the aus-\\npices of the Church Temperance Society.\\n(Protestant Episcopal.)\\nU. S. Liberal subscriptions are made\\nfor advancing Irish Home Rule in\\nIreland.\\nThe Daughters of the King are or-\\nganized in connection with the Protes-\\ntant Episcopal Church.\\nU. S. Indians are held responsible\\nunder the laws touching murder, man-\\nslaughter, rape, assault to kill, arson,\\nburglary, and larceny.\\nUtah. The insane asylum at Provo\\nis opened.\\n1886 Jan. 1+. N. Y. More than 7.000\\nglove-makers at Gloversville partly\\nsucceed in a strike for increased wages\\nthey hold out nine weeks at a wage-loss\\nof 8648,900.\\nJan. 21. Judge Brewer of the XT. S.\\nCircuit Court renders his decision in the\\ncase of the State of Kansas ex ret. v.\\nJohn Walruff, upholding compensa-\\ntion for loss in brewing property\\noccasioned by prohibition laws.\\nFeb. 7. Wash. An anti-Chinese riot\\noccurs at Seattle 400 Chinese are driven\\nfrom their homes by a mob.\\nFeb. 8. Wash. Gov. Squire proclaims\\nmartial law for the protection of the\\nChinese against rioters.\\nFeb. 27+. N. F. Nearly 2,000 stove-\\nmolders at Troy strike successfully\\nfor increased wages they hold out 17\\nweeks at a wage-loss of S400.000.\\nMar. 6+. About 9,000 employees of the\\nMissouri Pacific Railroad system strike\\nunsuccessfully by the order of Mar-\\ntin Jones, because of the discharge of\\nKnight of Labor they hold out two\\nmonths at a wage-loss of $1,400,000;\\nseven of the strikers are killed by the\\nmilitia in East St. Louis, Mo.\\nMar. 10. R. I. The Legislature votes\\nunanimously for the submission of a\\nprohibition amendment to a popular\\nvote. [Apr. 7. It is approved by\\nmore than the required three-fifths\\nvote.]\\nMar 17. Miss. A band of 50 whites\\nkills ten negroes in Carrollton, at the\\ncourt-house, who were there confined\\npending trial for wounding a white man.\\nApril 16+. New York. About 1,300 em-\\nployees of the Third Avenue horse-car\\nline are partly successful in a strike\\nagainst the hours of labor and the dis-\\ncharge of men they hold out 60 days at\\na wage-loss of $50,000.\\nApril An ovation is given to Jefferson\\nDavis on his journey through the South-\\nern States.\\nMayl. New York. About 20,000 cigar-\\nmakers strike unsuccessfully for\\nfewer hours they hold out one day at\\na wage-loss of $27,000.\\nMay 4. Chicago. An anarchist mob\\ncreates a riot in which dynamite is\\nused the police disperse the anarchists\\nby hard fighting six of the police are\\nkilled and 61 wounded.\\nMay 5. Wis. An anarchist riot occurs\\nat Milwaukee 10 persons are killed and\\n15 wounded Herr Most, the leader, es-\\ncapes arrest.\\nMay 10+ Chicago. About 12,000 lumber-\\nshovers strike unsuccessfully for\\nfewer hours and more pay they holdout\\ntwo weeks at a wage-loss of $270,000.\\nMay 12. New York. Herr Most, the\\nanarchist leader, is arrested for inciting\\nriots. (See May 5.) [He is fined and im-\\nprisoned.]\\nMay 18. N. Y. A State Board of Arbi-\\ntration for labor disputes is provided\\nfor by the Legislature.\\nMay 20. New York. Henry W. Jaime,\\none of the boodle aldermen, is sen-\\ntenced to imprisonment.\\nMay 27. Chicago. The grand jury in-\\ndicts 22 anarchists for murder.\\nJune 2. D. C. President Grover Cleve-\\nland is married to Miss Frances Fol-\\nsom at the White House.\\nJune 5. New York. About 12,000 street\\ncar employees successfully strike in\\nsympathy with other strikers, for one\\nday wage-loss, $25,000.\\nSTATE,\\n1885 U. S. Governors Inaugu-\\nrated\\n-89 Ark. Simon P. Hughes.\\n-87 Colo. Benj. H. Eaton.\\n-87 Conn, Henry B. Harrison.\\n-89 Fla. Edward A. Perry.\\n-89 III. Richard J. Oglesby.\\n-89 Ind. Isaac P. Gray.\\n-89 Kan. John A. Martin.\\n-87 Mich. Russell A. Alger.\\n-89 Mo. John S. Marmaduke.\\n-89 N. C. Alfred M. Scales.\\n-87 N. H. Moody Currier.\\n-86 N. Y. David B. Hill.\\n-87 R. I. George P. Wetmore.\\n-89 W. Va. E. Willis Wilson.\\n1886 Jan. 9. D. C. Congress: The\\nSenate passes the Edmunds Bill for the\\nsuppression of the Mormon hierarchy.\\nVote 38-7.\\nJan. 25 -f. D. C. The Senate and Presi-\\ndent have a controversy lasting several\\nmonths respecting the latter s refusal\\nto communicate his reasons for the re-\\nmoval of public officers.\\nMar. 5. Z C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Blair Educational Bill,\\nappropriating $79,000,000 to be divided\\namong the States for free public schools\\npro rata to illiteracy.\\nMar. 19. D. C. Congress increases\\npensions from $8 per month to $12.\\nApr. 8. 2 C. Congress The House\\ndefeats the bill for the free coinage of\\nsilver; vote, 126-163.\\nJune 1. Pa. The Legislature passes the\\nBullitt Act, granting a reform charter\\nto Philadelphia. [Operative Apr. 1, 87.]\\nJune 3. I). C. Congress: The House\\npasses the bill taxing oleomargarine.\\nVote, 177-101. [June 20. Passed by the\\nSenate. Vote, 37-24.]\\nJune 7. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the bill repealing the preemption,\\ntimber culture, and desert-land laws.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1885 Chicago. The new Board of\\nTrade building is completed.\\nNew York. The National Brotherhood\\nof ball-players is organized.\\n1886 Mar. 14. N. Y. The Cunard\\nsteamer Oregon collides with a schooner\\noff Long Island the steamer sinks, but\\nno lives are lost.\\nApr. 7. Mass. The derailing of a train\\nnear Deerfield causes 12 deaths.\\nJune 7. S. C. The derailing of a train\\nnear Santee Swamp causes seven deaths\\nand injures 13.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "324 1886, June 17-**.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1886 July 1. D. C. The President\\napproves the act restoring Gen. Fitz-\\nJohn Porter to his rank in the army.\\n[Aug. 2. He is appointed to a colonelcy.]\\nSept. 4. Ariz. The Apaches under\\nChief Geronimo surrender to Gen. Miles\\nat Skeleton CaBon.\\nSept. The Apaches cease their warfare\\nand surrender. [They are removed to\\nFlorida.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1886 June 21. Mass. Miss Whitney s\\nmarble statue of Harriet Martineau\\nis dedicated at Wellesley College, Need-\\nham.\\nJune 28. The asteroid AJetheia is dis-\\ncovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clinton\\nobservatory.\\nAug. 31. S. C. A series of earthquake\\nshocks begin at 9.51 p.m. at Charleston,\\nand alarm the city 57 persons are killed\\nproperty damages, $500,000,000.\\nOct. 2. Can. Col. Gilder s polar expe-\\ndition starts from Winnipeg.\\nOct. 12. A violent gale occurs in Texas\\nand the Southwest more than 250\\npersons and thousands of cattle are\\ndrowned the town of Sabine Pass is\\ndestroyed.\\nOct. 28. New York. The Bartholdi\\nStatue of Liberty Enlightening the\\nWorld set up on Bedloe s Island, in the\\nharbor, is dedicated by President Cleve-\\nland it is 151 feet in height, and stands\\non a pedestal 155 feet high.\\nOct. 31. N. Y. The asteroid Prymno\\nis discovered by C. H. F. Peters. [Li-\\nbussa is discovered, Dec. 22.1\\nBoston. A statue of William Lloyd\\nGarrison is unveiled in Commonwealth\\nAvenue.\\nCal. The Chabot Observatory is\\npresented to the city of Oakland.\\nMass. The Smith College Obser-\\nvatory is erected at Northampton.\\nNew York. The opera Erminie, by\\nJacobowski, is first sung in this country.\\nDr. Mott reports four successful in-\\noculations for hydrophobia.\\nJ. Alden Weir and C. Y. Turner of\\nNew York are elected members of the\\nNational Academy of Design.\\nThe American College of Musicians\\nis incorporated.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1886.\\nJune 26. Davis, David, senator for 111.,\\njustice U. S. S. Ct., A71.\\nJuly 7. Havne, Paul Hamilton, poet, of\\nS. C, A66.\\nJuly 10. Krown, Henry Kirk, snilptor, A72.\\nJuly 14. Nichols, William Kiplev, chemist,\\nA39.\\nJuly 16. Judson, Edward Z. C., story\\nwriter (Ned Runtime), A64.\\nAug. 4. Tilden, Samuel .tones, Gov. of\\nN. Y., Dem. candidate for President, A76.\\nAug. 11. Hamilton, Frank Hastings, sur-\\ngeon, author, A73.\\nAug-. 20. Stephens, Ann Sophia, author,\\nA63.\\nAug-. 22. Stowe, Calvin Ellis, Cong, cler-\\ngyman, professor, author, A34.\\nAug-. 25. Perkins, Charles Callahan, art\\ncritic, A63.\\nSept. 17. Purand, Asher-Brown, landscape\\npainter, engraver, A90.\\nSept. 27. Cooke, John Esten, novelist, his-\\ntorian, A50.\\nNov. 18. Arthur. Chester Alan, lawver,\\nVice-President, 21st President V. S., A56.\\nNov. 21. Adams, Charles 1 rancis, M. C.\\nfor Mass., minister to Eng., A79.\\nNov. 23. Brooks, Enibtus, ed. New Tork\\nExpress, ATI.\\nDec. 8. Lea, isaa naturalist, author, AM.\\nDec. 24. Short, Charles, scholar, am, A65.\\nDec. 26. Log-an, John Alexander, M. C.\\nfor 111., ma j. -gen. vols., Rep. candidate for\\nVice-President, A60.\\nCHURCH.\\n1886 June 21. Chicago. The Western\\nUnitarian Association is organized at\\nChicago.\\nSept. 20-24. N. Y. The twelfth Na-\\ntional Council (Unitarian) is held in\\nSaratoga.\\nOct. 14. Pa. The Pennsylvania Congre-\\ngational Association is organized.\\nOct. 18. Minn. Mahlon N. Gilbert is\\nconsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) as-\\nsistant bishop of Minnesota.\\nNov. 9. Cal. The Pacific Unitarian Con-\\nference at San Francisco is organized.\\nJNov. 14. Del. Alfred A. Curtis is conse-\\ncrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of the\\nDiocese of Wilmington.\\nChicago. The General Convention\\n(Protestant Episcopal) meets.\\nInd. The North Indiana Conference\\n(Free Methodist) is organized.\\nMinn. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets at Minneapolis\\nD. C. Marquis, moderator.\\nMo. The Annual Convention (Dis-\\nciples of Christ) is held at Kansas City\\nF. M. Drake, president.\\nN.J. The Baptist Annual Meeting\\nis held in Asbury Park.\\nN. Y. The Roman Catholic Diocese\\nof Syracuse is established.\\nO. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Hamilton\\nJohn T. Brownlee, moderator.\\nLETTERS.\\n1886 Ark. Ouachita College (Bapt.)\\nis founded.\\nKansas Wesleyan University (Meth.\\nEpis.) is organized at Salina.\\nKan. Garfield University (Disci-\\nples) is organized at Wichita.\\nKan. Southwest Kansas College (Meth.\\nEpis.) is organized at Winfield.\\nInd. The Indiana Normal College is\\nopened at Covington.\\nNew York. The Forum is issued also,\\nHlas Lindn, printed in Bohemian the\\nListy and the Catholic News.\\nN. Y. The Citizen is issued as a daily\\nat Brooklyn. The Sunday Telegram is\\nissued at Albany.\\nS. C. The Winthrop Teachers Train-\\ning School is opened at Columbia.\\nVa. The Times is issued at Richmond.\\nWash. The Northwest Normal School\\nis opened at Lynden.\\nThe Boss Girl, and Other Sketches, by\\nJames Whitcomb Riley, appears.\\nHoly Tides, by Adeline D. T. Whitney,\\nJo s Boys, by Louisa M. Alcott, ap-\\npears.\\nLittle Lord Fauntleroy by Frances\\nHodgson Burnett, appears.\\nThe Orient, by Joseph Cook, appears.\\nThe Catholic Church in America, by\\nJohn Dawson Gilmary Shea, appears.\\nThe Casting Away of Mrs. Leeks and\\nMrs. Aleshine, by Frank R. Stockton,\\nappears; also, The Late Mr. Null.\\nBrueton s Bayou, by John Habberton,\\nappears.\\nThe Bostontans, by Henry James, ap-\\npears; also, The Princess Casamassima.\\n*The Tale of a Lonely Parish, by\\nFrancis Marion Crawford, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1886 June The Parnellite Fund for\\naiding elections in Great Britain is sus-\\ntained by large contributions.\\nJuly 1. R. I. The Prohibition Amend-\\nment becomes operative.\\nAug. 3. la. Rev. George C. Haddock,\\na Prohibitionist, is murdered at Sioux\\nCity by a prominent friend of the\\nbrewers.\\nAug. 20. Chicago. Seven Anarchists\\nare sentenced for murders committed\\nduring the riots. (See Nov. 11, 1887.)\\nAug. 26. Cal. The Grand Army of\\nthe Republic meets in its 20th National\\nEncampment at San Francisco Lucius\\nFairchild of Wis., commander-in-chief.\\nAug. Ncir York. Alfred Packer, one of\\nsix starving miners in Colorado, having\\nkilled and eaten his companions, is con-\\nvicted of manslaughter and sentenced to\\n40 years imprisonment.\\nSept. 23. N.Y. The Unitarian Church\\nTemperance Society is organized at\\nSaratoga.\\nIts purpose is to work for the cause\\nof temperance in whatever ways may\\nseem to it wise and right to study the\\nsocial problems of poverty, crime, and\\ndisease in their relation to the use of\\nintoxicating drinks, and to diffuse what-\\never knowledge may he gained to dis-\\ncuss methods of temperance reform to\\ndevise and so far as possible to execute\\nplans for practical reform to exert, by\\nits meetings and by its membership, such\\ninfluence for good as by the grace of God\\nit may possess.\\nOct. 9+. Chicago. Over 9,000 meat-pack-\\ners strike unsuccessfully against the\\n10-hour day they hold out 11 days at a\\nwage-loss of $175,000.\\nOct. 11. The American Convention of\\nthe Christian Church, in quadrennial\\nsession, declares its hostility to the\\nliquor-traffic.\\nIt announces itself as the patron and\\naider of all activities and associations\\nthat point clearly, definitely, and wisely\\nto a direct and* immediate erasure of\\npermissions or sanctions of society or\\nlaw upon the iniquitous liquor-traffic.\\nOct. 20. III. The Illinois Soldiers and\\nSailors* Home is dedicated at Quincy.\\nWov.6+. Chicago. Over 10.000 meat-pack-\\ners strike unsuccessfully against an\\nincrease of hours they hold out 10 days\\nat a wage-loss of \u00c2\u00a7169,680.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1886, June 17-**. 325\\n!Nov. 13. Chicago, The officers of tlie\\nKnights of Labor order the pork-pack-\\ners to abandon their strike.\\nNov. 17. The national organization of\\nthe Union Veteran Legion is formed.\\nNov. 27. Cat. The observance of Arbor\\nday begins AdolphSutro supplies 40,000\\ntrees for the school children to plant.\\nNov. Miss. Many negroes migrate\\nfrom the hill-country to the river-bottom\\nin the Yazoo section.\\nNov. -Dec. U. S. Speculation be-\\ncomes general.\\nDec. O. The trades-unions meet in con-\\nvention at Columbus a national orga-\\nnization is formed, called The Ameri-\\ncan Federation of Labor.\\nDec. 20. New York. Alderman Hc-\\nQ,uaid is sentenced to seven years im-\\nprisonment and fined for bribery, etc.,\\nin connection -with the Broadway car-\\nline.\\nDec. 30. Mich, The Soldiers Home\\nnear Grand Rapids is dedicated.\\n*D.C. Congress enacts that instruction\\nconcerning the nature and effects of\\nalcoholic liquors shall be given in the\\nschools of the District of Columbia, and\\nthe Territories, the military and naval\\nacademies, and all other schools under\\nGovernment control.\\n*D. C. Congress passes a local option\\nlaw for the District of Columbia.\\nInd. The school for the deaf at Evans-\\nville is opened.\\nLa. Provision is made by the Legisla-\\nture for the relief of wounded and dis-\\nabled Confederate soldiers and for\\nsoldiers widows.\\nLa. A State school for deaf-mutes is\\nopened at New Orleans.\\nMass. The State Board of Health is\\nestablished as a separate body.\\nMinn. An asylum for the insane is\\nestablished by the State at Fergus Falls.\\nMinn. The Woman s Christian\\nTemperance Union meets in National\\nConvention at Minneapolis Frances\\nWillard, president.\\nMiss. The Legislature passes a local\\noption law.\\nNew York. The Commercial Tem-\\nperance League is organized.\\nO. The Legislature passes the Dow\\nLaw for the regulation of the liquor\\ntraffic.\\nSTATE.\\n1886 June 17. D. C. Congress;\\nHouse The Morrison Bill to reduce\\nthe tariff taxes about 15 or 20 millions\\nfails. Vote, 140-157.\\nJune 18. D. C. Congress The Senate\\nindefinitely postpones the bill repealing\\nthe Civil Service Law; it passes a Con-\\nstitutional Amendment Bill, by a two-\\nthirds vote, substituting April 30 for\\nMarch 4 as the beginning of all Presi-\\ndential and Congressional terms of office.\\nJune 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal\\nyear. Revenue: Customs, #192,905,023;\\ninternal revenue, $116,805,936; direct\\ntax, \u00c2\u00a7108,240; sales of public lands $5,-\\n030,999; miscellaneous items, $2I),!)S0,52,S.\\nTotal revenue, $336,439,727; excess of\\nrevenue over expenditures, 893,956,589.\\nExpenditures Miscellaneous items,\\n\u00c2\u00a374,166,930; War Department. $34,324,-\\n153; Navy Department, $13,907,888; In-\\ndians, $6,099,158; pensions, $63,404,864;\\ninterest on the public debt, $50,580,140.\\nTotal ordinary expenditures, $242,483,-\\n13S. Publicdebt. $1,783,438,097. Exports,\\n$679,524,830; imports, $635,436,136.\\nJune D. C. Congress passes the\\nChinese Indemnity Bill.\\nJuly 14. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses a resolution ordering the Treas-\\nury to pay off the public debt in sums\\nnot less than 10 millions a month. Vote,\\n209-65. [The Senate approves, but the\\nPresident does not.]\\nJuly 24. D. C. Congress requires the\\nTreasury to issue silver certificates,\\nin one, two, and five dollar notes, rep-\\nresenting silver dollars, for general\\ncirculation.\\nJuly 30. D. C. President Cleveland pro-\\nmotes civil service reform by check-\\ning the political activity of Government\\nofficials.\\nAug. 2. I). C. Congress passes the\\nAlien Landlord s Bill, limiting the\\nholding of land and mines in Territories\\nby foreigners.\\nCongress lays a special tax of two\\ncents a pound on oleomargarine, be-\\nsides a tax on the manufacturers and\\nAug. I C. Congress authorizes the\\nissue of postal letter-sheet envelopes.\\nAug. 5. D. C. The 49th Congress:\\nthe first session closes.\\nSept. 16. Chicago. A meeting is held\\nof the National Conference of Anti-\\nsaloon Republicans; about 200 dele-\\ngates are present.\\nNov. 2. Fia. The people ratify the\\nnew Constitution.\\nIn the Congressional elections the\\nDemocrats are successful in 168 districts,\\nand the Republicans in 152.\\nDec. 6. B.C. The 49th Congress: the\\nsecond session opens.\\nDec* D. C. Congress; Senate: John\\nJ. Ingalls of Kan. is elected President\\npro tempore.\\nFishing difficulties engage attention.\\nAmerican vessels visiting Canadian\\nports to buy ice or bait are seized by the\\nGovernment, and condemned for acts\\npreparatory to fishing in Canadian\\nwaters.\\nGovernors Inaugurated:\\n-88 Ala. Thomas Seay.\\n-90 Ariz. (Ter.). C. Meyer Zulick.\\n-90 Dak. (Ter.). Louis K. Church.\\n-88 Ga. John B. Gordon.\\n-90 Ida. {Ter.). Ed. A. Stevenson.\\n-88 la. William Larrabee.\\n-89 Minn. Andrew R. McGill.\\n-90 Mont. (Ter.). Preston H. Leslie.\\n-90* N.Mex.(Ter.). Edmund G.Ross.\\n-88 O. Joseph Benson Foraker.\\n-88 S. C. John P. Richardson.\\n-90 U. (Ter.). Caleb W. West.\\n-90 Va. Fitzhugh Lee.\\n-88 Ft. Ebenezer J. Ormsbee.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1886 June 24. Mo. The Merchant s\\nBridge spanning the Mississippi at St.\\nLouis is commenced. [See May 3, 1890.]\\nJune 25. Columbia defeats Harvard\\nin a boat-race time, 21.38.\\nJune A special theatrical train runs\\nfrom Jersey City to San Francisco\\nfrom ocean to ocean in three days,\\nseven hours, 30 minutes, and 16 seconds.\\nJune Pa. The vestibule train is in-\\ntroduced on the Pennsylvania Railroad.\\nJuly 3. N. r. The fourth intercolle-\\ngiate boat-race for fours is pulled on\\nLake George, 1^ miles straight. Time\\nBowdoin, 8.06 University of Pennsylva-\\nnia, second race won by a length and\\na half.\\nAug. 11. N. Y. Carlisle D.Graham, an\\nEnglishman, in a great buoy-shaped bar-\\nrel, passes safely through the Niagara\\nRapids.\\nAug. 14. Mass. E. Hanlan sculls three\\nmiles on Lake Quinsigamond, in 19.23\\nminutes.\\nAug. 18. N. Y. The New York Central\\nRailroad Company runs a special news-\\npaper train from Syracuse to Buffalo,\\n148.77 miles, at an average speed of 61.6\\nmiles an hour.\\nAug. 22. N.Y. Wm J. Kendall, in a cork\\nvest, swims through the Niagara Rapids.\\nAug. 25. N. C. A runaway train near\\nSaluda causes five deaths eighty other\\npersons are injured.\\nSept. 7-11- The schooner-yacht May-\\nflower beats the English cutter Galatea,\\nin a race for the America cup.\\nSept. 14. N. Y. Trains collide on the\\nNickel Plate Road at Silver Creek 13\\npersons are killed, and 20 injured.\\nOct. 5. Mo. The steamer La Mascotte\\nburns on the Mississippi near Craw-\\nford s Landing 34 lives are lost.\\nOct. 22. Mass. W. A. Rowe rides a bi-\\ncycle one mile in 2.29g, at Springfield.\\nOct. 28. Wis. A wrecked train takes\\nfire near Rio 22 lives are lost.\\nNov.* The schooner Flying Scud, bound\\nfor Alaska, disappears with 24 persons\\non board fate unknown.\\nDec. 2. Cal. A panic in the Stock Ex-\\nchange at San Francisco causes 14 of\\nthe principal brokers to suspend.\\nDec. 27. Phila. Fire destroys Tem-\\nple Theater, valued at $400,000; two\\nfireman are killed.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Statistics for 1886.\\nProduction Gold, \u00c2\u00a735,000,000 silver,\\n$51,000,000; bushels of grain: Indian\\ncorn, 1,665,441.000; wheat, 457.218,000;\\noats, 624,134.000; barley, 59,428,000 rye,\\n24,489,000; buckwheat, 11,809,000; bales\\nof cotton, 0,550,215 pounds of wool, 302,-\\n000.000 barrels of petroleum, 28.004,841\\n(including all production of oil in Ky.\\nand Tenn. prior to 1883). Immigrants\\nreceived (fiscal year), 334,203. Currency\\nin circulation, Sl.252.700.525 per capita,\\n$21.82. Miles of railroads worked, 125,-\\n185 capital stock, $3,999,508,508 total\\naccidents, 1,211, persons killed, 401 per-\\nsons injured, 1,433 Fire-waste, $104,924,-\\n750; insurance. S0o, 500.507 344 lives lost.\\nBusiness failures, 10,568; liabilities,\\n$113,648,391.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "326 1886, *-1887, Nov. 26.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1887 Jan. 3. D. C. James M. Whitte-\\nraore is commissioned colonel ord-\\nnance department. [Jan. 10. William\\nP. Craighill corps of engineers. Apr.\\n21. James F. Wade \u00e2\u0080\u00945th cavalry. Oct.\\n19. Charles E. Compton\u00e2\u0080\u0094 4th cavalry.\\nNov. 17. Charles Page medical de-\\npartment.]\\nJan. 26. D. C. Com. Lewis A. Kim-\\nberly is promoted rear-admiral. [Aug.\\n25. Com. Bancroft Gherardi. Sept. 4.\\nCom. Daniel L. Braine.]\\nCapt. William P. McCann is promoted\\ncommodore. [Jan. 29. Capt. Charles H.\\nGillis. Sept. 4. Capt. George Brown.]\\nMar. 3. Adolphus W. Greely is com-\\nmissioned brigadier-general. [Apr. 16.\\nWesley Merritt.]\\nSept. 4. D. C. Commander Gilbert C.\\nWhite is promoted captain. [Mar. 6.\\nCommander J. Crittenden Watson.\\nAug. 25. Commander Henry B. Robe-\\nson.]\\nART \u00e2\u0080\u0094SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1886 November is painted by Jervis\\nMcEntre.\\nComing in from the Fish Pond is\\npainted by Edward Moran.\\nThe Secret is painted by T. W. Wood.\\nBrook Amojig the Hills is painted by\\nWorthington Wbittredge.\\n1887 Mar. 3. Col. Gilder s overland\\npolar expedition returns to Winnipeg.\\nApr. 29. Kan. A violent storm sweeps\\nPrescott County, killing 20 persons, in-\\njuring 237, destroying 330 buildings\\nproperty loss, $1,000,000.\\nMay 13. Tenn. A new comet is discov-\\nered by E. E. Barnard of the Vanderbilt\\nUniversity at Nashville.\\nAug. 10. New York. The American\\nAssociation for the Advancement of\\nScience holds its 36th annual meeting\\nat Columbia College.\\nSept. 5-10. D. C. The Ninth Interna-\\ntional Medical Congress is held in\\nWashington.\\nOct. 7. N. Y. The asteroid Ajnahita is\\ndiscovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clinton.\\nNov. 21. Neiv York. A practical pho-\\nnograph, invented by Thomas A. Edi-\\nson, is\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1887.\\nJan. 3. Potter, Horatio, P. E. bishop of\\nN. Y\u00e2\u0080\u009e A85.\\nJan. 1 1. Youmans, Edward Livingston,\\nscientist, founder Popuhir Science Month-\\nly, A 66.\\nJail. 16. Hazen, William Rabeoek, signal\\nservice officer IT. S- A., A57.\\nFeb. 13. Green, William Mercer. P. E.\\nbishop of Miss., A88.\\nMar. 8. Beecher, Henry Ward, Cong.\\nclergyman, author, orator, A74.\\nEads, James Buchanan, engineer,\\nbuilder of .Mississippi jetties, A67.\\nMar. 29. Palmer, Kay, Cong, el., poet, A81.\\nMar. 31. Saxe, John Godfrey, poet, hu-\\nmorist, journalist, A71.\\nApr. 12. Lee, Alfred, 1 E. bishop of Del.,\\nA79.\\nMay 30. Poore, Benjamin Perley, author,\\njournalist, A67.\\nJune 4. Wheeler. William Almon, M. C.\\nfbrN. Y., 19th Viee-presideut l T S., A68.\\nJune 11. Stevens, William liacon, I E.\\nbishop of Pa., A71.\\nJune 16. Hitchcock, Roswell Dwlght, Pres.\\nclergy man, author, probsM-i. ,n.\\nJune 17. Hopkins, .Mark, president of Wil\\nHams College, author. Aw.\\nJuly 18- Hunter. Robert Mercer. M. C,\\nsenator for Va., speaker, Confederate sec-\\nretary of state, A78.\\nJuly 23. Dix. Dorothea Lynde, philan-\\nthropist, A82.\\nAug. 18. Tower, Orson Squire, phrenolo-\\ngist, A78.\\nAug. 19. I .air-l, Speneer Fullerton, natur-\\nalist, author, A64.\\nClark, Alvan, optician, telescope maker,\\nA79.\\nAug. 20. Green, Seth, fish cnlturist, A72.\\nAug. 26. Elliott, Kobert W. B., P. E.\\nbishop of W. Texas, A47.\\nOct. 3. Finch, John Bird, philanthropist,\\nProhibition candidate for I res. U. S., A35.\\nOct. 22. Washburne. Elihu Benjamin.\\nJVI. C. for 111., secretary of state, minister\\nto Fr., A71.\\nOct. 28. Carnochan, John M urray, surgeon,\\nauthor, A70.\\nNov. 19. Lazarus, Emma, poet, A38.\\nCHURCH.\\n1886 A plan of cooperation is\\nadopted by the American Baptist Mis-\\nsionary Union and the Baptist General\\nAssociation of the Western States and\\nTerritories.\\nThe Congregational Clubs of Merrimac\\nValley, Newton, Denver, and St. Louis\\nare organized.\\nThe Foreign Missionary Society of\\nChristian Denomination is organized.\\nThe Woman s Auxiliary to the Brook-\\nlyn Mission and Tract Society is organ-\\nized.\\nThe Immanuel German Synod (Evan-\\ngelical Lutheran) is organized.\\nIT. S. The Presbyterian Church\\nin the United States formally cele-\\nbrates its quarter centennial.\\n1887 Mar. 26. Boston. The Channing\\nClub (Unitarian) is organized.\\nApr. 14. P. I. Matthew Harkins is con-\\nsecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nProvidence.\\nApr. 19. Archbishop Corrigan is made\\nassistant at the Pontifical Throne.\\nMay 3. Cat. The General Association\\n(Congregational) of Southern California\\nis organized.\\nMay 4. Kan. Elisha Smith Thomas is\\nconsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) as-\\nsistant bishop of Kansas.\\nMay 27. Ethelbert Talbot is consecrated\\n(Protestant Episcopal) missionary bishop\\nof Wyoming and Idaho.\\nBoston. The Unitarian National Bu-\\nreau of Unity Clubs is organized.\\nJune 9. Detroit. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nJune 14. D. C. The Bureau of Indian\\nMissions (Roman Catholic) is incorpo-\\nrated.\\nJune 29. Utah. L. Scanlan is conse-\\ncrated (Roman Catholic) vicar apostolic\\nof Utah.\\nJune Chicago. The first Deaconesses\\nHome, of the Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch, is established.\\nAug. 2. Neb. The Roman Catholic Dio-\\ncese of Lincoln is established.\\nAug. 9. Wyo. The Roman Catholic Dio-\\ncese of Cheyenne is established.\\nAug. The first church for the Chi-\\nnese on the Pacific Coast is dedicated\\nby the Baptist Home Missionary Society.\\nOct. 25. The Arkansas Association\\n(Congregational) ta organized.\\nOct. 28. M. F. Burke is consecrated\\n(Roman Catholic) bishop of Cheyenne.\\nColo. The Roman Catholic Diocese of\\nDenver is established.\\nOct. Colo. Nicholas C. Matz is conse-\\ncrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Den-\\nver.\\nNov. 17. Minn. The Minnesota Confer-\\nence (Unitarian) is organized at St. Paul.\\nLETTERS.\\n1886 The Wind of Destiny, by Arthur\\nS. Hardy, appears.\\nThe Golden Justice, by William Henry\\nBishop, appears.\\nOlivia Delaplaine, by Edgar Fawcett,\\nappears also, An Ambitious Woman.\\nThe Minister s Charge^ by William\\nDean Howells, appears.\\nSnowbound at JEagles, by Bret Harte,\\nappears.\\nTheir Pilgrimage, by Charles Dudley\\nWarner, appears.\\nEast Angels, by Constance Fenimore\\nWoolson, appears.\\n1S87 May 20. Cat. The corner-stone\\nof the Stanford University at Palo Alto\\nis laid.\\nSept.* Wyo. The University of Wyo-\\nming: at Laramie is opened.\\nS0CD2TY.\\n1886 Tenn. The State hospital for\\nthe insane is located at Bolivar.\\nUtah. The establishment of an indus-\\ntrial home at Salt Lake City for -women\\nabandoning polygamy is authorized by\\nCongress.\\nU. S. Teachers in the Indian schools\\nare required to give instruction on the\\neffects of alcohol on the human sys-\\ntem.\\nWash. The school for defective\\nyouth established by the Government at\\nVancouver is opened.\\nThe International Young Wom-\\nen s Christian Association is formed.\\n1S87 Jan. 29. D. C. Congress passes\\na bill to grant pensions of $6 and $S\\nper month to veterans of the war -with\\nMexico, who are physically disabled or\\nover 62 years of age.\\nJan. New York. The National As-\\nsociation of Naval Veterans is organ-\\nized.\\nFeb. 5. Vt. The State locates a\\nSoldiers* Home at Bennington.\\nFeb. N. Y. Mrs. Roxalana Druse, con-\\nvicted of the murder of her husband,\\nis hanged at Herkimer her daughter,\\nan accomplice, is imprisoned for life.\\nMar. 21. N. J. James Titus, the janitor\\nof Hackettstown seminary, is sentenced\\nto be hanged for the murder of Tillie\\nSmith, a servant, on Apr. 9, 1SS6. [His", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1886, -1887, Nov. 26. 327\\nsenteuee is commuted to imprisonment\\nfor life.]\\nMay 5. Miss. Roderick Dhu Gam-\\nbrell, a prohibition editor, is murdered\\nCol. J. S. Hamilton is arrested, and\\nacquitted through partisan influence.\\nMay Neb. A State institution for\\nyouth of feeble mind is opened at\\nBeatrice.\\nMay The Triennial Meeting of the\\nGeneral Eldership of the Church of\\nGod declares against license.\\nAll kinds of license or tax favoring\\nthe liquor-traffic, whether high or low,\\nare wrong in principle, and demand the\\nopposition of the Church, and of good\\nmen and women everywhere.\\nJune 7. Tex. Bishop H. M. Turner (col-\\nored) is mobbed by anti-prohibitionists.\\nJune 16. Mass. Labor Day, the first\\nMonday in September, is established as\\na legal holiday.\\nJune 22. Ky. A murderous feud, in\\nRowan County, of ten years standing,\\nis closed.\\nTwo families, the Holbrooks and the\\nUnderwoods, living at Morehead, lead\\nthe strife, which began with a charge\\nof horse-stealing and sometimes rose\\nto actual war. The sheriff kills Craig\\nTolliver and his gang, which ends the\\nfeud.\\nJune* O. The General Synod of the\\nGerman Reformed Church at Akron\\nresolves against the liquor-traffic.\\nWe view with profound regret and\\nsorrow the great evil of intemperance,\\nand we here and now, before God\\nand the nation, record our protest\\nagainst it, and earnestly call upon our\\nsynods, classes, and churches to unite\\nwith us in zealous and persistent Chris-\\ntian efforts looking towards its speedy\\nextermination.\\nJune* The Reformed (Dutch) Church\\nin General Synod favors temperance.\\nIt reiterates the deliverance of\\nformer synods on the subject of temper-\\nance, and urges increased interest and\\nzeal throughout the denomination in\\ngospel temperance work.\\nJuly 1. Kan. The Soldiers Orphans\\nHome at Atchison is opened for the\\nreception of children.\\nJuly 14. New York. Jacob Sharp is\\nconvicted of bribery in securing the\\nfavorable action of the Board of Alder-\\nmen, respecting the Broadway surface\\nroad he is sentenced to imprisonment\\nfor four years and to pay a fine of $5,000.\\n[The Court of Appeals reverses the\\nsentence.]\\nAug. Mo. Several Bald-Knob Reg-\\nulators are tried and fined at Ozark.\\nSept. 15. Phila. The centenary of the\\nadoption of the Federal Constitution\\nin this city is celebrated by a procession\\nfive miles long, which illustrates the\\nprogress of trade and industry.\\nSept. 27. Mo. The Grand Army of\\nthe Republic meets in its 21st National\\nEncampment at St. Louis John P. Rae\\nof Minn., commander-in-chief.\\nSept. The General Conference of the\\nEvangelical Church declares for pro-\\nhibition.\\nIt is the duty of Christians To faith-\\nfully cooperate with all proper move-\\nments for the instruction of the children\\nand youth, the reformation of the ine-\\nbriate, and the restriction and prohibi-\\ntion of the liquor-traffic. It also dis-\\ncountenances the use of tobacco.\\nSept. 29. Term, The Constitutional\\nProhibitory Amendment is defeated\\nby 27,693 majority. Vote, 117,504^145,197.\\nOct. 15. Mo. The State insane asylum\\nat Nevada is opened.\\nNov. 11. Chicago. Four of the An-\\narchists engaged in the May riot Aug-\\nust Spies, Adolf Fischer, George Engel,\\nand Albert R. Parsons, are executed\\nFielden and Schwab are sentenced to\\nimprisonment for life; Oscar Nebe, for\\n15 years and one, Lingg, escapes by\\nsuicide. Great efforts have been made\\nto have their sentences commuted.\\nNov. 15. New York. The Chamber of\\nCommerce gives Right Hon. Joseph\\nChamberlain of London a banquet.\\nSTATE.\\n18S7 Jan. 3. U. S. Congress extends\\nthe postal free-delivery system so as\\nto include all towns having 10,000 popu-\\nlation.\\nJan. 21. B. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Interstate Commerce Bill,\\nproviding for the appointment of five\\ncommissioners with large powers over\\nrailway charges. Vote, 219-41. The Sen-\\nate has already passed the bill. Vote,\\n43-15.\\nJan. 24. D. C. Congress The Senate\\npasses the Edmunds Canadian Fish-\\neries Bill.\\nFeb. 1. B.C. President Cleveland vetoes\\nthe Dependent Pension Bill.\\nFeb. 4. B. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses a bill to refund the States $20,-\\n000,000 collected by the direct tax Act\\nof 1861.\\nIT. S. The Interstate Commerce\\nBill becomes a law.\\nFeb. 6. Kan. Woman suffrage goes\\ninto effect.\\nMar. 3. B.C. Congress passes the Fish-\\neries Retaliation Bill.\\nB. C. The President approves the Ed-\\nmunds-Tucker Act for the suppression\\nof polygamy.\\nMar. 4. B. C. The 49th Congress ends.\\nMar. 31. B.C. Charles S. Fairchild\\nof New York is appointed secretary of\\nthe Treasury, as successor to Daniel\\nManning.\\nApr. li. I. The Republicans lose Khode\\nIsland in the State election, for the first\\ntime in 30 years.\\nJune 16. B. C. President Cleveland re-\\nscinds his order to restore the captured\\nConfederate flags.\\nJune 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal\\nyear. Revenue: Customs, $217,286,893\\ninternal revenue, $118,823,391; direct\\ntax, $32,802 ;jsales. if public hinds, $9,254,-\\n286; miscellaneous items, $2G,(K).~..S15.\\nTotal revenue, $371,403,278; excess of\\nrevenue over ordinary expenditures,\\n$103,471,008. Expenditures Miscella-\\nneous items. $8. ,264,82( War Depart-\\nment, $38,561,026; Navy Department,\\n$15,141,127 Indians, $6,194,523 pen-\\nsions, $75,029,102; interest on the public\\ndebt, $47,741,577. Total ordinary expen-\\nditures, $267,932,180. Public debt, $1,664,-\\n461,536 [on Dec. 1st]. Exports, $716,183,-\\n211 imports, $692,319,768.\\nNov. 19. D. C. British members of\\nthe Joint Commission respecting fish-\\neries are received at Washington,\\nJoseph Chamberlain, Sir Lionel S. West,\\nand Sir Charles Tupper.\\nNov. 21. B. C. The Fisheries Joint\\nCommission holds its first meeting at\\nWashington.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n18S7 Jan. 7. Cal. Thomas Stevens\\narrives in San Francisco from a tour\\naround the world on a bicycle dis-\\ntance, 11,700 miles time, less than three\\nyears.\\nFeb. 5. Vt. A derailed train takes\\nfire near White River Junction; 30 lives\\nare lost, and 37 persons injured.\\nMar. 1. Ala. The steamer W. B. Gard-\\nner takes fire on the Tombigbee River;\\n21 lives are lost.\\nMar. 14. Mass. A train on the Boston and\\nProvidence Railroad breaks through\\na bridge near Boston; 32 persons are\\nkilled.\\nJune 27. Harvard defeats Columbia in\\na boat-race time, 20.24.\\nJune 30. Columbia Freshmen defeat\\nHarvard; time, 11.13|.\\nJuly 5. Mass. The sixth intercollegiate\\nboat-race for fours is pulled on Lake\\nQuinsigamond, U miles straight. Time,\\n9.28J the Cornells beat the Bowdoins\\nby two feet.\\nJuly 10. N. Y. The yacht Mystery cap-\\nsizes in Jamaica Bay 25 lives are lost.\\nJuly 27. III. Trains collide near Hope-\\ndale; nine persons are killed, and 15\\ninjured.\\nAug. 10. The Inman Line steamer City\\nof Montreal, from New York to Liver-\\npool, loaded with cotton, burns at sea,\\n400 miles off Newfoundland.\\nIII. An excursion train falls through\\na burning bridge near Chatsworth 75\\npersons are killed, and 279 injured.\\nAug. Ga. An Interstate Farmers\\nConvention meets at Atlanta.\\nSept. 15-17. Plula. The Centennial\\nof the signing of the Federal Constitu-\\ntion is celebrated.\\nSept. 27-29. New York. The schooner\\nVolunteer defeats the cutter Thistle\\n(Royal Clyde Yacht Club) in a race for\\nthe America cup.\\nSept. 30. N. Y. The new Capitol at\\nAlbany has cost $17,914,875.\\nOct. 10. Ind. Trains collide near\\nKouts, killing 10 persons.\\nNov. 19. The steamer La Bourgogne runs\\nfrom New York to Havre in seven days,\\neight hours, and 29 minutes.\\nNov. 20. Conn. P. T. Barnum s great\\nmenagerie at Bridgeport is burned,\\nand many animals perish loss, about\\n$700,000.\\nNov. 26. Cal. The horses Arab and\\nConde trot one mile (double) in 2.18^ at\\nSan Francisco.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "328 1887, Nov. 30-1888, Apr. 7.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1888 Jan. 31. D. C. Com.Winfield S.\\nSchley is promoted captain U. S. N.\\nMar. O. The Regular Army and\\nNavy Union is organized at Cincinnati.\\nApr. 6. John R. Brooke is commissioned\\nbrigadier-general. [July 6. Thomas L.\\nCasey.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1887 Nov. Jj. C. S. P. Langley, of\\nthe Smithsonian Institution, makes\\npublic the result of his experiments\\nrelative to the moon s temperature.\\nISTov. A graphophone, invented by\\nAlexander Graham Bell, is announced.\\nNov. D. C. The gramophone, in-\\nvented by Emilie Berliner of Washing-\\nton, is announced.\\nCal. The Legislature makes an ap-\\npropriation of $5,000 for the erection of\\na monument to the memory of James\\nW. Marshall, the first discoverer of\\ngold.\\nla. An observatory is erected for\\nthe Iowa College.\\nInd. The Legislature makes an ap-\\npropriation for the erection of a sol-\\ndiers and sailors monument in Clyde\\nPark, Indianapolis cost, $200,000.\\nNew York. J. Francis Murphy of this\\ncity is elected a member of the National\\nAcademy of Design.\\nJV. Y. The observatory of the Uni-\\nversity of Syracuse is erected.\\nPa. The Bucknell University Obser-\\nvatory is founded at Lewisburg.\\nPaper bottles first appear.\\nThe statue of Abraham Lincoln is\\nexecuted by A. St. Gaudens for Lincoln\\nPark, Chicago.\\n1888 Jan. 11-13. U. S. A terrific\\nsnow-storm prevails in the Northwest\\nmore than 200 people perish.\\nFeb. 19. A cyclone visits Mount\\nVernon 36 lives are lost, and 125 per-\\nsons injured the town is nearly de-\\nstroyed.\\nMar. 11-13. A blizzard of extraordi-\\nnary severity prevails along the North\\nAtlantic Coast high wind, severe cold,\\nand much snow combine to interrupt\\ncommunication between New York,\\nPhiladelphia, and Boston. Many wrecks\\nare made, and about 400 lives are lost\\nfood is at famine prices in the cities for\\na few days.\\nApr. 5. Wis. The Layton Art Gal-\\nlery at Milwaukee is opened.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1887.\\nDec. 18. Walter, Thos. Ustie, architect, AS:t.\\nDec. 32. Hayden, Ferdinand Vandeveer,\\nauthor, explorer, geologist, A58.\\nDec. 24. Manning, Daniel, secretary of\\ntreasury, A56.\\n1888.\\nJan. 30. Gray, Asa, botanist, author, pro-\\nfessor at Harvard, ATS.\\nFeb. 5. Tyron, George Washington, con-\\nchologist, A50.\\nFeb. 15. Locke, David Ross, humorous\\nwriter (Petroleum Vesuvius Nastoy), A55.\\nMar. 4. Alcott, Amos Bronson, transcen-\\ndental philosopher, A89.\\nMar. 6. Alcott, Louisa May, author, A55.\\nMar. 8. Strother, David Hunter, artist,\\nillustrator (Porte-Crayon), A7-.\\nMar. 12. Bergh. Henry, founder Society\\nfor Prevention of ruellv to An finals, A*i5.\\nMar. 23. Waite. Morrison Remlck. chief\\njustice U. S., A72.\\nMar. 27. Darley, Felix Octavius C, artist,\\nillustrator, A66.\\nCHURCH.\\n1887 Nov. 30. Kan. Richard Scannell\\nis consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop\\nof Concordia.\\nNeb. Thomas Bonacum is conse-\\ncrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Lin-\\ncoln.\\nDee.* New York. The Unitarian Club is\\norganized.\\nAlas. W. Duncan establishes a vil-\\nlage of 70 Christian Indians all of\\nthem removals from British. America.\\nColo. The Protestant Episcopal Dio-\\ncese of Colorado is organized.\\nInd. The Annual Convention (Dis-\\nciples of Christ) is held at Indianapolis\\nC. L. Loos, president.\\nThe Roman Catholic Dioceses of Belle-\\nville, 111., Wichita and Concordia, Kan.,\\nare established.\\nMinn. The Baptist Annual Meet-\\ning is held in Minneapolis.\\nMich. The Western Michigan Con-\\ngregational Club is formed at Grand\\nRapids.\\nNeb. The 33d General Synod\\n(Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Omaha.\\nNeb. The 101st General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets at Omaha J. T.\\nSmith, moderator.\\nN. Y. P. A. Ludden is consecrated\\n(Roman Catholic) bishop of Syracuse.\\nPa. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Philadelphia;\\nM. M. Gibson, moderator.\\nThe Presbyterian General Assem-\\nblies, North and South, appoint com-\\nmittees to consider reunion.\\n1888 Jan. 6. Tex. James S. Johnson\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nmissionary bishop of Western Texas.\\nJan. 25. Nev. Utah. Abiel Leonard is\\nconsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) mis-\\nsionary bishop of Nevada and Utah.\\nMar. 11. Pa. Thomas McGovern is con-\\nsecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nHarrisburg.\\nMar. 22. The Cincinnati Church Exten-\\nsion Society is organized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1887 Ma. The Normal School is\\nopened by the State at Troy.\\nAla. The Age-Herald is issued at Bir-\\nmingham.\\n*Cal. Los Angeles University (Bapt.)\\nis founded. A State tax is levied for the\\nUniversity of California of one cent\\non each $100 worth of property.\\nD. C. The Catholic University of\\nAmerica is organized at Washington.\\nKy. Union College (Meth. Epis.) is\\nfounded at Barbourville.\\nMo. Missouri Wesleyan Institute\\n(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Cameron.\\nN. C. The State opens the colored\\nNormal School at Goldsborough.\\nN. Dak. Fargo College is opened.\\nNew York. The Keening World is\\nfounded by Joseph Pulitzer the Press\\nby Robert P. Porter. SeriOner s Maga-\\nzine is founded.\\nN. Y. Pratt Institute (non-sect.) is\\norganized at Brooklyn.\\nO. Shepardson College (Fem. Bapt.)\\nis founded at Granville.\\nOre. Mount Angel College (Rom.\\nCath.) is organized at Mount Angel.\\nB. I. The Legislature passes a com-\\npulsory school law.\\nS. Dak. Black Hills College (Meth.\\nEpis.) is founded at Hot Springs. State\\nSchool of Mines at Rapid City opened.\\nWis. The Normal School at Oshkosh\\nis opened by the State.\\nU. S. Number of American and im-\\nported books published in 1887,4,437, be-\\nsides minor cheap libraries.\\nAmerican Literature, by Edwin Percy\\nWhipple, appears; also, Recollections of\\nEminent Men.\\nk American Literature, by C. F. Rich-\\nardson, appears.\\nfc The Broader Range and Outlook of\\nthe Modern College Training, by Richard\\nSalter Storrs, appears.\\nThe Fortunes of War, by Flora Haines\\nLonghead, appears.\\nfc A Humble Romance and Other Stories,\\nby Mary E. Wilkins, appears.\\nThe Gates Between, by Elizabeth Stu-\\nart Phelps, appears.\\nMadrigals and Catches, by Frank\\nDempster Sherman, appears.\\nManual of North American Birds, by\\nRobert Ridgway, appears.\\nc The Empire State, by Benson J. Loss-\\ning, appears.\\nf- History of the Inquisition of the Mid-\\ndle Ages, by Henry Charles Lea, appears.\\n1 The Hundredth Man, by FtankRichard\\nStockton, appears.\\nModern Italian Poets, by William Dean\\nHowells, appears.\\nThe Gray sons, by Edward Eggleston,\\nappears.\\nSaracinesca, by Francis Marion Craw-\\nford, appears also, Marzio s Crucifix,\\nand Paul Pat off.\\nThe House at High Bridge, by Edgar\\nFawcett, appears.\\n1 Old Virginia and Other Stories, by\\nThomas Nelson Page, appears.\\nr One Hundred Days in Europe, by\\nOliver Wendell Holmes, appears.\\nCharacter Sketches, by James Whit-\\ncomb Riley, appears also, Afterichiles.\\nBallads About Authors, by Harriet\\nPrescott Spofford, appears.\\n1 Thomas Hart Benton, by Theodore\\nRoosevelt, appears.\\nThe Great Cryptogram, by Ignatius\\nDonnelly, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1887, Nov. 30-1888, Apr. 7. 329\\nRecollections of a Minister to France,\\nby Elisha B. Washburne, appears.\\nPatrick Henry, by Moses Coit Tyler,\\nappears.\\nIn Realms of Gold, by James Benj.\\nKenyon, appears.\\nSeth s Brother s Wife, by Harold Fred-\\neric, appears.\\nThe White Sail and Other Poems, by\\nLouise Imogen Guiiiey, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1887 Nov.* Tenn. The Woman s\\nChristian Temperance Union meets\\nin National Convention at Nashville;\\nFrances Willard, president.\\nHot. Minn. The State opens a Sol-\\ndiers* Home at Minnehaha Falls.\\nDee. 10. Mich. Ten counties vote on\\nlocal option, and all are carried for\\nprohibition.\\nDec. 12. D. C. Senator Blair introduces\\na resolution in the Senate proposing\\nFederal prohibition of the liquor-\\ntraffic.\\nDec. 17. The Republican League of\\nthe United States is organized at Chick-\\nering Hall, N. Y.\\nDec. 24 Pa. About 30,000 em-\\nployees of the Reading Railroad\\nunsuccessfully strike for increased\\nwages they hold out two months, at a\\nwage-loss of $3,620,000.\\nDec. Pa. The Knights of Labor\\norder colliers and railroad employees to\\nstrike 50,000 men go out on Dec. 28\\nthe strike of the railroad employees\\nends.\\nCal. The Asylum for the Chronic\\nIns ane is completed in Santa Clara\\nCounty.\\nDak. Tbe Territorial Legislature\\npasses a Local Option Law in the\\nlicensing of tbe liquor-traffic. Michigan\\nand Montana pass similar laws.\\nGa. The prohibitionists are defeated\\nat the Local Option election in Fulton\\nbounty.\\nK lnd. The Legislature establishes a\\nSc ol for Feeble-Mi nded Youth at\\nFoi Wayne.\\nK(\\\\ t The Legislature passes a law\\nto su oress t ne sa e f liquor as a\\nbeverafe a f drug-stores.\\nMass. pbe Legislature passes a law\\nprohibitiL tlie begging or peddling\\nin the strkg Dy children.\\n*Mich. Tl Constitutional Prohibi-\\ntory AmenCjgjrt js de f ea ted by 5,645\\nmajority. Th CitizengS jj nion is orga\\nnized for proh^^ on a non _ partis;m\\nbasis.\\nMinn The Le slature provides for\\nHigh License wh s proniDition is not\\nadopted.\\n*N.J. Labor Day.^ firgt Monday\\nin September, is estak, hed ag ft ega]\\nholiday. The Legislati enactg ft bU]\\ngiving women a right tc^ scho 1\\nmeetings.\\nMo. Prohibition is adopted in 50 out\\nof 78 counties holding elections.\\nNew York. Forty-seven women vote\\nat the election and are not punished.\\nOre. The Portland Methodist Hos-\\npital is founded. The Constitutional\\nProhibitory Amendment is defeated\\nby 7,985 majority. Labor Day, the first\\nSaturday in June, is made a legal holi-\\nday.\\nS. C. The Legislature enacts a pen-\\nsion system for Confederate soldiers,\\nwho receive $5 a month if disabled, and\\nwidows of those killed in the war receive\\nthe same.\\nPennsylvania enacts the Brooks\\nLaw, a high-license and restrictive\\nmeasure.\\nThe New England Order of Pro-\\ntection is founded.\\nTex. The Legislature votes to sub-\\nmit a Constitutional Prohibitory\\nAmendment (80-21 and 22-8). [Later it\\nis defeated by 91,357 majority.]\\nW. Va. A Democratic House votes\\nto submit the Constitutional Prohibi-\\ntory Amendment (55-10).\\nU. S. The General Conference of the\\nWesleyan Methodists resolves for\\nprohibition.\\nIt declares, That law must be an\\nadjunct of moral means, in order to\\nsuppress the traffic side of this evil.\\nTbe appetite may be reached through\\nthe church and home but the public\\ntraffic must be struck through the law,\\nand back of the law should be a political\\norganization in sympathy with it, and\\npledged to its enforcement, in order to\\nits efficiency.\\nThe Presbyterian General Assembly\\nproposes to raise a permanent fund of\\n$1,000,000 for disabled ministers\\nand their families.\\n1888 Feb. 26-Apr. 11. 111. A great\\nstrike takes place on the Chicago, Bur-\\nlington, and Quincy Railroad.\\nMar. 25. D. C. The International Coun-\\ncil of Women, for the promotion of the\\nwelfare of women, meets at Washington.\\nSTATE.\\n1887 Nov. Dak. The people vote to\\ndivide the Territory into North and\\nSouth Dakota.\\nDec. 5. D.C. The 50th Congress opens.\\nD.C. The U.S. Supreme Court decides\\nagainst the compensation claims of\\nbrewers whose property is impaired in\\nvalue by prohibitory laws tbe court\\nvotes 7 to 1 in favor of the decision.\\nDec. 6. D, C. Congress Senate John\\nJ. Ingalls (Rep.) of Kan. is reelected\\nPresident pro tempore. House: JohnG.\\nCarlisle (Dem.) of Ky. is reelected\\nSpeaker.\\nMe. Capital punishment is again\\nabolished. Labor Day is established.\\nNew York. Abram S. Hewitt is elected\\nthe 85th mayor.\\nV. S. Governors inaugurated\\nCat. Wash. Bartlett (deceased).\\n-91 Cal. Henry H. Markman.\\n-88 Colo. Alva Adams.\\n-89 Conn. Phineas C. Lounsbury.\\n-91 Del. Benjamin T. Biggs.\\n-93 Kan, Lyman U. Humphreys.\\n-91 Ky. Simon B. Buckner.\\n-88 Me. Sebastian S. Marble.\\n-90 Mass. Oliver Ames.\\n-91 Mich. Cyrus G. Luce.\\nMo. A. G. Morehouse (acting).\\n-90 Nev. Christopher C. Stevenson.\\n-89 N. H. Charles H. Sawyer.\\n-90 N.J. Robert S. Green,\\n-95 Ore. Sylvester Pennoyer.\\n-91 Penn. James A. Beaver.\\n-88 R. I. John W. Davis.\\n-91 Tenn. Robert L. Taylor.\\n-91 Tex. Lawrence S. Ross.\\n1888 Jan. R. I. The Legislature re-\\nmoves the property qualifications of\\nvoters.\\nJan. 19. Wyo. Woman Suffrage is es-\\ntablished by law.\\nFeb. 15. D. C. The treaty respecting\\nAmerican Fisheries is signed at Wash-\\nington by the Joint High Commission.\\nMar. 14. D. C. A treaty is made with\\nChina prohibiting the immigration of\\nChinese laborers for 20 years.\\nApr. 2. D. C. Congress: House Roger\\nQ. Mills of Texas introduces the Mills\\nTariff Bill.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1887 Dec. 31. Ky. Trains collide and\\ntake fire near Greenwood six persons\\nare killed and 21 injured.\\nU. S. Statistics for 1887.\\nProduction Gold, $33, 000,000 silver,\\n$53,357,000 bushels of grain Indian\\ncom, 1,456,161,000; wheal, 456,329.000;\\noats, 659,618,000 barley, 56,812,000; rye,\\n20,691,000; buckwheat, 10,844,000; bales\\nof cotton, 6,513,624 pounds of wool,\\n285,000,00(1 barrels of petroleum, 28,278,-\\n866. Immigrants received (fiscal year),\\n490,109. Currency in circulation, $317.-\\n539,143; percapita, $22.45. Miles of rail-\\nroads worked, 137,028 capital stock,\\n$4,191,502,02!); total accidents, 1,491 per-\\nsons killed, 656; injured, 1,946. Fire-\\nwaste, $120,283,0.15 insurance, $69,659,-\\n508; lives lost, 622. Business failures,\\n9,740; liabilities, $130,605,000.\\nMass. The State sells its interest in\\nthe Hoosac Tunnel and the Troy and\\nGreenfield Railroad to the Fitchburg\\nRailroad Company.\\nThe Coronet defeats the Dauntless in\\na yacht race across the Atlantic\\ndistance, 2,949 miles time, 14 days, 23\\nhours, and 30 minutes.\\n1888 Jan. 4. Ire. The ship Alfred D.\\nSnow is wrecked off Waterford 28 lives\\nare lost.\\nJan. 10. Mass. A train is wrecked by\\na broken wheel near Haverhill nine\\npersons are killed and 13 injured.\\nFeb. 22. Cal. The ferry boat Julia ex-\\nplodes her boiler at South Vallejo 36\\npersons are killed.\\nMar. 17. Ga. A derailed train breaks\\nthrough a bridge near Blackshear 27\\npersons are killed and 35 wounded.\\nMar. 27. Kan. The town of Ninnescah\\nis destroyed by a gale.\\nApr. 7. O. The Centennial celebration\\nof the founding of Marietta is cele-\\nbrated.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "330 1888, Apr. 7 -Dec. 24.\\nAMI-RICA:\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1888 Apr. 7. Cyrus B.Comstock is com-\\nmissioned colonel corps of engineers.\\n[Apr. 24. Edwin C. Mason 3d infantry.\\nApr. 25. Henry W. Closson 4th artil-\\nlery. July 23. Orlando M. Poe corps of\\nengineers. Aug. 5. Nathan W. Osborne\\n5th infantry. Aug. 31. Robert P.\\nHughes. Oct. 19. Henry C. Hodges-\\nquartermaster department.]\\nJunel. B.C. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan\\nreceives the rank of General of U. S. A.\\nby Act of Congress.\\nJuly Kan. State troops are sent to\\nStevens County to preserve the peace,\\nthe sheriff having been murdered in the\\ncounty-seat contest.\\nAug. 14. Brig.-Gen. John M. Schofield\\nis appointed 18th commander TJ. S. A.\\nNov. Ky. State troops are stationed\\nin Perry County to protect the Circuit\\nCourt from partizans in the Freneh-\\nEversole feud.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n188S June Cat. The Lick Observa-\\ntory of the University of California is\\nequipped, having a telescope with an\\naperture of 36 inches and a focal length\\nof 56 feet 6 inches it is transferred to\\nthe regents of the University of Cali-\\nfornia by the trustees.\\nAug. 7. N. Y. A new comet is observed\\nby W. R. Brooks of Geneva.\\nOct. 31. Tenn. A new comet is ob-\\nserved by E. E. Barnard of Nashville.\\nNov. 25. A storm strikes the Atlantic\\nCoast region it causes 45 deaths and\\nwrecks 50 vessels.\\nNov. Edison s improved phonograph\\nis exhibited.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1888.\\nApr. 7. GUlmore, Quincy Adams, maj.-\\ngen. U. S. A., A63.\\nApr. 8. Walling, Henry Francis, cartog-\\nrapher, At 3.\\nApr. 17. Squier, Ephraim George, archeol-\\nogist, A67.\\nApr. 18. Agnew, Cornelius Kea, phy-\\nsician, surgeon professor, A58.\\nConkling, Roscoe, lawver, M. C, sen-\\nator for N. Y., A59.\\nApr. 26. Lozier, lemetn-e Sophia, phy-\\nsician, A76.\\nMay 2. Brown, John H. H-, P. E. bishop\\nof Fond-du-Lac, A57.\\nMay 3. Tarbox, Increase Niles, Cong,\\nclergyman, author, A73.\\nMay 6. Northen, Amos Henry, geologist,\\nA75.\\nJune 38. Jarves, James .Jarksun, art critic,\\nA70.\\nHazard, Rowland Gibson, manufac-\\nturer, author, A87.\\nJuly 19. Roe, Edward Payson, Pres. cler-\\ngyman, novelist, A50.\\nAugr. 5. Sheridan. Philip Henry, gen,-\\nin-chief U. S. A., A57.\\nAug-. 21. Harris, Samuel S., P. E. bishop\\nof Mich., A46.\\nSept. Q. Wallack, John Johnstone (Lester\\nWallack), actor, dramatist, A68.\\nSept. 12. Proctor. Richard Anthony, as-\\ntronomer, lecturer, A54.\\nSept. 21. Warren, William, comedian,\\nA76.\\nOct. 16. Wentworth, John, M. C. for 111.,\\njournalist, A73.\\nOct. 19. Welles, Edward R., P. E. bishop\\nof Wis., A58.\\nWight, Orlando Williams, author, trans-\\nlator, A64.\\nDec. 10. LeRov, Ed-ar,\\nA70.\\nDec. 22. Meeker, Jsaac\\nof Paulists, A69.\\nrear-adm. U. 8. A.,\\nThomas, foumler\\nCHURCH.\\n1888 Apr. 25. John Janssen is con-\\nsecrated first (Roman Catholic.) bishop of\\nBelleville.\\nMay 1. ill. James Ryan is consecrated\\n(Roman Catholic) bishop of Alton.\\nMay 1 New York. The General Con-\\nference (Methodist Episcopal) is held.\\nThe limit of the pastoral term is ex-\\ntended to live years. Bishops elected\\nJohn H. Vincent, Isaac W. Joyce, Daniel\\nA. Goodsell, John P. Newman, James N.\\nFitzgerald James M. Tborburn, mis-\\nsionary bishop for India.\\nMay. 4. Minn. The Roman Catholic\\nDiocese of St. Paul is created an arch-\\ndiocese.\\nMay 13. New York. Chinese mission-\\nwork is begun by the Methodist Epis-\\ncopal Church.\\nMay 15. Minn. John Ireland, (Roman\\nCatholic) bishop of St. Paul, is pro-\\nmoted archbishop of the Province of\\nSt. Paul.\\nMay 18. Mich. The Methodist Prot-\\nestant General Conference meets at\\nAdrian.\\nMay 19. Boston. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nMay 24. Phila. The first century of\\nthe General Assembly is celebrated\\nby the two Assemblies (Northern and\\nSouthern).\\nMay Bishop Taylor s Self-support-\\ning Missions have received about 100\\nmissionaries in three years.\\nJuly 1. Leo Haid is consecrated (Roman\\nCatholic) titular bishop of Messene\\n[later, bishop of North Carolina].\\nJuly The Christian Endeavor Societies\\nreport 4.S79 organizations in America.\\nSept. The General Synod (Moravian)\\nmeets.\\nOct. 18. Del. Leighton Coleman is con-\\nsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop\\nof Delaware.\\nOct. B. C. Congress passes an act for\\nthe suppression of lawlessness on the\\npart of the Mormon hierarchy.\\nNov. 4. Mich. John S. Foley is con-\\nsecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of De-\\ntroit.\\nNov. 30. Kan. John J. Hennessey is\\nconsecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nWichita.\\nNov. N. J. The Arabian Mission is\\norganized at the Theological Seminary\\n(Reformed Dutch) in New Brunswick.\\nDec. 12. The American Sabbath\\nUnion is organized, to preserve the\\nChristian Sabbath as a day of rest and\\nworship.\\nLETTERS.\\n1888 May 10. D. C. Congress passes\\nthe International Copyright Bill,\\nMay 24. B. C. The corner-stone of the\\nCatholic University of America is\\nlaid at Washington in the presence of\\nthe President and his cabinet.\\nAug. 29. Minn. The Normal School\\nis opened by the State at Moorhead.\\nOct. Ga. The Technological School\\nis opened at Atlanta as a branch of the\\nState Ciiiversity.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1888 May 18. Mo. David Walker and\\nthree other leaders of Bald Knob ter-\\nrorists are sentenced to be hanged.\\nMay The General Conference of the\\nAfrican Methodist Episcopal Zion\\nChurch (300,000 members) resolves in\\nfavor of temperance.\\nThis General Conference reaffirms\\nits stand against intemperance and vhe\\nuse of intoxicating liquors in any form\\nas a beverage; we favor every means that\\ncan be brought to bear for the destruc-\\ntion of the traffic in all intoxicating\\ndrinks as a beverage in State and na-\\ntion. We also heartily recommend that\\nunfermented wine be used in the sacra-\\nmental service as far as possible.\\nMay* The General Conference of the\\nAfrican Methodist Episcopal Church\\n(400,000 members) resolves in favor of\\ntemperance.\\nThat we indorse the great Prohibi-\\ntion movement in this country, and\\nwill use all honorable means to suppress\\nthe evils growing out of intemperance.\\nThat it shall be a crime for any\\nminister or member of the A. M. E.\\nChurch to tight against temperance, and\\nif convicted of this crime he shall lose\\nhis place in the Conference and Church.\\nMay The Bishops address to the Gen-\\neral Conference of the Methodist Epis-\\ncopal Church declares against licensing\\nthe liquor-trarfic.\\nThe liquor-traffic is so pernicious\\nthat the only proper attitude toward it\\nfor Christians is that of relentless hos-\\ntility. It can never be legalized without\\nprinciple and powerless as a remedy.\\nJune 1. Pa. The Brooks Law goes into\\neffect license fee, $500.\\nJune 25. The National Republican Con-\\nvention resolves for temperance.\\nThe first concern of all good govern-\\nment is the virtue and sobriety of th\\npeople and the purity of the home t e\\nRepublican party cordially sympathies\\nwith all wise and well-directed eff rt s\\nfor the promotion of temperance an\\nmorality.\\nJune 30. Since 1S40 the average -mual\\nconsumption of all kinds of lu ior s for\\neach individual has increased rom ^.17\\ngallons to 14.30 gallons the er age an-\\nnual per capita consumpt 11 0I malt\\nliquors advances from vG g Hon to\\n12.4S gallons. The per c ita consump-\\ntion of wine has nearly oublea (Cyc.\\nof Prohibition.)\\nJuly* Neb. A Hom for Soldiers and\\nSailors is opened a raud Island.\\nJuly* N. Y. Cor act labor is Pro-\\nhibited in the Sr e Prisons.\\nAug. 10. Mo. y*\u00e2\u0084\u00a2^ an Englishman,\\nis executed in Louis for tlie murder\\nof Mr. Prelle-\\nSept. 10. O he Grand Army of the\\nRepublic ets in lts d National En-\\nainpmer\\nt Columbus William War-\\nof commander-in-chief.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1888, April 7 -Dec. 24. 331\\nSept.* The Woman s Republican\\nLeague, headed by J. Ellen Foster, is\\norganized.\\nKan. Oskaloosa chooses a woman for\\nmayor and live women for the city coun-\\ncil, thus placing the entire control of the\\nmunicipal administration in the hands\\nof women.\\nSept. The General Synod of the Mora-\\nvian Church favors temperance.\\nResolved that this Synod is opposed\\nto all traffic in intoxicating drinks, and\\nthe use as a beverage of hard cider,\\nbeer, ale, whisky, wine, brandy, gin,\\nrum, patent bitters, etc.\\nOct. 23. Minn. The General Conference\\nof Seventh-day Adventists in conven-\\ntion at Minneapolis declares\\nWe pledge ourselves to labor earn-\\nestly and zealously for the prohibition\\nof the liquor-traffic.\\nNov. 14. Mo. Friends of the condemned\\nBald Knob outlaws, in revenge, seize\\nand hang five of the leading witnesses\\nagainst their condemned companions.\\nDec. 17. New York. A training-school\\nfor nurses is opened at Bellevue hos-\\npital.\\nSTATE.\\n1888 Apr. 13. D. C. Congress;\\nHouse the deadlock on the Direct\\nTax Bill is passed.\\nMay 16. Eng. The American Fisheries\\nTreaty receives the royal assent.\\nMay 17. D. C. James G. Blaine an-\\nnounces that he will not be a candidate\\nfor the presidency.\\nMay 21. D. C. Congress makes the\\nDepartment of Agriculture an exec-\\nutive department.\\nMay 30+. Ind. The 5th Prohibition\\nNational Convention meets at Indi-\\nanapolis, and nominates Gen. Clinton\\nB.Fiskof N.J. for President, and John\\nA. Brooks of Mo. for Vice-President.\\nJune 6+ Mo. The Democratic National\\nConvention meets at St. Louis, and re-\\nnominates Grover Cleveland of N. Y.\\nfor President, and Allen G. Thurman\\nof 0. for Vice-President.\\nJune 25+. Chicago. The Republican\\nNational Convention meets, and nom-\\ninates Benjamin Harrison of Ind. for\\nPresident, and Devi P. Morton of N. Y.\\nfor Vice-President.\\nJune 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal\\nyear. Revenue: Customs, \u00c2\u00a7219,091,174\\ninternal revenue, \u00c2\u00a7124,296,872 direct\\ntax, \u00c2\u00a71,566; sales of public lands, \u00c2\u00a711,-\\n202,017 miscellaneous items, $24,674,-\\n446. Total revenue, \u00c2\u00a7379,266,065 excess\\nof revenue over ordinary expenditures,\\n\u00c2\u00a7111,341,274. Expenditures: Premium\\non loans, purchase of bunds, etc., \u00c2\u00a78,279,-\\n842 miscellaneous items, \u00c2\u00a772,952,261\\nWar Department. .S3S,522,43G; Navy De-\\npartment, \u00c2\u00a710,926.438; Indians, \u00c2\u00a76,249,-\\n308; pensions, \u00c2\u00a780.288.509; interest on\\nthe public debt. \u00c2\u00a744.715,077. Total ordi-\\nnary expenditures, \u00c2\u00a7207.924.801. Princi-\\npal of the publjc debt [Dec. 1], \u00c2\u00a71,680,-\\n917,706: Exports, 095 ,954 ,507 imports,\\n\u00c2\u00a7723,957,114.\\nJuly 21. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Mills Tariff Bill. Vote, 162\\n-149. [The Senate delays action, and the\\nbill fails to become a law.]\\nAug. 20. D. C. Congress The Senate\\napproves the treaty with China pro-\\nhibiting immigration for 20 years.\\nAug. 21. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nrefuses to ratify the treaty respecting\\nthe American Fisheries; vote, 30-27.\\nAug. 23. D. C. Congress receives a\\nmessage from the President respecting\\nthe Fisheries Treaty, and announcing\\na policy of retaliation against Canada.\\nSept. 8. I). C. Congress House passes\\nthe Anti-Canada Retaliation Bill.\\nOct. 20. D. C. The 50th Congress:\\nThe first session of 321 days closes it is\\nthe longest session in congressional\\nhistory.\\nOct. 23. D. C. President Cleveland ap-\\nproves the Chinese Exclusion Bill.\\nOct. 30. I). C. The Administration sug-\\ngests to the British government the\\nrecall of the British minister, Lord\\nSackville-West, because of his indis-\\ncreet letter, published two weeks before\\nelection, and recommending a corre-\\nspondent to vote the Democratic ticket\\nas favorable to British interests. [Presi-\\ndent Cleveland refuses longer to recog-\\nnize Lord West, and he retires.]\\nNov. 6. V. S. 26th Presidential elec-\\ntion; Republicans elected.\\nPopular vote Grover Cleveland\\n(Dem.) of N. Y., 5,536,242 Benjamin\\nHarrison (Rep.) of Ind., 5,440,708; Clin-\\nton B. Fisk (Prohib.) of N. J., 246,S76;\\nAlson J. Streeter (Union Labor) of 111.,\\n146,836; Robert H. Cowdry (United\\nLabor) of 111., 3,073 James L. Curtis\\n(Amer.) of N. Y., 1,591.\\nPopular Vote for President.\\nStates.\\nCandid\\nVTF.S.\\nHarrison\\nCleveland\\nStreeter\\nFisk\\nAla.\\n57,197\\n117,320\\n593\\nArk.\\n58,752\\n85,962\\n10,613\\n514\\nCal.\\n124,816\\n117,729\\n5,761\\nColo.\\n50,774\\n37,567\\n1,266\\n2,191\\nConn.\\n74,584\\n74,920.\\n240\\n4,234\\nDel.\\n12,973\\n16,414\\n400\\nFla.\\n26,65(1\\n39,561\\n403\\nGa.\\n40,446\\n100,449\\n1,808\\n111.\\n370,475\\n348,371\\n7,134\\n21,703\\nInd.\\n263,361\\n261,013\\n2,694\\n9,881\\nla.\\n211,958\\n179,877\\n9,105\\n3,550\\nKan.\\n182,904\\n102,745\\n37,788\\n6,779\\nKy.\\n155,134\\n183,800\\n5,225\\nLa.\\n30,701\\n85,026\\n39\\n127\\nMe.\\n73,734\\n50,482\\n1,345\\n2,690\\nMd.\\n99,986\\n106,168\\n4,767\\nMass.\\n183,892\\n151,855\\n8,701\\nMich.\\n236,387\\n213,469\\n4,555\\n20,945\\nMinn.\\n142,492\\n104,385\\n1,097\\n15,311\\nMiss.\\n30,096\\n85,471\\n222\\n218\\nMo..\\n236,253\\n261,954\\n18,589\\n4,540\\nNeb.\\n108,425\\n80,552\\n4,226\\n9,429\\nNev.\\n7,238\\n5,326\\n41\\nN. H.\\n45,728\\n43,456\\n42\\n1,593\\nN. J.\\n144,360\\n151,508\\n7,933\\nN. Y.\\n650,338\\n635,965\\n626\\n30,231\\nN. C.\\n134,784\\n147,902\\nO.\\n416,054\\n396.455\\n3,496\\n24,356\\nOre.\\n33,291\\n26,522\\n363\\n1,677\\nPenn.\\n52:1,585\\n444,327\\n3,877\\n20,708\\nR. I.\\n21,969\\n17,530\\n1,251\\nS. C.\\n13,740\\n65,825\\nTenn.\\n138,988\\n158,779\\n5,969\\nTex.\\n88,280\\n234,883\\n29,459\\n4,749\\nVt.\\n45,192\\n16,788\\n1,459\\nVa.\\n150,438\\n151,977\\n1,678\\nW.Va.\\n78,171\\n78,677\\n1,508\\n1,084\\nWis.\\n176,553\\n155,232\\n8,552\\n14,277\\nTotal\\n5,440,708\\n5,536,242\\n146,836\\n246,876\\nPer et.\\n47.83\\n48.63\\n1.27\\n2.16\\nPlur.\\n95,534\\nNov. R. I. Republicans regain the as-\\ncendancy.\\nNov. R. T. An amendment to the Con-\\nstitution abolishes the property qualifi-\\ncation for electors.\\nDec. 3. D. C. The 50th Congress The\\nsecond session opens.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n18S8 May 6. An accident occurs on\\nthe Philadelphia and Reading Rail-\\nroad; eight persons are killed and 30\\nwounded.\\nMay The steamer Etrwria runs from\\nQueenstown to New York in six days,\\none hour, and 55 minutes.\\nJune 28. Columbia Freshmen defeat\\nHarvard in a boat-race time, 11.54.\\nJune Wash. A tunnel 1G by 18fc feet,\\nand 9,850 long, piercing Cascade Range,\\nis completed it was begun Apr. 1886.\\nJuly 4. O. The Centennial Exhibi-\\ntion for the Ohio Valley and the Central\\nStates opens at Cincinnati.\\nJuly 12. Pa. A derailed train breaks\\nthrough a bridge near Orange Court-\\nhouse nine persons are killed and 22\\ninjured.\\nAug. 21. N. C. The Interstate Far-\\nmers Association meets at Raleigh.\\nSept. The steamer La Gascoigne runs\\nfrom Havre to New York in seven days\\nand 10 hours.\\nOct. 10. Pa. A collision of excursion\\ntrains occurs near Penn Haven, on the\\nLehigh Valley Railroad; 61 persons are\\nkilled. [On Oct. 16 a second collision\\noccurs on the same road, in which 14\\npersons are killed.]\\nNov. 4. Kan. Delegates to the Na-\\ntional Farmers Congress and Far-\\nmers Trust Association meet in conven-\\ntion at Topeka.\\nNov. 12. The steamer Umbria runs from\\nNew York to Queenstown in six days,\\nthree hours, and four minutes.\\nNov. 17 Fla. Yellow fever prevails\\nat Jacksonville 4,583 cases and 396\\ndeaths are reported.\\nNov. 23. Ind. A fire at Fort Wayne\\ndestroys property valued at \u00c2\u00a7300,000.\\nDec. 12. Ala. The Southern Interstate\\nImmigration Convention meets at\\nMontgomery. Nearly GOO delegates from\\nthe Southern States are present.\\nDec. 15. O. Three acres of property are\\ndestroyed by fire in Cincinnati.\\nMass. Seven acres of buildings are\\nburned in Marblehead loss, \u00c2\u00a71,300,000.\\nDec. 23. Me. The brigantine Snoiv Bird\\nof Brunswick is wrecked two of the\\ncrew are drowned.\\nDec. 24. The steamer Kate Adams burns\\non the Mississippi near Commerce Land-\\ning; 33 lives are lost.\\nLa. The steamer John H. Hannah,\\nladen with cotton, burns near Plaque-\\nmine on the same river 22 lives are lost,\\nand many persons badly burned.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "332 1888, Dec. 25-1889, Jan. 11. AMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1888 D. C. Congress authorizes the\\norganization of the JSTavy Reserves for\\ncoast and harbor defense.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1888 Dee. 26. New York. Fifty thou-\\nsand dollars are granted by the Board\\nof Estimate to the Museums of Art\\nand Natural History on condition that\\nthey be open and free to visitors on two\\nnights of the week.\\nCal. A monument is erected to\\nFrancis S. Key in Golden Gate Park\\nthe cost ($60,000) is provided for by the\\nlegacy of James Lick.\\nMd. The linotype, for casting type\\nby machinery, operated by a keyboard,\\nis perfected by the inventor, Ottmar\\nMergenthaler of Baltimore \u00e2\u0080\u0094speed from\\n3,000 to 6,000 ems per hour.\\nNew York, A bronze statue of Gari-\\nbaldi is unveiled at Washington Square.\\nNew York. Thomas W. Dewing, Wal-\\nter Shirlaw, and Edwin H. Blashfield\\nof New York are elected members of\\nthe National Academy of Design.\\nN. Y. The Smith Observatory at\\nGeneva is erected.\\nU. S. Paper-pulp is first bleached\\nby electricity as a process of manu-\\nfacture.\\n1889 Jan. 1. Pacific Slope. The great\\nsolar eclipse is visible.\\nJan. 3. N, Y. Natural gas is struck in\\nSteuben County. [Also Jan. 20. In\\nCentral Ohio. Oct. 16. In South Dakota.\\nNov. 13. Near Chicago.]\\nJan. 7. Dak. a valuable deposit of\\ncoal is discovered at Centerville.\\nJan. 9. Ind. Shocks of earthquake\\nare felt in this section.\\n[Also Feb. 26. A slight shock of earth-\\nquake is felt at Marion, Ind. Mar. 8.\\nAnother in eastern Pennsylvania, Dela-\\nware, and Maryland. May 18. At An-\\nnapolis, Md. June 5. At Nashville,\\nTenn. June 7. At New Bedford, Mass.\\nJuly 7. At Farmiugton, Me. July 14.\\nAt Covington, Tenn. July 31. In Cali-\\nfornia. Aug. 10. In the Adirondacks,\\nN.Y. Aug. 26. In North Carolina; Aug.\\n28. In Los Angeles, Cal. Sept. 10. At\\nWilkesbarre, Ashley, Kingston, and\\nPittston, Pa.]\\nPa. Tornadoes cause the loss of\\nmany lives and much property in Pitts-\\nburg, and Reading, also at Sunbury,\\nwhere 18 men are buried in the ruins of\\nthe nail-mills Buffalo and Lockport,\\nN. Y., also other towns, suffer the upper\\nSuspension Bridge at Niagara Falls is\\nwrecked.\\nCHURCH.\\n1888 Dec. 28. New York. The Presby-\\nterian Union of this city gives a recep-\\ntion to the committees of the two Pres-\\nbyterian General Assemblies.\\nDec. 30. The Papal encyclical appears;\\nit refers mainly to the materialistic and\\natheistic tendencies of the times.\\nThe Reformed Episcopal Synod of\\nCanada is organized.\\nB.C. The Baptist Annual Meeting-\\nis held in Washington.\\nla. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian; meets at Cedar Rapida;\\nWilliam T. Meloy, moderator.\\nIII. The Annual Convention (Dis-\\nciples of Christ) is held at Springfield\\nJ. H. Garrison, president.\\nMo. The English Synod (Evangelical\\nLutheran) of Missouri is organized.\\nN.J. The International Missionary\\nUnion convenes at Bridgeton.\\nOre. The Woman s Foreign Mission-\\nary Society (Baptist) is organized.\\nPhila. The General Assembly\\n(Presbyterian) meets Charles L. Thom-\\nson, moderator.\\nThe Board of Home Missions reports\\n38 ministers, 25 native teachers, 68\\nchurches, 2,863 church members, 115\\nteachers, 29 schools, 2,441 scholars.\\nThe Brotherhood of Lay Readers (Prot-\\nestant Episcopal) is organized.\\nThe Western Vermont, Brooklyn, and\\nFox River Congregational Clubs are\\norganized.\\n1889 Jan. 2. D. C. The national Con-\\nvention of Colored Catholics opens\\nat Washington.\\nJan. 8. New York. The Railroad Branch\\nof the Young Men s Christian Asso-\\nciation celebrates its 13th anniversary\\nCornelius Vanderbilt, C. M. Depew, and\\nothers speak.\\nThe court decides against the Ro-\\nman Catholic authorities in refusing\\nburial to the remains of JohnMaguire,\\nwho was identified with the Anti-Poverty\\nSociety.\\nJan. 9. New York. A new Joss-house\\nin Mott Street is consecrated by resident\\nChinese.\\nColo. The Chan n in g Club of Den-\\nver (Congregational) is organized.\\nJan. 11. New York. The Church Stu-\\ndents Missionary Association begins\\nits annual conference.\\nLETTERS.\\n1888 Cal. The Cogswell Polytechnic\\nCollege is opened at San Francisco.\\nChicago. The Saturday Blade is issued.\\nD. C. The National Economist is is-\\nsued at Washington.\\nMd. The Woman s College (Meth.\\nEpis.) is founded at Baltimore.\\nMinn. The Medical Department of\\nthe University of Minnesota, at Minne-\\napolis, opens.\\nNebraska Wesleyan University\\n(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Lincoln.\\nNew York. Mail and Express is pur-\\nchased by Elliott F. Shepard.\\nN. C. High Point Female College\\n(Bapt.) is founded.\\nO. The Union Gospel News is issued\\nat Cleveland.\\nU. S. Number of American and im-\\nported hooks published in 18S8, 4,631,\\nbesides minor cheap libraries.\\nP. I. The State establishes an Agri-\\ncultural School.\\nU. S. Volap uk is reported success-\\nful, and spreading in both Europe and\\nAmerica.\\nAmerican Weather, by Adolphus W.\\nGreely, appears.\\nAround t/ie World on a Bicycle, by\\nThomas Stevens, appears.\\nThe Boyhood of Christ, by Lew Wal-\\nlace, appears also Life of Benjamin\\nHarrison.\\nThe Black Phalanx, by Joseph T. Wil-\\nson, appears.\\nA Calabrian Penelope, by Elizabeth\\nCavazza, appears.\\nCalifornia, by Hubert Howe Bancroft,\\nappears also History of Mexico.\\nColonial Times in Buzzard s Bay, by\\nWilliam Root Bliss, appears.\\nThe Critical Period of American His-\\ntory, by John Fiske, appears.\\nA Phyllis of the Sierras, by Francis\\nBret Hart, appears.\\nEvolution in its Relations to Religious\\nThought, by Joseph Le Conte, appears.\\nPrance and the Confederate Navy, by\\nJohn Bigelow, appears.\\nThe Genesis of the Civil War, by Sam-\\nuel Wylie Crawford, appears.\\nGouvemeur Morris, by Theo. Roose-\\nvelt, appears.\\nThe Heart of the Creeds, by Arthur\\nWentworth Eaton, appears.\\nHistory of the Christian Church, by\\nPhilip Schaff (vol. vi.), appears.\\nA History of the Negro Troops, by\\nGeorge W. Williams, appears.\\nJohn Ward, Preacher, by Margaret\\nDeland, appears.\\nA Library of American Literature, by\\nEdmund Clarence Stedman. and Ellen\\nMackay Hutchinson (vol. i.), appears.\\nMen and Measures of Half a Century,\\nby Hugh McCulloch, appears.\\nWomen and Men, by Thomas Went-\\nworth Higginson, appears.\\nNatural Resources of the United States,\\nby Jacob H. Patton, appears.\\nNegro Myths from the Georgia Coast,\\nby Charles C. Jones, Jr., appears.\\nThe Old Nortlncest, by B. A. Hinsdale,\\nappears.\\nPhilosophy of Theism, by Bordon P.\\nBrowne, appears.\\nPolitical Essays, by James Russell\\nLowell, appears also Heart s Ease and\\nRue.\\nThe Viking, by Elwyn Alfred Barron,\\nappears.\\nThe Writings of Franklin (10 vols.),\\nedited by John Bigelow, appears.\\nMiss Lou, by Edward Payson Roe, ap-\\npears.\\nBonaventure, by George W. Cable, ap-\\npears.\\nRomance and Reverie, by Edgar Faw-\\ncett, appears.\\nFree Joe, by Joel Chandler Harris,\\nappears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1888, Dec 25-1889, Jan. 11. 333\\nThe King of Folly Island, by Sarah\\nOme Jewett, appears.\\nThe Despot of Broom sedge Cove, by\\nMary Noaillcs Murfree, appears.\\nA Brother of Dragons, by Amelie Rives\\nChandler, appears also The Quick or\\nthe Dead, and Virginia of Virginia.\\nOld Fashioned Roses, by James Whit-\\ncomb Riley, appears.\\nWith the Immortals, by Francis Marion\\nCrawford, appears.\\nTwo Little Confederates, by Thomas\\nNelson Page, appears.\\n1889 Jan. 2. Boston. The Interna-\\ntional Copyright Association holds\\nits annual meeting.\\nJan. 4. Pa. George E. Heed is elected\\nto the presidency of Dickinson College.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1888 Dec. 25. O. White Caps cruelly\\nflog a prominent physician at Hopedale.\\nDel. A race riot occurs at Wilming-\\nton one white man is shot in the foot,\\nand several colored men are cut and\\nbeaten about the head seven arrests\\nare made.\\nDec. 27. Dak. At Tripp six men are in-\\njured in a riot over the ownership of a\\ngoose. The parties are American and\\nRussian Mennonites.\\nDec. 28. New York. The Excise Commis-\\nsion makes restrictions for the liquor-\\ntraffic.\\nThe employment of a bartender un-\\nder 18 years of age forfeits license\\nwomen are forbidden to sell or induce\\nsales of liquor licenses are forbidden\\nfor premises within 200 feet of a ceme-\\ntery, college, academy, or reformatory.\\nDec. 29. la. The Sioux City Law and\\nOrder League commences proceedings\\nagainst the transportation companies\\nthat have been nullifying the prohibi-\\ntory laws.\\nNew York. The Excise Commission\\ndecides that during forbidden hours the\\ninterior of saloons must present an\\nunobstructed view from the street.\\nDec. 30. Mo. Amos J. Stillwell, an old\\nand wealthy citizen of Hannibal, is mur-\\ndered by a burglar.\\nAla. The Alabama Academy for the\\nblind is opened at Talladega.\\nChicago. The Wesley Methodist\\nHospital is established.\\nD. C. Congress erects the Bureau of\\nLabor into a Department.\\n*Ky. The Hatfield and McCoy feud\\nbreaks out again the State troops are\\ncalled out to prevent the McCoys from\\ntaking nine Hatfields from jail to mur-\\nder them.\\nKy. The treasurer of the State for\\nmany years, is announced as a defal-\\ncator to the amount of $--9,000 and sus-\\npended from office.\\nN. J. A home for the training of\\nfeeble minds is opened near Vineland.\\nO. The Legislature passes the Sun-\\nday Liquor Law.\\nPhila. The George Nugent Home\\nis founded at Germuntown.\\nMass. The High-License and Lim-\\nitation Law is enacted.\\nWyo. A school building for the deaf\\nand dumb is erected at Cheyenne.\\nW. Va. The Constitutional Prohibi-\\ntory Amendment is defeated by 34,887\\nmajority.\\nThe Northern Insane Asylum is\\nopened at Logansport, Ind.; also one in\\nNebraska at Norfolk; in Vermont at\\nWaterbury in Washington at Steila-\\n1889 Jan. 2. Ind. President Harri-\\nson addresses his old comrades of the\\nGrand Army, at Indianapolis.\\nO. Brakeman and yardmen of the\\nLake Erie and Western road strike at\\nLima.\\nJan. 3. Minn. The coal-dock laborers\\nstrike at Duluth. [Jan. 4. Riots\\noccur.]\\nJan. 4. la. The officials and strikers of\\nthe Burlington road finally come to an\\nagreement.\\nJan. 7. Wash. Alfred Shafford is\\nlynched for a murder at Gilman.\\nJan. 8. N. J. Hunterdon County votes\\nno license by 500 majority.\\nSTATE.\\n1888 D. C. Congress makes the\\nLabor Bureau an independent part of\\nthe Government. It authorizes the or-\\nganization of the Naval Reserves by\\nthe maritime States.\\nMass. The Australian Ballot sys-\\ntem is adopted.\\nMelville W. Fuller of 111. is ap-\\npointed Chief Justice of the U. S. Su-\\npreme Court, and Lucius Q,. C. Lamar\\nof Miss, an Asspciate Justice.\\nIT. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-90 Ala. Thomas Seay.\\n-92 La. Francis T. Nicholls.\\n-91 Minn. William R. Merriam.\\n-93 Neb. Algernon S. Paddock.\\n-91 *N. Y. David B. Hill.\\n-89 *Ii. I. Royal C. Taft.\\n-90 Vt. William P. Dillingham.\\n1889 Jan. 1. N. Y. Capital punish-\\nment by an electrical current becomes\\nthe legal mode.\\nNew York. Hugh J. Grant becomes\\nthe SGth mayor.\\nJan. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndiscusses the Tariff Bill; the House\\nattempts to amend its rules so as to\\nfacilitate its business, but is defeated by\\nfilibustering.\\nJan. 4. D. C. Congress The Senate\\ncontinues to discuss the Tariff Bill the\\nHouse passes a bill to incorporate the\\nNicaragua Canal Company.\\nJan. 5. Okla. Martial law is enforced\\nand order is restored the squatters de-\\npart.\\nJan. 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses a resolution reaffirming the Mon-\\nroe Doctrine, as applicable to the con-\\nstruction of a canal across the Isth-\\nmus of Darien. Vote, 49-3.\\nJan. 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndiscusses the Tariff Bill at considerable\\nlength John Sherman of O. introduces\\na bill providing for changes in the elec-\\ntion of Representatives; the House\\nrecommits the resolution to change the\\nrules. Vote, 120-117.\\nCat. George Osgoodby is disclosed as-\\nthe author of the Murchison letter,\\nwhereby he entrapped Lord Sackville-\\nWest into recommending a person to-\\nvote the Democratic ticket as favorable\\nto British interests.\\nJan. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses an anti-free coal amendment to\\nthe Tariff Bill.\\nJan. 10. Ind. The Lieutenant-Governor\\nis prevented by hostile partizans from\\nentering the Senate chamber.\\nD. C. Congress The Senate agrees\\nto strike off fish from the free list, and\\nmake it dutiable at one-half cent a\\npound the House is prevented from\\ndoing business, both in the afternoon\\nand evening, by dilatory motions.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1888 Dec. 26. III. Gen. John A. Lo-\\ngan s body is removed to its final rest-\\ning-place in Soldiers Home Cemetery.\\nDec. 27. S. C. The Great Seal of the\\nConfederate States is given to this State.\\nDec. 29. IV. I. The American schooner\\nJennie Hall is illegally fined $2,000 by\\nthe Spanish authorities at Porto Rico.\\nDec. 30. R. I. The steamer Bristol, of\\nthe Fall River Line, is burned at New-\\nport some of her passengers have a\\nnarrow escape.\\nDec. 31. Md. The theft of $1,200 from\\nthe Sub-Treasury at Baltimore is discov-\\nered.\\nU. S. Statistics for the year 1S88.\\nProduction: Gold, $33,175,000 silver,\\n195,000 bushels of grain: Indian\\ncorn, 1,987.700,000; wheat, 4 15, SUN ,000\\noats, 701,735,000; barley, 03,884,593; rye,\\n28,412,011; buckwheat, 12,000,000; bales\\nof cotton, 7,017,707 pounds of wool, 269,-\\n000,000; barrels of petroleum, 27,008,025.\\nCurrency in circulation (J une 30), $1,372,-\\n170,870 per capita, $22.88. Immigrants\\nreceived (tisral year), 546,889. Miles of\\nrailroads built, 145,341 capital stock,\\n$4,438,411 ,342 total accidents, 1,935\\npersons killed, 5,282; persons injured,\\n25,888. Fire-waste, $110,885,665; insur-\\nance, $63,965,724 lives lost, 447. Busi-\\nness failures, 10,587; liabilities, $120,-\\n242,402.\\n-92 Boston. The State House\\nis enlarged to double its original size.\\nKan. A convention of delegates at\\nAbilene inaugurates an agitation for the\\nremoval of the capital.\\n1889 Jan. 1. Mo. The Richardson\\nDrug Company s store at St. Louis is\\nburned loss, $200,000.\\nJan. 10. U. S. An English syndicate\\nhas purchased 30 breweries, and\\nseeks control of all others in the=\\ncountry.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "334 1889, Jan. 11 -Feb. 13\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1889 Jan. 16. N Y. The National\\nGuard Association meets at Albany.\\nJan. 19. The Atlanta sails for Port-au-\\nPrince to reenforce the Galena.\\nJan. 25. Loomis L. Langdon is commis-\\nsioned colonel 1st artillery U. S. A.\\n[Feb. 12. Also Edward M. Heyl. Feb. 17.\\nHenry M. Lazelle 18th infantry. Feb.\\nAdelbert K. Buffington ordnance de-\\npartment. June 7. George D. Ruggles.]\\nJan. 30. Joseph C. Breckinridge is com-\\nmissioned brigadier-general U. S. A.\\nFeb. 9. Rear-Adm. Bancroft Ghe-\\nrardi is ordered to command the North\\nAtlantic squadron.\\nFeb. 12. D. C. Commander Silas Casey\\nis promoted captain U. S. N. [Mar. 2G.\\nWilliam T. Samson and Bartlett J.\\nCromwell. Mar. 31. John VT. Philip.\\nAug. 4. Henry P. Picking.] Com.\\nGeorge E. Belknap is promoted rear-\\nadmiral.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1889 Jan. 13. A mass of the Horse-\\nshoe Rock drops at Niagara Falls.\\nJan. 15. _V. Y. Prof. Brooks, at Smith\\nObservatory, discovers a comet. [Also\\nDec. 25. Another comet.]\\nJan. 16\u00c2\u00b1. New York. Henry G. Mar-\\nquand gives his collection of paintings\\nby the old masters to the Metropolitan\\nMuseum of Art.\\nJan. 17. New York. Mrs. Joseph\\nDrexel presents to the Museum of Art\\nthe antiquities loaned to it by her hus-\\nband, and adds a collection of casts and\\nJan. 18. Colo. Avalanches occur in\\nthe southwestern part of the State.\\nJan. 19. New York. A carload of min-\\neral wax, called ozocerite, arrives from\\nUtah.\\nJan. Ida. A floating island 300 feet in\\ndiameter is reported at Henry Lake.\\nFeb. 5. N. Mex. The remnant of a tribe\\nof cliff-dwellers is discovered in the\\nSan Mateo Mountains. (See Nov. 23.)\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n1889.\\nJan. 11. Taylor, Alva B., nianuf., A86.\\nJan. 13. McGill, Alexander T., Pres. cler-\\ngyman, prot fssi\u00c2\u00bbr at Princeton, A82.\\nJan. 14. Phillips, George S., journalist,\\nA73.\\nJan. 19. Mackenzie, Ronald Slidell, brev.\\nmaj.-gen., A49.\\nJan. 23. Dolaro, Selina, singer, writer, A36.\\nFelton, Samuel Mur.se, civil engineer,\\nA79.\\nJan. 26. Jones, Hoger, brig. -gen., dies in\\nVa.\\nJan. 27. Cazauran, Augustus It., author,\\ndramatist, A69.\\nJan. 31. Locke, John, poet, journalist, A 41.\\nFeb. 1. Steins, Fredrick \\\\V., singer, A53.\\nFeb. 4. Fisk, Mary H., writer, author, dies.\\nCunningham, Thomas, It. 0. clergyman\\nof Elmira, dies.\\nFeb. 1 1. Dalton, John C, physiologist, A64.\\nHunt, Henry Jackson, brev. maj.-\\ngen., U. S. A., A70.\\nCHURCH.\\n1889 Jan. 18. Ariz. John M. Ken-\\ndrick is consecrated (Protestant Episco-\\npal) bishop of Arizona and New Mexico.\\nJan. 19. X. Y. A split occurs in the\\nAmerican Salvation Army, one fac-\\ntion renouncing allegiance to Gen.\\nBooth.\\nJan. Phila. Two members of the\\nKristhena Society sail on the Gallia\\nfor India to seek the tomb of Buddha.\\nJan. 20. New York. Archbishop Cor-\\nrigan s circular is read in all the\\nchurches of his diocese.\\nIt declares that every person attend-\\ning the Anti-Poverty meetings is guilty\\nof a reserved sin, one that can be\\ncondoned ouly by confession to the or-\\ndinary of the diocese the penitent must\\nbear a letter from the confessor explain-\\ning the nature of the offense.\\nJan. 23. Pa. A Catholic colonization\\nsociety is formed at Pittsburg its ob-\\nject is to establish colonies in the South.\\nJan. 25. O. Boyd Vincent is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of\\nSouthern Ohio.\\nJan. 27. N. Y. The 35th anniversary\\nof the Young Men s Christian Asso-\\nciation is celebrated in 14 Brooklyn\\nchurches.\\nFeb. 3+. Kan. The Mennonites are\\nremoving to Colorado.\\nLETTERS.\\n1889 Jan. 12. Cardinal Melchers is\\ndirected by the Pope to prepare a report\\non the complaint of Irish bishops in\\nAmerica concerning education.\\nNeio York. The New York College\\nfor the Training of Teachers [Teachers\\nCollege] receives a provisional charter.\\nJan. 18. Mass. At Haverhill a dis-\\nagreement exists between the School\\nBoard and the French Catholic paro-\\nchial school legal steps are taken to\\nenforce tbe statute respecting public\\nschools.\\nJan. 30. Boston. Oliver Wendell\\nHolmes presents his valuable medical\\nlibrary to the Boston Medical Library\\nAssociation.\\nJan. Md. Jacob I. Tome, the million-\\naire hanker of Port Deposit, gives\\n$2,500,000 to a board of seven trus-\\ntees to found a training-school in that\\ntown.\\nIt is to be called The Tome Male and\\nFemale Seminary of Port Deposit\\nthe sum of SfiOO.OOO goes for buildings,\\nand $2,000,000 for maintenance.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1889 Jan. 22. Pa. The joint resolution\\nproposing an amendment to the State\\nConstitution prohibiting the sale or\\nmanufacture of intoxicating liquors\\npasses the House. Vote, 132-5S.\\nJan. 24. Wis, A bill is introduced in\\nthe Legislature making prize-fighting\\na penal offense.\\nJan. 25. Dak. The House defeats woman\\nsuffrage in committee of the whole.\\nVote, 17-28.\\nJan. 26. .V. Y. A strike for higher\\nwages and shorter hours occurs on the\\nBrooklyn street railroads; the em-\\nployees tie up the roads.\\nJan. 29. Ark. John M. Clayton (Rep.),\\nwho claims the election, is assassi-\\nnated while searching for proofs of bis\\nelection.\\nJan. Md. An asylum for children of\\nfeeble minds is opened at Baltimore.\\nFeb. 4. New York. President Cleve-\\nland becomes a prospective partner in\\na law firm.\\nFeb. 5. Mass. The House votes to sub-\\nmit the question of prohibition to the\\npeople. Vote, 101-C9.\\nFeb. 7. D. C. Congress A select com-\\nmittee of the Senate reports in favor of\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0woman suffrage. [No further action\\nis taken.]\\nFeb. 8. Dak. The Woman Suffrage\\nBill is defeated in the Legislature.\\nFeb. 11. Ner. The people vote on 14\\namendments to the Constitution, in-\\ncluding one extending to women the right\\nto hold school offices all are adopted\\nexcept the one authorizing lotteries.\\nSTATE.\\n1889 Jan. 12. D. C. Congress: The\\nSenate continues the debate on the\\nTariff; the House is paralyzed by a\\ndeadlock, until J. B. Weaver of la.,\\na greenback member, makes an agree-\\nment with the Democrats then the\\nPension, Military Academy, and\\nConsular Appropriation Bills are\\npassed.\\nW. Va. The State Supreme Court\\nquashes a motion intended to prevent\\nthe Legislature declaring the vote, which\\non the face of the returns elects Nathan\\nGoff for governor.\\nJan. 14. I C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses a Bankruptcy Bill of 24 articles.\\nXT. S. The electoral colleges of the\\ndifferent States meet in their respective\\ncapitals, cast their ballots for President\\nand Vice-President, and appoint mes-\\nsengers to convey the certificates of\\nthese elections to Washington.\\nJan. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndiscusses the Tariff Bill and considers\\nthe admission of South Dakota.\\nJan. 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndebates the Tariff Bill, and receives\\nthe correspondence in the Samoan af-\\nfair also that relating to the seizing of\\nthe Haitian Republic; the House con-\\nsiders the Territorial Bills providing\\nfor the erection of States.\\nJan. 17. D. C. Congress The Senate\\ndiscusses the Tariff Bill, disposes of the\\ntin-plate paragraph, and reaches the\\nsugar schedule, and then passes the\\nBankruptcy Bill the House considers\\nthe Territorial Bills.\\nJan. 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the sugar-bounty section of the\\nTariff Bill. Vote, 37-23. The House\\nadopts the Springer Omnibus Bill as\\na substitute for the Senate bill, admit-\\nting South Dakota. Vote, 133-120.\\nJan. 19. D. C. President-elect Harrison\\noffers the secretaryship of the interior\\nto Andrew Carnegie. [It is declined.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1889, Jan. 11 -Feb. 13. 335\\nCongress: The Senate debates the\\nTariff Bill; the House in Committee\\nof the Whole passes the Fortifications\\nAppropriations Bill, and the Ford\\nCommittee introduces a bill for the\\nstringent repression of immigration,\\nespecially of the criminal class.\\nThe Creek Indian delegates cede the\\nwestern part of their domain to Con-\\ngress for $2,2S0,S57. [Ratified by the\\nCreeks on Jan. 31.]\\nJan. 21. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses a substitute Tarriff Bill; vote,\\n32-30.\\nJan. 25. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nasks for a conference with the House on\\nthe Mills Tariff Bill, and discusses the\\nTrust Bill prohibiting combinations for\\nthe purpose of destroying competition\\nthe House adopts several amendments\\nto the Sundry Civil Bill.\\nJan. 26. I). C. Congress The House\\nonly is in session it refers the Senate\\nTariff BUI to the Ways and Means\\nCommittee.\\nJan. 28. I). C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Senate Pension Bill.\\nJan. 29. T). C. Congress; The Senate\\ndecides to discuss Samoan affairs with\\nopen doors, and adopts an amendment\\nto raise ministers to England, France,\\nGermany, and Russia to the rank of\\nambassadors the House appropriates\\n$500,000 for a Library building.\\nJan. 30. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nconsiders the Samoan question, and\\ndiscusses the British Extradition\\nTreaty the House debates the Okla-\\nhoma Bill providing for its opening to\\nsettlers.\\nJan. 31. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nadopts the Samoan amendments re-\\nported by the Foreign Affairs Committee\\nand refuses to raise certain ministers to\\nthe rank of ambassadors. Vote, 26-\\n25. The House discusses and amends\\nthe Oklahoma Bill.\\nJan.* Temi. The Australian Ballot\\nSystem is adopted.\\nFeb. 1. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nappropriates $600,000 for the pro-\\ntection of American interests in Sa-\\nmoa it rejects the Anglo-American\\nTreaty. Vote, 3S-15. The House passes\\nthe Oklahoma Bill. Vote, 148-102.\\nThe President informs Congress that\\nthe State Department is advised that\\nGerman troops will be withdrawn from\\nSamoa, and the neutrality of the islands\\npreserved.\\nFeb. 2. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Naval Appropriation Bill\\nwith an amendment devoting $100,000\\nfor a coaling station at Pango-Pango,\\nSamoa.\\nNeb. The State Senate accepts the\\namendments to the submission resolu-\\ntion made by the House; it provides\\nthat the people shall vote at the next\\nelection whether prohibition or high\\nlicense shall be incorporated into the\\nConstitution.\\nFeb. 3. Eng. Sir Julian Pauncefote\\nis appointed to succeed Lord Sackville-\\nWest as British minister at Washington.\\n(See Jan. 8.1\\nFeb. 5. D. C. Congress: The House\\ndiscusses the report on the Nicaragua\\nBUI.\\nFeb. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndebates the Legislative Appropriation\\nBill the House agrees to the conference\\nreport on the Nicaragua Canal Bill.\\nVote, 177-60.\\nThe bill provides for the incorporation\\nof a company to construct, equip, and\\noperate a ship canal, either entirely\\nthrough the territory of Nicaragua or\\nin part through the territory of Costa\\nRica, and otherwise to have suoh powers\\nas have been conferred on the Nica-\\nragua Association. The capital stock\\nof the company is to be $100, HM),(hh),\\nwith authority to increase it to S200,-\\n000,000.\\nSecretary Bayard informs the German\\nminister that Bismarck s proposal for\\na conference, concerning Samoa, in\\nBerlin, has been accepted.\\nN. Y. The Senate passes the Naval\\nMilitia Bill.\\nFeb. 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ncontinues the discussion of the Legis-\\nlative Bill a select committee report in\\nfavor of an amendment to the Constitu-\\ntion which shall provide for woman\\nsuffrage the House debates the Army\\nAppropriation Bill.\\nFeb. 8. D. C. Congress The President\\nsubmits the proposal of Germany for a\\nresumption of the Samoan Confer-\\nence. The Senate passes the Legisla-\\ntive Appropriation and the Pension\\nAppropriation Bills; it discusses the\\nUnion Pacific Railroad Funding\\nBill the House passes the Army Bill,\\nafter making several amendments.\\nFeb. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the bill to establish a United\\nStates Court in the Indian Territory,\\nand the Fortifications Bill it consid-\\ners the Union Pacific Refunding Bill\\nthe House debates the Post-office Ap-\\npropriation Bill.\\nPresident Cleveland dismisses Judge\\nA. P. Edgerton from the Civil Service\\nCommission.\\nFeb. 10\u00c2\u00b1. The Legislatures of 10 West-\\nern States resolve to investigate the\\nbeef trust.\\nFeb. 11. D.C. Congress The Senate\\ndiscusses the British Extradition\\nTreaty; it passes the bill for the pro-\\ntection of the interests of the United\\nStates in Panama.\\nThe President signs the bill creating\\nthe new Department of Agriculture,\\nand sends to the Senate the nomination\\nof the present Commissioner of Agri-\\nculture, Norman J. Coleman, as Secre-\\ntary of the Department.\\nUtah. The Gentiles defeat the\\nMormons in the municipal election at\\nOgden.\\nFeb. 12. D. C. Congress: The Presi-\\ndent transmits the correspondence with\\nEngland and other countries relative to\\nthe Bering Sea Fisheries. The Senate\\nconsiders the election outrages in\\nTexas it passes the Naval Appropri-\\nation Bill The House discusses the\\nSmalls- Elliott contest for admission\\nfrom South Carolina.\\nFeb. 13. D. C. Congress: A joint ses-\\nsion is held, and the electoral vote is\\ncounted; Benjamin Harrison is offi-\\ncially declared elected President, and\\nLevi P. Morton Vice-President of the\\nUnited States.\\nVote: President: Grover Cleveland\\n(Dem.)of N. Y., 168 Benjamin Harri-\\nson (Rep.) of Ind., 233 Clinton B. Fisk\\n(Prohib.) of N. J., Alson J. Streeter\\n(Union Labor) of 111., 0; R. H. Cowdry\\n(United Labor) of Hl.,0; James L.Curtis\\n(American) of N. Y., 0. For Vice-Presi-\\ndent Allen G. Thurman (T em.) of O.,\\n168; Levi P. Morton i kep.) of N. Y., 233\\nJohn A. Brooks (Prohib.) of Mo., C. E.\\nCunningham (I liion Labor) of Ark., W.\\nH. T. Wakefield (United Labor) of Kan.,\\nand James B. Greer (American) of Term.,\\neach 0.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1889 Jan. 13. New York. Many of the\\nFifth Avenue stages are withdrawn\\nfrom Sunday use.\\nJan. 14. O. A passenger train runs\\ninto a freight train at Tallmadge, kill-\\ning the engineers, firemen, and eight\\npassengers.\\nJan. 15. Cat. The Santa Monica hotel\\nis burned.\\nJan. 18. President Cleveland is named\\nas one of the arbitrators in a dispute\\nbetween Nicaragua and Costa Rica.\\nJan. 21. Mich. A car is thrown from\\nthe track at Watersmeet the lieuten-\\nant-governor and others are killed and\\nseveral wounded.\\nJan. 22. N. Y. Senator Cantor intro-\\nduces the $1,000,000 canal bill at\\nAlbany it proposes the enlargement of\\nthe Erie Canal.\\nJan. 23. A 7 Y. The victorious yacht\\nVolunteer is purchased by the Seawan-\\nhaka Yacht Club.\\nJan. 24. The Union Palace Car Com-\\npany sells out to the Pullman Car Com-\\npany for less than \u00c2\u00a73,000,000.\\nJan. 26. The loss of several vessels and\\nmany lives at sea is reported.\\nThe schooner Annie E. Hall and the\\nship Sarah and Emma, each lose eight\\nlives the schooner August Floiver,\\nseven; and the schooner Ella A., nine.\\nDak. The railroad taxes are re-\\npealed.\\nJan. 29. Mich. The first convention\\nof furniture manufacturers meets at\\nGrand Rapids.\\nJan. Md. A train is thrown from the\\ntrack near Lincoln City, and 36 persons\\nare injured.\\nFeb. 1. Pa. A mine explosion at\\nPlymouth causes the death of six men.\\nFeb. 2. A Y. Extensive business prop-\\nerty in Buffalo is burned, loss\\n$3,000,000; 1,000 persons are thrown\\nout of work.\\nFeb. 5. N. Y. Seven loggers and 2-4\\nteams break through the ice, and are\\ndrowned in Pine Lake, Fulton County.\\nFeb. 6. U. S. A trust is formed of 19\\nof the largest firms making sewer pipes.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "336 1889, Feb. 13-Mar. 21.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1889 Feb. 14. Rear-Adni. George E.\\nBelknap is sent to command the fleet\\non the Asiatic station.\\nMar. 15. Samoan Is. Three war-ves-\\nsels are wrecked, the Nipsic, seven lives\\nlost the Vandalia, 43 lives lost and\\nthe Trenton; all lost by the same storm.\\nD. C. The Secretary of War, by spe-\\ncial order, abolishes Sunday dress-\\nparades at military posts.\\nMar. 17. Okla. The boomers are driven\\nout by the troops.\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1889 Feb. 18. Ala. Many people are\\nkilled or injured by a cyclone in Bibb\\nCounty.\\nFeb. 21. Ind. Ter. Gold is discovered.\\n[Also Apr. 23. In Franklin Co., Va.\\nAug. 1. At Arrowrock, Ark. Sept. 20.\\nAt Irvington, N.J. Oct. 3. In Wyo-\\nming.]\\nFeb. 23. N. Y. At Saranac Lake the\\nmercury falls to 34\u00c2\u00b0 below zero.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1889.\\nFeb. 15. 5IcTyeire,Meth. F.pts. South, cler-\\ngyman, editor, bishop, A(j5.\\nFeb. 19. Jones, Justin Edw., publisher, A74.\\nFeb. 21. Flood, James C, u bonanza king,\\nof Cal,, A63.\\nWharton, Francis, solicitor of State\\nDepartment, author, A68.\\nHickey, Patrick, editor, author, of\\nBrooklyn, A 43.\\nMar. 5. Booth, Mary Louise, editor of\\nHarper s Bazar, A58.\\nMar. 7. Bartk-U, Sidney, lawyer, of Boston,\\nA90.\\nWilliamson, Isaiah V., philanthropist, of\\nPhila., A8f\\nMar. 8. Ericsson, John, engineer, designer\\nof Monitor, scientist, Atflj.\\nMar. 9. Townshend, Richard \\\\V., JI. C. for\\n111., A 49.\\nMar. 12. Davis, John Lee, rear-adm. U. S.\\nN., A64.\\nCHURCH.\\n1889 Feb. 14. It. The Pope and con-\\nsistory publicly confirm the new bishops\\nof Detroit, Natchez, and Wichita.\\nFeb. 17. Chicago. Billy Sunday, a\\nwell-known base-ball player, makes his\\nappearance as an evangelist.\\nNeio York. A circular letter from\\nPope Leo is read in all the diocesan\\nchurches.\\nIt affirms that the rejection of Catho-\\nlic doctrine is fraught with evil, and that\\nChristian faith is the cure for all social\\nevils.\\nFeb. 21. New York. The Catholic pil-\\ngrims to the Holy Land sail on the\\nWieland.\\nThere are over 500 priests and laymen\\nthe object being to raise money for\\nthe maintenance of shrines and sacred\\nplaces in Palestine the pilgrimage is\\nto occupy 84 days.\\nFeb. 23. Z C. Pope Leo writes a\\nletter approving the statutes of the\\nnew Catholic university at Washington,\\nand lauding the zeal and intelligence of\\nthe Catholics of America.\\nFeb. 27. N. Y. The Federate Council\\nof the Protestant Episcopal Church of\\nNew York forms a province out of the\\nfive dioceses of the State.\\nFeb. New York. The New York Pres-\\nbytery vote 93 to 43 for a revision of\\ntheir creed.\\nFeb. Phila. A church for deaf-\\nmutes is consecrated. It jb the only\\ncongregation in the world entirely man-\\naged by the deaf.\\nMar. 14. O. Thomas Ewing Sherman,\\nson of Gen. Sherman, becomes a member\\nof the Society of Jesus. [July 7. He\\nreceives final orders in the priesthood.]\\nMar. 18. It. The American pilgrims\\nvisit Pome, and receive the Pope s bless-\\ning. (See Feb. 21.)\\nLETTERS.\\n1889 Feb. 13. The third annual con-\\nvention of the American Newspaper\\nPublishers Association opens.\\nFeb. 14. Miss. Mayor R. W. Millsap\\nof Jackson subscribes S50,000 to build\\nand endow a college for the Methodist\\nEpiscopal Church South.\\nFeb. 22. Me. A free public library,\\ncosting $100,000, is presented by\\nJames P. Baxter to the city of Portland,\\nFeb. 23. Boston. Amos W. Stetson\\nof Boston gives to Wellesley College\\na fine eoUection of paintings, 65 in\\nnumber, valued at $30,000.\\nMar. 4. Pa. Dedication of a Roman\\nCatholic school-building in Pittsburg.\\nBishop Keane of Wheeling severely\\ndenounces the American public-school\\nsystem he says that it is a divorce\\nfrom moral and religious training, and\\nthat the only -way to counteract its\\neffect is to establish Christian schools.\\nN. H. At Camden a fine pubHc\\nlibrary is opened it is the gift of\\nex-Gov. Smyth to his native town.\\nMar. 10. New York. Dr. M Glynn at-\\ntacks parochial schools in a public\\naddress.\\nMar. 11. Pa. A. J. Drexel purchases the\\nLonella Mansion at Wayne, and selects\\ntrustees and managers for the Drexel\\nIndustrial College for Women.\\nMar. 13. D. C. Pope Leo issues a\\nbrief approving the statutes of the\\nWashington University.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1SS9 Feb. 21. Boston. The Board of\\nPolice Commissioners increase the\\ncost of liquor licenses for the year\\ncommencing May 1.\\nMar. 1. Ariz. The Legislature\\nbill, which is signed by the go^\\nmaking train-robbery a capital crime.\\nMar. 8. R. I. The House of Represen-\\ntatives passes a bill to resubmit the\\nProhibitory Amendment to the peo-\\nple. Vote, 41-25.\\nMar. 9. Ind. The Legislature passes a\\nbill to punish bribers.\\nCal. A bill allowing women to vote\\nfor school commissioners passes the\\nSenate.\\nMar. 12. N. H. The people vote on\\nseven amendments to the Constitu-\\ntion and reject only one, the prohibition\\nof the liquor-traffic.\\nMar. 14. Ter. Boomers are pouring\\ninto the Cherokee strip from Arkansas.\\nMar. 21. Conn. The Senate concurs with\\nthe House in passing a bill which pro-\\nhibits selling, giving, or delivering to-\\nbacco in any form to persons under\\n16 years of age it also prohibits mi-\\nnors from using tobacco in cigarettes or\\nin any other form.\\nO. A reform ticket is put in the\\nfield in Cincinnati by the Committee of\\nFive Hundred; its object is to enforce\\nthe laws, and keep liquor-shops closed\\non Sundays.\\nSTATE.\\n1S89 Feb. 13. Congress: The Senate\\ndebates the Texas election outrages;\\nthe House decides the Smalls-Elliott\\nelection contest in favor of Elliott.\\nThe proceedings of the Senate on the\\nBritish Extradition Treaty are made\\npublic.\\nFeb. 14. I). C. Congress The Senate\\nreceives a resolution calling for the\\nByrnes Report on the alleged customs\\nfraud in New York City it confirms\\nthe nomination of Carroll D. Wright as\\nCommissioner of Labor.\\nMe. The House of Representatives\\nrejects the Australian baUot system.\\nFeb. 15. B.C. Congress The Senate\\ncontinues the discussion of the Texas\\nelection outrages: The House sends\\nback to the Senate the Dakota Bill.\\nVote, 149-101. It passes the Senate Bill\\nappropriating $250,000 for the pro-\\ntection of American interests in Pan-\\nama Mr. Mills of Texas reports ad-\\nversely the Senate substitute Tariff\\nBiU.\\nFeb. 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndebates the political outrages in Texas\\nin the House four Revenue Bills are\\nreported, and the Post-office BiU is\\ndiscussed. The Committee on Fish-\\neries recommends measures to secure\\nAmerican rights in Bering Sea.\\nFeb. 19. D. C. Congress The Senate\\nconsiders changes in the Sundry Civil\\nBiU; the House has trouble in consid-\\nering the conference report on the Di-\\nrect Tax BiU because of filibustering;\\na resolution is introduced by J. B. Mor-\\ngan of Miss, inviting Canadian officials\\nto visit this country for observation.\\nFeb. 20. D. C. Congress The Senate\\nagrees to the Springer House Bill to\\nadmit four new States to the Union\\nNorth Dakota, South Dakota, Montana,\\nand Washington the House adopts the\\nconference report on the Direct Tax\\nBiU and sends it to President Cleveland\\nthe President signs the Nicaragua\\nCanal BiU.\\nThe State Department is notified that\\na supplementary treaty of amity, navi-\\ngation, and commerce with Japan has\\nbeen signed hv Minister Hubbard on be-\\nhalf of the United States.\\nFeb. 21. D. C Congress: The Senate\\ndebates the Sundry Civil BiU; the\\nFouse passes the Post-office BUI Mr.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1889, Feb. 13 -Mar. 21. 337\\nRandall of Pa. introduces a resolution,\\ncalling for the consideration of the\\nCowles Tobacco Tax Bill.\\nH. I. The Legislature approves the\\nAustralian ballot system.\\nFeb. 22. D. C. Congress The Senate\\npasses the Sundry Civil and Agricul-\\ntural Bills in the House Mr. Mills s\\nresolution regarding the Senate s tariff\\naction is defeated. Vote, 143-S3. The\\nbills to retire Gen. Rosecrans and to\\npension the widow of Gen. Sheridan\\nare passed; Mrs, Sheridan is to receive\\n650,000.\\nThe President signs an enabling Act\\nfor the framing of State constitutions\\nfor South Dakota, Montana, and\\nWashington, and for their admission\\ninto the Union provision is made for\\nthe division of Dakota.\\nFeb. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndiscusses resolutions relative to elec-\\ntions in the South the House debates\\nthe Deficiency Bill, and eulogies are\\ndelivered on the late Congressman\\nJames H. Burnes of Mo.\\nPresident Cleveland vetoes the River\\nand Harbor Bill.\\nFeb. 26. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Sioux Bill; also the Army\\nAppropriation Bill, with some\\nchanges Mr. Spooner of 111. introduces\\nbills for the supervision and protection\\nof Congressional elections in the\\nHouse bills are introduced to admit into\\nthe Union the Territories of Arizona,\\nIdaho, Wyoming, and New Mexico.\\nPresident Cleveland by proclamation\\ncalls a special session of the Senate\\nfor March 4th.\\nCal. The Anti- Insurance Trust\\nBill passes the Senate.\\nFeb. 27. I). C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses a bill to protect salmon in\\nAlaska rivers bills are introduced to\\nadmit Wyoming and Idaho to state-\\nhood the House passes the Indian\\nAppropriation Bill; obstructive tac-\\ntics prevent action on the Cowles\\nbill.\\nFeb. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Post-office Bill, and votes\\ndown the House amendments to the In-\\nterstate Commerce Act; the House\\nconsiders conference reports on various\\nappropriation bills.\\nMar. 1. D. C. Congress ratifies the\\nceding of one half of the Creek lands\\nin Oklahoma to the Federal govern-\\nment.\\nCongress The Senate receives from\\nSecretary Fairchild the result of the in-\\nvestigation into alleged sugar frauds\\nthe House passes a joint resolution\\nin favor of commercial union with\\nCanada.\\nMar. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nconsiders the Appropriation Bills, and\\npasses the Direct Tax Bill over Presi-\\ndent Cleveland s veto. Vote, 45-9. The\\nHouse is occupied with Appropriation\\nBills.\\nThe 50th Congress closes.\\nInd. Gov. Hovey decides to ask the\\ncourts to pass on the authority of the\\nLegislature in making appointments.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Kan. The Legislature passes a bill\\nmaking trusts, combinations, and\\npools illegal.\\nMar. 3. D. C. President Cleveland signs\\nthe bill amending the Interstate\\nCommerce Act.\\nThe 23d Administration; Republi-\\nMar. 4. D. C. Benjamin Harrison of\\nInd., the 23d President, in the 26th term\\nof the presidency, is inaugurated. Levi\\nP. Morton of N. Y. is Vice-President.\\nThe Senate meets in special session\\nchiefly to consider the nominations to\\nbe made by the President.\\njr. Va. At Charleston both Nathan\\nGoif and President Carr of the Senate\\ntake the oath of office as governor they\\ndemand that Gov. Wilson shall vacate\\nthe governorship, which he declines to\\ndo.\\nMar. 5. D. C. The Senate receives and\\nconfirms the Cabinet nominations of\\nPresident Harrison.\\nCabinet: James G. Blaine of Me.\\n(State), William Windom of Minn.\\n(Treas.), Redfield Proctor of Vt. War),\\nBenjamin F. Tracy of N. Y. (Navy),\\nJohn W. Noble of Mo. (Interior), Jere-\\nmiah M. Busk of Wis. (Agriculture),\\nWilliam H. H. Miller of Ind. (Atty-\\nGen.), John Wanamaker of Pa. (P. M.-\\nGen.).\\nMar. 6. Ark. A reform ballot law\\npasses the Senate.\\nMar. 7. D. C. The Senate elects John\\nJ. Ingalls of Kan. president pro tem-\\npore.\\nW. Va. The attorneys of Nathan\\nGoff begin mandamus proceedings over\\nthe governorship.\\nMar. 8. Me. The British schooner Glean-\\ner, from St. John for New York, is seized\\nat Boothbay for non-entry the fine is\\nSI, 500.\\nMar. 9. N. Y. Ernest H. Crosby intro-\\nduces a bill in the State Assembly to\\nmake New York City and Brooklyn\\none municipality. [Apr. 4. It is or-\\ndered to a third reading.l\\njr. Va. The Supreme Court of W.\\nVa. decides that the failure of the Legis-\\nlature to declare the result of the late\\ngubernatorial election creates a vacancy\\nwhich entitles Gov. Wilson to retain\\nthe office until the result is legally de-\\nclared.\\nN. Y. Mr. Sheehan introduces in the\\nLegislature a substitute for the Sax-\\nton Ballot Reform Bill.\\nMar. 16. 01:1a. The Seminole Indians\\nformally convey their lands to Congress,\\naccording to the treaty of 1886.\\nMar. 20. New York. Ex-President\\nGrover Cleveland is elected a member\\nof the Tammany Society.\\nMar. 21. Neb. The Legislature passes\\na bill to tax sleeping and dining cars.\\nP. 7. Herbert W. Ladd (Rep.) is nom-\\ninated for governor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1SS9 Feb. 13. Chicago. The South-\\nern hotel is destroyed by fire.\\nFeb. 15 iV. Y. The Rochester\\nbreweries are purchased by an English\\nsyndicate. [Mar. 5. Five Chicago brew-\\neries are sold for $1,800,000. Mar. G.\\nThree leading breweries in New York\\nare also sold.]\\nFeb. 17. Chicago. A building 14 stories\\nhigh collapses.\\nConn. P. T. Barnum s home at Sea\\nSide Park is burned loss, $25,000.\\nThe Park Central Hotel at Hartford\\ncollapses after a boiler explosion 50\\npersons are buried in the ruins.\\nThe Court of Claims gives judgment\\nfor $1,002,517 in favor of the Central\\nPacific Railroad, in its suit against\\nthe United States, for withheld divi-\\ndends.\\nFeb. 20. Cal. The town of Guerne-\\nville, Sonoma Co., is nearly destroyed\\nby fire.\\nFta. The Sub-Tropical Exposition\\nat Jacksonville opens with a large at-\\ntendance.\\nKy. A railroad bridge at Spottsville\\ngives way 12 men are killed.\\nMinn. Two children are attacked\\nand devoured by wolves at Aitkin.\\nFeb. 21. Belle Boyd, the famous colt,\\nis sold for $51,000.\\nFeb. 24. Pa, More than 50 people are\\ninjured in a railroad accident at Roar-\\ning Branch.\\nFeb. 25. Kan. Fire destroys 200,000\\nbushels of wheat in a flour-mill at\\nLeavenworth.\\nFeb. 26. Chicago. The Standard Oil\\nCompany gains control of the gas\\ncompanies.\\nFeb. 28. Mo. A convention of delegates\\nfrom commercial bodies assembles in\\nSt. Louis to draft a new bankruptcy\\nlaw.\\nFeb. Wis. At a fire in Milwaukee,\\n12 firemen are buried in the ruins of\\na building.\\nMar. 5. Cal. Many persons start for\\nt the alleged new gold fields in Southern\\nCalifornia. [The fraud is soon exposed.]\\nPa. The Reading Iron Works\\nfail the liabilities are estimated at\\n$1,000,000.\\nMar. 11. New York. The Baltimore\\nand Ohio Railroad succeeds after long\\nendeavor in making close connections\\nwith New York City.\\nPa. Five men are killed and 11 in-\\njured by a boiler explosion at Pitts-\\nburg.\\nMar. 15. The sugar trust raises the\\nprice of sugar one cent a pound.\\nMar. 16. Va. The bark Pettengill of\\nPortland, Me., is wrecked on the\\nVirginia Cape; 14 lives are lost.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "338 1889, Mar. 22 -May 13.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1889 Mar. 25. Ariz. Chitachuan and\\n15 Indian warriors are intrenched 14\\nmiles north of San Carlo s agency.\\nMar. 26. D. C. Com. David B. Harmony\\nis promoted rear-admiral.\\nApr. 2. The Richmond, Alert, and Adams\\nare ordered to Samoa.\\nApr. 20. Cal. Lieut. Ripley and 29 sea-\\nmen, hurt in the storm off Samoa, arrive\\nat San Francisco.\\nApr. 29. New York. The great centen-\\nnial parade includes a naval proces-\\nsion 300 vessels sail through the harbor\\nin celebration of the adoption of the\\nFederal Constitution.\\nApr. 30. New York. A centennial mili-\\ntary procession of 65,000 men marches\\nthrough some of the principal streets.\\nApr. Va. The Pensacola, while being\\ncleaned and repaired at her dock in\\nPortsmouth, fills with water and sinks.\\nMay 12. Samoa. The battery of the Tren-\\nton has been saved at Apia, and efforts are\\nbeing made to save that of the Vandalia.\\nMay 13. Cal. The crusier Charleston\\narrives at San Francisco from Santa\\nBarbara.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1889 Mar. 28. Tex. Tin ore is discov-\\nered in Pecos county.\\nMar, New York. John Ericsson ex-\\nhibits his apparatus for condensing so-\\nlar rays for motive power.\\nMar. New York: Henry G. Marquand\\nis elected president of the Metropolitan\\nMuseum of Art. Mrs. John Crosby\\nBrown presents to the Metropolitan\\nMuseum of Art the finest private col-\\nlection of musical instruments known\\nto exist in this country estimated value,\\n$35,000. President Marquand declines a\\ngift of $10,000 from Mr.Walters of Balti-\\nmore, it being conditioned upon keeping\\nthe doors of the Metropolitan Muse-\\num of Art open on Sunday.\\nApr. 1. Cal. A new comet is discov-\\nered by Mr. Barnard at the Lick Ob-\\nservatory.\\nApr. 2. Pa. A big landslide occurs\\non Second Avenue at Pittsburg.\\nApr. 3, 4. S. Dak. Minn. Wind\\nstorms and prairie fires damage and\\ndestroy fully \u00c2\u00a72,000,000 worth of prop-\\nerty whole villages are swept out of\\nexistence, rendering hundreds of fami-\\nlies homeless several lives are known\\nto be lost.\\nApr. 8. N. Y. Rich strikes of oil are\\nmade at Andover.\\nApr. 16. D. C. The annual session of\\nthe National Academy of Sciences\\nbegins in Washington. [Apr. 17. It elects\\nProf. O. C. Marsh president.]\\nApr. 19. O. A shower of snails occurs\\nat Tiffin.\\nApr. 22. New York. Centennial Loan\\nExhibition opens at the Metropolitan\\nOpera House. [May 8. It closes.]\\nApr. 28. Minn. Relics of the mound-\\nbuilders are found.\\nApr. All the States and Dakota Terri-\\ntory now have Agricultural Experi-\\nment Stations established under act of\\nCongress.\\nApr.* X. Y. Natural gas in large quan-\\ntities is discovered near Canisteo while\\ndrilling an oil-well.\\nMay 3. hid. A subterranean water-\\ncourse, 12 feet wide and G feet deep, is\\ndiscovered 12 miles from Hartford City.\\nDak. A shower of frogs occurs at\\nJamestown.\\nMay 9. The mercury rises to 94*\\nat Bloomington the highest tempera-\\nture in May for 25 years.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS\\nX8S9.\\nMar. 22. Campbell, John A\\nticeof U. S. S. Ct., A77.\\nMatthews, Stanley, justice TJ. S. S.\\nCt., A65.\\nMar. 23. Tilton, W. S., brig.-gen., dies,\\nMass.\\nMar. 31. Sleeper, Jacob, philanthropist, of\\nBoston, A87.\\nApr. 4. Kfinington, Pliilo, inventor, manu-\\nfacturer of firearms, A73.\\nApr. 7. Vrooman, Henry, sen. for Cal., A 45.\\nApr. 9. Patterson, Thomas H-, rear-adm.,\\nA 69.\\nApr. 14. Chittenden, Simeon B., million-\\naire merchant, vf Brooklyn, A75.\\nTaylor. William K., rear-adm., A78.\\nApr. 25. Pearson, Henry G., postmaster of\\nN. Y. City, A44.\\nApr. 27. Bariuird, Frederick Augustus P.,\\npres. of Columbia Collet, 1 author. A80.\\nApr. 29. Crolv, David G., journalist, of\\nN. T., A60.\\nApr. 30. Barnum, William H., senator for\\nConn., chairman Hem. Nat. Com., A7I.\\nMay 9. Harnev, William Selby, maj.-gen.\\nTJ. S. A., A89.\\nO Connor, William Douglas, au., A57.\\nMay 13. Bishop, Washington Irving,\\nmind-reader in N. Y., A 42.\\nCHURCH.\\n1889 Mar. 26. Wis. Cyras F. Knight\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Milwaukee.\\nMar. President Harrison and every\\nmember of his Cabinet, excepting Secre-\\ntaries Proctor and Rusk, are Presbyte-\\nrians. (World.)\\nMar. Miss Flavin, an English Roman\\nCatholic, passes through America on her\\nway to Honolulu to exile herself as a\\nmissionary in the leper colony.\\nApr. 7. Mo. The world s conference\\nof Latter-day Saints assembles at St.\\nJoseph.\\nThere are 12 apostles, 70 patriarchs.\\n3,719 high-priests, 11,805 elders, 2,069\\npriests. 2,292 teachers, 11.610 deacons,\\n81,899 families, 115.915 officers and mem-\\nbers, and 49,302 children under eight\\nyears of age.\\nApr. 7-14. New York. A week of prayer\\nis observed for the Sabbath reform\\nmovement.\\nApr. 10. Md. Cardinal Gibbons is-\\nsues a circular letter calling upon the\\nBaltimore Roman Catholic clergy to\\nhold special services on April 30 Cen-\\ntennial Day.\\nApr. 24. Mo. The Rev. Dr. Bray of St.\\nLouis is deposed, at his own request,\\nfrom the Episcopal ministry.\\nApr. 25. Mich. Charles C. Grafton\\nis consecrated (Protestant Epil\\nbishop of Fond du Lac.\\nApr. 28. Chicago. The American The-\\nosophists meet.\\nNew York. Special centennial ser-\\nvices are held in St. Paul s Chapel.\\nS. C. A newspaper reporter,\\nHenry D. Howren, preaches a ser-\\nmon two hours long to 1.500 people in\\nthe Grand Opera House, Charleston.\\nApr. 30. Centennial Celebration.\\nPresident Harrison has. by proclama-\\ntion, appointed this dav for general\\nthanksgiving and prayer throughout the\\nnation. (See Army aiid State.)\\nMay 1. O. Leading Roman Catholic\\ndivines and educators form a Roman\\nCatholic Educational Union.\\nIt aims to give to all who rind it diffi-\\ncult to pursue their studies after leaving\\nschool an opportunity to follow a pre-\\nscribed course of secular and religious\\nreading and study.\\nMay Pa. Miss Kate Drexel, daugh-\\nter of the Philadelphia banker, and heir-\\ness to \u00c2\u00a72,000.000 becomes a Sister of\\nMercy; she enters the Mercy Convent\\nin Pittsburg.\\nMayS. Phila. The 28th International\\nConvention of the Young Men s\\nChristian Association is held about\\n1,000 delegates are present.\\nMay 12. Va. Rev. John Jasper s re-\\nvival at Richmond prospers 200 colored\\nconverts are baptized in the James\\nRiver.\\nMay 13. New York. The bill to give\\nschool moneys to the Roman Catholic\\nProtectory is defeated in the Assembly.\\nLETTERS.\\n1889 Mar. 25. New York. Mrs. Mar-\\ngaret E. Sangster becomes editor of\\nHarper s Bazar.\\nMar.* Md. Johns Hopkins University\\nis placed beyond fear of financial dif-\\nficulty by means of the Emergency\\nFund recently raised by citizens of\\nBaltimore.\\nMar. Mass. Mary A. Bingham is\\nchosen president of Mount Holyoke\\nSerninary.\\nApr. 3. N. Y. The Madison Univer-\\nsity library building at Hamilton is\\nto be built at once. It is to be three\\nstories high, 12S feet long, and S2 feet\\nwide. The whole cost ($100,000) is as-\\nsumed by James B. Colgate.\\nApr. 20. New York. Whitelaw Reid,*\\nhaving taken office abroad under the\\nGovernment, retires froiu the editorship\\nand control of the New York Tribune.\\nApr. Colo. Mary Lowe Dickinson is\\nprofessionally employed in the Univer-\\nsity of Denver at a salary of $3,300. The\\nwomen of Colorado are raising an endow-\\nment fund of $40,000 for a woman s\\nchair, always to be filled by a woman.\\nApr. Minn. Ex-Gov. John S. Pills-\\nbury, one of the regents of the State\\nUniversity, gives $150,000 for the im-\\nmediate use of the institution.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1889, Mar. 22 May 13. 339\\nApr.* Mass. Natiek elects three women\\non its school board.\\nApr. It is said that the author of Listen\\nto the Mocking-Bird has made $100,000\\nby that one effort.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1889 Mar. 22. N. F. The Assembly\\nbill allowing women to vote at muni-\\ncipal elections is defeated.\\nMar. Me. The Legislature passes a\\nbill providing for a fine of $100, impris-\\nonment for one year, and disfranchise-\\nment for 10 years, for a man who sells\\nhis vote.\\nApr. Wyo. An asylum for the insane\\nat Evanston is opened.\\n[Also Aug. 1. At Hastings, Neb. Dec.\\n15. At Clarinda, la. At Evansville\\nand another at Richmond, Ind. hos-\\npitals for the insane are provided for in\\nSouth California at Los Vegas, N. Mex.,\\nand San Antonio, Tex.]\\nMay 1. Neb* An industrial home for\\nwomen and girls is opened at Milford.\\nMay 4. Chicago. Dr. Patrick Henry\\nCronin, an Irish dynamiter, is suspected\\nof treachery, expelled from membership\\nand condemned to death by members of\\nthe Clan-na-gael. [May 22. His body is\\nfound at Lake View.]\\nMay 8. Ark. The Sheriff of St. Francis\\nCounty, the city marshal of Forest City,\\nand two other citizens, are killed in an\\nelection riot.\\nMay 10. Mo. David and William Walker\\nand John Matthews of the Bald Knob\\ngang are hanged at Ozark.\\nSTATE.\\n1889 Mar. 22. D. C. Bering Sea is\\nclosed to all nations.\\nPresident Harrison issues a proclama-\\ntion protiibiting under heavy penalties\\nthe killing of any otter, miuk, marten,\\nsable, or fur seal within the limits of\\nAlaska Territory or the waters thereof\\nwithout a special permit from the United\\nStates.\\nMar. 25. Mont. Red Lodge is thrown\\nopen for settlement.\\nMar. 26. N. J. The Assembly Speaker\\nrefuses to permit business to be done,\\nowing to the absence of two members\\nof his own party.\\nMar. 27. President Harrison by proc-\\nlamation fixes April 22, at noon, as the\\ndate of opening Oklahoma for purposes\\nof settlement.\\nN.J. The Assembly passes the Re-\\ndistricting Bill the governor signs it,\\nand it becomes law.\\nMar. 29. D. C. The President appoints\\nthe three members of the Oklahoma\\nCommission.\\nMar. 30. D. C. The Senate rejects\\nthe nomination of Murat Halstead as\\nminister to Germany. Vote, 19-25.\\nMar. Ind. The State Senate passes the\\nbill adopting the Australian system of\\nsecret voting.\\nApr. 1. N. J. The Assembly passes the\\nBaUot Reform Bill. Vote, 48-2.\\nApr. 2. D. C. Senate The special ses-\\nsion closes.\\nChicago. Dewitt C. Cregier, the\\nDemocratic nominee for mayor, is\\nelected by 10,000 majority.\\nApr. 3. N. Y. The Assembly passes the\\nExcise Commission Bill as amended.\\nVote, 69-53.\\nR. I. The election of the State ticket\\nis in doubt,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a single office excepted.\\nApr. 4. Tenn. The Legislature passes\\nthe Doritch Election Bill.\\nApr. 5. N. Y. The Assembly orders the\\nNixon Dressed Beef Bill to a third\\nreading. Vote, 55\u00e2\u0080\u009440.\\nApr. 6. D. C. President Harrison is-\\nsues a proclamation recommending\\nthat the hour of 9 a.m., Tuesday, Apr.\\n30th, be set apart for Thanksgiving\\nservices in all the churches and public\\nplaces of worship in the country as a\\npart of the celebration of the cen-\\ntennial anniversary of Gen. Washing-\\nton s inauguration.\\nApr. 9. N. Y. The Assembly passes the\\nSaxton Ballot Reform BiH. Vote,\\n74-44.\\nApr. 13. Va. Ballot reform after the\\nAustralian secret system is adopted by\\nthe House. Vote, 63-17.\\nApr. 17. N. J. The Senate passes a\\nsubstitute for the Australian Election\\nSystem Bill.\\nApr. 18. III. The House passes an An-\\nti-Trust Bill.\\nN. Y. Senator Fassett and several\\nother Republican senators, after vainly\\nprotesting against a ruling of Lieut.-\\nGov. Jones as unfair, leave the Sen-\\nate Chamber amidmuch excitement.\\nThe Interstate Commerce Commission\\ndecides that the Grand Trunk s ship-\\nments to Canadian points are subject to\\ninterstate law.\\nApr. 21. New York. Sir JulianPaunce-\\nfote, the British minister to Washing-\\nton, arrives.\\nApr. 22. Okla. The Oklahoma coun-\\ntry is thrown open to settlers at\\nnoon.\\nN. Y. The Senate passes Mayor\\nGrant s Rapid Transit Bill, and the\\nNew York City Police Commission, Park\\nCommission, and Police Justice Bills.\\nApr. 27. Okla. A municipal govern-\\nment is organized in Guthrie by the\\nelection of a mayor and town council.\\nApr. 29. New York. The three U. S.\\nCommissioners to the Berlin Con-\\nference respecting Samoa sail the\\nmembers are William Walter Phelps of\\nN. J., John A. Kasson of la., and George\\nH. Bates of Del.\\nMay 1. The railway TJ. S. mail ser-\\nvice passes under civil service rules.\\nMay 4. Mo. The Australian election\\nsystem is adopted by the Legislature.\\nMay 6. La. Armed men break up an\\nelection in Lafayette to prevent ne-\\ngroes from voting.\\nMay 7. Berlin. The American Com-\\nmissioners of the Samoan Confer-\\nence, under instruction from their Gov-\\nernment, demand the neutrality of the\\nislands and the administration of Sa-\\nmoan affairs by Samoans they also\\nurge the claim of the United States to\\nthe right to establish a coaling-station\\nat Pango-Pango.\\nMay 13. N. Y. Gov. Hill vetoes the\\nSaxon Ballot Reform BUI.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1889 Mar. 26. Chicago. Forty thou-\\nsand cases of tea are burned in a\\nwarehouse loss, about \u00c2\u00a71,250,000.\\nApr. 5. Pa. At Wilkesbarre 16 col-\\nleries resume work.\\nApr. 7. N. C. A fire nearly destroys\\nSmithfield 28 houses and 32 stores are\\nconsumed.\\nGa. Savannah loses $1,250,000 by\\nfire.\\nApr. 10. III. A private car is wrecked\\nnear Joliet four persons are killed and\\nfour others injured.\\nN. Y. The New York Yacht Club\\naccepts Lord Dunraven s challenge\\nto sail for the America cup.\\nApr. 13. New York. A fire sweeps the\\nWorth River front between Fifty-ninth\\nand Sixty-fifth Streets, burning many\\nvaluable buildings of the New York\\nCentral Railroad loss, nearly $3,000,000.\\nApr. 16. The Richmond and Alle-\\nghany Railroad is sold to the Chesa-\\npeake and Ohio, for \u00c2\u00a75,000,000.\\nNew York. Mayor Grant and the\\nBoard of Control begin the attack on\\nthe electric poles and wires; many\\nare taken down.\\nApr. 17. The Standard Oil Company\\nabsorbs the Ohio Oil Company.\\nApr. 21. The 331 passengers and crew\\nof the steamer Danmark are rescued at\\nsea by the steamer Missouri.\\nApr. 22. Okla. Settlers lay out Guthrie,\\nand start a bank in a tent on the day\\nthe Territory is opened capital, $50,000.\\nThere is a great rush of settlers and\\nothers into the strip of land now thrown\\nopen violence and bloodshed attend\\nthe inrush of people.\\nApr. 27. Mo. Grain elevator com-\\npanies form a combination in St. Louis.\\nApr. 28. Ont. An excursion train\\nfrom Chicago for New York is wrecked\\nnear Hamilton 17 persons are killed.\\nMay 8. Mich. At Kalamazoo an engine\\ncollides with a crowded street-car,\\nkilling six persons and injuring others.\\nMay 10. Va. A storm sweeps 25\\nworkmen into the Potomac, and the\\nwreck of the bridge on which they\\nworked falls on them.\\nMay 11. N. J. English capitalists buy\\nseveral large breweries near Newark.\\n[May 14. Also, the brewery of George\\nRingler and Co., in New York. May 15.\\nTwo more are bought. May 22. The\\nbreweries of St. Paul, Minn. June 14.\\nThe Kastner brewery of Newark.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "340 1889, May 13 -June 26.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1889 May 21. I). C. President Harrison\\nissues a proclamation forbidding Sun-\\nday parades; general inspection is to\\nbe made on Saturday in place of Sunday.\\nMay 27. III. Troops are ordered to\\ndisperse the striking miners at Braid-\\nwood. [May 28. The miners are taken\\nprisoners by militia.J\\nMay 29. PJiila. A committee repre-\\nsenting the survivors of the Philadel-\\nphia Brigade present a handsome new-\\nsilk flag to the survivors of Confederate\\nGen. Pickett s Virginia division.\\nJune 7. D. C. Col. Kelton is appointed\\nadjutant-general of the United States in\\nplace of Gen. Drum, retired.\\nJune 10. D. C. The Ossipee has been\\nordered to Port-au-Prince, Haiti, to look\\nafter national interests.\\nPa. Johnstown is under military\\nrule for the preservation of order.\\nJune 14. Minn. Three companies of\\nUnited States troops are sent to the\\nscene of the reported outbreak among\\nthe Chippewa Indians; 400Chippewas\\nare in war-paint.\\nJune 16. The Kearsarge starts for Port-\\nau-Prince, Haiti.\\nJune 18. Va. The United States steamer\\nConstellation goes ashore inside Cape\\nHenry.\\nJune 21. Md. The Maxim gun is tested\\nat Annapolis one gun fires 750 shots in\\na minute, and another 350.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1889 May 16. Mick. Wis. Snowfalls\\nto the depth of from three to five inches.\\nMay 24. Va. A monument is dedi-\\ncated at Alexandria in commemoration\\nof Confederate soldiers who fell at this\\nplace.\\nMay 31. Pa. The Johnstown flood.\\n(See Miscellaneous May 31 and Sept.\\nMay D. C. The site of the new Zoo-\\nlogical Park, for which Congress has\\nappropriated $200,000, is located along\\nthe banks of Rock Creek, northwest of\\nWashington area, 150 acres.\\nJune 1, 2. Destructive storm in the\\nMiddle States. (See Miscellaneous.)\\nJune 4. New York: The International\\nMedico-Legal Congress opens in\\nStein way Hall.\\nJune 6. N. Mex. Lieut. Schwatka ar-\\nrives at Dening, and gives the details\\nof the discoveries of cave- and cliff-\\ndwellers in Chihuahua.\\nJune 25. P. I. The fortieth meeting of\\nthe American Medical Association\\nopens at Newport.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1889.\\nMay 16. Rice, Allen Thormlike, ed. Worth\\nAmerican Ii rtt ti\\\\ Minister to Russia, A :!K.\\nMay 34. Bridgman, Laura, of Boston,\\nblind deaf-mute, AGO.\\nJune l. Moore, S. P., surgeon-gen. of Con-\\nfederate Army, dies.\\nJune 8. Swett, Leonard, lawyer, of Chicago,\\nA63.\\nJune 17. Gilbert, .John (Jibbs, actor, in\\nBoston, A.79.\\nHosmer, William, dergyman, antisla-\\nvery agitutor, temperaiM-e mlvoeate, ATM.\\nJune 20. Myers, A. i|ii;iriermaster-gen.\\nof Confederate* army, ATT.\\nJune 25. Haves, Lu ey Webb, wife of ex-\\nrresldent, friend of temi f*rain:e, A.V\\nJune 26. Cameron. Simon, senator for\\nPa., minister to Russia, nrst secretary of\\nwar tinder Lincoln, A90.\\nBrown, George Lonng,of Mass., painter,\\nA75.\\nCHURCH.\\n1S89 May 14. Tenn. The Southern\\nBaptist Convention, in session at\\nMemphis, adopts resolutions denouncing\\nthe liquor traffic; it favors prohibition\\nand opposes licenses.\\nThe Supreme Council of the Catho-\\nlic Knights of America meets at Chat-\\ntanooga.\\nMay 14, 15. O. The Epworth League\\n(Methodist Episcopal) is organized at\\nCleveland at a conference of representa-\\ntives of young people s societies.\\nMay 16. Neiu York. The General As-\\nsembly (Presbyterian) begins its 101st\\nsession.\\nDr. C. L. Thompson delivers the open-\\ning address and Dr. W. C. Roberts is\\nchosen moderator. The assembly is com-\\nposed of 480 commissioners, coming from\\n2S synods in all parts of the United States\\nand from China it represents 210 pres-\\nbyteries, containing 6,500 churches, with\\nabout 767,000 communicants. The two\\nparamount questions are the supply of\\nministers and the regulations as to the\\nconfession of faith.\\n(May 22.) It votes to discuss the pro-\\nposed revision of the Confession of Faith.\\n(May 23.) It decides to cooperate with\\nthe Southern Presbyterian General As-\\nsembly of Home Missions.\\n(May 24.) It votes to ask the presby-\\nteries to express their desires respecting\\nthe revision of the creed. It agrees to\\ncooperation.\\n(May 27.) It adopts an important anti-\\nlicense resolution. Vote, 193-S2.\\nIt favors vigorous efforts until laws\\nshall he enacted in every State and Ter-\\nritory prohibiting entirely a traffic which\\nis the principal cause of drunkenness,\\nand its consequent pauperism, crime,\\ntaxation, lamentation, war, and ruin to\\nthe bodies and souls of men with which\\nthe country has so long been afflicted.\\n(May 28.) The session closes.\\nTenn. The General Assembly\\n(Southern Presbyterian) meets in\\nChattanooga.\\nMo. The General Assembly of the\\nCumberland Presbyterians meets in\\nKansas City.\\n(May 20.) It discusses the case of Dr.\\nJames Woodrow, an evolutionist.\\n(May 23.) It agrees to cooperate with\\nthe General Assembly of Kortheru Pres-\\nbyterians.\\nMay IS. Boston. Closing session of the\\n57th annual meeting of the Baptist\\nHome Missionary Society.\\nLa. James D. Coleman of New\\nOrleans is elected supreme president of\\nthe Catholic Knights of America.\\ny. Y. The Methodist Episcopal\\nHome for the Aged in Brooklyn is\\ndedicated.\\nMay 22. Cat. The Greek (Russian)\\nchurch at San Francisco is burned\\narson is suspected.\\nMay 23. Chicago. Pope Leo authorizes\\nArchbishop Feehan of Chicago to take\\nwhatever measures he may deem oppor-\\ntune to declare the Clan-na-Gael in\\nopposition to the Church.\\nMay 25. It. C. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nMay 26. New York: The year I\\ning of the Society of Friends begins\\nat Rutherford Place.\\nMay 28. New Fork. Mayor Grant in-\\nsists that the Metropolitan Museum\\nof Natural History shall be opened on\\nSundays.\\nOtherwise he will refuse consent to the\\nissuance of the $400,000 bonds authorized\\nto be applied to the erection of the\\nMay Seventy-third annual meeting of\\nthe American Bible Society.\\nIt reports 1,440,465 copies of the Scrip-\\ntures issued from the Bible House dur-\\ning the year, and 509.7S2 copies sent to\\nforeign lands. Receipts for general\\npurposes. $499.S23. 3 for permanent\\ninvestment, $1,447.72.\\nMay About 1S.500,000 persons are re-\\nported as following the International\\nSunday-school Lesson Course.\\nMay Pa. The General Conference\\n(.United Brethren! is held at York.\\nMay* Boston. The Woman s Foreign.\\nMissionary Society (Reformed Epis-\\ncopal) is organized.\\nJune 2. New York. The Roman Catholic\\npriests read in their churches a pastoral\\nletter denouncing secret societies as\\nthe bane of the social order, the danger\\nof a free people, and the great slavery\\nof our day.\\nJune 3. Va. A. Van de Vyver, vicar-\\ngeneral of the Diocese of Richmond\\n(Roman Catholic), is elevated to the\\nbishopric.\\nJune 5. N. Y. The 63d annual meeting-\\nof the American Home Missionary\\nSociety opens at Saratoga.\\nJune 9. New York. Collections are\\ntaken in many churches for the Cone-\\nmaugh Valley relief fund.\\nPa. The people of Johnstown, in\\nthe Conemaugh Valley meet for religious\\nservices in ruined chu rches and under the\\nopen sky. (See Miscellaneous, May 31.)\\nJune 12. Pa. The National Confer-\\nence (German Baptist) denounces the\\n\\\\ise of tobacco by ministers and deacons,\\nand declares that it is wrong to install\\ncandidates who use it.\\nJune 13. Pa. The 34th biennial session\\n(Evangelical Lutheran) convenes at\\nPittsburg. It unanimously adopts a\\nresolution approving the prohibition\\namendment to be voted on in Pennsyl-\\nvania on June IS.\\nHundreds of sick persons gather at\\nthe Church of St. Anthony of Padua,\\nin Allegheny City, in the hope of being\\nhealed of their diseases.\\n1SS9 May IS. John X Rockefeller\\noffers $000,000 for the Baptist Univer-\\nsity to be established in Chicago, and C.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1889, May 13 -June 26. 341\\nHinckeley of Chicago offers 850,000 for\\nthe same purpose there remains to\\nbe raised only \u00c2\u00a7350,000 of the necessary\\n\u00c2\u00a71,000,000.\\nMay 22. New York. Joseph Pulitzer,\\nowner of the World, donates $15,000\\nto assist poor boys of this city in getting\\ncollege educations.\\nEach boy selected -will receive $250,\\nand 12 boys will be thus assisted each\\nyear until* 60 have entered college.\\nMay* Mich. The Michigan House of\\nRepresentatives passes the bill to confer\\nupon \u00e2\u0080\u00a2women the right to vote at all\\nschool, village, and city elections.\\nVote, 58\u00e2\u0080\u009423.\\nJune 14. Conn. A complete set of the\\npublications of Prince Lucien Bonaparte\\non the dialects of Europe is presented\\nto the Yale Library by a citizen of\\nNew Haven.\\nJune 20. N. Y. The Madison Univer-\\nsity is changed to Colgate University.\\nJi. I. Dr. E. B. Andrews is elected\\nPresident of Brown University.\\nO. Miami University confers degree\\nof T.T. Tl- upon President Harrison.\\nJune 24. New York. Gen. Daniel Butter-\\nfield presents to the public schools the\\ngold medal for excellence in marching\\nin the Centennial parade.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1889 May 24. N. Y. Train wreckers\\nditch a train in Sullivan County; 45\\npassengers are injured.\\nJune 4. New York. Ferdinand Ward\\n(Grant and Ward) is indicted for finan-\\ncial frauds.\\nConn. The House defeats the bill\\ngiving women the right to vote on\\nquestions pertaining to the sale of in-\\ntoxicating liquors.\\nJune 12. N. J. The Society of the\\nArmy of the Potomac holds its 20th\\nannual reunion in Orange.\\nJune 20. ft. I. The people vote to re-\\nscind the Prohibitory Amendment.\\nJune 26. Ind. The Supreme Court at\\nIndianapolis decides that a license to\\nsell liquor is a special tax and as the\\npower to grant, withhold, or annul li-\\ncenses to sell liquor is an exercise of the\\npolice power, it follows that no limita-\\ntion can be placed upon its exercise by\\nany statutory provisions.\\nSTATE.\\n1889 May 13. D. C. Charles Lyman\\nof Conn, is chosen president of the\\nCivil Service Commission.\\nD. C. The U. S. Supreme Court de-\\ncides that the Chinese Exclusion Act\\nis valid; it gives an opinion in favor\\nof the heirs of Myra Clark Gains in their\\nsuit against the city of New Orleans for\\nproperty valued at more than \u00c2\u00a7500,000.\\nMay 14. S.Dak. The people approve the\\nSioux Falls Constitution. Vote, 37,710\\n-3,414.\\nMay 21. III. The Chicago Drainage\\nBill passes the Senate.\\nMay 22. Conn. The lower House passes\\na secret ballot bill. [May 27. It\\npasses the Senate.]\\nIII. The Assembly passes the Hotch-\\nkiss Secret Ballot Bill. Vote, 183-9.\\nMay 2S. It. I. The people having failed\\nto elect a governor, the Legislature\\nchoose H. W. Ladd (Rep.).\\nD. C. The Wool-growers Associa-\\ntion petitions President Harrison to\\ncall a special session of Congress to\\ntake action on the tariff.\\nNew York. The Civil Service Com-\\nmission censures the examining board\\nof the custom-house.\\nMay Wyo. A call is issued for a\\nConstitutional Convention to convene\\non Sept. 3, at Cheyenne.\\nJune 7. Conn. Gov. Bulkeley vetoes\\nthe Secret Ballot BUI; it is passed\\nover his veto. Vote, 121-38 after which\\nit is reconsidered and laid on the table.\\nJune 11. Conn. The Secret Ballot\\nBill is amended in the House by ex-\\nempting city, town, and borough elec-\\ntions from its operations it then passes,\\nand goes to the Senate. [June 13. Its\\npassage is defeated. Vote, 19-2. It is\\nlater modified and passed by both\\nHouses.]\\nN. Y. Gov. Hill signs the Anti-\\nBucket Bill to restrict speculation.\\nJune 12. Calvin S. Brice of O. is\\nelected chairman of the Democratic\\nNational Committee.\\nJune 17. It is reported that U. S.\\nrevenue cutters are ordered to seize all\\nvessels engaged in illicit killing of\\nseals in Bering Sea.\\nJune 19. Phita. The jury in the hat-\\ntrimmings case returns a verdict\\nagainst the Government this is a test\\ncase to recover excess of duties levied\\non material used as hat-trimmings, and\\nby the verdict the Government is made\\nliable for \u00c2\u00a730,000,000 or more.\\nJune 26. D. C. President Harrison\\nappoints Ernest H. Crosby Judge in\\nthe International Court of Original\\nJurisdiction at Alexandria, Egypt.\\nO. J. B. Foraker (Rep.) is nomi-\\nnated for governor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1889 May 14. N. C. A land syndicate\\npurchases 30,000 acres of land in Cur-\\nrituck and Camden Counties for farms.\\nMay 15. Ore. The steamer Alaskan\\nbreaks in two during a storm.\\nMay 18. New York. A second autopsy\\nis performed on the body of Washing-\\nton Irving Bishop, but the cause of\\ndeath is not discovered.\\nMay 19. Dak. The Indian council at\\nStanding Bock decides not to sell their\\nlands unless they are paid \u00c2\u00a711,000,000.\\nMay 25. New York. The first expedi-\\ntion of the Maritime Canal Company\\nsets sail for Nicaragua.\\nMay 26. Chicago. The funeral of Dr.\\nPatrick H. Cronin a victim of the\\nClan-na-Gael, takes- place.\\nMay 29. Tex. The Texan Spring Pal-\\nace at Fort Wayne is formally opened\\nit contains a complete exhibit of the pro-\\nductions of the State.\\nMay 31. Pa. The Johnstown flood\\nsweeps the Conemaugh Valley it is the\\nmost disastrous flood ever known in\\nAmerica.\\nAt 3 p.m. the Conemaugh Lake (2k by\\n1? miles), 18 miles distant from, and 275\\nfeet above Johnstown, is flooded by\\nheavy rains; the dam weakens, breaks,\\nand a flood-wave many feet high runs 18\\nmiles in seven minutes, when its course\\nis arrested by the railroad bridge below\\nJohnstown; the waters being dammed,\\nhouses are swept away by the rising tor-\\nrents. [Several hundred bodies are found\\nin an acre of drift near Keamsville. To-\\ntal loss of life, 2,142, including 99 entire\\nfamilies. Contributions for the relief\\nof sufferers amounting to \u00c2\u00a72,912,346 are\\nreceived from many cities in America\\nand Europe; contributions from Phila-\\ndelphia, \u00c2\u00a7000,000; Pittsburg, \u00c2\u00a5500,000;\\nNew York, \u00c2\u00a7516,199; variousothercities\\ncontribute through Gov. Beaver, who\\nturns over \u00c2\u00a71,230,146.] (See Miscellane-\\nous, Sept.\\nMay New York. The expenses of the\\nCentennial Celebration are estimated\\nat $461,000.\\nThe military parade, $120,000 the civic\\nparade, $100,000; the fireworks, $15,000;\\nnaval parade, $5,000; the Kouitable ban-\\nquet, $wumn (including $15,000 for wine);\\nextras for troops, .$8,000 the ball, $125,-\\n000; the loan exhibition, $0,000 stands,\\n$13,000. The receipts are estimated at\\n$465,000.\\nMay N. Y. The big Rockaway Beach\\nhotel, the erection of which cost $1,000,-\\n000, has been sold for $27,000 to a dealer\\nin building materials.\\nMay D. C. The Chinese minister\\npresents the Smithsonian Institution\\nwith a jewel connected with a dynasty\\nreigning 3500 years ago.\\nJune 1. Pa. A destructive cyclone visits\\nWilkesbarre and vicinity, and destroys\\nproperty valued at $1,000,000; 14 lives\\nare lost and 180 persons injured.\\nJune 1, 2. Heavy rains cause destruc-\\ntive floods in several of the Middle\\nStates many persons are drowned\\nWashington alone suffers a loss of a\\n$1,000,000.\\nJune 2. Pa. About 80 persons watch-\\ning the flood from abridge at Williams-\\nport are swept into the Susquehanna\\nRiver and drowned.\\nJune 6. Wash. Seattle is partly de-\\nstroyed by fire [loss estimated at $15,-\\n000,000 contributions for relief, $36,800].\\nJune 12. Mass. A broken canal wall at\\nHolyoke releases a flood of water,\\nwhich destroys property to the value\\nof over $100,000; 15,000 are out of\\nwork.\\nJune 13. A trust is formed with\\n$25,000,000 capital, which includes all\\nthe manufacturers of plug tobacco.\\nJune 25. N. J. A Pottery Trust is\\nformed at Trenton 20 pottery represen-\\ntatives sign the agreement.\\nJune 26. Pa. A freight-train collis-\\nion at Latrobe kills 25 men and injures\\na number of others.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "342 1889, June 27 -Aug. 8.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY,\\n1889 June 27. C. Secretary Tracy\\nissues an order reorganizing the vari-\\nous bureaus of the Navy Department.\\nJune 28. New York. Col. Emmons\\nClark of the 7th Regiment, on retir-\\ning, receives from Gov. Hill a commis-\\nsion as brevet brigadier-general. [Aug.\\n18. Daniel Appleton is chosen his suc-\\nAug. 1. Ga. Veterans of the Con-\\nfederate Third Georgia and the Union\\nNinth New York regiments hold their\\nfirst friendly union at Fort Valley,\\nthey having met frequently on battle-\\nfields during the Civil War.\\nAug. 4. ft. I. The new cruiser Boston\\nstrikes on a rock in Narragansett Bay,\\nand is seriously damaged.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1889 June 29. D.C. Washington suf-\\nfers heavily from the flooded Potomac.\\nSome of the streets are flooded, and\\nthe only traffic is by means of boats\\ndamages, $2,000,000.\\nJune* Fla. Valuable phosphate rock is\\ndiscovered atDunellen, Marion County.\\nJune N. J. A mural statue of ex-Presi-\\ndent McCosh is presented to Princeton\\nUniversity by the class of 79 it is life\\nsize, in high relief, and cost \u00c2\u00a710,000.\\nJune Kan. An ice-dam gives way at\\nFort Scott, in Bourbon county, causing\\nmuch damage, especially at Uniontown.\\nJune Okla. Rich iron ore is discov-\\nered a short distance from Guthrie.\\nJuly 3. Tex. Serious floods are caused\\nby the heavy rains.\\nRivers are swollen and fiatlands deso-\\nlated houses are washed away and sev-\\neral persons drowned crops are badly\\ndamaged. Loss, about $2,000,000.\\nJuly 7. N. Y. W. R. Brooks of Geneva\\ndiscovers a new comet.\\nProf. Campbell s air-ship fails in\\nits trial trip.\\nIts navigator, Edw. D. Hogan, makes\\nan ascension over New York and Brook-\\nlyn but the air-ship fails to submit to\\nhis guidance, and drifts away seaward,\\nafter dropping its propeller to the ground\\nin Brooklyn. [Hogan is picked up at\\nsea.]\\nJuly 9. JV. Y. A flood occurs in the Mo-\\nhawk Valley 10 persons are drowned.\\nJuly 22. Me. A plumbago mine is\\ndiscovered in Soraerville.\\nJuly 27. Chicago is visited by severe\\nwind-storms, causing the loss of\\nabout 20 lives and of property estimated\\namong the millions.\\nJuly 28. Cat. The Broderick Monu-\\nment in Laurel Hill Cemetery is re-\\nstored at Senator Fair s expense.\\nJuly U. S. Doctors are testing the\\nBrown-Sequard elixir for the renewal\\nof life with widely varying results.\\nDr. Robert Longfellow of Cincinnati\\nreports the treatment of 49 patients, 40\\nper cent of whom were greatly bene-\\nfited; while other physicians report al-\\nmost complete failure in cases treated\\nby them.\\nJuly* Pa. The Lackawanna Valley is\\ninvaded by millions of locusts that\\nsettle on every green thing.\\nJuly Tex. Disastrous floods con-\\ntinue.\\nRain has fallen for three weeks, and\\nthe Colorado River is 31 feet high and\\nrising.\\nAug. 1. Mass. A national monument in\\nhonor of the Pilgrim Fathers is un-\\nveiled at Plymouth.\\nAug. 2. New York. The American Art\\nAssociation pays nearly 8100,000 for\\nMillet s Angelas. [Oct. 13. It arrives.]\\nN. Y. A commission of experts select\\na design for a memorial arch to be\\nerected in honor of Brooklyn s soldiers\\nand sailors who perished in the war.\\nIt provides for a structure 125 feet wide\\nand 9G feet high, surmounted by a statu-\\nary group the height of the arch is to\\nbe 64 feet and the width 65 feet. In front\\nof each abutment is a pedestal of col-\\numns 3G feet high, crowned by a bronze\\ngroup 22 feet in height. It will be the\\nsecond largest arch in the world, and\\nwill cost \u00c2\u00a7250,000.\\nAug. 6. Me. The fishing schooner Fan-\\nnie Chase finds a big lump of ambergris\\nfloating on the water just outside of\\nPortland harbor value, $25,000.\\nNew York. Seventeen-year locusts\\nappear in Central Park.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1889.\\nJune 38. Mitchell, Maria, of Mass., astron-\\nomer, inatheiLiatirinn, A71.\\nJuly 1. Woolsey, Theodore Dwight,\\npres. of Yale, author, political ami legal\\nwriter, A88.\\nJuly 6. Watrous, George H., railroad offi-\\ncial, A60.\\nJuly 10. Barlow, Samuel L. M., lawyer,\\nA63.\\nJuly 14. Cole, AsahelN., agriculturist, A68.\\nJuly 21. Johnston, Alexander, professor\\npolitical economy at Princeton, author,\\nA 40.\\nJuly 24. Turner, Joseph Edward, physi-\\ncian, founder first inebriate asylum, A67.\\nJuly 26. Pugh, Eliza Lottus Phillips,\\nwriter, dies.\\nJuly 31. Kendrick, James Ryland, pro-\\nfessor, A 86.\\nAug. 3. Fitzhugh, William E., U. S. A., in\\nPhila., A57.\\nAug. 4. Buckner, James F., Confederate\\ngeneral, dies.\\nGray, Geurge Zabriskie, theologian, A51.\\nCHURCH.\\n1889 June 27. Mass. Dwight L.\\nMoody s fourth annual encampment\\nof college students begins at North-\\nfield.\\nWash. The General Congrega-\\ntional Association of Washington is\\norganized.\\nJuly 9. Bishops and others petition the\\nVatican to canonize Christopher Co-\\nlumbus on the anniversary of the dis-\\ncovery of America. [Their petition is\\nrefused.]\\nJuly 14+. It. Pope Leo sustains\\nBishop M Quaid, yet Father Lambert,\\nwho criticised the bishop unfavorably in\\nthe newspapers, is to remain in connec-\\ntion with the Diocese of Rochester.\\nJuly 16. N. Y. A retreat for the physi-\\ncal recuperation of returned women\\nmissionaries is opened at Round Lake\\nin Saratoga County.\\nJuly 18. Miss. Thomas Heslin is con-\\nsecrated (Roman Catholic; bishop of the\\nDiocese of Natchez.\\nJuly 25. O. The suspension of Dr.\\nQuigley of Toledo, formerly of St.\\nFrancis de Sales church, by Bishop\\nGilmour of Cleveland, is not approved\\nat Rome.\\nJuly 27. Tenn. Two hundred people\\nband together to drive Mormon elders\\nand converts from Wilson County.\\nJuly There are now 7,672 Christian\\nEndeavor Societies in America.\\nJuly* U. S. There are 126 camp-\\nmeetings announced for July, August,\\nand September.\\nJuly* London. The World s Sunday-\\nschool Convention is held; more than\\n300 of the 900 delegates present are\\nfrom the United States.\\nJuly Ga. A fanatic, calling himself\\nChrist, deceives and excites the negroes.\\nThey abandon their patches, turn their\\ncattle on their crops, desert the tur-\\npentine farms, sawmills, and planta-\\ntions wives separate from their hus-\\nbands, and children leave their parents,\\nto follow him.\\nJuly The General Government provides\\nfor the support of contract schools\\namong the Indians.\\nCongress appropriates for this work\\n$506,994. Of this sum the Human Catho-\\nlics receive 8:356.491 the Presbyterians,\\n\u00c2\u00a747,650; the Congregational Missionary\\nSociety, $16,408 the remaining S86.455\\nbeing scattered in small amounts among\\nother missionary boards.\\nAug. 4. N. Y. Prof. W. R. Harper de-\\nfends himself at Chautauqua from the\\ncharge of being in sympathy with Ger-\\nman rationalism.\\nAug. 7. N. J. A Deaconess Conven-\\ntion is in session at Ocean Grove.\\nLETTERS.\\n1889 June 30. The Commissioner of\\nEducation reports that the public-\\nschool system is making marvelous\\nprogress in the South the increase in\\nenrollment greatly exceeds the increase\\nin population.\\nJune Bosto^^ Several prominent women\\nappoint a committee of 50 to carry out\\nplans for taking the city schools out\\nof politics and sectarian influence.\\nJune l7id. Ter. The Cherokee Indians\\ndedicate with great rejoicings their new\\nseminary for girls at Tahlequah.\\nThe building is three stories high, con-\\ntains more than 100 rooms, a chapel,\\nstudy, and recitation-rooms it is steam-\\nheated, supplied with water-works of its\\nown, and cost S 200,000. The money\\ncomes from the lease of the Indians\\nlands to cattle companies.\\nJune* .V. Work is begun on Cornell s\\nnew library building at Ithaca it will\\nbe the finest university library build-\\ning in the country, and have shelf-room\\nfor 475,000 volumes.\\nJuly 7. D. C. The National Edu-\\ncational Association is in session at\\nWashington it discusses the subject of\\ndenominational schools in a broad man-\\nner Bishop Keane (Rom. Cath.) of", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1889, June 27 -Aug. 8. 343\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Washington and Edwin D. Mead of\\nBoston make addresses.\\nJuly 10. Va, Gov. Fitzkugh Lee, a\\nnephew of Gen. R. E. Lee, accepts the\\nsuperintendency of the Lexington\\nMilitary Institute, offered to him by\\nthe board of visitors.\\nJuly 11. Pa. The American Philo-\\nlogical Society concludes its meeting\\nat Easton.\\nJuly 18. Tenn. The National Teach-\\ners* Association is in session at Nash-\\nville.\\nJuly 21. N. J. The American Insti-\\ntute of Christian Philosophy holds its\\nregular summer meeting at Key East\\nBeach.\\nJuly More than 43,000,000 copies\\nof the Moody and Sankey Gospel\\nhymn-books have been issued in this\\ncountry and England.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1889 June 28. Mich. The Legislature\\nfixes the retail liquor tax at $500.\\nJuly* }Vash. The Washington Territory\\nConstitutional Convention adopts wo-\\nman suffrage as a separate proposi-\\ntion, to be submitted to the people with\\nthe Constitution.\\nAug. 1. R. I. The Legislature enacts a\\nhigh-license law.\\nSTATE.\\n1889 June 28. D. C. The Criminal\\nCourt orders a nolle pros, in the Star\\nRoute trial cases.\\nS. Dak. The Republicans call a con-\\nvention to nominate officers for the new\\nState; it is to meet at Huron.\\nJune 30. Statistics for the fiscal year.\\nRevenue: Customs, \u00c2\u00a7223,832,742 in-\\nternal revenue. \u00c2\u00a7130, SSI, 514 sale of\\npublic lands. \u00c2\u00a78,038,052 miscellaneous\\nitems, \u00c2\u00a724,297,151. Total revenue, \u00c2\u00a7387,-\\n050,059. Expenditures Premiums on\\nloans, purchase of bonds, etc., \u00c2\u00a717,292,-\\n363; miscellaneous items, $80,604,064\\nWar Department, \u00c2\u00a744,435,271 Navy De-\\npartment. S21.378.N09; Indians, \u00c2\u00a76,892,-\\n208; pensions, \u00c2\u00a787,024,779; interest on\\nthe public debt, \u00c2\u00a741,001,484. Total ordi-\\nnary expenditures, \u00c2\u00a7299,288,978; excess\\nof revenue over ordinary expenditures,\\n\u00c2\u00a787,761,081. Public debt (Dec. 1), \u00c2\u00a71,617,-\\n372,419. Exports, \u00c2\u00a7742,401,375 imports,\\n\u00c2\u00a7745,131,652.\\nJune Conn. The House passes over the\\ngovernor s veto the bill prohibiting the\\ncoloring of oleomargarin so as to re-\\nsemble butter.\\nJuly 3. Wash. A Constitutional Con-\\nvention meets at Olympia.\\nJuly 20. Okla. The Territorial Con-\\nvention appoints committees on Organic\\nLaw, the Judiciary, the Legislature,\\netc.; it decides to partition the Territory\\ninto 12 counties, and then adjourns until\\nAug. 20.\\nJuly 27. N. H. The Supreme Court of\\nthe State declares the law requiring a\\nlicense for the practice of medicine\\nand dentistry is unconstitutional.\\nJuly 29. The Chippewas sign a treaty\\ngiving their consent to open the White\\nEarth Reservation for settlement.\\nAug. 5. Minn. The Chippewa Indians\\non the Gull Lake Reservation sign a\\ntreaty selling over 4,000,000 acres of line\\nfarming and timber lands to the Govern-\\nment.\\nAug. 6. Dak. The requisite number of\\nsignatures are obtained for the open-\\ning of the Sioux Reservation.\\nNew York. The Civil Service Com-\\nmission approves of a request that cer-\\ntain positions in the N. Y. Post-office\\nshall be reserved from competitive ex-\\namination.\\nUtah. The Gentiles at Salt Lake\\nCity are elected by a majority of 41.\\nAug. 7. Mont. At the Constitutional\\nConvention in Helena, Bozeman ia\\nchosen as the capital.\\nAug. 8. The president of the Western\\nUnion Telegraph Company replies to\\nrecent criticisms of the Postmaster-Gen-\\neral concerning the charges for Govern-\\nment messages.\\nHe alleges that the Government has\\ngiven nothing that cost it anything, or\\nthat was of any value for it to retain\\nalso that the Government is the most\\nfavored customer, and that the com-\\npany s rate, considering the nature of\\nthe service rendered, is lower than that\\ngiven to any other patron.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1889 June 27. Conn. The seventh in-\\ntercollegiate university boat-race for\\neight-oars and 3 miles straight is rowed\\nCornell defeats Columbia and University\\nof Pennsylvania; time not accurately\\ntaken said to be 15 minutes, three sec-\\nonds, and 15 minutes, four seconds.\\nHarvard Freshmen defeat Colum-\\nbia in a boat race time, 12.21.\\nJune 28. Chicago loses $290,000 by\\nthe burning of the Burton block.\\nMinn. Judge Parish directs a verdict\\nin favor of Fred C. Prentice in his suit\\nagainst Mayor Beaser and others for the\\npossession of one-half the city of\\nDuluth, valued at \u00c2\u00a710,000,000.\\nMont. Fierce fires burn over 100\\nsquare miles of forest land.\\nJune 29. Chicago suddenly becomes\\nthe second city in the United States.\\nBy a vote taken this day, the suburban\\ntowns of Hyde Park, Lake, Lake View,\\nCicero, and Jefferson are soon to be-\\ncome a part of Chicago. The annexed\\ndistricts (population nearly 200.000) make\\nthe total population about 1,100,000; the\\narea of the city covers 172.18 square miles\\nthe largest city area in the country.\\nJune New York. A second canal con-\\nstruction party leaves for Nicaragua\\na large quantity of necessary material is\\nalso taken for work on the canal.\\nJulyl. Colo. Durango is almost totally\\ndestroyed by fire.\\nWash. Seattle begins to recover\\nfrom the great lire telegraph, telephone,\\nand electric-light service are nearly com-\\npleted business houses are starting in\\ntents, and churches resume services.\\nJuly 2. Ida. The business portion of\\nHailey is destroyed by fire; loss,\\n\u00c2\u00a7500,000.\\nVa. A train is derailed on the Nor-\\nfolk and Western Road, at Thaxton 30\\npersons are killed and 60 wounded.\\nJuly 4. Wash. Ellensburg is burned\\n10 blocks in the business portion of the\\ncity are consumed, and 100 families\\nhomeless loss, \u00c2\u00a72,000,000.\\nJuly 6. Cat. Bakersfield is nearly\\ndestroyed by fire loss, \u00c2\u00a71,250,000.\\nJuly 8. Colo. Two of the largest brew-\\neries of Denver are purchased by the\\nEnglish syndicate. [4ulyl9. A Michigan\\nbrewery is bought for $200,000 also, on\\nJuly 25, breweries in Paterson and New-\\nark, N.J.]\\nMiss. John L. SuHivan wins the\\nboxing championship of America, de-\\nfeating Jake Kilrain at Richburg. [July\\n23. He receives the $20,000 stakes and\\nthe championship belt.]\\nJuly 11. Minn. An English syndi-\\ncate combines to purchase several of the\\nlargest flour-mills of Minneapolis.\\nJuly 13. O. An English syndicate\\nbecomes the owner of the Cleveland\\nOtis Steel Company, with a capital of\\n\u00c2\u00a3900,000.\\nJuly 24. Strawboard makers of the\\nUnited States unite in a trust under the\\nname of The American Strawboard\\nCompany.\\nJuly 25. N. Y. Lewis Brothers and\\nCompany, dealers in dry-goods, make\\nan assignment, with liabilities exceed-\\ning $4,000,000.\\nMd. A sweet potato trust is\\nformed in Baltimore by a combination\\nof dealers.\\nThe British schooner Black Diamond\\nis seized by the U. S. revenue cutter in\\nBering Sea for illegal sealing.\\nJuly 31. N. Y. The City of Paris ar-\\nrives at Sandy Hook lightship, having\\ncompleted her trip in five days, 23\\nhours, and 10 minutes.\\nNeb. Negotiations are completed for\\nthe sale of all the breweries in Omaha\\nto a European syndicate for \u00c2\u00a71,500,000.\\n[Aug. 15. The control of the Pittsburg,\\nPa., breweries is obtained.]\\nPa. The immense plant of the Read-\\ning Iron Company, which recently\\nfailed for over \u00c2\u00a71,000,000, is sold in its\\nentirety for $150,000 it is purchased\\nfor the Philadelphia and Reading Rail-\\nroad Company.\\nAug. 1. O. All trotting records, ex-\\ncept those of Maud S. and Jay-Eye-See,\\nare beaten at Cleveland by Guy,\\nwho trots a mile in 2.10\u00c2\u00a3 two sec-\\nonds more than the record of Maud S.\\nAug. 3. Cat. A brandy company is\\norganized with a capital of \u00c2\u00a71,000,000.\\nAug. 4. New York. Special delivery\\nletters are distributed for the first time.\\nAug. 5. Wash. Spokane FaUs suffers\\nby fire; 25 blocks are in ashes; loss,\\n$10,000,000.\\nAug. 7. Wis. A Milwaukee syndicate\\nbuys the Florence, Youngstown, and\\nIron River mines in the Menominee\\nDistrict for \u00c2\u00a7850,000.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "344 1889, Aug. 8 -Oct. 1.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1889 Aug. 15. D. C. The Government\\norders a multicharge dynamite gun\\ncapable of throwing long shells charged\\nwith dynamite from six to ten miles.\\nAug. 19. D. C. The Pension Office at\\nWashington gives a ruling that dis-\\nhonorable discharge is specific penalty\\nfor a specific act, but is no bar to a\\npension in case of disability.\\nAug. 20. D. C. The Pension Office issues\\nan order allowing the evidence of\\nclaimant and one private soldier as\\nto origiD of disability, provided they\\nare men of reputable character.\\nAug. 22. Cal. The cruiser Charleston\\nmakes an official trial trip in Santa\\nBarbara Bay, attaining a speed of 19\\nknots an hour this more than meets\\nall requirements excepting that of horse-\\npower, in which she shows a deficiency.\\nSept. 1. Miss. Gov. Lowry goes to Le\\nFlore county with a company of militia\\nto prevent a race war.\\nSept. 8. Pkila. The cruiser Philadel-\\nphia is launched.\\nSept. 19. Tenn. Survivors of both the\\nNorthern and the Southern armies at\\nthe battle of Chickamauga assemble\\nat Chattanooga they resolve to pur-\\nchase the battle-field, and turn it into\\na national park.\\nD. C. The man-of-war Galena is\\nordered from Haiti to Navassa Island,\\nwhere several Americans are reported\\nto have been killed in a riot.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1S89 Aug. 8. Wis. Clams are found in\\nthe Sugar River at Albany with pearls\\nbetween the membrane and shell, some\\nof which are valued at $100.\\nAug. 10. Neb. A mammoth s skele-\\nton, with a backbone 36 feet long, is un-\\nearthed at St. James it was at least 15\\nfeet tall.\\nAug. 15. Ind. Gold deposits are dis-\\ncovered in Brown county.\\nAug. 16. Pa. Experiments with the\\nBrown-Sequard life elixir cause the\\ndeath of 10 persons at Shamokin.\\nAug. 18. W. Ya. The Kanawha Valley\\nis swept by a terrible storm.\\nA cloud-burst completely floods the\\ncountry, destroying many lives and\\nthousands of dollars worth of property\\ncrops are ruined throughout an area of\\nmany miles.\\nAug. 20. Cal. San Francisco is infested\\nwith millions of crickets.\\nAug. 22. Ind. The corner-stone of the\\nIndiana Soldiers and Sailors mon-\\nument is laid at Indianapolis, in the\\npresence of President Harrison the\\nmonument is to be 26S feet high, and\\nwill cost $222,000.\\nAug. 27. N. C. A cloud-burst de-\\nstroys dams and mills, besides tearing\\nup several miles of railroad loss esti-\\nmated at $100,000.\\nN. Y. C. H. F. Peters of Hamilton\\nCollege discovers a new planet of the\\nasteroid group.\\nAug. 28. Can. The annual meeting of the\\nAmerican Association for the Ad-\\nvancement of Science begins at To-\\nronto. [Sept. 3. George L. Goodale of\\nHarvard University is elected president.]\\nAug. 31. Ky. A deposit of asphalt is\\ndiscovered near Cloverporfc, 13 feet thick,\\nand covering a large area.\\nSept. 6. N. Y. The American Social\\nScience Association ends its session at\\nSaratoga Andrew D. White, president.\\nUtah. An ice-cave is discovered in\\nAshley Valley, one room of which is over\\n1,200 feet long.\\nWis. Pearl-hunting continues\\n\u00c2\u00a73,500 is refused for a single pearl.\\nSept. 7. 0. In Upper Sandusky a natural\\ngas-well is drilled, which shows a ca-\\npacity of 50,000,000 cubit feet daily it is\\nconceded to be the largest gas-well in\\nthe world.\\nSept. 10, 11. Immense damage is done\\nby strong winds and tidal waves at\\nConey Island, causing a loss to property\\nof about $250,000 the storm extends\\nalong the New Jersey coast.\\nThe loss in property runs up into the\\nmillions. At the Delaware Breakwater\\nabout 50 vessels are wrecked, and a large\\nnumber of lives lost.\\nSept. 20. Athens. The Greek Govern-\\nment conditionally offers to the Ar-\\ncheological Institute of America the\\nprivilege of excavating the site of the\\nancient oracle of Delphi.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1889.\\nAug. 8. Pnpont, Henry, gen., A77.\\nAug. 12. Mott, Alexander B., physician,\\nsurgeon, A 63.\\nAug. 14. Loomis, Elias, astronomer, pro-\\nfessor at Yale, A78.\\nAug. 17. Tbaw, William, railroad official,\\nA61.\\nAug. 25. Shaw, Henry, millionaire, phi-\\nlanthropist, A90.\\nAug. 29. Kowe, George Fawcett, actor,\\ndramatist, A63.\\nSept. 6. Ward, Rorlney C, brig.-gen. of\\nvols., politician, A52.\\nSept. 10. Cox, Samuel Sullivan, author,\\nM. C. for N. V., minister to Turkey, A65.\\nSept. 25. Hill, Daniel Harvey. Confed-\\nerate lieut.-gen., A68.\\nSept. 28. Sturgis, Samuel D., maj.-gen.,\\nA 67.\\nCHURCH.\\n1S89 Sept. 5. N. Y. Bishop M Quaid\\nforbids the sacrament to two of Father\\nLambert s friends at Waterloo. [Oct.\\n13. They resist excommunication and\\nattend the church.]\\nSept. 8. Pa. The Eoman Catholic\\npriesthood of Pittsburg and Allegheny\\nCity are making strenuous efforts to\\nincrease parochial school attend-\\nance.\\nFather Corcoran of St. Agnes Church,\\nPittsburg, warns the parents of his\\nparish against sending their children to\\nthe public schools under penalty of a\\ndenial of absolution.\\nSept. 10. I}id The National Associa-\\ntion of Colored Baptists holds its an-\\nnual session in Indianapolis.\\nThe members of a party who were\\nassaulted at Baxley Station, Ga., while\\non their way to attend the gathering,\\nappear before the meeting and exhibit\\ntheir injuries.\\nSept. 13. New York. The Jewish con-\\ngregation Shaar Hashomajim cele-\\nbrates its 50th anniversary, and dedi-\\ncates its new temple the temple of the\\ncongregation of Mt. Sinai is also conse-\\ncrated.\\nSept. 27-. N. Y. Eev. George F.\\nPentecost of Brooklyn is offered the\\npastorate of Clermont Presbyterian\\nChurch, Glasgow, Scotland, with a sal-\\nary of $5,000.\\nSept. 28. The Colored Protestant Epis-\\ncopal Conference adopts a memorial to\\nthe General Convention of that Chnxcb\\non the standing of negro preachers.\\nLETTERS.\\n1S89 Aug. 27. Mich. The Annual Con-\\nvention of the National Editorial As-\\nsociation opens at Detroit.\\nSept. 5. Pa. President Harrison, P.M.-\\nGen. Wauamaker, and Gov. Beaver\\nspeak at the anniversary of the\\nfounding of the Old Log College,\\nthe cradle of American Presbyterianism,\\nat Hartsville.\\nSept. 7. Mass. David Prouty presents\\nto the town of Spencer a high-school\\nbuilding costing $46,000; it is dedi-\\ncated with appropriate ceremonies.\\nChicago. Mrs. Charles B. Pope\\ngives a library to the town of Danville,\\nVt., to replace one destroyed by tire.\\nSept. 17. Conn. Prof. Loomis of New\\nHaven bequeaths $300,000 to Yale\\nUniversity.\\nSept. 20. New York. The will of Rev.\\nF. A. P. Barnard of Columbia is made\\npublic he bequeaths practically his\\nwhole estate to that institution.\\nSept. 21. Pa. Andrew Carnegie agrees\\nto rebuild the library at Johnstown\\nthe one destroyed cost 830,000.\\nSept. 24. New York. The Daihj Graphic\\nsuspends publication.\\nSept. 30\u00c2\u00b1. New York. A law-school for\\nwomen is opened by a practising lawyer\\nMiss Emily Kempen, LL.D.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1889 Aug. 12. Kaii. The returns from\\nthe school elections show that many\\nwomen are elected to office.\\nAug. 14. Cal. David S. Terry is shot\\ndead at Lathrop by United States\\nMarshal Wagle, when about to assault\\nJudge Stephen J. Field.\\nAug. 21. Ala. The Southern Interstate\\nFarmers* Association meets at Mont-\\ngomery.\\nAug. 27. Wis. The Grand Army of\\nthe Republic meets in its 23d encamp-\\nment at Milwaukee Russell A. Alger\\nof Mich., commander-in-chief.\\nSept. 20. Wi/o. The election law\\npassed by the Statehood convention\\nprovides that women may vote that\\nelectors shall he required to read Eng-\\nlish that they shall he United States\\ncitizens, and residents of Wyoming for\\nsix months.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1339, Aug. 8 -Oct. 1. 345\\nSTATE.\\n1S89 Aug. 9. New York. Sheriff\\nFlack resigns as Grand Sachem of the\\nTammany Society and from the General\\nCommittee, he having gained unpleasant\\nnotoriety in divorce proceedings against\\nhis wife.\\nAug. 15. la. The Republicans nomi-\\nnate Jos. G. Hutchison for governor.\\nAug. 16. N. Dak. The Constitutional\\nConvention decides upon Bismarck as\\nthe permanent capital of the new\\nState, and agrees upon an anti-trust\\nclause to be put into its Constitution.\\nAug. 17. Mont. The Convention,\\nhaving adopted a Constitution, adjourns.\\nAug. 22. Va. The Republicans nomi-\\nnate Gen. Wm. F. Mahone for governor.\\nAug. 23. Cal. Judge Levy decides that\\nthe daughter of a slave may inherit.\\nAug. 27. Mont. The Democrats nomi-\\nnate Joseph K. Toole for governor.\\nAug. 28. D. C. The President appoints\\nCharles R. Flint of N. Y. and Henry G.\\nDavis of SV. Va. delegates to the Three-\\nAmericas Congress.\\n0. The Democrats nominate James\\nE. Campbell for governor.\\nAug. 29. S. Dak. The Republicans nom-\\ninate Arthur C. Mellette for governor.\\nAug. 30. hid. Ter. The Progressive\\nparty gain in the election in the Chick-\\nasaw Nation.\\nSept. 3-30. Wyo. A Constitutional\\nConvention is held at Cheyenne.\\nSept. 4. la. The Union Labor party\\nnominates S. B. Downing for governor.\\nSept. 5. S. Dak. The Democrats nomi-\\nnate P. F. M CLure for governor.\\nSept. 6. Wash. The Republicans re-\\nnominate E. P. Ferry for governor.\\nSept. 9. Ind. Ter. Disputes occur in the\\nChickasaw Nation over the right of\\nwhite men to vote.\\nNew York. Ex-Judge A. B. Tappen\\nis elected Grand Sachem of the Tam-\\nmany Society, as the successor of Sher-\\niff Flack.\\nN. J. The Democrats nominate Leon\\nAbbett for governor.\\nWash. The Democrats nominate\\nEugene Semple for governor.\\nSept. 11. D. C. Pension Commissioner\\nJames Tanner resigns his office under\\ngreat pressure of public criticism.\\n[Sept. 12. Resignation accepted.]\\nSept. 17. Mass. Colored men in con-\\nvention pass resolutions demanding\\ngreater recognition in political life.\\nN. J. The Republicans nominate E.\\nB. Grubb for governor.\\nSept. 18. Cat. Tsui Kno Yin, the\\nnew Chinese ambassador to the United\\nStates, arrives at San Francisco with\\nhis suite. [Sept. 25. He arrives at\\nWashington. Oct. 3. He presents his\\ncredentials to President Harrison.]\\nla. The Democrats nominate Horace\\nBoies of Waterloo for governor.\\nSept. 19. Ga. The Young Men s\\nDemocratic League mass-meeting at\\nAtlanta resolves adversely as to the pub-\\nlishing of negro whipping, by the Con-\\nstitution of that city, and votes down\\nevery resolution that in any way con-\\ndemns such whippings.\\nSept. 23. Minn. The Beef Inspection\\nLaw is decided to be unconstitutional\\nby the U. S. Circuit Court in St. Paul.\\nSept. 26. Miss. The Republicans nomi-\\nnate James R. Chambers for governor.\\nMich. Unearned railroad lands\\nare surrendered to the United States\\nauthorities by the governor.\\nSept. 27. Wyo. Cheyenne is selected\\nas the State capital.\\nSept. 30. D. C. The delegates to the\\nThree- Americas Congress hold a pre-\\nliminary conference in Washington.\\nSept. N. Mex. A Territorial Conven-\\ntion at Santa Fe adopts a State Consti-\\ntution.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1SS9 Aug. 9. Pa. Bodies of ten\\nmore victims of the flood are recov-\\nered at Johnstown.\\nAug. 15. N. J. After an interval of two\\nyears, work is resumed on the Hudson\\nRiver tunnel to connect New York\\ncity with Jersey City.\\nNew York. The trans-ocean race\\nbetween the City of New York and the\\nTeutonic is won by the former by seven-\\nteen minutes.\\nAug. 16. New York. A terrible gas\\nexplosion occurs on the corner of Grand\\nand Clinton Streets 30 people are in-\\njured and two are killed.\\nAug. 18\u00c2\u00b1 Wis. The pearl-finding\\ncraze reaches Prairie du Chien, where\\nmany fine pearls have been found in\\nnear-by streams.\\nAug. 21. Minn. A log jam breaks in\\nthe rapids at Big Rock, and 50,000,000\\nfeet of logs go down-stream together.\\nPa. Allegheny loses $200,000 by\\nthe burning of a large oil refinery.\\nAug. 23. Tenn. The first train over\\nthe new railroad is derailed south of\\nKnoxville five persons are killed and\\n26 injured.\\nW. Va. Four persons are killed and\\n1G injured by a collision on the Balti-\\nmore and Ohio Railroad near Parkers-\\nburg.\\nAug. 25. R. I. Three persons are\\ndrowned by the bursting of a reservoir\\ndam near Fiskville.\\nAug. 26. Cal. A wheat warehouse,\\n42 cars, three ships, and 10,000 tons of\\nwheat are burned at Port Costa; loss,\\n\u00c2\u00a7700,000.\\nAug. 30. Vt. Several persons are killed\\nin a railway collision on the Central\\nVermont Road near Middlebury.\\n.V. Y. The Comstock Tunnel Com-\\npany files a certificate of incorporation\\nat Albany.\\nThe capital of the company amounts\\nto \u00c2\u00a74,000,000, divided into \u00c2\u00a72 shares, and\\nis organized for general mining purposes.\\nFla. A company is incorporated to\\ncut a canal across the peninsula of\\nFlorida, saving 800 to 900 miles in a voy-\\nage between New Orleans and northern\\nports, and nearly as much in sailing to\\nEurope capital, $60,000,000.\\nSept. 1. Minn. The wheat crop of this\\nState amounts to 50,000,000 bushels.\\nMass. Yarmouth celebrates its 250th\\nanniversary.\\nSept. 4. Minn. Winona loses by fire\\n22,000,000 feet of lumber, 7,000,000 shin-\\ngles, a three-story brick warehouse,\\nsheds, tramway, and other property,\\nvalued at $314,000.\\nSept. 15. N. Y. Walter G. Campbell\\nswims the Niagara Hapids wearing\\na cork jacket.\\nSept. 16. Mo. The New Era Exposi-\\ntion main building, with exhibits, at St.\\nJoseph, is destroyed by fire total loss\\nof exhibits, \u00c2\u00a9259,000.\\nSept. 19. The Cincinnati, Washington,\\nand Baltimore Railroad is judicially\\nsold for $5,000,000.\\nSept. 20. N. J. Large refineries at\\nShadyside are burned; loss, $500,000.\\nSept. 21. N. J. A fire destroys the oil-\\nyards of John Ellis and Co. at Edge-\\nwater; loss, $250,000.\\nSept. 24. III. Trains collide near Au-\\nburn Park six persons are killed and\\nten injured.\\nSept. 25. Mo. The American Bankers\\nAssociation opens its session in Kansas\\nCity.\\nSept. 28. la. At Cresco 22 business\\nhouses are destroyed by fire; loss,\\n$100,000.\\nConn. Milford celebrates its 250th\\nanniversary with splendid ceremonies.\\nA handsome granite bridge and tower\\nis dedicated to the memory of the first\\nsettlers several memorial tablets and\\nblocks are dedicated.\\nN. Y. Several persons are killed and\\nothers injured by a collision between\\ntwo sections of an express-train at\\nPalatine Bridge.\\nNew York. The steamer City of New\\nYork arrives after crossing from Queens-\\ntown in six days, four hours, and 17\\nminutes.\\nSept. N. Y. A break is reported in the\\ntwo trans- Atlantic cables belonging\\nto the Western Union Company.\\nSept. Pa. Thomas J. Stewart, Secre-\\ntary of Internal Affairs for this State,\\nreports on the floods of May 31 and\\nJune 1.\\nThe rain of 36 hours in the valleys\\nof the Conemaugh, Susquehanna, and\\nupper waters of the Genesee and Poto-\\nmac rivers, caused an estimated loss of\\nS30,000.000; to corporations. $13,000,000;\\nto farmers, $5,000,000; to merchants,\\nP7.ooo.000, besides $5,000,000 losses at\\nJohnstown.\\nSept. 30. Mon. Business houses in Butte\\nare destroyed by fire loss, $250,000.\\nOct. 1. Kan. Delegates from 15 States\\nand Territories meet at Topeka to pro-\\nmote the movement for securing a deep\\nharbor on the coast of Texas.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "346 1889, Oct. 1 -Nov. 22.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1889 Oct. 25. Md. The Galena, with\\nthe leaders of the Navassa riot, reaches\\nBaltimore.\\nOct. 26. Cal. The cruiser San Fran-\\ncisco is launched and christened at the\\nUnion Iron Works shipyard.\\nNov. 4. Ariz. Apaches ambush a\\ncompany of soldiers near Fort Hua-\\nchuca.\\nART \u00e2\u0080\u0094SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1889 Oct. 6. T. Gold and silver\\nare discovered in the land of the\\nChicaksaw Nation.\\nOct. 12. Chicago. The statue of La\\nSalle, the French explorer, is unveiled.\\nOct. 16. New York. An expedition\\nleaves in the steamer Pensacola for\\nAfrica to view the solar eclipse.\\nOct. 24\u00c2\u00b1. Colo. The inflow of water to\\nthe desert lake at Salton has ceased,\\nand the lake is drying up.\\nOct. 30. Del. A monument to Gen.\\nCsesar Rodney, member of the Continen-\\ntal Congress and a Revolutionary sol-\\ndier of Delaware, is unveiled at Dover.\\nN. Y. The corner-stone of the Soly\\ndiers and Sailors Memorial Arch,\\nProspect Park, Brooklyn, is laid with\\nbecoming ceremonies by Gen. Sherman.\\n(See Aug. 2.)\\nNov. 7\u00c2\u00b1. Cal. Millions of dollars worth\\nof gold are taken from the bed of the\\nFeather River.\\nNov. 16. N C. A rich silver vein is\\nstruck, also a gold vein, at Salisbury.\\nN. Y. A new comet is discovered by\\nLewis Swift of the Warner Observatory.\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\nX889.\\nOct. 6. Vail, Thomas H., P. E. bishop of\\nKan., A76.\\nOct. 17. Hartranft, John F., maj.-gen. of\\nvols., Gov. of Pa., A59.\\nOct. 25. Lesquereaux, Leo, botanist, pale-\\nontologist, A83.\\nOct. 36. Root, Francis M., philanthropist,\\nbanker, dies.\\nOct. 30. Taylor, Isaac E., physician, of\\nNew York, A77.\\nNov. 13. Dean, Charles, author, historian,\\nA75.\\nCHURCH.\\n1889 Oct.l. 0. The Pope appoints Car-\\ndinal Gibbons and Archbishop Riordan\\nto investigate affairs under Bishop\\nGilmour in the Diocese of Cleveland.\\nOct. 2+. Neio York. The 34th triennial\\nmeeting of the Protestant Episcopal\\nGeneral Convention begins its ses-\\nsions in St. George s church the Rev.\\nDr. Dix is president-elect of the House\\nof Clerical and Lay Deputies.\\nThe most important questions to be\\nconsidered are the change in the mode\\nof presentation, the revision of the\\nPrayer-book, and that of changing the\\nname of the church.\\n(Oct. 15.) It appoints a committee to\\nprepare a standard revised Prayer-book,\\nto be submitted in 1890.\\n(Oct. 24.) It adopts a canon on dea-\\nconesses.\\n(Oct. 25.) The High Church and Low\\nChurch factions disagree concerning the\\nproposed revision of the Prayer-book.\\nOct. 4. Tenn. White Caps drive Mor-\\nmon missionaries out of Wilson\\nCounty.\\nOct. 5. Utah. The Mormon priesthood\\nis defiant its leaders assert that the\\nrevelations given, including polygamy,\\ncome from God and will be successful.\\nOct. 9. Mass. The National Council\\n(Congregational) begins its triennial\\nsession at Worcester.\\nOct. 12. O. William A. Leonard is con-\\nsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop\\nof Ohio.\\nOct. 13. N. Y. Dr. Talmage s Tabernacle\\nin Brooklyn is destroyed by fire.\\nThe loss on the building and contents\\namounts to between \u00c2\u00a7150,000 and\\n$200,000 the grand organ, which cost\\nju(I. is destroyed; insurance, about\\n$130,000.\\nOct. 15. Neio York. The American\\nBoard of Commissioners for Foreign\\nMissions celebrates the 80th anniver-\\nsary of the Society. [Oct. 17. It reelects\\nthe Rev. R. S. Storrs of Brooklyn presi-\\ndent.]\\nThe Presbytery forward a proposed\\nrevision of the Westminster Confes-\\nsion of Faith to be considered by the\\nGeneral Assembly.\\nOct. IS. Mich. Thomas F.Davies is con-\\nsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop\\nof Michigan.\\nOct. 20. Va. The Rev. S. Van de Yyver\\nis installed (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nthe Diocese of Richmond.\\nOct. 21. Conn. Isaac C. Lewis, Univer-\\nsalist, deeds a $75,000 block in Mer-\\niden to the City Mission (unsectarian)\\nwith the stipulation that it shall be kept\\nfree from incumbrance and the income\\nused in carrying on mission-work in\\nthat city.\\nOct. 22. Capuchins sail from Dublin\\nfor America to collect funds for com-\\npleting a memorial church to the tem-\\nperance apostle, Father Mathew.\\nMd. The 2d biennial convention of\\nthe Young Women s Christian As-\\nsociations of the United States and\\nCanada begins at Baltimore delegates\\nare present from 50 Associations.\\nOct. 26. Neio York. An archdiocesan\\nunion of the Roman Catholic Total\\nAbstinence Societies is organized.\\nOct. 27. New York. The John Street\\nMethodist Episcopal church cele-\\nbrates the 123d anniversary of Meth-\\nodism in this country.\\nOct. 28. .V. Y. Dr. Talmage breaks\\nground for his new Tabernacle a\\nnumber of prominent ministers partici-\\npate in the ceremony.\\nOct. 28-31. Phila. The 13th Na-\\ntional Unitarian Conference opens.\\nOct. 29. Chicago. The 43d annual meet-\\ning of the American Missionary So-\\nciety begins.\\nOct. J. W. Holt is elected first United\\nBrethren bishop.\\nOct. New York. The 103d General\\nAssembly Presbyterian nneets Wil-\\nliam Charles Roberts, moderator.\\nOct. Pa. The 34th General Synod\\n(Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Alle-\\ngheny.\\nOct. The Unitarian Younger Minis-\\nters Association is formed.\\nNov. 2-12. Md. The Congress of Ro-\\nman Catholic laymen formally opens\\nat Baltimore.\\nThe Centennial of the Establishment\\nof the Catholic Church in America is\\ncelebrated with great pomp and splen-\\ndor.\\nTwo Cardinals in scarlet robes, and\\nhundreds of white-clad clergy, are in the\\nprocession on Sunday. 1,200 delegates\\nare called to order on Monday by ex-\\nGov. Carroll.\\n(Nov. 3.) Archbishop Satolli, the papal\\nrepresentative, arrives at Baltimore.\\n(Nov. 11.) Premier Mercier of Canada,\\nand Daniel Dougherty of New York, ad-\\ndress the Congress the latter speaks in\\ndefense of the Independence of the Holy\\nSee.\\nNov. 4. N. Y. The New York Presby-\\ntery decides in favor of a revision of\\nthe Confession of Faith.\\nNov. 8. N. r. The Plymouth Church,\\nBrooklyn, votes to install Lyman Ab-\\nbottas Henry Ward Beecher s successor.\\nNov. 15. Phila. Archbishop Ryan sup-\\nports the right of Catholic writers to\\ncriticise the faults of priests.\\nNov. 16. Chicago. The 2d Annual Con-\\nference of the Church of God in Christ\\nJesus meets.\\nNov. 17. Md. Roman Catholics hold\\na high-license mass-meeting in Bal-\\ntimore Cardinal Gibbons, Bishop Ire-\\nland, and others take part.\\nNov. 18. Boston. National Guild Alli-\\nance (Unitarian) is organized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1889 Oct. 2. Mass. Clark University\\nat Worcester is dedicated.\\nOct. 7. New York. Ex-Mayor Seth\\nLow of Brooklyn is elected to the presi-\\ndency of Columbia. [Nov. 4. He for-\\nmally accepts.]\\nOct. 12. Pa. Andrew Carnegie ap-\\npoints a Citizens Committee to select a\\nsuitable site for a $500,000 free li-\\nbrary in Pittsburg which he proposes\\nto create.\\nOct. 17. The New York State school\\nsuperintendents decide to revise the\\nCompulsory Educational BUI, and\\nurge its passage by the Legislature.\\nOct. 19. N. Y. Brooklyn public schools\\nare each presented with a United States\\nflag by U. S. Grant Post of the Grand\\nArmy of the Republic, at the Academy\\nof Music.\\nOct. 20. Boston. Trouble arises over\\na school history that had been revised\\nto meet the requirements of Roman\\nCatholic critics it causes much con-\\ntroversy.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1889, Oct 1-Nov. 22. 347\\nOct. 21. Mass. At Springfield a French\\nProtestant college is dedicated.\\nOct. 23. Mass. At Wellesley College a\\nSchool of Art is dedicated.\\nOct. 27. Conn. Yale students decide to\\nform classes for the systematic study\\nof the Bible.\\nOct. 30. New York. The annual fall\\nmeeting of the American Oriental So-\\nciety begins at Columbia College.\\nNov. 4. Chicago. John Crerar by will\\nleaves $2,500,000 to found the John\\nCrerar Library.\\nNov. 5. Phila. The University of Penn-\\nsylvania adopts a modified form of a\\ncoeducational system.\\nNov. 8. Md. Mrs. Caroline Donovan\\ngives $100,000 to Johns Hopkins\\nUniversity to found a chair of English\\nliterature.\\nNov. 9. N.J. Dr. J. E. Rankin of Orange\\nis elected president of Howard Uni-\\nversity, as successor to Dr. W. W.\\nPatton.\\nNov. 13. D. C. The new Roman Cath-\\nolic University of America at Wash-\\nington is opened with customary cere-\\nmonials. [Roman Catholics of America\\nraise \u00c2\u00a750,000 to endow a chair in memory\\nof Father Mathew.]\\nNov. 18. New York. Haines W. Cun-\\nningham succeeds Robert P. Porter as\\neditor of the Press.\\nNov. 20. Boston. The city provides that\\nthe American flag shall float from each\\nschoolhouse in this city.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S89 Oct. 1. N. Dak. The prohibi-\\ntion clause of the Constitution is ratified\\nby a special vote. Vote, 18,552-17,393.\\nS. Dak. The people approve the ar-\\nticle of the Constitution which prohibits\\nthe manufacture and sale of intoxicat-\\ning beverages. Vote, 40,239-34,510.\\nWash. Prohibition and the woman\\nsuffrage clauses of the Constitution are\\nrejected by the vote of the people.\\nOct. 7. Conn. The vote on the Prohibi-\\ntion Amendment to the Constitution\\nis adverse majority about 27,000.\\nOct. 21. Ky. The Howard faction,\\nin the Howard-Turner feud in Harlan\\nCounty, is defeated by the aid of the\\nmilitia.\\nSTATE.\\n1889 Oct. 1. Mont. The people ratify\\nthe Constitution. Vote, 24,676-2,274.\\nN. Dak. The people vote to ratify\\nthe Constitution it prohibits the\\nliquor-traffic.\\nS. Dak. The people adopt the Sioux\\nFalls Constitution. Vote, 70,131-3,267.\\nWash. The people ratify the Con-\\nstitution. Vote, 40,152-11,879.\\nOct. 2. D. C. Eighteen independent\\nAmerican nations are represented in\\nthe International American Conference\\nwhich opens at Washington the Con-\\ngress organizes the delegates are re-\\nceived by President Harrison and dined\\nby Secretary Blaine.\\nMass. The Democrats nominate ei-\\nGov. W. E. Russell for governor.\\nN. Y. The Civil Service Keform\\nLeague adopts resolutions and reelects\\nGeorge William Curtis president.\\nOct. 8. New York. The Supreme Court\\ndecrees that in all actions for abso-\\nlute divorce, where no answer is inter-\\nposed, reference to take proof will not\\nbe granted.\\nOct. 9. Minn. The Chippewa Indiana\\nsell their surplus reservation to the\\nUnited States.\\nOct. 11. N. Y. The International\\nCongress delegates, in a tour of obser-\\nvation, reach Albany, and are addressed\\nat a reception by Gov. Hill.\\nOct. 15. New York. Sir Julian Paunce-\\nfote, the British minister, arrives.\\nS.Dak. The first Legislature meets\\nand organizes at Pierre, the capital.\\nOct. 23. New York. At acitizens mass-\\nmeeting a city ticket is nominated in\\nprotest against Tammany Hall, and\\nin favor of clean municipal govern-\\nment. [Oct. 24. The citizens ticket\\nis approved by the Republican and the\\nCounty Democracy county conventions.]\\nNov. 2. D. C. The President proclaims\\nthe State of North Dakota admitted\\ninto the Union as the 39th State. South\\nDakota is admitted into the Union as\\nthe 40th State.\\nNov. 5. State elections are held in\\nNew York and nine other States, with\\nunusual Democratic success; Idaho\\nand Wyoming Territories vote upon\\ntheir proposed State Constitutions.\\nThe Democratic plurality for gover-\\nnor in Iowa is 6,573, but the Republicans\\nstill have a majority in the Legislature.\\nThe Democratic plurality for governor\\nin Ohio is about 11,000, the remainder\\nof the State ticket Republican the\\nLegislature is Democratic by 10 majority\\non joint ballot.\\nNov. 7. N. Dak. The State officials\\nfirst assume their places.\\nNov. 8. D. C. Montana is admitted\\ninto the Union as the 41st State.\\nNov. 9. The free delivery of letters\\nis extended to all cities in the United\\nStates having 5,000 inhabitants.\\nNov. 11. D. C. President Harrison is-\\nsues a proclamation admitting Wash-\\nington into the Union as the 42d State.\\nNov. 12. Ind. The Union League at\\nJefferson burns President Harrison\\nin effigy to express the resentment of\\ndisappointed office-seekers.\\nNov. 16. Kan. The Republicans are\\nmaking [unsuccessful] efforts to secure\\nthe resubmission of the Prohibition\\nAmendment to the people.\\nNov. 18. N. Y. Judge Edwards decides\\nthat the Republican election inspectors\\nof Troy must sign the election re-\\nturns, their duty being to attest the\\ncorrectness of the count of the ballots\\nthey find in the ballot-boxes, and not to\\njudge of their validity.\\nNov. 22. Alaska is demanding repre-\\nsentation in Congress.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1889 Oct. 3. The boilers of the steamer\\nCorona explode on the Mississippi 38\\nlives are lost.\\nOct. 10. New York. The corner-stone\\nof the new building of the New York\\nWorld, at the corner of Park Row and\\nFrankfort Street, is laid.\\nThe building is to be 13 stories high,\\nand from the roof will spring a dome 88\\nfeet in height and a cupola 20 feet high,\\nand the top 300 feet above the sidewalk,\\na 30-foot flag staff surmounting all.\\nOct. 24. Mo. The Wheat- growers*\\nconvention at St. Louis organizes an\\nassociation.\\nNew York. The World s Pair sub-\\nscription-books are opened, and $250,-\\n000 is at once subscribed.\\nOct. 28. S. Dak. Twenty thousand peo-\\nple are starving and destitute; their\\ncondition is due to storms.\\nOct. 30. Chicago. A great horse-show\\nopens value of horses exhibited, $5,000,-\\n000.\\nOct. D. C. The Government is informed\\nof the awards made at the Paris Expo-\\nsition.\\nThe United States exhibit is awarded\\n53 grand prizes, 199 gold medals, 271 sil-\\nver medals, 218 bronze medals, 220 hon-\\norable mentions.\\nOct. Pa. Gov. Beaver appoints a com-\\nmission to determine the feasibility of\\nconstructing a ship-canal to connect\\nthe water of Lake Erie and the Ohio\\nRiver, in pursuance of a joint resolution\\nof the last Legislature.\\nOct.* S.Dak. The selection of Pierre as\\nthe capital of the State creates a boom.\\nStrangers flock into the city by thou-\\nsands, every train being loaded down\\nwith prospectors and speculators. Over\\n$500,000 worth of property change hands\\nin one day. Lots have risen in price\\nfrom $100 to $1,000.\\nNov. 1. Fla. It is made public, that\\nover 6,000,000 acres of land are con-\\nsolidated under one management by a\\nsyndicate called the Associated Land\\nDepartment of Florida.\\nNov. 4. Boston. The Maritime Exhi-\\nbition opens.\\nNov. 5. D.C. President Harrison touches\\na telegraphic key and sets in motion the\\nwheels of the Southern Exposition at\\nMontgomery, Ala.\\nChicago. Horses valued at $2,500,000\\nare exhibited at the horse-show.\\nNov. 10. Mo. Eighteen breweries in\\nSt. Louis have been sold to an English\\nsyndicate.\\nNew York. The Broadway Road\\nguarantees an annual payment to the\\ncity of $150,000 for permission to change\\nits motive power.\\nNov. 11. Sunol, the famous trotting\\nfilly, is sold to Robert Bonner for\\n$45,000.\\nThe steamship Oceanic makes a\\nrecord across the Pacific of 13 days,\\n14 hours, and four minutes.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "348 1889, Nov. 22-**\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n18S9 Nov. 22. Boston. The Squadron\\nof Evolution arrives.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1889 Nov. 23\u00c2\u00b1. Colo. Remarkable\\ncliff-dwellings are discovered one 425\\nfeet long, with 124 rooms on the ground\\nfloor. It is 80 feet high, and would ac-\\ncommodate 1,000 people.\\nNov. III. The State Grange offers\\n$10,000 for a practical contrivance to\\nbind grain with straw bands.\\nSome 40 inventors compete, but only\\none machine is entirely satisfactory.\\nDec. 9. Chicago. Adelina Patti sings\\nat the dedication of the Auditorium\\nbuilding and the Opera House Presi-\\ndent Harrison is present.\\nNew York. Thirteen patients are\\ninoculated at Mt. Sinai and St. Luke s\\nHospitals with Dr. Koch s lymph.\\nDec. 13. Pa. The TVestinghouse Elec-\\ntric Company devises a new system of\\nlighting at Pittsburg.\\nDec. 14. The American Academy of\\nPolitical and Social Science is\\nfounded.\\nDec. 26. New York. The American\\nGeological Society begins its annual\\nmeeting.\\nDec. 27. New York. The American\\nSociety of Naturalists begins its an-\\nnual\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nL889.\\nNov. S3. Ruthven, James Alexander,\\nlawyer, A68.\\nNov. 24 Pendleton, George H., M. C,\\nsenator for O., Dem. candidate for Vice-\\nPresident, .Minister to It-miany, A64.\\nDec. 6. Davis. Jefferson, senator for\\nMiss., secretary of war, President of Con-\\nfederate States of America, A81.\\nPalfrev, F. W., brig.-gen. of vols., histo-\\nrian, A58.\\nDec. 8. Tuigg, John, bishop of the K. C.\\nDiocese of Pittsburg, A79.\\nDec. 11. Johnson, Oliver, abolitionist, jour-\\nnalist, A80.\\nDec. 14. Jeffrey, Reuben, Baptist clergy-\\nman, dies.\\nDec. 15. Formes, Carl, basso, A79.\\nDec. SI. Day, Benjamin H., founder of\\nthe N. Y. San, A80.\\nDec. 23. Grady. Henry Woodfein. ora-\\ntor, editor Atlanta Constitution, A39.\\nDec. 39. Romandt, Charles R. von, pro-\\nfessor in Rutgers, dies.\\nDec. 31. Patton, William W., pres. How-\\nard University, A68.\\nCHURCH.\\n1889 Nov. 23. Greece. Dr. Talmage\\npreaches on Mars TTill at Athens [he\\nthere secures a stone for his new Taber-\\nnacle].\\nDec. 2. New York. The Reformed\\nEpiscopal Church celebrates the 16th\\nanniversary of its establishment.\\nN. Y. The presbytery of Buffalo de-\\ncides in favor of the revision of the\\ncreed.\\nO. The General Convention (Prot-\\nestant Episcopal) opens at Cleveland.\\nDec. 4. Boston. A General Christian\\nConference under the auspices of the\\nAmerican Evangelical Alliance of the\\nUnited States begins.\\nDee. 7. Pa. Bishop Richard Phelan\\nsucceeds to the Eoman Catholic Dio-\\ncese of Pittsburg.\\nDec. 8. New York. Dr. M Glynn\\nspeaks at Cooper Union on Church\\nDespots and Popular Bights.\\nDee. 10. Pa. The Pope decides in\\nfavor of Sister Alphonse, as against\\nBishop Phelan of Pittsburg, in the con-\\ntest for supremacy in the Ursuline con-\\nvent of Mt. St. Ursula at Pittsburg,\\nrestoring the French nuns.\\nDec. 11-12. Boston. A Congress of\\nChurches is held in Tremont Temple\\nto consider the relation of the secret-\\nlodge system to civil liberty and the\\nChristian religion.\\nDec. 11. Conn. The Yale Roman\\nCatholic Club holds its first meeting;\\nit is recognized by President Dwight as\\na Yale College organization.\\nDec. 15. Conn. Dwight L. Moody\\nholds services at Yale University.\\nMd. The Catholic Young Men s\\nSociety is organized at Baltimore.\\nDec. 22. Ga. Prayers are offered in\\nall the churches in Atlanta for Henry\\nW. Grady s recovery from serious illness.\\nDec. 27. Minn. At St. Paul, Rev. John\\nShanley of St. Paul, Rev. James McGol-\\ndrick of Minneapolis, and Rev. Joseph\\nB. Cotter of Winona, are consecrated\\nRoman Catholic bishops.\\nLETTERS.\\n1SS9 Nov. New York. Mayor Grant\\nappoints seven school commissioners\\ntwo of them women.\\nDec. 2. New York. Col, John A. Cock-\\nerill is reelected president of the Press\\nClub.\\nDec. 18. N. Y. The Adelphi Academy\\nof Brooklyn is burned loss, $75,000.\\nDec. 25+. New York. The Hebrews are\\nestablishing free schools.\\nDec. 26-28. New York. The first an-\\nnual meeting of The Music Teachers\\nAssociation is held.\\nDec. 28-31. D. C. The American\\nHistorical Association holds its 6th\\nannual meeting in Washington.\\nDec. 29. N. J. The valuable library of\\nthe late Dr. George L. Janeway is pre-\\nsented to Rutgers College.\\nDec. 30. Mass. A library bunding\\nworth \u00c2\u00a9250,000 and containing 10,000\\nvolumes is to be given to Arlington by\\nMrs. Maria Bobbins of New York.\\nCal. N. Y. A Normal School is\\nopened by the State at Chico and an-\\nother at Oneonta, Otsego County, N. Y.\\nS0CD3TY.\\n1889 Dec. 16. Chicago. Daniel Cough-\\nlin, Martin Burke, Alexander Sullivan,\\nof the Clan-na-Gael, are sentenced to\\nimprisonment for life for the murder\\nof Dr. P. H. Cronin. John Kunz is\\nsentenced to imprisonment for three\\nyears, and John F. Beggs is discharged.\\n[Coughlin is acquitted on a new trial,\\nMar. S, 1S94.]\\nDec. 18. Neb. A central prohibition\\norganization is formed by a convention\\nat Omaha 250 delegates represent five\\nnear-by States.\\nDec. 19. N. Dak. A prohibitory law\\nis enacted and signed it is to become\\neffective on July 1st.\\nSTATE.\\n1839 Nov. 23. Mont. The State Le-\\ngislature meets for the first time, on\\nthe call of the governor.\\nNov. 26. N. Y. Thomas C. Piatt is\\nremoved from the quarantine commis-\\nsionership by decision of the Court of\\nAppeals.\\nNov. Wyo. The people ratify the Con-\\nstitution. Vote, 6,272-1,923.\\nDec. 2. D. C. The 51st Congress\\nopens.\\nCongress Senate John J. Ingalls\\n(Rep.) of Kan. is reelected president pro\\ntempore. House Thomas B. Reed of\\nMe. is elected Speaker Edward Mc-\\nPherson of Pa., clerk.\\nPresident Harrison submits to Con-\\ngress his first message he gives warn-\\ning of the dangers of an extravagant\\nsurplus, and shows that the revenues of\\nthe last year exceed the expenses by\\n8105,053,443.24, and that the excess for\\nthis year will be .?S3.000,000. He favors\\na revision of the tariff.\\nDec. 3. N. Dak. The first State Legis-\\nlature meets at Bismarck.\\nDee. 4. D. C. President Harrison ap-\\npoints David J. Brewer of Kan. to be\\nAssociate Justice of the V. S. Supreme\\nCourt. [Dec. 18. Confirmed by tbe\\nSenate.]\\nCongress; Senate: C. K. Davis of\\nMinn, introduces the Dependent Pen-\\nsion Bill, granting pensions to soldiers\\nwho are incapacitated for manual labor,\\nalso for dependent relatives of deceased\\nsoldiers.\\nJ. S. Morrill of Tt. introduces the bill\\nto repay the direct tax collected from\\nthe States under the Tax Act of Aug. 5,\\n1861.\\nJ. Sherman of 0. introduces the Anti-\\nTrust BUI, declaring unlawful trusts\\nand combinations in restraint of trade\\nand production.\\nJohn H. Reagan of Tex. introduces a\\nbill for the free coinage of silver.\\nJames F. Wilson of la. introduces the\\nOriginal Package Bill, subjecting im-\\nported liquors to the provisions of the\\nseveral States.\\nH. W. Blair of N. H. introduces the\\nEducational Bill, appropriating $77,-\\n000,000 for the extension of common\\nschools.\\nDec. 5. D. C. Congress: In the Senate\\nJohn J. Ingalls of Kan. introduces the\\nWorld s Fair Bill, to aid in commemo-\\nrating the 400th anniversary of the dis-\\ncovery of America.\\nDec. 7. D.C. The Pan-American Con-\\ngress provides for 16 committees to be\\nappointed by the president, James G.\\nBlaine.\\nDec. 9. D.C. Congress; Senate A bill\\nis introduced for the relief of the as-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1889, Nov. 22-** 349\\nsignees of John Eoach a bill to admit\\nIdaho as a State is introduced by O, H.\\nPiatt of Conn. a resolution by Senator\\nSherman of O. in favor of settlement\\nof international disputes by arbitra-\\ntion is referred to the Committee on\\nForeign Relations.\\nIn the House the Speaker appoints\\nvarious committees, with Judge Har-\\nrison Kelley of Kan. as chairman on\\nManufactures, W. McKinley of O. on\\nWays and Means, and J. Q. Cannon of\\n111. on Appropriations.\\nDee. 10. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate a bill is introduced proposing New\\nYork as the place for holding \u00c2\u00abthe\\nWorld s Fair the Federal Elections\\nBill is introduced by W. E. Chandler\\nof N. H.\\nA Convention of the governors of the\\nStates and Territories opens.\\nBoston. T. H. Hart (Rep.) is reelected\\nmayor.\\nBee. 11. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate a bill is introduced for a service\\npension the two Houses meet in\\njoint session to commemorate the cen-\\ntennial of the inauguration of Presi-\\ndent Washington, Chief- Justice Fuller\\ndelivering the oration.\\nMd. Va. The Hog Island boundary-\\ndispute between Maryland and Virginia\\nis settled.\\nDee. 12. D. C. Congress; Senate: M.\\nC. Butler of N. C. introduces the Negro\\nEmigration Bill relative to negroes\\nleaving the Southern States.\\nJohn Sherman of O. introduces a bill\\nto revive the grade of lieutenant-\\ngeneral in the army.\\nDec. 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nreceives from the President the new\\nExtradition Treaty with England.\\nNew York. The Pan-American Con-\\ngress delegates are received as guests of\\nthe city.\\nDec. 18. D. C. Congress; House:\\nGeorge W. E. Dorsey of Neb. introduces\\na National Bank Circulation Bill,\\nproviding for the issue of circulating\\nnotes to national banks.\\nJoseph 11. Carey of Wyo. introduces a\\nbill to admit Wyoming into the Union\\nas a State.\\nDec. 20. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses a joint resolution for repairing\\ndamages by the Sacramento floods.\\nIn the House, E. B. Taylor introduces\\na Uniform System of Bankruptcy Bill.\\nJohn H. O Neall of Ind. introduces the\\nAnti-Convict Labor Bill, prohibiting\\nconvict labor on public works.\\nDec. 21. D.C. Congress; House: The\\nCommittee on Appropriations introduce\\nthe District of Columbia Appropria-\\ntion Bill.\\nDec. 24. D. C. Secretary Windom in-\\nvites proposals for the right to take fur\\nseals on the islands of St. Paul and St.\\nGeorge, Alaska.\\nDec. 26. D. C. The House Commit-\\ntee on Ways and Means begin their\\nsittings on the tariff.\\nDec. 27. D.C. A new design for a navy\\nflag is adopted, to take effect July 1,\\n1S91 it consists of a rectangular arrange-\\nment of 42 stars.\\nDec. 30. N. Y. The Electrocution\\nLaw is declared to be constitutional\\nby the General Term at Rochester.\\nDec. 31. D. C. The International\\nMarine Conference finishes its work\\nand finally adjourns.\\nDec. Mont. The Legislature is in a\\nstubborn deadlock, the Democratic\\nmembers of the Senate absenting them-\\nselves from that body till the session\\nexpires, and the Republican and Demo-\\ncratic members of the House holding\\nDec. W. Va. Gov. Wilson calls the\\nLegislature to meet in special session\\non Jan. 15 the most important business\\nto be considered is the settlement of\\nthe contest between A. B. Fleming and\\nNathan Goff for the governorship.\\nMe. The Legislature passes an act\\nagainst the organization of trusts.\\nMich., Minn., Mo., Mont., JR. I., Wis.\\nThe secret baUot law is enacted.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-93 Alas. (Ter.). Lyman E. Knapp.\\n-91* Ariz. (Ter.). Lewis Wolfley.\\n-93 Ark. James P. Eagle.\\n-90 Colo. Job A. Cooper.\\n-91 Conn. Morgan G. Buckeley.\\n-93 Fla. Francis P. Fleming.\\n-93 III. Joseph W. Fifer.\\n-89* Ind. Alvin P. Hovey (deceased),\\n-92 Me. Edwin C. Burleigh.\\n-93 Mo. David It. Francis.\\nMont. (Ter.) Benjamin F.White.\\n-93 Mont. (Ter.) Joseph K. Toole.\\n-91 N. H. David H. Goodell.\\nN. Mex. (Ter.). L. B. Prince.\\n-93 N. C. Daniel G. Fowle.\\n-91 N. Dak. John Miller.\\nli. I. H. W. Ladd.\\n-91 S. Dak. Arthur C. Mellette.\\n-93* Utah. (Ter.). Arthur L.Thomas.\\n-91 Wis. William D. Hoard.\\n-90 Wyo. (Ter.). F. E. Warren.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1889 Nov. 24. Jap. The Pacific mail-\\nsteamer China is ashore at Yokohama\\nshe is valued at $1,000,000.\\nNov. 25. III. Edwardsville loses $300,-\\n000 by fire.\\nNov. 26. Mass. A great fire sweeps over\\n25 acres of Lynn, burning 330 build-\\nings, one-third of the business portion of\\nthe town, and rendering 175 families\\nhomeless.\\nAbout 7,000 people are thrown out of\\nwork. The loss on buildings alone is\\nnearly $1,500,000.\\nMo. The National Silver Conven-\\ntion meets in St. Louis A. J. Warner\\nof O. is chosen president.\\nNov. 27. N. J. The German bark Ger-\\nmania from Stettin is wrecked at Long\\nBranch; the captain and eight sailors\\nare drowned.\\nNov. 28. Boston. A fire destroys prop-\\nerty valued at $5,000,000.\\nNov. 30. Minn. The Tribune building\\nis burned out.\\nAt the time of the fire 100 or more men\\nare at work in the upper stories of the\\nbuilding 10 persons perish in the flames.\\nNov. New York. The proprietor of\\nJudge oifers the Government $100,000\\nfor the privilege of printing adver-\\ntisements on the back of the United\\nStates postage-stamps. [Declined.]\\nTerm. The East Tennessee Land\\nCompany is organized with $3,000,000\\ncapital; Gen. Clinton B. Fisk of New\\nYork, president.\\nNov. Va. A fire destroys property in\\nPetersburg valued at $750,000.\\nDec. 7. N. Y. Boscobel, long known as\\nHenry W. Beecher s country-place,\\nis sold for $75,000.\\nN. Mex. The Cerro Blanco mines\\nare sold to an English syndicate for\\n$1,500,000.\\nTenn. An English syndicate pur-\\nchases 86,000 acres of coal and\\nmineral land in Marion County for\\n$2,212,000.\\nDee. 9. Phila. Spreckel s big sugar\\nrefinery begins operations. Its capa-\\ncity is 2,000,000 pounds every 24 hours.\\nDec. 12. New York. The World s\\nFair Guaranty Fund amounts to\\n$5,224,434 and the Washington Me-\\nmorial Arch Fund to $61,768.71.\\nDec. 14. N. Y. The United Franklin\\nand Clyde Glass Companies of Syra-\\ncuse consolidate with a joint capital of\\n$1,583,500.\\nThe Citizens Steamboat Company\\nof Troy decides to sell its boats and\\ncharter to an English syndicate for\\n$1,000,000.\\nDec. 28. Miss. The Citizens ware-\\nhouse, Yazoo City, containing 6,000\\nbales of cotton and seven freight-cars,\\nis burned loss, $327,000.\\nW. Va. At White Sulphur Springs,\\nnear Charleston, six cars are destroyed\\nin a railroad accident caused by the\\nspreading of the rails. In the wreck 11\\npeople are killed and 25 injured.\\nDec. Kan. Thousands of bushels of\\ncorn are being burned for fuel in some\\ncounties the market price of corn is less\\nthan 15 cents per bushel, while coal is\\nfrom 25 to 35 cents per bushel.\\nDec. Ky. It is reported that 260,000\\nacres of coal and timber land near\\nMiddlesborough have been sold to Eng-\\nlish capitalists for $1,500,000.\\nDec* New York. Nearly 300 miles\\nof electric wires and about 800 poles\\nhave been cut down to clear the streets.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Statistics for 1889.\\nProduction Gold, $32,800,000 silver,\\n$64,646,000 bushels of grain Indian\\ncorn, 2,112,S92,000; wheat, 4; (0,500,000;\\noats, 751,515,000; bar lev. 65,000.000+ rve,\\n30,000,000+ buckwheat, 11,000,000+\\nbales of cotton, 6,935.082 pounds of wool,\\n265,000,000 barrels of petroleum, 34,820,-\\n306. Currency in circulation, $1,380,361,-\\n649; per capita, $22.52. Immigrants re-\\nceived (fiscal vear), 444,427. Miles of\\nrailroads worked, 152.689; capital stock,\\nS4.405,0 .t!*,:il$ total railroad accidents,\\n1.569 persons killed, 5,823 persons in-\\njured, 26,309. Fire-waste, $123,046,833;\\ninsurance, $73,679,465. Business failures,\\n11,719 liabilities, $140,359,490.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "350 1889, *-1890, Jan. 15.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1889* D. C. Congress provides for\\nthe establishment of a gun-making\\nplant at West Troy, New York.\\n1890 Jan. 11. The Squadron of Evo-\\nlution in the Mediterranean suffers\\nseverely with influenza; ISO cases on\\nthe Chicago alone.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1889 Cal. The floods at Los An-\\ngeles change the channel of the river\\nbelow the city and turn the water on the\\nfruit-lands. Damage, \u00c2\u00a7750,000.\\nNew York. Hamilton Hamilton of\\nMount Vernon, Olin L. Warner of New\\nYork City, and Augustus St. Gaudens\\nare elected members of the National\\nAcademy of Design.\\nNew York. A committee of experts\\nis examining the obelisk in Central\\nPark, endeavoring to devise some means\\nto preserve it from further cracking and\\ncrumbling. [Coated with paraffin.]\\nS. Dak. Natural gas is discovered in\\nRedfield, Spink county the pressure is\\nso great that sand and gravel are forced\\n60 feet into the air.\\n1890 Jan. 3. New York. An Amer-\\nican Fine Art Society is formed.\\nJan. 6. Professor S. W. Burnham s tele-\\ngram from South America, announcing\\nthe successful observation of the\\neclipse of the sun, is received.\\nJan. 8. N. Y. A large spray of cherry-\\nblossoms is picked from a tree at Nyack-\\non-the-Hudson.\\nJan. 13. Ky. A tornado strikes Clin-\\nton, demolishing 55 houses and killing\\n11 people.\\nJan. 15. New York. Rev. H. B. Elliot\\nclaims to possess Raphael s Madonna\\nof the Veil, long supposed to be lost.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1890.\\nJan. 1. Pierson, Henry R., chancellor of\\nUniversity of N. Y., A71.\\nJan. 2. Boker, George H., litterateur, dip-\\nlomat, A67.\\nJan. 7. Claflin, Aaron B., dry-gooda mer-\\nchant, of New York, A83.\\nJan. 8. Lapham, I-Udredge G., senator for\\nN. Y., A76.\\nRadford, \\\\V\\\\, adm. U. S. N., A82.\\nWoods, George L., Gov. of Ore., A68.\\nJan. 9. Kelley, William D.. M. C. for\\nPa., Father of the House, A76.\\nCHURCH.\\n1889 Boston. The Baptist Annual\\nMeeting is held.\\nThe Roman Catholic Dioceses of\\nWinona, Minn., of Sioux Falls, S. D.,\\nand of Jamestown in North Dakota, are\\nestablished.\\nKy. The Annual Convention (Dis-\\nciples of Christ) is held at Louisville;\\nN. S. Haynes, president.\\nNeb. The Nebraska Free Methodist\\nConference is organized.\\nN. Y. The International Mission-\\nary Union convenes at Binghamton.\\nO. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Springheld E.\\nS. McKitrie, moderator.\\nR. I. The Congregational Club is\\nformed in Providence.\\nThe Central Iowa, Eastern Michigan,\\nSouthern California, Puget Sound, Cen-\\ntral Ohio, Lincoln, and Berkshire Con-\\ngregational clubs are organized.\\n*The Finnish Suomi Evangelical Lu-\\ntheran Synod is organized.\\nThe Woman s Missionary Union,\\nauxiliary to the Southern Baptist Con-\\nvention, is organized.\\n1890 Jan. 1. It. The Pope grants\\na benediction to the people of America.\\nAnson R. Graves is consecrated (Prot-\\nestant Episcopal) bishop of the Platte.\\nJan. 5. Mass. The French Canadians\\nof Fall River protest against the action\\nof the R. C. congress at Baltimore.\\nJan. 10. New York, The Church As-\\nsociation for the Advancement of the\\nInterests of Labor is formed.\\nJan. 14. It. The Peter s pence,\\namounting to \u00c2\u00a737,000, is received by the\\nPope from North America.\\nLETTERS.\\n1889 la. The Sioux City Training\\nSchool for teachers is opened.\\nLa. The Evening News is issued at\\nNew Orleans.\\nN. Mex. The Legislature provides for\\na State University at Albuquerque, a\\nSchool of Mines at Socorro, and an\\nAgricultural College at Las Cruces.\\nNew York. Good News is issued.\\nNew York. Barnard College (non-\\nsect.) is organized.\\nO. The Cleveland Daily World is\\nissued.\\nAmerican and imported books\\npublished during the year, 4,014, besides\\nminor cheap libraries.\\nAccolon of Gaul, with other Poems, by\\nMadison Curtis Cawein, appears.\\nAmerican Literature, by Charles F.\\nRichardson, appears.\\nAppleton s Cyclopedia of American\\nBiography, by James Grant Wilson and\\nJohn FiSke, appears.\\nThe Beginnings of New England, by\\nJohn Fiske, appears also The War of\\nIndependence.\\nBibliotheca Washing toniana appears.\\nThe Century Dictionary Sec. 1, edited\\nby William Dwight Whitney, appears.\\nCommodus, by Lew Wallace, appears.\\nCyclopedia of Music and Mitsicians,\\nby John Denison Champlin, appears.\\nGeorge Washington, by Henry Cabot\\nLodge, appears.\\nThe German Emperor, by Poultney\\nBigelow, appears.\\nGreifenstein, by Francis Marion Craw-\\nford, appears also Sant Ilario.\\nHerndoiVs Lincoln, by William H.\\nHerndon and Jesse W. Weik, appears.\\nHistory of the United States, by Henry\\nAdams, appears.\\nHistory of Utah, by Hubert Howe\\nBancroft, appears.\\nJonathan and ffis Continent, by Max\\nO Kell and Jack Allyn, appears.\\nLiberal Orthodoxy of To-day, by Ly-\\nman Abbott, appears.\\nLife of General iMfayette, by Bayard\\nTuekerman, appears.\\nNarrative and Critical History of\\nAmerica, by Justin Winsor, appears\\ncomplete.\\nThe New South, by Henry Woodfen\\nGrady, appears.\\nProfit-Sharing between Employer and\\nEmployee, by Nicholas Paine Gilman,\\nappears.\\nStrange True Stories of Louisiana, by\\nGeorge W. Cable, appears.\\nThe State, by Woodrow Wilson, ap-\\npears.\\nA Transient Guest and Other Episodes,\\nby Edgar Evertson Saltus, appears.\\nThe Viking Age, by Paul B. du Chaillu,\\nappears.\\nStudies in the South and East, by\\nCharles Dudley Warner, appears; also\\nA Little Journey in the World.\\nA Hazard of New Eortunes, by William\\nDean Howells, appears.\\nCity Legends, by Will Carleton, ap-\\npears.\\nPasse-Bose, by Arthur S. Hardy, ap-\\npears.\\nJupiter Lights, by Constance Fenimore\\nWoolson, appears.\\nA Yankee at the Court of King Arthur,\\nby Mark Twain, appears.\\n1890 Jan. 2. New York. The Lenox\\nLyceum is formally opened.\\nJan. 4. New York. The Homeopathic\\nMedical College is formally opened.\\nJan. 7. Conn. The Osborne (recita-\\ntion) Hall of Tale is dedicated.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1889 Cal. The Legislature passes an\\nact recognizing the Veterans* Home\\nat Yountville as a State institution, and\\nmaking it a beneficiary under an en-\\nabling Act of Congress.\\nCal. The Preston School of In-\\ndustry for Youthful Criminals at lone\\nCity is founded.\\nColo. The Legislature establishes a\\nSoldiers and Sailors Home at Monte\\nVista also a State Normal School at\\nGreeley.\\nInd. The Legislature passes a law\\nto suppress riotous conspiracy, aiming\\nespecially at the secret societies called\\nWhite Caps.\\nKy. The Circuit Court is suspended\\nin Perry and Knott counties by the\\nterrorism caused by savage and lawless\\nbands of armed men the governor\\nfrom motives of economy declines to\\ncall out troops to preserve the peace.\\nMinn. Memorial Day, May 30, is\\nmade a legal holiday.\\nN. C. A negro exodus threatens to\\ndepopulate some parts of the State it\\njed by emigration agents.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1889, *-1890, Jan. 15. 351\\nNeb. Labor Day, the 1st Monday\\nin September, is established as a legal\\nholiday.\\nN. H. The Soldiers Home is es-\\ntablished by the State at Tilton.\\nN. J. The local- option and high-\\nlicense law is .repealed, and another\\nhigh-license law enacted.\\nWis. A local-option bill is passed,\\nproviding for elections on the petition\\nof 10 per cent of the voters.\\n1890 Jan. 2. S. Dak. Liquor-dealers\\ncause much excitement by continuing\\nin business notwithstanding the prohibi-\\ntory law.\\nS. C Gov. Richardson makes every\\neffort to bring to justice the white\\nlynchers of the negroes who were\\nconfined in Barnwell jail.\\nN. C. S. C. The negro exodus\\nincreases.\\nOver 4,000 have passed thrmigh Charles-\\nton on their way to Florida, Alabama,\\nand Southern Georgia.\\nJan. 4. S. C. Two Northern detec-\\ntives are driven out of Barnwell County\\nby the lynchers friends.\\nJV C. A Methodist preacher and his\\nwife apply to the British minister\\nfor protection from brutal assaults.\\nNew York. A new revolutionary so-\\nciety is organized, and called The\\nUnited Irishmen.\\nJan. 6. Mo. Alice Jackson, an heiress,\\nis the second time abducted at St.\\nLouis.\\nNeb. The Masonic Grand Lodge\\nexpels saloon-keepers.\\nJan. 7. New York. A special meeting of\\nthe Southern Society passes eulogistic\\nresolutions on the memory of Jefferson\\nDavis. [Jan. 8. The Vice-President,\\nW. P. St. John, is offended and resigns.]\\nJan, 8. New York. The Business Men s\\nAssociation gives a dinner in honor of\\nthe Democratic governors of several\\nStates.\\nJan. 9. New York. The Union League\\nelects Chauncey M.- Depew its presi-\\ndent.\\nFla. Ten thousand visitors, repre-\\nsenting every State in the Union, attend\\nthe opening exercises of the Subtropi-\\ncal Exhibition at Jacksonville; Gov.\\nFrancis P. Fleming delivers an address.\\nJan. 12. New York. Major W. H. Clark\\nof the Southern Society is arrested for\\nshooting at Wilton Randolph.\\nJan. 13. Mass. Manufacturers of Haver-\\nhill lock out 3,500 employees who were\\npreparing to strike.\\nJan. 15. Chicago. The Afro- American\\nLeagues hold a convention.\\nSTATE.\\n18S9 D. C. Principal department\\nofficers of the Federal Government.\\nAll appointments were made in 18S9 by\\nPresident Harrison, except as indicated.\\nState Department. William F. Wharton,\\nof Mass., Assist. Sec. Alvey A. Adee, ot\\nN. Y. (18821, Second Assist. Sec; John B.\\nMoore, of Del. (1886), Third Assist. Sec\\nTreasury Department. \u00e2\u0080\u0094(Vacant), of N. Y.;\\nOliver L. Spauhlimr, \u00c2\u00bbf Mu-h. [1MH0]; Allured\\nII. Nettleton, of Minn. [1890], Assist. Sees.,\\nAsaC.3tlatthews,of 111., First Compt.; Benj.\\nF. Gilkeson, of Pa., Second Compt.; B. S.\\nHolliilay, of Pa., Commissioner of Customs.\\nAuditoks: Gt orgt- P. l isher,of Del., First\\nJ. N. Patterson, of N. I!., Second; William\\nH. Hart, of 1ml., Third John Ii. Lynch, of\\nMiss., Fourth; L. \\\\V. Habercomb, of D. C,\\nFifth; Thomas B. Coulter, of O., Sixth.\\nJames N. Huston, of Ind., Treas. V. S.; Wm.\\nS. Rosecrans, of Cal. tl\u00c2\u00bbnft), Register of the\\nTreasury Edward S. Lacey, of Mich.,\\nCompt. of the Currency John \\\\V. Mason, of\\nW. Va., Com. of Intermit He venue Wm.\\nW. Bates, of N. Y., Com. of Navigation\\nAlphonso Hart, of O., Solicitor of Internal\\nJievenue Edward K Leech, of I C, Direc-\\ntor of the Mint; John B. Hamilton, of 111.\\n(1879), Supervising Snrg.-Gen.of the Marine\\nHospital Service; James A. Dumont, of\\nN. Y. (1876), supemsnin Inspector-Gen. of\\nSteam Vessels; Wm. M. Meredith, of 111.,\\nBureau of Engraving and Printing James\\nH. Windrim, of Pa., Supervising Architect.\\nWar Department. Lewis A. Grant, of\\nMinn. [1890], Assist. Sec; John C. Kelton,\\nof Pa., Adj. -Gen.; .Joseph c. Breckinridge,\\nof Ky., Ins.- !en.; Richard N. liateheliler,\\nof N. H. [1890], Q. M. G.; Beekman Du\\nBarry, of N.J. [1890], Com. -Gen.; Charles\\nSutherland, \u00c2\u00bbf Pa. [1*91], Surg.-Gen.; Wm.\\nSmith, of Vt. [1890], M. (1.; Thomas L.\\nCasey, of R. I. (18KH), Chief of Engineers.\\nStephen V. Benet, of Fla. (1874), Chief of\\nOrdnance; Guido N. Lieber, of N. Y. (1885),\\nActing J. A. G. Adolphus W. Greely, of La.\\n(1887), Chief Signal Officer.\\nNavy Department. \u00e2\u0080\u0094James Russell Soley^\\nof Mass. [1890], Assist. Sec. Bureaus:\\nNorman H. Farquliar, of Pa. [1890], Yards\\nand Docks; Francis M. Ramsay, of D. C,\\nNavigation; William M. Folger, of O. [1890],\\nOrdnance; Edwin Stewart, of N. Y. [1890].\\nProvisions and Clothing; J. Mills Browne,\\nOf N. H. (1NHHJ, Medicine and Sure/en/;\\nTheodore D. Wilson, of N. Y. (1886), Con-\\nstruction and Repair George Dewey, of\\nVt., Equipment and Recruiting George W.\\nMelville, of N. Y. (1887), Steam Engineer-\\ning. Wm. B. Remey, V. S. Marine Corps,\\nof la. (1878), J. A. G. Charles G. McCaw-\\nley, of Pa. (1876), Commandant of Marine\\nCorps.\\nPost-office Department. James S. Clark-\\nson, of la., First Assist. P. M. G. Smith A.\\nWhitfield, of O., Second Assist. P. M. G.\\nAbraham D. Hazen, of Pa., Third Assist. P.\\nM. G.; James N. Tyner, of Ind., Assist.\\nAtty.-Gen.; (Vacant), Supt. of Foreign\\nMails Charles F. Macdonald, of Mass.\\n(1864), Supt. of Money Order System; J.\\nLowrie Bell, of Pa., Gen. Supt. of Raihcay\\nMail Service; David P. Leibhardt, of Ind.,\\nSupt. of Dead Letter Office; Estes G. Rath-\\nbone, of O., Chief Post- Office Inspector.\\nInterior Department. George Chandler, of\\nKan., First Assist. Sec Cyrus Bussev,\\nof N. Y., Assist. Sec. George H. Shields, of\\nMo., Assist. Atty.-Gen. Commissioners:\\nLewis A. Groff,of Neb., General Land Office;\\nGreen B. Raum, of 111 Pensions Thomas\\nJ. Morgan, of R. I., Indian Affairs; Charles\\nE. Mitchell, of oiin., Patent Office Horace\\nA. Taylor, of Wis., Railroads; William T.\\nHarris of Mass., l- .ducition. John W.Pow-\\nell, of 111. (1881), Director of Geological\\nSurvey; Edward Clark, of Pa. (1865),\\nArchitect of the Capitol.\\nDepartment of Justice.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Orlow W. Chap-\\nman, Of N. Y., Solicitor-General; John B.\\nCotton, of Me. William A. Maury, of D. C,\\nAssist. Attys.-Gen.\\nDepartment of Agriculture. Edwin Wil\\nlits, of Mich., Assist. Sec.\\nGovernment Printing Office. Frank W.\\nPalmer, of 111., Public Printer.\\nDepartment of Labor. Carroll D. Wright,\\nof Mass. (1888), Commissioner.\\nLibrary of Congress. Ainsworth R. Spof-\\nford, of O. (1865), Librarian.\\nGovernment Directors in the Union Pa-\\ncific Fv.R. Company. Rufus B. Bullock,\\nof Ga.; .lease Spalding, of 111.; George E.\\nLeighton, of Mo.; John F. Plummer, of\\nN. Y.; James W. Savage, of Neb. (1885).\\nCivil Service Commissioners. Charles\\nLyman, of Conn.; Theodore Roosevelt, of\\nN. Y.; Hugh S. Thompson, of S. C.\\nInterstate Commerce Commissioners.\\nThomas M. Coolev, of Mich., Chairman;\\nWilliam R. Morrison, of 111. Augustus\\nSchoon maker, of N. Y. Walter L. Bragg, of\\nAla.; Wheeloek G. Veazey, of Vt.\\nMinisters and Envoys. John R. G. Pitkin,\\nof La., at Bueuos Ayres; Frederick D. Grant,\\nof N.Y., at Vienna; Kdwin II. Terrell, of Tex.,\\nat Brussels; Robert Adams, Jr., of Pa., at\\nRio Janeiro; Lansing B. Mi/.ner, of Cal., at\\nGuatemala; Patrick Egan, of Neb., at San-\\ntiago; Charles Deuhv, of Ind. 1885), at Pe-\\nking; John T. Abbott, of N. H., at Bogota;\\nWhitelaw Keul, of N. V., at Paris; William\\nWalter Phelps, of N. J., at Berlin; Robert\\nT.Lincoln, of 111., at London; Albert G. Por-\\nter, of Ind., at Rome; John F. Swift, of Cal.,\\nat Tokyo (Veddui; Thomas K van, of Kan., at\\nMexico; Samuel Thaver, of Minn., at The\\nHague; John Hicks, of Wis., at Lima; (Va-\\ncant) at St. Petersburg; Thomas W. Palmer,\\nof Mich., at Madrid; William W. Thomas,\\nJr., of Me., at Stockholm; Solomon Hirsch,\\nof Ore. (ISHiii, at Constantinople; William\\nL. Scruggs, of Ga., at Caracas.\\n1890 Jan. 5. D. C. Henry B. Brown\\nof Mich, is sworn in as Justice of the\\nU. S. Supreme Court. [Also Jan. 6.\\nDavid J. Brewer of Kan.]\\nJan. 7. S. Dak. The first session of\\nthe Legislature of the new State opens.\\nJan. 8. I). C. Congress: The House\\npasses the District of Columbia Appro-\\npriation Bill introduced Dec. 21.\\nSt. Louis s claims as the site of the\\nWorld s Fair are presented to the Sen-\\nate Committee.\\nJan. 13. D. C. Congress The Senate\\ndebates concerning the Alaska Seal\\nFisheries; the House in Committee of\\nthe Whole considers the bill to provide\\nfor town site entry of lands in Okla-\\nhoma.\\nJan. 15. D. C. The Postmaster-General\\norders the establishment of 20 new\\nbranch stations of the New York Post-\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1889 Boston. Electric street-rail-\\nroads are first operated.\\nKan. The Legislature encourages the\\nsilk industry by appropriating $13,-\\n000 for the establishment of a silk sta-\\ntion.\\nTex. Arbor Day is fixed for the 22d\\nof February.\\n1890 Jan. 1. NewYorTc. A fire in the\\nLiberty Silk Mills causes a loss of $250-\\n000.\\nPa. The Shelton Axle Works in the\\nWyoming Valley, employing 1,000 men,\\nis bought by an English syndicate.\\nS. C. The colored people open\\ntheir first State Fair at Columbus.\\nJan. 2. N. J. A rubber trust is formed\\nat Trenton.\\nJan. 4. New York. The World s Fair\\nFund amounts to $5,302,265.\\nJan. 6. Me. Lewiston loses $500,000\\nby fire.\\nJan. 7. New York. There are 150,000\\ncases of grip reported.\\nJan. 9. Fla. The Sub-Tropical Ex-\\nposition opens at Jacksonville.\\nKy. The caisson of the new bridge\\nat Louisville breaks, and H men are\\ndrowned.\\nJan. 11. B.C. The World s Fair Com-\\nmittee from New York submits its\\nmemorial to the Senatorial Committee,\\nurging its location in their city.\\nKy. At Versailles 35 valuable\\nhorses, including one that cost $51,000,\\nperish in a tire total loss, $360,000.\\nWis. Milwaukee millers combine,\\nwith $5,000,000 capital, to resist English\\ncompetition.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "352 1890, Jan. 15 -Feb.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1890 Jan. It. I. The Cushing is\\nlaunched at Providence, the first of\\nthe modern sea-going torpedo boats\\nspeed, 22.5 knots per hour.\\nFeb. 9. D. C. Joseph R. Smith is com-\\nmissioned colonel medical depart-\\nment.\\nFeb. 28. I). C. Commanders Frederick\\nRogers and John F. McGlensey are pro-\\nmoted captains. [Also July 31. Edgar\\nC. Merriman.]\\nFeb. D. C. Congress passes a bill al-\\nlowing brevet promotion in the army\\nwhen engaged in Indian service.\\nFeb. The Squadron of Evolution\\nsails for Villefranche, France; later it\\nreaches Toulon.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1890 Jan. 21. Wash. Ten persons and\\nthousands of cattle perish by a storm.\\nJan. 25 Tenn. Earthquake shocks oc-\\ncur. [Apr. 24. Also on the Pacific coast\\nfor two hours. May 24. In Montana,\\ndamaging property. May 25. In the\\nMohawk Valley, N. Y. May 28. Nine\\nshocks in Indianapolis, Lnd. May 30. At\\nDover, Me. July!. Three at Santa Rosa,\\nCal. July 16. For one minute in lnd.]\\nJan. 27. Chicago. The stethotele-\\nphone is patented by James Louth.\\nJan. The Angelus of Millet is sent\\nto Chicago for exhibition.\\nJan. Mo. A tornado strikes St. Louis,\\nblowing down scores of houses and kill-\\ning three persons.\\nFeb.* Ida. The town of Burke is nearly\\ndestroyed by avalanches.\\nFeb.* N. H. Steps are taken to make a\\nState park of the White and Franconia\\nMountains district.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1890.\\nJan. 17. Henderson, Peter, florist, author,\\nA67.\\nJan. 19. Vallejo, Manuel G., pioneer, A8t.\\nJan. 22. Forepaugh. Adam, showman,\\nA59.\\nJan. 24. Riddleberger, Harrison H., sen-\\nator for Va., A45.\\nFeb. 22. Astor, John Jacob. Sr., esti-\\nmated wealth, ;?15(),()iH),000, Ati5.\\nCHURCH.\\n1890 Jan. 16. It. The Pope issues\\nan encyclical ordering Catholics to\\ngive implicit obedience to papal man-\\ndates they must obey local laws that\\ndo not entail disobedience to divine\\nlaw.\\nJSf. Y. The Rev. Lyman Abbott is\\ninstalled as pastor of Plymouth Church,\\nBrooklyn, his theology being pronounced\\nsatisfactory by a distinguished Congre-\\ngational council.\\nNew York. Archbishop Corrigan\\nsails for Rome. [June 2. He is received\\nby the Pope. June 6. His action in re-\\ngard to Dr. Burtsell is confirmed by the\\nPope.] (See July 27.)\\nFeb. 6. la. Non-partisan prayers in\\nthe House are ordered by enactment.\\nVote, 48 to 43.\\nFeb. 8. Wis. Tbe English-speaking\\npriests of Milwaukee organize as an\\nAmerican Catholic Clerical Union,\\nin opposition to the German supremacy\\nin the diocese.\\nFeb. 12. Pa. Miss Kate Drexel takes\\nthe black veil at Pittsburg.\\nMiss Drexel, now known as Sister\\nCatherine, gives her entire fortune to\\nthe new order which she intends found-\\ning, and which will be known as The\\nSisters of the Holy Sacrament, of the\\nlloman Catholic Church.\\nFeb. 17. N.J. Bishop Wigger, of the\\nlloman Catholic Diocese of Newark,\\norders that all children of Catholic par-\\nents be taken from public schools and\\nsent to parochial schools.\\nFeb. Kan. Bishop Fink objects to\\nCatholics joining the Farmers Alliance.\\nFeb. N. Y. Over 7,000 people welcome\\nDr. Talmage in tbe 13th Regiment Ar-\\nmory on his return from Europe and the\\nEast,\\nLETTERS.\\n1890 Jan. 20. Chicago. Marshal Field\\ndonates $100,000 for the establish-\\nment of a Baptist University.\\nJan. 22. N. Y. Syracuse University\\nreceives the Wolfe Collection of engrav-\\nings, etchings, etc., the gift of Gen. Lea-\\nvenworth s widow.\\nJan. 30. N. Y. George *W. Curtis is\\nelected chancellor of the New York\\nBoard of Regents.\\nJan.* Mo. Property worth \u00c2\u00a71,000,000 is\\nacquired for a Methodist college in\\nKansas City.\\nFeb. 3. New York. Seth Low is offici-\\nally instaUed as president of Columbia.\\nFeb. 6. Pa. Andrew Carnegie s plan\\nfor a public library in Pittsburg, in-\\ncluding a building to cost \u00c2\u00a71,000,000, is\\nmade public.\\nFeb. 20. Pa. The Carnegie Library\\nin Allegheny is dedicated by Presi-\\ndent Harrison.\\nFeb. 21. N. H. A memorial ball and\\nlibrary are dedicated at Wolfboro.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1890 Jan. 16. Phila. The Johnstown\\nRelief Committee resolves to give \u00c2\u00a750\\nannually to each child orphaned by the\\nflood, until it is 16 years of age; total\\nexpenditure, \u00c2\u00a72,6S3,747.\\nJan. 19. Okla. The manager of the Im-\\nmigration Society reports that 20,000 exo-\\ndus negroes have settled in Oklahoma.\\nJan. 24. Chicago. B. P. Hutchinson is\\nrobbed of from \u00c2\u00a725,000 to \u00c2\u00a740,000 by a\\nconfidential clerk.\\nNew York. George H. Lounsberry,\\nassistant cashier of the Post-office, com-\\nmits suicide, having defaulted to the ex-\\ntent of \u00c2\u00a747,000.\\nThe Knights of Labor and the\\nMiners National Progressive Union\\nagree on the details of a common consti-\\ntution.\\nJan. 25. Eng. Rev. T. DeWitt Tal-\\nmage of Brooklyn is entertained at Ha-\\nwarden by Mr. Gladstone.\\nJan. 31. New York. P.J. Claassen, presi-\\ndent of the Sixth National Bank, is ar-\\nrested, and ;r./,j-_ jr. jv-n, an accused\\nbroker, j.-, held in KXt bail the .Sixth\\nNational. Equitable, and Lenox Hill\\nbankB are involved. [July 14. James\\nA. Simmons is arrested, charged with\\ncomplicity in wrecking the bank.]\\nlnd. President Harrison s house,\\nat Indianapolis, is entered by burglars,\\nand \u00c2\u00a71,000 worth of valuables are taken.\\nJan. Minn. The National Convention of\\nthe Master Builders Association meets\\nin St. Paul.\\nJan.* N.J. A glassmakers* strike\\nproves successful.\\nJan.* Pa. The will of the late John\\nH. Shoenberger bequeaths to Pittsburg\\n51,000,000 for a public hospital.\\nJan. Phila. Miss Carrie Burnham\\nKilgore, the fourth of her sex, is ad-\\nmitted to practise before the United\\nStates Supreme Court.\\nFeb. 3. Chicago. James J. West is sen-\\ntenced to rive years in the penitentiary\\nand a fine of \u00c2\u00a71,000 for the fraudulent\\noverissue of Chicago Times stock\\namounting to \u00c2\u00a713,000.\\nFeb. 4. New York. The Centennial of\\nthe Supreme Court of the United States\\nis celebrated at the Metropolitan Opera\\nHouse. Ex-President Grover Cleveland\\npresides President Harrison delivers\\nan address.\\nFeb. 5. Tex. F. A. Walton. Pacific Ex-\\npress Company s money-clerk at Dallas,\\nabsconds with $50,000.\\nFeb. 9. N. Y. The people of Schenec-\\ntady commemorate the 200th anniver-\\nsary of the massacre bytbe French and\\nIndians.\\nFeb. 10. Mo. The temperance women\\nbegin a crusade in Lathrop [and other\\ntowns].\\nUtah. The Gentiles elect Mormons\\nto office at Salt Lake City.\\nThe American Newspaper Pub-\\nlishers Association assembles.\\nFeb. 13. N. J. Over 500 false ballots\\nare found in the boxes in one assembly\\ndistrict in Hudson County.\\nFeb. 15. New York. The first of a series\\nof mass-meetings is held to promote the\\nWorld s Fair.\\nFeb. 16. Mo. The Missouri temperance\\ncrusade is marked by the forcible de-\\nstruction of a saloon at Spiekardsville.\\nFeb. 28. D. C. Ex-Congressman Taul-\\nbeeof Ivy. is shot by Charles E.Kincaid,\\na newspaper correspondent, at Wash-\\nington.\\nFeb. 28+. La. The State Anti-Lottery\\nLeague is organized at New Orleans to\\noppose the renewal of the charter of the\\nLouisiana State Lottery.\\nNew York. A mass-meeting of\\nEussi an- Americans denounces the\\noutrages committed upon political ex-\\niles in Siberia.\\nFeb. Miss. Col. W. L. Hemingway, for 14\\nyears treasurer, is reported to be $250,-\\n000 short in his accounts with the State.\\n[Dec. 1. He is convicted by the Supreme\\nCourt of embezzlement amount, $315,-\\n612.]\\nFeb. Fla. One thousand employees of\\nthe Birmingham Rolling-Mill strike.\\nFeb. D. C. The Colored Men s Con-\\nvention at Washington elects ex-Gov.\\nP. B. S. Pinchbeck president.\\nIt urges an educational bill, no sepa-\\nrate cars for blacks and whites, and re-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1890, Jan. 15 -Feb. 353\\nimbursement for the depositors in the\\nEreedrnen s Savings and Trust Company.\\nFeb. D. C The American Shipping\\nand Industrial League meets at Wash-\\nington.\\nFeb. N. Dak. The Senate passes a hill\\nlegalizing a hrauch of the Louisiana\\nLottery. Tote, 22-S.\\nFeb. N. IT. A bitter strike occurs in\\nthe Nashua Mills, owing to a reduction\\nin wages more than 1,400 workers are\\nidle. [Mar. It ends successfully.]\\nFeb.* N. T. Yardmen, conductors, and\\nhrakemen on the New York Central at\\nSuspension Bridge strike; they demand\\nextra pay for Sunday work.\\nSTATE.\\n1890 Jan. 15. Kan. A Republican\\nleague meets at Wichita; it advocates\\nthe resubmission of the prohibitory\\namendment to a vote of the people.\\nJan. 16. JF. Va. A minority report is\\npresented to the Legislature declaring\\nthat Nathan Golf received a majority of\\nthe votes cast for governor.\\nJan. 20, D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndiscusses the Federal Elections ques-\\ntion.\\nJan. 21. D. C. Congress The Senate\\npasses two naval bills, and debates the\\nbill ordering the collection of farm\\nstatistics for the census.\\nJan. 22 D. C. Congress The Senate\\nputs the Blair Bill on the order of un-\\nfinished business [36 discussions follow]\\nThe House passes the Oklahoma Town\\nSite Bill introduced Dec. IS, 18S9.\\nJan. 25. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Administrative Tariff Bill\\nintroduced Jan. 14.\\nJohn Most is rearrested, the Su-\\npreme Court having confirmed his con-\\nviction for using incendiary language in\\nconnection with the Chicago anarchists.\\nJan. 27. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndiscusses the resolution concerning the\\nrecent hanging in effigy of Secretary\\nProctor at Aberdeen, Miss. the House\\namends and passes the Fitch Silk Rib-\\nbon Bill placing a duty of 50 per cent\\non silk ribbons.\\nThe correspondence between the Chi-\\nnese. minister and the Secretary of State\\nrelative to the Chinese Exclusion Act is\\nlaid before the Senate.\\nla. The Legislature, having a tie\\nvote, has failed to organize for two\\nweeks organization is at length effected\\nby a compromise, in which a Democratic\\nspeaker and a Republican clerk are\\nelected; the minor offices are to be di-\\nvided.\\nJan. 28. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Direct Tax Bill for the re-\\npayment of the war tax of 1861. Vote,\\n44-7. It debates the Aberdeen outrage\\nresolution.\\nMont. The State Supreme Court de-\\ncides that the Republican Legislature is\\nthe legal body.\\nN. Y. The Court of Appeals decides\\nthat the power of inspectors of elec-\\ntions is ministerial and not judicial.\\nJan. 29. D. C. Senate A bill is intro-\\nduced to erect a monument to Abra-\\nham Lincoln at Gettysburg.\\nat Wash-\\nN. Y. The Senate passes the\\namended World s Fair Bill. Vote,\\n26-3. [Jan. 30. The Assembly rejects the\\namendments, and passes theoriginal bill,\\nwhich is sent to a Committee of Confer-\\nence. Feb. 12. The Conference Commit-\\ntee disagree. Feb. 19. A compromise\\nbill passes both Houses.] (See Feb. 18.)\\nO. A deadlock occurs in the\\nSenate over an attempt to unseat the\\nlieutenant-governor. [Jan 30. He is\\nunseated.]\\nJan. 30. D. C. Congress The Senate\\npasses the Berry Farm Mortgage Cen-\\nsus Bill introduced Dec. 16, 18S9.\\nFeb. 1. D. C. The Treasury Depart-\\nment reports the public debt reduced\\n811,500,000 in January.\\nFeb. 4. W. Va. The Legislature de-\\nclares A. B. Fleming (Dem.) elected gov-\\nernor Vote, 43-40.\\nFeb. 8. Mont. The Senate secures a\\nquorum and passes the appropriation\\nbills. [Feb. 21. The Legislative session\\nends without the passage of a single bill.]\\nFeb. 10. S. Dak. The President s proc-\\nlamation opens for settlement 9,000,000\\nacres of the Sioux reservation settlers\\nrush in for first possession.\\nFeb. 11. Utah. The Salt Lake City\\nelections result in a complete victory\\nfor the Gentiles the first in the his-\\ntory of the city.\\nFeb. 13. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Piatt Oklahoma Temporary\\nGovernment Bill introduced Dec. 5.\\n1889.\\nFeb. 15. D. C Congress: The House\\namends and passes the Berry Farm\\nMortgage Census Bill. [Feb. 18. Con-\\nference report agreed to. Feb. 24. Ap-\\nproved by the President.]\\nFeb. 18. N. Y. The Legislative Com-\\nmittees agree to an amendment to the\\nWorld s Fair Bill, that no important\\naction shall be taken by the board of in-\\ncorporators except by a two-thirds vote.\\nFeb. 19. la. The Legislative deadlock\\nis broken, the Democrats getting the\\nspeakership with 14 other offices, and the\\nRepublicans the remainder.\\nN. Y. The Senate passes the Saxton\\nBallot Keform Bill providing a secret\\nballot. [Mar. 13. It passes the Assem-\\nbly after a long struggle. Vote, 72-51.]\\n(See Mar. 31.)\\nFeb. 24. D. C. Congress: The\\nWorld s Fair is awarded to Chicago.\\nVote Chicago, 157; New York, 107; St.\\nLouis, 26; Washington, 18.\\nFeb. 25. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the MeKenna Bill for the discon-\\ntinuance of the coinage of the three-dol-\\nlar and one-dollar silver pieces and the\\nthree-cent nickel piece bill introduced\\nJan. 21.\\nFeb. 27. N. Y. The Legislature passes\\nthe bill for the purchase of lands in the\\nAdirondacks for a State Park. [Mar.\\n11. It is signed by Gov. Hill.]\\nFeb. 28. D. C. Congress The Senate\\namends and passes the International\\nCopyright Bill, after eight discussions.\\n[Mar. 2, 3. Conference report agreed to.\\nMar. 3. Approved by the President.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1890 Jan. 16. The A. T.Stewart will\\ncase is settled out of court the suits are\\ndismissed.\\nCleveland breweries are\\nin English syndicate for\\nJan. 18. 0. Si:\\npurchased by\\n$975,000.\\nJan. 20. III. The business portion of\\nUtica is burned.\\nThe Baltimore and Ohio road\\nmakes extensions to Lake Erie; the\\nChesapeake and Ohio road secures con-\\ntrol of the Richmond and Alleghany\\nroad.\\nJan. 24. O. A natural-gas explosion\\nat Columbus blows up two houses, kills\\nseveral persons, and injures many\\nothers.\\nJan. 25. New York. Miss P. E. Corkran\\nNelly Ely of the World newspaper\\ncompletes a tour around the world in\\n72 days, six hours, and 12 minutes.\\nO. Cincinnati has a $3,000,000\\nfire.\\nJan. 27. O. Six persons are killed and\\nmany hurt hy an accident on the Louis-\\nville, New Albany, and Chicago road.\\nJan. 30. Me. Lewiston loses $250,000\\nby a fire.\\nNew York. Miss Mary Bisland of the\\nCosmopolitan Magazine completes a\\ntour around the world in 75 days and\\n12 hours, unaided by special convey-\\nances.\\nThe Sixth National Bank is closed\\nby order of the United States Examiner,\\nand a warrant is issued for the arrest of\\nits president.\\nJan\u00c2\u00b1. U.S. Cigarette manufactur-\\ners, representing a capital of $25,000,000,\\nform a trust.\\nFeb. 2. Conn. Five blocks are burned\\nin Danbury loss, \u00c2\u00a7300,000.\\nFeb. 3. D. C. Secretary Traey*s resi-\\ndence burns, and Mrs. Tracy, Miss Tracy,\\nand a French maid lose their lives.\\nNev. Cattle-dealers lose heavily\\nby storms estimated loss, $5,000,000.\\nFeb. 4. Ore. Ten men are killed and 16\\nwounded in a railroad accident at the\\nDalles.\\nR. I. The Providence Ladies Cy-\\ncling Club is organized. [It is the first\\nladies club admitted to the League of\\nAmerican Wheelmen.]\\nFeb. 8. N. J. Washington Hall, at Pat-\\nerson, and ;id}neeiit building are burned\\nloss, $300,000.\\nChicago. Lieut. Schwatka arrives\\nfrom Colorado with 11 Torahumari In-\\ndians, cave-dwellers, the only survivors\\nof their race.\\nFeb. 23. Ariz. A reservoir dam on\\nthe Hulapias River bursts -40 lives are\\nlost property damages, $1,000,000.\\nFeb. 26. New York. John Jacob As-\\ntor s will is probated, the bulk of his\\nestate going to Wm. Waldorf Astor, and\\n$700,000 to various public institutions.\\nFeb. la. An English syndicate pur-\\nchases the Des Moines starch factories.\\nThis gives it the control of all the large\\nstarch factories with a single exception.\\nFeb. Me. A fire in Portland de-\\nstroys three wharves and 2,000,000 feet\\nof lumber.\\nFeb. New York. The cracker-makers\\nform a trust with a capital of $3,500,000.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "354 1890, Feb. *-Apr. 6.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1890 Mar. 10. B.C. William Smitli is\\ncommissioned brigadier-general.\\nMar. 22. T. United States troops\\ndrive boomers from the Cherokee\\nstrip.\\nMar. 29. Mo. Gen. O. O. Howard is\\nto succeed Gen. Crook in the Depart-\\nment of the Missouri.\\nMar\u00c2\u00b1.* O. John A. Logan, Jr., a\\ngrandson of the late Gen. Logan, only\\nfive weeks old, is given a commission\\nas first lieutenant of the Logan Rifles\\nin the 5th Regiment of the Ohio National\\nGuard.\\nMar. It. The Squadron of Evolu-\\ntion visits Genoa [and later arrives at\\nNaples].\\nApr. 5. D. C. Nelson A. Miles is\\ncommissioned major-general.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1890 Mar. 18. Boston. The new wing\\nof the Museum of Fine Arts is opened.\\nMar. 26. Miss. La. The Mississippi\\nlevee breaks down at Skipwith, where\\nthe water is up to the eaves of the\\nhouses. The river is also overflowing\\nthe levees at many points in Louisiana.\\nMar. 27. Ky. A devastating cyclone\\nsweeps a tract 1,200 feet wide and three\\nmiles long, killing 120 persons in Louis-\\nville property loss in the city, $2,500-\\n000.\\nMar. la. A rich lead-mine is discov-\\nered near Dubuque.\\nMar. New York. The advance sale of\\nseats for the Patti concerts brings\\nSI 17,000.\\nMar. N. Y. An Institute of Art and\\nSciences in Brooklyn is projected\\ncost, $1,000,000.\\nMar. W. J a. A big oil-well is struck\\nnear Parkershurg more than 1,000 bar-\\nrels of oil are produced in the first 24\\nhours.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1890.\\nMar. 16. Gabriel, the famous mission In-\\ndian of Cal., A151.\\nMar. 21. Crook. George, maj.-gen. C. S.\\nA., A62.\\nMar. 23. Schenck, Robert C. maj.-gen.,\\nM. C. forO., A81.\\nMar. 26. Heiss, Michael, archbishop of\\nMilwaukee, A72.\\nMar. 31. Rowan, Stephen Clegg, vice-ad-\\nmiral TJ. S. N., A82.\\nCHURCH.\\n1890 Mar. 1. New York. The 100th an-\\nniversary of the death of John Wes-\\nley is observed in Methodist churches.\\nMar. 2. N. Y. D. L. Moody preaches\\nin Brooklyn to large congregations.\\nMar. 5. Mich. The General Convention\\nof the Seventh-day Adventists con-\\nvenes in Battle Creek delegates are\\npresent from 30 States, and from many\\nEuropean countries.\\nMar. 8. Neio York. Dr. M* Glynn\\nspeaks in Cooper Union on Arch-\\nbishop O Brien, a Canadian dictator.\\nMar. 16. 0. By a vote of 3 to 2, the\\necclesiastical court finds Rev. How-\\nard MacQuearey (Protestant Episco-\\npal) guilty of heresy, as charged. [He is\\nsuspended later deposed.]\\nMar. 31. New York. The American\\nBible Society reports its income for\\nthe year as S597,G93.05.\\nMar. Chicago. Bishop J. J. Esher is\\nfound guilty of lying, slander, and con-\\ntentions, in the same way that Bishops\\nDubs of Cleveland and Bowman of Al-\\nlentown were recently found guilty.\\nThe Evangelical Association now has\\nno bishops in good standing.\\nApr. 3. New York. Representatives of\\neight prominent mission associations\\nmeet and protest against the Chinese\\nEnumeration Bill now before the\\nUnited States Senate.\\nLETTERS.\\n1890 Feb.* N. H. A bequest of $500,000\\nis made to found an agricultural col-\\nlege at Dover.\\nFeb. New York. A meeting of 2,000\\npeople of the School Conference is held\\nin Cooper Union.\\nIt protests against the inadequate ac-\\ncommodations of the city schools, from\\nwhich some 20,001) children were deprived\\nadmission during the past year, and also\\ndenounces the Compulsory Education\\nBill before the Legislature as inadequate\\nand illogical.\\nFeb. New York. Over SS5,000 is ob-\\ntained at the auction sale of the library\\nof the late S. L. M. Barlow. A true\\ncopie of the Court booke of tlie Governor\\nand Society of Massachusetts Bay in New\\nEngland goes to the Boston Public Li-\\nbrary for $6,500.\\nMar. IS. Wis. The Supreme Court de-\\ncides unanimously that the Bible has\\nno place in the public schools.\\nMar. Conn. Hartford citizens sub-\\nscribe $400,000 for a free public library\\nand an art gallery in that city.\\nMar. D. C. Senator Morrill introduces\\na bill to establish a national educa-\\ntional fund by setting apart for that\\npurpose the net proceeds of the sales of\\npublic lands.\\nSenator Blair introduces a new Edu-\\ncational Bill, providing for smaller\\nappropriations than the old bill.\\nMar. N. J. Sixty scholarships in the\\nAgricultural College are provided for\\nby a bill passed by the State Assembly.\\nMar. New York. A legacy of $450,000\\nis left by John Jacob Astor to the Astor\\nLibrary.\\nMar. N. Y. Senator Cantor introduces\\nin the Legislature a pension measure.\\nIt proposes to pension at half-pay\\nmale teachers 00 years old in the New\\nYork public schools who have taught for\\n30 years. Women teachers who have\\nserved 25 years may be retired on appli-\\ncation at 50 years of age.\\nApr. 1. Wis. The election in Milwaukee\\nfavors the repeal of the State law\\nprescribing the study of English and\\nEnglish teaching in the public schools.\\nMuch excitement prevails.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1890 Feb. -V. The accounts of\\nJohn A. Davis, city treasurer of Roches-\\nter, are over $100,000 short.\\nFeb. S. C. The white longshore-\\nmen of Charleston BOCede from their\\nProtective Union because of the admis-\\nsion of negn *es.\\nFeb. Ttx. Torn .Taints, a young pugilist\\nOl allas, is killedin a brutal prize-tight\\nin that city with Kilrain s boxer, Ben-\\nziah.\\nFeb. The National Convention of\\nBuilders refuses to declare f\u00c2\u00ab r the eight-\\nhour movement but they adi \u00c2\u00bbpt a reso-\\nlution favoring the payment of workmen\\nby the hour.\\nMar. 3. -V. Y. A monster petition for\\nballot reform is presented to the Le-\\ngislature it contains more than 50,000\\nnames, and weighs 1.000 pounds.\\nMar. 4. Mo. E. T. Noland is charged\\nwith defalcating $32,745. and suspended\\nfrom the office of State treasurer.\\nMar. 11. Cal. Employment is given\\nto 1.000 needy men in Golden Gate Park\\nby public subscription.\\nMar. 13. New York. The Russian-\\nAmerican National League cele-\\nbrates the ninth anniversary of the\\nassassination of Czar Alexander II.\\nMar. 14. Neic York. The trial of Sheriff\\nJames A. Flack begins. It is alleged\\nthat he obtained a divorce from his\\nwife without her knowledge. [Flack, his\\nson William L., who appeared against\\nhis mother, and Joseph Meeks. a lawyer,\\nare found ^uiltv nf conspiracy to obtain\\na divorce fraudulently. Apr. 7. Meeks\\naccepts s.-ntence and goes to jail.] (See\\nState, Mar. 31.)\\nMar. 17. Wash. Citizen George\\nFrancis Train and Miss Kegina Roth-\\nschild start from Tacoma, matched for a\\nrace round the world.\\nMar. 25. N. J. The corrupt Jersey\\nCity election officers are allowed to\\nserve again at the approaching election.\\nMar. 27. Md. Stevenson Archer. State\\ntreasurer, is declared a defaulter\\namount. $132,401. [Sentenced to State\\nprison for five years.]\\nMar. 29. Pa. The American Mechan-\\nics call for 1.000 armed men to help\\nraise the American nag over the public\\nschools of Mucklerat, to which the for-\\neigners are opposed.\\nMar. 30. New York. The Chinese\\nCharitable and Benevolent Associa-\\ntion of this city is incorporated.\\nMar. Boston. George P. Brown, head\\nof Brown. Theese. and Clark, a big wool-\\nfirm, is charged with stealing $1,700,000,\\nand absconding.\\nMar. I. T. The Choctaw Indian Nation\\npasses a law allowing a lottery to op-\\nerate within its jurisdiction.\\nMar Ky. A bill to abolish lotteries\\nis passed by the Senate.\\nMar. Ki/. White Caps raid a dwell-\\ning near Covington, take out three men\\naccused of petty thefts, and give each 30\\nlashes with blacksnake whips.\\nMar. Md. The bill abolishing pool-\\nrooms passes the Legislature and is\\nsigned by the governor.\\nMar. Miss. The indictments against\\nJ. L. Sullivan for prize-fighting are an-\\nnulled by the Mississippi Supreme Court.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1890, Feb. Apr. 6. 355\\nMar. AT. J. The Knights of Labor\\nand the Farmers Alliance of New\\nJersey form a new organization, to be\\ncalled The Industrial Senate.\\nIts object is tbe improvement of the\\ncondition of wage-workers and tillers of\\nthe soil.\\nMar. A 7 J. A bill is passed by tlie\\nLegislature prohibiting racing on any-\\nState track more than 30 days in the\\nyear.\\nMar. New York. The shirtmakers\\nstrike ends by the bosses yielding every\\npoint demanded.\\nMar. New York. The Woman Suf-\\nfrage League prepares a petition to\\nthe Czar to personally investigate and\\nreform the workings of the Siberian\\nsystem.\\nMar. Pa. About 800 men employed at\\nthe Sheldon Axle Works, in Wilkes-\\nbarre, strike because of injustice done\\nto three employees.\\nMar. Pa. Over 1,000 bolt-makers in\\nPittsburg strike for higher wages.\\nMar. President Corbin of the Reading\\nRailroad orders all employees dis-\\ncharged who frequent drinking-places,\\nand the employment of total abstainers\\nin preference to drinking-men.\\nMar. Wis. The 1,000 employees of the\\nLorrie iron-mine at Ashland strike for\\nhigher wages.\\nMar. The striking switchmen on the\\nChicago and Northwestern Railroad\\ngain a complete victory.\\nApr. 2. la. Many Anti-Saloon Republi-\\ncans recommend high license and local\\noption, instead of prohibition.\\nApr. 5. jV. J. Election officers are ar-\\nrested in Jersey City for stuffing ballot\\nboxes.\\nApr. 6. La. Confederate Memorial\\nDay is observed. The New Orleans\\ncemeteries are visited by thousands of\\npersons.\\nSTATE.\\n1890 Mar. 4. Tenn. The annual as-\\nsembly of the National League of Re-\\npublican Clubs meets at Nashville.\\nMar. 6. D. C. Congress: Representa-\\ntives appear before the sub-committee\\nof the House World s Fair Commit-\\ntee, and convince the committee that\\nChicago has raised S5,000,000 and can\\nfurnish the \u00c2\u00a710,000,000 guaranty for the\\nFair.\\nMar. 13. D. C Congress: The House\\namends and passes the Oklahoma Tem-\\nporary Government Bill. [Mar. 23,\\nApr. 23. Conference report agreed to.\\nMay 3. Approved by the President.]\\nMd. The Senate passes a Ballot Re-\\nform Bill. Vote, 23-1. [Mar. 19. By\\nthe Legislature of Washington. Apr. 8\\nand May 7. By New Jersey.]\\nMar. 17. DC. Congress The Senate\\npasses the bill fixing April 30 to Oct. 20,\\n1892, as the period for the World s\\nFair, andrequiring that $10,000,000 shall\\nbe provided to meet expenses before the\\nPresident invites foreign nations to par-\\nticipate the bill goes to the House.\\nThe House passes the Morrow Cen-\\nsus Amendment Bill introduced Feb.\\nG. [Apr. 1. Laid on table\\nMar. 18, 22. D. C. Congress: The\\nHouse passes the Timber- Culture Bill\\nintroduced Feb. 19.\\nMar. 19. D. C. Congress The Senate\\npasses the Urgent Deficiency Bill.\\nMar. 20. D, C. Congress The Senate\\nrejects the Blair Education Bill. Vote,\\n31-37.\\nMar. 21. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Pension Appropriation\\nBill introduced Feb. 18. It appropri-\\nates $100,000,000, and every veteran 50\\nyears old who served for 60 days may\\nreceive a pension.\\nNew York. The Court of Appeals\\ndecides that the Electrical Execution\\nLaw is constitutional, on an appeal in\\nthe Kemmler case.\\nMar. 25. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Chicago World s Fair Bill,\\nbut postpones the time of opening to\\nMay, 1893. Vote, 202-49. It authorizes\\nthe appointment of a board of lady\\nmanagers.\\nMar. 26. D. C. Congress The House\\npasses the Wyoming Admission Bill in-\\ntroduced Dec. 18, 18S9.\\nMar. 27. S. C. The farmers hold a State\\nConvention in Columbia they nominate\\nBenjamin R. Tillman for governor, and\\nJ. C. Coit for lieutenant-governor.\\nMar. 28. D. C. Congress: A bill is in-\\ntroduced in the Senate to provide for a\\nWorld s Fair Annex in Washington\\nor New York in October, 1892.\\nMar. 31. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Dependent Pension Bill\\nintroduced Dec. 4, 1889. Vote, 42-12.\\n(See June 11.) The House passes the\\nArmy Appropriation Bill introduced\\nFeb. 28.\\nA 7 Y. Gov. Hill vetoes the Saxton\\nBallot Reform Bill, providing for a se-\\ncret ballot, on the ground of unconsti-\\ntutionality Senator Fassett introduces\\na bill to submit the question of an offi-\\ncial ballot to the people next November.\\nmw York. Ex-Sheriff Flack is\\nsentenced to a fine of $500 and two\\nmonths imprisonment Referee James\\nMeeks, $f oo and one month and William\\nFlack, the son, \u00c2\u00bb00 and four months on\\nBlackwell s Island. (SeeSociety,Mar.l4.)\\nD. C. Reduction of the public debt\\nin March, $11,389,857.\\nApr. 1\u00c2\u00bb D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Fortifications Appropria-\\ntion BUI introduced Mar. IS it appro-\\npriates $4,521,678. Vote, 116-66.\\nThe President appoints Col. F.\\nA. Seeley of Washington and Francis\\nForbes of N. Y. as representatives of\\nthe United States to the International\\nConference in Madrid.\\nThe new extradition treaty with\\nEngland goes into effect.\\nApr. 2. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the M Adoo Hudson River\\nBridge Bill, to connect New York and\\nJersey City, introduced Jan. 6.\\nThe Pan-American Conference recom-\\nmends the establishment of an inter-\\nnational monetary union.\\nla. Anti-Saloon Republicans in\\nconvention agree to advocate a change\\nin the prohibition law so as to introduce\\nhigh license and local option.\\nApr. 3. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Struble Bill to admit Idaho\\nbill introduced Jan. 13.\\nR. I. The indecisive elections leave\\nthe choice of State officers to the Legis-\\nlature. [Apr. 13. The Democrats win in\\nthe Legislative contest. May 27. The\\nLegislature elects Democratic State of-\\nficers.]\\nApr. 4. N. Y. A Ballot Reform Bill is\\nintroduced in the Assembly also a bill\\nto provide for a non-partisan police\\nboard in New York City.\\nApr. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\namends and passes the Oklahoma\\nTown Site Bill. [May 2-5. Conference\\nreport agreed to. May 19. Approved\\nby the President.]\\nIt passes the Edmunds Meat Expor-\\ntation and Inspection Bill introduced\\nFeb. 19.\\nApr. 6. D. C. Congress In the House\\nthe Democratic Representatives decide\\nnot to carry the new rules before the\\nSupreme Court.\\nMISCELLAENOUS.\\n1890 Mar. 6. N. Y. A rear end collis-\\nion near Hamburg, on the Lake Shore\\nRailroad, causes six deaths, besides 17\\nwounded.\\nMar. 19. Wis. Five miners perish in\\na burning mine in Hurley over $100,000\\nworth of property is destroyed.\\nMar. 20. Ga. The new Capitol at At-\\nlanta, costing \u00c2\u00a71,000,000, is completed.\\nMar. 23. Colo. Great prairie fires raging;\\n1,000,000 acres have been devastated.\\nOkla. A multitude of Boomers\\nrush into the Cherokee strip.\\nMar. 28. Md. The shortage of State\\nTreasurer Archer is known to be $127,-\\n000, and may reach double this sum.\\nMar. 29. Mo. St. Louis loses $300,000\\nby a fire started by an electric-light wire.\\nMar. Ind. Fifteen men are killed in\\na burning building in Indianapolis.\\nMar. Mass. Gov. Brackett appoints a\\nspecial commission for the extermina-\\ntion of the gypsy moth.\\nMar. Pa. English syndicates buy six\\nfarms at Lenover they will erect two\\nmammoth cotton-mills, and dwelling-\\nhouses to accommodate 2.000 employees\\nthe plant will cost $3,000,000.\\nMar. Pa. Street railway franchises\\namounting to \u00c2\u00a700,000,000 are granted in\\nPittsburg.\\nMar. (f. S. The big smelting organi-\\nzations form a trust with a capital of\\nS 1^,000,000.\\nMar. The deep snow in the Northwest\\ndeprives the cattle of range-grass and\\nfodder they perish by hundreds.\\nApr. 1. Utah. Many Mormons are\\nleaving for Chihuahua, Mex., where\\nthey have purchased an immense tract\\nof land.\\nApr. 3. Cal. The steamship China breaks\\nthe record making a trip from San\\nFrancisco to Hongkong in 20 days, in-\\ncluding a stop at Yokohama.\\nN. Y. The old Greeley home at\\nChappaqua is destroyed by tire the re-\\nmains of Horace Greeley s library and\\nmany unpublished letters are burned.\\nApr. 5 X. Y. W a t e r t o w n loses\\n$150,000 by fire in its business section.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "356 1890, Apr. 6 -Apr.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1890 Apr. 8. New York. The 7th\\nRegiment is invited to attend the un-\\nveiling of a statue to Gen. Robert E. Lee\\nat Richmond, Ya,\\nApr. 15. D. C. John K. Mizner is com-\\nmissioned colonel 10th cavalry.\\nApr. 18. Ky. Five militiamen are\\nwounded in a skirmish with outlaws\\nin Harlan County.\\nApr. 22. New York. The Old Guard\\ncelebrates its 64th anniversary.\\nApr. 23. D. C. Charles G. Bartlett is\\ncommissioned colonel 9th infantry.\\nApr. D. C. Secretary Tracy orders a\\ncourt-martial to try Commander Mc-\\nCalla of the U. S. S. Enterprise, on\\ncharges of cruelty to his crew. [May 15.\\nHe is suspended from rank and duty for\\nthree years.]\\nApr. S. Dak. A band of Cheyenne\\nIndians is on the warpath, led by a bad\\nchief called Big Foot two companies\\nof troops are sent to subdue them.\\nApr. Fla. The North Atlantic Squad-\\nron is ordered from Key West to Haiti.\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1890 Apr. 6. Boston. The 75th anni-\\nversary of the Boston Handel and\\nHaydn Society is celebrated.\\nApr. 12. 5. Dak. A dust blizzard is\\nraging.\\nD. C. President Harrison presents,\\nin the name of Congress, a gold medal\\nto Joseph Frances, the inventor of the\\nlife-saving appliances for the ship-\\nwrecked.\\nApr. 13. Ariz. Rich gold deposits are\\nfound in Grand Cafion.\\nApr. 19. Ala. Several people are killed\\nand much property is destroyed by a\\ntornado in Geneva county.\\nApr. 20. Xew York. A Psychical Re-\\nsearch Society is formed.\\nApr. 30. Xew York. Ground is broken\\nfor the Washington Memorial Arch.\\n[May 30. The corner-stone is laid with\\nceremonies.]\\nApr. Alas. An expedition organized\\nby Frank Leslie s Illustrated Weekly\\nstarts to explore Alaska.\\nApr. Ark. The streets of Arkansas City\\nare under water from four to six feet\\ndeep the town is deserted by at least\\nhalf of its populatiou.\\nApr. Chicago. An imposing monu-\\nment in memory of Gen. Grant is near-\\ning completion in Lincoln Park.\\nThe pedestal is a solid terrace wall of\\ngranite, pierced by an arch 00 feet wide\\nthe terrace is 150 feet long and 42 feet\\nhigh and on it is placed an equestrian\\nstatue of Grant 13 feet in height.\\nApr. Da. Another flood occurs in\\nJohnstown the water in the streets is\\nfour feet deep.\\nApr. Da. A rich well of natural gas is\\nstruck at Pittsburg.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1890.\\nApr. 13. Randall. Samuel J.. M. C. for\\nPa., speaker, A62.\\nCHURCH.\\n1890 Apr. 27. X. Y. Members of the\\nSalvation Army are arrested in\\nYonkers for singing in the streets.\\nApr. la. Over 100 Mormon mis-\\nsionaries are sent out from Des Moines.\\nApr, New York. Bronze doors cost-\\ning not less than $100,000 are placed\\nin Trinity Church, as a memorial to the\\nlate John Jacob Astor.\\nApr. N. Y. Rev. Theodore L. Cuy-\\nler, for 30 years pastor of the Lafayette\\nAvenue Presbyterian Church of Brook-\\nlyn, retires he is presented with a purse\\nof $30,000. [Dec. 14. Dr. Gregg becomes\\nhis successor.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1890 Apr. 9. Mass. Mrs. E.S.B. Mead\\nis chosen President of Mount Holyoke\\nCollege.\\nApr. 13. Chicago. The friends of the\\npublic-school system organize for its\\nprotection, owing to the active oppo-\\nsition of Roman Catholics and Luther-\\nans to the Bennett law in Milwaukee.\\nApr. 15. Dhila. Archbishop Ryan\\nwill be editor-in-chief of The American\\nCatholic Quarterly Review, beginning\\nwith the July number.\\nNew York. E. L. Godkin of the\\nEvening Dost is arrested on charge of\\nlibel for articles reflecting on Tam-\\nmany leaders.\\nApr. 21. X.Y. Murat Halstead, of the\\nCincinnati Commercial, hecomes editor\\nof the Brooklyn Standard- Union.\\nApr. D. C. Mr. Lawler of Illinois in-\\ntroduces in the House a bill to test the\\nscience of short spelling and to establish\\n100 schools for that purpose.\\nApr.* Xew York. Andrew Carnegie gives\\n$10,000 to the Authors* Club, to be\\nused for the encouragement of litera-\\nture.\\nApr. O. A Catholic Educational\\nUnion, similar to the Chautauqua Cir-\\ncle, is formed, and is spreading rapidly\\nin other States.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1890 Apr. 7. Chicago. The Board of\\nTrade attacks the bucket-shops.\\nFive thousand carpenters strike for\\nan eight-hour day and minimum wages of\\n40 cents an hour. [Apr. 11. The builders\\nrefuse.]\\nApr. 8. Chicago. The plumbers strike\\nis settled ttie men get a portion of the\\nincrease of wages demanded.\\nMass. The Worcester People s Sav-\\nings-bank teller, F. Kimball, and $40,000\\nof the deposits, are missing.\\nApr. 10. la. High license is defeated\\nin the Legislature, and prohibition sus-\\ntained.\\nApr. 12. Ark. White Caps flog a\\npreacher of the Latter-day Saints.\\nApr. 14. Cal. Several hundred persons\\nbelieve the predictions of Mrs. Wood-\\nworth, George Erickson, and other false\\nprophets, declaring that San Fran-\\ncisco, Oakland, Chicago, and Milwaukee\\nwould be destroyed by earthquake and\\ntidal wave, and go to the hills.\\nA7 c York. The employees of 70\\nshops of clothing-makers strike for an\\nincrease ol wages more than 1,000 men\\nare out.\\nApr. 16. X*w York. The Working\\nGirls Societies of New York. Brooklyn,\\nBoston, and Philadelphia open a con-\\nvention.\\nThe Evening Dost publishes charges\\nagainst Senator Quay of Pennsylvania.\\nDa. The railroad companies in Pitts-\\nburg decide not to recognize any fede-\\nration of railroad employees.\\nApr. 17. Chicago. A conflict between\\npolice and strikers rakes place.\\nApr. 19. D. C. A General Society of\\nthe Sons of the Revolution is organ-\\nized in Washington, with ex-Gov. John\\nLee Carroll as general president.\\nX. Mex. W. H. Pope of Ky., the de-\\nfaulting cashier of the Louisville City\\nNational Bank, with 870,000 of its funds,\\nis captured.\\nApr. 21. Cliicago. The eight-hour\\nmovement is spreading. Carpenters\\nliu.ke new demands, requiring boss car-\\npenters to employ seven-eighths of the\\ncarpenters in the city.\\nThe carpenters Council refuses to\\nallow men to work for the masters\\nassociations.\\n[Apr. 22. The strikers become riot-\\nous. Apr. 25. They assault 32 non-\\nunion men. Apr. 26. The masters\\nrefuse to arbitrate. Apr. 29. The\\nstrikers agree to resume work in con-\\nnection with the new organization of\\nemployers. May 3. The strike practi-\\ncally ends in the failure of the car-\\npenters.]\\nApr. 23. New York. A convention of\\nthe General Federation of Women s\\nClubs is held.\\nApr. 24. New York. The Actuarial\\nSociety of America assembles.\\nApr. 28. la. The Supreme Court de-\\ncides the seizure of beer sent into the\\nState in sealed kegs from Illinois in\\noriginal packages, and sold, to be in vio-\\nlation of the Constitution.\\nA mass-meeting is held in Chickering\\nHall it is called by the Ladies Health\\nProtective Association to demand\\nclean streets.\\nApr. Boston. The bricklayers have\\nsigned an agreement not to strike for\\nthree years in return for eight hours and\\nan advance in wages.\\nApr. Boston. Nine hours without re-\\nduction of wages is granted the 2.200\\nworkmen employed in 12 of the marble\\nfactories.\\nApr.* Chicago. The Daily Xews has been\\nexposing wholesale gambling.\\nIt estimates that the receipts of the\\nf ambling-houses, which are controlled\\ny a syndicate, aggregate 510,000,000 a\\nyear, and that S- Oii.oOO are paid to mem-\\nbers of the administration for immunity\\nfrom police interference, and a much\\nlarger sum to the police themselves.\\nApr. Ga, Northern-born citizens resid-\\ning in Atlanta organize a Northern\\nSociety.\\nApr. La. The Louisiana Lottery\\nCompany offers to pay the State\\n$12,500,000 for a renewal of its charter\\nfor 25 years.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1890, Apr. 6-Apr.\\n357\\nApr.* Mo. Kansas City passes an ordi-\\nnance fixing eight hours as a day s work\\nfor all city employees and all laborers\\nemployed on city contracts.\\nApr. N. H, The woman suffragists of\\nConcord elect Mrs. M. H. Woodworth to\\nthe Board of Education by a majority of\\n773 in a total of 3,S26 votes.\\nApr. New York. The Central Labor\\nUnion passes a resolution for purifying\\nthe city government by obtaining evi-\\ndence against the police protection of\\ncriminals.\\nSTATE.\\n1890 Apr. 7. D. C. Congress: The\\nHouse refuses to suspend the rules\\nand pass the Dependent Pension Bill.\\nVote, 169-87.\\nApr. 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Anti-Trust Bill introduced\\nDec. 4 vote, 52-1 (absent, 29) the House\\nreconsiders the vote by which it recently\\ndefeated the bill to appropriate $75,-\\n000 to supply the deficiency caused by\\nthe Silcott defalcation the bill is passed\\n(the Senate also passes the bill) the\\nHouse also passes the M Adoo Alien\\nNavy Enlistment Bill introduced\\nDec. IS referred to Senate Committee\\non Naval Affairs.\\nN. Y. The Senate passes a resolution\\nproviding for the submission of a Pro-\\nhibition Amendment to the Constitution\\nto the vote of the people April 17, 1891.\\nVote, 58-1.\\nApr. 9. JV Y. The Senate passes the\\nWeekly Payment Bill, a measure fa,-\\nvored by all labor organizations. [May\\n21. Gov. Hill signs the bill/]\\nApr. 10. la. The Legislature defeats\\nthe High-License Bill. Vote, 21-29.\\nMass. The House passes a Bill mak-\\ning nine hours a legal day s work in\\nState and municipal employment.\\nApr. 11. D. C. Congress: The\\nWorld s Fair Bill is reported to the\\nSenate an amendment provides for a\\nnaval review in New York Harbor in\\nApril, 1893.\\nApr. 14. D. C. Congress Both houses\\nadjourn as a mark of respect to the late\\nSamuel J. Randall.\\nThe United States Supreme Court de-\\ncides that the State of California has no\\njurisdiction in the case of Deputy-Mar-\\nshal Nagle, who killed the would-be\\nassassin of Associate Justice Field.\\nApr. 15. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Naval Appropriations Bill.\\nVote, 117-100. Introduced Apr. 1.\\nIt passes the Roger bill, introduced\\nApr. 4, denning the jurisdiction of the\\nTJ. S. Courts.\\nla. The Legislature gives physicians\\nand pharmacies the right to sell liquor\\nfree of license tax.\\nApr. 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nrejects the Chinese Enumeration Bill.\\nVote, 5-12. The Senate now has 47 Re-\\npublicans and 37 Democrats.\\nIn the House the McKinley Tariff\\nBill is introduced by the majority of the\\nCommittee on Ways and Means it pro-\\nposes to equalize duties on imports and\\nto reduce the revenue of the Govern-\\nment; a minority report is also sub-\\nmitted.\\nSecretary Windom issues the new reg-\\nulations governing the landing of im-\\nmigrants.\\nN. Y. The Senate repeals the Two-\\ndollars-a-day Bill. Vote, 17-11. It\\npasses the bill providing for the Hudson\\nRiver Suspension Bridge from New\\nYork City to the Jersey shore. Vote,\\n20-8.\\nThe bridge is to have at least sis rail-\\nroad tracks and capacity for four more,\\nand to cost about .840,000,000. It is to be\\nfinished within 10 years, and will be the\\nlargest bridge in the world.\\nApr. 17. D. C. Congress: Senate;\\nJohn H. Regan of Texas introduces a\\njoint resolution proposing an amend-\\nment to the Constitution, for the elec-\\ntion of Senators by popular vote the\\nHouse Committee on Rivers and Har-\\nbors completes its appropriation bill\\n$20,901,500.\\nMass. The Legislature rejects the\\nbill to grant municipal suffrage to\\nwomen.\\nN. H. The Supreme Court decides\\nthat President Taggert of the State Sen-\\nate is acting governor.\\nApr. 19. D. C. Secretary Blaine makes\\na farewell address to the delegates to\\nthe Pan-American Conference.\\nSamoa. The Samoan treaty is\\nsigned at Apia.\\nApr. 21. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Chicago World s Fair Bill,\\nincluding an amendment providing for a\\nnaval review. Vote, 43-13.\\nN. Y. The Senate votes against the\\nproposal to submit the Prohibition\\nAmendment to the people in April in-\\nstead of at a general election.\\nApr. 22. D. C. Congress The Senate\\namends and passes the District of Co-\\nlumbia Appropriation Bill. [July 31.\\nConference report agreed to. Aug. 8.\\nApproved by the President.]\\nThe House debates the Legislative,\\nExecutive, and Judicial Appropria-\\ntion Bills.\\nN. Y. The Senate amends and passes\\nthe new Saxton Ballot Reform Bill.\\n[Apr. 29. It passes the Assembly. May\\n2. Gov. Hill signs it. J\\nApr. 25. D. C. Congress The Presi-\\ndent approves the act creating the\\nWorld s Columbian Exposition.\\nThe bill is entitled An act to pro-\\nvide for celebrating the 400th anniver-\\nsary of the discovery of America by\\nChristopher Columbus, by holding an\\ninternational exhibition of arts, indus-\\ntries, manufactures, and the product of\\nthesoil, mine, and sea, in the city of Chi-\\ncago, in the State of Illinois.\\nPresident Harrison signs the joint\\nresolution of Congress appropriating\\n$150,000 for the relief of the Missis-\\nsippi flood sufferers.\\nApr. 26. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Legislative, Executive, and\\nJudicial Appropriation Bill after six\\ndiscussions bill introduced Apr. 7.\\nN. Y. The Senate Committee on\\nCities, while investigating the munici-\\npal department in New York City, learns\\nhow $180,000 was raised to buy the\\nBoard of Aldermen in favor of Hugh J.\\nGrant.\\nRepresentatives of 10 American repub-\\nlics sign the International Arbitration\\nTreaty for the settlement of national\\ndisputes instead of war.\\nThe United States Supreme Court de-\\ncides that the Iowa law providing for\\nseizure of liquors in original pack-\\nages is unconstitutional.\\nApr. 29. I). C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Land Grant Forfeiture\\nBill, restoring to the United States its\\ntitle to lands granted to aid railroads in\\ncertain cases.\\nIt passes the Plumb Land Forfeiture\\nBill after seven discussions bill intro-\\nduced Feb. 20.\\nIt amends and passes the Davis De-\\npendent Pension Bill. Vote, 179-71.\\n[June 11, 23. Conference report agreed\\nto. June 28. Approved by the President.]\\nApr. 30. D. C. Congress The House\\npasses the Worsted Bill introduced\\nApr. 21.\\nReduction of the public debt in\\nApril, $7,636,901.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1890 Apr. 9. New York. Mayor Grant\\nappoints August Belmont, C. S. Smith,\\nJ. H. Starin, William Steinway, and\\nO. B. Potter commissioners of rapid\\ntransit.\\nApr. 11. New York. The maiden trip\\nof the steamship Majestic, in G days,\\n10 hours, 30 minutes, is the quickest\\nmaiden trip on record.\\nApr. 12. Boston. Four breweries are\\npurchased by an English syndicate.\\nChicago. A panic occurs in the Board\\nof Trade.\\nApr. 18. New York. Castle Garden\\nceases to be the depot for receiving im-\\nmigrants, the Government barge office\\ntaking its place.\\nApr. 30. Phila. The suspension of\\nthe Bank of America, a State bank, is\\nannounced.\\nApr. Chicago. Ice-dealers form a trust\\nand advance prices 25 to 50 per cent.\\nThe crop in the vicinity is 1,000,000 tons\\nshort.\\nApr. Chicago. The World s Fair of\\n1893 is fully incorporated and orga-\\nnized.\\nThe directors adopt a report of the\\nfinance committee recommending that\\nthe capital stock lie increased to ftio.OUO,-\\n000.\\nApr\u00c2\u00b1.* New York. An English syndicate\\nbuys up the Murphy Varnish Company\\nof New York, the largest varnish com-\\npany in America.\\nApr. N. Y. The water-power of Ni-\\nagara Falls is to he utilized for mills\\nand electric lights in Niagara and Buf-\\nfalo.\\nContracts are signed for the construc-\\ntion of a tunnel and raceways under the\\nfalls; the capital stock of the Niagara\\nFalls Power Company is 82,000,000.\\nApr. N. Y. A two-thirds interest in\\nfour large paper-mills in New York\\nState is transferred to an English syndi-\\ncate for 38,000,000.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "358 1890, Apr. *-May 30.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1890 May 15. D. C. Secretary Tracy\\nconfirms the finding of the court-martial\\nsentencing Commander MeCalia to\\nsuspension of rank and duty for three\\nyears.\\nMay 23. New York. The Pensacola re-\\nturns from the East Africa eclipse expe-\\ndition.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1S90 May 3. Mo. The Merchants\\nBridge, 2,420 feet long, spanning the\\nMississippi at St. Louis, and costing\\n\u00c2\u00a76,000,000, is completed.\\nMay 5. New York. The Metropolitan\\nMuseum of Art is reopened to the\\npublic.\\nMay 6. Tex. A hurricane prevails.\\nMay 9, 10. Pa. Near Franklin a tor-\\nnado tears a path 300 feet wide and 25\\nmiles long two persons are killed and\\nseveral others badly hurt houses and\\nbarns are demolished, trees uprooted,\\nand cattle killed.\\nMay 13. New York. The corner-stone\\nof the Carnegie Music Hall is laid by\\nMrs. Carnegie.\\nMay 16. Alas. A volcano is reported\\nto be in a state of eruption.\\nMay 23. III. A new wheat-pest, the\\nsaw-fly, appears.\\nMay 29. Mel. The 12th annual Congress\\nof the American Laryngological As-\\nsociation begins its sessions in Balti-\\nVa. An equestrian statue of Gen.\\nRobert E. Lee is unveiled at Rich-\\nmond.\\nMay 30. O. The Garfield Memorial\\nis dedicated at Lakeview Cemetery,\\nCleveland.\\nLa. The Red River rises many feet,\\nand sweeps away the levees near Shreve-\\nport thousands of homes are rendered\\ndesolate, and immense damage is done\\nto property and crops.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1890.\\nMay 3. Beck, James, senator for Ky., A68.\\nMay 18. Ropes, Itipley, of Brooklyn, N. Y.,\\nCHURCH.\\n1890 May 7. Mo. The General Con-\\nference (Methodist Episcopal South)\\nmeets at St. Louis. [May 9. It decides\\nto admit laymen as members. May 19.\\nRevs. Atticus G. Haygood and Oscar P.\\nFitzgerald are elected bishops.]\\nMay 8. S. C. The Episcopal Diocese\\nvotes not to exclude a colored minis-\\nter who is at present a member of that\\nbody.\\nMay 15. N. C The Southern General\\nAssembly (Presbyterian) meets at Ashe-\\nville Rev. James Park, moderator.\\nThe body embraces 2,321 churches,\\nwith 1.145 ministers, 161,000 communi-\\ncants, and over 100,000 Sunday-school\\npupils.\\nN. Y. The Northern General As-\\nsembly (Presbyterian* meets at Sara-\\ntoga Rev. W. E. Moore of Columbus,\\nOhio, moderator.\\nThe great question that agitates the\\nconference is the revision of the Confes-\\nsion of Faith. The change proposed will\\nblot out of the Confession of Faith\\nReprobation the damnation of infants\\nthe damnation of the heathen the clas-\\nsification of Roman Catholics as isola-\\ntors, and the statement that the Pope is\\nAnti-Christ. Its reports show 133 Pres-\\nbyteries favor revision, 6G oppose any\\nchange, seven decline to express an\\nopinion, and seven are unheard from.\\n[May 24. A committee is appointed\\nto nominate a Committee on Revision.\\nMay 26. Committees on Revision and a\\nConsensus Creed are appointed.]\\nMay 17. Colo. The Rocky Mountain\\nConference of Unitarian and other\\nLiberal Christian Churches is organized\\nat Denver.\\nMay 22. New York. Missionaries sail\\nfor the Soudan Pioneer Mission in Africa.\\nThey are volunteers from the Young^\\nMen s Christian Associations; and all\\nventure in faith, with no promise of\\nfinancial support except the promises of\\nthe Bible.\\nMay 27. New York. The Jewish Min-\\nisters Association of America is in\\nLETTERS.\\n1S90 May 6. New York. Arrangements\\nare completed for accepting the gift of\\nCharles Butler of $100,000 each to\\nthe University of the City of New York\\nand to Union Theological Seminary.\\nSteps are taken to unite the two insti-\\ntutions in an alliance.\\nMay 10. li. I. The School Committee\\nof Providence banishes the Bible and\\ndevotional exercises from its schools.\\nMay 14. D. C. Senator Edmunds intro-\\nduces a bill to establish the University\\nof the United States in the City of\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Washington; the bill calls for $5,000,-\\n000, the income of which is to be used\\nfor the expenses of the institution.\\nMay 19\u00c2\u00b1. N. Y. The U. S. Supreme\\nCourt decides the Fisk will case\\nagainst Cornell, the University there-\\nby losing $2,000,000.\\nMay 22. N. Y. The Presbyterian Gen-\\neral Assembly s Committee on Bills and\\nOvertures presents a report urging that\\nthe Bible be restored to its true\\nplace in our system of education, it\\nnot being sectarian, but the source of\\nthe highest moral teaching.\\nMay 28. Wis. German Catholic socie-\\nties organize against the Bennett\\nLaw.\\nMass. The New England Intercolle-\\ngiate Association holds its annual ses-\\nsion in Worcester.\\nMay 29. Fla. The University of\\nFlorida is founded at Tarpon Springs.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S90 May 1. Chicago. About 25,000\\nmen unite in a labor parade.\\nL C. The Secretary of War directs\\nthat the provisions as to canteens at\\nmilitary posts shall be retained, except\\nthat no ardent spirits or wine shall be\\nsold in canteen?, sales of light beer**\\nonly being tolerated.\\nDel. A private citizen is allowed the-\\nprivilege of whipping a criminal.\\nC. S. Ex-President Grover Cleve-\\nland is admitted to practise before the\\nBar of the Supreme Court.\\nMay 3. Chicago. Over 7,000 men join\\nthe dissatisfied strikers, making the total\\nnumber out ,00U.\\nBoston. Carpenters prepare letters\\nurging foreign working men to remain\\naway.\\nMay 4. Chicago. Leaders among the\\nstriking carpenters endeavorto continue\\nagitation, and postpone settlement of\\nthe strike. It is commonly believed to\\nhave failed and ended.\\nMay 5. NewTork. The Society for the\\nEnforcement of the Criminal Law is\\nincorporated.\\nN. Y. The carpenters in New York\\nand Brooklyn succeed in the eight-hour\\nstrike.\\nMay 7. C. The Decennial Conven-\\ntion of Pharmacists of the United States\\nis in session at Washington.\\nNew York. The annual meeting and\\nelection of the Civil Service Keform\\nAssociation takes place.\\nMay 9. D. C. A reception is given to\\nGen. Sherman in Washington.\\nMay 10. la. Liquor-selling under the\\noriginal package decision is increas-\\nKan. The women who were recently\\nelected officers of Edgerton all resign\\nbecause of criticism they say the men\\ncan conduct the government in the fu-\\nture.\\nN. Y. The defalcation of 5100,000\\nby G. P. Whitney in the Albany City\\nNational Bank is reported.\\nMay 11. New York. The Central Labor\\nUnion denies admission to the delegates\\nfrom the Saloon-Keepers Associa-\\ntion, on the ground that its members are\\nnot wage-workers.\\nMay 13. Fla. A reign of terror at Ce-\\ndar Keys is caused by Mayor W. W. Cot-\\ntrell, who threatens the lives of all who\\noppose him. [May 21 Citizens flee\\nfrom the city through fear of the re-\\nturn of Mayor Cottrell.] (See Nov. 6.)\\nLa. The Louisiana Lottery offers\\n\u00c2\u00a31,000,000 a year to the Legislature for\\nthe continuance of its charter.\\nNeic York. The 25th anniversary of\\nthe National Temperance Society is\\ncelebrated.\\nMay 14. N, Y. The National Confer-\\nence of Charities and Corrections be-\\ngins at Buffalo.\\nN. Y. Ex- Alderman John O Neill\\nof boodle notoriety is released from\\nSing Sing.\\nMay 16. Ala. Two Mormon elders axe\\nseverely whipped in Clay County by -in\\nfarmers, among whose families the Mor-\\nmons have been proselyting for several\\nweeks.\\nMay 19. N.Y. The Democrat and Chroni-\\ncle of Rochester announces that it will\\ncease to issue a Sunday edition on\\nJuly 6 this is in deference to public\\nsentiment.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1890, Apr. -May 30. 359\\nMay 21. Cat. Plans for a filibustering\\nexpedition to annex Lower California\\nto tlie United States are revealed at Los\\nAngeles.\\nD. C. The United States Brewers\\nAssociation, representing $195,000,IH)0\\nof invested capital, opens its session in\\nWashington.\\n.9. C. The State Convention of col-\\nored people assembles at Columbia to\\norganize a State branch of the National\\nAfro-American League.\\nMay 23. Pa. The Cincinnati Brewing\\nCompany, amid much excitement, opens\\nan original package store in\\nLeeehburg, a dry town for years.\\nMay 24. Chicago. An Anarchist plot\\ncomes to naught. A bomb heavily loaded\\nwith dynamite is found at the base of\\nthe Haymarket monument but a rain\\nputs out the fuse and averts the injury.\\nMay 25. Conn. The meeting of the\\nBrotherhood of Locomotive Engi-\\nneers at New Haven is addressed by\\nChauncey M. Depew.\\nMay 26. Chicago. The friends of Dr.\\nCronin are incorporated as an associa-\\ntion to erect and maintain a monument\\nto his memory.\\nN.J. Indictments are found against\\n68 elections officers in Jersey City for\\nballot-box stuffing.\\nMiss. The Bine and the Gray hold\\na reunion at Vicksburg, amid great en-\\nthusiasm.\\nMay 27. N. T. The missing John\\nKeenan, ex-alderman of boodle no-\\ntoriety in connection with the Broad-\\nway street railroad, returns, and fur-\\nnishes bonds in $4(1,000 to answer the\\nboodle indictment. [June 2. The\\nindictment against Patrick Farley is\\ndismissed. June 9. Ex-Alderman John\\nO Neil s fine of \u00c2\u00a72,000 is remitted. July\\n9. Ex-Alderman DeLacy and Billie\\nMalonev return and give bail in \u00c2\u00a740,000\\nfor trial.]\\nMay 2S. D. C. The National Conven-\\ntion of State Railroad Commissioners\\nbegins its sessions at Washington.\\nMay 29. D. C. The Judiciary Commit-\\ntee of the House reports a bill for a\\nConstitutional Amendment to secure\\nsuffrage to the women of the whole\\ncountry. [No further action is taken.]\\nMiss. A reunion of the Blue and\\nthe Gray is held on the battlefields of\\nPort Gibson and Champion Hills.\\nVa. Richmond is decorated with Con-\\nfederate flags, in honor of the unveiling\\nof a statue to Gen. Robert E. Lee.\\nSTATE.\\n1890 May 1. l C. Congress: The\\nHouse passes the Sherman Anti-Trust\\nBill.\\n[June 18, 20. Conference report agreed\\nto. July 2. Approved by the President.]\\nMay 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Customs Administration\\nBill. [May 27. Conference report agreed\\nto. June 12. Approved by the President.]\\nThe House defeats the Adams Interna-\\ntional Copyright Bill. Vote, 98-126.\\nMay 3. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Diplomatic and Consular\\nAppropriation Bill introduced Apr. 22.\\nIII. The Knights of Labor, Patrons\\nof Husbandry, and Farmers Mutual\\nBenefit Association unite for political\\naction.\\nMay 5. B.C. Congress: Both Houses\\nadjourn out of respect to the memory\\nof Senator James B. Beck, of Ky.\\nMay 7. I). C. Congress: The Senate\\nbegins its debate on the Silver Bill.\\n(See July 14.) In the House the debate\\non the Tariff Bill is opened by William\\nMcKinley of O. for the measure, and\\nR. Q. Mills of Tex. against it.\\nN. Y. The Senate passes the Black-\\nwell s Island Bridge Bill the Assembly\\nvotes to submit the Prohibition Amend-\\nment to the people on April 9, 1891.\\nMay 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Dingley Worsted Bill.\\nMay 9. 1 C. Congress The Senate\\npasses the regular Pension Bill. [June\\n24. The Senate recedes from its amend-\\nment. July 1. Approved.]\\nMay 10. D. C. Congress The Senate\\npasses the Army Appropriation Bill\\nwith the anti-canteen amendment. [May\\n28, June 2, 4. Conference report agreed\\nto. June 16. Approved by the Presi-\\ndent.]\\nMay 12, 13. D. C. Congress: In the\\nSenate the Silver Bill is debated the\\nHouse passes six paragraphs of the Mc-\\nKinley Tariff Bill.\\nMay 13. Kan. Judge Crozier decides\\nthat a part of the State Prohibitory Law\\nis unconstitutional.\\nMay 14. D. C. Congress In the Sen-\\nate G. F. Edmunds of Vt. introduces a\\nbill for the establishment of a National\\nUniversity. (See Letters.)\\nMay 17. C. Congress The Senate\\npasses a bill appropriating \u00c2\u00a7300,000 for\\nan equestrian statue of Gen. Grant at\\nWashington; hill introduced Apr. 16; re-\\nferred to House Committee on Library.\\nThe U. S. Supreme Court declares\\nMinnesota s Dressed Beef Law uncon-\\nstitutional.\\nMay 19. Ky. The 17. S. Supreme Court\\ndecides in favor of the claim of Ken-\\ntucky to the ownership of Green Island\\nin the Ohio.\\nMay 21. I). C. Congress In the Sen-\\nate the Silver Bill and the bill restoring\\nthe control of the liquor-traffic to the\\nStates within their own borders are dis-\\ncussed the House passes the McKin-\\nley Tariff Bill. Vote, Yea, 164 Rep.\\nNay, 140 Bern., 1 Rep. (Wheeler) ab-\\nsent, 6 Rep., 15 Dem.\\nN. J. State Senator E. P. M Don-\\naid (Dem.) of Hudson County is un-\\nseated by the Republicans.\\nMay 23. D. C. Congress In the Sen-\\nate the McKinley Tariff BUI is intro-\\nduced and referred to the Committee on\\nFinance.\\nMay 26. D. C Congress: The Senate\\nrefuses to strike out the provision for\\nthree battle-snips in the Naval Bill\\nalso rejects an amendment asking Great\\nBritain to disarm her naval and military\\nforces in the Western Hemisphere.\\nIt amends and passes the Naval Ap-\\npropriation Bill. [June 24, 25. Con-\\nference report agreed to. July 1. Ap-\\nproved by the President.]\\nMay 27. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndiscusses the Original Package\\nLiquor Bill in its constitutional as-\\npects in the House a joint resolution\\nis offered appropriating $250,000 for\\nthe completion of the Grant monu-\\nment at Riverside Park, in New York\\nCity, and referred to the Committee on\\nLibrary.\\nThe President transmits to both\\nhouses the plan of the Pan-Ameri-\\ncan Conference for an international\\nAmerican Bank.\\nMay 28. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Biver and Harbor Bill in-\\ntroduced Apr. 18.\\nThe Senate Finance Committee de-\\ncides to consider the different schedules\\nof the Tariff Bill separately.\\nMay 29. I). C. Congress The Sen-\\nate passes the Original Package\\nLiquor Bill. Vote, 34-10. Introduced\\nDec. 4, 1889.\\nIn the House a select committee report\\nin favor of the enfranchisement of\\nthe women of the whole country, about\\n13,000,000 in numher.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1890 Apr. W. Va\\ntie are dying for Wi\\nApr.* Publishers of cheap novels form\\na trust, and advance the price of paper-\\nbacked books of light reading 33 per\\ncent.\\nApr. The valleys flooded by the tribu-\\ntaries of the Mississippi River suffer im-\\nmense damage.\\nMay 5. Pa. Easton celebrates its first\\ncentenary.\\nMay 6. N. J. The Singer Sewing-\\nmachine Works at Elizabethport are\\npartly burned, and 3,500 persons are\\nthrown out of employment: estimated\\nloss, $1,000,000.\\nMay 8. ^V. Y. Ten lives are lost in fire\\nin an insane asylum in Preston.\\nPa. Five more victims of the Johns-\\ntown flood are found.\\nMay 9. New York. The Postal Tele-\\ngraph Cable Company increases its capi-\\ntal stock from $5,000,1)00 to $10,000,000.\\nMay 15. Pa. Thirty-one men are buried\\nhy a rock-fall in a mine at Ashley.\\nMay 17. Mich. Grand Rapids loses\\n125,000 by fire.\\nMay 20. The steamer Beacon Light\\nstrikes an iceberg, and narrowly es-\\ncapes sinking.\\nO. The remains of President Gar-\\nfield are placed in the crypt in the\\nmonument in Lake View Cemetery,\\nCleveland, their final resting-place.\\nMay 23. N. Y. The Owego National\\nBank suspends payment its cashier has\\ndeparted.\\nMay 24. Wash. George Francis Train\\nreaches Tacoma.\\nHe completes his trip around the\\nworld in 67 days, 13 hours, three min-\\nutes, and three seconds, thus heating\\nNellie Ely s record by about five days.\\nMay 30. Cal. A train falls through a\\ndrawbridge at Oakland 13 persons are\\ndrowned.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "360 1890, May 30-June 21.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1890 May 26\u00c2\u00b1. Miss. A reunion of\\nsoldiers of both he Union and Confed-\\nerate armies is held at Vicksburg\\nMay The new U. S. torpedo-boat Gush-\\ning surpasses all records, making in\\none hour 24.32 knots, or 28 miles.\\nMay The Squadron of Evolution is\\nordered to sail from Europe to Brazil,\\nto prevent outside interference with the\\nelections in that country in September.\\nJune 2. Boston. The Ancient and\\nHonorable Artillery Company cele-\\nbrates its 252d anniversary.\\nJune 3. Pa. The gunboat Bennington\\nis launched at Chester.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1890 May 8. C. The largest deposit\\nof manganese ever found in the United\\nStates is opened at Tredegar, Calhoun\\nCounty.\\nMay Tex. A destructive cyclone\\nvisits Salt Creek, in Hood County, and\\nkills 15 persons, besides doing great\\ndamage to property.\\nJune 4. New York. A ball of fire\\nstrikes the Commercial Advertiser build-\\ning, but does little damage.\\nJune 9. Va. A monument to the Con-\\nfederate dead is unveiled at Petersburg.\\nJune 14. O. An earthquake is felt\\nin Toledo.\\nJune 16. Cat. One of the peaks of\\nMount Shasta is reported to have dis-\\nappeared it is believed to have fallen\\ninto the crater.\\nD. C. In the Senate the Finance\\nCommittee restores the duty on works\\nof art.\\nJune 21. III. Forty lives are lost by\\na destructive cyclpne Faw-Paw is al-\\nmost swept away.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1890.\\nJune 8. Moffat, James Clement, professor\\nat Princeton, A79.\\nJune 33. M Crary, George W., secretary\\nof war, A55.\\nCHURCH.\\n1890 June 1. N. Y. Many Sunday-\\nschools in Brooklyn are presented with\\nUnited States flags by the Grand\\nArmy posts.\\nThe 7th annual session of the Inter-\\nnational Missionary Union begins at\\nClifton Springs.\\nJune 6. The General Synod (Re-\\nformed) adopts a report recommending\\nunion with the Reformed Church in the\\nUnited States.\\nJune 12+. Minn. The Norwegian\\nLutheran Church of America holds its\\nannual session in Minneapolis. [The\\nthree sects of the church will, as a result\\nof the meeting, unite under the name of\\nthe United Norwegian Lutheran Free\\nChurch of America.]\\nMo. The 9th International Con-\\nvention of Christian Endeavor Soci-\\neties meets at St. Louis 8,000 delegates\\nare present, representing 000,000 mem-\\nbers.\\nJune 14. Wis. The Welsh Presbyte-\\nrians 300 in number in convention\\nat Milwaukee, denounce the Supreme\\nCourt of the State for deciding as uncon-\\nstitutional the reading of the Bible in\\nthe public schools, and decide to indorse\\nthe Bennett law.\\nJune 21. Chicago. The General Con-\\nvention of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nLETTERS.\\n1890 May* la. The State Congrega-\\ntional Association, in session in Des\\nMoines, decides to take up the fight\\nfor public schools and against the\\nCatholic position.\\nMay III. The Lutherans and German\\nCatholics are about to make a com-\\nbined attack at the polls on the Com-\\npulsory Education Law to secure its\\nrepeal.\\nMay Wis. Republicans divide on the\\nBennett School Law issue.\\nJune 1\u00c2\u00b1. Mass. The Faculty, the Aca-\\ndemic Council, and the corporation of\\nHarvard, favor reducing the period\\nof study for B.A. to three years.\\nWis. GuidoPfister presents the Ger-\\nman and English Academy in Mil-\\nwaukee with grounds valued at $20,000,\\nand $35,000 in cash to erect academy\\nbuildings.\\nJune 9. N. J. Class-day exercises are\\nheld at Princeton Mrs. Susan Brown\\ngives the college $100,000 for a new\\ndormitory.\\nJune 10. 0. Father Quigley, pastor\\nof St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic\\nchurch at Toledo, is indicted by the\\ngrand jury for misdemeanor, for neg-\\nlecting to report pupils to the Board of\\nEducation.\\nJune 13. Mass. A young woman of the\\nHarvard Annex wins the Sargent prize\\nfor a translation from Horace.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1890 May 30. Chicago. The Gar-\\nfield Memorial is dedicated at Lake-\\nview President Harrison and others\\nmake addresses.\\nNew York. The Presbyterian General\\nAssembly, in session at Saratoga, com-\\nmends prohibition.\\nWhile, as a church, we neither advo-\\ncate nor antagonize any political party,\\nAve earnestly commend to our ministers\\nand people, as Christian citizens, such\\n-vigorous, persevering efforts as may\\nseem wisest to them towards the enact-\\nment in every State and Territory of\\nstatutes which shall hopefully secure\\nentire prohibition of a traffic largely re-\\nsponsible for the hulk of the drunken-\\nness, crime, pauperism, and social mis-\\neries which afflict our land.\\nNew York. A National Conven-\\ntion of Christian Scientists meets.\\nMay D. C. Members of Congress re-\\nceive an appeal from 1,600 unem-\\nployed men in San Francisco, stating\\nthe causes of their destitution and ask-\\ning a loan of $6,000,000 from the Govern-\\nment.\\nMay Miss. The governor refuses to ac-\\ncept any aid whatever from the Federal\\nGovernment for the flood sufferers, on\\nthe ground that it would demoralize\\nthe plantation hands.\\nNew York. The Consumers\\nLeague is formed.\\nIts purpose is to patronize only Fu h\\nstorekeepers as are humane to their\\nsaleswomen nearly 100 prominent local\\nclergymen approve the scheme.\\nMay New York: The Radical Club\\nis organized.\\nMay* .V. F. Gov. Hill signs the bill re-\\nquiring manufacturing, ruining, quarry-\\ning, lumbering, mercantile, railroad,\\nsteamboat, telegraph, telephone, ex-\\npress, water, and municipal corporations\\nto pay their employees weekly.\\nMay* S. Dak. A great number of\\nwoman suffrage societies are organ-\\nized in the interest of the Woman Suf-\\nfrage Constitutional Amendment to be\\nvoted on next fall.\\nMay The General Conference of the\\nMethodist Protestant Church declares\\nagainst license.\\nWe are unalterably opposed to any\\nform of license, high or low, as being\\nwrong in principle and pernicious in\\npractice. We believe the time has fully\\ncome when Christian men should rise\\nabove party prejudice and sectional jeal-\\nousy, and give their suffrages to any\\nparty which has for its object the protec-\\ntion of our homes by the destruction of\\nthe unholy traffic.\\nJune 1. Kan. A lively whisky war\\nprevails over the original package\\ndecision.\\nJune 3. Pa. The Amalgamated Asso-\\nciation of Iron and Steel Workers is in\\nsession at Pittsburg.\\nMont. Three Indian chiefs meet near\\nthe Crow agency to behold the great\\nspirit the Messiah delusion spreads.\\nJune 4. Ind. The Grand Lodge takes a\\nfirm stand in favor of the exclusion of\\nliquor- dealers from the Order of the\\nKnights of Pythias.\\nO. About 1,700 carpenters are\\nout on strike in Cincinnati.\\nJune 5. Kan. Judge J. S. West of the\\nUnited States District Court at Fort\\nScott declines to enforce the State\\nProhibitory Law in au original pack-\\nage case.\\nJune 6. Chicago. Irish beer-drinkers\\nboycott the breweries which have been\\nsold to English syndicates.\\nNeic York. The American Patriotic\\nLeague holds its initial meeting in\\nfavor of political purity.\\nWash. Seattle celebrates the first\\nanniversary of the great fire.\\nDuring the first succeeding vear, out\\nof the Sr2.O00.0O0 worth of buildings\\ndestroyed, nearly S6.000,000 have been\\nrebuilt, and the town is again pros-\\nperous.\\nWis. Indians are mutinous.\\nA wealthy Norwegian, Segwald A.\\nQval, of Eau Claire, provides by will\\n81.000,000 for establishing a hospital in\\nMadison for persons crippled and de-\\nformed from birth.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1890, May 30-June 21. 361\\nJune 8. New Tor?:. The Central Labor\\nUnion orders a strike against pool beer\\nthe Socialists withdraw from the Union.\\nWyo. Tongue River settlers are aban-\\ndoning their homes, owing to thefts\\nand attempted murders by northern\\nCheyenne Indians.\\nJune 9. 0. Riotous strikers prevent\\nthe running of street-cars in Columbus.\\n[July 11. The strike paralyzes business\\nby diverting trade to other cities mer-\\nchants are losing thousands of dollars\\nby the strike. June 13. The strike is\\nsettled by compromise.]\\nMiss. Ex-State Treasurer W. L.Hem-\\ningway is indicted on the charge of em-\\nbezzling $315,612.19.\\nJune 10. N. Y. The annual meeting of\\nthe Superintendents of Insane Asylums\\nbegins at Niagara Falls.\\nTex. An express-train is held up\\nand robbed by six masked men.\\nJune 11, 12. New York. About 800\\ndelegates meet in a Temperance Con-\\nvention; all sides of the question are\\ndiscussed the convention is practically\\nunanimous for prohibition.\\nThe Baltimore and Ohio Railroad\\nCompany issues a circular giving notice\\nthat it will not employ men addicted to\\nintemperance.\\nJune 13. S. C. Lynchers are ac-\\nquitted at Lexington.\\nJune 14. Ky. A meeting Is held at\\nMiddlesboro to organize permanently\\nthe Grant and Lee Monument Asso-\\nciation subscriptions amounting to\\n\u00c2\u00a714,000 are reported.\\nTex. Prominent citizens of Texar-\\nkana are under arrest for train-robbing.\\nJune 16. La. A pro-lottery man is\\nlynched by indignant citizens.\\nJune 17 Boston Chicago. The an-\\nniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill\\nis celebrated.\\nD. C. Miss Mary B. Caldwell of\\nWashington is married to Baron von\\nZedwitz, German minister to Mexico.\\nJune 18. 0. The switchmen strike\\nat Cleveland.\\nNew York. Jay Gould is fined $100\\nfor not doing duty as a juryman.\\nThe Reform Party is announced to\\nmeet in convention in Syracuse on Aug. 5.\\nIt favors a national currency, absolute\\nsuppression of the liquor-tramc for bev-\\nerage purposes by national Constitu-\\ntional enactment, no taxation without\\nrepresentation except in the case of\\naliens, etc.\\nN. Y. The Railway Telegraph\\nSuperintendents begin their convention\\nat Niagara Falls.\\nPa. The freight brakemen at Pitts-\\nburg strike.\\nJune 19. New York. An association is\\norganized to work for new excise laws\\nit is to be known as the New York\\nCitizens Alliance.\\nJune 21. Ga. A Mormon elder is\\ntarred and feathered near Gibson.\\nMass. The carpenters and joiners\\nof Worcester agree to strike for nine\\nhours a day and eight, hours on Satur-\\nday, without reduction in pay.\\nMich. Striking miners stop the\\nwork of others in machine and black-\\nsmith shops in the Tamarack mine\\nregion.\\nSTATE.\\n1890 May 31. D. C. First Assistant\\nP. M.-Gen., J. S. Clarkson, retires from\\noffice.\\nNeh. The Legislature is called in\\nspecial session to consider railroad and\\nballot reform\\nJune 2. I). C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses an amendment to the Army\\nBill providing that no liquor shall be\\nsold to soldiers by post-traders, and none\\nby canteens in prohibition States.\\nProfessor Wiley reports to the Treas-\\nury Department thai; the Government\\nhas lost $1,000,000 by the polariscope\\nsugar tests in the New York Custom-\\nhouse.\\nOre. The State election results in\\nthe reelection of Binger Hermann to\\nCongress, and a probable Republican\\nmajority on joint ballot in the Legisla-\\nture; but it gives the governorship to\\nthe Democratic nominee, Sylvester Pen-\\nnoyer.\\nJune 3. New York. The commission\\non consolidation of New York and the\\nneighboring cities holds its first session.\\nJune 4. D. C. Congress The Senate\\namends and passes the Fortifications\\nAppropriation Bill. [Aug. 7, 8, 13.\\nConference report agreed to. Aug. 20.\\nApproved by the President.]\\nIII. Gen. John M. Palmer (Dem.) is\\nnominated for governor.\\nMe. F. M. Hill (Dem.) is nominated\\nfor governor.\\nJune 6. D. C. Congress: Both Houses\\nconsider the silver question; Preston\\nB. Plumb of Kan. opposes the Republi-\\ncan position on the Silver Bill.\\nJune 9. D. C. Congress: In the House\\na substitute for the Silver Bill is\\npassed. Vote, 135-119. It provides for\\nthe issue of Treasury notes on the de-\\nposit of silver bullion.\\nJune 10. D. C. Congress Senator\\nGeorge F. Edmunds of Vt. introduces a\\nbill providing that all property of the\\nChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter-day\\nSaints to which it shall appear there is\\nno lawful private right shall be forfeited\\nto the State, and devoted to the benefit\\nof public common schools in Utah. The\\nHouse passes the Post-office Appro-\\npriation Bill introduced Apr. 29.\\nJune 11. I). C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Dependent Pension Bill.\\nVote, 145-56.\\nIt provides for the payment of pen-\\nsions to dependent parents of deceased\\nsoldiers who would have been entitled\\nto pensions if they had survived. [June\\n27. Approved.]\\nJune 12. B.C. Congress: YV.M. Evarts\\nof N. Y., John T. Morgan of Ala., and\\nZ. B. Vance of N. C, speak on the Silver\\nQuestion the House passes the Agri-\\ncultural Appropriation and Urgent\\nDeficiency Appropriation Bills.\\nJune 13. B.C. Congress The Senate\\nlays on the table the Morrill Silver Bill\\nafter 26 discussions it authorizes the\\nissue of Treasury notes on the deposits\\nof silver bullion.\\nIII. Gov. Fif er calls a special session\\nof the Legislature to take action on the\\nAVorld s Fair.\\nJune 14. Kan. Judge Caldwell of the\\nV. S. Circuit Court at Leavenworth hands\\ndown an opinion nullifying the prohibi-\\ntory laws of the State.\\nJune 15. Kan. Judge Ney renders a\\ndecision at Independence that sealed\\nbottles of beer in sealed cases are original\\npackages; but they must be sent from\\noutside the State, and not from any other\\nperson in the State.\\nJune 17. B. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Conger Free Coinage Sil-\\nver Bill. Vote, 43-24. The House passes\\nthe Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill\\nintroduced June 11. [July 7-12. Con-\\nference report agreed to. July 14. Ap-\\nproved by the President.]\\nJune 18. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate the Tariff Bill is reported from the\\nFinance Committee the House receives\\nthe amended Silver Bill from the Sen-\\nate, and passes the Indian Appropria-\\ntion Bill introduced June 4.\\nJune 19. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nreceives from President Harrison the\\nreport of the Pan-American Confer-\\nence Committee on Customs Union.\\nIn the House the Federal Elections\\nBill is reported.\\nJune 20. I). C. Congress: The Senate\\namends and passes the Legislative,\\nExecutive, and Judicial Appropri-\\nation BiU. [July 2. The Conferences\\nhaving disagreed, the Senate recedes\\nfrom its amendments. July 11. Ap-\\nproved by the President.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1890 May 30. Utah. The dam of a\\nreservoir on the Sevier River gives way.\\nJune 2. U. S. The work of taking a\\nnew census is begun.\\nJune 6. Five persons are killed on the\\nChicago and Northwestern Railroad in\\nconsequence of a broken wheel.\\nNew York. The Hudson Eiver\\nBridge Commission organizes for\\nwork.\\nAndrew H. Green is chosen chairman\\nCharles N. Vail, secretary with Charles\\nH. Swan, assistant secretary.\\nJune 8. Ire. The steamship City of Rome\\nruns on the rocks at Fastnet no serious\\ndamage is done.\\nMany cattle are dying of starvation\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0on the Southwestern ranges.\\nJune 9. Mo. Trains collide near War-\\nrenton eight persons are killed and 11\\ninjured.\\nJune 11. N. Y. The elevated roads\\nin the First Ward of Brooklyn are sold\\nfor unpaid taxes.\\nSouthampton, Long Island, cele-\\nbrates its 250th anniversary.\\nA Canadian schooner is seized\\nfor smuggling Chinese into the United\\nStates.\\nJune 13. New York. The Hamburg\\nAmerican steamship Columbia arrives,\\nhaving made the best record between\\nSouthampton and New York time, six\\ndays, 16 hours, two minutes.\\nJune 16. Pa. Thirty-one miners are\\nkilled by a fire-damp explosion in a\\nmine at Hill Farm, Dunbar.\\nJune 17. Cal. Miles of gram-fields\\nnear Merced are burned over.\\nJune 20. Chicago. The Park National\\nBank closes its doors its president says\\nit is solvent.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "362 1890, June 21- July 11.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1890 June 26. The trial trip of the\\ncruiser Philadelphia shows that her\\nspeed is 19$ knots at the maximum.\\nJ). C. Richard N. Batehelder is com-\\nmissioned brigadier-general.\\nJune Mont. The governor sends the\\nresidents of Miles City 1,000 stands of\\narms as a defense against the Chey-\\nenne Indians.\\nJune Wis. An uprising of the Me-\\nnominee and Oneida Indians is\\nthreatened, and troops are called for\\nthe disorder is incited by an agent who\\nhad been dismissed by the Government.\\nJuly 11. B.C. Alexander MeD.McCook\\nis commissioned brigadier-general.\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1890 July 1. Did. A monument to\\nThomas A. Hendricks is unveiled at\\nIndianapolis.\\nFt. The corner-stone of the Fair-\\nbanks Museum of Natural Sciences\\nis laid at St. Johnsbury.\\nJuly 5. HI. A Soldiers and Sailors\\nMonument is unveiled at Sterling.\\nJuly 7. N. Dale. A tornado sweeps\\nover the State several persons are\\nkilled, and an immense amount of prop-\\nerty is destroyed. [July 7, 11. Tornadoes\\nvisit Illinois.]\\nJuly S. New York. The heat is oppres-\\nsive the mercury reaches 101 in conse-\\nquence of which many people are pros-\\ntrated.\\nJuly 9. A destructive drought prevails\\nin New Mexico, Arizona, and some parts\\nof Colorado, no rain having fallen for\\nmonths thousands of range-cattle are\\nlying dead in parched valleys, and thou-\\nsands more are dying for want of grass\\nand water.\\n,5. Dak. A vein of lead, containing\\n80 per cent of the pure metal, is dis-\\ncovered in Rock Bluffs near Bad River.\\nJuly 10. N. H. The Signal Station\\nthermometer at Mount Washington in-\\ndicates 25\u00c2\u00b0 above zero, and the sum-\\nmit is white with snow.\\nJuly 11. Va. A July frost occurs.\\nN. Y. Workmen strike natural gas\\nwhile drilling for water in Utica.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1890.\\nJuly 9. Fisk. Clinton B., abolitionist, pro-\\nhibitionist, brig. -gen. of vols., .-jimlidaie for\\npresidency, capitalist, plithi ni luopist, A 62.\\nJuly 10. McCreedy, Thomas C, senator\\nfor Ky., A73.\\nCHURCH.\\n1S90 June 24. Cal. William F. Nichols\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nassistant bishop of California.\\nJune 24-27. Pa. The 6th Interna-\\ntional Sunday-school Convention\\nmeets in Pittsburg nearly 1,300 dele-\\ngates are present, representing 112, S97\\nschools, 1,178,301 teachers, and 9,149,997\\nscholars.\\nJune 26. Wyo. The first Mormon\\nchurch in this State is incorporated in\\nCheyenne.\\nJune 29. New York. The first rabbi of\\nthe First Hungarian Church meets\\nwith a hearty reception among his\\npeople.\\nJune 30. Mass. The Christian Col-\\nlege Students Conference opens at\\nNorthfield.\\nNew York. The corner-stone of a\\nBaptist institutional church in mem-\\nory of Adoniram Judson is laid at the\\ncorner of Thompson Street and Wash-\\nington Square.\\nPhila. The Roman Catholic Ca-\\nthedral, the corner-stone of which was\\nlaid in 1S46, is consecrated.\\nJune The General Assembly\\n(United Presbyterian) adopts resolu-\\ntions prohibiting clergymen, elders, stu-\\ndents, and laymen from using tobacco\\nin any form.\\nJune The Synod (Reformed Pres-\\nbyterian) adopts a petition asking Con-\\ngress to amend the Constitution so as to\\nrecognize the divinity of Christ.\\nLETTERS.\\n1S90 June 26. Me. Bowdoin confers\\nthe degree of LL.D. on Speaker Thomas\\nB. Reed. [Yale confers the same degree\\non William Walter Phelps, and Dart-\\nmouth on Senator George Franklin Ed-\\nmunds.]\\nJune 28. Mr. Stanley s new book, In\\nDarkest Africa, is published simultane-\\nously in the United States, England,\\nGermany, and other countries.\\nJuly 4. Minn. The National Council\\nof Education begins its sessions at St.\\nPaul. It has the largest attendance\\nknown in its history.\\nJuly 7. Chicago. Papers of incorpora-\\ntion of the Chicago Baptist University\\nsigned by John D. Rockefeller, Francis\\nE. Hinnckley, and others, are received by\\nthe Secretary of State at Springfield.\\n[July 10. The first meeting of the trus-\\ntees is held.]\\nNew York. Samuel P. Avery gives\\n\u00c2\u00a750,000 to establish and endow an archi-\\ntectural library in Columbia College,\\nin memory of his son.\\nO. President Gates of Rutgers is of-\\nfered the presidency of Amherst. [Aug.\\n28. He accepts.]\\nJuly 8. Conn. The 21st annual conven-\\ntion of the American Philological\\nAssociation opens in Norwich.\\nJuly 10. Minn. Archbishop Ireland\\naddresses the National Education Asso-\\nciation at St. Paul on the compulsory\\neducation laws.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1890 June 22. Mass. Unknown per-\\nsons deface with red paint the statue of\\n]ohn Harvard at Harvard University.\\nJune 23. Kan. A State Convention at\\nTopeka, having 3,000 delegates present,\\nprotests against the Missouri whisky\\ninvasion and the original package\\nLiquor-shops.\\nN. Y. Mrs. Delia Cross of Brook*\\n1 yn qualifies as captain of the schooner\\nOregon, of which she is the owner.\\nIII. The strike of the trainmen\\nandswitchmen puts a rmnpi.-i.. -t..p n,\\nthe running of train? on the Illinois\\nCentral Railroad. [June 25. The strike\\nextends to the freight handler? at Bast\\nSt. Louis. June 27. The strike\\na practical victory for the company.]\\nJune 24. Conn. Cornell freshmen de-\\nfeat Harvard and Yale in a boat-race\\ntime, 11.1GJ.\\nJune 25. La. The Assembly favors the\\nlottery. (See State, June 25.\\nConn. The Intercollegiate boat-\\nrace, three miles straight, takes place\\nat New London Cornell defeats the\\nUniversity of Pennsylvania time, 14\\nminutes and 43 seconds.\\nJune 27. D. C. A dependent pension\\nbill is approved granting S6 and S12 per\\nmonth to ex-soldiers who served DO days\\nor more in the Civil *War, and who are\\nphysically or mentally disabled from\\nself-support by manual labor, and to aid\\ntheir widows.\\nJune New York. Nine of the principal\\ncloak manufacturers lock out their em-\\nployees, numbering about ln.oou persons.\\n[July 8. A parade of 8.000 locked-out\\ncloakmakers takes place. July 14.\\nThey reject the overtures of the manu-\\nfacturers, and insist that none but union\\nmen shall be employed. July 17. The\\nstrike takes a new start. July 21. The\\nunion makes new demands on the man-\\nufacturers association. July 25. The\\nstrikers return to work.]\\nJune S. Dak. The Farmers Alliance\\nand the Knights of Labor unite and form\\na new party, called the Independent\\nparty, favoring woman suffrage,\\ngraded-service pension, free coinage of\\nsilver, prohibition, and tariff for reveuue\\nonly.\\nJune The Non- Partisan Woman s\\nChristian Temperance Union is form-\\ned of seceders from the older society.\\nJuly 1. New York. A meeting of the\\nBoiler Manufacturers Association of\\nthe United States and Canada is held.\\nJuly 3. Me. Annual reunion of the\\nSociety of the Army of the Potomac\\nis held at Portland.\\nTenn. The reunion of Confederate\\nveterans is held at Chattanooga.\\nJuly 9. N. Y. The 7th annual conven-\\ntion of the National Confectioners As-\\nsociation takes place at Niagara Falls.\\nJuly 10. Ga. Fatal fighting between\\nwhites and blacks occurs at Star s\\nMill, 15 miles south of Palmetto six\\nwhite men are shot and a number of\\nblacks.\\nN. Y. Ki/. Labor strikes occur at\\nPoughkeepsie and Louisville.\\nThe 46th annual meeting of the Sons\\nof Temperance of North America is\\nheld.\\nA resolution is adopted calling upon\\nCongress to prohibit the exportation of\\nintoxicating beverages from the United\\nStates to Africa and the Western Pacific\\nIslands; also, that the bill to prohibit\\n:i 1 1 interstate original-package traffic in\\ni Prohibition States\\nintoxicating dr\\nbe speedily passed.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1890, June 21 -July 11. 363\\nSTATE.\\n1S90 June 21. T). C. Congress: The\\nSeuate passes the Edmunds Bill devoting\\nthe property of the Mormon Church\\nto the common schools of Utah. Intro-\\nduced June 10. [Sept. 2C. The Commit-\\ntee on Judiciary reports it back to the\\nHouse.]\\nJune 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Disability Pension Bill and\\nthe Agricultural College Bill intro-\\nduced Apr. 30.\\nJune 24. D. C. Congress The Senate\\npasses the Post-office Appropriation\\nBill, calling for \u00c2\u00a772,401,691. It passes\\nthe Bolph Bill for the prevention of\\ncollisions at sea introduced May 22.\\nIt amends and passes the Diplomatic\\nand Consular Appropriation Bill.\\n[July 7-10. Conference report agreed\\nto. July 1-4. Approved by the President.]\\nIt amends and passes the Post-office\\nAppropriation Bill. [June 2S. Con-\\nference report agreed to. July 1. Ap-\\nproved by the President.]\\nN. r. The Court of Appeals main-\\ntains the constitutionality of the Elec-\\ntrocution Law. and affirms the sentence\\nof Williani Kemmler.\\nThe Court of Appeals hands down a\\ndecision in the case of the North .River\\nSugar Refining Company, dissolving the\\nSugar Trust on the ground that a trust\\nto increase prices is illegal, and that a\\ncompany by becoming a member of a\\ntrust forfeits its charter.\\nJune 25. D. C. Congress: The House\\ndefeats a motion to concur in the Sen-\\nate Free Coinage amendment to the\\nSilver Bill. Vote, 135-152. A conference\\nis ordered. (See July 7.)\\nLa. The House of Representatives\\npasses the bill to submit to popular vote\\na constitutional amendment bill extend-\\ning the charter of the Louisiana State\\nLottery Company for 25 years at SI, 000,-\\n000 a year. [In the Senate the bill is\\namended, increasing the amount to be\\npaid from $1,0:10,001) to $1.250.000 a year;\\nthe Lottery Company agrees to the\\namendment.] (See July 1.)\\nPa. George W. Delamater (Rep.) is\\nnominated for governor.\\nJune 26. D. C. Congress The Senate\\ndebates the admission of Wyoming,\\nand the House discusses the Federal\\nElections BUI providing for Federal\\nsupervision of elections for Members of\\nCongress.\\nJune 27. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the bill to admit Wyoming into\\nthe Union as the 44th State. [June 8.\\nHouse concurs. July 10. Approved by\\nthe President.] The House debates the\\nFederal Elections Bill the Democrat-\\nic Representatives of the Northern States\\nframe a protest against it, on the ground\\nof its being unconstitutional the Com-\\nmittee on Banking and Currency report\\nfavorably a bUl to charter trie Inter-\\nnational American Bank capital,\\n$10,000,000 to $25,000,000.\\nJune 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Hudson Kiver Bridge Bill.\\n[July 12. Approved by the President.]\\nThe House Judiciary Committee amends\\nthe Senate Original Package Bill so\\nas to make it applicable to all articles\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0whatsoever, declaring that all articles\\nof commerce shall be considered to be\\nwithin the control of a State as soon as\\nthey reach their destination the debate\\non the Federal Elections Bill is con-\\ntinued.\\nThe Indian Land Commission has\\nagreed with the Shuwne.es, Pottawato-\\nmies, and partially with the Kickapoos,\\nfor the sale of their lands, paying the\\nIndians $1.22 per acre for the land\\ntaken.\\nJune 30. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Agricultural Appropriation\\nBill. [July 3, 10. Conference report\\nagreed to. July 14. Approved by the\\nPresident.] The House continues the\\ndiscussion of the Federal Elections\\nBill.\\nV. S. Reduction of the debt in June,\\n$20,083,726.\\nStatistics for the fiscal year. Rev-\\nenue: Customs, $22fl,li0s.r,S5; internal\\nrevenue, $142,006,700; sales of public\\nlands, $6,358,273 miscellaneous items,\\n$24,447,420. Total revenue, $403,080,983.\\nExpenditures: Premiums on loans, pur-\\nchase of bonds, $20,304,244 miscellane-\\nous items, ssi, 40. i, 250 War Department,\\n844.5S2.X3S; Navy Department, $22,006,-\\n206; Indians, $6,708,047; pensions, $106.-\\n936,855; interest on public debt, $36,-\\n099,284. Total ordinary expenditures,\\n$318,040,711; excess of revenue over or-\\ndinary expenditures, $S5,040,272. Ex-\\nports, $857,828,084 imports. $789,310,409.\\nPublic debt (Dec. 1.), $1,549,206,126.\\nJuly 1. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Idaho Admission Bill.\\n[July 9. Approved Idaho is the 43d\\nState] in the House the debate on the\\nFederal Elections Bill is continued.\\nLa. The Legislature conditionally\\naccepts the amended oiler of the Louisi-\\nana State Lottery. (See June 25.) [July\\n6. Gov. Nichols vetoes the bill.]\\nJuly 2. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Lodge Federal Elections\\nBill, after seven discussions. Vote, 155-\\n149 introduced June 19. [July 7. Re-\\nferred to Senate. Aug. 7. The Commit-\\ntee on Privileges and Elections reports\\nit back.] The measure is stigmatized\\nas a Force Bill and persistently op-\\nposed by the Democrats, it being chiefly\\ndirected against the election methods\\nprevailing in some parts of the South.\\nMe. William P. Thompson (Dem.) is\\nnominated for governor.\\nThe Conference Committee on the Sil-\\nver Bill agrees that there shall be a\\nmonthly purchase of 4,500,000 ounces of\\nsilver, with eertilieates to be issued as a\\nfull legal tender that 2,000,000 ounces\\nof silver shall be ruined monthly until\\nJuly 1, 1891 after that date so much\\ncoined as may be necessary to redeem\\noutstanding certificates.\\nN.J. Four delinquent election offi-\\ncers of the First District of Jersey City\\nare sentenced by Judge Lippincott to 18\\nmonths in State prison and to pay costs\\nof court.\\nJuly 8. D. C. Congress the House\\npasses the Senate bill providing for reg-\\nulations designed to prevent collisions\\nat sea. Tote, 125-45.\\nLa. The lower House passes the\\nLottery Bill over the veto of Gov.\\nNichols. Vote, 68-31. (See Aug. 7.)\\nJuly 9. Congress The House adopts a\\nresolution requesting President Harri-\\nson to furnish it with the correspond-\\nence between the Government and\\nGreat Britain touching the subjects in\\ndispute in Bering Sea since Mar. 4,\\n18S9.\\nJuly 10. D. C. Congress The Senate\\nadopts the Conference report on the Sil-\\nver Bill. Vote, 39-26\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1S90 June 24. N. J. The American\\nGas Investment Company, with a capi-\\ntal of $50,000,000, is incorporated at\\nTrenton.\\nJune 27. Chicago. The World s Fair\\nNational Commission is assembled and\\norganized.\\nIt elects Thomas W. Palmer of Mich.\\npresident JobuT. Dickinson secretary\\nand Thomas M. Waller, Conn., M. H.\\nDeYoung, San Francisco, Cal., Davidson\\nR. Penn, Penn., G. W. Allen, N. Y., and\\nA. T. Andrews, N. C, vice-presidents.\\nJune28\u00c2\u00b1. Pa. The Boach ship-build-\\ning works at Chester are said to have\\nbeen sold to an English syndicate for\\n\u00c2\u00a73,000,000.\\nJune 30. The Standard Oil Plant at\\nLouisville is partially destroyed by tire\\nfive acres are covered with burning oil.\\nNew York. The new Croton aque-\\nduct for New York City is completed\\nit increases the water supply from 100,-\\n000,000 gallons to 250,000,000 gallons a\\nday, and costs $20,000,000 and about 100\\nlives.\\nJune* D. C. The 11th census locates the\\ncenter of population removed from\\neight miles west by south of Cincinnati,\\nOhio, to 20 miles east of Columbus, Ind.,\\na distance of 48 miles in 10 years.\\nPopulation of each State.\\nAlabama\\n1,51.1.017\\nNevada\\n45,761\\n551,620\\nNewHamp.\\n376,530\\nArkansas\\n1,128,179\\nNew Jersey\\n1.444.033\\nCalifornia\\nl, jus.l:lll\\nNew Mex.\\n153,593\\nColorado\\n410,108\\nNew York\\n5,007.853\\nConn.\\n746,258\\nN. Carolina\\n1,617,047\\nDelaware\\n168,103\\nN. Dakota\\n182,719\\nDist. of Col.\\n230,302\\nOhio\\n3,672.316\\nFlorida\\n301,422\\nOklahoma\\n61,834\\nGeorgia\\n1,837.353\\nOregon\\n313,767\\nIdaho\\n84,385\\nPenn.\\n5,258,014\\nIllinois\\n3,836.351\\nRhode Isl.\\n345,506\\nIndiana.\\n2,102,404\\nS. Carolina\\n1,151,149\\nIowa\\n1,01 1, 805\\nS. Dakota\\n328,8(18\\nKansas\\n1,427.006\\nTennessee\\n1,767,518\\nKentucky\\n1,858.(135\\nTexas\\n2.235.523\\nLouisiana\\n1,118,5X7\\nUtah.\\n207.005\\nMaine\\n661,086\\nVermont\\n332.422\\nMaryland\\n1,042,30(1\\nVirginia\\n1,655.080\\nMass.\\n2,238.013\\nWashi gton\\n340,3011\\nMichigan\\n2.003.88(1\\nW. Virginia\\n762,794\\nMinnesota\\n1.301.826\\nWisconsin.\\n1,686.88(1\\nMississippi\\n1,280.600\\nWyoming\\n60,705\\nMissouri\\n2.670.181\\nMontana\\n132,150\\nTotal\\n62,622,250\\nNebraska\\n1,058,910\\nJuly 2. Mass. Haverhill celebrates the\\n250th anniversary of its settlement.\\nJuly 4. Vt. The 100th anniversary of the\\nsettlement of Morristown is celebrated.\\nJuly 7. Pa. Roseville is nearly de-\\nstroyed by fire 23 buildings, including\\na church, are burned.\\nJuly 10. 0. Proctor and Gamble s soap-\\nworks in Cincinnati are capitalized for\\n$0,500,000 no share of it goes abroad.\\nJuly 11. Chicago. An explosion on the\\nlake steamer Tioga kills 17 men and in-\\njures a number of others.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": ":3G4 1890, July 11-Aug. 7.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1S90 July 12. Me. The Worth Atlan-\\ntic Squadron arrives at Bath.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2July 14. D. C. Melville A. Cochran is\\ncommissioned colonel Gth infantry\\nalso Michael R. Morgan subsistence\\ndepartment.\\nThe President issues the commissions\\nof Brig.-gen. McCook and Q.M.-gen. Du-\\nbarry.\\nJuly 25. Mich. Militia men and mol-\\nders at Battle Creek engage in a street\\nlight.\\nJuly 28. D. C. The cruiser Philadel-\\nphia is placed in commission.\\nJuly 29. N.Y. The Squadron of Evo-\\nlution passes Sandy Hook on its return\\nfrom its long foreign cruise.\\nJuly 31. D.C. Com. A. E.K. Benham\\nis promoted rear-admiral.\\nAug. 2. Thomas M. Vincent is commis-\\nsioned colonel.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1890 July 12. Chicago. The corner-\\nstone of the new armory of the 1st\\nRegiment Illinois N. G. is laid the\\nbuilding Trill be one of the most impos-\\ning armories in the country.\\n-July 13. Minn. A destructive cyclone\\noccurs near St. Paul 100 lives are lost,\\nand much property is destroyed.\\nN. Y. The first instalment of a\\nwood department in the State Museum\\nat Albany is received, consisting of\\n43 specimens of wood native to Kew\\nYork State.\\nJuly 19. Wyo. The Excelsior Geyser\\nin Yellowstone Park becomes active\\nthe first time in two years.\\nJuly 20. Chicago. A brilliant meteor\\npasses over this city, looking like a ball\\nof fire with a broad trail of light in its\\nwake, and emitting a hissing sound.\\nBoston. A monument to Count\\nSchwab is dedicated.\\nJuly 21. Conn., N. Y., Md. Frost oc-\\ncurs at several places in Litchfield\\nCounty, Conn. in Onondaga Valley,\\nand Delaware County, N. Y., and in\\nMaryland.\\nJuly 22. Cloud-bursts in Colorado and\\nArizona do great damage. Seven lives\\nare lost in a tornado in Cass County,\\nN. Dak. [July 2G. A cyclone damages\\nthe suburbs of South Lawrence, Mass.\\nloss, $100,000.]\\nJuly 27. N.J. A heliograph is invented\\nby Thomas A. Edison it will be tested\\non the Dunderberg.\\nJuly 31. D. C. One hundred years ago\\nto-day the United States issued its first\\npatent to Samuel Hopkins for mak-\\ning pot and pearl ashes.\\nMich. Numerous gold nuggets are\\nfound by miners near Ishpeming.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1890.\\nJuly 13. Fremont. John C. maj.-gen.,\\nsenator for Oal., pathfinder, explorer, A77.\\nJuly 19. Walker, James P., M. C. for Mo.,\\nJuly 27. Collier, Robert Laird, I nit. cler-\\ngyman, A53.\\nAug. 3. .Sands, Elizabeth, army nurse in\\nthe War of 1812, A101.\\nCHURCH.\\n1890 July 11. Boston. The centen-\\nnial anniversary of the first sermon\\npreached in New England by Rev. Jesse\\nLee, the apostle of New England Meth-\\nodism, is celebrated on the site of the\\nold Elm Tree on Boston Common.\\nJuly 17. Ft. The golden jubilee of\\nBishop de Goeshriand is celebrated at\\nBurlington.\\nJuly IS. N. J. Rev. Patrick Corrigan,\\nRoman Catholic pastor in Hoboken, is\\naccused by an aged parishioner of wrong-\\nfully obtaining her property. [Chancel-\\nlor Bird files an opinion in the case,\\nsetting aside the conveyance.]\\nJuly 20. Chicago. A large meeting\\nadopts resolutions asking the Legisla-\\nture to see that the World s Colum-\\nbian Exposition is closed on Sunday.\\nJuly 23. Mass. The Roman Catholic\\narchbishops of the United States hold\\ntheir annual meeting at Brighton.\\nJuly 26. Minn. Archbishop Ireland\\nis severely criticised in Catholic papers\\nfor saying in his address at the National\\nEducational Convention that he is the\\nfriend and advocate of State.schools.\\nJuly 27. New York. Dr. Burtsell, pas-\\ntor of the Roman Catholic Church of the\\nEpiphany, preaches his farewell sermon\\nhe has been removed by the Propa-\\nganda at Rome for his sympathy with\\nDr. M Glynn and the Anti-Poverty move-\\nment. [July 31. He celebrates his last\\nmass in this church. Nov. 7. He decides\\nto go to the parish at Rondout, N. Y.]\\nAug. 1. Mass. The Bible Conference\\nbegins at Northfield.\\nAug. 3. Tex. Peter Verdaguer is ap-\\npointed (Roman Catholic) vicar-apostolic\\nof Brownsville.\\nAug. 4. New York. The 12th Conven-\\ntion of the American St. Cecilia Soci-\\nety meets in St. Patrick s Cathedral.\\nLETTERS.\\n1890 July 13. Conn. TheSuffleld Sum-\\nmer School has 503 summer scholars,\\nmaking it the largest in New England,\\nand perhaps in the country.\\nJuly 16. N. Y. William H. Webb en-\\ndows the College and Home for Ship-\\nbuilders with SI, 000,000.\\nJuly 24. N. Y. The Regents* Committee\\nreports that the form of lease from\\nCatholic churches to Catholic schools\\nmeets all the legal requirements, and\\nthe latter can thereby become a part of\\nthe State system of education.\\nJuly 29. N. Y. The Business Educa-\\ntors Association of America closes its\\n12th annual convention at Chautauqua.\\nJuly 30. Mass. Merrill E. Gates is\\nelected President of Amherst College.\\nJuly* Boston. The Girls Latin School\\nsucceeds in dramatizing Vergil s\\nJEneid, and performing it before the\\npublic.\\nJuly Mo. The Lutheran Synod adopts\\nresolutions opposing the public school\\nsystem as now constituted. The reso-\\nlutions also approve the opposition made\\nagainst the Wisconsin and Illinois school\\nlaw6.\\nAug.4r. U.S. Tolstoi s Kreutzer Sonata\\nis excluded from the mails.\\nAug. 5. Utah. The corner-stone of the\\nUtah University (Meth. Epis.) is laid\\nby Bishop Vincent.\\nAug. 6. X. J. The annual session of the\\nAmerican Institute of Christian\\nPhilosophy, at Avon-by-thc-Sea, opens.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1890 July 12. New York. The 200th\\nanniversary of the battle of the Boyne\\nis celebrated by the largest parade of\\nOrangemen ever witnessed in this city.\\nTex. Factions fight at an election\\nin Ysleta for the partizan control of the\\nlocal government; several are killed or\\nwounded.\\nJuly 14, New York. Frenchmen cele-\\nbrate the 101st anniversary of the fall of\\nthe Bastile.\\nJuly 15. la. The citizens of Leland\\npass a resolution declaring that it be\\nunlawful to sell intoxicating liquors of\\nany kind in Leland, and that any person\\nviolating this ordinance shall be tarred,\\nfeathered, and cowhided out of the vil-\\nlage.\\nS. C. A race-riot occurs in Kearse,\\nBarnwell County.\\nJuly 16. X. J. Nearly 300 workmen\\nstrike atthe Cooper. Hewitt and Co. *s Iron\\nand Steel Works, because the firm re-\\nfuses to sign the new scale of prices sub-\\nmitted by the Amalgamated Association\\nof Iron and Steel Workers.\\nJuly 17. Kan. Judge Phillips, at To-\\npeka, grants an injunction restraining\\nCounty Attorney Welch and Sheriff Wil-\\nkerson from interfering with agents of\\nbrewing companies selling original\\npackages of intoxicants in that place.\\nJuly 19. Ala. John Steele, mayor of\\nTuscumbia, is shot dead, and several\\npersons are injured, in a feud.\\nJuly 22. Ind. White Caps at Lebanon\\nare sentenced to pay $5,000 damages\\nto a man they had whipped.\\nJuly 23. New York. A strike of the\\nemployees of the Street Cleaning De-\\npartment occurs.\\nJuly 24. Ga. A meeting at Atlanta\\nprotests against the passage of the Fed-\\neral Elections Bill Force Bill\\nNew York. A l union workmen on\\npublic school buildings are ordered to\\nstrike. [July 30. Walking delegates\\norder more strikes on the school build-\\nJuly 25. S. H. Mrs. Marilla Ricker\\nof Dover is admitted to the bar in\\nConcord, the courts holding that sex is\\nno disqualification.\\nN. C. White Caps kill one man\\nand tar and feather another in Greene\\nCounty.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1890, July 11 Aug. 7. 865.\\nJuly 27. New York. The Prison Asso-\\nciation meets with success in securing\\nplaces for ex-convicts who desire to live\\nhonestly it is announced that 1,600 have\\nsecured places during the past year.\\nJuly 30. Neb. Several city officials of\\nOmaha are under indictment for of-\\nfering bribes in connection with grant-\\ning the right of way through the city for\\nthe Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific\\nRailroad.\\nJuly Ala. Six thousand coal-miners\\nstrike for higher wages and against the\\nsliding scale.\\nJuly Boston. The 6th annual conven-\\ntion of the National Editorial Associa-\\ntion is held.\\nAug. 4\u00c2\u00b1. Ala. Two men, one white\\nand one colored, are convicted of\\nequal guilt in robbing a store in Whist-\\nler the white man is sentenced to five\\nyears in prison and the colored man to\\n25 years.\\nAug. 5. D. C. Congress passes a bill to\\npension army nurses.\\nAug. 6. N. T. William Kemmler, the\\nfirst person to suffer the death penalty\\nby electricity, is executed at Auburn\\nPrison for wife-murder.\\nAug. 7. La. The State Convention of\\nthe Anti-Lottery League meets at\\nNew Orleans with 500 delegates present.\\n[Aug. 8. It issues an address denoun-\\ncing the lottery and demandiug Congres-\\nsional action in reference to it.]\\nSTATE.\\n1890 July 12. I). C. Congress: The\\nSenate passes the two shipping bills\\nintroduced by William P. Frye of Me.\\nthe House adopts the Conference report\\non the Silver Bill. Vote, 122-90. (See\\nJuly 7.) [July 14. Approved.]\\nThe President sends to Congress the\\nreport of the Pan-American Congress\\nConference on monetary union, with\\nhis indorsement.\\nJuly 15. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the bill appropriating the $636,189\\nfor additional clerk hire made neces-\\nsary by the Dependent Pension Act, as\\nit greatly increases the number of appli-\\ncations received at the Pension office.\\nJuly 16. Wyo. Gov. Warren appoints\\nSept. 11 as the date of the first State\\nelection.\\nJuly 17. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Land Grant Forfeiture\\nBill, after five discussions. [Sept. 11.\\nConference report agreed to. Sept. 29.\\nApproved by the President.] (See\\nApr. 29.)\\nInd. Judge Howland renders a decis-\\nion in the Circuit Court at Indianapolis\\nin favor of the Germans in reference to\\nthe teaching of German in the public\\nschools.\\nMinn. S. M. Owens is nominated for\\ngovernor by the Farmers Alliance.\\nJuly 18. Tenn. John P. Buchanan,\\npresident of the State Farmers Alli-\\nance, is nominated for governor by the\\nDemocratic Convention at Nashville.\\nJuly 19. I). C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Sundry Civil Appropria-\\ntion Bill. [Aug. 25, 26. Conference re-\\nport agreed to. Sept. 3. Approved by\\nthe President.] The House discusses\\nthe Original Package BlU.\\nJuly 21. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nbegins the debate on the Tariff Bill.\\nJuly 22. D. C. Congress The House\\npasses the substitute of the Senate\\nOriginal Package Bill. Vote, 176-38.\\n[Aug. 6. Conference report agreed to.\\nAug. 8. Approved by the President.]\\nJuly 24. D. C. Congress The Senate\\npasses the Indian Appropriation Bill.\\n[Aug. 13, 15. Conference report agreed\\nto. Aug. 22. Approved.]\\nThe House passes the Taylor Bank-\\nruptcy BiH. Introduced Dec. 20. [Sept.\\n19. Debated in Senate.]\\nMinn. William R. Merriam (Rep.) is\\nrenominated for governor.\\nNeb. L. D. Richards (Rep.) is nomi-\\nnated for governor.\\nJuly 25. I). C. Congress: Senate; the\\nHouse passes a bill granting a pension\\nof $2,000 per annum to the widow of\\nGen. George B. McClellan. Bill in-\\ntroduced Apr. 19.\\nJuly 26. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndiscusses the Tariff B*ill [also July 28].\\nIt passes the bill to pension the widow\\nof John C. Fremont. Bill introduced\\nJuly 16. [Sept. 24. It passes the House.\\nSept. 29. Approved by the President.]\\nThe House adopts the report of the Com-\\nmittee on Rules recommending the in-\\nvestigation of the Pension Bureau.\\nJuly 29. D. C. Congress The Senate\\ndiscusses the Tariff BUI; three amend-\\nments are defeated.\\nPresident Harrison sends a message\\nto Congress urging legislation which\\nwill enable the Post-office Department\\nto close the mails against lottery\\ncompanies.\\nJuly 31. J). C. Congress: The Senate\\nconsiders the chemical schedule of the\\nTariff Bill, adopting a few amendments.\\nIII. The Legislature agrees to a\\nchange in the Constitution providing\\nfor the issue of $5,000,000 in bonds by\\nthe city of Chicago to aid the World s\\nColumbian Exposition.\\nAug. 4. D. C. Congress The Senate\\ndiscusses the Tariff Bill; the House\\ngoes into Committee of the Whole on\\nthe General Deficiency Appropria-\\ntion Bill.\\nAug. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nfinishes the earthenware and glassware\\nschedule of the Tariff Bill; the House\\nCommittee on Foreign Affairs reports a\\nsubstitute for two bills on Chinese\\nimmigration it prohibits all Chinese\\nfrom coining to the United States except\\ndiplomatic and consular officers and\\ncommercial agents.\\nIII. Gov. Fifer signs the World s\\nFair Bill.\\nOkla. The first territorial election\\nis held; a Republican representative to\\nCongress and a Republican Legislature\\nare chosen. [Aug. 27. The first Legis-\\nlature meets.]\\nAug. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndiscusses the metal schedule of the Tar-\\niff Bill the House agrees to the Con-\\nference report on the Original Package\\nBill.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1890 July 11. O. A derailed train\\nnear King s Mills causes nine deaths,,\\nbesides injuring 30 persons.\\nJuly 13. Phila. Afire destroys Carey\\nBrothers wall-paper factory and other\\nbuildings loss, $600,000.\\nMinn. The steamer Sea Wing is cap-\\nsized by a cyclone while crossing Lake\\nPepin the crew and passengers, num-\\nbering 100, are drowned.\\nJuly 15. Minn. The Security Warehouse\\nCompany s warehouse is destroyed by\\nfire; loss, \u00c2\u00a71,000,000.\\nO. Ten persons are killed and about\\n30 injured by the explosion of 16 tons of\\npowder near Cincinnati.\\nJuly 17. New York. The superintendent\\nof the census office announces the pop-\\nulation of New York City to be\\n1,513,501, an increase of 25.4 per cent\\nin 10 years.\\nJuly 18. New York. Four floors of the\\nWestern Union Telegraph Company s\\nbuilding, including the Associated Press\\noffices, are burned loss, $250,000.\\nJuly 21. N. Y. A syndicate is formed\\nin Brooklyn to secure the payment\\nof arrears of taxes, giving delinquent\\nowners the privilege of obtaining prop-\\nerty in arrears at five per cent, instead\\nof the charges under the law, and to se-\\ncure the same by paying arrears at any\\ntime.\\nJuly 22. Colo. In a railroad accident\\nnear Limon the engineer is killed and\\n13 passengers are injured.\\nJuly 23. The American schooner Wil-\\nliam Bice is lost at sea 16 persons\\nperish.\\nChicago. The City Council resolves\\nto fill 150 acres of the lake front to make\\npart of the World s Fair site. Vote,.\\n44-15.\\nJuly 25. N.J. The Edison Industrial\\nWorks, with headquarters at Silver\\nLake, are incorporated with a capital of\\n$1,000,000 in stock, of which $500,000 is\\npreferred.\\nN. Y. A combination of the principal\\nlabel printers in the country is formed.\\nJuly 27. Ida. The town of Wallace\\nis destroyed by fire.\\nJuly 29. Mich. Five acres of valuable\\nproperty are in flames at East Saginaw\\nloss, $750,000.\\nJuly 30. N. Y. Seneca Falls loses\\n$700,000 by fire.\\nJuly 31. Mo. A Missouri Pacific pas-\\nsenger-train is wrecked five miles\\nfrom Kansas City.\\nThree of the coaches are thrown down\\nan embankment and 29 persons are in-\\njured, two fatally.\\nAug. 6. New York. Mr. Leary s mon-\\nster raft arrives at Piker s Island.\\nIt is 1,250 feet long, and contains 8,000-\\ntons of lumber, consisting of Norway\\npines, spruce, prince s pine, and hack-\\nmatack.\\nAug. 7. X- Y. A coffin trust, called\\nthe National Casket Company, is incor-\\nporated with a capital of $3,000,000.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "366 1890, Aug. 7 -Sept. 4.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1890 Aug. 9. Commodore William\\nP. McCarm formally assumes command\\nof the South Atlantic Squadron the\\nPensacola is designated the flagship with\\nappropriate ceremonies.\\nNew York. President Harrison is\\nreceived on board the cruiser Baltimore\\nwith naval honors, as titular Admiral of\\nthe United States Navy.\\nHe proceeds to Boston in time to be\\npresent at the National Encampment of\\nthe Grand Army of the Republic, the\\ncity being dressed in holiday attire.\\nThe Baltimore is accompanied by the\\nAtlanta, Kearsarge, and Yorktown.\\nAug. 12. Minn. The governor orders\\nout the militia to quell the riotous\\nstriking lumbermen.\\nAug. 23. New York. The cruiser Bal-\\ntimore, with the body of Capt. John\\nEricsson on board, sails for Sweden\\nafter a parade and imposing ceremo-\\nnies in the bay. [Sept. 16. It arrives at\\nStockholm.]\\nAug. 26. N. Y. The private trial of\\nDr. Justin s dynamite shell at Perry-\\nville again results in the explosion of\\nthe gun.\\nAug. 28. Bernard J. D. Irwin is com-\\nmissioned colonel medical department.\\nAug. The National organization of the\\nRegular Army and Navy Union is\\nperfected.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1890 Aug. 9. N.Dak. Prof* J. H. Lew-\\nis, archeologist, is exploring the coun-\\ntry around Jamestown for relics of\\nmound-builders he has already sur-\\nveyed 200 mounds among the bluffs\\nbordering the valley and some 35 around\\nSpirit Wood Lake.\\nAug. 19. Pa. A terrific tornado\\nsweeps the Wyoming Valley 200 build-\\nings are demolished in Wilkesbarre, and\\nover $1,000,000 worth of property is de-\\nstroyed 180 persons are injured.\\nColo., N. Y. Snow falls. [Aug. 23.\\nAlso in western New York.]\\nNew York. The New York Institute\\nfor Eye and Ear Diseases is incorpo-\\nrated, and opened to the public as a free\\nhospital.\\nSept. 3. Minn. Bones of mound-\\nbuilders are exhumed on the shore of\\nLake Minnetonka.\\nThe mound opened is about 30 feet in\\ndiameter, and rises seven feet above\\nsurrounding lands.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1890.\\nAug:. 10. O Reilly, John Boyle, journalist,\\nIrish poet, A46.\\nAug. 25. Watson, Lewis F., M. C. for Pa.,\\nA70.\\nSept. 4. Noyes, Edward F., judge supreme\\ncourt of O., Gov., A58.\\nCHURCH.\\n1890 Aug. 9. N. J. The Interde-\\nnominational Bible Congress opens\\nat Long Branch.\\nAug. IS. Md. The 35th annual Conven-\\ntion of the German Roman Catholic\\nSocieties meets in Baltimore.\\nLETTERS.\\nAug.* Boston. A Volapiik convention\\nis held.\\nSept. 4. Utah. The Agricultural Col-\\nlege at Logan is opened.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1890 Aug. 8. D.C. Congress makes an\\nappropriation of 847,000 for the relief of\\ndestitute persons in Oklahoma it also\\npasses the Wilson Bill, under which\\nthe people of Kansas can suppress the\\noriginal package shops.\\nN. Y. A strike of the Knights of\\nLabor on the New York Central and\\nHudson River Railroad begins engi-\\nneers, firemen, brakemen, freight hands,\\nand switchmen, numbering 3,000 men,\\nstop work, suspending all traffic. The\\nstrike is caused by the dismissal of cer-\\ntain of their members. [Aug. 10. In-\\ncoming trains are delayed no freight\\nis moved; all the Brotherhood men on\\nthe Hudson division join the striking\\nKnights of Labor. Aug. 16. Three hun-\\ndred switchmen quit work at the West\\nShore and New York Central Railroad s\\nyards in Buffalo. Aug. 20. Master\\nWorkman Powderly issues an official\\nstatement of his side of the Central\\nRailroad question. Aug. 26. The\\nKnights of Labor in the employ of the\\nRailroad company, numbering 1,000, are\\nordered out because of the discharge of\\nsome of their members. Aug. 27. The\\nstrike fails, and strikers at Albany ask\\nto be taken back in the employ of the\\ncompany. Aug. 30. The Company re-\\nfuses to take the Buffalo strikers back\\nas employees. Aug. 31. Strikers at\\nPoughkeepsie boycott every business\\nman who does anything for the working\\nemployees of the Central Road.]\\nAug. 9. Me. The New England Mor-\\nmons are in general session at Jones-\\nport 125 delegates are in attendance.\\nAug. 12. Boston. The Grand Army\\nof the Republic meets in its 24th Na-\\ntional Encampment G. Veazy Whee-\\nlock of Yt. commander-in-chief.\\nAug. 15. D.C, The annual convention\\nof the Photographers Association\\nmeets at Washington the Memorial\\nStatue of Daguerre is unveiled in the\\nrotunda of the National Museum.\\nAug. 17. Mo. The Missouri Pacific ex-\\ngress-train from St. Louis for Kansas\\nity is robbed near Otterville, by seven\\nmasked highwaymen, of \u00c2\u00a730,000 worth\\nof express matter.\\nTenn. The 104th anniversary of the\\nbirth of David Crockett is celebrated at\\nLawrence burg.\\nAug. 18. Colo. The remnant of a tribe\\nof Indians hitherto almost unknown is\\ndiscovered in a cafion.\\nAug. 19. Bostoii. The 6th annual con-\\nvention of the Society of American\\nFlorists begins its session in Horticul-\\ntural Hall.\\nN. Y. The 13th annual session of the\\nAmerican Bar Association opens at\\nSaratoga, with Henry Hitchcock in the\\nchair.\\nNew York. The Daughters of the\\nRevolution is organized. [Mrs. Har-\\nrison, wife of the President, accepts the\\npresidency of the society.l\\nAug. 21. Boston. The Worth Ameri-\\ncan Volapiik Association is in session.\\nAug. 23. New York. Imposing civic\\nand naval ceremonies are observed in\\nmemory of John Ericsson on the oc-\\ncasion of the embarkation of his body\\nfor Sweden on the U. S. cruiser Balti-\\nmore.\\nThe International Convention of In-\\nstructors of Deaf Mutes opens; 400 dele-\\ngates are present.\\n.V. Y. Yardmen on the Delaware\\nand Hudson Railroad quit work; they\\nrefuse to handle Central freight.\\nAug. 25. New York. The Brick Man-\\nufacturers Association decides to fight\\nto the last the walking delegates who\\nboycott briekmakers in the interest of\\nthe striking bricklayers. [Aug.29. The\\nboycott on brick is raised. Aug. 30.\\nbnckmakers return to work at tbe old\\nrate, 40 cents a thousand.] (See Sept.\\n3.)\\n2nd. The Supreme Council of the\\nFederation of Railway Employees in\\nsession at Terre Haute does not order a\\nstrike, but indorses Powderly s position.\\n(See Aug. 8.)\\n0. Steubenville hold? a celebration\\nin honor of Baron Steuben.\\nAug. 26. New York. The Bavarian\\nVolksfest, lasting four days, is opened.\\nAug. 27. New York. The 4th annual\\nconvention of the Inspectors of Public\\nBuildings, Factories, and Workshops of\\nKorth America begins in the City Hall.\\nChicago. The switchmen s strike\\nat the Stock Yards is declared off, and\\nthe men return to work.\\nAug. 29. N. Y. A daring attempt to\\nwreck an express-train is made near\\nAlbany.\\nThe switchmen and guards are locked\\nin their houses, and a pile of ties placed\\non the track but the train is signaled in\\ntime to prevent disaster.\\nAug. 31. N. Y. Two attempts to burn\\ncrowded tenement houses are foiled\\nseven attempts have recently been made\\nin Brooklyn.\\nAug. N. Mex. White Caps are ter-\\nrorizing the people, and Gov. Prince\\nasks the Secretary of the Interior to\\nsend troops to stop their outlawry.\\nSept. 1. O. Eight thousand carpenters\\ngo out on strike in Cincinnati.\\nNew Yo) k. Labor Day is cele-\\nbrated in various parts of the country;\\nover 20,000 working men parade in this\\ncity.\\nN. Y. A law prohibiting youths\\nunder 16 years of age from smoking in\\npublic places goes into force.\\nSept. 2. X. r. The New York State\\nBoard of Arbitration begins an investi-\\ngation of the recent strike on the X. Y.\\nCentral and Hudson River Railroad;\\nMr. Webb and Mr. Powderly testify.\\nTwelve hundred members of the Uni-\\nted Brotherhood of Progressive Varnish-\\ners and Painters go on a strike.\\nSept. 3. Neic York. The walking dele-\\ngates of the building trades agree un-\\nconditionally to submit their side of the\\nbrick boycott to the State Board of\\nArbitration. [Sept. 4. The brick man-\\nufacturers refuse arbitration, and de-\\ncide to cut off a large proportion of\\ncontract brick from the local mar-\\nket.]\\nN. Y. The American Banking As-\\nsociation begins its annual session in\\nSaratoga.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1890, Aug. 7 -Sept 4. 367\\nSept. 4. Mb, White Caps nearly kill\\na preacher 65 years old because lie pro-\\nposes marriage to a widow aged 45.\\nSTATE.\\n1S90 Aug. 7. D. C. Congress: The\\nSenate disposes of six paragraphs of the\\nmetal schedule of the Tariff Bill; a\\nsubstitute for the Lodge Elections Bill\\nis reported by the Elections Committee\\nit strips the bill of many of its objec-\\ntionable features there will be no troops\\nat the polls, and the fines and punish-\\nments are greatly modified.\\nLa. Gov. Nichols vetoes the hill\\nextending the charter of the Louisiana\\nLottery.\\nAug. 8. D. C. Congress approves the\\namendment to the Wilson Original\\nPackage Bill, by which the decision of\\nthe Supreme Court is overruled, and all\\nintoxicating liquors become subject to\\nthe laws of the State into which they\\nare brought. It is approved by the\\nPresident. The House passes the Gen-\\neral Deficiency Bill introduced July\\n19.\\nAug. 9. Z C. President Harrison recom-\\nmends that Congress provide relief for\\nthe starving families in Oklahoma.\\nAug. 11. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate George F. Edmunds of Yt. submits\\na resolution limiting all debate on the\\nTariff Bill to one five-minute speech\\nfrom each Senator on each amendment.\\nWyo. The first State Conventions\\nof the Democrats and Republicans are\\nheld at Cheyenne George W. Baxter\\n(Dem.) and Francis F. Warren (Hep.)\\nare nominated for governor.\\nAug. 12. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate Mr. Quay introduces an amend-\\nment to the rules providing for a\\npostponement of the consideration of\\nthe Federal Elections Bill. The\\nHouse Committee favorably reports the\\nAnti- Lottery Bill introduced July 28.\\nThe House amends and passes the\\nDolph Bill for the prevention of collis-\\nions at sea. [Aug. 13. The Senate con-\\ncurs. Aug. 19. The President approves.]\\nL el. Robert J. Reynolds (Dem.) is\\nnominated for governor.\\nMiss. The Constitutional Conven-\\ntion meets at Jackson its alleged pur-\\npose is to secure white supremacy in\\nthe State.\\nAug. 13. C. Congress: IntheSen-\\nate Henry W. Blair of N. H. reports\\nfavorably from the Committee on Edu-\\ncation and Labor a joint resolution\\nproposing an amendment to the Consti-\\ntution to prohibit forever the manu-\\nfacture and sale of all alcoholic\\nliquors used as beverages.\\nCal. Henry H. Markham (Rep.) is\\nnominated for governor.\\nAug. 14. I. T. Gov. Byrd is reelected\\nby the Indians he surrounds the polls\\nwith militia, and does not allow votes\\nto be cast for his opponents.\\nAug. 16. D. C. Congress The Senate\\npasses the River and Harbor Bill.\\n[Sept. 2-K Conference report agreed to.\\nSept. 27. Approved.] The House passes\\nthe Anti-Lottery Bill.\\nN. Y. The Constitutional Commis-\\nsion at Albany agrees to the abolition\\nof the Superior Courts of New York and\\nBuffalo.\\nAug. 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the General Deficiency Appro-\\npriation Bill. [Sept. 29. Conference\\nreport agreed to, Oct. 1, Approved by\\nthe President.]\\nN Mex. The Territorial Convention\\nhaving reassembled, it proceeds to\\namend the Constitution.\\nAug. 19. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndisposes of 21 paragraphs of the metal\\nschedule of the Tariff Bill; the. House\\npasses the Agricultural College Bill.\\n[Aug. 30. Approved by the President.]\\nThe Treasury Department issues a cir-\\ncular providing for the immediate re-\\ndemption of $15,000,0004.^ percent bonds\\nat 104 k\\nAug. 20. D. C. Congress The House\\npasses the Meat Inspection Bill.\\n[Aug. 30. Approved.] It lays the bill to\\namend the alien land law on the table.\\nWis. William D. Hoard (Rep.) is\\nnominated for governor.\\nAug. 21. B.C. Congress: The special\\nHouse Committee begins the investiga-\\ntion of the charges made against Pen-\\nsion Commissioner Raum.\\nPa. Charles W. Miller (Prohib.) is\\nnominated for governor.\\nAug. 27. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndisposes of the tobacco schedule of\\nthe Tariff BUI.\\nWis. The Democratic State Conven-\\ntion adopts a resolution opposing the\\nBennett School Law.\\nAug. 28. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate N. W. Aldrich of R. I. of the Finance\\nCommittee announces two proposed\\namendments to the Tariff Bill in the\\ndirection of reciprocity, one giving the\\nPresident power to suspend the free im-\\nportation of sugar and other articles\\nthe other in reference to the Canadian\\nFisheries policy the House passes the\\nConger Lard Bill, introduced July 28,\\nafter six discussions; referred to Senate\\nCommittee on Agriculture and Forestry.\\nMich. James W. Turner (Rep.) is\\nnominated for governor.\\nAug. 29. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndisposes of the Agricultural and the\\nwine and spirits schedules of the\\nTariff Bill the House passes the Om-\\nnibus Southern War- Claims measure\\nand sundry private bills.\\nAug. 30. D. C. Congress The Senate\\nrejects J. G. Carlisle s motion to strike\\nout the wool paragraphs (357 to 3G9) in\\norder to put wool on the free list.\\nVote, 47-27. The House passes the bill\\nprohibiting the employment of convict\\nlabor on public works. Bill introduced\\nJan. 6. Also the bill to prevent the pur-\\nchase of supplies, the product of convict\\nlabor, by the United States. Bill intro-\\nduced Dec. 20.\\nThe Secretary of the Treasury issues\\na circular for the redemption of $20,-\\n000,000 additional 4i per cent bonds.\\nSept. 1. L C. Congress: The Senate\\ndisposes of the wool and silk sched-\\nules of the Tariff Bill. John Sherman\\nof O. offers an amendment to the Tariff\\nBill favoring reciprocity with Can-\\nada; it provides specifically for the free\\nadmission of Canadian coal into this\\ncountry in return for the free admission\\nof American coal into Canada.\\nAriz. John N. Irwin (Rep.) is nom-\\ninated for governor.\\nWis. Many leading Democrats bolt\\ntheir party ticket on the school-law\\nSept. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndiscusses the sugar schedule of the\\nTariff Bill.\\nNew York. A single tax convention\\nmeets, and adopts a platform proposing\\na tax on the rental value of land exclu-\\nsive of improvements, and abolishing all\\nother taxes.\\nSept. 3. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate Messrs. Evarts, Edmunds, and Voor-\\nhees speak on the sugar schedule of\\nthe Tariff Bill.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1890 Aug. 13. New York. The White\\nStar steamship Teutonic arrives after\\nmaking the voyage from Queens town\\nin five days, 19 hours, and five minutes,\\nthe quickest ocean passage ever made.\\nBoston. The letter carriers of the\\nUnited States hold their first annual\\nconvention 100 delegates are present.\\nAug. 14. Kg. The Kentucky Company s\\nplant in Louisville is burned 25,000\\nbarrels of whisky are consumed.\\nAug. 19. D. C. Congress establishes a\\nNational Park on the Chickamauga\\nbattle-field in Georgia.\\nMass. A derailed train near Quincy\\ncauses 20 deaths, besides injuring 31 per-\\nsons.\\nAug. 21. Phila. Four persons are killed\\nand a number injured by the blowing\\ndown of a wall during a storm.\\nPa. A Gravity Road car at Read-\\ning breaks loose while going down\\ngrade at the rate of SO miles an hour it\\nplunges over a 50-foot embankment, kill-\\ning four and seriously injuring 16 per-\\nsons.\\nAug. 23. Chicago. Bonner s Sunol trots\\none mile in two minutes, 10\u00c2\u00a3 seconds.\\nAug. 26. Chicago. M Vicker s Thea-\\nter is burned loss, \u00c2\u00a7200,000.\\nAug. 28. N.J. ThehorseSalvatorruns\\none mile at Monmouth Park in 1.3E\\nminutes.\\nAug. 30+. 7V. Dak. A prairie fire rav-\\nages many thousands of acres along the\\nLittle Missouri River.\\nAug. La. It is officially reported that\\nthe total loss caused by the recent over-\\nflow of the Mississippi River in Loui-\\nsiana is $1,213,040.\\nAug.* If. Y. S.J. Dixon, a photographer\\nof Toronto, walks over Niagara Falls\\non a slender wire cable.\\nSept. 2. III. Shot-tower companies\\nin the United States form an incorpora-\\ntion under the laws of Illinois, with a\\ncapital of $3,000,000, to be known as the\\nAmerican Shot and Lead Company.\\nSept. 4. New York. Sawyer, Wallace and\\nCo., one of the largest commission houses\\nin the country, make an assignment\\nthe liabilities are over \u00c2\u00a71,000,000.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "368 1890, Sept. 4 -Oct. 7.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NAVY.\\n1890 Sept. 27. N. Mex. Citizens and\\nsoldiers, near Hillsboro, pursue Indians,\\nwho are charged with killing cattle and\\nstealing horses.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1S90 Sept. 5. Pa. Two very large\\nnatural-gas wells are developed near\\nPittsburg.\\nNew York. The Grant Monument\\nAssociation chooses a design by J. H.\\nDuncan.\\nThe monument is to stand on a base\\n100 feet square, and in height will be 1G0\\nfeet from base-line, with an equestrian\\nstatue of General Grant in center of\\nfront, and the same of each of the gen-\\nerals commanding the four principal ar-\\nmies on an elevated position behind that\\nof Grant.\\nSept. 10. During a shower at Cairo\\na number of live fish, four inches in\\nlength, fall in various parts of the city.\\nSept. 12. III. The bones of a masto-\\ndon are unearthed.\\nS. Dak. Gold is discovered.\\nSept. 13. Ind. Abiggas-wellisstruek\\nnear Tipton, which, it is estimated, will\\nreach 20,000,000 cubic feet a day.\\nWis. Pearl-producing clams are\\nfound in the Manitowoc River, Chilton.\\nSept. 20. New York. The bronze statue\\nof Horace Greeley in the archway of\\nthe Tribune Building is unveiled, Chaun-\\ncey M. Depew delivering the oration.\\nSept. 24. New York. The famous Emile-\\nBrugsch-Bey collection of ancient\\nEgyptian textiles and embroideries is\\npresented to the Metropolitan Museum\\nof Art by G. F. Baker of this city.\\nSept. 29. New York. The American In-\\nstitute of Mining Engineers opens its\\n57th meeting in Chiekering Hall.\\nOct. 1. New York. The Iron and Steel\\nInstitute opens its American meeting.\\n[Oct. 3. Nearly 350 members leave for\\na tour through the manufacturing and\\nmining sections of the United States.]\\nOct. 3. N Y. The first sod is turned in\\nthe work of constructing the Niagara\\nFalls Tunnel, for utilizing the water-\\npower.\\nOct. 6. Alas. Prof. Russell and Mark\\nKerr (U. S. surveyors) discover an im-\\nmense glacier, 10 miles wide, flowing\\n25 miles, and moving 15 feet daily they\\nname it the Lucia Glacier.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1890.\\nSept. 8. Christiancv, Isaac P., senator for\\nWis., A78.\\nSept. 18. Boncicault, Dion, dramatist,\\nmanager, actor, A68.\\nSept. 27. Duryea, Abram, brig.-gen. vols.,\\norganizer of Duryea Zouaves, A75.\\nCHURCH.\\n1890 Sept. 6. New York. Rev George\\nF. Pentecost starts for India at the head\\nof an evangelistic mission.\\nSept. 7. Pa. The Presbyterian Commit-\\ntee to revise the Westminster Con-\\nfession convenes at Pittsburg. [Oct. 7.\\nAt Allegheny City.]\\nSept. 23-25. Pa. The German Cath-\\nolic Congress meets in Pittsburg.\\nIt protests against the indignities\\nheaped upon the Pope demands that\\nchildren be educated as parents see fit;\\nit affirms both obedience to the United\\nStates and allegiance to the Pope, and\\nexpresses a preference for the German\\nlanguage. (See page 348.)\\nSept. 29. Chicago. The Presbytery pe-\\ntitions the Board of Education to have\\nthe Bible read in the public schools.\\nOct. 6. Utah. The 61st Conference of\\nthe Mormon Church at Salt Lake\\nCity decides to abolish polygamy, and\\nPresident Woodruff issues an order for-\\nbidding plural marriages.\\nOct. 7. D. C. The Roman Catholic\\nYoung Men s National Union Con-\\nvention opens with high mass in St.\\nPatrick s Church, Washington.\\nLETTERS.\\n1890 Sept. 8. Neio York. The public\\nschools reopen about 5,000 children are\\nturned away for want of room.\\nSept. 11. Pa. Rev. John S. Stahr is in-\\naugurated President of Franklin and\\nMarshall College, Lancaster.\\nSept. 12. N. H. The 12th annual meet-\\ning of the American Library Associ-\\nation Conference is held at Fabyan.\\nSept. 14. Md. Negroes are excluded\\nfrom the State Law School.\\nFla. St. Leo s College (Rom. Cath.)\\nis opened in San Antonio.\\nSept. IS. William R. Harper of\\nYale is elected president of the Univer-\\nsity of Chicago.\\nSept. 19. III. J. D. Rockefeller gives\\n$1,000,000 to the University of\\nChicago the income of which is to be\\nused, but the principal to remain intact.\\nSept. Minn. John J. Hill, president of\\nthe Great Northern Railroad, gives $500,-\\n000 for the erection of a Catholic college\\nat Groveland.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S90 Sept. 4. New York. The United\\nAssociation of Typothetae is in session.\\nO. George Gilbert, a Youngstown\\nmiser, dies he boasted that his living\\nthe year round did not cost him more\\nthan three cents a day.\\nS. Dak. The Prohibition Law goes\\ninto effect it is bitterly opposed by\\nsaloon-men and their friends in Dead-\\nwood, Lead City, and in the Black Hills\\nmining- towns.\\nMany of the richest corporations in\\nthe country unite in an alliance against\\nstrikes.\\nThey agree to stand by each other\\nin allowing the strikers against one\\nfirm to remain idle until they see fit to\\nreturn to work, and no one firm is to\\nemploy workmen during a strike that\\nleave others of the confederated firms by\\nstriking.\\nSept. 7. New York. The Central Labor\\nFederation decides to fight the Knights\\nof Labor for making war on the open\\nunions.\\nRussian Hebrews organize for edu-\\ncational, social, and protective pur-\\nposes, and to promote intelligence by\\nlectures and a spirit of Americanism\\namong their countrymen.\\nW. Va. The Law and Order League\\nof Wheeling succeed in stopping every\\nform of Sunday traffic except drug-\\nstores their headquarters are stormed\\nby an angry mob, and the president of\\nthe League is badly hurt.\\nSept. 10 r. Cal. The 40th anniversary\\nof California s admission into the Union\\nis celebrated.\\nU. S. The window-glass work-\\ners and bottle-blowers, numbering\\n10,000, decide to leave the Knights of\\nLabor.\\nN. Y. The Society of the War of\\n1S12 is formed in the State of New York.\\nSept. 11. la. Incendiaries burn nearly\\nall the business portion of Oxford, as\\nwell as many residences.\\nSept. 13. Md. Baltimore celebrates\\nthe anniversary of the battle of North\\nPoint. (.See Army, p. 122.)\\nSept. 14. Sweden. The body of John\\nEricsson is transferrred from the U. S.\\nman-of-war Baltimore to the custody of\\nthe authorities at Stockholm with im-\\nposing ceremonies the funeral proces-\\nsion is viewed by 100,000 people.\\nSept. 20. Ida. President Rich and\\nBishop Donaldson, Mormon dignita-\\nries, are under arrest for advising\\nMormons to violate the election laws.\\n0. An unsuccessful attempt is made\\nto wreck a crowded passenger- train\\non the Cincinnati, Sandusky, and Cleve-\\nland Railroad.\\nSept. 22. Boston. Old-time abolition-\\nists celebrate the 28th anniversary of\\nthe issuance of the Emancipation Proc-\\nlamation by President Lincoln.\\nSept. 23. N. r. The mayor of Brooklyn\\nforbids a meeting of Hebrew anar-\\nchists.\\nSept. 27. O. The entire edition of this\\nweek s issue of the Cincinnati Volks-\\nfreund is seized for violating the anti-\\nlottery law.\\nThe Slater-Cotton Cente-\\nnary at Pawtueket begins with a Sun-\\nday-school children s celebration the\\ncotton exhibition opens.\\nOct. 1. N. Y. Official notice is issued\\nthat no Knights of Labor will be em-\\nployed on the Xew York Central road,\\nowing to their action in a late strike.\\nNew York. The Convention of the\\nPeople s Municipal League is held\\n1,000 delegates attend.\\nOct. 3. Mo. Alfred Wanamaker com-\\nmits suicide in St. Louis, after dissi-\\npating a fortune of $60,000; cause,\\nliquor and domestic trouble.\\nNew York. The Comte de Paris\\nand the Due d Orle*ans arrive. De\\nParis is welcomed by his old army com-\\nrades he served as aid to Gen. 3I*Clel-\\nlan in the Civil War.\\nOct. 6. Chicago. The Board of Health\\nissues an order forbidding leg-vacci-\\nnation.\\nUtah. A general conference of Mor-\\nmons at Salt Lake City decides to re-\\nnounce polygamy.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1890, Sept. 4 -Oct 7.\\n3G9\\nOct. 7. N. Y. A largo number of mer-\\nchants determine to form anon-partisan\\nNew York State Business Men s Pro-\\ntective Association, to watch and op-\\npose unjust and annoying action by the\\nLegislature.\\nSTATE.\\n1890 Sept. 5. D. C. Congress: The\\nSenate passes over the Stewart Convict\\nLabor Bill.\\nSept. 6. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses a bill granting a pension of $100\\na month to Gen. H. A. Barnum.\\nSept. 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nagrees to the Conference report on the\\nRiver and Harbor Bill.\\nKy. The State Constitutional Con-\\nvention begins its session at Frankfort.\\nSept. 9. D. C. Congress: The Sen-\\nate adopts the Aldrich Reciprocity\\nAmendment reported from the Fi-\\nnance Committee, and passes the Tariff\\nBill to a third reading.\\nMinn. Thomas Wilson (Dem.) is nom-\\ninated for governor.\\nN. H. J. M. Fletcher (Prohib.) is nom-\\ninated for governor.\\nSept. 10. D. C. Congress The Senate\\npasses the .McKinley Tariff Bill with\\namendments. Vote, 40 (Rep.j-29 (Dem.)\\nit passes the House bill to set apart a\\ncertain tract of land in California on\\nwhich the big trees stand as a public\\npark.\\nSept. 11. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nconsiders the Conference reports on the\\nLand Grant Forfeiture Bill.\\nWyo. The Republicans elect the\\ngovernor and Congressman, and se-\\ncure a majority in the Legislature.\\nSept. 13. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nlistens to speeches eulogistic of the late\\nSamuel J. Randall of Pa., and ad-\\njourns in the House James B. Mc-\\nCreary of Ky. introduces a resolution\\ndemanding an immediate investigation\\nof the killing of Gen. Barrundia when\\non board an American ship and while\\nunder the protection of the U. S. flag.\\nNeio York. The Secretary of the\\nTreasury consults with bankers and\\nmerchants with reference to the strin-\\ngency of the money market he issues\\na call for proposals for the sale of\\n$16,000,000 in 4 per cent bonds.\\nSept. 15. D. C. Congress: The House\\nnon-concurs in the Senate amendments\\nto the Tariff Bill. Vote, 120-82.\\nSept. 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Anti-Lottery Bill. [Sept.\\n27. Approved by the President.] Also\\nthe Land Grant Forfeiture Bills, and\\nit votes to purchase at a cost not exceed-\\ning $30,000 the Townsend National\\nRecords. It amends and passes the\\nTimber-Culture Bill. [Feb. 28, Mar.\\n2. Conference report agreed to. Mar. 2.\\nApproved by the President.]\\nConn. Luzon B. Morris (Dem.) and\\nGen. E. S. Merwin (Rep.) are nominated\\nfor governor.\\nOfela. The Upper House of the Terri-\\ntorial Legislature passes a bill making\\nOklahoma City the capital of the Terri-\\ntory.\\nSept. 17. D. C. Congress: The confer-\\nees on the Tariff Bill meet, but without\\narriving at any agreement.\\nMass. Gov. J. Q. A. Brackett (Rep.)\\nis renominated for governor.\\nN. H. H. A. Tuttle of Pittsfield (Rep.)\\nis nominated for governor.\\nSept. IS. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses a bill to reestablish the grade of\\nLieutenant- General of the United\\nStates Army. Bill introduced Dec. 12.\\n[Sept. 22. Referred to Senate Commit-\\ntee on Military Affairs.] The House\\nconferees on the Tariff Bill accept the\\nAldrich reciprocity amendment.\\nMass. William E. Bfcsell (Dem.) is\\nnominated for governo^B\\nSept. 19. I). C. Congress The Senate\\npasses the McKenna Bill for the discon-\\ntinuance of the coinage of the three-\\ndollar and one-dollar gold pieces and\\nthe three-cent nickel piece. [Sept. 27.\\nApproved by the President.] The House\\nis prevented from doing business by\\nDemocrats purposely absenting them-\\nselves.\\nColo. John L. Routt (Rep.) is nomi-\\nnated for governor.\\nSept. 21. D. C. Notices are issued from\\nthe Post-office Department that all pa-\\npers containing lottery advertisements\\nwill render the publishers liable to\\narrest.\\nSept. 22 New York. Mayor Grant chal-\\nlenges the correctness of the Federal\\ncensus, and decides upon the plan for\\ntaking a new census of the city under\\nthe direct supervision of the mayor and\\nwith the cooperation of the police force\\nacting as canvassers.\\nSept. 24. D. C. Congress The Senate\\npasses William M. Evarts s substitute for\\nthe House bill denning and regulat-\\ning the jurisdiction of the United\\nStates Courts after six discussions.\\n[Sept. 24. Referred to the House Com-\\nmittee on the Judiciary.]\\nThe House passes the bill granting a\\npension to the widow of Gen. George\\nB. McClellan. [Sept., 20. Approved\\nby the President.]\\nSept. 25. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses over the O Neall Anti-Convict\\nLabor Bill.\\nSept. 26. D. C. Congress In the\\nHouse the Conference Committee re-\\nports the McKinley Tariff Bill.\\nSept. 29. J). C. Congress House The\\nConference Committee s report on the\\nTariff Bill is adopted. Vote, 152-81.\\nSept. 30. D. C. Congress The Senate\\npasses the Conference report on the\\nMcKinley Tariff Bill. Vote, 33-27.\\n[Oct. 1. It is approved by the President.\\nOct. 6. The law becomes effective.]\\nOct. 1. D. C. Congress provides for\\nthe transfer of the Weather Service\\nfrom the Signal Corps of the Army to\\nthe Department of Agriculture.\\nIt repeals the internal revenue tax\\nlaid on dealers in tobacco it reduces\\nthe tax on tobacco and snuff.\\nThe 51st Congress: the first session\\nends.\\nIda, The Republicans elect the\\nState ticket and 44 of the 54 members\\nof the Legislature.\\nOct. 7. N. Mecc. The people accept the\\nState Constitution. Vote, 16,180-7,943.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1890 Sept. 5. Mich. Eight miners\\nare imprisoned by a cave-in in the Lake\\nAngeline mine.\\nN. Y. The steamers C. H. Northern\\nand Continental of the New Haven Line,\\ncollide in the East River three persons\\nare injured.\\nSept. 6. Okla. President Manvel, of the\\nSanta Fe Railroad, announces that his\\ncompany will supply Oklahoma farmers\\nwith $60,000 worth of seed-wheat at\\ncost, and wtfit until harvest for the pay.\\n[25,000 bushels of seed-wheat are fur-\\nnished to the farmers along the line of\\nthis road.]\\nSept. 7. Colo. Trains collide near Flor-\\nence five persons are killed and 33 in-\\njured.\\nWash. A premature explosion bur-\\nies 45 men under many tons of rock at\\nSpokane Falls.\\nSept. 9. Chicago. The World s Fair\\nDirectors decide upon Jackson Park\\nand the Lake Front as the site for the\\nexhibition.\\nSept. 10. Ga. A Direct Trade Con-\\nvention is organized at Atlanta dele-\\ngates are present from six cotton-pro-\\nducing States.\\nSept. 15. Chicago. The National Com-\\nmission of the World s Fair meets to\\norganize and inaugurate the movement.\\nSept. 19. HI. Col. George B. Davis of\\nChicago is appointed director-general of\\nthe World s Fair.\\nPa. Twenty persons are killed and\\n32 injured in a train accident at Shoe-\\nmakersville.\\nSept. 23. N. J. A fire in the Eagle Oil\\nRefinery Works, in Bayonne, causes a\\nloss of $250,000.\\nSept. 25. The American fishing schooner\\nDavid Crockett is seized in Canadian\\nwaters for violation of the Fisheries\\nLaw.\\nSept. 28. Cliicago. The Anglo-Ameri-\\ncan Packing Company s buildings are\\ndamaged by fire; loss, $400,000.\\nSept. 29. 7?. The centennial of the\\nestablishment of the first American\\ncotton-mill is celebrated at Providence.\\nSept. D. C. Congress provides for the\\nimprovement of Galveston harbor,\\nTexas; estimated cost, $6,200,000.\\nSept. Mich. The longest river tun-\\nnel in the U. S. is completed, under\\nthe St. Clair Kiver, connecting Michigan\\nand Canada; it is 6,050 feet in length,\\n2,300 feet of which is under the river-\\nbed.\\nSept. Okla. Many families in the Ter-\\nritory are in extreme want of food.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "370 1890, Oct. 7-ffov. 19.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1890 Oct. 10. Kan. President Harrison\\nattends the reunion of old soldiers at\\nTopeka.\\nNov. 17. 5. Dak. Troops are massing\\nat Pine Ridge Agency in anticipation of\\nan outbreak of Sioux Indians.\\nNov. 18. N. Y. The battle-ship Maine\\nis launched at the Brooklyn Navy Yard.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1890 Oct. 17. Ga. A bust of Sidney\\nLanier is unveiled in the library of\\nMacon.\\nOct. 23 N. A statue of Gen. Stark\\nis unveiled in the State-house Park at\\nConcord cost, .$12,000.\\nOct. 27. S. Dak. Rich placer deposits\\nof gold are found in the Sioux Reserva-\\ntion, near Black Hills. [Oct. Gold is\\nalso discovered in the Arbuckle Moun-\\ntains, I. T.]\\nOct. 30. Md. A monument to explorers\\nwho perished in the Jeannette Explor-\\ning Expedition of 1881 is unveiled in the\\nNaval Academy Cemetery, Annapolis.\\nNov. 1\u00c2\u00b1. Millet s famous painting, The\\nAngelus, is sold by the American Art\\nAssociation to persons in Paris for\\n$150,000.\\nIt is estimated that 400,000 persons\\nhave attended the exhibition since the\\npicture was buought to America.\\nNov. 7. Chicago. The corner-stone of\\nthe Woman s Temple, which the\\nWoman s Christian Temperance Union\\nis building, is laid with impressive cere-\\nmonies it is to be in French Gothic\\nstyle, 13 stories high, and cost $1,100,000.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1890.\\nOct. 12. Belknap, William W., maj.-gen.,\\nsec. of war under Pres. ;rant, A61.\\nOct. 13. Miller, Samuel F., justice of U.S.\\nSupreme Ct., A74.\\nNov. 13. Dexter, Henry M., editor of The\\nCongregationalism A.69.\\nApple ton, Daniel S., publisher, A76.\\nCHURCH.\\n1890 Oct. 8. Minn. The American\\nBoard of Foreign Missions begins its\\n81st annual meeting in Minneapolis.\\n[Oct. 10. Rev. Dr. K. S. Storrs of\\nBrooklyn, N. Y., is reelected President.]\\nOct. 13. Neiv York. The Presbytery pass\\na resolution requesting the Commission-\\ners at Chicago to close the coming ex-\\nhibition on Sundays.\\nOct. 14. Mo. Edwin R. Atwill is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of\\nWest Missouri.\\nBoston. The celebrated Andover\\ncase,* which has been pending before\\nthe Supreme Court of Massachusetts for\\nmore than three years, comes up for a\\nfinal hearing.\\nOct. 17. N. Y. The golden jubilee of\\nBishop Loughlin is celebrated in\\nBrooklyn he is presented by the priests\\nof the diocese with a purse of \u00c2\u00a720,000.\\nOct. 21. Boston. The celebration of the\\nCentennial of New England Meth-\\nodism opens.\\nOct. 27. N. J. The Roman Catholic\\nchurches of the Newark Diocese collect\\n$20,000 for the poor in Ireland.\\nChicago. Archbishop Feehan ssil-\\nver jubilee commences with pontifical\\nhigh mass in the cathedral.\\nOct. 28. Boston. A winter school for\\nscientific Bible study opens.\\nNov. 6-13. Conn. The fifth annual Con-\\nvention of Christian Workers in the\\nUnited States and Canada meets at Hart-\\nford.\\nNov. 11. Phila. The 13th Annual Con-\\ngress of the Protestant Episcopal\\nChurch meets.\\nConn. The 9th annual meeting of the\\nBaptist Congress opens in New Haven.\\nNov. 13. New York. The Interstate\\nCongress of the Salvation Army\\nopens.\\nNov. 17- Ne^^Tork. The conference of\\nthe Protesfl^^ denominations of the\\nState on moral instruction in the pub-\\nlic schools begins Dr. Crosby is chosen\\npermanent chairman.\\nLETTERS.\\n1890 Oct. 8. Mass. The Committee of\\nthe Board of Harvard College reports\\nunfavorably as to the shortening of\\nthe coUege course.\\nOct. 27. Md. Mrs. Davis, Mrs. Mary Gar-\\nrett, and other ladies present to the\\ntrustees of Johns Hopkins Univer-\\nsity $100,000 to found a Woman s\\nMedical CoUege the money is ac-\\ncepted subject to the terms.\\nNov. 4. Wis. The Bennett School Law\\nof 1S89 is rescinded by the vote of the\\npeople.\\nIt required schools recognized by the\\nState to use the English language in\\nteaching reading, writing, arithmetic,\\nand the history of the United States.\\nNov. 11. New York. Henry M. Stan-\\nley delivers his first lecture of his\\nsecond tour, in the Metropolitan Opera\\nHouse.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S90 Oct. 8. N. Y. The opening of\\nthe 8th Annual Indian Conference at\\nLake Mohonk, for the protection and\\nelevation of American Indians.\\nOct. 9. Ga. The weekly edition of the\\nAtlanta Constitution is seized for adver-\\ntising its prize distribution at the\\nChristmas drawing.\\nOct. 10. New York. The Cuban colony\\ncelebrates the 22d anniversary of the\\nproclamation of Cuban independence.\\nOct. 11. D. C. The American Board\\nof Missions adopts a resolution peti-\\ntioning Congress to take steps toward\\nthe prohibition of the exportation of in-\\ntoxicating liquors to those countries\\nwhere the missions of the Board are\\nlocated.\\nMo. Four masked men hold up and\\nrob a train near Schell City.\\nMich. The Local-Option Law is\\ndecided constitutional by the Supreme\\nCourt at Lansing also, that all citizens,\\nwhite and black, have equal right- that\\nmust be observed.\\nOct. 12. New York. Thomas P. Gill,\\none of the Irish members of the British\\nParliament, arrives.\\nHe comes in the interest of the Home\\nRule cause [and lectures to many en-\\nthusiastic audiences of Irish-Americans,\\nwho contribute large sums of money to\\naid in the achievement of the legislative\\nindependence of their native land].\\nOct. 15. Mo. The 30th annual conven-\\ntion of the Loyal Legion begins in St.\\nLouis ex-President Rutherford B.\\nHayes presides.\\nNew York. George William Cur-\\ntis is chosen president of the National\\nCivil Service Reform League.\\nLa. David C. Hennessy, chief of\\npolice, is waylaid and shot by Italians\\nat New Orleans, who are alleged to be\\nagents of the Mafia; Hennessy had re-\\ncently traced a number of grave crimes\\nto this secret society.\\nOct. 16. Fa. An emancipation cele-\\nbration by colored people takes place\\nat Richmond.\\nOct. 20. Cat. The Brotherhood of\\nRailway Trainmen begins its annual\\nconvention in Los Angeles.\\nNew York. The Comte de Paris is\\nentertained at a dinner at the Plaza\\nHotel by the officers of the Army of the\\nPotomac.\\nOct. 21. N. Y. Patrick Gleason,\\nmayor of Long Island City, is sentenced\\nto five days imprisonment and to pay a\\nfine of $250, for assault.\\nOct. 22. Term. The American Hu-\\nmane Society meets in Nashville.\\nD. C. The annual convention of the\\nAmerican Institute of Architects begins\\nits session at Washington with a large\\nattendance.\\nOct. 24. D. C. The Wage- workers*\\nPolitical Alliance of Washington peti-\\ntions President Harrison to appoint\\nMrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton a Justice\\nof the Supreme Court of the United\\nStates in place of the late Justice Miller.\\nOct. 27. III. The Illinois Steel Com-\\npany of Joliet divides about S4.000\\namong its employees on a profit-shar-\\ning basis.\\nT. Lee Allen, the lender of a no-\\ntorious cattle-thieving band, is captured\\nby United States officers.\\nKan. The Leavenworth Times of this\\nday is excluded from the mails for\\npublishing results of a raffle at a Catho-\\nlic church fair.\\nMinn. The Chippewas welcome their\\nold foes, the Sioux, to their village by\\na sham fight, after which they smoke\\nthe pipe of peace.\\nMo. Telegraphers go out on a\\nstrike at St. Louis.\\nOct. 31. New York. Rev. Br. Heber\\nNewton asserts that a prominent clergy-\\nman was offered $1,000 to make a\\nspeech for Tammany HaU.\\nOct. Ala. A colony of about 25 families\\nof Northern farmers secure 3,000 acres\\nof farm-land in Cullman County, on\\nwhich to locate a cooperative farm.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1890, Oct. 7 -Nov. 19. 371\\nOct. 31. la. The prohibition of the sale\\nof liquor in original packages becomes\\neffective in this State. (See State.)\\nOct. N. J. All the licensed cigar-\\ndealers in Cape May City sign a con-\\ntract, under a forfeiture of $50, not to\\nsell another cigarette to either man or\\nboy during the coming winter.\\nOct. Fr. The 12th session of the Con-\\ngress of Americanists is held in Paris.\\nProf. Quatrefages, the founder of the\\nscience of anthropology, presides.\\nNov. 1. New York. The General So-\\nciety of Mechanics and Tradesmen of\\nthe City of New York celebrates its 105th\\nanniversary.\\nNov. 2. New York. William O Brien*\\nJohn Dillon, Timothy Harrington, and\\nT. D. Sullivan, the Irish agitators,\\narrive. (See Oct. 12.)\\nNov. 3. New York. Dr. Crosby, in a\\nspeech, says that he can prove, for a\\nCommissioner told him, that a police\\ncaptain received $70,000 in blackmail\\nfrom the saloons in his precinct.\\nNov. 4. Ky. The superintendent of pub-\\nlic schools and two other persons are\\nshot in Irvine.\\nNeb. The people reject a Prohibi-\\ntory Amendment to the Constitution.\\nVote, 82,292 for the amendment 111,728\\nagainst it.\\nN. J. Twice in the ninth precinct of\\nthe First Assembly District, Jersey City,\\nall the Republican ballots are stolen,\\nbut each time discovered and replaced\\nin time to prevent much loss.\\nNov. 5. New York. Henry M. Stanley,\\nwife, and party arrive on the Teutonic.\\nT. P. O Connor, M.P., the last of the\\nIrish delegation, arrives in New York.\\n(See Oct. 12.)\\nNov. 6. Fla. The notorious ex-Mayor\\nW. ~W. Cottrell of Key West, a fugitive\\nfrom justice, is killed by the chief of\\npolice of Montgomery, Ala.\\nNew York. The 250th anniversary\\nof the death of Gustavus Adolphus is\\ncelebrated with appropriate ceremonies\\nby the Swedes of the city.\\nNov. 7. Fla. The Democrats of Jack-\\nsonville are accused of suppressing\\nthe entire Republican vote.\\nN. J. In Newark the anarchists at-\\ntempt to hold a celebration in memory\\nof the hanging of the Chicago Hay-\\nmarket murderers Lucy Parsons and\\n10 of her followers are arrested.\\nPhila. The Irish Nationalists hold\\na great meeting in the Academy of\\nMusic Gov. Beaver presides addresses\\nare made by Messrs. Dillon, O Brien,\\nSullivan, and O Connor.\\nNov. 9. Boston. The visiting Irish mem-\\nbers of Parliament make addresses in\\nthe Boston Theater and the Globe\\nTheater.\\nChicago. The anarchists celebrate\\nthe memory of the Haymarket mur-\\nderers.\\nNov. 10. New York. A reception is\\ngiven to the visiting Irish members of\\nParliament at the Metropolitan Opera\\nHouse $37,000 is subscribed. (See Oct.\\n12.)\\nNov. 11. New York. Henry M. Stan-\\nley is warmly received by enthusiastic\\nadmirers of the explorer on his return\\nto America.\\nNov. 13. O. Judge Allen G. Thur-\\nman s 77th birthday is celebrated by a\\ngrand banquet in Columbus, at which\\n1,000 guests are present.\\nNov. 17. Colo. The Childs-Drexel\\nHome for Aged and Infirm Printers\\nis located at Colorado Springs, where 80\\nacres of land have been given for that\\npurpose.\\nGa. The National Woman s Chris-\\ntian Temperance Union meets in\\nNational Convention at Atlanta it\\nreelects as president Miss Frances E.\\nWillard.\\nNew York. The American Copy-\\nright League officers are selected, the\\npresident being James Russell Lowell.\\nPa. The first National Non-Parti-\\nsan Woman s Christian Temperance\\nUnion opens its session in Pittsburg,\\nwith Mrs. Ellen J. Phinney in the chair\\nand about 100 delegates present.\\nNov. 19. Boston. The Women s Na-\\ntional Indian Association annual meet-\\ning opens.\\nChicago. The Women Managers\\nof the World s Fair effect a tempo-\\nrary organization.\\nNew York. Sailmakers go on a\\nstrike for increased wages.\\nSTATE.\\n1890 Oct. 9. D. C. The Secretary of\\nthe Treasury issues a circular offering to\\nredeem 4. per cent bonds, with interest\\nto Aug. 31, 1891.\\nOct. 17. la. In the Superior Court Judge\\nStoneman decides that the State Prohib-\\nitory Law is null and void in regard to\\nthe sale of original packages.\\n1 Kan. In the U. S. Circuit Court at\\nTopeka a decision is rendered, allowing\\nthe reopening of the original package\\nliquor-houses in the State, and declar-\\ning that the Wilson Bill does not restore\\nthe power of the Kansas Prohibitory\\nLaw.\\nOct. 20. Miss. The Constitutional Con-\\nvention refuses to entrust the Legisla-\\nture with power to divide the State.\\nOct. 31. la. Judge Caldwell of the U. S.\\nCircuit Court renders decision in the\\nIowa original package case sustaining\\nthe Iowa Prohibitory Law and the WiP\\nson Law this decision, with that of\\nJudge Shims, will prevent the sale of\\nliquor in Original Packages in Iowa until\\nthe U. S. Supreme Court shall finally\\ndecide upon the validity of the laws\\naffected.\\nNov. 1. J). C. The Treasury Depart-\\nment reports the increase of the public\\ndebt $3,668,012 in October.\\nMiss. The Constitutional Conven-\\ntion at Jackson adjourns after promul-\\ngating a new Constitution.\\nNov. 4. JVew York. Hugh J. Grant, the\\nTammany candidate, is elected the 89th\\nmayor.\\nWash. The Eoman Catholic Bishop\\nof Nesqually has brought a suit to get\\npossession of 430 acres of land occupied\\nas a United States military reservation\\nat Vancouver, and valued at 8750,000\\nhe bases his claim on the ground that a\\nmissionary station was established there\\nwith the consent of the Hudson Bay\\nCompany.\\nState and Congressional elections\\nare held in many of the States the\\nDemocratic party is generally victori-\\nous the Farmers Alliance gains a clear\\nmajority in the Kansas Legislature,\\nhaving 92 votes, while the Republicans\\nhave 62 and the Democrats 11.\\nNov. 13. Wyo. The first State Legis-\\nlature meets at Cheyenne it is Repub-\\nlican in both branches.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1890 Oct. 7. Del. An explosion kills 12\\nmen and injures 20 more, at the Dupont\\nPowder Works, near Wilmington.\\nOct. 12. Chicago. Four persons are\\nburned to death in a hotel.\\nOct. 15\u00c2\u00b1. Mich. The R. G. Peters\\nSalt and Lumber Company of Manis-\\ntee fails liabilities, $3,000,000.\\nOct. 20. Colo. The last spike is driven\\nin completion of the Pike s Peak\\nMountain Kailroad.\\nOct.22. Ky. Trains collide near Sloan s\\nValley seven persons are killed and 10\\nin 11\\nred.\\nty t.\\nOct. 20. N. J. The steame\\nbound for Havana collides with the\\nschooner Cornelius Margraves off Barne-\\ngat Light 65 lives are lost.\\nOct. 30. Pa. A case of leprosy is dis-\\ncovered at Chester.\\nNew York. The police recount of\\nthe city shows the population to be over\\n1,700,000, instead of 1,513,501 as enume-\\nrated by the Federal officials in June.\\nOct. 31. N. J. The Sugar Trust is\\nincorporated as The American Sugar\\nRefining Company, with a capital of\\n$50,000,000.\\nCal. SanFranciscoloses$500,000\\nby fire.\\nNew York. Judge Pratt grants the\\napplication for receivers for the Sugar\\nTrust, which takes the matter out of\\nthe hands of the trustees many certifi-\\ncates change hands.\\nNov. 3. Phila. The Standard Oil Com-\\npany organizes a trust to buy np all the\\nbulk oil-carrying craft plying between\\nPhiladelphia and Europe; $1,000,000 is\\npaid for six of the largest tank vessels\\nafloat.\\nNov. 4. Chicago. The area of the city\\nis increased by annexation to ISO. 2\\nsquare miles.\\nNov. 11. New York. Financial dis-\\ntress increases the Clearing House As-\\nsociation votes its certificates to banks\\nin need of assistance. [Nov. 17. That\\nof Boston does the same.]\\nCliicago. The National World s Fair\\nCommission passes resolutions accept-\\ning the double site Jackson Park\\nand the Lake Front for the Co-\\nlumbian Exposition.\\nMo. Nine men are killed and several\\ninjured by a train falling- through the\\nbridge over the Kaw River at Kansas\\nCity.\\nPhila. The banking firm of Barker\\nBrothers and Co. suspends, with liabili-\\nties placed at $5,000,000.\\nNov. 19. New York. A run on the\\nCitizens Savings-bank takes place.\\nA receiver is appointed for the North\\nRiver Bank.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "372 1890, Nov. 20-Dec. 29.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1890 Nov. 22. S. Dak. Armed Indian\\nwarriors, 15,000 strong, appear about\\nthe Pine Ridge Agency ready to dance\\nor fight.\\nNov. 23. S. Dak. The Sioux ghost\\ndances are discovered to be part of a\\nplot to draw the United States troops\\ninto ambush.\\nNov. 25. New York. Two Brazilian\\nwar-ships arrive, bringing a medal from\\nthe new republic to the President of the\\nUnited States.\\nDec, 1. Did. Ter. The Cherokee Strip\\nis cleared of cattlemen, hunters, and\\ncampers by Government troopers.\\nDec. 7. S.Dak. The hostile Sioux chiefs\\nfrom the Bad Lands come into the Pine\\nHidge Agency to hold a powwow with\\nGen. Brooke.\\nDec. 8. S. Dak. Ranchmen and In-\\ndians fight each other near the Bad\\nLands.\\nDec. 13. S. Dak. Troops and Sioux\\nIndians are in conflict near the Bad\\nLands troops of the 6th Cavalry cap-\\nture Chief Kicking Bear.\\nDec. 19. Ked Cloud, a Sioux chief,\\nrecommends the surrendering of the\\nIndians.\\nDec. 2S\u00c2\u00b1. The remains of Sitting Bull s\\nband join Big Foot to avenge the death\\nof their leader.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1890 Nov. Mo. Two great caverns\\nabounding with onyx are discovered\\nin the Ozark Mountains, about 70 miles\\nfrom St. Louis estimated value, S3 to\\n\u00c2\u00a715 per cubic foot.\\nNov. Pa. New wells of natural\\ngas are discovered.\\nDec. 5. New York. The Societies of\\nEthical Culture begin their annual\\nconvention.\\nDec. 8. New York. A meeting is held\\nto form a sub-branch of the English\\nSociety for Psychical Research.\\nDee. 9. O. The will of Horace Kelley\\ngives ,$500,000 for a National Gallery of\\nArts to be established in Cleveland.\\nDec. 10. New York. Thirteen patients\\nof Mount Sinai and St. Luke s hospitals\\nare inoculated with Dr. Koch s\\nlymph.\\n1890 BIRTHS DEATHS.\\nNov. 20. Glisson, Oliver S., rear-adm.\\nU. S. N., A81.\\nJohnson, Daniel V. M., P. E. clergyman\\nin Brooklyn, A78.\\nNov. 23. Beckwith, John Watrus, P. E.\\nbishop of Ga., A69.\\nNov. 24. Belmont, August, banker, of\\nNew York, A74.\\nNov. 25. Sbillaber, Benjamin P. (Mrs.\\nPartington), humorist, A76.\\nNov. 26. Corrigan, J. H., K. C. priest of\\nN. J., dies.\\nDec. 1. C olbv, CtMir^ abolitionist, dies.\\nDec. 4. BaxtiT, JeuViliah H., surgeon-gen.\\nU. S. A., A53.\\nDec. 16. Terry, Alfred II., inaj.-gen. U. S.\\nA.,A63.\\nCHURCH.\\n1890 Nov. 27. New York. Collections\\nare taken in Roman Catholic churches\\nfor the benefit of the bishops and priests\\nof the famine-stricken districts in\\nIreland.\\nDec. 3. Ga. The General Convention\\n(Congregational) of Georgia is formed.\\nDec. 7. New York. Bishop Potter\\npreaches an illustrated sermon, in\\nwhich he shows by diagram that in a\\ncertain section of the city, between\\nSeventieth and Eightieth Streets, on the\\nEast Side, with a population by census\\nof 100,000 persons, there are 2S0 saloons,\\nand only eight churches, and of the\\nchurches only two or three are Protes-\\ntant.\\nA tablet is unveiled in St. Paul s\\nChapel, in memory of the centennial\\ncelebration of the inauguration of Pres-\\nident Washington.\\nN. Y. The friends of Father M. J.\\nMoran, Roman Catholic pastor of the\\nChurch of thaJJativity, Brooklyn, gave\\nhim a purse of $25,000 on the eve of\\nthe 25th anniversary of his ordination.\\nDec. 9. Phila. The American Sabbath\\nUnion begins its sessions.\\nDec. 13. Two hundred Protestant\\nclergymen issue an appeal in defense\\nof the Christian Sabbath, especially\\ntion with the World s Fair.\\nLETTERS.\\n1S90 Nov. 25. N.J. Prof Austin Scott\\nis elected president of Rutgers Col-\\nlege.\\nDec. 1. Pa. William Dudley Foulke is\\nelected president of Swarthmore Col-\\nlege.\\nDec. 8. New York. By the will of Daniel\\nB. Fayerweather, bequests aggregating\\n$2,100,000 are made to hospitals\\nand coUeges.\\nDec. 9. N. Y. Steinway and Sons offer\\nthe Board of Education of Long Island\\nCity a free circulating library and\\nkindergarten school to be maintained\\nat their expense [the gift is accepted].\\nDec. Conn. New Haven decides not\\nto furnish free text-books to the\\nKoman Catholic parochial schools.\\nWebster s International Dictionary, by\\nNoah Porter, appears.\\nWilbur Piske, by George Prentice,\\nappears.\\nThe Principles of Psychology, by Wil-\\nliam James, appears.\\n*A History of Greek Literature, by\\nThomas Sergeant Perry, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1890 Nov. 21. La. The New Orleans\\ngrand jury finds a true hill against nine\\nprincipal members of the Mafia and\\neight accessories in the Hennessy\\nassassination case. (See Oct. 15.)\\nS. Dak. The Indians at Pine Ridge\\nAgency are busily engaged in ghost-\\ndances in honor of the new Christ,\\nwho pretends to give the Indians reve-\\nlations that the white man will he de-\\nstroyed and that they will possess all as\\nof old.\\nNov. 22. Did. A big system of trunk-\\nrobberies is discovered in Indianapolis.\\nKan. Two horse-thieves are shot\\nand five escape of a gang in the western\\npart of Pratt County the sheriff and 100\\nmen are in pursuit.\\nNov. 23. New York. A big meeting is\\nheld in Chickering Hall in memory of\\nthe Manchester martyrs.\\nNov. 26. Ga. A Grand Army Post at\\nMacon buys the site of Andersonville\\nPrison, and will make of it a Grand\\nArmy park.\\nNov. 27. Ala. William B. Hunter, edi-\\ntor of the Sylacauga Bee, shoots and\\nkills Town-Marshal Nickerson, who at-\\ntempted to arrest him for disorderly con-\\nduct.\\nPhila. John R. Baker, Jr., the misp-\\ning broker, is charged with abstracting\\n$x ,000,000 from the estate of his grauU-\\nNov. 29. Chicago. The Irish delegates\\naddress a great meeting Mayor Cregier\\nwelcomes them.\\nNov. 30. The Irish delegates in this\\ncountry send an address to London, con-\\ndemning Parnell s recent manifesto, and\\ndemanding his retirement from the\\nleadership, he having become notorious\\nin a divorce case.\\nNov. D. C. Attorney-General Miller\\ndecides that guessing contests con-\\nducted by newspapers are not violations\\nof the Anti-Lottery Law.\\nNov. 17. The Legislature rejects a bill\\ngiving municipal suffrage to women.\\nVote, 9S-11S.\\nNov.* U.S. The Census Bureau reports\\nthat three-tenths of the population\\nreside in cities.\\nDec. 2. PI a. The National Farmers\\nAlliance and Industrial Union Conven-\\ntion is held at Ocala.\\nDec. 3. Mass. No License is\\nadopted in Cambridge City by 5 i ma-\\njority.\\nDec. 4. Cal. King Kalakaua of Ha-\\nwaii lands at San Francisco.\\nDec. 7. New York. At Chickering Hall\\nthe Convention of Ethical Culture So-\\ncieties is addressed by Rev. Stanton Coit\\nof London, Felix Adler, and others.\\nDec. 8. Mich. The annual convention\\nof the American Federation of Labor is\\nheld at Detroit. Also the National con-\\nvention of retail clerks of America.\\nNew York. The Society for the Pro-\\ntection of Legal Eights is incorpo-\\nrated to render gratuitous legal advice\\naud services to needy and distressed\\npersons.\\nDec. 9. Ark. A dissappointed lover\\nkills six persons out of revenge near\\nFort Smith, and then kills himself.\\nCal. The corner-stone of an Insane\\nAsylumis laid at Ukiah. [Dec. 16. An-\\nother at San Bernardino.]\\nKy. One White Cap is killed and\\ntwo wounded while attempting a raid\\nupon a farmer at his home in Meade\\nCounty.\\nS. Dak. From 25 to 30 Indians are\\nkilled in a contest to decide whether\\nShort Bull or Two Strikes shall be chief\\nat the Pine Ridge Agency.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1890, Nov. 20 -Dec. 28. 373\\nDec. 10. N. J. Over 3,000\\nthe Clark thread mills at Newark and\\nKearny strike.\\nDec. 14. Chicago, George R. Sims is\\nsentenced to 15 months in jail for issu-\\ning fraudulent decrees of divorce.\\nNew York. A general strike is or-\\ndered on a new school building by the\\nWalking Delegates Board.\\nDec. 17. New York. Mayor Grant ap-\\npoints Paddy Divver, a saloon-\\nkeeper, and J. J. Ryan police justices.\\nMass. The poet Whittier celebrates\\nhis 83d birthday at Oak Knoll, his Dan-\\nvers home.\\nDec. 29. D. C. The American Historical\\nAssociation, the Geological Society of\\nAmerica, and the American Economic\\nAssociation are in session in Washing-\\nton.\\nN. Dale. A school for deaf mutes is\\nestablished at Devil s Lake.\\nWash. An insane asylum is com-\\npleted at Medicine Lake.\\nReported members of Masonic\\nGrand Lodges in the United States\\nand British America, 673,643.\\nSTATE.\\n1890 Nov. 25. New York. Brazilian\\nwar-ships arrive, bearing an embassy\\nof peace and a medal for the President\\nof the United States. [Nov. 26. The\\nofficers are officially received and enter-\\ntained at dinner.]\\nWis. A recount gives the Republi-\\ncans control of the State Senate they\\nare opposed to a repeal of the Bennett\\nLaw. (See Letters, Nov. 4.)\\nNov. 27. U. S. The verified census\\nreturns are published, showing that the\\ntotal population of the United States is\\n62,622,250.\\nNov. Fla. A constitutional amend-\\nment is approved by the people, chan-\\nging the day of the State election to the\\nTuesday after the first Monday in\\nOctober.\\nDec. 1. D. C. The 51st Congress: the\\nsecond session opens.\\nThe debt statement shows an increase\\nof the public debt in November amount-\\ning to $6,130,819.\\nDec. 2. D. C. Congress The Senate\\ngives the Federal Elections Bill the\\nfirst place as unfinished business Henry\\nM. Teller of Colo, and Preston B. Plumb\\nof Kan. each introduce a bill for the\\nFree Coinage of Silver, both bills are\\nreferred to the Committee on Finance\\nthe bill for Federal supervision of\\nCongressional elections is debated [till\\nJan. 21] the House resolves to recon-\\nsider the Copyright Bill. Vote, 132-74.\\nDec. 3. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nbegins to debate the Elections Bill\\nthe House passes the Copyright Bill.\\nVote, 135-95. The Democrats in caucus\\nresolve to oppose the Elections Bill to\\nthe end.\\niV. H. A combination is entered by\\nmembers of the Legislature at Concord\\nto obstruct legislation.\\nDec. 4. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the joint resolution to supply\\narms against the Indians, to the States\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0of North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyo-\\nming, and Nebraska; the House consid-\\ners the Pension Appropriation Bill.\\n[Dec. 5. Passed by the Senate. Dec. 11.\\nApproved by the President.]\\nN. H. The lower House kills the\\nSenate bill enacting legislation for the\\nguidance of the clerk 37 Republicans\\nvote with the Democrats.\\nDec. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndebates the Elections Bill, which is\\nstigmatized as a Force Bill the House\\npasses the Pension Appropriation\\nBill, introduced Dec. 4; the bill is so\\namended as to reduce the fees of claim\\nagents a bill is introduced to disarm\\nthe Indians, for the protection of set-\\ntlers, and to punish any persons who sell\\narms and ammunition to them.\\nDec. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndebates the Elections Bill.\\nN. Y. Despite the decision of the\\ncourt to recount the vote, the State\\nBoard of Elections declares the opponent\\nof H. A. Noyes the candidate-elect for\\nthe 28th Congressional District.\\nDec. 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndebates the Federal Elections Bill;\\nthe House passes the Atkinson Rail-\\nroad Bill and the Tobacco Rebate Bill.\\n[Dec. 10. The latter is passed by the\\nSenate. Dec. 15. Approved by the\\nPresident.]\\nDec. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndiscusses the Elections Bill the House\\nrejects the Senate resolution to move\\nGen. Grant s body from Riverside to\\nArlington. Vote, 153-92.\\nSecretary Windom announces that no\\nmore 4 per cent bids will be accepted.\\nBoston. Nathan Matthews, Jr. (Dem.)\\nis elected mayor.\\nDec. 11. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Fortifications Appropria-\\ntion Bill introduced Dec. 9. It passes\\nthe Deficiency Appropriation Bill in-\\ntroduced Dec. 9.\\nDec. 13. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate the debate on the Elections Bill is\\nresumed the House considers the Pub-\\nlic Lands claims, and passes the U. S.\\nLand Court Bill.\\nDec. 15. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate the Elections Bill is discussed by\\nMessrs. Wilson, Colquitt, and Vance;\\nthe House passes the Indian Depreda-\\ntions Bill.\\nDec. 17. D. C. Congress The House\\npasses the Reapportionment Bill in-\\ntroduced Dec. 9. Vote, 186-82.\\nDec. 18. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate John Sherman of O. introduces the\\ncaucus financial measure it meets\\nthe opposition of the silver Senators.\\nDec. 19. D. C. Congress; Senate O.H.\\nPiatt of Conn, introduces a joint resolu-\\ntion appropriating \u00c2\u00a7100,000 to enable the\\nPresident to take action to obtain from\\nthe German government a supply of\\nDr. Koch s lymph and the formula\\nfor its manufacture.\\nIt amends and passes the The Defi-\\nciency Appropriation Bill. [Jan. 5, 7.\\nConference report agreed to. Jan. 12.\\nApproved by the President.]\\nDec. 20. D. C. Congress: the House\\ndiscusses the Deficiency Bill, as\\namended id the other House, and sends\\nit back to the Senate.\\nDec. 22. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate Messrs. Higgins and Voorhees dis-\\ncuss the Elections Bill E. K. Hoar of\\nMass. fails in his attempt to have a\\nnight session.\\nDec. 23. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate N. W. Aldrich of R. I. gives notice\\nof his intention to introduce the Clo-\\nsure Rule in order to secure a vote on\\nthe Elections Bill, which is further dis-\\ncussed.\\nThe President nominates Henry E.\\nBrown of Mich, to succeed Justice Mil-\\nler in the Supreme Court. [Dec. 29. He\\nis confirmed.]\\nDec. 24. Phila. Judge Reed delivers a\\ndecision that the State law forbidding\\nthe sale of oleomargarin in original\\npackages as imported from another\\nState is unconstitutional.\\nD. C. A proclamation is issued by\\nPresident Harrison, inviting all na-\\ntions of the earth to participate in\\nthe Columbian Exposition.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1890 Nov. 22. Chicago. The United\\nStates Rolling-Stock Company makes\\nan assignment, with liabilities at$6,851,-\\n000, and assets $6,033,000.\\nN. J. Bamford Brothers silk-mill\\nat Paterson is destroyed by fire loss,\\n\u00c2\u00a7400,000.\\nNov. 25. Chicago. A big window-\\nglass trust is formed, to be known as\\nthe American Window-Glass Company,\\nwith a capital of \u00c2\u00a7500,000 it comprises\\na total of 41 firms.\\nNov. 26. D. C. The amount of 4-^ per\\ncent bonds redeemed, under the circu-\\nlar of Oct. 9, is $31,300, making the total\\nto date $5,S74,500.\\nNew York. About $200,000 in Clear-\\ning House certificates are retired.\\nMiss. Five lives are lost by the\\nburning of a Mississippi steamer near\\nPort Adams.\\nNov. 28. Phila. B. K. Jamison and Co.,\\nbankers, fail liabilities, nearly .s-_\\\\0U\\n000.\\nNov. III. A new stock-yard com-\\npany is organized at Springfield, with\\n$10,000,000 capital.\\nNov. Neb. A corn famine is threat-\\nening.\\nThe yield is less than 10 bushels to the\\nacre because of drouth much suffering\\nexists; churches and persons of means\\nare organizing measures of relief.\\nDec. 4. III. Five men are killed and\\nthree fatally injured by a falling furnace\\nat Joliet.\\nDec. 6. La. The cotton firm of V. and\\nA. Meyer and Co. of New Orleans fails,\\nwith liabilities aggregating S2 ,000,000.\\nPa. The Oliver Iron and Steel Mills\\nin Pittsburg are shut down, and the\\n3,000 employees are paid off.\\nDec. 8. S. Dak. Destitution is an-\\nnoiinced as worse than last year.\\nDec. 9. Mont. The Crow Indians cede\\n1,850,000 acres of their lands for \u00c2\u00a9946,000\\nto the Government.\\nDec. 25. Md. Masonic Temple in\\nBaltimore is destroyed by fire.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "374 1890, Dec. 29-1891, Jan. 16. AMERICA\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1890 Dec. 29. S. Dak. The U. S.\\ntroops under Maj. Whiteside have a bat-\\ntle with Indians at Wounded Knee\\nCreek.\\nChief Big Foot s fugitive hand is or-\\ndered to surrender they suddenly turn\\nand attack the troops. Capt. Wallace,\\nLieuts. Casey and Mann, besides 29\\nothers, are killed, and 30 are wounded.\\nBig Foot s band is nearly exterminated.\\nAmong the killed are 44 squaws and 18\\npapooses.\\nDec. 31. S. Dak. The Indians burn the\\nCatholic mission at Clay Creek six\\nmen of the 7th Cavalry are killed.\\nD. C. The navy yard begins the man-\\nufacture of heavy ordnance.\\n1891 Jan. 1. S. Dak. Gen. Brooke\\nis relieved of the command at Pine\\nRidge Agency, and is succeeded by Gen.\\nMiles in person.\\nJan. 2. S. Dak. The 9th Cavalry ar-\\nrives in time to prevent a massacre of\\nthe 7th by the Indians at Pine Bidge.\\nGen. Miles is encircling the hos-\\ntiles with troops, hoping to compel their\\nsubjection by starving them and so sav-\\ning further bloodshed. [Skirmishing oc-\\ncurs.]\\nJan. 7. S. Dak. Orders are issued di-\\nrecting that army officers act as In-\\ndian agents at Pine Bidge and other\\nagencies Indians are gradually return-\\ning to Pine Bidge Agency, but mean-\\nwhile settlers are flocking to the towns.\\nJan. 8. Ida. Indians are causing trouble.\\nJan. 9. S. Dak. A cordon of troops is\\ndrawn closer around the camp of the hos-\\ntile Sioux, but peace negotiations con-\\ntinue. [Jan. 11. Pine Bidge is menaced\\nby the near approach of 3000 hostiles.\\nJan. 12. Gen. Miles holds a conference\\nwith some of the chiefs. Jan. 14. Some\\nagree to a surrender. Jan. 15, The sur-\\nrender of the Indians is completed.]\\nJan. 15. D. C. John J. Coppinger is\\ncommissioned colonel 23d infantry.\\n[Also Jan. 31. Alfred Mordecai ord-\\nnance department. Feb. 7. Abraham\\nK. Arnold 1st cavalry.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1890 Dec* S. C. P. A. Emanuel\\nclaims to have discovered a process by\\nwhich aluminum can be freed from\\nkaolin at a cost of only $2.50 per ton.\\nPa. Many monuments are dedi-\\ncated during the year at Gettysburg by\\nsurviving veterans of the great battle.\\nU. S. The pneumatic tire safety\\nbicycles are introduced.\\nThomas A. Edison adapts his phono-\\ngraph to a water-motor.\\n1891 Jan. 9. O. An earthquake dis-\\nturbs the people at Toledo.\\n[Jan. 16. A shock at Pepperell, N. H.\\nMay20. Seven distinct shocks atSusan-\\nville, Cal. June 23. Slight shock at\\nCharleston, S. C, and June 28, another\\nat San Francisco, Cal. (See Aug. 9. Cal.)\\nAug. 21. Several shocks in the West and\\nSouth. Aug. 28. Several in Conn. Oct.\\n14. Shocks ~at San Francisco, Cal. Nov.\\n8. A severe shock, damaging buildings,\\nin Texas. Nov. 13. A heavy shock\\nthrough California.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1890.\\nDec. 30. Peterson, Theoplnlus B., pub-\\nlisher, of Phila., A67.\\nDec. 31. Spinner,- Francis, treasurer of\\nU. S., M. C. for**. Y., Akh.\\n1891.\\nJan. 5. Abbott. Emma, opera singer, A42.\\nJan. 7. Devens, Charles, jurist, orator,\\nU. S. atty.-gen., A71.\\nCHURCH.\\n1890 Alas. Bethel, in Western\\nAlaska, on the river Kuskokwim, be-\\ncomes a mission station of the Mora-\\nvian Brethren.\\nCal. The South California Confer-\\nence (Free Methodist) is organized.\\nT. Isidore Robot is consecrated\\n(Roman Catholic) bishop of Indian Ter-\\nritory.\\nla. The Ajinual Convention (Dis-\\nciples of Christ) is held at Des Moines\\nT. W. Phillips, president.\\nKan. Elisha S. Thomas is consecrated\\n(Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Kansas.\\nN. Y. The General Assembly\\n(United Presbyterian) meets. at Buffalo;\\nAndrew Watson, moderator.\\n*The Toledo Congregational Club in\\nToledo, Ohio, and the Northern Iowa\\nClub, Charles City, Iowa, are formed.\\nPhila. The Medical Mission, de-\\nsigned to reach the masses untouched\\nby other agencies, is established.\\nU. S. The American Bible Society\\nreports 2,293,665 copies of Scriptures\\nissued, and a total of 52,736,075 copies is-\\nsued to date.\\nU. S. The Woman s Foreign Mis-\\nsionary Union of Friends is consum-\\nmated.\\n1891 Jan. 1. Md. The memorial\\nchurch of Corpus Christi in Balti-\\nmore is consecrated by Cardinal Gib-\\nbons.\\nJan. 4. N.J. The First Presbyterian\\nChurch at Newark celebrates the\\n100th anniversary of the dedication of\\nthe building.\\nJan. 7. 0. The trial of Rev. Howard\\nMacQueary (Protestant Episcopal) for\\nheresy is begun at Cleveland.\\n[Sept. 23. Under a sentence of suspen-\\nsion he withdraws from the Protestant\\nEpiscopal Church and joins the Univer-\\nsalists. Sept. 25. He is formally de-\\nposed, at Trinity Cathedral in Cleveland,\\nby Bishop Leonard.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1890 La. The New Delta is issued\\nat New Orleans.\\nInd. The Taylor University (Meth.\\nEpis.) of Fort Wayne is founded.\\nN. Dak. Normal schools are estab-\\nlished by the State at Valley City and\\nMayville.\\nN. Dak. The Legislature establishes\\nan Agricultural College at Fargo.\\nNeto York. Das Morgen Journal is\\nfounded by Albert Pulitzer.\\nNew York. The Weiber Zettung (the\\nWomen s Journal), in the Polish tongue\\nand in Hebrew characters, is issued\\nit advocates the right of\\nvote.\\nOkla. A university is located at\\nNorman by the Legislature.\\nOre. Portland University (Meth.\\nEpis.) is founded at Portland.\\nUtah. The Methodist University\\nat Ogden is established.\\nUtah. The Legislature makes public\\nschools free to all.\\nWash. The Telegraph is issued at\\nSeattle.\\nU. S. American and imported\\nbooks published during the y^ar. 4,559,\\nbesides minor cheap libraries.\\nThe American of 1890, by Henry\\nAdams, appears.\\nDramatic Action, by Joseph Jefferson,\\nappears also Autobiography\\nBoston Unitarianism, by Octavius B.\\nFrothingham, appears.\\nCivil Government in the United States\\nby John Fiske, appears.\\nClubs for Working Girts, by Maude\\nStanley, appears.\\nThe Economic Basis of Protection, by\\nSimon N. Patten, appears.\\nEconomic and Social History of New\\nEngland, by Wm. B. Weeden, appears.\\nOver the Tea Cups, by Oliver Wendell\\nHolmes, appears.\\nThe Tragic Jifuse, by Henry James,\\nappears.\\nBallads, by Francis Marion Crawford,\\nappears.\\nEssays, Speculative a7id Suggestive, by\\nJohn Addington Symonds, appears.\\nFive Years with the Congo Cannibals,\\nby Herbert Ward, appears.\\nA Hazard of Neic Port imes, by William\\nDean Howells, appears.\\nHistory of the American Episcopal\\nChurch, by S. D. McCounell, appears.\\nThe Life of Bishop Simpson, by George\\nR. Crooks, appears.\\nThe Life of George H. Stuart, by Robert\\nEllis Thompson, appears.\\nAlexia, by Mary Abbott, appears.\\nThe Negro Question, by George W.\\nCable, appears also The Silent South.\\nThe North Shore Watch and Other\\nPoems, by George Edward Woodberry,\\nappears.\\nPactolus Prime, by Albion Winegar\\nTourgee, appears.\\nThe Political Beginnings of Kentucky,\\nby John Mason Brown, appears.\\nA Short History of the Boman People,\\nby William F. Allen, appears.\\nThe Story of Tonty, by Mary Hartwell\\nCatherwood, appears.\\nThe Unknown God, by C. Loring Brace,\\nappears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1890 Dec. 31. New York. The Com-\\nmissioners of Excise report S.SS5 places\\nlicensed to sell intoxicating liquors in\\nthe city.\\nThe total number of licensed drinking-\\nplaces other than hotels, restaurants,\\nand steamboats, is 6.742 there are 1,09S\\nstorekeepers licensed.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1890, Dec. 29-1891, Jan. 16. 375\\nDec. New York. The Sun estimates\\nthat every year 3,000 women find\\nthemselves stranded in this city;\\nnot only homeless, penniless, and with-\\nout work, but unable to work.\\nDec. Chicago. The Bureau of Jus-\\ntice, a society to aid the poor and de-\\nfenseless in obtaining their rights or\\ndefending themselves against aggression\\nby legal methods, is organized.\\nV. S. The wrecks of society are\\nreported: penitentiary convicts, 45,233\\nprisoners in county jails, 19,53S; juve-\\nniles in reformatories, 14,S46; paupers\\nin almshouses, 73,045. Total prisoners in\\nthe country, S2,329.\\nNew York. Sergius Stepniak, the\\nleader of the Russian Revolutionary\\nparty, arrives.\\n*Ia.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 0. Labor Day becomes a legal\\nholiday\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the first Monday in Septem-\\nber.\\nInd. The Marion branch of the Na-\\ntional Soldiers Home is opened.\\nMd. A high-license law is enacted\\nfor Baltimore city.\\n1S91 Jan. 2. New York. The New York\\nHerald fund provides 1,500 newsboys\\neach with a pea-jacket.\\nJan. 9. Pa. G. W. Delamater, late Re-\\npublican candidate for governor, is ar-\\nrested for embezzlement.\\nJan. 13. Ark. A shortage of $138,800\\nis discovered in the accounts of William\\nE. Woodruff, the State treasurer. (See\\nJune 26.)\\nJan. 15. Colo. A police official is killed\\nand an attempt made to kill Speaker\\nHanna in the State House by a political\\nfaction the Assembly is surrounded by\\na cordon of police and State militia.\\nSTATE.\\n1890 Dec. 30-31. D.C. Congress:\\nThe Senate debates the Elections Bill.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-92 Ala. Thomas G. Jones (Dem.).\\n-94* Ga. William J. Northen (Dem.).\\n-94 la. Horace Boies (Rep.).\\nIda. George L. Slioupe (Rep.)\\nlater Norman B. Willey (Rep.).\\n-91 Mass. J. Q. A. Brackett (Rep.).\\n-93 Miss. John M. Stone (Dem.).\\n-93 N.J. Leon Abbett (Dem.).\\n-92 0. James E. Campbell (Dem.).\\n-91 Ji. I. John W. Davis (Dem.).\\n-94 S.C. Benj. R. Tillman (Dem.).\\n-92 Vt. Carroll S. Page (Rep.).\\n-94* Va. Philip W.McKinney (Dem.).\\n-93 W. Va. A. B. Fleming (Dem.).\\n1S91 Jan. 1. Miss. The new Con-\\nstitution becomes operative.\\nJan. 2. D.C. The Treasury Department\\nreports the public debt reduced $11,005,-\\n397 in December.\\nKan. The New Legislature stands\\nSenate Republicans, 38 Democrats,\\n1 Alliance, 1. House Republicans,\\n26 Alliance, 91 Democrats, 8.\\nJan. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nvotes to set aside the consideration of\\nthe Elections Eill (Force Bill), and\\ntakes up the Finance Bill to provide\\nagainst the contraction of the currency.\\nVote, 34-29. The House passes the De-\\nficiency Eill.\\nPresident Harrison submits to Con-\\ngress the correspondence on the Bering\\nSea controversy, with a letter from Sec-\\nretary Blaine to the British minister.\\nLord Salisbury insists that Bering Sea\\nmust be regarded as a part of the Pa-\\ncific Ocean Secretary Blaine answers\\nthat it was not so considered in the\\ntreaties between England and Russia\\nand although he does not contend that\\nit must be regarded as a closed sea, he\\nargues that the rights of the United\\nStates extend to the protection of the\\nseal fisheries.\\nMont. A Senate and two Houses\\nare in session one Republican and the\\nother Democratic the Democrats, hav-\\ning four majority in the Senate, recog-\\nnize the Democratic House, so also does\\nGov. Toole.\\nJan. 6. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate the silver debate is continued the\\nHouse discusses the Shipping Bill.\\n(See Mar. 3.)\\nN. H, The Supreme Court of the\\nState delivers an opinion dismissing\\nthe cases against Clerk Jewett on the\\nground of want of jurisdiction this\\nleaves the making up of the roll of\\nmembers of the House in Jewett s\\nhands, which is favorable to the Repub-\\nlicans.\\nJan. 7. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate H. M. Teller of Colo, introduces a\\nbill for negro colonization in Lower\\nCalifornia.\\nThe International Monetary Con-\\nference meets in Washington Secre-\\ntary Blaine makes an address of wel-\\ncome.\\nIII. In the Legislature the House\\nelects a Democratic speaker, and the\\nSenate a Republican president pro tem-\\npore.\\nN. H. The Republicans of the Legis-\\nlature organize, and elect Hiram A.\\nTuttle governor by a majority of 35.\\nJan. 8. Minn. In the Legislature the\\nFarmers Alliance candidate, E. T.\\nChamplin, is elected Speaker.\\nNeb. The Alliance men on one\\nside, and the Republicans and Demo-\\ncrats on the other, are struggling for\\nascendency in the Legislature.\\nJan. 9. D. C. Congress: In the Senate\\nJ. C. S. Blackburn of Ky., and J. T.\\nMorgan of Ala., speak in advocacy of\\nthe Free-Coinage Amendment to the\\nSilver Bill.\\nIII. In the Senate a bill is introduced\\nfor the repeal of the Compulsory Ed-\\nucation Law.\\nNeb. James E. Boyd (Dem.) is\\nsworn in as governor, but Gov. Thayer\\nrefuses to vacate the office, declaring\\nthat Boyd has never been naturalized,\\nand therefore is ineligible Powers, the\\nAlliance candidate, takes the oath of\\noffice. [Jan. 15. Gov. Thayer surren-\\nders the office under protest.]\\nJan. 10. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate the Committee on Foreign Relations,\\nby unanimous report, recommend that\\nthe bonds of the Nicaragua Canal\\nCompany be guaranteed by the Gov-\\nernment to the extent of $100,000,000.\\nJan. 12. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate M. S. Quay of Pa. introduces a sub-\\nstitute for the Elections Bill in the\\nHouse a select committee is appointed\\nto investigate the alleged Silver pool.\\nAt Washington the Bering Sea con-\\ntroversy is brought into the Supreme\\nCourt, with the sanction of Great Brit-\\nain, upon petition for a writ of prohibi-\\ntion in re the Canadian sealer W. P.\\nSat/ward, confiscated in 1887 by the Dis-\\ntrict Court of Alaska.\\nN. Y. The Chamber of Commerce\\npasses resolutions opposing the Silver\\nBill.\\nJan. 13. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate Messrs. Sherman, Allison, and Al-\\ndrich speak against free coinage.\\nConn. At Hartford the Democratic\\ncandidates for State offices are sworn\\nin by the Senate, and make formal de-\\nmands for the offices, which the incum-\\nbents refuse to surrender.\\nN.J. The Senate reinstates E. F.\\nMcDonald (unseated last May) vice Mr.\\nStuhr of Hudson Co., now unseated.\\nN. Y. The Court of Appeals reserves\\njudgment in the Flack case, and orders\\na new trial.\\nJan. 14. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate the Free Coinage Silver Bill,\\nadopted June 17, 1890, is passed as a sub-\\nstitute for the Financial Bill. Tote, 39-\\n27. The Elections Bill is again taken\\nup. Vote, 34-33, the Vice-President cast-\\ning the deciding vote. The House passes\\nthe Army and Navy Appropriation\\nBill after five discussions bill intro-\\nduced Dec. 11, 1890.\\nColo. Rival factions in the Lower\\nHouseof the Legislature quarrel troops\\nare called out and successfully quell the\\ndisturbance.\\nJan. 15. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate the consideration of the Elections\\nBill is resumed.\\nJan. 16. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate the debate on the Elections Bill\\ncontinues all night.\\nIt amends and passes the Coin and\\nCurrency Bill to provide against the\\ncontraction of the currency, after four\\ndiscussions. Bill introduced Dec. IS,\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1890 Dec. 31. U. S. Statistics for\\n1890. Production: Gold, S32,N45.0on\\nsilver, $70,404,000 bushels of grain In-\\ndian corn, 1,489,070.000; wheat, 3!.)9,2([2,-\\n000; oats. 523.021,000; barley. 03,000,000;\\nrye, 2S,000,000 buckwheat, 11.000,0011\\nbales of cotton, 7,313,726: pounds of\\nwool, 76,000,000; barrels of petroleum,\\n4. V S22,G72. Currency in circulation, $1,-\\n429,251,270; per capita, \u00c2\u00a722.82; immi-\\ngrants received (fiscal year), 455,302.\\nFire-waste, Slus.9n;;.792; insurance loss,\\nso: .oi5,465. Total railroad accidents,\\n2,146; 6,335 persons are killed and 29,027\\ninjured. Business failures for the year,\\n10,673; liabilities, $175,032,836.\\n1891 Jan. 2. New York. The Fifth\\nAvenue Theater is burned.\\nJan. 3 Pa. The Scottdale rolling\\nmills and pipe works and the Charlotte\\nfurnace and coke works are closed in-\\ndefinitely; 10,000 men are out of em-\\nployment at Scottdale.\\nJan. 14. Minn. Station agents and\\ntelegraph operators on the St. Pau\\\\\\nRailroad resign.\\nNew York. Three fires on the Hud-\\nson River front destrov a grain elevator\\nand two large building s loss, \u00c2\u00a9300,000.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "376 1891, Jan. 16-Feb. 11.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1891 Jan. 23. X). C. Daniel W. Flag-\\nler is commissioned brigadier-general.\\nFeb. 1. Ala. Troops are sent to Car-\\nbon Hill to quell a race riot several\\nnegro miners are shot by the whites.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1891 Jan. 27\u00c2\u00b1. la. A 16-inch vein\\nof silver is found on a farm near Fair-\\nport.\\nJan. 28. New York. W. W. Astor gives\\n22 new paintings, valued at $75,000, to\\nthe Astor Library.\\nJan. 29. Chicago. The 30-foot model\\nof a new air-ship is exhibited it does\\nnot work.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1891.\\nJan. 17. Bancroft, George, historian, A 90.\\nJan. 18. Congdon, Charles T., journalist,\\nA70.\\nJan. 19. Kalakaua, King of the Hawaiian\\nIslands, A55.\\nJan. 24. Wadleiirh, liuinhriilt^ senator for\\nN. H., AGO.\\nDod worth, Harvey B-, band-master,\\nconductor, of N. Y., A69.\\nJan. 27. McEntee, Jarvis, landscape\\npainter, Ab3.\\nJan. 29. Windom, William, senator for\\nMinn., secretary of treasury, A64.\\nFeb. 10. Kedpath, James, journalist, labor\\nreform agitator, A57.\\nCHURCH.\\n1891 Jan. 18. New York. The Mar-\\nonite Syrians dedicate a chapel.\\nJan. 20. New York. Rev. Dr. Charles\\nA. Briggs is installed professor of Bib-\\nlical theology in Union Theological\\nSeminary.\\nJan. 21. Ala. Henry M. Jackson is\\nconsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) assis-\\ntant bishop of Alabama.\\nJan. 26. Minn. Archbishop Ireland\\nof St. Paul issues an edict against church\\nlotteries in his jurisdiction he makes\\nno exception whatever.\\nFeb. 6. New York. Archbishop Corri-\\ngan issues a call for a conference of\\nthe clergy to consider the cases of per-\\nsons who have attended Anti-Poverty\\nSociety meetings.\\nLETTERS.\\n1891 Jan. 24. Boston. The Massa-\\nchusetts Historical Society celebrates\\nits centennial.\\nJan. 27. It. The Anglo-American\\nArcheological Society is in session at\\nKoine, with Lord Dufferin in the chair.\\nJan. 28. 0. W. G. Ballantine is elected\\npresident of Oberlin as successor to C. S.\\nFairchilds.\\nFeb. 2. Mass. A conditional addition\\nof $100,000 to Amherst s endow-\\nment fund is announced by President\\nGates.\\nFeb. 4. 0. Rev. C. F. Thwing is in-\\nstalled as President of Western\\nBeserve University and Adelbert\\nCollege in Cleveland.\\nFeb. 6. N. Mex. New Mexico has a\\nfree-school law for the first time.\\nFeb. 11. New York. The Board of Re-\\ngents of the University approves a plan\\nof University extension. [Feb. 12.\\nThe Regents decide upon three library\\ndegrees, one to be honorary.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1891 Jan. 19. The Woman s Prison\\nAssociation reports its wants.\\n(1) Matrons in station-houses (2)\\nreformatory for women (3) a graded\\nsentence law, with power to pardon to\\nbe withdrawn from police justices; (4)\\nall prisoners to serve their sentences in\\nprisons, not in charitable institutions\\n(5) a woman commissioner for each de-\\npartment of charities and corrections\\n(6) that drunkenness should be treated\\naccording to class, whether as inebriates\\nor criminals.\\nVa. The first public observance of\\nGen. Robert E. Lee s birthday, made\\na legal holiday by the previous Legisla-\\nture, is celebrated.\\nJan. 21. New York. The American So-\\nciety of Civil Engineers is in session.\\nJan. 24. Kan. The trial of 35 ladies,\\nwho raided the illegal whisky-joints of\\nLathrop last February, destroying liq-\\nuors and bottles, is concluded by an ac-\\nquittal of the defendants.\\nJan. 28. N. J. G. H. Engeman and four\\nother managers of the Clifton race-track\\nare fined \u00c2\u00a71.000 and are to be imprisoned\\nfor one year for allowing pool-selling on\\nthe track.\\nJan. 29. New York. William Windom,\\nSecretary of the Treasury, dies of cere-\\nbral hemorrhage and coma, at Delnioni-\\nco s, after making an address as a guest\\nof the New York Board of Trade and\\nTransportation.\\nJan. 30. New York. Hughes and Buttner,\\ntwo bogus divorce lawyers, are sen-\\ntenced respectively to five and seven\\nyears imprisonment.\\nJan. 31. Jnd. White Caps in Harrison\\nand Crawford Counties whip a farmer s\\nwife nearly to death, laying the flesh\\nopen the length of her hack.\\nFeb. 1. Ala. Negro miners in consid-\\nerable numbers at Carbon Hill have\\nbeen shot by whites troops are sent\\nto quell the disturbance.\\nFeb. 3. Ind. The Legislature passes bills,\\n(1) requiring cigarette dealers to pay a\\nState license of 200 a year, and (2) to\\ngive wife-beaters at least 60 lashes pub-\\nlicly when found guilty.\\nFeb. 4\u00c2\u00b1. Cat. The police of San Fran-\\ncisco are destroying the joss-houses of\\nthe highbinders in that city.\\nFeb. 6. Tenn. The Morning Journal of\\nKnoxville is seized by the postmaster\\nfor violation of the anti-lottery law.\\nN, Mex. Two Republican coun-\\ncilmen are fired upon by assassins in\\nSanta Fe \u00c2\u00a715,000 reward has been of-\\nfered for their arrest and conviction.\\nFeb. 7. Cal. The International Society\\nfor the Colonization of Russian Jews\\nis incorporated in San Francisco, with a\\ncapital of \u00c2\u00a71,000,000.\\nBaron Hirsch authorizes the use of\\n\u00c2\u00a72,500,000 to establish a fund for He-\\nbrew immigrants to this country.\\n[Sept. 4. The fund is denounced by a\\nmass-meeting of Hebrew working men\\nin New York.]\\nFeb. 8. Chicago. Organized labor passes\\nresolutions against the employment of\\nnon-union labor on the World s\\nFair.\\nFeb. 9. La. The Mardi Gras Festi-\\nval begins in New Orleans.\\nNew York. The 5th annual conven-\\ntion of the National Association of\\nBuilders of the United States lie-ins its\\nsession in Masonic Hall 300 delegates\\nare present from the principal cities.\\nPa. About 10,000 miners go on a\\nstrike in the Counellsville cuke region.\\n(See Mar. 30 Apr. 18.)\\nFeb. 10. Pa. Some 300 employees of the\\nPittsburg and Western Railroad go on\\nstrike.\\nO. The United Mine Workers of\\nAmerica are in session at Columbus,\\nwith 300 delegates from 15 States pres-\\nent.\\nSTATE.\\n1S91 Jan. 16. Mass. The House of\\nRepresentatives adopts by a large ma-\\njority resolutions against the free coin-\\nage of silver.\\nJan. 17. C. Congress: The Senate,\\nafter a continuous session of 30 hours\\ndevoted to the final discussion of the\\nElections Bill, adjourns at 6 p.m. (see\\nJuly 2, 1890) the House Silver Pool\\nInvestigating Committee begins its\\ninquiry it is alleged that members\\nspeculated in silver during the discus-\\nsion of the Silver Bill.\\nCan. The Dominion Ministry return\\nthe trade reciprocity proposals of the\\nUnited States Government to the Co-\\nlonial office they express hostility to\\nfull and complete reciprocity, but favor\\nreciprocity in natural products.\\nJan. IS. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Coin and Currency Bill, to\\nprovide against the contraction of the\\ncurrency, after 10 discussions. Intro-\\nduced Dec. IS, 1S90.\\nJan. 19. Conn. Gov. Bulkeley issues\\na proclamation warning the Democratic\\nclaimants from attempting to exercise\\nthe functions of State officers.\\nla. At Vinton Judge Hoff holds the\\nWilson Bill constitutional, and the Iowa\\nProhibitory Law to be in force as to im-\\nported liquors.\\nJan. 20. D. C. Congress: In the Senate\\nthe Closure Resolution to limit debate\\nis called up, and obtains the right of\\nway for consideration on the 21st hist.\\nIt debates the Federal Elections Bill\\nthe 36th discussion without decisive\\nresults.\\nBoston. A meeting of business men\\nis held in Faneuil Hall to protest against\\nthe free coinage of silver.\\nConn. The state Senate allows the\\nRepublican hold-over officers to preside.\\nWis. In both Houses of the Legisla-\\nture bills are introduced for the repeal\\nof the Bennett Compulsory Education\\nLaw. [Passed, Feb. G, signed by Gov.\\nPeck.]\\nJan. 22. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate the Aldrich Closure Resolution\\nis made the unfinished business in the\\nHouse the District of Columbia Ap-\\npropriation Bill is passed after six dis-\\ncussions bill introduced Dec. 17, 1S90.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1891.Jan.16-Feb.il. 377\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Jan. 23. The Legislatures of Missouri,\\nNorth. Carolina, and Arkansas pass reso-\\nlutions against making appropria-\\ntions for the World s Fair while the\\nElections Bill is pending.\\nJan. 24. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ntakes another recess without voting on\\nthe Closure Resolution.\\nJan. 26. D.C. Congress: In the Senate\\nthe Aldrich Closure Resolution is dis-\\nplaced. Vote, 35-34. The House passes\\nthe Naval Appropriation Bill intro-\\nduced Dec. 20, 1890.\\nSenator Cameron of Pa. testifies be-\\nfore the Silver Pool Investigating Com-\\nmittee that he bought and sold 100,000\\nounces of silver on margin before the\\nSilver Bill passed the Senate.\\nSpain agrees to the proposal of the\\nXT. S. Government for the negotiation\\nof a treaty of reciprocity with Cuba.\\nJan. 27. D.C. Attorney-General Miller\\npresents his answer in the Bering Sea\\ncase before the U. S. Supreme Court\\nhe holds that the seal-fisheries question\\nis for the Executive, and not for the\\nJifcUcial Department.\\nJan. 28. Conn. The House Committee\\non Canvass of Votes reports that of the\\nState officers only Nicholas Staub, State\\nController, is elected.\\nJan. 29. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Apportionment Bill for\\nmembers of Congress, under the 11th\\ncensus, without amendment, by a strict\\nparty vote (37-24) [Feb. 10. Approved.]\\nIt passes the Dunnell Reapportion-\\nment Bill. [Feb. 10. Approved by the\\nPresident.]\\nMont. The contesting parties in the\\nLegislature agree to a compromise giv-\\ning the Republicans 2S members and\\nthe Democrats 27, together with the\\nSpeaker, the inferior officers, and the\\ncontrol of committees.\\nJan. 30. D. C. Congress adjourns as\\na mark of respect to the late Secretary\\nWindom, he having been a member\\nof both Senate and House.\\nJan. 31. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Military Academy Appro-\\npriation Bill introduced Jan. 6 four\\nwitnesses testify before the Silver Pool\\nInvestigating Committee.\\nNeb. The Senate adopts a memorial\\nto Congress urging the appropriation of\\n$1,000,000 for the relief of Western\\nfarmers suffering from crop failure.\\nJan. III. The Legislature indorses the\\nFree Silver Coinage Bill.\\nJan. La. Judge Buckner of the Baton\\nRouge District Court refuses to grant\\na writ of mandamus compelling the\\nSecretary of State to promulgate the\\nlottery amendment which was passed\\nby the last Legislature, and which Gov.\\nNicholls refuses to sign.\\nPeb. 1. Mont. Speaker Witter (Rep.)\\nof the Lower House dies, leaving the\\nHouse a tie politically.\\nFeb. 2. D. C. Congress: In the Senate\\nthe Hawaiian Treaty, the Fortifica-\\ntions Bill, and the defenseless condition\\nof the country, are discussed.\\nThe IT. S. Supreme Court holds that\\nit has jurisdiction by way of prohibition\\nto review the proceedings of the Alaska\\nCourt in the i\\nof the forfeiture of\\nFeb. 3. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nadopts some amendments to the Forti-\\nfications Bill, and passes the House Bill\\nextending the time to 30 days for which\\nthe President may designate a temporary\\nsuccession to the Cabinet,\\nFeb. 4. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\namends and passes the Fortification\\nAppropriation Bill, after four discus-\\nsions. [Feb. 17. Conference report\\nagreed to. Feb. 26. Approved by the\\nPresident.]\\nIt amends and passes the Military\\nAcademy Appropriation BUI. [Feb.\\n28. Conference report agreed to. Mar.\\n2. Approved by the President.] It be-\\ngins the debate on the Nicaragua Canal\\nBill. [Nine discussions follow.]\\nThe House passes the Diplomatic\\nand Consular Appropriation Bill in-\\ntroduced Jan. 13.\\nThe presidents of the State organiza-\\ntions of the National Farmers Al-\\nliance meet in Washington.\\nThe Committee on Silver Legislation\\nsubmits a report urging upon Congress\\nthe demand for the free coinage of silver\\nupon the same terms and conditions that\\ngold is now coined.\\nPresident Harrison asks the Senate to\\ntake action relative to the suppression\\nof the African slave-trade and liquor-\\ntraffic.\\nConn. The Senate refuses to recog-\\nnize the report of the House Commit-\\ntee on Canvass of Votes.\\nN. Y. The Senate passes the bill\\nproviding for the submission of the\\nProhibition Amendment to the voters\\nof the State on April 14.\\nFeb. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\namends and passes the Pension Ap-\\npropriation Bill. [Mar. 3. A confer-\\nence report is agreed to. Mar. 3.\\nApproved.] The bill appropriates for\\npensions $133,173,0S5.\\nThe President issues a proclamation\\ndeclaring that a satisfactory treaty has\\nbeen made with Brazil under the terms\\nof the reciprocity amendment to the\\nTariff Bill. (Effective April 1, 1891.)\\nInd. The Senate passes a sweeping\\nmeasure against trusts.\\nFeb. 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nrecommits the Eight-hour Labor Bill.\\nVote, 27-24. The House passes the\\nWorld s Fair clause of the Sundry Civil\\nAppropriation Bill the minority report\\nof the Baum Investigating Committee\\noffers a substitute for the majority reso-\\nlution offered Feb. 6, condemning the\\ncourse of the Commissioner of Pen-\\nsions.\\nS. Dak. The Senate by one majority\\ndecides to substitute life imprisonment\\nfor the death penalty.\\nFeb. 9. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Sundry Civil Appropria-\\ntion Bill, after five discussions bill\\nintroduced Feb. 3.\\nFeb. 10. D.C. Congress The Senate\\namends and passes the Army Appro-\\npriation Bill. [Feb. 16. The House\\nconcurs. Feb. 26. Approved by the\\nPresident.] It also discusses Com-\\nmander Reiter s case in connection\\nwith the Barrundia affair.\\nJose Martin Barrundia, a Guatemalan\\ninsurrectionist, a passenger on an Amer-\\nican vessel touching at San Jose\\\\ is\\nkilled by Guatemalan officials, Aug. 27+\\n1S90, while attempting his arrest. Com-\\nmander Reiter of the lianyer refused\\nto interfere for his protection.\\nThe President approves the Act pro-\\nhibiting the sale of tobacco to minors\\nunder 16 years of age in the District of\\nColumbia.\\nN. Y. In the State Senate a bill is\\nintroduced to authorize the construction\\nof two bridges across the East River.\\nFeb. 11. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\namends and passes the Naval Appro-\\npriation Bill. [Feb. 21. A conference\\nreport is agreed to and the bill approved\\nby the President.]\\nN. Y. The Silver Pool Investigat-\\ning Committee continues to take testi-\\nmony.\\nThe New York Chamber of Commerce\\ndelegation opposes the Free Coinage\\nBill before the House Committee on\\nCoinage.\\nN. Y. The Assembly passes the Acker\\nState Care of the Insane Bill appropriat-\\ning $454,000, and another for a State\\nprinting-bureau.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1S91 Jan. 18. N. Y. Buffalo loses\\n$225,000 by fire. [Mar. 10. A like loss.]\\nO. At Findlay a hotel is wrecked and\\nseveral persons are killed by an explo-\\nsion of natural gas.\\nJan. 19. Mo. The American National\\nBank of Kansas Citv suspends, with lia-\\nbilities estimated at $2,250,000.\\nJan. 22. Cat. The Funeral Services\\nof King Kalakaua of the Sandwich\\nIslands are held in San Francisco.\\nJan. 23. N. Y. The Buffalo Clothing\\nExchange is burned the falling walls\\nkill two firemen loss, $350,000.\\nJan. 27. Pa. An explosion of fire-\\ndamp in a shaft at the coke works near\\nMt. Pleasant kills 100 miners.\\nJan. 29. Cal. The canneries organ-\\nize with a capital of $5,000,000.\\nFeb. 2. Conn. George M. Bradley, the\\nfirst patient in the United States treated\\nwith Koch s remedy for tuberculosis,\\ndies at New Haven.\\nFeb. 3. N.Y. The Hecla Iron Works,\\nBrooklyn, take fire loss, $400,000.\\nFeb. 6. III. The Pullman Car Works\\nare burned; loss, $200,000.\\nN. Y. E. D. Church and Com-\\npany s soda works in Brooklyn are\\nburned; loss, $200,000; 500 persons are\\nthrown out of employment.\\nPa. A $4,000,000 contract to fur-\\nnish armor for the Nary is awarded to\\nCarnegie, Phipps, and Company of Pitts-\\nburg.\\nThe nut and bolt works of J. H.\\nSternbergb at Heading are burned loss,\\n$350,000.\\nFeb. 8. Cal. The San Miguel Consoli-\\ndating Mining Company is incorporated\\nwith a capital of $15,000,000.\\nFeb. 9. New York. Table glassware\\nmanufacturers form a trust with a capi-\\ntal of $1,000,000.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "378 1891, Feb. 11-Mar. 9.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1891 Feb. 12. D. C. Col. Forsyth is\\nexonerated from charges against him\\nrelative to the fight at Wounded Knee,\\nin which women and children were\\nkilled.\\nMar. 2. U. S. Congress appropriates\\n\u00c2\u00a725,000 for the equipment of the Naval\\nHeserve.\\nMar. 6. D. C. The cruisers Philadel-\\nphia and San Francisco are formally\\naccepted by the Secretary of the Navy.\\nMar. 7. D. C. Secretary Proctor decides\\nto enlist 2,000 Indians as soldiers.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1S91 Feb. 14. New York. The George\\nI. Seney collection of pictures (106) is\\nsold at public auction, and realizes\\n\u00c2\u00a7300,700.\\nThe American Academy of Po-\\nlitical and Social Science is incorpo-\\nrated.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1891.\\nFeb. IS. Porter. David D.. adm. U.S. N.,\\nA78.\\nStuart, Alexander II. II., M. C. for Va.,\\nsecretary of the interior, A84.\\nFeb. 14. Sherman, William T.. gen. U.S.\\nA., A71.\\nFeb. 18. Siblev, Henry H., maj.-gen., first\\nGov. of Minn., A80.\\nFeb. 19. Winchell, Alexander, geologist,\\nUniversiiv of Michigan, A67.\\nFeb. 24. Wilson, Ephr;iim K., senator for\\nMd., A70.\\nFeb. 28. Hearst, George, sen. forCal., A7I.\\nMar. 3. Furnian, James C., Bapt. clergy-\\nman, president of Furnian University, AS2.\\nMar. 6. Hill, Joshua, senator for Ga., A79.\\nLETTERS.\\n1891 Feb. 14. Boston. The New Na~\\ntio?i, by Edward Bellamy, appears as a\\nweekly.\\nFeb. 17. Prof. A. Graham Bell gives\\n\u00c2\u00a725,000 to the Association for Teach-\\ning Deaf -Mutes.\\nFeb. 19. Chicago. H. W. Rogers is in-\\nstalled as president of the Northwest-\\nern University.\\nMass. The will of Mary A. Nevins\\nbequeaths $20,000 to the Nevins Memo-\\nrial Library of Methuen.\\nFeb. 28. New York. The Friends hold\\nan educational conference.\\nMar. 3. B. C. Congress passes an inter-\\nnational copyright law. [See July 1.]\\nMar. 7. Mass. Harvard receives $100-\\n000 by the will of Edwin Conant of\\nWorcester.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1891 Feb. 11. New York. The Ameri-\\ncan Newspaper Publishers Associa-\\ntion meets in annual session.\\nChicago. George J. Gibson, secretary\\nof the Whisky Trust, is charged with\\nbribing a gauger to blow up Shufeldt s\\nanti-trust distillery he is arrested and\\nheld in $20,000 bail. [Apr. 20. The Fed-\\neral grand jury at Chicago finds a true\\nbill against him.]\\nFeb. 12. N. J. People in sympathy with\\nthe striking spinners at the Clark\\nT-vead Works at Kearney join in a\\nriot, and several thousand dollars of\\ndamage to property is the result.\\nFeb. 13. Chicago. Italians stop work\\non the World s Fair site through fear of\\nthe mobs of unemployed workmen.\\nFeb. 14. ftul. Charles hitter, teller of\\nthe First National Bank of Kvansville,\\nis a defaulter in the sum of $25,000.\\nFeb. 16. J). C. Senator Matt. Quay\\nof Pennsylvania denies all the charges\\nthat have been made against him reflect-\\ning upon his public life.\\nNeb. S. B. Cowles, bank president of\\nClarke, is arrested on the charge of mur-\\ndering his wife.\\nFeb. 17. New York. Hebrew private\\nschools in tenement houses are closed\\nby the Board of Health, owing to their\\nfilthy condition.\\n7?. The National Electric Light\\nAssociation is in session at Providence.\\nFeb. 18. Fla. Two outlaws. Mike\\nKelly and Jim Champion, are taken from\\njail at Gainesville, and lynched for\\nmurder and robbery.\\nNew York. The People s Municipal\\nLeague effects a permanent organiza-\\ntion.\\nFeb. 19. New York. The remains of\\nGen. W. T. Sherman are escorted by an\\nimposing parade of soldiers, Grand\\nArmy men, and others to the Pennsyl-\\nvania Railroad station, en route to St.\\nLouis.\\nFeb. 22.-Mar. 1. D. C. The Women s\\nNational Triennial Council is in ses-\\nsion.\\nIt opens with religious services, and\\nconsiders the subject of temperance\\nit eulogizes Mrs. Windoin for not serv-\\ning wine in social life, and discusses\\nwoman s suffrage.\\nGa. A mob lynches two negroes\\nnear Brunswick.\\nFeb. 23. Tex. John A. Williams, a\\nnotorious train-robber, is sentenced at\\nLinden to imprisonment for 99 years.\\nFeb. 25. Fla. A bulldozer is\\nfined $1,000 and costs in a Federal court.\\nNew York. The opposition to the\\nFayerweather will is withdrawn.\\nThe residuary legatees agree to give\\nthe immense sum in their hands to nu-\\nmerous colleges and charitable institu-\\ntions the will, minus the codicils, is\\nadmitted to probate.\\nFeb. 28. Boston. A strike at Dobson s\\nplush mill is satisfactorily ended, and\\nthe men return to work.\\nN. Y. The Senate Committee is again\\ninvestigating the Sugar Trust this\\ntime having several of the prominent\\nTrust officers before it some of its\\nbooks are missing.\\nFeb. Nero York. A strike of the em-\\nployees of the Troy Laundry Company\\nend s in victory for the strikers.\\nMar. 1. Mb. Eight negroes are injured\\nin a race-fight in St. Louis.\\nMd. Cardinal Gibbons, in the cathe-\\ndral at Baltimore, preaches against\\nwomen taking part in politics.\\nMar. 2. Del. Ex-State Treasurer Her-\\nbert is a defaulter to the State to the\\namount of 830,000.\\nMar. 5. New York. A riot of striking\\ncloakmakers in Broadway is speedily\\nquelled by the police.\\nThe Union Prisoners of War Na-\\ntional Memorial Association holds an\\nThe coroner s jury in the ease of the\\ntunnel disaster holds the New York\\nand New Haven Railroad officials re-\\nsponsible forth.- death .i the victims.\\n[Mar. u. Messrs. Depew, Clark, and\\nPark, as officials of the road, give bonds\\nin $25,000 each. Mar. 31. The grand\\njury indicts the directors for misde-\\nmeanor in violating New York laws\\nagainst heating ears l.v stoves. May 6.\\nThey are acquitted. (See Feb. 20, Mis-\\ncellaneous.)\\nFla. Twenty-six illicit stills are\\ndestroyed, several lots of illicit rum\\nseized, and 30 men arrested in a ten\\ndays raid in West Florida.\\nPa. Burglars rob the Freeport\\nbank of valuable bonds, money, and\\nstamps total loss estimated at $59,000.\\nMar. 7. Miss. Colored lawyers at\\nGreenville organize a State Bar Asso-\\nciation.\\nMar. 8. N. J. Delaware, Lackawanna,\\nand Western trainmen are discharged\\nfor signing petitions of saloon-keep-\\ners for licenses.\\nMar. 9. X. Y. A mob of Poles raids\\nan employing cloakmakers establish-\\nment in Jamaica they destroy his sew-\\ning-machines and furniture, and scatter\\nvitriol on his goods and child.\\nSTATE.\\n1891 Feb. 11. S.Dak. The high-license\\nmen in the House carry the motion to\\nresubmit the Prohibition question.\\nVote, 32-29.\\nFeb. 12. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\namends and passes the District of Co-\\nlumbia Appropriation Bill. [Mar. 2.\\nConference report agreed to and ap-\\nproved by the President.] In the House\\nthe appropriation for the clerical force of\\nthe Civil Service Commission is struck\\nout of the Legislative Appropriation\\nBill on a point of order.\\nA Y. The Assembly defeats the\\nStadler Special License Bill. Vote,\\n63-00.\\nFeb. 13. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nadopts the Sherman amendment to the\\nCopyright Bill (vote, 25-24), and lays\\nthe bill aside. The House passes the\\nLegislative, Executive, and Judicial\\nAppropriation Bill, after five discus-\\nsions. Introduced Jan. 10.\\nPresident Harrison approves the Act\\nfor the tunnel between Staten Island\\nand Long Island, N. Y.\\nAla. The Senate passes the House\\nBill to so redistriet the State into nine\\nCongressional districts so as to give a\\nsolid white Democratic delegation to\\nCongress by making two Congressional\\ndistricts each 200 miles long and one\\ncounty wide.\\nN. Y. A bill is introduced in the\\nState Assembly prohibiting the use of\\nmachinery in the State prisons.\\nFeb. 16. D. C. Congress The Senate\\nadopts an amendment to the Diplo-\\nmatic and Consular Appropriation\\nBill, pledging the support and assist-\\nance of the United States to any cor-\\nporation that is willing to undertake", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1891, Feb. 11-Mar. 9. 379\\nthe construction of a telegraphic cable\\nfrom the Pacific Coast to Hawaii also\\nanother amendment providing that\\nMexico shall rank as a first-class\\ndiplomatic mission.\\nThe House Committee on Coinage\\nhaving reported adversely the Coin\\nand Currency Bill, it is indefinitely\\npostponed.\\nNew York: The IT. S. Senate Com-\\nmittee begins its investigation of the\\nSugar Trust.\\nFeb. 17. D.C. Congress: The Senate\\namends and passes the Diplomatic and\\nConsular Appropriation Bill. [Mar.\\n3. A conference report is agreed to\\nMar. 2. Approved.]\\nFeb. 18. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate the Copyright BiU, with the Sher-\\nman and Frye amendments, is passed\\nafter 15 discussions. Vote, 36-14. [Mar.\\n3. Conference report agreed to and bill\\napproved.] The bill for a new Custom\\nHouse in Bowling Green, New York\\nCity, is passed the House passes the\\nIndian Appropriation Bill introduced\\nJan. 27.\\nFeb. 19. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\namends and passes the bill for the adju-\\ndication of claims arising from Indian\\ndepredations. [Mar. 2. Conference re-\\nport agreed to and bill approved.] John\\nJ. Ingalls of Kan. formally resigns\\nthe office of President pro tempore of\\nthe Senate, which he has held for nearly\\nfour years for the first time in the his-\\ntory of the House that body holds two\\ndistinct legislative sessions during\\nthe same calendar day.\\nKan. The House reconsiders the vote\\nby which the bill authorizing women\\nto vote was defeated, and passes the bill.\\nMass. The Senate passes the Con-\\nstitutional amendments providing for\\nbiennial instead of annual elections.\\nFeb. 20. D. C. Congress The Senate\\ndiscusses the Nicaragua Canal Bill\\nthe House Coinage Committee decides\\n(vote, 8-4) to report the Senate Free\\nCoinage Bill adversely, with a.recom-\\nmendation that it be not passed.\\nJV. Y. Ex-President Cleveland denies\\nthe report of his alleged withdrawal\\nfrom the presidential campaign.\\nFeb. 21. Cal. The State Senate passes\\nthe House bill appropriating $300,000\\nfor its exhibit at the World s Fair.\\nFeb. 23. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Post-office Appropriation\\nBUI after live discussions. Introduced\\nFeb. 6.\\nArk. The House puts all the elec-\\ntion machinery in the hands of the\\ngovernor, the people not having any-\\nthing to do with either judges or clerks\\nof election.\\nFeb. 24. D. C. Congress The Senate\\nconfirms by a unanimous vote the nomi-\\nnation of Charles Foster of O. to be\\nSecretary of the Treasury, and passes\\nthe bill to establish a U. S. Land\\nCourt. [Feb. 28. Conference report\\nagreed to. Mar. 2. Bill approved.] The\\nHouse passes the Direct Tax Bill.\\n(See Mar. 2.) Vote, 172-101.\\nFeb. 25. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Agricultural Appropria-\\ntion BUI introduced Feb. 9. It lays on\\nthe table the Flower resolution for the\\nreenumeration of New York City,\\nthe report of the census officers being\\napproved as correct.\\nFeb. 26. D. C. Congress The Senate\\namends and passes the Sundry Civil\\nAppropriation BiU. [Mar. 2. The\\nHouse concurs approved.]\\nThe House passes the General De-\\nficiency Bill introduced Feb. 17.\\nIt amends and passes the Post-office\\nAppropriation Bill. [Mar. 3. Con-\\nference report agreed to. Mar. 2. Ap-\\nproved by the President.]\\nKan. The bill providing for the re-\\nsubmission of the Prohibitory Amend-\\nment to a vote of the people is defeated\\nin the Lower House.\\nFeb. 27. D.C. Congress The Senate\\npasses theLegislative, Executive, and\\nJudicial Appropriation Bill. [Mar.\\n3. Conference report agreed to bill ap-\\nproved.] It passes over the Direct Tax\\nBill. [Mar. 3. Approved by the Presi-\\ndent.]\\nThe House amends and passes the\\nShipping BUI or the Postal-Aid Bill\\naiming to place the American merchant\\nmarine engaged in the foreign trade on\\nan equality with that of other nations\\ncompeting for the same service. Vote,\\n139-120. [Mar. 2. The Senate concurs\\nin the House amendment. Mar. 3. Ap-\\nproved by the President.]\\nFeb. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Indian Appropriation BiU\\nwith the House amendment. [Mar. 2.\\nConference report agreed to and bill\\napproved.]\\nIt passes over the Eight-Hour Law\\nBill after nine discussions.\\nFeb. 29. D. C. Congress: The Sen-\\nate adopts the Uthographers amend-\\nment to the Copyright Bill the House\\npasses the Sundry Civil BiU.\\nMar. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nadopts the House Postal BUI, includes\\nan appropriation of $1,250,000 in the\\nPost-office BiU for the foreign mail\\nservice, and amends and passes the\\nAgricultural Appropriation Bill.\\n[Mar. 2. Conference report agreed to\\nand bill approved.] Senator Mander-\\nson is elected President pro tempore.\\nThe Senate passes the General De-\\nficiency Appropriation BiU. [Mar. 2.\\nApproved by the President.]\\nThe House indefinitely postpones the\\nbill to provide against the contraction\\nof the currency.\\nThe President approves the bill for\\nthe repayment of $15,227,632 collected\\nas a direct tax from the States, under\\nthe Act of Aug. 15, 1861, levying $20,000,-\\n000 for the maintenance of the war.\\nMar. 3. D. C. Congress: In the Senate\\nthe International Copyright Bill is\\npassed without the Sherman amend-\\nment; the General Deficiency BiU\\nis passed with several amendments.\\n[Mar 3. Conference report agreed to.\\nMar. 2. Bill approved.] The Brussels\\nTreaty is rejected in executive session\\nthe House passes the International\\nCopyright BiU.\\nCongress passes the French Spolia-\\ntion Claims BiU, appropriating $1,304,-\\n095 to pay the findings of the Court\\nof Claims for indemnity for spoliations\\nby the French prior to July 31, 1801.\\n(Senate vote, 41-14 House vote, 99-80.)\\nAfter an all-night session the usual\\nresolution of thanks to Speaker Reed\\nis passed amid great confusion and by\\na strict party vote (152-116).\\nThe President approves the Shipping\\nBiU, providing for the safe transport\\nand humane treatment of export cattle,\\nand for the inspection of export live\\nstock and carcasses.\\nThe 51st Congress, the Billion\\nDollar Congress the second session\\nends.\\nGen. Barrundia s widow makes a claim\\nof $1,000,000 upon the United States for\\nthe loss of her husband s life.\\nMar. 4. *N. Y. The State Assembly\\npasses an amendment transferring\\ncontested election cases from the\\nLegislature to the Courts. [Mar. 6. It\\npasses the Senate by a unanimous vote.]\\nMar. 9. D. C. Sugar Refineries Com-\\npany officials refuse to show the books\\nof constituent concerns to the Senate\\nInvestigating Committee.\\nVa. The Legislature passes a gerry-\\nmandering reapportionment bill, which\\nis expected to give a Democratic major-\\nity of about fifteen on joint ballot.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1891 Feb. 20. New York. A New\\nHaven train crashes into a Harlem local\\nin the Park Avenue tunnel six per-\\nsons are killed and several injured.\\nFeb. 21. Mo. The remains of Gen.\\nWiUiam T. Sherman arrive in St.\\nLouis, and are escorted to their resting-\\nplace in Calvary Cemetery by a parade\\nof soldiers, Grand Army men, and\\nothers.\\nFeb. 22. Cal. The Elizabeth is wrecked\\nat the entrance of San Francisco har-\\nbor the captain and 17 saUors are\\ndrowned.\\nFeb. 24. Pa. Four miners are res-\\ncued after being entombed 20 days at\\nJeanesville.\\nFeb. 28. N. Y. Traffic is resumed on\\nthe Central Railroad notwithstanding\\nthe strike.\\nMar. 1. New York. The ashes of Her-\\nmann Meyer, a Staten Island saloon-\\nkeeper, are, in accordance with his dying\\nrequest, scattered to the winds from the\\nStatue of Liberty after the cremation of\\nhis body.\\nMar. 3. Mass. A gingham miU is\\nburned at Adams, loss, \u00c2\u00a7700,000.\\nMar. 7. Tex. Archer City court-\\nhouse is burned nearly all the county\\nrecords are destroyed.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "380 1891, Mar. 9-Apr. 13.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1891 Mar. 15. Mass. The torpedo-\\nboat Triana is wrecked off Cuttyhuuk,\\nwhile taking provisions to the crews of\\nthe stranded Government vessels Galena\\nand Nifta.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1891 Mar. 12. New York. Several\\nmen of means subscribe $15,000 to pur-\\nchase 99 Japanese swords for the\\nMetropolitan Museum of Art.\\nMar. 21, Natural gas is discovered\\nwhile boring for water at Monticello.\\nApr. 3. Conn. New Haven women pre-\\nsent the Greek tragedy Antigone with\\ngreat\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1891.\\nMar. 9. Paddock, Benjamin H., Prot. Epis.\\nbishop of Mass., At 3.\\nMar. 10. Swift, John F., U. S. minister to\\nJapan, A62.\\nMar. 16. lirady, John R., justice N. Y.\\nSupreme Court, A69.\\nMar. 18. Herndon, William H., law part-\\nner, biographer .\u00c2\u00bbf Lincoln, A7tf.\\nMar. 19. Young, Alexander, Taverner,\\nauthor, journalist, A53.\\nMar. 20. Barrett, Lawrence, tragedian,\\nA53.\\nUphani, Frederick W., Meth. Epis. cler-\\ngyman, A92.\\nMar. 21. Johnston. Joseph. E.. Confed-\\nerate gen., A84.\\nMar. 32. Wells, Elija R., brev. maj. U. S.\\nA., A 58.\\nMar. 23. Robinson, Lucius, lawyer, Got.\\nof N. Y., A81.\\nMar. 26. Day, lLuimUal, bnu .-gen., A87.\\nMar. 27. Mi; I^nery, John, Gov. of La., A58.\\nMar. 29. Crosby, Howard. Pres. clergy-\\nman, philanthropist, AK5.\\nApr. 1. Hatfield, Robert M., Meth. Epis.\\nclergyman, author, A73.\\nSpear, Samuel T., Pres. clergyman,\\nauthor, A79.\\nApr. 2. Pike, Albert:, poet, journalist, Con-\\nfederate bnu .-uen., grand coin, of Scottish\\nRite of Masonry in V. S., A82.\\nApr. 7. Fowle, Daniel G., Gov. of N. C,\\nA61.\\nBamum, Phineas T.. veteran show-\\nman, A81.\\nPrime, Edward D. G-, Pres. clergyman,\\neditor Neir York Observer, All.\\nApr. 12. Tourjee, Ebcn, musical composer,\\nfounder N. E. Conservatory of Music, A. )7.\\nWaterman, Robert \\\\V\\\\, Gov. Cal., A65.\\nApr. 13. Gilmour, Richard, Roman Catho-\\nlic bishop of Cleveland, O., A67.\\nCHURCH.\\nIS91 Mar. 27. Mo. Archbishop Ken-\\nrick washes, wipes, and kisses the feet of\\n12 boys in St. John s Catholic Church,\\nSt. Louis.\\nMar. 29. Pa. According to custom, at\\n5 A.M. 2,000 persons gather and hold\\nEaster service in the Moravian grave-\\nyard at Bethlehem.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Apr. 6. O. The 39th annual Confer-\\nence of the Reorganized Church of\\nthe Latter-day Saints begins at Kirt-\\nland.\\nLETTERS.\\n1891 Mar. 11. NewYork. The friends\\nof university and school extension\\nhold a mass-meeting, with addresses by\\nwell-known educators. [Apr. 16. The\\nLegislature appropriates \u00c2\u00a710,000,000 in\\nsupport of the plan of University Ex-\\ntension.]\\nMar. 12. Mass. A copy of the recently\\ndiscovered treatise on the Consti-\\ntution of Athens, by Aristotle, is\\nreceived by Harvard. [Mar. 13. Colum-\\nbia and Cornell also receive copies.]\\nMar. 23. Cal, David S. Jordan accepts\\nthe presidency of the Leland Stanford,\\nJr., University.\\nMar. 30. New York. The American\\nSociety of Authors is organized at\\nthe Fifth Avenue Hotel.\\n1891 Mar. 10. Miss. David H. Poston,\\na prominent lawyer of Memphis, is shot\\nby H. Clay King. [July 3. King is\\nfound guilty of murder in the first de-\\ngree. Sept. 17. He is sentenced to be\\nhanged on Nov. G.j\\nMar. 11. New York. James A. Simmons\\nis found guilty of embezzling $622,000\\nof the funds oi the Sixth National Bank.\\n[June 26. He is sentenced to six years\\nimprisonment.]\\nMar. 13. Wash. Cattle-thieves in\\nDouglas and Lincoln Counties run off\\n12,000 head of cattle and several hun-\\ndred horses.\\nMar. 14. Union Pacific telegraph opera-\\ntors are required to either abandon\\nlabor organizations or leave their\\npositions.\\nLa. The jury bring in a verdict of\\nnot guilty at New Orleans in the case\\nof six of the alleged murderers of Chief\\nof Police Hennessy, and disagree as\\nto the others a desperate mob breaks\\ninto the jail, and shoots and hangs n\\nof the imprisoned Sicilians. [Mar. 31.\\nThe remaining prisoners are released\\non bail. Apr. 7. The grand jury ac-\\ntively enter s upon an investigation of\\nthe massacre. Apr. 17. Two arrests are\\nmade for the alleged bribery of jurors\\nin this case.] (See May 5. J\\nNeiu York. The Sugar Trust is again\\nunder investigation.\\nMar. 15. NewYork. The Parnell dele-\\ngates arrive from Ireland and are re-\\nceived by a friendly delegation. [Mar.\\n19. They are given a warm welcome at\\na meeting in Cooper Union.]\\nMar. 16. NewYork. The Grant Mon-\\nument Fund now amounts to $145,-\\n97S.95.\\nMar. 18. New York. Gen. Peter J.\\nClaassen, ex-president of the Sixth Na-\\ntional Bank, is sentenced to six years in\\nthe penitentiary for embezzlement.\\nThe New York City Woman Suffrage\\nLeague gives a reception to Mrs. Clara\\nB. Colley, editor of the Woman s Tri-\\nbune, at the Park Avenue Hotel, about\\n500 persons being present.\\nMar. 20. New York. Italians hold a\\nmeeting at Cooper Union to protest\\nagainst the New Orleans lynching. (See\\nMar. 14.)\\nMar. 21. Ga. Robert Willink is killed\\nby a knock-down blow in an amateur\\nprize-fight before the athletic club at\\nSavannah.\\nJa. Three children die in Springville\\nbecause of the neglect of their parents\\nto provide medical attendance.\\nW. Va.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Ky. It is announced that\\nthe long-standing Hatfield- McCoy\\nvendetta is romantically ended by an\\nengagement of marriage.\\nMar. 24. New York. The Sherman\\nStatue Fund la now reported complete\\ntotal amount collected, S44.7SG.\\nMar. 26. N. Y. A woman is robbed\\nin Brooklyn of 1,300 by highwaymen.\\nMar. 27. 0. Men and women in a tem-\\nperance crusade wreck a saloon, and\\ndestroy liquors, cigars, and billiard\\ntables, at Bloomville.\\nMar. 29. Ala. Two negroes are\\nlynched for alleged complicity in burn-\\ning tho town of Kussellville.\\nMar. 30. Ala. The National Real Es-\\ntate Congress convenes in Birmingham.\\nPa. Riotous mobs, numbering be-\\ntween 2,000 and 3,000 men and women,\\nterrorize the Connellsville coke regions.\\nThey drive away the non-union work-\\ners, tear up railroad tracks, and destroy\\nmuch property at Leith s works, near\\nUniontown, women disarm and beat the\\nSuperintendent, and drive away the\\nworkmen.\\n[Apr. 2. Striking coke-workers attack\\nthe Moreland works, and are tired upon\\nby deputy-marshals; 11 are killed and\\nover 40 wounded. Apr. 3. The presence\\nof the militia causes quiet. Apr. 7.\\nCoke-workers are resuming work.] (See\\nApr. 21.)\\nApr. 1. Me. The Legislature passes a\\nrigid temperance law. ^See May 4.i\\nMass. N. LT. This day is observed\\nas a fast-day by the proclamation of\\nthe governors in observance of a custom\\nwhich has been continued for many\\nyears.\\nApr. 3. La. DetectiveD.C.O.O Malley,\\naccused of jury bribery, surrenders to\\nthe authorities at New Orleans. [Apr.\\n9. He is arraigned for perjury, con-\\nspiracy, and attempted bribery of jurors\\nin the Hennessy case.] (See May 5.)\\nApr. 4. N. J. Warrants are issued for\\nthe arrest of the mayor and other offi-\\ncials of Hoboken, for allowing viola-\\ntions of the Sunday liquor law. [Apr. 5.\\nThe Sunday law is enforced, and the\\ntheaters are closed.]\\nKan. At Osage City, George Hoover.\\neditor of the Times, is mortally shot\\nby James McNales.\\nApr. 6. NewYork. The Christian League\\nfor the Promotion of Social Purity\\nholds its first annual meeting.\\nApr. 10. D. C. Inventors and makers\\nof patented articles organize a Na-\\ntional Association in Washington.\\nO. W. Dales, murderer of a police-\\nman on March 31, is lynched at Ken-\\nton.\\nApr. 12. N. Y. A free kindergarten\\nmovement is organized at Buffalo.\\nApr. 13. N. J. Father M Nulty of Pat-\\nterson is beaten by a law-breaking\\nsaloon-keeper.\\nNew York. The American Copy-\\nright League at its Sth annual dinner\\ncelebrates the enactment of the Copy-\\nright Law in Congress.\\nSamuel Fisher, a pool-room man-\\nager, is sentenced by Judge Barrett to\\npay SI, 000 line and be imprisoned for\\nthree months.\\nSTATE.\\n1S91 Mar. 10. B.C. Secretary Blaine\\nreceives Lord Salisbury s communica-\\ntion relating to the Bering Sea negotia-\\ntions, offering a basis upon which to\\nsettle the difficulty.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1891, Mar, 9 -Apr. 13. 381\\nft. I. Herbert W. Ladd (Rep.) is re-\\nnominated for governor.\\nMar. 11. JV. Y. The State Senate passes\\nthe Acker State Care of the Insane\\nBill, appropriating $450,000 for that\\npurpose the Assembly pusses the An-\\nti-Pinkerton Bill, and the measure\\nproviding for a garden over the Forty-\\nsecond Street reservoir in New York\\nCity.\\nMar. 12. ft. I. The Democratic State\\nConvention renominates the present\\nState officers.\\nCal. The Assembly passes the Anti-\\nChinese Bill.\\nMar. 13. N. Y. New York makes the\\nfirst application for repayment of the\\ndirect tax under the act of the last\\nCongress the sum called for is $2,225,-\\n000.\\nPa. The Interstate Commerce\\nCommission decides against the present\\ncoal rates of the Lehigh Valley Railroad\\nand requires a reduction.\\nMar. 14. III. The Republican Conven-\\ntion at Chicago nominates Hempstead\\nWashburne for mayor.\\nMar. 15. I). C. Secretary Blaine sends a\\ntelegram to Gov. Nicholls of La. express-\\ning the President s regrets for the law-\\nless violence of the Anti-Mafia mob,\\nand demanding protection for Italian\\nsubjects in New Orleans, and the pun-\\nishment of the offenders.\\nMar. 16. N. Y. The State Assembly\\npasses the bill incorporating a company\\nto construct a tunnel between New\\nYork and Brooklyn; also the bill ex-\\nempting bank cashiers and tellers from\\njury duty.\\nMar. 17. D. C. The Secretary of the\\nTreasury refuses to permit the Assay\\noffice to furnish SI, 000,000 in gold bars\\nfor shipment to Europe.\\nConn. The House passes the Judson\\nBill for taking the controversy respect-\\ning the State offices to the Supreme\\nCourt.\\nN. Y. The Assembly defeats the\\nStadler Dance Hall and the Hildreth\\nLiquor Bills for open sale on part of\\nSunday.\\nMar. 18. Z C Mr. Cannon, Chairman\\nof the House Committee on Appropria-\\ntions of the 51st Congress, makes a state-\\nment of the appropriations of that\\nCongress the total is $988,410,120.\\nMar. 19. X. H. Anti-license men refuse\\nto vote in the House, which adjourns for\\nwant of a quorum.\\nMar. 21. Chicago. Carter Harrison s\\nfriends bolt the Democratic city con-\\nvention, and nominate him for mayor;\\nthe regular convention renominates\\nMayor Cragier.\\nMar. 23. X. Y. The State Assembly by\\na party vote (62-48) refuses to submit* the\\nProhibition Amendment to the vote of\\nthe people in April it substitutes No-\\nvember.\\nMar. 24. Mo. The State receives its\\nshare of the direct tax from the Fed-\\neral government.\\nLa. Gov. Nicholls replies to a des-\\npatch from Mr. Blaine of Mar. 15 con-\\ncerning the New Orleans lynching\\naffair.\\nMar. 25. X. J. The Legislature passes\\na bill at the instance of liquor dealers,\\ngiving absolute power to County Boards\\nof Excise to grant or revoke licenses at\\ntheir pleasure, the Boards to be ap-\\npointed, by the governor.\\nX. Y. In the State Senate the Vedder\\nBill taxing direct heirs of personal prop-\\nerty valued at over $10,000 is passed.\\nMar. 26. X. H. The House rejects the\\nLocal-Option Bill. Vote, 166-148.\\nMar. 27- Me. The House passes a bill\\nrequiring that every voter shall be\\nable to read and to write his own\\nname.\\nMar. 30. Wyo. The Wyoming forest\\nreservation is set apart by proclama-\\ntion of the President. [Another procla-\\nmation follows Sept. 10.]\\nMar. 31. D. C. Baron de Fava, Italian\\nMinister at Washington, is peremp-\\ntorily recalled by his government on\\naccount of dissatisfaction growing out\\nof the negotiations concerning the kill-\\ning of alleged Italian subjects in New\\nOrleans the correspondence between\\nBaron de Fava and Secretary Blaine is\\nmade public.\\nDel. The State Senate passes a Free\\nSchool Bill which places white and col-\\nored schools on an equal plane.\\nAle. The Legislature passes the Gen-\\neral Temperance Bill, which is charac-\\nterized by its friends as one of the most\\nimportant prohibition measures ever\\nadopted in the State.\\nU. S. The new Free Sugar La-w-\\nand the new Immigration Law go into\\neffect. m\\nApr. 1. ft. I. The election returns\\nare announced.\\nDavis, Dera., 22,249; Ladd, Rep., 20,-\\n995 Larry, Prohib., 1,829 Burton, Nat.,\\n384. Davis lacks 960 votes of the major-\\nity over all necessary to elect conse-\\nquently the Legislature will elect a\\ngovernor.\\nApr. 2. D. C. Minister Rudini informs\\nthe Italian Secretary of Legation at\\nWashington that his government de-\\nmands only the prompt prosecution\\nof the New Orleans lynchers.\\nApr. 6. D. C. Congress: George F.\\nEdmunds resigns the office of U. S.\\nSenator for Vermont, which he has held\\nfor 26 years; the resignation will take\\neffect Nov. 1.\\nSir Charles Tupper and his colleagues\\nof the Canadian Cabinet call upon\\nSecretary Blaine for the purpose of\\ncontinuing reciprocity negotiations, but\\nleave Washington on being informed of\\nthe desire of the President that the Con-\\nference be postponed.\\nX. Y. In the State Senate the Bill\\nappropriating $200,000 for the Chicago\\nWorld s Fair is unanimously passed.\\nApr. 7. Chicago. Five candidates run\\nfor the office of mayor.\\nThe present mayor, De Witt C. Cre-\\ngier (Dem.), Carter H. Harrison (Per-\\nsonal Rights League and brewers),\\nHempstead Washburne (Rep.), Elmer\\nWashburn (Citizens and Prohibition-\\nists), and Thomas Morgan (Socialist)\\nHempstead Washburne is elected.\\nApr. 8. B.C. President Harrison issues\\nthe Bering Sea proclamation, in com-\\npliance with the statute.\\nApr. 10. D. C. A despatch from Rome\\nsays that, in case the United States\\nGovernment fails to answer by the fol-\\nlowing day Minister Rudini s note relat-\\ning to the killing of Italians in New\\nOrleans, the American Minister will be\\nordered to leave Italy.\\nApr. 11. Ky. The Constitutional\\nConvention completes its work and\\nadjourns.\\nApr. 13. X. Y. In the State Assembly\\nSpeaker Sheehan refuses to permit the\\nreading of the minority report on the\\nSchaff Excise Bill, permitting the sale\\nof liquor on a part of Sunday.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1S91 Mar. 13\u00c2\u00b1. Colo. The city of\\nDenver is without a mayor the acting\\nmayor, after holding the office for nearly\\na year, being declared illegally elected.\\nMar. 14. N. Y. Two fires destroy\\n$600,000 worth of business property in\\nSyracuse.\\nTenn. The Central Insane Asy-\\nlum, near Nashville, is burned six lives\\nare lost.\\nSp. The Anchor line vessel Utopia is\\nsunk off Gibraltar by collision with the\\nAnson; 57*1 persons perish.\\nNew York. A fire destroys property\\nworth $1,650,000.\\nMar. 18. X. J. The Cordage Works\\nat Elizabeth are burned; loss $601) ,000;\\n600 hands are thrown out of employ-\\nment.\\nMar. 21. New York. Hughes wins with\\na score of 55S miles the six days go-as-\\nyou-please walking match.\\nA sperm whale is discovered and\\nkilled near East Hampton, Long Island.\\nTex. A soap manufacturing com-\\npany is organized at Houston, with a\\ncapital of sir ,000,000 it proposes to es-\\ntablish plants in the principal cities in\\nthe cotton-belt of tbe South.\\nThe grip epidemic is prevalent in\\nPittsburg and Allegheny, Pa., in Mil-\\nwaukee, Wis., and Chicago, 111.\\nMar. 25. X. C. The Earn line steam-\\nship Strathairly is wrecked on the coast\\n19 of the crew of 26 are lost.\\nMar. 28. Chicago. It is announced that\\nthe death-rate has been more than\\ndoubled by the prevalence of the grip.\\nA sash and door combination is\\neffected.\\nMar. 31. New York. Mayor Grant issues\\norders for the removal of telegraph\\npoles and wires from the streets.\\nApr. 2\u00c2\u00b1. A combination between\\nSpreckels and the Havemeyers is\\ncompleted it is to he known as the\\nWest Coast Sugar Refining Company,\\nthe arrangement being that while one\\nside is working the other side ceases.\\nApr. 4. Ark. The State Legislature re-\\nfuses to appropriate money for the\\nWorld s Fair.\\nApr. 11. Chicago. James W. Scott is\\nchosen to succeed Lyman J. Gage as\\npresident of the Board of Directors of\\nthe World s Fair.\\nApr. 12. Chicago. A fire causes a loss\\nof nearly $1,000,000.\\nApr. 13. X. J. Elizabeth loses prop-\\nerty valued at $750,000 by fire.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "382 1891, Apr. 13 -May 15.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1891 Apr. 19. Md. At Baltimore the\\nOld Sixth Massachusetts Volun-\\nteers are entertained in the city where\\nthey suffered. (See Array, Apr. 19, 1861.)\\nApr. 20. D. C. James J. Van Horn is\\ncommissioned colonel Sth infantry.\\n[Also George G. Huntt 2d cavalry.]\\nNew York. The 9th Regiment of\\nVolunteers entertains the survivors of\\nthe Confederate 3d Georgia Regiment\\nwith a reception and dinner.\\nMay 6. Cal. The Chilean insurgent\\nsteamer Itata is seized by the authori-\\nties at San Diego, at the instance of the\\nChilean minister.\\nMay 7. Cal. The Itata, with a deputy\\nII. S. marshal in custody of it, sails\\nfrom San Diego harbor and escapes\\ncannon are hoisted from the hold and\\nmounted, while the marshal is sent\\nashore in a boat, eight miles from port.\\nMay 9. The cruisers Charleston, Balti-\\nmore, and San Francisco are under\\norders to recapture the fugitive\\nsteamer Itata.\\nMay 13. Pa. Troops are -withdrawn\\nfrom the coke region, order being re-\\nstored.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1891 Apr. 17. Tex. A fatal tornado\\noccurs.\\n[May 19. Tornadoes do much damage\\nin Texas. Oct. 24. One in Mississippi.\\nNov. 27. One at Red Bud, 111., kills two\\npersons and wrecks 35 buildings.]\\nApr. 25. N. Y. Natural gas and oil are\\ndiscovered at Newfane.\\nApr. 27. New York. Ground is broken\\nfor the Grant monument with imposing\\nceremonies. (See Sept. 5, 1S90.)\\nMay 2. Alas. The exploring party dis-\\ncovers a large lake, which proves to he\\na reservoir of Sakkr River it is claimed\\nto be the source of the Yukon River.\\nMay 5. New York. The Carnegie Mu-\\nsic Hall is opened by singing the dox-\\nology, and an address by Bishop Potter.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1891.\\nApr. 14. Spinola, Francis B., M. C. for\\nN. T., A70.\\nApr. 17. Hamilton, Charles S., maj.-gen.\\nvols., A69.\\nApr. 19. Taylor, Alfred, rear-atlm. U. S.\\nN., A81.\\nApr. 20. Darling, Henry, president of\\nHamilton College, A 68.\\nPettengill, Samuel It., pioneer advertis-\\ning agent, A68.\\nThacher, James K., professor physiology\\nat Yale, A44.\\nApr. 23. Moen, Philip L., manufacturer of\\nfarm machinery, A67.\\nApr. 29. Long, Arrnistead L., Confeder-\\nate gen., Lee s chief of staff, A64.\\nApr. 30. Conant. Thomas J., Bapt. cler-\\ngyman, Biblical scholar,\\nLeConte, Joseph, plr\\nUniversity, of Cal., A73.\\nMay 4. Pratt, Charles, millionaire, philan-\\nthropist, foamier of Pratt Institute, A61.\\nMay 8. Hilgard, Julius E., physicist, super-\\nintendent coast survey, A66.\\nCHURCH.\\n1891 Apr. 26. N Y. The Rev. Dr.\\nTannage s new tabernacle in Brook-\\nlyn is formally opened. (The third\\nTabernacle.)\\nApr. 30. Mass. Rev. Dr. Phillips\\nBrooks is chosen Protestant Episcopal\\nbishop of Massachusetts.\\nMay 3. New York: The American Bi-\\nble Society celebrates its 75th anniver-\\nsary.\\nMay 11. New York. The Presbytery\\nhears Dr. Briggs s protest against the\\nappointment of the committee to exam-\\nine his inaugural address hut it de-\\nclines to censure a sister presbytery.\\n[May 12. It decides, 44 to 40, to put Dr.\\nBriggs on trial for heresy.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1891 Apr. 16. New York. Itev. James\\nM Mahon gives real estate worth $500,-\\n000 to the Catholic University at\\nWashington, D. C.\\nApr. 19. Md. Col. J. T. Seharfs notable\\ncollection of curios, historical matters,\\nand manuscripts are presented by him\\nto Johns Hopkins University.\\nApr. 22. New York. A valuable collec-\\ntion of hooks 11,000 volumes, valued\\nat $15,000 is given to the Museum\\nof Natural His tory.\\nMay 6. New York. The Roman Catho-\\nlic Press Association of the United\\nStates is\\nApr. 21. Boston. Gen. B.F.Butler is\\ndeclared disorderly in the United States\\nCourt, and is quietly ejected by order of\\nJudge Carpenter.\\nApr. 22. Okla. Chief-Justice Green, at\\nGuthrie, decides that women are eligi-\\nble to public office and, further, that\\na woman may, in the absence of a stat-\\nute, hold any office not incompatible\\nwith her sex.\\nApr. 23. Mich. Street-car strikers in\\nDetroit cause much disorder.\\nNew York. The Patria Club holds its\\nfirst meeting.\\nApr. 24. New York. The dead body of\\nltil:\u00c2\u00bb\\nOf\\ni lodging-\\nApr. 25. Chicago. Over 400 marble-cut-\\nters are out on a strike.\\nN. Y. Women are organized into the\\nMushing Citizens League; officers\\nare elected.\\nApr. 26. Boston. Mrs. Annie Besant\\naddresses the opening session of the Na-\\ntional Convention of Theosophists.\\nApr. 27. La. The Supreme Court at\\nXew Orleans sustains the application of\\nthe Lottery Company for a mandamus,\\ndespite the veto of Gov. Nicholls.\\nIt compels the promulgation of the\\nSOCIETY.\\n1891 Apr. 13. D. C. The President\\nand Mrs. Harrison aud party leave\\nWashington at midnight for their trans-\\ncontinental trip the train bears in\\nletters of gold the inscription, The\\nPresidential Special.\\n[Apr. 14. He is welcomed and makes\\naddresses at several stopping-places in\\nVirginia and Tennessee. Apr. 15. He\\nis welcomed at Chattanooga, Ga. Apr.\\n16. He is received at Birmingham and\\nother places along the route from At-\\nlanta, Apr. 18. He is welcomed at\\nHouston and Galveston, Tex. Apr. 20.\\nAt San Antonio. Apr. 21. At El Paso,\\nTex. Apr. 22-h Along the road from\\nTucson, Ariz., to Los Angeles, Cal. Apr.\\n25. In San Francisco with imposing cer-\\nemonies. Apr. 30. At Monterey. May\\n6. At Portland, Ore. May 7. At Seat-\\ntle, Wash., from whence he returns\\nEast. May 9. At Salt Lake, Utah. May\\n10. At Glen wood Springs, Colo. May 12.\\nBy an oration at Denver, Colo. May 13.\\nAt Omaha, Neb. May 15. He returns\\nto Washington.]\\nApr. 14. Mo. The Commercial Con-\\ngress begins at Kansas City a letter\\nfrom President Harrison is read.\\nNew York. W. Heeney, a Bricklayers\\nUnion walking delegate, is arrested and\\nheld in \u00c2\u00a71,000 bail.\\nApr. 15. New York. Ex-President N.\\nNiles of the Tradesman s National\\nBank is rearrested aud arraigned on a\\ncharge of embezzlement.\\nApr. 1S\u00c2\u00b1. T. Seven negroes are shot\\nat Okmulgee, capital of the Creek Na-\\ntion, for the murder of two Creek In-\\ndians.\\nPa. In the Connellsville coke region\\nstrikers attack deputy-sheriffs at one of\\nthe Frick Company s plants shots are\\nexchanged, and one deputy is seriously\\nwounded. [Apr. 21. Pinkerton guards\\narrive and protect property. Apr. 23.\\nViolence and bloodshed occur three\\nmen are shot. May 4. The sheriff s dep-\\nuties shoot a striker. May 19. Serious\\nriots occur.]\\nthe char-\\nyears\\nvoted\\nproposed amendments to\\nter of the Lottery Company for 2\\nat SI, 250,000 a year, the sanJe to h\\non at the election.\\nApr. 28. Chicago. The first official act\\nof Mayor Wasliburne is to order all the\\ngambling-houses in the city to be closed.\\nNew York. John T. Hill, deceased,\\nlate president of the Ninth National\\nBank, has been discovered to he a de-\\nfaulter to the amount of $400,000.\\nApr. 29. N. Y. Arthur C. Gilman, who\\ndied in Flushing, Long Island, is found\\nto be a defaulter for nearly $223,000.\\nO. Three recent attempts have been\\nmade to blow up Springfield s new City\\nHall, costing 8400,000.\\nWis. A statue and fountain erected\\nin Milwaukee, to the memory of Henry\\nBergh, is unveiled in the presence of\\na large assemblage.\\nApr. A Census Bureau bulletin shows\\n24.6 per cent increase of white pop-\\nulation in the South Atlantic States,\\nMissouri, and Kansas, and only 13.9 per\\ncent increase of the colored race.\\nApr. V. S. The Superintendent of Im-\\nmigration reports that the number of\\nimmigrants from Italy exceeds those\\nfrom every other country.\\nApr. Del. It is enacted by the Legis-\\nlature that all tramps may be arrested\\nand sent to work for GO days breaking\\nstone for mending roads.\\nThey are to work eight hours a day,\\nand, if refractory, to be put in solitary\\nconfinement on bread and water.\\nMay 1. Ind. About 3,000 miners make\\nan unsuccessful strike for a wage-scale.\\n[They hold out for two months at a\\nwage-loss of SS75,000.]\\nNew York. Kev. C. H. Farkhurst\\nis elected tosucceed Rev. Howard Crosby\\nas president of the Society for the Sup-\\npression of Crime.\\nA meeting is held to celebrate the\\nabolition of the poorhouse system of", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1891, Apr. 13 -May 15. 383\\ncare of the insane speeches are made\\nby Joseph H. Choate, Bishop Potter,\\nGrover Cleveland, and others.\\nWork is practically stopped in the\\nbuilding trades by a strike of the house-\\nsmiths.\\nStrikes are general in the Worth\\nand East fur the 8-hour day and higher\\nMay 2. Kan. The female Mayor of\\nKiowa has shut up all its gambling-\\nhouses and saloons, and Will allow uf\\nno action to reopen them.\\nMay 3. X. Y. Three horse-ear lines in\\nLong Island City are tied up by striking\\ndrivers.\\nNew York. The Poles of New York\\nCity and Chicago celebrate the 100th\\nanniversary of the adoption of their\\nliberal constitution.\\nMay 4. Me. The new liquor law, which\\nprovides for a fine of \u00c2\u00a7100 with 60 days\\nin jail for the first offense, goes into\\neffect to-day; result, a general closing\\nup of liquor-shops.\\nMay 5. La. The New Orleans grand\\nindicts O Malley and five associates\\nfor jury bribing, and accuses three of\\nthe jury of being bribed but refuses\\nto indict the lynchers of the Italians.\\n[June 8. Bernard Glaudi is convicted\\nof offering a bribe to a juror. July 24.\\nThe last Mafia bribery case ends ver-\\ndict, not guilty. Oct. 9. The State aban-\\ndons the case against O Malley.] (See\\nMar. 14.)\\nMe. The East Maine (Methodist) Con-\\nference protests against the acts of the\\nAdministration in endeavoring to en-\\nlarge the malt-liquor trade with Cen-\\ntral American States.\\nNew York: The 26th annual meeting\\nof the National Temperance Society\\nis held Dr. Theodore L. Cuyler is re-\\nelected president.\\nMay 6. Mo. The 29th International\\nYoung Men s Christian Association\\nConvention opens in Kansas City.\\nX. J. Westfield is terrorized by\\ntramps.\\nMay 7. X. Y. A memorial service in\\nhonor of Gen. Sherman is held in the\\nAcademy of Music, Brooklyn; speeches\\nby Chauncey M. Depew, Gens. Howard,\\nSlocum, Swayne, Porter, and others.\\nThe Brooklyn Memorial Hospital\\nfor Women and Children is formally\\nopened.\\nMay 8. Del. The lower House of the\\nLegislature passes the Local-Option\\nBill. Vote, 14-4.\\nX. Y. The will of Mrs. M. A. Os-\\nborne, admitted to probate, gives Yale\\nCollege $150,000 for a memorial hall\\nto her husband, and makes provision for\\na Memorial Home for Aged Women in\\nWestchester County.\\nXew York. The Lumber Dealers As-\\nsociation resolves to boycott the Lumber\\nHandlers Union.\\nWis. The Grand Lodge of the An-\\ncient Order of United Workmen at\\nMilwaukee decides that liquor-makers\\nand saloon-keepers are eligible to be-\\ncome members. Vote, 114-81.\\nMay 10. Minn. John Mehan, the leader\\nof a band of robbers operating in Yir-\\nXew York. Beth Israel Hospital is\\nopened in its new house with addresses\\nby prominent Hebrews.\\nMay 11. Kan. A convict forges his\\nown pardon and raises a draft from SI\\nto \u00c2\u00a720,000, but is discovered before being\\nreleased.\\nX. Y. The 116th anniversary of the\\ncapture of Ticonderoga is celebrated\\nby the Sons of the Revolution.\\nMay 12. Md. A negro is lynched at\\nCenterville by masked men after being\\nsentenced to 21 years for assaulting a\\nwoman.\\nPhila. The Typographical Union\\ncelebrates the 63d birthday of G. W.\\nChilds by a banquet.\\nMay 14. La. The mayor of New Orleans\\nappoints a committee of over 50 citizens\\nto investigate the matter of oath-bound\\nsocieties in the city, and how to sup-\\npress them.\\nSTATE.\\n1891 Apr. 14. X.J. Gov. Abbett signs\\nthe Congressional Reapportionment\\nand Assembly Districting Bill, thereby\\ngiving to the Democrats six out of eight\\nRepresentatives, and 40 out of 60 Assem-\\nblymen.\\nApr. 18. X. Y. The Legislature unani-\\nmously passes a bill appropriating $10,-\\n000 for carrying out a plan of university\\nextension under the Board of Regents.\\nApr. 19. D. C. It is announced that an\\nagreement has been reached between\\nSecretary Blaine and the Belgian Min-\\nister by which the Kongo Treaty will\\nbe saved.\\nApr. 21. O. The Fourth Annual As-\\nsembly of League of Republican Clubs\\nholds its first session at Cincinnati.\\nApr. 22. O, James S. Clarkson of\\nla. is chosen President of the Republi-\\ncan National League at Cincinnati.\\nApr. 23. Pa. The House passes an\\namended Brooks Wholesale License\\nBill.\\nApr. 30. Mich. The Legislature passes\\na bill for the election of Presidential\\nelectors by Congressional districts,\\nwith two delegates at large, one each\\nfrom the Eastern and Western districts\\na measure to divide the Presidential\\nvote.\\nMay 5. Xeb. The Supreme Court decides\\nthat James E. Boyd (Dem.), being an\\nalien, is ineligible to the governorship,\\nand it reinstates Gov. Thayer (Rep.).\\nMay 6. Cat. Upon the representation\\nof the Chileau Minister, orders are is-\\nsued from Washington for the seizure\\nof the steamer Itata, supposed to have\\non board arms intended for the Chilean\\ninsurgents she is taken in charge at\\nSan Diego by the U. S. marshal.\\nMay 7. D. C. Secretary Blaine s latest\\nletter to Sir J. Pauncefote, stating the\\nconditions on which the U. S. Govern-\\nment is willing to submit to arbitra-\\ntion the Bering Sea dispute, is made\\npublic it is dated April 14.\\nMay 8. Mass. The House passes a bill\\nfixing 125 feet as the limit of height for\\nnouses in cities.\\nMay 9. Kan. Mrs. Mary F. Burton,\\npostmistress, is elected police judge at\\nJamestown, Cloud County.\\nMay 14. Xew York. The Union League\\nClub memorializes Congress on the dan-\\ngers of unrestricted immigration, natu-\\nralization, and suffrage.\\nMay 15. D. C. Green B. Raum, Jr.,\\nresigns his position as assistant chief\\nclerk in the Pension Office. (See Feb. 6.)\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1891 Apr. 14. Mo. The first Western\\nStates Commercial Congress meets at\\nKansas City.\\n[Apr. 17. Two reports are presented\\naltera heated debate, the majority re-\\nport, favoring unlimited coinage of sil-\\nver and atariff exclusively for revenue,\\nis adopted.]\\nApr. 15. Ifl. The annual meeting of the\\nWhisky Trust takes place in Peoria.\\nIt reports sales for the year of 44,748,171\\ngallons, nearly 4. H)0,00 f gallons over last\\nyear, and 9,000,000 gallons over the pre-\\nvious year.\\nApr. 18. O. The east-bound fast mail\\ncollides with the Toledo Express at\\nKipton Station, on the Lake Shore road\\nboth engines, three mail-cars, and one\\nbaggage-car are wrecked, and eight per-\\nsons killed.\\nApr. 26. Phila. The National Pub-\\nlishing Company s building is de-\\nstroyed by fire loss, $200,000.\\nApr. 29. Tenn. Nearly 20 acres of build-\\nings are burned at Chattanooga loss,\\n$250,000.\\nApr. The Brewers Journal says \u00c2\u00a318,-\\n934,000 of English capital are now in-\\nvested in American breweries.\\nMay 2\u00c2\u00b1. Forest fires are raging in\\nMaryland and in the Alleghanies.\\nMay 4. X. Y. Breaker Island Steel\\nWorks are burned loss, $400,000\\nnearly 1,000 employees are deprived of\\nwork.\\nMay 5. Pa. Coal-breakers are burned\\nat Edwardsville loss, $250,000 about\\n800 men and boys are thrown out of em-\\nployment.\\nMay 6. X. Y. Acres of lumber are\\nburning at Long Island City; loss,\\n$000,000.\\nMay 8. X. Y. The school children\\nthroughout the State choose the rose as\\nthe State flower. Vote, rose, 294.S16\\ngoldenrod, 206,402.\\nPhila. The Spring Garden Na-\\ntional Bank closes its doors by order of\\nthe Bank Examiner the Penn Safe De-\\nposit and Trust Company makes an as-\\nsignment.\\nMay 10. X. Mex. Four tramps and\\n360 cattle are killed in a train-wreck\\non the Santa Fe Road.\\nXew York. F. H. Leggett and\\nCompany s warehouse and stock are in-\\njured by fire loss, $430,000.\\nMay 11. X. Y. Brooklyn Bridge Trus-\\ntees formally vote to make the promen-\\nade free after June 1.\\nPa. In Pine Grove Township 22 oil\\nand four gas wells take fire.\\nMay 13. 0. By the purchase of the\\nAlexander Plant in Akron, the Stand-\\nard Oil Company gains full control of\\nthe oil trade in the United States.\\nMay 14 i. Mich. The loss by forest\\nfires is estimated at over $2,000,000.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "384 J. 8 91, May 15 -June 17.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1S91 May 16. D. C. Capt. Henry Er-\\nben is selected to command Brooklyn\\nNavy Yard, vice Adm. Braine.\\nMay 17. The ships in the South Pa-\\ncific, including the Charleston, are\\nplaced under command of Acting\\nRear-Adni. M Cann.\\nMay 19. D. C. Isaac D. de Russy ia\\ncommissioned colonel 11th cavalry.\\n[Also May 22. La Rhett L. Livingston\\n3d artillery. Julyl. William M. Gra-\\nham \u00e2\u0080\u00945th artillery. James Biddle 9th\\ncavalry.]\\nCom. John Irwin is promoted rear-\\nadmiral. Commander Louis Kempff is\\npromoted captain. [Also Sept. 27. Fran-\\ncis J. Higginson. Oct. 2. George W.\\nSumner. Nov. 5. Benjamin F. Day.]\\nMay 24. Sealed orders are issued to the\\ncommander of the Rush relative to the\\nfur-seal fishery in Bering Sea.\\nJune 4. The Chilean insurgent\\nsteamer Itata surrenders to American\\nnaval vessels.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1891 May 23. Tenn. The bronze\\nmonument to the Andrews raiders\\nof 1863 is erected in the National Ceme-\\ntery at Chattanooga.\\nJune 3. III. A bronze statue of Gen.\\nGrant is unveiled at Galena Chauncey\\nM. Depew delivers the address.\\nMd. A monument is erected at Old\\nSt. Mary s to Leonard Calvert, the first\\ncolonial governor.\\nMiss. The monument to Confeder-\\nate soldiers at Jackson is unveiled.\\nJune 6. Cal. The solar eclipse is suc-\\ncessfully observed at Lick University,\\nMount Hamilton.\\nN. Y. A statue of J. S. T. Strana-\\nhan, philanthropist of Brooklyn, is un-\\nveiled at Prospect Park.\\nPa. A monument to Gen. Har-\\ntranft is unveiled at Norristown.\\nJune 9. Cal. A valuable collection of\\nRussian minerals, containing S00 speci-\\nmens (valued at \u00c2\u00a730,000), is presented by\\nthe Czar of Russia to the Art Museum\\nof Leland Stanford University.\\nJune 10. N.Y. A soldiers monument\\nis unveiled at Salisbury Mills.\\nVa. A Confederate soldiers mon-\\nument is unveiled at Fredericksburg.\\nJune 13. N. Y. A Froebel Society is\\nincorporated in Brooklyn for the ad-\\nvancement of education and the promo-\\ntion of self-culture.\\nJune 14*. Pa. The Burlington Air-\\nship Company, with a capital of\\n$10,000,000, is organized and incorpo-\\nrated at Burlington.\\nJune 15. D. C. The Signal Service\\nBureau declares this to be the hottest\\n15th of June on record.\\nJune 17. Fla. A monument to Con-\\nfederate soldiers is unveiled at Pensa-\\ncola it is the first to give monumental\\nhonors to Jefferson Davis.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1891.\\nMay 20. Taft, Alphonso, attv.-gen., sec. o\\nwar, minister I liussia, to Austria, A\\nMay 25. Ilouk, Leonidas C, M. C. fo\\nA55.\\nMay 26. carter, Samuel 1 rear-adm.\\nU. S. N., A72.\\nMay 27. Van Dyke, Henry J.,l res. cler-\\ngyman, A69.\\nMay 30. Barker, Forilyee, physician, sci-\\nentist, medical writer, A7:i.\\nMay 31. liruoks, Oaviu, electrical inventor,\\nA71.\\nJune 3. I.ossing, l .ensoii J., historian, ATis.\\nJune 5. Vibbanl, I iiaiincev, railroad mag-\\nnate of X. Y., A79.\\nJune 8. Knight, Cvrus F., Prot. Epis.\\nbishop of Milwaukee, A60.\\nJune 10. Fisher, Charles, comedian, A75.\\nJune 15. Emiiiett, .Joseph K., comedian,\\nA50.\\nJune 17. Ludingtoii, Harrison, Uov. of\\nWi\\nCHURCH.\\n1891 May 16. New York. The protest\\nof a number of clergymen against the\\nunorthodox teachings of Rev. Dr. New-\\nton is sent to Bishop Potter. [May 19.\\nThe Bishop decides to act.]\\nMay 19. New York. The directors of\\nUnion Theological Seminary receive\\na statement from Dr. Briggs, and pass a\\nresolution commending his views.\\nMay 20. N. Y. Judge Hilton gives\\n$500,000 to the Garden City Cathedral\\n(Protestant Episcopal).\\nMay 21. Mich. The 103d meeting of the\\nGeneral Assembly (Presbyterian) is\\nheld at Detroit William Henry Green,\\nmoderator.\\n[May 22. The committee on the Re-\\nvision of the Confession of Faith report;\\nthe Assembly votes to send the report to\\nthe presbyteries for their action during\\nthe ensuing year. May 29. It adopts\\nthe report of the Committee on Semi-\\nnaries. Vote, 440-60. The report disap-\\nproves of the appointment of Dr. Briggs.]\\nN. T. Judge Pratt renders a decision\\nin Brooklyn, that a religious corpora-\\ntion is not liable for the negligence\\nof its servants he dismisses a suit\\nfor personal injuries.\\nMay 23. Phila. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nMay 24. New York. Rev. Dr. Bridg-\\nman, who resigned from the Madison\\nAvenue Baptist Church, is confirmed\\nby Bishop Potter in the Protestant\\nEpiscopal faith. [Dec. 14. He is or-\\ndained a deacon.]\\nMay 27. O. The 13th General Coun-\\ncil (Reformed Episcopal) meets at\\nCleveland.\\nPa. The 62d Synod (Reformed\\nPresbyterian) convenes at Pittsburg.\\nThomas W. Campbell is conse-\\ncrated (Reformed Episcopal) bishop.\\nJune 1. U. S. The Young People s\\nSociety of Christian Endeavor re-\\nports a membership of 1,000,000.\\nJune 4. Mich. The Diocese of Western\\nMichigan consents to the consecration\\nof Dr. PhiUips Brooks as bishop of the\\nDiocese of Massachusetts this gives\\nhim the necessary majority, as 2S\\nDioceses have given consent. [July 10.\\nThe House of Bishops confirms the elec-\\ntion.] (See Oct. 14.)\\nJune 8. yea York. The official transla-\\ntion of Pope Leo s encyclical letter on\\nthe condition of labor ia made public.\\nJune 10. The Reformed Presby-\\nterian Synod at Pittsburg expels five\\nministers for asserting the right to vote\\nand to hold office.\\nJune 15. Xew York. The 13th annual\\nConvention of the Jewish Rabbis\\nAssociation of America begins it\\npasses a resolution asking the President\\nof the United States to protest against\\nthe treatment of Jews in Russia.\\nJune 16. New York. The Hebrew clergy\\ntake action relative to their people\\nproperly observing the Jewish Sabbath\\nthey resolve to form a Sabbath League\\nin every synagogue and temple rep-\\nresented iu the conference.\\nLETTERS.\\n1891 May 18. .V. I Congressman\\nBelden offers to build and give to Syra-\\ncuse, a fireproof Hbrary and art build-\\ning, to cost not less than S150.000.\\nMay 19. Tex. W. M. Rice, formerly of\\nTexas, now of New York, gives Houston\\n$200,000 to establish an institute for\\nthe advancement of Literature, Science,\\nand Art. similar to Cooper Institute of\\nNew York. (See July 21, 1892.)\\nMay 24. Pa. Dr. W. Pepper offers the\\nUniversity of Pennsylvania $50,000\\ntoward an endowment fund of $250,000,\\nand $1,000 annually for five years toward\\na guaranty fund of $20,000 annually for\\nfive years.\\nMay 25. Conn. The Yale graduating\\nclass of 91 decides, by a vote of 64 to 42,\\nto wear the cap and gown on Com-\\nmencement Day.\\nMay 28. D. C. The American Uni-\\nversity of Washington (Meth. Epis.)\\nis chartered.\\nMay 29. N.Y. The will of Charles Pratt\\nis filed for probate his gifts to Pratt\\nInstitute amount to $2,500,000.\\nJune 1. Seir York. Rev. John Hall re-\\nsigns the chancellorship of the Univer-\\nsity of the City of New York. [June\\n11. Rev. H. M. MacCracken is elected\\nhis successor.]\\nJune 15. The Western Reserve His-\\ntorical Society becomes the owner of\\nthe famous glacial-grooved limestone\\nledge on Keeley s Island, Lake Erie.\\nJune 16. N. Y. James B. Colgate, of\\nNew York City, formally presents\\n$1,000,000 to Colgate University,\\nat Hamilton. N. Y., to endow the Dodge\\nMemorial Fluid.\\nT). c. The National Chautauqua\\nat Glen Echo, near Washington, opens.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1891 May 18. Xeic York. The trustees\\nof the Metropolitan Museum of Art,\\nby a vote of 12 to 4, decide to open its\\ndoors on Sundays from 1 P.M. to within\\nhalf an hour of sunset. [Several thou-\\nsand petitioners urge Sunday opening.\\nMay 31. About 10,000 visitors appear on", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1891, May 15-June 17. 385\\nthe first Simday the number soon de-\\nclines to a few hundred.]\\nMay 19. Colo. The Trans-Mississippi\\nCongress begins at Denver.\\nmore stringent excise laws, and the es-\\ntablishment of an excise system that\\nshall impose adequate regulations upon\\nthe sale of liquor in this State.\\nhid.\\n.inous attempt is made June 10. Mich. Riotous strikers at\\nto wreck an express-train near Wabash\\non a 40-foot embankment wreckers un-\\nknown.\\nMay 20. O. The National Brewers\\nAssociation is in session at Cleveland,\\nwith 200 delegates present.\\nThe trustees report that they rejoice\\nat the defeat of the bill to create a Gov-\\nernment commission of inquiry on the\\nalcoholic liquor-traffic.\\nMay 21. H. I. A State Soldiers Home\\nat Bristol is opened.\\nAnother Irish- American Society\\nis formed to collect funds for Home\\nRule in Ireland it is called The Na-\\ntional Federation of America.\\nMay 22. New York. Eugene Kelley,\\ntreasurer of the Irish Home Rule\\nFund, cables \u00c2\u00a715,000 to Archbishop\\nCroke in Ireland.\\nMay 23. New York. A. Elbogen, theat-\\nrical agent, is sentenced to five years\\nand 11 months imprisonment for kidnap-\\nping a girl for immoral purposes.\\nMay 25. Phila. Ex-City Treasurer John\\nBardsley is charged with an additional\\nembezzlement of over $360,000 of State\\nfunds. [May 29. He is sent to prison in\\ndefault of bail. June 9. He pleads guilty\\nto 17 of the indictments fouud by the\\ngrand jury. June 12. Another deficit is\\ndiscovered of \u00c2\u00a7400,000; total amount\\nabout $1,000,000. June 27. Another dis-\\ncrepancy is discovered a due-bill for\\n$30,000.] (See July 2-13.)\\nD. C. The Federal Supreme Court\\nMay 21. Colo. The silver men are prac-\\ntically defeated in the Trans-Mississippi\\nCongress at Denver.\\n11. C. The President by proclamation\\nannounces that 1,000,000 acres of the\\nIndian reservation at Fort Berthold,\\nN. Dak., are open for settlement under\\nthe Homestead Law.\\nGrand Rapids attack the police and are\\nfired upon 13 arrests are made.\\nMont. W. J. Penrose, editor\\nMining Journal and a member of the tw^tt o\u00c2\u00ab o 1\\nLegislature, is shot dead near his home m 1 if t j Lp R slature in grand\\nin Butte. committee declares the Republican\\ndidates tor State offices elected.\\nNew York. A $25,000 house is\\ntransferred to Mrs. M. E. Williams, a\\nSpiritualist medium, by the widow of\\nthe late John Anderson, tobacconist,\\nfor a one dollar consideration.\\nJune 11. New York. John H. Starin\\ngives his annual excursion to Union\\nveteran soldiers and sailors, about\\n6,000 in number, with their families.\\nPa. The American Protestant\\nAssociation, having a membership of\\n100,000, holds its annual convention at\\nPittsburg.\\nJune 12. Kan. In the District Court,\\nTopeka, an original package agent,\\nrepresenting a Kansas City liquor-house,\\nis fined \u00c2\u00a71,500, and sentenced to 90 days\\nin the county jail.\\nNew York. Julio Mergbacher, a\\ntrusted officer of the New York Life In-\\nsurance Company, Spanish-American\\nDepartment, has fled the country, leav-\\ning a deficit in his accounts of \u00c2\u00a7320,000.\\nRutgers Female College brings suit\\nagainst Jacob B. Talhnan, former pres-\\nident and treasurer, to recover $180,000\\nwhich, it is alleged, he obtained by\\nfraud.\\nupholds the constitutionality of the June 14. Ariz. The notorious Mexican\\nOriginal Package Law; it does not\\nannul State prohibitory laws.\\nMay 26. New York. The will of John\\nT. Parish provides for the distribution\\nof $280,000 to hospitals and other\\npublic charities.\\nMay 28. New York. An aged couple are\\ndriven by poverty to commit suicide.\\nPhila. F. W. Kennedy, president of\\nSpring Garden Bank, is charged with\\nembezzling $100,000. (See May 8, Misc.)\\nMay 31. La. A negro is burned to\\ndeath by lynchers because he kills one\\nof a mob attempting a raid on his home.\\nMay Fla. The South Florida Presby-\\ntery condemns the efforts of the govern-\\nment to extend the trade in alcoholic\\nbeverages among semi-civilized people\\nof the Central American States.\\nJune 1. Boston. The 253d anniversary\\nof the organization of the Ancient and\\nHonorable Artillery is celebrated\\nRev. T. DeWitt Talmage preaches the\\nsermon in the Old South Church.\\nXJ. S. The reported membership of\\nthe Royal Arcanum is 118,454.\\nJune 3. N. Y. The 2.1 annual session\\nof the Lake Mohonk Negro Confer-\\nence is formally opened ex-President\\nR. B. Hayes is elected chairman.\\nJune 8. Mass. Lizzie Witherell, 20\\nyears of age, is sentenced to 10 years\\nhard labor in the House of Correction\\nat East Cambridge for burglary.\\nJune 9. N. Y. The Excise Reform\\nAssociation is incorporated for the\\npurpose of promoting the passage of\\nstage-robber Ge\\nhis accomplice Leon i\\nTucson.\\nCat. A Chinaman acquitted of the\\ncharge of murdering an Indian is\\ndragged from the court-room at Bridge-\\nport, and cut into pieces by Indians.\\nJune 16. New York.\\nJune 2. D. C. The Secretary of the\\nTreasury issues a circular giving\\nnotice that the outstanding 4\u00c2\u00a3 per cent\\nbonds, principal and interest, will be\\nredeemed on Sept. 2, 1891.\\nJune 3. La. A.J. Westf all (People s\\nParty) is nominated for governor.\\nMich. The House passes the Con-\\ngressional Reapportionment Bill.\\n[June 19. It passes the Senate.]\\nMass. The House passes the bill for\\nreapportioning the State into Congres-\\nsional districts.\\nJune 6. Del. At Wilmington the Repub-\\nlicans for the first time in 20 years elect\\nthe entire city ticket.\\nJune 12. Conn. Gov.Bulkeley refuses\\nto resign his office to the contestant.\\nJune 15. D. C. President Harrison\\nissues a proclamation declaring a\\nclose sealing season in Bering Sea,\\nin accordance with the terms of the\\nmodus Vivendi between the United States\\nand Great Britain the full text of the\\ndiplomatic correspondence on the sub-\\nject is published.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1891 May 17. Mich. Twenty-two\\nblocks are burned in Muskegon, includ-\\ning the court-house, which cost \u00c2\u00a7100,000.\\nMay 19. Colo. The Trans-Missis-\\nsippi Commercial Congress meets at\\nCourt of Ap- Denver 1,200 delegates are present.\\npeals decides against John Most, the N. Y. Near Tarrytown 13 men are\\nanarchist. The question involved was, killed, 15 wounded, and a portion of\\nDoes the constitutional right of peace- the New York Central Road track is\\nful assembly and freedom of speech in- wrecked, by a dynamite explosion on a\\nelude the inciting to riot and unbridled running car.\\nlicense of the. tongue of malicious per- May 23. Ala. By a mine explosion\\nsons? [June 19. He is sent to the at the Pratt mmeS] near Birmingham,\\npenitentiary on Blackwell s Island.] jj men are e\\nR.I. The American Society of Me- June 10. Md. The Concordia Opera\\nBaltimore, is burned loss,\\nchanical Engineers opens its four-\\ndays session at Providence.\\n$280,000.\\nJune 11. Minn. The whalebaek\\nsteamer Charles W. Wetmore, laden\\nwith grain, starts from Duluth for Liv-\\nerpool,\\npulsory Education Bill the provision June 13. -IV. Y. The Long Island Bicy-\\nof the English Ian-\\nnd parochial schools.\\nrequiring the\\nguage f\\nMay 17. La. Mayor Shakespeare of New-\\nOrleans requests the IT. S. Government\\nto recall the exequatur of Corte,\\nItalian consul of that city, because T\\nof his assumptions.\\nMay 19. O. The National Union Con-\\nference opens in Cincinnati commit-\\ntees are appointed (May 20) it adopts\\na platform, a name, The People s\\nParty of the United States of Amer-\\nica, \u00e2\u0080\u0094appoints a national committee,\\nand adjourns.\\ncle Railroad Company is incorporated to\\noperate a single track on Long Island\\nfor twenty miles from Rocky Point\\nLanding, Suffolk County, to a point on\\nthe Great South Beach.\\nCat. San Francisco receives\\nthe first shipment of block tin from the\\nTemescal mines.\\nJune 16. N. J. A fire at Seabright,\\ncaused by a drunken stableman, destroys\\n$350,000 worth of property, and renders\\n100 families homeless.\\nO. The American Cereal Com-\\npany, incn pnratfd at Columbus, with a\\ncapital of s;j ,400,000, organizes at Akron.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "386 1891, June 17- July 15.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1891 July 2. Ariz. The hostile In-\\ndians are overawed by the troops.\\nJuly 14. Cat. The arms and ammuni-\\ntion on board the Itata at San Diego are\\nformally libeled by U. S. Marshal Gard.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1891 June 19. N. Y. A plague of\\ncaterpillars infests the town of Burke,\\nFranklin County they are devouring\\nherbage in a track nearly a mile in\\nwidth.\\nJune 24. N. Y. The statues of Henry\\nWard Beecher in front of the Brook-\\nlyn City Hall, and of Archbishop\\nHughes at St. John s College, Fordham,\\nare unveiled with impressive ceremonies.\\nJune 27. N. Y. The corner-stone for\\nthe Soldiers and Sailors monument\\nis laid at Yonkers.\\nJune 29. Cat. An inland lake sud-\\ndenly and mysteriously appears in the\\nlowest part of the Colorado desert.\\n[July 2. The water continues to rise.\\nJuly S. A stream is discovered which\\nflows from the Colorado River into the\\nSalton Lake about eight miles from El\\nRio.]\\nJuly 4. iV. Y. A Soldiers and Sailors\\nmonument is unveiled at Owego.\\nNew York. A bronze statue of Sam-\\nuel S. Cox is unveiled it is a testimo-\\nnial to Mr. Cox by the letter-carriers of\\nthe United States, and cost 810,000.\\nJuly 5. Conn. The monument to Adju-\\ntant Campbell of the British army, who\\nfell in an attack on New Haven, July 5,\\n1775, is unveiled it is erected as a token\\nof gratitude for his merciful conduct.\\nJuly 8. Wash. Gophers and squirrels\\nare destroying the wheat-crop.\\nJuly 11. Ore. A rival of the Mam-\\nmoth Cave in Kentucky is discovered.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1891.\\nJune 21. McDonald, Joseph E., senator\\nfor Ind., A72.\\nJuly 4. Hamlin. Hannibal, senator for\\nMe., Vice-President with Lincoln, A82.\\nJuly 12. Burgess, Edward, yacht-builder,\\nA43.\\nHarrison, Thomas, Touted, gen., A78.\\nCHURCH.\\n1891 June 17. Phila. Rev. Isaac\\nNicholson is elected Protestant Epis-\\ncopal bishop of Wisconsin.\\nJune 18. New Yorlc. The Industrial\\nChristian Alliance is incorporated. Its\\nobject is to help men and women, who\\nhave become degraded through misfor-\\ntune or vice, in such a way that their\\nself-respect will be reawakened.\\nJune 24. La. Davis Sessums is con-\\nsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant\\nbishop of Louisiana.\\nJune 29. Mass. The Northfield Con-\\nference, under the direction of D. L.\\nMoody, is opened for the summer. [Aug.\\n6. He raises $3,600 in ten minutes for\\nthe education of Indian youth.]\\nJuly 1. Ida. The Rev. Ethelburt\\nTalbot, missionary bishop of Western\\nIdaho, is elected bishop of Georgia.\\nJuly 6. Md. The Central Conference\\nof American Rabbis opens its session\\nat Baltimore, Dr. Isaac M. Wise of Cin-\\ncinnati presiding.\\nJuly 7. Wis. Father Durin of De Pere\\norganizes The Deliverance So-\\nciety, which proposes to deliver souls\\nfrom purgatory.\\nJuly 9. Minn. The tenth annual Inter-\\nnational Convention of the Young Peo-\\nple s Society of Christian Endeavor\\nis opened in Minneapolis 14,000 del-\\negates are present. [July 10. Centen-\\nnial Day is observed.]\\nJuly 11. New York. A large party of\\nMethodists starts on the Etruria as pil-\\ngrims to Epworth, England, the early\\nhome of John Wesley, and the birthplace\\nof Methodism.\\nLETTERS.\\n1891 June 19. Pa, Gov. Pattison ve-\\ntoes the Compulsory Education Bill.\\nJune 24. Mass. Merrill E. Gates is in-\\naugurated president of Amherst College.\\nJune 27. The first number of The\\nNational Picket, the official organ of the\\nWoman s Relief Corps of the United\\nStates, is issued at Monticello.\\nJune 29. Boston. Col. W. W. Clapp re-\\ntires from the management of the Boston\\nJournal.\\nJuly 1. D. C. President Harrison pro-\\nclaims the benefits of the United States\\ncopyright extended to citizens of for-\\neign countries, they having complied\\nwith the conditions imposed.\\nJuly 2. N. Y. The first summer meet-\\ning of the American Association to pro-\\nmote the Teaching of Speech to the\\nDeaf is held at Lake George.\\nJuly 3. O. The Cincinnati German\\nTeachers Association decides in favor\\nof printing German literature in Roman\\ntext, and to use English script in all\\nGerman writing.\\nJuly 5. N. J. The Seaside Assembly\\nopens as a school of philosophy at Avon-\\nby-the-Sea.\\nJuly 7. N. J. The 23d annual meeting\\nof the American Philological Associ-\\nation meets iu University Hall, Prince-\\nton.\\nJuly 8. N. Y. The University con-\\nvocation is opened in Albany George\\nWilliam Curtis presides.\\nConn. Miss Irene W. Coit of Norwich\\nis notified that she will be admitted to\\nYale this is the first time that the Uni-\\nversity has granted a certificate of ad-\\nmission to a woman.\\nJuly 10. Chicago. The trustees of the\\nnew Chicago University decide to erect\\nbuildings to cost $350,000,\\nJuly 11. New York. A charter of incor-\\nporation is secured for the New York\\nLaw School.\\nJuly 14. Minn. The National Edito-\\nrial Association is in session at St. Paul.\\nUtah. The Liberals defeat the Mor-\\nmons in a school election in Salt Lake\\nCity.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1891 June 17. Wis. A tie placed on\\nthe track at Coon Kiver Crossing causes\\na wreck on t lit; Chicago, .Milwaukee, and\\nSt. Paul Railroad three persons are\\nkilled and many injured.\\nA J. The Master Mechanics of\\nthe United States railroads are in ses-\\nsion m Cape May.\\nThe International Congress of\\nHomeopathists opens at Atlantic City.\\nJune 19. Boston. A convention of ac-\\ntive and retired naval officers meets in\\nFaueuil Hall.\\nJune 20. Chicago. The Molders Union\\ndecides that its members shall not work\\non any architectural work during the\\nstrike of the architectural iron-workers\\n2,000 molders are influenced by this ac-\\ntion the strike is spreading to other\\ntrades.\\nGa. The mayor of Atlanta vetoes\\nall beer li\\nPa. The fishing-club whose dam\\ncaused the Johnstown disaster lias\\nbeen [unsuccessfully] sued lor several\\nhundred thousand dollars.\\nJune 22. Ga. Seven guards and con-\\nvicts are killed in an attempted jail de-\\nlivery at Cole City.\\nMo. The new Missouri law prohib-\\niting pool-selling on races outside the\\nState goes into effect; every pool-room\\nin St. Louis but one is closed.\\nN. Y. The Italians in Brooklyn pa-\\nrade in honor of Mazzini s birthday\\nthe Italian flag floats over the City Hall,\\nand Mayor Chapin and other officials re-\\nview the procession.\\nJune 23. Cat. A trust-deed for $100,000\\nis executed by Mrs. Leland Stanford in\\nfavor of five free kindergartens in\\nSan Francisco which she has founded.\\nJune 25. The presiding elders of the\\nnegro Methodist Church of the South\\nadopt a resolution that the colored\\npeople of the South, as a race, boycott\\nall railroads not providing first-class\\naccommodations for colored people.\\nLa. The anti-lottery campaign\\nopens in New Orleans with a large and\\nenthusiastic meeting in the Grand Opera\\nHouse.\\nJune 26. Ark. Ex-state treasurer Wood-\\nruff is indicted for embezzlement of\\nState funds. [Oct.* First trial jury;\\ndisagree. Apr. 2, 1892. Second trial,\\nverdict, not guilty released.]\\nWash. A hand of 100 Italians make\\nan attack on labor camps.\\nJune 27. Mich. Twenty-eight stri-\\nkers are arraigned at Grand Rapids,\\ncharged with conspiring to destroy the\\nwheel-pit of the cable street-railroad\\nwith dynamite.\\nWis. An Anti-Prohibition Con-\\nvention is held at Janesville.\\nJune 29. Chicago. Prince George of\\nGreece arrives at Chicago ou his way\\nto New York.\\nThe Typothetse rejects the request\\nof Typographical Union No. 6 for a\\nwork-day of nine hours.\\nLabor Unionists insist on the employ-\\nment of union men, and declare a boy-\\ncott on two car-lines and a theater.\\nJune 30. Wash. Two persons are killed\\nand seven injured iu a fight between\\nwhite strikers and negro laborers.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1891, June 17 -July 15. 387\\nZnd. In Crawford County White\\nCaps whip a man and his step-daughter\\non an unproved charge until they faint\\nfrom exhaustion.\\nU. S. Pensioners in 1891, 156,4SG\\npensions, $118,548,959. Total amount of\\npensions since 1S62, $1,277,261,263.\\nJuly 1, Wash. Armed men are guard-\\ning the striking miners at New Castle.\\nJuly 2. Phila. John Bardsley, ex-city\\ntreasurer, is sentenced to 15 years im-\\nprisonment and a fine equal in amount\\nto his embezzlement. (See May 25.)\\nPa. The Pittsburg carpenters\\nstrike, by driving the smaller contrac-\\ntors to the wall, has strengthened the\\nBuilders Association, making it more of\\na monopoly than before.\\nJuly 3. N. J. The President arrives\\nat Cape May, where he is to spend the\\n-V. Y. The reunion of the Army\\nof the Potomac begins at Buffalo the\\nvarious corps elect officers, and Gen.\\nSlocum delivers an address.\\nJuly 4. Boston. The Naval Order of\\nthe United States is established.\\nLa. New Orleans celebrates the\\nFourth of July for the first time since\\nI860.\\nN. Y. The National Prohibition\\nPark, on Staten Island, near Port Rich-\\nmond, is formally dedicated.\\nNew York. The letter-carriers of\\nthe United States hold a reunion, and\\nparticipate in the ceremonies Of unveil-\\ning the statue of Hon. Samuel S. Cox.\\n5. C. J. D. Shaw, editor of the Bish-\\nopville Eagle, is shot dead at a picnic,\\nby two drunken men that he and others\\nwere trying to keep in order.\\nJuly 5. Cal. A Chinese-Indian feud\\nis progressing at Bridgeport.\\nNew York. Sir George Baden-\\nPowell, British commissioner on the\\nBering Sea question, arrives.\\nTerm. A negro is shot by a white\\nmob at Trenton.\\nJuly 6. New York. A notorious diamond-\\nthief is arrested at the Astor House\\nafter stealing diamonds worth $30,000.\\nO. A big tri-State labor demon-\\nstration is held at Stubenville.\\nJuly 9. Ga. Fifty armed men break\\ninto the jail at Blaekshear, take there-\\nfrom a negro prisoner, tie him to a\\nsapling, and riddle him with bullets.\\nN. J. Several Jersey City ballot-\\nbox stuffers are sentenced each to IS\\nmonths in State prison. [July 24. Three\\nmore are sentenced to like penalty.\\nNov. 14. Two more are sentenced to\\nnine months in the penitentiary. July\\n9, 1892. Four more are convicted.]\\nN. Y. Dr. Griffin, Superintendent\\nof the Brooklyn Health Department, ap-\\npoints a corps of 20 physicians to visit\\nthe sick free of charge in the summer.\\nTwo handsomely furnished robber-\\ncaves containing stolen articles are dis-\\ncovered near Islip, Long Island.\\nJuly 12. D. C. Italo-Americans at\\nWashington hold a meeting for pro-\\nmoting the World s Fair and honoring\\nColumbus.\\nWis. The Northwestern Saenger-\\nfest at Milwaukee closes with a deficit\\nof from $2,000 to $3,000.\\nJuly 13. Phila. The treasurers of the\\nState of Pennsylvania and of the city\\nof Philadelphia secure upwards of\\n$1,000,000, which was deposited in\\nbank in John Bardsley s absence by his\\nchief clerk.\\nJuly 14. Minn. The National Edito-\\nrial Association opens its 7th annual\\nconvention at St. Paul.\\nTenn. The Afro- American League\\nof the United States meets in annual\\nsession in Knoxville the separation of\\nraces on railway trains is denounced.\\nSTATE.\\n1891 June 17. O. William McKinley,\\nJr. (Rep.), is nominated for governor.\\nJune 18. Pa. Gov. Pattison vetoes the\\nCompulsory Education Bill.\\nJune 20. Russia unites with America\\nand England for a close sealing season\\nin Bering Sea.\\nJune 24. D. C. The Treasury Depart-\\nment issues a statement showing a net\\nsurplus of $1,566,571.\\nConn. Morgan G. Bulkeley s claim\\nthat he is tie jure governor of the State\\nis upheld by a decision of the Superior\\nCourt at Hartford.\\nla. Horace Boies (Dem.) is renomi-\\nnated for governor.\\nJune 26. Sp. The new Spanish Com-\\nmercial Treaty with the United States\\nis signed at Madrid (operative on Sept. 1),\\nJune 30. I). C. The Weather Bureau\\nis transferred from the War to the\\nAgricultural Department, and Mark\\nW. Harrington appointed its chief.\\nStatistics for the fiscal year. Rev-\\nenue: Customs. .3210,522,206; internal\\nrevenue, Sl4r.,(i8(J,24!i; sales of public\\nlands, $4, 02! miscellaneous items,\\n$23,374,457. Total revenue, $392,612,446.\\nExpenditures: Premiums on loans, pur-\\nchase of bonds, etc., .310,401,221 miscel-\\nlaneous items, $110,048, 167 War Depart-\\nment, $48,720,065; Navy Department,\\n$26,113,896 Indians, $8,527,469 pen-\\nsions, 3124,415.951 interest, on the public\\ndebt, $37,547,135. Total ordinary expen-\\nditures, $365,773,004 excess of revenue\\nover ordinary expenditures, $26,H3,s.542.\\nExports, $SS4,4S(),.SH) imports, 3*44,016,-\\n196. Public debt (Dec. 1), $1,546,061,695.\\nJuly 1. Cal. The Australian Ballot\\nLaw becomes operative.\\nD. C President Harrison issues\\na proclamation that Belgium, France,\\nGreat Britain, and Switzerland have\\ncomplied with the first conditions of\\nthe International Copyright Act the\\nact goes into effect.\\nThe Treasury Department reports a\\nreduction of $20,000,000 of debt,\\nand $53,853,808 surplus for the fiscal\\nyear.\\nla. Hiram C. Wheeler (Rep.) is nom-\\ninated for governor.\\nJuly 2. D. C. At a special meeting of\\nthe Cabinet it is decided to extend the\\n4\u00c2\u00a3 per cent bonds at 2 per cent after\\nSept. 2 a circular is issued to this effect.\\nJuly 7. Cal. The Attorney-General or-\\nders that the Itata, now at San Diego,\\nbe libeled for attempting to carry mu-\\nnitions of war to the Chilean insurgents.\\n[July 9. Another libel is filed for violat-\\ning the Neutrality Law.]\\nJuly 9. D. C. President Harrison ap-\\npoints T. C. Mendenhall, of the Coast\\nand Geodetic Survey, and C. H, Merriam,\\nof the Agricultural Department, Com-\\nmissioners to visit Alaska and gather\\ninformation on the Bering Sea question.\\nJuly 15. D.C. The Postmaster-General\\nissues a notice to bidders to carry the\\nU. S. mail to foreign countries in vessels\\nof American build.\\n0. James E. Campbell (Dem.) is re-\\nnominated for governor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1S91 June 21. O. On the Nickel Plate\\nRoad near Dover 15 cars are wrecked\\none man is killed and more than 30 are\\ninjured.\\nJune 23. N. Y. Nearly 20 people are\\ninjured by a collision of two trains at\\nWhite Plains.\\nJune 24. Conn. Columbia freshmen\\ndefeat Harvard and Yale in a boat-race\\ntime, 9.41.\\nJune 25. Conn. In the 9th intercol-\\nlegiate boat-race, three miles straight,\\nthe Cornell crew breaks the record, and\\ndefeats the University of Pennsylvania\\nby six lengths, and Columbia by 13\\nlengths time, 14 minutes, 27;V seconds.\\nJune 27. N. Y. Commissioners con-\\ndemn 50 acres on Plum Island for\\nGovernment purposes, fixing the price\\nat $90,000.\\nJune 30. Colo. The first passenger-train\\nascends the inclined railway on Pike s\\nPeak.\\nNew York. The Board of Aldermen\\ndecide against the Elevated Railroad s\\noccupancy of part of the Battery Park.\\nVote, 16-8.\\nJuly 1. Mass. Holden celebrates the\\n150th anniversary of its settlement.\\nJuly 3. O. A freight-train crashes\\ninto an express-train at Ravenna the\\nwreck takes fire from the lamps, and 19\\nof the passengers are burned to death.\\nU. S. It is reported that during\\nthe first six months of the current\\nyear 16 complete railroads mileage,\\n2,590, bonded debt and capital stock,\\n$106,531,000 have been sold to satisfy\\ncreditors claims.\\nJuly 4. W. Va. In an accident on the\\nKanawha and Michigan Railroad 14\\npersons are killed and many injured.\\nJuly 6. N. Y. The New York and Brook-\\nlyn Bridge trustees turn over the\\nbridge funds to the two cities $100,000\\nto Brooklyn and $50,000 to New York.\\nJuly 7. New York. The Empire Print-\\ning Works are burned loss, $175,000.\\nJuly 8. O. A large building and a valu-\\nable stock of furs are destroyed by fire\\nin Cincinnati loss, nearly $900,000.\\nJuly 9\u00c2\u00b1. Cal. Bush fires burn over\\n10,000 acres of grain, feed, and timber\\nlands.\\nJuly 11. Pa. A syndicate purchases for\\n$1,000,000 the stores of the Cambria\\nIron Company at Pittsburg.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "388 1891, July 15 -Aug. 15.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY -NAVY.\\n1891 July 20. Tenn. A body of 1,000\\nminers at Briceville compel the militia\\nto withdraw with the convicts sent to\\nwork in the mines the governor orders\\n10 companies of militia to the place.\\nJuly 21. X. Y. The Naval Reserve\\nand the Squadron of Evolution unite\\nin a drill in the North River.\\nAug. 1. D. C. John S. Poland is com-\\nmissioned colonel 17th infantry.\\nAug. 11.- X. Y. A satisfactory test is\\nmade of the Sims-Edison torpedo-\\nboat at Willet s Point its speed is 20\\nmiles an hour under perfect control.\\nX. J. A charge of 440 pounds of\\npowder is used in the 12-inch gun at the\\nGovernment proving-grounds, Sandy\\nHook the French smokeless powder is\\nalso satisfactorily tested.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1891 July 21. Va. A monument to\\nStonewall Jackson is unveiled at\\nLexington. Gen. Jubal A. Early is the\\norator.\\nJuly 23. Prof. Herbert B. Adams of\\nJohns Hopkins University is appointed\\nchief of the World s Fair Department\\nof Liberal Arts.\\nJuly 28. Commander Perry of the North\\nGreenland exploring party reports\\nhis vessel, the steamer Kite, ice-bound\\nin the Straits of Belle Isle.\\nAug. 5. Pa. A cloudburst floods the\\ncountry near Harrisburg. [Aug. 23. An-\\nother at Pottsville.]\\nAug. 9. Cat. A great earthquake and\\ntidal wave occur at the mouth of the\\nColorado River, accompanied by wonder-\\nful phenomena the whole region is\\nstirred by hundreds of mud volcanoes\\nand sulphur eruptions.\\nAug. 12. D. C. The Hth annual con-\\nvention of the American Society of\\nMicroscopists meets at Washington.\\nAug. 13. Mass. The Soldiers* Memo-\\nrial Monument at Cottage City is dedi-\\ncated.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1891.\\nJuly 17. Browne, Thomas M., statesman,\\nA62.\\nJuly 20. Davenport, Fanny E. V., actor,\\nA62.\\nJuly 35. Newi .ninb, Richard S., lawyer, A47.\\nJuly 26. Dillingham, Paul, Gov. of Vt., A92.\\nJuly 28. Haverneyer, Frederick C, sugar\\nrefiner, A84.\\nAug. 8. Ax tell, Samuel B., Gov. of New\\nMex\\nA72.\\nAug-. 7. ISoi. oe.k, Thomas S., speaker Con-\\nfederate Congress, A6K.\\nAug-. 8. Bigelow, Allen Gilman, author,\\npoet, musician, A37.\\nAug-. 9. Camphell, .labez Pitt, bishop Afri-\\ncan Meth. Epis. Church, A76.\\nAug-. 12. Jones, George, proprietor tfeio\\nYork Times, A80.\\nLowell. James Russell, poet, professor\\nat Harvard, minister to England, A72.\\nCHURCH.\\n1891 Aug. 2. N. J. The relics of St.\\nQuietus the Martyr (discovered in\\n1849, and given to the Rev. A. Curren by\\nPope Pius IX., with authority to expose\\nthem for public veneration) are trans-\\nferred with great ceremonial from old\\nSt. Mary s Church to anew resting-place\\nin Hoboken,\\nAug. 13. The Pan-Republic Congress\\nExecutive Committee calls upon min-\\nisters and others to use for their text on\\nDiscovery Bay, Oct. 16, the words cast\\non the Independence Bell of Philadel-\\nphia a bell rung on July 4, 177G. (See\\nLev. xxv. 10.)\\nLETTERS.\\n1891 July 17. LT. The Indian Bureau\\nmakes contracts this year with Cath-\\nolic Indian Schools directly, instead\\nof through the Bureau of Catholic In-\\ndian Missions as before amount given,\\n$400,000, as against \u00c2\u00a7300,000 last year.\\nJuly 26. Chicago. Orrington Lunt has\\npresented 850,000 to found a new library\\nbuilding for the Northwestern Univer-\\nsity.\\nJuly 27t. Pa. The University of\\nPennsylvania receives several large\\nbequests for the School of American\\nHistory and Institutions.\\nAug. 15. Tex. The attorney-general de-\\ncides that nuns are eligible to teach\\nin the public schools of this State.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1891 July 15. Cal. A riot occurs in\\nSan Diego, when deputy marshals try\\nto arrest some of the Charleston sea-\\nmen one sailor is killed and one fatally\\nwounded.\\nN. Y. The National Temperance\\nConvention begins its session at Sara-\\ntoga.\\nThe International Medical Con-\\ngress, called for the discussion of the\\nuse of alcohol by physicians, meets at\\nthe National Prohibition Park, Staten\\nIsland Dr. N. S. Davis of Chicago pre-\\nsides.\\nTenn. Armed miners oppose con-\\nvict labor in mines; the authorities de-\\ntermine to have the convicts work, even\\nif blood is shed.\\n[July 20. The free miners attack the\\nmilitia at Briceville, and force the con-\\ntractors to withdraw the convict miners\\nfrom their work. July 24. A compro-\\nmise is agreed to the convicts are\\nallowed to return to work without\\nmilitary protection, and the Legislature\\nmust change the law to suppress such\\nlabor within 00 days.] (See Aug. 31,\\nSept. 11.)\\nJuly 16. D. C. The Secretary of the\\nTreasury awards a silver life-saving\\nmedal to Mabel Mason for saving\\nThomas Jones from drowning in the\\nDetroit River on May 11.\\nMass. At Greenfield the grand jury\\nreports the indictment of County Treas-\\nurer C. M. Moody, who pleads guilty to\\nthe last count the embezzlement of\\n$i6,ooo.\\nMo. The glassblowers convention at\\nSt. Louis votes to withdraw from the\\nKnights of Labor.\\nN. Y. The National Photogra-\\nphers* Association is in session at\\nBuffalo.\\nJuly 18. N. H. Frank Almy shoots\\nMiss Christie Warden at Hanover, be-\\ncause of her refusal to marry him.\\n[Aug. 20. Almy is captured in a bun\\non the Warden place besurrendereonly\\nafter long parleying and much shooting\\non both siden, in which one man is\\nwounded.]\\nX. Y. Charles Runels bequeaths six\\nthousand dollars to the Methodist\\nOld People s Home in Brooklyn.\\nJuly 19. X. A Chinaman is under\\narrest for abducting u 15-year-old girl\\nin Camden.\\nJuly20. Minn. A mass-meeting is held\\nat St. Paul, to protest against allowing\\nthe Hall-Fitzsimmons prize-fight to\\ntake place there.\\nAt the close of the meeting about 5,000\\npeople proceed to the State Capitol to\\npresent a memorial to Gov. Merriam\\nconcerning it. [July 22. The governor s\\nresolute action prevents the tight.]\\n7?. I. The American Whist Con-\\ngress meets at Providence.\\nJuly22. Boston. The Republican Press\\nClub of Massachusetts is organized;\\nJoseph L. Shipley of the Springyield\\nUnion is elected president.\\nGa. B7. C. Brown, editor of the\\nSouthern Alliance Farmer of Atlanta, is\\narrested for editorially advertising a\\nlottery in his paper.\\nIII. The Highland Association of\\nHlinois unanimously elects Sir William\\nGordon-Cumming honorary chief, in\\nplace of the late Sir John Macdonald.\\nMinn. The General Grand Chapter\\nof the Royal Arch Masons of the\\nUnited States begins its 28th triennial\\nconvocation in Minneapolis.\\nJuly 23. Boston. At a meeting of the\\nPatriotic Order Sons of America, an\\nanti-Catholic State ticket is nominated.\\nNew York. The city editor of the\\nDaily Xeics is indicted for violating\\nthe law forbidding papers publishing\\ndetailed accounts of executions by\\nelectricity.\\nPhila. The Jewish Alliance of\\nAmerica issues a circular containing\\na detailed plan of distributing Russian\\nJews in communities throughout the\\nWest and South.\\nJuly 24. X. Y. Augustus Lewis is ar-\\nrested for bigamy in Kllenville he has\\nno less than eight living wives, ranging\\nin age from 22 to 50 years, while he him-\\nself is but 47 years old.\\nJuly 25. New York. S. W. Lewis is con-\\nvicted of defrauding his wife of over\\n$50,000, and sentem-ed to seven years\\nand six months in prison.\\nJuly 26. X. Y. Spiritualists open a\\nCongress at Cassadaga Lake. Chautau-\\nqua County it is to last six weeks.\\nTenn. A negro is lynched bv men\\narmed with Winchester rifles, in Jack-\\nson.\\nJuly 27. N. J. The street-car lines of\\nNewark are tied up by a strike.\\nJuly 28. 0. W. E.Elliott, former pro-\\nprietor and editor of the Sunday Capital,\\nColumbus, who killed a reporter of the\\nSunday World, is convicted of murder\\nin the second degree.\\nJuly 29. III. The National Memorial\\nHall Association, Grand Army of the\\nRepublic, of Decatur, is incorporated,\\nits purpose being to build a hall in which\\nto preserve official records of the Grand\\nArmy, war relics, trophies, etc.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1891, July 15 -Aug. 15. 389\\nN. Y. The American Paper Man-\\nufacturers Association begins its 14th\\nannual meeting at Saratoga.\\nNew York. The New York Herald is\\nindicted for publishing the details of\\nthe recent executions by electricity in\\nSing Sing prison.\\nJuly 31. III. Farmers notify the mer-\\nchants of Thorn psonville that if the\\nthree saloons located there are not\\nclosed at once they will boycott the\\ntown.\\nChicago. Railroad strikers are fined\\nfor conspiracy.\\nJuly* U. S. The Knights Templars\\nreport a membership of 85,443.\\nAug. 1. Mick. A farmer named Wil-\\nliam Kepke, in Rogers City, near Alpena,\\nconfesses having killed two men 1G\\nyears ago he says he is conscience-\\nstricken, and can get no rest.\\nAug. 2. Neb. A mob of several hun-\\ndred drunken men attacks the Omaha\\nand Granite Smelting Works in Omaha,\\ndriving out the workmen in defiance of\\nall the authorities.\\nNew York. C. E. Goodwin, a commis-\\nsion merchant, is fatally shot at his own\\ndoor by B. C. Webster while under the\\ninfluence of liquor.\\nS. Dak. Judge Aiken puts an estop-\\npel upon the wholesale granting of di-\\nvorces in this State by affirming that\\ndivorce papers will be issued only on\\ngood grounds to actual residents.\\nAug. 3. N. J. Asbury Park and Ocean\\nGrove have a baby parade, which is\\ntwo hours\\nAug. 4. La. A bloody fight takes\\nplace near the Texas line between cat-\\ntlemen and thieves 1G men are killed\\nand several wounded.\\nMich. The Grand Army of the\\nRepublic meets in its 25th National\\nEncampment at Detroit [John Palmer\\nof N. Y., commander-in-chief 40,000\\nveterans march in the parade].\\nPa. The Pottsville Iron and Steel\\nCompany are running five large double\\nfurnaces with non-union men.\\nAug. 5. D. C. The Catholic Total\\nAbstinence Union opens its 21st an-\\nnual session in Washington, Bishop Cot-\\nter, of Winona, Minn., presiding; total\\nmembership represented, 53,000, besides\\nseveral detached societies.\\nMich. The Women s Relief Corps\\nmeets in convention at Detroit, Mrs.\\nMary S. M Henry, national president, in\\nthe chair.\\nIts membership (77,779) is divided into\\n2,022 corps, and represents nearly every\\nState and Territory in the Union.\\nNew York. The police make a raid\\non io Chinese fan-tan, dens captur-\\ning 36 Chinamen.\\nThe Chamber of Commerce gives a\\ndinner to the officers of the Squadron\\nof Evolution.\\nAug. 8. Mass. Calvin Page of Boston\\nrecovers his two daughters from the\\nPai Ute Indians of Dakota; they had\\nbeen held prisoners for 12 years.\\nAug. 9. Mich. The mayor of Escanaba\\nforbids by proclamation ex-Priest Chini-\\nquy lecturing in the city he also for-\\nbids owners and managers of public\\nplaces of assembly renting the same for\\nthe delivery of the Cbiniquy anti-Catho-\\nlic lectures.\\nN. Y. Brooklyn police capture a\\n.girl burglar, making three females ar-\\nrested within two weeks for that crime.\\nAug. 10. Chicago. The president and\\nvice-president of the National Capital\\nBuilding and Loan Association of North\\nAmerica, with stock for #2 ,(H)0,\u00c2\u00abtH are\\narrested by the post-office authorities\\nfor swindling.\\nAug. 11. Mass. The 19th annual con-\\nvention of Fire Engineers assembles\\nat Springfield.\\nAug. 12. Ga. The governor signs the\\nbill prohibiting the sale of liquor\\nwithin three miles of any church or\\nschool, except in incorporated cities\\nthis nearly approaches virtual prohibi-\\ntion in Georgia.\\nAug. 13. D. C. President Harrison re-\\nceives from Queen Victoria a despatch\\nexpressing her sorrow and regret on the\\ndeath of James Russell Lowell.\\nNew York. Over 1,000 cloakmakers,\\ncutters, tailors, and pressers go out on\\nstrike.\\nA. Backer, who recently failed for\\n84,000,000, is arrested on a charge of\\ngrand larceny.\\nAug. 14. Mass. James Russell Lowell\\nis buried from Appleton Chapel, Har-\\nvard University, -with simple and unos-\\ntentatious services.\\nN. Y. A Brooklyn boy, 15 years old,\\none of a gang of beard-pullers (He-\\nbrews being the victims), is sentenced to\\n25 days in jail.\\nAug. 15. la. The National Colored\\nCongress is in session in Red Oak.\\nNew York. The Foresters have a\\ngrand parade of about 15,000 men.\\nSTATE.\\n1891 July 16. D. C. The Secretary\\nof the Treasury issues a call on Na-\\ntional Bank depositories for nearly\\n$4,000,000 of Government funds in their\\npossession.\\nJuly 25. Alas. The British and\\nAmerican Bering Sea Commission-\\ners meet for consultation at Ounalaska.\\nJuly 29. U. S. Senator Quay and\\nCol. Dudley resign their offices in\\nthe National Republican Committee\\nGen. James S. Clarkson of la. is elected\\nchairman.\\nJuly 31. D. C. President Harrison is-\\nsues a proclamation announcing a treaty\\nof reciprocity with San Domingo.\\nAug. 1. D. C. Bering Sea is divided\\ninto districts for patrol purposes one\\nlegal warning is given to sealing vessels.\\nAug. 3. Ky. In the State election a\\nDemocratic governor and other officers\\nare chosen, and the new Constitution is\\nratified. Vote, 312,950-74,446.\\nAug. 6. La. The Farmers* Alliance\\nand the anti-lottery Democrats unite\\nupon a joint ticket.\\nO. John Seitz (People s Party) is\\nnominated for governor.\\nAug. 11. Tex. The people ratify five\\nAmendments to the State Constitution\\nso as to authorize Registration of voters\\nin cities of 10,000 and over legal rate of\\ninterest, 10 per cent, but where in con-\\nnot stated, 6 per cent\\nadopting and\\nenforcing local prohibition; creation of\\nadditional courts and criminal appeals.\\nAug. 13. D. C. The President pro-\\nclaims the Cherokee strip in Oklahoma\\nclosed to settlers.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1891 July 15. New York, A lumber\\nraft arrives from St. John, N. B., con-\\ntaining 3,500,000 feet.\\nPa. Glassware manufacturers\\ncombine with those of Ohio and West\\nVirginia, forming one association of IS\\nfirms, called the United States Glass\\nCompany; capital, $1,000,000.\\nJuly 17. Mass. A fire at Lynn de-\\nstroys two business blocks loss, .s:j()0,0U0.\\n0. Wine men are killed, a number\\ninjured, and two locomotives and 12 cars\\nwrecked, at Hepburn.\\nThe Southeastern Mississippi Valley\\nAssociation of Railroads is organized.\\nJuly 19. 0. The Standard Oil Com-\\npany obtains all the wells of the Mar-\\nion Natural Gas Company.\\nJuly 22. New York. The Rapid Tran-\\nsit Commission decides upon a route\\nfor a four-track underground railway\\nfor the East Side.\\nWash. Five car-loads of stolen\\nhorses, valued at $10,000, are shipped\\nfrom Pampa to Chicago over the Union\\nPacific Railroad.\\nJuly 23. Mich. The Detroit Street Bail-\\nways, over .SO miles lung, are purchased\\nby a New York and Boston syndicate\\nfor about $5,000,000.\\nJuly 24. Phila. Campbell and Elliott s\\ncotton-mills are burned loss, $650,000.\\nJuly 25. O. An excursion- train is\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0wrecked near Middletown seven per-\\nsons are killed and many injured.\\nTex. Dallaslosesabout$2,000,000\\nby a fire in its business section.\\nWis. All the street-railway lines and\\nelectric-lighting facilities in Milwaukee\\nare placed under the control of the Vil-\\nlard syndicate.\\nJuly 31. Ky. A train is wrecked near\\nLouisville 13 persons are killed and 18\\ninjured.\\nAug. 1. Boston. A Kindling Wood\\nTrust is formed.\\nAug. 3. N. Y. The Richmond County\\nElectric Light, Heat, and Power Com-\\npany s works at St. George are destroyed\\nby fire loss, $150,000.\\nAug. 5. New York. The White Star\\nsteamship Majestic arrives from Queens-\\ntown, after breaking the record, hav-\\ning made the voyage in five days, 18\\nhours, and eight minutes.\\nAug. 6. N. Y. A passenger- train dashes\\ninto the rear end of a freight-train\\nnear Syracuse on the West Shore Eoad\\n13 persons are killed and over 20 injured.\\nAug. 8. Eng. The American dory, Sea\\nSerpent, Capt. Lawlor, after crossing\\nthe Atlantic, arrives at Cowes, Isle of\\nWight.\\nMich. Forest fires rage in the north\\npart of the State.\\nNew York. The price of crude\\npetroleum jumps from 52 cents to 70^\\ncents in two hours.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "390 18 9 1, Aug-. 15 Sept. 19.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1891 Aug. 17. Tex. Troops are search-\\ning for Simon Garcia, a notorious\\nbandit and train-robber, who with 25\\nfollowers is raiding the country north of\\nBrownsville.\\nAug. 19. Cal. The cruiser Charleston\\nleaves San Francisco for Yokohama.\\nSept. 7. Secretary Tracy orders the war-\\nship Pensacnfa to proceed at once to\\nHonolulu to protect American inter-\\nests.\\nSept. 10. H. I. The 150th. anniversary\\nof the Newport Artillery is cele-\\nbrated.\\nD. C. Charles T. Alexander is com-\\nmissioned colonel medical depart-\\nment. [Oct. 14. Edward P. Pearson\\n10th infantry. Dec. 4. Horace Jewett\\n21st infantry.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1S91 Aug. 17\u00c2\u00b1. Cal. The amount of\\nwater in the Salton Basin is estimated\\nat 4,460,544,000 cubic feet. [Oct. Hi.\\nThe lake is rapidly disappearing.]\\nPa. Experiments made in Pittsburg\\nrelating to the properties of nickel-steel\\nand manganese-bronze result in the\\ndiscovery of a new metal with superior\\ncharacteristics for all uses.\\nIt is of high tensile strength, impervi-\\nous to acids, indestructible by corrosion,\\nand capable of being wrought while\\neither hot or cold.\\nAug. 18-26. Tex. Gen.R.G.Dyrenforth\\nconducts experiments for the Govern-\\nment, near Midland, for the artificial\\nproduction of rain by firing explosives\\nin the upper air. [Aug. 27. Success re-\\nported later denied.]\\nAug. 19. D. C. The American Associa-\\ntion for the Advancement of Science\\nmeets at Washington. [Prof. Joseph\\nLeconte, president.]\\nVt. A monument 30S feet high, com-\\nmemorative of the Battle of Benning-\\nton, is dedicated at Benuington.\\nAug. 20. III. An air-ship at Monti-\\ncello is guided by means of a sky bicycle\\nso that it safely lands five miles from\\nthe place of ascension.\\nAug. 24. D. C. The American Society\\nof Geologists meets at Washington.\\n[It announces the discovery of the\\ncorrelation of geological forma-\\ntions.\\nAug. 26. D. C. The 5th International\\nGeological Congress begins its ses-\\nsions in Washington.\\nAug. 31. X. Y. The 26th annual ses-\\nsion of the American Social Science\\nAssociation is opened in Saratoga ad-\\ndress by President Andrew D. White.\\nSept. 11. Cal. Petroleum oil is discov-\\nered at Cobiago, 50 miles southwest of\\nFresno.\\nSept. 15. X. Y. The Rensselaer County\\nSoldiers and Sailors monument is\\ndedicated at Troy. [Sept. 17. Another\\nat Yonkers.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1891.\\nAug. 16. Sorakichi, Matsada Japanese\\nwrestler, A33.\\nAug. 21. Bragg, Walter L., interstate\\ncommerce commissioner, A.W.\\nAug. 27. Pomeroy, Samuel C, senator\\nfor Kan., A76.\\nAug. 31. Ohnstead, John W., Bapt. cler-\\ngyman, editor, A75.\\nSept. 9. Buni.lv, Jonas M., journalist, A55.\\nSept. 11. Latrobe, John II. B., lawyer,\\nphilanthropist, historian, inventor, A88.\\nSept. 14. Loring, George B., commissioner\\nagriculture, ,V74.\\nSept. 18. Quimby, Isaac F., gen., A70.\\nCHURCH.\\n1891 Aug. 16. N. Y. Between 3,000\\nand 4,000 Roman Catholics, principally\\nfrom Troy and Albany, make a pilgri-\\nmage to the shrine of Our Lady\\nof Martyrs at Auriesville, the place\\nwhere two missionary priests are said\\nto have been killed by Indians in 1642.\\nAug. 26. X. J. Thirty thousand per-\\nsons attend the Ocean Grove Camp-\\nmeeting.\\nSept. 18. New York. The Temple\\nBeth-el, one of the largest and most\\nmagnificent Jewish synagogues in the\\ncountry, is dedicated with imposing cer-\\nemonies.\\nLETTERS.\\n1891 Sept. 3. X. Y. Horace B. Silli-\\nman of Cohoes is elected president of\\nHamilton College.\\nSept. 8. 77/. Mrs. Emily Huntington\\nMiller is elected principal of the\\nWoman s College of the North-\\nwestern University.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1891 Aug. 16. X. J. The Platt-\\ndeutsch Volksvest Verein begins its an-\\nnual festival at Union Hill.\\nAug. 17. Ark. J. L. Bay, an expert ac-\\ncountant, employed h c\\\\; i n line the books\\nof ex-Treasurer woodruff, is arrested on\\na charge of stealing $100,000 in State\\nscript. (See June 26.)\\nNew York. People s baths are suc-\\ncessfully opened at No. Centre Market-\\nplace, in a thickly settled neighborhood,\\nby the New York Association for Im-\\nproving the Condition of the Poor.\\nAug. 18. Phila. Charles Lawrence, ex-\\ncashier of the Keystone National Bank,\\nis sentenced to seven years imprison-\\nment. [Sept. 7. One of the clerks, J. F.\\nLawrence, is arrested.]\\nN. Y. President Harrison makes\\nspeeches at many cities en route from\\nCape May to Bennington, Vt., to attend\\nthe dedication of a battle monument.\\n[Aug. 25. He speaks at Saratoga, and\\nmakes eight speeches en route to St.\\nAlbans. Aug. 26. He speaks in Vermont\\nto large assemblies at Richmond, Water-\\nbury, Montpelier. Plainfield, and St.\\nJohnsburv. At Montpelier he speaks in\\nthe Capitol to the members of the State\\nLegislature. Aug. 27. He speaks at\\nBellows Falls and other places. Aug.\\n28. At Rutland and Proctor.]\\nAug. 24. .l/o. Brutal outrages are per-\\npetrated by a band of 15 men to drive\\nthe Chinese from Missoula.\\nPa. A desperado holds up a train\\nand robs and shoots several persons\\nwhile two of his companions keep guard.\\nAug. 25. Conn. The National I\\ntion of the Daughters of Liberty, rep-\\nresenting a membership of G.402, opens\\nat Waterbory.\\nAug. 26. Boston. The American Bar\\nAssociation meets. [Aug. 28. It rotes\\nmedals to David Dudley Field and Lord\\nSelborne.]\\nCal. Three hundred employers orga-\\nnize a Manufacturers Association in San\\nFrancisco to resist the encroachments of\\ntrades-unions.\\nAug. 27. A Two men are killed and\\none mortally wounded in a feud at\\nGeorgetown.\\nAug. 28. The survivors of the\\nBlack Hawk War of 1831 and 1832\\nhold their first reunion at Lena; 17\\nveterans attend.\\nKy. TT. Dudley, colored, is taken\\nfrom jail and lynched by a mob at\\nGeorgetown.\\nPhila. Alfred H. Love is elected\\npresident of the Universal Peace\\nUnion.\\nAug. 29. Kan. A feud results in the\\nwilful shooting of J. P. Farr by C. A.\\nSchultz, both farmers of Doniphan;\\nFarr is mortally wounded.\\nAug. 30. Ind. The United Brethren\\nbrick church at Bourbon is wrecked by\\ndynamite.\\nN. Y. A ruffian enters a convent\\nattached to the church of Our Mother\\nof Sorrows, assaults several of the nuns,\\nand escapes.\\nTenn. An ex-preacher, S. C. Stone.\\nis arrested in Memphis on a charge of\\nAug. 31. Conn. Henry Bushenhagen,\\naged GO, and his wife Emily, aged 71, are\\nkilled in Bloomfield by a tramp to\\nwhom they gave shelter S200 reward is\\noffered for his capture.\\nChicago. The cabinet-makers are or-\\ndered out on strike.\\nKan. A secret order of boomers\\nis organized on the border of Southern\\nKansas for the purpose of making a\\nraid on the Cherokee Strip, burning the\\ngrass, killing the cattle, and holding the\\nland for homes.\\nN. Y. The American Social Sci-\\nence Association opens its meeting at\\nSaratoga president, Andrew D. White.\\n[It discusses labor organizations and\\ntrades-unions.]\\nTenn. The Legislature denies the pe-\\ntition of the free miners, and declares\\nits contract with the lessee of convict\\nlabor is binding, and must be observed\\nuntil the expiration of the lease. (See\\nJuly 15.)\\nAug. Kan. White maskers fasten a\\nbov 17 vears of age to a fence-post, and\\ngive him 100 lashes for knocking down\\nhis father and ill treating his mother\\nand sisters.\\nSept. 1. Colo. Seven masked men\\nstop a Denver and Rio Grande train,\\nrob the express-car of \u00c2\u00a33,600, and es-\\ncape.\\nX. J. Large quantities of Paris\\nEreen are found in a well at May s\\nanding; a timely discovery is made,\\nbut the perpetrators are unknown.\\nNew York. Mayor Grant welcomes\\nthe State Liquor Dealers Convention.\\nHe savs that there are not enough\\npolice to enforce the Excise Law. and\\nthat he is in favor of legal selling dur-\\ning certain hours on Sundays.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1891, Aug. 15-Sept. 19. 391\\nSept. 2. Tex. Six masked robbers\\nattack a Southern Pacific Railroad train\\nwith dynamite and rides they secure\\na large sum of money, and escape to\\nMexico.\\nSept. 3 Chicago. The American Sab-\\nbath Union representatives argue be-\\nfore the World s Fair Commission in\\nfavor of closing the World s Fair on\\nSunday.\\nNew York. The police are forbidden\\nto receive bribes or to spy into illegal\\nliquor-selling during forbidden hours;\\non the other hand, judges refuse to hold\\nthe liquor-dealers, unless the police can\\ntestify that they bought the liquor at\\ntheir saloons.\\nSept. 5. N. Y. Swiss-Americans cel-\\nebrate the GOOth anniversary of Swiss\\nindependence.\\nTex. A band of train-robbers are\\novertaken by a company of rangers 13\\nrobbers and two rangers are killed.\\nSept. 6. Colored cotton-pickers per-\\nfect an organization that numbers\\nhalf a million throughout the Southern\\nStates their wage-scale demands not\\n!ess than \u00c2\u00a71 per 100 pounds, and board.\\nSept. 7. Cal. The brig Tahiti arrives\\noff San Francisco with a cargo of Gil-\\nbert Islanders, 300 in number they are\\nthought to be slaves.\\nLabor Day is generally observed\\nthroughout the country there is a gen-\\neral cessation of business, and working\\nmen indulge in parades and out-of-door\\npleasures.\\nSept. S. Conn. Groton celebrates the\\n110th anniversary of the Battle of\\nGroton Heights.\\nSept. 9. N. Y. Mrs. Leland Stanford\\ngives property valued at \u00c2\u00a7100,000 for the\\nbenefit of the Society for the Kelief\\nof Orphans and Destitute Children\\nin Albany.\\nThe Eelief Fund for the sufferers by\\nthe Park Place catastrophe amounts to\\n$21,997. (See Miscellaneous, Aug. 22.)\\nSept. 10. Chicago. P. W. Dittlinger is\\narrested for embezzling $16,000 from the\\nChicago Building and Loan Association,\\nof which he was treasurer.\\nSept. 11. Tenn. The sub-lessees at the\\nBriceville mines are arming guards to\\nprevent interference of free miners with\\nthe convict miners. (See July 15.) [Oct.\\n31. The armed miners of Briceville visit\\ntwo prisons and set 300 convicts free.\\nNov. 10. At Oliver Springs 200 more are\\nset at liberty.]\\nSept. 12. Ga. Two men rob the night\\nexpress on the Central Railroad 10 ruiles\\nwest of Savannah.\\nNeio York. The 253d anniversary\\nof the landing of the Swedes on the\\nshores of the Delaware is celebrated.\\nSept. 13. Ga. Georgia pays a pension\\nof $100 each annually to four thousand\\nConfederate soldiers widows.\\nSept. 15. The Brotherhood of Teleg-\\nraphers and the Railway Telegra-\\nphers unite, and apply for admission\\nto the Federal Council of Railway Em-\\nployees.\\nNew York. Mexicans celebrate the\\n81st anniversary of the beginning of the\\nwar for Mexican independence.\\nUtah. The Irrigation Congress is\\nin session at Salt Lake City.\\nSept. 17. Chicago, The National Asso-\\nciation of Military Surgeons is organ-\\nized.\\nTex. E. M. Tate, editor of the Hop-\\nkins County Echo, shoots and kills\\nEverett Moore, editor of the Alliance\\nVindicator at Dallas.\\nSept. IS. N. Y. James E. Ostrander of\\nKingston is arrested for stealing $75,000\\nfrom the Ulster County Savings Institu-\\ntion, of which he was treasurer.\\nSTATE.\\n1891 Aug. 20. Va. Gen. Mahone\\nissues a political circular, in which he\\nsays that a fair election cannot be had in\\nVirginia under the present law.\\nAug. 24. I). C. The Secretary of the\\nTreasury gives notice that the 4i- per\\ncent bonds will be paid upon maturity,\\nSept. 2.\\nAug. 26. Ga. The House refuses to\\naccept for the State the Confederate\\nVeterans Home erected by popular sub-\\nscription, and cost ins; uver s r 0,000. Vote,\\n94-62.\\nAug. 27. Md. W.G. Van Wort (Rep.)\\nis nominated for governor.\\nAug. 31. Tenn. The Legislature meets\\nin extra session to consider the State\\nconvict labor system. [Sept. 3. The\\nlower House votes in favor of convict\\nleases.]\\nSept. 1. Z C. The Treasury Depart-\\nment reports the public debt reduced\\n\u00c2\u00a75,5S1,S95 in August.\\nU. S. The reciprocity treaty with\\nSpain regarding Cuba and Porto Rico\\ntakes effect.\\nSept. 3. Ger. The German Govern-\\nment removes the prohibition upon the\\nimportation of American pork.\\nN. Y. J. W. Bruce (Prohib.) is nomi-\\nnated for governor.\\nSept. 4. Chicago. The World s Fair Cor-\\nporation asks for a loan of $5,000,000\\nfrom the U. S. Government, to be repaid\\nout of the first receipts of the Fair.\\nTenn. The House resolution declar-\\ning that the General Assembly has no\\npower to annul the convict lease passes\\nthe State Senate.\\nSept. 5. D. C. The Chilean Minister\\nleaves Washington. [Sept. 7. The State\\nDepartment officially recognizes the new\\nChilean Government.]\\nSept. 9. III. The World s Fair Board\\nof Control asks for Federal inspec-\\ntion of the Exposition buildings.\\nMass. Charles H. Kimball (Prohib.)\\nis nominated for governor.\\nN. Y. J. Sloat Fassett (Rep.) is nom-\\ninated for governor.\\nSept. 12. Tenn. The Legislature kills\\nthe bill for abolishing the convict-lease\\nsystem by passing a bill empowering\\nthe governor to keep the National\\nGuard under arms to prevent and sup-\\npress unlawful assemblages. [Sept. 14.\\nThe lower House passes the bill\\nagainst prize-fighting.]\\nMass. Charles W. Lowell (Rep.) is\\nnominated for governor.\\n.V. Y. Roswell P. Flower (Dem.) is\\nnominated for\\nSept. 18. I). C. President Harrison\\nannounces by proclamation that the\\nceded Indian lands in Oklahoma Terri-\\ntory will open to settlement Sept. 23.\\nThe State department at Washington\\nis formally notified that a band of men\\non the Texas frontier contemplates a\\nforcible invasion of Mexico.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1891 Aug. 15. Chicago. On Change\\nwheat for December delivery sells at\\nS1.0S, an advance of eight cents per\\nbushel over the previous day.\\nAug. 18. Fla. Jacksonville is greatly\\ndamaged by fire loss, $1,000,000.\\nAug. 19. New York. The White Star\\nLine steamship Teutonic arrives from\\nQueenstown after lowering the trans-\\natlantic record to five days, 16 hours,\\n31 minutes.\\nAug. 22. Neio York. Many persons are\\nburied beneath the de bris of a falling\\nbuilding in Park Place; tire follows\\nthe fall and 61 lives are lost.\\nAug. 27. N. C. In a rail- spreading\\naccident on the Western North Carolina\\nRoad, two miles west of Statesville, 20\\npeople are killed and 30 injured.\\nPa. A Philadelphia and Reading\\ntrain, consisting of engine, tender, and\\nthree cars, breaks the American rec-\\nord by running 12 miles, from Jenkins-\\ntown to the Delaware River, in eight\\nminutes, 42\u00c2\u00a3 seconds speed, 82.7 miles\\nper hour.\\nSept. 4. Mich. At a factory near White\\nPigeon 16 tons of dynamite explode\\nthe building is destroyed and 16 work-\\nmen are killed.\\nSept. 5. Mo. Miles of grain-laden cars\\nare side-tracked at Kansas City, and\\nthe market is choked.\\nSept. 7. The cotton crop of the United\\nStates this year is 8,652,597 bales, 1,300,000\\nmore than last year.\\nSept. 8. Cat. The first car-load of\\nraisins is shipped from Fresno for New\\nYork.\\nSept. 12. N. Y. The first train over\\nthe new route from Oyster Bay, Long\\nIsland, to Wilson s Point, Conn., is run\\naboard the transportation boat of the\\nSound Ferry, completing the line be-\\ntween Long Island and Boston.\\nSept. 13. Del. The Delaware Iron Works\\nat Newcastle are burned loss, $300,000\\nover 800 persons are thrown out of work.\\nSept. 14. N. Y. The New York Central\\nCompany runs a train from New York\\nto Buffalo, 4361 miles, at an average\\nspeed, exclusive of stops, of 61.56\\nmiles an hour.\\nSept. 15. New York. Fire destroys the\\nold Commercial Advertiser building and\\nthe one adjoining loss, \u00c2\u00a7300,000.\\nUtah. The National Irrigation\\nCongress opens in Salt Lake City.\\nSept. 16. T. Silver mining begins.\\nMich. The great tunnel under the\\nSt. Clair River between the United\\nStates and Canada is opened.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "392 1891, Sept. 19 -Oct. 19.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1891 Sept. 20. Va. The Chancel-\\nlors ville Battle-field Association is\\nincorporated, with a capital of $100,000\\nin shares at $10 each.\\nIts property consists of 845 acres of\\nland, and covers the field of operations\\nin May, 1863.\\nSept. Wash. The Federal Government\\nestablishes a naval station at Port\\nOrchard.\\nOct. 5. X. Y. The militia is held un-\\nder arms at Kingston to protect the\\nwreckers of the Ulster County Savings-\\nhank from the enraged people.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1891 Sept. 22. Mass. The Worces-\\nter Music Festival opens with a per-\\nformance of Bruek s Arminius.\\nSept. 23. Me. A tornado cuts a swath\\nin the woods, taking everything in its\\npath for six rods in width and an eighth\\nof a mile in length.\\nSept. 28. D. C. At the Catholic Univer-\\nsity at Washington a marble statue of\\nPope Leo XIII. is unveiled in the pres-\\nence of Cardinal Gibbons and Arch-\\nbishop Corrigan.\\nCongress passes an act to reserve\\nthe Big Tree Grove in California as a\\npublic park, to he called Sequoia Park.\\nSept. 29. Pa. A wonderful oil-well is\\nopened IS miles west of Pittsburg; it\\nflows 10,000 barrels of petroleum in a\\nday.\\nSept. Pa. A soldiers monument is\\nunveiled at Pottsville.\\nOct. 3. III. The natural-gas well at\\nPaw Paw burns out suddenly, leaving\\nits users in darkness.\\nOct. 5\u00c2\u00b1. X. J. Thomas A. Edison in-\\nvents a new form of electric motor\\nfor street-cars, which he claims will be\\nfrom two to three times cheaper than\\nthe cable and trolley systems.\\nTex. An old gold-mine in Llamo is\\nrediscovered.\\nOct. 6. Ga. A new mechanical cotton-\\npicker gives satisfaction to investiga-\\ntors, and proves a practical success.\\nOct. 7. A Piano Manufacturers Com-\\nmittee, of which William Steinway is\\nchairman, agrees to fix the standard\\npitch at 435 vibrations per second\\nfor A in a temperature of 68\u00c2\u00b0 Fahr.\\nthis pitch has been adopted in France,\\nAustria, and Italy.\\nChicago. The colossal equestrian\\nstatue of Gen. U. S. Grant is unveiled\\nin the presence of a vast concourse, in-\\ncluding regulars, militiamen, Grand\\nArmy men, and prominent public men.\\n(See Apr. 30, 1890.)\\nOct. 12. N.J. A monument commem-\\norative of the GOth anniversary of the\\nfirst operation of a steam railway in\\nNew Jersey is dedicated near Borden-\\ntown.\\nOct. 13. Wis, A rich discovery of silver\\nis made within 20 miles of West Su-\\nperior.\\nOct. 14. X. Y. A granite monument\\nto the memory of Red Jacket, the chief\\nof the Six Nations, of the Iroquois\\nfamily, is unveiled on the shore of Sen-\\neca Lake, near where he was born.\\nOct. 17. X. Y. A monument is dedi-\\ncated to the memory of Gen. Brownell\\nin Cypress Hill Cemetery by his friends\\nof the 47th Regiment of Brooklyn.\\nOct. 18. The 55 remaining pictures of\\nthe Verestchagin Collection are sold\\nfor 541,880.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1891.\\nSept. 19. Scott, William L., M. C. for\\nR. I., A63.\\nSept. 21. Whitthome, Washington C, sen-\\nator for Tenn., A66.\\nSept. 23. Morehouse, Albert P., Gov. of\\nMo., A 56.\\nSept. 25. Burchard, Samuel P., Pres. cl.,\\nRum, Humanism, IteU llion, A79.\\nSept. 26. Hodge, Caspar W., professor\\nBible Literature at Princeton, ABO.\\nSept. 28. Melville, Herman, novelist, trav-\\neler, A72.\\nOct. 1. Watterson, Hervey M., journal-\\nist, A80.\\nOct. 12. Bigelow, Hobartll.,Oov. of Conn.,\\nA57.\\nOct. 13. McCawley, Charles G., col. com-\\nmanding V. S. Marine Corps, dies.\\nOct. 15. Lee. Williams. Fitznugh. Con-\\nfederate niaj.-gen., A54.\\nOct. 16. Ingraham, Duncan N., com. TJ. S.\\nN., A 88.\\nOct. 17. Parton, James, author, journalist,\\nA68.\\nCHURCH.\\n1891 Sept. 21. X. Y. The 5th Con-\\ngress of German Catholics of the\\nUnited States begins at Buffalo. A mon-\\nster parade of German Catholic societies\\ntakes place.\\nSept. 22. X. Y. The 14th National\\nUnitarian Conference opens at Sara-\\ntoga.\\nSept. 23. New York. The 34th anni-\\nversary of the Fulton Street Daily-\\nNoon Prayer-meeting is attended by\\na large number of people.\\nSept. 24. Pa. The Schwenkf elders\\nhold their 157th annual memorial re-\\nunion in Reading they number five con-\\ngregations, with a total membership of\\n1,000, all in Pennsylvania.\\nSept. 30. New York. The 108th Conven-\\ntion of the Protestant Episcopal Diocese\\nof New York meets.\\nOct. 2 The Jewish New Year An-\\nno Mundi 5652 begins this evening\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2with services in the synagogues.\\nOct. 5. Xetv York. The delegates to the\\n2d Ecumenical Methodist Council at\\nWashington are given a reception by\\nthe Methodists of this city.\\n[Oct. 7. The Council opens in the\\nMetropolitan Church. Oct. 14. It votes\\nin favor of closing the World s Fair on\\nSunday. Oct. 17. President Harrison\\nand Secretary Noble address the Council.\\nOct. 20. It approves the proposal to hold\\nanother Council in 1901, and adjourns.]\\nThe Presbytery of New York hears\\nthe charges and specifications against\\nProf. Briggs; it decides to proceed with\\nthe trial, and votes down all efforts to\\ncompromise the matter. Vote, 64-62.\\n[Xov. 4. It dismisses the charges after\\nlistening to Prof. Briggs a reply.]\\nOct. 11. .V. J. The First Presbyte-\\nrian Church at Morristown celebrates\\nits centennial with appropriate services.\\nOct. 14. Boston. Rev. Phillips Brooks\\nis consecrated Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop for the Diocese of Massachu-\\nsetts in Trinity Church.\\nLETTERS.\\n1891 Sept. 21. Tex. Atty.-Gen. Jones\\ngives an opinion in which he says that\\nBible-reading in the public schools\\nis unconstitutional.\\nSept. 24. Xew York. Col. H. S. Olcott\\nlectures on Theosophy and Madame\\nBlavatsky.\\nOct. 1. Tex. The medical branch of the\\nUniversity of Texas at Galveston is\\nopened by the State.\\nCal. Leland Stanford, Jr., Uni-\\nversity at Palo Alto opens with 473 stu-\\ndents; appropriate exercises are held.\\nOct. 7. N. Y. The new Library building\\nof Cornell University the gift of\\nHenry Sage, is formally opened.\\nThe library of History and Political\\nScience (15,000 volumes), given by ex-\\nPresident White, is received at the same\\ntime.\\nOct. 14. Rev. Hiram Buck gives\\n$30,000 to the Wesleyan University at\\nBloomington.\\nOct. 15. New York. The Woman s\\nUniversity Club is incorporated.\\nIts purpose is to promote literature\\nand art and social welfare among college-\\nbred women.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1891 Sept. 21. X. Y. Italian citizens\\nin Xew York and Brooklyn celebrate\\nthe 21st anniversary of the end of\\nthe Pope s temporal power.\\nSept. 22. B.C. The Congress of Ameri-\\ncan Physicians and Surgeons opens.\\nIII. The Russian Colonization So-\\nciety is permanently organized, with\\nSenator John M. Palmer as president,\\nand Rabbi Isaac Rubenstein as director-\\ngeneral.\\nSept. 25. Phila. Lord Hawkes s team\\nof cricketers plays the first of eight\\ngames in the United States at Manheim,\\nagainst the All-Philadelphia eleven.\\n[Sept. 2S. The Philadelphia^ win.]\\nSept. 27. X. J. The annual convention\\nof the Brotherhood of Locomotive\\nEngineers is held in Jersey City.\\nS. C. The mayor of Spartansburg is\\nfatally shot by a negro.\\nSept. 29. A*. Y. The annual convention\\nof the National Civil Service Reform\\nLeague is held in Buffalo. George Wil-\\nliam Curtis is reelected president.\\nSept. 30. Chicago. World s Fair direc-\\ntors give a banquet to the European\\nenvoys.\\nGa. The wharf laborers strike at\\nSavannah and bring business to a stand-\\nstill.\\nTnd. White Caps whip a woman\\nnearly to death.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1891, Sept. 19 -Oct 19. 393\\nN. Y. A masked robber breaks\\ninto an express-ear on the New York\\nCentral Road between Albany and Little\\nFalls he robs the safe of all the money\\nhe can conveniently seize, and escapes.\\nTex. A socialist is refused naturali-\\nzation in Uvalde.\\nOct. 1. Ark. Nine negroes are taken\\nfrom a sheriff by an armed mob and\\nlynched.\\nChicago. The convention of the Irish\\nNational League of America meets.\\nPa. A general strike of railroad\\ncoal-miners of the Pittsburg district\\nbegins; 10,000 men quit work.\\nOct. 2. Ala. Masked white men lynch\\na prosperous negro farmer near Chil-\\ndersburg.\\nOct. 3. Boston. A petition with at least\\n10 miles of signatures in favor of\\noutlawing the liquor- traffic and\\nopium-trade is prepared for presenta-\\ntion to the ensuing great temperance\\nconvention.\\nN. J. In spite of protest by petition,\\nsaloons are legally forced upon Mill-\\nville; this is the first time in 20 years\\nthat saloons have been permitted.\\nNew York. A daughter is born to ex-\\nPresident and Mrs. Grover Cleveland,\\nand named Ruth.\\nOct. 4. N. Y. Two Chinamen, on their\\nway to Sunday-school, are brutally ill\\ntreated by a gang of drunken roughs in\\nBrooklyn.\\nOct. 5. N. J. Near Newark, Patrick\\nBrady, after a drunken bout, beats and\\nkicks his wife to death in the presence\\nof their children.\\nMo. In Stone County, a band of\\noutlaws armed with Winchester rifles\\nis discovered in a cave the authorities\\nare guarding the entrance, and intend\\nto starve them out.\\nOct. 6. N. Y. A convention of Typo-\\ngraphical Unions opens at Syracuse,\\nto provide a plan for more thorough\\norganization.\\nOct. 7. N. Y. The Lake Mohonk Indian\\nConference begins its sessions.\\nOct. 8. Colo. The American Humane\\nAssociation is in session at Denver.\\nChicago. Gen. G. M. Dodge is elected\\npresident of the Society of the Army of\\nTennessee.\\nN.Y. Buff alo lithographers strike\\nbecause women are employed.\\nOct. 9. Kan. Anti-prohibitionists in\\nKiowa petition the woman mayor to\\nresign because she makes continual\\nwar on the dives.\\nNeb. A mob breaks into the jail and\\nhangs a negro, named Coe, at Omaha.\\n[Oct. 10. Seven of the mob are arrested\\nand locked up upon threats being\\nmade of liberating them, they are re-\\nleased on bail. Oct. 15. The assistant\\ncounty-attorney and City Councilman\\nMoriarty, and six other prominent men\\nof Omaha, are arrested for taking part\\nin the lynching.]\\nOct. 11. La. A hot campaign is con-\\nducted on the lottery issue party\\nlines are broken, the division being for\\nor against the lottery.\\nMd Sunday closing is strictly en-\\nforced in Baltimore.\\nDruggists may sell on prescription\\nonly, but no proprietary medicines,\\nmineral waters, or soda-water cigar\\n.stores must be closed, and side-doors\\nto saloons are closely watched; barber\\nshops are also closed. [Oct. 12. Much\\nindignation prevails because 176 persons\\nhave been cited before the grand jury\\nfor violating the law.]\\nOct. 12. Robbers partially wreck a\\npassenger-train on the Central Pacific\\nRailroad.\\nPa. The National Prison Con-\\ngress is in session at Pittsburg.\\n[Oct. 13. The Committee on Police re-\\nports that the chief superintendents of\\npolice are a unit in placing the chief\\ndetriments to police management to\\npolitics, licentiousness, and gambling,\\nwith lightness of sentences and laxness\\nof prison discipline, etc., as allowed by\\nLegislatures.]\\nPhila. The Human Freedom\\nLeague organizes at Independence\\nHall.\\nThe American Society of Railway\\nSuperintendents holds its 20th annual\\nmeeting.\\nOct. 14. Ind. The National Water-\\nways Convention of about 300 dele-\\ngates opens in Evansville.\\nNew York. T. H. Stout, a trusted\\nemployee of a Stock Exchange firm, at\\npresent in Europe, is found to be a de-\\nfaulter to the extent of $40,000.\\nOct. 15. Chicago. Delegates from 35\\ncities of the Union organize the United\\nStates Warehousemen s Association.\\nOct. 16. Chicago. The Evening Post\\nsays that the street and alley committee\\nof the Common Council has made a se-\\ncret demand for $20,000 to pass the\\nWabash Avenue cable-loop ordinances,\\nwhich it refuses to report.\\nInd. The alleged shortage of\\nCounty-Auditor Lavelle of Washington\\nis nearly $100,000; this is shown by the\\nrecords which a tire at the court-house\\nfailed to destroy.\\nN. Y. In a suit brought by the Adams\\nExpress Company, an attachment to the\\namount of upwards of $700,000 issues\\nagainst the property in New York State\\nof ex-President Hoey, who is directly\\ncharged with embezzlement.\\nOct. 19. Ky. The Wholesale Drug-\\ngists Association opens its session in\\nLouisville.\\nSTATE.\\n1891 Sept. 23. X C. President Har-\\nrison appoints a commission to fix\\nthe true boundary between the United\\nStates and Mexico.\\nDkla. About 300,000 acres of Indian\\nlands are thrown open for settlement.\\nSept. 26. Pa. Gov. Pattison calls an\\nextra session of the Senate to investi-\\ngate charges against the financial offi-\\ncers of the State.\\nSept. 29. Conn. Both claimants to the\\ngovernorship agree to take the contro-\\nversy into the State Supreme Court\\nfor settlement.\\nMass. William E. Russell (Dem.) is\\nnominated for governor.\\nD. C. The State Department is noti-\\nfied that the Provisional Government\\nof Chile withdraws from its position\\nadverse to the diplomatic rights of the\\nUnited States.\\nOct. 9. New York. The People s Mu-\\nnicipal League chooses candidates for\\nthe Assembly on the Ballot Reform\\nOct. 11. D. C. It is stated that the\\nGerman Minister has concluded a con-\\nvention with the State Department\\nwhereby Germany will remove the\\nduty from American grain, in return\\nfor the continued free admission of beet-\\nsugar into the United States.\\nOct. 16. Wyo. The Shoshone and Arap-\\nahoe tribes of Indians cede to the\\nFederal Government 1,000,000 acres of\\ntheir reservation, for which they are\\nto receive 55 cents an acre.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1891 Sept. 20. Pa. Three persons are\\nkilled and 20 cars of cattle and 40 freight\\ncars destroyed in a railway accident at\\nGreenburg.\\nSept. 23. Mich. The Union Mills at\\nDuluth lose $100,000 by fire.\\nMinn. Forest fires destroy villages\\nand large tracts of timber lands.\\nProperty valued at $197,500 is burned\\nin Minneapolis, and many firemen are\\nmuch injured.\\nSept. 24. N. J. The Crescent Pottery\\nin Paterson is burned loss, $150,000.\\nPa. Trains collide near Zelienople\\neight persons are killed and five injured.\\nSept. 25. Conn. A railway collision\\nnear Hawleyville kills several persons.\\nN. J. A bomb explosion at Newark\\nkills 11 persons.\\nSept. 27. Boston loses $500,000 by fire.\\nTenn. Chattanooga loses $650,000 by\\ntire.\\nSept. 28. Neio York. John W. Mackay\\nand party arrive in the private railway\\ncar Grassmere, after making the trip\\nfrom the Pacific to the Atlantic in four\\ndays, 12 hours, and 28 minutes.\\nSept. 29. Ire. The White Star Line\\nsteamer Teutonic arrives at Queenstown,\\nafter making the eastern passage in 88\\nminutes less time than any previous\\nrecord.\\nSept. 30. O. Three persons are killed\\nand 20 injured by a train collision near\\nKent.\\nOct. 1. N. C. The Southern Interstate\\nExposition at Raleigh opens.\\nOct. 4. Cal. Forest fires are raging\\nvillages and much property are de-\\nstroyed in Eldorado County.\\nOct. 7. Me. Forest fires do much dam-\\nage.\\nOct. 8. Conn. The tobacco crop is the\\nlargest ever known.\\nOct. 11. The U. S. Steamer Despatch is\\na complete wreck and fast going to\\npieces on a reef near Nicaragua.\\nOct. 15. Ky. The Cumberland Valley\\nColliery plants at Pineville, and coal,\\niron, and timber lands in eastern Ken-\\ntucky, are purchased by a Belgium\\nsyndicate for $5,000,000.\\nOct. 17. Kan. The pontoon bridge\\nover the Missouri River at Leaven-\\nworth is destroyed by a storm.\\nOct. 18. New York. The horse St.\\nBlaise brings $100,000 at the Belmont", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "394 1891, Oct. 20 -Dec. 1.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY -WAVY.\\n1891 Oct. 23. Md. The cruiser De-\\ntroit is launched at Baltimore.\\nNov. 4. New York. The cruiser Phila-\\ndelphia, the flagship of Adm. Ghe-\\nrardi, sails for St. Thomas.\\nNov. 14. A test of armor-plates at the\\nNaval Ordnance Proving-ground demon-\\nstrates the superiority of the superfi-\\ncially carbonized American nickel-steel\\nplates.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1891 Oct. 20. Alas. Prof. Isaac C.\\nRussell and party climb 14,500 feet up\\nMount St. Elias, when they are turned\\nback by a severe snow-storm.\\nOct. 21. Ga. The Grady Monument\\nat Atlanta is unveiled an oration is\\ndelivered by Gov. Hill of New York.\\nIt. I. The Ladd Observatory at\\nProvidence, the gift to Brown University\\nfrom Gov. Herbert W. Ladd, is formally\\npresented the cost of the outfit alone\\nis over $25,000.\\nOct. 23. III. Natural gas is struck at\\nHillsboro.\\nA r Y. A landslide at Haverstraw\\nis the cause of an immense upheaval of\\nthe richest brick clay yet discovered at\\nthat place.\\nOct. 26\u00c2\u00b1. Minn. The American Steel\\nBarge Works at Duluth lay the keel for\\nthe first whalebacks to carry 140,000\\nbushels of wheat, with a draught of 15\\nfeet,\\nNov. 1. III. The remains of a masto-\\ndon are unearthed near Onarga.\\nNov. 11. Pa. The Butler oil-well,\\nnear Pittsburg, is burning fiercely the\\nburning oil does much damage.\\nNov. 23. Meteoric displays are ob-\\nserved in different parts of the country.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1891.\\nOct. 24. Tiffany, 0. H., M. E. clergyman,\\norator, A66.\\nOct. 31. Seymour, Truman, niaj. -gen., A 67.\\nNov. 3. Preston, Thomas Si ott, vicar-gen.\\nR. C. An-lidioeese of New York, A67.\\nHart, Anthony C. (Tony Hart), actor,\\nA36.\\nNov. 4. Marks, Albert S., Gov. of Tenn.,\\nA55.\\nNov. IS. Piatt, Donn, journalist, A72.\\nNov. 17. Cooper, George H.. rear-adm.\\nU. S. N., A70.\\nNov. 19. Florence, William J., comedian,\\nA60.\\nNov. 31. Hill, Thomas, der. cry man, author,\\npresident of Harvard University, A73.\\nNov. 23. Hovey, Alvm P., maj.-gen., Gov.\\nof Ind., A70.\\nCHURCH.\\n1S91 Oct. 25. New York, Mrs.Booth-\\nClibborn, head of the Salvation Army\\nbranches in France and Switzerland,\\narrives.\\nOct. 28. Wis. Isaac L. Nicholson\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Milwaukee. [Nov. 10. In his\\nelevation the ceremony of enthroning\\nabishop is first performed in the United\\nStates at Milwaukee.]\\nNov. 13. New York. Archbishop Gorri-\\ngan says mercy may be exercised\\ntoward Dr. M Glynn\\nProvided (1) that he himself makes tbe\\nrequest and states his grievances (2)\\nthat be publicly condemns all that be\\nhas said and done ol an insulting char-\\nacter as a^ainM tin- archbishop and the\\nHoly See (3) that he be ready to abide\\nby the orders ami submit to the judg-\\nment of the Apostolic See and (4) that\\nhe promises to abstain from any public\\nutterance, or assistance at any meeting,\\non the matter under consideration.\\nNov. 16. New York. The case of the\\nRev. Dr. Briggs is appealed by the\\nProsecuting Committee to the General\\nAssembly. [Nov. 21. A number of min-\\nisters and elders make formal complaint\\nto the Synod of New York concerning\\nthe dismissal of the Briggs case by the\\nPresbytery on Oct. 5.]\\nNov. 17. D.C. The Episcopal Church\\nCongress convenes in Washington.\\nLETTERS.\\n1S91 Oct. 22. N. Y. Thos. C. Hodg-\\nkins of Setauket gives $200,000 to the\\nSmithsonian Institution at Washing-\\nton, D.C.\\nNov. 4. New York. Sir Edwin Ar-\\nnold reads and recites to a large audi-\\nence in Carnegie Music Hall.\\nNov. 7. N. Y. Pratt Institute, Brook-\\nlyn, has a School for Farming, includ-\\ning 160 acres of land, at Glen Cove, L. I.\\nNov. 14. Mass. The School Board of\\nFitchburg brings charges against four\\nFrench citizens who send their children\\nto a parochial school where half the\\nteaching is in French, while the law\\nrequires that it shall only be in English.\\nNov. 18. N. J. Prof. Guyot s valuable\\nlibrary is given to Princeton.\\nNov. 25. Prof. S. C. Chandler informs\\nthe Boston Scientific Society of a dis-\\ncovery that the pole of the earth re-\\nvolves around a circumference of about\\n30 feet radius in 427 days, and hence that\\nall paraUels of latitude are mutable.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S91 Oct. 20. O. The United Typo-\\nthetse of America begins its 5th annual\\nconvention at Cincinnati, with 300 dele-\\ngates present.\\nOct. 21. Chicago. About 700 women\\nget their names on the registry lists.\\nOct. 22. New York. Sir Edwin Arnold,\\nauthor of The Light of Asia, arrives.\\nOct. 23. Me. Every liquor-dealer at\\nBar Harbor has been indicted for violat-\\ning the liquor-law.\\nN. Dak. Gen. Beauregard. Presi-\\ndent Conrad, Secretary Horner, and\\nother officers of the Louisiana Lottery,\\nare indicted at Sioux Falls for violation\\nof the postal laws V. S. marshals start\\nfor New Orleans to make arrests.\\nOct. 24. La. Eugene E. Garcia, paying\\nteller of the Louisiana National Bank,\\nat New Orleans, is charged with embez-\\nzling $igo,ooo of the bank s fluids.\\nOct.25. New York. Prison Sunday\\nis observed by the preaching of sermons\\non crime and the best means of prevent-\\ning and suppressing it, in many pulpits\\nof this city.\\nOct. 29. Pa. Senator Quay enters [a\\nsuccessful suit for libel against th Pitt.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nburg Post, laying damages at 3100,000.\\nalso criminal suits against the editor and\\nproprietor.\\nOct. 31. An attempt is made to\\nwreck a train on the Chicago and Al-\\nton Railroad, near Alton, with the sup-\\nposed intention of injuring Gov. Fifer,\\nwho was a passenger.\\nNov. 2. Boston. President Asa Potter\\nand Directors J. II. French and T. Dana\\nof the Maverick National Bank are ar-\\nrested on a criminal charge of taking\\nrespectively from the bank $1,100,000.\\nSG00.000, and S300.000, giving merely\\nnominal security.\\nThe Non-Partisan Woman s\\nChristian Temperance Union holds\\nits annual meeting, and elects Ellen J.\\nPhinney president, and Jennie F. Duty\\nsecretary general organizations are\\ndoing service in seven States.\\nNov. 4. N. Y. A tramp murderously\\nassaults a woman after eating a break-\\nfast she gave him he is under arrest at\\nWhite Plains.\\nNov. 5. La. W. S. Felton and J. T.\\nSmith of Bastrop are lynched by a mob.\\nNeb. A train is held up in Omaha\\nby masked men, and the mail-car\\nrobbed.\\nNov. 6. Cat. A colony of Scotchmen is\\nswindled out of $265,000 in Southern\\nNov. 8. Chicago. A demonstration is\\nmade in memory of the Anarchists\\nwho were hanged. (See May 4, 1886.)\\nNov. 10. Boston. The Woman s Chris-\\ntian Temperance Union holds its first\\nWorld s Convention; Lady Somerset,\\npresident of the British Women s Tem-\\nperance Association, is present.\\n[Mrs. Mary Clement Leavitt reports\\nthe completion of her tour around the\\nworld, in which she has established so-\\ncieties in nearly every country. Nov.\\n17. Miss France s E.Willard is reelected\\npresident of the International Union.\\nN. Y. John Blocher of Buffalo be-\\nqueaths his elegant house as a charita-\\nble Home for Aged Men he supple-\\nments the gift with an endowment of\\nabout S 2.000.000.\\nNov. 11. La. The American Bankers\\nAssociation begins its 17th annual con-\\nvention at New Orleans.\\nNov. 11 r. Mo. The National Farmers\\nCongress is in session at Sedalia.\\nIt demands the free coinage of silver\\ndollars of the Talue of 100 cents each:\\nthat national revenue be derived from\\ntaxes and imports on goods which come\\ninto competition with home manufac-\\ntures, and Federal prohibition of the\\nsale of intoxicating liquors. It also de-\\nmands the cession of arid lands to the\\nvarious States in which the arid lands\\nare situated.\\nNov. 12. New York. A mass-meeting in\\nChickering Hall passes resolutions de-\\nnouncing the Louisiana State .Lottery\\nspeeches are made by Seth Low, Father\\nElliott, Abram S. Hewitt, Bishop Potter,\\nand others.\\nWis. A daring attempt is made to\\nrob an express-train on the St. Paul\\nroad, near Milwaukee; the robbers are\\nunable to open by force the treasure-\\nboxes, but they secure about S5,000 in\\nsmall packages", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1891, Oct. 20-Dec. 1. 895\\nNov. 13. New York. A new society for\\nsuppressing vice is formed it is to be\\nknown as The New York Union of\\nReligious and Humanitarian Socie-\\nties for Concerted Moral Effort.\\nNov. 14. Chicago, A number of An-\\narchists are fined in a police court for\\ncarrying concealed weapons.\\nTex. Two negroes are lynched\\nnear Brenkam.\\nNov. 16. New York. The American\\nSociety of Mechanical Engineers\\nopens its semi-annual convention.\\nNov. 17. Ind. The Supreme Council of\\nthe Farmers Alliance meets at Indian-\\napolis.\\nChicago. Union men commit acts of\\nvandalism on the work of non-union\\ncontractors aggregating $40,000.\\nCal. Three Yuma Indians are sen-\\ntenced to death for murdering an old\\nmedicine man because he failed to bring\\nrain at the tribe s request.\\nX.J. The act favoring pool-sellers\\nis declared unconstitutional by the\\nCourt of Errors and Appeals.\\nNov. 18. R. I. Gov. Ladd declines to\\ninterfere to prevent a prize-fight.\\nNov. 19. Mass. T. O. H. P. Burnham\\nof Boston bequeaths over $500,000\\nto public institutions.\\nNov. 21. Mass. Richard Ruggles of\\nLynnfield is whipped by White Caps.\\nMont. Masked men rob an express-\\ncar of \u00c2\u00a72,000 on a Montana railroad.\\nNov. 22. Miss. TVhites in Attala County\\nshoot one negro and severely whip sev-\\neral others one white man is arrested,\\nand the others are being sought after.\\nNov. 29. XeioYork. Rev. Dr. John Hall,\\npastor of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian\\nChurch, is shot at several times by an\\ninsane man.\\nNov. Kan. The Supreme Court de-\\ncides that colored children cannot be\\ndiscriminated against in the public\\nschools.\\nSTATE.\\n1891 Oct. 21. D. C. Official notice is\\nreceived in Washington that Italy will\\nhenceforth admit American salted\\nmeats.\\nOct. 24. D. C. The Government in-\\nstructs Minister Egan to demand\\nprompt reparation from Chile for\\nthe murder of sailors wearing the naval\\nuniform of the United States the\\ncruiser Boston leaves Brooklyn navy-\\nyard for Valparaiso, and the cruiser\\nYorktoion is also on the way.\\nOct. 28. D. C. Senor Pedro Montt,\\nthe new Chilean representative at\\nWashington, is received by Secretary\\nBlaine.\\nOct. 29. D. C. The State Department\\nreceives from Minister Egan the reply\\nof the Chilean Junta to the demand\\nfor reparation.\\nNov. 1. D. C. A despatch is received\\nfrom Capt. Schley describing the brutal\\ntreatment of the Baltimore s sailors\\nby the Chilean police.\\nNov. 2. Wis. Claims have been filed in\\none day for every acre of the S2,UOO,000\\nworth of pine lands (the Omaha indem-\\nnity limit) thrown open at the United\\nStates Land Office for some lots claims\\nhave been filed several times.\\nNov. 4. 7. T. Cherokee Indians peti-\\ntion for the partitioning and allotment\\nin severalty of nearly 14,000,000 acres\\nof land in the Indian Territory.\\nNov. 10. D. C. In the argument of the\\nSayicard Case in the Supreme Court, it\\ntranspires that a treaty agreement to\\nbe ratified by the Senate has been\\nconcluded between the U. S. Govern-\\nment and Great Britain, to submit the\\nBering Sea dispute to arbitration.\\nNov. 11. Pa. The State Senate decides\\nthat it has no jurisdiction in the State\\nTreasurer Bardsley s case.\\nNov. 17. Alas. Alaska asks for a ter-\\nritorial form of Government.\\nX. Y. The official canvass in the\\nState as far as completed makes the As-\\nsembly a tie, and the Senate Republican\\nby two, with several Senatorial districts\\ncontested.\\nNov. 18. X. Y. Efforts are made in\\nDutchess County to count as valid six\\ndefective ballots that were destroyed by\\norder of the Board of Canvassers at\\ntime of election. [Nov. 20. Judge Bar-\\nnard decides that the Dutchess County\\ncanvassers must count the votes as re-\\nturned by the election inspectors.]\\nNov. 20. Ind. The Farmers Alliance\\nConvention at Indianapolis splits on the\\nsub-treasury plan.\\nX. Y. DavidA. Munro, Jr., is counted\\nout in Onondaga County by a majority\\nof the Board of County Canvassers, and\\nthe certificate of election as member of\\nAssembly is given to Patrick J. Ryan.\\nThe Court orders the returns to be sent\\nback for correction.\\nGilbert A. Dean, Republican Sena-\\ntor-elect (contested) of the 15th Dis-\\ntrict, dies at his residence in Copake,\\nColumbia County.\\nNov. 21. N. Y. Judge Kennedy of the\\nSupreme Court orders that the errone-\\nous returns of the ist Assembly District\\nof Onondaga County be sent back to\\nthe inspectors for correction.\\nThe Columbia County Canvassers com-\\nplete their work, giving the State sena-\\ntorship to Gilbert A. Dean plurality, 135.\\nNov. 23. X. Y. The County Clerk of\\nOnondaga is summoned by Gov. Hill to\\nanswer charges brought by the Demo-\\ncratic supervisors. [Dec. 3. He re-\\nmoves him.]\\nNov. 24. Ind. Gov. Alvin P. Hovey\\ndies at Indianapolis Lieut.-Gov. Ira\\nJ. Chase succeeds to the governor-\\nship.\\nN. Y. A Supreme Court order directs\\nthe Sullivan County Canvassers to re-\\nconvene and canvass the vote for As-\\nsemblyman.\\nNov. 27. X. Y. Judge Kennedy of Syr-\\nacuse warns the inspectors of election\\nthat the Court will not permit any un-\\nnecessary delay in complying with its\\norders.\\nNov. 30. X. Y. The chairman of the\\nDutchess County Board of Canvassers\\nignores Judge Barnard s order to recan-\\nvass the vote.\\nNov. III. The Legislature adopts the\\nWorld s Fair amendment to the State\\nConstitution. Tote, 500,299-15,095.\\nDec. 1. X. Y, The extraordinary spe-\\ncial term of the Supreme Court ordered\\nby Gov. Hill convenes in Syracuse,\\nJudges Kennedy and O Brien present a\\nstay of proceedings in the Munro-Ryan\\nmandamus case being moved, the Court\\nsets down the motion for Wednesday\\nmorning (next day) the missing returns\\nare brought to Judge Kennedy s court.\\nAt Albany, Secretary of State Rice\\n-alls a meeting of the State Board of\\nCanvassers lor Wednesday, Dec. 2;\\nmembers of the Board are served with\\nan order of Judge Edwards of the Su-\\npreme Court to show cause at Hudson,\\non Dec. 5, why a peremptory manda-\\nmus should not issue to prevent the\\ncanvass of the returns from Dutchess\\nCounty.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1S91 Oct. 20. Cal. The horse Sunol\\ntrots one mile in two minutes, Z\\\\ sec-\\nrd of\\ni second.\\nFive persons are killed and 50 or 60\\ninjured in a railway wreck on the Chi-\\ncago, Burlington, and Quincy road.\\nOct. 21. Xew York. Decker and Sons\\npiano factory and other factories in a\\nfour-story building are burned loss,\\n$125,000.\\nOct. 22. Mass. The Glendale Woolen\\nMills are burned; loss, $200,000.\\nMinn. The flour-mills of Minneapo-\\nlis are turning out a daily average of\\n32,767 barrels.\\nOct. 24. Wis. Settlers rush to take\\npossession of the 150,000 acres of land\\nnow opened.\\nOct. 26. X. Y. The Empire State\\nExpress, a new train on the N. Y. Cen-\\ntral Railroad, makes its first run from\\nXew York to Buffalo in eight hours and\\n42 minutes two minutes behind sched-\\nule time distance, 436\u00c2\u00a3 miles.\\nOct. 29. The steamer Oliver Bierne is\\nburned on the Mississippi; 20 lives are\\nlost.\\nNov. 2. Ga. The Southern States\\nExposition is opened at Augusta.\\nNov. 4. Boston. The failure of the\\nMaverick Bank causes a run on the\\nl ive Cents Savings-bank.\\nNov. 7. Chicago, The Edgmoor Land\\nSyndicate buys 250,000 acres in North\\nDakota, on which to place German\\nfarmers to raise barley for malt pur-\\nposes.\\nNov. 10. Cal. The horse Arion trots\\none mile, at Stockton, in two minutes,\\nlOf seconds.\\nNov. 11. Ga. Atlanta business prop-\\nerty is destroyed by fire; loss, \u00c2\u00a7125,000.\\nNov. 16. Mo. St.Louisloses $1,500,-\\n000 by fire.\\nNov. 17. Cal. The horse Palo Alto\\ntrots one mile, at Stockton, in two min-\\nutes, 8\u00c2\u00a3 seconds.\\nX. Y. By a fire in Brooklyn 70\\nfamilies are rendered homeless; loss,\\n$130,000.\\nNov. IS. Colo. A national Mining\\nCongress meets at Denver a great\\nnumber of delegates are present.\\nMinn. Three children are killed\\nby wolves 10 miles from St. Paul.\\nNov. 21. X. Y. Syracuse suffers a loss\\nof $200,000 by fire.\\nNov. 28. O. A train is wrecked near\\nToledo nine persons are killed and 20\\ninjured.\\nNov. Xe w York. The Grant Monu-\\nment Fund amounts to \u00c2\u00a7155,000+.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "396 1891, Dec. l.-Dec.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1891 Dec. 2. Phila, The armored\\ncruiser New York, the Queen of the\\nNavy, is launched at the Cramps ship-\\nyard.\\nDec. 5. Md. The two thousand ton\\nsteel cruiser Montgomery is launched\\nat Baltimore.\\nDec. 12. N. Y. Plans for the new dry\\ndock at the Brooklyn navy-yard are\\npublished.\\nIt will be the largest dry duck on the\\nAtlanticCoast length, 60ifiVet breadth\\nat the bottom, 70 feet depth, 28 feet.\\nDec. 18. Colo. Troops are ordered to\\nCrested Butte to prevent conflicts be-\\ntween the miners and strikers.\\nJDec. 22. Tex. U. S. troops break up the\\nMexican rebel camp of Catarino\\nGarza at Retanipal Springs.\\nDec. 26. Cal. The cruiser San Fran-\\ncisco sails from San Francisco, carrying\\nsealed orders.\\nDec. 28. Me. The iron gunboat Ma-\\nchias is launched at Batli.\\nART \u00e2\u0080\u0094SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1891 Dec. 11. O. Valuable relies of\\nmound- builders are found at Chilli-\\ncothe.\\nJDec. 17. Phila. The Drexel Institute\\nof Art, Science, and Industry is dedi-\\ncated.\\nDec. 26. N. J. Gov. Abbett lays the\\ncorner-stone of a Washington memorial\\nmonument in Trenton on the 115th an-\\nniversary of the Battle of Trenton.\\nDec. 30. George W. Vaiiderbilt gives\\nthe American Fine Art Society a cost-\\nly and handsome art gallery adjoining\\nits new building, the whole valued at\\n$100,000.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1891.\\nDec. 0. Ranney, Rufus P., lawyer, Btates-\\nDec. 17. Hand, Daniel, philanthropist, of\\nConn., A90.\\nDec. 19. Pattison, Thomas, rear-adm. U.S.\\nN., A 69.\\nDec. 20. Plumb, Preston B., senator for\\nKan., A54.\\nDec. S3. Creswell, John A. J., senator for\\nMd., p09tin;istcr-L, r eiieral, A63.\\nDec. 29. Longhlin, John, K. C. bishop of\\nBrooklyn, A76.\\nDec. 30. Stuart, Mary Maeraj, philanthro-\\npist, A 81.\\nCHURCH.\\n1891 Dec. 9. 0. The Central States\\nConference of Unitarian Churches\\nis organized at Cincinnati.\\nDec. 19. Md, Cardinal Gibbonsordains\\nthe first colored Roman Catholic\\npriest in America, in the Cathedral of\\nSS. Peter and Paul, Baltimore.\\nDec. 22. D. C. The first annual meet-\\ning of the Christian Commission be-\\ngins at Washington.\\nLETTERS.\\n189,1 Dec. 17. NY. A center for Uni-\\nversity Extension is formed at Albany.\\nT)ec. 30. Phila. A Convention of Col-\\nlege Presidents and Professors as-\\nsembles.\\nKan. Central College is founded at\\nEnterprise by the United Brethren.\\nMont. The Montana University\\nopens at Helena.\\nN. C. The Legislature establishes a\\nnormal school for colored people at\\nElizabeth City.\\nNew York. The School of Social\\nEconomics (non-sect.) is opened.\\nThe Morning Advertiser is founded by\\nCol. John A. Cockerill. The Recorder is\\nalso founded.\\nOkta. An Agricultural College is\\nopened by the State at Stillwater.\\nThe Lion s Cub, by Richard Henry\\nStoddard, appears.\\nA Successful Man, by Julien Gordon,\\nappears.\\nSir William Johnson and the Six Na-\\ntions, by William Elliot Grifiis, appears.\\nRhymes of Childhood, by James Whit-\\ncomb Riley, appears.\\nJudaism and Christianity, by Craw-\\nford Howell Toy, appears.\\nWashington Irving, \\\\ty George William\\nCurtis, appears.\\nAntiquities of Tennessee and the Adja-\\ncent States, by Gates P. Thurston, ap-\\npears.\\nPatrick Henry, by William Wirt\\nHenry, appears.\\nThe Second Administration of Madi-\\nson, by Henry Adams, appears.\\nFreedom Triumphant, by Charles Carle-\\nton Coffin, appears.\\nRaces and Peoples Lectures on the\\nScience of Ethnography, by Daniel G.\\nBrinton, appears.\\nWidow Gutkrie, by R. M. Johnston,\\nappears.\\nThe Cruise of the Alerte, by E. F.\\nKnight, appears.\\nk Wanneta, the Sioux, by Warren K.\\nMoorehead, appears.\\nk The Sisters Tragedy ,with other Poems,\\nby T. B. Aldrich, appears.\\nk Anne Brad street and Her Time, by\\nHelen Campbell, appears.\\nThe Pine Tree Coast, by Samuel\\nAdams Drake, appears.\\n1 Flower de Hundred, by Mrs. Burton\\nHarrison, appears.\\nA Plea for Liberty, edited by Thomas\\nMackay, appears.\\nWashington s Rules of Civility, by\\nMoncure D. Conway, appears.\\nk The Witch of Prague, by Francis\\nMarion Crawford, appears.\\nAn American Episcopal Church, by S.\\nD. McConnell, appears.\\n1 An American Girl in London, by Sara\\nJeannette Duncan, appears.\\nThe Colonies, by Reuben Gold\\nThwaites, appears.\\nThe Life and Times of John Dickin-\\nson, by Charles J. Stille, appears.\\nr Woman s Work in America, edited by\\nAnnie Nathan Meyer, appears.\\nA Washington Bible Class, by Gail\\nHamilton, appears.\\nAlexander Hamilton, by William Gra-\\nham Sumner, appears.\\nThe Railway Problem, by A. B. Stick-\\nney, appears.\\nPrinciples of Social Economics, by\\nGeorge Gun ton, appears.\\nOur Italy, by Charles Dudley Warner,\\nappears.\\nJapanese Girls and Women, by Alice\\nMabel Bacon, appears.\\nUnder the Trees and Elsewhere, by\\nHamilton W. Mabie, appears.\\nThe American Revolution, by John\\nFiske, appears.\\nThe Primes and Their Neighbors, by\\nR. Malcolm Johnston, appears.\\nCharles Grandison Finney, by G. Fred-\\nerick Wright, appears.\\nThe Century Dictionary, edited by\\nWilliam Dwight Whitney, completed.\\nStones of Old New Spain, by T. A.\\nJannier, appears.\\nLife of John Boyle O Reilly, by J. J.\\nRoche, appears.\\nHannibal, by Theodore A. Dodge, ap-\\npears.\\nExcursion in Art and Letters, by W.\\nW. Story, appears.\\nNoto: An Unexplored Corner of Japan,\\nby Percival Lowell, appears.\\nSpain and Morocco,by Henry T. Finck,\\nappears.\\nSilva of North America, by Charles\\nSprague Sargent, appears.\\nThe Oyster, by W. K. Brooks, appears.\\nCriticism and Fiction, by William\\nDean Howells, appears.\\n1891 Dec. 1. Mo. A train is held\\nup near St. Louis, and the express-car\\nrobbed of about $16,000 beside other\\nvaluables.\\nMinn. Two of a gang of incendiaries\\nare arrested in St. Paul in the act their\\nplan of working is the burning of houses\\non the percentage of insurance plan.\\nDec. 3. Ala. Two masked men hold\\nup a train three miles west of Rome and\\nrob its safe.\\nDec. 4. New York. Henry L. Xorcross\\nof Somerville, Mass., a stranger, de-\\nmands $1,250,000 in the office of\\nRussell Sage, a millionaire being re-\\nfused, he drops a bag which immediately\\nexplodes, killing himself and another,\\ninjuring Mr. Sage and others, besides\\npartially wrecking the building.\\nWyo. Two ranchmen, John A. Tis-\\ndale and another man. are shot and\\nkilled in their wagons by ambushed\\nassassins. Over 100 cowboys are on\\nthe lookout for the assassins.\\nDec. 10. D. C. The National Bar As-\\nsociation, in session at Washington,\\nelects officers, and fixes Washington as\\nthe permanent place for the annual\\nmeeting.\\nNew York. The Christmas Society\\nis organized to give poor children Christ-\\nmas presents it asks for contributions.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1891, Dec. 1-Dec*. 39T\\nDec. 11. Conn, A city hospital\\nfounded in iUiddletown receives its\\nfirst patient.\\nDec. 12. Colo. At Crested Butte, the\\nsheriff and a posse, while defending a\\nmine, are fired upon by a large body of\\nstrikers; they return the tire, killing\\nlive rioters.\\nGa. James Freeman, a farmer, mur-\\nders his wife near Reedsville, because\\nshe refused to kill a neighboring farmer.\\nN. Y. An unsuccessful attempt is\\nmade to wreck a train on the Harlem\\nroad, near Pleasantville.\\nDec. 14. Ala. The Eleventh Annual\\nConvention of the American Federa-\\ntion of Labor meets at Birmingham.\\n[Samuel Gompers is reelected president.]\\nNew York. E. M. Field, of Field,\\nLindley, Wiechers, and Company\\ncharged with grand larceny, is arrested\\nat the asylum where he was confined,\\nand taken to police headquarters. [He\\nis pronounced insane by a jury at White\\nPlains.]\\nDec. 15. Chicago. Five highwaymen\\nStop a big mail-wagon, and compel the\\npostal employees in charge to throw out\\nseveral sacks of mail.\\nTex. The Southwest Silver Con-\\nvention convenes at El Paso there are\\nabout 500 delegates present, with as\\nmany more on the way.\\nDec. 17. Mo. John L.Ferguson, a book-\\nkeeper in the National Bank of Kansas\\nCity, is arrested for embezzling $20,000.\\nNew York. A meeting- to oppose\\nwar and favor arbitration is held in\\nCooper Union.\\nN. Y. Managers of Accident Insur-\\nance Companies in the United States\\nhold their first annual convention at\\nNiagara Falls.\\nDec. 19. Ind. Striking miners attack\\na train-load of non-union workers with\\nstones and pistols.\\nDec. 24. The Cherokee Nation elects\\nC. J. Harris first chief, and Stephen\\nTehee second chief.\\nN. Y. Gov. Hill pardons Roches-\\nter s defaulting treasurer, John A.\\nDavis, senteiieed to rive years imprison-\\nment in March, 1890.\\nDec. 25. Tex. Catarino Garza, the\\nMexican outlaw chief, makes an unsuc-\\ncessful attempt to capture Fort King-\\ngold.\\nDec. 27. Fla. Race conflicts occur;\\na conductor is shot by a negro when or-\\ndered to go into the colored people s car.\\nDec. 29. D. C. The American His-\\ntorical Society and the American\\nForestry Association hold their an-\\nnual meetings in Washington.\\nDec. 31. Ind. In a prize-fight at Indi-\\nanapolis a woman defeats a man of\\nsome local reputation as a pugilist she\\ngets the stipulated prize of $500.\\nDec. Tex. The asylum for the insane\\nis opened at Florine.\\nSTATE.\\n1891 Dec. 2. Ariz. Arizona votes in\\nfavor of a new Constitution.\\n.V. Y. The State Board of Canvas-\\nsers meets in Albany, and canvasses the\\nvotes for members of Congress.\\nDec. 4. N. Y. An agreement is reached\\nat Albany to permit the State Board to\\nthe votes except those of the\\ndisputed districts. [Dec. 7. It acquiesces\\nin the submission of the electoral dis-\\nputes to the Court of Appeals.]\\nJudge Barnard at P High kecpsie grants\\na motion requiring the marked ballots\\ncast in the town of Bed Hook to be\\ncounted for the Republican candidate\\nfor Senator. The mandamus motion\\nis argued before Judge Edwards at Hud-\\nson, and adjourned until l ec. 7 at Al-\\nbany.\\nDec. 7. C. The 52d Congress\\nthe first session opens.\\nDec. 8. D. C. Congress In the Senate\\nWilkinson Call of Fla. and F. T. Dubois\\nof Ida. are sworn in C. F. Manderson\\nof Neb. is elected President;;\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 tempore,\\nin the House Charles F. Crisp of Ga.\\nis elected Speaker.\\nDec. 9. D. C. Congress President\\nHarrison transmits his third annual\\nmessage to Congress it announces\\nreciprocity with Germany the House\\nadjourns until Dec. 12.\\nN. Y. The quad marked ballots\\nin Dutchess County, 54 in number, are\\ncounted for Deane (Rep.) for State Sena-\\ntor, and the result filed in the Clerk s\\noffice. Judge Barnard grants an order,\\nreturnable on the 12th inst., restraining\\nthe Clerk from transmitting the returns\\nto the State Board.\\nDec. 10. I). C. Congress: Petitions are\\npresented in the Senate adverse to open-\\ning the World s Fair on Sunday.\\nDec. 14. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate a bill is introduced to provide for\\na memorial statue in Washington to\\nU. S. Grant.\\nDec. 15. I). C. Congress In the Sen-\\nate several Friends petitions are pre-\\nsented remonstrating against the traffic\\nin intoxicating Liquors and firearms\\niq Central Africa. Bills are intro-\\nduced, one by Mr. Hiscock, for the erec-\\ntion of bridges over the Hudson and\\nEast rivers at New York.\\nOkla. A convention for organizing\\nthe State meets at Oklahoma City.\\nDec. 16. D. C. Congress j, Senate: A\\nlarge number of bills are introduced in\\nthe House the Speaker announces the\\nCommittee on Rules.\\nLa. The Anti-Lottery and Pro-\\nLottery wings of the Democratic Party\\nhold separate conventions. [Dec. 17.\\nThe Anti-Lottery delegates (233 in num-\\nber) nominate a full ticket at Baton\\nRouge. Dec. 18. The Pro-Lottery wing\\nplaces a full State ticket in the field.]\\nDee. 17. B.C. Congress In the Senate\\nthe Standing and Select Committees\\nare announced. Senator HiU s creden-\\ntials, signed by himself as governor,\\nand dated Dec. 5, are presented.\\nDec. 21. D. C. Congress: Senator\\nPlumb s funeral services take place in\\nthe Senate chamber.\\nDec. 23. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate bills are introduced in the House\\nthe Speaker announces the commit-\\ntees; in chairmanships, Mr. Springer\\nof 111. is assigned to Ways and Means,\\nMr. Holman of Ind. to Appropriations,\\nMr. Mills of Tex. to Interstate and For-\\neign Commerce.\\nIII. The Legislature decides that the\\nalien law is unconstitutional.\\nDec. 24. N. Y. Another stay is\\ngranted in the Dutchess County election\\nDec. 26. N. Y. Justice Cullen of Brook-\\nlyn grants an order requiring the State\\nBoard to show cause why they should\\nnot canvass the corrected Dutchess\\nCounty returns also an order directing\\nthe County Clerk to show cause why he\\nshould not be punished for contempt of\\ncourt.\\nDec. 27. New York. M. J.Patenotre,\\nthe new French Minister to the United\\nStates, arrives.\\nDec. 29. D. C. Reciprocity agreements\\nwith the West India Islands and\\nsome other British possessions are made\\npublic.\\nN. Y. The State Board of Can-\\nvassers give certificates of election to\\nOsborne and Xiohols (Dem.), and Derby\\n(Rep.), refusing a certificate to Sherwood\\n(Rep.) thus giving a Democratic major-\\nity in the Senate. Interest becomes\\nmore intense as the Legislature is to\\nchoose a U. S. Senator.\\nDec. 30. D. C. Reciprocity treaties\\nwith Guatemala and Salvador are\\nsigned in Washington.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1891 Dec. 1\u00c2\u00b1 Pa. Nearly 20 fur-\\nnaces in the Mahoning Valley shut\\ndown because of the refusal of the rail-\\nroad and coke men to reduce rates more\\nthan 10,000 men are idle.\\nDec. 2. N. Y. A dynamite explosion\\nnear Haverstraw kills five men, and\\ngreatly damages property.\\nDec. 3. N. J. Three men are killed and\\n15 injured by a train collision. Plain-\\nfield loses $150,000 by fire.\\nDec. 4. Cat. Forest fires do much\\ndamage.\\nDec. 5. Minn. Six men are kiUed and\\nfive injured by a falling wall in St.\\nPaul.\\nDec. 7. The Pacific Mail Company s\\nnew steamer Nicaragua is lost in mak-\\ning her maiden trip, on the coast of\\nSalvador; all on board are saved.\\nDec. 8. N. J. Two silk-mills are\\nburned and 500 thrown out of work\\nat Paterson loss, \u00c2\u00a7125,000.\\nMich. The Deep Water Conven-\\ntion at Detroit resolves to ask Congress\\nto formulate a plan whereby convict\\nlabor of the several States may be uti-\\nlized in building a ship-canal from Lake\\nErie to the seaboard.\\nDec. 19. New York. A New York Cen-\\ntral train runs from New York City to\\nBuffalo, 436 1-2 miles, in 425 3-4\\nminutes actual time.\\nDec. 24. N. Y. A train is wrecked at\\nHastings 15 persons are killed.\\nDec. 31. U. S. Statistics for 1891\\nProduction: Gold, \u00c2\u00a733, 175,000 silver,\\nS75,410,505 bushels of grain Indian\\ncorn, 2,060,154,000; wheat. 011.780,000:\\noats, 738,394,000 barley, 75.000,000+ rye,\\n33,000,000* buckwheat, 12.000,000; bales\\nof cotton, S,G55,518 pounds of wool,\\n285,000,000; barrels of petroleum, 53,-\\n980,313. Currency in circulation, $1,500,-\\n067,555 per capita, \u00c2\u00a723.45. Immigrants\\nreceived (fiscal year), 500,319. Miles of\\nrailroad worked, 104,324; capital stock,\\n$4,809,170,651. Fire-waste, \u00c2\u00a7143,764,907\\ninsurance, \u00c2\u00a790,570,918. Total railroad\\naccidents. 2,444 7,029 persons are killed\\nand 33,831 injured. Business failures,\\n$12,394; liabilities, \u00c2\u00a7193,173,000.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "398 1891, *-1892, Jan. 20.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1892 Jan. 1. D. C. Secretary Tracy\\nissues a new order reclassifying the\\nwar-ships of the Navy.\\nJan. 2i. Tex. Capt. Hardie, 3d cavalry,\\ndisperses a band of revolutionists under\\nCatarino Garza.\\nJan. 4. Tex. Garza and his men are\\npursued by United .States troopers and\\nTexan Rangers in Zapata County. [Jan.\\n10. The pursuit is unsuccessful.]\\nJan. 5. Cal. The cruiser Baltimore ar-\\nrives at San Francisco.\\nJan. 6. N. H. The revenue cutter Gal-\\nlatin goes ashore off Mane lies ter-by-\\nthe-Sea.\\nJan. 10. D. C. Commander William R.\\nBridgman is promoted captain. [Apr. 3.\\nAlex. H. McCormaek. May 5. Albert S.\\nBaker. May 28. Charles S. Cotton.\\nJuly 1. John R. Bartlett.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1891 New York. The Lion Tamer is\\nfirst produced in this country at the\\nBroadway Theatre.\\nNew York. Frederick F. Vinton of\\nBoston, H. Siddons Mowbray, D. W.\\nTryon, J. S. Hartley, and Horatio\\nWalker of New York are elected\\nmembers of the National Academy of\\nDesign.\\nPa. Many soldiers monuments are\\ndedicated on the battlefield of Gettys-\\nburg during the year.\\n1S92 Jan. 15. At some points in the\\nnorthwest thermometers mark a tem-\\nperature as low as 50 degrees below\\nzero.\\nJan. 16. New York. Henry G. Mar-\\nquand gives .$50,000 to the Metropolitan\\nMuseum of Art.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1892.\\nJan. 2. Met^s, Montgomery Cunningham,\\nmaj.-gen. U. S. A., A76.\\nJan. 6. Bomford, James V., brig. -gen.\\nvols., A80.\\nJan. 8. Kodgers, Christopher R. P., rear-\\nadm. U. S. N., A73.\\nJan. 12. .J add, Orin B., clergyman, jour-\\nnalist, A76.\\nJan. 14. Brisbin, .lames S., hrig.-gen. vols.,\\nA55.\\nJan. 15. Wood, Walter Abbott, inventor\\nof harvest iim-mai hi nes, A7t\\nJan. 20. Cranch, Christopher P., painter,\\nA79.\\nCHURCH.\\n1891 Boston. John Brady (auxil-\\niary) is consecrated (Roman Catholic)\\nbishop of Boston.\\nCal. The General Synod of Califor-\\nnia (Evangelical Lutheran) is organized\\nTnd. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Princeton\\nThomas W. Kennedy, moderator.\\nO. The Baptist Annual Meeting\\nis held in Cincinnati.\\nOkla. Theodore Meerschaert is con-\\nsecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nGuthrie.\\nPa. The Annual Convention (Dis-\\nciples of Christ) is held at Allegheny\\nD. R. Ewing, president. The 35th Gen-\\neral Synod (Evangehcal Lutheran)\\nmeets at Lebanon.\\nTex.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. Fa. Universalist State Con-\\nventions are organized.\\nTex. T. F, Brennau is consecrated\\n(Roman Catholic) bishop of Dallas.\\nThe Epworth League (Methodist\\nEpiscopal) reports over 200,000 members.\\nThe English Synod of the Northwest\\n(Evangelical Lutheran) is organized.\\nThe General Synods (Evangelical\\nLutheran) of the Rocky Mountains and\\nthe Nebraska German are organized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1891 Landscape Gardening, by Sam-\\nuel Parsons, appears.\\nThe Odyssey of Homer, translated by\\nGeorge H. Palmer, appears.\\nThe Spanish Conspiracy, by Thomas\\nMarshall Green, appears.\\nWith the Admiral of the Ocean Sea, by\\nCharles P. Mackie, appears.\\nLife and Works of Horace Mann ap-\\npears.\\nPrinciples of Political Economy, by\\nArthur Latham Perry, appears.\\nThe Battle of Seven Pines, by Gusta-\\nvus W. Smith, appears.\\nRecollections and Impressions, by O.\\nB. Frothingham, appears.\\nMechanism and Personality, by Fran-\\ncis A. Shoup, appears.\\nMwrvale Eastman, Christian Scientist,\\nby Albion W. Tourgee, appears.\\nEnglish Composition, by Barrett Wen-\\ndell, appears.\\nThe Renaissance, by Philip Schaff, ap-\\npears.\\nAcross Russia from the Baltic, \u00c2\u00bbby\\nCharles A. Stoddard, appears.\\nThe Principles of Strategy, by Lieut.\\nJohn Bigelow, Jr., appears.\\nConduct as a Fine Art, by N. Paine\\nGilman and Edward Payson Jackson,\\nappears.\\nThe Witch of Prague, by F. Marion\\nCrawford, appears.\\nThe Faith Doctor, by Edward Eggles-\\nton, appears.\\nBetty Alden, by Jane G. Austin, ap-\\npears.\\nThrown Upon Her Own Resources, by\\nMrs. J. C. Croly (Jenny June), appears.\\nThe New Womanhood by James C.\\nFernald, appears.\\nBusiness Openings for Girls, by Sallie\\nJoy White, appears.\\nLife of General Houston, by Henry\\nBruce, appears.\\nThomas Hooker, by George Leon\\nWalker, appears.\\nColonial Furniture of New England,\\nby Irving W. Lyon, appears.\\nLectures on the Constitution of the\\nUnited States, by Samuel Freeman Mil-\\nler, appears.\\nHuckleberries, by Rose Terry Cooke,\\nappears.\\nChristopher Columbus, by Justin Win-\\nson, appears.\\nSith ria and the Exile System, by\\nGeorge Kennan, appears.\\nAature and Man in America, by Na-\\nthaniel S. Shaler, appears; also, T/ie\\nStory of Our Continent.\\n1892 Jan. 6\u00c2\u00b1. Chicago. A college is\\nestablished to educate brewers in all\\nbranches of their trade.\\nJan. 9. Pa. Andrew Carnegie adds\\n100,000 to his gift of $2,000,000 to\\nPittsburg for a free library.\\nJan. 12. New York. Sir Edwin Arnold\\ngives the first of a series of reading at\\nDaly s Theatre.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1891 Colo. Dr. T. Thacher Graves\\nis tried at Denver for the murder of\\nMrs. Josephine iiarnabv at Providence,\\nR. I., by poison. [1893. Sept. 3. He\\ncommitssuicide while awaiting a second,\\ntrial.]\\nD. C. Congress passes a bill prohib-\\niting the sale of liquor within one\\nmile of the Soldiers Home in the city\\nof Washington a measure that will\\nplace about one-third of the District of\\nColumbia under prohibition.\\nMont., N. H., Tenn. Labor-day, the\\ntirst Monday iu September, is established\\nas a legal holiday.\\nN. C. A school for -white deaf and\\ndumb children is located at Morganton.\\nThe Society of Loyal Volunteers\\nis organized.\\nNeb. Colo. The Methodist Hospital\\nand Home is founded hi Omaha also\\nanother at Denver.\\nN. C. The Legislature enacts that\\nthe birthday of Kobert E. Lee (Jan.\\n19) shall be a legal holiday.\\nN. C. The State incorporates a\\nConfederate Soldiers* Home near\\nRaleigh.\\nN. J. The half -holiday bill for the\\nrelief of employees is enacted.\\nN. Mex. A high-license law is en-\\nacted.\\nSenator Ingalls arrests widespread\\nattention by declaring The Decalogue\\nand the Golden Rule have no place in a\\npolitical campaign. This modern\\ncant about the corruption of politics is\\nfatiguing in the extreme. Purity in\\npolitics is an iridescent dream.\\nA society called The Woodmen of\\nthe World is founded.\\n1S92 Jan. 2. Tenn. The convict mi-\\nners are returned to the mines at Coal\\nCreek with a guard of soldiers for their\\nprotection from free miners.\\nJan. 3. New York A man threatens Jay\\nGould with death another, insisting oh\\nmarrying Miss Helen Gould, has been\\narrested.\\nJan. 4. N. Y. A train- wrecker is cap-\\ntured in the act near Rattlesnake Point\\nhe is imprisoned hi Rochester.\\nJan. 5. Ga. Eight men are killed in\\na tight in Clinch county.\\nKan. The sheriff and sheriff-elect of\\nSeward county are killed by a mob In\\nambush; the district iudce is besieged\\nin his house by 40 men armed with Win-\\nchesters a county-seat war is the cause.\\n[Jan. 7. Four more men are killed in\\na running fight with outlaws near Spring-\\nheld State militia occupy the town.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1891 **-1892,Jan.20. 399\\nNew York. Mrs. Robert L. Stuart s\\nwill is filed nearly her whole fortune,\\nestimated at $5,000,000, is left to\\npublic institutions.\\nTex. Strikers at Gorcum dismantle\\n15 locomotives of the San Antonio and\\nArkansas Pass Railroad.\\nJan. 7. Tex. At Houston an unknown\\nthief robs the safe in the office of Wells,\\nFargo, and Co. of between $200,000 and\\n\u00c2\u00a7300,000.\\nJan. 8. la. Ex-County Treasurer Lane\\nof Ottumwa is missing shortage, $30,000.\\nMiss. Two negroes are lynched at\\nRaysville.\\nNeb. C. N. Paul of Hastings re-\\nsigns his office of county treasurer\\na shortage of $23,000 is made good by\\nhis bondsmen.\\nJan. 9. I.T. About 1,000 Indians engage\\nin a Messiah dance in the Cherokee\\nStrip.\\nJan. 10. Conn. The Brotherhood of\\nLocomotive Firemen and Engineers in\\nsession at .New Haven refuses to allow a\\nstrike on the branches of the Consoli-\\ndated Railroad with regard to pay.\\nInd. The IS street-car lines of In-\\ndianapolis are tied up by a strike.\\nJan. 12. New York. The wiU of Mrs.\\nElizabeth Coles gives large sums to\\nthe Cathedral of St. John the Divine,\\nthe Metropolitan Museum of Art, the\\nNew York Genealogical and Biographi-\\ncal Society, and for a new college.\\nJan. 13. Conn. Two attempts are made\\nto wreck passenger-trains on the New\\nHaven Road.\\nJan. 14. Pa. The Pittsburg Law\\nOrder Society begins its prosecutioi\\nnewsdealers* who sell papers\\nsdealers and\\nja h.]\\nJan. 15. New York. John Carson, a\\nBaltimore lawyer, is found dead in the\\nsnow with his throat cut.\\nJan. IS. Ala. Harvay Hinton, impli-\\ncated in the massacre of the M Mi lien\\nfamily in Choctaw County, is taken\\nfrom jail and lynched.\\nD. C. The American Woman s\\nSuffrage Association begins its annual\\nsession at Washington.\\nNew York. The Typothetee cele-\\nbrates the 186th anniversary of Benja-\\nmin Franklin s birth with a dinner.\\nSTATE.\\n1891 During the year 1S91, Arkansas,\\nColorado, Maine, North Dakota, New\\nHampshire, Oregon, and Ohio adopt the\\nAustralian ballot system. Illinois\\nand Pennsylvania adopt ballot reform\\nbills.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-93 Ark. James P. Eagle (Dem.).\\n-95* *Cal. Henry II. Markham (Rep.).\\n-93 Colo. John L. Routt (Rep.).\\n-93 Conn. M. J. Bulkeley (Rep.).\\n-95* Del. Robert J. Reynolds (Dem.).\\n-93 Kan. L. U. Humphrey (Rep.).\\n-95 Ky. John Y. Brown (Dem.).\\n-92 Me. Edwin C. Burleigh (Rep.).\\n-92 Mass. Wm. E. Russell (Dem.).\\n-93* Mich. Edwin B. Winans (Dem.).\\n-93 Minn. W. R. Merriman (Dem.).\\n-93 Neb. James E. Boyd (Dem.).\\n-95 Nev. Ross Iv. Colcord (Rep.).\\n-93 N. H. Hiram A. Tuttle (Rep.).\\n-93 N.Dak. Andre\\\\vH.Burke(Rep.).\\n-95* Ore. Sylvester Pennoyer (Dem.).\\n-95 Pa. Robert E. Pattison (Dem.).\\n-92 Ii. I. Herbert W. Ladd (Rep.).\\n-93 S. Dak. A. C. Mellette (Rep.).\\n-93* *Tenn. John P. Buchanan (Dem.).\\n-93 Tex. James S. Hogg (Dem.).\\n-93 Wis. George W. Peck (Dem.).\\n1S92 Jan. 2. D. C. The Treasury De-\\npartment reports the public debt in-\\ncreased $2,794,749 in December.\\nJan. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses a resolution authorizing the\\nchartering of a ship to carry corn to\\nthe famine-stricken Russians in the\\nHouse many bills are introduced one\\nto provide for pneumatic postal tubes\\nbetween New York and Brooklyn.\\nBenton M Millin of Tenn. is chosen\\nSpeaker pro tempore.\\nConn. The Supreme Court decides\\nthat Gov. Bulkeley is the lawful ex-\\necutive of the State.\\nN. T. In the State Senate Walker\\n(Dem.) is seated by a party vote for\\nSherwood s district, the 27th, although\\nreceiving only a minority vote in that\\ndistrict four notices of contest are\\nfiled to unseat as many Republican Sen-\\nators.\\nJan. 6. D. C. Congress Senate Mr.\\nMorrill speaks against free coinage of\\nsilver, and is answered by Mr. Teller.\\nJan. 7. D. C. Congress; Senate: Mr.\\nMorgan s resolution for an inquiry into\\nthe condition of the Nicaragua Canal\\nis adopted.\\nSecretary Blaine notifies the represen-\\ntatives of countries which have not en-\\ntered into reciprocity agreements that\\nthe retaliatory clause of the Tariff\\nAct will be applied by the President on\\nMarch 15.\\nJan. 8. N. Y. Storm Emans, the Clerk\\nof Dutchess County, is on trial for con-\\ntempt before Justice Cullen of Brook-\\nlyn he obtained the returns in the\\nDutchess County election case from the\\nmessengers of the governor, comptroller,\\nand secretary of state at the offices of\\nthose officials and carried them back to\\nPoughkeepsie. [Jan. 20. A second hear-\\ning is given. Feb. 18. The case dis-\\nmissed without costs.]\\nTenn. The Legislature refuses to\\nmake an appropriation lor the World s\\nFair.\\nJan. 9. D. C. The despatch from Sefior\\nPereira, the new Chilean Minister of\\nForeign Affairs, received at Washington\\nthrough Minister Montt, is considered\\nmore conciliatory than those from his\\npredecessor.\\nCat. The testimony of sailors of the\\nBaltimore taken by Judge-Advocate\\nRemy at Vallejo tends to show that mobs\\nin Valparaiso were deliberately orga-\\nnized to attack the American sailors\\nfrom the Baltimore.\\nJan. 11. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nratines the Brussels treaty to sup-\\npress the African slave-trade and a\\ncommercial arrangement with the Kongo\\nFree State; Henry M. Teller of Colo,\\nintroduces a joint resolution for an In-\\nternational Silver Congress [debated\\nwithout action] in the House William\\nC. P. Breckinridge of Ky. makes an un-\\nsuccessful attempt to introduce a reso-\\nlution aiming at the repeal of the\\nreciprocity clause of the Tariff Law.\\nThe President proclaims the forest\\npreserve of New Mexico to be set apart\\nfor public use.\\nJan. 12. I). C. Congress; Senate: A\\nbill is passed providing for two new\\nrevenue cutters for the Pacific coast\\nJos. M. Dolph. of Ore. reports favorably\\nthe bill to appropriate $100,000,000\\nfor coast defenses and fortifications.\\nJan. 13. D. C. Congress: The resolu-\\ntion of John H. Mitchell of Ore. for the\\nrelief of the Court of Claims is dis-\\ncussed and referred; in the House Wil-\\nliam S. Holman of Ind. introduces a\\nresolution to limit expenditures.\\nThe final report of Capt. Schley of\\nthe Baltimore on the affair at Valparaiso\\nis received at the Navy Department.\\nN. Y. The World s Fair Bill, ap-\\npropriating \u00c2\u00a7300,000, is introduced in the\\nState Senate and ordered to a third\\nreading.\\nJan. 15. D. C. Congress: In the House\\na resolution is introduced for the ap-\\npointment of a committee of seven to\\ninvestigate the census office the\\nHolman resolutions are adopted.\\nJan. 18. D. C. Congress; Senate The\\nMexican Claims Bill, relating to certain\\nundistributed moneys received from\\nMexico, is discussed; William A. Peffer\\nof Kan. introduces a joint resolution\\nfavoring the election of President and\\nVice-President by a direct popular\\nvote.\\nJan. 19. D. C. Congress The Senate\\ndiscusses the reopening of the La\\nAbra claim to a large part of the award\\nof the Mexican Commission the heirs of\\nBenjamin Weil are also claimants. The\\nHouse kills the hill to regulate the\\nprinting and distribution of public\\ndocuments.\\nN. Y. Deputy Attorney-General May-\\nnard is confirmed as a Judge of the\\nCourt of Appeals.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1892 Jan. 7. New York. The Cham-\\nber of Commerce passes a resolution\\nfavoring an appropriation of SI, 000,000\\nfor the New York exhibit at the World s\\nFair.\\nJan. 8. I. T. In a coal-mine explo-\\nsion at McAlester, 100 men are killed\\nand 115 injured.\\nJan. 10. Mo. The main building of the\\nState University, Columbia, is destroyed\\nby fire; loss, $400,000.\\nJan. 11. Ind. Two lives are lost and 20\\npersons are injured by a train falling\\nover an embankment at Nicholson s\\nCrossing.\\nJan. 15. Two women are burned in\\na railroad wreck on the Northern Pa-\\ncific, caused by a broken rail.\\nJan. IS. O. A natural-gas explosion\\nwrecks two churches and damages about\\n50 houses at Lancaster.\\nW. Va. Six men are killed by a pow-\\nder-mill explosion at Central City.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "400 1892, Jan. 20-Feb. 17.\\nAMERICA:\\n1892\\nARMY NAVY.\\nJan. 29+. Tex. Garza enters\\nMexico with 5.000 armed men, and is\\nwelcomed by many of the people.\\nJan. 30. Boston, The Common Council\\nresolves to return a captured battle-flag\\nto Company C, 12th North Carolina Con-\\nfederate troops.\\nD. C. Caleb H. Carlton is commis-\\nsioned colonel Sth cavalry.\\n[Mar. 9. Also Joseph C. Bailey\u00e2\u0080\u0094medi-\\ncal department. Apr. 25. John C. Bates\\n2d infantry. May 27. F. C. Ainsworth\\npension department. July 1. Richard\\nLodor 2d artillery. July 4. Andrew\\nS. Bert 25th infantry. July 9. Oliver\\nD. Green. July 28. David S. Gordon\\nIGth cavalry. Aug. 16. Anson Mills\\n3d cavalry. Sept. 16. Simon Snyder\\n19th infantry. Dec. 4. Charles H. Alden\\nmedical department. Dec. 11. John\\nG. Chandler quartermaster s depart-\\nment. Dec. 27. Thomas C. Sullivan\\nsubsistence department.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1892 Jan. 24. Cal. A meteorite\\nflecked with gold is found.\\nJan. 26. Phila. The National Academy\\nof Science decides to send a relief ex-\\npedition for Lieut. Peary, under Prof.\\nA. Heilprin. (See June 27.)\\nFeb. 6. Colo. Gold is found in large\\nquantities at Squaw Gulch.\\nFeb. 13. A remarkable display of au-\\nrora borealis is observed throughout\\nlarge sections of the north its bril-\\nliancy causes people in New York to\\nbelieve part of the city to be on fire.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1892.\\nJan. 22. Bradley. Joseph P.. justice IT. S.\\nSupreme Court, A79.\\nJan. 23. Kobinson, William E., journalist.\\nM. C. for N. Y., A78.\\nHall, John w., Gov. of Del., A75.\\nJan. 26. Knapp, Manning M., lawyer, ju\\nrist, A70.\\nJan. 29. Barnum, Henry A., brig.-gen,\\npolitician, A 60.\\nFeb. 2. Hopkins, Moses, capitalist, philan\\ntliropist, A75.\\nFeb. 7. Bryson, Andrew, rear-adm. U. S.\\nN., A69.\\nFeb. 9. Knox, John J., comptroller treas\\nury, AG4.\\nFeb. 12. Hunt, Thomas S., geologist, chem\\nist, author, A 66.\\nCHURCH.\\n1892 Jan. 27 New York. Four of\\nthe Methodist churches St. Paul s,\\nSt. Luke s, St. John s, and Forty-third\\nStreet agree to consolidate.\\nJan. 28. N. Y. Bishop Loughlin of\\nBrooklyn wills all his property to the\\nRoman Catholic Church.\\nFeb. 12. N. F. The 5th annual conven-\\ntion of the Young Women s Chris-\\ntian Association of the State of New\\nYork is held at Schenectady.\\nFeb. 14. New York. Dr. C. H. Park-\\nhurst delivers a scathing sermon against\\ncity officials who fail to execute the laws.\\nLETTERS.\\n1892 Feb. 6. Chicago, The will of\\nJohn Crerar, the millionaire, who left a\\nlarge fund for founding a library, is\\nsustained.\\nFeb. 7. New York. Andrew Carnegie\\nlectures on the Gospel of Wealth.\\nFeb. 9. N. Y. _ Bishop Doane is the\\nchoice of the caucuses for Regent of\\nthe University at Albany.\\nFeb. 16. A T Y. The Department of\\nSuperintendence of the National Edu-\\ncational Association opens its 28th an-\\nnual meeting in Brooklyn.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1892 Jan. 20. New York. The Ameri-\\ncan Society of Engineers holds its\\nannual meeting.\\nJan. 22. N. Y. Collar-starching ma-\\nchines cause a strike in Troy, and a mob\\nof 500 persons attacks the new machine\\nemployees.\\nPa. Senator Quay wins his suit\\nagainst the Pittsburg Evening Post for\\ncriminal libel.\\nJan. 23\u00c2\u00b1. Two men rob a Missouri Pa-\\nfie train and kill a policeman. [One\\nJan. 24. Pa. The electric-car strikers\\nin Allegheny are riotous; several per-\\nsons have been hurt.\\nJan. 25. Tenn. Miss Alice Mitchell, a\\nyoung society woman, cuts the throat of\\nMiss Freda Ward on the street at\\nMemphis. [Adjudged insane.]\\nN. J. Rev. John Weill is sentenced\\nin Jersey City to five years in the State\\nprison for robbing 35 churches of altar-\\ncloths, chandeliers, etc.\\nJan. 26. N, Y. Antonio Pagassi is\\ncharged with attempting to wreck the\\nSag Harbor express-train near Heliport\\nLong Island.\\nJan. 30. La. Every Federal officer\\nin the New Orleans Custom-house is\\nunder arrest for criminal libel at the\\ninstance of the Warmouth faction.\\nPa. Four moonshiners man-\\nufacturers of illicit whisky are cap-\\ntured near Mount Pleasant.\\nJan. 31. New York. Railroad em-\\nployees from every State in the Union\\nhold a convention in the Academy of\\nMusic.\\n0. Tramps seize an Erie and West-\\nern Railroad train six are captured\\nand seven escape one brakeman is\\nbadly injured.\\nFeb. 1. New York. Employees of the\\nEdison Electric Illuminating Company\\nemployed.\\nPa. The defendants in Senator Quay s\\nlibel suit against the Beaver Star are\\nsentenced to imprisonment for sis\\nmonths, \u00c2\u00a7600 line each, and costs.\\nFeb. 2. Ga. David Porter, deputy-col-\\nlector of customs at Savannah, is killed\\nby his son, 16 years of age.\\nNew York. Carlyle W. Harris, a\\nmedical student, after an extended trial\\nfor the poisoning of his young wife\\n(Helen Potts), is convicted of murder in\\nthe first degree.\\n^V. r. A little boy named Ward\\nWaterbury is kidnapped in Ponndridge,\\nWestchester County; the abductors de-\\nmand a ransom of $6,000.\\n[The boy is restored to his father the\\nnext day, after being abandoned by the\\nkidnappers. Mar. 3. Two kidnappers\\nare sentenced to four years, and one to\\ntwo years in the State prison.]\\nFeb. 4. La. The officers of the Loui-\\nsiana Lottery Company withdraw their\\noffer to the State for a license.\\nNew York. The Chamber of Com-\\nmerce appoints a committee to solicit\\nsubscriptions for the starving Rus-\\nsians.\\nFeb. 5. Pa. David Hastings, the first\\nof the Indicted Allegheny City officials,\\nis found guilty of embezzlement.\\nFeb. 8. New York. Temperance socie-\\nties hold mass- meetings to protest\\nagainst the passage of the Liqaor-deal-\\ners Excise Bill by the Legislature.\\nW. H. Beers resigns as president of\\nthe New York Life Insurance Company,\\nbut will be retained as adviser at\\n$37,500 a year. [May 13. The legality\\nof this action is contested in the courts\\nand denied.]\\nFeb. 10. New York. St. John s Guild\\nopens anon-sectarian children s hospi-\\ntal for the poor.\\nA building inspector confesses that\\nhe has made false reports concerning\\nthe fire-escapes of the Hotel Royal, in\\nwhich many lives were lost by tire.\\nFeb. 11. Pa. James Wyman. mavor of\\nAllegheny City, is charged with extor-\\ntion, and found guilty on two counts.\\nFeb. 12. III. Abraham Lincoln s\\nbirthday as a legal holiday is cele-\\nbrated for the first time.\\nFeb. 13. New York. Twelve police\\nmatrons are appointed by the Police\\nBoard.\\nFeb. 14. Cal. The police of San Fran-\\ncisco are searching for Sarah Althea\\nTerry, who has mysterious lv disap-\\npeared.\\nNew York. Rev. C. H. Parkhurst,\\npresident of the Society for the Preven-\\ntion of Crime, denounces from his pulpit\\ncity officials as a damnable pack of\\nadministrative bloodhounds.\\nFeb. 16. Cal. A feud among the\\nhighbinders again breaks out in San\\nFrancisco.\\n\u00c2\u00b1Ala. George Kaley shoots and kills\\nO. B. Williamson. Prohibitionist, at the\\nmunicipal election at Warrior he is\\ncharged by the coroner s jury with wil-\\nful murder.\\nFeb. 17. N.Y. Chief of Police Hackett,\\nof Tarrytown, kills James Harmon, an\\nold resident, at a Democratic primary.\\nThe 6th annual convention of the\\nAmerican Newspaper Publishers\\nAssociation begins.\\nSTATE.\\n1S92 Jan. 21. D. C. Congress: The\\nSenate discusses Leland Stanford s\\nGovernment Land Loan Bill in\\nthe House Bland s Free Coinage Bill\\nis introduced.\\nJan. 22. N. Y. The Democratic State\\nConvention, stigmatized as Gov. Hill s\\nsnap convention, opens its session at\\nAlbany; the convention derides to send\\na delegation to the National Democratic\\nConvention at Chicago under the unit\\nrule in favor of D. B. Hill for President.\\nJan. 23. D. C. The United States Gov-\\nernment in an ultimatum to Chile de-\\nmands the withdrawal of the offensive\\nMatta circular, and an apology with\\nreparation for the outrages upon the\\nsailors of the Baltimore.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1892, Jan. 20-Feb. 17. 401\\nJan. 24. B. C. Congress: A message\\nis received from President Harrison\\nasking for an appropriation for the\\nWorld s Fair.\\nli. I. Alexander Gibson (Proliib.) is\\nnominated for governor.\\nJan. 25. B. C. Congress President\\nHarrison s Chilean message is read in\\nboth. Houses, and, with the voluminous\\ncorrespondence bearing on the question,\\nis referred to the Committees on Foreign\\nRelations.\\nThe Chilean reply to the ultimatum\\nof the United States is received at Wash-\\nington.\\nIt agrees to withdraw Sefior Matta s\\noffensive note, withdraws its request for\\nMinister Egan s recall, and proposes to\\nsubmit the attack on the Baltimore s\\nsailors at Valparaiso to arbitrament of\\nsome neutral nation, or to the decision\\nof the Supreme Court of the United\\nStates.\\nJan. 26. B. C. Congress Senate A\\nresolution for an international silver\\nconference is reported in the House\\nresolutions calling on the President to\\ntransmit the answer of Chile are re-\\nferred the House rules are discussed.\\nThe Urgent Deficiency Bill passes both\\nHouses.\\nN. Y. In the Legislature bills are in-\\ntroduced to appropriate $800,000 for work\\non the new Capitol.\\nLa. The Trans-Mississippi Congress\\nat New Orleans favors the silver ques-\\ntion, from a bimetallic standpoint.\\nJan. 27. B. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate public building bills are discussed.\\nA despatch is received at Washington\\nfrom the Chilean Minister of Foreign\\nAffairs yielding to President Harrison s\\ndemands and expressing regret for\\nthe Valparaiso outrage.\\nN. Y. In the Senate Jacob A. Cantor\\nintroduces a bill providing for an Adi-\\nrondack Park.\\nJan. 28. D. C. Congress: The Presi-\\ndent sends to both Houses a message*\\nwith the latest Chilean correspond-\\nence; he expresses the belief that no\\nspecial powers from Congress will be\\nN. Y. In the Senate the bill appro-\\npriating \u00c2\u00a7300,000 for the World s Fair\\nJan. 29. B. C. Congress: Senate not\\nin session in the House the report of\\nthe Committee on Rules is further con-\\nsidered.\\nThe Ways and Means Committee\\nadopts Chairman Springer s plan of at-\\ntacking the tariff by separate bills.\\nNeio York. A number of prominent\\nDemocrats call a mass-meeting to pro-\\ntest against the action of the State Com-\\nmittee in calling a midwinter conven-\\ntion.\\nN. Y. The State Liquor Dealers\\nAssociation Excise Bill is presented in\\nthe Senate by M;itthi;ts En. Ires of Buf-\\nfalo, and in the Assembly by Samuel J.\\nFoley of New York among other things\\nit provides for opening saloons on Sun-\\ndays at 1 P.M.\\nJan. 30. B. C. Secretary Blaine cables\\nto Minister Egan the Government 3\\nacceptance of Chile s apology for the\\nValparaiso outrage, and consent to a\\nsettlement in accordance with President\\nHarrison s message of Jan. 28.\\nFeb. 1. B.C. Congress; Senate: The\\nMexican Claims Bills are passed (see\\nJan. 19) the House debates the pro-\\nposed rules.\\nThe U. S. Supreme Court decides that\\nGov. Boyd is the rightful governor of\\nNebraska. [Feb. 6. Gov. Thayer sur-\\nrenders the office to him.] The court\\ndecides also that the Anti-Lottery\\nLaw is constitutional.\\nFeb. 2. B.C. Congress; Senate: the\\nPrinting Bill is taken up the House\\ncontinues to discuss the rules.\\nFeb. 3. B. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndiscusses the Public Printing Bill;\\nthe House discusses the rules.\\nFeb. 4. D. C. Congress Senate The\\nNew York Bridge Bills are unfavor-\\nably reported by the Committee; the\\nHouse adopts the new rules.\\nN. Y. The Assembly passes the Anti-\\nPinkerton Bill. Vote, 90-27. [Mar. 2.\\nPassed by the Senate.]\\nFeb. 5. B. C. Congress: Senate not in\\nsession the House passes the Census\\nDeficiency Bill.\\nThe proclamation of the President an-\\nnounces reciprocity arrangements with\\nthe British West Indies.\\nN. Y. A bill is introduced in the\\nState Senate providing for the con-\\nstruction of three bridges two over\\nthe East River, and one over the Harlem.\\n[Feb. 2-4. The former passes the Senate.\\nFeb. IS. The latter passes the Assem-\\nbly.]\\nFeb. 6. B. C. Secretary James G.\\nBlaine writes to the Chairman of the\\nRepublican National Committee an-\\nnouncing that he is not a candidate\\nfor the Presidency.\\nN..J. Two race-track bills are in-\\ntroduced in the Assembly. [And greatly\\nopposed at public meetings in various\\nparts of the State.]\\nFeb. 9. B. C. Congress Senate The\\nFinance Committee reports unfavorably\\nthree Free Coinage Bills.\\nConn. Gov. Bulkeley calls on the\\npeople of the State to meet at Hart-\\nford on Washington s Birthday to raise\\nmoney for the World s Fair.\\nUtah,. The liberals at the Salt Lake\\nCity elections carry their ticket by the\\nheaviest plurality yet obtained.\\nFeb. 10. B. C. Congress; House: The\\nBland Free Coinage Bill is favorably\\nreported.\\nIt is announced that Great Britain\\nand the United States have agreed upon\\nFrance, Italy, and Sweden as Bering\\nSea Arbitrators.\\nFeb. 11. New York. A mass-meeting\\nof Democrats to protest against the\\nearly date for the State Convention,\\ncalled a Snap Convention, is held at\\nCooper Union.\\nFeb. 12. B. C. Congress The House\\npasses the Military Academy Appro-\\npriation Bill introduced Jan. 25.\\nFeb. 13. B. C. Congress: The House\\nadopts a resolution calling for an inves-\\ntigation of the sweating system.\\nFeb. 15. B. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Public Printing Bill an\\ninvestigation into the admission of ty-\\nphus fever immigrants at New York\\nis ordered in the House an inquiry\\ninto the effects on agriculture of the\\nMcKinley tariff is ordered.\\nThe minority report on the Bland\\nFree Coinage Bill is made public.\\nFeb. 16. B. C. Congress In the House\\nthe bill authorizing the interstate rail-\\nroads to give reduced rates to com-\\nmercial travelers is passed.\\nNew York. The State enumerators\\nbegin taking a census of the city under\\npolice escort.\\nFeb. 17. N. Y. The Assembly passes a\\nbill for a bridge over the St. Lawrence\\nat Wolfe Island.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1892 Jan. 20. Ore. The Oregon Pa-\\ncific Railroad is sold at sheriff s sale\\nfor $1,000,000.\\nJan. 21. Boston. The new Chamber\\nof Commerce is dedicated.\\n-New York. A fire in Union Square\\ncauses a loss of about $500,000.\\nJan. 22. Jnd. The National Surgical\\nInstitute at Indianapolis burns 21 lives\\nare lost, and mauy persons injured.\\nJan. 27. Chicago. A School Furniture\\nTrust is organized, with a capital of\\n$15,000,000.\\nJan. 28. Pa. Five trainmen are killed\\nby a locomotive explosion at St. Clair.\\nJan. 31. Ky. The centennial of the\\nadmission of the State into the Union is\\ncelebrated at Lexington.\\nFeb. 3. Ya. The historic Appomattox\\nCourt-house building is destroyed by\\nfire.\\nFeb. 5. New York. The Edison and\\nThomson-Houston Electric Light inter-\\nests consolidate.\\nMany explosive matches are found\\nscattered among bales of cotton about\\nto be loaded into a transatlantic steam-\\nship.\\nN. J. The steamer Venezuela, of the\\nRed D Line, goes ashore on Brigantine\\nShoals in a snow-squall the passengers\\nare brought to New York.\\nFeb. 6. Fa. The steamer Polynesian, of\\nthe Allan Line, goes ashore near Cape\\nHenry.\\nThe Barbed Wire Trust of the\\nUnited States is dissolved.\\nFeb. 7. New York. The Hotel Royal\\nis destroyed by fire in the early morning\\nmany lives are lost.\\nFeb. 8. Tenn. A fire causes a loss of\\n$1,000,000 in Memphis.\\nFeb. 10. Neio York. The Sixth Avenue\\nhorse-car road is leased to a Philadel-\\nphia company for 999 years.\\nThe Philadelphia and Heading\\nRailroad Company secures control, by\\nlease, of the New Jersey Central and\\nthe Lehigh Valley Roads.\\nFeb. 11. Colo. By proclamation of\\nPresident Harrison, Pike s Peak is set\\napart as a forest reserve.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "40:\\n1892, Feb. 18-Mar. 25.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1892 Feb. The claims of the Balti-\\nmore s seamen against Chile for assault\\nand murder aggregate SI, 305,000.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1892 Mar. 4. Kan. Gold is discovered\\nby the fall of a bluff at Plymore.\\nMar. 14. Mb. Natural gas is struck in\\nan artesian well at Kansas City. [June\\n1. Gas is struck in large quantities at\\nDanvers, 111. July 15. Also found in\\nConway County, Ark.]\\nMar. 19. T. A large meteor falls in\\nEagle County, Choctaw Nation it im-\\nbeds itself 20 feet in the earth, while 12\\nfeet remain above ground.\\nMar. 24. Ariz. Aztec city buildings\\nare discovered during the process of\\ndigging on the extension of the Santa\\nCruz Canal.\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n1892.\\nFeb. S3. Shea, John D. Gilmary, historian,\\nphilologist, A68.\\nFeb. 28. Cullum, George W., maj.-gen.\\nU. S. A., A83.\\nMar. 1. H olden, William W., Gov. of N. C,\\nA74.\\nMar. 3. Hopkins, Stephen T., M. C. for\\nN. T., A43.\\nMar. 4. Porter. Noah, clergyman, author,\\nlexicographer, president of Vale, A81.\\nMar. 6. Pierrepont, Edwards, lawyer,\\natty.-gen., minister to Kimktiul, A75.\\nMar. 11. Bedell. Gregory Thurston, P. E.\\nbishop of O., author, A75.\\nMar. 17. Strakoseh, \\\\la.x, opera-manager,\\nA57.\\nMar. 18. Depoele. Van, Charles J., electri-\\ncian, inventor, A46.\\nMar. 19. Lothrop, Daniel, publisher, A60.\\nMar. 22. Agnew, David Hayes, sur-\\ngeon, professor at University of Pa., A74.\\nCHURCH.\\n1892 Mar. 2. Cal. TheKorashan\\nMessiah leaves San Francisco for Chi-\\ncago with 45 of his followers.\\nMar. 11. N. Y. Archbishop Corrigan\\nannounces that Pope Leo has appointed\\nCharles Edward McDonnell bishop of\\nBrooklyn. [Apr. 25. Consecrated. May\\n2. Installed.]\\nMar. 13. New York. Dr. C. H. Park-\\nhurst preaches another sermon on\\nmunicipal corruption; he tells his\\nexperience in visiting a number of\\nrjlaces that the authorities allow to\\nremain open in violation of law.\\nMar. 20. N. Y. The First Reformed\\nChurch of Albany celebrates its 250th\\nanniversary.\\nLETTERS.\\n1892 Feb. 19. Pa. The new library\\nhall at Johnstown, built by Andrew Car-\\nnegie at a cost of \u00c2\u00a765,000, is dedicated.\\nFeb. 22. Mich. Ex-President Cleveland\\ndelivers an address on Sentiment in\\nOur National Life at the University\\nof Michigan.\\nFeb. 26. New York. The Alumni of\\nColumbia vote unanimously in favor\\nof removing the college to the Bloom-\\ningdale site.\\nMar. 2. N. If. Or. William J. Tucker\\nof Andover Theological Seminary is\\nelected President of Dartmouth.\\nMar. 4. Conn. Yale s post-graduate\\ncourses in Philosophy are to be open\\nwithout distinction of sex.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S92 Feb. 18. Nero York. Gen. Horace\\nPorter is elected president of the\\nGrant Monument Association.\\nTerm. The miners of East Tennes-\\nsee are finally pacified by the com-\\npanies employment of free laborers\\ninstead of convicts.\\nFeb. 20. Ark. A negro is burned at\\nthe stake at Texarkana for criminal as-\\nsault on a white woman thousands of\\nspectators are present.\\nFeb. 21. N. Y. A train-robbernamed\\nPerry shoots an express-messenger on\\nthe New York Central road, near Roches-\\nter he intimidates the train s crew and\\ncaptures the engine, but is chased,\\ncaught in a swamp, and locked up.\\n[May 19. He is sentenced to State\\nprison for 49 years and three months.]\\nN. Y. Licenses are issued so freely\\nin Brooklyn that there is now one\\nsaloon to 225 of population, men,\\nwomen, and children, and one for\\nevery 62 male adults in the city.\\nFeb. 22. Mb. The National Industrial\\nConference meets at St. Louis, with\\nG50 delegates present. [It decides to\\nfavor the People s Party in the elec-\\ntions.]\\nFeb. 23. New York. Kev. C. H. Park-\\nhurst is subpoenaed as a witness before\\nthe grand jury concerning the charges\\nmade in his sermon on Feb. 14th.\\nN. Y. The National Convention\\nof Electrical Engineers begins its\\nannual session in Buffalo.\\nFeb. 27. Chicago. The American Sec-\\nular Union anti-Bible, anti-Sabbath\\nlaw, etc. holds a mass-meeting; it\\ndemands that the World s Fair shall be\\nkept open on Sunday.\\nInd. Attempts to run street-cars in\\nIndianapolis are prevented by strikers.\\nPhila. The will of Mrs. Anna P.\\nWilsbach leaves $1,000,000 to be\\ndivided among charitable organiza-\\ntions.\\nFeb. 28. Mr. Blaine furnishes the As-\\nsociated Press with a statement con-\\ncerning the marriage of his son James\\nto Miss Nevins, and its results.\\nMar. 1. Neiu York. Dr. Parkhurst a\\nsociety presents evidence against\\nliquor- dealers, and Judge Duffy issues\\nnine warrants for their arrest seven\\nare held in S100 each for trial.\\nMar. 3. Cal. J. W. Collins, president\\nof the broken National Bank, commits\\nsuicide be was financially ruined.\\nMar. 5. New York. The jury in the\\nE. M. Field case disagree. (See Dec.\\n14, 1891.)\\nMar. 6. Tenn. Several white men are\\nkilled in one race fight, and several ne-\\ngroes in another, near Memphis.\\nMar. 9. Tenn. A mob takes three\\nnegroes from a jail in Memphis, shoots\\nand kills them.\\nNew York. ien. George W. Cullum s\\nwill provides bequests of about $C90,000\\nfor charitable purposes.\\nMar. 10. The residents of McLean\\nCounty make up a train of 28 cars\\nloaded with shelled corn for the famine\\nsufferers of Eussia.\\n[Mar. 16. The steamer Missouri sails\\nfrom New York with supplies. The\\nCb amber of Commerce lias raised\\n$40,268 for the starving peasants.]\\nNew York. The Bar Association\\nappoints the following members a com-\\nmittee to investigate the charges made\\nagainst Isaac H. Maynard, recently ap-\\npointed judge of the Court of Appeals.\\naccused of abstracting the Dutchess\\nCounty election returns.\\nF. R. Coudert, J. C. Carter, E. R. Rob-\\ninson, J. E. Parsons, W. B. Hornblower.\\nJ. M. Bowers, Elihu Root, C. A. Hand,\\nand Albert Stickney.\\n[Mar. 18. Judge Mavnard makes pub-\\nlic his defense. Mar. 22. The Commit-\\ntee s report condemns Judge Maynard,\\nand recommends his removal from the\\nbench by the Legislature.]\\nMar. 14. New York. li. L. Klune. a\\npost-office clerk, is arrested for stealing\\nmoney from letters the alleged caust*\\nthe demoralizing Guttenburg race-\\ntrack.\\nBoston. The grand jury indicts Pres-\\nident Potter and Directors French and\\nDana of the wrecked Maverick Bank.\\n[June 18. The indictments are quashed.\\nMar. 15. Tenn. H. Clay King shoots and\\nkills D. H. Posten. [King is tried and\\ncondemned to death. Aug. 9. The gov-\\nernor commutes his sentence to impris-\\nonment for life.]\\nMar. 18. Va. Twomen.LoeHofflin and\\nJoseph Dye, are lynched near Gaines-\\nville.\\nThey were to be hanged on this date\\nfor murdering the Kines family in 1891.\\nbut a stay of proceedings hadbeen se-\\ncured, hence the lynching.\\nMar. 20. New York. E. L. Godkin. ed-\\nitor of the Evening Post, is arrested on\\nthe charge of criminal libel by grand\\njuryman Dennis W. O Halloran, wboob-\\njects to being called an ex dive-keeper.\\n[Mar. 20. The grand jury dismisses the\\ncharge.]\\nMar. 21. Chicago. Seven boodle\\naldermen are indicted, and held under\\n912,000 bail each. [Mar. 24. The grand\\njury finds fresh disclosures of alder-\\nmanic corruption. Mar. 26. Two more\\nare indicted by the grand jury; a mem-\\nber of the Board of Education is impli-\\ncated.]\\nSTATE.\\n1S92 Feb. 18. N. Y. The Assembly\\nvotes to exempt Kings County from the\\nprovisions of the Greater New York\\nBill; the Excise Committee of the As-\\nsembly gives another hearing on the\\nLiquor-Dealers Excise Bill Bishop\\nDoane is the principal speaker against\\nthe bill.\\nFeb. 19. Fa. The Debt Bill, with\\nHouse amendments providing for the\\nsettlement of the State debt, is passed\\nby the Senate, and goes to the governor.\\nFeb. 22. Mo. A National Industrial\\nConference meets in St. Louis.\\nDelegates are present from the Far-\\nmers Alliance, the Knights of Labor,\\nthe National Woman s Christian Tem-\\nperance Union, and other organizations\\nthere is an exciting struggle over the\\nadmission of a third-party delegate from", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1892, Feb. 18 -Mar. 25. 403\\nGeorgia. [A joint committee appoints\\na national convention to be held in\\nOmaha on July 4.]\\nN. Y. The Democratic State Conven-\\ntion assembled at Albany selects a Hill\\ndelegation to the National Demo-\\ncratic Convention.\\nIt adopts a platform declaring against\\nthe coinage of any silver dollar which\\nis not of the intrinsic value of every\\nother dollar of the United States.\\nFeb. 24. D. C. Congress The Presi-\\ndent sends a message urging a liberal\\nappropriation for the World s Fair.\\nFeb. 27. D.C. Congress: In the House\\na bill is reported to place binding-\\ntwine, to be used in harvesting grain,\\non the free list; the Indian Appro-\\npriation Bill is amended so as to au-\\nthorize the President to detail army\\nofficers as Indian agents when vacancies\\noccur.\\nFeb. 29. D. C. A treaty to refer the\\nBering Sea controversy to arbitra-\\ntion is signed in Washington.\\nThe Supreme Court affirms the con-\\nstitutionaHtyof the McKinley Tariff\\nand Dingey Worsted Bills.\\nN. Y. The Senate passes the bill for\\nSunday opening of the Metropolitan\\nMuseum of Art.\\nMar. 1. D. C. Congress: In the House\\nthe Indian Appropriation Bill is\\npassed bill introduced Feb. 12.\\nMar. 3. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the District of Columbia Ap-\\npropriation Bill introduced Mar. 1 the\\nCommercial Travelers Bill is dis-\\ncussed, but fails to pass.\\nMar. 4. D.C. It is announced that the\\nconference of experts on the Bering\\nSea seal question has resulted in a\\ndisagreement.\\nMar. 5. D. C. Congress: In the House\\nthe Urgent Deficiency Appropria-\\ntion Bill for the Department of Agri-\\nculture is passed introduced Mar. 1.\\nMar. 7. D. C. Congress: In the\\nHouse the resolution providing for the\\nconsideration of the Bland Silver Bill\\nis adopted. Vote, 190-84. The Pension\\nAppropriation Bill, aggregating $133,-\\n000,000, is passed.\\nN. Y. A bill to appropriate $500,000\\nto complete the Grant Monument in\\nRiverside Park, New York, is by consent\\nadvanced to a second reading.\\nMar. 8. D. C. Congress Senate The\\nBering Sea Arbitration Treaty is re-\\nceived, and discussed in executive ses-\\nsion; the Paddock Pure Food Bill\\nis discussed and practically completed.\\nla. The Senate passes a bill allowing\\neach community to settle the liquor\\nquestion for itself by elections to take\\nplace not oftener than once every five\\nyears. Vote, 27-22. [Mar. 22. The lower\\nHouse votes to indefinitely postpone the\\nbill.]\\nMar. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Pure Pood Bill after 17 dis-\\ncussions bill introduced Dec. 10; in\\nthe House the debate on the Free Wool\\nBill begins.\\nThe Bering Sea correspondence is\\nmade public.\\nN. Y. The Senate passes the Free-\\ndom of Worship Bill. [Apr. 14. It\\npasses the Assembly.] A resolution is\\npassed referring to the State Commis-\\nsion the question of Sunday closing of\\nthe World s Fair.\\nTa. The lower House votes to re-\\nsubmit the prohibition question to the\\npeople.\\nMar. 10. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Urgent Deficiency Bill.\\n[Mar. 15. A conference report is agreed\\nto. Mar. 24. Approved.]\\nN. J. The State Senate passes a res-\\nolution asking the World s Fair Com-\\nmissioners to close the Exposition on\\nSundays.\\nMar. 12. Ky. The House of Represen-\\ntatives passes a bill prohibiting lotteries\\nof all kinds in the State dealers are\\nindictable for felony, [Mar. 15. Gov.\\nBrown signs the bill.]\\nMar. 13. D. C. The President issues\\na proclamation announcing reciprocity\\nwith Nicaragua.\\nMar. 14. D. C. In an open letter to the\\nDemocracy of the country, ex-Secretary\\nBayard warns the party that evil con-\\nsequences would follow the passage of\\na free coinage bill.\\nMass. Gov. Russell signs the Anti-\\nFree-Pass BUI.\\nN. Y. Senator Hill departs on a\\npolitical tour in the South [he speaks\\nin several cities].\\nMar. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\namends and passes the Military Acad-\\nemy Appropriation Bill. [July 11.\\nConference report agreed to. July 15.\\nApproved.]\\nPresident Harrison, under the Reci-\\nprocity Law, proclaims the higher rate\\nof duties upon the products of Colombia,\\nHaiti, and Venezuela.\\nN. Y. The Senate adopts the pro-\\nposed amendments to the Constitution,\\nmaking the courts arbiters in contested\\nelection cases; the Greater New\\nYork Bill is killed in the Assembly.\\nR. I. D. Russell Brown (Rep.) is\\nnominated for governor.\\nMar. 16. D.C. Congress In the House\\nWilliam J. Bryan of Neb. speaks in\\nfavor of the Free Wool Bill the Ter-\\nritories Committee reports to the House\\nin favor of admitting Arizona as a\\nState, and allowing New Mexico to\\nform a State government preparatory\\nto admission into the Union. [June 6.\\nBoth pass the House and fail in the\\nSenate.]\\nMass. The House rejects an Anti-\\nCigarette Bill. Vote, 73-113.\\nMo. The Congressional Redisricting\\nBill as agreed upon in joint Democratic\\ncaucus passes the lower House it pro-\\nvides for 14 Democratic and one Repub-\\nlican district.\\nMar. 18. I). C. Congress Senate The\\nVenezuelan Arbitration Treaty is\\nconsidered in executive session.\\nMar. 21. D. C. Congress: In the\\nHouse the Army Appropriation Bill\\nis passed; bill introduced Mar. 5.\\nN. Y. The Assembly passes the Roche\\nBill providing for a $2,000,000 park\\non the West Side in New York City\\nalso the bill combining the Supreme,\\nSuperior, and Common Pleas Courts in\\nNew York.\\nMar. 22. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses a bill to improve the Mississippi\\nRiver bill introduced Feb. 11. [It fails\\nin the House.] And for the relief of\\nsettlers on public lands in the House\\ndebate on the Free Silver BUI is\\nbegun evening sessions are ordered.\\nNew York. The Chamber of Com-\\nmerce memorializes Congress to main-\\ntain the present standard of value in\\nMar. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nreceives from the President Lord Salis-\\nbury s note on the Bering Sea question\\nwith the rejoinder of the United States\\nthereto, and considers the same in ex-\\necutive session the House debates the\\nSilver Bill.\\nMar. 24. D. C. Congress; House The\\ndebate on the Silver Bill is closed\\nand much filibustering follows.\\nMar. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nConsideration of the Arbitration\\nTreaty is finished in executive session,\\nbut no vote is taken.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1892 Feb. 18. La. A fire in New Or-\\nleans destroys property worth $1,000,000.\\nPhila. Carl Spreckel s sugar re-\\nfinery is sold to the Sugar Trust for\\n\u00c2\u00a77,000,000 in trust certificates.\\nFeb. 24. Conn. Officials and citizens\\nsubscribe $50,000 for World s Fair\\npurposes.\\nFeb. 27. Va. Life-savers rescue 26 of\\nthe crew of the San Albano, wrecked\\nat Hog Island.\\nFeb. 28. N. Y. An eight-story clothing-\\nhouse and other buildings in Brooklyn\\nare burned loss, \u00c2\u00a71,000,000; several per-\\nsons are injured.\\nMar. 1. Wis. A train is wrecked near\\nMilwaukee seven persons are killed.\\nMar. 5. New York. The famous Hop-\\nkins-Searles will case is settled out of\\ncourt young Hopkins agrees to take\\n83,000,000.\\nMar. 12. Chicago. Twenty-eight\\nbreweries form a brewing and malting\\nassociation with a capital of $20,000,000.\\nMar. 17. N. Y. The population of\\nthe State by enumeration is given as\\n6,479,730, which is 481 ,877 in excess of the\\ncensus of 1890 the three cities of New\\nYork, Brooklyn, and Buffalo have of this\\nincrease 451 ,791 leaving 30,086 as the gain\\nin the rest of the State.\\nMar. 18. Mo. Liggett and Myers s ex-\\ntensive tobacco factory in St. Louis is\\nburned loss, $340,000.\\nN. J. The new British steel clipper\\nship Windermere runs aground in a\\nstorm at Deal Beach, the crew are taken\\nashore by the breeches-buoy.\\nMar. 21. New York. The Standard Oil\\nTrust is dissolved by the vote of its\\nshareholders.\\nMich. A boiler explodes in a lum-\\nber-mill at East Jordan, killing seven\\nmen and injuring several others.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "404 1892, Mar. 25-Apr. 27.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1892 Mar. 31. Fa. The protected\\ncruiser itole/ 7/ is launched at Norfolk.\\nApr. 13. Wyo. United States troops\\nare ordered to quell the cattlemen s dis-\\nturbances. [Apr. 22. Cattlemen are\\nbrought to Fort Douglas.]\\nApr. 15. Trim. The militia guarding\\nthe convict camp at Coal Creek are fired\\nupon by miners.\\nApr. 16. D. C. The revenue steamers\\nPush and Bear are ordered north to\\npatrol Bering Sea.\\nApr. 18. D.C. Frank Wheaton is com.\\noned brigadier-general.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1892 Apr. 6. Utah. President Wood-\\nruff lays the capstone of the Mormcn\\nTemple at Salt Lake City.\\nApr. 8. New York. The sale of the\\nRobertson Collection of paintings\\nbrings 8270,380.\\nApr. 12. Cat. Earthquake shocks are\\nagain felt. [Apr. 17. Earthquake shocks\\nare felt in Oregon. Apr. 19. At Wood-\\nland and elsewhere, Gal. Apr. 21. An-\\nother in California.]\\nNew York. The corner-stone of the\\nGrant Monument is laid, President\\nHarrison spreading the mortar.\\nIn the presence of a vast concourse of\\npeople, Chauncey M. Depew and Gen.\\nPorter deliver addresses National and\\nState troops parade the -warship Mlan-\\ntonomoh fires salutes. A Grant dinner\\nat Delmonico s follows the conclusion\\nof the ceremonies, at which Secretary\\nElkins, Sefior Romero, and others make\\nspeeches. (See Sept. 5, 1890.)\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1892.\\nMar. 26. Whitman. Walt, or Walter,\\npoet, A73.\\nApr. 4. Singleton, J. W., brig.-gen. vols.,\\nM. C. for 111., dies.\\nApr. 6. Saulslmrv, Willard, a I ty.-gen., sen-\\nator for Del., A72.\\nApr. 9. Field, Charles \\\\V., C on federate ma j.-\\ngen., A64.\\nApr. lO. Sweeney, Thomas W., brig.-gen.\\nvols., A71.\\nApr. 19. Smith, Roswell, pub., founder of\\nCentury Magazine, A63.\\nApr. 25. Bradford, William, painter of\\nArctic scenery, A65.\\nCHURCH.\\n1892 Mar. 28. Pa. A celebration in\\nhonor of Bishop Comenius is held by\\nschool-children in the Moravian church\\nat Bethlehem.\\nApr. 4. Utah. The 62d annual confer-\\nence of the Mormon Church begins\\nat Salt Lake City.\\nApr. 7. Mass.-N. H. A Past-day is\\nobserved by the appointment of gov-\\nLETTERS.\\n1892 Mar. 29. New York. The Uni-\\nversity of the City of New York\\ngraduates 162 doctors from the medical\\ndepartment.\\nApr. 3. Cat. Timothy Hopkins presents\\na valuable collection of railway litera-\\nture *o Leland Stanford University.\\nApr. 4. Pa. The graduate department\\nof the University of Pennsylvania is\\nopened to\\nApr. 5. X. Y. President Charles Ken-\\ndall Adams of Cornell University re-\\nsigns. [July 30. He accepts the presi-\\ndency of the University of Wisconsin.]\\nApr. 8. New York. J. Pierpont Morgan\\nmakes a provisional gift of $500,000\\nto the New York trade-schools.\\nApr. 1 1 Con n. Harry Havemeyer,\\nsugar-refiner, gives $75,000 additional to\\nthe $50,000 previously given for a pub-\\nlic school building at Greenwich.\\nApr. 13. New York. The library of\\nEmanu-El Theological Seminary is se-\\ncured for Columbia.\\nApr. 16. N.J. The American Library\\nAssociation begins its annual meeting\\nat Lakewood.\\nApr. 18. N. Y. Prof. Jacob Gould\\nSchurman is elected president of Cor-\\nnell, to succeed President Adams.\\n[Nov. 11. Inaugurated.]\\nNew York. Authors hold a meeting\\nand form the Association of American\\nAuthors. [June 4. It perfects the or-\\nganization.]\\nApr. 27. B. C. The corner-stone of the\\nMcMahon Hall of Philosophy of the\\nCatholic University at Washington is\\nlaid with impressive ceremony.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1892 Mar. 25. NY. Mrs. Mary Lar-\\nsen, 80 years old, is bound, gagged, and\\nrobbed of $6,000, in Brooklyn.\\nliar. 26. Boston. The formation of an\\nAnti-Saloon League is announced it\\ncomprises clergymen of all denomina-\\ntions.\\nN. Y. A watchman in Long Island\\nCity is murdered in the street supposed\\nto be the work of strikers.\\nMar. 27. New York. The Central Labor\\nUnion agrees to unite with the Sweat-\\ning Abolition Union in efforts to\\nabolish the sweating system.\\nMar. 28. Chicago. Colored men hold a\\nmeeting to protest against the Memphis\\nlynchings of the 9th of March.\\nThe executors of the Fayerweather\\nwill file their inventory the sum of\\n$4,285,000 goes to colleges and hos-\\npitals direct.\\nMar. 30. Mass. Mayor Graves of Fitch-\\nburg is found guilty of fraudulently\\nobtaining money from the county of\\nagainst the ill-treatment of negroes in\\nthe South.\\nApr. 8*. La. A convention of the\\nUnited Confederate Veterans is held\\nat New Orleans.\\nApr. 10. Wyo. Man. Al out 500 cow-\\nboys set ont to exterminate the rustlers\\n(cattle-thieves) of Wyoming and Mon-\\ntana.\\nApr. 12. Pa. It is discovered that the\\nsuperintendent of police of Pittsburg,\\nago, was pol-\\nApr. 13. New York. A defalcation of\\n$32,072.94. is discovered in the United\\nStates National Bank.\\nA new suit is entered against Henry\\nHilton to recover some of A. T. Stew-\\nart s millions.\\nDr. Parkhurst publishes a statement\\nregarding his action in obtaining evi-\\ndence against the Police Department.\\nThe first public meeting of the New\\nCity Club is held.\\nApr. 15. Afass. Two White Caps are\\nsentenced to imprisonment in I\u00c2\u00bbedham\\nJail for one year each for tarring and\\nfeathering H. N. Pratt.\\nApr. 17. -V. Y. An unsuccessful attempt\\nade to wreck the New York express\\nroad near Oswego.\\nNew York. The police make a show\\nof enforcing the Excise law 91 arrests\\nare made.\\nApr. 18. Boston. Nearly 2,000 persons\\nattend the reception and banquet in\\nhonor of Rev. Dr. E. E. Hale.\\nNew York. J. U. Gamper. a socialist\\nleader, in a drunken fit nearly kills his\\nwife and daughter.\\nApr. 21. New York. Tiff an v\\nelers. suffer a loss of $50,000 by i\\nJames A. Palmer, who is under\\non the Larkau ;i\\nBu\\nby\\nN. Y.\\nTin imas O Brien, the notorious\\nKing. escapes from his keeper\\nconspiracy while on his way to\\nW(\\nster.\\nApr. 1. Pa. Moonshiners kill Jona-\\nthan Hochstetter on Laurel Hill Moun-\\ntain for testifying against them in court.\\nNew York. The grand jury makes a\\nstrong presentment against the police\\ndepartment for corruption.\\nApr. 2. Ind. The State Board of World s\\nFair managers vote against the clos-\\ning of the exposition on Sunday.\\nKy. Revenue officers make a success-\\nful raid on moonshine stills in Harlan\\nCounty.\\n0. An unknown negro is lynched\\nin Millersburg.\\nApr. 4. Ida. Six stage-robbers all\\nwomen, dressed in men s clothes are\\narrested near Salmon City.\\nNew York. A mass-meeting of col-\\nored people at Cooper Union protests\\nClinton Pr\\n[June 2. Keeper Buck is convicted at\\nUtica of complicity in the escape. June\\n4. He is sentenced to State prison for\\nthree years.]\\nThe grand jury of Saratoga finds true\\nbills of indi.-tment acainst W. H. Gailor\\nand K. F. Enapp, late members of the\\nBoard of Police Commissioners, for bri-\\nbery and extortion.\\nApr. 23\u00c2\u00b1. N. Y. Prominent Buffalo\\nlawyers are preparing a testimonial\\ncommending the action of the Bar Asso-\\nciation in regard to Judge Maynard\\nit has already been signed by 34 lawyers.\\nApr. 23. N.J. Alfred Parkes, who killed\\nhis wife with a hammer in Newark, is\\nsentenced to 10 years imprisonment.\\nApr. 24. Chicago. The annual Con-\\nvention of the Theosophical Societies\\nbegins.\\nN. J. Armed residents of Passaic and\\nClifton raid a gang and capture 19\\ntramps, who are sentenced at once to 90\\ndays each in the county jail.\\nApr. 25. New York. The Baptist pas-\\ntors indorse Dr. Parkhurst in his cru-\\nsade against vice.\\nApr. 26. New York. F. C. Ewer, a trusted\\nclerk of the Corbin Banking Company,\\nis a defaulter to the amount of $12,000;\\ngambling the alleged cause.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1892, Mar. 25 -Apr. 27. 405\\nSTATE.\\n1892 Mar. 25. N Y. The Judiciary\\nCommittees of the Legislature decide to\\nlimit the Maynard investigation to one\\nday, and to call as witnesses only the\\nnine members of the Bar Association s\\ncommittee. [Mar. 30. F. K. Coudert and\\nothers testify.] Senator Hill arrives in\\nAlbany; tho liquor-sellers Excise Bill is\\nreported back to the Assembly, with the\\nlocal-option clause added, and another\\nforbidding the licensing of a saloon with-\\nin 200 feet of a church or schoolhouse.\\nFr. The new Franco-American Ex-\\ntradition Treaty is signed in Paris.\\nMar. 26. Miss. The House defeats a\\nWorld s Fair appropriation. Vote, 20-\\n78.\\n0. The Legislature gives Cincinnati\\nthe right of raising $6,000,000 on\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0water bonds by a popular vote.\\nMar. 2S. B. C. Congress The Senate\\namends and passes the Anti-Chinese\\nBill. [May 2-4. Conference report agreed\\nto. May 11. Approved.]\\nMar. 29. B. C. Congress: The Senate\\nunanimously ratifies the Arbitration\\nTreaty; William M. Stewart of Nev.\\ngives notice that he will move to take up\\nhis Free Coinage Bill; the House re-\\nsumes discussion of the Tariff Bill.\\nMar. 30. B.C. Congress; Senate The\\ntreaty between Great Britain and the\\nUnited States for the arbitration of\\nthe Bering Sea difficulty is ratified\\nin the House debate on the Free Wool\\nBill is continued.\\nNew York. The Central Park Com-\\nmissioners ask the Legislature to repeal\\nthe Speedway Act, which provides for\\na trotting course in the Park. [Apr. 1.\\nIt is repealed by the Senate. Apr. 14.\\nBy the Assembly. Apr. 25. Approved.]\\nMar. 31. B.C. Congress; Senate The\\narmy provision in the Indian Appro-\\npriation Bill is adopted the House de-\\nbates the Wool Bill.\\nApr. 1. B. C. Secretary Noble orders\\nthat the Cheyenne and Arapaho\\nreservation be opened for settlement\\nApril 15.\\nApr. 2. B. C. Congress: In the House\\ngeneral debate on the Wool Bill is\\nclosed.\\nApr. 4. B. C. Congress In the House\\nthe Chinese Exclusion Bill, prohibit-\\ning the entrance of Chinese into the\\nUnited States, is passed bill introduced\\nFeb. 19.\\nN. Y. The Senate passes the Com-\\npulsory Education Bill, with New\\nYork and Brooklyn exempted.\\nApr. 5. N. Y. The Senate by a party\\nvote passes the Congressional Reappor-\\ntionment Bill and the Huckleberry\\nBailroad BiH for New York City. [Apr.\\n7. The latter passed by the Assembly.\\nApr. 20. Approved.]\\nIn Buffalo at a Democratic mass-\\nmeeting, the mayor presiding, the Feb-\\nruary State Convention is denounced.\\nApr. 6. B. C. Congress: The Assembly\\namends and passes the Indian Appro-\\npriation Bill after five discussions.\\n[July 7. Conference report agreed to.\\nJuly 15. Approved.] In the House the\\nCommittee of the Whole reports the\\nFree Wool Bill.\\nIi. I. State officers and Legislature\\nare elected.\\nApr. 7. B. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Free Wool Bill introduced\\nFeb. 15, and takes up the Cotton-Bag-\\nging Bill.\\nN. Y. The Senate and Assembly pass\\nthe Constitutional Convention Bill.\\nThe Maynard investigation comes\\nto an abrupt termination the Republi-\\ncans not being allowed to subpoena any\\nwitnesses, none appear.\\nApr. 8. B. C. Congress Senate An\\namendment appropriating \u00c2\u00a7100,000 for\\nthe Grand Army of the Republic en-\\ncampment in Washington is incorpo-\\nrated in the District Appropriation Bill.\\nApr. 9. B. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Free Bagging Bill for cot-\\nton bill introduced Feb. 15.\\nApr. 11. B.C. Congress; Senate Ja-\\ncob H. Gallinger of N. H. advocates his\\nbill for a sanitarium for pulmonary\\npatients.\\nApr. 14. B. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the amendments to the bill creat-\\ning the Circuit Courts of Appeal in the\\nHouse the reprinting in the Record of\\nHenry George s book, Protection or Free\\nTrade as the undelivered speeches\\nof five Democratic members, is dis-\\ncussed Julius C. Burrows s motion to\\nexpunge the matter is voted down.\\nThe payment of an indemnity of \u00c2\u00a725,000\\nby the United States to Italy, in repara-\\ntion of outrages on Italians in New Or-\\nleans, and the immediate resumption of\\nfull diplomatic relations between the\\ncountries, is announced. (See Society.\\nOct. 15, 1890.)\\nFla. The Republicans, on account of\\nalleged Democratic election practices\\npreventing a fair vote, decide to make\\nno nominations in the State.\\nApr. 15. JS T Y. In the Legislature the\\nAssembly passes the Woman s Suf-\\nfrage Bill. [It fails in the Senate.]\\nS. Bale. The President by proclama-\\ntion opens the Sisseton Indian reser-\\nvation for settlement.\\nApr. lp\\\\ B. C. It is announced that a\\ncopyright agreement with Germany\\nhas been signed by Secretary Blaine and\\nthe German Minister to the U. S., Theo-\\ndore von Holleben.\\nLa. Both of the Democratic fac-\\ntions hold large mass-meetings, refus-\\ning to compromise in any way in regard\\nto the approaching elections.\\nMass. The House passes the bill fix-\\ning ten hours as a day s work for\\nrailroad employees.\\nApr. 18. B. C. Congress Senate\\nThe Bering Sea modus vivendi is re-\\nceived from the President the House\\npasses the Naval Appropriation Bill,\\nintroduced Mar. 10 it provides for one\\nnew cruiser [New York.]\\nN. Y. In the Legislature the major-\\nity and minority reports in the Maynard\\ninvestigation are submitted. [Apr. 20.\\nThe majority report, exonerating Judge\\nMaynard, is adopted by a strictly party\\nvote].\\nApr. 19. B. C. Congress: The Senate\\napproves the Bering Sea modus vivendi.\\nLa. The people vote to reject the\\noffer of the Louisiana Lottery Com-\\npany.\\nApr. 25. B. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the substitute for the Gray Anti-\\nChinese BUI; it extends the present\\nlaws for ten years.\\nApr. 26. B. C. Congress The Senate\\nreceives a message from the President\\ndeclining to transmit the correspond-\\nence relative to an International Mon-\\netary Conference, as requested.\\nSecretary Blaine telegraphs a member\\nof the Republican State Committee of\\nMaine that the use of his name in con-\\nnection with the presidential nomina-\\ntion is entirely unauthorized.\\nApr. 27. B.C. Congress The Senate\\namends and passes the Army Appro-\\npriation Bill. [July 15. Conference\\nreport agreed to. July 20. Approved.]\\nJohn B. Altgeld (Dem.) is nomi-\\nnated for governor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1892 Mar. 29. La. The families of\\nthe lynched Italians at New Orleans\\nare to receive $20,000, provided their\\nItalian citizenship is proved.\\nMar. 30. New York. A great rubber\\ntrust, to control most of the rubber busi-\\nness of the country, is incorporated.\\nMar. 31. Colo. The silver-mines are\\nshutting down on account of the low\\nprice paid for silver.\\nKan. Destructive prairie fires are\\nraging.\\nMar. A train on the New York Central\\nand Hudson Biver road runs 21 miles at\\nthe rate of 72.69 miles per hour.\\nApr. 2. Miss. Greenville loses $100,000\\nby fire.\\nXew York. The Mercantile Exchange\\nappoints a committee of 15 to cooperate\\nwith the Grant Monument Associa-\\ntion to complete the tomb.\\nApr. 3. La. Four cotton compresses,\\nS0,000 bales of cotton, and many dwell-\\nings are burned in New Orleans the\\nloss is $2,(150,000.\\nNew York. Seven street-car lines\\nare secured by a Philadelphia syndi-\\ncate.\\nApr. 9\u00c2\u00b1. Chicago. W. T. Baker is re-\\nelected president of the World s Fair\\nDirectory his salary is reduced one-\\nhalf.\\nLa. New Orleans merchants organize\\na company with a capital of $500,000 to\\nfight the rice trust.\\nApr. 12. New York. Win. Murray re-\\ntires from the office of Superintendent\\nof Police Inspector Byrnes is ap-\\npointed his successor.\\nApr. 19. T. Cheyenne and Arapaho\\nreservations are thrown open to set-\\ntlers, and thousands rush in to take\\npossession.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "406 1892, Apr. 28 -May 31.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1892 Apr. 30. N. J. The practice\\ngunboat Bancroft is launched at Eliza-\\nbetliport.\\nMay 18. Chicago. A military despatch\\nby bicycle relays is started from Chi-\\ncago for New York.\\n[May 23. The Relay Bicyclists com-\\nplete the work of bringing a message\\nfrom Gen. Miles at Chicago to Gen.\\nHoward at New York city time, four\\ndays, 13 hours, and live minutes.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1892 Apr. 29. N, Mex. Valuable\\nfossils are found in San Juan County.\\nApr. 30. S. Dak. A valuable discovery\\nof platinum ore is made near Rapid\\nCity.\\nMay 17. D. C. The Congress of the\\nNational Art Association in behalf of\\nfree art opens in Washington.\\nMay 18. la. A flood-wave in the\\nFloyd River, at Sioux City, drives\\n8,000 people from their homes many\\nare rescued with great difficulty, and 11\\nare known to be drowned.\\nMay 21. Mo. It is stated that damages\\nby flood in and about St. Louis will\\namount to \u00c2\u00a711,000,000 further loss of\\nlife is reported from Arkansas.\\nMay 23. III. The whole Illinois valley\\nis a scene of desolation caused by\\nfloods.\\nMay 24. Ark. The crops of 40,000 far-\\nmers are swept away.\\nMay 27- Kan. A cyclone kills 20 per-\\nsons at Wellington and 11 at Hutchin-\\nson, and destroys a vast amount of prop-\\nerty. [July 3. Bethlehem, Pa., loses\\n$150,000 by a tornado. Oct. 17. A hurri-\\ncane rages along the Gulf of Mexico.]\\nMay 28. Ark. Gold is found which as-\\nsays from \u00c2\u00a73.50 to $110 per ton.\\nMay 29. Chicago. The first Bohemian\\nsoldiers monument in the United\\nStates is dedicated.\\nLa. A monument to Chief Hennessy\\nis unveiled at Metaric Cemetery, New\\nOrleans.\\nMay 30. JV, Y. A soldiers monu-\\nment is unveiled at Rochester Presi-\\ndent Harrison and Gov. Flower are\\npresent.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1893.\\nApr. 39. Leidy, Joseph, naturalist, pro-\\nfessor at University of Pa., A69.\\nMay 5. Moore, George Henry, author, li-\\nbrarian, bibliographer, A59.\\nMay 14. Barbour, John S., senator for\\nVa., A72.\\nBlanebard, Jonathan, president Whea-\\nton College, A81.\\nMay 18. Ely, Alfred, M. C.,forN. Y., A77.\\nMay 30. Rutherford, Lewis Morris, physi-\\ncist, A75.\\nCHURCH.\\n1S92 Apr. 29. Wis. Archbishop\\nKatzer of Milwaukee issues a letter\\nforbidding Catholics joining socie-\\nties which bind their members to\\nobserve secrets so strictly that they\\ncannot be revealed to even the bishop\\nof the diocese.\\nMay 2. Neb. The General Confer-\\nence (Methodist Episcopal) begins its\\nquadrennial session at Omaha. [It pro-\\ntests against the State granting money\\nfor sectarian purposes declares in\\nfavor of equal lay and clerical repre-\\nsentation.]\\nMay 5. New York. A relic, said to be a\\npiece of the arm of St. Anne, the\\nmother of the A irgin Mary, is placed on\\nexhibition at St. Jean Baptiste s Roman\\nCatholic church.\\nN. Y. Rev. Henry Gabriels is conse-\\ncrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of the\\nDiocese of Ogdensburg at Albany.\\nMay 9. M is. The coronation of the\\nstatue of St. Joseph takes place at De\\nPere by favor of Pope Leo. The crowns\\nare of pure gold studded with precious\\nstones, and valued at \u00c2\u00a76,000.\\nMay 14. Cincinnati. The General Con-\\nvention of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nMay IS. New York. Rev. Thomas Dixon,\\nJr., denounces the Tammany Society\\nand Mayor Grant.\\n[May 27. Mr. Dixon is held in SI. 000\\nbail for the grand jury in the criminal\\nlibel case of the excise commissioner,\\nKoch. June 6. He is unanimously sup-\\nported by the Baptist Ministers Confer-\\nence. June 30. The indictment is dis-\\nmissed.]\\nMay 19. Ore. The 104th General\\nAssembly (Presbyterian) meets at\\nPortland.\\n[May 25. The trial of Dr. Charles A.\\nBriggs for heresy hegins. May 23. The\\nAssembly decides to sustain the appeal\\nof the Prosecuting Committee. May 30.\\nIt remands the case to the New York\\nPresbytery for trial.]\\nMay 22. Pa. A priest stops a prize-\\nfight at Plains, six miles from TTilkes-\\nbarre, after the fourth round was nearly\\nfinished.\\nMay 29. Neiv York. Dr. Rainsford\\n(Protestant Episcopal) in a sermon fa-\\nvors making barrooms as good as pos-\\nsible, and keeping them open at certain\\nhours on Sunday.\\nMay .31. X. Y. Father Dent institutes\\na slander suit against Bishop Ryan of\\nBuffalo, claiming \u00c2\u00a7100,000 damages.\\nThis day is observed as a day of fast-\\ning, humiliation, and prayer by the col-\\nored people of the South.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1892 Apr. 2S. N.J. Judge Lippincott\\nof Jersey City sentences two saloon-\\nkeepers to three months imprisonment\\nand a fine of \u00c2\u00a7250 each for liquor-sell-\\ning on Sunday.\\nApr. 29. Ga. The Scotch-Irish Con-\\ngress is in session at Atlanta.\\nN. Y. J. D. Sheehan, a pedler, is\\nmurdered by tramps near Stony Point.\\nTenn. White Caps are terrorizing\\nJackson, Sevier, and Knox counties;\\nthey are under a leader employed on a\\nsalary, and about fifty persons have been\\nwhipped, some of whom are in a precari-\\nous condition.\\nApr. 30. New York. The Annual Con-\\ngress of the Sons of the American\\nRevolution meets.\\nN. Y. Ferdinand Ward s term ex-\\npires, and he is released from Sing Sing\\nPrison.\\nTenn. A Nashville mob takes a\\nnegro from jail and hangs him.\\nMay 1. Chicago. Three red flags borne\\nin the May-Day parade are seized by the\\npolice, and their bearers arrested.\\nNew York. By official orders the\\npolice are restricted from the full en-\\nforcement of the Excise law.\\nMay 2. New Eng. Granite-cutters and\\nquarrymen throughout New England\\ngo on strike.\\n[May 13. A number of strikes are\\nordered in New York City to aid them.\\nMay 14. Granite-workers are locked out\\nin several New England towns. May 17.\\nThey accept the terms offered by the\\nThomaston owners, to work the quarries\\non the cooperative plan. July 8. The\\nNew York granite-pavers declare their\\nstrike off, and yield to the contractors.\\nAug. 27. The Milford branch of the\\nQuarrymen s Union decides to allow its\\nmembers to seek employment.]\\nMay 3. New York. The Pavers* Union\\norders its members in this city to go out\\non strike in sympathy with granite-\\nworkers.\\nMay 7. N. Y. A conspiracy between\\nconductors and outsiders to defraud the\\nWest Shore Railroad is discovered, and\\nseveral arrests are made.\\nNew York. The Actors Fund Fair\\nat the Madison Square Garden closes\\nabout $170,000 is realized.\\nThousands of children attend May-\\nparties in Central Park.\\nMay 8. N. J. Mrs. Susan B. Palmer\\ngives 20 city-lots in Passaic for a hos-\\npital site.\\nMay 10. N. J. Italian laborers near As-\\nbury Park put an armed guard over em-\\nployers who have not paid their wages.\\nNew York. The National Tem-\\nperance Society holds its 27th anni-\\nversary in the Broadway Tabernacle.\\nMay 11. Chicago. The Convention of\\nthe Federation of Women s Clubs\\nopens.\\nMay 12. Colo. The Child s-D rex el Na-\\ntional Home for Printers, at Colorado\\nSprings, is formally dedicated.\\nN. Y. Three assessors of Cohoes\\nare indicted and two arrested on war-\\nrants charging them with bribery.\\nTenn. The Confederate Soldiers\\nHome at the Hermitage (Andrew Jack-\\nson s home) is opened.\\nMay 15. Cat. Stage-robbers kill the\\nmessenger, and secure $20,000 from the\\nAVells-Fargo Express Company; one of\\nthe robbers is captured.\\nMay 17. Ga. Three negroes are taken\\nfrom jail in Clarksville and lynched.\\nMay 19. Tex. En Denison four women,\\ntwo of them of high social standing, are\\nshot in widely different parts of the city,\\nby au unknown assassin.\\nMay 20. Tenn. A mob storms the jail\\nat Nashville to get a negro prisoner and\\nlynch him the police are armed with\\n\\\\Vi\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ifles.\\nMay 21. New York. Eleven King s\\nDaughters leave America for Russia,\\n11 In His Name, to distribute money\\namong the famine sufferers.\\nMay 24. N. Y. A Sanitarium for\\nHebrew children at Rockaway Beach,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1892, Apr. 28 -May 31. 407\\nLong Island, is dedicated it has accom-\\nmodations for 100 children and their\\nmothers, and cost 27,500.\\nMay 25. Boston. The 32d annual con-\\nvention of the United States Brewers*\\nAssociation begins.\\nNew York. The American Fisher-\\nies Society begins its annual conven-\\ntion.\\nMay 26. Cal. Union workmen blow up\\na non-union blacksmith shop in San\\nDiego.\\nMiss. The levee-guards at Gunnison\\nshoot and kill a man trying to blow up\\nthe levee with dynamite.\\nNeju York. Joseph Barondess, union\\ncloakraaker, is sentenced to one year\\nand nine months in the State prison for\\nextortion. [Pardoned June 4.]\\nThe crusade against protected crime,\\nled by Rev. Dr. Parkhurst, is indorsed\\nat a mass-meeting in Cooper Union.\\nMay 27. New York. Three women\\nare among the graduates from the Law\\nSchool of the University of the City of\\nNew York.\\nPaving contractors join the quarry-\\nmen in fighting the striking granite-\\ncutters. (See May 2.)\\nUtah. N. H. Groesbeck, a Mormon,\\nis sentenced for the third time to one\\nyear s imprisonment for polygamy.\\nMay 30. III. W. J. Jones, manager of\\nthe Sandwich Manufacturing Company,\\nis decoyed from his house, robbed, and\\nmurdered.\\nMay 31. New York. M. T. G. Cum-\\nmiskey, of the customs bureau in the\\npost-office, is charged with stealing in\\nall, about $6,000.\\nMay The General Conference of the\\nMethodist Episcopal Church con-\\ndemns the liquor traffic.\\nLicense laws are the liquor traffic s\\nstrongest bulwark of defense. They are\\nwrong in principle and impotent for\\ngood. We are unalterably opposed to\\nthe enactment of laws for that purpose,\\nbecause they provide for its continu-\\nance, and afford no protection against\\nits ravages. We will accept no compro-\\nmise, but demand the unconditional sur-\\nrender of the rebellious business.\\nSTATE.\\n1892 Apr. 28. Mo. Major Wm. War-\\nner (Rep.) is nominated for governor.\\nMay 1. D. C. The President proclaims\\nthe completion of reciprocity arrange-\\nments with Honduras.\\nMay 2. D. C. Congress: In the House,\\nunder suspension of rules, the Free\\nBmding-Twine Bill is passed the bill\\nto open the Colville Indian Reserva-\\ntion in Washington is passed; bill in-\\ntroduced Mar. 15. [May 21. It passes\\nthe Senate. July 15. Approved.] It\\npasses the Pension Bill for the relief of\\nsurvivors of the Indian Wars of 1832-42\\nbill introduced Mar. 16. [July 21. The\\nbill passes the Senate. July 28. Ap-\\nproved.]\\nMass. The Senate refuses a third\\nreading to a bill granting municipal\\nsuffrage to women. Vote, 32-10.\\nMay 3. D. C. Congress; Senate the\\nreport of the Conference Committee\\non the Chinese Exclusion Bill is\\nagreed to the House passes the Diplo-\\nmatic and Consular Appropriation\\nBiH after seven discussions; bill intro-\\nduced Mar. 28.\\nMay 4. D. C. Congress The House\\npasses the Chinese Exclusion BUI.\\n[May 5. Approved.] The bill to admit\\ncertain foreign-built vessels to Amer-\\nican registry is passed; bill introduced\\nMar. 9.\\nMay 7. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Dependent Pensions Bill\\nintroduced Mar. 14.\\nMay 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the House Bill to Encourage\\nShip-building by granting U. S. regis-\\ntry to two steamships of the Inman Line\\non condition that two others be built\\nby the company in this country. [May\\n11. Approved.] The House passes the\\nRiver and Harbor Bill, appropriating\\n$21,300,000, after six discussions bill in-\\ntroduced Apr. 9.\\nCharles Emory Smith tenders his\\nresignation as Minister to Russia.\\nMay 10. I). C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the biH for enlarging Yellow-\\nstone National Park.\\nMay 12. D.C. It is announced that Jus-\\ntice Harlan and Senator Morgan have\\nbeen selected as arbitrators and ex-Min-\\nister Phelps as chief counsel for the\\nUnited States in the Bering Sea arbi-\\ntration.\\nMay 14. O. Judge Sage of the U. S.\\nDistrict Court in Cincinnati decides that\\nthe River and Harbor Act of Congress\\nis unconstitutional so far as it gives to\\nthe Secretary of War judicial powers.\\nMay 17. Mich. A National League of\\nCollege Republican Clubs is formed\\nat Ann Arbor.\\nMay 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Naval Appropriation Bill\\nas amended by the Committee, five\\nDemocrats voting with the Republi-\\ncans. [July 15. Conference report\\nagreed to. July 20. Approved.]\\nN. I Gov. Flower signs the codes\\nprepared by the Statutory Revision\\nCommission, and Senator George F.\\nKoesch s Factory Bill.\\nMay 20. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the River and Harbor Bill.\\n[July 6. Conference report agreed to.\\nJuly 15. Approved.]\\nPresident Harrison proclaims reci-\\nprocity with Guatemala, to take ef-\\nfect May 30.\\nMay 23. Ida. Gov. Willey asks aid of\\nthe United States Government, the strik-\\ning miners being armed s and trouble is\\nfeared.\\nMay 26. D. C. Congress: The House\\nadopts a provision for closing the Gov-\\nernment World s Fair exhibit on\\nSunday.\\nKy. The Legislature orders rail-\\nroads passing through the State to pro-\\nvide separate coaches for negroes.\\nMay 27. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nmakes the Stewart Free Coinage Bill\\nunfinished business for the following\\nTuesday the House passes the Sundry\\nCivil Appropriation BiH after 15 dis-\\ncussions bill introduced Mar. 24. [July\\n14. It passes the Senate after 11 dis-\\ncussions. Aug. 5. Conference report\\nagreed to, and bill approved.]\\nLa. The Legislature passes a bill re-\\nquiring all persons selling firearms to\\ntake out a license.\\nMay 31. N. Y. The (anti-Hill) protest-\\ning Democratic State Convention con-\\nvenes at Syracuse a full delegation to\\nChicago is chosen, with instructions to\\nvote as a unit.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1892 Apr. 28. N.J. The steamer Flor-\\nida goes ashore near Atlantic City.\\nPlata. The Grand Central Theater\\nis burned and 12 lives lost.\\nApr. 29\u00c2\u00b1. Tex. A drought causes dis-\\ntressing want; 500 families receive\\nrations.\\nMay 5. Mo. By the collapse of a rail-\\nway bridge near Medill seven lives are\\nlost and many persons injured.\\nMay 7. Wash. The 100th anniversary\\nof the discovery of IPuget Sound is\\ncelebrated at Port Townsend.\\nNew York. Wm. Astor bequeaths\\nthe bulk of his estate to his son, John\\nJacob Astor, but gives about $150,000 to\\npublic charities.\\nTenn. The steel cantilever bridge\\nspanning the Mississippi Biver at\\nMemphis is opened with elaborate cere-\\nmonies.\\nMay 15. O. A train-wreck in a blind-\\ning storm near Cleves causes seven\\ndeaths and many persons injured loss\\nto the company, over $100,000.\\nMay 16. Weak levees on the Missis-\\nsippi give way, and much damage is\\ndone women and children are rescued\\nwith difficulty.\\nMay 19. la. The loss of property by\\nthe flood-wave at Sioux City will\\nreach $1,500,000; about 20 persons are\\nsupposed to be lost.\\nMay 25. Neb. The silver (25th) anni-\\nversary of the admission of Nebraska\\ninto the Union is celebrated at Lincoln.\\nMay 26. Chicago. The steam propeller\\nWergeland arrives from Norway via\\nthe St. Lawrence and the Welland\\nCanal.\\nMay 27. Chicago. The first elevated\\nrailroad is opened.\\nMay 28. N. Y. A receiver is asked\\nfor to wind up the Empire Order of Mu-\\ntual Aid at Buffalo 45 death claims are\\nstill unpaid, calling for JO,000 assets,\\n$20,000.\\nMay 30. N. Y. Brooklyn, eastern dis-\\ntrict, loses $175,000 by fire over 50 fami-\\nlies are rendered homeless.\\nMay 31. Cal. The largest gold brick\\never handled 357J pounds avoirdupois,\\nvalued at $120,000 arrives at the mint\\nin San Francisco from the Harqua Hala\\nmine in Arizona.\\nChicago. In the Board of Trade, the\\nprice of corn drops from $1.00 per\\nbushel to 49 cents, causing the failure of\\nCoster and Martin, who were running\\na corner for May.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "408 1892, May 31 -July 1.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1892 June 8. Minn. Militia are sent\\nto the Minnesota Company s mines at\\nTower, where trouble is feared from\\nstrikers.\\nJune 12. D. C. Commander Smith,\\nU. S. N., is retired by direction of the\\nPresident.\\nJune 28. Fix. The armored battle-\\nship Texas is launched at Norfolk.\\nJuly 1. Fia. Additional troops are\\ncalled out at Jackson to intimidate the\\nnegroes a number are arrested.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1892 June 1. Ind. Floods in this\\nState and elsewhere are still raging\\nestimated loss thus far, \u00c2\u00a750,000,000.\\nJune 2. Pa. The High-Water\\nMark Monument is dedicated at\\nGettysburg.\\nIt commemorates the terrible struggle\\non Cemetery Ridge, which resulted in\\nthe retirement of Gen. Lee s army from\\nNorthern States, and tin- gradual decline\\nof the prestige of Confederate arms.\\nJune 5. Pa. IMew deposits of coal are\\nfound between Pottsville andTamaqua.\\nJune 20. New York. The University\\nSettlement opens its first free art ex-\\nhibition in Allen Street.\\nJune 27. The Peary relief party starts\\non its expedition to McCormick Bay, in\\nthe Arctic regions. [Aug. McCor-\\nmick Harbor is reached on the return\\ntrip from the Arctic Sea. Sept. The\\nsuccessful expedition returns in safety.]\\nLa. The entire country along the\\nAmity River, between Lake Maurepas\\nand Port Vincent, is under water.\\nJune D. C. The American Institute\\nof Homeopathy meets at Washing-\\nton.\\nBIRTHS \u00e2\u0080\u0094DEATHS.\\n1892.\\nJune 3. Moore, I). T T., editor of rural\\npapers, A72.\\nJune 9. Dillon, Sidney, president of Union\\nPacific R. R., A70:\\nJune 24. Cassidy, G. W., M. C. for Bio.,\\nA56.\\nJune 29. Dwight, Theodore W., jurist,\\nprofessor at Columbia, A70.\\nCHURCH.\\n1892 May* Phila. The National\\nBaptist Congress convenes.\\nJune 13. Pa. A vast concourse of\\nailing people at Mount Troy, Alle-\\ngheny, visit Father Mollinger to be\\nhealed, at the St. Anthony s Day cele-\\nbration (Roman Catholic). [June 15.\\nHe dies soon after blessing a large as-\\nsembly. Aged 70 years.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1892 June 6. The American Jewish\\nHistorical Society is formed.\\nJune 8. Conn. A new public library*\\nthe gift of Miss Caroline Phelps Stokes,\\nis dedicated at Ansonia, the building\\ncosting between $35,000 and $40,000.\\nJune 22. Cat. Prof. S. W. Burnham,\\nthe astronomer, resigns his position at\\nLick Observatory.\\nJulylr. VI. Middlebury CoUege re-\\nceives \u00c2\u00a760,000 toward its permanent fund\\nfrom C. J. Starr of New York City.\\n1892 June 1. Cat. Highbinders are\\nrioting in the Chinese quartern at Sac-\\nramento; two Chinamen are killed and\\none wounded.\\nJune 2. N. Mex. A-n express-train on\\nthe Santa Fe road is held up and\\nrobbed, after a fight with the express-\\nmessengers.\\nN. T. In Port Jervis a negro is\\nlynched for an assault on Miss Mc-\\nMahon of that village.\\n[June 2S\u00c2\u00b1. The grand jury indicts\\nthe officials of Port Jervis for criminal\\nnegligence; they are acquitted.]\\nJune 3. Fia. By act of the Legislature\\nFlorida observes for the first time Jef-\\nferson Davis s birthday as a legal\\nholiday.\\nJune 4. N.J. Alden Fales, 16 years\\nof age, is convicted of the murder of\\nThomas Haddon at Newark.\\nJune 5. Chicago. The American Insti-\\ntute of Electrical Engineers begins\\nits annual session.\\nJune 6. New York. Dr. Robert W.\\nBuchanan is arrested on a charge of\\npoisoning his wife; a week after her\\nburial he went to Halifax, and remar-\\nried his (divorced) first wife.\\nN. Y. Two Toronto men are arrested\\non the Niagara frontier with 6o pounds\\nof smuggled opium in their possession.\\nJune 8. Boston. The colored citizens\\nin mass-meeting adopt strong resolu-\\ntions denouncing the outrages on colored\\npeople in the South, and demanding the\\npunishment of the lynchers.\\nColo. Bob Ford, the slayer of\\nJesse James, is shot and killed by Dep-\\nuty-Sheriff Kelly at Denver.\\nJune 9. Fia. Confederate flags are\\ncarried in a procession of Confederate\\nveterans in Jacksonville.\\nJune 11. Miss. A mob of white men\\nshoots every negro it meets on the hills\\nnear Port Gibson.\\nX Y. At a riot among lumber-\\nmen in Tonawanda, several strikers are\\nshot by officers two policemen receive\\nwounds.\\nPa. The annual meeting and parade\\nof the Society of the Aj-my of the Po-\\ntomac occurs at Scran ton.\\nJune 13. Tenn. A negro prisoner is\\nprotected from a mob and tried accord-\\ning to law in open court at Chattanooga.\\nJune 14. Olda. President Harrison\\ntelegraphs the governor to use the most\\nvigorous efforts to prevent any lynching\\nat Guthrie, a mob having threatened a\\nnegro, arrested for assaulting a woman.\\nPhila. The International Typo\\ngraphical Union is in session.\\nJune 15. N. T. The Master Car-\\nBuilders Association of the United\\nStates is in session at Saratoga.\\nNew York. John E. Redmond, the\\nIrish Home Ruler, speaks on the Irish\\nquestion in the Academy of Music be-\\nfore a large audience.\\nJune 16. Ky. For illicit whisky-selling\\nin Lancaster, a local-option town, a\\nnegro is fined nearly $1,000,000 after\\nconfessing in 1,585 cases, and a white\\nman $157,700. in 1,577 cases.\\nJune 18. Mies. One negro is lynched,\\nand another threatened with the same\\nfate, in McComb City.\\nEx-Congressman J. B. Morgan of Mis-\\nsissippi is killed by Henry Foster, a law-\\nyer, near Horn Lake.\\nNew York. The will of Sidney Dillon\\nis made public his heirs give $100,000\\nto various charities.\\nJune 19. Minn. There is trouble with\\nstriking miners at Tower; the militia\\nJune 20. A The Court of Errors and\\nAppeals affirms the conviction of the\\nJersey City ballot-box stuffers. (See\\nFeb. 13, 1890.)\\n[June 28. Thirteen are sentenced to\\nthe State prison and seven to the peni-\\ntentiary. July I. Judge Lippincott\\nsends four more to prison. Aug. 5. The\\nlast of the G7 ballot-box stuffers plead\\nguilty. Dec. 24. All are released by the\\nCourt of Pardons.]\\nPa. The Homestead Steel Works\\nat Pittsburg are partly closed 3,000 men\\nare thrown out of work.\\nJune 21. Z C. Edwin J. Ryan, United\\nStates Express Company s clerk at\\nWashington, is missing also three\\npackages of new bank-notes, amount-\\ning to $50,000.\\nPhila. The Ladies National Ten-\\nnis Tournament opens.\\nJune 22. A Y. Tramps seize a freight-\\ntrain on the New York Central Railroad,\\nand ride to New York on it.\\nA Y. G. E. Carpenter, the assailant\\n.f John E. Searles, Jr., in Brooklyn, is\\nsentenced to 20 years in the State\\nprison,\\nJune 24. 0. Street-car strikers at\\nCleveland use violence.\\nJune 25. New York. The Iron League,\\ncomposed of the big local iron firms, dis-\\ncharges all employees who are identified\\nwith the Knights of Labor; they num-\\nber about l,5u0.\\nPa. The Carnegie Steel Works at\\nHomestead lock out the strikers, who\\ndemand payment for their labor accor-\\nding to a wage scale. (See July 6.)\\nJune 27. New York. Aprisonerontri.il\\nin the Court of General Sessions is shot\\ndead by the brother of the young girl he\\nhad assaulted.\\nTenn. W. M. Bates is taken from jail\\nat Shelbyville by a mob and lynched.\\nJune 2S. New York. The Health Board\\nappoints 50 physicians of the summer\\ncorps to serve without charge among\\nthe poor in the tenement-house district.\\nThe grand jury, having dismissed ex-\\ncise cases without limit, is discharged.\\nJudge Lacombe delivers an opinion in\\nJune 29. A Y. The National Savings\\nBank, Buffalo, fails in consequence of\\nthe defalcation of Sr 0o,000 by Edward S.\\nI)ann, its president.\\nJuly 1. N. Y. An Excise Enforce-\\nment League is organized in Brooklyn.\\nSTATE.\\n1892 June 1. D. C. Congress; Sen-\\nate: John Sherman finishes his speech\\non the Silver Bill William M. Stewart\\nof Nev. follows.\\nThe Treasury Department reports the\\npublic debt increased .S-i.G00.000 in May.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1892, May 31- July 1. 409\\nThe Legislature in Grand Com-\\nmittee elects all the Republican nomi-\\nnees by overwhelming majorities.\\nWis. Gov. Peck calls a special ses-\\nsion of the Legislature for June 2S to\\nreapportion the State into Senate and\\nAssembly districts.\\nJune 2. B.C. Congress; Senate: Wil-\\nliam M. Stewart finishes his speech on\\nsilver, and the bill goes over.\\nJune 4. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Postal Appropriation Bill\\nafter eight discussions bill introduced\\nApr. 16. [June 29. Bill passes the Sen-\\nate. July 15. Approved.] The Senate\\nCommittee on Immigration examines\\nJohn I. Davenport on the naturaliza-\\ntion frauds in New York City. [Again\\n\u00c2\u00a9n June 9.]\\nJames G. Blaine tenders his resig-\\nnation of the portfolio of State, which\\nthe President accepts this action is un-\\nderstood to place Mr. Blaine in the field\\nas a possible presidential candidate.\\nJune 6. B. C. Congress: The Legis-\\nlative, Executive, and Judicial Appro-\\npriation Bill is passed bill introduced\\nMay 2S. [June 29. Bill is passed by the\\nSenate. July 20. Approved.] Bills are\\npassed to admit Arizona and New\\nMexico as States.\\nJune 7- B. C. Congress: The Senate\\namends and passes the Diplomatic and\\nConsular Bill. [July 11. Conference\\nreport agreed to. July 20. Approved.]\\nThe House passes the Urgent Defici-\\nency Bill.\\nOre. Republicans carry both\\nbranches of the Legislature.\\nJune 7-11. Minn. The Republican\\nNational Convention is in session at\\nMinneapolis, with William McKinley,\\nJr., of O., chairman.\\nPresident Harrison is renominated\\non the first ballot for presidential can-\\ndidate. Vote, Harrison of Ind., 535J\\nJames G. Blaine of Me., 1S2\u00c2\u00a3 William\\nMcKinley, Jr. of 0., 182; Thomas B.\\nReed of Me., 4; Robert T. Lincoln of\\n111., 1 Harrison s plurality, 166.\\nVote for candidate for Vice-President\\nWhitelaw Reid and Thomas B. Reed are\\nput in nomination but the latter with-\\ndraws before a ballot is taken, and the\\nformer is nominated unanimously.\\nJune 8. B. C. Congress The House\\npasses the Agricultural Appropria-\\ntion BUI introduced June 2.\\nJune 10. B.C. Congress: Li the House\\nthe Committee on Commerce reports in\\nfavor of instituting an investigation\\nof the Beading combine to control the\\nprice of anthracite coal.\\nJune 15. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Fortifications Appropria-\\ntion Bill introduced May 3.\\nJune 18. Mich. The Supreme Court de-\\ncides that the Miner Electoral Law is\\nunconstitutional.\\nJune 20. D. C. Congress The Sen-\\nate receives a message from the Presi-\\ndent, calling attention to the failure to\\nagree upon reciprocity with Canada,\\nand recommending retaliation upon\\nthe Dominion for unjust discrimination\\nagainst American vessels navigating the\\nCanadian canals.\\nMe. Henry B. Cleaves (Rep.) is nom-\\ninated for governor.\\nJune 21-23. Chicago. The Demo-\\ncratic National Convention is in ses-\\nsion W. L. Wilson of W. Va. is chosen\\npermanent chairman the convention\\nunanimously adopts a platform, includ-\\ning a tariff resolution substituted for\\nthat reported by the committee late in\\nthe night session Mr. Cleveland is nomi-\\nnated for President on the first ballot.\\nVote, 1st ballot: Cleveland, 617; D.\\nB. Hill of N. Y., 114; Horace Boies of\\nla., 103 A. P. Gorman of Md., 36 Adlai\\nE. Stevenson of 111., 15; J. G. Carlisle\\nof Ky., 14; W. R. Morrison of 111., 3;\\nJames E. Campbell of 0., 2; Win. E.\\nRussell pf Mass., 2; and Robert E. Pat-\\ntison and Wm. C. Whitney of N/Y., 1\\nvote each. Whole number of votes cast,\\n909i. Necessary to a choice, 607.\\nFor Vice-President Adlai E. Steven-\\nson of 111., 402; Isaac P. Gray of Ind.,\\n343 Allen B. Morse of Mich., 86 John\\nL. Michell, of Wis., 45; Henry Watter-\\nson of Ky.,26 Bourke Cockran of N. Y.,\\n5 Lambert Tree and Horace Boies of\\nla., Ivoteeach. Stevenson is nominated\\nby acclamation.\\nJune 22. Vt. Col. Levi K. Fuller (Rep.)\\nis nominated for governor.\\nJune 27. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the General Deficiency BILL\\nThe National Republican Commit-\\ntee meets in Washington, and elects W.\\nJ. Campbell of Chicago chairman in\\nplace of Gen. Clarkson.\\nJune 28. B. C. Congress; Senate: The\\nAgricultural Appropriation Bill is\\namended and passed. [July 1. Confer-\\nence report agreed to. July 6. Ap-\\nproved.]\\nIt is announced that from July 1 the\\nfree list on American goods sent to\\nforeign countries will cover Cuba and\\nPorto Rico.\\nInd. Ira. J. Chase (Rep.) is renomi-\\nnated for governor.\\nJune 29. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nconfirms the nomination of John W.\\nFoster of Ind. for Secretary of State,\\nand passes the Dependent Pensions\\nAppropriation Bill total amount ap-\\npropriated, $144,950,000. [July 9. Con-\\nference report agreed to. July 15. Ap-\\nproved.]\\nA caucus of Democratic Senators\\ndecides that white supremacy in the\\nSouth ought to be the chief issue of the\\ncampaign.\\nJune 29- July 1. O. The Prohibition\\nNational Convention opens at Cincin-\\nnati Col. Eli Ritter of Ind. is chosen\\npermanent chairman.\\nJohn Bidwell of Cal. is nominated\\nfor President on the first ballot. Vote\\nBidwell, 590; Gideon T. Stewart of O.,\\n179; W. Jennings Demorest of Ijf. Y.,\\n139; H. Clay Bascom of N. Y., 3. For\\nVice-President; first ballot: James B.\\nCranfill of Tex., 410; Joshua Levering\\nof Md., 351 A. W. Satterly of Minn.,\\n26 T. R. Carskadon of W. Va., 21\\nCranfill is nominated,\\nJune 30. Statistics for the fiscal year.\\nRevenue: Customs, .$177,452,9( 4 inter-\\nnal revenue, .$153,971,072; sales of public\\nlands, .$3,261,876; miscellaneous items,\\n$20,251,872. Total revenue, $354,937,784.\\nExpenditures miscellaneous items,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0$9U,S41,9S7; War Department, $4i ,895,-\\n456; Navy Department, .$29,174,139 In-\\ndians, $11,150,578; pensions, .$134,583,053;\\ninterest on the public debt, S23,37S,11G.\\nTotal ordinary expenditure, .$345,023,329\\nexcess of revenue over ordinary expen-\\nditure, $9,914,455. Exports. $1,030,278,-\\n148; imports. ,$.X27, 402,402. Public debt\\n(Dec. 1), \u00c2\u00a71,563,612,455.\\nJuly 1. B. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses Stewart s Free Silver Bill.\\nVote, 29-25. The House passes the\\nEight-Hour Labor Bill, for mechanics\\nand laborers employed on the public\\nbuildings and works bill introduced\\nMay 25. [July 25. It passes the Senate.\\nAug. 2. Approved.]\\nKan. A. W. Smith (Rep.) is nomi-\\nnated for governor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1892. May 31. New York. Gen. Por-\\nter announces that the raising of the\\n.$350,000 required for the Grant Monu-\\nment at Riverside Park is completed,\\nwith ft700 additional.\\nJune 5. Mo. The National Nicaragua\\nCanal Convention is held at St. Louis\\n25 States are represented.\\nPa. The surface of Oil Creek be-\\ncomes a sheet of fire by the bursting of\\ntanks of oil and gasolene during a flood\\n100 lives are lost.\\nJune 10. V. J. The United States\\nCutlery Company is incorporated at\\nTrenton; capital stock, $1,600,000.\\nJune 14. Ky. A train- wreck at Lone-\\nsome Hollow causes seven deaths.\\nJune 17. N. J. A leather-trust is in-\\ncorporated at Trenton capital stock,\\nSI, 000,000.\\nJune 21 Ariz. A great gold-rush is\\nmade for a new mining-camp in Mohave\\nCounty, 50 miles north of Kingman.\\nJune 25. Cal. The Commercial Hotel\\nat Bangor is burned six guests perish\\nand many are injured.\\nPa. A train is wrecked near Har-\\nrisburg, causing 12 deaths several men\\nare caught robbing the dead.\\nJune 26. Boston. A balloon is torn in\\nan attempt to open the valve during as-\\ncension it descends rapidly into the\\nharbor the two aeronauts are killed\\nand a newspaper reporter is seriously\\ninjured.\\nla. Seven persons are drowned,\\nmany injured, and a vast amount of\\nproperty destroyed, by floods in the\\nWest; railroad travel is seriously im-\\npeded in Iowa.\\nJune 30. Pa. The Homestead works\\nin Pittsburg are closed on account of\\nthe strike.\\nJuly 1. Conn. Yale defeats Harvard\\nin a boat-race at New London time,\\n20.48.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "410 1892, July 1- July 23.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1892 July 12. Pa. The State troops\\nenter Homestead, and take possession\\nof the mills.\\nJuly 14. Ida. A force of 2,000 U. S.\\ntroops arrives at Wardner to suppress\\ndisorders in the Cceur d Alene mining-\\ndistrict. [July 23. Order is restored.]\\nJuly 16. New York. The Naval Reserve\\nstarts on its annual cruise, and for\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1892 July 4. New York. Ground is\\nbroken for the Columbus Monument\\nat-Fifty-ninth-mreetand Eighth Avenue.\\n[Sept. 16. The corner-stone is laid after\\na parade by Italian societies.]\\nJuly 11. B.C. The Patent Office at\\nWashington decides that J. W. Swan,\\nand not T. A. Edison, invented the\\nelectric- light carbon for incandescent\\nlamps.\\nJuly 13. Miss. Thousands of acres of\\ncotton and corn are ruined by floods,\\nand the people are in a destitute condi-\\ntion.\\nJuly 15. Colo. A waterspout almost\\nsweeps away Canon City.\\nJuly 21. Ind. A soldiers monument\\nis unveiled at Winchester, Gov. Chase\\nmaking a patriotic address.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1892.\\nJuly 10. Morgan, George W., organist, of\\nN. Y., A70.\\nBungay, George W., author, journalist\\nA74.\\nJuly 12. Field, Cyrus W., financier, ori-\\nginator Atlantic cable enterprise, A73.\\nJuly 14. Booth, Newton, senator, Gov. of\\nCal., A67.\\nJuly 18. Cooke, Rose Terry, author, A65.\\nJuly 21. Gardner, Henry.) Gov. of 31 ass.,\\nA73.\\nCHURCH.\\n1892 July 2. Mass. The 7th annual\\nconvention of college students opens\\nat Northfield.\\nJuly 3. S. Dak. A Catholic Congress\\nof Sioux Indians opens at the Cheyenne\\nagency 6,000 Indians are present.\\nJuly 6. New York. The Commission-\\ners of Charities and Correction have set\\napart a plot of ground attached to the\\nBellevue Hospital property for a Ro-\\nman Catholic chapel, in which pa-\\ntients of that faith may hear mass.\\nAmerican Jewish rabbis meet in\\nconvention.\\nJuly 7. New York. The 11th Interna-\\ntional Convention of Christian En-\\ndeavor Societies opens at Madison\\nSquare Garden there are 30,000 peo-\\nple in attendance.\\nJuly 14. Mich. The Baptist Young\\nPeople s Union begins its first annual\\nNational Convention in Detroit.\\nLETTERS.\\n1892 July 5. P. I. The American\\nInstitute of Instruction opens its 63d\\nannual convention at Narragansett Pier.\\nJuly 6. X. Y. The Chautauqua Col-\\nlege of Liberal Arts and the Teachers\\nRetreat are opened.\\nNew York. It is decided to introduce\\nthe kindergarten system into the\\npublic schools.\\nJuly 12. N. Y. President Harrison\\nspeaks before the National Educa-\\ntional Association at Saratoga.\\nJuly 15. N. Y. The annual meeting of\\nthe American Institute of Christian\\nPhilosophy is held at Prohibition Park,\\nStaten Island Rev. Charles F. Deeras\\nis reelected president.\\nJuly IS. Mass. The Summer School\\nof Pedagogy and Psychology opens\\nat Clark University, Worcester, with an\\nattendance of nearly 200.\\nJuly 23. Minn. The State Turnfest, in\\nsession at Duluth, unanimously adopts\\nresolutions condemning interference\\nby any religious sect with the public-\\nschool system.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S92 July 2. Minn. A train is held\\nup by robbers near Kasota the express-\\nuger saves the money in a clever\\nJuly 4. Fla. Three men are Bhot by\\nnegroes in Jacksonville, while assem-\\nbled to prevent the lynching of a col-\\nored man held under the charge of\\nmurder.\\nJuly 5. Conn. The Norfolk Gymna-\\nsium, erected by Miss Alice B. Eldridge,\\nopens it is built of Roman brick, with\\ntiled roof.\\nJuly 6. Pa. A Riot occurs at the\\nCarnegie Works at Homestead.\\nThree hundred Pinkerton men, at-\\ntempting to land at the works, are met\\nby armed workmen, and in the fight\\nwhich ensues 11 strikers and 9 detectives\\nare killed and many wounded cannon\\nand dynamite are used by the strikers,\\nand the Pinkertons are compelled to\\nsurrender the barges on which they\\ncame are looted and burned. (See June\\n25.)\\n[July 7. Homestead is quiet.\\nThe locked-out men repair the damage\\ndone to the steel company s plant on the\\n6th inst. five car-loads of Pinkerton\\nguards are sent from Pittsburg to New\\nYork. All the liquor-stores are closed\\nby order of the authorities.\\nJuly 9. Gov. R. E. Pattison orders the\\nState troops to Homestead to preserve\\norder among the strikers.\\nAmmunition to the extent of 25,000\\nrounds is sent from the State Arsenal\\nto Pittsburg Homestead is still under\\ncontrol of the armed workmen.\\nJuly 16. The Company gives formal\\nnotice to the strikers, that they will be\\ndischarged unless they return to their\\nwork.] (See July 18.)\\nSix lynchings occur at different\\nplaces in the South.\\nJuly 7. N. Y. Nine young burglars,\\nages ranging from 13 to 19, are captured\\nin Brooklyn.\\nThe American Association to Promote\\nthe Teaching of Speech to the Deaf\\nMutes meets in convention at Lake\\nGeorge.\\nN. Y. Sons of the Revolution cel-\\nebrate an anniversary at White Plains\\nWhitelaw Reid delivers an oration.\\nJuly 11. X. Y. Further protests are\\nmade to Mayor Boody of Brooklyn\\nagainst the action of the Board of Al-\\ndermen in giving a railway franchise\\nwithout remuneration to the city, vhen\\n$30,000 was offered for the same.\\nJuly 12. Ky. At Padncah 75 armed\\nnegroes have a conflict with a sheriff s\\nposse, and one of the latter is wounded\\nfatally.\\nNew York. Over $2,000 are received\\nat the Produce Exchange for the St.\\nJohn s sufferers in Newfoundland.\\nJuly 13. Ida. Striking miners blow up\\ntwo railroad bridges of the Northern\\nPacific road in Cceur d Alene country\\nnon-union men are put to work in the\\nmines at Wardner.\\nJuly 14. O. Seven members of the To-\\nledo Common Council are indicted for\\nsoliciting bribes from the Pluto Oil\\nCompany for permission to pipe certain\\nstreets to furnish crude oil.\\nJuly 15. Chicago. German societies\\nin convention protest against the Sen-\\nate s action in requiring the closing of\\nthe World s Fair on Sunday.\\nT. Train-robbers, after a fight,\\nopen the express company s safe and\\nsecure $50,000; several employees are\\nwounded,\\nJuly 16. Mont. The National Mining\\nCongress in session at Helena declares\\nin favor of free coinage, and then ad-\\njourns.\\nO. Sheriff Herzog of Ashland County\\nis arrested on the charge of embezzling\\nJuly 18. Conn. William W. Backus of\\nNorwich, recently deceased, leaves by\\nwill $300,000 to Norwich public in-\\nstitutions.\\nPa. Warrants are issued for the ar-\\nrest of seven leaders of the Home-\\nstead strike, charged with the murder\\nof two Pinkerton men on July 6; they\\nate all under.arrest except Hugh O Don-\\nnell, the chief leader.\\n[July 19. Gov. Pattison arrives to in-\\nspect the Pennsylvania militia in camp\\n150 non-union men are at work in the\\nsteel-mills.\\nJuly 22. H. C. Frick of the Carnegie\\nSteel- Works is shot thrice Berkman,\\nhis assailant, is arrested. IWore strikers\\nare arrested. The Carnegie Works are\\nnow being operated by non-union men.\\nJuly 28. It is announced that upwards\\nof 700* non-union men are at work in the\\nCarnegie mills at Homestead.\\nThe Pennsylvania troops take posses-\\nsion of Homestead Mr. Child, of the\\nCarnegie Company, opens the office and\\nresumes possession of the works for the\\nCompany Gen. Snowden declines a re-\\nception.\\nAug. 2. W. I. Brennan, representing\\nthe Amalgamated Association of work-\\nmen at Homestead, applies in court for\\nthe appointment of a voluntary trade\\ntribunal to settle the trouble.\\nAug. 3. Several officials of the Car-\\nnegie Company are arrested at Pittsburg\\non charge of murder, and released on\\nS 10.000 bail.\\nAug. 8. The strikers at the Carnegie\\nmills at Duquesne return to work. Aug.\\n25. Upwards of 200 employees of the\\n20th Street Carnegie mill at Pittsburg\\nbegin a sympathy strike. Aug. 20. Non-\\nunion men are assaulted by strikers at\\nHomestead. Sept. 1S Berkman is sen-\\ntenced to 22 years imprisonment.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0422.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1892, July 1- July 23. 411\\nSept. 21. Officers of the Carnegie\\nSteel Company are arrested at Pittsburg\\non charges growing out of the Home-\\nstead riots.\\nOct. 2. Five more Homestead stri-\\nkers are arrested for treason against\\nthe State.\\nOct. 11. Indictments are found at\\nPittsburg against the strikers Advisory\\nCommittee at Homestead for treason,\\nand against Mr. Frick and others for\\nmurder and conspiracy.\\nNov. 17. Three hundred mechanics\\nand day-laborers at Homestead leave\\nthe ranks of the strikers, and are taken\\nback by the Carnegie Company.\\nNov. 18. More Homestead strikers re-\\nturn to work the trial of Sylvester\\nCritehlow, the first of the strikers\\ncharged with murder during the riot,\\nbegins in Pittsburg.\\nNov. 20. The strike at Homestead is\\ndeclared off by the Amalgamated Asso-\\nciation of Iron and Steel Workers.\\nNov. 21. Ex-strikers make a rush to\\nget their former places in the Carnegie\\nmills at Homestead, but many of them\\nare disappointed. [Those who return are\\nrequired to sign an agreement not to\\njoin any labor organization.]\\nJuly 20. New York. A Tee-To-Tum,\\na club for tenement-house people, the\\nfirst in this country, is opened in Essex\\nStreet.\\nAnthony S. Haswell of East\\nProvidence is lured from his home,\\nrobbed, and killed.\\nJuly 23. Russia. Rev. T. DeWitt Tal-\\nmageof Brooklyn, N. Y., visits the Czar.\\nSTATE.\\n1892 July 2. D. C. Congress: The\\nHouse agrees to several conference re-\\nports.\\nNeb. The National Convention of\\nthe People s Party convenes in Oma-\\nha; C. H. Ellington of Ga., temporary\\nchairman after a number of speeches,\\na committee on resolutions is appointed,\\nand the convention adjourns till Mon-\\nday, July 4. d\\n[July 4-5. The People s Party Con-\\nvention at Omaha adopts a platform,\\nand nominates Gen. James B. Weaver\\nof la. for President on the first ballot.\\nVote: Weaver, 995; James H. Kyle of\\nS. Dak., 295 Mann Page of Pa. Leland\\nStanford of Cal., and S. F. Norton of\\n111., one vote each. Jas. G. Field of Va.\\nis nominated for Vice-President. Vote\\nField, 733; Ben Terral of Tex., 554.]\\nIII. W. Q,. Gresham telegraphs\\nthat he cannot accept a nomination for\\nthe presidency from the People s Party.\\nJuly 6. D. C. Congress In the Senate\\nthe joint resolution is passed for an in-\\nvestigation relative to the Slums of\\nCities having more than 200,000 popu-\\nlation bill introduced Feb. 15. [July\\n18. It passes the House. July 21. Ap-\\nproved.]\\nJuly 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nInvestigating Committee continues its\\ninquiry regarding the Reading combine\\nwith two other roads for controlling the\\nprice of coal.\\nJuly 8. D. C. Congress: The House un-\\nder suspension of rules passes the Tin-\\nPlate, Lead-Ore, and Utah Govern-\\nment Bills. [They all fail in the Sen-\\nate.]\\nJuly 9. D. C. Congress: In the House\\nthe Stewart Free Silver Bill is re-\\nported favorably without amendment.\\nIt is announced that President Harri-\\nson is to arbitrate a South American\\nboundary question.\\nJuly 10. Pa. Gov. Pattison issues or-\\nders to Gen. Snowden to move with the\\nentire National Guard of the State\\nto the support of the Sheriff of Alle-\\ngheny County at Homestead.\\nJuly 12. I). C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate the Anti-Option Bill is put back\\nupon the calendar.\\nThe President at the call of the gov-\\nernor of Idaho orders Federal troops to\\nig region lor the\\nJuly 13. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate the Committee of the Whole adopts\\nthe Quay proviso for closing the\\nWorld s Fair on Sundays; the mo-\\ntion to lay the amendment on the table\\nis rejected. Vote, 11-45. The amend-\\nment is agreed to without division the\\nPeffer proviso that the $5,000,000 should\\nbe paid out of the Treasury for the ex-\\npenses of the Fair only on condition\\nthat intoxicating liquors should not\\nbe sold within the Fair Grounds is\\nagreed to. Vote, 28-26. The House re-\\njects the resolution reported by the\\nCommittee on Rules, to consider the\\nSilver BUI. Vote, 136-154. It is there-\\nby practically killed.\\nIda. Gov. Willey issues a proclama-\\ntion placing Shoshone County under\\nmartial law.\\nMd.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Va. The Maryland and Vir-\\nginia Legislatures appoint committees\\nto fix the boundary line and determine\\nupon a plan for the settlement of the\\noyster-grounds dispute.\\nPa. The Congressional Committee\\nresumes its investigation of the Home-\\nstead trouble. [July 14. It is com-\\npleted.]\\nJuly 14. D. C. Congress In the Sen-\\nate the proviso for closing the World s\\nFair on Sunday, passed in the Com-\\nmittee of the Whole, is confirmed;\\nPeffer s anti-liquor selling proviso is\\nreconsidered and rejected. Vote, 20-21.\\nJohn Sherman of O. introduces a bill\\nrepealing parts of the present law direct-\\ning the purchase of silver bullion and\\nof the issue of Treasury notes thereon.\\nMinn. Ignatius Donnelly (People s\\nParty) is nominated for governor.\\nJuly 15. D. C. Congress In the Sen-\\nate the Fortifications Appropriation\\nBill is amended and passed. [July 19.\\nConference report agreed to. July 25.\\nApproved.]\\nJuly 16. D. C. Thomas H. Carter,\\nex-Congressman from Mont., is elected\\nChairman of the National Republi-\\ncan Committee.\\nJuly IS. D. C. Congress; Senate the\\nGeneral Deficiency Appropriation\\nBill is passed.\\nJuly 19. 7). C. Congress: The Senate\\nreceives the nomination of George\\nShiras of Pa. to be Associate Justice of\\nthe Supreme Court in place of Justice\\nBradley, deceased. [July 26. Con-\\nfirmed.] The House non-concurs in the\\nSenate amendment appropriating 85,000,-\\n000 for the World s Fair the Sunday-\\nclosing proviso is adopted.\\nJuly 20. I). C. Congress The House\\npasses the bill to raise life-savers*\\npay; it refuses to give American registry\\nto Chinese.\\nMo. W. I. Stone (Dem.) is nominated\\nfor governor.\\nN. T. At a meeting in Madison\\nSquare Garden, New York, Grover\\nCleveland and Adlai E. Stevenson are\\nofficially informed of their nomination,\\nfor presidential offices.\\nJuly 21. D. C. Congress The Senate\\npasses the Retaliation Bill to enforce\\nreciprocal commercial relations with\\nCanada in canal tolls bill introduced\\nJan. 23. [July 22. It passes the Senate.\\nJuly 26. Approved.]\\nThe President issues a proclamation\\nmaking Oct. 12 a public holiday for the.\\nColumbus celebration.\\nMich. John T. Rich (Rep.) is nomi-\\nnated for governor.\\nPa. William F. Harrity of Pa. is\\nelected Chairman of the Democratic\\nNational Committee. [Aug. 8. Don.\\nM. Dickinson of Pa. is elected Chairman\\nof the Campaign Committee.]\\nFla. Alonzo P. Baskin (People s\\nParty) is nominated for governor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1892 July 1. Ire. The Inman Steamer\\nChicago is wrecked on the coast, near\\nCork. [July 7. The vessel is broken up\\nby the sea.]\\nJuly 3. R. I. Providence suffers a loss,\\n-by fire of $500,000.\\nJuly 4. New York. The National Ci-\\ngarette and Tobacco Company, incor-\\nporated in New Jersey, fixes its head-\\nquarters in this city its capital stock is.\\n$2,500,000.\\nN. J. The city of Paterson celebrates\\nthe centennial of its settlement.\\nMass. The city of Quincy celebrates\\nits centennial.\\nJuly 6. Cal. Great forest fires are\\nraging north of the American River, de-\\nstroying timber and pasture lands.\\nMd. Pocomoke City is partially de-\\nstroyed by fire loss, about $230,000.\\nVt. A log-jam in the Connecticut\\nRiver, near Springfield, suspends travel.\\nJuly 9. Cal. The powder- works near\\nWest Berkeley explode, killing 100 Chi-\\nnese laborers and three Americans.\\nJuly 10+. Texas decides to take no\\npart in the World s Fair [but is well\\nrepresented in buildings and exhibits\\nthrough the private enterprise of its\\ncitizens].\\nJuly 13. Hi. Sixteen lives are lost by\\nthe capsizing of a steamer at Peoria.\\nJuly 19. N. J. The Atlantic Hotel at\\nLong Branch is burned the guests lose\\n\u00c2\u00a730,000 in clothing and jewelry, either\\nburned or stolen.\\nJuly 20. Cal. The first special fruit-\\ntrain for London leaves Sacramento.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0423.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "412 1892, July 23 -Aug. 21.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1892 July 24. Pa. Private Thomas\\nlams, of Co. K, 10th Regt., N. G., hav-\\ning called for cheers for the man who\\nshot H. C. Friek, is strung up by the\\nthumbs and dishonorably dismissed.\\nJuly 26\u00c2\u00b1. Pa. Lieut.-Col. Streator s\\naction in the punishment of Private\\nlams by hanging him by the thumbs is\\nstrongly criticised by soldiers and civil-\\nians. [Aug. 3. He is unanimously re-\\nelected to his position. (See Nov. 5.)\\nPhila. The protected cruiser Colum-\\nbia is launched at Cramps shipyard.\\nJuly 30. Pa. Troops are summoned to\\nquell a disturbance by strikers in Du-\\nquesne.\\nAug. 3. D. C. Com. James A. Greer is\\npromoted rear-admiral.\\nAug. 11. Boston. The protected\\ncruiser Marblehead is successfully\\nlaunched at South Boston.\\nAug. 12. Phila. The corpse of Charles\\nW. Riggin, of the cruiser Baltimore,\\nkilled in Valparaiso, is lying in state\\nin Independence Hall. [Aug. 14. It is\\nburied with honors at Woodlawn Ceme-\\ntery.]\\nAug. 16. X. Y. The militia intimidate\\nthe strikers mob in Buffalo.\\nThe separate companies of Rochester,\\nElmira, Syracuse, Auburn, and Oswego\\nare ordered to hold themselves in readi-\\nness to proceed to Buffalo. [Aug. 18.\\nSix New York and Brooklyn regiments\\nleave for Buffalo. Gov. Flower orders\\nthe mobilization of the State militia at\\nBuffalo if necessary. Aug. 20. Adj. -Gen.\\nPorter assumes command at Buffalo.]\\nTenn. Free miners attack the stock-\\nade at Oliver Springs, but are repulsed.\\nTroops arrive from Knoxville and Chat-\\ntanooga.\\n[Aug. 17. Miners capture the stock-\\nade at Oliver Springs, and send the con-\\nvicts and guards to Knoxville. Aug. 18.\\nMiners make three unsuccessful attacks\\non the convict camp at Coal Creek, suf-\\nfering considerable loss. Aug. 19. Mi-\\nners at Coal-Creek Camp are put to rout\\nby Gen. Carnes, and compelled to deliver\\nup Col. Anderson, who had been held\\ncaptive by them. Aug. 20. A band of\\ni,ooo miners attacks a company of sol-\\ndiers near Coal Creek two miners are\\nkilled.]\\nAug. 19. D. C. On application, the Sec-\\nretary of War orders 600 stands of\\narms to be sent from Indianapolis to\\nKnoxville.\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1892 July 25. This is the hottest\\n25th of July on record; many deaths\\noccur from the heat, and there is much\\nsuffering in all the States east of the\\nRocky Mountains.\\nJuly 28. Mont. A killing frost occurs.\\nColo. Rich ore discoveries are made\\nat Pitkin, some of the assays running as\\nhigh as $1,800 per ton.\\nJuly 29. D. C. The National Acad-\\nemy of Art is established by Congress.\\nAug. 3. X. H. A statue in memory of\\nSenator John P. Hale, an antislavery\\nleader, is unveiled at Concord.\\nAug. 15. X. Y. The American Asso-\\nciation for the Advancement of Sci-\\nence begins its Bession at Rochester.\\nAug. 16. Ida. A great glacial field is\\nfound in Central Idaho, beneath which\\nlies a series of glacial lakes.\\nAug. 17. Cat. Schiaparelli s Canal in\\nMars (Ganges) is shown at Lick Obser-\\nvatory to be double.\\nAug. 20. Ark. High-grade silver and\\nlead ores are discovered about 15\\nmiles from Little Rock.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1892.\\nJuly 25. Beach, Moses S., journalist, A69.\\nJuly 30. Craig, A. K., M. C. for Pa., A60.\\nJuly 31. Kennedy, Anthony, U. S. sena-\\ntor for Md., A 82.\\nAu 9. Denver, James W., tiov. of Kan.,\\nbrig.-gen. vols., A75.\\nMcCreauy, Benjamin W., physician,\\nprofessor at l .ellevue, A80.\\nAug. 14. Warwick, John G., M. C. for O.,\\nA(i2.\\nCHURCH.\\n1892 Aug. 4. Mass. The 10th annual\\nConference of the Schools of Reli-\\ngious Workers begins at Northtield.\\nAug. 16. N. Y. The Catholic Toung\\nMen s National Union of the United\\nStates begins its annual convention in\\nAlbany.\\nLETTERS.\\n1892 July 30. Conn. The first Roman\\nCatholic s um mer school is opened at\\nNew London.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1892 July 26. New York. A thousand\\nmore men are ordered out by walking\\ndelegates of the Building Trades as\\nagainst the Iron League and the Build-\\ning Material Dealers Association.\\n[Aug. 2. The strike in the building\\ntrades is extending work on new build-\\nings is practically stopped. Aug. 4.\\nMany strikers return to work, and are\\nattacked by others.]\\nJuly 27. Mo. The Amerikanische\\nChristliche Saengerbund is in ses-\\nsion at St. Louis, with representatives\\nfrom 13 American States and Brazil.\\nPa. The 300th birthday of Co-\\nmenius, the Czechic theologian and ed-\\nucational reformer, is celebrated with\\nappropriate exercises at Mount Gretna.\\nJuly 29. S. Dak. Sioux Falls decides to\\nexperiment with six city saloons\\none for each ward for a month at least\\nJuly 30. Boston. A.W. Turner, supreme\\npresident of the Endowment Order of\\nthe Red Cross, is arrested, charged with\\nobtaining money under false pretenses.\\nD. C. President Harrison by procla-\\nmation forbids resistance to the pro-\\ncesses of the Courts of Wyoming the\\ncowboys subside.\\nAug. 1. New York. Armenians hold a\\nmeeting and protest against the per-\\nsecution of their countrymen by the\\nTurks.\\nAug. 2. N. J. An Italian padrone is\\nunder arrest at Newark for brutality to\\nboys and girls, whom he forced to beg\\nfor his profit.\\nAug. 3. .V. Y. A well-known Brooklyn\\nclubman, John L. How, disappears with\\n$32,000 of trust-funds.\\nAug. 4. Cat. Two masked men dyna-\\nmite and rob a Wells-Fargo express-\\ncar near Collis the amount secured \\\\B\\nreported at between \u00c2\u00a730,000 and \u00c2\u00a350,000.\\nMass. Andrew J. Borden, a\\nwealthy resident of Fall River, and his\\nwife, are murdered in their home\\nin broad daylight by some person or\\npersons unknown.\\n[Aug. 11, Miss Lizzie Borden is\\narrested for complicity in the murder of\\nher father and stepmother. Dec. 2. In-\\ndicted later acquitted.]\\nAug. 6\u00c2\u00b1. Chicago. One million dollars\\nin forged deed s have been sold the\\nproperty so deeded belongs to Mrs.\\nHetty Green.\\nWis. Three hundred sawmill\\nstrikers at Stevens Point return to work,\\nthe proprietors conceding in part the de-\\nmands of the men.\\nAug! 7^. La. The negroes of Kenner\\nband themselves together for mutual\\nprotection as citizens and to secure\\nrightful voting privileges.\\nAug. 9. Colo. The Knights Templars\\nof the United States, numbering 100,000,\\nopen the Grand Conclave at Denver.\\n[Sir Knight Hugh McCurdy of Mich, is\\nelected Supreme Grand Commander.]\\n_V. Sixty-seven book-makers of\\nMonmouth Park are placed under bail to\\nappear before the grand jury in October.\\nAug. 10. Pa. Iron manufacturers and\\nAmalgamated Association men in the\\nPittsburg district settle their difficulties\\nby mutual concessions, and 15 mills will\\nTerm. Gov. Buchanan is de-\\nnounced and hanged in effigy for\\ncommuting the death sentence of H.\\nClay King, the slayer of D. H. Posten\\nKing is hurried away to save him from\\na mob. (See Mar. 16.)\\nAug. 13. X.Y. Lehigh and Erie switch-\\nmen at Buffalo strike for a ten-hour\\nday.\\n[Aug. 15. At Buffalo striking switch-\\nmen stop traffic, burn freight-cars with\\n$100,000 worth of merchandise, ditch pas-\\nsenger-trains, disarm the sheriff s posse,\\nand defy all civil authority the two\\nlocal regiments of the National Guard\\nare called out.\\nAug. 17. The strike at Buffalo ex-\\ntends to the West Shore and New York\\nCentral Railroads; the entire 4th bri-\\ngade of the National Guard is on the\\nground.\\nAug. 18. Gov. Flower orders the entire\\nNational Guard of the State to Buffalo\\nswitchmen of the Nickel Plate join\\nthe strikers trains are moving under\\nstrong guard.\\nAug. 20. Riotous strikers at Buffalo\\nare fired at by soldiers for throwing\\nrocks at non-union men.\\nAug. 22. At Buffalo the switchmen of\\nthe Western New York and Pennsyl-\\nvania road join the strike car-handlers\\non the Lehigh quit work the 12th regi-\\nment is attacked near midnight by a mob\\nof strikers and others; much shooting\\nfollows.\\nAug. 23. At Buffalo. Lackawanna\\nswitchmen join the strike, and their\\nplaces are filled in an hour; Buffalo,\\nRochester, and Pittsburg switchmen\\nstrike; many collisions occur between\\nstrikers and soldiers and some shooting\\nfollows.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0424.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1892, July 23 Aug. 21. 413\\nAug. 13. Term. The free miners become\\nriotous, and burn the stockade for con-\\nvict miners at Tracy City. [Aug. 15-.\\nState troops repulse the miners at Coal\\nCreek.]\\n[Aug. 16. Free miners attack the\\nstockade at Oliver Springs, but are re-\\npulsed troops arrive from Knoxville\\nand Chattanooga.\\nAug 17. The miners, 3,000 strong, cap-\\nture the stockade at Oliver Springs, and\\nsend the guards and convicts to Knox-\\nville.\\nAug. 19. The hostile miners at Oliver\\nSprings in Kast Tennessee are defeated\\nand routed by the militia.\\nThe strike at Coal Creek is crushed\\nout by military and civil forces.\\nAug. 30. Convicts return to their work\\nin the coal-mines.]\\nAug. 17. Colo. Train-robbers on the\\nUnion Pacific near La Salle are routed\\nby a self-possessed cowboy, several shots\\nbeing fired, and one of the robbers\\nwounded.\\nX. Y. The American Association\\nfor the advancement of Science be-\\ngins its annual meeting at Rochester.\\nAug. 20. Kg. Thomas Young of Owens-\\nboro is sentenced to 99 years im-\\nprisonment for the murder of his wife.\\nSTATE.\\n1892 July 23. B.C. Congress; The\\nSenate passes a bill to establish a Na-\\ntional Academy and Gallery. of Art in\\nthe District of Columbia bill intro-\\nduced May 25. [July 25. It passes the\\nHouse. July 29. Approved.]\\nJuly 27. B. C. Congress: The House\\nrecedes from its disagreement to the\\nSenate amendment providing for a Gov-\\nernment appropriation of $5,000,000 to\\nthe World s Fair. Vote 1 17-105. A mo-\\ntion to reconsider is pending.\\nJuly 28. B. C. Congress In the House\\nthe filibustering against the World s\\nFair appropriation is continued.\\nJuly 29. B. C. Congress: In the House\\nmuch excitement is caused by a charge\\nof drunkenness in the House, pub-\\nlished in a book by Thomas E. Watson,\\nM.C. from N. C. [July 30. A committee\\ntakes testimony. Later it reports the ac-\\ncusations not proven.]\\nJuly 30. D. C. Congress Senate The\\nAnti-Option Bill is laid over until the\\nfirst day of the next session a resolu-\\ntion is passed to extend the appropria-\\ntions for the Civil Service until Wednes-\\nday in the House the World s Fair\\nAmendment to the Sundry Civil Bill\\noccupies the time.\\nThe President issues a proclamation\\ncommanding all persons resisting the\\nlaws in Wyoming to disperse.\\nAug. 1. B. C. Congress; The House\\ncontinues the appropriations of the Sun-\\ndry Civil Bill until August 4.\\nA Democratic caucus votes to post-\\npone the World s Fair item of the Sundry\\nCivil Bill until Dec. 7.\\nAug. 2. B. C. Congress; Senate: The\\nHomestead labor troubles are de-\\nbated in the House all business is at a\\nstandstill.\\nAug. 3. I). C. Congress: The House is\\nwithout a quorum.\\nW. Va. Thomas E. Davis (Rep.) is\\nnominated for governor.\\nMinn. Daniel V. Lawler (Dem.) is\\nnominated for governor.\\nAug. 4. B. C. Don M. Dickinson is\\nchosen chairman of the Democratic Na-\\ntional Campaign Committee.\\nAug. 5. B.C. Congress: Both the Sen-\\nate and House pass the bill appropriat-\\ning $2,500,000 to the World s Fair,\\nin memorial half-dollars. In the\\nHouse the committee on the Homestead\\ntroubles make a minority report censur-\\ning Mr. Frick.\\nThe 52d Congress; the first session\\nends at 11 p.m.\\nChinese sailors are forbidden em-\\nployment on American ships, American\\nships being regarded as American terri-\\ntory by Secretary Foster.\\nThe President approves the Monetary\\nConference Bill.\\nNeb. Lorenzo Cronuse (Rep.) is nomi-\\nnated for governor.\\nX. Y. Judge Ramsey of the State\\nSupreme Court decides the recent Le-\\ngislative Apportionment Act uncon-\\nstitutional, and therefore void.\\nAug. 7. B.C. The President announces\\nthe names of the United States repre-\\nsentatives at the International Mon-\\netary Conference as follows Sen-\\nators William B. Allison of la. and John\\nP. Jones of Nev., Representative James\\nB. McCreary of Ky., Gen. Francis A.\\nWalker of Mass., and Henry W. Cannon\\nof N. T. [Oct. 13. President Andrews\\nof Brown University in place of Mr.\\nWalker, who is unable to serve.]\\nAug. 8. B. C. William S. Holman of\\nInd. prepares a statement giving the\\nDemocratic version of the extrava-\\ngant appropriations made by the re-\\ncent session of Congress.\\nAug. 9. N. J. Thomas J. Kennedy\\n(Prohib.) is nominated for governor.\\nAug. 12. New York. The City Reform\\nClub denounces Tammany Hall s prac-\\ntice of making the Health Department\\na political machine.\\nB. C. The President invites foreign\\nPowers to participate in the Columbian\\nInternational Naval Keview in New\\nYork Harbor in April, 1893.\\nAug. 17. Wis. John E. Spooner (Rep.)\\nis nominated for governor.\\nAug. 19. B. C. The U. S. Charge d Af-\\nfaires at Constantinople is ordered by\\nthe State Department to demand of\\nthe Porte reparation for the burning\\nof an American missionary s house at\\nBourdour, Asia Minor.\\nPresident Harrison issues a proclama-\\ntion retaliatory upon Canada by es-\\ntablishing tolls on the Sault Ste. Marie\\nCanal.\\nAug. 21. Term. The State authorities\\nask the War Department at Washington\\nfor artillery ammunition to use in sup-\\npressing disorders.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1892 July 23. T). C. The largest\\nbrewery in Washington is burned\\nloss, $100,000.\\nJuly 24. The steamer H. F. Bimocfc\\nsinks W. K. Vanderbilt s steam-\\nyacht Alva off Pollock s Rip Shoals\\nMr. Vanderbilt and a party of friends\\nnarrowly escape drowning.\\nJuly 25. Mich. Bay City is greatly\\ndamaged by fire; loss, one life, and\\n$1,000,000 in property.\\nJuly 26. N. Y. Brooklyn aldermen\\noverride Mayor Boody sveto of the\\nresolution giving valuable franchises\\nwithout cost to two new SouthBrooklyn\\nStreet Railroad Companies.\\nThere is great mortality in the\\nAtlantic, Middle, and Western States\\ncaused by continual hot weather 50\\ndeaths from heat occur during 24 hours\\nin New York City on the 30th inst.\\nJuly 27. Ga. Augusta loses $400,000\\nby fire.\\nNew York. The steamship City of\\nParis arrives from Queenstown in five\\ndays, 15 hours, and 50 minutes, shorten-\\ning all previous records.\\nJuly 29. Mich. Ex-Congressman Fisher\\nof West Bay City, and J. T. Hurst of\\nWyandotte, buy 72 square miles of pine\\nland in the Georgian Bay district.\\n0. Four men are seriously hurt and\\n16 injured by a naphtha explosion at\\nCold Springs.\\nAug. 3 Tex. The plant of the National\\nOil Company at Paris is burned esti-\\nmated loss, $250,000.\\nAug. 4. Minn. A sluice bank gives\\nway in St. Paul and the water torrent\\nkills three persons, fatally injures seven,\\nand sweeps away houses and other prop-\\nerty,\\nAug. 5. Cat. A through train of four\\ncars, carrying $20,000,000 in gold, and\\nstrongly guarded, leaves San Francisco\\nfor New York. [It arrives Aug. 9.]\\nAug. 8. Cat. Six of the largest flour-\\ning companies, controlling thirteen large\\nmills, combine capital, ,$10,000,000.\\nConn. Kubber boot and shoe man-\\nufacturers in convention at New Haven\\ncombine capital, $50,000,000.\\nAug. 10. Fla. The American schooner\\nEva Douglass lies off the coast with\\nseveral cases of yeUow fever on board.\\nAug. 14. New York. The Aurania and\\nAlaska arrive after an exciting race\\nacross the ocean from Queenstown\\nin which the vessels were constantly\\nwithin sight of each other the Aurania\\nwins by 55 minutes.\\nAug. 16. N. Y. The wrecking of a\\ntrain at Cochecton causes six deaths.\\nAug. 17. Chicago. The mare INFaney\\nHanks lowers the world s trotting\\nrecord to 2.07^, at Washington Park.\\nH. N. Higinbotham succeeds W. T.\\nBaker as President of the World s\\nFair Directory.\\nAug. 18. Chicago. Brewers combine\\nas the Chicago Brewers Association,\\nwhich includes all who do business in\\nthe city.\\nAug. 20. N. Y. Cars are moved on\\nall the railroads at Buffalo, without any\\nserious disturbance from strikers.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0425.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "414 1392, Aug. 21 Sept. 19.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1S92 Aug. 22. N. Y. A mob of stri-\\nkers attacks the 12th regiment at mid-\\nnight near Buffalo.\\n[Aug. 23. Collisions between strikers\\nand soldiers are of frequent occurrence.\\nAug. 26. All the militia, except the 4th\\nbrigade, leave for home, order being re-\\nstored.)\\nAug. 27. f C. Congress provides that\\nmonthly pensions of \u00c2\u00a78 shall be paid to\\neach of the survivors of the Indian wars\\nof 1832-42.\\nSept. 8. N. Y. Gov. Flower orders the\\nNaval Reserve, the 13th regiment, and\\npart of the 6gth regiment to Fire Island,\\nto protect the property.\\n[Sept. Judge Barnard s injunction is\\nvacated, and the Normannia s cabin\\npassengers are landed. Sept. 14. The\\nNational Guard is withdrawn.] (See\\nMiscellaneous.)\\nSept. 18. N. Y. Troops from Brook-\\nlyn are sent to Fire Island, and the\\nWyoming cabin passengers are landed\\nwithout opposition, the steerage passen-\\ngers being landed at Sandy Hook strict\\nquarantine begins. (See Miscellaneous.)\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1892 Aug. 21. New York. The mu-\\nseum of Natural History is to he\\nopened to the public on Sundays.\\nAug. 23. Va. A cloud-burst iu Roa-\\nnoke does \u00c2\u00a7100,000 damage iu half an\\nhour. [Sept. 5. Another in Texas nearly\\nsweeps away the town of Alpine, and\\ndoes other damage. Sept. 28. Bruns-\\nwick, Ga., is damaged by a cloud-burst.]\\nSept. 7. New York. The Art Loan Ex-\\nhibition is informally opened.\\nSept. 11. Cal. Prof. Barnard of the\\nLick Observatory discovers a fifth sat-\\nellite to Jupiter.\\nSept. 14. Tex. A rich silver-mine is\\ndiscovered at Brackettville.\\nSept. 17. Minn. A plague of frogs\\nvisits Little Falls.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1892.\\nAug. 22. Bermudez, Edward E., lawyer,\\njurist, chief jusiice of La., A60.\\nDaboll, William S., actor, A35.\\nAug. 23. Clark, Myron H., Gov. of N. Y.,\\nA86.\\nAug. 31. Curtis, George William, au-\\nthor, orator, editor Ihirper s Weekly, A 68.\\nSept. 5. Dougherty, Daniel, lawyer, ora-\\ntor, A66.\\nSept. 7. Kernan, Francis, jurist, lawyer,\\nsenator for N. Y., A76.\\nWhittier, John, Greenleai. Quaker\\npoet, A85.\\nSept. 12. Howell, T. C.,rear-adm. U.S. N.,\\nA73.\\nSept. 13. Bruce, David, type-founder, in-\\nventor of tvpe-rastnm niarliine, A90.\\nSept. 16. Watts, Thomas II., Gov. of Ala.,\\nA72.\\nCHURCH.\\n1892 Aug. 31. New York. Cardinal\\nGibbons issues a proclamation appoint-\\ning special services for the celebration\\nof the discovery of America, on Sunday,\\nOct. 16.\\nSept. 12. N. Y. Nearly 1,000 German\\nCatholics make a pilgrimage from\\nSchenectady to the shrine of Our\\nLady of Martyrs at Auriesville.\\nSept. 18. la. The 37th annual conven-\\ntion ol the German Roman Catho-\\nlic Central Society of North America\\nopens in Dubuque.\\nLETTERS.\\n1892 Sept. 4. Cal. Prof. Bernard\\nMoses is announced to be the president-\\nelect of the University of California.\\nNew York. The Standard, the single-\\ntax paper founded by Henry George in\\n1887, suspends publication.\\nSept. 12. New York. The Roman\\nCatholic parochial schools contain\\n30,444 children, taught by 800 teachers,\\nat an annual expense of \u00c2\u00a7300,000 they\\nown property valued at \u00c2\u00a74,518,500.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1892 Aug. 23. Okla. The Indian\\nMessiah dance is in progress at Otoe,\\nnear Ponca.\\nAug. 24. Mo. The Supreme Lodge of\\nthe Knights of Pythias is in session at\\nKansas City.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094\u00e2\u0080\u0094Nero York. A. J. Price, book-keeper\\nfor Street and Smith, is a defaulter for\\nN. Y. Gov. Flower by proclama-\\ntion offers a reward of $100 for the\\narrest and conviction of any one inter-\\nfering with the railroads.\\nThe State arbitrators are in session\\nat Buffalo.\\nAug. 25. N. J. Chancellor McGill at\\nTrenton renders a decision against the\\ncoal-combine.\\nAug. 26. N. Y. The American Ear\\nAssociation, meeting at Saratoga,\\nelects officers and has a banquet.\\nAug. 29. Cal. L. B. McWhirter, a\\nprominent lawyer and politician, is\\nshot dead at Fresno by parties un-\\nknown.\\nNew York. The Central Labor Union\\nhaving adopted resolutions calling\\nupon workingmen to leave the mili-\\ntia, several local unions are amending\\ntheir constitutions, to prevent their\\nmembers joining any regiment.\\nAug. 30. New York. Deputy factory\\ninspectors investigate manufactories\\nwhere the sweating- system is still in\\nforce.\\nN. Y. Striking shoemakers in\\nBrooklyn assault a party of non-union\\nworkmen tire arrests are made.\\nSept. 5. U.S. Labor Day is generally\\nobserved in the cities throughout the\\ncountry.\\nSept. 6. Chirat/o. During a raid by the\\npolice on Garfield Park, James* M.\\nBrown, a noted Texas turfman, fatally\\nshoots two policemen and is afterwards\\nkilled.\\nSept. 7. La. John L. Sullivan is\\nknocked out by James J. Corbett, in 21\\nrounds, at New Orleans. Sullivan lo*es\\nthe boxing championship of America.\\nSept. 9. Minn. Simon J. Ahem, a finan-\\ncier of St. Paul, worth $100,000, is sen-\\ntenced to 60 days in the workhouse for\\ncriminal libel.\\nSept. 12. N. Y. In Brooklyn Judge\\nBarnard, on the motion of counsel for\\nthe village of Islip, grants an injunc-\\ntion preventing the landing of the\\nNormannia s cabin passengers at Fire\\nIsland Gov. Flower issues a procla-\\nmation commanding the sheriff of Suf-\\nfolk County to preserve the peace. (See\\nMil\\nSept. 13. Ind. A convention tore-\\norganize the Order of Iron Hall is\\nin session at Indianapolis, with 293\\nbranches represented.\\n[Sept. 16. Samuel T. Hall of Philadel-\\nphia is elected Supreme Justice. Sept.\\n21. A plan for the reorganization of the\\nOrder is perfected at Baltimore. Oct.\\n13. The supreme officials of the Order\\nare indicted by the Grand Jury of Marion\\nCounty for embezzlement of about $200,-\\n000. Dec. 29. They are arrested at\\nBaltimore.]\\nT. Several men are murdered\\nin the political strife between the Na-\\ntionalists and Progressives of the Choc-\\ntaw nation.\\nSept. 14. Pa. Carl Knold and Henry\\nBauer are indicted in Pittsburg as ac-\\ncessories to the attempted assassination\\nof H. C. Frick.\\nEvans and Sontag, train-robbers,\\nkill four men who attempt their arrest.\\nSept. 15. Oil. Sheriff Laumeister\\nof San Francisco is found guilty of con-\\ntempt of court for refusing to hang a\\ncondemned murderer at the expiration\\nof a reprieve.\\nN. H. The locked-out granite-cut-\\nters of Concord lease a tract of land,\\nand will begin business on their own\\naccount.-\\nSept. 16. New York. An illicit still is\\nseized with 6,000 gallons of wine and\\nPa. Another strike occurs at Pitts-\\nburg, involving 500 men.\\nSept. 2. N. Y. The American Social\\nScience Association at Saratoga dis-\\ncusses the sweating-system.\\nPa. Puddlers in the Elba Mill, Pitts-\\nburg, are out on strike because they\\nwere asked to work only eight hours a\\nday.\\nHugh O Donnell and four other\\nHomestead strikers are arrested on the\\ncharge of murdering J. W. Klein, who\\nwas shot July 6.\\nOfficers of the Order of Solon, a bene-\\nfit organization, are charged with being\\n$14,000 short in their accounts.\\nSept. 3. Phila. Large discrepancies are\\nfound in the accounts of the social and\\nheneficiarv organization called the Iron\\nHall. (See Sept. 13.)\\nady.\\nN. Y. At Albany a warrant is issued\\nfor the arrest of Labor Commissioner\\nPeck on a charge of burning the written\\nreplies received from manufacturers\\nthe confideutial documents on which\\nhe based his recent report. [Oct. 24.\\nThe case is dismissed.]\\nSept. 17\u00c2\u00b1. Ark. At North Little Rock\\nabout 50 masked men take John Leimor\\nfrom his home, strip and lash him with\\na bull-whip for whipping his wife.\\nSept. IS. Chicago. The Trades and\\nLabor Assembly, by a vote of 119 to 40.\\ndeclines to take part in the dedica-\\ntion exercises at the World s Fair,\\nbecause the gates are to be kept closed\\non Sunday.\\nSept. 19. D. C. The 26th National\\nEncampment of the Grand Army at\\nWashington is opened by the dedica-\\ntion of Grand Army Place, and a parade\\nof troops.\\n[Sept. 20. Fifty thousand men\\nmarch in the grand parade. Sept. 21.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0426.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1892, Aug. 21 -Sept. 19. 415\\nA. G. Weissert of Milwaukee is elected\\nNational Grand Commander the en-\\ncampment closes.]\\nN. Y. Dennis Sullivan, the superin-\\ntendent of the Coney Island and Brook-\\nlyn Railroad, is shot and seriously\\nwounded by a discharged employee.\\nMo. Two men hold up and rob a\\ntrain on the Missouri Pacific road, se-\\ncuring several thousand dollars no\\nsts.\\nSTATE.\\n1892 Aug. 26. Venez. The American\\nmerchant steamship Caracas reports\\nthat, while in the harbor of Puerto Ca-\\nbello, six refugees were forcibly taken\\nfrom her decks by a Venezuelan general\\nand a band of armed men.\\nAug. 28. New York. The Socialist\\nLabor Party nominates Simon Wing\\nof Mass. for President, and C. H.\\nMatchett of N. Y. for Vice-President\\neight delegates are present.\\n.Aug. 30. Neb. J. Sterling Morton\\n(Dem.) is nominated for governor.\\n.Sept. 1. D. C. A circular is issued by\\norder of President Harrison requiring\\nall immigrant vessels from infected\\nports to be detained at quarantine 20\\ndays.\\n.Sept. 2. I). C. PresidentHarrison s\\nletter of acceptance as the nominee of\\nthe Republican Party for the presidency\\nis published.\\n.Sept. 7. U. C. President McLeod of the\\nReading System testifies before the Sen-\\nate Committee on Coal.\\nConn. Gen. Merwin (Rep.) is nomi-\\nnated for governor.\\nN. R. John B. Smith (Rep.) is nomi-\\nnated for governor.\\nLuther F. McKinney (Dem.) is nom-\\ninated for governor.\\nSept. 9. D. C. The War Department, by\\ndirection of the President, grants the\\nuse of Sandy Hook for quarantined\\nsteamship passengers.\\nJohn Wanamaker, P. M. G., issues an\\norder authorizing postmasters of free\\ndelivery cities and rural communities\\nto put up letter-boxes for collection\\nand delivery of mail at house-doors\\nby request of citizens.\\nSept. 10. New York. A shipload of\\narms on the South Portland, supposed\\nto be for the Venezuela revolutionists,\\nis detained in port by Collector Francis\\nHendricks.\\nSept. 12. N. Y. Gov. Flower issues a\\nproclamation concerning the acquire-\\nment of Fire Island, and warning all\\npersons against illegal interference with\\nits use as a quarantine station the\\nIslip Board of Health secures from\\nJudge Barnard a writ restraining the\\nlanding of passengers on the island.\\nSept. 13. Conn. Luzon B. Morris (Dem.)\\nis nominated for governor.\\nN. J. John Kean, Jr. (Rep.) is nomi-\\nnated for governor.\\nSept. 14. Mass. William H.Haile (Rep.)\\nof Springfield is nominated for governor.\\nX. J. George T. Werts (Dem.) is\\nnominated for governor.\\nN. Y. Delegates from every State\\nand Territory in the Union arrive in\\nBuffalo to attend the Republican\\nLeague National Convention.\\nSept. 16. Gens. Weaver and Field,\\nin an address to the country, accept the\\nPeople s Party presidential nominations.\\nSept. 19. Ind. The Hendricks County\\nCircuit Court declares that the regis-\\ntration clause of the election law is\\nclass legislation, and therefore uncon-\\nstitutional the State Apportionment\\nActs of 1SSG and 1S91 are declared un-\\nconstitutional by Judge Bundy.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1892 Aug. 23. Mass. The 250th an-\\nniversary of the settlement of Glouces-\\nter is celebrated.\\nAug. 26. New York. A man attempts\\nsuicide by leaping from the High\\nBridge into the Harlem River, but is\\nonly slightly hurt.\\nCity officials are taking renewed pre-\\ncautions against cholera.\\nAug. 27. New York. The Metropoli-\\ntan Opera House is almost wholly\\nburned loss on scenery and costumes\\ndestroyed, \u00c2\u00a71,000,000.\\nAug. 28. Colo. All the timber on the\\nmountains from Tin Cup to Texas Creek\\nhas been burned, and fully twenty\\nsquare miles of timber are completely\\ndestroyed.\\nNew York. Vessels are detained at\\nquarantine to be inspected for cholera\\ncases the Health Department takes\\nactive measures to prevent the disease\\nfrom reaching the city.\\nAug. 30. Wash. The town of Conco-\\nnully is almost entirely consumed by\\nfire; only a few houses remain; esti-\\nmated loss, $100,000.\\nAug. 31. la. At Independence, the\\nmare Nancy Ranks lowers the world s\\ntrotting record to 2.05J, beating her\\nown record by two seconds.\\nNew York. The Health Board is-\\nsues orders and rules looking to. im-\\nproved sanitation in ferry-houses, rail-\\nway-stations, etc., and for the treatment\\nof people taken suddenly ill in public\\nplaces.\\nThe steamer Moravia arrives from\\nHamburg with cholera on board\\nshe reports 22 deaths on the voyage.\\nThe Normannia, Rugia, and Stubben-\\nhukj from Hamburg, follow, are or-\\ndered to the lower Bay, and quaran-\\ntined.\\nSept. 1. U. S. To shut out the cholera\\nthe Government proclaims 20 days\\nquarantine for aU European vessels.\\nThe steel steamer Western Reserve\\nis broken in two on Lake Superior 26\\nlives are lost; two or three vessels on\\nthe great lakes are lost in a storm\\nwith all on board.\\nSept. 2. New York. The Inman steamer\\nCity of Berlin, the National Line steamer\\nEurope, and the Cunarder Gallia are re-\\nleased from quarantine and allowed\\nto go to their respective docks.\\nA conflict of authority arises be-\\ntween Dr. Jenkins, city health officer,\\nand the Federal authorities respecting\\nquarantine arrangements.\\nSept. 4. N. Y. Charles F. Peck, the\\nCommissioner of Labor Statistics, reas-\\nserts the accuracy of his figures on the\\nfavorable operation of the McKin-\\nley Law.\\nSept. 5. N. Y. A West Shore express-\\ntrain having a defective engine plunges\\ninto the Hudson River; several per-\\nsons are killed.\\nSept. 6. N. Y. A freight blockade 10\\nmiles long occurs on the Reading Road\\nnear Buffalo.\\nNew York. There are 11 new cases\\nof cholera and one death on board the\\nships in the lower Bay.\\nSept. 7. Cal. The 42d anniversary of\\nthe admission of California into the\\nUnion is celebrated as a legal holiday.\\nLa. James Corbett defeats John\\nL. Sullivan at New Orleans, and wins\\nfrom him the boxing championship of\\nAmerica.\\nNew York. Some new cases of chol-\\nera occur among passengers quarantined\\nin the lower Bay arrangements are\\nmade to place cabin passengers on Fire\\nIsland or Sandy Hook.\\nPa. Trains collide at Eckenrode\\nMills 14 persons are killed.\\nSept. 9. N. Y. Gov. Flower directs\\nHealth Officer Jenkins to purchase\\nland on Fire Island, if necessary, to\\nestablish a quarantine station.\\nSept. 10. Next) York. In the lower Bay\\n11 new cases of cholera break out on\\nthe Scandia the Normannia s passen-\\ngers are put on the steamer Stonington\\nthe Surf Hotel property on Fire Island\\nis bought for quarantine purposes, and\\nwork begun at Sandy Hook. [Only a\\nfew cases of cholera develop among all\\nthe quarantined passengers.]\\nSept. 11. Mass. Nine persons are killed\\nand 51 injured by a train accident in a\\nfog on the Fitchburg Railroad at West\\nCambridge Junction.\\nSept. 14. New York. The Health De-\\npartment announces that six. persons\\nhad died in the city from cholera\\nthat careful disinfection of the premises\\nhas followed and that there have been\\nno new cases there are several new\\ncases on the steamers down the Bay.\\nSept. 15. N.Y. The Normannia s cabin\\npassengers are released from quarantine\\nat Fire Island.\\nSept. 16. New York. One new case of\\nsuspected cholera is announced the\\nsteamer Bohemia reports 52 cases on her\\nvoyage the Normannia s passengers\\nleave Fire Island for the city,\\nSept. 18. N. Y. Troops are sent from\\nBrooklyn to Fire Island, and the Wyo-\\nming s passengers land at the hotel with-\\nout opposition steerage passengers\\nfrom the Normannia and Rugia are\\nlanded at Camp Low, Sandy Hook, and\\nstrict quarantine of the place is begun.\\n[There are nearly 4,000 passengers on\\nthe cholera vsssels.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0427.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "416 1892, Sept. 20-Nov. 4.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1892 Oct. 1. Me. Harbor Defense\\nEarn No. 1 is launched at Bath.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1892 Sept. 21. Mass.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Conn. Two\\nstatues of Columbus are unveiled, one\\nat Boston and another at Willimantic.\\nSept. 22. Cat. The Mountebanks, an\\nopera by W. S. Gilbert and Alfred !ol-\\nlier, is first sung in this country at Bald-\\nwin s Theater, San Francisco.\\nSept. 26. Boston. The Art Commission\\nrejects the proposed replica of Buyen s\\nstatue of Columbus to be erected in\\nthis city.\\nNew York. The Fencing Master, an\\nopera by Reginald Be Koven, is first\\nsung in this country at the Casino.\\nSept. 27. Phila. Lieut. Peary makes\\na preliminary report of his work to the\\nAcademy of Natural Science.\\nSept. Pa. A soldiers monument is\\nunveiled at Mahanoy City.\\nOct. 29. Colo. Extensive deposits of\\ntalcose silica, carrying a large percent-\\nage of corundum or emery, are discov-\\nered in Denver.\\nNov. 2. New York. A new wing of the\\nAmerican Museum of Natural His-\\ntory is opened.\\nNov. 4. Chicago. A monument to the\\nanarchists, Spies, Parsons, Engel, Fis-\\ncher, and Lingg, is dedicated in Wald-\\nheiin Cemetery.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1892.\\nSept. 20. Ulman, Daniel, niaj.-gen. vola.,\\nA83.\\nSept. 23. Pope. John, maj.-gen. U. S. A.,\\nA70.*\\nSept. 24. Gilmore, Patrick S., hand-mas-\\nter of is Y., A62.\\nSept. 25. Husted, James W., brig.-gen.\\nvols., politician, A59.\\nOct. 1. Atkins, Hiram, journalist, political\\nleader in Vt., A83.\\nOct. 2. Douglas, John H., Gen. Grant s last\\nphysician, A65.\\nOct. lO. Price, T. B., Confederate brig.-\\ngen., A61.\\nOct. 24. S win ton, William, author, jour-\\nnalist, writer of school-books, A59.\\nNov. 2. Schwatka, Frederick, lieut. U. S.\\nA., arctic explorer, author, A43.\\nCHURCH.\\n1S92 Sept. 27. N. J. The German\\nCatholic Congress opens at Newark\\nwith the celebration of high mass by\\nArchbishop Corrigan, assisted by other\\nprelates.\\nSept. 28. It. Pope Leo gives orders to\\ncreate the Archbishopric of Dallas, Tex.\\nOct. 3. New York. Pope Leo s ency-\\nclical on the Rosary of the Blessed\\nVirgin is read in all the Roman Catho-\\nlic churches.\\nOct. 4. Chicago. The 83d annual session\\nof the American Board of Commis-\\nsioners for Foreign Missions begins.\\n[Oct. 7. Dr. R. S. Storrs is reelected\\npresident.]\\nOct. 5. Md. The Triennial General\\nConvention (Protestant Episcopal) he-\\ngins at Baltimore.\\n[Oct. G. It begins the work f revising\\nthe Prayer Book. Oct. n. Jt sits as a\\nBoard of Missions. Oct. 17. It adopts\\na new hymnal. Oct. 25. It electa Bev,\\nDr. \\\\V. R. Thomas missionary bishop f\\nNorthern Michigan, and adjourns sine\\ndie.]\\nOct. 8\u00c2\u00b1. Utah, The Mormons hold\\ntheir semi-annual conference in the\\nTabernacle at Salt Lake City, Presi-\\ndent Woodruff presiding.\\nOct. 11. New York. As a part of the\\nColumbus celebration religious ser-\\nvices are held in the churches of this\\nand neighboring cities, some on an elab-\\norate scale.\\nOct. 17. Mich. Salvationists are at-\\ntacked in Wyandotte five persons are\\nseriously injured, one fatally.\\n3NTov. 1. New York. Dr. W. M. Taylor\\nresigns from the pastorate of the Broad-\\nway Tabernacle.\\nThe trial of Rev. C. A. Briggs be-\\ngins before the Presbytery of New York.\\n[Nov. 20. The Presbytery votes to\\nstrike out two charges especially ob-\\njected to by the defendant. Vote, 7\u00c2\u00b1-iA.\\nDec. 7. Defendant pleads not guilty.\\nDec. 30. He is acquitted. Vote, 6-18.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1392 Sept. 29. N. Y. Dr. Anson J.\\nUpton of Auburn Theological Seminary\\nis elected chancellor by the Regents\\nof the University at Albany in place of\\nGeorge William Curtis, deceased.\\nMass. Harvard opens its 256th\\nyear with the largest attendance in its\\nhistory.\\nOct. 1. Chicago. The University of\\nChicago begins its work with inaugu-\\nration ceremonies extreme in their sim-\\nplicity.\\nOct. 2. Ind. Dr. G. S. Burroughs of\\nAmherst accepts the presidency of Wa-\\nbash College at Crawfordsville.\\nMinn At the school elections the\\nFaribault plan is defeated by a major-\\nity of 200 in 1,000 votes the nuns wear-\\ning their peculiar dress while acting as\\nteachers is said to have been the cause.\\nOct. 3. Wis. The University of Wiscon-\\nsin organizes a University Extension\\ndepartment, Lyman P. Powell, formerly\\nof Johns Hopkins, manager.\\nOct. 4. Mich. The Detroit Board of Ed-\\nucation practically excludes Roman\\nCatholic teachers from the public\\nschools. [Nov. 11. It rescinds resolu-\\ntions requiring anti-Catholic qualifica-\\ntions for positions as teachers.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S92 Sept. 20. Jrk. Nine negroes\\nand two whites are shot dead in a\\nrace-war at Thornton.\\nEy. J. B. Rucker, editor of the Som-\\nerset Reporter (Prohibition), is mortally\\nwounded by an unknown assassin.\\nCal. The Six Companies issue\\nanother proclamation urging the Chi-\\nnese in the United States to ignore the\\nGeary Registration law the Emperor\\nof China i.- appealed t\\nSept. 21. Kan. Bobbers wreck a train\\non the Atchison road In an attempt to\\nsecure $1,000,000 known to be thereon;\\nfour persons are killed and 23 injured.\\nSept. 22. New York. The Chinese Civil\\nRights League holds a mass-meeting\\nin Cooper Dnion, protesting vigorously\\nagainst the legislation forbidding rights\\nto the Chinese granted to all others.\\nPa. Lieut.-Col. Streator, Col. Haw-\\nkins, and A.-sist.-Surg. (.rim are indicted\\nfor aggravated assault and battery in\\nconnection with the punishment of Pri-\\nvate lams at Homestead. [Acquitted.]\\n(See Army, July 24.)\\nSept. 25. Wash. Three highwaymen\\nshoot the assistant-cashier of a bank in\\nRoslyn; they secure si0,00u and make\\ntheii\\n:ape\\nSept. 26. Colo. A riot occurs at an anti-\\nCatholic lectureon Romanist influence\\nin Public Schools at Cheyenne; two\\nmen are seriously wounded*\\nSept. 27. Phila. Four mail-drivers are\\narrested on the charge of robbing the\\nmails.\\nSept. 29. N. Y. Three non-union lumber-\\nshovers at Buffalo are injured by union\\nmen in a riot with clubs and stones.\\nTenn. Marshal Brown raids an\\nillicit distillery in West Tennessee, cap-\\nturing 1.000 barrels of liquor.\\nOct. 1. Cal. J. W. Smith is lynched\\nat Dunsmir; he was charged with kill-\\ning his wife and 6-year-old daughter at\\nC as tela.\\nChicago. Warrants are issued for the\\narrest of John Cudahy and Austin J.\\nWright, charged with conspiracy to\\nmake a corner in pork.\\nOct. 3. New York. Burton C. Webster\\nis sentenced to 19 years in prison for\\nkilling Charles E. Goodwin in August,\\n1891.\\nPa. A daring attempt is made to\\nrob a bank in Erie at midday the cash-\\nier is shot in the face, but the robbers\\nare captured.\\nOct. 5. Kan. Three Dalton brothers\\nand two members of their gang and five\\nresidents of CnVyville are killed in an\\nattempt to capture the former while in\\nthe act of robbing two banks.\\nPhila. William W. Runk, a wealthy\\nmerchant, kills himself: he bad been\\nspeculating with the firm s funds in the\\nabsence and without the knowledge of\\nhis partner while the latter was in Eu-\\nrope.\\nOct. 8. New York. The Columbian\\nCelebration is begun by special ser-\\nvices in the Hebrew synagogues, and by\\nthe opening reception at the Art Loan\\nExhibition at the National Academy of\\nDesign.\\n[Oct. 11. It continues with a midday\\nnaval parade in the bay and North\\nRiver, and in the evening a Roman\\nCatholic school children parade, literary\\nexercises in Carnegie Music Hall, a con-\\ncert at Seventh Regiment Armory, and\\nfireworks on the East River Bridge.\\nOct. 12. A military and civil parade\\ntakes place in the daytime, including\\npublic school children and college stu-\\ndents, and a character pageant i 1 1\\nfloats in the evening. The Columbus\\nMonument, the gift of Italy to America,\\nis dedicated.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0428.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1892, Sept. 20-Nov. 4. 417\\nOct. 13. It closes with a banquet\\nat the Lenox Lyceum addresses are\\nmade by Vice-President Morton, Secre-\\ntary Foster, Gov. Flower and others.]\\nOct. 15. New York. DominicoL. Ruiz,\\nconsul-general for Ecuador for nine\\nyears at this port, is arrested for for-\\ngery.\\nOct. 17. Ida. A gang of nine horse-\\nthieves are killed or disabled in a fight\\nwith stockmen.\\nN. Mex. All the telegraph opera-\\ntors on the Santa Fe system, 900 in\\nnumber, leave their posts at 10. A.M., on\\nan order of Chief Ramsey to strike,\\nwhich proves to be a forgery by a jok-\\ning operator; all traffic is suspended\\nfor 12 hours the joker is discharged.\\nNew York. Mr. Cleveland declines\\nto be present in Chicago at the World s\\nFair dedication, because he is a candi-\\ndate for the presidency.\\nOct. 18. Colo. A strike on the Denver\\nand Rio Grande Railroad ends.\\nOct. 20. O. The annual convention of\\nthe American Street Hallway Asso-\\nciation opens at Cleveland.\\nOct. 23. Mo. Four masked men hold\\nup Ticket Agent Stokes at the Frisco\\nStation, and rob both the station and\\nagent.\\nOct. 25. Mass. Alderman Bolton is put\\non trial at Lawrence for taking bribes\\nin connection with a liquor license.\\nTex. Dr. H. Jones, a prominent\\nphysician, shoots and kills Capt. W. G.\\nVial at ex-Confederates headquarters at\\nDallas.\\nOct. 27. I). C. The funeral of Mrs.\\nHarrison takes place in the East Room\\nof the White House, after which the\\nfuneral train starts for Indianapolis.\\n(Died Oct. 25.)\\nOct. 28. Colo. The National Conven-\\ntion of the Woman s Christian Tem-\\nperance Union is in session at Denver\\n500 delegates are present. [Miss Frances\\nE. Willard is reelected president.]\\nOct. 29. Minn. A. E. Law, Northern\\nPacific Division superintendent, is fined\\n$50 or 60 days in the workhouse for\\noverworking his employees.\\nNew York. Eighty-six Hebrew cloak-\\nmakers are arrested for breaking the\\nSunday law.\\nOct. 31. S. C. Charleston begins the\\ncelebration of its Gala Week, in\\ncommemoration of its gratitude for as-\\nsistance afforded after the earthquakes.\\nNov. 1. Ala. A train is held up and\\nrobbed on the East Tennessee, Virginia,\\nand Georgia Railroad.\\nTTov. 2. Kan. Ford County Bank, Spear-\\nville, is robbed by two armed men\\nthey are pursued, but escape with the\\nbooty.\\nSTATE.\\n1892 Sept. 20. N. Y. An attempt to\\nappoint none but Democratic election\\ninspectors in Buffalo is foiled.\\nSept. 22. N. Y. The General Term at\\nSaratoga decides the Apportionment\\nAct by the extra session constitutional\\nin the Oneida County case.\\nSept. 26. N. Y. Mr. Cleveland s let-\\nter, accepting the nomination for\\nthe presidency s is made public.\\nSept. 27. Conn. The Supreme Court\\ndecides in favor of the Republicans in\\nthe contested election cases.\\nMass. William E. Russell (Dem.) is\\nnominated for governor.\\nWis. The Supreme Court practi-\\ncally decides that the reapportionment\\nmade by the extra session of the Legis-\\nlature is invalid.\\nSept. 28. B.C. The text of the Chilean\\nclaims treaty is made public.\\nOct. 1. D. C. The Treasury Department\\nreports the public debt reduced S708,-\\n000 in September.\\nOct. 2. D. C. Secretary Foster notifies\\nforeign governments that the Interna-\\ntional Monetary Conference will\\nbegin in Brussels on the 22d of Novem-\\nber.\\nOct. 4. New York. Mr. Cleveland ad-\\ndresses the convention of the National\\nAssociation of Democratic Clubs at\\nthe Academy of Music.\\nOct. 10. D. C. The Supreme Court\\nat Washington opens; George Shiras,\\nJr., of Pa. is sworn in as associate\\njustice.\\nWis. Gov. Peck convenes the Legis-\\nlature for the third time to reappor-\\ntion the State.\\nOct. 12. Fa. Republicans make an\\nagreement to unite with theThird party\\nin many districts.\\nOct. 13. A r ew York. The Court of\\nAppeals, by a vote of five to two, up-\\nholds the constitutionality of the Ap-\\nportionment Act of 1892, affirming that\\nthe courts have no power to interfere\\nwith the discretion of the Legislature.\\nOct. 17. D. C. The U.S. Supreme Court\\ndecides that the Michigan plan of\\nchoosing Presidential electors by\\nCongressional districts is constitu-\\ntional.\\nOct. 22. Wis. Both houses of the\\nLegislature adjourn without agreeing\\non an Apportionment Bill.\\nOct. 27. D. C. A Treasury report is\\nissued showing a large increase in the\\ndomestic tin-plate industry during\\nthe last quarter.\\nOct. 29. N. Dak. The Turtle Indians\\ncede all right and title to lands in the\\nDevil s Lake district, with certain res-\\nervations, for $1,000,000 in twenty annual\\npayments.\\nOct. 31. D. C. President Harrison is-\\nsues a proclamation extending the bene-\\nfits of the Copyright Law to the citizens\\nof Italy.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1892 Sept. 20. 0. Thirteen persons\\nare killed and several injured in a col-\\nlision on the Fort Wayne Railroad.\\nSept. 21. Nexo York. Four women are\\nkilled and many injured in a panic\\ncaused by a small fire in a Hebrew syna-\\ngogue.\\nSept. 22. Chicago. Liverymen form a\\ntrust, fixing the price of carriages during\\nthe World s Fair dedication parade at\\n\u00c2\u00a722 each per day.\\nSept. 25. New York. It is officially re-\\nported that there is no cholera, either\\nin the city or at quarantine.\\nSept. 26. Phila. The Board of Health\\norders all wells in the city to be filled up.\\nSept. 28. Ind. Nancy Hanks trots a\\nmile in 2.04 on a regulation track at\\nTerre Haute.\\nCal. The 350th anniversary of\\nthe discovery of San Diego Bay is cele-\\nbrated.\\nSept. 29. Nezo York. The Aldermen\\ngrant trolley franchises without cost.\\nSept. 30. Phila. The beneficial order\\nof Social Guardians makes an assign-\\nment.\\nOct. 5. Neic York. A preliminary chal-\\nlenge for the America cup is re-\\nceived from Lord Dunraven by the New\\nYork Yacht Club. pec. 13. The chal-\\nlenge is accepted.]\\nOct. 7. Mass. Woburn celebrates the\\n250th anniversary of its settlement.\\nOct. 8. N. C. Raleigh celebrates its\\n100th anniversary with an elaborate\\nstreet pageant, etc.\\nOct. 16. Conn. Stamford begins the\\nfour days celebration of its 250th\\nanniversary.\\nOct. 18. New York. The Aldermen s\\namendment forbidding the use of the\\ntrolley in this city is signed by Mayor\\nGrant.\\nOct. 19. The steamship City of Paris\\narrives in New York Harbor, having\\nmade the voyage from Queenstown in\\nfive days, 14 hours, and 24 minutes, thus\\nbeating all previous records on the\\nwestward trip.\\nOct. 21. Chicago. Columbian Exposi-.\\ntion dedication.\\nPres. Higginbotham of the World s\\nColumbian Exposition formally pre-\\nsents the exposition grounds and build-\\nings to President Palmer Of the World s\\nColumbian Commission, and they are\\ndedicated with appropriate ceremonies,\\nby Levi P. Morton, Vice-President of\\nthe United States, on behalf of Presi-\\ndent Harrison Chauncey M. Depew and\\nHenry Watterson deliver the addresses.\\n[Exposition to open May 1, 1893.]\\nOct. 24. Pa. Seven persons are killed\\nand about 25 injured in a collision on\\nthe Reading Railroad near Philadelphia.\\nOct. 25. Mo. The wrecking of a train\\nnear Phillipsburgh causes six deaths.\\nOct. 26. New York. The Park Board\\nauthorizes the construction of an\\naquarium and other improvements at\\nBattery Park.\\nOct. 28. Wis. A fire at Milwaukee\\nburns 300 buildings, devastating 26\\nacres, with a loss of four lives and\\n\u00c2\u00a75,000.000 relief is provided for home-\\nless people.\\nOct. 31. N. J. A forest fire near\\nFranklin Park destroys 1,000 acres of\\ntimber.\\nNov. 1. Neb. The wrecking of a train\\nnear Grand Island causes seven deaths.\\nNov. 2\u00c2\u00b1. Pa. Twenty-five miles of for-\\nest fires are raging along the ridges near\\nJuhnstown.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0429.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "418 1892, Nov. 4-Dec. 18.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1892 Nov. 5. Pa. In the lams case at\\nPittsburg, Col. Hawkins and Lieut.\\nCol. Streator are found not guilty of\\ncruelty. (See July 26.)\\nNov. St. Ariz. Soldiers are pursuing\\nYaqui Indians who are on the war-\\npath.\\nNov. 11. N.Y. The protected cruiser\\nCincinnati is launched at the Brooklyn\\nNavy Yard.\\nNov. 28. Com. Skerrett is appointed\\nto the command of the Pacific Station\\nNavy.\\nDec. 10. Wash. Naval dry docks on\\nPuget Sound Naval Station are begun.\\nDec. 12. Chile. The protected cruiser\\nBaltimore sails from Valparaiso for San\\nFrancisco, her presence being no longer\\nnecessary.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE,\\n1892 Nov. 6. Ky. Gray squirrels are\\ndoing immense damage near Petersville.\\nIntl. A large oil-well, dug near\\nCamden, flows 2,000 barrels a day.\\nR. I. Gold is discovered in Lincoln,\\nthe mine assaying \u00c2\u00a715 a ton.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1893.\\nNov. 14. Hoey, John, Pres. Adams Ex-\\npress Co., A68.\\nMerrnnon, Augustus S., chief justice of\\nN. C, A62.\\nNov. 29. Scott,Jolm TV., Pres. clergyman,\\nA92.\\nWvant, Alexander II., htmlseape painter,\\nA59.\\nDec. 1. Hoyt, Henry M., Gov. of Pa., A62.\\nDec. 2. Gould, Jay. speculator, capitalist.\\nDec. 5. Learning, .Tames R., specialist in\\nthroat diseases, A72.\\nDec. 7. Newberry, John S., geologist, A70.\\nDec. 15. Gibson, Randall L., senator for\\nLa., A60.\\nDec. 16. Brannam, John M., maj.-gen,\\nU. S. A., A72.\\nCHURCH.\\n1892 Nov. 14. 0. The trial for heresy\\nof Kev. Henry P. Smith of the Lane\\nTheological Seminary is initiated before\\nthe Presbytery at Cincinnati.\\n[Nov. 21. The trial proper begins.\\nNov. 25. The Presbytery sustains the\\nsufficiency of the third charge, and the\\ncase will go to a formal trial. Dec. 31.\\nThe Presbytery suspends Dr. Smith.\\nVote, 31-27.]\\nNov. 15. Boston. The World s Con-\\nvention of Christians at Work is in\\nsession.\\nNov. 16. New York. The Roman Catho-\\nlic archbishops of the United States\\nmeet in conclave.\\nNov. 21-23. New York. The Conti-\\nnental Congress of the Salvation\\nArmy is in session.\\nNov. 26\u00c2\u00b1. New York. Many clergymen\\nand influential church-members are en-\\nrolled in the Salvation Army s Aux-\\niliary League.\\nDec. 5. D. C. The Central Conference\\nof American Hebrew Rabbis is in\\nsession at Washington.\\nDec. 12. A*. J. Rev. P. Corrigan,\\nRoman Catholic priest in Hoboken, is\\nput on trial for criticising Cahenslyism\\nas manifested at the recent German con-\\nvention. [Ends in compromise.]\\nDec. 18. XT. Y. Rabbi H. Rosenberg\\nis expelled from the Temple Beth-\\nJacob in Brooklyn for eating pork.\\nLETTERS.\\n1892 Nov. 13 Chicago. President\\nHarper succeeds in purchasing for the\\nUniversity of Chicago the great 40-\\ninch lenses made for the University of\\nCalifornia.\\nNov. 16. III. The New Natural His-\\ntory University of Illinois is dedi-\\ncated.\\nNov. 21. N. Y. A public-school pro-\\ntection league is formed in Buffalo\\nby prominent business men, lawyers,\\nand clergymen, the object being to keep\\nthe control of the schools free from po-\\nlitical interference.\\nDec. 1. Chicago. The Western Asso-\\nciated Press reorganizes as The Asso-\\nciated Press.\\nGa. Chrisman Hall, costing $30,000,\\nis dedicated at Clark University in\\nAtlanta.\\nDec. 10. Mass. A $100,000 library is\\npresented to Fairhaven by the children\\nof H. H. Rogers of New York City, in\\nmemory of a deceased sister.\\nDec. 14. New York. The Teachers\\nCollege takes its new name its char-\\nter becomes absolute.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1892 Nov. 4. Cat. The authorities\\nseize i,ooo five-tael tins of opium con-\\ncealed in barrels of salmon at San Fran-\\ncisco.\\nNeb. W. G. Pollock, a New York\\nsalesman, is shot, and robbed of a $15,-\\n000 case of diamonds, in a sleeper on a\\ntrain in the Missouri Valley the thief\\nescapes.\\nNov. 5. Ala. Sixteen persons are in-\\ndicted for murder and IS for assault at\\nSt. Stephens, for lynching Chris. Chris-\\nman in June.\\nLa. John Hastings is lynched at\\nJonesville.\\nThe Amalgamated Council of New Or-\\nleans orders a general strike, to secure\\na recognition of unionism.\\n[Nov. 11. About 25,000 strikers return\\nto work without having accomplished\\nthe object of the strike.]\\nNov. 8. Cat. A masked highwayman\\nBtops a stage between San Francisco and\\nSierra City, and secures its express-box.\\nO. W. J. Gill, a councilman of To-\\nledo, indicted for soliciting bribes, is\\nfound guilty.\\nThe entire system of the Consolidated\\nStreet-Railway in Columbus is tied up\\nthe conductors and motor-men have\\ngone on strike.\\nTenn. In Melvin a fight, the result\\nof a long-standing lend. lakes place be-\\ntween the SwoftWd and Toilette fami-\\nlies; two of the Swoffords and one of\\nthe Toilettes are killed.\\nNov. 9. New York. A confidential clerk\\nof James E. Ward and Co. is arrested\\nfor embezzling $40,000.\\n0. A strike on the street-rail-\\nroads in Columbus stops all the cars.\\nNov. 11. Chicago. Ex-Banker S. A.\\nKean is arrested on Indictment by t ho\\ngrand jury for feloniously receiving de-\\nposits at the time ol the bank failure.\\nNew York. A memorial service is\\nheld in Cooper Union for the Chicago\\nanarchists hanged on Nov. 11, 1887.\\nNov. 12. Fa. Dr. Moffett, a Baptist\\npastor in North Danville and Prohibi-\\ntion leader, is treacherously shot and\\nkilled by J. T. Clark, a lawyer and Dem-\\nocratic politician Clark* is in jail\\ncharged with murder.\\nNov. 15. Tenn. The National Far-\\nmers Alliance Convention opens in\\nMemphis. [Nov. 18. H. L. Louckes of\\nSouth Dakota is elected president.]\\nMo. The Knights of Labor Con-\\nvention begins in St. Louis.\\nX. Y. M. A. Schwert, town collector\\nof Hamburg, is missing th.-ie i a short-\\nage in his accounts of more than $15,000.\\nNov. 16. A II. The National Grange,\\nPatrons of Husbandry, begins its 12th\\nannual convention in Concord, J. II.\\nBrigham of Ohio presiding.\\nNov. 18. New York. W. H. Parsons is\\nelected president of the National\\nLeague for the Protection of Amer-\\nican Institutions in place of John Jay,\\nwho resigns in consequence of ill-health.\\nTex. Capt. J. G. Bourke,3d Cavalry,\\nis killed by a United States deputy-\\nmarshal in a court-ruom in San Antonio.\\nNov. 19. Cat. Highbinders in San\\nFrancisco shoot a Chinaman because he\\nrefused to pay blackmail.\\n[Nov. 20. Five armed highbinders\\nare captured in San Francisco while\\nprosecuting their murderous intentions\\nthey wear bullet-proof coats.]\\nO. Several \u00e2\u0096\u00a0women are chosen dele-\\ngates to the Convention of Locomotive\\nEngineers at Columbus.\\nNov. 20. N. J. At Allentown two rob-\\nbers force the cashier of the bank to\\ngive them S2,700 they are afterwards\\ncaptured.\\nNov. 22. N. Y. A suit is entered in\\nBrooklyn against the Board of Super-\\nvisors. Cause, waste of public funds in\\npaving S6.000 for stands on Columbus\\nDay and $2,000 for decorations the al-\\ndermen paid S 11,000 for similar purposes.\\nNov. 23. Pa. Sylvester Critchlow, the\\nHomestead striker accused of murder,\\nis acquitted.\\nNov. 25- Chicago. A juryman is sen-\\ntenced to one year s imprisonment for\\ntrying to secure a bribe.\\nWash, Masked men rob the pas-\\nsengers in a sleeping-car on the North-\\nern Paeihc Railroad, near Hot Springs.\\nNov. 28. Chicaqo. C. R. Williams, a\\ntrusted employee of Kand.MeXallv. and\\nCo. of Chicago, is arraigned for the em-\\nbezzlement of $25,000.\\nNov. 30. Ky. Ex-Speaker Harvey My-\\ners of the Legislature is indicted for of-\\nfering a bribe.\\nNew York. Mrs. A. A. Anderson\\ngives $350,000 to Koosevelt Hospital\\nfor the erection of a memorial pavilion.\\nDec. 1-t. Pa. The Pittsburg authorities\\nare closing all disorderly houses, the\\ninmates are to he eared for by ministers\\nand church members so far as possible.\\nDec. 3. Md. The National Prison\\nReform Association meets in Balti-\\nmore Ex-President Hayes delivers the\\nannual address.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0430.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1892, Nov. 4-Dec. 18. 419\\nN.J. A license is granted by the\\nCounty Court to sell liquor in Viueland\\nfor the tirst time in its history.\\nDec. 6. XewYorlc. G. W. Gardner, agent\\nof the Parkhurst Society is arrested on\\nthe charge of blackmailing a woman.\\n(A conspiracy.)\\nNew York. Police Superintend-\\nent Byrnes makes serious charges in\\na newspaper against Dr. C. H. Park-\\nhurst.\\n[Dec, 7. Dr. Parkhurst answers the\\nattack ou him made by Police Superin-\\ntendent Byrnes. He charges that the\\npolice are accomplices of law-breakers,\\nand receive large sums of money for\\nthe protection of criminals. Dec. S.\\nSupt. Byrnes replies. Dec. 9. Dr. Park-\\nhurst publishes another statement.]\\nThe provisions of the will of Jay\\nGould are made public the entire es-\\ntate goes to the family, the great bulk\\nof it being divided among his six chil-\\ndren, and nothing for the relief of hu-\\nman misery.\\nDee. 8. 77/. Telegraph operators on\\nthe Rock Island Railroad strike, but\\ntrains continue to run.\\n[Dec. 17. Neb. The Rock Island tele-\\ngraph operators at Omaha declare the\\nstrike lost, and favor boycotting the\\nroad.]\\nKy. Two negroes and one white man\\nare taken from jail and lynched by a\\nmob at Williamsburg.\\nDec. 9. N. Y. Teachers in St. Paul s\\nSchool, Garden City, go on strike.\\nDec. 10. N. Y. The State has formally\\nassumed the care of all its insane\\npoor, except those in New York and\\nKings Counties.\\nDec. 11. Conn. Two thousand per-\\nsons sign the pledge in New Haven\\nat a temperance meeting conducted by\\nEdward Murphy.\\nPa. The details of a conspiracy to\\npoison non-union workmen at Home-\\nstead are made public in Pittsburg.\\nDec. 12. Phila. The 12th annual ses-\\nsion of the American Federation of\\nLabor begins.\\nTex. Garza, the Mexican rebel, in-\\nvades Mexico from Texas, burns a bar-\\nrack, and returns.\\nDec. 13. W. Va. Three robbers board\\na train near Huntington, and are stoutly\\nresisted two passengers are shot, one\\nmortally wounded.\\nWyo. Two armed men raid the\\ntown of Gillette, and escape capture.\\nDec. 14. Phila. The American Fede-\\nration of Labor resolves that, as the\\nstrike and boycott have failed as weap-\\nons of organized labor, a campaign of\\neducation should be inaugurated, look-\\ning to the power of the ballot to settle\\nunion supremacy. [It favors the open-\\ning of the World s Fair on Sunday.]\\nDec. 17. N. C. The revenue authori-\\nties capture io illicit stills in Wilkes\\nCounty, and three in Catawba County,\\nwith 4,000 gallons of liquor they arrest\\none moonshiner.\\nWash. A 16-year-old highway-\\nman is terrorizing ranchers and deputy\\nsheriffs near Dungeness.\\n1892 Nov. 8. U.S. The24thPresi-\\ndential Election Democrats elected.\\nGrover Cleveland (Dem.) of N. Y.,\\n5,554,226 Benjamin Harrison (Rep.)\\nof Ind., 5,175,202 James B. Weaver\\n(People s Party) of la., 1,041,028 John\\nBidwell (Proiub.) of Cal., 264,133\\nSimon Wing (Social Labor) of Mass.,\\n21,164.\\nCandidates for Vice-President; Adlai\\nE. Stevenson (Dem.) of 111., Whitelaw\\nKeid (Rep.) of N. Y., James G. Field\\n(People s Partj-) of Va., James B.\\nP an fi ll (Prohib.) of Tex., and Charles\\nH. Matchett (Social Labor) of N. T.\\nCleveland s plurality, 380,810. Total\\npopular vote, including scattering, 12,-\\n110,636.\\nKan. The proposition to hold a\\nConstitutional Convention, and to\\ncessate the enforcement of prohibitory\\nlaws, is adopted at the election.\\nThe People s Party carry Kansas\\nand North Dakota, and they will hold\\nthe balance of power in the TJ. S.\\nSenate.\\nN. Y. In the investigation of the\\nBuffalo election frauds case, the ballots\\ncast show by count in court that two\\nRepublicans, Quinby and Emerson,\\nreceived a majority, instead of a\\nminority, as returned.\\nNov. 23. Pa. The Committee of the\\nU. S. Senate, investigating the Fin-\\nkerton system, begins its sessions at\\nPittsburg; H. C. Frick testifies.\\nDec. 2. Wyo. John E. Osborne (Dem.),\\ncandidate for governor, takes the oath\\nof office before the returns are can-\\nvassed by the State Board of Canvass-\\nDec. 3. New York. Robert A. Pinker-\\nton testifies before the Senate investi-\\ngating committee regarding the Home-\\nstead troubles.\\nDec. 5. D. C. The 52d Congress: the\\nsecond session opens.\\nBoth Houses meet, but adjourn with-\\nout transacting business of importance.\\nDec. 7. D.C. Congress; Senate: David\\nB. Hill of N. Y. introduces a bill to re-\\npeal the Sherman Silver Law the\\nHouse passes th.e bill to stop the reduc-\\ntion in the Engineer Corps of the\\nNavy.\\nJudge Gresham declares a part\\nof Sec. 12 of the Interstate Commerce\\nAct unconstitutional.\\nDec. 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the bill to stop the reduction of\\nthe Naval Engineer Corps the Chil-\\nean Claims Treaty is ratified.\\nDec. 9. D. C. Congress The House\\npasses the Printing Bill.\\nDec. 12. Ind. The Indiana Supreme\\nCourt declares unconstitutional the\\nApportionment Act passed by the\\nDemocratic Legislature two years ago.\\nDec. 13. D. C. Secretary of State\\nPoster replies to certain strictures of\\nMinister Foster of Canada upon the\\nPresident s message.\\nDec. 14. D. C. Congress The House\\npasses the Army Appropriation Bill,\\ncalling for $24,202,739.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1892 Nov. 6. N. r. Two blocks of\\nbuildings are burned in Brooklyn total\\nloss, $600,000, and fifty families made\\nhomeless.\\nPa. The boiler of a locomotive on\\nthe Heading Railroad explodes at Con-\\nner s Crossing, killing five men and fa-\\ntally injuring another.\\nNov. 10. Conn. A British syndicate\\nbuys the Piatt and Whitney Works in\\nHartford for $2,50U,000.\\nla. Four persons are burned to death\\nin a railroad accident.\\nNov. 11. Me. Camden is almost de-\\nstroyed by fire; loss estimated at from\\n$350,000 to $500,000.\\nNov. 15. Ttnn. The National Far-\\nmers Alliance convenes at Memphis.\\nNov. 19. Phila. The coinage of Co-\\nlumbus souvenir half-dollars is be-\\ngun at the mint.\\nNov. 22. Mass. A kettle made in 1642,\\nat the Saugus Iron Works, the first\\niron easting in America, is pre-\\nsented to the city of Lynn.\\nNov. 23. Neb. Four men are killed and\\nthree fatally injured in a railroad col-\\nlision near Grand Island.\\nNov. 25. 7?. The Breakers, the\\nsummer home of Cornelius Vanderbilt\\nat Newport, is destroyed by fire; loss,\\n$300,000.\\nNov. 29. New York. The aldermen give\\nthe Power Company a franchise on\\nvery easy terms. Vote, 15-5.\\nNov. 30. La. A Nicaragua Canal\\nConvention opens at New Orleans. [It\\npasses resolutions calling on the Govern-\\nment to aid the enterprise.]\\nNov. Phila. Electric street-cars are\\nintroduced.\\nDec. 3. La. The street- railroad sys-\\ntems of New Orleans are bought by a\\nNew York syndicate for $10,000,000.\\nDec. 6. Phila. The Public Ledger build-\\ning is much damaged by fire loss,\\n$250,000.\\nDec. 8. N.Y. The Silversmiths Com-\\npany is incorporated at Albany capital,\\n$12,000,000.\\nDec. 11. Western subscription book\\npublishers combine capital, $3,500,000.\\nMo. The first street-railroad mail-\\ncar, for collecting, sorting, and deliver-\\ning postal matter, is introduced at St.\\nLouis.\\nDee. 12. New York. A number of the\\noverdue German steamer Spree s pas-\\nsengers arrive on the Etruria.\\nDec. 13. Md. Six large warehouses and\\n16,000 bales of cotton arc burned in Bal-\\ntimore loss, $700,000.\\nDec. 15. Phila. The police census\\ngives a population of 1,142,653, an in-\\ncrease since 1890 of 95,689.\\nDec. 17. Chicago. President Higgin-\\nbotham, of the World s Fair Commis-\\nsion, accepts from the manufacturers\\nof the Remington typewriter the bid\\nof $10,000 for the first Columbian\\nhalf-dollar issued from the mint.\\nMinn. Eight men are killed and sev-\\neral injured in a wreck on the Great\\nNorthern Railway at Nelson.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0431.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "420 1892, Dec. 19-1893, Jan. 10.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1892 Dec. 22. D, C. John P. Haw-\\nkins is commissioned brigadier-general.\\nDec. 27. Tex. An encounter takes place\\nbetween troops and bandits on the Mex-\\nican border.\\n1893 Jan. 6. B.C. Charles M. Terrell\\nis commissioned colonel pay depart-\\nment. [Jan. 22. Thaddeus H. Stanton\\npay department.]\\nJan. 7. III. Plans are on foot to orga-\\nnize a Naval Reserve in Illinois.\\nJan. 9. D. C. Commander Silas W.\\nTerry is promoted captain. [Feb. 25.\\nMerrill Miller. Apr. 27. John J. Reed.\\nMay 9. Mortimer L. Johnson. May 15.\\nEdwin M. Shepherd. June 27. Robeley\\nD. Evans. Sept. 27. George W. Coffin.]\\nART \u00e2\u0080\u0094SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1892 Pa. Many monuments are\\ndedicated on the battlefield of Gettys-\\nburg during the year.\\n1893 Jan. 2. Mass. E. H. R. Lyman\\ngives to the city of Northampton the\\ndeed of an Academy of Music, costing\\n$100,000.\\nMont. An avalanche causes disas-\\nter near Java Station, on the Great\\nNorthern road four lives are lost.\\nJan. 6. 0. The breaking of an ice-\\ngorge causes 8100,000 damages to ship-\\nping in the Ohio River at Cincinnati.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1893.\\nDec. 34. Dent, Frederick. T., brig. -gen.\\nU. S. A., A72.\\nDec. 35. Henrici, Jacob, communist, at\\nHarmony, Pa., A89.\\nDec. 38. Kimball, Richard Burleigh, au-\\nthor, A76.\\n1893.\\nJan. 1. Horsford, Eben N., professor of\\nchemistry at Harvard, A75.\\nJan. 3. Lamb, Martha historian, A64.\\nJan. 3. Pillsbury, (iilhert, abolitionist, A79.\\nJan. 6. Cappa, Charles A., band-master,\\nA59.\\nJan. 7. Low, Abiel A., merchant, philan-\\nthropist, of New York, A82.\\nJan. 10. Kenna, John E., senator for W.\\nVa., A45.\\nCHURCH.\\n1892 Dec. 23. New York. Dr.M Glynn\\nis restored to his priestly functions\\nby the Papal delegate, Mgr. Satolli.\\nDec. 25. N. Y. Dr. M Glynn says\\nmass in a small chapel in Brooklyn, and\\nin the afternoon receives a great ovation\\nfrom 2,000 people assembled in Cooper\\nUnion.\\nDec. 27. New York. The corner-stone\\nof the (Protestant Episcopal) Cathe-\\ndral of St. John the Divine, in Morn-\\ningside Park, is laid by Bishop Potter,\\nBishop W. C. Doane of Albany deliver-\\ning the address.\\nDec.* The Salvation Army of the\\nUnited States reports 1,500 officers, 13,000\\nsoldiers, work in 462 cities and towns,\\n555 outposts established, and 32,433 con-\\nverts.\\nFla. William Grane Gray is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal) mission-\\nary bishop of Florida.\\n(7a. C. Kin loch Nelson is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal; bishop of\\nGeorgia.\\nCharles K. Hale is consecrated\\n(Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Spring-\\nheld.\\nThe United German Synod (Evangeli-\\ncal Lutheran) in Michigan, Minnesota,\\nand Wisconsin is organized.\\nPa. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Allegheny\\nDavid MacDill, moderator.\\nTenn. The Annual Convention\\n(Disciples of Christ) is held at Nashville\\nA. M. Atkinson, president.\\nTex. George Herbert Kinsolving\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Texas.\\nWash. Lemuel H. Wells is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of\\nSpokane.\\n1S93 Jan. 5. O. Authority is given to\\nmortgage the Roman Catholic cathedral\\nin Cincinnati, in order to secure $62,000\\nto be paid as a dividend to the cred-\\nitors of Archbishop Purcell.\\nJan. 6. Okta. Francis K. Brooke is con-\\nsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) mission-\\nary bishop of Oklahoma.\\nLETTERS.\\n1892 Dec. 21. Neic York. A new in-\\ndustrial-school building is opened in\\nSullivan Street, under the auspices of\\nthe Children s Aid Society.\\nDec. 26. O. John L. Woods, a retired\\nlumber-dealer, gives $120,000 as a Christ-\\nmas present to the Medical College of\\nWestern Reserve University.\\nDec. 27. Chicago. John D. Rockefeller\\ngives $1,000,000 in bonds to Chicago\\nUniversity, making $3,000,000 as his\\ntotal gift to that institution.\\nDec. 28. Phila. The 2d annual con-\\nference for the advancement of Univer-\\nsity Extension is held.\\nDec. 29. Md. The $500,000 fund for a\\nwoman s medical department in Johns\\nHopkins University is completed by a\\ngift from Miss Mary E. Garrett.\\nN. Y. A collection of minerals be-\\nlonging to Dr. Rossiter W. Raymond,\\nlate United States Commissioner of\\nMines and Mining, is presented to the\\nBrooklyn Institute.\\nPhila. The Rev. W. Brenton Greene\\nis selected to fill the chair of Apologet-\\nics and Ethics at Princeton Seminary.\\nBoston. The World magazine appears.\\nPhila. Peterson s Magazine (new se-\\nries) appears.\\nThe CJmiese, by Robert Coltman, Jr.\\nappears.\\nPrisons of Air, by Moncure D. Con-\\nway, appears also Life of Thojnas\\nPaine.\\nLife and Letters of Gen. Thomas Jere-\\nmiah Jackson {Stonewall Jackson), by\\nhis wife, Mary Ann Jackson, appears.\\nAutobiography of Gen. Benjamin F.\\nButler appears.\\nk Mark Hopkins, by Franklin Carter,\\nappears.\\nThe Lesson of the Master, by Henry\\nJames, appears.\\nA First Family of Tasajara, by Bret\\nHarte, appears.\\nConcerning All of Us. by Thomas\\nWentworth Higginson, appears.\\nLatest Literary Essays and Addresses,\\nby James Russell Lowell, appears.\\nA History of the People of the United\\nStates, by John Bach McMaster, appears.\\nMoral Teachings of Science, by Ara-\\nbella B. Buckley, appears.\\nlndika, by John F. Hurst, appears.\\nThe Life of Charles Sumner, by Archi-\\nbald H. Grimke, appears.\\nThe Evolution of Christianity, by Ly-\\nman Abbott, appears.\\nThe Discovery of America, by John\\nFisko, appears.\\nThe Colonial Era, by George Park\\nFisher, appears.\\nThe Kansas Conflict, by Charles Rob-\\ninson, appears.\\nThe Quality of Mercy, by William\\nDean Howells appears also, An Imper-\\native Duty.\\nSibyl Knox, by Edward Everett Hale,\\nc The Puritan in Hoi land t England, and\\nAmerica, by Douglass Campbell, appears.\\nMethods of Industrial Bejmnieration,\\nby David F. Schloss, appears.\\nThe Life of Joshua P. Giddings, by\\nGeorge W. Julian, appears.\\nk The Naulahka, by Rudyard Kipling\\nand Wolcott Balestier, appears.\\nSilhouettes of American Life, by Re-\\nbecca Harding Davis, appears.\\nThe Wrecker, by Robert Louis Steven-\\nson and Lloyd Osbourne, appears.\\nDarwin and After Darwin, by George\\nJohn Romanes, appears.\\nThe Speech of Monkeys, by R. L. Gar-\\nner, appears.\\n*A History of Peru t by Clements R.\\nMarkham, appears.\\n1 The Hiu7ia7i Mind, by James Sully,\\nappears.\\nJohn Winthrop, by Joseph H. Twit-\\nchell, appears.\\nHistory of the New World called Am-\\nerica, by Edward John Payne, appears.\\nState Papers and Speeches on the Tar-\\niff, by F. W. Taussig, appears.\\nPrimitive Man in Ohio, by Warren K.\\nMoorehead, appears.\\nCotton Mather, the Puritan Priest, by\\nBarrett Wendell, appears.\\nAdmiral Farragut, by Capt. A. T.\\nMahan, appears.\\nThe World s Metal Monetary Systems,\\nby John Henry Norman, appears.\\nMan and the Glacial Period, by G.\\nFrederick Wright, appears.\\nHistory of the United States from the\\nCompromise of 1S50, by James Ford\\nRhodes, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0432.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1892, Dec. 19-1893, Jan. 10. 421\\nThe Arctic Seas, by Robert Kelley and\\nG. S. Davis, appears.\\n1893 Jan. 3. New Tor!:. Tbe public\\nschools reopen with 148,000 children\\nin attendance.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1892 Dec. 23. N. J. Ballot-box\\nstuffers are released from prison by\\ntbe Court of Pardons. (See p. 408.)\\nDec. 24. Boston. The American Folk-\\nlore Society is in session.\\nDec. 25. O. Linemen in the employ of\\nthe electric companies of Toledo go on\\nstrike, and cut tbe wires.\\nDec. 26. Neie York. Gifts are made to\\nthousands of children by the Christ-\\nmas Society at Madison Square Gar-\\nden.\\nDec. 28. N. T. The new Hebrew Or-\\nphan Asylum is dedicated in Brooklyn\\nwith addresses by Mayor Boody, Dr.\\nM Glynn, and others.\\nWis. The South Side Plant of the\\nMilwaukee Street-Railroad Company is\\ndestroyed by a bomb explosion. Loss,\\n$510,000 the perpetrator is unknown.\\nDec. 30. hid. White Caps near Ko-\\nkorao take a man from bed, whip him\\nwith hickory switches, and leave him at\\na distance from his house in the snow in\\nhis underclothes and bare feet,\\nWyo. Two U. S. deputy-marshals\\nand three desperadoes are killed in a\\nfight.\\nDec. 31. la. W. Mayhor is in jail at Sid-\\nney, charged with murdering five wives.\\nAla. A convention of colored peo-\\nple meets at Tuskegee to provide means\\nfor benefiting their race.\\nAla. A fund of $131,362 is raised by\\nspecial tax to pay a pension of \u00c2\u00a725.60 to\\neach of the 4,955 disabled Confeder-\\nate soldiers.\\n1893 Jan. 1. The Knights of Pythias\\nreport 413,944 members.\\nJan. 3. Ky. Several persons are killed\\nand wounded in a conflict near Caylers-\\nville.\\nTenn. Henry Duncan is taken from\\njail in London and hanged by a mob.\\nJan. 6. N. Y. Kings County Grand Jury\\nbrings in a sweeping indictment against\\ncity and county officials for frauds in\\nconnection with the Columbian Celebra-\\ntion.\\nJan. 8. Neio York. Dr. M Glynn at\\nCooper Institute states how his restora-\\ntion to favor with the authorities of the\\nRoman Catholic Church was brought\\nabout he was not required to apologize\\nor retract anything he had said.\\nJan. 9. Boston. Judge Lathrop of the\\nSupreme Court orders that the Five-\\nYear Benefit Order be placed in the\\nhands of a receiver, it having been car-\\nried on for the sole benefit of the officers.\\nSTATE.\\n1892 Dec. 19. T). C. Congress;\\nHouse A bill increasing the pensions\\nof Mexican War veterans is passed.\\n[1893 Jan. 2. Approved.]\\nDec. 20. Z C. Congress Senate The\\nsale of Brooklyn Navy- Yard land is\\nauthorized the bill to repeal the Fed-\\neral Elections Law is discussed.\\nNew York. The Bar Association\\nasks the governor not to appoint Judge\\nMaynard to fill the vacancy in the\\nCourt of Appeals. [Dec. 30. The gov-\\nernor makes the appointment.]\\nDec. 24. Mont. By a writ of the court\\ncommanding that the votes of the Box\\nElder precinct be canvassed, the Legis-\\nlature is given to the Republicans.\\nDec. 27. Ida. The Idaho Apportion-\\nment Act is declared unconstitutional\\nby the Supreme Court.\\nDec. 30. D. C. President Harrison pro-\\nclaims the conclusion of a definite ar-\\nrangement of commercial reciprocity\\nwith Salvador, to take effect Dec. 31.\\nZ C. Congress appropriates $25,000\\nfor the equipment of the Naval Re-\\nserve.\\nPopular Vote for President (Nov. 8).\\nCandidates.\\nStates.\\nHarrison\\nCleveland\\nWeaver\\nBidwell\\nAla.\\n9,197\\n138,138\\n85,181\\n239\\nArk.\\n46,974\\n87,752\\n11,831\\n113\\nCal.\\n118,927\\n118,151\\n25,311\\n8,096\\nCol A\\n38,620\\n53,581\\n1,687\\nConn.\\n77,032\\n82,395\\n809\\n4,026\\nDel.\\n18,077\\n18,581\\n564\\nFla.\\n30,143\\n4,843\\n570\\nGa.\\n48,305\\n129,3X6\\n42,939\\n988\\nIda.\\n8,599\\n2\\n10,520\\n288\\n111.\\n399,2X8\\n426,281\\n22,207\\n25,870\\nInd.\\n255,615\\n262,740\\n22,198\\n13,044\\nla.\\n219,373\\n196,367\\n20,616\\n6,322\\nKan.\\n157,241\\n163,111\\n4,553\\nKy.\\n135,441\\n175,461\\n23.5011\\n6,442\\nLa.\\n13,331\\n87,922\\n13,332\\nMe.\\n62,878\\n48,024\\n2,045\\n3,062\\nMd.\\n92,736\\n113.866\\n796\\n5,877\\nMass.\\n202,814\\n176,813\\n3,210\\n7,539\\nMich.\\n222.708\\n202,296\\n19,892\\n14,069\\nMinn.\\n122,736\\n100,579\\n30,398\\n14,017\\nMiSB.\\n1,406\\n40,237\\n10.259\\n610\\nMo.\\n226,762\\n268,628\\n41,183\\n4,298\\nMont.\\n18,838\\n17,534\\n7,259\\n517\\nNeb.\\n87,227\\n24,943\\n83,134\\n4,902\\nNev.\\n2,822\\n711\\n7,267\\n85\\nN.H.\\n45,658\\n42,081\\n293\\n1,297\\nN.J.\\n156,0x0\\n171,066\\n985\\n8,134\\nN.Y.\\n609,350\\n654,868\\n16,429\\n38,190\\nN. C.\\n100,346\\n132,951\\n44,732\\n2,636\\nN. Dak.\\n17,519\\n17,650\\nO.\\n405,187\\n404,115\\n14,850\\n26,012\\nOre.\\n35,002\\n14,243\\n26.875\\n2,281\\nPenn.\\n516,011\\n452,264\\n8,714\\n25,123\\nR. I.\\n27,069\\n24,335\\n227\\n1,565\\nS. C.\\n13,384\\n54,698\\n2,410\\nS. Dak.\\n34,888\\n9,081\\n26,512\\nTenn.\\n99,973\\n136,477\\n23,622\\n4,856\\nTex.\\n81,444\\n239,148\\n99,638\\n2,165\\nVt.\\n37,992\\n16,325\\n43\\n1,424\\nVa.\\n113,256\\n163,977\\n12,274\\n2,798\\nWash.\\n36,470\\n29,844\\n19,105\\n2,553\\nW. Va.\\n80,285\\n84,468\\n4,165\\n2,130\\nWis.\\n170,791\\n177,335\\n9,909\\n13,132\\nWyo.\\n8,454\\n7,722\\n530\\nTotal\\n5,175.202\\n5,554,226\\n1,042,631\\n262,799\\nPerct.\\n42.62\\n45.98\\n8.79\\n2.17\\nPlur.\\n379,025\\nU. S, Governors inaugurated\\n-94\\nAla. Thomas G. Jones (Dem.).\\nAHz. Ter.). N.O. Murphy (Rep.).\\nGa. William J. Northeu (Dem.).\\nla. Horace Boies (Dem.).\\nLa. Murphy J. Foster (Dem.).\\nMd. Frank Brown (Dem.).\\nMass. Win. E. Russell (Dem.).\\njV. Y. R. P. Flower (Dem.).\\nO. Wm. McKinley, Jr. (Rep.).\\nS. C. Ben]. R. Tillman (Dem.).\\n-94 Vt. Levi K. Fuller (Rep.).\\n-96 Okla. (.Ter.). A. J. Seay (Rep.).\\n1S93 Jan. 2. New York. Thomas F.\\nGilroy, 87th mayor, is sworn into office.\\nJan. 4. D. C. President Harrison is-\\nsues a proclamation of amnesty to\\n-94\\n-94\\n-94\\nMormons liable to prosecution for polyg-\\namy who will refrain from polygamous\\nmarriage.\\nJan. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Anti-Option Bill, for the\\nsuppression of speculative transactions\\nthe House passes the Fortifications\\nAppropriation Bill, introduced Dec.\\n17, 1892.\\nJan. 7. I). C. Congress: The Senate\\nreceives the report of the Secretary of\\nState that the pending Chandler Im-\\nmigration Suspension Bill will not con-\\nflict with treaty obligations a bill to\\nprovide a temporary government for\\nAlaska is introduced. [Referred no\\naction.]\\nJan. 9. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the District of Columbia Ap-\\npropriation Bill, introduced Jan. 5;\\nalso the Military Academy Appro-\\npriation Bill, introduced Jan. 3.\\nU. S. The Presidential Electors meet\\nat the capitals of all the States, and caBt\\ntheir votes for President and Vice-Presi-\\ndent.\\nJan. 10. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Quarantine Bill, granting\\nadditional quarantine powers. [No ac-\\ntion in the House.]\\nKan. The Populists and Repub-\\nlicans both claim to have elected the\\nspeaker of the House the two factions\\norganize separate Houses.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1892 Dec. 30. N. Y. A traction\\ncompany with a capital of \u00c2\u00a730,000,000\\nwill pay ten per cent dividends on $12,-\\n000,000 stock as rental for the lease of\\nthe Brooklyn City Railroad.\\nDec. 31. V. S. Statistics for 1892.\\nProduction: Gold, 533,000,000; silver,\\n$82,101,010; bushels of grain: Indian\\ncorn, 1,628,464,000; wheat, 515,949,000;\\noats, 661,035,000; barley, 70,000,000+\\nrye, 30,000.000 buckwheat, 11,000,000+\\nbales of cotton, 9,038,707 pounds of\\nwool, 294,000,000 barrels of petroleum,\\n50.500.136. Currency in circulation,\\n$1,601,347,187 per capita, $24.44. Im-\\nmigrants received (fiscal year), 623,084.\\nMiles of railroad worked, 170, 668; capi-\\ntal stock, $4,920,555,225. Fire-waste,\\n$151,516,098; insurance, $93,511,936. To-\\ntal railroad accidents, 2,327 7,147 per-\\nsons are killed and 36,652 injured. A\\ntotal of 41,6S2,898 car passengers cross\\nthe Brooklyn Bridge.\\nIII. Through the breaking of a levee\\nof the Mississippi, 80 square miles of\\nterritory are flooded.\\nMass. The centennial of the found-\\ning of Quincy is celebrated.\\n1893 Jan. 5. Wash. The last spike on\\nthe Great Northern Kailroad is driven\\nat a point of the road in the Cascade\\nMountains.\\nJan. 6. Colo. An oilery is burned in\\nDenver loss. $290,000.\\nPa. Pittsburg loses $275,000 by fire.\\nJan. 7. Pa. Three persons are killed by\\na natural-gas explosion in Pittsburg.\\nJan. 9. iy. J. The Central Railroad\\nwithdraws from the Beading combi-\\nnation.\\nJan. 10. Boston. A fire causes a loss\\nof $1,655,000.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0433.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "422 1893, Jan. 10-Feb. 8.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1893 Feb. 4. Me. The harbor-de-\\nfense ram Katahdin is launched at the\\nBath Iron Works.\\nFeb. 8. D. C. The Secretary of War re-\\nports that the militia of the United\\nStates numbers 112,496.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1893 Jan. 12. Phila. The American\\nAcademy of Political and Social\\nScience is\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1893.\\nJan. 11. Butler, Benjamin F., maj.-gen.\\nvols., M. C. for Mass., Gov., A75.\\nJan. 15. Ingalls, Kufus, umj.-nen. U. S. A.,\\nA73.\\nJan. 17. Hayee. Rutherford B., brig.-\\ngen. vols., M. C. for 0., Gov., Huh President\\nof the U. S., dies at Tremont, 0., A71.\\nJan. 19. Eielibers, Julius, composer, Atiii.\\nJan. S3. Brooks. Phillips, P. E. bishop\\nof Mass., author, A58.\\nLamar, Lucius Q. C. M. C. for Miss.,\\nConfederate oiTk-er, senator, justice IT. S.\\nSupreme Court, A68.\\nJan. 27. Blaine, James G.,M. C. for Me.,\\nspeaker, senator, secretary of state, Rep.\\ncandidate for presidency, A63.\\nCampbell, .himes, posl master-gen., A81.\\nJan. 28. Doubleday, Abner, maj.-gen.\\nvols., A 74.\\nFeb. 1. Comegvs, Joseph P., chief justice\\nof Del., A80.\\nCHURCH.\\n1893 Jan. 14. It. The Pope perma-\\nnently establishes the Apostolic Dele-\\ngate to the United States, and confirms\\nMgr. Satolli as the first delegate.\\nJan. 25. Colo. William Morris Barker\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nmissionary bishop of Western Colorado.\\nFeb. 3. D. C. Mgr. Satolli decides a\\ncontroversy between Bishop Wigger\\nof Newark and Father Killeen ad-\\nversely to the bishop.\\n[Feb. 19. Bishop Wigger is rebuked by\\nMgr. Satolli in a letter.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1893 Jan. 14. Nev. The Virginia City\\nTerritorial Enterprise, the oldest paper\\nin the State, suspends publication.\\nJan. 17\u00c2\u00b1. Wis. M. W. Stryker is inau-\\ngurated President of Hamilton Col-\\nlege, and C. K. Adams President of the\\nUniversity of Wisconsin.\\nJan. 23. Conn. The new Yale gymna-\\nsium is formally turned over to the\\nuniversity.\\nJan. 31. Chicago. The University of\\nChicago receives $100,000 toward a cam-\\npus fund of 1500,000; it is the gift of\\nMartin A. Ryerson, president of the\\nBoard of Trustees.\\nFeb. 3. N. H. Rev. Dr. W. J. Tucker\\nof Andover Theological Seminary is\\nelected President of Dartmouth.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1893 Jan. 11+. Miss. White Caps\\nare persecuting the Hebrews in Pike\\nCounty.\\nJan. 13. New York. Charges against\\nInspectors Williams and McAvoy and\\nCaptains Doherty, Westervelt, and\\nStephenson, are approved by the police\\nsuperintendent.\\n[June 16. The Board declares the in-\\nspectors not guilty, but says that the\\nthree eaptainshad neglected their duty.]\\njV- Y. Levi Coke, Iron Hall treas-\\nurer in Elmira, is indicted for grand\\nlarceny in misappropriating funds of the\\norder.\\nJan. 14. La. Chief of Police Gaster\\nof New Orleans is fined $301 for neglect-\\ning to enforce Sunday laws.\\nO. Herr von Koutsky of the week-\\nly VoUcsfreund, Cincinnati, disappears,\\nleaving his accounts short about $20,000.\\nPa. City Treasurer Oboldof Reading\\nis short in his accounts $10,000.\\nJan. 15. B. C. The 25th annual con-\\nvention of the National American\\nWoman Suffrage Association holds\\nreligious services Rev. Anna F. East-\\nman preaches the sermon.\\nMass. Frank Vining of Georgetown\\nconfesses to many forgeries, and is held\\nin .$3,000 bail.\\nJan. 17. New York. The Court of Ap-\\npeals confirms the conviction of Carlyle\\nW. Harris for the murder of his school-\\ngirl wife.\\n[May 4. Gov. Flower denies an ap-\\nplication for clemency. May 8. He is\\nelectrocuted at Sing Sing.]\\nJan. 19. III. The Supreme Court reverses\\nthe lower courts in the Cronin cases,\\nand grants a new trial to ex-Detective\\nDaniel Coughlin, the surviving convict.\\nJan. 20. Pa. HughF. Dempsey. District\\nMaster Workman of the Knights of\\nLabor, is found guilty as indicted in\\nthe trial of the Homestead poisoning\\ncase. [Mar. 4. He receives a severe\\nsentence.]\\nJan. 24. Chicago. The annual conven-\\ntion of the National Farmers Alli-\\nance opens with only three States rep-\\nresented.\\niV. Y. The bill legalizing the un-\\nauthorized and excessive expenses of\\nthe Brooklyn officials at the Columbus\\nCelebration passes the Assembly at Al-\\nbany.\\nJan. 25. Ky. W. Howard is found guilty\\nof the charge of having killed a dozen\\nmen in the Howard-Turner feud in Har-\\nlan County.\\nJan. 26. Boston. The National Di-\\nvorce Reform League meets.\\nN. Y. Frank Duffy, saloon keeper,\\nkills George Cunningham at Fort Ham-\\nilton.\\nJan. 2S. Kan. Two masked men rob\\na bank, kill a pursuer, but are finally\\noverpowered, and put in jail at Lebo.\\nN. J. Silk-weavers in Paterson strike\\nbecause of a reduction in wages on a\\ncertain class of work.\\nJan. 30. N. Y. Many strikers return\\nto work in the Brooks Locomotive-works\\nat Dunkirk.\\nFeb. 1. New York. Anton Kessler\\nshoots Mrs. Kate Jaeger, and tries to\\nkill himself.\\nTex. A negro held on a charge of\\nmurder is burned alive at the stake by a\\nmob at Paris.\\nFeb. 2. Ark. The First National Bank\\nof Little Rock, wrecked by dishonest\\nofficers, closes its doors.\\nCat. The railroad station at Los\\nOlivos is looted, and Agent Moore mor-\\ntally wounded, by three masked robbers.\\nPa. K. -i. Beatty i.^ round guilty on\\nsix indictments as an accomplice in the\\nH oiues lead poisonings.\\nFeb. 3. N. J. .Mrs. Abigail Ashbrook of\\nWillingboro refuses to pay taxes be-\\ncause she is not allowed to vote.\\nFeb. 4. T. Three men hold up the\\nagent at Adair railway station, and rob-\\nhim of $8,700.\\nNeb. The National Live-Stock\\nAssociation is in session at Omaha.\\nS. Dak. Four cowboys are killed\\nby the Two-Strikes band of Indian po-\\nlice at Pine Ridge Agency for murder-\\ning Indians. [The police are officially\\ncommended.]\\nFeb. 7. Tex. Gov. Hogg, by special mes-\\nsage, asks the Legislature to take steps\\nto prevent mob violence.\\nFeb. 8. T. Deputy Marshalls Rust.\\nBruner, and Knight* are killed near\\nTablequah by Bill Pigeon, an Indian\\ndesperado.\\nPa. The House of Representatives\\npasses a bill prohibiting the sale of\\ncigarettes.\\nSTATE.\\n1893 Jan. 10. N. Y. The Legislature\\ntries to make legal the acts of the\\nindicted Brooklyn officials.\\n[Jan. 12. In the Senate the bill of\\nJohn McCarty of Brooklyn, legalizing\\nthe acts of Kings County officials in\\nexpending $60,000 in payment of the\\nalleged expenses of the Columbian cele-\\nbration, is amended, and referred to the\\nSenate Judiciary Committee. Jan. 24.\\nIt passes the Assembly. Jan. 26. Passed\\nby the Senate. A ote,*26-4. Feb. 6. The\\nbill is vetoed by Gov. Flower.]\\nJan. 12. Kan. In the House the three\\nDemocrats vote with the Republicans\\nG-ov. Lewelling recognizes the Popu-\\nlist House by sending a message to the\\nSpeaker.\\nJan. 13. I).C. Congress; Senate The\\nSherman Bill to extend to the North-\\nern Pacific Ocean the provisions of\\nthe statutes for the protection of fur-\\nseals and other fur-bearing animals is\\npassed bill introduced Dec. 20, 1S92.\\nKan. The Senate recognizes the clerk\\nof the Populist House. Vote, 23-17. A\\nmass-meeting Is called to censure the\\ngovernor and the Populists.\\nJan. 14. Kan. The fusion between the\\nDemocrats and Populists is dissolved.\\nPhila. Senator John Sherman of O.\\nin a letter to The Philadelphia Ledger\\nholds the Democrats responsible for the\\nfailure to secure remedial silver legisla-\\ntion in this session of Congress.\\nJan. 16. I). C. Congress; Senate: The\\nAnti-Option Bill is discussed the Vilas\\namendment to confine penal provisions\\nof the bill to purely speculative transac-\\ntions is rejected. Vote, 12-33. In the\\nHouse a resolution to amend the Con-\\nstitution of the United States so as to\\nprovide that Senators shall be chosen by\\nthe direct vote of the people is passed.\\n[No action in the Senate.] The Arkan-\\nsas Swamp-Land Bill is defeated.\\nVote, 68-132.\\nJan. 17- D. C The Senate Finance\\nCommittee reports a hill repealing the\\npurchase clause of the Sherman Act\\nit provides for the suspension of all", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0434.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1893, Jan. 10 -Feb. 8. 423\\nbullion purchases under the Act of\\n1S00 after Jan. 1, 1S94; an amendment\\nprovides for the issuing of circulating\\nnotes for IT. S. bonds deposited by na-\\ntional banks the President s veto (July\\n20, 1S92) of the Claim Bill favoring the\\nWilliam McGarrahan title to Rancho\\nPanoclie Grande, Cab, is sustained. The\\nSenate passes the bill to extend free\\npostal delivery to small towns; bill\\nintroduced Dec. 13, 1S92.\\nJan. IS. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the bill to extend the free postal\\ndelivery to small towns. [Jan. 25.\\nApproved.] President Harrison issues\\na proclamation concerning the death\\nof ex-President Hayes, and both\\nHouses of Congress adjourn out of re-\\nspect to bis memory.\\nJan. 19. D. C. Congress Senate Ed-\\nward O. Wolcott of Colo, introduces an\\namendment to the Silver Purchase\\nRepeal Bill it provides for tbe coinage\\nof all the silver bullion which has ac-\\ncumulated in tbe Treasury under the\\nSherman Act. [Debated, but no action\\ntaken.]\\nJan. 21. Ky. John G. Carlisle of Ky.\\nresigns bis office as Senator to Gov.\\nBrown. [He becomes Secretary of the\\nTreasury.]\\nJan. 23. D. C. Congress: The House,\\nafter a stormy debate, passes the Na-\\ntional Quarantine Bill for the pro-\\ntection of commerce, introduced Dec. 7,\\n1892.\\nIV. Y. A substitute for tbe Con-\\nstitutional Convention Bill is passed\\nby the Senate at Albany it allows each\\nof the two great political parties to\\nchoose sixteen delegates at large. [Jan.\\n26. It passes tbe Assembly.]\\nJan. 24. Chicago. The annual conven-\\ntion of tbe National Farmers Alliance\\nopens.\\nKan. In joint ballot tbe Legislature\\n(the lower House not yet legally organ-\\nized) elects Judge John Martin (Dem.)\\nU. S. Senator, tbe Republicans refusing\\nto vote.\\nN. Y. The Greater New York\\nBill is introduced in tbe Legislature.\\nJan. 27. D. C. James G. Blaine dies\\nat his home in Washington at 11 a.m.\\nCongress and many State Legisla-\\ntures adjourn out of respect to his\\nmemory the President announces the\\ndeath in a proclamation ordering tbe\\nState Department to be draped in mourn-\\ning, the flags to fly at half-mast on all\\npublic buildings, and all the Executive\\nDepartments to be closed on tbe day\\nof tbe funeral.\\nJan. 28. D. C. Congress: In tbe Senate\\ntbe Hawaiian question and the French\\nExtradition Treaty are discussed the\\nHouse orders an investigation of the\\nWhisky Trust by the Judiciary Com-\\nmittee. [Mar. 1. The committee re-\\nports no action taken.] The Panama\\nInvestigation Resolution, respecting\\ntbe use of money and methods, is re-\\nported. A special Committee of Five is\\nrecommended, to take evidence and re-\\nport.\\nNews is received that Queen Lili-\\nuokalani of Hawaii was deposed on\\nJan. 16, without resistance, by revolu-\\ntionists, who established a provisional\\ngovernment the new government is\\nrecognized by all tbe Powers except\\nEngland commissioners are sent to\\nWashington empowered to negotiate for\\nannexation.\\nJan. 30. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nWilliam E. Chandler of N. H. introduces\\na resolution requesting the President\\nto open negotiations with the Hawaiian\\nCommissioners.\\nJan. 31. D. C. Congress: Tbe Senate\\npasses tbe Anti-Option Bill after 24\\ndiscussions. Vote, 30-29. It amends and\\npasses the District of Columbia Ap-\\npropriation Bill. [Mar. 1. Conference\\nreport agreed to. Mar. 3. Approved.]\\nFeb. 1. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\namends and passes the Army Bill.\\n[Feb. 23. Conference report agreed to.\\nMar. 2. Approved.] Also the Forti-\\nfications Bill. [Feb. 13. Conference\\nreport agreed to. Feb. 21. Approved.]\\nFeb. 2. C. Congress; Senate: The\\nFrench Extradition Treaty is ratified\\nthe House passes the Sundry Civil Ap-\\npropriation Bill, introduced Jan. 18.\\nFeb. 3. D. C. Congress; Senate: Da-\\nvid B. Hill of N. Y. gives notice that\\nhe will move to take up the Silver\\nRepeal Bill on Feb. G.\\nThe Hawaiian Commissioners ar-\\nrive in Washington. [Feb. 4. They\\npresent credentials to the Secretary of\\nState. Feb. 11. They are officially pre-\\nsented to tbe President.]\\nS. Dale. The Local-option amendment\\nis defeated in the House.\\nFeb. 4. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\namends and passes the House bill (see\\nDec. 15, 1S92) relating to the contracts\\nof common carriers, prohibiting non-\\nliability clauses bill passed the House\\nDec. 15, 1892. [Feb. 13. Tbe House\\nconcurs in the amendments. Feb. 14.\\nApproved.] The House passes tbe Di-\\nplomatics Legislative, and Consular\\nService Bill, introduced Jan. 21.\\nFeb. 6. I). C. Congress Senate Da-\\nvid B. Hill s motion to take up tbe\\nSilver Repeal Bill is defeated. Vote,\\n23-42. The Senate Quarantine Bill is\\npassed as a substitute for the House\\nbill. [Feb. 15. Approved.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1893 Jan. 11. Colo. Twenty-four mi-\\nners are killed by an explosion in tbe\\nUnion Pacific coal-mine, near Como.\\nJan. 13. Chicago. A syndicate of capi-\\ntalists and wholesale butchers buys tbe\\nFarmers and Drovers Stockyards cap-\\nital, $1,000,000.\\nJan. 14. Lithographers of Cleveland,\\nChicago, Detroit, Buffalo, and Roches-\\nter form a combination.\\nJan. 16. U. S. The corundum wheel\\nmakers combine capital, \u00c2\u00a76,000,000.\\nJan. 18. New York. Tbe Old Dominion\\nsteamer City of Atlanta is burned in the\\nEast River.\\nJan. 19. A J. Three persons are killed\\nand eight injured in a collision on tbe\\nPennsylvania Railroad, near Marion.\\nJan. 20. 1). C The National Board\\nof Trade ends its annual session at\\nWashington.\\nJan. 21. III. In a collision on the\\nBig Four road, near Alton, nine per-\\nsons are killed, 12 fatally injured, and\\n100 burned by an exploding oil-tank.\\nMinn. A fire in St. Paul causes a\\nloss of $213,000; two firemen are badly\\ninjured.\\nMo. A brewery combine is formed\\nin St. Louis.\\nNew York. The French liner La Cham-\\npagne sails for Europe with \u00c2\u00a94,500,000,\\nthe largest shipment yet made of\\ngold and silver coin.\\nThe French steamer Bretagne sails for\\nEurope with $4,300,000 in gold.\\nN. Y. Many firemen are injured\\nat a warehouse fire in Brooklyn; loss,\\n$135,000.\\nJan. 22. Colo. A second expedition sets\\nout in search of tbe lost Peg Leg mine\\nof the desert.\\nMo. An elevator and 1,250,000 bush-\\nels of wheat are burned at St. Louis\\nloss, $1,500,000.\\nJan. 25. Manufacturers of sole-leather\\nin New York and Boston form a trust.\\nJan. 27. New York. Twenty-nine la-\\nbor-unions protest by open letter\\nagainst extending the elevated railway\\nsystem, and urge that the city build\\nand operate the underground road as\\nplanned by the Rapid Transit Com-\\nmission.\\nJan. 28. Chicago. Several World s\\nFair buildings are damaged by the\\nfalling in of their roofs under a great\\nburden of snow.\\nNew York. The French liner LaNor-\\nmandie sails for Havre with \u00c2\u00a72,850,000\\n(gold) in her bullion-room,\\nJan. 29\u00c2\u00b1. Minn. A syndicate of lum-\\nbermen concludes a deal transferring\\nCOO.nuo.OOO feet of standing pine around\\nLeech Lake for more than $2,000,000.\\nJan. 30. D. C. The funeral services\\nof James G. Blaine are held in the\\nPresbyterian Church of the Covenant\\nin Washington, with many prominent\\nofficials and others in attendance.\\nFeb. 1\u00c2\u00b1. Colo. Two men from St. Louis\\ncross the Colorado desert on bi-\\ncycles, making an average of 56 miles\\na day.\\nN. Y. Fire causes a loss of $200,000\\nat Little Falls.\\nFeb. 2. Ark. The First National\\nBank of Little Rock fails on account of\\nthe issuance of fraudulent paper by\\nformer bank officers liabilities over\\nhalf a million.\\nFeb. 3. Mass. An explosion at tbe\\nStar Foundry, Worcester, seriously in-\\njures 14 men.\\nFeb. 4. N. Y. Tbe Deland Chemical\\nWorks, Rochester, are burned loss,\\n$200,000.\\nFeb. 7. N. J. Tbe bark Alice gees\\nashore near Barnegat Inlet three of\\nher crew are drowned.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0435.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "424 1893, Feb. 8 -Mar. 6.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1893 Feb. 15. Kan. The militia is\\nordered out to eject the Republican\\nrepresentatives from the lower hall of\\nthe Legislature. (See State.)\\nFeb. 28. Phila. The battle-ship In-\\ndiana is launched at Cramps shipyard.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1893 Feb. 11. Ind. Silver and zinc\\nare found in large quantities.\\nFeb. 12. 0. An oil-well, flowing 1,000\\nbarrels daily, is struck in Middletown\\ntownship, on what has been regarded as\\ndry territory.\\nFeb. 18. Mich. Bock which assays 2.43\\nounces of gold and .50 ounces of silver\\nto the ton is discovered in Calhoun\\nCounty.\\nMar. 1. New York. About $108,000 is\\nrealized at the sale of the John Taylor\\nJohnston paintings.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1893.\\nFeb. 12. Green, Norvin, president of West-\\nern Union Telegraph Co., A.75.\\nFeb. 15. Colgate, Samuel, merchant, of\\nNew York, dies.\\nFeb. SO. Beauregard, Pierre Gustave\\nToutant. col. U. S. A., Con fed. gen., A75.\\nFeb. 23. Hatch, Jiufus, linaimier, of New\\nYork, A60.\\nFeb. 24. Manvels, Allen, president Atchi-\\nson, Topeka, and Santa l e Railroad, A Hi.\\nMar. 2. Bishop, Richard M., Gov. of O., A81.\\nMar. 6. Evans, Frederick W., elder of\\nShaker Community, A85.\\nCHURCH.\\n1893 Feb. 17. New York. Presbyte-\\nrians issue a letter urging the cessation\\nof dogmatic warfare in their church.\\nFeb. 19. New York. Pope Leo s jubi-\\nlee is celebrated by the Catholic Club.\\nMar. 1. New York. A special session\\nof the Protestant Episcopal House of\\nBishops is begun.\\nLETTERS.\\n1893 Feb. 14. N. Y. BoardmanHall,\\nthe home of the Law School of Cornell\\nUniversity, is formally opened, and the\\nMoak Law Library is presented as a\\nmemorial of Judge Boardman.\\nFeb. 26. N. Y. The Regents of the Uni-\\nversity of the State of New York grant\\na charter to the trustees of the Catho-\\nlic Summer School*; the institution is\\nrecognized by the laws of the State, and\\nits acquired property is located on Lake\\nChaniplain, near Plattsburg.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1893 Feb. 10. Minn. The House of\\nRepresentatives passes a bill making the\\nusing and smoking of cigarettes by\\nminors a misdemeanor by a fine of $25\\nto $50, or by imprisonment for 30 days.\\nMiss. Two negroes are lynched\\nfor robbing and burning a store at\\nDickey, Amite County.\\nIT Fa. Non-union men are at-\\ntacked by a mob at Wheeling one of\\nthem will probably die.\\nFeb. 11. N. Y. The Reform Club is\\nmaking an organized effort to abolish\\npersonal taxation in Brooklyn.\\nPa. The State is taking steps to es-\\ncheat the property of the Econo-\\nmite Society near Pittsburg, it having\\nonly a few surviving members.\\nFeb. 12. It is alleged that the Wabash\\nRailroad Company has b ;en systemati-\\ncally robbed by trusted employees of\\nover $200,000 worth of valuable mer-\\nchandise.\\nX. Y. A green goods man is\\nshot by a South Carolinian in a hotel in\\nPoughkeepsie.\\nFeb. 14. New York. G. W. Gardner,\\nagent of the Society for the Prevention\\nof Crime, is sentenced to two years im-\\nprisonment for extorting blackmail. (A\\nconspiracy.)\\n[Nov. 17. The Supreme Court reverses\\nthe verdict, and orders Gardner s re-\\nlease.]\\nFeb. 15. New York. The American\\nPublishers Association opens its 7th\\nannual convention.\\nFeb. 16. Kan. The sheriff at Topeka\\nswears in a posse of 1,000 men for the\\npurpose of maintaining the peace the\\nPopulists decide thereupon not to at-\\ntempt to dislodge the Republican House,\\nand the governor proposes a compromise.\\nNeio York. A service in memory of\\nBishop Phillips Brooks is held in\\nCarnegie Music Hall.\\nFeb. 18, The Princess Kaiulani issues\\nan appeal to the American people\\ntouching her rights as crown-princess of\\nthe Hawaiian Islands.\\nFeb. 20. New York. Counselor John\\nW. Goff is fined $200 by Recorder\\nSmyth for contempt of court in connec-\\ntion with the Gardner trial.\\nPa. A riot between strikers and\\nnon-unionists occurs at the Catsbury\\ncoal-mine, Monongahela City.\\nFeb. 22v Ind. Dr. Joseph Gardner of\\nBedford gives, asa thank-offering\\nto humanity, a tract of land 7S2\\nacres in extent as the headquarters of\\nthe American National Red Cross Asso-\\nciation. [Miss Clara Barton, president,\\naccepts the gift.]\\nFeb. 24. Cal. John W. Mackay, the\\nbonanza millionaire, is shot in San\\nFrancisco by William 0. Rippey, a fa-\\nnatic, who then shoots himself fatally\\nMackay s wound is not dangerous.\\nO. Sympathizers of Gov. McKin-\\nley start a one-dollar subscription move-\\nment to aid in meeting the financial lia-\\nbilities against him, his endorsements\\nhaving involved his entire fortune.\\n[Successful, but declined.]\\nFeb. 25. Chicago. Strikers wreck a\\npassenger-train.\\nPa. The Nanticoke mine strike is\\nspreading 28,000 men and boys are now\\nout.\\nFeb. 26. N. J. Sunday Mass-meet-\\nings are held in many cities and towns\\nto protest against the action of the Le-\\ngislature in passing pro-racing bills.\\n[Also on Mar. 5.]\\nMar. 3. D. C. The President and\\nPresident-elect exchange calls.\\nMar. 6. N. J. Immense numbers cf\\nJerseymen gather at Trenton, at the\\nreassembling of the Legislature, with\\nmany remonstrances and appeals in\\nfavor of repealing the race-track bills.\\nNew York. The brownstone United\\nCharities building is formally pre-\\nsented by its founder, John Stewart\\nKennedy, to the organizations. Opened\\nSTATE.\\n1893 Feb. 8. D. C. Congress: The\\nSenate passes a bill to exempt soldiers\\nand sailors from competitive examina-\\ntions for promotion in the Civil Service.\\n[Feb. 9. The House refers it to the C* rtn-\\nmittee on Reform in the Civil Service\\nno final decision.] The report of the Sec-\\nretary of War to the Senate shows that\\nthe militia of the United States num-\\nbers 112,496 men; the Senate con-\\nfirms the Russian Extradition Treaty.\\nIn a joint session of both Houses the\\nelectoral votes are counted.\\nVote for President Grover Cleve-\\nland (Dein). of N. Y.. 277; Benjamin\\nHarrison (Rep.) of Ind., 145 James E.\\nWeaver (People s Party) of la., 22;\\nJohn Bidwell (Prohih.) of Cal., Simon\\nWing (Social Labor) of Mass., each 0.\\nFor Vice-President Adlai F. Steven-\\nson (Dem.) of 111., 277; Whitelaw\\nHeld (Rep.) of N. T. 145 James G.\\nField (People s Party) of Va.. 22\\nJames B. CranfiU (Prohib.) of Tex.,\\nand Charles H. Matchett (Social Labor)\\nof N. Y., each 0.\\nFeb. 9. D.C. Congress: In the House\\nthe silver adherents score a victory by\\nsustaining the demand for the previous\\nquestion on the Silver Purchase Repeal\\nBill. Vote, 152-143. The House passes\\nthe Legislative, Executive, and Ju-\\ndicial Appropriation Bill, including\\namendments that no public building\\nshall be draped in mourning, nor de-\\npartment closed out of respect for the\\nmemory of any deceased official, and\\nprohibiting the use of public funds for\\ndefraying the funeral expenses of any\\nofficer or employee of the Government\\nbill introduced Jan. 26.\\nN. Y. In the Senate, G. S. Van Gor-\\nder introduces bills providing for non-\\npartisan hoards of election inspectors.\\nFeb. 11. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\namends and passes the Car-Coupler\\nBill, providing for increased safety of\\nlife on railroads by the use of automatic\\ncouplers and air-brakes. Vote, 39-10.\\n[Feb. 27. The House concurs in the\\nSenate amendments. Mar. 2. Approved\\nby the President.] John Sherman of O.\\ngives notice of an amendment to the\\nSundry Civil Appropriation Bill autho-\\nrizing the sale of 3 per cent bonds.\\nNative Hawaii ans send an appeal\\nto the American Government asking\\nfor redress, not annexation they say\\ntheir country is overrun by foreigners,\\nwho by bringing coolies from the Orient\\nare propagating leprosy in every village.\\nFeb. 13. T). C. The committee begins\\nthe investigation of the Panama Canal\\nmatter.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0436.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1893, Feb. 8 -Mar. 6. 425\\nFeb. 14. D. C. Secretary Foster tele-\\ngraphs to Minister Stevens his approval\\nof the plan for establishing a protecto-\\nrate in Hawaii.\\nFeb. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nreceives the Hawaiian Annexation\\nTreaty from the President with a\\nmessage.\\nKan. Republican members take for-\\ncible possession of the Representa-\\ntives Hall in Topeka; Gov. Levelling\\ncalls out the militia to help retake the\\nhall for the Populists.\\n[Feb. 17. A peace agreement is signed\\nhy representatives of the contesting par-\\nties it virtually concedes to the Repub-\\nlicans all their demands.]\\nFeb. 16. D. C. Congress Senate The\\nriver and harbor items cut from the\\nSundry Civil Bill by the committee\\nare restored in the House the commit-\\ntee amendments to the Pension Bill are\\ndefeated.\\nPresident Harrison gives Secretary of\\nState Foster authority to issue bonds if\\nnecessary to protect the gold reserve.\\nThe Hawaiian Annexation Treaty\\nis published.\\nS. C. Judges Goff and Simonton of\\nthe United States Court decide against\\nGov. Tillman s authority to collect\\nexcessive taxes from railroads.\\nFeb. 17. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Invalid Pension Appropria-\\ntion Bill, introduced Jan. 27.\\nFeb. 18. D.C. Congress; Senate The\\nSherman amendment, authorizing an\\nissue of 3 per cent bonds for the re-\\ndemption of U. S. Treasury notes, is\\nagreed to. Vote, 30-16. [The House\\nconcurs, but the Senate finally recedes\\nfrom it.] The appointment of Howell\\n33. Jackson of Tenn. as Associate Jus-\\ntice of the Supreme Court is confirmed.\\n[Mar. 5. He is sworn in.] In the House\\nthe Post-office Appropriation Bill is\\ndiscussed.\\nAla. The Senate passes a bill which\\npractically disfranchises negroes.\\nFeb. 20. D. C. Congress; In the\\nHouse the New York and Wew Jersey\\nBridge Bill is passed. [Feb. 21. The\\nSenate refers it to the Committee on\\nCommerce.] The Naval Appropria-\\ntion BiH, introduced Feb. 13, is passed.\\nAlso the Agricultural Appropriation\\nBill, introduced Feb. 4.\\nFeb. 21. N. J. The Assembly passes\\nthree race-track bills.\\n[Feb. 22. They pass the Senate and go\\nto Gov. Werts. Feb. 23. He vetoes the\\nbills. Feb. 24. They are passed over\\nthe veto.]\\nFeb. 22. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate Washington s FareweU Address\\nis read in honor of his birthday; the\\nSundry Civil BUI is passed. In the\\nHouse the all-night session adjourns\\nat 6 a.m.\\n:Feb. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate The\\nDiplomatic and Consular Service\\nBill and the Military Academy Bill\\nare passed. [Mar. 2. Approved.] The\\nBussian Extradition Treaty is rati-\\nfied in the House a vain attempt is\\nmade to call up the Anti-Option Bill.\\nFi\\\\ The Commissioners of Arbi-\\ntration meet at Paris to settle the Bering\\nSea fisheries dispute they adjourn to\\nMarch 23.\\nMembers of the Court John M. Har-\\nlan, Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court,\\nand Senator John T. Morgan of Ala., for\\nthe United States Lord JHannen and Sir\\nJohn S. D. Thompson for Great Britain\\nBaron de Couree (Pres.) for France\\nMarquis Kniilio Viscounti Venosta for\\nItaly; Judge Gram for Sweden and Nor-\\nway. John W. Foster of Ind. is agent,\\nnd Henry W. Blodgett, F. K. Coudert,\\ni counsel for the\\nWyo. Gov. Osborn appoints A. C.\\nBeckwith (Bern.) U. S. Senator.\\nThe Shoshones and Arapahoes disa-\\ngree as to giving up their lands about\\ntwo million acres for settlement by\\nwhites.\\nFeb. 24. D. C. President-elect Cleve-\\nland selects H. J. Thurber of Detroit\\nas his private secretary.\\nThe Secretary of State approves the\\naction of Minister Stevens in Hawaii\\nin favoring the new republic.\\nFeb. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate: The\\nLegislative, Executive, and Judicial\\nAppropriation Bill is passed. [Mar. 3.\\nApproved.] In the House the silver\\nmen obstructively oppose the Senate\\namendments to the Sundry Civil Bill.\\nThe French Legation at Washing-\\nton is raised to the rank of an embassy\\nby decree of President Carnot.\\nKan. The Supreme Court decides\\nthat the Republican House is the\\nlegally constituted body.\\nFeb. 26. Z C. The report of Special\\nAgent Ayer of the Treasury Depart-\\nment shows a large increase in the pro-\\nduction of tin and terne plates and of\\nblock sheets.\\nFeb. 27. D. C. Congress The Senate\\npasses the Pension Appropriation\\nBill without amendment. [Mar. 2.\\nApproved.] In the House the Indian\\nAppropriation BiU is passed the Sen-\\nate amendment to the Car-Coupler\\nBill is concurred in. Vote, 185-84.\\nFeb. 28. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nJohn Sherman s motion to proceed to\\nexecutive business is defeated the\\nNaval and Agricultural Indian Ap-\\npropriation Bills are passed. [Mar. 3.\\nAll are approved.] The bill introduced\\nDec. 7, 1892, putting pig tin on the free\\nlist, is passed. It passes the Tin-Plate\\nBill, repealing the duties bill introduced\\nFeb. 16. [Mar. 3. The Senate Committee\\nreports it back with amendments.]\\nKan. The Populist members in a\\nbody take their seats in the lower House.\\nMar. 1. D. C. Congress; Senate: The\\nSherman bond amendment is dropped\\nfrom the Sundry Civil Bill, so is the\\nSSwuiOO appropriation for the New York\\nCustom-house in the House the Anti-\\nOption Bill is killed by failing to re-\\nceive the vote necessary to take it up\\nunder a suspension of the rules.\\nMar. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Post-office Appropriation\\nBill. [Mar. 3. Approved.] Also the\\nDeficiency Appropriation Bill. The\\nHouse passes the Chandler Immigra-\\ntion and Contract Labor Bill to prevent\\nthe immigration of Chinese laborers.\\nPresident-elect Cleveland arrives\\nin Washington, and takes up his quar-\\nters at the Arlington.\\nKan. The Woman s Suffrage BiU\\npasses both Houses of the Legislature.\\nMar. 3. D. C. Congress In the Sen-\\nate the bill to repeal the duties on tin\\nis reported back by the Committee with\\namendments. [No final action taken.]\\nMar. 4. B. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the McGarrahan Claim Bill,\\nand tenders votes of thanks to Vice-\\nPresident Morton and President pro\\ntempore Charles F. Manderson in the\\nHouse ex-Speaker Thomas B. Reed pre-\\nsents, with a speech, resolutions eulo-\\ngistic of Speaker Charles F. Crisp, who\\nreplies. The 52d Congress ends.\\nThe 27th Administration Demo-\\ncratic.\\nGrover Cleveland, the 24th Presi-\\ndent, is inaugurated.\\nThe pageant takes place in a snow-\\nstorm the Inauguration Ball presents\\na scene of splendor beyond any of its\\npredecessors.\\nMont. Lee Mantle (Rep.) is ap-\\npointed U. S. Senator by Gov. Rickards.\\nMar. 6. D. C. The Senate meets in spe-\\ncial session (chiefly to consider the Pres-\\nident s nominations) it confirms the\\nnominations for the President s Cabi-\\nnet John Sherman of O. introduces a\\njoint resolution for a constitutional\\namendment changing inauguration\\nday to the 30th of April.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1893 Feb. 11. The Western freight\\nblockade is broken trains are run-\\nning on the Union and Northern Pacific\\nRoads.\\nFeb. 14. New York. The Metropoli-\\ntan Opera House is bought in by a\\nrepresentative of the shareholders for\\n$1,425,000.\\nFeb. 18. Colo. Three persons are killed\\nand a number injured in a collision on\\nthe Colorado Midland Railroad near\\nHartwell.\\nThe Northern Pacific Railroad in-\\nvestigating committee makes a report\\ncondemning the present management of\\nthe road.\\nFeb. 22. New York. President Harri-\\nson raises the American flag on the\\nfirst foreign registered ocean steamer,\\nthe New York, of the American Line,\\nformerly The City of New York, of the\\nInman Line.\\nPhila. Four persons are killed and\\n20 injured by a train collision on the\\nPennsylvania Railroad.\\nFeb. 23. 0. Gov. McKinley puts his\\nproperty into the hands of trustees for\\nthe benefit of the creditors of a person\\nfor whom he became surety; Mrs. Mc-\\nKinley surrenders her private estate for\\nthe same purpose.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0437.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "426 1893, Mar. 7 -Apr. 10.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1893 Mar. 30. Atlm. Gherardi s\\nsquadron sails for Hampton Roads.\\nApr. 61 Va. About 20 foreign war-\\nships gather at Hampton Roads prepar-\\natory to the Columbian celebration.\\nART SCIENCE \u00e2\u0080\u0094NATURE.\\n1893 Mar. 9. New York. An earth-\\nquake shock is distinctly felt at 12.30\\nA.M.\\nMar. 14. Cal. A meteor falls and ex-\\nplodes near Los Olivos the report is\\nheard 50 miles away.\\nMar. 17. NIT. A valuable collection of\\ngeographical specimens is bequeathed\\nto Dartmouth College by the late Ralph\\nButterrield of Kansas City.\\nPa. The books, drawings, manu-\\nscripts, and herbarium which be-\\nlonged to Bayard Taylor are presented\\nto the public library of West Chester\\nby Mrs. Taylor.\\nMar. 18. Chicago. The Montana sil-\\nver statue of Ada Rehan is cast; cost\\nof silver, $70,000. [May 30. Unveiled.]\\nMar. 25. Mont. A slight earthquake\\nshock is felt in Helena.\\n[Apr. 4. At Los Angeles, Cal. Apr. 8.\\nTwo shocks at Lincolnton, Ga., and in\\nS. C. Nov. 27. A shock is felt in north-\\nern New York, Vermont, New Hamp-\\nshire, and in Canada. Dec. 16. Another\\nin Southern Illinois and Indiana.]\\nApr. 2\u00c2\u00b1. Okla. A tornado kills 100\\npersons and injures 500 more.\\nApr. 9. Kan. An aerolite strikes and\\nbreaks the arm from the statue of\\nJohn Brown at Ossawatomie.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1893.\\nMar. 8. Fox, Margaret, spiritualist\\ndium, A59.\\nMar. 10. Peabody, Andrew Preston,\\nMar. 13. Hvatt, .lames W., treasurer of\\nUnited States, A56.\\nMar. 13. Kernell, Harry, actor, dies in an\\nasylum.\\nMar. 18. Armstrong, I avid II.. senator for\\nMo., A81.\\nBaird, George A., Squire Abington,\\ndies.\\nMar. 23. Saulsbury, Eli, sen. for Del., A76.\\nMar. 24. Johnston, John Tavlor, founder\\nMetropolitan Museum of Art, A73.\\nShepard. Elliott Fitch, editor Mail\\nand Express, A59,\\nDeady, Matthew P., U. S. Dist. Judge.\\nA69.\\nMar. 28. Smith, E. Kirby, Confederate\\nlieut.-gen., college professor, A 69.\\nApr. 7. Seney, George 1., financier, philan-\\nthropist, A67-\\nKip, William I., P. E. bp. of Cal., A82.\\nMagrath, Andrew G., war-gov. of S. C,\\nA80.\\nCHURCH.\\n1S93 Mar. 20. Boston, The Baptists\\nlose by the Tremont Temple fire a\\nvaluable missionary museum and a large\\ncollection of missionary publications,\\nthe work of 70 years. Total loss, \u00c2\u00a7375,000.\\nApr. 6. Utah. The Mormons dedicate\\nthe completed temple at Salt Lake\\nCity the great edifice was 40 years in\\nconstruction.\\nLETTERS.\\n1893 Mar. 7. A J. A bill i 9 intro-\\nduced in the Legislature providing lor a\\ndivision of the public school moneys\\nin aid of parochial schools. [It fails\\nto pass].\\nMar. 11. New York. A meeting of the\\nUniversity Settlement Society is held\\nto decide upon plans to help the poor.\\nMar. 13. New York. A gift of $200,000\\nto the Teachers College is announced.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1893 Mar. 7. N. Y. Gross frauds are\\nalleged in the election at Lansingburg.\\nOne policeman, Officer Gillespie, resigns\\nwhen ordered to protect repeaters, and\\nmakes a written st a tenn/nt incriminating\\nChief of Police McCabe.\\nMar. 8. Mich. The engineers and fire-\\nmen strike on the Toledo, Ann Arbor,\\nand Northern Michigan road.\\nMar. 9. N. Y. Bryce A. White, assist-\\nant cashier in the Wallabout Bank,\\nBrooklyn, is arrested for embezzle-\\nment amount, \u00c2\u00a720,000.\\nMar. 10. Me. The city clerk of Portland\\nconfesses that the ballots from the first\\nward have been tampered with the\\nmayor elected refuses to accept office.\\nNew York. Raids on pool-rooms\\nare made, but the men arrested are\\nnearly all discharged.\\nMar. 11. Ala. Rev. D. T. Stratton is\\nbeaten and robbed by moonshiners in\\nWinston.\\nCal. The governor signs the bill\\nprohibiting prize-fights.\\nMar. 12. Mass. Joseph Massey, a jeal-\\nous lover at Quiney, shoots MaryLafane\\nand then himself.\\nNew York. Three boy burglars,\\naged 10, 12, and 13 respectively, are ar-\\nrested and arraigned.\\nMar. 14. Neio York. Dr. Rainsford, rec-\\ntor of St. George s Protestant Episcopal\\nChurch, in an address on The Saloon\\nQuestion, reiterates his belief that the\\nonly true solution of the problem is a\\nliquor annex to the churches.\\nMar. 17. S. C. B.W.Crowe and family\\n(white) are driven out of Nebo, because\\na daughter taught a negro school.\\nMar. 18. N. Y. Seven trainmen on\\nthe Lake Shore Railroad, refusing to\\nhandle Ann Arbor cars, are arrested on\\nan order from a Federal court.\\nMar. 19. New York. Labor men are\\nindignant at the extraordinary action\\nof IT. S. District Judge Ricks in order-\\ning Chief Arthur to withdraw the order\\nhe has issued requiring the Brotherhood\\nengineers to refuse to handle cars of\\nnon-union or boycotted roads. [Mar. 22.\\nThe firemen join with the engineers to\\ncontest this decision at Toledo. Apr. 2.\\nThe engineers and firemen at Toledo\\nhold meetings and resolve to stand by\\nthe strikers, no matter what the decision\\nof the court may he. Apr. 3. An engi-\\nneer is held for contempt, and a tempo-\\nrary injunction is granted against Chief\\nArthur.]\\nO. The Big Four yard switchmen at\\nSpringfield strike, and the yards are\\nagain tied up.\\nMar. 20. Kan. The people are vigor-\\nously contending against the Kansas\\nCity (Mo.) liquor-houses that arc run-\\nning joints in several Kansas\\ntowns the State Temperance Union is\\nwaging war on joints all over the\\nState.\\nMar. 21. A T Y. A Chinaman in Brook-\\nlyn has complied with the Registration\\nLaw, and finds himself ostracized by\\nhis countrymen, and is unable u\u00c2\u00bb carry\\non his business.\\nMar. 23. Miss. White Caps in Copiah\\nCountyshootandkillacoloredmanat his\\nown door E. D. Smith of Crystal Springs\\nhas been recognized and is In jail.\\nNew York. The Galilee Tee-To-\\nTum Workingmen s Club on Twenty-\\nthird Street is formally opened.\\nMar. 24. Del. The Legislature reenacts\\nthe Delinquent Law, which will disfran-\\nchise all voters at the next election who\\nhave not paid the required poll-tax.\\nMar. 25. Boston. Carriage-makers re-\\nsolve to strike because they cannot get\\n10 hours pay for nine hours work.\\nLa. Judge Billings, at New Orleans.\\ndecides that the ordering of the big\\nstrike in that city in .November was un-\\nlawful.\\nMont. The governor of Arkansas is-\\nsues a requisition for Frank Hickey. a\\nprisoner in Butte, accused of being the\\nassassin of John M. Clayton.\\nNetv York. The lockout of cloth-\\ning-cutters by the Manufacturers Asso-\\nciation begins.\\nMar. 27. Cal. Gov. Markham s ap-\\nproval of the Parole Bill mil release\\nfrom the two State prisons over\\n1,000 convicts who have served one\\nyear of their sentence.\\nGa. Two White Caps are shot\\ndead at Fort Valley by negroes upon\\nwhom they were making a raid the\\ncoroner s verdict is justifiable homicide.\\nMar. 28. Chicago. Judge Collins de-\\ncides that acts directed by alleged\\nspirits are not legal, and that certain\\ndeeds of transferred property are void.\\nMar. 30. Neb. The Legislature im-\\npeaches three State officials.\\nMar. 31. Chicago. Charges of levy-\\ning blackmail to aid the election of\\nCarter Harrison are made against mem-\\nbers of the police force.\\nMd. A big illicit distillery, valued\\nat \u00c2\u00a775,000, is seized in Baltimore.\\nNeb. The Legislature in joint ses-\\nsion passes a resolution providing for\\nimpeachment of the Board of Public\\nLands and Buildings State Treasurer\\nJohn E. Hill is sued to recover the\\nsum of $236,364.60. which it is alleged\\nwas collected, but not transferred to\\nhis successor in office.\\nApr. 1. Mass. The weavers in Mill No.\\n2 in Palmer strike for increased wages.\\nApr. 2. N. Dak. Woman s Christian\\nTemperance Union women at Kola, in\\nmaking a circuit of the joints, are\\nbrutally beaten in one of them.\\nApr. 6\u00c2\u00b1. New York. The National Con-\\nvention of State Boards of Health\\nis in session it considers the danger of\\na cholera epidemic.\\nApr. S. Tenn. Among the private pa-\\npers of Dr. Francois Fontenay of Clarks-\\nville a written confession is found stat-\\ning that he killed Rev. A. M. Feltner,\\nEpiscopal rector, 2S years ag He\\nadopted the rector s two children, leav-\\ning them his large fortune when he died.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0438.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1893, Mar. 7 -Apr. 10. 427\\nApr. 9. Chicago. Hotel-keepers and\\nothers are charging exorbitant prices\\nfor accommodations during the\\nWorld s Fair.\\nA strike of 1,100 men begins in the\\nshops of the Santa Fe road in various\\nplaces.\\nApr. 10. Chicago. A strike of 4,000\\nworkmen begins at the World s Fair\\nbuildings, but soon ends.\\nN. T. Brooklyn aldermen give away\\nvaluable trolley franchises for which\\n$200,000 had been offered.\\nS. Dak. A band of cattle- thieves\\nis broken up, its leaders being wounded\\nand captured.\\nSTATE.\\n1893 Mar. 7. D. C. The members of\\nthe President s Cabinet are sworn info\\noffice all together, for the first time in\\nthe history of the country.\\nCabinet: Walter Q,. Gresham of\\n111. (State), John G. Carlisle of Ky.\\n(Treas.), Daniel S. Lamont of N. Y.\\n(War), Hilary A. Herbert of Ala.\\n(Navy), Hoke Smith of Ga. (Interior),\\nJ. Sterling Morton of Neb. (Agricul-\\nture), Richard Olney of Mass. (Atty.-\\nGen.), Wilson S. Bissell of N. Y. (P. M.-\\nGen.).\\nMar. 9. D. C. Senate the Hawaiian\\ntreaty is received from the President.\\n[Withdrawn by President Cleveland.]\\nMar. 11. N.J. The Legislature passes\\na bill prohibiting racing in December,\\nJanuary, and February, and adjourns\\nsine die.\\nN. T. Gov. Flower signs the bill for\\nthe purchase of Fire Island, 125 acres\\nin extent, for quarantine purposes, on\\nwhich is a hotel having 400 feet front,\\nand 14 furnished cottages are included\\npurchase price, \u00c2\u00a7210,000.\\nWash. Gov. M Graw appoints John\\nB. Allen to be his own successor in the\\nU. S. Senate.\\nMar. 13. D. C. Senate A resolution\\nto limit the business of the special ses-\\nsion to executive matters is defeated.\\nMich. The U. S. District Court en-\\njoins connecting roads from refusing\\nto deliver freight to the Toledo, Ann\\nArbor, and Northern Michigan road, be-\\ncause of the action taken by employees.\\nCat. The Legislature votes to re-\\nmove the State capital to San Jose\\\\\\nMar. 14. N. Y. t The Ways and Means\\nCommittee of the Assembly decides to\\nreport favorably the bill for an addi-\\ntional appropriation of $300,000 for\\nthe World s Pair.\\nMar. 15. D. C. Senate Arthur P. Gor-\\nman of Md. offers a resolution recon-\\nstructing the Standing and Select\\nCommittees according to caucus agree-\\nment, which is adopted.\\nMd. The Court of Appeals decides\\nthat a tax upon land alone is uncon-\\nstitutional, and cannot be enforced.\\nMar. 16. D.C. Congress: The Senate\\nmeets, and, without action, adjourns un-\\ntil the 20th inst.\\nMar. 18. Mich. At Toledo the U. S.\\nDistrict Court issues an injunction re-\\nstraining the Locomotive Brother-\\nhood from boycotting Ann Arbor\\nfreight because of the strike of its em-\\nployees. A $300,000 damage claim has\\nbeen filed against Chiefs Arthur and\\nSargent.\\nMar. 20. D. C. Senate Nominations\\nare considered.\\nCat. Ex-Representative James H.\\nBlount of Ga. sails from San Francisco\\nfor Honolulu on the revenue-cutter\\nRushy on a special mission to Hawaii by\\nappointment of the President.\\nMar. 21. F. I. D. Russell Brown (Rep.)\\nis nominated for governor David S.\\nBaker (Dem.) is also nominated.\\nMar. 22. D. C. The Senate receives a\\nnumber of nominations from the Pres-\\nident bills against trusts and for the\\nappointment of a commission to fix the\\nprice of coal are introduced.\\nWis. Judge Egan of St. Paul dis-\\nmisses the arrested members of the\\nLegislature.\\nMar. 23. D. C. The Republicans in\\ncaucus determine to oppose the reor-\\nganization of the Senate.\\nFr. The Court of Arbitration (Be-\\nring Sea dispute) opens its first session\\nin Paris. (See Feb. 23.)\\nMar. 28. D. C. In the Senate the reor-\\nganization resolution is presented.\\nMar. 30. D. C. In the Senate the nom-\\ninations are considered; the cases and\\ncounter-cases in the Bering Sea dispute\\nare received.\\nMar. 31. Neb. The Legislature in joint\\nsession passes the resolution for the im-\\npeachment of the Board of Public Lands\\nand Buildings. [May 1. The trial begins\\nat Lincoln.]\\nApr. 4. Chicago. Carter Harrison is\\nelected mayor.\\nNew York. Bankers receive from the\\nPresident a proposition for an issue of\\nbonds.\\nFr. Arguments are begun in the\\nCourt of Arbitration at Paris respect-\\ning the Bering Sea fisheries.\\nApr. 5. D. C. Senate Nominations\\nare received.\\nFr. In the Bering Sea Court of\\nArbitration in Paris Mr. Phelps and Sir\\nCharles Russell continue their argu-\\nments.\\nN. Y. The Greater New York Bill\\nis killed in the Senate and recommitted\\nin the Assembly.\\nApr. 6. D. C. Secretary Gresham re-\\nceives a despatch from the XJ. S. Minis-\\nter to Peru saying that the consular\\nagency at Mollendo has been attacked\\nand the agent shot and directing that\\na demand for reparation be made. [Apr.\\n10. A satisfactory apology is tendered.]\\nApr. 7+. Fr. In the Bering Sea\\nCourt of Arbitration, J. C. Carter con-\\ntinues his argument in behalf of the\\nUnited States. [He continues for sev-\\neral days.]\\nTex. The House votes for impeach-\\nment of Land Commissioner Mc-\\nCaughey.\\nThe requirements under the Geary\\nAct are modified the Chinese will be\\nrequired to furnish but one credible wit-\\nness.\\nWis. The Assembly passes the Anti-\\nPinkerton BiU.\\nIt prohibits the employment of bodies\\nof armed men not duly authorized under\\nthe laws of the State.\\nApr. 10. D. C. Senate The recent\\nrailroad decisions are discussed.\\nN. Y. In the Legislature a bill abol-\\nishing capital punishment is passed\\nby the Assembly and defeated in the\\nSenate.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1893 Mar. 9. Chicago. All the rail-\\nroads entering Chicago decide to grant\\nno increase of wages to their switch-\\nmen.\\nMar. 10. Boston. Fire destroys\\n$4,500,000 worth of property.\\nMar. 11. Chicago. Bankers offer Secre-\\ntary Carlisle $3,000,000 gold for\\ntreasury notes.\\nInd. Owing to the switchmen s\\nstrike in Chicago, thousands of coal-\\nminers in Brazil are thrown out of em-\\nployment.\\nMar. 14. N. H. Fire destroys the cot-\\nton-mills at Exeter loss, $250,000.\\n\u00c2\u00b1Pa. The Carnegie Steel Company\\norders a new press for its armor-plate\\nworks at Homestead, at a cost of \u00c2\u00a31,000,-\\n000, and capable of working in one piece\\na two-hundred-ton plate.\\nMar. 18. N. H. The Legislature ap-\\npropriates $10,000 for statues of Gen.\\nJohn Stark and Daniel Webster for the\\nNational Statuary Hall at Washington.\\nN. Y. Ten of the largest manufactur-\\ners of iron pipe in the United States\\nform a trust.\\nMar. 20. New York. News is received\\nof the finding of two life-boats of the\\nmissing steamship Naronic. [Lost.]\\nMar. 21. III. An explosion at Litch-\\nfield wrecks a flour-mill and many other\\nbuildings damage to the mill, over\\n\u00c2\u00a7500,000 one person is killed and nine\\ninjured.\\nMar. 27. New York. The New York\\nTimes changes hands price paid,\\n$950,000.\\nMar. 30. N. J. The American Stave\\nand Cooperage Company, capital,\\n$4,000,000, and a typewriter company,\\ncapital, $20,000,000, are incorporated at\\nTrenton.\\nMar. 31. N.J. The American Press,\\nfor gathering and disseminating news,\\nis incorporated at Newton capital,\\n$2,500,000.\\nApr. 1. Neb. A prairie fire lays waste\\n20 miles of country between Ogallala\\nand Preston much property and one\\nlife are lost in Perkins, Keith, and Fron-\\ntier Counties.\\nFa. The Higgins Hotel at Brad-\\nford is destroyed by tire; five lives are\\nlost, and more than 20 persons injured.\\nA miner s lamp causes an explosion\\nin a mine at Shumokin 10 persons are\\nkilled and several injured; 12 or 15 are\\nimprisoned in the mine.\\nApr. 4. D. C. The gold balance at\\nWashington is down to $60,000,000.\\nApr. 8. O. A big iron and steel syn-\\ndicate is organized at Cincinnati, in-\\ncluding over 100 wealthy foundrymen,\\nmachinists, and others capital, $75,-\\n000,000.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0439.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "428 1893, Apr. 11 -May 11.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1893 Apr. 21. Fa. The Spanish\\nsquadron, towing the three Columbiau\\ncaravels, reaches Hampton Roads.\\nApr. 22. Va. The Dolphin, bearing Sec-\\nretary of the Navy Herbert, arrives in\\nHampton Roads the ships are all\\ndressed in honor of the silver wed-\\nding of King Humbert of Italy.\\nApr. 24. Va. The international flotilla\\nsails from Hampton Roads for New\\nYork. [Apr. 25. It arrives in the lower\\nBay.]\\nApr. 26. New York. The international\\nflotilla anchors in the North River in\\nposition for the review; a reception to\\nnaval officers is given by the Union\\nLeague Club. [It is visited by thousands\\nof people.]\\nMay 5\u00c2\u00b1. N. Y. The naval officers on\\ntheir way to Chicago, as the guests of\\nthe New York Central Road in the\\nAdmirals Train, stop to see the\\nNiagara Falls.\\nMay 7. Miss. State troops are ordered\\nout against White Caps at Brook-\\nhaven.\\nMay 9. New York. The cruiser Atlanta\\nis ordered to proceed to Nicaragua to\\nprotect American interests during the\\nrevolution.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1893 Apr. 11. Cat. Jasper is discov-\\nered in large quantities near San Diego.\\nKan. A tornado causes much de-\\nstruction of property in the towns of\\nWillis, Everest, and Powhattan.\\n[Apr. 13. A cyclone strikes Robins-\\nville,Miss. 17 killed, 50 wounded. Apr.\\n18. Boles, Ark., destroyed. Apr. 19.\\nA tornado at Osage City, Kan., kills\\ntwo persons, injures several others, and\\nwrecks 140 buildings. Apr. 23. The\\ncity of Ypsilanti, Mich., is nearly de-\\nstroyed by a tornado it strikes else-\\nwhere in Michigan, and in other West-\\nern and Southern States. Apr. 25. A\\ncyclone in Oklahoma causes 90 deaths\\n250 persons injured. Apr. 28. The town\\nof Cisco, Tex., is nearly destroyed.]\\nApr. 26. New York. The Audubon\\nMonument in Trinity Cemetery is un-\\nveiled. Ericsson s statue in Battery\\nPark is unveiled.\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n1893.\\nApr. 17. Larcom, Lncv, author, A67.\\nApr. 18. Lefferts, John, financier, A31.\\nApr. 31. Lowry, Grosvenor P., lawyer,\\ndies.\\nApr. 22. Beale, Edward F.,brig.-gen., A71.\\nWaters, Horace, piano-maker, philan-\\nthropist, A81.\\nApr. 28. Wiltse, Gilbert C, eapt. TJ. S.N.,\\nA55.\\nApr. 27. Corse, John M., brevet maj.-gen.\\nvols., A58.\\nMay 2. Stuart, Henry A., chief engineer\\nU. S. N., A70.\\nMay 4. Patterson, .lames \\\\V., senator for\\nN. H., A70.\\nMay 5. Le Compte, Edward W., secretary\\nof state for Aid., dies.\\nMay 8. Lamon, Ward H., biographer of\\nLincoln, dies.\\nMay lO. Francis, Joseph, inventor of life-\\nsaving boat, A92.\\nMay 11. Townsend, ll.Iv.an) I.).,a.ljt. mi.\\nV. S. A., A76.\\nCHURCH.\\n1893 Apr. 25. La. A Roman Cath-\\nolic centennial of the completion of\\nthe Cathedral is celebrated by a cleri-\\ncal parade and pontifical mass at New\\nOrleans.\\nLETTERS.\\n1893 Apr. 12. New York. The 200th\\nanniversary of the introduction of print-\\ning is celebrated.\\nMay 1. N. J. Mayor Haynes of New-\\nark, in a message to the Common Coun-\\ncil, recommends that the parochial-\\nschool buildings from midnight of Sun-\\nday to midnight of Friday be placed in\\ncharge of the Board of Education\\nfor school purposes the board to\\nsupply books, furniture, and other sup-\\nplies, fuel, and janitor the church to\\nuse the buildings from Friday midnight\\nto Sunday midnight.\\nMay 2. New York. The widow of Prof.\\nJohn Strong Newberry gives Columbia\\nCollege his geological library of 2,500\\nvolumes.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1893 Apr. 11. N. Y. V. L. Beding-\\nfield, editor of the Flatbush Press, is\\nsandbagged and robbed at Flatbush,\\nLong Island.\\nNew York. Col. E. F. Shepard s\\nwill is filed the religious bequests ag-\\ngregate \u00c2\u00a7250,000.\\nApr. 12. Conn. The Senate passes a\\nbill prohibiting all forms of pool-\\nselling and gambling. Vote, 20-1.\\nVa. A convention of Southern gov-\\nernors convenes at Richmond to con-\\nsider the material welfare and develop-\\nment of the South.\\nApr. 13. O. The boycott of railroads\\nis declared illegal by Judge Ricks at\\nToledo contracts with shippers are\\nbinding.\\nApr. 15. Chicago. A mass-meeting to\\nprotest against the Russian extradi-\\ntion treaty is held.\\nNew York. The Duke de Veragua,\\na lineal descendant of Columbus, arrives\\nat this port with his party. [Apr. IS.\\nHe is formally received by the mayor.]\\nN. Y. Twenty burglaries are re-\\nported as occurring during a few hours\\nin Brooklyn.\\nApr. 17. Neb. Several hundred em-\\nployees in the Union Pacific shops at\\nOmaha and elsewhere strike.\\nN. Y. Indignant citizens of Buffalo\\nhold a mass-meeting to protest against\\nthe so-called Sneak Bill, changing\\nthe police commissioners the bill was\\nsmuggled through the Legislature, but\\nan injunction is granted, preventing ac-\\ntion under it for the present.\\nTex. A conspiracy to assassinate\\nsix county officials is discovered at\\nSherman the leaders are friends of\\nmurderers sentenced to be hanged.\\nApr. 18. N. Y. The Anti-Conspiracy\\nBill against boycotting passes the New\\nYork Assembly. Vote. ii J-iA.\\nNew York. The Earl of Craven\\n(English) and Miss Bradley- Martin of\\nthis city are married in Grace Protes-\\ntant Episcopal Chur-h.\\nApr. 19. Mass. The descendants of\\nRevolutionary heroes commemorate\\nthe Battle of Lexington.\\nNew York. The Chamber of Com-\\nmerce, Historical Society, and Geo-\\ngraphical Society give at the Waldorf\\na reception to the Duke and Duchess\\nof Veragua.\\nApr. 20. La. The second annual con-\\nvention of the National Seamen s\\nUnion of America opens in New\\nOrleans.\\nApr. 22. Boston. Ex-President A. P.\\nPotter of the Maverick National Bank\\nis sentenced to 60 days imprisonment\\nand fined \u00c2\u00a31,000 for false certification of\\nchecks.\\nGa. Eleven White Caps are sen-\\ntenced t one year s imprisonment in\\nCarrollton one of them is the leading\\nphysician of the town.\\nApr. 23. New York. The Theosophi-\\ncal Society begins its annual conven-\\ntion, with representatives from the In-\\ndian, European, and American sections.\\nThirty-five Soudanese arrive at\\nthis port, and 60 Koreans arrive at\\nSan Francisco, on their way to the\\nWorld s Fair.\\nApr. 24. Chicago. The Columbian\\nGuards at the World s Fair strike; the\\nunion carpenters refuse to go out as\\nordered.\\nN. Mex. The Union Pacific iron-\\nworkers strike, and the Santa Fe me-\\nchanics strike is declared off, and the\\nmen return to work.\\nApr. 26. Mass. The Danvers Histori-\\ncal Society holds a great antislavery\\ncommemoration meeting.\\nNew York. The international war-\\nships are moved in parade from the lower\\nBay to the designated places of anchor-\\nage in the North River above Thirty-fifth\\nStreet naval officers are given a re-\\nception by the Union League Club\\nPresident Cleveland comes to New York\\nto review the war-ships.\\nDr. Robert W. Buchanan is convicted\\nof the murder of his second wife by\\npoisoning. [Aug. 14. He is sentenced to\\ndeath.]\\nApr. 27. New York. President Cleve-\\nland reviews the international fleet, a\\nmagnificent pageant on the river\\nthere is a ball at Madison Square Gar-\\nden in the\\nN. Y. This being Columbian Day, it\\nis a legal holiday in this State.\\nApr. 2S. Ind. The Liberty BeU from\\nIndependence Hall, Philadelphia, ar-\\nrives at Indianapolis on its way to\\nChicago; ex-President Harrison deliv-\\ners an address on the famous Revolu-\\ntionary relic before the school children\\nof the city. [Apr. 29. It arrives at\\nChicago.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0440.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1893, Apr. 11-May 11. 429\\nNew York: Sailors and marines of\\nthe international war-fleet parade.\\nThey are reviewed at the City Hall by\\nt lie public officials and by the admirals of\\nthe fleet, after which a dinner in honor\\nner is given by the University Club.]\\nApr. 29. Chicago. The President and\\nthe Duke of Veragua arrive the Wo-\\nmen s Building is finished with the\\ndriving of a golden nail by Mrs. Palmer.\\n[June 11. The Duke returns to New\\nYork.]\\nApr. 30. New York. Many thousands\\nof people visit the vessels of the inter-\\nnational war-fleet in the Hudson River.\\nMay 1. Chicago. The World s Colum-\\nbian Exhibition is formally opened\\nin the presence of an enormous throng\\nof people.\\nPresident Cleveland presses the elec-\\ntric key which instantly puts in motion\\nall the vast and intricate machinery of\\nthe Fair.\\nO. About 22,000 coal-miners strike,\\nsuspending work in every important\\nmine in the State.\\nMay 2. Neio York. Ussagah, a Daho-\\nmey chief, for the Columbian Exhibi-\\ntion, dies at Ellis Island.\\nMay 3. Ex-President Harrison is\\nelected Commander of the Military Or-\\nder of the Loyal Legion.\\nT. Masked bandits hold up a\\ntrain and rob its passengers. at Pryor\\nCreek.\\nN. H. The Mary Hitchcock Me-\\nmorial Hospital, erected by Hiram\\nHitchcock in memory of his wife, is\\ndedicated at Hanover.\\nMay 4. Cal. The Six Companies is-\\nsue a circular forbidding Chinese\\nto register with white officials, as\\nthe whole matter is to be taken to the\\nU. S. Supreme Court for settlement.\\nMay 5\u00c2\u00b1. U. S. Fully 1,000,000 mem-\\nbers of the Christian Endeavor So-\\ncieties sign pledges not to patronize\\nthe Fair if it shall be opened on Sun-\\nday other religious bodies take similar\\naction.\\nMay 6. New York. The corner-stone of\\nthe new St. Luke s Hospital is laid.\\nN. Mex. Three murderers are\\nlynched at Las Lunas.\\nMay 7. Chicago. The World s Fair\\ngates remain closed on this, the first\\nSunday after its official opening.\\nlu.ay 8. Mass. Lizzie Borden is ar-\\nraigned fur murder at New Bedford she\\npleads not guilty. [June 20. She is ac-\\nquitted.]\\nNew York. White Lotus Day\\nis observed by theosophists.\\nMay 10. Kg. The National League\\nof Republican Clubs meets in Louis-\\nville.\\nSTATE.\\n1893 Apr. 14. V. C. Congress In\\nthe Senate William E. Chandler of N.\\nH. speaks in favor of the Roach (ship-\\nbuilders) investigation.\\nNews is received that by order of\\nCommissioner Blount the American\\nflag has been hauled down from the\\ngovernment building at Honolulu.\\nN. Y. The State Assembly passes the\\nSaxton Anti-Pool- Room Bill, prohib-\\niting the sale of pools in pool-rooms.\\nApr. 15. D. C. The Senate adjourns\\nsine die.\\nNew York. The Sub-Treasury re-\\nceives orders suspending the issue of\\ngold certificates.\\nApr. 20. N. Y. The Legislature ad-\\njourns sine die; before its adjournment\\nWilliam F. Sheehan secures the passage\\nof a Buffalo Police Bill, by virtue of\\nwhich Controller Gavan alone imme-\\ndiately appoints police commissioners.\\nApr. 21. D. C. Secretary Carlisle con-\\nfers with bank presidents in reference\\nto the financial situation.\\nThe Czar of Russia signs the extra-\\ndition treaty between the United States\\nand Russia.\\nThe offer of the Merchants National\\nBank of Baltimore of $100,000 in gold\\nfor legal tenders is accepted by the\\nSecretary of the Treasury.\\nApr. 25. N. Y. Gov. Flower signs the\\nSaxton Anti-Pool-Room Bill.\\nApr. 27. Utah is admitted into the Un-\\nion as the 45th State, by an enabling act.\\nMay 2. Fr. In the Bering Sea case\\nMr. Carter concludes his argument be-\\nfore the Court of Arbitration, having\\nspoken forty-five hours.\\nMay 3. Fr. In Paris, Frederick R. Cou-\\ndert of U. S. counsel begins his argu-\\nment before the Bering Sea Arbitra-\\ntion Court he insists on the right of\\nabsolute ownership of seals and the\\nnecessity of prohibiting pelagic sealing.\\nMay 4. D. C. Secretary Carlisle tem-\\nporarily suspends the arrest of Chi-\\nnese under the Exclusion Act.\\nMay 5. D. C. The President decides to\\npostpone to November the reassembling\\nof the International Monetary Con-\\ngress.\\nGen. Rosecrans, Register of the\\nTreasury, resigns.\\nMay 7. D. C. The President announces\\nthat hereafter the White House will be\\nclosed to office-seekers.\\nMay 9. N. Dak. The Prohibitory Law\\nis declared constitutional by the Su-\\npreme Court of the State.\\nMay 10. D. C. The President names\\nJames H. Blount of Ga. Envoy Extraor-\\ndinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to\\nHawaii.\\nMay 11. W. W. Tracy of 111. is chosen\\npresident of the National League of\\nRepublican Clubs Denver is selected\\nas the next meeting-place.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1893 Apr. 11. Chicago. Time for\\nexhibitors at the World s Fair is ex-\\ntended to April 30.\\nApr. 12. New York. The Rapid Tran-\\nsit Commission grants the extensions\\nasked for by the Manhattan Elevated\\nRailway.\\nApr. 13. N.Y. Oil-works at Buffalo,\\nvalued at $300,000, are destroyed by fire.\\nApr. 14. Ind. Artificial and natural\\ngas companies consolidate capital,\\n$1,000,000.\\nApr. 15. Chicago. World s Fair Di-\\nrectorate officers are reelected.\\n1). C. The New York Sub-Treasury\\nis advised that no more gold certifi-\\ncates will be issued from the Treasury\\nat Washington.\\nApr. 16. Phila. Permission is granted\\nto put the trolley system on every\\nblock of track in the city.\\nApr. 17. N.J. America s oldest loco-\\nmotive, the John Bull, starts from Jer-\\nsey City for the Chicago Fair over the\\nPennsylvania Railroad, drawing two old-\\ntime passenger coaches.\\nApr. 19. Mass. The Clinton Wire\\nCloth Company s factory is burned\\nloss, $400,000.\\nApr. 21. Idaho. Worclner loses\\n$700,000 by fire its business district is\\ndestroyed, and many people are home-\\nApr. 24. New York. The Spanish\\ncaravels, en route for the World s Fair,\\narrive, attract much attention and many\\nvisitors.\\nApr. 25. Chicago. Two lives are lost,\\nand property valued at over $200,000 is\\ndestroyed, by fire in the First Regiment\\nArmory.\\nPa. Trains collide at Somerset,\\ncausing five deaths and much damage\\nto property.\\nApr. 29. Tex. A cyclone devastates\\nthe town of Cisco 30 persons are killed\\nand many wounded.\\nApr. 30. la. Six men are burned to\\ndeath in Burlington.\\nO. Ohio Valley sewer-pipe men\\nform a trust.\\nMay 3. O. The Lewiston reservoir,\\nthe second largest artificial body of\\nwater in the world, breaks its embank-\\nments, causing heavy loss in the track\\nof its flood.\\nMay 5. New York. A wild panic in\\nthe stock-market is narrowly averted\\nvalues fall to zero S. V. White and\\nothers suspend.\\nThe Manhattan Elevated Railroad\\nrejects the proposition of the Rapid\\nTransit Commission for an extension of\\nthe elevated system.\\nMay 6. Chicago. The paid admissions\\nfor the day at the World s Fair num-\\nber nearly 25,000.\\nMay 7. Ind. A train is wrecked at\\nLafayette and 10 persons are killed.\\nMay 9. Chicago. The Chemical Bank\\nand its branch on the Fair Grounds sus-\\npend.\\nN. Y. A smoker s carelessness causes\\na fire in Utica loss, $280,000.\\nMay 11. Ark. The first crevasse of\\nthe season occurs on the Arkansas side\\nof the swollen Mississippi at Lakeport.\\nChicago. Ind. The Columbia Na-\\ntional Bank suspends also the Capi-\\ntal National Bank of Indianapolis.\\n[Several other Western banks close\\ntheir doors.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0441.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "430 1893, May 11 -June 10.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1893 May 17. D. C. Col. William P.\\nCarlin, of the Fourth Infantry, is pro-\\nmoted to brigadier-general.\\nMay 18. D. C. George II. Elliot is com-\\nmissioned colonel corps of engineers.\\nAnd Robert H. Hall colonel 4th. in-\\nfantry.\\nMay 22. D. C. The Secretary of the\\nNavy assigns Com. Oscar F. Stanton\\nas commander of the South Atlantic\\nstation.\\nThe new cruiser New York, on her\\nofficial trial trip, makes an average of\\n21.07 knots an hour.\\nMay 30. D. C. George M. Sternberg is\\ncommissioned brigadier-general.\\nJune 10. Conn. The gunboat Machias\\nreaches New London, having averaged\\n15.17 knots on her trial trip, the required\\nspeed being 13 knots.\\nPhi/a. The new battle-ship Massa-\\nchusetts is launched at Cramps ship-\\nyard.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1893 May 14. Chicago. A bronze\\nstatue of the poet Richter is unveiled\\nin the presence of a large number of\\npeople, mostly Germans.\\nMay 17. Chicago. The National Com-\\nmission orders the resignation of Theo-\\ndore Thomas as musical director of\\nthe World s Fair.\\nMay 24. Wash. A gold strike is made\\nin the O Kanogan mining district two\\npounds of gold are assayed from seven\\npounds of ore. [Oct. 21. Gold is found\\nin paying quantities in Tennessee.]\\nGa. A monument to the memory\\nof Alexander H. Stephens is unveiled\\nat Crawfordsville.\\nMay 26. N. Y. The Greek tragedy of\\nAntigone is given at Poughkeepsie by\\nVassar girls.\\nMay 30. Ark. A terrible tornado\\nleaves 5,000 people of the town of Hope\\nhomeless and destitute the authorities\\ninvite assistance.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1893.\\nMay 14. Bissell. William Henry A., P. E.\\nbishop of Vt., A79.\\nMay 19. Murdoch. James E.. actor, elo-\\ncutionist, A82.\\nJune 7. Booth, Edwin, actor, tragedian,\\nAGO.\\nCHURCH.\\n1893 May 14. Boston, Dean William\\nLawrence is chosen by the Episcopal\\nDiocesan Convention to succeed Dr.\\nPhillips Brooks as bishop of Massa-\\nchusetts.\\nInd. Ex-President Harrison and ex-\\nPostmaster-General Wanamaker deliver\\naddresses before the Young Men s Chris-\\ntian Association Convention in Indian-\\napolis.\\nMay 18. D. C. The General Assem-\\nbly (Presbyterian) begins its session at\\nWashington Prof. W. G. Craig, mod-\\nerator.\\nAMERICA\\n[May 24. Prof. Eriggs concludes his\\nargument, and Col. McCook begins on\\nbehalf of the prosecution. May 26.\\nThe General Assembly votes. 410 t 145,\\nto entertain the l J v -r\\\\,\\\\] U ommit-\\ntee s appeal in the case of Prof. Briggs.\\nMay 29. Prof. Briggs s trial by the Gen-\\neral Assembly for heresy begins. May\\n30. The trial continues. May 31. The\\nAssembly sustains the appeal against\\nProf. Briggs. Vote, 383-1IG. June 1.\\nIt suspends him from the ministry until\\nhe shall give evidence of repentance it\\nalso takes action against the Union\\nSeminary.]\\nMay 27. N.Y. The General Convention\\nof the New Jerusalem meets.\\nMay 28. New York. The Infanta Eu-\\nlalie attends mass in St. Patrick s Cathe-\\ndral in the morning, and a reception by\\nthe Catholic Club in the evening.\\nJune 4. Rev. Dr. James H. Ecob an-\\nnounces his withdrawal from the Pres-\\nbyterian Church on account of the\\ndecision in the Briggs case.\\nJune 5. It. Pope Leo thanks Cardi-\\nnal Gibbons for bis argument in favor\\nof restoring the temporal power of the\\nPapacy.\\nJune 7. It. The Sacred Congregation\\nof the Propaganda confirms the scho-\\nlastic policy of Mgr. Satolli and Arch-\\nbishop Ireland in the United States.\\nLETTERS.\\n1893 May 22. Mass. The Salem Re-\\ngister, established 1800, suspends publi-\\ncation.\\nMay 23. Fa. Rev. H. B. Frissell is\\nchosen to succeed General S. C. Arm-\\nstrong as principal of Hampton Nor-\\nmal Institute for Indians.\\nMay 31. New York. The University\\nof the City of New York secures\\nabout eight acres of ground adjoining 20\\nacres purchased last year price, $111,986.\\nJune 10. New York. The Journal of\\nCommerce and the Dally Commercial\\nBulletin are consolidated.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1893 May 12. New York. Francis H.\\nWeeks, the head of West Superior\\nLand and Improvement Company, the\\nWest Superior Steel Company, the West\\nSuperior AYoolen Company, and trustee\\nof several estates, has absconded. He\\nis believed to be a defaulter for over\\n81,000,000.\\n[Sept. 9\u00c2\u00b1. He is virtually arrested in\\nCosta Rica. Nov. 8. He is sentenced to\\nimprisonment in Sing Sing for 10 years.]\\nMay 13. Chicago. The local directors\\nof the World s Fair decide to open the\\ngrounds (but not the exhibit build-\\nings) on Sunday, May 21, at 25 cents\\nadmission fee.\\n[May 1G. They decide to open the Fair\\nin all departments, the machinery only\\nto be stopped.]\\nKg. One thousand women of Ow-\\nensboro band together and pledge them-\\nselves to wage a continuous crusade\\nagainst the liquor-dealers and manufac-\\nturers of their city.\\nO. The Scotch-Irish Congress is\\nin session at Springfield, with President\\nRobert Bonner in the chair.\\nnn. The grand jury at Cbattanooga\\nreturns 25 indictments against citizens\\nalleged to have b*-.-n concerned in the\\nlynching of Alfred Blount,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 live for\\nmurder and 20 as accessories.\\nMay 16. N. II. too. H. Abbott (Frank\\nC. Almyi, the murderer of Christie War-\\nden at Hanover, is hanged at Concord.\\nMay 19. D. C. The President and Mrs.\\nCleveland give a reception at the White\\nHouse to the members of the Presby-\\nterian General Assembly.\\nNew Y ;-k. The Infanta Eulalie is\\nformally welcomed, and taken by\\nW;\\nSlu\\npanied by the Saragossa Band, from\\nSpain.\\n[May 20. She is received at the White\\nHouse. May 25. She is welcomed by\\nthe mayor of New York as the city s\\nguest. May 29. She visits West Point\\nand reviews the cadets. May 31. She\\nreviews the parade of the police of New\\nYork. June 3. She is received by the\\nmayor of Brooklyn. June 6. Slie ar-\\nrives at Chicago. June 7. She is re-\\nceived by Mayor Harrison.]\\nMay 20. Til. W. H. Scbureman, pro-\\nprietor of the Normal Exchange Bank,\\nof Bloomington, is under arrest charged\\nwith embezzlement.\\nTex. The will of Henry Rosen-\\nberg, banker, of Galveston, gives $400,-\\n000 to family and friends, and $520,000\\nfor benevolences in Galveston among\\nthem 530,000 for drinking-fountains and\\n$25,000 for a public library.\\nMay 22. New York. C. J. Johnson is\\nconvicted of manslaughter in the first\\ndegree for throwing his wife out of an\\nupper window and Killing her while he\\nhimself was drunk.\\nMay 23. New York. G. A. Whitman,\\ncashier of the Spooner Manufacturing\\nCompany, is held in $3,500 bail for em-\\nbezzlement.\\nChicago. The World s Fair National\\nCommission adopts the Judiciary\\nCommittee s minority report in fa-\\nvor of Sunday opening. Vote, 30-27.\\nMay 26. Chicago. Dircctor-of-Works\\nBurnham issues an order announcing\\nthat the World s Fair will be open to\\nthe public on Sunday next. May 28,\\nuntil 11 p.m., the buildings closing at\\n10 P.M.\\nTex. Masked robbers hold up a\\ntrain at Coleman, and compel the en-\\ngineer and fireman to help them rub the\\nexpress-car.\\nMay 28. Chicago. The World s Fair\\ngates are open aU day (Sunday) about\\n125,000 people are admitted less than\\none-eleventh of Chicago s population\\nBritish exhibits and the State buildings\\nremain closed.\\nMay 29. Pa. The Hoy family-\\nfather, mother, and two children are\\nfound murdered at home in New Haven.\\nMay 30. la. The removal of saloon\\nscreens on Sunday at Fort Dodge by\\nforce of law stops the sale of beer.\\nMay 31. Clticago. Argument begins\\nin the Federal Court on the proceed-\\nings by the Government to close the\\nWorld s Fair gates on Sunday.\\nJune 1. The Royal Arcanum reports\\n143.36S members total benefits paid to\\ndate, $23,332,502.\\nNeto York. A cheap-milk de-\\npot is formally opened at the foot of", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0442.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1893, May 11 -June 10. 431\\nEast Third Street for the benefit of the\\npoor people of the neighborhood.\\nX. Y. The Presbyterian Rest for\\nConvalescents is formally opened in\\nWhite Plains it will provide temporary\\nshelter and care for worthy Protestant\\npoor discharged from hospitals.\\nJune 3. N. 1 The Long Island Rail-\\nroad Company s general manager issues\\nan order that heads of departments will\\nbe held responsible if they continue to\\nemploy men who frequent drinking-\\nplaces during their leisure hours.\\nJune 4. Chicago. Sunday: The at-\\ntendance at the World s Fair to-day\\nfalls short of 60,000. The British exhib-\\nits and the U. S. Government display\\nare covered.\\nJune 5. Kg. The Hustler newspaper\\noffice is wrecked by dynamite the\\npaper was edited by Rev. J. J. Dickey,\\nwho secured the enactment of the local-\\noption law in Breathitt County.\\nJune 6. Cat. The Nawab of Ram-\\npur arrives at San Francisco on his\\nway to Chicago.\\nChicago. The World s Congress\\non Temperance is in session.\\nU. S. Officers of the Actors* Fund\\nreport the disbursement of about \u00c2\u00a7450,-\\n000, and for relief, burials, hospital\\ncharges, etc., S203,500, since organizing\\nin 1S92, and funds on hand amounting\\nto \u00c2\u00a7230,325.\\nJune 7. Supreme Master S. J. Willey of\\nthe Knights of Pythias is expelled from\\nthe order; cause, the loss of \u00c2\u00a780,000\\nthrough his operations.\\nSTATE.\\n1893 May 12. Fr. In the Bering\\nSea Arbitration Court discussion takes\\nplace over the forged interpolations in\\nthe American case.\\nMay 15. D. C. The TJ. S. Supreme\\nCourt renders a decision sustaining the\\nconstitutionality of the Geary Chi-\\nnese Exclusion Act; Justice Brewer,\\nJustice Field, and Chief-Justice Fuller,\\neach delivers a dissenting opinion.\\nMay 16. Z C. The Cabinet discusses\\nthe Chinese question without result\\nthe Geary Law is practically nullified\\nhy the lack of money to execute it.\\nNew York. The Senate Committee\\non Immigration examines Dr. Senner.\\n[May 17. It inspects Ellis Island and\\nthe method of treating immigrants\\nthere.]\\nOkla. The Indians cede about\\n9,409 square miles in the Cherokee Strip\\n(6,022,754 acres) to the Federal Govern-\\nment for 38,300,000, to be paid in five\\nannual installments, 8300,000 at the time\\nof purchase, besides 8110,000 to be paid\\nother Indians.\\nMay 19. D. C. It is decided that the\\nGovernment will pay all bills presented\\nfor the entertainment of the Duke of\\nVeragua and the Infanta Eulalie as\\nthe nation s guests, except otherwise\\nprovided for by States and cities that\\nvoluntarily give them hospitality.\\nMay 20. Conn. The governor signs the\\nAnti-Oleomargarin Bill, which will pre-\\nvent the sale of oleoniargarin in the\\nState.\\nMay 24. New York. The Congressional\\nCommission appointed to investigate\\nthe Custom-house begins its work.\\nMay 25. China. The coining of the\\nnew Chinese Minister to the United\\nStates is alleged to be deferred, pending\\nthe reply of the Secretary of State to\\nChina s questions.\\nMay 27. L C. Secretary Smith an-\\nnuls an order issuea by Gen. Raum\\nwhile Commissioner of Pensions respect-\\ning disabilities not of service origin.\\nMay 28. D. C. The State Department\\nis notified by the Chinese Govern-\\nment that if the Geary Law is enforced\\ndiplomatic and commercial relations\\nwith the United States will be severed.\\nMay 30. J?. I. Two Republicans are\\nunseated by the Democratic majority\\nin the House because of this the Re-\\npublican Senate refuses to meet the\\nHouse in Grand Committee. [June 3.\\nGov. Brown prorogues the State Legis-\\nlature to January, 1S94.] (See Aug. 12.)\\nJune 2. D. C. It is announced that the\\nItalian Legation at Washington has\\nbeen raised to the rank of an embassy,\\nBaron Fava to be first ambassador.\\nJune 3. N. Y. Judge Edwards of the\\nSupreme Court denies a motion requiring\\nthe State Board of Canvassers to show\\ncause why they should not be punished\\nfor contempt of court in the Dutchess\\nCounty election case.\\nJune 6. J). C. The Russian Extradi-\\ntion Treaty is promulgated by Presi-\\ndent Cleveland.\\nJune 7. D. C. Russia notifies the U.\\nS. Government of her intention to raise\\nher legation at Washington to the rank\\nof an embassy.\\nJune 8. 0. William McKinley, Jr.\\n(Hep.), is renominated for governor.\\nJune 9. D. C. The new Hawaiian Min-\\nister, Lorin A. Thurston, is presented\\nto the President.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1893 May 11. N. Y. A syndicate is\\nformed for the construction of a trans-\\nmission line to convey to Albany and\\nseveral other cities the electric power\\ngenerated by the tunnel waters of the\\nNiagara Falls Power Company capital,\\n$4,000,000.\\nThe Empire State express, a regular\\npassenger-train of four cars, drawn by\\nlocomotive number 999, is run on\\nthe New York Central Railroad, for one\\nmile, at the rate of 112.5 miles per\\nhour.\\nMay 14. Mich. Ten miners are killed\\nby the cage striking the timbers and\\nfalling down a shaft in the Calumet and\\nHecla Mine.\\nMay 16. Ark. The Grand Lake Levee\\nand the protective levee at Point Pleas-\\nant give way.\\nMay 17- Til. A generator explosion\\nin a glucose factory at Geneva causes\\nthe loss of six lives, besides damage to\\nthe building.\\nTwo more Mississippi crevasses are\\nreported.\\nMay 18. Ark. A box containing $10,-\\n000 is unearthed at Des Arc, under the\\nhouse of S. P. Catlin, an eccentric bache-\\nlor, who died 10 years ago.\\nMay 19. Chicago. The Local Directory\\ndefers opening the gates of the\\nWorld s Fair on Sunday, in order to\\ngive the National Commission time to\\nconsider the question.\\nMay 20. Chicago. By the breaking of a\\nfloor at the World s Fair 70 women\\ndrop en masse a distance of 12 feet nine\\nare seriously hurt.\\nMay 21. Mich. Forest fires at Sagi-\\nnaw and elsewhere in the State destroy\\n12 lives and $1,500,000 in property.\\nMay 22. Chicago. The Swiss exhibit\\nat the World s Fair is closed by the\\nSwiss Commissioner because of the ar-\\nrest of one of the exhibitors hy United\\nStates customs officers.\\nMay 23. La. A crevasse 200 feet wide\\noccurs near New Orleans.\\nMay 25. Chicago. At the World s Fair,\\ncommissioners from 17 foreign countries\\nwithdraw their exhibits from com-\\npetition for the awards.\\nNew York. The Dock Board adopts\\nplans to build new piers and bulk-\\nheads at a cost of $10,000,000.\\nMay 27. La. The body of Jefferson\\nDavis is removed from the tomb in New\\nOrleans, preparatory to its transfer to\\nRichmond, Va. [Arrives on May 31, and\\nis interred in Hollywood Cemetery.]\\nNew York. Gold coin amounting to\\n$2,500,000 is shipped for Europe.\\nMay 28. Chicago. The New York Cen-\\ntral s Exposition Flyer makes its\\nfirst run to Chicago [in less than 20\\nhours].\\nMay 29. New York. Cable-cars begin\\nregular trips on Broadway.\\nJune 5. Chicago. The exhibits sent\\nby Queen Victoria of England and\\nQueen Margherita of Italy are opened\\nat the World s Fair.\\nJune 6. N. Y. The centennial anni-\\nversary of the founding of Bath begins.\\nJune 7. JV. Dak. The business portion\\nof Fargo is destroyed by fire loss,\\n$2,500,000; over 2,000 people are home-\\nless.\\nTex. The completion of a great\\ndam, 1,150 feet long, 60 high, across the\\nColorado River at Austin, is celebrated.\\nBy it a lake 22 miles long, with an\\naverage width of 1,200 feet, is formed,\\ncontaining a water supply for Austin of\\ntwenty-one billion gallons, and afford-\\ning power for the electric-light system\\nof the city.\\nJune S. New York. All the members of\\nthe Rapid Transit Commission, ex-\\ncept John H. Starin, resign.\\nJune 9. D. C. Ford s Theater, Wash-\\nington, where Lincoln was assassinated,\\ncollapses while nearly 400 Government\\nclerks are at work inside 21 persons are\\nkilled and about 50 injured.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0443.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "432 1893, June 10- July 10.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1893 June 16. X. Y. The militia\\nis ordered to Tonawanda on account\\nof a strike among lumber-shovers.\\nJuly 3. Neto York. The Russian ar-\\nmored cruiser Admiral Nachimoff ar-\\nrives, and anchors in the Hudson Kiver.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1893 June 22. Kan. A tornado\\nstrikes Perry, in the eastern part of the\\nState, kills 16 persons, and injures many\\nothers.\\nJune 25. Chicago. Bruce Joy s statue\\nof Gladstone is unveiled at the\\nWorld s Fair.\\nA granite monument erected to\\nthe memory of the anarchists in the\\nHaymarket massacre, Spies, Parsons,\\nFischer, Lingg, and Engle, is unveiled\\nin Waldheim Cemetery.\\nJune 28. Mass. The Farragut statue\\nin Marine Park, South Boston, is un-\\nveiled.\\nJuly 1. Pa. The statue of Victory is\\nunveiled at Gettysburg in memory of\\nfallen soldiers.\\nJuly 2. New York. Lieut. Peary s\\nvessel, the Falcon, starts for Boston on\\nher way to the Arctic regions in search\\nof the North Pole 12 men accompany\\nthe commander.\\nJuly 7. la. Tornadoes occur; more\\nthan 100 lives are lost the town of Pome-\\nroy is demolished.\\nJuly 9. Miss. An enormous meteor\\nfalls near Brandon though buried in\\nthe earth, it gives out intense heat and\\nnoxious fumes.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1893.\\nJune 20. Stanford, Leland, Gov., senator\\nfor Cal., founder of University, A69.\\n1893 June 12. New York. TheBriggs\\ncase is again brought up in the Presby-\\ntery.\\nJune 14. China. F. R. Graves is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal) missionary\\nbishop of China.\\nJapan. John McKim is consecrated\\n(Protestant Episcopal) missionary bishop\\nof Japan.\\nIt. Pope Leo gives audience to\\nDr. M Glynn, who leaves Rome after\\na sojourn of five days. [June 25. He\\nreturns to New York.]\\nJune 29. Mass. The Young Women s\\nConference at Northfield closes.\\nJune 30. O. The Epworth League Con-\\nference begins its international session\\nat Cleveland.\\nJuly 9. N.Y. Rev. JohnS. Penman,\\nPresbyterian pastor at Irvington, resigns\\nhis charge because of dissatisfaction with\\nthe decision in the Briggs case.\\nLETTERS.\\n1893 June 15. Minn. Pope Leo de-\\ncides that in the Diocese of St. Paul,\\nCatholic and Protestant children must\\nbe alike instructed, without the exac-\\ntion of a promise that the latter shall\\nbecome Catholics.\\nJune 19. Chicago. The will of John\\nCrerar is declared valid it provides for\\nthe erection of another great library,\\nhaving an endowment of \u00c2\u00a32,000,000.\\nJune 21. Md. Cardinal Gibbons makes\\npublic a translation of Pope Leo s let-\\nter on the public-school question\\npublic schools are not to *be entirely\\ncondemned, but Catholic institutions of\\nlearning are to be multiplied as fast as\\npossible.\\nJune 25. Neio York. Several teachers\\nare dismissed from the Wilson Indus-\\ntrial School because of their activity as\\ntheosophists.\\nJune 2S\u00c2\u00b1. New York. The Christian\\nUnion assumes a new name The Out-\\nlook.\\nJune 29. Pa. The Pennsylvania\\nChautauqua holds its opening session\\nat Mount Gretna.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1893 June 10. Chicago. Chief Jus-\\ntice Fuller grants a stay of proceedings\\nin the matter of Sunday closing of the\\nWorld s Fair, the effect being to permit\\nthe Fair to keep open on the 11th\\ninst.\\nKan. Train-robbers hold up and\\nrob a train near Cimarron a messenger\\nis fatally shot.\\nN. Y. A Jewish society is incorpo-\\nrated in Brooklyn to aid poor Hebrews\\nin the matter of food, raiment, and ne-\\ncessaries of life.\\nJune 11. Chicago. The Infanta Eu-\\nlalie decides to participate in no more\\nsocial functions in Chicago. [June\\n24. She sails from New York for\\nEurope.]\\nIII. Lovejoy Day is celebrated at\\nAlton in memory of Elijah P. Love-\\njoy, the first martyr to the antislavery\\ncause he was murdered here in 1S37.\\nJune 12. Cal. The outlaws, Evans\\nand Sontag, have an encounter with\\nofficers, in which Sontag is seriously\\nwounded and captured.\\nJune 13. New York. The president, sec-\\nretary, and paying teller of the Irving\\nSavings Institution of this city are\\nfound responsible for the shortage of\\n$70,000 in the bank s funds.\\nJune 14. The 110th anniversary of the\\nadoption of the stars and stripes as\\nthe national emblem of the United\\nStates is celebrated by a general flag-\\nraising in New York, Philadelphia, and\\nother places.\\nJune 15. Chicago. The attendance at\\nthe World s Fair to-day German Day\\nexceeds that of any other fete day\\nsince the opening of the Exposition the\\nGerman building is dedicated with ap-\\npropriate exercises.\\nNew York. Heir?- ol Jay Goulddecide\\nto contest the payment of $250,000 in-\\nheritance tax in addition to the 5500,000\\nalready paid.\\nJune 16. Chicago. A reception is ten-\\ndered to ex-President Harrison in the\\nOhio building at the World s Fair.\\nThe Congress of the American\\nSons of the Revolution meets.\\nN. Y. Striking lumbermen at Ton-\\nawanda are causing trouble; troops are\\nordered to be in readiness in case of\\noutbreak. [June J8. Martial law is de-\\nclared. June 23. The strike i6 settled.}\\nJune 17. Chicago. The U. S. Circuit\\nCourt of Appeals unanimously decides\\nthat the World s Fair Corporation has\\nthe right to open the gates on Sun-\\nday.\\nThe anniversary of the Battle of\\nBunker TTill is observed in New Eng-\\nland cities, and by a Massachusetts cele-\\nbration at the World s Fair.\\nJune 18. Chicago. The World s Fair\\nis open (Sunday); but the attendance\\nis small 57,67G by payment, and nearly\\n17,000 on passes.\\nNew York. A Boston man jumps\\nfrom the Brooklyn Bridge and is\\nkilled.\\nJune 19. D. C. The coroner s jury in\\nthe Ford s Theater disaster renders a\\nverdict of criminal negligence against\\nCol. Ainsworth, Supt. Covert, Engineer\\nSasse, and G. W. Bant, the contractor.\\nJune 22. Conn. A strike ties up the\\nhorse-car lines in Bridgeport.\\nJune 24. Miss. William Buckley is as-\\nsassinated by White Caps in Marion\\nCounty while on his way home from\\ncourt, where he had been a witness\\nagainst certain of their number.\\nJune 26. Chicago. Gov. Altgeld par-\\ndons the anarchists Fielden, Schwab,\\nand Neebe, at the same time severely\\narraigning Judge Gary, who conducted\\nthe trials.\\nJune 27. Boston. The annual meeting\\nof the Army of the Potomac Associa-\\ntion is held.\\nChicago. The grand jury appoints a\\ncommittee of three to investigate all\\nthe known gambling-houses, with a\\nview to their abolishment.\\nNew York. A jury awards Mrs. Pol-\\nlock $37,500 against her father-in-law\\nfor alienating her husband s affections.\\nJune 28. New York. The anti-sweat-\\ner law is to be vigorously enforced a\\nnumber of clothing-dealers are notified\\nwhere not to purchase stock.\\nThe Cabinet of the Epworth League\\nresolves to withdraw its exhibit from\\nthe World s Columbian Exposition be-\\ncause of the opening of the Fair on\\nSunday.\\nJune 30. Mass. The Young Wom-\\nen s Conference at Northfield closes.\\nJuly 1. Phila. The garment-work-\\ners strike is ended, the employers con-\\nceding all points at issue.\\nS. C. The Evans liquor-law be-\\ncomes operative the State assumes the\\nmonopoly of the traffic in intoxicants.\\nJuly 2. N. Y. The Irish- American\\nMilitary Encampment at Newark\\nopens with a military mass total enrol-\\nment in the United States, about 40,000.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0444.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1893, June 10- July 10. 433\\nPa. New York Day is celebrated\\nat Gettysburg by the dedication of the\\nState monument speeches are made by\\nBishop Potter, Gen. Sickles, and Gov.\\nFlower.\\nJuly 4. Chicago. Independence Day\\nis celebrated at the World s Fair\\nwith addresses by Vice-President Ste-\\nvenson, H. L. Carson of Philadelphia,\\nand Mayor Harrison the Paul Jones\\nflag is unfurled, and the new Liberty\\nBell is dedicated. About 250,000 people\\nare present.\\nJuly 7. Ky. A negro named Miller,\\naccused or murdering the Ray sisters,\\nis lynched by a mob at Bardwell. [July\\n11. A negro uprising is feared because\\nof the lynching.]\\nMont. The National Free Coinage\\nAssociation is organized at Helena.\\nNew York. Anarchists hold a\\nmeeting at the Windsor Theater.\\nS. C. The Dispensary Law is de-\\nclared unconstitutional by Circuit\\nJudge Hudson at Bennettsville.\\nJuly 8. Chicago. Mayor Harrison, in\\nan address of welcome, says that unless\\nCongress gives plenty of money we\\nshall have riots that will shake the\\ncountry there are about 200,000 un-\\nemployed laborers in the city, destitute\\nof money.\\nN. Dak. D. S. Kreeder, his wife, and\\nfour children are killed by the hired\\nman, Albert Baunbargar, in Candor.\\nJuly 9. Neb. The State Bank at Shu-\\nbert fails its cashier disappears, leav-\\ning a shortage of $21,000.\\nSTATE.\\n1893 June 14. D. C. After the pres-\\nentation of Baron Fava to President\\nCleveland under his new title as Am-\\nbassador from Italy, the Turkish Min-\\nister in behalf of the Sultan presents to\\nthe President a massive gold medal\\ncommemorative of the 400th anni-\\nversary of the discovery of America.\\nJune 18. T. Chief Harris announces\\nthe receipt of a bid and its acceptance\\nfor the Cherokee Strip bonds, involving\\nabout $6,000,000, with accrued interest\\nof \u00c2\u00a7100,000.\\nJune 22. Fr. Edward J. Phelps of U. S.\\ncounsel begins his argument before the\\nBering Sea Court of Arbitration in\\nParis.\\nJune 28. N. Y. Jobn Brooks Leavitt\\nof New York City applies to Judge Bar-\\nnard for an order requiring the State\\nBoard of Canvassers of 1891 to show\\ncause why they should not be punished\\nfor contempt of court.\\nJune 30. D. C. The President sum-\\nmons Congress to convene in ex-\\ntraordinary session on Monday, Aug. 7.\\nStatistics for the fiscal year. Reve-\\nnue Customs, $203,355,017 internal\\nrevenue, $1(51,027,02-1 sales of public\\nlands, $3,182,090; miscellaneous items,\\n$18,253,898. Total revenue, $385,818,629.\\nExpenditures Miscellaneous items,\\n$103,732,799; War Department, $49,641,-\\n773 Navy Department, $30,136,084 In-\\ndians, $13,345,347 pensions, $159,357,558\\ninterest on the public debt, $27,264,392.\\nTotal ordinary expenditures, $383,477,-\\n953 excess of revenue over ordinary\\nexpenditure, $2,340,674. Exports, $847,-\\nJuly 1. Cat. Judge Koss at Los Angeles\\ndecides that imprisonment and de-\\nportation of Chinamen under the\\nGeary Law, without trial by jury, is\\nunconstitutional.\\nJuly 3. D. C. Secretary Carlisle sus-\\npends silver purchases.\\nJuly 6. New York. The Chamber of\\nCommerce by an almost unanimous\\nvote demands the repeal of the Sher-\\nman Silver Law.\\nJuly 8. Fr. Mr. Phelps concludes his\\naddress before the Bering Sea Tribu-\\nnal.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1893 June 10. N. Y. The Lehigh\\nValley coal-trestles at Buffalo, contain-\\ning Go,U00 tons of coal, are burned loss,\\n$500,000.\\nThe Glens Palls Paper Company\\nincreases its capital stock from $330,000\\nto $2,700,000.\\nJune 11. Chicago. Thirty pieces of lace\\nbelonging to the World s Fair exhibit of\\nQueen Margherita of Italy are missing.\\nN. Y. A four days centennial cele-\\nbration of the settlement of Caze-\\nnovia begins.\\nJune 13. Conn. The Viking ship ar-\\nrives at New London.\\nJune 14. N. Y. The Clinton Prison\\nconvicts begin work at grading roads,\\naccording to the new law, under the\\nsupervision of State Engineer Schenek.\\nJune 15. New York. The Clearing-\\nhouse Association authorizes the issu-\\ning of certificates for the relief of\\nbanks.\\nJune 16+ N. Y. The storage yard\\nof the Philadelphia and Reading Coal\\nCompany at Buffalo burns. Fifty thou-\\nsand tons of hard coal, and trestles, cars,\\nouthouses, offices, and scale platform,\\ncovering 15 acres of ground, are de-\\nstroyed loss over $S00,000.\\nJune 17. Neiv York. The Viking Nor-\\nwegian ship arrives in the Hudson\\nRiver.\\nJune 18\u00c2\u00b1. La. Two serious crevasses\\noccur near New Orleans. [Loss esti-\\nmated at $1,000,000.]\\nJune 19. New York. John Haggerty,\\nof Cherry Street, jumps, while in-\\ntoxicated, from Brooklyn Bridge\\ninto the East River, and swims safely\\nashore.\\nWis. Minn. Lives are lost and\\nseveral towns destroyed by forest fires.\\nJune 20. N. Y. A train is wrecked\\nat Parkville, Long Island eight persons\\nare killed and 29 injured.\\nJune 21. Wis. Seven persons are killed\\nby lightning during a circus perfor-\\nmance at River Falls.\\nJune 22. N. Y. The Columbian Lib-\\nerty bell is successfully cast at the Clin-\\nton H. Meneely Bell Foundry, Troy.\\nJune 23. Chicago. The World s Fair\\nis finally completed.\\nThe money stringency compels\\nbanks in New York and other States to\\nclose.\\nJune 24. N. J. A train wrecked at\\nPaterson causes five deaths.\\nN. Y. Three hundred persons are\\npoisoned by eating ice-cream at the\\nhigh-school reception at Rochester.\\nJune 25. Several Southern banks\\nclose their doors.\\nJune 26. Kan. The Tremont Hotel,\\nin Fort Scott, collapses several persons\\nare killed and wounded.\\nLa. Rescue crevasse near New\\nOrleans is 600 feet wide, and still en-\\nlarging.\\nNeiu York. In Wall Street money\\nrules at 20 and 30 per cent.\\nThe Viking ship starts on her trip\\nto Chicago for the World s Fair.\\nSeveral Western banks suspend\\npayments.\\nJune 27. N. Y. The summer hotel\\nSagamore, at Lake George, is destroyed\\nby fire loss, $200,000 guests and em-\\nployees are saved.\\nJune 28. Chicago. Western railroads\\nvirtually agree on a one-fare round-\\ntrip rate for the World s Fair.\\nJune 29. Colo. Silver-mines are shut\\ndown over 20,000 men are thrown out\\nof employment.\\nNew York. United action of the banks\\nrelieves the money stress and averts se-\\nrious trouble.\\nJune 30. Chicago. The management re-\\nports that the payments for admission\\nto the World s Fair during June aver-\\naged $80,000 daily.\\nNew York. Clearing-house banks\\nare renewing loans by a further issue of\\nover $5,000,000 certificates, whereby an\\neasier feeling is caused.\\nJuly 1. Chicago. President T. W. Palmer\\ntenders the resignation of his office of\\npresident of the National World s\\nFair Commission.\\nColo. Eighteen mining properties\\nare closed in Leadville, owing to the\\ndrop in the price of silver.\\nS. C. The State begins to sell liquor\\nin the State dispensaries.\\nJuly 3. N. Y. Auburn celebrates its\\n100th anniversary.\\nJuly 5. Kan. Great destitution prevails\\nin Western sections.\\nJuly U. S. Many business failures\\nare announced, following a large num-\\nber since the opening of the year banks\\nalso close their doors, especially in the\\nWest.\\nJuly 6. N. Y. A run on a savings-bank\\nin Watertown is checked by speeches\\nand a guaranty from Gov. Flower.\\nThe closing of 300 silver mines,\\nowing to the tall in the price of silver,\\nis announced.\\nA number of Western banks sus-\\npend.\\nJuly 7. Chicago. The caravels arrive\\nand are received with much ceremony\\nat the World s Fair.\\nJuly 9. Chicago. A number of firemen\\nand others lose their lives by the burn-\\ning of the cold-storage warehouse\\non the World s Fair grounds property\\nloss, $650,000.\\nNew York. A bronze tablet is fixed\\non the front wall of the City Hall to\\ncommemorate the reading of the Decla-\\nration of Independence by General\\nWashington to the army, July 9, 1776.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0445.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "434 1893, July 10 -Aug. 14.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1893 July 12. D. C. Com. T. D.\\nWilson retires because of poor health.\\nJuly 18. Kan. Military companies\\nare disbanded by the State authorities\\ncause, political dissensions and alleged\\nuse of the troops for political ends.\\nJuly 29. Tenn. The troops which\\nhave been protecting the convict\\nminers for 18 months against free\\nminers are sent home.\\nAug. 12. Phila. The unarmored\\ncruiser Minneapolis is launched at\\nCramps shipyard.\\nTenn. Three companies of militia\\nare ordered to Coal Creek to suppress\\nrioting.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1893 July 17. Cal. A second comet\\nis discovered by observers at the Lick\\nObservatory it is enclosed in the tail of\\nanother now prominent in the heavens.\\nJuly 20. Phila. The will of Anthony J.\\nDrexel is filed for probate he bequeaths\\n$1,000,000 to found an Art Gallery,\\nor Museum.\\nAug. 3. Greenland. Lieut. Peary s ex-\\npedition reaches Bowdoin Bay.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nJuly 13. Enochs, William H., M. C. for O.,\\nA51.\\nJuly 15. Kelton, John C, brig.-gen. vols.,\\nA65.\\nJuly 16. JarcUne, Edward, brig.-gen. vols.,\\nA65.\\nJuly 18. Auchmuty, Richard T., colonel,\\nphilanthropist, A62.\\nJuly 19. Smith, Melancthon, rear-aclm,\\nU. S. N., A83.\\nJones, Charles Colcock, author, anti-\\nquarian, A82.\\nJuly 31. Stephenson, John, builder first\\nstreet-ear in New York City, A84.\\nAug. 8. Towle, George\\nthor, A 52.\\nCHURCH.\\n1893 July 19. New York. Rev. Henry\\nAdams, late rector of the Church of\\nthe Redeemer, having announced that\\nhe has become a Roman Catholic, is for-\\nmally deposed from the ministry by\\nBishop Potter.\\nJuly 20. S. C. Ellison Capers is conse-\\ncrated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant\\nbishop of South Carolina.\\nJuly 25. Tenn. Thomas F. Gaylor\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nassistant bishop of Tennessee.\\nJuly Ind. The Baptist Young\\nPeople s Union of America holds its\\nsecond annual convention in Indianap-\\nolis 4,000 delegates are present.\\nAug. 1-13. Mass. The 11th annual\\nmeeting of the Bible Conference is in\\nsession at Korthfield.\\nAug. 3. N. T. Dr. M Glynn receives\\npermission from Bishop McDonnell of\\nBrooklyn to say mass for one month at\\nthe church in Bath Beach.\\nAug. 14-29. N. J. The International\\nBible Conference is in session at Ocean\\nGrove.\\nLETTERS.\\n1893 July 16. Phila. The Univer-\\nsity Extension summer meeeting\\nopens its second week with a largely\\nincreased attendance.\\nNew York. The library of the Orien-\\ntalist, Paul Anton de Lagarde, deceased,\\nin Gottingen, is purchased for the Uni-\\nversity of the City of New York.\\nN. Y. The Roman Catholic sum-\\nmer school at Plattsburg begins its\\nsessions.\\nAug. 2i. New York. C. H. Jones, for-\\nmerly of the St. Louis Republic, as-\\nsumes duty as editor of The World.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1893 July 10. New York. Gen. But-\\nterfield entertains the officers of the\\nRussian war-fleet now at this port.\\n[July 13. They arc welcomed by the\\nauthorities at the City Hall.]\\nJuly 11. The suit of Wanamaker and\\nBrown to secure the closing of the\\nWorld s Fair on Sunday is thrown\\nout of court, the judge holding that they\\nhave no standing in a court of equity.\\n0. The 27th festival of the North\\nAmerican Saengerbund begins at\\nCleveland.\\nJuly 12. Mass. The World s Stu-\\ndents Conference at Northfield ends\\nits sessions.\\nJuly 14. Chicago. The Local Directory\\nof the Fair rescinds its former action,\\nand votes, 24 to 4, in favor of Sun-\\nday closing.\\nO. The Toledo Cadets, O.N. G., start\\nfor Chicago on military bicycles.\\nS. C. Gov. Tillman meets with re-\\nsistance in enforcing the Dispensary\\nLaw Charleston liquor-dealers are pre-\\nparing to protect their premises by arms.\\nJuly 15. N. Y. The municipal au-\\nthorities of Brooklyn are charged with\\nhaving illegally expended $627,000 of\\nexcise moneys since 1877.\\nJuly 16. N. Y. Merchants at Rocka-\\nway Beach employ constables to arrest\\ngamblers whom the police refuse to\\ntouch.\\nJuly 17. New York. A pugilist is\\nkilled in a prize-fight.\\nJuly 19. New York. Russell Sage is\\nsued for an alleged breach of promise\\nof marriage, dating back 25 years.\\nJuly 21. New York. The Raja Raja-\\ngan of Kapurthala (Punjab), with a reti-\\nnue of servants, arrives here on his way\\nto the World s Fair.\\nJuly 23. Pa. Over 30 men are in-\\njured in a race-war between Hungarians\\nand Poles near Scranton.\\nJuly 24. Ore. Fifteen persons, includ-\\ning eight Federal employees, are in-\\ndieted for smuggling Chinamen into the\\nUnited States.\\nJuly 25. Chicago. About 12,000 com-\\nmercial travelers, representing every\\nState in the Union, besides represen-\\ntatives of England, France, Germany,\\nAustria, Holland, New Zealand, and\\nCanada, parade in Chicago, It is Edi-\\ntorial Day at the World s Fair.\\nKan The strike in the coal-fields\\nof the Cherokee district is so serious\\nthat Gov. Lewelling calls out the militia.\\nJuly 26. New York. Matthew Green\\nkicks James Halttead till lie cauhe Lis\\ndeath; Green is admitted to bail in the\\nMini of $1,500.\\nPa. A Pittsburg laborer kills his\\nwife and two children be then sets fire\\nto bifi house to hide the crime.\\nJuly 27. -V- w Y n-k. The Nawab of\\nRam pur arrives.\\nJuly 28. 0. The State Liquor-Deal-\\ners Association decides to enter ac-\\ntively into politics.\\nIt demands the repeal of the law which\\nmakes it an offense to sell liquor to an\\nhabitual drunkard, a modification of the\\nSunday-closing law, and other restric-\\ntions.\\nJuly 29. A mail-pouch containing\\n$50,000. east bound from Salt Lake City,\\nis missing.\\nJuly 30. hicago. Two men personate\\ndetectives, and bind and rob Mrs. R.\\nAmnion of her diamonds and jewelry at\\nher residence.\\nAug. 1. Chicago. The first annual con-\\nvention of the American Bimetallic\\nLeague begins.\\nN. J. The annual baby parade\\ntakes place at Asbury Park in the pres-\\nence of an immense multitude; there\\nare 500 babies in the line of carriages.\\nAug. 2. Chicago. Five directors of\\nthe World s Fair are fined $1,000 each\\nby Judge Stein for contempt of court in\\nclosing the Exposition on Sunday, July\\n23 smaller fines are imposed upon Direc-\\ntor Lawson and Director-General Davis.\\nN. J. M. P. Smith, tax collector of\\nSouth Orange, is arrested on charge of\\nembezzling township funds to the\\namount of $13,000.\\nAug. 3. Chicago. It is practically set-\\ntled that the World s Fair gates will\\nbe open on Sundays during the rest of\\nthe Exposition.\\nThe grand jury s inquisition concern-\\ning the cold-storage warehouse fire at\\nthe World s Fair shows that goods were\\ntaken therefrom by the wagonload, and\\nthat over 100 employees were involved\\nin the conspiracy. [Aug. 26. About\\n1,000 sufferers from the fire are receiving\\naid from the citizens committee.]\\nColo. Workmen are attacked by\\nstrikers.\\nAug. 4. X. Y. Superintendent Brock-\\nway is charged with cruelty at the\\nElmira Reformatory. [Sept. 14. He is\\nrelieved from duty pending an investi-\\ngation.]\\nAug. 6. Cal. Peculations to the ex-\\ntent of $800,000 from the Pacific Bank\\nof San Francisco are announced.\\nChicago. Sunday The World s Fair\\ngates are opened to a small attendance.\\nAug. 9. New York. The Thokore of\\nMarvi, India, arrives, en route to the\\nWorld s Fair.\\nAug. 10. Tenn. Soldiers at Coal Creek\\nlynch two men suspected of murdering\\none of their comrades.\\nAug. 12. Cal. F. Gratefeud of the Bank\\nof Shasta County is charged with embez-\\nzling $100,000.\\nChicago. Masked robbers are ope-\\nrating one man is seriously injured\\nwhile defending his own property.\\nT. U. S. Deputy-Marshal Whit-\\nmaster is killed in the Cherokee Strii-\\nby Laura Maundas, a female horse-thief.\\nAug. 13. A*. J. C. Klose, a member of\\nthe Herman Sehuetzenbund in Paters-. I.,\\nstabs his wife with a bayonet, aft", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0446.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1893, July 10 -Aug. 14. 435\\nChicago. The World s Fair con-\\ntinues to have a light attendance on\\nSunday.\\nNew York. The Shogai Matsura of\\nTokio, Japan, visits the Statue of Lib-\\nerty, when on his way to Niagara Falls\\nand Chicago.\\nSTATE.\\n1893 July 12. New York. The hide,\\nleather, and shoe trades hold a meet-\\ning, and adopt an address and resolu-\\ntions urging upon Congress the speedy\\nrepeal of the Sherman Law, which\\ncompels the Government to purchase\\n4,500,000 ounces of silver each month.\\nJuly 18. New York. At a special meet-\\ning of the Maritime Exchange, resolu-\\ntions are passed urging the repeal of the\\nsilver-purchasing clause of the Sher-\\nman Law.\\nJuly 22. Cal. The governor appoints\\nex-Governor George C. Perkins to till\\nthe vacancy in the IX. S. Senate caused\\nby the death of Leland Stanford.\\nJuly 23. Okla. A Statehood Con-\\nvention is called to meet at El Reno,\\nAug. 8.\\nJuly 30. Colo. The Denver Chamber of\\nCommerce issues an appeal for the free\\ncoinage of silver.\\nJuly 31. D.C. Secretary Carlisle declines\\nto modify his order of July 13 regarding\\nthe authentication by the customs au-\\nthorities of certificates of identifica-\\ntion issued by the Chinese Consul at\\nNew York.\\nAug. 5. I. T. The Osage Indians re-\\nfuse to treat with the U. S. Government\\nfor the cession of their reservation of\\nnearly two million acres of land.\\nAug. 7. D.C. The 53d Congress opens.\\nBoth Houses meet in extraordinary\\nsession pursuant to the call of the Presi-\\ndent for the purpose of repealing the\\nSherman silver-purchasing Act; in\\nthe Senate Isham G. Harris of Tenn.\\nis elected President pro tempore; in the\\nHouse Charles F. Crisp (Dem.) of Ga. is\\nreelected Speaker. Vote Crisp, 213\\nThomas B. Reed of Me. (Rep.), 121.\\nStrength of Parties Senate 44\\nDemocrats, 37 Republicans, 4 Populists,\\nand 3 vacancies. House 216 Demo-\\ncrats, 125 Republicans, 11 Populists, and\\n4 vacancies.\\nAug. 8. D.C. Congress: Both Houses\\nlisten to the reading of the President s\\nmessage, which urges the immediate\\nrepeal of the Sherman Law; in\\nthe Senate nearly a dozen bills dealing\\nwith the financial situation are intro-\\nduced, Henry C. Lodge (Rep., Mass.) in-\\ntroducing a resolution to come to a final\\nvote on repeal of the Sherman Law on\\nAug. 22.\\nAug. 10. D. C. Congress The Senate\\nmeets, and adjourns until the 14th inst.\\nthe House soon adjourns.\\nCal. The Geary C hin ese Exclu-\\nsion Act is enforced the first China-\\nman deported sails on the Rio de Janeiro\\nfrom San Francisco.\\n0. Lawrence T. Neal (Dem.) is nom-\\ninated for governor.\\nAug. 11. D.C. Congress: In the House\\nan order of procedure is agreed to,\\nlimiting debate to 14 days, with votes\\nsuccessively upon free coinage and the\\nrepeal of the Sherman Act William L.\\nWilson of W. Va. introduces a Repeal\\nBill aimed at the purchase clause of the\\nSherman Act Richard P. Bland of Mo.\\nmoves a bill providing for the free\\ncoinage of silver at a ratio of 16\\nto 1, as a substitute, and debate begins.\\n[It becomes earnest and almost con-\\ntinuous.]\\nAug. 12. D. C. Congress: The House\\ncontinues the debate on the proposed\\nrepeal of the Sherman Law.\\ni2. The Supreme Court of Rhode\\nIsland decides that the governor had\\nthe legal right to adjourn the Legis-\\nlature.\\nThere was a deadlock between the two\\nhouses, and no choice of State officers\\nhad been made when the governor pro-\\nclaimed the Legislature adjourned; the\\ndecision leaves the Republican officials\\nin office to hold over.\\nVa. The Republican State Com-\\nmittee decides to make no nominations\\nfor State oflices the Republicans gen-\\nerally support the Populist candidates.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1893 July 10. Colo. Denver is shaken\\nby an explosion of 8,000 pounds of dy-\\nnamite in storage.\\nJuly 11. The trunk lines decide to run\\nexcursion-trains to Chicago at one\\nfare for a round trip.\\nJuly 12. Aid. The largest wheat cargo\\nleaves Baltimore in the Great Northern\\n163,000 bushels.\\nJuly 13. N. Y. A train is wrecked at\\nNewburg, causing five deaths.\\nPa. Plate-glass factories in Pitts-\\nburg close 10,000 men are idle.\\nJuly 16. Chicago. Four persons are\\nkilled and seven injured by a fireworks\\nexplosion at an Italian picnic.\\nN. H. The Glen House near Mount\\nWashington is burned loss, $100,000.\\nJuly 17- Chicago. Four people are killed\\nand several injured in a collision be-\\ntween a Grand Trunk train and a horse-\\nJuly 19. Colo. Three national banks\\nclose their doors, following three others\\non the 17th inst.\\nJuly 20. Minn. The State Supreme\\nCourt decides that boycotting is legal.\\nN Y. An explosion in a rubber\\ncement factory in Brooklyn kills four\\ndown an embankment 30 persons are\\ninjured.\\nN, Y. More than 50 persons are poi-\\nsoned in Brooklyn by eating ice-cream.\\nJuly 28. U. S. It is announced offi-\\ncially that 105 banks have failed since\\nJan. 1st.\\nJuly 30. Pa. Pittsburg loses $140,000\\nby fire.\\nJuly 31. Cal. A business block in San\\nFrancisco is burned loss, $250,000.\\nAug. 1. Chicago. The provision deal\\ncollapses great excitement prevails on\\nChange, and a number of houses fail.\\nSavings-banks in New England and\\nNew York give notice that the time-limit\\nrule will be enforced.\\nAug. 2. D. C. The gold reserve in the\\nTJ. S. Treasury is above the $100,000,000\\nlimit it is the first time since Apr. 20.\\nN. Y. Levi P. Morton loses $200,000\\nby the burning of his barn and poultry-\\nhouses at Ellerslie incendiarism is sus-\\npected.\\nBanks in Iowa, Missouri, and Ten-\\nnessee resume business after a brief sus-\\npension.\\nAug. 4. Minn. Three banks in St. Paul\\nclose their doors.\\nN. Y. Nine lives are suddenly lost by\\nthe sinking of a propeller on Lake\\nGeorge caused by the incompetence of\\nthe pilot.\\nAug. 5. Mass. Mills in Fall River, em-\\nploying 7,000 hands, close on account of\\nscarcity of currency.\\nPa. The lumber camp of Keshuqua\\nis burned loss, $250,000.\\nAug. 6. Me. The reservoir of the\\nPortland Water Company bursts its\\ndam, letting loose its 20,000,000 gallons\\nin 15 minutes four lives are lost.\\nO. Three persons are killed and eight\\nseriously injured by a train on the\\nLake Shore Road, near Lindsey.\\nAug. 7. Work is resumed in mills,\\nfactories, and mines in many States.\\nAug. 9. New York. The Madison\\nSquare Bank closes its doors, and the\\nBank Superintendent takes charge of\\nits affairs. State Treasurer Danforth,\\nwho had secured a personal loan of\\n$50,000, withdraws the State s deposit of\\n$250,000 after the Clearing-house Com-\\nmittee had begun its investigation.\\nN. Y. One death from cholera occurs\\nat quarantine.\\nAug. 10. New York. Banks loan large\\nsums of money on time at 6 per cent\\nmoney on call very easy at 3 per cent\\nstocks advance an average of 2 and 3 per\\ncent.\\nAug. 11. Chicago. The World s Fair\\nattendance is on the increase; 419,000\\nadmissions are recorded in four days.\\nSeveral small Western banks close\\ntheir doors the closing of mills and\\nmines is reported from various parts of\\nthe country.\\nJuly 23. La. A fire is caused by light-\\nning in New Orleans loss estimated at\\n$250,000.\\nNew York. The Russian war-ship\\nEmperor Nicholas I. arrives.\\nJuly 25. Spreading rails cause a Balti-\\nmore and Ohio World s Fair train to fall\\nNew York. The running time of the\\nCampania from Sandy Hook to Brow\\nHead is reported five days, 16 hours, and\\n30 minutes.\\nAug. 12. Wis. Forest fires rage;\\nMann vi lie is nearly wiped out, and\\nanother town endangered.\\nMinn. Minneapolis suffers by fire\\nto the extent of $1,086,500 15,000 people\\nare made homeless.\\nAug. 14. Chicago. The Senate Hotel\\nburns seven people are killed and a\\nnumber injured.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0447.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "436 1893, Aug. 14 -Sept. 7.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1893 Aug. 17. N.Y. The West Point\\ncadets start for the World s Fair.\\nAug. 26. N. Y. The Naval Reserves,\\n250 strong, go on board the New Hamp-\\nshire, for a week s cruise and a thorough\\ncourse of instruction in naval tactics.\\nAug. 31. D. C. Samuel Breck is com-\\nmissioned colonel.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1893 Aug. 22. Wis. The American\\nAssociation for the Advancement of\\nScience is in session at Madison.\\nAug. 31\u00c2\u00b1. Ga. S. C. Six hundred\\npeople lose their lives in the cyclone\\non the Carolina and Georgia coasts.\\n[Oct. 2. A cyclone sweeps along the\\nGulf coast, causing 2,000 deaths in Loui-\\nsiana and elsewhere.]\\nSept. 2. Ga. A cloud-burst at Guyton\\ndoes great damage.\\nSept. 5. D. C. The Pan-American\\nMedical Congress in Washington is\\nopened by President Cleveland.\\nSept. 7. N. Y. The Social Science As-\\nsociation at Saratoga discusses prison\\nreform.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nAug-. 17. Chipman, J. Logan, M. C. for\\nMich., A69.\\nAug. 21. McMahon, Lawrence S., R. C.\\nbishop of Hartford, A58.\\nAug. 28. Harvey, Hayward A., inventor\\nof Harvey process for armor-plates, A69.\\nSept. 4. l -onapartc, .leronic N:ipoleon,liead\\nof the American P.onapartes, A63.\\nSept. 7. Fish, Hamilton, M. C. for N. T.,\\nGov., senator, secretary of state, A85,\\nCHURCH.\\n1893 Aug. 15. New York. Mgr. Sa-\\ntolli celehrates pontifical high mass in\\nthe Cathedral, and Archbishop Corri-\\ngan expresses loyalty to the Pope and\\nthe Apostolic delegate.\\nN. J. A large number of Roman\\nCatholic pilgrims attend and take part\\nin the ceremonies at the shrine of St.\\nAnthony at Butler, some kissing the\\nrelics, hoping thereby to be relieved of\\ndisease.\\nAug. 28. Chicago. The Jewish Denom-\\ninational Congress is opened.\\nAug. 31. Mo. An International Sun-\\nday-school Convention meets at St.\\nLouis.\\nSept. 1. New York. Dr. Adolf Stoec-\\nker, a noted Anti-Semite leader, and\\nformerly court chaplain to the Emperor\\nof Germany, arrives.\\nSept. 4. Chicago. The Roman Cath-\\nolic Congress is opened by Cardinal\\nGibbons.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1893 Aug. 14. New Bug. During the\\nlast three months 35 post-offices in New\\nEngland have been robbed total loss,\\nover $10,000.\\nAug. 16. New York. S. V. Keeley, cash-\\nier of the New York Club, is arrested on\\nthe charge of embezzlement.\\nAug. 17. Chicago. The Peace Con-\\ngress at the World s Fair is in ses-\\nsion.\\nIt adopts a message of congratulation\\nto Queen Victoria and President Cleve-\\nland on the triumph of arbitration, as\\nexemplified in the recent Bering Sea\\ndecision at Paris.\\n-New York. Unemployed Hebrew-\\nlaborers, numbering 50,000, parade the\\nstreets, and wind up by breaking into\\nWalhalla Hall and fighting the police.\\nAug. 18. New York. Dr. Carl Peters,\\nthe German explorer, arrives.\\nAug. 19. Pa. An attempt to wreck the\\neast-bound Philadelphia and Erie ex-\\npress is foiled by a freight-crew, who\\nclose in on the train-wreckers, and cap-\\nture one after a severe fight.\\nAug. 20. Chicago. A mass-meeting of\\nthe unemployed, mostly foreigners, is\\nheld addresses are made by well-known\\nlabor agitators and anarchists. [Aug.\\n26. Poles and Bohemians fight the po-\\nlice; a number of persons are injured.]\\nAug. 21. Ind. T. P. Haughey, president\\nof the Indianapolis National Bank, is\\narrested for embezzlement.\\nNew York. Unemployed workingmen\\nand anarchists hold a mass-meeting in\\nUnion Square.\\nAug. 22. Chicago. The West Point ca-\\ndets hold a lawn-party at the World s\\nPair.\\nN. J. Italians in Jersey City refuse\\nto unload a steamer unless Americans\\nemployed on the piers are discharged.\\nPa. Three men are killed in a\\nfight over railroad tracks at Gilberton.\\nAug. 23. Mass, Superintendent San-\\nborn and other Old Colony Railroad\\nofficials are sentenced to one month s\\nimprisonment for rioting at Abington.\\nAug. 25. Cal. M. P. Curtis, Sam l\\nof Posen, who has been tried three\\ntimes for the murder of a policeman, is\\nacquitted.\\nThe National Encampment of the\\nFarmers Alliance closes; 10,000 peo-\\nple were present, with a total atten-\\ndance for the week of nearly 75,000.\\nAug. 27. Ga. The Brunswick Relief\\nCommittee issues an appeal for contri-\\nbutions to relieve the destitution caused\\nby the yellow-fever scare.\\nKy. P.Humphreys and his mother,\\nEliza Humphreys, are killed by William\\nMeadows at Louisville, as the result of\\na quarrel.\\nAug. 28. Chicago. The Jewish De-\\nnominational Congress opens in the\\nArt Palace at the World s Fair.\\nN. J. Russian Hebrews are stoned\\nand otherwise ill-treated while seeking\\nwork in Newark.\\nN. Y. F. Howlock mortally wounds\\nhis sweetheart and then commits sui-\\ncide in Brooklyn cause, jealousy.\\nAug. 30. N.J. The Smith family and\\nrelatives hold a reunion at Peapack, with\\n10,000 persons present.\\nAug. 31. Phila. Emma Goldman is\\narrested on the charge of inciting the\\nanarchists to riot.\\nSept. 1. New York. The American Bar\\nAssociation at its closing session elects\\nThos. M. Cooley of Mich, for president-\\nSept. 2. Ark. Sheriff and Tax-Collector\\nA. Z. Bernhardt of Prairie County is\\nshort nearly $40,000 in his accounts.\\nCat. Troops are failed for to pro-\\ntect Chinamen in San Bernardino\\nCounty.\\nOkla. In a fight between outlaws\\nand U. S. deputy-marshals, seven out-\\nlaws and three D. S. marshals are mor-\\ntally wounded one outlaw is captured.\\nSept. 3. Chicago. The Aryan Theo-\\nsophieal Society welcomes the East\\nIndian representatives who have come\\nto attend the Religions Congress.\\nKav. A train and the passengers\\nare robbed at Mound Valley; the ex-\\npress messenger is killed.\\nSept. 4. N. Y. The coroner s jury in\\nthe Paul Halliday murder case in Ulster\\nCounty brings in a verdict charging Liz-\\nzie Halliday, his wife, with murder.\\n[Sept. 7. Paul Halliday s body is\\nfound buried under his own house with\\nthree bullet-wounds in it.]\\nThe Crown Prince of Japan visits\\nWest Point Military Academy.\\nSept. 5, 6. Ind. The Grand Army of\\nthe Republic meets at Indianapolis in\\nits 27th National Encampment ex-Presi-\\ndent Harrison reviews the parade of\\n20,000 veterans. Col. J. G. B. Adams of\\nBoston is elected co mman der-in-chief.\\nSept. 6. The Pan-American Medical\\nCongress adopts a resolution recom-\\nmending the temporary suspension of\\nimmigration from European countries in\\nwhich cholera exists.\\nS. C. Gov. Tillman issues an appeal\\nto the people of the United States for\\nrelief for the Sea Islands sufferers\\nfrom the storm.\\nSTATE.\\n1893 Aug. 14. B.C. Congress; Sen-\\nate Daniel W. Yoorhees of Ind. intro-\\nduces a bill permitting national\\nbanks to emit notes to the par value of\\nbonds deposited George G. Vest of Mo.\\noffers a joint resolution to maintain the\\nparity of gold and silver and in favor of\\nthe free coinage of silver the House de-\\nbates the Wilson Repeal Bill.\\nAug. 15. D. C. Congress; Senate The\\nVoorhees Bill to increase bank issues\\nis blocked the House debates the Re-\\npeal Bill.\\nFr. The Bering Sea Court of Ar-\\nbitration in Paris decides most of the\\ntechnical points against the United\\nStates.\\nIt establishes a close season for seals\\nfrom May 1 to July 31, and a protected\\nzone of 60 miles around the Pribyloff\\nIslands, and forbids the use of fire-arms,\\nnets, explosives, and steam-vessels in\\npelagic sealing.\\nAug. 16. D. C. Congress; House:\\nWilliam J. Bryan of Neb. speaks against\\nthe repeal.\\nla. Frank D. Jackson (Rep.) is nom-\\ninated for governor.\\nAug. 17. B.C. Congress; Senate: The\\nmileage resolution to permit members\\nto draw mileage immediately for the fis-\\ncal year 1S94 is passed the House de-\\nbates the Repeal Bill.\\nAug. IS. D. C. Congress; Senate: The\\nFinance Committee reports a bill favor-\\ning unconditional repeal of the Sher-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0448.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1893, Aug. 14 -Sept. 7. 437\\nman Law the House debates the Re-\\npeal Bill.\\nVa. Col. C. T. O Ferrall (Dem.) is\\nnominated for governor.\\nAug. 21. D. C. Congress; Senate: J.\\nS. Morrill of Vt. urges the repeal of the\\npurchase clause of the Sherman Act.\\nAug. 22. D. C. Congress: In the\\nHouse general debate on the Repeal\\nBill is continued. The Midwinter\\nFair Bill for San Francisco passes both\\nHouses. [Sept. 1. Approved.]\\nAug. 23. D.C. Congress; Senate: The\\nmotion to refer the Peffer resolution\\nof inquiry as to the conduct of the na-\\ntional hanks is opposed by D. B. Hill of\\nN. Y. the claim of Lee Mantle of Mon-\\ntana to recognition as Senator is re-\\njected it is decided that when a State\\nLegislature has an opportunity, but fails\\nto elect a Senator, an appointment by\\nthe governor is void. The House de-\\nbates the Repeal Bill.\\nBoston. At a special meeting of the\\nExecutive Council of the Massachusetts\\nBoard of Trade a resolution is adopted\\npetitioning Congress to repeal the Sher-\\nman Law.\\nla. Horace Boies (Bern.) is nomi-\\nnated for governor.\\nNew York. Baron Saurma, the first\\nGerman Ambassador to the United\\nStates, arrives.\\nAug. 24. D.C. Congress: Both\\nHouses discuss the silver question.\\nThe State Department receives the\\ndecision of the Bering Sea Board of\\nArbitration.\\nAug. 26. D.C. Congress; Senate:\\nThe debate on the Voorhees Repeal\\nBill is resumed David B. Hill of N. Y.\\nmakes the principal speech. House\\nThe debate on the Wilson Repeal Bill\\nis closed Thomas B. Reed of Me. and\\nBourke Cockran of N. Y. speak for un-\\nconditional repeal.\\nOhla. The Statehood Executive Com-\\nmittee meets in Oklahoma City, and calls\\namass Statehood Convention to be held\\nin Purcell on Sept. 30.\\nAug. 28. D. C. Congress: In the House\\nall the amendments to the Wilson\\nBiD, providing for free coinage at dif-\\nferent ratios (from 17 to 20), and for\\nthe reenactment of the Bland- Allison\\nAct, are defeated the Wilson Bill re-\\npealing the purchase clause of the\\nSherman Law is passed. Vote, 239-\\n108 not voting, 6. In the Senate J. V.\\nCockrell s amendment to the Bank\\nCirculation Bill is rejected. Vote, 20-\\n23.\\nAug. 29. D. C. Congress Senate D.\\nW. Voorhees of the Finance Committee\\nreports the House Repeal Bill with\\nan amendment substituting the Voor-\\nhees Bill. [One of the most notable\\nstruggles in Congress ensues.] J. N.\\nDolph of Ore. introduces a bill appro-\\npriating money to enforce the Chinese\\nExclusion Bill it is referred to a com-\\nmittee.\\nAug. 30. D.C. Congress; Senate:\\nJohn Sherman of O. speaks in favor of\\nthe Repeal Bill, followed by Henry M.\\nTeller of Colo., who attacks the na-\\ntional banks the House passes the Ur-\\ngent Deficiency Bill. [Sept. 2. Passed\\nby the Senate. Sept. 14. Approved.]\\nAug. 31. D.C. Congress; Senate; Ed-\\nward O. Wolcott of Colo, speaks against,\\nand Donelson Caffery of La. in favor of,\\nthe repeal of the Sherman Law.\\nSept. 1. D. C. Congress; Senate\\nZebulon B. Vance of N. C. speaks\\nagainst the Repeal Bill the House\\ndiscusses the Code of Rules; several\\namendments to prevent filibustering\\nare defeated.\\nThe Treasury Department resumes\\nthe payment of paper money over its\\ncounters at Washington for the last\\nten days only gold has been paid for\\ntreasury checks.\\nSept. 2. D. C. Congress; Senate: The\\nHouse Repeal Bill is laid over, and\\nthe Dolph Chinese Exclusion Act is\\ntaken up the House Urgent Defi-\\nciency Bill is passed with some amend-\\nments.\\nTsui Kwo Yin, the retiring Chinese\\nMinister, takes formal leave of the\\nPresident.\\nBy agreement with Canada immi-\\ngrants for this country landing at Que-\\nbec are to be examined by U. S. officials.\\nSept. 4, D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nShelby M. Cullom of 111. speaks in favor\\nof the House Repeal BUI, and Richard\\nCoke of Tex. and William A. Peffer of\\nKan. against it the House Committee\\non Ways and Means begins the hear-\\nings on tariff revision.\\nSept. 5. D. C. Congress; Senate: Wil-\\nliam M. Stewart of Nev. speaks against\\nthe Repeal BUI; a motion is made to\\ngo into executive session which dis-\\ncloses an unexpected majority against\\nrepeal.\\nSept. 6. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nDaniel W. Voorhees of Ind. withdraws\\nhis early session resolution; in the\\nHouse the Code of Rules is adopted\\nthe clause borrowed from the rules of\\nthe 51st Congress making 100 members a\\nquorum of the Committee of the Whole\\nis stricken out.\\nMass. L. A. Banks (Prohib.) is nomi-\\nnated for governor.\\nN. Y. The Controller of the State re-\\nports property in New York exempt from\\nState taxation as follows Cityproperty,\\n8205,410,870; U. S. property, $18,863,000;\\nN. Y. St;it\u00c2\u00ab- property, $500,000; church\\nproperty, \u00c2\u00a355, 1 jr. parsonages, $146,-\\n100; cleVn-vi)ifiL.s4ii.ri00; miscellaneous,\\n\u00c2\u00a728,068,200; total, $308,430,795.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1893 Aug. 14. New York. There are\\n30 yellow fever patients and suspects in\\nthe harbor.\\nReceipts of gold from abroad are\\nlarge.\\nGold commands a premium of 1 to\\n1^ per cent.\\nAug. 15. N. Y. Buffalo grain eleva-\\ntors are burned; loss, $800,000.\\nReceivers are appointed for the\\nNorthern Pacific Railroad.\\nAug. 16, N. C. A train on the Atlantic\\nand Danville Road breaks through a\\ntrestle near Milton, killing seven per-\\nsons and injuring many others.\\nAug. 21. Chicago. The live-stock ex-\\nhibit at the World s Fair is opened to\\nthe public.\\nPa. Many iron-mills in and near\\nPittsburg resume operations.\\nAug. 22. Ga. The mayor of Brunswick\\nadvises the people to leave the city on\\naccount of the appearance of yellow\\nfever.\\nAug. 24. CJdcago. A fire burns 150\\nhouses, rendering 3,000 people home-\\nless loss, about $650,000.\\nAug. 25. Ga. The inhabitants of\\nBrunswick, except about 5,000, leave\\nfrom fear of yellow fever.\\nIII. The trotting mare Nancy\\nHanks makes a record of one mile in\\n2.08 minutes at Springfield.\\nAug. 26. N. Y. A train is wrecked\\nby collision on the Harlem road at Ber-\\nlin 16 persons are killed, and 50 in-\\njured.\\nAug. 27. New York. The Columbian\\nLiberty and Peace Bell arrives from\\nTroy on its way to Chicago.\\nN. Y. A Rockaway excursion-train\\nruns into a Manhattan Beach train\\nnear Long Island City 11 persons are\\nkilled, and between 40 and 50 are in-\\njured.\\nAug. 28. Miss. Three persons are killed\\nand seven wounded in a railroad wreck\\nat Gulf port.\\nAug. 29. New York. The cost of the\\nnew Croton Aqueduct and the work\\non reservoirs to June 30 amounts to\\n$27,333,924.\\nAug. 30. A receiver is appointed for the\\nNicaragua Canal Construction Com-\\npany.\\nGa. The steamship City of Birming-\\nham arrives at Savannah with the\\nwrecked passengers of the steamship\\nCity of Savannah.\\nAug. 31. Mass. Thirteen persons are\\nkilled and 20 injured by a train falling\\nthrough a bridge on the Boston and\\nAlbany Road near Chester.\\nSept. 1. N.J. A case of Asiatic chol-\\nera appears in Jersey City.\\n-New York. The Equitable Mort-\\ngage Company, one of the largest cor-\\nporations engaged in lending money on\\nfarm-mortgages, goes into the hands of\\nreceivers liabilities about $15,000,000.\\nSept. 4. Pa. The Carnegie Steel\\nWorks at Homestead resume operations\\nwith 2,000 men.\\nSept. 5. New York. Monetary condi-\\ntions are becoming normal, currency no\\nlonger commanding any premium.\\nPa. The Lalance and Grosjean\\nworks and the National Tube Works\\nCompany at McKeesport, giving em-\\nployment to 2,000 men, resume business.\\nSept. 6. Vt. The last car of a passenger-\\ntrain is wrecked in crossing a bridge\\nover Otter Creek, which had been weak-\\nened by wreckers.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0449.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "438 1893, Sept. 7- Oct. 1\\nAMERICA\\nARMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NAVY.\\n1893 Oct. 4. Ala. Gov. Jones orders\\ntroops to Decatur, to quell threatened\\nriots by Louisville and Nashville Rail-\\nroad Btrikers.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1893.\\nSept. 13. LambertoTi, Hubert A., president\\nof Lehigh University, A69.\\nCHURCH.\\n1893 Sept. 11. Chicago. The World s\\nParliament of Religions opens.\\n[Sept. 14. Dharmapala, the Hindoo\\nscholar, assails Christianity, and papers\\nare read by Cardinal Gibbons, Lyman\\nAbbott, and others. Sept. 24. The Par-\\nliament considers the relation of Chris-\\ntianity to America.]\\nSept. 15. The Christian Endeavor\\nSociety reports 37,S41 societies, with a\\nmembership of 1,650,000, chiefly in the\\nUnited States, Canada, Australia, Great\\nBritain also in all missionary lands.\\nSept. 20. Minn. Archbishop Ireland\\ndenies that the Faribault plan is a\\nfailure.\\nOct. 1. New York. A monstrance, to\\nbe used in the exposition of the sacra-\\nment in St. Patrick s Cathedral, arrives\\nit cost $10,000, not including the jewels\\nused in its construction.\\nLETTERS.\\n1893 Sept. 13. Minn. The Faribault\\nschool scheme fails, as the Catholics\\nwould not consent to the assignment\\nof two Protestant teachers to the Hill\\nSchool.\\nSept. 27. N. Y. The Steele Memorial\\nLibrary Association is incorporated to\\nmaintain a free public library in Elmira.\\nOct. 4. New York. St. Francis Xavier\\nCollege opens its doors to women on the\\nsame plane with men, less the degree.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1893 Sept. 8. New York. Claus Tim-\\nmerman, an anarchist, is sentenced to\\nsix months imprisonment for lawless\\nspeech-making at a Union Square meet-\\ning.\\nSept. 9. D. C. Mrs. Cleveland gives\\nbirth to a daughter named Esther.\\nSept. 11. Chicago. The Parliament of\\nReligions opens at the World s Fair.\\nSept. 12. Ky. Judge Saufley, while in-\\nstructing the grand jury at Danville,\\ncharges that playing progressive eu-\\nchre in parlors for prizes is one of the\\nworst forms of gambling, and tells the\\njury to spare no man or woman in its\\ninvestigations.\\nSept. 15. Mich. Train-robbers hold\\nup a train on the Mineral Range Rail-\\nroad, and secure $75,000.\\nSept. 16. Chicago. Trainmen on\\nPennsylvania Railroad trains running\\nout are ordered to arm themselves to\\nprotect the company s property.\\nSunday The attendance at the\\nWorld s Fair is increasing, 27,000 pay-\\ning visitors having entered before two\\no clock to-day.\\nColo. The miners return to work,\\na settlement having been effected.\\nT. The Cherokee Strip is opened\\nto settlers, and about 100,000 persons\\nrush over the boundary line to secure\\nthe G,000,000 acres of land.\\nLa. Three negroes are hanged\\nand one kicked to death by lynchers\\nnear New Orleans, because they would\\nnot or could not tell where an escaped\\nmurderer might be found.\\nPhila. The 5,000 ounces of gold\\nrecently missed at the Mint is discov-\\nered; a trusted employee, Henry S.\\nCochren, acknowledges having taken it,\\nand shows where it is secreted.\\nSept. 18. D. C. The centennial anni-\\nversary of the laying of the corner-stone\\nof the Capitol at Washington is cele-\\nbrated President Cleveland and others\\nmake addresses.\\nT. On the arrival of boomers\\non their fastest horses in the Cherokee\\nStrip, they find that sooners are in\\npossession of the best of the land and\\nthe town-lots.\\nSept. 19. New York. Mayor Gilroy re-\\nfuses the application of the United Ital-\\nian Societies to display the Italian flag\\non the City Hall, on the 23d anniver-\\nsary of the unification of Italy by Victor\\nEmmanuel.\\nSept. 20. La. Colored people of New\\nOrleans call upon the governor for pro-\\ntection, as regulators are preparing for\\nthe torture of one of their number.\\nSept. 21. III. Three robbers hold up\\nan Illinois Central train, but obtain\\nno booty one of the robbers and three\\ntrainmen are shot.\\nVa. Robert Smith, the negro on\\nwhose account a mob made preparations\\nfor torture at Roanoke for robbing a\\nwoman, is captured, hanged, riddled\\nwith bullets, and cremated.\\nSept. 22. Ala. A train is derailed by\\nwreckers near Birmingham several per-\\nsons are hurt, but none fatally.\\nN. J. Three hundred wire-workers\\nin Roebling s mill, at Trenton, strike\\nagainst a reduction of wages.\\nTex. A claim-jumper named Wil-\\nliams kills four persons on a claim near\\nWaukomis.\\nSept. 23. III. Fourteen White Caps\\nin Quincy are indicted for wilful and\\nmalicious. murder by the grand jury;\\nthe indicted persons are prominent\\nfarmers and residents of Kingston.\\nNew York. The Lord Mayor of\\nDublin arrives at this port also Lord\\nDanraven, owner of the yacht Valkyrie.\\nTenn. The Presbytery of Knoxville\\nadopts resolutions condemning, in the\\nstrongest terms, the alarming increase\\nof mob violence; it orders the resolu-\\ntions to be read in full to the separate\\ncongregations.\\nSept. 25. La. A captured negro is\\ntortured by a mob in Jefferson Parish\\ntire is applied to his feet to extort con-\\nfession, but without success.\\nNeiv York. Bookkeeper E. J. Greene\\nand Cashier J. F. Collins, of a firm of\\ncotton-brokers, are arrested for stealing\\nabout $20,000, chiefly by means of\\nforged checks.\\nSept. 26. Boston. John W. Washburn,\\ntreasurer of the Old Colony Railroad and\\nSteamboat Companies, is announced as\\na defaulter.\\nChicago. The Odd Fellows have a\\nday at the World s Fair, and ^0,000 mem-\\nbers are present.\\nSept. 27. Chicago. Chas.Belden shoots\\nthree men and one woman at the\\nBoard of Trad.-.\\nMiss. White Caps are rousing the\\npeople to madness by burning cotton-\\ngins, and other outrages.\\nOre. The Chinese of La Grande\\nare driven away by mob violence.\\nPa. S. G. Southard of Pittsburg\\nshoots his wife and kills himself be-\\ncause he objected to his children being\\neducated as Catholics.\\nSept. 28. Colo. Gov. Waite unearths\\ngreat frauds in land-grants because of\\nperjured testimony and fraudulent snr-\\nvevs, coal-lands being entered as agri-\\ncultural lands, etc.\\nSept. 30. Cat. Members of the Sailors*\\nUnion at San Francisco perpetrate out-\\nrages upon non-union sailors, besides\\nrobbing them of their money.\\nOct. 1. O. Daniel Bauer, a city council-\\nman of Cincinnati, is indicted on two\\ncharges of soliciting bribes from a per-\\nson interested in the passage of an ordi-\\nnance to improve terminal facilities of\\nthat city.\\nOct. 2. Me. A labor riot at Auburn\\nis caused by strikers attacking non-\\nunion shoemakers the sheriff calls out\\na posse to maintain peace.\\nNew York. Mrs. Catharine Fitzgerald\\nshoots and kills Mrs. Carrie Pearsall\\non Eighth Avenue, and then gives her-\\nself up to the police.\\nSTATE.\\n1893 Sept. 7. L C. Congress; Sen-\\nate Mr. Stewart ends a three days\\nspeech on the silver question.\\nSept. S. I). C. Congress; Senate:\\nCharles J. Faulkner of W. Va. delivers\\na speech which is by some construed as\\na suggestion of compromise on the sil-\\nver question.\\nSept. 9. I). C. Congress; Senate;\\nHenry M. Teller of Colo, speaks against\\nthe Repeal Bill.\\nSept. 10. Col. V. S. Marshal Gard at\\nLos Angeles is instructed to enforce the\\nGeary Act for the exclusion of the Chi-\\nSept. 11. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nHenry M. Teller of Colo, and James L.\\nPugh of Ala. speak against the Repeal\\nBill, Mr. Pugh announcing the purpose\\nof himself and those who agree with him\\nto fight unconditional repeal by all par-\\nliamentary methods.\\nThe new Chinese Minister to the\\nUnited States confers with Secretary\\nGresham on the matter of enforcing the\\nChinese Exclusion Law.\\nSept. 12. D.C. Congress; Senate:\\nJohn H. Mitchell of Ore. speaks against\\nthe Repeal Bill.\\nNew York. The convention called bv\\nthe New York Board of Trade and Trans-\\nportation, consisting of delegates from\\nvarious commercial bodies throughout\\nthe country, meets resolutions urging\\nthe repeal of the Silver Purchase Law\\nare adopted. Vote, 1S5-5.\\nSept. 13. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nGeorge L. Shoup of Ida. speaks against\\nthe Repeal Bill, and Joseph N. Dolph\\nof Ore. argues against the free coinage\\nof silver; Daniel Voorhees of Ind. tries", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0450.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1893, Sept. 7 -Oct. 4. 439\\nunsuccessfully to have a date fixed for a\\nvote on the Repeal Bill; in the House\\na bill is introduced to consolidate Utah\\nand Nevada. [No action.]\\nSept. 14. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nJohn W. Daniel of Va. speaks against\\nthe Repeal Bill an amendment to the\\nbill is introduced by Charles J. Faulkner\\nof W. Va.\\nSecretary Smith takes measures to\\nrelieve the boomers at the Cherokee\\nStrip from further delay in registering.\\nSept. 15. D. C. Congress: Senate:\\nWilliam Lindsay of Ky. and Anthony\\nHiggins of Del. speak in favor of the\\nRepeal Bill.\\nSept. 16. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nWilliam B. Allison of la. speaks in favor\\nof the Repeal Bill another motion by\\nDaniel W. Voorhees to have a time fixed\\nto close the debate is defeated in the\\nHouse a bill providing for a U. S. bank\\nin every town of two thousand in-\\nhabitants is introduced. [No action.]\\nOkla. The Cherokee Strip is opened\\nfor settlement at 12 noon.\\nSept. 18. D. C. Congress: No business\\nis done in either House, the day being\\ndevoted to the celebration of the Cente-\\nnary of the laying of the corner-stone\\nof the National Capitol.\\nThere is a procession, and addresses\\nare made by the President, Vice-Presi-\\ndent, Speaker of the House, and Justice\\nBrown of the Supreme Court the ora-\\ntor of the day is William Wirt Henry,\\na grandson of Patrick Henry.\\nSept. 19. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nRoger Q. Mills of Tex. speaks in favor of\\nthe Repeal Bill Daniel W. Voorhees\\nof Ind. makes another vain attempt to\\nget the anti-repeal Senators to fix a date\\nfor closing debate.\\nPresident Cleveland nominates W. B.\\nHornblower of N. Y. to be Associate\\nJustice of the Supreme Court, and J. J.\\nVan Alen of R. I. to be ambassador to\\nItaly. [See Oct. 20.]\\nSept. 20. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nJames Z. George of Miss, speaks against\\nthe Repeal Bill and George Grey of Del.\\nin favor of it in the House the Federal\\nElections Bill, under exceptional rul-\\nings by Speaker Crisp, is reported, and\\nplaced on the calendar.\\nSept. 21. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndiscusses the repeal of the Sherman\\nLaw Orville Piatt of Conn, introduces\\na motion to establish closure the mo-\\ntion is discussed by Messrs. Piatt and\\nHenry C. Lodge; Stephen M. White of\\nCal. speaks against the Repeal Bill in\\nthe House a resolution is adopted that\\nthe Federal Elections Bill be taken up\\non Sept. 26, and considered until Oct. 10.\\nSept. 22. B.C. Congress Senate An\\nagreement for longer sessions beginning\\nwith the 25th is adopted Edward O.\\nWolcott and Henry M. Teller speak on\\nthe closure resolution and Senators\\nGeorge, Henry C. Hansbrough, and Wil-\\nliam M. Stewart speak against the\\nRepeal BiU.\\nSept. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nWilliam M. Stewart of Nev. makes a\\npersonal attack upon Mr. Cleveland,\\nridiculing the President and his knowl-\\nedge of economics James Donald Cam-\\neron of Pa. and William B. Bate of\\nTenn. speak against the Repeal BiH;\\nthe House adjourns for want of a\\nquorum.\\nSept. 26. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nMr. Stewart accuses President Cleve-\\nland of using Federal patronage to in-\\nfluence legislation in the House debate\\nbegins on the Tucker Bill providing for\\nthe repeal of the Federal Elections\\nLaws.\\nSept. 27. D. C. Congress; In the\\nHouse Thomas G. Lawson of Ga. and\\nCharles Daniels of N. Y. continue the\\ndebate on the Tucker Bill a resolu-\\ntion is passed asking why the lawful\\namount of silver was not purchased\\nduring July and August.\\nSept. 28. X C. Congress; Senate:\\nWilliam A. Peffer speaks against the\\nRepeal BUI; in the House John C.\\nBlack of 111., Tom L. Johnson of 0.,\\nand C. R. Breckinridge of Ky. speak\\non the Tucker Repeal Bill.\\nSept. 29. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nIsham G. Harris of Tenn. and John T.\\nMorgan of Ala. speak against the Re-\\npeal Bill in the House, John F. Lacey\\nof la. and others discuss the Tucker\\nRepeal Bill.\\nSept. 30. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nJohnson N. Camden of W. Va. speaks in\\nfavor of the Wilson Repeal Bill in\\nthe House, the debate on the Tucker\\nRepeal Bill is continued by Samuel W.\\nMcCall of Mass., Josiah Patterson of\\nTenn., and others.\\nOct. 2. D. C. Congress; Senate: The\\ndebate on the Repeal Bill is continued\\nin the House, speeches are made on the\\nTucker Repeal Bill.\\n.V. Y. The Brooklyn Independent\\nCommittee of One Hundred, for the\\npurification of government and the over-\\nthrow of ring rule, meets and adopts a\\nplatform. [Oct. 4. William C. Low is\\nelected president.]\\nOct. 3. D. C. Congress; Senate: Jo-\\nseph N. Dolph of Ore. speaks in favor of\\nthe Repeal BiU, and Thomas C. Power\\nof Mont, against it; in the House, Ste-\\nphen Northway of O. speaks against\\nthe Tucker Repeal BUI, and John C.\\nKyle of Miss, in its favor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1893 Sept. 7. III. Eleven persons are\\nkilled and 10 injured in a railway col-\\nlision on the Pan Handle road, near\\nColehour.\\nSept. 8. Ire. The Campania reaches\\nQueenstown after making the voyage\\nfrom Sandy Hook in five days, 14\\nhours, and 55 minutes.\\nSept. 10. New York. Fifty-two arti-\\nsans arrive from Europe on their way to\\nmake a study of the World s Fair and\\nAmerican industries.\\nSept. 11. The yacht Vigilant wins the\\nthird trial race, and is selected by the\\nAmerica Cup Committee to defend\\nthe trophy against Lord Dunraven s\\nyacht.\\nSept. 12. New York. Emigration from\\nthis port exceeds immigration for the\\nfirst time.\\nSept. 15. T. The boomers on the\\nCherokee Strip border register at the\\nrate of 20 a minute there are now\\nabout five registered for every lot in\\nthe strip.\\nSept. 16. T. About 150,000 persons\\nare pouring into the Cherokee Strip.\\nSept. 17. Ga. At Brunswick 19 new\\ncases of yeUow fever are reported\\nthe governor of the State issues an ad-\\ndress asking for aid for the city.\\nSept. 19. 77/. A train is wrecked near\\nManteno, causing eight deaths.\\nNew York. A number of Clearing-\\nhouse certificates, valued at $1,400,000,\\nare canceled.\\nSept. 21. Ga. There is another death\\nfrom yeUow fever at Brunswick, and\\ntwo new cases of the disease are re-\\nported, making 17 now under treatment.\\n[Sept. 22. Three new cases. Sept. 24.\\nOne death and two new cases. Sept. 25.\\nFive new cases. Sept. 26. Two new\\ncases and one death. Sept. 27. Eigh-\\nteen new cases. Sept. 28. Thirteen.\\nOct. 1. Twelve. Oct. 2. Twelve. Oct.\\n3. Fourteen new eases and three deaths.\\nOct. 6. Twenty-four new cases. Oct. 7.\\nThirty-one. Oct. 8. Thirty-two. Oct.\\n12. Eighteen. Oct. 14. Twenty-six.\\nOct. 30. Twelve. Nov. 3. Twenty-four.]\\nIowa celebrates the 47th anniver-\\nsary of its admission as a State.\\nPa. Five men are killed and several\\ninjured in a mine explosion at WilkeB-\\nbarre.\\nSept. 22. Ind. Through the leaving\\nopen of a switch by a brakeman, a lim-\\nited express vestibuled train runs into\\na freight-train near Kingsbury 11 are\\nkilled and 21 injured.\\nNew York. The British yacht Valky-\\nrie arrives after a very stormy voyage of\\n30 days.\\nSept. 23. Minn. A lumber fire in Bed\\nWing causes a loss of $150,000.\\nSept. 24. Wis. Five large mills of the\\nIllinois Steel Company s plant at Bay-\\nview will resume operations.\\nSept. 25. Mo. A fire in St. Joseph\\ncauses the loss of about $1,000,000.\\nSept. 26. S. Dak. Lead City is\\nburned.\\nSept. 27. O. Oak-harness leather men\\nmeet in Columbus to form a trust.\\nSept. 29. Cal. The Mariposa arrives\\nat San Francisco from Australia,\\nbringing $500,000 in gold consigned to\\nlocal houses.\\nMich. Twenty-eight miners are\\ndrowned by the Michigamme River\\nbursting through the roof of the Mans-\\nfield iron-mine.\\nSept. 30. O. Forest fires are raging;\\nCenterburg is burned, with heavy loss.\\nOct. 1. Chicago. The Sunday attend-\\nance at the World s Fair is greatly\\nincreased.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0451.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "440 1893, Oct 4 -Oct. 25.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1893 Oct. 25. X). C. Acting Kear-\\nAdm. Stanton is removed from com-\\nmand of the South Atlantic Squadron\\nfor saluting the flag of the Brazilian\\ninsurgents.\\n[Dec. 20. He is restored, and assigned\\nto command the North Atlantic Squad-\\nron,]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1S93 Oct. 4. N. Y. A statue of Al-\\nexander Hamilton is unveiled in front\\nof the Hamilton Cluh House, Brooklyn.\\nOct. 12. A West Indian cyclone is raging\\nalong the coasts of Georgia, Florida, and\\nSouth Carolina.\\nOct. 13. N. Y. A natural gas-well is\\ntapped by an artesian drill at Malta\\nRidge. [Nov. 11. Another is found near\\nGrand Junction, Colo.]\\nOct. 14. Ida. Large numbers of crick-\\nets are moving from northern Idaho\\nBouth and east, destroying fruit and\\ngrain on their way, to the utter dismay\\nof the farmers.\\nOct. 19. N. J. The monument com-\\nmemorating the victory of Gen.\\nWashington over the Hessians is un-\\nveiled at Trenton.\\nOct. 21. N Y. The Founders Mon-\\nument is unveiled at Southold, L. I.,\\nthis being the 253d anniversary of the\\nfounding of the town.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1893.\\nOct. 11. Black: well, Lucy Stone, aboli-\\ntionist, woman suffragist, reformer, A75.\\nOct. SO. Schaff, Philip, Pres. clergvrnan,\\nauthor, professor sacred literature Union\\nSeminary, A69.\\nOct. 24. Queen, Walter W\u00e2\u0080\u009e rear-adm. V.\\nS. N., A69.\\nBond, Hugh L., lawyer, jurist, of Balti-\\nmore, A65.\\nCHURCH.\\n1893 Oct. 5. Boston. William Law-\\nrence is consecrated (Protestant Epis-\\ncopal) bishop of Massachusetts.\\nOct. 6. Chicago. A Congress of Young\\nMen s Christian Associations of the\\nWorld opens.\\nOct. 7. Utah. The 64th semiannual\\nconference of the Mormon Church\\nis held in the Tabernacle at Salt Lake\\nCity.\\nOct. 8. Chicago. A great throng of\\npeople attend the opening exercises of\\nthe Evangelical Alliance Congress in\\nMemorial Art Palace.\\nOct. 15. N.C. JosephB. Cheshire, Jr.,\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) as-\\nsistant bishop of North Carolina.\\nOct. 19. N. Y. The Presbyterian Synod,\\nin session at Rochester, dismisses the\\ncomplaints of Prof. Briggs it will\\nnot interfere with the action of the\\nGeneral Assembly.\\nLETTERS.\\n1893 Oct. 8. Mass. Williams College,\\nat Williamstown, begins its centennial\\ncelebration with a sermon by the Rev.\\nDr. Harry Hopkins.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1893 Oct. 5. HI. A train carrying\\nnon-union workmen from the Big Four\\nRailroad shops at Indianola is attacked\\nby strikers friends one man is killed\\nand a division superintendent injured.\\nNew York. Joseph Chamberlain,\\nthe English M. P., arrives on the Ma-\\njestic.\\nOct. 6. New York. The Archduke\\nFranz-Ferdinand, heir presumptive\\nto the throne of Austria, arrives at this\\nport.\\nOct. 7. Ala. White Caps are active,\\nthreatening to burn the gin-houses of\\nfarmers who sell cotton for less than\\n10 cents.\\nNew York. Daniel O Neil, while\\ndrunk, pours kerosene over his baby s\\ncradle and tries to burn the child; he\\nthen beats his wife for trying to prevent\\nhim.\\nOct. 8. T. Treasurer McCurtin of the\\nChoctaw Nation, after making his re-\\nport to the National Council, disap-\\npears he is said to be short $io,ooo.\\nLouisiana is again terrorized by-\\nregulators, and the people in meetings\\nassembled are calling on Gov. Foster for\\nhelp against them.\\nOct. 9. Chicago Day at the Fair 716,-\\n881 admissions, the largest number in\\none day during the Fair.\\nMo. The Pan-American Bimetal-\\nlic Convention is in session at St.\\nLouis.\\nR. I. About 1,800 weavers in the\\nwoolen-mills strike against a reduction\\nof wages.\\nOct. 10. New York. The Bar Associa-\\ntion by resolution urges upon every\\ngood citizen to oppose to his utmost\\nthe attempt to reward unworthy con-\\nduct [of Isaac H. Maynard] by a seat\\non the bench of our highest judicial\\ntribunal. [Oct. 15. Gov. Flower makes\\nhis defense of the appointment.]\\nTex. Two masked men stop a\\nstage in Coke County and rifle the mail-\\nbags, securing about \u00c2\u00a73,100.\\nOct. 12. New York. The Society for the\\nPrevention of Crime sends letters to\\nthe police officials, charging them\\nwith neglect of duty.\\nOct. 14. Chicago. M. V. Gannon re-\\nsigns the presidency of the Irish\\nNational League of America.\\nO. The Columbus grand jury has\\nfound over ioo indictments against W.\\nZ. McDonald, late chief inspector of\\nworkshops and factories.\\nOct. 16. Chicago. The World s\\nWoman s Christian Temperance Union\\nbegins its second biennial session in the\\nHall of Columbus of the World s Fair.\\nIt is called to order by Lady Henry\\nSomerset, vice-president at large, as\\nMiss Willard is unable by ill health to\\nbe present. [Miss Willard is reelected\\npresident.]\\nThe public-school children of Chi-\\ncago visit the Fair Grounds paid ad-\\nmissions for the day, 234,405.\\nN. Y. Kingston celebrates the\\n116th anniversary of its burning by the\\nBritish forces Daughters of the Amer-\\nican Revolution have charge of the ex-\\nercises.\\nNew York. Jacob J. Kaiser, over-\\ngaiter manufacturer, is sentenced to the\\nState prison for seven and a half years\\nfor setting fire to his place of business\\non Broadway.\\nOct. 17. New York. Lord Dunraven\\nof England is entertained at dinner by\\nC. Oliver Iselin and the New York Yacht\\nClub.\\nDr. C. H. Parkhurst sends a letter\\nto Mayor Gilroy and the chairman for\\nselecting gTand jurors.\\nHe charges that Grand Juryman Hugh\\nSlevin violates the Excise Law, and is\\nnot a fit person to be a grand juror a\\nnumber of affidavits in proof accompany\\nthe letter.\\nOct. 18. Chicago. The American\\nBankers Association Convention be-\\ngins its session in the Art Institute of\\nthe World s Fair, with W. H. Rhawm\\nof Philadelphia in the chair.\\nAT. J. The Trenton Battle Monu-\\nment celebration begins.\\nOct. 19. Md. The anniversary of the\\nburning of the tea-laden British brig\\nPeggy Stewart in Annapolis Harbor in\\n1774, as a protest against the Stamp Act,\\nis celebrated in Baltimore.\\nOct. 20. Fa. A mob attacks the jail\\nat Roanoke the militia fire, killing nine\\nmen, and wounding 20 others.\\nOct. 21. Ind. Mrs. Augusta Schneider,\\na wealthy lady, quarrels with one of her\\ntenants, and shoots and kills him near\\nWalton.\\nOct. 24. Chicago. Mary Washington\\nDay is celebrated at the World B Fair\\nin the New York State building.\\nSTATE.\\n1893 Oct. 4. D. C. Congress Sen-\\nate Speeches favoring compromise on\\nthe silver question are made by Joseph\\nC. S. Blackburn of Ky., Matthew C.\\nButler of S. C, and Wilkinson Call of\\nFla. in the House the repeal of the\\nFederal Elections Laws is discussed\\na bill to repeal the Chinese Exclusion\\nBill (see May 5, 1892) is reported. [It\\nis sharply discussed in both Houses, and\\nspecially opposed by members from the\\nPacific Coast.]\\nOct. 5. D. C. Congress House G.\\nW. Murray of S. C. concludes his argu-\\nment against the repeal of the Federal\\nElections Laws; a bill is passed pla-\\ncing the Secretary of Agriculture in\\nthe line of succession to the presidency.\\nNew York. The Chamber of Com-\\nmerce passes a resolution asking the\\nTJ. S. Senate to amend its rules so as\\nto pass the Silver Repeal Bills.\\nOct. 6. D. C. Congress Senate An\\namendment to the Wilson Repeal Bill\\nis introduced by J. C. S. Blackburn of\\nKy. Senators Call, Butler, and Teller\\nspeak against repeal in the House\\ndebate on the Tucker Repeal Bill is\\ncontinued.\\nOct. 7. D. C. Congress; Senate: D.\\nW. Voorhees of Ind., the Democratic\\nleader, announces that he will ask on\\nthe 11th inst. for a continuous session\\nuntil the Repeal Bill is disposed of;", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0452.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1893, Oct. 4 -Oct. 25. 441\\nW. N. Roach of N. Dak. and W. V.\\nAllen of Neb. speak against the bill\\nthe House debates the Tucker Repeal\\nBill.\\nMass. Fred. T. Greenhalge (Rep.) is\\nnominated for governor.\\nOct. 9. D. C. Congress Senate After\\na discussion by several members as to\\nhow far the Repeal Bill would demone-\\ntize silver, F. M. Cockrell of Mo. speaks\\nagainst the Repeal Bill; in the House\\ndebate on the bill for repealing the\\nFederal Elections Laws is closed, and\\nit is decided to pass the bill as it now\\nstands.\\nOct. 10. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nMessrs. McPherson and Coakrell speak\\non the Silver Repeal Bill; in the\\nHouse the Tucker Bill, repealing all\\nexisting Federal Elections Laws, is\\npassed. Vote, 200-101.\\nOct. 11. D. C. Congress; Senate The\\nsession is continued all day and all\\nnight W. V. Allen of Neb. begins to\\nspeak at 6.30 p.m. against the Repeal\\nBill [and continues through the entire\\nnight].\\nOct. 12. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nMr. Allen finishes his speech at\\neight o clock in the morning, having\\nbeen on the floor 14 and three-quarters\\nhours it is the longest continuous\\nspeech ever made in the Senate the\\nsession continues all the day and even-\\ning.\\nOct. 13. D. C, Congress Senate The\\ndebate on the Repeal Bill continues,\\nW. M. Stewart of Nev. holding the floor.\\nThe Senate adjourns at 1.45 a.m., on\\nthe motion of D. W. Voorhees of Ind.,\\nhaving been in session 39 hours con-\\ntinuously it is found impossible to\\ncompel the attendance of the majority\\n(43) members.\\nOct. 14. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nSeveral important amendments to the\\nrules are offered James K. Jones of\\nNev. speaks against the Repeal Bill.\\nThe Secretary of the Treasury s order\\nthat nothing but coin or currency\\nbe accepted in payment of government\\ntaxes is rescinded certified checks will\\nbe received.\\nOct. 16. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the McCreary Bill, which pro-\\nvides for the amendment of the Geary\\nAct, so as to give Chinese residents in\\nthe United States another six months\\nin which to register. Vote, 178-1. [Nov.\\n2. It is amended and passed by the Sen-\\nate. Nov. 3. Conference report agreed\\nto and bill approved.]\\nBoston. The Associated Board of\\nTrade unanimously adopts resolutions\\npetitioning the United States Senate to\\nchange its rules so that a vote can be\\nreached on the Repeal Bill.\\nOct. 17. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndiscusses a proposed amendment to\\nthe rules Senator Sherman makes a\\nspeech in which he aims to place the\\nresponsibility for the deadlock re-\\nspecting the repeal of the Sherman Law\\non the Democrats.\\nOct. 18. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the New York and New Jersey\\nBridge Bill introduced Sept. 20, author-\\nizing the construction of a bridge across\\nthe Hudson River.\\nNew York. The Cotton Exchange\\npasses resolutions railing for the speedy\\nrepeal of the purchasing clause of the\\nSherman Law.\\nOct. 19. D. C. Congress; Senate: D.\\nB. Hill of N. Y. speaks against compro-\\nmise on the Repeal Secretary Carlisle s\\nstatements in answer to the Senate s\\nresolutions show that the deficit in\\nrevenues may reach $50,000,000\\nat the end of the fiscal year.\\nOct. 20. D. C. Congress The Senate\\nin executive session confirms, among\\nothers, the nomination of J. J. Van\\nAlen of R. I. to be ambassador to Italy.\\n[The nomination is severely and persist-\\nently criticised. Nov. 20. Van Alen\\nresigns. Dec. 3. The resignation is\\nmade public] The House passes a de-\\nficiency appropriation bill. [Oct. 28.\\nAmended and passed by the Senate.\\nNov. 3. Third Conference report made.\\nFinal action not taken]. Also a bill to\\nremit half the duties on exhibits here-\\nafter sold at the World s Fair, and\\nanother providing for the destruction\\nof derelicts along the Atlantic coast.\\nOct. 21. D. C. Congress; Senate\\nMessrs. Peffer and Jones speak against\\nrepeal.\\nThe Senate agrees to a compromise,\\nby repealing the purchasing clause of\\nthe Sherman Bill, to take effect Oct. 1,\\n1S94, and eliminating entirely the bond\\nquestion all greenbacks and Treasury\\nnotes under $10 in value will be retired,\\nand silver certificates and coined silver\\ndollars will take their place, the pur-\\nchase of the four and a half million\\nounces of silver to continue, the same\\nto be coined from time to time as the\\nseignorage now in the Treasury, also\\nthat which shall grow out of f urtherpur-\\nchase.\\nThe Treasury s ten days statement\\nshows that the gold reserve has de-\\ncreased to $81,700,000, the lowest point\\nyet reached.\\nOct. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nstill discusses the Silver Repeal Bill\\nthe House passes the Printing Bill\\nalso a bill authorizing the construction\\nof a new revenue cutter on the lakes.\\nOct. 24. D. C. Congress Senate The\\nsilver men abandon filibustering, and\\nMessrs. Jones and Stewart continue their\\nspeeches begun weeks ago.\\nMidi. The Supreme Court of the\\nState declares that the Woman Suf-\\nfrage Law passed by the last Legisla-\\nture is unconstitutional.\\nOct. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nMessrs. Pugh, Stewart, and Jones speak\\non the silver question a joint resolu-\\ntion is passed, thanking foreign gov-\\nernments for their participation in the\\nChicago Exposition.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1893 Oct. 5. NY. The Valkyrie and\\nVigilant sail for the America Cup,\\nbut, owing to the light wind, are unable\\nto cover the course in the allotted time.\\nOct. 6. New York. The Cunard steamer\\nLucania arrives from Queenstown, beat-\\ning the record of the Paris by 59 minutes.\\nOct. 7. Alas. La grippe is raging with\\ngreat violence.\\nNew York. The Vigilant wins the\\nfirst race for the America Cup, beating\\nthe Valkyrie by five minutes and 48 sec-\\nonds, corrected time.\\nOct. 8, New York. Five deaths, some\\ndue to cholera, are reported on the Ham-\\nburg American steamer Russia, arriving\\nto-day.\\nOct. 9. N. Y. Some of the passengers\\nof the infected steamer Russia are\\ntransferred to Hoffman and Swinburne\\nIslands.\\nIn the second race between the Val-\\nkyrie and the Vigilant, the latter wins\\nby 12 minutes and 23 seconds.\\nOct. 10. Ind. Eight persons are killed\\nin an accident on the Pittsburg, Fort\\nWayne, and Chicago Railroad.\\nOct. 13. Mich. Excursion-trains col-\\nlide at Jackson 13 persons are killed\\nand 40 injured,\\nN. Y. In the third and deciding race\\nthe Vigilant beats the Valkyrie by 40\\nseconds, retaining the cup in America.\\nOct. 14. Pa. A fire in the telephone\\nexchange in Allentown destroys prop-\\nerty valued at $300,000.\\nOct. 15. Kan. A head-end collision\\noccurs on the Chicago, Bock Island, and\\nPacific Railroad, at Paxico two persons\\nare killed and several injured.\\nN. Y, The propeller Dean Richmond,\\nwith a crew of 18, is lost in Lake Erie,\\nnear Dunkirk five bodies are washed\\nashore.\\nOct. 16. Chicago. The World s Con-\\ngress of Agriculture opens in the Art\\nInstitute at the World s Fair, S. W.\\nAllerton presiding.\\nIII. A train goes over an embank-\\nment, and 30 persons are injured, near\\nNameoki.\\nFive persons are killed and five injured\\nby a premature explosion of dynamite\\nat Emington.\\nOct. 17. D. C. The house in which\\nPresident Lincoln died, in Washington,\\nis formally opened as the Lincoln\\nMemorial House.\\nO. Four men are killed and three\\ninjured by a train collision at Wells-\\nville.\\nOct. 20. Mich. A collision occurs be-\\ntween passenger-trains on the Grand\\nTrunk Railroad at Battle Creek 26 per-\\nsons are killed and many injured.\\nWash. A fatal boiler explosion oc-\\ncurs at Spokane four persons are killed,\\nand a number badly injured.\\nOct. 22. New York. The laboratory of\\nthe Presbyterian Hospital is burned out.\\nOct. 23. Chicago. Figures showing enor-\\nmous profits of the World s Fair con-\\ncessionaires are made public paid ad-\\nmissions to-day, 231,014 total up to this\\ndate, 19,712,996.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0453.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "442 1893, Oct. 25 -Nov. 15.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1893 Oct. 26. Cal. The battle-ship\\nOregon is successfully launched at San\\nFrancisco.\\nOct. 29. B.C. Adm. Skerret is trans-\\nferred to the command of the Asiatic\\nSquadron, relieving Adm. Irwin, de-\\ntached.\\nNov. 6. D. C. The President appoints\\nGen. George D. Ruggles adjutant-\\ngeneral of the army.\\nNov. 11. Cal. The new cruiser Olyin-\\npia returns to San Francisco from her\\ntrial trip her maximum speed is 21.26\\nknots an hour.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\n1893 Oct. 31\u00c2\u00b1. Peru. Harvard estab-\\nlishes a new meteorological station on\\nthe Andes, the highest in the world.\\nNov. 4. Colo. Rich gold-finds, yield-\\ning at the rate of $120,000 per ton, are\\nstruck in El Paso County.\\nNov. 6. O. Wilmington is visited by a\\ntornado; loss, $100,000.\\nNov. 11. Wis. Copper-ore is found\\nwhile grading streets in Sheboygan.\\nNov. 14. A 7 Y. An oil portrait of\\nEzra Cornell is unveiled in the Capitol\\nat Albany.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1893.\\nOct. 28. Harrison, Carter, mayor of Chi-\\ncago, assassinated, A68.\\nNov. 9. Parkman, Francis, historian, A70.\\nLETTERS.\\n1893 Oct. 28. Conn. The American\\nInter-Seminary Alliance is in session\\nat New Haven.\\nNov. 11. Chicago. John D. Rockefeller\\nhas offered to give $500,000 to Chi-\\ncago University on condition that\\n$400,000 more be raised. [It is raised.]\\nNov. 15. N. Y. The Rev. Dr. J. R. Day\\nof New York City is elected Chancellor\\nof Syracuse University.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1893 Oct. 26. New York. A mass-\\nmeeting under the auspices of the\\nNew York Bar Association is held in\\nCooper Union.\\nIt denounces the candidacy of Isaac\\nH. Maynard for the chief judgeship of\\nthe Court of Appeals. [Nov. 1. The\\ncommittee appointed by the meeting\\nissues an address urging all citizens to\\nreject Maynard at the polls.]\\nN. Y. The Bar Association of Buf-\\nfalo holds an anti-Maynard mass-meet-\\ning for the same purpose.\\nOct. 28. Ark. J. V. Mitchell, clerk of\\nFaulkner, has disappeared with $10,000\\nin trust funds.\\nChicago. Carter H. Harrison,\\nmayor of the city, is assassinated in his\\nown house by Patrick E. Prendergast.\\n[Oct. 29. Prendergast is committed.]\\nMinn. The Assembly passes a law\\ndeclaring that every public place used\\nas a pool-room is a public nuisance\\nthat owners of buildings renting them\\nfor pool-rooms and frequenters of such\\nplaces shall be guilty of misdemeanor,\\nand liable to fine or imprisonment.\\nPa. The 211th anniversary of the\\nlanding of William Penn is celebrated\\nwith impressive ceremonies on the spot\\nwhere the landing took place.\\nOct. 30. New York. F. L. Mathes, su-\\nperintendent at the Postal-Telegraph\\nbuilding, is shot by Thomas Bradley\\nfor refusing to give him work.\\nA man is arrested for demanding\\n$5,000 from Edwin Gould at his office.\\nOct. 31. Conn. No-license elections\\nsuspend liquor-shops in East Hartford,\\nManchester, and New Britain.\\nNov. 1. Chicago. Columbian Guards,\\nFerris Wheel employees, and visitors\\nengage in a free fight in the Midway\\nPlaisance of the World s Fair, Cause,\\nthe Ferris Wheel people refuse to stop\\nas directed by the Fair Directory.\\nN. Y. Counselor W. J. Gaynor ap-\\nplies for an order of court to compel the\\nauthorities to permit a copy of regis-\\ntration-lists of Gravesend to be made\\nby his agents.\\n[Nov. 2. Ho finds it difficult to get a\\ncopy the town has a population of a\\nlittle over 8,000, yet 6,218 names are said\\nto be registered. Nov. 3. The power of\\nthe Supreme Court is defied at Graves-\\nend by John Y. McKane the copy of\\nthe registry-list is refused. Nov. 4. War-\\nrants are issued against the election in-\\nspectors by Judge Cullen.]\\nNew York. Five skilful forgers are\\ncaptured by city detectives after the\\nforgers have secured about $8,000 at the\\nBank of the Manhattan Company.\\nNov. 2. Minn. The Executive Land In-\\nvestigating Committee finds that the\\nState has been robbed of millions of\\ndollars worth of lumber by some of its\\nmost prominent citizens several of\\nthem have, however, been compelled\\nto pay large sums for the lumber thus\\nillegally taken.\\nN. Y. The effort to have 1,200 ille-\\ngally registered names stricken from\\nthe registry-lists at Albany is practically\\ndefeated in court.\\nNov. 3. Chicago. A new trial is granted\\nDaniel Coughiin, accused of complicity\\nin the murder of Dr. Cronin. [Acquitted\\nMar. S, 1894.] (See Dec. 1(3, 1SS9.)\\nN. J. Judge Dixon sentences the\\nconvicted members of the Board of\\nFreeholders at Paterson to 18 months\\nimprisonment.\\nNov. 4. Ga. Gov. Northen pardons\\neight White Caps who were sentenced\\nto the chain-gang.\\nNew Yo^k. One bogus expressman\\nand five receivers of stolen goods are ar-\\nrested for victimizing express companies\\nof several hundred dollars worth of\\ngoods at express exchanges.\\nNov. 5. N. Y. Twenty-two men sent to\\nGravesend to copy registration-lists are\\narrested by John Y. McKane, the\\nchief of police, at the head of a rough\\ncrowd, and thrown into jail, charged\\nwith vagrancy.\\nThey are detained in jail, though any\\namount of bail bad been offered for their\\nrelease; and also though they had man-\\ndamuses issued by Supreme Court Judge\\nCullen to secure copies of the registra-\\ntion-lists of that town.\\n[Nov. 6. Judge Cullen releases the\\nprisoners. Counselor Gaynor secures\\nan injunction from Judge Barnard re-\\nstraining the Gravesend election officers\\nfrom interfering with watchers at the\\npolls. Nov. 7. As ..-.]i a.- Gaynor 6\\nwatchers arrive at Gravesend, McKane\\nand his backers seize, maltreat, and drive\\nthem out of town no regard is paid to\\nthe mandamus from Judge Barnard of\\nthe Supreme Court, against any interfe-\\nrence, which each watcher has in his pos-\\nsession. Nov. 9. A citizens meeting is\\nheld in the Academy of Mutic, Brooklyn,\\nto take steps toward the prosecution of\\nMcKane for his conduct at Gravesend\\nbefore and during the late election. Nov.\\n13. Another mass-meeting is held for the\\nsame purpose.]\\nNov. 7. Miss. White Caps burn the\\ncourt-house at Brookhaven the Chan-\\ncery and Circuit Court records are a to-\\ntal loss, including about 75 indictments\\npending against the White Caps.\\nN.J. Nine deputy- she riffs are\\nshot and several others seriously injured\\nin an incipient riot at Camden.\\nNov. 9. New York. A trusted clerk of\\nJ. H. Jacquelin and Company is arrested\\nfor stealing from $n,coo to $50,000 from\\nhis employers.\\nW. S. Patton, stock-broker, is arrested\\nfor hypothecating bonds worth $00,000\\nplaced in his trust.\\nNov. 10. O. Treasurer M. T. Herrick\\nof the Society for Savings at Cleveland\\nhas a desperate struggle with a man who\\nthreatened to blow up the place with\\ndynamite if he did not at once give him\\nsuO.ooo in cash the outlaw escapes.\\nMinn. The liabilities of President L.\\nF. Menage of the insolvent Guaranty\\nLoan Company at Minneapolis are about\\n$1,000,000, made by systematic plunder-\\ning of the company.\\nNov. 11. Kg. Masked robbers stop a\\ntrain on the Illinois Central Railroad\\nand steal \u00c2\u00a77,000 from the express-car.\\nNov. 12. Chicago. The anarchists\\nhave a demonstration in memory of\\nSpies, Parsons, and the other executed\\nbomb-throwers.\\nJTis. Henry Falk confesses setting\\nfire to five places in Milwaukee.\\nNov. 13. Kg. A negro s house at Bards-\\ntown is blown up with dynamite; the\\ncrime is denounced by the citizens of the\\ntown.\\nPhila. The General Assembly of the\\nKnights of Labor is held.\\nThe General Executive Board is ac-\\ncused of having appropriated $30,000 to\\nthe use of the order, instead of applying\\nit to the relief of strikers, for whom it is\\nalleged to have been contributed.\\nNov. 14. A Y. Edward M. Shepard is\\nappointed by Gov. Flower to aid in the\\nprosecution of men accused of election\\nfrauds in Kings County, with full power\\nto act. [Dec. 7. The hearing ends.]\\n(See Dec. U.)\\nSheriff Beck makes damaging admis-\\nsions in the investigation of election\\nfrauds in Buffalo.\\nNov. 15. Cliicago. James Prunty is\\nkilled, and his son and daughter are both\\nwounded by burglars at their home.\\nJohn A. Drake, treasurer of the Indi-\\nana, Illinois, and Iowa Railroad, is sand-\\nid robbed of $-1,000, in his\\nofhc\\nNew York. The Board of Aldermen\\nbegins canvassing the city vote it de-\\ncides to exclude watchers from occupy-\\ning a position where the figures can be\\nseen notwithstanding this, one watcher\\nsucceeds in seeing the sheets after they\\nare read, and files protests and notices\\nof contests, accompanied by voters af-\\nfidavits.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0454.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1893, Oct. 25 -Nov. 15. 443\\nSTATE.\\n1S93 Oct. 26. Z C. Congress; Sen-\\nate: Messrs. Teller, Squire, aud Stewart\\ncontinue the debate on the Repeal Bill\\na joint resolution is passed providing for\\nthe removal of derelicts by interna-\\ntional action the House continues the\\ndiscussion of the Bankruptcy Bill it\\npasses a joint resolution providing for\\nthe printing of enrolled bills.\\nOct. 27. B.C. Congress; Senate:\\nMessrs. Stewart, Jones, and Teller speak\\nagainst the Repeal Bill; William A.\\nPeffer of Kan. offers an amendment to\\nthe Voorhees substitute for the Repeal\\nBill, providing for the free coinage of\\nsilver; it is defeated. Vote, 28-39; not\\nvoting, 18.\\nOct. 28. I). C. Congress In the Sen-\\nate amendments to the Repeal Bill are\\nrejected, and the measure is reported by\\nthe Committee of the Whole; speeches\\nare made by Senators Wolcott, Sher-\\nman, Gorman, and Voorhees notice is\\ngiven that a vote on the main bill will\\nbe asked for at 2 o clock on the 30th\\ninst.\\nOct. 30. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nsubstitutes the Voorhees Bill for the\\nWilson Bill, and passes it. Vote, 43-32\\nnot voting, 10. It declares it to be the\\npolicy of the United States to con-\\ntinue to coin both gold and silver\\nMessrs. Cameron, Morgan, Jones of Ne-\\nvada, Stewart, and others speak against\\nthe bill.\\nOct. 31. D. C. Congress; Senate: The\\nNew York and New Jersey Bridge\\nBill is passed without a division in the\\nHouse the Repeal Bill is received from\\nthe Senate.\\nNov. 1. D. C. Congress; House: The\\nSilver Repeal Bill as amended by the\\nSenate is passed. Vote, 193-94 not vot-\\ning, 66.\\nThe President signs the bill, and it be-\\ncomes effective.\\nNov. 2. Chicago, Alderman G. B. Swift\\nis chosen by a Republican aldermanic\\ncaucus as mayor pro tempore.\\nNov. 3. D. C. Congress; Senate: The\\nbill to amend the Chinese Exclusion Act\\nis passed in the House a resolution is\\npassed to pay employees during the\\ninterval before the next session, but,\\nbeing amended by the Senate, it falls\\nthrough.\\nThe Chinese Exclusion Bill is ap-\\nproved.\\nThe 53d Congress; first\\nNov. 7. Eleven States hold elections.\\nThe Democrats carry Virginia, Mary-\\nland, and Kentucky and the Republi-\\ncans, Massachusetts, New York, New\\nJersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Ne-\\nbraska, and South Dakota. Legislatures\\nonly are chosen in Kentucky and New\\nJersey.\\nNov. 9. D. C. Ratifications of an extra-\\ndition treaty between the United States\\nand Norway are exchanged.\\nN. J. The Supreme Court of N. J.\\ndeclares the Gerrymander Act and the\\nNov. 10. D. C. A report by the Sec-\\nretary of State to the President, dated\\nOct. 18, is published, suggesting that\\nthe former government of Hawaii\\nbe restored.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1893 Oct. 23. Mich. A fire in De-\\ntroit causes the loss of seven lives, and\\ndestroys property valued at $800,000.\\nThe Vanderbilts secure control\\nof the Delaware, Lackawanna, and\\nWestern Railroad.\\nOct. 25. N. J. Four persons* are killed\\nand three injured by a train collision\\nnear Trenton.\\nOct. 27. Cliicago. Marshall Field offers\\nto give $1,000,000 to the Columbian\\nMemorial Museum on condition that\\n\u00c2\u00a7500,000 in cash be subscribed to its en-\\ndowment fund, and that $2,000,000 of the\\nExposition stock be transferred to its\\ntrustees.\\nPaid admissions to the World s Fair\\nfor this day, 250,583.\\nPa. A fire in Pittsburg destroys\\nproperty worth $1,000,000; several per-\\nsons are much injured.\\nOct. 28. Chicago. More than 100 cities\\nin the United States are represented at\\nthe World s Fair by their mayors and\\nofficials.\\nOct. 30. Chicago. Close of the World s\\nColumbian Exposition.\\nOct. 31. Chicago. Mayor Carter Har-\\nrison s body lies in state in the City\\nHall, and is viewed by thousands of citi-\\nNov. 1. Cal. The Pacific Mail steamer\\nCity of New York, which went ashore at\\nthe Golden Gate, is abandoned.\\nOre. An electric car goes through\\nan open drawbridge into the river at\\nPortland 20 lives are lost.\\nNov. 2. New York. A boiler explo-\\nsion wrecks horse-car stables, killing\\nfive men and injuring a dozen.\\nIre. The Cunarder Campania arrives\\nat Queenstown breaking the eastward\\nrecord by one hour and 20 minutes.\\nThe Ward Line steamer City of Alex-\\nandria, from Havana to New York, is\\nreported burned at sea; about 35 lives\\nare lost.\\nNew York. The Cunard steamship\\nLucania arrives, breaking the western\\nrecord by 29 minutes.\\nNov. 5. III. Avestibuledtrainon the\\nIllinois Central Railroad is ditched, it\\nis supposed by train robbers the fire-\\nman is killed.\\nMo. An attempt is made to blow up\\nwith dynamite the dam near Sedalia,\\nat Water Oaks two gates are blown out.\\nN. J. Three whales are stranded\\nat Cape May.\\nPhila. The Old liberty Bell is\\nreturned from the World s Fair, and\\nrestored to its place in Independence\\nHall with impressive ceremony.\\nChicago World s Fair Statistics:\\nCash Receipts.\\nCapital stock #5,604,171.97\\nCity of Chicago 5,OUO,ooo.ou\\nConcession receipts 3,699,581.43\\nInterest 87,081.82\\nGate receipts 10,020,2:10.71;\\nMiscellaneous receipts (ino,070.4!i\\nSouvenir coins and premiums 2,448,032.28\\nTotal receipts ^28,151,168.75\\nSummary of Expenditures.\\nConstruction expenditures 018,322,622.56\\nGeneral and operating expenses 7,127,240.32\\nPreliminary organization 90,674.97\\nAssets ^2,698,291.01\\nLiabilities 87,660.11\\nNet Assets 2,610,630.911\\nTotal expenditures #28,151,168.75\\nPrincipal Expenditures.\\nAgriculture #740,655.55\\nAnthropology 217,638.65\\nArchitecture 398,810.19\\nArt 801,444.68\\nBridging 84,529.19\\nCeremonies 333,663.88\\nConvent La Rabida 25,009.10\\nColoring and decorating 388,284.31\\nConcession expenses 12K, 209. 44\\nDairy 110,770.16\\nDamages 197,146.82\\nDecorations 119,134.81\\nDonations and charities 27,996.17\\nDredging 615,144.36\\nElectrical 1,911,857-04\\nEngineering, etc 218,229.03\\nFencing 95,631.45\\nFinance 601,230.85\\nFire protection 29K.254.lH\\nFisheries 257,466.30\\nForeign agents 168,898.17\\nForestry 110,533.78\\nFurniture for buildings 125,774.55\\nGate expenses 347,352.48\\nGeneral expenses 1,294,565.92\\nGrounds 465,480.85\\nHorticulture and floriculture 456,628.25\\nInstallation 387,950.81\\nInsurance 182,687.03\\nJanitors 378,038.42\\nLandscape gardening 551,448.45\\nLive stock 258,560.87\\nMachinery 2,786,684.91\\nManufactures and liberal arts. 1,890,198.65\\nMarine service 58,151.76\\nMedical and surgical 44,983.03\\nMines and mining 327, 575.. it!\\nMusic 600,947.59\\nNational agitation 87,807.56\\nPiers and breakwaters 600,449.11\\nPolice protection 1,301,478.72\\nPreliminary organization 90,674.97\\nPublic comfort 150,404.23\\nRailway transportation 1,247,101.48\\nRoadways and sidewalks 394,428.41\\nSculpture 866,172.12\\nShoe and leather 111,062.13\\nSpecial attractions 125,760.75\\nStable expenses 110,207.37\\nSuperintendence and inspection 292,690.30\\nTransportation exhibits 587,231.75\\nViaducts 39,637.63\\nWater and sewage 1,122,770.44\\nWoman s building 141,032.55\\nWorld s congress auxiliary 264,061.03\\n#25,540,537.79\\nTotal attendance, 27,539,041.\\nNov. 8. Chicago. Five people are killed\\nand 10 injured in a collision on the Rock\\nIsland Railroad.\\nNov. 9. O. Five persons are killed and\\n12 injured by a railroad accident.\\nNov. 11. N. Y. The largest elevator\\nin the world is completed in Buffalo.\\nNov. 13. Tenn. Several lives are lost\\nand property worth $500,000 is destroyed\\nby fire in Memphis.\\nNov. 14. Chicago. L. Z. Leiter con-\\ntributes $100,000 to the Columbian\\nMuseum Fund, conditioned upon its\\nbeing built and retained in Jackson\\nPark.\\nGa. The Augusta Exposition is\\nformally opened a large procession of\\nmilitary, civic bodies, and firemen takes\\npart in the proceedings.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0455.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "444 1893, Nov. 16 -Dec. 14.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1893 Nov. 23 The cruiser Colum-\\nbia s trial speed is J2.8 knots.\\nNov. 29. I). C. The annual report of\\nthe Secretary of War shows that the\\nArmy of the United States (Sept. 30,\\n1893) consists of 2,144 officers and 25,778\\nenlisted men.\\nDec. 5. Cal. The U. S. steamer Corwim\\nsails from San Francisco for Honolulu.\\nDec. 7. The official trial of the cruiser\\nMarbtehead takes place on Long Island\\nSound her average speed proves to he\\n18,94 knots.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1893 Nov. 16. New York. The Society\\nof Naval Architects and Marine En-\\ngineers opens its convention.\\nNov. 25. New York. A statue of Capt.\\nNathan Hale is unveiled in City Hall\\nPark, a short distance from the spot\\nwhere he was hanged as a spy by the\\nBritish on Sept. 22, 1776.\\nNov. 26. New York. Dr. Dawbarn of\\nthe New York Polyclinic Hospital makes\\na successful operation on a patient with\\na fractured vertebra, with the pros-\\npect of perfect recovery.\\nDec. 6. D. C. A statue of Gen. James\\nShields is unveiled in Statuary Hall, at\\nthe Capitol in Washington.\\nDec. 12. Mass. James A. Garland of\\nNew York defrays the entire expense of\\nfour series of art lectures at Harvard\\nhe also presents to the University \u00c2\u00a725,000\\nworth of rare gems.\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n1893.\\nNov. 16. Beers, William II., president N. Y.\\nLife Insurance Co., dies.\\nNov. 18. Deems, Charles F-, Meth. cler-\\ngyman, scholar, A73.\\nNov. 21. Rusk, Jeremiah M., secretary\\nof agriculture, A63.\\nNov. 23. Coleman, William T., head of\\nCal. viiiil.ini-c I ouiiLiillff in 1*56, A 69,\\nNov. 25. O Neill, Charles, M. C. for Pa.,\\nDec. i Lilley, William, M. C. for Pa., A62.\\nBillings, Edward (_ judge U. S. Court,\\nA64.\\nDec. 2. Pope, Hamilton, brig. -gen. vols.,\\nA76.\\nDec. 3. Lvman, Theodore B., P. E. bishop\\nof N. C, A78.\\nCHURCH.\\n1893 Nov. 17. Pope Leo s encyclical\\nenjoining upon Roman Catholics the\\nstudy of the Scriptures is made public.\\nDec. 10. New York. Mohammedanism\\nmakes a more open demonstration\\nin this country, a muezzin, or public\\ncrier, making call to prayer in Union\\nSquare.\\nDec. 11. New York. The American\\nSabbath Union is in session Rev. G.\\nS. Mott, acting president.\\nLETTERS.\\n1893 Nov. 28. Eng. The unveiling of\\nthe memorial to James Russell Low-\\nell in the Chapter House of Westmin-\\nster Abbey takes place.\\nDec. 6. Mass. The authorities ot Har-\\nvard call the Annex Radcliffe College,\\nafter Ann Radcliffe, an Englishwoman\\nwho contributed \u00c2\u00a3100 to Harvard Col-\\nlege in 1613.\\nU. 8. Number of newspapers pub-\\nlished, 20,015.\\nThe Prince of India, by Lew Wallace,\\nappears.\\nThe Great Remembrance and Other\\nPoems, by Richard Watson Gilder, ap-\\npears.\\nThe Army of Northern Virginia in\\n1862, by William Allan, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1893 Nov. 16. Ind. Citizens of Clark\\nCounty organize to hunt down a gang\\nof burglars.\\nViola Dietrick, the head of a gang of\\nwomen outlaws in Kokomo, is sen-\\ntenced, to one year in the penitentiary.\\nNov. 17. Chicago. Vigorous measures\\nare taken to rid the city of criminals.\\nOrders have been issued that every per-\\nson found in the streets between the\\nhours of 1 and 5 a.m. shall be stopped\\nby officers, not in uniform, and obliged\\nto give an account of themselves.\\nSeveral railroad companies are swin-\\ndled by counterfeit tickets to the amount\\nof $100,000 issued by scalpers.\\nNew York. The decision against\\nW. R. Laidlaw in his suit for damages\\nreceived at the office of Russell Sage,\\nand in effect saving the latter from hurt\\nby the dynamite-bomb explosion caused\\nby Norcross is reversed, and a new trial\\nmay be had.\\nN. Y. Gov. Flower addresses com-\\nmunications to officials and others in Al-\\nbany and Kings County, urging them to\\ntake part in the prosecution of persons\\nalleged to be guilty of electoral frauds.\\nNov. 18. Chicago. Tb\u00c2\u00a3 examining phy-\\nsicians in the case of Prendergast, the\\nassassin of Mayor Harrison, say he is\\nsane.\\nNov. 19. Boston. Trainmen are at-\\ntacked by tramps armed with clubs and\\nstones car-windows are smashed, and\\none man is injured.\\nN. J. All the train-hands of the Le-\\nhigh Valley road go on strike along the\\nmain line of the road, though trains keep\\nrunning on the branches in the coal-\\nregions. [Nov. 25. The strike is practi-\\ncally broken at Wilkesbarre a regiment\\nof soldiers is ordered out.]\\nNew York. Henry Karsten. undertbe\\ninfluence of drink, compels his wife to\\ndrink carbolic acid, and the woman will\\nprobably die.\\nNov. 20. Ind. Four men are fired on\\nand one killed, while attempting to kid-\\nnap the 12-year-old daughter of Joseph\\nKraft, a wealthy citizen of New Albany.\\n1. T. The White Caps and Vigi-\\nlance Committees of the Cherokee Strip\\nare terrorizing sooners, and claim and\\nlot jumpers, by threatening to hang them\\nif they return after being expelled.\\nNov. 22. New York. Burglars make\\na raid near Central Park, securing plun-\\nder of much value.\\nNov. 23. N.Y. The National Grange\\nof Patrons of Husbandry is in session\\nat Syracuse it demands the removal of\\nSecretary Morton of the Department of\\nAgriculture.\\nNtw York. John Y. McKane brings\\nsuit for $100,000 against the New\\nYork World, as representing the Press\\nPublishing Company, for libel but he\\nwill withdraw the suit if the statements\\nare retracted. [It in not pressed.]\\nThe German-American Union, formed\\nof German Cleveland Democrats, plans\\nthe purification of the city govern-\\nment.\\nNov. 25. N. J. John Slidell and Ed-\\nward Munn, two Princeton students,\\nare convicted of assaulting a Chinaman,\\nand attempting to burn off his cue with\\na hot flat-iron.\\nN. Y. Chief of Police McGrane\\nand two police officers are arrested in\\nAlbany, for interfering at the polls on\\nelection day.\\nNov. 26. Ind. Robber tramps are\\nbeaten off in an attempt to hold up the\\nfast express-train on the Lake Shore\\nRoad near Goshen.\\nClinton Jordan of Seymour kills his\\nwife, sister-in-law, and their parents\\nhe then kills himself.\\nNov. 27. Ind. A large mass-meeting is\\nheld at Terre Haute, to provide for rais-\\ning funds to relieve distress among\\nthe unemployed.\\nPhila. The Knights of Labor are\\nin session General Master Powderly s\\nresignation is accepted, and James R.\\nSovereign is elected as his successor.\\nNov. 28. III. Piano-tuner J. G. W.\\nMorrison of Springfield is stoned to\\ndeath by a mob near Winchester.\\nNov. 29. New York. Police Captain\\nDevery is finally indicted by the grand\\njury.\\nDec. 1. Conn. The town of Danbury\\nvotes $50,000 for the relief of the\\nlocked-out hatters.\\nDec. 4. Miss. The mayor of Hazle-\\nhurst is killed by Keeley Miller, who\\nhad been convicted several times for\\nviolating gambling-laws he is under\\narrest for his latest crime.\\nNew York. The League for the Pro-\\ntection of American Institutions is-\\nsues an address to the public.\\nO. Two clerks of the Lake Shore\\nroad are arrested at Cleveland, charged\\nwith wholesale forging of passes.\\nDec. 5. Ind. The Fort Wayne grand\\njury indicts the Fort Wayne Club offi-\\ncers and members for selling liquor with-\\nout license, for violating the eleven\\no clock closing law, and for Sabbath\\ndesecration.\\nDec. 6. O. The grand jury of Putnam\\nCounty finds indictments against ex-\\nTreasurer Crawfis and others for em-\\nbezzling $25,000 of the comity funds.\\nDec. 7. Chicago. Some 25,900 names,\\nout of a total of 57.000, upon investiga-\\ntion are found to be illegally registered\\nin the lodging-house districts.\\nInd. Burglars steal $15,900 at the\\nnoon hour from the South Bend National\\nBank.\\nLa. A verdict is given against the\\ncity of New Orleans, for \u00c2\u00a75,000, in the\\nMafia trouble. [Dec. 19. A second\\nverdict for $5,000.]\\nDec. 8. New York. Dr. Parkhurst an-\\nnounces that the Society for the Pre-\\nvention of Crime will receive and help\\nall of the women driven from disorderly\\nhouses who desire to reform.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0456.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1893, Nov. 16 -Dec. 14. 445\\nDec. 10. Gal. The bi\\nand the owner of the San Francisco Mx-\\naminer have been indicted for violating\\nthe Anti-Lottery law.\\nChicago. Efforts are being made to\\nraise a fund of $1,000,000 to relieve\\ndistress of the unemployed over 110,000\\npersons are out of work.\\nDee. 11. N. Y. The Brooklyn Commis-\\nsion of Audit on the Columbian-stand\\nbills finds that, of the $11,700 paid,\\n$8,300.10 was overcharged.\\nTex. An express-train is si d e\\ntracked and robbed near Austin by seven\\nmen, many passengers losing their valu-\\nables.\\nDec. 12. Chicago. A. S. Robertson,\\nwholesale stamps-department cashier,\\nis found bleeding and unconscious in\\nhis office; \u00c2\u00a77,000 in packages are miss-\\ning.\\nN. J. A den of robbers is discov-\\nered in the woods near Hackensack,\\nwith a large stock of stolen property.\\nDec. 13. New York. The books of N.\\nJ. Schloss and Co., upon investigation,\\nare found to have been falsified by the\\nclerk to the extent of $1,000,000.\\nDee. 14. Cat. Chris Evans, the out-\\nlaw, is found guilty of murder, and sen-\\ntenced to imprisonment for life.\\nNew York. The Union League Club\\nresolves to pledge support to an anti-\\nTammany Hall movement.\\nN. Y. Judge Barnard adjudges John\\nY. McKane, Justice Newton, and three\\nelection inspectors guilty of contempt\\nof court, and sentences them to be im-\\nprisoned for 30 days and pay a fine of\\n$250.\\n[Bee. 16. Justice Cullen issues an or-\\nder in the McKane case to show cause\\nwhy a stay pending appeal should not\\nbe granted. Dec. IS. An extraordinary\\nCourt of Oyer and Terminer opens in\\nBrooklyn to try the Queen s County\\nelection cases, by order of Gov. Flower\\nJustice Cullen presides.]\\nSTATE.\\n1893 Nov. 17. Cat. Instructions from\\nWashington are received at San Fran-\\ncisco that Chinese registration is to\\nbegin Dec. 20.\\nNov. 20. D. C. Secretary Gresham\\nmakes public the correspondence be-\\ntween Commissioner Blount and the\\nState Department in the Hawaiian\\nmatter.\\nNov. 24. W. P. Alexander of Hawaii\\nmakes a reply to Mr. Blount s report.\\nPhila. The Commercial Exchange\\nby resolution protests against the im-\\nposition of an income tax.\\nNov. 27. D. C. The proposed new\\nTariff Bill, prepared by the Ways and\\nMeans Committee, is made public.\\nNov. 29. D. C. President Cleveland ap-\\npoints John R. Proctor of Ky. on the\\nCivil Service Commission, vice G. D.\\nJohnston, removed.\\nEx-Minister John L. Stevens issues\\na statement intended as an answer to\\nthe report of Commissioner Blount.\\nDec. 1. D. C. The public debt state-\\nment shows a deficit for the current\\nyear of 875,000,000.\\nDec. 2. Chicago. The Democrats nomi-\\nnate John P. Hopkins for mayor as\\nsuccessor to Carter B. Harrison the\\nRepublicans nominate George B. Swift.\\nDec. 3. D. C. The annual report of the\\nController of the Currency is made pub-\\nlic.\\nThe total amount of bank-notes in\\ncirculation on Oct. 31 was S20\u00c2\u00a3),311,393,\\nbeing a net increase during the year of\\n\u00c2\u00a73(3,SSG,972.\\nColo. Woman Suffrage is carried\\nby 6,347 majority Gov. Waite accord-\\ningly issues a proclamation giving\\nwomen the right to vote at all elections\\nin the State.\\nDec. 4. D. C. The 53d Congress; the\\nsecond and regular session opens at\\nnoon.\\nKan. Gov. Levelling addresses a\\nletter to the Boards of Police Commis-\\nsioners in all cities of the first class, in-\\nstructing them not to enforce the statute\\nproviding for the sentence of vagrants\\nto work on the streets and rock-pile, as-\\nserting that the law is unconstitutional.\\nDee. 5. D. C. Congress: The House\\nresumes debate on the Bankruptcy Bill\\nproviding for a uniform system of bank-\\nruptcy.\\nDec. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate,\\nby resolution, calls upon President\\nCleveland for all correspondence in\\nthe Hawaiian matter.\\nDec. 7. D. C. Congress Senate D.\\nB. Hill of N. Y. gives notice that on the\\n11th inst. he will call up the House Bill\\nfor the repeal of the Federal Elec-\\ntions Laws.\\nN. Y. The General Term of the Su-\\npreme Court at Albany decides that the\\nState Board of Canvassers of 1891 was\\nin contempt of court for canvassing the\\nMylod return of the Dutchess County\\nSenatorial election for aiding in can-\\nvassing this return Judge Maynard was\\ndenounced by the Bar Association of\\nNew York City, at the last election.\\nDec. 8. D. C. Congress In the House\\nthe Bankruptcy Bill is defeated. Vote.\\n111-142.\\nN. Y. Justice Sutherland of Coney\\nIsland is ordered to show cause why he\\nshould not be removed from office for\\nalleged violations of the election law.\\nDec. 11. D. C. Congress; Senate\\nGeorge F. Hoar of Mass. introduces a\\nresolution of inquiry whether any per-\\nson whose name has not been submitted\\nto the Senate has been appointed since\\nthe 4th day of March, 1S93, to represent\\nthe United States in the Hawaiian\\nIslands in the House a bill to abolish\\npostal notes is introduced.\\nGa. The Legislature declares in fa-\\nvor of the free coinage of silver.\\nDec. 12. D. C. Congress the Ways\\nand Means Committee completes its\\nrevision of the tariff all Republican\\namendments are voted down.\\nDec. 13. D. C. Congress; In the\\nHouse Mr. Hill s resolution calling for\\ninformation in regard to Hawaii is\\nunanimously adopted a bill for the ad-\\nmission of Utah as a State is passed.\\nThe bill conditions its admission on\\nanti-polygamy action and other terms.\\nN. Y. The State Board of Canvassers\\ncanvasses the vote for State officers\\nthe Republicans have a majority of 41 in\\nthe Constitutional Convention.\\nDec. 14. D. C. Congress; Senate: D.\\nAY. Voorhees of Ind. introduces a bill to\\ncoin the seigniorage in the Treasury,\\nand to renew silver-bullion purchases\\nand silver coinage at the rate of $2,000,-\\n000 a month in the House a bill admit-\\nting Arizona to the Union as the 46th\\nState is passed. Vote, 185-60.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1893 Nov. 17\u00c2\u00b1. Chicago. World s\\nFair assets are shrinking at the rate of\\n\u00c2\u00a710,000 a day the contractors are cart-\\ning away the property which the man-\\nagers expected to sell to raise money to\\npay stockholders.\\nNov. 18. N. Y. On the Erie Canal a\\nsuccessful test of an electric canal-boat\\nis made.\\nNov. 22. Mctss. Several blocks of build-\\nings are destroyed by fire at Springfield\\nloss, \u00c2\u00a71,000,000.\\nNov. 23. Mich. A fire in Detroit\\ncauses the loss of seven lives property\\nloss, $800,000.\\nFreight -trains are moved at vari-\\nous points on the Lehigh Valley Rail-\\nroad, notwithstanding the strike.\\nNov. 24. Ga. The Southern Asso-\\nciated Press unites with the reorganized\\nPress Association at its annual meeting\\nat Augusta, paving by contract to the\\nlatter $20,000 for its news.\\nNov. 28. N. Y. A four-masted schooner\\nis ashore near Bellport, Long Island,\\nwith the crew as well as the captain and\\nhis wife and son lashed in the rigging\\nlife-savers are powerless to help.\\nNov. 29. Neiu York. The Rapid Tran-\\nsit Commission agrees upon a West\\nSide route. [Dec. 4. It adopts an East\\nSide route.]\\nMills and factories are shutting down\\nor reducing wages because of the threat-\\nened tariff changes.\\nDec. 4. N. Y. Locomotive works at\\nRome are destroyed by fire; loss,\\n$500,000.\\nDec. 5. N. J. The old Iron Fier at\\nLong Branch, built at a cost of\\n$200,000, is storm-wrecked.\\nDee. 5. Pa. The Crystal Ridge Mine,\\nnear Hazelton, in which several men are\\nimprisoned, is burning.\\nDec. 6. Mass. The steamer Jason is\\nwrecked off Cape Cod 20 lives are lost.\\nVa. The Steam Engineering Build-\\ning at Norfolk is burned loss, $250,000.\\nDec. 8. 1). C. Over 50 bond and invest-\\nment companies throughout the country\\nare denied postal privileges by the\\nWashington authorities.\\nThe reorganization committee of the\\nNicaragua Canal Construction Com-\\npany reports a plan providing for a new\\ncompany to absorb the old one.\\nDec. 9. Mo. St. Louis suffers from a\\nwater -famine.\\nA four-train collision occurs on\\nthe Northern Pacific Railroad between\\nBoulder and Jefferson City the prop-\\nerty loss is heavy.\\nDec. 10. N. J. Several mills and fac-\\ntories at Paterson and Passaie close,\\nand large numbers of employees are\\nthrown out of work.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0457.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "446 1893,1)60. 15.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1893 Dec. 19. The cruisers San\\nFrancisco and New York are ordered to\\nproceed to Rio de Janeiro as soon as\\npossible, in order to notify Adm. Mello\\nthat he must not interfere with United\\nStates merchant-vessels while loading\\nor unloading cargoes. [Dec. 20. The\\nMiantonomoh and Bennington are also\\nordered to follow.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1893 Dec. 17. N. Y. A freshet at\\nBuffalo causes a property loss of \u00c2\u00a7100,000,\\nand drives 2,500 people from their homes.\\nDec. 27. Conn. The 12th annual meet-\\ning of the American Society of Natur-\\nalists opens at Yale.\\nDec. During the last three months 25\\nasteroids have been discovered by the\\nphotographic process.\\nBoston. A statue of Columbus is\\nunveiled.\\nNew York. Robert Blum of New York\\nis elected a member of the National\\nAcademy of Design.\\nPa. Many monuments are dedicated\\non the Gettysburg battle-field during\\nthe year.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1893.\\nDec. 16. Black, James, first prohibition\\ncandidate for President of U. S., A70.\\nDec. 31. Wheeler, Nathaniel, sewing-ma-\\nchine inventor, A73.\\nCHURCH.\\n1893 Dec, 27. It. The offering of Pe-\\nter s Fence since the beginning of Pope\\nLeo s jubilee amounts to $4,900,000.\\nDec. U. S. The Epworth League of\\nthe Methodist Episcopal Church reports\\n10,972 chapters and 650,000 members.\\nla.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 N. Dak. Universalist State Con-\\nventions are organized.\\n111. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Monmouth\\nJames Bruce, moderator.\\nThe Catholic Benevolent Legion\\nreports 32,000 members, and $4,272,356 in\\ndisbursements since its organization in\\n1881.\\nNew York. The Brotherhood of\\nPhilip and Andrew holds its first fed-\\neral convention.\\nIt is composed of members of four\\nEvangelical denominations the Re-\\nformed Church in America, the Reformed\\nChurch iu the United States, the Con-\\ngregational Church, and the Presbyte-\\nrian Church. It aims to Christianize\\nyoung men, and reports 130 chapters and\\n3,536 members.\\nVt. The Universalist State Conven-\\ntion is organized for Vermont and the\\nProvince of Quebec.\\nLETTERS.\\n1893 The Aim of Japan, by Rev. John\\nBatchelor, appears.\\nThe Influence of Sea-Power upon the\\nFrench Revolution and Empire 1793-\\n1812, by Capt. A. T. Mahan, U. S. N.,\\nappears.\\nLife on tlie Circuit with Lincoln, by\\nHenry C. Whitney, appears.\\nTJie Dawn of Italian Independence, by\\nWilliam R. Thayer, appears.\\nThe Campaign of Waterloo, by John\\nCodman Ropes, appears.\\nSusy A Story of the Plains, by Bret\\nIlarte, appears.\\nThe Chosen Valley, by Mary Hallock\\nFoote, appears.\\nFrom Dusk to Dawn, by Katherine\\nWoods, appears.\\nFirst Days Among the Contrabands, by\\nElizabeth H. Botume, appears.\\nDivision and Reunion, 1829-1889, by\\nWoodrow Wilson, appears.\\nThe Realm of Music, by Louis C.\\nElson, appears.\\nThe Children of a King, by F. Marion\\nCrawford, appears also Pietro Ghis/eri.\\nHow to Know the Wild Flowers, by\\nWilliam Star Dana, appears.\\nKatherine North, by Maria Louise\\nPool, appears.\\nPrisoners and Paupers, by Henry M.\\nBoies, appears.\\nThe French War and the Revolution,\\nby William M. Sloane, appears.\\nFrom Chattanooga to Petersburg under\\nGenerals Grant and Butler, by William\\nF. Smith, appears.\\nAbraham Lincoln, by John J. Morse,\\nJr., appears.\\nVentilation and Heating, by John S.\\nBillings, appears.\\nThe Arctic Problem, by Angelo Heil-\\nprin, appears.\\nS0CD3TY.\\n1893 Dec. 16. Chicago. Samuel\\nGompers is reelected president of the\\nAmerican Federation of Labor.\\nDec. 17. N.J. Belief measures are\\ntaken in Passaic, and coal-stations are\\nestablished in Paterson, in aid of the\\nunemployed.\\nNew York. The licensed push-cart\\nvenders are circulating a protest ad-\\ndressed to Mayor Gilroy against being\\nrequired to tip policemen in order\\nto make a livelihood.\\nDec. 22. Fla. Gov. Mitchell an-\\nnounces that he will use every means to\\nprevent the Corbett-Mitchell prize-\\nfight at Jacksonville.\\n[Dec. 28., The two pugilists are ar-\\nrested at Jacksonville to test the valid-\\nity of the State law against glove-fights.]\\nDec. 26. New York. Eight more arrests\\nare made for election frauds this makes\\n80 men now under indictment.\\nDec. 27. New York. Dr. Parkhurst\\ngives testimony before the extraordi-\\nnary grand jury on the charges against\\nPolice Inspector Williams.\\nU. S. Numerous benevolent and\\nsocial organizations report the num-\\nber of their members and disbursements\\nof benefits.\\nThe Ancient Order of Foresters mem-\\nbers in America, 30,4-8 total members,\\n115,000; benefits, $991,832.\\nThe Ancient Order of Hibernians of\\nAmerica: 100,000 members, and 6439,542\\nin disbursements during the last fiscal\\nyear.\\nThe Ancient Order of United Work-\\nmen members in America, 325,000\\nbenefits, ^0,015.021; total benefits, $49,-\\n405,900.\\nThe Brotherhood of Railroad Train-\\nmen numbers, 25,000; total benefits,\\n$1,671,983.\\nThe Benevolent and Protective Order\\nof Elks: numbers in the L nited States,\\nabout 35,000; total benefits, $500,000\\nThe Catholic Knights of America:\\nmembers, 24,000: benefits, $63G,917; total\\nbenefits, $5,179,300.\\nThe Catholic Mutual Benefit Associa-\\ntion members, 38,000; total benefits,\\n$3,650,000.\\nThe Catholic Benevolent Legion\\nmembers, 32,000; benefits, $795,500; total\\nbenefits, $4,272,356.\\nEquitable Aid Union members, 37,-\\n460; benefits, $914,424; total benefits,\\n$5,416,824.\\nThe Freemasons: 722.333 members in\\nthe United States and British America.\\nThe Fraternity of Modern Woodmen\\nmembers, 85.312: benefits, 6095,000; total\\nbenefits, $2,854,000.\\nThe Home Circle: members, 7,000;\\nbenefits, $145,000 total benefits, $1,-\\n250,000.\\nThe Fraternal Mystic Circle: mem-\\nbers, 13,000 benefits, $128,994 total\\nbenefits, $501,328.\\nThe Improved Order of Heptasophs\\nreport 15,217 members, $173,000 in bene-\\nfits distributed during the last fiscal\\nyear, and $1,012,000 since organization in\\n1878.\\nThe Independent Order of Rechabites\\nmembers in America, 2,360.\\nThe Improved Order of Red Men:\\nmembers, 133,632; degree of Pocahontas,\\n19,918; total, 153,500; total benefits,\\n$13,000,000.\\nIndependent Order of B nai B rith\\nmembers, 30,000; total benefits, $37,005,-\\n744.\\nThe Junior Order of United American\\nMechanics members, 175.000 benefits,\\n$289,790 total benefits, $1,220,338.\\nThe Knights and Ladies of Honor:\\n73.000 members, and $7,033,411 benefits\\ndistributed since organization.\\nKnights of Honor: members, 129,128;\\ntotal benefits, $40,423,392.\\nKnights of the Maccabees members,\\n96.33S total benefits, $1,869,541.\\nThe Independent Order of Odd Fel-\\nlows 746,484 members.\\nThe National Provident Union: mem-\\nbers, 7,000 benefits, $167,000 total bene-\\nfits, $851,950.\\nThe National Union: members, 44,-\\n67S benefits, $745,000 total benefits,\\n$3,6S0,44S.\\nThe New England Order of Protec-\\ntion members, 14.990 benefits, $133,000\\ntotal benefits, $558,000.\\nThe United Order of Pilgrim Fathers\\nmembers, 15,690; total benefits, $1,-\\n153,000.\\nThe Order of the Golden Chain: S.500\\nmembers, and $1,196,514 in disburse-\\nments since organization in 1881, and\\n\u00c2\u00a9223,384 during the last fiscal year.\\nThe Order of Chosen Friends: mem-\\nbers, 41,274; benefits, $1,019,500; total\\nbenefits, $7,936,450.\\nThe Order of Scottish Clans mem-\\nbers, 4,027; benefits, $71,500; total bene-\\nfits. $327,974.\\nThe Order of United American Me-\\nchanics members, 50,464.\\nThe Order of United Friends: mem-\\nbers, 20.104 benefits. $495,121 total\\nbenefits, $3,429,999.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0458.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1893, Dec. 15-** 447\\nThe Royal Society of Good Fellows:\\n11,055 members, and $1,540,312 disburse-\\nments since organization.\\nThe Royal Templars of Temperance\\nmembers, 27,311 benefits, $130 ,742 total\\nbenefits, $5,479,762.\\nThe United Order of the Golden\\nCross 20,257 members benefits during\\nlast fiscal year, $327,431 total benefits,\\n$2,787,563.\\nThe Woodmen of the World: mem-\\nbers, 23,000; benefits, $162,000; total\\nbenefits, $385,000.\\nSTATE.\\n1893 Dec. 15. D. C. Congress;\\nHouse A bill admitting New Mexico\\nas a State is favorably reported from the\\nCommittee of the Whole. [June 28, 1894,\\namended and passed.]\\nDec. 18. D. C. Congress: A message\\nfrom the President on Hawaii is read\\nin both Houses Senate The bill to\\nadmit Arizona is referred to the Com-\\nmittee on Territories. [Aug. 3. Reported\\nback with amendment.]\\nDec. 19. D. C. Congress: In the\\nHouse, C. A. Boutelle of Me. moves im-\\nmediate consideration of his resolution\\non Hawaii the motion is fiercely con-\\ntested and defeated the Wilson Tar-\\niff Bill to reduce taxation and provide\\nrevenue is introduced. [Jan. 8\u00c2\u00b1. De-\\nbated 45 times before the House Feb. 1.\\nAmended and passed.]\\nIt puts on the free list raw sugar,\\nwool, coal, lumber, and iron ore it re-\\nduces the high-tariff duties on many ar-\\nticles, but recognizes the principle of\\nprotection.\\nDec. 20. D. C. Congress The annual\\nreport of the Secretary of the Treas-\\nury is sent to the Senate and House.\\nAfter its reception both Houses of\\nCongress adjourn until Jan. 3.\\nMr. Carlisle estimates that there will\\nhe a deficit of $28,000,000 at the end of\\nthe present fiscal year, and asks for\\nauthority to issue $200,000,000 of bonds\\nto meet that deficit and maintain the\\ncoin reserve in the House the New\\nYork and New Jersey Bridge Bill, as\\namended in the Senate, is passed the\\nminority report of the Committee on the\\nWilson Tariff Bill is presented.\\nDec. 21. Chicago. John P. Hopkins\\n(Dom.) is elected mayor plurality, 1290.\\nDec. 28. U. S. A large number of pe-\\ntitions adverse to the Wilson Tariff\\nBill are receiving many signatures.\\nDec. 31. .D. C. The opinion of Justice\\nHarlan of the Bering Sea Court of\\nArbitration is made public.\\nIT. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-97 Ariz, Louis C. Hughes (Dem.).\\n-95 Ark. Wm. M. Fishback (Dem.).\\n-95 Colo. Davis H. Waite (Silver).\\n-95 Conn. Luzon B. Morris (Dem.).\\n-95 Ida. Wm. J. McConnell (Rep.)\\n-97 III. John B. Altgeld (Dem.).\\n-97 Ind. Claud Matthews (Dem.).\\n-95 Me. Henry B. Cleaves (Rep.).\\n-95 Mich. John T. Rich (Rep.).\\n-95 Minn. Knute Nelson (Rep.).\\n-97 .l/o. William J. Stone (Dem.).\\n-95 Mont. John E. Rickards (Rep.).\\n-95 X. H. John B. Smith (Rep.).\\n-96 X. J. George T. Werts (Dem.).\\n-97 *X. C. Elias Carr (Dem.).\\n-97* X.Mex.(Ter.). W.T.Thornton\\n(Dem.).\\n-95 X. Dale. Eli C. D. Shortridge\\n(Silver).\\n-95 S. Dak. C. H. Sheldon (Rep.).\\n-97 Utah. Caleb W. West (Dem.).\\n-97 Wash. John H. McGraw (Rep.).\\n-97 W. Va. W. A. MacCorkle (D.).\\n-97 Wyo. John E. Osborne (Dem.).\\n*X C. Principal department offi-\\ncers of the Federal Government, the\\nambassadors, ministers, and envoys to\\nforeign countries. All appointments\\nwere made in 1S93, except as noted.\\nState Department. Edwin F. Uhl, of Mich.,\\nAss t Sec. A. A. Adee, of D. C. (1882), Sec-\\nond Ass t Sec. W. W. Rockliill, of N. Y.\\n[1894], Third Ass t Sec.\\nTreasury Department. W. E. Curtis, of\\nN. Y., Charles S. Hamlin, of Mass., Scott\\nWike, of 111., Ass t Sees. K. B. Bowler, of\\n0., Compt. of Treas. Charles H. Mansur, of\\nMo. [1S94J, .-l\u00c2\u00ab Compt.; J. M. Comsrock,\\nOf N. Y., Chief Customs Div. Ai DiTOiis:\\nE. P. Baldwin, of Md., Treas. T. Stobo\\nFarrow, of S. C, War Dept. Sam l Black-\\nwell, of Ala., Int r Dept. Chas. B. Morton,\\nof Me., Nan/ Dept. T lios. Holcomb, of Del.,\\nState, etc. i. A. Howard, of Tenn., P. 0.\\nDept. Daniel X. Morgan, of Ct., Treas. of\\nU. S. James F. Meline, of 0., Ass t Treas.\\nJames F. Tillman, of Tenn., Register of\\nTreasury; James N. Eckels, of 111., Compt.\\nof Currency; Jos. S. Miller, of W. Va.,\\nCom. Interned Revenue; E. T. Chamber-\\nlain, of N. Y., Com. of Navigation Robt.\\nT. Hough, of O., Solicitor Interna/ Revenue;\\nRobert E. Preston, of D. C, Director of\\nMint; Walter Wyman (1890), of Mo., Su-\\npervising Surg. -Gen. of the marine Hospi-\\ntal Service; J. A. Dumont, of N. Y. (1876),\\nSupv. Insp.-Gen. Steam Ves. C. Johnston,\\nof Ky., Ch. Bur. Eng. and Printing.\\nWar Department. Joseph B. Doe, of Wis.,\\nAss t Sec; Gen. tieorge I Kusgles, Adj.-\\nGen. Bri j;.-Gen. Joseph C. Breckinridge,\\nof Ky. (1*891, Insp.-Gen. Brig.-Gen. Rich-\\nard N. Batchelder, of X. H. (189(1), Q. M. G.\\nBrig.-Gen. Michael R. Morgan [1894], Com.\\nGen. Brig.-Gen. George M. Sternberg,\\nSura. -Gen.; Brig.-Gen. William Smith, of\\nVt. (1890), P. M. G.; Brig.-Gen. Thomas L.\\nCasey, of R. I. (lusxi, chief of Ennineers;\\nBrig.-Gen. Daniel W. Flagler, of N. Y.\\n(1891), Chief of Ordnance; Col. Guido N.\\nLieber, of N. Y. (1HK4), Judae Adv.- Gen.;\\nBrig.-Gen. AdolphusW. Greely,of La. (1887),\\nChief Signal Officer.\\nNavy Department. William McAdoo, of\\nN. J., Ass t Sec. Chiefs of Bukeatjs:\\nCom. E. O. Matthews [1894], Yards and\\nDocks; Rear-Adm. Francis M. Ramsay\\n(1889), Navigation; Capt. W. T. Sampson,\\nOrdnance; Paymaster-Gen. Edwin Stewart,\\nof N. Y. (1890). Supplies and Accounts;\\nSurg.-Gen. J. UuJus Trvon, Medicine; Philip\\nHichborn, Construction Commander F. E.\\nChadwick, Equipment. George W. Melville,\\nof Fa. (1887i, Engineer-in-Chief; Capt, Sam-\\nuel C. Lemley (1892), Judge Ad v.- Gen. Col.\\nChas. Hey wood (1891 Commandant of Ma-\\nrine Corps.\\nPost-Office Department. Frank H. Jones,\\nof ILL, First Ass t P. M. G.; Charles Neil-\\nson, of Md. ;ls9-i\\\\ Second Ass t P. M. G.\\nKerr Craige, of X. C, Third Ass t P. M. G.\\nJohn L. Thomas, of Mo., Ass t Atty.-Gen.;\\nN. M. Brooks, of Pa., Supt. Foreign Mails\\nEdward M. Gadsden, of Ga., Supt. Money-\\nOrder; Jas. E. White, of 111., (1890), Gen.\\nSupt. Railway M. S. Bernard Goode, of\\nMich., Supt. Dead Letter Office; M. D.\\nWheeler, Chief P. 0. Inspector.\\nInterior Department. William H. Sims, of\\nMiss., First Ass t Sec; J. M. Reynolds, of\\nPa., Ass t Sec. Commissioners S. W.\\nLamoreaux, of Wis., Land Office; William\\nLochren, of Minn., Pensions; Daniel M.\\nBrowning, of 111., Ind. Affairs; John S.\\nSeymour, of Ct., Patents; W. T. Harris, of\\nMass., Education Wade Hampton, of S. C,\\nRailroads. C. D. Wright, of Mass. (acting)\\nSupt. of Census; Chas. D. Walcott, of N. Y.,\\nDirector of Geol- Surv.\\nWhitney, of N. Y., Holmes Conrad, of Va.,\\nJoshua E. Dodge, of Mass., Charles B.\\nHowry, of Miss., John I. Hall, of Ga., John\\nL. Thomas, of Mo., Assistants.\\nDepartment of Agriculture. Charles W.\\nDabnev, Jr., of Tenn. [1894], Ass t Sec. M.\\nW. Harrington, of Mich. (1892), Chief\\nWeather Bureau.\\nGovernment Printing Office. T. E. Bene-\\ndict, of N. Y. [1894], Gov t Printer.\\nDepartment of Labor. Carroll D. Wright,\\nof Mass. (1888).\\nLibrarian of Congress. Ainsworth R. Spof-\\nfordof O. (1865).\\nGovernment Directors in the TJnion Pa-\\ncific R. R. Company. E. Ellery Ander-\\nson, of N. Y. J. W. Doane, of 111. Fitz-\\nliugh Lee, of Va. J. W. Paddock, of Xeb.\\nCivil Service Commissioners. Charles Ly-\\nman, of Conn. Theodore Roosevelt, of\\nST. Y. J. R. Proctor, of Ky.\\nInterstate Commerce Commission. Wm.\\nR. Morrison, of 111., Chairman James D.\\nYeomans, of la. Judson C. Clements, of\\nGa. Martin A. Knapp, of N. Y. Wheelock\\nG. Veazey, of Vt.\\nAmbassadors. James B. Eustis, at Paris;\\nTheodore Runyon, at Berlin Thomas F.\\nBayard, at London Wayne MacVeagh, at\\nRome.\\nMinisters Plenipotentiary. W. J. Bu-\\nchanan, at Buenos Ayres Bartlett Tripp,\\nat Vienna James S. Ewing, at Brussels\\nThomas Moonlight, at La Paz Thomas L.\\nThompson, at Rio de Janeiro James D.\\nPorter, at Santiago; Charles Denby (1885),\\nat Peking Luther Y. McKinney, at Bogota\\nLewis Baker, at Managua John E. Risley,\\nat Copenhagen; E. H. Strobel [1894], at\\nQuito Eben Alexander, at Athens P. M.\\nB. Young, at Guatemala A. S. Willis, at\\nHonolulu Edwin Dun, at Tokio Isaac P.\\nGray, at City of Mexico W. E. Quinby, at\\nThe Hague; Granville Stuart [1894], at\\nMontevideo James A. McKenzie, at Lima\\nGeorge W. Caruth, at Lisbon Clifton E.\\nBreckinridge [1*94], at St. l etersburg Han-\\nnis Taylor, at Madrid Thomas B. Ferguson\\n[1894], at Stockholm James O. Hroadhead,\\nat Berne Alexander W. Terrell, at Con-\\nstantinople S. Haselton [1894], at Caracas.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1893 Dec. 15. Ky. More than 20 work-\\nmen are killed by tbe fall of part of a\\nbridge in course of erection across the\\nOhio Kiver at Louisville.\\nX. Y. A train falls through a tres-\\ntle near Dunkirk 11 persons are killed.\\nDec. 17. Great distress is reported\\namong the unemployed and their\\nfamilies in Brooklyn and places in New\\nJersey and Pennsylvania.\\nDec. 23. Pa. Tbe Homestead iron-wprks\\nare closed indefinitely 3,800 are out of\\nwork.\\nX. Y. A large right whale is\\ncaught and killed near Southampton,\\nLong Island.\\nDec. 28. Tex. A block of mercantile\\nhouses in Hillsboro is burned loss,\\n\u00c2\u00a7275,000.\\nDec. 30. N. Y. The plant of the Onon-\\ndaga Iron Company in Syracuse, which\\ncost $400,000, is sold by the sheriff for\\n$41,000.\\nDec. 31. IT. S. Statistics for 1S93.\\nProduction: Gold, $35,955,000; silver,\\n$77,575,757 bushels of grain Indian\\ncorn, 1,619,496,131; wheat, 395,131,725;\\noats, 638.854,850; barley, 69,869,495; rye,\\n26,555,446; buckwheat, 12.132,311; bales\\nof cotton, 6,717,142 pounds of wool,\\n303,000.001) barrels of petroleum, 48,412,-\\n666. Currency in circulation, $1,596,701,-\\n245; per capita, 823.85. Immigrants re-\\nceived (fiscal year) 502,917. Fire-waste,\\nS167 ,544,370; insurance loss. 8105,994.577.\\nTotal railroad accidents. 2,307; 7,346\\npersons areklled and 40,393 injured (year\\nending June 30).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0459.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "448 1893, *-1894, Jan. 24.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1894 Jan. 18. The official trial board\\nof the new unarmored cruiser Olym-\\npia announces her speed at 21.69 knots.\\nJan. 21+. The speed made by the un-\\narmored cruiser Montgomery on her\\ntrial run is 19.056 knots an hour.\\nJan. 23. D. C. Com. John George\\nWalker is promoted rear-admiral U. S. N.\\n[Also Apr. 11. Com. Francis M. Ram-\\nsay. Nov. 11. Com. Charles C. Carpen-\\nter.]\\nCommander Henry Glass is promoted\\ncaptain U. S. N. [Also Apr. 11. Com-\\nmander Philip H. Cooper. Apr. 16.\\nCommander Henry C. Taylor. July 10.\\nCommander George H. Wadleigh. July\\n21. Commander A. S. Crowninshield.\\nJuly 31. Commander Frank Wildes.\\nSept. 7. Commander James H. Sands.\\nSept. 16. Commander Yates Stirling.\\nNov. 11. Commander William C. Wise.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1894 Jan. 1. Cal. A memorial in\\nhonor of the landing of Sir Francis\\nDrake on the Pacific coast is unveiled\\nin Golden Gate Park, San Francisco.\\nJan. 3. N. Y. A large coal-deposit\\nis found at Thod Bottom, Delaware\\nCounty.\\nJan. 20. Kan. A party of 10 men from\\nWinnipeg are killed by an avalanche in\\nthe Rocky Mountains.\\nTex. A hurricane at Dallas destroys\\nproperty valued at \u00c2\u00a7100,000.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1894.\\nJan. 2. Potter, Orlando R, capitalist, A71.\\nWheeler, H. H., president American Dis-\\ntrict Telephone Co., A56.\\nCraig, Oscar, president State Board of\\nCharities, A58.\\nMcNierney, F., R. C. bp. of Albany, A 66.\\nJan. 3. Sanger, A. L., president Board of\\nEducation, A52.\\nClarkson, Lloyd, officer of G. A. R., A63.\\nJan. 5. Singer, Otto, music-teacher, com-\\nposer, A61.\\nJan. 10. Bolles, Frank, secretary of Har-\\nvard University, dies.\\nFairfax, Donald McNiell, rear-adm.\\nU. S. N., A70.\\nJan, 15. Losse, \\\\V\\\\, lawyer, jurist, A71.\\nJan. 16. Beardsley, Nelson, president Cay-\\nuga Bank, N. Y., for 54 years, A86.\\nJan. 19. Gaston, William L., lawyer, Gov.\\nof Mass., A74.\\nJan. 20. Shafer, Helen, pres. of Wellesley\\nCollege, A54.\\nCHURCH.\\n1894 Jan. 21. yew York. A small\\nportion of a bone of the Blessed Brother\\nGerard is exhibited in one of the\\nchurches it is venerated and kissed by\\nmany Roman Catholics.\\nLETTERS.\\n1893 Voodoo Tales as Told Among\\nthe Negr.oes of the Southwest, by Mary\\nA. Owen, appears.\\nHypnotism, Mes7nerism, and the New\\nWitchoraft, by Ernest Hart, M.D., ap-\\npears.\\nThe New Era, by Josiah Strong, ap-\\npears.\\nThe Silver Situation in the United\\nStates, by F. W. Taussig, appears.\\nMajor-General Wayne, by Charles J.\\nStille, appears.\\nThe Meaning and Method of Life, by\\nGeorge M. Gould, appears.\\nA New England Boyhood, by Edward\\nEverett Hale, appears.\\nA House-Hunter in Europe, by William\\nHenry Bishop, appears.\\nScience and a Future Life, by Frederic\\nW. H. Myers, appears.\\nThe People s Money, by William L.\\nTrenholm, appears.\\nMany Inventions, by Rudyard Kip-\\nling, appears.\\nEnglish History for American Headers,\\nby Thomas W. Higginson and Edward\\nChanning, appears.\\nLouis Agassiz, by Charles F. Holder,\\nappears.\\nThomas Jefferson, by James Schouler,\\nappears.\\nGeneral George H. Thomas, by Donn\\nPiatt, appears.\\nGeneral Greene, by Francis Vinton\\nGreene, appears.\\nTwenty Years at Sea, by Frederick\\nD. Thompson, appears.\\nGeneral Johnston, (Joseph E.), by\\nRobert M. Hughes, appears.\\nThe Gilded Man, by A. F. Bandelier,\\nappears.\\nThe Arctic Journal, by Robert E.\\nPeary, appears.\\n1894 Jan. 5. New York. The New\\nYork State Art Teachers Association\\nis in session in Art Association Hall.\\nJan. 12. U. I. President Andrews of\\nBrown University declines an offer\\nof the co-presidency of the University\\nof Chicago.\\nJan. 19. Mass. Harvard defeats Yale\\nin the joint debate at Cambridge.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1894 Jan. 1. Boston. The Knights of\\nLabor enter a protest gainst the low\\nrate of wages $1.50 a day paid by the\\nCitizens Relief Committee to the men\\nemployed by it.\\nJan. 3. Chicago. It is announced that\\nW. Campbell, president of the Illinois\\nElectrical Forging Company, has disap-\\npeared, and S-15,000 are also missing.\\nO. Burglars at Kenton torture an\\nold man by burning his feet with hot\\nirons to make him tell where his money\\nis secreted they secure about $100 in\\nmoney and valuables.\\nJan. 4. New York. Dr. Parkhurst s so-\\nciety issues a statement of its efforts to\\nsecure the indictment of Police Inspector\\nWilliams and Capt. Sehmittberger, and\\nthe evidence in the cases. (See Sept. 11.)\\nJan. 6. Neio York. W. H. Grimm is sen-\\ntenced to Sing Sing prison for four years\\nand six months for marrying four wives\\nall are now living.\\nJan. 7. Chicago. By order of Chief of\\nPolice Brennan, all the gambling-houses\\nare closed.\\nKy. White Caps terrorize three\\ncounties; one man is killed and many\\nseverely whipped.\\nMich. 0. W. Leggett of Ganges fc seri-\\nously injured by opening a box received\\nby mail which proves to be an infernal\\nmachine.\\nJan. 9. Cal. A gigantic smuggling\\nring, employing three vessels in its\\noperations, i s discovered at Ban Fran-\\ncisco several arrests are made.\\nN. Y. John Y. McKane and his\\nassociates decline to plead in Brooklyn,\\nand their counsel move to quash the\\nindictments against them. [Jan. 11.\\nDenied by Judge Bartlett. Jan. 12.\\nMcKane pleads not guilty to several\\nindictments.]\\nJan. 10. Mo. Five masked men stop\\nand rob an express-train near St.\\nJoseph.\\nJan. 12. Kan. A colored man in Sabina\\nis allowed by a jury two dollars for the\\nloss of his son, who was hanged by a\\nmob last April.\\nO. A negro is hanged by a mob\\nnear Cincinnati for the murder of an old\\ncouple a month ago.\\nJan. 13. Ala. Burglars raid the vil-\\nlage of Courtland, Lawrence County,\\nbreaking open every business house in\\nthe place.\\nJan. 16. Wis. R. J. Peschmann, lessee\\nof the Cream City Hotel bar, Milwaukee,\\nconfesses to murdering Mrs. Annie\\nSchrums for her money, and setting tire\\nto her room in his hotel to cover the\\nJan. 17. N. Y. The cruelty case against\\nSuperintendent Brock way of the Elmira\\nReformatory is dismissed. [Mar. 19.\\nThe report of the State Board of Chari-\\nties sustains most of the charges against\\nhim. Dec. 10. Gov. Flower dismisses\\nthe charges.]\\nS. Dak. Alexander Ross, cashier of\\nthe First National Bank of Lead City,\\nis arrested for embezzling funds of the\\nbank to the amount of S 24,893.\\nJan. 19. JBTew York. Three New York\\npolicemen are arraigned by the Lexow\\nCommittee, charged with levying black-\\nmail on pushcart venders all plead not\\nguilty.\\nThe fourth annual dinner in honor of\\nthe birthday of Gen. R. E. Lee is given\\nby the Confederate Veteran Camp of\\nNew York.\\nJan. 21. Conn. The Bridgeport Trac-\\ntion Company s men strike the mayor\\nreads the riot act to the men.\\nFla. Troops are ordered to Jackson-\\nville by the governor to stop the Cor-\\nbett-Mitchell prize-fight proposed to be\\nfought there.\\nJan. 23. Colo. President M. H. Smith\\nof the Bank of Sterling is sentenced to\\nthe penitentiary for three years for re-\\nceiving money on deposit after the\\nbank became insolvent.\\nPa. Treasurer W. T. Zell is de-\\nclared an embezzler by officers of the\\nLehigh and Wilkesbarre Coal Company.\\nJan. 24. Fla. Judge Call issues an in-\\njunction restraining the sheriff of Duyal\\nCounty from interfering with the Cor-\\nbett-MitcheU fight.\\nSTATE.\\n1894 Jan. 2. D. C. Congress: The\\nmajority of the House Ways and Means\\nCommittee decides to recommend an\\nincome tax of two per cent on incomes\\nover $4,000 a year, to advance the tax on", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0460.jp2"}, "461": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1893, -1894, Jan. 24. 449\\nwhisky ten cents a gallon, and to im-\\npose a tax of two cents a pack on play-\\ning-cards.\\nThe Treasury Department reports the\\npublic debt increased $7,000,000 in De-\\ncember.\\nJan. 3. D. C. Congress: In the Senate\\nWilliam P. Frye of Me. introduces a\\nresolution ordering Executive non-in-\\nterference in Hawaiian affairs pending\\ninvestigation in the House Charles A.\\nBoutelle of Me. endeavors to have his\\nresolution on the Hawaiian question\\nconsidered before the Tariff Bill, but\\nfails Richard P. Bland s bill to coin\\nthe silver bullion held in the Treasury\\nis referred to the Committee on Coin-\\nage, Weights, and Measures.\\nJan. 4. D. C. Congress: Senate does\\nlittle business House without a quo-\\nNew York. The Chamber of Com-\\nmerce declares in favor of an issue of\\n$200,000,000 in Government bonds.\\nJan. 5. D. C. Congress: Senate not in\\nsession House without a quorum.\\nJan. 6. D. C. Congress: Senate not in\\nsession House without a quorum. A\\nresolution ordering the sergeant-alarms\\nto arrest absent members is adopted.\\nJan. 7. U. S. It is announced that the\\nTJ. S. revenue cutter Corwin, at San\\nFrancisco, brings news that the Queen\\nof the Hawaiian Islands has notified\\nMinister Willis that she is willing to\\ncomply with the conditions he demanded\\nof her, but had heretofore rejected also\\nthat the U. S. Minister requested the\\nProvisional Government to resign in\\nher favor, and it refused to comply\\nwith the request.\\nJan. 8. D. C. Congress In the House\\nWilliam L. Wilson of W. Va. begins\\ndebate on the Tariff Bill after the\\ndate for a final vote on the bill has been\\nfixed for Jan. 29. [The Tariff is dis-\\ncussed almost exclusively till the final\\nvote is taken. The Federal Elections\\nBill nearly monopolizes the business of\\nthe Senate.]\\nN. J The race-track laws passed\\nby the last Legislature are declared un-\\nconstitutional by the State Supreme\\nCourt.\\nJan. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndecides to take up the bill for the repeal\\nof the Federal Elections Law as un-\\nfinished business on Jan. 15.\\nN. J. The Democratic Senators\\nhastily organize President Adrian re-\\nfuses to accept the credentials of the\\nRepublican Senators-elect the Repub-\\nlicans retire to a Senate committee-room\\nand organize, making two bodies Gov.\\nAVerts sends his message to the Demo-\\ncratic body.\\nJan. 10. Colo. The extra session of the\\nLegislature meets at Denver the Senate\\nrefuses to print Gov. Waite s message.\\nN. J. The Republican Senators\\nforcetheir way into the Senate-chamber\\nat Trenton a bill repealing the race-\\ntrack law is passed by both Houses, and\\nsent to Gov. Werts for his signature.\\nJan. 11. D. C. Mr. Carter resigns the\\nchairmanship of the Republican Na-\\ntional Committee at its session in\\nWashington, and Joseph H. Manley is\\nelected his successor.\\nN. J. The Democrats again seize the\\nSenate-chamber at Trenton, and forci-\\nbly eject several (Rep.) Senators-elect.\\nUtah. In accordance with the man-\\ndate from the TJ. S. Supreme Court, the\\nSupreme Court of Utah enters a decree\\nordering the receiver to turn over to the\\nFirst Presidency of the Mormon Church\\nall money in his possession $438,174\\nderived from personal property.\\nJan. 13. D. C. Congress: Senate not\\nin session the President sends to the\\nHouse the Hawaiian correspondence\\naccompanied by a brief message.\\nJan. 15. D. C. Congress; House De-\\nbate on the Tariff Bill under the five-\\nminutes rule is begun.\\nA letter written by Secretary Carlisle\\nto the chairman of the Senate Commit-\\ntee of Finance, urging the Immediate\\nanthorization of an issue of bonds, is\\nmade public.\\nMass. A bill providing for biennial\\nsessions is introduced into the Legisla-\\nture.\\nN. Y. John Y. McKane tries to\\nwrest the gavel from the Supervisor at\\nLarge at the meeting f the Kings County\\nBoard of Supervisors, and with his col-\\nleagues undertakes to carry on a meet-\\ning in violation of the law.\\nJan. 16. D. C. Congress In the Sen-\\nate debate is begun on the bill for the\\nrepeal of the Federal Election Laws.\\nN. J. Both of the Senates appoint\\ncommittees of conference standing\\ncommittees are announced in the House\\nand Republican Senate.\\nW. Va. The Senate provides that the\\nState s portion of the debt of the old\\nState of Virginia be settled by commis-\\nsioners appointed by both States.\\nJan. 17. D. C. Congress; Senate The\\nCivil Service extension and the repeal\\nof the Federal Election Laws are dis-\\ncussed the House votes that the wool\\nschedules of the Wilson Tariff Bill\\nshall go into effect with the rest of the\\nact.\\nSecretary Carlisle issues a circular\\noffering for public subscription $50,-\\n000,000 ten-year 5 per cent bonds.\\nJan. 18. I). C. Congress; Senate W.\\nA. Peffer of Kan. and W. V. Allen of\\nNeb. introduce resolutions denouncing\\nthe proposed bond-issue in the House\\nJ. C. Burrows s amendment, substi-\\ntuting the wool schedule of the McKin-\\nley Bill for that of the bill now under\\ndiscussion, is defeated.\\nJan. 19. D. C. Congress: Senate not\\nin session the House passes the Okla-\\nhoma Town Sites Entry Bill, requir-\\ning railroads to establish stations and\\ndepots at town sites fixed by the In-\\nterior Department, in the Territories.\\nJan. 20. D. C. Congress Senate not\\nin session.\\nPresident Cleveland vetoes the New\\nYork and New Jersey Bridge Bill.\\nJan. 22. D. C. Congress: In the Sen\\nate another message and more corre-\\nspondence on the Hawaiian question\\nis received from President Cleveland\\namendments to the Wilson Bill, re-\\npealing the bounty on sugar and putting\\nrefined sugar on the free list, are adopted\\nin the House Committee of the Whole.\\nla. The Supreme Court at Des\\nMoines decides that the Prohibition\\nAmendment of 1882 was not constitu-\\ntionally adopted, and is therefore void.\\nN. J. The Democratic Senators re-\\nject the Republican propositions for\\nharmony the Republican Senators send\\na communication to Gov. Werts, asking\\nhis cooperation in organizing the lawful\\nSenate.\\nJan. 23. D. C. Congress: The House\\nvotes down amendments to the Wilson\\nBill putting a duty on coal.\\nJan. 24. D. C. Congress: The House\\nrejects all amendments to the iron ore\\nschedule of the Tariff Bill; the In-\\nternal Revenue Bill is reported, with\\nthe income tax included, by the com-\\nmittee, who vote 9-7.\\nN. Y. The Forestry Commission\\nproposes to acquire 1,200,000 acres in\\nthe Adirondacks, and 100,000 acres in\\ntheCatskill region, for State-park pur-\\nposes, at a total cost of $3,515,134.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1894 Jan. 2. Kan. Four persons are\\nkilled and as many injured by a train-\\nwreck near Lawrence.\\nJan. 3. 0. A fire in Toledo destroys\\nproperty valued at $1,000,000.\\nJan. 6. Kan. A large body of under-\\nground water is found in Ford and ad-\\njoining counties farmers intend to sink\\nwells about one mile apart, and dig\\nditches in order to irrigate the country\\nthereabouts.\\nJan. 8. Chicago, The Manufacturers\\nBuilding in the World s Fair grounds,\\ncontaining 20.000 crises of exhibits await-\\ning removal, the Music Hall, the Peri-\\nstyle, and Casino are burned; loss on\\nbuildings, $800,000 on exhibits, \u00c2\u00a7200,000.\\nJan. 15. N. J. Eleven persons are killed\\nand 44 injured by a train collision at\\nHackensack.\\nO. Organized unemployed men in\\nCincinnati refuse to accept work from\\nthe Associated Charities at SI a day.\\nJan. 17. N. Y. The cost up to 1894 of\\nthe unfinished State Capitol at Albany\\nis $20,726,971.15.\\nWash. Over 12,000,000 bushels of\\nwheat are destroyed by rains in east-\\nern Washington.\\nJan. 19. Ky. The City Council of Louis-\\nville annexes all suburbs, including\\nfive towns, adding 20,000 to the city s\\npopulation.\\nCal. The Chinese Six Companies\\norder their laborers to register. [Many\\nof them do so.]\\nJan. 23. New York. The Normannia,\\nof the Hamburg-American Line, is com-\\npelled to return to port much dam-\\naged by a tidal wave loss, \u00c2\u00a950,000 to\\nthe vessel and about the same to the\\nJan. 24. Tenn. At Coal Creek 50 con-\\nvicts escape from a stockade.\\nTex. By the explosion of a stick of\\ndynamite in a train smoking-car stove\\nat Marcos, two men are killed and six\\nseriously injured.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0461.jp2"}, "462": {"fulltext": "450 1894, Jan. 25 -Feb. 20.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1894 Jan. U. S. The Naval He-\\nserve numbers 2,45G men.\\nFeb. 2. The war-ship Kearsarge is\\nwrecked on a rock in the Caribbean Sea,\\ntwo officers and crew being saved.\\nFeb. 11. D. C. The militia force of\\nthe United States as reported to Con-\\ngress aggregates 112,000 men.\\nCharles K. Barnett is commissioned ma-\\njor quartermaster department. [Feb.\\n22. Henry S. Kilbourne medical de-\\npartment. Mar. 1. Gilbert S. Carpen-\\nter\u00e2\u0080\u0094 4th infantry. Mar. 8. Carle A.\\nWoodruff\u00e2\u0080\u0094 2d artillery. Mar. 12. Ab-\\nram A. Harbach\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ISth infantry. Mar.\\n13. James C. Merrill medical depart-\\nment.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1894 Jan. 27. N. Mex. Gold is dis-\\ncovered near Sorocco.\\nFeb. 7. Cal. An earthquake shakes\\nSan Jos 6.\\n[Also May 24. St. Louis, Mo. July 30.\\nThree shocks at Los Angeles, Cal. Aug.\\n10. Three shocks at Memphis, Tenn.\\nNov. 23. Slight shocks in Connecticut\\nand West Virginia.]\\nFeb. 8. La. A tornado strikes Port\\nHudson, demolishing a number of\\nhouses. [Feb. 19. Arkansas is visited.]\\nFeb. 10. Ltd. A vein of gold assaying\\n$80 a ton is discovered in a stone-quarry\\nnear Portland.\\nFeb. 13. N. Y. Surveys are being made\\nfor the new East River bridge in Wil-\\nliamsburg, Brooklyn.\\nOkla. T. More than 30 persons\\nperish in a blizzard thousands of cat-\\ntle are lost.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1894.\\nJan. 29. Calkins, W. H., lawyer, jurist,\\nA52.\\nFsb. 3. Childs. George William, editor\\nPublic Ledtjt r, philanthropist, A64.\\nFeb. 4. Wilkinson, Morton S., senator for\\nMinn., lawyer, A75.\\nFeb. 9. Honk, George W., M. C. for O.,\\ndies.\\nCasey, T. A., vicar-gen. of R. C. diocese\\nof Erie, dies.\\nFeb. 17. Rotton, Otto, physician, of Brook-\\nlyn, A83.\\nFeb. 19. Keppler, Joseph, cartoonist, an\\neditor of Puck, A56.\\nFeb. 20. Smith, John M., horticulturist,\\nASH.\\nCHURCH.\\n1894 Feb. 2. Vt. Arthur C. A. Hall\\nis consecrated (Protestant Episcopal)\\nbishop of Vermont.\\nFeb. 9. N. r. Plymouth Church,\\nBrooklyn, observes the 7th anniversary\\nof the death of Henry Ward Beecher.\\nFeb. 18. la. Protestant ministers at\\nSioux City make a concerted attack\\nupon the American Protective Asso-\\nciation, and urge their congregations\\nto shun it.\\nNew York. Russians for the first time\\nin this city attend the service of the\\nGreek Orthodox Church conducted\\nin the native language.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1894 Jan. 25. Conn. A dozen Dan-\\nbury hat manufacturers reopen their\\nshops, but less than 00 men return to\\nwork. [Jan. 26. Hundreds return. Feb.\\n1. The union men decide to work in nun-\\nunion factories; the strike has collapsed.\\nFla. The Corbett-Mitehell prize-\\nfight takes place at Jacksonville with-\\nout interference Corbett wins in the\\nthird round both men are arrested, and\\ngive bail.\\nT. A band of train-robbers is\\ncaptured by police one of the gang is\\nkilled and another wounded.\\nN. Y. The trial of John Y.\\nMcKane begins at Brooklyn.\\nPhila. The National Conference\\non Good City Government begins a\\ntwo days session.\\nJan. 26. Chicago. Alderman Jeremiah\\nH. Mulvihill is fatally wounded in Ed.\\nHussey s saloon by Mike Frewer.\\nJan. 27. N. Y. Robert Morrison shoots\\nand mortally wounds his mother at\\nKingsbridge because she reprimands\\nhim for getting drunk.\\nN. Y. Two Italian counterfeiters\\nare arrested while at work in South\\nBrooklyn, and four presses, a forge,\\nseven dies, crucibles, gold, silver, tin,\\nand other metals and machinery, are\\nseized.\\nPa. A mob of strikers makes an\\nattack upon working miners at Wood-\\nville rioting squads of about one hun-\\ndred men each are going from mine to\\nmine intimidating miners at work.\\nJan. 28. N. J. The certificate of incor-\\nporation of the Daisy Fields Home\\nand Hospital for Crippled Children,\\nlocated at Englewood, is filed.\\nJan. 30. S. C. Liquor-stores in\\nCharleston are raided by the police and\\nan armed force.\\nJan. 31. Cal. A gang of ruffians makes\\nan attack upon the private car of Mrs.\\nLeland Stanford at Vina.\\nFeb. 1. Pa. Ten anarchist miners\\nare arrested in a settlement of Slavs\\nand Italians near Mansfield.\\nN. C. Tenn. A fight takes place\\nbetween farmers while working on the\\nroad on the Madison County line, next\\nto Tennessee six are killed and 14\\nwounded.\\nFeb. 3 Boston. Albert Johnson shoots\\nhis sweetheart, Carrie Andrews, and\\nkills himself, on account of breaking of\\nher engagement.\\nLnd. James Arnold, of the bank of\\nJames Arnold and Co., Columbia City,\\nflees he is charged with embezzling\\n$100,000.\\nFeb. 4. N. Y. A shortage of $19,000\\nis found in the accounts of Cashier W.\\nD. Lohmann of the Brooklyn Excise\\nDepartment he has disappeared.\\nFeb. 5. Kij. A fatal fight occurs at\\nHarlan Court-house one man is killed\\nand one fatally injured.\\nNew York. Inspector Williams re-\\nports that he could rind nothing immoral\\nin Capt. Slevin s precinct, as charged by\\nDr. Parkhurst.\\nTenn. President G. N. Henson, of\\nthe Citizens Bank and Trust Company\\nof Chattanooga, shoots and kills J. B.\\nWerts, a well-known insurance man,\\nand is arrested.\\nFeb. 6. New York. A police census\\nshows that 52,592 males and 14,6SS\\nfemales are out of work, their fami-\\nlies including 206,701 persons 39,311\\nfamilies are in need of assistance.\\nFeb. 7. A f ew York. Hungry people are\\nducking to relief-stores.\\nFeb. 8. Tex. Sheriff A. Dickson is\\nshot and killed by the Texan outlaw\\nBraddock, and one of the sheriff s posse\\nkills Braddock.\\nFeb. 9. N. Y. John w. Love, resident\\nof Watkins, and cashier _.f the First Na-\\ntional Bank .f that Village, absconds\\nwith $50,000 of the bank s funds.\\nFeb. 11. Ind. The grand jury of Whit-\\nley County returns twenty indictments\\nagainst three banking officers forswin-\\ndling 150 farmers out of their wheat and\\nmoney.\\nMo. Judge Caldwell at St. Louis re-\\nfuses to restrain the Northern Pacific\\nRailroad employees from striking while\\nthe road is in the hands of a receiver.\\nFeb. 12. New York. The committee ap-\\npointed by Mayor Gilroy to consider\\nmeans to help the unemployed de-\\ncides to raise $500,000, and subscribes\\n560,000 at once.\\nPa. The trial of 5S striking miners\\nfor rioting begins at Pittsburg.\\nFeb. 13. Ky. A fight occurs between\\nthe Turner-Nolin families in Harlan\\nCounty one woman is killed.\\nS. C. The Charleston Chamber of\\nCommerce celebrates its 110th anniver-\\nsary with a banquet.\\nFeb. 14. N.J. Silk-workers at Phillips-\\nburg are attacked by strikers.\\nFeb. 15. B.C. The26thannualeonven-\\ntion of the National Woman Suffrage\\nAssociation opens at Washington, with\\ndelegates from all parts of the United\\nStates.\\nX. F. The jury in the John T. Mc-\\nKane case, after being out 20 hours,\\nreturns a verdict of g^iilty, with\\nrecommendation for mercy on ac-\\ncount of the many respectable witnesses\\nthat testified to his generally good pri-\\nvate character.\\n[Feb. 19. He is sentenced to imprison-\\nment for sis years in Sing Sing.]\\nNew York. D. J. Buckley, convicted\\nof having permitted repeating at an elec-\\ntion, is sentenced by Judge Barrett to a\\nfine of $500 and imprisonment for one\\nyear in the penitentiary.\\nFeb. 16. Cat. A Southern Pacific ex-\\npress-train is ditched and robbed the\\nrobbers kill two men and injure two\\nothers.\\nLid. Supt. John Dingledey, of the\\nWernie Orphans House, Richmond, is\\nconvicted of cruelty t the inmates, and\\nNew York. All the large silk facto-\\nries shut down on account of a strike of\\nthe employees for higher wages.\\nMatthew Green is convicted of man-\\nslaughter in the second degree for kick-\\ning to death James llalstead in July\\nlast. [He is sentenced to Imprisonment\\nfor five years.]\\nFeb. 17. Chicago. The Continental Na-\\ntional Bank is swindled by cashing two\\nraised checks one for $3,500 raised\\nfrom $35, and one for $3,300 from $33.\\nLid. A large number of men at In-\\ndianapolis call upon the mayor and\\nBoard of Public Works, demanding\\nemployment.\\nXeiv York. The Citizens* Relief\\nFund for the unemployed amounts to\\n$75,000.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0462.jp2"}, "463": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1894, Jan. 25 -Feb. 20. 451\\nPatrick J. Finn is arraigned for ab-\\nstracting packets from the mails in the\\npost-office; he admits his guilt, and is\\nheld in \u00c2\u00a71,500 bail.\\nFeb. 18. New York. An attempt to ar-\\nrest four Italians results in a community\\nfight on the East Side.\\nO. Three thousand miners are\\nthrown out of employment in conse-\\nquence of a dispute as to wages.\\nPa. A non-unionist kills a man in a\\nsaloon brawl in Sayre for calling him a\\nscab.\\nSTATE.\\n1894 Jan. 25. D. C. The Democratic\\ncaucus in Washington votes to make the\\nInternal Revenue Bill, including the in-\\ncome-tax, an amendment to the Tariff\\nBill.\\nJan. 27. D. C. Congress; House The\\ntime for the debate on the Tariff Bill\\nis extended until Feb. 1, and several\\namendments to the bill are adopted.\\nJan. 29. D.C. Congress House The\\nInternal Revenue Bill is offered as\\nan amendment to the Tariff Bill, and\\nsupported by Benton McMillin of Tenn.\\n[Jan. 31. Accepted.]\\nPresident Dole s reply to Minister\\nWillis s demand for more specific charges\\nis received at Washington.\\nJ an. 30. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nJohn Sherman of O. upholds the right\\nof the Secretary of the Treasury to\\nissue bonds.\\nBoston New York. Jfew York\\nbankers agree to subscribe for $30,000,-\\n000 of the new U. S. bonds, and a Boston\\nsyndicate will take SS.000,000.\\nN. Y. The Senate unanimously adopts\\nresolutions for investigating the New\\nYork City Police Department (Lexow\\nCommittee). [Jan. 31. The Committee\\nSenators Lexow, O Connor, Kobertson,\\nPound, Saxton, Cantor, and Bradley.]\\nTwo bills are presented in the Legisla-\\nture to remove restrictions on Sunday\\nliquor-selling in New York City and.\\nBrooklyn.\\nJan. 31. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndebates the Stewart bond resolution\\ndenying the legality of the sale.\\nFeb. 1. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndebates Secretary Carlisle s bond is-\\nsue in the House the tariff debate\\ncloses the Wilson Bill passes. Vote,\\n204-140.\\nSecretary Herbert sends a despatch to\\nAdm. Benham approving his course at\\nRio de Janeiro on Jan. 30. (See p. 558.)\\nJTeb. 2. D.C. Congress In the Senate\\nW. F. Vilas of Wis. defends the purpose\\nof the Secretary of the Treasury to use,\\nfor current expenses, the money received\\nfrom the sale of bonds the Tariff Bill\\nis received from the House, and referred\\nto the Committee on Finance.\\nFeb. 3. D.C. Congress; House: The\\nSundry Civil Appropriation Bill is\\nintroduced.\\nThe Secretary of the Treasury an-\\nnounces that the entire $50,000,000 of\\nthe new bond issue has been awarded.\\nGa. The Controller refuses to audit\\nthe bills of the State militia ordered out\\nhy Gov. Northen to prevent the Corbett-\\nMitchell fight.\\nV. J. Gov. Werts refuses to receive\\nbills passed by the Legislature; the bills\\nare left on his desk by the Committee.\\nFeb. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nFinance Committee decides to give no\\ntariff hearings in the House debate on\\nthe Hawaiian Resolutions is finished\\nthe Blair amendment and the Hitt sub-\\nstitute are rejected.\\nFeb. 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nrepeals the Federal Election Laws.\\nVote, 39-28. [Approved Feb. 8.] The\\nHouse approves of the McCreary Ha-\\nwaiian resolutions. Vote, 177-78. B.\\nP. Bland of Mo. precipitates a fight over\\nsilver by the introduction of the bill for\\nthe coining of seigniorage it is ap-\\nproved by the majority of the Committee\\non Coinage, Weights, and Measures.\\nFeb. 8. D. C. Congress House The\\nBland Bill to coin the silver seignior-\\nage is taken up.\\nKan. The Supreme Court at Topeka\\nrenders a decision that Gov. Lewelling\\ncannot remove Mary Ellen Lease from\\nthe State Charities Board.\\nN. Y. The Greater New York BiU\\npasses the Assembly. Vote, 106-7. [Apr.\\n27. It passes the Senate.]\\nThe scheme of consolidation having\\nbeen approved by a majority of the citi-\\nzens, a commission is provided for by\\nthe Legislature to give it effect. The\\ncombined area is 359.75 square miles\\ncombined population, 2,985,422. New\\nYork, Brooklyn, Richmond County,\\nFlushing, part of Hempstead, Jamaica,\\nLong Island City, Newtown, Jamaica\\nBay, East Chester, West Chester, and\\nPelham towns are all united in one\\nmunicipality.\\nFeb. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nis not in session in the House debate\\non the hill to coin silver seigniorage\\nis continued.\\nThe envoys of Brazil and the Ar-\\ngentine Republic submit their cases\\nto President Cleveland, who has con-\\nsented to act as arbitrator in the boun-\\ndary disputes between the two countries.\\nFeb. 12. D. C. Congress: The House\\namends and passes the Urgent Defi-\\nciency Appropriation Bill introduced\\nFeb. 7.\\nArk. Judge Williamson of the State\\nCircuit Court at Little Bock decides\\nthat the State tax on express and other\\ncorporations is unconstitutional.\\nFeb. 13. D. C. House debate on the\\nBland Seigniorage Bill is continued.\\nMass. The House passes a bill to\\nabolish the annual Fast Day. Vote,\\n109-59. [It becomes a law.]\\nFeb. 14. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndebates the bill for the extermination\\nof the Russian thistle (bill introduced\\nFeb. 1). [Nine discussions follow]. In\\nthe House the debate on the Bland Bill\\nis continued.\\nFeb. 15. D.C. Congress: The Senate\\namends and passes the Town Sites\\nEntry BiU. [Aug. 1. House concurs.\\nAug. 10. Approved by the President.]\\nPresident Dole s (Hawaii) reply\\nto Minister Willis s recent questions is\\nmade public.\\nFeb. 16. D. C. Congress; House The\\nBoutelle Hawaiian Resolution is\\npassed the President is requested to\\nfurnish information on Hawaii.\\nFeb. 17. A aii. Mrs. Lease refuses\\npropositions made by Gov. Lewelling.\\nHe proposes that she stop fighting the\\nState Administration, resign from the\\nState Board of Charities, keep out of\\nthe Populist State Convention, and ac-\\ncept a place on the Board of Regents of\\nthe State University, and be paid all ex-\\npenses she has incurred.\\nFeb. 20. D. C. Congress: Senate:\\nJohn W. Daniel of Va. continues his\\ndefense of the Administration s Ha-\\nwaiian policy the Finance Committee\\nreports the revised Tariff Bill.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1894 Jan. 25. N. Y. The turbine\\nwheels of the great Niagara tunnel\\nare started.\\nJan. 26. XT. J. The 100th anniver-\\nsary of Westfield is celebrated.\\nJan. 27. Cat. The Midwinter Fair\\nin Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, is\\nformally opened.\\nJan. 28. Me. A fire at Bath destroys\\n$500,000 worth of property.\\nFeb. 1. Chicago. A warehouse is burned\\n25 employees are rescued loss, $130,000.\\nFeb. 2. Mass. Spanish doubloons, jew-\\nelry, and gold watches are found by\\nworkmen in an old colonial hotel in\\nWaltham.\\nFeb. 3. Ky. The Lin coln Homestead\\nin La Rue County is bought by a syndi-\\ncate.\\nFeb. 4. New York. The Chinese cele-\\nbrate their New Year.\\nFeb. 5. Ga. A fire in Savannah de-\\nstroys property worth \u00c2\u00a7500,000.\\nFeb. 9. Me. The first steel sailing-\\nship ever built in New England is\\nready for launching at Bath.\\nFeb. 10+. Boston. The Society for the\\nPrevention of Cruelty to Animals is\\nputting forth effort to suppress the\\nornamental lizard traffic.\\nMich. The large agricultural im-\\nplement works at Lansing are destroyed\\nby lire, caused by the explosion of a\\nmolding-pot the loss is estimated at\\n$750,000.\\nFeb. 11. Conn. Fire partially destroys\\nthe Colt s Firearms Factory at Hart-\\nford; loss, 8250,000.\\nFeb. 12. O. Four men are killed in a\\nrailroad collision, which occurs be-\\ncause of the signals being hidden by\\nsnow.\\nFeb. 13. Chicago. More World s\\nFair buildings are burned by incen-\\ndiaries.\\nPa. At Plymouth 13 men are buried\\nalive by a cave-in in a mine.\\nFeb. 16. Chicago. It is announced that\\na dividend of 10 per cent will be paid to\\nWorld s Fair stockholders.\\nKan. Much destitution is reported.\\nFeb. 17. Ind. Near West Muncie a\\n4,000,000-foot gas- well, belonging to\\nthe Indiana Iron Company, takes fire.\\nFeb. 18. Chicago. Another fire of in-\\ncendiary origin occurs in the Illinois\\nBuilding at the World s Fair.\\nO. Pending their acceptance of the\\nterms of the operators, 3,000 miners are\\nthrown out of work.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0463.jp2"}, "464": {"fulltext": "452 1894, Feb. 20-Mar. 15.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1894 Mar. 1. T C. Alfred T. Smith is\\ncommissioned colonel 13th infantry.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1894 Feb. 23. New York. The north-\\nern lights make a splendid display over\\nthis city and vicinity.\\nFeb. 24. Colo. The heaviest snowfall\\nin 12 years covers Colorado.\\nFeb. 25. O. A phenomenal oil-well is\\nopened in the Fostoria iields, flowing oil\\nover the whole neighborhood at the rate\\nof 7,500 barrels a day.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1894.\\nFeb. 22. Woodward, E. T., com. V. S. N-,\\ndies.\\nFeb. 24. Mnnro, Norman L., publisher of\\ncheap libraries, dies.\\nFeb. 25. Mackaye, Steele, dramatist, ac-\\ntor, dies.\\nMar. 1. Downey, John G., Gov. of Cal.,\\nA67.\\nMar. 2. Earl v, .Tubal A., on fed. gen., A78.\\nMar. 7. Frost, Kufus S.. president National\\nAssociation Woolen .Manufacturers, A68.\\nMar. 10. Nevins, N., bandmaster, leader\\nof troops through Ga., A61-\\nLETTERS.\\n1894 Feb. 21. N. Y. One death oc-\\ncurs and several persons are prostrated\\nby chlorine gas conveyed by Cornell\\nSophomores into the banquet-hall of\\nthe Freshmen.\\nMar. 13 Pa. The Central Board of\\nEducation at Pittsburg, by a vote of 29\\nto 2, refuses to pay any teacher ap-\\npearing in the public schools in the\\ngarb or insignia of any religious\\norder, the same being in conflict with\\nthe State Constitution.\\nMar. 14. Mass. The will of Mrs. Mary\\nHemenway of Milton provides that the\\nincome of an estate of $15,000,000\\nshall be used for educational pur-\\nposes.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1894 Feb. 20. Boston. After listen-\\ning to addresses by socialist and anarch-\\nist speakers, about 2,000 unemployed\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0working men march to the State\\nHouse and demand work they are dis-\\npersed by the police.\\nO. Gov. and Mrs. McKinley s\\ndebts are all paid and their property\\nreturned to them by trustees who have\\nraised the money without the governor s\\nconsent.\\nTex. Three men and a child are\\nshot to death in the Grand Central\\nDepot in Houston by Jim Mitchell of\\nRichmond, Fort Bend County.\\nFeb. 21. New York. Erastus Wiman\\nis arrested and committed to the Tombs\\non two indictments charging forgery.\\n[He is finally acquitted.*]\\nThe Newspaper Publishers Asso-\\nciation of America begins its sessions\\n200 representatives are present.\\nFeb. 22. Ala. The third annual Tus-\\nkegee Negro Conference meets 600\\nblack-belt negro farmers are present.\\nAMERICA\\nt other acts\\nN. Y. The new rules of the Brook-\\nlyn Excise Commissioners bring oat the\\nfact that brewers have $500,000\\ninvested in saloons, and have a large\\nnumber of licenses locked up in their\\nsafes.\\nFeb. 23. Boston. The Municipal\\nLeague perfects a permanent organiza-\\ntion for purifying city politics.\\nNew York. The offices of 16 physi-\\ncians charged with criminal operations\\nare raided by Central Office detectives.\\nNeb. A gang of female counter-\\nfeiters is discovered in Omaha.\\nFeb. 24. Pa. Richard Prior kills\\nChristian Ehrleck at his residence at\\nWhite Oak Run, fatally wounds his\\nwife, steals what money he can find,\\nand makes his escape.\\nFeb. 28. Minn. Bad-Debt Agency\\nswindlers defraud a number of people\\naggregate amount of frauds, S30,000.\\nTex. Two smugglers, with 1,746\\nopals hid in the lining of their coats, are\\ncaptured at El Paso.\\nMar. 1. N. Y. F. Koelzler, of Dolge-\\nville, kills his wife and four children,\\nand then kills himself.\\nMar. 3. Miss. A Populist member of\\nthe Missouri Legislature kills a Demo-\\ncratic member at Kosciusko two other\\nmen are killed at the same time.\\n71*. Va. Striking\\nrailroad bridge a\\nof violence.\\n[Mar. 5. They burn coal-cars and at-\\ntempt the destruction of other property\\nthe governor calls out the militia. Mar.\\n28. Striking miners fight the working\\nminers a number are killed and\\nwounded. June 1. Strikers destroy the\\nShore Line Railroad bridge at Cannel-\\nton, over which coal is shipped north.\\nJune 2. Strikers compel the train-crews\\nto return the loaded coal-trains to the\\nWheeling-Creek mines. June 4. Four\\nworking miners are fired upon at Pow-\\nellton, from ambush, while returning\\nfrom work.]\\nMar. 5. Ala. Six Federal officers at\\nBirmingham are indicted for defrauding\\nthe Government of nearly \u00c2\u00a7250,000.\\nMar. 6. New York. The aldermen re-\\nquest Mayor Gilroy to fly the Irish flag\\non the City Hall on St. Patrick s Day.\\nPolice Captains Price and Martens are\\non trial before the Police Commissioners.\\n[Mar. 16. Capt. Westervelt also. Apr-\\n9. Capt. O Connor. Apr. 20. Capts.\\nMartens and Slevin are charged with\\nneglect of duty. Aug. 1. The Police\\nCommissioners dismiss the charges\\nagainst Capt. Price.]\\nN. Y. Robert Ross, a watcher at the\\npolls, is killed and several wounded at a\\npolling-place in Troy.\\n[Mar. 8. Citizens in mass-meeting\\nname a Committee of One Hundred to\\nsecure the punishment of the murderer.\\nMar. 11. The committee is constituted\\na permanent body to secure good govern-\\nment.]\\nMar. 8. Chicago. Daniel Coughlin is fi-\\nnally acquitted of the charge of com-\\nplicity in the assassination of Dr. P. H.\\nCronin.\\nMar. 9. N. J. Strikers make trouble at\\nPaterson the police protect non-union\\nmen from being stoned.\\nMar. 9-Dec. 29. Nero York. The\\nLexow Senate Committee (appointed\\nJan. 31) investigates numerous charges\\npublicly made against the Police De-\\npartment by Dr. Charles H. Parkhurst\\nand others; chfei accusation, bribery\\nand complicity with criminals.\\n(Mae. 9.) The committee bold* its\\nflrsl -i ing in the lounty Court-house\\nWilliam Sutherland, counsel\\n(APE. 13.) William \\\\V. Gofl is ap-\\npointed counsel.\\n(JUKE I.) Evidence shows that the\\npolice levied blackmail upon keepers -i\\ndisorderly houses.\\n(Junk 7. t Civil Justice Roesch ad-\\nmits that he received $100 from .Mrs.\\nThurow which he formerly denied he\\nBays it was a fee to him as a lawyer in\\npayment for counsel given to his client.\\n(JUNE 8.) More witnesses testify to\\npolice blackmail and intimidation, es-\\npecially implicating Capt. Price and his\\nward man.\\n(JUNE 13. Evidenceof blackmail and\\nextortion implicating Police Captain\\nMurphy is brought out.\\n(JUNE 14.) Evidence shows that pro-\\ntection has been given by police to\\n11 green goods swindlers in return ior\\nmoney.\\n(June 15.) Evidence is given proving\\nthe existence of a Bohemian liquor-\\ndealers organization to secure police\\nprotection.\\n(June 18.) Testimony associate* Po-\\nlice Justice Patrick Divver with bun-\\n(June 21.) Evidence before the Sen-\\nate Committee shows that business\\nmen, including shipowners, have been\\nobliged to pay tribute to the police to\\nsecure immunity from persecution in\\nvarious ways.\\n(June 26.) Testimony before the Lex-\\now Committee shows that many mer-\\nchants have been blackmailed by police-\\nmen also that one police captain paid\\n$15,000 for his appointment.\\n(June 27.) Chinatown is shown to\\nbe a fruitful place for police blackmail.\\n(June 30.) The committee adjourns\\nto Sept. 10.\\n(Sept. 10.) Testimony is given charg-\\ning police captains with receiving bribes\\nfrom green goods swindlers.\\n(SEPT. 11.) Police Inspector Williams\\nis accused of receiving a bribe of $500\\nwhen captain.\\n(Sept. 12.) The committee adjourns\\nto Oct. 1.\\n(OCT. 2.) Testimony show? that there\\nhas been absolute disregard of law by\\nthe police, and that they have been\\nshielded from punishment.\\n(Oct. 3.) A policeman, proved to be a\\nblackmailer, threatens his accuser, in\\nthe court-room, with murder.\\n(Oct. 9.) Policeman DeGann testifies\\nthat, because he refused to pay to Capt.\\nSchmittberger all instead of half of the\\nmoney he got for working overtime, he\\nwas transferred to another post.\\n(Oct. 11.) A. F. Forget, of the French\\nLine of steamers, testifies that Capt.\\nSchmittberger demanded and gut $500\\nfrom him for dock privileges. [The\\ncaptain is indicted by the grand jury\\nfor perjury, and arrested on Oct. 27.]*\\n(Oct. 16.) Testimony is given relative\\nto colonization and registration frauds.\\n(Oct. 18.) Testimony shows that ex-\\nAssemblyman Philip Wissig and his son\\nthreatened to kill an innocent man, and\\nthat the son made a brutal assault on\\nhim.\\n(Oct. 29.) Police Commissioner John\\nC. Sheehan in his testimony blames Su-\\nperintendent Byrnes for the police cor-\\nruption of the city, the superintendent\\nnot having enforced the laws.\\n(Oct. 30.) Police Commissioner Shee-\\nhan defies the committee by refusing to\\nproduce his private bank-books, which\\nhe has been ordered to do.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0464.jp2"}, "465": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1894, Feb. 20 -Mar. 15. 453\\n(Nov. 1.) Commissioner W, S. An-\\ndrews, of the Street Cleaning Depart-\\nment, is accused of having received a\\nbribe of $500 when a member of the Ex-\\ncise Board.\\n(Nov. 2.) Police Justice Hogan and\\nseveral police captains are implicated in\\ntestimony.\\n(DEC. 6.) Evidence shows that money\\nwas paid to police to protect prize-fights.\\n{Deo. 13.) A city contractor testifies\\nthat he had sent a number of checks to\\nRichard Croker as head of Tammany\\nHall also that a fund of $15,uUU was\\nraised for Police Captain Creeden about\\nthe time of his promotion to his present\\noffice.\\n(Dec. IS.) Evidence shows that large\\npayments of money were made to In-\\nspector Steers.\\n(Dec. 21.) Evidence implicates In-\\nspectors Williams and McAvoy, Corn-\\nMartin and Sheehan, and\\n[Mar. 19. He is sentenced to imprison-\\nment for one year andftSOO fine. Mar. 22.\\nJustice Newton pleads guilty and is sen-\\ntenced to nine months imprisonment\\nand $500 fine. Mar. 2G. The court sen-\\ntences 1G election inspectors to impris-\\nonment for various terms, varying from\\n29 days to six months; three are fined\\n$500, and three $250.]\\nother officials.\\n(Dec. 29.) The committee holds its\\nlast session; Superintendent Brynes is\\nexamined, and then the committee ad-\\njourns without day.\\nMar. 10. Chicago. The Columbian\\nGuards strike at Jackson Park only\\neight are left to guard the World s Fair\\nBuildings.\\niV. F. Investigation shows that about\\n$200,000 of school funds paid to John Y-\\nMcKane during 1393 have not been ac-\\ncounted for.\\nMar. 11. Boston. Mrs. Mary Lease of\\nKansas speaks at a meeting of the unem-\\nployed on the Common.\\nConn. The police capture 67 Chi-\\nnese gamblers at New Haven.\\nInd. JohnRodgers, with stolen goods\\nin possession, is shot by vigilants at\\nFrankfort.\\nNew York. The Charity Organiza-\\ntion Society is organizing a movement\\nto furnish work for unskilled women.\\nMar. 12. 2T. Y. The Brooklyn Alder-\\nmen, by a vote of 8 to 7, resolve to have\\nthe Irish flag displayed on the City\\nHall on St. Patrick s Day, with the Na-\\ntional and State flags. [Mar. 13. The\\nBoard of Supervisors order the Irish flag\\nto be displayed on the Court-house and\\nthe Hall of Records. Vote, 17-10. Mar.\\n16. The supervisor-at-large vetoes the\\nresolution.]\\nMar. 13. JST.J. Striking dyers control\\nPaterson all day, destroying goods and\\ncompelling men to quit work.\\niV. Y. The chief of police at TJtica\\norders the immediate stoppage of gam-\\nbling at saloons and cigar-stands.\\nO. Andrew Sauer, formerly cashier\\nof the Defiance Savings Bank, is arrested\\non the charge of embezzling $37,000 of\\nthe bank s funds.\\nOkta. Two robbers compel railroad\\nstation agent Rusk to go to the depot at\\nYVoodwark, open the safe, and deliver\\nto them its contents, amounting to\\n510,000.\\nMar. 14. Mo. An order is issued at St.\\nLouis to the Police Department to ar-\\nrest saloon-keepers and others having\\nnickel-in-the-slot machines in their\\nplaces of business.\\niV. Y. Mayor Schieren orders the\\nstoppage of boxing exhibitions in Brook-\\nlyn.\\nJustice K. F. Sutherland of Gravesend\\nis found guilty of misdemeanor for his\\nconnection with election frauds.\\nSTATE.\\n1894 Feb. 20. Va. Two oyster schoon-\\ners from Maryland are captured in Vir-\\nginian waters. Gov. O Ferrall sends a\\nspecial message on the oyster question\\nto the Legislature, asking for legislation\\nto enable him to protect the interests of\\nthe State.\\nPa. Galusha A. Grow is elected\\nCongressman at large by a plurality of\\nover 1SO,000.\\nFeb. 21. D. C. Congress; Senate: A\\nwarm debate takes place on the com-\\nposition of the Finance Committee\\nHouse, no quorum.\\nN. J. Quo warranto proceedings to\\ndetermine the legal Senate of New\\nJersey are begun in the State Supreme\\nCourt at Trenton.\\nFeb. 22. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate Washington s Farewell Address is\\nread House, no quorum. Excitement\\nis caused by Richard P. Bland s denun-\\nciation of filibusters as revolutionists.\\nla. The House passes the bill grant-\\ning municipal suffrage to women. Vote,\\n51-44.\\nFeb. 23-24. D. C. Congress: Senate,\\nnot in session House, no quorum.\\nFeb. 23. _ZV. Y. The Assembly passes a\\nbill to enforce payment to the State by\\nracing associations of a 5 per cent tax\\non their gross receipts.\\nFeb. 25. D. C. Congress: The House\\ndebates the Hatch Anti-Option Bill,\\nregulating the sale of agricultural prod-\\nucts, defining options and futures,\\nand imposing taxes thereon. [May 18.\\nSubstituted.]\\nMar. 1. D. C. Congress The Senate\\namends and passes the Urgent Defi-\\nciency Appropriation Bill. [Mar. 7.\\nConference report agreed to. Mar. 19.\\nApproved by the President.]\\nThe House passes the Bland Silver\\nBill, providing for the coinage of silver\\nbullion (seigniorage) held in the Treas-\\nury, after 20 discussions bill introduced\\nJan. 3.\\nMar. 2. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Fortification Appropria-\\ntion Bill introduced Dec. 19, 1893.\\nMar. 6. D. C. Congress Senate The\\nmotion of William M. Stewart of Nev.\\nto take up the Bland Seigniorage Bill\\nis discussed.\\nSenators make personal explanations\\nregarding their alleged obstruction of\\nthe Tariff Bill in Committee David B.\\nHill introduces a hostile resolution in-\\nstructing the Finance Committee to\\nchange the Wilson Bill so as to obtain\\na sufficient revenue without an income\\ntax.\\nMar. 7. D. C. Congress; Senate: The\\nBland Bill is pushed to the point of\\nfinal passage by the Democrats and Sil-\\nver Republicans a vote is avoided by a\\nmotion to adjourn; in the House the\\nPensions Appropriation Bill passes\\nafter five discussions without a divis-\\nion; bill introduced Jan. 27.\\nMar. 8. D. C. Congress Senate John\\nSherman delivers a speech against the\\nSeigniorage Bill; the Tariff Bill, as\\nrevised by the Democrats of the Senate\\nFinance Committee, is presented to the\\nfull Committee; the House passes the\\nhill to abolish the Customs Bureau of\\nthe Treasury Department; the Wilson\\nTariff Bill as amended is published, the\\nincome-tax feature remaining.\\niV. Y. Gov. Flower transmits a mes-\\nsage to the Assembly vetoing the Troy\\nBipartisan Election Inspectors Bill.\\nMar. 9. D. C. Congress Senate An\\nagreement is reached to take the vote on\\nthe Bland Seiniorage Bill on Mar. 15.\\nMar. 10. D. C. Congress: Senate not\\nin session in the House the District of\\nColumbia Appropriation Bill is passed.\\nMar. 12. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nWm. A. Peffer of Kan. introduces a\\nresolution to investigate alleged trans-\\nactions in Sugar-Trust stock by mem-\\nbers of the Senate, in connection with\\nthe Tax-iff Bill on motion of Matthew\\nS. Quay of Pa., the resolution is tabled.\\nAssociate Justice Edward D. White\\ntakes his seat on the bench of the U. S.\\nSupreme Court.\\nMar. 14. B.C. Congress; Senate:\\nWilliam B. Allison s motion to recon-\\nsider the vote on the third reading of\\nthe Seigniorage Bill is defeated. Vote,\\n28-45. Charles F. Manderson s motion\\nto recommit the bill is defeated.\\nMar. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Bland Silver Bill after 10\\ndiscussions. Vote, 44-31. [Mar. 30. Ve-\\ntoed.]\\nII. I. D. Kussell Brown (Rep.) is re-\\nnominated for governor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\nFeb. 20. Chicago. By the burning of\\na warehouse GOD people are thrown out\\nof work loss, $600,000.\\nFeb. 22. Conn. A new town haU, the\\ngift of Mrs. Abbie P. Rogers of New\\nYork, is opened at Fair Haven.\\nFeb. 24. Chicago. Another World s\\nFair fire occurs it is in the Agricultu-\\nral Building, the dome of which falls in.\\nFeb. 25. 0. In Niles 100 families are\\nwithout food, and the authorities are\\nunable to help for lack of funds.\\nMar. 5. Md. Annapolis celebrates its\\nbicentennial as the seat of State gov-\\nernment.\\nMar. 6. Ala. Three persons are killed\\nand many injured by a dynamite ex-\\nplosion during a fire in Cullman; loss,\\n$100,000.\\nMar. 7. N. Y. The Forestry Con-\\ngress is in session at Albany.\\nMar. 8. Chicago. Abandoned World s\\nFair Exhibits are sold by auction the\\nunused tickets about 3,500,000 sell\\nfor $11,000.\\nMar. 15. N. Y. Mayor Schieren vetoes\\nthe aldermanic resolution to display\\nthe Irish flag on Brooklyn City Hall\\non St. Patrick s Day.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0465.jp2"}, "466": {"fulltext": "454 189 4, Mar. 15 Apr. 4.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1S94 Mar. 18. Colo. The Federal\\ntroops are withdrawn from Denver.\\nMar. 22. A court-martial for the trial\\nof Commander Heyerman for the loss\\nof the Kearsarge is hegun.\\nMar. 27\u00c2\u00b1. The stranded war-ship\\nKearsarge is set on fire, and her hull\\nbroken up.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1894 Mar. 19. Tex. Two terrific wind\\nand rain storms kill 20 persons, and de-\\nstroy much property.\\nMar. 20+. Neb. A blizzard is raging\\nin the northwestern part of Nebraska\\nand in the Black Hills region the loss\\nof range-cattle is put at 75 per cent.\\nMar. 23\u00c2\u00b1. Wyo. The extinction of both\\nelk and buffalo in the Yellowstone\\nNational Park is threatened by lawless\\nhunters, it being impossible to prevent\\ntheir wanton destruction.\\nMar. 24. Utah, Gold that assays about\\n$20 to the ton is found at Lehi.\\nMar. 25. Wyo. The terrible Western\\nblizzard rages without abating for 76\\nhours, making all roads impassable\\nstockmen experience heavy losses.\\nMar. 31. Va. Scientists of the Bureau\\nof Ethnology discover an Indian soap-\\nstone near Clifton Station, Fairfax\\nCounty.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1894.\\nMar. IS. Campbell, Allan, civil engineer,\\nA79.\\nMar. 19. Whitnev, W. D., com. U. S. N.,\\nA71.\\nMar. 26. Colquitt. Alfred Holt. Gov.,\\nsenator for Ga., A70.\\nMar. 28. Curtis, George Ticknor, lawver,\\nA82.\\nMar. 31 Austin, Jane Goodwin, author,\\nnovelist, A63.\\nCHURCH.\\n1894 Mar. 21. N. Y. Father A.\\nLambert, of the Redemptorist order,\\nhas left the Roman Catholic Church\\nthe alleged cause is its dominating spirit,\\nnot only in spiritual, but also in purely\\nscientific, social, and even political mat-\\nters.\\nLETTERS.\\n1894 Mar. 19. Cal. Ex-President Har-\\nrison lectures on The Acts of Parlia-\\nment and the Rights of the Colonists,\\nat Stanford University, Mayfield.\\nMar. 28. Md. Gov. Brown returns to\\nthe Senate the bill providing free\\nschool-books in the public schools\\nof that State.\\nMar. 29. N. Y. The Legislature elects\\nRev. Sylvester Malone of Brooklyn a\\nmember of the Board of Regents.\\nApr. 2. Cal. Ex-President Harrison\\nlectures at Stanford University. Sub-\\nject The Development of the Na-\\ntional Constitution Outlined, the Early\\nAttempts of the Colonies to Unite Before\\nthe Revolution.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1894 Mar. 15. Colo. A conflict be-\\ntween State forces under Gov. Waite\\nand the city forces of Denver com-\\nmanded by the sheriff is prevented by\\nFederal troops.\\nThe trouble is the result of an attempt\\nof Gov. Waite to oust police commis-\\nsioners whom he accuses of corruption.\\n[Mar. 18. The Federal troops are with-\\ndrawn.]\\nNew York. The will of R. S. Ely is\\nfiled for probate; it bequeathes from\\n$50,000 to \u00c2\u00a7100,000 to Yale University,\\n\u00c2\u00a720,000 to St. Luke s Hospital, besides\\nother public bequests.\\nN. Y. Mayor Schieren vetoes the\\naldermanic resolution to display the\\nIrish flag on Brooklyn City Hall on St.\\nPatrick s Day.\\nThe street-car lines of Long Island\\nCity and vicinity are tied up by stri-\\nkers; many become disorderly.\\nMar. 17. Mass. Fast Day in Mas-\\nsachusetts is abolished by an Act of\\nthe Legislature April 19, the anniver-\\nsary of the Battle of Lexington, will be\\nobserved in future as a public holiday.\\nMar. 18. Chicago. L. S. Irwin, special\\nagent and attorney for the Chicago Six\\nCompanies, is arrested on the charge of\\nsmuggling Chinamen into the United\\nStates.\\nMar. 19. Miss. In the trial at Jackson\\nof the Rev. Mr. Ratcliff, the slayer of\\nMr. Jackson, his fellow legislator, the\\njury brings in a verdict of not guilty.\\nNew York. Counterfeiters are cir-\\nculating a large number of facsimile\\none-dollar pieces about $500,000; they\\nhave a profit of fifty-one cents on each\\ndollar.\\nMar. 20. D. C. Senator Colquitt of\\nGeorgia is stricken with a second para-\\nlytic shock at Washington.\\nNew York. The Hospital Saturday\\nand Sunday Association s Fund of\\n\u00c2\u00a7548,000 is distributed among 32 institu-\\ntions.\\nMar. 21. la. The lower House passes\\nthe tax bill, which provides for a re-\\nstricted local option for the cities and\\ntowns of the State, and allows the\\nassessment of a tax of S600 on any real\\nestate upon which liquor is sold. Vote,\\nMar. 22. New York. An incendiary\\nputs 65 lives in peril by starting fire in\\na hallway of a six-story rear tenement-\\nhouse.\\nPa. At Johnstown four masked\\nmen break into the house of a widow 84\\nyears old, string her up until nearly\\ninsensible, burn her feet, rip off her\\nclothes, and subject her to other indig-\\nnities; they secure only 70 cents.\\nMar. 23. Cal. William Herrick, a bank\\ncashier, is shot and killed at his desk in\\nSan Francisco by a noted criminal who\\nattempts to rob the bank the murderer\\nis arrested.\\nN. Y. Jacob A. Moore, aged S5, and\\nhis housekeeper, Mrs. Raymond, aged\\n90, are found murdered in their house at\\nBushville, Sullivan County.\\nMar. 25. Ga. Lillian Willis kills her\\nfatherduring a family quarrel at Homer\\nthe jury acquits the girl because of its\\nbeing done to save her mother s life.\\nO. Depositions show that David R.\\nPaige, the fugitive aqueduct contractor,\\nissued forged paper to the extent of\\n$::.oixi,000.\\nCoxey s Army of the Common-\\nwealth, a band of unemployed men,\\nmarching to Washington to petition for\\nrelief, moves from Massillon to Canton,\\neight miles; one-third of the army de-\\nserts.\\n[Apr. 1. It reaches Beaver Falls, Pa.\\nApr. 2. It is at S\u00c2\u00ab-v. n-1; k\\\\- and Economv,\\nPa. Apr. At Allegheny, Pa. Other\\narmies start from St. Louis. Mo., and\\nLos Angeles, Cal., for Washington, D.C.\\nApr. 5. Coxey s army reaches Home-\\nstead, Pa. Huns and Slavs join it.\\nApr. G. At McKeesport. Apr. J. At\\nUniontown, in the coke region of Pa.\\nApr. 17. In Maryland, and advancing\\nin canal-boats on Washington.] (See\\nApr. 21.)\\nMar. 26. New York. W. T. Zell, treas-\\nurer of the Lehigh and Wilkesbarre Coal\\nCompany, who defrauded the company\\nof \u00c2\u00a793,000, surrenders to the police.\\nMar. 28. Chicago. W. L. Clifford is\\nshot by Guy T. Ulmstead, who is nearly\\nlynched by infuriated onlookers, but\\nrescued by police and lodged in jail.\\nNew York. F. E. Edgar, a discount\\nclerk of the Tradesmen s National Bank,\\nis a defaulter to the extent of $17,000 of\\nthe bank s f unds.\\nMar. 30. New York. In the suit by W.\\nR. Laidlaw against Russell Sage for\\ndamages because of injuries received by\\nbomb explosion in the latter s office, the\\njury gives S 25,000. [Appeal taken.]\\nS. C. Three counties are in rebel-\\nlion against the Liquor Dispensary\\nLaw; two citizens and two detectives\\nare killed.\\nMar. 31. S. C. Militiamen revolt when\\nordered by Gov. Tillman to suppress\\nthe whisky disturbance in Darlington\\nCounty.\\nThe governor has possession of all the\\ntelegraph lines a mob seizes the State\\nDispensary at Florence, and with axes\\nbursts open the barrels of liquor, de-\\nstroying the whole stock. [Apr. 6. The\\nmilitia are withdrawn.]\\nApr. 2. New York. Patrick Diwer re-\\nsumes his place on the Police Court\\nbench without replying to the charges\\nof wilful violations of law alleged\\nagainst him by witnesses in the Lexow\\ninvestigation.\\nPa. A strike of large proportions\\nbegins in the coke-district; rioting and\\ndestruction of property follow.\\n[Apr. 4. Strikers and working men\\nfight; six persons are killed, and one\\nmortally wounded. Apr. 7. At Con-\\nnellsville the places of the foreign la-\\nborers are filled with English-speaking\\nworkmen, and the strike ends. Apr. 13.\\nStrikers, by abuse, compel working men\\nto stop work.] (See Apr. 24.)\\nApr. 3. Mo. One man is killed and five\\nwounded in an election fight at Kansas\\nCity.\\nOkla. Two whites and five In-\\ndians are killed in a fight between white\\nsettlers and Indians in the Cheyenne\\ncountry.\\nS. C. Gov. Tillman suppresses oppo-\\nsition to the Dispensary Liquor Law\\nby assuming control of the police and\\nthe marshals of all incorporated towns.\\nApr. 4. Kan. Women are elected to\\nfill the city offices in Spring Hill, includ-\\ning the offices of mayor, councilmen,\\nand police justice.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0466.jp2"}, "467": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1894, Mar. 15-Apr. 4. 455\\nSTATE.\\n1894 Mar. 16. NeioYork. ActingMayor\\nGeorge B. McClellan signs the resolution\\nof the Board of Aldermen ordering the\\nraising of the Irish flag over the City\\nHall on St. Patrick s Day.\\nN. Y. Assemblyman Lawson intro-\\nduces a bill prohibiting the display upon\\npublic buildings of any except the na-\\ntional colors. [Apr. 10. Passed. Vote,\\n79-29.]\\nMar. 17. Colo. Gov. Waite agrees to sub-\\nmit the Denver Police Board trouble\\nto the Colorado Supreme Court. (See\\nSociety.)\\nMar. 19. D. C. Congress Senate A\\nmessage is received from the President\\nenclosing Secretary Gresham s report on\\nthe Bluefields (Nicaragua) incident,\\nstating that no English protectorate was\\nintended.\\nNew York. The Civil Service Re-\\nform Association transmits a memorial\\nto the State Senate charging Gov. Flower\\nwith violating the State Civil Service\\nLaw, and asking for legislative investi-\\ngation.\\nN. Y. The side-door saloon hill,\\nproviding for Sunday traffic after one\\no clock p.m., is killed in the State As-\\nsembly. Vote, 62-53.\\nThe report of the State Board of Chari-\\nties upon the Elmira Reformatory sus-\\ntains the charges of cruelty against Supt.\\nBrockway. [Dec. 10. Gov. Flower dis-\\nmisses the charges.]\\nMar. 20. B.C. Congress; Senate:\\nThe revised Tariff Bill is reported from\\nthe Committee on Finance it is an-\\nnounced that the debate will begin on\\nApril 2. The House passes the Civil\\nAppropriation Bill (introduced Feb. 3)\\nafter nine disc\\nMar. 21. X.J. The Supreme Court hands\\ndown a decision upholding the Republi-\\ncan Senate as the legal Senate, and de-\\nclaring that under the State Constitu-\\ntion the Senate is not a continuous body\\nJustice Abbett dissents.\\nNew York. The bankers who took up\\nthe recent bond issue pass a resolution\\nurging the President to veto the Bland\\nBill.\\nMar. 22. D. C. Congress; Senate: A\\nresolution is introduced by George F.\\nHoar of Mass. in relation to the death,\\nof Kossuth, and passed a new treaty\\nwith China, negotiated by Secretary\\nGresham, is discussed the House passes\\nthe Military Academy Appropriation\\nBill introduced Feb. 20.\\nN. J. Members of the Democratic\\nSenate join the legally declared Senate\\nGov. Werts sends in several judicial\\nnominations, which are confirmed.\\nMar. 24. D. C. Congress: Only the\\nHouse in Session the Postal Appro-\\npriation Bill is introduced.\\nColo. The Supreme Court decides\\nthat Gov. Waite had no right to order\\nout the militia to put his appointees into\\noffice.\\nMar. 25. D. C. Congress: Senate;\\nSeveral amendments to the Tarriff Bill\\nare disposed of much opposition is\\nmade by Democratic members to its in-\\ncome-tax feature.\\nMar. 26. D. C. Congress Both Houses\\nadjourn out of respect to the late Sen-\\nator Colquitt of Ga.\\nColo. Judge Glynn renders a decision\\nfavorable to Gov. Waite and his Denver\\nBoard of Police there are now two po-\\nlice forces in the city.\\nN. J. Gov. Werts vetoes one of the\\nrace-track repeal bills passed by the\\nLegislature.\\nMar. 27. N. J. The Assembly passes\\nthe race-track repeal hill over Gov.\\nWerts s veto.\\nN. Y. Gov. Flower refuses audience\\nto a citizen delegation from Troy, bear-\\ning a petition requesting him to entrust\\nthe prosecution of election frauds in that\\ncity to the attorney-general, there being\\nno confidence in the district attorney.\\nD. C. Congress: Funeral services\\nare held in the Senate chamber for Sena-\\ntor Alfred H. Colquitt of Ga.\\nJohn M.Reynolds, assistant Secretary\\nof the Interior, renders a decision which\\nenlarges the pension roll.\\nMar. 28. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nJoseph N. Dolph of Ore. introduces a\\nresolution abrogating the Clayton-Bul-\\nwer Treaty; it is referred to the Com-\\nmittee on Foreign Relations.\\nN. Y. The Senate passes the Non-\\npartisan Election Inspectors Bill.\\nMar. 29. D. C. Congress: The House\\nreceives President Cleveland s veto\\nmessage on the Seigniorage Bill.\\nThe answer of President Dole of the\\nProvisional Government of Hawaii to\\nthe demand by Minister Willis for more\\nspecific charges is received at Washing-\\nton.\\nGa. Gov. Northen appoints Speaker\\nCharles F. Crisp to be U. S. Senator\\nas successor to A. H. Colquitt, deceased.\\n[Mar. 30. Declined.]\\nN. Y. The Senate votes for a legisla-\\ntive investigation of the management\\nof the Elmira Reformatory.\\nApr. 2. D. C. Congress; Senate: D.\\nW. Voorhees of Ind. opens the tariff\\ndebate in a three hours speech the\\nBering-Sea Bill is reported and slightly\\namended.\\nGa. Patrick Walsh, editor of The\\nAugusta Chronicle, is appointed by Gov.\\nNorthen to succeed the late Senator\\nColquitt as U. S. Senator.\\nApr. 3. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Bering-Sea Bill, to give\\neffect to the award rendered by the Tri-\\nbunal of Arbitration of Paris; bill in-\\ntroduced Apr. 2, 3. [Apr. 5. Passed by\\nthe House. Apr. 10. Approved.]\\nN. Y. At the Gravesend municipal\\nelection the anti-McKane ticket is\\nchosen by a majority of 273, and in New\\nUtrecht the reform ticket is elected.\\nS. C. Gov. Tillman issues a procla-\\nmation assuming entire control of the\\npolice and marshals in the cities and\\nincorporated towns of the State he\\nmakes a statement in defense of his\\ncourse the militia leave Columbia for\\nthe scenes of the dispensary trouble.\\nApr. 4. D. C. Congress in the Senate\\nW. B. Allison of la. concludes his speech\\nin opposition to the Wilson Tariff Bill,\\nand R. Q. Mills of Tex. defends it.\\nHouse The motion to pass the Seign-\\niorage Bill over the President s veto is\\ndefeated. Vote, 144-114.\\nN. J. Gov. Werts signs the bill mak-\\ning women eligible to office of notary\\npublic, and issues the first commission\\nto Miss Ida Phares.\\nN. Y. Gov. Flower summons the\\nmanagers of the Elmira Reformatory\\nto appear before him, and answer the\\ncharges against them.\\nR. I. The Republicans carry the\\nState election by increased pluralities.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1894 Mar. 18. Colo. The Union De-\\npot at Denver is destroyed by fire loss,\\n$300,000.\\nla. A prairie fire rages on the Mis-\\nsouri River bottoms below Sioux City.\\nMar. 19. Colo. The troops are with-\\ndrawn from Cripple Creek, order be-\\ning restored.\\nMar. 21. Cal. Ex-Senator Pair supports\\nan attempt to corner wheat in San Fran-\\ncisco.\\nNeb. An interstate Irrigation Con-\\nvention meets at Omaha.\\nMar. 23. Pa. At the Acme Powder\\nCompany s works at Black s Run, 10,000\\npounds of dynamite explode five\\npersons are killed, and one is injured\\nfive buildings are destroyed loss,\\n$12,000.\\nMar. 26 N. Mex. Ariz. A man\\nnamed Reavis claims the Peralta\\ngrant, which includes 12,800,000 acres\\nof land in New Mexico and Arizona.\\nMar. 27. New York. The State of Geor-\\ngia arrives with a hole in her bow\\ncaused by ice-floes.\\nMar. 28. New York. Smallpox is de-\\nclared epidemic by the health authori-\\nties.\\nMar. 29. Tex. Great destitution is re-\\nported many are on the verge of\\nstarvation.\\nMar. 30. Chicago. The last of the\\nWorld s Fair Columbian Guards are\\nformally mustered out of service.\\nCal. The Supreme Court of the State\\nrenders a decision which fixes the capi-\\ntal at Sacramento.\\nFive lives are lost, 10 persons\\ninjured, several houses damaged and\\ntwo wrecked by the collapse of a\\nsteam-pipe of the Peoria Water Com-\\npany.\\nMar. 31. La. A break occurs in the\\nlevees near Shreveport and at Harri-\\nson s Bluffs.\\nCal. The Somali, England s largest\\nmerchantman, arrives at San Francisco,\\n147 days out from Hongkong, having\\nbeen given up as lost.\\nApr. 2. Cal. The IndustrialArmy\\nleaves Los Angeles it announces its\\npurpose to visit Washington.\\nApr. 3. Cal. An Army starts\\nfrom San Francisco for Washington.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0467.jp2"}, "468": {"fulltext": "456 1894, Apr. 5 -Apr. 23.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1894 Apr. 10. D. C. Adm. Benham\\nis retired from active service in the\\nnavy under the age of limitation.\\nApr. 11. D. C. Capt. Thomas O. Self-\\nridge is promoted commodore U. S. N.\\n[Also Apr. 16. Capt. Joseph N. Miller.\\nJuly 10. Capt. Montgomery Sicard.\\nJuly 21. Capt. Edmund O. Matthews.\\nJuly 31. Capt. Charles S. Norton. Sept.\\n7. Capt. Robert L. Phytbian. Nov. 11.\\nCapt. Rush R. Wallace.]\\nApr. 13. S. C. Gov. Tillman is reor-\\nganizing the militia he dismisses the\\ncaptain of one of the rebellious com-\\npanies who refused to proceed against\\nillegal, defiant liquor-dealers.\\nApr. 17. D. C. John E. Greer is com-\\nmissioned major ordnance depart-\\nment. [May 16. William R.Hall\u00e2\u0080\u0094 med-\\nical department. June 6. George H.\\nTorney and Marshall W. Wood medical\\ndepartment. Aug. 8. C. A. H. McCauley\\nquartermaster department. Aug. 13.\\nDaniel W. Burke\u00e2\u0080\u0094 23d infantry. Aug. 16.\\nGeorge W. Davis 11th infantry. Sept.\\n2. John Pitman quartermaster depart-\\nment. Sept. 12. F. H. Hathaway\\nquartermaster department. Sept. 17.\\nFrederick A. Mahan corps of engi-\\nneers. Oct. 8. John J. Clague sub-\\nsistence department. Oct. 10. John\\nG. Trumbull 1st artillery. Oct. 11.\\nThomas M. K. Smith 1st infantry.\\nOct. 25. David H. Kinzie 5th artillery.\\nNov. 10. William M. Wallace \u00e2\u0080\u00942d cav-\\nalry. Nov. 26. Jacob H. Smith\u00e2\u0080\u0094 2d in-\\nfantry. Dec. 29. Charles W.Miner\u00e2\u0080\u0094 6th\\ninfantry. Dec. 31. Joshua W. Jacobs\\nquartermaster department.]\\nApr. 19. Pa. The 18-inch armor-\\nplate designed for the battle-ship In-\\ndiana is shattered by a shot from a 12-\\ninch gun at the Indian Head Proving\\nGrounds.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1894 Apr. 15. New York. A statne\\nto the memory of Father Drumgoole is\\nunveiled by Archbishop Corrigan.\\nApr. 17. Okla. A tornado destroys 15\\nhouses, kills two persons, injures several\\nothers, besides doing- much damage to\\nproperty.\\n[May 11. One destroys property at\\nDalton, 0. May 17+. Much property\\ndestroyed in Ohio. June 25. The vil-\\nlage of Keighley, Butler County, Kan.,\\nis devastated. June 26. Houses are\\ndemolished in Louisville also in Jeffer-\\nson, Ind. Sept. 22. Michigan and Min-\\nnesota are visited. Oct. 1. Wichita,\\nKan., is visited. Nov. 3. At Willis,\\nTex., three churches and many houses\\nare demolished.]\\nApr. 20. D. C. The annual convention\\nof the American Meteorological So-\\nciety opens at Washington.\\nApr. 22. N. Y. Swarms of 17-year\\nlocusts appear in and near Nyack.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1894.\\nApr. 5. Corey, Charles, insanity expert,\\nApr. 9. Graham, .John, criminal lawyer,\\ndies.\\nApr. 13. Field, David Dudley, lawv^r,\\njurist, A89.\\nApr. 14. Slocum. Henry W., rnaj.-gen.,\\ncorps commander under Sherman, A67.\\nVance. Zebulon B.. Gov., Benator for\\nN. C, A64.\\nApr. 17. Knabe, Ernest J., piano-manu-\\nfacturer, A57.\\nApr. 22. Waterbury, N. J., lawyer, A75.\\nCHURCH.\\n1894 Apr. 5. Chicago. Methodist min-\\nisters pass resolutions asking Pope Leo\\nto extend the same religious freedom in\\nSouth America that is enjoyed in North\\nAmerica as Methodist missionaries are\\nbeing maltreated by Roman Catholics in\\nPeru, Ecuador, and Bolivia.\\nApr. 21. The Judiciary Committee\\nof the General Assembly (Presbyterian)\\nrecommends the entertaining of Prof.\\nH. P. Smith s appeal from the Ohio\\nSynod, and the Assembly adopts the\\norder.\\n(APR. 25.) The trial for heresy is con-\\ntinued.\\n(Apr. 26.) The General Assemblv, bv\\na vote of 396 to 101, convicts Prof. Smith\\nof heresy.\\nApr. 22. New York. The 58th anniver-\\nsary of the Protestant Episcopal Mis-\\nsionary Society for Seamen is cele-\\nbrated.\\nLETTERS.\\n1894 Apr. 6. New York. Twenty-nine\\nyoung women graduate from the wom-\\nen s law-class of the University of New\\nYork.\\nApr. 7. C S. The American and\\nthe Union News Companies refuse to\\nhandle W. T. Stead s book, Christ-\\nCame to Chicago.\\nApr. 8. D. C. The 50th anniversary of\\nthe organization of the American So-\\nciety of Religious Education is cele-\\nbrated in Washington.\\nApr. 9. N. Y. Gov. Flower signs the\\nAnti-Hazang Bill, to prevent disor-\\nderly conduct in colleges.\\nApr. 14. Boston. Women are admitted\\nto the privileges of the club-house of\\nthe University Club.\\nApr. 15. Phila. The trustees of the\\nUniversity of Pennsylvania decide\\nto lengthen the course to four years in\\nthe scope and organization of the Whar-\\nton School of Fiuance and Economy.\\nApr. 16. Cal. Ex-President Harrison\\ndelivers his final lecture of the course\\nbefore the Stanford University sub-\\nject, The Institution of State Govern-\\nments.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1894 Apr. 5. N. J. The Law and\\nOrder League of Franklin Park or-\\nders all negroes to leave the town\\nbefore the 7th inst.\\nOkla. In an Indian outbreak 42\\nlives are lost the fight between cow-\\nboys and Indians is still going on.\\nApr. 6. Cal. An unemployed army,\\n600 strong, causes trouble in the city of\\nOakland, refusing to leave uutil com-\\npelled by over 1,000 citizens.\\nChicago. About 3,000 striking\\npainters are l -kt.-d nut by 7. linn.*.\\nB. C. The testimony in the Breck-\\ninridge-Pollard case at Washington i.\u00c2\u00bb\\n[Apr. 14. The jurv returns a verdict\\nof $15,000 for Miss Pollard.]\\nIII. Frye s army is compelled\\nby the chief of police to leave East St.\\nLouis.\\nApr. 9. New York. A census of sa-\\nloons open on Sunday, March 18, is\\npublished in the City Vigilant.\\nIt reveals that in 19 Assembly districts\\n2,0130 saloons were open that in from\\n10 minutes to half an hour 3,312 persons\\nentered them, not counting eight police-\\nmen, while 39 policemen were seen in\\nthe immediate vicinity.\\nPolice Captain W. G. Devery is\\nacquitted of the charge of wilful neg-\\nlect.\\nN. Y. Articles of incorporation are\\nfiled at Albany by the Patriotic League\\nof the Revolution, with headquarters\\nin Brooklyn its object is to preserve\\nrelics of the Revolution, and to foster\\npatriotism.\\nApr. 10. Okla. Robbers try to hold\\nup a Rock Island train the express-\\nmessenger shoots one dead, the train-\\nmen capture another, and the rest flee\\nwithout securing booty.\\nApr. 12. Utah. The Salt Lake In-\\ndustrials (unemployed workingmen)\\nseize a train at Provo City the leaders\\nare put in jail. [Apr. 14. They are sen-\\ntenced to imprisonment in Montana for\\nlike offense. Apr. 19. They capture two\\ntrains of the Northern Pacific road in\\nMontana. Apr. 30. The governor of\\nIdaho appeals to the Federal authori-\\nties to provide quarters for Industri-\\nals under arrest.]\\nApr. 13. Ga. Thirty masked illicit\\ndistillers, called Moonshiners, whip six\\nfarm-laborers near Calhoun, Gordon\\nCounty. They compel women thinly\\nclad to stand in the night air to witness\\nthe whipping one laborer is missing\\nand supposed to be dead.\\nU. S. Employees on the Western Di-\\nvision of the Great Northern Railroad\\nstrike against a wage-reduction, and\\nallov\\nothing but mail to be\\n[Apr. 28. The Knights of Labor are\\ncalled out in aid of the Railway Union\\nstrikers. May 1. The strike is declared\\noff. President Hill having agreed to the\\nformer scale of wages for a large num-\\nber of employees.]\\nApr. 14. A Dak. A general strike is\\nordered along the Montana Central and\\nGreat Northern from Larimore to Spo-\\nkane, Washington.\\nApr. 16. Cal. A highwayman robs the\\nstage near Milton of the Wells-Fargo\\ntreasure-box, containing $2,000.\\nN. Y. Ernest Knigge. of the Citizens\\nLeague for good government at Coney\\nIsland, is assaulted and badly injured in\\nhis store by two masked men.\\nApr. 17. Cal. Bands of unemployed\\nmen loot the houses of Chinese and\\nJapanese on ranches.\\nhid. W. M. Copland shoots his\\nbrother-in-law, W. H. Pruning of New\\nYork, in ex-Attornev-General Miller s\\noffice at Indianapolis; he also accident-\\nally wounds his own lawyer.\\nNew York. Police Captain O Connor\\nand three of his men are put on trial\\ncharged with being in collusion with\\npool-sellers.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0468.jp2"}, "469": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1894, Apr. 5.-Apr. 23. 457\\nApr. 18. Boston. The celebration of\\nPatriots Day is inaugurated at the\\nhistoric old North Church, where, 119\\nyears ago, warning lights gave Paul\\nRevere the signal that started him on\\nhis memorable ride.\\nMich. Two strikers are killed and\\nseveral others, including a sheriff, in-\\njured in a labor conflict at Detroit.\\nJV. Y. Gov. Flower appoints three\\ncommissioners to investigate the man-\\nagement of the Ehnira Reformatory\\nunder Superintendent Brock way. [Dec.\\n10. The governor dismisses the charges.]\\nApr. 19. Okla. A fight takes place be-\\ntween United States marshals and sev-\\neral outlaws of the Bill Dalton gang\\nthree bandits, a woman and girl, and\\ntwo marshals are killed.\\nPa. The coke-workers at the Ma-\\nhoning and Atlas plants of the Cambria\\nIron Company return to work.\\nApr. 20. Neb. A mob seizes 40 box-\\ncars at Omaha for the use of Kelly s\\nIndustrial Army Kelly refuses to\\nuse them.\\nApr. 21. D. C. The Commissioners is-\\nsue a proclamation warning Coxey s\\narmy against violating the laws of the\\nDistrict by organizing processions and\\nmeetings.\\nGa. White Caps shoot and kill Henry\\nWoolley, a Murray County farmer, while\\nplowing.\\nJV. Y. An Anti- Compulsory Vac-\\ncination League is organized in Brook-\\nlyn at a meeting of physicians and\\nlaymen.\\nU. S. In obedience to the order of\\nthe national organization, 130,000 miners\\nsti ike.\\nApr. 22. D. C. Bills for the creation\\nof an American organization similar\\nto that of the French Immortals\\nare submitted to the HouBe of Repre-\\nsentatives.\\nFla. Roman Catholics drive agents\\nof the American Protective Association\\nout of Palatka.\\nLa. In a race conflict one white\\nand one negro are killed 13 negroes\\nare imprisoned, and posses are scouring\\nthe country hunting other negroes.\\nSTATE.\\n1894 Apr. 5. Md. Gov. Brown signs\\nthe bill which prohibits all-the-year-\\nround racing and book-making.\\nS. C. Gov. Tillman issues a proc-\\nlamation restoring the civil status in\\nFlorence and Darlington Counties, and\\nordering the militia home.\\nApr. 7. D. C. Congress; Senate: The\\nBering-Sea question is discussed ob-\\njections are taken to England s con-\\nstruction of the Paris award.\\nApr. 9. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate D. B. Hill of N. Y. makes a speech\\non the Tariff Bill, opposing the income\\ntax.\\nU. S. The U. S. Chilean Claims\\nCommission expires by limitation after\\nawarding damages to the amount of\\n$240,000 against Chile.\\nApr. 10. D.C. Congress Senate The\\nWolcott resolution to coin standard\\nMexican silver dollars, under some\\nagreement with Mexico, is passed.\\nThe caucus of House Democrats adopts\\na resolution in favor of the repeal of\\nthe tax on State-bank circulation.\\nT. The Creeks reject the propo-\\nsition of the Dawes Commission for a\\nchange in the character of the Territo-\\nrial government, over 2,000 Indians at\\nthe national meeting at Okmulgee vot-\\ning against the change.\\nJV. J. Many of the charter elections\\nresult in sweeping Republican victories,\\ncausing a revolution in several munici-\\npal governments.\\nApr. 11. D.C. The Biar, the Rush, and\\nthe Corwin are ordered to get ready to\\npatrol the Bering Sea and prevent illegal\\nsealing.\\nApr. 12. D. C. Congress: The House\\nfilibusters over a new rule to fine mem-\\nbers $10 each for not voting.\\nApr. 13. D. C. Congress; Senate: D.\\nB. Hill of N. Y. intimates that he is\\nin favor of adopting the Reed rule of\\ncounting a quorum in the Senate in\\nthe House, after failing to get a quorum\\nto act on the journal, the Democrats\\nhold a caucus, and decide upon a policy\\nwhich practically amounts to counting\\na quorum.\\nApr. 14. I). C. Congress Senate W.\\nA. Peffer introduces, by request, a bill\\nto prohibit any person from owning\\nmore than one hundred acres of land\\nit is referred to the Committee on Pi-\\nnance the Tariff Bill is debated\\nseven items on the chemical schedule\\nare disposed of.\\nApr. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndisposes of 18 paragraphs of the Tariff\\nBill in the House a new quorum-count-\\ning rule is practically agreed upon by\\nthe Democrats in the Committee on\\nRules it is aimed against obstructive\\naction by an adverse minority, and de-\\nsigned to facilitate the transaction of\\nbusiness by the majority.\\nApr. 17. D. C. Congress Senate A\\ncommittee is appointed to investigate\\nthe alleged attempts at bribery and the\\nSugar Trust s campaign contributions\\nthe House adopts a rule to count a\\nquorum, embodying ex-Speaker Reed s\\nprinciple,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 counting those who refuse\\nto vote as present. Vote, 212-47.\\nApr. 18. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nThe Tariff Bill is discussed by Senators\\nMorrill, Turpie, Cameron, and Quay,\\nDavid Turpie defending the bill.\\nSecretary Herbert receives charges of\\narmor-plate frauds against the Carnegie\\nCompany.\\nApr. 19. S. C. The Dispensary Li-\\nquor Law is declared unconstitutional\\nby the State Supreme Court, one judge\\ndissenting.\\nApr. 20. JV. Y. Gov. Flower vetoes the\\nbill for a Bi-partisan PoHce Commis-\\nsion in New York City, on the ground\\nthat it is bad in principle, and designed\\nin the interest of party politics rather\\nthan public good.\\nApr. 21. D. C. The bribery investi-\\ngation is begun by the Senate Commit-\\ntee Eppa Hunton of Va. and James If.\\nKyle of S. Dak. testify. (See Apr. 17.)\\n[Apr. 23. Investigation completed.]\\nSecretary Lamont reduces War De-\\npartment expenses about $250,000 by the\\ndischarge of 22 clerks.\\nApr. 22. Ala. Congressman Wm. C.\\nOates is nominated by the Democrats\\nfor governor, defeating the anti-Admin-\\nistration men.\\nApr. 23. D. C. Congress: In the Sen-\\nate a test vote is taken on the Tariff\\nBill, a motion to lay it on the table\\nbeing defeated.\\nN. Y. Bradley s Bridge Trustees\\nBill passes the Senate. Vote, 20-10.\\nPa. Gen. Daniel H. Hastings (Rep.)\\nis nominated for governor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1894 Apr. 8. Pa. At the abandoned\\nworkings at Leggett s Creek mine 12\\nacres of Scran ton cave in.\\nApr. 9. Wis. Davidson s Theater at\\nMilwaukee burns nine firemen are\\nkilled, and many injured.\\nApr. 10. JV. Y. A three-story apart-\\nment-house in Brooklyn collapses and\\ntakes fire; two persons are killed, and\\neight burned and bruised.\\nApr. 11. IV. J. In two wrecks on the\\ncoast 15 sailors lose their lives.\\nApr. 12. JV Y. The American Glu-\\ncose Works in Buffalo are burned\\nloss, $1,200,000.\\nApr. 13\u00c2\u00b1. Mass. Two vessels are lost\\noff the coast, with all on board many\\nother shipping disasters occur as a re-\\nsult of the great storm.\\nApr. 14. JV. J. The Central Traction\\nCompany files articles of incorporation\\nwith the Secretary of State.\\nNeb. Judge E. S. Dundy, of the\\nIT. S. District Court in Omaha, restores\\nthe rate of wages of the employees of\\nthe Union Pacific Railroad.\\nJV. Y. Corporation Counsel McDon-\\nald begins action to recover $1,289.50\\novercharge by, and paid illegally out\\nof public funds by city officials to, G. F.\\nMiller, for dinners and wines during the\\nColumbian celebration in Brooklyn.\\nApr. 16. New York. The Coffee Ex-\\nchange decides to adopt the clearing-\\nhouse system. Vote, 94^90.\\nApr. 17. Wash. The Bering-Sea fleet\\nsails from Port Townsend.\\nApr. IS. III. The annual meeting of\\nthe Whisky Trust is held in Peoria.\\nApr. 20. Cat. A liberty tree is planted\\nin Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, by\\nthe Daughters of the Revolution.\\nThe soil around its roots comes from\\nmore than one hundred and fifty historic\\nspots in different parts of the country.\\nApr. 22. D. C. The Pan-American\\nBimetallist Convention meets in\\nWashington.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0469.jp2"}, "470": {"fulltext": "458 1894, Apr. 23-May 11.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1894 May 10. T C. John W. Barlow-\\nis commissioned colonel corps of engi-\\nneers. [May 16. Joseph. P. Wright\\nmedical department. June 28. Francis\\nL. Town \u00e2\u0080\u0094medical department.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1894 May 6. Hail-storms do much\\ndamage in many parts of tlie country,\\nboth East and West.\\nMay 10. Fa, The monument to the\\nmother of George Washington is\\ndedicated at Fredericksburg President\\nCleveland is present.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1894.\\nApr. 30. Hatton, Frank, postmaster-gen-\\neral, editor IVitshiiitjton Post, A50.\\nStock brid^: Francis B., senator for\\nMich., A68.\\nMay 1. Abell, G. W., publisher of Balti-\\nmore Sun, A52.\\nMay 7. Barrow, Frances Elizabeth, writer\\n(Aunt Fanny), dies.\\n1894 Apr. 29. Monsignor Satolli or-\\nders that only English shaU be used\\nin Catholic Cathedral churches of Amer-\\nica.\\nMay 4. Tenn. The General Confer-\\nence (Methodist Episcopal South) meets\\nat Memphis.\\nMay 10. N. Y. The 25th anniversary\\nof the pastorate of Rev. Dr. Talmage\\nin Brooklyn is celebrated.\\nLETTERS.\\n1894 May 6. N. C, Secretary Hoke\\nSmith delivers the commencement ad-\\ndress at the University of North Car-\\nolina.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1894 Apr. 23. New York. Dr. Park-\\nhurst no tilies Police Captain Martens of\\na dive within 30 yards of the police-\\nstation.\\nApr. 24. Pa. Eight strikers are\\nkilled and many wounded in a fight\\nwith deputy-sheriffs in the coke-region.\\n[Apr. 27. Strikers and operators are\\nsaid to be arming and preparing for a\\nconflict Gov. Pattison addresses the\\nstrikers and counsels peace and modera-\\ntion. May. 4, Women lead an attack\\nof rioters; three Hungarians are shot;\\na company s official is fatally beaten.\\nMay 9. The strike is renewed with vio-\\nlence. May 24. Five strikers are killed\\nwhile making. -in attack on a coke-plant.]\\n(See June 5). [July 24. Strikers make\\nsome demonstrations of violence till\\ndriven off by the sheriff. Aug. 17. Coke-\\nworkers in the Connellsville region\\nabandon the strike, denouncing their\\nleaders for false representation.]\\nApr. 25. Colo. A conflict between strik-\\ning miners and deputy-sheriffs takes\\nplace at Cripple Creek.\\n[May 20. A reign of terror prevails\\nstrikers plunder simps of provisions and\\narms. May 25. The strikers and dep-\\nuty-sheriffs come into conflict. May 26.\\nThe strikers blow up the Company s\\nbuildings and wreck the shaft with dy-\\nnamite.]\\nO. A young woman is killed in\\nthe street in Cincinnati by Father D.\\nO Grady, a jealous Roman Catholic\\npriest.\\nApr. 26. Mont. Hogan s Industrial\\nArmy is captured at Forsyth, for steal-\\ning a train, and taken to Helena under\\nan escort of Federal troops and deputy-\\nmarshals.\\n[May 15. One member is sentenced to\\nimprisonment for six months, and 40\\nothers for two months.]\\nApr. 27. III. In the coal-region armed\\nstrikers are driving out working miners.\\nSheriff Lenz, of Marshall County, asks\\naid from the State authorities the First\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Regiment Illinois National Guards is\\nordered to the scene of trouble.\\nLa. Eight negroes are lynched.\\nOkla. Vigilance committees attack\\na band of horse-thieves they kill five,\\nand capture and hang two.\\nApr. 28. la. A gang of tramp thieves\\nis corralled in a barn in Missouri Valley\\non being called to surrender, they open\\nfire, killing the city marshal and wound-\\ning two of his officers.\\nInd. A gang of 25 masked men\\narmed with axes visit Bert Willis s sa-\\nloon at Burlington, and destroy the stock\\nand fixtures, burning them in a bonfire.\\nO. Galvin s Industrial Army\\nseizes a train four companies of militia\\nand Battery H are ordered to Mount\\nSterling and rescue it.\\nApr. 30. Chicago. Proceedings are be-\\ngun against the Chicago Gas Trust\\nand the American Tobacco Company,\\nboth doing business as trusts in violation\\nof law.\\nNew York. Five men who have been\\nburning stables to get insurance money\\nare arrested.\\nMay 1. D. C. Coxey s army enters\\nWashington the general is not al-\\nlowed to make a demonstration at the\\nCapitol Browne and Jones, two other\\nleading men, are arrested for disorderly\\nconduct.\\n[May 2. Gen. Coxey is arrested.\\nThe army diminishes Vapidly. May\\n8. Found guilty of trespassing on the\\nCapitol grounds. May 9. The House\\nCommittee on Labor gives Coxey a hear-\\ning respecting the trespass and the duty\\nof the Government to laborers. May 21.\\nCoxey, Browne, and Jones are sentenced\\nto confinement in jail for 20 days.]\\nla. Gen. Kelley, of the Indus-\\ntrial Army, refuses to leave Des Moines\\nwhen ordered to go by the city author-\\nities.\\nIll, Tenn. Several hundred more\\ncoal-miners go out on strike all the\\nminers at Coal Creek, Tenn., stop work.\\n(See May 28.)\\nMay 2. Minn. A mob of strikers com-\\npels over 300 workers at Mountain Iron\\nmine, of the Rockefeller group, to quit.\\n[May 3. Troops are ordered to the\\nMessaba Iron range, the strikers threat-\\nening destruction to life and property.]\\nMo. The grand jury at Kansas City\\nreturns indictments against 13 partici-\\npants in the recent election riots three\\nfor murder in the first degree.\\nO. Conflicts occur between the po-\\nlice and riotous mobs in Cleveland the\\nlocal militia are called to the armory.\\n[May Si. Militia men are discharged\\nby their employers for aiding to sup-\\npress the strike.]\\nMay 3. N. Y. Commercial Bank offi-\\ncers are indicted in Brooklyn, charged\\nwith violating the law of 1892, and wreck-\\ning the bank,\\nMay 5. Ark. A negro in Ouachita\\nCounty, supposed to have smallpox, is.\\nburned in his cabin, which has been\\ntired by persons unknown.\\nPhila. Barney Sacks, a confectioner,\\nshoots his mother and kills himself.\\nMay 7. Ala. Striking coal-miners\\ndestroy property in two mines where\\nmen refusing to join the strike are at\\nwork.\\n[June 7. Strikers blow up mine ma-\\nchinery with dynamite at Horse Creek,\\ndischarge guns into the Company s\\nstores and houses, and wreck freight-\\ncars. June 18. Miners vote to continue\\nthe strike; two bridges are blown up\\nJuly 1G. Miners murderously attack\\nnegro workmen, killing tight: tp.i.ps\\nare ordered out to quell the disturbance.]\\nMay 8. The miners strike is spreading\\nin Maryland, West Virginia, and Illinois.\\nNew York. Maj.-Gen. O. O. Howard\\nis chosen president of the National\\nTemperance Society at its annual\\nmeeting.\\nS. C The Supreme Court of the State\\ndecides that the Evans Liquor Law is\\nvalid.\\nMay 9. Boston. The second annual con-\\nvention of Working Girls Clubs is\\nheld; over 100 delegates from 14 promi-\\nnent American cities attend.\\nNeb. The Hibernian Convention in\\nsession at Omaha decides to form Co-\\nlumbian Leagues in each State to off-\\nset the American Protective Association\\nsocieties.\\nPa. A. Woodley shoots and kills\\nJennie Buchanan in Allegheny he\\nwounds himself, and is imprisoned.\\nPa. Colo. Trains are stolen by\\nbands of Coxeyites in Pennyslvania the\\nstealers are sent to jail for 20 days.\\nPh ila The General Federation of\\nWomen s Clubs begins its second bi-\\nennial session, with 325 delegates from\\n37 States, and 500 other women present.\\n[Mrs. Ellen M. Henrotin, of Chicago,\\npresident.]\\nMay 10. Wash. Two deputy-marshals\\nand several citizens are shot in a conflict\\nwith Coxeyites who have stolen a train\\nat Yakima.\\nMay 11 Chicago. The Pullman\\nPalace-Car Works are closed against\\nthe employees, they having struck for\\nhigher wages.\\n(May 22.) The American Railway\\nUnion declares a boycott upon all Pull-\\nman cars, unless the company consents\\nto arbitrate the differences with its strik-\\ning employees.\\n(June 2d.) All the shops of the Car\\nCompany are closed except the Delaware\\nworks.\\n(June 26.) The boycott of the Pull-\\nman cars goes into effect.\\n(June 27.) The boycott extends to all\\nroads entering Chicago; one railroad\\nyields, and runs trains without Pullman\\n(Jfxe 28.) The railway strike spreads\\nto 20 roads in the West, and paralyzes\\ntravel from San Francisco to Chicago;\\nnearly 40.000 men are said to be involved.\\n(June 20.) The operating of the roads\\nis seriously crippled by trainmen joining\\nthe strikers.\\n(June 30.) Strikers spike switches in\\nChicago police protection is asked.\\n(JULY 5.) Rioting occurs along three\\nmiles of the Lake Shore and K\u00c2\u00ab ek Island\\ntracks. Mayor Hopkins and the Council\\nCommittee meet the American Railway", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0470.jp2"}, "471": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1894, Apr. 23-May 11. 459\\nUnion officials Eugene V. Debs issues\\na statement eight more companies of\\nregulars are ordered to Chicago.\\n(JULY 6.) A mob burns 225 cars along\\nthe line of the Pan Handle Koud side-\\ntracked produce-cars are looted. War-\\nrants are sworn out for the arrest of\\nDebs and Howard; Gov. Altgeld orders\\nout two brigades of militia; about 50\\nfires start in the Stock-yards district.\\n(July 7.) The mob continues the\\nburning of cars, and rioting. Over\\n$1,000,000 damage is already done by-\\nincendiaries; the Government assumes\\ncontrol of the Northern Pacific as a\\nPost and Military Road over 100,000\\nmen are out of work in and near Chi-\\ncago.\\n(July 9.) Rioting and disorder; the\\nPullman Company finally refuses to sub-\\nmit the controversy with its employees\\nto arbitration, and a general strike of\\nthe labor-unions may take place.\\n(July 10.) Debs, Howard, and other\\nstrike leaders are arrested for conspir-\\nacy to obstruct the mails they are re-\\nleased on bail. The Knights of Labor\\nare asked by the General Master Work-\\nman, Sovereign, to join the strike; the\\ntrades-unions of Chicago go out on a\\ngeneral sympathetic strike.\\n(July 11.) The appeal to the Knights\\nof Labor to join the strike is but slowly\\nresponded to only about 15,000 men go\\nout in Chicago, and none go out else-\\nwhere. A dressed-beef train of 50 cars\\nbound for New York leaves under pro-\\ntection of soldiers. A bomb is sent to\\nVice-President Wickes, of the Pullman\\nCompany, the messenger saying that he\\nreceived it from a lady.\\n(July 12.) Trains move more freely\\nwithout attendant disorder reports\\nfrom the Middle, Western, and South-\\nwestern States show that the strike is\\nbreaking all along the line.\\n(July 13.) President Debs offers to\\ndeclare the railroad strike off if the gen-\\neral managers will take back the strikers\\nnot accused of crime, but the managers\\nrefuse to consider the proposition the\\nstrike is near its end Samuel Gompers\\nissues a statement declaring a general\\nsympathetic strike of the Federation of\\nLabor inexpedient.\\n(July 14.) President Debs declares he\\nwill continue the strike if necessary\\nstrikers return to work in several places\\nthe Chicago Building Trades Council\\nrescinds its strike order.\\n(JULY 17.) President Debs and three\\nother strike leaders are lodged in jail at\\nChicago on the charge of contempt of\\nthe Federal Courts telegrams sent by\\nthem to strikers after the issue of the\\ninjunction are produced in evidence the\\nprisoners refuse to be bailed out.\\n(July 18.) About 100 Pullman strikers\\nreturn to work.\\n(July 21.) Several directors of the\\nAmerican Railway Union are arrested.\\nSeveral hundred workmen apply for re-\\ninstatement by the Pullman Company.\\n(July 31.) Half the militia guarding\\nPullman is withdrawn.\\n(Aug. 2.) Business is resumed at Pull-\\nman 300 strikers return to work.\\n[Others follow.]\\n(Aug. 5.) This colossal strike is de-.\\nclared off by a vote of the American\\nUnion the Chicago and Eastern Illi-\\nnois and the Santa F6 roads are ex-\\ncepted.\\n(Aug. 7.) The last of the Illinois Guard\\nare ordered home.\\n(Aug. 14.) George M. Pullman issues\\na statement defending his company s\\ncharacter.\\nSTATE.\\n1894. Apr. 24. D. C. Congress;\\nSenate the Wilson Tariff Bill is dis-\\ncussed, Roger Q. Mills of Tex. closing the\\ngeneral debate in a speech favoring the\\nhill with the income-tax provision the\\nHouse passes the Post-office Appro-\\npriation Bill introduced Mar. 24, after\\nfive discussions.\\nThe Senate Investigation Committee\\nexamines three newspaper correspond-\\nents on the Sugar Trust charges.\\nAT* J. The Assembly passes the hill\\nforbidding pool-selling and book-mak-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a00.\\npasi\\nThe House of Representatives\\nthe bill granting to women the\\nie in school elections.\\nApr. 25. I). C. Congress; Senate:\\nRapid progress is made on the metal\\nschedule of the Tariff Bill.\\nThe Coinage Committee of the House\\ndecides to defer the consideration of the\\nMeyer-Bland Seigniorage Bill, and\\ndiscuss the Bland Free Coinage Bill\\ninstead.\\nApr. 26. D. C. Congress; Senate: W.\\nV. Allen s Coxey resolution, assert-\\ning the right of unarmed companies of\\nmen to enter upon the Capitol grounds,\\nis opposed by several Senators; the\\nHouse passes the Diplomatic and Con-\\nsular Appropriation Bill introduced\\nMar. 5 a lively debate is caused by the\\nresolution already adopted to impose\\nfines on absentees.\\nJV. Y. Gov. Flower having signed the\\nbill, the town of Flatbush becomes the\\n29th ward of Brooklyn the governor\\nsigns the bill providing for the estab-\\nlishment of a State Colony for Epilep-\\ntics, to be known as the Craig Colony,\\nin honor of the late Oscar Craig of Roch-\\nester.\\nApr. 27. D. C. The briefs in the John\\nY. McKane case are submitted to the\\nSupreme Court of the United States, in.\\nWashington. (See Society, p. 442.)\\nN. Y. Gov. Flower vetoes the Blan-\\nket Ballot Election Bill, for secret vot-\\nApr. 29. D. C. Congress: The report\\nof a compromise among Democratic\\nSenators is made public.\\nThe concessions made to the conserva-\\ntives include a change of the sugar duty\\nto an ad valorem, basis, and the limiting\\nof the operation of the income tax to\\nfive years only.\\nApr. 30. N. J. The Senate repeals, by\\na strict party vote, the gerrymander\\nlaws of the last Assembly, also the law\\nproviding for the election of Assembly-\\nmen by counties.\\nMay 2. D. C. Congress The House\\npasses the Dockery Commission Bill,\\nto consider improved methods of ac-\\ncounting in the Treasury Department\\nit passes the Army Appropriation\\nBill introduced Mar. 19.\\nMay 3. D. C. Congress The Senate\\ndisposes of the first paragraph of the\\nWilson Tariff Bill.\\nN Y. Gov. Flower signs the annex-\\nation bills uniting all the Kings County\\ntowns to the city of Brooklyn.\\nMay 4. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the River and Harbor Appro-\\npriation Bill introduced Mar. 31.\\nMay 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndiscusses the Chinese Treaty in execu-\\ntive session the amended Tariff Bill\\n(about 400 amendments) is presented in\\nCommittee to the Republican Senators\\nthe House passes the Dunphy Hudson\\nEiver Bridge Bill, to connect New\\nYork and Jersey City bill introduced\\nMar. 27.\\nN. Y. The General Term of the Court\\nof Common Pleas decides that the Ives\\nPool Bill is unconstitutional.\\nThe Republican delegates to the Con-\\nstitutional Convention name the offi-\\ncers president, Joseph H. Choate vice-\\npresidents, ex-Lieut. -Gov. Alvord and\\nW. H. Steel of Oswego; clerk, C. E.\\nFitch, ex-editor of the Rochester Demo-\\ncrat and Chronicle Sergeant-at-arms,\\nW. W. Bennett, a war veteran.\\nMay 8. N. Y. The Constitutional Con-\\nvention is organized at Albany by the\\nelection of Joseph H. Choate of New\\nYork as president.\\nS. C. The Supreme Court at Colum-\\nbia decides that the State is practically\\nunder prohibition.\\nMay 9. JD. C. Congress The Senate\\ndiscusses the Tariff Bill; an amend-\\nment to levy duties on goods in bond,\\non the date the bill goes into effect, is\\nagreed to the Lodge amendment, for\\nthe imposition of discriminating duties\\non England, as a means of forcing the\\nacceptance of bimetallism by that coun-\\ntry, is laid on the table the Russian\\nBering Sea Treaty is ratified.\\nN. Y. Gov. Flower signs the Huc-\\nkleberry Railroad Bill and the bill ap-\\npropriating $350,000 for improving the\\ncanals of the State.\\nMay 10. D. C. Congress; Senate: The\\nTariff debate is continued the Allen\\nresolution for an investigation of the po-\\nlice treatment of the Coxey Army\\nis discussed, Senators Stewart and Tel-\\nler defending Coxey, and Senator Hoar\\nopposing the resolution. [It fails to-\\npass.]\\nJsfeiv York. Richard Croker resigns\\nas a member of the Executive Commit-\\ntee and as chairman of the Finance\\nCommittee of Tammany Hall John\\nMcQuade is selected to take his place.\\nN, Y. Gov. Flower vetoes the non-\\npartisan Park Commission Bill, as too\\npartisan.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1894 Apr. 27. JST. Y. Gasport is\\nnearly burned out.\\nApr. 29 La. The loss by the burning\\nof the St. Charles Hotel in New Orleans\\nreaches $500,000.\\nMay 3. N. Y. The second annual meet-\\ning of the National Association of\\nWholesale Lumber Dealers begins its\\nsessions at Buffalo.\\nThe Wilson Line steamer Persian Mon-\\narch, from London for New York, runs\\nashore at Eastport, Long Island.\\nMay 6. New York. The steamer La\\nChampagne of the French Line, from\\nHavre to New York, runs aground in\\nthe Narrows near Fort Lafayette.\\nMay 9. Me. Norway loses $300,000\\nby fire.\\nMay 10. Chicago. The National Bur-\\nial-Case Association is in session.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0471.jp2"}, "472": {"fulltext": "460 1894, May 11 -June 4.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NAVY.\\n1S94 May 12. la. The torpedo boat\\nEricsson is launched at Dubuque.\\nJune 2. D. C. Orders are sent to the\\ncruiser Baltimore to proceed to Korea\\nto protect Americans whose lives and\\nproperty are in danger.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1894 May 12. New York. Sunol s\\nstatue of Columbus is unveiled in\\nCentral Park by Vice-President Steven-\\nson.\\nMay 15. Phila. The 15th annual meet-\\ning of the American Medico-Psycho-\\nlogical Association begins.\\nMay 16. Phila. The 23d annual conven-\\ntion of the American Fisheries Society\\nbegins.\\nMay 18\u00c2\u00b1. The worst storm of the sea-\\nson is raging on Lake Michigan about\\n20 lives are lost.\\nMay 22. N. Y. Pa. The floods are\\nsubsiding the loss in Lycoming County,\\nPa., alone is estimated at $3,000,000.\\nMay 23. O. The second concert of the\\nMusic Festival at Cincinnati takes\\nplace under the lead of Theo. Thomas.\\nMay 24. Conn. The bust of Harriet\\nBeecher Stowe is unveiled at the\\nWadsworth Atheneum, Hartford.\\nMay 28. III. Locusts appear in large\\nnumbers.\\nMay 29. D. C. The Triennial Con-\\ngress of American Physicians and\\nSurgeons opens in Washington.\\nMay 30. New York. The statue of\\nHorace Greeley, erected by Typo-\\ngraphical Union No. 6, is unveiled it\\nstands at the corner of Broadway and\\nThirty-third Street.\\nVa. A monument to the Soldiers\\nand Sailors of the Confederacy is un-\\nveiled at Richmond.\\nMay 31. Colo. The damage to property\\nat Pueblo from cloudbursts amounts to\\n$600,000 hundreds of people are home-\\nless.\\nJune 2. Chicago. The Field Columbian\\nMuseum, occupying the Art Building at\\nthe World s Fair, is formally dedicated.\\nColo. Snow seven feet deep lies on\\nPike s Peak.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1894.\\nMay 15. Shaffer, Chauncy, criminal law-\\nyer, A75.\\nMay SO. Lionberger, John R., financier,\\nCHURCH.\\n1894 May 13. A r Y. Dr. Talmage s\\nTabernacle in Brooklyn is again de-\\nstroyed by fire.\\nMay 14. New York. The annual meet-\\ning of the American Society of Com-\\nparative Religions is held.\\nThe Roman Catholic Parochial\\nSchool Exhibit opens, with addresses\\nby Archbishop Corrigan, W. Bourke\\nCockran, and others.\\nMay 16. Va. John B. Newton is con-\\nsecrated (Protestant Episcopal) assist-\\nant bishop of Virginia.\\nMay 22. Chicago. A Liberal Religious\\nCongress is in session.\\nRepresentatives are present from the\\nUniversalist, Unitarian, Independent,\\nReformed Hebrew, and higher Orthodox\\nchurches, and the Ethical Culture So-\\nciety.\\nLETTERS.\\n1894 May 24- Conn. Judge Shum-\\nway of the Superior Court at Hart-\\nford finds that the law authorizing the\\nSchool Board to order aH school chil-\\ndren vaccinated, and to exclude those\\nnot vaccinated from the schools, is con-\\nstitutional.\\nMass. Miss Agnes Irwin of Philadel-\\nphia is chosen Dean of Radcliffe Col-\\nlege at Cambridge.\\nMay 26. N. Y. Rev. A. Y. V. Raymond\\nis formally installed as the president of\\nUnion College.\\nMay 27- Phila. Some of the most com-\\nprehensive collections of educational\\nexhibits at the World s Fair are secured\\nfor an economic and educational mu-\\nseum, by action of the City Council in\\nappropriating \u00c2\u00a710,000. (Made in 1893.)\\nSOCIETY.\\n1894 May 11. Ky. The women of Lex-\\nington are boycotting merchants who\\nsupport the candidacy of Col. Breck-\\ninridge for Congress.\\nMay 14. Md. The American Order\\nof Steam Engineers begins its sessions\\nin Baltimore it is opposed to strikes\\nand boycotts as interfering with indi-\\nvidual rights.\\nN. Y. Dr. Talmage begins his tour\\naround the world.\\nNew York. The arrest of two young\\npickpockets leads to the discovery of a\\nregular school for thievery, and its mode\\nof working.\\nMay 15. New York. The New York\\nChapter of Colonial Order is incor-\\nporated.\\nIts object is to cherish American tra-\\nditions, and to promote patriotism and\\nloyalty to national institutions.\\nMay 16. Neio York. A man in East\\nTwelfth Street, desperate through pov-\\nerty, kills his mother and himself.\\nN. Y. In Waverly, Alanson Hyatt,\\nunder the influence of drink, kills his\\nwife, wounds his mother, and kills him-\\nself.\\nMay 17. R. I. Burglars enter the\\nWaketield post-office and carry off $5,000\\ninsecurities and SI. 400 worth of stamps.\\nMay 18. New York. Bookkeeper J. J.\\nKean, of the Harlem River Bank, is ar-\\nrested on a charge of stealing between\\n$19,000 and $20,000.\\nMay 20. W. Va. In Mason County,\\nWhite Caps lynch three negroes, char-\\nging them with stealing horses, sheep,\\nand cattle.\\nMay 21. New York. The first pawn-\\nshop of the Provident Loan Society\\nopens for business in the United Chari-\\nties Building, and has considerable pat-\\nronage during the day.\\nN. Y. The strike of the employees\\nof the Atlantic Avenue Railroad in\\nBrooklyn ends [temporarily].\\n[May 26. The Company s trolley lines\\nare tied up by a strike, the employees\\nobjecting to being compelled to provide\\nuniforms there is no disorder.]\\nMay 23. 7V Robbers raid the First\\nNational Bank, Long View, securing\\nabout S2,500. In a tight which ensue:*\\ntwo citizens and one robber are killed\\nand several other persons injured, some\\nfatally.\\nMay 25. N.J. Edward Bull of Kearney,\\ninfluenced by jealousy, kills his wife\\nand tries to kill himself.\\nOkla. Thirty well-known citizens of\\nTecumseh are indicted for horse-steal-\\ning; the territory of their raids extends\\nfrom Arizona to Arkansas, and they are\\ncharged with many murders.\\nMay 26. N. Y. Adolph Brenner, an an-\\narchist, makes an attempt to murder an\\nentire family in Brooklyn he Lodges a\\nbullet in his own head.\\nMay 27. Ind. The striking miners\\nstop all coal-laden cars on the Evansville\\nand Terre Haute Railroad Gov. Altgeld\\nis appealed to for troops.\\n[May 29. The strikers attempt to close\\nmines and seize coal-trains the gover-\\nnors of coal-producing States are asked\\nto act as an arbitration committee. June\\n2. Gov. Matthews orders out the militia\\nto prevent lawlessness by the strikers.\\nJune 27. Operators agree to the miners\\ndemands and work is resumed. Julv 8.\\nThere is a pitched battle between the\\nregular troops and a mob of strikers at\\nHammond one man is killed and four\\nare wounded. July 10. Incendiaries fire\\na trestle bridge over the Calumet River,\\nnear Hammond, preventing a two-sec-\\ntion train from reaching that city. July\\n15. Strikers wreck a freight-train at\\nIndianapolis.]\\nPa. Four men are shot and many\\nbadly hurt in a riot in the congregation\\nat St. Casimir s Polish Roman Catholic\\nChurch at Freeland four Poles are ar-\\nrested cause, dissensions respecting a\\npriest.\\nMay 28. Ind. III. A Federal Gov-\\nernment injunction is issued prohibit-\\ning strikers from interfering with coal-\\ntrains more troops are ordered out in\\nIllinois to preserve order.\\nN. T. Kenneth F. Sutherland, the\\nfugitive Gravesend justice, returns to\\nBrooklyn and surrenders himself. [He\\npleads guilty to one of the eight indict-\\nments against him in connection with\\nelection frauds he is sentenced to im-\\nprisonment for two vears and eight\\nmonths and to a fine of S500.]\\nNew York. Delegates of the Na-\\ntional Municipal League meet and\\norganize.\\nMay 29. New York. Catharine M. Fitz-\\ngerald, Inspector McLaughlin s sister,\\ncharged with murdering Carrie Pear-\\nsail last October, is acquitted on the\\nground of insanity.\\nMay 30. Ga. An Immigration Con-\\ngress is opened at Augusta, four South-\\nern governors attending every Southern\\nState is represented by delegates.\\nMay 31. It adopts the Atwood plan of\\ncolonization by county organization.\\nO. Sheriff Riley calls on Gov. Mo-\\nKinley for troops to release a train seized\\nby miners in Athens County the gov-\\nernor orders out the militia to prevent\\nstrikers from interfering with coal-\\ntrains.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0472.jp2"}, "473": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1894, May 11 -June 4. 461\\nPa. Gov. Pattison issues a warning\\nproclamation to the rioters in the\\ncoke-regions.\\nJune 1. Ga. A dynamite bomb explodes\\nalmost under the House of 1). C. Wall,\\nrailroad engineer, Atlanta.\\nJune 2. Colo. Fully armed and equipped\\nminers surround Cripple Creek.\\n[June 4. Prominent men are held as\\nhostages by striking miners. June 5.\\nThe miners and operators come to an\\nagreement. Aug. 5. The strike having\\nfailed, the miners go back to work at\\nthe former wages.]\\nMass. A union of all the textile trades\\nin Fall River, to be known as the Amal-\\ngamated Association, is formed.\\nN. Y. Japanese residents in Brook-\\nlyn hold a meeting, and organize a so-\\nciety for the social, intellectual, and\\nmoral welfare of their fellow-country-\\nmen.\\nJune 3. N. Y. The Temperance Con-\\ngress opens at Prohibition Park,\\nStaten Island Gen. Neal Dow speaks.\\nThe Mutual Employment Society,\\nrecently incorporated, has for its object\\nthe securing of work for deserving ap-\\nplicants without regard to creed or na-\\ntionality, and without expense to the\\nemployers.\\nJune 4. N. T. Twelve inspectors of\\nStaten Island are sentenced for election\\nfrauds to different terms of imprison-\\nment, and some of them to pay a fine of\\n$250 in addition.\\nSTATE.\\n1S94 May 11-12. D. C. Congress:\\nThe Senate votes on several amendments\\nto the Tariff Bill the duties on tannic\\nacid, tartaric acid, and alcoholic per-\\nfumery are fixed.\\nMay 14. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndisposes of seven items on the chemical\\nschedule of the Tariff Bill.\\nN. J. Gov. Werts vetoes 10 reform\\nbills on the ground that they are too\\npartisan.\\nN. Y. Gov. Flower signs the Pound\\nCompulsory Education Bill.\\nMay 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses several paragraphs of the chemi-\\ncal schedule of the Tariff Bill; the\\nHouse passes the Naval Appropria-\\ntion Bill after five discussions hill in-\\ntroduced Apr. 18.\\nMay 16. D. C. Congress In the Sen-\\nate fifteen paragraphs of the chemical\\nschedule of the Tariff Bill are disposed\\nof; H. C. Lodge of Mass. offers a resolu-\\ntion for an inquiry into charges of at-\\ntempts to bribe Senators to vote against\\nthe Tariff Bill, and the charge that the\\nsugar schedule was drawn in return for\\ncampaign contribution to the Demo-\\ncratic party. [May 17. Appointed.]\\nMay 17. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses the Agricultural Appropria-\\ntion Bill introduced Apr. 30.\\nMay 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ncompletes the debate on the chemical\\nschedule and the earthenware and glass\\nschedules the resolution for longer\\nhours is agreed to.\\nN. Y. Gov. Flower vetoes the bill\\nappropriating \u00c2\u00a725,000 for the expenses\\nof investigating the police and other\\ndepartments of New York City (Lexow\\nCommittee), on the ground that the com-\\nmittee is too partisan.\\nJudge Gaynor decides that a health\\ncommissioner cannot imprison persons\\nwho decline to he vaccinated unless in-\\nfected with disease or exposed to con-\\ntagion.\\nMay 19. I). C. Congress; Senate The\\nPeffer resolution for a committee to give\\na hearing to Coxey s army is discussed\\nthe Populist Senators favor it, and pro-\\ntest against the proposal to treat the\\narmy as law-breakers.\\nMay 20. N. Y. Gov. Flower vetoes the\\nNew York City Bipartisan Police Com-\\nmission Bill also the police bills for\\nAlbany, Troy, and Richmond County, all\\non the ground of being too partisan.\\nMay 22. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nfixes the duty on iron ore at 40 cents a\\nton the House in Committee of the\\nWhole, while considering the Legisla-\\ntive, Executive, and Judicial Appro-\\npriation Bill, strikes out the item for\\nsalaries of the Civil Service Commis-\\nsion and its employees. Vote, 109-7.\\nIt aims to destroy the commission.\\nMay 23. B.C. Congress The Senate\\ndiscusses the Tariff Bill.\\nBering Sea. Three schooners, while\\nfishing for seals in the open sea, are\\nseized by Capt. May of the Hyacinth,\\nwho, after confiscating their guns and\\npapers, sends them home.\\nMay 24. D. C. Congress Senate The\\nresolution against the use of force in\\nfavor of Hawaiian royalty is discussed\\nthe House amends and passes the Le-\\ngislative, Executive, and Judicial\\nAppropriation Bill, with the item for\\nsalaries of the Civil Service Commission\\nrestored bill introduced May 15.\\nN. Y. Gov, Flower vetoes the bill\\nproviding that no other than American\\nflags float above public buildings, except\\non special occasions when foreigners of\\nrank visit the country.\\nMay 26. D. C. Congress Senate The\\nconsideration of the metal schedule of\\nthe Tariff Bill is finished David B.\\nHill s motion to put lead ore on the free\\nlist is defeated. Vote, 3-52. The House\\nbegins the debate on the hill to repeal\\nthe 10 per cent tax on State bank cir-\\nculation. [Five discussions follow.]\\nMay 29. D. C. Congress The Senate\\nCommittee makes a partial report on\\nthe Sugar Trust scandal, recommend-\\ning the prosecution of the newspaper\\ncorrespondents who decline to give the\\nnames of their informants the Vest\\nresolution opposing the annexation of\\nHawaii is tabled. Tote, 36-1S.\\nN. r. Over 200,000 women pe-\\ntition the Constitutional Convention for\\nequal suffrage.\\nMay 30. La. The TJ. S. Court of Ap-\\npeals of New Orleans decides that the\\ncity is not liable for damages for the\\ndeaths of the Italians lynched in the riot\\nof 1890.\\nPkila. The Federal Court dismisses\\nthe motion made on behalf of the Gov-\\nernment to enjoin the Gettysburg Elec-\\ntric Railroad Company from building a\\ntrolley road on the battle-field.\\nMay 31. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses a resolution declaring for non-\\ninterference in Hawaiian affairs; the\\nlumber schedule of the Tariff Bill is\\nfinished.\\nSecretary Carlisle and Senators Mc-\\npherson, Mills, and Harris testify before\\nthe Senate Committee in relation to the\\nSugar Trust charges.\\nJune 1. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nbegins the consideration of the sugar\\nschedule.\\nNew York. Business men hold a mass-\\nmeeting to protest against the proposed\\nincome tax.\\nJune 3. D. C. The gold reserve is\\nagain a source of anxiety, having fallen\\nto about $79,000,000.\\nNew York. Yen Ching, Chinese am-\\nbassador, and Ziar Yen Foo, his secre-\\ntary, arrive from Havre, on a tour of\\ninspection to the Chinese embassies at\\ndifferent countries.\\nJune 4. D. C. Congress; Senate: The\\nsugar schedule of the Tariff Bill is dis-\\ncussed, the Republicans attacking it;\\nthe House debates the Bank Tax Repeal\\nBill.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1894 May 11. New York. Tip, the\\nbig elephant of Central Park, having\\nbecome dangerous, is killed by cyanide\\nof potassium concealed in capsules hid-\\nden in mash.\\nMay 13. N. Y. Dr. Talmage s Taber-\\nnacle, the Hotel Regent, and other\\nbuildings in Brooklyn are burned loss,\\n$1,000,000.\\nMay 14. Pa. About 30 persons are in-\\njured by an explosion and fire at Brad-\\nford.\\nMay 15. Boston. The baseball buildings\\nand about vz acres of adjoining prop-\\nerty are burned, rendering several hun-\\ndred families homeless.\\nMay 17. Boston. Many valuable port\\nrecords and over $150,000 worth of prop-\\nerty are destroyed by fire.\\nNev. Sheep perish by thousands in\\na snow, rain, and wind storm in the\\nSierra Nevada foot-hills.\\nMay 18. Md. A number of leading\\ncapitalists, bankers, and railroad officers\\norganize at Baltimore, under the title of\\nthe Southern Immigration Land and\\nTitle Company, for the purpose of devel-\\noping the South.\\nPhila. The Order of Tonti makes\\nan assignment to the Land Title and\\nTrust Company assets, $1,250,000.\\nMay 19. Chicago. The population is\\nnow reported at 1,700,000.\\nMay 25. Chicago. The Viking ship is\\ndonated to the Field Museum, Jackson\\nPark, by the generosity of its pur-\\nchasers.\\nMay 26. Chicago. The French Repub-\\nlic begins a suit in the TJ. S. Circuit\\nCourt for $1,000,000 alleged damage to\\nthe French exhibit by the fire in the\\nManufactures Building at the World s\\nFair.\\nMay 28. Mass. Wakefield celebrates its\\nquarter-millennial.\\nMay 30. Wis. A train is wrecked by\\nan open switch on the Wisconsin Cen-\\ntral Railroad, near Marshfield four\\nmen are killed, four missing, and 15 peo-\\nple injured.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0473.jp2"}, "474": {"fulltext": "462 1894, June 4- June 27.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1394 June 13. R.I. The Naval War\\nCollege opens at Newport.\\nJune 18. N. Y. Of the 96 applicants\\nfor admission to the West Point Mili-\\ntary Academy, only 41 are accepted.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1894 June 4. Ore. Great damage is\\ncaused by floods at Portland much of\\nthe business part of the city is under\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0water.\\nJune 6. Cal. The 45th annual conven-\\ntion of the American Medical Asso-\\nciation begins its sessions iu San Fran-\\ncisco, with 2,000 delegates present.\\nJune 9. Wyo. A rich gold strike is\\nmade in Dutch Tom Gulch.\\nJune 14. N. Y. The corner-stone of a\\nmonument to the memory of Wash-\\nington and Rochambeau is laid at\\nDobbs Ferry.\\nJune 18 Pa. Another Arctic Ex-\\npedition Henry G. Bryant, leader\\nstarts for the relief of Lieut. Peary in\\nthe far north it is organized under the\\nauspices of the Philadelphia Geographi-\\ncal Club.\\nJune 21. New York. The memorial\\nbust of Postmaster H. G. Pearson in\\nthe Post-office Building is unveiled.\\nJune 25. New York. The Saengerf est\\ncloses -with its final concert this evening\\nin Madison Square Garden, with an im-\\nmense audience present.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1894.\\nJune 4. Van Zandt, Charles C, Gov. of\\nIt. I., A64.\\nJune 7. Price, R. M., Gov. of N. J., A76.\\nWhitney. William Dwight, philolo-\\ngist, professor at Yale, A67.\\nJune 1 7. Phelps, William Walter, M. C.\\nfor N. J., minister to Germany, A55.\\nCHURCH.\\n1894 June 8. D. C. Several Koman\\nCatholic prelates meet, and reorganize\\nthe Catholic Indian Bureau under a\\nnew Papal charter.\\nJune 9. Boston. The General Conven-\\ntion of the New Jerusalem meets.\\nJune 13. N. Y. The 11th annual meet-\\ning of the International Missionary\\nUnion opens at Clifton Springs, with\\nabout 150 mission-board representatives\\nfrom all parts of the world present.\\nJune 25. N. Y. The Ancient Order of\\nHibernians, in its State Convention at\\nRochester, receives recognition by the\\nChurch authorities in that diocese for\\nthe first time.\\nLETTERS.\\n1894 June 5. N. Y. The Board of Re-\\ngents votes to extend the system of free\\nlibraries.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1894 June 4. Boston. The Ameri-\\ncan Sugar Refining Company files its\\nanswer to the information recently\\nbrought by the Attorney General which\\nasks for au injunction to prevent it\\nfrom doing business until it files a state-\\nment of its business as required by law\\nthe answer denies the constitutionality\\nof such requirement.\\nJune 5. Md. Two regiments leave Bal-\\ntimore for the Cumberland coal-region\\nto preserve order.\\n[June 7. Striking miners at Frostburg\\nmake night attacks on the pickets of the\\ntroops guarding the town.]\\nN. J. The Supreme Court at Trenton\\nrejects the application of Miss Mary\\nPhillbroke to be permitted to stand ex-\\namination for admission to the bar.\\nPa. Strikers at MeKeesport seize\\nthe plant of the National Tube Works,\\nand assault the non-union employees a\\ncannon is planted to guard against Pink-\\nerton police the town is virtually in\\nthe hands of the strikers.\\n[June 10. Strikers and deputy-sheriffs\\nhave a conflict at Lemont in the coke-\\ndistrict one striker is killed and two\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0wounded. June 1S\u00c2\u00b1. Many miners re-\\nturn to their work. June 21. Two regi-\\nments and a troop of cavalry are ordered\\nto Jefferson County to prevent rioting\\nand dynamiting. More miners go to\\nwork. July3\u00c2\u00b1. Rioting is renewed by\\ncoal-miners troops are called out.]\\nJune 6. A coal-miners riot takes\\nplace at Wesley one man is killed and\\nseveral are seriously injured.\\n[June 9. Troops are hurried to Paua\\nto prevent violence. July 5. It is al-\\nleged that the mayor of Springfield en-\\ncourages the strikers to obstruct railway\\ntraffic]\\nMont. Gov. Rickards, by proclama-\\ntion, forbids the sun-dance of the In-\\ndians at Great Falls, and orders the\\nlocal authorities to enforce the prohibi-\\ntion.\\nO. Gov. McKinley orders out 1,200\\ntroops to prevent seizure of coal-trains\\nby strikers.\\n[June 8. Coal-trains move under mili-\\ntary protection. June 9. Strikers burn\\nbridge No. 4 to delay the conveyance of\\nthe militia to Flushing. July 3. Troops\\nare ordered out to protect moving coal-\\ntrains. July 11. At the yards in Toledo,\\n12 roads are tied up.]\\nW. Ya. Coxeyites steal a train at\\nKanawha; a company of militia is or-\\ndered to the scene of trouble.\\nJune 7. N. J. Mayor Lebknecher of\\nNewark refuses to fly any but American\\nflags on the City Hall.\\nJune 8. Chicago. The Municipal Order\\nLeague secures the appointment of a\\nwoman as Inspector of the Bureau of\\nStreet and Alley Cleaning.\\nJune 9. Ind. Six men are arrested in\\nIndianapolis for car-robbing; they con-\\nfess that Claude McAlpin was kidnapped\\nand sent bound and gagged in a box-car\\nto Mexico to prevent him from telling\\nthe authorities what he knew about the\\nrobberies.\\nLa. City Councilman John T. Calla-\\nhan of New Orleans is indicted for ac-\\ncepting a bribe of S500. [Aug. 22. Found\\nguilty.]\\nJune 10. Chicago. John Cane, a tinner,\\nwhile crazed with liquor, wounds five\\nmen with an ax; lynching is threatened\\nby a crowd surrounding the police sta-\\ntion.\\nJune 11+. O. A conference of miners\\nand operators is held at Columbus.\\nIt agrees on a compromise wage scale\\nof 60 cents a ton in Ohio and 69 cents\\nin Pennsylvania; strikers continue de-\\nstruction of railroad property in Ohio\\nand Alabama.\\nNew York.* The trial of Police Cap-\\ntain J. K. Price begins.\\nPa. W. Webber kills his father-in-\\nlaw, Justus KJemmer, and tries to kill\\nhis wife; he is under arrest in Reading.\\nJune 13. Ga. A colored criminal is\\nskinned alive by a lynching mob.\\nChicago. The American Railway\\nUnion and the Knights of Labor effect\\na coalition.\\nNew York. Before leaving for Eu-\\nrope, Richard Croker, the Tammany\\nboss, resigns membership in the Man-\\nhattan Club.\\nJune 14. I). C. A former employee of\\nthe Carnegie Company testifies as t\\nthe plate-armor frauds he makes start-\\nling charges of deliberate deception\\nagainst a superintendent.\\nN. J. John Kaulfmann, under the\\ninfluence of poverty and despair, kills\\nhis wife and three children and hangs\\nhimself at Camden.\\nJune 15. New York. Erastus Wiman\\nis convicted of forgery in the second\\ndegree. [June 19. He is sentenced to\\nfive years and six months imprisonment,\\nand later acquitted. June 2o. Proceed-\\nings are stayed.]\\n0.4- Miners conventions in a num-\\nber of coal-carrying districts vote to\\nreturn to work under the Columbus\\ncompromise agreement. [The net loss\\nof the great coal-strike is estimated at\\n$20,000,000.] (See June 11.)\\nJune 16. Ya. The Court of Appeals\\ndecides that Mrs. Belva Lockwood may\\npractise law in Virginia.\\nJune 17. Cal. Several hundred il-\\nlicit brandy distilleries are discovered\\nin the mountain districts j they are\\nworked mostly by Italians.\\nChicago. Sympathizers with Irish\\nHome Hule organize a committee to\\nraise money in aid of the struggle in\\nthe British House of Commons about\\nS10,000 are already subscribed.\\nNew York. Harvey Curtis shoots\\nPhilip Moran to prevent him, while\\ndrunk, from shooting his daughter, to\\nwhom Curtis is betrothed.\\nJune 18. Mont. The Cree sun-dance\\nis held at Havre in spite of the authori-\\nties great barbarities are practised by\\nthe Indians.\\nPa. Over 15,000 miners resume work\\nin the soft-coal region; big plants in\\nPittsburg start up the Central Penn-\\nsylvania operators refuse to yield, and\\nare still out.\\nJune 20. A Y. The 11th annual en-\\ncampment of the Sons of Veterans is\\nheld at Middleport.\\nJune 21. Mass. Emil C. Knappe is ar-\\nrested in Boston on the charge of em-\\nbezzling $49,000 of the funds of the\\nChicopee National Bank of Springfield.\\nN. J. A robbers den is found on\\nthe Kearney meadows several of the\\ngang are arrested.\\nNew York. A reception is given to\\nMiss Frances E. Willard on her arrival\\nfrom Europe.\\nJune 22. New York. The great Saen-\\ngerfest begins with a torchlight proces-\\nsion, in which 10,000 singers take part.\\nThe new State Club is formally\\nopened in the presence of a large as-\\nsemblage.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0474.jp2"}, "475": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1894, June 4-June 27. 463\\nN. Mrs. Halliday is sentenced at\\nMonticello to die by electricity in the\\nweek beginning Aug. 6.\\nJune 23. Colo. Adj.-Gen. Tarsney, the\\nrepresentative of Gov. Waite in the mi-\\nners strike, is kidnapped, taken away\\nin a carriage, and tarred and feathered\\nby masked men at Colorado Springs.\\nN. Y. White Caps heat Patrick Ed-\\nwards of Livingston Manor for drunk-\\nenness, and duck him in a mill-race.\\nJune 24. D. C. The California contin-\\ngent of the Army of the Unemployed\\narrives at Washington, 125 strong.\\nJune 25. Chicago. Ex-Treasurer W. A.\\nSimrott of the Switchmen s Mutual Aid\\nAssociation absconds his accounts are\\nshort S25,000.\\nGa. Six masked men hold up a\\ntrain on the Savannah, Florida, and\\nWestern Railway near Thomasville, and\\nrob the express-car of $1,222; the pas-\\nsengers are not molested.\\nN.J. Edward K. Christopher, auditor\\nof the Prudential Life Insurance Com-\\npany of Newark, is arrested on a charge\\nof embezzling about $n,oooof the coin-\\npany s funds.\\nJune 27- Mass. The Young Women s\\nConference at East Northfield is con-\\ncluded by Mr. Moody.\\nN. Y. The second annual convention\\nof the Intercollegiate Prohibition As-\\nsociation of the United States begins\\nits three days session at Prohibition\\nPark, Staten Island.\\nPa. Mrs. Wight man of Pittsburg is\\nbound and gagged in her home by two\\nmen, who rob the house of valuables.\\nSTATE.\\n1S94 June 5. X C. Congress: The\\nSenate amends and passes the Dunphy\\nHudson River Bridge Bill. [June 6.\\nHouse concurs. June S. Approved.]\\nMe. Henry B. Cleaves (Rep.) is re-\\nnominated for governor.\\n0. The State is carried by the Re-\\npublicans the Populists suffer severe\\nlosses.\\nJune 6. D. C. Congress: The House\\nrejects the hill to suspend the 10 per\\ncent tax on bank-notes issued by State\\nbanks, after five discussions. Vote, 172-\\n102.\\nThe Senate Bribery Investigation\\nCommittee examines Congressman Cad-\\nmus of N. J. in relation to the Sugar\\nTrust s connection with the Tariff.\\n[June 7. It decides to subpcena mem-\\nbers of the Sugar Trust. June 8. Mr.\\nTerrell testifies. June 12. President\\nH. O. Havemeyer. June 13. John E.\\nSearles, treasurer.]\\nJune S. I). C. Congress: The Senate\\ndiscusses the agricultural schedule of\\nthe Tariff Bill under the five minutes\\nrule it disposes of several paragraphs.\\nThe United States makes a claim on\\nSpain for reimbursement of sums im-\\nproperly collected as duties in Cuba.\\nPa. About 150 delegates in session\\nat Pittsburg organize a new political\\nparty. It is to be known as The Pro-\\nfjessive American Party, which will\\navor non-interference with public\\nschools, protective tariff, a prohibitive\\nimmigration law for 25 years, national\\nJune 12, I). C. Congress: The House\\npractically legislates the Indian Com-\\nmission out of office by refusing to\\nmake an appropriation for it.\\nS. Dak. Legal proceedings are begun\\nin Pierre to test the constitutionality\\nof the Apportionment Act under which\\nthe Legislature was elected.\\nJune 13. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nThe wool schedule is discussed.\\nKan. L. D. Lewelling (Populist) is\\nrenominated for governor.\\nJune 15. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nSeveral amendments to the wool sched-\\nule of the Tariff Bill are defeated by\\nvery small majorities.\\nThe Senate Investigating Commit-\\ntee begins the examination of Senators\\nin alphabetical order.\\nIt asks searching questions relative\\nto sugar-stock holdings it also makes\\ninquiry with reference t campaign con-\\ntributions by the Sugar Trust.\\nJune 16. D. C. Congress: the House\\npasses the Indian Appropriation Bill,\\nafter 11 discussions bill introduced Apr.\\n30.\\nJune IS. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nmakes rapid progress with the Tariff\\nBill free list an amendment by David\\nB. Hill for free coal is defeated the\\nHouse passes the substitute for the\\nHatch Anti-Option Bill (see Feb. 25)\\nafter five discussions. [Aug. 2. Re-\\nported back by the Senate with amend-\\nments.]\\nJune 19. D. C. The Senate Investi-\\ngating Committee concludes its work\\nfor the present time.\\nThe Treasury gold reserve falls to\\n$60,000,000: bank presidents decide to\\nfurnish their own gold for export.\\nJune 20. I). C. Congress The Senate\\nfinishes the consideration of the free list\\nof the Tariff Bill salt remains on the\\nfree list.\\nCal. M. W. Estee (Rep.) is nominated\\nfor governor the State Convention de-\\nclares for free coinage of silver and\\nwoman suffrage.\\nJune 21. .D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nThe income-tax section of the Tariff\\nBill is reached Senators Hill, Hoar,\\nand Higgins oppose the tax the Senate\\nInvestigating Committee reports the\\ncontumacy of Messrs. Havemeyer and\\nSearles a minority dissenting report is\\nfiled.\\nJune 22. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndiscusses the income tax, but no vote\\nis reached incomes above \u00c2\u00a93,000 to be\\ntaxed under an adopted amendment\\nthe House amends and passes the sub-\\nstitute Anti-Option Bill. Vote, 150-87.\\nProf. Mendenhall, in charge of the\\nCoast and Geodetic Survey, tenders his\\nresignation to President Cleveland, on\\nthe ground of official interference with\\nthe working of the bureau.\\nJune 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndebates the income tax; the limit of\\nexemption is restored to \u00c2\u00a74,000.\\nO. The Supreme Court of Ohio de-\\ncides that the Holcomb Law, taxing the\\nbusiness of dealing in cigarettes, is valid.\\nJune 25. D.C. Congress Both Houses\\nadjourn out of respect to the memory\\nof President Carnot of France, whose\\ndeath is reported.\\nJune 26. I). C. Congress The House\\npasses the General Deficiency Bill\\nintroduced June 18.\\nThe House subcommittee resumes the\\narmor-plate investigation respecting\\nalleged defects.\\nColo. The National Republican\\nLeague Convention opens in Denver.\\nJune 27. Boston. Judge Colt decides\\nthat Japanese, as Mongolians, are de-\\nbarred from naturalization.\\nPa. The Democrats nominate Edi-\\ntor Singerly of the Philadelphia Rec-\\nord for governor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1894 June 6. N. Y. Onondaga cele-\\nbrates its centennial.\\nJune 8. Colo. Fifteen Coxeyites are\\naccidentally drowned in the Platte\\nRiver, near Brighton.\\nJune 10. N.J. Locusts on the rails stop\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0a Long Branch train near Avenel.\\nJune 14. N. J. The corner-stone of.\\nthe Atlantis Hotel is laid at sea,\\n19 miles east of Sandy Hook, and 11\\nmiles from the Long Island shore the\\nstone is a tin cylinder surmounted\\nby a flag with a red border, a white cen-\\nter, and bearing the initial A.\\nNeto York. Flag Day is cele-\\nbrated, but without suspension of busi-\\nness.\\nJune 17. Scot. The Ethiopia, Anchor\\nLine steamer, reports having struck an\\niceberg on her way from New York to\\nGlasgow, and having been saved from\\nsinking only by bags of flour jammed in\\na hole at her bow.\\nJune 18. New York. Bank presidents\\nhold a conference on gold exports.\\nJR. I. The steamer Plymouth runs on\\nthe rocks at Rose Island, near Newport.\\nJune 19. O. Many mines are re-\\nopened.\\nJune 20. Ala. In the Mary Lee mine,\\nnear Birmingham, 50 miners are en-\\ntombed by a fire.\\nJune 22. Mo. The Williams Palace\\nCar Company at St. Joseph is capitalized\\nat 83,000,000 to compete with the Pull-\\nman and Wagner Companies.\\nJune 24. Cal. Fruit-canners organ-\\nize a trust, and incorporate under the\\nname of the California Cannery Com-\\npany, with a capital of $500,000.\\nN. J. The overloaded tug James D.\\nNicoll sinks off the Navesink High-\\nlands 13 lives are lost.\\nO. Three persons are killed and sev-\\neral injured by a train-wreck at Chilli-\\ncothe.\\nJune 26. Pa. The Edgar Thomson\\nSteel Works of the Carnegie Works at\\nBraddock resume operations, giving\\nemployment to 1,500 men.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0475.jp2"}, "476": {"fulltext": "464 1894, June 28- July 17.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1S94 July 10. Cat. United States\\ntroops start from San Francisco for\\nSacramento, which for 12 days has been\\nunder mob rule.\\nJuly 14. Mass. The cruiser Minne-\\napolis, on her trial trip in Massachusetts\\nBay, develops a speed of 23.05 knots, un-\\nofficial time.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1894 July 4. O. A Soldiers* Monu-\\nment is dedicated at Cleveland.\\nN. Y. A monument to the mem-\\nory of Capt. Nathan Hale, the mar-\\ntyred patriot, is unveiled at Huntington.\\nJuly 5. N. F. The Society for the\\nPromotion of Music begins its 16th\\nannual meeting at Saratoga.\\nJuly 7. 5. Dak. Twenty bridges are\\nwashed away by a heavy hail-storm and\\ncloudburst at Hot Springs.\\nJuly 9. Wash. The town of Conconully\\nis visited by a destructive cloudburst.\\nJuly 15. S. Dak. The prairie fire is\\nstill burning on the ceded lands at\\nPierre.\\nThe tract burned over is 50 by 90 miles\\nin extent. A Russian settlement on\\nYellow Medicine Creek is wiped out;\\nseveral settlers are seriously burned.\\nJuly 16\u00c2\u00b1. N.J. Forest fires are ra-\\nging between 6,000 and 7,000 acres of\\nland are burned over.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1894.\\nJune 28. Temple, w. G-, rear-adm. V. S.\\nN., A70.\\nJune 30. Law, Sallie C. G. (Mother of the\\nConfederacy), A84.\\nJuly 11. Fry, James B., maj.-gen. U. S. A.,\\nCHURCH.\\n1S94 July 1. N. J. The new audito-\\nrium at Ocean Grove is formally opened\\nwith impressive services, 7,000 persons\\npresent.\\n.V. Y. Kev. Thomas M. A. Burke\\nis consecrated as the fourth (Roman\\nCatholic) bishop of Albany.\\nJuly 11-15. O. The National Conven-\\ntion of the Young People s Society of\\nChristian Endeavor is in session at\\nCleveland, with 10,000 delegates in at-\\ntendance.\\nLETTERS.\\n1S94 June 28. Me. Bowdoin College\\ncelebrates its 100th. anniversary.\\nJuly 2. N. J. The 10th annual conven-\\ntion of the National Editorial As-\\nsociation begins its sessions at Asbury\\nPark.\\nJuly 5. N. Y. The 32d convocation of\\nthe Regents of the University opens\\nin the Senate Chamber at Albany, with\\nover 200 educators present.\\nPhila. The American Society opens\\nthe first meeting for University Ex-\\ntension.\\nJuly 8. X. Y. The Long Beach (Long\\nIsland), Summer Parliament opens.\\nJuly 9. N. H. The C4th annual conven-\\ntion of the American Institute of\\nInstruction opens at Bethlehem.\\nJuly 15. N. Y. The Roman Catholic\\nsummer school at Plattsburg opens.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1894 June 28. New York. Richard\\nWorthington, formerly book-publisher,\\nis arrested on the charge of embez-\\nzling $19,085.71 belonging to the Wor-\\nthington Company.\\nN. Y. A Brooklyn tailor, M. Gessner,\\nkills Annie Sauter, his employer s\\ndaughter, and then kills himself.\\nJune 29. D. C. The Washington grand\\njury finds indictments against brokers\\nwho refused to give information to the\\nSenate Investigating Committee, in\\nconnection with sugar speculation.\\nJune 30. Ind. The American Wire Rod\\nand Wire Nail Mills at Anderson shut\\ndown; 800 operatives are out of work;\\nthe men demand the wage-scale with the\\nAmalgamated Association.\\nThe strike on the Western railroads\\nis spreading.\\nJuly 1. Cat. Federal troops are or-\\ndered to Trinidad to suppress riotous\\nstrikers.\\nJuly 3. Chicago. The jury, after two\\nhours deliberation, returns a verdict\\nthat Patrick Eugene Prendergast is not\\ninsane, and that therefore he is respon-\\nsible for the murder of Mayor Carter\\nHarrison. [July 13. He is hanged.]\\nN. Y. Boodle Alderman H.\\nW. Jaehne of New York is pardoned by\\nGov. Flower.\\nN. Y. The jury in the Bat Shea\\ntrial in Troy returns a verdict of murder\\nin the first degree. [July 10. Sentenced\\nto be executed in the week beginning\\nAug. 21.]\\nMich. Rioting exists among coal-\\nminers troops are called out.\\nJuly 4. Cat. Violence by strikers re-\\nsults in the ordering out of the militia.\\n[July 10. Troops start for Sacra-\\nmento the city has been under mob-\\nrule for a week. July 11. Strikers at\\nSacramento wreck a train, killing the\\nengineer and three soldiers and injuring\\nfour others. July 12. D. Warden is\\narrested at Sacramento as leader of the\\ntrain-wreckers. July 14. Regulars fire\\ninto a mob at Sacramento, mortally\\nwounding two men. July 16. Strikers\\nattack a freight-train in West Oakland\\nthey are repulsed by troops and several\\nare injured 21 are arrested.]\\nNew York. The Society of the Cin-\\ncinnati holds its annual meeting, and\\nelects Gen. John Cochrane of N. Y.\\npresident.\\nOkla. Seventy-five masked men\\noverpower the guards and burn the Rock\\nIsland Railroad Bridge at Waukomis,\\nsouth of Enid the soldiers at Round\\nFond are fired on.\\nIda. Masked men in the Ccenr\\nd Alene region kill a non-union man\\nand kidnap four others.\\nMass. Over S3,000 worth of statuary-\\nis maliciously destroyed on the estate\\nof the late S. D. Warren at Waltham.\\nJV. J. A national Good Roads\\nConvention opens at Asbury Park.\\nJuly 6. Minn. In Duluth doc km en\\nstrike for increase of pay.\\nX. Y. The Constitutional Cob\\nrejects a resolution introduced by 1L I..\\nTowns of Brooklyn condemning\\nof the Federal Government in sending\\ntroops to suppress the railroad strike.\\nJuly 7. Cat. President Kingsbury, of\\nthe National City American Railway\\nUnion, and a yardman are arrested at\\nSan 1 uVgo, on the charge of conspiracy\\nRev. X. E. Ravelin i.s arrested on an in-\\ndictment by the Federal grand jury at\\nLos Angeles, charging him with inciting\\nto insurrection against the authority of\\nthe United States.\\nJuly 8. X. Y. The American Railway\\nUnion men in Buffalo are ordered to\\nstrike to-morrow,\\nW. Fa. Kelly s band of Common-\\nwealers are arrested for stealing a\\ntrain.\\nThey are divided into three companies\\ntwo are sent into Ohio, one is sent into\\nKentucky, and the remainder, about 70,\\nare taken by police to Huntington.\\nN. Y.+ Labor-unions in New York,\\nBoston, and elsewhere pas? resolutions\\nof sympathy with the railroad strikers.\\nJuly 9. Boston, An attempt at jail-\\ndelivery by 100 prisoners is made in the\\nHouse of Corrections.\\nMich. Mayor Pingree of Detroit\\nand a number of other mayors favor\\njoining in a request to George M. Pull-\\nman to consent to arbitrate a mass-\\nmeeting in Detroit adopts a resolution\\nasking Congress to pass a law providing\\nfor arbitration in strikes.\\nN. J. Newark police capture nine\\ntrain-plunderers, and recover a large\\nquantity of stolen goods buried near\\ntheir camp.\\nJuly 10. Phila. George Bellwear. a\\npost-office clerk, is arrested for stealing\\nand rifling the mails; he makes a full\\nconfession of guilt.\\nJuly 11. New York. Michael Brady.\\nPolice Captain Stephenson s ward man,\\nis dismissed from the force for accepting\\na bribe.\\nJuly 12. N. J. The Orangemen of\\nJersey City parade for the first time\\nsince 1S70, and without disturbance.\\nNew York. Judge Barrett gives a\\ncertificate of reasonable doubt in the\\ncase of Erastus Wiman, under sentence\\nfor forgery.\\n[July 13. He is released on S30,000\\nbail, pending the decision of the Court\\nof Appeals.J\\nA mass-meeting is held in Cooper\\nUnion to indorse Eugene V. Debs\\nand the great railroad strike at\\nChicago.\\nN. Y. The Brooklyn authorities,\\nfearing disturbance, refuse to allow\\nOrangemen to parade.\\nPhila. Green-ribbon men attack\\nparading Orangemen with brickbats,\\ncausing a small riot in which some are\\nwounded a number of participants are\\narrested.\\nJuly 13. Mont. Highwaymen hold\\nup an express-wagon in Montana, and\\ntake everything or value from it, in-\\ncluding a package of $11,000 shipped by\\na grocery firm.\\nOkla. Two bridges are blown up,\\na large extent of track is destroyed,\\nand a freight-train of 13 cars is thrown\\ninto a river, killing three men and in-\\njuring others the governor is appealed\\nto for protection.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0476.jp2"}, "477": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1894, June 28- July 17. 465\\nJuly 14. Conn. The chief of police of\\nBristol orders that all nickel-in-the-slot\\nmachines be removed from the cigar-\\nshops of the city.\\nTenn. A negro barn-burner is\\nlynched in Dixon County by a body of\\nmasked men.\\nJuly 15. Pa. A house in Harrisburg,\\noccupied by a man who went to work in\\na striker s place in the coal-mines at\\nPunxsutawney, is wrecked by dynamite.\\nJuly 16. Mich. A Grand Trunk train\\nis wrecked near Battle Creek one man\\nis killed and several persons are seri-\\nously injured strikers suspected of the\\ncrime.\\nNew York. The Police Board de-\\ncides to try Capt. Doherty and Wardmen\\nHoch, Levy, and Meehan on the charge\\nof bribe-taking.\\n[Oct. 20. Doherty and six other ex-\\npolice officers of various ranks are ar-\\nrested on indictment for blackmail.]\\nJuly 17. Okta. Rioting and destruc-\\ntion of bridges occur on the Rock Island\\nRailroad a dynamite bomb is thrown\\nunder a train carrying soldiers.\\nSTATE.\\n1894 June 28. D. C. Congress; Sen-\\nate A motion to strike out the income-\\ntax section of the Tariff Bill is defeated.\\nVote, 40-23. The House passes the bill\\nto admit New Mexico to statehood in\\nthe Union,\\nJune 29. D. C. Congress; Senate:\\nThe consideration of the Tariff Bill in\\nCommittee of the Whole is finished, and\\nthe measure reported.\\nMass. The Senate adopts the amend-\\nment submitting the Elevated Railroad\\nBill to the voters of Boston for approval\\nor rejection.\\nJune 30. B.C. The Treasury statement\\nfor the fiscal year places the deficit at\\n$71,500,000.\\nJuly 1. D. C. At a conference between\\nthe President, Attorney-General Olney,\\nand others, it is decided to apply for\\nsweeping injunctions against the rail-\\nroad strikers in the West. (See So-\\nciety.)\\nThe Administration appoints special\\ncounsel and takes steps to enforce the\\ncarrying of mails on the railroads in\\nthe West.\\nJuly 2. D. C. Congress; Senate The\\nTariff Bill is considered a defeat of\\nthe one-eighth cent tax on refined sugar\\nis prevented by Senator Quay s vote\\nthe sugar schedule is amended so that\\nthe duty and repeal of the bounty will\\ntake effect upon the passage of the bill.\\nThe U. S. Courts in Chicago issue an\\ninjunction against the strikers Fed-\\neral troops are ordered out in Colorado,\\nand State militia put into active service\\nin Illinois, to prevent interference by\\nstrikers.\\nJuly 3. D. C. Congress Senate The\\nWilson compromise Tariff Bill is\\npassed; only one Democratic Senator,\\nDavid B. Hill, votes against it the Re-\\npublicans vote solidly against it. Vote,\\n39-35.\\nEdwards and Shimer, newspaper cor-\\nrespondents who refused to answer in-\\nquiries of the Senate Investigation\\ntion\\nJuly 6\\nCommittee, are indicted by the Wash-\\nington grand jury.\\nAttorney-General Olney orders the in-\\ndictment of President Debs of the\\nRailroad Union.\\nThe blockades in Illinois are broken\\nwith the aid of Federal troops violence\\nby railroad strikers in California occa-\\nsions the calling out of the militia.\\nJuly 5. D. C. Congress Only the\\nHouse is in session; the Tariff Bill is\\nreceived from the Senate, having 633\\namendments it provides for higher\\nrates than the House Bill.\\nPresident Cleveland replies to a pro-\\ntest from Gov. Altgeld against sending\\nFederal troops to Chicago.\\nN. Y. The Constitutional Conven-\\nonvenes at Albany.\\nD. C. Congress Senate Sev-\\neral measures bearing on the railroad\\nstrike at Chicago are introduced in the\\nHouse the amended Tariff Bill is re-\\nferred to the Committee on Ways and\\nMeans the House passes the bill, in-\\ntroduced Apr. 6, providing for the taxa-\\ntion of national banks.\\nJuly 9. D. C. Congress The Senate\\namends and passes the Naval Appro-\\npriation BUI. [July 19. Conference\\nreport agreed to. July 30. Approved.]\\nThe Democratic members of the Tariff\\nConference Committee meet.\\nThe President issues a second proc-\\nlamation, covering nine Western States\\nand Territories, ordering rioters to dis-\\nperse.\\nJuly 10. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\namends and passes the Post-office Ap-\\npropriation Bill. [July 11, 12, House\\nconcurs. July 24. Approved.]\\nThe resolution of W. A. Peffer of Kan.,\\ndeclaring it the duty of the government\\nto control aU railroads engaged in in-\\nterstate commerce and work the coal-\\nbeds, is taken up.\\nNew York. The Leiow Commit-\\ntee s witnesses refuse to obey the sum-\\nmons of the Police Commissioners to\\ngive evidence at an investigation held\\nby the latter.\\nN. J. A convention to revise the ju-\\ndiciary is in session at Trenton.\\nJuly 11. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\namends and passes the Military Acad-\\nemy Appropriation Bill. [July 16.\\nConference report agreed to. July 30.\\nApproved by the President.]\\nIt amends and passes the Pensions\\nAppropriation Bill. [July 13. Con-\\nference report agreed to approved.]\\nIt amends and passes the Diplomatic\\nand Consular Appropriation Bill.\\n[July 19. Conference report agreed to.]\\nJohn W. Daniel s resolution indorsing\\nthe action of President Cleveland in the\\nrailroad strike is passed unanimously.\\nJuly 12. B. C. Congress: The Senate\\namends and passes the Army Appro-\\npriation BUI. [July 27. Conference\\nreport agreed to. Aug. 7. Approved.]\\nIt amends and passes the Fortifica-\\ntion Appropriation BUI. [Aug. 6.\\nConference report agreed to. Aug. 8.\\nApproved by the President.]\\nPresident Cleveland consents to ap-\\npoint a commission to investigate the\\nstrike against the Pullman Car Com-\\npany under the Arbitration Law of 1888.\\nJuly 13. D.C. Congress: The Senate\\namends and passes the River and Har-\\nbor Appropriation Bill. [Aug. 6.\\nConference report agreed to. Axig. 20.\\nIt becomes a law without the Presi-\\ndent s approval.]\\nJuly 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\namends and passes the Legislative,\\nExecutive, and Judicial Appropria-\\ntion Bill. [July 25. Conference report\\nagreed to. Aug. 8. Approved by the\\nPresident.] The House passes a resolu-\\ntion indorsing President Cleveland s ac-\\ntion during the recent strike.\\nN. Y. The special Senate Commit-\\ntee begins its investigation of charges\\nbrought against Gov. Flower by the\\nCivil Service Reform Association.\\nNew York. Mayor Gilroy accepts the\\nresignation of John McClave as Police\\nCommissioner, and appoints Michael\\nKerwin his successor.\\nJuly 17. B. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses the Agricultural Appropria-\\ntion Bill with an amendment appro-\\npriating $1,000,000 to exterminate the\\nRussian thistle. [July 31. Conference\\nreport agreed to. Aug. 10. Approved\\nby the President.] The House passes\\nthe Bailey Uniform Bankruptcy Bill.\\nThe President signs the hill enabling\\nUtah to become a State. (Jan. 4, 96.)\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1894 June 29. Conn. A brass tablet\\nis unveiled in Hartford, to commemorate\\nthe meeting of Washington and Rocham-\\nbeau in the city in 1775.\\nJune 31. Cat. A break in a levee at\\nSacramento floods 500 acres of fine land.\\nJuly 1. New York. The steam yacht\\nAztec is run down by the steamer Sam\\nSloan in Hell Gate.\\nJuly 2. Chicago. The Gas Trust is of-\\nficially dissolved.\\nMe. Five persons are killed and\\nothers injured in a train-wreck near\\nMoosehead Lake, caused by a tie on the\\ntrack.\\nJuly 4. Conn. About 50 persons are in-\\njured by a train collision on the Nau-\\ngatuck division of the New Haven road\\nat Seymour.\\nJuly 5. Chicago. Several of the World s\\nFair buildings are destroyed by an in-\\ncendiary.\\nJuly 9. 0. Several railroads at To-\\nledo are tied up.\\nJuly 11. Ind. The Big Four System\\nat Indianapolis drops 6,000 men from its-\\npay-roll, it having suffered heavily from\\nthe boycott, and uses Wagner cars ex-\\nclusively.\\nJuly 13. N.J. The New York and\\nPhiladelphia Traction Company is in-\\ncorporated at Trenton capital, $10,-\\n000,000.\\nJuly 14. New York. The East River\\nTunnel to Long Island City is com-\\npleted.\\nIt is eight feet high and 10 feet wide\\nit is to be a conduit for the big mains of\\nthe East River Gas Company.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0477.jp2"}, "478": {"fulltext": "466 1894, July 17 Aug. 4.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1894 July 21. The cruiser Columbia\\nstarts on her voyage to Bluefields, Nica-\\nragua, to protect American interests.\\nART \u00e2\u0080\u0094SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1894 July 17. Wis. The army worm\\nis doing thousands of dollars damage.\\nJuly 18. Minn. Forest fires are raging\\nand doing great damage.\\nN. Y. A Soldiers Monument is\\ndedicated at the Soldiers Home at Bath.\\nIt is the gift of the late Samuel Dietz of\\nNew York City.\\nJuly22. Wyo. The Yellowstone\\nPark geysers are unusually active, the\\nnew Crater Geyser throwing rocks of 25\\npounds weight to the height of 200 feet.\\nJuly 26. Ariz. In an observation made\\nat the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff,\\nit is found that the light from the\\nlarger lakes of Mars is unpolarized,\\nand that the light from the polar sea is\\npolarized. Hence the polar sea is\\nprobably water, and the lakes prob-\\nably not.\\nJuly 28. Cal. Central and northern\\nCalifornia are illuminated by a brilliant\\nmeteor.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1894.\\nJuly S3. Low, Fred. F., Gov. of Cal., AI36.\\nJuly 34. lloniagtu Crur^r, banker, dies.\\nJuly 35. Soule, Wilson, nnllionaire, phi-\\nlanthrope!, of Rochester, A41.\\nMeCullough, J. B., Meth. clergyman,\\neditor, A71-\\nAug-. 1. Holt, Joseph, jiulue- advocate-gen-\\neral U. S. A., A87.\\nAug. 3. Andrews, Judson B-, superinten-\\ndent insane asylum, A60.\\nCHURCH.\\n1894 July 18. New York. Ninety pil-\\ngrims leave this port for Lourdes on the\\nParis; they are under Rev. E. H. Por-\\ncile, who takes several thousand dollars\\nof Peter s pence to Pope Leo from\\nBrooklyn.\\nMgr. Satolli affirms a ruling of\\nBishop J. A. Watterson of Colum-\\nbus, O.\\nHe says he will withdraw his approba-\\ntion from any Roman Catholic society\\nin his diocese that has a liquor-dealer\\nor saloon-keeper among its officers and\\nwill, furthermore, refuse absolution to\\nany of the latter who sell on Sundays\\nor carry on business in a forbidden or\\ndisedifying way.\\nJuly 28. Wis. The episcopal residence\\nof Archbishop Katzer is assessed at\\n$103,150; the Board of Assessors, by\\na vote of 16 to 7, decide that the prop-\\nerty must pay the tax. [The case will\\nbe appealed.]\\nJuly 31. N. J. Ocean Grove cele-\\nbrates its 25th anniversary.\\nJuly The 3d annual convention of the\\nBaptist Young People s Union of\\nAmerica is held at Toronto, Canada\\n2,000 delegates present.\\nAug. 1. Mass. D. L. Moody s Confer-\\nence for Bible Study at Northfield\\nopens.\\nLETTERS.\\n1894 Aug. 3. New York. The Chinese\\nNews is issued Yung Kwai, editor it\\nis printed in Chinese, on light buff paper,\\nand illustrated.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1894 July 17. Utah. Three strikers\\nare caught removing rails on the Union\\nPacific as the overland dyer is due they\\nare imprisoned.\\nJuly 18. I). C. Mgr. Satolli makes a\\ndecision adverse to the liquor-traffic.\\n(See Church.)\\nJuly 19. New York. The trial of the\\naccused poliee officials begins before the\\nPolice Board.\\nJuly 21. The Southern Pacific Railroad\\nstrike is declared off; the strikers will\\nbe taken back.\\nJuly 22\u00c2\u00b1. O. The Mobile and Ohio\\nRailroad Company orders the dismissal\\nof all American Railway Union men.\\nJuly 23. S. C. Gov. Tillman proclaims\\nthat the State dispensaries for the sale\\nof liquor will be reopened on Aug. 1.\\n[Aug. 1. Opened.]\\nJuly 24. Chicago. The Federal Court\\nrefuses to release President Debs and\\nhis associates on their answers to the bill\\nof complaint.\\nN. J. The annual convention of the\\nInternational Orders of King s\\nDaughters and King s Sons opens at\\nOcean Grove.\\nJuly 25. D.C. President Cleveland ap-\\npoints John D. Kernan of New York and\\nN. E. Worthington of Peoria, 111., mem-\\nbers of the commission to investigate\\nthe late railroad strike.\\nJuly 26. New York. Police Captain\\nDoherty and his ward men, Hoch and\\nMeehan, are found guilty of extortion\\nand neglect of duty, and dismissed from\\nthe force-; charges are preferred against\\nfive police sergeants and two patrolmen,\\nwho are suspended until trial. (See\\nJuly 16.)\\nJuly 27. D. C. Carroll D. Wright re-\\nports to the President the result of his\\ninvestigation of the slums in large\\ncities.\\nTenn. Convicts cause a dynamite\\nSipe explosion at a mine at the Tracy\\nity coal-mines, killing a mine official\\nand wounding two guards; mauy of the\\nconvicts defy the guards.\\nJuly 28. Minn. Masked miners at-\\ntack the crew of a Milwaukee Short\\nLine freight-train at Saint Paul, injuring\\nsome, and driving others into the woods\\nnear the city.\\nWyo. Firemen on the Wyoming di-\\nvision of the Union Pacific Railroad are\\nbeing dismissed for incendiary remarks\\nduring the strike-\\nJuly 29. A non-union engineer at\\nDanville Junction is shot.\\nThe Straw- Haulers Association,\\ncomposed of farmers, boycotts the Yan-\\ndalia Paper Mill Company because of\\na quarrel between union and non-union\\nstraw-haulers.\\nJuly 30. New York. Archbishop Cor-\\nrigan approves of Mgr. Satolli s\\nviews relative to the exclusion of liq-\\nuor-dealers from Roman Catholic soci-\\neties.\\nA h. Beef-kiHers at the South\\nOmaha packing-houses strike for the\\npay ruling during 1693.\\n0. About 100 men employed at the\\nBaltimore and Ohio shops at Chicago\\nJunction are discharged because they\\nrefuse to withdraw from the American\\nRailway Union.\\nOkta. The courts are busy with\\ndivorce suits brought by people from\\nevery State in the Union.\\nJuly 31. Pa. In a bar-room fight\\nat a mining-camp seven miles east of\\nPittsburg, called Yale, six men are\\nkilled, and seven men and eight women\\nwounded.\\nAug. 1. X. Burglars wreck and loot\\nthe Glen Cove post-office, securing about\\n\u00c2\u00a71,200 in postage-stamps, and over $400\\nin cash.\\nNew York. A strike of workmen\\non public school buildings is ordered.\\n[Aug. 2. A strike of 2,000 mechanics\\nand workmen is declared.]\\nOkla. Bandits attack a bank in\\nChandler, securiug $200 one citizen is\\nkilled and an outlaw shot in the effort\\nof the band to escape.\\nAug. 2. N. Y. The prosecution in the\\nFlmira Reformatory investigation closes\\nits case.\\nNew York. Russell B. Hoyt is ar-\\nrested, charged with extensive coun-\\nterfeiting.\\nCliicago. B. R. Tufts, chief postal\\nclerk of the Rock Island road, between\\nChicago and Iowa City, is arrested on\\nthe charge of robbing the mails of\\nabout 810,000.\\nWis. The forest fires are extin-\\nguished by rains 2S carloads of lum-\\nber, with supplies of bedding and\\nclothing, arrive for free distribution\\namong the survivors.\\nAug. 3. Colo. A highwayman holds up\\nthe Truckee and Tahoe stage, and robs\\n15 passengers.\\nMo. Coal-shafts at Fulton are\\nfired by strikers loss, $40,000.\\nX Y. An unsuccessful attempt is\\nmade to wreck a passenger-train by an\\nopen switch at the outskirts of Water-\\ntown.\\nThe Constitutional Convention rejects\\nan amendment offered by Mr. Titus of\\nNew York, providing for the free sale\\nof liquor in cities on Sxmdays. Vote,\\n50-86.\\nSTATE.\\n1S94 July IS. D. C. Congress: The\\nSenate amends and passes the Indian\\nAppropriation Bill. [Aug. S. Confer-\\nence report agreed to. Aug. 16. Ap-\\nproved.]\\nThe Tariff Bill conferees disagree,\\nand decide to report their disagreement\\nto Congress.\\nSecretary Gresham instructs the U. S.\\nMinister to Japan to offer to the Jap-\\nanese government the good offices of the\\nUnited States in the Korean dispute.\\nJuly 19. D. C. Congress; House:\\nChairman Wilson reports the disagree-\\nment of the second Tariff Conference\\nCommittee. The House is much opposed\\nto the Senate s amendments.\\nPresident Cleveland approves the joint\\nresolutions permitting Capt. T. O. Self-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0478.jp2"}, "479": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1894, July 17 -Aug. 4. 467\\nridge, U. S. N., to receive a decoration\\nfrom the President of France, and Prof.\\nAsaph Hall to accept a gold medal from\\nthe French Academy of Science.\\nJuly 20. B.C. Congress; Senate:\\nPresident Cleveland s letter to Chairman\\nWilson on the tariff situation, opposing\\nthe admission of free raw materials, is\\nthe subject of a sharp debate the House\\npasses the Stone bill for the restric-\\ntion of immigration bill introduced\\nJan. 16.\\nThe Senate Sugar Investigating\\nCommittee reopens its inquiry to ex-\\namine brokers charged with having\\nhought sugar stocks for Senators.\\nOrders are issued to the superinten-\\ndents of the mints at San Francisco,\\nCarson City, Philadelphia, and New Or-\\nleans, to coin an unlimited number of\\nsilver dollars during the present month.\\nN. Y. The Socialists, through Gideon\\nJ. Tucker, ask that amendments be pro-\\nvided by the Constitutional Convention,\\nrequiring the State to purchase all rail-\\nroads, and increase the number of public\\nschools.\\nJuly 21. D. C. Congress: The House\\nagrees to a joint resolution proposing an\\namendment to the Constitution so as to\\nelect U. S. Senators by a direct vote\\nof the people. Vote, -134-48. Bill intro-\\nduced Feb. 3.\\nSenator Allen s report of the results\\nof the sugar and bribery investiga-\\ntion is made public it exonerates the\\nSenators, and recommends legislation\\nagainst lobbying and similar practices.\\nThe gold reserve in the U. S. Treas-\\nury is reduced to below $61,000,000.\\nChicago. Merchants and bankers ap-\\npeal to President Cleveland not to with-\\ndraw the U. S. troops from the city at\\npresent.\\nJuly 23. D. C, Congress; Senate Ar-\\nthur P. Gorman of Md. makes a bitter\\nattack upon President Cleveland, al-\\nleging that he expressed approval of the\\nSenate Bill when it was under discussion\\nin that body. (Tariff discussion.)\\nS. C. Gov. Tillman issues a proclama-\\ntion reestablishing State control of the\\nliquor-traffic, and ordering the county\\ndispensers to open their dispensaries on\\nWednesday, Aug. 1.\\nJuly 24. D. C. Congress; Senate D.\\nB. Hill of N. Y. in reply to Senator Gor-\\nman defends the President, and fa-\\nvors concessions by the Senate. The di-\\nrect vote resolution is refered. [No final\\naction taken.]\\nN. Y. The Constitutional Conven-\\ntion sends to the third reading the pro-\\nposed amendment to prevent the rail-\\nroading of bills through the Legislature.\\nJuly 26. D. C. Congress Senate W.\\nF. Vilas of Wis. defends President Cleve-\\nland s letter (See July 20) D. B. Hill s\\nmotions for free coal and iron ore are\\nvoted down the House passes the bill\\nproviding that life-saving stations shall\\nbe kept open 10 months instead of eight.\\nThe Japanese Minister at Washing-\\nton is recalled, and his successor named.\\nWis. W. H. Upham (Rep.) is nomi-\\nnated for governor.\\nJuly 27. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\nsends the Tariff Bill back to conference\\nwithout instructions motions to recede\\nfrom Senate amendments on sugar are\\ndefeated.\\nJuly 28. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses a joint resolution extending\\ncurrent appropriations until Aug. 14.\\nJuly 30. D. C. Congress: In the\\nHouse, C. A. Boutelle of Me. presents\\na resolution for the recognition of the\\nHawaiian Republic; referred to the\\nCommittee on Foreign Affairs. [Fails\\nto pass.]\\nSecretary Gresham orders Minister\\nDenby to return to Peking, believing war\\nbetween China and Japan inevitable.\\nThe conferees on the Tariff Bill meet\\nand adjourn without agreement.\\nJuly 31. D. C. Congress: The Tariff\\nBill conferees fail to agree.\\nMich. John T. Rich (Rep.) is renom-\\ninated for governor.\\nAug. 1. D. C. Congress; Senate: W.\\nE. Chandler of N. H. offers a resolution\\ncalling for an investigation of the rela-\\ntions of the Nova Scotia coal syndicate\\nto the Tariff Bill the House passes the\\nAgricultural Appropriation Bill, the\\nSenate having withdrawn its amendment\\nregarding the Russian thistle.\\nThe Armor-plate Investigating Com-\\nmittee of the House visits the Carnegie\\nWorks at Homestead.\\nAug. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\namends and passes the Civil Appropri-\\nation Bill after six discussions. [Aug.\\n15. Conference report agreed to. Aug.\\n20. Approved by the President.]\\nThe Sugar Investigating Commit-\\ntee makes a report signed by all the\\nmembers a supplemental report is made\\nby Senators Davis and Lodge.\\nGa. W. Y. Atkinson (Dem.) is nomi-\\nnated for governor.\\nAug. 3. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\namends and passes the General Defi-\\nciency Bill. [Aug. 17. Conference re-\\nport agreed to. Aug. 24. Approved.]\\nAug. 4. D. C Congress: The Senate\\namends and passes the State Taxation\\nof National Banks Bill. [Aug. 7. House\\nconcurs. Aug. 16. Approved.]\\nThe tariff conference fails to agree on\\na report.\\nTerm, The Democrats lose heavily in\\nthe elections.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1894 July 17. Chicago. The City\\nCouncil passes an ordinance giving the\\nUniversal Gas Company the right to\\nbuild works and lay mains in all the\\nstreets and alleys of Chicago, the gas to\\nbe sold to consumers at $1 per 1,000\\nfeet, and 10 per cent of all receipts to be\\npaid into the city treasury.\\nIre. The Vigilant wins the yacht-\\nrace in Belfast Lough.\\nJuly 18. Cat. News is received that\\nHawaii was formally proclaimed a re-\\npublic on the 4th of July, with S. B.\\nDole as president.\\nJuly 20. Ire. The Vigilant is beaten\\nby the Britannia for the eighth time\\nin a race over the Dublin Bay course.\\nJuly 21. Ala. Birmingham loses over\\n$500,000 by the burning of several large\\nbusiness houses, including the Caldwell\\nHotel.\\nEng. The Vigilant again beats the\\nBritannia, this time under conditions\\nfavorable to the latter.\\nJuly 22. iV. J. Five sailors are res-\\ncued from the masts of a sunk schooner\\noff Seabright.\\nJuly 23. Ark.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 O. Eight persons are\\nkilled in a railroad wreck; and three\\nkilled in a collision on the Big Four\\nroad near Cincinnati.\\nEng. The Britannia defeats the\\nVigilant in a race.\\nJuly 24. Boston. The vote taken on the\\nMeigs Elevated Railroad Bill shows\\n15,492 for, and 14,214 against its con-\\nstruction.\\nJuly 25. D. C. Three firemen and over\\n200 horses lose their lives at the burn-\\ning of tin- warehouse and stables of the\\nGeorge W. Knox Express Company in\\nWashington.\\nJuly 26. Y. The Higgins Soap\\nCompany is forced into the hands of a\\nreceiver by the alleged swindling opera-\\ntions of David Coleman through adver-\\ntisements of money to invest, and oper-\\nating with false cheeks.\\nJuly 28+. Wis. Minn. Thousands of\\npeople are made homeless by forest fires\\n40 lives are lost at Philips.\\nJuly 29. Conn. The bodies of three\\nmissing boys are found in the locker of\\na caboose car at the freight-yards in\\nHartford, a spring-lock shutting the\\ndoor.\\nla. A fire at Belle Plaine causes\\na loss of nearly $500,000.\\nJuly 31. iV. r. Work is begun on the\\nhydraulic canal to supply 100,000 horse-\\npower at Love s Model City, near Lewis-\\nton.\\nAug. 1. Eng. Mr. Gladstone declines,\\nbecause of old age and infirmity, the\\nlatest invitation to visit the United\\nStates.\\nA fishing-schooner is run down in\\na dense fog by the White Star steamer\\nMajestic two lives are lost.\\nAug. 2. Chicago. The Pullman shops\\nare reopened with 300 men at work in\\nthe passenger-car repair department.\\nAug. 4. Chicago. The Columbian Ex-\\nposition Salvage Company files a\\nclaim for \u00c2\u00a7230,000 damage done to the\\nproperty in Jackson Park by rioters on\\nJuly 5, when several of the buildings\\nwere burned.\\nColo. While crossing a stream near\\nBerwin a stage-coach is washed away\\nby a cloudburst flood five lives are lost\\nthe mail-sacks and one body are found.\\nEng. The Vigilant wins the race\\nat Cowes, beating the Britannia by four\\nminutes and 29 seconds.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0479.jp2"}, "480": {"fulltext": "468 1894, Aug. 4 -Aug. 23.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1894 Aug. 6. Pa. A naval reserve\\nof 84 men is formed, and will proceed\\nat once to Philadelphia for six days\\ntraining at the League Island Navy Yard.\\nAug. 9. Ariz. Troops are withdrawn\\nfrom service along the Southern Pacific.\\nAug. 13. D. C. Ham. S. Hawkins is\\ncommissioned colonel 20th infantry.\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1894 Aug. 9. N. J. The statue of\\nFrederick T. Frelinghuysen in Military\\nPark, Newark, is unveiled.\\nAug. 16. N. Y. The annual meeting\\nof the American Association for the\\nAdvancement of Science begins in\\nBrooklyn.\\nAug. 18. N. Y. Oilis discovered on the\\nScott farm, six miles from Dunkirk.\\nAug. 22. X. Y. Wells College, at\\nAurora, elects W. E. Waters, of the\\nUniversity of Cincinnati, as president.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1894.\\nAug. 4. Barnard, D. M., jnristof N. Y., A54.\\nIrick, John S., gen., railroad and bank\\npresident, A83.\\nAug. 6. Blair, Austin, war Gov. of Mich.,\\nA76.\\nAug. 7. Strong, James, professor Drew\\nSeminary, author, A 72.\\nAug-. 14. Adams, John Quini-v, politician\\nof Mass., A61.\\nAug. 16. Newell, John, president Lake\\nCHURCH.\\n1894 Aug. 14. New York. Three cor-\\nner-stones of the new Salvation Army\\nbuilding to be erected in this city are laid.\\nAug. 16. X. Y. The chiefs of the Six\\nNations assemble witb the Onondagas\\nfor a great council near Syracuse they\\nhave in view the preservation of their\\ntraditional religion.\\nThe Indians dance every night in the\\nLong House of the nation, and the lead-\\ning chiefs urge their people to cast aside\\nChristianity, and return to the faith of\\ntheir fathers. The council is to continue\\nfor five days.\\nAug. 19. N. Y. Over 2,000 pilgrims\\nvisit the shrine of Our Lady of Martyrs\\nat Auriesville, near Tribes Hill.\\nAug. 21. 0. The convention of the\\nnew Independent Polish Catholic\\nChurch is held at Cleveland, with\\nBishop Yilatte of Wis. presiding.\\nLETTERS.\\n1894 Aug. S. X. Y. Chautauqua\\nand the Catholic Summer School at\\nPlattsburg exchange greetings by tele-\\ngrams.\\nAug. 18. Mo. Catholic priests of Kan-\\nsas City recommend to Bishop Fink the\\nabandonment of parochial schools;\\nalso that the pupils, about 1,000 in num-\\nber, take advantage of their rights to\\nattend the public schools.\\nAug. 20. Pa. Judge Parker, in the Gnl-\\nlitzen School Case, decides that nuns\\nhaving certificates issued by the county\\nsuperintendent may be employed as\\nteachers while wearing their peculiar\\ngarb; but that sectarian books or secta-\\nrian instruction must not be used or\\n1894 Aug. 4. Mo. Miss Ella Lunney\\nshoots and kills Eugene McEnroe near\\nLenora.\\nN. J. John Connors, farmer of Mor-\\nrisville, a drunkard and wife-beater,\\nshoots his wife and kills himself.\\nN. Y. Chu Wong shoots Chu Hing\\nin Albany because the latter owed him\\nmoney he could not collect.\\nPa. Miners riot at Barnesboro, and\\nburn coal-tipples.\\nAug. 5. New York. In a fit of melan-\\ncholia J. B. Hunt kills his wife and\\nshoots himself.\\nCal. W. B. Melville, collecting clerk\\nof the Bank of California, San Fran-\\ncisco, is sentenced to San Queutin Peni-\\ntentiary for eight years for embezzling\\n\u00c2\u00a724,000.\\nAug. 6. New York. A man crazed by\\ndrink gashes a woman with a razor on\\nboard the C. H. Northam in the East\\nRiver.\\nAug. 8. N. Y. At Long Beach the little\\ndaughter of Mr. Ryder is lured away by\\nparties unknown.\\nThe New York Constitutional Conven-\\ntion votes against a proposal to abolish\\ncapital punishment.\\nNew York. Police Captain Devery\\nis said to be too ill to appear for trial\\nhis appearance is excused pending a\\nreport from a committee of police sur-\\ngeons. [Aug. 31. Found guilty of bri-\\nbery, and dismissed.]\\nPa. Cashier H. A. Gardner of the\\nSecond National Bank, Altoona, ab-\\nsconds, taking with him $150,000 of the\\nbank s funds.\\nAug. 9. Md. Eighty-eight members of\\nCoxey s commonweal army are arrested\\nat Hyattsville and sent to jail.\\nAug. 10. Cat. The silver men and\\nothers at Los Angeles form a secret\\npolitical order called the United Sons\\nof America.\\nNeb. The Nebraska militia is in\\nauthority at South Omaha striking\\npackers are forbidden to congregate,\\nand saloons are closed.\\nN. J. Tramps overawe the crew and\\nhold up a train at Cranford three are\\ncaptured by the police.\\nNeio York. A thief is captured while\\ntrying to steal a tray of diamonds, val-\\nued at $5,000, from the jewelry store of\\nJ. H. Johnston, in Union Square.\\nAug. 11. Chicago. The Sunday Obser-\\nvance Association asks aid of the courts\\nto prevent the playing of baseball on\\nSunday.\\nIII. The State attorney-general be-\\ngins action to declare void the char-\\nter of the Pullman Company, on the\\nground that it has engaged in business\\nnot authorized by the charter.\\nN. Y. Two men and a complete illicit\\nstill outfit are captured near Fulton\\nFerry in Brooklyn.\\nTenn. A negro is lynched at Hum-\\nboldt for barn-burning.\\nVa. The militia break up the Cox-\\neyite camp the campers are driven\\nover the State boundary into the .Dis-\\ntrict of Columbia.\\nW. Va. Or. J. W. Davis, a prominent\\nphysician f Montgomery, is killed by a\\nman in ambush while returning home\\nfrom visiting a patient.\\nAug. 12. Chicago. The Pullman Com-\\npany orders the eviction of strikers\\nfrom houses which they rent from the\\nCompany.\\nInn*. A number of Populist leaders\\nare arrested in Indianapolis for holding\\na political meeting on the Sabbath.\\nT. Two more members of the Bill\\nCook gang of outlaws are shot dead in\\na conflict with the Uchee scouts under\\ncommand of Jim Sapulpa.\\nAug. 14. Chicago. Alderman John\\nCoughlin receives an infernal machine;\\nhe opens it without causing an explosion.\\nKan. Populist Jerry Murphy, the\\ncity jailer at Leavenworth, after re-\\nceiving an order of dismissal from the\\noffice, unlocks the prison doors and\\nliberates the prisoners.\\nXeiv York. The trial of five police\\nsergeants, on charge of accepting bribes,\\nis concluded the announcement of the\\nresult is deferred.\\nThe American Chemical Society-\\nbegins its sessions.\\nAug. 15. N. H. At Henniker. A. Mc-\\nLean, a young man IS years of age,\\nshoots and kills Miss Nettie Douglass,\\n15 years of age he is arrested.\\nNew York. The National Associa-\\ntion of Newspapers, Booksellers, and\\nStationers opens its 11th annual conven-\\ntion.\\nFour police sergeants, found guilty\\nof accepting bribes, are expelled from\\nthe force one, because of general good\\nconduct, is allowed to retire on half\\npay.\\nN. Y. The Constitutional Conven-\\ntion rejects the proposal to submit the\\nwoman -suffrage question to popular\\nvote.\\nAug. 16. Chicago. The strike at the\\nstock-yards is declared off, the men\\nagreeing to work at former wages.\\nAug. 17. N. Y. Moses TVeldon, a\\nfarmer living near Fort Plain, is fleeced\\nout of $4,000 by confidence men, who\\nescape capture.\\nNew York. Mrs. Khoda Sanford. the\\nkeeper of a disorderly house, testifies\\nbefore the Police Board to having made\\npayments for police protection.\\nAug. 18. Moss. Edward Crosby is\\nkilled by burglars while trying to* cap-\\nture them in his brother s house in Mer-\\nrimac.\\n5. C. Another judge declares the\\nLiquor Dispensary Law unconstitu-\\ntional.\\nAug. 19. Chicago. Detectives arrest\\nfour expert Polish counterfeiters much\\nspurious silver coin is in circulation.\\nAug. 20. Chicago. Two men and a boy\\nare arrested on the charge of attempting\\nto wreck a Great Western train near\\nMaywood on July 6.\\nGov. Altgeld visits Pullman, and\\nfinds wide-spread destitution among the\\nex-workmen. [Aug. 21. He appeals to\\nthe public for aid.]\\nConn. Mrs. Bobbins, who swin-\\ndled many Harvard men in New York\\nHartford for a", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0480.jp2"}, "481": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1894, Aug. 4-Aug. 23. 469\\nThe Convention of the Brotherhood\\nof Locomotive Firemen passes resolu-\\ntions condemning sympathetic strikes.\\nJHfass. More than 10,000 textile work-\\ners in New Bedford strike against a re-\\nduction of wages; nearly three-fourths\\nof Fall River mill employees are idle.\\n[Aug. 23. At Fall River 23,000 cotton-\\nmill operatives are locked out. Oct. 11.\\nMost of the operatives return to work,\\nand the mills are reopened. Oct. 20.\\nThe strike of Bpinners ends at New Bed-\\nford by an agreement.]\\nNew York. The striking tailors are\\npermanently enjoined from interfering\\nwith employers.\\nCharges of bribery are preferred\\nagainst Police Captain Stephenson.\\n[Sept. 6. Dismissed from the force.]\\n(See Dec. 10.)\\nAug. 21. Mich. Prof. Ely, of the Mich-\\nigan University at Ann Arbor, is put on\\ntrial for teaching socialistic and an-\\narchistic doctrines.\\nPhila. Anthony Comstock causes\\nseveral arrests for publishing and dis-\\ntributing vile books and photographs.\\nAug. 22. N. J. Alderman Parks of\\nNew York City is arrested on the charge\\nof running a gambling establishment\\nat Asbury Park.\\nN. Y. The National Council of the\\nDaughters of Liberty begins its 17th\\nannual convention in Brooklyn 400\\ndelegates are present from 25 States,\\nrepresenting 30,000 members.\\nThe American Forestry Associa-\\ntion holds its 13th annual meeting at\\nBrooklyn.\\nThe 17th annual meeting of the\\nAmerican Bar Association opens at\\nSaratoga.\\nAug. 23-K Chicago. The hearing in the\\ncontempt cases of President Eugene\\nV. Debs and his associates is begun in\\nthe Federal Court before Judges Gross-\\ncup and Woods.\\n(Sept. 23, 25.) The Government closes\\nits case the defense decides to intro-\\nduce no testimony oral arguments are\\nheard by the court on Sept. 25.\\n(Dec. 14.) Debs is sentenced to six\\nmonths imprisonment for contempt of\\ncourt his associates in the American\\nUnion railroad strike are sentenced to\\nthree months. They obstructed railroad\\ntraffic in disregard of an injunction.\\nSTATE.\\n1894 Aug. 6. B. C. Congress: The\\nSenate passes the bill for the deporta-\\ntion of alien anarchists, and discusses\\nthe Chandler resolution for the investi-\\ngation of the Nova Scotia coal syndicate.\\nIt amends and passes the Stone bill for\\nthe restriction of immigration. [Aug.\\n8. The House non-concurs.] (See July\\n20); the House recalls the River and\\nHarbor Bill from conference for cor-\\nrection.\\nus of Democratic. Representa-\\ntives is called on the tariff situation\\nthe conferees fail to agree.\\nAlabama is carried by the Demo-\\ncrats, Col. Oates being elected governor.\\nLa. The convention of sugar-planters\\nin New Orleans decides to withdraw\\nfrom the Democratic party, and act with\\nthe Republicans in national elections.\\nAug. 8. D. C. Congress Senate A\\nfew unimportant bills are passed by\\nunanimous consent in the absence of a\\nvoting quorum the House passes sev-\\neral bills appropriating money for pub-\\nlic buildings and non-concurs in the\\namended Anti- Anarchist Bill.\\nThe President formally recognizes the\\nHawaiian Republic.\\nN. Y. The Constitutional Convention\\nadopts the report adverse to abolishing\\nthe death penalty. Vote, 85-55.\\nAug. 9. B. C. Congress: The House\\ndebates the Administration s Hawaiian\\npolicy.\\nThe Tariff Conference Committee\\nreaches no agreement.\\nAug. 10. B. C. Congress; Senate: D.\\nB. Hill s resolution that the tariff con-\\nferees report an agreement or disa-\\ngreement causes a lively debate no\\naction follows.\\nAug. 13. B. C. Congress: The Senate\\nratifies the new Chinese treaty regu-\\nlating immigration. Vote, 47-20. The\\nHouse, carrying out a Democratic caucus\\nprogram, passes the Wilson Tariff Bill,\\nconcurring in all its amendments. Vote,\\n182-106. Separate bills for free coal,\\nsugar, iron ore, and barbed wire are\\npassed, and sent to the Senate. [Aug.\\n20. Amended by the Senate Committee\\non Finance, and reported back to the\\nSenate.]\\nAug. 14-16. B.C. Congress; Senate:\\nThe four free raw material bills passed\\nby the House are debated and referred\\nto the Committee on Finance. [Aug. 30.\\nReported back with amendments. Dec.\\n12. Passed over.] D. B. Hill gives no-\\ntice of an amendment providing for the\\nrepeal of the income tax.\\nAug. 15. B. C. Congress: The Senate\\npasses an Anti- Anarchist Bill for the\\nexclusion and deportation of alien an-\\narchists bill introduced Aug. 15. [Aug.\\n21, 24. Consideration objected to in the\\nHouse.] A letter from Secretary Carlisle\\nis read, saying that the Free Sugar bill\\nwould cause a deficit of $30,000,000 the\\nHouse attends to routine business.\\nThe Tariff Bill is placed in the hands\\nof the President.\\n0. The Populists and Labor Party\\nform a coalition.\\nAug. 17. B. C. Congress; Senate: A\\nresolution is offered by E. Murphy, Jr.,\\nof N. Y. against further tariff legisla-\\ntion this session. [Aug. 18. Passed.]\\nAug. 18. Tex. Charles A. Culbertson\\n(Dem.) is nominated for governor.\\nAug. 19. B. C. Congress is ready to\\nadjourn, and is waiting for the Presi-\\ndent s action on the Tariff Bill.\\nAug. 21. Bel. Joshua H. Marvil (Rep.)\\nis nominated for governor.\\nAug. 22. Neb. Thomas J. Majors (Rep.)\\nis nominated for governor.\\nTenn. H. Clay Evans (Rep.) is nomi-\\nnated for governor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1894 Aug. 4\u00c2\u00b1. Neb. Drought suffer-\\ners in the western part of the State ask\\nfor relief.\\nAug. 5. New York. Capt. A. Freitch\\nstarts alone from the Battery for Queens-\\ntown in a forty-foot boat, schooner-\\nrigged, with a centerboard.\\nAug. 6. Eng. The Vigilant wins the\\nrace around the Isle of Wight, beating\\nthe Britannia by six minutes, and the\\nSatanita by 40 minutes.\\nB. C. A 2,000-mile bicycle relay\\nrun begins at Washington at noon, to\\nconvey a message from the White House\\nto the governor of Colorado at Omaha.\\n[It ends Aug. 10 at 8.12 P.m., nearly 27\\nhours ahead of time.]\\nNew York. The authorities seize 51\\npackages of cheese, the bacillus of\\ndiphtheria being found in them, owing\\nto the milk having come from a farmer\\nin whose family a fatal case of diphtheria\\nhad occurred.\\nAug. 8. Vt. Stowe celebrates the cen-\\ntenary of its settlement.\\nAug. 9. Chicago. Business is resumed\\nat Pullman; the big Corliss engine\\nstarts, and over 1,000 men commence\\nwork.\\nEng. The Britannia defeats the\\nVigilant in a race at Cowes.\\nPa. Eight acres of land cave in\\nover the Hampton Mine at Scranton\\na number of dwellings are wrecked.\\nAug. 10. la. It is discovered that a\\nfirm in Sioux City slaughters cheap\\nranch horses, and ships the product\\nto Jersey City as dried beef.\\nIn a train wreck and fire on the\\nRock Island Railroad 11 lives are lost;\\none mar^is arrested for wrecking the\\ntrain. j\\nAug. i)4 Eng. The Satanita defeats\\nthe Britannia in a race at Ryde the\\nVigilant is not in the race.\\nAug. 15. New York. The Cunard Line\\nsteamer Campania arrives after making\\nthe passage from Queenstown in five\\ndays, nine hours, and 29 minutes,\\nover three hours less than the run of any\\nother steamer. (See p. 471, Aug. 31.)\\nAug. 18. Chicago. Four French exhib-\\nitors, having had goods in the Manufac-\\ntures Building at the time of the fire on\\nJan. 8, commence action against the\\nWorld s Columbian Exposition Com-\\npany for $16,000 damages.\\nAug. 20. The Bering-Sea fleet officers\\nreport the number of seals at the seal\\nislands to be much less than in former\\nyears.\\nAug. 21. New York. Julius de Marcus\\nand Mrs. Juliette Fournier, of Brooklyn,\\nare found shot and dead in Central\\nPark, having committed suicide through\\nlove-craze.\\nAug. 23. Va. J. M. Winstead, presi-\\ndent of the Piedmont and People s Sa-\\nvings-bank, of Greensboro, N. C, jumps\\nfrom a City Hall tower in Richmond,\\na height of 170 feet, and is terribly\\nmangled.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0481.jp2"}, "482": {"fulltext": "470 1894, Aug. 23 -Sept. 18.\\nAMERICA:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1894 Sept. 12. D. C. Charles G. Saw-\\ntelle is commissioned colonel quarter-\\nmaster department. [Oct. 8. John W.\\nBarringer sustenance department.\\nOct. 25. Royal T. Frank 1st artillery.\\nNov. 10. Edwin V. Sumner\u00e2\u0080\u0094 7th cav-\\nalry. Nov. 26. Daingerfield Parker\\n18th infantry. Dec. 31. Mar. I. Luding-\\nton quartermaster department.]\\nSept. 17. L C. The War Department\\nissues an order concentrating the\\narmy, and doing away with several\\nposts.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1894 Aug. 25. Wyo. Grasshoppers are\\ndevouring the grass in Cheyenne.\\nAug. 26. Tex. Boll-worms are destroy-\\ning a large portion of the cotton-crop in\\nDallas County.\\nSept. 1. Tex. Hundreds of lives are\\nlost in the floods.\\nSept. 3. Mich, Minn., Wis. The forest\\nfires are partially quenched by rain.\\nThe total number of lives lost is esti-\\nmated at from 800 to 1.200 relief work is\\nin progress in the stricken territory.\\nSept. 4. The members of the Cook Arc-\\ntic Expedition arrive at North Sydney,\\nCape Breton, on a fishing-schooner, the\\nMiranda having been abandoned at sea\\nin a sinking condition. [Sept. 11. Ar-\\nrive in New York.]\\nSept. 7. Pa. The largest steel plate yet\\nmade is rolled at Chester by the Well-\\nman Iron and Steel Works it is 450\\ninches long, 130 wide, and l\\\\ thick.\\nSept. 8. N. J. An oil-well is discov-\\nered on a farm in Finderne.\\nPa. A cloudburst at Bethlehem\\ncauses much damage. v I\\nSept. 15. Neio York. The relrfU garner\\nFalcon returns from the Arctic New-\\nfoundland with all the members tf? the\\nPeary expedition except Peary and two\\ncompanions, who are to spend another\\nyear in the polar region.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1894.\\nAu?, 27. Shaw, D. B., M. C. for Mich.,\\nA40.\\nThaxter, Celia, author, A58.\\nAug. 38. Stevens, Simon, lawyer, aboli-\\ntionist, A64.\\nSept. 1. Banks, Nathaniel P.. maj.-gen.,\\neditor, lawyer, M. C, Gov. of Mass.,\\nspeaker, A78.\\nSept. 2. Ktrkwood, Samuel J., Gov. of la,,\\nsecretary of interior, A81.\\nSept. 4. Willing, James C, president Co-\\nlumbian University, A69.\\nSept. 5. Stoneman, George, Gov. of Cal.,\\ngen., A72.\\nSept. 7. Talladee, O. W., inventor, A64.\\nSept. 11. Pico Pio, Gov. of the two Cali-\\nfornias, A94.\\nSept. 14. McCauley, E. T.,rear-adm. 17. S.\\nN., AG7.\\nCHURCH.\\n1894 Sept. 1. Pa. The Poles and\\nGreek Catholics of Hazleton form\\na new church, to be known as the\\nAmerican Catholic.\\nSept. 17. New Yorlc. The German\\nRoman Catholic Central Verein,\\nwith 110 delegates in attendance, is in\\nLETTERS.\\n1894 Aug. 26. N. Y. Allen Barlow\\nof Binghamton leaves all his property,\\nvalued at $100,000, to found an industrial\\ntraining-school in that city.\\nAug. 28. N. Y, Judge Bartlett denies\\nthe application to compel school prin-\\ncipals to admit pupils who refuse to be\\nvaccinated.\\nSept. 15. N. Y. The Constitutional\\nConvention passes the Educational and\\nthe Charities amendments, the latter\\nproviding for educational require-\\nments in sectarian charitable insti-\\ntution a.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1894 Aug. 25. A railroad detec-\\ntive is shot by masked train-robbers on\\na train near Deertield.\\nLa. Louis O. Desforges, city council-\\nman of New Orleans, is indicted on the\\ncharge of soliciting a bribe of \u00c2\u00a77,500\\nfrom the Louisville and Nashville Pail-\\nroad Company.\\nMich. Three members of the Detroit\\nSchool Board Messrs. Walsh, Lip-\\nhardt, and Liehtenberg are held for\\ntrial on the charge of bribery in connec-\\ntion with school supplies.\\nN. Y. The American Bar Associa-\\ntion at Saratoga elects James C. Carter,\\nof New York City, its president.\\nAug. 26. Tex. Hubbell Smith, charged\\nwith forgery, is arrested in Fort Worth\\nS5 i0,nuu in cash, stocks, and bonds are\\nfound upon him.\\nAug. 27. Chicago. George M. Pullman\\ntestifies before the National Labor Com-\\nmission.\\n(Aug. 29.) The commission finishes\\nthe hearing of testimony.\\nN. Y. John J. Huber kills himself\\nafter attempting to kill his boarding-\\nmistress in Brooklyn because she re-\\nfuses to leave her husband.\\nAug. 28. Colo. Gov. Waite is ar-\\nrested on a charge of unlawf ully open-\\ning and retaining a letter he is released\\non bond. [Aug. 31. Acquitted.]\\nKy. The Breckinridge Congres-\\nsional election contest is developing\\nmuch personal bitterness.\\nLa. Councilman Numa Douboussat\\nof New Orleans is arrested after taking\\na bribe of $ico to vote for an ordinance\\npending in the City Council.\\nAug. 31. La. The New Orleans grand\\njury adjourns after indicting 11 council-\\nmen and the city engineer for bribery.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Ne\\nYork. Cha\\ngang of 20\\nArkansas are\\ng trial.\\nN. Y. Judge Gaynor decides the Act\\nnot unconstitutional that makes it a\\ncrime to receive betting money out-\\nside of a race-track.\\nSept. 1. Ark. Ten of\\ncounterfeiters captured\\nin the penitentiary awai\\nKan, Two masked men enter a\\nbank at Tescott, kill the cashier, and, se-\\ncuring a considerable amount of money,\\nstart South.\\nN. Y. The Non-sectarian Hospital\\nand Home for Epileptics iu Brooklyn\\nis formally opened.\\nTenn. Six negroes are taken from\\na deputy-sheriff by lynchers, shot and\\nSept. 2. X.J. Edward Mehaffey, while\\ndrunk, kicks his nil.- to death, in Ji:.rr:-\\nson, because she refuses to give him\\nmoney she had saved to pay debts.\\nSept. 3. A Y. The American Social\\nScience Association begins its annual\\nsession in Saratoga.\\nThe new Odd Fellows* Home at\\nLockport is dedicated witli imposing\\nceremonies; Grand Sire _ L. Campbell\\nmaking the principal address.\\nNew York. A strike of several\\nthousand garment- workers begins in\\nthis city and Brooklyn with the object\\nof abolishing the sweating system.\\n[Sept. 4. A number of clot]\\ntractors accept the terms of the striking\\ngarment-workers. Tailor strikers in\\nBrooklyn invade a shop, sack it, and\\nassault the proprietors. Sept. 6. The\\nstrikers win. Sept. 10. The manufac-\\nturers, having failed to ratify the agree-\\nment entered, 3,000 employees continue\\nthe strike.]\\nLabor Day is observed throughout\\nthe United States.\\nSept. 4. Chicago. The hearing of the\\ncontempt cases against President Debs\\nand other officers of the American Bail-\\nway Union is renewed.\\nB. F. Gaston, who has been swindling\\nnegroes by a*bogus scheme of emigration\\nto Africa, is killed by enraged victims.\\nSept. 5. Pa. Another strike is on in\\nthe southern end of the coke-region be-\\ntween Uniontown and Fair Chance.\\nWis. Four ex-supervisors, three pres-\\nent supervisors, and four contractors are\\narraigned in Milwaukee, charged with\\nconspiracy to defraud the county.\\nSept. 6. New York. Police Superin-\\ntendent Byrnes makes a report to the\\nPolice Board of the abuses existing in\\nthe force the board unanimously dis-\\nmisses Capt. John T. Stephenson, and\\nresolves to abolish the position of ward\\nSept. 8. Ga. Union and non-union\\nlongshoremen fight a pitched battle in\\nSavannah.\\nSept. 9. La. Link Waggoner, a noted\\ndesperado, is shot and killed by a mob\\nin the parish jail at JMindeu.\\nSept. 10. Miss. The governor and other\\nofficials are arrested on the charge of\\nimitating U. S. currency in the issue of\\nmoney warrants designed (it circulation\\nin payment of State obligations.\\nPa. The Grand Army of the Re-\\npublic meets in its 2Sth National En-\\ncampment at Pittsburg. [Col. Thomas\\nG. Lawler, commander-in-chief.]\\nSept. 11. Ky. The attendance at a bar-\\nbecue given at Paris by the supporters\\nof Mr. Owens, the opponent of Breckeu-\\nridge, is estimated at nearly 25,000.\\nSept. 12. Ariz. Two masked men\\nhold up a stage and rob the passengers\\nof valuables and S500 in coin.\\nSept. 14. La. A suit for the impeach-\\nment of Mayor Fitzpatrick is begun in\\na New Orleans court on behalf of 25 rep-\\nresentative citizens.\\nX Y. A race-fight occurs at New\\nKochelle three white men are shot, and\\nseveral negroes are arrested.\\nSept. 15. Cal. The Idaho stage is held\\nup ten miles north of Ukiah by a masked\\nhighwayman, and the Wells-Fargo treas-\\nure-box* taken.\\n.V. C. Fifteen farmers of Guilford.\\ntried for forcing four Mormon mission-\\njut of the county\\ncquitted.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0482.jp2"}, "483": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES. 1894, Aug. 23-Sept. 18. 471\\nUtah. Enoch Davies, wife- mur-\\nderer, is shot by order of court at Lehi\\nJunction.\\nSept. 16. ^.V. Farmer Whittemore s\\nwife is killed, and he and his daughter\\nare badly injured at Glens Falls by Leon-\\nard Blodgett, a iarm-hand the criminal\\nis being sought for by several hundred\\nmen.\\nT. The Doolin gang, in revenge,\\nstring an Indian up by his heels, and\\nshoot him through the head, near Minco.\\nSept. 17. Pa. Carriori and Levato, pri-\\nvate bankers in the Italian quarters in\\nPittsburg, rlee, taking with them about\\n$io,coo of deposits.\\nN. Mex. Striking miners on the\\nSanta F6 system resume work.\\nSept. 18. Chicago. Gamblers resist a\\nraid on their headquarters by detec-\\ntives while the right is going on the pro-\\nprietor, Harry Varnell, secures from a\\nneighboring magistrate warrants for the\\narrest of the detectives.\\nMo. Masked robbers attempt to\\nhold up a Santa F6 train armed men on\\nboard give them a hot reception the\\nengineer is shot.\\nSTATE.\\n1S94 Aug. 23. B.C. Congress Sen-\\nate There is no quorum the House re-\\nceives the report of the committee on the\\narmor-plate frauds the Carnegie Com-\\npany is found guilty of gross neglect of\\nduty, and the charges are sustained.\\nSecretary Carlisle directs that the U.\\nS. flag shall be displayed over all public\\nbuildings under the control of the Trea-\\nsury Department during business hours,\\nunless stormy weather prevents.\\nS. Dak. Charles H. Sheldon (Rep.)\\nis nominated for governor, and a plat-\\nform adopted declaring for free silver.\\nAug. 24. D. C. Congress: Both\\nHouses pass a resolution for an ad-\\njournment sine die on Tuesday, Aug. 28.\\nAug. 25. N. T. The Constitutional Con-\\nvention favors the abolition of prison\\ncontract labor.\\nAug. 26. D. C. The Administration de-\\ncides to recognize the sovereignty of\\nNicaragua over the Mosquito reserva-\\ntion.\\nU. S. The Central Labor Union de-\\ncides to unite with the People s Party\\nin the fall election campaign.\\nAug. 27. D. C. Congress: No quorum\\npresent in either House.\\nAug. 28. U. S. The Wilson Tariff\\nBill becomes law without President\\nCleveland s signature.\\nThe Income Tax Appendix to the\\nTariff Bill provides for a tax of 2 per\\ncent on incomes above \u00c2\u00a74,000 it lays a\\ntax of two cents on every pack of play-\\ning-cards, and $1.10 on each gallon of\\nproof liquor, and the same tax on nine\\ngallons below proof.\\nD. C. The 53d Congress; the sec-\\nond session ends.\\nSept. 1. U.S. Canada accepts the lum-\\nber reciprocity provision of the new\\nTariff Law.\\nSept. 3. Ark. The Democrats elect\\ntheir state ticket by 30,000 plurality\\nthe Populists fail to carry a single\\ncounty.\\nSp. Spain cancels the reciprocity\\ntreaty between the United States and\\nCuba.\\nSept. 4. Nev. Senator John P. Jones,\\na Republican for over twenty years,\\njoins the Populists because of the atti-\\ntude of the Republicans toward silver.\\nSept. 5. Colo. David IT. Waite (Pop.) is\\nnominated for governor.\\nN. It. Charles A. Busiel (Rep.) is\\nnominated for governor.\\nSept. 6. New York. The citizens meet-\\ning called by the Chamber of Commerce\\nissues an address asking for support in\\nthe movement against Tammany Hall,\\nand provides for a Committee of Seventy.\\nWis. George W. Peck (Dem.) is nom-\\ninated for governor.\\nSept. 11. N. T. The Constitutional\\nConvention passes several amendments,\\nincluding one to abolish coroners.\\nSept. 12. Colo. H. W. Mclntyre (Rep.)\\nis nominated for governor.\\nNev. The Democratic Convention\\ndemands unlimited silver coinage.\\nN. Y. The Constitutional Conven-\\ntion passes an amendment prohibiting\\nfree railroad passes and prison contract\\nUtah. The Republican Convention\\ndeclares for free silver coinage at the\\nratio of 16 to 1.\\nSept. 14. N. Y. The Constitutional\\nConvention passes an amendment for\\nseparate municipal elections.\\nSept. 17. La. k The Sugar-Planters\\nConvention at New Orleans unanimously\\ndecides to join the Republican party on\\nnational issues, as it favors a protective\\ntariff.\\nNev. Senator John P. Jones, hav-\\ning joined the Populists, is asked by the\\nRepublicans to resign his seat.\\nSept. IS. N. Y. Levi P. Morton (Rep.)\\nis nominated for governor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1894 Aug. 24. New York. The Ameri-\\ncan Line steamer New York arrives after\\nmaking the trip from Southampton in\\nsix days, eight hours, 38 minutes\\none hour less than any previous record.\\nWash. A fire in a mine imprisons\\nthe men at work 37 bodies are brought\\nto the surface.\\nAug. 27. N. H. Forest fires in the\\nBlue Hills burn over 400 acres of wood-\\nland, destroying u.uoo.ouo of cut timber,\\n1,600 cords of wood, and 100 cords of\\nbark, besides much standing timber.\\nMo. By the collapse of a bridge\\nover a ravine at Fairmount Park, Kan-\\nsas City, 20 persons are injured.\\nAug. 28. Mich. Forest fires destroy\\nproperty to the value of over $1,000,000.\\nNew York. The cable-steamer Mac-\\nkay-Bennett arrives.\\nShe has cable on board, to connect New\\nYork withWaterville, Ireland, by way of\\nConey Island, and Canso, Nova Scotia.\\nAug. 30. D. C. A convention to pro-\\nmote Southern development is opened\\nin Washington.\\nAug. 31. New York. The Cunard Line\\nsteamer Lucania arrives, after making\\nthe voyage from Queenstown in five\\ndays, eight hours, and 38 minutes\\nthe quickest western trip yet made.\\nIre. The Campania, of the Cunard\\nline, arrives at Queenstown after lower-\\ning the eastern trip by one hour and 13\\nminutes, having made it in five days,\\n10 hours, and 47 minutes.\\nSept. 1. N. Y. Atty.-Gen. Hancock of\\nAlbany decides that steamers and\\nsteam-cars having liquor licenses\\nmay sell while temporarily in dock or\\nat station, as well as in transit.\\nTex. In the vicinity of Uvalde 300\\nmiles of railroad track are under\\nwater, and heavy rain is still falling.\\nSept. 2. N. J. Two excursionists are\\nkilled and several injured by a rear-\\nend train collision on the West Jersey\\nRailroad in Camden.\\nWis. Hundreds of lives are lost,\\nabout 12 towns and villages burned, and\\nan enormous amount of property is de-\\nstroyed in the Northwest by forest fires.\\nCornell University loses heavily, having\\n$1,000,000 invested around Long Lake in\\npine lands that are completely divested\\nof standing trees.\\nSept. 3. Colo. The Irrigation Con-\\nvention begins its session in Denver.\\nSp. A decree canceling the recipro-\\ncity treaty between Spai n and the United\\nStates in regard to Cuba is gazetted in\\nMadrid, to go into effect as soon as the\\nnew customs tariff in America is en-\\nforced.\\nTex. Over 1,000 men begin work\\nrepairing 40 miles of the Southern\\nPacific Railroad destroyed by a flood.\\nSept. 4. Minn. Over 400 bodies cf\\nforest-fire victims are recognized\\nmedical aid reaches Hinckley and Pine\\nCity 16 towns are destroyed, 20 partly\\nburned, and 24 counties affected.\\nMich. The fires in the woods are\\nbeing checked or extinguished by rain.\\nSept. 5. N. Y. The Standard Oil Com-\\npany secures control of all the Brooklyn\\ngas-companies except the Williamsburg\\nand Nassau.\\nSept. 8+. Minn. The death-list in Pine\\nCounty alone by forest fire is 700.\\nO. The centennial celebration at\\nDefiance overcrowds the city.\\nSept. 9. Minn. Forest fires fanned by\\nthe wind are again threatening several\\ntowns inhabitants are fleeing to places\\nof refuge.\\nSept. 10. 0. The town of Dalton is\\nburned by an incendiary fire loss,\\n$250,000.\\nSept. 11. Mich. Forest fires are again\\nraging. [Sept. 15. Quenched by rain.]\\nSept. 13. Mo. A train is blown from\\nthe track by a wind-storm j two persons\\nare killed and 20 injured.\\nPa. McKeesport celebrates the\\ncentennial of its settlement.\\nSept. 14. Nev. The New York, of the\\nAmerican Line, arrives, after making\\nthe passage from Southampton in six\\ndays, seven hours, and 14 minutes.\\nSept. 15. Pa. A fire in the business sec-\\njses a loss of $300,000;\\nbadly injured.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0483.jp2"}, "484": {"fulltext": "472 1894, Sept. 19 -Oct. 18.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1894 Oct. 4. Pkila. The Union League\\nClub tenders a reception to Adm. Ben-\\nham, and presents him with a gold\\nmedal for his heroic action at Rio Ja-\\nneiro. (See Brazil.)\\nOct. 8. D. C. Michael R. Morgan is\\ncommissioned brigadier-general sub-\\nsistence department.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1894 Sept. 26. The great West India\\ncyclone reaches the Florida and Georgia\\ncoasts it causes great damage to the\\ncotton and rice crops.\\nOct. 13. Cat. Mammoth caverns (sur-\\npassing the Kentucky Mammoth Cave)\\nare discovered in the Guyamaca range,\\nin Southern California.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1894.\\nSept. 26. Thompson, Launt, sculptor, A61.\\nSept. 30. Blakeman, P.., publisher, A70.\\nOct. 3. Swing, David, clergyman, college\\nprofessor, A 64.\\nOct. 7. Holmes. Oliver Wendell, poet,\\nauthor, A85.\\nCurtin, Andrew G., war Gov., A77.\\nCHURCH.\\n1894 Sept. 23. New York. The 37th\\nanniversary of the Fulton Street\\nPrayer-meeting is celebrated.\\nSept. 24. N. Y. The Biennial Confer-\\nence of the American Unitarian As-\\nsociation begins at Saratoga.\\nSept. 26. New York. A Holiness Con-\\nvention is in session, with a large at-\\ntendance of delegates.\\nSept. 29. New York. A monastic\\nbrotherhood is instituted in the Prot-\\nestant Episcopal Diocese of New York\\nby Bishop Potter, the members taking\\nvows of celibacy for a term of five years.\\nOct. 2. N. J. Judge Van Syckel, in his\\ncharge to the grand jury at Elizabeth,\\nsays th^at lotteries at church fairs and\\nfestivaft are illegal.\\nOct. 1Q. Phila. The annual conference\\nof the Roman Catholic archbishops\\nin the United States is in secret session.\\nOct. 14. N. Y. The golden jubilee of\\nRev. Sylvester Malone, pastor of the\\nRoman Catholic Church of SS. Peter and\\nPaul of Brooklyn, is celebrated.\\nLETTERS.\\n1894 Sept. 19. The German Verein re-\\nsolves that we do not ask for our\\nschool-work any State subvention we\\nassume most willingly these sacrifices\\nto secure the eternal and the temporal\\nwelfare of our children.\\nSept. 21. The plans for the Roman\\nCatholic Summer School of Amer-\\nica, to be of six weeks duration, are\\narranged in connection with this system\\nreading-circles are to be formed.\\nSept. 28. X.J. The students of\\nPrinceton at a mass-meeting decide\\nthat hazing ought to be abolished.\\nOct. 2. Pa. Thaddeus Stevens s will is\\nsustained after 20 years of litigation an\\nIndustrial School is to he established in\\nLancaster.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1894 Sept. 18. New York. Dr. Park-\\nhurst, speaking before a branch of the\\nCity Vigilance League, says there is no\\npart of the city government that is\\nnot corrupt, even the judges paying\\nmoney for their places on the bench.\\nPhila. The United Typothetae\\nConvention begins its eighth annual\\nSept. 19. Chicago. Judge Gibbons di-\\nrects a judgment of ouster against\\nthe Whisky Trust; its existence is\\ndeclared illegal.\\nSept. 20. Boston. Five thousand gar-\\nment-makers strike for shorter hours\\nand higher wages. [Sept. 24. 1,000 re-\\nturn to work. Sept. 27. Many return\\nunder favorable terms.]\\nOkla. Farmers capture Perry Cook\\nnear Lincoln with several stolen horses\\nin his possession they lynch him.\\nSept. 21. Ky. At Lexington J. D. Liv-\\ningstone is stabbed by Col. Breckin-\\nridge s son, Desha.\\nN.J. The Newark garment- workers\\ngo out on a strike.\\nNew York. Several men hold up\\nan Eighth Avenue street-car, and after\\nrobbing the passengers make their es-\\ncape one suspect is arrested.\\nThe National Society of Electro-\\nTherapeutists holds its annual meet-\\ning Dr. W. L. Jackson is elected presi-\\ndent.\\nSept. 22. New York. The shirt-makers\\nvote to go out on strike for higher\\nwages.\\nN. Y. Excise Commissioner Krug of\\nNewtown is arraigned for accepting a\\nbribe, and held for trial in the sum of\\n$3,500.\\nConstitutional Convention Dele-\\ngates Kurth and Deterling of the Sixth\\nDistrict of Brooklyn are arrested, and\\nheld in \u00c2\u00a71,000 bonds to appear for trial\\non the charge of bribery brought against\\nthem by the Albany Argus. [Dec. 5.\\nr Discharged by the Albany grand jury.]\\nSept. 23. Ark. Prof. G. F. Ellis is mor-\\ntally wounded by President G. L. Bry-\\nant of the Texarkana Interstate Normal\\nand Business College the latter is ar-\\nrested.\\nN. J. After holding up near 100\\npeople on a road near Newark, tramps\\nuberof about 40 are dispersed\\nSept. 25. New York. A Builders League\\nis organized for fighting labor-unions\\nand walking delegates.\\nO. The body of General Freight\\nAgent J. B. Caven, of the Valley Rail-\\nroad Company, is found riddled with\\nbullets in a street in Cleveland.\\nSept. 27. D. C. H. W. Howgate, former\\nchief of Weather Bureau at Washington,\\nis arrested on the charge of stealing\\n$370,000 of government funds.\\nSept. 28. New York. George Appo, who\\ngave testimony before the Lexow Senate\\nCommittee against the green goods\\nmen, is foundwith his throat badly cut.\\nPa. K. Armstrong of Allegheny City\\nis convicted of ottering a bribe of $300 to\\nCouncilman John Born to vote for a cer-\\ntain engineer for the new water-works.\\nSept. 30. Minn. Seven lives are sacri-\\nficed by a drunken husband and father\\nat Chaska by driving his team into the\\nriver.\\nOct. 1. J). C. The grand jury indicts\\nMessrs. Havemeyer, Searles, and\\nSeymour for refusing to testify before\\nthe Senate Sugar Investigating m-\\nmittee.\\nThe U. S. Court of Appeals reverses\\nJudge Jenkins s decision regarding\\nstrikes in the case of the Northern Pa-\\ncific employees he affirms the right to\\nabandon a train.\\nKg. Many illicit stills are destroyed\\nover 100 moonshiners are to he tried in\\nLouisville.\\nOct. 3. The V. S. Circuit Court of Ap-\\npeals renders another labor decision\\nsupporting Judge Kick;; in denying an\\nengineer s right to abandon a train.\\nOct. 4. la. The Society of the Army of\\nthe Tennessee at its meeting in Council\\nBluffs elects its officers Gen. Granville\\nM. Dodge, president.\\nOct. 5. Chicago. Ex-Gov. J. T. Bever-\\nidge and two others are arrested on the\\ncharge of using the mails in the interest\\nof a lottery scheme.\\nInd. After a fight with bank-rob-\\nbers near Blomnfield, one of them is\\nshot and three run down S6.100 of bank\\nfunds is found in their possession.\\nO. County Commissioners Cassidv,\\nMcDonald, and Biggert are indicted it\\nColumbus for bribery and misconduct in\\noffice.\\nOct. 6. Tex. Henry Gibson, colored, is\\nlynched at Fairfield by unknown par-\\nties.\\nMich. The City Council of Grand-\\nHaven orders the closing of all restau-\\nrants, livery-stables, cigar-stores, news-\\nstands, and drug-stores, on Sunday, hi\\naccordance with law.\\nOct. 7. Ind. John McCarthy, failing to\\nobtain a liquor license in Bushviile.\\nshoots J. G. Wolf, of the committee\\nopposing his application.\\n0. Four lending druggists of Cincin-\\nnati are arrested for seliing adulterated\\ndrugs.\\nOct. 8. N. Y. The Commercial Trav-\\nelers Home Association of America\\nmeets in Binghamton.\\nThey give a reception and banquet to\\nGov. Flower, of New York, and Gov.\\nPattison of Pennsylvania, at the State\\nArmory.\\nS. C. The Dispensary Law is de-\\nclared constitutional by the Supreme\\nCourt.\\nNew York. Six thousand cloak-\\nmakers vote to go on strike in New\\nYork and neighboring cities to assist the\\n1,500 who are out.\\n[Oct. 11. In New York they are at-\\ntacked by the police when holding a\\nmass-meeting. Oct. 12. They obtain\\ntheir demands and the strike ends.]\\nOct. 11. A 1 The Indian Mohonk\\nConference is in session.\\nOct. 12. Cal. The Lakeport stage is\\nheld up by a highwayman near Pieta\\nStation, and the Wells-Fargo box taken.\\nTwo robbers hold up the overland\\nexpress near Sacramento, and secure\\n\u00c2\u00a750,000.\\nD. C. Two employees of the Bureau\\nof Engraving and Printing in Washing-\\nton are charged with stealing more\\nthan 200,000 postage-stamps.\\nInd. The ISth annual convention of\\nthe American Humane Association\\nat Evansville closes its session John\\nG. Shortall of Chicago, president.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0484.jp2"}, "485": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1894, Sept. 19- Oct. 18. 473\\nNew York. A woman s movement\\nagainst Tammany is organized.\\nVa. A train is held up by seven\\nmasked men near Quantieo its safe is\\nplundered of about 3180,000; $1,000 re-\\nward is offered for the arrest of any of\\nthe robbers.\\nOct. 13. Colo. Masked men rob a\\ngambling-house in Denver while in full\\noperation, securing about \u00c2\u00a7400.\\nPa. A boy is shot and killed, and\\nfour persons are badly injured, in a\\ndrunken riot at Maltby, a small Hunga-\\nrian settlement near Wilkesbarre.\\nOct. 15. D. C. The young Japanese\\nPrince Yamashina and traveling com-\\npanions arrive in Washington.\\nO. Clarence Robinson confesses at\\nCleveland that he and his wife murdered\\nMontgomery Gibbs, the Buffalo lawyer.\\n[Oct. IS. Indicted.]\\nOre. The Pacific Express office in\\nThe Dalles is robbed of $14,000 at an\\nearly hour.\\nOct. 17. Chicago. An international\\nanti-gambling association is formed.\\nMass. A large number of Fall River\\nweavers strike again, after a brief re-\\nsumption of work. [Oct. 27. The stri-\\nkers yield, and decide to resume work.]\\nNew York. The Brotherhood of\\nTailors celebrates with a big parade\\nand mass-meeting their deliverance from\\nthe sweating system, and the aboli-\\ntion of piece-work.\\nO. A mob of would-be lynchers\\nis fired on by militiamen at Washington\\nCourt House two men are kilted and\\nseveral wounded the prisoner is a negro\\nconvicted of assault on a white woman,\\nand sentenced to 20 years imprisonment.\\nOct. 18. Fla. Fifteen hundred cigar-\\nmakers go on strike.\\nSTATE.\\n1894 Sept. 19. Conn. O.Vincent Coffin\\n(Rep.) is nominated for governor.\\nO. The Democratic State Convention\\nadopts a free-silver plank and a resolu-\\ntion in favor of the popular election of\\nSenators.\\nS. C. John Gary Evans (Dem.) iff\\nnominated for governor.\\nSept. 20. N. Y. The Constitutional\\nConvention passes an amendment for\\nhome rule for cities.\\nNeb. The Democrats favor fusion\\nwith the Populists.\\nSept. 21. N.J. The commission revis-\\ning the judicial system practically com-\\npletes its labors at Trenton, and the\\nchanges proposed are published.\\nN. Y. The Constitutional Convention\\npasses an amendment prohibiting pool-\\nselling and all forms of gambling.\\nSept. 22. Kg. The official canvass in\\nthe Ashland District gives W. C. Owens\\nas Representative in Congress a plurality\\nof 225 over W. C. P. Breckinridge.\\nSept. 25. N. C. The Republicans favor\\nfusion with the Populists.\\nSept. 26. N. Y. Senator D. B. Hill\\n(Dem.) is nominated for governor.\\nSept. 27- D. C. President Cleveland is-\\nsues a proclamation granting amnesty\\nto persons convicted of polygamy.\\nNeb. Six counties bolt the fusion\\nticket of Democrats and Populists, and\\nnominate a straight Democratic ticket.\\nSept. 28. Conn. Ernest Cady (Dem.) is\\nnominated for governor.\\nN. Y. The amendments of the\\nConstitutional Convention are to be sub-\\nmitted to vote in three sections, as fol-\\nlows 1. The legislative apportion-\\nment. 2. The canals. 3. All the rest.\\nThe Convention adopts the proposed\\nConstitution. A r ote, yj-75. [Sept. -\u00c2\u00bbJ.\\nAdjourns.]\\nOct. 2. N. J. The Legislature meets,\\nand passes a resolution for adjournment\\nsine die.\\nN. Y. The Democratic members of\\nthe Constitutional Convention issue an\\naddress arraigning the Republicans for\\npartisanship.\\nOct. 3. Ark. At Little Rock a tor-\\nnado kills four persons, while several\\nare missing, and many injured; prop-\\nerty worth \u00c2\u00a71,000,000 is destroyed.\\nWis. Settlers in the Black Brook\\nsection, near Grantsburg, burned out\\nby forest fires, are in a pitiable con-\\ndition.\\nOct. 4. D. C. Action begins at Wash-\\nington to compel the Treasury to pay\\nsugar bounties for the year ending\\nJune 30, 1S95.\\nNew York. The Committee of Sev-\\nenty, the Good Government clubs, and\\nseveral anti Tammany organizations\\nagree with the Republicans on a muni-\\ncipal ticket \\\\V. L. Strong, a Republican\\nbusiness man, and John W. Goff, the\\ncounsel of the Lexow Committee, are\\nnominated respectively for mayor and\\nrecorder. [Oct. 9. This ticket is in-\\ndorsed by the State Democracy faction\\nand the Ant i-Tammanv Democracy; also,\\nOct. 12, by the Republican County Con-\\nvention. Nov. G. The ticket is elected.]\\nO. The Democratic Executive Com-\\nmittee issues an address declaring that\\nthe tariff is settled, and that the money\\nquestion is the chief issue now before\\nthe people.\\nOct. 6. Mass. Fred. T. Greenhalge\\n(Rep.) is nominated for governor.\\nOct. 8. Mass. William E.Russell (Dem.)\\nis nominated for governor.\\nOct. 9. N. Y. The Anti-Hill or Inde-\\npendent State Democrats nominate a\\nthird gubernatorial ticket, placing Ev-\\nerett P. Wheeler at the head, and\\naccept Lockwood and Brown of the reg-\\nular Democratic ticket.\\nOct. 10. New York. The Tammany\\nCounty Convention nominates Nathan\\nStrauss for mayor and Frederick Smyth\\nfor recorder.\\nOct. 12. B.C. District Judge McComas\\nrefuses to issue a mandamus directing\\nSecretary Carlisle to pay the sugar\\nbounty this year.\\nOct. 13. D. C. The grand jury in Wash-\\nington indicts H. O. Havemeyer and J.\\nE. Searles of the Sugar Trust, and A. L.\\nSeymour, a New York broker, for re-\\nfusal to answer questions by the Senate\\nInvestigation Committee. [Oct. 18. The\\npresident and treasurer are arraigned in\\nWashington on the charge of contempt\\nof the Senate, and held in $5,000 bail\\neach.]\\nV. S. The deficit in the national rev-\\nenues since Sept. 1 is over $18,000,000.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1894 Sept. 22. Kan. Land caves in\\nat the junction of Harvey, Butler, and\\nMarion Counties to the depth of 35 feet\\nthe cave-ins extend in a crooked, stream-\\nlike course a distance of 2-4 miles.\\nSept. 23\u00c2\u00b1. la. Minn. About 75 per-\\nsons are killed and many times that num-\\nber injured by the storm in northern\\nIowa and southern Minnesota.\\nOre. Portland loses three lives,\\n\u00c2\u00a72,000,000, and one steamer by fire.\\nSept. 25. Chicago. Gov. Altgeld alleges\\nthat the Pullman Company has es-\\ncaped taxation on about one-third of its\\nassets.\\nSept. 28. Chicago. A fountain given\\nby the National Woman s Christian\\nTemperance Union, of Chautauqua\\nCounty, is unveiled in the corridor of\\nWillard Hall Miss Willard makes the\\naddress.\\nSept. 29. 7a. A Chicago Great West-\\nern passenger-train is saved from\\nplunging through a burned bridge\\nbetween Dundee and Lamont by a\\nseven-year-old girl, who flags the train\\nwith her red apron.\\nU. S. Nearly all the tin-plate mills\\nclose because of controversies respect-\\ning wages.\\nSept. 30. Pa: The entombed miners\\nat the Northwest Colliery at Simpson,\\nnear Carbondale, are rescued.\\nOct. 4\u00c2\u00b1. Fla. At Key West 50 victims\\nof wrecks caused by the recent storm\\nare washed ashore.\\nOct. 5. Mich. Six men are killed and\\n12 injured by falling walls at a fire in\\nDetroit.\\nOct. 6. Ala. One man is killed and\\nfour persons hurt by a train falling\\nthrough a bridge over the Coosa River\\nat Anniston.\\nPa. A new wheel trust is formed,\\nwhich controls nearly all the factories\\nwest of the Alleghanies.\\nOct. 7. Term. An express train is\\nwrecked by unknown persons on the\\nSouthern Railway, near Bristol.\\nOct. 11. N. Y. The members of the\\nPresident s Cabinet attend the cere-\\nmonies at the dedication of the old\\nHolland Purchase Land Office at\\nHatavia, to the memory of Robert\\nMorris, the financier of the American\\nRevolution Secretary Carlisle delivers\\nthe address.\\nPa. Twenty-seven boilers ex-\\nplode at a Shamokin colliery five men\\nare killed and six injured.\\nOct. 13. Miss. Biloxi is nearly de-\\nstroyed by fire loss, $200,000.\\nOct. 14. La. Near New Orleans 15 per-\\nsons are injured and 840,000 worth of\\nrailroad property is destroyed by a train\\ncollision at a crossing.\\nOct. 16. .V. Y. Kingston celebrates\\nthe 117th anniversary of the burning\\nof the town by the British.\\nTex. Fire destroys property at Hous-\\nton valued at \u00c2\u00a7500.000.\\nOct. 18. The Horthern Pacific Rail-\\nroad report shows a deficit of over\\n$0,000,000 for the year.\\nMass. Attleboro begins a two days\\ncelebration of the 200th anniversary of\\nits incorporation.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0485.jp2"}, "486": {"fulltext": "474 1894, Oct. 19 -Nov. 21.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1894 Oct. 25. D. C. James W. For-\\nsyth is commissioned brigadier-general\\ngeneral officer.\\nNov. 8. D. C. Gen. O. O. Howard is\\nretired from the active list of the regu-\\nlar army.\\nNov. 9. D. C. Gen. Alexander McD.\\nMcCook is promoted to the office of\\nmajor-general, and succeeds Gen. How-\\nard.\\nNov. 10. D. C. Rear-Adm. Gherardi\\nis retired, having reached the age of\\nlimitation, after 48 years service in the\\nnavy.\\nGen. Miles is assigned to the Depart-\\nment of the Coast, Gen. Ruger to com-\\nmand at Chicago, and Gen. Forsyth to\\nCalifornia.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1894 Oct. 19. N. Y. A monument\\nto the memory of the Tarrytown\\nheroes of the Revolution is unveiled in\\nSleepy Hollow Cemetery.\\nOct. 24. Phila. An equestrian statue\\nof Gen. George B. MeClellan is un-\\nveiled.\\nNov. 5. Neio York. A new wing of the\\nMuseum of Art is opened.\\nNov. 15. OJda. A blinding sand-\\nstorm occurs; it is especially severe in\\nthe Cherokee Strip. The authorities\\norder fires extinguished in the business\\nsection of Guthrie.\\n.Nov. 18. New York. The statue of\\nThorwaldsen is unveiled in Central\\nPark.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1894.\\nOct. 19. Booth, Samuel, mayor of Brook-\\nlyn, A76.\\nOct. 21. Bedle, Joseph I)., Gov. of ST. J.,\\njurist, A63.\\nWinslow, Samufl, mayor of Worcester,\\nA67.\\nJet. 25. Hopkins, W. E., com. IT. S. N.,\\nA73.\\nFord, John Bruce, publisher, A78.\\nOct. 26. Alexander, S. f clergyman, A75.\\nOqt. 30. Peterson, It. E., founder Peter-\\nson s Magazine* A82.\\nNov. 16. McCosh, James, president\\nPrinceton, author, Pres. clergyman, A83.\\nWinthrop, Robert (_ philanthropist,\\n11\\nNo\\nCHURCH.\\n1894 Oct. 19. New York. Archbishop\\nCorrigan secures a branch of the Sul-\\npieian Order of Priests of Canada.\\nGen. William Booth of the Salva-\\ntion Army arrives from Montreal.\\nOct. 22. New York. Gen. Booth, the\\nhead of the Salvation Army, is given a\\ngrand reception in Union Square clergy-\\nmen welcome him in an address.\\nOct. 23. Mass. The convention of the\\nAmerican Missionary Association\\nopens at Lowell.\\nNew York. A second great meeting\\nof the Salvation Army to welcome\\nGen. Booth is held in Carnegie Music\\nHall, Chauncey M. Depew making the\\naddress.\\nOct. 25. Ph. The Pittsburg conference\\nof the Evangelical Church, representing\\n100 congregations, votes to establish the\\nNew Evangelical Church.\\nNov. 1. New York. Prayers are offered\\nat the Greek chapel for the repose of\\nthe soul of the dead Czar.\\nNov. 8. N. Y. The resignation of Dr.\\nTalmage as pastor of the Brooklyn\\nTabernacle is accepted.\\nNov. 13-15. Mich. The Baptist Con-\\ngress, representing the Baptist churches\\nthroughout the country, is in session at\\nDetroit.\\nLETTERS.\\n1894 Nov. 12. Pa. The Pennsylvania\\nSupreme Court sustains the decision of\\na lower court refusing to enjoin Catho-\\nlic nuns from wearing their garb\\nwhile performing their duties as teach-\\ners in public schools.\\nNov. 15. New York. The formal open-\\ning of the Teachers College in its\\nnew building takes place with suitable\\nand addresses.\\n.V. Clemens Warner is stabbed\\nand killed at Sayreville by Hart,\\nwho escapes.\\nOct. 25. New York. The Woman s\\nMunicipal League holds maes-meet-\\ning in Cooper Union; President Lou,\\nC. S. Fairchild, Henry George, and Dr.\\n-Parkhurst make addresses.\\nOct. 26. Conn. J. A. Francis, teller of\\nthe City Dank of Hartford, is in jail on\\nthe charge of being a defaulter for about\\n$23,000.\\nOct. 27. N. Y. The post-office at\\nBrewsters i robbed of between $400\\nand $500 in cash and stamp.-.\\nOct. 28. O. Incendiaries burn the\\nhome of J. S. Coxey iCoxev s Armvi,\\nnear Massiilon.\\nPa. A miners boarding-house near\\nVVilkesbarre is wrecked by unknown\\ndynamiters three men are killed and\\nseveral wounded.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1894 Oct. 19. Tex. Pour masked\\nmen hold up a train, and secure over\\nS4,000.\\nOct. 21. T. Robbers hold up a\\ntrain on the Missouri Pacific Railway\\nthey shoot and wound several passen-\\ngers, but secure little booty. [Two hun-\\ndred men are called out to pursue them.]\\nOct. 22. N. Y. Mayor Schieren lays\\nthe corner-stone of the German Hos-\\npital in Brooklyn, after a parade by a\\nlarge number of German organizations.\\nN. Y. Patrick Riley, an expert dy-\\nnamiter, is committed to White Plains\\njail on the charge of attempting to blow\\nup a large frame building occupied by\\nabout luo Italian laborers.\\nNew York. Ex-Police Sergeant\\nLiebers, indicted for blackmail, sur-\\nrenders himself.\\nOct. 23. Tenn. A colored woman, di-\\nvorced from her husband in Shelby\\nCounty, is allowed S2 a month alimony.\\nChicago. Hoodlums attack a train\\nand burn cars in one of the suburbs.\\nOct. 24. O. The national convention of\\nthe Phi Gamma Delta College Fra-\\nternity opens in Columbus for a three\\ndays 1 session 150 delegates are present.\\nChicago. A Russian emigrant. Simon\\nRauskin, breaks windows when refused\\nwork, and stones the officer who arrests\\nhim.\\nT. The Cook gang raid towns,\\nand rob cotton-pickers at work a strong\\nforce of Indian police and deputy-mar-\\nshals are in pursuit of the criminals.\\nOct. 29. Five of the outlaws are taken.\\nNov. 4. Two officers and one of the\\nCook gang are killed and two other out-\\nlaws wounded. Nov. 9. The gang raids\\nLenapah, I. T., killing one man and rob-\\nbing a store. Nov. 14. It holds up a\\ntrain of cars in Indian Territory large\\nrewards are offered for the capture bf\\nthe outlaws. Nov. 17. The marshals\\nsurround the gang and kill Cherokee\\nBill. Nov. 19. The officials request\\nthe assistance of TJ. S, troops. Nov. 23.\\nTwo of the gang are arrested. Nov. 25.\\nSeveral more arrested. Nov. 2S. Four\\nmore are taken.]\\nOct. 30. Chicago. A clerk is overpow-\\nered and about S6.000 worth of jewelry\\nand watches stolen from a jewelrs store\\nby two robbers, who make their escape.\\nOct. 31. Ky. A mob in Crittenden\\nCounty lynches Eddy Martin because\\nhe refused to turn State s evidence\\nagainst his friend, Pauper Commis-\\nsioner Goode.\\nNov. 1. Chicago. T. Brady is arrested\\nwith three others for holding up a\\nstreet-car and attempting to rob its pas-\\nsengers, taking from one a diamond pin.\\nNov. 2. New York. The grand jury in-\\ndicts more police-officers for bribery.\\nNov. 3. N. Y. Dr. T. DeWitt Tal-\\nmage, after an all-around-the-world\\ntour, arrives in Brooklyn.\\nN. Y. William Gipps, of Buffalo.\\nkills his mother and seriously wounds\\nhis father.\\n^Nov. 7. Chicago. Several men are shot\\nat the polls a defeated candidate shoots\\ntwo men, and a gang of eight men fire\\nvolleys at election officers at one polling-\\nplace, wounding three men no arrests\\nare made.\\nTex. W. A. Turner, express-agent at\\nWvlie Statin]], is arrested, charged with\\ntaking $1,500 from a Wells-Fargo Ex-\\npress Company envelope, and substitut-\\ning paper.\\nNov. 8. O. Ex-Treasurer Mandru s ac-\\ncounts in Stark County show a shortage\\nof $19,444; false and duplicate entries\\nappeal in the cash-hook.\\nNov. 9. O. The First National Bank at\\nOberlin is broken into and robbed of\\nabout $500 in silver.\\nNov. 10. Ala. Four thousand ne-\\ngroes are preparing to leave for Liberia,\\nAfrica, under the auspices of the Inter-\\nnational Migration Society.\\nMd. The 20th annual convention of\\nthe American Bankers Association\\nbegins in Baltimore.\\nNov. 11. New York. Charles Miller,\\nwatchman in a stone-works at Harlem,\\nis found murdered there is no clue to\\nthe perpetrators of the crime.\\nNov. 13. La. The Knights of Labor\\nmeet in convention in New Orleans.\\nNov. 16. O. The 21st national conven-\\ntion of the Woman s Christian Tem-\\nperance Union meets in Cleveland.\\n[Miss Frances E. Willard is reelected\\npresident.]\\nMiss. Mayor J. \\\\T. Harman of Lulu,\\nand Henry Lawrence, a leading jeweler\\nof the town, are shot and killed by J. W.\\nBond and his brother.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0486.jp2"}, "487": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1894, Oct. 19 -Nov. 21. 475\\nNov. 17. T.T. The Chotopa Protec-\\ntective Association is organized with 62\\nbusiness men as members to guard the\\ntown against the Cook gang.\\n.V. Y. A Law Enforcement\\nLeague is organized in Brooklyn;\\nGeorge F. Elliott, president.\\nPa. Nearly 3,000 men go out on\\nstrike at Keynoldsville and Dubois.\\nNov. 18. New York. Richard Leach\\nkills his housekeeper in West Forty-\\nninth Street, and alter attempting to\\nkill himself, surrenders to the police.\\nNov. 19. Phila. H. H. Holmes, Mrs.\\nCarrie Pitezel, and Jeplithah D. Howe\\nare arrested for participating in a\\nfraudulent life-insurance scheme.\\nNew York. The conference to form a\\nState Federation of Women s Clubs\\nbegins its session Mrs. J. C. Croly is\\nelected president.\\nTenn. Severfil lynchers of six ne-\\ngroes near Kerrville are identified, and\\ntheir names given at the trial of two\\nsuspected men.\\nNov. 20. Ala. Three negro laborers\\nare killed by whites at Williams s lum-\\nber-camp in Escambia County.\\nArk. Amy Seymour shoots and\\nkills Judge Ferrell in Jonesboro, and\\nis arrested.\\nLa. The Kni ghts of Labor reelect\\nGeneral Master Workman Sovereign.\\nNov. 21. New York. The American\\nAuthors Guild is in session, James\\nGrant Wilson presiding.\\nCharges of neglect of duty are pre-\\nferred against District-Attorney Fel-\\nlows, and laid before Gov. Flower.\\n[Nov. 27. He files his answer. Dec.\\n22. The governor dismisses the charges.]\\nMass. The American Protective As-\\nsociation, 1,200 strong, parades in Con-\\ncord it is stoned, and a number in-\\nSTATE.\\n1894 Oct. 19. Chicago. A Federal\\ngrand j ury indicts officials of the Santa\\nFe Railroad for violation of the Inter-\\nstate Commerce Law in paying rebates.\\nNew York. Nathan Strauss with-\\ndraws from the Tammany city ticket,\\nand ex-Mayor Hugh J. Grant is nomi-\\nnated for mayor by Tammany Hall.\\nOct. 26. D. C. The German Ambassa-\\ndor informs Secretary Gresham that the\\nimportation of cattle and fresh beef\\nfrom the United States to Germany will\\nsoon be prohibited.\\nOct. 28. Netv York. The Committee\\nof Seventy issues an address charging\\ntyranny, corruption, and criminality\\nagainst Tammany Hall.\\nOct. 29. D. C. Secretary Gresham pro-\\ntests against Germany s prohibition\\nof importation of American cattle.\\nOct. 30. D. C. The Treasury Depart-\\nment is informed that Quebec, having\\nrevoked its discriminating sturnpage\\ndues on lumber exported from the prov-\\nince, Canadian lumber will under the\\nnew tariff come into this country free.\\nPresident Cleveland sends a cable-\\ngram of sympathy in reply to one\\nfrom Czar Nicholas II. announcing the\\ndeath of the emperor s father.\\nNov. 2. D.C. President Cleveland signs\\nan order extending the classified system\\nin the civil service.\\nNov. 3. D. C. Secretary Carlisle decides\\nthat ex-Viee-President Morton s coach-\\nman, J. J. Howard, comes under the\\ncontract law as a domestic servant, and\\ntherefore ought not to be deported. He\\nis released from detention.\\nNov. 4. N. Y. The Committee of\\nSeventy issues a final appeal to New\\nYork citizens to vote for honest govern-\\nment.\\nNov. 6. New York. Tammany s ticket\\nis defeated by 45,000 majority.\\nU. S. The Democracy of the solid\\nSouth is broken West Virginia is Re-\\npublican iu Missouri Republicans elect\\nthe majority of Congressmen in Ten-\\nnessee the Republicans elect their candi-\\ndate for governor [who is later declared\\nnot elected by the Legislature].\\nNov. 7. N. Y. The Constitutional\\nAmendments are carried by majorities\\nranging from about 14,000 for the Su-\\npreme Court judges to over 36,000 for the\\nState apportionment. The Greater New\\nYork consolidation scheme is carried in\\nall but two places, Mount Vernon and\\nFlushing.\\nNov. 8. New York. Judge Fitzgerald\\ncalls attention to the neglect of the dis-\\ntrict attorney s office relative to the\\nindictments brought for illegal regis-\\ntration.\\nNov. 9. Mo. The Federal grand jury at\\nJackson refuses to indict the State au-\\nthorities for the printing of State war-\\nrants in imitation of United States\\ncurrency.\\nNeio York. The Committee of Sev-\\nenty decides to continue in existence,\\nand cooperate in securing an honest,\\nefficient, economical, and non-partisan\\ngovernment.\\nNov. 12. D. C. The Federal Commis-\\nsion appointed to investigate the Pull-\\nman strike submits its report to the\\nPresident. (See Society.)\\nNov. 13. D. C. Secretary Carlisle is-\\nsues a circular calling for bids for a\\nsecond issue of $50,000,000 of bonds.\\nNeio York. A Tenement House\\nCommission opens its investigations.\\nNov. 17. D.C. It is announced that the\\nPresident will extend the civil service\\nregulations to the Internal Revenue\\nOffice.\\nNov. 19. T. Officials request that\\ntroops be sent to suppress lawlessness.\\nNov. 20. D. C. Gold is withdrawn\\nfrom the Treasury for the purchase of\\nbonds.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1894 Oct. 20. Chicago. Clothing man-\\nufacturers organize the Merchants As-\\nsociation of Chicago capital repre-\\nsented, over $15,000,000.\\nOct. 22. N. Y. The dwelling-house of\\nthe Rev. Ross Taylor at Nyack is\\nburned in the night four children are\\nlost.\\nOct. 26. Mich. One man is killed and\\n11 are entombed alive in the Pewabic\\nmine at Iron Mountain. [Oct. 27. Res-\\ncued.]\\nN. J. The Great White Spirit\\n(Distilling) Company tiles papers of in-\\ncorporation :it Tivnton, with a paid-up\\ncapital of $5,000,000 its headquarters\\nare to be in Boston.\\nNew York. The Cunard steamer Lu-\\ncania arrives after reducing the west-\\nern record by 20 minutes.\\nOct. 28. Pa. Two men are killed and\\nseveral injured by a rear-end train\\ncollision on the Pennsylvania road,\\nnear Philadelphia.\\nOct. 30. Ger. The embargo on Amer-\\nican cattle is extended to all parts of\\nthe empire.\\nNew York. Seven persons are killed\\nin a tenement-house fire on the West\\nSide.\\nNov. 2. Neb. Three firemen are buried\\nunder tons of brick and timber at a big\\nfire at South Omaha; property loss,\\n\u00c2\u00a7500,000.\\nNov. 3. Ind. The Scottish Rite Build-\\ning, the Natural Gas Building, and the\\nIndiana Medical College, in Indianap-\\nolis, are burned loss, $200,000 and a\\nvaluable Masonic Library.\\nNov. 4. Cal. A fire in San Francisco\\ncauses a loss of $300,000.\\nLa. Race troubles in New Or-\\nleans cause incendiary fires.\\nNov. 5\u00c2\u00b1. Chicago. A number of fami-\\nlies leave Pullman for Hiawatha, Kan.,\\nto join the new cooperative colony\\nthere, some of them former employees\\nin the Pullman shops.\\nGa. Fires break out in four foreign\\nsteamers loading cotton at Savannah.\\nNov. 6. D. C. The Court of Appeals\\ndecides against the Blodgett claim,\\nwhich has clouded titles to real estate\\nin the finest residential part of Wash-\\nington.\\nGa. Fire is discovered on six more\\ncotton-steamers at Savannah loss, $50,-\\n000. R. F. Harmon, the stevedore in\\ncharge of the non-union men, is threat-\\nened with death, by letter.\\nNov. 7. Pa. Six men are killed and\\n$200,000 worth of property is destroyed\\non the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in\\na collision caused by disobedience to\\norders.\\nNov. 10\u00c2\u00b1. T. Near Wilburton 400\\nChoctaws are on the war-path.\\nN. Y. The four-masted coal-laden\\nschooner Massasoit, of Taunton, Mass.,\\nis driven ashore in a blinding snow-\\nstorm on Long Beach, Long Island the\\ncaptain, wife, and crew of 11 men are\\nrescued by the life-saving patrol.\\nForest fires are raging in west\\nTennessee, north Mississippi, and east\\nArkansas several plantations are dev-\\nastated, and the tenants left homeless.\\nNov. 12. Phila. The new steamship\\nSi. Louis, of the American Line, is\\nlaunched.\\nNov. 15. Pa. A big coal-breaker\\nnear Plymouth is burned; loss, nearly\\n\u00c2\u00a7200,000; about 300 people are thrown\\nout of work.\\nNov. 19. New York The right to tax-\\nin this city the estate of Jay Gould\\nand the property of his children, who\\ndeclare they reside elsewhere, is affirmed\\nin the Supreme Court.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0487.jp2"}, "488": {"fulltext": "476 1894, Nov. 21 -Dec. 14.\\nAMERICA\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1894 Nov. 21. D. C. Gen. Miles\\nformally takes command of the Mili-\\ntary Department of the East.\\nDec. 3. Md. The unarmored cruiser\\nBaltimore is ordered to proceed to Taku,\\nand furnish a guard of marines for duty\\nat the American legation at Peking.\\nDec. 13. Utah. The invading TJte In-\\ndians agree to return to Colorado the\\nUtah, militia returns to Salt Lake.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1894 Nov. 25\u00c2\u00b1. Ariz. The discovery of\\na wonderful village of cliff-dwellers in\\nthe Bradshaw Mountains is announced.\\nThe houses number 2(10, and some have\\nbeen explored large quantities of pot-\\ntery and some agricultural instru-\\nments have been found.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1894.\\nNov. 31. Wyman, Andrew A., jurist, A64.\\nAdams, -lames T., jurist, dies.\\nNov. 22. Walters, w. T., philanthropist,\\nart collector, A74.\\nNov. 30. Brown, Joseph E., Gov., senator\\nDec. 4. Abbett, Leon, Gov. N. J., jurist,\\nA58.\\nDec. 6. Campbell, A. J., M. C. for N. T..\\nA66.\\nDec. 7. Browne, John M., medieiil director\\nU. S. N., A63.\\nDec. 12. Wright, J. H., broker, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n1894 Dec. 10. New York. The Amer-\\nican Moslem Institute unanimously\\nrepudiates Mohammed Alexander Rus-\\nsell Webb, who is charged with drunken-\\nness.\\nDec. 13. Boston. The 16th annual ses-\\nsion of the Church Congress (Protes-\\ntant Episcopal) of America opens.\\nLETTERS.\\n1894 Dec. 1. N. Y. The Brooklyn\\nCatholic Historical Society is incor-\\nporated for purposes of historical and\\nliterary research with a Catholic trend.\\nDec. 4. N. Y. The Brace Memorial\\nFarm School in Westchester County is\\nformally opened.\\nDec. 12. Mass. Dr. Dudley A. Sargent\\nof Harvard proposes to make athletics\\na part of the regular curriculum for a\\ndegree.\\nPhila. Ex-minister W. Potter pre-\\nsents to the University of Pennsylva-\\nnia a complete set of Hansard s Par-\\nliamentary Debates 459 volumes, and\\ncovers the proceedings of the British\\nParliament from 1S03 to 1891.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1894 Nov. 22. New York. Charges\\nagainst Police Justice Divver are filed\\nwith Chief Justice Daley, of the Court\\nof Common Pleas, by W. H. Hale, a\\nBrooklyn lawyer.\\n[Dec. 17. Further charges are made\\nand his trial begins. Dec. 28. Found\\nnot guilty.]\\nNov. 23. La. The Knights of Labor in\\nconvention at New Orleans by resolu-\\ntion protest against the issue of $50,-\\n000,000 bonds by the Government as\\nan outrage on the toiling masses.\\nNov. 24\u00c2\u00b1. New York. The Shoe and\\nLeather National Bank is discovered to\\nhave been robbed of $354,000 by Samuel\\nC, Seeley, a bookkeeper.\\n[Nov. 25. Frederick S. Baker, an ac-\\ncomplice, is found drowned in Hemp-\\nstead Harbor, Long Island. Dec. 11.\\nSeeley is arrested in Chicago, and later\\nsentenced to imprisonment for eight\\nyears.]\\nTex. Two thieves who raided\\nShiner, robbing A. G. Wangeman of\\nabout $20,000, and setting fire to the\\nbusiest part of the town, are arrested.\\nNov. 25. Minn. Herant M. Kiretseh-\\njian, secretary of the Phil-Armenic As-\\nsociation of the Northwest, has issued\\nan appeal from Minneapolis to the\\npeople of the United States, soliciting\\ncontributions for the suffering Arme-\\nnians.\\nNov. 26. T. A freight-train is fired\\non by seven mounted bandits, but no-\\nbody is hurt the engineer refused to\\nstop the train.\\nNov. 27. Chicago. Lawyer E. P. Hil-\\nliard is killed in his office by E. C.\\nHastings, a milkman.\\nNew York. The City Vigilance\\nLeague gives a dinner in honor of Dr.\\nParkhurst.\\nNov. 28. Ore. Six masked men raid\\na gambling hotel in Baker City; they\\nsecure about \u00c2\u00a71,200 and escape.\\nO. Strikers set fire to the stave-\\nsheds of the Shelley Brothers factory in\\nHolgate damage about $24,000.\\nNew York. An illicit distillery in\\nRivington Street is raided the appara-\\ntus and a quantity of raw material are\\nseized.\\nTex. Sheriff McGee is kiHed at Ca-\\nnadian City by bandits who try to rob\\nan express-train.\\nDec. 2. New York. John Burns, the\\nEnglish labor leader and socialist, ar-\\nDec. 3. N.J. The Hoboken post-office\\nis robbed of $7,350 in stamps by the use\\nof duplicate keys.\\nDec. 4. New York. The new Seton\\nHospital for consumptives at Spuyten\\nDuyvil Parkway is opened by Arch-\\nbishop Corrigan.\\nDec. 6. Conn. The National Wo-\\nman s Indian Association is in session\\nat New Haven.\\nDec. 7. N. Y. Parts of the eastern dis-\\ntrict of Brooklyn are raided by thieves.\\nUtah. Settlers arm to drive the\\nTJtes out of southeastern Utah.\\nDec. 8. Minn. The convention of the\\nNational Municipal League opens in\\nMinneapolis.\\n1. T. Col. A. J. Blackwell is tortured\\nin David by Cherokee Indians for selling\\nland in their reservation.\\nS. C. The House passes a bill de-\\nclaring that intoxication and the use\\nof obscene and profane language are\\nmisdemeanors.\\nKy. Two unknown masked men\\nforce -hi entrance into the house of\\nThomas Edgexton at Springfield, and\\nshoot and kill him in the presence of\\nhis wife and live children.\\nDec. 9. la. The Sioux City grand jury\\nreturn 52 indictments against ex-county\\nofficials and members and ex-members\\nof the Board of Supervisors.\\nTex. Ex-Cashier TV. F. Brice. of the\\nCity National Bank of Quanah, is\\ncharged with embezzlement, aggregat-\\ning $37,500, of which $20,000 is from\\nKansas City, $10,000 from St. Louis, and\\n.S7,500 from New York banks.\\nDec. 10. Colo. The convention of the\\nAmerican Federation of Labor opens\\nin Denver. John Burns, M.P., the Eng-\\nlish labor leader, makes an address.\\nNew York. The trial of ex-Capt.\\nStephenson for blackmailing and ac-\\ncepting a bribe is begun. [He is found\\nguilty on Dec. 12, and on Dec. 26 sen-\\ntenced to three and a half years impris-\\nonment and to pay a fine of $1,000.]\\nDec. 11. New York. The members of\\nTypographical Union No. 6, by a\\nvote of 1,049 to 484, adopt a resolution\\ncalling for the destruction of the\\nliquor- traffic in both State and na-\\ntion.\\nO. Two counterfeiters, with a com-\\nplete counterfeiting apparatus and bat-\\nteries and a quantity of spurious coins,\\nare captured in Mansfield.\\nD. C. The Labor Commission ap-\\npointed to investigate the great railway\\nstrike reports.\\nIt recommends that there be a per-\\nmanent United States Strike Commis-\\nsion of three members, with powers\\nsimilar to those vested in the Interstate\\nCommerce Commission, to deal with\\ndisputes between railroad companies\\nand their employees, etc.\\nDec. 12. 0. W.H. Price, printing-press\\nmanufacturer, is killed by a burglar at\\nhis home in Cleveland.\\nDec. 13. Chicago. The National Civil\\nService Reform League reelects Carl\\nSchurz president, and passes resolu-\\ntions demanding further extension of\\nthe classified service.\\nThe Congress of Arbitration and\\nConciliation is in session.\\nColo. A third woman is found\\nstrangled in Denver by unknown per-\\nN H. Frank A. McKean, cashier of\\nthe Indian Head National Bank of\\nNashua, is missing; shortage, $30,000.\\nNew York. Police Captain West-\\nervelt is put on trial before the Police\\nBoard for allowing policy shops to be\\nrun in his precinct.\\nDec. 14. Ariz. One train-robber is\\nsentenced to death in the District Court\\nof Pinal Comity, and another to 30 years\\nimprisonment.\\nD. C. A big strike of street-rail-\\nway employees begins at Washington.\\nTeniu Chancellor A. Allison, of the\\nDavidson County Chancery Court, is\\ninstantly killed by Clerk 6. K. Whit-\\nworth, of the same court, who at once\\nfatally wounds himself with the same\\nrevolver; he was incensed by Mr. Alli-\\nson s appointing another clerk in his\\nplace.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0488.jp2"}, "489": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1894, Nov. 21- Dec. 14, 477\\nSTATE.\\n1894 Nov. 21. D.C. The commission\\nappointed to investigate the present sys-\\ntem of tribal government of the Indians\\nrecommends its abolition.\\nNov. 22. Tex. A grand jury returns in-\\ndictments against the Standard Oil\\nTrust for violation of the laws of tbe\\nState.\\nNov. 23. D. C. Tbe new commercial\\ntreaty between tbe United States and\\nJapan is signed in Washington.\\nNov. 24. D. C. Bids for tbe new loan\\nare opened at the Treasury Depart-\\nment; proposals aggregating over $154,-\\n000,000 are received. [Nov. 26. Secretary\\nCarlisle awards tbe whole issue of the\\nnew bonds to the Stewart syndicate\\nat its bid of 117.077.]\\nNov. 30. y. Y. Gov. Flower on techni-\\ncal grounds refuses to grant extradition\\npapers for tbe officers of tbe Standard\\nOil Company to the governor of Texas.\\nDec. 1. Ala. W. C. Oates is inaugu-\\nrated at Montgomery as governor of\\nAlabama Capt. Kolb, tbe defeated\\n(Populist) candidate, also takes the oath\\nof office, but there is no disturbance.\\nDec. 3. D.C. The 53d Congress; the\\nthird session opens.\\nOnly routine business is transacted in\\nboth Houses the President s message\\nis read.\\nDec. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndiscusses a closure resolution, and re-\\nfers a resolution calling for information\\nas to the surrender of the two Japa-\\nnese students by the American Consul\\nin Shanghai, China, f Dec. 28. The Gov-\\nernment demands satisfaction for their\\nsurrender.] The House passes the Print-\\ning Bill.\\nDec. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndebates the Morgan Bill to amend the\\nact incorporating the Maritime Canal\\nCompany of Nicaragua. [39 discus-\\nsions follow.]\\nThe Treasury reserve reaches its\\nhighest recent mark, standing at $111,-\\n142,000.\\nDec. 7. D. C. Congress: The House\\nrefers to tbe Committee on Privileges\\nand Elections the Federal Elections\\nBill providing for the repeal of all stat-\\nutes relating to supervisors of elections\\nand special deputy-marshals. [1895.\\nFeb. 7. Passes Senate. Feb. 12. Ap-\\nproved by the President.]\\nIt is announced that President Cleve-\\nland will send an independent commis-\\nsion to investigate the outrages com-\\nmitted by Turks and Kurds upon tbe\\ndefenseless Armenians.\\nThe Chinese treaty, regulating im-\\nmigration, is ratified in Washington.\\nDec. 8. New York. Sir Julian Paunce-\\nfote, British Ambassador, arrives on his\\nway to Washington.\\nDec. 9. Cal. The Republicans decide to\\ncontest the election of James H. Budd\\nas governor, on the ground of extensive\\nfrauds.\\nDec. 10. D. C. Congress; Senate: A\\nresolution asking Secretary Gresham\\nfor the correspondence in the Bering\\nSea damage cases is passed in the\\nHouse, R. Hitt of 111. introduces a reso-\\nlution calling for tbe papers touching\\nthe proposed payment of $425,000 to\\nGreat Britain under the Bering Sea\\naward; Joseph L. Rawlins of Utah\\nintroduces a bill annexing to Utah that\\nportion of Arizona north of the Colo-\\nrado River.\\nThe President sends the report of the\\nStrike Commission to Congress.\\nDec. 11. D. C. Congress: Tbe House\\npasses tbe railroad Anti-Pooling Bill\\nafter four discussions. Vote, 1G0-110.\\nBill introduced May 31. [Dec. 13. Sen-\\nate Referred to the Committee on In-\\nterstate Commerce.]\\nBoston, The Republicans elect Ed-\\nwin U. Curtis mayor. Plurality, 1,600.\\nS. C. Ex-Gov. Benjamin R. Tillman\\nis elected Senator over Senator M. C.\\nButler. Vote, 131-21.\\nDec. 12. D. C. Congress; Senate: A\\nmotion to take up tbe bill repealing the\\ndifferential duty on refined sugar is\\ndefeated. Vote, 23-27. A motion to con-\\nsider a closure resolution is defeated.\\nVote, 24-34 in the House the Committee\\nof tbe Whole refuses to strike out from\\nthe Urgent Deficiency Bill the appro-\\npriation for the collection of the in-\\ncome tax. Vote, 54-127.\\nN. Y. ConsoHdation is carried in\\nBrooklyn by an official majority of 277.\\nDec. 13. D.C. Congress; Senate: The\\nNicaragua Canal Bill is discussed.\\nTbe Senate Rules Committee reaches\\na deadlock on a proposal to adopt clo-\\nsure on revenue and appropriation bills\\nSenator Gorman is absent.\\nSecretary Carlisle issues a circular\\ncalling for bids for a third issue of\\n$50,000,000 of 5 per cent ten-year\\nbonds.\\nDec. 14. D. C. Congress: The House\\npasses a resolution calling for the cor-\\nrespondence in relation to Secretary\\nGresham s promise to pay \u00c2\u00a7425,000 dam-\\nages to Canadian sealers.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1894 Nov. 21 Wis. The survey un-\\nder Congressional authority of a route\\nfor a proposed 22-foot ship-canal from\\nLake Superior through White Birch, to\\nthe Mississippi River, near Saint Louis\\nor Minneapolis, is completed.\\nNov. 22. New York Gold is bought\\nby intending subscribers for Govern-\\nment bonds at a slight premium.\\nNov. 23. The steamer Ozama of the\\nClyde Line is lost off the Carolina coast.\\nNov. 24. Ind. Suit is filed at Winamac,\\ninvolving land worth over $200,000,\\non which over 100 farmers are settled.\\nA syndicate representing 30 banks\\nin New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and\\nChicago, bids 116.8808 for any part of the\\ngovernment bonds offered for sale, or\\n117.077 for the whole \u00c2\u00a750,000,000.\\nNov. 26. Mo. The Trans-Mississippi\\nCongress meets in St. Louis. [Nov. 28.\\nIt demands free silver at the ratio of 16\\ntol.]\\nNeb. Judge Dundy at Omaha de-\\nclares the Nebraska Maximum\\nFreight Rate Law unconstitutional.\\nNov. 27. New York. Over $26,000,-\\n000 in gold is deposited in tbe Sub-\\nTreasury in payment of the new bonds.\\nPa. Judge Dallas declines to order\\nthe Reading receivers to reinstate the\\ndischarged employees.\\nNov. 28. Conn. Tbe schooner Annie J.\\nPardee is wrecked off Saybrook the\\nlife-saving men are unable to rescue the\\ncaptain and crew of nine.\\nO. The Lozier Bicycle Works at\\nToledo are burned loss, 8500,000.\\nNov. 29. Mass. A train strikes a\\nlarge vehicle loaded with football\\nplayers and others at Southbridge, kill-\\ning two and injuring many, several\\nfatally.\\nNov. 30. Wash. Fourteen acres cf\\nfllled-in land at Tacoma are engulfed\\nby the waters of Puget Sound.\\nDec. 5. D.C. Tbe Governments special\\nreport estimates that over 75,000,000\\nbushels of wheat of this year s crop^\\nwill be fed to stock because of the low\\nprice of wheat in the market.\\nN. Y. The tramp steamer Dorian\\nruns down the schooner Clara E.\\nSimpson off Eaton s Neck, Long Island\\nSound three lives are lost.\\nDec. 6 Jr. Tex. Western Texas is swept\\nby fire; 25,000,000 acres of grass are con-\\nsumed.\\nDec. 7. Turk. By invitation of the Sul-\\ntan of Turkey, an American will ac-\\ncompany the Commission of Inquiry to\\nArmenia. [Later, he is rejected.]\\nDec. 8. N. Y. A wharfage trust is\\norganized in Brooklyn, having a capi-\\ntal of $30,000,000.\\nNew York. The French Line steamer\\nLa Bourgogne sails for Havre with\\n81,250,000, the first large shipment of\\ngold for many months.\\nDec. 9. Pa. The Shenango Glass\\nWorks at Newcastle are burned loss,.\\n$100,000 300 men are thrown out of work.\\nDec. 10. Conn. A sperm-whale nearly\\n40 feet long is caught in Fisher s Island-\\nSound.\\nN. Y. James Mahar, an American,.\\ndies of starvation in the Brooklyn City\\nHospital, having been eight days with-\\nout food while unsuccessfully looking\\nfor work.\\nDec. 11. Chicago. Two persons are killed\\nand 10 seriously injured by a cable-car\\ncollision.\\nN. Y. Birge s wall-paper factory\\nin Buffalo is destroyed by fire loss r\\n$500,000 over 500 employees are thrown\\nout of work.\\nPa. Pittsburg car-lines consoli-\\ndate under tbe Second Avenue Trac-\\ntion Company, with a paid-up capital of\\n\u00c2\u00a75,000,000.\\nDec. 13\u00c2\u00b1. D. C. Secretary Lam out de-\\ncides that the New York and New Jersey\\nbridge, over the Hudson, must be a.\\nsuspension bridge.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0489.jp2"}, "490": {"fulltext": "478 1894, Dec. 14-Dec. 30.\\nAMERICA\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE \u00e2\u0080\u0094NATURE.\\n1894 Dec. 15. la. Important gold\\ndiscoveries are made in Iowa Gulch.\\nDec. 27 r. Boston. The American\\nChemical Society opens its 10th gen-\\neral meeting with 75 members present.\\nN J. The 3d annual meeting of the\\nAmerican Psychological Association\\nbegins at Princeton College.\\nBoston. The public library build-\\ning is completed at a cost of 2,000,000.\\nMass. AlvanG. Clark of Cambridge is\\nmaking a 40-inch lens for the Chicago\\nUniversity.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1894.\\nDec. 14. Pol hem us, John, publisher,\\nprinter, A68.\\nPorter, .losiah, adj. -gen., A63.\\nDec. 15. Lord, John, historian, lecturer,\\ndies.\\nDec. 16. Gilnllan, James, jurist, A65.\\nDec. 19. Kellv, Kuueiie, banker, A88.\\nDec. 30. Alcorn, J. L., Gov. of Miss., sen-\\nator, A78.\\nDec. 26. Simpson, James, merchant, A47.\\nVan Fleet, Abraham, vice-chancellor,\\nN. J., A. 64.\\nDec. 39. Fair, James, bonanza million-\\naire, senator for Cal., A(i3.\\nDec. 30. Fitzgerald, John, president Irish\\nNational League of America, A 65.\\nCHURCH.\\n1894 Dec. 14. Md. The Unitarian\\nConference of churches in the Middle\\nStates and Canada begins its session iu\\nBaltimore.\\nDec. 20. An Evangelical Alliance\\nCommittee urges Secretary Gresham\\nto influence the protection of Christians\\nRoman Catholics in this country\\nare forbidden, by order of Pope Leo,\\nto belong to the Sons of Temperance,\\nthe Knights of Pythias, or the Odd\\nFeUows.\\nDec. 30. New York. A mass-meeting is\\nheld to protest against the Armenian\\npersecutions, Chauncey M. Depew\\nbeing the chief speaker.\\nThe Slavonian Synod (Evangelical\\nLutheran) is organized.\\nOre. The General Assembly (United\\nPresbyterian) meets at Albany John\\nA. Wilson, moderator.\\nWash. The Universalis State Con-\\nvention is organized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1894 Dec. 27. Phila. The first Con-\\ngress of Philologists ever held in this\\ncountry opens.\\nPoems Here at Home, by James Whit-\\ncomb Riley, appears.\\nIvan the Viking, by Paul du Chaillu,\\nappears.\\nPudd nhead Wilson, by Mark TVain,\\nappears.\\nJohnson s Universal Cyclopedia (new\\nand enlarged edition), Charles K. Adams,\\neditor, appears.\\nA Mound of Many Cities, by Frederick\\nJones Bliss, appears.\\nA Student Text-Book Of Jiotainj, by\\nSidney II. Vines, appears.\\nBasal Concepts in Philosophy, by Al-\\nexander T. Ormond, appears.\\nRoger Williams, by Oscar S. Straus,\\nappears.\\nThe Animal as a Machine and a Prime\\nMotor, and the Laius of Energetics, by\\nRobert H. Thurston, appears.\\nA Protegee of Jack Hamlin s, by Bret\\nHarte, appears.\\nOverheard hi Arcady, by Robert S.\\nBridges, appears.\\nModern Mystics and Modern Magic,\\nby Arthur Lillie, appears.\\nEdward Livingston Toumans, by John\\nFiske, appears also A History of the\\nUnited States for Schools.\\nDante Gabriel Possetti, by F. G.\\nStephens, appears.\\nk A Short History of the Crusades, by\\nJacob Isidor Mombert, appears.\\nfc Congregationalists in America, by Al-\\nbert E. Dunning, appears.\\nk Modern Methods of Sewerage Disposal,\\nby George E. Waring, Jr., appeal s.\\nfc A History of the United States, by\\nAllen C. Thomas, appears.\\nA History of the Congregational\\nChurches in the United States, by Wil-\\nliston Walker, appears.\\nk An Illustrated Dictionary of Medicine,\\nBiology, and Allied Sciences, by George\\nM. Gould, appears.\\nfc *A History of the Mental Growth of\\nMankind in Ancient Times, by John S.\\nHittell, appears.\\nfc A Historical Sketch of Unitarian\\nMovement since the Reformation, by Jo-\\nseph H. Allen, appears.\\nk A Traveler from Altruria, by William\\nDean Howells, appears.\\nk Climbing and Exploration in the Ka-\\nrakoram-Himalayas, by William Martin\\nConway, appears.\\n1 A Champion of the Cross, by Charles\\nF. Sweet, appears.\\nThe Silva of North America, by\\nCharles S. Sargent, appears.\\nk The Sherman Letters, edited by Rachel\\nSherman Thorndike, appears.\\nfe The Study of Animal Life, by J. Ar-\\nthur Thomson, appears.\\nLife of Frances Power Cobbe, by Her-\\nself, appears.\\nr Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan, by\\nLafcadio Hearn, appears.\\nWealth Against Commonwealth, by\\nHenry Demarest Lloyd, appears.\\nThe Interpretation of Nature, by Na-\\nthaniel Southgate Shaler, appears.\\nTlie History of Illinois and Louisiana\\nunder French Rule, by Joseph Wallace,\\nappears.\\nThe Growth and Influence of Classical\\nGreek Poetry, by J. C. Jebb, appears.\\nIn the Land of the Cave and Cliff-\\nDweller s, by Lieut. Frederick Sehwatka,\\nappears.\\ni Economic Geology of the United States,\\nby Ralph S. Tarr, appears.\\nThe First Stage* of Iht Tariff /try\\nin ih. United States, bj William Hill,\\nappears.\\nA Standard Dictionary of the English\\nLanguage, Isaac K. Funk editor-in-\\nchief, appears.\\nReed s Rules, by Thomas B. Reed, ap-\\npears.\\nEssay Horace Chase, by Constance\\nFenimore Woolson, appears.\\nTrilby, by George duMaurier, appears.\\nRoman and Medieval Art, by W. H.\\nGoodyear, appears.\\nLouisiana Studies, by Alcee Forfcler,\\nappears.\\nSewage Disposal in the United States,\\nby George W. Rafter, appears.\\nThe Story of Two Noble Lives, by\\nAugustus J. C. Hare, appears.\\nJapan, by David Murray, appears.\\nPomona s Travels, by Frank R. Stock-\\nton, appears.\\nMarion Darche, by F. Marion Craw-\\nford, appears also, Katherine Lauder-\\ndale.\\nThe Copperhead, by Harold Frederic,\\nappears.\\nBrothers and Strangers, by Agnes\\nBlake Poor, appears.\\nThe Monism of Man, by David Allyn\\nGorton, appears.\\nLeonidas Polk, Bishop and General,\\nby William M. Polk, appears.\\nThe Pottery and Porcelain of the U. S.,\\nby Edwin Altee JSarber, appears.\\nStudies of the Stage, by Brander Mat-\\nthews, appears.\\nTlie Ore Deposits of the U. S.. by\\nJames F. Kemp, appears.\\nLandmarks of a Literary Life, by Mrs.\\nNewton Crosland, appears.\\nTotal Eclipses of the Sun, by Mabel\\nLoomis Todd, appears.\\nAn Essay on Judicial Power and Un-\\nconstitutional Legislation, by Brintou\\nCoxe, appears.\\nCartier to Frontenac, by Justin Win-\\nsor, appears.\\nHistory for Ready Reference, by J. N.\\nLamed, appears.\\nSamuel Longfellow, by Joseph May,\\nappears.\\nThe Art of Music, by C. Herbert and\\nH. Parry, appears.\\nPei sonal Recollections of Xathariiel\\nHawthorne, by Horatio Bridge, appears.\\nWah-Kce-Nah and Her People, by\\nJames C. Strong, appears.\\nGood Old Dorchester, by W. D. Orcutt,\\nappears.\\nArt in Theory, by George Lansing\\nRaymond, appears.\\nSecularism, its Progress and Morals,\\nby John M. Bonham, appears.\\nk On the Offensive, by George J. Put-\\nman, appears.\\nk Recollections of a Virginian in the\\nMexrican, Indian, and Civil Wars, by\\nDabney H. Maury, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0490.jp2"}, "491": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES.\\n1894, Dec. 14-Dec. 30. 479\\nAbraham Lincoln, Complete Works, by\\nJohn G. Nicolay and John Hay, appears.\\nGeneral Scott, by Marcus J. Wright,\\nappears.\\nThe Evolution of Woman, by Eliza\\nBurt Gramble, appears.\\nThe Spanish Pioneers, by Charles F.\\nLummis, appears.\\nFamous Companies and Their Worts,\\nby J. K. Paine, Theodore Thomas, and\\nKarl Klauser, appears.\\nHistory of the Philosophy of History,\\nby Robert Flint, appears.\\nA History of the United States Navy\\nfrom 1775 to 1893, by Edgar Staunton\\nMaclay, appears.\\nThe Recipe for Diamonds, by C- J.\\nCutcliffe Hyne, appears.\\nPastime Stories, by Thomas Nelson\\nPage, appears.\\nThe Holy Cross, by Eugene Field,\\nappears.\\nBayou Folic, by Kate Chopin, appears.\\nPembroke, by Mary E. Wilkins, ap-\\npears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1894 Dec. 15. Chicapo. President C.\\nS. Purintun of the Purinton Brick Com-\\npany disappears with $40,000 of the\\nfunds belonging to the company.\\nNew York. The Police Board under\\npressure restores Capt. Creeden to his\\noffice.\\nDec. 16. Pa. David Slocum of Wash-\\nington township, and his aged wife, are\\nbound, and robbed of their life savings\\nof over S9.U00, by a baud of armed men\\npreparations for torture are discovered.\\nla. J. R. Huntington, clerk in the\\nCouncil Bluffs Citizen s Bank, kills him-\\nself after wounding C. A. Crowell and\\nF. N. Harden, bunk inspectors cause, a\\nshortage is discovered.\\nDec. 17. Ind. John McBride is elected\\npresident of the American Federa-\\ntion of Labor, with headquarters in\\nIndianapolis.\\nDec. 18. N. J. Five farm-hands are in\\njail at Freehold for burning barns and\\nstables through revenge total loss,\\n\u00c2\u00a750,000.\\nDec. 19. New York. A Committee of\\nFifty, with Seth Low as president, is\\norganized to study the liquor-prob-\\nlem, with a view to public and private\\naction.\\nX A national bank at Rome is\\nrobbed of $40,000 by a cashier and teller.\\nDec. 22. Judge Woods, in the case of\\nDebs and the other A. R. U. officers,\\ngrants a stay until Jan. 8, that the de-\\ncision may be tested in a higher court\\nthe sentences are made cumulative in-\\nstead of concurrent.\\nDec. 24. Ga. A race-war breaks out\\nseven negroes are lynched for the mur-\\nder of a constable.\\nDec. 25. O. Nine non-union glass-\\nworkers, arriving at Martin s Ferry, are\\nassaulted and two terribly beaten by the\\nlocal men the union denounces violence.\\nAn attempt to burn the city of Zanes-\\nville is partially successful.\\nThe commander-in-chief of the Sons\\nof Veterans refuses charters to camps\\ncomposed of negroes in the South.\\nDec. 26. Mo. The sheriff-elect of St.\\nLouis is indicted for election frauds and\\nbribery.\\nN. II. The will of N. B. Gale, ad-\\nmitted to probate at Laconia, gives\\n$100,000 to the town for hospital,\\nlibrary, and park purposes.\\nNew York. Coupon Clerk E. K. Car-\\nter, of the National P.ank of Commerce,\\nis arrested tor stealing about $30,000 of\\nthe bank s funds.\\nThe American Economic Associa-\\ntion meets.\\nDec. 27. N.J. The annual meeting of\\nthe American Psychological Asso-\\nciation begins at Princeton College.\\nDec. 28. New York. The Federation\\nof East Side Workers, representative\\nof churches and benevolent societies\\nworking below Fourteenth Street and\\neast of Broadway, adopts a constitution\\nand elects officers.\\nOkla. A train is held up, but the\\nhighwaymen are put to flight.\\nDec. 30. N. Y. A bookkeeper of the\\nHudson River National Bank of Hud-\\nson is found to be $14,000 short in his\\naccounts he is arrested.\\nD. C. Congress makes Labor Day,\\nthe first Monday in September, a legal\\nholiday.\\nSTATE.\\n1S94 Dec. 14. D. C. The Treasury\\nreserve has fallen to $96,341,384, a loss\\nof $14,799,116 in eight days.\\nUnder authority of a Joint Com-\\nmittee of the two Houses of Congress a\\nbill is drawn, the purpose of which is to\\nprovide for earlier and more frequent\\npromotion of naval officers.\\nN. Y. The State officers who can-\\nvassed the Mylod returns from Dutch-\\ness County in 1891 appeal their case to\\nthe Court of Appeals.\\nDec. 17. D. C. Congress: The Senate\\ndebates the Springer substitute for the\\nCarlisle Currency Bill, exempting the\\nnotes of State banks from taxation. [15\\ndiscussions follow.]\\nN. Y. Gov.-elect Morton decides not\\nto appoint 12 additional justices of the\\nSupreme Court, for which the new Con-\\nstitution makes certain provisions.\\nDec. 18. D. C. Congress Senate\\nDavid B. Hill of N. Y. speaks in favor\\nof closure; the debate on the currency\\nreform is begun in the House.\\nDec. 19. I). C. Congress: The Senate\\nreceives the report on Hawaii the\\nHouse continues to debate the Cur-\\nrency Bill.\\nDec. 21. D. C. Congress House: A\\nsubstitute for the Carlisle Currency\\nBill is introduced by William M.\\nSpringer of 111., and made the subject\\nof debate.\\nN. Y. For contempt of court, the\\nCourt of Appeals reaffirms its sentence\\nagainst the State Board of Canvassers\\nof 1891 for their action in regard to the\\nMylod returns from Dutchess County\\nfining its five members $550.\\nDec. 22. D. C. A suit to test the con-\\nstitutionality of the income tax is be-\\ngun in the Supreme Court.\\nDec. 23. Tex. Gov. Hogg sends a req-\\nuisition to the governor of Florida for\\nthe person of H. M. Flagler, of the Stan-\\ndard Oil Company. |Dee. 25. Gov.\\nMitchell honors it.]\\nDec. 28. Mo, The conference of the\\nPopulists opens at St. Louis.\\nDec. 29. D. C. President Cleveland\\nsigns the act establishing a national\\nmilitary park on the Shiloh battle-field.\\nU. S. Governors inaugurated\\n-96 Ala. William C. Oates (Dem.).\\n-96 Alas. James Sheakley (Dem.).\\n-95 Ida. Win. I. McConnell (Rep.).\\n-96 Id. Frank D. Jackson (Rep.).\\n-95 Mass. F. T. Greenhalge (Rep.).\\n-96 Mich. John T. Rich (Rep.).\\n-96 0. Wm. McKinley, Jr.. (Rep.).\\n-97 Okla. Wm. C. Renfrew (Dem.).\\n-95 If. 1. D. Russell Brown (Rep.).\\n-96 S. C. John Gary Evans (Dem.).\\n-97* Va. CharlesT.O Ferrall(Dem.).\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1894 Dec. 15. Mo. Two lives are lost\\nand much damage done to property by\\na cyclone near Attalia.\\nDec. 17. New York^. Judge Truax sets\\naside the deed of gift made by the ex-\\necutors of the Payer weather will.\\nDec. 20\u00c2\u00b1. Many vessels are reported\\nlost on the Pacific coast.\\nDec. 21. N.J. In Salem 14 persons are\\nbitten by a mad dog.\\nDec. 22. Penn. Cedarcroft, near Ken-\\nnett Square, the former home of Bayard\\nTaylor, is burned.\\nDec. 23. Neb. The people of the drought-\\nblighted counties are starving and in\\nneed of clothing.\\nDec. 24. Pa. The cut in wages is\\nposted at the Carnegie Steel Works at\\nHomestead several high-priced men are\\ndismissed the rents of the company s\\nhouses are materially reduced.\\nDec. 25. Pa+. Fatal collisions occur\\non the Pennsylvania and Big Four rail-\\nroads a train is wrecked on the Atlantic\\nand Pacific.\\nDec. 26. Boston. The Denison Manu-\\nfacturing Company celebrates its 50th\\nanniversary by distributing among the\\nemployees a sum equal to five dollars\\neach for each year s service, the total\\ngift amounting to $33,000.\\nTex. Sixteen persons are hurt in a\\nrailroad collision.\\nDec. 27- N. J. A State court declares\\nboycotting to be illegal, and a trades-\\nunion is enjoined from boycotting a\\nnewspaper.\\nN. Y. A fire in B ffalo causes a loss\\nof 5300,000.\\nDec. 29. Ore. Over 40 lives are lost\\nat a Christmas festival at Silver Lake\\nthrough a fire caused by the upsetting\\nof an oil-lamp.\\nOkla. Payne County court-house, with\\nall the county records, is burned.\\nKy. Louisville loses about $300,000\\nby fire.\\nDec. 30. Fla. The fruit-growers loss\\nfrom freezing weather during the last\\n72 hours is estimated at \u00c2\u00a73,000,000.\\nIda. The mineral output for the\\nyear 1894 Gold, $1,879,000 silver,\\n\u00c2\u00a72,359,000; lead. .$3,406,000.\\nN. Y. The Delavan House in Al-\\nbany is burned.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0491.jp2"}, "492": {"fulltext": "480 234 b. c.-a. d. 1883, Aug. 18. A N N A M.\\nAnnam is a coast country of southeastern Asia, under the protection of France, and having Hue for its capital. The\\ngovernment is an absolute monarchy, with a French resident. The religions are Buddhism, Confucianism, spirit worship, and\\nthe Christian faith. Area of Annam, about 27,020 square miles population, about 5,000,000.\\nFrench Cochin-China, is a French colony south of Annam, on the extremity of the peninsula. Area, 23,082 square miles\\npopulation, 2,034,453.\\nCambodia is a dependency of France, lying between Siam and French Cochin-Cbina Pnompenh is its capital. Ar\u00c2\u00ab-a, 38,000\\nsquare miles population, about 1,500,000.\\nTongking (Tunking, Tonkin, or Tonquin) is a French colonial possession, lying northeast of Annam, with Hanoi for its\\ncapital. Area, 34,740 square miles; population, about 9,000,000.\\nFor convenience of classification these four countries are here combined under Annam, and each item i.s prefixed with a\\nlocality word.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n234 b. c. Annam is conquered by\\nthe Chinese.\\n907 t a. d. An anti- Chinese revolt\\nbreaks the rule of the foreigners.\\n1406 Annam is reconquered by the\\nChinese. [1428. Expelled.]\\n1789 Cochin-China. Bishop Pi-\\ngneaux de Beshaine of Ardan lands\\nat the head of a well-armed force of\\nadventurers.\\n1802 Tongking is reconquered by\\nthe Annamese, aided by the French.\\n1843 Jan.* Cochin-China. A French\\nfrigate anchors off Touron and demands\\nthe release of the captive missionaries,\\n[They are delivered, and embark.]\\n1847* Cochin-China. ThienTu, hav-\\ning continued his persecutions of the\\nFrench missionaries, Adm. Lapierre ap-\\npears before Touron, and after some\\nresistance dismantles the fortifica-\\ntions, but is unable to secure liberty\\nin Annam.\\n1858 Aug. 31. Cochin-China. A Franco-\\nSpanish squadron under Adm. Rigault\\nde Genouilly anchors off Touron; an\\nultimatum is sent to the king because\\nof the persecutions of Christians and\\nthe murder of M. Diaz; the city is\\nstormed.\\n1859 Feb. 17. Fr. Cochin-China. Adm.\\nGenouilly, with five vessels, bombards\\nSaigon, and forces its surrender.\\nThe booty consists of 400 cannon, 6,000\\nrifles, 1GO,000 pounds of powder, and\\n$500,000 in specie; the French lose 200\\nkilled and wounded.\\n1860 Toughing. M. Dupuis, an\\nadventurer and merchant, makes an\\narmed invasion.\\n1861 Feb. Fr. Cochin-China. Adm.\\nGarnier subdues the revolting natives.\\n1862 Dec. 17. Fr. Cochin-China. An\\ninsurrection breaks out against the\\nFrench. [1863. Feb. The revolt is\\nsuppressed.]\\n1872 Tongking. M. Dupuis ascends\\nthe Red River with an armed flotilla.\\n[Mar. 4. He reaches the head of navi-\\ngation at Manghao.]\\n1873 Oct. 8. Fr. Cochin-China. Fran-\\ncis Garnier s expedition, escorted by\\ntwo men-of-war, sails from Saigon for\\nthe mouth of the Red River the entire\\nforce numbers less than 200 men.\\nNov. 5. Toiigking. Garnier s expedition\\narrives at Hanoi.\\nNov. 20. Tongking. M. Dupuis attacks\\nthe citadel of Hanoi, and carries it by\\nassault it is the first step in the con-\\nquest of the Bed Biver valley.\\nDec. 11. Toughing. Nam-Dinh is cap-\\ntured from the Annamese by the\\nFrench, after a short resistance. [It is\\nsoon evacuated.] The whole delta of\\nthe Red River is now iu the possession\\nof the invaders.\\nDec. 21. Tongking. A force of Chinese\\nBlack Flags and Annamese surround\\nthe citadel at Hanoi; the small garri-\\nson makes a vigorous defense Francis\\nGarnier and M. Balny D Avricourt\\nlead sorties from different gates, and\\nboth are killed.\\n1874 Jan. 8. Tongking. The French\\nevacuate Ninh-Binh. [Jan. 10. They\\nevacuate Nam-Dinh, and strengthen\\nthe garrison at Hanoi. July* The\\nFrench garrison is withdrawn from\\nHanoi.]\\n1883 Mar. 26, 27. Tongking. An at-\\ntack of the Black Flags on Hanoi is\\nrepulsed by the French.\\nMar. 27. Tongking. The French bom-\\nbard and capture Nam-Dinh.\\nMar.* Fr. Cochin-China. The French\\nBed Biver expedition of 620 men and\\n10 war-vessels is organized by Capt.\\nHenri Riviere.\\nApr, 2. Tongking. Biviere s expedi-\\ntion arrives at Hanoi.\\nApr. 26. Tongking. Hanoi is as-\\nsaulted and captured by the French.\\nMay 8. Tongking. Lin-Yun-Fu, sus-\\ntained by his Black Flags, declares hos-\\ntilities against the French.\\nMay Tongking. Capt. Riviere with a\\nforce of 230 men is besieged at Hanoi\\nby the Black Flags.\\nMay 16. Tongking. The French des-\\ntroy Gia-lam, and retire to their ships.\\nMay 19. Tongking. The French make\\na sortie at Hanoi, and are driven back\\nby the Black Flags Riviere and three\\nother French officers are killed the\\nFrench garrison is shut up in the citadel.\\nJune 16. Tongking. Gen. Bouet ar-\\nrives at Hanoi with reenforcements,\\nand assumes command.\\nJuly 5. Tongking. The French repulse\\nan attack at Haiphong.\\nJuly 11. Tongking. The Black Flags\\nare repulsed at Nam-Dinh. [July 19.\\nCol. Badens makes a successful sortie\\nat Nam-Dinh. [Also on Aug. 7.]\\nJuly 20. The French Capt. Morel\\nBeaulieu offers protection to the na-\\ntives who have been deserted by Annam,\\nand made to suffer on all sides during\\nthe war.\\nAug. 15. Tongking. Gen. Bout- t with\\na force of 1,500 men makes a sortie\\nagainst the Black Flags near Hanoi\\nthe French are repulsed, and forced to-\\nAug. 18-20. Cochin-China. A French\\nsquadron under Adm. Courbet bombards,\\nand captures the forts at Hue the\\nAnnamese suffer heavy loss. [Aug. 20.\\nAn armistice is arranged.]\\nCHURCH.\\n1555* Cambodia. Gaspar da Cruz, a\\nDominican from Portugal, introduces\\nChristianity.\\n1626 Tongking. Many Jesuits ar-\\nrive, including the celebrated mission-\\nary Alexander of Rhodes.\\n1780\u00c2\u00b1 Tongking. French missiona-\\nries reintroduce Christianity it spreads\\nrapidly.\\n1800+ Annam. French priests claim\\nto have converted the emperor, and\\nestablish a hierarchy of great influence.\\n1821 Opposition to French mis-\\nsionaries becomes strong under the new\\nruler persecution is encouraged [and is\\ncontinued after his death under three\\nemperors].\\n1833 Tongking. Francis Gagelen,\\nJesuit missionary, is strangled. [1834.\\nM. Ordorico is beheaded. 1835. M.\\nMarehaud is torn to pieces, after suf-\\nfering torture by hot irons.]\\n1836 Tongking. Six missionaries\\nare beheaded, and one is strangled.\\n[1S39. Another missionary is executed.]\\n1841 -42 Tongking. Three mis-\\nsionaries are killed, and several more\\nare imprisoned.\\n1851 -58 Annam. Ten French\\nmissionaries are beheaded, and Ro-\\nman Catholic natives are persecuted.\\nMay 4. Cochin- China. M. Schoffier, a\\nFrench missionary, is beheaded by order\\nof the grand mandarins, for preaching.\\n1857 Tongking. Bp. Diaz, the Span-\\nish vicar-general, is beheaded after suf-\\nfering cruel torture.\\n1S5S July 27. Tonglcing. The French\\nmissionary. Bp. Melchior, is murdered\\nwith great barbarity.\\n1860 Nov.* Tongking. The Abbe\\nNeron is brutally murdered by anti-\\nFrench fanatics. [1S6S. July By or-\\nder of the bonze, several native Chris-\\ntians are massacred.]\\n1883* Annam. Christians are massa-\\ncred at the instigation of a native\\nprince.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0492.jp2"}, "493": {"fulltext": "AN NAM.\\n234 b. c.-a. d. 1883, Aug. 18. 481\\nSTATE.\\n214+ *b.c. Annum. The Chinese\\ninvade and annex the country.\\n112* *b.c.-968* *a. D. Tongkingisa\\ndependency of China.\\n110* *b. c-907* *a. n. Annam. Chi-\\nnese vassal governors hold authority\\nin the South.\\n263 a. d. Annam. The Chinese do-\\nmination ends.\\n767 Tongking. The capital is\\nfounded (La Thang).\\nAnnam is again subject to China.\\n806 Cochin-China. The name Koue\\nTehen is first applied to Southern Tong-\\nking. (Corrupted into Cochin-China.)\\n907+ Annam. Native chiefs who are\\nweary of Chinese rule lead a successful\\nrevolt.\\n970+ Annam is under independent\\nnative princes, who are only nominal\\nvassals of China. [1280. The Chinese\\nattempt its complete subjugation.]\\n1406 Annam is again subdued by\\nthe Chinese.\\n1427* Tongking. Le-Loi obtains the\\nthrone by violence he virtually sepa-\\nrates the province from Annam, and by\\na successful rebellion becomes indepen-\\ndent of China.\\n1428 Annam. China abandons its\\nrule of Annam. [1471. Annam is con-\\nquered by Tongking.]\\n1553 Annam throws off the yoke\\nof Tongking.\\n1610 Annam. Tsiampa is occupied by\\nthe Annamese, and the aborigines are\\ndriven from the plains into the hill\\ncountry.\\n1650+ Annam virtually consists of\\ntwo kingdoms; the northern is ruled\\nby the L6 dynasty, and the southern by\\nthe Nguyen family.\\n1780+ Tongking. Gia-Long is de-\\nthroned by an invading successor of\\nNguyen-Dzo, the late viceroy.\\n1787 Nov. 28. Ft. Cochin-China. France\\nobtains the peninsula of Touron and the\\nIsle of Pulo-Condore by the treaty of\\nVersailles.\\nFrench influence becomes dominant\\nthrough the instrumentality of Bishop\\nPigneaux de Beshaine, chief of the Jes-\\nuit mission at Bangkok, Siam.\\n1788 Tongking. The king is de-\\nthroned and exiled; he appeals to\\nFrance, through the French missiona-\\nries, for aid.\\n1802 Tongking is conquered, and\\nreunited to Annam.\\n1820 Annam. Gia-Long, the king,\\ndies he had named his younger son,\\nMinh-Mang, as his successor. [The new\\nking is bitterly opposed by his eldest\\nbrother, Canh-Dzue; he meets with great\\ndifficulty in suppressing a rebellion.]\\n1821* Annam. The anti-foreign\\nparty becomes powerful after the death\\nof Gia-Long.\\n1840 Annam. Thien Tu succeeds\\nhis father, Minh-Mang, as king, and re-\\nnews the persecution of Christians.\\n1848 Annam. Tu Due, the younger\\nson, succeeds his father, Thien Tu, as\\nking he cruelly persecutes the native\\nChristians and their missionaries.\\n1851 Annam. Nu-Phong, the elder\\nbrother of Tu Due, leads an unsuccessful\\nrebellion to wrest the kingdom from him.\\n1858 Annam. The king orders M.\\nDiaz put to death because a French\\nvessel happens to be cruising near the\\ncoast.\\n1859 Oct. Tongking. The French\\ngovernment determines to intervene\\nin behalf of Christians.\\n1860 Oct. 15. The treaty of Tien-tsin\\nis signed it assures the whole of the\\nOriental seas to the French.\\n1861 Tongking. The pretender, L e\\nPhung, leads a revolt [which is\\nsuccessful for a time in resisting the\\nFrench subdued in 1866].\\n1862 June 5. Annam. The treaty of\\nSaigon is signed peace is made with\\nFrance under the pressure of an invad-\\ning army and a dangerous rebellion.\\nThree of the lower provinces are ceded\\nto the French Christianity is to be tol-\\nerated and an indemnity paid.\\nDec. 17. Fr. Cochin-China. An insur-\\nrection breaks out against France in the\\nceded provinces.\\n1863 Sept. Annam. Ambassadors\\nare sent to France to regain the ceded\\nprovinces. [Their mission is unsuccess-\\nful.]\\n1864 Cambodia. Phara-Norodom\\nis crowned king.\\n1867 June 25. Fr. Cochin-China. The\\nrevolt against the French continues.\\nThe French occupy the three lower\\nprovinces, and by proclamation annex\\nthem to France.\\n1870* Tongking. M. Dupuis, a\\nFrenchman, explores a part of the Red\\nRiver. [1872. May On behalf of the\\nFrench government he issues a procla-\\nmation to the people.]\\n1873 Dec, 21. Tongking. M. Philas-\\ntre, the new French envoy, arrives at\\nthe delta of the Red River he learns\\nthat the French occupy the forts, and\\nthat Garnier is dead. [He introduces a\\npacific policy.] (See Army.)\\n1873 The French determine to ex-\\npel the Chinese from the valley of the\\nRed River, and annex Tongking.\\n1874* The French protectorate is\\nthreatened by the Black Flags; vig-\\norous measures are taken for its de-\\nfense.\\nMar. 15. Fr. Cochin-CJiina. A treaty\\nwith the French is concluded at Saigon,\\nThe king is to be independent of China,\\nthe ports are to be opened to commerce,\\nthe Christian religion to be tolerated,\\nand the six lower provinces to be finally\\nabandoned to France.\\nAug. 31. Fr. Cochin-China. A com-\\nmercial treaty is signed by France and\\nAnnam at Saigon.\\n1881 France resents the intrusion\\nof China in Tongking it refuses to rec-\\nognize the latter s claims of suzerainty,\\nand prepares for an armed occupa-\\ntion.\\n18S2 Jan. Fr. Adm. La Pierre is\\nappointed to the chief command of the\\nFrench forces in Tongking.\\nApr. The Tougkingese authorities are\\nexasperated at the presence of an armed\\nFrench flotilla in the Red River they\\nregard it as a menace and a gross infrac-\\ntion of the treaty of 1874.\\nTongking. France asserts her claim\\nto a protectorate.\\nTongking. The Annamese repel an\\ninvasion of a French force sent by Le\\nMyre de Villers, governor of Saigon.\\n1883 Tongking. China becomes an\\nally of Annam, its tributary, in resist-\\ning French aggressiveness.\\nApr. 21. Tongking. Capt. Riviere is-\\nsues an ultimatum at Hanoi.\\nHe demands from the mandarins a\\ntreaty for French supreni acy and threat-\\nens to bombard the citadel if they re-\\nfuse. [The mandarins reply that they\\nhave no power to consider treaties.]\\nTongking. The Emperor Tu Due re-\\nsists the aggressiveness of the French.\\nJuly 20. Annam. The Emperor Tu Due\\ndies Hiep-hoa is enthroned.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1295 Cambodia is a vast and im-\\nportant country.\\n1590\u00c2\u00b1 Cambodia. Swarms with for-\\neign adventurers.\\n1600+ Cambodia. The Portuguese\\nestablish factories.\\n1635+ Cambodia. The Dutch es-\\ntablish factories.\\n1641 Cambodia. A Dutch expedition\\nexplores the Great Mekong River\\nfor 1,000 miles.\\n1643 Cambodia. Many Europeans\\nare butchered at the instigation of the\\nPortuguese.\\n1702 Cambodia. The English es-\\ntablish a factory off the coast.\\n1799 Tongking. Pigneaux de Be-\\nshaine, Jesuit bishop, dies.\\n1820 Annam. Gia-Long, the king,\\ndies.\\n1840* Annam. Minh-Mang, the\\nking, dies.\\n1848 Annam. Thien Tu, the king,\\ndies.\\n1858 July 27. Tongking. Bishop\\nMelchior is murdered.\\n1860 Nov. Tongking. Abbe Heron\\nis murdered.\\n1866+ Fr. Cochin-China. A French\\nexpedition under Capt. Doudart de\\nLagree ascends the Mekong to Middle\\nChina.\\n1879 Annam. Bun-Lan, or Than-\\nKhai, the emperor, is horn.\\n1883 May 20. B. T. Biviere, French\\ncommander, dies.\\nJuly 20. Annam. Tu Due, the king,\\ndies.\\nAug. *-Dec. Tongking. The unarmed\\nnatives suffer much from all parties\\nin the war.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0493.jp2"}, "494": {"fulltext": "482 1883, Sept. 1-1893, May 17.\\nANNAM.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1883 Sept. 1-3. TongHng. Gen.Bouet\\nmakes a successful sortie in the direc-\\ntion of Soutay. [Sept. 3. He beheads a\\nnumber of Annamese prisoners.]\\nSept. 15. The Annamese troops dis-\\nband. The Yellow Flags continue hos-\\ntilities.\\nTongHng. Col. Badens with a small\\nforce surprises the citadel of Winh-\\nBinh; it surrenders without bloodshed.\\nSept. 20. TongHng. It is announced\\nthat Adm. Courbet supersedes Gen.\\nBouet.\\nNov. 17. TongHng. The Black Flags\\nmake a fierce attack on the French at\\nHai Dzuong, and are repulsed by the aid\\nof the gunboat Carabine.\\nDec. 16. TongHng. Adm. Courbet\\nshells and captures the forts at Sontay\\nFrench loss, 75 killed and 245 wounded.\\n[Dec. Sontay is fortified, and the\\nFrench advance.]\\n1884 Jan. 1, 2. TongHng. Pirates\\nattack Nam-Dinh.\\nJan. 20\u00c2\u00b1. TongHng. Chinese reen-\\nforcements arrive to assist the natives\\nagainst the French.\\nMar. 12. TongHng. Gens. N^grier,\\nBriere de l lsle, and Millot defeat the\\nChinese at Bac-iNmh the Celestials\\nhastily retire from the city.\\nMar. 22. TongHng. The citadel of\\nThai -Nguyen is captured by a French\\nforce under Gen. Briere de l lsle.\\nApr. 9. TongHng. The Chinese set\\nHonghoa on fire, and retreat from the\\ntown.\\nJune 23. TongHng. A rash attempt is\\nmade by Col. Dugenne-with 700 men to\\noccupy Langson the Chinese resist,\\nand kill 10 of the French.\\nAug. 30. TongHng. Gen. Briere de\\nl lsle succeeds Gen. Millot as com-\\nmander of the French forces.\\nOct. TongHng. Fighting is renewed\\nbetween the French and the Chinese.\\nOct. 6-8. TongHng. The Chinese\\nregulars attack the French under Gen.\\nNegrier, who repulses them, killing\\nmany of the Chinese.\\nOct. 10, 11. TongHng. The Chinese\\nare again defeated, with a loss of 3,000,\\nby Col. Bonnier, near Chu French loss,\\n20 killed and 90 wounded.\\nOct. 13. TongHng. The Chinese are\\nagain repulsed at Tuguen Qua-Hung,\\nlosing many men.\\nNov. 20\u00c2\u00b1. TongHng. The Black Flags\\nare defeated by the French.\\nDec. TongHng. The French retire to\\nthe hill country before the approach\\nof a great Chinese army.\\nDec. The defeat of Chinese pirates is\\nannounced.\\n1885 Jan. The arrival of 10,000\\nmen increases the army of Briere de\\nl lsle to 40,000 men.\\nJan. 3\u00c2\u00b1. Gen. Ne*grier defeats 12,000\\nChinese in a great battle east of Chu.\\nFeb. 2. The French forward move-\\nment begins.\\nFeb, 6. TongHng. The French capture\\nDong Song after a severe fight, taking\\nthree forts and a large amount of sup-\\nplies and ammunition.\\nFeb. 8. TongHng. The Chinese, 10,000\\nstrong, attack the French near the\\nfrontier, and are repulsed.\\nFeb. 10. TongHng. The column moves\\nforward, and the Chinese fall back.\\nFeb. 12. TongHng. The Chinese give\\nbattle, and are driven back.\\nFeb. 13. TongHng. The citadel of\\nLangson is finally occupied by the\\nFrench without resistance, as the gar-\\nrison retires.\\nFeb. 24. TongHng. Tuyen-Kouan is\\nattacked by the Chinese, hut they are\\nrepulsed by the French.\\nFeb. 27. TongHng. Gen. Ne grier cap-\\ntures a large quantity of war material,\\nstores, and ammunition from the Chi-\\nnese.\\nMar. 2. TongHng. The siege of Tu-\\nyen-Kouan is raised after IS attacks by\\nthe Chinese in as many days, the French\\nhaving lost 463 men.\\nMar. 4-7. TongHng. Col. Duchesne\\nagain defeats the Chinese. [Mar. 22.\\nAgain at Dong-Dang.]\\nMar. 24. TongHng. The French and\\nChinese fight a severe battle on the\\nfrontier.\\nMar. 27. TongHng. The Chinese de-\\nbouch in great numbers before the\\nFrench position at Ki-Lua the latter\\nfall back on Dong-Song and Than-\\nMoi.\\nMar. 28. TongHng. The Chinese drive\\nthe French back in great confusion, and\\nretake Dang son; Gen. Negrier is\\nwounded.\\nMar. 30. TongHng. Col. Herbenger\\nevacuates Dong-Song on the approach\\nof the Chinese.\\nApr. 3. TongHng. Preliminaries of\\npeace are signed.\\nApr. 14. TongHng. The Chinese, un-\\ninformed of the peace, attack the\\nFrench at Kep, and are repulsed.\\nApr. TongHng. Gen. de Courcy is\\nappointed to the command of the French\\nforces in the field.\\nApr. The Chinese reward Luh Vinh\\nPhuoc, the chief of the Black Flags,\\nfor his services against the French.\\nMay 5. TongHng. The Chinese troops\\nevacuate Langson, and proceed to\\nwithdraw from the province.\\nJuly 2. Cochin-China. The Annamese\\nat Hue revolt, and surprise the French\\nin a night attack.\\nJuly 5, 6. Cochin-China. The regent\\nThayet, with 30,000 men, treacherously\\nattacks Gen. de Courcy at Hue\\\\ but is de-\\nfeated and captured. [July 10. French\\nreenforcements arrive at HuC]\\nAug. 24+. TongHng. The citadel of\\nThan Hoa is occupied by the French\\nwithout resistance.\\nAug.* The Black Flags raid five mis-\\nsionary stations, and massacre the priests\\nand 10,000 native Christians.\\nSept. Cochin-China. Two French\\nmissionaries are reported killed and\\n24,000 native Christians massacred at\\nKuang-Tri.\\nOct. TongHng. Gen. Jounont attacks\\nThan-Moi, and routs its defenders after\\nfighting three days.\\nOct. TongHng. Black Flag bands\\nannoy the French.\\nDec. TongHng. Gen. Negrier defeats\\nthe Black Flags.\\n1886 Nov. TongHng. Insurrections\\nbreak out against the French, but are\\nsoon suppressed.\\n1887 Jan.* TongHng. Insurgents are\\nagain active. [Apr. 19. Col. Bose cap-\\ntures Mupng.]\\n1888 Sept.* TongHng. A native guard\\nis organized by the French for the pur-\\npose of suppressing piracy.\\n1889 Jan. 17. The pirates are de-\\nfeated by Gen. Borgnis des Bordes.\\nMar. 16. Doivan, the chief of the Bac-\\n!N inh pirates, surrenders, and quiet\\nfollows.\\n1S90 Nov. 8\u00c2\u00b1. TongHng. Piracy is\\nrampant, the French outposts being at-\\ntacked constantly.\\n1893 May 17. Siam. A bloody battle\\noccurs between the French Annamese\\ngarrison at Khong and the Siamese,\\non the boundary line of Annam and\\nSiam the Siamese government repudi-\\nates responsibility in the matter.\\nCHURCH.\\n1885 Aug.i -Dec. Annam. About\\n22,000 native Christians are massa-\\ncred.\\n1886 Aug. TongHng. Seven hun-\\ndred Christiana are massacred by the\\nBlack Flags, who destroy 30 villages.\\n1890 Annanw There are no Protes-\\ntant missions in the country.\\nThe educated classes follow Confu-\\ncius, Buddhism is tolerated by the\\ngovernment, and many of the natives\\nprofess Roman Catholicism. Some Ro-\\nman Catholic authorities claim 420,000\\nmembers, under 125 European priests\\nand 264 native priests, in seven apostolic\\nvicariates.\\nSTATE.\\n1883 Apr. 25. Fr. Cochin-China. The\\nEmperor Hiep-hoa is forced, by a French\\nnaval demonstration, to sign a treaty\\nat Saigon.\\nTherms A French protectorate and the\\nexclusion of foreign powers, except as\\napproved by the French Government", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0494.jp2"}, "495": {"fulltext": "ANNAM.\\n1883, Sept. 1-1893, May 17. 483\\nBink Tuan is ceded to France French\\noccupation of the forts on the Hue* River\\nFrench administration of customs ports\\nto be opened and an indemnity to be\\npaid by Aunam, etc.\\nOct.* Cambodia. The king, Norodom,\\nrecognizes the French protectorate\\nby treaty.\\nDec. 14. Annam. Anti-French fanatics\\nkill King Hiep-hoa, and Yoe-Duc\\nsucceeds him.\\n1884 Mar. 26\u00c2\u00b1. Annam. An Annam-\\nese prince is executed for instigating\\nthe massacres of Christians.\\nMay 11. China. Capt.FournierandLi-\\nHung-Chang, the imperial prime minis-\\nter, sign a treaty at Tien-tsin the\\nFrench protectorate of Annam and Tong-\\nking is recognized, and the Chinese\\ntroops are withdrawn from the north-\\nern provinces.\\nJune 6. The Annamese sign a convention\\nwhich compels the acknowledgment of\\nthe French protectorate.\\nJuly 1\u00c2\u00b1. Tongking. The Chinese de-\\ncline to ratify the treaty of May 11, and\\nrefuse to pay indemnity for the killing\\nof French citizens at Langson.\\nJuly 18i:. Tongking. The Chinese de-\\nmand the evacuation of Langson and\\nother places held by the French.\\nAug. 2. Annum. The king s death is an-\\nnounced, and his young brother, Kien-\\nphouc, is his successor.\\n1885 Apr. 5. China. The prelimina-\\nries of peace are signed at Peking.\\nThe Chinese agree to evacuate Tong-\\nking, and France will take it under its\\nprotectorate, and also evacuate For-\\nmosa.\\nJune 9. China. The Treaty of Tien-\\ntsin is ratified by the French and Chi-\\nnese.\\nJuly 2. Annam. The Annamese rise\\nin revolt against the French.\\nSept. 14\u00c2\u00b1. Annam. Chaul-Mong, the\\nadopted son of Tu Due, is proclaimed\\nemperor.\\nSept. 19. Annam. The emperor is\\ncrowned, and named Douck-Hanh.\\n1S86 Jan. 31. Tongking. Paul Bert\\nis appointed French resident. [Nov.\\n11. He dies.]\\nJan. 28. Annam. The emperor, Douck-\\nHanh, dies.\\nJan. 30. Annam. Thau-Khai, the\\nyoung son of Douck-Hauh, succeeds to\\nthe throne.\\nApr. Cambodia. The rebellion led by\\nPrince Si-Votha is broken, and he sues\\nfor peace.\\n1888 Sept. 8. Tongking. M.Richaud\\nsucceeds Paul Bert, deceased January,\\n1887.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1884 Jan. 1,2. Tongking. Pirates de-\\nvastate Nam-Dinh, and kill the people.\\n1889 Jan. 29. Annam. Douck-Hanh,\\nthe king, dies.\\nFeb. 27. Tongking. Gen. Des Bordes\\nof the French army is murdered.\\nARABIA AND THE MOSLEMS.\\nArabia is a large peninsula of Western Asia, and is destitute of any permanent river; its area is estimated at 1,200,000 square\\nmiles, and its population at 5,000,000. The country has no common government its political divisions are various, and include\\nthree Turkish provinces Hedjaz along the coast of the Red Sea, Yemen farther south, and El Hassa bordering the Persian\\nGulf three sultanates, Oman along the gulf of the same name, El Nejd in the interior, and Hadramant in the south Aden, in\\nthe extreme south, is a British protectorate. The religion of the people is Mohammedan, and their language is Arabic. About\\n185,000,000 Mohammedans are at the present time scattered over northern Africa, southern Asia, and southeastern Europe.\\nAuthorities are not agreed concerning the precise dates of the chief events connected with the life of Mohammed. Many of\\nthe Moslem dates are of uncertain value.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1438* *-1388* *b.c. Setil.(Sethos),\\nthe ruler of Egypt, sends a military ex-\\npedition into Arabia.\\n25 b. c. The Romans send an expe-\\ndition into Arabia under C. iElius Gallus.\\nHis army consists of 10,000 Roman in-\\nfantry, 500 Jews, and 1,000 Nabatheans\\nthey suffer greatly from the climate,\\nand return without making conquests.\\n500* *a.d. The Mustareb, or Northern\\nArabs, revolt, and in the battle of Ha-\\nzaz forever break the yoke of Yemen.\\n529* The Abyssinians numbering\\n70,000, under Aryat, invade Yemen to\\navenge the persecution of Christians.\\n562 Chosroes, king of Persia, makes\\nan expedition against the Christian king-\\ndom founded in Arabia by Abyssinians.\\nThe Abyssinians are driven out, and\\nArabia becomes a province of Persia.\\n569* *King Abraha of the Abyssin-\\nian dynasty, advancing for conquest, is\\ndefeated near Mecca.\\nART LETTERS NATURE.\\n500\u00c2\u00b1 Antar, or Antarah, chief and\\npoet, fiourisbes.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n267\u00c2\u00b1 Odenathus, warrior, husband of Ze-\\nnobia, is assassinated.\\n545\u00c2\u00b1 Ahdallah-Ben Abd-el Moottalib,\\nmerchant, father of Mohammed, born. [570.\\n\u00c2\u00bb71 Abu Bekr. father-in-law and suc-\\ncessor of Mohammed, born. [634, Aug. 22.\\nDies. A63.]\\nCHURCH.\\n500 A stone temple or shrine at\\nMecca of unknown antiquity is visited\\nby worshipers, and greatly enriched with\\nofferings.\\n529 The Abyssinians xinder Aryat\\nproclaim the Christian religion [and\\nmaintain it for 76 years through the\\nsouthern half of the peninsula].\\nSTATE.\\n1919 b. c. Chaldea. Ishmael,\\nthe son of Abraham, is born from him\\nthe Arabs claim descent.\\n1550 -1305 b. c. The dynasty\\nof Hammurabi reigns in Chaldea.\\n1438* *-13S3* *b. c. Seti I. (Se-\\nthos), king of Egypt, reigns his expe-\\ndition penetrates Arabia and advances\\nto the Euphrates.\\n722 -705 b. c. Sargon, king of\\nAssyria, having destroyed the kingdom\\nof Israel, extends his conquests into\\nArabia, and exacts tribute.\\n400\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Yemen, the oldest mon-\\narchy of Arabia, is established.\\n[It continues for about 2,500 years\\nruling the southern half of the penin-\\nsula directly and the northern half in-\\ndirectly.]\\n105 a. d. The Romans, by the gov-\\nernor of Syria, take possession of the\\ncountry from the northern end of the\\nRed Sea, and call it the Roman province\\nof Arabia.\\n5th century. The northern Arabs re-\\nvolt against the king of Yemen the\\nKoreysh tribe begins to develop.\\n522 King Caleb, or Elesbaan, of Abys-\\nsinia, extends his kingdom into\\nArabia.\\n529 The Yemen monarchy is over-\\nthrown by invading Abyssinians under\\nthe king of Axoum, the capital of Abys-\\nsinia, to which Yemen (Arabia Felix)\\nbelonged by right of conquest.\\n562 *Chosroes overthrows the\\nAbyssinian kingdom in Arabia, and\\nplaces Sai f, leader of the native Homer-\\nites, in power.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n500 An important coast trade along\\nthe Red Sea brings wealth to the Ko-\\nreysh Arabs.\\nThe annual fair of Okad, near Mecca,\\nbecomes a national assembly races,\\ngames, and commerce the chief attrac-\\ntions.\\n[It becomes the central emporium of\\nall the Arab tribes, and a truce exists\\nbetween warring tribes when present on\\nthe fair grounds.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0495.jp2"}, "496": {"fulltext": "484 570, **-775,\\nARABIA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n6th Century. The heroic period of the\\nnorthern Arabs a series of wars among\\nMustareb tribes.\\n623* *The Holy War begins; Mo-\\nhammed attacks and plunders a Mecca\\n624* Mohammed defeats the Ko-\\nreyshites in the battle of Bedr.\\nMohammed is at war with the\\nJews.\\n625 Mohammed is defeated in the\\nbattle of Ohod by idolaters led by\\nAbu Sofian.\\n627 Mohammed is besieged in Me-\\ndina by the Koraish, 40,000 strong part\\nof his followers turn against him the\\nsiege is raised in 14 days. [It is called\\nthe War of the Fosse, or Ditch.]\\n628 Mohammed leads his followers in\\na successful war against several Jew-\\nish tribes.\\n629 Syrid. Mohammed s followers,\\nled by Kaled, defeat an army of 100,000\\nRomans and allies at the battle of\\nMuta; for his bravery Mohammed\\nnames Kaled The Sword of God.\\n630 With 10,000 men Mohammed en-\\nters Mecca in triumph.\\n631 Mohammed proclaims a holy war\\nagainst the Byzantine empire it proves\\nan utter failure.\\n632 -34 The Mohammedans sub-\\ndue large parts of Asia, Africa, and\\nEurope.\\n634 Syria. The Saracens (Mohamme-\\ndans) besiege and capture Damascus.\\n634* *-44* *TheMohammedans\\nmake conquests in Persia, Palestine,\\nand Phoenicia.\\n637 Persia. The Saracens defeat the\\nPersians at the battle of Jaloulah, or\\n11 Battle of the Bridge.\\n640 Dec. 22. Egypt. The Saracens\\nunder Amru take Alexandria.\\n642 Persia. In the battle of Neha-\\nvend, Battle of Victories, the Sara-\\ncens defeat the Sassanidfe (Persians)\\ntheir empire is destroyed.\\n645 _656 Othman (Osman) sub-\\ndues northern Africa, and captures\\nRhodes and Cyprus.\\nCivil wars occur with much blood-\\nshed.\\n656 First civil war at a battle near\\nBasrah, the Day of the Camel,\\nAli defeats the rebellious friends of the\\nmurdered Othman, including Ayesha,\\none of the wives of Mohammed, who\\nrode up and down the battle-field\\nmounted on a great camel.\\n683 Hosein besieges Medina, and\\ndestroys the temple he raises the siege\\non hearing of the death of Calif Yezid.\\n692 Mecca is taken after a siege of\\neight months by Hejaj, the general of\\nAbdalmelik.\\n710+ Musa, the Saracen governor of\\nEgypt, extends Arabian conquests\\nalong the Mediterranean to the Atlantic\\nOcean.\\n711* *Tarik, the Saracen general,\\ncrosses to Spain, and overthrows the\\nkingdom of the (Catholic) Visigoths\\nat the battle of Jeres de la Frontera.\\n[Spain is conquered after a struggle\\nof eight years.]\\n725 Turkey. The Saracens invade\\nConstantinople with 120,000 men, be-\\nsides 1,800 who approach by sea; the\\nArab fleet is destroyed by Greek fire.\\n732 Fr. The Saracens enter Gaul,\\nand are defeated and routed by Charles\\nMartel in a great battle between Tours\\nand Poitiers. [This battle is said to\\nhave changed the history of Europe.]\\nCivil wars are renewed with the\\nShiites, or followers of Ali.\\nART SCIENCE LETTERS\\nNATURE.\\n610\u00c2\u00b1 The Koran, the sacred book of\\nthe Mohammedans, is divulged by Mo-\\nhammed. [First published by Abu-Bekr\\n635+.]\\n622 July 15. The Mohammedans be-\\ngin their era from the Hegira, or\\nflight of Mohammed from Mecca to\\nMedina.\\n700* *-80O* The medical schools of\\nBagdad and Salerno flourish.\\n705 The mosque at Mecca is erected\\nby the calif, El Madgy.\\n750 Sp. John, Bishop of Seville, pre-\\npares an Arabic Bible.\\n760+ Astronomy and geography\\nare sciences cultivated by the Arabs.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n571\u00c2\u00b1 Mohammed, religious teacher,\\nfounder of Mohammedanism, born. [632,\\nJune 8. Dies. A61+.]\\n581 Omar I., calif and captor of Jerusa-\\nlem, born. [644. Dies. A63.]\\nAntar, warrior and poet, b. and d.\\n600+ Ali-Ibn-Abi-Talib, son-in-law of Mo-\\nliiunmed, born. [661. Assassinated. A59+.]\\n631 Kahadijah, wife of Mohammed, dies.\\n632 Fatima, only daughter of Moham-\\nmed, A26\u00c2\u00b1.\\n655 Othman, calif, is murdered.\\n663 Kaab, poet, dies.\\n663 Amru, general, dies.\\n680 The sons of Ali murdered.\\n700+ Amru-el-Kais, poet, dies.\\n705 Abd el Mealiek, calif, A 60.\\n713* Mansur, Al, Abou Jaffar Alnlallah,\\nsecond Abbasside calif, founder of Bagdad,\\nborn. [775+. Dies. A63\u00c2\u00b1.]\\n730+ Abu-Moslem, general, born. [755\\nDies. A35+.]\\n765+* Jobeidah, wife of Harun-al-Kas-\\nchid, born. [831. Dies. A66+.]\\n765+* *Harun al Raschid Aaron the\\nJust calif of Bagdad, born. [809. Dies.\\nA44+.]\\nGeber, Aboo-Moossah-Jaafar-al-Sofee,\\nalchemist, born and died.\\nCHURCH.\\n570 The Christian Abyssinians vainly\\nendeavor to seize the keys of the\\nholy temple from the Koreyah Arabs.\\nThe religion of the Arabs sinks into\\nidolatry or indifference.\\n571 July 16. Mohammed is born.\\n604 Mohammed Bets forth his creed.\\n606* *-611* Mohammed often retires\\nto a solitary cave near Mount Hara,\\nand giveB himself up to religious medi-\\ntation. Here he has his first vision\\nhe says the chief part of the Koran is\\nbrought to him by the angel Gabriel.\\nHe comes into connection with the\\nHanifs, or penitents, who seek deliv-\\nerance from sin and reject idolatry.\\n610\u00c2\u00b1 Mohammed appears in Mecca\\nas a prophet.\\n611* Kadi j ah becomes Mohammed?\\nfirst convert.\\n612 or 613 Mohammed publicly\\nannounces himself a prophet, and is\\nmet with imprecations and maltreat-\\nment.\\n613+ Mohammed has made no con-\\nverts beyond his family and friends.\\n621+ Mohammed makes his alleged\\nascent into heaven.\\n622 Mecca. Mohammed s cause is\\ngreatly advanced by the addition of\\n12 pilgTims from Yathreb.\\nJuly 16. The Hegira; Mohammed flees\\nfrom Mecca for an asylum in Medina\\n[where he becomes a political leader\\nand a religious reformer].\\nHe makes Friday the principal day\\nfor worship, and Mecca the principal\\nplace; for the Jewish fast he substi-\\ntutes the month Ramadan,\\nMohammed endeavors to gain over to\\nhis religion the Jews in Medina, but\\nfails, and becomes their irreconcilable\\nenemy.\\n623 Dec.* Mohammed commences\\nthe Holy War (mission work) by at-\\ntacking a Mecca caravan, which he\\nplunders.\\nMohammed produces the 8th chap-\\nter of the Koran, which he alleges\\ncame to him from heaven.\\n625 Banu Nadir, the Jew, is ex-\\npelled from Medina with his powerful\\nfamily.\\n626 Mohammed prohibits wine and\\ngames of chance.\\n627 A heroic spirit is exhibited by\\nthe 600 or 700 Jews who are martyred\\nby Mohammed.\\n628 Rapid spread of Islamisni.\\n629 Kalid, Amru, and Othman,\\nwho presided over the Kaaba, become\\nMussulmans, increasing Mohammed s\\npower and influence he is acknowl-\\nedged in all the country between the\\nEuphrates and the Red Sea.\\n630 Jan. Mohammed with 10.000 men\\nenters Mecca on a pilgrimage, and\\ndestroys the idols.\\n632 Mohammed and 40,000 adherents\\nperform the pilgrimage to Mecca.\\nJune 8. Mohammed dies. He was\\nslowly poisoned by a Jewess.\\n*-34* *The Koran is collected\\n[later enlarged by the Soona, an oral\\ntradition].", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0496.jp2"}, "497": {"fulltext": "AND THE MOSLEMS.\\n570, **-775, 485\\n634\u00c2\u00b1 A mosque is erected on the\\nsite of Solomon s temple at Jerusa-\\nlem.\\n642 In Egypt the Christians (Copts)\\naid the Arabians under Omar, out of\\nhostility to the Greek Orthodox Church.\\n644 The Christian Berbers in Worth\\nAfrica are won over to Islam ism by\\nOthman.\\n679 The great schism takes place.\\nSeparation of believers into two par-\\nties, the Soonees, Sunnites (Tradition-\\nalists), who accept the addition, and the\\nSheeah or Shiites (Separatists), who\\nreject it, and regard AH (son-in-law)\\nas Mohammed s rightful successor.\\n720 The successful Saracens threaten\\nto encircle Christendom, and to\\nspeedily destroy the Christian faith.\\n732* Charles Martel saves Christian\\nEurope from becoming a Moorish Eu-\\nrope by winning the battle against\\nAbd-er-Rahman between Tours and Poi-\\ntiers. (See A. and N.)\\n750 Rise of the Motazilites, who\\noriginated the Mussulman theology.\\nSTATE.\\n622 Mar. Seventy Moslems from\\nYathreb conclude an offensive and\\ndefensive treaty with Mohammed at\\nAkaba, near Mecca.\\nJuly 16. The Hegira, or flight of Mo-\\nhammed from Mecca to Medina, takes\\nplace. [It is the beginning of the Mo-\\nhammedan era Mohammed becomes a\\ngreat political and religious leader.]\\n628 Mohammed organizes a pilgrim-\\nage to Mecca.\\nMohammed receives the homage of his\\nfollowers under a tree near Medina.\\nThe Meccans refuse Mohammed ad-\\nmission to the city they make a treaty\\nwith him at Hodaibiya, agreeing to a\\ntruce for 10 years.\\nMohammed sends letters to the\\nkings of Persia and Abyssinia, and the\\nchiefs of several Arab tribes, demand-\\ning of them to become followers of his.\\n630 Mohammed takes possession of\\nMecca. [His final and complete suc-\\ncess is assured.]\\n632 On the death of Mohammed, Abu-\\nBekr his father-in-law, is elected his\\nsuccessor calif. [He reigns two years.]\\n634 Aug. 23. Abu-Bekr dies, and\\nOmar becomes calif. [He bears the\\ntitle Emir-al-Mumenin, Commander of\\nthe Faithful, which all succeeding ca-\\nlifs assume.]\\nThe Yemen monarchy is ab-\\nsorbed in the Mohammedan conquest.\\n642 Persia is conquered by the Ara-\\nbians.\\n644* Omar is assassinated, and Oth-\\nman (Osman) becomes caliph. [He\\nreigns 12 years he extends the king-\\ndom into northern Africa.]\\n655 Othman is murdered by fanatics\\nduring an insurrection, arid Ali, the\\nhusband of Fatima and son-in-law of\\nMohammed, becomes calif he is recog-\\nnized by only part of the Arabs.\\n[The followers of Ali, known as Shi-\\nites, recognize him as the first legiti-\\nmate successor of Mohammed their\\nopponents are the Sunnites, who recog-\\nnize the first four califs as legitimate\\nsuccessors the Mohammedans of Persia\\nare mostly Shiites, those of the Turkish\\nempire and India mostly Sunnites.]\\nMoawiyah is supported as calif in\\nSyria.\\n660 Ali [the sixth of this name] is\\nassassinated, and Hassan his son be-\\ncomes calif.\\n661 Hassan resigns, and Moawiyah\\nsucceeds him he is the great-grandson\\nof Mohammed.\\n661 -750 The dynasty of the\\nOmmiades.\\n[Moawiyah changes the royal resi-\\ndence from Medina to Damascus,\\nand makes the office of calif hereditary.]\\n679 -683 Yezid I., son of Moa-\\nwiyah, is calif.\\n680 Abdallah revolts, amd is pro-\\nclaimed calif at Medina by the people\\nof Mecca and Medina.\\n683 Moawiyah II., son of Moawiyah\\nI., is calif.\\n683 -684 Merwan I. is calif.\\n684 -705 Abdalmelik is calif.\\nThe glory of the Moslem empire\\nculminates.\\nThe decline of Arabia commences.\\n705* *-715* Walid I. is calif Spain\\nbecomes part of the Moslem empire.\\n710+ Conquests are extended\\nthrough North Africa to the Atlantic\\nunder Musa, the Arab governor of\\nEgypt.\\n715* *-717* Soliman is calif\\n717 -720 Omar II. is calif.\\n720 -724 Yezid H. is calif.\\nThe Mohammedan Berbers, shep-\\nherds of Mount Atlas, parts of North\\nAfrica, and other people of African,\\nRoman, and Greek descent, become\\nmixed with the Arabs, and are called\\nMoors.\\n720 Fr. The Saracens advance be-\\nyond the Pyrenees.\\n724 -743 Hashem is calif.\\nHe is very strict in the practice of\\nreligious duties, and an avowed enemy\\nof luxury.\\n743 -744 Walid H. is calif.\\n744* Yezid III, becomes calif; he\\ndies of the plague after reigning five\\nmonths.\\nIbraham becomes calif he is de-\\nposed after reigning three months.\\n-750 Merwan H. is calif.\\nThe califate reaches its greatest ex-\\npansion, and includes within its domin-\\nion southwestern Asia from the Indus\\nto the Mediterranean and the Cauca-\\nsus, all northern Africa, Sardinia, Cor-\\nsica, and parts of France and Spain.\\n750 Dynasty of the Abbassides.\\nAbul Abbas, a great-grandson of an\\nuncle of Mohammed, having overthrown\\nMerwan II., the Abbassides com-\\nmence their reign, Abul Abbas being\\nmade calif by the soldiers.\\n754 -775 Al Mansur is calif he\\nintroduces learning among the Arabs.\\n756 The separate califate of Cor-\\ndova is established in Spain by Abd-er-\\nRahman.\\nFr. The Moslems advance north-\\nward and invade Gaul, where they are\\nrepulsed.\\n759* Pepin delivers France from the\\nlast vestige of Mohammedan rule.\\n762+ Bagdad, in Asiatic Turkey, a\\ncity on the Tigris, is founded by Al\\nMansur, and becomes the seat of the\\nSaracen empire. The golden period\\nof the Saracenic empire begins.\\n775 -785 Al Mahdi is calif.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n571+ 629 Mohammed rises from\\nobscurity to power.\\n(571) He is horn.\\n(577+ He loses his mother, and is\\ncommitted to the care of a slave.\\n(579\u00c2\u00b1 He, having lost his grandfather,\\nis adopted by his uncle Abu Talib.\\n(594+ He earns his living as a shep-\\nherd.\\n(595 He enters the house and business\\nof Kadijah.\\n(598+ He marries Kadijah.\\n(606+ He settles the dispute of the\\nchiefs respecting the restoration of the\\nsacred black stone on the rebuilding of\\nKaabeh.\\n(619 He loses his uncle, and three\\ndays later his wife he seeks solace\\nby marrying several wives Ayesha,\\nseven years of age, and Sawda, and\\nHafsa the second became his bride\\nonly two months after the death of the\\nfirst wife.\\nHe gives his daughter Fatima in mar-\\nriage to Ali-Ibn-Taleb.\\n(622 The Koreyshites attempt to as-\\nsassinate the prophet he hides in a\\n(628+ He marries Jeweira, a woman\\nof great beauty.\\nAn attempt is made to poison the\\nprophet, but he is delivered.\\n(629 He claims a revelation from\\nheaven permitting him to have as many\\nconcubines as he may wish he takes\\nMary.\\n641 Egypt. The Saracens burn the\\ngreat library at Alexandria.\\n644 Omar is murdered by a Persian\\nslave.\\n692 Abd- Allah Ebn Zobeyr is slain\\nin storming the walls of Mecca.\\n695 Abdalmelik coins the first Ara-\\nbian money Somyor, a Jew, is his mint-\\nmaster.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0497.jp2"}, "498": {"fulltext": "486 776, **~1807,\\nARABIA\\nARMY NAVY.\\n920 Mecca is stormed by the revolt-\\ning Karmathiaus under their leader,\\nSuleyman Aba-Jahir.\\n1258 The Tartars take Bagdad, and\\nend Moslem rule in that city.\\n1517* The Turks conquer Egypt\\nand Arabia, and thereby transfer the\\nsovereignty to the Ottoman sovereign.\\n1630 The Yemenites expel the Turks\\nfrom their native province.\\n1650\u00c2\u00b1 The Yaarebah princes drive\\nthe Portuguese princes out of Mus-\\ncat.\\n1737 Nadir Shah attacks the king-\\ndom of Oman, and takes the principal\\ntowns, and slaughters mauy of the in-\\nhabitants.\\n1797 The Turks with an army of\\n5,000, and 5,000 Arabian allies, invade\\nHasa for the suppression of the Waha-\\nbis they besiege Hofhuf, the capital,\\nand retire unsuccessful.\\n1801 The Wahabis invade Bagdad\\nand besiege and plunder Kerbala.\\n1802 The Wahabis subdue Taif the\\npleasure-ground of Mecca, with much\\nbloodshed.\\n1803 Apr. Mecca is taken by the\\nWahabis.\\n1804 Sayyid, at the head of the Wa-\\nhabis, conquers Medina, plunders the\\ntomb of the prophet of its accumulation\\nof rich offerings, and treats the people\\nwith much severity.\\n-11 The Wahabis are at war\\nwith their neighbors and especially with\\nthe Turks.\\nART SCIENCE LETTERS\\nNATURE.\\n8th Century. Geber (Abu Musa Jaffaral-\\nSoii) the chemist flourishes.\\n813 -842 Alkindius writes on\\nastronomy and medicine.\\n818 Al-Mamun patronizes literature\\nand learning.\\n820\u00c2\u00b1 Aristotle is first translated\\ninto Arabic.\\n900\u00c2\u00b1 Albategnius, the great astron-\\nomer, determines the length of the\\ntropical year.\\n950 AJfarabius, writer and scientist,\\nlinguist, and compiler of an encyclope-\\ndia [the first], familiar with all branches\\nof science, dies at Damascus.\\n995+ Astronomers have a sextant\\nwhose radius is 59 feet, nine inches.\\nAzzarkal, the mathematician and\\nastronomer, flourishes.\\n961 -976 The Society of the\\nBrothers of Purity or Sincerity,\\nf o unded at Basra, prosecutes philosophic\\nand scientific studies.\\n961 -976 Spain. Learning is en-\\ncouraged by Alhakun, Calif of Cor-\\ndova the catalogue of his library fills\\n44 volumes.\\nTwenty-seven free schools are opened\\nin Cordova for the poor knowledge* is\\nwidely distributed in Mohammedan\\nSpain.\\n10th Century. Hydropathy is practised.\\n978i Spain. The successor of Ha-\\nkem burns every book in the royal\\nlibrary which treats of philosophy or\\nastronomy.\\nThe Society of Brothers of Basra\\nwrite a cyclopedia of knowledge in 51\\ntreatises.\\n1000\u00c2\u00b1 Avicenna, the physician and\\nscholar, flourishes [the most learned\\nman of his time].\\n1006 The Talmud is translated into\\nArabic.\\n1008\u00c2\u00b1 Ebn Junis draws up astro-\\nnomical tables.\\n1030\u00c2\u00b1 Alhazen discourses on the\\nnature of sight, and writes a treatise on\\noptics.\\n1045 -1070 Spain. Avicebron,\\nthe Hebrew poet, better known as Solo-\\nmon ben Gabriol, writes his philosophi-\\ncal work, Fountain of Life.\\n1050+ Magnifying glasses are in-\\nvented by Alhazen.\\n1150* Philosophical books are\\nburned at Bagdad by command of the\\ncalif.\\n1180 Philosophy revives in Spain,\\nand is cultivated by Avenpace, Ibn-\\nTofail, and Averroes.\\n1185 Death of Ibn-Tofail in Mo-\\nrocco, a writer of romance and phi-\\nlosophy, and a treatise on medicine,\\nand also one on astronomy.\\n1192 At Bagdad the books of a phy-\\nsician are publicly cursed and burned,\\nand their owner is imprisoned.\\n1195* Spain. Philosophers are ban-\\nished and their works burned Ben-\\nHabib is condemned to death for philos-\\nophising.\\n1253 Spain. Alphonsine (astro-\\nnomical) tables, composed by Al Bagel\\nand Al Kabitz, are drawn up under the\\nauspices of King Alfonso X. of Castile.\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n7764- Albumazar, astronomer, born. [885.\\nDies. A109\u00c2\u00b1.]\\n780 Alhakem Ibn Atta. prophet, dies.\\n806 Abu Teman, poet, born. [845\\nDies. A39+.]\\n852\u00c2\u00b1 Kliazes, or Kasis, physician, born.\\n[932. Dies. A80+.]\\n890\u00c2\u00b1 Masudi, Abu Hasen All ben Husein\\nben- Ali, historian, born. [956. Dies. A66\u00c2\u00b1.]\\n933 Abu FaraSj poet, born. [968. Dies.\\nA 36.]\\n850* Albateg-niue. Mohammed ben\\nJabir. astronomer, born. [929. Dies. A79\u00c2\u00b1.]\\n950 Alfarabius, writer on all branches of\\nscience, dies.\\n965 Al Mootenabbee, poet, dies.\\nAl-Kimh, philosopher, dies.\\n970* Abu el Ala, blind poet, born. [1057.\\nDies. A87+0\\n979 Ibn-Yunas, Ali-Ibn-Abd-er-Rahman,\\npoet, astronomer, horn. [1008. Dies. A30.J\\n980* Avicenna, phvsieian, author, born.\\n[1037. Dies. A57.]\\n994\u00c2\u00b1 Ali Ibn ul Albas, physician, dies.\\nAzzarkal, mathematician, astronomer,\\nborn and dies.\\n1038 Alhazen, phllOSOpber, mathema-\\ntician, dies.\\n1045 Hariri, Abu Mohammed Kasem ben\\nah, poet, born. [1122\u00c2\u00b1. Dies. A77\u00c2\u00b1.]\\n1058 Algazel, scholar, teacher, philoso-\\npher, mystic Baint, born. [1111. A53.J\\nAbdullah ben Yasini, scholar, soldier,\\nAvenzoar, physician, born. [1162.\\ndies.\\n1072 b\\nDies.\\n1087 b* -Abu Abdallah Mohammed,\\nfounder of the Almuhades, born. ;il3u,\\n1099\\nA.43\\nEdr\\ng -uyrapher, born. [1164.\\nHlOz Ahn-el-Kasim, surgical writer, dies.\\n1138 Avempace, philosopher, dies.\\n1149- Averroes. Ibn JCoshd, philosopher,\\nphysician, born. [119\u00c2\u00bb. Dies. A49_.\\nFakhr-ed-Din, Ad-liazi, phvsieian, born.\\n[1210. Dies. A61\u00c2\u00b1.J\\n1161 Abdul Latif, writer, born.\\n1185 Ibn-TofaU, writer of romance and\\nmedicine, dies in llorocco.\\n1193 Mar. 24. Saladin Ynsuf Ibn Ayub,\\nsultan of Egypt and .Syria, dies.\\n1231 Abdul Laiif, writer, A70.\\n1256* Abu Hayyan, Athir-tl-Dur, anthor,\\nborn. [1344. Dies. A88.J\\n1259 Othinan, founder of the Ottoman\\nEmpire, born. [1326. Dies.]\\n1273\u00c2\u00b1 Abu el Feda, warrior, author, born.\\n[1331. Dies. A58\u00c2\u00b1.J\\n1275 Adhahahebi. historian, born. [1275.\\nDies. A73.]\\n1332 Ibn Khaldun or Khaldoun, histo-\\nrian, born. [1406. Dies. A 74.]\\n1608 Abu el Fazl or Aboulfazl, vizier,\\nhistorian, dies.\\n1691- Abd el Wahab. founder of the\\nWahabis, horninNejd. [1787. Dies. A96\u00c2\u00b1.]\\n1803 Abd el Aziz, Wahabi chief, assas-\\nsinated.\\n1807* *AbdelKader,\\nDies. A76.]\\nr,born. [1883.\\nCHURCH.\\n890 The Karma thi an Mohammedan\\nsect arises [and in 900 devastates the\\nEastj.\\n900 General skepticism develops\\nin the heart of Arabia among the\\nKarmathites.\\n930 TheKaabeh is ruined, and the\\nsacred black stone is carried to Hasa\\n[where it remains 22 years].\\n1730\u00c2\u00b1 Rise of the Wahabis the\\nArabic Puritans.\\nThey seek to reform Islamism con-\\ndemn fine dressing, use of tobacco and\\nwine, the honors paid to shrines, and\\ninculcate hatred to foreigners, espe-\\ncially the Turks. The reform spreads\\nswift and wide in Arabia.\\n1805 Nearly all Arabia accepts the\\nreformed Islamism of the Wahabis.\\nSTATE.\\n785* *-786* Al Hadi is calif\\n786* *-809* *Harun-Al-Easchid\\n(Aaron the Just) is calif he is a patron\\nof learning and an enlightened ruler.\\n800* *-941* *N. Africa. The Ag-\\nlabite dynasty is in power at Kairwan\\nand Tunis.\\n808* *-908* N. Africa. The Ed-\\nrisite dynasty, founded by Kdris, a\\ndescendant of Ali, the son-in-law of\\nJlohammed, reigns at Fez.\\n809 -813 Al Amin is calif.\\n813 -833 Al Mamun, son of\\nHarun-al-Raschid, is calif he is a lib-\\neral patron of schools and science.\\n820 The Arabian monarchy is dis-\\nmembered.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0498.jp2"}, "499": {"fulltext": "AND THE MOSLEMS.\\n776,* *-1807,**. 487\\n-872 The dynasty of the Taher-\\nites is in power at Khorassan.\\n833 -841 Al Motassem is calif.\\nHe has 40,000 Turkish slaves, bought in\\nTartary they become the disposers of\\nthe throne he builds Saumara, and\\nmakes it the seat of government the\\ncalifate gradually declines.\\n[841-847, Al Wathek is calif; 847-861,\\nAl Motawakkel 861-862, Al Mostan-\\nser; 862-866, Al Mostain; S66-S69, Al\\nMotaz 869-870, Al Mohtadi.]\\n870 -892 Al Motamed is calif.\\nHe reestablishes the capital at Bag-\\ndad; the Turkish guards lose some of\\ntheir prestige and power.\\n872 Persia. Yakub Ebn Seis, the bra-\\nzier, overthrows the Taherites, and\\nfounds the Saffarian dynasty.\\n890* *-951* *TheKarmathians,\\nprompted by skepticism and injustice,\\nrevolt, and sever Arabia from the em-\\npire they condemn the pomp of the\\ncourt at Bagdad, and war against it.\\n892* *-902* *AlMotadhed is caliph.\\nTurkestan becomes independent under\\nIsmail Samani.\\n902 -908 Al Moktafi is calif.\\n902\u00c2\u00b1 Ismail Samani conquers Persia.\\n908 The Fatimites, descendants of\\nFatima, daughter of Mohammed, appear\\nin Egypt. [They claim the califate in\\nwestern Africa, with Kairwan for the\\ncapital, and subvert the Aglabite and\\nEdrisite dynasties.]\\n-932 Al Moktader is calif.\\n93o\u00c2\u00b1 Algeria. The town of Algiers\\nis founded by the Arabs near the site\\nof ancient Icosium.\\n932* *-934* AlKaher is calif. [934-\\n940. Al Radhi is calif. A tribute of\\n50,000 dinars is annually paid to the\\nKarmathians. 940-944, Al Motaki 944-\\n945, Al Mostakfi.^\\nAhmed, the Buyide, vizier of the\\ncalif of Bagdad, engrosses all political\\npower; he establishes the office or ap-\\npointment of Emir Al Omra his descen-\\ndants continue his claims.\\n945 -974 Al Moti is calif.\\n958 -972 Maiz Ad Din, a calif\\nof the Fatimite dynasty, subjects regions\\nof Africa and Egypt to Moslem rules he\\nbuilds Cairo.\\n961 Afghanistan. The principality\\nof Ghazni is established.\\n972* *-973* Cairo becomes the\\ncapital of the Fatimite Arabs in Egypt.\\n974 _99i Al Tai is calif.\\n983 -1056 Insurrections occur\\nin Persia, and Imad Al Daulah founds\\nthe Buyide or Deylimite dynasty.\\n991 -1031 Al Kader is calif.\\n997* *-1028* Afghanistan. Mah-\\nmudis sultan of Ghazni, which he en-\\nriches with the immense spoils obtained\\nin 12 expeditions against Hindustan.\\n1031 -75 Al Kaim is calif.\\n1032\u00c2\u00b1 Afghanistan. The principal-\\nity of Ghazni declines.\\n1055 Togrel Beg conquers Persia\\nafter capturing Bagdad he marries the\\ndaughter of Al Kaim and becomes Emir\\nAl Omra.\\n1075 -94 Al Moktadi is calif.\\nHassan Jubah of Nishapur, the\\nold man of the mountain, raises an in-\\nsurrection his followers are called as-\\nsassins and are numerous in Persia and\\nSyria.\\n1074 Syria. Shah, the leader of the\\nSeljuks, captures Jerusalem by insult-\\ning and robbing Christians his followers\\nfurnish a cause for the crusades.\\n1092 Syria. Melek Shah dies, and\\nthe kingdom of the Seljuks is divided\\nand declines.\\n1094* *-1118* Al Mortader is\\ncalif.\\n1096* Syria. Mustali, the eighth\\nFatimite calif of Egypt, takes Jerusa-\\nlem.\\n1099* Syria. The Crusaders capture\\nJerusalem from the Moslems. [1111.\\nThey take Sidon and Berytus (Beyrout)\\nfrom the Mohammedans.]\\n1104 Syria. The Crusaders under\\nBaldwin, king of Jerusalem, take Acre.\\n[1109. They take Tripoli in North\\nAfrica.]\\n1118 -35 Al Mostarshed is calif.\\n1135 -36 Al Kaschid is calif.\\nHe defeats the Turks in their attempt\\nto capture Bagdad.\\n1136 Assassins cruelly murder Al\\nRaschid.\\n-1160 Al Moktafi is calif.\\n1147 Syria. The second crusade,\\nurged by Pope Eugenius, begins.\\n1160 -70 Al Mostanjed is calif.\\nGreat disorders occur in Persia;\\nthe governors of provinces assume inde-\\npendence, and are rivals for supreme\\nauthority.\\n1170 -80 Al Mostadhi is calif.\\nSaladin, vizier of Egypt, proclaims\\nAl Mostadhi calif of Egypt.\\nSaladin, having become Sultan of\\nEgypt, conquers Syria, Mesopotamia,\\nand Arabia.\\n1180 -1225 Al Waser is calif.\\nThe assassins murder many emi-\\nnent Mohammedans and Christian lead-\\n1183 Afghanistan. The principality\\nof Ghazni falls.\\n1187* Saladin defeats the Christians\\nat Tiberias.\\n1191 July 17. Syria. The Crusaders\\ncapture Acre.\\n1192 Syria. Richard, King of Eng-\\nland, the lion-hearted, takes Jaffa, and\\nforces Saladin to make peace.\\n1193 Mar. 24.^ Egypt. Saladin dies,\\nand his dominions are divided.\\n1206* *-27* Mongolia. Genghis\\nKhan rules the Mongols.\\n1225* *-26* *A1 Zaher is calif; he\\nreigns only a few months.\\n1226 -40 Al Mostanser is calif.\\n1240 -58 Al Mostasem is calif\\n1256* *-65* Persia. Houlakou,\\ngrandson of Genghis Khan, is sultan.\\nHe exterminates the assassins, captures\\nBagdad, destroying l.Cuu.noo people, puts\\nMostasem the calit to death, thus ending\\nthe califate of Bagdad the califate is\\ntransferred to Eg\\\\pt [where it continues\\nas a spiritual power until 1577].\\n1291* Syria. The Mohammedans cap-\\nture Sidon.\\nThe Knights of St. John yield the\\nlast stronghold of the Christians to the\\nArabs in the surrender of Acre.\\n1508 The Portuguese occupy Mus-\\ncat.\\n1517 Selim I., the Turkish or Otto-\\nman sultan, after conquering Egypt, ob-\\ntains the investiture of the califate,\\nwhich thus becomes a politico-religious\\noffice.\\n15 18 The Ottoman sultan receives the\\nnominal allegiance of many of the Arab\\ntribes,\\n1630 The Yemenites, after having ex-\\npelled the Turks, establish a kingdom\\nof 30 small provinces.\\n1650 The Portuguese surrender\\nMuscat to the Taarebah princes.\\n1737* *-41* *The kingdom of Oman\\n(Muscat) is under Persian rule.\\n1741 Ahmad Ebn Saood founds a\\ndynasty in Oman after repelling the\\nPersian invaders.\\n1765 Abd-el-Aziz, one of the Waha-\\nbis, reigns in Nejd, assuming the titles\\nof imam and sultan; he extends his\\ndominions.\\n1775 Sayyid succeds his father, Ah-\\nmad Ebn Saood, in Oman (Muscat).\\n1803 Saood, son of Aziz, com-\\nmences his prosperous reign at Mecca\\nover the Nejd kingdom he soon dic-\\ntates on what terms yearly pilgrimages\\nmay be made from all parts of the Mo-\\nhammedan world.\\n1804 Sultan Saood reigns in the\\nkingdom of Oman.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n800i The first apothecary s shop\\nin the world is established at Bagdad.\\n1243 -58 During the reign of\\nMostasom the sacred black stone is\\nfixed in the threshold of the principal\\nentrance of his palace at Bagdad. [This\\nentrance, the Porte, becomes by\\neminence the title of his court.]\\n1300 Coffee is introduced. (Arabia.)\\n1454 Coffee comes into repute in\\nArabia.\\n1804 The Sultan Saood, of the king-\\ndom of Oman, is killed.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0499.jp2"}, "500": {"fulltext": "1810, **-1893, Apr. 12.\\nARABIA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1810* *-1819* *The British subdue\\nthe Wahabi pirates.\\n1811 -15 Mehemet Ali, Egyp-\\ntian vassal of the Sultan of Turkey,\\nconquers the Wahabis Arabia becomes\\n[for a few years] an Egyptian prov-\\nince.\\n1812 Jouson Beg, son of Mehemet\\nAli, storms and captures Medina, the\\nCity of the Prophet, and massacres\\nthe garrison and inhabitants.\\n1816 Sept. Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt,\\nadopted son of Mehemet Ali, lands at\\nYembo to complete the subjugation of\\nthe Wahabis.\\nThe Wahabis surrender their last\\nstronghold at Dereyeeyah, after a siege\\nof five months by Ibrahim, the pasha\\nof Egypt.\\n1817 Toorkee, son of Abdallah, or-\\nganizes guerrilla bands, and finally\\ndrives the Turks out of the eastern and\\ncentral provinces.\\n1858 July 25, 26. Consuls and Chris-\\ntians having been massacred at Jiddah,\\nCom. Pulien with the Cyclops of the\\nBritish navy bombards the town.\\n1871 Jan. 30+. Sa id Toorkee takes\\nthe city of Muscat, and kills the chief.\\n1883 Oct. The sultan s rebel brother\\nbesieges Muscat till driven away by\\nthe British ship Philomel.\\n1890 Nov. 17. The Porte calls upon\\nArab chiefs to form a corps of 100,000\\nfoot-soldiers 1 and 10,000 cavalry, to\\nact in conjunction with Turkish troops\\nin time of need.\\n1891 Aug.\u00c2\u00b1 A revolt in Yemen is\\ncrushed by the Turks.\\nAhmed Ritshdi Pasha, the Turkish\\ncommander, enters the capital with\\nfourteen camel-loads of hands, cut from\\nrebel chieftains.\\nSept. 23. The Governor of Yemen and\\nall Turkish officials are driven out of\\nSana by insurgents, who capture\\nHodeida. 1\\nART SCIENCE LETTERS\\nNATURE.\\n1859 Tischendorf obtains the Codex\\nSinaiticus, a manuscript of the Septua-\\ngint and Greek. New Testament, from\\nthe Convent of St. Catherine on Mount\\nSinai.\\n1874 Feb. Charles T. Beke an Eng-\\nlish traveler claims to have discovered\\nthe Mount Sinai of the Bible.\\n1893 Apr. 12. A complete Syrian text\\nof the Four Gospels is discovered in\\nthe Convent of Mount Sinai.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1820 liou Ma za, Si Mohammed, dervish,\\nfanatic, born.\\n1870* Feysal, aged and blind, is assassi-\\nnated.\\n1810 The Wahabis allow no pilgrims\\nto visit the holy places except those who\\njoin their reformation of Islam. It\\noccasions war.\\n1853** Only 50,000 pilgrims visit\\nthe holy shrine at Mecca.\\n1858 June 15. At Jiddah, the seaport\\nof Mecca, the Mohammedans massacre\\n26 Christians, including the English\\nand French consuls and part of their\\nfamilies.\\nA host of pilgrims arrive 60,000 visit\\nMecca.\\n1865 The Wahabis are reported to\\nbe in a prosperous condition, and the\\nsect extended into India.\\nThe Keith Falconer Mission of the\\nFree Church of Scotland is opened at\\nSheik Othman, 10 miles from Aden.\\n1889 Aug. 1. The Reformed (Dutch)\\nMission of South Arabia is organized\\nas an undenominational mission.\\nSTATE.\\n1811* *-15* *The Wahabis ter-\\nritory is conquered by the Turks under\\nMehemet Ali, and it becomes an Egyp-\\ntian province.\\n1814 Abdallah succeeds his father\\nas ruler of the Wahabis in Nejd.\\n1815 The treaty of peace, con-\\ncluded with the Wahabis by Jouson,\\nis rejected both at Cairo and Constan-\\ntinople.\\n1816 The Turks establish despotic\\nrule in Arabia, which is aggravated by\\nthe licentiousness of their officers.\\n1818 The Wahabis revolt under\\nToorkee, and reestablish their govern-\\nment, after driving the Turks out of the\\ncentral and eastern provinces.\\n1839 Aden, on the south coast, be-\\ncomes a British possession by treaty\\nwith Oman.\\n1842 Koorshid Pasha, the representa-\\ntive of Egyptian rule, is crowded out by\\nFeysul, son of Toorkee, and Asseer is\\nadded to the now independent Wahabis\\nempire.\\n1856 The death of Sayyid is followed\\nby a contest for the throne his son,\\nSayyid Thuwainy, finally gets Oman,\\nand Majd gets Zanzibar, near the Afri-\\ncan coast.\\n1858 Aug. 6. Eleven of the assassins\\nof the Christians and consuls at Jiddah\\nare executed. [Their leaders suffer\\nlater.]\\n1868 Oct. Syud Redin, Imam of\\nMuscat, is driven away, and the chief,\\nAzan bin Gheo, seizes authority.\\n1870 Aug. Syud Redin attempts to\\nregain his office at Muscat.\\nOct 7. Af. Sayyid Thuwainy obtains\\nZanzibar on the death of his brother.\\n1871 Jan. 30^. Sayyid Toorkee cap-\\ntures Muscat, and kills Chief Azan bin\\nGheo.\\n1875 Dec. Sayyid Aseer is deposed\\nin Muscat by his brother Sayyid Toor-\\nkee.\\n1880 Mar. 21. The Grand Sheriff (gov-\\nernor) of Mecca, is assassinated by a\\nfanatic.\\n1882 June Muscat is agitated by a\\nrebellion against the Sultan.\\n1891 Sept. 23. The governor of Ye-\\nmen and all the Turkish officials flee\\nfrom Sana to escape the rebels.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1812 Aug. 9. A caravan consisting of\\n2,000 is destroyed by a blasting wind\\nwhile crossing the deserts of Arabia\\nwhen returning from Mecca only 20\\npersons are saved.\\n1828* Abd-el-Kader of Algeria\\nmakes his second pilgrimage to Mecca,\\nand receives the title Hadji.\\n1856 The Sultan Saood (son) dies,\\nafter reigning 52 years.\\n1866* *Thoweynee, the sultan of\\nOman, is assassinated by his own son.\\n1877 Capt. Richard F. Burton ex-\\nplores the ruined cities of Midian, find-\\ning many relics and gold.\\n1886 Nov. 18. Five Arab horses,\\nsent by the sultan of Oman, are pre-\\nsented to Queen Victoria.\\n1889 Dec. 10. Cholera is raging at\\nBagdad.\\n1890 Jan. 22. The authorities forbid\\npilgrimages to Mecca on account of\\nthe prevalence of oiiolera.\\nJan. A great flight of locusts, cover-\\ning 2,000 square miles, is reported to have\\npassed across the Red Sea from Africa\\nto Arabia.\\nJuly 8. A terrific hurricane at Mus-\\ncat demolishes many dwellings and kills\\nover 700 persons^\\nJuly 13. Pilgrims returning from\\nMecca are quarantined at Ellir\\n20 days before proceeding through the\\nSuez Canal.\\nJuly 17. Deaths from cholera in\\nMecca average 50 daily.\\n[Cholera continues to prevail in\\nMecca. July 29, 140 deaths on this day.\\nAug. 7, 175 deaths. 1893. Apr. 21. It\\nis again prevailing. June 9, 60 deaths\\nJune 10, 70 deaths June 27, 900 eases\\nreported July 2, 440 deaths July 4,\\n260 deaths 1894. July 1, 400 deaths.]\\nAug. 7. At Jiddah 100 deaths from\\ncholera are daily reported. [1S94.\\nSept.i A total of 11,000 deaths of pil-\\ngrims are reported.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0500.jp2"}, "501": {"fulltext": "ARGENTINE.\\n1515, **-1823, Oct.\\n489\\nThe Aiigentixe Republic, formerly called the Argentine Confederation, and earlier the United Provinces of La Plata, is\\na country in the southern part of the American continent, and mostly in the south temperate zone. It lies, for the most part,\\nbetween the South Atlantic Ocean on the east and the Andes on the west it is separated from Uruguay and Brazil by the Rio\\nUruguay, from Paraguay by the Parana, Paraguay, and Pilcomayo rivers Bolivia borders the extreme north, and Chile lies on\\nthe west and south. Extreme length, 2226 miles extreme breadth, 920 miles area, 1,168,682 square miles estimated population,\\n4,0S6,492.\\nThe country is divided into 14 provinces and nine territories Buenos Ayres is the capital. The executive of the government\\nis a president the Congress consists of 30 senators and 86 deputies. The Roman Catholic religion is the prevailing faith, but\\nother religions are tolerated the population is chiefly of Spanish descent the Spanish language is generally spoken. Many\\nimmigrants have arrived during recent years.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1535 Buenos Ayres. Pedro de Men-\\ndoza, having founded a settlement,\\nconquers the adjacent country; his\\nforce comprises 2,000 men.\\n1806 June 26. Buenos Ayres. England\\nand Spain at war. Sir Home Popham\\nand Gen. Beresford take the city after\\nslight resistance by the viceroy, Sobre-\\nmonte, who retires.\\nAug. 12. Buenos Ayres. Spaniards\\nunder Viceroy Sobremonte attack the\\ncity, and the British under Gen. Beres-\\nford surrender.\\nOct. 29. Buenos Ayres is retaken\\nfrom the Spaniards by the British.\\n1807 Feb. 3. Sir Samuel Auchinuty\\nwith a British force takes Montevideo\\nby storm.\\nJuly 7. Montevideo is evacuated by\\nthe British.\\n1808 May Buenos Ayres. General\\nWhitelock with 8,000 men attacks the\\ncity, but is forced to capitulate, and\\nagrees to abandon both sides of the\\nRiver La Plata within two months.\\n1814* Montevideo, adhering to\\nSpain, is compelled to surrender\\nto the revolutionary army of the prov-\\ninces.\\nCivil war rages much of the time\\nunder various leaders [until 1852].\\n1817 The combined armies of the\\nArgentine Republic and Chile defeat\\nthe Spaniards at Chacabuco.\\n1818 The allied armies again defeat\\nthe Spaniards at Maypu.\\nCHURCH.\\n1610 Christianity is first introduced\\nby the Jesuit fathers.\\n1620 Buenos Ayres becomes a bish-\\nopric by creation of Pope Paul V.\\n1820 Nov. 19. Buenos Ayres. The first\\nProtestant worship in the city is held\\nat the home of Mr. Dickson, an English-\\nman, by Mr. James Thompson, a Scotch-\\nman. [1821. Mar. 23. The first Sunday-\\nschool is opened.]\\n1823 Oct.* Buenos Ayres. The mission\\nof the American Board is opened by\\nJ. C. Brigham and Theophilus Marvin.\\nSTATE.\\n1515 Spanish explorers, led by Juan\\nDiaz de Solis, searching for a south-\\nwest passage, enter the Rio de la\\nPlata, and land on the north coast.\\n1519 Magellan enters the fresh-\\nwater sea Plata, but does not go ashore.\\n1527 Sebastian Cabot enters the\\nPlata, and anchors opposite the site of\\nBuenos Ayres he starts a settlement\\non the Parana, called San Espiritu,\\nwhich is soon deserted.\\n1534 Pedro de Mendoza sails from\\nCadiz for the Plata River, with the lar-\\ngest and wealthiest expedition that has\\nyet left Europe. [1535. Jan. He ar-\\nrives in the Plata.]\\n1535 Feb. 2. Buenos Ayres. Mendoza\\nlands his expedition, and Santa Maria\\nde Buenos Ayres is founded.\\n1536 Aug. 15. One of Mendoza s cap-\\ntains ascends the Parma, and makes a\\nsettlement at Asuncion.\\n1537 Buenos Ayres. The settlement\\nis burned by the Indians, and the Span-\\niards sail for Corpus Christi, together\\nwith reenforcements just received from\\nSpain.\\n1542* Buenos Ayres is reestab-\\nlished by a fresh expedition under\\nCabesa de Vaca it forms part of the\\nprovince of Peru.\\n1543 Feb. 3. Buenos Ayres. Indian\\nhostilities again compel the Spaniards\\nto evacuate their settlement.\\n1559 Hurtado de Mendoza, the sol-\\ndier, poet, and historian, crosses the\\nAndes from Chile, and founds the city\\nof Mendoza.\\n1565 Spaniards from Peru, led by\\nDiego de Villarsel, found the city of\\nTucuman.\\n1570 The Spanish court cripples\\nthe colonies by restrictions on naviga-\\ntion and commerce.\\n1573 Spaniards from Peru found\\nCordova.\\nJuan de Garay leads out an expedi-\\ntion, and founds Santa Fe\\n1580 Buenos Ayres. Garay makes a\\nthird and successful attempt to found\\nthe city the colony prospers.\\nDon Juan de Garay is made lieu-\\ntenant-governor.\\n1602 Spain permits the colonists to\\nexport two ship-loads of produce each\\nyear, with 50 per cent customs duties\\nadded.\\n1620 Buenos Ayres is separated\\nfrom Asuncion; and the provinces on\\nboth sides of Paraguay are designated\\nas the government of Rio de la Plata,\\nand are subject to the viceroyalty of\\nPeru.\\n1665 Spain relaxes its restrictions\\non commerce.\\n1774 Free trade is permitted with\\nseveral American settlements.\\n1775 Buenos Ayres is separated by\\nthe Spaniards from Peru they make\\nit the capital of the province of Rio de\\nla Plata and the seat of a viceroyalty.\\n[It includes the territories now known\\nas Bolivia, Paraguay, and the Argentine\\nRepublic]\\n1810 May 25. The revolutionary\\nmovement against Spain takes form\\na provisional government of nine per-\\nsons is established, with the consent of\\nthe viceroy, to govern the provinces of\\nthe Rio de la Plata.\\n1811 *The Confederation joins\\nthe insurrection of the other provinces\\nagainst the rule of Spain.\\n1813 Jan. 31. Buenos Ayres. A con-\\ngress meets and elects Posadas dictator\\nof the Confederation.\\nA sanguinary struggle with the\\nadherents of Spain ensues in all the\\ncountry of the River Plata. [The party\\nof independence is finally victorious.]\\n1816 Mar. 25. A new congress of dep-\\nuties elected by the people meets at\\nTucuman; it elects Payridon Presi-\\ndent of the Republic.\\nJuly 9. The Declaration of Indepen-\\ndence from Spanish rule is formally\\nmade by the Congress, and a title chosen,\\nThe United Provinces of La Plata.\\n[Comparatively good order follows.]\\n1817 Buenos Ayres is involved in war\\nwith Brazil; the Portuguese having\\ntaken possession of Banda Oriental [Uru-\\nguay] and anarchy ensuing, both parties\\nstruggle to possess the country.\\n1822 Feb. Buenos Ayres is recog-\\nnized as a part of the Argentine Repub-\\nlic, and declared the seat of govern-\\nment.\\nMar. 1. Buenos Ayres. A general con-\\ngress of all the liberated States meets\\nand decrees an amnesty the war con-\\ntinues.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1537 An exploring expedition of\\n200 men is massacred by the Indians.\\n1570 Spain cripples the colonists\\nby restricting navigation and commerce.\\n1793 Mar. 30. Juan Manuel de Ro-\\nsas, dictator, is born.\\n1800 Mar. 19. Justo Jose TJrquiza,\\ngeneral, is born.\\n1811 Feb. 11. Domingo Faustino\\nSarmiento is born. [He becomes dis-\\ntinguished as an educator, author, jour-\\nnalist, minister to the United States,\\nand President of the Republic]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0501.jp2"}, "502": {"fulltext": "490 1821, June 26-1889, Apr. 30. ARGENTINE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1821 July 9. Gen. San Martin leads\\nhis victorious troops from Chile, and\\nmakes a triumphal entry into Lima,\\nthe stronghold of Spanish power in\\nAmerica.\\n1824 Dec. 9. The Republican army\\ngains a decisive victory over the\\nSpaniards at Ayacucho, in the Peru-\\nvian districts of the Amazon.\\n1826 -28 War with Brazil is\\nwaged for the possession of Uruguay.\\n1828 A rebellion breaks out against\\nthe party in power.\\nThe Unitarians (Anti-Federalists), sup-\\nported by Gen. Lavalle and his troops,\\nrebel against the Federals in power and\\ndefeat them President Dorrego is cap-\\ntured and shot.\\n1829 Federalists led by Gen. Rosas\\ndefeat Gen. Lavalle.\\n1838* *-40* *War with France\\noccurs.\\nBuenos Ay res. The French blockade\\nthe city because of a dispute with Gen.\\nRosas.\\n1839 Gen. Lavalle, encouraged by the\\nblockade, rallies the Unitarian party.\\n1840 Gen. Lavalle invades Buenos\\nAyres, but is routed by tlie Federal\\narmy under Gen. Pacheco he is cap-\\ntured and finally shot.\\n1845 Mar. 28. Gen. Justo Jose Ur-\\nquiza, while assisting Oribe against the\\ngovernment of Montevideo, defeats Gen.\\nRivera at India Muerta.\\nBuenos Ayres. The British inter-\\nvene, blockade the city, and claim free\\nnavigation of the River La Plata.\\nNov. 20. The combined British and\\nFrench fleets land a force to attack\\nGen. Rosas in his intrenchments at\\nPunta de Obligata, and drive him out.\\n1847 Buenos Ayres. The allies raise\\nthe blockade.\\n1851 Oct. 2. Gen. Urquiza having\\njoined forces with Brazil and Monte-\\nvideo, Gen. Oribe is compelled to ca-\\npitulate, and the nine years siege of\\nMontevideo ends.\\n1852 Feb. 3. Gen. Urquiza, command-\\ning the combined army of Entre Rios\\nand Brazil, defeats and overthrows Gen.\\nRosas at Monte-Caseros, The Gate\\nof Buenos Ayres, which brings the\\nvictor to the office of provisional dic-\\ntator of the Argentine Confederation.\\nBuenos Ayres capitulates, and the civil\\nwar ends.\\nSept. 11. Buenos Ayres. A rebellion\\nbreaks out against Urquiza, caused by\\nthe alleged non-recognition of the po-\\nlitical and commercial preeminence of\\nBuenos Ayres. [He is deposed.]\\nDec. 28. Buenos Ayres. Urquiza in-\\nvests the city, but soon retires.\\nApr. Buenos Ayres. The fleet of the\\nConfederation blockades the city, Ur-\\nquiza commanding the besiegers.\\nApr. 18. Buenos Ayres. Urquiza de-\\nfeats his opponents squadron. [July\\n13. The besiegers withdraw, and the\\ncivil war is ended.]\\n1859 Oct.* Civil war: Hostilities are\\nresumed between the Confederate gov-\\nernment at Parana and the independent\\ngovernment at Buenos Ayres.\\nOct. 23. The Confederate forces un-\\nder Gen. Urquiza defeat Col. Mitre at\\nCepeda, in the province of Buenos\\nAyres; Urquiza enters Buenos Ayres.\\n1860 May* Gen. Urquiza resumes\\nthe command of the Federalist army in\\nSan Juan.\\n1861 Sept. 11. The war is renewed\\nand ended the Congressional army is\\ndefeated at Pavon, in the province of\\nSanta Fe, by Gen. Mitre\\\\ [This battle\\nends the Federalists system.]\\n1864 k Paraguay begins a war with\\nBrazil [and soon involves Argentina].\\n1865 Apr. 13. Paraguayans commence\\nhostilities by firing upon two Argen-\\ntine vessels in the port of Corrientes.\\n[Apr. 14. They take possession of the\\ntown.]\\n1866 The allies carry on the war\\nagainst Paraguay.\\n1867 Jan.* Another rebellion breaks\\nout under Saa and Videla in Buenos\\nAyres the main army is recalled from\\nParaguay.\\n1870 Mar. 1. The war with Para-\\nguay ends by the shooting of Lopez\\nat Aquibana.\\nCivil war breaks out in Entre Rios\\nbecause Congress sends troops to secure\\na free election.\\n1873 Jan. The army of Entre Rios is\\ncompletely routed by national troops\\nand the war ends.\\nDec. The defeat of Lopez Jourdan,\\nthe rebel, is announced.\\n1874 Dec. 2. Civil war The revolu-\\ntionary forces are defeated in battle\\nGens. Mitre and Arredondo are made\\nprisoners, and the abortive revolution\\nends.\\nCHURCH.\\n1836 Buenos Ayres becomes a mis-\\nsion of the Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch, U. S. A.\\n1851 Mission-work is begun by Capt.\\nADen Gardiner in Ooshooia, Terra\\ndel Fuego.\\nSept. Capt. Gardiner and his missionary\\nassociates starve, owing to a mistake\\nin not landing, with their supplies, pow-\\nder and shot to enable them to obtain\\ngame.\\nOct. Supplies for the starved mission-\\naries at Ooshooia arrive too late.\\n1853 Buenos Ayres. The American\\nPresbyterians open a mission. [It\\ncloses in 1859.]\\n1855 A mission is started on Keppel\\nIsland, West Falklands, Terra del\\nFuego, having an industrial farm, a\\nschool and workshop, with one cate-\\nchist and a farm bailiff.\\n1859 Nov. 6. Two missionaries, while\\nconducting their first service, are mur-\\ndered by the natives in Terra del\\nFuego.\\n1863 Jan. Missionaries again visit\\nTerra del Fuego.\\n1864 A mission is opened at Pata-\\ngones, or El Carmen, by the South\\nAmerican Missionary Society.\\n1868 A mission settlement is formed\\non Navarin island, Terra del Fuego.\\n1869 Jan.* Ooshooia, in Terra del\\nFuego, becomes a station of the South\\nAmerican Missionary Society. [1889.\\nIt reports 300 natives baptized.]\\n1874 A Girls* Boarding- School is\\nfounded in Rosario by the Methodist\\nEpiscopal Church, U. S. A.\\n1879 Cordova has a mission of the\\nSouth American Society, with one mis-\\nsionary.\\n1886 Buenos Ayres. A Theological\\nInstitute is founded by the Methodist\\nEpiscopal Church, TJ. S. A.\\nSTATE.\\n1824* Bolivia. Paraguay and Uruguay,\\nafter much struggling, finally establish\\nseparate republics.\\n1825 Jan. 23. Buenos Ayres. A Na-\\ntional Constitution for the States of\\n[the present] Argentine Republic is de-\\ncreed 13 independent States are\\nconfederated, and entitled The Ar-\\ngentine Confederation. Rivadaria\\n(Unitarian) is elected President.\\nFeb. 2. The British government rec-\\nognizes the independence of the Repub-\\nlic, and enters into a commercial treaty.\\n1827** By mediation of England\\nBanda Oriental [Uruguay] is made in-\\ndependent of both Buenos Ayres and\\nBrazil.\\n1827 -1857 No meeting of the\\nNational Congress.\\nJuly Dorrego (Federalist) is elected\\nPresident of Buenos Ayres.\\n1828 A rebellion breaks out Presi-\\ndent Dorrego is captured and shot by\\nUnitarians (Anti-Federalists).\\nGen. Rosas becomes the leader of the\\nFederalist party, which aims to secure\\nthe practical independence of the prov-\\ninces.\\n1829 Dec. Buenos Ayres. Gen. Juan\\nMa.iuel de Rosas is made dictator of\\nBuenos Ayres by Act of Congress, and\\nby his arbitrary conduct becomes a ter-\\nror to both parties.\\n1832 Dec. Buenos Ayres. The dicta-\\ntor Rosas is deposed.\\n1S35 Mar. 7. Buenos Ayres. Gen. Rosas\\nis reelected dictator, and becomes the\\nsole and uncontrolled ruler of Buenos\\nAyres [for 15 years].\\n1840 A new treaty of peace is made\\nbetween the Confederation and Monte-\\nvideo.\\n1842 Gen. Rosas joins Gen. Oribe,\\nthe exiled president of Uruguay, in an\\nendeavor to subject Montevideo to\\nBuenos Ayres, the former city being\\nthe center of the Unitarian party and\\na refuge for exiles.\\n1846 Gen. Urquiza is elected gov-\\nernor of the province of Entre Rios.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0502.jp2"}, "503": {"fulltext": "ARGENTINE. 1821, June 26-1889, Apr. 30. 491\\n1351* *Gen. Urquiza overthrows\\nGen. Rosas at Montevideo, and is made\\ndictator.\\n1S52 Feb. 3. Buenos Ayres capitu-\\nlates to Urquiza.\\nMay 31. Justo Jose de Urquiza is\\nelected provisional president; Vin-\\ncente Lopez is elected governor of\\nBuenos Ayres.\\nJune 23. Urquiza, having won over the\\narmy by a sudden coup cVHat, puts him-\\nself at the head of the Government as\\ndictator.\\nUrquiza acknowledges the indepen-\\ndence of Paraguay.\\nSept. 10. Urquiza is deposed [and\\nsoon heads a revolt].\\nUrquiza is duly elected President\\nby the other 13 provinces.\\nSept. 11. Buenos Ayres secedes from\\nthe Confederacy the revolution is led\\nby Gen. Bartolome Mitre Valentine\\nAlsina is elected governor.\\nSept. Urquiza leaves Buenos Ayres\\nto attend the Congress at Santa Fe\\\\\\nOct. Urquiza secures by treaty the free\\nnavigation of all rivers flowing into the\\nLa Plata.\\nNov. 20. The Congress of the Con-\\nfederation meets, and directs Urquiza\\nto suppress the rebellion in Buenos\\nAyres.\\nDec. Another revolution in Buenos\\nAyres changes the governor; Gen. Pin-\\ntos takes the office.\\n1853 Jan. 22. The Federal Congresa\\nmeets again to form a constitution it\\nfavors the war against Buenos Ayres.\\nMay 1. The new Constitution is pro-\\nmulgated it makes Buenos Ayres the\\ncapital of the Confederation. [May 23.\\nIt becomes effective.]\\nOct. 12. Buenos Ayres secedes again,\\nand forms an independent State Dr.\\nD. Pastor Obligado is elected its first\\ngovernor.\\nNov. 20. Gen. J. Urquiza is elected\\nPresident for six years.\\n1854 Jan.* A new Constitution is\\nformed in Buenos Ayres.\\nThe seat of government is changed\\nto Bajada del Parana.\\nFilibusters enter the province of\\nBuenos Ayres, and Urquiza repels them.\\nDec. 20. A treaty of peace is signed by\\nBuenos Ayres and the President of the\\nRepublic.\\n1855 Jan. 8. Another treaty of peace\\nis signed by Buenos Ayres and the Re-\\npublic with the former treaty it pro-\\nvides for independent government\\nand for mutual assistance.\\nOct. 10. Negotiations are opened for a\\nunion of the two sovereignties.\\nDec. 24. Argentine refugees from\\nMontevideo, under Gen. Floras, invade\\nBuenos Ayres, and a counter invasion\\nfollows, causing much irritation.\\n1856 Mar. 18. The Argentine Govern-\\nment withdraws from the treaties of\\n1854 and 1855.\\nJuly 19. The Confederate Congress\\nat Parana establishes differential duties\\nagainst Buenos Ayres [commencing Feb.\\n1, 1857 J.\\n1857 May Dr. Valentine Alsina is\\nelected governor of Buenos Ayres.\\nThe union of the two republics is re-\\nstored by treaty.\\nPastor Obligado is elected governor\\nof Buenos Ayres for a term of five years.\\n1859 Nov. 11. Buenos Ayres, by a\\ntreaty, rejoins the Confederation, of\\nwhich Urquiza resigns the presidency.\\n1860 Feb. 8. Dr. S. Derqui is elected\\nPresident of the 14 provinces.\\nNov. An insurrection breaks out in\\nSan Juan. [1861. Sept. 17. Hostilities\\nare renewed. 1862. Jan. The insur-\\nrection is suppressed.]\\nOct. 12. Gen. Bartolome Mitre is\\nelected President of the new Argentine\\nRepublic for six years, and assumes the\\noffice. [Prosperity follows.]\\n1865 Mar. 29. Paraguay officially\\nproclaims war against the Confedera-\\ntion because of a declaration made in\\nCongress on Mar. 18. [The war contin-\\nues until 1870.]\\nApr. 13. The Argentines are sur-\\nprised by the sudden hostilities of\\nPresident Lopez of Paraguay. [Apr. 16.\\nWar is declared.]\\nMay 1. The Argentine Republic, Brazil,\\nand the Banda Oriental [Uruguay] unite\\nin a treaty to overthrow President\\nLopez, and yet preserve the indepen-\\ndence of Paraguay.\\nMay 25. Buenos Ayres. A National\\nCongress opens.\\n1867 Urquiza, nominally under the\\norder of the National government, prac-\\ntically maintains a position of neutral-\\nity in the province of Entre Rios.\\n1868 Oct. 12. Col. Domingo F. Sar-\\nmiento is peacefully elected President\\nfor a term of six years.\\n1871 Apr. 11. Urquiza is assassi-\\nnated at his residence by well-known\\nofficers of his army Lopez Jourdan\\nis elected governor in his place by the\\nLegislature of the province of Entre\\nRios.\\nThe new governor in his inaugural\\naddress assumes responsibility for\\nthe assassination; and Congress\\nrefuses to recognize his office, on the\\nground of undue influence upon the Le-\\ngislature it sends troops into the prov-\\ninces to secure a free election.\\n1873 Jan. 3. A treaty of peace is\\nmade with Brazil.\\n1874 Sept. 24. A revolution is de-\\nclared by the defeated party in the\\nnational election, led by Brig.-Gen.\\nMitre, who unsuccessfully appeals to\\narms for the overthrow of President-\\nelect Avellanda.\\nOct. 12. Don Nicolas Avellanda is\\nconstitutionally installed President of\\nthe Republic for a term of 6ix years.\\nSept. -Nov. Buenos Ayres. An in-\\nsurrection under Gen. Mitre breaks\\nout. [Dec, 2. The insurrection is sup-\\npressed.]\\nDec. 17. A state holiday is observed\\nfor rejoicing over the restoration of\\npeace.\\n1876 May 16. The national- bank spe-\\ncie payments are suspended by the\\nGovernment.\\nDec. 12. The rebellion is at an end,\\nand Gen. Lopez Jourdan is captured.\\n1879 May A revolution breaks out\\nin the province of Jujuy.\\n1880 Feb. Buenos Ayres. A revolu-\\ntion breaks out.\\nJune -July A settlement is made\\nof disputes with Buenos Ayres.\\nOct. 12. Gen. J. A. Roca of the Anti-\\nBuenos Ayres party is elected President\\nof the Republic in opposition to Dr.\\nTejedor.\\nOct. The revolt in Buenos Ayres is\\nended by mutual concessions.\\n1881 July 23. By treaty with Chile,\\nPatagonia and Terra del Fuego arc\\ndivided between the two States.\\n1882 Nov. 24. La Plata, the new\\ncapital of the province of Buenos Ayres,\\nis founded by Dr. Roca, the governor.\\n1883 Aug. Buenos Ayres. A general\\namnesty bill is passed.\\n1889 Apr. 30. A treaty defining the\\nboundary between the Republic and\\nBolivia is signed.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1821 June 26. Bartolome Mitre,\\ngeneral, statesman, and author, is born.\\n1852 Gen. Bartolome Mitre estab-\\nlishes La Nation. [It soon becomes the\\nmost important paper in the Platine\\nregion.]\\nThe currency is greatly depreci-\\nated the Government votes $5,000,000\\nto reimburse those who created the\\ninsurrections, giving two generals\\n\u00c2\u00a7227,000, and two majors $128,000.\\n1857 Historia de Belgrano, by Barto-\\nlome Mitre, appears.\\n1860 Mar. 20. An earthquake at\\nMendoza destroys about two-thirds of\\nthe city, and 7,000 lives are lost.\\n1871 Apr. 11. Justo Jose Urquiza\\nis assassinated, A71.\\n1872 Jan. 1. Native Gauchos mas-\\nsacre the foreigners in the Tandel dis-\\ntricts.\\n1875 Feb. 28. Buenos Ayres. A mob\\nburns the Jesuits* College and the\\narchbishop s palace several priests are\\nkilled [order is finally restored by pro-\\nclaiming martial law].\\n1876 May 16. Buenos Ayres. The na-\\ntional bank is closed, and the Govern-\\nment suspends specie payments.\\n1877 Mar. 14. Eng. Juan Manuel de\\nRosas, dictator, dies near Southamp-\\nton, A84.\\n1882 Feb. 15. Buenos Ayres. The Gov-\\nernment opens an exhibition.\\n1884 Historia de San Martin, by Bar-\\ntolome Mitre, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0503.jp2"}, "504": {"fulltext": "492 1889, Eeb. 11-1894, May 25. ARGENTINE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1890 July 21. Several army officers\\nare under arrest at Buenos Ayres for\\nconspiracy to overthrow the President\\nof the Republic.\\nJuly 26. Buenos Ayres. A revolution\\nbreaks out, followed by three days\\nfighting, with the loss of upwards of\\n1,000 lives.\\nJuly 28. Buenos Ayres. The Govern-\\nment forces are defeated, with heavy\\nloss, and a truce for twenty hours is\\nagreed to. During the fighting 1,000\\nmen are killed and 5,000 wounded.\\nFeb. 21. Buenos Ayres is declared in\\na state of siege.\\n1891 Mar. 2. Bitenos Ayres. Insur-\\nrectionary troubles break out the\\nstate of siege is resumed.\\n1892 Apr. 10. Elections for dele-\\ngates to choose a president, are held,\\nand the state of siege is afterwards re-\\nimposed.\\nSept. 25. The city of Rosario is cap-\\ntured by the insurgents, and the na-\\ntional troops are forced to retreat.\\nSept. 29. The insurgents at Rosario\\nsurrender to the national forces. [Oct.\\n1. The city of Rosario is recaptured,\\nand the rebellion is entirely suppressed.]\\nOct. 5. The rebels are in full retreat,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2with cavalry in pursuit.\\nDec. 26. Troops are mobilized to sup-\\npress the spreading rebellion in the\\nprovince of Corrientes.\\n1893 Jan. 12. The insurgents surren-\\nder to the Government.\\nAug. 1. The insurrection continues\\nseveral towns are taken by the insur-\\ngents.\\nAug. 2. The government of Santa ~F6\\nsurrenders to the insurgents. [Aug. 3.\\nThe vice-governor is killed by rebels.]\\nAug. 15. A state of siege is proclaimed\\nin the disturbed provinces.\\nAug. 18. It is announced that the reb-\\nels have defeated the Government\\ntroops in the province of Corrientes.\\nSept. 26. ThecityofTucumaniswrested\\nfrom the insurgents the revolution-\\nary junta are arrested and confined.\\n1894 Feb. 15. The insurgents are in\\npossession of the State of Parana, and\\ndisaffection is spreading elsewhere.\\nCHURCH,\\n1891 Sept. 5. The Government makes\\nknown its objection to an extensive\\nsettlement of Jews in the country.\\n1893 July 4\u00c2\u00b1. The Government de-\\ncides to send a representative to the\\nVatican to adjust with Pope Leo all\\nquestions that have arisen between\\nChurch and State in the republic.\\nSTATE.\\n1889 Dec. 15. Buenos Ayres. The\\nFederal Congress opens in extra ses-\\n1890 Apr. 4. Buenos Ayres. The Min-\\nistry resigns.\\nJune 7. Buenos Ayres. Defalcations\\nare discovered in the Custom House\\namounting to $10,000,000 annually. [A\\nfinancial crash follows.]\\nJuly 17. Buenos Ayres. The President\\nof the Republic sends a message to the\\nHouse of Deputies asking it to authorize\\nthe issue of $6,000,000 in paper cur-\\nrency.\\nJuly 22. Buenos Ayres is greatly agitated\\nover the discovery of a conspiracy\\nto overthrow the government 4,000\\ntroops and 3,000 armed policemen gar-\\nrison the Government buildings and the\\nCathedral.\\nJuly 26. Buenos Ayres. A revolution\\nbreaks out, caused by financial distress\\nfollowing a period of maladministration,\\nand extravagance the shops are closed,\\nand the troops and revolutionists are\\nfighting in the streets the Minister of\\nFinance is a prisoner in the hands of\\nthe revolutionists.\\nJuly 24. Buenos Ayres. Sefior Racedo,\\nMinister of War, resigns, causing a\\nMinisterial crisis.\\nJuly 30. Buenos Ayres. Quiet is re-\\nstored; the revolutionary leaders agree\\nto the terms of the Government, and a\\ngeneral amnesty is granted.\\nAug. 2. Buenos Ayres. The crisis con-\\ntinues; the Director-General of Posts\\nand Telegraphs resigns.\\nAug. 5\u00c2\u00b1. Buenos Ayres. President Cel-\\nman resigns, and Sefior Pellegrini acta\\nin his stead.\\nAug. 7. Buenos Ayres. President Cel-\\nnian s resignation is accepted, and\\nSefior Carlos Pellegrini succeeds him.\\nOct. 5. Buenos Ayres. The Federal Con-\\ngress passes the Conversion Law.\\nOct. 7. Buenos Ayres. A panic is\\ncaused by a rumor that a new revolu-\\ntion has broken out detachments of\\ncavalry patrol the streets.\\n1891 Feb. 17. Buenos Ayres. A con-\\nspiracy to assassinate the principal\\nmembers of the Government is discov-\\nered.\\nMar. 15. Buenos Ayres. The state of\\nsiege is raised the elections pass off\\nquietly, the Union Civica being victo-\\nrious.\\nApr. 8. Buenos Ayres. The Cabinet\\nsuspends payment of deposits in the\\nprovincial and national banks.\\nJune 3. Buenos Ayres. Five banks\\nare compelled to close their doors the\\nChamber of Deputies passes a bill ex-\\nempting banks from legal process\\nfor\\nnth.\\nJune 25. A provisional government\\nis set up by insurgents in Catamarca.\\nJuly 1. The provincial revolutions are\\nJuly 23. Buenos Ayres. Both Houses of\\nthe Federal Congress vote a reduction\\nin the duties on petroleum and rice.\\nSept. 24. Bue7ios Ayres. The Govern-\\nment abolishes its legations at Vienna,\\nLisbon, Berlin, and Mexico, thereby sav-\\ning $100,000 a year.\\nSept. 30. Buenos Ayres. The Govern-\\nment suspends gold payments for two\\nyears.\\n1892 Feb. 8. The Conciliation party\\ndefeats the Radicals in the national elec-\\ntions.\\nApr. 2\u00c2\u00b1. Buenos Ayres. A state of\\nsiege is again proclaimed. [Apr. 4.\\nQuiet is restored.]\\nApr. 10. The provincial election of\\ndelegates to choose a president passes\\noff quietly.\\nOct. 12. Buenos Ayres. Saenz Pena is\\ninaugurated President. [Oct. 14. The\\nnew Cabinet is formed with Tomas An-\\nchorena as Minister of Foreign Affairs.]\\nDec. 2. Buenos Ayres. A Cabinet crisis\\nis settled by the resignation of the Min-\\nister of the Interior.\\nDec. 12. Buenos Ayres. Differences\\narise in the Cabinet. [Many Federalists\\nare arrested on the frontier, in the\\nprovince of Corrientes.]\\n1893 Feb. 6. The wheat tax causes\\nan armed revolt in the province of Santa\\nFe.\\nJune 7- Buenos Ayres. The Cabinet\\nresigns. [June. 8. A new Ministry is\\nformed. Aug. 1. The insurrection con-\\ntinues. Aug. 8. The revolution is\\nended, the governor of the province of\\nBuenos Ayres having resigned.]\\nSept. 1. Buenos Ayres. Thirty Radical\\nleaders are arrested for conspiring to\\noverthrow the Government. [Oct. 3.\\nThe rebellion is entirely suppressed.]\\n1894 Apr. 17. Buenos Ayres. The au-\\nthorities turn over to the Brazilian\\nMinister Admiral Mello s fleet of five\\nvessels now at that port. (See Brazil.)\\nMay 25. Buenos Ayres. A plot is dis-\\ncovered to blowup the Congressional\\nbuildings and the Bourse two Aus-\\ntrians and an Italian are arrested.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1889 Feb. 11. A report is issued\\nshowing that in January, 18S8, steamers\\ntook 29,000 immigrants to Buenos\\nAyres.\\nApr. 9. The premium on gold reaches\\nG4 per cent. [July 27. 75 per cent. Sept.\\n13. 125 per cent.]\\nJan. 26. Brazil and the Republic sign a\\nboundary treaty.\\nJune 9. Buenos Ayres. The premium\\non gold is 134 per cent. [July S. Panic\\ngold 195 per cent. July 10. 320.]\\nJuly 12. Buenos Ayres. The financial\\npanic subsides, and the premium on\\ngold falls to 19S per cent. [Aug. 30. It\\nis 141; Oct. 1, 143; 1891, Jan. 20, 216;\\nMar. 5, 271 May 7, 252 Aug. 5, 301\\nOct. 16, 353 Nov. 13, 263.]\\n1S91 Mar. 2. Buenos Ayres. The state\\nof siege is resumed, and business is\\nparalyzed.\\nMar. 6. Buenos Ayres. Business is\\nsuspended by a decree for two days.\\nMar. 14. Buenos Ayres. The banks\\nreopen for business.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0504.jp2"}, "505": {"fulltext": "ARGENTINE. 1891, Mar. 2-1894, May 25. 493\\nMar. 19. Buenos Ayres. Ex- President\\nMitre is cordially welcomed.\\nMar. 28. An attempt is made upon the\\nlife of Gen. Roca, Prime Minister of\\nthe Republic.\\nJune 31. Buenos Ayres. The banks\\nopen their doors for the first time\\nsince the recent revolt.\\nAug. 14. Baron Hirsch signs a docu-\\nment empowering Dr. Lowenthal and\\nothers to expend *10,000,000 pesos for\\nland to provide homes for the expa-\\ntriated Russian Jews.\\nAug. 23. Buenos Ayres. A panic is\\ncaused by the report of the failure of\\nthe Provincial Mortgage Bank.\\nAug. 25. A plot to blow up public\\nbuildings at Cordova is discovered.\\nSept. 24. Buenos Ayres. The first col-\\nony of Hebrew immigrants, consist-\\ning of 150 families, sent to the Republic\\nby the benevolence of Baron Hirsch,\\narrives.\\nOct. 11. The Government appropriates\\n$100,000 to take part in the Chicago\\nWorld s Fair.\\nCivilization is developing in Terra\\ndel Fuego under the teachings of mis-\\nsionaries and at Ooshooia shipwrecked\\ncrews are now guided to places of safety\\ninstead of being massacred as in former\\nyears.\\n1892 Dec. 24\u00c2\u00b1. Buenos Ayres. An\\nanti-Chilean demonstration is made.\\nDec. 30. Buenos Ayres. Several police-\\nmen and firemen are arrested, charged\\nwith conspiring to burn the city.\\n1893 Aug. 27. The censorship of\\nthe press is established.\\nSept. 22. Revolutionists tear up rail-\\nroad tracks in the provinces of Cordova\\nand San Juan.\\nSept. 27. Buenos Ayres. Col. Espina\\nis arrested for inciting a revolt be is\\nconvicted, and sentenced to be shot.\\n[Sept. Sentence commuted to 20 years\\nimprisonment.]\\nOct. 11. Some of the disbanded rebel\\nsoldiery engage in brigandage among\\nthe foreign settlers.\\nOct. 13. The end of the revolt is cele-\\nbrated with a Te Deum and military\\nfUes.\\nNov. 15. Buenos Ayres. Six anarchists\\nare expelled.\\nAUSTRALIA.\\nAustralia is an island-continent lying south of Asia, between the South Pacific Ocean on the east and the Indian Ocean on\\nthe south and west.\\nIt is a British possession, and is divided into five colonies Victoria at the extreme south, with the smallest territory and the\\nlargest population, capital Melbourne New South Wales in the southeast, capital Sydney Queensland in the east and north,\\ncapital Brisbane; South Australia in the central part, with the northern territory extending from the Indian Ocean to the\\nArafura Sea, capital Adelaide Western Australia is an extensive region in the western part of the island, capital Perth.\\nArea of the whole country, 2,944,628 square miles population in 1891, 3,173,000, comprising about 3,118,125 white people, chiefly\\nof British descent, the remainder being aborigines.\\nEach colony has a governor appointed by the Crown, who is aided by a cabinet or Executive Council each has a Legislative\\nCouncil and a Legislative Assembly for the enactment of laws.\\nNote. The abbreviations used to denote the colonies of Australia are as follows N. S. W. for New South Wales t\\nS. A. for South Australia Vic. for Victoria; W. A. for West Australia; Tas. tor Tasmania.\\nfor Queensland;\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nLETTERS.\\n1601 Manoel Godinho De Exedia,\\na Portuguese, is said to have discovered\\nAustralia.\\n1606 Mar. The Dutch, sailing in the\\nDuyfhen, discover Australia.\\nLuis Vaez de Torres, a Spaniard,\\nfollows the western coast.\\nJune Torres discovers Torres Strait,\\nnorth of Queensland.\\n1616 W. A. Dirk Hartog, a Dutch\\nnavigator, visits Shark Bay, and surveys\\npart of the west coast.\\n1618 The north coast is surveyed by\\nZeachen, a Dutch navigator, also by\\nPeter Carpenter.\\n1622 The Dutch ship Leeuwin, or Lion-\\ness, follows the south coast.\\n1623 Jan. Carstenz, a Dutch navi-\\ngator, names the great north gulf Car-\\npentaria, in honor of Peter Carpenter.\\n1627 Peter Nuyts surveys the south\\ncoast [Nuyts* Land]. [No further com-\\nmunication is had with civilization for\\nhalf a century.]\\n1628* Gen. Peter Carpenter ex-\\nplores the north gulf.\\nW. A. Dutch traders explore De\\nWitt s Land on the western coast.\\n1642 Nov. 16. Abel Janssen Tas-\\nman, a Dutch navigator, discovers the\\nisland [called by him Van Diemen s\\nLand, and after his name, Tasmania].\\n1644 Tasman explores the northwest\\ncoast [from Arnhem Land to Dampier\\nArchipelago].\\n1689 Jan.* William Dampier, an\\nEnglish buccaneer, while searching for\\nDutch booty, begins to explore the west\\nand northwest coasts.\\n1699 W. A. Dampier, commanding\\nthe Roebuck, explores 900 miles of the\\nnorthwest coast.\\n1763 -1806 Explorations are\\nmade by the English navigators, Samuel\\nWallis and Philip Carteret.\\n1770 Apr. 28. Capt. James Cook\\nmakes an important visit in the bark\\nEndeavor, when returning from the\\nRoyal Society s expedition to observe the\\ntransit of Venus at Tahiti he is accom-\\npanied by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr.\\nSolander. [They land at Botany Bay, and\\ncall the country New South Wales.]\\nN. S. TV. Port Jackson is visited\\nand named by Capt. Cook, who takes\\npossession in the King s name.\\n1772 Mar. 25. Capt. Cook makes a\\nsecond voyage of exploration.\\n1773 Capt. Furneaux, in the Ad-\\nventure, explores the coast of Tasmania\\nand Bass Strait.\\n1774* Norfolk Island, 1,050 miles\\nnortheast of Sydney, is discovered by\\nCook. [It is a dependency of New South\\nWales.]\\n1777 Capt. Cook appears again on\\nhis third voyage.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1786 Eng. The Government is em-\\nbarrassed in the disposal of its convicted\\ncriminals. It proposes a penal colony.\\n(See State.)\\nSTATE.\\n1660 Eng. The first Council of\\nTrade and Plantations is created.\\n1665 W. A. The country is named\\nNew Holland by order of the States-\\nGeneral.\\n1688 The English first visit the\\ncountry; Capt. Dampier lands, and re-\\nmains five weeks.\\n1697 A Dutch expedition, under\\nVlamingh, visits the island.\\n1699* Vlamingh comes again to make\\nresearches for the English government.\\n1705 An unimportant Dutch expe-\\ndition arrives.\\n1768* Eng. A separate Colonial\\nOffice is formed. [1781. It is abolished.]\\n1783 Eng. Parliament passes a new\\nAct authorizing the transportation of\\nconvicts.\\n1786 Eng. Orders in Council fix on\\nthe east coast of New Holland [N. S. W.]\\nfor a penal station.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n153 1\u00c2\u00b1 Australia is known to the\\nFrench previous to this date.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0505.jp2"}, "506": {"fulltext": "494 1788, Jan. 2-1841,\\nAUSTRALIA.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nLETTERS.\\n1789 -92 William Bligh is sent\\nto the South Seas to procure valuable\\nplants for introduction into the West\\nIndies.\\n1795 JV. S. W. George Bass and\\nMatthew Flinders begin the survey of\\nthe coast in the Botany Bay region.\\nN.S.W. A Government Gazette is\\nfirst issued.\\n1797 John Macarthur begins the\\nbreeding of sheep in a scientific man-\\nner.\\nJV. S. W. Coal is discovered at Point\\nSolander on the Hunter River.\\n1798 Vic. Bass Strait is discovered\\nby George Bass and Matthew Flinders.\\nTas. Bass and Flinders, in a small\\nsloop, survey Van Diemen s Land.\\n1800* Vic. Flinders makes exten-\\nsive surveys by order of the British\\nGovernment.\\nCapt. Grant surveys the coasts.\\n1801 -05 Flinders explores the\\nnorth, east, and south coasts.\\n1802 Vic. Flinders drops anchor in\\nPort Phillip.\\n1803 JV. S. W. The Sydney Gazette\\nand the New South Wales Advertiser is\\nauthorized to be issued.\\n1813 JV. S. W. Maequarie sends an\\nexploring-party into the interior to find\\npasture for cattle Bathurst pastures\\nare reached, and a road 130 miles long\\nis made.\\n*JV. S. W. Wentworth, Lawson,\\nand Bloxland penetrate the Blue\\nMountain region, and discover fine pas-\\nture lands.\\nJV. S. W. Bathurst Plains are dis-\\ncovered.\\n1817 May 1-Aug. 29. An expedi-\\ntion, led by Lieutenant Oxley, follows\\ndown the Lachlan River.\\n1821 The Philosophical Society of\\nAustralia is founded.\\n1823 Que. Maneroo Plains are ex-\\nplored by Capt. Currie Moreton Bay\\nand Brisbane River are explored by\\nOxley.\\nJV. S. W. Gold-mines are known to\\nbe in the country.\\n1825 Pastures near Moreton Bay are\\nexplored one is named Brisbane.\\n1827 JV. 5. W. Allan Cunningham,\\nan eminent botanist, leads an important\\nexpedition northward until he beholds\\nthe Darling Downs.\\n1828 -31 Gov. Sir Ralph Darling\\nsends Capt. Charles Sturt to explore\\nthe course of the large rivers flowing\\nnortheast and northwest into interior.\\n1829 S. A. The Murray River is\\nexplored by Capt. Sturt.\\n1830+ JV. S. IT. S. A. Capt. Sturt\\nexplores the country, following water-\\ncourses to Lake Alexander.\\n1831 -36 JV. S. W. Sir Thomas\\nMitchell s expedition explores the\\nbrnn?hes of the Darling River.\\n*A*. S. W. An expeditic.nlcd by Capt.\\nCharles Sturt explores the Murruni-\\nbidgee River, traveling 2,(100 miles.\\nCapt. Parker and Mr. Kent ex-\\nplore the country Parker is killed by\\nthe natives.\\n1836 S. A. The Library of the In-\\nstitute is founded at Adelaide.\\n*JV. S. W. Thomas Mitchell, sur-\\nveyor-general, makes extensive explora-\\ntions of river courses, and discovers\\nAustralia-Felix.\\n1837 Dec. 3\u00c2\u00b1. Sir George Grey and\\nLieut. Lushington arrive at Hanover\\nBay, and thence explore northwestern\\nAustralia.\\n1838 Nov.* -39 July* 5. A. Edward\\nJohn Eyre makes an overland journey\\nwith a flock of sheep from Adelaide to\\nAlbany, Western Australia. [He again\\nmakes the journey with 3,000 sheep.]\\n1839 JV. S. W. Count Strzelecki,\\na Prussian geologist, discovers gold in\\nBathurst, Wellington, and other places,\\nbut keeps the discovery a secret.\\n1840 JV. S. W. Count Strzelecki\\nmakes explorations in the Australian\\nAlps, and visits the thickly wooded coun-\\ntries of Gippsland.\\nEyre explores southwest Australia\\nfrom Spencer Gulf to King George s\\nSound.\\nCHURCH.\\n1793 Aug. *JV. S. (P. The first\\nchurch is built.\\n1795 Australia becomes a mission-\\nfield of the English Society for the\\nPropagation of the Gospel.\\n1802 JV. S. W. The first brick\\nchurch is erected.\\nThe first clergymen are chaplains\\nthey traffic in whisky, arid with a few\\nnoble exceptions they aggravate the\\nmiseries of the people.\\n1815 JV. S. W. Sydney becomes a\\nmission-field of the English Wesleyans.\\n1817 Mar. The Auxiliary Bible\\nSociety is established.\\n1823 Rev. Dr. Lang, a clergyman\\nfrom Scotland, begins mission-work\\namong the aborigines.\\n1825 The London Missionary So-\\nciety engages in mission-work.\\n1831 After six years of failure the\\nLondon Society gives up its mission-\\nwork, but the colonial government\\ncontinues it.\\n1832 JV. S. W. A mission is opened\\nat Wellington.\\n1835 Sept. JV. S. W. Bishop Pold-\\ning, the first Catholic bishop, arrives.\\n1836* *JV. S. W. The bishopric of\\nAustralia (R. C.) is established.\\nJune Bishop Broughton, the first\\nProtestant bishop, arrives.\\nJV. S. IF. Sydney is created a metro-\\npolitan bishopric.\\n183S S. A. The Dresden Luther-\\nans open a mission among the abo-\\nrigines.\\n1840 Three missionaries arrive\\nfrom England to work among the abo-\\nrigines.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1788 Jan. 2. Convict criminals first\\narrive from England to found a penal\\nstation.\\nOf the 1,044 people with whom Capt.\\nPhillip founds the first settlement in\\nSydney, seven-tenths are convicted\\ncriminals, and the remainder the\\nguards of the convicts among them\\nis one woman to three men.\\n1795\u00c2\u00b1 Life is held cheaply murder\\nis committed at any time for two or\\nthree days rations.\\n1804 JV. S. W. An insurrection of\\nconvicts occurs.\\n1807 Feb. JV. 8. W. Gov. Bligh pro-\\nhibits the payment of bills for liquor\\nin labor or goods, in order to curtail the\\ntraffic.\\n1810* A free-school system, a public\\nmarket, and the Sydney races are es-\\ntablished.\\n1822 JV. S. IT. The flow of free im-\\nmigration begins.\\n1824 Que. A penal settlement is\\nestablished at Moreton Bay. [1835. The\\nfirst party of convicts arrives.]\\n1829 Trial by jury in civil actions\\nis introduced.\\n1830 Mar. W. A. Fifty ships arrive,\\nconveying 2,000 emigrants they\\nbring with them \u00c2\u00a31,000,000 in cash.\\n1832 Tic. Edward Henty comes\\nfrom Tasmania with cattle and sheep,\\nand establishes himself as the first\\nsettler.\\n1837 New South Wales becomes\\nthe sole receptacle for felons.\\n1838 JV. S. IT. The assignment\\nsystem of employing convicts is dis-\\ncontinued.\\n1839 The transportation of con-\\nvicts from England is suspended.\\nW. A. Almost universal bank-\\nruptcy prevails, owing to overspecula-\\ntion in land, building, and other enter-\\nprises.\\nSTATE.\\n1788 Jan. 18. JV. S. W. A free Euro-\\npean settlement is begun by Capt.\\nArthur Phillip at Botany Bay.\\nCapt. Phillip s expedition consists\\nof two men-of-war and six transports,\\ncarrying about 550 male and 200 female\\nconvicts, 40 free women, marines and\\ncrews, making a total of about 1.100\\npeople at the time of embarkation. May\\n13, 1787.\\nJan. 24. JV. S. W. A French expedi-\\ntion arrives six days too late to claim\\npossession.\\nJan. 26. JV. S. W. The British flag is\\nfirst raised at Sydney Cove by Capt.\\nPhillip.\\nCapt. Arthur Phillip, the governor,\\nfounds Sydney, near Port Jackson, as\\nan English penal station, with 1.030 per-\\nsons, SOO of whom are convicts. [Feb. 7.\\nHe proclaims the colony organized.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0506.jp2"}, "507": {"fulltext": "AUSTRALIA.\\n1788, Jan. 2-1841,\\n495\\nOct.* N. S. W. Another colony is\\nplanted on Norfolk Island.\\nNorfolk Island, about 900 miles east,\\nis settled by people from Port Jackson,\\nNew South Wales.\\n1790 N. S. W. The colony receives\\na large reenforcement. [1792. Gov.\\nArthur Phillip resigns.]\\n1795 Sept. N. S. W. Capt. Hunter,\\nwho succeeds Gov. Phillip, arrives the\\nwhite population is less than 4,000.\\n1800 Sept. 28. N. S. W. Capt. Philip\\nGidley King is appointed governor.\\n1801 Eng. The Colonial Office is\\nreconstructed, and combined with the\\nWar Department.\\n1803 Oct. Vic. A convict colony\\nis planted at Port Phillip. [It departs\\nwithin four months.]\\nTas. The English colony of Van\\nDiemen s Land is established as an\\nauxiliary penal station. [1812. It is\\nmade a single colony. 1823. It is par-\\ntially separated from New South Wales.\\n1825. It is fully separated, and becomes\\na province.]\\n1804* *iV. S. JV. About 300 Irish\\nconvicts unite in the first and last in-\\nsurrection by convicts, which is speedily\\nquelled.\\n1805 iV. S. W. John Macarthur,\\ncalled the Father of New South Wales,\\ncommences sheep-farming at Camden.\\n1806 N. S. JV. Capt. William Bligh\\nis governor. The Government officials\\nmake a rich monopoly of the rum-\\ntraffic, and mutiny when disturbed.\\n1808 Jan. 31. JV. S. jr. Gov. Bligh\\nis deposed for his tyranny by insurgent\\nmilitary and colonial forces under Maj.\\nJohnston.\\n1809 *N.S. Jr. Col. Lachlan Mac-\\nquarie assumes the governorship. [He\\nholds the office for 12 years.]\\n1814* *iV. S. Jr. Civil courts are\\ncreated.\\n1817 Feb. N. S. jr. Barron Field,\\nthe first judge, arrives.\\n1821 Dec. 1. JV. S. jr. Gov. Sir\\nThomas Brisbane arrives, and assumes\\nthe governorship. [He introduces free\\ninstitutions.]\\n1823 Que. Surveyor Oxley practi-\\ncally rediscovers Queensland and founds\\nBrisbane.\\nEng. The first Australian Constitu-\\ntion is granted.\\n1824 N. S. TV. The first land regu-\\nlations are issued. The first chief jus-\\ntice arrives. The freedom of the\\npress is formally proclaimed.\\nVic. Hamilton Hume and Capt. Ho-\\nvell, by an overland journey from Syd-\\nney, visit Port Phillip at Corio Bay.\\n1825* J r ic. A temporary settlement is\\nmade by Capt. Wright near Western-\\nport Bay.\\nDec. 18. N. S. JV. Sir Ralph Darling\\nis governor.\\n1826 jr. A. The settlement of King\\nGeorge s Sound is established as a\\nmilitary station.\\n1827* N. S.JV. The prosperous colony J ic. Sir Richard Bourke, governor\\nsupports its own civil government. of New South Wales, selects sites for\\n1828 July 15. JV. S. Jr. The HomeV t0 ns at Port Phillip, and orders the\\nGovernment grants a second constitu-\\ntion; it increases the governor s council\\nfrom seven to fifteen.\\nJr. A. Col. Thomas Peel projects the\\nSwan River settlement.\\n1829 Jan. 17. Western Australia is\\nformed into a province, and Capt. [Sir\\nJames] Stirling is appointed lieuten-\\nant-governor. [June 21. He arrives.]\\nJuly 13. N.S.Jr. TheLegislative\\nCouncil holds its first meeting at Syd-\\nney.\\nAug. JT. A. Capt. Stirling s expedi-\\ntion arrives at the entrance of Swan\\nRiver.\\n1830 Mar. JV. A. About 50 ships\\nat Swan River land 2,000 immigrants,\\nwho bring with them \u00c2\u00a31,000,000; they\\nproceed to survey the land and erect\\ndwellings.\\nApr. 21. JV. S. JT. The Legislative\\nCouncil passes a Bushranger s Act\\nthrough all its legislative stages, which\\npractically places the country under\\nmartial law.\\n1831 M. S. JT. Land grants are reg-\\nulated by a uniform method of public\\nsale at auction.\\nJV. A. Settlements are made at\\nPerth, Freemantle, and Guildford.\\nJST. S. JJ Sir Ralph Darling, the gov-\\nernor, returns to England, and Sir Rich-\\nard Bourke succeeds to the governor-\\nship.\\n1833 N. S. JT. The Commissioners 1790\\nsurvey of the lands Capt. Lonsdale is\\nappointed governor.\\n1838 Feb. 24. iV. S. jr. Sir George\\nGipps is governor. [The practice of\\nassigning the service of convicts to\\nsettlers is abandoned.]\\nVic. Sir George Gipps is governor.\\n1839* Tic. The colony at Port Phillip\\nis called Victoria, and Charles J, La-\\ntrobe is appointed lieutenant-governor.\\nPort Phillip has a population of 6,000.\\nN. S. Jr. New Zealand is incorpo-\\nrated with this colony. The colonial\\nstatute provides for the border police\\nto keep order in pastoral districts.\\nSept. 30. J ic. Charles J. Latrobe,\\nsuperintendent of Port Phillip, arrives\\nat Melbourne.\\n1840 Eng. The Colonial Land and\\nEmigrant Commissioners are appoint-\\ned to assist the Colonial Secretary in the\\ndisposal of Australian Crown lands, and\\nto promote emigration.\\n*JV. S. JV. Important land regula-\\ntions are issued.\\nVic. The town of Portland is laid\\nout Melbourne is divided into two dis-\\ntricts, north and south.\\n1841 S. A. Capt. George Grey is\\ngovernor at Adelaide.\\niV. S. JV. New Zealand is detached\\nfrom the province of New South Wales.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\nThe store-ship Guardian i\\nlost\\nof Crown Lands are appointed.\\n1834 Aug. 15. Eng. Parliament passes\\nthe South Australian Act.\\nS. A. The boundaries of the prov-\\nince are established.\\nJ r ic. The Henty family settle [at\\nPortland].\\nwith much needed supplies.\\n1795 N.S. JV. Cattle become accli-\\nmated.\\n1805 A colonial ship is built.\\n1806 A great flood prevails in the\\nvalley of the Hawkesbury River it is\\nfollowed by famine.\\n1835 May 29. J ic. Geelong is set- 182 7\\n-29\\niV. S. Ji r The colonists\\ntied by John Bateman s company, which\\nobtain deeds of land from the abori-\\ngines.\\nAug. S. A. The territory is separated\\nfrom the mother colony, granted to the\\nSouth Australia Colonization Asso-\\nciation, and erected into a province.\\n[Aug. 29. Vic. Melbourne is founded.]\\nNov. Vic. Port Phillip is colonized\\npass through a severe commercial crisis\\ncaused by speculation and drought.\\n1835 May* J ic. John Bateman pur-\\nchases a large tract of land from the\\nnatives near Port Phillip, and with 15\\nassociates [takes possession of 600,000\\nacres],\\nVic. John Pascoe Falkner and others\\nencamp on the site of Melbourne.\\nby the Port Phillip Association from 1839 S. A. Speculation causes al-\\nTasmania.\\n1836 July* S. A. The country is col-\\nonized by the British Adelaide is\\nfounded.\\nDec. 28. S. A. The first governor,\\nCapt. Hindmarsh, arrives he officially\\nproclaims the colony.\\nJV. S. JV. Temporary grazing li-\\nmost universal bankruptcy.\\n_42 There is a great influx of im-\\nmigrants drawn by the prosperity of the\\ncolony and the discovery of rich copper-\\nmines at Burra Burra speculation is\\nrampant, and insolvencies follow.\\n1841 The latest census reports a pop-\\nulation of 87,200 males, 43,700 females.\\ncenses for squatting are issued for May iV. S. JV. Sydney is first lighted\\noutlying districts.\\nVic. Gov. Bourke recognizes the set-\\ntlement at Port Phillip by a proclama-\\ntion, and appoints a police magistrate.\\n1837 Nov. Vic. Melbourne is laid\\nout as a town.\\nwith gas.\\n-43 JV. S. JV A severe commer-\\ncial crisis is caused by extravagance,\\ninflated prices, and speculation.\\nOn the discovery of gold agriculture\\nis for a time abandoned.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0507.jp2"}, "508": {"fulltext": "496 1841, **-1866,\\nAUSTRALIA.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nLETTERS.\\n1841 S. A. Silver ore is discovered\\non the Mount Lofty range.\\n1842 S.A. Rich copper ore is found\\nnear Kapunda Station the Burra\\nBurra mines are also opened.\\n1843 TV. A. The explorers Landor\\nand Lefroy visit the country.\\n1844 S. A. Gold is discovered at\\nEchunga.\\nX. S. TV. The Parliamentary Li-\\nbrary is founded at Sydney.\\n1845 Dec. 17. Leichart s expedition\\narrives at Port Essington, in North Aus-\\ntralia.\\nS. A. Capt. Charles Sturt advances\\nto the middle of the continent, for the\\nmost part over a stony desert.\\n1847 Leichart again attempts to\\ncross the continent from east to west,\\nstarting at Fitzroy Downs [and is never\\nheard from].\\n1848 Apr. 3. Dr. Leichart s last de-\\nspatch is sent from Gogoon. [He meets\\nhis death either by enemies or by starv-\\ning-]\\nAug. 13. Que. E. B. Kennedy s first\\nexpedition starts to explore the penin-\\nsula of Cape York.\\nDec. 13. Que. Kennedy is killed by\\nthe natives.\\nA. C. Gregory makes an exploration\\nof the interior.\\nX.S. TV. A Board of National Edu-\\ncation and a Denominational School\\nBoard are formed.\\n*N.S. TV. The Sydney University is\\nfounded. [1850. Incorporated.]\\nN. S. TV. Count Strzelecki makes\\nextensive explorations in New South\\nWales and Tasmania.\\n1851 Feb. 12. N.S.TV. Goldisdis-\\ncovered by Edward H. Hargreaves, a\\nreturned gold-seeker from California\\ngreat excitement follows.\\nFeb. Que. Gold is discovered in Sum-\\nmerhill Creek on the Macquarie Plains.\\nJuly X. S. TV. Dr. Kerr, a squatter,\\ndiscovers a mass of virgin gold weigh-\\ning more than 100 pounds, on Meroo\\nCreek.\\nAug. Vic. The gold-fields at Ballarat\\nare discovered.\\nOct. Vic. Gold discoveries are made\\nat Melbourne which surpass all others.\\n1852 Oct. 11. N.S. W. The Univer-\\nsity of Sydney is inaugurated.\\n1853 Vic. The Public Library is\\nfounded at Melbourne.\\n1855 Vic. The University of Mel-\\nbourne is founded.\\n-58 Vic. A. C. Gregory makes\\nfurther explorations in the interior.\\n1856 TV. A. The Freemantle Gazette\\nis issued at Albany.\\n1858 June Que. Gold is discovered\\nat Canoonan.\\n*-62* *J. MacDonall Stuart s ex-\\npedition solves important problems re-\\nspecting the inland lakes,\\n1860 Mar.* S.A. J. MacDonall Stu-\\nart attempts to cross the continent\\nfrom Adelaide northward and fails,\\nthough a reward of \u00c2\u00a310,000 is offered.\\nAug. 20. Robert O Hara Burke, Wil-\\nliam John Wills, John King, and others\\nstart inland from Melbourne for the\\npurpose of exploring the continent from\\nsouth to north all except King perish.\\nS. A. The Government offers a re-\\nward of \u00c2\u00a310,000 for the first person to\\ncross the continent from south to north.\\n1861 May 13. X. S. IV. The Great\\nComet is first seen at Sydney.\\nS.A. John MacD. Stuart makes ex-\\nplorations.\\n1862 Jan. 22. Stuart starts on his\\nthird and most successful journey across\\nthe continent.\\nAug. MacDonall Stuart and M Kin-\\nlay complete the journey across the\\ncontinent from south to north.\\nCHURCH.\\n1841 New Zealand is detached from\\nthe bishopric of Australia.\\nN. S. TV. The vices of the white\\nman demoralize the mission at Welling-\\nton, and it is broken up.\\nFive more missionaries go to teach\\nthe aborigines.\\n1842 Tasmania is detached from\\nthe bishopric of Australia.\\n1847 Vic. The bishopric is di-\\nvided; the sees of Adelaide, S. A.,\\nNewcastle. W. A., Sydney, N. S. W.,\\nand Melbourne, Vic, are erected the\\nbishop of Sydney is metropolitan.\\n1849 Jr. A. A Roman Catholic\\nmission is begun, with 10 priests, 14\\nmonks, and seven nuns.\\n1850 Feb.* Vic. A band of Moravian\\nmissionaries lands at Melbourne.\\nX. S. TV. A mission among the\\nnatives is opened by William Ridley.\\nMoravians open a mission at Lake\\nBogo.\\nS. A. The English Bible Christian\\nForeign Missionary Society sends out\\nJames Way and James Rowe.\\n1856 The Moravian missionaries at\\nLake Bogo retire.\\n1857 IV. A. The diocese of Perth\\nis established.\\n1858 Moravians reopen the mission\\nat Lake Bogo.\\nS. A. George Taplin, a Scotchman,\\nopens a mission for the Aborigines\\nFriends Association on the shores of\\nLake Alexandria.\\nHe translates parts of the Bible into\\nNarrenjeri, writes a grammar of that\\ntongue, and makes a careful study of\\n22 native languages.\\n1859* Que. Brisbane is made a\\nbishopric.\\nVic. The Ebenezer mission is\\nbegun by the Moravians.\\n1862 S. A. Vic. Adelaide and Mel-\\nbourne become mission -stations of the\\nNew Connection Methodists.\\nVie. Kama hyuck, Gippsland, be-\\ncomes a mission-station of the Moravi-\\nans. The Presbyterians open a mission\\nat Ramahyuek. Mr. Bulmer is sent\\nto Gippsland to open a mission.\\n1863* X. s. W. The diocese of\\nGoulburn is established.\\n1864 X. 8. W. A Missionary Jubi-\\nlee is celebrated at Sydney, and \u00c2\u00a312.000\\nis subscribed for a Wesleyan College\\nand for the relief of church property.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1841 -46 Mrs. Chisholm estab-\\nlishes a Home for Female Emi-\\ngrants.\\n1848 Sept. 4. X. S. TV. Transporta-\\ntion of criminals to the colony ceases.\\nJV. A. The colonists petition that\\nconvicts be sent out to thorn.\\n1849 TV. A. Convicts arrive and\\nare kindly treated.\\nVic. The Hashemy arrives laden with\\nconvicts the indignant colonists drive\\nthe vessel to Sydney. [The convicts are\\nwelcomed by the squatters of Darling\\nDowns.]\\nStrong opposition is made to trans-\\nportation, which has been revived by\\nLord Grey.\\n1850 JV. A. Convicts arrive, and\\nare welcomed by the colonists because\\nof the scarcity of labor.\\n1852 Vic. There is a great flow of\\nimmigration to Melbourne from Eu-\\nrope, America, and China, averaging\\n2,000 arrivals each week the newcom-\\ners are attracted by the gold-fields. [The\\npopulation of Victoria is doubled in one\\nyear.]\\n1853 Tas. The transportation of\\nconvicts to Van Diemen s Land ceases.\\nVic. Social disturbances occur in\\nthe gold-fields.\\n1854 Oct. 8. Vic. The Victoria\\nBank at Ballarat is broken into, and\\nrobbed of \u00c2\u00a314,300 and 200 ounces of\\ngold-dust.\\n1855 Nov. 30. Fie. A mass-meeting\\nis held at Ballarat on the payment of\\ngold licenses. [Riots follow, and the\\nflag of the Southern Cross is raised 30\\nrioters and a few soldiers are killed on\\nDec. 3.]\\n1858 July* Archdeacon Cowper\\ndies at the age of SO, after a residence\\nin Australia of about 50 years.\\nVic. The mayor of Melbourne visits\\nEngland to congratulate the Queen\\non the marriage of the princess royal.\\n1861 N, S. TV. Miners engage in an\\nanti- Chinese riot, with great barbarity.\\n1862 N. S. TV. The country is ter-\\nrorized [for many years] by the exploits\\nof the bushrangers.\\n1S64 Oct. Vic. The vigorous opposi-\\ntion to the reception of convicts causes\\na shipload to be sent back to England.\\n1865 If A. The transportation of\\ncriminals to the colony is abandoned\\nby.the Home Government notwithstand-\\ning ihe protests of the settlers.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0508.jp2"}, "509": {"fulltext": "AUSTRALIA.\\n1841, *-1866,\\n497\\nSTATE.\\n1842 X. S. JV. The first representa-\\ntive constitution is granted by the pas-\\nsage of an Imperial statute; the Gov-\\nernment nominees in the colonial\\ncouncil are reduced to a minority, 12\\nout of 36, only half of whom are to be\\noffice-holders.\\nA new set of land regulations is\\nissued for all the colonies they divide\\nthe mother colony into three land dis-\\ntricts, Northern (Moretou Bay), Middle\\n(Sydney), and Southern (Port Phillip).\\nEng. The Crown Land Sales Act,\\nfor New South Wales, passes Parlia-\\nment.\\nN. S. W. Vic. Sydney is incorpo-\\nrated Melbourne receives its charter.\\nVic. Agitation of separation from the\\nmother colony begins [and grows rap-\\nidly].\\nQue. MoretonBay [Brisbane] is pro-\\nclaimed a free settlement.\\n1845 S. A. Maj. J. H. Robe is gov-\\nernor.\\n1846 Aug. 3. X. S. TV. Sir Charles\\nFitzroy, the governor, arrives. [1S50.\\nHe is appointed governor-general.]\\nQue. An abortive proclamation of\\nNorth Australia is issued. [1S49.\\nIt is revoked.]\\n1847 X. S. TV. Granting of pastoral\\nleases (1 to 14 years) is authorized by\\nthe Crown.\\n1848 JV. S. JV. The constitution is\\nproclaimed. [Sept. 4. Eng. The trans-\\nportation of convicts is abolished by\\nOrders in Council.]\\nS. A. Sir Henry Fox Young is\\ngovernor.\\n1849 TV. A. Convicts are first trans-\\nported to this colony.\\n1850 Aug. 5. S. A. An improved\\nrepresentative government with a new\\nconstitution is provided all the colonies\\nexcept Western Australia have similar\\nforms of government.\\nNov. 11. K. S. TV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Vic. A vessel ar-\\nrives bringing tidings of the separation\\nof Port Phillip from New South\\nWales [public rejoicing continues for\\nfive days at Melbourne].\\nVic. Port Phillip is separated from\\nNew South Wales, and erected by the\\ngovernment into a province called Vic-\\ntoria.\\n1851 June 9. Vic. A gold discovery\\ncommittee is appointed at Melbourne,\\nwhich is authorized to offer rewards for\\ndiscoveries.\\nJuly 1. Vic.\u00e2\u0080\u0094N. S. TV. Port Phillip\\nand New South Wales are legally sepa-\\nrated; Victoria, with a population of\\n77,000, becomes a separate province of\\nthe British realm.\\nAug. 20. S. A. The new Legislative\\nCouncil (General Assembly) meets for\\nthe first time.\\nVic. Melbourne becomes the capital.\\nEng. The custom-houses of Aus-\\ntralia are transferred to the manage-\\nment of the colonies.\\n1852 The gold revenue is trans-\\nferred to the colonial exchequers.\\nThe Home Government requests each\\ncolony to form a constitution for it-\\nself.\\nVic. The Legislative Assembly at\\nMelbourne first meets.\\n1853 Mar. Vic. Mints are estab-\\nlished.\\nDec. 21. A r S. TV. A constitutional\\nbill is passed, to be submitted to the\\nImperial Parliament at London.\\n1854 June Vic. Sir Charles Hot-\\nham, the governor, arrives.\\nDec. 3. Vic. Insurgent miners en-\\ntrench themselves at the Eureka stock-\\nade, Ballarat.\\nEng. A separate Colonial Office is\\ncreated.\\nN. S. JV. Sir William T. Denison\\nis governor.\\n1855 July 16. JV. S. JV. A new con-\\nstitution is granted by the English\\nParliament; it provides for representa-\\ntive government.\\nNov. 23. Vic. A representative con-\\nstitution is proclaimed.\\nN. S. W. Sir Charles Fitzroy retires\\nfrom the governor-generalship the full\\ntitle of governor is now given to the\\nrulers of the other colonies. A mint\\nis established at Sydney.\\nA federal council is formed by the\\nadvocates of colonial federation its\\ndecisions have no authority.\\n1856 May 22. N. S. W. The first\\nparliament under responsible govern-\\nment is opened at Sydney by Sir William\\nDenison.\\nN. S. JV. A select committee is\\nappointed to consider the best means\\nof legislating on matters of a common\\ninterest and looking toward federation.\\nVic. The ballot system is intro-\\nduced into the electoral law. Sir Henry\\nBarkly is governor.\\n1857 Nov. 26. Vic. The first parlia-\\nment is opened at Melbourne. The\\nfederation of the colonies is proposed\\nby Sir Charles Gavan Duffy a select\\ncommittee to consider the proposal is\\nappointed as in New South Wales.\\n1858 N. S. JV. Manhood suffrage\\nis carried by a majority vote.\\n1859 Dec. 4. Que. The Moreton Bay\\nDistrict is separated from New South\\nWales by the Home Government, and\\nmade an independent colony called\\nQueensland; population, 30,000. [Sir\\nGeorge F. Bowen is appointed gover-\\nnor.]\\n1860 May 29. Que. The first parlia-\\nment opens at Brisbane under the\\nministry of Mr. Herbert.\\nN. S. JV. Sir John Young is ap-\\npointed governor.\\n1861 Nov. JV. A. JohnS. Hampton\\nis appointed governor.\\nNov. S. A. Sir Dominic Daly is gov-\\nernor. [1862 Mar. He assumes office.]\\n1862 N. S. JV. Primogeniture is\\nabolished.\\n1863 May* Vic. Sir Charles Dar-\\nling is appointed governor. [Sept. 11.\\nGov. Darling arrives at Melbourne.]\\n1865 Jan. Vic. The House of As-\\nsembly passes a new tariff act. [The\\nLegislative Council rejects it.]\\nMar. 22. Vic. The parliament at\\nMelbourne passes an important land\\nact.\\nJuly J r ic. Gov. Darling raises money\\nfor colonial uses by irregular methods.\\n[This action of Gov. Darling precipitates\\na crisis.]\\nDec. Vic. The parliament at Mel-\\nbourne is prorogued.\\n1866 Apr. Eng. The governor of\\nVictoria, Sir Charles Darling, is re-\\ncalled.\\nApr. Victoria is disturbed by minis-\\nterial difficulties M. MeCulloch is\\nappointed premier.\\nMay Vic. The House of Assembly\\nvotes \u00c2\u00a320,000 to Lady Darling on\\nher departure with her husband, the\\nex-governor. [1867. Aug. 20. The Legis-\\nlative Council rejects the resolution, and\\na ministerial crisis follows.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1843\\nborn\\nAgnes Booth, actor, is\\n1844 Aug. 15. JY.S.JV. LudwigLei-\\nchart s expedition leaves Moreton Bay,\\non the east coast, and journeys inland.\\n1846 The census reports 114,700\\nmales, 74,800 females.\\n1850 *2T. S. W. The first sod is turned\\nfor the construction of the first rail-\\nway. [The enterprise fails.]\\n1851 Aug. Gold-mines begin to be\\nworked a great rush of people follows.\\nThe census reports males 106,000\\nfemales, 81,000 (exclusive of Victoria,\\n80,000).\\n1852 Vic. Adelaide receives during\\nthe year \u00c2\u00a32,216,157 in gold from Mel-\\nbourne, chiefly for provisions, supplies,\\netc.\\n1853 Vic. Melbourne is greatly im-\\nproved by new buildings.\\nN. S. TV. A second attempt is made\\nto construct a railway.\\n1855 N.S.W. A railway is opened\\nfrom Newcastle to Maitland.\\nDec. 31. Sir Charles Hotham, governor,\\ndies.\\n1857 June N. S. JV. The Catherine\\nAdamson is wrecked 25 miles from Syd-\\nney 20 lives are lost.\\n1859 Aug. 6. The steamer Admella is\\nlost 49 persons perish.\\n1861 Oct. 1. Vic. A grand Exhibi-\\ntion of Colonial Products and indus-\\ntries is opened by the governor at\\nMelbourne.\\n1864 Sept. 20. N. S. JV. Aaron Bu-\\nzacott, a missionary of the London\\nSociety, dies, A64.\\n1865 June 29. N. S. JV. TheEoman\\nCatholic cathedral and much other\\nproperty at Sydney are destroyed by tire.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0509.jp2"}, "510": {"fulltext": "498 1866, May \u00e2\u0080\u00941887, Apr. 22. AUSTRALIA.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nLETTERS.\\n1866 May N. S. W. The Royal So-\\nciety of New South Wales is estab-\\nlished.\\nN. S. JV. The Public Schools Act\\nis passed, providing for two classes of\\nschools and a Council of Education.\\n1867 S. A. Francis Cadell, an ex-\\nplorer, navigates the Murray River to\\nthe junction of the Darling.\\nQue. The Gympie gold-field, 130\\nmiles from Brisbane, is discovered.\\n1868 Mar. 28. N. S. W. The founda-\\ntion of Capt. Cook s monument at\\nSydney is laid by the Duke of Edin-\\nburgh, son of Queen Victoria.\\nMay Vic. Woolen and paper manu-\\nfactories are established.\\n1869 Vic. The great telescope is\\nset up at the Melbourne Observatory.\\nN. S. JV. The Free Public library\\nis founded at Sydney.\\n1870 Sept. W. A. Gold is discov-\\nered.\\nNov. Capt. Cadell makes explorations\\nin South Australia, and discovers the\\nmouth of the River Roper.\\n1871 Nov. Vic. Capt. Burton dis-\\ncovers gold in the Bendigo fields.\\n1878 Feb. 2. N. S. JV. Capt. Cook s\\nstatue is uncovered at Sydney.\\n1880 N. S. W. State aid to denomi-\\nnational schools is abolished a Minis-\\nter of Public Instruction is created.\\n1882 Piturine, a narcotic, is first\\nextracted from the dried leaves of the\\nDuboisia pituri.\\nDec. 18. Ernest Morrison sets out to\\nwalk across the continent, southward,\\nfrom the Gulf of Carpentaria to Mel-\\nbourne. [He accomplishes the journey\\nin 120 days.]\\n1886 May* IF. A. A gold-field is\\ndiscovered at Perth.\\nOct. S. A. Alluvial gold is discovered\\nat Tatutpa, Waukaringa.\\nCHURCH.\\n1866* S. A. The Moravians estab-\\nlish a mission for the aborigines at\\nCopperamana [which is abandoned in\\n18721.\\n1868 Nov. 30. X. S. JV. The new\\ncathedral at Sydney is consecrated.\\n1869 X. S. W. The dioceses of\\nBathurst, Armidale, and Grafton are\\nestablished.\\n1872 Oct. 25. X. S. JV. The Synod\\nof the Church of Australia assembles at\\nSydney.\\nDec. 15. Vic. John Geddie, mission-\\nary in the South Seas, dies in Geelong,\\nA57.\\nA mission in the Southwest is\\nopened under Mr. Clark.\\n1873* *The Primitive Methodist\\nChurch heroically attempts to found a\\nmission on Frazer s Island [afterwards\\nat Mackay] the endeavor fails.\\n1875 Vic. The diocese of Ballarat\\nis established.\\n1877* S. A. Hermannsburg is\\nfounded by the Hermannsburg Mission.\\nThe mission works among the black\\nnatives, who prove themselves very apt\\nin learning, and as apt in forgetting.\\n1878 Tas. Penguin becomes a mis-\\nsion-station of the United Methodist\\nFree Churches.\\nQue. The diocese of North Queens-\\nland is established.\\nThe Bavarian Lutherans reoccupy\\nthe mission-station in Copperamana.\\n1883 X. S. JV. The diocese of Kiv-\\nerina is established.\\n1884 Jan. 1. X.S.JV. Alfred Barry\\nis consecrated bishop of Sydney and\\nmetropolitan of Australia.\\n1885 X. S. JV. The archbishop of\\nSydney, Patrick F. Moran, is created\\na cardinal.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1867 Nov. 23. Vic. The Duke of\\nEdinburgh arrives at Melbourne.\\nVic. An address is presented to the\\nDuke of Edinburgh by Edward\\nHently, the first settler, and others.\\n1868 Feb. X. S. JV. TheDukevisits\\nSydney.\\nMar. 12. X. S. JV. At a picnic at Port\\nJackson, a Fenian named O Farrell\\nshoots the Duke of Edinburgh in the\\nback. [The Duke soon recovers from his\\nwound. Apr. 4. He sails for England.]\\nApr. 21. X. S. IV. O Farrell, the\\nwould-be assassin of the Duke of Edin-\\nburgh, is executed at Sydney.\\n1879 Feb. 8-10. X. S. W. A band of\\nthieves from Victoria, known as the\\nKelly Gang, seize and plunder the\\ntown of Jerilderie.\\n1880 June 27, 28. Vic. Wed Kelly\\nand several of his gang of bushrangers,\\nrobbers, and murderers, are captured\\naud sent to Melbourne. [Nov. 11. Kelly\\nis hanged.\\nVic. An International Temperance\\nConvention in Melbourne passes a reso-\\nlution urging each colony to form an\\nalliance for securing local option.\\n1885 Que. Laws favorable to local\\noption are passed.\\nVic. Chinese immigrants are al-\\nmost entirely excluded.\\nSTATE.\\n1866 Aug. 13. Vic. The new gover-\\nnor, John H. T. Sutton, arrives at\\nMelbourne.\\n1867 X. S. JV. The Earl of Bel-\\nmore is governor.\\nMar. Vic. The Ministers from the\\nAustralian colonies hold a postal con-\\nference at Melbourne to improve postal\\ncommunication with Europe.\\nDec. 30. Vic. The parliament at Mel-\\nbourne is dissolved.\\n1S69* Eng. Sir Benjamin C.C.Pine\\nis appointed governor of Western Aus-\\ntralia.\\nMar. 12. Vie. The Ministry resigns,\\nin ,jj*i_ queii _ e of the governor s objec-\\ntion to the insertion of the Darling\\ngrant in the Appropriation Bill.\\nApr. 7. Eng, Frederick A. Weld\\nappointed governor of Western Aus-\\ntralia.\\nMay IV. A. Sir Benjamin C. C. Pine\\nassumes office as governor.\\nJuly Vic. The McCulloch Ministry\\nsettles the Darling grant question.\\nOct. Vic. The McPherson Ministry\\nis formed.\\nDec. S. A. Sir James Fergusson is\\nQue. Gov. Sir George Ferguson\\nBowen retires from the governorship,\\nand Gov. Blackall succeeds him.\\n1870 Apr.* Vic. A new McCulloch\\nMinistry is formed, which includes\\nMcPherson.\\nMay Eng. Premier McCulloch is\\nknighted by the Queen. [June 14. Pic.\\nHe resigns his office.]\\nJune Vic. The union of the five colo-\\nnies in a federation is discussed in the\\nAssembly at Melbourne.\\nEng. Representative government\\nis granted to Western Australia.\\nW. A. A Legislative Council is\\nelected on the model of the Constitu-\\ntions of 1850, consisting partly of nomi-\\nnee and partly of elected members.\\n1871 Apr. 8. Que. The Marquis of\\nNormanby is governor.\\nJuly 13. Eng. Lord Kimberley. British\\nColonial Secretary, expresses dissatis-\\nfaction with the complex tariff system\\nof the four colonies.\\nJuly Vic. Sir Charles Gavan Duffy\\nbecomes premier.\\nSept. 27. Delegates from the four\\nAustralasian colonies meet to con-\\nsider the interference of the British\\nGovernment with their local fiscal\\narrangements.\\n1872 May 29. Vic. Premier Duffy\\nresigns on an adverse vote in the As-\\nsembly.\\nJune* Vic. Mr. Francis forms a Minis-\\ntry at Melbourne.\\nDec. X. 5. JV. Sir Hercules Robin-\\nson is appointed governor.\\nThe members of parliament begin to\\nreceive salaries of \u00c2\u00a3300 a year.\\n1873 Jan. .V. .S. W. Delegates from\\nthe several colonies meet in conference\\nto discuss customs union, postal af-\\nfairs, and arrangements respecting rail-\\nways.\\nFeb. Vic. Sir George F. Bowen suc-\\nceeds Sir John H. T. Sutton (Viscount\\nCanterbury) as governor.\\nQue. The Ministry present a free-\\ntrade budget.\\nApr. X. S. IV. Sir Hercules Robin-\\nson, governor, arrives.\\nJune S. A, Sir Anthony Musgrave\\n1S74 Sept. 22. Que. William W.\\nCairns is appointed governor.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0510.jp2"}, "511": {"fulltext": "AUSTRALIA. 1866, May *-1887, Apr. 22. 499\\nOct. 7. W. A. William C. F. Robin-\\nson is appointed governor.\\n1575 Aug.* Vic. A ministerial crisis\\nis caused by the rejection in parliament\\nof the free-trade policy proposed by\\nPremier Kerford the premier resigns,\\nSir William S to well, the acting governor,\\nrefusing to dissolve parliament.\\nOct. Vic. Graham Berry, the premier,\\nbeing defeated in his proposed protec-\\ntion scheme, resigns the objectionable\\nfeature of the scheme is the proposal to\\ntax the richer more heavily than the\\npoorer colonies.\\nOct. Vic. A coalition Ministry is\\nformed by Sir James McCulloch.\\nNov. Vic. The Ministry proposes an\\nincome tax, with a tax on land and\\nrealized property.\\n1576 June Vic. Parliament passes\\nthe income-tax bill by a majority of\\nthree.\\nMar. June* Vic. The Administra-\\ntion becomes involved in a dispute with\\nthe Messrs. Stevenson respecting the un-\\nder-valuation of their goods in the pay-\\nment of duties the Stevenson letters\\nare unlawfully opened by the Govern-\\nment.\\n1577 Jan. Que. Sir Arthur Ken-\\nnedy is governor.\\nJan. S. A. William W. Cairns is\\ngovernor.\\nMay Vic. The elections favor the Pro-\\ntectionists, and Premier McCulloch re-\\nsigns Graham Berry is again ap-\\npointed premier.\\nJune S. A. W. F. D. Jervois is gov-\\nOct. 30+. Vic. Premier Berry s Appro-\\npriation, Defense, and Exhibition Bills\\nare rejected by the Legislative Council.\\nOct.* Vic. Parliament enacts a land-tax.\\nW. A. Maj.-Gen. Sir Harry St.\\nGeorge Ord is governor.\\n1878 Jan.* Vic. The Legislative\\nCouncil dismisses the county court\\nand judges; the Ministry is approved\\nby the governor, Sir George F. Bowen.\\nFeb. 13 Vic. Overruling the Coun-\\ncil, the Assembly orders that public\\ncreditors shall be paid by its vote\\nalone.\\nDec. 10. Vic. The Marquis of Nor-\\nmanby is appointed governor.\\n1879 May 3. N. S. W. Lord Augus-\\ntus F. Loftus is appointed governor.\\n[Aug. 4. He arrives at Sydney.]\\nSept. Vic. A reform bill is introduced\\nin parliament by Premier Berry. [Dec.\\nIt is withdrawn.]\\n1880 Feb. 9. Vic. Parliament is dis-\\nsolved.\\nFeb. 28. Vic. The elections favor the\\nopponents of the Ministry. [Mar. 2. The\\nMinistry resigns. Mar. 3. The James\\nService Ministry is formed. June 24.\\nParliament rejects the newreform bill.\\nJune 29. The Assembly is dissolved.\\nJuly 14. The Service Ministry re-\\nsigns.]\\nJuly 28. Vic. Graham Berry again\\nforms a Ministry.\\nW.A. Sir W. F. Robinson is gov-\\nMost of the colonies impose a poll-tax\\nof \u00c2\u00a310 on all Chinese immigrants.\\nVic. A Federation Council meets\\nat Melbourne it adjourns to Sydney.\\n1881 July Vic. Parliament refuses\\nPremier Berry a vote of confidence; Sir\\nBrien O Loghlen becomes premier, and\\nforms a new Ministry.\\nJv S. W. A conference is held at\\nSydney to pave the way for federation.\\n1882 Nov. S. A. Sir W. Robinson\\nis governor.\\nW.A. Sir Frederick Napier\\nBroome is governor.\\n18S3 Jan. 3. N.S. W. The Minis try\\nresigns Alexander Stuart forms a new\\nadministration.\\nMar.* Que. Sir Anthony Musgrave is\\ngovernor.\\nApr. 4. Que. The Queensland Govern-\\nment takes possession of New Guinea\\nin the name of the Crown.\\nAn Australasian army and navy\\nare being slowly developed for colonial\\ndefense.\\nDec. 6. iV. S. W. A conference of\\ndelegates representing all the colonies\\nopens at Sydney it recommends the\\nannexation of New Guinea.\\nDec. 7. A r S. W. The Intercolonial\\nConference at Sydney adopts a scheme\\nfor federation, and the creation of a\\nfederal council for Australasia.\\nIt prepares a bill [which is passed by\\nthe Imperial Parliament as the Federal\\nCouncil Act] it agrees on a scheme for\\nthe introduction of an intercolonial ju-\\ndicial system, and fails to agree upon a\\nrestrictive policy respecting Chinese\\nimmigration. [Dec. 8. The Conference\\ncloses.]\\n1884 Mar. Vic. The Marquis of USTor-\\nmanby resigns the governorship.\\n[Apr. 10. Sir Henry Brougham Loch\\nis appointed governor.]\\nJune 30. Vic. Premier Service favors\\na bill for the confederation of the\\ncolonies.\\nAug. The federation scheme is ac-\\ncepted by Victoria, Tasmania, and\\nQueensland.\\nNov. 1\u00c2\u00b1. N. S. W. The federation\\nscheme is rejected in the Legislature\\nby a majority of one.\\nDec. Germany protests against the an-\\nnexation by Great Britain of New Guinea\\nand the other islands.\\n1885 Jan.* Woodlark and other\\nislands in the East Indian Archipelago\\nare formally taken possession of in the\\nname of the British crown.\\nFeb. 1. The colonies offer to the Home\\nGovernment military contingents for\\nthe reenforcement of Gen. Gordon in the\\nSoudan war.\\nFeb. 23. N. S. W. A military contin-\\ngent, 800 strong, is ordered for the Sou-\\ndan, and \u00c2\u00a330,000 are raised as a patriotic\\nfund.\\nMar. 3. N. S. W. The military contin-\\ngent embarks for Suakim the patriotic\\nfund is increased to \u00c2\u00a345,000.\\nMay* The military contingent returns\\nfrom Suakim.\\nDec. 9. All the colonies except New\\nSouth Wales and New Zealand unite in\\na confederation.\\nDec. 11. Lord Derby announces that the\\nconsideration of the federal scheme is\\ndeferred.\\nDec. 12. N. S. W. Lord Carrington\\nassumes office as governor.\\nDec. 17. N. S. W. The ministry re-\\nsigns a new administration is organ-\\nized by Sir John Robertson.\\nThe Federal Council of Austra-\\nlasia is established.\\n1886 Feb. 18. Vic. Duncan Gillis\\nforms a new Ministry.\\nFeb. 25. M. S. W. Sir John Robertson\\nand Patrick Jennings form a coalition\\nMinistry.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1866 Oct. 25. Vic. The Interna-\\ntional Exhibition is opened at Mel-\\nbourne.\\n1868 Feb. 19. S. A. Sir Dominic\\nDaly, governor, dies.\\n1869 N. S. W. The railway is ex-\\ntended to connect Sydney with Goul-\\nburn.\\n1870 Aug. 30. N. S. W. The Gov-\\nernor-General, Lord Belmore, opens the\\nIntercolonial Exhibition at Sydney.\\nSept. 8. Vic. The Industrial Mu-\\nseum at Melbourne is opened.\\n1872 Aug. 22. S. A. Adelaide and\\nPort Darwin are connected by tele-\\ngraph.\\n1874 Apr. 11. Vic. An Industrial\\nExhibition is opened at Melbourne by\\nthe governor.\\n1878 S. A. The first railway is be-\\ngun at Port Augustus.\\n1879 Sept. 17. JT. S. W. An Inter-\\nnational Exhibition is opened by the\\ngovernor.\\n1880 Oct. Vic. An International\\nExhibition is opened at Melbourne.\\n1882 Jan. 16. N. S. W. The Wolver-\\nene is presented by the British Govern-\\nment to the colony of New South Wales.\\nSept. 22. N. S. W. The Exhibition\\nBuilding at Sydney is burned down.\\n1883 June Vic. Direct railway\\ncommunication between Melbourne\\nand Sydney is completed.\\n1886 Mar. 30. The Ly-ee-Moon t an\\niron steamer, is wrecked off Green Cape\\n76 persons perish.\\n1887 Mar. 23. N. S. W. A mine ex-\\nplosion occurs at Bulli colliery, near\\nSydney 85 men are killed.\\nApr. 22. A violent hurricane destroys\\na pearl-fishing fleet on the northeast\\ncoast; 650 persons are lost.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0511.jp2"}, "512": {"fulltext": "500 1887, Oct. *-1894, Nov. 29. AUSTRALIA.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nLETTERS.\\n1889 Apr. 10. X. S. W. A committee\\nat Sydney reports on M. Pasteur s sug-\\ngestion of a means to exterminate rab-\\nbits.\\nApr. 18. N. S. JV. Destructive floods\\noccur.\\nMay 29. X. S. JV. The Meteorological\\nSociety reports a destructive hurri-\\ncane extending along the entire coast,\\nand a rainfall never before equalled\\nrailroad traffic is suspended and several\\nlives are lost.\\nJuly 21. Que. Warner Davidson dis-\\ncovers a bright comet.\\n1890 Jan. 5. Que. Floods covering\\nan area of 500 square miles do great\\ndamage.\\nFeb. 16. Que. Great floods again pre-\\nvail.\\nMar. 1. Que. Floods damage the town\\nof Brisbane to the amount of $1,500,000.\\nApr. 3. Que. A cyclone does great\\ndamage.\\nMay 11. Que. Darling is surrounded\\nby floods.\\nJuly 11-Aug. Vic. Floods damage\\nthe city of Melbourne to the amount of\\n$2,000,000.\\n1891 Jan. 31. Que. Floods cause\\ngreat loss of life and property.\\nFeb. 1. Que. The country suffers again\\nfrom floods.\\nFeb. 6. Que. Floods prevail a large\\nnumber of persons are drowned part of\\nthe city of Brisbane is submerged.\\nFeb. 7. Que. Brisbane is in darkness\\nwater is 30 feet deep in its principal\\nstreets 500 houses are demolished.\\nFeb. 8. Que. The floods have sub-\\nsided loss of life and property is greater\\nthan at first reported.\\nFeb. 10. Que. The loss by the flood is\\nestimated at $15,000,000.\\nFeb. 19. Que.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Vic. Brisbane and\\nother places are flooded; three vessels\\nare stranded in the Botanical Garden at\\nMelbourne.\\n1893 Aug. 9. W. A. A great dis-\\ncovery of gold is made at Coolgardie,\\nnear Perth.\\nCHURCH.\\n1887 Que. Bowen, on the extreme\\nnortheast coast, becomes a mission-\\nstation of the Society for the Propaga-\\ntion of the Gospel, with one missionary.\\n1889* Vic. Bamahyuck, a Moravian\\nmission-station, reports one missionary\\nand wife.\\nVic. The Ebenezer Mission reports\\none married and one unmarried mission-\\nary the mission buildings are on a plot\\nof ground given by the Government the\\nsuccess of the work far exceeds the an-\\nticipation of the missionaries.\\nX. 5. JV. Norfolk Island is a mis-\\nsion-station of the Society for the Prop-\\nagation of the Gospel it has one\\nmissionary.\\nMacleag is a station of the Hermanns-\\nburg Evangelical Lutheran Mission.\\n1890 S. A. Burkujanna is reported\\nas a prosperous mission-station of the\\nHermannsburg Society.\\nApr. 9. Que. At Towusville, C. G.\\nBarlow is installed in the bishopric of\\nNorth Queensland.\\n1891 Jan. 1. Vic. At Melbourne the\\nAnglican Cathedral is consecrated\\nwith imposing ceremonies.\\n1888 Oct. Vic. Strikes are frequent\\namong workmen, and opposition to Chi-\\nnese immigration is very strongly ex-\\n1889 Apr. 30. Vic. John Dillon,\\nM.P., the Irish home ruler, addresses a\\nmonster meeting at Melbourne.\\nJune X. S. JV. The courts of Sydney\\ndecide that publishers of newspapers\\ncannot collect pay for Sunday adver-\\ntisements, the contracts being illegal.\\n1890 May 11. X. S. JV. Messrs. Dil-\\nlon, Deasy, and Esmonde, Irish\\nhome-rule advocates, arrive at Sydney.\\nMay 16. Vic. Immense meetings are\\nheld at Ballarat in favor of Irish home\\nrule.\\nJune 21. Vic. Cardinal Moran, the\\nchief justice and the premier of Queens-\\nland, are proposed as arbitrators of\\nthe labor troubles in Australia.\\nJune 28. Vic. Strikers are becoming\\ndisorderly.\\nJune 29. The shipping-trade strike\\nhas spread to New Zealand.\\nAug. 7. X. S. W. Strikers hold a large\\ndemonstration in Sydney, and adopt\\nresolutions declaring that the men will\\nstand firm.\\nAug. 31. Vic. The full police-force of\\nMelbourne and 1,000 special constables\\nare on duty 40,000 men, represent-\\ning all trades, form in procession and\\nparade the streets there is no disturb-\\nance.\\nSept. 10. jV. S. W. The conference of\\nemployees at Sydney condemns boy-\\ncotting and upholds freedom of eon-\\ntract.\\nSept. 11. X. S. TV. In consequence of\\nthe strikes 7,000 men are out of work in\\nthe New Castle district.\\nSept. 15. X. S. JV. The Labor Con-\\nference at Sydney adopts a proposal to\\ncall out all the shearers, wool-shed labor-\\ners, and carriers, a procedure that will\\naffect 80,000 men.\\nSept. 19. .V. S. W. The mayor of Syd-\\nney reads the riot-act to the strikers.\\n[Sept. 26. Labor troubles continue.]\\n1891 Feb. 24. Que. Troops and\\narmed strikers are face to face at Cler-\\nmont.\\nApr. 28. A scheme is drafted to bring\\nHebrew immigrants from Poland and\\nthe southeast of Europe, and locate\\nthem on lands in Australia.\\nMay 2. The promoters of Hebrew emi-\\ngration from Europe are informed thai\\nRussian exiles are not wanted.\\nJuly 31. .V. S. W. The Assembly re-\\njects the bill granting the right of suf-\\nfrage to women. Vote, 57-34.\\n1892 Mar. 27. lie. Attempts are\\nmade to lynch F. B. Deeming.\\nMar. 28. J 1c. The coroner s j u ry finds\\nDeeming guilty of murdering his wife\\nand four children at Kainhill. [Apr. 28.\\nHis trial begins in Melbourne. May j.\\nHe is convicted, and sentenced to be\\nexecuted he confesses that be mur-\\ndered his wife. May 23. He is hanged.]\\nX. S. W. VThite workmen protest\\nagainst the introduction of colored\\nlabor.\\nAug. 11. X. S. TV. The shearers* strike\\nis declared settled.\\nOct. 5. Que. A labor vessel, while re-\\ncruiting off the coast of Malayta, Solo-\\nmon Islands, is attacked by natives,\\nlooted, and its crew are killed.\\nNov. 2. X. S. JV. Strikers on the docks\\nresort to dynamite just as business is\\nbeginning to revive.\\nSTATE.\\n1887 Oct.* JV. A. The Legislative\\nCouncil petitions for a change from a\\nCrown colony to representative gov-\\nernment.\\nLondon. A conference of delegates\\nfrom the colonies adopts a scheme of\\nAustralasian naval defense.\\nNov. 24-25. Eng. Parliament passes,\\nas the Australasian Naval Force Act,\\nthe scheme adopted by tbe colonial con-\\nference. [It is approved by the Queen. J\\nLondon. Parliament passes the Brit-\\nish Settlements Act.\\n1888 Jan. 16-19. Tas. The Fede-\\nration Council meets at Hobart.\\nMay 16-18. X. S. TV. The Legislative\\nAssembly passes a Chinese restriction\\nbill, regardless of the treaties of Nanking\\nand Peking.\\nJune 14-16. A conference of the\\nAustralian colonies appeals to the Im-\\nperial Government for restriction of\\nChinese immigration.\\nNov. Que. Sir Henry Arthur Blake\\nis appointed governor. [He is objected\\nto, and he resigns.]\\nAug. 13. London. The act for Impe-\\nrial defense passes Parliament it pro-\\nvides for defraying the expenses of a\\nnaval defense of the Australasian colo-\\nnies.\\nDec* Que. Sir Henry Wylie Norman\\nis appointed governor.\\nDec. S. A. The Earl of Kintore is\\ngovernor.\\nLondon. An Imperial statute is passed\\nproviding for the maintenance of a\\nnaval force of seven men-of-war at\\nthe Australian station, three of them to\\nbe kept in reserve.\\n1889 Jan. 29-Feb. 4. Tas. The Fed-\\neration Council meets at Hobart.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0512.jp2"}, "513": {"fulltext": "AUSTRALIA. 1887, Oct. -1894, Nov. 29. 501\\nFeb. 2. Tas. The Federation Council\\nadopts an address to the Crown.\\nIt views with deep anxiety recent\\nevents in Samoa, favors treaties guar-\\nanteeing Samoan independence, and ex-\\npresses the opinion that foreign domina-\\ntion of Samoa (by Germany) endangers\\nthe safety of Australia.\\nFeb. 2. X. S. W. Parliament is dis-\\nsolved.\\nMar. 6. X. S. TV. The Ministry re-\\nsigns after defeat on the question of\\nprotection. [Mar. 14. Sir Henry Parkes\\nforms a new Ministry.]\\nApr. 10. N.S.W. TheGovernment\\nproposes to abolish all specific duties\\nand to adopt direct taxation.\\nJune 7. Vic. Parliament is opened\\nat Melbourne by Acting-Gov. W. C. F.\\nRobinson.\\nJune 22. Vic. Gov. Sir Henry\\nBrougham Loch accepts the governor-\\nship of Cape Colony.\\nJune 24, 25. S. A. J. A. Cockburn\\nforms a new Ministry.\\nJuly 16. London. The House of Lords\\nvotes in favor of granting the petition of\\nAVestern Australia for responsible gov-\\nernment. [The question is deferred in\\nthe Commons.]\\nJuly 22. Vic. The Earl of Hopetoun\\nis appointed governor.\\nJuly 31. X. S. TV. The Legislative As-\\nsembly passes a bill providing for the\\npayment of yearly salaries to its\\nmembers.\\nNov. 10. X. S. TV. At a public meeting\\nin Sydney resolutions are adopted in\\nfavor of colonial federation.\\nDec. 9. The federation proposal is ac-\\ncepted by Victoria, Queensland, South\\nAustralia, Western Australia, and Tas-\\nmania. [New South Wales and New\\nZealand reject it.]\\n1890 Feb. 6. Vic. The Australasian\\nFederal Conference opens at Mel-\\nbourne the prime minister of Victoria\\nis elected chairman.\\nJune 5. S. A. Parliament opens at\\nAdelaide; the prosperous condition of\\nthe colony is reported.\\nJune 10. Vic. The Legislative Assem-\\nbly unanimously approves the scheme\\nfor the federation of the Australian\\ncolonies, and appoints delegates to the\\nconvention for that purpose.\\nJune The scheme for the federation\\nof the colonies grows in favor.\\nJuly 27. X. S. TV. The Earl of Jer-\\nsey is appointed governor.\\nAug. 7. Que. The Cabinet resigns,\\nowing to a lack of support in parlia-\\nment on its budget proposals.\\nAug. 8. Que. A new Cabinet is\\nformed, with Mr. Griffiths as prime\\nminister.\\nSept. 11. N. S. TV. The Legislative As-\\nsembly adopts Sir Henry Parkes s\\nscheme for federation. Vote, 97-11.\\nSept. 21. Vic. A Decimal Coinage\\nand Metrical Weights and Measures\\nAct is passed by the Legislative Assem-\\nble\\nNov. 4. Vic. A new Cabinet is an-\\nnounced at Melbourne.\\nDec. 8. Que. The Government accepts\\nthe Anglo-Mexican treaty of Nov.\\n27, 1888.\\nIV. A. The colony receives a bicam-\\neral constitution and responsible gov-\\nernment.\\n1891 Mar.* X. S. TV. A Federal\\nConvention at Sydney [after five\\nweeks] agrees upon a constitution to\\nhe submitted to the several colonies.\\nIt provides for a federal executive,\\nlegislature, and judiciary.\\nMar. 2. X. S. W. The Australasian\\nFederal Convention meets in the Par-\\nliament House at Sydney, having seven\\nrepresentatives from each colony, except\\nNew Zealand, which sends only three\\nSir Henry Parkes is elected president.\\nApr. 9. X. S. TV. The Australasian\\nFederal Convention adopts the draft\\nof a constitution.\\nThe Federal Parliament is to consist\\nof two houses somewhat resembling\\nthe Congress of the United States of\\nAmerica; each colony to be represented\\nby an equal number in the Senate for\\nthe protection of colonial rights mem-\\nbers of the popular chamber to be chosen\\naccording to the population each colony\\nto elect its own governor, but the gov-\\nernor-general to be appointed by the\\nCrown.\\nN. S. TV. The Federal Conven-\\ntion at Sydney closes.\\n*A bill to constitute a Common-\\nwealth Australia is afterwards in-\\ntroduced into the parliaments of the\\nseveral colonies. [The people evince\\nbut little interest in the matter.]\\nMay 25. Th*e colonies decide to join the\\nInternational Postal Union in Oc-\\ntober.\\nJune 30. N. S. IV. The complete elec-\\ntion returns show that the Opposition\\nhas elected 57 members, the Ministerial-\\nists 51, the Labor Party 26, and the In-\\ndependents 3 grouped according to\\ntariff policy, the representatives will\\nnumber 75 for protection, and 62 for\\nfree trade.\\nJuly 31. X. S. W. The Legislative\\nAssembly rejects the motion of Sir\\nHenry Parkes in favor of woman suf-\\nfrage. Vote, 57-34.\\nSept. 6. Vic. The Legislature passes\\nthe Federation Bill, but adopts an\\namendment excluding New Zealand\\nfrom the federation.\\nOct. 18+. X. S. TV. Sir Henry Parkes,\\npremier, resigns. [Oct. 23. A new cabi-\\nnet is formed by Mr. Dibbs.]\\nDec. 19. X. S. W. Parliament adopts\\na protective tariff bill after a sitting\\nof 36 hours. Vote, 60-3.\\n1892 Jan. 6. S. A. A new Ministry\\nis formed.\\n1893 Feb. 3. X. S. TV. Robert W.\\nDuff is appointed governor.\\nMar. 24. Que. The Intercolonial\\nPostal Conference at Brisbane agrees\\nto a resolution to establish a Pacific\\ncable between Australia and Vancouver.\\nApr. 29. Australian savings-banks\\nare to be consolidated with the postal\\nservice.\\n1894 Nov. 29. The Australian pre-\\nmiers convene to discuss Imperial fed-\\neration and intercolonial free trade.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1887 *N.S. TV. The Government\\noffers a reward of \u00c2\u00a325,000 for the de-\\nvising of means of exterminating Eu-\\nropean rabbits, which have become a\\ndestructive pest.\\n1888 Aug. 1. Vic. The Interna-\\ntional Exhibition is opened at Mel-\\nbourne.\\nAug. 21. N, S. TV. Richard Jonis dies,\\nA76.\\nSept. 28. Sir Thomas Cockburn\\nCampbell, 4th baronet, politician, dies,\\nA47.\\nOct. 9. Que. Sir Anthony Musgrave,\\ngovernor, dies.\\n1889 May 25. X. S. W. A great\\nstorm causes loss of life.\\nJune 22. N. S. TV. At Newcastle 70\\nminers are entombed in a pit; all are\\nrescued except two.\\n1890 Feb. 22. Vic. The West Mel-\\nbourne docks are opened.\\nApr. 5. Vic. The Melbourne Exhi-\\nbition closes with a deficit of about\\n$1,000,000.\\nJuly 12. X. S. TV. J. B. Watson,\\nQuartz Reef King, dies, A64.\\nOct. 1. X. S. TV. Sydney suffers a loss\\nof \u00c2\u00a3750,000 by fire.\\n1891 Feb. 7. S. A. The wheat crop\\nis 12,600,000 bushels, with probably 9,000,-\\n000 bushels available for export.\\nAug. 28. X. S. TV. By a collision of\\nsteamers near Sydney, 26 lives are lost.\\nDec. 1. Eng. Charles Perry, first bishop\\nof Melbourne, dies, A84.\\n1892 Mar. 5. Vic. The Mercantile\\nBank, Melbourne, suspends, though\\nhaving an excess of assets.\\n1893 Feb. 4. Fr. The French Cabinet\\napproves the proposition to lay a cable\\nfrom the French colony of New Cale-\\ndonia to Australia.\\nMay 15. X.S.W. Sydney Linton, bishop\\nof Riverina, dies, A51.\\n1894 Apr. 4. Vic. The Commercial\\nBank of Melbourne suspends payment.\\nApr. 6. Vic. The Colonial Bank,\\nAlexandria, suspends.\\nApr. 20. The (Australian) Joint-Stock\\nBank of London fails.\\nApr. 25. The London Chartered\\nBank suspends the suspension of the*\\nStandard Bank of Australia follows.\\nMay 9. Vic. The Bank of Victoria,\\nMelbourne, suspends liabilities, \u00c2\u00a32.400,-\\n000.\\nJune 15. Three more bank failures.\\nare reported the London Stock Ex-\\nchange is panicky three defaulters are\\nposted.\\nJune 16. Vic. The City of Mel-\\nbourne Bank fails.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0513.jp2"}, "514": {"fulltext": "502 179 B.C.-A.D. 1127,**. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\nAustria-Hungary is a state of Central Europe, having Vienna for its capital. Area, 240,94^ square miles population In\\n1890, 41,358,886. It is one of the great powers, and has a constitutional government administered by an hereditary monarchy.\\nThe people comprise several races of these about one-half are Slavs, one-fourth Germans, one-sixth Magyars, and one-fifteenth\\nRoumanians. The greater part of the people are Roman Catholics in religion, but the Protestants and Greek Catholics each\\nnumber several millions of adherents. Little is known of the peoples dwelling before the Christian era in that part of the\\nbasin of the Danube which now belongs to Austria- Hungary.\\nNote. The very extensive literature of this country is almost entirely omitted in these pages to economize space.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n115 B. c. The country of theTaurisci\\nis invaded by the Roman consul, Marius\\niEmilius Scaurus, who meets tlie Ger-\\nman tribes as he advances northward.\\n17 A. d. Maroboduus, a prince of\\nthe Marcomanni, is conquered by the\\nGermans under Arminius.\\n169* *-180* *War between the\\nGoths and the Romans.\\n170 The legate Vindex is defeated\\nby barbarians, and loses 20,000 men.\\n174 The Roman army is saved from\\nthe Quadi, as by a miracle.\\n356 -359 Aust.-Bung. The Ale-\\nmanni, Quadi, and Sarmatfe invade\\nRhaetia and Pannonia, and ravage the\\ncountry till they are repulsed with great\\nloss.\\n788 The Avari cross the river Enns,\\nand attack Bavaria, but are repulsed by\\nCharlemagne.\\n806 The Franks invade Bohemia\\nwith three armies, and force the inhabi-\\ntants to pay tribute.\\n892 The Hungarians attack Mora-\\nvia without success.\\n907 Bung. The Hungarians terribly\\ndefeat the Germans at Presburg.\\n910 Ger. The Germans are again de-\\nfeated near Augsburg, in Bavaria.\\nThe Germans defeat the Hungari-\\nans before Wels.\\n924* It. The Hungarians invade\\nItaly, and burn Pavia.\\n933 Ger. The Hungarians are re-\\npulsed by Henry of Saxony before\\nMerseburg.\\n936* Bohemia is invaded by two Ger-\\nman armies, which enter by way of\\nThuringia and Saxony.\\n955 Bung. Otho, Emperor of Ger-\\nmany, repulses the Hungarians, con-\\nquers their territory, and annexes it.\\n1025 Bohemia. Bretislav I. con-\\nquers Silesia and Lesser Poland, and\\ntakes Cracow by assault.\\n1067 Transylvania. The invading\\nCumans (or Polovtses) are defeated at\\nthe battle of Cserhalom.\\n1089 Bung. King Ladislaus 1. con-\\nquers Croatia.\\n1102 Bung. King Coloman wrests\\nDalmatia from the Venetians.\\n1127 Galicia. Stephen II. of Hun-\\ngary avenges his father by conquering\\nPremysl. [He is soon driven away, and\\nloses many towns on the coast of the\\nAdriatic]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n869 Arpad, founder of the Hungarian\\nmonarchy, born.\\n885 Apr. 6. Methodius. Greek mission-\\nary to Slavonians, dies.\\n892 Savalopulk, King of Moravia, dies.\\n907 Arpad, King of Hungary, A38.\\n955 Adalbert, Saint, Apostle to Prus-\\nsians, born.\\n967 I .oleslav, King of Bohemia, dies.\\n979* 8tephen I., Saint, born at Gran,\\nHungary.\\n991 Leopold I., Margrave of Austria, dies.\\n997* Adalbert, Saint, patron saint of Bo-\\nhemia, murdered.\\n1038 Aug-. 15. Stephen I.. Saint,Kingof\\nHungary, A59.\\n1044 Aba Samuel, or Aba Sainu, King of\\nHungary, dies.\\n1047 Andrew I., King of Hungary, is as-\\nCHURCH.\\n366 It. St. Damasus is pope.\\n367 It. Ursicinus is (anti) pope.\\n*TJlfilas (Wulfila), the scholar,\\npreaches to the Arian Goths, and makes\\na Gothic translation of the Scriptures.\\n380 Bung. A Church Council is\\nheld at Sirmium; it condemns the doc-\\ntrine of the Arians.\\n381 Aust. A Church Council is held\\nat Aquileia; it condemns the Arians.\\n384 It. Siricius is pope. [398, St.\\nAnastasius 795, Leo III.]\\n710* Aust. St. Emeran of Poictiers\\nfounds the bishopric of Salzburg.\\n804* Hung. The Greek missionaries,\\nCyril and Methodius, preach to the\\nSlavs, and adapt the Greek alphabet to\\nthe Slavonian language.\\n845 Bohemia. Fourteen nobles are\\nbaptized at Regensburg.\\n863* or 864* Moravia. St. Cyril\\nand his brother Methodius propagate\\nChristianity among the Moravians.\\n874 Bohemia. Christianity is in-\\ntroduced; Borivoy, the first Christian\\nprince, builds the first Bohemian\\nchurch, and dedicates it to St. Clement.\\n891* It. Formosus is pope. [896,\\nBoniface IV. 985, John XVI.]\\n906 Bohemia accepts Christianity\\nthrough the effort of Princess Pubravka,\\nwho first converted her husband, Prince\\nMieczyslaw.\\n925 Bohemia. St. Ludmila is canon-\\nized. [934, St. Weneeslaus.]\\n974 Bung. The Pope is informed of\\nthe conversion of 5,000 Hungarians\\nby Pilgrim.\\n983 Bohemia. St. Adalbert is hishop\\nof Prague.\\n989 Bohemia. St. Adalbert becomes\\ndiscouraged with the vices of tbe clergy,\\nand retires to a monastery.\\n992 Bung. Christianity is intro-\\nduced in the reign of Geyza, who mar-\\nried Clotilde of France, a Christian\\nprincess.\\n994+ Hung. Duke Stephen is bap-\\ntized. [He completes the conversion of\\nhis people.]\\n996* It. Gregory V. is pope. [999, Sil-\\nvester.]\\n1000 Bung. Stephen establishes the\\nRoman Catholic religion; he receives\\nthe title of Apostolic King from the\\nPope. [The title is still used.]\\n1003 It. John XVII. is pope soon\\ndies; later John XVIII.\\n1032 Bohemia. Prince Oldric founds\\nthe Monastery of Sazava, in which\\nthe Slav liturgy is used.\\n1060= Bung. Bela I. suppresses a\\nnew rising of the pagans against Chris-\\ntianity.\\n1088* It. Urban n. is pope. [1099,\\nPascal II.]\\n1092 Hung. Ladislaus promulgates a\\nlaw in opposition to a recent decision\\nof Pope Gregory VII., permitting the\\npriests to marry.\\n1096* Bang. The First Crusade\\ncrosses Hungary depredations abound.\\nLETTERS.\\n864 The Greek missionaries preach in\\nSlavonia, and adapt the Greek alpha-\\nbet to the Slavonic.\\nSOCIETY.\\n921* Bohemia. Saint Ludmila is\\nmurdered.\\n1047* Bang. King Andrew is assas-\\nsinated by his brother.\\n1063 Bung. King Solamon is de-\\nposed by his son.\\n1108* Bohemia. The turbulent fam-\\nily of the Vesovici is massacred.\\nSTATE.\\n179** B.C. Aust. Istria becomes a Ro-\\nman province.\\n129** B.C. Aust. LUyria and Dalma-\\ntia become Roman provinces.\\n14 B. c. The country is inhabited by\\nthe Taurisci, a Celtic race [later called\\nNorici], whom the Romans incorporate\\nwith their armies, or transport to other\\nlands.\\n30\u00c2\u00b1 A. d. Hungary, a part of an-\\ncient Pannonia, and Dacia become\\nsubject to the Romans in the reign of\\nTiberius.\\n33\u00c2\u00b1 Aust. The Romans annex CEster-\\nreich Eastern kingdom, east from\\nGermany, anciently called Noricum)\\nand part of Pannonia.\\n274* The Goths, after conquering\\nDacia, erect the double kingdom of the\\nWestgoths and the Eastgoths^", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0514.jp2"}, "515": {"fulltext": "AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 179, b.c.-a.d. 1127,**. 503\\n376+* Hungary is invaded by the\\nHuns, who drive out the Goths.\\n437* Hung. Attila [known as the\\nScourge of God] becomes king of the\\nHuns. [He conquers Pannonia and other\\ncountries.]\\n447* Hung. The Romans abandon\\nSirmia to Attila, engaging to pay him\\nheavy tribute.\\n5th and 6th Centuries. The country is\\nsuccessively overrun by the Boii,\\nVandals, Heruli, Rugii, Goths, Huns,\\nLombards, and Avari.\\n500 Hungary is held by the Lom-\\nbards.\\n550+ Hung. The Czechs, or Slavs,\\ntake possession of the plains of Hun-\\ngary-\\n56S *Hungary is overrun by the\\nAvari.\\nThe river Enns divides the people of\\nGerman origin from the Avari, who come\\nfrom the East.\\n748 Aitst. Borut is prince of Carin-\\nthia. [750, Karat; 753, Chotimir 772,\\nValaduc]\\nBohemia. Premysl becomes duke.\\nHung. Pagan princes rule [till 870J.\\n759 Bohemia. Prague is founded.\\n701* *-796* Aust. Charlemagne\\ndelivers Austria from the pagans,\\nHuns, Avari, and others.\\n817+ Aust. Louis the German, son\\nof Louis le De bunnaire, defeats Radbod,\\nthe margrave (lord or governor) of Aus-\\ntria, and annexes his dominions.\\n823 Hung. Ljudevit becomes prince\\nof Croatia.\\nBorna succeeds Ljudevit. [830, Povin\\n892, Matimir 900, Kresimir 958, Kresi-\\nmir II.; 968, Zedeslav 970, Drzislav.]\\n870 Bohemia. Borzivoj becomes\\nduke. [Dukes rule the country till\\n1198.]\\n874: Moravia throws off the German\\nyoke.\\n876 Austria is enlarged by the addi-\\ntion of Bavaria.\\n883 Aust. The Bavarian descendants\\nof Radbod the margrave revolt against\\nCharles the Fat, Emperor of the\\nFranks.\\n884* Hung. The history of Hun-\\ngary properly begins with the appear-\\nance of the Magyars.\\n889 Hung. Arpad, the founder of\\nthe Hungarian dynasty, and chief of\\nthe Magyars, flourishes. [He conquers\\nall of Hungary and Transylvania kings\\nof his line follow until 1309.J\\nHung. Pesth [Budapest] is\\nfounded.\\n890+ Moravia under Savatopulk is a\\npowerful state.\\nAustria loses Pannonia, which goes\\nto Croatia.\\n894 Moravia is invaded by a great\\nhost of Hungarians, of Finnish origin,\\nhaving according to tradition 216,000\\nwarriors.\\nBohemia. Spitchnev I. becomes\\nduke.\\n900 Moravia is invaded by Bava-\\nrians and Czechs.\\n912* Bohemia. Vratislav is duke.\\n[925. Vacslav the Saint is duke. 936,\\nBoleslav. 967, Boleslav II.]\\n937 Austria is destroyed as a march\\nand absorbed by the Magyars, whose\\nfrontier is bounded by the river Enus.\\n950 Bohemia is forced to pay trib-\\nute to Otho I., Emperor of Germany.\\n955 Aug. 10. Aust. The Bavarian\\nOstmark is reestablished on the Lech-\\nfeld (Augsburg) by the defeat of the\\nHungarians. [Later it is transformed\\ninto the duchy of Austria.]\\nHung. Otho I. takes territory from\\nthe Hungarians, and annexes it to Ger-\\nmany.\\n962 The German states become [con-\\ntinuously] connected with the Holy\\nRoman (German) Empire.\\n972* Hung. Geiza, the first pacific\\nking of pagan Hungary, is enthroned.\\n973 Aust. The dynasty of Leopold\\nof the House of Babenberg begins. [It\\nlasts 263 years.] Leopold I. is margrave.\\n976 Aust. Henry of Scheyer is in-\\ndependent duke of Carinthia. [978, Otho\\nof Wormsfeld 995, duke the second\\ntime; 1014, Conrad I. of Wormsfeld;\\n1012, Adelbero of Eppenstein 1035, Con-\\nrad I. of Wormsfeld.]\\n984 Vienna is the capital of Austria.\\n991 Aust. Ottoear I. is margrave of\\nStyria. [1038, Ottoear III.]\\n994 Aust. Henry I., son of Leopold\\nI., is margrave.\\n997 Hung. Duke Stephen (Saint)\\nassumes the title of king.\\n[He extends his kingdom eastward, and\\ngives a constitution and written laws.\\nHungarians honor him as the second\\nfounder of their nation, the first being\\nthe legendary Arpad.]\\n1000 Aug. 15. Hung, Stephen is\\ncrowned at Gran with a crown sent by\\nthe pope.\\nAust. Kresimir I. is king of Croatia.\\n[1035, Stephen I. 1056, Kresimir II.]\\n1002t Bohemia resists Boleslav the\\nBrave of Poland.\\nHungary receives an extensive im-\\nmigration of Germans.\\n1004 Bohemia. Jaromir becomes\\nduke. [1012, Oldric 1037, Betislav I.\\nanarchy follows.]\\n1018 Aust. Albert I. the Victorious\\n(over the Magyars) is margrave. [The\\nostmark almost doubles its size under\\nhis rule.]\\n1030 Styria is created a margravate.\\n1038* Hung. Peter I., nephew of\\nStephen L, is enthroned.\\n1039 Aust. There is an interreg-\\nnum in Carinthia. [It continues till\\n1046.]\\n1040\u00c2\u00b1 [Austria] is taken from the\\nHungarians and joined to Germany.\\n1041 Hung. Aba or Owen becomes\\nking.\\nBohemia is conquered by the German\\nEmperor Henry III., who devastates the\\ncountry.\\n1044 Hung. Peter the German is\\nagain enthroned.\\n1046 Hung. Peter is dethroned by a\\npopular assembly at Csanad.\\nHung. Andrew I. becomes king.\\n[He is assassinated in 1060 by his brother\\nBela.]\\n1047 Aust. Welf of Altorf becomes\\nthe independent duke of Carinthia.\\n[1057, Conrad HI. 1059, Berthold.]\\n1055 Bohemia. Spitchnev II. be-\\ncomes duke. [1061, Vratislav II. 1110,\\nBorzivoj.]\\n1056 Aust. Ernest the Valiant be-\\ncomes margrave.\\n1060* Hung. Bela I. deposes Andrew\\nand becomes king.\\n1061 Hungary is overrun by Poles.\\n1063* Hung. Salomon becomes king.\\n[1077, Ladislaus the Saint.]\\n1073* Aust. Markhardt of Eppenstein\\nbecomes hereditary duke of Carinthia.\\n[1076, Liutold 1090, Henry, Margrave of\\nIstria; 1122, Henry IV.; 1124, Egelbert,\\nmargrave of Istria 1134, Ulrich I.]\\n1074 Aust. Slavisa becomes king of\\nCroatia. [1076, Demetrius Zvonimir; in\\nhis reign Croatia attains the zenith of\\nher power.]\\n1075 Aust. Leopold II. the Hand-\\nsome becomes margrave. [He resists\\nthe Emperor until reduced to submis-\\nsion.]\\n1086* Bohemia. The Emperor rewards\\nVratislav II. with the title of king.\\n1087 Aust. Stephen II. becomes\\nking of Croatia by conquest. [1102. He\\nassumes the title.]\\n1092 Aust. Ottoear IV. becomes mar-\\ngrave of Styria. [1122, Leopold the\\nStrong 1129, Ottoear V.]\\n1095 Hung. Koloman, the nephew\\nof Ladislaus, becomes king.\\n1096* Atist. Leopold III. the Saint\\nbecomes margrave by the grace of\\nGod.\\nWerner is the first named Count of\\nHapsburgjin this familyis established\\nthe House of Hapsburg [from which\\nthe Imperial House of Austria is de-\\nrived].\\n1100* Hung. Croatia is united with\\nHungary on the death of Stephen II.,\\nits king.\\n1102* Hung. Koloman is crowned\\nking of Croatia and Dalmatia, after\\nconquering the foi mer.\\n1114 Hung. Stephen II. (Thunder),\\n13 years of age, becomes king.\\n1120* Bohemia. Vladislav I. be-\\ncomes duke. [1125, Sobieslaus 1. 1140,\\nVladislav II.]\\n1126* Bohemia. The Emperor being\\ndefeated, renounces his claims, and rec-\\nognizes Sobieslaus as prince.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n453 Hung. Attila, the chief of the\\nHuns, drinks so freely of honey and\\nwater on his wedding-day that he dies\\nof suffocation.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0515.jp2"}, "516": {"fulltext": "504 1131,**-1326,\\nAUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1140 Just. Guelf attempts to recon-\\nquer Bavaria from the margrave of\\nAustria, and is defeated in the battle of\\nWeinsberg.\\n1203 Hung. The Venetians, aided by\\nthe Crusaders, take Zadar from Hun-\\ngary.\\n1240+ Hungary is terrorized by an\\ninvasion of Mongols, who are irresisti-\\nble for a time.\\n1 24 1 Hung The Mongols are\\nchecked by a defeat at Grobnik. [They\\nreappear, devastate the country, and\\ncommit horrible cruelties.]\\n1246 Hung. Bela IV. defeats the\\nEmperor Frederick II., on the banks of\\nthe Leitha, where Frederick is killed.\\n1255 Bohemia. Rudolph, Count of\\nHapsburg, Emperor of Germany, assists\\nKing Ottocarin his crusade against the\\npagans of Prussia.\\n1260 Bohemia. Ottoear is compelled\\nto cede Styria to Hungary, but soon re-\\ngains it as the fruit of a great victory.\\nMoravia. Bela IV. of Hungary is\\ndefeated by Ottoear on the plains of\\nMoravia; 18,000 men are killed.\\n1270+ Aust. War breaks out be-\\ntween Bohemia and Hungary the Ma-\\ngyars ravage Austria, and carry away\\n16,000 captives.\\n1274 Bohemia. Rudolph marches\\nagainst Ottoear as a rebel.\\n1275 May 15. Ottoear, having refused\\nto pay homage to the Emperor for his\\nlands, is placed under the ban of the\\nEmpire.\\n1276 Vienna. The Emperor Rudolph\\ntakes the city.\\nKing Ottoear of Bohemia is forced to\\nsign a treaty by which he surrenders to\\nthe Emperor, Austria, Styria, Carinthia,\\nand Carniola, and holds Bohemia and\\nMoravia as fiefs of the Empire.\\n1278 Aug. 26. Aust. Rudolph of Haps-\\nburg, having secured Ladislaus IV., the\\nKing of Hungary, as an ally, defeats the\\nBohemians in the battle of Marchfeld,\\nnear Vienna, one of the most terrible of\\nthe Middle Ages Ottoear is killed.\\n1290 Bohemia. King Wenceslaus\\ntakes possession of Cracow and Lesser\\nPoland.\\n1314 -22 War rages between\\nLouis, Duke of Bavaria, and Frederick\\nof Austria they are rivals for the Im-\\nperial crown.\\n1315 Nov. 15+. Stvitz. The revolt-\\ning Swiss Confederates (1,400) under\\nUnterwalden utterly defeat the Aus-\\ntvians (15,000) under Duke Leopold in\\nthe mountain-pass at Morgarten 1,500\\nmen, the flower of the Austrian chiv-\\nalry, perish.\\n1322 Sept. 28. Ger. Frederick, Duke\\nof Austria, contending for the crown of\\nthe German Empire, is defeated and\\ncaptured by Louis, Duke of Bavaria,\\nat the battle of Ampfing, near Muhl-\\ndorf Bavaria.\\nBIRTHS -DEATHS.\\nkilled in battle.\\n1207 Elizabeth, Saint, b. at PreBburn-\\n1218* Rudolph H., Kmperoruf (jerinany.\\n1231 Elizabeth. Saint. A24.\\n1236* Andrew II., Kintfof Hiinearv, A.60.\\n1248 June 15. Frederic II.. the Fighter,\\nthe last male of the House of llamberg, is\\nkilled in battle with the Hungarians.\\n1253 WenceBlaus, King of Bohemia, dies.\\n1278 Aug:. 26. Ottoear II., King of Bohe-\\nmia, is killed.\\n1291 July 15. Rudolph I., Kmperor of\\nGermany, dies.\\n1301 Andrew III., King of Hungary, d.\\n1305 Wenceslaus II., King of Bohemia, 1.\\n1307 Rudolph, King of Bohemia, is killed\\nin the war.\\nGessler, Hermann, the Austrian bailiff, is\\nkilled by WUliam Tell.\\n1308 Albert. Emperor of Germany, is\\nCHURCH.\\n1140+ Bohemia is visited by Cardi-\\nnal Guido, who supervises the organiza-\\ntion of the church, and imposes celibacy\\non the clergy.\\n1147* Bohemia. Ladislaus II. goes on\\na crusade.\\n1187 Bohemia. The bishop of\\nPrague, being a prince, refuses obedi-\\nence to the Prince of Bohemia.\\n1189* Hung. The Third Crusade,\\nled by Frederick Barbarossa, crosses\\nthe country, and is received with great\\nmagnificence.\\n1198 It. Innocent III. is pope.\\n1200+ Vienna. The Jews have a syn-\\nagogue.\\n1205\u00c2\u00b1 Berthold, of scandalous life,\\nis bishop of Bulgaria he and his sister,\\nthe queen, surround themselves with\\nfavorites of infamous characters, until\\nlie is driven out by the people the\\nqueen is killed by them.\\n1216 It. Honorius is pope. [1227,\\nGregory IX.; 1241, Celestine IV.; 1243,\\nInnocent IV-]\\n1217 Aust. Duke Leopold VI. be-\\ncomes a crusader, and goes to the Holy\\nLand.\\nThe Fifth Crusade is led by King\\nAndrew II.\\nHung. The clergy are scandal-\\nously corrupt.\\n1279* Hung. The Synod of Buda\\nplaces a limit on the knowledge which\\nmonks are allowed to acquire.\\nLETTERS.\\n1147= Hungarian students begin to\\nfind their way to Paris.\\n13th Century. Bohemia. The Univer-\\nsity of Prague is in existence as a\\nstudium generale, and the earliest in\\nGerman States.\\n13th Century. Bohemia. The only\\nschools in the country belong to the\\nmonks.\\n1290* --1310* \u00e2\u0080\u00a2Bohemia. ThelluXo-\\np ts Kralodwomky is written.\\n1314* Jinhf.mia. Hhyming Chronicle of\\nBohemia, by Daliniil, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1131 Hung. Bela LI., King of Hun-\\ngary, has his eyeB put out by his royal\\nuncle.\\n1132 Hung. Bela II. orders 68 of his\\nenemies to be slain.\\n1174* Hung. King Bela III. intro-\\nduces the Greek civilization into\\nHungary.\\n1192* Aust. Leopold V., Duke of\\nAustria, detains Richard I. of Eng-\\nland a prisoner, when returning in\\ndisguise from the Crusade, but he is\\ncompelled to surrender him to the Em-\\nperor Henry VI.\\n1290 Hung. Ladislaus, the Cuman, is\\nassassinated by the Cumans.\\n1297 Bohemia. The coronation of\\nWenceslaus II. is one of the most bril-\\nliant ceremonies and immense festivals\\nof the Middle Ages.\\n1306 Wenceslaus LLT. is assassi-\\nnated.\\n1308 May 1. Albert I., Duke of\\nAustria, is assassinated by his nephew,\\nJohn of Austria.\\nSTATE.\\n1131 Hung. Stephen II. abdicates,\\nand Bela H. (blinded by Koloman) is\\nenthroned.\\n1136* Aust. Albert LI., and later\\nLeopold LV., son of Leopold III., be-\\ncome margrave the accession of Leo-\\npold occasions war. [1141, Henry Iaso-\\nmirgottO\\nVienna is made an Imperial city.\\n1138 Austria is enlarged by the ad-\\ndition of Bavaria.\\n1141* Hung. Geiza LI., 10 years of\\nage, is enthroned. (German immigrants\\narrive and found 24 towns in the valley\\nof the Maros.]\\n1143* Aust. Henry LT. becomes in-\\ndependent duke of Carinthia.\\n1156* Aust. Henry H. is made the\\nfirst duke of Austria.\\nThe margravate of Austria, founded\\nby Charlemagne, is separated from Ba-\\nvaria, which is surrendered to Henry\\nthe Lion, and made an hereditary duchy,\\nby the Emperor Frederick I. The terri-\\ntory west of the Enns is annexed.\\nSept. 21. Aust. An Imperial edict de-\\nclares the duchy hereditary, even in\\nthe female lines, and other privileges.\\nBohemia. Silesia is restored to Bohe-\\nmia by Frederick, and Ladislaus re-\\nceives the title of king for himself and\\nhis successors.\\n1161 Hung. Stephen LLT. and Ste-\\nphen TV. are enthroned. Stephen IV.\\nand Ladislaus, his uncle, are rivals. An-\\narchy prevails.\\n1164* Aust. Ottoear VI. becomes\\nmargrave of Styria.\\n1173* Hung. Bela LLT. is enthroned.\\nHe marries Margaret of France, the\\nwidow of Prince Henry of England.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0516.jp2"}, "517": {"fulltext": "AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\n1131,\\n1326,\\n505\\n1174* Bohemia. Sobieslaus II. is\\nenthroned.\\n1177 Aust. Leopold V. the Pious be-\\ncomes duke. [1198, Leopold VI. the\\nProud, brother of Frederick.]\\n1178* Bohemia. Vladislav II. abdi-\\ncates, and retires to a convent.\\n1180 Aust. Ottocar VI. of Styria re-\\nceives the title of hereditary duke\\nfrom the Emperor.\\n1189* Bohemia. Konrad Otho is\\nenthroned.\\n1192 Bohemia. Fremysl Ottocar is\\nenthroned.\\nAustria annexes Styria. [A perma-\\nnent union.]\\nAust. Leopold V. captures Rich-\\nard I. of England.\\nRichard is passing through his domin-\\nions incognito, on his return from the\\ncrusade.\\n[1194+. The ransom paid for his re-\\nlease is used to enlarge Vienna and\\nenclose it with walls.]\\nThe Emperor Frederick II. receives\\nCarniola.\\n1194 Aust. Frederick I. the Catholic\\nbecomes duke.\\n1196* Hung. Emerich, son of Bela\\nIII., is enthroned.\\n1201 Aust. Bernard becomes in-\\ndependent duke of Carinthia. [1269,\\nPremysl Ottocar II.]\\n1204 Bohemia is confirmed in the\\nuse of the royal title by the Pope.\\nHung. Ladislaus II., the young son\\nof Emerich, is enthroned (six months a\\nking).\\n1205 Hung. Andrew H., son of\\nBela III., is enthroned.\\n1222 Hung. The Golden Bull, or\\nthe charter of Andrew II. is granted\\nit is the Magna Charta of Hungary, and\\nthe foundation of its national liberties.\\n1230* ^us*. Frederick H. the\\nFighter becomes duke.\\nBohemia. Wenceslaus I. succeeds\\nOttocar his father.\\n1231 Hung. The Golden Bull is\\nagain solemnly confirmed.\\n1235 Hung. Bela IV. is enthroned\\nthe Emperor Frederick II, makes a\\nclaim for tribute.\\nAust. The Emperor Frederick II.\\ndeclares Austria and Styria to have\\nlapsed to the Imperial Crown, and\\nappoints Otto, Count of Eberstein, to\\nrule these provinces, as his lieutenant.\\n1246 Aust. The Babenberg line of\\nkings becomes extinct by the death of\\nFrederick II. [An interregnum fol-\\nlows in the rule of Austria till 1273.]\\nBohemia and Hungary both claim the\\ninheritance, and struggle for its posses-\\nsion.\\nAust. Ladislaus, the margrave of\\nMoravia, assumes authority over the\\nprovinces of Austria, in the right of\\nGertrude his wife, the niece of Freder-\\nick II. The Emperor is a rival claimant.\\n1247* Moravia. Ladislaus dies with-\\nout heirs.\\n1250 Aust, Hermann, the margrave\\nof Baden, marries Gertrude, and as-\\nsumes authority in Austria.\\n1251 Aust. The states of Austria in-\\nvite Premysl Ottocar to become their\\nruler.\\n1253 Bohemia. Premysl Ottocar\\nH. is enthroned.\\nHe acquires the duchy of Austria, and\\nreconquers Styria from the Hungarians.\\nAust. Albert III. becomes count of\\nTyrol. [1254, Meinhardt I.; 1258, Mein-\\nhardt II.]\\n1254 -73 Ger. Interregnum in\\nthe Holy Roman Empire.\\n1256 Aust. Ulrich III. becomes in-\\ndependent duke of Carinthia.\\n1269 Bohemia. Ottocar inherits\\nCarinthia, a part of Carniola, and Fri-\\nuli, by the bequest of Ulric.\\n1270* Hung. Stephen V. is en-\\nthroned.\\nAust. Premysl Ottocar marries the\\ndaughter of the King of Hungary.\\n1272 Hung. Ladislaus HI. the Cu-\\nmen is enthroned.\\nBohemia. Ottocar declines the\\nthrone of the German Empire, which\\nis offered by the German princes.\\n1273 1740 The Hapsburg dy-\\nnasty.\\n1273* *~91* Rudolph I., Count of\\nHapsburg in Switzerland, and Duke\\nof Austria, is elected Emperor of Ger-\\nmany by the three archbishops of Mainz,\\nCologne, and Treves.\\nHung. Ottocar refuses homage to\\nRudolph of Hapsburg,\\nVienna is the real capital of the Ger-\\nman Empire.\\n1276 Aust. Rudolph I., Emperor\\nof the Holy Roman (German) Empire,\\nbecomes duke.\\n1278* Bohemia. Wenceslaus II.\\nsucceeds Premysl Ottocar.\\n1280 Sept. Bohemia. A truce is en-\\ntered by Otto and the nobles.\\n1282* Aust. Albert I. and his brother,\\nRudolph II., become dukes of Austria,\\nStyria, and Carinthia, by the investment\\nof their father, the Emperor.\\nThe duchies of Austria, Styria, Ca-\\nrinthia, and Carniola are given as Im-\\nperial fiefs to Rudolph s sons.\\n1283 Aust. Albert I. becomes sole\\nruler of Austria, Styria, and Carniola.\\nBohemia. Wenceslaus II. comes out\\nof prison, after a delay of five years, and\\nascends the throne.\\n1286 Aust. The Emperor bestows\\nCarinthia upon Menhardt II., count of\\nTyrol.\\n1289 Hungary and Poland are in-\\nvaded by the Moguls.\\n1290 Hung. Andrew III. the Ve-\\nnetian, the son-in-law of the Emperor, is\\nenthroned.\\n1292 June 24. Aust. Adolf of Nas-\\nsau is elected Emperor of Germany, and\\ncrowned at Aix-la-Chapelle.\\nAlbert I., the Emperor s son, is dis-\\nplaced by the opposition of the Arch-\\nbishop of Mainz, in order to favor Adolf,\\nthe prelate s relative.\\n1295 Aust. Henry of Carinthia be-\\ncomes count of Tyrol, and independent\\nduke of Carinthia.\\n1298 -1308 Ger. Albert I.,\\nDuke of Austria, succeeds Adolf as\\nEmperor of Germany.\\n1301 Hung. Andrew III. dies, and\\nthe Arpad or native, dynasty (Ma-\\ngyars) expires.\\n*Huug. Prince Wenceslaus of Bohemia,\\na usurper, 12 years of age, is elected king.\\n1305* Hung. Otto of Bavaria, a\\nusurper, is enthroned.\\nJune Bohemia. Wenceslaus TTT., a\\nfrivolous and debauched prince, is en-\\nthroned, after the death of Wenceslaus\\nII.; he is the last of the dynasty of the\\nPremyslides. [1306 Aug. 4. Assassinated.]\\n1306 Bohemia. Rudolph of Haps-\\nburg is enthroned.\\n1307* Bohemia. Henry, Duke of\\nCarinthia and Count of Tyrol, is en-\\nthroned.\\nSwitzerland revolts from the rule\\nof the House of Austria because of op-\\npression. [William Tell shoots Gess-\\nler.(?)]\\n1308 Hung. Charles Robert of An-\\njou is elected. [He really becomes king\\ntwo years later, when Hungary comes\\nunder the rule of the House of Anjou.]\\nMay 1. Ger. Albert I. is assassinated\\nby his nephew, John, near the Hapsburg,\\nwhile attempting to enslave the Swiss.\\n[His death is terribly avenged by Eliza-\\nbeth, his widow, and Agnes, his daugh-\\nter.]\\nAlbert I. is succeeded by his five sotfs,\\nFrederick, Leopold, Henry, Albert, and\\nOtto.\\nAust. Frederick I. and Leopold I.\\nbecome dukes.\\nHung. Otto abdicates.\\n*-1313* Ger. Henry VII., Count\\nof Luxemburg, a half-Frenchman, is\\nEmperor.\\n1310 Bohemia. Blind John of Lux-\\nemburg is elected king by the National\\nAssembly. [The House of Luxemburg\\nretains the crown 127 years.]\\n1314* *-30* Frederick of Austria\\nis King of Germany.\\n1314* Ger. Frederick ELI. of Haps-\\nburg, Duke of Austria, son of Albert, is\\nset up as king in opposition to Louis,\\nDuke of Bavaria. [War follows for\\neight years. Frederick is defeated.]\\nGalicia. Cracow is the capital of the\\nFranks.\\n1322 Ger. Frederick III. is taken\\nprisoner by Louis of Bavaria at Ampfing.\\n1325 Ger. Frederick III. is re-\\nleased on condition that he renounces\\nthe throne of the Empire.\\n1326 Bosnia. Herzegovina is\\nunited with Bosnia.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1194* Vienna is waUed and en-\\nlarged, the cost being met by the\\n\u00c2\u00a340,000 ransom money paid for the re-\\nlease of Richard 1. of England.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0517.jp2"}, "518": {"fulltext": "506 1326, -1436,\\nAUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1332* Just. King John of Bohemia\\nis defeated at Mailberg, and forced\\nto purchase a peace.\\n1344 -82 Hung. Louis I. the\\nGreat, King of Hungary and Poland,\\nprosecutes many campaigns.\\n1346 Aug. 26. Fr. Blind King John\\nof Bohemia fights for Philip of France\\nin the battle of Cre cy, and is killed.\\n1348 Hung. Louis I. invades Italy,\\nand punishes the accused murderers of\\nhis brother Andrew, King of Naples.\\n1356 Hung. The first war between\\nHungary and Venice occurs.\\n1386 July 9. Switz. The Swiss gain\\na great victory over Leopold in the\\nbattle of Sempach Leopold is killed,\\nand the liberty of Switzerland is as-\\nsured.\\nAt this battle, according to tradition,\\nArnold von Winkelried, rushing upon\\nthe Austri;ms, gathers a number of their\\nspears against his breast, and falls\\npierced through, thus opening a way for\\nhis countrymen.\\n1388 Apr. 9. Switz. A small body of\\nSwiss defeat the Austrians at Naf els.\\n1396 Sept. 28. Bulgaria. Battle of\\nNikopoli. The Turks under Sultan\\nBajazet I. defeat the allied Christian\\npowers under Sigismund, King of Hun-\\ngary 20,000 of the Allies are killed.\\n1400 Ger. The Emperor Rupert de-\\nclares war against Wenceslaus, King\\nof Bohemia.\\n1419 -36 Bohemia. The Hussite\\nWar.\\nItis occasioned by Catholic oppression,\\nand indignation at the execution of John\\nHuss, the religious reformer. John\\nZiska is leader of the Hussites.\\n1420 July 14. Bohemia. The Impe-\\nrialists under Emperor Sigismund are\\ndefeated by John Ziska at the siege of\\nPrague.\\n1421 Bohemia. The German Impe-\\nrial troops are repulsed from the bor-\\nder as they enter.\\n1422 Jan. 8. Bohemia. Sigismund is\\ndriven back by the Hussite troops to\\nDeutsch-Brod.\\nBohemia. The Hussites ravage the\\nneighboring country, and make a skilful\\nuse of gunpowder and clumsy cannon.\\nBohemia. John Ziska gives Sigismund\\na terrible defeat on the banks of the\\nriver Sazava the Czechs are masters\\nof their own land.\\n1426* Bohemia. The Hussites defeat\\nthe Saxons and Misnians in a bloody\\nbattle under the walls of Ousti.\\n1428* *-29* Bohemia. The Hus-\\nsites, led by Procopius the Great,\\ncarry on an aggressive war, and devas-\\ntate part of Hungary and Silesia.\\n1430 Bohemia. Andrew Procopius\\nleads a great expedition of the Hussites\\ninto Germany, where they become a\\nterror to the inhabitants.\\n1431 Bohemia. Procopius defeats\\nthe Imperial army near Domazlice\\n(Tauss), and routs it with great loss.\\n1434 May 30. Bohemia. The Ta-\\nbontes (Hussites) are crushingly de-\\nfeated by the Calixtines and Roman\\nCatholics in battle at Bohmisch-Brod\\nAndrew Procopius is killed.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1328 Leopold, Duke of Austria, dies.\\n1330* Frederick, Duke of Austria, dies.\\n1331 Engelbert, historian, Benedictine\\ndies.\\n1360* Ziska, John, general, born.\\n1361 Wenreskms, King of Bohemia, born.\\n1365 Kudolph V., Duke of Austria, dies.\\nJerome of Prague, Bohemian martyr, born.\\n1369* .Multas -he, .Margaret, Countess of\\nTyrol, dies.\\n1373* Huss. John, Bohemian religious\\nreformer, born.\\n1378* Charles I., Emperor and King of\\nBohemia, dies.\\n1382 Louis the Great. King of Hungary,\\ndies.\\n1386 Leopold III., Duke of Austria, falls\\nin battle.\\n1395 Albert III., Duke of Austria, dies.\\n1400 Huniades, Joannes Corvinus, Hun-\\ngarian general, born.\\n1404* Albert IV., Duke of Austria, dies of\\npoisoning.\\n1415 Huss. John, Bohemian reformer,\\nburned, A40+.\\n1416 May 30. Jerome of Prague. HuBSite\\nmartyr, burned A51.\\n1419* Wrncf-slaiis. Emperor of Germany,\\nKing of Bohemia, A58.\\n1420* Podiebrad, George, King of Bohe-\\nmia, born.\\n1424* Ziska. John, leader of the Huss-\\nites, A64.\\nCHURCH.\\n1342 It. Clement VI. is pope.\\n1347 Bohemia. Charles I. founds the\\nBenedictine monastery of Emaus at\\nPrague.\\n1350+ Conrad Waldhauser and\\nMilic of Moravia, the great preachers,\\nattempt to reform the morals of the\\npeople, and reprove the vices of the\\nclergy.\\n1350\u00c2\u00b1 Persecution of the Jews.\\nThe Flagellants become conspicuous.\\n1352* Innocent VI. is pope. [1362,\\nUrban V.]\\n1356 Apr. 7. Vienna. Rudolph iV.\\nlays the foundation of the cathedral\\nof St. Stephen. [A splendid specimen\\nof Gothic architecture.]\\n1358 Kudolph IV. becomes duke, and\\nproceeds to finish the church of St.\\nStephen.\\n1393 Bohemia. King Wenceslaus at-\\ntacks John, Archbishop of Prague,\\nbecause he refuses to surrender one of\\nhis castles.\\n1395+ *Aust. The sect of the Vau-\\ndois prospers, notwithstanding the re-\\npressive measures of Albert IV.\\n1400 Aust. Duke Albert IV. makes\\na dangerous pilgrimage to the Holy\\nLand, and is applauded as Mirdbilia\\nMundi.\\n1403 Bohemia. The University of\\nPrague condemns 45 propositions\\ntaken from the works of Wyclif\\n140S Bohemia. A meeting of the na-\\ntion is held at the University of Prague,\\nand it is decided that the 45 Wyclif\\narticles are not necessarily heretical.\\n1409 It. A General Council is held\\nat Pisa, to end the schism of Avignon\\n(2 popes).\\n1410* It. John XXIII. is pope. [1417 r\\nMartin V.]\\n1412 Bohemia. John Huss is under\\nthe ban of the Pope.\\nIt. Pope John XXIII. promises ple-\\nnary indulgences to those who aid his\\ncause against the King of Naples; Huss\\ndenounces the trade in indulgences.\\n1414 Nov. 1.-18* r; tr The 17th\\nGeneral Council of the Church is held\\nat Constance in Baden, for the suppres-\\nsion of the Hussite heresy, the removal\\nof schism, and the reformation of the\\nChurch.\\nNov. 28. Ger. John Huss is arrested\\nat Constance for heresy, in disregard of\\nthe solemn pledge of the Pope for his\\npersonal safety his enemies allege that\\nit is wrong to keep faith with a heretic.\\n[Dec. 4. He is cast into the dungeon of\\nthe Dominican monastery.]\\n1415 June 5, 7, 8. Ger. Huss ap-\\npears before the Council, and is required\\nto make immediate recantation.\\nJuly 6. Ger. John Huss, cited to ap-\\npear before the Council for the last time,\\nand answer respecting the doctrines of\\ntransubstantiation, is condemned, and\\nimmediately burned as a heretic.\\nBohemia. The Hussites form a party\\nwithin the Church; they refuse obedi-\\nence to foreign priests, or either priests\\nor bishops who transcend the Word of\\nGod.\\nBohemia. The assembled Hussites de-\\nclare John Huss a saint and a martyr,\\nand fix his festival on July 6, the day\\nof his death.\\n1416 May 30. Ger. Jerome of\\nPrague is burned at Constance for the\\nheresy of Protestantism.\\n1419 -36 Bohemia. The Hussite\\nWar.\\nThe Bohemians demand communion\\nin both kinds, bread and wine, for the\\nlaity as well as the clergy, and rapidly\\nspread their doctrine.\\n1419 Bohemia. On the death of King-\\nWenceslaus churches and monaster-\\nies are attacked and pillaged, and the\\nCatholic priests driven out of the towns\\nto make place for the Hussites.\\n1420 Bohemia. The Taborites sepa-\\nrate from the Bohemian and the national\\nchurch by choosing a bishop to conse-\\ncrate their priests.\\nBohemia. The Hussites declare\\ntheir creed in four articles.\\nCommunion in both kinds freedom\\nof preaching; secularization of church\\nproperty and the punishment of mortal\\nsins and offenses against ecclesiastical\\nlaw with only temporal penalties.\\n1422\u00c2\u00b1 Bohemia. The Taborites split\\ninto sects.\\nSome preach a community of goods,\\nand even of marriage. John Ziska burns\\nsome of them alive.\\n1424 Clement VII. is (anti) pope.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0518.jp2"}, "519": {"fulltext": "AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\n1326, 1436,\\nSOT\\n1431 *-49 Switz. The 18th Gen-\\neral Council of the Church at Basel.\\nThe moderate Hussites enter a treaty.\\nIt. EugeniusIV. is pope. [1439. Felix\\nV. is (anti) pope. 1447. Nicholas V. is\\npope. 1455. Calixtus III.]\\n1433 Jan. 6.* Switz. Procopius, with\\n100 other Hussites, enters Basel to attend\\nthe council of the Church.\\n1434 Bohemia. The Taborites (Huss-\\nites) are annihilated in battle at Boh-\\nmisch-Brod.\\nLETTERS.\\n1348 Jan. 26. Bohemia. Pope Clem-\\nent VI. authorizes a studium gene-\\nrale at Prague in all the faculties.\\nBohemia. The Emperor Charles IV.\\nfounds the University at Prague.\\n1364 May Gal. The University of\\nCracow is founded by King Casimir\\nthe Great.\\nSept. Galicia. Urban V. constitutes\\nthe University of Cracow a stu-\\ndium generale in all the faculties save\\ntheology.\\n1365 Vienna. University of Vienna\\nfounded by Rudolph IV.\\n1367 Hung. The University of\\nFunfkirehen is founded by King Louis.\\n1367 Bohemia. Thorn. Stiny s book\\nfor his children is written.\\n1380 Bohemia. A complete version\\nof the Bible in the Slavonic appears.\\n1389\u00c2\u00b1 Hung. The University of\\nOfen is chartered by Boniface IX.\\n1398 Bohemia. John Huss is a pro-\\nfessor at Prague.\\n1400 Galicia. The University of\\nCracow, which has hitherto had only\\na nominal existence, is reconstituted\\n[and prospers].\\n1402 Bohemia. Baron Andreas de\\nDuba writes his judicial constitution\\nfor Bohemia.\\nBohemia. John Huss is rector of the\\nUniversity.\\n1409 Bohemia. Hussite troubles\\ndrive all the German professors and\\nstudents, numbering 5,000, out of the\\nUniversity of Prague they go to Leip-\\nsic, where Frederick the Warlike\\nfounds a university.\\n1415 Bohemia. The Church Council\\nof Constance suppresses the Univer-\\nsity of Prague as the seat of heresy.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1393 Hung. The female sovereign is\\ncalled King because or an aversion to\\nthe name Queen.\\nSTATE.\\n1330 Frederick m. dies.\\nJust. Albert II. and Otto, his\\nbrother, become dukes.\\nMargaret Multasche becomes count-\\ness of Tyrol.\\nShe marries John Henry, son of John\\nof Bohemia. [Later she repudiates the\\nmarriage.]\\n1335* Just. The dukes acquire Ca-\\nrinthia by inheritance.\\nBohemia. King John divides the\\nreign with his son Charles as coregent.\\n1339 Aust Albert II. is duke and\\nsole ruler.\\n1342* Hung. Louis the Great of\\nAnjou is elected king. Hungary attains\\nthe climax of its power.\\nTyrol. Margaret is divorced from\\nher youthful husband.\\n1346 Bohemia. Charles I. (IV.), son\\nof John, is enthroned.\\n1347 -78 Ger. Charles IV. is\\nemperor.\\n1354\u00c2\u00b1 Bohemia annexes Silesia.\\n1358** Aust. Budolph IV. the\\nFounder is duke.\\nHungary acquires the Danubian\\nprincipalities by conquest.\\n1363 Bohemia. Wenceslaus, son of\\nthe Emperor Charles, is king.\\nAustria acquires Tyrol as a bequest\\nfrom Margaret Multasche.\\n1365 Aust. Albert m. and Leo-\\npold III., two brothers of Rudolph IV.,\\nsucceed him as dukes of Austria, with\\nundivided territory.\\n1370 Poland. Louis of Hungary is\\nproclaimed king of the Poles.\\n1376 Bosnia is no longer ruled by\\nchiefs, but erected into a kingdom.\\nBohemia. King Wenceslaus, son\\nof Charles IV., is elected king of the\\nRomans.\\n1378 -1400 Wenceslaus is Em-\\nperor of Bohemia and Germany.\\n1379 Aust. Albert III. and Leopold\\nIII. divide their possessions.\\nAlbert takes the duchy of Austria, and\\nLeopold the duchies of Styria, Carinthia,\\nCarniola, Tyrol, and Outer Austria.\\n1382* Hung. Mary, called King\\nMary, is enthroned.\\nAnarchy follows much blood is shed.\\nElizabeth, the queen of Louis, is\\ndrowned.\\nAust. The town of Aquileia volun-\\ntarily unites with Austria it is a valu-\\nable addition of sea-front for the duchy.\\n1385* Hung. Charles Durazzo\\n{Charles II.), the Pretender, claims the\\nthrone. [He is assassinated.]\\n1386\u00c2\u00b1 Hung. Mary reigns con-\\njointly with her consort, Sigismund of\\nBrandenburg, a son of the Emperor\\nCharles V. Hungary suffers from the\\nseverity of their rule.\\nAust. William and Leopold be-\\ncome dukes.\\nJuly 9. Switz. Duke Leopold of Styria\\nis killed at Sempach while waging war\\nagainst the Swiss, who resisted his op-\\npressions.\\n1387 -1437 Hung. The House\\nof Luxemburg rules Hungary.\\n1389 Bosnia. The King of Bosnia\\nis defeated by the Turks, and becomes\\ntheir vassal.\\n1392 Hung. Mary dies, and Sigis-\\nmund reigns alone as King of Hungary.\\n1393 Hung. The rule of Sigismund\\nis so oppressive that the Hungarians\\ninvite the invasion of the Turks for\\ntheir relief.\\n1394 Bohemia. The nobles force the\\ncruel Wenceslaus to virtually abdi-\\ncate.\\n1395 Aust. William I. and his\\nbrothers, with their cousin, Albert\\nTV., are dukes of Austria.\\n1397 Hung. The Diet of Temesvar\\nprovides for representative govern-\\nment.\\n1400 -1410 Ger. Rupert, the*\\nelector palatine, is elected emperor in\\nplace of Wenceslaus by the archbishops,\\nthe three ecclesiastical electors. Only\\nhis own party respect his authority.\\n1401 Hung. Sigismund is made a;\\nprisoner in his palace. [He is soon lib-\\nerated.]\\n1404 Aust. Albert V. succeeds his\\nfather, Albert IV., as duke,\\n1406 Aust. Frederick of the Empty\\nPurse becomes duke. [The nobles of\\nTyrol oppose him.]\\n1410* *-37* Ger. Sigismund, King\\nof Hungary, is emperor, the first Hun-\\ngarian chosen to the Imperial office.\\n1411 Aust. Albert V. obtains Bohe-\\nmia and Moravia.\\nAust. Frederick TV. becomes duke\\nof Tyrol and Outer Austria.\\nAust. Ernest is duke of Styria, Ca-\\nrinthia, Carniola, and Trieste.\\nThe provinces are divided into the\\nduchies of Austria ami Carinthia and\\nthe county of Tyrol.\\n1415 Bohemia. An insurrection\\nfollows the burning of the Reformers\\nHuss and Jerome of Prague for heresy.\\n(See Church.)\\nJuly* Bohemia. The Hussites at Prague\\nrise against Wenceslaus, pitch his anti-\\nHussite sheriffs out of the windows, and\\ncompel the king to appoint others fa-\\nvorable to their party.\\n1419 Aug. 16. Bohemia. King Wences-\\nlaus dies.\\nBohemia. Sigismund takes the\\nthrone.\\n[He is soon driven out of the country.]\\nHungary loses its lands on the Dal-\\nmatian coast in a war with Venice.\\nBohemia. Many of the Hussites form\\na political party, and rise in arms under\\nJohn Ziska. They build the city of\\nTabor.\\n1422 Aust. Albert V. marries the\\ndaughter of Sigismund, whose dowry is\\nMoravia.\\n1424 Aust. Albert VI. of Styria is\\nduke of Carinthia, Carniola, and Tri-\\neste Gratz is the capital.\\n1435 Hungary reorganizes the army.\\n1436 Bohemia. The Compactata\\nwith the Estates is accepted. (Church.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1349** The black death prevails\\nthroughout Austria and all Europe,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0519.jp2"}, "520": {"fulltext": "508 1437, **-1526,\\nAUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1443 Servia. Ladislaus VI. and Jo-\\nannes Huniades defeat the Turks at\\nNish, or Kunobitz.\\n1444 Hungary makes a truce with\\nTurkey for 10 years it is broken by\\nLadislaus IV., under the persuasion of\\nthe Pope.\\nNov. 20. Bulgaria. The Turks under\\nAmurath II. defeat the Hungarians\\nunder Joannes Huniades and King La-\\ndislaus near Varna Ladislaus and a\\ngreat number are killed, and Huniades\\nis taken prisoner.\\n1448 Oct. 19. Servia. Huniades is\\ndefeated by the Turks under Amurath\\non the plain of Kossova; Huniades\\narmy is annihilated.\\n1456\u00c2\u00b1 Hung. The Magyar fleet de-\\nfeats the galleys of the Turks on the\\nDanube.\\nJuly 21. Servia. Huniades repulses an\\nattack of Mahomet II. on Belgrade.\\nThe defeated Turks are routed, leav-\\ning 24,000 of their dead on the ground,\\nand abandoning all their splendid ar-\\ntillery.\\n1457 Aust. War breaks out between\\nthe Emperor of Germany and his\\nrelatives, on the division of Austria.\\n1458 -90 Hungary is at war\\nwith Bohemia and Turkey.\\n1462* Aust. The Emperor Frederick\\nIII. is besieged at Vienna by his\\nbrother and cousin, till released by\\nGeorge Podiebrad, King of Bohemia\\nthis ends the war respecting the di-\\nvision of Austria.\\n1468 Bohemia. George Podiebrad\\ncaptures the principal fortresses of his\\nrebellious Catholic subjects, and sends\\nhis son Victorin to invade Austria, and\\npunish the emperor for encouraging the\\nrebels.\\n1468* *-69* Bohemia. Matthias\\nCorvinus, son of Joannes Huniades,\\ninvades Moravia and Silesia, where he\\nis welcomed by the Catholics and pro-\\nclaimed king George Podiebrad forces\\nhim to sign a truce at Vileniov.\\n1471* *-72* Bohemia is again in-\\nvaded by Matthias, but with small\\nsuccess.\\n1472 -73 Aust. The Turks in-\\nvade Carinthia and Carniola.\\n1475 Hung. Matthias secures Mo-\\nravia and part of Silesia by conquest.\\n1477 Hungary is at war with Fred-\\nerick Augustus I., Elector of Saxony,\\nan ally of the Emperor Frederick HI.\\n1479 July 14. Bohemia. The war with\\nHungary ends by the peace of Olniiitz.\\n(See State.)\\nNov. 13. Transylvania. The Hungari-\\nans under Stephen Batory totally de-\\nfeat the Turkish invaders on the plain\\nof Kenyermezo.\\n1480 Bosnia. Sarajevo is taken by\\nKing Matthias.\\n1492 Hung. Bajazet II. leads the\\nTurks into the valley of the Save, and\\ndefeats the Hungarian army.\\n1493 Aust. The Turks again invade\\nCarinthia and Carniola.\\n1513 Hung, The insurrection of the\\nKurucs crusaders, a peasant rising\\nagainst the nobles, breaks out Dosza,\\nthe leader, is defeated by John Szapol-\\nyai near Temesvar.\\n1515* Aust. The peasant war breaks\\nout in Carniola.\\n1521 Senna. The Sultan Solyman\\nthe Magnificent besieges and takes\\nBelgrade, and annexes it to his do-\\nminions.\\n1526 -32 Hung. War with the\\nTurks, caused by an insult to Turkish\\nambassadors by Hungarians.\\n1526 Aug. 26. Hung. The Turks\\nunder Solyman, 100,000 strong, and hav-\\ning 300 cannon, defeat the Hungarians\\nat Mohacs the Hungarian King Louis,\\nseven bishops, 22 barons, and 22,000 men\\nare left on the field. [Buda is captured.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1497 Aust. A mine of quicksilver\\nis discovered by accident in Illyria,\\nyielding 1,200 tons annually.\\n1512i Aust. Albert Diirer is made\\ncourt painter by Maximilian.\\n1515 Tyrol. The rolling-machine\\nis invented by Hall.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nFrederickj Duke of Austria, dies.\\nAlbert V.. Emperor of Austria, dies.\\n1443* Matthias I. Corvinus. general,\\nKing of Huugarv, born.\\n1444 Nov. 10. Ladislaus IV. (or VI.),\\nKing of Hungaxv, killed in battle, A44\u00c2\u00b1.\\n1456 Sept. 10. Huniades, Joannes.\\nHungarian general. A56.\\n1457 Ladislaus V., Duke of Austria, dies.\\n1457 Ladi6laus the Posthumous, King of\\nHungary and I .ohemia, dies.\\n1463 Albert VL, the Prodigal, Duke of\\nAustria, dies.\\n1471 Podiebrad, George, King of Bohe-\\nmia, A5L\\n1490 Matthias I. Corvinus, King of Hun-\\ngary, A47-\\n1493 Aug. 19. Frederick m.. Emperor\\nof Germany, A78.\\n1498 t lovio, (iiulio, painter, b. in Croatia.\\n1506* Philip, the Handsome, Duke of Aus-\\ntria, dies.\\n1516* Ladislaus VL, King of Bohemia and\\nHungary, dies.\\n1518\u00c2\u00b1 Zrinyi, iklas, Count, Hungarian\\ngeneral, born.\\n1519 Maximilian, Emperor of Germany,\\ndies.\\n1526 Aug:. 29. Louis, King of Hungary\\nand Bohemia, dies in battle, A20.\\nCHURCH.\\n1440 Hung.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bohemia. Ladislaus\\nIV., King of Poland, a Protestant\\nleader, becomes king.\\n1448 Bohemia. The Pope sends Car-\\ndinal Carvajal on a mission he arrives\\nat Prague. He arouses fresh resentment.\\n15th Century. It. Leopold HI. of Aus-\\ntria is canonized by the Pope he had\\nfounded monasteries and favored the\\nchurch.\\n1457\u00c2\u00b1 Bohemia. The Moravian\\nBrothers first appear.\\n1458* It. Pius II. is pope. [14 i,\\nPaul II.]\\n1465 Bohemia. The Pope issues an\\nanathema against George, ae a re-\\nlapsed heretic, forbids his subjects to\\nrecognize his authority, and proclaims a\\ncrusade against the Hussites.\\n1468 Bohemia. The Pope threatens\\nGeorge with excommunication unless\\nhe abandons the Utraquist (Hussite*\\nfaith.\\n1471* It. Sixtus IV- is pope. [14 4,\\nInnocent VIII.\\n1485- Bohemia. The Catholics and\\nL traquists (Hussites) at Kutna Hora\\nagree to a treaty, providing that in the\\nfuture all religious parties will tolerate\\neach other.\\n1492 It. Alexander VI. is pope Rod-\\neric Borgia. [1503, Pius III. t 21 days);\\nJulius II. 1512, Leo X.]\\n1495* Ger. The Edict of Worms,\\nHesse-Darmstadt, prohibits all new doc-\\ntrines.\\n1516* *-26* *The Reformation of\\nLuther spreads into Bohemia.\\n1517- Period of the Reformation.\\n1522 It. Adrian VI. is pope. [1523,\\nClement VII.]\\n1523 Bohemia. The Utraquist Synod\\nadds to the confession of faith several\\narticles borrowed from Luther.\\nLETTERS.\\n1440 Vienna. The Imperial Li-\\nbrary of Vienna is founded by Fred-\\nerick HI.\\n1453 -1517 Period of the Re-\\nnaissance. (See State.)\\n1460\u00c2\u00b1* *Bo?temia. History of the World,\\nby Paul Zidek, appears.\\n1464 Bohemia. Albr. Kostka de\\nPostupic writes his travels in France.\\n1465 Bohemia. Lew de Rosmital\\nwrites his travels through Europe.\\n1473 Hungary receives the art of\\nprinting from Germany.\\n1473- Hung. Matthias Corvinus pat-\\nronizes literature and the arts a\\nlarge library is established at Buda,\\nwith 300 copyists of manuscripts.\\n1476* Bohemia. Printing is intro-\\nduced.\\n1491 Bohemia. Mart. Kabatnik\\nwrites his travels in Asia Minor and\\nEgypt.\\n1493 Bohemia. John de Lobkowic\\nwrites his travels in Palestine.\\n15th Century. Bohemia. Citbor de Cim-\\nburg writes his political work The Art\\nof Governing is written by Vict. Corn.\\nde Wzehod the great Encyclopedia, by\\nPaul Zidek, is written many works on\\neconomy, popular medicine, etc., appear.\\n1500 Aust. The Imperial Library\\nat Vienna is enlarged by Maximilian I.\\nBohemia. History of the World, by\\nPaul Zidek, appears.\\n1505 Hung. Ladislaus sanctions the\\nfounding of a university at Breslau.\\n1524* Bohemia. Barton s work on\\nthe religious troubles is published.\\n1526* *-1630* Bohemia. The Czech-\\nic literature attains its golden age.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0520.jp2"}, "521": {"fulltext": "AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\n1437,\\n1526,\\n509\\nSOCIETY.\\n1471* Bohemia. Ladislaus makes the\\npeasants serfs of the soil, by prohibit-\\ning their leaving the place where they\\nare born.\\n1513* Hung. Dosza, the leader of\\nthe revolting peasants, is captured by\\nthe nobles, seated on a throne of fire,\\nand crowned with a red-hot\\nSTATE.\\n1437 Bohemia is practically under\\nGeorge of Podiebrad.\\nBohemia. Albert V. of Austria is\\naccepted by the estates of Bohemia and\\nHungary as successor of Sigismund.\\n1438 Hung. Albert V. of Austria is\\nenthroned.\\nGer. Albert V., Duke of Austria, is\\nenthroned Emperor of Germany and\\nBohemia, as Albert II., while King of\\nHungary.\\n[The House of Austria fills the throne\\nof Germany for 368 years, except for a\\nbrief interval. Albert obtains the\\ncrowns of Hungary, Bohemia, and Ger-\\nmany by marrying Elizabeth, the\\ndaughter of the Emperor Sigismund, and\\nbecomes Albert II. (the Great), Emperor\\nof Germany.]\\n1439 The Emperor Albert II. dies.\\nAn interregnum occurs in the German\\nEmpire.\\nElizabeth becomes sole sovereign of\\nHungary.\\nJune 29. Aust. Frederick IV, dies, and\\nis succeeded by his son Sigismund, who\\nbecomes the Count of Tyrol, and Duke\\nof Outer Austria, with Innsbruck as the\\ncapital.\\nBohemia. Hung. Ladislaus V.\\nPosthumous, son of Albert V., the Duke\\nof Austria, is elected king by the parti-\\nzans of Queen Elizabeth.\\nThe ordinance called the Pragmatic\\nSanction is issued, for settling the suc-\\ncession for the Empire of Germany in\\nthe House of Austria.\\n1440 Feb. 2. Ger. Frederick III.\\n(or IV.) the Pacific, cousin of Albert V.,\\nbecomes emperor. [He is the last em-\\nperor crowned by the Pope.]\\nHerzegovina is made a duchy by\\nthe Emperor Frederick IV.\\nBohemia. The succession is infringed\\nby the election of Ladislaus III., the\\nking of Poland, as king.\\nAustria has Zurich for an ally.\\nHung. Ladislaus TTT. of Poland is\\nelected king by the strong H unlades\\nparty.\\n1442* Hung. The party favoring Lad-\\nislaus III. finally secure the throne.\\n1444 Nov. 10. Bulg. Ladislaus III.\\nof Poland falls at Varna.\\nHung. Ladislaus, an infant son\\nof Albert V., succeeds his father. [He\\nis poisoned in infancy.]\\nHung. An interregnum.\\nHung. Joannes Huniades is elected\\ngovernor for the period of the king s\\nminority.\\n1451* Bohemia elects George Po-\\ndiebrad regent the emperor confirms\\nthe election.\\n1453 Jan. 6. Aust. Frederick III.,\\nEmperor of Germany, as the head of the\\nHouse of Hapsburg, erects the duchy of\\nAustria into an archduchy with sov-\\nereign power.\\nMay 29. (Modern history begins with\\nthe fall of Constantinople, which ends\\nthe Eastern Empire.)\\nHung. The young king, Ladislaus\\nthe Posthumous, is allowed to return\\nfrom Austria.\\n1453 -1517 Period of the Re-\\nnaissance.\\nThe new birth of art, letters, trans-\\nformation of state policies, development\\nof discoveries, and quickening of the\\ndesire for freedom of intellect and con-\\nscience.\\n1457* Hung. Aust. Ladislaus TV.\\nPosthumous dies childless, and the\\ncrowns of Hungary and Bohemia pass\\ninto the hands of native kings for a\\ntime.\\nAust. The emperor Frederick III. and\\nAlbert VI. both claim to be dukes of\\nAustria.\\nHung. Matthias Corvinus, son of\\nJoannes Huniades, is elected king. [He\\nadvances the kingdom to the highest\\npoint in its history.]\\n1458 Bohemia. George Podiebrad\\nis elected provisional king, and [be-\\ncomes freed from the rule of Austria\\nand Hungary]. He is a leader of the\\nProtestants, and favored by the Catholic\\nnobles.\\n[This Protestant nobleman reigns over\\nthe Czechs for 13 years.]\\n1463 Aust. On the death of Albert,\\nthe Emperor Frederic III. is sole ruler\\nof Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, and Tri-\\neste. [He unites all the domains of the\\nHouse of Hapsburg.]\\nBosnia is incorporated with Turkey.\\n[The Bosnians make many ineffectual\\nefforts to recover their independence.]\\n1466 Bohemia. Podiebrad is ex-\\ncommunicated by Pope Paul II. for\\nheresy. A few of the royal towns rebel,\\nand join an invading Imperial army.\\n1468 Bohemia. Matthias Corvinus\\nof Hungary, instigated by the Pope, at-\\ntacks George Podiebrad in the hope of\\nuniting the crowns of Bohemia and Hun-\\ngary on his own head.\\n1469 May 3. Bohemia. Matthias Cor-\\nvinus is crowned. [A rival soon ap-\\npears.]\\n1471 Bohemia. George Podiebrad,\\nfearing the dismemberment of the\\nkingdom, sacrifices the interests of his\\nfamily by offering the crown to a for-\\neigner, Kasimir, King of Poland.\\nBohemia. Ladislaus of Poland\\nis elected king by the Utraquists.\\nThe legalized oppression of the people\\nbegins in this reign. The peasant is\\nmade a serf of the soil. The nobles are\\nadvanced and become oppressive to the\\npeasants.\\n1477 Belgium. Maximilian, son of\\nthe Emperor Frederick III., acquires\\nBurgundy and the Netherlands by\\nmarrying Mary, the daughter of Charles\\nthe Bold, Duke of Burgundy.\\n1479 July 14. Bohemia is given to\\nMatthias by the Peace of Olmiitz he\\nalso obtains Moravia, Silesia, and Lu-\\nsatia.\\n1485 Aust. Matthias, King of Hun-\\ngary, takes Vienna.\\nThe Emperor Frederick III. is obliged\\nto flee out of Austria for his life. He\\nrecognizes the claim of Matthias to the\\ncrown.\\n1490* Hung. Matthias Corvinus\\ndies Ladislaus II. is\\nHungary and Bohemia are united, and\\nthe Emperor Maximilian claims both\\nkingdoms.\\n1493* *-1519* Ger. Maximilian I.,\\nson of Frederick III. (Archduke of Aus-\\ntria), is emperor.\\n[He transfers the government of the\\nNetherlands to his son Philip. He adds\\nTyrol and parts of Bavaria to his em-\\npire. All Austrian lands are in his pos-\\nsession.]\\n1495 Ger. An Imperial Diet is held\\nat Worms.\\n1496 Austria and Spainare united.\\nPhilip I. of Austria marries Joanna,\\nthe daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella\\nshe is also heiress of the Spanish-Ameri-\\ncan colonies.\\n1499 Sivitz. The Peace of Basle is\\nconcluded after 200 villages and castles\\nhave been destroyed, and more than\\n20,000 men have been killed.\\nBy it the Swiss are finally released\\nfrom all obligations toward the House of\\nAustria and the Emperor of Germany.\\n1501 Aust. Maximilian forms a\\nCollege of Government, called the\\nAulic Council, at Vienna.\\n1509 Bohemia. Hung. Louis, son of\\nLadislaus II., only three years of age,\\nbecomes king.\\n1512 Germany is divided into 10\\ncircles at the Diet of Cologne, and Aus-\\ntria forms one of them. Bohemia and\\nHungary, as independent kingdoms,\\nare not included.\\n1516* Hung.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bohemia. Louis II.\\nbecomes king.\\n1517 Bohemia. The representative\\nsystem is adopted the citizens of the\\ntowns are allowed to vote at the Diets.\\n1519 June 1.-56 Ger. Charles,\\nDuke of Austria and King of Spain, suc-\\nceeds his grandfather, Maximilian I., to\\nthe throne of the Empire as Charles V\\n1526 Hung. King Louis II. falls in\\nbattle with the Turks at Mohacs.\\nDec. 16. Hung. Ferdinand I. of Aus-\\ntria is proclaimed king. [John Zapolya\\nis rival king of Hungary in Transylvania.\\nFerdinand acquires right to the crowns\\nof Bohemia and Hungary by marrying\\nAnne, sister of the deceased Louis II.]\\nThe [continuous] rule of the House\\nof Hapsburg begins. Austria, Bo-\\nhemia, Hungary, Moravia, Silesia,\\nand Lusatia are united.\\nHungarians insult the Turkish am-\\nbassador, causing war.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1465 Bosnia. Serajevo, the capital,\\nis founded by two nobles.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0521.jp2"}, "522": {"fulltext": "510 1526, -1620,\\nAUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1529\\nAust. Solyman unsuccessfully\\ns Vienna, being forced to raise\\nthe siege after loosing 70,000 of his army\\nof 300,000 men he returns to Buda.\\n-32 Austria suffers from inva-\\nsions of the Turks.\\n1532 Hung. A great Imperial army\\nis sent from Germany to aid Hungary,\\nwhich is invaded and ravaged by Soly-\\nman.\\n1542 -44 Hung. Solyman again\\ninvades Hungary and Austria.\\n1552* Transylvania. Erlau is un-\\nsuccessfully besieged by the Turks,\\n8,000 of whom perish.\\n1559 Aust. Carniola suffers greatly\\nfrom an invasion of Turks.\\n1564 Hungary is partly abandoned\\nto the Turks.\\n1566 Hung. Solyman with 65,000 men\\nbesieges the heroic Nicholas Zrinyi\\nwith 3,000 men in Szigeth after one\\nmonth the Turks are successful Soly-\\nman dies in camp.\\nHung. A truce is made with Sultan\\nSelim II., each side to hold its own pos-\\nsessions.\\n1604 Hung. The revolting Protes-\\ntants under Stephen Bocskai are aided\\nby the Turks.\\n1606 Hung. The revolt ends, peace\\nbeing made with Emperor Rudolph.\\n.1611 Bohemia. The Archduke\\nLeopold of Styria, instigated by Rudoph\\nII., advances with an army of 12,000\\nmen, captures several cities, and reaches\\nPrague. [An army raised by the Diet\\nsoon drives him back.]\\n1613* *-48* *The Thirty Years*\\nWar.\\nA long struggle occurs between Roman\\nCatholicism and Protestantism, followed\\nby political wars against the House of\\nHapsburg, and wars of conquest on Ger-\\nman soil by Sweden and France.\\n-23 Bohemia. War against the\\noppressors of Protestants; part of\\nthe Thirty Years War. It is occasioned\\nby questions relating to authority over\\nchurches.\\n1619 -40 Bohemia is subdued.\\nBohemia. The Protestant Union\\nsends troops to aid the Bohemians.\\nBohemia. Count Thum, leading the\\nProtestant revolt, marches on Vienna,\\nand besieges Ferdinand II. he is obliged\\nto retire.\\nNov. Bohemia. Thurn appears the\\nsecond time before Vienna and again\\nretreats.\\nHungary is invaded by Gabriel\\nBethlen.\\n1620 Hung. Bethlen makes peace\\nwith the Emperor.\\nBohemia. The army of the Catholic\\nLeague, commanded by Count Johann\\nTilly, is joined by Maximilian of Bavaria\\nand the Imperial army in invading Bo-\\nhemia.\\nNov. 8. Bohemia. Battle of White\\nMountain.\\nThe troops of Frederick V., com-\\nmanded by Christian of Anhalt, are de-\\nfeated by the Imperialists under Tilly\\nand Maximilian, and the Bohemian Prot-\\nestants are subjugated 10,000 dead men\\nare left on the field.\\nNov. 9. Bohemia. Frederick V., the\\nElector Palatine and chief of the Ger-\\nman Protestant Union, flees to Holland.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1533 Feb. 6. Dudith, Andrew, Hungarian\\nreformer, born.\\nSept. 7. Elizabeth, Princess, born.\\n1540* Zapolya. John, King of Transyl-\\nvania, dies.\\n1560 Zapolya. John, rival King of Hun-\\ngary, dies.\\n1561* I .urqnoi, Charlesde L., Count, born.\\n1564 July 25. Ferdinand I.. Emperor of\\nGermany, A60.\\n1566* Dominis, de, Marco Antonio, scien-\\ntist, born.\\nSept. 5. Zrinyi, Nicholas, Hungarian general,\\nThe Vulgate is\\nsion of Scripl a\\nthe\\nnly authentic ver-\\nid this alone i- to\\nbe read. (4 lr\\nual interpretation\\nof Senpnm- coi\\nt the teaching -f\\nth-- -|mrch ant\\nuniversal consent\\nof the Fathers\\nihibited. (5, Faith\\nis the foundati.\\njustification, but i*\\nnot exclusive o\\nnctifi\\ni work.- jut-titica-\\nsation of the inner\\nman. (6) The s\\nsacraments are ap-\\nproved, bapt\\nconnrmation, the\\nLord s Supper,\\npens\\nace, extreme unc-\\ntion. orders, an\\nd ma\\ntninony.\\nA48.\\n1576* Maximilian II., Emperor of Ger-\\nmany, dies.\\n1578* Clovio, Giulio. Croatian painter, A80-\\n1583* Wallenstein. Albrecht W. E.\\nvon, Count, general, born in Bohemia.\\n1584 Callus, Matthias von, general, born.\\n1588 Gondola, Giovanni, poet, born.\\n1589* Dudith, Andrew, Hungarian re-\\nformer, A 56.\\n1592* Comenius, John Amos, Bishop,\\nborn in Hloravia.\\n1599* Piccolomini, Ottavio, Austrian gen-\\neral, born in Italy.\\n1601 Anne, wife of Louis XIII., born.\\n1607 Hollar, Wenzel, engraver, born in\\nBohemia.\\n1608 Montecui uli, Ifaimondo, Count, gen-\\neral, born in Italy.\\n1612 Jan. 20. Rudolph H.. Emperor of\\nGermany, A60.\\n1619 Mar. 20. Matthias. Emperorof Ger-\\nmany, A62.\\n1620* Gyongyosy, Stephen, poet, born in\\nHungary.\\nCHURCH.\\n1529* Ger. The Evangelicals are\\ncalled Protestants.\\n1530 June -Nov. Bavaria. The\\nDiet of Augsburg meets to settle reli-\\ngious disputes it forbids all innova-\\ntions.\\n1531 Feb. 27. Ger. The Schmalkal-\\ndic League, favorable to Protestant-\\nism, is agreed upon by the majority of\\nthe Protestant princes and the imperial\\ncities, at Schmalkalden, Hesse.\\n1532 Bavaria. The religious peace\\nof Nuremberg is favorable to the\\nProtestants.\\n1534 It. Paul III. is pope.\\n1540 Fr. The order of Jesuits is\\nformed by Ignatius Loyola at Paris.\\n[It successfully opposes the spread of\\nProtestantism.]\\n1545 Dec. 13-63 Dec. 4. Tyrol. The\\nCouncil of Trent. The reformers are\\nabsent. [It is reckoned the ISth Gen-\\neral Council by the Roman Catholic\\nChurch, which accepts its decisions as\\nthe standard of faith, morals, and disci-\\npline.]\\nIt is called to reform ecclesiastical\\nabuses, and proceeds to counteract, and\\nendeavors to crush, the Reformation.\\nIt enacts, with anathemas, the leading\\ndoctrines of the Reformation namely.\\n(1) that all the books of Scripture, in-\\ncluding the Apocrypha, are contained in\\nthe Vulgate version, and have the same\\ndivine authority the Church is its sole\\ninterpreter. (2) That the traditions are\\naccepted as the unwritten Word of God,\\nand are equal with the Scriptures. (3)\\nThe doctrines of tranBubetantlation\\nand purgatory are affirmed the grai\\ningof indulgences is approved.-:\\nical celibacy and anncnlar confession\\n[lo i. Jan. 26. Approved by the Pope.]\\n1548\u00c2\u00b1 Hung. The Evangelical\\nChurch is organized on the basi* of the\\nAugsburg confession.\\n1550 Austria has 200 parishes with-\\nout priests, and 268 which have become\\nProtestant.\\nIt. Julius III. is pope. [1555, Marcel-\\nlus II. later Paul IV. 1559, Pius IV.]\\n1552* Vienna. Because of Protestant\\nsentiment the procession of Corpus\\nChristi is abandoned.\\nAust. The Jesuits settle.\\nJuly 16. Bavaria. The Convention of\\nPassau. The free exercise of religion\\nby certain Protestants till the nest Diet\\nis secured.\\n1555 Sept. 25. The religious Peace\\nof Augsburg, Bavaria, is entered.\\n1560* Tyrol. The Jesuits arrive.\\n1564 Aust. The Jesuits arrive in\\nStyria.\\nBohemia. Ferdinand I. obtains the\\nPope s sanction, and authority from the\\nCouncil of Trent, to permit the use of\\nthe sacramental cup.\\n1566* It. St. Pius V. is pope. [1572,\\nGregory XIII.]\\nBohemia. Ferdinand I. summons the\\nJesuits to Prague, in an attempt to\\nresist the progress of the Reformation\\nhe founds an archbishopric for the\\nCatholics.\\n1572* Aust. Maximilian II. grants\\nfreedom of conscience in his Aus-\\ntrian dominions.\\n*Aust. The Jesuits are settled in\\nGratz.\\n1576+ Aust. A counter- reforma-\\ntion is aided by the Jesuits.\\nGer. Enthronement of Emperor\\nRudolph, who becomes a tool of Jesuits\\nand a persecutor of Protestants.\\n1585 It. Sixtus V. is pope.\\nReaction is against Protestantism.\\n1590 It. Urban VII. is pope for 12\\ndays. [Gregory XIV. 1591, Innocent\\nIX., two months, and dies; 1592, Clem-\\nent VIII.]\\n1602 Bohemia. Rudolph renews the\\npersecutions.\\n1605 It. Leo XI. is pope, and dies\\nthe same month he is succeeded by\\nPaul V.\\n1606 June 22. Vienna. The Peace of\\nVienna grants toleration to Protestants.\\n1608 The Protestant Union, Fred-\\nerick IV., leader, is formed.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0522.jp2"}, "523": {"fulltext": "AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1526, *-1620, 511\\n1609+ The Catholic League, with\\nMaximilian I., Elector of Bavaria,\\nleader, is formed.\\n1618 -48 Bohemia Ger. The\\nlong struggle between Roman Catholi-\\ncism and Protestantism is known as the\\nThirty Years* War; it originates in\\nthe insurrection of the Protestants of\\nBohemia.\\nLETTERS.\\nAust. Ferdinand. II. founds 16\\ncolleges for the Jesuits, besides many\\nconvents.\\n1531* Hung. The Protestant college\\nat Debreczin is founded.\\n1547 Aust. Ferdinand I. establishes\\nthe censorship of the press.\\nBohemia. Sixt. de Ottendorf swork\\non the Diet is published.\\n15764- Bohemia. Prague becomes\\none of the most learned cities of\\nEurope.\\n*-1612* Bohemia. The arts and\\nsciences are zealously cultivated by all\\nclasses of society.\\n1581 Moravia. The University of\\nOLmiitz is founded.\\n1586 Aust. The University of\\nGratz (Catholic) is founded.\\n16th Century. Bohemia. Literature\\nflourishes.\\nWeleslawin, Paprocky, and Hayek of\\nLiboczun write popular histories Wrat-\\nislas and Prefat write their travels\\nNicolas Konec, Dobrensky, and Lom-\\nnicky write various didactic works.\\n1601 Bohemia. Johann Kepler is\\nappointed principal mathematician to\\nthe Emperor Rudolph at Prague.\\n1604 Bohemia. -The Supplement to\\nVitellio is published by Kepler at\\nPrague.\\n1609 Bohemia,. Astronomia nova, sen\\nPhysica celestis, tradita Commentariis\\nde Montibus Stellas Mortis, is published\\nby Kepler. It announces Kepler s\\nLaws\\n1611* Bohemia. JDioptrica is pub-\\nlished by Kepler it describes the astro-\\nnomical telescope with two lenses.\\n1612 -26 Johann Kepler is pro-\\nfessor of mathematics at Linz.\\n1618 May 8. Bohemia. Kepler dis-\\ncovers the laws which regulate the\\nperiods and the motions of the planets.\\nBohemia. Kepler discovers his third\\nlaw.\\n1619 Bohemia. Harmonice mundi is\\npublished by Kepler.\\nSTATE.\\n1526 Transylvania. John Zapolya\\nbecomes prince of this province.\\nCroatia is united with Austria.\\n1527 Hung. John Zapolya of Tran-\\nsylvania contests the crown, is elected\\nby a party of nobles, and crowned a\\nrival king.\\n1529 Aug. 5. Margaret of Austria\\nand Louise of Savoy negotiate the Peace\\nof Cambray.\\nTurkish invasions distract Austria.\\n1531 Feb. 6. The majority of Protes-\\ntant princes and the imperial cities unite\\non the Schmalkaldic League.\\nHung. The rival kings enter a truce.\\n1536+ Hung. Solyman presses\\nHungary very hard.\\n1538 Hung. John Zapolya, the ri-\\nval king, enters a treaty of compromise\\nwith Ferdinand I., King of Hungary\\nand Bohemia, and founds the princi-\\npality of Transylvania.\\nIt. The Truce of Nice ends the war\\nbetween Charles V. and Francis I.\\n1540 Transylvania. The people of\\nTransylvania set up John Sigismond,\\nson of Zapolya, as king, with the Turks\\nas allies.\\nNov. Hung. John Zapolya is crowned\\nanti-king.\\n1541 Hung. The Turks compel Fer-\\ndinand I. to pay an annual tribute of\\n30,000 ducats for possession of Hungary.\\n1555 Oct. 25. Ger. Charles V. abdi-\\ncates a great empire.\\nHe resigns the Empire of Germany,\\nthe sovereignty of Austria, Bohemia,\\nHungary, the Netherlands, and their\\ndependencies [and Spain Feb. 6, 1556].\\n1556 Aug. Ger. Ferdinand I. be-\\ncomes emperor.\\nAust. The High Council of War\\nis founded.\\n1558 Ger. Ferdinand I. is confirmed\\nin the Empire by vote of the Diet.\\n1562 Bohemia. Maximilian, son of\\nFerdinand II., is elected King of Bo-\\nhemia and of the Romans.\\nGer. Ferdinand II. concludes a treaty\\nwith the Turks, acknowledging their\\nright to conquests in Germany, and\\nagrees to pay an annual present, a trib-\\nute in disguise.\\n1563 Hung. Maximilian, son of Fer-\\ndinand II., is crowned.\\nBosnia is completely conquered by\\nthe Turks.\\n1564 July Ger. Ferdinand I. dies,\\nand is succeeded by his son Maximilian\\nII. to the throne of the Empire, and to\\nthe crowns of Austria, Hungary, and\\nBohemia. He is favorable to Protes-\\ntants.\\nAust. Duke Ferdinand, a younger\\nson of Ferdinand I., receives Tyrol and\\nLower Austria.\\nCharles, a third son of Ferdinand I.,\\nis made master of Styria, Carinthia,\\nCarniola, and Gortz.\\n1571 Transylvania. Stephen Ba-\\ntory Zapolya becomes grand prince.\\n1572* Hung. RudolphIL, son of Maxi-\\nmilian II., is crowned.\\n1575 Transylvania. Christopher\\nBatory becomes grand prince.\\nBohemia. Rudolph II. is crowned.\\n1576 Aust. Rudolph II. is enthroned\\nemperor. [He favors the arts and sci-\\nences.]\\n1581 Transylvania. Sigismund Ba-\\ntory becomes grand prince.\\n1601 Hung. The archduke ^Ferdi-\\nnand is defeated at Kanizsa, losing all\\nhis artillery and a large number of pris-\\noners, who are beheaded.\\nTransylvania. Sigismund Batory\\n(second time) is grand prince.\\n1602 Transylvania. The Emperor\\nRudolph becomes prince.\\n1604 Hung. The persecuted Pro-\\ntestants revolt under the leadership of\\nBocskay.\\n1605 Transylvania. Stephen Boc-\\nskay becomes grand prince.\\n1606* Vienna. The Peace of Vienna\\nis signed.\\nTransylvania. Sigismund Rakoezy\\nbecomes grand prince.\\n1608 Aust. Matthias, by force of\\narms, obtains the title of Governor of\\nAustria, Moravia, and Hungary. Peace\\nis made by the treaty of Libno.\\nTransylvania. Gabriel I. (Batory)\\nbecomes grand prince.\\nHung. Matthias U. is king.\\nThe Emperor Rudolph is compelled\\nto cede Hungary to his brother Matthias.\\n1609 May 4. Bohemia. The Evan-\\ngeHcals and the Bohemian Brothers,\\nbeing refused the recognition of their\\nrights, organize an independent Diet.\\nJuly 9. Bohemia. Rudolph II. is forced\\nby an armed revolt to sign a letter of\\nmajesty.\\nThe Bohemian confession, the admit-\\ntance of Evangelicals and Bohemian\\nBrothers to the consistory, and their\\nright to govern the University of Prague,\\nare recognized as the fundamental and\\nperpetual law.\\n1611 May 26. Bohemia. Matthias is\\nelected king by the Diet, as successor to\\nRudolph, who is forced to abdicate the\\nthrone.\\nBohemia and Austria are also ceded\\nto Matthias.\\n1612* Rudolph s brother, Matthias\\nII., is Emperor.\\n1613 Transylvania. Gabriel H.\\n(Bethlen Gabor), a Protestant, is grand\\nprince.\\n1617 June 8. Hung. Ferdinand II.,\\ncousin of Matthias, is crowned.\\n1618 May 16. Bohemia. Ferdinand\\nH. is crowned.\\nMay 23. Bohemia. The Protestants\\nrevolt, and throw the king s lieutenants\\nfrom the windowsof thecastleof Prague\\nthey fall 70 feet into the ditch and sur-\\nvive. [A provisional government by 30\\ndirectors is formed.]\\n1619* *-37* Hung. King Ferdi-\\nnand U. is Emperor of Germany. [He\\nreunites all the Austrian domains except\\nTyrol.]\\nSept. 5. Bohemia. The emperor is\\ndeposed by the revolting Bohemians for\\noppressing the Protestants, and Freder-\\nick, the elector-palatine, is elected king,\\n[this brings on the 30 years war].\\nSept. 26. Bohemia. The Diet elects\\nFerdinand II.\\n1620 Aug. 25. Hung. The Diet pro-\\nclaims Gabriel II. (Bethlen) king.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0523.jp2"}, "524": {"fulltext": "512 1620, **-1705,\\nAUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1625 The Protestants find an ally in\\nChristian IV., King of Denmark, and\\nreceive aid from England.\\n1626 Apr. 26. Ger. The Protestants\\nunder Count Mausfeld are defeated by\\nWallenstein at Dessau.\\nAug. 27. Brunswick. Tilly defeats the\\nDanish king at Lutter.\\n1627+ Aust. The peasants, under\\nthe hatter Fadinger, revolt in Upper\\nAustria, and organize an army 70,000\\nstrong; the revolt is gradually sup-\\npressed, and many of its leaders are\\nexecuted.\\n1629 Ger. The Catholic armies, led\\nby Gen. Albrecht Eusebius Wallen-\\nstein, enter Denmark, and, meeting\\nineffective resistance, compel a humili-\\nating peace, which is concluded at\\nLubeck.\\nGer. The Catholic princes, alarmed\\nat Ferdinand s power, demand the dis-\\nmissal of Wallenstein, which is con-\\nceded.\\n1630 June* Prussia. Gustavus\\nAdolphus, King of Sweden, lands an\\narmy of 8,000 men in Pomerania to aid\\nthe Protestants it is soon increased to\\n15,000.\\nPrussia. Gustavus conquers Pom-\\nerania, Mecklenburg, and part of Bran-\\ndenburg.\\n1631 May 20. Prussia. Catholics un-\\nder Tilly take Magdeburg by assault,\\nsack the city, and inflict barbarous\\natrocities on the defenseless inhabi-\\ntants 30,000 inhabitants are massa-\\ncred.\\nBohemia is entered and Prague cap-\\ntured by the Saxons under Arnim.\\nSept. 7 Saxony. Gustavus, being reen-\\nforced, commands an army of 40,000\\nSwedes and Saxons he defeats 40,000\\nCatholic Imperialists under Tilly at\\nBreitenf eld, near Leipsic a great\\nnumber of the Imperialists are killed.\\n1632 Apr.15. Bavaria. Tillyis again\\nbeaten at the passage of the Paver\\nLech, where he is fatally wounded.\\nBohemia. Wallenstein is recalled\\nby Ferdinand he drives the Saxons out\\nof Bohemia.\\nNov. 16. Saxony. Gustavus Adolphus\\nwith an army of 18,000 defeats Wallen-\\nstein with 30,000 at Lutzen Gustavus\\nis killed.\\n1634 Feb. 25. Bohemia. Wallen-\\nstein is assassinated by some of his\\nown officers in the castle of Eger.\\nSept. 6 O s.). Bavaria. The Protes-\\ntants under Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-\\nWeimar, are defeated at Nordlingen\\nby the Imperialists under Ferdinand III.\\nand Gen. Matthias Gallas.\\n1636* The war assumes a new\\nphase. France and Sweden are allied\\nagainst the Empire and the Lutheran\\nstates of Germany, which are aided by\\nSpain.\\nOct. 4 (n. s.). Prussia. The Swedes un-\\nder Marshal Baner gain a brilliant vic-\\ntory over Saxons under Elector Johann\\nGeorg I. and Austrians under Gen. Hatz-\\nfeld at Wittstock.\\n1645 Mar. 6. Bohemia. The Swedish\\nGen. Lennart Torstenson gains a bril-\\nliant victory over the Imperialists under\\nHatzfeld at Jankau.\\nMorowia. The plague causes Tors-\\ntenson to abandon the siege of Briinn\\nhe returns to Bohemia.\\nBohemia. Torstenson resigns through\\nillness he is succeeded by Karl Gustaf\\nWrangel, another Swede.\\n1646* Bohemia. Wrangel departs,\\nand joins Gen. Vicomte de Turenne, a\\nFrench Protestant, at Giessen, Germany.\\n1647 Ger. The Truce of TJlm.\\nThe Elector Maximilian is forced by\\nthe Swedes and French to conclude a\\ntruce, and to renounce his alliance with\\nthe emperor.\\n1648 Bohemia. The Swedes under\\nCount Konigsmark of Germany take\\nPrague.\\nOct. 24. The Thirty Years War\\nends in the Peace of Westphalia. (See\\nState.)\\n1661 64 Hung. War with the\\nTurks.\\nIt is caused by a dispute concerning\\nthe election of a prince in Transylvania.\\n1664 Aug. 1. Hung. The Turks under\\nthe Grand Vizier Koprili are defeated\\nby Imperialists under Montecuculli and\\nFrench auxiliaries, in the battle of St.\\nGothard (Kbrmend), and driven from\\nHungarian soil.\\n1678 Hung. The Protestants re-\\nvolt, under Michael Teleki and Emeric\\nTokolyi, against intolerable oppression\\nby the Catholic governor-general, Am-\\nbringen.\\n1679* Netherlands. The war breaks\\nout again the struggle is in The Neth-\\nerlands and along the Rhine.\\n1680 (1600?) Aust. The army is now\\nformed into regular regiments the\\nstanding army begins to grow.\\n1683 July* Vienna. The Turks un-\\nder Kara Mustapha, aided by the Hun-\\ngarians, besiege Vienna, which is\\nheroically defended by Rudiger von\\nStarhemberg.\\nSept. 12. Aust. John Sobieski, King\\n(John III.) of Poland, aided by the Duke\\nof Lorraine, defeats 100,000 Turks\\nunder Kara Mustapha in a terrible battle\\nat Vienna, and raises the siege.\\nAust. A small fleet is established\\non the Danube.\\n1686 Sept. 2. Hung. The Imperial-\\nists under the Duke of Lorraine retake\\nBuda, and the Mohammedans are de-\\nlivered up to the fury of the soldiers.\\n1687 Aug. 12. Hung. Charles of Lor-\\nraine defeats the Turks at Mohacs.\\n1691 Aug. 19. Hung, The Imperial-\\nists under Prince Louis defeat the Turks\\nunder Koprili at the battle of Slanka-\\nmen on the Danube Koprili is killed.\\n1697 Sept. 11. Hung. The Imperial-\\nists under Prince Eugene defeat and\\nrout the Turks at Zenta; more than\\n10,000 of them are killed.\\n1698 Bnsma. Serajevo is taken by\\nPrince Eugene of Savoy.\\n1701 -14 War of the Spanish\\nSuccession.\\nEngland, The Netherlands, Prussia,\\nPortugal, and Savoy take sides with the\\nEmperor of Germany against France.\\n(See Germany.)\\n1704 Aug. 13. Bavaria. Battle of\\nBlenheim.\\nThe allied English and Austrians, led\\nby the Duke of Marlborough and Prince\\nEugene, defeat the French and Bavari-\\nans under Marshal Tallard French and\\nBavarian loss, 12,000 killed, 13,000 prison-\\ners, including Tallard.\\nART \u00e2\u0080\u0094SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1667 Apr. 6. Aust. Ragusa is ruined\\nby an earthquake 0.000 persons perish.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nmarshal, di\\nFeb. 25. Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel\\nEusebius von. Count, general, assassi-\\nnated, A51.\\n1637 Feb. 15. Ferdinand XV.. Emperor\\nof Germany, dies.\\n1638* Gondola, Giovanni, poet, A50.\\n1647 Gallas. Matthias, general, A63.\\n1654 Ferdinand IV., King of Hungary,\\ndies.\\n1656 Piecolomini, Ottavio, general, A57.\\n1657 Apr. 2. Ferdinand III.. Emperorof\\nGermany, A49.\\n1659 Apaezai, Joannes, Hungarian schol-\\nar, dies.\\n1663 Eugene, Prince of Savoy, general,\\n1666 Anne of Austria, wife of Louis XIII.\\nof France, A 64.\\n1671 Comenius, John Amos, Moravian\\nbishop, educator, A 9.\\n1676 Rakoczy, Franz Leopold, prince, b.\\n1677* Hollar, Wenzel, Bohemian engra-\\nver, A70.\\n1681* Mont.-ciirui], Rannondo, Count, gen-\\neral, A73.\\n1704* Gvonevosy, Stephen, Hungarian\\npoet, A 84.\\n1705 Browne, Maximilian Ulysses, Aus-\\ntrian marshal, born in Switzerland.\\nMay 5. Leopold I., Emperor of Ger-\\nmany, A65.\\nSept. 24. Daun, Leopold Joseph Maria von,\\nCount, field-marshal, born,\\nCHURCH.\\n1620 Ger. Christian of Anhalt and\\nthe margrave, John George of Bran-\\ndenburg-Jagerndorf are put under the\\nban by the Pope.\\nBohemia. Ferdinand renews the\\npersecutions, which cause a renewal\\nof the war.\\nAust. A violent anti-reformation\\nmovement develops. [And later in\\nSilesia.]\\n1621 It. Gregory XV. is pope. [1623.\\nUrban VIII.]\\n1624* Bohemia. An Imperial decree\\nbanishes the Bohemian Brothers, and\\nrestores Catholicism to their churches.\\n1629 Ferdinand aims at the complete\\nextirpation of Protestantism.\\nMar. 6. The Edict of Restitution is\\nissued.\\nIt requires the restitution of secular-\\nized ecclesiastical property, and that\\nProtestants relinquish benefices which\\nthey had appropriated.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0524.jp2"}, "525": {"fulltext": "AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\n1620,**-1705,\\n513\\n1631 Bohemia is entered by a Saxon\\narmy, and the Jesuits are driven out\\nof Prague.\\n1644+ Transylvania. The Re-\\nformed religion is introduced by the\\ngrand prince.\\n1671 Apr. 30. Hung. The execu-\\ntion of three counts by the emperor,\\ncontrary to law, becomes a signal for\\nboth patriots and Protestants to rise\\nagainst their persecutors.\\nLETTERS.\\n1623 Aust. The University of Salz-\\nburg is founded.\\n1624 Bohemia. Ferdinand II. im-\\nports Benedictines from Montserrat.\\nBoliemia. Jesuits escorted by sol-\\ndiery ransack every house for Bohe-\\nmian books, and burn all published\\nafter 1414 as heretical. [The Jesuit\\nAnt. Konias boasted of having destroyed\\nby burning 60,000 Bohemian books.]\\n1627 Bohemia. Budolphine Tables is\\npublished by Kepler.\\n1630 Attst. Pansophioz Prodomus, by\\nJohn Amos Comenius, appears at Lissa.\\n1631 Aust. Janua Linguarum Bese-\\nrata, by John Amos Comenius, appears\\nat Lissa [being translated into twelve\\nEuropean languages, also Arabic, Per-\\nsian, and Turkish],\\n1635* Hung. The University of\\nBudapest (originally at Tyrnau) is\\nfounded.\\n1658* Aust. Orbis Sensualium Pictus,\\nby John Amos Comenius, the first chil-\\ndren s picture-book, appears.\\n1672* Tyrol. The University of\\nInnsbruck is founded by the emperor.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1668 Hung. Eleonora di Gonzaga,\\nwife of King Leopold L, institutes the\\nOrder of Ladies of the Star of the\\nCross.\\n1671 Aust. An order of police di-\\nvides laymen into five classes, and in-\\nstructs each class what it ought to\\nwear and to eat.\\n1675 Austria founds a German Uni-\\nversity at Czernowitz, to Germanize the\\nland.\\n1676 Aust. Taxes are laid on bil-\\nliards, playing-cards, and hair-powder.\\n1696 Vienna. A lottery is opened\\nfor raising funds to establish a soldiers\\nhospital. [It still remains one of the\\nfinancial institutions of Austria.]\\n1705 Aust. Recruiting is carried\\non by officers and sergeants who prom-\\nise money and booty to volunteers.\\nSTATE.\\n1620 Nov. 9. Bohemia. The Bohe-\\nmians are subdued by the victory of\\nFerdinand near Prague.\\n1621 Feb. 20. Bohemia. Ferdinand\\nII. begins the merciless persecution of\\nhis subjects who were involved in the\\nrevolt, yet trusted in his mercy, and did\\nnot flee when they could do so.\\nJune 21. Bohemia. The king executes\\nleaders of the revolt.\\n1622 Feb. 3. Bohemia. Ferdinand II.\\nissues a decree of semi-amnesty to\\nrevolutionists.\\n1623 Aust. Ferdinand II. cedes\\nWestern Austria and the Tyrol to his\\nbrother Leopold.\\n1625 Hung. Ferdinand III. succeeds\\nhis father as king.\\n1627 Mar. 15. Bohemia. Ferdinand\\nII. grants a new constitution, and\\nadds a fourth estate, the clergy, which\\nshall be superior to the other three.\\n1629 Bohemia. The Protestants are\\nawed into submission by the defeat of\\ntheir allies in battle.\\n*-48* Transylvania. George I.\\n(Rakoczy) is grand prince.\\n1635 May 30. Saxony concludes a\\npeace with the emperor, exempting the\\nLutherans from the Edict of Restitution.\\nBohemia. The Peace of Prague,\\nbetween the emperor and the Elector of\\nSaxony is signed. (See Germany.)\\n1637 Feb. 15. Ger. The King Ferdi-\\nnand III. succeeds his father as Em-\\nperor of the Holy Roman Empire.\\n1644 Transylvania. George Ra-\\nkoczy leads an unsuccessful revolt\\nagainst Austria.\\n1647 Hing. Ferdinand TV. be-\\ncomes king.\\n1648 Oct. 24. The Peace of West-\\nphalia is signed.\\nPrus. The Protestant princes ojf Ger-\\nmany, having sought the aid of Gustavus\\nAdolphus of Sweden against the oppres-\\nsions of the House of Austria, the treaty\\nof Westphalia as an international code\\nfollows. It proclaims the legal recogni-\\ntion of the independence of Switzerland,\\nwhich had long been practically recog-\\nnized. (See Germany.)\\nAustria secures Bohemia by treaty.\\n(See Germany.)\\n1655 Hung. Leopold I., the second\\nson of Ferdinand II., is king.\\n1658 Leopold I. is Emperor of the\\nHoly Roman Empire.\\nHe pushes the Hungarians into a re-\\nvolt, in which the Turks come to their\\naid.\\n[Leopold adds one-third to the terri-\\ntory of Austria.]\\n1660 Transylvania. John Kemin\\nis elected prince.\\n1661 Transylvania. The election of\\nJohn Kemin leads to a war with the\\nTurks.\\n1662 -89 Transylvania. Mi-\\nchael I. (Apafy) is grand prince.\\n1665 Aust. Western Austria and\\nTyrol are returned to Austria,\\n1670 Hung. A conspiracy to throw\\noff the yoke of Austria with the aid of\\nthe Turks is discovered and frustrated.\\n1682 Hung. A conspiracy of the\\nmagnates is detected.\\n1683 Vienna. Leopold I. flees away\\non the approach of the Turks.\\nSept. 15. Vienna. Leopold I. returns.\\nHungary is subdued, and united to\\nTransylvania it is changed from an\\nelective to an hereditary kingdom.\\n1687 Hung. The Diet of Presburg\\nconfers the hereditary succession to\\nthe throne of Hungary, upon the male\\nline of Austria.\\nHung. Joseph I., son of Leopold T.,\\nbecomes king.\\n1689* *-91 Transylvania. Emilc\\nTokoly is grand prince.\\nMay 12. Vienna. The grand alliance\\nis signed at Vienna.\\nThe Emperor of Germany and the\\nDutch States-General unite to prevent\\nthe union of the French and Spanish\\ncrowns. [Later England, Spain, and the\\nDuke of Savoy join the alliance.]\\n1690 Apr. Hung. Leopold claims\\nBosnia and Bulgaria, and raises an\\narmy.\\n-99 Transylvania. Michael II.\\nis elected [last] prince.\\n1691 Hung. Nearly 40,000 families of\\nServian colonists settle on the banks\\nof the Maros.\\nAust. A capitation tax is laid which\\nspares neither priests nor nobles.\\n1697 Netherlands. The Peace of\\nRyswick.\\nAll parties are in about the same po-\\nsition as at the beginning of the war,\\nbut the ambition of France is checked.\\n1699 Jan. 26. Aust. The Peace of\\nKarlowitz is signed by Turkey and the\\nAllies, Germany, Russia, Poland, and\\nVenice.\\nTurkey cedes to Hungary the country\\nbetween the rivers Danube and Theiss,\\nTransylvania becomes a part of the\\nAustrian dominion, and Herzegovina is\\nceded to Turkey. The Sultan agrees to\\nabstain from aiding Hungarian malcon-\\ntents.\\nFeb. 6. Bavaria. The Prince Elector\\nof Bavaria suddenly dies.\\nSp. New intrigues are developed by\\nFrance and Austria at Madrid.\\n1700 Charles U. of Spain, dying\\nwithout leaving any issue, occasions the\\nWar of the Spanish Succession.\\nThe Emperor Leopold s wife was the\\nsecond sister of the late king, and Leo-\\npold claims the crown for his younger\\nson.\\n1701 Sept. 7. A Grand Alliance of\\nthe naval powers is formed with\\nLeopold against France, to secure the\\nSpanish succession to Leopold I.\\n1703 Hung. An insurrection of the\\npeasants, incited by Francis Rakdczy,\\nbreaks out, in which some of the nobles\\njoin.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1679 Aust. The plague breaks out\\nwith great violence.\\n1691 Aust. The severity of winter\\ndrives the wolves into Vienna, where\\nmen are attacked and cattle devoured\\nby them.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0525.jp2"}, "526": {"fulltext": "514 1705, **-1757,\\nAUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1706 May 23. Belgium. The Allies\\nunder Marlborough defeat the French\\nunder Marshal de Villeroy atRamillies.\\nThe Allies lose 4,000 men. (Old Style,\\nMay 12.)\\nSept. 7. It. The Allies under Prince\\nEugene defeat the French in Pied-\\nmont, and compel them to raise the\\nseige of Turin.\\n1708 July 11. Belgium. The Allies\\nunder Marlborough and Prince Eugene\\nthoroughly defeat the French besie-\\ngers under the Due de Vendome at\\nOudenarde.\\n1709 Sept. 11. Fr. The Allies lose\\n20,000 men, but defeat the French un-\\nder Marshal Villars at Malplaquet.\\n1716 Austria is again at war with\\nthe Turks.\\nAug. 5. Hung. The Turks under the\\nGrand Vizier, Damad Ali, are totally\\ndefeated by Prince Eugene at Peter-\\nwardein.\\n1717 Aug. 16. Servia. Prince Eu-\\ngene takes Belgrade from the Turks\\nafter a siege.\\n1733 -35 War of the Polish\\nSuccession, following the death of\\nAugustus II.\\nThe Emperor Charles VI. is at Tvar\\nwith France on behalf of Augustus III.\\nof Saxony, who has been elected King\\nof Poland by his partizans Austria is\\ndriven out of most of her possessions in\\nItaly.\\n1736 -39 Bung. An unsuccess-\\nful war with the Turks, the allies of\\nRussia. The Turks are finally ex-\\npelled.\\n1738 May 27. Servia. The Turks\\ndefeat Charles VI., and capture Or-\\nsova they compel him to treat for\\npeace.\\n1740 -4S Prussia. The Silesian\\nWars.\\n1740 -48 War of the Austrian\\nSuccession.\\nIt is a war of spoliation caused by rival\\nclaimants for the throne, after the death\\nof Charles VI., who desired his daughter\\nMaria Theresa to succeed the counter-\\nclaimants are the electors of Bavaria\\nand Saxony, the kings of Poland and\\nSpain Sardinia and Prussia also claim\\nportions of the Empire Maria Theresa\\nhas an ally in Great Britain.\\n1740* *-42* Prussia. First Sile-\\nsian War.\\nIt is caused by Prussia attempting to\\ntake Silesia from the Austrian Empire.\\nPrussia. Frederick II. of Prussia\\nsends troops into Silesia. [1741. He\\ncaptures Glogau.]\\n1741 Apr. 10. Prussia. Prussians led\\nby Count Schwerin and Leopold of\\nDessau gain their first victory, totally\\ndefeating the Austrians under Gen.\\nNeipperg at Mollwitz in Silesia.\\nAustria and Bohemia are invaded\\nby the allied French and Bavarian\\narmy.\\n1742 .lust. -Hung. Two armies are\\nraised for defense.\\nme besieges the French, who bavu\\ntaken Prague in Bohemia, which they\\nare compelled to abandon; another n\\nquers Bavaria.\\nMay 17. Bohemia. Frederick the Great\\ndefeats the Austrians under Charles\\nof Lorraine at Czaslau, and Chotusitz,\\nand thereby gains all the fortified posi-\\ntions in Silesia.\\nBohemia. The Allies are driven out\\nby the Austrians.\\n1743 June 27. Bavaria. Battle of\\nDettingen.\\nThe Pragmatic army (52,000) under\\nKing George II. of England and the\\nEarl of Stair defeats the French (60.000)\\nunder Marshal Noailles the Allies are\\ndriven out of Bavaria.\\n1744 -45 The Second Silesian\\nWar.\\nFrederick II. suddenly renews hos-\\ntilities, and invades Bohemia with t 0,-\\n000 men.\\nBohemia. Prague is taken by Fred-\\nerick II. Later he is driven back into\\nSaxony.\\n1745 Apr. 15. Bavaria. The invad-\\ning Austrians under Prince Karl von\\nBatthyanyi defeat the French and\\nBavarians at Pfaffeuhofen.\\nBelgium. The French begin the con-\\nquest of the Austrian Netherlands.\\nJune 4. Prussia. Frederick II. defeats\\nthe Austrians and Saxons \\\\mder Charles\\nof Lorraine in the battle of Hohen-\\nfriedberg, in Silesia, losing 2,000 men\\nthe defeated lose 4,000 killed and 7,000\\nprisoners.\\nSept. 30. Bohemia. Frederick II. de-\\nfeats the Austrians under the Duke\\nof Lorraine in the battle of Soor\\nPrussian loss, 3,000 Austrian loss, S.000\\nand 22 guns.\\nDec. 15. Saxo?iy. Leopold of Dessau,\\ncommanding the Prussians, defeats the\\nAustrians and Saxons at Kesselsdorf\\n1746 Oct. 11. Belgium. The French\\nunder Marshal Saxe totally defeat the\\nAustrians and their allies at Rocoux,\\nand so complete the conquest of the\\nAustrian Netherlands.\\n1756* *-63* The Third Silesian War,\\nor the Seven Years War.\\nFrederick II. renews the war for the\\npossession of Silesia, against Austria,\\nRussia, and France.\\nAnst. The army under Marshal\\nBrowne advances to relieve Saxony,\\nheld by the Emperor Frederick.\\nOct. 1. Bohemia. The Austrians under\\nMarshal Browne are defeated at Lobo-\\nsitz by the Prussians under Frederick\\nthe Great.\\nOct. 16. An army of Saxons numbering\\n18,000 surrenders they are forced into\\nthe Prussian service.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1708* Francis I. (Stephen), Emperor,\\nhusband of Maria Theresa, born.\\n1711 Feb. 2. Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton von.\\nCount, statesman, born.\\n1716 Feb. 2. Laudon, Gideon Ernst von.\\nBaron, general, born.\\n1720* Hell, Maximilian, astronomer, born.\\n1724 May 7. Wurmrer, Dagobert Sfgimiind\\nvon, general, horn.\\n1732 Dec. 13. Kalona, Istoan or Stephen,\\nhistorian, born.\\n173.: Clerfayt, .le. Francois C J. de\\nCroix, Comte, general, born.\\n1734 Kempelen, Wolfgang von. Baron,\\nHungarian mechanician, born.\\n1735 Feb. l. Alvjur/v, .ii.M-j.h von, gen-\\neral, born.\\nLigne, de. Karl Joseph, Prince, general, au-\\nthor, horn.\\nKakoczy, Franz Leopold, Prince of Transyl-\\nvania, jiatriot, A59.\\n1736 Apr. 21. Eugene. Prince of Savoy,\\nFrench-Austrian general, dies ai Vienna.\\nA73.\\n1737* Eckhel, .Joseph Hrirav, numismatist,\\nborn.\\n1740 Oct. 20. Charles VI.. Emperor of\\nGermany, A56.\\n1741 Beniowsky, Montz A., adventurer.\\niraloglst, born.\\n1747 May 5. Leopold TX. Emperor, born.\\n1749 Trench, Franz, von tier. Baron, gen-\\neral, A 38.\\n1752 Aug. 24. Mack, Leibericb von.\\nBaron, general, born.\\n1753* Dobrowski, Josef, Slavic philologist,\\n1754 Zach, Franz Xaver von. astronomer,\\nVega, Georg von. mathematician, born.\\n1756 Fessler, Ignaz Aurelius, Hungarian\\nauthor, born.\\n1757* *Gran. Daniel, Austrian fresco\\npainter, A63.\\nBrowne, Maximilian Ulysses, general, A52.\\nBartseu, Jouann A. B. von, engraver, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1722 Saxony. Tbe Moravians form\\na settlement called Herrnhut (the\\nWatch of the Lord) on the estate of\\nCount Zinzendorf in North Germany.\\n1724 It. Benedict XIU. is pope.\\n[1730, Clement XJX 1740, Benedict\\nXIV. 175S, Clement XIII. 1769, Clem-\\nent XIV. 1775, Pius VI.]\\nSTATE.\\n1705 Joseph 1., son of Leopold King\\nof Hungary, is elected Emperor of the\\nHoly Roman Empire.\\n1706* *-ll* Transylvania. Francis\\nRakoczy is grand prince by the choice\\nof the malcontents.\\n1708 Jan. 3. It. Mantua is ceded to\\nthe emperor.\\nAust. The allies demand the sur-\\nrender of the Spanish monarchy to\\nCharles of Austria.\\n1711 Death of the Emperor Joseph\\nI. Charles becomes heir of all the Aus-\\ntrian possessions.\\n*-40* Charles VX, Emperor of the\\nHoly Roman Empire, tbe brother of\\nJoseph I.. King of Hungary and nominal\\nKing of Spain, is elected.\\n[He is tolerant to Protestants, and for-\\nbids Catholic hostilities against them.]\\nApr. 11. Netherlands. Peace of Utrecht.\\n(See France.)\\n1713 Apr. 19. Vienna. The Emperor\\nannounces the Pragmatic Sanction.\\n1. It decrees that tbe lands belonging\\nto the Austrian Empire shall be indivis-\\nible. 2. That Maria Theresa, his eldest\\ndaughter, shall be tbe heir if males\\nshould fail. 3. If this line should be-\\ncome extinct, the daughters of Joseph\\nI. and their descendants shall inherit.\\n1714 Mar. *-Sept. Peace of Rastatt\\nand Baden.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0526.jp2"}, "527": {"fulltext": "AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1705,* *-1757, 515\\nThe German frontier is restored to the\\nlines fixed by the treaty of Kyswiek\\nAustria takes the Spanish Netherlands,\\nMilan, Naples, and Sardinia, amounting\\nto 191,350 square miles, and gives up\\nSpain.\\n1715 Nov. 6. The barrier treaty is\\nmade with the Dutch. (See Belgium.)\\nNov. 15. Naples and Sicily are an-\\nnexed to the dominions of Charles VI.\\n1718 July 22. Servia. The Peace of\\nPassarowitz, between Germany, Ven-\\nice, and Turkey, closes the war with\\nTurkey.\\nAustria cedes certain commercial\\nrights, annexes the Banat of Temesvar,\\na part of Bosnia and Servia, with Bel-\\ngrade and Little Wallachia. Venice re-\\ntains her conquests in Dalmatia, but\\ncedes Morea to the Turks.\\nAug. 2. The Quadruple Alliance is\\nformed by Great Britain, France, and\\nthe Emperor Charles VI. [Later joined\\nby Holland.] (See Germany.)\\n1720 Apr. 21. Aust. The estates of\\nLower Austria agree torecognize Maria\\nTheresa as rightful heir, if there should\\nbe no male heirs.\\n1771 Sept. 2. The estates of Silesia\\nfollow the example of Lower Austria.\\nMar. Croatia signs the approval of the\\nPragmatic Sanction.\\n1722 Transylvania approves the\\nPragmatic Sanction.\\nJune Hung. Charles VI. opens the Diet\\nwhich ratifies the Pragmatic Sanction.\\n1723 Oct. 16. Bohemia. The Diet of\\nthe Estates approve the Pragmatic\\nSanction.\\nHung. The Emperor Charles VI.\\nsettles his dominions on his daughter\\nMaria Theresa, in accordance with the\\nPragmatic Sanction of 1713.\\nHung. The Diet reduces the Servian\\ncolonists to the condition of serfs.\\n1725 Apr. 30. The Emperor of Ger-\\nmany and the King of Spain enter the\\nTreaty of Vienna. [Of short duration.]\\nThe Spanish dominions in the posses-\\nsion of each party are confirmed to\\nthem. The emperor privately engages\\nto use force to restore Gibraltar to\\nSpain, and use his offices to enthrone\\nthe Pretender in Great Britain. The\\nking guarantees the Pragmatic Sanction.\\n1731 Mar. 16. Vienna. The Treaty\\nof Vienna is signed by Charles VI. of\\nGermany, George II. of England, and\\nthe States of Holland.\\nIt guarantees the Pragmatic Sanction,\\nbut neither France, Spain, nor Sardinia\\nhas signed it.\\nJuly 22. Spain accedes to the Treaty\\nof Vienna.\\n1733 Austria becomes involved in\\nthe controversy concerning the Polish\\nSuccession with Russia, she prompts\\nthe election of Augustus III., Elector of\\nSaxony, as king, who is chosen by a\\nminority.\\n1734 Hung. Hungarian and Servian\\npeasants unite in a remarkable re-\\nvolt under the leadership of Pero Tze-\\ngedinac. [They are soon subdued, and\\ncruelly punished.]\\n1735 Oct. 3. Vienna. The preliminr\\nries of Peace are signed at Viemu\\n(See France.)\\n1736 Francis, Duke of Lorraine\\nmarries Maria Theresa.\\n173S Nov. 18. Charles VI., Emperor\\nof Germany, and Louis XV., King of\\nFrance, enter the Treaty of Vienna.\\n(See France.)\\n1739 Sept. 18. Servia. Treaty of Eel-\\ngrade. Charles VI. is forced to restore\\nto the Porte, Orsova, Belgrade, and\\nLittle Wallachia, after the fortifications\\nare destroyed.\\n1740 Sept. 20. Hung. The Diet ac-\\ncepts Francis I., the prince-consort, as\\nco-regent with the queen.\\nSept. 21. Hung, Maria Theresa pre-\\nsents her infant son to the Diet. Mo-\\nriamur pro rege nostro Maria Theresa!\\nOct. 20. Hung. Maria Theresa, the\\neldest daughter of Charles VI., and wife\\nof the Duke of Lorraine, on the death\\nof her father, becomes Queen of Bo-\\nhemia and Hungary, and Archduchess\\nof Austria.\\nCharles VI. is the last of the male line\\nof the House of Hapsburg. [The queen\\nalso comes to the throne as Empress of\\nGermany.]\\nAust. Maria Theresa is accepted\\nthe sovereign of the Austrian States.\\nThe claimants for the Austrian inherit-\\nance are Charles Albert, Elector of Ba-\\nvaria, Philip V., King of Spain, and\\nAugustus III. of Saxony.\\nPrussia claims a portion of Silesia;\\nwar follows.\\n1741 Hung. Maria Theresa is en-\\nthusiastically received by the Hunga-\\nrians, and crowned as queen.\\nMay Bavaria. The Alliance of\\nNymphenburg is formed France, Ba-\\nvaria, and Spain secretly unite against\\nAustria. [Later Saxony joins, and after-\\nward Prussia.]\\nMay Hung. Maria Theresa convokes a\\nDiet.\\nBohemia. The Elector of Bavaria\\nclaims Bohemia, takes possession, and\\nis proclaimed king.\\n1742 Jan. 24. Ger. Charles Albert,\\nElector of Bavaria, is chosen emperor,\\nwith the title of Charles VII. The Crown\\nleaves the House of Austria [for a short\\ntime].\\nHung. Maria Theresa forms an alli-\\nance with England.\\nJune 11 July 28. Pros. Treaty of\\nBreslau and Berlin.\\nMaria Theresa concludes a treaty of\\npeace with Prussia, by which Silesia\\nand Glatz are ceded to Frederick II. of\\nPrussia.\\n1743 Apr. Bohemia. Maria Theresa\\nis crowned Queen of Bohemia at Prague\\nby the Bishop of Olomuc.\\nJuly* Prus. The Emperor Charles\\nVII., being defeated by the Austrians,\\nbecomes a refugee in Frankfort.\\nSardinia concludes a separate peace\\nwith Austria.\\nSaxony concludes a separate treaty\\nwith Maria Theresa.\\n1744 Prus. Frederick LT. forms an\\nalliance with Charles VII., and France\\nand begins the second war, to secure\\nhis possessions in Silesia.\\n1745 Jan. 20. The Emperor Charles\\nVLT. dies.\\nJan. An alliance is formed by Austria,\\nSaxony, England, and Holland, against\\nPrussia, which is jealous of the success\\nof Austria.\\nApr. The separate Peace of Fiissen.\\nPrussia enters a separate peace with\\nAustria, and restores all conquests to\\nBavaria. The Elector of Bavaria sur-\\nrenders all claims to the Austrian suc-\\ncession, and promises to vote for Francis\\nJoseph, the husband of Maria Theresa,\\nin the imperial election.\\nSept. 13-65 Francis I., the hus-\\nband of Maria Theresa, and the Duke\\nof Lorraine, is Emperor of the Holy\\nRoman Empire. The crown returns\\nto the House of Austria.\\nDee. 15. Saxony. The Peace of Dres-\\nden is concluded between Prussia and\\nAustria (Saxony). Possession of Silesia\\nis confirmed to Prussia.\\n1747 May* Hung. Elizabeth, Em-\\npress of Russia, enters a defensive\\nalliance with Maria Theresa.\\n1748 Oct. 7. Prus. The Treaty of\\nAix-la-Chapelle is signed by Great\\nBritain, France, Holland, Germany,\\nSpain, and Genoa. It terminates the\\nwar of the Austrian Succession.\\nParma, Piacenza, and Gustalla are\\ngiven up to Spain. All the hereditary\\nestates are retained by the empress ex-\\ncept Silesia. Its loss to a smaller power\\nis considered by Austria as a disgrace,\\nand she seeks by intrigue to regain the\\nlost province. The Pragmatic Sanction\\nis made a part of the international law\\nof Europe.\\n1749 May 14. Hung. A patent is is-\\nsued, separating the administration\\nof- justice from provincial business.\\n1750+ Hungary loses about 100,000\\ncitizens by a great exodus of Servians\\nto Russia, because of the suppression of\\nthe frontiers of Tisza and the Maros.\\n1756 Aust. Elizabeth, the Empress\\nof Russia, becomes an ally of Austria.\\n(See May, 1747.)\\nMay 11. Austria and France enter into\\na defensive alliance by the treaty of\\nVersailles.\\nIts secret clauses agree that Austria\\nshall reconquer Silesia and her lost\\nItalian possessions.\\n1757 Jan.* Aust. A treaty is made be-\\ntween Austria and Russia concerning\\nthe partition of the Prussian mon-\\narchy when subdued.\\nMay Aust. An offensive treaty is\\nmade between Austria and France con-\\ncerning the division of Prussia.\\nFrance places 105,000 men and 12,000,000\\nof florins at the service of its ally.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1711* *-14* Hung. One and a half\\nmillion of cattle die of the cattle-\\nplague.\\n1715* Hung. Helen-Judith, the joined\\ntwins, are born. [They die in 1723.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0527.jp2"}, "528": {"fulltext": "516 1757,**-1790,\\nAUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1757 War is declared upon Fred-\\nerick IT. in the name of the Empire\\nHanover, Hesse, Brunswick, ami Gotha\\nare his allies four columns of Prus-\\nsians invade Bohemia.\\nMay 6. Bohemia. The Prussians under\\nPrince Henry defeat the Austrians in\\na great battle near Prague the Aus-\\ntrian Gen. Browne is mortally wounded,\\nand the Prussian Marshal Schwerin is\\nkilled; Prussian loss, 18,000; Austrian\\nloss, 20,000.\\nJune 18. Bohemia. The Austrians\\nunder Marshal Daun (53,000) defeat the\\nPrussians (34,000) under Frederick the\\nGreat at Kolin Frederick is compelled\\nto raise the siege of Prague and evacuate\\nBohemia.\\nJuly 26. Hanover. Frederick s Allies\\nunder the Duke of Cumberland are de-\\nfeated by the French under Marshal\\nd Estre~es at Hastenbeck.\\nAug. 30. Prussia. The invading Rus-\\nsians under Gen. Stefan Apraxin defeat\\nthe Prussians under Von Lehwald at\\nthe battle of Gross-jagerndorf, and\\nthen retire from Prussia.\\nNov. 5. Prussia. Frederick, at the\\nhead of 22,000 Prussians, defeats the\\nFrench under Prince de Soubise and\\nthe Imperialists under the Prince of\\nSaxe-Hildburghausen, with a total of\\n43,000 men, in a great battle at Ross-\\nbach in Saxony, and then enters Silesia.\\nPrussian loss, 500; allies, 1,700 killed\\nand 7,000 prisoners.\\nNov. 22. Prussia. Battle of Breslau,\\nSilesia The Austrians defeat the Prus-\\nsians, and capture the Duke of Bruns-\\nwick-Bevern.\\nDec. 5. Prussia. Frederick U. by su-\\nperior tactics (30,000+ men) defeats the\\nAustrians (80,000\u00c2\u00b1) under Charles of\\nLorraine and Marshal Daun at Leu-\\nthen, Silesia Austrian loss, 7,000, be-\\nsides prisoners Prussian loss, 5,000.\\n1758 Moravia. Frederick II. is un-\\nsuccessful in the siege of OLmiitz.\\nRussia. The Russians under Wil-\\nhelm, Count of Fermor, advance to join\\nthe Austrians.\\nGer. Ferdinand of Brunswick\\ndrives the French back across the Rhine.\\nJune 23. Prussia. Ferdinand of Bruns-\\nwick routs the French under the Count\\nof Clermont at the battle of Crefeld.\\nAug. 25. Prussia. Frederick the\\nGreat defeats the Russians at Zorn-\\ndorf Prussian loss, 11,000 men; Russian\\nloss, 1,529 the Austrians now advance\\nupon Lusatia.\\nOct. 14. Saxony. The Austrians (65,-\\n000) under Count Daun surprise and\\ndefeat Frederick (42,000 men) at Hoch-\\nkirch, killing several of his generals,\\nand taking his camp and ammunition.\\nAustrian loss, 6,000\u00c2\u00b1 Prussian loss,\\n9,000\u00c2\u00b1.\\n1759 July 23. Prussia. The Rus-\\nsians defeat the Prussians under Gen.\\nH. von v^edell at Kay, losing 8,000+\\nmen the victors soon unite with the\\nAustrians under Baron von Laudon.\\nAug. 1. Prussia. Duke Ferdinand of\\nBrunswick, commanding the English\\nand German forces, defeats the French\\nunder Contades at the battle of Min-\\nden, and compels their retreat.\\nAug. 12. Prussia. Frederick II, is to-\\ntaUy defeated by the Austrians and\\nRussians (G0,000\u00c2\u00b1) under Count Peter\\nSoltikoff and Baron Laudon atKuners-\\ndorf Prussian loss, 18,500 allies, 16,-\\n000. [The Austrians overrun Saxony,\\nand soon take Dresden.]\\nNov. 20. Saxony. The Prussian Gen.\\nFink (12,500\u00c2\u00b1 men) surrenders to Baron\\nDaun at Maxen.\\n1760 June 23. Prussia. The Aus-\\ntrians, numbering 30,000, under Mar-\\nshal Laudon, surround and defeat 8,000\\nPrussians at Landeshut, Silesia.\\nAug. 15. Prussia. Frederick gains a\\nvictory at Liegnitz over the Austrians\\nunder Marshal Laudon it prevents the\\nunion of the Austrian and Russian\\narmies.\\nOct. 3. Prussia. Berlin is taken by\\nthe Russians and Austrians, and the\\ncity burned the allies retire on the\\napproach of Frederick.\\nNov. 3. Saxony. The Austrians under\\nCount Daun are defeated by Fred-\\nerick at Torgau.\\n1761 Aug. 12. Ger. The Austrians\\nand Russians unite their armies (130,-\\n000) against the Prussians (30,000), but\\ntake no decisive action.\\nOct. 1. Prussia. The Austrians take\\nSchweidnitz.\\nDec. 13. Prussia. The Russians take\\nColberg.\\n1762 Mar. 16. Russia. Peter III.\\nconcludes the Truce of Stargard with\\nFrederick II., and withdraws from\\nhis alliance with Austria.\\nJuly 21. Prussia. Frederick II. de-\\nfeats the Austrians under Marshal\\nDaun at Burkersdorf.\\nAug. 16. Silesia. Frederick II. again\\ndefeats the Austrians under Marshal\\nLaudon at Reichenbach.\\nOct. 9. Silesia. Frederick II. takes\\nSchweidnitz.\\nOct. 29. Saxony. Prince Henry of\\nPrussia and Gen. Friedrich Wilhelm von\\nSeydlitz (13,000) defeat the Austrians\\nand Imperial forces. (30,000) at Freiberg.\\n[The preliminaries of peace are soon\\nsigned.]\\n1763 Feb. 15. Saxony. The Seven\\nYears War is ended by the Peace of\\nHubertsburg Prussia gains Silesia\\nestimated loss of fighting men, 853,000.\\n1778 -79 War of the Bavarian\\nSuccession.\\nLower Bavaria is invaded by Austri-\\nans, but there is no battle the Peace\\nof Teschen, concluded May 12, 1779, ends\\nthe vrar.\\n1778 July* Bohemia. Frederick II.\\nand Prince Henry invade Bohemia.\\n1788-91 Austria is at war with Tur-\\nkey, in the hope of sharing with Rus-\\nsia in the spoliation of Ottoman terri-\\ntory.\\nDec. Aust. Joseph LT. resigns the\\ncommand of the army against the\\nTurks, after losing 45,000 men by sick-\\nness and in fighting.\\n1789 Sept. 29. Srrvin. Austrians un-\\nder Marshal Laudon capture Belgrade\\nfrom the Turks.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1763 June 28. Hung. Comorn, Pesth,\\nand other sections are much damaged\\nby an earthquake.\\n1774\u00c2\u00b1 Aust. Animal magnetism,\\nprofessing to cure diseases by sympa-\\nthetic affection, is practised by Father\\nHehl, a Jesuit, at Vienna.\\n1786 May 1. Vienna. Mozart s Ze\\nNozzt? di Figaro appears.\\n1787 Oct. 29. Bohemia. Mozart s\\nDon Giovanni appears at Prague.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1759* Kazinczy, Francis, Hungarian au-\\nthor, born.\\n1763 Cbasteler, du, Jean, Marquis, born.\\n1765 Aug. 18. Francis I.. Emperor of\\nHoly Roman Empire, husband of Maria\\nfield-marshal, A61.\\nKadtzky, Josepli Wenzel, Count, general, b.\\nFeje Gyorgy, antiquary, born.\\n1767 Nov. 22. Hofer, Andreas, patriot\\nof Tyrol, born.\\n1768 Abel, Joseph, painter, born.\\nBubna Littis. Ferdinand. Count, born.\\nFrancis I., Emperor, born.\\n1771 Charles, or Karl, Archduke, born.\\nScliwarzenbprp, Karl P. von, marshal, born.\\n1772 Kisfalndy, Sandor, Hungarian poet,\\nborn.\\n1773 May 15. Metternich. Clemene\\nWenzel von, prince, Aust. statesman, b.\\nCsokonai, Vitez Mihaly. poet, born.\\n1778 Causbaelier. .iuhann, composer, b.\\n1780 Nov. 29. Maria Theresa, Empress\\nof Germany, Queen of Hungary and Bohe-\\nmia, A64.\\n1781 Hormavr, Joseph von, historian, b.\\n1786 Mailath, Janos Nepomuk, Count, b.\\nHay nau, Julius Jacob von, Baron, gen., b.\\nPobrentei, Gabor, author, born.\\nBeniowsky, Moritz August, Count, Hunga-\\nrian adventurer, A 45.\\nFay, Andreas, novelist, born.\\n1788* Hess, Heinrich von. Baron, Aus-\\ntrian general, born.\\nKisfaludv, Karolv, dramatist, novelist, born.\\n1790 Feb. 20. Joseph H., Emperor of\\nGermany, A49.\\nKolesey, Ferencz, orator, born.\\nLaudon. Gideon Ernst von, Baron, mar-\\nshal, A74.\\nCsomade Koros, Sandor, Hungarian scholar,\\ntraveler, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1763* Aust. -Hung. Maria Theresa\\nreforms ecclesiastical abuses, abol-\\nishes the Inquisition, and suppresses\\nthe Order of Jesuits.\\nHung. Maria Theresa forbids\\npriests having anything to do with the\\nmaking of wills.\\n1776* Hung. Keligious toleration is\\ngranted.\\n1780 Aust Abbeys are suppressed\\nby Joseph II.\\nAust. Reforms are introduced.\\nThe right of granting marriage dis-\\npensations is transferred from the Holy", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0528.jp2"}, "529": {"fulltext": "AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1757,* *-1790, 517\\nSee to the bishops of Austria heads of\\nreligious orders must reside in Austria;\\npapal bulls must receive Imperial sanc-\\ntion before they are published, and two\\nbulls denning the prerogatives of the\\nPope are not to be taught money is not\\nto be sent to Rome, nor students from\\nAustria to there attend the Collegium\\nGermanicum.\\n1781 Aust. An edict of toleration\\nis issued; Lutherans, Calvinists, and\\nnon-Uniat Greeks are granted the pri-\\nvate practice of their religion.\\n1782* Vienna. Futile journey of\\nPope Pius VT. to Vienna to prevent\\necclesiastical changes.\\n1783 Bavaria. Violent proceedings\\noccur in the case of the bishop of Passau.\\n1784* Hung. The Protestants are per-\\nmitted to worship in churches.\\n1788 Aust.-Hung. In the last eight\\nyears 700 monasteries have been closed,\\nand 36,000 members of orders released.\\nYet 1,324 monasteries and 27,000 monks\\nand nuns remain.\\nLETTERS.\\n1722 Bohemia. A national museum\\nis founded by the efforts of Leopold\\nKrakowski Kolowrat.\\n1740 Schools have hitherto been in\\nthe hands or under the control of the\\nclergy they are now placed under\\nstate control.\\n1745 Tyrol. The University of Inns-\\nbruck receives its library from Maria\\nTheresa.\\n1749 Feb. 7. Vienna. A law is passed\\nreserving to the state the sole right of\\nchoosing the professors of the Uni-\\nversity at Vienna.\\n1762* Vienna. Gluek s Or/eo ed\\nEuridice appears.\\n1763* Maria Theresa establishes\\nmany schools.\\n1766* Hung. The commission of in-\\nstruction and the censorship of the\\npress is founded.\\n1768 Hung. Constitutio Criminalis\\nTkeresiana is published.\\n1770 May* Vienna. The first normal\\nschool opens.\\nSept. 24. Hung. An imperial resolution\\nis issued announcing, The organiza-\\ntion of the schools is and always must\\nbe an affair of state.\\n1774 Bohemia. Maria Theresa de-\\ncrees the use of the German language\\nin the higher and middle schools.\\n1780 Emperor Joseph urges the ex-\\nclusive use of the German language\\nin the schools.\\n1781* *-87* 91* Hung. Un-\\ngrisches Magazin is issued at Presburg.\\n1782 July 16. Aust. Mozart s Die\\nEntfiihrung aus dem Serail appears at\\nTyrol. The University of Innsbruck\\nis reduced to the status of a lyceum.\\n1784 Galicia. The University of\\nLemberg is founded.\\n1788 Hung. Magyar Museum is is-\\nsued.\\n1791 Sept. 30. Bohemia. Mozart s\\nDie Zauberfl ote appears at Prague.\\nTyrol. The University of Inns-\\nbruck is restored to its privileges by\\nthe emperor.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1763* Hung. Maria Theresa im-\\nproves the condition of serfs.\\n1770 Hung. Maria Antonia (Marie\\nAntoinette) marries the Dauphin of\\nFrance.\\n1776* Hung. Maria Theresa abolishes\\npunishment by torture and feudal\\nservice.\\n1777 Hung. Torture as a criminal\\npunishment is abolished.\\n1781* Hung. An edict of tolerance\\nis issued by Joseph II.\\n1782 Hung. Joseph II. causes the\\nslave-trade to be abolished.\\n1783 Jan, Aust. The marriage law\\nis passed, which makes it a civil con-\\ntract and permits divorce.\\n1785 Aust. Freemasonry is offi-\\ncially recognized.\\nSTATE.\\n1760* Hung. Maria Theresa institutes\\na Council of State, to assist in the ad-\\nministration.\\n1762 May 5. The Peace of St. Peters-\\nburg is signed.\\nPeter III., having come to the throne,\\nmakes peace with Frederick Russia\\nrestores her conquests, ami both parties\\nagree to withdraw from all hostile alii-\\n1763 Feb. 15. Saxony. Peace of\\nHubertsburg is signed by the Em-\\npress and the King of Prussia, and ends\\nthe Seven Years War.\\nIt ratifies the Peace of Breslau and\\nBerlin, and also that of Dresden. Fred-\\nerick II. agrees to vote for the Archduke\\nJoseph at the election of the King of\\nRome. No territorial changes are ef-\\nfected in any of the countries.\\n1764 Joseph H., son of Maria The-\\nresa, is crowned King of the Romans.\\nHung. Maria Theresa associates her\\neon Joseph (II.) with herself in the gov-\\nernment of the Hapsburg dominions.\\nHung. Maria Theresa provides a com-\\npilation of uniform laws for the whole\\nof her dominions eight volumes are\\ncompleted.\\n1765 Aug. 8. Joseph II. succeeds his\\nfather as Emperor of the Holy Roman\\nEmpire for the Austrian lands he is\\nonly co-regent with his mother, Maria\\nTheresa.\\n1772 July 25. The treaty for the par-\\ntition of Poland is signed (first divis-\\nion). Austria secures East Galicia and\\nLodomeria.\\n1773 Dec. 29. Galicia. The estates,\\nclergy, nobles, and citizens take the\\noath of allegiance to the Austrian dy-\\nnasty, and the government is set up with\\nGerman officials.\\n1775 May 7. Galicia. Bukowina is\\nacquired by a treaty with the Turks.\\nBohemia. The peasantry revolt.\\n1779 May Silesia. Peace of Teschen.\\n1. It abrogates the treaty of Vienna\\nwith Charles Theodore Austria sur-\\nrenders much of its claim, and retains\\nonly the district of the Inn in Bavaria.\\n2. Austria agrees to a union to be formed\\nbetween the margravates of Ansbach\\nand Baireuth with Prussia. 3. Saxony\\nobtains certain rights and 9,000,000 rix\\ndollars.\\nA dispute between Frederick II. and\\nEmperor Joseph respecting Bavaria is\\nsettled without war.\\nHung. The lands between the Maros\\nand the Tisza, the Danube, and the Car-\\npathians are absorbed into the kingdom.\\n1780 Nov. 29. Hung. Maria Theresa\\ndies.\\nHung. Joseph LE. becomes King of\\nHungary on the death of his mother,\\nMaria Theresa.\\n1782 Ger. The emperor controls\\nthe Pope, Pius VI.\\nJoseph II. attempts to improve the\\nlegal system of the Empire.\\n1783* Hung. Frederick II. proposes\\na union of the German princes against\\nthe encroachments of Joseph II.\\n1784 Aug. 27. Aust. A protective\\ntariff customs is established.\\n1785 Hung. Joseph H. favors apian\\nfor the exchange of territory.\\nCharles Theodore is to exchange the\\nwhole of Bavaria for the Austrian Neth-\\nerlands (Belgium) except Luxemburg\\nand Namur, as the Kingdom of Bur-\\ngundy. [It provokes the formation of\\nthe League of the German Princes.]\\nJuly Prussia, the electorate of Saxony,\\nand Hanover inaugurate the League\\nof the German Princes, to resist the\\nencroachments of the emperor. [Bruns-\\nwick, Mainz, Hesse-Cassel, Baden, Meck-\\nlenburg, Anhalt, and the Thuringian\\nlands, later join the League.]\\nHung. Great opposition is made to\\nthe emperor s removal of the crown\\nto Vienna; so he permits its return.\\n1788 Bohemia. Joseph II. announces\\nthat the Diet will deliberate only on\\nsuch subjects as are presented by the\\nsovereign, and it will only be convoked\\nwhen he deems it best to do so.\\n1789 Dec. 8. Hung. Joseph II. is con-\\nstrained to restore to the Hungarians\\ntheir confiscated privileges.\\nBelgium. The people rise in revolt\\nagainst the Emperor s progressive meas-\\nures in the Netherlands.\\n1790 Jan. 20. Hung. Joseph II. is\\nconstrained to withdraw all his re-\\nforms, and restore things to the condi-\\ntion of 1730.\\n*-91* Ger. Leopold H., the heir\\nof the Austrian monarchy, succeeds his\\nbrother.\\nGer. Leopold H., Emperor of the\\nHoly Roman Empire, guarantees inde-\\npendence of Hungary with its rights.\\nBelgium. Leopold II. suppresses the\\ninsurrection.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1763 Maria Theresa fosters industry\\nand commerce, after the seven years", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0529.jp2"}, "530": {"fulltext": "518 1791, July *-1810, Feb. 20. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1792* War with France by the first\\ncoalition Austria, Prussia, and Great\\nBritain are allies. (See France.)\\nApr. 28. Flanders. The French en-\\nter Flanders [and are routed],\\nFr. Austria ns with allies enter\\nFrance, and march toward Paris till\\ntheir advance is checked.\\nXTov. 6. Belgium. Austrians under the\\nDuke of Saxe-Teschen are decisively\\ndefeated by the French Republican\\narmy, under Gen. Charles Francis Du-\\nmouriez, at Jemappes.\\n1793 Mar. 18. Belgium. The French\\nunder Gen. Dumouriez are defeated in\\na great battle at Weerwinden by the\\nAustrians under the Prince of Coburg.\\nSept. 11. Fr. Quesnoy is taken by the\\nAustrians.\\n1794 Jan.* Netherlands. The Aus-\\ntrians, Dutch, English, and Hanove-\\nrians unite under the Austrian Prince\\nof Coburg as allies against the French.\\nMay 22. Belgium. The French attack\\nthe allies at Tournay; an indecisive\\naction.\\nJune 26. Belgium.. Austrian troops\\nunder Prince Coburg are defeated by\\nthe French general, Jean Baptiste Jour-\\ndan, at Fleurus.\\n1795 Jan.* Belgium. The allies\\nwithdraw, and Austria and England\\nare left alone to fight the French.\\nSept. 6. Prussia. The Austrians are\\ndriven back from Diisseldorf by the\\nFrench under Gen. Jourdan.\\nOct. 11. Prussia. The Austrians under\\nCompte de Clerf ayt defeat the French\\nunder Marshal Jourdan at Hockst, and\\ndrive them back across the Rhine.\\n1796 The French send out three\\narmies, one under Jourdan to attack\\nthe allies on the lower Rhine, another\\nunder Gen. Jean Victor Moreau on the\\nupper Rhine, and another in Italy.\\nMay Ger. The French cross the\\nlower Rhine, and press the Austrians\\nback.\\nMay 10. It. Bonaparte pursues the\\nAustrians in northern Italy,\\nMay 15. It. Bonaparte enters Mi-\\nlan the Austrians retire.\\nJune 16. Ger. The French are forced\\nto return by Archduke Charles of\\nAustria, brother of the Emperor Francis.\\nGer. The Austrians are defeated\\nin unimportant conflicts on the upper\\nRhine.\\nJuly. It. Bonaparte commences the\\nsiege of Mantua [continuing till Feb-\\nruary, 1797].\\nAug. 3. It. Bonaparte defeats the\\nAustrians under Count Wurmser at\\nLonato and [Aug. 5] Castiglione in Lom-\\nbardy.\\nAug. 5. It. Wurmser is again defeated\\nat Medola; the Austrians seek shelter\\nin the mountains of Tyrol.\\nAug. 24. Bavaria. The Austrians un-\\nder the Archduke Charles defeat the\\nFrench under Marshal Jourdan at\\nAmberg.\\nSept. 3. Bavaria. The Austrians again\\ndefeat the French under Jourdan at\\nWurzburg.\\nOct. 20. Ger. Gen. Moreau is driven\\nback, and the French army recrosses\\nthe Rhine.\\nNov. 12. It. The Austrians under\\nBaron von Alvinczy repulse the French\\nunder Bonaparte at Caldiero.\\nNov. 15-17. The Austrians\\n(40,000-) under Alvinczy are attacked\\nand defeated at Areola by the French\\n(18.000\u00c2\u00b1) under Bonaparte, Due de Mas-\\nsena, and Marshal Augereau.\\n1797 Jan. 14. It. The Austrians un-\\nder Alvinczy are severely defeated by\\nthe French under Bonaparte at Rivoli.\\nFeb. 2. It. Mantua capitulates to\\nBonaparte after a siege of eight months.\\nMar. -Apr. It. Bonaparte crosses\\nthe Alps into northern Italy to meet\\nArchduke Charles advancing from Ger-\\nmany with the Austrian army.\\nOct. 17. It. The war with France\\nends by a treaty of peace concluded at\\nCampo Forinio.\\n1799 Mar. 13. France again declares\\nwar against Austria.\\nMar. 26. Baden. Austrians under Arch-\\nduke Charles defeat the French under\\nMarshal Jourdan at Stockach.\\nApr. 27. It. The French under Gen.\\nMoreau are defeated near Cassano\\nby the Austrians and Russians under\\nSuvaroff.\\nJune 17-19. It. The Austrians and\\nRussians under Suvaroff defeat the\\nFrench under Marshal Macdonald in\\na protracted fight on the banks of the\\nTrebbia. (Battle of Parma.)\\nAug. 15. It. The Russians and Aus-\\ntrians under Suvaroff defeat the\\nFrench under Gen. Joubert at Novi\\nJoubert is killed. French loss, 11,000\\n1800 May 4. Baden. The Austrians\\nunder Gen. Kray are defeated at\\nStockach by the French under Gen.\\nMoreau.\\nJune 14. It. Great battle of Ma-\\nrengo the French under Bonaparte\\ndefeat the Austrians, who capitulate.\\n(See France.)\\nJuly 15. An armistice is concluded at\\nParsdorf [but hostilities are soon re-\\nnewed].\\nDec. 3. Bavaria. The Austrians under\\nArchduke John are crush in gly de-\\nfeated by the French and Bavarians\\nunder Moreau at Hohenlinden. (See\\nFrance.)\\nDec. 25, 26. It. The Austrians under\\nBellegarde are severely defeated in the\\npassage of the Mincio by the French\\nunder Gen. Guillaume M. A. Brune.\\n1801 Feb. 9. Fr. A treaty of peace\\nis concluded at Luneville.\\n1805 Sept. 9. The Austriaus, after join-\\ning the English and Russian alliance\\nagainst France, cross the Inn aud in-\\nvade Bavaria.\\nOct. 17. WUrtemberg. The Austrian\\ngeneral, Karl Mack, with 30,000\u00c2\u00b1 men,\\nsurrenders ULm to Bonaparte.\\nOct. 29-31. It. The Austrians under\\nthe Archduke Charles defeat the\\nFrench under Marsha] Masse na at\\nCaldiero.\\nNov. 14. Vienna. The French under\\nMarshal Murat capture the city.\\nDec. 2. Moravia. Battle of Austerlitz;\\nNapoleon defeats t lie united forces ol\\nAustria and Russia. (See France.)\\nDec. 26. Hung. The Peace of Pres-\\nburg is concluded with France.\\n1806 Jan. 12. Vienna. The French\\nevacuate the city.\\nBohemia. The French army occupies\\nPrague.\\n180S June 9. A decree is issued for\\nraising an army of conscripts [300,000\\nmen, in addition to the regular army of\\n350,000 men].\\n1S09 Apr. War is renewed with\\nFrance.\\nApr. Alsace. An indecisive battle is\\nfought between the Austrians and\\nFrench at Thann.\\nApr. 20. Bavaria. The Austrians under\\nthe Archduke Charles are defeated by\\nthe French under Napoleon at Abens-\\nberg.\\nBavaria. The Austrians attack and\\ntake Katisbon, and secure the bridge.\\nApr. 22. Bavaria. The French 75,000\\nstrong, under Marshal Davout, defeat\\nthe Austrians 40.000 strong, under Arch-\\nduke Charles, at Eckmuhl; Charles\\nwithdraws to Bohemia.\\nMay 11. Aust. Napoleon crosses the\\nisland of Lobau to the left bank of the\\nDanube.\\nMay 13. Vienna. The French under\\nNapoleon take the city a second time.\\nMay 21, 22. Aust. Battle of Aspern\\nand Essling; Napoleon for the first\\ntime is defeated by the Archduke\\nCharles Marshal Lannes is mortally\\nwounded, and the French (1S0,000\u00c2\u00b1) are\\nforced to recross the Danube. (See\\nFra\\nJune 14. Hung. The Austrians under\\nthe Archduke John are defeated at\\nRaab by the French under Prince\\nEugene.\\nJuly 5, 6. Aust. Battle of Wagram,\\nnear Vienna; Napoleon, with an army\\nof 150,000 men, totally defeats the Aus-\\ntrians (120,000) under the Archduke\\nCharles, and pursues him towards Mo-\\nravia. Loss on each side, 25,000-.\\nJuly 11. Aust. At the battle of Znaim,\\nbetween the Austrians aud the French\\nunder Marshal Massena, the fighting is\\nstopped by news of an armistice.\\nOct. 14. Vienna. Peace is concluded\\nwith France.\\nAust. Andreas Hofer, a patriotic\\nTyrolese, having headed an insurrection\\nand driven out the Bavarians from\\nTyrol, lays down his arms at the treaty\\nof Vienna.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0530.jp2"}, "531": {"fulltext": "AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1791, July 1810, Feb. 20. 519\\n1S10 Feb. 20. It. Hofer, being ac-\\ncused of treason, is shot at Mantua by\\nthe French. [His family is ennobled\\nin 1S19 under the title of Von Passeyr.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1795 Vienna, Beethoven publishes\\nhis three trios known as Opus 1 also\\nAdelaide.\\n1796* Vienna. Dr. Franz Joseph Gall,\\na German physician, the original ad-\\nvocate of phrenology, gives his first\\nlecture.\\nVienna. Beethoven publishes three\\npiano sonatas.\\n1798* Vienna. Lithography is in-\\nvented by Alois Senefelder.\\n1799 Mar. 19. Vienna. Haydn s Cre-\\nation appears.\\n1800 Vienna. Beethoven becomes\\ndeaf. He publishes Prometheus and\\nMount of Olives; also his 1st Symphony.\\n[1802, 2d Symphony 1803, Kreutzer So-\\nnata 1804, Ero ica Symphony 1805-06,\\nFidelio. (The latter is rewritten in 1S14)\\n1806, 4th Symphony; 180S, Symphonies 5\\nand 6 1812, 7th Symphony 1S13, Battle\\nSymphony 1S14, 8th Symphony 1S15,\\nMeeresstille; 1S24, 9th Symphony also\\nother works.]\\n1808 Vienna. A Musical Festival\\nfor Haydn is held.\\n1809 Etching on stone is used by\\nAlois Senefelder.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1791 Czerny, Kail, composer, born.\\nHanka. YeiR eslav, philologist, born.\\nBorn, Ignaz von, Hungarian mineralogist,\\nphilologist, A.49.\\nDec. 12. Maria Louisa, daughter of Fran-\\ncis I-, Empress of France, born.\\nSzechenyi, Istian, Count, Hungarian states-\\nman, born.\\n1792 Aulich, Louis, general, born.\\nMar. 1. Leopold U., Emperor of Holy\\nRoman Empire, A45.\\nKlein, Johann Adam, painter, born.\\nHell, Maximilian, Hung, astronomer, A72.\\n1794* Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton von, states-\\nman, A83.\\n1796* .fos;ka, Mifclos, Baron, novelist, b.\\n1797* Buol-S.-hauensiein, Karl Ferdinand\\nvon, statesman, born.\\nPfeiffer, Ida Laura, traveler, born.\\nLeopold 11., Grand IHike of Tuscany, born.\\nWurmser, Dagobert Sigmund von, gen-\\neral, A 7 3.\\n1798 Chmel, Joseph, historian, born.\\nPalacky, Francis, historian, born.\\nClerfavt, de, Francois, S. C. J. de Croix,\\nCompte, general, A65.\\n1799 iiuylay. Franz, Count, born.\\nNegrelli-Moldelbe, Aloys von, engineer, b.\\nCelakowsky, Frantisi-k Ladisktv, poet, born.\\nFrivaldskv, Knricli, Hungarian naturalist, b.\\n1800 linger, Franz, Austrian paleontol-\\nogist, born.\\nVorosmarty, MUialy, poet, born.\\nCzuczor, Gergely, writer, born.\\n1801 I uislu-r, Siniriia, scholar, horn.\\nJellachieh von Buzlm, Joseph, Baron, Ban\\nof Croatia, general, born.\\nFogarasv, Janos, Hungarian lexicographer\\nand jurist, born.\\nEbert, Karl Ivgmi, Bnlicmian poet, born.\\n1802 Apr. 27. Kossuth, Louis, Hunga-\\nrian orator, statesman, born.\\n1803 Oct. 17. Deak. Francis. Hungarian\\nstatesman, orator, born.\\nAraerling, Frederick, painter, born.\\n1804 Mar. 14. Strauss, Johann, com-\\nposer, b.\\nEndliclu-r. St. phan kadislaus, botanist, born.\\nBenedek, Ludwig von, general, born.\\nKempelcn, Wolfgang von, Baron, Hungarian\\nmechanician, A70.\\nDamianics, Janus, llmmanau general, born.\\nKokitansky, Kail, pathologist, born.\\n1805 Nov. 24. Omer Pasha, gen., born\\nin Croatia.\\ni sokonai,Vitez Milialy, Hungarian poet, A 32.\\n1807* Batthyanyi. Kasnuir, count, born.\\n1809* Gai, Ljudevit, Croatian journalist,\\nborn.\\nIlorvath, Milialy, Hungarian historian, b.\\nAuenbrugger, Auenbrug Leopold von, phy-\\nsician at Vienna, inventor of percussion,\\nA87.\\n1S00* It. Pius VII. is pope. [1829.\\nPius VIII.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1805 Galicia. The University of\\nLembergis united with that of Cracow.\\nSTATE.\\n1791 July Ger. Leopold II. by cir-\\ncular letter calls on all the sovereigns\\nof Europe to come to the aid of the\\nKing of France against his revolting\\nsubjects.\\nAug. 4. Austria is required to surren-\\nder her late conquests from Turkey by\\nthe treaty of Sistova.\\nAug. 27. Saxony. Leopold II. meets\\nWilliam U. at Pillnitz, to devise\\nmeans for upholding the throne of\\nFrance against its people.\\n1792 Feb. 7. Aust. Leopold II. en-\\nters a definitive treaty of alliance with\\nWilliam II.\\nNov. 6. Belgium. After the battle of\\nJemappes, the Austrian Netherlands\\nfall into the hands of the French;\\nLuxemburg is excepted.\\nBulgaria. The Emperor Francis I.\\n(Francis II. of Germany) succeeds his\\nfather, Leopold II., as Emperor of the\\nHoly Roman Empire [till 1806].\\n1795 Galicia. Cracow, Poland, is\\nawarded to Austria. [Annexed again in\\n1S46.]\\n1796 Apr. Austria loses Lombardy\\nby the conquests of the French, and it\\nis incorporated in the Cisalpine Repub-\\nlic.\\n1797 Apr. 18. Aust. Preliminaries\\nof the Peace of Leoben are concluded\\nbetween Bonaparte and Archduke\\nCharles.\\nOct. 17. It. France and Austria con-\\nclude a treaty of peace at Campo\\nFormio.\\nI. Open articles Austria cedes the\\nNetherlands to France, and in return re-\\nceives the greater part of the Venetian\\nterritories, iin-luding the city of Venice,\\nIstria, and Dalniatia on the east shore\\nof the Adriatic it also recognizes the\\nCisalpine Republic, ami indemnifies the\\nDuke of Modena with Brisgau. France\\nretains the Ionian Islands, and the ques-\\ntion of peace with the Empire is to be\\nsettled by a Congress to meet at Ras-\\ntadtt.\\nII. Secret articles Austria agrees to\\ncede to France the territory on the left\\nbank of the Rhine between Basle and\\nAndernach, including Mainz the Rhine\\nto be free to the vessels of France and\\nGermany Germany is to indemnify the\\nprinces who have lost by the cession of\\ntheir territory. France is to use influ-\\nence to secure to Austria Salzburg and\\npart of Bavaria. Each guarantees that\\nPrussia shall not be recompensed for\\nthe Rhenish cession by acquisitions else-\\nwhere. The ceded territories have a\\npopulation numbering 3,500,000.\\n1800 Aust. Bonaparte makes pro-\\nposals of peace, which are rejected.\\n1801 Feb. 9. Fr. Treaty of the\\nPeace of Luneville, between the Re-\\npublic of France and the German Em-\\nperor, with more losses of Austrian\\nterritory.\\nTerms 1. Cessions made by the treaty\\nof Campo Formio are confirmed. 2.\\nTuscany is ceded to Parma, and Ger-\\nmany is to indemnify the loss. 3. The\\nleft bank of the Rhine is coded to France\\nby Germany as far as the I Hitch territo-\\nries Germany to indemnify the princes\\nfor the loss of their territory. 4. The\\nBatavian, Helvetian, Cisalpine, and Li-\\ngurian Republics are recognized. The\\nGerman and Belgic territory ceded is\\n25,180 square miles, having a population\\nnumbering nearly 3,500,000. It marks\\nthe beginning of the end of the Holy\\nRoman Empire.\\n1804 Aug. 11. Aust. Francis II. pro-\\nclaims himself hereditary Emperor of\\nAustria, and unites his dominions un-\\nder the title of the Austrian Empire.\\n1805 Dec. 26. Hung. Francis II. is\\nforced to sign the humiliating Peace of\\nPresburg.\\nNapoleon requires him to cede the an-\\ncient states of Venice to Italy a large\\npart of Austrian territory is ceded to\\nBavaria; it includes the principality of\\nEichstadt, part of Passau, Augsburg,\\nthe Tyrol, and all his dominions in Swa-\\nbia, in Brisgau, and Ortenau 28,000\\nsquare miles, having a population num-\\nbering 2,700,000, is transferred by Aus-\\ntria; an indemnity of \u00c2\u00a31,600,000 is to be\\npaid to France.\\nThe Third Coalition is formed\\nagainst France by England, Russia,\\nAustria, and Sweden.\\n1806 July 12. Fr. The Confedera-\\ntion of the Rhine is signed at Paris it\\ndestroys the integrity of the German\\nEmpire.\\nDissolution of the old German or\\nHoly Roman Empire.\\nAug. 6. Ger. Francis II. lays down\\nthe crown.\\n180S Fr. Bonaparte remonstrates\\nwith Austria for increasing her army.\\n1809* *The people of the German\\nStates are summoned to take up arms\\nagainst French supremacy. Tyrol\\nalone responds with a force, which is\\nled by the patriotic Andreas Hofer.\\nOct. 14. Vienna. The Peace of Schon-\\nbrunn or Vienna, between Napoleon\\nand Francis I. of Austria. (See Ger-\\nmany.)\\nAustria cedes to France 32,000 square\\nmiles of territory, containing three and\\na half millions of people, and compris-\\ning the maritime provinces to Bavaria,\\nSalzburg and Berchtesgaden, the Inn-\\nviertel, and part of Ilansruckviertel.\\nRussia receives East Galicia, and the\\nduchy of Warsaw takes AVest Galicia.\\nNapoleon receives the lands beyond the\\nSuave, together with Villach, Istria,\\nHungarian Dalmatia, and Ragusa, from\\nwhich, with the Ionian Islands, he forms\\nthe Illyrian Provinces. Austria joins the\\nContinental system, breaks off her al-\\nliance with England, and pays an indem-\\nnity. The Tyrolese are abandoned by\\ntheir allies, to resist Napoleon alone.\\n1810 It. Southern Tyrol is annexed\\nto Italy.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0531.jp2"}, "532": {"fulltext": "520 1810, Feb. -1848, May 15. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\nARMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NAVY.\\n1812 Austria and France are at war\\nwith Russia.\\nAustria furnishes an army of 30,000\\nmen, which shares Napoleon s adversi-\\nties in Russia.\\n1813 Aug. 12. Aust. War is declared\\nagainst Prance.\\nAustria unites with the allies to place\\nthree armies in the Held the Bohemian\\narmy is under Marshal Karl Philip Von\\nSchwarzenberg, and with it are three\\nmonarchs, Alexander, Francis, and\\nFrederick William.\\nAug. 28. Saxon//. Napoleon drives\\naway the allies under Prince Schwarz-\\nenberg from the siege of Dresden.\\nAug. 29. Saxony. Napoleon with 130,-\\n000 French defeats the allies (200,000+)\\nunder Marshal Schwarzenberg at Dres-\\nden Gen. Moreau is killed.\\nAug. 29, 30. Bohemia. The French\\nunder Gen. Vandamme are defeated\\nnear Kulm by the allies under Count\\nOstermann and Marshal Kleist.\\nOct. 16. Saxony. The allies defeat Na-\\npoleon at Leipsic, also called the bat-\\ntle of the nations. (See France.)\\nNapoleon proposes peace, but no reply\\nis returned.\\nOct. 19. Saxony. Napoleon s defeated\\narmy retreats.\\n1814 Mar. 31. Fr. The allies enter\\nParis.\\n1815 May 2, 3. It. Marshal Murat\\nhaving declared for Napoleon, the Nea-\\npolitans are defeated by the Austrians\\nunder Gen. Bianci at Tolentino.\\nMay 22. It. Naples is captured, and\\nMarshal Murat flees to France.\\n1821 It. Austrian forces subdue\\nthe popular uprising of Liberals in\\nNaples and Sardinia, restoring the se-\\nverest absolutism in government.\\n1828 Aug. 5. Bulgaria. Czar Nich-\\nolas arrives before Varna, which is\\nbesieged by a Russian army. [Oct. 11.\\nThe town is taken.]\\n1831 .ft. Austria assists in suppress-\\ning insurrections in Modena, Parma,\\nand Romagna.\\n1832 Jan. It. The Pope invokes the\\naid of Austria against the Italians, and\\nits troops enter Bologna.\\n1847 Mar. 23. It. Charles Albert of\\nSardinia enters Milan at the head of\\nhis army.\\n1848 War between Austria and\\nSardinia.\\nMar. 22. It. Milan revolts against\\nthe rule of Austria.\\nApr. 26. Gaticia. An insurrection\\nbreaks out in Cracow [It is soon sup-\\npressed].\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1811 Apr. Hung. An inundation at\\nPesth, caused by the overflow of the\\nDanube, destroys 24 villages many\\npeople are swept away.\\n1813 Summer. An appalling in-\\nundation occurs in Hungary, Austria,\\nand Poland.\\n1814* Vienna. A Be wing-mac bine\\nis made by Madersberger.\\n1817* Aust. Papyrography (paper\\nplates for lithography) is invented by\\nAlois Senefelder.\\n1820 Vienna. The spinning-ma-\\nchine for flax is invented by Philippe\\nH. Girard, a Frenchman.\\n1826 Feb. 28. Bohemia. Biela s\\nComet is discovered by M. Biela, an\\nAustrian officer, at Josephstadt.\\n1828* Silesia. Hydropathy (treating\\ndiseases by water) is suggested by Vin-\\ncenz Priessnitz of Grafenberg.\\n1830 Feb.* Vienna. The dwellings of\\n50,000 Viennese are under water.\\n-34 Bohemia. The polka dance\\nis introduced. [It is said to have ob-\\ntained its name in Prague.]\\n1834 Tyrol. The Emperor erects a\\nstatue in Innsbruck to the memory of\\nthe patriot, Andreas Hofer.\\n1846 Vienna. The Imperial Acad-\\nemy of Sciences is founded.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1810 Feb. 20. Hofer. Andreas. Tyrolese\\npatriot, executed, A43.\\nNov. 20. AlvtiiL zy, Joseph von, Austrian\\ngeneral, A75.\\nHunfalvy, Pal, Hungarian philologist, born.\\n1811 Oct. 22. Liszt. Francis. Hungarian\\npianist, composer, born.\\nHyrtl, .Joseph, aiintcmiist, born.\\nKittrow, Karl Ludwig, astronomer, born.\\nTeleki, Ladislans, patriot, born.\\nKatoua, Istian or Stephen, Hungarian his-\\ntorian, A79.\\n1812 *Garay,Janos, Hungarian poet, born.\\nKmety, George, Hungarian-Turkish general,\\n1813 Sumor, Janos, Cardinal, born.\\nEbtvoSj J6sef, Baron, born.\\nMiklosieh, Fran/, Ktyrian philologist, born.\\n1814* Pulszky, Frauds Aurelius, Hunga-\\nrian patriot, author, born.\\nHeller, Stephen, romposer, born.\\nLigne, de, Karl Joseph, 1 rinee, general, A 79.\\n1815 Dudik, Beda Franz, historian, born.\\n1816 Ambros, August Wilhelm, historian,\\nborn.\\n1817 Albrecht, Frederick Rudolph, Arch-\\nduke, general, born.\\n1818* Gasser, Valhorn Joseph, sculptor,\\nGorgey, Arthur, Hungarian gen., born.\\nBaraeh, Mont/,, novelist and poet, born.\\nAbel, Joseph, painter, A50.\\n1819 Arany, .lonios, Hungarian poet, b.\\n1820* Klapka, Gybrgy, Hungarian gen., b,\\nSchwarzenberg, Karl P. von, marshal, A 49.\\nBartsch, Johann A. B. von, engraver, A63.\\n1821 Scherzer, Karl von, traveler and\\npublicist, born.\\n1822 Peton, Sandor, poet, born.\\n1823 Mar. 8. Andrassy. Gyula (Julius).\\nHungarian statesman, born.\\n1825 Jokai, Maui us. Hung, novelist, born.\\nChasteler, du, Jean G. J A., Marquis, general,\\nA62.\\nBubna Littiz. [-Ynlmand, Count, gen., A52.\\n1827* Teeethotr, Wilhelm von, Baron, b.\\n1828 Oct. 22. Mack, Leiberich Karl\\nvon. Baron, general, A76.\\n1829 Czennak, Johann Nepomuk, Bohe-\\nmian physiologist, born.\\nGindelv, Anton, historian, born.\\nKisialudv, Karolv, Hungarian dramatist,\\nA40.\\nPobrowski, Josef, Bohemian author, ATT..\\n1830 July 20. Janauschek. Francesca.\\nM. R. (Fanny). Bohemian actor, born.\\nFrancis Joseph. Emperor, born Aug. 18.\\n1831 Beer, Adolf, Austrian historian, b.\\n1832 Goltmark, Karl, Hungarian com-\\nposer, born.\\nZach, Franz Xaver von, astronomer, A78.\\nLaub, Ferdinand, violinist, born.\\n1834* Senefehi-r. Alovn, Austrian inventor\\nof Lithography, dies at Munich, A63.\\n1835 Mar. 2. Francis I., Emperor, ACT.\\n1836 Saeher-Masoch, Leopold B. von,\\n1838 Kol se;,, lerencz, Hungarian poet,\\nJagie, Vatroslay, Croatian philologist, born.\\n1839 Fessler, Ignaz Aurelius. Hungarian\\nauthor, Abb.\\nPeschka-Leutner, Minna, Austrian singer, b.\\n1840 Leitn.-r, Gottlieb Wilhelm, Hunga-\\nrian linguist, horn.\\n1842 (soma de Ktinis S. II.. svholar, A52.\\nL ifaivy, de, Charles Eugene, Hungarian Lin*\\ngUlf\\n1844 Gansbacher, Johann, Austrian com-\\nposer, A 34.\\nKisfaludy. Sandor, Hungarian poet, A72.\\nDenirlg, Friedricn H. S., Tyrolese philoso-\\npher, Ifuiiimnan, born.\\n1845 Hbt zi, Lajos, Hungarian poet, born.\\n1847 Dec* Maria Louisa, Empress of\\nFrance, Duchess of Parma, A60.\\nHolub, Emil, Bohemian traveler, born.\\nCharles, or Karl, Archduke of Austria, com-\\nmander, A 76.\\nJungmann, Joseph Jakob, Bohemian philol-\\nogist, A74.\\nCHURCH.\\n1816 Dec. 23. Hung. Bible societies\\nare prohibited.\\n1819* Aust. The Marburg Bible so-\\nciety is organized.\\n1846 It. Pius IX. is pope.\\n1848* Aust. The Jesuits are ex-\\npelled.\\nLETTERS.\\n1810* Aust. The University of Salz-\\nburg is suppressed.\\n-12 Vienna. Anatomy and Physi-\\nology of the Nervous System, and of the\\nBrain in particular, is published by Drs.\\nGall and Spurzheim, phrenologists.\\n1811* Prussia. The University of\\nBreslau is enlarged by the incorpora-\\ntion of that of Frank fort-on-t he-Oder in\\nSilesia.\\n1816 Silesia. The University of\\nCracow is opened on an independent\\nbasis.\\n1817* Bohemia. VenceslavHanka dis-\\ncovers the JiuK opis Xralotfworsky in a\\nchurch steeple at Kndsinhof; it com-\\nprises 14 lyric poems written between\\n1200 and 1310.\\n*-41* Tudomdnpos gi/iljctemeny is\\nissued.\\n1825* Hung. The Hungarian Acad-\\nemy is established by the Diet.\\n1827 Casopis Ceshebo Museum is is-\\nsued.\\n1835 Griseldis, by Eligius F. J.\\nMiinch-Bellinghausen, appears.\\n1841 The King and the Peasant, by\\nMunch-Bellingbausen, appears.\\nSOCTETY.\\n1810 Mar. 11. Aust. Emperor Na-\\npoleon Bonaparte marries the Arch-\\nduchess Maria Louisa, daughter of the\\nEmperor of Austria, by proxy, at Vienna.\\nApr. 2. Paris. Napoleon marries\\nMaria Louisa of Austria.\\n1S15 Feb. 8. Vienna. The Congress\\ndetermines to abolish slavery.\\nAustria unites in the Pentarchy of\\nGreat Powers, and she becomes an ef-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0532.jp2"}, "533": {"fulltext": "AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1810, Feb.* -1848, May 15. 521\\nfective enemy of popular liberty in\\nvarious parts of Europe.\\n1819 Aust. The Emperor ennobles\\nthe family of Andreas Hofer, the\\nTyrolese patriot-martyr.\\nSTATE.\\n1810 Apr. 2. Paris, Napoleon mar-\\nries Maria Louisa, daughter of Francis\\n1. of Austria and Maria Theresa of\\nNaples.\\n1812 Austria is obliged to enter an\\nalliance with France against Russia.\\n1813 Feb. Prussia and Russia invite\\nAustria to enter the Alliance of Kalish\\nagainst France.\\nAustria enters the Coalition, agree-\\ning to furnish an army of 200,000 men.\\nAug. 12. Austria, having failed as a\\npeacemaker, declares war against\\nFrance.\\nSept. 9. Bohemia. An Alliance is\\nformed at Teplitz against France,\\nbetween Austria, Prussia, and Russia.\\n1. The union to be maintained and\\nthe territories of each to be guaranteed.\\n2. Each to assist the others to the extent\\nof 60,000 men or more. 3. No separate\\npeace or armistice to be made. Secret\\narticles provide for the restoration of\\nAustrian and Prussian boundaries as\\nthey were in 1805.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Oct. 8. Aust. The Treaty of Bied is\\nentered between Austria and Bavaria,\\nwhich abandons Napoleon, and joins the\\nalliance against him, and is to have her\\nterritories maintained.\\nOct. 17. By the defeat of Napoleon at\\nLeipsic, Germany regains her inde-\\npendence and the Confederation of\\nthe Rhine is dissolved.\\n1814 Sept.* -1815 June 9. The\\nCongress of Vienna settles the con-\\nflicting boundary claims of several\\nStates.\\nThe emperors of Austria and Russia,\\nthe kings of Prussia, Denmark, Bavaria,\\nand WUrtemberg, and very many princes,\\nare present in person. (See Prance.)\\nNov. 1. Aust. A general conference\\nis held at Vienna.\\n1815 Mar. 13. Austria joins seven\\nother powers in proclaiming the ban\\nagainst Napoleon.\\nMar. 23. Vienna. The Treaty of\\nVienna is signed Italian provinces are\\nrestored to Austria with additions in-\\ncluding\\nLombardy, Venice, Illyrian Provinces,\\nDalmatia, the Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Salz-\\nburg, the Innviertel and Hansruck-\\nviertel.\\nMar. 25. Vienna. Austria, Great Brit-\\nain, Prussia, and Russia conclude a new\\nalliance, and each agrees to furnish an\\narmy of 180,000 men, and all Europe is\\ninvited to join them.\\nMay 15. Vienna. By the Treaty of\\nVienna, the allies agree to the enlarge-\\nment of the Dutch territories in the\\nNetherlands and vesting their sover-\\neignty in the House of Orange.\\nJune 14. Vienna. By the Treaty of\\nVienna, Denmark exchanges Swe-\\ndish Pomerania and Rugen for Lau-\\nrenburg, Prussia.\\nSept. 26. The Holy Alliance is formed\\nbetween the emperors of Austria, Rus-\\nsia, and the Kingdom of Prussia, on a\\ntheoretical basis favoring morality\\nand religion. [It soon becomes an al-\\nliance for the protection of absolute\\nmonarchy.]\\nNov. 20. Paris. The Second Peace of\\nParis is signed. (See France.)\\nNov. 27. Galicia. A new constitution\\nis granted for Poland, and Cracow is\\ndeclared to be a free republic.\\nAust. West Galicia is recovered by\\nAustria.\\n1819 Aug. 1. Bohemia. A Congress of\\nministers assembles at Karlsbad\\nPrince Clemens W. Metternich of\\nAustria is the leader.\\nIt resolves on the supervision of uni-\\nversities, and unites in the censorship\\nof the press.\\n1820 May* Aust. The final Act of\\nVienna is signed.\\nOct. 20. Aust. The Emperors Fran-\\ncis I. and Alexander of Russia meet at\\nTroppau.\\nNov. 10. Aust. The Emperors meet.\\n[Dec. 17. They adjourn to Laibach.]\\n1821 Jan. Aust. The Congress of\\nLaibach.\\nThe Emperors of Russia and Austria,\\nthe King of the two Sicilies, the Duke or\\nModena, with representatives of France,\\nGreat Britain, Prussia, Sardinia, and\\nother states, resolve to intervene in\\nPiedmont and Naples for the repression\\nof revolutions. (See Army.)\\n1822 Oct. -Dec. It. Congressof\\nVerona.\\nThe sovereigns of Prussia, Austria,\\nRussia, and the Two Sicilies, and Sar-\\ndinia, with the Duke of Wellington, the\\nDuke of Montmorency, Prince Metter-\\nnich, and others Metternich presides.\\nIt considers the Grecian and Spanish\\ndisturbances.\\n1825 Hung. The Diet meets.\\n1828 Austria joins with England in\\ninterference to prevent the fall of\\nConstantinople, and in bringing about\\npeace.\\n1830 July* It. In Lombardy 30,000\\ntroops are required to maintain Im-\\nperial authority.\\n1833 Bohemia. The sovereigns of\\nAustria, Prussia, and Russia meet at\\nMunchengratz.\\nBohemia. A Ministerial confer-\\nence assembles at Teplitz.\\nThe Zollverein, or German Cus-\\ntoms TJnion of the North German\\nStates, is founded.\\n1834 Aust. Ministerial conference\\nat Vienna.\\n1835 Mar. 2. Aust. Emperor Ferdi-\\nnand I. succeeds his father (Ferdinand\\nV. of Hungary).\\nMetternich, the Prime Minister, is the\\nleader of the reaction throughout Eu-\\nrope in favor of absolute monarchy\\ncensorship of the press and the require-\\nment of passports are strictly enforced.\\n1838 July 3. Aust. A new commer-\\ncial treaty is entered with England.\\n1840 Austria joins an alliance against\\nMehemed Ali. (See Germany.)\\nThe armed intervention of England\\nand Austria forces the viceroy of Egypt\\nto surrender his high claims in Syria,\\nand content himself with the hereditary\\nrule over Egypt, under the over-lordship\\nof Turkey.\\n1846 Feb. 22-27. Silesia. An at-\\ntempted revolution in Austrian Po-\\nland fails.\\nAust. The Court is alarmed by an in-\\nsurrection in Galicia against repres-\\nNov. 16. The Courts of Austria, Russia,\\nand Prussia revoke the treaty of Vi-\\nenna; Austria occupies Cracow.\\nIt constitutes Cracow a free republic,\\nand it is declared Austrian territory.\\n[England, France, Sweden, and Turkey\\nprotest against this annexation.]\\n1847 Mar. 23. Aust. Charles Al-\\nbert, King of Sardinia, enters Milan.\\nOct. 3. Hung. Ban JeUachich is ap-\\npointed governor.\\n1848 -4Q Uprising of the Hun-\\ngarians for independence.\\nMar. 4. Hung. A new constitution is\\npromulgated.\\nMar. The rebellion spreads into Tyrol\\nand Lombardy and into Germany.\\nMar. 13-15. Vienna. Popular agitation\\nfor reforms and a liberal constitution\\nbecomes violent the Viennese follow\\nthe example of the Hungarians, and the\\nmonarchy is in great peril Prince Met-\\nternich, the Minister, resigns, and flees\\nthe city, which falls into the control of\\nthe burgher-guard and the students.\\nHung. Louis Kossuth and Count\\nBatthyanyi are at the head of the pro-\\nvisional government in Hungary.\\nMar. 18. It. The Emperor, from his\\nrefuge in Milan, abolishes the censor-\\nship of the press, and calls a conven-\\ntion of the states.\\nMar. 23. It. Austrians evacuate Milan,\\nand Sardinians, led by King Charles\\nAlbert, enter.\\nApr. The Hungarians demand for a\\nseparate Ministry is granted by the\\nEmperor.\\nMay 15. Vienna. A second outbreak\\nforces the convening of a Constituent\\nDiet.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1814 Aust. The state factories begin\\nthe manufacture of cigars, which are\\nnot yet commonly seen in Europe.\\n1828 Aust. Two Englishmen form a\\nsteamboat company for the navigation\\nof the Danube.\\n1830* Hung. Steamboats run between\\nVienna and Budapest in Hungary.\\n1832 A ust. A railroad is built con-\\nnecting Budweis and Lintz.\\n1834* Hung. Steamboats descend the\\nDanube as far as Orsova.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0533.jp2"}, "534": {"fulltext": "522 1848, May 17-1850,* AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1848 May 29. It. The army of Charles\\nAlbert, King of Sardinia, defeats the\\nAustrians under Marshal Joseph Wen-\\nzel ltadetzky at Goito the latter re-\\ntreat.\\nBohemia. An insurrection breaks\\nout at Prague-\\nJune 15. It. Padua surrenders to\\nthe Austrians.\\nJuly 20. Bohemia. The insurgents at\\nPrague submit, and the state of siege\\nis raised.\\nJuly 25. It. The Sardinian army\\n(25,000) is defeated by Austrians (33,000)\\nunder Marshal Radetzky at Custozza.\\nAug. 4. It. Milan is retaken by the\\nAustrian army.\\nAug. 9-49. Mar. 20. It. A truce is\\ndeclared.\\nSept. 11. Hang. The Hungarians, after\\nmuch agitation for civil rights, which\\nare refused by Austrians, rise in re-\\nbellion.\\nSept. 29. Hung. The Hungarians at\\nVelencze defeat Baron von Jellachich,\\nthe Ban of Croatia, who fights in the\\ninterests of the Imperial Government.\\nOct. 11. Vienna. The Hungarians\\napproach within six miles of Vienna;\\nthe emperor flees from the city.\\nOct. 16. Hung. Alfred Zu, Prince\\nWindisehgratz, is appointed com-\\nmander-in-chief of the Austrians.\\nOct. 23. Vienna. Windisehgratz and\\nJellachich with 100,000 men besiege the\\nHungarians at Vienna.\\nOct. 27. Aust. Kossuth withdraws\\nhis army from near Vienna.\\nOct. 28. Aust, Vienna is bombarded\\nby Windisehgratz and the Ban Jel-\\nlachich the city is set on fire in many\\nplaces.\\nOct. 30. Hung. Jellachich defeats and\\nrouts the army of Hungarians sent to\\nrelieve Vienna, at Schwechat.\\nOct. 31. Aust. Vienna is taken by\\nstorm by Windisehgratz after severe\\nfighting.\\nDec. 21. Hung. The Hungarians are\\ndefeated by the Austrians at Szaikszo.\\nDec. 29. Hung. The Hungarians under\\nGen. Perczel are again defeated at\\nMoor by the Ban Jellachich.\\n1849 Jan. Hungary is entered by\\nan Austrian army.\\nJan. 5. Hung. Budapest is taken by\\nPrince Windisehgratz.\\nJan. 21. Transylvania. The Austrians\\nare defeated at Hermannstadt by the\\nPolish Gen. Joseph Bern.\\nFeb. 4. Transylvania. Gen. Bern is\\ndefeated by Austrians under Gen. Pulch-\\nner at Hermannstadt.\\nFeb. 9. At Piski the Austrians defeat\\nthe Hungarians under Gen. Bern.\\nFeb. 14. Hung. The Austrians take the\\nfortress of Essek from Hungarians.\\nPeb. 26, 27. Hung, The Hungarians\\nunder Gen. Henryk Dembinsky are dis-\\nastrously defeated at Kapolna.\\nMar. 5. Hang. Tbe Hungarians under\\nGen. Janos Darajanies defeat the\\nAustrians under Gen. Grammont at\\nSzolnok.\\nMar. 11, 20. Transylvania. Hungari-\\nans under Gen. Bern defeat and rout\\nthe Russian allies at Hermannstadt\\nand Brasso.\\nMar. 21. Austrians under the Arch-\\nduke Albert defeat the Sardinians under\\nthe Duke of Genoa at Mortara.\\nMar. 23. It. Austrians under Marshal\\nJoseph W. Radetzky defeat the Sardini-\\nans under Charles Albert at Wovara,\\nand compel the conclusion of a peace.\\nMar. 25. The armistice of seven\\nmonths expires, and the war with Den-\\nmark is resumed. (See Germany.)\\nMar. 30. It. Gen. von Haynau with\\nthe Imperialists takes and sacks Bres-\\ncia, after a great and bloody battle he\\ntreats his prisoners with great cruelty.\\nApr. 2. Hung. The Austrians are de-\\nfeated at Hatvan by the Hungarians.\\nApr. 4. Hung. The Austrians are de-\\nfeated at Lapio-Bicske. [Apr. 6.\\nAgain at Isaszeg.]\\nApr. 6. Hung. The Austrians under\\nPrince Windisehgratz are defeated at\\nGb dbllo by the Hungarians under Gen.\\nGorgey.\\nApr. 10. Hung. Austrians are defeated\\nat Waitzen by the Hungarians.\\nApr. 18. Hung. The Imperialists are\\ndefeated at Gran.\\nMay 1. Russia decides to join Austria\\nagainst Hungary.\\nMay 16. It. Bologna is taken by the\\nAustrians, after a siege of eight days.\\nMay 21. Hang. The Hungarians under\\nGen. Gorgey storm and capture Buda.\\n[July Recaptured.]\\nJune* Hang. Julius Jakob, Baron von\\nHaynau, takes command of the Aus-\\ntrian army.\\nJune Hung. A Hussian army of 130-\\n000 men crosses the frontier to aid the\\nAustrians.\\nJune 18. It. Anconais taken by Aus-\\ntrians after a bombardment.\\nJune 19. Transylvania. Hungarians\\nunder Gen. Bern, outnumbered three to\\none, are defeated by the Russians at\\nHermannstadt.\\nJune 2S. Hung. Raab is stormed and\\ntaken by the Austrians.\\nJuly 14 Hung. Baron von Jellachich\\nis defeated at Hegyes.\\nJuly 15-17. Hung. An indecisive ac-\\ntion occurs at Waitzen between the\\nRussians and the Hungarians under\\nGen. Gorgey.\\nJuly 31. Hung. The Hungarians under\\nGen. Bern are defeated at Schassburg\\nby the Russians under Gen. Luders.\\nJuly* Hung. The Hungarians are de-\\nfeated at Acs. Budapest is recovered\\nby the Austrians.\\nAug. 5. Hung. Hungarians under Count\\nDembinsky are defeated by Baron von\\nHaynau at Szorek.\\nAug. 9. Hung. Hungarians are again\\ndefeated at Temesvar by Baron won\\nHaynau; the Hungarian army is almost\\ndestroyed.\\nAug. 11. Hung. The Hungarians are\\ndefeated at Arad.\\nAug. 13. Hung. Gen. Arthur Gi\\nafter being made dictator (Aug. 11) by\\nthe resignation of Kossuth and others,\\nsurrenders at Vilagos to the Russian\\nGen. Rudiger; the Hungarian army\\nnumbers 24,000 nu-n with 140 guns. [He\\nis regarded as a traitor by the Hunga-\\nAug. 23. It. Venice is taken by the\\nAustrians under Marshal Radetzky,\\nafter a long siege.\\nSept. 27. Hung. Komorn yields, and\\nthe Hungarian war ends in the sup-\\npression of the revolution.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1848* Blum, Robert, political ajntator,\\nwriter, shot at Vienna, A41.\\nLembery, Count, killed at Pestta.\\nLenz, Osk.ir, treolopist, born.\\nHormayr. Joseph von, liaron, Tyrolese his-\\ntorian, AG\\nDec. 2. Francis Joseph, emperor, born.\\n1849* Enillk-her, Stej.han La.hslaus, Hun-\\ngarian botanist, dies .Mar. i Air,.\\nPetorl, Sandor, Hungarian poet. A 27.\\nAulich, Louis, Hungarian general. A 57.\\nBatthyanvi, Louis, Count. Hungarian pa-\\ntriot, A40.\\nSept. 35. Strauss. Johann. Austrian\\nmusical composer, dies, A45.\\n1850 Dec. 10. Bern. Joseph. Polish gen-\\neral in Hungarian service, dies, A55.\\nJanisch, Antonie. nnisn-ian, born.\\nGyrowetz, Adalbert, Bohemian composer,\\nA87.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S49 Austria has 530 public hospi-\\ntals, 40 lunatic asylums, 40 lying-in\\nestablishments, 33 foundling hospitals.\\n1,351 institutions for aged indigent per-\\nsons, and 7,173 poor-houses.\\nSTATE.\\n1S4S May 17. Aust. Ferdinand and\\nthe empress flee to Innsbruck, and\\nfind personal safety among their faith-\\nful Tyrolese.\\nMay 18-49. Prussia. The German\\nNational Assembly meets at Frank-\\nfort, and creates a provisional Parlia-\\nment. [It is disturbed by the strife of\\nfactions.]\\nThe Assembly meets in the church of\\nSt. Paul, and proceeds in the effort to\\nprepare a constitution for the German\\nEmpire, which shall be harmonious with\\nthuiiu\\nof all the states.\\nMay 20. Hung. The Ban of Croatia\\nsummons the Diet of the Croatian-\\nSlavonie nation.\\nREVOLUTION.\\nMay 25. Aust. An attempt to dis-\\nsolve the Academic Legion creates a\\nriot, and streets of Vienna are barri-\\ncaded.\\nA committee of guards, citizens, and\\nstudents is formed to preserve order and\\nis finally legalized by the Prime Minis-\\nter, audit assumes the authority of gov-\\nernment.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0534.jp2"}, "535": {"fulltext": "AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1848, May 17-1850,* 523\\nMay 29. Ger. The Archduke John\\nof Austria is elected Administrator of\\nthe Empire at Frankfort.\\nJune 2. Bohemia. An anti-German\\ngathering, meeting at Prague, is called\\nthe Slavonic Congress.\\nIt aims to unite the Slavonic people\\nJune Prussia. The President of the\\nNational Assembly at Frankfort is\\nBaron Heinrich von Gagern of Bai-\\nreuth he favors the union of the Ger-\\nman States on the basis of the exclusion\\nof Austria. Four parties appear in the\\nAssembly.\\nJune 1 1 Prussia. The Archduke\\nJohn enters Frankfort.\\nAnton Von Schmerling of Austria is\\nMinister of Foreign Affairs and the in-\\nterior. [The Ministry soon discovers\\nthat it lacks authority.]\\nJune 12. Bohemia. An uprising of\\nthe Czechs in Prague is suppressed by\\nGen. Alfred Zu Windischgratz.\\nJune Aust. The emperor returns\\nfrom Innsbruck,\\nJune Hung. The Hungarians change\\nthe seat of government to Sezegedin.\\nJuly 22. Vienna. The first Reichstag\\nmeets.\\n[The Diet declares its sittings per-\\nmanent, and elects a Committee of\\nSafety it is later forced to remove\\nfrom Vienna, and is established at\\nKremsier, Moravia.J\\nSept. 11. Hung. A counter revolu-\\ntion, chiefly by Slavonians, is led by\\nJellachich, Ban of Croatia.\\nIt is instigated and supported by the\\nAustrian government and. in opposition\\nto Hungary. (See Army.)\\nSept, 2S. Hung. Count Lamberg, the\\nmilitary governor, is murdered by a mob\\nat Budapest.\\nThe Hungarian Diet appoints a pro-\\nvisional government under the patri-\\nots Louis Kossuth and Louis Batthy-\\nanyi.\\nOct. 6. Aust. The emperor openly de-\\nclares against the Hungarians.\\nHe annuls the decrees of the Diet,\\nsuspends the civil authorities, and makes\\nJellachich, the anti-Hungarian revolter,\\nthe commander of the Austrian army.\\nHung. The Diet denies the authority\\nof the emperor, organizes a Commit-\\ntee of Safety, with Louis Kossuth,\\npresident.\\nVienna. A second insurrection\\nbreaks out.\\nThe garrison departs to suppress the\\nHungarians, and a revolt follows. A\\ndeputation asks their return, and being\\nrefused, the people take the arsenal by\\nOct. Aust. The National Diet peti-\\ntions the emperor for a new Ministry,\\nthe revocation of the edict against the\\nHungarians, and the dismissal of Jella-\\nchich, with amnesty for rioters.\\nOct. 7. Aust. The emperor returns an\\nevasive address, and [flees to Olmtitz,\\nM\\nOct. 11. Aust. The Hungarian army\\napproaches within sis miles of the city.\\nNov. 2. Vienna. The Imperialists are\\nin possession.\\nDec. 1. Francis Joseph, son of Arch-\\nduke Francis Charles by the Princess\\nSophia, daughter of Maximilian I. of\\nBavaria, is declared of age.\\nDec. 2. Aust. Ferdinand abdicates\\nthe throne of the Empire in favor of his\\nnephew Francis Joseph, his brother\\nFrancis Charles having declined it.\\nHeign of Francis Joseph, Emperor\\nof Austria and King of Hungary. [The\\nemperor at the present time.]\\nDee. 5. Prus. The National Assem-\\nbly is dissolved, and substituted by a\\nconstitution providing for two cham-\\nbers, the second elected by universal\\nand equal suffrage.\\nDec. 8. Hung. The Diet refuses to rec-\\nognize the abdication of Ferdinand I.\\nIt denounces as traitors all who ac-\\nknowledge the Emperor of Austria as\\nthe King of Hungary,\\nHungary is treated as a conquered\\ncountry, and subjected to great cruel-\\nties.\\n1849 Mar. 4. Aust. The emperor dis-\\nsolves the Austrian Reichstag at Krem-\\nsier, arrests its liberal members, gives a\\nnew constitution of his own for Aus-\\ntria, and abolishes the ancient Hunga-\\nrian constitution, annihilating the in-\\ndependence of Hungary, and making it\\na Crown land of Austria.\\nApr. 14. Hungary declares herself\\nfree. On motion of Kossuth the Diet\\ndeposes the House of Hapsburg-Lor-\\nraine. Kossuth is made governor of\\nHungary.\\nApr. 26. Hung. Russian interven-\\ntion in aid of Austria against Hungary\\nis agreed upon.\\nMay Prussia. A party in the German\\nNational Assembly at Frankfort at-\\ntempts to form Germany into an inte-\\ngral empire, from which Austria is\\nexcluded.\\nBosnia. A rebellion breaks out.\\nMay* Prussia. Many representatives\\nto the Parliament of Frankfort are re-\\ncalled. [It adjourns to Stuttgart.]\\nJune 18. Wiirtemberg, The rump Par-\\nliament at Stuttgart, having dwindled\\nin number and influence, is dispersed by\\nthe Wiirtemberg government.\\nJune Prussia. It is decided that the\\nadministrator of the German states shall\\nbe superseded by a central power to be\\nexecuted by Austria and Prussia al-\\nternately, for the German Con-\\nfederacy.\\nAug. 11. Hung. Kossuth accuses Gor-\\ngey of treachery in surrendering the\\narmy, resigns bis office, and retires into\\nexile.\\nAug.* Aust. The whole Lombard-\\nVenetian kingdom is again subject\\nto Austria.\\nAug. 21. Hung. The patriots Kossuth,\\nBern, and others flee to Turkey, and\\nare protected at New Orsova.\\nOct. 6. Hung. Count Batthyanyi, a\\nconservative Hungarian, is executed at\\nBudapest, and 13 patriots at Arad, who\\nhad voluntarily surrendered Gb rgey is\\nspared.\\nOct. 19. Hung. Amnesty is granted to\\npatriots who return from their refuges.\\n*Aust. Prince Felix Schwarzenberg\\nresumes the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\\n1850 Prussia advocates a German\\nFederal State with Austria excluded.\\nFeb. 27. Bavaria. A treaty is signed\\nat Munich by Austria, Bavaria, Saxony,\\nand Wiirtemberg, for the maintenance\\nof the German Union.\\nMar. 20. Saxony. The Parliament of\\nErfurt (Central Germany) is opened,\\nand proceeds to consider a new German\\nUnion. [Apr. 27. It concludes its dis-\\ncussions.]\\nMay 9-16. Prussia. A congress of\\nGerman princes assembles in Berlin.\\nThe opposition of the Elector of Hesse-\\nCassel, Frederick William I., to the pro-\\nposed union is made known.\\nSept. 2. Prussia. Austria attempts to\\nfrustrate the plans of Prussia by\\nmeans of the Frankfort Parliament,\\nwhich reopens, with representatives\\nfrom Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, Han-\\nover, Wiirtemberg, and other states.\\nSept. 7- Prussia. Hesse-Cassel is pro-\\nnounced in a state of war by the\\nelector resistance is given to the un-\\npopular Minister, Hassenpflug, and other\\nofficials, and the courts.\\nOct. 2. Prussia. The Diet appoints\\nGeneral Haynau military dictator\\nin the electorate of Hesse.\\nOct. 14. Prussia. The Elector of\\nHesse-Cassel formally applies to the\\nFrankfort Diet of Princes for assistance\\nto reestablish his authority in Hesse.\\nM ov. 6. Prussia. An Austro-Bava-\\nrian force of 10,000 men enters Hesse,\\nand war is imminent.\\nAustria delivers her ultimatum at\\nBerlin, demanding that Prussia evacu-\\nate Hesse in eight days, dissolve the\\nErfurt League, and recognize the Diet\\nFrederick William responds by calling\\nout the entire military force of the\\nkingdom.\\nNov. 7. Prussia. A Prussian force en-\\nters Cassel in the north.\\nNov. 28, 29. Moravia. A conference\\nis held at Olmtitz, under the mediation\\nof Czar Nicholas, respecting Hesse-Cas-\\nsel.\\nEfforts for union are made, and Prus-\\nsia, represented by Von Manteuffel,\\nyields to all the demands of Austria rep-\\nresented by Schwarzenberg; the Danes\\nare to have SL-hleswig-IIolstein, and the\\nElector of Hesse is to be restored to his\\nauthority.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1850 July 18. Galicia. Cracow is\\nnearly destroyed by fire.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0535.jp2"}, "536": {"fulltext": "524 1851, Feb. 17-1861, Nov.*. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1851 July 19. It. Marshal Radetzky\\nfrom Mouga declares the Lombardo-\\nVenetian kingdom to be in a state of\\naiege.\\n1853 Feb. 6\u00c2\u00b1. It. Marshal Radetzky\\nsuppresses an outbreak in Milan.\\n1854 Aug. lioumania. The Austrians\\nenter the Danubian principalities\\nof Wallachia and Moldavia.\\nSept. 6. lioumania. The Austrian army\\nenters Bucharest, the capital of Wal-\\nlachia.\\n1855 June 24. Aust. The army is\\nreduced to a peace footing.\\n1857 Mar. Austria recalls her troops\\nfrom the Danubian provinces.\\n1859 Feb. -Mar. Austria prepares\\nfor war by increasing her armies in\\nItaly, and fortifying the banks of the\\nRiver Ticino, which forms the boundary\\nbetween her Italian provinces and Sar-\\ndinia.\\nAust. War with France and Sar-\\ndinia. (See State.)\\nApr. 26. It. An Austrian force under\\nthe Hungarian Gen. Franz, Count Gyu-\\nlai, crosses the Ticino into Sardinia.\\nApr. 27. It. French soldiers enter\\nPiedmont, Sardinia.\\nMay 3. Fr. Emperor Napoleon HI.\\ndeclares war against Austria because\\nof her invasion of Italy.\\nMay 20. It. Battle of Montebeilo,\\nin Piedmont. The Austrians under Gen.\\nStadion are repulsed by the French un-\\nder Gen. Forey, with a loss of 1,000 killed\\nand wounded.\\nMay 30-June 1. It. The Austrians are\\nagain defeated at Palestro in Lora-\\nhardy.\\nJune 4. It. Battle of Magenta The\\nEmperor Francis Joseph with 75,000+\\nAustrians is defeated by 55,000\u00c2\u00b1 French\\nand Sardinians led by Napoleon III.\\n(nominally) and Marshal McMahon the\\nallies loss, 4,000 killed and wounded;\\nthe Austrians loss, 10,000, besides 7,000\\nprisoners.\\nJune 8. It. The Austrians are again\\ndefeated at Melegnano near Milan.\\nJune 24. It. Battle of Solferino in\\nLombardy The French and Sardini-\\nans, commanded by Napoleon III. and\\nKing Victor Emmanuel, defeat the Aus-\\ntrians under Francis Joseph and Gen.\\nHess, after fighting 15 hours Austrian\\nloss, 630 officers, 19,311 soldiers loss of\\nthe allies, eight generals, 936 officers,\\nand 17,305 soldiers killed or wounded.\\nThis battle closes the war.\\nJuly 6. It. An armistice is agreed to\\nbetween the French and Austrians.\\nJuly 12. Fr. The preliminaries of\\npeace are signed at Villafranca. (See\\nState.)\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1851 Dobrentei, Gabor, Hungarian au-\\nthor, A 35.\\nFejer, Gyorgy, Hungarian antiquary, A85.\\n1863 Celakowaky, Krantisck Ladislav,\\nBohemian poet, A53.\\nKollar, .Jan, Hungarian poet, scholar, AW.\\n1853 Mar. 14. Haynau. Julius Jacob\\nvon. Baron, Austrian general, dies, A67.\\nGaray, Janus, Hungarian poet, A41.\\n1854* Batthyanyi, Kasunir, count, states-\\nman, A47.\\n1855 Sophia, princess, born.\\nJUailatli, JainoB Nepomuk, count, Hungarian\\nhistorian, A69.\\n1856* Vordsinarty, Mindly, Hungarian\\npoet, A56.\\nGisela, princess, born.\\n1857 June 16. Gerster, Etelka. Hunga-\\nrian vocalist, born.\\nCzerny, Karl, composer, A66.\\nSophia, princess, dies at Buua.\\n1858 Jan. 5. Radetzky, Joseph Wenzel,\\nmarshal, A92.\\nAug-. 21. Rudolph, arWidnke, bom.\\nITeilTfr, Ida Laura, Austrian lady traveler,\\nA61.\\nChmel, Joseph, Austrian historian, A60.\\nNYgrelli-iMohlelbe, Aloys von, engineer, A59.\\n1859 Mar. 19. Jellachich, von. Joseph,\\nde Buzin, ban of Croatia, general, A58.\\nJune 11. Metternich, Clemene Wenzel\\nLothar von. prince, diplomatist, chief\\nminister, A86.\\nI860* Szechenyi, Istvan, count, Hunga-\\nrian statesman, A69.\\nKraitsir, Charles, philologist, A54.\\nCHURCH.\\n1852 Jan. 1. It is announced that the\\nemperor has restored the Eoman\\nCatholic clergy to influence, and re-\\nestablished the Jesuits.\\n1856 Aug. The emperor signs a\\nconcordat with the Pope, giving the\\nChurch of Rome greater power than\\nit ever had before the clergy are to\\nhave unlimited control of all ecclesias-\\ntical and educational matters.\\n1858 Bohemia. T. Mertel is conse-\\ncrated cardinal deacon and vice-\\nchancellor of Bohemia.\\n1860 Jan. 6-10 and Feb. 18. Aust\\nDecrees are issued removing Jewish\\ndisabilities.\\n1861 Apr. 8. Civil and political rights\\nof Protestants are assured throughout\\nthe entire Empire, except in Hungary\\nand Venice.\\nLETTERS.\\n1851 Aust. There are 262 colleges\\n(Gymnasia) and 38 schools for the study\\nof the technical sciences, 12 agricultural\\nschools, three mining-schools, and 11\\nacademies of midwifery, 10 universi-\\nties, eight academies for technical sci-\\nences, five mining and agricultural acad-\\nemies, and nine academies of surgery.\\n1853 Ziva is issued.\\n1855 Aug. 18. A decree is promul-\\ngated requiring parents to send their\\nchildren to school.\\nAug. The emperor signs a concordat\\ngiving the clergy unlimited control of\\nall educational matters.\\nHung. Budapesti Szemle is issued.\\n1S57 The Gladiator of Ravenna, by\\nMunch-Bellinghausen, appears.\\n1861 Feb. 26. The statutes of the\\nnew constitution are published.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1851 Sept. 22. Hung. Louis Kos-\\nsuth, the patriot, and 35 other Hunga-\\nrians, are sentenced to death in contuma-\\nciam at Budapest.\\n1853 Feb. 18. Vienna. Libenyi, a\\nyoung Hungarian, attempts to assassi-\\nnate the emperor.\\n1854 Apr. 24. Francis Joseph mar-\\nries Elizabeth of Bavaria.\\n1857 May. Aust. The emperor vis-\\nits Hungary.\\n1860 Jan. 6-10. Aust. The oppres-\\nsive laws against the Jews are annulled.\\nSTATE.\\n1851* Saxony. A conference of\\nMinisters is held at Dresden to promote\\nthe union of the German States Otto\\nTheodore, Baron Manteuffel, of Prussia,\\nis president, and Felix Ludwig Sehwarz-\\nenberg represents Austria.\\nFeb. 17. Hung. The Austrian and\\nTurkish governments come to a settle-\\nment respecting Hungarian refugees;\\nall except Kossuth, Batthyanyi, and six\\nothers receive full and entire amnesty\\non condition of their not entering Hun-\\ngary.\\nAust. Charles Loring Brace, an\\nAmerican traveler and philanthropist,\\nis arrested and imprisoned.\\nHe is charged with being a member\\nof the democratic committee, an agent\\nof Ujhazy and Cretz, and of traveling\\nwith revolutionary writings, to spread\\nrevolutionary movements.\\nMay 15. Saxony. The old confedera-\\ntion of the German States is reestab-\\nlished by the Conference at Dresden.\\nJuly Aust. A new tariff is adopted.\\nAug. 20. Aust. The emperor issues\\ncabinet letters declaring his ministers\\nare responsible to no other political\\nauthority than the throne, tl the Reichs-\\ntag is to be considered the council of\\nthe throne, and the Minister-President\\nis to take into ripe and serious consid-\\neration the possibility of carrying out\\nthe constitution of March 4, 1849.\\nOct. Aust. Jews are permitted to study\\nlaw.\\nDec. 31. Aust. The Emperor Francis\\nJoseph revokes the liberal constitu-\\ntion of March 4, 1849.\\nBosnia. Omer Pasha quells the re-\\nbellion.\\n1852 Jan. 15. Aust. Trial by jury is\\nabolished.\\nAust. Absolutism is gradually\\nreestablished in the Empire.\\nApr. 5. Prince Schwarzenberg, the\\nPrime Minister, dies.\\nApr. Count Euol Schauenstein is ap-\\npointed Prime Minister, and a change\\nof commercial policy follows.\\nMay 9-16. Saxony. A Diet is con-\\nvened at Erfurt for the reorganization\\nof Germany under the presidency of\\nPrussia.\\n[Later a rival Diet is convened at\\nFrankfort under the leadership of Aus-\\ntria the lesser States are invited to\\nsend representatives to both.]\\nDec. Aust. The bill establishing bien-\\nnial parliaments becomes a law.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0536.jp2"}, "537": {"fulltext": "AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1851, Feb. 17-1861, Nov.*. 525\\n1853 Feb. 1. Austria offers herself\\nas a mediator between the Turks and\\nMontenegrins.\\nFeb. 19. Vienna. Treaty of Vienna\\na commercial treaty for twelve years 13\\nsigned by Austria and the Zollverein.\\nFeb. Austria sides with Montene-\\ngro against Turkey, and demands the\\nredress of their grievances, which is\\ngranted.\\nJune 21. Turkey. Martin Koszta is\\nseized at Smyrna.\\nThis Hungarian refugee, who had de-\\nclared at New York his intention of\\nbecoming an American citizen, and hav-\\ning a U. S. passport in his pocket, is\\nseized by Austrian authority, and placed\\nin confinement.\\nJuly 2. Capt. Ingraham, of the U. S.\\nsloop-of-war St. Louis, at 8 A.M., de-\\nmands the surrender of Koszta by\\n4 p.m., and threatens to take him by\\nforce if necessary. [It is finally agreed\\nto leave Koszta in the hands of the\\nFrench consul, where he remains until\\nreleased. Congress votes a medal for\\nCapt. Ingraham.]\\nAug. 1. Vienna. The Austrian Govern-\\nment issues a circular letter addressed\\nto the Courts of Europe, protesting\\nagainst the conduct of Capt. Ingraham.\\nAug. 29. Vienna. Austria protests\\nagainst the proceedings of Capt. Ingra-\\nham to the Government of the United\\nStates.\\n1854 Apr. 9. Vienna. The Treaty of\\nVienna; the representatives of Great\\nBritain, France, Austria, and Russia\\nsign a treaty to maintain the Turkish\\nEmpire.\\nApr. 20. Austria and Prussia unite in\\nan alliance offensive and defensive,\\nwhile otherwise neutral in the war.\\nJune 14. Austria agrees with Turkey\\nto occupy the Danubian provinces.\\nAug. The Russians retire from the\\nTurkish territory in the Danubian prin-\\ncipalities, and the Austrians enter and\\noppose their union.\\nDec. 2. Austria joins the allies against\\nRussia.\\n1855 Aug. 18. Aust. A concordat\\nwith the See of Rome confers extraor-\\ndinary rights upon Roman Catholic\\nbishops and the Jesuits, whereby they\\nacquire great power in the Empire.\\n1856 Feb. 1. Vienna. The prelimi-\\nnaries of peace are signed at Vienna.\\nApril 16. Paris. BuolandHubner,the\\nrepresentatives of Austria, sign the\\nTreaty of Paris, terminating the war,\\nabolishing privateering, and defining the\\nrights of neutrals in time of war.\\nMay 20. Switz. The Austrian minis-\\nter at Berne is recalled.\\nJuly 16. Aust. A general amnesty is\\ngranted for all political offenders of\\n1848-1849.\\nNov.* Austria proclaims her neutrality\\nin the Eastern war.\\n-55 Vienna. Conferences respect-\\ning the Russo-Turkish war are held.\\n-55 Hungary continues in a dis-\\nturbed state.\\n1857 Jan. 25. It. Amnesty is granted\\nto political offenders in northern Italy.\\nFeb. 10. It. The Sardinian press as-\\nsails Austria with great freedom Aus-\\ntria remonstrates.\\nMar. 23-30. Austria and Sardinia\\nsever their diplomatic relations.\\nMar. Austria withdraws its army from\\nMoldavia and Wallachia [Roumania].\\n-58 Aust. The fortifications of Vienna\\nare demolished, and the city enlarged\\nand beautified.\\nApr. 19. Austria sends an ultimatum\\nto Sardinia.\\nMay Sung. The emperor and empress\\nvisit Hungary to conciliate the people,\\nbut they are coldly receired.\\nOct. Aust. Alexander H. of Russia\\nvisits the emperor.\\n1858 Hung. By an imperial decree,\\nagricultural colonists, if of one nation-\\nality and creed, are allowed to settle in\\nvarious parts of Hungary, with special\\nexemptions from taxation.\\n1859 Jan. 1. Fr. Emperor Napo-\\nleon nj addresses Baron von Hubner,\\nthe Ausf in Ambassador, in words omi-\\nnous of r, because of Austrian diplo-\\nmacy in ardinia. [Great excitement\\nfollows in European cities.]\\nJan. 4. Aust. Emperor Francis Jo-\\nseph replies to Napoleon s address,\\nusing the identical words.\\nFeb. Austria prepares for war, and\\nfortifies the banks of the Ticino on her\\nfrontier.\\nApr. 19. Austria announces an ulti-\\nmatum, which requires the disarma-\\nment of Sardinia, and the dismissal of\\nvolunteers from other states within\\nthree days.\\nApr. 26. Sardinia refuses the demand\\nof Austria.\\nApr. 29. Austria declares war\\nagainst Sardinia.\\nMar. -Apr. Russia intervenes in the\\ninterest of peace, while the preparations\\nfor war go on.\\nMay 13-18. Count Buol Schauen-\\nstein, the Foreign Minister, resigns, and\\nCount Rechberg is appointed to suc-\\nceed him.\\nJune 6. It. An armistice arrests hos-\\ntilities.\\nJuly 11. The Emperors of Austria and\\nof France meet at Villafranca.\\nJuly 12. It. The preliminaries of\\npeace are arranged between Austria and\\nFrance at Villafranca. Lombardy, as\\nfar as the Mincio, is to belong to Sar-\\ndinia, and the four great fortresses of\\nMantua, Peschiera, Verona, and Leg-\\nnano remain with Austria.\\nAug. 8-Sept. Switz. A fruitless con-\\nference of envoys is held at Zurich to\\nfinally settle the new treaty.\\nSept. Aust. An imperial patent is is-\\nsued, granting increased privileges to\\nProtestants.\\nNov. 10. Switz. The Treaty of Zurich\\nis signed.\\nAustria gives up Lombardy, excepting\\nthe fortresses of Mantua and Peschiera,.\\nto Napoleon for transfer to Sardinia.\\nItaly is to be formed into a confederation\\nof states under the honorary presidency\\nof the Pope, and Austria is to be a mem-\\nber on account of Venezia Tuscany and\\nModena are to be restored to their\\nprinces. Certain revolted legations are\\nto be returned to the Pope, out with-\\nout foreign intervention.\\n1860 Mar. 5. Vienna. The Reichs-\\nrath, the representative council, is re-\\nconstituted by a decree of the emperor,\\nits numbers increased, and its powers\\nMar. 24. Austria advertises for a new\\nloan, and issues a protest against the\\noccupation of Tuscany by Sardinians.\\nMay 31. Vienna. The Reichsrath\\nmeets.\\nOct. Hung. Francis Joseph, Emperor\\nof Austria, is crowned King of Hungary\\nat Budapest.\\n1861 Jan. 7. Hung. Amnesty is pub-\\nlished in Hungary and Croatia for po-\\nlitical offenses.\\nFeb. 26. Aust. A Liberal constitu-\\ntion for a united monarchy is published,\\nthough opposed by the nobility and the\\nclergy.\\nA fundamental law is passed providing\\nfor aclose Diet for theGerm;trn -Slavonic\\nlands, and provides for a Reichsrath\\ncomposed of two bodies representing a\\nunited monarchy (Hungarians, etc.),\\nwith the exception of Venice.\\nFeb. 27. Hung. The former constitu-\\ntion is restored by decree to Hungary,.\\nCroatia, Slavonia, and Transylvania.\\nFeb. Hung. The Hungarians and\\nother non-German nationalities resist\\nthe new constitution, and demand\\nseparate constitutions with special min-\\nistries.\\nApr. 8. Civil and political rights are\\ngranted to Protestants throughout the\\nentire Empire except in Hungary and\\nVenice.\\nMay 1. Vienna. The new Reichsrath\\nopens.\\nThe upper House consists of 17 spirit-\\nual, 55 hereditary, and 39 peers. The\\nlower House consists of 136 elected\\ndeputies. No representatives are pres-\\nent from Hungary, Transylvania, Vene-\\nzia, the Banat, Slavonia, Croatia, and\\nIstria.\\n[A liberal constitution is adopted by\\nthe Reichsrath.]\\nHung. The Diet is opened by the-\\nemperor.\\nNov. Hung. The Diet of Croatia is\\nabolished.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1853 Sept. 8. Hung. The crown of\\nSt. Stephen, King of Hungary, and the\\nroyal insignia are discovered, and sent\\nto Vienna.\\nAust. The rocks obstructing the\\nnavigation of the Danube below Grein\\nare removed.\\n1857 Hung. The railway is opened\\nfrom Szegd to Temisvar, also from\\nSzolnok to Debreczen.\\n-58 Vienna. The fortifications\\nare demolished, and the city enlarged\\nand beautified.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0537.jp2"}, "538": {"fulltext": "526 1861, Dec. *-1867, Nov. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1861 Dec* Herzegovina. An anti-\\nTurk insurrection breaks out.\\n1862 Sept. 22. Herzegovina. Vucato-\\nvitch, the leader of the insurrection\\nagainst the Turks, surrenders to Kur-\\nchid Pasha, and the insurrection ends.\\n1864 War with Denmark.\\nJan. Austria joins Prussia to prevent\\nthe incorporation of Schleswig-Hol-\\nstein with Denmark.\\nFeb. 1. Prussia. Advance of the\\nAustro -Prussian army into Schleswig.\\nFeb.* Pntssia. The Austrians advance\\nupon Danewerk, fighting their way.\\nFeb. 6. Prussia. The Austrians advance\\nat Oversee, and drive out the Danes.\\nApr. 18. Prussia. The Duppel forts\\nare stormed by the Prussians, and the\\nentrenchments captured.\\nMay 12-June 26. Truce and peace\\nconference is held at London. (,See\\nGermany.)\\nOct. The war with Denmark ends.\\n(See State.)\\n1866 May* Ger. The emperor orders\\nthe whole army to be on a war footing.\\nJune 7. Ger. The Prussians enter\\nHolstein, and drive out the Austrians\\nwithout bloodshed.\\nJune 16-July 22. The Austro-Prus-\\nsian War of seven weeks. (See Ger-\\nmany.)\\nIt is provoked by the quarrel respect-\\ning the government of Holstein, but\\nreally caused by the fact that each\\npower is too great to submit to the\\nsupremacy of the other.\\nSaxony. The Prussians march upon\\nDresden, and the Saxon army retires\\ninto Bohemia to join the Austrians.\\nThe army of the Confederation\\nagainst Prussia, at the western seat of\\nwar, is under Prince Charles of Bavaria.\\nJune 18. Prussia. The Austrians en-\\nter Silesia while the Prussians enter\\nDresden, Saxony.\\nJune 20. Saxony. The Prussians oc-\\ncupy all Saxony except Konigsteiu.\\nJune 22 -July 14. The Prussians and\\nthe Italians are successful.\\n[June 22-25. They enter Bohemia.\\nJune 24. Italians defeat Austrians at\\nCustozza, It. June 27. Austrians de-\\nfeat Prussians at Trautenau are de-\\nfeated at Nachod. June 28. Hanoverians\\nsurrender at Trautenau Austrians de-\\nfeated at Soor and at Skalitz. June 29.\\nAre defeated at Gitschin. July 3. De-\\ncisively defeated at Sadowa. July 4.\\nAt Dermbach. July 4-14. Defeated at\\nHammelburg, Kissingen, Fredericks-\\nhall, Hausen, and Waldashaeh.] (See\\nGermany.)\\nJuly 10-22. The Prussian success\\ncontinues.\\n[July 10. Prussians enter Prague.\\nJuly 12. Enter Briinn, and reach Vi-\\nenna. July 14. Austrians are defeated\\nat Aschaffenburg. July 15. At Tobits-\\ncb.au. July 16. Prussians enter Frank-\\nfort, Hesse-Nassau. July 17. Occupy\\nDarmstadt. July 27. Bombard Wurz-\\nburg. July* Send a corps into Hun-\\ngary; commence the siege of Vienna.\\nJuly 22. Begin the engagement at Blu-\\nmenau, which is arrested by tidings of\\nan armistice.] (See Germany.)\\nJuly 26. Moravia. Preliminaries of\\npeace are signed at Nikolsburg.\\nAug. 2. Ger. The truce is proclaimed\\nn Bavari\\nThe Pr\\nenter Wurzburg.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1862 Feb. 4. An inundation of the\\nDanube causes much destruction and\\ngreat distress.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1861 Teleki, Ladislaus, Hungarian pa-\\ntriot, A50.\\nTIanka, Venceslav, Bohemian philologist,\\n1864* Fay, Andreas, Hungarian novelist,\\nA78.\\n.Magyar, haszlo, Hungarian traveler, in Af-\\nrica, A 47.\\nPinsker, Simclia, Austrian- Jewish scholar,\\nA63.\\n1865 Ivinety, George, Hungarian-Turkish\\ngeneral, A55i.\\nOct. 28. BuohSchauenstein, Karl Ferdi-\\nnand von, Austrian prime minister, A68.\\n.losika, Miklos, Hungarian novelist, A69.\\n1866* C/.uezor, Clergely, Hungarian poet,\\nscholar, A66.\\n1867 June 6. Matilda, archduchess, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n1864 Bohemia. Prague becomes a\\nmission-station of the Free Church of\\nScotland.\\n1867 Nov. Hung. The Naza-\\nrenes, resembling Quakers, multiply.\\nLETTERS.\\n1863 Mar. 29. Hung. Newspapers\\ncharged with publishing seditious\\nspeeches are confiscated by the Gov-\\nernment.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S66 Jan. 29. Hung. The emperor\\nand empress arrive at Pesth.\\n1867 June 10. Hung. The corona-\\ntion gift to the Emperor Francis Jo-\\nseph, of 50,000 ducats, is bestowed on\\norphans and invalids.\\nJune Great excitement prevails over\\nthe military execution of Maximilian\\nin Mexico.\\nJuly 27. Vienna is visited by the Sultan.\\nSTATE.\\n1862 Nov. 18. Hung. Amnesty is\\noffered for political offenses, and a\\ncessation of prosecutions.\\nDec* Bosnia. Herzegoviniaus, prompted\\nby the Prince of Montenegro, revolt\\nagainst the Turks.\\n1863 Mar. 30. Prussia. The incor-\\nporation of Schleswig with Denmark\\nleads to the armed interference of Aus-\\ntria and Prussia to execute the decree\\nof the German Confederation.\\nMay Aust. The Imperial crown of\\nMexico i.s offered to the Archduke\\nMaximilian by an assembly of Mexican\\nnotables, by the Instigation of Napoleon.\\nPrussia. The Emperor Francis Jo-\\nseph invites the various potentates of\\nGermany to attend a congTess at\\nFrankfort to consider schemes for the\\nreorganization of Germany.\\nAug. 16. Prussia. Francis Joseph opens\\nthe Congress at Frankfort the King\\nof Prussia refuses to attend, and the\\nmeeting is fruitle.-s.\\nOct. 20. Aust. Transylvanian depu-\\nties first take their seats in the Aus-\\ntrian Reichsrath.\\n1864 Apr. 10. Aust. Archduke Max-\\nimilian definitively accepts the crown\\nfrom a Mexican deputation, and becomes\\nthe nominal Emperor of Mexico.\\nMay 12.-June 26. Prussia. A truce\\nis accepted in the war and peace\\nconference at London. Austria and\\nPrussia secede from the London pro-\\ntocol, and the war breaks out anew.\\nMay 29. Mtx. Maximilian and Char-\\nlotte land at Vera Cruz.\\nOct. 30. Vienna. Treaty of Vienna;\\nAustria, Denmark, and Prussia sign a\\ntreaty by which Denmark cedes the\\nduchies of Schleswig-Holstein and Lau-\\nenburg to the allies.\\n1865 June 6-9. Hung. The emperor\\nis welcomed at Budapest, aud a new\\npolicy, restoring the rights of Hun-\\ngary, is inaugurated.\\nAug. 14. Aust. The Treaty of Gas-\\ntein, between Prussia and Austria, is\\nsigned.\\n1. Both Holstein and Schleswig under\\nthe common sovereignty of both powers.\\nBut Austria to have the provisional ad-\\nministration of Holstein, and Prussia\\nthat of Schleswig. 2. Kendshurg t be\\na fortress of the Confederation, and Kiel\\none of its harbors this harbor to be\\nused in common, hut Prussia to have the\\nchief command there: a military road,\\na telegraph and postal line, through Hol-\\nstein, are guaranteed to Prussia. 3. The\\nEmperor of Austria surrenders all his\\nrights to the Duchy of Lauenburg to the\\nKing of Prussia for two and a half mil-\\nlions of rix dollars.\\nPrussia. Vcn Gablenz is governor\\nof the Duchy of Holstein.\\nAustria, being much opposed to the\\nincrease of Prussian power, disputes\\nthe agreement, and enters into an agree-\\nment with the middle states of Ger-\\nmany.\\nSept. 12. Aust. An Imperial decree re-\\nconvokes a Transylvanian Diet.\\nSept. 21. Aust. An Imperial rescript\\nsuppresses the representative con-\\nstitution of the Empire, preparatory to\\ngiving autonomy to Hungary and\\nother provinces.\\nNov. 11. Hung. The moderate party,\\nled by Francis Deak, rejects autonomy,\\nand demands the restoration of the\\nHungarian monarchy, with a respon-\\nsible government.\\nDec. 14. Hung. The emperor visits\\nBudapest, and opens the Reichstag.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0538.jp2"}, "539": {"fulltext": "AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1861, Dec* -1867, Nov.*. 527\\nPassive resistance by non-payment of\\ntaxes leads the emperor to consider the\\ndemands of Hungary tor self-govern-\\nment.\\nDec. 20. Hung. Carl Szentivanyi is\\nelected president of the Eeichstag.\\n1866 Jan.* While professing to desire\\npeace, Austria and Prussia both pre-\\npare for war [which will determine the\\nsupremacy of one or the other].\\nMar. 27. Italy enters an alliance\\nwith Prussia against Austria.\\nMay 19. Prussia. The Diet at Frank-\\nfort calls on Austria and Prussia to\\ndisarm.\\nPrussia calls upon Saxony, Hanover,\\naud Hesse to replace their troops on\\na peace footing, in disregard of the de-\\ncree of the Diet, and to join a new con-\\nfederation under her lead.\\nJune 13. Hanover. Prussia, being re-\\nfused iu her demands, invades Hano-\\nver, whose king retreats also Elec-\\ntoral Hesse, whose elector is made a\\nprisoner, and takeu to Stettin.\\nJune 14. Prussia. Austria alleges the\\ntreaty is broken by the invasion of\\nHolstein by Prussian troops, and is sus-\\ntained by the vote of the Diet.\\nRepresentatives of Prussia invite the\\nmembers of the Diet to enter a new\\nconfederation in which Austria will\\nbe excluded, as the Germanic Confed-\\neration is dissolved.\\nThe Diet at Frankfort decrees the\\nmobilization of the whole army of the\\nConfederation, with the exception of\\nthe three Prussian corps.\\nJune 16. Aust. The war with Prussia.\\nIt is caused chiefly by the general de-\\nsire for a unity of German States by re-\\norganization, and the constant obstacle\\nto such unity arising from divers inter-\\nests of two great powers, only one of\\nwhich was peopled by Germans, aud Ger-\\nmanic in its interests.\\nA special provocation exists in the\\nquarrel respecting the government of\\nthe North Albingian duchies. Italy\\nparticipates in the war for the purpose\\nof acquiring Venezia. Each power pro-\\nfesses to be forced into the war by the\\nmilitary preparations of the other.\\nThe Germanic Confederation falls\\nto pieces the powerful State of Prussia\\nsecedes from the Confederation, which\\nis thereby dissolved.\\nJune 18. Saxony. Prussia invades\\nSaxony, whose king and army retire to\\nBohemia.\\nPrussia declares war against\\nAustria.\\nJune 20. Italy declares war against\\nAustria.\\nJuly 3. Bohemia. The victory of the\\nPrussians at Sadowa secures Prussian\\nsupremacy in Germany, and estab-\\nlishes North German unity.\\nVenezia is given to Italy, and it also\\nleads to the legislative independence of\\nHungary.\\nJuly Aust. Francis Joseph appeals to\\nthe mediation of France.\\nAug. 23. Bohemia. The Peace of\\nPrague, between Prussia and Austria,\\nis signed.\\nTerms: 1. Austria recognizes the dis-\\nsolution of the German Confederation,\\nand consents to the reorganization or\\nthe German States with herself ex-\\ncluded, and farther consents to the an-\\nnexations proposed by Prussia. Saxony\\nis secured against an alteration of her\\nboundary. 2. Austria s rights in Schles-\\nwig-Holstein are transferred to Prussia,\\nprovided that the northern districts of\\nSehleswig are united with Denmark if\\nits inhabitants shall so vote. 3. Aus-\\ntria is to pay twenty million rix dollars\\n(\u00c2\u00a715,000,000) as the costs of the war. 4.\\nVenetia is ceded to Italy. (Arranged\\nfrom Ploetz.)\\nPrussia. The Prussian Monarchy\\nis enlarged.\\nSchleswig-Holstein, Hanover, Elec-\\ntoral Hesse, Nassau, and the free city of\\nFrankfort are incorporated with Prus-\\nsia, adding 1MHJ0 square miles of terri-\\ntory and three and a half millions of\\npeople, thus securing her supremacy\\nover the German States. (Arranged\\nfrom Ploetz.)\\nOct. 3. Vienna. The Peace of Vienna,\\nbetween Austria and Italy, is signed.\\nAustria recognizes the kingdom of\\nItaly, to which Venice is united, and\\nconsents to the union.\\nOct. Hung. The Moderate and Na-\\ntional party in Hungary demand au-\\ntonomy, and are exasperated by the\\ndelay to grant it.\\nOct. 11. It. The iron crown of Italy,\\nwhich was removed from Monza to Man-\\ntua by the Austrians, is surrendered\\nwith this city.\\nOct. Hung. The Hungarian legions\\nwhich joined the Prussian army against\\nAustria are allowed to return to their\\nallegiance.\\nOct. 30. Aust. Friederich Ferdinand,\\nBaron Von Beust, a Protestant and a\\nSaxon, becomes Minister of Foreign Af-\\nfairs, and proceeds to reorganize the\\nstate on a liberal basis.\\nOct. Galicia. Count Goluchowiski, a\\nPole, is made governor.\\nNov. 19. Hung. The Reichstag is\\nopened at Budapest by an Imperial\\ndecree [which promises to do justice to\\nthe constitutional demands of the Hun-\\ngarians].\\nDec. 15. Hung. Francis Deak replies\\nto the Imperial decree, and is sustained\\nby the Eeichstag in demanding the\\nretoration of the Hungarian con-\\nstitution.\\nDec. 25. Hung. The union of Tran-\\nsylvania with Hungary is ratified by its\\nDiet.\\n1867 Jan. 3. Vienna. A special ses-\\nsion of the Reiehsrath is called for\\nFeb. 23.\\nJan. Hung. Hungarians oppose the\\nconvocation of the Reiehsrath.\\nFeb. 4. Aust, The autonomy of Hun-\\ngary is announced Premier Richard\\nVon Belcredi resigns.\\nFeb. 7. Vienna. Baron Von Beust,\\nthe Minister of Foreign Affairs, is ap-\\npointed Premier.\\nFeb. 17. Hungary becomes reconciled\\nby the adoption of a dual system of\\ngovernment.\\nIts self-government is secured by the\\nrestoration of the constitution of 1S48,\\nand the appointment of Julius Andrassy\\nas Premier of a separate Hungarian Min-\\nistry,\\nSpring. Vienna. The emperor sum-\\nmons the Beichsrath to assemble for\\nreorganization of the State in a liberal\\nsense it is one result of the unsuccess-\\nful war.\\nMay 22. Vienna. The Germano-Sla-\\nvonic Reiehsrath is opened by the em-\\nperor in person.\\nMay\u00c2\u00b1 Separate government is de-\\nmanded by the Czechs, Slavonians, and\\nothers, who strongly oppose absorption\\ninto the dual government.\\nMay 25. Hung. A protest is made by\\nCroatia, a Crown land, against incor-\\nporation with Hungary.\\nMay 27. Hung. The Croatian Diet\\nat Agram, embracing Slavonia, is dis-\\nsolved.\\nJune 8. Hung. The Emperor Francis\\nJoseph and the Empress Elizabeth are\\ncrowned at Budapest, as sovereigns of\\nHungary.\\nJune 9. Hung. The emperor grants\\nthe Hungarians amnesty for political\\noffenses.\\nJune 19. Mex. The Archduke Maxi-\\nmilian is executed as a usurper. (See\\nMexico.)\\nJune 23. Vienna. Baron Von Beust\\nis made President of the Federal Coun-\\ncil, Chancellor of the Empire.\\nJuly Hung. Louis Kossuth is elected\\na deputy of the Reichstag.\\nAug. 18. Aust. Napoleon HE. visits\\nFrancis Joseph at Salzburg.\\nSept. 13. Vienna. The plan for the di-\\nvision of the public debt and other\\nfinances of Austria and Hungary is\\nsigned.\\nSept. 23. Vienna. Deputations of Hun-\\ngarians sign a financial convention\\nwith Austria.\\nSept. 28. Aust. The Church is aroused\\nand 28 bishops demand that the con-\\ncordat respecting education and\\nmarriage be observed, and oppose the\\nproposed change.\\nOct. Hung. Kossuth writes a letter\\ncensuring the course of the moderate\\nparty.\\nBohemia. The Czechs insist that the\\nemperor shall be crowned King of Bo-\\nhemia at Prague.\\nOct. Aust. The emperor, in a letter to\\nCardinal von Bauscher, proposes the\\ncomplete liberty of conscience, in\\nopposition to the agreement with the\\nPapal power.\\nOct. 22. Ger. King William I. of\\nPrussia meets the Emperor Francis Jo-\\nseph at Oos, near Baden-Baden.\\nNov. Vienna. The Beichsrath ap-\\nproves the Austro-Hungarian dualistic\\ngovernment.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1866 Aust. An Imperial commission\\nundertakes to construct a new channel\\nfor the Danube near Vienna.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0539.jp2"}, "540": {"fulltext": "528 1867,Nov.*-1878,Sept.26. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1868 Oct. 11. Aust. -Hung. Frederick\\nvon BeuBt, the Premier, calls for a\\nstanding army of 800,000 men.\\n1869 Feb. 9. Hang. The Royal\\nHungarian Guard ie organized.\\nFeb. 20. Aust.-Hung. The frigate\\nRadetzky is blown up 300 lives are lost.\\n1870 Dec* Aust.-Hung. The army\\nconsists of 864,869 regulars and 187,-\\n527 landwehr (militia).\\n1875* The Herzegovinians revolt\\nagainst the Turks because of exces-\\nsive taxation and the abuse of power\\nthey are supported by Montenegro and\\nServia.\\nJuly 12. Herzegovina. The Turks are\\ndefeated in an uprising at Nevesinje.\\nAug. Herzegovina. Seryer Pasba de-\\nfeats the insurgents.\\nThe leaders of the revolt are Peko,\\nPalovich, Socica Ljubibratich, and\\nothers.\\n1S76 Jan. 18-20. Herzegovina. The\\ninsurgents are defeated at Trebinje,\\nand their leader is killed.\\nApr. 29. Herzegovina. Mukhtar Pasha\\ndefeats the insurgents, and revictuals\\nthe besieged force at Nicksich.\\nMay -June Herzegovina. Unimpor-\\ntant engagements occur.\\nJune Herzegovina. The new Sultan,\\nMurad V., grants an armistice. (See\\nState, 1878, June, Treaty of Berlin.)\\nJuly The principalities join in the\\nstruggle against the Turks [and the\\nRusso-Turkish War follows].\\n1877 Apr. 12. Bosnia. The Czar of\\nRussia declares war against Turkey,\\nbecause of its refusal to grant justice to\\nBosnia.\\n1878 July 31- Aug. 1. Bosnia Her-\\nzegovina. An Austrian force enters\\nBosnia and Herzegovina, and is resisted\\nby a part of its inhabitants.\\nAug. 4-6. Bosnia. The Bosnians aided\\nby the Turks vigorously resist the Aus-\\ntrian advance.\\nAug. 4. Herzegovina. Herzegovinians\\nresist the Austrians at Mostar, the\\ncapital.\\nAug. 7, 8. Bosnia. The Austrians de-\\nfeat the Bosnians at Zepce and Maglai.\\nAug.* Bosnia. Travnik is occupied\\nby the Austrians.\\nAug. 16. Bosnia. The Bosnians are de-\\nfeated at Han Belalovich by Gen.\\nFilippovic.\\nAug. 18. Bosnia. The Austrians un-\\nder Gen. Tegetthoff defeat the Bosnians.\\nAug. 19. Bosnia. The Austrians bom-\\nbard Serajevo, the capital, and take it\\nby storm.\\nSept. 7. Bosnia. The fortress of Tre-\\nbinje is surrendered without a battle.\\nSept. 10. Bosnia. The Austrian ad-\\nvance is checked at Behacs. [Sept.\\n19. It takes Behacs.]\\nSept. 21. Bosnia. The Austrians take\\nthe fortress of Senkorics, and capture\\nmilitary stores.\\nSept. 25. Bosnia. Zwornik is surren-\\ndered to the Austrian* with its strung\\nfortress.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1868 Sept. 18i. Vienna. The new-\\nPalace of Fine Arts is founded by the\\nemperor.\\n1873* Vienna. The 3d International\\nMedical Congress is held.\\n1874 Sept. 25. Vienna. Part of the\\nAustro-H ungarian polar expedition\\narrives.\\nVienna. The minor planets, Aus-\\ntrea, Melibcea, and Siwa, are discovered\\nby J. Palisa. [1875. He discovers Po-\\nlana, Adria, Abundantia, Hilda, Scylla,\\nand Xanthippe.]\\n1875 June 26. Hung. Storms kill\\npeople at Budapest.\\n1876 July 17. Aust. An earthquake\\nis felt throughout the Empire.\\n1877 Vienna. The minor planets,\\nEurykleia and Belisana, are discov-\\nered by J. Palisa.\\n[1878. Also Elsa, Istria, and Deiopeia.\\n1879. Also. Nausikaa, Arete, Penelope,\\nCallisto, Martha, Hedda, Lacriosa, Isa-\\nbella, and Isolda. 1880. Medea, As-\\nchera, Eudora, Thursnelda, Bianca.\\n1881. Stephania.]\\n1878 Aug. 30. Hung. The town of Mis-\\nkolcz is destroyed by a waterspout\\nmany lives are lost.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1868* Gasser, Hans, Aust. sculptor, A51.\\n1870* linger, Franz, Austrian paleontolo-\\ngist, A70.\\nLeopold II., Grand Duke of Tuscany, Arch-\\nduke of Austria, A73.\\n1871 Feb. 3. Eotvos. J6zef, Hungarian\\nauthor, patriot, ami minister, A58.\\nApr. 7. Tegethoff, Willielin von, Austrian\\nadmiral, A44.\\nOmer PaBha. Austrian-Turkish general,\\nA69.\\n1872* Gai, Ljudevit, Croatian author, jour-\\nnalist, A63.\\nMay 28. Sophia, Archduchess of Austria,\\nmother of the emperor, A67.\\n1873* C/. nnak, .lohann Nepomuk, Bohe-\\nmian physiologist, A45.\\n1875 June 29. Ferdinand HI.. Empe-\\nror, A82.\\nNov. 24. Rauseher, Cardinal, prince bishop\\nof Vienna, dies.\\nKlein, Johann Adam, Hungarian painter,\\nA83.\\nLaub, Ferdinand, violinist, A43.\\n1876 Jan. 29. Deak. Francis. Hungarian\\nstatesman, orator, A73.\\nAmbros, August Willielm, Austrian histo-\\nrian of music, A60.\\n1878 Mar. 8. Francis Charles, Archduke\\nof Austria, the emperor s father, A76.\\nHorvath, Mihily, Hungarian historian, A69.\\nFogarasy, Janos, Hungarian lexicographer\\nand jurist, A77.\\nRokitansky, Karl, Austrian pathologist, A74.\\nCHURCH.\\n1869 Jan. 1. Aust. Great opposi-\\ntion to the Government is made by the\\nclergy.\\nBohemia. The Moravian Brethren un-\\ndertake to plant a mission.\\nAust. The Bishop of Lintz is sen-\\ntenced to three months imprisonment\\nfor using seditious language; pardoned\\nby the emperor.\\n1870 July 30. The Government sus-\\npends the concordat with Rome in\\nconsequence of the promulgation of the\\ndoctrine of papal infallibility.\\n1871 July 26. Vienna. The Old\\nCatholics hold their lirj*t meeting.\\n1872 The American Board com-\\nmences its missions.\\nPrague in Bohemia, Briiu in Moravia,\\nand Innsbruck in Tyrol, are speedily\\noccupied.\\n1873 Hung. John Simor is conse-\\ncrated cardinal priest.\\n1874 Mar. 7. The Pope issues an\\nencyclical letter condemning the new\\necclesiastical laws.\\nApr.* Aust. The bishops protest\\nagainst the new ecclesiastical laws;\\nboth of the political parties adopt the\\nmotto, A free church in a free state.**\\nLETTERS.\\n1869 Croatia. The University of\\nZ gr b, Agram, is founded.\\n1872* Hung. The University of\\nKolozsvar, Klausenberg. is founded.\\n1874* Croatia. The University of\\nAgram is opened.\\n1875 Aust. The University of\\nCzernowitz is founded.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1868 Dec. 14. Hung. A Jewish\\nCongress at Budapest is opened by the\\nminister of public worship, Eotvos.\\n1869 Mar. 9-10. Croatia. The sover-\\neigns visit Agram.\\n1870 June 9. Hung. The remains\\nof Louis Batthyanyi, the Hungarian\\npatriot, are reinterred with much cere-\\nmony in the public cemetery, Pesth.\\n1873 Apr. 28-. Vienna. The Prince\\nof Wales visits Vienna. [June 1-7,\\nThe Czar July 30\u00c2\u00b1, The Shah of Per-\\nsia Sept. 17-22, King Victor Emman-\\nuel; Oct. 17-23, Emperor William of\\nGermany.]\\nDec. 2. Vienna. Great rejoicings oc-\\ncur in celebration of the 25th anniver-\\nsary of the accession of the emperor.\\n1874 Feb. 27. Ofenheim, the rail-\\nway financier charged with fraud, is ac-\\nquitted.\\nJuly* Aug.* Eng. The empress\\nvisits the Isle of Wight.\\nAug. 1. Vienna. An international\\nSanitary Congress closes.\\nVienna. A Cremation Society is\\nfounded.\\n1S75 Apr. 5. It. The emperor is\\nwarmly received at Venice by the King\\nof Italy.\\nJune 28. Bohemia. The czar and\\nemperor meet at Eger.\\nSTATE.\\n1867 Nov. Hung. George Klapka\\nand other Liberals in the Reichstag\\njoin Francis Deak.\\nDec. 29. Hung. The emperor approves\\nthe Hungarian bills for Jewish eman-\\ncipation, and for a financial arrange-\\nment with Austria.\\nDec. 30. Vienna. Prince Auersperg,\\nas Premier, organizes a new Ministry.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0540.jp2"}, "541": {"fulltext": "AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1867, Nov. *-1878, Sept. 26. 529\\n1868 Mar. 21-23. Vienna. The up-\\nper House of the Reichsrath passes the\\nCivil Marriages Bill, aimulling cleri-\\nAust. The Roman Catholic clergy\\nbecome amenable to civil law.\\nAust. Secular education is placed\\nunder the control of the state.\\nApr. 14. Hung. Kossuth resigns as\\nan elected member of the Reichstag.\\nMay 25. Vienna. The emperor assents\\nto the Civil Marriages Bill.\\nMay 27. Hung. Croatia accepts union\\nwith Hungary.\\nAust. The disabilities of the Jews\\nin municipal and communal affairs are\\nabolished by the Galician Diet.\\nOct. 10. Bohemia. The habeas corpus\\nact is suspended because of riots at\\nPrague.\\nNov. 24. Hung. Croatian deputies first\\ntake their place in the Reichstag.\\nDec. 10. Hung. The Reichstag of 18G5\\ncloses.\\nDec. 14. Hung. Jews, under Jdzsef\\nEotvos, Minister of Worship and Educa-\\ntion, and patriot, open a congress.\\n1869 Jan.* Aust. The clergy strongly\\noppose the Government.\\nMar. 9, 10. Aust. The sovereigns of\\nAustria-Hungary visit Agram in Croatia.\\nApr. 22. Hung. The Chamber of\\nDeputies assembles at Budapest.\\nOct. Aust. A successful insurrection\\narises in Dalmatia.\\nDec. 13. Vienna. The emperor opens\\nthe Reic hsrath\\n1870 Jan. A Ministerial crisis oc-\\ncurs.\\nApr. 4. Vienna. The Ministry resigns,\\nand a new one is formed with Count\\nPotocki as Premier.\\nJuly 18. Vienna. Austria-Hungary an-\\nnounces its neutrality in the Franco-\\nPrussian war.\\nJuly 30. Vienna. Austria-Hungary de-\\nclares the concordat of the Pope is\\nsuspended in consequence of the pro-\\nmulgation of the decree establishing the\\ninfallibility of the Pope.\\nThe Austro- Hungarian Monarchy\\nbecomes the official title of the\\nEmpire.\\nSept. 14 -Oct. 5. Bohemia. An agita-\\ntion for self-government pervades the\\nkingdom, and addresses are seut to the\\nemperor.\\nSept. 17. Vienna. The emperor opens\\nthe Reichsrath at Vienna Bohemian\\ndeputies are absent.\\nSept. 29. Vienna. The Federal and\\nNational parties in the Reichsrath con-\\ntend for supremacy.\\nNov. 22. Vienna. The Reichsrath ad-\\njourns.\\n1871 Jan. The emperor recognizes\\nthe new German Empire.\\nFeb. 8. The Government grants com-\\nplete amnesty for political offenses.\\nFeb. Potocki, the Premier, is dis-\\nmissed, and succeeded by Count Hohen-\\nwart.\\nFeb. 20. Vienna. The Reichsrath\\nopens.\\nSept. 6-8. The Emperors of Austria-\\nHungary and Germany meet at Salz-\\nburg.\\nOct. 25. Aust. The dissension between\\nGerman and Slavonian parties causes\\na Ministerial crisis; the Hohenwart\\nMinistry at Vienna resigns.\\nNov. 4. Vienna. Baron Kellersberg,\\nPremier, forms a new Ministry.\\nNov. 8. Von Beust is dismissed from\\nthe control of the Government,\\nNov. 13, 14. Vienna. Count An-\\ndrassy becomes Minister of Foreign Af-\\nfairs, and Count Lonyay Premier of\\nthe Hungarian Ministry.\\nNov. 25. Vienna. A new Ministry is\\nformed by Prince Auersperg.\\nDec. 28. The Reichsrath opens.\\n1872 Mar. 13. A new constitutional\\nlaw is promulgated, which authorizes\\nthe emperor to order new elections of\\nthe Chambers.\\nApr. 16. Hung. The Reichstag of 1869\\nis dissolved.\\nJuly* Hung. The Constitutional\\nparty is sustained by the electors.\\nSept. 4. Hung. The Reichstag opens\\nat Budapest.\\nSept. 6-8. Ger. The Emperors of Aus-\\ntria and Germany and other sovereigns\\nmeet at Berlin.\\nDec. 2. Hung. The Lonyay Ministry\\nresigns.\\nDec. Hung. Szlavy succeeds in organ-\\nizing a new Ministry.\\n1873 Mar. 10. The Reichsrath be-\\ncomes a national representative as-\\nsembly by a change in the law, which\\nputs the elections in the hands of the\\nbody of electors instead of the pro-\\nvincial Diets.\\nOct. 30. National elections for the\\nReichsrath are held 228 Constitution-\\nalists and 125 Federals are chosen.\\nNov. 5. The Reichsrath opens.\\nNov. Hung. Budapest is formally de-\\nclared the capital.\\nDec. 2. Amnesty is granted to polit-\\nical offenders on the 25th anniversary\\nof the emperor s accession.\\nThe Government requires 55 per cent\\nof the taxes of Croatia to be paid to\\nHungary.\\n1874 Feb. 11. Hung. The Szlavy\\nMinistry resigns.\\nFeb. 26 -Mar. 1. Hung. Baron von\\nWenckhein forms a coalition Ministry.\\nMar. 20. Hung. The coalition Ministry\\nresigns, and is succeeded by a Bitto\\nMinistry.\\nSpring. A bill for abolishing the con-\\ncordat is introduced, and measures for\\nrestricting the power of the clergy\\npass both Houses.\\nApr. The bishops oppose the new\\necclesiastical laws. A free church in\\na free state is the popular aphorism\\nof both political parties.\\nJuly Bohemia. The Young Czech\\nparty is rejected by the electors.\\nAug. 14. Hung. The Reichstag\\ncloses.\\n1875 July Hung. The Government is\\nsustained in the elections.\\nAug. 22. Herzegovina. The Great\\nPowers agree to send a commission\\nto redress grievances.\\nSept.i Herzegovina. The Bosnians\\njoin the insurgents against the Turks.\\nOct. 20. Hung. Koloman Tisza be-\\ncomes Premier.\\n1876 July 8. Bohemia. The czar and\\nemperor meet at Reichstadt, and unite\\nin a policy of neutrality respecting\\nthe war between the Servians and the\\nTurks.\\nNov. The expenditures of the Govern-\\nment are found to exceed the revenue.\\n1877 June 26. The Austrian and\\nHungarian Ministers announce their\\npolicy of neutrality in the Turco-\\nRussian war.\\nAug. Bosnia. The revolt against the\\nTurks is subdued.\\n1878 July 13. Ger. The Treaty of\\nBerlin is signed. It provides that\\nAustria shall have the administration of\\nthe Turkish provinces of Bosnia and\\nHerzegovina, and to occupy them with\\nAustrian troops, together with Sandshak\\nof Novi Bazar. Count Andrassy is\\nthe representative of Austria in the\\nCongress. (See Germany, State.)\\nJuly Bosnia revolts against annexa-\\ntion to Austria.\\nJuly 29. Austrian troops enter Bosnia\\nand Herzegovina, in accordance with\\nthe Treaty of Berlin. (War follows.)\\nSept. 26. Hung. A Ministerial crisis\\noccurs the Minister of Finance resigns.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1868 July 26. Vienna. A German\\nsharpshooting match opens.\\n1869 Oct. Aust. A Corespondenz\\nKarte (postal card) first appears in\\nEurope.\\n1873 May 1. Vienna. The emperor\\nopens an International Exhibition.\\nMay 7\u00c2\u00b1. Hung. Twenty-one persons are\\nkilled in a railroad accident near\\nBudapest.\\nMay 9. Aust. Europe suffers from\\nfinancial distress, and many failures\\noccur at Vienna.\\nJune 24. Hung. The Fiume railroad\\nis partly opened.\\nAug. 18. Vienna. The Archduke\\nAlbert presents the prizes awarded to\\nexhibitors at Vienna.\\nOct. 24. Vienna. The emperor opens\\nthe water-works.\\n1876 May 30. Vienna. The new\\nchannel of the Danube is opened.\\n1878 Mar. 8. The Sphinx is burnt at\\nsea near Cape St. Elie 500 persons\\nperish.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0541.jp2"}, "542": {"fulltext": "530 1878, Sept. 28-1889, Feb. 5. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1878 Sept. 28. Bosnia. Livno, after\\nbombardment, is captured by the Aus-\\ntrians.\\nNov. 9. Bosnia. The war ends. [No\\nfurther resistance is offered to the Aus-\\ntrians an amnesty follows.] Austrian\\nlosses, about 5,000 killed, wounded, and\\nmissing.\\n1870 Sept. 8. Bosnia. Austrians oc-\\ncupy Novi-Bazar without opposition.\\nHerzegovina. Austrian forces oc-\\ncupy the Lim country.\\n1882 Jan.* Dalmatia, Herzegovina,\\nBosnia. Austrian troops arrive to sup-\\npress disturbances.\\nJan. 16-31. Herzegovina. The insur-\\ngents are defeated in several small\\nengagements.\\nFeb. 16+. Herzegovina. Insurgents are\\nsuppressed at Glavalicevo.\\nFeb. 25. Herzegovina. The insurgents\\nare defeated at Cettinje.\\nMar. 14. Herzegovina. The capture of\\nDragali by the Austrians is announced.\\nMay 12\u00c2\u00b1. Herzegovina. The insurrec-\\ntion is almost suppressed, and the\\nfighting is chiefly by guerrilla bands.\\nNov. 7, 8. Vienna. The army is used\\nto suppress a riot of shoemakers and\\nothers.\\n1883 Sept. 8-10. Croatia. The mili-\\ntary authorities are resisted, and re-\\nvolters are suppressed.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1879 Mar. 12,13. Hung. Heavy rains\\ncause the dams on the River Theiss to\\ngive way, and a flood-wave destroys\\n6,235 houses out of a total of 6,566\\nhouses in Szegedin.\\nNov. 10-16, Dec. 8. An earthquake\\nin South Austria does much damage\\nlives are lost in Agram.\\n1882 Apr. 1. Aust. An Interna-\\ntional Art Exhibition is opened at\\nVienna.\\nApr. 2. Aust. The Austrian Polar Ex-\\npedition starts in the Polar.\\nVienna. J. Palisa discovers many\\nminor planets.\\nMinor planets Eos, Lucia, Rosa,\\nOceana, Henrietta, Weringia, Agathe,\\nAdalinda.and Vindabona. 1883. Russia\\nand Carolina. 18S4. Vera, Honoria, Ad-\\nrastea, Ida, Kriemhild, and Sita. 1885.\\nWalpurga, Silesia, Lameia, Bettina,\\nSophia, Dresda, and Mathilde. 1886.\\nAugusta, Oppavia, and Valda. 1S87.\\nAnna, Aline, and Justitia. 1S8S. Sapi-\\nentia, Atropos, Philagoria, Adelheld,\\nPaulina, Ccelestina, Thule, Philia, and\\nLucretia. 1889. Oct. 3. Huberta.\\n1883 Jan. 10. Hung. Raab is partly\\nsubmerged by floods.\\nJune 21 An overflow of the River\\nNeisse does much damage in Silesia.\\nAug. 22. Aust. The Austrian Polar\\nExpedition returns to Drontheim.\\nSept. 15. Aust. An International\\nExhibition of graphic art is opened at\\nVienna.\\n1884 Dec. 10. Aust. A destructive\\nstorm visits Vienna.\\nDec. 26-31. Earthquake shocks are\\nfelt.\\nDec. 28. Slight shocks of an earth-\\nquake are felt in Carinthia and Styria.\\n1885 Jan. 27-28. Aust. Slight earth-\\nquake shocks are felt in Styria.\\n1887 June 3\u00c2\u00b1. Another inundation\\nvisits Szegedin.\\nSept. 29. Hung. A bronze statue of\\nFrancis Deak, the orator and states-\\nman, is unveiled by the emperor.\\n1888 Mar. An inundation afflicts Hun-\\ngary.\\nMay 13. Vienna. The Maria Theresa\\nmonument is inaugurated in the pres-\\nence of the emperor and empress.\\nSept. 15. Aust. A Meteorological\\nCongress opens at Vienna.\\n1889 Jan. 15. The Danube River is\\nfirmly frozen for 18 miles below Vienna.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1880 Oct. 10. Giskra, Karl, Austrian\\nstatesman, dies.\\nHavmerle, Heinrieh von, Baron, statesman,\\ndies, A53.\\n1881 Apr. 27. Benedek. Ludwig von.\\nAustrian general, .ht-s, A77.\\n1884 Oct. 3. JIakart, Hans, historical\\npainter, A40.\\n1885 Jan. 5. Auersperg, Adolph, Prince,\\nAustrian statesman, dies.\\n1886 Oct. 24. Beust. Frederich Ferdi-\\nnand von. Liberal statesman, chancellor,\\nA84.\\nJuly 31 Liszt. Franz. Hungarian pianist,\\ncomposer, dies, A75.\\n1887* *Ainerling, Frederick, Austrian\\npainter, A84.\\n1888 Heller, Stephen, Hungarian com-\\nposer, A74.\\n1889 Jan. 5. Iieichbauer, Herr, ex-Presi-\\ndent of tlie Austrian Iteichsrath, dies.\\nJan. 17. Murska, ill, lima, operatic singer,\\nA46+.\\nJan. 30. Rudolph, Archduke, crown\\nprince, A31.\\nCHURCH.\\n1878 It. Leo XIII. is pope.\\n1879 Aust. F. Von Fiirstenberg, the\\nArchbishop of Olmlitz, is consecrated\\ncardinal priest. [1884. Nov. 10. Celes-\\ntine Ganglbauer, Archbishop of Vienna.\\n1885. J. Mihalovitz, Archbishop of Za-\\ngabria.\\n1889 Feb. 4. The emperor addresses\\nthe Holy Father on the death of Prince\\nRudolph, the crown prince; [the Pope\\nreplies].\\nLETTERS.\\n1881 Feb. 11. Bohemia. Lectures in\\nthe Czechic language are established\\nin the University of Prague.\\nSept. 20-29. Vienna. An Interna-\\ntional Literary Association meets.\\n[1888. Sept. 19. Meets again.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1879 Apr. 24. Aust. The emperor\\nand empress celebrate their silver\\nwedding.\\n1881 May 10. Aust. The Archduke\\nRudolph is married to Stephanie Clo-\\ntilde of Belgium.\\nJuly Bohemia. Czech and German stu-\\ndents engage in riots at Prague.\\nOct. 28.-31. Vienna. The King and\\nQueen of Italy are welcomed.\\n1882 Jan. 19. Vienna. Johann Zich\\nthrows a stone at the Russian AiiiIin--\\nsador.\\nAust. An attempt is made by Over-\\ndank, a soldier, to assassinate the\\nEmperor Francis Joseph.\\nFeb.* Mohammedans sympathize\\nwith Christian insurgents.\\nSept. 29. Hung. An anti-Jew riot\\nbreaks out at Presburg, and martial\\nlaw is proclaimed.\\nNov. 7-8. Aust. A riot of Shoe-\\nmakers occurs.\\nDec. 20. Aust. Overdank, a soldier,\\nwho attempted to assassinate the em-\\nperor, is executed.\\nDee. 27. The 600th anniversary of\\nthe House of Habsburg is celebrated\\nthroughout the Empire.\\nDec. Bohemia. Forty-five socialists\\nare sentenced to imprisonment at\\nPrague.\\n1883 Mar. 29. Hung. The chief jus-\\ntice, George von Mailath von Szekhely,\\nis murdered.\\nJune Hung. Ten Jews are tried at\\nNyireghyhaza charged with the murder\\nof Esther Solymosi, a Christian maid,\\non Apr. 1, 1892; Joseph Scharf is one\\nof them.\\nJuly -Aug. Hungary is disturbed\\nby anti-Jewish riots, especially at\\nPesth, Zala, and Egersseg.\\nAug. 3. Hung. The ten Jews tried at\\nNyireghyhaza are acquitted of the mur-\\nder of Esther Solymosi.\\nAug.* Croatia. Riots prevail in Agram\\nand other places against the Jews the\\nSlavs also make anti-Hungarian dis-\\nturbances.\\nSept. 20. Croatia. Ten rioters are\\nkilled.\\nSept. 30. Croatia. The Government\\nsentences 38 rioters to imprisonment.\\nOct. 6. Hung. Three men are convicted\\nof the murder of Chief Justice\\nSzekhely.\\n1884 Jan.* Aust. Two police detec-\\ntives are assassinated a great conspir-\\nacy is suspected.\\nFeb. 9. Vienna. Much Socialistic dis-\\naffection another policeman is mur-\\ndered, and the excitement increases.\\nMar. 15\u00c2\u00b1. Vienna. The Government\\nexpels 700 Socialists.\\nApr. 17\u00c2\u00b1. Turk. The Crown Prince\\nRudolph and the princess visit Con-\\nstantinople.\\nApr. 22. Aust. Hugo Schenk and\\nSchlossarck are executed for the mur-\\nder of several servant girls.\\nAug. 8. Vienna. Corporal Hermann\\nStellmacher, the assassin of Detec-\\ntive Bloch. is executed.\\nDee. Aust. Startling bank frauds are\\ndiscovered some of the culprits com-\\nmit suicide.\\n1886 Sep. 26. Aust. A great Inter-\\nnational Hygienic Congress is opened\\nby the crown prince at Vienna.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0542.jp2"}, "543": {"fulltext": "AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1878, Sept. 28-1889, Feb. 5. 531\\nSept. 27. Aust. Incendiary fires occur\\nin the suburbs of Vienna.\\nOct. 10. Aust. The discovery of a con-\\nspiracy to burn Vienna is announced,\\nand 17 men are arrested.\\n188S May 14. Aust. The National\\nIndustrial Exhibition, celebrating the\\nfortieth year of the emperor s reign, is\\nopened at Vienna.\\nJune 22. Aust. A grand funeral of\\nBeethoven is celebrated at Vienna on\\nthe transfer of his remains from Wall-\\nring Cemetery to that of Simmerung.\\nJune 27- Bung. Agrarian riots at\\nFoeldvar are suppressed with force.\\nOct. 3\u00c2\u00b1. Vienna. The German Em-\\nperor William II. visits Vienna.\\n1889 Jan. 2. Aust. A Socialist Con-\\ngress is held at Hainfield.\\nJan. 15. The Government sentences 19\\nNazarenes, seven of whom are women,\\nto imprisonment for various terms for\\ninciting people to refuse to do mili-\\ntary duty.\\nMoravia. Eleven hundred textile\\nworkers strike for an increase of\\nwages.\\nJan. 30. Aust. The Archduke Ru-\\ndolph, the crown prince, commits\\nsuicide.\\nHung. Hussars disperse a mob at\\nPesth.\\nFeb. 5. Aust. Several persons are\\narrested in Capes for repeating rumors\\nthat the crown prince met his death\\nat the hands of the husband of the woman\\nhe had betrayed. (See Feb. 25.)\\nSTATE.\\n1878 Oct. 4. Hung. The Tisza Min-\\nistry resigns.\\nOct. 22. Aust. The Auersperg Liberal\\nMinistry resigns.\\nOct. Bosnia, with the exception of Novi\\nBazar, is occupied by Austria-Hungary.\\nDec. 5. Hung. The Tisza Ministry is\\nreorganized, and resumes office.\\n1879 Feb. 15. Vienna. Dr.Stremayr,\\nPremier, forms a new Ministry.\\nJuly 11\u00c2\u00b1. The elections return a Lib-\\neral majority to the Reichsrath.\\nOct. 7. Aust. A secret treaty of de-\\nfense against Russia is signed by Austria\\nand Germany.\\nOct. 8. The Reichsrath opens at Vi-\\nenna the Czech deputies are pres-\\nent.\\nPremier Andrassy, Minister of\\nForeign Affairs, resigns, and retires\\nfrom political life he is succeeded by\\nBaron von Haymerle.\\n1880* Bosnia becomes quiet, and\\nthe reformation of the Government ad-\\nJune 8. All the diets of the Empire\\nopen.\\n1881 July Bohemia. Marshal Krause\\nis appointed governor of Prague.\\nNov. 18+ Gustave, Count Kalnoky,\\nbecomes Minister of Foreign Affairs.\\n1882 Jan. 16. Herzegovina. An in-\\nsurrection breaks out.\\nJan. Troops are required to suppress\\nan insurrection in southern Dalma-\\ntia, Herzegovina, and Bosnia.\\nMay 29\u00c2\u00b1. The New German Peo-\\nple s Party issues a manifesto.\\nOct. 26. The Herzegovinian insurrec-\\ntion is suppressed.\\n1883 Sept. 6\u00c2\u00b1. Hung. Gen. Bam-\\nberg, a special commissioner, super-\\nsedes the Ban of Croatia.\\nSept. 22, Hung. The Croatians are\\naroused against Hungary, and demand\\nseparation.\\nSept. The Imperial Government at-\\ntempts to conciliate the Slavs in their\\njealous opposition to Germans and Ma-\\ngyars they desire autonomy.\\nDec. Vienna. The Reichsrath first\\nmeets in the new house.\\nDee. 4. Hung. Count Khun-Heder-\\nvary becomes Ban of Croatia.\\nDec. 17. Hung. The Croatian Diet\\nopens at Agram in an important session.\\n1884 Jan. 22. Hung. The Croatian\\nDiet is dissolved.\\nJan. 30. Vienna. In apprehension of a\\ngreat conspiracy at Vienna, Premier\\nTaaffe restricts public meetings, the\\npress, trials by jury, and other rights.\\nFeb. 15. Vienna. The Reichsrath ap-\\nproves the repressive police measures\\nof the Government.\\nMar. 13\u00c2\u00b1. Hung. The Government ar-\\nrests many Socialists at Budapest.\\nMar. 15+ Vienna. Seven hundred\\npersons suspected of conspiracy are\\nexpelled.\\nJune 13\u00c2\u00b1. Hung. A majority of the\\nReichstag are elected by the Liberals.\\nAug. 27- Hung. The Croatian Diet is\\nagain dissolved, and political disagree-\\nments continue,\\n1885 Apr. 22. Aust. The Reichsrath\\nis dissolved.\\nApr. 30. Vienna. The reform Act\\nadopted by the upper House of the\\nReichsrath is approved by the emperor.\\nAug. 25, 26. Moravia. The emperor\\nand Alexander III., Czar of Russia,\\nmeet at Kremsier.\\nSept. 22. Vienna. The new Reichsrath\\nassembles.\\n1887 Feb. 26. Vienna. The Reichs-\\nrath votes increased army estimates.\\nMar. 5. Hung. The Reichstag votes\\nincreased army estimates.\\nMar. 13. A treaty of alliance is signed\\nwith Germany and Italy.\\nOct. Vienna. Premier Taaffe makes a\\nchange in the Ministry.\\nNov. Hung. The Croatians finally\\nabandon the movement for autonomy.\\nDec. 19. Vienna. The Reichsrath votes\\nmoney for war preparations.\\n1889 Jan. 10. Vienna. Herr von\\nTisza, the Prime Minister, threatens to\\nresign unless the army bill is passed by\\nthe Reichsrath.\\nJan. 29. Hung. The military bill is\\npassed by a majority of 126 votes.\\nJan. 31. Vienna. The Archduke Charles\\nLouis, the emperor s brother, is offici-\\nally announced as heir to the throne.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1879 Aug. S, 9. Bosnia. A great fire\\nrenders 20,000 persons homeless in Sera-\\njevo.\\n1880 June 10-30. Hung. IvanZmer-\\ntych, a Hungarian, rides his velocipede\\nfrom Ostend, Belgium, to Budapest.\\n1881 Dec. 8. Vienna. The Ring\\ntheater is burned, and 447 lives lost.\\n1882 Sept. 23. Hung. A railway\\nbridge over the Drave falls, and about\\n27 soldiers in a train are drowned.\\n1883 Aug. 16. Vienna. The electric\\nexhibition is opened.\\nSept. 2. A princess is horn to the Arch-\\nduke Rudolph and the Princess Stepha-\\nnie of Belgium they were married May\\n10, 1841.\\nSept. 12. Vienna. Bicentenary of the\\nsiege of Vienna raised by John Sobieski,\\nKing of Poland, is celebrated.\\n1884 June 1. Oct. Aust. There are\\n882 cases and 544 deaths from cholera\\nin Triest.\\nSept. 20. Tyrol. The emperor opens the\\nArlberg railroad tunnel on the line\\nconnecting Innsbruck with Bregenz.\\nOct. -Dec. Hung. Cholera prevails,\\nprincipally in Budapest and Szegedin\\n966 cases and 499 deaths are reported.\\n1885 May 2. Hung. The emperor\\nopens a National Exhibition at Buda-\\npest.\\nNov. 4. Hung. The National Exhibi-\\ntion at Budapest closes.\\n1886 Aug. 17, 18. Vienna. Joseph\\nPircher, a gilder, secretly climbs up the\\nsteeple of St. Stephen s, and places a\\nbanner on its cross, 432 (German) feet\\nhigh.\\nSept. 2. Hung. Budapest celebrates the\\nbicentenary of its recapture from the\\nTurks by Imperialists under the Duke\\nof Lorraine.\\n1887 July 5. Hung. Twenty-seven\\npersons are killed by the accidental ex-\\nplosion of dynamite at Jasz Bereny,\\nnear Budapest.\\nDec. 16. Vienna. The Invalide Russe\\ncauses a panic at the Bourse.\\n1889 Jan. 3. Hung. The maize ring\\nsyndicate collapses.\\nJan. 5. Vienna. The Greek Govern-\\nment borrows 20,000,000 francs from a\\nbank.\\nJan. 9. Hung. Diphtheria is prevalent\\nin Nago, the schools are closed, and 20\\nchildren die in one day.\\nJan. 30. Aust. The Archduke Ru-\\ndolph, the crown prince, is found\\ndead in his bed by his valet; apoplexy\\nis announced as the cause; suicide by\\na pistol-shot is the rumored cause of\\nhis death.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0543.jp2"}, "544": {"fulltext": "532 1889, Feb. 6-1890, May 20. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1889 Feb.* Hung. The Army Bill of\\nM. Tisza awakens much opposition in\\nBudapest.\\nJune 16. Bosnia. Insurgents at Novi-\\nBazar attack the Turks.\\nJune 22. Aust. The Government pro-\\nposes the addition of 14 heavy bat-\\nteries to the armament.\\nJuly 24. Aust. The infantry is in-\\ncreased by an addition of 9,000 men,\\nthus raising the service to a war-footing.\\nAug. 23. Aust. The War Office decides\\nto supply the army with smokeless\\npowder.\\nSept. Grand military maneuvers take\\nplace.\\n1890 Feb. 4. Hung. The landwehr\\non a peace footing is to consist of 28 in-\\nfantry regiments and 60 squadrons of\\ncavalry.\\nApr. 28. Galicia. Troops are detailed\\nto keep the peace.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1889 Apr. 6. Hung. A terrible storm\\ndemolishes many houses, and in some\\ncases whole villages have been set on\\nfire by lightning and destroyed.\\nMay 17. Moravia. At Boskowitz eight\\npersons are killed by lightning.\\nThirty persons are killed by a storm\\nat Zino.\\nJune 3, 4. A great storm prevails,\\ncausing great loss of life and property.\\nMay 21. Bohemia. Forty-five persons\\nlose their lives through floods.\\nJuly 29. Hundreds of lives are lost,\\ncrops destroyed, and many buildings\\ndamaged in Transylvania and Buko-\\nwina by a cyclone.\\nAug. 4. Vienna. A new asteroid of\\nthe 13th magnitude is discovered by Dr.\\nPalisa.\\nAug. 21. Aust. Several parts of Aus-\\ntria are visited by hail-storms, and\\nmany persons are killed.\\nNov. 12. Hung. The Government has\\npurchased 10,000 hotels throughout\\nthe country for schoolhouses.\\nDec. 2. Aust. Traffic is blocked by snow\\nfor 36 hours.\\nThe invention of another smokeless\\ngunpowder, having greater carrying\\npower than ordinary gunpowder, is re-\\nported.\\nIt creates a very thin, transparent\\nsmoke, which is so slight that imme-\\ndiately after firing one shot aim can be\\ntaken again.\\n1890 Jan. 14. Vienna. Astronomers\\nannounce that the Star of Bethlehem\\nhas made its seventh appearance since\\nthe birth of Christ.\\nJan. 15. Aust. Earthquake shocks\\nare felt.\\nJan. 18. Aust. Several earthquake\\nshocks occur at Carinthia.\\nJan. 21\u00c2\u00b1. Vienna. Dr. Weichselbaum,\\nof the University of Vienna, discovers\\nthe bacillus of influenza. (An-\\nnounced.)\\nHe finds in it some similarity to the\\npneumonia bacillus, but is sure that it\\nis a distinctly different microbe.\\nVienna. J. Palisa discovers the minor\\nplanets Bruna, Alice, Ludovica, There-\\nsia, Baptistina, Thora, and Bavaria.\\n[1891. Olga, Fraternitas, Chaldea, Con-\\nstantia, Katharina. 1892. Tamara.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1889 Feb. 11. Pitra, John Baptiste, Car-\\ndinal, dies.\\nMar. 21. Pettenkofen, August von, Aus-\\ntrian painter, dies.\\nAug. 5. Philillovich, Joseph, Baron de\\nFfulippsberg, general, A71.\\n1890 Feb. 18. Andraaey. Gyula (Ju-\\nlius), Count, Hung, min., statesman, A67.\\nCHURCH.\\n1889 Feb. 6. At Laibach a crowd\\nsmashes the bishop s windows, and\\nforces the sexton to toll the bell for the\\ncrown prince.\\nAt Meran the priests refusing to offi-\\nciate at requiem mass for the deceased\\ncrown prince, the people enter church,\\nand conduct the service.\\nMar. Aust. The hostility to evangeli-\\ncal work by Protestants increases.\\nApr. 29. Vienna. A Catholic Congress\\nof nobles and clergy meets.\\nMay 2. Vienna. The Catholic Congress\\ncloses.\\nHung. F. de Paul Schonborn, Arch-\\nbishop of Prague, is consecrated a car-\\ndinal priest.\\nCroatia. The British and Foreign\\nBible Society reports 4,000 copies of\\nScripture sold.\\nBohemia. F. M. Charles, Archbishop\\nof Prague, is consecrated cardinal priest.\\n1890 Feb. 7. The Minister of Worship\\nand Public Instruction favors the adop-\\ntion of the bill regulating Jewish re-\\nligious societies that is, that they may\\nbe independent in the control of reli-\\ngious concerns among themselves.\\nMar. 5. The Government excludes the\\nOld Catholics from the Roman decree,\\nand they are thereby compelled to be-\\ncome a separate religious society.\\nAust. A. Dunajewsky, Bishop of Cra-\\ncow, is consecrated cardinal priest.\\nLETTERS.\\n1889 June 21. The government sup-\\npresses Socialist paper, Gleichheit.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1889 Feb. 6. Aust. The Emperor\\nFrancis Joseph in a proclamation thanks\\nhis peoples for their sympathy in his\\naffliction.\\nFeb. 12. Hung. Students make another\\nriotous protest against the army bill at\\nPesth.\\nFeb. 15. Hung. The Hungarian stu-\\ndents riot at Pesth is quelled; several\\narrests are made.\\nFeb. 22. Aust. Galician miners em-\\nployed in Silesian coal-pits are ordered\\nto quit the country.\\nFeb. 25. Aust. The Countess of La-\\nrish, daughter of tbe Duke of Bavaria,\\nis sentenced to perpetual exile for the\\npart she played in the death of Rudolph.\\nFeb. 27. Aust. Baron Hirsch donates\\n120,000 francs yearly to relieve trades-\\nmen threatened with financial ruin.\\nMar. 2. Hung. Six Hungarian stu-\\ndents are arrested at Budapest for\\nmaking demonstrations.\\nMar. 12. Vienna. Signor Romano, a\\npainter, commits suicide.\\nApr. 1. Aust. The Countess Jose-\\nphine Radetkzy shoots herself.\\nApr. 7. Hung. Szil, a wine-storekeeper,\\nis crushed to death in a wine-press by\\nrobbers.\\nApr. 10. The Meyerling estate,\\nowned by the late Crown Prince Ru-\\ndolph, is to be used for religion and\\nbenevolence the main building for a\\nCarmelite nunnery, and other parts\\nas an asylum for aged and infirm\\nresidents.\\nApr. 12. Vienna. Count Festitich\\nsues for separation from his wife on the\\nground of adultery.\\nApr. 18. Aust. Labor riots continue.\\nApr. 20-24. Vienna. Astrike of tram-\\ncar men takes place with anti-Semitic\\nrioting at Vienna the military are\\ncalled out to restore order.\\nMay 10. Bohemia. The street-car\\ncompanies of Prague yield to the de-\\nmands of their striking drivers.\\nMay 24. Moravia. At Saar 10,000\\nminers strike.\\nMay 30. Vienna. Prince Alexis\\nSchwarzenberg is fatally wounded in\\na duel with a lieutenant of Hussars.\\nJune 1. Bohemia. The strikes are\\nspreading over 1,500 men are out.\\nJune 14. Aust. Eleven thousand tex-\\ntile workers at Briinn strike for higher\\nwages.\\nJune 19. Bohemia. The police of\\nPrague forbid the Russian author,\\nFilipoff, to lecture in the city.\\nJune 22. Bohemia. Two riotous mi-\\nners are killed and 12 wounded by gen-\\ndarmes during a labor demonstration at\\nKladno striking miners wreck and fire\\nmany buildings.\\nJuly 11. Aust. At Briinn 6,000 striking\\nspinners resume work.\\nAug. 23K Vienna. The Shah of Per-\\nsia visits Vienna. [Aug. 27. At Buda-\\npest.]\\nNov. 4. Aust. The Archduke John\\nwill take the name of Johann Orth, and\\nenter a London ship-building yard.\\nNov. 29. Hung. A plot to assassi-\\nnate Premier Tisza is discovered and\\nfrustrated.\\nDec. 8. Hung. Count Karolyi and\\nCount Lazaro light in a duel at Buda-\\npest.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0544.jp2"}, "545": {"fulltext": "AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1889, Feb. 6-1890, May 20. 533\\n1890 Jan. 3. Just. A letter con-\\ntaining $90,000 is stolen in transit\\nbetween Vienna and Budapest.\\nJan. 5. Hung, The editor of Zustavo\\nkills the editor of Branik in a duel at\\nNeusatz.\\nJan. 17. Bohemia. The Czechs and\\nGermans are reconciled.\\nFeb. Bohemia. Five hundred strikers\\ndestroy the machinery of a glass-fac-\\ntory at Gablonz the police kill two of\\nthe strikers.\\nFeb. Bohemia. The manufacturers\\nconcede the demands of the striking\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2weavers.\\nMar. 10. Bohemia. Prague students\\nare dispersed by the police, and a num-\\nber placed under arrest.\\nMar.* Bohemia. The trade societies of\\nPrague have resolved that the eight-\\nhour movement shall begin on May 1.\\nApr. 1. Vienna. Ten thousand build-\\ners employees and 800 bakers appren-\\ntices strike.\\nApr. 8. Vienna. Many persons are in-\\njured by rioting strikers; 37 men are\\narrested.\\nApr. 11. Just. The Emperor \u00e2\u0096\u00a0Wil-\\nliam visits the Empress of Austria.\\nApr. 14. Vienna. Six thousand car-\\npenters of Gratz strike for more wages\\nand shorter hours.\\nApr. 17. Just. Labor riots break out\\ntroops and striking miners fight.\\nApr. 22. Just. Socialists join train-\\nstrikers in Vienna in lighting the police\\nand soldiers with stones and revolvers.\\nApr. 23. Galicia. Anti-Semitic riots\\nbreak out in Biala 20 persons are killed\\nand others wounded.\\nApr. 25. Vienna. Schools are to be\\nclosed and martial law proclaimed on\\nMay Day, owing to expected trouble\\nfrom strikers.\\nApr. Just. The miners in the large\\ncollieries of Count Wilczek are on\\nstrike. Troops have been called out\\nto preserve peace.\\nMay 10. Vienna. Col. Frederick\\nGrant, the new American Minister,\\narrives.\\nMay 11 Vienna. The Rothschilds\\ninform the emperor that, unless oppres-\\nsion of the Jews ceases, they will\\nmove their banking-house to Budapest.\\nMay 20. Bohemia. In a collision with\\ntroops at Pilsen five miners are killed\\nand seven wounded.\\nSTATE.\\n1889 Feb. 7. Vienna. The emperor\\nreceives the presidents of the two\\nHouses of the Reichsrath, and thanks\\nthem for the condolence tendered by\\nthose bodies on the death of Crown-\\nPrince Rudolph.\\nFeb. 28. Hung. The action of the\\nOpposition becomes so violent that\\nits debate has to be postponed in the\\nlower House of the Reichstag, on the\\nresumption of the debate on the army\\nbill.\\nMar. 16. Hung. Count Szapary is\\nselected as Premier and Minister of the\\nInterior.\\nMar. 19. Hung. Herr Tisza, the ex-\\nPremier, is vindicated.\\nMar. 20. Hung. Prime Minister Tisza\\nis hooted at and pelted with stones\\nwhile leaving the Chamber of Deputies.\\nMar. 22. Hung. Herr Orlean in the\\nDiet denounces the police for inter-\\nfering with the students demonstra-\\ntions.\\nMar. 23. Hung. Herr Fabinyi, Min-\\nister of Justice, and Baron von Orczy,\\nof the Interior, resign the latter is to\\nbe succeeded by Herr Baross, Minister\\nof Public Works.\\nApr. 8. Hung. The new army bill as\\namended by the Diet is adopted by the\\nupper House.\\nApr. 30. Vienna. The Government\\nserves notice upon tramway com-\\npanies that their property will be se-\\nquestered unless reforms promised to\\ntheir employees are completed by May\\n15.\\nMay 11. Vienna. The lower House of\\nthe Reichsrath adopts the budget,\\nwhich shows a surplus of 2,770,059\\nflorins.\\nJune 13. Vienna, Austria, Russia, and\\nGermany send an identical note to the\\nSwiss Government, advising it to deal\\nmore severely with anarchists and so-\\ncialists.\\nJune 24. Hang. A second strategic\\nrailroad from Hatvan to Miskolcz is\\ncommenced.\\nJune 25. Hung. The Government for-\\nbids any demonstration at the K-a-\\nvanitza Monastery on the anniversary\\nof the battle of Kossova.\\nOct. 21. Vienna. A decree is issued\\nthat state officials shall continuaUy\\nwear uniform on and off duty.\\nDec. 5. Vienna, The Diet passes a bill\\nto incorporate the suburbs of Vienna\\nwith the city itself.\\nDec. 10. Vienna. The Archduke\\nCharles Louis is appointed putative\\nregent.\\nDec. 13. Vienna. A Bulgarian loan\\nrecently effected is a cause of complaint\\nby Russia against Austria as a violation\\nof the Berlin Treaty.\\nDec. 30. Hung. In the Reichstag all\\nthe German candidates are elected on\\nthe second ballot.\\nDec. Vienna. The Government has\\nwarned Servia that there must be a sus-\\npension of friendly relations between\\nthe two countries unless the attacks of\\nthe Servian press upon Austria are\\nstopped.\\n1890 Jan. 1. Hung. Prime Minister\\nTisza declares that he believes in the\\ntriple alliance as the basis of peace.\\nJan. 10. Bohemia. The Emperor Francis\\nJoseph personally attends to the settle-\\nment of disputes between the Czechs\\nand Germans.\\nJan. 13 Hung. The Reichstag pro-\\nvides for the construction of war vessels\\nto protect its interests on the Danube.\\nVienna. The Minister of War states\\nthat the peace of Europe is not secure,\\nand therefore a considerable increase\\nin the army is necessary.\\nJan. 24. Hung. The Finance Minister\\nand the Rothschild syndicate enter into\\nan agreement for the conversion of\\n302,000,000 florins of 5 per cent\\nrentes into 4 per cent gold rentes.\\nJan. Bohemia, The Diet has accepted\\nthe result of the German-Czech Confer-\\nMar. 11. Hung. Herr Yon Tisza, Prime\\nMinister, resigns. Count Von Szapary\\nis appointed to succeed him, and to form\\na new Ministry.\\nMar. Aust. The Government proposes\\nmodifying her stringent laws against\\nthe Socialists.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1889 Feb. 14. Vienna. An electrical\\njoint-stock company, with a capital\\nof 2,000,000 florins, is organized.\\nMay 9. Vienna. The grain-market is\\nboycotted by Hungarian merchants,\\non account of the growth of anti-Sem-\\nitism.\\nMay 22. Just. The train bearing the\\nempress and her suite from Wiesbaden\\nto Vienna is derailed while being\\nswitched.\\nAug. 10. Vienna. A water famine is\\nthreatened.\\nThe crops are much below the aver-\\nage.\\nAug. 19. Hung. An explosion of a\\ndynamite cartridge at Doman kills five\\npersons.\\nAug. 26. Vienna. The great shortage\\nin the wheat crops reported seriously\\naffects the Chicago market, U. S. A.\\nSept. 5. Just. A portion of the quay\\nfalls into the river at Szegedin.\\nNov. 20. Vienna. Four thousand em-\\nployees are out of work in the mother-\\nof-pearl button factories.\\nDee. 5. Hung. A sugar factory at\\nSwolerlowes coUapses, and eight per-\\nsons are killed and many injured.\\nDec. 24. Vienna. Influenza is spread-\\ning, and has developed into lung inflam-\\nmation.\\nDec. 27. Aust. Aloys de Nagy, Count\\nKarolyi, formerly ambassador to Great\\nBritain and Germany, is killed while\\nhunting.\\n1890 Feb. Vienna. A life-insurance\\ncompany announces that it will issue its\\npolicies without medical examinations.\\nMar. Vienna. The importation of cer-\\ntain American proprietary medicine\\nis prohibited by the Government.\\nApr. 19. Hung. Hundreds are dying\\nof famine in Biezwaag and Bistritz.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0545.jp2"}, "546": {"fulltext": "584 1890, May 1892, Aug. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1S90 Sept. 17. Aust. The Archduke\\nFrederick is appointed to the command\\nof the fifth army corps.\\n1891 Apr. 8. Russia masses troops\\non the frontier.\\nJune 21. Istria. The naval work-\\nshops at Pola are destroyed by fire.\\nOct. 19. Aust. The Government orders\\nthe strengthening of the frontier\\nguards by a large number of troops.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1890 July 16. Aust. Heat is intense\\nin central Austria and on the Alps from\\nGraubuenden to Lower Austria.\\nAug. 2. Aust. The city of Lintz is in-\\nundated by an overflow of the Danube.\\nAug. 9. Bohemia. Waterspouts and\\nstorms inundate the western and cen-\\ntral portion of Bohemia.\\nAug. 30. Aust. Several earthquake\\nshocks are felt in the Danube Valley,\\nVienna, from Amstettin to Grein.\\nSept. 3. Bohemia. A part of the city of\\nPrague, also many villages in the Dan-\\nube Valley, are submerged by an over-\\nflow of the Moldau River, causing\\nloss of life and property.\\nSept. 4. Aust. The Drave River over-\\nflows its banks, and vast tracts of land\\nin Carinthia are laid waste.\\nNov. 13. Aust. The Government re-\\nquests the medical faculty to send pro-\\nposals to Prof. Koch for the establish-\\nment of hospitals.\\nNov. 15. Vienna. Drs. Nothnagel, Bill-\\nroth, and Kowalski, of Vienna, praise\\nProf. Koch s remedy for tuberculosis,\\nand say that it is the greatest discov-\\nery since that of Dr. Jenner.\\nNov. 26. Bohemia. Property valued at\\n500,000 florins at Carlsbad is damaged by\\nfloods also damage is done at Rostock,\\nJena, Badkoesen, and other places.\\n1891 Jan. 10. Aust. An avalanche\\nburies a train near Klagenfurth, Carin-\\nthia. At Triest, Carniola, an engine\\nfreezes fast to the rails traffic is sus-\\npended.\\nJan. 12. Galicia. A destructive hurri-\\ncane prevails.\\nJan. 13. Bosnia. An avalanche buries\\nmany houses in snow, and causes the\\nloss of many lives.\\nJuly 24. In the Tyrolean Alps large\\ntracts of land are devastated by ava-\\nlanches.\\nAug. 18. Aust. Forty persons are\\ndrowned by a cloudburst at Kollman.\\nAug. 27. During a thunder-storm light-\\nning strikes a church at Tualis, and\\nkills several members of its congrega-\\ntion. At Piau a hunting-party is also\\nstruck by lightning, killing one and\\nseriously injuring four others.\\nOct. 19. Vienna. The Museum of\\nFine Arts is opened by Emperor Fran-\\ncis Joseph.\\n1892 Apr. 20. Tyrol. Much property\\nis destroyed and several lives are lost by\\na storm.\\nApr. 24. Vienna. A colossal eques-\\ntrian statue of Marshal Kadetzky is\\nunveiled.\\nMay 13. Hung. Many miners are\\ndrowned by a sudden flood resulting\\nfrom a waterspout.\\nJune 8. Disastrous floods sweep the\\nDanube Valley.\\nJuly 25. Moravia. The famous\\nRobber Tower at Znaim, one of\\nthe oldest relics of the Middle Ages,\\nfalls, killing five persons.\\nAug. 3. Aust. A waterspout at Triest,\\nCarniola, does much damage to property.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1890 Oct. 9. Leidesdorf, Professor, lunacy\\nspecialist, dies in Vienna.\\nDec. 28. Karolyi. Gustav Siegraund,\\ncount, statesman, minister, dies.\\n1891 Jan. 5. Saxe-Weimar, Prince Gus-\\ntav of Austrian lielrt -marshal, A64.\\nJan. 18. Salvator Charles, Archduke of\\nAustria, A52.\\nJan. S3. Simor, Janos, cardinal archbishop\\nand primate of lluimary, A74.\\nAug. 38. Taglioni, Mane, dancer, A58.\\nNov. 33. Henry, archduke of Austria,\\nAustrian nVld-marshal, A63.\\nDec. 14. Sigisniimd, archduke of Austria,\\nA65.\\n1893 Jan. 8. Brucke, Ernest W., physiol-\\nogist, A73.\\nFeb. 4. Ponsa, Magdalen of Vienna, A 117.\\nMay 17. Klapka, Gvorgy, Hungarian gen-\\neral, A72.\\nAug-. 19. Fiirstenberg, cardinal Land-\\ngrave F.j prince archbishop of Olmtitz,\\nA78.\\nCHURCH.\\n1890 Nov. 8. Hung. TheRoman Cath-\\nolic Primate orders tbe clergy to give\\nno attention to instructions emanating\\nfrom the Minister of Public Worship.\\n1891 Jan. 3. The emperor purposes to\\nerect a memorial monastery on an\\nisland in the Adriatic in honor of his\\nbrother Maximilian, shot in Mexico, and\\nof his son, the late Crown Prince Ru-\\ndolph.\\nDec. 17. The Methodist Church in\\nVienna is closed by decree.\\nIts pastor is prohibited from preach-\\ning within the capital, because one of\\nits articles of belief denounces the sac-\\nrifice of the mass as a blasphemous fa-\\nble and a dangerous deceit. An appeal\\nagainst the decree is proposed.\\n1892 Jan. 26. Austria seeks to recon-\\ncile the Vatican and the Quirinal.\\nMar. 10. Hung. The primate, arch-\\nbishops, and bishops of the Roman\\nCatholic Church memorialize Francis\\nJoseph against civil marriage meas-\\nures as being hostile to that Church.\\nApr. 10. Vienna. An attempt is made\\nto assassinate the Primate of Hun-\\ngary.\\nMay 28. Aust. The Vatican and Quiri-\\nnal come to an agreement concerning\\nthe appointment of the Patriarch of\\nVenice, they jointly agreeing upon\\nSanto, Bishop of Treviso.\\nJune 8. Galicia. Archbishop Sembra-\\ntowics is assaulted by 40 Polish stu-\\ndents in Lemberg because he visited\\nPope Leo, his doing so being considered\\nae an act of treason to the Greek Catho-\\nlic Church.\\nLETTERS.\\n1891 Jan. 13. OaUcia. By agreement\\nwith the Austrian Government, Baron\\nHirsch plans to subsidize schools for\\nJewesses, and will invest \u00c2\u00a3500,000 in\\nthe enterprise.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1890 May 24. Bohemia. Tramway\\ndrivers are out on a strike at Prague\\nthe lines are at a standstill.\\nMay 27. Bohemia. The tram-car em-\\nployees at Prague are fined by munici-\\npal authorities $5,000 for the cessation\\nof traffic caused by the strike.\\nJuly 31. Aust. The Archduchess\\nMaria Valeria is married to the Arch-\\nduke Francis Salvador at Ischl.\\nSept. 4. Vienna. The International\\nAgricultural Congress is opened.\\nOct. 1. Vienna. The Emperor of\\nGermany arrives.\\nOct. 19. Vienna. The tramway em-\\nployees strike.\\nNov. 17. Transylvania. Six persons\\nare killed and 16 injured in a church\\nfight.\\nNov. 21. Aust. Two cashiers of a War-\\nsaw bank are murdered on the Vienna\\nmail-train, and robbed of 55,000 roubles.\\nDec. 1. Vienna. The Sanitary Coun-\\ncil decides to prohibit unauthorized\\ninoculations.\\n1891 Jan. 18. Vienna. Sadullah Pa-\\nsha, Turkish Ambassador to Austria,\\ndies from self-inflicted injuries.\\nFeb. 3. Vienna. Ten thousand shoe-\\nmakers go out on strike.\\nMar. 6\u00c2\u00b1. Bohemia. The leaders of the\\nOld Czechs declare their purpose to\\nretire from public life.\\nMar. 7. Galicia. In an anti-Semitic\\nriot one Jew is killed and a number of\\nJewish shops are destroyed.\\nMar. 10. Hung. The Chamber of Mag-\\nnates passes the Sunday-Rest Bill,\\nwhich defines Siuiday as extending from\\nthe close of Saturday to 6 a.m. Monday.\\nMar. 27. Tyrol. At Keuf stein a promi-\\nnent merchant is by mistake murdered\\nby a Mafia assassin.\\nMay 20. Hung. Ex-Queen Natalie is\\nwarmly received on her way to Bucha-\\nrest.\\nJune 22. Hung. A fierce riot breaks\\nout at Balonya, in which four men are\\nkilled and seven wounded.\\nJuly 27. Galicia. Wholesale customs\\nfrauds are discovered in the Duchy of\\nBukowina.\\nAug. 12. Aust. Several Servians are\\ndecorated by Emperor Francis Joseph.\\nSept. 6. Aust. The emperor decorates\\na number of the German emperor s\\nattendants.\\nSept. 27- Bohemia. The Emperor Fran-\\ncis Joseph is splendidly received at\\nPrague.\\nOct. 1. Bohemia. Thirteen bombs are\\nexploded under a bridge near Prague,\\na few hours before the arrival of a train\\nbearing the emperor.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0546.jp2"}, "547": {"fulltext": "AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1890, May *-1892, Aug.\\n535\\nOct. 5. Carniola. An attempt is made to\\nblow up the episcopal palace at Triest.\\nNov. 5. Oalicia. Poles in Galicia form\\na secret organization to keep alive the\\nremembrances of the Polish struggle\\nof former years.\\n1892 Feb. 7. Vienna. Extensive re-\\nlief is given to sufferers from the pre-\\nvailing famine.\\nMar. 1. Vienna. The starving poor\\nfight at a distribution of bread.\\nMar. 12. Vienna is shocked by a num-\\nber of mysterious murders committed\\nin Jack-the-Ripper fashion.\\nMar. 13. Vienna. A collision occurs\\nbetween the police and working men.\\nMar. 28. Bohemia. The Czechs of\\nPrague attempt to celebrate the birth-\\nday of Comenius, notwithstanding the\\nGovernment s prohibition. The police\\nseveral times disperse the crowds,\\nafter hard fighting, in which many are\\nwounded with clubs and swords.\\nApr. 11. Vienna. Incendiary fires are\\nstill of frequent and alarming occur-\\nrence.\\nMay 8. Hung. A notary s house in Ye-\\nreez is wrecked by a dynamite ex-\\nplosion.\\nMay 12. Hung. Anarchists make an\\nattempt to blow up a crowded street-\\ncar in Budapest.\\nJune 5. Bohemia. Twenty-seven volun-\\nteer rescuers lose their lives at the\\nburning Birkenberg silver-mine.\\nJune 6. Hung. Hungarians welcome\\nFrancis Joseph on the anniversary of\\nhis coronation as King of Hungary in\\nBudapest.\\nJune 13. Bohemia. A miner confesses\\nthat he purposely fired the Birkenberg\\nsilver-mine.\\nJuly 19. Hung. Riotous reapers at\\nBebar are fired upon by gendarmes\\ntwelve are killed and many wounded.\\nSTATE.\\n1890 May 30. Hung. The lower House\\nof the Reichstag rejects the bill restor-\\ning citizenship to Louis Kossuth.\\nJuly 24. Vienna. Austria and Bulgaria\\nagree to silence concerning negotiations\\nbetween them for a commercial treaty.\\nAug. Vienna. The Government\\nconsents to the independence of Bul-\\ngaria on Aug. 15.\\nAug. 7. Vienna. The Government\\ngrants 500,000 florins ($1,000,000) for\\nrepairing the damage done by floods and\\nassisting the sufferers.\\nAug. 28. Hung. Herr Abranyi resigns\\nhis seat in the Reichstag, as a result of his\\npublishing an interview with Bismarck.\\nOct. 2. Aust. Anti-Semitic members\\nare elected to the lower House.\\nOct. 30. Hung. The Anti-Semitic\\nParty in the Reichstag is dissolved,\\nafter existing for ten years.\\nDec. 2. Vienna. Count Kalnoky opens\\nthe conference between Austro-Hun-\\ngarian and German delegates, called for\\nthe purpose of negotiating a\\ntreaty.\\nDec. 4. Vienna. The Reichsrath as-\\nsembles the Budget for 1891 places the\\nexpenditure at 564,473,940 florins.\\nDec. 13. Vienna. The Democratic\\nAssociation, having for one of its ob-\\njects an agitation in favor of universal\\nsuffrage, is broken up by the police.\\n1891 Jan. 25. Vienna. The Reichs-\\nrath is dissolved by an unexpected\\ndecree.\\nJan. 27. Vienna. Austria resumes dip-\\nlomatic relations with Brazil, the em-\\npire having given way to a republic under\\nDeodora da Fonseca, president,\\nFeb. 4. Vienna. The finance minis-\\nter resigns.\\nMar. 5. Vienna. The returns of the\\nelections show that in the urban dis-\\ntricts of Bohemia twelve German Liber-\\nals, eleven Young Czechs, and three\\nGerman Nationalists are elected to the\\nlower House of the Reichsrath.\\nMar. 10. Hung. The Chamber of Mag-\\nnates at Budapest passes a Sunday-\\nRest Bill. (See Society.)\\nApr. 11. Vienna. The Reichsrath is\\nopened by the Emperor Francis\\nJoseph with a speech strongly favoring\\npeace.\\nJune 12. Vienna. The estimates of the\\nBudget Committee of the Reichsrath\\nshow a surplus of 3,915,987 florins.\\nJune 17. Vienna. The Emperor Fran-\\ncis Joseph gives special audience to\\nPrince Ferdinand of Bulgaria.\\nJune 20. A great Central European\\nCustoms League has been formed by\\nGermany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and\\nSwitzerland.\\nJune 30. The triple alliance of Ger-\\nmany, Austria, and Italy is renewed for\\nsix years.\\nAug. 29. Vienna. The Government is\\nwatching the massing of Russian\\ntroops along her frontier, and in conse-\\nquence adds 13,000,000 florins to her war\\nbudget.\\nSept. 7. Austria, as a reply to the Turco-\\nRussian Convention, -will annex Bosnia\\nto her dominions.\\nDec. 1. Vienna. Austria decides to\\nparticipate in the World s Fair at\\nChicago.\\nDec. 4. Vienna. The removal of the\\nprohibition on American pork is\\nformally announced.\\nDec. 10. Hung. The Reichstag is pre-\\nparing to celebrate the one thousandth\\nanniversary of the establishment of the\\nKingdom of Hungary by a National Ex-\\nhibition in 1S95.\\nDec. 16. Vienna. Herr Gregr, the\\nleader of the Young Czechs in the\\nReichsrath, demands the complete na-\\ntional emancipation of Bohemia.\\n1892 Jan. 4. Hung. The Emperor\\nFrancis Joseph dissolves the Diet.\\nJan. 30. Hung. Returns from the elec-\\ntions show gains by the Opposition or\\nLiberals.\\nFeb. 23. Vienna. It is announced that\\nreciprocity negotiations are to be\\nopened with the United States.\\nApr. 28. Vienna. A motion is made\\nin the lower House of the Reichsrath to\\nimpeach the Minister of Justice.\\nJuly 10. Tyrol. The Provincial Diet of\\nSouthern Tyrol unanimously resolves\\nto request the government to make\\nTriest a free port.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1890 May* Vienna. The emperor\\nopens an International Agricultural\\nExhibition.\\nJune 24. Hung. A second strategic\\nrailroad is commenced from Haven to\\nMiskoleg.\\nJuly 17. Hung. A fire at Rosenau de-\\nstroys the parish church, the synagogue,\\nand twenty houses.\\nAug. 1. Galicia. A mine explosion\\nsuffocates 80 miners.\\nAug. 4. Hung One hundred and eighty\\nhouses and large stores of corn are\\nburned in Puespolk Hatval.\\nAug. 8. Hung. Fire almost destroys\\nthe town of Moor 10 lives are lost.\\nAug. 25. Hung. Tokay, the center of\\nTokay-wine trade, is destroyed by fire.\\nOct. Vienna. The press bitterly at-\\ntacks the McKinley BUI of the U. S.\\nCongress, calling it a measure of vio-\\nlence worthy of a nation accustomed to\\nthe use of the revolver.\\nNov. 17. Aust. A ship capsizes off the\\nDalmatian coast, and 38 persons and a\\nnumber of animals are lost.\\n1891 May 20. Vienna. The Interna-\\ntional Postal Congress opens.\\nJuly 1. Aust. Triest by law ceases to\\nbe a free port.\\nSept. 3. Hung. The town hall at Som-\\nerein is blown up by gasoline, injur-\\ning three persons.\\nNov. 14. Vienna. A panic occurs on\\nthe Bourse, caused by a reported utter-\\nance of the emperor, to the effect that\\nthe European situation was critical.\\nDec. 21. Vienna. The extension of\\nVienna s boundaries is celebrated by\\nthe people.\\n1892 Jan. 2. Hung. Many persons are\\nreported to have died of starvation.\\nMay 11. Galicia. A raft upsets near\\nBrody, and 60 persons are drowned.\\nMay 27. Vienna. The Chamber of Com-\\nmerce votes 10,000 florins towards defray-\\ning the expenses of the exhibit at the\\nWorld s Fair to be opened at Chicago,\\nU. S. A.\\nJune 1. Bohemia. A fatal fire is ra-\\nging in a silver-mine at Birkenburg 400\\nminers are missing. [June 2. Over 100\\nbodies are taken out, no person escaping\\nalive.]\\nAug. 25. Aust. Two dynamite ex-\\nplosions occur at Triest causing only\\nslight damage.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0547.jp2"}, "548": {"fulltext": "536 1892, Sept. 14-1894, May 8. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1893 Mar. 31. Aust. The Sylander\\ncuirass is adopted it is made of bullet-\\nproof cloth one-third of an inch thick.\\nApr. 2 J:. Aust. The War Office is plan-\\nning to increase the peace effective of\\nthe army.\\nSept. 18. Just. The Emperor Wil-\\nliam of Germany leads a charge at\\nthe maneuvers.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1892 Sept. 26. Vienna. The two hun-\\ndredth anniversary of the founding of\\nthe Academy of Art is celebrated.\\n1893 Jan. 4. Aust. A disastrous\\ngale at Triest, Carniola, wrecks vessels\\nand destroys life.\\nMay 8. Aust. The long drought is\\nbroken.\\nMay 21. Hung. The Honved monu-\\nment at Budapest is unveiled the Em-\\nperor Joseph is present.\\nAug. 9. Aust. Earthquakes and a\\ncloudburst in Styria and North Styria\\ncause loss of life and destruction of\\nproperty.\\nSept. 28. Tyrol. The Emperor Francis\\nJoseph unveils at Innsbruck the statue\\nof Andreas Hofer, the Tyrolese pa-\\ntriot, shot by the French, Feb. 20, 1810.\\nDec. 29. Galicia. Snow is six feet\\ndeep.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1892 Nov. 2. Iranyi, D., Hungarian leader,\\nCHURCH.\\n1893 Nov. 6. The Catholic clergy bit-\\nterly oppose the bill making the civil\\nservice compulsory in all cases of\\nmarriage. (See State, Oct. 5.)\\nHung, L. Schlauch, Bishop of Gross-\\nWardein, is consecrated cardinal priest.\\nHung. Claudius Yeszary, Primate of\\nHungary, is consecrated cardinal priest.\\nLETTERS.\\n1893 Sept. 14. Bohemia. The author-\\nities issue an Imperial decree establish-\\ning a press censorship over the Czech\\npapers published in Prague.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1892 Sept. 14. Camiola. Miss Jane\\nArmstrong of New York kills herself\\nin Triest after losing her fortune at\\nMonte Carlo.\\nSept. 18. Hung. Kossuth s ninetieth\\nbirthday is celebrated at Budapest.\\nSept. 21. Louis Kossuth forbids his\\nsons visiting Hungary so long as that\\ncountry recognizes the Emperor of Aus-\\ntria as king; the sons are invited to\\nrepresent their father at the unveiling\\nof a memorial in the church at Tallva.\\nOct. 31. Hung. Count Julius Szapary,\\nthe Minister-President, is shot at as he\\nsits in the dining-car of a train near\\nBudapest.\\nNov. 6. Hung. The emperor refuses\\nthe permission asked by the Hungarian\\nPremier, to introduce the compulsory\\nCivil Marriage Bill.\\nNov. 10. Aust. Victor Raindle, the\\nlegal adviser to the Imperial family,\\nconfesses to embezzling trust funds\\ndeficit, 370,000\u00c2\u00b1 florins.\\nDee. 26\u00c2\u00b1. Hung. During the Trefort\\nMinistry at Budapest an embezzle-\\nment of 4,000,000 florins occurred in\\nthe Department of Education and Pub-\\nlic Instruction. (Announced.)\\n1893 Jan. 24. Vienna. DukeAlbrecht\\nof Wiirtemberg and Archduchess\\nMargaret Sophie are married.\\nMar. 2. Hung. Three rioters are killed\\nin Szobozlo, the riot growing out of\\nthe imposition of new market tolls.\\nApr. 10. Vienna. An attempt is made\\nto assassinate the Primate of Hun-\\ngary.\\nMay 11. Aust. Hebrew officers at Trop-\\npau, Silesia, defend themselves against\\nanti-Semites, 12 of the latter being\\nwounded.\\nMay 17. Bohemia. A fight between\\nCzechs and Germans occurs in the\\nDiet.\\nJune 2. Bohemia. Disorder is preva-\\nlent.\\nHung. A dynamite bomb is ex-\\nploded in a railway car at Mohacs,\\nkilling one person and badly injuring\\ntwo others strikers suspected.\\nJune 17. Aust. Working men are agi-\\ntating for universal suffrage.\\nJune 18. Vienna. Working men and\\npolice are in collision; a commissary of\\npolice is killed, five policemen are seri-\\nously injured, and 26 working men\\nwounded.\\nJuly 8. Aust. Over 50 students are\\narrested in Gratz for raising a disturb-\\nance in the streets.\\nJuly 9. Tlenna. Socialists make a\\ndemonstration in favor of universal\\nsuffrage. [Aug. 20. Another demon-\\nstration.]\\nAug. IS. Croatia. Several men are ar-\\nrested in Biskupitz for making a trade\\nof crippling children for begging pur-\\nposes; five mutilated children found,\\nand instruments used seized.\\nSept. 12. Bohemia. The Young Czechs\\nin Prague continue the anti-German\\nagitation a number of arrests are\\nmade.\\nSept. 24. Aust. At Bruenn 88 alleged\\nAnarchists are arrested.\\nSept. 25. Aust. A formidable Anar-\\nchist plot is discovered by the police,\\nand many arrests are made.\\nNov. 3. Vienna. Socialists storm a\\nmeeting of German Liberals, and, after\\na sharp fight, are repulsed by the police.\\nDec. 9. Ger. The absconding Vienna\\nbanker, Le June, is arrested in Berlin.\\nDec. 15. Bavaria. The emperor visits\\nMunich in order to be present at the\\nwedding of a member of the reigning\\nfamily of Bavaria.\\n1894 Feb. 25. Aust. Cashier Ferles,\\nwho embezzled 102,000 florins from\\nthe Department of Public Debt at Vi-\\nenna, commits suicide.\\nMar. 4. Hung. More than 300,000 per-\\nsons join in a demonstration in Buda-\\npest in favor of the Civil Marriage\\nBill.\\nMar. 21. Hungary is in mourning fur\\nLouis Kossuth.\\nMar. 22. Hung. Students in Budapest\\ncompel several places of amusement to\\nclose, as a mark of respect for Kossuth.\\nWorking men in Lower Austria,\\nMoravia, and Bohemia are holding\\nmeetings in favor of universal suffrage.\\nMar. 23. Hung. Mobs of students\\nand citizens are dispersed by troops in\\nBudapest many students are wounded.\\nMar. 24. Hung. In the riots at Bu-\\ndapest over 40 soldiers suffer from\\ninjuries received from stones, clubs, and\\nother weapons.\\nMar. 28. Vienna. The Socialist As-\\nsembly passes a resolution insisting\\nupon universal suffrage, and advocates\\na general strike as a means of obtain-\\ning it, if necessary.\\nMar. 30. Aust. The Government for-\\nbids the officers of the reserve and Hun-\\ngarian officials to act in any capacity at\\nKossuth* s funeral.\\nThe remains of Kossuth *arrive on\\nHungarian soil earlv in the morning;\\nand at Budapest, late r in the day. 300,000\\npersons line the streets through which\\nthe funeral procession moves from the\\nrailroad station to the Museum.\\nApr. 8\u00c2\u00b1. Vienna. Twenty-five mass-\\nmeetings are held by the working men\\nin favor of obtaining a Universal Suf-\\nfrage Bill from the Government.\\nApr. 28. Bohemia. Prince Charles of\\nBourbon (pretender to the Spanish\\nthrone) is married to Princess Maria\\nBertha De Rohan in the cathedral at\\nPrague, Cardinal von Schonborn, Arch-\\nbishop of Prague, officiating.\\nApr. 30. Hernia. A three hours fight\\nbetween strikers and police takes place.\\nSTATE.\\n1592 Oct. 11. Vienna. The German\\nand Austrian emperors hold a frater-\\nnal conference.\\nOct. 26. Hung. A Cabinet crisis is\\naverted.\\nNov. 5. Vienna. The Reichsrath con-\\nsiders a plan to join the Oder and Dan-\\nube Rivers by a canal to make water\\nconnections with the Baltic and Black\\nSeas.\\nNov. 6. Hung. The Emperor Francis\\nJoseph refuses the request of the Pre-\\nmier for permission to introduce the\\nCompulsory Civil Marriage Bill.\\n[Nov. 9. Count Szapary resigns in conse-\\nquence. Nov. 16. A new ministry is\\nformed by Dr. TVekerle.]\\n1593 Mar. 20. Vienna. The Czech or\\nnative Bohemian party introduces a bill", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0548.jp2"}, "549": {"fulltext": "AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1892, Sept. 14-1894, May 8. 537\\nin the lower House of the Heichsrath\\nfor the virtual establishment of uni-\\nversal suffrage.\\nApr. 6. Hung. Count Apponyi, in the\\nDiet, criticises the emperor for not\\nvisiting Budapest in five months.\\nApr. 12. Vienna. A sensation is caused\\nin European capitals by the reception\\nof M. Stambuloff by the emperor.\\nApr. 21. Vienna, Count Kalnoky, the\\nPremier, gives notice to Col. F. Grant,\\nMinister of the United States, that an\\nexequatur would not be granted to Max\\nJudd as American Consul General at\\nVienna.\\nMay 17. Bohemia. The Czechs and\\nGermans have a collision in the Land-\\ntag.\\nMay 25. Hung. The Young Czechs\\nare to be excluded from all Imperial\\nDelegations committees at Prague.\\nMay 27. Vienna. The emperor gives\\naudience to Hungarian and Austrian\\ndelegations, and says that the Govern-\\nment is bound, in the interest of the\\ndefense of the Empire, to develop the\\nmilitary organization by a progressive\\nand uniform process.\\nSept. 12. Bohemia.. The Anti-Ger-\\nman agitation of the Young Czechs\\ncontinues in Prague thirty-eight Young\\nCzechs are arrested.\\nSept. 13. Bohemia. The Government\\nsuspends some of the rights of the citi-\\nzens of Prague in order to put a stop to\\nthe Young Czech agitation.\\nSept. 14. Hung. The session of the\\nAustro-Hungarian Delegations\\nopens at Budapest, and the budget is\\npresented.\\nSept. 17. Hung. In the Austro-Hunga-\\nrian Delegations the Young Czechs\\nprotest against the foreign policy of\\nCount Kalnoky, which imposes a griev-\\nous burden upon the people through the\\ntriple alliance.\\nSept. 26. The Emperor William and\\nthe Emperor Francis Joseph meet at\\nHetzendorf.\\nOct. 3.. Hung. A bill granting liberty\\nof worship to aU sects is debated in\\nthe upper House the Catholic prelates\\nare in opposition.\\nOct. 5. Hung. The upper House of the\\nReichstag passes the bill granting lib-\\nerty of worship to all religious be-\\nliefs.\\nOct. 10. Hung. The Government is\\nsustained by the rejection of no confi-\\ndence in the lower House of the\\nVienna. The Reichsrath is opened,\\nand the Prime Minister introduces a bill\\nextending the right of suffrage.\\nOct. 18. Vienna. Herr H. Von Henger-\\nvar is named as the Ambassador to\\nWashington, U. S. A.\\nOct. 19. Vienna. A Cabinet crisis is\\naverted by Count Taaff e s offer to aban-\\ndon the Franchise Bill.\\nOct. 23. The Austrian and Hungarian\\nGovernments concur respecting the\\nterms of an Austro- Russian Trade\\nTreaty.\\nVienna. The Suffrage Bill is dis-\\ncussed in the lower House of the Reichs-\\nrath.\\nOct. 29. Vienna. The emperor has de-\\ncided to dissolve the Reichsrath.\\nOct. 30. Vienna. The Cabinet re-\\nsigns the leaders of the Opposition\\nsubmit a coalition program to the\\nemperor.\\nNov. 3. Vienna. The Emperor Francis\\nJoseph requests Prince Windisch-\\ngraetz to form a Ministry.\\nNov. 5. Vienna. Prince Windisch-\\ngraetz forms a new Ministry.\\nNov. 6. Vienna. The emperor gives his\\nassent to the introduction of a bill mak-\\ning the civil service compulsory in\\nall cases of marriage the Catholic\\nclergy are bitterly opposed to the bill.\\nNov. 14. Vienna. The Prime Minister\\nannounces a new Franchise Bill to be\\npresented at the opening of the Reichs-\\nrath, Nov. 23, though not based upon\\nuniversal suffrage.\\nNov. 23. Vienna. A Young Czech test\\nmotion for urgency is defeated in the\\nReichsrath by a vote of 171 to 87, after\\nthe Premier had stated the new Cabinet s\\npolicy.\\nDec. 2. Vienna. The Government sub-\\nmits the Civil Marriage Bill to the\\nDiet.\\nDec. 9. Vienna. The upper House of\\nthe Reichsrath adopts the Convention\\nwith Great Britain for the protection\\nof literary copyright.\\nDec. 10. Vienna. The Hungarian laws\\ndealing with disputes between Church\\nand State have received the royal sanc-\\ntion.\\nDec. 11. Vienna. Francis Joseph has\\nreceived ten thousand telegrams from\\ndifferent parts of Hungary, conveying to\\nhim homage and congratulations for his\\naction in sanctioning the ecclesiastical\\nbills.\\n1894 Jan. 15. Bohemia. The trial of\\n77 members of the Omladina Society,\\non the charge of high treason, is begun\\nat Prague.\\nFeb. 6. Hung. A bill making civil\\nmarriage compulsory is passed by the\\nHouse of Representatives. Vote, 281-106.\\nMar. 28. Hung. The Emperor Francis\\nJoseph commends the concessions\\nmade by the Ministry to the Hungarian\\npopular sentiment respecting the fu-\\nneral of Louis Kossuth.\\nApr. 10. Hung. Francis Kossuth, who\\nhas become a subject of the King of\\nHungary, proposes to carry on his\\nfather s work by taking an active part\\nin politics. [Nov. 26. He takes the oath\\nof allegiance to the king.]\\nApr. 11. Vienna. The Premier speaks\\nin the lower House of the Reichsrath in\\ndefense of the Cabinet s Electoral Re-\\nform Bill.\\nApr. 26. Austria and Hungary are to\\nshare the benefits of the Russo-German\\ncommercial treaty.\\nMay 8. Hung. The trial of 23 mem-\\nbers of the Executive Committee of\\nthe Roumanian National Party be-\\ngins at. Klausenburg it issued a docu-\\nment denouncing the union of Austria\\nand Hungary it also declared that the\\nunion of Transylvania with Hungary\\nunjustly deprives the former of its\\nautonomy.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1892 Sept. 19. Galicia. Cholera is\\nspreading.\\nSept. 21. Hung. Fire does great dam-\\nage in the town of Paks hundreds of\\npeople are homeless, and 400 buildings\\nare destroyed.\\nOct. 1. Berlin. The Austro-German\\nmilitary ride from Berlin to Vienna\\nand return is commenced. [Oct. 4. Com-\\npleted, 10 per cent of the horses having\\nbeen killed by overwork in the ride.\\nThe best records are made by 12 Aus-\\ntrian officers.]\\nOct. 4. Hung. Cholera is spreading in\\nBudapest.\\nOct. 8. Hung. Fifty-three cases and 19\\ndeaths are reported from cholera in\\nBudapest. [Oct. 21. Eighteen new cases\\nand eight deaths are reported. Nov. 18.\\nEleven new cases.]\\n1893 Jan. 24. Bohemia. Eighty\\nminers are killed and many injured by\\nan explosion of fire-damp at Dux.\\nJan. 27. Hung. An explosion fol-\\nlowed by fire occurs in a coal-mine 19\\nbodies are recovered, and 130 men still\\nin the burning mine.\\nFeb. 11. The empress contributes\\n$40,000 to a new reading-room in\\nthe Vatican.\\nMar. 29. Atist. Many deaths from\\ncholera are reported.\\nJune 3. Galicia. Eighteen people are\\ndrowned by floods.\\nAug. 14. Great destruction of life\\nand property is caused by floods.\\n1894 Jan. 14. Hung. Thousands of\\npeasants are on the verge of starva-\\ntion.\\nMar. 22. Hung. Kossuth s remains\\nare to be buried at Budapest, where the\\nstudents compel several places of amuse-\\nment to close until the interment.\\nMar. 25. Hung. Kossuth s library is to\\nbe placed in the National Library at\\nBudapest.\\nMar. 31. Hung. The bodies of Kos-\\nsuth s wife and daughter, taken from\\nthe English cemetery at Genoa, are in-\\nterred together after simple but impres-\\nsive services at Budapest; his remains\\nare lying in state, and viewed by a con-\\ntinuous stream of people in the National\\nMuseum.\\nApr. 20. Vienna. An International\\nExhibition is opened by Emperor Fran-\\ncis Joseph.\\nApr. 27. Aust, Seven cave- explorers\\nare imprisoned by floods at Luglock,\\nGratz. [May 7. They are rescued all\\nare alive, but one woman is insane.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0549.jp2"}, "550": {"fulltext": "538 1894, May 9-Dec. 21. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.\\nART LETTERS NATURE.\\n1894 June 7. Vienna. A fierce hail-\\nstorm occurs.\\nOct. 12+. Vienna. Jubilee of the mu-\\nsician, Johann Strauss, is celebrated.\\nCHURCH.\\n1894 May 11. Hung, Pope Leo\\nthanks Cardinal Veszary for his\\nefforts in defeating the Civil Marriage\\nBill at Budapest, and gives his blessing\\nto all who aided him.\\nAug. 1. Hung. Pope Leo sanctions a\\nform of prayer appealing to the Virgin\\nand the patron Saint Stephen to save\\nHungary from the enemies of the\\nChurch.\\nThe prayer is to be repeated daily in\\nthe Hungarian churches by everybody\\nattending them, and the Pope therewith\\ngrants 300 days indulgence.\\nSept. 28. Hung. Pope Leo in a letter\\nto the Hungarian bishops instructs them\\nto work for a modification of the laws\\nrelative to children of mixed mar-\\nriages. (See State, Oct. 29.)\\nSOCIETY.\\n1894 May 9. Aust. Wine striking\\nminers are killed and 20 wounded in a\\nbattle with the police.\\nMay 30. Vienna. Prince Augustus of\\nSaxe-Coburg-Gotha and the Arch-\\nduchess Caroline Immaculata of\\nthe Tuscan branch of the Hapsburg-\\nLorraine are married.\\nJuly 9. Bohemia. One person is killed\\nand several are severely injured by a\\nbomb explosion in Pilsen other bombs\\nare found and fuses extinguished in time\\nto prevent explosions.\\nJuly 29. Aust. The Archduke Wil-\\nliam is thrown from his horse, receiving\\ninjuries from which he dies in a few\\nhours.\\nSept. 2. Hung. The International Hy-\\ngienic Congress opens in Budapest.\\nSept. 26. Vienna. Seventy Socialists,\\nincluding many party leaders, are ar-\\nrested.\\nSept. 30. Vienna. A demonstration in\\nbehalf of universal suffrage is held\\n15,000 persons march in the parade.\\nOct. 12. Vienna. The Johann Strauss\\nJubilee begins.\\nOct. 13. Tyrol. A Jack-the-Rip-\\nper is arrested on the charge of killing\\nand mutilating two women near Amras.\\nOct. 14. Vienna. The Strauss Jubi-\\nlee is celebrated he is in receipt of\\nnumerous gifts and messages.\\nDec. 7\u00c2\u00b1. Hung. Francis Kossuth at-\\ntends a banquet given in Budapest by\\nindependent members of the Hungarian\\nDiet, and promises to advance all his\\nfather s ideas except those regarding\\nthe dynasty.\\nDec. 8. Vienna. It is announced that\\nthe bodies of Stanislas Helicius, a leader\\nof the Young Czechs, and his wife\\nwere found on their doorstep near\\nPrague.\\nDec. 13. Hung. Ten thousand persons\\nmarch in procession through the streets\\nof Budapest, in order to celebrate the\\npassage and royal sanction of the Re-\\nligious Freedom Bills. Of this number\\n5,000 carry torches.\\nSTATE.\\n1894 May 9. Hung. Great excitement\\nprevails in Budapest over the debate on\\nthe Civil Marriage Bill in the House\\nof Magnates the members of the body\\nfavoring the measure are threatened by\\npostal card that if the bill is adopted\\nthe Chamber will be blown up. The\\nbill is rejected. Vote, 139-118.\\nMay 10. Vienna. The government s\\npolicy in the recent strike is sustained\\nin the lower House. Vote, 182-83.\\nMay 21. Hung. The House of Repre-\\nsentatives again passes the Civil Mar-\\nriage Bill. Vote, 271-105.\\nMay 25. Hung. The lower House at\\nBudapest passes by a large majority a\\nbill transferring the registration of\\nmarriages, births, and deaths from\\nthe clergy to state officials, supple-\\nmentary to the Civil Marriage Bill.\\nMay 28. Hung. The Council of Minis-\\nters demands that the emperor create\\nenough new members to insure the pas-\\nsage of the Civil Marriage BiH in the\\nHouse of Magnates.\\nMay 31. Hung. The Ministry under\\nDr. Wekerle resigns, because the king\\nrefuses to insure the passage of the\\nCivil Marriage Bill by creating Liberal\\nMagnates.\\nJune 1. Hung. The emperor instructs\\nCount Khuen Hedervary, the Ban of\\nCroatia, to form a new Hungarian Min-\\nistry.\\nJune 3. Hung. All the men asked to\\njoin the new Hungarian Cabinet refuse\\nto serve. The Liberals unanimously\\nask Dr. Wekerle to retain the Liberal\\nleadership.\\nJune 4. Hung. The emperor has sum-\\nmoned Dr. Wekerle to an audience at\\nBudapest.\\nJune 5. Hung. The emperor has an-\\nother conference with Dr. Wekerle.\\nJune 6. Hung. Dr. Wekerle forms\\na new Hungarian Cabinet.\\nJune 10. Hung. The emperor yields to\\nthe demand that D-. von Szilagyi be ap-\\npointed a member of the Wekerle Cabi-\\nnet as Minister of Justice.\\nJune 12. Hung. The emperor recog-\\nnizes the Hungarian Civil Marriage\\nlaw as a political necessity.\\nJune 21. Hung. The House of Mag-\\nnates at last passes the Civil Marriage\\nBill. Vote, 128-124. [June 30. Parlia-\\nment adjourns.]\\nThe object of the bill is to establish\\na uniform marriage contract and guar-\\nantee its equal binding force. It pro-\\nvides that the civil contract must pre-\\ncede any religious ceremony.\\nJuly 6. A commercial treaty between\\nRussia and Austria-Hungary is ratified.\\nOct. 29. Hung. Three bills granting\\nfreedom of religious worship and\\nrecognizing the Jewish religion are\\npassed by Parliament. [Dec. 10. Ap-\\nproved by the king.]\\nDec. 21. Hung. Dr. Wekerle resigns.\\n[1895. Jan. 16. A new ministry is\\nformed by Baron Banffy.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1894 June 15. Aust. Two hundred\\nminers are killed by explosions in\\ncoal-mines at Karwin.\\nJuly 9. Bohemia. Several dynamite\\nbombs are found in Pilsen; one explodes\\nand injures several persons.\\nAug. 2S. Bohemia. The town of Plass,\\nincluding the castle of the Metternich\\nprinces, is devastated by fire.\\nSept. 2. Hung. The International Hy-\\ngienic Congress is opened in Budapest.\\nSept. 15. Gaticia. Cholera is spreading.\\nBALUCHISTAN.\\nBaluchistan is a territory of southwestern Asia, having Khelat for its capital. Area estimated at 130,000 square miles:\\npopulation, 500,000\u00c2\u00b1. The Khan is under the influence of the British, who maintain a garrison at Quetta, and pay a subsidy.\\nThe southeastern part of Afghanistan is called British Baluchistan.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1778 Nusseer Khan, the usurper,\\nrouts the Afghan army sent by Ahmed\\nShah to subdue him.\\nThe Afghans defeat Wusseer Khan\\nin a pitched battle.\\nNusseer Khan is besieged in Khelat,\\nbut finally obtains a treaty of\u00c2\u00bbpeace from\\nthe Afghans.\\n1839 A detachment from the British\\narmy in Afghanistan storms and cap-\\ntures Khelat, the capital, to punish the\\ntreachery of Muhammad Khan.\\nAbout 400 Baluches are killed, includ-\\ning Merhab Khan, and 2,000 prisoners\\nare taken.\\n1S40 July The British garrison at\\nKhelat is overpowered by the natives.\\nJSosr. The British retake Khelat and\\nhold it [for a short time].\\n1875 The military power of the\\nKhan is less than 40.000 men if all should\\nrespond to his summons.\\n1880 July The Khan proffers military\\naid to Gen. Roberts, after the latter s\\ndefeat by the Afghans.\\nSTATE.\\n1739 Nusseer Khan becomes Beg-\\nler-bey after assassinating his tyranni-\\ncal brother, Hajee Muhammad Khan,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0550.jp2"}, "551": {"fulltext": "BALUCHISTAN.\\n1739,** -1893, Aug.* 539\\n1778* *Nusseer Khan declares his do-\\nminions independent of Afghanistan,\\nand war with the Afghans follows.\\n1795 Nusseer Khan dies in extreme\\nold age.\\nJune Muhammad Khan, the oldest\\nof three sons, succeeds his father.\\nHis weak and tyrannical reign reduces\\nhis dominions by the revolt of many\\nprovinces.\\nA rebellion by Beheram Khan is\\nquelled.\\n1839* *Mehrab Khan annoys the\\nBritish.\\nThe British establish a governor at\\nKhelat, the capital.\\n1840 The British governor and gar-\\nrison are overpowered by the natives.\\n1841 Nusseer Khan, son of Mehrab\\nKhan, is enthroned by the British, who\\nevacuate the country after securing a\\nsatisfactory treaty.\\n1854 Meer Nusseer Khan rules the\\nKhelat State.\\nMay 14. Meer Nusseer Khan concludes\\na treaty with Great Britain, by which\\nhis government is to be subsidized the\\nterms of the treaty are arranged by Gen.\\nJohn Jacob.\\n1856 Meer Nusseer Khan dies.\\nMeer Khodadad, 12 years of age,\\nsucceeds his brother as khan.\\n1857 The British send a political\\nagent, Maj. Henry Green, to aid the\\nKhan in controlling his people during\\nthe revolt in India. [Maj. Malcolm\\nGreen follows him.]\\n1863 Khodadad Khan is attacked\\nand severely wounded by his cousin,\\nShere dil Khan, while riding; he then\\nflees to British territory.\\nShere dil Kb an is elected and pro-\\nclaimed ruler.\\n1864 Shere dil Khan is murdered\\nin the Gundava Pass.\\nKhodadad Khan is restored by his\\nrevolting subjects.\\nA condition of irrepressible anarchy\\nprevails the rulers of several provinces\\nrevolt.\\n1873* *The British withhold the\\nstipulated subsidy, as the conditions\\nhave not been observed.\\n1874 The British suspend diplo-\\nmatic relations with the Khelat State.\\n1875 Maj. Robert Sandeman ne-\\ngotiates a new treaty.\\nThe annual revenue of the Khelat\\nState is about 300,000 rupees, equal to\\n$150,000.\\n1877* *A British force occupies\\nQuetta, which soon becomes a peaceful\\nand prosperous station.\\n1887 The announcement is made that\\nQuetta, with the districts of Pishin Thai\\nChotiali, and Sibi, are to become Brit-\\nish territory.\\n1893 Aug.* Mir Muhammad suc-\\nceeds to the office of khan.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\nThe Church Missionary Society\\nestablishes a mission station at\\nQuetta.\\n1889 The mission station at Quetta\\nreports one missionary and his wife, 18\\npersons baptized, and 11 communicants.\\nThree of the four Gospels have\\nbeen translated into Baluchi.\\nA railroad connects Quetta with\\nthe Punjab in India.\\nThe population is estimated at\\n500,000.\\nThe religion of the Baluchi is Mo-\\nhammedanism.\\nBELGIUM.\\nBelgium is a state of Western Europe, having Brussels for its capital. Its area is 18,600 square miles population in 1895,\\n6,410,783. It is divided into the provinces of Antwerp, Brabant, East Flanders, Hainaut, Liege, Limburg, Luxemburg, Namur,\\nand West Flanders. The government is a constitutional monarchy administered by an hereditary monarch. The people are\\nchiefly Roman Catholics, and speak the French and Flemish languages.\\nNote. The following abbreviations are here used to locate the events described: Ant., Antwerp; Bra., Brabant; E. F., East Flanders;\\nH., Hainaut; Lim., Limburg; Lux., Luxemburg; L., Liege; N., Namur; W. F., West Flanders; Brussels, the capital, is also used as a locality\\nword.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n51 B.C. Flanders is conquered by\\nJulius Caesar.\\n1382 Nov. 27. A. d. At Rosebecque\\nCharles VI. of France defeats the\\nFlemings, who had revolted against\\ntheir count.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\n930 Hucbald of Flanders invents a\\nsystem of scales wherein the semitone\\nis always between the second and third\\nof a tetrachord.\\n1014 Sept. 28. Nearly the whole of\\nFlanders is submerged in a storm.\\n1108 W. F. Ostend is inundated\\nand entirely covered by the sea.\\n1320 Very delicate lace is made in\\nFlanders.\\n1340 The iron manufacture is well\\nestablished coal is alleged to have been\\nused at Marche-les-dames.\\n1350 Ant. The Gothic cathedral of\\nNotre Dame at Antwerp is founded.\\n1402 Oil is first used in painting\\nby Jan Van Eyck.\\n1415 W.F. Jan and Hubert Van Eyck\\nof Bruges, two brothers, become foun-\\nders of the Flemish school of painting.\\n1432 E.F. Jan Van Eyck is exempt-\\ned from taxes at Ghent on account of\\nhis great merit as a painter.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1058 Bouillon. Godfrey, de, hero of\\nthe First Crusade, born. [1100. Dies. A42.J\\n1818 Goetbals, Hendrik, Flem. theolo-\\ngian, born. [1293. Dies. A75.]\\n1335 Maerlant, .Jakob van, Flem. poet,\\nborn. [1309. DieB. A65.]\\n1340 Artevelde, Chilipvan, revolutionary\\nleader, born. [1382. Dies. A 42:]\\n1366 Eyck, Hubert van. Flem. painter,\\nborn. [1426. Dies. A60.]\\n1390 Bruges, John of, Flem. painter,\\nborn. [1440. Dies. A50.]\\nEyck, Jan van. Flem. painter, born. [1440,\\nJuly 9. Dies. A50.1\\n1403* Chastelain, Georges, Flem. chron-\\nicler, born. [1475. Dies. A72.]\\n1430* Goes, iliigo van der, Flem. painter,\\nborn. [1480+. Dies. A60+.J\\nCHURCH.\\n1010 Brussels. The Cathedral of\\nSt. Gudule is begun.\\n1099 Lux. Godfrey of Bouillon, of\\nthe Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, founds\\nthe order of Knights of the Holy-\\nSepulchre.\\n1206 -20 L. St. Francis estab-\\nlishes the Beguine order of Nuns at\\nLiege.\\n1273 Brussels. The Cathedral of\\nSt. Gudule is completed.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1338 Ant. A magnificent tourna-\\nment celebrates the birth in this city\\nof the Duke of Clarence, son of Edward\\nIII. of England.\\nSTATE.\\n51 b. c. Belgium becomes a part of\\nthe Roman Empire by conquest under\\nJulius Caesar.\\n1st Century. The inhabitants are chiefly\\nCeltic tribes.\\n5th Century. The inhabitants are chiefly\\nGermans.\\n837 Antwerp falls into the hands of\\nthe Northmen.\\n870 After the treaty of Mersen the\\nNetherlands provinces chiefly belong\\nto Germany, and form a dependence\\nof the duchy of Lotharingia.\\n1008 Antwerp is a marquisate of\\nthe Holy Roman Empire.\\n1406 Ant. The marquisate of Ant-\\nwerp returns to Brabant, after being\\nheld by the Count of Flanders and the\\nHouse of Burgundy.\\nLETTERS. MISCELLANEOUS.\\n1426* Bra. The University of Lou- 1448 1570 Antwerp is very pros-\\nvain is established it is controlled by perous; 2,500 ships are seen in the\\nthe authorities of the Catholic Church. river at one time.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0551.jp2"}, "552": {"fulltext": "540 1450, *-1678, Sept. 17.\\nBELGIUM.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1451* F. Ghent rebels\\nPhilip of Burgundy.\\n1539 E. F. Ghent rebels against\\nthe Emperor Charles V.\\n1564 1648 War of Liberation\\nin the Netherlands.\\n1566 A great insurrection is pro-\\nvoked in the Netherlands by an attempt\\nof Philip to establish the Inquisition.\\n1567 The Duke of Alva with 20,000\\nSpaniards arrives to suppress the re-\\nvolt.\\n1568 Bra. William of Orange en-\\nters Brabant with an army, but the\\nDuke of Alva declines a battle.\\n1572 William of Orange is elected\\ncommander-in-chief of the rebel forces.\\nBrille on the mouth of the Meuse is\\ncaptured by the Water Beggars. Rapid\\nspread of the insurrection.\\n1574 Apr. 14. Spaniards win a vic-\\ntory at Mookerheide, where two\\nbrothers of the Prince of Orange fall.\\nOct. William of Orange relieves Ley-\\nden.\\n1576 Antwerp is taken by the Span-\\niards, and given up to three days of pil-\\nlage.\\n1583 Antwerp is besieged by the\\nDue d Alencon, who is successfully re-\\nsisted.\\n1584 July 10. William of Orange is\\nmurdered by Balthazar Gerard.\\n1585 Aug. 17. The Duke of Parma\\nmakes a triumphal entry into Antwerp\\nafter a successful siege.\\n1601 July W. F. The Spaniards be-\\nsiege Ostend.\\n1604 Sept. W. F. Ostend capitu-\\nlates to the Spaniards.\\n1622 Aug. 30. H. The indecisive bat-\\ntle of Fleurus is fought between the\\nCatholic League under Gonzales de Cor-\\ndova and the Protestant Union.\\n1667 -68 War of Conquest on\\naccount of the Spanish Netherlands.\\nBrabant, Flanders, etc., are claimed\\nby Louis XIV. on the death of his father-\\nin-law, Philip IV. of Spain.\\nPart of Flanders and Hainaut are\\nconquered by the French under Tu-\\n1672 -78 Second War of Con-\\nquest by France against Holland.\\n1678 Mar. 9. Ghent is taken by\\nLouis XIV. of France.\\n-79 Peace of Nimeguen, Hol-\\nland. France and the United Provinces\\nsign a treaty of peace.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1450 An t. The Church of St. James\\nis erected at Antwerp.\\n1468 A severe winter occurs in Flan-\\nders the wine distributed is cut by\\nhatchets.\\n1471* *Hand guns are used by 300\\nFlemings who accompanied Edward IV.\\nof England when he landed at Kaven-.\\nspur.\\n1475 Diamond polishing is invented\\nby Ludwig von Berkem.\\n1518* Ant, The cathedral of Notre\\nDame in Antwerp is completed.\\n1531 Ant. The Exchange, one of\\nthe finest buildings of its kind in Europe,\\nis built at Antwerp.\\n1537 The dissection of the human\\nbody is performed by Vesalius.\\n1544 A severe winter occurs in Flan-\\nders the wine is frozen solid.\\n1556 Mercator s Charts are pub-\\nlished, in which the world is treated as\\na plane Gerard Mercator, or Kauif-\\nmann, is the alleged constructor.\\n1603 Democritus and Heractitus is\\npainted by Rubens.\\n1608* Ant. Rubens is called to\\nAntwerp by the death of his mother.\\n1609 Van Dyck is apprenticed to\\nHendrik Van Balen.\\nAnt. Rubens is made court painter\\nby the Archduke Albert of Antwerp.\\n1611* Ant. Rubens agrees to paint,\\nfor the Guild of Harquebusiers, the\\ngreat altar piece [which since 1614 has\\ndecorated their altar in the Antwerp\\ncathedral], containing the famous De-\\nscent from the Cross, the Visitation, the\\nPresentation, the St. Christopher, and a\\nHermit.\\nRubens builds and decorates for\\nhimself a beautiful house in Antwerp.\\n1615 Ant. Anthony Van Dyck\\nenters the studio of Rubens.\\n1619 Battle of the Amazons is painted\\nby Rubens.\\n1620 Rubens procures Van Dyck a\\ncommission to paint an altar piece.\\n1622 Fr. Rubens is called to Paris\\nby Maria de Medici, to decorate the\\nLuxembourg palace with twenty-one\\ngreat pictures representing the events\\nin her life up to the period of her recon-\\nciliation with her son, Louis XIII.\\n1624 Van Helmont introduces the\\nterm gas.\\n1629 Portrait of Charles I. of Eng-\\nland is painted by Rubens.\\n1638 Crucifixion of St. Peter is painted\\nby Rubens.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1450* Despres, Josquin, Flem. musician,\\nborn. [1530+. Dies. A80.]\\n1455 Lefevre, Peter B., bishop, born.\\n[1537. Dies. A82.]\\n1460* Matsys, Quentin, Flem. painter.\\nborn. [1529. Dies. A69.]\\n1462* Badius, Jodorus or Josse, Flem.\\npoet, born. [1535. Dies. A73-]\\n1485 1. Cleef or Cleve, .loost van, Flem.\\npainter, born. [15^0 Dies. A45.]\\n1495* Mending, Huns, Flem. painter, dies.\\n1497* Coxoie, Michael, Flem. painter,\\nborn. [1552. Dies. A55.]\\n1499+ Mabuse, -Ian or Gossaert, Flem.\\npainter, born. [1562. Dies. A63+.]\\nLombard, Lambert, Flem. architect, born.\\n[1568. Dies. A59\\n1510* A pies, Charles de, painter, born.\\n[1563. Dies. A53.]\\nCleef, Henry van, painter, born.\\n1512 Mercator, Gerard, Flem. geog., b.\\n1513* Baius, Michael, Flem. cl., born.\\n[1589. Dies. A76.]\\n1520+ Floris, Frans, Flem. painter, born.\\nLasso. Orlando, eoniposer, born.\\n1522 Busbecq, Augier Gluslen, Flem,\\nscholar, traveler, born.\\nHorn, Philip de Mont, Flem. statesman, born.\\n[1568. Dies. A46.)\\nEgmont, LamoraL Flem. count, born. [1568.\\nDies. .Ufi.j\\n1624 Bologna, Giovanni di, Flem. sculp-\\ntor, born.\\n1526 Colin, Alexander, sculptor, born.\\n1531 Brederode, Hendrik, Flem. count,\\nborn. [1568. Dies. A37.J\\n1533* Vermeulen, Jan, Flem. theologian,\\nborn. [1585. Dies. A52.]\\n1548 Ayala, Balthasar de, Flem. jurist, b.\\nAldegonde, Philippe van MarnL-c, Seigneur\\nde Mont-saint, diplomatist, litterateur,\\nborn. 1598. Dies. A50.]\\nMander, f arel van, Flem. painter, born.\\n1550* Steenwyk, Hendrik, Flem. painter,\\nborn.\\n1555* Calvart, Dionist, Flem. painter, b.\\n1550 Bril, Paul us, Flem. painter, bora.\\n1557* Oort, Adam van, Flem. painter, b.\\n1560* Balen, Hendrik van, Flem. painter,\\nGruter or Gruvtere, Jan, Flem. antiquary, b.\\n1569 Breughel, Jan, Flem. painter, born.\\n1570* Fiona, Frans, Flem. painter, A50.\\n1577 June27. Rubens, Peter Paul, Flem.\\npainter, born.\\nHelmont. Jean Baptistevan, Flem. pbys.,b.\\n1578* A lard, Francis, Flem. Protestant\\ntheologian, dies.\\n1579 Snyders, Franz, Flem. painter, b.\\n1584* Ayala, Balthasar de, Flem. jurist,\\nA36+.\\n1589 Cleef, Henry van, painter, A79+.\\n1592* Honthors t, Gerard, Flem. painter, b.\\nBusbeeq, Augier Ghislen, Flemish scholar.\\nA70.\\n1594* Duquesnoy, Francois, Flem. sculp-\\ntor, born.\\nUlercator, Gerard, Flemish geographer, A82.\\nJordaens, Jakob, Flem. painter, born.\\n1597 Hock. Jan van, Flem. painter, born.\\n1599 Utrecht, Adriaan van, Flem. painter,\\nEykens, or Evckens, Pieter, historical paint-\\ner, born. [1649. Dies. A50-.]\\nMiel, or Meel, Jan, Flem. painter, bora.\\nVan Dyck.. Sir Anthony. Flem. painter, b.\\n1600 Oost, Jacob van, Flem. painter, b.\\n1602* Champagne, PhUippe de, Flem.\\npainter, born.\\n1604* Steemvvk, Hendrik, Flem. painter,\\nA54.\\n1606 Peters, Francis Lucas, painter, born.\\nWander, Carel van, Flem. painter, A58.\\nClouet, Peter, Flem. engraver, born.\\n1607 yui j llyn, Erasmus, Flem. painter, b.\\n1608* Bologna, Giovanni di, Flem. sculp-\\ntor, A 84.\\n1609 Arminius or Hannensen, Jakobus,\\ndies, A49.\\n16 10 Ostade, Adrian van, Flem. painter,\\nborn.\\nTeniers. David, the younger, Flem. painter, b.\\n1611* Hobbema, Mynderhout, Flem. paint-\\ner, born.\\n1612 Colin, Alexander, sculptor, A86.\\n1614* Wouters, Francois, Flem. painter, b.\\nPeters, Bonaventure. Flem. painter, born.\\nCoqnes, Gonzales, Flem. painter, born.\\n1616* Bourignon, Antoinette, Flem. fa-\\nnatic, born.\\n1619 Calvart, Dionisi, Flem. painter, A64.\\n1625 Lingelbach, Jan, Flem. painter, b.\\nBerchem, Nicholas. Flem. engraver, A65.\\nFyt, or Feyt, Jan, Flem. painter, bora.\\n1626 Bril, Paulas, painter, A70.\\n1627* Gruter, Jan, Flem. antiquary, A67.\\n1630* Quellyn, Hans Erasmus, Flem.\\npainter, sctdptor, born.\\n1632 Balen, Hendrik van, Flem. painter,\\nA72.\\n1634* Menlen, Antoon Frans van der,\\nFlem. painter, born.\\n1635 Peters, John, painter, bora.\\n1640 May30. Rubens, Peter Paul, Flem.\\npainter, A63.\\nHennepin, Louis, Flem. monk missionarv, b.\\n1641 Van Dyck. Sir Antnony, Flem.\\npainter, A42.\\nOort, Adam van, Flem. painter, A84.\\n1642 Breughel, Jan, Flem. painter, A73.\\n1644 Helmont, Jean Baptiste van, Flem.\\nphysician, A67.\\n1646 Cleef, Jan van, Flem. painter, born.\\nDuquesnoy, Francois, Flem. sculptor, A52.\\n1649 Teniers, David, the elder, Flem.\\npainter, A67.\\n1650* Hock, Jan van, Flem. painter,\\nA47.\\n1651 Utrecht, Adriaan van, Flem. painter,\\npaint-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0552.jp2"}, "553": {"fulltext": "BELGIUM.\\n1450, *-1678, Sept. 17. 541\\nborn.\\n1656* Bloemen, John Francis van, Flem.\\npainter, born.\\n1657 Snyders, Franz, Flem. painter, A78.\\nLapide, Cornelius, Flem. commentator, dies.\\n1659 Wouters, Francois, Flem. painter,\\nA45.\\n1660* Honthorst, Gerard, Flem. painter,\\nA68.\\n1663* Audenaerde, Kobert van, Flem.\\npainter, born. [1743. Dies. A80.]\\n1664* Miel, Jan, Firm. painler, A65.\\n1669* Grayer Gaspard ik j Flem. painter,\\nA 87.\\n1671 Oost, Jacob van, Flem. painter, A71.\\nFyt, Jan, Flem. painter, A46.\\n1672 Breughel, Abraham, Flem. paint-\\ner, born.\\n1674 Champagne, Philippe de, Flem.\\npainter, A72.\\n1677 Peters, John, marine painter, A42.\\n1678* Quellyn, Erasmus, Flem. painter,\\nA71.\\nJordaens, Jakob, Flem. painter, A84.\\nCHURCH.\\n1516* *-56* *The Protestant reli-\\ngion begins to spread through Belgium\\namid much persecution.\\n1556 -98 Reign of Philip II. he\\ncruelly opposes Protestants and intro-\\nduces the Inquisition.\\nSwitz. George David, a Flemish fa-\\nnatic, professing to he the Messiah, and\\nfounder of the Davidists, dies at Basel.\\n1567 The Duke of Alva arrives\\nwith 20,000 Spaniards to subdue the\\nProtestants; by cruelty and oppression\\nhe drives them to rebellion.\\nWilliam of Orange is converted to\\nProtestantism.\\n1568 Feb. A sentence of the Inquisi-\\ntion condemns to death, as heretics,\\nnearly all the inhabitants of the Nether-\\nlands.\\n1597* Brussels. Lady Mary Percy\\nfounds a convent. [In 1794 the nuns\\nare forced to leave for England.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1529 Oct. 14. Brussels. Placards an-\\nnounce death by burning to persons\\nconcealing prohibited books.\\n1605* Ant.- Nieuve Zijdinghen is is-\\nsued at Antwerp.\\n1637 -44 Gazette Extraordinaris\\nPosttijdinghen is issued.\\n1649 Brussels. Courrier veritable des\\nPays-Bas is issued.\\n1667 E.F. Gazette van Ghent is is-\\nsued at Ghent.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1385 The counts of Flanders being\\nwithout male heirs, their possessions\\ngo to the House of Burgundy [which\\nsoon gains possession of all the Nether-\\nlands].\\n1567 The Duke of Alva persecutes\\nthe Protestants, devastating the coun-\\ntry, and erecting scaffolds in every city.\\n1584 July 10. William the Silent,\\nPrince of Orange, is assassinated at\\nDelft by Balthazar Gerard.\\n1609 Oct. 13. Rubens marries Isa-\\nbella Brandt.\\nSTATE.\\n1477 Mary of Burgundy, heiress of\\nCharles the Bold, marries the Archduke\\nMaximilian, son of Emperor Frederick\\nIV., and thus transfers the Nether-\\nlands to the House of Austria.\\n1493 Maximilian I. becomes Em-\\nperor of Germany.\\n1494 Maximilian resigns the gov-\\nernment of the Netherlands to his son,\\nPhilip the Handsome, 17 years of age,\\nwho becomes regent.\\n1496* Philip marries Johanna,\\ndaughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of\\nCastile, having one son [later Charles V.]\\n1507 Brussels becomes the capital\\nof the low countries under Philip the\\n1516* *-56* Reign of Charles I.\\n(Emperor Charles V.), King of Spain.\\n1544 William of Orange, The\\nSilent, inherits the estates of Brabant,\\nFlanders, Holland, and the small prin-\\ncipality of Orange in France, from a\\nchildless cousin.\\n1556* *-98* Philip II. reigns; he\\nis son of Charles I., King of Spain, and\\ninherits the Netherlands on the abdica-\\ntion of his father.\\n1567 Apr. 22. William of Orange\\nresigns his offices, and, with many thou-\\nsand Netherlanders, leaves his country\\non the arrival of the Duke of Alva.\\n1568 The long war of liberation\\nIt is caused by the fact that ancient\\nand important privileges are jealously\\nprized, while the Spanish garrison, the\\npenal edicts against heretics, the deed\\nof the introduction of the Spanish In-\\nquisition, lead to a league of the nobles,\\nheaded by Philip Marnix of St. Alde-\\ngonde.\\nOffense is given Spain by the pres-\\nentation of the petition of 300 nobles\\nBeggars the insurrection of the\\nlower classes, and the destruction of\\nimages, and sacking of churches.\\nFeb. By a sentence of the Inquisition\\nall the inhabitants of the Netherlands,\\nwith a few exceptions, are condemned\\nto death.\\nJune 5. Brussels. Lamoral, Count Eg-\\nmont, Horn, and many Protestants\\nare executed.\\nThe estates of Protestants who fail\\nto appear before the Spanish tribunal\\nare confiscated; that of William of\\nOrange is among those confiscated.\\n1572 Many cities of Holland raise\\nthe standard of William of Orange,\\nwho is appointed leader of the rebellious\\nprovinces.\\n1573 The Duke of Alva is recalled\\nat his own request Luis de Requesens\\ny Zuniga is his successor.\\n1576 Requesens dies of fever.\\nE.F. Pacification of Ghent.\\nAll the provinces of the Netherlands\\nunite to drive out the Spaniards, after\\nthe sacking of Antwerp, Maestricht,\\nGhent, and other cities by royal troops\\nnational and religious differences are\\nignored.\\n1577 Don John of Austria succeeds\\nRequesens, but is not recognized by the\\nmajority of the provinces he fails to\\nquiet them.\\n1578* Don John dies.\\nAlexander Farnese, Duke of Parma,\\nis governor; he subdues the southern\\nprovinces (Belgium), which adhere to\\nthe Catholic faith he promises the res-\\ntoration of their old political freedom.\\n1579 Jan. 23. The Union of Utrecht\\nfounds a famous republic.\\nSeven provinces declare their indepen-\\ndence of Spain Holland, Zealand,\\nUtrecht, Gelderland, (imningen, Fries-\\nland, Overyssel William of Orange is\\nmade stadtholder the southern portion\\n(Belgium) continues under Spanish rule.\\n1584 Maurice of Nassau succeeds\\nhis murdered father as head of the Seven\\nProvinces.\\n1598 -1621 Philip m. of Spain\\nreigns.\\nHe cedes Belgium to his daughter Isa-\\nbella and the Archduke Albert, her hus-\\nband.\\n1609 -21 A truce is maintained\\nby the Netherlands and Spain, on the\\nbasis of possession at the time.\\n1621 King Albert dies without is-\\nsue, and the country reverts to Spain.\\n-25 Philip rV. of Spain reigns.\\n1646 Peter Stuyvesant is appointed\\ngovernor of New Netherlands, America.\\n1648 The independence of the Re-\\npublic of the United Provinces is recog-\\nnized by Spain and the Empire, at the\\nPeace of Westphalia.\\n1659* By the Treaty of the Pyrenees\\nthe county of Artois, Thionville, and\\nother districts are ceded to Prance by\\nSpain.\\n1664 The New Netherlands (Amer-\\nica) is granted to the Duke of York.\\n1668 By the Peace of Aix-la-Cha-\\npelle, Lille, Charleroi, Oudenarde,\\nCourtray, and other towns are ceded to\\nFrance.\\n1678 -79 The Peace of Nime-\\nguen restores to Spaiu some of the ter-\\nritory previously ceded, but cedes to\\nFrance Valenciennes, Nieuport, Cam-\\nbray, St. Omer, Ypres, and Charlemont.\\n[These are in part returned at the Peace\\nof Ryswick.]\\n1678 Sept. 17. France cedes to\\nSpain Limburg, Ghent, Waes, etc.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1450+ Trade flourishes in Flanders\\nall the nations of Europe have ware-\\nhouses at Bruges and Ghent.\\n1516 A post-office is established be-\\ntween Vienna and Brussels.\\n1531 The Exchange is built in Ant-\\nwerp.\\nThe rising Commercial Company is\\nsacrificed to the jealousy of the Dutch.\\n1585\u00c2\u00b1 The glory of Antwerp rap-\\nidly declines.\\n1648 The Scheldt is closed to the\\ncommerce of Antwerp by the treaty of\\nWestphalia.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0553.jp2"}, "554": {"fulltext": "542 1680, *-1831, Aug. 2.\\nBELGIUM.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1690 July 1. The Prince of Wal-\\ndeek is defeated by Marshal Luxem-\\nburg at Fleurus.\\n1692 July 1. Namur is taken by the\\nFrench.\\n1695 Aug. Brussels is bombarded\\nby the French under Marshal Villeroi\\n14 churches and 10,000 houses are con-\\nsumed,\\nSept. Namur is retaken from the\\nFrench by Bang William III. of England.\\n1706 May 23. Bra. Battle of Ramil-\\nlies.\\nThe allieB under the Duke of Marl-\\nborough defeat the French and Bava-\\nrians under Marshal de Villeroi the\\nFrench are seized with panic, and the\\ndefeat becomes a rout. French loss, 13,-\\n000; allies loss, 3,500. [The French soon\\nlose all the fortresses in the Low Coun-\\ntry.]\\nE. F. Ghent is taken by the British\\nunder the Duke of Marlborough.\\n1708 July 11. The allies under Marl-\\nborough and Prince Eugene defeat\\nthe French besiegers under Louis Jo-\\nseph Due de Vendome and the Duke of\\nBurgundy at Oudenarde.\\n1745 May The French commence the\\nsubjugation of the Austrian Nether-\\nlands by an army under Marshal Mau-\\nrice of Saxony.\\nMay 11. H. Battle of Fontenoy, near\\nTournay. The French under Marshal\\nMaurice of Saxony defeat the army of\\nthe Pragmatic Sanction (English, Han-\\noverians, Dutch, and Austrians) under\\nthe Duke of Cumberland, with the loss\\nof 12,000 men the French lose nearly\\nthe same number.\\n1746 Feb. 16. Brussels. Marshal\\nSaxe takes the city.\\n1748 The French retire by treaty\\nfrom their conquests in the Austrian\\nNetherlands.\\n1756 IF. F. The French garrison\\nOstend for Maria Theresa.\\n1789 Dec. 11. Brussels. TJprising\\nagainst the Austrians the garrison is\\ncompelled to capitulate.\\n1790 Nov. An Austrian army en-\\nters Belgium, and easily subdues the\\npeople.\\n1792 Nov.* Brussels. The French\\nunder Gen. Dumouriez take the city.\\nAntwerp is occupied by the French.\\n1793 E.F. Ghent is taken by the\\nFrench.\\nNov. 6. H. At Jemappes the French\\nRepublican army, 40,000 strong, under\\nGen. Dumouriez, defeat 19,000 Aus-\\ntrians, and drive them from their de-\\nfenses the Austrians lose 10,000 men\\nand the French 12,000. [The victory\\ngives to France the country to the south\\nof Liege.]\\n1794 June 26. H. The army of\\nFrance under Marshal Jourdan defeats\\nthe allies under the Prince of Coburg\\nat Fleurus; it overthrows the rule of\\nAustria.\\n-1814 French troops occupy\\nAntwerp.\\n1815 June 16. Bra. The allies, under\\nthe Duke of Brunswick, the Prince of\\nOrange, and Sir Thomas Picton, repulse\\nthe French, under Marshal Ney, at\\nQuatre-Bras.\\nNapoleon defeats the Prussians\\nunder Blucher at the battle of Ligny,\\nnear Fleurus.\\nJune 18. Bra. Battle of Waterloo.\\nNapoleon, with an army of 71,947 men,\\nhaving 24G guns, is defeated by the al-\\nlies under Wellington, who have 67,661\\nmen and 156 guns the battle rages from\\n10 A. m. till five P. M., when reenforce-\\nments arrive for the allies, 16,000\\nPrussians, and by seven o clock 50,000\\nmen and 104 guns under Blucher Wel-\\nlington moves the whole army forward\\nand crushes the French. Loss, allies,\\n4,206 killed, 14,539 wounded.\\n1830* *-31* Civil War; the Bel-\\ngians rise against the House of Orange.\\n1830 Sept. 23. The state troops\\nenter the city [and, after fighting the\\nrevolutionists three following days, re-\\ntire without results].\\nOct. 27. Ant. The state troops, being\\nattacked by revolutionists, bombard\\nAntwerp with red-hot balls.\\nDec. 23. Ant. Revolutionists take\\nAntwerp; the citadel is not captured.\\n1831 Aug. 2. The Dutch army in-\\nvades Belgium with 45,000 infantry and\\n6,000 cavalry.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1680* Bourignon, Antoinette, Fleni. fa-\\nnatic, A 64.\\n1683* Helmont, Segres Jacob van, Flem.\\npainter, born.\\n1684* Coques, (iun/,:ik s, Flem. painter,\\nA70.\\n1685* Ostade, Adrian van, Flem. painter,\\nA75.\\n1687 Clouet, Peter, Flem. engraver, A81.\\nLingelbaeh, Jan, Flem. painter, A62.\\n1690 Dens, Peter, Flem. theologian, born.\\nTeniers, David, the voimger, Flem. painter,\\nA80.\\nKega, Henri J., Flem. physician, born.\\nMeulen, Antoon Frans van der, Flem.\\npainter, A5fi.\\n1699* Hennepin, Louis, Flem. monk mis-\\nsionary, A59.\\nHobbema, Miinlerhout. Flem. painter, ATI.\\n1705 Koos, Philip Peters, Flem. painter,\\nA50.\\n1715* Quellyn, Hans Erasmus, Flem.\\npainter, A86.\\n1716 Cleef, Jan van, Flem. painter, A70.\\n1726* Helmont, Segres Jacob van, Flem.\\npainter, A43.\\n1735* Feller. Francois X. de, author, born.\\n[1802. Dies. A67.]\\n1740 Bloemen, John Francis van, Flem.\\npainter, A84.\\n1754* Rega, Henri J., Flem. physician,\\nA 64.\\n1764 Dael, Jan Frans van, painter, horn.\\n1768* Mons, Jean Baptists van, pomolo-\\ngist, born.\\n1773* Brie, MatthaeusZ. van, Flem. paint-\\n1775 Dens, Peter, Flem. theologian, A85.\\n1784* Fetis, Francois Joseph, composer, b.\\n1785* Gerlaehe, Etienne C, Baron, histo-\\nrian, statesman, born.\\n1786* Potter, Louis Jos. de, revolutionist,\\nborn.\\nBrie, Philip Jacob van, Flem. painter, born.\\n1787* Navez, Francois Joseph, Flem.\\npainter, born.\\n1790* Leopold I., king, born.\\n1793* Willems, Jan Frans, Flem. histo-\\n1796 Quetelet, Lambert Adolph Jacques,\\nastronomer, statistician, writer, born.\\nIK\\n(iachard, Louis Prosj^r, archivist, bora.\\n1801 De Srnet, Peter John, Jesuit mission-\\nary, born.\\nPlateau. Joseph Antolne F., physicist, born.\\n1802 BeziOt, Charles Auguste de, violin-\\nist, born.\\n1804 Altmeyer, Jean Jacques, historian,\\nborn.\\n1805 Duvse, Prndenfl van, poet. born.\\n1806* WVriz, Aiitomt- Jusepb, painter, b.\\nGeefs, Willem, sculptor, born.\\nSchendel, Petrus van, painter, born.\\n1808 Geerts, Charles Henri, sculptor, b.\\n1810 Gallait, Louis, painter, born.\\n1812* Conscience, Hendrik, Flem. novel-\\n1815 Chavee. Honore Jos., philologist, b.\\nLeys, Jean Auguste Henri, painter, born.\\n[1869. Dies. A54.]\\n1816 Clesse, Antoine, song-writer, born.\\n1818 Potvin, Charles, poet, born.\\nJuste, Theodore, historian, born.\\n1820 Vieuxteinps, Henri, violinist, born.\\nPortaels, Jean Francois, painter, born.\\n1821 Brialmont, Alexis Henri, engineer,\\n1822 Laveleye. Emile Louis Victor,\\npolitical economist, writer, b.\\n1830 Pauwels, Ferdinand, painter, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1741 Maria Theresa opposes undue\\npower of the clergy.\\n1765 Joseph II. excites the religious\\nantagonism of the people by curbing-\\nthe power of the priests.\\n1815 The differences in religion\\nmake the union of Holland and Belgium\\ndifficult Catholics and Protestants op-\\npose each other.\\n1818 The Jesuits are expelled.\\n1827 The Government enters into a\\nconcordat with the Pope respecting\\nbishoprics.\\nLETTERS.\\n1750+ The Belgian Academy of\\nSciences is founded by Maria Theresa.\\n1756* -93 Journal Eneyclop dique\\nis issued by P. Rousseau at Liege.\\n1772* *-1818* *i Esprit dts Jour-\\nnalise is issued at Liege.\\n1773 Brussels. The Academy of\\nBelles Lettres is founded.\\n1788 Lux. Journal kistorigue et lit-\\nt raire is issued at Luxemburg [then at\\nMaestricht].\\n1816 A new university is founded\\nat Liege.\\nE. F. The University of Ghent\\nis founded.\\n1820 E. F. Den Vaderlander is is-\\nsued at Ghent.\\n1826 The Government is strongly op-\\nposed in its attempt to regulate the\\neducation of the Belgians and to im-\\nprove the education of the priests.\\n1S27 The Government enters into a\\nconcordat with the Pope respecting\\neducation.\\n1830\u00c2\u00b1 Brussels. The Moniteur Btlyc\\nis issued.\\nBrussels. Le National \\\\s issued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S30 Aug. 25. The revolutionary\\nmob attack the National, a Government", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0554.jp2"}, "555": {"fulltext": "BELGIUM.\\n1680, *-1831, Aug. 2. 543\\nnewspaper, also the residence of its\\neditor at Brussels.\\nAug. Riots against the Dutch break\\nout in nearly all the cities of Belgium.\\nSTATE.\\n1697 Sept. 30. Peace of Kyswick,\\nnear The Hague.\\nThe conquests of France and Holland\\nare restored, and the chief fortresses of\\nthe Spanish Netherlands to be garrisoned\\nby Dutch troops as a barrier between\\nFrance and Holland. (See France.)\\n1701 -14 War of the Spanish\\nSuccession.\\n1701 Sept. 7. A grand alliance of\\nthe naval powers is formed with the Em-\\nperor Leopold I., against France, aim-\\ning to secure to the Austrian House the\\nSpanish possessions in the Netherlands,\\nand other objects. (See France.)\\nBrussels is taken by the French.\\n1703 Marlborough invades the Span-\\nish Netherlands.\\n1706 June 6. Antwerp surrenders\\nto the allies.\\nBrussels, Antwerp, Ghent, Ostend, and\\nother places are taken from the\\nFrench by the allies after the vic-\\ntory of Marlborough at Ramillies over\\nVilleroi.\\n1713 Apr. 11. By the Peace of\\nUtrecht, Belgium is assigned to Aus-\\ntria, and called Austrian Wether-\\nlands.\\n1714* Austria takes possession of\\nthe Spanish Netherlands.\\n1715 Nov. 16. The Barrier treaty is\\nsigned, by which the Dutch reserve the\\nright to garrison Namur, Menin, Ypres,\\nTournai, and other towns.\\nBy treaty Belgium delivers over to\\nHolland, her commercial rival, several\\nof her fortresses as a barrier against\\nFrance.\\nHolland closes the Scheldt, to di-\\nvert the trade of Antwerp to itself.\\n1748 The whole country, which had\\nfallen into the hands of the French, is\\nrestored to Austria by the Peace of\\nAix-la-Chapelle.\\nProsperity attends the mild rule of\\nMaria Theresa and her husband, Fran-\\ncis of Lorraine.\\n1781 Joseph II. of Austria and Em-\\nperor of Germany compels Holland to\\nevacuate the Belgian fortresses.\\nReaction follows hasty advancement.\\nJoseph II. offends the States by\\nattempting to overturn civil govern-\\nment in order to reform abuses.\\n1785 Joseph II. proposes exchange\\nof territory.\\nBavaria to be ceded to Austria in ex-\\nchange for the Austrian Netherlands\\n(Belgium), excepting Luxemburg and\\nNamur, as the kingdom of Burgundy:\\nthe League of the German Princes is\\nformed against the proposal and it fails.\\n1789 -90 Unsuccessful revolt\\nfrom Austria.\\n1789 Dec. 27. Bra. The States make\\na declaration of independence.\\n1790 Jan. 11. Other provinces having\\nasserted independence, they all unite\\nto form an independent state, called\\nUnited Belgium, and establish a con-\\ngress.\\nFeb. Emperor Joseph II. dies.\\nMar. 3. Leopold II., Emperor of Ger-\\nmany, promises to restore the Consti-\\ntution if the States return to their\\nallegiance the people refuse, and war\\nfollows.\\n1791* *The former Constitution\\n(Maria Theresa s) is restored, and peace\\nfollows.\\n1792 Austria is at war with France,\\nand Belgium suffers.\\nBelgium is conquered by the\\nFrench.\\n1794 June 26. The defeat of the Aus-\\ntrians at the battle of Fleurus ends\\nAustrian rule in Belgium.\\nThe French make Antwerp the cap-\\nital of Deux Nethes.\\n1795* Antwerp is annexed to the\\nRepublic of France.\\n-1806 The Batavian Republic\\nis founded, which surrenders Dutch\\nFlanders to France.\\n1797 Oct. 17. By the Peace of\\nCampo-Formio, Austria cedes Bel-\\ngium to France, and the dre am of inde-\\npendence is dissipated.\\n1805 Dec. 26. Peace of Presburg\\nbetween France and Austria. The\\nNetherlands is transformed into the\\nkingdom of Holland.\\n1810 Apr. The Netherlands is an-\\nnexed to France by Napoleon, who\\nclaims the country as the alluvial de-\\nposit of the French rivers.\\n1813 Nov. 15. An uprising takes\\nplace in Holland against the French.\\n1814 May 30. Belgium is ruled by an\\nAustrian governor [for some months\\nafter the fall of Napoleon], by decree of\\nthe first Peace of Paris.\\n18 15 Mar. 23. Belgium is united\\nwith Holland.\\nBelgium is given to Holland as a re-\\nward for great service to the allies, ren-\\ndered by Prince William Frederic of\\nOrange-Nassau the Dutch accept it as\\nthe spoils of victory.\\nMay 31. Aust. The Congress of Vi-\\nenna determines the relations and\\nboundaries of the new kingdom of the\\nNetherlands.\\nAug. 24. The new Constitution is pro-\\nmulgated, and is detested by the Bel-\\ngians.\\n1829 The Dutch Government decides\\non energetic proceedings with the\\nBelgians.\\n-1830 Only one of the seven Gov-\\nernment Ministers is a Belgian the\\nState is ruled in the interests of Hol-\\nland.\\nMay* The Dutch disregard 640 peti-\\ntions against a new law of the press.\\nAug. 28. Prominent citizens at Brussels\\nprepare a petition to the king, asking\\nfor reforms in government to secure\\nthe rights of the people. [They receive\\nan unsatisfactory reply.]\\nThe representatives of the citizens\\ndemand a separation from Holland,\\nand also pledge therewith loyalty to the\\nHouse of Orange.\\nThe kingdom of the Netherlands is\\nverging to dissolution of the enforced\\nunion of the Protestant commercial\\nState of Holland with the Catholic man-\\nufacturing State of Belgium, which is\\npervaded with French culture.\\nAug. 25. There is an outbreak of a\\nmob in Brussels, after a performance\\nof the Muette de Portici the mediation\\nof Prince William of Orange fails of suc-\\ncess.\\n1830* Revolution and indepen-\\ndence.\\nSept. 13. Special meeting of the\\nStates- General at The Hague,\\nIt provokes renewed hostility by its\\ndilatory action the riot is converted\\ninto a revolution.\\nSept. 20. Brussels. The council of the\\nking orders the troops to take posses-\\nOct. 4. The Dutch Government is de-\\nposed.\\nOct. When too late the council consents\\nto separate a dminis tration of govern-\\nment.\\nNov. 10. Brussels. A national Bel-\\ngian Congress meets 200 deputies\\npresent.\\nNov. 18. A declaration of indepen-\\ndence is made by the Congress.\\nA provisional government is organ-\\nized.\\nDec. 20. Eng. The C onf erence of\\nLondon, called by Holland, proclaims\\nthe dissolution of the kingdom of the\\nNetherlands, and procures cessation of\\nhostilities.\\n1831 Jan. The allied powers acknowl-\\nedge the independence of Belgium.\\nFeb. Belgium adopts a liberal mon-\\narchy as its form of government.\\nFeb. 3. Due de Nemours is elected\\nking, but declines, as his father, the\\nFrench king, refuses his consent.\\nFeb. 24. Baron Surlet de Chokier is\\nelected regent.\\nJune 4. Prince Leopold of Saxe-Co-\\nburg is elected king by the National\\nCongress. Yote, 152-40; 4 absent.\\nJuly 12. Leopold accepts the crown.\\nJuly 19. Brussels. Leopold publicly\\nenters the city.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1723 The Ostend East India Com-\\npany is established.\\n173 1 The Ostend East India Company\\nis dissolved.\\n1798 The English destroy the works\\nof the Bruges Canal at Ostend.\\n1803 Napoleon visits Antwerp, aiid\\nexpends \u00c2\u00a32,000,000 sterling in the con-\\nstruction of docks.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0555.jp2"}, "556": {"fulltext": "544 1831, Aug. 9-1880, June 28.\\nBELGIUM.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1831 Aug. 9. Brussels. TheDutchat-\\ntack the city, and the king narrowly es-\\ncapes capture in the retreat of his forces.\\nAug. France sends 50,000 troops to\\nassist Belgium against the Butch, who\\nenter an armistice.\\n1832 Nov. 30. Ant. The French un-\\nder Marshal Gerard besiege Antwerp.\\nDec. 4. Ant. The French bombard the\\ncitadel at Antwerp.\\nDec. 23. Ant. Marshal Gerard takes\\nthe citadel from Gen. Chasse.\\n1833 The war with Holland ends.\\n1853 May 10. It is voted to increase\\nthe army to 100,000 men.\\n1860 Aug. The military volunteer\\nmovement proves successful.\\n.4712. The new fortifications are\\nerected at Antwerp.\\n1870 Sept. 1-2. Many French sol-\\ndiers cross the line into Belgium after\\nsuffering defeat at Sedan they are dis-\\narmed and interned.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1836 Quetelet discovers the perio-\\ndicity of meteoric showers, occurring\\nahout the 10th of August.\\n1853 Brussels. The first Interna-\\ntional Statistical Congress is held,\\nlargely due to the work of M. Quetelet.\\nA Maritime Conference is held, to\\nohtain uniform meteorological observa-\\ntions.\\n1860 N. A Government Agricul-\\ntural Institute is founded at Gembloux.\\n1861 Apr. 25. A partially articulate\\nelectric telephone is exhibited at\\nFrankfort by Philip Reiss.\\nAug. 17-20. Ant. A Fine Arts Fete\\nis held in Antwerp.\\n1865 Sept. 22-25. Bntssels. An In-\\nternational Society Science Associa-\\ntion is in session.\\n1867* Montefiore-Levi and Kunzel in-\\nvent an alloy of copper, tin, and phos-\\nphorus known as phosphor-bronze.\\n1865 July 26. L. A monument to\\nCharlemagne is unveiled at Liege.\\nAug. 2. Ant. A statue of Leopold is\\nunveiled at Antwerp.\\n1870 The Royal Botanical Garden is\\nlaid out at Brussels.\\n1871 Ant. The first International\\nCongress of Geographers is held at\\nAntwerp.\\n1872 Ant. The Exchange in Ant-\\nwerp, rebuilt in the same Gothic style\\nas before, is reopened.\\n1877 Aug. 20\u00c2\u00b1. The Plantin Mau-\\nretus Museum at Antwerp is opened.\\n1878 King Leopold II. convenes a\\nCongress of African travelers and\\nexplorers for the study of the Upper\\nKongo.\\n1879 Oct. 1. Bra. A statue of Van\\nde Weyer is inaugurated at Louvain.\\nBrussels. Physicians use vaccine\\ndirect from the animals.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1834 Iliel, Emanuel, port, born.\\n1835 Leopold II., Louie Philippe Marie\\nVictor, King of ti,.- Belgians, born.\\n1836 Alma-Tadema, Laurence, painter, b.\\nrenoe, painter, t\\ni mini of, Kin\\n1839 Brie, MatthaeusZ. van. Flem. paint-\\ner, A 66.\\n1840 Dael, Jan Frans van, painter, A76.\\nBrie, Philip Jacob van, Flem. painter, A54.\\n1842* Mons, Jean Baptiste van, pomolo-\\ngist, A 74.\\n1846* Willeins, Jan Frans, Flem. philolo-\\ngist, A 53.\\n1850* Louise, Queen, dies.\\n1858 Louise, Princess, born.\\n1859 Leopold Ferdinand. I rinre, born.\\nPotter, Louis Jos. de, revolutionist, A73.\\nDuyse, Prudens van, Flem. poet, A54.\\n1865* Wiertz, Antoine Joseph, painter,\\nA60.\\nLeopold L, Ceor^es Chretien Frederick, King\\nof the Belgians, A75.\\n1869* Leopold Ferdinand, crown prince,\\nduke of Brabant, dies.\\nBaldwin, heir of Philip, Count of Flanders,\\nborn.\\nNave/., Fraiu;ois Joseph, painter, A82.\\n1870* Beriot, Charles Auguste de, violin-\\nist, A 68.\\nSrhendel, I etrus van, painter, A64.\\n1871 Fetis, Francois Joseph, composer,\\nA87.\\nCHURCH.\\n1834 The Antwerp and the Belgian\\nForeign and the Ghent Bible Society-\\nis organized.\\n1839 The Belgian Bible Association\\nis organized.\\n1842 The Clerical Education Bill\\npasses.\\n1844 The Netherlands Society for\\nPromoting Christianity among the\\nJews is founded.\\n1857 June The Religious Chari-\\nties BiU meets with great opposition.\\nThe population is chiefly Roman\\nCatholic; all ministers are paid by the\\nState.\\n1S62 Jan. Bitter dissensions arise\\nbetween the Roman Catholics and the\\nProtestants.\\n1866 Religious houses for males\\nnumber 178 for females 8,144, with 15,205\\npersons in the latter.\\n1874 The Government has a sharp\\nconflict with the Papacy respecting ec-\\nclesiastical orders and educational\\nlaws.\\n1875 May -June Riots expressive\\nof popular opposition to religious pro-\\ncessions occur.\\nSept. A Roman Catholic pastoral of\\nthe heirarchy against the Government\\nplan of mixed education is published\\nthe sacraments of the Church are re-\\nfused to parents and teachers who con-\\nform to the education law.\\n1879 Jan. 16. The Roman Catholics\\nare successful in the elections riots\\nfollow at Brussels and Antwerp.\\n1880 June 28. Ecclesiastical d i s-\\nputes lead to a suspension of diplomatic\\nrelations with Rome.\\nLETTERS.\\n1831 Brussels. The Independent is\\nestablished.\\n1833 The magazine Messager des Sci-\\nences historiques appears at Ghent.\\n1834 Brussels. The Free University\\nof Brussels is founded.\\nNederduitsche Letteroefenigen is is-\\nsued.\\n1835 Brussels. The Observateur is\\nfounded.\\nAnt. The Pricurseur is issued.\\n-43 Revue Beige is issued.\\n-44 Biograpkie L nirerselledes Mu-\\nsiciens appears.\\n1836* *-\u00c2\u00b1G* Bet giesch Museum is is-\\nsued.\\n1837 -48 Revue de Bruxelles is\\nissued.\\n1840 -43 Kunst- en Letttrblad is\\nissued.\\n1842 Bulletin de V Industrie is issued.\\n-43 Tresor National is issued.\\n1843 Annates des Travaux Publics is\\nissued.\\n1844 The Glaneur Missionaire ap-\\npears.\\nVlaemoche Rederyker is issued.\\n-47 Revue de LUge is issued.\\n1846\u00c2\u00b1 Broderland is issued.\\n-51 Revue de Belgique is issued.\\n1850* Chr Uen Beige et I* Union is\\nfounded.\\n1852 The Pricis Historiques, LitU-\\nraires et Scienttjiques appears.\\n1854 The TtMgraphe is issued at\\nBrussels.\\nThe Revue Catholique appears.\\nBrussels. Revue Trimestrielle is is-\\nsued.\\n1858 Journal des Beaux-Arts is issued.\\n1868 Revue de Belgique is reissued.\\nAthenseum Btlge is issued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1832 Aug. 9. King Leopold marries\\nthe daughter of Louis Philippe, King of\\nFrance.\\n1834 Apr. 5. Brussels. Riots occur.\\nThe mob destroys the furniture of 16\\nhouses in resentment for a display of an\\nattachment to the House of Orange.\\n1852 Aug. 10. The Queen of Eng-\\nland is warmly received on her visit.\\nOct. 18. King Leopold and his son visit\\nEngland. [I860. June* He repeats his\\nvisit.]\\n1853 Aug. 22. Leopold marries Arch-\\nduchess Maria Henrietta of Austria.\\n1S56 Sept. Brussels. An Interna-\\ntional Philanthropic Congress is he Id.\\n1861 Aug. 17-20. Ant. AFineArts\\nFete is given.\\n1S62 Sept. 22-25. Brussels. An in-\\nternational association for the ad-\\nvancement of social science meets.\\n1863 Aug. 3. Ant. A fete is given to\\ncelebrate the abolition of the Scheldt\\ndues and the opening of the port.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0556.jp2"}, "557": {"fulltext": "BELGIUM.\\n1831, Aug. 9-1880, June 28. 545\\n1866 July 5. Leopold II. and his\\nqueen visit England. [July They go\\nto Ghent.]\\nOct. 12-16. A national rifle-meeting\\nis held.\\nOct. 20. Brussels. Benjamin S. Phil-\\nlips, Lord Mayor of London, with\\n1,100 volunteers, visits Belgium the\\nking gives a magnificent banquet in\\ntheir honor.\\n1867 Jan. 18. The Chambers vote\\nagainst the bill to abolish capital\\npunishment.\\nFeb. 1-2. The miners of Marchienne-\\nau-Pont become riotous on account of\\na reduction of wages, and are suppressed\\nby the military.\\nApr. 25. Philip, Count of Flanders,\\nmarries Mary, Princess of Hohenzol-\\nlern-Sigmaringen.\\nJuly* About 2,400 soldiers of the\\nguard civique and volunteers cross over\\nto England.\\nJuly 12. London. Thomas Gabriel, the\\nLord Mayor, receives the Belgian\\nvisitors.\\nJuly 13. Eng. The Prince of Wales\\nreceives the Belgian soldiers at Wimble-\\ndon. [July 16. They arrive at Wind-\\nsor.]\\n1868 Mar. 25-29. Riots break out\\nin the mining-districts, and 10. lives are\\nlost in suppressing them by the military.\\nNov. 6-13. Brussels. An Interna-\\ntional Congress of Working men is\\nheld.\\n1869 Sept. 19. L. An international\\nrifle-meeting is held.\\n1873 May 22. Brussels. Alexander\\nII., Czar of Russia, visits the city.\\n1875 Feb. 4. Princess Louise mar-\\nries Philip, Duke of Saxony.\\nAug. 22-25. The king s silver wed-\\nding is celebrated.\\nSept. 27-Oct. 2. Brussels. The fourth\\nInternational Health Congress is\\nheld.\\nSept. E. F. Socialists hold a great\\ncongress at Ghent.\\nDec. 3. Eugene T Kindt de Roodenbeck,\\na clerk of the Bank of Belgium, is\\nconvicted of 149 thefts amounting to\\n20,000,000 francs Fortamps, the gov-\\nernor, is also convicted of fraudulent\\ntransactions.\\n1877 Aug. 13. Ant. The centenary of\\nRubens s birth is celebrated.\\n1879 May 29. King Leopold II. visits\\nEngland.\\nThe La Ligue Patriotique contre\\nl alcoolisme is started under the title\\nL Association Beige contre l abus des\\nboissons alcooliques.\\nIts work is (1) to collect and dissemi-\\nnate information regarding the drinking\\nhabits of the people, and the evils re-\\nsulting therefrom (2) to endeavor to\\nget temperance legislation enacted.\\n1880 Mar. Princess Stephanie is\\nbetrothed to Archduke Rudolph of\\nAustria.\\nSTATE.\\n1531 Nov. 15. London. The five great\\npowers convene, and sign 24 articles of\\npacification.\\n1532 Aug. 9. King Leopold I. mar-\\nries Louise, eldest daughter of Louis\\nPhilippe, King of France.\\nOct. 4. Charles L. Rogier is appointed\\nMinister of the Interior.\\nOct. 22. France and England sign a\\nconvention against Holland.\\n1833 May 21. A preliminary conven-\\ntion with Holland is signed.\\n1S39 Apr. 19. London. A final settle-\\nment and peace with Holland are made\\nby a treaty signed.\\n1S57 Nov. 9. A new Ministry is\\nformed under Charles L. Rogier.\\nDec. 10. The Chambers reassemble.\\n1859 May The king proclaims the\\nneutrality of Belgium in the Italian\\n1S60 June 13. Loyalty to the king\\nis warmly expressed on the circulation\\nof vague rumors of annexation to\\nFrance.\\nJuly 21. The octrois, taxes levied at\\nthe gates of towns on articles of food,\\nare abolished. [The popularity of the\\nGovernment is increased thereby.]\\n1861 May 1. A commercial treaty\\nwith France is signed.\\n1S62 Aug. 22. The Chambers adopt a\\ncommercial treaty with Great Britain.\\nFeb. 4. The Ministry having resigned,\\nit again resumes office.\\nJuly 17. The Chambers are dis-\\nsolved.\\n1864 Aug. The Liberals have a ma-\\njority in the election.\\n1865 Dec. 17. Leopold II. succeeds\\nhis father.\\n1866 Nov. 13. The Chambers are\\nopened by the king.\\n1838 Jan. 3. A new Liberal Anti-\\nclerical Ministry under Herbert J. W.\\nFrere-Orban is formed.\\n1870 June* The Catholics unite with\\nthe Radicals or Progressionists and\\nsome offended Liberals.\\nJune 19. The Frere-Orban Ministry\\nresigns.\\nJuly 3. Baron D Anethan s Catholic\\nMinistry is formed.\\nAug. 9. Belgium signs a treaty of its\\nneutrality as between Great Britain\\nand Prussia.\\nAug. 11. The treaty for the neutrality\\nof Belgium is signed by France.\\nNov. 22-25. Brussels. The Ministry is\\nopposed by M. Bara and others riots\\noccur.\\n1871 Dec. 7. Baron D Anethan re-\\nsigns, and Julius Malou, a moderate\\nCatholic, forms a Ministry.\\n1S72 Feb. 17- Ant. The Due de\\nBordeaux (Comte de Chambord), the\\nBourbon heir to the French throne, ar-\\nrives. [Feb. 27. Popular demonstrations\\ncause him to retire from Belgium.]\\nMar. 29. The commercial treaty with\\nFrance is denounced by the Govern-\\nment.\\n1873 Feb. 5. A new treaty of com-\\nmerce is signed with France.\\nJuly 27- Aug. 28. Brussels. An in-\\nternational conference respecting the\\nrights of neutrals is held, but no results\\nare obtained.\\n1874 The Government has a sharp\\nconflict with the Papacy respecting\\necclesiastical orders and educational\\nlaws.\\n1875 Feb. The German Government\\ncomplains of Belgian publications up-\\nholding the censured German ecclesi-\\nastics.\\nApr. 15. Germany protests against the\\nDuchesne proposal to the archbishop\\nto assassinate Bismarck.\\nJune 13, 14. A Catholic minority is\\nreturned by the elections.\\nJune 20. The Catholic Malou Ministry\\nresigns, and Herbert J. W. Frere-\\nOrban forms a new one.\\n1879 July 1. The new law of public\\ninstruction is sanctioned by the king,\\nLeopold II.\\n1880 June* Elections for Parlia-\\nment are held.\\nThe Liberals and the Clerical party\\noppose each other regarding education,\\nand the former are sustained by the\\nelections.\\nJune 18. Diplomatic relations with\\nRome are suspended by the recall of\\nthe representative to the Vatican on\\naccount of ecclesiastical disputes.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1853 Brussels. A maritime con-\\nference is held to obtain uniform mete-\\norological observations.\\n1858 Aug. 2. Ant. The Exchange at\\nAntwerp is burned.\\nJune H. A railroad accident occurs\\nnear Mons, and 21 are killed.\\n1860 Ant. The ancient fortifica-\\ntions are destroyed.\\n1861 Dec. 2. Ant. The great Napo-\\nleon wharf is burned loss, \u00c2\u00a3400,000 and\\n25 lives.\\n1862 Aug. Great distress prevails,\\ncaused by the decline of trade.\\nDec. 31. Population, 4,S36,56G.\\n1865 Dec. 1. Population, 4,984,451.\\n1866 Dec. 31. Population, 4,S29,320.\\n1870 Dec. 31. Population, 5,0S7,105.\\n1874 Sept. 5. Brussels. The Belgian\\nIndustrial Exhibition is opened.\\n1876 June 26. Brussels. The king\\nopens an international exhibition of\\narticles relating to health and safety.\\nSept. 27-Oct. 2. Brussels. A health\\ncongress is in session.\\n1878 July 28. L. A gigantic dam\\nfor supplying water is inaugurated at\\nLa Gillepe, near Verviers.\\n1879 Dec. 31. Population, 5,530,146.\\n1880 June 16. Brussels. The king\\nand queen open the National Exhi-\\nbition.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0557.jp2"}, "558": {"fulltext": "540 1880, July 18-1892, Mar. 17. BELGIUM.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1880 July 21. A statue of Leopold\\nI. is unveiled at Laekeii.\\n1884 Aug. Henry M. Stanley re-\\nturns from the Kongo, and reports to\\nKing Leopold II.\\nSept. 29. Brussels. An International\\nArtistic Convention is held.\\n1890 June 15. lira. A monument\\nto the Duke of Brunswick is unveiled\\non the spot where he fell at Quatre Bras,\\nWaterloo.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1881 Vieuxtenips, Henri, violinist, A61.\\nVerboeekhoven, lutein. .Joseph, A83.\\n1882 Monckhoven, Desire von, savant,\\nA51.\\n1883 Geefs, \\\\V litem, wulplor, A77.\\nConscience, Hemlrik, Hem. poet, A73.\\nDeschamps, Cardinal, ai-rlibishop of Mech-\\nlin, the primate, dies.\\nPlateau, Joseph Antolne P., physicist, A82.\\n1885* Rogier, Charles Latour, statesman,\\nA 85.\\n1887 Keyser, Niraist* le, painter, A74.\\nGallait. Louis, painter, A77.\\n1888 Juste, Theodore, historian, A70.\\n1889 Clesse, Antoine, poet, A73.\\nNov. 34. Pendleton, George H., U. S. min-\\nister to Germany, A64.\\nPaepe, Dr. Caesar de, socialist, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n1880 Oct. 10. A royal decree is issued\\nin favor of American missions in Kongo\\nFree State, Africa, for the evangeliza-\\ntion of the natives.\\nDec. 5. The Salvation Army is recog-\\nnized in Ghent as a sect, and persons\\nwho disturb its meetings are fined.\\nArchbishop Goossens of Mechlin is\\ncreated a cardinal priest.\\n1891 Feb. 11. The Mechlin Catho-\\nlic Congress decides to convoke an in-\\nternational congress to claim the resto-\\nration of the Pope s temporal power.\\nLETTERS.\\n1884 Sept. 27. Brussels. The Inter-\\nnational Literary Association meets.\\n1889 Jan. 16. Brussels. A letter\\nfrom Henry M. Stanley, dated Aug.\\n17, 188S, is received, confirming the news\\nof his arrival on the Aruwhimini.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1880 July 18. The national inde-\\npendence is celebrated by a great jubi-\\nlee.\\nSept. 6-10. Aji international con-\\ngress in the interest of commerce and\\nindustry is held.\\nBrussels. An international congress\\ndiscusses the temperance question.\\nAug. 16. Brussels. A patriotic fete is\\ngiven in connection with the exhibition.\\n1882 Nov. Public interest is felt in\\nthe trial of Armand and Leon Pelt-\\nzer for the murder of Wilhelm Bernays,\\nwhose wife was an alleged accomplice in\\nthe crime.\\nDec. 22. The two murderers, Armand\\nand Leon Peltzer, are sentenced to be\\nexecuted. [The sentence is commuted.]\\n1883 Feb. 23. Dynamiters cause one\\ndeath by an explosion at Ganshoren.\\nOct. 18. Netherlands. Amsterdam gives\\nthe king and queen a hearty welcome.\\n1885 Ant. An international con-\\ngress against the abuse of alcoholic\\nliquors is held.\\nIt leads to the introduction into Bel-\\ngium of the Swiss temperance society,\\nknown as La Croix Bieue (the Blue\\nCross), a total abstinence organization.\\n1886 Labor strikes are numerous.\\nMar. 22-29. The coal-miners on\\nstrike between Namur and Liege be-\\ncome riotous many are killed and\\nwounded by the military convents and\\ncountry houses suffer from maurauders.\\nMar. 27, 28. H. Riotous demonstra-\\ntions occur at Charleroi, Mons, and other\\nplaces.\\nApr. 7. The workmen allege that the\\ndisorders are caused hy the criminal\\nclasses.\\nMay 30. The strikers renew the agita-\\ntion, aided by French dynamiters;\\nuniversal suffrage is demanded.\\nJune 2. A scandalous sensation is\\ncaused hy the trial of M. Yandersiuis-\\nsen, a clerical member of the Chamber,\\nwho is convicted of killing his wife\\nhe is sentenced to penal servitude for 15\\nyears.\\n1889 Jan. 16. Brussels. A letter from\\nHenry M. Stanley to Tipoo Tib is re-\\nceived.\\nJan. 28. The king establishes the Afri-\\ncan Society of the Red Cross.\\nFeb. 5. Collisions occur between the\\nstriking glass-workers and the police\\nat Charleroi.\\nApr. 10. The Duke of Nassau, the\\nnew regent, is warmly welcomed at\\nLuxemburg.\\nBrussels. Gen. Boulanger of France\\nis present at a soiree given in the city.\\nApr. 19. The Government decides to\\ninform Gen. Boulanger that he will\\nnot be allowed to conspire in Belgium\\nagainst France.\\nMay 5. King Leopold proposes another\\nKongo conference.\\nMay -June Strikes continue.\\nJune 6. H. The Marchioness De\\nChasteleer is murdered at Chateau\\nMoulbaix at Mons.\\nJune 14. Ant. The stokers on steam-\\nships strike. [June 19. The Red Star\\nLine increases wages and the strike\\nends. Oct. 15. The engineers of\\ntrans-Atlantic steamers strike. Nov.\\nThe dock laborers strike.]\\nJune 24. Brussels. The Shah of\\nPersia arrives.\\nJuly 6. Brussels. An African Con-\\nference is held.\\nAug. 7. Brussels. The International\\nPenal Law Congress assembles.\\nOct. 29. H. At Mons 4,000 hands join\\nthe strikers. [Oct. 30. A strike of\\nminers begins. Dee. 30. The miners\\nstrike ends.]\\nOct. Brussels. The Patriotic League\\nestablishes a raft* pupulaire.\\nAll spirituous liquors are excluded;\\nthere is a reading-room titted up with\\na librarv and newspapers, and amuse-\\nments are provided.\\nNov. 18. Brussels. The Antislavery\\nConference opens.\\nNov. 24. King Leopold receives the\\nmembers of the Antislavery Con-\\nference.\\nDec. 2. The Antislavery Conference re-\\ncommends the establishment of mili-\\ntary stations with exceptional powers\\nin all the African territory for the sup-\\npression of the slave traffic.\\nDec. 7. A package of 750,000 francs\\nis stolen between Ostend and Antwerp\\nwhile on its way to Amsterdam.\\n1890 Jan. 5. Brussels. The Anti-\\nslavery Society arranges for an expedi-\\ntion to Lake Tanganyika.\\nJan. 22. The Miners* Conference\\nopens.\\nJan. 27. Brussels. The Antislavery\\nConference resumes its sessions.\\nMar. 28. The Antislavery Conference\\nadopts regulations restricting the liquor\\ntraffic in Africa.\\nApr. 19. Henry M. Stanley arrives\\nfrom Africa with several of his com-\\npanions.\\nApr. 20. Brussels. Stanley is the re-\\ncipient of many honors; he is a guest\\nof King Leopold. [Apr. 26. Stanley\\nleaves for Dover.]\\nMay 20. Brussels. An International\\nMiners Conference opens it adopts\\nresolutions favoring a working-day of\\neight hours.\\nJuly 2. Brussels. The General Act of\\nthe Antislavery Conference is signed.\\nJuly 21. The 60th anniversary of\\nBelgian independence and the 25th\\nyear of the reign of King Leopold are\\ncelebrated in Brussels.\\nAug. 10. Brussels. A Socialist dem-\\nonstration in favor of universal suffrage\\nis held 40,000 persons take part in it.\\nAug. 14. Brussels. The Working Men s\\nSuffrage Congress is held.\\nAug. 21. Eight thousand miners\\nstrike in the Borinage District.\\nSept. 7. L. The Social Science Con-\\ngress opens in Liege 2,000 delegates are\\npresent from all parts of Europe.\\nOct. 7. Ant. The gendarmes quell a\\nriot at Malines several rioters are\\nwounded and 20 arrested.\\nOct. 27. King Leopold starts for Ber-\\nlin to visit the Emperor of Germany.\\nNov. 9. Many public meetings are held\\nin favor of an eight-hour working-day\\nand universal suffrage.\\nDec. 25. Brussels. A delegation from\\nthe Radical Association presents a\\npetition to the Municipal Council in\\nfavor of universal suffrage.\\n1S91 Jan. 1. Brussels. At a meeting\\nof the Royal Geographical Society,\\nKing Leopold severely criticises Stan-\\nley s pitiless mode of action.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0558.jp2"}, "559": {"fulltext": "BELGIUM.\\n1880, July 18-1892, Mar. 17. 547\\nJan. 29. Brussels. The funeral of\\nPrince Baudouin takes place.\\nFeb. 9. King Leopold receives a dele-\\ngation of the Workman s Council of\\nIndustry, and pledges to support the\\ndemand for universal suffrage.\\nFeb. 17. Meetings of workmen are held\\nthroughout Belgium with the object of\\norganizing for a general strike, be-\\ncause of the Chamber of Deputies refus-\\ning to grant the people s demand for\\nuniversal suffrage.\\nMar. 29. The police at Seraing arrest\\nthree anarchists with 500 pounds of\\ndynamite in their possession.\\nApr. 5. Miners declare in favor of a\\ngeneral strike in case the Government\\nrefuses to assent to the revision of the\\nConstitution.\\nMay 5. Houses in Lii5ge and Mons are\\ndamaged by dynamite cartridges.\\nMay 8. About 200,000 men are out on\\nstrike. [July 9. The miners strike\\nends.]\\nMay 9. Brussels. The Federation of\\nLabor party decides to support the coal-\\nMay 10. Many arrests for intimidating\\nworkmen have been made at Litige and\\nCharleroi.\\nAug. 16. Brussels. The International\\nSocialist Workmen s Congress\\nopens.\\nAug. 19. Brussels. In the International\\nSocialist Workmen s Congress, British\\ndelegates refuse to adopt the radical\\nreports of the Committee an American\\ndelegate advocates a labor war.\\nAug. 30. Brussels. Gen. Boulanger\\ncommits suicide in a cemetery. [Oct. 3.\\nHis funeral takes place.]\\n1892 Mar. 17. Brussels. A dynamite\\ncartridge is found on the door-step of a\\njudge s house.\\nSTATE.\\n1882 Aug. 17. The Representatives\\npass the Parliamentary Reform Bill.\\n1884 June 10\u00c2\u00b1. The elections return\\nto the Parliament a majority of Cleri-\\ncals, owing to the dissensions of their\\nopponents.\\nJune 11. The Liberal Ministry under\\nFrere-Orban resigns.\\nJune 12, 13. A moderate Catholic\\nMinistry under Julius Malou is formed.\\nJune The Senate is dissolved.\\nJuly The new Senate is organized by\\nthe Clericals.\\nAug. 30. The Chamber of Representa-\\ntives adopts the Educational Bill;\\nvote, 80-49.\\nSept. 7. Riots are incited by the Lib-\\nerals at Brussels and Antwerp.\\nSept. 10. The Senate adopts the Edu-\\ncational Bill vote, 40-25.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Sept. 13. Royal assent is given to the\\nEducational Bill.\\nOct. 19. The communal elections\\ntake place, and return a great Liberal\\nmajority to Parliament.\\n*A Ministerial crisis ensues, and\\nMalou, Jacobs, and Woeste, Catholic\\nmembers, resign.\\nOct. 24. Auguste Bernaert becomes\\nPremier with Catholic Ministry.\\nNov. 11. Parliament opens.\\n1889 Feb 24. Brussels. The Radical\\nCongress supports military educa-\\ntion, but demands abolition of the con-\\nscript law.\\nApr. 9. The Government warns Gen.\\nBoulanger to refrain from political\\nagitation.\\nApr. 19. Notice is served on the Govern-\\nment that the doings of the Boulan-\\ngists in Brussels displease the French\\nGovernment.\\nApr. The Government asks Gen. Bou-\\nlanger to leave. [He goes to London.]\\nJuly 23. The Chamber of Representa-\\ntives votes 10,000,000 francs for the Kon-\\ngo Railroad.\\nJuly 27. The Senate sanctions the\\ncredit asked for by the Government for\\nthe Kongo Railroad.\\nNov. 30. The Minister of Justice of\\nBrussels drafts a bill to deprive un-\\nworthy parents of the guardianship of\\ntheir children, to educate abandoned\\nand depraved children, and increase the\\nseverity of the penalty for demoralizing\\nchildren.\\n1890 Jan. 5. The Government stops\\nthe exportation of coal because of the\\nsmall supply.\\nJan. 16. Premier Bernaert. introduces\\na relief bill, devoting 1,000,000 francs\\nto the relief of disabled workmen.\\nJune 18. King Leopold appoints Henry\\nM. Stanley governor of the Kongo\\nState. [He is to enter upon the duties\\nof the office in 1891.]\\nJuly 8. The Premier introduces the\\nKongo State Bill in the Chamber of\\nRepresentatives.\\nJuly 19. The Chamber of Representa-\\ntives passes the bill which empowers the\\nGovernment to purchase the Kongo\\nFree State within 10 years, the other\\npowers having consented to it. [July 28.\\nIt adopts the Kongo Bill.]\\nJuly 30. The Senate ratifies the grant-\\ning of a loan of 25,000,000 francs to the\\nKongo State.\\nNov. 27. A bill extending the fran-\\nchise is introduced in the Parliament\\nby the Premier.\\n1891 Jan. 20. Brussels. About 4,000\\npersons march in the procession to the\\nHotel de Ville, and present to the Burgo-\\nmaster a petition for the revision of the\\nConstitution.\\nMar. 18. Brussels. The Chamber of\\nRepresentatives adopts the general act\\nof the Antislavery Conference, with\\nthe clauses annexed relating to tariff\\nduties in the Kongo basin.\\nApr.* Ant. The Government raises\\nAntwerp to the rank of a first-class\\nport.\\nAug. 21. TheSenatevotes$15,000,000\\nto fortify the Meuse.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1882 Dec. 17. Brussels. The Com-\\nmercial Museum is opened.\\n1883 Oct. 15. Brussels. The king\\nopens the new Palace of Justice.\\nDec. 6. Brussels. The Parliament\\nHouses are burned and the library is\\ndestroyed with a loss of $2,400,000.\\n1885 May 2. Ant. The king opens\\nthe Universal Exhibition.\\nJuly 26. Ant. The new quays are\\nopened by the king.\\nAug. 8. Brussels. An international\\nrailway congress meets.\\n1887 Dec. 31. Population, 5,974,743.\\nMar. 5. A mine explosion at Mons\\ncolliery causes the loss of about 87 lives.\\n1888 Nov. 13. A mine explosion at\\nDour causes the loss of 121 lives.\\n1889 Feb. 3. Brussels. A train col-\\nlides with a bridge near Gronendael\\n14 are killed and 50 injured.\\nMar. 29. The mail-boats Countess of\\nFlanders and the Princess Henriette\\ncollide in a fog; the captain of the\\nformer and 14 others are killed Prince\\nNapoleon Bonaparte escapes.\\nJune 6. Subscriptions are being taken\\nto build a railroad from Kongo Falls to\\nStanley Pool, Africa, 262 miles through a\\nmountainous country.\\nSept. 6. Ant. A dynamite explosion\\nin a cartridge factory kills 16 persons,\\ninjures some 550 others, and destroys\\nmuch property, valued at 30,000,000\\nfrancs.\\nDec. 13. Ant. The influenza appears.\\nDec. 24. Brussels. The prevalence of\\ninfluenza causes the public schools to\\nclose.\\n1890 Jan. 1. The castle of Laeken,\\nthesurburban residence of the king and\\nqueen, is partially destroyed by fire.\\n1891 Jan. 3. The Scheldt is closed by\\nice.\\nSept. 19. A mine explosion at Char-\\nleroi kills 29 persons.\\n1892 Jan. 3. Influenza rages all over\\nthe country.\\nJan. 6. Brussels. Dock improvements\\nare inaugurated.\\nJan. 24. Brussels. The Duke of Ar-\\nenberg s castle is burned the Count\\nEgmont cabinet, remaining unchanged\\nsince 1567, and the Pavilion Egmont,\\nwith all the valuable treasures con-,\\ntained therein, are totally destroyed, to-\\ngether with many other works of art.\\nJan. 31. H. One-fourth of the town of\\nChhnay is destroyed by fire.\\nMar. 11. A fire-damp explosion oc-\\ncurs in the Anderlues colliery 200\\nminers lose their lives.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0559.jp2"}, "560": {"fulltext": "548 1892, Apr. 2-1894, Dec. 23.\\nBELGIUM.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1893 Apr. 17. The Government calls\\nout all the militia; rioting occurs in\\nthe streets of Antwerp, Moris, Gram-\\nmont, and other places.\\nART \u00e2\u0080\u0094SCIENCE -NATURE.\\n1894 Dec. 23. Great damage is caused\\nby a storm.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1894 Rolvyns, Baron, diplomatist, dies.\\nRitter, Frederick I,., musical composer, A57.\\nCllimay, Prince Joseph de, statesman, A5b.\\n1892 Apr. 2. The Conservative As-\\nsociation declares against universal suf-\\nfrage.\\nApr. 5. It is discovered that 200 dyna-\\nmite cartridges have been stolen from\\na colliery.\\nMay 2. Two houses in Liege are par-\\ntially wrecked by dynamite cartridge\\nexplosions.\\nMay 4, Important arrests of Anar-\\nchists are made, a plot having been\\ndiscovered to cause many explosions.\\nJune 14. At the elections disorders oc-\\ncur between the Liberals and Catholics.\\nJune 22. Bra. Rioting occurs at Lou-\\nvain between students and Socialists 40\\narrests are made.\\nJune 27. Brussels. The Socialists\\noverpower the police, injuring sev-\\neral with their own weapons many ar-\\nrests are made.\\nJuly 19. L. At Li\u00c2\u00a3ge 16 Anarchists are\\nplaced on trial.\\nAug. E. F. A fashionable cafe in Os-\\ntend is dynamited three persons are\\nfatally hurt and several wounded.\\nNov. 7. E. F. A violent Socialist dem-\\nonstration takes place at Ghent.\\nNov. 8. Brussels. The universal suf-\\nfrage movement is the cause of re-\\nnewed rioting. [Nov. 18. Continued.]\\n1893 Jan. 8. Brussels. The cashier\\nand clerk of the Brussels branch of the\\nNew York Life Insurance Company\\nabscond, it is alleged, with $226,000.\\nJan. 10. L. The Catholic Club at Sera-\\ning is destroyed by a dynamite explo-\\nsion, supposed to be the act of German\\nSocialists.\\nJan. 19. Brussels. A large body of un-\\nemployed are charged and dispersed\\nby gendarmes many are hurt.\\nApr. 2. E. F. Socialists meet in con-\\nvention at Ghent a resolution is passed\\nfor a general strike in case Parliament\\ngrant plurality of votes to property own-\\ners and holders of university diplomas.\\nApr. 11. Workmen go on strike be-\\ncause the Chamber of Deputies have\\nvoted against universal suffrage.\\nApr. 12. Rioting occurs, growing out\\nof the strikes ordered on account of re-\\njection of the Universal Suffrage Bill.\\n[Apr. 18. The bill passes.] (See State.)\\nApr. 13. Rioting continues several\\nfights occur between gendarmes and\\nstrikers.\\nApr. 14. The strikes spread; much\\nrioting follows.\\nApr. 15. Rioting continues in a con-\\nflict between gendarmes and strikers,\\none woman is killed and several men\\nwounded.\\nApr. 16. The strike spreads and rioting\\ncontinues the mayor of Brussels is\\nseverely beaten by Socialists the situ-\\nation at Mons is serious.\\nApr. 17. Disorder prevails in many cit-\\nies the Government promptly subdues\\nthe riotous strikers by military force.\\n(See Army Navy.)\\nApr. 19. Work is resumed, and quiet\\nreigns.\\nMay 22. Brussels. The International\\nCongress of Miners opens.\\nMay 23. Brussels. Two of the French\\ndelegates to the Miners Congress are\\nexpelled from Belgium by order of\\nthe Government.\\nMay 24. Brussels. The Miners Con-\\ngress votes for the eight-hour day and\\nfor an international strike to compel its\\nestablishment.\\nAug. 30. H. Ten thousand coal-\\nminers strike iu the Charleroi district.\\n1894 Apr. 18. Ant. Mme. Joniaux, a\\nprominent woman of Antwerp, is ar-\\nrested on a charge of poisoning three\\nrelatives to get insurance money.\\nApr. 22. L. There are bomb explo-\\nsions in Liege.\\nMay 3. L. Two persons are injured and\\na house is wrecked by a bomb explo-\\nsion at Liege the perpetrator is not\\nknown.\\nMay 24. Anarchist munitions of war\\nare found.\\nMay 28. Brussels. Prince Charles of\\nHohenzollern-Sigmaringen and Prin-\\ncess Josephine of Flanders, niece of\\nthe King of Belgium, are married.\\nSTATE.\\n1892 May 10. The Chamber of Repre-\\nsentatives decides to revise the Con-\\nstitution and to increase the electorate.\\nVote, 131-7.\\nJune 11. Count M6rode, son of the late\\nPresident of the Senate, is appointed\\nMinister of Foreign Affairs, as suc-\\ncessor to Prince de Chimay, deceased.\\nJune 16. The election of members of\\nthe Constituent Assembly results in a\\nsmall Liberal majority.\\nJuly 12. It is announced that the Parlia-\\nment will meet as a Constituent As-\\nsembly.\\nJuly 26. The Chamber ol Representa-\\ntives passes the bill providing f -r :i re-\\nvision of the Constitution. Vote, 104-1$.\\nNov. 19. Brussels. The Chamber re-\\njecta ;i motion favoring universal suf-\\nfrage. Vote, 89-21.\\nNov. 22. Brussels. The International\\nMonetary Conference meets. [Nov.\\n25. The American delegates submit pro-\\nposals outlining the policy of the dated\\nStates Senator Allison speaks. Dec. 17.\\nIt suspends its sessions until May 13.\\n1893.]\\n1593 Jan. 17. Brussels. Unemployed\\nworkmen in a body make known their\\nstarving condition to the Minister of\\nPublic Works and to the Chamber of\\nRepresentatives.\\nMar. 26. Ant. An unofficial referen-\\ndum favors manhood suffrage. Vote,\\n15,794-2.007.\\nApr. 18. The Chamber of Representa-\\ntives, terrified by the riotous uprising,\\npasses a Universal Suffrage Bill with\\na plural voting clause the labor lead-\\ners recommend discontinuance of the\\nstrike.\\nApr. 21. The Senate approves the bill\\nextending the suffrage.\\nJune 1. A clause is adopted in the\\nChamber making it compulsory on the\\nnewly enfranchised electors to record\\ntheir votes.\\nJuly 13. The Chamber votes such a re-\\nvision of the Constitution as will enable\\nBelgium to acquire colonies.\\nJuly 15. The Chamber of Representa-\\ntives adopts a proposal that three-\\nfourths of the Senate shall be elected\\nby universal suffrage, and the other\\nfourth by communal councils.\\nSept. 2. The Senate passes a bill for the\\nrevision of the Constitution, by a\\nlarge majority.\\nThe struggle for revision of the Con-\\nstitution is thus completed after four\\nyears discussion.\\nDec. 30. The new Spanish provisional\\ncommercial treaty becomes operative.\\n1594 Mar. 16. The Chamber rejects\\nthe Cabinet s project of proportional\\nrepresentation. Vote, 75-49.\\nMar 20. The Cabinet resigns in con\\nsequence of the failure of the Propor-\\ntional Representation Bill.\\nJune 6. The Chamber passes the Elec-\\ntoral Reform Bill. Vote, 70-44.\\nSept. 20. Parliament is dissolved.\\nOct. 15. Returns show that iu the elec-\\ntions the Liberals lose 31 seats in the\\nChamber of Representatives, some of the\\nCatholic gains arising from the fact that-\\nmany priests have three votes.\\nDec. 6. The Socialist Representatives of\\nthe Chamber refuse to cheer for the\\nking, and an uproar results.\\nDec. 13. Brussels, Parliament con-\\nvenes.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0560.jp2"}, "561": {"fulltext": "BELGIUM.\\n1892, Apr. 2-1894, Dec. 23. 549\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1S92 Sept. 13. Cholera reports show\\nseveral deaths in Belgium. [Sept. 15.\\nSpreading in Antwerp. Oct. 11. A few\\ncases yet at Antwerp.]\\nNov. 20. Brussels. The International\\nMonetary Conference begins its ses-\\nsions.\\n[Nov. 28. It appoints a committee to\\nconsider the Rothschild proposition\\nfor purchasing \u00c2\u00a35,000,000 silver annu-\\nally; Mr. Cannon is the committeeman\\nfor the United States. Nov. 30. The\\ncommittee holds its first meeting. Dec.\\n1. It reports unfavorably on the Roths-\\nchild plan. Dec. 6. The Rothschild plan\\nis withdrawn from consideration. Dec.\\n8. President Andrews of Brown Uni-\\nversity, U. S. A., addresses the Confer-\\nence. Dec. 9. Bimetallists in the Con-\\nference express indignation at the\\nobstruction offered by Great Britain.\\nDec. 11. Senator Allison, U. S. A., tells\\nthe Conference that American delegates\\nmight accept a different ratio than 16\\nto 1 between gold and silver. Dec. 14.\\nBimetallists in the Conference charge\\nduplicity on the part of their opponents.\\nDec. 15. The committee makes its re-\\nport, which formulates no plan. Dec. 17.\\nThe Monetary Conference reserves final\\njudgment on the propositions submitted,\\nand votes to resume its sittings May 13th\\nnext.]\\n1893 Aug. 10. Ant. Four cases of\\ncholera reported. [Dec. 13. Cholera\\nbreaks out at Namur. Jan. 17. Twelve\\ndeaths from cholera occur at Auvelais.]\\nDec. 10. Ant. Twenty thousand tons\\nof grain are burned; total loss,\\n$1,GOO,000.\\n1894 Jan. 12. Ant. The Jesuit Col-\\nlege is burned loss, $200,000.\\nMay 5. Ant. King Leopold, with a\\nnumber of royal and notable person-\\nages, opens the World s Exhibition.\\nJuly 4. Ant. The American section\\nof the exhibition is dedicated.\\nNov. 12. Ant. The World s Exhibi-\\ntion is closed.\\nDec. 16. Bra. A monument to the\\nmemory of Father Damien, the mis-\\nsionary to lepers, is unveiled at Louvain.\\nBOKHARA.\\nBokhara is a khanate of Central Asia subject to Russian influence, and having Bokhara for its capital. Its area is estimated\\nat 92,000 square miles its population numbers about 2,500,000. The prevailing religion is Mohammedanism.\\nARMY STATE.\\n323 b. c. Bokhara is overrun by the\\nMongols and Thibetans.\\n6th Century. Bokhara is conquered by\\nthe Turks.\\n7th Century. The country is conquered\\nby the Chinese.\\n705+ The country is conquered by\\nthe Arabs.\\n707 The Arabs occupy Samarcand.\\n856 it Yacubbin-Leis is governor.\\n876 The country is conquered by\\nIsmael, the first sovereign of the Sas-\\nsaneau dynasty [which is maintained in\\npower for about 200 years].\\n1216 The country is subdued by the\\ncelebrated Mohammed Shah TChare-\\n1220 Mohammed is dispossessed by\\nGenghis Khan, who devastates the\\ncountry.\\nOctai Khan, son of Genghis Khan,\\nis ruler, and the country prospers.\\n1372 The handsome college of Ab-\\ndullah is erected at Bokhara, the\\ncapital.\\n1400\u00c2\u00b1 Tamerlane conquers the\\ncountry.\\n1404 Buy Gonzalez de Clavijo, a\\nSpanish ambassador to Tamerlane, is\\nthe first European to visit the country.\\n1505 The country is overrun by\\nthe Uzbeck Tartars under Ebulkher\\nKhan, the founder of the Shel bani dy-\\nnasty, with which the history of the coun-\\ntry properly begins. [They have held it\\ntill modern times.]\\n1558 -59 Anthony Jenkinson, the\\nEnglish traveler, visits the country.\\n1580+ A Kirghiz invasion desolates\\nthe country.\\nA disputed succession distracts\\nthe people.\\n1598 Baki Mehemet Khan ascends\\nthe throne, introducing the dynasty of\\nthe Ashtarkhanides.\\n1605 Veli Mehemet is enthroned as\\nthe successor of Mehemet Khan, his\\nbrother.\\n1629** The mosque of Mesdjdi\\nMogak is built at Bokhara, the capital.\\nVeli is supplanted by his nephew\\nImamkuli.\\n1680 Subhankuly is enthroned.\\n1702 Subhankuly dies, and a war of\\nsuccession ensues between his two sons.\\n1707 Obeidullah finally triumphs\\nover his brother, and ascends the\\nthrone.\\n1740* Obeidullah, a feeble king, is\\nmurdered by Behim Bi Atalik, his\\nvizier, who takes his throne.\\n1781 Mir Maasum, the usurper, re-\\nconquers from the Afghans territory\\nsouth of the Oxus.\\n1802 Mir Maasum dies, and is suc-\\nceeded by his fanatical* son, Emir Said\\nKhan.\\n1820 Meyendorff and Nagri visit\\nthe country.\\n1826 rJasrullah Bahuder, a royal\\noppressor, is enthroned he murders his\\nbrother, and is cruel to his people.\\n1832 Sir Alex. Burnes visits the\\ncountry.\\n1866 Mir Maasum proclaims a holy\\nwar against the Bussians.\\nA Russian army invades Bokhara.\\nMay The Bokharians are decisively de-\\nfeated at Irdjar on the left bank of the\\nJaxartes.\\n1867 July 11. The Bokharians reluc-\\ntantly sign a forced peace with the\\nRussians.\\nThe war is renewed by the Bokha-\\nrians.\\n1868 May 25. The Russians again de-\\nfeat the Bokharians.\\nMay 26. The Russians occupy Samar-\\ncand.\\nJune 13-20. The Russian garrison at\\nSamarcaud is besieged, and finally re-\\nlieved by Gen. Kaufman.\\nNov. Russia secures Samarcand by\\ntreaty.\\n1873 Dec. A new treaty with Bussia\\nis published. No foreigner is to be ad-\\nmitted without a Russian passport.\\n1885 Nov. 12. Seid Abdul Ahad be-\\ncomes ameer.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1264 *-74 The brothers Polo,\\nthe Venetian travelers, visit the coun-\\ntry.\\n[1740. By Cladisheff the traveler.\\n1838. By Robert Wood. 1841. By Kan-\\nikhoff and Lehmann. 1842^43. By\\nGen.MikhaelovskiDanilevsky. 1842.\\nBy Dr. Joseph Wolff. 1862. By Ar-\\nmenius Vambery, the Jewish trav-\\neler.]\\n188S+ The Bokharians claim to have\\n365 mosques in the capital city the\\nmost important is oiie originally built\\nby Tamerlane and restored by Abdullah\\nKhan, occupying a square of 300 feet and\\na dome 100 feet high.\\nBokhara now, as for a long time\\npast, is the intellectual center of\\nCentral Asia, and is celebrated for its\\nschools. About one-fourth of the people\\nare able to read and write.\\nThe Russian Trans-Caspian Bail-\\nroad runs through Bokhara from Char-\\ngui on the Oxus to a station near the.\\ncapital and thence to Samarcand.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0561.jp2"}, "562": {"fulltext": "550 1544,* *-1894, July 7.\\nBOLIVIA.\\nBolivia is a state of central South America, without a seacoast, and having a movable capital. Its area is G7G.3G0 square\\nTniles the population is estimated at 1,434,800. It has a republican government, administered by a President its Congress con-\\nsists of a Senate and Chamber of Deputies, who represent the eight political departments of the country. Its religion is Roman\\nCatholic, and its language Spanish.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1780 -82 An insurrection of In-\\ndians breaks out.\\nAll Spanish possessions within their\\nreacli are burned 130,000 bi-siege the city\\nof La Paz, where their leader, Tupac\\nAmaru, is captured by the Spaniards,\\nand cruelly put to death.\\n1782 The Spaniards subdue the In-\\ndians.\\n1809 July* -25 Aug.* Civil war\\nis carried on intermittently between the\\nSpanish loyalists and the patriot forces\\nactions occur chiefly in the Argentine\\nprovinces of Salta and Jujuy, and on\\nthe shores of Lake Titicaca.\\n1811 May* The patriot army cele-\\nbrates its second victory over the\\nRoyalists, near Lake Titicaca.\\nJune The patriots are defeated by\\nthe Spanish force under Gen. Goyeneche,\\nand are driven back into Jujuy.\\n1815 The patriots are totally routed\\nbetween Potosi and Oruro by the\\nRoyalist army.\\nThe Indians of the Southern prov-\\ninces rise against the Spaniards for a\\nshort time.\\n1816 The maneuvers of the Spanish\\nGen. Jose de la Serna are completely\\ndefeated.\\n_22 Guerrilla warfare is main-\\ntained by the patriots of Upper Peru\\n[Bolivia].\\n1823 June The army of Gen. Santa\\nCruz enters Upper Peru in two di-\\nvisions.\\nJuly -Aug. The whole country be-\\ntween La Paz and Oruro is occupied by\\nGen. Cruz, till driven back and finally\\nrouted.\\n1824 Great victory of patriots at the\\nbattle of Ayacucho in Lower Peru it\\nsecures independence.\\nGen. Sucre leads a part of his suc-\\ncessful army into Upper Peru.\\n1825 Feb. Universal uprising of pa-\\ntriots in Upper Peru, and capture of La\\nPaz.\\nMar. The Spanish Gen. Olaneta is\\nmortally wounded by some of his own\\ntroops, who had revolted.\\n1835 Nov. 20. President Santa Cruz\\nleads an army into Peru, and, at the\\nbattle of Yngavi, defeats one of the fac-\\ntions struggling for supremacy.\\n1841 Aug. Peruvians invade Bo-\\nlivia, and besiege La Paz with the\\nhope of annexing that province, but are\\ndefeated, routed, and many are killed.\\nBolivians invade Peru, but are pro-\\nhibited from conquest by the Chileans.\\n1865 Feb. The revolutionary troops\\nunder Gen. Melgarejo defeat Presi-\\ndent Acha near Potosi.\\n1866 Jan. 24. Melgarejo completely\\ndefeats Arguedas at Viacha.\\n1867 -70 Civil war prevails.\\n1872 The Indians again revolt.\\nJan. 28. Gen. Ramon Gonzalez defeats\\n8,000 Indians at Cururuyuqui.\\n1879 Apr. Bolivia and Peru unite in\\nwar with Chile.\\n1883 Peace is made with Chile.\\n1888 May An uprising of Indians\\nin Sucasica is suppressed.\\n1891 Aug. 13. The state of siege in\\nBolivia is raised.\\n1893 Jan. An attempted revolt\\nunder Gen. Camacho is suppressed.\\n1894 June 16. Bolivia and Ecuador\\nin peace are preparing for war by\\nmaking large purchases of war material.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1783* Bolivar, Simon, liberator, born.\\n1793* Sucre, Antonio Jose de, patriot,\\nborn. [1830. Murdered. A37.]\\n1794\u00c2\u00b1 Santa Cruz, Andreo, President,\\nborn. [1865. Dies A71\u00c2\u00b1.]\\n1810* Morales, Augustin, general. Presi-\\ndent, born.\\n1818* Melgarejo, Mariano, soldier, born.\\n1830 Bolivar. Simon, liberator of Bo-\\nlivia, A47.\\n1861 Oct. 25. Cordova, Jorge, President,\\nassassinated, A39.\\n1871 Nov. S3. Melgareio, Mariano, sol-\\ndier, A53.\\n1872 Nov. 28. Morales, August in. general,\\nPresident, assassinated, A62.\\nCHURCH.\\n1S27 A translation of the New\\nTestament from the Vulgate into\\nAiinara, the language of the Republic,\\nis made by Pazos Ranki.\\n1832 The Gospel of St. Luke is is-\\nsued in the Aimara language by the\\nBritish and Foreign Bible Society.\\n1887 Oct.\u00c2\u00b1 Strong opposition is\\nmade at La Paz to the stay of the\\nJesuits.\\nSOCIETY.\\n18th Century. Universal abuse and ex-\\ntortion are practised by the Spaniards\\nin their intercourse with the Indians.\\nThe 1,400 mines of Peru are worked by\\ncompulsory labor, tbe Indians being\\nchosen by lot, which is regarded as\\nequivalent to a sentence of death.\\nA tribute of $8 is required of every\\nIndian between IS and 55 years of age.\\nThe Indians are compeUed to\\nmarry early in life, the men at 15 years\\nand the women at 13, to increase the\\ntaxable population and mine-workers.\\nThe Indians, by the law of rcparti-\\nmiento, are compeUed to purchase\\nworthless articles at extravagant\\nprices. [Such abases finally lead to the\\ninsurrection of the Indians in 17S0.]\\n1836 Slavery is abolished by the\\nGovernment.\\n1891 Aug. 17. A plot to assassinate\\nthe President is discovered a number\\nof persons are arrested on suspicion.\\n1894 July 7\u00c2\u00b1. Ex-President Arce is\\nassassinated at La Paz, and his body\\nhorribly mutilated by bis murderers.\\nSTATE.\\n[Note.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 For the early history of the country\\nsee Peru, of which Bolivia forms a tiart tUl\\n1825. J\\n1780* *-82* *The unendurable out-\\nrages practised on the Indians by the\\nSpaniards occasion the insurrection, led\\nby the Inca Tupac Amaru, who devas-\\ntates the country from Cusco to Jujuy.\\n1782 The Spaniards succeed in put-\\nting down the insurrection.\\n1825 Aug. 6. The Declaration of In-\\ndependence is made by an Assembly\\nof 54 deputies, at Chuquisaca.\\nAug. 10. The country is named Bolivia\\nin honor of Gen. Bolivar, its deliverer.\\nOct. 6. The first Assembly of Depu-\\nties is dissolved, and a new Congress\\nis summoned.\\n1826 May 25. The Congress assem-\\nbles at Chuquisaca, and considers the\\nConstitution prepared for the new Re-\\npublic by Bolivar.\\nThe Constitution is approved, ami\\nGen. Sucre is chosen President for life.\\nRepeated risings occur against the\\nRepublic, till finally President Sucre\\nis driven from La Paz.\\n1828 Apr. A new Congress assem-\\nbles at Chuquisaca, which modifies the\\nConstitution, and chooses Marshal\\nSanta Cruz for President.\\n1829 A revolution led by Gen.\\nElemco temporarily overthrows the\\nGovernment.\\n1831 President Cruz restores order,\\nrepairs the finances, and promulgates\\nthe code of laws which bears his name.\\n1835 Much internal disorder pre-\\nvails.\\nPresident Santa Cruz enters Peru to\\nassist one of the factions aiming to con-\\ntrol the Government.\\n1836 Oct. 28. Peru. President Santa\\nCruz seeks to unite Peru and Bolivia by\\nthe forming of the Peruvian- BoHvian\\nConfederation, with himself at its head\\nas Protector.\\n1S39 Jan. Peru. Gamara and other\\nfugitive Peruvians, having obtained aid\\nfrom Chile, attack and defeat President\\nSanta Cruz at Yimgay. [Santa Cruz\\nleaves the country, and the Confedera-\\ntion is broken up.]\\nFeb. 9. Gen. Velasco becomes Presi-\\ndent.\\n1841 Jose Ballivian becomes Pres-\\nident.\\n1848 Dec* Gen. Belzu becomes\\nPresident, by a successful military\\nrevolution.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0562.jp2"}, "563": {"fulltext": "BOLIVIA.\\n1544, *-1894, July 7. 551\\n1S53 Free trade is proclaimed.\\n1855 Gen. Jorge Cordova becomes\\nPresident.\\n1857 Sept. A revolt spreads through-\\nout the country, and compels the Presi-\\ndent to go into exile.\\n1858 Mar. 31. JosS Maria Linares\\nby revolution seizes the government,\\nand proclaims himself Dictator.\\n1860* Jorge Cordova becomes\\nPresident under the Constitution.\\n1861 Fresh disturbances arise, and\\nMaria De Acha is chosen President.\\n1862 A treaty of peace and com-\\nmerce with the United States is ratified.\\n1863* A similar treaty with Belgium\\nis ratified.\\n1865 Feb. De Acha becomes Dic-\\ntator.\\nMar. De Acha subdues a rebellion\\nunder Belzu.\\nFeb. A military revolution is led by\\nMaria Melgarejo, who assumes the\\ngovernment after defeating President\\nDe Acha.\\n1866 Jan. Dictator Melgarejo pub-\\nlishes an amnesty.\\nOct. 17. Melgarejo puts down a revolt.\\n1867 Dec. 21. Melgarejo proclaims an\\nAmnesty.\\n_7o Civil war prevails.\\n1871 A. Morales becomes Presi-\\ndent.\\n1873 Apr. Don Adolf o Ballivian is\\nchosen President.\\n1874 Feb. 14. Dr. Thomas Frias be-\\ncomes President.\\nSept. An insurrection led by Corral\\n1876 May 4. Gen. Hilarion Daza be-\\ncomes President.\\n1880 June 1. A revolution breaks\\nout President Daza is deposed, and\\nGen. Campero is accepted as his suc-\\ncessor.\\nOct. 28. The Constitution is adopted.\\n1882 Chile takes the seacoast from\\nBolivia, at the end of the war.\\n1883 Dee. A treaty of peace is\\nsigned with Chile.\\n18S6 A boundary treaty is made\\nwith Peru.\\n1887 Feb. 16. A boundary treaty is\\nsigned by Bolivia and Paraguay.\\nApr. 7. The Minister at Washington is\\nrecalled, and the legation is with-\\ndrawn.\\n1888 Aug. 15. Aiceto Arce becomes\\nPresident.\\nOct. The President suppresses a revo-\\nlution.\\n1889 Jan. 1. The Chilean tariff\\nconies into operation in Bolivia.\\n1891 May 29. The recognition by\\nBolivia of the Chilean rebels is for-\\nmally published it is asserted that\\nBolivia will furnish them troops on con-\\ndition of Chile canceling the Bolivian\\ndebt.\\n1892 May 3. The presidential elec-\\ntion is held Ex-President Pacheco is\\nelected, and Gen. Cumacho is defeated.\\nA treaty is entered with Chile.\\nAug. 6. President Baptista assumes\\noffice, and the recently elected Con-\\ngress opens its first session.\\nAug. 7. An insurrection is successful\\nmany prominent men are exiled.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1544 The silver mines of Potosi\\nare discovered.\\n1660 A mine is discovered in the\\ndistrict of La Paz from which the silver\\nmay be cut out with a chisel.\\n1877 La Paz is lighted with gas.\\n1887 Don Aiceto Arce undertakes to\\nfound a college on a grand scale at\\nLa Paz.\\n1890 Jan. 13. The reported shortage\\nof the banks of La Paz amounts to\\n$300,000.\\n1892 May 15. A branch railroad is\\ncompleted to the mining district of\\nOruro.\\nBORNEO.\\nBorneo (Pulo Kalamantin) is the largest island of the East India group. Area, 286,161 square miles. It has no political\\nunity, and its inhabitants are of various races. The estimated population of the Butch division in the south is 1,100,000 of the\\nBritish territory in North Borneo, 175,000; and in Sarawak, 300,000. Sarawak, Brunei, and North Borneo constitute a British\\nprotectorate.\\nARMY STATE.\\n1503 -07 Ludovico Barthema\\nvisits the Archipelago [and makes men-\\ntion of the island].\\n1518 The island is discovered by Lo-\\nrenzo de Gomez, a Portuguese [or by\\nDon Jorge de Menezes in 1526].\\n1573 Spaniards appear as rivals of\\nthe Portuguese traders, hut are not\\nsuccessful.\\n1575 There is an extensive Chinese\\nimmigration.\\n1580 The Sultan of Brunei, being de-\\nthroned, appeals to the Spaniards,\\nwho restore htm.\\n1608* Samuel .Blommaert is ap-\\npointed Dutch resident.\\n1609 The English appear in the island.\\n1645 The Spaniards send an expedi-\\ntion to punish the natives for piratical\\ndepredations.\\n1698 The English have an impor-\\ntant settlement at Banjermassin.\\n1733+ The Dutch bring about the\\nexpulsion of the English traders, and\\nsecure a monopoly of the trade on the\\nwest and south coasts.\\n1756 The English obtain possession\\nof the island of Balambangan, and all\\nthe northeast promontory of Borneo.\\n1774* *The English conclude a\\ntreaty with the Sultan of Brunei.\\n1775 The English military post is\\nsurprised and destroyed by the na-\\ntives, who resent the cession of their\\nterritory.\\n1779\u00c2\u00b1 The Dutch acquire authority\\nover all strangers.\\n1795 English influence is at an end.\\n1809 The Dutch abandon their set-\\ntlements by order of Marshal Hermann\\nW. Daendels, governor of the Dutch\\nEast Indies.\\n1810 The natives increase in pirati-\\ncal lawlessness and violence.\\n1811* The Sultan of Banjermassin\\nappeals to the English for help, and\\nmakes a treaty with them.\\nAn expedition is sent by the British\\nagainst Sambas.\\n1813 The British punish the pirates\\nof Borneo.\\n1818 The Dutch possessions are re-\\nstored, and Dutch influence revives.\\n1823 The Sultan surrenders half the\\nkingdom of Banjermassin to the Dutch.\\n[1825. He makes further concessions.]\\n1836 The Sultan of Sooloo makes his\\nsubmission to the Spaniards.\\n1825 The piracy carried on by the\\nnatives is unendurable.\\nCHURCH.\\n16th Century. Antonio Ventimiglia, a\\nTheatine monk, attempts to Christian-\\nize the natives, and meets an untimely\\ndeath.\\n1836* *The Reformed (Dutch)\\nChurch of America establishes and\\nsustains a mission, under the manage-\\nment of the American Board.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n15th Century. Early in this period the\\nPortuguese begin trade in Brunei, and\\nlater in various maritime states.\\n1580 The Spaniards gain favor, and\\nenjoy trade with the island.\\n1604 The Dutch trade with Borneo\\non the west coast.\\n1609 The Dutch factories are estab-\\nlished.\\n1623 The Dutch factories are aban-\\ndoned.\\n1776 The Dutch reestablish their\\nfactories.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0563.jp2"}, "564": {"fulltext": "552 1839, *-1889, Oct. 4.\\nBORNEO.\\nARMY STATE.\\n1839 -40 Sarawak, the most\\nsoutherly province of Brunei, rebels\\nagainst the tyranny of the governor.\\n1840 Sir James Brooke assists the\\nSultan, Muda Hassim, in suppressing the\\nSarawak rebellion.\\n1841* An English, settlement is\\nmade at Sarawak by Sir James Brooke.\\n[He reforms government, and introduces\\na code of humane laws.]\\nSir James Brooke is appointed ra-\\njah of Sarawak by Muda Hassim. [Sept.\\n24. His title is confirmed by the Sultan.]\\n1843 Mar. Capt. Sir Henry Keppel\\nof the British navy and Rajah Brooke\\nchastise the pirates of the Seribas\\nRiver.\\n1844 The British defeat the pirates\\nof Batang Lnpar.\\nThe Sultan of Kuti acknowledges the\\nDutch protectorate.\\n1S46 Dec. The British conclude a\\ntreaty with the Sultan.\\nThe Island of Labuan, northwest of\\nBorneo, is incorporated with the British\\nEmpire, and possession is formally\\ntaken by its representatives.\\nThe English form a settlement on the\\nisland of Labuan, and later work a coal-\\nmine there.\\nBajah Brooke is appointed governor\\nof the British colony of Labuan, and\\nconsul-general of Borneo.\\n1847 The Sultan of Brunei agrees\\nto make no cession of territory without\\nthe consent of representatives of Great\\nBritain.\\nOct. Rajah Brooke visits England.\\nRajah Brooke succeeds in restoring\\norder in the district.\\n1849 Rajah Brooke attempts to con-\\nclude a treaty with the Sultan, but in\\ndeference to Spanish protests it is not\\nratified.\\nRajab Brooke leads an expedition\\nagainst the Seribas and Sakuran Dyaks,\\nwho persist in piracy; he defeats them,\\ndestroys their fort at Patusan, and kills\\na great number of the pirates.\\n1851* *The Sultan acknowledges all\\nhis territories to be integral parts of\\nSpain.\\n1857 Feb. 17, 18. Rajah Brooke sup-\\npresses an insurrection of Chinese, in\\nwhich a number of Europeans are mas-\\nsacred 2,000 Chinese are killed,\\n-60 Capt. J. Johnson (Capt.\\nBrooke), a nephew of Rajab Brooke, is\\nmade governor in the absence of the\\nRajah on a visit to England.\\n1858 Sir J. Brooke makes an unsuc-\\ncessful appeal to the British Cabinet for\\nhelp. [1860. Nov. 20. He returns from\\nEngland.]\\n1859 May 1. A terrible massacre of\\nEuropeans takes place at Kalangan,ou\\nthe south coast.\\n1868 Charles Johnson, a younger\\nnephew of the Rajah, becomes governor.\\n1870 June* An expedition of Malays\\nand Dyaks under the Rajah of Sarawak\\ninflicts severe punishment on a maraud-\\ning tribe of Dyaks.\\nThe Sultan of Sooloo rebels against\\nSpain, and [a desultory war follows].\\nNov. 8. The British Borneo Company\\nis gazetted.\\nNov. Spain makes a threatening pro-\\ntest, and declares a blockade she stops\\nBritish and German vessels a diplo-\\nmatic dispute follows.\\n1877 Great Britain, Germany, and\\nSpain agree to freedom of trade in\\nthe Archipelago.\\nDent s Company takes possession.\\n1878 Spain reduces its vassal, and\\nexacts a new declaration of allegi-\\nance. [The British government protests\\nagainst the protectorate.]\\n1881 Alfred Dent secures a charter\\nfor his possessions in northern Borneo.\\n1883 Civil administration is organ-\\nized.\\n1884 The British Company s terri-\\ntory is enlarged.\\n1885 North Borneo, Sarawak, and\\nBrunei are formed into a British pro-\\ntectorate. [1888. North Borneo alone.]\\n1889 A rebellion against the British\\nbreaks out.\\nFeb. 10. The rebels are defeated in\\nNorth Borneo.\\nCHURCH.\\n1839 Mandomai becomes a mission-\\nstation of the Rhenish Society.\\n1848 The Dutch Government embar-\\nrasses the mission-work of Americans,\\nand the American Board withdraws\\nits missionaries.\\n1851* Sarawak becomes a mission-\\nstation of the British Society for the\\nPropagation of the Gospel.\\n1853 Lundu becomes a mission-sta-\\ntion of the British Society for the Propa-\\ngation of the Gospel.\\n1855 Oct. 8. Rev. F. J. Macdougall is\\nconsecrated bishop at Calcutta, the first\\nof the English bishops consecrated in a\\nprovince; his bishopric is the island of\\nLabuan, near the north coast.\\n1858 A revised version of the New\\nTestament is published in the Dyak\\nlanguage.\\n1859 Mandomai ceases to be a mis-\\nsion-station of the Rhenish Society.\\n1864 Undop becomes a mission-sta-\\ntion of the British Society for the Propa-\\ngation of the Gospel.\\n1866 Kwala Kapnas becomes a mis-\\nsion-station of the Rhenish Society.\\n1869* Mandomai again becomes a\\nmission-station of the Rhenish Society.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1865 June 11. Sir James (Rajah\\nBrooke dies in England.\\n1881 Nov. 8. The Worth British\\nBorneo Company is chartered.\\n1889 Oct. 4. Six Chinese despera-\\ndoes are executed for conspiracy at\\nSarawak.\\nBRAZIL.\\nBrazil is a republic of South America, having an estimated area of 3,209,878 square miles, and an estimated population (1SSS)\\nof 14,002,335. The government is administered by a President the Senate has 63 and the Chamber of Deputies 205 members, rep-\\nresenting 20 States. The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic, and Portuguese is the language of the people, who are Brazilians.\\nIndians, negroes, and mixed races, with numerous colonists, chiefly Germans, Italians, and SwioS.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1560* *The Portuguese destroy the\\nFrench settlement at Rio de Janeiro.\\n1567 Jan. 21. Mem de Sa utterly de-\\nfeats the French and their Indian allies\\nat Rio de Janeiro.\\n1586* *An English force led by\\nWitherington plunders Bahia.\\n1591* *The Spanish colony of Sao\\nVicente is burned by the English\\nunder Thomas Cavendish.\\n1593 James Lancaster captures\\nPernambuco from the Spaniards.\\n1595 English under Lancaster take\\nOlinda.\\n1624 A Dutch fleet takes Bahia.\\n1625 May* The Dutch are compelled\\nto capitulate to the Portuguese and\\nnatives at Bahia.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nLETTERS.\\n1549\u00c2\u00b1 Gold is discovered at Bahia.\\n1553\u00c2\u00b1 Manuel de Nobrega, chief\\nof the Jesuits and joint provincial, es-\\ntablishes a college, named Sao Paulo.\\n[It greatly benefits the rising state.]\\n1629 Gold-mines are discovered in\\nMinus, Goyaz, and Cuyaba by slave-\\nhunting expeditions.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1526 Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, explorer, n.\\n1596 Mascarenhas, Garcia de, poet, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1500 Apr. 26. Easter is celebrated\\nby religious services at Porto Seguro,\\nby the Portuguese commander, Pedro", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0564.jp2"}, "565": {"fulltext": "BRAZIL.\\n1499, June *-1630, 553\\nAlvarez Cabral, who commemorates\\nthe event by the erection of a stone\\ncross. [He names the country, The\\nLand of the Holy Cross.]\\n1549 Apr. Six Jesuits arrive at\\nBahia with the first governor-general\\nthey undertake the spiritual culture of\\nthe savages, and the Portuguese, who\\nare scarcely less savage.\\nAbandoned priests foster the licen-\\ntiousness of the colonists, and oppose\\nthe efforts of the Jesuits.\\n1552 The first bishop arrives, and\\nchecks the disorders of the priests.\\n1553 Luis de Gran, at the head of\\na company of Jesuits, arrives.\\nNobrega, the chief of the first mis-\\nsion, is appointed joint provincial.\\nGovernor-General Duarte opposes the\\ngood work of the Jesuits.\\njr r Coligni sends a Protestant col-\\nony under Nicolas de Villegaignon, in\\ntwo ships, to the Bay of Kio de Janeiro.\\n1555 Rio de Janeiro. The first Prot-\\nestant mission in the world is opened.\\nThe Church of Geneva sends 14 mis-\\nsionaries to Brazil, who land on an\\nisland in the harbor.\\n1556\u00c2\u00b1 Chevalier de Villegaignon, the\\nleader of the Protestant colony, joins\\nthe Catholics, and dissension follows.\\n155S The Jesuits have more success\\nunder the rule of the new- captain-gen-\\neral, Mem de S3.\\n1559+ The French Huguenots are\\npersecuted at Rio de Janeiro by their\\nfalse leader, Villegaignon, and are\\nobliged to return to France. [Coligni s\\nProtestant colony at Rio is entirely\\nbroken up by the Portuguese.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1629 Raids into the interior to pro-\\ncure Indians as slaves commence the\\nconverted Indians of Jesuit missions in\\nParaguay are not spared.\\nDISCOVERY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 STATE.\\n1499 June Brazil is discovered by\\nVincente Yafiez Pinzon, a companion of\\nColumbus he coasts with four ships\\nfrom near Cape St. Vincent to the mouth\\nof the Amazon.\\n1500 Apr. 22. Pedro Alvarez Ca-\\nbral, a Portuguese commander, driven\\nby adverse winds out of his designed\\ncourse for India, arrives at Porto\\nSeguro he takes possession of the\\ncountry for the crown of Portugal,\\nand calls it Tierra de Santa Cruz.\\nMay 2. Cabral, continuing his voyage,\\nsails for India, after despatching a small\\nvessel to Lisbon, to announce his dis-\\ncovery.\\n1501 May 10. Port. The King sends\\nAmerigo Vespucci with three vessels\\nto explore the country discovered by\\nCommander Cabral.\\nAug. 16. Vespucci arrives at Cape St.\\nRoque, in the Land of Parrots.\\n1502 Jan. 1. Vespucci discovers and\\nnames the Bay of Rio de Janeiro.\\n1503 Christovao Jaques, a Portu-\\nguese, coasts southward to about 52\u00c2\u00b0\\nsouth on the coast of Patagonia.\\nVespucci arrives again with six ships,\\nvisits Bahia, and builds a fort at Cape\\nFrio, which be leaves in charge of 12\\nmen with guns and provisions.\\n[The Portuguese Government nearly\\nforgets its possessions in South America\\nfor 30 years, while private citizens de-\\nvelop a small trade with the country.]\\n1504* A Portuguese colony is\\nplanted on the coast at All Saints [in\\nBahia], and others follow.\\nBrazil begins to be named for South\\nAmerica.\\n1510* Diego Alvarez, a Portuguese,\\nis shipwrecked on the coast near Bahia.\\nHe gains the friendship of the Indians.\\n1511 The Portuguese appear in Kio\\nde Janeiro Bay.\\n1515* Brazil is colonized by the\\nPortuguese it is their first agricul-\\ntural colony.\\n1521 Port. John III. becomes King\\nof the Portuguese.\\n1527 Christovao Jaques, the Portu-\\nguese governor, founds the first settle-\\nment at Pernambuco.\\n1528 Governor Jaques is recalled.\\n1530 Brazil is divided into captain-\\ncies by the Portuguese, and is first per-\\nmanently occupied.\\n1531 Jan. 1. Martin Affonso de\\nSousa, possessing a grant from John\\nIII., arrives with an expedition, and\\ngives its name to Rio de Janeiro.\\nSousa establishes a settlement at Sao\\nVincente Piratininga, in the [present\\nprovince of Sao Paulo].\\nPero Lopes de Sousa, receiving a\\ncaptaincy, founds a settlement at Sao\\nAmaro, near his brother.\\nVasco Fernandes Coutrnho brings\\nover a company of colonists, including\\n60 fidalgos, and sinks a fortune in at-\\ntempting the settlement of Our Lady\\nof the Victory.\\nPedro de Campo Tourhxho takes\\nup the captaincy of Porto Seguro.\\n[Sugar-works are established.]\\nJorge de Figueiredo, receiving the\\ncaptaincy of Hheos, sends out Fran-\\ncisco Romeiro to take possession.\\nFrancisco Pereira Coutinho re-\\nceives the captaincy of the coast from\\nthe Rio Sao Francisco to Bahia.\\n[Later all the bays and creeks are\\nadded to the grant.]\\nThe captaincy of Pernambuco is\\ngranted to Don Duarte Coelho Pereira.\\nPedro de Goes obtains the captaincy\\nof Peraiba [but is driven off by the\\nnatives after a struggle of seven years].\\nJoao de Barros, the historian, re-\\nceives the captaincy of Maranhao, but\\nhis grand expedition is wrecked and the\\neffort fails.\\n1548 Jews banished from Portugal\\ncome to Brazil.\\nThe colony attains sufficient impor-\\ntance to attract the attention of the\\nmother country.\\nThe power of captaincies is revoked\\ntheir grants are continued a governor-\\ngeneral is appointed with civil and crimi-\\nnal powers; the judicial and financial\\nfunctions of each province are vested\\nin the Ouvidor.\\n1549 Apr. Thome de Sousa arrives\\nat San Salvador [Bahia] to establish\\na city, and as the first governor-gen-\\neral of Brazil.\\n1553 Duarte de Costa succeeds to\\nthe office of governor-general.\\n1555 Nicolas Durand Villegaig-\\nnon establishes a colony on an island\\nnear Rio de Janeiro, bearing his name.\\n1557* Port. Sebastian becomes King\\nof the Portuguese.\\n1558 Port. Mem de Sa is sent out\\nas governor-general.\\nHuguenots and colonists from Genoa\\nfound a settlement at Rio de Janeiro.\\n1560 The Portuguese capture the\\nFrench settlement at Rio de Janeiro.\\n1567 The Portuguese found a colony\\non the ruins of the French settlement at\\nRio de Janeiro.\\nSebastian is founded.\\n1572 Mem de Sa ceases to be gov-\\nernor-general an attempt is made to\\ndivide the colony.\\n1574 The colony is divided into\\ntwo governments.\\n1578 The territory is reunited into\\none province as an appanage of Spain,\\nwith Diego Laurenco da Veiga as\\ngovernor.\\nPortugal is annexed to Spain.\\nPort. Philip II. of Spain usurps\\nthe crown of Portugal, and the colonies\\nare neglected.\\nPort. Henry, the Cardinal, brother\\nof John III., becomes King of Portugal\\nas Henry I.\\n1586 English anti-Spanish adven-\\nturers transiently destroy prosperous\\nsettlements.\\n1612 The French plant a colony on\\nthe Island Marajo.\\n1615 Dec* Belem, or Para, is founded\\nby Caldeira.\\n1618 The French settlement at\\nMarajo is surrendered to Spain.\\n1624 Invasion of the Dutch.\\n1630 The Dutch seize the coast,\\nand establish a colony at Olinda in Per-\\nnambuco Count Maurice comes as\\nDutch governor [and prosperity follows].\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1515 Brazil is the first American col-\\nony founded on an agricultural basis\\nall others were mining speculations.\\n1549 The languishing Portuguese col-\\nonies become prosperous by the dis-\\ncovery of gold.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0565.jp2"}, "566": {"fulltext": "554 1630,* *-1863, June 18.\\nBRAZIL.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1630* The Dutch take Olinda after\\na feeble resistance.\\n1649 War with the Dutch colo-\\nnists begins.\\nThe Brazil Company of Portugal send\\nout their first fleet to aid the colonists\\nagainst the Dutch.\\n1654 The Dutch yield Olinda, and\\nBrazil is fully restored to the Portu-\\nguese.\\n1710* *A French squadron lands\\n1,01)0 men under Duclerc at Rio; half\\nare killed in battle, the remainder cap-\\ntured and barbarously treated.\\n1711 Sept. 12. A French squadron\\nwith G.000 troops, under Adm. Duguay-\\nTrouin, attacks Rio de Janeiro, and\\ntakes the town after a battle of four\\ndays.\\nOct. 10. To prevent the burning of\\nRio de Janeiro by the French, the\\ngovernor capitulates. (See State.)\\n1809 An expedition captures French\\nGuiana for annexation to Brazil.\\n1817 A force of 5,000 troops totally\\ndefeats the Artigas, and occupies\\nMontevideo in Uruguay.\\n1823 Port. The Cortes sends a large\\nforce to Bahia to suppress the revolu-\\ntion.\\nJuly 2. Bahia, the headquarters of the\\nPortuguese troops, is so vigorously be-\\nsieged by the patriots that the Portu-\\nguese army is forced to reembark.\\nThe Brazilian squadron under Sir\\nAlex. Inglis Cochrane attacks the Por-\\ntuguese vessels, and captures several.\\n1825* The war against Buenos\\nAyres is sustained in a feeble way.\\n1828 The army is defeated by the\\nArgentines, through the incapacity of\\nits leader.\\n1834 Para and Rio Grande, the re-\\nbellious provinces, are subdued.\\n1849 The Ministry send reenforce-\\nments to Paraguay and Montevideo\\nagainst the army of Buenos Ayres.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nLETTERS.\\n1710\u00c2\u00b1 Diamonds are discovered in\\nMinas.\\n1722i *The Arabian coffee-plant is\\nintroduced from Cayenne. [1810. It be-\\ncomes an article of commerce.]\\n1729 Diamonds are discovered in\\nSezzo Frio.\\n1807* The National Library is\\nfounded at Rio de Janeiro.\\n1808 The first printing-press is\\nset up.\\n1809 Rio de Janeiro. The king in-\\ntroduces the cultivation of the tea-\\nplant in the botanical gardens.\\n1810 Swedes erect two small refining\\nfurnaces at Ipanema.\\n1817 Rio de Janeiro. A National\\nMuseum of natural history is founded.\\n*The first daily newspaper is estab-\\nlished at the capital city, the Diario do\\nRio.\\n1823 Rio de Janeiro. Journal de Com-\\nmercio is issued.\\n1838* *The Historical, Geographical,\\nand Ethnographical Institute of Brazil\\nis founded.\\n1841 Beds of bituminous coal are\\ndiscovered along the banks of the Tu-\\nbarao.\\n1844 Diamonds are discovered north\\nof the river Paraguass.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1656 Mascarenhas.Garciade,poet,A60.\\n1684* Andrada, Gomes Freire de, Portu-\\nguese governor of Rio, Count of Bobadilla,\\nborn. [1763. Jan. 1. Dies. A79.]\\n1765 June 13. Andrada e Silva, Jose\\nBonifacio de, statesman, mineralogist,\\nborn. [1388. Apr. 6. Dies. A73.]\\n1773 Nov. 1. Amlruda Maohado e Silva,\\nAntonio Carlos Riln-irodr, statesman, horn.\\n[1845. Dec. 5. Dies. A72.]\\n1774* Gonzaga, Thomaz Antonio, poet,\\nborn. [1807. Dies. A33.]\\n1798 Pedro I., emperor, born.\\n1806 Porto-Alegre, Jlanoel de Araujo,\\npoet, born.\\n1807 Jan. 22. Andrade Neves, Jose Joa-\\nquim de, general, born. [1869. Jan. 6.\\nDies.]\\n1811* Magalhaens, de Domingos, Jos6\\nGoncalves, poet, born.\\n1816* Varnhagen, Francisco Adolpho de,\\nhistorian, born.\\n1822 Mar. 14. Theresa, princess, Em-\\npress, born.\\nGonealvez Diaz, Antonio, poet, born. [1864.\\nDies. A40O\\n1825 Pedro II., emperor, born.\\n1826 Apr. 30. Peixoto Floriano, gen.,\\nPresident, born.\\n1827 Aug-. 5. Fonseca. Manuel Deodoro-\\nda, gen., 1st President, born.\\n1834 Pedro I., emperor, A36.\\n1840 Tavares-liastos, Aureliano Candido,\\npatriot, born.\\n1842 Apr. 29. Eu. Louis P. M. F. G. d Or-\\nleans, Comte d prince, general, born.\\n1844 Moraes, Prudente de. President, b.\\n1846 Isabella, princess, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1566 In order to terrify his country-\\nmen, John Boles, a Huguenot mission-\\nary, is put to death by the Portuguese\\nafter an imprisonment of eight years.\\n1577 Many of the Protestant colo-\\nnists return to France.\\n1594 French Catholics establish a\\ncolony on the Island of Maranhao.\\n1620 Jesuitsettlements are formed\\ncommunism prevails.\\n1760 Great opposition is made to\\nthe Jesuits under a false pretext they\\nare expelled from the country.\\n1761 Rio de Janeiro. The Imperial\\nchapel is erected.\\n1836 Rio de Janeiro. The Methodist\\nEpiscopal Church of the United States\\nsends Rev. Mr. Spaulding as a mission-\\nary to Rio de Janeiro.\\n1838* Rio de Janeiro. Rev. D. B.\\nKidder (TJ. S. A.) joins the Methodist\\nmission. [1841. The Methodist mis-\\nsion is closed through financial embar-\\nrassments.]\\n1851\u00c2\u00b1 *-53 Rio de Janeiro. Rev.\\nJ. C. Fletcher labors as missionary.\\n1854+ Rio de Janeiro. Rev. Dr.\\nKalley, a Scotch physician, begins\\nevangelistic labor at his own ex-\\npense. [He continues his work for\\nseveral years.]\\n1859 Aug. Rio de Janeiro. Mission-\\naries of the Presbyterian Church\\n(North, U. S. A.) arrive.\\n1860 Rio de Janeiro becomes a mis-\\nsion-station of the Southern Baptists\\n(U. S. A.J.\\nThe Protestant Episcopal Church\\n(U.S.A.) starts its first mission in Brazil\\n1861 May* Rio de Janeiro. The Pres-\\nbyterian mission is opened for public\\npreaching. [18G2. It is organized as a\\nchurch, with two members.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1630 The Dutch send an expedition\\nto Africa, and capture a Portuguese\\nsettlement in order to obtain slaves\\nfor the colony at Olinda.\\n1637 Maurice, the Dutch governor,\\npromotes the amalgamation of the\\nvarious native races with the colonists.\\n1640 Numerous southern tribes are-\\nreduced to slavery by the Portuguese.\\nA hardy race of men appear at Sao\\nPaulo from the intermarriage of colo-\\nnists with the natives.\\n1830 Rio de Janeiro. Political dis-\\norders are caused by the enemies of the\\nemperor.\\n1831 Apr. Dom Pedro embarks for\\nPortugual.\\n1841 Rio de Janeiro. The hospital\\nof Dom Pedro li. (La Misericordia)\\nis erected. A lunatic asylum is also\\nerected with funds obtained by selling\\ntitles of nobility at a fixed tariff.\\n1843 Sept. 4. It. Dom Pedro II.\\nmarries Princess Theresa of Naples.\\n1852 The slave-trade is suppressed.\\n1861 June 7\u00c2\u00b1. Natives plunder the\\nwreck of the British ship Prince of\\nWales at Albardas, and kill some of the\\ncrew.\\nSTATE.\\n1636 Jan. -44 May Maurice of\\nNassau is governor-general of the Dutch\\nconquests in Brazil the colony prospers\\nunder his administration.\\nBrazil. Maurice, the Dutch gov-\\nernor, promotes the amalgamation of\\nthe natives and colonists by marriage.\\n1640* Numerous Southern tribes are\\nreduced to slavery by the Portuguese.\\nBrazil is restored to the possession\\nof the Portuguese by the Spaniards.\\nPort. John of Braganza becomes\\nking of the Portuguese.\\n1641+ A feeble attempt is made for\\nindependence.\\n1644 The Dutch recall Count Mau-\\nrice.\\n1645 The tyranny of the Dutch\\ndrives the colonists of the North to re-\\nvolt, Joao Fernandes Tieyra is leader.\\n1654 After overthrowing the Dutch,\\nthe colonies again unite under the\\nroyal authority of Portugal.\\n1661* *The Dutch surrender the\\ncountry.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0566.jp2"}, "567": {"fulltext": "BRAZIL.\\n1630, *-1863, June 18. 555\\n1667* The French colonists are\\ndriven out of Villegaignon by the Portu-\\nguese, who found the city of S2,o Sebas-\\ntiao, or Rio de Janeiro.\\n1682 An insurrection of the Dutch\\nbreaks out at Maranham.\\n1710* The French invade Rio de Ja-\\n1711 Oct. 10. The governor-general\\nsigns a capitulation as required by\\nDuguay-Trouin, the French admiral, and\\npays 610,000 crusados, 500 cases of sugar,\\nand provisions for the fleet.\\n1720 The district of Minas, having\\nfive settlements with royal charters, sep-\\narates from Sao Paulo.\\n1721 Port. King John V. abolishes\\nthe Brazilian Company, which had\\ndone much for the country.\\n1730 The discovery of diamonds is\\nfirst announced to the Government.\\n1755 Marquis de Pombal, the gov-\\nernor-general, reestablishes a Brazilian\\nCompany to trade exclusively with\\nMaranhao and Para.\\n1759 Pombal charters another Bra-\\nzilian Company for Paraiba and Per-\\nnambuco.\\n1763 The capital is transferred\\nfrom Bahia to Rio Janeiro.\\n1774 Maranhao (Northern Brazil) is\\nattached to Brazil.\\n1777 Court intrigues force Pombal\\nfrom his prosperous governorship.\\nPort. Donna Maria Francesco and\\nher husband, Peter HI., succeed to\\nthe throne.\\n17S9 A conspiracy for independence\\nis formed in Minas, under the lead of\\nSilva Xavier it is unsuccessful.\\n1808 Jan. 21. The Queen Donna Ma-\\nria I., the royal family, all the great of-\\nficers of state, and numerous nobility,\\ndriven out of Portugal by Napoleon,\\narrive at Bahia.\\nMar. 7. The royal fugitives arrive at\\nRio de Janeiro they set up their court\\nthere, with Don John as regent.\\n1809 The Portuguese retaliate upon\\nthe French by sending an expedition to\\ncapture French Guiana and annex it\\nto Brazil. [1815. It is restored to France\\nby the Treaty of Vienna.]\\n1815 Jan. 16. Brazil becomes a\\nkingdom by decree of the regent the\\nPortuguese sovereignty is entitled the\\nUnited Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil s\\nand Algarves.\\n1816 Mar. Donna Maria dying, the\\nregent, Don John, becomes King of the\\nPortuguese, as John VI.\\n1817 A conspiracy against the Gov-\\nernment is formed in Pernambuco, and\\na republic is established for 90 days.\\nA conspiracy to establish a republi-\\ncan government is smothered at Bahia.\\n1821 Feb. 26. A revolt breaks out\\namong the Portuguese troops at Rio de\\nJaneiro. [They compel the king to ap-\\npoint a new Ministry, and grant a repre-\\nsentative system of government.]\\nPort. The Cortes recall King John\\nVI. from Brazil.\\nPort. John VI. returns, and Dom\\nPedro, his sou, becomes regent of Brazil.\\nBrazil becomes an independent\\nstate.\\n1822 Sept. 7. The independence of\\nBrazil is proclaimed.\\nOct. 12. Dom Pedro is proclaimed at\\nRio de Janeiro the constitutional Em-\\nperor of Brazil.\\nDec. 1. Dom Pedro I. is crowned Em-\\nperor of Brazil.\\n1823 May* The constitutional As-\\nsembly opens at Rio de Janeiro, the\\ncapital of the Empire. [There is much\\nangry, contention over a proposed new\\nConstitution.]\\nJuly The emperor resolves to dismiss\\nfrom the Ministry the two brothers An-\\ndradas, and is much opposed.\\nNov, The emperor dissolves the con-\\ntentious Assembly, and exiles to\\nFrance two Ministers, the Andradas\\nbrothers he calls a new Assembly to\\ndeliberate on a more liberal Constitution.\\nA republic is proclaimed in the\\nprovinces of Pernambuco andCeara; a\\nrebellion breaks out in Cisplatina.\\n1824 Mar. 25. The emperor ratifies\\nthe new Constitution.\\n1825 Brazil declares war against\\nBuenos Ayres for the possession of Uru-\\nguay.\\nAug. 29. By treaty Brazil assumes the\\nPortuguese debt of \u00c2\u00a32,000,000, and\\nPortugal recognizes its independence.\\n1826 A treaty is made for the aboli-\\ntion of the slave-trade.\\n1827 The public debt is consoli-\\ndated.\\n1828* Great disaffection exists\\ntoward the Government because of the\\nforeign policy of the emperor and finan-\\ncial embarrassments.\\n1829 At the elections many ultra-\\nLiberals are elected to oppose the Gov-\\nernment in tbe Assembly.\\n1830 The Chambers abolish the death\\npenalty for political offenders.\\n1831 Mar. The emperor selects a\\nMinistry favorable to absolutism and\\nopposes the Liberals much excitement\\nfollows public meetings of protest\\nare held in which the troops take part.\\nApr. 7. A revolution occurs at Rio de\\nJaneiro Dom Pedro I. abdicates in\\nfavor of the heir apparent, who is only\\nfive years of age.\\nDom Pedro IX, a minor, becomes\\nemperor.\\nA provisional Ministry is formed.\\nFierce political struggles take place\\nbetween the Republican partv and the\\nGovernment, and an Imperial party fa-\\nvoring the restoration of Dom Pedro.\\n1834 Aug. 12. The regency is re-\\nformed by reducing its three members\\nto one, who is to be chosen by the whole\\nbody of electors.\\nSept. 18. Ex-minister and priest, Diego\\nAntonio Feijoo, is elected regent.\\nA rebellion breaks out in the prov-\\ninces of Para and Rio Grande.\\nAraujo Lima is elected regent.\\nThe Republican Government is dis-\\ncredited by many disorders.\\n1840 May 12. The Constitution is\\nagain reformed.\\nJuly 23. The Legislature passes a bill\\ndispensing with the age qualification of\\nthe emperor, and declaring Dom Pedro\\nII. emperor.\\n1848 Great Britain is hostile because\\nof Brazil s neglect to suppress the slave-\\ntrade according to the treaty of 1826.\\n1849 The Ministry conclude an al-\\nliance with the governors of Monte-\\nvideo and Paraguay, pledging the\\nintegrity of the republics of Uruguay\\nand Paraguay against annexation by\\nBuenos Ayres.\\n1855* The emperor sends a squad-\\nron, 11 men-of-war and 11 transports,\\nup the Parana to settle the question of\\na right of way and other disputes but\\nthe expedition fails.\\n1862 June 17. British officers are\\narrested at Rio de Janeiro for disor-\\nderly conduct. [Diplomatic correspon-\\ndence follows.]\\nDec. 31. Brazil refusing to make repara-\\ntion to England for the plunder by Bra-\\nzilians of the wrecked ship Prince of\\nWales, the British make reprisals, seiz-\\ning five Brazilian merchant-ships. (See\\nSociety.)\\n1863 Feb. 26. London. Brazil by its\\nMinister pays, under protest, to Great\\nBritain an indemnity of \u00c2\u00a33,200.\\nMay London. Brazil, through its Min-\\nister, requests the British to express\\nregret for taking reprisals. [Refused,\\nand diplomatic intercourse is sus-\\npended.]\\nJune 18. A dispute occurs with Great\\nBritain respecting the arrest of British\\nofficers at Rio de Janeiro, and the con-\\ntroversy being referred to the King of\\nthe Belgians for arbitration, he decides\\nin favor of Brazil.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1640 A m inin g craze injures the set-\\ntlements.\\n1649 Port. The Brazil Company\\nsends out its first fleet.\\n1686 The terrible malady called bixa\\n[supposed to be a modified form of chol-\\nera] makes its first appearance at Per-\\nnambuco.\\n1849 The yellow fever first ap-\\npears it is introduced by the slave-\\ntrade.\\n1850 A steamship line to Europe\\ncommences its trips.\\n1852 Railways are commenced.\\n1854 Rio de Janeiro is lighted with\\ngas.\\nApr. 30. The first railroad is opened\\nin the presence of the emperor.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0567.jp2"}, "568": {"fulltext": "556 1863, Oct. *-1890, Mar.\\nBRAZIL.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1864 Paraguay, under the dictator,\\nLopez, commences war on Brazil with-\\nout previous declaration. [It continues\\nfor six years.]\\nOct. 7. The U.S. war-steamer Wachusett\\nseizes the Confederate privateer\\nFlorida in the port of Bania, while claim-\\ning the protection of Brazil.\\n1865 Jan. 2. Uru. War with Uru-\\nguay. A force of Brazilians bombards\\nand take Paysandu, and set out for\\nMontevideo. [The war ends.]\\n_7o War of the Triple Alli-\\nance or Paraguayan War. (See Para-\\nguay.)\\nAug. Uru. The emperor joins the\\narmy.\\nSept. 18. Uru. At Santayuna on the\\nUruguay the three allies under Gen.\\nFlores defeat the Paraguayans.\\nThe allies receive the surrender of\\nUruguay ana.\\n1866 Feb. 25. Uru. An indecisive\\nbattle is fought at Paso de la Patria.\\nApr. 16-17. Arg. Rep. The allies are\\nvictorious on the Parana.\\nMay 2. Arg. Rep. The Paraguayans are\\nagain defeated at Estero Velhaco.\\nMay 24. Arg. Rep. Another battle is\\nfought at Estero Velhaco without de-\\ncisive results.\\nJune 14. Arg. Rep. The Paraguayans\\nbombard the camp of the allies on\\nthe Parana River.\\nJuly 16-18. Para. The allies are de-\\nfeated in a battle at Tuyuty.\\nSept. 17, 19, 22. Para. The allies are\\ndefeated in an attack on Curupaiti, and\\nlose many men,\\nOct. 18. Para. The Paraguayans bom-\\nbard the camp of the allies.\\nOct. 30. Para. The allies repulse the\\nParaguayans at Tuyuty.\\n1867 June 13. Para. The Brazilians\\ndefeat the Paraguayans at Corumba,\\nand take the city.\\nSept. 24. Para. The Paraguayans\\nhave the advantage in an indecisive\\naction.\\nOct. 3. Para. The Paraguayans are\\ndefeated. [Oct. 31. Defeated again.]\\nOct. The allies decline a peace pro-\\nposed by Gen. Lopez.\\nNov. 3. Para. The Paraguayans are\\nseverely defeated at Tuyuty.\\nNov. 6. Para. Gen. Lopez decrees\\nfreedom to slaves who shall enlist as\\nsoldiers.\\n1868 Feb. 17. Arg. Rep. The allies\\nsend three monitors up the Paraguay\\nRiver.\\nFeb. 21. Para. The allies force the\\npassage of Humaita with six iron-\\nclads, and the Paraguayans abandon\\nAsuncion.\\nJune Para. The Paraguayans con-\\ntinue the struggle.\\nDee. 11. Para. The allies totally de-\\nfeat Gen. Lopez at Villeta.\\n1869 Mar. 24. Para. The allieB ap-\\npoint Comte d Eu commander of the\\nunited army.\\nMay 8. Para. The Paraguayan gar-\\nrison of Rosario is surprised and\\ncaptured.\\nAug. 12, 16, 18, 21. Several severe\\nconflicts take place, iu which Gen.\\nLopez is defeated.\\n1870 Apr. 1. Para. Gen. Lopez is\\ndefeated and killed by the allies, near\\nthe Aquidaban, and the war ends.\\n1890 Jan. 2. Two regiments refuse\\nto recognize the Republic a fierce fight\\nfollows 100 soldiers are killed.\\nJan. 14. Mutineers are shot and the\\nringleaders arrested.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nLETTERS.\\n1864 The publication of the Imprensa\\nEvangelica is begun by missionaries.\\n1865 July A scientific expedition\\nunder Louis Agassiz is favored by the\\nGovernment.\\n1870 The Presbyterians (North) of the\\nU. S. A. open an American School at\\nSao Paulo.\\n1871 June -Aug. The emperor and\\nempress visit public and scientific insti-\\ntutions and the manufactories of Europe,\\nfor the promotion of the arts and sciences\\nin Brazil.\\n1874 Rio de Janeiro. Fifty news-\\npapers and reviews are issued in this\\ncity.\\n1885 Miss Bruce founds a girls*\\nschool in the suburbs of Rio de Janeiro,\\nwhich is directed by the Methodist Epis-\\ncopal Church (U. S. A.).\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1875 Pedro, prince, heir to the throne, b.\\n1878 Varnliiiuni. Frannsn. A. de, historian,\\nA52.\\nCHURCH.\\n1863 Oct.* Sao Paulo is occupied as a\\nmission-station by Rev. A. L. Blackford\\nof the Presbyterian Church (TJ. S. A.).\\n1865* Presbyter ians organize a\\nchurch at Sao Paulo. [A training-\\nschool follows.] They organize another\\nin Brotas.\\n1869 The Southern Presbyterian\\nChurch (U. S. A.) starts a mission in\\nCampinas, province of Sao Paulo [from\\nwhich many churches are established].\\n1871 The Presbyterians open a mis-\\nsion at Bahia.\\n1873 Sept. -Dec. The Government\\nprosecutes the Archbishop of Pernam-\\nbueo and other Catholic prelates for\\ninfraction of the Constitution.\\n*Pernambuco becomes a mission-\\nstation of the Southern Presbyteri-\\nans (U. S. A.). Dr. Kalley organizes a\\nchurch.\\n*Southern Presbyterians (U. S. A.)\\nopen a day and hoarding school at\\nCampinas.\\n1874\u00c2\u00b1 Presbyterians tend a mission-\\nary to Sorocaba. [The work extends\\nrapidly. Four churches are organized\\nin a few years.]\\n1875 Presbyterians start a mission\\nand organize a church at Cachoeira.\\nSao Paulo becomes a miselon-etation\\nof the Southern Methodists (l\\\\ S. A.).\\nRio de Janeiro becomes a mission\\nstation of the Southern Methodists\\n(XT. S. A.).\\n1876 Dr. Kalley retires from mission-\\nwork in Brazil, leaving two churches\\nwith pastors.\\n1877 Rev, E. Vanorden starts an\\nindependent mission in the city of Rio\\nGrande do Sul. [It becomes a Presby-\\nterian church.]\\n1881* *The Southern Baptists\\n(U. S. A.) start a mission.\\nThe Methodist Episcopal Church\\nSouth (U. S. A.) opens a boarding-\\nschool for girls at Piracicaba.\\n1882 Presbyterian mission-stations\\nare opened in the provinces of Ceara,\\nMaranhao, and Alagoas.\\n1884 A Presbyterian church is or-\\nganized in Larangeiras, and another\\nin Campanha, province of Minas\\nGeraes.\\nPresbyterians start a mission-station\\nin Bagagem, province of Goyaz.\\nTwo Presbyterian churches are\\norganized in the province of Parana.\\n[A phenomenal growth follows.]\\n1885 Rio de Janeiro. The Presby-\\nterian Church reports more than 3 _*0\\nmembers received the church becomes\\nself-supporting.\\nMaranhao becomes a mission-station\\nof the Southern Presbyterians (U. S. A.).\\n1886 The Southern Methodists\\n(U. S. A.) send Rev. J. Ransome to in-\\naugurate mission-work in Brazil. [1SS7.\\nA church is organized.]\\n1887 Bagagem becomes a mission-\\nstation of the Southern Presbyterians\\n(U. S. A.).\\n1888 Para has a Methodist Episcopal\\nchurch with 29 members.\\nAug.* The Presbyterians (North and\\nSouth) unite their missions in Brazil,\\nby forming them into one Presbyterian\\nsynod.\\n1S89 Nov. 24. The United States of\\nBrazil is officially blessed by the\\nRoman Catholic archbishop.\\n1890 Jan. 8. The Government decrees\\nthe separation of church and state,\\nguarantees religious liberty and equal-\\nity, and to continue the life stipends\\ngranted under the monarchy.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S64 Oct. 15. The Princess Isabella\\nmarries Louis Comte d Eu, son of the\\nDue de Nemours.\\n1865 Feb. 7- \u00c2\u00a3ng. The Comte d Eu\\nand Princess Isabella, visiting Eng-\\nland on their marriage tour, land at\\nSouthampton.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0568.jp2"}, "569": {"fulltext": "BRAZIL.\\n1863, Oct. *-1890, Mar. 557\\n1866 July 15-22. Rio de Janeiro. The\\nDuke of Edinburgh visits the city.\\n1871 Sept. A law is enacted that\\nevery child born of slave parents from\\nthis date shall be free, and all slaves\\nbelonging to the state or Imperial house-\\nhold are to be free at once.\\nNov. Slaves owned by the state become\\nhenceforth free on joining the army as\\nsoldiers.\\n1872 Mar. 31. The emperor and\\nempress return from Europe to Brazil.\\n1874 July 20-26. The military and\\ncitizens attack and kill a band of Ger-\\nman fanatics, popularly styled\\nMuckers (hypocrites) at Porto Alegre.\\nTheir leader is Jacobina Maurer, who\\nclaims to be a prophetess and a female\\nChrist. Hans Georg Maurer is her priest,\\nand they destroy the property of their\\nneighbors who refuse to be converted.\\n1876 May 10. U. S. A. The em-\\nperor and empress attend the open-\\ning of the Centennial Exhibition aft\\nPhiladelphia.\\n1877 Sept. Rio de Janeiro. The em-\\nperor and empress return from\\nEurope.\\n1884 The slave population is reported\\nat 1,200,000.\\n1889 Mar. Rio de Janeiro. Agitation\\nfor the overthrow of the Brazilian mon-\\narchy becomes threatening the Govern-\\nment prohibits public discussion and\\nsuppresses Republican newspapers\\nriots are frequent, and a number of\\npeople are killed at Rio de Janeiro.\\nJuly 17. Rio de Janeiro. Dom Pedro\\nis fired at by a Portuguese in a theater,\\nbut escapes unhurt.\\nNov. 30. Dom Pedro arrives at St.\\nVincent, Cape Verde Islands he is\\ncourteously received by the Brazilian\\nand resident foreign Ministers.\\nDec. 26. Rio de Janeiro. Martial law\\nis proclaimed.\\nDec. Port. The deposed emperor\\narrives at Lisbon.\\n1890 Jan. 16. Fr. The ex-Emperor\\nDom Pedro arrives at Cannes.\\nJan. Civil marriage is established by\\nlaw.\\nSTATE.\\n1864 Aug. 30. A new Ministry is\\nformed, with F. J. Furtado, president.\\nMay 1. Brazil signs a treaty of alliance\\nwith the Argentine Republic and Uru-\\nguay against Gen. Lopez of Paraguay.\\n1865 Aug. Diplomatic relations with\\nGreat Britain are restored.\\n1870 June 20. A treaty of peace is\\nmade with Paraguay.\\nSept. 29. A new Ministry is formed\\nunder Viscount St. Vincent.\\n1872 Sept. 27, 28. A bill for the\\ngradual extinction of slavery is passed\\nby the Senate.\\nOct. 21. The emperor, as umpire, re-\\nports the just boundary line between\\nUnited States and the English posses-\\nsions in Canada. (The San Juan\\nQuestion.)\\n1873 Jan. A treaty is made with the\\nArgentine Republic.\\n1S76 June 25. The Duke de Caixias\\nis appointed president of the Ministry.\\n1884 Aug. -Sept. The law abol-\\nishing slavery is nullified by the plant-\\ners the agitation against slavery in-\\ncreases the Emancipation Bill of Sefior\\nDantas is rejected by the Assembly, and\\na Ministerial crisis follows it is esti-\\nmated that there are 1,200,000 slaves in\\nBrazil.\\nThe antislavery policy of Dantas, the\\nLiberal Minister, is supported by the\\nemperor.\\n1S85 May 5. Dantas resigns because\\nof a hostile majority in the Assembly.\\nA law is passed declaring all sexage-\\nnarian slaves free.\\n1885 May 10, 14. A law is passed\\nfor the immediate total abolition of\\nslavery.\\n1889 May 4. The Assembly is opened\\nby the emperor.\\nJune 10. A Liberal Ministry is formed.\\nJuly 29. The Government appoints a\\ncommission to represent Brazil in the\\nInternational Congress to be held in\\nWashington.\\nAug. 29. The Government negotiates a\\nloan of $10,000,000 at 4 per cent,\\nthe issuing price being 90.\\nSept. 13. The general elections result\\nin the return of 95 Liberals and 30 of\\nopposition parties.\\nREVOLUTION A REPUBLIC.\\nNov. 15. A revolution takes place;\\nthe emperor, Dom Pedro, is dethroned,\\nand Brazil proclaimed a republic, with\\nManuel Deodoro da Fonseca as Presi-\\ndent.\\nNov. Dom Pedro refuses the offer of\\na pension from the new Government.\\nNov. 16. The emperor and his fam-\\nily are placed on hoard the Alagoas in\\nthe harbor of the Rio de Janeiro. [They\\nsail for Portugal accompanied by an\\niron-clad.]\\nNov. 18. The new republic is consti-\\ntuted as the t( United States of Bra-\\nzil.\\nWov. 21. The provisional Government\\ndecrees suffrage to all males who are\\nable to read and write.\\nNov. 22. The provisional Government\\nconfirms all pensions hitherto granted.\\nUruguay and Argentine Republic\\nrecognize the United States of\\nBrazil.\\nNov. 26. French officials in Brazil are\\ninstructed to hold friendly relations with\\nthe new Government.\\nNov. 27- The provisional Government\\ndirects that Brazilian Ministers are to\\ngive Dom Pedro a genial reception\\non landing.\\nNov. 29\u00c2\u00b1. France, Switzerland, and\\nthe United States informally recognize\\nthe Republic of Brazil.\\nNov.* The provisional Government\\nadopts the old flag.\\nDec. 6. The Portuguese Minister\\nrecognizes the provisional Government.\\nDec. 9. Dom Pedro declines to abdi-\\ncate.\\nDec. 21. A decree is issued banish-\\ning the ex-Emperor Dom Pedro and\\nthe other members of the royal family.\\nDec. 26. The provisional Government\\ndecrees that traitors to the Republic\\nshall be tried by a military tribunal.\\n1890 Jan. 6. The new Government in-\\ncreases the duty on coffee from 31 to\\n15 per cent.\\nJan. 17. Arg. Rep. The Argentine\\nRepublic formally recognizes the Re-\\npublic of Brazil.\\nJan. 19. The Government divides the\\ncountry into three banking districts,\\nand establishes three issue banks, with\\n$250,000,000 capital.\\nJan. 26. Civil marriage is established\\nby Government decree.\\nJan. 29. The United States formally\\nrecognizes the Republic of Brazil.\\nJan. A decree is issued that foreigners\\nresiding in Brazil shall be considered\\ncitizens unless they register declaration\\nto the contrary another decree orders\\nthe discontinuance of the use of the\\nsaints names in the calendar, and\\nthe substitution therefor of Comte s Posi-\\ntivest Calendar.\\nFeb. 1. Sefior Ribero, Brazilian Min-\\nister of Agriculture, resigns his port-\\nfolio.\\nFeb. 2. The banking-law is revised\\nthe Republic is divided into four bank-\\ning-districts, with a total paper cur-\\nrency of 200,000,000 milreis.\\nFeb. Sefior Aristides Lobo, Minis-\\nter of the Interior, resigns because of a\\ndisagreement with President Fonseca.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1867 Six short lines of railroad are\\nin operation.\\n1873 There are 15 lines of railroads.\\n1874 June The submarine telegraph\\ncable connecting Brazil with Europe is\\ncompleted.\\n1889 Jan. 3. The Pernambuco steamer\\nStephen D. Hooper, from Calcutta for\\nNew York, is burned at sea.\\nJune 15 Small-pox and yellow fe-\\nver are raging in virulent form the\\ndeath-rate of victims in some places\\nreaches 70 per cent.\\n1890 Jan. 7. Port. The body of the\\nlate Empress of Brazil is placed in the\\nPantheon of the Braganzas in Lisbon.\\nJan. 24. Rio de Janeiro. The National\\nBank of the United States of Brazil is\\nincorporated, the capital, $300,000,000,\\nbeing quickly subscribed.\\nMar. Yellow fever again prevails.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0569.jp2"}, "570": {"fulltext": "558 1890, Mar. 21-1893, Dec. 26.\\nBRAZIL.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1890 Mar. 21. An ironclad is launched\\nat Rio de Janeiro.\\nMay 15. An uprising in Rio Grande\\ndo Sul is put down by force.\\n1891 Jan. 20. Near Rio de Janeiro\\n160 prisoners overpower their guards,\\nseize two forts, and demand the res-\\ntoration of Da Fonseca. [The forts are\\nrecaptured.]\\nDec. 10. In a revolt against the Peixoto\\ngovernment at Campos 10 persons are\\nkilled.\\nDec. 23. The fighting against the au-\\nthorities is renewed.\\n1892 Feb. 19. After serious fighting\\nin the province of Ceara, the Governor\\nis deposed, and the insurgents assume\\ncontrol.\\n.Apr. 11. A seditious movement in Rio\\nde Janeiro is promptly suppressed, and\\na three days state of siege is pro-\\nclaimed. [Apr. 14. Raised.]\\nMay\u00c2\u00b1 A Brazilian turret-ship and\\n120 lives are lost at the mouth of the\\nRio de la Plata.\\nJune 7. Rebels in Matto-Grosso are\\nput to rout, and two rebel gunboats\\nsurrender to the Brazilian Minister in\\n1893 Mar. 27. The troops of the State\\nof Rio Grande do Sul have a desperate\\nbattle with the revolutionists there\\nare heavy losses on both sides.\\nMay 19. In Rio Grande do Sul the\\nGovernment troops are drawn into an\\nambuscade and routed by the in-\\nsurgents.\\nJuly 16. The Jupiter, with the rebel\\nAdm. Waudenkolk on board, is cap-\\ntured by two Brazilian gunboats.\\nJuly An important battle occurs in\\nRio Grande do Sul, in which the Govern-\\nment troops are routed and their com-\\nmanding officer killed.\\n.Sept. 7. The squadron revolts, and\\nthe Government is unable to prevent\\nthe bombardment of Bio de Janeiro\\nby its own vessels.\\nThe Italian cruiser Dogali is or-\\ndered to protect Italian residents at Rio\\nde Janeiro.\\n.Sept. 8. The foreign admirals .agree to\\nprevent the bombardment of Rio\\nde Janeiro by the insurgent squadron.\\nSept. 13. Adm. Mello, commander of\\nthe rebel Brazilian fleet, cannonades\\nRio de Janeiro for six hours without\\ndoing much damage.\\nSept. 18. The rebel fleet again bom-\\nbards Rio de Janeiro for three hours,\\nafter which it sails southward.\\n-Sept. 20. Adm. Mello demands the\\nsurrender of Rio de Janeiro, threat-\\nening another bombardment if his de-\\nmand is not immediately complied with.\\nSept. 23. A part of the rebel fleet\\nblockades the port of Santos in Sao\\nPaulo the insurgents in the province\\nof Tucuman are driven back.\\nSept. 264-. Rio de Janeiro. Some of the\\nforts hold out against the bombard-\\nment by the rebel fleet, which attempts\\nto capture the city.\\n[Sept. 30. Adm. Mello refrains from\\nbombarding the city on the request of\\nthe commanders of the foreign war-\\nships. Oct. 1. He bombards the city,\\ncausing a panic. Oct. 6. He again bom-\\nbards the city. Oct. 10, 12, 16. He bom-\\nbards the forts. Several men are killed\\non the 12th. Oct. 17. Rebel shells greatly\\ndamage the city. Nov. 8. Two of the\\nrebel war-ships are badly damaged by\\nthe fire of the forts. Nov. 12. The offi-\\ncers of the insurgent fleet decide to raise\\nthe Imperial flag. Nov. 13. The fleet and\\nforts have a severe engagement many\\nkilled and wounded. Nov. A number\\nof houses are burned, and the gas-house\\nis destroyed. Nov. 22. The rebel war-\\nship Javary is sunk by the fire of the\\nNictheroy battery; all on board are lost.\\nDec. 2\u00c2\u00b1. Fort Villegaignon, held by the\\nrebels, is destroyed. l ec. 12. Adm. da\\nGama notifies the foreign vessels that\\nhe assumes command of the rebel fleet.\\nDec. 13. He gains possession of Copas\\nIsland and Enchado, in the bay. Dec.\\n14. The port is entirely closed. Dec.\\n14+. The Nictheroy battery arrives off\\nthe coast in support of the Government.\\nDec. 16. President Peixoto recovers the\\nisland of Gobernador in the harbor.\\nDec. 20. Adm. Mello sails to meet the\\nNictheroy battery off the coast. 1S94.\\nJan. 8. The commanders of foreign ves-\\nsels refuse to protect the Island of En-\\nchado, used for hospitals, from the rebel\\nfire. Jan. 13. A mutiny on the Nicthe-\\nroy is suppressed. Jan. 14. The rebels\\non Cobras Island bombard the shore bat-\\nteries of the Government. Jan. 15. The\\nrebels are ambuscaded and killed on an\\nisland in the harbor. Jan. 21. The rebels\\nare reenforced by Gen. Saraiva and 8,000\\ntroops from Paranagua. Jan. 29. The\\nrebels capture Bom Jesus Island in the\\nharbor; 25 killed and many wounded.\\nJan. 30. The rebel fleet tires on Ameri-\\ncan merchant vessels Adm. Benham, of\\nthe Detroit, returns their tire, and Adm.\\nda Gama ceases his attack. Feb. 14. A\\nrebel transport is sunk by an explosion.\\nMar. 3. The Government establishes a\\ncordon of troops along the bay shore.\\nMar. 10. The Government fleet arrives.\\nMar. 13. The Government refuses terms\\nof surrender, and reopens tire on the\\nrebels, who abandon Forts Villegaignon\\nand Cobras their war-ships are hidden\\namong the merchantmen. Mar. 14\u00c2\u00b1.\\nThe rebels surrender unconditionally to\\nPresident Peixoto. Mar 16\u00c2\u00b1. Adm. da\\nGama and bis staff take refuge on a\\nPortuguese war-ship. President Peixoto\\ndemands their siu-render of the Lisbon\\nGovernment. Mar. 19. Adm. da Gama\\nand 70 of his officers sail on two Portu-\\nguese war-ships for Buenos Ayres.]\\nSept. 29. The city of Desterro surren-\\nders to a part of Adm. Mello s fleet, also\\nthe island of Santa Catharina with its\\nmilitary stores.\\nOct. 12. The rebels surprise and defeat\\nthe Government troops at Rio Grande\\ndo Sul.\\nNov. 28. An indecisive battle is fought\\nat Rio Grande do Sul the Government\\ncommander is captured, and the rebels\\nclaim the victory; losses heavy.\\nDec. 28+. The Government announces a\\nvictory at Rio Grande do Sul and an-\\nother at Nictheroy.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nLETTERS.\\n1890 Apr. 17. Religious instruction\\nin the State schools is suppressed by the\\nGovernment.\\nNov. 11\u00c2\u00b1. President Fonseca compels\\nthe newspapers of Rio Janeiro which\\ndo not support him to suspend pub-\\nlication.\\nErRTHS DEATHS.\\n1891 Jan. 22. Constant, lien jamin, minis-\\nter of war, dips at Rio de .Jan.-in\\nDec. 5. Pedro II., ex-enijjeror, dies in\\nFrance, A66.\\n1892 Aug-. 23. Fonseca Manuel Deodo-\\nroda. ex-president, gen., AK\\nCHURCH.\\n1890 Apr. Religious instruction in\\nthe state schools is suppressed.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1890 Mar. Leagues are formed in\\nRio de Janeiro, Bahia, Para, Santos, and\\nPernambuco, Brazil, to boycott Brit-\\nish, in favor of using American goods.\\nMar. 2. Fr. The ex-Emperor Dom\\nPedro refuses to receive the proceeds\\nof a forced sale of his property.\\nApr. 5. Fr. The ex-Emperor Horn\\nPedro is seriously ill.\\nApr. Liberty of the press and of pub-\\nlie meetings is proclaimed.\\nNov. 15. Rio de Janeiro. The first an-\\nniversary of the proclamation of the\\nrepublic is celebrated.\\nDec. Rio de Janeiro. It is announced\\nthat all the jewels of the ex-empress\\nhave been stolen. In the collection\\nwere the finest Brazilian diamonds in\\nthe world.\\n1891 Apr. 2S. A scheme is advocated\\nfor transporting Hebrews from Po-\\nland and southeastern Europe to unoc-\\ncupied land in Brazil.\\nOct. 9. Rio de Janeiro. Rioting occurs.\\n1S92 Jan. Election riots occur in\\nPernambuco.\\nJune 21. Fifteen lives are lost in the\\nseditious disturbances in Rio Grande\\ndo Sul.\\nJuly Italian riots occur.\\n1893 Oct. 9. Rio de Janeiro. The\\npanic is subsiding, and business is re-\\nsumed.\\n1894 Nov. 16. Rio de Janeiro. Riot-\\ning occurs in the streets.\\nDec. 7- Rio de Janeiro. A plot to kill\\nboth President Moraes and ex-President\\nPeixoto is exposed two men having\\nbombs have been arrested.\\nSTATE.\\n1S90 Apr. 20. Gen. Peixoto assumes\\nthe War portfolio in place of Gen. Con-\\nstant, who becomes Minister of Educa-\\ntion, Posts, and Telegraphs.\\nApr. 24. A Cabinet crisis in the repub-\\nlic occurs, and some of the Ministers\\nresign.\\nApr. 27. President Fonseca receives\\nthe resolutions of congratulation by\\nthe Congress of the United States of\\nAmerica.\\nMay 15. An uprising in Rio Grande\\ndo Sul is suppressed by the military.\\nMay 19. The Government decrees that\\nafter July 1 all customs duties must\\nbe paid in gold.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0570.jp2"}, "571": {"fulltext": "BRAZIL.\\n1890, Mar. 21-1893, Dec. 26. 559\\nMay 29. Conspiracies unsettle confi-\\ndence in the Government.\\nMay The Government decides to ac-\\ncept the arbitration clause adopted\\nby the Pan-American Congress in Wash-\\nington.\\nJune 22. The Constitution is signed\\nby President Fonseca.\\nJune 23. A new Constitution is pro-\\nmulgated.\\nIt is based on that of the United\\nStates it provides for a Senate and\\nHouse of Representatives, for President\\nand Vice-President having official terms\\nof six years, and for a Supreme Court.\\nAug. 3. A decree is promulgated at Rio\\nde Janeiro establishing the National\\nMortgage Bank with a capital of\\n100,000 contos of reis, gold.\\nSept. 3. At Rio de Janeiro a decree is\\nissued granting a Government guaran-\\nty of State loans amounting to 50,-\\n000,000 milreis.\\nSept. 15. The elections for members\\nof the Constituent Assembly begin in\\nRio de Janeiro. [The Government can-\\ndidates receive 300,000 votes, and the op-\\nposition, 100,000.]\\nSept. 25. Viscount Pacoarcos is ap-\\npointed Portuguese Minister to Brazil.\\nSept. 28. The Minister of Education\\nresigns his portfolio.\\nNov. 17. The Government rescinds\\nthe decrees of banishment against\\nex-Premier Preto and the ex-presidents\\nof Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul.\\nNov. 21. The Constituent Assembly\\nat Rio Janeiro recognizes the legality of\\nthe Provisional Government. Vote, 175-\\n47. It asks it to continue its functions\\nuntil a vote is taken upon the question\\nof a federal Constitution.\\nDec. 5. The Bepublie is recognized\\nby Germany. [Dec. 9. By Spain. 1891.\\nJan. 6. By Denmark.]\\nDec. 9. Two Brazilian banks consoli-\\ndate by decree of the Government under\\nthe title of Banco de Republica.\\n1891 Jan. 21. In the Assembly the\\nConstitution is read for the first time.\\nJan. 22 The Ministry resigns.\\nJan. 22. A new Ministry is formed.\\nFeb. 24. The Assembly finally adopts\\nthe proposed Constitution; the\\nUnited States of Brazil is now a repub-\\nlic de jure.\\nFeb. 25. Gen. Deodoro da Fonseca\\nis formally elected President.\\nFeb. 26. Gen. Fonseca takes the oath\\nof office as President.\\nMay 19. The Government decides that\\nall custom duties must be paid in\\ngold.\\nNov. 5. President Fonseca proclaims\\nhimself dictator, dismisses the Con-\\ngress, and asks the nation to elect new\\nrepresentatives.\\nFonseca is supported in his dictator-\\nship by both the army and the navy.\\nNov. 10. The province of Rio Grande\\ndo Sul declares its independence of\\nthe Republic, also the province of Grao\\nPara,\\nNov. 13. The governor of Bio Grande\\ndo Sul is deposed, and a provisional\\ngovernment is formed.\\nNov. 17. Gen. Barrelto Lieta is chosen\\ngovernor of Porto Alegre by the Na-\\ntionalist party of Rio Grande do Sul.\\nNov. 18. The Junta is in full control of\\nthe province of Bio Grande do Sul,\\nand preparing for war.\\nNov. 19. The Junta of Bio Grande do\\nSul adopts a new flag.\\nNov. 22. Dictator Fonseca appoints\\nFeb. 26 as the date for holding the elec-\\ntion, and summons Congress to meet\\nMay 3.\\nNov. 23. Rio de Janeiro. President and\\nDictator Fonseca is deposed by an up-\\nrising of the people he resigns his office.\\nNov. 24. The insurrection in Bio\\nGrande do Sul ends with the resigna-\\ntion of Fonseca.\\nNov. 25. Gen. Floriana Peixoto be-\\ncomes President he issues a manifesto\\nsummoning Congress to reassemble\\nDec. 18 the manifesto is received with\\ngeneral satisfaction.\\nNov. 30. Bio Grande do Sul refuses\\nto comply with orders of the Govern-\\nment to reinstate the former State\\nofficers.\\nDec. 5. The Government and the\\nChurch coming in collision, it is de-\\ncided to separate their interests.\\nDec. 10. A revolt breaks out in\\nCampos against the Peixoto Govern-\\nment 10 persons are killed.\\nDec. 15. The governor of the State of\\nSao Paulo, yielding to popular demand,\\nDec. 23. Another revolt occurs in the\\nState of Rio Grande do Sul.\\nDec. 27. A revolt breaks out in Des-\\nterro, capital of the province of Santa\\nCatharina.\\n1892 Jan. 19\u00c2\u00b1. Near Rio de Janeiro\\n1G0 prisoners overpower the guards,\\nseine two forts, and demand the res-\\ntoration of Fonseca the forts are re-\\ncaptured.\\nJan. 22. The Chambers are prorogued\\nuntil May.\\nJan. 23. Rio de Janeiro. The Chambers\\nconfer unlimited powers on President\\nPeixoto.\\nFeb. 19. The governor of the province\\nof Ceara is deposed by armed insur-\\ngents, who assume control.\\nApr. lib. Rio de Janeiro. A seditious\\nmovement is suppressed.\\nApr. 12. The Legislature of Matto\\nGrosso declares its independence of\\nBrazil.\\nA majority of Congressmen decide\\nto approve the acts of the Govern-\\nment without proceeding to the election\\nof a President.\\nApr. 17. The blockade of the State of\\nMatto Grosso is raised.\\nJune 20. The governor of Bio Grande\\ndo Sul is deposed by adherents of\\nFonseca.\\nJuly 3. Diplomatic relations between\\nItaly and Brazil are strained on ac-\\ncount of recent Italian riots in Brazil.\\nJuly 4. Congress extends the term\\nof President Peixoto to the end of 1894.\\nJuly 23. The Chamber of Deputies\\npasses the bill granting amnesty to all\\npolitical exiles.\\nDec. 16. A revolt to make ex-Gov.\\nPortella President is suppressed.\\n1S93 July 11. The Government for-\\nbids the use of cipher codes in tele-\\ngraphic communications.\\nJuly 23. A revolution to depose the\\nGovernor breaks out in the State of\\nSanta Catharina.\\nSept. 6. The officers of the naval fleet\\nat Bio de Janeiro demand the resig-\\nnation of President Peixoto for veto-\\ning a bill making it impossible for the\\nVice-President to become President.\\nSept. 9\u00c2\u00b1. Rio de Janeiro. Martial law\\nis proclaimed.\\nSept. 20. Adm. Mello of the insurgent\\nfleet demands the surrender of Bio\\nde Janeiro under penalty of bombard-\\nment if refused.\\nOct. 7. President Peixoto is invited by\\nforeign powers to withdraw his troops\\nfrom Rio de Janeiro under penalty of\\nhaving the insurgents recognized as\\nbelligerents.\\nOct. 23. Senor Frederico Lorefia is pro-\\nclaimed provisional President by\\nAdm. Mello.\\nNov. 17. Adm. Mello proclaims Count\\nd Eu s eldest son, the grandson of\\nDom Pedro, as Emperor of Brazil.\\nRio de Janeiro. The naval repre-\\nsentatives of eight nations agree not\\nto allow munitions of war to be landed.\\nDec. 17- Rio de Janeiro. Adm. Mello of\\nthe rebel fleet is aided by a royalist\\nmanifesto issued by Adm. da Gama.\\nDec. 26. Rio de Janeiro. The foreign\\nMinisters decide not to recommend that\\nbelligerent rights be granted to the\\ninsurgents.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1890 Aug. 2. Rio de Janeiro. A cof-\\nfee syndicate, with a large capital, is\\norganized.\\n1891 Max. 7. Yellow fever is again\\nprevalent.\\nSept. 1. The new submarine cable\\nline, providing direct communication\\nbetween Brazil and the United States,\\nis formally opened.\\nSept. 14. Rio de Janeiro. Yellow fe-\\nver is raging.\\n1893 Sept. 7. The Government stops\\nall general communication by wire\\nwith Europe.\\nSept. 30. Brazil orders quarantine\\nagainst all European ports.\\nNov. 11. Brazil buys five fast sea-\\ngoing steamers in West Prussia, to\\nbe converted into warships to operate\\nagainst the rebel Brazilian fleet.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0571.jp2"}, "572": {"fulltext": "560 1894, Jan. 2-Dec. 1.\\nBRAZIL.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1894 Jan. 2. Adm. da Gama issues an-\\nother manifesto.\\nJan. 11. The rebels are repulsed at Uic-\\ntheroy, and lose many prisoners.\\nJan. 14. The rebel war-ship Aquidaban\\nopens lire on Ponta da Arora.\\nJan. 16. The rebel force besieging Bage\\nis routed with heavy loss the forts at\\nNictheroy repulse an attack from the\\nrebel fleet.\\nFeb. 9-12. The rebels are repulsed at\\nNictheroy; they claim to have cap-\\ntured live towns in the State of Kio\\nGrande do Sul.\\nFeb. 12. The rebels are defeated at Rio\\nGrande do Sul, losing 250 killed and\\nwounded.\\nFeb. 13. The rebels are repulsed at\\nNietheroy Adm. da Gama is wounded,\\nand four officers and 200 men are killed-\\nand wounded.\\nMar. 2. The rebels are defeated at\\nLarondi.\\nMar. 19. The U. S. fleet at Rio de Ja-\\nneiro disbands.\\nMar. 23. Adm. Mello, as head of the\\nprovisional government, declares the\\nwar will be continued.\\nMar. 26. Adm. da Gama and officers\\narrive at Buenos Ayres.\\nApr. 9. Adm. da Gama and his staff es-\\ncape from the Portuguese war-ship.\\nApr. 13. Adm. Mello is forced to leave\\nRio Grande.\\nAfter the sinking of the insurgent\\nwar-ship Aquidaban by a Brazilian Gov-\\nernment torpedo boat, Adm. Mello con-\\ncludes to seek asylum in the Argentine\\nRepublic and surrender his fleet.\\nApr. 14. Uru. Adm. Mello and his\\n1,500 troops surrender to the Uru-\\nguayan authorities, and the rebel-\\nlion is practically over.\\nApr. 15\u00c2\u00b1. About 350 insurgents and 100\\nGovernment troops are killed and\\nwounded in a battle at Rio Grande do\\nSul.\\nMay 6. The insurgents are defeated in\\nSanta Catharina and Bio Grande do\\nSul.\\nMay 16. The Government forces are\\ndefeated by insurgents in Rio Grande\\ndo Sul with the loss of 140 men.\\nJune 27. The rebels are defeated at Bio\\nGrande do Sul, losing over 1,000 men.\\nDec. 1. An armed revolt breaks out in\\nKio Grande do Sul.\\nCHURCH.\\n1894 Aug. 6. Pope Leo, in an ency-\\nclical letter to the Roman Catholic bish-\\nops of Brazil, urges them to educate\\nand enlighten the people with all the\\nat their command.\\nSTATE.\\n1894 Jan. 2. Adm. da Gama issues a\\nsecond manifesto.\\nJan. 8. A plot to assassinate President\\nPeixoto at Rio is discovered; several\\npersons involved are shot.\\nFeb. 28. Rio de Janeiro. The state of\\nsiege is abolished preparatory to the\\npresidential election.\\nFeb. President Peixoto offers to par-\\ndon privates in the insurgent force if\\napplication is made within two months.\\nMar. 1. Senors Prudente Moraes and\\nPereira are elected respectively\\nPresident and Vice-President of\\nBrazil. [Nov. 15. Inaugurated.]\\nMar. 10. Rio de Janeiro, Pernambuco,\\nSanto Catharina, Sao Paulo, and Parana\\nare now the only States under martial\\nlaw.\\nMar. 12. Adm. da Gama offers to sur-\\nrender on condition that amnesty be\\nguaranteed the insorgentB.\\nMar. 13. The revolution ends by the\\nBUrrender f the insurgents.\\nMar. 22. President Peixoto revives the\\nImperial decrees authorizing the exe-\\ncution, without trial, of all rebels and\\npersons guilt; f aiding and abetting\\nrebellion, whether natives or foreigners.\\nMar. 24. Adm. Mello is declared presi-\\ndent of a rebel provisional govern-\\nment over the three States of Parana,\\nSanto Catharina, and Rio Grande do Sul,\\nwith the capital at Destero.\\nUruguay. Adm. da Gama arrives\\nat Montevideo.\\nApr. 14. Brazil withdraws her Lega-\\ntion from Lisbon, and sends the Portu-\\nguese Minister at Rio and his staff their\\npassports because of the aid extended\\nto the rebels by Portugal.\\nApr. 21. The Government notifies for-\\neign Ministers that the republic is at\\npeace.\\nApr. 22. Uruguay. The insurgents\\nfrom Brazil decline President Peixoto s\\noffer of amnesty.\\nApr. 27. Brazil accepts England s\\noffer of mediation in her quarrel with\\nPortugal.\\nNov. 17. A decree of amnesty is ac-\\ncepted by large numbers of rebels.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1894 Jan. 5. Rio de Janeiro. Y ellow\\nfever breaks out again.\\nJune 1. Port. The Brazilian refugees\\narrive, and are taken to Peniche fortress.\\nOct. 22. Sixty persons are killed by an\\nexplosion caused by a soldier dropping\\na shell while removing the contents of\\nan insurgent magazine.\\nBRITISH EAST AFRICA.\\nBritish East Africa is a distr\\nas far as Albert Edward Nyanza it i\\net of equatorial country extending about 500 miles along the coast, and into the interior\\neludes the kingdom of Uganda and the Island of Zanzibar down the coast.\\nEXPLORATIONS.\\nNote. To serve the convenience of those\\nwho desire speedy access to the various ac-\\ncounts of explorations in East and Central\\nAfrica, the chief expeditions are entered to-\\ngether, without respect to the countries from\\nwhich they start, or those they traverse.\\n1840 David Livingstone sails for\\nCape Town as a missionary of the Lon-\\ndon Missionary Society.\\n1843 Livingstone selects Mabotsa\\nfor a mission-station.\\n1849 Aug. 1. Livingstone first be-\\nholds Lake N gami.\\n1851 June* Livingstone reaches the\\nZambesi River.\\nThe ill health of his family occasions\\nexplorations for two years,\\nhealthy site for the mission,\\n1853 May 23. Livingstone reaches\\nLinvanti on the Chobe in Makololo.\\nNov. 11. Livingstone begins to trace\\nthe course of the Zambesi River, to Lake\\nDilolo.\\n1854 May 31. Livingstone, having\\ncrossed the continent, arrives at St.\\nPaul de Loanda, on the west coast.\\n1855 Sept. Livingstone arrives at\\nLinyanti, South Africa, on bis return\\njourney.\\n1856 Mar. 2. Livingstone arrives, in\\nan emaciated condition, at Tete, the far-\\nthest Portuguese outpost.\\nLdvingstone discovers Victoria Falls\\non the Zambesi.\\nMay 20. Livingstone arrives at Quili-\\nmane, on the Indian Ocean, after recross-\\ning the continent.\\nDec. 12. Livingstone embarks for\\nEngland.\\n16 years. [His narrative attracts atten-\\ntion to Africa.]\\n1S57 Mar. Livingstone starts on his\\nsecond expedition. [He ascends the\\nZambesi and Shire Rivers.]\\nCapt. John H. Speke discovers Vic-\\ntoria Nyanza, the largest lake in Africa.\\nApr. IS. Livingstone discovers Lake\\nShirwa.\\n1S59 Sept. 16. Livingstone discovers\\nLakeNyassa. [1S61. He visits it again.]\\n1S63 Feb. Capt. Speke and James\\nA. Grant announce the discovery of\\nthe source of the Nile in [Victoria Ny-\\nanza].\\n1864 Mar. 14. [Sir] Samuel Baker\\ndiscovers Victoria Nyanza.\\n1865 Mar. 24. Great Britain appoints\\nLivingstone consul at Quilimane for\\ninner Africa.\\nJuly 23. Livingstone returns to Eng-\\nland from his second expedition.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0572.jp2"}, "573": {"fulltext": "BRITISH EAST AFRICA.\\n1505-1884.\\n561\\n1866 Mar. Livingstone leaves Zan-\\nzibar to continue Ms search for the\\nsources of the Nile. [Aug. 8. He reaches\\nLake Nyassa.]\\n1867 Mar. 2. Livingstone writes a\\nletter at Bembo.\\nApr. Livingstone discovers Lake Tan-\\nganyika, 450 miles long.\\nJuly 9. Eng. E. D. Young sails with\\nan expedition organized to search for\\nDavid Livingstone. [1868. Jan. 27.\\nIt returns without tidings of the mis-\\nsionary traveler.]\\nDec. Latest tidings of Livingstone.\\n1868 July 7. Livingstone dates a de-\\nspatch to Lord Clarendon.\\nJuly 28. Livingstone discovers Lake\\nBangweolo, or Bemba, 150 miles long,\\nlying near the center of the continent.\\n1869 Mar. Livingstone reaches Ujiji\\non Lake Tanganyika. [July 2. He starts\\nwestward. Sept. 21. He reaches Ban-\\nbarre in Manuemba. Oct. 23. Living-\\nstone is forced to return to Ujiji.]\\nMay 30. Livingstone dates his letter.\\n1870 Oct. 28. An expedition conducted\\nby Henry M. Stanley, and equipped\\nby the New York Herald, at a cost of\\n340,000, finds Livingstone at Ujiji.\\n1871 Livingstone and Stanley jour-\\nney together to Unyamyembe.\\n!Nov. 15. Livingstone dates his home\\ndespatches. [1S72. Nov. 1. Eng. Re-\\nceived.]\\n1872 Feb. 9. An expedition of the\\nRoyal Geographical Society, led by\\nLieut. Dawson, starts to find Living-\\nstone. [Feb. Livingstone writes an-\\nother letter.]\\nMar. 15. Livingstone and Stanley\\npart.\\nJuly 1. Livingstone dates another let-\\nter. [Oct. 2. Eng. Received.]\\nJuly 26. New York. The Herald pub-\\nlishes a letter from Livingstone, at\\nUjiji, of November, 1871, describing his\\nexplorations and meeting with Stanley.\\nJuly 29. Eng. Livingstone* s Febru-\\nary letter, describing the horrors of the\\nslave-trade, is given to the public.\\nNov. 20. A British expedition under\\nSir Bartle Frere sails for Zanzibar to\\nsuppress the slave-trade in East Africa.\\n[1873. Jan. 12. He arrives at Zanzibar.]\\n1873 May 1. David Livingstone, mis-\\nsionary, scientist, traveler, dies at Ilala,\\non the south shore of Lake Bangweolo.\\n1875 Henry M. Stanley, supported\\nby the New York Herald and the London\\nDaily Telegraph, meikes survey of Vic-\\ntoria Nyanza 230 miles long and 180\\nmiles wide.\\n1879 May 14\u00c2\u00b1. The British Royal\\nGeographical Society starts an expedi-\\ntion from Zanzibar under A. Keith\\nJohnston.\\n1880 June 28. A. K. Johnston dies.\\nJoseph Thompson takes charge of the\\nexpedition.\\nJune The Johnston expedition re-\\nturns [to England].\\n1882 Dee. 13. At a cost of \u00c2\u00a32,600, the\\nRoyal Geographical Society of Great\\nBritain starts an expedition for East\\nAfrica under Joseph Thompson.\\n1883 Aug. 9. Dr. Robert Moffat,\\nScotch missionary and traveler, dies,\\naged 87.\\nCHURCH.\\n1842 Missionary work is begun by\\nJohn L. Krapf from Abyssinia in Galla-\\nland. He represents the English Church\\nMissionary Society.\\n1844 The English Church Missionary\\nSociety begins work at Mombasa, in\\nMasai-land,\\nJohn L. Krapf, a missionary, lands\\nat Mombasa, having a letter to the gov-\\nernors and people commending him as\\na good man who wishes to convert all\\nthe people to God.\\n1846 John Rebmann joins Krapf,\\nand they open the Kisulutini mission-\\nstation of the (English) Church Society.\\n1851 The Church of England Mission-\\nary Society attempts to open a station\\nin Central Africa but sickness, death,\\nand desertion cause it to fail.\\n1860 Dec. Eng. The Universities\\nMission to East Central Africa, con-\\nsisting of Charles F. Mackenzie, Bishop\\nof Central Africa, and others, starts for\\nZanzibar. [1861. Feb. They arrive at\\nthe Zambesi.]\\n1861 Magomero, on Lake Shirwa,\\nCentral Africa, near the Shire River,\\nbecomes a mission-station of the Uni-\\nversities Mission.\\n1862 Jan. 31. Bishop Charles F.\\nMackenzie, of the Universities Mis-\\nsion, dies in Central Africa.\\n[The location of the mission is changed\\nfrom Magomero, near Lake Shirwa, to\\nthe mainland near Zanzibar.]\\n1864 All excepting two of the seven\\nmissionaries of the Universities Mis-\\nsion have died those surviving return\\nhome.\\n1865 Galla, bordering Abyssinia, be-\\ncomes a mission-field of the Swedish\\nEvangelical Society.\\n1874 Frere Town, near Mombasa, is\\nestablished by Church of England mis-\\nsionaries and Christian African workers\\nbrought from Bombay.\\n1876 May 29. Alexander M. Mac-\\nkay arrives at Zanzibar as a Church of\\nEngland missionary for Uganda. [1878.\\nNov. He arrives in Uganda after en-\\nduring much sickness.]\\nJune A Church of England mission-\\nparty leave Zanzibar to open a mission\\nin Uganda.\\n1877 June 30. Two Church of England\\nmissionaries, Lieut. Smith and Mr. Wil-\\nson arrive at Rubaga, and are welcomed\\nby Mtesa, King of Uganda, who avows\\nhimself a Christian seeking further\\ninstruction\\nThe London Society undertakes\\nmission-work in Central Africa.\\n1879 Dec. Influenced by a sorceress,\\nMtesa and his chiefs publicly prohibit\\nboth Christianity and Mohammedism in\\nUganda, and return to heathenism.\\nSeven Church of England missionaries\\nare in Uganda.\\nThe first Roman Catholic mission-\\naries arrive in Uganda.\\nMombasa becomes a mission-station\\nof the English Church Society.\\n1880* The mission in Uganda, in\\ncharge of Mackay and Pearson, patiently\\nendures the opposition of the king.\\n1881 Mar.* Mtesa s envoy returns\\nfrom England, and the Uganda mission\\nprospers.\\n1882 Mar. The first converts are bap-\\ntized in Uganda by Mackay the\\nFrench priests depart after a resi-\\ndence of three and a half years.\\nMay 17. James Hannington sails from\\nEngland as a missionary for Uganda.\\nMissionary Mackay baptizes five con-\\nverts in Uganda.\\n1883 Jan. Hannington starts from\\nUganda for England to regain his\\nhealth.\\nThe Church Missionary Society opens\\na mission-station at Sagalla, about 100\\nmiles from the east coast, in Masai-land.\\n1884 A mission steamer is purchased\\nfor use on Lake Nyassa, Central Africa.\\nA mission church is organized at\\nUganda with 86 members, including a\\ndaughter and granddaughter of the\\nking.\\nSTATE MISCELLANEOUS.\\n1505 Portuguese capture the great\\ncity of Kilwa, with its 300 mosques also\\nthe city of Mombasa the Magnifi-\\ncent.\\nPortuguese capture the city of Ma-\\nlindi, and Magdoshu the Immense.\\n1856 The Sayid of Muscat dies, and\\nhis dominions are divided between his\\ntwo sons Barghash has Zanzibar.\\n1862 Mar. 10. The independence of\\nthe Sultan of Zanzibar has been recog-\\nnized by France, England, and Ger-\\nmany.\\n1870 Oct. 7. Madjid, one of the sons\\nof the Sultan of Muscat, after a contest\\nwith his brother, Barghash-bin-Said, ob-\\ntains Zanzibar.\\n1876 Apr. 18. Sayid Barghash issues\\na decree for the confiscation of slaves\\nbrought to Zanzibar.\\n1884 Oct. 10. KLng Mtesa of\\nUganda dies, and is succeeded by\\nMwanga, his son.\\nOct. 29. The Anglo-German Con-\\nvention, defining the boundaries of\\nZanzibar, is signed by the two powers at\\nLondon. Masai-land is allotted to Eng-\\nland, by a convention marking spheres\\nof influence.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0573.jp2"}, "574": {"fulltext": "562\\n1885-189L\\nBRITISH EAST AFRICA.\\nEXPLORATIONS.\\n1887 Jan. 21. Henry M. Stanley\\nstarts from London for the relief of\\nEmin Pasha. [June 2. He is opposed\\nby the Aruwimi tribus.J\\nJan. 23. Count Telekis expedition\\nstarts for the Masai country.\\n1888 May 25. Stanley starts on his\\nreturn journey.\\nMay 29. Stanley meets Emin Pasha\\non the Albert Nyanza.\\nJuly 19. Maj. Barttelot is assassinated\\nnear the Aruwimi River by his carriers,\\nwhile conveying supplies to Stanley and\\nEmin Pasha.\\nAug. 17. James S. Jameson, the suc-\\ncessor of Barttelot, dies.\\nStanley meets Mr. Bonney with 71\\nmen, the remains of Major Barttelofs\\nparty.\\nSept. The Royal Geographical Society\\nsends an expedition to southwest Zan-\\nzibar under J. T. Last.\\n1889 Feb. 26. Dr. Carl Peters starts\\nwith an expedition having 100 soldiers\\nto relieve Emin Pasha.\\nApr. 3. Stanley s letter is published in\\nEngland, in which he narrates his terri-\\nble sufferings.\\nNov. 4. Stanley reports another great\\nlake, called Albert JSyanza.\\nCHURCH.\\n18S5 Jan. Eng. James Hannington\\nis consecrated as bishop of Equatorial\\nAfrica, and sails for Uganda.\\nMwanga, King of Uganda, op-\\npresses the mission three boys who had\\nbeen baptized are roasted to death.\\nBishop Hannington visits Masai-\\nland.\\nJuly The Church of England Mission in\\nUganda reports 35 communicants.\\nOct. 29. Martyrdom of Bishop James\\nHannington by King Mwanga.\\nGo tell Mwanga that I die for the Ba-\\nganda, and that I have purchased the\\nroad to Uganda with my life.\\n1886 June The mission in Uganda\\nsuffers persecution 50 or GO Protestant\\nand Catholic converts are tormented\\nand put to death, yet 20 baptisms take\\nplace within a month.\\n1887 July 20. The Arabs persuade\\nthe King of Uganda to expel Alex.\\nM. Mackay. [He goes to the south end\\nof the lake, and remains three years at\\nUsambrioa.J\\n188S Apr. Rev. R. H. Walker joins\\nthe mission of the Church of England\\nin Uganda.\\nOct. The Universities Mission is warned\\nto retire from the mainland by the Brit-\\nish Government, as operations against\\nslave-traders by England and Germany\\nimperil their stay.\\nOct. The English and French Catholic\\nmissionaries are expelled from\\nUganda they meet Henry M. Stanley\\nat Usagala.\\nDec. 31. The Sultan of Zanzibar leases\\nland to the German Evangelical Mis-\\nsion Society of East Africa on which\\nto build a church and hospital.\\n1889 Jan. 11. Mwanga, King of\\nUganda, has overthrown and expelled\\nhis elder brother, King Kimewa the\\nEnglish and French missions are\\ndestroyed and the converts mas-\\nsacred.\\nJan. 11-13. Eight missionaries are\\nkiUed.\\n1889 Jan. 19. An English missionary\\nnamed Brooks and 26 of his converts\\nare massacred near Saadani in German\\nEast Africa.\\nFeb. 8. The agent of East Africa Com-\\npany obtains release of Catholic mis-\\nsionaries held by the native insurgents.\\nMar. 12. The missionaries captured by\\nnative insurgents are released on pay-\\nment of $3,000 in addition to ransom\\nmoney; the followers of Chief Busheri\\nretreat into the interior.\\nIslamism is checked in Uganda by\\nthe laws of the country, which, while\\nthey permit murder, forbid mutilation,\\nthereby excluding circumcision.\\nThe English Universities Mission is\\nestablished at Zanzibar.\\n1890 Feb. S. Alex. M. Mackay, mis-\\nsionary of the Church of England So-\\nciety, dies of fever, aged 41 years.\\nMar. 7\u00c2\u00b1. Mwanga, King of Uganda,\\nconquers the native rebels with the aid\\nof the missionaries, and proclaims him-\\nself a Christian the principal posts are\\ngiven to the Protestants and Catholics,\\nbetween whom a jealousy exists.\\nApr. Eng. Alfred It. Tucker is con-\\nsecrated bishop of Equatorial Africa.\\nMay 9. King Mwanga and the mis-\\nsionaries are again expelled from\\nUganda.\\nJuly 25. Missionary Stokes and Bis-\\nhop Tucker s caravan start for\\nUganda from Saadani, German East\\nAfrica.\\nJuly 27. It is announced that King\\nMwanga has rejoined the Protes-\\ntants, and also that the French bishop\\nurges the Catholics to continue the war\\nagainst the Protestants.\\nSTATE MISCELLANEOUS.\\n1885 May The Zanzibar coast is the\\nsubject of territorial disputes with the\\nGerman East Africa Company.\\n1SS6 Aug. 19. The treaty between\\nEngland and Germany respecting\\nEast Africa comes into force.\\n1887 The city of Zanzibar has a\\npopulation estimated at 100,000.\\n1S88 Feb. -Mar. Zanzibar and\\nPortugal dispute respecting the non-\\ncession of territory. War follows, last-\\ning five weeks.\\nMar. 26. Sayid Barghash-bin-Said,\\nSultan of Zanzibar, dies, aged 51.\\nMar. 27. Sayid Khalifa- bin-Said be-\\ncomes sultan of Zanzibar.\\nJune 6. The cession of territories by the\\nlate Sultan occasions a dispute with\\nItaly.\\nSept. 3. The Imperial British East\\nAfrica Company is chartered by the\\nSept. 7. The charter of the Imperial\\nBritish East Africa Company is ga-\\nzetted in London.\\nSept. 23. Germans land from a man-\\nof-war and kill about 100 natives at\\nBagamoyo.\\nSept. A great uprising of natives\\nagainst the Germans occurs along the\\ncoast of Zanzibar.\\nOct. 9. The Sultan of Zanzibar signs the\\nconcession of a large territory on the\\ncoast to the British East Africa Com-\\npany.\\nOct. 17. Lieut. Cooper captures a\\ndhow, but is killed in the action.\\nOct. The German settlement on the\\ncoast collapses alleged cause, the ac-\\ntion of the Arab slave- dealers.\\nDec. 2. Germany and England block-\\nade the coast.\\nDee. 7. The chiefs burn Bagamoyo,\\nand retire on the approach of a German\\nforce.\\n1889 Jan. 1. One hundred slaves are\\nliberated on Jsew Year s Day.\\nJan. 7. The agent of the British East\\nAfrica Company gives hundreds of\\nslaves their freedom at Zanzibar.\\nJan. 11. King Mwanga of Uganda\\nis deposed by his body-guard, and is a\\nprisoner. Kiwiwa, his brother, is made\\nking.\\n[Abloodv and property-destroying out-\\nbreak against missionaries follows, and\\nefforts are put forth to reestablish Mo-\\nhammed anism.]\\nJan. 11-13. The Arab slave-dealers\\nattack some of the German stations in\\nZanzibar, and carry off the freed slaves\\nfour missionaries are killed and three\\ncaptured.\\nJan. 12. A letter received in Zanzibar\\nsays that Stanley had landed in Decem-\\nber on the southeastern shore of the\\nVictoria Nyanza he had rejoined Emin\\nPasha since August and left him.\\nJan. 14. The Sultan of Zanzibar offers\\nto mediate between East Africa Com-\\npany and natives on a plan suggested by\\nthe company s general agent.\\nJan. 19. Sir John Kirk starts from\\nLondon on a special mission to Zanzibar,\\nfor the settlement of difficulties in East\\nAfrica.\\nJan. 24. A fresh revolution has\\nbroken out in Uganda. King Kiwiwa\\nhas been deposed, and his younger\\nbrother is raised to the throne, the\\nformer having poisoned two of the prin-\\ncipal Arab instigators of the expulsion\\nof English i", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0574.jp2"}, "575": {"fulltext": "BRITISH EAST AFRICA.\\n1885-1891.\\n563\\nFeb. 4. A French vessel is boarded\\nby the commander of a British man-of-\\nwar at Zanzibar measures are taken\\nlv.lr\\nFeb. 5. A body of Walsire Arabs sur-\\nrounds the Sultan s palace at Zanzi-\\nbar, and demands a suspension of tlie\\nblockade.\\nFeb. 14. A hitch occurs in negotiations\\nfor release of missionaries on the Zan-\\nzibar coast.\\nApr. 5. The German flag is raised over\\nthe consulate at Zanzibar, and Capt.\\nWissmann assumes command of Ger-\\nman interests.\\nMay 8. In Zanzibar Capt. Wissmann,\\naided by 200 German sailors, defeats a\\ncoast Chief Bushiri, and destroys his\\ncamp, with little loss the natives lose\\nSO killed and 20 prisoners.\\nMay 15. Fever ravages the crews of\\nEnglish and German vessels.\\nJune 7+. Adm. Deinhard bombards\\nSaadani, and Capt. Wissmann burns\\nWingi.\\nJune 12. The German East Africa\\nCompany recalls their agent.\\nJuly 8. Wissmann captures Pangani\\non the coast.\\nJuly 27+. Mr. Neilson, an officer of\\nthe German East Africa Company, is\\nmurdered by Chief Bushiri Capt. Wiss-\\nman offers a reward for his arrest.\\nJuly Nearly seven-eighths of the popu-\\nlation of Zanzibar are slaves.\\nSome owners have 1,000. A negro boy\\ncosts about \u00c2\u00a720, a strong workman about\\n\u00c2\u00a7100 or 8120, a prt ttv young negress from\\nS50toS100, Abyssinian women from S200\\nto \u00c2\u00a7500, while the women from Jeddiah,\\nin Arabia, bring very high prices.\\nSept. 2. The Sultan of Zanzibar con-\\ncedes the Lamu Islands and Benan-\\nger coast line to the British East Africa\\nCompany.\\nSept. 10. Stanley is approaching Mom-\\nbasa, British East Africa, after much\\nfighting with hostile tribes.\\nSept. 12. Stanley is reported to be\\nwest of Victoria Nyanza, and his ad-\\nvance held in check by natives.\\nSept. 21 The Sultan of Zanzibar has\\nissued an edict empowering Great\\nBritain and Germany to search all\\nZanzibarese dhows and other boats\\nwith the object of suppressing the slave-\\ntrade. The edict also declares that every\\nperson entering Zanzibar after Nov. 1\\nshall be free.\\nSept. The Sultan of Zanzibar concedes\\nthe government of the Island to the\\nBritish East Africa Company.\\nOct. 19\u00c2\u00b1. The Sultan of Zanzibar gives\\na written promise to the British consul\\nthat all children born in his domains\\nafter Jan. 1, 1S90, shall be free.\\nOct. 27- Mr. Stevens of the New York\\nWorld returns to Zanzibar, having\\nfailed to find Stanley.\\n:N ov. 22. Supplies for Stanley s party\\nare sent from Zanzibar\\non the coast.\\nDec. 2. Dr. Peters and Lieut. Lied-\\nmann, African explorers, are reported\\nin Zanzibar to be dead.\\nDec. 4. Emm Pasha falls from a bal-\\ncony and is seriously injured at Baga-\\nmoyo.\\nDec. 6. H. M. Stanley arrives at Zan-\\nzibar. [1S90. Jan. 2. He sails for Egypt.]\\nDec. 17. Mwanga reconquers Uganda,\\nand regains his throne.\\nDec. 30. At Seilah, two French mis-\\nsionaries and their escort of eight\\nGreeks are reported murdered.\\n1890 Jan. 2. Agent McKenzie of the\\nEast Africa Company dislodges a chief\\non British territory at Vitu; English\\npost-offices are opened at Mombasa\\nand Lamu.\\nJan. The cable from Mombasa to\\nZanzibar is completed.\\nFeb. 1. The British East Africa Com-\\npany hoist the British flag in Manda\\nand at Patta.\\nFeb. 8. England and Germany consent\\nto submit to arbitration their respec-\\ntive claims to the islands of Patta and\\nManda.\\nFeb. 13. The Sultan of Zanzibar dies\\nof sunstroke, aged 43.\\nSayid Ali, a brother of Seyjid Kha-\\nlifah, becomes sultan.\\nFeb. 14. Severe fighting occurs in\\nUganda; Mwanga, assisted by Euro-\\npeans, defeats the Arabs.\\nFeb. 28. The new Sultan releases pris-\\noners who have been imprisoned 18\\nyears without a trial.\\nMar. 18. Arab masters at Mombasa\\nunanimously accept the terms of Agent\\nMackenzie, by which 3,000 runaway\\nslaves have settled in Fulladoyo, pro-\\ncure their freedom by doing work equiv-\\nalent to fifty shillings each.\\nMar. 23. English agents seize 200 rifles\\nand a ton of powder at Aden, under the\\nprohibitory law, from a German expedi-\\ntion, -which was to found a settlement\\nat Laliete on the Somali coast.\\nApr. 6. Capt. Casati leaves Zanzibar\\nfor Rome.\\nApr. 14\u00c2\u00b1. The Sultan has canceled the\\nconcession of the islands of Manda\\nand Patta to the British, because of\\nGerman threats.\\nApr. 30. The British East Africa Com-\\npany s expedition to Uganda con-\\ncludes a treaty with Mwanga, placing\\nUganda exclusively under British influ-\\nMay 4. All natives connected by treaty\\nwith the British East Africa Company\\nare to be recognized as free without\\npayment of compensation.\\nMay 9\u00c2\u00b1. Karema, aided by Arabs, recon-\\nquers Uganda and dethrones Mwanga.\\nJune 17. The Government sends 300\\nSoudanese and 300 Indian troops,\\ncommanded by English officers, from\\nZanzibar to Mombasa to enter the ser-\\nvice of the British East Africa Com-\\npany.\\nGermany cedes Soman and Vitu\\nto England, in return for Heligoland,\\nEurope, which is ceded to Germany.\\nJune 24. Lord Salisbury states that the\\nSultan of Zanzibar s dominion, men-\\ntioned in the Anglo-German African\\nagreement, includes a large portion of\\nthe mainland.\\nJune 27. The Anglo-German agree-\\nment is finally concluded.\\nJuly 1. The Anglo-German agree-\\nment in reference to Africa is signed at\\nBerlin by Chancellor Von Caprivi and\\nDr. Kranel for Germany, and Sir E.\\nB. Malet and Sir Percy Anderson for\\nEngland.\\nJuly 28. All foreigners, except Ger-\\nmans, welcome the establishment of a\\nBritish protectorate at Zanzibar.\\nAug. 1. Slavery still exists on the Zan-\\nzibar coast as before the Anglo-German\\nCol. Enan Smith, the Sultan, issues\\na decree somewhat antislavery in its\\ncharacter.\\nAug. 4. A mass-meeting of Arabs at\\nZanzibar approves the slavery decree.\\nAug. 6. The agreement between France\\nand England in regard to Zanzibar is\\nsigned.\\nAug. 26. The Mombasa and Nyanza\\nEquatorial Railway is inaugurated in\\nthe presence of British and other con-\\nsuls.\\nSept. 13. Mwanga, King of Uganda, is\\nstripped of his despotic power; the prin-\\ncipal offices are divided amongst Pro-\\ntestant and Catholic missionaries.\\nSept. 17. An Arab is publicly hanged\\nat Zanzibar for slave-dealing.\\nSept. 27. The British admiral is or-\\ndered to Witu to inquire into a recent\\nmassacre of Germans. [Oct. 20. He is\\nordered to destroy the town of Witu\\nunless the murderers of the Germans\\nbe delivered to German authorities for\\npunishment.]\\nNov. The island of Pemba is ceded to\\nthe British East Africa Company by the\\nSultan.\\nBritish influence is established by\\nspecial treaty in Uganda.\\nThe District of Witu, previously\\noccupied by Germany, is ceded to the\\nBritish East Africa Company.\\n1891 Feb. 10. The King of Uganda,\\nunder French influence, refuses to rec-\\nognize the English protectorate, and\\nthe East Africa Company s agents [tem-\\nporarily] retire from the neighboring\\ncountry.\\nMar. 18. The Sultan of the interior,\\nTippoo Tib, is stricken with paralysis\\nat Zanzibar.\\nHe is also known as Hamidi bin Mu-\\nhammad he rendered valuable assist-\\nance to Verney L. Cameron s exploring\\nexpedition in 1874. He also became gov-\\nernor of the Stanley Falls district of the\\nKongo State.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0575.jp2"}, "576": {"fulltext": "364\\n1891-1894.\\nBRITISH EAST AFRICA.\\nCHURCH.\\n1893 June 17. Europeans in Uganda\\nare in great danger through a Moham-\\nmedan revolt, favored by Selim Bey.\\nThe insurrection is suppressed by Cap-\\ntain Macdonald, and Selim is taken\\nprisoner and dies.\\nSTATE MISCELLANEOUS.\\n1891 Aug. 31. Zanzibar is declared\\nby its Sultan to be within the zone of\\nthe Brussels spirit non-importation\\nact.\\nDec. 19. Zanzibar, except for alcohol\\nand munitions, is to be a free-trade\\nport after next February.\\n1892 Jan. 24. A battle for British\\nsupremacy is fought at Mengo, the\\nnative capital the Catholics side with\\nthe natives and the Protestants with the\\nBritish.\\nThe defeated Catholics of Uganda\\nsign a treaty to restrict their work to\\nthe district of Budu.\\nMar. 4. Eng. The House of Commons\\nvotes \u00c2\u00a320,000 toward a railroad from\\nMombasa to Victoria Nyanza.\\nMay 28. Seventeen Arab slave-tra-\\nders are sentenced to be hanged at\\nZanzibar.\\nJune 13. Captain Lugard makes\\nterms with Mwanga at Uganda, and is\\nordered to remove to a point midway\\nbetween that place and the coast.\\nJuly 1. The free-trade zone of the\\nKongo Basin is extended to the coast.\\nOct. 1. Lord Roseberry consents to the\\nevacuation of Uganda if the East\\nAfrica Company cannot make its occu-\\npation pay.\\nOct. 30. Great Britain decides not to\\nretire from Uganda.\\nRevenue duties for the year are about\\n$100,000.\\n1893 Jan. 26. Commander d Han is\\ndefeats Arab slave-dealers led by\\nTippoo Tib s son, taking 500 prisoners\\nand GOO rifles.\\nMar. 5, Ali Bin Said, Sultan of Zanzi-\\nbar, dies.\\nAn attempt made by the son of the\\ndead Sultan to seize the throne is de-\\nfeated by the British, who install the\\nSultan s nephew, the rightful heir.\\nHamid-bin-Thwain becomes sul-\\ntan of Zanzibar.\\nApr. The expenses of the East Africa\\nCompany to date are \u00c2\u00a3448,000.\\nApr. 10. A dhow sailing under French\\ncolors, having on board 60 enslaved\\nchildren, is captured by a British crui-\\nser near Zanzibar.\\nMar. 17. Sir Gerald Portal arrives at\\nMengo.\\nApr. 7. Catholics in Uganda receive\\nan extension of mission territory and\\nimportant offices near the king.\\nJuly 5. Somalis are routed by British\\nmarines, and 50 Hottentots and their\\nchief killed by Portuguese troops dur-\\ning a stubborn fight.\\nJuly 6. African slave-traders are de-\\nfeated in two engagements, leaving their\\nmunitions of war and over 100 barrels\\nof gunpowder in the hands of the vic-\\ntors.\\nAug. 7. The Zanzibar troops and Brit-\\nish marines storm the town of Witu\\nand capture it.\\nAug. 11. Native soldiers revolt, and\\njoin the tribesmen at Kismaya.\\n1894 Jan. 14. The Protestant na-\\ntives in Uganda defeat the Mohamme-\\ndan natives, of whom 30 are killed and\\n1,500 taken prisoners.\\nApr. 11. King EZabba Bega, ruling\\nthe country adjoining Uganda, has been\\ndefeated by a force sent out under\\nMajor Owen, and his kingdom may be\\nincluded in its protectorate.\\nBRITISH HONDURAS.\\nBritish Honduras is a Crown Colony of Great Britain,\\npopulation in 1891 of 31,471. The capital is Balize.\\nCentral America, having an area of 7,562 square miles, and a\\n1667 English settlers arrive from\\nJamaica. [They are often disturbed,\\nand sometimes expelled, by the Span-\\niards.]\\n1754 Apr. The Spaniards send a\\nmilitary force against the English set-\\ntlement at Balize 1,500 men are routed\\nby 250 Englishmen.\\n1779 Sept. 15. A sudden attack is\\nmade by the Spaniards, who defeat the\\nEnglish settlers, and carry them away\\nas prisoners.\\n1783 The settlement is reestablished;\\nthe British settlers cease to be disturbed\\nby the Spaniards.\\nSept. 3. A treaty is made between\\nGreat Britain and Spain, providing for\\npeaceful occupation of Honduras by\\nBritish settlers.\\n1786* A new treaty with Spain makes\\na grant of additional territory between\\nthe rivers Sibun and Balize.\\n1798 July 10. A Spanish force of\\n2,000 men arrives for the purpose of de-\\nstroying the settlement at Balize it is\\nsuccessfully resisted by the settlers.\\n1814 A new treaty with Spain re-\\nvives the provisions of 1786.\\n1836 Claimsof additional territory\\nare made by Great Britain.\\n1859 May 1. A treaty respecting\\nboundaries is signed by Great Britain\\nand Guatemala.\\n1861 The population is given by a\\ncensus at 25,635.\\n1867 James R. Longden is governor.\\n[1870, William W. Cairns; 1874, Maj.\\nRobert Miller Mundy 1877, F. P. Bar-\\nlee 1SS4, Roger Tackfield Goldsworthy.]\\n1881 Population, 27,452.\\nRevenue for the year, \u00c2\u00a341,588.\\n1889 Balize is a mission-station of\\nthe Wesleyan Methodist Missionary\\nSociety, having two missionaries and 941\\nchurch-members.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0576.jp2"}, "577": {"fulltext": "BULGARIA. 120 b. c. -a. d. 1877 Sept. 28. 565\\nBulgaria and Eastern Rumelia form a principality of southeastern Europe, having Sofia for its capital. Area, 37,860\\nsquare miles population, 3,309,S16. The people are chiefly Bulgarians and Turks, and commonly speak the Servian language.\\nThe government is a constitutional principality administered by an elected prince, who is tributary to Turkey the legislative\\nchamber is called the Sobrauje. The religion of the Greek Church is approved. Its literature is meager and light.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n687 Justinian U. defeats the Bul-\\ngarians.\\n1014 July 29. The Emperor Basil\\ndefeats the Bulgarians at the battle of\\nZetunium.\\nHe takes ir ,000 prisoners, and destroys\\nthe eyes of all but 150, who are per-\\nmitted to have one eye that they may\\nguide the blind Bulgarians home.\\n1018 After a long struggle Basil sub-\\ndues the Bulgarians.\\n1396 The kingdom is conquered by\\nthe Turks under Bajazet.\\n1444 Nov. 10. Battle near Verna.\\nHungarians under King Ladislaus and\\nJohn Hunniades are utterly defeated\\nby the Turks under Amurath II. the\\nHungarian king is killed and the brave\\ngeneral is captured.\\n1876 May 1, 2. The Bulgarians,\\nspurred by foreign agitators, revolt\\nagainst Turkish rule.\\nMay 7. Turkish officials and troops sub-\\ndue the revolt with great cruelty.\\nSeventy-nine villages and towns are\\nwholly or partially burned, including\\n9,000 houses 72,000 persons are made\\nshelterless, $50,000,000 of property is\\ndestroyed or taken away, 15,000 persons\\nkilled, two-thirds being women and chil-\\ndren,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and all to revenge the seizure of\\n15 villages and the slaying of 115 Turkish\\nofficials in self-defense.\\n1877 Apr. 24. Russia declares war\\nagainst Turkey for the suppression of\\ncruelty in Bulgaria and elsewhere.\\nApr. *-7S Mar.* Turko-Russian\\nWar.\\nBulgaria is the chief battlefield; the\\nGrand Duke Nicholas is commander of\\nthe Russians, and Abdul-Kerim com-\\nmands the Turks. (See p. 1158.)\\nJune 22. Passage of the Danube on\\n208 pontoons by a Russian corps under\\nGen. Zimmerman. The Grand Duke oc-\\ncupies Drobudsha after a loss of 289 men.\\nJune 27. The main army crosses the\\nDanube at Shistova.\\nJuly 5\u00c2\u00b1. Biela is taken by the Russians.\\nJuly 6. Plevna is occupied by the\\nRussian army.\\nJuly 6, 7. The Russian cavalry general,\\nJoseph V. Gourko, captures Tirnova.\\nJuly 12. The Turks reoccupy Bayazid.\\nJuly 13. Mulch tar Pasha drives the\\nRussians out of Ears.\\nGen. Gourko crosses through the\\nShipka Pass into Rumelia.\\nJuly 15. A division of the Russian army\\ncaptures Nicopoli, with two pashas,\\n6,000 men, two monitors, and 40 guns.\\nJuly 17-19. Russians drive the Turks\\nfrom the important Shipka Pass, con-\\nnecting Bulgaria and Rumelia.\\nJuly 18~. Plevna is retaken by the\\nTurks.\\nJuly 19, 20. Plevna is held by Osman\\nPasha after a severe struggle with\\nSchildner-Schuldner.\\nJuly 21\u00c2\u00b1. Suleiman Pasha arrives at\\nthe Shipka Pass.\\nJuly Mehemet Ali assumes su-\\npreme command of the Turkish\\ntroops. The Russians retreat.\\nJuly 26 or 28. Aziz Pasha is killed at\\nEsinje, near Rasgrad.\\nJuly 29, 30. Severe fighting occurs at\\nPlevna; Gen. Krudener defeats the\\nRussians, who lose 2,000 killed and 4,000\\nwounded.\\nAug. 11\u00c2\u00b1. Russians are driven out of\\nRumelia Gen. Gourko returns to the\\nShipka Pass.\\nAug. 20-27. Suleiman Pasha makes a\\ndesperate effort, with great losses, to\\nregain the Shipka Pass, which is held\\nby the Russians.\\nAug. 21. Gen. Radetzky reenforces the\\nRussians in Shipka Pass.\\nAug. 30\u00c2\u00b1. Osman Pasha makes an\\nunsuccessful sortie at Plevna.\\nSept. 3. Gen. Skobeleff captures Lovatz\\nfrom the Turks.\\nSept. 7\u00c2\u00b1. The siege of Plevna by the\\nRussians under Gen. Eduard Ivano-\\nvitch Todleben begins with a cannon-\\nade which lasts three days.\\nSept. 11, 12. A general assault is\\nmade at Plevna by Russians and Ru-\\nmanians under Todleben the strong\\nentrenchments at Gravitza are taken\\nand held with a loss of about 20,000\\nmen.\\nSept. 17. Suleiman Pasha takes Fort\\nSt. Nicholas in Shipka Pass, but is un-\\nable to hold it.\\nSept. 22 1. Chefket Pasha reenforces\\nOsman Pasha at Plevna.\\nSept. 28. Gen. Todleben is promoted\\nto the command of the Russian staff.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1847 Jan. 4. Nicholas of Mingrelia,\\nprince, born.\\n1857 Apr. 5. Alexander I., Prince of\\nBulgaria, born.\\n1861 Feb. 36. Ferdinand of Base-Co-\\nburg. Prince of Bulgaria, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n862 Christianity is introduced by\\nBoris or Bogoris [864\\n1118* Basil, a physician, is burned\\nalive for heresy. He rejected the Penta-\\nteuch, the eucharist, and baptism, and\\ntaught communism.\\n1833 The Bulgarians ask for a Bul-\\ngarian bishop, instead of two Greek\\nbishops, and are denied.\\n1840* *A Bulgarian is appointed\\nbishop of Widdin.\\n1857 A mission is founded north of\\nthe Balkans by the Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch, TJ. S. A.\\n1858 Rev. Mr. Morse enters the Bul-\\ngarian mission-work of the American\\nBoard at Adrianople.\\n1859 Sofia, Star a-Z agora, and\\nPhilippopolis have mission- stations\\nestablished by the American Board.\\n1862 The American Board start mis-\\nsion-work in Samokov.\\n1870 Feb. 28. The Bulgarian Church\\nreceives an independent exarchate.\\n1872 Feb. Reestablishment of the\\nBulgarian Church under a Bulgarian\\nexarch, bishops, and clergy.\\n1873 The American Board start mis-\\nsion-work in Monastir,\\nSTATE.\\n120* b. c. Bulgarians are first\\nknown, as a band under the leadership\\nof Chieftain Vound, which takes refuge\\nin Armenia.\\n499* *-676* *a.d. A Slavonic tribe,\\ncalled Bulgarians, harasses the East-\\nern Empire and Italy.\\n660 A kingdom is established in\\nmodern Bulgaria.\\nBulgarians are divided into Beveral di-\\nvisions the leading one under, Aspa-\\nrueh, settles in Moesia [now Bosnia,\\nServia, and Bulgaria], and subjugates\\nthe Slavonic population.\\n803 -927 Reign of Simeon; the\\nmost prosperous period of the ancient\\nkingdom.\\n1018 The Byzantine Emperor Basil\\nII. subdues the Bulgarians.\\n1186 Insurrection under the broth-\\ners Peter and Asan or Yusan the\\nBulgarians unite with the Wallachs in\\nrevolt against Byzantine rule; the Bul-\\ngarian kingdom is reestablished.\\n1396* After subduing the kingdom,\\nBajazet annexes it to the Turkish\\nEmpire.\\n1827 *Uprising of Bulgarians\\nagainst their masters.\\n1829 Varna is restored by the Rus-\\nsians, and the fortifications dismantled.\\n1848 The Bulgarians again revolt\\nagainst the Turks.\\n1858 A national assembly is called\\nto consider reform.\\n1862 Another uprising breaks out.\\n1870 Another uprising occurs.\\n1875* *-76* The Bulgarians support\\nthe revolt in Herzegovina, and ask\\nthe Porte for the redress of grievances.\\n1876 May Young Bulgarians urge a\\ngeneral uprising.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1875* *Fourteen newspapers are\\nstarted this year.\\n1876 Fifty-one newspapers are\\npublished in Bulgaria.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0577.jp2"}, "578": {"fulltext": "566 1876, Oct. 2-1887, Jan.\\nBULGARIA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1876 Oct. 2, 3. Suleiman Pasha suc-\\nceeds Mehemet AH to the supreme com-\\nmand of the Turks, and sends Raouf\\nPasha to Shipka Pass.\\nOct. 8. A T urkish monitor in the\\nDanube is blown up by torpedoes.\\nOct. 9t. The Turks succeed in getting\\nrelief and supplies into Plevna.\\nOct. 19, 20. Rumanians seize and soon\\nlose the Gravitza entrenchments at\\nPlevna.\\nOct. 24. An indecisive battle is fought\\nat Gornij Dubnik, near Plevna losses\\nabout 2,503 on each side.\\nOct. 23. Indecisive battle of Sofia\\nRoad, near Plevna Russians drive the\\nTurks out of position at Telche.\\nNov. 1\u00c2\u00b1. Mehemet Ali collects an army\\nfor the relief of Plevna, where the Turks\\nneed supplies. Azli Pasha succeeds\\nSuleiman Pasha to the supreme com-\\nmand, and the latter is given command\\nof the army of Rumelia.\\nNov. 8\u00c2\u00b1. A Russian army 120,000 strong\\ninvests Plevna for 30 miles around.\\nNov. 12. The Russians are repulsed\\nin an attack at Plevna.\\nNov. 15. The .Turks make three at-\\ntacks on the Russians, and are repulsed.\\nNov. 16\u00c2\u00b1. Osman Pasha declines an\\ninvitation to surrender Plevna.\\nNov. 21. Rumanians take Rahova on\\nthe Danube, above Nicopili.\\nDec. 9, 10. Osman Pasha attempts to\\nbreak through the Russian lines at\\nnight and is totally defeated he un-\\nconditionally surrenders Plevna and\\nhis army of 30,000 men. Losses are\\nvery heavy.\\nDec. 19. Gen. Todleben assumes com-\\nmand at Rustchuk.\\nDec. 31\u00c2\u00b1. Gen. Gourko, having re-\\ncrossed the Balkans, defeats the Turks\\nat Sofia.\\n1879 Jan. 3. Sofia is taken by Gourko.\\nJan. 8-10. Gens. Radetzky and Sko-\\nbeleff defeat the Turks at Senova,\\nnear Shipka Pass, and the war ends.\\nThe army law compels every Bulga-\\nrian to serve 12 years in the army,\\nfour of which shall be in the active\\narmy.\\nJan. 9i. Russians under Gen. Radetzky,\\nhaving crossed the Balkans, take the\\nTrojan Pass.\\nJuly 17\u00c2\u00b1. Russians vacate Bulgaria.\\nAug. 3. The evacuation by Russians is\\ncomplete.\\n1885+ War with Servia respecting\\nrebel refugees and boundaries.\\nNov. 14. Bulgaria, being invaded by\\nServia at four points, Prince Alexander\\nsolicits help from the Turks.\\nNov. 15. The Bulgarians defend the\\nDragoman Pass against 40,000 Servi-\\nans, but soon retire.\\nSevere fighting near Raptcha\\nthe Servians enter the city, and the Bul-\\ngarians retire to Slivnitza.\\nNov. 16. Battle of Trn; the Servians\\nare repulsed.\\nNov. 17. The Bulgarians are de-\\nfeated in northwestern Bulgaria, be-\\ntween Kula and Widdin.\\nThe Servians renew the battle at Trn\\nand take many prisoners.\\nNov. 17-19. Alexander defeats the\\nServians under King Milan at Slivnitza.\\nNov. 19. Alexander orders the evacu-\\nation of Eastern Rumelia on the\\ndemand of Turkey.\\nNov. 21. Complete victory of the\\nBulgarians in engagements near the\\nDragoman Pass.\\nNov. 23. The Servians are again de-\\nfeated near Zaribrod, and the city is\\noccupied by the Bulgarians.\\nNov. 24. Servians have left Bulgaria\\nand retreat to Pirot, Servia.\\nNov. 26,27. Prince Alexander, fighting\\nhis way, finally occupies Pirot.\\nNov. 27. Servians besiege Widdin a\\nBulgarian rally is repulsed.\\nNov. 28. Austria procures an armistice.\\n1S86 Mar. 3. Peace is signed by the\\ntwo Governments.\\nAug. The soldiers revolt in favor of\\nthe provisional Government.\\nSep. 8. Sofia, the capital, is in a state\\nof siege on the retirement of Prince\\nAlexander.\\nOct. 28. Sofia is again in a state of\\nsiege.\\nNov. 1, 2. Russian sailors land from\\nthe war-ships at Varna.\\nCHURCH.\\n1878 The Bulgarian missions of the\\nAmerican Board report recent rapid\\nprogress.\\n1881 Loftcha becomes a mission of\\nthe American Methodists.\\n1883 A Methodist Episcopal Girls High\\nSchool is founded in Loftcha.\\nMethodist Episcopal Literary and\\nTheological Institute is founded in\\nSistof.\\n1884 Varna becomes a mission-sta-\\ntion of the Methodist Episcopal Church\\nof America.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S79 June 5. Eng. Prince Alexan-\\nder is received by Queen Victoria.\\n1881 June 21. Zancoff and other\\nLiberals are arrested for insulting\\nAlexander in their election addresses.\\nJuly 23. Zancoff and other Liberals\\nare again arrested.\\nSTATE.\\n1S76 Oct. 9. London. Zancoff and Ba-\\nlabanow, Bulgarian delegates, are re-\\nceived with enthusiasm.\\nDec. A conference of great powers\\nat Constantinople vainly seeks pledges\\nto prevent Turkish atrocities in Bul-\\ngaria.\\n1877. Mar. 31. London. Bepi\\ntives of six great powers sign a pro-\\ntocol making ineffective demands on\\nTurkey to recede from its cruel course.\\n1878 Mar. 3. The peace of San Ste-\\nfano, on the Marmora, near Constanti-\\nnople, is concluded between Russia and\\nTurkey.\\nIt provides that Bulgaria shall re-\\nmain a principality tributary to Turkey,\\nbut to have a Christian prince with a\\nseparate administration and militia, and\\naccept a Kussian occupation by 50.000\\nmen for two vears. fit is much modified\\nby the Treaty of Berlin.]\\nJune 13 -July 13. Congress of Berlin.\\nThe powers limit the principality of\\nBulgaria to the country between the\\nDanube river and the Balkan moun-\\ntains, yet including Sofia and its terri-\\ntory. The southern portion of Bulga-\\nria, with its boundaries reduced, is left\\nunder the immediate rule of Turkey,\\nwith the title Province of East Ru-\\nmelia. and is to have a separate militia,\\nand administration by a Christian gov-\\nernor-general only in specified cases\\nare regular Turkish troops to enter it.\\nThe Russian troops to evacuate East\\nRumelia and Bulgaria inside of nine\\nmonths and Rumania inside of a year.\\n(Ploetz.)\\nOct. 29. A petition having 50,000 Bul-\\ngarian signatures protests against the\\ndivision of Bulgaria.\\nNov. 11. A meeting of Bulgarians is\\nheld at Philippopolis to oppose the work\\nof the commission for organizing East-\\nern Rumelia.\\n1879 Feb. 22+. The first National\\nAssembly, or Assembly of Notables,\\nmeets at Tirnova by adjournment the\\nnew Constitution is presented. It in-\\nvests a single chamber, called the So-\\nbranje, with the legislative power.\\nApr. 28. The Assembly closes.\\nApr. 29. The Assembly for the election\\nof a prince convenes. Prince Alexan-\\nder of Battenberg is elected Prince\\nof Bulgaria as Alexander I. by the\\nNotables.\\nJuly 5. AlexandervisitsConstantinople.\\nand receives the berat of investure,\\nand then sails for Varna.\\nJuly 6. Alexander arrives at Varna.\\nJuly 8. Alexander arrives at Tirnova.\\nJuly 9. Alexander I. takes the oath to\\nmaintain the Constitution, at Tirnova.\\nAug. 15\u00c2\u00b1. The Ministry issues a\\nmanifesto, in which it proposes to\\nprevent disorders and organize internal\\ngovernment.\\nSept. 5\u00c2\u00b1. A monster meeting at Tirnova\\nvotes a want of confidence in the\\nMinisters because of their unconstitu-\\ntional acts.\\nNov. 2. The Prince opens the As-\\nsembly of Notables.\\nNov. 3. The large majority of Liberals\\nin the Assembly occasions the resig-\\nnation of the Ministers.\\nDec. 18. The National Assembly is\\ndissolved. Alexander appoints a Min-\\nistry with M. Bourmof, president.\\n1SS0 Apr. 4. Alexander opens the\\nAssembly of Notables.\\nNov. 1. The second Assembly of the\\nNotables opens.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0578.jp2"}, "579": {"fulltext": "BULGARIA.\\n1876, Oct. 2-1887, Jan. 567\\n1881 May 9. Alexander dissolves\\nthe Assembly of Notables, and declares\\nthe Constitution is superseded. It is\\nan arbitrary and irregular procedure.\\nJune 27. Elections are held for the Na-\\ntional Assembly.\\nJuly 13. The National Assembly\\nmeets, and accepts the proposals of Alex-\\nander, and votes to give him arbitrary\\npower for seven years.\\nSept. 28 i. An amnesty for political\\noffenses is offered.\\n1883 Mar. 15. Gen. Skobeleff and\\nM. Kypriak organize a new Ministry.\\nRussian influence causes a lib-\\neral reaction against Alexander it is\\nproposed to restrain the power of the\\nPrince by a new Constitution.\\nSept. 16+. The National Assembly is\\nin session.\\nSept. 20. Alexander issues a manifesto\\nrestoring the original Constitution.\\nOct. 26. Alexander dismisses Col.\\nRedigher Minis ter of War, and other\\nRussiau officers.\\nNov. 15\u00c2\u00b1. The strained relations with\\nRussia are relaxed.\\nDec. 14. The amendment to the\\nConstitution is adopted.\\n1884 May* -June* Servia complains\\nagainst the reception of rebel refugees\\nby Bulgaria, and disputes the national\\nboundary.\\nJuly 13. The Zancoff Ministry re-\\nsigns Karaveleff as bis successor, or-\\nganizes a new Ministry.\\nSept. 11. Alexander announces a com-\\nmission to elaborate a Constitution.\\nSept. -Oct. Bulgaria protests against\\nthe Servian raids.\\nSept. 18\u00c2\u00b1. The reunion of Bulgaria\\nwith Eastern Rumelia is announced,\\nBulgarians forming the chief part of\\nthe population they rise up, and over-\\nthrow the Turkish government.\\nOct. 27- The regular session of the\\nSobranje, or popular Assembly, opens.\\n1885 Sept. 17. The governor-general\\nof Eastern Rumelia is deposed, and\\nthe union of that province with Bulga-\\nria is proclaimed.\\nOct. 15 Bulgaria and Rumelia make\\npreparations for war, but cease their\\nactivity by advice of the Great Powers.\\nNov. 13. Servia issues a declaration\\nof war against Bulgaria, alleging cer-\\ntain aggressions. (See Army.)\\nNov. 14. Alexander denies the allega-\\ntions of Servia, in a circular note to the\\npowers.\\nNov. 19. Alexander yields to the au-\\nthority of the Sultan, and orders the\\nevacuation of Eastern Rumelia by\\nBulgarian troops.\\nNov. 28. Austria procures the suspen-\\nsion of hostilities.\\nDec. 2\u00c2\u00b1. Servia makes unacceptable\\nproposals of peace.\\nDec. 21. An international commis-\\nsion signs a protocol.\\n1S86 Jan. 12. The Powers present a\\ncollective note requiring Greece, Bul-\\ngaria, and Servia to disarm.\\nJan. 16\u00c2\u00b1. A collective note to secure\\npeace in the Balkans is disregarded\\nGreece and Servia refuse to disarm.\\nJan. The Powers sanction a nominal\\nunion of Eastern Rumelia with Turkey,\\nwhile it is virtually united with Bul-\\ngaria Prince Alexander is to govern\\nfor five years as the representative of\\nthe Sultan.\\nFeb. 2. The decree of the union of\\nEastern Rumelia with Bulgaria is pro-\\nmulgated.\\nFeb. 4. Great Britain, France, and Italy\\napprove the Tureo-Bulgarian agree-\\nment.\\nMar. 3. A treaty of peace is signed\\nat Bucharest by Bulgaria and Servia,\\nyet the latter refuses to enter a treaty\\nof friendship, or to resume diplomatic\\nintercourse.\\nThe Porte ratifies the peace be-\\ntween Bulgaria and Servia.\\nMar. 15\u00c2\u00b1. Alexander demands the\\ngovernorshi p of Eastern Rumelia for life.\\nMar. 17. The National Assembly\\nratifies the peace.\\nApr. The Western Powers unite in\\na conference at Constantinople for\\na settlement of the Turco-Bulgarian\\nquestion.\\nApr. 5. The Powers sign a protocol of\\nthe modified agreement concerning the\\nunion of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia.\\nThe Powers agree to nominate Prince\\nAlexander as governor of Eastern Ru-\\nmelia for a term of five years.\\nApr. 8. Prince Alexander accepts the\\nproposed governorship conditionally.\\nJune 14i. The National Assembly\\nconvenes, with deputies present from\\nEastern Rumelia.\\nAug. 7. Alexander renounces the\\nthrone, as Russian influence is against\\nhim.\\nAug. 20. The Revolution. Soldiers\\nand officers occupy the palace and seize\\nthe Prince and his Ministers.\\nIt is a movement of the pro-Russian\\nparty. The chief conspirators are ex-\\nMinister Zancoif, Maj. Grueff, Clement\\nthe Metropolitan, and Col. Stojanoff.\\nAug. 21. The abdication of Alexander\\nis announced.\\nEvening. A provisional govern-\\nment is announced under the presi-\\ndency of Clement.\\nAug. 24. Alexander is taken out of\\nthe country.\\nAug. 28. Alexander starts to return,\\na counter-revolution having opened the\\nway.\\nAug. 25. The officers of the rebel gov-\\nernment are either prisoners or\\nfugitives.\\nAug. 29. Alexander is cordially wel-\\ncomed on his return to Rustchuk be\\nissues a proclamation.\\nAug. 30. Alexander makes his last\\nattempt to conciliate the Czar.\\nSept. 1. Alexander arrives at Philip-\\npopolis.\\nSept. 3. Alexander arrives at Sofia.\\nSept. 4. Ex-Miuister Zancoff and\\nother conspirators are released from\\nprison.\\nAlexander is forced to submit to\\nRussia, and announces his intention to\\nabdicate.\\nSept. 6. A regency is nominated,\\nconsisting of Stambuloff, Mutkuroff,\\nand Karaveloff.\\nSept. 7. Alexander formally re-\\nnounces the throne, as Russian influ-\\nence is against him, after confiding to\\na regency the executive power.\\nSept. 8. Alexander leaves Sofia.\\nSept. 25. Gen. Kaulbars, the agent of\\nRussia, arrives, and introduces a policy\\nof intimidation.\\nOct. 4. The Radoslavoff Ministry op-\\npose Gen. Kaulbars.\\nOct. Gen. Kaulbars fails to dominate\\nthe Bulgarians.\\nOct. 10. An election of members for\\nthe National Assembly gives a majority\\nfor the Regency Vote, 400-20 only 78\\nmembers favor the Zancoff rebellion.\\nOct. 18. The unpopular Russian policy\\nis abandoned.\\nOct. 20. The Regency resist the effort\\nof Gadban Effendi, the Turkish envoy,\\nto secure delay by impugning the elec-\\ntions.\\nNov. 1. The National Assembly\\nopens, and the rebel officers are set free.\\nGen. Kaulbars makes threats a\\nsmall force of Russians lands at Varna.\\nNov. 4. A pro-Russian insurrection\\nis attempted at Bourgas, but fails.\\nNov. 10. The National Assembly\\nelects Prince Waldemar of Denmark\\nas Prince of Bulgaria.\\nRegent Karaveloff resigns, and\\nZifkoff succeeds him.\\nNov. 13. Waldemar declines.\\nNov. 20\u00c2\u00b1. Gen. Kaulbars, having re-\\nceived no answer to his ultimatum,\\nleaves Bulgaria, and the Russian con-\\nsuls also depart.\\nDec. 23. Stambuloff and others form\\na loyal provisional government at\\nTirnova, and issue a manifesto in the\\nname of the Prince, Alexander I,\\nDec. Three delegates are sent to visit\\nthe Courts of great Powers. [They are\\nfavorably received at London and Paris,\\nunofficially received at Vienna and Ber-\\nlin, but not received at St. Petersburg.]\\nDec. Russia recommends the Prince\\nNicholas of Mingrelia to Bulgaria.\\nAug. The proclamation of the provis-\\nional government, under Zancoff, is dis-\\navowed by the army and people in\\nvarious towns.\\nDec. The rebel soldiers protect the\\nrebel government from the enraged\\npeople.\\n1887 Jan. 18. It. The insurgents\\ndelegates are received at Rome.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0579.jp2"}, "580": {"fulltext": "568 1887, Peb. 22-1894, Jan. 30. BULGARIA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1887 Mar. 1, 2. The military revolt\\nat Silistria in northeast Bulgaria.\\nMar. 3. The military revolt at Rust-\\nchuk on the Danube. Many persons are\\nkilled in the uprising.\\nMar. 4. The people assist the militia in\\nsuppressing the revolt at Rustchuk.\\nSofia is again, in a state of siege.\\nMar. 6. Several leading insurrection-\\nists are executed at Rustchuk.\\nMar. 8, 9. Many insurrectionists are\\nimprisoned at Rustchuk.\\nSep. The state of siege at Sofia is\\nclosed.\\nNov. 16\u00c2\u00b1. E.Jium. Seventeen soldiers\\nare killed in the suppression of an in-\\nsurrection at Stara-Zagora.\\n1889 July 20. At Dennrisch, near\\nAdrianople, the Russian agents are\\ncollecting deserters from the Bulga-\\nrian army.\\nAug. 23. Bulgaria purchases 10,000,-\\n000 cartridges and 50,000 rifles.\\n1890 Feb. 1. Army officers are ar-\\nrested.\\nNov. 7. Prince Alexander, formerly\\nof Bulgaria, is elevated to the rank of a\\nfull colonel in the Austrian service.\\n1893 Dec. 1. A Bulgarian ex-army\\nofficer is arrested at Sofia, confessing\\nthat he had been engaged by Panslavists,\\nGrujeff and Bendereff, to bill Prince\\n.Ferdinand.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1889 July 9. Prince Nicholas, once can-\\ndidate for the throne, A42.\\n1893 Nov. 17. Prince Alexander, of\\nBattenberg, ex-Prince of Bulgaria, A36.\\nCHURCH.\\n1889 Jan. The Government quar-\\nrels with the Church.\\nJan. The Holy Synod meets at Sofia,\\nand its members refuse to call on\\nPrince Ferdinand or the Premier, Stam-\\nbuloff.\\nJan. The Government is offended at the\\nattitude of the prelates, and declares\\nthe Synod illegal because of irregular-\\nity in the election of some of its mem-\\nbers, and orders it to disperse.\\nJan. 11. The prelates are conducted to\\ntheir homes by a military guard.\\n1890. May 21. Bishop Theodosius\\nis expelled from Uskuto for trying to\\neffect a revolt in Macedonia.\\nAug. 30. The Exarch, with Premier\\nStambuloff s approval, appeals to the\\nCzar of Russia to adopt a conciliatory\\npolicy toward Bulgaria.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1887 Mar. 31. An assassin shoots M.\\nMantoff, prefect of Rustchuk.\\nAug. The Bulgaria publishes a libel\\nconcerning the German Consul, Herr\\nLoper.\\nSept. The Government causes a retrac-\\ntion to be published, and suppresses the\\npaper.\\nOct. 7. Political riots occur at Plevna,\\nwith 10 deaths.\\n1888 July 8. Macedonian brigands\\ncarry off two railroad officials to secure\\nransom money.\\nJuly 15. The Government takes pos-\\nsession of the Bellova-Vakarel rail-\\nroad, for the alleged purpose of pro-\\ntecting it from brigands.\\n1889 May 16. Five brigands are\\nhanged at Sofia.\\nJuly\u00c2\u00b1 Mohammedans raise disturb-\\nances in Rasgrad.\\nOct. 21. Eng. Prince Ferdinand\\nvisits London.\\nNov. 22 The marriage of Prince\\nFerdinand to Princess d Alencon is\\nabandoned.\\n1890 Jan. 3. All of the persons ac-\\nquitted of complicity in a recent Pa-\\nnitza conspiracy, with one exception,\\nare expelled from Bulgaria.\\nFeb. 5. A plot is discovered among\\nBulgarian officers, inspired by Russians\\nadverse to Prince Ferdinand.\\nFeb. 8. Five conspirators implicated\\nin a plot to kill Prince Ferdinand are\\nshot.\\nFeb. 9. A Russian is under arrest\\nat Rustchuk for complicity in the con-\\nspiracy.\\nFeb. 20. A Russian plotter is arrested,\\nwith documents in his possession com-\\npromising Gen. Ignatieff and several\\nRussian consuls.\\nFeb. 26. The birthday of Prince\\nFerdinand is celebrated at Sofia.\\nMar. 20. Major Panitza confesses to\\nconspiracy against Prince Ferdinand\\nin order to reconcile Bulgaria and\\nRussia.\\nMay 15. Trial of Major Panitza begins\\nat Sofia.\\nMay 21. Major Panitza denies that\\nRussia was implicated in the plot against\\nPrince Ferdinand.\\nMay 30. Major Panitza is sentenced\\nto death, nine others to varying terms\\nof imprisonment.\\nJune 20. The Court of Cassation con-\\nfirms the sentences passed upon Major\\nPanitza and the other conspirators.\\nJune 28. Major Panitza, the conspira-\\ntor, is shot at Sofia.\\n1891 Feb. 11. Three men are arrested\\nat Sofia on suspicion of plotting\\ntreason.\\nMar. 27. M. Baltcheff, Minister of\\nFinance, is shot at Sofia by an unknown\\nassassin, while walking with Premier\\nStambuloff.\\nMar. 28. Thirty persons are arrested\\nin Sofia on suspicion of complicity in\\nthe assassination of the Minister of\\nFinance.\\nMar. 29. The funeral of the assas-\\nsinated Minister of Finance, Balt-\\nchetf, is conducted with great pomp at\\nSofia.\\nMar. 30. Several arrests are made of\\nsuspected complicity in the killing of\\nthe Minister of Finance.\\nApr. 4. Prince Ferdinand and his\\nmother, Princess Clementine, receive\\nletters threatening their death unless\\nthey leave the country the Minister\\nof Foreign Affairs is threatened with\\nassassination.\\nApr. 7. M. Socbovukopf, the Kavass of\\nthe Russian Agency at Sofia, is expelled\\nfrom Bulgaria for sending threaten-\\ning letters to Prince Ferdinand and\\nothers.\\nApr. 11. It is reported that a reward\\nof 20,000 florins has been paid to a\\nHungarian, whose name is not revealed,\\nfor detecting the murderers of the Min-\\nister of Finance.\\nJuly 15. Two students are arrested\\nin Sofia who confess that they are the\\nmurderers of M. Baltcheff, Minister of\\nFinance.\\nThey accuse Dr. Tzatcheff Dr. Moloff,\\nand Col. Kissoff of hiring them to com-\\nmit the deed these three are also placed\\nunder arrest.\\n1892 Jan. 14. Plots against the life\\nof Prince Ferdinand are discovered.\\nFeb. 25. An attempt is made to assas-\\nsinate the Bulgarian agent at Con-\\nstantinople.\\nApr. 24. Fifteen conspirators against\\nthe Government are arrested.\\nApr. 29. Another plot is discovered\\nagainst the lives of Prince Ferdinand\\nand Premier Stambuloff.\\nJuly 8\u00c2\u00b1. The trial of the conspirators\\nagainst the life of Prince Ferdinand and\\nseveral officials of high rank takes place\\none witness confesses the details of the\\nplot. [July 27. Four are hanged.]\\n1893 Feb. 14. Prince Ferdinand of\\nBulgaria and Princess Marie Louise,\\ndaughter of the Duke of Parma, are\\nofficially betrothed.\\nApr. 20. Prince Ferdinand of Bul-\\ngaria and Princess Marie Louise of\\nParma are married.\\nJune 10. Prince Ferdinand and his\\nbride enter Sofia in state.\\nSTATE.\\n1887 Feb. 22. The Porte accuses\\nZancoff of bad faith, and refuses to\\ntreat with him any longer.\\nFeb. 26. The insurrection breaks out\\nprematurely in Silistria.\\nFeb. 29. Capt. Krivandoff refuses to\\njoin the revolting officers, and seizes the\\nfortress in Silistria for the Govern-\\nment.\\nMar. 4. The Government places Sofia\\nin a state of siege, and makes many ar-\\nrests, including the ex-Regent Karavel-\\noff, and the present Regent, Nikoforoff.\\nMar. At Rustchuk 14 rebels are exe-\\ncuted.\\nApr. 6. The regent and ex-regent are\\nreleased.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0580.jp2"}, "581": {"fulltext": "BULGARIA. 1887, Feb. 22-1894, Jan. 30. 569\\nJune 12. Prince Alexander positively\\ndeclines reelection.\\n-July 4. The Sobranje opens at Tir-\\nnova.\\nJuly 7. The Sobranje unanimously elects\\nPrince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg\\nand Gotha as Prince of Bulgaria.\\nJuly 9. Ferdinand conditionally ac-\\ncepts tlie office.\\nThe Ministry resign.\\nJuly 12. The Stoiloff Ministry is\\nformed.\\nJuly 14\u00c2\u00b1. The Regency withdraws its\\nresignation.\\nAug. 11. Ferdinand assumes office as\\nPrince of Bulgaria.\\nAug. 14. Ferdinand arrives at Tir-\\nnova, the capital, and signs the Consti-\\ntution, and issues a proclamation.\\nAug. 15. Russia protests against the\\nassumption of authority by Ferdinand.\\nAug. 21. Ferdinand is welcomed at\\nFhilippopolis.\\nAug. 22. Ferdinand is welcomed at\\nSofia.\\nTurkey asserts the authority of Fer-\\ndinand is illegal, being contrary to the\\nprovisions of the Treaty of Berlin.\\nAug. 31. The Stambuloff Cabinet is\\nformed, representing both the Liberal\\nand Conservative parties.\\nSept. The Government publishes a con-\\ntradiction to the libelous statement of\\nthe Bulgaria respecting the German\\nconsul, and suppresses the paper.\\nThe state of siege at Sofia ends.\\nOct. 9. The elections return to the\\nSobranje a majority favorable to the\\nMinistry (260-32).\\n1888 Feb.+* Russia issues a circular\\nnote to the powers concerning the ille-\\ngality of Ferdinand s position.\\nFrance and Germany approve Austria,\\nEngland, and Italy are non-committal.\\nMar. 6. The Porte informs the Stam-\\nbuloff Ministry that Ferdinand s posi-\\ntion is illegal.\\nApr.\u00c2\u00b1* Major Popoff, the patriot who\\ndistinguished himself in opposing the\\nconspiracy, is arrested with four other\\nofficers, on the charge of malversation\\nof public money.\\n[He is condemned to four years im-\\nprisonment by a court martial for the\\ncrime of his subordinates.]\\nJune 12. The Liberals in the Ministry\\nwith Stambuloff resign because of the\\ninjustice done to Popoff.\\nJune 24. Ferdinand remits the pun-\\nishment of Popoff, and the Ministry\\nJuly* The boundary of the Servian\\nfrontier is settled.\\nDec. 22. The Stambuloff Ministry is\\nreconstructed.\\n1889 Jan. 4. The treaty with Ser-\\nvia, respecting the boundary lines, is\\nratified.\\nJan.* The Government quarrels with\\nthe Church. (See Church.)\\nFeb. 5, 6. The Premier arrests 60\\nprominent citizens for petitioning the\\nExarch at Constantinople, as construc-\\ntively favoring the rebellion of Zancoff.\\nMar. 12. Prince Alexander of Batten-\\nberg writes to the Bulgarian Govern-\\nment, claiming a million francs as the\\npurchase price of his estates.\\nApr. 13. Bulgarian exiles are plotting\\nan invasion of Bulgaria from Rumania\\nand Russia.\\nSept. 8. The Government orders 33,-\\n000 Berdan rifles and 2,000,000 car-\\ntridges.\\nOct. 16. The Government effects a loan\\nof 25,000,000 francs.\\nNov. 3. Bus. At St. Petersburg the\\nCzar, in an interview with, the Bulga-\\nrian ambassador, presses his right to\\nselect the head of Bulgarian Gov-\\nernment.\\nPrince Ferdinand delivers a speech\\nat the opening of the National\\nAssembly.\\nNov. 12. The Sobranje, in reply to the\\nspeech, from the throne, expresses the\\nhope that the Suzerain power will\\ntake the initiative in recognizing Prince\\nFerdinand as ruler.\\n1890 Jan.* Maj. Panitza, one of\\nAlexander s favorites, conspires to kill\\nPrince Ferdinand, Stambuloff, Mut-\\nkuroff, and Col. Pelroff, chief of staff.\\nFeb. 1. Major Panitza is arrested.\\nFeb. 8. Ferdinand offers to abdi-\\ncate, but his Ministers oppose.\\nFeb. 10. Many arrests made of plotters\\nagainst Prince Ferdinand.\\nFeb. 20. Russia is to be officially rep-\\nresented at the trial of Major Panitza\\nfor conspiracy in Sofia.\\nFeb.* Russia demands 3,000,000\\nroubles from Bulgaria to pay for the\\nRussian occupation during 1878 and 1879.\\nApr. 2. A new quarrel between Bul-\\ngaria and Servia breaks out.\\nApr. 5. Bulgaria yields to Servia s de-\\nmands, and appoints a new diplomatic\\nagent at Belgrade.\\nJune 5. The charges implicating the\\nRussian Government in connection\\nwith the Panitza conspiracy are with-\\ndrawn for lack of proof.\\nJuly 11. The Premier emphatically\\ndenies the rumor that Prince Ferdinand\\nintends to abdicate.\\nJuly 19. Russia is stirring up strife\\nin Bulgaria.\\nAug. 9. Great preparations are mak-\\ning for proclaiming the independence\\nof Bulgaria and electing Prince Ferdi-\\nnand as king on Aug. 15.\\nAug. 10. Russia is still opposed to\\nPrince Ferdinand as the ruler of Bul-\\nAug. 12. Bulgaria refuses to pay the\\ntotal amount of the Russian claims for\\narms and ammunition supplied during\\nthe war with Turkey, on the ground\\nthat the amount due is 100,000 rubles\\nless than the sum demanded.\\nSept. 7. The elections result in a great\\ntriumph for the Government.\\nOct. 9. Russia refuses to recognize\\nthe right of Prince Ferdinand to rule\\nBulgaria.\\nOct. 27. Ferdinand opens the So-\\nbranje in person.\\nHe says that the Government plans\\nto perfect the army, construct railways\\nbetween Sofia and Tirnova and Kasit-\\nchan, conclude treaties of commerce\\nand friendship with the Sultan, grant\\nberats to Bulgarian bishops, etc.\\n1891 Mar. 27. M. Baltcheff, the\\nMinister of Finance, is assassinated at\\nSofia.\\nMar. 31. The Government offers\\n$5,000 for the securement of the assas-\\nsins of the Minister of Finance.\\nNov. 21. Russia demands that Bul-\\ngaria arrest 13 alleged Nihilists now in\\nthat country.\\nDec. 14. The Sobranje passes measures\\nfor pensioning of Prince Alexander.\\nFrance breakes off diplomatic rela-\\ntions with Bulgaria. (See France.)\\n1892 Jan. 5. The Government re-\\nfuses the demand of France that it\\nshould withdraw the decree expelling\\nM. Chadourne.\\nJan. 17- The Government has agreed to\\na note from the Porte to France, closing\\nthe Chadourne affair with France.\\nApr. 17. The Government requests the\\nPorte to demand of Russia the extradi-\\ntion of the alleged assassins of Dr.\\nValkovitch.\\nApr. 24. Fifteen arrests of alleged\\nconspirators against the Government\\nare made.\\n1893 Dec. 1. The Ministry is to be\\nreorganized.\\n1894 Jan. 30. The brothers Ivanoff,\\ncharged with conspiracy to murder\\nPrince Ferdinand and M. Stambuloff,\\nare sentenced, one to 15 years, the other\\nto three years imprisonment.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1888 May 18. The Salonica railroad\\nis officially opened.\\nJuly 5. The Bulgarian railroad is\\nopened for internal traffic.\\nAug. 12. The Bulgarian railroad is\\nopened to Constantinople, with festiv-\\nities.\\nAug. 14. The first anniversary of\\nPrince Ferdinand is celebrated.\\n1890 June 1. The northern part of\\nSofia is wrecked by a hurricane;\\nmany lives are lost.\\nAug. 14. The third anniversary of\\nPrince Ferdinand s accession to the\\nthrone is celebrated.\\n1892 Apr. 21. Russian papers are\\nexcluded from Bulgaria.\\nOct. 14. Violent shocks of earthquake\\noccur in the Balkans.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0581.jp2"}, "582": {"fulltext": "570 1894, Mar. 9 -Dec. 21.\\nBULGARIA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1894 June 1. Civil war breaks out;\\nthe troops demand the reinstatement of\\nStambuloff as premier.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1894 May 30. A riot occurs in\\nSofia, in consequence of the resigna-\\ntion of the Stambuloff Ministry.\\nMay 31. The rioting in Sofia continues\\nthe mob is fired on by the militia.\\nJune 1. A bloody conflict occurs in\\nSofia between the police and part of the\\nmilitary who declared for Stambuloff,\\nand the troops that stand by Prince\\nFerdinand.\\nSept. 6. Ex-Premier Stambuloff is\\njostled and stoned by a mob in Sofia.\\nSTATE.\\n1894 Mar. 9. M. Stambuloff, Prime\\nMinister, resigns.\\nMay 29. The Stambuloff Ministry\\nresigns, and M. Grecoff is trying to re-\\nconstruct the Cabinet.\\nMay 30. One person is killed and over\\nHO are wounded in a riot in Sofia, pre-\\ncipitated by the resignation of the Stam-\\nbuloff ministry.\\nJune 2. A conspiracy is said to exist,\\nhaving for its object the deposition of\\nPrince Ferdinand, and to place upon the\\nthrone the four-year-old son of the late\\nPrince Alexander, the former Prince of\\nBulgaria.\\nJune 3. Soldiers are patrolling the\\nstreets in Sofia, and the general excite-\\nment is somewhat quieted. The doom\\nof the public offices are sealed.\\nThe capital is peaceful; all public\\nmeetings are prohibited.\\nJuly 6. Ex-Premier Stambuloff is to\\nbe indicted on the charge of abuse of\\npower at Sofia.\\nAug. 27. Ex-Premier Stambuloff in\\nan interview says that he had an offer\\nof half a million rubles from St.\\nPetersburg, if he would depose Prince\\nFerdinand.\\nDec. 21. The Cabinet is reconstructed.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1894 July 27. Earthquakes are felt\\nin Bulgaria.\\nCANADA.\\nThe Dominion of Canada consists of a confederation of the British Provinces of Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick. Nova\\nScotia, Prince Edward Island, Manitoba, British Columbia, and the Northwest Territories. Area, 3,406,542 square miles\\npopulation, in 1891. 4,829,411. Ottawa is the capital, and the Government is administered by a Governor-General appointed by the\\nBritish Crown, assisted by a Privy Council the Parliament consists of two houses a Senate having life-members appointed by\\nthe Governor-General, and a House of Commons having members elected by the people. Each Province has its own Ministry and\\nLegislature.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1501 Gasparo Cortereal captures 57\\nIndians, and takes them to Portugal\\nto be sold as slaves.\\n1598 Fr. The Marquis de la Roche\\nobtains from the king a commission to\\nconquer New France.\\n1607* *-10 Spring. A r 8. Port\\nftoyal is deserted.\\n1614 N. S. The English from the\\ncolony of Virginia descend in force\\nand expel the French, claiming the\\nterritory by right of discovery.\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1497 John Cabot of England dis-\\ncovers Labrador and Newfoundland. He\\nis the first to land on the mainland [of\\nAmerica].\\n1498 Sebastian Cabot of England\\nsails up Davis Strait, seeking a North-\\nwest Passage to China.\\n1500 Gasparo Cortereal, a Portu-\\nguese navigator, visits Newfoundland\\nand Labrador.\\nMiguel Cortereal sails in search of\\nhis brother, who was lost, and is himself\\nlost.\\n1524 Estevan Gomez, a Spaniard,\\nsails for a Northwest Passage to the\\nMaluccas.\\nGiovanni de Verrazano sails along\\nthe coast of North America, from Caro-\\nlina to the St. Lawrence and visiting\\nNewfoundland, lays the basis of French\\nclaims to the island.\\n1527 Robert Thome of Bristol sails\\nin search of the Northwest Passsge and\\nis lost.\\n1534 -35 Jacques Cartier ex-\\nplores the St. Lawrence in an attempt\\nto reach the Pacific.\\n1576 June 8. Eng, Frobisher s ex-\\npedition of discovery sails for the Arc-\\ntic regions in the Northwest.\\n1577 Sir M. Frobisher, seeking the\\nNorthwest Passage, visits Meta Inco-\\ngnita, at the entrance of Hudson Bay.\\nSir Francis Drake of England visits\\nthe west coast, seeking the Northwest\\nPassage from the Pacific.\\n1578 Eng. A fleet of 15 vessels\\nsails from Harwich for Frobisher Strait\\nto find gold.\\n1585 Eng. John Davis sails from\\nDartmouth with two harks to discover\\na Northwest Passage.\\n15S6 John Davis again explores the\\nArctic seas.\\n1587 John Davis sails again, and\\nreaches N. Lat. 72\u00c2\u00b0 41 in Davis Strait.\\n1602 George Weymouth, who is\\nsent out by the Muscovy Company, en-\\nters Hudson Strait, but is stopped by a\\nmutinous crew.\\n1606 John Knight is sent out by the\\nMuscovy Company to find the Northwest\\n1610 -11 Henry Hudson passes\\nthe winter in the north, and is set adrift\\nby his mutinous crew.\\nAug. 2. Hudson enters the strait\\nwhich bears his name, and thinks he\\ndiscovers the Pacific [Hudson Bay].\\n1611* *Sir Thomas Button passes\\nHudson Strait, and winters at Port\\nNelson.\\n1612 Hull and \u00e2\u0096\u00a0William Baffin en-\\nter Cockin s Sound.\\n1615* Ont. Samuel Champlain vis-\\nits Lake Huron.\\nRobert Bylot and Baffin are sent\\nout to examine Hudson Bay in search of\\nthe Northwest Passage.\\n1616 Bylot and Baffin are sent up\\nDavis Strait Wolstenholme s Sound,\\nLancaster Sound, and Baffin Bay are\\ndiscovered.\\n1618* Baffin reaches the 78\u00c2\u00b0 of lati-\\ntude in the bay which bears his name.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1567* Champlain, Samuel de. explorer,\\nfounder, governor, born in France. [1635.\\nDec. 25. Dies. A68.J\\nCHURCH.\\n1534 Jacques Cartier consecrates\\nNew France to Christianity by the\\nerection of a great wooden cross on an\\neminence near the Baie des Chaleur, as\\nif to signify a religious mission in his\\ndiscovery.\\n1578* Batfntand. Master Wolfall, an\\nEnglishman, celebrates a communion on\\nthe shores of Frobisher Strait, the first\\ncommunion recorded in America.\\n1605 It. Leo XI. is elected pope\\n[later Paul V.].\\n1608 Recollect and Jesuit mission-\\naries arrive [and later explore the wil-\\nderness in all directions with terrible\\nhardships, sufferings, and heroism].\\nA T B. De Monts plants his first Jes-\\nuit mission at the mouth of the St.\\nCroix, on Bonn Island.\\n1610 The Order of the Jesuits is\\nconfirmed in certain privileges by De\\nBiencourt.\\n1611 June 12. A r 5. Two Jesuit\\nmissionaries arrive at Port Royal, but\\ntheir work among the Micinacs is frus-\\ntrated by the Government.\\n1612 P. Q. Franciscan monks come\\nfrom France, and preach to the Indians.\\nP. Q. De Biencourt ascends the\\nKennebec with Father Biart, and con-\\nverts the Indians.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0582.jp2"}, "583": {"fulltext": "CANADA.\\n1007, **-1627,**. 571\\n1615 Ont. Le Caron, a Franciscan,\\ncarries the Roman Catholic religion to\\nthe Indians of eastern Maine, and west-\\nward to the Hurons.\\n1619 JV. S. Reformed Franciscans\\nbegin mission-work in Acadia.\\n1621 It. Gregory XV. is elected\\npope. [1623, Urban VIII.]\\n1626 Ont. Fathers Brebeuf and\\nDaniel, Recollects, begin work among\\nthe Hurons.\\nLETTERS.\\n1603 Des sauvages, a work on the In-\\ndian tribes of America, by Samuel de\\nChamplain, appears.\\n1613 -32 Voyages, by Samuel de\\nChamplain, appears.\\n1625 P. Q. The foundation of a semi-\\nnary is laid in Quebec by the Jesuits.\\nLes muses de la Noavelle France, by\\nMarc Lescarbot, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1502 Fr. Cortereal sails again to\\ncapture Indians and obtain a cargo of\\nslaves.\\n1536 May 10. Jacques C artier de-\\ncoys nine Indian chiefs on board his\\nvessel, and sails away for France.\\nSETTLEMENT STATE.\\n1007 JV. Colonies are planted in\\nNewfoundland and Nova Scotia by the\\nNorwegians, but are soon abandoned.\\n1497 June 24. K. S. Prima Vista\\n(Newfoundland or Cape Breton) and the\\ncoast of Canada are discovered by John\\nand Sebastian Cabot in the English ser-\\nvice. It marks the first discovery of\\nthe American continent.\\n1498 Fr. Louis XII. is enthroned.\\n1500 Labrador is visited by Gas-\\nparo Cortereal, a Portuguese he ex-\\nplores the shores of Canada for 600 or\\n700 miles, and discovers and names Con-\\nception Bay.\\n1504 JV. F. The fisheries are much\\nvisited by French and Spanish fisher-\\nJV. S. Cape Breton fisheries are\\nvisited by Breton, Norman, and Basque\\nsailors.\\n1506 The Gulf of St. Lawrence is\\nexamined and sketched by Jean Denys\\nof Honfleur, and Camart of Rouen.\\n1508* P. Q. Thomas Aubert touches\\nat Newfoundland, and thence carries\\nthe French flag up the St. Lawrence\\nRiver. He takes captured Indians with\\nhim on his return to France.\\n1515 Fr. Francis I. is enthroned.\\n1518* A r S. Baron de Leri attempts\\nto plant a colony on Sable Island,\\nbut only succeeds in introducing cattle.\\n1524 New France has its first (tem-\\nporary) settlement, made by the expedi-\\ntion under the French flag by Giovanni\\nda Verrazano.\\n1525 JV. S. A [short-lived] Portu-\\nguese colony is planted at Cape Breton\\nIsland.\\n1534 June -Aug. Jacques Car-\\ntier, a French navigator, with two\\nvessels and 61 men, surveys the coast of\\nNewfoundland, and enters the mouth\\nof the St. Lawrence, on the banks of\\nwhich he plants across surmounted with\\nthe lilies of France.\\n1535 P. Q. Cartier brings a colony,\\nand founds Montreal. [It is soon\\nabandoned.]\\nOct. 2. P. Q. Cartier arrives at\\nHochelaga (Montreal), having ex-\\nplored the great river to this point in-\\nformation is received of the Great Lakes.\\n1536 Ont. Cartier again explores\\nthe upper St. Lawrence country, arid\\ntakes possession of it for France.\\n1540 Jan. P. Q. The French, hav-\\ning failed with two colonies, abandon\\nthe colonization of the southern\\ncoast, and turn northward. The Mar-\\nquis de la Uoque obtains a commission to\\nestablish a colony on the St. Lawrence.\\n[A colony of criminals is sent out and\\nfails.]\\n1541 -1627 New France is a\\nvice-royalty.\\nMay 22. Fr. Cartier sails from St.\\nMalo with five ships belonging to an\\nexpedition of De la Roque. [He visits\\nthe St. Lawrence, and founds the\\nfortress at Charlesbourg.] The colonists\\nare chiefly noblemen and amateurs, and\\nmany of them are robbers, swindlers,\\nand murderers.\\n1542 June* Fr. Cartier returns\\nwith his ships.\\n1547 Fr. Henry II. is enthroned.\\n1549 P. Q. Francis de la Roque\\n(Roberval) again attempts to colonize\\nCanada. [Unsuccessful.]\\n1559 Fr. Francis II. is enthroned.\\n1560 Fr. Charles IX. is enthroned.\\n1574 Fr. Henry III. is enthroned.\\n1578 May -Sept. Frobisher\\nmakes his third voyage, having afleet\\nof 16 sail and 100 colonists, [Failure.]\\nJune Eng. Sir Humphrey Gilbert\\nreceives his charter to any territory be\\nmay discover.\\n1583 Aug. 5. Sir Humphrey Gilbert\\ntakes possession of Newfoundland\\nfor Great Britain.\\n1586 Labrador. John Davis, on\\nhis second voyage, visits Labrador.\\n1587 Can. Davis, on his third voy-\\nage, discovers the Cumberland Is-\\nlands, London coast, Lumley s Inlet\\n(Frobisher Strait).\\n1589 Fr. Henry IV. is enthroned.\\n1592 Spaniards under Juna de\\nFnca visit the northwest coast of the\\nAmerican Continent.\\n1598 Fr. Henry IV. grants the Edict\\nof Nantes, by which toleration is given\\nto Protestants.\\nJV. S. The Marquis de la Roche se-\\ncures a patent for a colony in New\\nFrance (Nova Scotia) from Henry IV.\\n[La Roche establishes a colony, chiefly\\ntaken from the prisons of France, on\\nSable Island.]\\n1600 Fr. Chauvin of Rouen, and\\nPontgrave of St. Malo, undertake to\\nestablish a colony of 500 persons in New\\nFrance. [They are driven back by the\\nseverity of the winter.]\\n1603 Fr. Samuel Champlain is\\ncommissioned by a company of French\\nmerchants of Rouen to explore the\\ncountry of the St. Lawrence, and estab-\\nlish a trading-post.\\n1605 Nov. 14. JV. S. De Mbnts es-\\ntablishes the first permanent French\\nsettlement in the country at PortRoyal\\n(Annapolis) in Acadia.\\nIt is the only active settlement except\\nthose in Central and South America,\\nafter 100 years of exploration.\\n1608 July 3. P. Q. The first per-\\nmanent settlement in Canada is made\\nat Quebec, a semi-military and semi-\\nreligious enterprise, led by Samuel\\nChamplain.\\nJV. S. The De Monts and their\\nsuccessors develop the island and the\\nshore of tbe mainland.\\n1610 Fr. Louis XTTT. is enthroned.\\n1612* Fr. The Protestant Prince\\nConde becomes viceroy of the\\nFrench Empire in North America.\\nP. Q. Champlain visits the St. Law-\\nrence as an explorer and trader.\\n1613* P. Q. Champlain explores the\\ncountry north of the St. Lawrence.\\n1614* *JV. S. Virginia colonists break\\nup the French settlements. (See Amer-\\nica.)\\n1615 Me. The French under De\\nSaussaye plant a mission-station on\\nMount Desert Isle.\\nChamplain visits Lake Huron.\\n1616 July* P.Q. Champlain returns\\nto Quebec from his explorations north\\nof the St. Lawrence.\\n1621 Sir William Alexander ob-\\ntains from the crown of Scotland a pa-\\ntent for all Acadia, under the title of\\nNova Scotia. [An unsuccessful attempt\\nis made at colonizing.]\\nOnly 48 French settlers remain in\\nCanada.\\n1622 Samuel Champlain is gov-\\nernor of Canada.\\n1623 JV. S. Scotch colonists sent\\nout by Sir William. Alexander arrive in\\nNova Scotia, but return when they find\\nFrench adventurers already established\\nthere.\\nJV. S. The French frustrate tbe at-\\ntempt to plant an extensive English\\ncolony.\\n1627 *-63 New France is under\\nthe rule of the Hundred Associates.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1611 June 21. Henry Hudson, his\\nsons, and five others are sent adrift by\\nhis mutinous crew [and perish in Hud-\\nson Bay].\\n1615 JV. S. Capt. Argall of Va.\\nburns the deserted hamlet of Port\\nRoyal in Acadia he destroys every\\nbuilding of a French colony at the\\nmouth of the St. Croix River.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0583.jp2"}, "584": {"fulltext": "572 1627, -1692, Feb.\\nCANADA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1628 Sir David Kirk, with au Eng-\\nlish squadron, captures the first ships\\nsent with stores for the subsistence of\\nChaniplain and the French settlers.\\nSamuel de Champlain repulses\\nDavid Kirk in his attempt to capture\\nQuebec Port Royal falls into the hands\\nof the English.\\n1629* *The English take Quebec\\nfrom the French. All Canada is surren-\\ndered to the English.\\n1632 Quebec and all Canada are re-\\nduced by the English.\\nCanada, Acadia, and Cape Breton are\\nrestored to France.\\n1636 Ont. The less warlike Hurons\\nare driven from the peninsula of Upper\\nCanada by the Iroquois Indians.\\n.1649 The Huron Indians are mas-\\nsacred at St. Ignatius by the Iroquois.\\n1654* N. S. Oliver Cromwell\\nsends a strong force against the\\nFrench.\\n1659 July 26. P. Q. Indians mas-\\nsacre more than 1,000 people at Mon-\\ntreal.\\n1666 Jan. P. Q. The French ex-\\npedition of Courcelles and Tracy goes\\nagainst the Mohawk Indians.\\n1668 P. Q. Peace is made between\\nthe French and the Five Nations.\\n1671 Ont. The region of Lakes Huron\\nand Superior is taken for France.\\n1673 July Ont. Fort Frontenac is\\nbuilt.\\n1681 La Salle erects Fort St.\\nLouis, on the Illinois River.\\n1682 Ont. The French attack and\\ncapture all the Hudson Bay Com-\\npany s trading-posts.\\n1684 A long war begins between\\nthe Five Nations and the French, chietly\\non the upper lakes.\\nThe French Jesuits repeatedly fail to\\npersuade the Five Nations to break their\\npeace with the Dutch and English.\\nThe French erect a fort at the Falls of\\nNiagara. Under De la Barre they in-\\nvade the country of the Iroquois, but\\nthe mighty Mohawks and the brave\\nOneidas drive them back with much\\nslaughter.\\n1687 June 13. P. Q. Denonville\\nleaves Montreal to attack the Senecas\\nin New York. [Driven back.]\\nThe French attempt to form an alli-\\nance with all Indians as far as the\\nMississippi.\\n16S9* *-97* *King William s war\\nwith the French a part of the general\\nwar against Louis XIV.\\n1689 P. Q. Comte Louis de Buade\\nFrontenac assumes the offensive,\\nand makes three descents upon the\\nEnglish settlements.\\nOne party of 110 under De Mantel,\\nSainte H61ene, and D Iberville, burns\\nSchenectady, N. Y. the second party\\nof 52 arc under Ilertel de ltouville at\\nSalmon Falls, N. H\u00e2\u0080\u009e while the third\\ndevastate Casco Bay, Me. (See Amer-\\nica.)\\nAug. 4, 5. Q. The Iroquois attack\\nLachine.\\nAug. 25. Q. The Isle of Montreal\\nat Lachine is surprised by 1,500 Iro-\\nquois; 200 inhabitants are massacred,\\nand 200 more are taken captive.\\nN. Y. Gov. Donegan is ordered by\\nthe English Ministry to protect the\\nFive Nations from the French.\\n1690 Apr. S. The English under\\nAdm. Phips seize Port Royal [Annapo-\\nlis].\\nOct. 16. Q. A Massachusetts fleet\\nof 34 vessels, under the incompetent\\nPhips, arrives before Quebec.\\nOct. 21. P. Q. The invaders reembark\\nfor Boston without making an attack.\\nOct. Part of the returning New England\\nfleet is wrecked.\\nNov. U. S. The exhausted and debt-\\nburdened colonies of England content\\nthemselves with the defense of their\\nfrontiers against the French.\\n1691 P. Q. Maj. Schuyler makes a\\nraid on the French settlements on\\nthe Sorel. (See America.)\\n1692 Feb.* P. Q. The French go\\nagainst the Mohawks.\\nFrontenac sends 300 French with In-\\ndians against the hunting parti\\nSenecas in Upper\\ntkes to subdue t\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1631 Capts. James and Fox are sent\\nto find the Northwest Passage Luke\\nFox discovers Fox Channel touches\\nCape Peregrine. James discovers\\nJames s Bay and New South Wales.\\n1663 Feb. 5. A remarkable earth-\\nquake occurs.\\nIt continues at intervals for more than\\nsix months. Mountains and rivers dis-\\nappear, and new lakes are formed.\\n1669* P. Q. Robert de la Salle\\nleaves Montreal, and begins his explo-\\nrations.\\nLouis Joliet explores the Great Lakes.\\n1680* Louis Hennepin visits the\\nfarthest sources of the St. Lawrence.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1661* Iberville Pierre le Moyne d\\\\\\ncommander, born. [1706. Dies. A45-]\\n1688* Vincennes, de. Jean Baptiste\\nBissot. Sieur, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1632* The conversion of the heathen\\nis committed solely to the Jesuits.\\n1633 P. Q. Jesuit missionaries resume\\nwork in the St. Lawrence Valley.\\n1634* Ont. The Jesuits, Brebeuf and\\nDaniel, join the barefoot Hurons on\\ntheir returning from Quebec to their\\nown. country.\\n_47 The wilderness is visited by\\n42 Jesuit missionaries and IS assis-\\ntants.\\n1636 Fifteen Jesuit missionaries\\nare among the Indians.\\n163S Eminent French Catholics en-\\ndow a public hospital for Indians,\\nand three nuns are sent to serve it.\\n1639 An Ursurline convent for the\\neducation of girls is established at ^u*-\\nbec.\\n1640 Kev. Jean Jacques Olier,\\npriest of St. Sulpice, Paris, forms a com-\\npany, with Sieur de Maisonneuve gov-\\nernor.\\nIt purchases the island of Montreal\\nfrom Associate Lauson for a mission-\\nsite. [1041 Forty men arid live nuns\\nare sent as far as Quebec. 1 12. May 17.\\nMontreal is consecrated by Father Vi-\\nmont and Madame de la Peltrie and\\nMile. Mance begin their work.]\\nOnt. Charles Raymbault and\\nClaude Picart labor in the Huron Mis-\\nsions, and carry the gospel to the In-\\ndians of Michigan.\\n1641 Oct. 4. Ont Two French Jesu-\\nits. Father Charles Raymbault with\\nFather Isaac Jogrues, are sent to con-\\nvert the Chippeways on the Great Lakes.\\nStarting from Sault Ste. Marie, for sev-\\nenteen days they sail westward; and on\\nlanding they are met by two thousand\\nChippeways, who welcome them.\\n1642 Father Jognes, the French Jes-\\nuit, is captured by the Mohawk Indians,\\nand made their slave; yet he opens a\\nmission, in which he has 70 converts\\nwhen rescued.\\n1644 Out. Father Francis Joseph\\nBressani, a French Jesuit, is captured\\nand tortured by the Iroquois, when en\\nroute to the Hurons.\\nIt. Innocent X. is elected pope.\\n1648 Ont. The Iroquois burn the Hu-\\nron mission at St. Joseph s, on Lake\\nSimcoe, and kill Father Daniel, the\\nmissionary.\\n1649 Ont. The Iroquois sack the\\nmission at St. Ignace, on Georgian\\nBay, and torture the pious Father Bre-\\nbeuf with distressing ingenuity his\\ncompanion, Gabriel Lallemand, lingers\\nfor 17 hours in terrible sufferings.\\n1655 It. Alexander VH. is elected\\npope.\\n1656* Ont. Two French mission-\\naries begin work among the Ottawas\\nby request of the chiefs. One is mor-\\ntally wounded in an attack by the Iro-\\nquois, and both are captured.\\n1658 P. Q. The vicarate apostolic\\nof Quebec is founded.\\nFrancois de Laval-Montmorency is\\nconsecrated bishop of Petra and vicar-\\napostolic. [1674. Translated to Quebec]\\n1660 Aug.* Ont. Father Rene Me-\\nnard, an aged man, responds to the re-\\nquest of the Indians, and opens a mission\\nnear Keweenaw, where he is neglected,\\npersecuted, and finally dies.\\n1664* P. Q. The Island of Mon-\\ntreal is given to the religious Order of\\nSt. Sulpice by a royal grant.\\n1665 Sept.* Ont. Claude Allouez\\ngoes to Montreal, intending to return to\\nthe mission left vacant by the death of\\nMesnard. [He opens a mission among\\nthe Chippeways on the shores of Lake\\nSuperior.]\\n1667 Aug.* Father Lewis Nich-\\nols goes to the Indians of the northwest.\\nIt. Clement IX. is elected pope.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0584.jp2"}, "585": {"fulltext": "CANADA.\\n1627, **-1692, Feb.\\n573:\\n1668* Ont. The [celebrated] Father\\nMarquette leaves Quebec, in company\\nwith Father Le Bcesme, to join the\\nOttawa mission.\\nOnt. Sault Ste. Marie is founded by\\nFather Marquette at the entrance of\\nLake Superior.\\n1669 P. Q. A mission for the Iro-\\nquois is begun opposite Montreal by\\nFrench Jesuits.\\n1670* Ont. Father Andre* is in\\ncharge of the Ottawa tribes on the islands\\nand shores of Lake Huron, and Father\\nDruillettes enters the work at Sault\\nSte. Marie.\\nIt. Clement X. is elected pope.\\n1671 Ont. Father Henry Nouvel\\nenters the mission-work at the Falls of\\nSte. Marie.\\n1672 Ont. Many of the Ottawas\\nsettle at Marquette mission.\\n1674 P. Q. The diocese of Que-\\nbec is founded.\\nFrancois de Laval-Montmorency be-\\ncomes the first Roman Catholic\\nbishop of Quebec, his see extending\\nfrom Maine to Louisiana.\\n1675 Ont. The Recollects are ac-\\ntive, and Louis Hennepin is among\\nthem.\\n1676 Rivalry appears between the\\nJesuits and other orders.\\nIt. Innocent XI. is elected pope.\\n1680* Ont. Father Hennepin is\\ncaptured by the Sioux, and attempts\\nmission-work among them, but without\\n1683 P. Q. Mission of St. Francis\\nde Sales is established at the Falls of\\nthe Chaudiere; the work spreads into\\nMaine.\\n1688 P. Q. Bishop Laval resigns\\nJohn Baptist de la Croix Chevrieres de\\nSt. Vallier is consecrated bishop for the\\nR. C. diocese of Quebec.\\n1689**/;. Alexander VLTI. is elected\\npope. [1G91, Innocent VII; 1700,\\nClement XI.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1632* *-72* Les Relations Je suites\\nare issued.\\n1641 P. Q. The Ursuline Convent is\\nfounded at Quebec.\\n1663 P. Q. Bishop Laval founds a\\nseminary at Quebec for training young\\npriests.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1639* P. Q. The Hotel Dieu is\\nfounded in Montreal for the cure of the\\nsick, by the Duchess of Aiguillon.\\nSTATE.\\n1627 Fr. The charters for planting\\ncolonies in New France are revoked,\\nand the French Empire in America is\\ncommitted to the One Hundred Associ-\\nates, with Samuel Charaplain governor.\\nIt obtains a perpetual monopoly of the\\nfur-trade, besides the commercial con-\\ntrol for 16 years. Cardinal Richelieu is\\nthe ruling spirit.\\nP. Q. The colony of Quebec is\\ntransferred to the* One Hundred Asso-\\nciates under Cardinal Richelieu.\\n1628 Fr. The Edict of Nantes is\\nagain confirmed, to the great joy of\\nProtestants.\\n1629 P. Q. Quebec falls into the\\nhands of the English in the reign of\\nCharles I.\\nN. S. James Stewart settles a small\\nEnglish colony at Cape Breton.\\n1632 Mar. 29. Canada, Acadia, and\\nCape Breton are restored to the\\nFrench by the Treaty of St. Ger-\\nmain- en-Lay e\\n1635 P. Q. The Island of Montreal\\nis given to M. de Lauson, an Associate.\\n1637 M. de Montmagny succeeds\\nChamplain as governor of Canada.\\n1643 Fr. Louis XTV. is enthroned.\\n1647 M. de Ailleboust is appointed\\ngovernor of Canada.\\n1648 P.Q. The entire Island of Mon-\\ntreal becomes the property of the Sul-\\npioians of Paris by royal grant.\\n1649 Fng. The Commonwealth is\\nset up.\\n1651 M. de Lauson is appointed\\ngovernor of Canada. [Later, M. de\\nArgenson and M. de Avaugour succeed\\nhim, and are the last governors for the\\nHundred Associates.]\\n1654 A r S. Cromwell sends over a\\na strong force to protect the colonists.\\n1656 Fng. Cromwell grants Aca-\\ndia and Nova Scotia to St. Fjtienne and\\nothers.\\nFr. The seigniority of Montreal is\\nceded to the Seminary of St. Sulpice in\\nParis. [1657. It takes possession a con-\\nflict of proprietors ensues.]\\n1658 Fng. Kichard Cromwell is\\nProtector.\\n1660 Eng. Charles LE. is enthroned.\\n1663 Feb. 14. Fr. The Hundred As-\\nsociates surrender their charter, and\\nNew France becomes a royal prov-\\nince, with De Mesy governor.\\n-1763 Canada is under the rule\\nof the French Crown.\\n1664 Can. Courcelles becomes gov-\\nernor of New France much emigration\\nand rapid growth ensiie.\\n1665 Father Claude Allouez car-\\nries the gospel among the Chippeways\\nof the far West, and claims the country\\nfor France.\\nP. Q. The Marquis de Tracy ar-\\nrives at Montreal with a regiment of\\nFrench soldiers, to protect the settlers.\\nThe government of New France is in\\nthe hands of three officers, a governor,\\na bishop, and an intendant.\\n1667 July 25. Holland. By the Treaty\\nof Breda Nova Scotia is ceded to France.\\nZacharia Gillam passes through Hud-\\nson Strait, and builds a fort on Prince\\nRupert River.\\n1669 Ont. Robert Cavelier, Sieur\\nde la Salle, leaves Montreal and begins\\nhis explorations.\\nLouis Joliec explores the Great Lakes.\\n1670 May 2 The Hudson Bay Com-\\npany is chartered its territory is as\\nlarge as all Europe.\\n1671 June The French hold a great\\ncongress at the Falls of St. Mary, with\\nIndian envoys from distant tribes, and\\ninform them that they are under the\\nprotection of the French flag.\\n1672 P. Q. Comte de Frontenac,\\nthe new governor, arrives at Quebec.\\n1673 P. Q. Jacques Marquette, ac-\\ncompanied by a few Frenchmen and Al-\\ngonquins, sets out for the discovery of\\nthe Mississippi River, of which he has\\nreceived some rumors.\\n1675 May 13. Fr. Louis IV. grants\\nLa Salle a manor at Fort Frontenac\\n(Kingston).\\n1676 Ont. La Salle returns as pro-\\nprietor of a large tract near Fort Fron-\\ntenac.\\n1678 Fr. Comte de Frontenac,\\nis appointed governor of Canada.\\n16S1 La Salle descends the Missis-\\nsippi River. His companions are Tonti,\\nan Italian veteran, and Louis Hennepin,\\na Franciscan.\\nApr. 9. La Salle reaches the mouth\\nof the Mississippi River, and sets up\\na cross and the arms ot France, having\\ndescended from the confluence of the\\nIllinois River to the Gulf of Mexico he\\ncalls the great valley Louisiana. [One\\nof the most remarkable exploits in the\\nhistory of America.]\\n1682 **Frontenac is recalled to\\nFrance; Barre is his successor.\\n1683 Nov. La Salle returns from his\\nexplorations.\\n1684* Fr.. The Mississippi Company\\nis established in favor of La Salle.\\n1685 Denonville becomes governor.\\nEng. James II. is enthroned.\\nFr. The Edict of Nantes is revoked,\\nand quickens the emigration of Protes-\\ntants, yet ruins the colonial policy of\\nFrance.\\n1687 French diplomacy aims to per-\\nvade the West, and concerts an alli-\\nance with all Indians to the Mississippi.\\n1688 The French census shows a pop-\\nulation of 11,249 colonists the Eng-\\nlish colonies have 20 times as many.\\n1689 Fng. William ILL and Mary\\nare enthroned.\\nFrontenac again becomes governor,\\nand decides to make a triple descent\\nupon the English colonies.\\n1690 The English colonists meet in\\nCongress in Rhode Island to devise\\nretaliation and protection against the\\nFrench they resolve to attempt the\\nconquest of Canada.\\n1692 Jan. 26. iV. S. Acadia (Nova\\nScotia) becomes a part of Massachusetts.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1679 May* Ont. The Grijfin is.\\nlaunched on Lake Erie, the first vessel\\nto sail the Great Lakes.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0585.jp2"}, "586": {"fulltext": "574 1692, July 2-1766, Feb.\\nCANADA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1692 Nov. 26. N. S. Port Royal\\n[Annapolis] surrenders to a French\\nship.\\nMaj. Schuyler leads a successful\\nwar-party of Iroquois against the\\nFrench settlements beyond Lake\\nChamplain.\\n1693* P. Q. Frontenac leads a\\nFrench expedition against the Mohawks.\\n1694 P. Q. Frontenac conducts his\\nlast campaign against the Iroquois.\\n1696 July 28. P. Q. The French\\nunder Frontenac for the last time\\ninvade northern New York. [They are\\ndefeated by the colonists and their Iro-\\nquois allies.]\\n1700 Sept. 8. P. Q. A treaty of peace\\nis made with the Iroquois at Montreal.\\n1701 Aug. 4. P. Q. The French make\\na treaty with the Iroquois.\\n1702 *-13 Queen Anne s War,\\nbetween French and English it is known\\nin Europe as the War of the Spanish\\nSuccession.\\nIII. The French vacate their post\\non the Illinois.\\n1707 iV. S. Massachusetts attempts\\nthe conquest of Acadia by a costly\\nexpedition.\\nMay U. S. Two regiments leave Nan-\\ntucket, Mass., to attack the French at\\nPort Royal [Annapolis, N. S. The at-\\ntempt to bombard the fort fails].\\n1708 P. Q. A war-council at Mon-\\ntreal resolves to invade New Eng-\\nland.\\nAug. 30. N. H. The French and Indi-\\nans surprise Haverhill on the Merri-\\nmac, killing 40 and carrying away 100\\nprisoners.\\n1709 U. S. The English colonies pre-\\npare to aid a British fleet in the con-\\nquest of Canada; the fleet fails to\\narrive.\\n1710 Sept. -Oct. N. S. The Con-\\nquest of Acadia [Nova Scotia] by the\\nEnglish. (See America.)\\nAug. A truce is effected between\\nEngland and France.\\n1713 Mar. 31. Belgium. The Peace\\nof Utrecht ends the hostilities with\\nCanada.\\n1719* *War between France and\\nSpain.\\n1720 A 7 S. The French begin the\\ndefenses of Louisburg.\\n1726 Ont. The French retake Fort\\nDenonville, near Niagara river.\\nN. Y. The French build Fort Niag-\\nara [at Lewis ton].\\n1731 JST. Y. The French establish a\\nfortress at Crown Point. (See Amer-\\nica.)\\n1735 Apr.\u00c2\u00b1 A/a. The French send\\none expedition from the South and\\nanother from the North against the\\nbrave Chickasaws. [Both expeditions\\nare defeated.] (See America.)\\n1744* *-48* *King George s War\\nbetween Great Britain and France.\\nMar. 15. France declares war against\\nGreat Britain.\\nMay Me. A French force from Cape\\nBreton surprises the garrison at Canso,\\nand destroys the fort.\\n1745 June 17. N. S. Louisburg, the\\nchief stronghold of the French in Amer-\\nica, is taken by 4,000 colonists from\\nNew England, led by William Pepperell,\\na wealthy merchant of Maine.\\nNov. 16. T. The French and In-\\ndians surprise the village of Saratoga.\\n1746 Aug. 20. Mass. The French and\\nIndians take Fort Massachusetts; a\\npart of the prisoners are massacred.\\nX. S. A French fleet having arrived,\\nthe English colonists abandon their\\nprojected conquest of Canada.\\n1747 Jan. 31. X. S. The French re-\\npel the English in the battle of Minas.\\nFeb. 4. K. S. Col. Noble is surprised\\nat Grand Pre\\\\\\nJune P. Q. The English make a raid\\ninto Montreal.\\n1748 17. The Indians are defeated\\nby the English at Marlborough.\\n1749 Out. Fort Rouille [Toronto]\\nis built.\\n1750 Apr.* N.S. A question of boun-\\ndaries excites hostilities between the\\nFrench and English in Acadia.\\n1752 0. The French destroy the\\nEnglish trading-post at Pickawillany.\\n1754 Apr. 18. Pa. The French cap-\\nture the Virginians and their stockade\\n[at Pittsburg], and proceed to erect Fort\\nDu Quesne on the same site.\\nMay 28. Pa. Col. George Washing-\\nton with a force of Virginians surprises\\na French force under M. Jumonville at\\nGreat Meadows the leader and 10 of\\nhis men are killed, and 22 survivors are\\ncaptured.\\nJuly 4. Pa. A French force defeats\\nCol. Washington at Fort Necessity\\nthe Virginians capitulate.\\nAug. 27. N. Y. The French and In-\\ndians break up all the English settle-\\nments at Hoosick and Schaghticoke.\\n1755 -63 The French and In-\\ndian W a r, between England and\\nFrance a part of the seven years con-\\nflict in Europe. It is a struggle to ac-\\nquire supremacy in the New World.\\n(See America, p. 6S.)\\nSept. 5. X. S. The exile of the Aca-\\ndians is announced. (See p. GS, 70.)\\n1756 May 17. Eng. After fighting the\\nFrench for two years, Great Britain\\nmakes an open declaration of war.\\nJune 9. France formally declares war\\nagainst Great Britain. (See America.)\\n77/. The French construct a system\\nof forts in the interior, westward, near\\nthe Illinois River.\\n1757 The French seem triumphant\\neverywhere.\\nThe campaigns of the last two yeai-s\\nhave been disgraceful to the British\\nflag; imbecility of the management and\\ncowardice is the cause. France now pos-\\nsesses 20 times as much American terri-\\ntory as England.\\n1758 July 26. S. England takes\\nNova Scotia.\\nAfter a siege of a few weeks Louisburg\\ncapitulates to Gens. Wolfe and Amherst;\\nCape Breton, Prince Edward Island, and\\nnearly G,(XMJ prisoners (all to the ISrilish.\\nAug. 27- Out. The liritish under Col.\\nJohn Bradstreet take Fort Frontenac\\n(Kingston;, also 46 cannon, 9 vessels of\\nwar, and a large military store.\\nV- Montreal is surrounded by\\nwalls.\\n1759 June 21. P. Q. The English\\nfleet approaches Quebec.\\nJune 27. P. Q. Gen. Wolfe lands an\\narmy of about 8,000 a few miles below\\nQuebec. A French force of 13,000 is in\\nthe city.\\nJune 30. P. Q. Gen. Wolfe takes pos-\\nsession of Point Levi, where he pro-\\nceeds to erect batteries.\\nJuly 18. P. Q. Some of Wolfe s vessels\\npass above Quebec.\\nJuly 25. P. Q. Fort Niagara capitu-\\nlates to the British under Sir William\\nJohnson after a bloody battle.\\nFrench communication between Can-\\nada and Louisiana is forever broken off.\\nGen. Prideaux is killed by the bursting\\nof a gun during the siege.\\nJuly 31. P. Q. Gen. Wolf e is checked\\nin an impetuous assault on the French\\nat Quebec, in which he loses 400 men.\\nA Y. The French abandon the\\nimportant fortress at Crown Point, and\\nsurrender the valley of the Champlain\\nwithout a battle.\\nSept. 13. P. Q. The first battle on the\\nPlains of Abraham.\\nAfter a siege of 69 days Quebec is as-\\nsaulted and the French defeated Gen.\\nWolfe falls with his third wound, and\\nthe equallv brave French general, Mont-\\ncalm, is mortally wounded. Great Brit-\\nain wins a vast empire by a single battle,\\none of the most momentous victories\\nin the annals of mankind. (Bancroft.)\\nSept. 18. P. Q. Quebec capitulates to\\nthe English.\\n1760 Apr. 28. P. Q. The French\\n(temporarily* defeat the English in a\\nsecond battle on the Plains of Abra-\\nham.\\nMay 16. P. Q. English reenforcements\\narrive, and the French retire from\\nQuebec.\\nSept. 8. P. Q. Montreal falls into the\\nhands of Gen. Amherst, at the head of\\nthree powerful armies.\\nAmherst approached the city from up\\nthe river, while Murray ascended from\\nbelow, and Havilami marched from the\\nLake Champlain region.\\n1763 Feb. 10. The treaty of Paris\\ncloses the French and Indian War. by\\nwhich France loses the greater part of\\nthe American continent.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1694 P. Q. A company of amateur\\nactors give a theatrical performance at\\nQuebec.\\n1719 The Hudson Bay Company sends\\nout an exploring expedition under\\nJames Knight and Barlow, to dis-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0586.jp2"}, "587": {"fulltext": "CANADA.\\n1692, July 2-1766, Feb. 575\\ncover copper-mint s it is lost on Marble\\nIsland.\\n1731 May 19. Man. Verendre sets\\nout to explore the far West, and, visits\\nManitoba.\\n1741 Capt. Christopher Middleton\\nvisits Wagner Inlet and Repulse Bay, in\\nthe Arctic region.\\n1742 -43 Verendre and bis sons\\ndiscover the Rocky Mountains.\\n1746 Wagner Bay is visited by Capts.\\nMoore and Smith.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1708* Laval-Montmorency, Francois Xa-\\nvier de, the first II. C. bp. of Quebec, A86.\\n1724 Carleton, Sir Guy, governor, born.\\n1736* Vincennes. de, Jean Eaptiste\\nBissot, Sieur, founder of Vincennes,\\nIndif\\nA48.\\n1759 Sept. 13. Wolfe, James, general,\\nvictor at Quebec, A32.\\nMontcalm. Gozon de Saint-Veran, de,\\nLouis Joseph, ^lavqius, general, the van-\\nquished at the battle of Quebec, A47.\\nCHURCH.\\n1701 June* Mich. De la Motte Car-\\ndillac, with a Jesuit missionary and 100\\nFrencb, is sent from Canada to occupy\\nDetroit.\\nJesuits try to live with the Iroquois\\n[remaining eight years].\\n1710 The Jesuits have become the\\nprotectors of the natives against the\\ncolonists.\\n1714* Religious liberty is granted\\nto Komau Catholics by the British.\\n1717 French priests have flanked\\nthe English colonies with more than 60\\nmissions lying between Montreal and\\nNew Orleans on the great lakes and\\nrivers.\\n1720 Pierre Francois Xavier Charle-\\nvoix, the Jesuit missionary, arrives.\\n1721 Mich. The Mackinaw mission\\nis reopened by the Jesuits.\\nIt. Innocent XHE. is elected pope.\\n[1724. Benedict XHI. 1730. Clem-\\nent XH. 1740. Benedict XTV. 1758.\\nClement XHI.]\\n1728 P. Q. Louis Francis Duplessis\\nde Mornay is consecrated bishop for\\nthe R. C. diocese of Quebec.\\n1734 p. Q, Pierre Herman Dosquet\\nis consecrated bishop of the R. C. dio-\\ncese of Quebec. [1740, Francis Louis\\nde Pounoy de l Auberiviere. 1741.\\nHenry Mary Dubreuil de Pontbriand.]\\n1737 *P.Q. The Order of Grey Nuns\\nis founded at Montreal.\\n1752* Labrador. The Moravian mis-\\nsionaries arrive.\\n1755* *N. S. About 7,000 Catholic\\nAcadians are banished and scattered\\namong the English colonies, for refus-\\ning to take the oath of supremacy to\\nthe King of England, as their spiritual\\nhead.\\n1763* N. B. The first Baptist\\nchurch in British America is formed\\nat Nei\\nLETTERS.\\nI744 History of New France, by\\nPierre Francois Xavier de Charlevoix,\\nappears.\\n1751 N. S. The Halifax Gazette is\\nissued at Halifax.\\n1764 P. Q. The Gazette is issued at\\nQuebec.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1693 P. Q. The general hospital\\nis established at Quebec.\\n1776 Loyalists from the American\\nColonies begin to arrive, and are aided\\nby the Government.\\nSTATE.\\n1692 Nov. 26. Nova Scotia is again\\nunder the French flag.\\n1694* *Eng. William HI. is sole\\nsovereign.\\n1696 July 2S. JST. V. The French\\nunder Frontenae for the last time in-\\nvade northern New York. [They are de-\\nfeated by the colonists and their Iro-\\nquois allies.]\\n1697 Netherlands. Treaty of Rys-\\nwick; France is to retain all of Hud-\\nson Bay and the places held at the\\nbeginning of the war.\\n1699 Callieres becomes governor.\\n1700 Sept. 8. A treaty is made with\\nthe Iroquois.\\n1701 Iberville makes his third voy-\\nage from France to the Gulf of Mexico.\\nAug. 4. The French make a treaty with\\nthe Iroquois.\\n1702 Eng. Anne is enthroned.\\n1703 Vaudreuil becomes governor.\\n1708 A war-council at Montreal re-\\nsolves to invade New England with\\nan expedition of Indians and 100 picked\\nCanadians led by French officers.\\nThe French press forward their great\\ndesign of uniting the region of the Great\\nLakes with the valley of the Mississippi\\nby means of trading-posts and mis-\\nsions.\\n1712 Anthony Crozart secures a\\nmonopoly of the Mississippi Company s\\nbusiness for five years.\\n1713 Apr. 11. Netherlands. ThePeaee\\nof Utrecht ends hostilities with Canada.\\nHudson Bay, Newfoundland, and Nova\\nScotia are surrendered to the English,\\nthe French retaining only the valleys of\\nthe St. Lawrence and the Mississippi.\\nThe disputes between the French and\\nEnglish colonies continue.\\n1714 Eng. George I. is enthroned.\\nN. S. Gen. Nicholson is governor.\\n[1717, Gen. Philips 1724, Col. Lau-\\nrence Armstrong 1740, Capt. Paul Mas-\\ncarene 1749, Lord Cornwallis 1752,\\nPeregrine Thomas Hopson; 1753, Maj.\\nLawrence.]\\n1715* Fr. Louis XV. is enthroned.\\n1721 Pierre Charlevoix descends the\\nMississippi.\\n1726 Beauharnois is appointed gov-\\n1727 Eng. George II. is enthroned.\\n1742 Christopher Middleton and\\nMoore make their discoveries in Hud-\\nson Bay.\\n1746 Marquis de la Gallissonniere\\nbecomes governor.\\n1748 Ger. By the treaty of Aix-la-\\nChapeUe, Cape Breton is restored to\\nthe French in exchange for Madras.\\n1749 _52 Marquis de la Jon-\\nquiere is governor. [1752, Quesne\\n1755, Vaudreuil again.]\\nN S. Great Britain seriously at-\\ntempts to colonize this Province in or-\\nder to checkmate the French more\\nthan 4,000 emigrants with their families\\narrive. Halifax is founded by Gov. Corn-\\nwallis.\\n1753 N. S. Lunenberg, near Hali-\\nfax, is settled by 2,000 Germans.\\n1756 May P. Q. Marquis de Mont-\\ncalm arrives in Quebec, and assumes\\ncommand of the French forces. [He be-\\ncomes the greatest of the governors.]\\n1758 N. S. Great Britain grants a\\nConstitution.\\n1759 Sept. IS. P.Q. Ramezayisgov-\\nernor at Quebec.\\n1760* Eng. George IH. is enthroned.\\nSept. 8. -74* The British hold all Can-\\nada under military rule.\\nN. S. Jonathan Belcher, governor.\\n1762 N. B. The French gain [tempo-\\nrary] possession of St. John.\\n1763 Feb. 10. The Treaty of Paris\\ncloses the French and Indian War [one\\nof the most important and far-reaching\\nin its results].\\nFrance cedes to Great Britain all of\\nCanada, Cape Breton, St. John s Island,\\nand all the islands fringing the coast\\nexcept Miquelon and St. Pierre, which\\nthe French are to hold as fishing-stations.\\nThe 65,000 French Canadians become\\nBritish subjects.\\nOct. 7. N. S. Cape Breton is annexed\\nto Nova Scotia.\\nGen. Murray is appointed governor-\\ngeneral.\\nN. S. Col. Wilmot becomes governor.\\n[1766, Lord William Campbell 1773,\\nFrancis Legge 1782, John Parr; 1792,\\nJohn Wentworth.]\\n1764 N. B. A body of Scotch labor-\\ners and farmers arrive, and settle in\\nthe Miramichi and other districts.\\n1765 Labrador. The coasts are at-\\ntached to Newfoundland.\\nFeb. 27, Mar. 8. Eng. Passage of the\\nStamp Act by Parliament, by which\\nAmericans are alienated. [Mar. 22. It\\nbecomes a law.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1734* P. Q. The population of\\nQuebec and its suburbs amounts to\\n4,603.\\n1749 Eng. Emigrants are sent to\\nNova Scotia at the expense of the British\\ngovernment, and Halifax is founded.\\n1763* *The French population is\\nabout 65,000.\\n1765 May 18. P.Q. Afire in Montreal\\nconsumes 108 houses loss, 8464,000.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0587.jp2"}, "588": {"fulltext": "576 1766,**-1818,**\\nCANADA.\\nARMY STATE.\\n176S X. ,S. Louisburg, Cape Bre-\\nton, is evacuated by the British\\ntroops.\\n1775 Apr. 19-83 Nov. 30. War of\\nthe American Revolution.\\nApr. 19. Mass. The Battle of Lexing-\\nton begins the war 13 colonies rebel\\nagainst Great Britain, but Canada re-\\nmains loyal.\\nSept. 24. P. Q, Col. Ethan Allen,\\nwith S3 men, attempts to take Mon-\\ntreal all are made prisoners.\\nNov. 9. P. Q. Gen. Benedict Ar-\\nnold, with 1,000 men, arrives before\\nQuebec they are deterred from taking\\nthe city by the want of boats.\\nNov. 12. P. Q. The Americans under\\nGen. James Montgomery, having in-\\nvaded Canada, attempt to surprise the\\nBritish and take Montreal.\\nDec. 1. P. Q. Gens. Arnold and\\nMontgomery unite their forces on the\\nSt. Lawrence.\\nDec. 8. P. Q. The siege of Quebec\\nbegins.\\nDec. 30. P. Q. Gen. Montgomery is\\ndefeated and killed before Quebec\\nGen. Arnold continues the fruitless\\nsiege.\\n1776 Mar. P. Q. The Americans\\nare expelled from Canada by Sir Guy\\nCarleton.\\nMay 19. P. Q. Gen. Arnold, with 900\\nAmericans, captures the British post at\\nthe Cedars, releasing 500 American\\nprisoners.\\nMay P. Q. The Americans are de-\\nfeated at Three Rivers.\\nGen. Thomas retreats from Quebec\\nin command of the northern army.\\nJune 2. P. Q. Gen. Thomas dies of\\nsmallpox.\\nJune 15. P. Q. The British retake\\nMontreal from the Americans.\\nXT, S. Gen. William Howe leaves\\nHalifax, and sails with his army for\\nNew York Bay.\\nJune 18. Canada is entirely evacu-\\nated by the Americans, defeated, dis-\\ncontented, dispirited, diseased.\\nOct. 11-13. U. S. A. Sir Guy Carleton\\ndefeats Gen. Benedict Arnold in a naval\\nbattle on Lake Champlain. (See\\nAmerica.)\\nX. S. Col. Graham defends Fort\\nCumberland.\\n1777 Mar. P. Q. Lieut.-Gen. John\\nBurgoyne, the successor of Sir Guy\\nCarleton arrives at Quebec to take com-\\nmand of the British forces in Canada.\\nHe proposes to cut the colonies into\\ntwo sections, by an expedition moving\\nthrough Lake Champlain and down the\\nHudson River,\\nJune 1. X. Y. Gen. Burgoyne, with\\na British force, enters New York via\\nLake Champlain. [June* He advances\\nto Crown ^*oint. Oct. 17. He surren-\\nders his army to the Americans.] (See\\nAmerica.)\\n1812 June 18 -15 Feb. 15. The War\\nof 1812, between Great Britain and the\\nUnited States. (See America, p. 118+.)\\n1814 Dec. 14. Belgium. The war\\nends on paper, by the signing of the\\ntreaty of Peace at Ghent.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1769* *-72* *_V. W. T. Samuel\\nHearne visits the Arctic Region; he\\ncatches a view of the Polar Sea, from\\nthe mouth of the Coppermine River.\\n1771 X. W. T. Hearne follows the\\nCoppermine River down to the Polar\\nSea.\\n1776* Lieut. Pickersgill visits the\\nPolar Sea, to cooperate with Capt. Cook s\\nPacific Expedition.\\n*_80* *Capts. Cook and Clark ex-\\nplore the coast of Bering Strait.\\n1778* *-79* Capt. James Cook\\nseeks the Northwest Passage by way of\\nBering Strait.\\n1783 Oct. 16. A strange darkness\\noccurs about two o clock p.m., continu-\\ning about 40 minutes, and afterward is\\nrepeated, but of less duration.\\n1789 June 3. N.W.T. Sir Alexander\\nMackenzie leaves Fort Chippewyan in a\\nbirch bark canoe, going northward to the\\nPolar Sea.\\nJune 29. N. W. T. Mackenzie discov-\\ners Mackenzie Biver.\\nSept. 12. A 7 W. T. Mackenzie returns\\nfrom exploring Mackenzie River to Fort\\nChippewyan.\\n1790* Capt. George Vancouver\\nmakes explorations along the Pacific\\ncoast.\\n1792 Oct. 10. Mackenzie leaves Fort\\nChippewyan on an expedition [during\\nwhich he ascends the Peace River,\\ncrosses the Rockies, and reaches the\\nPacific].\\nOre. A Boston ship enters the mouth\\nof the Oregon River, and the captain\\nnames it the Columbia.\\n1793 July 22. Mackenzie arrives at\\nthe Pacific.\\nAug. 24. Mackenzie arrives at Fort\\nChippewyan,.\\n1818 Capt. John Ross, in the Isa-\\nbella, visits Lancaster Sound.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1780* Feller. Henrietta, philanthropist, b.\\n1787 Baptist, John, R. 0. bishop of Que-\\nbec, dies.\\nPapineau, Louis .Joseph, politician and pa-\\ntriot, born.\\n1791 Kobinson. Sir John B., jurist, born.\\n1792 Nelson, Wolfred. physu-ian, born.\\nDurham, J. G. Lambton. lord, gov.-gen., b.\\n1793 Head, Sir Francis Bond, traveler,\\nlieut.-gov. Upper Canada, born.\\n1795 Ma. kenxie. William 1.., insurgent, b.\\n1796* Haliburton. Thomas Chandler.\\n1798* MacNab, Sir Allan Napier, states-\\nLogan, Sir Win. Edniond, geologist, born.\\n1799* Faillon, Michel Etienne, Sulpician\\nmonk, publisher, born.\\n1800* Caron, Rene Edouard, statesman,\\nborn.\\n1803* Ryerson, Adolphus Egerton, edu-\\ncator, born.\\n1 804 Medley, John P., bp. of N. B., b.\\n1805 Read, Sir Edmund Walker, gov-\\nernor-general, born.\\nEerland, Jean Baptist* Anloine, historian.\\n1807 Hlncks, Sir Francis, statesman, b.\\n1608* Carleton. Sir Guy. Lord Dorches-\\nter, governor of Quebec, AJM.\\n1809 (iarneau, Franqou Xavier, histo-\\nrian, born.\\n1811 Elgin. Earl of, James Bruce, gov-\\nernor-general, born.\\n1812 Oct. 13. Brock, Sir Isaac, major-gen-\\neral, A43.\\n1814 Cartier, Sir George Etienne, stales-\\nman, born.\\n1816 Heavvsege, Charles, poet, born.\\n1817* Gait. Sir Alexander Tilloch.\\nstatesman, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1766 P. Q. John Olivier Briand is\\nconsecrated bishop.\\n1769 .V. S. The Burgher Presby-\\ntery of Truro is formed.\\nIt. Clement XIV. is elected pope.\\n1771* Labrador. Nain becomes a\\n-station of the Moravian Bretb-\\n1774 Religious liberty is confirmed\\nby the English to Roman Catholics.\\n1775 It. Pius VT. is elected pope.\\n1778 Oct. 29. X. S. The first Bap-\\ntist church is formed at Horton.\\n17S0 Methodism is introduced by\\na local preacher.\\n1781 Ont. On the death of the two\\nmissionaries at Mackinaw the Jesuit\\nmissions in the Northwest come to a\\nclose.\\n1782* Labrador. Hopedale becomes\\na Moravian mission-station.\\n1784* P. Q. Louis Philip Marian-\\ncheau d Esglis is consecrated bishop\\nfor the R. C. diocese of Quebec.\\n1787 Nova Scotia is erected into a\\nbishopric of the Church of England.\\nP. Q. The first congregation of Pres-\\nbyterians is formed in Quebec.\\n1788 P. Q. John Francis Hubert\\nis consecrated bishop for the R. C. dio-\\ncese of Quebec.\\n1790 P. Q. A Presbyterian congre-\\ngation is formed in Montreal.\\n1791* Eng. The Clergy Re-\\nserves are established by Parliament.\\n(See State.)\\n1792* P. Q. St. Gabriel Street\\nPresbyterian church is erected in\\nMontreal, [probably the oldest Presby-\\nterian church in America].\\n1793 P. Q. .The first presbytery is\\nformed in Montreal.\\nThe Protestant Episcopal bishop-\\nric of Canada is established.\\nP. 0. A Protestant bishop of Que-\\nbec is appointed by the home Govern-\\nment.\\n1794* P. Q. The first Baptist\\nchurch in the province is formed at\\nCadwelFs Manor, near Vermont.\\n1797 P. Q. Pierre Denaut is conse-\\ncrated bishop for the R. C. diocese of\\nQuebec.\\n1793* *_ 1841 Ont. Robert Mc-\\nDowell, a Presbyterian minister, or-\\nganizes a congregation in this Province.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0588.jp2"}, "589": {"fulltext": "CANADA.\\n1766, **-1818,** 577\\n1800 It. Pius VH. is elected pope.\\nX. S. Organization of the first Bap-\\ntist Association in Nova Scotia and\\nNew Brunswick, at Granville.\\n1803 P. Q. The first Baptist Asso-\\nciation is formed in this province.\\n1S04 P. Q. A Protestant cathedral\\nis erected at Quebec.\\n1806 P. Q. Joseph Octave Plessis is\\nconsecrated bishop of the R. C. diocese\\nof Quebec.\\n1817* X. S. The Presbyterian\\nChurch of Nova Scotia is formed by\\nthe union of the Burgher and Anti-\\nBurgher presbyteries.\\n1818 An attempt to unite all the\\nPresbyterian churches into one body\\nfails of success.\\nJV. S. The Roman Catholic dio-\\ncese of Halifax is established.\\nLETTERS.\\n1778 P. Q. The Weekly Gazette is\\nissued at Montreal.\\n1783 X. S. The Royal Gazette is\\nissued at Halifax.\\n1788 X. S. King s College is founded\\nat Windsor.\\n1797* Out. A grant of 500,000 acres\\nof unoccupied land is set apart for the\\npurpose of establishing and endowing a.\\nuniversity and four royal foundation\\ngrammar schools.\\n1805 P. Q. The Mercury is issued at\\nQuebec.\\n1307 X.F. The Royal Gazette is is-\\nsued at St. Johns.\\n1808 P, Q. Le Canadien is issued at\\nMontreal.\\nThe Weekly Herald is issued at Mon-\\ntreal.\\n1810* Ont. The Weekly News is is-\\nsued at Kingston.\\n1813 X. S. The Acadian Recorder is\\nissued at Halifax.\\nP. Q. James M Gillof Montreal dies,\\nand bequeaths his property to the found-\\ning of a college.\\nSTATE.\\n1766 Mar. 18. Eng. The Stamp Act\\nis repealed.\\nSir Guy Carleton becomes governor-\\ngeneral.\\n1770 The government of Prince Ed-\\nward Island is separated from that of\\nNova Scotia. Capt. Walter Patterson\\nbecomes the first governor.\\n[1775-80, Calbeck de Brisay, adminis-\\ntrator 1780, Capt. Patterson 1786, Geo.\\nE. Fanning; 1805+ Col. J. F. W. De\\nBrisay; 1813, C. D. Smith; 1824, Col.\\nReady.]\\n1773 X. S. A legislative assembly is\\nconstituted.\\nJV. S. Celtic settlers arrive.\\n1774* *-91* Canada is governed\\nunder the Quebec Act.\\nEng. The Quebec Bill passes Parli-\\nament it grants unusual concessions\\nto the Catholics of Canada, to secure\\ntheir fidelity during the revolt of the\\nEnglish colonists.\\nThe old French laws are declared bind-\\ning in respect to civil rights and prop-\\nerty, while the English criminal laws\\nare to be enforced, and the Catholics\\nare secured in their religion.\\n1776 July Col. Guy Johnson holds a\\nconference with the Indians at Mon-\\ntreal many chiefs agree to support the\\nking s cause against the colonists [but\\naccomplish very little].\\n1778 Br. Col. Nootka Sound (Van-\\ncouver Island) is discovered by Capt.\\nJames Cook.\\nGen. Frederick Haldimand be-\\ncomes governor-general.\\n1781 Br. Col. Vancouver Island,\\nnear the Pacific coast, is first settled.\\n1783 May 18. X. B. A large body of\\nLoyalist settlers from the United States\\narrive. [Total, nearly 50,000.]\\nSept. 3. Eng. Great Britain acknowl-\\nedges the independence of the United\\nStates.\\n1784 Nova Scotia is divided into\\ntwo Provinces by the erection of the\\nProvince of New Brunswick, with Col.\\nThomas Carleton governor. Cape Bre-\\nton is also separated, and Sydney be-\\ncomes its capital.\\nP. Q. Gov. Haldimand sends sur-\\nveyors to lay out in great lots the coun-\\ntry along the St. Lawrence and bay of\\nQuinte and near Niagara and Amherst-\\nburg, for the occupation of Loyalist\\nrefugees from the United States.\\n1786 Br. Col. A British settlement is\\nmade on Vancouver Island.\\nLord Dorchester becomes governor-\\ngeneral later, Gen. Prescott.\\n1788 X. B. Fredericton is made the\\ncapital of New Brunswick.\\n1789 Br. Col. The settlement at Van-\\ncouver is seized by Spaniards.\\n1791 -1840 Canada is governed\\nunder the Constitution.\\nCanada is divided into two govern-\\nments, Upper and Lower Canada, and\\na Constitution granted providing for an\\nelective legislature. Total population,\\n150,000 only 20,000 in Upper Canada.\\nP. Q. The wild lands called Clergy\\nReserves are set apart by Parliament\\nas an endowment for the support of the\\nProtestant clergy. The Roman Cath-\\nolic clergy are already endowed. The\\nlands constitute one-seventh of all.\\n[Great irritation follows.]\\n1792 Br. Col. George Vancouver goes\\nto British Columbia to receive the\\nSpanish possessions at Nootka Sound.\\nDec. 17. P. Q. The Parliament of\\nLower Canada firsts meets, in Quebec.\\nOnt. York [Toronto] is founded.\\nJohn Graves Simcoe becomes the\\nfirst governor of Upper Canada.\\n[1796, Peter Russdl (administrator);\\n1799, Gen. Peter Hunter; 1S06, Francis\\nGore 1812, Gen Brock later Gen.\\nSheaffe, Gen. Murray, and Gen. Robin-\\nson, administrators. J\\n1793 May Ont. The second session\\nof the Parliament of Upper Canada\\nis held at Newark.\\nAug. Ont. The seat of government\\nis transferred from Newark to York.\\n1799 Lower Can. Sir R. S. Miles be-\\ncomes governor. [1808, Absentee gov-\\nernor 1824, Sir F. N. Burton.]\\n1S00 A great company of Highland-\\ners arrives at Cape Breton.\\n1807 Sir James H. Craig becomes\\ngovernor-general.\\n1808 X. S. Sir George Provost be-\\ncomes governor.\\n[1811, Sir John Coape Sherbrooke (ad-\\nministrator) 1816, Earl of Dalhousie\\n1820, Gen. Sir James Kempt; 1828, Sir\\nPeregrine Maitland.]\\n1809 X. B. Gen. W. Huntley, adminis-\\ntrator.\\n[1817, Gen. G. S. Smyth 1324, Gen. Sir\\nHoward Douglas 1832, Gen. Sir Archi-\\nbald Campbell.]\\n1811 Scot. Highlanders under the\\npatronage of the Earl of Selkirk set out\\nfor the Northwest [Manitoba].\\nGen. Sir George Provost becomes\\n1S12 June 18. The United States\\ndeclares war against Great Britain.\\nMan. The Highlanders found the\\nSelkirk settlement.\\nRed River Settlement. Capt. Miles\\nMacdonell becomes governor.\\n[1815, Alex. Macdonell; 1822, Capt. A.\\nBulger; 1823, Robert Pelley 1825, Don-\\nald McKenzie 1833, Alex. Christie;\\n1839, Duncan Finlayson 1844, Alex.\\nChristie; 1846, Col. Crofton 1847, Maj.\\nGriffiths; 1848, Maj. Caldwell; 1855,\\nJudge Johnson 1858, Win. McTavish.j\\n1814 Dec. 24. Belghun. A treaty of\\npeace is signed at Ghent.\\n1815 Sir Gordon Drummond is ad-\\nministrator.\\nUpper Can. Francis Gore becomes\\ngovernor.\\n[1818, Sir Peregrine Maitland 1828, Sir\\nJohn Colbome 1S36, Sir Francis Bond\\nHead 1838, Sir George Arthur.]\\n1816 Man. Lord Selkirk arrives with\\nmore Highlanders.\\nSir John Coape Sherbrooke be-\\ncomes governor-general.\\n1817 P. Q. Public agitation against\\nthe Clergy Reserves increases.\\n(See 1791.)\\nX. S. Halifax is declared a free port.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1791* *The population of Lower\\nCanada is about 130,000 that of Upper\\nCanada about 50,000.\\n1803 June 6. P. Q. The church, Jes-\\nuit college, prison, and many other\\nbuildings at Montreal are burned.\\n1811* Ont. The first reliable census\\nis taken; population, 77,000.\\n1815 Sept. P. Q. A fire in Quebec\\ndestroys public and private property to\\nthe value of $1,300,000.\\n1817 P. Q. The Bank of Montreal\\nand the Bank of Quebec are estab-\\nlished, the first in Canada.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0589.jp2"}, "590": {"fulltext": "578 1819, *-1846, Mar.\\nCANADA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1837 Nov. 6. P. Q. The Papineau\\nanti-English rebellion breaks out at\\nMontreal; Louis J. Papineau is leader\\nin Lower Canada, and William L. Mac-\\nkenzie in Upper Canada the revolters\\ncall themselves Fits de la Liberty.\\nDec. Ont. A party of 400 rebels at-\\ntempt to surprise Toronto to gain\\npossession of arms, but are thwarted.\\nDec. 14. Ont. The insurgents are\\ndefeated at St. Eustace by the loyal\\nmilitia under Sir Allan McNab.\\n1838 June 5. Ont. Sir F. B. Head\\ndefeats the insurgents near Toronto.\\nNov. 3. P. Q. The rebellion again\\nbreaks out at Beauharnois.\\nNov. 6. Ont. The insurgent Dr. Wol-\\nfred Nelson and his followers at Na-\\npierville are routed, and many killed.\\nNov. 17. Ont. The insurgents are again\\ndefeated at Prescott, and the insur-\\nrection is suppressed.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1819 Lieut. Wm. E. Parry enters\\nLancaster Sound.\\n1820 Capts. John Franklin, Hood,\\nRichardson, and Sir George Back de-\\nscend the Coppermine River to Corona-\\ntion Gulf, and explore eastward.\\n1821 -23 Parry coasts along the\\neastern shores of Melville Peninsula.\\n1824 -25 Parry explores Prince\\nRegent s Inlet.\\n1825 -27 Sir John Franklin\\nand Sir John Richardson make a sec-\\nond journey northward from Canada to\\nthe Polar seas.\\n1833* *-34* *Back descends the\\nGreat Fish or Black River, from Fort\\nReliance to its mouth.\\n1837* *-39* *Dease and Thomas\\nSimpson, officers of the Hudson Bay\\nCompany, explore the northern coast\\nwestward from Return Reef to Cape\\nBarrow, and eastward from Point Turn-\\nagain, north of Bathurst Inlet, to the\\nCastor and Pollux River.\\n1845 May 19. Eng. Sir JohnFrank-\\nlin sails with the Erebus and Terror in\\nsearch of the Northwest Passage [he is\\nknown to have entered Lancaster Sound,\\nbut never returned].\\n[Thirty vessels have searched for the\\ndiscovery of Franklin, or traces of his\\npresence.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1819* Binney, Herbert, lord bishop of\\nNova Scotia, born.\\n1820 Dawson, John William, geologist\\nand naturalist, horn.\\nCanveau, Pierre J. O., statesman, born.\\nTaschereau, Elzear- Alexandre, cardinal,\\narchbishop of Quebec, born.\\n1824* Kirk, John Foster, historian, editor,\\nborn.\\n1825 Lewis, John T., bishop of Ontario,\\nborn in Ire.\\nPlessis, Joseph Octave, R. C. archbishop of\\nQuebec, dies.\\n1823 Langevin, Sir Hector Louis, states-\\nman, born.\\nDufferin, Earl of. F. T. H. B.. governor-\\ngeneral, born.\\nDouglas, Geo., Meth. -l., font, pres., born.\\n1833 lioss, Alex. Hilton, naturalist, b.\\n1833* *Panet, Bernard Claude, JC. C. an-h-\\nbishop of Quebec, flies.\\n1834* Cornish, Geo. H., Methodist ch, h.\\nCoughlan, Lawrence, Meth. pioneer clergy-\\nman in Nova Scotia, A74.\\n1836* UrigHS, Win., M. K. ebrjo inan, b.\\n1837* De Mille, James, novelist, horn.\\n1839* Frechette, Louis Honored poet, born.\\n1840* Durham, E;nl of, John G. Lambton,\\ngovernor-general, A48.\\nVernor, Henry G., meteorologist, born.\\n1841 Lent, Charles, journalist, historian,\\nborn.\\n1844* Rankin, Arthur MeKee, actor, Sand-\\nwich, born.\\nKiel, Louis, insurgent, born.\\n1845 Lome, Marquis of, John George\\nEdward Henry Doug-las Sutherland\\nCampbell, governor-general, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1810 P. 0. Joseph Octave Plessis\\nis elevated to the archbishopric.\\nOnt. The upper Canada Baptist As-\\nsociation holds its first meeting.\\n1821 The Baptist Association di-\\nvides into the Nova Scotia and New\\nBrunswick Associations.\\n1823 It. Leo XTT. is elected pope.\\n1824 Ont. The Methodist Confer-\\nence of Upper Canada is formed.\\nThe Missionary Society of the Meth-\\nodist Church in Canada is organized.\\n1825 P. 0. Bernard Claude Panet is\\nconsecrated bishop for the R. C. diocese\\nof Quebec.\\n1826* Man. The mission of the\\nChurch (of England) Missionary So-\\nciety is started on the Red River.\\nJan. 27. Ont. The Roman Catholic\\ndiocese of Kingston is established.\\n1827 The Canada Education and\\nHome Mission Society is organized.\\n1828* *The Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch of Canada is organized.\\n1829 It. Pius VIH. is elected pope.\\nP. E. I. The Roman Catholic diocese\\nof Charlottetown is established.\\n1830 Labrador. Hebron becomes a\\nMoravian mission-station.\\nP. Q. The first Baptist Church of\\nMontreal is organized.\\nThe Synod of the Presbyterian\\nChurch of Canada is formed, in con-\\nnection with the Church of Scotland.\\n1831 Two missionaries are sent from\\nEngland by the Bible Christian For-\\neign Missionary Society.\\n1833 P. Q. Joseph Signay is con-\\nsecrated bishop for the R. C. diocese of\\nQuebec.\\nOct. 2. The Methodist Episcopal Church\\nresolves to unite with the Wesley-\\nans.\\nThe Ojibway Methodist missions\\nare placed under the care of the Wes-\\nleyan Missionary Society.\\n1834 The Missionary Presbytery\\nof the Canadas is formed.\\n*-35* Revivals prevail in Baptist\\nchurches in eastern Canada.\\n1836 May 13. P.O. The Roman Cath-\\nolic diocese of Montreal is estab-\\nlished.\\nMr. Wilkes, missionary of the Colo-\\nnial Missionary Society of England, com-\\nOnt. The first meeting of the Ottawa\\nAssociation of Baptist churches.\\n1837 Canada becomes a mission-field\\nof the New Connection Methodists.\\nJoyful Te iJeums are sung in the\\nchurches on the accession of Queen\\nVictoria. But in Lower Canada the\\nFrench Canadians walk out of church\\nduring the singing.\\n1838* X. S. A Baptist society for\\nthe maintenance of foreign missions\\nis organized at Chester.\\n1839 Rev. John Addyman of Eng-\\nland begins organizing church-exten-\\nsion work.\\nIt results in the establishment of 177\\nchurches, having more than 4,000 mem-\\nbers. [They become connected with the\\nMethodist Church.]\\nN. F. The Roman Catholic diocese of\\nNewfoundland is established.\\n1840* Ont. The United Synod of\\nUpper Canada unites with the Synod\\nin connection with the Church of\\nScotland.\\nThe union of Methodist bodies with\\nthe Wesley ans of England is severed,\\nforming the Wesleyan Methodists and\\nBritish Wesleyans [for 7 years].\\n1841 Dec. 17. Ont. The Roman Catho-\\nlic diocese of Toronto is established.\\n1842* *iV r B. The Roman Catholic dio-\\ncese of St. John is established.\\n1843 The Canada Baptist Union\\nis formed.\\n1844 P. Q. The Roman Catholic\\narchdiocese of Quebec is created\\nJoseph Signay, acting archbishop.\\nSept. 21. X. S. The Roman Catholic\\ndiocese of Arichat is established.\\nScotch Presbyterians are divided,\\nfollowing the action of the parent\\nchurch.\\nOnt. The Young Men s Christian\\nAssociation is organized in London by\\nGeorge Williams, a junior clerk in a dry-\\ngoods house.\\nLETTERS.\\n1S20 X. S. The Xova Scotian is is-\\nsued at Halifax.\\n1821 P. 0. M Gill College (Prot.) is\\nfounded at Montreal.\\nX. S. The corner-stone of Dalhousie\\nCollege (Prot.) is laid in Halifax.\\nP. Q. The Protestant University of\\nMontreal is founded.\\n1825* *P.Q. The M Gill College (Prot.)\\nis made a university.\\n1S26 Ont. The Journal is issued at\\nSt. Catharines.\\nP. Q. La Minerve is issued weekly at\\nMontreal.\\n1827 Ont. The University of To-\\nronto (King s College) is founded.\\nA movement is started which results\\nin the issue of the Baptist Missionary\\nMagazine.\\n1828* X. B. King s College is\\nfounded at Fredericton.\\nOnt. The Sentinel Star is issued at\\nCobourg.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0590.jp2"}, "591": {"fulltext": "CANADA.\\n1819,* \u00e2\u0080\u00941846, Mar.*. 579\\n1829 Ont. The Christian Guardian\\n(Meth.) is issued at Toronto.\\nOnt. The Upper Canada College\\nis founded at Toronto.\\n1831 Ont. The Guide is issued at\\nPort Hope.\\n1832 N.F. The Times and General\\nCommercial Advertiser is issued at St.\\nJohns.\\n1833 P. Q. The Gazette and Eastern\\nTownships Advertiser is issued at Quebec.\\nOnt. The Intelligencer and The Onta-\\nrio are issued at Belleville.\\n1834 Ont. The Weekly British Whig\\nis issued at Kingston.\\nOnt. The Courier is issued at Perth.\\n1836* Ont. The Victoria University-\\nis founded atCobourg, and supported by\\nMethodists.\\nOnt. The Upper Canada Academy\\n(Meth.), Toronto, is opened.\\n1837 N. B. The Carleton Sentinel is\\nissued at Woodstock.\\nThe Christian Messenger is issued.\\nClockmaker, or the Sayings and Doings\\nof Sam Slick of Siickville, first series, by\\nThomas Chandler Haliburton, ap-\\npears. [1838. Second series. 1840. Third\\nseries. 1839. The Bubbles of Canada.\\n1843. Sam Slick in England; also The\\nOld Judge, or Life in a Colony.}\\n1838\u00c2\u00b1 P. Q. The Canada Baptist\\nCollege is founded at Montreal.\\nOnt. The Albert College (Meth.) is\\nfounded at Belleville.\\n1839 P. Q. The Congregational\\nTheological College of Canada is\\nfounded at Montreal.\\n1841 Ont. The Queen s Univer-\\nsity of Kingston is founded and sup-\\nported by Presbyterians.\\n1842 N. B. The Royal Gazette is is-\\nsued at Fredericton.\\n1843 N. S. The Eastern Chronicle is\\nissued at New Glasgow.\\nP. Q. Bishop s College (Prot.) is\\nfounded at Lennoxville.\\n1844 N. B. The Reporter and Freder-\\nicton Advertiser is issued at Fredericton.\\nOnt. The Globe is issued at Toronto.\\n1845 P. Q. The Weekly Witness is is-\\nsued at Montreal.\\n-46 Histoire du Canada, by Fran-\\ncois Xavier Garneau, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1822 P. Q. A general hospital is\\nfounded at Montreal.\\n1837 Nov. 6. P. Q. Kiots occur in\\nopposition to the Government, at Mon-\\ntreal.\\n1841 Oct. 12. M Leod, charged with\\nthe destruction of the Caroline, is ac-\\nquitted at Utica, N. Y. (See p. 148.)\\nSTATE.\\n1818 A convention with the United\\nStates is made.\\nIt provides that Americans may fish\\non certain coasts of Newfoundland, of\\nLabrador, and of some expressly defined\\nislands, but are prohibited the liberty\\nto take, cure, or dry fish within three\\nmarine miles of coasts not thus specified.\\nThe Duke of Richmond becomes\\ngovernor-general.\\n1819* Ont. Sir Peregrine Maitland\\nis lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada.\\n1820 N. S. Cape Breton is rean-\\nnexed.\\nEng. George IV. is enthroned.\\nThe Earl of Dalhousie becomes gov-\\nernor-general.\\n1822 A legislative union is pro-\\nposed for Upper and Lower Canada.\\n1828 N S. Highlanders arrive at\\nCape Breton.\\nSir James Kempt becomes adminis-\\ntrator.\\n1829* *Sir John Colborne (Baron\\nSeaton) is governor of Canada.\\n1830* Eng. William IV. is en-\\nthroned.\\nLord Aylmer becomes governor-gen-\\neral.\\n1831 P. E. I. Col. A. W. Young be-\\ncomes governor.\\n[1836, Col. Sir J. Harvey 1837, Sir C.\\nA. Fitzroy; 1841. Sir H. V. Huntley;\\n1847, Sir Donald Campbell 1851, Sir A.\\nBannerman 1854, Doniinick Daly 1859,\\nGeorge Dundas 1870, W. C. F. Robin-\\nson.]\\n1834 iV. S. Sir Colin Campbell be-\\ncomes governor.\\n[1840, Viscount Falkland; 1846, Sir\\nJohn Harvey (administrator) 1852, Sir\\nJ. G. Le Marohant; 1858, The Earl of\\nMulgrave (administrator); 1864, Sir R.\\nG. Macdonnell 1865, Sir Fen wick Wil-\\nliams.]\\n1835 The Earl of Gosford becomes\\ngovernor-general.\\n1837 June 20. Eng. Victoria suc-\\nceeds to the throne.\\nN. B. Gen. Sir John Harvey becomes\\ngovernor.\\n[1841, Sir William Colebrook 1848, Sir\\nE. W. Head; 1854, J. H. Sutton; 1862,\\nA. Gordon 1866, Gen. Doyle.]\\nNov. 6. An anti-English rebellion\\nbreaks out under Louis J. Papineau in\\nLower Canada and Dr. William L. Mac-\\nkenzie in Upper Canada. (See Army.)\\n1838 Jan. 16. Lord Durham is ap-\\npointed governor-general.\\nLord Durham makes his important\\nreport on the state of Canada.\\nHe recommends, (1) a federal union\\nof the Provinces, (2) the construction of\\nan intercolonial railroad, (3) the organi-\\nzation of an Executive Council which\\nshall be responsible to the Assembly.\\nApr. 12. The insurrectionists Lount\\nand Matthews are hanged.\\nOnt. Insurgent Mackenzie issues\\na proclamation declaring Canada a,\\nrepublic, and raises a flag having two\\nstars, one for each Canada.\\nOct. 9. Lord Durham resigns the office\\nof governor-general.\\nDec. Sir John Colborne becomes gov-\\nernor-general.\\nDec. 5. P. Q. Lord Gosford, governor\\nof Lower Canada, offers a reward of\\n\u00c2\u00a31,000 for the apprehension of Papi-\\nneau,\\nGov. Sir John Colborne leaves Can-\\nada in haste, resembling a flight.\\nThe Hudson Bay Fur Company\\nmonopolizes the government of a vast\\nterritory.\\n1839 Sept. Chas. Powlett Thomp-\\nson (Lord Sydenham) becomes governor-\\ngeneral.\\nHe is commissioned to carry out the\\nunion scheme of Lord Durham.\\nNov. 4. P. Q. Martial law is pro-\\nclaimed at Montreal to suppress rebel-\\nlion, etc.\\n1840 -67 Canada is governed\\nunder the Union Bill.\\nFeb. 10. Upper and Lower Canada are\\nreunited in legislative union, after a\\nseparation of 49 years. The country is\\ncalled the Province of Canada.\\n1841 June 13. Ottawa. The first\\nParliament of Canada opens with great\\nceremony.\\nOct. Sir Charles Bagot becomes gov-\\nernor-general.\\n1842 Aug. 9. U. S. A. The Ash-\\nburton Treaty is signed at Washing-\\nton by Lord Ashburton and Daniel Web-\\nster.\\nIt settles a vexing boundary question\\nrespecting 12,000 square miles of terri-\\ntory between Maine and New Brunswick,\\nand allots 7,000 to the United States and\\n5,000 to Great Britain.\\n1843 Feb. Sir Charles T. Metcalfe\\n(Lord Metcalfe) becomes governor-gen-\\neral.\\n1846 Br. Col. The Hudson Bay\\nCompany select Victoria, on Vancou-\\nver Island, as their port and capital.\\nMar. The Earl of Cathcart becomes\\ngovernor-general.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1821 P. Q. The Lachine Canal is\\ncommenced, for passing the rapids of\\nthe St. Lawrence.\\nOnt. The Welland Canal is com-\\nmenced.\\n1825 Oct. 7+. N. B. The Miramichi\\nfire is a great calamity. Many lives and\\ndwellings are lost. [Aid is sent to the\\nsufferers from the United States.]\\nThe population of Canada is 581,920.\\n[1831. Population is 1,069,000.]\\n1832 June 8. P. Q. The first case\\nof cholera in America occurs at Quebec.\\n[It sweeps through all the large towns\\nand villages.]\\n1834 Ont. Name of the city of York\\nis changed to Toronto.\\n1836 July* The first railroad is\\n1837 The commercial crisis in the\\nUnited States causes a crisis in Canada,\\nespecially in Lower Canada.\\n1844 There are only 14 miles of\\nrailroad in the country.\\n1845 May 28. P.Q. A fire in Quebec\\ndestroys 1,650 houses, the homes of 12,000\\npersons.\\nJune 29. P. Q. A second fire in\\nQuebec destroys 1,365 houses; two-\\nthirds of the town having been consumed\\nby the two fires.\\n1846 Jan. 12. P. Q. Fifty lives are\\nlost in the burning of a theater at\\nQuebec.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0591.jp2"}, "592": {"fulltext": "580 1846, *-1864, Oct. 19.\\nCANADA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1858 A regiment is raised for the\\nBritish Army, and called the 100th of\\nthe line.\\n1859 Jan. 10. Eng. The Prince of\\nWales presents the colors to the 100th\\nof the line at Shornclirle Camp.\\n1861 Dec. Eng. The British govern-\\nment sends 3,000 soldiers to Canada,\\nand makes other warlike preparations,\\nbecause of the seizing of Mason and\\nSlidell on the Trent. (See U. S. p. 200.)\\n1864 Oct. 19. P. Q. A force of Con-\\nfederate raiders leave Canada and at-\\ntack St. Albans, Vermont. They rob\\nthe bank, steal horses, kill one man, and\\nwound others. [Oct. 21. Arrested.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1846* *-47* Dr. John Eae, by\\nsledge journeys of more than 1,200 miles,\\nexplores Boothia.\\n1848 N. W. T. Dr. John Kae makes\\na journey in search of Franklin from\\nthe Mackenzie to the Coppermine River.\\n1850 Br. Col. Gold is discovered\\nnear Fraser River, and coal on Vancou-\\nver Island.\\n185 1 Rae explores the southern shores\\nof Wollaston and Victoria Lands, tra-\\ncing 700 miles of coast.\\nSir Robert McClure enters Bering\\nStrait, and crosses to Lancaster Sound,\\nthus accomplishing the Northwest Pas-\\nsage, but he is compelled to abandon his\\nship.\\n1853 Rae explores the Quoich River\\nfor 200 miles.\\n1854 Rae proves by exploration that\\nKing William s Land is an island.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1848 Allen, Grant, author, born.\\n1861 -Mackenzie, William Lyon,\\nleader of insurgents, A66.\\n1865 MaeNab, Sir Allan Napier, states-\\nman, A 64.\\n1863 Elgin, Earl of, James Bruce,\\nstatesman, novt- rimr-peneral, A52.\\nRobinson, Sir John B., jurist, A72.\\nCHURCH.\\n1846 Ore. A Roman Catholic see\\nis erected in Oregon, dependent on Can-\\nada.\\nIt, Pius IX. is elected pope.\\n1847 July 25. Ont. The Roman Cath-\\nolic diocese of Ottawa is established.\\nN.S. The Congregational Conf er-\\nThe United Presbyterian Synod\\nin Canada is organized.\\nN. B. The Baptist Association di-\\nvides into Eastern and Western Associ-\\nations.\\nMan. The Roman Catholic diocese\\nof St. Boniface is established. J. N.\\nProvencher is its first bishop.\\nThe Methodist Union with the Brit-\\nish Wesleyan Conference is restored.\\nBr. Col. The diocese of Vancou-\\nver Island is established.\\n1849 P. Q. The Episcopal bishopric\\nof Montreal is established.\\n1850 P. Q. Peter Flavian Turgeon\\nis consecrated bishop of the R. C. dio-\\ncese of Quebec.\\nN. B. The Southern Baptist Asso-\\nciation is formed.\\n1851 Nov. 23. Alex. A. Tache is con-\\nsecrated Roman Catholic bishop.\\nDec. 9. P. Q. Organization of the Mon-\\ntreal Young Men s Christian Asso-\\nciation.\\n1852 P. Q. St. Peter s Cathedral\\nat Montreal is projected by Bishop\\nBourget.\\nP. Q. The Roman Catholic diocese\\nof Three Rivers is established.\\nMay 4. N. S. The archdiocese of\\nHalifax is created, comprising all but\\nthree counties of Nova Scotia proper,\\nand Bermuda Islands.\\nJune 8. P. Q. The Roman Catholic di-\\nocese of St. Hyacinthe is established.\\n1853 June 7. Man. Alexandre Anto-\\nnin Tache becomes R. C. bishop of St.\\nBoniface.\\nThe Congregational Missionary So-\\nciety is organized.\\nThe Congregational Conference of\\nCanada is organized.\\n1854 The Wesleyans of eastern Can-\\nada and of the Hudson Bay missionary\\nwork are incorporated into the Metho-\\ndist Church of Canada.\\n1855 Several Methodist circuits in\\nNova Scotia, New Brunswick, and New-\\nfoundland are formed into a confer-\\nence.\\n1856 Ont. The Roman Catholic dio-\\ncese of Hamilton is established.\\nFeb. 21. Ont. The Roman Catholic di-\\nocese of London is established.\\n1859 Nov. 30. Man. V i t a 1 i s J.\\nGrandin [Bishop of St. Albert] is con-\\nsecrated bishop of Satala and coadjutor\\nbishop of St. Boniface.\\n1860 Apr. 15. N. B. John Sweeny\\nis consecrated R. C. bishop of St. John.\\nMay 8. N. B. The Roman Catholic di-\\nocese of Chatham is established.\\nAug. 15. N. B. James Rogers is con-\\nsecrated R. C. bishop of Chatham.\\nP.E.I. Peter Mclntyre is conse-\\ncrated R. C. bishop of Charlottetown.\\nN.S. The Presbyterian Church of\\nNova Scotia and the Free Church\\nunite.\\n1861 The Presbyterian Church and\\nthe United Presbyterian Church unite\\nin forming The Canadian Presby-\\nterian Church.\\nThe Free Church and the United\\nPresbyterian Church unite.\\n1862 The R. C. vicariate apostolic of\\nAthabasca-Mackenzie is established.\\nBr. Cot. The Christian settlement\\nof Metlakahtla, on the const, is founded\\nby the agent of the Church (of England)\\nMission Society.\\nLETTERS.\\n1846 Ont. The Citizen is issued at\\nOttawa.\\n1847 Ont. The Weekly Free Press Is\\nissued at London.\\nOnt. The Examiner is issued at Peter-\\nborough.\\nP. Q. The Chronicle is issued at Que-\\nbec.\\nP. E. I. The Examiner and Island\\nArgus is issued at Charlottetown.\\n1848 N. S. The Presbyterian Wit-\\nness and Evangelical Advocate is issued\\nat Halifax.\\nOnt. The Freeholder is issued at Corn-\\nwall.\\nOnt. The Weekly Spectator is issued\\nat Hamilton.\\nOnt. The school system of Upper\\nCanada is remodeled.\\nBaptists start the Christian Visitor.\\nOliver Cromtvell and the Protectorate,\\nby Sir Daniel Wilson, appears.\\n1849 Ont. The title of King s Col-\\nlege, Toronto, is changed to the Uni-\\nversity of Toronto.\\n1850 -V. S. The Wesleyan is issued\\nat Halifax.\\n1851** Ont. The University of\\nTrinity College, Toronto, is founded\\non the suppression of the faculty of\\nKing s College.\\nArchaeology and Prehistoric Annals of\\nScotland, by Sir Daniel Wilson, appears.\\n1852 N. S. The Casket is issued at\\nAntigonish.\\nOnt. The Weekly Expositor is issued\\nat Brantford.\\nP. Q. The Laval University (Rom.\\nCath.) is founded at Quebec.\\n1853 Ont. The Christian Messenger\\n[1854. The name is changed to the Cana-\\ndian Baptist] is started at Toronto.\\nN. B. The Religious Intelligencer is\\nissued at Fredericton.\\nOnt. The Review is issued at Peter-\\nborough.\\n1854 Ont. The Weekly Beacon is is-\\nsued at Stratford.\\n1855 P. Q. The Advertiser is issued\\nat Waterloo.\\nNature and Human Nature, by\\nThomas Chandler Haliburton, ap-\\npears.\\nOde on Shakespeare, by Charles Heavy-\\nsege, appears also Jephtha s Daughter.\\nAcadian Geology, by John William\\nDawson, appears.\\n1S56* Ont. The Canadian Baptist\\nCollege is founded.\\n1857 Ont. The Wesleyan Female\\nCollege of Hamilton is founded by\\nMethodists.\\nN. B. The Mount Allison Wes-\\nleyan College (Meth.) is founded at\\nSackville.\\nOnt. The Tribune is issued at Wel-\\nland.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0592.jp2"}, "593": {"fulltext": "CANADA.\\n1846, *-1864, Oct 19. 581\\nP. Q. he Courrier du Canada is is-\\nsued at Quebec.\\nSaul A Drama in three Parts, by\\nCharles Heavysege, appears.\\n1858 B. C. The Colonist is issued at\\nVictoria.\\nN. S. The Colonial Standard is is-\\nsued at Pictou.\\nOnt. The Times is issued at Hamilton.\\nArchala, by John William Dawson,\\nappears.\\nHelena*s Household, by James De\\nMille, appears.\\n1859 N, B. The Globe is issued at\\nSt. John.\\nOnt. The Free Press is issued at Lon-\\ndon.\\nOnt. The Southern Counties Journal is\\nissued at St. Thomas.\\nXT. F. The Standard is issued at Har-\\nbour Grace.\\n1860 P. Q. The Witness is issued at\\nMontreal.\\n1861 -65 Cours d histoire du Ca-\\nnada, by JeanBaptiste Antoine Ferland\\nand Laverdiere, appears.\\n1862 iV. B. The Telegraph is issued\\nat St. John.\\nPrehistoric Man, by Sir Daniel Wil-\\nson, appears.\\n1863 Ont. The Advertiser is issued\\nat London.\\n*-68* History of Charles the Bold,\\nby John Foster Kirk, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1849 Apr. 25. P. Q. The Loyalists of\\nMontreal enter the Parliament House,\\ndjive out the members, and set fire\\nto the building they also burn the\\nLibrary of the Provinces the disorder is\\noccasioned by dissatisfaction concerning\\nthe payment for losses suffered during\\nthe rebellion.\\n1853 June 6. P. Q. Alessandro Ga-\\nvazzi, the Italian priest and agitator,,\\nlectures in Quebec against popery, and\\nraises a riot.\\nJune 9. P. Q. A mob attacks Father\\nGavazzi while lecturing at Montreal\\nmilitary fire 10 killed and 16 wounded.\\nThe Sunday closing of liquor-shops\\nis enforced.\\n1860 The Prince of Wales visits\\nCanada to take a part in laying the cor-\\nner-stone of the Government buildings\\nat Ottawa, and to honor the opening of\\nthe Victoria Bridge across the St. Law-\\nrence at Montreal.\\n[July 30. N. S. He arrives at Hali-\\nfax. Aug. 18. He arrives at Quebec.\\nAug. 25. He arrives at Montreal. Sept.\\n1. He arrives at Ottawa. Sept. 20. He\\nleaves Canada for the United States.]\\n1864 June 8. Many Fenians flee be-\\ncause of the suspension of the Habeas\\nCorpus Act.\\nSTATE.\\n1847* Eng. The Imperial Govern-\\nment abandons all control over the\\ncustoms of Canada,\\nJan. 30. The Earl of Elgin takes oath\\nas governor-general.\\n1849* Br. Col. The Hudson Bay\\nCompany declines to refer a question\\nrespecting their trade and territory to\\nthe Judicial Committee of the Privy\\nCouncil. The British Government\\ngrants Vancouver Island to the com-\\npany R. Blanshard, governor.\\nThe Government dismisses 17 ma-\\ngistrates implicated in an address in\\nfavor of the annexation of Canada to\\nthe United States.\\n1850 Feb. A movement for annex-\\nation to the United States is made\\nEarl Grey, Colonial Secretary, sends a\\ndespatch warning against the movement\\nas an act of high treason.\\n1851 Jan. 27. Earl Grey, Secretary\\nof State for the Colonies, relinquishes to\\nthe Legislature of Canada the right to\\ndispose of the Clerical Reserves.\\nThe Canadian Post-office Depart-\\nment is received from the British Gov-\\nernment, and a uniform postage rate of\\nthreepence for a half-ounce is estab-\\nlished.\\nVancouver Is. James Douglas be-\\ncomes governor. [1864, Capt. Kennedy.]\\n1853 May 9. Eng. Parliament abol-\\nishes the Clergy Reserves.\\n1854 Sir Edmund Head becomes\\ngovernor-general.\\nJune 5. The Reciprocity Treaty with\\nthe United States is signed. [It lasts 10\\nyears. 1\\n1855 An Act is passed which leads to\\nthe organization of the first volunteer\\nforce.\\n1856 It is provided that the mem-\\nbers of the Upper House or Legislative\\nCouncil, formerly nominated by the\\nCrown, shall be chosen hereafter by the\\nvotes of Canadian electors.\\nApr. 17- P. Q. Quebec is made the\\nseat of the Government.\\n1857 The Hudson Bay Company\\nis restricted by the Crown in estab-\\nlishing monopolies of government and\\ntrade.\\n1858 A constitutional crisis occurs.\\nThe Queen is asked to decide upon a\\nseat of government iu Canada and five\\ncities claim the honor, including Quebec,\\nToronto, Montreal, and Bytown (Ot-\\ntawa).\\nAug. Ont. The Queen selects Ot-\\ntawa as the site for the capital. [The\\ndecision is unpopular.]\\n1859 Br. Cot. James Douglas be-\\ncomes governor.\\n1861 Nov. 28. Lord Monck assumes\\nthe office of governor-general.\\n1862 May 20-23. Ottawa. The Min-\\nistry of Sir George E. Cartier is de-\\nfeated on a Militia Bill. John A.\\nMacdonald becomes the premier of a\\nnew Ministry.\\nJuly* Ottawa. The Assembly passes a\\nMilitia Bill providing 5,000 militia and\\n5,000 reserves. [English complaint is\\nexpressed at the small provision made\\nfor the public defense.]\\n1863 May 20. Ottawa. Sir John A.\\nMacdonald is again appointed premier.\\nSept. Ottawa. A new Militia Bill\\npasses the Assembly.\\nSept. Peace with the United States is\\nthreatened by the belligerent action\\nof two Confederates.\\nConfederates seize two American\\nsteamboats, the Philo Parsons and the\\nIsland Queen, for the purpose of releas-\\ning Confederate prisoners on Johnson s\\nIsland, in Lake Erie.\\nThe rights of the Hudson Bay Com-\\npany are sold to a new proprietary, hav-\\ning Sir Edmund Head for chairman.\\n1864 June 5. The United States\\ncloses the Treaty of Reciprocity.\\nThe alleged reason is to hasten annex-\\nation by the commercial depression of\\nCanada. Canadians claim to fall back\\non the Convention of 1818 respecting the\\nfisheries.\\nSept. 1. The governments of Nova\\nScotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Ed-\\nward Island are represented in a meet-\\ning at Charlottetown by delegates, which\\narranges for the union of the three\\nProvinces.\\nOct. 10. P. Q. The Quebec Scheme\\nof Confederation is devised.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1847 The Grand Trunk Railroad\\nis commenced.\\n1850 P. Q. Montreal suffers from a\\ngreat fire.\\nNov. 11. Xf. B. A fire at Fredericton\\ndestroys 300 dwellings.\\n1851 The population is 2,482,000.\\n1852 July 8. P. Q. Montreal is par-\\ntially destroyed by fire; the loss is\\nestimated at a million sterling.\\n1854 Feb. 1. P. Q. The splendid\\nParliament House at Quebec is burned\\nwith valuable philosophical apparatus.\\nMay 24. P. Q. The Victoria Rail-\\nroad Bridge at Montreal is com-\\nmenced.\\nThe Great Western Railroad is\\ncommenced.\\n1855 Jan. 5. P. Q. Much damage ia\\ndone to the Victoria Tubular Bridge\\nat Montreal by floating ice.\\n1856 Nov. 12. Ont. The Grand\\nTrunk Railroad, 850 miles long, is\\nopened from Quebec to Toronto.\\nDec. 10. P. Q. The cathedral at Mon-\\ntreal is destroyed by fire.\\n1858 N. F. The Atlantic Cable is\\nlaid. (See U. S. A.)\\n-QG There is a great influx of\\ngold-diggers into British America.\\n1860 Aug. 25. P. Q. The Prince of\\nWales formally opens the Victoria\\nRailroad.\\n1861 -B5 Canada is commercially\\nbenefited by the Civil War in the United\\nStates, which increases the demand for\\nfarm stock and provisions at abnormally\\nhigh prices.\\nN. S. Gold is discovered.\\nThe population numbers 3,090,561.\\n1864 June 29. P. Q. A train runs\\noff the bridge at St. Hilaire, and kills\\nabout 83 persons, and wounds 200.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0593.jp2"}, "594": {"fulltext": "582 1864, Oct. 20-1875, Oct. 24.\\nCANADA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1864 Oct. 20. P. Q. About 20,000 vol-\\nunteers meet at Quebec to consider\\nthe advisability of forming a Canadian\\nConfederation. The basis of a Con-\\nfederation is agreed upon.\\nDec. Great excitement follows Gen.\\nDix*s proclamation threatening repri-\\nsals if Confederate invasions continue.\\n1866 Mar. 9. Fenians threaten an\\ninvasion from the United States.\\nMar. 15. The Government calls out\\n10,000 volunteers to repel the Fe-\\nnians.\\nJune 1. Ont. A force of 1,500 Fenians\\nunder Gov. O Neil cross the Niagara\\nnear Black Rock into Canada.\\nJune 2. Ont. The Fenian raiders are\\nrepulsed by the volunteers, (p. 252.)\\nThe American troops capture many\\nreturning Fenians.\\nJune 7. P. Q. Fenians under Spear\\nenter Canada from Vermont.\\nJune 8. Canada has about 3 5,000\\nmen under arms.\\nJune 9. P. Q. Many Fenians return\\nto the United States.\\n1868 May 24. P.Q. The Fenians\\nmake another raid from the United\\nStates, and are repelled.\\n1869 July 23. Man. An expedition\\nof 1,200 men, led by Col. Garnet Wolse-\\nley, lands at Fort Garry, and quiets\\nthe settlers by a proclamation.\\nThe settlers object to being a colony\\nof a colony, and complain that they were\\nnot consulted in the transfer to the Do-\\nminion.\\n1870 Jan. Man. The Kiel rebellion\\noccurs.\\n1871 Oct. 12 The Fenians pro-\\npose an attack on Manitoba, but are\\nfrustrated by the United States troops.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1866 Nov. Ont. Gold is discovered\\nin Hastings County.\\n1870 Oct. 20. P.Q. An earthquake\\ndoes much damage at Quebec.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1865* Haliburton, Thomas Chandler\\n(Sam Sttr/i-), Nova Seotiun humorist, A (1!).\\nNelson, Wolfml, physician, A73.\\n1866* (iariu-au, Fraiin.Ls Xavier, historian,\\nA57.\\n1867 Turgeon, Peter Flavian, R. C. arch-\\nbishop of Quebec, dies.\\n1868 Head. Sir Edmund Walter, gov-\\nernor-general, A63.\\nFeller, Henrietta, Swiss nhilan., A88.\\n1870* Faillon, Michel Etienne, Monk of\\nSt. Sulpiee, publisher, A71.\\nBaillargeon, Francis, R. C. archbishop of\\nQuebec, dies.\\n1871 Papineau, Louis Joseph, politi-\\ncian, revolutionist, AM.\\n1873* artier. Sir George Etienne, states-\\nA59.\\nCHURCH.\\n1864 Nov. 29. Henri- Joseph Faraud\\nis consecrated vicar apostolic of Atha-\\nbasca-Mackenzie.\\n1865 Labrador. Zoar becomes a Mo-\\nravian mission- station.\\n1866 Oct. 18. Ont. The Auxiliary to\\nthe American Baptist Missionary-\\nUnion in Beamsville is organized.\\nN. S. N. B. The churches of Nova\\nScotia and New Brunswick unite to\\nform the Presbyterian Church of the\\nLower Provinces.\\n1867 Jan. 15. P.Q. TheRomanCath-\\nolic diocese of Rimouski is established.\\nFeb. 25. P. Q. Louis F. Lafieche is\\nconsecrated R. C. bishop of Three Rivers.\\nMay 1. P. Q. Jean Langevin is conse-\\ncrated R. C. bishop of Rimouski.\\nAug;. 15. J. Clut is consecrated coad-\\njutor vicar apostolic of Athabasca-Mac-\\nkenzie.\\nOct. 17. Rev. A. V. Trinpany and his\\nwife, with Miss June Bates, are desig-\\nnated the first missionaries to the\\nheathen of the Ontario and Quebec\\nBaptists.\\nNov. 10. Ont. John Walsh is conse-\\ncrated R. C. bishop of Sandwich [arch-\\nbishop of Toronto].\\nP. Q. Charles Francis Baillargeon is\\nconsecrated R. C. bishop of Quebec.\\n1868 *N.S. N. B. The Presbyte-\\nrian Synods of Nova Scotia and New\\nBrunswick and the Church of Scotland\\nunite in forming one synod.\\nP. E. I. The Baptist Association\\nis formed.\\n1870 Mar. 18. Ont. The Roman Cath-\\nolic archdiocese of Toronto is created.\\nMay 22. N. S. John Cameron is con-\\nsecrated bishop at Rome. [Afterward\\ntranslated to Antigonisk.]\\nThe first General Assembly of the\\nPresbyterian Church is held.\\n1871* Labrador. Raman becomes a\\nMoravian mission-station.\\nMar. 19. P. Q. El zear- Alexandre [Car-\\ndinal] Taschereau is consecrated R. C.\\narchbishop of Quebec.\\nSept. 22. Alberta. The Roman Catholic\\ndiocese of St. Albert is established,\\nwith Vitalis J. Grandin as bishop.\\nMan. The Roman Catholic diocese\\nof St. Boniface is made an archbish-\\nopric and Alexandre Antonin Tache is\\nnominated archbishop.\\nThe Woman s Board of Foreign\\nMissions is organized.\\n1873 May 1. P. Q. Edward C.\\nFabre is consecrated R. C. bishop of\\nMontreal.\\nThe Baptist Convention of Ontario\\nand Quebec surrender their organization\\nto an independent Board of Foreign\\nMissions under their Convention. They\\nsend out seven missionaries.\\n1874 Oct. 25. Ont. Joseph T. Duha-\\nmel is consecrated Roman Catholic\\nbishop of Ottawa.\\nP. Q. The Roman Catholic diocese\\nof Sherbrooke is established.\\nOct. 18. P. Q. Antoine Racine is con-\\nsecrated R. C. bishop of Sherbrooke.\\nThe Wesleyan and New Connec-\\ntion Methodists unite, and form the\\nMethodist Church of Canada.\\nAlbert Carman is elected bishop of\\nthe Canada Methodist Episcopal Church.\\n1875 June* The four Presbyterian\\nbranches meet in Montreal, and com-\\nbine to form the Presbyterian Church\\nof Canada.\\nOct. 24. Br. Col. Paul Durien is con-\\nsecrated R. C. bishop of New Westmin-\\nster.\\nLETTERS.\\n1866* The Dodge Club, by James De\\nMille, appears.\\n1867 Ont. The Gazette is issued at\\nAlmonte.\\nP.Q. UEvknement is issued at Quebec.\\nN. S. The Hants Journal is issued at\\nWindsor.\\nLa voix d un exile, by Louis Honore\\nFrechette, appears.\\n1869 Chatterton, by Sir Daniel Wil-\\nson, appears.\\n1870* Ont. The Packet is issued at\\nOrilla.\\nThe American Baron, by James De\\nMille, appears.\\n1871 Man. Le Manitoba is issued at\\nSt. Boniface.\\nN. B. The School Act is passed, re-\\nquiring trustees to provide accommoda-\\ntions for all persons between the ages of\\nfive and twenty, free of charge.\\nThe Comedy of Terrors, by James De\\nMille, appears; also The Cryptogram.\\n1872 Man. The Manitoba Free Press\\nis issued at Winnipeg.\\nK. S. The Advocate is issued at Syd-\\nney.\\nOnt. The Mail is issued at Toronto.\\nStory of the Earth and Man, by John\\nWilliam Dawson, appears.\\n1873 Caliban, the Missing Link, by\\nSir Daniel Wilson, appears.\\n1874* Ont. The Echo is issued at\\nAmherstburg.\\nOnt. The Ontario Ladies College\\n(Meth.) is founded.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1868 Apr. 7- Ont. Thomas D Arey\\nMcGee, M. P., is assassinated when\\nreturning from Parliament. Fenians\\nare suspected.\\nSept.\u00c2\u00b1 Prince Albert is in Canada,\\nand visits the Provinces.\\n1869 Feb. Ont. A man named\\nWhelan, convicted of the murder of\\nThomas D Arey McGee, is executed.\\n1870 Mar.\u00c2\u00b1 Man. An insurrection\\nbreaks out in the Northwest. (See\\nArmy.)\\n1873 Aug. 13. Ont. The Ministry\\nis charged with corruption in connec-\\ntion with the Pacific Railroad.\\n1S75 Sept.* P. Q. The attempt to\\nbury Joseph Guibord in consecrated\\nground, while under the censure of the\\nRoman Catholic Church, for possessing\\nforbidden books, causes a riot in\\nMontreal. [His right to burial against\\nthe decision of the clerical authorities\\nis maintained by the judicial committee", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0594.jp2"}, "595": {"fulltext": "CANADA.\\n1864, Oct. 20-1875, Oct. 24. 583\\nof the Privy Council after niucli liti-\\ngation.]\\nA convention of temperance men is\\nlield in Montreal.\\n[Out of this Convention has grown\\nThe Dominion Alliance for the Total\\nSuppression of the Liquor Traffic.\\nSept. 26. P. Q. A riot, in which one\\nman is killed, attends a Roman Catholic\\nmemorial procession in Montreal.\\nSTATE.\\n1864 Dec. 14. P. Q. The Confed-\\nerate raiders into St. Albans, Vt., are\\ndischarged by Judge Coursol.\\n1865 Feb. P. Q. The Legislatures of\\nUpper and Lower Canada meet in Que-\\nbec, and adopt the Union Scheme by\\na large majority.\\nMar. 7. New Brunswick rejects the\\nplan of Confederation.\\nMar. 23. Eng. Parliament grants\\n\u00c2\u00a350,000 for the defense of Canada.\\nMar. 30. P. Q. The St. Albans Con-\\nfederate raiders are finally discharged\\nby the court.\\nApr. 10. Secretary Seward of the\\nUnited States abandons the effort to\\nextradite the Confederate raiders.\\nNov. 22. Ottawa. The Executive first\\nmeets here.\\nThe Dominion allows the United States\\nthe temporary use of the fisheries as\\nunder the Reciprocity Treaty, by the\\npayment of a nominal license fee of 50\\ncents a ton.\\n1866 June 8. Ottawa. The Parlia-\\nment is opened for the first time by\\nLord Monck, Governor-General.\\nThe Treaty of Reciprocity with the\\nUnited States is abrogated.\\nBr. Col. The Province of British\\nColumbia is formed by uniting the\\nimmense British territory in the north\\nunder one government.\\nCanada calls on the United States to\\npay its expenses in repelling Fe-\\nnians; the President issues a procla-\\nmation calling upon the Fenians to dis-\\nperse.\\n1867 Mar. 29. Eng. Parliament\\npasses the British North America\\nAct.\\nIt provides for the voluntary Imperial\\nunion of the four provinces, Ontario,\\nQuebec, Nova Scotia, and New Bruns-\\nwick; the Confederation, is to be called\\nthe Dominion of Canada, and have a\\nParliament of two houses,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a Senate\\nand a House of Commons.\\nApr. 12. Quebec. Parliament passes the\\nRailway Loan Act.\\nJuly 1. The Act of Confederation\\ntakes effect, uniting the four Prov-\\ninces.\\nJuly 2. Ottawa. Lord Monck, the\\nGovernor-General, is sworn into office\\nas Viceroy of the Dominion.\\nNov. 6. Ottawa. The new Dominion\\nParliament meets.\\nN. B. Gen. Doyle is appointed admin-\\nistrator.\\n[1868, L. A. Wilmot, governor 1873, S.\\nL. Tilley; 1878, E. B. Chandler; 1S80,\\nB. D. Wilmot 1885, Sir S. L. Tilley.]\\nOnt. Gen. Stisted becomes adminis-\\ntrator. [1868, W. P. Rowland; 1873,\\nJohn Crawford 1875, D. A. Macdonald\\n1S80, J. B. Robinson.]\\nN. S. Sir Charles H. Doyle is lieu-\\ntenant-governor. Gen. Williams, admin-\\nistrator.\\nQue. Sir N. F. Belleau becomes gov-\\nernor. [1873, R. E. Caron 1876, Lettelier\\nde St. Just 1879, T. Robitaille.]\\n1868 iV. B. Lemuel A. Wilmot is\\nlieutenant-governor.\\nN. S. Gen. Doyle becomes governor.\\n[1873, Joseph Howe later, A. G. Ar-\\nchibald 1883, M. H. Richey.]\\nDec. 29. Ottawa. Lord Monck having\\nresigned, Sir John Young (Lord Lis-\\ngar) is appointed governor-general.\\n1869 Mar.* Newfoundland declines\\nto enter the union with Canada.\\nDec. 1. The Hudson Bay Company\\nparts with its monopoly of government\\nin the Northwest it is transferred to\\nthe Dominion of Canada.\\n1870 Jan. A revolt against the an-\\nnexation of the Northwest is led by\\nLouis Kiel, who proclaims the inde-\\npendence of the people, and seizes the\\nfunds of the Hudson Bay Company.\\nMay 12. Man. The Province of\\nManitoba is formed of Rupert Land,\\nwith Adams G. Archibald governor he\\nis also appointed governor of the Red\\nRiver Settlement.\\nAug. 9. The Loan Act for Canadian\\ndefenses is passed.\\nBr. Col. The new Province of\\nBritish Columbia is added to the Do-\\nminion of Canada.\\nThe Hudson Bay Company finally\\ncloses its ports with its government in\\nthe Northwest.\\nThe Northwest Territory is transferred\\nto the Dominion for \u00c2\u00a3300,000 compensa-\\ntion and possession of its ports and trade,\\nwith a right to the twentieth part of\\nlands surveyed for future settlers and\\nfor protection against exceptional taxa-\\ntion.\\nThe Manitoba Act passes it defines\\nthe boundaries of the Prairie Province.\\nManitoba is created a province, and\\nLepine and Louis Kiel, two half-\\nbreeds, rebel against the authorities of\\nthe Dominion. Louis forms a provis-\\nional government, confiscates prop-\\nerty, and banishes persons.\\nThe Fisheries Dispute with the\\nUnited States is limited to the question\\nof the three-mile limit.\\nCanada claims that it extends directly\\nacross from headland to headland, re-\\ngardless of bays and other indents. The\\nUnited States claims a line following the\\nsinuosity of the coast.\\n1871 May 8. The Treaty of Wash-\\nington is signed.\\nIt provides for the settlement of four\\ndisputes: 1, the San Juan ownership;\\n2, the Alaska boundary line; 3, the sub-\\nject of fisheries, providing an arrange-\\nment to continue for 12 years 4, Ex-\\npenses incurred by repelling Fenians.\\nJune 29. Eng. Parliament passes the\\nBritish North American Act author-\\nizing the Parliament of Canada to estab-\\nlish new Provinces.\\nJune Canadians oppose the Treaty of\\nWashington in disapproval of the fish-\\neries clause.\\nDec. 23. Ottawa. A Liberal Ministry\\nis organized, with Edward Blake pre-\\nmier.\\nBritish Columbia, including Van-\\ncouver Island, is admitted into federal\\nrelations with the Dominion.\\n_72 Man. A great immigration\\nof Russian Mennonites enters the North-\\nwest.\\n-72 Br. Col. The San Juan Isl-\\nand is settled by British herders and an\\nAmerican squatter. [The shooting of\\na pig raises the question of territorial\\nrights, and invokes the San Juan dispute.\\nSee p. 279.]\\nBr. Col. J. W. Trutch becomes gov-\\nernor also governor of Vancouver\\nIsland. [1876, A. N. Richards 1881 C. F.\\nCornwall.]\\n1872 P.E. I. The Province of Prince\\nEdward Island is admitted into the\\nConfederation.\\nMay 22. Eng. Lord Dufferin is ap-\\npointed governor-general.\\nJune 25. Ottawa. Lord Dufferin\\n(Earl) is inaugurated governor-general.\\nBed River Settlement. Alex. Morris\\nbecomes governor. [1877, Joseph E. Cau-\\nchon 1882, J. C. Aikins.]\\n1873 June 1. N. S. Joseph Howe is\\nappointed lieutenant-governor. [He\\nsoon dies.]\\nN. S. Adams George Archibald\\nbecomes lieutenant-governor.\\nAug. 13. Ottawa. Parliament is sud-\\ndenly prorogued charges of corrup-\\ntion in connection with the Canadian\\nPacific Railroad are made against the\\nMinistry of Sir John A. Macdonald.\\nSept. Premier Macdonald admits to the\\nCommission of Inquiry that money was\\nreceived from Sir Hugh Allan.\\nOct. 23. Ottawa. Parliament meets.\\nNov. 5. Ottawa. The Macdonald\\nMinis try resigns.\\nNov. 7. Ottawa. A new Ministry is\\nformed, with Alexander Mackenzie\\npremier.\\n1874 Prince Edward Island unites\\nwith the Dominion of Canada under cer*\\ntain conditions.\\nP. E. I. Sir P. Hodgson becomes\\ngovernor. [1879, T. H. Haviland j 18S4,\\nA. A. Macdonald.]\\n1875 Feb. 4. U. S. A. The Senate re-\\njects the new Reciprocity Treaty with\\nCanada.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1866 Oct. 14. P. Q. A fire in the\\nFrench quarter of Quebec destroys\\n2,500 houses and 17 churches, leaving\\nnearly 20,000 persons homeless.\\n2f. E. The Great Eastern steamship\\nsuccessfully lays another cable.\\n1870 May 24. P. Q. A fire destroys\\n500 houses at Quebec.\\n1871* *The population numbers\\n3,833,000.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0595.jp2"}, "596": {"fulltext": "84 1875, *-1887, May.\\nCANADA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1885 Man. Kiel s second rebellion\\nbreaks out. Troops are hastened for-\\nward from various parts of the Domin-\\nion.\\nMar. 25-27. Saskatchewan. Capt. Cro-\\nzier attacks the rebels, and kills many,\\nyet they force him to fall back. Col.\\nIrvine evacuates and burns Fort Carl-\\nton, and falls back.\\nApr. 1. Saskatchewan. Indians be-\\nsiege Battleford.\\nCol. Irvine remains at Prince Al-\\nbert, unable to move against the rebels.\\nApr. 24. Saskatchewan. Col. Otter\\ndefeats the Indians and relieves Bat-\\ntleford. Col. Middleton defeats the\\nrebels in a fight at Fish Creek.\\nMay 3. Saskatchewan. The rebels make\\na determined resistance near Battle-\\nford, but are finally defeated by Col.\\nOtter.\\nMay 9. Saskatchewan. Gen. Middleton\\ncarries the rebel defenses at Batoehe,\\naided by Capt. Howard of the United\\nStates.\\nMay 14. Saskatchewan. The Indians,\\nled by Poundmaker, capture a supply\\ntrain of 31 waggons, which they succeed\\nin retaining.\\nMay 15. Saskatchewan. Louis Riel\\nsurrenders, and many of his men.\\nBig Bear and Poundmaker, with\\n1,500 Indians, refuse to surrender.\\nMay 26. Saskatchewan. Chief Pound-\\nmaker and other Indians surrender.\\nMay 28-29. Saskatchewan. Gen. Strange\\nattacks the intrenched camp of Big\\nBear, near Port Pitt, and drives him\\nout.\\nJune 7. Saskatchewan. Big Bear s\\narmy is divided and pursued by Gens.\\nMiddleton and Strange, who report his\\nJuly 3. Saskatchewan. Big Bear is\\ncaptured.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1883 July 11, 12\u00c2\u00b1. Ont. A flood in\\nthe Thames Valley does much damage,\\nand causes about 30 deaths.\\n1886 Apr. 17,18. P.Q. Anice-gorge\\nat Montreal causes an inundation dam-\\nage, $1,500,000.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1875 Head, Sir Francis Bond, traveler,\\nlieutenant-governor of I pper Canada, AH2.\\nLogan, Sir William Edmund, geologist-,\\nA77.\\n1876 Caroii, Rene Edouard, statesman,\\nA76.\\nHeavvsege, Charles, poet, A60.\\n1880 be Mille, James, novelist, A43.\\n1882 Ryerson, Adolnlms Egerton, educa-\\ntionist, A79.\\n1885* Hiiii-ks, Sir Francis, statesman, A7S.\\nSept. 30. Glover, Sir John H,, governor\\nof Nova Scotia, dies.\\nNov. 16. Riel, Louis, insurgent, A40.\\nCHURCH.\\n1876 Jan. 16. P. Q. Louis Z. Mo-\\nreau is consecrated R. C. bishop of St.\\nHyacinthe.\\nThe Woman s Boards of the Bap-\\ntist Church is organized.\\nThe Woman s Foreign Missionary\\nSociety of the Presbyterian Church is\\norganized.\\n1877 Br. Col. Greenville becomes\\na mission-station of the Methodist\\nChurch of Canada.\\n1878 It. Leo XTTT. is elected pope.\\nMay 28. P. Q. The Roman Catholic\\ndiocese of Chicoutimi is established.\\n1880 Nov. 21. Ont. James Vincent\\nCleary is consecrated R. C. bishop of\\nKingston, at Rome.\\n1881 Nov. Ont. Organization of the\\nWoman s Missionary Society of the\\nMethodist Church, at Hamilton.\\nThe Canadian Foreign Missionary\\nSociety is organized it works through\\nthe channels of the American Board.\\nBr. Col. W. Duncan ceases to be\\na missionary of the Church Missionary\\nSociety. [He works with Americans in\\nAlaska.]\\n1882 P.Q. The R. C. prefecture\\napostolic of the Gulf of St. Lawrence is\\nestablished.\\nMay 29. P. Q. F. X. Bosse is nomi-\\nnated R. C. prefect apostolic of the Gulf\\nof St. Lawrence.\\nJuly 11. Ont. Vicariate apostolic of\\nPontiac is established.\\nJuly 14. Ont. The Roman Catholic di-\\nocese of Peterborough is established.\\nSept. 21. Ont. Narcisse-Zephirih Lor-\\nrain is consecrated vicar-apostolic of\\nPontiac.\\nThe Montreal Woman s Mission-\\nary Society is organized.\\n1883 Jan. 31. JS T S. Cornelius\\nO Brien is consecrated R. C. archbishop\\nof Halifax.\\nThe Domestic and Foreign Mission-\\nary Society of the Church of England\\nin Canada is organized. [Its contrihu-\\ntions are sent to other societies.]\\nBr. Col. Aiyonsh becomes a mission-\\nstation of the English Church Mission-\\nary Society.\\n1885 July 10. P. Q. The Koman\\nCatholic diocese of Nicolet is estab-\\nlished.\\nAug. 2. P. Q. Elphege Gravel is con-\\nsecrated at Rome R. C. bishop of Nicolet.\\nBr. Col. Albany, in Moosonee, be-\\ncomes a station of the Church Society\\n(Eng.), having one missionary and wife.\\n1886 June 7. P. Q. Archbishop El-\\nzear- Alexandre Taschereau is cre-\\nated cardinal.\\nJune S. P. Q. Bishop Fabre is made\\narchbishop of Montreal.\\nOnt. The Roman Catholic archdio-\\ncese of Ottawa is created.\\nJune 10. Ont. The Canada Congrega-\\ntional Woman s Board of Missions is\\norganized in a parsonage at Ottawa, by\\nfour ladies.\\n*The Woman s Auxiliary to the\\nBoard of Diocesan Domestic and For-\\neign Missions of the Church of England,\\nin Canada is organized.\\nOnt. The International Missionary\\nUnion meets at Thousand Island Park.\\nOnt. Bishop Duhamel is made Roman\\nCatholic archbishop of Ottawa.\\n.V. S. The diocese of Arichat is\\nchanged to Antigonish.\\n1887 May 1. Ont. Thomas J. Dowling\\nis consecrated R. C. bishop of Hamilton.\\nLETTERS.\\n1875** Man. The Manitoba Wes-\\nleyan Institute is erected in Winnipeg.\\nK. S. The Weekly Herald is issued at\\nHalifax.\\nOnt. The separate Roman Catho-\\nlic schools in this Province number 170.\\nwith 22,073 names on the rolls.\\nThe Dawn of Life, by John William\\nDawson, appears. [1877. The Origin of\\nthe World.]\\n1876 Ont. The Evening Telegram is\\nissued at Toronto.\\n1877 N. B. The Times is issued at\\nMoncton.\\nThe Chien d or, The Golden Dog, by\\nWilliam Kirby, appears.\\n1878 Reminiscences of Old Edinburgh,\\nby Sir Daniel Wilson, appears.\\n1879 A r W. T. The Bulletin is issued\\nat Edmonton.\\nOnt. Le Canada is issued at Ottawa.\\n1880* Ont. Tlie Evening Kews is is-\\nsued at Toronto.\\nPapineau, and Felix Poutre, by Louis\\nHonore Frechette, appear.\\nLouis Honore Frechette is crowned the\\npoet of the year by the French Academy\\nfor his Les fieurs bortales, etc.\\nThe Change of Life in Geological Time,\\nby John William Dawson, appears.\\n1881 N. B. The World is issued at\\nChatham.\\nCanada since the Union of 1841, by\\nJohn Charles Dent, appears.\\n1882 May 25. The Marquis of Lome\\nfounds the Society for the Advance-\\nment of Literature and Science.\\nMan. Tlie Sun is issued at Brandon.\\nMail. The N or^west Farmer is issued\\nat Winnipeg.\\nN. F. The Evening Herald is issued\\nat St. Johns.\\nN. B. The Transcript is issued at\\nMoncton.\\n1883 Man. The Register is issued at\\nNeepawa.\\nMan. The Manitoba Liberal is issued\\nat Portage la Prairie.\\nX. W. T. The Herald is issued at Cal-\\ngary.\\nX S. The Tribune is issued at Wind-\\nsor.\\n18S4 Man. The Review is issued at\\nPortage la Prairie.\\nOnt. The War Cry is issued at To-\\nronto.\\nP. Q. La Presse is issued at Montreal.\\nProfessor Conant, by Lucius Seth\\nHuntington, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0596.jp2"}, "597": {"fulltext": "CANADA.\\n1875,** -1887, May*. 585\\n1S85 Out. The Canadian Freeman is\\nissued at Kingston.\\n-86 The Story of the Upper Can-\\nada Rebellion, by John Charles Dent,\\nappears.\\n1886 Oct. 22. Baptists lay the corner-\\nstone for a college building at Wood-\\nstock.\\nN. W. T. The Tribune is issued daily\\nat Calgary.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1876 Nov. 16. P. Q. Joseph Gui-\\nbord, who died in September, is finally\\nburied under the protection of the mili-\\ntary and police at Montreal, (p. 582).\\nDec. 17. P. Q. Bread riots break out\\nin Montreal.\\n1877 July 12t. P. Q. Riots are\\nraised by Orangemen, with fatal re-\\nsults, at Montreal.\\n1878 Nov. 25. A. S. The Marquis\\nof Lome and the Princess Louise\\narrive at Halifax.\\n1881 July -Oct. The Marquis of\\nLome, as Governor-General, is enthusi-\\nastically received in his progress\\nthrough the Provinces.\\nNov. 14. Eng. The Marquis of Lome\\narrives at Birkenhead.\\n1882 Jan. The Marquis of Lome\\nreturns to the Dominion.\\n1883 The number of Indians is re-\\nported at 110,505, and their condition is\\nprogressive.\\nApr. Ont. The Marquis of Lome re-\\nturns from the Northwestern Provinces\\nto Ottawa.\\n1884 Apr. 30. Ont. The discovery of\\ndynamite cartridges under the Parlia-\\nment House at Toronto causes great\\nexcitement.\\nOct. 22. P. Q. The Marquis of Lans-\\ndowne arrives at Quebec as the Viceroy\\nof Canada.\\n1885 July 20. Assiniboia. Louis Kiel s\\ntrial begins at Pegina. [Aug. 1. Con-\\nvicted. Nov. 16. Executed.]\\nAug. 5. At Regina, 28 prisoners plead\\nguilty of treason felony.\\nSept. 29. Compulsory vaccination,\\ncauses riots.\\nNov. 17. P. Q. The French at Mon-\\ntreal and Quebec make demonstra-\\ntions against the Government.\\nNov. 27. Saskatchewan. Eight Indi-\\nans are hanged for murder at Battle-\\nford.\\n1887 May 11. P. Q. William O Brien\\nof Dublin, editor of United Ireland, and\\na conspicuous agitator for Home Rule,\\narrives at Montreal.\\nMay Wm. O Brien makes a tour of\\nthe principal cities, and is received with\\nenthusiasm by Home Rule sympathizers,\\nbut stoned by the Orangemen.\\nSTATE.\\n1877 June 15. ST. S. The Canadian\\nand United States Fishery Commis-\\nsion convenes at Halifax.\\nThe members are Sir Alex. Gait for\\nCanada, E. T. Kellogg for the United\\nStates, and M. Detloss for Belgium.\\nSept. 19\u00c2\u00b1. The general election is\\nheld, and returns an anti-administration\\nmajority.\\nOct. 5. Eng. The Marquis of Lome\\nis appointed governor-general.\\nOct. 19\u00c2\u00b1. Ottawa. The Mackenzie\\nMinistry resigns, and a Conservative\\nMinistry is formed under Sir John A.\\nMacdonald as premier.\\nNov. 23-24. N. S. The Fisheries\\nCommission awards $5,500,000 to Can-\\nada, with Mr. Kellogg dissenting.\\n1880 N, B. Robert Duncan Wil-\\nmot is lieutenant-governor.\\n1881 Feb.* Ottawa. The Assembly\\nratines the Canadian Pacific Kail-\\nroad contract.\\n1882 Apr. 20. Ottawa. The Canadian\\nPacific Railroad Bill is passed.\\nJune General elections are held the\\nmajority favor a protective tariff.\\nJuly Ottawa. An Order in Council di-\\nvides the vast territory beyond Mani-\\ntoba into four territories, called As-\\nsiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and\\nAthabasca.\\n1883 Feb. 8. Ottawa. The new Par-\\nliament meets.\\nThe Marquis of Lansdowne be-\\ncomes viceroy.\\n1885 Feb.* Canada offers to assist the\\nImperial government in the Soudan\\ncampaign.\\nMar. Saskatchewan. The Kiel insur-\\nrection breaks out in the new territo-\\nries beyond Manitoba, because the in-\\nhabitants were not consulted in dividing\\nthe territory.\\nIt is alleged that the Government has\\nfailed to give the political and social\\nrights it had promised.\\n1886 May 8. N.S. The U.S. fishing-\\nschooner David J. Adams is seized at\\nDigby for violating the fishing-laws.\\nMay\u00c2\u00b1 Canadians send out an armed\\nfleet to enforce the fisheries regulations\\non the Americans.\\nMay 30. The Americans retaliate by\\nseizing the Canadian vessel Sisters in\\nAmerican waters.\\n-87 A total of 35 vessels are\\nseized by the two Governments.\\nJuly 9. Saskatchewan. A general am-\\nnesty to the insurrectionists is pro-\\nclaimed, and only murderers are ex-\\ncepted.\\n1887 Jan. 17. Ottawa. The Parlia-\\nment is dissolved.\\nFeb. Eng. Sir Alex. Campbell is ap-\\npointed high commissioner for Canada.\\nFeb. 23. Elections favor the govern-\\nment.\\nMar. 3. U. S. Congress passes the Fish-\\neries Bill.\\nApr. 2. Americans seize British seal-\\ning- vessels in the North Pacific. [Apr.\\n9, 12, 17 others are seized.]\\nApr. 13. Ottawa. The House opens.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1876 June 18. A. B. The commer-\\ncial district of St. John is destroyed\\nby fire. [Subscriptions are started in.\\nGreat Britain.]\\n1879 Sept. 27. Ont. The Marquis of\\nLome opens the Dominion industrial\\nexhibition at Ottawa.\\nDec. 1. The Bonis sia, a Dominion\\nsteamer, from Liverpool, springs a leak\\nin the Atlantic after leaving Coruna,\\nand sinks.\\nDec. 2. Ten of the Borussia s crew of\\nover 300 are saved by boats.\\n1880 Ont. The Canada Pacific\\nRailroad is commenced.\\n1881* The population numbers\\n4,500,000.\\nMay 24. P. Q. The steamer Victoria\\nupsets on the Thames, and several\\nhundred are drowned.\\nJune P. Q. Quebec loses 600 small\\nwooden houses by fire.\\n1882 Sept. 14. Ont. The steamer Asia\\nfounders between Ontario and Sault\\nSte. Marie; about 98 are lost.\\nNov. N. S. About 31 persons per-\\nish in the burning of an almshouse at\\nHalifax.\\n1883 Jan. 23. P. Q. The ice palace\\nis erected at Montreal, and a carnival\\nheld.\\nFeb. 8. Ont. The opera house at To-\\nronto is burned.\\nApr. 19. P. Q. An incendiary burns\\nthe Parliament buildings at Quebec,\\nSept. 8. The Northern Pacific Railroad\\nof 2,500 miles is opened.\\nSept. 12. Ont. An industrial exhibi-\\ntion is opened by the Marquis of Lome\\nat Toronto.\\n1884 Jan. 2. Ont. A collision occurs\\non the Grand Trunk Line, near Toronto,\\nand 31 are killed.\\nSept. Famine causes much distress in\\nLabrador.\\n1885 Oct. 1. P. Q. The new Parli-\\nament buildings at Quebec are de-\\nstroyed by dynamite explosions.\\nOct. Montreal has 1,622 deaths from\\nsmallpox in this month.\\nNov. 6. Eng. The Queen sends a mes-\\nsage of congratulation to the people of\\nCanada.\\nHov. 7. The Canadian steamer Algoma\\nfounders in Lake Superior; 45 per-\\nsons perish.\\nNov. 8. Sir Donald Smith drives the last\\nspike in finishing the Canadian Pacific\\nRailroad, 2,909 miles west from Mon-\\ntreal. The entire length of the Domin-\\nion road is 2,569 miles.\\n1886* *-87* Statistics: Revenue,\\n\u00c2\u00a37,364,916; expenditure, \u00c2\u00a37,326,920; im-\\nports, \u00c2\u00a323,197,035; exports, \u00c2\u00a318,393,660.\\n1887 -88 P.Q. Montreal suffers\\nfrom great fires.\\nMay 4. Br. Col. A mine explodes at\\nNanaimo, Vancouver Island over 170\\npersons perish.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0597.jp2"}, "598": {"fulltext": "586 1887, July 6-1889, June 4.\\nCANADA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1389 May 29. N. 8. The Canadian\\ncruiser Vigilant seizes the Gloucester\\nschooner Mattie Winship off Cape North.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1888 Aug. 16. A terrific storm dam-\\nages Ontario and Quebec to the amount\\nof \u00c2\u00a71,500,000 many persons are killed\\nby lightning.\\n1889 Jan. 18. Br. Col. The steamer\\nCariboo Fly returns from an exploring\\ntrip on the Skeena River.\\nJan. 23. Out. Natural gas in paying\\nquantities is struck at Kingsville.\\nFeb. 5. P. Q. A shock of earthquake\\nis felt at Grand Metis.\\nApr. 6. Out. Petroleum is discovered\\nat Kingsville.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1888 Apr.* White, Thomas, minister of\\nthe interior, A58.\\n1889 Jan. 22. Hughes, Joshua, bishop of\\nSt. Asaph, dies.\\nFeb. 20. Stewart, James, senior Presbyte-\\nrian clergyman in Toronto, dies.\\nFeb. 26. Young, Ccorge Fax ton, professor\\nof mental and moral science at the Uni-\\nversity College, Toronto, dies.\\nMar. 28. Howard, R. P., dean of medical\\nfaculty of MoGill College, Montreal, dies.\\nApr. 11. Dunsmnir. Robert, president of\\nthe council at Victoria, B.C., dies.\\nJune 4. Brompton, F., general manager of\\nGreat Western Railway, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n1887 Aug. 12. N. S. Charles Inglia\\nis consecrated, at Lambeth, England\\nbishop of Nova Scotia.\\n1888 Oct. 28. P. Q. L. W. Begin is\\nconsecrated Roman Catholic bishop of\\nChicoutimi.\\n1889 Jan. 17. Ont. Rev. Canon Knox-\\nLittle commences a series of mission-\\nservices at Toronto.\\nJan. 20. Chicago. Great excitement\\nis caused by Father Dowd s denunciation\\nin Montreal of the Illinois Catholic Or-\\nder of Foresters.\\nFeb. 2. Ont. A deputation from the\\nChurch of England Defense Associ-\\nation waits upon Bishop of Niagara at\\nHamilton to protest against ritualistic\\npractises.\\nFeb. 9. P. Q. The incorporation and\\nendowment of the Jesuits cause\\ngreat excitement.\\nFeb. 10\u00c2\u00b1. P. Q. The ostensory in\\nwhich the host is placed recently\\ngiven by Pope Leo to Cardinal\\nTasehereau, arrives in Quebec. It is\\nrichly ornamented with precious stones.\\nFeb. 17. In Protestant churches in\\nQuebec and Ontario Provinces resolu-\\ntions protesting against the $400,000\\ngrant made to the Jesuits at the last\\nsession of the Quebec Legislature are\\nread, and petitions largely signed to give\\neffect to the resolutions.\\nFeb. 24. Ont. A meeting of Catho-\\nlics is held at Ottawa to express sym-\\npathy for the Pope, and demand the res-\\ntoration of the temporal power.\\nMar. P. Q. A resolution is intro-\\nduced in the Quebec Legislature by the\\nUltramontanes, asking the Queen to\\nUBe her influence in restoring to the\\nPope his temporal power.\\nMay 1. Ont. Richard A. O Connor\\nis consecrated Roman Catholic bishop\\nof Peterborough.\\nMay 7. Out. The Toronto Presby-\\ntery nominates Principal Grant for the\\nmoderatorship.\\nMay 24. N. S. Archdeacon Gilpin is\\npromoted to be dean, and Rev. J. A.\\nKaulback of Truro is made archdeacon.\\nLETTERS.\\n1887 Man. Den Skandinavislce Cana-\\ndiensaren is issued at Winnipeg.\\nOnt, The Weekly Empire is issued at\\nToronto; also The Saturday Night.\\nLa Ugende d un peup/e, by Louis Ho-\\nnor^ Frechette, appears.\\n1888 Ont. The Empire (daily) is is-\\nsued at Toronto.\\nMan. The Loegberg (Icelandic) is is-\\nsued at Winnipeg.\\n1889 Feb. 23. The Holy See re-\\nfuses permission to the Jesuits in Can-\\nada to confer university degrees.\\nMar. 6. Ont. The customs authorities\\nat Toronto seize and destroy 100 copies\\nof Zola s novels, as they are said to be\\nof immoral character.\\nMay 2. Ont. An injunction is served to\\nrestrain the federation of Victoria\\nCollege with Toronto University.\\nMay 14. Ont. The senate of the Vic-\\ntoria University meets at Cobourg, and\\nconsiders the federation with Toronto\\nUniversity.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1888 May 23. The Marquis of Lans-\\ndowne leaves Canada.\\nJune 30. The average consumption per\\ncapita of all intoxicating liquors is 4.61\\ngallons of malt liquors, 3.76 gallons.\\n1889 Jan. 11. Sir John Macdonald\\nreceives numerous congratulations on\\nhis 74th birthday.\\nFeb. 4. P. Q. The Montreal ice carni-\\nval begins.\\nOnt. The Women s Enfranchise-\\nment Association is formed at Toronto.\\nFeb. 12. Ont. The order of the Sons of\\nEngland holds a convention at Ottawa.\\nFeb. 14. Ont. Two hundred weavers go\\nout on strike at Cornwall.\\nFeb. 15. Man. The half-breeds of Da-\\nkota resist the collection of taxes,\\nand the militia is called out.\\nFeb. 20. Ont. Peterborough votes to\\nadopt high license.\\nA congress of jailers is held at\\nToronto.\\nMar. 5. Ont. The Jesuit Fathers bring\\na libel suit for \u00c2\u00a750,000 damages against\\nThe Toronto Mail.\\nMar. 7. Man. Gov. Schultz offers a site\\nfor a hospital at Selkirk,\\nOnt. White Caps flog an alleged\\n\\\\Ut-Ur.vU-\\nr et i\\nMar. 14. Ont. Black Caps organize at\\nKingston, and warn idlers and wife-\\nbeaters to beware.\\nMar. 19. Ont. The striking weavers\\ndecide to return to work at Cornwall.\\nMar. 26. Out. W. H. Harvey is ar-\\nrested at Toronto for shooting his wife\\nand two children.\\nMar. 30. Ont. The new Surgical\\nHospital for Women is opened at\\nToronto by the Bishop of Toronto. It\\nis under the control of the Anglican\\nsisterhood.\\nApr. 9. Ont, The police of Berlin are\\nordered to ring the town bell at 9 p. m.\\ndaily, and arrest all children under 15\\nyears of age who may be found on the\\nstreets after that hour.\\nA convention of dairymen meets in\\nOttawa.\\nApr. 16. N. S. The Supreme Court de-\\nclares the wholesale license clause of\\nthe Provincial law to be ultra vires of the\\nlocal legislature.\\nGabriel Dumont, Kiel s lieutenant\\nin the late rebellion in the Northwest\\nTerritory, and but lately pardoned, is\\nstirring up the half-breeds.\\nMay 18. Ont. Plasterers of Toronto\\ndemand an additional two and a half\\ncents an hour, and being refused, go out\\non strike.\\nMay 21. Ont. Thomas Johnson, col-\\nored, is arrested, charged with beating\\nhis child to death.\\nThe Grand Legion of the Ancient\\nOrder of United Workmen hold the\\nseventh annual conclave in Toronto.\\nJune 2. Man. Martin Burke, con-\\nnected with the murder of Dr. Cronin,\\nis identified by a Chicago officer at Win-\\nnipeg, and arrested.\\nSTATE.\\n1887 Aug. 30\u00c2\u00b1. Eng. A Joint Com-\\nmission is appointed by Great Britain\\nand the United States to settle the fish-\\neries dispute.\\n1SS8 Feb. 15. I). C. The Joint Com-\\nmission signs the Fisheries Treaty at\\nWashington.\\nApr. 7. Ottawa. The Assembly defeats\\na bill for trade reciprocity with the\\nUnited States.\\nMay 1. Eng. Lord Stanley of Preston\\nis appointed governor-general.\\nMay 2. Ottawa. Parliament approves\\nthe Fisheries Treaty.\\nJune 11. Ottawa. Lord Stanley, the\\nsuccessor of the Marquis of Lansdowne,\\ntakes the oath as governor-general.\\nAug. 21. D. C. The U. S. Senate re-\\nfuses to ratify the Fisheries Treaty.\\nSept. Commissioners report to the\\nGovernment the attractions of the basin\\nof the Mackenzie River for settlers.\\n18S9 Jan. 18. Br. Col. John Grant is\\nelected mayor of Victoria.\\nJan. 24. Ont. The Ontario Legisla-\\nture opens.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0598.jp2"}, "599": {"fulltext": "CANADA.\\n1887, July 6-1889, June 4. 587\\nJan. 31. Ottawa. Parliament opens.\\nFeb. 17. Ottawa. Sir Richard Cart-\\nwright s resolution in favor of the Do-\\nminion assuming treaty-making\\npowers is rejected by the House.\\nFeb. 19. Ottawa. Notice is given in the\\nDominion Parliament of the introduc-\\ntion of a resolution in favor of Home\\nRule.\\nThe Dominion Government pardons\\nGabriel Dumont, Louis Kiel s first\\nlieutenant in the Northwest rebellion.\\nFeb. 26. Ottawa. The Senate passes\\nbills for repealing bills of lading, to per-\\nmit the suspension of sentence in the\\ncase of first offenses, and for amending\\nthe Weights and Measures Act.\\nMar. 2. Ottawa. The Dominion Parlia-\\nment rejects a continuation of the\\nmodus vivendi in force, and a resolu-\\ntion providing for closer trade relations\\nwith the United States. Vote, 65-108.\\nMar. 15. Ottawa. Sir John A. Macdon-\\nald threatens to resign the premier-\\nship, and go before the country on the\\nJesuit question, if the anti- Jesuit reso-\\nlution promoted by the Orangemen is\\npersevered in.\\nMar. 23. Ottawa. The Government is-\\nsues modus vivendi licenses to sealing-\\nvessels, which are good until Dec. 31, 18S9.\\nMar. 25. Ottawa. Statistical returns\\nstrongly reenforce the Reciprocity\\nParty in House of Commons.\\nMar. 26. Ottawa. In the House of Com-\\nmons a resolution is moved concerning\\nthe action of the Quebec Legislature in\\nthe Jesuits* Estates matter.\\nThat it is beyond the power of that\\nHouse to enact such legislation 1. Be-\\ncause it endows from public funds a re-\\nligious organization, thereby violating\\nthe unwritten but undoubted constitu-\\ntional principle of the complete separa-\\ntion of Church and State. 2. Because\\nit recognizes the usurpation of the right\\nby a foreign authority the Pope of\\nRome to claim that his consent was\\nnecessary to empower the Provincial\\nLegislature to dispose of a portion of\\nthe public domain, and also because the\\nAct is made to depend upon the will, and\\nthe appropriation of the grant thereby\\nmade is subject to the control, of the\\nsame authority. 3. Because the endow-\\ning of the Society of Jesuits, an alien,\\nsecret, and politico-religious body, is\\nfraught with danger to the civil and re-\\nligious liberties of the people of Canada.\\nMar. 28. Ottaioa. The debate on the\\nJesuits Estates question continues in\\nthe House of Commons.\\nMar. 29. Ottawa. The O Brien Jesuits\\nDisallowance Amendment is defeated\\nin the Dominion Parliament.\\nApr. 1. Queen Victoria is asked to in-\\nterfere concerning the Jesuits Estates\\nmatter.\\nApr. 5. Br. Col. The Provincial Par-\\nliament ends its business of session.\\nApr. 7. P. Q. M. Mercier, the pre-\\nmier of Quebec, says that the treasury\\nof Quebec is empty, and it will be neces-\\nsary to pass a special act to procure\\nthe $400,000 to be handed over to\\nthe Roman Catholic authorities un-\\nder the Jesuits Estates Act,\\nApr. 9. Out. The House of Commons\\npasses the bill to amend the Fisheries\\nAct, which prohibits net-fishing in tidal\\nwaters.\\nApr. 26. Ottazoa. The Weldon Extra-\\ndition Bill is passed by the Senate.\\nSpeeches strongly maintaining the\\nCanadian claims in Bering Sea are\\nmade in the Dominion Parliament.\\nApr. Ottawa. The Senate expresses its\\nviews on unrestricted reciprocity.\\nIt would not be in the interest of\\nCanada to establish an entire reciprocity\\nof trade w r ith any foreign nation upon\\nany condition that would restrict, with\\nregard to others, entire freedom of ac-\\ntion by this country in protecting its\\nown industries, in dealing with its own\\nsources of revenue, and in regulating its\\nown foreign trade, or that would make\\nnecessary the adoption of duties discrim-\\ninating against imports from other na-\\ntions, and more especially the mother\\ncountry.\\nMay 2. Ottawa. The Parliament is\\nprorogued.\\nMay28\u00c2\u00b1. Ottawa. The Alaskan boun-\\ndary line is in dispute. The Govern-\\nment seeks a settlement.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1887 July 6, 7. P. Q. A fire breaks\\nout in the citadel at Quebec the pow-\\nder magazine is saved. The damage\\namounts to about $150,000.\\nJuly 16. Out. Petroleum ignites and\\nexplodes at St. Thomas, killing and\\nwounding many.\\nJuly 30. P. Q. The great railroad\\nbridge over the St. Lawrence at Lachine\\nis completed.\\nSept. 6. Out. An industrial exhibition\\nis opened by Lord Lansdowne at Toronto.\\nSept. Ottawa. Government sub-\\nsidies are pledged for the support of a\\nfortnightly mail service from London,\\nEng., to tht. East by the Pacific Rail-\\nroad.\\n1888 Sept. 11. Out. Lord Stanley\\nopens an exhibition at Toronto.\\n1889 Jan. 3. \u00c2\u00a37-. Col. The Welling-\\nton coal-mines of British Columbia are\\nshut down.\\nJan. 16. P. Q. Typhoid fever is epi-\\ndemic at Bale St. Paul.\\nJan. 24. Out. A natural gas-well is\\ntorpedoed at St. Catharines.\\nJan. 28. Man. The Supreme Court de-\\ncides that the Manitoba government may\\nextend the Red River Railroad across\\nthe Canada Pacific line.\\nJan. 28\u00c2\u00b1. Ottawa. Parliament re-\\nfuses to sanction the erection of the\\nextension of the Red River Railroad\\nacross the Pacific Railroad, as an in-\\nfringement of rights.\\nJan. 30\u00c2\u00b1. Ottawa. Canada decides not\\nto take part in the Paris Exposition.\\nFeb. 7. Ont. The opera-house at\\nNapanee collapses.\\nFeb. 12. Saskatchewan. An epidemic\\nof a virulent character rages among the\\nChippeway Indians at Fort Pitt.\\nFeb. 27. Ont. A passenger-train is\\nwrecked at St. George, on the Great\\nWestern Railroad 10 persons are killed\\nand many seriously injured.\\nFeb. P. Q. Harbor improvements to\\ncost $4,000,000 are commenced in Mon-\\ntreal.\\nThey include four miles of wharfage, a\\nstill-water basin of six square miles, and\\nthe dredging of the river.\\nMar. 4. P. Q. Several lives are lost by\\nthe fall of a mill-roof in Montreal.\\nMar. 5. P. Q. The Montreal Board of\\nTrade s Council approves the Extradi-\\ntion Bill introduced into Parliament,\\nand framed so as to include American\\ndefaulters.\\nMar. 7\u00c2\u00b1. Ont. Many cases of smallpox\\nand eight deaths occur in Fingal and\\nSouthwold.\\nMar. 14. N. S. A gold-mine in Duf-\\nferin, Halifax Comity, sells at auction\\nfor $145,000.\\nMar. 20. N~. S. The British war-ship\\nLily arrives at Halifax with a case of\\nyellow fever on board.\\nMar. 21. Customs authorities seize the\\nAmerican fishing-schooner W. H.\\nFoye.\\nApr. 11. The annual report of the De-\\npartment of Fisheries shows a de-\\ncrease of $967,593 in the value of the\\nfisheries.\\nApr. 16. Ont. The Welland Canal is\\nopened for navigation.\\nThousands of seals are killed in the\\nLower St. Lawrence.\\nApr. 25 Ont. The Grand Trunk Rail-\\nway decides to cease running freight-\\ntrains on Sunday.\\nApr. 28. Ont. The limited express on\\nthe Grand Trunk Railroad from Chicago\\nto Hamilton runs off the track and\\ntakes fire IS persons are burned to\\ndeath and about 20 injured. The train\\npassengers were on their way to New\\nYork City to participate in the Centen-\\nnial celebration.\\nMay 1. N. F. Fourteen lives are lost in\\nthe wrecking of the schooner Shiloh\\nat Grand Banks.\\nMay 10. Eng. The House of Commons\\napproves the cable contract for Hali-\\nfax and Bermuda.\\nMay 14. Ont. Forest fires do much\\ndamage at Belleville.\\nThe steamer Cynthia comes in col-\\nlision with the steamer Polynesian, and\\nsinks in the St. Lawrence River opposite\\nLongue Point eight sailors lose their\\nlives.\\nMay 16. P. Q. About 700 houses are de-\\nstroyed by fire in a suburb of Quebec\\nproperty worth $600,000 is burned, one\\nman killed, and one fatally hurt.\\nMay 29. A Canadian schooner is\\nwrecked on Gallos Island, in Lake On-\\ntario, and eight sailors are missing.\\nJune 2. A train of the Canadian Pacific\\nrailroad crosses Maine on the short\\nline to the Maritime Provinces.\\nJune 3. y. S. The steamer Bessie Mor-\\nris from Montreal for Sydney goes ashore\\nin Aspy Bay.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0599.jp2"}, "600": {"fulltext": "588 1889, June 5 -Nov. 13.\\nCANADA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1S89 June 11. Man. The 91st Bat-\\ntalion is organized with companies at\\nSt. James, Kildonan, Selkirk, Spring-\\nfield, Stonewall, and Woodlands.\\nJune 14. Ont. The formation of six\\ncompanies for a battalion at London\\nis ordered.\\nJuly 3. P. Q. The 5th district mili-\\ntary camp at St. Johns is inspected by\\nSir Frederick Middleton.\\nAug. 4. The British squadron of the\\nPacific goes to protect British ships.\\nSept. 10. P. Q. Artillery competition\\nopens at Isle of Orleans, Quebec.\\nSept. 18. P. Q. The Charlottetown bat-\\ntery of Prince Edward Island takes the\\nfirst prize in artillery by competition\\nat Grosse Island.\\nSept. 19. Ont. Maj. Todd declines the\\ncolonelcy of the Governor-General s foot-\\nguards at Ottawa.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1889 July 17. Br. Col. Petroleum is\\ndiscovered at Vancouver in the center of\\nthe city.\\nJuly 29. N. S. Two seams of good hard\\ncoal are discovered near Truro.\\nAug. 17. Ont. The Canadian College\\nof Music is established at Ottawa.\\nSept. 3. Ont. The American Associa-\\ntion for the Advancement of Science\\ncloses its session at Toronto.\\nSept. 6. N~. S. Gold is discovered at\\nPrincess Ledge, near Halifax.\\nSept. 19. P. Q. Several thousand tons\\nof rock slide from Cape Diamond to\\nChamplain Street, in Quebec, 300 feet\\nbelow, demolishing in their course seven\\ndwellings, and killing or injuring a\\nnumber of persons.\\nOct. 2. P. Q. A large piece of roek\\nfalls at Quebec, near the scene of the\\nformer disaster, and crushes in and\\nwrecks a building, but without loss of\\nlife.\\nNov. 4. N. S. Coal deposits are dis-\\ncovered, containing millions of tons of\\ncoal.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1889.\\nJune 5. Gray, John Hamilton, justice of\\nSupreme Court, at Victoria, B. C, dies.\\nJune 6. Jones, W. C, editor of the Star\\nTranscript* dies.\\nJune 12. Cecil, Lord A. P., is drowned at\\nAdolphustown, Ont.\\nJuly 1. Theresa, Mother, head of the Order\\nof Our Lady of Loretto, at Toronto, dies.\\nJuly 18. Harel, Ablxi Telesphore, chan-\\ncellor of an hdio -t SL of Montreal, dies.\\nAug. 3. McConnell, P., Baptist pioneer\\nmissionary, dies.\\nAug. 13. Miller, Father, vicar-general of\\nMontreal, dies.\\nNov. 4. St. Louis, Mother, superioress of\\nGood Shepherd Convent, Quebec, dies.\\nRichards, Sir William Buel, jurist, A74.\\nCHURCH.\\n1889 June 6. P. Q. The Conference\\nof the Methodist Church of Canada\\nopens its sixth annual session at Sher-\\nbrooke.\\nOnt. The Bay of Quinte Methodist\\nConference meeting is held at Belle-\\nville.\\nThe Congregational Union, Brant-\\nford, opens.\\nJune 11. Ont. The Anglican Synod\\nof Toronto convenes.\\nJune 12. Ont. Lord A. P. Cecil, a\\nnoted evangelist, is drowned at Adolph-\\nustown.\\nJune 13. P. Q. The Baptist Church\\nEastern Association convenes at Sher-\\nbrooke.\\nOnt. The Presbyterian General\\nAssembly is held at Toronto.\\nJune 18. P. Q. The Synod of Mon-\\ntreal convenes.\\nOnt. The Ontario Diocesan Synod\\nmeets at Kingston.\\nJune 19. A S. The Methodist Con-\\nference meets at Liverpool.\\nJune 21. Ont. The Toronto District\\nBaptist Association convenes.\\nJuly 3. Ont. The Presbytery of Kings-\\nton elects M. TV. Maclean moderator.\\nJuly 10. Man. The Baptist Conven-\\ntion elects J. W. Whitman of Emerson\\npresident.\\nJuly 31. Ont. The Canada District of\\nthe Lutheran Synod closes at Ottawa.\\nAug. 17. Ont. The Reformed Epis-\\ncopal Synod elects its officers at Ot-\\ntawa.\\nAug. 21. A T S. The Presbytery of Hali-\\nfax meets.\\nAug. 26. P. Q. The petition of Louis\\nAronson and others for an order to es-\\ntablish a Jewish congregation is granted\\nat Montreal.\\nSept. 7. P. Q. Cure Sentenne denounces\\nLabor Day from the pulpit in Montreal.\\nSept. 11. P. Q. The Synod of the\\nChurch of England in Canada opens\\nin Montreal.\\nSept. 12. Ont. The Privy Council re-\\nfuses to refer the Jesuits Estates case\\nto the Supreme Court.\\nSept. 15. Ont. Bishop John Walsh is\\nappointed archbishop of Toronto.\\nSept. 18. Father Paradis of Quebec is\\nsummoned to return from Home.\\nOct. 3. P. Q. Cardinal Taschereau\\nconfirms 300 children at Quebec.\\nOct. 13. P. Q. The ceremony of bless-\\ning the amalgamation of Laval and\\nVictoria Universities is celebrated in\\nNotre Dame Cathedral at Montreal.\\nOct. 14. Ont. The census of attendance\\nat Protestant churches is taken at Ot-\\ntawa attending number, 7,328.\\nOct. 16. Ont. The Baptist Conven-\\ntion is held at Ottawa.\\nOct. 24. Ont. The cloistered nuns\\nare exempted from appearing in Court\\nby Justice Mathieu, in La Banque\\nVille Marie vs. Hotel Dieu case at\\nMontreal.\\nOct. 30. Man. The Anglican Synod\\ncloses at Winnipeg.\\nNov. 2. Ont. Premier Mercier re-\\nceives papal benediction from Rome.\\nNov. 12. Ont. The eighth annual\\nmeeting of the Baptist Congress of\\nAmerica is held at Toronto.\\nMd. At the Baltimore Catholic\\nCongress, Premier Mercier makes\\nan address on the impartiality of French\\nCanadians in the treatment of Protes-\\ntants and Catholics.\\nLETTERS.\\n1889 Sept. 26. The Catholic Board\\nof Public Instruction decides to re-\\nduce the grant to classical colleges by\\n10 per cent.\\nOct. 9. P.O. The Laval and Victoria\\nfaculties are amalgamated at Montreal.\\nOct. 14. P. Q. The will of the late Mr.\\nWorkman bequeathed $120,000 to\\nthe McGill University at Montreal.\\nOct. 21. Ont. The Minister of Educa-\\ntion issues an order that English shall\\nbe the language of instruction.\\nOct.* Ont. The foundation stone of the\\nnew public library is laid at Hamilton.\\nOnt. The Herald is issued at Hamil-\\nton.\\nNov. 12. Man. The half-breeds of St.\\nLaurent hold a meeting, and condemn\\nthe proposed abolition of separate\\nschools and a dual language.\\nS0CLETY.\\n1889 June 11. Out. The second an-\\nnual Convention of the Dominion\\nWomans Christian Temperance\\nUnion is held at Toronto.\\nX. B. Lucian Freeman Villa his\\nmother and John Morgan at Meriden.\\nOnt. The tenth annual meeting of\\nthe High Court of the Canadian Or-\\nder of Foresters is held at London.\\nJune 12. Alberta. The Dominion Gov-\\nernment is warned that the Mormon\\ncolonists are practising polygamy, and\\nwill soon control the electorate.\\nX. B. A convention of locomotive\\nengineers is held at Moncton.\\nJune 18. A S. The carpenters of Hali-\\nfax strike.\\nJune 25. Ont. The annual session of\\nthe Canada Grand Lodge of Good\\nTemplars is opened at Toronto.\\nJuly 10\u00c2\u00b1. Man. Martin Burke is com-\\nmitted at Winnipeg for extradition, as\\nthe murderer of Dr. Cronin.\\nJuly 18. Ont. The Canadian Press\\nAssociation holds its annual meeting\\nat Toronto.\\nJuly 22. A B. The carnival opens.\\nJuly 25. Ont. The Brotherhood of\\nBrakemen is in session at Ottawa.\\nAug. 4. P. Q. The corner-stone of a\\nhospital is laid at Rimouski.\\nAug. 5. A S. The carnival opens at\\nHalifax.\\nAug. 7. Ont. The tenth convention of\\nthe American Electric Light Associ-\\nation meets at Niagara Falls.\\nAug. 21. Ont. The sixth annual Con-\\nvention of Photographers is held at\\nToronto.\\nAug. 23. Ont. The Brooklyn 13th\\nRegiment is received at Hamilton,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0600.jp2"}, "601": {"fulltext": "CANADA.\\n1889, June 5 -Nov. 13. 589\\nSept. 3. P. Q. A Labor Congress, con-\\nsisting of the Knights of Labor and the\\nDominion Trades and Labor Congress,\\nopens in Montreal.\\nSept. 5. P. Q. The Dominion Labor\\nCongress at Montreal adopts resolu-\\ntions.\\nIt calls on the Dominion and Provin-\\ncial Governments to abolish the system\\nof subsidizing railways by land and\\nmoney grunts, ;is detrimental to the in-\\nterests of the country recommending\\nthat all wage-earners be paid weekly,\\nand that power to call out the militia in\\ncase of riots be vested only in the Adju-\\ntant-General of the Province and may-\\nors of cities.\\nSept. 11. Ont. Dancing exhibitions\\ncause an agitation at Toronto.\\nSept. 21. P. Q. The City Council of\\nQuebec votes $5,000 toward relieving\\nthe sufferers by the falling-rock dis-\\naster.\\nOct. 2. P. Q. Tlie sixth annual Con-\\nvention of the Woman s Christian\\nTemperance Union opens at Montreal.\\nOct. 3. Ont. The principal members of\\nthe Cranbourne Club at London are\\nfound guilty of gambling, and fined.\\nP. Q. The First Regiment of the\\nConnecticut National Guard, accom-\\npanied by Gov. Bulkeley and Senator\\nHawley, arrives in Montreal.\\nOct. 6. Ont. Father Boyle, a priest,\\nis sentenced to death for an assault on\\na young woman.\\nOct. 30. A judgment for $500 is\\ngiven against Le Monde for styling Mr.\\nNoyes an Orangeman.\\nNov. 4. A Canadian smuggler returns\\n$2,500 to the Government by Dwight\\nL. Moody, the evangelist.\\nNov. 5. Ont. A great Orange demon-\\nstration is held at Ottawa.\\nSTATE.\\n1889 July 17. 2V. S. The Govern-\\nment loan of $300,000 at 4 per cent,\\nto run 30 years, is taken at from 1\u00c2\u00a3 to li\\nper cent, premium.\\nJuly 28. The law officers of the Crown\\ndecide the Jesuits Estates Act was al-\\nready within the powers of the Provin-\\ncial Legislature, and that there is no\\ncase to send to the Judicial Committee\\nof the Privy Council.\\nJuly 30. Man. A full Court at Winni-\\npeg agrees in an order committing Mar-\\ntin Burke for extradition.\\nr- Canadians are indignant at the seiz-\\nure of the Black Diamond in Bering\\nSea, calling it an American outrage.\\nJuly 31. Ottaiua. The Dominion Minis-\\nter of Justice signs the extradition\\nwarrant for Martin Burke.\\nAug. 2. Ottawa. The Governor-Gen-\\neral, in reply to a delegation of the\\nEqual Rights Association, states that\\nin his opinion and that of bis advisers\\nthere are no grounds either for disallow-\\nance of the act of the Quebec Legislature\\nas to the Jesuits Estates Act or for\\nthe dissolution of Parliament.\\nAug. 3. Br. Col. John Robson is sworn\\nin as premier at Victoria.\\nAug. 6. Ottawa. The Minister of Cus-\\ntoms receives official report of the seiz-\\nure of the Black Diamond in Bering\\nSea, but no demand as yet for compen-\\nsation by her owners.\\nAug. 29. Br. Col. Several sealers are\\nseized in the Bering Sea.\\nAug. British Columbia is endeavoring\\nto establish reciprocity with the United\\nStates.\\nThe rich iron deposits, the abundance\\nof timber, the large supply of fish, make\\nreciprocity desirable.\\nSept. 3. Br. Col. A sealer with prize crew\\non board continues sealing despite his\\nprotests, and after securing 509 sea-otters\\nsailed for and arrives safely at Victoria.\\nSept. 17. Lord Stanley, the Governor-\\nGeneral, starts on a tour to the North-\\nwest.\\nOct. 14. P. Q. It is announced that\\npayments to the Jesuits are soon to\\nbe made in Quebec.\\nOct. 25. Eng. The Weldon Extra-\\ndition Act is disallowed by the Imperial\\nauthority.\\nOct. 28. N.S. The American fishing-\\nschooner D. Adams is confiscated at\\nHalifax for violating the treaty of ISIS.\\nOct. 29. Ont. The People s Political\\nParty is organized at Kingston.\\nNov. 4+. Ottawa. Sir John A. Mac-\\ndonald resigns the Presidency of the\\nCouncil, and takes the portfolio of Rail-\\nways and Canals. C. C. Colby, Deputy\\nSpeaker of the House of Commons, is\\nchosen to succeed him.\\nNov. 5. P. 0. Premier Mercier pays\\nover $400,000 to the Jesuits Estates\\nat Montreal.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1889 June The Canadian Pacific\\nNew Soo line is opened.\\nJune 7- Ont. A great jam of logs\\nbreaks up at Belleville.\\nJune 9. P. Q. The Grosse Isle Cable\\nis laid, and goes into operation.\\nJune 21. N. S. Halifax celebratesthe\\n140th anniversary of its settlement.\\nJune 30. Ont. The largest ferry\\nsteamer on the Upper St. Lawrence\\ngoes down while ferrying railroad cars\\nfrom Morristown to Brockville.\\nJuly 6. The St. Lawrence Yacht\\nClub race for the vice-commodore s\\ncup is won by the Lulu.\\nJuly 9. Ont. A natural gas- well is set\\non fire at Ruthven.\\nJuly 10. Br. Col. The Board of Trade\\nfavors reciprocity with the United\\nStates.\\nJuly Ont. Col. Hamilton obtains a\\ngrant from the Government to set up an\\nelectric generating machine under\\nNiagara Palls.\\nAug. 1. Ont. The palace steamer St.\\nLawrence, of Thousand Islands Steam-\\nboat Company, is wrecked at Hog Island\\nin the St. Lawrence.\\nAug. 3. Br. Col. The schooner Black\\nDiamond, seized by United States cut-\\nter Bushy sails into the harbor of Vic-\\ntoria.\\nAug. 4. P. Q. The Dominion line\\nsteamship Montreal, from Montreal to\\nLiverpool, owing to icebergs and fog, is\\ntotaUy wrecked at Belle Isle.\\nAug. 7. Ont. The American Electric\\nLight Association opens its 10th con-\\nvention at Niagara Falls.\\nAug. 23. Ont. An English syndi-\\ncate purchases a Toronto distillery for\\n$6,000,000.\\nAug. 28. JST. S. During the last six\\nmonths 13,626 ounces of gold have been\\nmined.\\nAug. 30. Br. Cot. Two of the sealers\\ncaptured in Bering Sea arrive at Vic-\\ntoria, one with a prize crew of one man\\non board.\\nSept. 2. The Bering-Sea schooner\\nMinnie arrives at Victoria after being\\nseized and sent to Sitka by the United\\nStates cutter Rush.\\nSept. 5. The cable telegraph system\\nconuects the Canadian Pacific with the\\nMack ay-Bennett line.\\nSept. 10. Ont. The Annual Exhibition\\nin Toronto is opened by Sir John A.\\nMacdonald.\\nSept. 13. N. B. Forest fires do great\\nOnt. Toronto s millionaire philan-\\nthropist, Wm. Gooderham, drops\\ndead as he finishes a prayer in the\\nHouse for Fallen Women, which was es-\\ntablished by him.\\nSept. 17. Ottawa. Lord Stanley starts\\non a tour to the Northwest.\\nSept. 20. P. Q. The Hochelaga Ex-\\nhibition at Montreal is opened.\\nSept. P. Q. A mass of rock falls, and\\nmany are killed at Quebec.\\nSept. 22. P. E. I. The business portion\\nof Kensington is burned.\\nOct. 17. The Northern Pacific Rail-\\nroad authorizes the issue of $160,000,-\\n000 new 5 per cent bonds.\\nLabrador. Fishermen are suffer-\\ning, owing to failure of fisheries at Es-\\nquimaux Point.\\nOct. 24. Ont. Four lives are lost and\\nseveral persons are injured by the burn-\\ning of the steamer Quinte, near Des-\\neronto.\\nOct. 26. The people of Current Island,\\nBelle Isle Strait, are starving, owing\\nto the failure of the fisheries.\\nNov. 2. A wrapping-paper trust is\\nformed.\\nNov. 4. N. S. Many families in Ter-\\nence Bay are starving through failure\\nof the fisheries.\\nP. Q. The Montreal pig-iron boom\\ncollapses.\\nNov. 13. Ont. A breaking dam at\\nAlton causes much disaster to mills,\\ndwellings, bridges, etc. several lives\\nare lost.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0601.jp2"}, "602": {"fulltext": "590 1889, Nov. 20-1890, Nov. 26. CANADA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1889 Dec. 4. Lieut. Eric Streatfield\\nis appointed A.D.C., vice Capt. Wise,\\nA.D.C.\\nOnt. Lieut. J. A. Moore is placed\\non the list as instructor at the Royal\\nMilitary College at Kingston.\\n1890 July 12. Out. The Official Ga-\\nzette of Ottawa contains Gen. Middle-\\nton s farewell to the Canadian mili-\\ntia.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1889 Nov. 23. Out. A rich find of\\ncoal is made near Sharbot Lake.\\nDec. 5. N. S. A valuable seam of red\\nhematite is discovered near Maitland.\\n1890 Apr. P. Q. Millet s VAngelus\\nis on exhibition in Montreal.\\nMay 7. The Government purposes ex-\\nploring Mackenzie Basin.\\nJune 5. Disastrous floods occur.\\nJune 9. Orders are issued for a complete\\nsurvey of the Gulf of St. Lawrence,\\nand elaborate observations of tidal\\nmovements.\\nJuly 31. Ont. Natural gas is struck at\\nKingston.\\nAug. 3. Man. Much damage is done by\\nstorm.\\nSept. 14. Atha. Extensive petroleum\\nfields are discovered along the Atha-\\nbasca River.\\nSept. 28. P. Q. A shock of earth-\\nquake is felt in Quebec.\\nOct. 7. P. Q. A fatal landslide occurs\\nat St. Pierre du Sud, Quebec.\\nNov. 24. N m S. Lives and property are\\nlost on the coast cause, violent gales.\\nBERTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n1890 Jan. 23. Lemoine, G., Abbe\\\\ chap-\\nlain of Urauline Convent, at Quebec, dies.\\nFeb. S3. Oxenden, Ashton, bp. of Mon-\\ntreal, and i[ietro|iniLtan of Canada, A84.\\nJune 3. D Herbomez, Joseph Louis, vicar\\napostolic of R. C. diocese of B. C, A68.\\nCHURCH.\\n1889 Nov. 21. Ont. The Diocesan\\njubilee is celebrated at Toronto.\\nNov. 24. P. Q. Rev. E. Owen of St.\\nBartholomew s of Montreal resigns on\\naccount of dispute on the surplice\\nquestion.\\nDec. 9. It. Pope Leo thanks Cana-\\ndian Roman Catholics for their pro-\\ntest against the usurpation of the tem-\\nporal power of the papacy.\\nDec. 28. Ont. The diocese of Kingston\\nbecomes a metropolitan see.\\nJames Vincent Cleary is made arch-\\nbishop of Kingston.\\n1890 Jan. 21. Ont. The Roman Cath-\\nolic diocese of Alexandria is estab-\\nlished.\\nApr. 10. Ont. Archbishop Cleary of\\nKingston orders that all those who re-\\nfuse to support Roman Catholic\\nparochial schools shall be denied\\nabsolution from their sins.\\nJune Ont. Alexander MacDonnellis\\nconsecrated R. C. bishop of Alexandria.\\nSept. 7. Br. Col. The Roman Catholic\\ndiocese of New Westminister is\\nestablished.\\nSept. 10. P. Q, The third General\\nConference of the Methodist Church\\nof Canada meets in Montreal.\\nOct. 10. P. Q. Bishop Lafleche of\\nThree Rivers issues an order for farm-\\ners to pay a tithe of $7.50 per 1,000\\nbundles of hay to their cure or be\\nrefused the sacrament if they neglect\\nto do so.\\nOct. 19. Ont. Dennis O Connor is\\nconsecrated R. C. bishop of London.\\nLETTERS.\\n18S9 Nov. 20. Man. The Indian\\nIndustrial School is handed over to\\nthe Church of England authorities at St.\\nPaul.\\nNov. 27- P. Q. A movement is made\\nto endow Faculty of Applied Science\\nin McGill University, Montreal cost,\\n\u00c2\u00a7100,000.\\nNight schools are opened in Montreal.\\nDec. 27. Man. The English-speak-\\ning Roman Catholics denounce the\\nproposed legislation abolishing the\\nteac hin g of French in public schools.\\n1890 Mar.* Man. Roman Catholics\\nare denied the right to have sepa-\\nrate schools, and all classes are re-\\nquired to patronize the national schools.\\nApr. 7. P. Q. Gifts amounting in value\\nto $1,000,000 are made to McGill\\nUniversity, Montreal.\\nApr. 26. Ont. The Toronto Univer-\\nsity is to be rebuilt at a cost of \u00c2\u00a722,000,\\nexclusive of library building, which is\\nto be fireproof, and to cost \u00c2\u00a750,000.\\nOct. 3. Ont. A memorial signed by\\n10,000 Roman Catholics, including\\nArchbishop Tache, of Winnipeg, Mani-\\ntoba, is presented to the Governor-Gen-\\neral of Canada, asking him to disallow\\nthe acts passed by the Manitoba Legis-\\nlature abolis hin g Roman Catholic\\nschools and the dual language.\\nNov. 24. Man. Judge Killam decides\\nadversely to the appeal of the Roman\\nCatholics against the Act of the last\\nLegislature abolishing separate schools.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1890 Jan. 6. P. Q. Gov. Augers in-\\nforms the Legislature on its opening\\nthat a bill will be presented, offering\\n100 acres of land to the parents of\\nevery family of 12 children.\\nJan. 14. P. Q. A meeting of the Pro-\\nvincial Dominion Alliance at Quebec\\ncondemns Mercier s speech on the pro-\\nhibition question.\\nJan. 17. Ont. Lady Stanley refuses\\nto receive a divorced lady, the wife of\\nan American Minister, at a state dinner\\nat Ottawa.\\nMar. Br. Col. Wild Indians in the\\neastern part have been burning and rob-\\nbing houses, and threatening the settlers.\\nMar. Ont. A Government bill is intro-\\nduced in Parliament making polygamy\\na crime.\\nMar. P. Q. A Canadian Indepen-\\ndence League is formed in Montreal\\nto make a determined and systematic\\nmovement -for emancipation from Brit-\\nish rule by the year 1892.\\nMar. Ont. A bill is introduced in the\\nParliament at Ottawa which makes\\nmarriage a misdemeanor if con-\\ntracted by persons related by consan-\\nguinity nearer than the fourth degree.\\nMay 12. Ont. Gen. Middleton is con-\\nvicted by Parliament of looting valu-\\nable furs while commanding the militia\\nin the Riel rebellion.\\nMay 13. Canals are to be closed on\\nSundays. (Announced.\\nMay 14. A new secret Irish Associa-\\ntion is formed, with head centers in\\nMontreal and Quebec.\\nMay 21. B.C. The Duke and Duch-\\ness of Connaught arrive at Victoria.\\n[May 22. They are welcomed at Van-\\ncouver. May 27. Man. They leave Win-\\nnipeg for the East. June 12. They leave\\nfor England.]\\nJune 12, 13. Ont. The Women sEn-\\nfranchisement Association convenes\\nin Toronto.\\nJuly 24. X. S. Jack the Ripper\\nis said to be in jail at Halifax he is a\\nmedical student information given by\\nhis sister was the cause of his arrest.\\nAug. 5. P. Q. The American For-\\nestry Association closes its sessions in\\nQuebec.\\nIt recommends the proper manage-\\nment of public timber lands, and that\\nyoung men be sent to Europe to study\\nforestry.\\nSept. 6. Ont. The Labor Congress at\\nOttawa passes a resolution demanding\\nthe right of the people of Canada to\\nelect their own Governor-General, in-\\nstead of having this official appointed\\nby the British Government.\\nSept. 1 1 Subscription lists are opened\\nin several Canadian cities to secure funds\\nfor the relief of the famine- threat-\\nened districts in Ireland.\\nSept. 22. Ont. The trial of Reginald\\nBirchall for the murder of F. C. Ben-\\nwell begins at Woodstock.\\nSept. 29. Ont. Birchall is convicted of\\nthe murder of Benwell, and sentenced\\nto be hanged. [Nov. 14. Hanged.]\\nOct. 27+. The Comte de Paris visits\\nCanada.\\nISTov. 6. Thanksgiving Day is observed.\\nSTATE.\\n1889 ISTov. 22. Ont. Miss F. Mer-\\ncale, an Indian, is appointed to a place\\nin the department of Indian Affairs it\\nis the first appointment of the kind.\\nDec. 4. Ottawa. A new extradition\\ntreaty between Canada and the United\\nStates is submitted by the British Gov-\\nernment to the Canadian Government.\\nDec. The sentiment in favor of annex-\\nation with the United States is re-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0602.jp2"}, "603": {"fulltext": "CANADA. 1889, Nov. 20-1890, Nov. 26. 591\\nported to be growing among prominent\\nmen.\\n1890 Jan. 8. P. E. I, The Legisla-\\nture is dissolved.\\nJan. 15. Ottawa. The Parliament\\nopens with a speech by Gov.-Gen. Lord\\nStanley.\\nJan. 20. jV. B. An election is held by\\nwhich the. Government gains 22 Opposi-\\ntion, 17 Independents, 2.\\nJan. 21+. Ottawa. An effort is made to\\nbring up the question of annexation\\nin the House of Commons.\\nP. Q. Mayor Grenier of Montreal\\nis reelected by acclamation.\\nJan. 24. Eng. Canada s right to le-\\ngislate on questions involving the royal\\nprerogative is allowed by the Crown.\\nJan. 25. Ottawa. Official notice is given\\nof the expiration of the modus vivendi\\non Feb. 15 between the United States\\nand Canada.\\nJan. 30. Ont. The Ontario Legisla-\\nture is opened at Toronto.\\nMan. The Legislature opens.\\nJan. Ottawa. A bill is introduced in\\nParliament to repeal the act authoriz-\\ning the use of the French language\\nin the Northwest Territories.\\nFeb. 13. Man. The Legislature passes\\na resolution abolishing the use of\\nFrench as the official language of the\\nProvince.\\nFeb. 15. Ottaiva. The House of Com-\\nmons debates the Dual Language bill.\\nFeb. 17. Br. Col. A judge decides that\\nthe United States has no jurisdiction\\noutside the marine league limit in Be-\\nring Sea.\\nFeb. 22. Ottawa. The Dominion Parli-\\nament refers the question of the official\\nuse of French to the Northwest Assem-\\nbly.\\nFeb. 24. C. H. Tupper, Minister of\\nMarine and Fisheries, starts for Wash-\\nington as the Canadian representative\\nat the pending fisheries negotiations.\\nFeb. P. Q. The Club National, the\\nleading French Canadian political club\\nof Canada, repudiates Parliament s loyal\\naddress to the Queen, and declares for\\nCanadian independence.\\nFeb. Br. Col. The various American,\\nEnglish, and Canadian trading-vessels\\nseized by the Columbian authorities\\nare released.\\nMar. 7- P. Q. A resolution opposing\\nImperial federation is unanimously\\ncarried in the Quebec House of Assem-\\nbly.\\nMar. 24. Ottawa. Minister Tupper\\nreturns from the Washington confer-\\nence regarding Bering Sea.\\nMar. Man. The Legislature unani-\\nmously adopts a resolution praying that\\nsteps be taken by the Dominion Parlia-\\nment to negotiate with the U. S. Govern-\\nment for unrestricted reciprocity of\\ntrade between the two countries.\\nMar. Canada seeks representation in\\nthe British Parliament.\\nApr. 9. The Government decides to re-\\nnew the modus vivendi with the United\\nStates for another year.\\nOttawa. The Dominion House of\\nCommons defeats an amendment to\\nthe budget favoring reciprocity.\\nApr. 29. Ottawa. The Dominion Sen-\\nate passes a bill extending the modus\\nvivendi with the United States.\\nApr. Ottawa. The Government de-\\ncides to guarantee the interest on\\n$5,000,000 of the bonds to be issued\\nby the Winnipeg and Hudson Bay Rail-\\nway and Navigation Company for the\\nconstruction of that road.\\nMay 10. P. Q. The Quebec Legisla-\\nture is dissolved.\\nMay 16. Ottawa. The Dominion Par-\\nliament is prorogued.\\nMay 25. Ottaiva. The Dominion Gov-\\nernment informs Canadian sealers\\nthat in case of arrest by U. S. ships\\nthey cannot be protected.\\nMay 28. Ottawa. The Government de-\\ncides to enforce the treaty of 1818 in\\nreference to the Atlantic fisheries, ex-\\ncept to holders of modus vivendi licenses.\\nMay 29. Ottawa. The Government or-\\nders the whole international boundary\\nline from the Kocky Mountains to Mani-\\ntoba to be patrolled by mounted po-\\nlice in order to prevent smuggling.\\nJune 18. P. Q. The French Nation-\\nalists win in the Quebec elections.\\nJuly 14. N. S. M. B. Daly is. sworn\\ninto office as lieutenant-governor in\\nthe Legislative Council Chamber at\\nHalifax.\\nSept. 24. Ottawa. The Governor-Gen-\\neral is petitioned to veto the Anti-\\nFrench Bill passed by the Manitoba\\nLegislature.\\nOct. 10. Ottawa. Canadahaa issued 119\\nlicenses to U. S. vessels under the mo-\\ndus vivendi, as against 78 last year.\\nNov. 3. Ottawa. It is officially an-\\nnounced that the Dominion Government\\nhas decided to reduce the rate of post-\\nage to a two-cent rate throughout Can-\\nada and to the United States.\\nNov. 7. Ottawa. The Dominion Govern-\\nment refuses to interfere with the\\nsentence of Birchall. (See Society,\\nSept. 22.)\\nNov. 26. N. F. Newfoundland prom-\\nises not to enforce the Bait Act against\\nthe Dominion.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1889 Dec. 9. P. Q. The court-house\\nat Inverness is destroyed by fire.\\nDec. 22. Ont. Fire destroys property\\nin Petrolia to the amount of about\\n$100,000.\\nDec. 23. Man. The Ogilvie Milling\\nCompany have secured a corner in all\\nthe wheat in this Province.\\nDec. 27. Br. Col. Many buildings in\\nNew Westminster are destroyed by\\nfire.\\n1890 Jan. 17. Br. Col. The total pack\\nof salmon during 1889 is reported to be\\n414,294 cases.\\nJan. 21. Manitoba Indians are dying\\nfrom the grip.\\nJan. 25. Ont. The grip causes the high\\nschools of Colborne to be closed.\\nJan. 26. P. Q. An ice-bridge ia\\nformed in the river at Montreal.\\nFeb. 10. The new bridge over the St.\\nLawrence at Coteau Landing is opened\\nit is a mile and three-fourths long.\\nFeb. 14. Ont. Toronto loses by the\\nUniversity fire $1,000,000, which in-\\ncludes the library, valued at $100,000,\\nand all its equipment, besides records\\nand valuable historical and other docu-\\nments.\\nMar. Ottawa. Sir John A. Macdonald\\nhas promised leading men from all parts\\nof the Dominion that the entire system\\nof St. Lawrence canals shall be deep-\\nened to 14 feet.\\nMar. Ont. The Government has de-\\ncided to spend $30,000 for seed wheat\\nfor Northwest farmers many of the\\nfarmers, owing to their heavy indebted-\\nness, are mortgaging their farms, and\\nleaving for the United States.\\nMay 6. P. Q. The Insane Asylum of\\nSt. Jean de Dieu at Longue Point, near\\nMontreal, is burned.\\nOver 100 of the women patients and\\nseveral nuns perish in the names many\\ninsane men and women escape to the\\nwoods financial loss, about $700,000.\\nJune 6. Br. Col. Sealing poachers in\\nBering Sea utilize a swift steamer to\\ntake their cargoes from the Aleutian\\nIslands to Victoria.\\nJune 29 N. S. Boston capitalists are\\ndeveloping a new seaport at the east\\nend of the Strait of Canso.\\nJune 30. The reports of the Con-\\nsolidated Fund of the Dominion for\\nthe fiscal year show the total revenue\\nto have been $38,843,173.14, and the ex-\\npenditures $30,939,772.26, leaving a sur-\\nplus of $7,903,400.88, the largest since\\nthe Confederation.\\nJuly 8. Br. Col. Sailing-vessels have\\ngone into Bering Sea in large numbers\\nfrom Victoria in expectation that there\\nwill be no seizures this year.\\nThe cable connecting Bermuda\\nwith Canada and the rest of the world\\nis completed, and there is much con-\\ngratulation over the fact.\\nJuly 11. JV. S. A drowning disaster\\nat Dartmouth, involving a great loss of\\nlife, is caused by the collapsing of a\\nferry landing-stage.\\nJuly 17. P. Q. Five persons are burned\\nto death at Quebec.\\nJuly 18. An American syndicate\\nbuys a controlling interest in all the\\ntwine factories in Canada, save one\\nin Ontario.\\nAug.+ An English syndicate is buy-\\ning brewery plants in Canada.\\nNov. 7. Man. Coal-pits are on fire at\\nFort William.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0603.jp2"}, "604": {"fulltext": "592 1890, Nov. *-1891, Dec. 29.\\nCANADA.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1890 Dec. 6. X. S. A heavy snow-\\nstorm prevails at Halifax.\\n1891 Apr. 18. P. Q. Much damage is\\ncaused by inundation in the Chaudiere\\nValley, Quebec.\\nJuly 12. Br. Col. One white woman\\nand 40 Indians are killed by a landslide\\non the banks of the Skeena River.\\nAug. 26. N. B. Two pilots and three\\nothers report seeing a sea-serpent, 200\\nfeet long, off the Riehibucto shore.\\nIt has a flat-shaped head, with eyes on\\ntop like a frog, and in body about as\\nthick as a man.\\nSept. 8. X. 8. A destructive gale at\\nHalifax works disaster among the ship-\\nping.\\nSept. 9. Ont. Rich gold-bearing\\nquartz is discovered at Port Arthur.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1891 May 31. Dorion, Sir A. A., chief\\njustice of (.jtH cii s Ik iirh Court in Que., d.\\nJune 6. Macdonald. Sir John A., pre-\\nmier, dies :tl KanisrliiTe, near Ottawa, A76.\\nNov. 30. Murdoch. Sir Thomas Wro.\\nClinton, chief secretary in Canada, dies.\\nDec. 29. Futvoye, Geo., lieut.-col., deputy\\nminister for militia, A83.\\nCHURCH.\\n1891 Feb. 25. P. Q. Roman Catholic\\npriests in Quebec are instructed to\\nsupport Sir John Macdonald in the\\ncoming elections.\\nJune 17. Ont. The Methodist Con-\\nference at Toronto suspends the Rev.\\nJames Thompson for one year for\\npreaching the heresy that there is no\\nmaterial hell.\\nLETTERS.\\n1890 X. B. The Globe is issued at\\nFredericton.\\nMan. The Tribune is issued at Win-\\nnipeg.\\nP. Q. Le Samedi is issued at Mon-\\ntreal.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1890 Dec. 20. Ont. The Toronto City\\nCouncil decides that the street-cars shall\\nnot run on Sundays in that city.\\nThe churches in Canada take action\\nin the line of petitioning the House\\nof Commons and the Senate for a law\\nprohibiting the manufacture, importa-\\ntion, and sale of all alcoholic liquors\\nfor beverage purposes in Canada.\\n1891 Feb. 2. Man. The action of the\\nManitoba Legislature abolishing sep-\\narate schools is sustained by a full\\nCourt on appeal, one judge dissenting.\\nMar. 7+. X. S. Funds are collected to\\naid sufferers by the Spring Hill\\nm inin g disaster.\\nMar. 14. The proposed arbitration con-\\ncerning Newfoundland is limited to the\\nlobster fisheries and canning factories.\\nMar. 23. Ont. Farmers are organiz-\\ning under the name of Ontario Farmers\\nUnion.\\nBr. Col. The Chinese administer\\npunishment according to their own civil\\nand criminal code in British Columbia,\\nand this unknown to the authorities.\\nMar. 31. Sir Charles Tupper leaves\\nOttawa for Washington.\\nMay 8. X. 8. Woman suffrage is de-\\nfeated.\\nJune 2. Out. Sir John Macdonald,\\nthe premier, is very ill. [June G. Dies.]\\nJune 9. Ont. Sir John Macdonald s\\nbody lies in state in the Senate Cham-\\nber, Ottawa eulogies upon the dead\\npremier :ire pronounced in the Domin-\\nion Parliament.\\nJune 10. Ont. The funeral of Sir John\\nMacdonald takes place at Ottawa, the\\nlargest ever seen in Canada.\\nJune 13 1. The Prince of Wales is\\nmuch criticised for being identified with\\nthe baccarat scandal.\\nJune 30. Eng. It is officially announced\\nin London that Lady Macdonald,\\nwidow of the late premier of Canada,\\nhas been raised to the peerage.\\nJuly 9. N. B. The National Division of\\nthe Sons of Temperance of North\\nAmerica hold their 47tli annual session\\nat St. John.\\nJuly 10. Ont. The National Educa-\\ntional Association is in session at\\nToronto.\\nThe Chief Engineer of the Public\\nWorks Department at Ottawa is sus-\\npended for accepting a present.\\nJuly 14. Ont. The annual convention\\nof the National Educational Associ-\\nation of America is formally opened\\nin Toronto in the presence of about\\n6,000 persons.\\nJuly 19. P. Q. The 201st anniversary\\nof the Battle of the Boyne is cele-\\nbrated by the Orangemen of Montreal\\nat a mass-meeting the Rev. Dr. Justin\\nFulton makes an address bitterly de-\\nnouncing Catholicism.\\nJuly 21. Baroness Macdonald re-\\nceives an autograph letter from\\nQueen Victoria, in which her Majesty\\nexpresses her sympathy with Lady Mac-\\ndonald in her bereavement.\\nAug. 14. Ont. Investigations of the\\nscandals concerning public officials con-\\ntinue at Ottawa.\\nAug. 19. Ont. In the investigation\\nof corruption Premier Mercier is\\nfurther implicated.\\nAug. 23. Ont. A new scandal in rela-\\ntion to alleged jobbery in the construc-\\ntion of the harbor works is announced\\nat Toronto.\\nSept. 1. Ont. Secretary of State Chap-\\nleau, at the corruption investigation,\\nspirits away witnesses and documents,\\nand is alleged to be in a worse position\\nthan Sir Hector Langevin.\\nSept. 9. P. Q. More than 100 Hebrew\\nexiles, in destitute condition, and ut-\\nterly unable to speak in French or Eng-\\nlish, arrive in Montreal.\\nDec. 27. P. Q. A riotous political\\nmeeting is held in Montreal.\\nSTATE.\\n1891 Feb. 3. Ottawa. The Govern-\\nment dissolves Parliament, and will\\ngo to the country for a mandate to nego-\\ntiate reciprocity with the U. S. Govern-\\nment the election will take jdace on\\nMarch 5.\\nFeb. 4. Ottawa. Canada s proposals\\nfor reciprocity are made public.\\nFeb. 9. Sir John A. Macdonald issues\\nan address to the electors, in which he\\ndefines the policy of his party, and de-\\nnounces unrestricted reciprocity with\\nthe United States.\\nOut. A great Liberal demonstration\\nis held in Toronto the speakers favor\\nreciprocity with the United States.\\nFeb. 14. Ont. The Commercial Union\\nClub of Toronto issues an address to the\\npeople favoring reciprocity the ad-\\ndress is signed by Prof. Goldwin Smith\\nand G. Mercer Adam.\\nFeb. 17. Ottawa. The Dominion Gov-\\nernment sends a protest to the Impe-\\nrial Government against the conven-\\ntion between Newfoundland and the\\nUnited States.\\nFeb. 28. Br. Col. The Legislature re-\\nsolves to make the Chinese poll-tax\\n$100, abolishes return certificates, and\\nrestricts the number carried inland by\\nsteamships.\\nMar. 5. The general elections for Par-\\nliament give a majority of 22 to the\\nConservatives.\\nApr. 13. Ottawa. The Dominion Gov-\\nernment proposes to allow American\\nfishermen the same privileges in the\\nMaritime Provinces as last season.\\nP. Q. The premier and treasurer of\\nQuebec are negotiating a new loan of\\n$10,000,000.\\nApr. 19. Ottawa. Petitions are filed to\\nunseat Sir Adolphe Caron, Minister\\nof Militia, and Sir Hector Langevin,\\nof Public Works, for corrupt practises.\\nApr. 22. P. E. I. The Ministry re-\\nsigns.\\nApr. 29. Ottawa. The Dominion\\nParliament opens.\\nMay 11. Ottawa. Fraud is charged\\nagainst the Dominion Minister of Public\\nWorks, involving a contract of $5,000,000.\\nMay 19. X. S. The Legislature is\\nprorogued.\\nMay 23. P. Q. The negotiations for\\nthe Quebec loan are not successful.\\nMay 27. Ottawa. The Senate passes\\nthe bill renewing the modus Vivendi\\nwith the United States for the fishing\\nseason of 1S91.\\nJune 13. Ottaica. Senator J. C. Ab-\\nbott, leader of the late Government in\\nthe Senate, is summoned to form a new\\nMinistry, succeeding Sir John A. Mac-\\ndonald as the premier.\\nJune 16. Ottawa. Premier Abbott\\nforms a Cabinet all the members of\\nthe late Ministry retain their port-\\nfolios.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0604.jp2"}, "605": {"fulltext": "CANADA.\\n1890, Nov. -1891, Dec. 29. 593\\nMinisters: Premier, Jolin J. C. Ab-\\nbot; Finance, George E. Foster; Cus-\\ntoms, Mackenzie Bowell Militia, Sir\\nAdolphe P. Caron Postmaster-General\\nJohn Haggart Agriculture, John Car-\\nling; Inland Revenue, John Castigan;\\nSecretary of State, Joseph A. Chapleau\\nInterior, Edgar Dewdney Justice, Sir\\nJohn S. D. Thompson Marine and Fish-\\neries, Charles Tapper Privy Council,\\nJohn J. C. Abbott without port/olios,\\nFrank Smith, J. A. Ouimet, and George\\nA. Kilpatrick.\\nJune 18. Ottawa. It is announced that\\nthe policy of Sir John A. Macdonald\\ntrill be continued by the government un-\\nder Premier Abbott.\\nJune 25. Ottawa. The House of Com-\\nmons passes an amendment in favor of\\na commission to obtain data respect-\\ning the working of the prohibition of\\nthe manufacture and sale of intoxicants\\nin other countries. Vote, 107-88.\\nJune 30. The Dominion debt is $2S9,-\\n899,230.\\nJuly 7. Ottawa. In the House of Com-\\nmons the motion to place binding-\\ntwine on the free list is defeated. Vote,\\n80-100.\\nJuly 10. Ottawa, Sir George Baden-\\nPowell and Dr. Dawson, the British\\nCommissioners, leave for Bering Sea.\\nJuly 18. P.Q. Premier Mercier of Que-\\nbec arrives from Europe he expresses\\nhimself as opposed to a protective\\npolicy in Canada against American\\nproducts, and in favor of reciprocity.\\nJuly 27. Ottaiva. Sir R. Cartwright s\\nunrestricted reciprocity resolution is\\nvoted down in the Dominion House.\\nVote, 88-114.\\nAug. 5. Ottawa. The Dominion trade\\npolicy is sustained in the House of\\nCommons by a majority of 22.\\nAug. 11. Ottawa. After a denial of\\nalleged charges of corruption made\\nagainst him, Sir Hector Langevin re-\\nsigns his position as Minister of Public\\nWorks.\\nAug. 19. P. Q. In the Corruption\\nInvestigation, Premier Mercier is\\nfurther implicated Thomas McGreevy,\\nmember for Quebec, tenders his resig-\\nnation in the House, and the Speaker\\nissues a writ for a new election.\\nSept. 3. P. Q. The scandals are still\\nunder investigation.\\nSept. 10. Ottawa. The Railway Com-\\nmittee of the Senate, in its report on\\nthe Act Respecting the Baie Chaleurs\\nRailway Company, finds that among\\nthose who profited by the misapplication\\nof funds was Premier Mercier of the\\nProvince of Quebec.\\nSept. 25. Ottawa. The House adopts\\nthe majority report, exculpating Sir\\nHector Langevin from the charge of\\ncomplicity in dishonest practises. Vote,\\n101-86.\\nPremier Abbott in a speech asks Great\\nBritain to take steps to place Canada\\nin a position to negotiate a reciprocity\\ntreaty with the United States.\\nSept. 30. Ottawa. The seventh Par-\\nliament is prorogued by Gov.-Gen.\\nStanley.\\nOct. 9. Ottawa. The demands of Mr.\\nChapleau, Secretary of State, are creat-\\ning much trouble in the Dominion\\nCabinet a Ministerial crisis seems\\nprobable.\\nOct. 21. Ottawa* The British Bering\\nSea agents arrive.\\nOct. 27. Ottawa. Mr. Chapleau has\\ntendered his resignation to Premier\\nAbbott.\\nNov. 5\u00c2\u00b1. Ottawa. The Dominion Cab-\\ninet is being reconstructed.\\nDec. 2. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,\\nand Prince Edward Island discuss a\\nproject for union as one province.\\nDec. 8. Ottawa. Canada imposes a\\nduty on all fish imported from New-\\nfoundland.\\nDec. 16. P. Q. The Quebec Cabinet\\nis dismissed from office by Lieut.-Gov.\\nAngers.\\nDec. 22. P. Q. The new Quebec\\nMinistry, with M. de Boucherville as\\npremier, is sworn in.\\nDec. 24. P.Q. The deficit of Premier\\nMercier s Government is now found\\nto be $2,223,000. Another royal com-\\nmission is appointed to investigate\\nfurther irregularities.\\nDec. 25. Ottawa. The authorities de-\\ncide to enlarge canal facilities in the\\nDominion.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1890 Nov. P. Q. The Dominion Gov-\\nernment has decided to expend \u00c2\u00a72,000,000\\nin constructing a new canal on the north\\nside of the St. Lawrence, at Coteau, in\\norder to pass the Cedar Rapids.\\nDec. 8. Quebec. An ice-bridge is\\nformed across the St. Lawrence.\\n1891 Jan. 1. Canada s total exports\\nfor 1890 were $97,74S,149, and the imports\\n$128,S5S,241 exports to United States,\\n\u00c2\u00a740,000,000 imports from United States,\\n\u00c2\u00a752,000,000.\\nFeb. 12. Quebec. A worsted factory\\nboiler explosion kills 20 persons and\\ninjures a number of others.\\nFeb. 16. Br. Col. New Westminster\\nloses \u00c2\u00a7500,000 and one fireman at a fire.\\nFeb. 21. JV. S. An explosion in the\\nSpring Hill colliery destroys 120\\nlives.\\nMar. 2. Prof. Goldwin Smith de-\\nnounces the Canadian Pacific R. R.\\nin a letter for its activity in behalf of\\nthe Conservatives.\\nMar. 4. Silver mines in Canada are\\nbought by a syndicate of Englishmen\\nand Americans the cost is about ten\\nmillion dollars.\\nMar. 20. Quebec. Great activity is\\nshown at the Government cartridge\\nfactory.\\nApr. 8. The Government is taking steps\\nto abolish the use of the purse-seine in\\nfishing.\\nApr. 23. P. Q. A company is organized\\nat Three Rivers to ship frozen meat\\nto England; capital, $2,000,000.\\nMay 11. Out. A train is ditched by a\\nburning bridge one man killed.\\nJune 1. Can. The opening of the bac-\\ncarat trial in England arrestspublic at-\\ntention; it involves the Prince of Wales.\\nJune 18. Br. Col. The North Star is\\nseized for smuggling Chinamen into\\nthe United States.\\nJune 19. Eight cordage works in Canada\\nare bought by the National Cordage\\nCompany of New York for $3,000,000.\\nJune 20. Bush fires are raging.\\nJune 28. Br. Col. Two sealers sail\\nfrom Victoria for Bering Sea.\\nJune 29. P. Q. A Quebec loan of\\n$10,000,000 is floated by a Belgian and\\nFrench Syndicate.\\nJuly 1. Dominion Day is celebrated\\nthroughout Canada.\\nThe new Banking Act goes into\\noperation.\\nJuly 6. Ottawa. The Ontario and New\\nYork Bridge Company is incorporated,\\n-with a capital of $1,000,000, to bridge\\nthe Niagara River.\\nJuly 8. Br. Col. The steamer Danube\\narrives at Victoria with 18,000 seal-\\nskins on board, secured outside of Be-\\nring Sea.\\nJuly 12. N. S. The schooner Georgb-\\nana, while being towed to Halifax, cap-\\nsizes, and the captain and crew, 16 in\\nnumber, are drowned.\\nJuly 13. Br. Col. The sloop Flora, with\\n400 Chinamen on board, is seized at\\nVictoria, charged with intending to\\nsmuggle them into the United States.\\nJuly 14. N. B. Eugene Underhill and\\nMurray Boocock arrive at St. John, hav-\\ning traveled in a canoe from Moose-\\nhead Lake to the mouth of St. John\\nRiver, a distance of 500 miles.\\nJuly 17. Br. Col. Sealers at Victoria\\nrelate to the British Bering Sea Com-\\nmissioners their grievances.\\nAug. 15. Br. Col. The City Council of\\nVictoria decides to submit to the vote\\nof the people the question of appropri-\\nating nearly $3,000,000 for railroad\\nsubsidies.\\nAug. 20. The wheat crop amounts to\\n63,000,000 bushels.\\nAug. 26. The census gives the popu-\\nlation as 4,823,344, an increase of 11.52\\nper cent in ten years.\\nSept. 8. Ont. The Toronto Industrial\\nExhibition opens.\\nSept. 18. Labrador. Thirteen persons\\nare drowned by the wrecking of fish-\\ning-vessels during a terrific storm off\\nthe coast.\\nOct. 13. P. Q. A branch ofiice of the\\nLouisiana State Lottery Company\\nhas been established by its agents in\\nMontreal.\\nNov. 10. The debt of Canada to date\\namounts to $235,000,000.\\nDec. 24. P. Q. Last year s deficit in\\nthe Province, placed by the Mercier\\nGovernment at $600,000, is found to be\\nmore than $2,200,000.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0605.jp2"}, "606": {"fulltext": "594 1892, Jan. 1-1893, Nov. 20.\\nCANADA.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1892 Jan 1. The Dominion militia\\nnumbers 36,618 men.\\nIt includes 1,963 cavalry, 1,440 field\\nartillery, 179 engineers, and 31,123 in-\\nfantry.\\nAug. 17. The French war-ship Are-\\ntkusa enters the St. Lawrence on her\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0way to Montreal.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1892 Jan. 17. Out. A silver cave is\\ndiscovered near Peterborough.\\nJune 18. P. Q. A storm at Quebec\\ncauses the loss of three lives, injuries to\\neight persons, and destruction of prop-\\nerty.\\nJuly 17. i\\\\T. B. A disastrous storm.\\nJuly 22. N. S. Forest fires in Cape\\nBreton threaten farmhouses and vil-\\nlages.\\nJuly 29. Man. A cold wave arrives,\\nand harvesting is not yet finished.\\nDec. 25. Ont. An earthquake shock,\\nlasting nearly a minute, is felt at Corn-\\nwall.\\n1893 Jan. 12. Ont. The thermometer\\nregisters 40 degrees below zero near\\nOttawa.\\nMay 8. P. Q. Floods prevail.\\nJuly 15. The Falcon, carrying the expe-\\ndition of Lieut. Robert Edwin Peary,\\nis compelled by heavy storm to put back\\nto St. Johns, N.F.\\nJuly 31. Labrador. Lieut. Peary en-\\ncounters heavy seas and bad storms\\nthat greatly delay his progress.\\nAug. 14. Labrador. A volcanic erup-\\ntion occurs on the summit of Cape Har-\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n189S Jan. 26. Langevin. Jean P. F., bishop\\nof Rimouski, archbp. of I.ennfopolis, A70.\\nApr. 17. Mackenzie, Alexander, pre-\\nmier of the Dominion, A 70.\\nMay 34. Campbell, Sir Alexander, states-\\nman, Toronto, A70.\\nAug. 7. Wilson, Sir Daniel, President of\\nToronto I nivei-sity, A76.\\nAug-. 30. Gisborne, F. N., electrician,\\nOttawa, A68.\\nChurch, Levi Ruggles, jurist, A56.\\nSept. 9. Medley, John, bp. of Fredericton\\n(N.B.) and metropolitan of anatia, A87.\\n1893 Mar. 32. Buck, John, bead chief of\\nthe Six Nations, dies.\\nSept. 14. Belleau, Sir Narcisse Fortunat,\\nthe first lieut. -governor of Quebec, A85.\\nSept. 19. Gait, Sir Alexander T., states-\\nman, A76.\\nCHURCH.\\n1892 Aug. 23. P. Q. The fiftieth\\nanniversary of Cardinal Tasche-\\nreau s consecration as a priest is cele-\\nbrated at Quebec.\\nNov. 14. P. Q. Archbishop Fabre of\\nMontreal forbida Roman Catholics read-\\ning the Canada Revue and L Echo di\\nDeux Montagues on pain of withholding\\nthe sacrament cause, vigorous agitation\\nagainst clerical abuses.\\nNov. 15. P. Q. A. Filletrault, the edi-\\ntor of the Canada Revue, who was\\npublicly excommunicated by Arch-\\nbishop Fabre on Sunday, is arrested,\\ncharged by Father Baillarge with crimi-\\nnal libel.\\n1893 June 8. P. Q. The Convent\\nVille Marie near Montreal is burned\\nloss, over \u00c2\u00a71,000,000; two firemen are\\nkilled.\\nJuly 5. P. Q. Ten thousand delegates\\nto the Christian Endeavor Conven-\\ntion arrive in Montreal.\\nJuly 6. P. Q. The Christian En-\\ndeavor delegates convene in Montreal.\\nJuly 11. The Rev. John Campbell,\\nProfessor of Church History and Apol-\\nogetics in the Presbyterian College of\\nCanada, is put on trial for denying the\\ninerrancy of the Scriptures.\\nLETTERS.\\n1892 Jan. 5. Ont. Toronto votes in\\nfavor of free text-books for public-\\nschool children.\\nJan. 7. Ont. In Toronto three women\\nare elected members of the School\\nBoard; the first instance of women\\nholding such office in Canada.\\nJan. 14. Man. The majority have voted\\nagainst separate schools in the recent\\nelection. (Announced.)\\nJuly 28. The French Canadians are\\nindignant at the opposition in Manitoba\\nto separate schools.\\nNov. 7. Man. The Roman Catholic mi-\\nnority makes appeal to the Privy\\nCouncil as to parochial school rights in\\nthat Province.\\nNov. 30. Ont. Sir John Thompson,\\nthe new premier, will not interfere with\\nthe Privy Council s decision abolis hin g\\nState aid to Roman Catholic public\\nschools in Manitoba. (Announced.)\\nDec. 31. Ont. The first issue of the\\nSun, an evening paper advocating the\\nannexation of Canada to the United\\nStates, appears in Toronto.\\nThe Lost Atlantis, by Sir Daniel Wil-\\nson, appears.\\n1893 Sept. 10. P. Q. The college\\nof Mount St. Louis at Montreal is\\nburned; loss, \u00c2\u00a7500,000.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1892 Jan. 11. Ont. Judge Mathieu,\\nof the Supreme Court, Donald MacMas-\\nter, Q. C, and Dumane Mason, mer-\\nchant, form the Royal Commission to\\ninvestigate the charges of malfea-\\nsance in office laid against the Mercier\\nGovernment.\\nFeb. 6. Ont. The Toronto Globe pub-\\nlishes serious charges of boodling\\nagainst Sir Adolph Caron, Minister of\\nMilitia, and M. Tarte.\\nFeb. 27. Ont. Latest revelations go to\\nprove that $100,000 had been re-\\nceived by Mercier, Langelier, and\\nPacaud. (See Nov. 4.)\\nMar. 6. Ont. Several opium smug-\\nglers are arrested at Windsor.\\nMar. 20. Br. Col. The strike on the\\nCanadian Pacific Railroad extends to\\nthe Pacific Coast.\\nMar. 23. Br. Col. The Canadian Pacific\\nRailroad strike ends, all the men be-\\ning reinstated.\\nMay 4. P. Q. The Montreal authorities\\nare prosecuting venders of lottery\\ntickets.\\nSept. 21. Man. Lord Pagin, an Irish\\npeer, is arrested for vagrancy at Win-\\nnipeg cause, drink.\\nOct. 10. P. Q. Ex-Premier Mercier is\\nto stand trial for malfeasance in\\noffice. (Announced.)\\nOct. 26. P. Q. The trial of ex-Premier\\nMercier and Pacaud begins at Quebec.\\nNov. 4. P. Q. Mercier is acquitted.\\nDec. 28. Ont. The Law Society of To-\\nronto decides to allow women to prac-\\ntise in the courts.\\n1893 Mar. 25. Ont. Magistrate Bax-\\nter of Toronto fines a cab-driver S2\\nor ten days in jail for driving a lady\\nalong the public streets on Sunday,\\nthe 19 inst.\\nApr. 9. Man. W. A. McDonald, Oppo-\\nsition leader in the Legislature, is un-\\nseated for election bribery.\\nJune 24. P. Q. A public works scan-\\ndal is unearthed at Montreal in connec-\\ntion with the construction of two iron\\nbridges across the Lachine CanaL\\nJuly 8. P. Q. The Christian En-\\ndeavor delegates assembled in inter-\\nnational convention are attacked by a\\nCatholic mob in Montreal.\\nJuly 9. P. Q. More than 50 men are\\narrested in Montreal for trying to de-\\nstroy the tent of the Christian En-\\ndeavor Convention.\\nJuly 25. Ont. The 79th anniversary\\nof the battle of Lundy sLane is cele-\\nbrated on the old battle-ground.\\nSept. 7- Ont. Car-running on Sun-\\ndays in Toronto is defeated for the sec-\\nond time by 1.003 majority out of a total\\nvote of 27,311.\\nSept. 9. P. Q. A partially successful\\nattempt is made to blow up the Met-\\nropolitan Turf Commission rooms at\\nMontreal the cause is said to be re-\\nvenge for gambling losses.\\nSept. 15. Eng. Queen Victoria confers\\nthe order of knighthood on the Hon.\\nC. H. Tupper, Canadian Minister of Ma-\\nrine, for services rendered in connection\\nwith the Bering Sea question.\\nNov. 20. P. Q. Several prominent\\nyoung French Canadians are arrested\\nwhile preparing to blow up with\\ndynamite the Nelson monument in\\nMontreal.\\nSTATE.\\n1892 Jan. 1. Total militia, 3S,618\\nJan. 15. Ottaica. The Dominion Par-\\nliament is summoned to meet Feb. 18.\\nJan. 25. Ottaica. Three places in the\\nnew Cabinet are filled M. Chapleau\\naccepts the Ministry of Customs.\\nFeb. 10. Br. Col. The Victoria Min-\\nistry resigns, and W. Shiels is forming\\na new cabinet.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0606.jp2"}, "607": {"fulltext": "CANADA.\\n1892, Jan. 1-1893, Nov. 20. 595\\nFeb. 16. The Reciprocity Commis-\\nsioners return from Washington.\\nFeb. 25. Ottawa. The Dominion Par-\\nliament is opened with a speech by\\nthe Governor-General, Lord Stanley of\\nPreston.\\nMar. 7. Br. Col. A motion that the de-\\nfenses of Esquimalt be at once com-\\npleted is debated and defeated in the\\nHouse of Commons.\\nMar. 8. P. Q. The Quebec election\\nreturns indicate a Conservative victory.\\nMar. 10. P. Q. Mr. Mercier resigns\\nhis seat in the Legislature.\\nApr. 26. Newfoundland declines\\nCanada s suggestion of a conference.\\nMay 2. y. B.\u00e2\u0080\u0094N. S. Both the New-\\nBrunswick and Nova Scotia Legislatures\\naffirm by resolutions the desirability of\\na union of the Maritime Provinces.\\nMay 3. y. F. The Legislature passes a\\nresolution renewing the tariff discrim-\\ninating against Canada.\\nMay 21. P. Q. Ex-Premier Mercier s\\nfinanciering largely increases the in-\\ndebtedness of Quebec Province a\\nfloating indebtedness of SS,500,000 is dis-\\ncovered.\\nMay 23. y. F. It is reported that New-\\nfoundland and Canada have reached an\\nagreement upon the tariff, and the\\ntariff war will end.\\nMay 28. Ottawa. Canada by proclama-\\ntion revokes the duties imposed on\\nNewfoundland fish and fish products.\\nJune 30. The Dominion debt is $295,-\\n333,274.\\nJuly 5. Out. An annexation party is\\nin process of formation, to unite the Do-\\nminion with the United States.\\nAug. 12. P. Q. An Order in Council\\nhas been passed abolishing, at the end of\\nthe present season, the rebate in canal\\ntolls favoring Montreal, and now awaits\\nthe signature of the Governor-General.\\nAug. 25. Man. The Provincial Govern-\\nment is defeated in a want of confi-\\ndence vote in the Northwest Legisla-\\nture.\\nSept. 7. P. Q. An Order in Council\\nprohibits all immigration by water or\\nland to Quebec.\\nSept. 13. Ottawa. The Government\\norders a 20 days quarantine on vessels\\ncarrying immigrants from cholera-in-\\nfected ports to Canada.\\nSept. 30. Br. Col. Arrangements are\\ncompleted for planting a colony of\\nScottish crofters on Vancouver Island.\\nOct. 24. N. B. At the Provincial elec-\\ntions the Liberal Adrninistration is\\nsustained.\\nOct. 26. P. Q. The trial of Mercier\\nand Pacaud is begun in Quebec.\\nNov. 10. Man. Orders for the dissolu-\\ntion of the Legislature and the issu-\\nance of a writ for a general election are\\nsent to Lieut.-Gov. Royal of the North-\\nwest Territory.\\nNov. 25. Ottawa. Sir John C. Abbott\\nresigns as premier, and Sir John\\nThompson is sworn in as his successor.\\nDec. 5. Ottawa. Sir John Thompson,\\nthe new premier, completes the forma-\\ntion of his Cabinet.\\nDec. 7. Ottawa. The new Ministry is\\nsworn into office.\\nMinisters Prime Minister and Jus-\\ntice., Sir John S. D. Thompson; Public\\nWorks, J. A. Ouimet Trade and Com-\\nmerce, Mackenzie Do well Railways and\\nCanals, John Haggart Militia, J. C.\\nPatterson Agriculture, A. K. Angers\\nSecretary of State, John Costigan Fi-\\nnance, George Foster Marine and Fish-\\neries, C. H. Tupper Postmaster-General,\\nSir Adolphe P. Caron Interior, Thomas\\nM. Daly President of Privy Council 9\\nW. B. Ives Comptroller Inland Revenue,\\nJohn I. Wood Comptroller Customs,\\nN. Clarke Wallace; Solicitor-General,\\nJ. J. Curran; without portfolios, Frank\\nSmith and John Carling.\\nDec. 13. P. Q. The Quebec Ministry\\nOttawa. Justice Strong is appointed\\nChief Justice of the Supreme Court of\\nthe Dominion.\\nDec. 15. P. Q. L. O. Taillon accepts the\\nposition of premier in Quebec, with\\nthe portfolio of President of the Execu-\\ntive Council.\\n1893 Jan. 16\u00c2\u00b1. Ottawa. The Domin-\\nion Government plans the establishment\\nof a swift line of ocean steamers be-\\ntween Canada and Great Britain, and to\\ndeepen navigation on a 14-foot basis\\nfrom Lake Superior to the ocean.\\nJan. 26. Ottawa. Lord Stanley opens\\nthe third session of the Dominion\\nParliament with a speech.\\nMar. 2. y. S. Cape Breton coal-mines\\nare leased by legislative action to the\\nWhitney syndicate, the bill being signed\\nby the Lieutenant-Governor.\\nMar. 4. Br. Col. The steamer Haytien\\nRepublic is seized by the Admiralty offi-\\ncials at Vancouver.\\nMar. 27. Ottawa. The Dominion Par-\\nliament passes the bill incorporating the\\nWorth American Canal Company.\\nIt is to construct a canal from Lake\\nErie to Lake Ontario, deepen the St.\\nLawrence Canal, cut a canal from Lake\\nSt. Francis to Lake Champlain, and\\nthence to the Hudson River.\\nApr. 1. Ottawa. Parliament closes.\\nApr. 22. P.E.I. The Legislature passes\\na bill abolishing both the Legislative\\nCouncil and the House of Assembly, and\\nproviding for one house only, half\\nof its members to be elected by real-\\nestate qualification and half by man-\\nhood suffrage.\\nMay 11. Eng. The Earl of Aberdeen\\nis appointed governor-general.\\nMay 27. Ont. The Ontario Parliament\\nis prorogued.\\nAmong the bills passed is one to estab-\\nlish a national park of twelve thousand\\nsquare miles in the northern part of the\\nProvince, and another providing that a\\nplebiscite be taken in January next on\\nthe question of prohibiting the importa-\\ntion, manufacture, or sale of intoxicat-\\ning liquor as a beverage.\\nJune 13. Ottawa. The Government as-\\nsents to the seal-fishery agreement\\nentered into between Great Britain and\\nRussia.\\nJune 20. Ottawa. The Liberal Con-\\nvention opens.\\nJune 27. P. Q. The International\\nFrench Congress, in session at Mon-\\ntreal, favors political union between\\nCanada and the United States.\\nJuly 15. Ottawa. Lieut.-Gen. Moore\\nis sworn in as administrator of the Gov\\nernment until the arrival of the new\\ngovernor.\\nSept. 18. Ottawa. The Earl of Aber-\\ndeen is sworn in as governor-general.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1892 Feb. 13\u00e2\u0080\u009e Cotton-mills are in\\nprocess of consolidation by a syndicate.\\nFeb. 21. N. S. The Loodiana is burned\\nat sea, and all on board perish.\\nMar. 18. Sealing is successfully pur-\\nsued in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.\\nJuly 18. P. Q. A fire in Montreal\\ncauses a loss of half a million dollars.\\nJuly 23. Canada secures 10,000 square\\nfeet for her exhibits at the World s\\nFair at Chicago.\\nAug. 31. Br. Col. The American bark\\nMajestic arrives at Victoria.\\nIt brings the captains and crews of\\nfour schooners flying the British flag\\nand one American schooner, which were\\nseized by the Russian warship Zabraka\\nlate in July, and sent to Petropaulovski\\nto be sold, the captains and crews being\\nheld as prisoners.\\nSept. 8. P. Q. A fire at Hedleyville, a\\nsuburb of Quebec, burns 400 houses.\\nSept. 17. Ont. Seven men are killed by\\na boiler explosion at Staples, near\\nComber.\\nOct. 7. The Hamburg-American\\nPacket Company decides to withdraw\\nits steamers running to Montreal on ac-\\ncount of stringent quarantine regula-\\ntions at that port.\\n1893 Jan. 5. Indians on the east shore\\nof Lake Winnipeg are attacked by\\nstarving wolves.\\nFeb. 10. Ont. The United States\\nTreasury Agent at Smith s Falls is\\nwithdrawn.\\nFeb. 11. N. S. News is received that\\nfive cabin passengers and six of the crew\\nof the Allan Line steamer Pomerania\\nwere washed overboard and drowned\\nby a heavy sea that swept away the deck-\\nsaloon, chart-house, bridge, and boats\\nthe captain was fatally crushed the\\ndisabled vessel returns to Greenock un-\\nder command of the third mate.\\nMar. 31. P. Q. The third big fire in\\n30 days occurs in Montreal; loss,\\n$100,000.\\nJune 19. P. Q. The Columbian cara-\\nvels arrive at Montreal, and are escorted\\nup to the harbor by a marine procession.\\nJune 22. N. B. Gibson loses $2,000,000\\nby fire.\\nJune 27. Ont. The Columbian cara-\\nvels arrive at Toronto.\\nAug. 23. y. S. Eighteen persons are\\ndrowned by the sinking of a steamer\\nand her tow near Halifax many small\\nvessels are wrecked on the Cape Breton\\ncoast.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0607.jp2"}, "608": {"fulltext": "596 1894, Jan. 1- Dec. 21.\\nCANADA.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1894 Apr. 30. P. Q. Four lives are\\nlost and half a million dollars damage\\nis done to property by a landslide\\nwhich fills up part of the St. Anne\\nRiver, near Quebec.\\nMay 28. Br. Col. Great destruction of\\nproperty and loss of life by floods along\\nthe Fraser River and its tributaries.\\nJune 4. P. 0. Another landslide in\\nCharlevoix County precipitates ten\\nhouses into the Red River, causing great\\nloss of life.\\nJune 5. Br. Col. Great devastation\\nalong the Fraser River steamers are\\nrescuing people from housetops and\\ntrees.\\nAug. 13. P. Q. Archibald Stuart and\\nan Indian guide have made a trip from\\nLake Saint John to Mistassini, the in-\\nland sea in the far north.\\nThey have discovered large areas of\\nmerchantable timber and large tracts\\nof agricultural land where it had been\\nsupposed was only a worthless wilder-\\nAug. 31. Ont. The bronze memorial\\nstatue of Sir John A. Macdonald is\\ncompleted at Toronto it is nine feet,\\neight inches high, and weighs 1,980\\npounds.\\nSept. 1. Labrador. Messrs. Low and\\nEaton, of the Dominion Geological Sur-\\nvey, discover in the great Labrador\\nPeninsula 60,000 square miles of iron-\\nbearing formation, a lake 100 miles long\\nby 30 to 40 miles wide, and that the big\\nfalls at Hamilton River are the largest\\nin America.\\nDec. 12. P. Q. Earthquake and vol-\\ncanic outbreaks occur at Yamaska.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nR. C.\\n1894 June 22. Tache, Antoii\\narchbishop of Winnipeg, A71.\\nOct. 30. Mercier. Honore. premier of\\nQuebec, A54.\\nAbbott, Sir John, premier, dies.\\nNov. 9. Taschereau, H. E., judge of the\\nSupreme Court of Quebec, A57.\\nDec. 12. Thompson, Sir John, pre-\\nmier of the Dominion of Canada, A50.\\nDec. 21. Bain, Francis, historian and bota-\\nnist, at Charlottetown, P. E. I., A52.\\n1894 Aug. 7. P. Q. Protestant mis-\\nsion-houses and Salvation Army\\nbarracks in Quebec are wrecked by a\\nmob of rioters in three different parts\\nof the city several persons are injured\\nproperty loss is heavy.\\nLETTERS.\\n1894 Apr. 10. P. Q. The Canada Be-\\nvtie, of Montreal, begins a suit in court\\nagainst Archbishop Fabre for unlaw-\\nfully acting as censor of that publica-\\ntion.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1894 Feb. 17. Ont. About 500 un-\\nemployed men march in procession to\\nthe City Hall, Toronto, and request the\\nmayor to provide work.\\nApr. 25. Ont. Drunken militiamen\\npull down the American flag at the\\nUnited States consulate in St. Thomas\\nan investigation is ordered by the Do-\\nminion Government.\\nJune 29. P. Q. A bomb explosion is\\nthe cause of some damage in The Wit-\\nness printing-office at Montreal no clew\\nto perpetrators.\\nSTATE.\\n1894 Jan. 1. Ont. The Province votes\\nprohibition by a majority of two to one.\\nMar. 15. Ottawa. The Parliament is\\nopened with a speech from the throne\\nby Gov. -Gen. Lord Aberdeen.\\nMar. 27. Ottawa. Finance Minister\\nFoster outlines in the Dominion Parlia-\\nment the proposed changes in the\\ntariff.\\nApr. 21. Ottawa. A decree is officially\\npublished prohibiting seal-catching\\nwithin a 10-mile zone on all the Russian\\ncoasts of Bering Sea and the North Pa-\\ncific Ocean, and within a zone of 30 miles\\naround the Kormanborsky Islands and\\nRobson Island.\\nJune 28. Ottawa. The Intercolonial\\nConference opens.\\nJuly 4. About 700 islands, of the\\nThousand Islands, in the Saint Lawrence\\nRiver are sold for \u00c2\u00a740,000.\\nJuly 20. Ottawa. Confidence is voted\\nthe Government in the Dominion House\\nof Commons.\\nJuly 23. Ottawa, The Parliament is\\nprorogued.\\nAug. 11. Man. The Dominion Govern-\\nment proposes to set apart as perma-\\nnent timber reserves the heavy tim-\\nbered lands in Manitoba west of the\\nRed River.\\nSept. 8. Ottawa. The deficit in the\\nDominion revenue for the year ending\\nJune 30 is nearly \u00c2\u00a72,000,000.\\nNov. 27. Ft, The French Chamber\\nvotes in favor of a commercial treaty\\nwith Canada.\\nDec. 11. Ottawa. The official figures\\nshow an increase of $10,800,000 in\\nthe national debt during the month, or\\n$\u00e2\u0096\u00a021,000,000 during the year, making the\\ndebt $321, 000,000.\\nThe national debt of Canada has in-\\ncreased 83 per cen* since the present\\nGovernment came in power in 1878.\\nDec. 13. Ottawa. Mackenzie Bowell\\nhas accepted the premiership.\\nDec. 19. Ottawa. The new Ministry\\nis completed.\\nDec. 21. Ottawa. The new Cabinet is\\nsworn in.\\nMinisters Premier and President of\\nPrivy Council, Sir Mackenzie Bowell\\nPublic Works, J. A. Ouimet Trade and\\nCommerce, W. B. Ives; Raihcays and\\nCanals, John G. Haggart Militia and\\nDefence, A. R. Dickie Agriculture, Va-\\ncant; Secretary of State, W. H. Mon-\\ntague; Finance, George E. Foster; Ma-\\nrine and Fisheries. John Costigan Post-\\nmaster- General Sir Adolphe P. Caron\\nInterior and Indian Affairs, Thomas M.\\nDaly Justice, Sir Charles H. Tupper\\nComptroller of Inland Revenue, John F.\\nWood Comptroller of Customs, N. Clarke\\nWallace Solicitor General, Vacant:\\nwithout portfolios, Sir Frank Smith and\\nDonald Ferguson.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1894 June 7. Br. Col. Floods cause\\ndamage and great suffering in the\\nFraser River Valley.\\nLarge loss of life is feared, both of man\\nand beast steamers are still engaged in\\nrescuing whole families from floating\\nhouses and rafts, and many are nearly\\nstarved.\\nJune 10. A Canadian Pacific express-\\ntrain plunges through a burning\\nbridge near Fort William into the river\\nMattawa; several persons are injured\\nand missing, one being drowned.\\nAug. 6. Labrador. Great suffering is\\nprevalent among Indians in Labra-\\ndor many are dying of starvation.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0608.jp2"}, "609": {"fulltext": "CAPE COLONY. 1487, *-1829, Oct.\\n597\\nCape Colony is a British possession in South Africa, and includes an extended protectorate over a vast region of country.\\nThe area of Cape Colony proper, including Kaffraria, Tembuland. and East Griqualand, is estimated at 221,311 square miles, and its\\npopulation, in 1891, at 956,485. Cape Town is the capital. The inhabitants consist of British settlers, descendants of the Dutch\\nBoers or farmers, and the native colored people, called Kafirs, Hottentots, and many Malays. The government is administered\\nby a Governor and Council appointed by the British Crown, and a Parliament of two houses, a Legislative Council, and a House\\nof Assembly the members of both houses are elected by the people.\\nNote. Tlie parts of South Africa designated by the following names are here included as parts of Cape Colony, they being British posses-\\nsions or protectorates; liasutolaml, lieehuanaland, Kaffraria, Griqualand, Khamas Country, Mambimbidand, Matabeleland, Natal, Namaqua-\\nland, and Zululand.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1795 Sept. 16. Cape Colony. The col-\\nony at Cape Town is captured from\\nthe Dutch by the English, under Sir\\nGeorge Keith Elphinstone and Gen.\\nClarke.\\n1796 Aug. 17. Adm. Elphinstone cap-\\ntures, without resistance, a Dutch\\nsquadron under Adm. Lucas in Sal-\\ndauka Bay.\\nGodongwana, the Zulu chief, forms a\\ncelibate army.\\n1806 Jan. 9. Cape Colony. Cape\\nTown is again taken by the British\\nunder Sir David Baird and Sir Home\\nPopham.\\n1811* *-12* Cape Colony. War\\nwith the Kafir tribes.\\n1819 Another war is waged with\\nthe Kafirs, led by the prophet Mo-\\nkanna they attack Graham s Town, and\\nare repulsed with great loss.\\nART SCIENCE LETTERS.\\n1820 The Royal Observatory is es-\\ntablished near Cape Town.\\n1824 The first newspaper is pub-\\nlished in Dutch and English.\\n1827 The Government suppresses\\nthe colonial newspaper.\\n1828 The Colonists secure from the\\nking the boon of a free press.\\nCHURCH.\\n1736* Kaffraria. The Moravians\\ncommence their missions among the\\nHottentots.\\n1737 Cape Colony. Moravians land\\nat Cape Town. They begin work among\\nthe Hottentots.\\nCape Colony. Gnadendal becomes a\\nMoravian mission-station.\\n1792* Cape Colony. The Moravian\\nmission at Gnadendal is resumed after\\na suspension of 50 years.\\n1798* Kaffraria. The London Society\\nbegins mission-work among the Kafirs.\\n1808 Cape Colony. Mamre becomes\\na Moravian mission-station.\\n1814 Cape Colony becomes a mis-\\nsion-field of the Wesleyans, notwith-\\nstanding the prohibition of the governor.\\nCape Colony. The London Society\\nbegins work among the Bushmen.\\n1816 Oct. 31. Bng, Robert Moffat,\\nthe missionary, sails for South Africa.\\n1817 Natal. Robert Moffat arrives\\nat Cape Town the governor of Natal\\nrefuses him permission to proceed in-\\nland.\\n1818 Jan. 26. Robert Moffat, mis-\\nsionary of the London Society, arrives\\namong the Africaner men beyond the\\nOrange River.\\nCape Colony. Enon becomes a mis-\\nsion-station of the Moravians.\\nCape Colony. Kurman becomes a\\nmission-station of the London Mis-\\nsionary Society.\\n1819 Cape Colony. Robert Moffat\\nreturns to Cape Town from his inland\\nwork on a visit, bringing Africaner with\\nhim, formerly a scourge, now a Christian.\\n1820 Cape Colony. Wesleyans open\\na mission with the consent of the gov-\\nernor.\\nCape Colony. Robert Moffat and his\\nbride leave Cape Town for Griqua Town,\\nCape Colony. A chaplain is sent out\\nby the Society for the Propagation of\\nthe Gospel.\\n1821 Kaffraria becomes a mission-\\nfield of the Free Church of Scotland.\\nCape Colony. The bishopric of Cape\\nTown is founded, and Robert Gray is\\nconsecrated its first bishop.\\n1822 Jan. The Rev. Mr. Leitner and\\nhis English wife enter upon their self-\\ndenying, repulsive, and then supposed\\nperilous, duties, at Hemel en Aarde,\\namong the lepers of South Africa.\\nBechuanaland is entered by Wes-\\nleyan missionaries with partial success.\\n1823 June* Kaffraria. The Scotch\\nmissionaries baptize five Kafirs, their\\nfirst converts.\\nKaffraria. Wesleyans send William\\nShaw to Kaffraria, and Wesleyville\\nbecomes a mission-station.\\n1824* Cape Colony. The Moravians\\nstart a mission at Elim, 80 miles south-\\neast of Gnadendal, among the Hotten-\\ntots.\\n1825 Kaffraria. Wesleyans open a\\nsecond station at Mount Coke.\\n1826 Cape Colony. King William s\\nTown becomes a mission-station of the\\nLondon Society.\\n1827 Kaffraria. Wesleyans open a\\nthird station at Butterworth.\\n1829 Easter. Rev. Mr. Leitner,\\nMoravian missionary to the lepers,\\ndies while baptizing a convert.\\nOct. Cape Colony. The first Rhenish\\nmissionaries arrive for South Africa.\\nS0CD3TY.\\n1652\u00c2\u00b1 As the Dutch extend their\\nsettlements inland, they reduce the\\nnatives to serfdom, taking their coun-\\ntry partly by so-called contracts and\\npartly by force,\\ni* The Dutch introduce Malays or\\nnegroes as slaves.\\n1819 Cape Town. Robert Moffat,\\nmissionary, marries Mary Smith.\\nSTATE.\\n1487 The Cape of Good Hope is dis-\\ncovered by Bartholomeu Diaz, and\\ncalled Tormentoso.\\n1497 Nov. 19. Vasco da Gama, a\\nPortuguese navigator, doubles the Cape,\\nand discovers the passage to India.\\nDec. 25. Natal. Gama discovers the\\nbluff headland near Durban.\\n1652 Cape Town is founded by the\\nDutch under the auspices of the Dutch\\nEast India Company.\\n1721 Natal. The Dutch attempt a\\nsettlement.\\n1740 The Dutch begin to pass their\\nboundary in the Gamtoos River, and\\ncome into collision with the Kafirs.\\n1795 The colonists attempt to throw\\noff the yoke of the Dutch, but are sup-\\npressed by the English as the allies\\nof the Dutch. English governors fol-\\nlow.\\nSept. 11. The English take forcible\\n1802 Mar. 25. Fr. Cape Colony is re-\\nstored to the Dutch at the Peace of\\nAmiens.\\n1806 Jan. 9. Cape Colony is again\\ntaken by the English [and hereafter\\ncontinues in British possession].\\n1812+ Zululand. Chaka becomes\\nking and grows powerful he destroys\\nthe males of Natal, and takes the women\\nand cattle as booty.\\nNatal. The Zulu power is estab-\\nlished.\\n1814 Aug. 13. Cape Colony is finally\\nceded to the English by the King of the\\nNetherlands.\\n1820 About 5,000 British immi-\\ngrants arrive.\\n1823 Natal. Lieut. Farewell, with\\na party of immigrants, founds a settle-\\nment. [It is broken up four years later.]\\n1827 The Board of Landrost and\\nHeemraaden, long ago established by\\nthe Dutch, is abolished.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1795* Scot. Robert Moffat, the mis-\\nsionary traveler, is born in Ormiston.\\n1827* William Immanuel Bleek,\\nwriter, is born,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0609.jp2"}, "610": {"fulltext": "598 1829, **-1867,\\nCAPE COLONY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1834 Oct. The Kafirs raid the English\\nsettlements, and ravish Graham s Town.\\n1835 A third war with the Kafirs is\\nfought. Sir Benjamin D Urban advances\\nthe boundary line to the River Kei.\\n1837 The Boers, under Maritz and\\nPotgieter, in revenging the massacre of\\nsome immigrants, attack and utterly de-\\nfeat the Zulus under Moselehatze.\\n1838 Feb. The Boers under Pieter\\nRetief are defeated and routed by the\\nZulus.\\nFeb. 2. Chief Dingaan massacres 70\\nBoers and their servants who had recov-\\nered his stolen cattle.\\nDec. Dingaan massacres about 800\\nBoers, who are saved from extermina-\\ntion by Andries Pretorius.\\n1840 Jan. Dingaan is crushingly de-\\nfeated.\\n1846 The fourth Kafir war occurs.\\n1848 Sir Harry Smith terminates\\nthe war.\\n1850 -53 The fifth Kafir war is\\ncarried on by Gov. Sir Harry Smith and\\nlater Gov. Sir George Cathcart.\\n1852 Feb. 26. The steamer Birken-\\nhead, laden with troops, is wrecked off\\nSimon s Bay, and 454 out of 658 soldiers\\nand crew perish.\\nDec. 20. Gov. Cathcart attacks and de-\\nfeats the Kafirs.\\n1853 Mar. 9. The Kafirs accept condi-\\ntions of peace, and the war ends.\\nArmed and mounted police are\\nformed for the frontier, numbering 750\\nmen.\\n1857 Andries Pretorius, the Boer,\\ninvades the Orange Free State.\\nJune 1. Peace is made by negotiation\\nin Orange Free State.\\nART SCIENCE LETTERS.\\n1829 The South African College is\\nfounded in Cape Town.\\n1831 July 16. Great damage is done\\nby a terrible storm at Cape Town.\\n1860 A public library with 40,000\\nvolumes is inaugurated at Cape Town.\\n1861 Two collegiate institutions\\nare endowed in Natal, one for Pieter-\\nmaritzburg, and the other for Durban.\\nA mission- college is founded at Gra-\\nham s Town.\\n1865 The Education Act, providing\\nfor three orders of schools, is passed.\\n1867 Diamonds are discovered in\\nTransvaal, and gold-fields in the inte-\\nrior are announced.\\nMar. Cape Colony. Diamonds are dis-\\ncovered.\\nCHURCH.\\n1829 Robert Moffat s first church\\nis formed at Kruman.\\nKaffraria. Wesleyans open a fourth\\nstation at Morley.\\nRobert Moffat visits the Matabele\\ntribes south of the Zambesi, and starts\\n1830 Cape Colony. Wupperthal he-\\ncomes a mission-station of the Rhenish\\nSociety.\\nCape Colony. Robert Moffat finishes\\nthe translation of St. Luke it is printed\\nat Cape Town.\\n1833 Cape Colony. Morija becomes\\na mission of the Paris Evangelical So-\\nciety.\\n1834* Zutuland. Six missionaries and\\ntheir wives establish the Zulu mission\\nof the American Board at Umlazi, near\\nPort Natal. It is broken up by the war\\nwhich follows with the Boers.\\nWest G-riqualand. Beaconsfield be-\\ncomes a mission-station of the Berlin\\nMissionary Society.\\n1835 Natal. The American Board\\nof Commissioners for Foreign Missions\\nopens its mission.\\n1837 Kaffraria. Kaffraria becomes\\na mission-station of the Glasgow Mis-\\nsionary Society.\\n1838 Zululand. The mission of the\\nAmerican Board to the Zulus is re-\\nsumed.\\n1839 Robert Moffat goes to England\\nto get his complete translation of the\\nNew Testament printed.\\n1840 Dec. 8. Bng. David Living-\\nstone sails as a missionary for -Cape\\nTown.\\nCape Colony. The United Presby-\\nterian Church of Scotland establishes\\na mission at Glenthorn.\\n1841 Natal becomes a mission-field of\\nthe British Wesleyans.\\n1842 Great Namaqualand and\\nDamaraland, in Southwest Africa, are\\nvisited by missionaries, chiefly of the\\nFinnish Lutheran, the Rhenish So-\\nciety, and the English Wesleyans;\\ngreat results have followed.\\n1843 Zululand. The treachery of the\\nZulu king, Dingaan, occasions the sus-\\npension of the mission of the American\\nBoard.\\n1844* Zululand. The Nor we gi an\\nSociety start a Zulu mission at Schreu-\\nder.\\nZululand. British supremacy permits\\nthe resumption of the Zulu mission,\\nand the first convert, an old woman, is\\n1845 Natal becomes a mission-field\\nof the Norwegian Society.\\n1846* Cape Colony. Graaf Reinet\\nbecomes a mission-station of the Society\\nfor the Propagation of the Gospel.\\n1847 A bishop of Cape Town is ap-\\npointed.\\nNatal becomes a mission-field of the\\nBerlin Society.\\nNatal. Emmaus becomes a mission-\\nstatiou of the Evangelical Lutheran\\nSociety.\\n1849 Aug. 1. David Livingstone first\\nbeholds Lake Nganii, South Central\\nAfrica.\\nZululand. The American Board\\nreports nine churches with 123 members.\\n1850* Cape Colony. The Moravians\\nopen a mission at ioshen.\\n1851 Natal. Pie term aritzburg be-\\ncomes a mission-station f the Society\\nfor the Propagation of the Gospel.\\n1852 Cape Colony. Dmtwalume In-\\ncomes a mission of the American\\nBoard.\\n1853* Natal is made a bishopric;\\nJohn William Colenso is the first\\nbishop.\\nKaffraria. David Livingstone rep-\\nresents the London Missionary So-\\nciety.\\nNamaqualand. Hoachanas becomes\\na mission-station of the Rhenish So-\\nciety.\\nCape Colony. Amalienstein becomes\\na mission-station of the Evangelical\\nLutherans.\\n1854 Natal. A mission is begun at\\nChristian enburg by the Berlin Evan-\\ngelical Lutheran Society.\\n1855* Kaffraria. Wartburg becomes\\na mission-station of the Berlin Evan-\\ngelical Lutherans.\\nNamaqualand. A beautiful stone\\nchapel, costing \u00c2\u00a31,000, is erected for the\\nWesleyan mission without foreign aid.\\n1857 Cape Colony. Riversdale be-\\ncomes a mission-station of the Society\\nfor the Propagation of the Gospel.\\nNatal. Pinetown becomes a mission-\\nstation of the Society for the Propaga-\\ntion of the Gospel.\\n1858* Cape Colony. Engolini be-\\ncomes a Moravian mission-station.\\nNatal. Rock Fountain mission is\\nstarted among the Kafirs.\\n1859 Cape Colony. Laingsburg be-\\ncomes a mission-station of the Berlin\\nEvangelical Lutheran Society.\\nCape Colony. Saint Matthews, Gra-\\nham s Town, becomes a mission-station.\\nNatal. Ifumi becomes a mission-sta-\\ntion of the Am erican Board.\\nNatal. Ladysmith becomes a Lu-\\ntheran mission- station.\\n1860* Natal. Emmaus becomes a\\nHermannsburg mission-station.\\nNatal. Stendal becomes a mission-\\nstation of the Berlin Evangelical So-\\nciety.\\n1861 Bishop Charles F. Macken-\\nzie, leader of the Universities Mission,\\non his way up the Zambesi, meets a gang\\nof slaves. He liberates them, settles\\nthem at Magomero, on Lake Shirwa,\\nnorth of the Zambesi River, and begins\\ntheir education and conversion.\\nNatal. Wesleyans open a mission to\\ncoolies.\\n1862 Oct.+ Natal. Bishop Colenso\\npublishes his work on The Pentateitch.\\nCajye Colony King William s Town\\nbecomes a mission-station of the Soci-\\nety for the Propagation of the Gospel.\\n1863 Apr. 27. Livingstone s wife\\ndies at Shapunga on the Zambesi.\\nMay 20. The English House of Bishops\\ncondemns Bishop Coleuso s work on\\nThe Pentateuch.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0610.jp2"}, "611": {"fulltext": "CAPE COLONY.\\n1829, 1867,\\n599\\n*-65 *The bishop of Natal and the\\nbishop of Cape Town have an earnest\\ndispute.\\n1864 Apr. 16. Bishop Colenso of\\nNatal is deposed by his metropolitan,\\nDr. Gray, bishop of Cape Town.\\nKaffraria. Enidiseni becomes a mis-\\nsion-station of the Berlin Evangelical\\nLutheran Society.\\n1865 Natal. Pietermaritzburg be-\\ncomes a mission-station of the Free\\nChurch of Scotland.\\n1866 Jan. 5. Bishop Colenso of Natal\\nis excommunicated by Bishop Gray,\\nthe metropolitan, at Cape Town.\\nCape Colony. The Church of\\nSouth Africa, independent of the\\nChurch of England, is organized by\\nBishop Gray. He is unwilling to accept\\nthe decision of the Privy Council of\\nEngland, declaring his excommunication\\nof Bishop Colenso null and void.\\nCape Colony. Massitissi becomes a\\nmission-station of the Paris Evangeli-\\ncal Society.\\n1867 Apr. Livingstone first beholds\\nLake Tanganyika, in Central Africa.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1834 The emancipation of slaves by\\nBritish authority is much opposed by the\\nDutch Boers.\\n1838 Mar. 22. Bechuanaland. Chief\\nMoroka prohibits the introduction of\\nardent spirits because of its ill effects,\\nand authorizes confiscation, with all\\nother property of the transgressor.\\n1839 A scheme of public schools is\\ndrawn up by Sir John Herschel.\\n1849 Sept. 19. The colonists are ex-\\nasperated by the arrival of the Neptune\\nwith 2S9 British convicts, among whom\\nis John Mitchel the Anti-Convict\\nSociety is formed. [The convicts are\\nwithdrawn, and sent to Van Diemen s\\nLand.]\\n1854* Herman Potgieter and family\\nare murdered in Transvaal by the na-\\ntives. [The massacre is avenged by\\nPretorius at Makapan s Cave.]\\nNov. 8. Basutoland. The liquor-traf-\\nfic is prohibited by Chief Moshesh.\\nWhereas, the strong drink of the\\nwhites was unknown to the progenitors\\nof our tribe, Matie, Motlomi, up to Bo\\nMonageng and our father Mockachane,\\nnow advanced in years, never used any-\\nthing for his drink save water and milk\\nand inasmuch as we are of opinion that\\na good chief and judge who uses any-\\nthing to intoxicate him is not in a proper\\nstate to act as in duty bound and since\\nstrong drink causes strife and dissension\\nand is a cause of destruction of society\\n(the strong drink of the whites is nothing\\nelse but fire)\\nBe it hereby made known to all that\\nthe introduction and sale of the said\\ndrink into the country of the Basutos is\\nforbidden from this forward and if any\\none, white or colored, shall act in op-\\nposition to this interdict, the drink will\\nbe taken from him and spilled on the\\nground, without apologv or compensa-\\ntion. Moshesh, Chief.\\n1856* *The apprentice law estab-\\nlishes a disguised slavery in Trans-\\nvaal, the natives being its victims.\\nThe national suicide of about\\n50,000 Kafirs takes place.\\nThey are deluded by the prediction\\nthat all the great men and warriors of\\ntheir nation would rise in new strength\\non a certain day if they would make a\\ncomplete sacrifice of themselves and\\ntheir property about one-third of the\\ntribe perishes.\\n1858 The Fundamental Law in\\nTransvaal draws the color-line against\\nthe natives.\\n1860 July Prinee Alfred of Eng-\\nland visits Cape Colony.\\n1867 Aug. 17+ The Duke of Edin-\\nburgh visits Cape Colony.\\nSTATE.\\n1834 The Dutch Boers become dis-\\naffected because of the emancipation\\nof slaves.\\n1835 May 5. Zululand. KingChaka\\nis assassinated his brother Dingaan is\\nhis successor.\\nMay 6. Natal. Captain Allen Gardiner\\nsigns a treaty with the Zulus.\\n-36 Kaffraria. The Boers re-\\nmove in large numbers beyond the\\nlimit of the colony, cross the Orange\\nRiver, and enter the Kafir country.\\nSome of the Boers under Peter Retief\\nenter Natal, and establish a republican\\ngovernment.\\nBritish forces advance the boundary\\nto the River Kei [but it is soon brought\\nback to the Keiskamma].\\n1837 Cape Town. The entire gov-\\nernment of Cape Colony, which is a\\nGovernor and Council, is changed, and\\na Legislative Council is established.\\n1840 Dingaan, king of the Zulus, is\\nkilled, and his brother Umpanda sue~\\nceeds him.\\n1842 May 12. Natal. The Republic\\nof the Boers yields to the British au-\\nthority, and is called Natalia (Natal).\\nThe Boers retire across the Drakenburg,\\nand settle in [Orange Free State].\\n1843 Aug. 2. Natal is annexed to the\\nBritish possessions as a district of Cape\\nColony.\\n1847 Natal. Sir Henry G. W.\\nSmith is appointed governor.\\n1848 Feb. 3. Cape Town. The Gov-\\nernment proclaims its authority over\\nthe Orange River sovereignty.\\nThe Boers beyond the Orange River\\nare unable to maintain their inde-\\npendence, but yield to the governor of\\nCape Colony.\\n-58 The Basutoland is under a\\nBritish protectorate.\\n1849 Sept. 19. The colonists succeed\\nin preventing the establishment of a\\npenal colony.\\n1851 Mar. The Orange River ter-\\nritory is annexed to Cape Colony.\\n1852 Jan. 17. The British sign the\\nSand River Convention, establishing\\nthe virtual independence of the Trans-\\nvaal.\\nDec. 31. Cape Town. Gov. Smith pro-\\nclaims martial law, and orders all the\\ninhabitants to hasten to the frontier for\\nthe defense of the colony.\\nCape Town, An armed police is or-\\nganized for the protection of the fron-\\ntier.\\n1853 July 1. Cape Town. Represen-\\ntative government is established\\nthe Colonial Constitution is promul-\\ngated with general rejoicing.\\nIt is modeled after that of Great Bri-\\ntain. The Legislature consists of the\\ngovernor appointed by the colonial offi-\\ncers, and two chambers elected by the\\npeople the right of suffrage is limited\\nto British subjects who are property\\nowners and enjoy a stated income,\\nthereby excluding the immense major-\\nity of the aborigines.\\n1854 Jan. 30. The colonial jurisdic-\\ntion over the Orange River territory\\nis abandoned because of the difficulty\\nin maintaining government.\\nMar The Orange River territory is\\nformed into the Orange Free State.\\nJuly 1. Cape Town. The members\\nelected to the first Parliament meet.\\n1856 Natal is separated from Cape\\nColony and becomes an independent\\ncolony, having a Constitution of its\\nown.\\nBasutoland, no longer under a Brit-\\nish protectorate, suffers greatly from\\nwars with the Boers.\\nAug.\u00c2\u00b1* The Kafirs are deluded by a\\nprophet named Amaxosa, who foretells\\na resurrection of all their dead warriors\\nand heroes on condition that the Kafirs\\nsacrifice their lives and property Gov.\\nGrey succeeds in quieting them after\\nabout 50,000 have perished.\\nAbout 2,000 immigrants from North\\nGermany occupy the Kafir lands, which\\nwere depopulated by a national suicide.\\n1858 The Dutch African Republic\\nbecomes the South African Republic.\\n1859 Andries Pretorius is elected\\npresident of Orange Free State as well\\nas Transvaal.\\n1861 Cape Town. Sir Philip E.\\nWoodhouse is appointed governor.\\n1863 Transvaal. Pretorius returns\\nto Transvaal.\\n1865 The provinces of British Kaffra-\\nria are incorporated with the colony\\nas King William s Town and East\\nLondon.\\nLittle Namaqualand, lying south of\\nthe Orange River, is incorporated with\\nCape Colony.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1859 Cape Town. The first railroad\\nis begun.\\n1860 Dec.\u00c2\u00b1 The railroad from Cape\\nTown to Wellington, a distance of 58\\nmiles, is opened.\\nWork is begun on the great break-\\nwater at Table Bay, near Cape Town.\\n1865* About 187,000 Europeans\\nare in the colony, and constitute 33 per\\ncent of the entire population.\\n1867 -70 The discovery of dia-\\nmonds leads to disputes between the\\nfree States and the natives.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0611.jp2"}, "612": {"fulltext": "600 1867, *-1880, May\\nCAPE COLONY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1872 Oet. Cetewayo improves bis\\narmy, which is styled by Sir Henry\\nFrere, the celibate man-slaying war-\\nmachine. [Zululand.]\\n1873* Cape Colony. Two British\\nregiments of infantry, besides detach-\\nments of artillery and engineers, are here\\nquartered.\\nNov. *-Dee. Natal. The Kafirs,\\nunder Langalibalele, their chief, rise in\\nan insurrection, and are suppressed.\\n1875 Transvaal. The Boers are at\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0war with Sikokuni, chief of the Bahedi.\\n1877 Sept. 24, 29. Kaffraria. Kreli,\\nchief of Galekas, is repulsed in an at-\\ntack upon the Fingoes and their Brit-\\nish protectors, at Ibeka.\\nOct. 9. Kaffraria. Chief Kreli is de-\\nfeated and his kraal burned.\\nDec. 2. Kaffraria. The Galekas are\\ndefeated by the British, and driven\\nfrom their lands.\\nDec. 30\u00c2\u00b1. Kaffraria. The Galekas\\nagain rise under Chief Sandilli.\\n1878 Jan. Kaffraria. Cetewayo,\\nKing of the Zulus, disturbs the English\\ncolonists, and England is asked to send\\nreenforcements to the colony.\\nJan. Kaffraria. The 90th Regiment\\nand a battery of artillery are sent to\\naid the British.\\nJan. 24-26. Kaffraria. The rebels un-\\nder Sandilli, one of their chiefs, are de-\\nfeated.\\nFeb. 7. Kaffraria. The natives are\\nagain defeated at Quintana.\\nMar. 12. Zululand. The Zulus capture\\na convoy and supply-train near the\\nItombi River, and kill Capt. David Mo-\\nriarty.\\nMar. 18. Zululand. Oham, a brother of\\nKing Cetewayo, is announced as a British\\nally he has 600 warriors with him.\\nMar. 18, 19. Kaffraria. The natives\\nare again defeated by Gen. Thesiger,\\nlosing 400 killed Capt. Donovan, Lieut.\\nWard, and Capt. Shaw are also kiiled.\\nMar. 28. Zululand. Col. Evelyn\\nWood has an engagement with the\\nZulus among the Zoblani Mountains,\\nand suffers a heavy loss.\\nMar. 29. Zululand. Col. Wood de-\\nfeats the Zulus at Kambula, near the\\nBlood River.\\nReenforcements advance to relieve\\nthe besieged British, who are entrenched\\nat Ekowe, not far from the coast.\\nMar. *~May Kaffraria. Frequent in-\\ndecisive actions occur.\\nApr. 2. Zululand. The British defeat\\nthe natives at Ginghilovo.\\nApr. 2,3. Zululand. The siege of\\nEkowe is raised, and Col. Pearson\\nmarches out.\\nMay Eng. Sir Garnet Wolseley sails\\nfor Cape Colony, as governor of Natal\\nand commander of the British forces.\\nMay 27. Zululand. The British report\\na total loss of 1,1S6 killed, and 86 who\\nhave died of disease.\\nJune Kaffraria. Sandilli is reported\\ndead, and his sons are captured by the\\nBritish.\\nJuly 2k. Kaffraria. Amnesty is pro-\\nclaimed to all Kafir rebels who surren-\\nder.\\nKaffraria. The Kafir war ends.\\n1879 Jan. 11. Zululand. The time\\nelapses for Cetewayo to surrender the\\nleaders of the raid, and avoid war.\\nJan. 12. Zululand. The Zulu war be-\\ngins. It is brought on by raids into Brit-\\nish territory. Lord Chelmsford, with\\n12,000 British, crosses the river Tugela\\ninto Zululand.\\nJan. 21. Zululand. British under Col.\\nPearson defeat Zulus under Cetewayo,\\nand enter Ekowe.\\nJan. 22. Zululand. The Zulus, 15,000\\nstrong, surprise the British en-\\ntrenched camp at Isandurla, on the\\nBlood River, and kill about 837 men\\nabout 2,000 Zulus are killed. Lieuts.\\nChard and Bromhead finally repulse the\\nnatives at Rorke s Drift.\\nJan. 24. Zululand. ,Col. Evelyn Wood\\nrepulses an attack of Zulus at Inkan-\\nyana.\\nFeb. 19 f. Eng. Troops hastily em-\\nbark to reenforce the British troops\\nin fighting the Zulus.\\nFeb. Basutoland. Chief Moiroso at-\\ntacks the settlers in predatory sallies\\nfrom his entrenchment in the mountain.\\nMar. 11. Natal. Reenforcements 800\\nstrong, by the Tamar, arrive at Pieter-\\nmaritzburg from England.\\nJune Eng. The Stafford House South\\nAfrican Aid Committee is organized.\\nJune 1. Zululand. The Zulus surprise\\na British reconnoitering party, under\\nCapt. J. Brenton Carey, with Prince\\nLouis Napoleon acting as commander,\\nat Imbabani. The Prince is killed.\\nJune 12. Zululand. The time men-\\ntioned in the British ultimatum sent\\nto Cetewayo expires it requires him to\\nsurrender cannon, and yield a full sub-\\nmission to British authority.\\nJune 23. CapeColony. Sir Garnet\\nWolseley arrives.\\nJuly 4. Zululand. About 23,000 Zulus\\nare totally defeated by Lord Chelms-\\nford at TJlundi, the capital they lose\\nabout 1,500, and the British lose 27\\nkilled and about 53 wounded. [The war\\nvirtually ends. Cost of the war, \u00c2\u00a34,-\\n922,141.]\\nAug. 28. Zululand. Major Richard\\nMarter captures the fugitive Cete-\\nwayo.\\nNov. 20. Basutoland. Moiroso s en-\\ntrenchments are captured, and the chief\\nis killed.\\nART SCIENCE LETTERS.\\n1869 Diamonds are found at Kim-\\nberly, West Griqualand.\\n1870 Sep. Griqualand. Rich dia-\\nmond-fields are discovered.\\n1872 By Act of Parliament, a public\\nuniversity like that of London is es-\\ntablished.\\n1878 A council of education is cre-\\nated in Natal.\\n1880 Feb. 12. A great diamond is\\nfound at Kimberley, weighing 150 carats,\\nand worth $300,000.\\nFeb. IS. A new comet is seen at the\\nCape observatory.\\nCHURCH.\\n1867 Natal. Impolweni becomes a\\nmission-station of the Free Church of\\nScotland.\\n1868 Wov. Livingstone discovers\\nLake Bangweolo, or Bemba, north of\\nthe Zambesi River.\\nDec. Natal. The clergy, having failed\\nto depose Bishop Colenso for unsound\\ndoctrine, W. E.. M crorie is sent out\\nas bishop to act with the clergy opposed\\nto Colenso.\\nCape Colony. Riversdale becomes a\\nmission-station of the Berlin Evangel-\\nical Society.\\nDec. 31. Cape Colony. Ovambo be-\\ncomes a mission of the Finland Society.\\nKaffraria. The Free Church of\\nScotland start a mission in Cunning-\\nham, Transkei.\\nCape Colony. Mbulu becomes a mis-\\nsion-station of the United Presbyteri-\\nans of Scotland.\\nNatal. Hoffenthal becomes a mis-\\nsion-station of Berlin Evangelical\\nLutherans.\\n1869 Cape Colony. East Somerset\\nbecomes a mission-station of the United\\nPresbyterians of Scotland,\\n1870 East Griqualand. Missionary\\nDower of the London Society comes\\nto Koskstad, and they love him so\\nmuch that they refuse to let him go.\\n1871 Nov.* H. M.Stanley findsLiv-\\ningstone near Lake Tanganyika (Ger-\\nman East Africa).\\nZululand. A bishop of Zululand is\\nappointed.\\nCape Colony. Port Elizabeth be-\\ncomes a mission-station of the Primi-\\ntive Methodists of England.\\n1872 Transvaal. Ha Tsevase be-\\ncomes a mission-station of the Berlin\\nLutherans.\\nCape Colony. Herbertsdale becomes\\na mission-station of the Berlin Evan-\\ngelical Lutherans.\\n1S73 May 1. David Livingstone dies\\nat Ilala, near Lake Bangweolo, and is\\nfound kneeling by his bed.\\n1874 Blantyre, near Lake Shirwa,\\nbecomes a mission of the Established\\nChurch of Scotland.\\nBishop Colenso goes to England to\\nadvocate bis case.\\nNatal. The Gordon Memorial, a\\nstation of the Free Church of Scot-\\nland, is established by means of funds\\ngiven by the Countess of Aberdeen as a\\nmemorial to her son, Hon. J. H. Gordon.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0612.jp2"}, "613": {"fulltext": "CAPE COLONY,\\n1867, *-1880, May\\n601\\n1875 The Livingstonia Mission of\\nthe Free Church of Scotland is sent\\nto open a mission-tield around Lake\\nNyassa and half way north to Lake\\nTanganyika.\\nGriqualand. Kimberley becomes a\\nmission-station of the Evangelical\\nLutherans.\\nCape Colony. The State churches\\nare disendowed by law.\\n1876 Zululand. Chief Cetewayo\\nopposes the missionaries.\\n1877 Dec. 13\u00c2\u00b1. A mission-camp is\\nattacked, and all but one of the members\\nkilled, at Lake Nyassa.\\nEast Griqualand. The Society for\\nthe Propagation of the Gospel estab-\\nlishes a mission-station in Koskstad.\\n1879 Cape Colony. Mossel Bay be-\\ncomes a mission-station of the Berlin\\nEvangelical Society.\\nNatal. The Swedish State Church\\nfounds a mission at Aangeleken, to do\\nits chief work among the Zulus.\\nNatal. Rock Fountain becomes a\\nmission-station of Mr. and Mrs. E. S.\\nClarke (Friends).\\nSOCIETY.\\n1872 A great robbery of diamonds,\\nvalued at over \u00c2\u00a335,000, occurs.\\n^Diamond seekers shamefully op-\\npress the natives.\\n1878 Aug. 1. The colonists celebrate\\nthe restoration of peace with Kafirs by\\na day of thanksgiving.\\n1879 Aug. 22. The sentence declared\\nagainst Capt. Carey, for his connection\\nwith the death of Prince Napoleon\\nby Zulus, is quashed.\\nSept. 15. Cape Town. Cetewayo, the\\nZulu chief, arrives on his way to Eng-\\nland.\\n1880 Mar. 20\u00c2\u00b1. The post-off ice at\\nCape Town is robbed of diamonds\\nvalued at \u00c2\u00a350,000.\\nSTATE.\\n1867 The discovery of diamonds\\nleads to territorial complications\\nthe tribes disputing the claims of the\\ngovernment.\\nNatal. Kobert William Keate is\\ngovernor.\\n1868* Transvaal. Pretorius enlarges\\nthe boundaries to Lake Ngami and Del-\\nagoa Bay. [Disputes with Portugal fol-\\nlow.]\\n1870 Aug. Sir Henry Barkly is ap-\\npointed governor of the Cape of Good\\nHope.\\n1871 Transvaal. The southwest\\nboundary disputes are settled by arbi-\\ntration.\\n*Basutoland is annexed to Cape\\nColony. Population, 378 whites and 127,-\\n223 natives.\\nGriqualand is annexed.\\nOct. 27. The colony of West Griqua-\\nland is constituted, with Kimberley for\\nits capital.\\nNov. 17. The diamond-miners bail the\\nunfurling of the British flag with great\\nrejoicing.\\n1872 Oct. 1. Zululand. Encouraged\\nby the English, Cetewayo, son of Urn-\\npanda, King of the Zulus, kills his\\nbrothers.\\nCape Town. A responsible govern-\\nment is established.\\n1873 Nov. -Dec. A slight insur-\\nrection of Kafirs under Langalibalele\\nis easily suppressed.\\nZululand. Cetewayo is recognized as\\nthe heir of Umpanda, and enthroned.\\nNatal. Anthony Musgrave is ap-\\npointed governor.\\n1874 Aug. 4. Natal. Langalibalele,\\nthe revolting chief of Natal, is sent to\\nRobber Island after a trial alleged to be\\nunjust others are sentenced to impris-\\nonment for participating in the insur-\\nrection.\\nCape Colony. The colony is divided\\ninto seven provinces for convenience in\\ngovernment.\\nNatal. Sir Benjamin C. C. Pine is\\ngovernor of Natal.\\n1875 Feb.* Natal. Sir Garnet\\nWolseley is made temporary governor.\\nJuly The Delagoa Bay country is\\nawarded to Portugal by Marshal Mac-\\nMahon, the arbitrator.\\nAug, Natal. Langalibalele is released\\nfrom captivity.\\nAug. Natal. Gov. Wolseley retires\\nfrom the governorship.\\nOct. 22. The Earl of Carnarvon, the\\nColonial Secretary, makes the proposal\\nthat the Cape Parliament transfer the\\nconference respecting a South African\\nConfederation to England.\\nNov. 11\u00c2\u00b1. Cape Town. The Cape Par-\\nliament debates the proposition for a\\nConfederation.\\nNov. 26. Cape Town. The Cape Par-\\nliament is prorogued.\\nKaffraria. The Transkei and Fin-\\ngoland, with other parts of Kaffraria,\\nare annexed.\\nNatal. The Constitution is modified.\\n1876 Aug. 5. London. The delegates\\nto the conference respecting a South\\nAfrican Confederation meet with the\\nEarl of Carnarvon.\\nZululand. Cetewayo organizes\\narmed resistance against the British.\\n1877 Feb.* Cape Town. TheMolteno\\nMinistry is dismissed.\\nFeb. 12\u00c2\u00b1. Cape Town. J. Gordon\\nSprigg forms a colonial Ministry.\\nApr. 12. The Transvaal Republic is\\nannexed to Cape Colony by the procla-\\nmation of Sir Theophilus Shepstone.\\nSept. Kaffraria. Disputes between the\\nFingoes and Galekas lead to war.\\nOct. Kaffraria. The lands of the de-\\nfeated chiefs of Kaffraria are annexed\\nby the British.\\nNov. Sir H. Bartle E. Frere is appointed\\ngovernor and lord high commissioner for\\nSouth Africa.\\nTransvaal. Anarchy follows a war\\nwith the Kafirs until England inter-\\nvenes.\\nTransvaal. Sir W. Owen Lanyon\\nis appointed British administrator.\\n1878 July 2. Cape Toion. The Kafir\\nwar having ended, the governor an-\\nnounces that amnesty will be granted\\nto ex-rebels.\\nJuly Zulus make a raid into British\\nterritory.\\nSept. Natal. Sir H. Ernest Bulwer\\nis governor.\\nDec. Zululand. Cetewayo, King of the\\nZulus, refuses to give up the principal\\nraiders. Gov. Bartle Frere sends an\\nultimatum, demanding the surrender of\\nthe offenders within 30 days. (The Zulu\\nwar follows.)\\nNatal. The laws of the Zulus are\\nmodified, and reduced to writing.\\n1879 May* Natal Transvaal. Sir\\nGarnet Wolseley is governor.\\nJune 28\u00c2\u00b1. Natal. Governor Wolseley\\nis sworn in as high commissioner at\\nPietermaritzburg, the capital.\\nJuly 12\u00c2\u00b1. Natal. Governor Wolseley\\nreceives the Zulu chiefs.\\nSept. 1. Natal. A treaty is signed with\\nthe Zulu chiefs, by which Natal is\\ndivided into 13 districts, over each of\\nwhich a chief is appointed, with a gov-\\nernor resident over all, and a local resi-\\ndent in each the lands are to be\\nreserved for the British, and John\\nDunn is to be chief.\\nNatal has representative government.\\nDec. Transvaal. An insurrection\\nbreaks out against the British.\\n1880 May* Natal. Sir George Pome-\\nroy Colley becomes governor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1869 Feb. Fire sweeps over a large\\nterritory.\\n1870 Mar. 11. Moshesh, chief of the\\nBasutos, dies.\\nJuly 12. Cape Town. The Duke of Ed-\\ninburgh inaugurates the new harbor,\\nbreakwater, and docks.\\n1872 The diamond-mines are re-\\nmarkably productive.\\nSept. 1. Robert Gray, bishop of Cape\\nTown, dies.\\nSept. 11. Makomo, a Kafir chief, dies.\\n1876 Cape Town. The Government\\nvotes to appropriate \u00c2\u00a35,000 sterling\\nfor the construction of four trunk-\\nlines of railroads.\\n1877 Apr. 5. Cape Town. Sir H.\\nBartle E. Frere opens an exhibition.\\n1879 Aug. 23. Telegraph connec-\\ntion is made with Europe by way of\\nNatal and Mozambique.\\nDec. 25. Cape Town. The first tele-\\ngram is received by the new line which\\ncompletes connection with England. It\\nis sent by the Queen to Sir H. Bartle\\nE. Frere.\\nDec. 29. Cape Town. The telegraph\\nline is opened for the public.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0613.jp2"}, "614": {"fulltext": "602 1880, June 20-1890,\\nCAPE COLONY.\\nARMY NAVY,\\n1880 June* Basutoland. War is\\nwaged against the Basutos near the\\nhead waters of the Orange River, be-\\ncause they have attacked the settlers,\\nand refuse to give up their arms.\\nJune Basutoland. The chiefs who sur-\\nrender are attacked by those who re-\\nbel against the colonists.\\nSept. 13. Basutoland. The chiefs carry\\nthe war against the colonists.\\nSept. 21. Basutoland. Col. Carrington\\ndefeats the rebel chief Lerothodi in an\\nattack on Mafeling.\\nOct. 19. Basutoland. Col. Clarke re-\\nlieves the colonists besieged at Mafe-\\nling, after a hot fight.\\nOct. 22. Basutoland. The colonists\\nstorm the village of Chief Lerotholdi,\\nand scatter his army.\\nOct. 31. Basutoland. Col. Clarke storms\\nthe defenses of Moletsane.\\nOct. Basutoland. Magistrate Hope is\\ntreacherously murdered by Chief Uin-\\nhlonhlo, with other colonists.\\nNov. 12. Basutoland. The defeat of\\nUmhlonhlo is announced.\\nDec. 21. Basutoland. The natives are\\nutterly defeated by colonists under\\nBaker.\\n1881 Jan. 10-14\u00c2\u00b1. Basutoland. Col.\\nCarrington defeats the natives in sev-\\neral engagements.\\nFeb. 18-24. Basutoland. The colonists\\ngrant an armistice.\\nMar. 26. Basutoland. The war is re-\\nnewed, and Col. Carrington is wounded.\\nApr. 16i. Basutoland. The Basutos are\\nseverely defeated. [May Make peace.]\\nJuly 30\u00c2\u00b1. Zululand. John Dunn sup-\\npresses a revolt.\\nSept.* Basutoland. Chief Masupha\\nsubmits to the colonists.\\nDec. Zululand. Order is restored.\\n1882 Oct.* Basutoland. Chief Masu-\\npha again vexes the settlers.\\nBasutoland. Gen. Charles G. Gor-\\ndon (Chinese Gordon) resigns his mil-\\nitary appointment to South Africa.\\nDec. Basutoland. Order is restored.\\n1883 Apr. 25. Zululand. It is re-\\nported that King Cetewayo has a con-\\nflict with the chiefs.\\nMay 16. Zululand. It is announced\\nthat Cetewayo is defeated by Chief\\nOham with the aid of others.\\nMay Basutoland. The fighting chiefs\\nfinally subside.\\nJuly 20. Basutoland. Chief Usibepu\\nattacks Cetewayo at Ulundi, and defeats\\nhim.\\nAug. 16. Zululand. Cetewayo defeats\\nUsibepu in a great battle.\\nNov. Zululand. Chief Usibepu is de-\\nfeated by the other chiefs.\\n1884 Jan. 31\u00c2\u00b1. Zululand. Chief\\nZibedu defeats Chief Usutus.\\nMar. 15, 16. Basutoland. Jonathan\\ndefeats Joel in a bloody battle.\\nMar. 23. Basutoland. Chiefs Khelisu,\\nMasupha, and Lerothodi fight each\\nother.\\nMar. -May Zululand. Natives con-\\ntinue their fighting.\\nJune 14. Basutoland. The Boers de-\\nfeat Chief Usibepu, and Chief Usutus\\nbecomes a fugitive.\\nNov. Bechuanaland A force is organ-\\nized to subdue the Dutch freebooters.\\n1886 Oct. 20. Cape Colony. The Pon-\\ndos invade Xesibeland.\\nDec. 9. Cape Colony. Order is restored\\nin Xesibeland.\\n1888 June 2. Zululand. The police\\nand military punish the cattle thieves.\\nJuly 2. Zululand. The revolt led by\\nIshingana is suppressed by a severe\\nconflict.\\nJuly 11. Zululand. The revolt of\\nDinizulu is announced.\\nAug. 1. Zululand. It is announced that\\nSomkeli, the revolting chief, submits.\\nAug. 10. Zululand. Chief Dinizulu\\nleads about 1,000 revolting natives with\\ntheir cattle into the Transvaal Territory.\\nAug. 29. Zululand. It is announced\\nthat the revolt of Dinizulu is ended.\\nSept. Transvaal. Dinizulu stir-ren-\\nders to the authorities.\\nSept. 19. Zululand. Chief Undabuko,\\nthe uncle of Dinizulu, surrenders.\\nSept. 27- Zululand. Undabuko is\\nbrought to trial.\\nNov. 12. Zuhdand. Ishingana, a re-\\nvolting chief, surrenders.\\nNov. Zululand. Dinizulu surrenders\\nto the British.\\nNov. 22. Zululand. Somhlolo, con-\\nvicted of high treason, is sentenced to\\nimprisonment and hard labor for five\\nyears.\\nDec. 1. Zululand. Other chiefs are\\nconvicted of high treason, and sentenced.\\n1S89. Apr. 27. Zululand. The re-\\nvolting chiefs are sentenced to im-\\nprisonment, Dinizulu 10 years, Unda-\\nbuko 15 years, Ishingana to 12 years.\\nART SCIENCE LETTERS.\\n1883 Zululand. The translation of\\nthe Scriptures into the Zulu language\\nis completed by the missionaries of the\\nAmerican Board.\\n18S4 Mar. 27. Griqualand. The Vic-\\ntoria diamond, weighing 302 carats, is\\nfound at Kimberley.\\n1886 Sept. 26. A new comet is discov-\\nered at the Cape observatory by Mr.\\nFinlay.\\nCHURCH.\\n1881 Aug. 20. Natal. John Mer-\\ncer arrives at Durban, and proceeds to\\nthe Garenganze mission in Central Af-\\nrica, having a climate favorable to Eu-\\nropeans. [A station at Bih6 is also\\nmaintained.]\\nFt. Mr. and Mrs. Coillard organize\\nthe Evangelical Mission of the Paris So-\\nciety on the Upper Zambesi.\\n1882* Zululand. A minion is opened\\nat Ehlobane by the Herman nsburg\\nMissionary Society.\\nKajfraria. Malan becomes a mission-\\nstation of the United Presbyterians of\\nScotland.\\n1883 Cape Colony. Laingsburg be-\\ncomes a mission-station of the Berlin\\nEvangelical Lutherans.\\nZululand. The Scriptures are trans-\\nlated into Zulu.\\n1884 Cape Colony. Somervitte be-\\ncomes a mission-station of the Free\\nChurch of Scotland.\\n1885 Cape Colony. Worcester be-\\ncomes a mission-station of the Society\\nfor the Propagation of the GospeL\\nMambunda Country. Mr. and Mrs.\\nCoillard start an evangelical mission at\\nSesheke, Upper Zambesi.\\n1886* Mambunda Country. The Evan-\\ngelical Mission open a station at Sefulu,\\nUpper Zambesi.\\n1888 Cape Colony. Goederwacht\\nbecomes a mission-station of the Mora-\\nvians.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1882* Aug. 3. Eng. Cetewayo\\nAug. 9. Eng. Cetewayo visits TV. E.\\nGladstone, the premier.\\nAug. 14. Eng. Cetewayo is received\\nby the Queen.\\nAug. 16. Eng. Cetewayo is received\\nby the Prince of Wales.\\nCape Colony. The half-castes are\\ncalled Griquas, and are active, vigor-\\nous, enterprising, and courageous, and\\nmuch superior to the aborigines.\\nCapeColony. Hottentots are but\\nslightly civilized, and preserve tribal re-\\nlations in the remote western sections\\nwhere they abound.\\nCape Colony. Bushmen are a dimin-\\nutive people of light yellowish-brown\\ncomplexion, and inhabit the western\\npart of the country.\\n1886 Gold-seekers outnumber the\\nBoers in Transvaal.\\n1890* Kafraria. The social con-\\ndition of the natives is very bad, owing\\nto their poverty and their use of intoxi-\\ncating liquors. (Encyc. of Missions.)\\nSept. 17. Cape Colony. A Portuguese\\nsteamer loaded with kidnapped na-\\ntives arrives at Cape Town on its way\\nfrom Mozambique to the west coast.\\nBechuanaland. Great changes have\\nbeen produced by the missionaries in\\nthe costume, houses, customs, and re-\\nligion of the people.\\nBechuanaland. The Bechuanas are\\na people of fine physique, which is main-\\ntained by getting rid of the feeble and\\nsickly.\\nBechuanaland. Young men and\\nwomen are subjected to severe physi-\\ncal tests before they are declared men\\nand women the dead are buried with\\ntheir face due north, whence came their\\nancestors.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0614.jp2"}, "615": {"fulltext": "CAPE COLONY. 1880, June 20-1890 603\\nNatal. The Zulus believe in witch-\\ncraft, demons, and ancestral spirits.\\nPolygamy prevails in Central Africa,\\nthere being no limit to the number of\\nwives.\\nThere is no law to forbid the marriage\\nof near relatives. Women are really\\nservants, and with the slaves do all the\\ndomestic labor, leaving the men free for\\nfeats of arms.\\nSTATE.\\n1880 June 24\u00c2\u00b1. Cape Town. The As-\\nsembly rejects the Government s plan\\nfor a conference of delegates to promote\\nconfederation.\\nAug. 1. SirBartle E. Frere, Governor\\nand Lord High Commissioner, is re-\\ncalled.\\nAug. 21. London. Sir Hercules G. R.\\nRobinson is appointed high commis-\\nsioner.\\n1881 Feb. 27. Natal. Sir George\\nPomeroy Colley, the governor, is killed\\nin battle at Majuba Hill.\\nMar. 21. Transvaal. A treaty of\\npeace is signed.\\nMay 6, 7. Cape Toion. The Sprigg\\nMinistry resigns another Ministry is\\nformed by Messrs. Scanlen and Mol-\\nteno.\\nJuly 11\u00c2\u00b1. Eng. The Queen refuses the\\npetition of Cetewayo, as king, to be re-\\nstored to his dominion.\\nAug. 8. Transvaal. A republic is es-\\ntablished by Boers, by a vote of the\\nVolksraad Peter J. Joubert is the first\\npresident.\\nSept.* Zululand. Gen. Sir Evelyn\\nWood makes important changes.\\nNov. Natal. Walter J. Sendall is\\nappointed governor.\\nNov. Natal. The colonists are disaf-\\nfected toward the governor.\\nDec. Natal. Sir Henry E. G. Bulwer\\nis nominated governor.\\n1882 Mar. 4. Natal. Governor Bul-\\nwer arrives.\\nAug. Eng. The Government consents\\nto Cetewayo s partial restoration to\\nauthority.\\nOct. Basutoland is again disturbed by\\nChief Masupha.\\nDec. Basutoland. Peace prevails.\\n1883 Jan. 29. Zululand. The resto-\\nration of Cetewayo as king of the\\nZulus is proclaimed at Ulundi.\\nFeb.* Basutoland. The Go vernment\\ngraats self-government to the natives.\\nJunei Basutoland. The British re-\\nsume a conditional government over\\nthe Basutos.\\nJuly 27. Cape Town. The Parliament\\napproves the agreement made by the\\nMinisters with the Basutos.\\nTransvaal. S. J. Paul Kruger is\\nelected president of Transvaal, now a\\nrepublic under the suzerainty of\\nQueen Victoria.\\nOct. 15. Natal. Cetewayo surrenders\\nhimself to the British, and is taken to\\nDurban.\\nNov. 5. Natal. Cetewayo is removed\\nto Ekowe in Zululand.\\nDec. 8. Basutoland. The Basuto\\nchiefs, with the exception of Joel, ac-\\ncept the British proposal.\\n1884 Jan. 27, 28. Zululand. Cete-\\nwayo escapes, and is recaptured.\\nFeb. 27. London. A convention is\\nheld which recognizes the South Afri-\\ncan Republic as a State, and restricting\\nthe Queen s suzerainty.\\nMay 7. Cape Town. A Ministerial crisis\\nensues the Ministry resigns, and an\\nUpington Ministry succeeds it.\\nMay 21. The Boers crown Dinizulu\\nking of the Zulus he pledges his fidel-\\nity to the British.\\nAug. Bechuanaland. The Dutch\\nparty force Mr. Mackenzie, the British\\nresident, to resign, and he is succeeded\\nby Cecil Rhodes.\\nSept. Filibustering Boers seize [and\\nhold for a short time] the British terri-\\ntory of Montsioa.\\nOct. The Ministry is committed to the\\nuse of Imperial troops in suppressing\\nthe Boers.\\nOct. Bechuanaland. The Imperial gov-\\nernment appoints Sir Charles Warren\\nas special commissioner.\\nDec* Zululand. The British raise the\\nflag of Great Britain in St. Lucia s Bay.\\nNamaqualand, with the only harbor\\non the neighboring coast at Walfisch\\nBay, is annexed to Cape Colony.\\n1885 Jan. 29. Bechuanaland. Com-\\nmissioner Warren comes to an agree-\\nment with President Kruger.\\nFeb. 24+. Bechuanaland. Commis-\\nsioner Warren establishes mili tary\\ngovernment.\\nMar. 23. Bechuanaland. The British\\nprotectorate is proclaimed.\\nJune* Stellaland. The Republic of Stel-\\nlaland becomes a crown colony.\\n1SS6 Oct. 22+. Natal. The Legisla-\\ntive Council of Natal offers to admin-\\nister and sustain the government of\\nZululand as a barrier against the Boers.\\nOct. 27+. Cape Town. The British Gov-\\nernment declines the offer of Natal.\\nNov. 4. The Boer Republic agrees to\\nthe projected South African Repub-\\nlic.\\nNov. Cape Town. A British protec-\\ntorate over Zululand is proposed.\\nNov. 25 Cape Town. A new Ministry\\nis formed, with Sir J. Gordon Sprigg\\npremier.\\n1887 June 21. Natal. The annexa-\\ntion of Zululand by Great Britain is\\nproclaimed at Durban.\\nAug.* Cape Town. The Parliament\\npasses a new registration Act, which\\ndisfranchises many natives.\\nNov. 5 Natal. Dinizulu, king of the\\nZulus, creates disturbances.\\nNov. 7\u00c2\u00b1. Natal. Many of the Zulus\\nsubmit to the British.\\nNov. 13\u00c2\u00b1. Natal. King Dinizulu sub-\\nmits to the British.\\n1888 Feb.* Cape Town. Delegates\\nfrom Cape Colony, Natal, and the Orange\\nFree State meet in conference, and\\ndiscuss measures for a customs union.\\nFeb. 18. Cape Town. The conference\\nof delegates closes,\\nOct.\u00c2\u00b1 Bechuanaland opposes annex-\\nation to Cape Colony by an adverse vote.\\nNov. 15. Undabuko, the king s uncle,\\nand Somkeli, a Zulu rebel chief, are\\nbrought to trial for treason.\\n1889 June 3. Cape Town. Sir Her-\\ncules Robinson retires from the com-\\nmissionership of South Africa.\\nJune 22. Sir Henry Brougham Lock\\naccepts the governorship of Cape Colony.\\nJuly 29. Cape Town. The U. S. Con-\\nsul charges the Government with im-\\nprisoning American citizens.\\nOct. 29. Cape Town. The British\\nSouth African Company receives its\\ncharter.\\n1890 Mar. 18. The British consul at\\nMozambique is reported to have raised\\nand saluted the British flag in the\\nShire district.\\nAn Anglo-German agreement de-\\nfines the sphere of British influence.\\nJuly 16. Cape Town. A new cabinet is\\nformed, with Cecil Rhodes premier.\\nJuly 28. Cape Town. In the Legisla-\\ntive Assembly, Premier Rhodes gives no-\\ntice of a motion expressing regret that\\nthe Colony has not been consulted\\non the Anglo-German agreement, so\\nfar as it relates to the territory south of\\nthe Zambesi river.\\nAug. 1. Cape Town. The Franchise\\nBill passes the Legislative Assembly.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1883 June 20. Natal. John Wm.\\nColenso, bishop of Natal, dies.\\nAug. 9. Robert Moffat, Scottish mis-\\nsionary, dies.\\n1884 Feb. 8. Cetewayo, a Zulu chief,\\ndies.\\n1885 Nov. 28. The railroad to Kim-\\nberley is opened.\\n1886 Cape Colony has a population\\nof 1,252,347.\\n1887 Dec. 15. Sir Hercules Robinson\\nopens the South African Jubilee Ex-\\nhibition at Graham s Town.\\n1890 Feb. 26. Immigrants by the\\nhundred are pouring into Nyassaland\\nand southeastern Africa.\\nOne-third of the population of Cape\\nColony are breeders of stock.\\nJuly 30. Zululand. Famine prevails.\\nAug. 26. London. A company is organ-\\nized to develop the country south of\\nLake Tanganyika.\\nSept. 6. Premier Rhodes announces that\\nconnection will be made with the Dela-\\ngoa Bay railroad line at Vaal River.\\nSept. 20. Cape Town. The Cape of Good\\nHope Bank suspends payment.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0615.jp2"}, "616": {"fulltext": "604 1890,** -1894, Dec. 13. CAPE COLONY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1891 July 2. Mashonaland. Armed\\nBoers begin the big trek, but are\\ndriven out by British troops and police.\\n1893 Jan. 15. The Umzizi tribe in\\nPondoland defeats Chief Sigeau in battle,\\nkilling 250 of bis men.\\nOct. 3. The Matabele warriors attack\\nthe police of the South African Char-\\ntered Company. Sir Henry Lock, com-\\nmissioner at Victoria, is preparing to\\nrepel their attacks.\\nOct. 4. The Matabeles under King Lo-\\nbengula are marching on Fort Victo-\\nria a strong force is sent to meet them.\\nOct. 6. Fighting occurs in Mashonaland\\nbetween the Matabeles and the British\\nSouth African Company s forces.\\nOct. 20. The Matabeles are twice de-\\nfeated by the British forces, with a loss\\nof 100 warriors.\\nOct. 24. Gov. Sir Henry Lock, of the\\nCape of Good Hope, notifies the Chair-\\nman of the British South African Com-\\npany that sole control of the operations\\nagainst the Matabeles has been placed\\nin his hands by the home Govern-\\nment.\\nOct. 27. In a battle between the Mat-\\nabeles and the troops of the British\\nSouth African Company, the former are\\nseverely defeated with 300 killed.\\nNov. 1. The British forces defeat the\\nMatabeles with heavy loss, and cap-\\nture Buluwayo, their capital.\\nNov. 2. The Matabeles are defeated\\nwith a loss of five hundred warriors, and\\nthe British forces are in pursuit of King\\nLobengula.\\nNov. 8. A Matabele attack is repulsed\\nby a British force, sixty of the former\\nbeing killed.\\nNov. 9. The British forces are in pos-\\nsession of Buluwayo, King Loben-\\ngula s capital, after a battle, in which\\nover a thousand Matabele warriors are\\nkilled or wounded. An ultimatum is\\noffered by the British.\\nNov. 20. Lobengula, King of the\\nMatabeles, declares that he is ready to\\nsurrender, but that his young warriors\\nwill not give their consent.\\nNov. 22. The Matabeles under King\\nLobengula are again defeated, and run\\naway after the battle.\\nNov. 23. The Matabele army is dis-\\npersed, and Lobengula is a fugitive.\\nNov. 26. It is announced that the Mat-\\nabeles are completely subjugated;\\nthat King Lobengula has fled, and his\\nmen are ready to lay down their arms.\\nNov. 27. London. Reports are received\\nof the massacre of Capts. Wilson and\\nBarrow and their entire forces by the\\nMatabeles.\\nDec. 13. Part of Major Forbes s com-\\nmand is attacked by Lobengula s war-\\nriors, and forced to retreat.\\n1894 Jan. 13. The tidings that Capt.\\nWilson and his command were mas-\\nsacred by the Matabeles is confirmed.\\nJan. 20. King Lobengula with a few\\nof his followers is entrenched close to\\nthe Zambesi River quietness rules else-\\nwhere. [Jan. 23. He dies of fever.]\\nAug. 16. So. Af. Republic. Kafirs still\\ncontinue to devastate the Boer farms,\\nand kill the farmers and their families\\nGovernment troops are on the way to\\nthe scene of trouble.\\nAug. 17. So. Af. Republic Aforcesent\\nby the Boers against the Kafirs in the\\nTransvaal is defeated, and the outrages\\non the part of the Kafirs continue.\\nAug. 24\u00c2\u00b1. So. Af. Republic. Kafir Chief\\nMalaboch and seven companions sur-\\nrender to the Boers.\\nSept. 25. A large force of Kafirs, led\\nby Chief Mahazula, is marching to at-\\ntack the town of Lourenco Marquez in\\nPortuguese South Africa on Delagoa\\nBay the streets of the town are barri-\\ncaded, and defended with Nordenfeld\\nguns, the British residents and other\\nforeigners forming a volunteer garrison.\\n[Sept. 26. The town is besieged by\\n7,000 Kafirs. Oct. 13. The Kafirs have\\ncaptured part of the town.]\\nART SCIENCE LETTERS.\\n1890 Kaffraria. The Dutch, Eng-\\nlish, and Kafir languages are spoken.\\n*~Knffniria. The Bible and many\\nother books have been given to the\\npeople in their native language.\\n1894 Apr. 4. Matabeleland. Ancient\\nRoman coins are found.\\nSTATE.\\n1892 May 3. Cape Town. A new\\nMinistry is formed, with Cecil Rhodes\\npremier.\\nMay 11. Natal. The Legislative\\nCouncil establishes responsible govern-\\nment.\\nJune 20. Cape Colony. The Cape Par-\\nliament opens.\\nJuly-1. Bechnanaland. The Bechua-\\nnaland Protectorate enters into a cus-\\ntoms union.\\nCape Colony and South Africa have\\n2,250 miles of railroads.\\n1893 July 4. Natal. Sir Charles Mit-\\nchell, the governor, proclaims the new\\nConstitution.\\nAug. 25. Matabeleland. Lobengula,\\nthe King of the Matabele, demands that\\nMashonaland should be given up to\\nhim by the British.\\nA petition signed by 10,000 Malays is\\nsent to the Imperial Government against\\nan Asiatic influx from the Orient.\\n1894 Jan. 6. Cape Town. The Gov-\\nernment has appointed a committee to\\ninquire into the leprosy question.\\nFeb. 22. Nyassaland district becomes\\nThe British Central Africa Pro-\\ntectorate.\\nApr. 25. Matabeleland. Thecountryis\\nthrown open to people of every na-\\ntion under the general land and mining\\nlaws.\\nMatabeleland. Buluwayo rapidly ad-\\nvances in population and importance.\\nSalisbury suffers a corresponding de-\\npression. A telegraph line is extended\\ninto the region beyond Buluwayo.\\nCHILE.\\nChile is a republic extending along the west coast of South America, having Santiago for its capital. Area, about 250,000\\nsquare miles population in 1891, estimated at 2,817,552.\\nThe government is administered by a President and a Congress that consists of two houses, a Senate and a Chamber of\\nDeputies. The senators are elected by twenty-three provinces, and the deputies by the departments. The popular language is\\nSpanish, and the prevailing religion is Koman Catholic.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1450 The Peruvian Inca Yupanqui\\nleads an army into Northern Chile, and\\neither wins or conquers the Indians.\\n1535 *(or 1536) Diego de Almagro\\nleads the first Spanish invasion in\\nsearch of gold and glory, and is driven\\nhack with much loss, chiefly because of\\nthe climate and starvation.\\n1535-!- War with the Axaucanians\\n1540\u00c2\u00b1 Don Pedro deValdivia leads\\nan army which is driven back by the\\nbrave Araucanians.\\n1541 Valdivia, with Indian allies, con-\\nquers nearly all of Chile, under order\\nof Pizarro. [1543. Indians besiege Val-\\ndivia, till relieved by reenforcements.]\\n1547 Valdivia goes to Peru as an\\nally of Gasca.\\n1549 The assaults of the Arauca-\\nnians imperil the very existence of the\\nSpaniards.\\n1550 Valdivia returns with a fresh\\narmy, and is resisted by Araucanians\\nunder the brave Lautaro, an escaped\\ncaptive.\\n1554 Jan. 1. Valdivia is defeated and\\nkilled by the Indians at the battle of\\nTucapel.\\n1556 Count Garcia Hurtado de\\nMendoza succeeds to the command of\\nthe Spaniards.\\nThe Indians are finally repulsed [and\\na doubtful war of conquest is continued\\nby the Spaniards for nearly 50 years].", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0616.jp2"}, "617": {"fulltext": "CHILE.\\n1450, **-1808,\\n605\\n1557 -65 *Mendoza gathers a\\nforce of Spaniards, and leads tbem\\nagainst the Indians under Caupolican\\nseveral battles are fought, and the Span-\\niards are finally victorious.\\n1586 Three ships, commanded by Sir\\nThomas Cavendish, land in Quintero\\nBay, and attempt to subjugate the\\ncountry to British rule.\\n1723* War begins between the\\nSpaniards and the Indians [continu-\\ning intermittingly for 50 years].\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1500\u00c2\u00b1 Chileans practise weaving\\nand agriculture.\\n1570 An earthquake destroys 2,000\\nlives at Concepcion.\\n1712 Am^de Francois Fr^zier, the\\nFrench military engineer, visits the\\ncoast.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1564 Jan. 1. Valdivia, Pedro de, com-\\nmander, A54+.\\n1610 Aug. 10. Ramon, Garcia, eminent\\nfor his ability, humanity, and public\\nworth, dies.\\n1630 Nov. SO. Ulloa, Lopez de, governor,\\ndies.\\n1778 Infante, Jos6 Mig-uel. statesman,\\nborn.\\n1800 Perez, Jose Joaquin, president, b.\\nCHURCH.\\n1553 The Dominicans and Fran-\\nciscans arrive, and establish settle-\\nments.\\n1563 Pope Pius IV. appoints Ft. Bar-\\ntoleme Roderigo Gonzales Marmolejo\\nfirst bishop of Santiago.\\n1567 Fr. Fernando Banioneuvo is\\nelected bishop.\\n1570 A bishopric is established in\\nthe city of Imperial Fr. Antonio de\\nSan Miguel y Solier, a Franciscan, is\\nappointed the first bishop.\\n1593 The Jesuits arrive with Loyola,\\na nephew of the founder of the order.\\n1595 The Augustines arrive.\\n1615 The Hospitallers of St. John\\nof God arrive.\\n1767* The Jesuits are expelled from\\nthe country.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1590 Janequeo determines to avenge\\nthe death of her husband, and leads\\nan army against the Spanish.\\nSTATE.\\n1450 The Peruvians acquire terri-\\ntory from the Indians inhabiting Chile.\\n1516 Sp. Charles I. is enthroned.\\n1533 The Peruvian dominion in\\nChile ceases.\\n1534 Jan.* Diego deAlmagro receives\\nhis commission as governor of New Cas-\\ntile (Chile).\\nNov. 13. Francisco Pizarro and Alma-\\ngro make a fruitless effort to settle\\ntheir disputed boundaries.\\n1538* Pedro de Valdivia, an officer\\nof Pizarro, explores the west coast of\\nSouth America to 40\u00c2\u00b0 South.\\n1541 Feb. 12. Valdivia founds San-\\ntiago.\\nThe conquests of Almagro make\\nChile a Spanish province.\\n1544 Sept. 3. Valdivia founds Valpa-\\nraiso.\\n1547 The appointment of Francisco\\nde Villagran as captain-general marks\\nthe close of the period of conquest.\\n1550 The Spanish under Pedro de\\nValdivia found the city of Concepcion.\\n1553 The Indians destroy Concep-\\ncion.\\n1556 Sp. Philip II. is enthroned.\\n1557 Apr. Garcia Hurtado de Men-\\ndoza arrives in the Bay of Concepcion\\nas captain-general.\\n1568* Philip II. detaches Chile from\\nPeru, and a Royal Audencia is estab-\\nlished.\\n1575 The court of Spain becomes dis-\\nsatisfied with the condition of affairs,\\nand dissolves the Royal Audencia,\\nand orders its members back to Peru.\\nRodrigo de Quiroga is appointed gov-\\nernor.\\n1580 Martin Ruiz de Gamboa is ap-\\npointed governor.\\n1583 Alonso de Sotomayor is ap-\\npointed governor.\\n1593 Martin Garcia Ofiez de Loyola\\nis appointed governor.\\n1598 -1600 Holland sends five\\nwar-ships to the coast.\\nSp. Philip 111, is enthroned.\\n1599* Francisco Quinones is ap-\\npointed governor.\\n1600+ Alonso Garcia Ramon is ap-\\npointed governor later, Alonso de Ri-\\nvera.\\n1610 Luis Merlo de la Fuenta is ap-\\npointed governor.\\n1612 Alonso de Rivera is again ap-\\npointed governor.\\n1617 Fernando Talaveranno is ap-\\npointed governor ten months later,\\nLopez de Ulloa.\\n1620 Cristoval de la Cerda is ap-\\npointed governor.\\n1621 Sp. Philip IV. is enthroned.\\nPedro Sorez de Ulloa is appointed\\ngovernor.\\n1624 Francisco de Alva y Nornena\\nis appointed governor six months later,\\nLuis Fernandez de Cordova y Arce is\\nappointed.\\n1629 Francisco Laso de la Vega is\\nappointed governor.\\n1641 Jan. 6. A treaty of peace is\\nentered between the Spaniards and the\\nAraucanians.\\n1645 Martin de Muxica is appointed\\ngovernor.\\nAlonso de Cordova y Figuerva is\\ngovernor.\\nAntonio de Acuna y Cabrera is\\ngovernor.\\n1655* *-65* Pedro Portale Casanate\\nis appointed governor later, Diego Gon-\\nzales Montero, Angel de Pereda, and\\nFrancisco de Meneses.\\n1665 After vainly trying for 100 years\\nto drive the Indians south of the Biobio,\\nthe Spaniards make a treaty of peace.\\nSp. Charles II. is enthroned.\\n1667 The Marquis of Navamor-\\nquende is appointed governor.\\n1670 -1717 The governors are\\nMontero, a second time, Juan Henu-\\nquez, Jose de Gano, Tomas Martin de\\nPoveda, Francisco Ibanez de Peralta,\\nJuan Andres de Ustariz, and Jose de\\nSantiago Concha.\\n1700 Sp. Philip V. is enthroned.\\n1707* *-17* The French blockade\\nall the ports of Chile, and take possession\\nof the commerce.\\n1720+ Gabriel Cano de Aponte is\\ngovernor.\\n1722 After a struggle of 180 years\\nthe Chileans make a treaty with the\\nSpaniards, separating a part of the coun-\\ntry to form Spanish Chile.\\n1724 Sp. Louis I. is enthroned\\nlater in the year Philip V. is again en-\\nthroned.\\n1735 The governors are Francisco\\nSanchez de laBaneda, Manuel de Sala-\\nmanca, and Jose de Manso.\\n1742 Manso founds nine cities by\\norder of the king to collect the inhabi-\\ntants of the country in urban societies.\\nFrancisco de Obando is governor\\nlater, Domingo Ortiz de Rosas.\\n1746* Sp. Ferdinand VI. is en-\\nthroned.\\n1753+ Manuel Amat is appointed\\ngovernor.\\n1759 Sp. Charles III. is enthroned.\\nAntonio de Guill y Gonzaga is ap-\\npointed governor.\\nFrancisco Xavier de Morales is ap-\\npointed governor.\\n1773 Agustin de Jauregui is ap-\\npointed governor.\\n1778 The ports of Spain are thrown\\nopen to the colonies, and free com-\\nmerce with the French is permitted.\\n1781 Ambrosio de Benavides is ap-\\npointed governor.\\n1787 Nov. 21. Ambrosio O Higgins\\nis appointed governor-general. [He\\nproves to be a superior governor.]\\n1788 Sp. Charles IV. is enthroned.\\n1796 Sept. 18. Gen. Gabriel deAviles\\nis appointed governor.\\n1799 Mar. 15. Joaquin del Pino is\\nappointed governor.\\n1802 Jan. 30. Luis Mufioz de Guz-\\nman is appointed governor.\\n1808 Francisco Antonio Carrasco is\\nappointed governor.\\nSp. Ferdinand VII. is enthroned\\nand later in the year, Joseph Bona-\\nparte.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1747 The University of San Felipe\\nis established at Santiago.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0617.jp2"}, "618": {"fulltext": "606 1810, **-1889,\\nCHILE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\nWAR OF THE REVOLUTION.\\n1811 Apr.* The patriots rout a\\nbody of Spaniards in Santiago, with\\nmuch loss on both sides, and thus shed\\nthe first blood for independence.\\n1813 Gen. Faroja brings a powerful\\nSpanish army they are twice defeated\\nby tbe patriots, but being reenforced,\\nare finally victorious.\\n1817 The patriots are reenforced\\nfrom Buenos Ayres.\\n1818 Feb. 12. The Spaniards are\\nsuddenly attacked by Gen. O Higgins at\\nChacabuco, in the plains of Maipo, and\\ndefeated with heavy loss, while the pa-\\ntriots thereby secure the independence\\nof Chile.\\nThe Chileans send a force to aid the\\nPeruvians against the Spanish.\\nFeb. 19. The patriots under Jos3 de\\nSan Martin are defeated at the battle\\nof Chaneh Rayada with great loss.\\nApr. 5. The patriots under San Martin\\nwin a decisive battle at the Maipo.\\nThe Cumberland is purchased in\\nLondon, and renamed San Martin.\\nOct. 28. The San Martin captures the\\nMaria Isabel from the Spanish. She is\\ntaken to Valparaiso, remounted, and re-\\nnamed the O Higgins.\\nThe navy is greatly strengthened\\nby the adding of the Galvarino, Arau-\\ncano y Intrepid, and the Independencia.\\n1820 Feb. 2,3,4. Naval battle;\\nLord Cochrane in the O Higgins takes\\nValdivia.\\n1851 Apr.* Battle between the Gov-\\nernment troops and insurrectionists\\nCol. Urriola and 200 or 300 others\\nare killed.\\nSept. Insurrectionists under Gen.\\nJose Maria de la Cruz resist the Gov-\\nernment 4,000 lives are lost in the series\\nof conflicts.\\nDec. 8. The revolt is crushed by the\\ndefeat of Gen. Cruz at the battle of\\nLongamilla.\\n1858 Dec* The insurrection of Pedro\\nGallo breaks out.\\n1859 Apr. The insurrection is com-\\npletely suppressed.\\nOct. The war is renewed under Presi-\\ndent Perez.\\n1866 Mar. 31. War with Spain; a\\nSpanish force bombards Valparaiso.\\nApr. 14. The blockade by Spain is\\nended.\\n1878 Dec. Chileans seize the Boliv-\\nian forts.\\n1879 A long war with Peru and\\nBolivia. Cause, dispute concerning a\\nstrip of coast territory, rich in guano\\nand nitrate of soda, and because of a\\nsecret treaty between Peru and Bolivia.\\nFeb. 14. Chileans under Col. Soto-\\nmayor occupy the Bolivian port of\\nA ntof agasta.\\nMar. 23. An indecisive engagement is\\nfought at Calama on the banks of the\\nLoa.\\nApr. 5. Chileans blockade Iquique.\\nApr. 18. Chileans bombard Pisaqua.\\nMay 21, 23. In a naval action near\\nIquique, the Peruvian iron-clad, tur-\\nreted steam-ship Huascar rams the\\nChilean wooden corvette Esmeralda, in\\nwhich about 110 men perish, and the\\nPeruvian iron-clad Independencia is run\\non a rock while chasing the Covadonga,\\nand becomes a total wreck. The block-\\nade is raised.\\nJuly 29. The Huascar captures two\\nChilean vessels in the port at Iquique,\\nand raises the blockade.\\nOct. 8. The Chilean fleet of six vessels\\ncaptures the Peruvian ironclad Hu-\\nascar off Mejillones; the admiral and\\nmany others are killed.\\nNov. 2+. Gen. Escala lands 10,000 Chile-\\nans, bombards Pisagua, in the prov-\\nince of Tarapaea, and takes the city\\nfrom Gen. Buendia.\\nTCov. 19. The Chileans defeat the allies\\nat San Francisco.\\nNov. 22. Battle of San Francisco\\nIquique surrenders to 5,000 Chileans,\\nwho have defeated the combined armies\\nof Peru and Bolivia, 11,000 strong, near\\nthe city.\\nNov. 27\u00c2\u00b1. The allies are again de-\\nfeated near Tarapaca-, and the town\\nis taken by the Chileans; both sides\\nsuffer heavy losses.\\nDec. 18. The retreating Peruvians\\narrive at Arica.\\n1880 Feb. 27. An indecisive naval en-\\ngagement takes place near Arica.\\nApr. 18. The Chileans blockade Cal-\\nlao, Peru, and alarm Lima.\\nApr. 22^-. The Chileans bombard Cal-\\nlao.\\nMay 10. The Chileans again bombard\\nCallao.\\nMay 26. The allies are defeated in a\\nbloody battle at Tacna, Chile, by the\\nChileans, and the town surrenders.\\nChilean loss, 2.12S killed and wounded;\\nPeruvian loss, 2,500 killed and wounded\\nBolivian loss, not estimated.\\nJune 7. The Chileans, under Gen. Man-\\nuel Baquedano, take the port of Arica\\nby assault.\\nJuly 3. Peruvians sink the Chilean\\ntransport Loa by means of a torpedo or\\ninfernal machine.\\nExtended negotiations for peace ar-\\nrest the military movements.\\nSept. 14. While bombarding Callao, the\\nPeruvians blow up the Covadonga,\\nnear Chancay, by means of torpedoes\\nconcealed in a captured gig.\\nOct. 9. The Peruvians attempt to\\nblow up Chilean ironclads by means\\nof a sunken boat filled with powder, but\\nfail in the attempt.\\nDec. 30+. Tbe Chileans send a force of\\n2,500 men to Peru.\\n1881 Jan. 4. The Chileans, 23,600\\nstrong, storm Lurin, which is defended\\nby 33,500 men and 200 cannon.\\nJan. 13. The Chileans again defeat the\\nPeruvians in a severe battle at Chorri-\\nUos. Chilean loss, 2,000 to 3,000 Peru-\\nvian, loss over 4,000, besides many more\\ntaken prisoners.\\nJan. 15. Peru. The Chileans again de-\\nfeat the Peruvians at Miraflores in a\\nbloody battle. The Peruvian army is\\nrouted, and the fleet is now annihilated.\\nJan. 17\u00c2\u00b1. Peru. The victorious Chile-\\nans enter Lima, and Pierola flees.\\nJan. 23. Peru. The Chileans take\\nCallao, and the war virtually ends.\\nTotal loss to the Chileans, 10,000 men in\\nkilled and wounded. The Chileans have\\nnot lost a battle during the entire cam-\\npaign.\\n1882 July The war is resumed be-\\ncause of the interference of outside par-\\nties, and several indecisive engagements\\nfavor the Chileans.\\n1883 July 10. Peru. Tbe Peruvians\\nare defeated in a severe battle at Hu-\\nanuco.\\nJuly 13. Peru. The Peruvians are de-\\nfeated by Gen. Grostiago. Peruvians\\nlose 900 killed and as many wounded\\nChileans lose 56 killed and 104 wounded.\\n[July 15. The Peruvians defeated.\\nJuly 16. Again defeated. July 19. Col.\\nGrostiago defeats the Peruvians at\\nHuanuco.]\\nOct. 23. Peru. Chileans evacuate Lima.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1822 Nov. 19. Santiago suffers from\\nan earthquake the coast of Chile is\\npermanently raised.\\n1829 Santiago is again damaged by\\nan earthquake.\\n1835 Feb. 20. An earthquake does\\nimmense damage not a house left stand-\\ning in the City of Concepcion.\\n1851 Apr. 2. An earthquake wrecks\\nmore than 400 houses at Valparaiso.\\n1858 The first issue of the Revista\\nMedica-Quirurjica, the Hevista del Pa~\\ncijico, and the Correo Literario.\\nProminent newspapers are the El\\nMercurio de Provincias and El Mercurio\\ndel Vapor and tbe Revista de Ciencias\\ny Letras, a superior literary paper.\\n1871 Oct.* Gold-mines are discov-\\nered near Iquique.\\n1S80 Sept. 13. A.n earthquake at\\nIllapel near Valparaiso kills about 200\\npeople.\\n1S89 Jan. 14. A great storm rages\\nat Valparaiso.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1826 Baquedano, Manuel, general, bom.\\n1830* Sotomayor y V aides, Ramon, jour-\\nnalist, born.\\n1844* Infante. Jose Miguel, statesman,\\nA 66.\\n1850 Carev, Eleanor, actor, born.\\n1873 Nov. 23. Cruz, .lose Maria de la,\\ngeneral. A72.\\n1886* Vicuna, Benjamin Vicuna Mao-\\nkenna, historian, A55.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0618.jp2"}, "619": {"fulltext": "CHILE.\\n1810, -1889,\\n607\\nCHURCH.\\n1854 The second chamber rejects the\\nresolution of the Senate to readmit the\\nJesuits.\\n1861 Lota becomes a mission-station\\nA constitution is promulgated, which 1879 Feb.* The Government orders\\ntemporarily reconciles contending the towns in territory claimed by Bo-\\nparties, livia to be garrisoned, and the coast\\n1830 Mar. 31. Tom s Ovalle is blockaded,\\nelected president. Mar. 1. Bolivia declares war against\\nof the South American Missionary 1831* Gen. Pueto is elected president. Chile; it has Peru as an ally.\\nA convention is called to revise the A P r 5 Chile declares war.\\nConstitution. Cause of the war; disputes respect-\\nig a strip of coast territory, very rich\\nguano and nitrate of soda. It was\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0iginally supposed to be barren and\\northless.\\nSociety; is opened by Capt\\nGardiner of Londi\\n1863 Dec. 8. The Jesuits church at 1833 May 22. The Constitution is\\nSantiago is consumed by fire on the established [and continues] good gov-\\nfeast of the Immaculate Conception of ernment and general prosperity follow,\\nthe Virgin Mary, when brilliantly il- 1841 Gen Bulnea is eIected presi\\nluminated, and having many combus- dent [He is reelected.]\\ntible ornaments inorethan J.nno nersi.us m _\\nt)firiBh 1851 Apr. An insurrection is led by\\nCol. TJrriola.\\nperish\\nDec. 20. The Government orders the\\nchurch of the Jesuits at Santiago to bo\\nrazed to the ground public indigna-\\ntion at the fanaticism of the priests.\\n1865 July An act of toleration in\\nreligion is passed.\\n1880 Concepcion becomes a mission-\\nstation of the Presbyterian Church\\n(North) of U. S. A.\\nMay 8. A new tariff is introduced.\\nOct. 18. Manuel Montt is elected\\npresident. [He is afterward reelected.]\\nSept. An insurrection is led by Gen.\\nCruz, the defeated candidate at the last\\nelection it comes perilously near a\\nrevolution.\\n1852 June 30. A treaty with France\\nis concluded.\\n1856 Apr. 30. A treaty with the Feb. Peru solicits the intervention of\\nArgentine Republic is concluded. England.\\nNov. A treaty with Great Britain, July 23. By treaty with the Argen-\\nand one with Ecuador, and another with tine Republic, Chile gains about 57,000\\nPeru are made. square miles of territory.\\n1886* *In the elections 46 men are Treaties are made with the United Sept.* Spain confirms the treaty made\\nkilled and 160 are wounded. States and with Sardinia. cMi e\\n1861 Jose Joaquin Perez is elected Sept. 18. Santa Maria Domingo, a\\nSOCIETY.\\n1882 Two men are killed and seven\\nwounded in the elections.\\n1885 In the elections 17 men are\\nkilled and 165 wounded.\\n1880 June 28. Peru. Perseverance\\nin the war is declared by Nicolas de\\nPierola, the dictator, who proceeds to\\nenforce a levy en masse.\\nSept. U. S. A. The United States of-\\nfers to mediate between the three coun-\\ntries and her services are accepted, but\\nineffective.\\n1881 Jan. 30+. The Chileans de-\\nmand of Peru the cession of valuable\\nterritory, the payment of $750,000,000 in-\\ndemnity, and propose to occupy Callao\\nand work the mines till the indemnity\\nis paid.\\n1889 Mar. 18. The Government issue;\\na decree prohibiting the immigration president. Liberal,\\nof Chinese laborers, but offering free 1864 Mar. 1. A rupture occurs be- Oct. 23.\\npassage, board, and lodging to Euro-\\npeans.\\nSTATE.\\n1810 All the Spanish rulers have\\ntreated the Chileans with injustice and\\nelected President,\\nk. dispute respecting the\\ntween Chile and Bolivia respecting boundary of Patagonia is settled by\\nthe valuable guano islands. a treaty between Chile and the Argen-\\nMay 20. The Spanish Minister settles tine Republic,\\nthe dispute between Chile and Spain 1882 Jan. 25. A treaty of peace is\\nrespecting Peru.\\nexasperating selfishness, which prepares July 25. Sp. The Government disap-\\nthem for revolution.\\nREVOLUTION BEGINS.\\nJuly Spain being helpless under the\\nfeet of France, the Chileans assert in-\\ndependence by deposing the Spanish\\npresident.\\nSept. 10. Chileans declare their in-\\ndependence of Spain.\\nThe executive power i\\na committee of seven men.\\n1811 Dec. 20. A triumvirate is ap-\\npointed to conduct the government.\\n1813* *The sovereignty of Spain is 1865 Jul y The aet o\u00c2\u00a3 religious\\nfinally reestablished by the army of toleration is passed.\\nParoja [and continues three years].\\nmade with Bolivia, who surrenders\\nher coast territory, and breaks her alli-\\nance with Peru.\\nMar. Chile and Peru agree to a peace\\nprotocol.\\nproves of the settlement made respect-\\ning Peru.\\nSept. 17. Satisfaction is claimed by\\nthe Spanish admiral Jose Manuel Pa- Sept. 28. Bolivia. Peace is reported,\\nreja y Septien at Valparaiso for Chilean and Tarapaca and Tacna are ceded\\ninterference in the war with Peru. to Chile.\\nSept. 21. The Chileans refuse the Oct. 8\u00c2\u00b1. The peace negotiations fail,\\nsatisfaction demanded by Spain. Oct. 20. The treaty of peace is signed\\notrusted to Sept. 24. Adm. Septien declares a block- by Chile and Peru at Ancon Tacna and\\nade. Arica are ceded to Chile for 10 years.\\nSept. 29. War is declared by Chile 1883 The civil marriage law is\\nagainst Spain. passed. It is bitterly opposed by the\\nclergy and the women. Twenty-three\\nper cent of all children born are illegiti-\\nDee. 5. Chile joins Peru. m ate.\\n1818 Feb. 12. Chile is again declared 1866 Jan. 14. An off ensive and def en- 1884 Apr. 4. The final treaty with\\nindependent of Spain Gen. O Higgins sive treaty between Peru and Chile Peru is signed.\\nis dictator. against Spain is formally announced. 1885 Mar.* The general e lectionrj\\n1823* *A popular uprising compels 1871* Federico En zuris is elected give the Liberals an increased ma-\\nO Higgins to resign, and a provisional president. jority.\\ntriumvirate holds the government for 1873 Feb. 6. Bolivia and Peru enter 1886 Sept. IS. Jose Manuel Balma-\\na few weeks. i nt0 a secret treaty to guarantee the ceda is elected president by the Liberal\\n1826 -30 The government is ad- independence of each other. [Later it party,\\nministered by six different directors causes war with Chile.]\\nin addition to a second provisional 1874* -79 *Disputes respecting MISCELLANEOUS,\\ntriumvirate. boundaries and niter beds lead finally 1874* The Tacua, an overloaded\\n1827 Gen. Fuere is elected first to war, with Chile against Peru and vessel, sinks soon after leaving Val-\\npresident. Bolivia. paraiso, and 19 lives are lost.\\n1828 May 8. Gen. Francisco Anibal 1876 Sept. 18. Anibal Pinto is in- 1875 Oct. 31. The International Ex-\\nPinto is elected president. augurated president. hibition is opened to the public.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0619.jp2"}, "620": {"fulltext": "608 1890, Mar. *.-1894, Apr. 8.\\nCHILE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1890 July 16. Forty riotous Chile-\\nana are shot in aconflict with the troops.\\n1891 Jan. 7. A part of the Chilean\\nnavy revolts against the Balmaceda\\nGovernment, and favors that of the Con-\\ngress.\\nJan. 12. The Chilean navy declares\\nagainst President Balmaceda.\\nJan. 13. The Chilean army is loyal\\nto the Government.\\nJan. 16. Two Chilean insurgent war-\\nships blockade the ports of the country.\\nJan. 19. The garrison of Pisagua re-\\nvolts.\\nJan. 20. Fr. French men-of-war are\\nordered to Chile.\\nJan. 21. The revolt is spreading; a\\nnumber of Government troops join the\\ninsurgents at Valparaiso.\\nJan. 23. The insurgents are de-\\nfeated at Izpiza Hospicio.\\nJan. 24. The insurgents continue to\\ngain strength and confidence, their\\nforces being greatly increased by the\\nworkmen of Valparaiso the Govern-\\nment has declared the large towns to be\\nin a state of siege.\\nJan. 26. The insurgents bombard\\nCoronet until it surrenders.\\nJan. 30. Iquique is recaptured by the\\nGovernment troops.\\nFeb. 2. A Chilean war-ship defeats\\none of the insurgent ships.\\nFeb. 5. The Government troops near\\nPisaqua shoot their officers and join the\\ninsurgents.\\nFeb. 7. The insurgents are seizing\\nships, and threaten an attack on Val-\\nparaiso.\\nFeb. 15. The town of Pisaqua is bom-\\nbarded and burning it surrenders to\\nthe insurgents.\\nFeb. 17- The insurgents are gaining\\nstrength, only a few towns being loyal\\nto the Government.\\nThe Government troops have\\nbeen defeated at Coquimbo and Qui-\\nllota, and the insurgent forces are rapid-\\nly increasing m numbers, and are ad-\\nvancing upon Santiago.\\nFeb. 25. The Government troops after\\nhard fighting suffer defeat at Dolores.\\nIquique surrenders, after being partly\\nburned, to the insurgent fleet.\\nFeb. 26. In the ruins at Iquique 200\\nwomen and children perish, and the\\nprincipal houses are all pillaged by the\\ninsurgents.\\nFeb. 28. President Balmaceda is trying\\nto buy a fast cruiser from Argentine.\\nHis force now consists of 30,000 ill-\\nequipped men.\\nMar. 3. Part of the Government troops\\nshoot their officers, and join the in-\\nsurgents.\\nMar. 6. The insurgents are short of\\nammunition.\\nMar. 7. The insurgents gain an im-\\nportant victory over the Government\\ntroops near Pozo Almonte.\\nMar. 1 1 The revolution is at a stand-\\nstill a plot to destroy the Government\\nsquadron at Valparaiso has been foiled.\\nMar. 13. The Government troops re-\\ntake Pisagua.\\nMar. 16. The Government troops\\nare routed, their leader killed, after\\nhaving massacred their general officers\\non March 6. The rebel loss is heavy.\\nMar. 20. The insurgents occupy Tal-\\ntal, Iquique, and Pisagua, and the\\nrest of the country is reported quiet.\\nMar. 22. The insurgents are bombard-\\ning Autofagasta.\\nApr. 4. Important insurgent suc-\\ncesses are reported.\\nThe Chilean ironclad Pilcamayo\\njoins the insurgents, giving them an\\neffective force of 40 vessels of all grades.\\nApr. 5. Ger. A German squadron is\\nordered to Chile.\\nApr. 11. Further successes of the in-\\nsurgents are reported.\\nApr. 16. The insurgents defeat a Gov-\\nernment force at Caldera.\\nApr. 23. The Government troops are\\ndefeated by the insurgents at Iquique.\\nApr. 25. A torpedo destroys the iron-\\nclad Blanco Encalada, recently captured\\nby the insurgents, causing the loss of ISO\\nlives.\\nApr. 27. The Chilean insurgents tur-\\nreted ironclad Huascar is sunk by a\\ntorpedo.\\nMay 14. The Chilean war-ship Esme-\\nralda leaves Acapulco.\\nMay 17. An engagement between\\nChilean torpedo boats and the insurgent\\nfleet occurs at Pisagua.\\nMay 23. The Esmeralda is at Acapulco,\\nunable to obtain coal.\\nJune 4. The Chilean insurgent trans-\\nport Itata surrenders to Acting Rear-\\nAdm. McCann, U.S.N., in the harbor\\nof Iquique, turning over all the arms\\nbrought from San Diego, consisting of\\n5,000 rifles and 2.000,000 rounds of ammu-\\nnition.\\nJune 10\u00c2\u00b1. The Itata leaves Iquique for\\nCalifornia, accompanied by the Charles-\\nton (TJ.S.N).\\nJune 16+ Pisagua and Iquique are\\nboinbarded by Government war-ships.\\nJune 21. A number of the crew of the\\nChilean war-ship Esmeralda, landing at\\nthe Lobos Islands for provisions, are\\nkilled by the working-men.\\nJune 22. The insurgent army is in-\\ncreasing gradually, and will soon assume\\nthe offensive.\\nJune 23. President Balmaceda is in-\\ncreasing his army.\\nJuly 1\u00c2\u00b1. Heavy fighting between the\\nGovernment and insurgent forces on\\nboth land and sea is reported.\\nJuly 2. The insurgent army occupies\\nHuasco, and Balmaceda s army flees.\\nJuly 8. Balmaceda s army is defeated\\nby the insurgent forces.\\nJuly 12. A plot to destroy the Govern-\\nment squadron at Valparaiso is foiled.\\nJuly 14. Two Government ve?s*-N are\\nnearly destroyed in an engagement\\nwith the insurgent cruiser Maxe-\\nll anes.\\nJuly 26. The insurgent forces are mass-\\ning at Huasco, and an attack upon\\nI loquimbo is expected.\\nAug. 4. Balmaceda sforcesaremobil-\\nized near Santiago, and a sham battle is\\nfought near that city,\\nAug. 23. Heavy fighting is reported,\\nwith contradictory reports as to results.\\nAug. 26. A battle is progressing at\\nValparaiso between the insurgents and\\nthe Government troops.\\nAug. 28. Balmaceda s army is routed\\nat Vina del .Mar, and Valparaiso is sur-\\nrendered to the insurgent army the\\nAmerican, German, French, and English\\nadmirals preserve order.\\nDecisive battle of Concon.\\nThe insurgents land at Quintero a\\nforce of 8,000 infantry, GOO cavalry, and\\n800 men of the naval brigade, with 3\\nbatteries of field artillery, and a battery\\nof Gatling guns. Gen. Alzerreca, with\\na force of about equal numbers, attacks\\nthem at Concon, and is routed. Balma-\\nceda loses between 2.000 and 3,000 killed\\nand wounded the insurgents lose about\\n1,000 men.\\nAug. 31. The insurgents take San-\\ntiago.\\nNov. 4. Chile is preparing for war by\\nstrengthening the forts at Santiago.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1S91 May 4. Fifteen craters, throw-\\ning out masses of mud, in a Chilean\\nvalley, carry ruin in every direction, and\\nsweep away houses, cattle, and people.\\n1893 Apr. 16. A total eclipse of the\\nsun is visible in Chile and other South\\nAmerican States.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1890 Mar.* The native laboring\\nclass threatens the Government with a\\nrevolution unless foreign immigration\\nis checked.\\nJune. The Araucanian districts are in-\\nfected with bandits.\\nJuly 7. Rioting is reported at Iquique\\ncommercial and shipping operations are\\nsuspended.\\nJuly 16. A strike of 7,000 men occurs\\nin the nitrate districts.\\nJuly 24. A mob in Santiago sacks a\\nnumber of stores; quelled by the mili-\\n1S91 Apr. 30. A dynamite bomb is\\nthrown at the palace of President Bal-\\nmaceda, but does no damage.\\nMay 8. An uusuccessfulattemptismade\\nto assassinate the leading members of\\nthe Cabinet.\\nJuly 4. Balmaceda is still cruelly perse-\\ncuting the families of the officers of the\\ninsurgent army and others.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0620.jp2"}, "621": {"fulltext": "CHILE.\\n1890, Mar. -1894, Apr. 8. 609\\nSept. 17. At Valparaiso all the business\\nbouses are closed and great festivities\\nare in progress during the national\\nholidays.\\nSept. 23. The restoration of peace\\nfestivities is celebrated without politi-\\ncal disturbances.\\nOct. 16. A mob attacks eight sailors of\\nthe cruiser Baltimore (U. S. A.) in the\\nstreets of Valparaiso two die of their\\ninjuries. [The assailants are sentenced\\nto punishment.]\\nNov. 1. Troops guard the U. S. Lega-\\ntion in Santiago, on account of appre-\\nhensions that an attempt might be made\\nby a mob to capture the refugees shel-\\ntered there.\\nNov. 27. The American and Spanish\\nLegations at Santiago are still guarded\\nby Chilean troops.\\nSTATE.\\n1890 Aug. 2. Popular opposition is\\nmade to the effort to establish commer-\\ncial reciprocity with the United States.\\nAug. 4. Political relations between\\nthe Executive and Congress are some-\\nwhat strained.\\nAug. 12. Senor Belisario Prat is to\\nform a new Cabinet.\\nOct. 17. Balmaceda closes the session\\nof the Congress.\\n1S91 Jan. 1. Balmaceda issues a\\nmanifesto declaring his purpose to ob-\\nserve the Constitution. It starts a revo-\\nlution.\\nJan. 7. Civil war begins.\\nJan. 15. The dictatorship is assumed\\nby President Balmaceda.\\nTo interrupt the nitrate trade, the in-\\nsurgents declare the ports to be block-\\naded.\\nJan. 16. The Government is taking\\nactive measures against the insur-\\ngents.\\nJan. 17- The revolt is spreading rap-\\nidly.\\nJan. 23. The insurgents are masters of\\nthe situation.\\nJan. 24. The President declines to\\nresign, and the trouble spreads. Fac-\\ntories and railroads are at a standstill.\\nJan. 31. President Balmaceda is willing\\nto open negotiations with the insur-\\ngents.\\nFeb. 5. The Government prohibits the\\nexport of nitrates.\\nMar. 10. The convention in Santiago\\nnominates Senor Vicuna for the\\npresidency.\\nApr. 1. The elections have resulted in\\na Liberal triumph.\\nApr. 8\u00c2\u00b1. The Government seizes the\\nGerman steamship Romulus; the Romu-\\nlus was loaded with nitrate, and paid\\nexport duty on it to the revolutionists.\\nMay 2. The insurgents establish a pro-\\nvisional junta for the provinces in\\ntheir bands.\\nMay 7. President Balmaceda rejects\\nthe proposition from the insurgents for\\na peace conference [an unsuccessful\\nattempt is made to assassinate the\\nleading members of the Chilean Cabinet].\\nMay 30. Bolivia formally recognizes\\nthe insurgents.\\nJune 1. The newly elected Congress\\nmeets; it favors Balmaceda.\\nJune 18. The House of Deputies author-\\nizes a forced loan of $20,000,000 all\\nthe gold and silver (metallic reserves) in\\nthe treasury are sold at auction.\\nJune 27. A new Cabinet is organized,\\nto work primarily for the restoration of\\ninternal order.\\nJuly 6. The Peruvian Government\\nseizes a steamer chartered by Balma-\\nceda.\\nJuly 25. Claudio Vicuna, the candi-\\ndate of Balmaceda, is elected to the\\npresidency [but not inaugurated].\\nJuly 28. The election of Claudio Vi-\\ncuna to the presidency is confirmed\\nby the Electoral College.\\nJuly 29. The Congressional party is-\\nsues a statement to the effect that the\\nelection of Vicufia as president is null\\nand void.\\nAug. 16. The Governor of Pisagua,\\nreinstated by Balmaceda s troops, puts\\nto death many of the dictator s oppo-\\nnents in that city, and locks up the\\ngrain the people are starving.\\nAug. 22. President Balmaceda is said\\nto have seized $1,000,000 in silver\\nbullion sent by a British war-ship to\\nMontevideo. (Sot- Miscellaneous.)\\nAug. 29. Chile claims heavy dam-\\nages from Mexico for permitting the\\nEsmeralda to leave Acapulco on May 14.\\nAug. 30. The insurgent party is in pos-\\nsession of Santiago. Balmaceda re-\\nsigns in favor of Gen. Baquedano, and\\nthe country is tranquil.\\nSept. 4. Patrick Egan, U. S. Minister\\nto Chile, recognizes the Provisional\\nGovernment formed by the Congress\\nparty.\\nSept. 9. The Junta begins legal pro-\\nceedings in England to recover the\\n\u00c2\u00a71,000,000 in silver shipped on the British\\ngunboat Espieyle at Balmaceda s re-\\nquest.\\nSept. 19. Ex- president Balmaceda\\nshoots himself in his room at the Ar-\\ngentine Legation in Santiago.\\nOct. 18. A general election is held.\\nOct. 21. In the general elections the\\nLiberals defeat the Clerical Party over-\\nwhelmingly.\\nOct. 26. Pursuant to instructions from\\nthe U. S. Government, Minister Egan\\ndemands reparation for the assault\\nupon U. S. seamen. (See Society.)\\nOct. 2S. The Government replies\\npertly and arrogantly to Minister Egan.\\nNov. 6. Adm. Montt accepts the presi-\\ndency.\\nNov. 7\u00c2\u00b1. A Liberal majority is ob-\\ntained in the Congress.\\nNov. 11. The Congress assembles,\\nand the Junta formally surrenders its\\npower to that body.\\nNov. 12. The Cabinet appointed by the\\nJunta resigns.\\nNov. 19. Adm. Jorge Montt is unan-\\nimously elected president of Chile.\\nDec. 26. Adm. Montt is inaugurated\\nas president.\\n1892 Jan. 24. The Minister of Foreign\\nAffairs informs Minister Egan that the\\nSantiago Government would reply at\\nonce to the ultimatum of the United\\nStates. (See United States.)\\nFeb. 5. In Santiago, Minister Egan s\\nhouse is guarded by the police the\\nsentences of the assailants of the Balti-\\nmore s men are made more severe.\\nFeb. 26. Chile declines to participate\\nin the World s Fair at Chicago be-\\ncause of the expense involved.\\nMar. 14. A new Cabinet is announced\\nit is composed of Liberals.\\nJuly 19. The Government agrees to pay\\n$75,000 to the families of the American\\nsailors murdered by the mob in Val-\\nparaiso in October last.\\nJuly 27. The Senate favors the pas-\\nsage of a General Amnesty Bill, but\\nthere is much opposition in the House\\nof Deputies.\\nAug. 11. Chile agrees to the establish-\\nment of a Claims Commission, to meet\\nat Washington, for the settlement of\\nclaims growing out of the Baltimore\\naffair.\\nOct. 8. A new agreement is entered\\ninto between Chile and Peru concerning\\nthe guano beds.\\nNov. 6. The Ministry resigns.\\nNov. 12. President Montt has induced\\nhis Cabinet to remain in office.\\n1893 Mar. 16. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties passes a law compelling the Presi-\\ndent to sell in three years the famous\\nnitrate lands which Chile acquired by\\nconquest from Peru.\\n1894 Apr. 5. A new Cabinet is\\nformed.\\nApr. 6. The new Cabinet resigns.\\nApr. 8. A new Liberal Cabinet is\\nformed, with Sefior Borgono as premier.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1891 May 24. A $2,000,000 fire oc-\\ncurs in Iquique, and only two war-ships\\nare left to the Government.\\nJuly 6. A fire in Santiago destroys,\\namong other buildings, the one occupied\\nby the British Legation loss, from\\n$2,000,000 to $3,000,000.\\nSept. 16. The Moselle arrives at South-\\nampton with $800,000 in silver\\nshipped by President Balmaceda.\\nOct. 4. The Chilean steamer Itata starts\\nfrom San Diego, U. S. A., for Val-\\nparaiso.\\nNov. 13. The whaleback steamer\\nCharles T. Wetmore, from U. S. A. y\\narrives at Valparaiso.\\n1892 Jan. 19. The mail steamer John\\nElder is wrecked in the Straits of Ma-\\ngellan.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0621.jp2"}, "622": {"fulltext": "610 2700b.c.-126 a.k\\nCHINA.\\nChina is a great empire, comprising five divisions, Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan (Eastern), Tibet, Dzungaria, and China\\nproper the area of the latter is 1,336,841 square miles, and its population numbers 386,853,029 area of the whole Empire, 4,218,401\\nsquare miles and the population, 402,680,000. The government, an absolute monarchy, is administered by the Emperor s Court\\nat Peking and by the viceroys of the provinces. The principal religions are Sinism, Buddhism, and Taoism.\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tlic chronology of emperors\\nsemi-mythical hiBtory begins in 2367 b.\\nnd dynasties which follow ig\\nSome Chinese authors claim i\\nafter D. C. Boulger s Short History of China. The period of\\ni antiquity extending many thousands of years before this date.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n936* *b. c. The Tartars invade the\\nEmpire, and are driven back by the Em-\\nperor.\\n246* *-210* *b. c. Tsin Ching\\nWang raises an army of 300,000 men, and\\ndrives the Tartars who survive his at-\\ntacks from the borders of the Empire.\\nHe is the first to organize what may be\\ncalled a standing army.\\n201 b. c. The Emperor begins the\\nGreat Wall, to protect Northern China\\nfrom the incursions of the Tartars.\\n211* -206* *b. c. Civil war pre-\\nvails Lew-Pang and Heang Yu are the\\nleaders of two parties.\\n121 b. c. The Emperor Vouti sends\\nan expedition which subdues the\\nHeung-noo, and annexes their territory.\\n*b.c. The general, Wei Tsing, de-\\nfeats the Tartars, takes 15,000 prisoners\\nand the spoil of their camp.\\n73 b. c. Emperor Sieunti sends an\\nexpedition against the Tartars, and\\ndrives them westward to the country be-\\ntween Turkestan and the Caspian Sea.\\nThe Emperor s war of 50 years\\nwith the Tartars ends in defeat.\\n1* *A, d. The rebellion of Wang\\nMang partly succeeds.\\n23 The rebels are defeated by the army\\nof Lew Sew.\\n*Pauchow, Mingti s great general,\\nsubdues the Huns, and distinguishes this\\nreign.\\n90+ Pauchow drives back the Huns\\nas far as the Caspian Sea.\\n93 The Heung-noo rebel* and are\\ndriven completely out of Eastern Asia by\\nthe army of the Emperor.\\nART LETTERS NATURE.\\n2700 B. c. The Chinese claim to be-\\ngin their first cycle.\\n2650 b. c. Fohi, the founder of the\\nEmpire, teaches the art of writing. He\\nalso introduces the divisions of the year.\\nThe Emperor ShunNung, the succes-\\nsor of Fohi, invents the plow and intro-\\nduces agriculture and medical science.\\n2400 b. c. The magnet is known.\\n2207* b. c. The records become\\nmore or less reliable.\\n1200 B. c. Umbrellas are known.\\n1084+ b. c. The art of stamp-cut-\\nting is known.\\nEmperor Wangti invents weapons,\\nwagons, ships, clocks, musical instru-\\nments, and introduces coins, weights,\\nand measures\\nThe Emperor Tikou establishes\\nschools.\\n651 b. c. Se-ma-tsien fixes the first\\ndates of his history.\\n644 b. c. A remarkable display of\\nmeteors is mentioned.\\n600 b. c. Jupiter is known as a\\nplanet, and inserted in a chart of the\\nheavens, in which 1,460 stars are accu-\\nrately described.\\n551+ b. c. Confucius, the philoso-\\npher, is born.\\n400+ b. c. The Chinese wall is\\nbuilt\\n246 -210 b. c. The Emperor\\nChing Wang erects a magnificent pal-\\nace, builds roads, and erects the great\\nwall.\\n221+* b. c. Tsin Chi Hwangti\\nbuilds palaces.\\nHe builds the royal palace within the\\nwalls, and Palace of Delight beyond the\\nwalls. The Hall of Audience he orna-\\nments with 12 great statues.\\n211 b. c. The great walls are com-\\npleted after 10 years of labor.\\nChing Wang orders the destruction\\nof all the books in the Empire, because\\nthe schoolmen oppose his reforms by\\nlauding the feudal system and ths men\\nof former times.\\n206 B. c. Kaou-te dreads the influ-\\nence of the schoolmen, and continues\\nthe law requiring books to be burned,\\nwhile he repeals all others made by\\nChing Wang.\\n202+ b. c. Literature and the art\\nof printing are encouraged.\\n180+ b. c. Emperor Wenti restores\\nand encourages literature.\\n160 b. c. Paper is made from the\\ninner bark of trees (bast).\\n160+ b. c. Cotton paper is used.\\n141-f b. c. Emperor Vouti becomes\\na patron of art and science.\\n120 b. c. The theory of eclipses is\\nknown.\\n108\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Porcelain is known.\\n60\u00c2\u00b1 a. i Mingti constructs a-dyke\\n30 miles long for the relief of Hoang-\\nHo from inundations.\\n89+ The Emperor Hoti introduces the\\nculture of the grape.\\n95+ Linen paper is invented.\\n107 The first credible historian ap-\\npears among the Chinese.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n565+ b. c. Lao-tse, or Lao Tseu, the phi-\\nlosopher, born.\\n55X b. c. Confucius b. [479. Dies. A72.]\\n370-\\n289\\n250\\n246*\\ndies.\\n210 b. c. Chtng Wang, emperor, dies\\nMencius, the philosopher, b.\\nMencius. philosopher, A81+.\\nChow Siang Wang, emperor, d.\\nChwang Slang Wang, emperor.\\n565\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Laotze the sage is born\\nin the province of Honan. His followers\\n(Taose) are called The Disciples of\\nReason.\\n[His religious teaohines affirm the ex-\\nistence of a Supreme Being (Tao com-\\nmend universal benevolence, and predict\\nthe final absorption of all pure and en-\\nlightened souls into the Mipreintr. eternal\\nSpirit.]\\n350+ b. c. The use of the tablet\\nbegins, for the souls of ancestors.\\n202 b. c. Katosou (Lew Pang) comes\\nto the throne, and exchanges the wor-\\nship of the gods of the soil of Thsin for\\nthat of Hun, Lis native state.\\n68+* *A. D. Ho-Shung, a Buddhist\\npriest from India, introduces Bud-\\ndhism, and [the Armenians allege that]\\nthe Apostle Thomas introduces Chris-\\ntianity.\\n70\u00c2\u00b1 Buddhism is officially intro-\\nduced by envoys who had been sent to\\nIndia to study it.\\nS0CLETY.\\n2650+ b. c. Fohi introduces mar-\\nriage.\\n2285+ B. c. The Emperors are radi-\\ncally opposed to intemperance, and\\nbanish an inventor of an alcoholic\\nbeverage, which he obtained from rice.\\n2200+ b. c. Yao the Great is an ab-\\nstainer from wine. [Mencius says], Yu\\nhated the pleasant wine.\\nDuring the reigns of Yao and Chun\\nvirtue pervades the land, and crime is\\nunknown, while prosperity aboumds.\\n1770+ B. c. Kia, the tyrant, is also\\na voluptuary.\\nTo gratify his favorite concubine, he\\nprovided her with a splendid palace,\\nand in the park that surrounded it a\\nlake of wine was formed at which three\\nthousand men drank at the sound of a\\ndrum, while the trees hung with dried\\nmeats, and hills of flesh 1 were piled\\nup. (Cyc. of Temperance.)\\n479 b. c. After devoting his life to\\nvirtue and good government, Confucius\\ndies a retired, neglected, and disap-\\npointed man,\\n246-1- b. c. Ching Wang is a re-\\nformer, and unpopular with the upper\\n202 B. c. Near the beginning of the\\nHan dynasty [and afterwards], a fine of\\nfour ounces of silver is put on all guilty", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0622.jp2"}, "623": {"fulltext": "CHINA.\\n2700 B.C. -126 a. d. 611\\nof meeting together and drinking in\\ncompanies of more than three per-\\n179\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. The Emperor Wenti orders\\nthat all old men shall be provided\\nwith corn, meat, and wine, besides silk\\nand cotton for wearing-apparel.\\nB. c. Wenti abolishes punishment\\nby mutilation.\\n98 b. c. Liquors can be made and\\nsold only by the Government. (Cyc.\\nof Temperance and Prohibition.)\\nSTATE.\\nb. c. The mythical Fohi, a pred-\\necessor of Hwangti, according to native\\nwriters, founds the Empire, introduces\\ncattle-raising, teaches writing, intro-\\nduces divisions of the year, and insti-\\ntutes marriage.\\n2637 B. J. Hwangti (the Heavenly\\nEmperor) is enthroned.\\n2577 B. c. Chaohow is enthroned.\\n[2457, Chwenhio 2397, Tikou 2366,\\nTichi.]\\n2357 B. c. Yao is enthroned [and\\nbecomes the most famous of the early\\nrulers].\\nThe brilliant period of the early his-\\ntory begins. The theory of governmej t\\nis based on the popular will.\\nYao organizes the political system of\\nthe country, builds canals and roads,\\nand fosters agriculture and commerce.\\nHe establishes the capital at Ke-choo\\nand Shan-tung.\\nHistory is somewhat evolved from its\\nmists [by the dates furnished by Con-\\nfucius].\\n2285 b. c. Chun becomes associate\\nemperor.\\n2257 b. c. Chun is sole emperor.\\nThe golden age of national felicity\\nis enjoyed.\\n2224 b. c. Tu is associate emperor.\\n2208 b. c. Yu the Great is sole em-\\nperor.\\nHe founds the dynasty of Hia. [He\\nis the first to unite the supreme ecclesi-\\nastical power with the temporal power.]\\n2207 b. c. The legendary history\\nends.\\n2200\u00c2\u00b1**b. c. The Chinese settle\\naround the bend of the Yellow River.\\nThe Hia dynasty rules the Empire.\\n2197 B. c. Tiki seizes the throne of\\nthe deceased emperor, his father, and\\n[becomes the first of 17 emperors],\\n2188 b. c. Taikang is enthroned.\\n[2159, Chungkang; 2146, Siang; 2118,\\nChokang; 2057, Chou; 2040, Hoai 2014,\\nMang; 1996, Lie; 19S0, Poukiang 1921,\\nKiung; 1900, Kin; 1879, Kukiang; 1848,\\nKao 1837, Fa.]\\n1818* b. c. Kia is enthroned. He is\\nlicentious, cruel, faithless, and disso-\\nlute.\\n1776* *b. c. The Chang dynasty\\nrules the Empire.\\nA revolution by popular uprising\\noverthrows the dynasty of Kia, and re-\\nstores that of Chang or Yin [which\\ngives 28 rulers, most of whom are vicious\\nand cruel, but otherwise unworthy of\\nnote].\\nb. c. Chang is enthroned, and by\\nwise rule prosperity in large measure\\nreturns.\\n1753** B.C. Taikia is enthroned. [1720,\\nWouting; 1691, Taikeng; 16G6, Siaokia\\n1649, Yungki 1637, Taiwou 1562, Chung-\\nting 1549, Waijen 1534, Hotankia 1525,\\nTsouy; 1506, Tsousin 1490, Woukai\\n1465, Tsouting; 1433, Nankeng 1408,\\nYangkia; 1401, Pankeng 1373, Siaosin\\n1352, Siaoy 1324, Wouting 1225, Linsin\\n1219, Kengting; 1198, Wouy 1194, Tait-\\ning; 1191, Tiy; 1154, Chousin.]\\n1122+ b. c. The Chao dynasty, of\\n873 years, is the longest recorded in his-\\ntory.\\n1122* b. c. A popular revolution,\\nled by Wou-Wang, overthrows the ef-\\nfeminate Chang dynasty and establishes\\nthat of Chow. [It regenerates the Em-\\npire, and continues S73 years, abounding\\nwith revolutions, usurpations, and wars\\nwith the Tartars.]\\nB. c. Wou-Wang is enthroned.\\nWang divides the country into 72\\nfeudal states.]\\n1115* b. c. Ching Wang is enthroned.\\n[1078, Kang Wang; 1052, Chao Wang;\\n1001, Mou Wang 946, Kung Wang 934,\\nY Wang 909, Hiao Wang 894, I Wang\\n878, Li Wang; 827, Siuan Wang; 781,\\nYeou Wang 770, Ping Wang 719, Hing\\nWang 696, Chwang Wang 681, Li\\nWang 676, Hwei Wang 651, Siang\\nWang; 61S, King Wang; 612, Kwang\\nWang 606, Ting Wang 5S5, Kien\\nWang 571, Ling Wang 544, King\\nWang 519, Keng Wang 475, Youan\\nWang; 468, Chingting Wang; 440, Kao\\nWang; 425, Weili Wang; 401, Gan\\nWang 375, Lie Wang 368, Hien Wang\\n320, Chintsen Wang 314, Nan Wang.]\\n255 b. c. The Emperor is deposed\\nby one of his powerful vassals, and re-\\nduced to an humble position.\\nThe Tsin dynasty rules the Empire.\\n255 b. c. Chow Siang is enthroned.\\nHe subdues the independent vassal\\nstates, and unites the Empire.\\n250\\n249\\nthroned.\\n246\\nthroned,\\nc. Hiao Wang is enthroned,\\nc. Chwang Siang Wang is ei\\n3. Ching Wang is en-\\nHe assumes the title emperor,\\ninstead of king. [He is the first uni-\\nversal emperor.\\n221 b. c. Tsin Chi Hwangti is en-\\nthroned at the age of 13 years.\\nb. c. The fame of the dynasty\\nreaches its highest point.\\nb. c. The Emperor divides the\\nEmpire into 36 provinces, and or-\\nders by special decree that roads be\\nmade in all parts of his dominion.\\nThe Emperor adopts a civil service\\nrequiring the non-employment of the\\nofficials in their native provinces.\\n211 -206 b. c. Civil war; Lew-\\nPang and Heang Yu struggle against\\neach other to secure the throne of the\\neffeminate emperor.\\n209 B. c. Eulchi Hwangti is en-\\nthroned.\\n206 b. c. Tsoupa Wang is enthroned.\\nThe Han dynasty rules the Empire.\\n202 b. c. Katosou (Lew-Pang) is en-\\nthroned.\\n194 B. c. Hiao Hweiti is enthroned.\\n187 b. c. Kaohwang is enthroned.\\nThe Empress Liuchi rules as regent.\\n179 b. c. Wenti is enthroned; he is\\nfriendly to literature.\\n156 b. c. Kingti is enthroned.\\n140* b. c. Vouti is enthroned; he\\nfavors the arts and sciences.\\nb. c. He has an unsuccessful war\\nwith the Tartars.\\nb. c. He annexes Szchuen.\\n86 b. c. Chaoti is enthroned at the\\nage of eight years.\\n73 B. c. Sieunti is enthroned he\\npunishes the Tartars, and drives them\\nwestward as far as the Caspian Sea.\\n48 B. c. Yuenti is enthroned.\\n32 B. c. Chingti is enthroned.\\n6 B. c. Gaiti is enthroned.\\n1 A. d. Pingti is enthroned,\\nWang Mang leads a successful rebel-\\nlion against Pingti, the infant heir to the\\nthrone.\\n6 The usurper, Wang Mang, is en-\\nthroned, but gains only a slender follow-\\n23 Lew Sew leads a revolt against\\nWang Mang, and defeats him. Ti Yuen\\nis enthroned.\\n25 Kwang Vouti (Lew Sew) is en-\\nthroned.\\n58 Mingti is enthroned.\\nThe states of Shen Shen, Khoten,\\nKuche, and Kashgar, are annexed as\\nappanages of the Empire.\\n76 Changti is enthroned.\\n89 Hoti is enthroned at the age of 10\\nyears.\\n106 Changti II. is enthroned.\\n107 Ganti is enthroned. The widow\\nof Hoti is regent.\\n126 Chunti is enthroned. [Several\\nrebellions occur. 145, Chungti 146,\\nChiti; 147, Hiuenti 168, Lingti. The\\nEmpire rapidly declines. 190, Hienti.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n2357* -2258* B.C. During the reign\\nof Emperor Yao roads and canals are\\nbuilt, and commerce is fostered. He es-\\ntablishes marts and fairs throughout\\nthe land.\\nChun the Great labors nine years in\\ndraining the flooded lands of north-\\nern China.\\n200 B. c. Canton is founded.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0623.jp2"}, "624": {"fulltext": "612 129,**-123(V\\nCHINA.\\nAEMY NAVY.\\n129 The Chinese aid the Scythians\\nin a battle with the Phraates, and ravage\\ntbe coasts of the Caspian Sea.\\n220\u00c2\u00b1 Chang Keo, the impostor, is\\ndefeated by Tsaou Tsaou.\\n222 -264 War prevails between\\nthe three kingdoms power slips from\\ntbe hands of the rival emperors into the\\nhands of their generals.\\nThe Emperor Sui is at war with tbe\\nTartars and Koreans.\\n310* Tartars under Linsong, the\\nHan chief, invade China, and capture\\nLoyang and the Emperor.\\n610+ The usurper Yangti sends expe-\\nditions against the Tartars, and leads\\none against tbe Ouigours.\\n627+ Taitsong raises a standing army\\nof 900,000 men, and provides for the train-\\ning in arms of more than 250,000 men.\\n658 -670 China is at war with\\nKorea on both land and sea. The Ko-\\nreans are aided by the Japanese.\\n713 -756 The Emperor Yuen-\\nTsung reigns he sends an army to aid\\nthe king of Kholand, and has an unsuc-\\ncessful war with the Khitans.\\n757 Artillery is said to have been\\nused at the defense of Taiguen, by a\\nlieutenant of the Emperor.\\n9th Century 12th Century. The Tar-\\ntars ravage the Empire.\\n907\u00c2\u00b1 Taitsou defeats the Prince of\\nHan, and captures the fortress of Loo-\\nchow.\\nTaitsou subdues the revolting gov-\\nernor of Szchuen by entering his prov-\\nince with 60,000 men.\\nTaitsou subdues the province of\\nKiangnan by defeating the revolting\\nPrinces of Tang.\\n960 Gen. Chaou Kwang-yin prose-\\ncutes tbe war against the Tartars with\\nvarying success.\\n1139 The Kins are defeated in battle\\nby the Jlongols under Kabul Khan.\\n1161+ War with the Kins.\\n1206 Tibet is subdued by Genghis\\nKhan.\\n1213+ Genghis Khan, with three\\narmies, overruns Northern China, com-\\npletely defeating the Kins.\\nGenghis Khan divides his army\\ninto four divisions, and advancing south-\\nward sweeps the country, destroying\\nmore than 90 cities, and desolating the\\ncountry.\\n1215 Genghis Khan with his Mon-\\ngols sacks Peking.\\n1216 The invaders take the impor-\\ntant mountain pass between Eastern\\nand Western China at Tung-Kwan.\\n1220 The Mongols take Tse-nan Foo,\\nthe capital of Shan-tung.\\n1225 Genghis Khan marches an\\narmy into Hea, which completely con-\\nquers the Kins forces.\\n1230 War with the Kins continues,\\nand Segan-Foo and CO important posts\\nare taken.\\nART LETTERS NATURE.\\n166 Tschang Heng studies astron-\\nomy.\\n2dCentury. Porcelain is manufactured\\nfrom earth, kaolin.\\n449\u00c2\u00b1 The Chinese claim the discov-\\nery of America.\\n589-1- The Emperor Soui promotes\\nscience and education.\\nThe Emperor Soui adds 5,000 vol-\\numes to the 10,000 volumes in the\\nImperial library.\\n593 Block printing is invented.\\n605-f- The Emperor Tangti increases\\nthe Imperial library to 54,000 vol-\\numes.\\nYangti attempts to make Honan the\\nmost magnificent city of the world,\\nand employs 2,000,000 people to embellish\\nit, and causes 50.000 merchants to make\\nit their residence.\\nYangti completes nearly 5,000 miles\\nof canals in bis brief reign.\\nThe Grand Canal, 40 yards wide, is lined\\nwith stone, and its banks bordered with\\nelms and willows.\\n618* *-907* *The Golden Age of\\nliterature is placed during the Tang\\ndynasty.\\n627\u00c2\u00b1 The Empress Changsunchi\\nis a patron of letters and the Imperial\\nlibrary and college at the capital are\\nestablished by her influence.\\n7134- The Emperor Jouitsong encour-\\nages literature and learning.\\n757 The Chinese claim to have first\\nused artillery at the defense of Taiguen.\\n960-i- Taitsou encourages the arts\\nand sciences.\\n10th century. The Peking Gazette is tradi-\\ntionally said to be issued. [Unsupported\\nby evidence.]\\n1040\u00c2\u00b1 Jintsong promotes educa-\\ntion and patronizes literature.\\nHe restores the colleges founded dur-\\ning the Tang dynasty, builds a school or\\nacademy in every town, and directs that\\nthe examinations shall be frequent and\\nimpartial.\\nSzemakwang writes an important\\nhistory of the Tangs, and an idyl called\\nthe Garden of Szemakwang.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n604 a, d. Yang Keen, emperor, dies.\\n617 Yangti, the usurper, is assassinated.\\n650 Taitsong, emperor, dies.\\n684 Kaotsong, emperor, dies.\\n705 Woo How, empress, dies.\\n763 Sontsung, emperor, dies.\\n976 Taifsun, emperor, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n505* Nestorian missionaries intro-\\nduce the Christian religion.\\n566 The Emperor abolishes both Bud-\\ndhism and Taonism because of their\\njealousies and strifes.\\n569 Taonism deelim-s.\\n625 -57 The Taonists having be-\\ncome insolent are banished to the prov-\\ninces of Kwangtung and Kwangsi.\\n627 -640 The Nestorian mis-\\nsionaries are welcomed by the Emperor*\\n835 O-lo-peen, a Nestorian priest,\\narrives from Rome, and soon builds a\\nchurch and has li) priests in service.\\n845 Emperor Woutsong abolishes all\\ntemples, closes monasteries, nunner-\\nies, and other ecclesiastical establish-\\nments, orders their inmates to return to\\ntheir families, and foreign Christians,\\nBuddhist and Magi teachers, to leave\\nthe Empire.\\n860* *-874* Reign of Ytsong; he\\ndiscovers a bone of Buddha, and brings\\nit to the capital in great state.\\n905 Buddhism is dominant in Tibet.\\n960\u00c2\u00b1 Under the Sung dynasty\\nTaonist priests are forbidden to marry.\\nSOCIETY.\\n180\u00c2\u00b1 a. d. Chang Keo, a Taonist\\npriest, claims to cure the long prevail-\\ning plague by magic, and thereby se-\\ncures the control of the northern prov-\\ninces.\\n459\u00c2\u00b1 The Emperor of the Northern\\nAVei dynasty makes a very severe pro-\\nhibitory law. All liquor-makers, liq-\\nuor-vendors, and liquor-drinkers are to\\nbe beheaded.\\n601+ Yangti, the second son of Soui,\\nreaches the throne by compelling his\\nbrother to strangle himself.\\nYangti levies a laborer from each\\nfamily, and also employs the army in\\nthe construction of public works.\\n617 Yangti is murdered by a fa-\\nnatic.\\n618 -908 China is the most civi-\\nlized country in the world.\\nThe Emperor Kungti is murdered.\\n620 Taitsong gains the throne by\\npoisoning his predecessor.\\n660\u00c2\u00b1 The Emperor Kaotsong mar-\\nries Woo How, one of his father s\\nwidows.\\n683 Notwithstanding the common dis-\\nregard for women, Woo How gains su-\\npreme influence, and usurps the throne.\\n710 Chungtsong, the rightful heir of\\nthe throne, is poisoned by his wife.\\n781* *Tetsong invents a peculiar\\nscheme of prohibition.\\nAll the liquor-shops are divided into\\nthree grades, to pay a monthly tax to\\nthe government according to size, and\\nthen all persons, officers, and people\\nare strictly forbidden to buy or drink.\\n821 *Eientsong is poisoned by the\\nchief of the eunuchs.\\n1160\u00c2\u00b1 The law requires that all offi-\\ncials who drink intoxicants shall be\\nbeheaded.\\nSTATE.\\n220* *-265* The Empire is di-\\nvided into three kingdoms, and ruled", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0624.jp2"}, "625": {"fulltext": "CHINA.\\n129,\\n1230,\\n613\\nby various minor princes, chief among\\nwhom are Tasou Pei, Lew Pei, and Sun\\nKeuen Khan.\\nThe Later Tsin dynasty rules the\\nEmpire.\\n265 Vouti proclaims himself emperor\\nand is enthroned. The Empire is again\\nunited.\\n284 Roman ambassadors from Theo-\\ndosius arrive.\\n290* Hwaiti is enthroned. [307,Hoaiti;\\n313, Mingti.]\\n315 -582 Nanking is the capital\\nof China.\\n317* *Yuangti is enthroned. [323,\\nMingti 326, Chingti 343, Kangti 345,\\nMouti; 362, Gaiti 366, Tiy; 371, Kian\\nWenti 373, Hiao Vouti 397, Ganti 419,\\nKungti.]\\nThe Song dynasty rules the Empire.\\n[Discord and confusion, domestic\\nwars and religious dissensions and pal-\\nace intrigues, prevail for nearly 200\\nyears, with scarcely more than a sem-\\nblance of united authority.]\\n420 Vouti is enthroned.\\n423 Ying Wang is enthroned.\\nMh Century. The Turks conquer the\\nprovinces of Tchao and Northern Liang.\\n424 Wenti is enthroned. [454, VouCi\\n465, Mingti 473, Gou Wang 477, Chunti.]\\nThe Tsi dynasty rules the Empire.\\n479 Koti is enthroned. [4S3, Vouti\\n494, Mingti; 499, Paokwen 501, Hoti.]\\nThe Leang dynasty rules the Em-\\npire.\\n502 Vouti is enthroned. [550, Wenti\\n552, Yuenti 555, Kingti.]\\nThe C hin dynasty rules the Empire.\\n556 Vouti is enthroned. [564. Vouti\\nis dethroned, and succeeded by Wenti.\\n567, Petsong 569, Suenti.]\\nThe Soui dynasty rules the Empire.\\nYang Keen, a prince Soui, having\\nsubjected the Tartar kingdom, over-\\nturns the southern kingdom, and re-\\nunites the Empire [and proves a wise\\nand able ruler].\\nCommerce and industry are encour-\\naged.\\nA new and improved code of laws is\\ninstituted.\\n580 Wenti (Yang Keen) is enthroned.\\n601 Vouti is enthroned. [He trans-\\nfers the capital from Nanking to Honan.J\\n605 Yangti is enthroned, after for-\\ncing the heir to strangle himself. [The\\nusurper gives himself up to debauchery\\nand afterward to conquests.]\\nYangti annexes Lew Kew Island to\\nthe Empire.\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00ac17 Kungti, the rightful heir, is en-\\nthroned.\\nThe Tang dynasty rules the Empire.\\n[The Golden Era.]\\n618 Kaotsou (Liyuen) is enthroned.\\n627* *Taitsong (Lichimin) is en-\\nthroned on the abdication of his father.\\nTaitsong raises a standing army of\\n900,000 men.\\nTaitsong pun- liases an alliance with\\nthe powerful Turks.\\nTaitsong recovers the Empire in\\nCentral Asia and in Ouigour.\\n643\u00c2\u00b1 The fame of China brings am-\\nbassadors from Wepaul, Magadha,\\nPersia, and Rome to pay court to the\\nEmperor.\\n650 Kaotsong is enthroned.\\n670\u00c2\u00b1 The kingdom of Siulo, Korea,\\nbecomes a province of China [for 60\\nyears].\\n683 Woo How, wife of the deceased\\nemperor, excludes the rightful heir,\\nChungtsong, and seizes the throne.\\n[She rules with discretion and reestab-\\nlishes imperial authority in the west, and\\nrecovers territory from the Tibetans.]\\n704 Woo How, the usurper, 80 years\\nof age, is compelled to abdicate.\\n710* Jouitsong is enthroned.\\n712* Mingti (Yuen-Tsung) is en-\\nthroned.\\n[He introduces reforms, rules with dis-\\ncretion, but is finally driven from the\\nthrone by a rebellion, and the Empire is\\nbrought near the brink of ruin.]\\n756 Soutsong is enthroned. [Aided\\nby allies he suppresses a rebellion.]\\n763 Taitsong II. is enthroned.\\n[He is harassed by the incursions of\\nthe Tibetans, and purchases assistance\\nof the Ouigours.]\\nThe eunuchs of the palace have\\ngreat power, and abound in intrigues.\\n780 Tetsong is enthroned. [He is\\ngreatly assisted by Kwo Tsey, his able\\ngeneral and best adviser. 805, Chunt-\\nsong 806, Hientsong; 821, Moutsong\\n825, Kingtsong; 827, Wentsong 841,\\nWoutsong. He turns the government\\nagainst Christians and other religious\\nteachers, and orders their expulsion.]\\nS47 Hiuentsong is enthroned.\\n860 Ytsong is enthroned.\\n[The repressive measures against re-\\nligion are abandoned, and Buddhism is\\nfavored.]\\n874 Hitsong is enthroned.\\nHitsong is driven from the capital\\nby Hwang Chao, a rebel. The Emperor\\nfinds an ally in the Turkish chief Like-\\nyong (Tungani), who commands 40,000\\nMohammedans, called, from the color of\\ntheir uniform, The Black Crows.\\n889 Chaotsong is enthroned.\\n905 Chao Hiuenti is enthroned.\\n907 -954 Five small dynasties\\nrule the Empire.\\nThree Leangs, later four Tang, two\\nLater Tsin, two Later Han, and two\\nLater Chow.\\n[These brief dynasties have nominal\\npower over the Empire, but real power\\nonly within narrow limits, and govern-\\nment is greatly disorganized.]\\n907 Prince Leang profits by dissen-\\nsions in the Empire, and gains the throne\\nas Taitsou.\\nTaitsou annexes the rich province\\nof Szchuen, and adds 40,000,000 subjects\\nto the Empire.\\n913 Chouching is enthroned. [915,\\nChing; 923, Chwangtsong; 926, Mingt-\\nsong 934, Minti and later in the same\\nyear, Lou Wang 936, Kaotsou 943, Tsi\\nWang; 947, Kaotsou; 948, Ynti 951,\\nTaitsou; 954, Chitsong.]\\nThe Sung dynasty rules the Empire.\\n960 Taitsou is enthroned. [976, Tait-\\nsong; 998, Chintsong I.J\\n1023 Jintsongis enthroned at 13 years\\nof age. His mother conducts the gov-\\nernment [for ten years].\\n1064* Yngtsong is enthroned.\\n1068 Chintsong II. is enthroned.\\nThe Minister Wangauchi fails in his\\nsocialistic reform.\\n1086 Chutsong is enthroned at the age\\nof 10 years. The government is con-\\nducted by the Empress Tefei.\\nThe Mongols begin to invade the\\nnorthwestern frontier. Hitherto they\\nhave been vassals of the Kin Tartars, but\\nnow are independent and strong.\\n1101 Hweitsong is enthroned.\\nHweitsong invites the Tartars to\\ncome and expel the Khitans from Leaou-\\ntung they drive out the enemy, and then\\noccupy the country themselves.\\n1115* The Kin dynasty rules the\\nnorthern part of the Empire beyond the\\nHoang-Ho, while the Sung dynasty con-\\ntinues to rule the southern part.\\nTaitsou is enthroned in the north.\\n1123 Taitsong is enthroned in the\\nnorth.\\n1126* Kingtsong is enthroned.\\n1127 Kaotsong is enthroned.\\nThe Tartars overrun several prov-\\ninces, and advance their conquests to the\\nline of the Yang-tse-Kiang.\\n1135* Hitsong is enthroned- in the\\nnorth. [1149, Chuliang 1161, Chitsong;\\n1163, Hiaotsong.]\\n1185* *Ogdai succeeds his father,\\nGenghis Khan, as head of the Mongols.\\nHe forms a code of laws, and establishes\\ncustom-houses.\\n1190 Changtsong is enthroned in the\\nnorth; Kwangtsong in the south. [1195,\\nNingtsong; 1209, Choo Yungki in the\\nnorth 1213, Hiuentsong 1224, Gaitsong\\n1225, Litsong.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n173 a. d. A virulent pestilence pre-\\nvails throughout the country, and con-\\ntinues for 11 years.\\n610+ The usurper Yangti erects a\\nmagnificent palace at Lo-yang.\\n807\u00c2\u00b1 Paper money is used.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0625.jp2"}, "626": {"fulltext": "614 1232,**-1692,\\nCHINA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1232 Mongols under Too-le take\\nFung-tseang Foo and Han-chung Foo\\n100,000 citizens of the latter perish in\\ntheir flight.\\n[He continues his victories along the\\nRiver Han, destroying 140 towns and\\nfortresses.]\\nThe Mongols secure the army of\\nSung as an ally, and prosecute the war\\nagainst Kin vigorously.\\nThe Kin emperor retreats from Kai-\\nfungFoo, and burns himself in his palace\\nat the fall of Joo-ning Foo.\\n1234+ Ogdai sends 300,000 Mongols to\\nravage the country bordering the Cas-\\npian Sea, and 600,000 more into Sze-\\nchuen to subdue it.\\n1235 The Mongols, with three ar-\\nmies, comprising half a million men,\\nattempt the complete destruction of the\\nSung power.\\n1274 Chitsou 3ends an expedition\\nagainst the Japanese, which is de-\\nfeated.\\n1294 Kublai Khan dies, after con-\\nquering Burma, Cochin China, and\\nTongking.\\n1356* Choo Yuen-Chang captures\\nNanking from the Mongols.\\n1366 Choo sends two great armies to\\ndrive the Mongols out of the provinces\\nnorth of the Yang-tse-Kiang, the only ter-\\nritory remaining in their possession. The\\nmain army has 250,000 men, under Suta.\\n1367 Suta s army crosses the Hoang-\\nHo, and soon completes the overthrow\\nof the Mongols.\\n1368+ The Emperor subdues the\\nMongol power in Tartary and later in\\nLeaou-tung.\\n1401 Wenti, with 600,000 soldiers, for\\nseveral continuous days fights a battle\\nat Techow with the Prince of Yen, and\\nis finally defeated and his army routed.\\n1506 -22 In this reign Prince\\n!Ning rebels, and is defeated with the\\nloss of 30,000 men.\\n1522 The invasion of the Manchu\\nTartars begins.\\n1542* Yen-ta the Manchu lays waste\\nthe province of Shen-se, and threatens\\nthe capital. [Later a Japanese fleet dev-\\nastates the littoral provinces.]\\n1573* *-1620* *In this reign the\\nJapanese under Fashiba(Taiko Sama)\\ninvade and then claim Korea, but are\\ndefeated, and compelled to sue for peace.\\n1597 The Japanese again invade\\nKorea and defeat the army and navy\\nsent against them.\\n1616 Goaded by injustice, the Man-\\nchu Tartars invade China, and defeat\\nthe army sent against them.\\n1619 The Manchus are again victo-\\nrious.\\n1626 Sept. The Manchus under\\nNoorhaehu are repulsed at Ningynen.\\n1635* -44 Bloody internecine\\nwars occur.\\nThe Tartars side with the Imperial\\nparty, defeat the usurper Li Tseehing,\\nand enter Peking, and establish them\\nselveB in power.\\n1642 The rebel army cuts the dikes\\nof the Yellow River in the siege of Kaig-\\nf ung Foo, and the city becomes a heap of\\nruins, while 200,000 inhabitants perish.\\n1656 The Manchus defeat an expe-\\ndition Bent against them under Koshinga\\nat Nanking.\\n1671+ Wou Sankwei leads a rebel-\\nlion in the southwest, and prolongs the\\nstruggle for nine years.\\n1678 Galdan, a prince of Jangaria,\\nconquers Kashgaria, and becomes the\\nruler of Central Asia. [He strains the\\nmilitary power of China for many years.]\\n1679* The rebellion of Wou Sankwei\\nends with his death.\\n1689 Galdan is checked by Kang-hi.\\nART LETTERS NATURE.\\n1275 Marco Polo, the Venetian,\\nvisits the Great Khan, Kublai.\\n1380* *Nicolo Zeno, a Venetian,\\nmakes a voyage to China.\\n1400+ The Yu Ho canal is com-\\npleted.\\n1403* *-1425* *The Emperor\\nYonglo encourages literature and the\\nfine arts.\\n1430 The Porcelain Tower at Nan-\\nking is completed, after 19 years are\\nspent in its construction.\\n1470\u00c2\u00b1 The canal from Peking to the\\nPee-Ho is made, for the transportation\\nof grain.\\nThe Emperor employs 50,000 soldiers\\nin repairing the Great Wall.\\n1511 Raphael Perestralo sails from\\nMalacca to China.\\n1662* *-1721* *The Emperor orders\\nthe printing of a cyclopedia of 6109\\nvolumes, containing all the valuable\\nhooks of the times.\\n*-1723* *The Emperor establishes\\nschools and colleges, and promotes lit-\\nerature and science.\\nAn earthquake visits Peking, and\\n400,000 people perish.\\nEmperor Yung-Ching expels the\\nquarreling missionaries from the\\nschools.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1259* Maumi, Moimul emperor, dies.\\n1294* Kublai-Khan, founder of the\\nMongol dynasty, dies.\\n1308 Ohingtsong, emperor, dies.\\n1321 Jintsong, emperor, dies.\\n1398 Honcrwou, emperor, dies.\\n1425* Yonglo, emperor, dies.\\n1567 Kea-tsing, emperor, dies.\\n1606* Martinez, Francis, Jesuit martyr, d.\\n1610* Ricci, Matteo. the Jesuit mis-\\nsionary, dies.\\n1620 Wanleh, emperor, dies.\\n1621 Kwantsong, emperor, dies.\\n1627 Teen-ke, emperor, dies.\\n1661* Cliuntche, emperor, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n1275+ Mohammedanism is intro-\\nduced into Yunnan.\\n12S0+ Kublai Khan favors Bud-\\ndhism.\\n1292 The first Roman Catholic\\nmissionaries, led by Cardova, enter\\nChina.\\n1294 John de Monte Corvino is\\nsent by the Pope to Peking.\\n1368* Hongwou, as a quondam Bud-\\ndhist priest, favors Buddhism to the\\nexclusion of Taonism, whose priests\\nwere held in contempt by intelligent\\npeople for their pretended magical arts\\nand their search after the philosopher s\\nstone.\\n1403+ Yonglo revives the law pro-\\nhibiting Buddhism.\\n1552 Francis Xavier, an inten-\\ntional missionary to the Chinese, dies\\non Sancian Island near Macao, after\\ncrying, out Rock, rock, when wilt\\nthou open?\\n1575 Jesuit missionaries are sent\\nfrom Rome by Pope Gregory XIII. [and\\nare successful for a season].\\n1580* Michael Euggiero, of the\\nJesuits, arrives at Macao.\\n1582 Michael Roger, a Jesuit, be-\\ngins mission-work.\\n1583* Matteo Ricci, an Italian Jesuit,\\n1584 The Roman Catholic mission-\\naries baptize their first convert.\\n1598 Matteo Ricci becomes the head\\nof the Jesuit mission in Shanking.\\n1600 Ricci is admitted to Peking, and\\nfinds favor with the Emperor.\\nHe conforms Christianity to agree in\\nmany respects with the traditions of\\nConfucius, and gains many converts,\\nsome of whom are mandarins.\\n1606 The Jesuit Francis Martinez,\\nmissionary and first martyr, dies.\\n1618 The Emperor banishes all mis-\\nsionaries except those following the\\nJesuit teachings of Ricci, favoring an-\\ncestral worship.\\n1630* Hainan becomes a Roman\\nCatholic mission-station.\\n1645 Pope Innocent X. issues a de-\\ncree condemning and prohibiting the\\nidolatrous worship of ancestors, a\\npractise concerning which the Jesuits\\nand Dominicans were divided in opinion.\\n1648 The Dominican Francis de\\nCapillas is beheaded.\\n1650 Jesuits claim 150,000 converts.\\n1656 Pope Alexander VII. approves\\nthe Jesuits, and tolerates the worship\\nof ancestors by Chinese Christians, as\\na civil rather than a religious rite.\\n1661* *-62* The Jesuits enter\\nTibet.\\n1664 The Jesuits claim 257,000 con-\\nverts.\\n1665 Five Christian mandarins are\\nbeheaded.\\nThe Emperor issues an edict against\\nthe Jesuit missionaries because of\\ntheir interference in affairs of state.\\n1671 The Emperor Kangi restores\\nthe Christian churches to thei\\n1680 Strife divides the Jesuits from\\nthe Dominicans respecting the attitude", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0626.jp2"}, "627": {"fulltext": "CHINA.\\n1232,**-1692,\\n615\\nof the Church toward the worship of Con-\\nfucius, deceased ancestors, and heaven.\\n1692 The Tribunal of Rites decides\\nthat foreigners may publicly practise\\ntheir religion. [This decision is called\\nthe Great Charter of Christianity in\\nChina.]\\nThe French missionaries save the\\nlife of the Emperor after his own doc-\\ntors have abandoned hope of his recovery.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1279 The Mongol emperor has a law\\nthat all liquor-makers shall be ban-\\nished and enslaved, and all their prop-\\nerty;and children shall come under the\\ncontrol and care of the government.\\n1323 Yngtsong is murdered by con-\\nspirators.\\n1621* At the siege of Leaoutung, by\\nthe Manchus, the pigtail is enforced\\non the Chinese as a badge of subjuga-\\ntion, and the one condition of immu-\\nnity from massacre.\\n1642 Rebellion brings want human\\nflesh is sold for food in the besieged\\ncity of Kaifung Foo.\\n1650 The shaved head and pig-\\ntail, the symbol of Tartar sovereignty,\\nbecome more and more universally\\nadopted.\\nSTATE.\\n1232 The Mongols enter an alliance\\nwith the State of Sung against the Kins.\\n1234 The dynasty of the Kins comes\\nto an end.\\n1241 Cheliemen succeeds Ogdai, his\\ngrandfather, as nominal head of the\\nMongols.\\nToliekona, a woman, seizes the gov-\\nernment of the Mongols, and rules for\\nfour years.\\n1245 Toliekona places her son Kwei-\\nyew on the throne as great khan.\\n1248 Mangu, the eldest son of Too-le,\\nis proclaimed emperor by the Mongols.\\n1255* *-1720* Tibet is gradually\\nsubdued and annexed.\\nThe Mongols are supreme.\\nThe Mongol or Yuen (Original)\\ndynasty rules the Empire.\\n1260 Chitsou (Kublai Khan) is en-\\nthroned.\\nNanking becomes the capital.\\nKublai Khan assumes complete\\njurisdiction as Emperor of China, on\\nthe subjugation of Sung; he executes\\npublic works and befriends the poor, yet\\nis regarded with animosity as an alien.\\nThe nation becomes more illustrious,\\nand its power is more widely felt, than\\never before.\\n1265 Toutsong is enthroned. [1275,\\nTihien; 1276, Touantsong; 1278, Tiping.]\\n1280 -1368 Peking is the capi-\\ntal of China.\\n1294 Timur succeeds his grandfather,\\nKublai, with the title Yuen-Ching.\\n1295 Chingtsong is enthroned. [1308,\\nWoutsong 1312, Jintsong. He pays\\nhonors to both Chinese and Mongols.]\\n1320 Three years of disorder fol-\\nlow the death of Jintsong.\\n1321* Yngtsong is enthroned. [1320,\\nTaitingti 1328, Wentsong 1333, Chunti\\n(Johan Timour).]\\nDisorders and confusion increase,\\ntill Chunti is compelled to fly before\\nChoo Yuen-Chang, a Chinese laboring\\nThe Chinese regain supremacy.\\n1355 Choo Yuen-Chang, having re-\\nvolted and captured Nanking, proclaims\\nhimself the Duke of Woo [and remains\\nmaster of the Empire for 13 years].\\nThe Ming dynasty, the first native\\nline of emperors, rules the Empire.\\n1368* *-1403* Wanking is again the\\ncapital of China.\\nHongwou (Choo) is enthroned.\\n1398 Kien Wenti is enthroned.\\nSuccessful rebellion of the Prince\\nof Yen.\\n1403 Yonglo (Prince of Yen) is en-\\nthroned. [He annexes Cochin China and\\nTongking.]\\n1410 Peking is again made the capi-\\ntal of China.\\n1425 Gintsong is enthroned.\\n1426 Suentsong is enthroned.\\nCochin China rebels, and becomes\\nindependent.\\n1428 Tongking ceases to be a Chinese\\nprovince, and becomes a tributary State.\\n1435 Yngtsong is enthroned.\\n1450 Yngtsong is captured by Yesien\\nthe Tartar [and finally liberated; while\\na captive, his brother Kingti administers\\nthe government].\\n1458* Yngtsong is restored to the\\nthrone.\\n1465 Hientsong is enthroned.\\nHientsong creates the Grand Coun-\\ncil of Eunuchs as a star chamber.\\n1488 Hiaotsong is enthroned. [He\\nbuilds granaries for storing 100,000 bush-\\nels in every district of ten villages.]\\n1506 Woutsong is enthroned.\\n1517 Don Ferdinand Perez D An-\\ndrade, a Portuguese, sails with a squad-\\nron into the Canton River.\\n1522 Chitsong is enthroned.\\n1523 D Andrade is arrested and exe-\\ncuted for the depredations of Portu-\\nguese.\\n1567 Moutsong is enthroned.\\n1573 Wanleh is enthroned at six years\\nof age.\\nHe pun-bases peace by making Yen-\\nta, the invading Tartar, a prince with\\ncertain commercial privileges.\\nPopai, the Turk, leads an unsuccess-\\nful revolt.\\nWanleh grants land in Shen-se to\\nYen-ta.]\\n1592 The Japanese invade Korea,\\nand are driven away Korea is annexed\\nto China.\\n1596 The British send an unsuccess-\\nful expedition to China.\\n1597 The Japanese make a second\\nand successful invasion, yet voluntarily\\nretire.\\n1601* Ricci, the Italian Jesuit mis-\\nsionary, is received at court, where he\\nwins favor, and becomes the scientific\\nadviser of the Emperor.\\n1604 The Dutch arrive in three ves-\\nsels, but are not admitted.\\n1616 The oppressed Manchu Tar-\\ntars successfully invade the empire, and\\nsoon defeat two armies and possess Le-\\naou-tung.\\n1620 The Emperor dies of grief.\\nKwantsong is enthroned.\\n1621* Kwantsong drinks of the\\nliquor of immortality, by advice of his\\ndoctors, and dies.\\nTeen-ke is enthroned.\\nChiti is enthroned.\\n1622 The Dutch attempt to enter by\\nforce and are defeated, They establish\\nthemselves on one of the Pheng-hoo Isl-\\nands. [1653. Again repulsed.]\\n1624* Hitsong is enthroned.\\n1628 Hoaitsong is enthroned.\\n[Troubles abound, rebellions multiply,\\nand the Government is paralyzed. Li\\ntseching leads a strong rebellion, is de-\\nfeated by aid of the Manchu Tartars,\\nwho enter Peking, and establish the pres-\\nent Manchu dynasty.]\\nThe Manchu, or Tatsing, dynasty\\nrules the Empire [till the present time].\\n1644* *Chuntche, or Chitsou, is en-\\nthroned.\\nHaving been educated by Adam Schaal,\\na German Jesuit, he makes him nominal\\npresident of the board of mathemati-\\ncians, but in fact, prime minister.\\n1656 The Russians arrive, but the\\nenvoy refuses to kotow before the Em-\\nperor, and is sent back without an audi-\\n1661 Kang-hi is enthroned at eight\\nyears of age, with four co-regents to\\nconduct the government.\\n[He consolidates the Empire, surveys\\nthe provinces by aid of Europeans, and\\nencourages education and religion. His\\nreign is glorious. Formosa and Tibet\\nare conquered and annexed. J\\n1671+ *Wou Sankwei, having su-\\npreme authority in southwest China,\\nrebels against Kangi.\\n1672 The Kalmuck Tartars are ex-\\npelled, and settle in the region of the\\nVolga.\\n1692 The Tribunal of Rites passes\\na decision in favor of foreigners who\\nwish publicly to practise their religion.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1278 Marco Polo visits Tibet.\\n1342 A famine destroys 13,000,000\\npeople.\\n1517* Europeans visit Canton.\\nChinese porcelain is introduced\\ninto England, and is in great demand.\\n1536 Macao is granted to the Portu-\\nguese merchants.\\n1660 England first receives tea from\\nChina.\\n1680 Trade with the East India\\nCompany begins, and an English fac-\\ntory is established at Canton.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0627.jp2"}, "628": {"fulltext": "616 1695, *-1843 Oct. 9.\\nCHINA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1695 Galdan is totally defeated by\\nthe Emperor s army at Chowmodo.\\n1736-f- An army subdues Hi, and it is\\nannexed twice Burma is invaded with-\\nout conquest. The Mussulmans are de-\\nfeated in Kansuh.\\n1755 1- Keen-Lung subdues Davatsi\\nand his opponent, Amursana, in Central\\nAsia.\\n1792 The war against the Goorkhas\\nextends the triumphs of Keen-Lung\\nwithin GO miles of British frontiers.\\n1808 The English occupy Macao,\\nand are peremptorily ordered to retire.\\n1831 The British opium-trade being\\ndestroyed by the laws prohibiting its use,\\na military expedition is sent to Canton.\\nEngland sends men-of-war to Canton,\\nand arms the lorchas of the opium-\\nsmugglers.\\n1834 The British send another expe-\\ndition to Canton.\\nSept. 5. A battle between two British\\nships and the natives begins the war\\nseveral Chinese are killed.\\n1838 July 12. Admiral Maitland ar-\\nrives at Macao.\\n1839 Aug. 23. Hong-Kong is taken\\nby the British under Capt. Elliot.\\nAug. 24. The British boat Black Joke is\\nattacked, and the crew murdered.\\nNov. 3. The British frigates Volage\\nand Hyacinth are attacked off Chuen-\\npee by 29 armed junks, four of which\\nare sunk.\\n1840 The British declare war. The\\nfirst opium-war begins.\\nFeb. 28. The Chinese fire-ships unsuc-\\ncessfully attack the British fleet.\\nMay 22. Armed junks attack the Brit-\\nish ship Hellas.\\nJune 28. A British fleet of 15 men-of-\\nwar and 25 transports arrives at Canton,\\nand the blockade begins. Sir Gordon\\nBremer commands the first part of the\\nexpedition.\\nJuly 2. The Chinese fire on a flag of\\ntruce at Amoy.\\nJuly 5. The British under Capt. Bremer\\noccupy the island of Chu-san.\\nJuly 10. The British proceed to block-\\nade the coast.\\nNov. 6. Capt. Elliot enters into a truce\\nwith the Chinese Commissioner Keshen.\\n1841 Jan. 6. The British cease to ne-\\ngotiate, owing to a breach of faith by\\nChinese.\\nJan. 7. The Bogue forts at Chuenpee\\nand Taikok, with their armaments, 173\\nguns, are taken by the British.\\nJan. 9. A preliminary treaty of peace\\nis signed. [It proves unsatisfactory to\\nboth parties.]\\nFeb. 23. The British resume hostili-\\nties, as the Emperor disapproves the\\nterms of peace.\\nFeb. 24. The British evacuate the\\nisland of Chusan.\\nMar. 2. Sir Hugh Gough assumes\\ncommand of the British army at Canton.\\nMar. 3. Hostilities are suspended at\\nthe request of the Chinese.\\nMar. 6. Fighting is renewed.\\nMar. 18. The British forces destroy an\\narmed flotilla.\\nMay 21. Capt. Elliot advises all for-\\neigners to leave Canton immediately.\\nAt night the Chinese batteries open on\\nthe British.\\nMay 23. The British destroy the Chi-\\nnese batteries and 40 war-junks.\\nMay 25. The British, 4,000 strong, take\\nthe heights behind Canton.\\nMay 31. Canton is ransomed for\\n$G,000,000, and hostilities cease.\\nJune 1. British forces withdraw from\\nCanton.\\nJuly 5. The British bombard Tinghai.\\nAug. 10. The British resume offensive\\noperations on the eastern coast. [Aug.\\n27. They take Amoy, after a brief re-\\nsistance. Sept. 4. Destroy the Bogue\\nforts. Oct. 1. Take Ting-hai, and cap-\\nture 136 guns Chusan is taken the sec-\\nond time and reoccupied. Oct. 10. Sir\\nHugh Gough takes Chinhai. Oct. 13.\\nTake Ning-po; the inhabitants shut\\nthemselves in their houses, and write on\\ntheir doors Submissive People. Dec.\\n28. Take Yu-yaou most of the garri-\\nson drown themselves to escape capture.]\\n1842 Mar. 10. The Chinese suddenly\\nattack Ning-po and Chinhai, and are\\nrepulsed with great loss.\\nMar. 15. The British rout 8,000 Chi-\\nnese near Tze-kee.\\nMay 17. The British attack the port of\\nChapoo, rout 2,000 soldiers, and destroy\\nthe defenses.\\nJune 13. The British squadron, sailing\\nfor Nanking, enters the Kiang River.\\nJune 16. The British capture Woo-\\nsung, the port of Shanghai, and take\\n230 guns. [July ID. Take Shanghai.\\nJuly 6. Ascend the Yang-tse-Kiang.\\nJuly 21. Take Chin-Keang by storm.]\\nAug. 5. The entire British fleet arrives\\noff Nanking.\\nAug. 29. The war ends. (See State.)\\nART \u00e2\u0080\u0094LETTERS NATURE.\\n1719 June 11. An earthquake occurs\\n1,000 people buried in the ruins.\\n1731 Nov. 30. A terrible earthquake\\noverwhelms 100,000 persons at Peking,\\ndestroys the palace, and lays the suburbs\\n1736 -f Emperor Keen-Lung is fond\\nof art, and embellishes Peking; he\\nwrites poetry and prose, and collects\\nlibraries.\\n1750 An observatory is erected at\\nPeking.\\n1830 May 26, 27. Earthquakes near\\nCanton cause the death of more than\\n6,000 persons.\\n1S33 Oct. At Canton 10,000 houses\\nand 1,000 lives are destroyed by a flood.\\nA like calamity visits other purtB all\\ncaused by incessant rains.\\n1841 The Bong-Kong Gazette is first\\npublished. [1860. The Daily Press.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1710 Kien-Lung. emperor, born.\\n1722 Kantfi. enijwror, \u00c2\u00abl\u00c2\u00bb-s.\\n1732 liuves, .loach, -it-suit missionary, d.\\n1735 Oct. 7. Yung-Ching, enireror, dlea.\\n1799 Feb. 8. Klen-Lungr. ^inj eror, A88.\\n1813 lluiig-tsiiien, rebel leader, born.\\n1820 Sept. 2. Kiaking, emperor, dies.\\n1835 Kung. Prince, born.\\n1700 The Emperor Kangi informs the\\nmissionaries that the worship of Tien\\n(heaven) is the worship of the true God,\\nand the other rites are merely civil.,\\n1715* The Roman Catholic missions\\nhave great success, and claim 1,100\\nchurches in Kiangnan and Kiangsi\\nalone, and 100,000 converts.\\n1718\u00c2\u00b1 Pope Clement XI. decrees that\\nTien does not mean the true God,\\nand the rites are idolatrous; this decis-\\nion turns the Emperor from the Chris-\\ntians to Confucius.\\n1722\u00c2\u00b1 Emperor Yung Ching expels\\nthe missionaries from the schools in\\nconsequence of their quarrels among\\nthemselves.\\n1735* *-96* *The Emperor perse-\\ncutes the Christians during a part of\\nhis reign.\\n1736 The Jesuits are expelled by\\nan edict of the Emperor.\\n1742 The Jesuits are commanded\\nby the Pope to make no accommodations\\nwith paganism.\\n1792\u00c2\u00b1 A great famine is charged\\nagainst the missionaries.\\n1805 Cruel persecution of Catholic\\nChristians prevails.\\n1807 Sept. 7. Eobert Morrison of\\nEngland, the first Protestant mission-\\nary, arrives.\\nThe London Society begins work in\\nChina.\\n*An edict against Christianity is\\npublished.\\n1813 William Milne from England\\narrives in Canton to aid Morrison.\\n1816 Sept. 3. The Emperor Kaiking is\\ndethroned because of religious differ-\\nences.\\nThe Catholic Christians are perse-\\ncuted.\\n1820 Catholic Christians are perse-\\ncuted, and many killed, including the\\nvicar apostolic and bishop in partibus.\\n1830 Feb. 25. Elijah C. Bridgman\\nand David Abul, missionaries of the\\nAmerican Board of Commissioners for\\nForeign Missions, arrive in Canton.\\n1831 Missionary Bridgman issues the\\nfirst number of the Chinese Repository.\\n1833 Baptist missions for the Chi-\\nnese begin by establishing a station at\\nBangkok, Siam, for its Chinese popula-\\ntion.\\n1836* An American Baptist mis-\\nsion-post is established on the Island of\\nMacao. [1S42. Moved to Hong-Kong.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0628.jp2"}, "629": {"fulltext": "CHINA.\\n1695, *-1843, Oct. 9. 617\\n1840 Amoy becomes a mission-sta-\\ntion of the Protestant Episcopal Church.\\n-t* The opium-war suspends mission-\\nary labor,\\n1842 David Abul establishes a mis-\\nsion of the American Board at Amoy.\\nAmoy becomes a mission-station of\\nthe Reformed Church (U. S. A.).\\n1843 Oct. 8. A supplementary treaty\\nis signed giving all foreigners at treaty\\nports the same rights as British subjects.\\nThe British and Foreign Bible Society\\nbegin work at Shanghai.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1730+ In order to check the growth\\nof the population beyond the means of\\nsubsistence, rewards are offered by the\\nGovernment to certain classes of persons\\nwho remain single.\\n1754 Keen-Lung orders that every\\nMussulman above 15 years of age in\\nKansuh be put to death, in order to\\nprevent another war.\\n1767 The importation of opium\\namounts to about 1,000 chests annually,\\nand the traffic is wholly in the hands of\\nthe Portuguese.\\n1781 The East India Company (Brit-\\nish) takes charge of the opium-trade\\n[and the importation is about 1 ,000 chests\\na year].\\n1785 Feb. 14. The Emperor Keen-\\nLung makes a feast to the ancients of\\nhis kingdom.\\nAncients of 100 years receive 50 bushels\\nof rice and two pieces of silk those of 90\\nyears, 30 bushels of rice and two pieces\\nof inferior silk and others in same pro-\\nportion down to 50 years.\\n1800* The Government becomes\\ngreatly alarmed, and an edict is issued\\nforbidding the importation of opium\\nby any person for any purpose whatever.\\nThe severest penalties are prescribed\\nfor those violating the law, nothing\\nless than the confiscation of the vessel,\\nthe destruction of the opium, and the\\ncapital execution of the smugglers.\\n1832 Strangling is the penalty for\\nselling opium; and an offender is thus\\nexecuted at Macao, in the presence of a\\ncrowd of foreigners.\\n1839 The Imperial Commissioner Lin\\nwrites to Queen Victoria imploring\\nher to put an end to the traffic.\\n1841+ The Emperor Taoukwang, in\\nreply to Sir Henry Pottinger s demand\\nfor the legalization of the opium -trade,\\nsaid True, I cannot prevent the intro-\\nduction of the poison; but nothing will\\ninduce me to raise a revenue from the\\nvice and misery of my people. The\\nEmperor, himself a reformed opium-\\nsmoker, has lost three sons by the vice.\\nThe secret society called The Green\\nWater lily becomes formidable and\\nturbulent in Hoonan.\\nSTATE.\\n1719 Peter the Great of Russia\\nsends a splendid embassy to Peking,\\nwhich is opposed by ministers but re-\\nceived by the Emperor. Russia is ad-\\nmitted to commercial intercourse, while\\nother European nations remain ex-\\ncluded.\\n1722 Yung Ching is enthroned.\\n1735 Keen-Lung is enthroned.\\n[He extends the empire over the great-\\ner portion of Central Asia.]\\n1793 Sept. 14. Lord Macartney, the\\nBritish ambassador, arrives at Peking.\\nOct. 7. The Emperor orders him to de-\\npart.\\n1795 The Dutch send an embassy to\\nPeking, which is treated with contumely.\\n1796 Feb. 6. Keen-Lung abdicates\\nthe throne.\\nKaiking (a son) is enthroned.\\n[He is voluptuous and cruel. Many\\nrebellions and audacious pirates and dis-\\nsensions disturb the empire.\\n1805 Russia sends an imposing em-\\nbassy to Peking.\\n1816 Lord Amherst, the British am-\\nbassador, is dismissed from Peking be-\\ncause he refuses to kotow before the\\nEmperor.\\n1821 Taoukwang is enthroned.\\n[He distinguishes his reign by his en-\\ndeavor to keep out the opium-trade of\\nEngland; many insurrections occur,\\nwhich cannot be quelled by the army.]\\n1826+ Insurrections arise against\\nChinese authority in Kashgar.\\n1828 Severe prohibitory laws against\\nthe use of opium destroy the perni-\\ncious trade and exasperate the British\\nmerchants.\\n1832 The oppressed Miaotze rise in\\na formidable rebellion.\\n1833 Dec. Eng. Lord Napier is ap-\\npointed chief superintendent of trade\\nwith China, with John Davis as one of\\nhis two assistants.\\nJuly 15. Lord Napier arrives as super-\\nintendent of British commerce.\\n1834 July Lord Napier reaches\\nCanton. [The Chinese refuse to have\\ndealings with him, and interdict all\\ntrade with those associated with him.]\\nOct. 11. Lord Napier dies at Macao,\\nand is succeeded by [Sir] John Davis.\\nNov. The British dispute with the Chi-\\nnese respecting the opium-trade, which\\nthe Emperor prohibits.\\n1836 Dec. 14. Capt. George Elliot\\nis appointed superintendent of trade by\\nthe British Government.\\n1837 Mar. The opposition is relaxed,\\nand Elliot establishes himself at Canton.\\n1839 Jan.* The Emperor appoints Lin\\nTishseu special commissioner to visit\\nCanton, and break up the opium-trade.\\nMar. June* Capt. Elliot agrees that\\nall the opium in the hands ot the Eng-\\nlish shall be given up, on condition that\\nthe native trade in it shall stop.\\nMar. 18. Governor Lin concentrates a\\nmilitary force near Canton, and orders\\nthe seizure of British opium to prevent\\nits being smuggled into the Empire.\\nMar. 19. The British residents and other\\nforeigners of Canton are forbidden to\\nleave. [May 24. The British leave.]\\nApr. 3. The Chinese seize 20,283\\nchests of British opium, valued at more\\nthan $20,000,000, and destroy it. [This is\\nregarded by the British Government as\\ncasus belli.]\\nAug. 19-21. The English at Macao\\nseek refuge on the shipping off Hong-\\nKong.\\nThe Chinese demand the entire aban-\\ndonment of the opium-trade, which\\nthe British refuse to promise.\\nDec. 6. British trade is interdicted.\\n1840 Jan. 5. The Emperor issues an\\nedict prohibiting all trade and inter-\\ncourse with England forever.\\nSept. 16. Imperial Commissioner Lin is\\nfinally degraded, and Keshen appointed\\nin his place.\\nNov. 20. The British Plenipotentiaries\\narrive.\\n1841 Jan. 20. Commissioner Keshen\\ncedes Hong-Kong to the British, and\\npromises an indemnity of $6,000,000\\nwithin 10 days.\\nJan. 29. Hong-Kong is declared a Brit-\\nish possession.\\nFeb. 11. The Emperor refuses to ap-\\nprove the preliminaries of peace.\\nMar. 12. Commissioner Keshen is de-\\ngraded, and Eleang takes his place.\\nApr. 14. New commissioners meet\\nthe British at Canton.\\nJuly 16. British trade is reopened at\\nCanton.\\nJuly The Canton Convention is\\nsigned by the Imperial commissioners.\\nAug. 10. Sir Henry Pottinger arrives\\nat Macao, as British Minister Plenipo-\\ntentiary, and issues a proclamation stat-\\ning his aims.\\n1842 Aug. 12. The Chinese Peace\\nCommissioners arrive at Nanking.\\nAug. 29. The Treaty of Nanking is\\nsigned.\\nTerms (1) Canton, Amoy, Shanghai,\\nNing-po, and Fuchau are to be opened to\\nBritish trade; (2) Hon^-Kong is ceded\\nto England (3) the Chinese to pay an\\nindemnity of $21,000,000; (4) a regular\\ntariff to be fixed (5) official intercourse\\nis to be on the basis of equality.\\n1843 July 22. The ratifications of the\\nTreaty of Nanking are formally ex-\\nchanged.\\nJuly 27. The port of Canton is opened\\nto the British.\\nOct. 9. By a supplementary treaty the\\nBritish are permitted to own real es-\\ntate in the treaty-ports, and to travel a\\ncertain distance into the interior; also\\nall foreigners are to have the same rights\\nas British subjects.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1771 The Kalmucks return to Mon-\\ngolia from the Volga region, and thou-\\nsands perish on the journey.\\n1822 Canton loses 15,000 houses by fire.\\n1834 Apr. 22. The East India Com-\\npany s monopoly ends, and trade be-\\ncomes free.\\n1835 Jan. 31. The Argyle is seized by\\nthe Chinese, and her crew held in cap-\\ntivity.\\nFeb. 23. The Chinese fire the con-\\ndemned opium at Canton.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0629.jp2"}, "630": {"fulltext": "618 1843,* *-1858,**.\\nCHINA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1847 Apr. 3. The British capture the\\nBogue forts, near Canton.\\n1849* Pirates, led by Shapuntsai,\\ncontrol a large fleet and well-equipped\\nforce, which levies blackmail from Foo-\\nchow to the Gulf of Tongking.\\n1850 Mar. 4. The British steamship\\nMedea destroys 13 pirate junks.\\nAug. The Tai-ping Rebellion breaks\\nout in Kuang-si, Southern China.\\nThe leader, Hung-tsiuen, calls himself\\nTien-teh, Celestial Virtue, claiming\\nto have a heavenly commission as a polit-\\nical and religious reformer. (See State.)\\n1852 Apr. Tien Wang, Hung-tsiuen,\\nwith the Triad chiefs as allies, begins his\\nnorthern march.\\nJune 19. The rebels defeat the Im-\\nperialists under Commissioner Leu, and\\ndestroy a large part of his army,\\nDec. 23. The rebels sack the city of\\nHan-Yang and the commercial em-\\nporium of Han-Keu.\\n1853 Jan. 12. The rebels take the\\nfortress of Hu-Kuang by storm.\\nMar. -Apr. The European powers\\nrefuse to aid the Emperor against the\\nrebels.\\nMar. 19, 20. The Tai-pings take Wan-\\nking, and massacre nearly 20,000 Man-\\nchus they proclaim the inauguration\\nof the Tai-ping dynasty.\\nMay 19. The rebels take Nanking.\\nMay The Tai-ping army is increased\\nto 80,000 men.\\nSept. 7. The rebels take Shanghai.\\nOct. The Tai-pings are besieged in\\ntheir fortified camp at Tsinghai.\\nNov. The rebel army is checked by\\ntwo Imperial army corps.\\n1854 July 19. The rebels are com-\\npelled to retreat toward Nanking.\\nNanking is taken by the Imperialists.\\nJuly Another rebellion, chiefly for\\nplunder, breaks out in Canton.\\nAug. -Nov. The rebels besiege Can-\\nton without success.\\n1855 Jan. The European powers\\nundertake to suppress rebellion in the\\nseaports, and the French Admiral La-\\nguerre makes two attacks on Shanghai,\\nwhich the rebels repulse.\\nFeb. 15. The British and Americans\\nunite, and drive the rebels from Shang-\\nhai.\\nMar. The rebels retire from the siege\\nof Canton.\\nThe Imperialists retake many impor-\\ntant places.\\nThe rebels fail in an attack on Pe-\\nking.\\n1856 The rebels suffer from dissen-\\nsions.\\nThe King of the North massacres\\nthe King of the East with all his\\nmen afterward the former and his ad-\\nherents are destroyed.\\nMay 19. The Panthay rising occurs\\nin the southwest.\\nThe Mohammedans of Yunnan rise\\nagainst the Chinese, who have planned\\ntheir destruction en masse.\\nOct. 8i. The Chinese capture the\\nChinese crew of the Chinese loreha Ar-\\nrow, When flying the British flag, and\\nengaged in smuggling British goods.\\nThe British consul demands satisfac-\\ntion for the outrage.\\nOct. 23. The British take the forts near\\nCanton.\\nNov. 3, 4. Sir Michael Seymour bom-\\nbards Canton.\\nNov. 6. The defeated Imperialists re-\\ntire from Shanghai.\\nNov. 12, 13. Sir Michael Seymour cap-\\ntures the Bogue forts on both sides of\\nthe river, at Canton.\\nNov. 15. The Chinese, of the Barrier\\nFort, fire on an American boat by\\nmistake.\\nNov. 21, 22. Com. Armstrong of the\\nTJ. S. frigate Portsmouth avenges the\\nattack on an American boat by destroy-\\ning four forts, mounting 165 guns.\\nNov. 25. The rebels capture Kuriking.\\nDec. The British capture more forts.\\nDec. 14. The anti-foreigner mob burns\\nthe property of Europeans,\\nDec. 30. The crew of the British vessel\\nThistle is murdered by Chinese.\\nThe rebels are hemmed in and ac-\\ncomplish little, yet repelling the Impe-\\nrial army in the direction of Su-chao.\\nMay 20. The expedition arrives at the\\ncity of Tien-Tsin, DO miles from J-.\\nking the Emperor sues for peace.\\nJune The rebels make an unsuccessful\\nattack on Soochoo, and then march on\\nthe city of You-Kiang.\\nJune War is renewed because \u00c2\u00bbf in-\\nfraction of the treaty by the Chinese.\\nAug. -Sept.* The British destroy about\\n130 armed junks maimed by pirates.\\nThe Mohammedan rebels under\\nMa Sien are repulsed in an attack on\\nthe city of Yunnan.\\nMa Sien is again repulsed at Linan.\\nART LETTERS NATURE.\\n1853* The Porcelain Tower at Nan-\\nking is destroyed by the Tai-pings.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1847 Aug. 19. Lcw-rie, Walter M., mis-\\nsionary, murdered.\\n1848* Capillas, Francis de, Dominican, be-\\nheaded.\\n1849 Jan. 5. Pohlman, John TVilliam,\\nmartyr, A3\\n1850 Feb. 24. Taonkwang-. emperor. A69.\\n1851 Aug. 9. cut/hiii. Karl, missionary,\\nA48.\\n1856 Apr. 27. Ki-tsiang, emperor, born.\\n1857 -60 War with Great Brit-\\nian allied with France.\\nMar. British reenforcements arrive\\nfrom England and Madras.\\nMay 26, 27. Destruction of the Chinese\\nfleet of 40 armed junks by the British\\nunder Com. Elliot.\\nJune 1. Sir M. Seymour and Com.\\nKeppel complete the destruction of the\\nChinese fleet of 72 junks, near Hyacinth\\nIsland.\\nJuly 16. The British are diverted from\\nChina by the Sepoy Rebellion Lord\\nElgin departs for India.\\nJuly Canton is declared to be in a state\\nof siege by the British.\\nAug. The British blockade Canton.\\nSept. 12. The Chinese declare war\\nagainst England.\\nSept. 20. Lord Elgin returns from\\nIndia to Hong-Kong.\\nOct. 19. Gen. Straubenzee assumes\\ncommand of the British forces.\\nDec. 15. The allies occupy the Island\\nof Do-dar, opposite Canton.\\nDec. 2S, 29. The allies bombard Can-\\nton, and take the city.\\n1858 Jan. 5. The allies enter the city\\nof Canton in three detachments.\\nJan. Teh, the governor-general of\\nCanton, is taken prisoner, and sent to\\nIndia.\\nFeb. 10. The blockade of Canton is\\nraised.\\nMay 20. The English and French forces\\nmove up the Pei-Ho River towards\\nPeking, and take the Taku forts, mount-\\nCHURCH.\\n1843 The American Baptists com-\\nmence a mission at Uing-po and three\\nsubstations, Sbaohing, Kinhwa, and\\nHuehau.\\n1844 The treaty rights of mission-\\naries are first secured. (Also see State,\\n1845, Aug. 25.)\\nNing-po becomes a mission-station of\\nthe American Presbyterians (North).\\n1845 The Church of England opens a\\nmission at Shanghai.\\nThe American Baptists (South) begin\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0work in Canton.\\nCanton becomes a mission-station of\\nthe Presbyterian Board.\\nNing-po becomes a mission-station of\\nthe Presbyterian Board.\\n1846 The first converts in the mis-\\nsion of the American Board at Amoy\\nare baptized.\\nThe first Protestant Episcopal con-\\nvert is baptized on Easter Day. [He\\nbecomes a clergyman.]\\nThe Rhenish Society sends a mission-\\nary to Canton.\\nThe Basle Missionary Society begins\\nwork in Hakkas, province of Canton.\\n1S47 Aug. 19. Walter M. Lowrie,\\nAmerican Presbyterian missionary, is\\nmurdered at sea, aged 2S.\\nSept. 4. The first Methodist missiona-\\nries, Collins and White, enter Fuchau.\\nThe mission of the American Board is\\nopened in Fuchau.\\nThe American Presbyterians open a\\nmission at Canton.\\nThe Rhenish Mission at Canton is\\norganized.\\nThe Basle Missionary Society sends\\ntwo missionaries to Hong-Kong, who\\nproceed to the mainland.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0630.jp2"}, "631": {"fulltext": "CHINA.\\n1843, **-1858,**. 619\\nThe English Presbyterians start a mis-\\nsion in Hong-Kong and vicinity.\\n*Tke American Seventh-day Baptists\\nstart a mission at Shanghai.\\nKucheng becomes a mission-station\\nof the English Church Society.\\n1848 Sept.* Shanghai becomes a mis-\\nsion-station of the Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch (South), U. S. A.\\nThe American Baptists (South) begin\\nwork in Shanghai.\\nThe (Eng.) church mission at Shang-\\nhai is enlarged to include Ning-po.\\n1S49 Jan. 5. John William Pohl-\\nman, missionary and martyr, dies,\\naged 37.\\n1850 The American Presbyterians\\n(North) open a mission in Shanghai.\\nThe (Eng.) church mission is opened\\nin Fuchau.\\nThe (Eng.) church mission is opened\\nin Fuhkien.\\n*The Berlin Foundling Asylum is\\nstarted by Berlin ladies at Canton.\\nPresbyterians open the first successful\\nday mission-school in China at Can-\\nton.\\nThe Tai-ping rebellion assumes a\\nsemi-religious character, and evinces\\nsome knowledge of Christianity.\\n1851 The mission of the English Pres-\\nbyterians is removed from Hong-Kong\\nto Amoy.\\n1852 The (Eng.) Wesleyan Methodists\\nbegin a mission at Canton.\\nThe Basle Missionary Society form a\\nstation at Li Long.\\nMr. Piercy, who had labored for some\\ntime at his own expense, becomes an\\nagent of the Wesleyans, and establishes\\ntheir first China mission at Canton.\\n1853* Boys and girls boarding-\\nschools are established by the Ameri-\\ncan Board at Fuchau.\\nHung-tsiuen claims to be the second\\nborn Son of God, and the legitimate\\nruler of the world that his new reli-\\ngion is modified Christianity.\\n1854 Civil war interrupts the mission-\\nwork in Canton.\\nThe property of the Southern Baptists\\n(U. S. A.) at Canton is destroyed during\\nthe rebellion.\\nMissionaries Blodget and Aitchison\\njoin Mr. Bridgman at Shanghai, and or-\\nganize a mission of the American Board.\\n1855 The first Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch edifice is erected at Fuchau.\\n1856 May 19. The Chinese fix upon\\nthis day for a general massacre of Mo-\\nhammedans in Yunnan, but are only\\npartially successful.\\nWar with England interrupts mission-\\nwork.\\nThe American Reformed (Dutch) mis-\\nsionaries assume the work of the Amer-\\nican Board in Amoy.\\nKyelang, Little Tibet, becomes a Mo-\\nravian mission-station.\\n1857 July 14. Ting Ang, the first\\nMethodist convert, is baptized.\\nThe Basle Missionary Society begins a\\nmission at Hong-Kong.\\nNing-po becomes a station of the In-\\nland Mission.\\nThe first mission church of the Amer-\\nican Board is organized in Fuchau, con-\\nsisting of four members.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1845 The treaty concessions to for-\\neigners are partly neutralized by the\\nintense hostility of the people.\\n1848* *-49* Numerous bands of\\nrobbers infest the provinces of Kuang-si\\nand Kuang-tung the execution of 1,500\\nrobbers at Canton alone does not check\\ntheir increase.\\n1853+ Over 100,000 persons, most\\nof whom are innocent, are executed in\\nblood at the capture of Canton from the\\nrebels.\\n1856 Dec. 14. An anti-foreigners\\nmob burns all the dwellings and store-\\nhouses of Europeans at Canton, and takes\\nthe lives of some.\\n1856 A Chinese smuggler, bearing the\\nBritish flag and manned by a Chinese\\ncrew, is fired on by the Chinese and\\nthis insult to the British flag is made\\nthe pretext for bombarding Canton,\\nwhile England and France advance to-\\ngether up the Pei-Ho toward Peking.\\n[The Emperor is compelled to legalize\\nthe opium trade by British opium.]\\n1858 The murder and assassina-\\ntion of Europeans is common in Canton\\nbecause of the rage of the inhabitants.\\nSTATE.\\n1844 Feb. 16. Sir John Davis be-\\ncomes British Minister.\\nJuly 3. Caleb Cushing, the U. S. Com-\\nmissioner, negotiates a treaty with China\\nwhich is more liberal than the British\\ntreaty.\\nOct. 23. A treaty is made with France.\\n1845 Jan. 16. U. S. A. The Govern-\\nment at Washington ratifies the treaty\\nwith China.\\nAug. 25. France negotiates a treaty by\\nwhich Christianity is to be tolerated\\nin the five ports.\\n[All the treaty concessions are wrested\\nfrom the Government in opposition to\\nthe strong feeling of the Chinese people,\\nwho hate the foreigners.]\\n1846 Simmerings of disaffection\\namong the Mohammedans are noted\\nin Yunnan.\\n1*847 Apr. 2. Warlike demonstra-\\ntions are used to compel the Govern-\\nment to respect the stipulations of the\\ntreaties made with foreign governments.\\nDec. Warlike demonstrations are re-\\npeated by the foreign powers.\\n1849\u00c2\u00b1 The Government is held in\\npopular contempt because of its inabil-\\nity to exclude the foreigners.\\n1850 Feb. 25. Hienfung (Prince Yih-\\nchoo) is enthroned he styles himself\\nTien-te.\\nAug.* In Kwangsi, Hung-tsiuen (Tien\\nWang) leads the great Tai-ping re-\\nbellion.\\nHe aims at the overthrow of the exist-\\ning dynasty, and professes to be commis-\\nsioned of God, by whom he is instructed\\nin visions; general peace is written\\non his banners.\\n*A special commissioner is sent to\\nKwangsi and then two generals.\\n1851 The Government becomes anx-\\nious, and sends the Prime Minister to\\nKwangsi.\\nThe Mohammedans in the province\\nof Yunnan take advantage of the rebel-\\nlion, and successfully strike for inde-\\npendence.\\n1852 Dr. John Eowring becomes\\nBritish Minister.\\n1853 Hung-tsiuen is proclaimed\\nemperor he takes the name Tien Wang,\\n(Heavenly King).\\nApr. The Emperor appeals to the rep-\\nresentatives of European powers for\\nhelp against the rebels, and is flatly re-\\nfused.\\nMay* Sir G. Bonham goes to Nanking\\nto obtain friendly assurances from the\\nrebels.\\nSept. A successful insurrection breaks\\nout at Shanghai.\\n1854 The successes of the Emperor\\nlead the representatives of England and\\nthe United States to proffer him aid,\\nwhich he declines.\\n1856 May 19. The persecuted Mo-\\nhammedans in the province of Yunnan\\nrebel [and achieve a temporary inde-\\npendence].\\n1857 Mar. Lord Elgin is appointed\\nBritish envoy. [June 3. Arrives at Sin-\\ngapore. July* Arrives at Hong-Kong.]\\nNov. 7. Minister Reed of the United\\nStates arrives, and with Russia unites-\\nin a pacific policy against that of force\\nadopted by England and France.\\n1858 -59 Diplomatic complica-\\ntions arise between France and China\\nthe former attempts the conquest of\\nCochin China, and the latter claims a\\nsuzerainty over it.\\nMay 28. The Russians secure a treaty\\nceding all the country on the left bank\\nof the Araoor to Russia.\\nJune 13. Russia secures a commercial\\ntreaty.\\nJune 18. William B. Reed also secures\\na commercial treaty for the United\\nStates.\\nJune 26, 28, 29. A treaty is concluded\\nwith Great Britain.\\nIt provides for freedom of trade, in-\\ncluding the importation of opium, and\\nresidence of ambassadors at both courts,\\ntoleration of Christianity, and China to\\npay the war expenses, SlO.snn.OOO to Eng-\\nland and $0,000,000 to France; the tariff\\nrevised, and Europeans no longer to he\\ncalled barbarians. It also opens four\\nmore ports, provides for free navigation\\nof rivers, and permits foreigners to travel\\nin China.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1850 Chinese emigration to the\\nUnited States begins.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0631.jp2"}, "632": {"fulltext": "620 1859, May *-1870, Sept. 15.\\nCHINA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1859 June* The British envoy, James\\nBruce, is fired on by the Taku forts\\nwhen on his way to Peking.\\nJune 25. Admiral Hope is repulsed\\nin attempting to force a passage past\\nthe Taku forts he loses SI killed and\\n390 wounded.\\nYunnan Fu capitulates to the Mo-\\nhammedans on terms which secure a\\ntemporary peace to the province.\\nOct. A joint expedition against China\\nis arranged by the English and French.\\n1860 Mar. Sir Hope Grant arrives\\nat Hong-Kong, and takes command.\\nMar. 19. Rebels under Chung Wang\\ncapture Hangchow.\\nMay 3. The Tai-pings attack the Im-\\nperialists at Nanking, and compel them\\nto raise the siege.\\nJulyi Frederick Ward, an Ameri-\\ncan, enters the service of the Empire.\\nAug. 1. The allies land above Taku,\\non the Pei-Ho.\\nAug. 12. The British under Sir Hope\\nGrant and the French under Gen. Mon-\\ntauban defeat the Chinese in a skir-\\nmish.\\nAug. 18-20. The Tai-ping rebels at-\\ntack Shanghai, and are repulsed by\\nthe allies and volunteers.\\nAug. 21. The allies take the Taku\\nforts at the mouth of the Pei-Ho the\\nTartar general, San-ko-lin-sin, retreats.\\nSept. 8. The allies send an advance\\nforce forward from Tien-Tsin.\\nSept. 18-21. Advancing on Peking, the\\nallies defeat the Chinese at Chan-chia-\\nwan and Pa-li-kao.\\nSept. 21. San-ko-lin-sin, by treachery,\\ncaptures Capts. Anderson and Bra-\\nbazon and 16 others, while arranging\\nfor a meeting of the ministers.\\nOct. 6. The French ravage the Empe-\\nror s summer palace near Peking.\\nOct. 8. The Chinese restore those of the\\ncaptives who have not died of ill usage.\\nOct. 12. Peking is surrendered to the\\nallies.\\nOct. 18. The British burn the summer\\npalace.\\nOct. 24. Peace is restored. (See State.)\\nNov. 6. The allies evacuate Peking,\\nleaving it in a desolate state and its in-\\nhabitants scattered and indigent.\\n1861 A British and French force oc-\\ncupy Tien-Tsin.\\nDec. The rebels lay waste Ning-po\\nand Hangchow.\\n1862 Jan.* The rebels advance on\\nShanghai it is fortified by the English\\nand French as allies of the Emperor.\\nJan. The rebellion begins to wane.\\nApr. The rebels are twice defeated by\\nthe allies.\\nMay 10. Ning-po is retaken by aid of\\nthe allies.\\nMay 17. The rebels are attacked, and\\nthe French admiral, Protet, is\\nkilled.\\nGen. Ward gives great aid by reor-\\nganizing the army.\\nJuly The Europeans assist the Impe-\\nrialists against the rebels.\\nOct. Capt. Sherard Osborn organizes\\na small fleet of gunboats to aid the Im-\\nperialists.\\nOct. The Imperialists take Kah-sing\\nand other towns.\\n1863 Mar. 24. Maj. Charles Gordon\\nOf the British Royal Engineers enlists\\nwith the Imperialists [and transforms\\nthe army in a short time].\\nMay 1, 2. Maj. Gordon captures Tait-\\nsan from the Tai-ping rebels.\\nMay 31. Gordon takes Qninsan.\\nJuly 27 Gordon takes Kahpoo.\\nJuly 28. Gordon receives the surrender\\nof Wokong.\\nOct. The Tai-pings under Burgevine\\nare defeated by the Imperialists under\\nMaj. Gordon.\\nNov. 27. Gordon fails in a night attack\\non Soochoo.\\n1864 Mar. 21. Gordon is repulsed\\nin an attack on Kintang. He is dis-\\ngusted with the conduct of the Chinese\\nin treacherously murdering the rebel\\nchiefs.\\nApr. 23. Gordon takes the stockades\\nnear the west gate of Changchow.\\nMay 11. Gordon takes Changchow by\\nstorm.\\nJuly 19. Gordon recaptures Nanking\\nfrom the rebels, after exploding 40,000\\npounds of powder under the walls the\\nrebel generals, Chang-wang and Kan-\\nwang, are executed. This practically\\nends the rebellion.\\n1865 Jan. -Mar. The Tai-ping rebels\\nhold Mingchow.\\nMay 23. The rebels evacuate Ming-\\nchow.\\nJuly* The Nien-fei rebels in the north\\nthreaten Peking.\\nJuly The distinguished Tartar general,\\nSan-ko-lin-sin, is defeated and killed.\\n1866 Mar.i The Kien-fei rebels in\\nthe northwest are defeated.\\nThe Tungani of Kashgaria revolt,\\nand Mohammed Yakoob Beg assumes\\nsupreme office and independence of\\nChina.\\n1868 Oct. Ning-po is occupied by the\\nrebels.\\nNov. 8. The British send a squadron\\nto Nanking to enforce a demand for\\nredress of injuries to missionaries at\\nTang-Chow.\\n1870 May\u00c2\u00b1 The Mohammedans un-\\nder Suleiman rebel in Yunnan and in\\nKan sua.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1861 Aug. 22. Hienfung. emperor, d.\\nBridgman, Elijah C, missionary, AGO.\\n1862* Culbertson, MatthewS..\\n1863 July 2. Rankin, Henry, missionary,\\nJuly 17. Boone, William Jones, American\\nEpiscopal missionary bisliop, A59.\\nBonnev, Samuel missionary, A 4ft.\\nAug. 7. Chung Wang, Tai-ping leader, be-\\nCHURCH.\\n1859 To-Cheng becomes a in 1fb ion-\\nstation of the American Methodists.\\n[Also Formosa of the Roman Catho-\\nlics. Shanghai of the New Connection\\nMethodists of England. Hangchow of\\nthe Presbyterian Board.]\\nMethodist Episcopal Women s and\\nGirls High School is founded in Fu-\\nchau.\\nRev. S. L. Baldwin and others reen-\\nforce the Methodist missions.\\nI860* Tien-Tsin becomes a mission-\\nstation of the American Board.\\nThe Methodist New Connection (Eng.)\\nbegins work in Tien-Tsin.\\nThe American Baptist Union opens a\\nmission at Double Island, at the en-\\ntrance of the bay leading to Swatow.\\nThe American Protestant Episcopa-\\nlians start a mission in the interior at\\nWuchang.\\nPoklo becomes a mission-station of\\nthe London Society. Also Chefu of the\\nProtestant Episcopal Church.\\nThe English Baptists open a mission\\nin Chefu.\\nTung-Chow becomes a mission-sta-\\ntion of the (Am.) Southern Baptists.\\nShantung becomes a mission-field of\\nthe Southern Baptists.\\nAmerican Presbyterians in Shanghai\\nbaptize their first convert.\\nThe American Board changes the loca-\\ntion of their mission from Shanghai to\\nTien-Tsin [and its name is changed to\\nNorth China Mission two years later].\\n1861 The American Baptists com-\\nmence a mission at Swatow.\\nMar.* Two converts are baptized in the\\nFuchau mission.\\nThe American Methodists (North) start\\na printing-press at Fuchau. [It pub-\\nlishes each year 1,000,000 pages of Scrip-\\nture.]\\nThe (Eng.) STesleyan Methodists start\\na mission in Wuchang.\\nChing-king becomes a mission-sta-\\ntion of the London Society.\\nThe American Presbyterians (North!\\nstart missions at Hangchow and Tung-\\nChow.\\nAmerican Baptists (South) begin work\\nin Tung-Chow.\\nHankow becomes a mission-station of\\nthe London Society.\\n1S62 Jan. The First Presbyterian\\nchurch in Canton is organized with\\nseven members.\\nThe Basle Missionary Society begins\\nwork in Chung Tsun.\\nThe Church of England opens a mis-\\nsion at Hong-Kong and Peking.\\nHankow becomes a mission-station of\\nthe Wesleyans. Also Chiang Chin of\\nthe London Society. Chefu, in the\\nnortheast, of the American Presbyte-\\nrian church.\\nThe Tungani, Mohammedans revolt,\\nand massacre the Buddhists in Central\\nAsia.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0632.jp2"}, "633": {"fulltext": "CHINA.\\n1859, May -1870, Sept. 15. 621\\n1863 The American Methodists suc-\\nceed in opening a station within the\\nwalls of Fuchau.\\nThe American Presbyterians start a\\nsuccessful mission in Peking.\\nThe American Baptist Union opens a\\nmission at Kak Chieh, on the mainland.\\nFormosa becomes a mission-station\\nof the Presbyterian Church of England.\\n1864 N ing-po becomes a mission-sta-\\ntion of the (Eng.) Methodist Free\\nChurches.\\nThe Rhenish mission at Fa Men is\\nbegun.\\nThe Bridgman School is established\\nin the North China Mission of the Amer-\\nican Board.\\nSevere persecution by the natives is\\nfirmly endured by the converts at Fu-\\nchau.\\nA mob destroys property of Metho-\\ndists in Fuchau, and Rev. Carlos R.\\nMartin, wife, and children have a mar-\\nvelous escape.\\n1885 Jan.* -Mar.* The Mohamme-\\ndans in Huran rebel.\\nThe Church of England opens a mis-\\nsion at Hangchow.\\nThe English Presbyterians begin work\\nin Formosa. [Great success follows.]\\nKargan becomes a mission of the\\nAmerican Board. Also Wuchang of\\nthe London Missionary Society.\\nThe Basle Missionary Society begins\\nwork at Nyen Hang Li.\\nThe United Presbyterian church of\\nScotland begins medicinal work at\\nNing-po.\\n1866 Shaohing becomes a mission-\\nstation.\\nThe China Inland Mission at Ning-po\\nis organized.\\nThe American and Methodist Episco-\\npal Boards publish the first edition of\\nthe New Testament in the Fuchau di-\\nalect.\\nThe English New Connection Metho-\\ndists begin work at Lao Ling, in the\\nprovince of Shantung.\\n1867 Wuchang becomes a mission-\\nstation of the London Society.\\nThis is a revival year in the American\\nMethodist mission 451 members are re-\\nported.\\nHangchow becomes a mission-station\\nof the Presbyterian Church (South), U.\\nS. A.\\nThe English New Connection Metho-\\ndists begin work at Chu Chia Tsai.\\nTai-chair becomes a station of the\\nInland Mission. Also Tung-Chow of\\nthe American Board. Kiukiang of the\\nAmerican Methodists. Wuchang of the\\nProtestant Episcopal church.\\n1868 Aug. 22. The Protestant mission-\\nhouses at Yang-Chau are destroyed by\\npersons who are incited by the literati.\\nThe Central China Mission is estab-\\nlished by American Methodists (North).\\nIt includes the districts of Kiukiang,\\nNanking, Chinkiang, and Wuhu, with a\\nand 339 church-\\nmembers.\\nYang-Chau becomes a mission-sta-\\ntion of the Methodist Inland Mission.\\nAlso Kiukiang of the American Metho-\\ndists. Uewchwang of the Irish Pres-\\nbyterians.\\nThe National Bible Society of Scot-\\nland begins work in China.\\nThe United Methodist Free Churches\\n(Eng.) begin work in Ning-po.\\nThe Presbyterian Church (South) be-\\ngins work in Hangchow.\\n1869 The Methodist EpiscopalChureh,\\nU. S. A., organizes the North China\\nMission, including the districts of Pe-\\nking, Tien-Tsin, Shantung, Tsunhua,\\nand Lanchou, with 15 missionaries and a\\nchurch-membership of 782.\\nThe China Inland Mission opens its\\nfirst station in the Gan-hwuy prov-\\nince.\\nThe American Methodists begin their\\nmission in Peking.\\nThe American Board set up the only\\npress controlled by Protestant missions\\nin Northern China.\\nThe Presbyterians of Ireland begin\\nwork at Yingtse.\\n1870 June 21. A mob massacres the\\nFrench consul at Tien-Tsin, Roman\\nCatholic priests, 21 Sisters of Mercy,\\nand many children from the orphanage.\\nTheir Chinese enemies allege that the\\nmissionaries have kidnapped the chil-\\ndren.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1868 An anti-foreigners riot breaks\\nout in Yangchow, in which missionaries\\nare maltreated and their houses burned\\ndown.\\n1870 June 21. Rioters at Tien-Tsin\\nbrutally murder 21 foreigners and an\\nunknown number of Christian converts.\\nThe French and Russian missionaries\\nare among the dead.\\nJuly The hatred of foreigners in-\\ncreases, and the Government proceeds\\nagainst the murderers of Europeans with\\nremarkable deliberation.\\nAug. 22\u00c2\u00b1. Ma, the viceroy at Nanking,\\nis assassinated because of his regard\\nfor foreigners.\\nSTATE.\\n1859 May Lord Elgin returns to\\nEngland.\\nJuly 29. The Chinese violate the\\ntreaty, in refusing to permit the U. S.\\nMinister Reed to meet the Emperor with-\\nout submitting to degrading ceremonies.\\nNov. 24. The United States secures a\\ncommercial treaty.\\n1860 Oct. 24. Lord Elgin and Prince\\nKung sign a Convention in Peking.\\nThe Chinese ratify the treaty of Tien-\\nTsin, and agree to pay a large indemnity\\nimmediately also to give a cash com-\\npensation to the families of the British\\ncaptives who were murdered by the\\nChinese.\\nISTov. 14. China makes a treaty grant-\\ning territories and free trade to Russia.\\n1861 Mar. England and France es-\\ntablish embassies at Peking. Sir Fred-\\neric Bruce represents England.\\nOct. 21. Canton is restored to the Chi-\\nnese by the British.\\nNov. Several Chinese Ministers are\\nput to death in a Ministerial crisis.\\nTungche is enthroned.\\nDec. 13. Prince Kung is appointed\\nregent.\\n1862 The great uprising in the\\nnorthwest begins in a quarrel between\\nthe Chinese and Mohammedan militia\\nin the province of Shensi. It spreads\\ninto the province of Kansuh.\\n1863 Jan. 14. A commercial treaty,\\nwith Prussia is ratified by China.\\n1864 June 30. Hung-tsiuen, the rebel\\nemperor, commits suicide.\\n1865 Apr. 2. Prince Kung is de-\\ngraded by the two Regent-Empresses,\\ncharged with arrogance.\\nMay 8. Prince Kung is reinstated in\\nall his offices except that of President of\\nthe Council.\\nNov. 26. Sir Rutherford Alcock is ap-\\npointed British Minister to Peking.\\nA successful rebellion in Kashgar is\\nled by Yakoob Beg.\\n1866 July Li Hung Chang and Tseu-\\nkw\u00c2\u00bb-fan, the rival leaders, struggle for\\npolitical power.\\n1868+ Anson Burlingame, U. S. A.,\\nis appointed the representative of the\\nChinese Government to eleven of the\\nprincipal countries of the world Chin\\nKang and Sun Chia Su, two mandarins,\\nand a certain number of Chinese stu-\\ndents, are to accompany him as members\\nof the embassy.\\nJuly. 4. V. S. A. The Chinese Embassy\\nenter a treaty with the United States\\nat Washington.\\nOct. 28. A treaty with the United\\nStates is negotiated. [1869. Ratified.]\\nNov. 14. The British demands for re-\\ndress are acceded to, and the viceroy is\\nsuperseded.\\nMohammed Yakoob Beg is recog-\\nnized as ruler of Kashgar by the govern-\\nments of Europe.\\nThe Government declines to redress\\nthe outrage committed against the Prot-\\nestant missions at Yang-Chau.\\n1869 Oct. 24. A commercial supple-\\nment to the Treaty of Tien-Tsin is\\nsigned.\\n1870 May The Mohammedans re-\\nbel in Yunnan and Kansuh.\\nJune+ A. wave of anti-foreign preju-\\ndice sweeps over the country. (See So-\\nciety.)\\nSept. 26. The Government refuses to\\naccept the ultimatum of the French,\\nrespecting the murderers of the nuns.\\nSept. 15+. In punishment for outrages\\n15 coolies are beheaded and more are\\nexiled. [The Government offers a cash\\nindemnity France is appeased.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0633.jp2"}, "634": {"fulltext": "622 1870, **-1884, Dec.\\nCHINA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1870 Most of the towns in the south\\nand north of Yunnan are recovered\\nfrom the Mohammedan rebels.\\n1872 The Government is aroused\\nto a vigorous prosecution of the war by\\nSuleiman s effort to secure the recogni-\\ntion of England.\\n1873 Feb.* The Mohammedan capital,\\nTalif oo, is recaptured by the Imperial-\\nists, and thousands of rebels are mas-\\nsacred.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2f War is prosecuted against the Mo-\\nhammedans in Kashgar.\\nThe Mohammedan rebellion is\\nsuppressed.\\n1875 Feb. 21. The Chinese attack a\\nBritish exploring expedition under\\nCol. Horace Browne at Manwyne, and\\nkill one Englishman and five Chinese\\nFeb. 22. Col. Browne is compelled to\\nretire to Rangoon.\\n1876 War is waged against the\\nTungani.\\nJtfov. 6. Manas is surrendered by\\nHaiyen, the Mohammedan leader, and\\nmany rebels are killed.\\n1877 Mar.i The Kasgarians are\\ndriven out of Pidjarn.\\nMay Yakoob Beg of Kashgar is assas-\\nsinated, after being totally defeated by\\nthe Chinese under Tso-tsung-tang.\\nDec. The taking of Kashgar and other\\nrebellious towns ends the war.\\n1879 Jan. Li-Yang-tsai, the leader of\\nthe rebels in Hainan Island, invades\\nAnnam.\\nJuly Maj. Gordon meets Li Hung\\nChang, governor of the metropolitan\\nprovinces.\\nJuly 15. It is announced that the pro-\\nposed war with Russia respecting ter-\\nritory is abandoned.\\n1884 War with France in the de-\\nfense of Tongking. (See p. 482.)\\nJune 23. The Chinese, in violation of the\\nTreaty of Tien-Tsin, attack the French\\nwhile marching to occupy Langson in\\nTongking. (See Annam.)\\nAug. 5,6. Adm. Lespes bombards Ke-\\nlung, Formosa, because of alleged\\ntreachery, and destroys the forts.\\nAug. 10. The French Adm. Courbet\\narrives at Fuchau.\\nAug. 23. Adm. Courbet sails up the Min\\nRiver, and destroys the Chinese fleet.\\nAug. 26-28. Adm. Courbet bombards\\nthe defenses at Fuchau, and destroys\\nthose at Mingan and Kimpai.\\nSept. 16\u00c2\u00b1. The French defeat the Chi-\\nnese at Kimpai Pass.\\nOct. 1. The French take Kelung.\\nOct. 2. Adm. Lespes bombards Tam-\\nsin.\\nOct. 23. The French blockade For-\\nmosa on the north and west.\\nNov. 2. The French defeat 1,000 Chinese\\nnear Tamsin.\\nNov. 12: r. The French are repulsed in\\nan attack on Kelung.\\nART LETTERS NATURE.\\n1874 Sept. 22. A typhoon at Macao\\nand Hong-Kong does great damage.\\n1881 Oct. 8. About 300,000 people per-\\nish by a typhoon at Haifong.\\n1882 A translation of the United\\nStates Constitution into Chinese is\\ncompleted.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1871 A.us- 14. Kwangsu (Tsaitien), em-\\n1872 Tsenge Kwofan, statesman, dies.\\n1873 Jan. 15. Tu Wensin (Sultan Suli-\\nman) dies by self-poisoning.\\n1875 Jan. 13. Tungche, emperor, A18.\\n1878 May 21. Hall, William N., mission-\\nary, A49.\\nMay 29. Hunt, Phineas R., missionary,\\ndies at Peking.\\n1881 Tsze-Au, the elder of the two em-\\npresses, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n1870 Ning-po becomes a mission-sta-\\ntion of the United Scotch Presbyterians.\\nThe English Baptists open a mission\\nin Chiug Cho Fu.\\nThe Church of England opens a mis-\\nsion at Shaou-hing.\\n1871 Soochoo becomes a mission-sta-\\ntion of the Presbyterian Board.\\nEng. William Murray, the remark-\\nable colporteur, sails for China as agent\\nof the National Bible Society of Scot-\\nland [where he learns 2,000 Chinese\\ncharacters in four months and enters his\\nwork].\\n1872 Wewchwang, Haichung, and\\nIiiaoyang become mission-stations of\\nthe United Scotch Presbyterians.\\nThe second (Am.) Presbyterian church\\nis organized.\\nChe-nan-foo becomes a mission-sta-\\ntion of the (Am.) Presbyterian Board.\\nSoochoo becomes a mission of the\\nPresbyterian Church (South).\\nKinchau becomes a mission-station\\nof the Inland Mission.\\nThe American Methodists open a mis-\\nsion at Tien-Tsin, and found a Biblical\\nInstitute in Fuchau.\\nFormosa becomes a mission-field of\\nthe Canadian Presbyterians.\\n1873 Ta-ku-tang becomes a station\\nof the Inland Mission.\\nThe Inland Mission (Eng.) opens its\\nfirst station in the Kiang-si province.\\nThe work of the Scotch Presbyterians\\nis transferred to Manchuria.\\n1S74 Wuchang becomes a mission-\\nstation of the Inland Mission.\\nThe North China Mission is estab-\\nlished by the Society for the Propagation\\nof the Gospel. Chefu, Northeast China,\\nbecomes a mission-station.\\n1875 Kihhwa becomes a mission-sta-\\ntion of the Inland Mission.\\nTieling, Kaiyereu, and Saiping-\\nKow become mission-stations of the\\nUnited Scotch Presbyterians.\\nChi-nan-fuli me-sami-sion-station\\nof the American Presbyterians.\\nThe American Bible Society enters\\nChina.\\nC. W. Mitchil, an English Wesleyan\\nlayman, engages in mission-work at hiw\\nown cost.\\n1876 The Inland Mission opens its\\nfirst station in the Ho-nan province.\\nMoukden becomes a mission-station\\nof the United Presbyterian Church.\\nNanking becomes a mission-station\\nof the American Presbyterian Board.\\n1877 Feb. 1. The decree of equal\\nrights to native Christians is i.-su._-d.\\nThe English Baptists finally succeed\\nin establishing a mission in China.\\nThe Inland Mission opens its first sta-\\ntion in the Shan-si province.\\nTai-yuen and Yuh-shau become sta-\\ntions of the Inland Mission.\\nThe Fuchau Conference of the\\nMethodist Episcopal Church, U. S. A.,\\nis formed.\\nIt comprises the mission districts of\\nFuchau, Hokchiang. Hinghwa, Ing-\\nchung, Kucheng, Yongping. and Hai-\\ntang, under the care of six missionaries,\\nand with a church-membership of 2.441.\\nThe American Baptists open a mission\\nat Bhamo, Southwestern China.\\nThe Inland Mission opens its first sta-\\ntion in the Kwei-chau province.\\nThe Inland Mission opens its first sta-\\ntion in the Sz-chuen province.\\nThe society for spreading Christian\\nLiterature throughout China is organ-\\nized at Shanghai.\\nA new college building nearly com-\\npleted is destroyed by a mob at Fu-\\nchau, and the missionaries are driven\\nout of the city.\\n1S7S Aug. 30. A mob destroys the\\nmission property at Wu-slish-shan\\nthe mandarins are indifferent.\\nA mission is begun at Ichang by the\\nEstablished Church of Scotland.\\nFau-Cheng becomes a station of the\\nInland Mission.\\nThe Inland Mission opens its first sta-\\ntion in the Kan-sun province.\\nWen-Chau becomes a mission-sta-\\ntion of the United Free Methodists.\\n1879 The Inland Mission opens in the\\nShen-si province.\\nManchuria becomes a mission-field\\nof the Irish Presbyterians.\\nThe Woman s Association of the Eng-\\nlish Presbyterian Church begins work\\nin Amoy.\\nPing-yang becomes a station of the\\nInland Mission.\\nTaishan-fu is opened as a mission-\\nstation by the Society for the Propaga-\\ntion of the Gospel.\\nThe American Presbyterians open a\\nmission at Chi-nan-fu, 300 miles inland\\nfrom Cheefu.\\nChefu, Northeast China, becomes a\\nmission-station of the Inland Mission.\\n1880 Fang-chuang becomes a mis-\\nsion-station of the American Board.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0634.jp2"}, "635": {"fulltext": "CHINA.\\n1870, **-1884, Dec. 623\\n1881 A Methodist Episcopal Anglo-\\nChinese College is founded in Fuchau.\\nThe Female College of the Fuchau\\nmission is dedicated by the American\\nBoard.\\nChentu-fu becomes a mission-station\\nof the Inland Mission.\\nThe American Methodists, of the West\\nChina Mission, with a station at Chun-\\nking, where still two missionaries are\\nholding the outpost, is established.\\nThe Church of England opens a mis-\\nsion in Canton.\\nThe Chinese Inland Mission opens its\\nfirst station in the Yunnan province.\\nThe American Methodists start a suc-\\ncessful hospital, under lady physicians,\\nat Tien-Tsin.\\nThe third American Presbyterian\\nchurch is organized.\\nThe Society for the Propagation of the\\nGospel receives the work of the (Eng.)\\nChurch Missionary Society in Peking.\\nMr. Jeremiassen, an independent\\nself-supporting missionary, begins\\nProtestant mission-work on the island\\nof Hainan.\\n1882 Yunnan becomes a mission-sta-\\ntion of the Inland Mission. AlsoTsun-\\nhua of the Methodist Episcopal Church,\\nU. S. A.\\nWei-Hien becomes a mission-station\\nof the American Presbyterians..\\nA mission is opened at Canton by the\\nBerlin Missionary Society.\\nThe American Board opens the Shansi\\nmission.\\nThe American Baptists begin an inter-\\nesting work among the Hakka people.\\n1883 Tai-ku becomes a mission-sta-\\ntion of the American Board.\\nKinhwa becomes a mission-station of\\nthe American Baptists.\\nThe American Board opens the Hong-\\nKong mission.\\nThe London Missionary Society opens\\na station at Hong-Kong.\\nKaying-chau becomes a station of\\nthe Basle Missionary Society.\\nChinkiang becomes a mission-station\\nof the Presbyterian Church (South).\\nThe American Baptists (South) begin\\nwork in Chinkiang.\\nMethodist Episcopal Training- School\\nfor Bible Women is founded in Tien-\\nTsin.\\nMethodist Episcopal University is\\nfounded in Peking.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1872 Oct. 16. Ki-tsiang marries Ah-\\nluta, a Manchu lady.\\n1873 June\u00c2\u00b1 The Government pro-\\nhibits female infanticide.\\n1875 Feb. 21. Mr. Margary, a British\\nofficer with Col. Browne s expedition\\ninto Western China, is massacred, with\\nothers, at Manwyne. (See Army.)\\n1877 Aug.* The Government an-\\nnounces that opium-smoking will be pro-\\nhibited after three years.\\n1883 Oct. Great excitement against\\nforeigners prevails in Canton.\\n1871* Russia annexes Kulja [until\\nChina establishes her power in that\\n1872 Suleiman sends Prince Hassan\\nto London to secure the recognition of\\nEngland for his rebellion this arouses\\nthe Emperor to a vigorous prosecution\\nof the war.\\n1873 Feb. 23. The Emperor Tungche\\nreaches his majority, and assumes the\\ngovernment.\\nFeb. The Empresses as regents resign\\nthe government of the country, which\\nthey have controlled since the death of\\nHien-fung.\\nJune 29. The Ministers of the principal\\npowers urge the right of audience,\\nand are received by the Emperor\\nTungche.\\n1874 July-h China enters a dispute\\nwith Japan because of the massacre of\\nJapanese sailors on the Island of For-\\nOct. 31. A treaty is made with Japan.\\nDec. 18. An edict orders the Empress\\nDowager to assume the administration\\nof government.\\n1875 Jan. 12. The Emperor Fung-\\nche dies, leaving no offspring.\\nJan. 13. Kwangsu (Tsai Tien), a cousin,\\nis chosen by the Empress he is three\\nyears of age.\\nKwangsu is enthroned.\\nFeb. 4. The succession of Kwangsu is\\nproclaimed.\\nOct. 4. An edict announces liberty of\\nintercourse between Ministers of foreign\\ngovernments and the chiefs of depart-\\nments.\\n1877 Apr. 1. Four additional ports\\nare open to trade.\\nAug. The Government announces that\\nopium-smoking will be interdicted after\\nthree years.\\n1879 Sept. Chung-How signs a boun-\\ndary and indemnity treaty with Russia,\\nat Lavadia. It cedes to Russia Western\\nKulja for a payment of 5,000,000 rubles.\\n[It produces great excitement and indig-\\nnation in China.]\\nDec. 2+. The rebel chief, Li-yang-tsai,\\nis taken prisoner.\\n1880 Jan. 27. Chung-How, the Am-\\nbassador to St. Petersburg, is cashiered\\nfor exceeding his powers in ceding the\\nKulja territory to Russia. [It is not rati-\\nfied by China.]\\nJuly 15. It is reported that Chung-How\\nis released and threatened war averted.\\n1881 Aug. 19. A treaty with Russia,\\nnegotiated by Marquis Tseng, is signed.\\nA treaty with the United States is\\nnegotiated by James B. Angell.\\n1882 A threatened war with Japan\\nis avoided by Chinese diplomacy.\\n1883* -84 France conquers\\nTongking in disregard of China s\\nclaims.\\nSept. A dispute occurs with the French\\nconcerning Tongking.\\nNov. Annam is claimed as a depen-\\ndency of China in a circular note.\\n1884 Apr. 11. Prince Chun, the fa-\\nther-in-law of the Emperor, becomes\\ndictator by a coup d etat at Peking, and\\nPrince Kung is dismissed from all his\\nposts and consigned to obscurity.\\nMay 11. AtreatyissignedwithFrance\\nat Tien-Tsin by Capt. Fournier and Li\\nHung Chang.\\nChina recognizes the French protecto-\\nrate in Annam and Tongking, and opens\\nto commerce three southern provinces.\\nJune 23. The Chinese disregard the\\ntreaty with France, and attack the\\ntroops en route for Langson, in Tong-\\nking. The ratification of the treaty of\\nMay 11 is denied by the Chinese.\\nJuly 30. It is reported that the Chinese\\nconsent to surrender the frontier\\ntowns, but refuse to pay the indemnity.\\nJuly The Regent Empress and the Vice-\\nroy, Li Hung Chang, are unpopular with\\nthe war party.\\nJuly France demands the evacuation\\nof the Tongking forts by the Chinese and\\nan indemnity of $50,000,000.\\nAug. 17. France declines the media-\\ntion of the powers in the Tongking mat-\\nter, and issues a circular note.\\nAug. 19. France reduces its claim for\\nindemnity to $16,000,000 China declines\\nto pay it.\\nAug. 21. The French Minister, Se-\\nmalle\\\\ leaves Peking. [War follows.]\\nAug. 28\u00c2\u00b1. The viceroy, Li Hung Chang,\\nis degraded from his highest offices.\\nSept. 6\u00c2\u00b1. China officially declares war\\nagainst France.\\nSept. 24\u00c2\u00b1. Li Hung Chang is restored\\nto the office of viceroy.\\nDec. The English Minister, the Earl of\\nGranville, fails in an effort to mediate\\nwith Marquis Tseng.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1876 Mar. 16. A train of cars first\\nruns from Shanghai to Woosung, a dis-\\ntance of 11 miles.\\nJune 13. The first railroad in China\\nis opened for public service (one-half of\\nthe hue).\\n*-78* A terrible famine afflicts the\\nprovinces of Honan, Shansi, and most\\nof Northern China.\\nThe Chinese emigrate to America\\nin great numbers, chiefly males, and\\ncommonly under the control of the Six\\nCompanies, viz., Sam Yup, Yung Wo,\\nKong Chow, Wing Yeung, Yan Wo, and\\nHop Wo.\\nOct. 31. The opposition to the railroad\\nfrom Shanghai causes the suspension of\\noperations.\\nDec. The running of railroad trains is\\nresumed.\\n1878* *The long-continued famine in\\nNorth China is reported to have caused\\n9,500,000 deaths.\\nThe railroad plant is removed from\\nShanghai to Formosa.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0635.jp2"}, "636": {"fulltext": "624 1884, *-1891, Nov. 30.\\nCHINA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1885 Jan. 25. The French assault and\\ncarry the Chinese works near Kelung.\\nMar. 2. The French bombard Chirihai.\\nMar. 2, 3. The French besiege Tuyen\\nQuan.\\nMar. 4-12. The French capture several\\nforts at Kelung.\\nMar. 30,31. The French capture the\\nPescadores Islands near Formosa.\\nJune 23i. The French evacuate For-\\nmosa.\\n1887 The Chinese fleet is strength-\\nened, by the purchase of rive ironclads\\nin Europe, which are placed under the\\ncommand of A dm. Lang.\\n1890 Jan. 3. Fighting occurs between\\nChinese and Formosans 100 of the for-\\nmer and 400 of the latter are killed.\\nFeb. 6. Chinese troops subdue For-\\nmosa, and destroy its strongholds, with\\nheavy loss.\\nJune 16\u00c2\u00b1. Adm. Lang, of the Chinese\\nfleet, resigns.\\n1891 July 27. In the Fukien province\\nthe rebels are several thousand strong,\\nand have captured one city.\\nOct. 20. China sends 40,000 troops to\\nPamir.\\nNov. 4. Three thousand insurgents cap-\\nture Tebhau; Imperial troops are on\\nthe way to quell the disturbance.\\nNov. 14. The insurgents sack Tehwei.\\nNov. 27. The rebels are moving south-\\nward and towards Peking.\\nNov. 29. The defeat of 4,000 Impe-\\nrial troops by the rebels is announced.\\nNov. 30. Several thousand Imperial\\ntroops march to meet the rebels who\\nare approaching Peking the mission-\\naries are alarmed.\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LETTERS NATURE.\\n1884* *The Peking Gazette, originally\\nan official organ, becomes political and\\npopular.\\n1887 Sept. -Oct. The Hoang-Ho\\nRiver overflows, and destroys about\\n1,500 villages, and the city Chuhsien\\nnarrowly escapes millions of persons\\nare reported drowned, and famine is\\nimminent.\\n1888 May8\u00c2\u00b1. The Canton River over-\\nflows, and 3,000 people are drowned.\\n1889. June 2. A waterspout over-\\nwhelms the Chang Ping and Ping Quen\\ndistricts, and several villages are de-\\nstroyed with a loss of 6,000 lives.\\nJune 4. A hurricane at Hong-Kong\\ncauses the loss of 10,000 lives, and\\ndoes great damage to property.\\nJuly 26. The Hoang-Ho again over-\\nflows its banks, inundating 10 large gov-\\nernmental districts, causing immense\\nloss of life and property.\\nSept. 27. Gold is discovered near Can-\\nton.\\n1890 Feb. One hundred people are\\nreported drowned by a cloud-burst in\\nTsin Li Chow.\\nAug. 4. Peking, Tung-Chow, and Tien-\\nTsin, are submerged, and business is\\nparalyzed.\\nShanghai is the literary center of the\\nforeigners in China.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1885 Jan. 22. Parker, Sir Henry, am-\\nSept. Tso Tsung-Tang-, statesman, dies.\\n1888 Apr. i. Mackenzie, J. Kenneth,\\nmissionary of the London Society, d.\\n1890 Jan. 1. Chun, Prince, statesman, d.\\nApr. 12. Chitchze Tzeng, statesman and\\nminister to London, Paris, and St. Peters-\\nburg, A56.\\nAug. 28. Williamson, Alexander,\\nary, A6L\\n1891 Oct. 5. Boone, Wm. J., missionary\\nbishop, A42.\\nCHURCH.\\n1884 The Christian Society begins\\nmission-work.\\nThe English New Connection Method-\\nists begin work in Kai Ping and Yung\\nPiug.\\nWuhu becomes a mission-station of\\nthe American Methodists.\\nChau-Kia-Keo, Northeast China, be-\\ncomes an Inland Mission station.\\nChin-h.ua becomes a station of the\\nInland Mission.\\nThe Book and Tract Society of China\\nis organized.\\n1885 July 14. The Pope appoints M.\\nAgliardi internuncio.\\nJuly The French constrain the Em-\\nperor to receive an agent from the\\nPope for the protection of the Roman\\nCatholic missionaries.\\nSept.\u00c2\u00b1 The Pope s scheme is op-\\nposed by the French, and deferred.\\nNov. The French yield to the Empe-\\nror s request for the removal of the\\nPehtang cathedral from a site near\\nhis palace.\\nNov. The French protectorate over\\nall Christians is annulled by the Chinese.\\nThe Central China Wesleyan Lay\\nMission is started, seeking unoccupied\\nterritory.\\nLan-chau becomes a mission-station\\nof the American Methodists. AlsoNing-\\nhia of the Inland Mission.\\nThe American Presbyterians open a\\nmission-station in Formosa.\\n*The English Bible Christian Society\\nsends two missionaries to Yunnan, un-\\nder the auspices of the China Inland\\nMission.\\nLett, Lesser Tibet, becomes a Mora-\\nvian mission-station.\\n1886 A Methodist Episcopal Lay\\nTraining-School is founded in Fucb.au.\\nThe Southern Methodists in China\\norganize their work into a conference.\\n*The American Presbyterian Board\\nsends two missionaries to the island of\\nHainan.\\nKwei-hwa-cheng becomes a station\\nof the Inland Mission. Also Hunchung\\nof the English Friends.\\nLin-ching becomes a mission-station\\nof the American Board.\\nChung-king Mission if. assaulted,\\nand all the resident* are driven \u00c2\u00bbui t\\nthe mission-houses. [1888. They return.]\\nThe Church of England opens a mission\\nat Pakhoi.\\nThe American Disciples of Christ enter\\nwork in Wanking.\\nTa-tung be.-om.-* a BtatiOD \u00c2\u00ab.f the In-\\nland Mission.\\nThe Book and Tract Society of\\nChina begins work.\\n1887 Cheng Ku, North China, be-\\ncomes a mission-station of the Inland\\nMission. Also Tsing-kiang-pu of the\\nAmerican Presbyterian Church (Sonth).\\nNankangof the Inland Mission. Lu-\\ngan of the Church Society.\\nThe English Baptists open a mission\\nin Chi Nan Fu.\\nThe Inland Mission commences its\\nitineracy in the Kwang-si province.\\n1888 Dec. 8. The new Roman Catholic\\ncathedral at Peking is consecrated.\\nAn undenominational Christian col-\\nlege is started in Canton, and is under\\nthe care of American Presbyterians.\\nTien-Tsin becomes a station of the\\nInland Mission.\\nThe Canadian Presbyterians start a\\nmission at Honan.\\nThe translation of the Old Testament\\ninto the Fuchau dialect is completed.\\nThe Canadian Presbyterians enter\\nTang Chuang, in Shantung.\\n1889 Feb. 21\u00c2\u00b1. Missionaries are at-\\ntacked by rioters in Chefu.\\nDec. 5. A presbytery is founded at Ho-\\nnan by Canadian Presbyterians.\\nThe American Presbyterian Mission\\nat Shanghai issues, during this year,\\n6,17S,S06 pages from its mission-press.\\nThe American Reformed Church opens\\na hospital in- Sio Khe.\\nThe English Baptists open a mission\\nin Chow Ping.\\nKin-Kiang becomes a mission-station\\nof the Inland Mission. Chining Chow\\nand Tchowfoo of the Presbyterian\\nBoard.\\nThe Roman Catholic Christians in\\nChina are reported at 483,403 European\\npriests, 471 native priests, 2S1 schol-\\nars, 25,219.\\nThe number of missionaries in\\nChina is 1,295, belonging to 42 different\\norganizations.\\nThe increase of 1SS9 over 1SSS was 172.\\nThe number of native communicants\\nwas 37.2S7, an increase of more than 2S6\\nper cent, since 1S76. The contributions\\nof the native Christians (only) for the\\nvear is .S3ti,SS4..i4. an average of nearly\\none dollar a member for all the native\\n1890 May 7-17. A missionary con-\\nference is held at Shanghai, with 400\\nrepresentatives present.\\n1S91 May 26. Natives at Nanking pil-\\nlage Christian mission buildings aud\\nburn them.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0636.jp2"}, "637": {"fulltext": "CHINA.\\n1884, *-1891, Nov. 30. 625\\nJune 23. Missionaries at Wu Hu and\\nother places are attacked by the na-\\ntives.\\nJuly 3\u00c2\u00b1. Pagan societies are making\\nriotous attacks on Christian missions.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1889 Feb. 4, 5. Rioters bum the\\nBritish consulate and the houses of for-\\neigners at Ching-Kiang-Fu.\\nFeb. 22\u00c2\u00b1. InChee-Foo famine prevails,\\nand riots occur daily missionaries are\\nattacked by Chinese mobs led by man-\\ndarins.\\nFeb. 25. The marriage of the Em-\\nperor to Yeh-ho-na-la, a Manchu lady, is\\nannounced.\\nMar. 4. The English consulate at Shang-\\nhai is burned by a mob, and damage is\\ndone to the American consulate.\\nAug. 18. Rioters in the Fokien prov-\\nince, after murdering between 400 or 500\\nmen, women, and children, flee before\\napproaching soldiery.\\nNov. It is decreed that drowning of girl\\nbabies by their parents is to be punished\\nby tfO blows of the bamboo.\\n1890 Aug. 6. A mob destroys the rail-\\nroad to Lutai on the pretense that the\\nroad caused the recent floods in the Pei-\\nHo River.\\n1891 Jan. 6. The murderers of\\nChristians at Szechuen are brought to\\njustice.\\nMar. 11\u00c2\u00b1. Three hundred pirates\\nand robbers are beheaded.\\nMay 13. An anti-European riot takes\\nplace in Woo Hoo.\\nJune 12. More anti-foreign rioting oc-\\ncurs a number of missionaries flee for\\ntheir lives. [Aug. 1. More rioting.]\\nAug. 27\u00c2\u00b1. Chinese pirates in the prov-\\nince of Wenchow are burning villages\\nand murdering the residents they also\\nhold some captives for ransom.\\nSept. 4. Foreigners houses are\\nburned by Chinese at Ichang, on the\\nYang-ste-Kiang.\\nSept. 11. Rioters at Hankow are cowed\\nby British blue jackets without fighting.\\nOct. 9. The disorder in Amoy is sup-\\npressed several mandarins and other\\nofficials are killed by rioters.\\nNov. 12. Cheu Kin Lung, leader of\\nKowao Hui, a secret society that had\\nmuch to do in causing the uprising in\\nHoonan, is captured but despite torture\\nhe refuses to make any disclosures.\\nSTATE.\\n1885 Jan. 23. The Foreign Enlistment\\nAct is proclaimed at Hong-Kong.\\nApr. 5. The preliminaries of peace with\\nFrance are signed.\\nJune 9. The treaty with France is signed.\\nChina recognizes the French control of\\nAnnam.\\nJuly 19. London. A convention is signed\\nto regulate customs-duties on the ex-\\nport of opium from China.\\nJuly 24. A convention is signed at Pe-\\nking with England, respecting trade and\\nBurmese frontiers a tribute mission\\nfrom Burma is to be received once in\\nten years.\\nAug.\u00c2\u00b1* The Government changes its\\npolicy respecting the introduction of\\nrailroads, and authorizes their con-\\nstruction.\\nAug.\u00c2\u00b1* China and Japan come to an\\nagreement respecting affairs in Formosa.\\nNov. 28. The French treaty is ratified.\\nNov. The Chinese annul the protecto-\\nrate over all Christians held by the\\nFrench.\\n1887 Jan.* The Government proclaims\\nprotection for all missionaries and con-\\nverts, and excludes foreign protection.\\nJuly 24. A convention with Great Brit-\\nain is signed it relates to Burma and\\nTibet.\\nAug. A commercial treaty is made\\nwith France.\\n1888 Mar. 14. V. S. A. A treaty is\\nsigned allowing immigration from China\\nfor 20 years, with certain exceptions.\\n[Sept. China refuses to ratify it.]\\nJuly 27. The Empress Regent announces\\nthe resignation of the administration of\\nthe government, preparatory to its as-\\nsumption by the Emperor.\\nDec. Italy and Germany enter conven-\\ntions to secure protection for their mis-\\nsionaries.\\n1889 Jan. 5. China demands that Ko-\\nrea depose its king, and declare its de-\\npendence.\\nFeb. The Empress Regent resigns.\\nOct. 19. The Red River is declared\\nopen for trade.\\n1890 Feb. 15. It is announced that\\nChina is to have a system of silver coin-\\nage for the whole country.\\n1891 Apr. 22. The Rajah of Sikkim\\nrenounces British protection, and\\nflees to Tibet.\\nJune 9. French and American Minis-\\nters at Shanghai demand of the Impe-\\nrial authorities protection for Euro-\\npean and American residents.\\nAug. 17. The foreign Ministers in China\\nthreaten a naval demonstration unless\\nthe Government makes speedy repara-\\ntion for recent attacks on foreign resi-\\ndents in China.\\nSept. 30. The governor of Wuhu,\\nwhere outrages on foreigners took place,\\nhas been removed from his office.\\nOct. 13. China asks of Russia an ex-\\nplanation in regard to her intentions\\nrespecting the Pamir expedition.\\nOct. 15. The relations with the Euro-\\npean powers are becoming harmonious.\\nOct. 21. The Government forbids the\\nselling of land outside of treaty ports\\nto foreigners, the seller to be severely\\npunished.\\nNov. 4\u00c2\u00b1 A revolution is reported in the\\nprovince of Fukien.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1886* *The Decanville railroad is\\nopened.\\n1888 Nov. The railroad from Tien-\\ntsin to Taka, a distance of 86 miles, is\\nopened. It is the first railroad for pas-\\nsenger service in China.\\n1889 Jan. 13. Ten thousand people\\nare said to have lost their lives in a fire\\nat Soochow, an inland town.\\nFeb. 14. A famine prevails in Anhoui\\nand Kiangsu several millions of people\\nare suffering.\\nMar. The number of deaths caused by\\nthe great famine in Shantung is ap-\\npalling.\\nMany of the inhabitants are commit-\\nting suicide through despondency, there\\nbeing still three months to wait for the\\nharvest.\\nApr. The famine is spreading, and the\\ndeath-rate is increasing.\\nApr. 11. France and China agree to\\nconnect the China and Tongking tele-\\ngraph-lines, and thus establish com-\\nmunication between Saigon and Peking.\\nJuly 15. The Emperor decides to issue\\nan edict for the construction of the\\nLung- Chow railroad; the Marquis\\nTseng is appointed general director of\\nrailroads.\\nJuly 23\u00c2\u00b1. A fire in Soochow destroys\\n87,000 dwellings; over 1,200 persons per-\\nish in the flames, and 400 others killed.\\nGreat destitution prevails, and many\\nare perishing from want and exposure\\ndaily.\\nAug. 31. Tenders for the construction\\nof the first section of a railroad from\\nPeking to Chinkiang have been re-\\nceived, the rails and plant to cost\\n$70,000,000.\\nOct. 30. It is decided to light Peking\\nwith electricity.\\nISTov. 21. The Government refuses to\\ngrant a concession for a telegraph-line\\nfrom Siberia to Peking.\\nDec. 3. The platform of a theater at\\nWienhen, in Shantung, collapses dur-\\ning a performance, and 500 persons are\\nkilled.\\n1890 May 5. The port Chan-King is\\nopened.\\nMay The telegraph-line connecting\\nTongking and China is completed.\\nAug. 15. A syndicate begins to lay rails\\nfrom Hankow to Peking.\\nSept. 26. The Temple of Heaven at\\nPeking is destroyed by fire.\\nOct. 13. During the performance in a\\ntheater at Hauting, the whole wall\\ngives way, precipitating the audience\\nfrom a high terrace to the street below.\\nTwo hundred bodies have been taken\\nfrom the ruins.\\nNov. 26. The Government consents to\\nthe erection of a telegraph-line con-\\nnecting Peking and the Siberian town\\nof Kiachta.\\nDec. 8. A powder explosion and flame\\ni-half of the city of Pa Chow.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0637.jp2"}, "638": {"fulltext": "626 1891, Dec. 3-1894, Dec. 30.\\nCHINA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1891 Dec. 3+. The insurgents have\\nbeen defeated in two engagements,\\nwith a loss of over 600 killed.\\nDec. 6. Insurgents meet with a crush-\\ning defeat by Imperial troops near\\nChaoyang.\\nDec. 9. Imperial troops again defeat\\nthe insurgent forces.\\n1892 Mar. 27 Numerous engage-\\nments between Imperialists and rebels\\ntake place over S,000 of the latter have\\nbeen killed.\\n1894 June 25. A revolutionary\\narmy, armed with spears, bows, and\\nslings, and about 15,000 strong, is on the\\nborder of Korea.\\nJune 29. China is preparing for war\\nwith Japan.\\nJuly 23. Japanese troops repulse an\\nattack made by Koreans and Chinese\\nat Seoul.\\nJuly 25. Chinese troops occupy the Las\\nChas Islands, and 12,000 Chinese sol-\\ndiers are said to have landed in Korea.\\nJuly 25. The Chinese war-ship Tsao-\\nKiang is captured by a Japanese vessel\\nafter a fight, in which the former loses\\n100 men killed and wounded nearly 1,000\\nlives are lost with the Chinese troop-ship\\nKow-Shing.\\nJuly 31. The Chinese battle-ship Chen-\\nYuen is sunk by the Japanese, and\\nnearly 1,000 lives are lost; two cruisers\\nare also captured by Japan.\\nAug. 2. The Emperor issues a manifesto\\naccepting war with Japan, and throw-\\ning the blame for bloodshed upon that\\ncountry.\\nAug. 3. The Emperor puts the entire\\nmilitary power of the Empire in the\\nhands of Li Hung Chang.\\nAug. 4. The Chinese fleet returns to\\nChefu.\\nAug. 5\u00c2\u00b1. Another engagement oc-\\ncurs off the Korean coast, in which three\\nChinese war-ships are captured by the\\nJapanese.\\nAug. 6. Li Hung Chang remains in\\ncommand of the Chinese army, though\\ndivested of the yellow jacket mob vio-\\nlence is feared by foreigners in China.\\nAug. 9\u00c2\u00b1. Both China and Japan are\\nhurrying troops to Korea, the Chinese\\nEmperor levying a war tribute upon the\\nviceroys of the different provinces.\\nAug. lOi:. Twenty thousand Japa-\\nnese troops are concentrating upon\\nKorea s capital from the north and\\nsouth.\\nAug. 11\u00c2\u00b1. Several encounters take\\nplace between Chinese and Japanese on\\nboth land and water heavy losses re-\\nported.\\nAug. 13\u00c2\u00b1. A Chinese fleet sails to in-\\ntercept Japanese transports carrying\\ntroops to Korea.\\nAug. 17. A Japanese cruiser of the\\nfirst class is sunk by the Chinese war-\\nship Tsi- Yuen.\\nAug. 18. The Chinese fleet is cruis-\\ning in search of Japanese war-ships in\\nthe Gulf of Pe-Chi-Li.\\nAug. 20. Chinese gunboats and war-\\nships are guarding the coast to prevent\\nthe landing of Japanese troops.\\nThe Chinese forces in Korea defeat\\nthe Japanese in several engagements.\\nAug. 21. In two battles at Ping- Yang\\nand Chung-Ho the Japanese are de-\\nfeated with heavy losses.\\nAug. 24. An Imperial edict orders 100,-\\n000 Manchus and Pekingese to hold them-\\nselves in readiness for war service.\\nAug. 25\u00c2\u00b1. The Chinese are putting to\\ndeath many Japanese spies.\\nIn a conflict between Japanese and\\nChinese forces, the loss of Japanese is\\nreported at over 1,300 men.\\nAug. 26. Gen. Yeh has effected a junc-\\ntion with the main body of the Chinese\\narmy at Fing-Yang.\\nAug. 27. Li Yuna is made commander-\\nin-chief of the Chinese forces.\\nAug. 29\u00c2\u00b1. The Chinese forces in Korea\\ndefeat the Japanese in several engage-\\nments.\\nAug. 31\u00c2\u00b1. Japanese war-ships are\\nbombarding Port Arthur.\\nAug.* The viceroy of Kwangtung\\nhas engaged 5,000 Black Flags to\\nstrengthen the fortifications in the\\nneighborhood of Canton.\\nSept. 3. Skirmishes between Chinese\\nand Japanese are occurring at several\\npoints in Korea Gen. Yeh is rewarded\\nfor his last victory by an edict of the\\nChinese Emperor.\\nSept. 4. The Chinese in Japan and the\\nJapanese in China are under the pro-\\ntection of American consuls.\\nSept. 5. The Chinese are strengthening\\nthe defenses of Wei-Hai-Wei to resist\\nexpected Japanese attackB.\\nTwo Japanese spies are beheaded\\nat Shanghai.\\nHeavy Chinese losses occur at Seik-\\nwan and Gazan.\\nSept. 6. A strong Japanese force oc-\\ncupies an island 40 miles from Port\\nArthur.\\nSept. 9. The Chinese Adm. Ting has\\nbeen degraded for incapacity and cow-\\nardice; troops are drafted from the in-\\nterior for the coast garrisons.\\nChinese and Japanese troops are hur-\\nried to the northern part of Korea.\\nSept. 13. Chinese troops are ordered to\\nTien-Tsin, a Japanese invasion being\\nfeared.\\nSept. 15 Two battles are fought in\\nKorea in one the Japanese advance\\nguard is defeated, and in the other a\\nChinese fortress is captured.\\nSept. 16. Twenty-one transports leave\\nJapan to invade China; China is mass-\\ning troops at Heijo for a decisive battle.\\nFifty thousand Japanese troops have\\nbeen landed in Korea.\\nThe Japanese defeat the Chinese\\nat Ping- Yang, Korea, after a battle of\\ntwo days duration, and take the city\\n2,600\u00c2\u00b1 Chinese are killed, wounded, and\\nmade prisoners.\\nSept. 17. Four Chinese warships de-\\nstroyed and three .Japanese damaged\\nin a naval battle at the mouth of the\\nYaloo River; Japanese loss, 115 killed,\\n1,034 wounded; Chinese loss, nearly 1,000\\nkilled and wounded.\\nSept. 17\u00c2\u00b1. Li Hung Chang is further\\ndegraded for mismanagement of the\\ncampaign.\\nSept. 20-. The Japanese army i*\\nmarching toward the Chinese frontier.\\nSept. 23. The missing Chinese trans-\\nports reach Ta-ku, on the Gulf of Pe-\\nChi-Li. The Chinese are fortifying\\nMoukden. The Kov-Shuny affair has\\nbeen settled by the Japan Government\\napologizing, and paying an indemnity\\nof S75,000.\\nSept. 24. The Chinese transports land 7,000\\ntroops at the mouth of the Yaloo River.\\nSept. 26. The British steamer Pathan\\nis seized by a Chinese war-ship on suspi-\\ncion of carrying contraband of war: a\\nJapanese army of 30,000 men is em-\\nbarking at Hiroshima.\\nOct. 6. Two thousand Chinese soldiers\\ndesert their colors.\\nOct. 7. The Japanese forces are rapidly\\nnearing Moukden all the Chinese\\ntroops have been withdrawn from Korea.\\nOct. 9. Fuehau, a treaty port, is closed\\nby China s act in blocking the mouth of\\nthe River Min.\\nOct. 11. The Japanese succeed in cap-\\nturing Wi-Ju, routing its force of\\n2,000 Chinese soldiers.\\nOct. 1S\u00c2\u00b1. The Chinese are hastily for-\\ntifying Wei-Hai-Wei a revolt has\\nbroken out near Fuchau.\\nOct. 28. The Chinese fleet is gathering\\nin Kinchow Bay to defend Port\\nArthur; the Russian fleet is at Chefu.\\nand a Japanese squadron at Port Arthur.\\nOct. 30. The Japanese capture a fort at\\nPort Arthur.\\nNov. 1. Li Hung Chang offers to pur-\\nchase four British war-ships now in\\ncommission.\\nNov. 5. Li Hung Chang is removed\\nfrom the viceroyalty of Chi-li, and Vi-\\nceroy Lutal, of the Liang-Kiang prov-\\ninces, is summoned to succeed him.\\nNov. 7. China s fleet is shut up in Port\\nArthur the Japanese are vigorously\\nattacking the place by land and sea.\\nNov. 15. The Chinese have retaken\\nKin-Chow, and are in possession uf\\ntwo forts at Talien-Wan.\\nNov. 16. The Japanese garrison at\\nFeng-Huang defeats a Chinese force\\nnumerically superior to it.\\nThe Chinese generals Yeh and Nieh\\nhave been degraded.\\nNov. IS. England and Russia agree to\\nprohibit attacks by the Japanese upon\\nNanking or Shanghai.\\nNov. 21. The Japanese troops capture\\nPort Arthur and massacre practically\\nthe entire population in cold blood.\\nThe foreign correspondents, horrified\\nby the spectacle, leave the army in a\\nbody. (Cor. of New Yark World.)", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0638.jp2"}, "639": {"fulltext": "CHINA.\\n1891, Dec. 3-1894, Dec. 30. 627\\nNov. 22. The Chinese war-ship Chen-\\nYuen is damaged by striking a rock\\nher captain commits suicide.\\nNov. 27. The Chinese evacuate New-\\nchwang.\\nNov. 28. A great number of Tonghaks\\nattack Koshin, but are defeated by\\nthe Japanese with great slaughter; two\\nrebel chiefs are killed.\\nDec. 10, The Japanese under Gen. Oya-\\nma have advanced as far as Furantuen,\\nand fears are entertained for Fuchau.\\nDec. 12. The Japanese have effected a\\nlanding at Shanhaikwan and near\\nTaku, and number about 35,000 men.\\nA detachment of the second Japanese\\narmy has occupied Fuchau, 75 miles\\nnorth of Port Arthur the Chinese are\\nretreating in a northeasterly direction\\ntowards New-chwang.\\nDec. 14. Part of Marshal Oyama s army\\nhas arrived within 16 miles of New-\\nchwang.\\nChinese Gen. Wei is beheaded I^y\\nproxy.\\nDec. 15. JA Hung Chang is reinstated\\nas a possible peacemaker.\\nDec. 16. A large Chinese force is de-\\nfeated by the Japanese garrison at\\nFeng-Huang.\\nDec. 21. The Emperor grants plenipo-\\ntentiary powers to Chang Yin Huan\\nto make peace with Japan.\\nDec. 22. The Mohammedans of Man-\\nchuria are uprising.\\nDec. 23. A fugitive Chinese garrison is\\ndefeated after a fierce five-hour battle\\nby a Japanese force under Gen. Katsura.\\nDec. 30. Liu Kun Yi, viceroy of Li-\\nang-Kiang, is appointed commander-\\nin-chief of the Chinese forces, super-\\nseding Li Hung Chang.\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LETTERS NATURE.\\n1891 Dec. 31+. Thousands of lives are\\nlost in a gale at Hong-Kong.\\n1892 Sep. 23. The Hoang-Ho (Yel-\\nlow River) overflows its banks 12\\ntowns are inundated and many lives lost.\\n1893 July 6. Disastrous floods occur.\\n1894 Jan. 18. An earthquake in\\nTibet destroys the Grand Llama s mon-\\nastery and over 800 houses over 200\\nlives are lost.\\nSept. 1. Disastrous floods occur at Pe-\\nking many people are homeless and\\nstarving.\\nCHURCH.\\n1891 Dec. 21. A retired Taotai of\\nChangsha is circulating thousands of\\nbooks vilely assailing Christianity.\\n1892 May 23. Fresh anti-Christian\\ndisturbances occur in Manchu and in\\ndistricts bordering on Tongking.\\nJune 3. Manyanti-Christian placards\\nare posted in certain districts.\\nSOCIETY.\\nDec. 4. The foreign consuls at Tien-Tsin\\nask naval protection.\\n1892 Jan. 1. Lawlessness in North\\nChina is renewed.\\nJune 20. The English residents in the\\nYang-tse valley are attacked by Chi-\\nnese.\\nSTATE.\\n1892 Aug. 8. The Chinese withdraw\\nfrom the Pamirs.\\nAug. 15. China protests against Rus-\\nsian occupancy of the Pamirs as a\\nbreach of the Treaty of Livadia.\\n1893 Dec. 3. It is announced that\\nChina is to rule the buffer state be-\\ntween the English and French posses-\\nsions at Siam.\\n1894 Aug. 1. The Japanese Govern-\\nment formally declares war upon\\nChina Chinese victories in a land en-\\ngagement in Korea are reported.\\nAug. 3. England, Germany, Italy, and\\nthe United States enter into an agree-\\nment to neutralize the treaty ports of\\nChina and Japan the degradation of\\nLi Hung Chang by the Emperor causes\\ngreat excitement in China.\\nAug. 7. Great Britain declares neu-\\ntrality in the Korean war; Russia\\nthreatens to interfere if her trade suf-\\nfers.\\nAug. 22. The King of Korea declares\\nhimself independent of China.\\nAug. Efforts to bring about peace\\nbetween Japan and China fail, the lat-\\nter positively refusing to resign from its\\nsuzerainty of Korea.\\nAug. 25. A treaty of alliance is signed\\nby Japan and Korea Chinese soldiers\\nare reported to be suffering from starva-\\ntion, the Japanese maintaining a strict\\nblockade of the coast.\\nSept. 9. Adm Ting is degraded for in-\\ncapacity China is drafting troops from\\nthe interior for the coast garrisons.\\nOct. 11. Japan is said to have rejected\\nChina s proposals for peace as inade-\\nquate.\\nOct. 14. Germany rejects England s pro-\\nposal to join the powers in interven-\\ntion in the war in the East.\\nOct. 31. The Emperor calls together\\nhis viceroys and governors at Peking,\\nto learn why they have failed to crush\\nJapan.\\nNov. 20. Negotiations for peace be-\\ntween China and Japan are proceeding\\nsatisfactorily through the American\\nMinisters at Peking and Tokio.\\nNov. 24. China sends a special agent to\\nJapan with instruction to accept any\\nterms of peace except the cession of any\\nportion of China proper.\\nDec. 4. Japan informs China that no\\npeace proposals will he received except\\nthrough a regularly accredited am-\\nbassador.\\nThe foreign consuls at Tien-Tsin ap-\\nply for naval protection.\\nDec. 6. The Imperial Council for For-\\neign Affairs has decided to send a spe-\\ncial ambassador to Tokio, with full\\nauthority to negotiate a treaty of peace.\\nDec. 13. Prince Kung has been ap-\\npointed President of the Grand Council,\\nand thereby the virtual dictator of the\\nEmpire.\\nDec. 15\u00c2\u00b1. The Government communi-\\ncates to the foreign Ministers its ob-\\njections to receiving military guards\\nfor the Ministers -in Peking, and gives\\nassurance of their efficient protection.\\nDec. 28. The United States is reported\\nto have demanded satisfaction from\\nChina for violation of its promise re-\\ngarding the surrender of the two (stu-\\ndents?) Japanese spies.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1891 Feb. 6. Flood, fire, and fam-\\nine work great destruction of life and\\nproperty.\\nJune 13. The grip prevails with\\nseverity.\\nNov. 3. Hankow, a treaty port, is in\\nflames; many lives are lost. Fifteen\\nhundred houses are burned.\\n1892 June 13. The steamer Nainchow\\nsinks in the China Seas 414 persons\\ndrowned.\\nSept. 4. A terrific fire occurs among the\\nshipping at Ichang, Hong-Kong over\\n150 lives lost.\\nNov. 1. Cholera is raging.\\n1894 Jan. 2. There are 700 deaths from\\nthe black plague in Hong-Kong in one\\nweek.\\nApr. 4. A thousand buildings are\\nburned in Shanghai.\\nJune 12. A plague in Hong-Kong\\ncauses about one hundred deaths a day.\\nJune 17. Nearly two thousand deaths\\nhave occurred from the plague in\\nHong-Kong up to this date.\\nJuly 6. The epidemic of s Bubonic\\nPlague at Hong-Kong has caused\\n2,500 deaths.\\nAug. 31. At least 1,000 lives are lost\\nby a fire among the flower-boats\\nmoored in the Canton River.\\nSept. 14. A fire in Shun-King causes\\na loss of 100 lives, over 2,000 buildings,\\nand a loss of 10,000,000 taels (about\\n815,000,000).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0639.jp2"}, "640": {"fulltext": "628 1499,**-1894, Dec. 30. COLOMBIA.\\nThe Republic ok COLOMBIA (formerly called New Granada) lies in the northwestern part of South America, and includes\\nthe Isthmus of Panama. Bogota is the capital. Area, 504,775 square miles population, 4, 17ti,000. The government is adminis-\\ntered by a President, with a Congress consisting of a Senate and Chamber of Representatives the members are elected by nine\\nDepartments.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1526 Panama. Francisco Pizarro\\nsails on his second expedition to Peru.\\n[He makes five starts.] (See pp. 18, 20.)\\n1536* -37 *Spaniards under\\nXimenes de Quesada conquer New-\\nGranada [Colombia].\\n1546 Nov. Panama. Pedro de la\\nGasca gains possession of the fleet in\\nthe interest of the Spanish crown.\\n1547 Apr. Panama. Gasca sails\\nwith a considerable force to maintain\\nroyal authority in Peru.\\n1696* Cartagena on the north coast\\nis taken by buccaneers.\\n1719 Panama. The Indians de-\\nstroy several towns which the Catholic\\nmissionaries had established.\\n1739 Nov. 22. Panama. Adm. Ed-\\nward Vernon, with six English men-of-\\nwar, takes Porto Bello from Spain.\\n1740 Mar. 24. Adm. Vernon attacks\\nSan Lorenzo Castle. (See p. 64.)\\n1811* *-24* Colombia is at war\\nwith Spain for independence.\\nDec. Civil war follows the declara-\\ntion of independence.\\n1821 June 24. The royalists are de-\\nfeated by the patriots at Carabobo.\\n1840 -41 Civil war follows the\\nelection of Marquez to the presidency,\\nwho defeats his enemies.\\n1859 Civil war grows out of an in-\\nsurrection fostered by ex-President Mos-\\nquera and the Liberal party.\\n1861 July. The Liberal partizans cap-\\nture Bogota.\\n1863 Nov. 20, War follows the re-\\nfusal of Ecuador to join the Union.\\nDec. 6. The Ecuadorians are de-\\nfeated by the troops of the United\\nStates of Colombia. [Dec. 30. Peace.]\\n1864 Rebellions disturb the State.\\n1868 Nov. 12. President Correoso\\ndefeats the partizans of his opponent.\\n1885 Mar. 2. The insurrection\\nbreaks out afresh at Barranquilla, and\\nthe Government s force is defeated.\\nJuly 13\u00c2\u00b1. The Government troops de-\\nfeat the insurgents.\\nJuly 31\u00c2\u00b1. Peace is restored, and order\\nprevails.\\n1890 Jan. 2. The gunboat La Popa\\nseizes two American vessels.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nLETTERS.\\n1797 Feb. 4. An appalling earth-\\nquake destroys the country from Santa\\nFe to Panama the cities of Cuzco and\\nQuito are ruined, and 40,000 people are\\nentombed in a second of time.\\n1843 Education is fostered by the\\nGovernment.\\n1870 Congress takes the management\\nof public instruction, which is organ-\\nized on the German systems, and places\\nit in the hands of the State it adopts\\ncompulsory education.\\n1871* Educational reforms take\\nplace.\\n1875 May 16-18. A series of earth-\\nquakes destroy San Jose de Cucuta and\\nother towns about 14,000 lives are lost.\\n1882 Sept. 7, 9, 10. Panama. A se-\\nries of earthquakes partly destroy the\\nPanama Railroad.\\n1889 June 21. Panama. An earth-\\nquake destroys the town of Guaneve.\\n1893 Mar. 24. Much loss of life and\\ndestruction of property are caused by an\\nearthquake.\\n1894 Dec. 30. Great floods cause a\\nloss of 50 lives and great damage to\\nproperty on the coast.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1783 July* Bolivar. Simon, general, b-\\n1793 Santander, Francisco de Paula, gen-\\neral, politician, born.\\n1793 Sucre, Antonio .1. de, general, born.\\n1798 Lopez, .lost- Ililario, President, b.\\n1815* Murillo-Toro, Manuel, President,\\nborn. [1880. Dies, A65.]\\n1830 Dec. 17. Bolivar. Simon, deliverer,\\nA53.\\nPerez, Santiago, President, born.\\nSucre, Antonio .1. tie. general, A37.\\n1835* JMiro, Gregorio, President of Pana-\\nma, born.\\n1840 May 36. Santander, Francesco de\\nPaula, general, politician, A48.\\n1869* Lopez, .lose Ililario, President, A7I.\\n1 880 jH iro Gregorio, Pres. of Panama, A45.\\n1882 Dec* ZaMna, President, dies.\\n1894 Sept. 18. Nunez, Rafael, Pres., A61.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1852 Jan. Slavery is entirely abol-\\nished.\\n1889 Feb.* Panama. There is a strong\\nmilitary force along the line of the\\ncanal to maintain order.\\nApr. 9. Panama. The British consul\\ndistributes bread among the distressed\\nnegroes along the canal works.\\n1893 Jan. 23. Fatal rioting occurs\\nin Bogota.\\nFeb. 4. Rioters defeat the police in\\nBogota, but are subdued by troops, 23\\nrioters being killed and 56 wounded the\\nleaders are arrested and some are exiled.\\n1894 June 8\u00c2\u00b1. Panama. Ex-Presi-\\ndent Ezeta of Salvador visits Panama-\\nSTATE.\\n1499 New Granada [Colombia] is dis-\\ncovered by Alonzo de Ojeda, a Span-\\nish cavalier.\\n1502 Columbus visits the coast.\\n1508 Ojeda obtains from the Spanish\\ncrown a grant of the coast westward\\nfrom Cape Vela to the Gulf of Darien,\\nand Diego de Nicuessa receives the rest\\nof the country from the gulf to Cape\\nGracias-a-Dios.\\n1514 The two grants are united,\\nforming Tierra-Firme.\\n1536 The Spaniards settle in the in-\\nterior of New Granada.\\n1538 Belalcazar is at Bogota.\\n1539* Nicholas Federmann, the\\ntraveler, visits Bogota.\\n1690* Darien. About 1200 Scots,\\nbesides women and children, establish\\na colony. [They are driven away by\\nthe Spaniards the following year.]\\n1695 Eng. A company for coloniz-\\ning Darien is formed.\\n1700 Mar. 30. Darien. The English\\nsettlements are surrendered to the\\nSpaniards.\\n1718 The province of New Granada\\nbecomes a Spanish vice-royalty.\\n1719* *To reduce expenses the prov-\\nince becomes a simple presidency.\\n1739 The new Kingdom of Gra-\\nnada is reestablished as a vice-roy-\\nalty, and also includes Venezuela and\\nEcuador.\\n1777 Several provinces are separated\\nto form Venezuela.\\n1790 Panama. Spaniards make a\\ntreaty of peace with the Indians,\\nand abandon all their forts.\\n1811 An insurrection against\\nSpain commences New Granada forms\\na republic, having Bogota as its capital.\\n1819 Dec. 17. Under Simon Bolivar,\\nthe national hero, the province unites\\nwith Venezuela, and forms the Repub-\\nlic of Colombia.\\nJune 30. Colombia and Mexico enter\\ninto an alliance.\\n1825 Spain recognizes the indepen-\\ndence of Colombia.\\n1826 Aug. Bolivar is nominated for\\nthe presidency by the Congress at Lima.\\nNov. 23. Congress nominates Bolivar\\nas dictator.\\n1828 Feb. 10. Bolivar becomes dic-\\ntator.\\nApr. 9. An insurrection is led by Pa-\\ndilla.\\nSept. 25. The Liberals conspiracy\\nagainst the life of Bolivar fails.\\n1829 Nov. Venezuela withdraws\\nfrom the republic.\\n1830 Apr. 4. Gen. Bolivar resigns the\\ndictatorship. [Dec. 17. Dies.]\\n1831 Nov. 21. The Republic of New\\nGranada is formed.\\n1832 A Constitution is promulgated,\\nand the territory divided into 18 prov-\\ninces, each having control of its local\\naffairs.\\nMar. 9. Francisco de Paula Santander is\\nelected 1st President for a term of four\\nyears.\\n1837 Jose Ignacio de Marquez is\\nelected the 2d President. [1S40. The op-\\nposition brings on civil war.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0640.jp2"}, "641": {"fulltext": "COLOMBIA.\\n1499, *-1894, Dec. 30. 629\\n1840 The province of Cartagena se-\\ncedes.\\n1841 May* Pedro Alcantara Herran\\nis elected tlie 3d President.\\nPanama and Veragua secede, but\\nsoon return to the Union.\\n1843 The Constitution is remod-\\neled, and a treaty concluded with Eng-\\nlish creditors of the republic.\\n1845 Gen. Mosquera is elected the\\n4th President.\\n1849 Gen. Jose Hil ario Lopez is\\nelected the 5th President.\\n1853 Gen. Jose Maria Obando is\\nelected the 6th President Vice-Presi-\\ndents Obaldia and Mallarino complete\\nhis term.\\nAn important alteration is made in\\nthe Constitution, by which every prov-\\nince has the right to govern its own\\naffairs, and to hold merely federal con-\\nnection with the central republic.\\n1856 -57 Antioquia and Pana-\\nma become federal States by legal en-\\nactment.\\n1857 Mariano Ospina is elected the\\n7th President.\\n1858 June 15. The Republic of\\nNew Granada becomes the Grana-\\ndine Confederation, including Boli-\\nvar, Antioquia, Panama, Cundinamarca,\\nBoyaca, Cauca, Sautander, and Magda-\\nlen a.\\n1861 Jan. The Conservatives strug-\\ngle to retain the old Government the\\nLiberals, headed by Mosquera, organ-\\nJuly 18. After capturing Bogota, Gen.\\nMosquera and his Liberal partizans de-\\npose President Ospina and seize the Gov-\\nSept. 20. A Congress of the several\\nStates is held at Bogota, which deter-\\nmines to form a Union to be called the\\nUnited States of Colombia; a new-\\nConstitution is adopted, and Mosquera is\\nmade dictator.\\nJulio Arboleda, leader of the Conser-\\nvatives, is successful in the west, and\\nforms an alhance with the President of\\nEcuador.\\nNov. 1. Arboleda being assassinated,\\nCanal succeeds him, and makes terms\\nwith the President.\\n1863 Dec. 30. Ecuador maintains\\nits independence against Colombia.\\nThe Constitution, modeled in some\\nrespects after that of the United States,\\nis formulated.\\nMay 8. The new Constitution is estab-\\nlished, and Gen. Mosquera, having re-\\nsigned as dictator, is elected President.\\nAug. Gen. Mosquera invites Venezuela\\nand Ecuador to rejoin the Confedera-\\ntion.\\nNov. Ecuador declines to join the\\nUnion.\\n1864* *Manuel Murillo Toro is\\nelected President. Rebellions follow.\\n1866 Mar. 11. Ex-President Mos-\\nquera is elected President for the third\\ntime.\\nHe enters into a struggle with the\\nmajority of Congress, anil iinally arbi-\\ntrarily arrests (kS Representatives and\\nSenators. To avoid impeachment he de-\\nclares himself dictator.\\n1867 May 23. Santos Acosta deposes\\nGen. Mosquera, and becomes provisional\\nPresident.\\nNov. 1. Gen. Mosquera is sentenced\\nto exile for two years.\\n1868* Gen. Santos Gutierres is\\nelected President.\\nAug. 29. Gen. Ponce, who had made a\\nrevolution iu Panama, is succeeded by\\nCorreoso. Rebellions abound, and\\nPanama is quite disorganized.\\n1871 Gen. E. Salgar is elected Presi-\\ndent.\\nA treaty is made with the United\\nStates respecting an interoceanic\\ncanal.\\n1872 Apr. 1. Manuel Murillo-Toro\\nagain becomes President.\\n[1874, Apr. 1, Santiago Perez; 1876,\\nApr. 1, Aquileo Parra 1878, Apr. 1,\\nGen. Trujillo; 1880, Apr. 1, Rafael\\nNunez; 1884, F. J. Zaldua; 1882, Dec.\\n22, J. E. Otalora; 1884, Apr. 1, R. Nu-\\nnez 18S6, Aug. 7, R. Nunez again 1892,\\nAug. 7, R. Nunez, with M. A. Caro as\\nVice-President.]\\n1890 Feb. 24. American and British\\nvessels seized for contravention of cus-\\ntom laws are now released.\\nAug. 19. The Government grants an ex-\\ntension of the concession to the Pan-\\nama Canal Company for 12 years, un-\\nder the conditions that the Company is\\nentirely reorganized, and actively at\\nwork within 18 months.\\nOct. 1. The Colombian Congress unani-\\nmously approves the American Inter-\\nnational Railroad Conference, and\\nappoints three commissioners.\\n1892 Aug. 7. Miguel A. Caro, elected\\nVice-President, assumes the Presidency\\nPresident-elect Nunez declining.\\nThe President declines to receive more\\nthan #12,001) as salary, instead of \u00c2\u00a736,000\\nper annum set apart for that office, dis-\\npenses with the services of a private sec-\\nretary, renounces the use of the guard of\\nhonor, and will reside in a private resi-\\ndence instead of in San Carlos palace.\\n1893 Feb. 20. Panama. The Govern-\\nment grants a temporary extension\\nof the Panama Canal concession. [Mar.\\n31. Another month. Apr. 5. Twenty\\nmonths in which to resume work.\\nApr. 7. Panama. The terms of a new\\ncontract between the Government and\\nthe liquidator of the Panama Canal\\nCompany are published.\\nApr. 8. Panama. The Government has\\ngiven to the Panama Canal Company an\\nextension of ten years in which to\\ncomplete the work.\\nSept. 3. Several leaders of the liberal\\nparty are under arrest.\\n1894 Aug. 17. Colombia reestab-\\nlishes her legation in Costa Rica.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1748 Panama. Porto Bello is the\\ngreat commercial mart for the rich com-\\nmerce of Chile and Peru.\\n1833 Steamboats begin to make reg-\\nular trips on the Magdalena River be-\\ntween Honda and Barranquilla.\\n1855 Jan. 28. Panama. The first\\ntrain passes over the Panama railroad.\\nAspinwall [Colon] is founded by W.\\nH. Aspinwall (U. S. A.).\\n1856 The American Presbyterians\\n(North) open a mission at Bogota.\\n1870 Panama. Hydraulic appli-\\nances are introduced in some of the\\nmineral workings.\\n1875* *The Republic has over 1,000\\nmiles of telegraph and two lines of\\nrailroad; Panama line, 46 miles long,\\nand Barranquilla line, 17 miles long.\\n1881 Panama. The Panama Canal\\nCompany is formed in France.\\n1888 Dec. 25. Panama. Work is\\nabandoned for the present on the\\nPanama Canal.\\n1889 Jan. 8. Panama. Two large con-\\ntractors stop construction work on the\\nPanama Canal, and 4,000 laborers are\\nidle.\\nJan. 10. Panama. Contractors on the\\nCulebra section of the Panama Canal\\noffer to continue work at their own\\nexpense until January 15.\\nFeb. 13. Panama. Less than 3,000\\nmen are at work on the Canal.\\nFeb. 19. Panama. Canal laborers are\\nlessening in number. A strong mili-\\ntary force is kept on the line of the\\ncanal to maintain order.\\nMar. 7. Panama. The British vessel\\nEl Dorado passes through the canal\\nfrom Aspinwall to Chagres, a distance\\nof 15 miles.\\nMar. 18. Fr. The Company announces\\nin Paris that a further extension of\\nprovisional contract has been arranged\\nwith contractors.\\nMar. Fr. The attempt to f\u00c2\u00abrm a new\\ncanal company has failed.\\nJuly 17. Panama. Yellow fever\\nbreaks out at Colon (Aspinwall).\\nNov. Fr. The Panama Canal Com-\\npany has been ordered by the Civil Tri-\\nbunal, through its liquidator, to pay off\\nthe discharged workmen.\\n1890 Sept. 23. Panama. Three-quar-\\nters of Colon are destroyed by fire loot-\\ners are fired upon by soldiers, and\\nseveral killed,\\n1894 Feb. 12. Panama. The steam-\\nship City of Para arrives at Colon with\\nthe officers and crew of the wrecked\\nKearsage of the U. S. N. on board.\\nApr. 4. Fr. A new company to com-\\nplete the Panama Canal is planned by\\npersons holding 722,000 shares, and pro-\\nviding a subscription at once of twenty\\nmillion francs. (See France.)\\nJune 13. Panama. Property valued at\\nmore than $1,000,000 is destroyed by fire.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0641.jp2"}, "642": {"fulltext": "630 1502, Oct. 5-1894, May 8. COSTA RICA.\\nCosta Rica is the southernmost republic of Central America San Jose is the capital. Area,\\nin 1802, 243,205. The government is administered by a President, with a Congress consisting of a\\nSpanish, and the religion is Roman Catholic.\\nrules population\\nThe language is\\nARMY STATE.\\n1502 Oct. 5. Costa Rica is discovered\\nby Columbus.\\nThe first Spanish settlement is\\nmade.\\n1509 Diego de Nicuesa is appointed\\ngovernor, and plants a colony near the\\ncoast.\\n1522 Gil Gonzalez de Avila traverses\\nthe territory of Costa Rica.\\n1523 Francisco Hernandez founds\\nthe city of Bruselas, the first colony es-\\ntablished.\\n1526 Pedrarias de Avila takes posses-\\nsion of the Isle of Chira.\\n1530 George de Alvarado subdues\\nthe Indian tribes.\\n1539 Apr. 30\u00c2\u00b1. Hernan Sanchez\\nde Badajoz, the governor, arrives, and\\nfounds the city of Badajoz.\\n1540 The province is called New\\nCarthage.\\n1541 Diego Gutierrez is governor.\\n1542 Fra Pedro Alonzo de Betan-\\nzos comes to America, and becomes the\\nfounder of the Convent of San Francisco\\nat Cartago.\\n1561 Jan. Juan de Cavallon is gov-\\nernor.\\n1562 Apr. Juan Vasquez de Coro-\\nnado is appointed alcalde mayor of the\\nprovinces of Cartago and Costa Rica.\\nOn his arrival he proceeds to conquer\\nthe country.\\nP. Juan de Estrada Ravago is gov-\\nernor. [Nov. 20, Juan Vasquez de\\nCoronado 1564, Miguel Sanchez de\\nGuido 1566, Pedro Venegas de los Rios\\n1568, Perafau de Rivera.]\\n1568 Perafau de Rivera founds the\\nport of Rivera on the west coast.\\n1569 Antonio Pereira is governor,\\n[1574, Alonso de Anguciana de Cam-\\nboa.]\\n1574 The colony completes its organ-\\nization.\\n1576 July* Diego de Artieda Cherino\\nis governor. [1578. Cherino founds\\nEsparza.]\\n1579 Francis Drake, the English\\nseaman, visits the Pacific Coast.\\n1586* Padre Juan Pizarro is attacked\\nby Indians while preaching to them, and\\ntortured to death.\\n1590 Velasquez Ramirez is governor.\\n[1591, Capt. Antonio Pereira later,\\nCapt. Bartolonie de Lences 1595, Capt.\\nGonzalo de Palma; later, Fernando\\nde la Cueva; 1600, Gonzalo Vasquez\\nde Coronado; 1605, Juan de Ocon y\\nTrillo.]\\n1605 Oct. 10. Diego de Sojo y Pena-\\nranda founds the city of Talamanca.\\n1610 July* The Indians burn San-\\ntiago.\\n1611 The Talamanca Indians rise,\\nand massacre their cruel Spanish task-\\nmasters.\\n1612 Gonzalo Vasquez de Coronado\\nis governor. [1615, Juan de Medrano y\\nMendoza; 1G22, Alonso de Guzman y\\nCasilla 1628, Fray Fuan de Chauz.]\\n1630 George de Alvarado subdues\\nthe Indian tribes, and founds a colony,\\n1637 Gregorio de Sandoval is gover-\\nnor. 1647, Juan de Chaves.]\\n1651 Juan Fernandez Salinas y Cerda\\nis governor.\\n1656 Governor Vasquez drives away\\nthe pirates.\\n1659 Andres Arias Maldonado, Mtre.\\nCpo is governor.\\n1660 Spaniards reappear, and again\\nsubdue the rebellious Indians.\\nRodrigo Arias Maldonado y Velazco\\nis governor.\\nThe Spaniards resubject the Tala-\\nmanca Indians, and reopen the mines.\\n1665 The depredations of pirates\\ncause great disquietness among the colo-\\nnists.\\nJuan de Obregon is governor later,\\nJuan Lopez de la Flor.\\n1666 The English buccaneers Mor-\\ngan and Mansfelt arrive with a strong\\nforce, and enter the interior.\\n1674 Apr. 26. Juan Francisco Saenz\\nVasquez is governor. [1679, Francisco\\nAntonio de Rivas Contrera; 1681, July\\n24, Miguel Gomez de Lara.]\\nPirates maraud the coasts, and sack\\nand burn the city of Bagaces.\\n16S4 The pirates are defeated at\\nNicoya.\\n1693 Apr. Manuel de Bustamante y\\nVivero is governor. [1698, May 28, Fran-\\ncisco Bruno Cerrando de Reyna 1705,\\nMay 8, Diego de Herrera Campuzano\\n1707, Lorenzo Antonio de Granda y\\nBalbin.]\\n1709 A second massacre of Span-\\niards by Indians enslaved in the gold-\\nmines paralyzes the colony.\\n1713 Jose Antonio Laeayo de Balbin\\nis governor. Pedro Ruiz de Bus-\\ntamante 1718, Nov. 26, Gen. Diego de\\nla Haya y Fernandez.]\\n1727 May* Baltazar Francisco de Val-\\nderrama is governor.\\n1734* *The port of Caldera is re-\\nopened, and the province revives.\\n1736 Antonio Vasquez de la Cuadra\\nis governor. [1738, Francisco Antonio\\nCarrandi y Menan 1739, Francisco de\\nOlaechea; 1740, June 22, Juan Geinmir\\ny Leonard.]\\n1743 The fort of San Fernando is\\nbuilt in Matina.\\n1747 Dec. Luis Diez Navarro is gov-\\nernor. [1750, Jan. Cristobal Ignacio\\nde Soria.]\\n1750 The alcaldia mayor of Nicoya\\nis suppressed, and that district is an-\\nnexed.\\n1755 Francisco Fernandez de la Pas-\\ntora is governor. [1758, Manuel Soler;\\n1762, Francisco Xavier Oreamuno 1771\\nJose Joaquin de Nava 1773, Juan Fer-\\nnandez deBovadillay Cradi; 1778, June\\nJose Perie; 17S0, Aug. Juan Fernan-\\ndez de Bovadilla y Cradi; 1781, Apr.*\\nJuan Florez; 1785, Josri Perie; 1789,\\nJose Antonio Oreamuno; 1790, Juan\\nPinillos Jose Vazquez y Tellez; 1797,\\nApr. Tomas de Acosta.]\\n1797 A period of prosperity begins\\nwith the new governor.\\n1810 Oct. Juan de Dios de Ayala is\\ngovernor.\\n1812 The Spanish Constitution is\\npromulgated.\\nThe abuses of Guatemala incense\\nthe people.\\n1813 Aug. 14. A petition for the re-\\nmoval of restrictions on the commerce\\nwith Panama is denied by the captain-\\ngeneral of Gautemala.\\n1819 Ramon Jimenez is governor\\nlater, Juan Manuel de Canas.\\n1821 Sept. 15. A declaration of in-\\ndependence is made by all the provinces\\nof the kingdom of Gautemala.\\nTwo parties appear the Imperialists,\\nwho advocate union with Mexico, under\\nthe dynasty of Iturbide, and those who\\nfavor an independent republic.\\nNov. 12. The Superior Gubernative\\nProvisional Union is installed.\\nDec. 1. The Compact or Constitutive\\nLaw is subscribed to by deputies of all\\nthe peoples.\\n1822 Jan. 10. Union with Mexieo is\\nformally proclaimed.\\nApr. 5. A civil war begins.\\n1S23 Apr. 5. A revolt of the Impe-\\nrialists is quelled in the plains of\\nOchomogo.\\nJuly 1. Costa Rica unites with other\\nrepublics to form the federation of the\\nCentral American States.\\nThe seat of gover nm ent is changed\\nfrom Cartago to San Jose\\\\\\n1824 Sept. 8. Juan Mora is Presi-\\ndent.\\nThe first Congress meets.\\n1S25 Jan. 22. The first political Con-\\nstitution of the State is decreed.\\n1833 Mar. 9. Jose Rafael deGallegos\\nis President. [1S35, May 5, Braulio Car-\\nrillo; 1S37, April 7, Manuel Aguilar\\n[deposed] 1S38, May 27, Braulio Car-\\nrillo.]\\n1840 The union of Central Ameri-\\ncan Republics is dissolved Costa Rica\\nbecomes an independent state.\\n1841 The Deputation of Costa Rica\\nattempt to withdraw from the guar-\\ndianship of Guatemala.\\n1S42 Apr. 11. Invasion of Gen. Mo-\\nrazan to reestablish the federation of\\nCentral America by force. [He is warmly\\nwelcomed for a time, and then opposed.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0642.jp2"}, "643": {"fulltext": "COSTA RICA. 1502, Oct. 5-1894, May 8. 631\\nApr. 12. Gen. Francisca Moranza is\\npresident. [Sept. 27, Jose Maria Alf aro\\n1S44, Not. 29, Francisco Maria Orea-\\nmurio 1S46, June 7, Jose Maria Alf aro\\n1 47, May 8, Dr. Jose Maria Castro\\n1849, Nov. 23, Juan Rafael Mora.]\\n1856 Costa Kicadeclares war against\\nWm. Walker, the American filibuster.\\nMar. 11. President Rivas of Nicaragua\\ndeclares war against Costa Rica.\\n1859 Aug. 14. President Juan Mora\\nis suddenly deposed.\\nDr. Jose Maria Montealegre is Pres-\\nident.\\nDee. 27. The Constitution is adopted.\\n1863 May 8. Jesus Jamenez is Presi-\\ndent. [1S66, May 8, Dr. Jose Maria Cas-\\ntro; 1868, Nov. 1, Jesus Jamenez; 1S70,\\nApr. 27, Bruno Carranza Aug. 8, Gen.\\nTomas Guardia].\\n1871 Mar. 12. Vicente Quadra is pro-\\nclaimed President.\\nJ. M. Guardia is elected President\\nterm, 1S72-1S76.\\nThe seventh Constitutionis adopted.\\n1876 May 8. Aniceto Esquivel is\\nPresident. [July 30, Dr. Vicente He-\\nrrera 1S77, Sept. 17, Gen. Tomas Guar-\\ndia by a revolution.]\\n1882 Apr. 26. The Constitution is\\nadopted.\\nJuly 20. Gen. Prospero Fernandez is\\nPresident.\\n1885 Mar. 12. Bernado Soto is Presi-\\ndent.\\n1889 Apr. It is reported that the five\\nCentral American Republics, Costa\\nRica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Salvador,\\nand Honduras, have agreed upon a\\ntreaty.\\n1890 June 17. The President agrees\\nto accept the draft of the resolutions\\nregulating the Central American\\nUnion.\\nHe will send a commission to each of\\nthe republics to arrange concerning the\\nliberty of the press, a regular succession\\nof the executive, and the sanctity of\\nhuman life omitted by the conference.\\nFeb. 15. Costa Rica declares against a\\nCentral American confederation.\\nMar. The Government invites immi-\\ngration.\\nMay 8. JosS J. Kodriguez enters the\\npresidency.\\nJuly 22. The Ministers of Costa Rica\\nand Nicaragua sign a treaty of alliance\\nwith Guatemala.\\n1891 Apr. 31. A revolution breaks\\nout, and is immediately suppressed by\\nthe Government.\\nMay 6. A revolution breaks out.\\n1893 Mar. The rebellion has been\\nsuppressed by the prompt action of the\\nGovernment.\\n1894 Mar. 6. Another revolution\\nbreaks out.\\nMay 8. Kafael Iglesaias enters the\\npresidency.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1722 Feb. 16\u00c2\u00b1. The volcano Irazu\\ncommences a memorable eruption.\\n1819 The coffee-tree is introduced.\\n1841 Cartago is destroyed by an\\nearthquake.\\n1850 The Pope erects Costa Rica\\ninto an independent see.\\n1871 The railroad from Alajuela to\\nthe capital is commenced.\\n1873 Dec. The railroad is opened for\\n42 miles.\\n1875 Two hundred miles of telegraph\\nline are opened.\\n1885 Mar. Prospero Fernandez, the\\nPresident, dies.\\n1888 Dec. 30. Earthquakes in differ-\\nent parts cause great destruction of life\\nand property. The damage is estimated\\nat $5,000,000.\\n1889 Jan. 3. Earthquakes visit San\\nJose de Costa Rica several persons are\\nkilled, much damage is done to property.\\nNov. 7. An uprising occurs between\\nrival political factions.\\n1893 Aug. 4. A financial panic,\\ncaused by the condition of the silver\\nmarket, prevails.\\nCUBA.\\nCuba is the largest of the West India Islands, being 760 miles long, and having an average width of sixty miles area, 41,655\\npopulation, 1,631,687, including 489,249 colored people. Cuba, together with its dependencies, forms a captain-generalcy of Spain,\\nwith Havana for its capital. It sends deputies to the Cortes at Madrid, and its government is administered by a captain-general\\nsent from Spain. The population consists of Spaniards, Negroes, Chinese, and Europeans; the language is Spanish, and the\\nreligion is Roman Catholic freedom of worship is permitted. [1898. Surrendered to the United States.]\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1511* *pon Diego Velasquez leads\\n300 Spaniards from Haiti to conquer\\nCuba.\\n1538* Havana is burned by a French\\nprivateer this leads to the erection of\\na fortress to protect the town.\\n1554 The French again attack and\\ndestroy Havana.\\n1589\u00c2\u00b1 Two other fortresses are\\nbuilt for the defense of Havana Moro\\nCastle and La Punta.\\n1665+ The walls of Havana are\\ncommenced.\\n1669 Morgan, the buccaneer, takes\\nHavana.\\n1741 July 20-Nov. 20. A British\\nexpedition is at Cuba.\\nThe English colonies in America\\nparticipate in an attack upon this island.\\n1762 June 6. An English squadron\\nof 32 men-of-war and 200 transports, with\\n20,000 men, under the command of the\\nDuke of Albemarle and Adm. Pocock,\\nappears off Havana.\\nJuly 30. The English take Moro Castle\\nhy storm.\\nAug. 13. The governor of Havana ca-\\npitulates.\\nThe English gain nine ships of the line\\nand four frigates, and 14.000 prisoners,\\nbesides spoil valued at \u00c2\u00a710,000,000.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1524 Negro slaves are introduced.\\n1534 Cuban officials apply to the King\\nof Spain for 7,000 negroes, that they\\nmight become inured to labor before\\nthe Indians ceased to exist.\\n1553 Wot one Indian is said to be\\nleft on the island after this date.\\n1763* *-89* About 1,000 slaves\\nare yearly introduced.\\n1502 Columbus makes his third\\nvisit.\\n1508 Sebastian de Ocampo discovers\\nthe harbor of Havana.\\n1511* Don Diego Velasquez, the son\\nof Columbus, arrives with 300 men, and\\nmakes a settlement at Baracoa.\\n1514* *The Spaniards found Santiago\\nand Trinidad.\\n1515 July They found San Cristoval\\nde la Havana [a name later given to\\nthe capital].\\n1550\u00c2\u00b1 The capital is removed from\\nSantiago to Havana.\\n1763 Feb. 10. The Peace of Paris is\\nsigned, restoring Havana to Spain in\\nexchange for Florida.\\nSTATE.\\n1492 Oct. 28. Columbus discovers\\nCuba on his first voyage.\\n1494 June 12. Columbus again vis-\\nits this island.\\nHe signs a document, drawn by a no-\\ntary, attesting the discovery of continu-\\nous land, the coast of Cuba,\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1506+ Sugar-cane is transported to\\nthe West Indies.\\n1580 The settlers generally begin to\\nraise tobacco, instead of cattle as here-\\ntofore.\\n1761 Summer. Yellow fever first ap-\\npears at Havana.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0643.jp2"}, "644": {"fulltext": "632 1768, Oct. 5-1886, May\\nCUBA.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1781 A force of 13,000 men leave\\nHavana to aid the French in attacking\\nJamaica.\\n1833 Manuel Quesada is general-in-\\nchief of the Cuban patriot forces.\\n1850 May 19. Gen. Narciso Lopez,\\nwith a company of GOO American u fili-\\nbusters, lands at Cardenas with a view\\nto liberate the island from the dominion\\nof Spain. [He ia defeated.]\\nU. S. Another Cuban expedition is\\nagitated.\\n1851 Aug.* Lopez again invades\\nCuba at Play Has, 30 miles west of Ha-\\nvana, with 500 men. [They are defeated.\\nSept. 1. Lopez is garroted at Havana.]\\n1855 Jan.\u00c2\u00b1 The leaders of a revolu-\\ntionary movement are betrayed, and\\nthrown into prison.\\n1868 Sept. Nov. Carlos Manuel\\nde Ce)spedes leads an insurrection of\\nCreoles which aims to expel the Span-\\niards. Lersundi, the governor, raises\\na volunteer force.\\nOct. 18. The Creoles take the town of\\nBayamo.\\nOct. 28. The district of Holguin revolts.\\nNov. 4\u00c2\u00b1. The Creoles defeat a force of\\nSpaniards.\\n1869 May 17- A filibusters attack is\\nrepelled.\\n1871 Jan. Nov. Insurrections\\nabound a reign of terror exists.\\n1872 Dec* The war continues; great\\ncruelty is shown to the Cubans no quar-\\nter is given.\\n1873 Oct. 31. The American steamer\\nVirginius, with regular papers, is cap-\\ntured. (See p. 283.)\\n*The campaign in Eastern Cuba, un-\\nder Gen. Calixto Garcia, is the most\\nactive of the war. He is known as\\nMarques de Santa Lucia.\\nNov. 4-7. The captured filibus-\\nters are taken to Cuba, where 53 are\\nkilled, and others delivered only by the\\ntimely arrival of the British sloop-of-\\nwar Niobe.\\n1874 Feb. Ex-President Cespedes\\nis surprised when alone in the moun-\\ntains of San Lorenzo, resists capture,\\nand fights till he falls lifeless.\\nFeb. The Marquis Santa Lucia and\\n5,000 insurgents are defeated by Basco-\\nnes at Naranjo.\\n1876 Nov. Sp. It is declared in the\\nCortes that Spain has sent 145,000 sol-\\ndiers to Cuba during the last eight years.\\n1877 Apr. Gen. Campos opens ne-\\ngotiations with the Cubans for peace.\\nThe Spaniards are reenforced by 25,000\\ntroops from Spain.\\nSummer. The struggle continues, but\\nwith less success for the Cubans.\\nDee. 23, 24. Many insurgents surren-\\nder.\\nGen. Martinez Campos is sent out\\nfrom Spain to conduct the war against\\nthe Cubans.\\n1878 Jan.\u00c2\u00b1 An armistice is agreed\\nto in Camagiiey, the seat of the Cubans\\ngovernment.\\nFeb. 10. The surrender of Lanjon ter-\\nminates the struggle of 10 years against\\n1879 Sept. 19. Spain declares a state\\nof siege.\\nDec. 3. The insurgents are totally de-\\nfeated at Placeta.\\n1880 Sp. The strength of the per-\\nmanent army of Cuba is 40,000 men.\\nMay* Calixto Garcia disembarks near\\nSantiago de Cuba with 15 men.\\nThe Spanish losses during the war\\namount to 8,000 officers, 200,000 pri-\\nvates, besides others not recorded in the\\nwar-office at Madrid. The number of\\nCubans killed in battle is estimated at\\nfrom 40,000 to 50,000, and the outlay on\\nboth sides is estimated at $3 00,-\\n000,000.\\n1882 Dec. *-83 Mar. Gen. Maceo\\nand the insurgents surrender to the\\nSpanish at Gibraltar.\\n1883 Sp. The strength of the Span-\\nish forces in Cuba is fixed at 25,653\\nmen.\\n1884 Spring. American filibustering\\nexpeditions are unsuccessful.\\nApr. Gen. Aguerro is at the head of\\nthe forces in Cienfuegoes.\\nApr. 23 A party of insurgents are\\ndefeated.\\nA band of 18 Cuban revolutionists\\nland near Cardenas.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nLETTERS.\\n1768 Oct. 5. A great cyclone strikes\\nHavana 4,043 houses and 1,000 lives are\\ndestroyed.\\n1791 June 21. A flood near Havana\\nsweeps away 3,000 persons.\\n1842* Education begins to make\\ngreat progress.\\n1846 Oct. 11. A hurricane at Ha-\\nvana wrecks 100 vessels and 1,275 houses.\\n1852 Mar. Hail falls at Havana, the\\nfirst known.\\n1853 A severe earthquake visits\\nSantiago de Cuba.\\n1856 Dec. 24, 25. Snow falls at\\nHavana for the first time on record the\\nmercury drops to 43\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\n1857* Forty newspapers are pub-\\nlished.\\n1870 Oct. 14. A hurricane destroys\\nabout 2,000 lives.\\n18S6 May A botanical garden is\\nbegun.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1799 Lopez, Narciso, revolutionist, born.\\n1803* Heredin, .lose Maria, poet, born.\\n1819 Cespedes. Carlos Manuel de, pa-\\ntriot, born.\\n1830* Quesada. Manuel, gen.-in-ehief\\npatriot forces, born.\\n1874 Feb.* Cespedes. Carlos Manuel de.\\nPresident, of the revolutionary republic of\\nCuba, A55.\\nCHURCH.\\n1787 The Roman Catholic see of Ha-\\nvana is erected.\\n1880 Aug. 3. The anniversary of the\\nfounding of the Order of Jesuits is cel-\\nebrated in the province of tiuipuzcoa\\nwith great ceremony.\\n1882* U.S.A. The American Bible\\nSociety sends Rev. E. T. K. Fripp to Ha-\\nvana as a colporteur.\\n1883 -84 Bible colporteurs are\\nengaged to canvass many towns by the\\nAmerican Bible Society. [Their work\\nhas been continued.]\\n18S4 Dec. Rev. A. J. McKim begins\\na house-to-house visitation as colpor-\\nteur of the American Bible Society, and\\nvisits the extreme parts of the island.\\nSunday-schools are opened in Ha-\\nS0CIETY.\\n1789 The Spanish slave-code is pub-\\nlished, and its monopoly in the slave-\\ntrade ended the trade is free.\\n1809 Mar. 20. The French are\\nplundered by the populace of Havana.\\n1810* *-20* Average yearly impor-\\ntation of slaves is 11,500.\\n1817* *-42* The average importation\\nof slaves rises to 13;000 yearly.\\n1844 An insurrection of the black\\npopulation breaks out.\\n1845 By the energy of Gov .-Gen. Con-\\ncha the slave-trade is nearly suppressed.\\n1847 Importation of coolies com-\\n1848 The Lone Star, a secret so-\\nciety, is formed in the southern part of\\nthe United States for the acquisition\\nof Cuba.\\n1853\u00c2\u00b1 Indians are introduced from\\nYucatan on the contract plan.\\n1854 The law forbidding the inter-\\nmarriage of blacks and whites is ab-\\nrogated.\\n1860* About 40,000 slaves are\\nlanded.\\n1870 July 4. The Spanish government\\nissues a decree, declaring that every\\nchild born of a slave mother after\\nthis date is to be free also all slaves\\nwho had aided the Spaniards against\\nthe Cubans.\\n1871 Nov. 25. Don Gonzalo Castanon\\nis murdered by the Cubans medical\\nstudents desecrate his tomb.\\nNov. 27. Students are shot. (See\\nState.)\\n1880 Feb. 13. The gradual emanci-\\npation of slaves is proclaimed.\\n1SS3 Sept. 26\u00c2\u00b1. Aguerro calls upon\\nthe Cubans to revolt.\\nSTATE.\\n1771 The port of Havana is no longer\\nmonopolized by Seville and Cadiz, but\\nis open to all nations for certain articles\\nof trade.\\n1S0S July Xews is received of the de-\\nposition of the royal family by Napo-\\nleon every member of the Cabildo", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0644.jp2"}, "645": {"fulltext": "CUBA.\\n1768, Oct. 5-1886, May\\n633\\nswears to preserve the island for tlie\\ndeposed sovereign.\\n1809* *-ll The island becomes prac-\\ntically open to foreign vessels.\\n1825 May 28. A royal decree au-\\nthorizes the governor-general of Cuba\\nto exercise unlimi ted power in the ad-\\nministration of government. [This de-\\ncree continues the fundamental law till\\nthis time.]\\n1829 The Black Eagle conspir-\\nacy is formed against the Spaniards.\\n1834 Gen. Tacon is governor-gen-\\neral. He persecutes Cubans, and favors\\nSpaniards.\\n1836 Cuba is deprived of the privilege\\nof being represented in the Cortes.\\n1844 An insurrection of negroes\\ntakes place.\\n1845 A law is passed making it a\\ncriminal offense to import slaves.\\n1848 The conspiracy of Lopez is\\nsuppressed.\\nPresident Polk (U. S. A.) proposes\\nthe purchase of Cuba for the sum of\\n$100,000,000. [Declined.]\\n1849 Aug. 11. XT. S. A. President\\nTaylor issues a proclamation denoun-\\ncing the object of the filibusters.\\n1852 President Filmore declines to\\njoin with England and France to guar-\\nantee Cuba to Spain.\\n1854 May 31. U. S.A. President Pierce\\nissues a monitory proclamation against\\nthe organization of expeditions against\\nCuba.\\nOct. Fr. The Ostend Manifesto\\nis issued by the U. S. Ministers, James\\nBuchanan, John Y. Mason, and Pierre\\nSoule\\\\ (See p. 177.)\\n1867 Cuban commissioners return\\nfrom Spain with the promise of the\\nredress they seek. [War follows.]\\n1868 Sept. -Nov. A formidable in-\\nsurrection of Creoles breaks out in\\nthe east.\\nOct. 10. Carlos Manuel de Ce spedes\\nof Bayamo starts an insurrection at\\nYara, in Eastern Cuba. [In a few weeks\\nhis 128 followers become an army of\\n15,000, but wretchedly armed.]\\n1869 Apr. 10. The insurrectionists\\nproclaim a constitution at Guaimaro.\\n1870 June U. S. A. President Grant\\ndeclines to recognize the insurgents as\\nbelligerents.\\nDec. Capt.-Geu. De Rodas resigns.\\n1871 Nov. Forty-three medical\\nstudents of the University of Havana\\nare tried by court-martial for the\\nalleged crime of scratching the glass\\nplate of a vault containing the remains\\nof a volunteer.\\nNov. 26. The court-martial condemns\\n8 students to death and 31 others to\\nimprisonment for six months.\\nNov. 27. The eight condemned students\\nare shot. [An outbreak of indignation\\nfollows.]\\n1872 Dec. 9. U.S.A. The Government\\nsends F. Delano to report the actual\\ncondition of the struggle in Cuba.\\n1873 Feb. Sp. The establishment of\\nthe Spanish republic under the leader-\\nship of Castelar [temporarily] suspends\\nhostilities.\\nNov.* The Cuban Chamber deposes\\nPresident Ce spedes, and he is suc-\\nceeded ad interim by Salvador Cisne-\\nros.\\nDec. 19. The Virginius is surrendered\\nto the Americans after much corre-\\nspondence.\\n1876 Oct.* Sp. Gen. Martinez Cam-\\npos is appointed governor-general with\\nplenary powers. [He succeeds in pacify-\\ning the revolting Cubans.]\\nSept. U. S. A. A Cuban League is\\nformed to obtain from the American\\ngovernment recognition of the insur-\\ngents as belligerents.\\n1878 Feb. 21. The insurgents gov-\\nernment surrenders, and the insur-\\nrection is officially declared at an end.\\nMar. 2. A royal decree is published\\nat Havana, announcing that Cuba shall\\nhave its own deputies, municipalities,\\nand council-general.\\nMar. Amnesty is declared by the\\nGovernment slaves presenting them-\\nselves before March 31 will be freed.\\nJune 9. A royal decree is issued, per-\\nmitting Cuba to elect to the Spanish\\nCortes one representative for every\\n40,000 white and free colored inhabitants.\\nThe island is divided into six prov-\\ninces.\\nJune 14. Gens. Campos and Jovellar\\nenter Havana.\\nAug. The Liberal party is organized.\\nMarshal Martinez Campos assumes\\ncommand as captain-general.\\nCaptain-General Martinez Campos is-\\nsues a decree, virtually suspending spe-\\ncie payments.\\n1879 Aug. A fresh rising is quelled,\\nchiefly by public opinion and the atti-\\ntude of the Liberal Autonomist party.\\nJune Sp. Cuba is represented in the\\nChambers of the Cortes by 12 senators\\nand 40 deputies.\\nAug. 27. A new rebellion breaks out in\\nthe districts of Holguin and Santiago.\\nDec. 21. Sp. The Senate at Madrid\\npasses a bill for the gradual emanci-\\npation of Cuban slaves.\\n18S0 Jan. 21. Sp. The Chamber of\\nDeputies at Madrid passes the Emanci-\\npation Bill. Vote, 230-10.\\nFeb. 18. Sp. The new law for the grad-\\nual abolition of slavery in Cuba is\\nproclaimed.\\nApr. 1\u00c2\u00b1. Amnesty has been granted to\\n382 persons, including several leaders.\\nDec. A plot is discovered to create dis-\\nturbances among the Creoles.\\nDec. 15. It is planned that a general\\nuprising of free blacks and mulattoes\\nshall take place in the mountains near\\nSantiago de Cuba. [Many arrests are\\nmade.]\\n1883 Sept. 28. Don Ignacio Maria\\ndel Castillo, the commander-in-chief\\nand captain-general, arrives.\\nNov. The new captain-general endeav-\\nors to secure justice in Spain for the\\n30,000 slaves illegally held in bondage\\nsince 1870.\\n1884 Mar, 1. A new commercial ar-\\nrangement with the United States\\ncomes into force.\\nJune 7. A commission of inquiry on\\nthe condition of Cuba arrives from\\nMadrid.\\nJune 1 1 The Tribunal of Havana sen-\\ntences the El Trifuno to 20 days sus-\\npension for printing an article respect-\\ning the sale of Cuba.\\nOct. 6. Sp. A new sugar tariff is\\nsigned by King Alfonso.\\n1886 Don Emilio Calleja e Isasi is\\ncommander-in-chief and captain-gen-\\neral.\\nApr. 26. Sp. A reciprocity treaty\\nwith Great Britain is signed at Madrid.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1796 Jan. 19. The brass coffin con-\\ntaining the bones and chains of Colum-\\nbus is brought from Santa Domingo to\\nHavana.\\n1801 The commercial monopoly of\\nSpain is broken.\\n1802 Jesu Maria, a populous suburb\\nof Havana, is burned, and 11,400 people\\nare made homeless.\\n1818 The port of Havana is opened\\nto foreign commerce.\\n1830 Copper-mines are reopened by\\nEnglishmen after being closed for 100\\nyears.\\n1833 Feb. 26. Spasmodic cholera\\nappears 7,000 deaths follow in 30 days.\\n1837 The first railroad is opened\\nfrom Havana to Bejucal, 15 miles.\\n1838 A railroad is opened from Ha-\\nvana to Guines, 45 miles.\\n1852 The telegraph is introduced.\\n1853 Only one-nineteenth of the isl-\\nand is under cultivation.\\n1857 Jan. The first issue of paper\\n1867* Population: 833,157 whites;\\n248,703 free colored; 344,615 colored\\nslaves total, 1,426,475.\\nThe Virginius founders on her way to\\nNew York.\\n1877 Total population, 1,434,747.\\n1883 Oct. 8. An important meeting is\\nheld at Santiago de Cuba for advancing\\nthe immigration of Europeans.\\n1884 Nov.* Planters of Manzanillo\\nhold a meeting, and arrange the prices\\nto be paid for labor. Field and factory\\nlaborers are to receive 65 cents a day,\\nand cartmen 73 cents.\\nThe first sugar refinery in Cuba is\\nbuilt at Cardenas, costing \u00c2\u00a7673,258.\\n1885 Mar. 16. The branch line of\\nrailroad between Santa Domingo and\\nLa Esperanza is opened to traffic.\\nJune A new daily mail line is estab-\\nlished between New York and Havana,\\nvia Tampa and Key West.\\nNov. 6. The railroad between Holguin\\nand Gibara is opened.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0645.jp2"}, "646": {"fulltext": "634 1886, Oct. 6-1884, Nov. 16.\\nCUBA.\\nARMY- NAVY.\\n1889 The navy consists of one crui-\\nser, the Jorge Juan, and one torpedo-\\nboat, 13 canonnicres, and two gunboats.\\n1891 The armed force maintained\\nby Spain is 26,340 men.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\nLETTERS.\\n1887 Sept. 23. An earthquake visits\\nSantiago, doing little harm.\\n1888 Sept. 4, 5. A cyclone sweeps\\nthe island, and destroys property valued\\nat millions of dollars and 1,000 lives.\\n1890 Jan. 16. A tanner of Havana\\ndiscovers an electrical process for tan-\\nning hides in GO hours.\\nMar\u00c2\u00b1. A long and severe drought in\\nHavana causes great damage to sugar-\\ncrops, cattle-feed, and water. Many of\\nthe cattle are dying, and nearly a third\\nof the sugar-cane has been destroyed by\\nfires.\\nMay 29. Villages are submerged, and\\nmuch damage is done by floods resulting\\nfrom excessive rains.\\n1892 June 18. Matanzas loses about\\n$900,000 by floods.\\nJuly 4. Floods are raging.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1886* Quesada, Manuel, commander of\\nCuban patriots, A56.\\n1891 Jan. 38. Poey, Felipe, philosopher,\\nnaturalist, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n1890* *A Presbyterian mission\\nchurch is organized in Havana and an-\\nother in Santa Clara by the Presbyte-\\nrian Church (South), U. S. A.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1886 Oct. 6. The queen s decree abol-\\nishes the last vestige of slavery.\\nOct. 7. Sp. A royal decree abolishes\\nthe patronato, or semi-slavery.\\nOct. A cigar-makers strike throws\\n20,000 operatives out of employment at\\nHavana.\\nNov. 18. The cigar-makers return to\\nwork under an arbitration agreement.\\n1887 Aug. 18. Extensive frauds,\\nwith the connivance of custom-house\\nofficials, are discovered.\\n1889 Feb. 3. Lawlessness is preva-\\nlent.\\nMar. 23. SeQor Francisco Cardoso, a\\nplanter, is kidnapped by bandits Dear\\n.Santa Clara, and released only on pay-\\nment of $4,000 in gold.\\nApr. Martial law is declared in five\\nprovinces to suppress brigandage and\\nkidnapping.\\nMay 22. Cuba makes Spain an offer of\\n$100,000,000 in 20 annual instal-\\nments for independence, and as a\\ntoken of sincerity offers to submit to a\\nprotectorate of the United States until\\nsaid amount is paid.\\n1890 Jan. 3. The bandits release\\ntheir prisoners the amount of ransom\\npaid is unknown.\\nMay 10. Three men are executed in\\nMatanzas for kidnapping.\\nJune 1. Victor Maelin, a brigand\\nchief, is executed at Havana.\\nJuly 4. Manuel Ramos, the kidnapper,\\nis captured.\\nAug. 8. Garcia s band of insurgents\\ncreates a reign of terror.\\nA reign of terror prevails on account\\nof bandits.\\n1891 Jan. 2. Sixto Verela, a famous\\nbandit, is killed, and several of his band\\nare wounded in an encounter with troops.\\nAug. 13. Seuor Sardina pays $12,000\\nin gold to bandits as ransom for being\\nreleased.\\n1S93 May 15. The Infanta Eulalie\\nand her husband sail from Havana for\\nNew York, on their way to the World s\\nFair.\\n1894 Nov. 16. The streets of Ha-\\nvana are patrolled by soldiers armed\\nwith Winchester rifles, and the police\\nare heavily armed.\\nSTATE.\\n1887 The commander-in-chief and\\ncaptain-general is Don Saba Marin\\nand the segundo cabo, Seuor Sanchez\\nMira.\\n18S8 Mar.* The port of Mariel is\\nmade a port of entry.\\nJune 12. The Modus Vivendi treaty\\nrespecting differential duties is signed\\nby Spain and the United States.\\n1889 Mar. 13. Don Manuel de Sala-\\nmanca y Negrete is commander-in-\\nchief and captain-general.\\n1890 Feb. 7. Gen. J. Chinchilla is\\nappointed to succeed Salamanca as cap-\\ntain-general.\\nJune 10. Gen. Polavieja is appointed\\ncaptain-general. (Aug. 28. He enters\\noffice.]\\n1891 Jan. 26. Sp. Areciprocity\\ntreaty between Spain and the United\\nStates is Bigned at .Madrid.\\nSept. 1. The reciprocity treaty with\\nthe United States goes into force.\\n1892 May 31. Gen. A. R. Arias is\\nappointed captain-general in place of\\nGen. Polavieja. resigned.\\nJuly* Sp. The Ministry approves the\\nproject of farming out the Cuban cus-\\ntoms revenue.\\n1894 May 4. An insurrection occurs.\\n[As soon as oue is put down another\\nbreaks out.]\\nMay 5. The rebellion is suppressed.\\nAug. 10. Gen. E. Calleja is appointed\\ncaptain-general.\\nSept. 19. The election is held, electing\\nReformists, 22; Autonomists. 1*; Anti-\\nReformists, 10: Independents. 1.\\nNov 12. The revolt is declared to have\\nbeen quelled.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n18S6 Dec. 7. The Government decrees\\nassistance to societies for promoting\\nfree immigration.\\n1887 July 2. The mortal remains of\\nChristopher Columbus are removed\\nfrom the cathedral of Havana to be\\ntaken to Genoa.\\n1889 Nov. 22. The Government\\nawards the contract for the new water-\\nworks to an American firm, which is to\\nreceive \u00c2\u00a72,000,000.\\n1890 Feb. 9. The funeral services of\\nGen. Salamanca take place at Havana.\\nMay 19. A powder explosion in Ha-\\nvana kills 34 persons, and wounds over\\n100.\\nOct. 10. The funeral of the Count of\\nCasa More, the leader of the Conser-\\nvative party, takes place in Havana.\\n1592 Apr. 11. A bomb explodes in a\\nchurch in Havana.\\nCuba has about 1,000 miles of rail-\\nroad.\\n1593 Jan. 15. Sixteen persons are\\nkilled by a railroad accident.\\nApr. 15. The Columbian caravels. S utta\\nMaria and Pinta, leave Havana for the\\nUnited States.\\nDENMARK.\\nDenmark is a kingdom in Northern Europe, having an area of 15.2S9 square miles, and a population in 1S00 of 2,185.335. be-\\nsides 11-1,229 more in its colonies. It is divided into seven provinces, besides its foreign possessions in the Faroe Islands, Ice-\\nland, Greenland, and the islands of Santa Cruz, St. Thomas, and St. John, in the West Indies the capital is Copenhagen. The\\ngovernment is a constitutional hereditary monarchy the legislative branch consists of a Rigsdag, having an upper house, called\\nthe Landsthing, of 66 members, and a lower house, called the Folkething, of 102 members. The established religion is Lutheran,\\nand it embraces almost the entire population but complete toleration is enjoyed.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n8th Century\u00c2\u00b1. Battle of Bravalla\\ntween Sigurd Ring, King of Sweden, and 783* The Danes first invade En\\nHarald Hildetand, King of Denmark; land.\\nthe Swedes are victorious, and obtain 787* Eng. The Danes land near Pi:\\nthe supremacy. beck. Dorsetshire. (See Great Brita\\nfor Danish invasions.)\\n794 Jan. 8. Eng. The Danes invade", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0646.jp2"}, "647": {"fulltext": "DENMARK.\\n60 b. c.-a. d. 1241. 635\\nNorthumberland, and destroy a church\\nat Lindisfarne they are repulsed, and\\nafterward perish by shipwreck.\\n795 -796 Scot. Ire. Danish in-\\nvaders land.\\n895 Fr. The Danes, led by Rollo, re-\\nceive presents under the walls of Paris.\\n896 The Danes ravage the French\\nterritories as far as Ostend.\\n903 It. The Danes attack Italy.\\n985 Ger. The tributary Wends\\nsuccessfully revolt.\\n1028 Canute conquers Norway.\\n1047 -64 The Danes are at war\\nfor 17 years with Harold Hardrada,\\nKing of Norway.\\n1069 Ger. The Danes are at war\\nwith the Wends.\\n1134* *-57* Civil war over the suc-\\ncession occurs.\\n1160\u00c2\u00b1 Ger. The Danes complex e\\nthe subj ugation of the troublesome\\nWends.\\nWaldemar captures Ancona on the\\nisland of RUgen.\\nWaldemar suppresses a revolt in\\nSkaania, caused by the severity of Arch-\\nbishop Absalon, the primate.\\n1184 A naval expedition of the\\nWends, aided by the emperor, is de-\\nfeated by Archbishop Absalon.\\nGer. War occurs with the Count of\\nHolstein and other German princes.\\nGer. Lubeck and Hamburg are\\ntaken by the Danes.\\nGer. Adolf of Holstein is captured.\\n1210\u00c2\u00b1 Ger. Waldemar II. conquers\\nOesel, a large part of Prussia.\\n1219* Russia. Waldemar II. over-\\nruns and conquers Esthonia, and con-\\nverts the conquered pagans.\\nWaldemar II. first unfurls the na-\\ntional standard, a white cross on a\\nblood-red field.\\n1223 Waldemar II. sails with a fleet\\nof 1,000 boats, and makes extensive\\nconquests.\\n1227 Ger. Waldemar II. is defeated\\nin the battle of Bornhceved, while\\nseeking to regain Holstein.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nGreat. dies.\\n1035* i an ute the Great, King of Denmark,\\nNorway, and England, A40.\\n1128* Absalon, or Axel, statesman, war-\\nrior, archbishop of Lund, born. [1201 d.]\\nAagesen, Svenu, earliest historian,\\n1130\\nborn\\n1131\\n1134\u00c2\u00b1\\n1181\\n1208*\\n1241\\nWaldemar I., the Great, king, b.\\nSaxo Graniinatiiuis, historian, b.\\nWahleniar I., the Croat, king, A50\u00c2\u00b1.\\nSaxo GraiMinatious, historian, A74.\\nWaldemar II., king, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n822 Christianity is preached in Den-\\nmark by Ebbo, archbishop of Rheims.\\n823 Prankish monks are sent by\\nLouis le Debonnaire to preach Christian-\\nity; little more is accomplished.\\n826 Anscarius, the Apostle of the\\nNorth, fails to convert the inhabitants.\\n827* Christianity is again intro-\\nduced into Denmark under Harold.\\n860 *-935 Gorm the Old, a devout\\nheathen, persecutes the Christians\\n[till forced to refrain by Henry I. of\\nGermany].\\n878 Guthrum leads his followers to\\nEngland, and becomes a Christian.\\n1012 The Danes murder Archbishop\\nAlphege.\\n1026 Canute the Great makes a pil-\\ngrimage to Rome.\\n1219* Russia. Waldemar conquers\\nand forcibly converts the pagans of\\nEsthonia.\\n783+ For more than 200 years the\\nDanes terrorize the nations of North-\\nern Europe.\\nSTATE.\\n60* B. c. Reign of Skiold, the al-\\nleged first king.\\n8th Century, a. d. Predatory maritime\\nexpeditions of the Danes to England\\nand Scotland. (See Great Britain.)\\n794* Sigurd Snogoje is enthroned.\\n803 Hardicanute is enthroned.\\n850 Eric I. is enthroned.\\n854 Eric II. is enthroned.\\n878 Many Danes emigrate to Eng-\\nland.\\n883 1042 The Gorm s line of\\nmonarchs occupies the throne.\\nGorm the Old is enthroned.\\nHe is the first king of all Denmark,\\nand reigns 53 years with him the true\\nhistory begins.\\nGorm enlarges his kingdom; it in-\\ncludes Schleswig! Holstein, .skaania, and\\nsome provinces in Norway, with con-\\nquests in Russia and others in Germany.\\n10th Century. Authentic history com-\\nmences.\\n911 The King of France grants Neus-\\ntria to Hollo and his Normans [hence\\nthe name Normandy appears].\\n946 Harold the Blue Tooth is en-\\nthroned.\\n991 Suenon, or Sweyn, the Twy-\\nbeard, is enthroned.\\n1014 Harold is enthroned in Den-\\nmark.\\nFeb. Eng. The Danish peers elect Ca-\\nnute II., the Great, King of England.\\n1016 -28 Canute the Great con-\\nquers Norway.\\n1017 Canute becomes sole King of\\nEngland after Edmund s death.\\n1035 Canute III., from England, is\\nenthroned.\\n1042 Eng. The Danish dynasty\\nends.\\n-47 Magnus of Norway is en-\\nthroned.\\nDenmark is subject to Norway. Ca-\\nnute III. ends his war with Magnus by\\nan agreement that be who survives the\\nother shall inherit his kingdom.\\n1047 1412 The House of Es-\\ntridsen reigns.\\nSuenon Estridsen (or Sweyn II.) is\\nenthroned as King of Denmark.\\n1073 Interregnum.\\n1076 Harold Heju, the Simple, is en-\\nthroned. 1080, Canute TV., the Saint\\n1086, Olaus IV., the Hungry; 1095,\\nEric Eigodl., the Good; 1105, Nicho-\\nlas I.; 1134, Eric II.; 1137, Erie HI,,\\nthe Lamb.\\n12th Century. The feudal system is in-\\ntroduced.\\n1147 Suenon III., or Sweyn, is en-\\nthroned. The sovereigns struggle with\\nthe barons for supremacy.\\nCanute V. is enthroned.\\n1157* *-81* Waldemar I., the\\nGreat, is elected. [He conquers the\\ncountry north of the Elbe.]\\nWaldemar builds Copenhagen.\\n1182* *1202* Canute VI., the\\nPious, is enthroned.\\nCanute VI. refuses to recognize the\\nsuzerainty of Frederic Barbarossa, as\\nhis father had done.\\n1200 Philip Augustus of France di-\\nvorces Ingebord of Denmark, and a\\nquarrel ensues between those countries.\\n1202* *-41* Waldemar U., the\\nConqueror, reigns.\\nThe early part of his reign is the most\\nbrilliant period of Danish history after-\\nward he becomes unfortunate.\\nAdolph of Holstein is released after\\nconceding all Holstein to Waldemar,\\nwho gives it as a fief to his nephew,\\nAlbert of Orlamund.\\nWaldemar unsuccessfully interferes\\nin Norway and Sweden.\\n1213 Frederick II. cedes to Walde-\\nmar all conquests in Germany north\\nof the Elbe and the Elde, in return for\\nhis recognition as emperor over his\\nrivals.\\n1220+ Waldemar XL loses his\\npower more rapidly than he gained it.\\n1223 Ger. The king and his son\\nare captured by treachery, and impris-\\noned [three years] by Henry, Count of\\nSchwerin, in Hanover.\\n1225 Waldemar II. cedes Holstein to\\nAdolf the Young.\\n1226** Ger. Waldemar II. is re-\\nleased on condition of renouncing all\\nhis conquests south of the Elbe and\\nthose in Slavic countries.\\n1227 Waldemar II. fails in an effort\\nto regain Holstein by arms, after the\\nPope annuls his renunciation of it.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n8th Century. With the battle of Bra-\\nvalla ends the purely mythical age.\\n1012* Eng. The Danes receive \u00c2\u00a348.000\\nas tribute, and murder Alphege, arch-\\nbishop of Canterbury.\\n1018 Canute changes his chief resi-\\ndence from Denmark to England.\\n1109 Toll is first paid by vessels pass-\\ning the Stade on the Elbe.\\n1124* The historian Saxo Grammati-\\ncus mentions skating on ice.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0647.jp2"}, "648": {"fulltext": "636 1241,**-1699,\\nDENMARK.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1248 The people of LUbeck attack\\nCopenhagen.\\n1252\u00c2\u00b1 Ger. War occurs with\\nSchleawig concerning the succession.\\nKing Abel declares it is only an heredi-\\ntary fief the king claims it is a personal\\none.\\nAbel has a conflict with the arch-\\nbishop, Jacob Erlandsen.\\n1259 Prince Yarimar of Riga at-\\ntacks Copenhagen.\\n1306 The Norwegians attack Copen-\\nhagen, and are repelled.\\n1332 Ger. War occurs with Geert,\\nCount of Holstein, who invades the\\nkingdom, and is assisted by discontented\\nnobles.\\n1362 Copenhagen is captured by the\\nopponents of Waldemar Atterdag.\\n1363 A general war occurs with\\nSweden, Mecklenburg, and theHanseatic\\nLeague, etc., without decisive results.\\n1368 The war is renewed against\\nDenmark Copenhagen is again cap-\\ntured by the opponents of Waldemar.\\n1370 The war ends with loss to\\nDenmark.\\n1389* Sice. Battle of Falkoping;\\nAlbert, King of Sweden, is defeated and\\ncaptured by Margaret he obtains his\\nliberty by renouncing his crown.\\n.1523+ Copenhagen holds out against\\nFrederick I. for more than a year.\\n1536 Copenhagen yields to Christian\\nIII. after a siege of one year.\\n1618* Ger. Denmark sends reenforee-\\nments to the Protestant cause in the\\nEuropean religious war between Pro-\\ntestants and Catholics.\\n1626* The Danes are compelled to\\nflee before the invading army of Wal-\\nlenstein.\\n1637* *-45* *War occurs with\\nSweden; it is incited by jealousy.\\n1643 Sept.* Ger. Gen. Lennart Tor-\\nstenson, the Swede, by forced marches\\nspeedily conquers Holstein and Schles-\\nwig, and invades Jutland with a German\\narmy.\\nThe French allies are surprised and\\ndefeated by the Austrians and Bavarians\\nat Duttlingen.\\n1644 The Danes are hard pressed both\\nby land and sea by the field-marshal,\\nCount Gustav Wrangel.\\n1645 Jan.* Ger. The Imperial force,\\nsent for the relief of the Danes, is re-\\npulsed by Torstenson and Count\\nKonigsmark and pursued into Germany\\nand nearly annihilated at Magdeburg.\\nMar. 6. Au-st. Brilliant victory of Swedes\\nunder Torstenson over Imperialists at\\nJankau in Bohemia. [Moravia is soon\\nconquered and Vienna approached.]\\nMay* Ger. The French marshal, Tu-\\nrenne, is defeated at Mergentheim in\\nFranconia by Imperialists under John\\nof Werth.\\nAug. Turenne defeats the Bavarians at\\nAllerheim. (See Germany.)\\nPeace is made with Sweden.\\n.1652 Denmark is an ally of England\\nin the war with Holland.\\n1658 -60 Invasion of Charles\\nGustavus.\\nThe King of Sweden overruns Holstein,\\ninvades Denmark, and unsuccessfully\\nbesieges Copenhagen.\\n1659 Feb. The Swedes try to take\\nCopenhagen by storm and fail, but a\\nblockade continues.\\nAnother war with Sweden ends.\\n1699 Frederick IV. invades Hol-\\nstein, whicb, being the ally of Sweden,\\nis defended by the Swedish king, Charles\\nXII. [Copenhagen is invested, but peace\\nis obtained by a money payment to the\\nSwedes.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1460* Horse passengers cross from\\nDenmark to Sweden on the frozen\\nBaltic.\\n1571 *-1601 Tycho Brahe, hav-\\ning built an observatory, makes impor-\\ntant astronomical discoveries. [1577. He\\ndemonstrates that comets are extrane-\\nous to our atmosphere.]\\n1609+ Jansen invents a telescope.\\n1650+ Thomas Bartholin discovers\\nthe lymphatic, an absorbent vessel con-\\nnected with the digestion.\\n1657* The astronomical tower is\\nerected at Copenhagen.\\n1658 The Belts are frozen over\\nCharles X. of Sweden crosses with his\\narmy on the ice.\\n1662 Steno discovers Steno s duct.\\n[He studies fossils and petrifactions.]\\n1669 Bartholin explains double re-\\nfraction.\\n1675 Discovery by Romer of the ve-\\nlocity of light.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1259 Christopher I., king, dies.\\n1376* Christopher II., king, b. [1333. Dies. J\\n1353 Margaret, queen, Semiramis of\\nthe North, born. [1412. Dies. A59.]\\n1375 Waldemar III. or IV., king, dies.\\n1426* Christian I., king, b. [1481. Dies.]\\n1481* Christian 1 1., king, b. [1559. Dies.]\\n1502 Christian III., king, b. [1559. D.]\\n1535* Kaas, Nikolaus, statesman, regent,\\nborn. [1559. Dies. A59.]\\n1546 Brahe, Tycho, astronomer, born.\\n1562 Longomontanus, Christian, astrono-\\nmer, horn.\\n1577 Christian IV., king, born.\\n1585 Bartholin, Kaspar, phvs., scbol., b.\\n1587* Arrebue, Anders, poet, born.\\n1588 Worm, ohms, physician, author, b.\\n1601 Brahe, Tycho, astronomer, A56.\\n1603 Japix, (ivshert. poet, born.\\n1609 Frederick III., king, born.\\n1612* I.aiindsen, Niels, scholar, born.\\nAagaard, Niels, poet, scholar, born.\\n1616* Bartholin, Thomas, physician,\\nscholar, writer, born.\\n1617 Bearing, Vitus, poet, historian, b.\\n1620* I onloppidan, Erie, bishop of Dron-\\ntheim, poet, born.\\n1622* Adelaar, Cord Sivertsen, admiral,\\nborn in Norway.\\n1629 duel, Nicholas, admiral, born.\\nBartholin, Kaspar, physician, scholar, A 44.\\n1630* Cibber, Cains (iabriel. sculptor, b.\\n1634* KingO, Thomas, bishop of Fiinen,\\npoet, born.\\n1635 Criffenfeld, Count of, Peter Schuh-\\nmacher, statesman, born.\\n1637 Arreboe, Anders, poet, A50.\\n1638 Steno, Nicolas, anatomist, born.\\n1644* Homer, olal. astronomer, born.\\n1646 Christian V., king, born.\\n1647* Lougoniuiuanus, Christian, astrono-\\nmer, A 85.\\n1648 Christian IV., king, ATI.\\n1654 Worm, Ohms, physician, au., A 86.\\n1657 Aagaani, Niels, poet, scholar, A45.\\n1666 Japix, Cvsbert, poet, A63.\\n1670* Frederick 111., king, A61.\\n1671 Frederick IV., king, born.\\n1675 Bebrlng, Vitus, poet, historian, A5\\nAdeiaar, Cord Sivertaen, admiral, A53.\\n1678 Bontoppldan, Eric, bishop of Dron-\\ntheim, poet. A68.\\n1680* Bartholin. Thomas, physician,\\nscholar, writer, A64.\\nBebrlng, Vitus, navigator, born.\\n1684 Holberj?, Ludwlg, baron, scholar,\\npoet, dramatist, born.\\n1685 Gram, Johan, or Hans, philologist,\\nborn.\\n1686- Egede, Hans, founder of Danish\\n1698 Ponioppidan, Erik, bishop, histo-\\nrian, born.\\n1699 GrifTenfeld, Count of, Peter Schuh-\\nmacher,\\nChristian V., king, A53.\\nChristian VI., king, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1320 -34 The privileges of tlie\\nclergy are confirmed in this reign.\\nNo ecclesiastic can be tried in a secu-\\nlar court, nor the tenants of ecclesias-\\ntical foundations no bishop be impris-\\noned without the consent of the Pope;\\nno taxation of ecclesiastics or their prop-\\nerty the king cannot declare war with-\\nout the consent of the nobles and the\\nclergy.\\n1521 The Reformation begins to\\nspread in Denmark.\\n1525 Frederick I. becomes a Prot-\\nestant; the inhabitants are both Cath-\\nolic and Protestant in faith, and the\\nreligion of both classes is tolerated.\\n1527 Lutheranism is introduced.\\n1536 Lutheranism is established by\\nChristian III., who annexes the church\\nlands to the Crown.\\nThe National Assembly authorizes\\nfree preaching, and permits the mar-\\nriage of ecclesiastics.\\nAbbeys, convents, and monaste-\\nries decline in importance and suceess.\\n1618* The great religious war\\nbreaks out in Europe, and Christian IT.\\nsends an army to aid the Protestants of\\nGermany.\\nLETTERS.\\n13th Century. A treatise on medicine by\\nHenrik Harpestring appears.\\n1300 -1500 The Kjcempeviser, or\\nDanish ballads, appear, about 500 epic\\nand lyrical poems.\\n1386 The first royal edict written in\\nDanish appears.\\n1397 The Act of Union at Calmar is\\nwritten in Danish.\\n1479 The University of Copen-\\nhagen is founded.\\n1490 The first printing-press is\\nset up in Copenhagen by Gottfried of\\nGhemen.\\n1495 The [famous] Ri i nitron ike, a his-\\ntory of Denmark in rhymed Danish\\nverse, attributed to Niels, a monk, ap-\\npears.\\n1500* -54 Karl MaanusnxidHolffer\\nDcniske, by Christian Pedersen, appears.\\n1506 Gottfried of Ghemen publishes\\na collection of proverbs, attributed to\\nPeder Lolle.\\n1514* The Hose-Garland of the J iryin\\nMan/, The Creation, and Human Lif\\nby Mikkel, priest of St. Alban s Church\\nin Odeuse, appear.\\nFr. Gesta Danorum, by Saxo Gram-\\nmaticus, is published at Paris by Chris-\\ntian Pedersen.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0648.jp2"}, "649": {"fulltext": "DENMARK.\\n1241, **-1699,\\n637\\n1529 The Book of Psalms and tlie New\\nTestament are published.\\n1533\u00c2\u00b1 The Royal library is founded\\nat Copenhagen by Christian III.\\n1550 The Bible is published in Danish\\n1555 EeinecM Fuchs, in Danish, ap-\\npears.\\n1559 The first authorized Psalter ap-\\npears.\\n1575 A translation of Saxo-Germma-\\nticus appears.\\n1591 Kja mpeviser, to the number of\\n100, are collected and published by A. G.\\nVedel.\\n1595* *-1604* Chronicle of the King-\\ndom of Denmark, by Arild Hirlfeld, ap-\\npears.\\n1633+ A translation of Snorri-Stur-\\nluson s Heimskringla, by Peder Claussen,\\nappears.\\n1641 Hexaemeron, by Anders Arreboe,\\nappears.\\n1663 Earopaische Zeitung is issued.\\n1666 Danske Meravims is issued.\\n1668 Gramatica Danica, by Bishop\\nErik Pontoppidan, appears.\\n1689 Winter Psalter, by Thomas\\nKingo, appears.\\n1699 Kingo s Psalter, by Thomas\\nKingo, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n15th Century. The sovereigns endeavor,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0with only partial success, to prevent the\\nplundering of merchantmen wrecked\\non the coast.\\n1513 Christian II., the Nero of the\\nNorth, causes the nobility and senators\\nof Stockholm to be killed, though inno-\\ncent of crime.\\n[1522 He is dethroned for his tyranny,\\nand for 27 years confined in a dungeon.]\\n1521+ Even the bishops unite with the\\npeople in plundering wrecked vessels.\\nA law enacted to prevent the plun-\\ndering of wrecked vessels is publicly\\nburned.\\n1660 The unpopularity of the no-\\nbility enables the king to make radical\\nchanges in the government and the suc-\\ncession.\\nSTATE.\\n1241 Waldemar H. dies, and few of\\nall his conquests remain to Denmark.\\n[He divides his kingdom among his sons\\nat his death disputes follow.]\\n-50 Eric IV reigns.\\n1250 -52 Abel reigns.\\nAbel gains the throne by assassinat-\\ning his elder brother Eric.\\nThe towns begin to send representa-\\ntives to the Council.\\n1252 Abel is killed in an expedition\\nagainst the Friesians.\\n-59 Christopher I. reigns.\\n1259 Christopher is poisoned.\\n13th Century. The struggle between\\nthe sovereigns and the barons con-\\ntinues.\\n-68 Eric V. reigns.\\nThe towns obtain charters by which\\nthey are exempt from the control of the\\nbarons.\\n1286* *-1319* Eric VI. reigns.\\n1319* *Kegency of the queen\\nmother.\\nDenmark is in a deplorable condition.\\nDanish and German nobles are granted\\nthe larger part of the kingdom.\\n1320 -33 Christopher II. is en-\\nthroned.\\nThe crown is weakened by the capitu-\\nlations which the nobles aiid clergy ex-\\ntort from the king. [These concessions\\ncontinue for 340 years.]\\nConfirmation of the privileges\\nof the clergy. (See Church.)\\nThe nobles are not obliged to follow\\nthe king beyond the limits of the king-\\ndom if captured, are to be ransomed by\\nthe king within a year, and if he fails to\\ndo so, will lose the right of demanding\\ntheir military service. The king can de-\\nclare war only with the consent of the\\nnobles and the clergy.\\n14th Century. Many struggles with the\\nHanse Towns because of the toll de-\\nmanded at the entrance of the Baltic.\\n1332 Christopher II. is driven from\\nhis kingdom by the invaders from Hoi-\\nstein and the discontented nobles.\\n-40 Anarchy prevails.\\nSkaania, Halland, and Eleking\\nannex themselves to Sweden.\\n1340 -75 Waldemar HI., Atta-\\ndag, the youngest son of Christopher,\\nreigns.\\nHe devotes himself to the recovery of\\nthe Crown lands by purchase or by\\nforce.\\n1341 The Danes first demand tolls\\nof vessels passing the Sound.\\n1359 The kingdom regains Skaania,\\nHalland, and Bleking from the king\\nof the Swedes.\\n1370 The war ends Denmark is\\nforced to sign a treaty securing to her\\nrivals most extensive commercial privi-\\nleges.\\n1372 Waldemar III. accepts the peace\\nof Stralsund.\\n1376 -87 Olaus V., five years of\\nage, the son of the late king s youngest\\ndaughter, reigns.\\n1380 Olaus V. succeeds his father\\nHakon as king of Norway, and his mother\\nMargaret, as regent, governs both lands\\nwell.\\n1387 Olaus dies, and Margaret is\\nelected queen of both countries.\\n1388 Sweden rebels against King\\nAlbert, and offers the crown toMargaret\\nthe Semiramis of the North, is en-\\nthroned queen of Sweden, Norway, and\\nDenmark.\\n1397 Denmark, Norway, and Swe-\\nden united.\\nThe three kingdoms are united by the\\nUnion of Calmar, each having its own\\nparliament and laws, and the monarchy\\nis made elective. [The Union lasts till\\n1522.]\\n1412 -40 Eric vH., a nephew of\\nMargaret, reigns.\\n1440 -AS Christopher HI., king\\nof Sweden, reigns as king of Norway and\\nDenmark.\\n1443 Copenhagen becomes the capi-\\ntal.\\n1448 -1863 The House of Ol-\\ndenburg reigns.\\nChristian I., count of Oldenburg, is\\nelected king of Denmark.\\n1457 Christian I. is elected king of\\nSweden.\\n1481 John succeeds Christian I., his\\nfather.\\n1490 The English agree to pay sound\\ndues on all vessels entering or leaving\\nthe Baltic.\\n1513* *-23* Christian II., the\\nCruel, succeeds John, his father.\\n1522 The Union of Calmar is dis-\\nsolved by the insurrection of the-\\nSwedes Denmark and Norway remain\\nunited.\\n1523 Christian II. is deposed be-\\ncause of his tyranny, and is confined in\\na dungeon 27 years.\\nDENMARK AND NORWAY.\\n*-33* Frederick I., Duke of Hol-\\nstein, son of Christian I., nephew of\\nChristian II., reigns he rules wisely.\\n1533+ The feuds of the counts arise.\\nChristian IH. is enthroned. [By his\\ngood rule he becomes known as the\\nFather of his People.]\\n1559* Frederick II. is enthroned.\\n1588* Christian IV. is enthroned.\\n1612 The Danish East Indian Com-\\npany is established.\\n1629 The Protestant league chooses\\nChristian IV. as their leader against\\nthe German emperor.\\nGer. The Danes, having sent an un-\\nsuccessful army to aid the Protestant\\ncause, sue for peace, which is signed at\\nliUbeek, binding them to non-interfer-\\nence with the affairs of Germany, and\\nrecognizing Wallenstein as Duke of\\nMecklenburg.\\n1643* Negotiations for peace with\\nSweden are opened in Osnabriick.\\n1645 Prus. Peace of Bromsebro.\\nPeace is made with Sweden after a war\\nof eight years, occasioned by jealousy of\\nthe growing power of Denmark Chris-\\ntian is obliged to surrender the islands\\nof Gottland and Oesel.-\\n1648 Frederick HI. is enthroned.\\n1652 Denmark aids England in the\\nwar with Holland.\\n1660 Peace is made with Sweden\\nby the treaty of Copenhagen, ceding to\\nit certain islands and free passage\\nthrough the Sound.\\n*Lex Regia. Frederick III., being\\npopular with the middle classes, unites\\nwith the clergy in extending the royal\\nprerogative, and changes the Consti-\\ntution from that of an elective to a\\nhereditary monarchy.\\n1670 Christian V. is enthroned.\\n1679 A treaty of peace with Sweden\\nis signed, which nearly restores the\\nante-bellum conditions.\\n1699 Frederick TV. is enthroned.\\nFrederick TV. invades the territory\\nof the Duke of Holstein he is com-\\npelled to make peace by the siege of\\nCopenhagen, by Charles XII, of Sweden,,\\nwho comes to the aid of his ally.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0649.jp2"}, "650": {"fulltext": "C38 1700/ -1839,*\\nDENMARK.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1700* Copenhagen is bombarded by\\nthe combined fleets l Kngiand, Holland,\\nand Sweden. [Peace is obtained by a\\nmoney payment to the Swedes.]\\n1712+ Holstein, Schleswig, and the\\nfortresses of Ton n in gen and Stralsund,\\nare taken by Frederick TV. Weisman\\nis conquered, and the Swedes are driven\\nout of Norway.\\n1801 Apr. 2. Because of Denmark s\\nalliance with the Armed Neutrality, the\\nBritish under Lord Nelson and Adm.\\nParker bombard Copenhagen and take\\n18 Danish ships of the line. [The colo-\\nnies in the East and West Indies are\\ntemporarily lost.]\\n1807 England opens another war to\\nget possession of the Danish navy.\\nJuly 26. The British, under Admiral\\nGam bier and Lord Cathcart, take 18\\nships of the line, 15 frigates, and 31 brigs\\nand gunboats. (See State.)\\nSept. 7. The Danish fleet surrenders\\nto Adm. Gambier and Lord Cathcart,\\nafter three days bombardment of Co-\\npenhagen.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1717 A part of Zealand overflows, and\\n1,300 inhabitants are drowned.\\n1819 Electro-magnetic action is dis-\\ncovered by Hans Christian Oersted of\\nCopenhagen.\\n1820 Oersted discovers the deflection\\nof the magnetic needle by the voltaic\\ncurrent.\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n1 700 Cibber, Cains Gabriel, sculptor, A70.\\n1710* Kbuier, ulaf, astronomer, A66.\\n1712* Bernstorff, Johann Hartwig Ernst\\nvon, count, statesman, born.\\n1720 Tordenskjold, Peter, admiral, A29.\\n1723 Frederick V., king, born.\\nKingo, Thomas, bishop of Fiineji. poet, ash.\\n1728 Siilmi, Peder Fredenk, historian, b.\\n1730* Midler, Otto Fredenk, naturalist, b.\\nFrederick IV., king, A59.\\n1734* Most, Georg*. traveler, statesman, b.\\n1735 Baden, Jakob, philologist, born.\\n1737 Struensee, Johann Friedrich, von\\ncount, physician, statesman, born.\\n1740* Bugtie, Thomas, astronomer, geog-\\nrapher, born.\\nCallisen, Hendrik, surgeon, born.\\nAbikigaard, Peter Christian, physician, b.\\n1741 Behring, Vitus, navigator, A61.\\n1743 Evald, Johannes, poet, born.\\n1744 Altildgaard, Nikolai A., painter, li.\\nAbrabamson, Werner Hans Friedrich, au-\\nthor, born.\\n1746 Christian VI., king, A47.\\n1748 Gram, Joban or Hans, philologist,\\n1749 Thaarup, Thomas, poet, born.\\nChristian VII., king, born.\\n1750* Christian, David, missionary to\\npainter, born.\\nHolberg, Ludwig, baron, scholar, poet,\\ndramatist, A70.\\n1755* Zoega, Georg, archeologist, born.\\nAdler, -Jacob Georg, orientalist, born.\\n1756 Pram, Christian Henriksen, poet,\\njournalist, mis. writer, born.\\n1758 Heiberg, Peder Andreas, poet, dram-\\natist, born.\\nEgede, Hans, founder of Danish missions in\\nGreenland, A72.\\n1759 Nyerup, Nasmns, historian, anti-\\nquary, born.\\n1760 Rabbek, Knud Lyne, an., critic, b.\\n1764 Baggesen, Jens Inimannel, poet, b.\\nPontoppidan, Knk, bishop, historian, A 66.\\n1770 Thurvaldsen, Albert, sculptor, b.\\n1772* Bernstorff, Johann Hartwig Ernst\\nvou, count, statesman. A 60.\\nStruensee, Johann Iriedrieh von, states-\\nman, A35.\\nBerger, .Johann Eric, scientific writer, born.\\nHost, Jens Kragh, historian, born.\\nBrandt. Count, beheaded.\\n1773* Gylleiiibourg-Ehrensvard, Thomas-\\nine Christine Bunt/.en, novelist, born.\\n1775 Malte-Brun, Conrad, geographer,\\nwriter, born.\\nMatilda, queen, A24.\\n1777 Oersted, Hans Christian, electro-\\nmagnetist, born.\\n1778 Oersted, Anders Sandbe, jurist,\\n1835 Bergsoe, W ilhebn, naturalist, jmet,\\n1780* Schumacher, Hendrick Christ!\\nastronomer, born.\\n1781* Brbndsted, Peter Olaf, archaeolo-\\ngist, born.\\nEvald, Johannes, poet, A38.\\n1782* Blicher, Steen Steensen, poet, novel-\\nist, born.\\n1783 Mulbech. Christian, historian, born.\\nEckersberg, Christoph Wilhehn. painter, b.\\n1784* M uller. Otto Fredenk, naturalist,\\nA54.\\n1786* Callisen, Adolf Karl Peder, physi-\\ncian, born.\\nChristian VIII., king, born.\\n1787 Kask, Kasiuus Christian, orientalist,\\nphilologist, born.\\n1789* Ingemann, Bernhard Severin, poet,\\nnovelist, born.\\nScbouw, Joachim Fredric, botanist, born.\\n1790 llaucb, Johannes Carsten von, poet,\\nborn.\\n1791 Abildgaard, Sbren. naturalist, A60\u00c2\u00b1.\\nPetersen, Niels Matthias, historian, born.\\nHeiberg, Johann Lndvig, poet, dramatist, b.\\n1793 Clausen, Hendrik Nicolai, theolo-\\ngian, statesman, born.\\n1794* Forchhammer, Johann, mineralo-\\ngist, chemist, geologist, born.\\n1795* Kafn, Karl Christian, arch., born.\\n1797 TJssing, Tage Algreen, jurist, born.\\nBiUe, Steen Andersen, rear-admiral, born.\\nBang, Peder Ceorg, jurist, statesman, born.\\n1798* Carstens, Asmus Jakob, historical\\npainter, A34.\\nHertz, Hendrik. poet, novelist, born.\\nSuhm, Peder Fredenk, historian, A70.\\nBernhard, Karl (pseud, of Andreas Nicolai\\nSt.-Aubain), novelist, born.\\n1800* *Aarestrup, Carl Ludvig Emil, poet,b.\\n1801 Abildgaard, Peter Christian, physi-\\ncian, A61.\\n1802* Irminger, Carl Lndwig Christian,\\nadmiral, born.\\n1804 Madvig, Johann Xikolai, statesman,\\nphQologist, born.\\nKoppen, Adolph bonis, srholar, author, b.\\nBaden, Jakob, philologist, A69.\\n1805 Andersen. Hans Christian, poet,\\nnovelist, wr. of fairy tales and travels, b.\\nEngelstoft, Christian T., theologian, reli-\\ngions historian, born.\\nAdler, Jacob Georg, orientalist, A50.\\n1808* Christian VII., king, A59.\\nJan. 20. Frederick VTI., king, born.\\nMartensen, Hans Lassen, bishop, tbeol., b.\\n1809* Hammericb, Frederik Peder Adolf,\\nclergyman, poet, mis. writer, born.\\nAbildgaard, Nicholas A., painter, A65.\\nPaludan-M idler, Frederic, poet, born.\\nZoega, Georg, archeologist, A54.\\n1811 Bart od, Paul Frederik, historian, b.\\nHoist, Hans Peter, poet. born.\\n1812* Abrabamson, Werner Hans Freder-\\nieh, author, A6S.\\n1813 Petersen, Carl, explorer, born.\\n1815* Bugge, Thomas, astronomer, geog-\\nrapher, A75.\\nWestergaanl, Niels I.udwig, orientalist, b.\\n1817 (Jade, Niels Wilhehn, composer, h.\\n1818* Christian IX.. king, born.\\n1819* Goldschmidt, Meyer Aaron, novel-\\nist, born.\\n1821 Worsaae, Jens Jacob Asmussen, an-\\ntiquary, born.\\nPram, Christian Henriksen, poet, journalist,\\nmis. writer, A65.\\nThaarup, Thomas, poet, A72.\\n1824 Callisen, Hendrik, surgeon, A84.\\n1826 Baggesen, Jens Immanuel, poet,\\nA 62.\\nMalte-Brun, Conrad, geographer, wr., A51.\\n1829* Nverup, Nasmus, historian, anti-\\nquary, A70.\\nCHURCH.\\n1710 Hans Egede publishes his\\nmission pamphlet, A Proposition for\\nGreenland s Conversion and Enlighten-\\nment; great opposition follows.\\n1714* The Royal College of Mis-\\nsions, for training missionaries, is\\nopened in Copenhagen.\\n1721 May 3. Hans Egede, with a few\\ncolonists, leaves Denmark to open the\\nfirst mission in Greenland.\\n1814 The Danish Bible Society is\\norganized.\\n1821 June 17. The Danish Mis-\\nsionary Society is formed by Bone\\nFalck Bonne, priest, with the motto,\\nBe not fearful, only believe.\\n1823* Priest Eonne has mission-\\nboxes hung up in the parsonages, for\\nwhich Bishop Plumb indicts him in the\\ncourt of chancery Konne is rebuked,\\nand the boxes taken down.\\nLETTERS.\\n1719 Peder Paars, by Ludvig Hol-\\nberg, appears.\\n1720 Nye Tidender is issued.\\n1722 Den Voegelsindede (The VTa-\\nverer). Jen n de Fro nee Jeppe paa Bjerget.\\nand Gert the Westphalian,hy Ludvig\\nHolberg, appear.\\n1723* Barselstuen (The Lving-in\\nRoom), The Eleventh of July. Jakob von\\nThyboe, Den Bund, /oV.TIk- Figet), Eras-\\nmus Mont anus, Don Ranudo, Ulysses of\\nIthaca. Without Head or fail. Witch-\\ncraft, and Melampe, by Ludvig Holberg,\\nappear.\\n1724 Henrik and Pernille, by Ludvig\\nHolberg, appears.\\n1729 Description of Denmark and\\nJS r oricay, by Ludvig Holberg, appears.\\n1731* The acted comedies, with five\\nothers, of Ludvig Holberg, appear.\\n1737 Description of Bergen, by Hol-\\nberg, appears.\\n1740* *A great Psalm Bool; by Hans\\nAdol Brorson, appears.\\n1741* *Xicolai Klhtii Iter Subterra-\\nneum, by Ludvig Holberg, appears.\\n1742 The University of Copenhagen\\nis reopened after the conflagration.\\n1744 The society for improving the\\nDanish Language is founded by Lange-\\nhek.\\n1749 Berlingske Tidende is issued in\\nGerman.\\n1764* LyWcens Tempel (The Temple of\\nFortune), by Johannes Ewald, ap-\\npears.\\n1766 Three Elegies, by Johannes\\nEwald, appear.\\n1767* Adam og Eva, by Johannes\\nEwald, appears.\\n1770 BolfKrage, by Ewald, appears;\\nalso Philet.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0650.jp2"}, "651": {"fulltext": "DENMARK.\\n1700, **-1839, 639\\n1771 Ve Dm tale Klappers, by Ewald,\\nappears.\\n1772 Phi/emon and Baucis translated,\\nand Harlequin Patriot, by Ewald, ap-\\npear.\\n1773 Pebersvendene (Old Bachelors),\\nby Ewald, appears.\\n1774 Balder s Dod (The Balder a\\nDeath), by Ewald, appears.\\n1779 Fiskeme (The Fishers), by\\nEwald, appears.\\n1785 -1819 The Minerva is is-\\nsued.\\n1786+ Comical Tales, by Jens Im-\\nmanuel Baggesen, appears.\\n1789+ Alpenlied, in German, by Bag-\\ngesen, appears.\\n1790* Labyrinth, by Baggesen, ap-\\npears.\\n1802 Guldhornene, by Adam Goti-\\nlob Oehlenschlager, appears.\\n1S03 Sanct Hansafteii-Spil, by Adam\\nGottlob Oehlenschlager, appears.\\n-05 Thors Jieise til Jolunheim,\\nLang el and srei sen and Alladin s Lampe,\\nby Oehlenschlager, appear.\\n1805 Hakon Jarl, by Oehlenschla-\\nger, appears.\\nLitteratiir-Se/skabs Skriffer is issued.\\n1807 Baldur hin Gode and Paluatoke,\\nby Oehlenschlager, appear.\\n1808 Nordens Mytholog-ie (Mythology\\nof the North), by Nicola i F. S. Grund-\\ntvig, appears.\\nUxel og Valborg, by Oehlenschlager,\\nappears.\\n1809 Correggio, in German, by Oeh-\\nlenschlager, appears.\\n1811* -36 Idtteratur-Tidende is is-\\nsued (the continuation of Lasrde Efter-\\nretninger).\\nDigte, by Bernhard Severin Ingemann,\\nappears.\\nAll og Gulhyndi, by Oehlenschlager,\\n1812 St rkodder, by Oehlenschla-\\nger, appears.\\n1813 -17 The Athene is issued.\\n1814* De Sorte Piddere (The Black\\nKnights), by Bernhard S. Ingemann, ap-\\npears.\\nHelge, by Oehlenschlager, appears.\\n1815 Masaniello, by B. S. In;\\n1822 Geography of Plants, by Joa-\\nchim Frederic Sehouw, appears.\\n1826 Waldemar the Victor, by Inge-\\nmann, appears.\\n1827 Love and Policy, by Henrik\\nHertz, appears.\\n1828 Flyttedagtm, by Henrik Hertz,\\nappears.\\nTwo volumes of dramas, including\\nTiberius, Bajazet, and Hamadryaden, by\\nJohannes Carsten von Hauch, appear.\\n1829 -38 Maanedsskrift for Lit-\\nterature is issued.\\nHrolf Krake, by Oehlenschlager, ap-\\npears.\\n1830* Amor s Strokes of Genius, by\\nHenrik Hertz, appears.\\nGjengangerbrevene, by Henrik Hertz,\\nappears.\\n1832 -42 1843 TidssJcrifffor\\nLitterature og Kritick is issued.\\nNature and Art and Four Poetical\\nEpistles, by Henrik Hertz, appear.\\nCupid at Court, by Frederik Paludan-\\nMiiller, appears.\\n1833 Dandserinden (The Danseuse),\\nby Frederik Paludan-Miiller, appears.\\n1834 Gamle og Nye Noveller of For-\\nfatteren til en Hrerdags Historic (Novels\\nOld and New, etc.), by Thomasine Chris-\\ntine Buntzen Gyllembourg-Ehrensvard,\\nappears.\\n-38 History of Denmark in the\\nHeathen Times, by Niels Matthias Pe-\\ntersen, appears.\\n1835** The Improvisator, by Hans\\nChristian Andersen, appears.\\nThe Only Fault, by Henrik Hertz,\\nappears.\\nThe first collection of Fairy Tales, by\\nHans Christian Andersen, appears.\\nPrince Otho of Denmark, by Ingemann,\\nappears.\\n1836* The Savings Bank, by Henrik\\nHertz, appears.\\n1837 -43 Figyelmezo is issued.\\nSvend Dyring s House, by Henrik\\nHertz, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1746 Frederick V. marries Prin-\\ncess Louisa, daughter of George II. of\\nEngland.\\n1766 Christian VII. abolishes slavery.\\n1772 Jan. 18. Matilda, the queen\\ndowager, to save the life of her supposed\\nlover, Struensee, confesses a plot\\nagainst the Ministers, and is condemned\\nto imprisonment for life in the castle\\nof Zell.\\n1784 Prince Frederick becomes re-\\ngent, and becomes the leader of Europe\\nin opposing the African slave-trade,\\nand begins the gradual emancipation\\nof peasants living on crown lands.\\n1837 Sept. Frederick VI. separates\\nfrom his first wife.\\nSTATE.\\n1720 A treaty is made between\\nDenmark and Sweden, in which the\\nlatter is spoiled.\\nDenmark restores all her conquests,\\nand Sweden in return pays 600,000 rix\\ndollars, gives up its freedom from cus-\\ntoms duties in the Sound, and abandons\\nthe Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, whom\\nDenmark deprived of his share of\\nSchleswig. (Ploetz.)\\n1730 -46 Christian VI. succeeds\\nhis father to the throne of Denmark and\\nNorway, and reigns in peace.\\n1746 -66 Frederick V. reigns.\\n1760 Denmark finally joins Russia\\nand Sweden in declaring the Baltic\\nneutral for commerce.\\n1766 Christian VII. is enthroned.\\n1772* Counts Struensee and Brandt,\\nafter introducing reforms, are beheaded\\nthrough a conspiracy.\\nAndreas Peter Von Bernstorff, the\\nOracle of Denmark, first becomes\\nMinister.\\n1780* Denmark has a contention\\nwith England regarding the northern\\ntrade in hemp by neutral vessels.\\n1784* The increasing imbecility of\\nthe king requires the appointment of\\nhis son as regent.\\nPrince Frederick is declared regent.\\n1801 War with England results\\nfrom a defensive alliance with Russia,\\nPrussia, and Sweden.\\n1807 An alliance with France is\\nentered.\\nEngland demands the surrender\\nof the Danish navy upon the condition\\nof its being restored at the close of the\\nwar with Napoleon, fearing its capture\\nand use against herself by him; the\\ncrown prince refuses, and England sends\\na fleet and army to take it.\\nSept. 6. The Danes secure peace by sur-\\nrendering the fleet to England.\\nSept. The Danes are exasperated by\\nthe seizure of their fleet, and declare\\nwar against England, and become an\\nally of France.\\n1808 Frederick VI. is enthroned.\\n1814 Jan. 14. A treaty of peace is\\nsigned with England and the allied\\nsovereigns.\\nDenmark is to surrender Norway to\\nSweden, and to receive Pomerania, or as\\na substitute a sum of money and a dis-\\ntrict in Lauenburg, and also the return\\nof its colonies in the East and West\\nIndies.\\nDENMARK ALONE.\\nNov. 3. By the Congress of Vienna, the\\nKing of Denmark is declared a mem-\\nber of the Germanic body on account\\nof Holstein and Lauenburg, and invested\\nwith three votes in the Diet he is to\\nhave the tenth place in rank. Sweden\\nretains Norway, and Denmark is indem-\\nnified with the transfer of Lauenburg.\\n(See p. 521.)\\nPomerania and Eiigen are annexed\\nto Denmark and Norway.\\n1815 Denmark cedes Pomerania\\nand Riigen to Prussia for a small dis-\\ntrict of Lauenburg adjoining Holstein.\\n1824 A treaty of commerce is en-\\ntered with England.\\n1831 A new Constitution is granted\\nby Frederick VI.\\n1839 Christian VHI. is enthroned.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1728* GreatfireinCopenhagen more\\nthan 70 streets and 3,785 houses are\\nburned.\\n1736 The Bank of Copenhagen is\\nformed.\\n1785 May 14. The canal is opened\\nbetween the Baltic and North Seas.\\n1794 Feb.* The palace at Copenhagen\\nis burned loss, \u00c2\u00a34,000,000 and 100 lives.\\n1795 June* Fire in Copenhagen;\\nthe arsenal, admiralty, and 50 streets\\nare destroyed.\\nJune 9. One-fourth of Copenhagen is\\nburned.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0651.jp2"}, "652": {"fulltext": "640 1840, **-1864,**.\\nDENMARK.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1848 -51 Three wars of Schles-\\nwig-Holstein against Denmark.\\nMar.* The first war with the duchies of\\nSchleswigand Holstein occurs they rise\\nin rebellion against Frederick VII.\\nMar. 24. Ger. The fort of Rendsburg\\nin Holstein is seized by the rebels.\\nApr. 9. Ger. The rebels are defeated\\nnear Flensburg in Schleswig.\\nApr.+ Ger. The Prussians and Ger-\\nman confederacy send an army to the\\naid of Schleswig.\\nApr. 23. Ger. The Prussians under\\nGen. Wrangel defeat the Danes near\\nDanewerk. [They advance into Jut-\\nland.]\\nAug. 1. Denmark blockades the North\\nSea.\\nAug. 26. Swe. A truce is signed at\\nMai mo by the influence of the European\\nPowers.\\n1849 Mar. 25. July* The second\\nwar with the duchies begins on the ex-\\npiration of the truce of Malmo.\\nApr. 5. Ger. The ship of the line Chris-\\ntian VIII. is fired by cannonade at Eck-\\nernforde in Schleswig, and the frigate\\nGefion is captured.\\nApr. 10. The Danes defeat the Hol-\\nsteiners and Prussians.\\nApr. 13. Ger. Bavarian and Saxon\\ntroops storm the redoubts of Diippel in\\nSchleswig.\\nApr. 20. The Danes are defeated at\\nKolding, Jutland, by the Schleswig-\\nHolstein army led. by Gen. Bonin, a\\nPrussian.\\nIndifferent conduct of German and\\nPrussian troops is caused by the threat-\\nening attitude of England, France, and\\nRussia.\\nAt the siege of Fredericia, Jutland,\\nthe Danes inflict much damage by a\\nsortie.\\nJuly 10. Ger. The truce of Berlin be-\\ntween Prussia and Denmark is signed.\\n1850 Jan. 51 July* The third war\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0with the duchies.\\n[It ia conducted by Schleswig-Holstein\\nalone, with Gen. Willisen, formerly of\\nthe Prussian army, commander.]\\nJuly 24, 25. Ger. Battle of Idstedt,\\nSchleswig-Holstein the Danes, with an\\narmy of .38,000, defeat the Schleswig-\\nHolsteiners under Gen. Willisen with\\n27,000 men 7,000 are killed and wounded\\non both sides.\\nJuly Ger. Schleswig is occupied by\\nthe Danes.\\nSept. 12. Ger. The Danes again defeat\\nthe Schleswig-Holstein troops at Mis-\\nsunde, in Schleswig.\\nSept. 29-Oct. 4. Ger. TheHolsteiners\\nbombard Friedriehstadt, Schleswig,\\nand almost destroy the town. Kepulsed\\nwith heavy loss.\\nDec\u00c2\u00b1. The German Confederacy en-\\nforces the cessation of hostilities.\\n1851 Ger. Holstein is occupied by\\nAustrian troops with the consent of\\nPrussia, and delivered to the Danes.\\n1852 Mar. 2. Ger. Holstein is evac-\\nuated by the Austrians.\\n1863 Dec. Ger. The succession to\\nthe Danish throne being in dispute on\\nthe death of Frederick VII., Austrian\\nand Prussian troops occupy the duchies\\nof Holstein-Schleswig.\\nDec. Ger. The Danes, to avoid en-\\ncountering the Federal troops, with-\\ndraw from Holstein.\\nDec. 31. Ger. Kendsburg, Holstein,\\nis evacuated by the Danes.\\n1864 Jan. 21. Ger. Federal troops\\nunder Marshall Von Wrangel invade\\nHolstein.\\nFeb. -Oct. War occurs with Aus-\\ntria and Prussia.\\nExpecting the aid of England and\\nFrance, Denmark declares war against\\nGermany.\\nFeb. The Danes send Gen. de Meza\\nwith 40,000 men to defend the Danne-\\nwerk, the trans-peninsular defenses in\\nSchleswig.\\nFeb. 1. Ger. The Prussians under Mar-\\nshal Von Wrangel and Prince Frederick\\nCharles take Eckernfoide, in Schleswig.\\nFeb. 2, 3. Ger. Missunde, Schleswig,\\nis bombarded and burned by the Prus-\\nsians.\\nFeb. 5. Ger. The Danes, being out-\\nflanked, abandon the Dannewerk to\\nsave their army.\\nFeb. 6. The Austrian advance under\\nGen. Von Wrangel defeats the Danes at\\nOver-see. Schleswig Srhleswig is taken\\nafter an obstinate resistance.\\nFeb. 7. Ger. Flemsburg, Schleswig, is\\noccupied by the Federal allies.\\nFeb. 13. Ger. The allies begin their\\nattack on Diippel, Schleswig.\\nFeb. 18. The Prussians enter Jutland,\\nand take Kolding. [The Danes fortify\\nthe island of Alsen.]\\nMar. 1. Gen. Gertach succeeds Gen.\\nde Meza as commander of the Danes,\\nwhose conduct of operations causes much\\ndissatisfaction.\\nMar. 8. The Danes are defeated by the\\nPrussians at Sonderbygaard and Veill.\\nMar. 15. Thesiegeof the entrenchments\\nof Diippel by the Prussians commences.\\nMar. 17- The Prussian squadron obtains\\na naval victory.\\nGer. Diippel, Schleswig, is bom-\\nbarded and taken by the Prussians.\\nMar. 20. Ger. The Prussians bombard\\nFredericia, Schleswig.\\nMar. 28. Ger. The Prussians are re-\\npulsed in an attack on the fortress of\\nFredericia.\\nApr. 18. Ger. The Prussians capture\\nthe fortress of Diippel.\\nApr. 29. Ger. The Danes withdraw\\nfrom Fredericia and other fortresses,\\nand retreat to Alsen, Prussia.\\nMay 6+. Jutland, refusing to pay a\\nwar tribute to the Prussians, is pillaged.\\nMay 9. An armistice is agreed to for\\none month, commencing on May 12\\n[while a peace conference assembles at\\nLondon].\\nGer. The Danes defeat the allies in\\na sea-fight off Heliogoland.\\nJune 9. The armistice is prolonged for\\ntwo weeks.\\nJune 26. Ger. The conference in Lon-\\ndon having failed to secure peace, hos-\\ntilities are resumed. [The Prussians\\nbombard Alsen.]\\nJune 29. Ger. The Alsen batteries are\\ncaptured, and 2.400 Danes made prig\\nJuly Alsen is taken, and Jutland occu-\\npied by the allies.\\nJuly 18. Another armistice is accepted.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1862 Oct. 21. The planet Frtia is dis-\\ncovered by Heinrich Ludurg d Arrest.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1841 Heiberg, Peder Andreas, dramatist,\\npoet, A83.\\n1842* lirandes, Georg Morris Cohen, lec-\\nturer, critic, mis. writer, born.\\nPrbiidsted, Peter Olaf, areha- l y:ist. AHl.\\n1843 June 3. Frederick, son of the Lmke\\nof Schleswig-Holstein, born.\\n1844 Host, .lens Kragh, historian, A72.\\nThorvaldsen, Albert, sculptor, A74.\\n1848 Blither, .stneti Meenseii. poet, A66.\\nChristian VIII.. king, A62.\\n1850 Oljlriisrliht.-t-r. Aiian i utllob,poet,\\nA 71.\\nSchumacher. Hendrick Chris., astron., A70.\\n1851 Oersted, Hans Christian, electro-\\nmagnetist, A74.\\n1852 Schouw, Joachim Fredric, botanist,\\nA63.\\n1853 Eckersberg, Christoph William,\\npainter, A70.\\n1856* Aarestrup, Carl Ludvig Emil, poet,\\nA56.\\nGyllembourg-Ehrensvard. Thomasine Chris-\\ntine Iiunt/.cn, novelist, A83.\\n1857 Gjellerup, Karl Adolf, novelist, b.\\nAlolbech, Christian, historian, A74.\\nI860* Heiberg, Johann Ladwig, poet,\\ndramatist, A69.\\nOersted, Anders Sandoe, jurist, statesman.\\nA82.\\n1861 Bang, Peter Georg, jurist, states-\\nman, A64.\\n1862 Ingeinann, Bernhard Severin, poet,\\nnovelist, A73.\\nPetersen, Niels Matthias, historian, A71.\\n1863 June 29. F re de ri ck Ferdinand,\\nprince, uncle of Frederick VII., d.\\nCHURCH.\\n1857 Methodist Episcopal preach-\\ners from U. S. A. begin mission-work in\\nDenmark.\\n1860 June It is decided at a meeting\\nheld in Nyburg, that hereafter the Da-\\nnish Society shall take the lead in all\\nmission-work, and that local unions be\\nformed.\\n1862 June* A Danish mission-school\\nis founded near Copenhagen for mission-\\nworkers.\\n1863 A Greek Danish Missionary\\nSociety is formed by Victor Block.\\nLETTERS.\\n1840 Xinon, by Henrik Hertz, ap-\\npears.\\nHistorisk Tidsskrift is issued.\\n1841 -48 Adam Homo, by Fred-\\nerik Paludan-Muller, appears.\\n1842 Lyriske Digte (Lyric Poems), by\\nJohannes Carsten von Hauch, appears.\\nFHna, by Oehlenschlager, appears.\\n1845 Fern oq tyre Fabler (Five-an.l-\\ntwenty Fables), by Christian Winther.\\nappears.\\nKing Kent s Daughter, by Henrik\\nHertz, appears.\\n1848* *-49* Xnrd og Syd is issued\\n[still published as I de 6g Hjemme],\\n1853* Robert Fulton, by Johannes Car-\\nsten von Hauch, appears.\\nA Sacrifice, by Henrik Hertz, appears.\\n1854* *-64* *Nordisk Universitets\\nTidsskrift is issued.\\nThe Youngest, by Henrik Hertz, ap-\\npea\\n1S58 i\\nDansk Manndesskri/f is issued.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0652.jp2"}, "653": {"fulltext": "DENMARK.\\n1840, *-1864, 641\\nSOCIETY.\\n1842 May 26. Duke of Scbleswig-Hol-\\nstein-Sonderburg-Gliieksburg [afterward\\nChristian IX.] marries Princess Louisa\\nof Hesse-Cassel both are descended\\nfrom George II. of England.\\n1846 Sept. Frederick II. separates\\nfrom his second wife.\\n1850 Frederick H. marries mor-\\nganatically Louisa, Countess of Danner.\\n1863 Mar. 10. Eng. The Prince of\\nWales marries Princess Alexandra of\\nDenmark, at Windsor.\\n1864 Feb. 24. A subscription is started\\nin London for the relief of wounded\\nDanes.\\nSTATE.\\n1846 July 8. An open letter of\\nKing Christian VIII. arbitrarily de-\\ncrees the union of the duchies of\\nSchleswig and Holstein with Den-\\nmark, in spite of the different laws of\\ninheritance in the two states. [This\\nleads to war.]\\n1848 Jan. 20. Frederick VLT. is en-\\nthroned.\\nJan. 28. A revolutionary movement by\\nthe Casino party at Copenhagen compels\\nthe king to proclaim a new Constitution.\\nMar. 23. Insurrections arise in the\\nduchies, especially in Holstein; a pro-\\nvisional government is established at\\nKiel, with Prince Frederick of Augus-\\ntenburg at the head. (See Germany.)\\n1849 June 5. A new liberal Consti-\\ntution is sanctioned by the king.\\nJuly 10. Prussia signs an armistice,\\nwhich is converted into a peace.\\nBy its terms Schleswig is to be occu-\\npied by Swedish troops in the north, in\\nthe south by those of Prussia, and to\\nreceive a new administration. (Ploetz.)\\n1850 July 2. A separate peace is\\nconcluded with Prussia.\\nJuly 4. The great powers, England,\\nFrance, Prussia, unite with Sweden to\\nguarantee the integrity of Denmark.\\nAug. 23. Eng. To solve the question\\nconcerning the succession to the throne,\\na protocol is signed in London by all\\nthe Ministers of the great powers.\\nNov. 28, 29. Moravia. Conference at\\nOlmiitz. (See p. 523.)\\n1851 Jan. 10. Ger. The rights of the\\ncountry are placed under the protec-\\ntion of the Germanic Confederation\\nby a proclamation of the Stadtholders of\\nSchleswig-Holstein.\\n1852 May 8. Ger. Hanover, Saxony,\\nand Wurtemberg recognize the treaty\\nof London granting the throne to\\nChristian of Sonderburg-Gliicksburg,\\nFrederick VII. having been childless,\\nand the female line next in succession\\nwithdrawing their claim. Christian,\\nDuke of Augustenburg-Holstein, con-\\nsents to surrender his rights in the\\nduchies for a sum of money.\\n1854 July 29. Frederick VII. promul-\\ngates a new Constitution.\\n1855 Oct. 1. The new Constitution\\nset forth by the king is adopted.\\n1857 The Sound dues are abol-\\nished, Great Britain paying \u00c2\u00a31,125,206\\nas her share.\\nOct. -62 Dissensions arise be-\\ntween the Government and the duchies\\nthe family pretensions of the Duke of\\nAugustenburg to the rule of the duchies\\nis agitated at home and abroad.\\n1S58 Mar. 27. The Government de-\\ncrees the erection of fortifications\\nabout Copenhagen.\\n1860 Feb. 11. Ger. The Assembly of\\nSchleswig alleges that the promise of\\nequality of national rights, pledged\\nby the Treaty of London in 1S52, has not\\nbeen recognized. [Mar. 1. It formally\\nprotests against being united to Den-\\nmark.]\\n1861 Jan.* The Government announces\\nthat a declaration of war will be made\\nif Prussian soldiers enter the duchies.\\nFeb. Active preparations for war are\\nmade.\\nI T une The Rigsdag adopts a decimal\\ncoinage.\\n1863 Mar. 30. Frederick VII. grants\\nindependent rights to Holstein, but\\nannexes Schleswig to Denmark.\\nApr. 17. Austria and Prussia protest\\nagainst the annexation of Schleswig.\\nJune 6. Frederick VII. accepts the\\ncrown of Greece for Prince William\\nGeorge.\\nJuly 9. Ger. The Diet threateningly\\ndemands the annulment of the action\\nof Frederick VII., on March 30, granting\\nindependent rights to Holstein and an-\\nnexing Schleswig. (See p. 526.)\\nAug. 1. Preparations are made to in-\\ncrease the army.\\nAug. 27. Frederick VII. replies that an\\narmed occupation of the duchies by\\nGermany will be accepted as a declara-\\ntion of war.\\nAug. Sweden declines to enter an\\nalliance with Denmark.\\nOct. 1. Ger. The Diet of the German\\nConfederation demands the immediate\\nexecution of its decree to support Prince\\nFrederick as Duke of Schleswig-Hol-\\nstein.\\nNov. 13. The new Constitution is af-\\nfirmed by the Kigsdag.\\nNov. 15. The House of Giiicksburg\\nbegins to reign.\\nChristian IX. is enthroned accord-\\ning to the Treaty of London.\\nNov. 16. Ger. Prince Frederick of\\nAugustenburg claims the government of\\nSchleswig and Holstein, although his\\nfather had renounced them for a com-\\npensation. (See 1852, May 8.)\\nNov. IS. Christian IX. signs the Con-\\nstitution. [Dec. 1. It is published.]\\nNov. 21. Ger. The announcement of\\nPrince Frederick s claim causes great\\nexcitement in Holstein public officials\\nrefuse to take oath to the new king,\\nChristian IX.\\nNov. 26. Ger. Prince Frederick is\\nsupported by several German States\\nthey proceed to send troops into the\\nduchies.\\nDec. The Austrian and Prussian\\nMinisters prepare for their departure\\nfrom Copenhagen if the Constitution is\\nnot annulled.\\nDec. 19. Denmark protests against the\\nproposed occupation of the duchies by\\nthe German States.\\nDec. 21. Ger. The representatives of\\nGerman States, to the number of 000,\\nassemble at Frankfort, and agree to sup-\\nport the claims of Prince Frederick\\nagainst those of Denmark.\\nDec. 24. Ger. The Saxons, as repre-\\nsentatives of the Federal authority, en-\\nter Altona in Schleswig-Holstein.\\nDec. 25. Ger. The Federal Commis-\\nsioners attend the army of occupation,\\nand assume administrative powers in\\nSchleswig-Holstein.\\nDec. 30. Ger. Prince Frederick at\\nKiel, in Holstein, claims authority as\\nDuke of Schleswig and Holstein.\\n1864 Jan. 16. Austria and Prussia\\nunite to demand the abrogation of the\\nConstitution of Nov. 18, uniting Schles-\\nwig with Denmark, within two days.\\nJan. 18. Denmark asks for six weeks\\nto act on the peremptory demand of\\nAustria and Germany.\\nJan. 21. Ger. Holstein is invaded by\\nGerman troops.\\nFeb. War with Germany.\\nCause Austria and Prussia demand\\nthe repeal of the November Constitution,\\nwhich conflicts with the agreement of\\nDenmark to respect the rights of the\\nduchies, which implied that Schleswig\\nshould not be incorporated as a part of\\nDenmark. The latter refuses the joint\\ndemand.\\nFeb. 6. Ger. Prince Frederick Charles\\nis proclaimed Duke of Schleswig-Hol-\\nstein.\\nFeb. 13. Ger. The Commissioners of\\nthe German States protest against the\\noccupation of Altona by Prussia.\\nFeb. 23. England, having proposed a\\nconference on Danish ;i flairs, the allies\\naccede to it. [Apr. 25, meets. June 22,\\nends.]\\nMar. 22. The Rigsdag adjourns, after\\nresolving to support the king.\\nIt seems as if Denmark must cease to\\nexist as a nation in consequence of its\\nreverses.\\nPrussia and Austria secede from the\\nLondon Protocol the war is renewed.\\nJuly 9. The administration of Jutland\\nis assumed by Prussian officers.\\nThe Government sends Prince John\\nto Berlin to make negotiations for\\npeace.\\nJuly 26. Aust. A conference for\\npeace opens at Vienna,\\nOct. 30. Aust. Peace of Vienna.\\nTerms the King of Denmark re-\\nnounces all his rights to the duchies of\\nSchleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg in\\nfavor of the Emperor of Austria and the\\nKing of Prussia he agrees to recognize\\nwhatever disposition these monarchs\\nshall make of these states. (Ploetz.)\\nNov. 16. King Christian IX. by proc-\\nlamation releases the inhabitants of\\nSchleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg from\\ntheir allegiance to Denmark.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1847 Sept. 26. A great fire at Copen-\\nhagen valuable Icelandic literature is\\ndestroyed, including over 2,000 unpub-\\nlished MSS.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0653.jp2"}, "654": {"fulltext": "642 1865, *-1894, Oct. 27.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1872 Oct. 18. The new theater at Co-\\npenhagen is founded by the king.\\n1873 Oct. 6. A statue of Frederick\\nVII., erected at Copenhagen, is un-\\nveiled.\\n1884 Aug. 10. The 8th International\\nMedical Congress is held iu Copenhagen.\\n1889 May 21. Dr. Hansen and his\\ncompanions arrive at Copenhagen on\\ntheir return from an exploring expedi-\\ntion to Greenland.\\nDENMARK.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1865 Forchhanimer, Joliann Georg, min-\\neralogist, chemist, geologist, A51.\\nBernhard, Karl (pseud, of Andreas Nicolai\\nSt. Aubain), novelist. A65\u00c2\u00b1.\\n1866* Callisen, Adolf Karl I eder, physi-\\ncian, A80.\\n1870 Sept. 37. Christian, crown prince, b.\\nHertz, Hendrik, poet, novelist, A72.\\n1872 Ussing, Tage Algrcen. jurist, A75.\\nGrundtvig, Nicolai Frederik Severin, clergy-\\nraan, poet, mis. writer, A89.\\nHaueh, Johannes Carstu ii von, poet, A71.\\n1875 Andersen. Hans Christian, poet,\\nnovelist, wr. of fairy tales, travels, A70.\\n1876* Paludan-Muller. Frederik, poet, A61.\\n1877* Hammerich, Frederik Peder Adolf,\\nclergyman, poet, mis. writer, A68.\\nClausen, Ilenrik X., theolo., statesman, A48.\\n1878* Westergaard, Niels Lad wig, orien-\\ntalist, A63.\\n1880 Petersen, Carl, explorer, A67.\\n1883* Bide, steen Anderson, rear-admiral,\\nA86.\\n1884 July 27. Lndvigsen, Anna Kristiane,\\nauthor of patriotic songs, AM.\\n3Iartensen, Hans Lassen. Insluip, theol., A72.\\n1885 Worsaae, Jens Jacob Asmussen,\\nantiquary, AtiL\\n1886 Madvig, Joliann Nikolai, philologist,\\n1888* Irminger, Carl Ludwig Christian,\\nadmiral, A86.\\n1889 July 16. Augusta, Princess, sister of\\nQueen of Denmark, dies.\\nJuly 23. Sparre, Count, dies.\\n1890 Dec. 22. cade, Niels Wilbelm, com-\\nposer, conductor. A73.\\n1894 Oct. 27. Plong, Carl, poet, politician,\\njournalist, A81.\\nCHURCH.\\n1866 Jan. 6. The first Methodist\\nEpiscopal church in Denmark is dedi-\\ncated.\\n1872* *Lorenthal s Mission is\\nfounded. Motto, Be born again.\\n1874 The Danish Mission Society\\nfounds two seminaries for the training\\nof missionaries. [1875. United.]\\n1876 The mission to the Danes is he-\\ngun by the Christian Society, U.S.A.\\n1884 Aug. 30. The Evangelical Al-\\nliance holds its Sth meeting in Copen-\\nhagen.\\n1887 The American Baptists set off\\nthe Denmark mission from the Ge\\n1888 A Methodist Episcopal theo-\\nlogical school is founded in Copen-\\nhagen.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1866 Nov. 9. Prince Alexander of\\nRussia marries Princess Dagmar.\\n1869 July 2S. The Crown Prince\\nFrederick marries Princess Louisa of\\nSweden.\\n1874 July* -Aug.* Christian IX. vis-\\nits Iceland.\\n1878 Dec. 11. The Duke of Cumber-\\nland marries Princess Thyra.\\n1888 Nov. 15. The 25th anniversary\\nof the accession of the king to the throne\\nis celebrated.\\n1889 June 24. Christian IX. confers\\nthe knighthood of the Order of Danne-\\nbrog upon Capt. Hamilton Murrell.\\nThe people present him with an oil\\npainting of the scene of the transfer of\\nthe passengers and crew of the sinking\\nsteamer Danmark. (See Miscellaneous.)\\n1890 Mar. 25. The Minister of War\\nannounces that no Socialist workmen\\nwill be employed in State workshops.\\nMay 26. The crown princess gives birth\\nto a daughter.\\nNov. 8. A son is born to Prince Wal-\\ndemar.\\n1892 May 23. The celebration of the\\ngolden wedding of King Christian\\nbegins at Copenhagen.\\nMay 29. A procession of 100,000 people\\nmarches from Copenhagen to the castle\\nto do honor to the king and queen.\\nSTATE.\\n1866 July 19, 27. A new Constitu-\\ntion is approved by both Chambers of\\nthe Kigsdag.\\nJuly 28. The king sanctions the new\\nConstitution.\\n1867 Oct. 25. Proclamations are is-\\nsued, proposing to sell the Danish\\nislands in the West Indies, St.\\nThomas and St. John, to the United\\nStates for $7,500,000. [Approved by the\\ncolonies, but not carried out by the\\nUnited States.]\\n1868 Jan. 30. The Assembly approves\\nof the proposed sale of two islands in\\nthe West Indies.\\n1870 Aug. Denmark decides to re-\\nmain neutral in the Franco-Prussian\\n1874 Mar. 29. The Folkething de-\\nfeats the Government on the question\\nof fortifications the Assembly is dis-\\nsolved.\\nOct. Continued contests occur between\\nthe king and the Landsthing and Folke-\\nthing.\\nDec. A crisis is reached respecting the\\nsupplies.\\n1877 Apr. 4. The Rigsdag closes\\nwithout settling the budget.\\nApr. 12. The king makes provision for\\nthe budget in harmony with the pro-\\nvision of the Constitution.\\n1881 May 10\u00c2\u00b1. The king dismisses\\nthe Folkething, alleging its ineffi-\\nciency.\\n-84 Legislation is obstructed\\nby the Opposition members of the Folke-\\nthing.\\n1884 June The elections return to\\nthe Folkething 82 Liberals and Opposi-\\ntion, besides 20 Conservatives.\\n1885 Mar. 21. The king refuses to\\ndismiss the Ministry.\\nMay 5. The Government prohibits the\\nimportation and possession of arms, and\\nforbids drilling.\\nOct. 16. The budget is rejected by the\\nFolkething.\\nDec. 21. The laws restraining the lib-\\nerty of the press are condemned by\\nthe Kigsdag.\\n1886 Jan. M. Berg, president of the\\nFolkething, obstructs the police at a\\nmeeting; he is condemned, and sentenced\\nto six months imprisonment.\\nJan. 26. The budget is rejected by the\\nFolkething.\\nFeb. 8. The Rigsdag is discordant,\\nand the session closes.\\nOct. 26. The two parties in the Rigsdag\\nunite in opposing the Government.\\n1887 Jan. 8. The Folkething is dis-\\nsolved.\\nApr. 1. The budget is rejected.\\n1888 Apr. 1. The budget is rejected.\\nApr. 8. The political prisoners are\\ngranted amnesty on the king s 70th\\nbirthday.\\n1889 Feb. 11. The regulations relat-\\ning to Greenland coast fisheries forbid\\ntrading with the inhabitants, and fish-\\ning is prohibited within one Danish mile\\nfrom the coast.\\nMar. 6. The Rigsdag announces that\\nthe British Minister at Athens has been\\nselected as an arbitrator in the Butter-\\nfield claim between the United States\\nand Denmark.\\nApr. 1. The budget is rejected; the\\nGovernment collects the revenue by a\\nroyal decree.\\n1890 Jan. The elections result in 91,159\\nvotes for the Ministerial party, 139,354\\nfor the Opposition, and 17,232 for the\\nSocialists.\\nFeb. 4. The arbitrators decide in favor\\nof Denmark in the dispute with the\\nUnited States respecting damages for\\nvessels lost near St. Thomas, W. 1.\\n1891 Jan. 6. The Government oflieial-\\nly recognizes the Republic of Brazil.\\nJuly 10. The Minister of State, Baron\\nAkerheilm, resigns, and is succeeded\\nby Baron Bostrom.\\nSept. 8. Denmark removes the prohibi-\\ntion of the importation of American\\npork.\\n1894 Apr. 2. Premier Estrup tenders\\nhis resignation to the king.\\nAug. 7. The Cabinet is reconstructed,\\nwith Baron Eeedtz-Mott as Premier.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1S6S Aug. 31. The Anglo-Danish tele-\\ngraph from Xewbiggin to Copenhagen is\\ncompleted.\\n1SSS May IS. The King of Denmark\\nopens the Scandinavian Exhibition in\\nCopenhagen.\\n1SS9 Apr. 6. The steamer Danmark\\nsinks about S00 miles from Newfound-\\nland Capt. Murrell of the Missouri\\nrescues all on board, about 735 persons.\\nApr. 12. The steamer Danmark. of the\\nThingvalla line, is seen floating in a\\nwrecked condition, without a person on\\nboard, GOO miles off the coast of Ireland.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0654.jp2"}, "655": {"fulltext": "DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. 1844, Feb. 27-1887, 648\\nTins Republic occupies the eastern and greater part of the island of Santo Domingo, or Haiti, West Indies. Its area is esti-\\nmated at 1S,045 square miles, and its population at 010,000. The capital is Santo Domingo. The government is under a Constitu-\\ntion, its President is elected every four years by universal suffrage, and its Congress of 22 members by restricted suffrage. The\\npeople are chiefly of mixed blood, Spaniards, Indian, and negro, with only a few whites. Spanish is the language of the people\\nand Roman Catholicism is the state religion, but all religions are tolerated.\\nFor the early history of the island, and the struggles between the two republics, see Haiti.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1844 Feb. 27. Following the revolu-\\ntion in the west against President Boyer,\\nthe inhabitants in the eastern part of\\nthe island assert their independence\\nof the Haitian Republic, and form a\\nState called the Dominican Republic.\\nA Constitution is adopted.\\nApr. 9. An army of 20,000 Haitians is\\ndefeated near Santiago, and forced to\\nabandon its effort to subdue the Do-\\nminicans, led by Pedro Santana, the\\nliberator.\\n1S48 Oct. 22. France recognizes the\\nindependence of the Republic, and en-\\nters a treaty of commerce.\\n1849 Apr. 22. At Las Carreras 400\\nDominicans, under Santana, defeat the\\ninvading Haitian army, 20,000 strong,\\nunder Soulouque.\\nJimenes, of Caucasian blood, is\\nelected President. [He secretly con-\\nspires with President Soulouque of Haiti,\\nwho invades the country.]\\nApr. Jimenes abandons his office, and\\nflees to Haiti.\\nBuenaventura Baez is elected con-\\nstitutional President.\\n1850 May* Great Britain recognizes\\nthe independence of the Republic, and\\nenters a treaty of amity, commerce, and\\nnavigation.\\nSoulouque again leads an invasion,\\nand is defeated.\\n1853 Baez, having favored the Cler-\\nical party, is rejected by the people, and\\nGen. Santana is chosen his successor.\\n1854 Oct. 5. President Baez signs a\\ntreaty with President Pierce, IT. S. A.,\\nsecretly stipulating for the cession of\\nthe Bay of- Samana to the United\\nStates. [It fails of ratification at Wash-\\nington.]\\n1857 Feb.* By the influence of French\\nand British agents, Baez is reelected\\npresident.\\nSept. Gen. Santana successfully leads\\na revolutionary movement against\\nPresident Baez.\\n1858 President Baez is overthrown\\nby the Revolutionists, and Liberal rule is\\nestablished.\\n1S62 -65 The Dominion is held\\nby Spain.\\n1865 The Constitution is modified.\\n1S69 Nov. 29. President Baez and\\nPresident Grant sign a treaty for the\\nannexation of the Dominican Repub-\\nlic to the United States.\\n1870 June 30. U. S. A. The Senate\\nat Washington rejects the annexation\\ntreaty.\\n1886 Sept. 1. Gen. Ulises Heureaux\\nis elected President.\\n1887 A new Constitution is adopted.\\nECUADOR.\\nEcuador is a republic of South America, bordering the Pacific, and lying nearly under the equator. Area claimed, 275,964\\nsquare miles, of which about 155,000 are in jurisdiction population, estimated at 1,260,000. Capital, Quito. The government is\\nrepublican in form the executive is a President elected for a term of four years the Congress consists of an upper and a lower\\nhouse. The inhabitants are whites of Spanish descent, Indians, and people of mixed blood the language chiefly spoken is Span-\\nish and the only religion tolerated is the Roman Catholic, the religion of the state.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1460 During the reign of Hualcopo\\nDuchisela the conquest of Quito is\\nundertaken by Tupac Yupanqui, the\\nInca of Peru.\\n*Huaina-Capac, his son, completes the\\nconquest of Quito by a great victory\\nin the battle of Haluntaqui.\\n1531* Atahualpa, King of Quito, de-\\nfeats and imprisons his brother Huascar,\\nKing of Peru, in his capital, and rules\\nthe two kingdoms.\\n1809 A revolution is attempted by\\nthe colonists, who are defeated in five\\nor six battles.\\n1821* *-24* War with Spain. Gen.\\nBolivar aids the colonists to indepen-\\ndence. Under Antonio Jose de Sucre\\nthey defeat the Spaniards.\\n1822 May 22. The Spaniards are de-\\nfeated in a battle fought on Mount\\nPichincha, 10,200 feet above the sea.\\nMay 24. The Spaniards capitulate.\\n1824 Dec. A decisive battle is fought\\nat Ayacucho the Spaniards are de-\\nfeated by the Colombian troops.\\n1828 -29 War with Peru the\\nColombians defeat 8,000 Peruvian in-\\nvaders.\\n1860 Aug. Gen. Flores defeats Gen.\\nFranco in a battle.\\n1861 The army under Gen. Flores\\nis completely routed by that of New\\nGranada.\\n1875 Sept. Quito is declared in a\\nstate of siege after the assassination of\\nthe President.\\n1876 Dec. 14. The revolutionary army\\nunder Gens. Vientemilla and Urbino, at\\nGalte, defeats the constitutional army\\nunder Gen. Aparicio.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1755 Apr. Quito is destroyed by an\\nearthquake.\\n1796 Feb. 4. An earthquake destroys\\nthe entire country between Santa F 5\\nand Panama 40,000 persons in the cities\\nof Cuzco and Quito are killed in one\\nsecond.\\n1859 Mar. 22. An earthquake at\\nQuito kills about 5,000 persons, and does\\ngreat damage to property.\\n1863 Aug. An earthquake kills 30,-\\n000 people, ruins the public buildings of\\nQuito, and completely destroys many\\ntowns.\\n1877 June 26. The most notable erup-\\ntion of Cotopaxi occurs. Quito is in\\ncomplete darkness from the showers of\\nashes.\\n1883 Dee. 13. Cotopaxi is in eruption.\\n1884 Dec. 13. An earthquake at\\nGuayaquil does much damage.\\n1885 July 23. Cotopaxi is in a state\\nof eruption, and a portion of Chimborazo\\nat foot of Chimborazo is overflowed with\\nlava Quito is in darkness for eight\\nhours.\\nA placer gold-mine is discovered\\nbetween Chordeley and Gualaceo this\\ngives a great impulse to gold-mining.\\n1886 Jan. 11-16. The volcano Tun-\\ngurahua is active; ashes cover the\\nneighboring country a decimeter in\\ndepth.\\n1889 Mar. 4. Several earthquake\\nshocks are felt at Guayaquil.\\nLETTERS.\\n1874 May 4. The Academy of Ecua-\\ndor is inaugurated. (Colleges are in the\\nlarger towns.)\\n1876 Public instruction is still en-\\ntirely under the control of the clergy and\\nthe Christian Brothers.\\n1890 Primary education is gratui-\\ntous and compulsory.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1845\u00c2\u00b1 A convention is entered into\\nwith England for the suppression of the\\nslave-trade.\\n1854 Slavery is abolished.\\n1875 Feb. The Government orders\\n$12,000 to be paid to the bishop of Guay-\\naquil in compensation for his trouble\\nand expense in erecting an orphan asy-\\nlum and free schools.\\nAug. 6. President Moreno is assassi-\\nnated in the corridor of the Public", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0655.jp2"}, "656": {"fulltext": "G44 280, *-1892, Aug. 30.\\nECUADOR.\\nTreasury in Quito by three men, one of\\nwhom is shot on the spot.\\n1886 Feb. 6. An unsuccessful attempt\\nis made to assassinate the President; a\\nriot ensues at Guayaquil.\\nCHURCH.\\n1850 President Diego Noboa recalls\\nthe Jesuits.\\n1867 By great concession, Protes-\\ntants are permitted to have a burial-\\nground at Quito\\n1870 President Moreno subordinates\\nthe authority of the Government to\\nthat of the church.\\n1872 Dec. A day is set apart for\\nthanksgiving and prayer for the Roman\\nCatholic Church.\\n1874 Ten per cent of the revenue of\\nthe church belonging to the State is\\nmade an offering to the Pope, in spite\\nof the depressed condition of the\\nfinances.\\nThe oath of a Protestant has no\\nforce in a court of justice.\\nSTATE.\\n280 A foreign tribe is said to have\\nforced its way inland along the valley of\\nthe Esmeraldas, and established a king-\\ndom at Quito [which lasts for about\\n1,200 years].\\n1460+ Quito is conquered by Peru-\\n1475 Huaina Capac the Great rules\\nthe two kingdoms 38 years.\\n1525 The kingdom of Huaina Capac\\nis divided between his two sons; Ata-\\nhualpa takes the kingdom of Quito, and\\nHuascar all that remains beside it.\\n1530 War breaks out between the\\ntwo brothers.\\n1532 Huascar is defeated and cap-\\ntured by Atahualpa, who rules both\\nkingdoms.\\nNov. 16. Atahualpa meets Pizarro.\\n(See p. 20.)\\n1533 Aug. 29. Pizarro executes\\nAtahualpa. (See p. 20.)\\n*_34* pizarro gains possession of\\nthe country.\\n1534 Pedro de Alvarado, governor\\nof Guatemala, heads an expedition of\\n400 men against Quito. [Near Riobamba\\nhe is met by forces under Pizarro s lieu-\\ntenants, Almagro and Benalcazar, and\\nis induced to retire.]\\n1539 Gonzalo Pizarro is appointed\\nto command the province of Quito. (See\\np. 21.)\\nDec. 25. Gonzalo Pizarro explores the\\ninterior. (See p. 21.)\\n1710* The colony is attached to the\\nSpanish vice-royalty at Santa Fe\\\\\\n1718* The province of Quito is de-\\ntached from Peru, and annexed to\\nNew Granada.\\n1722 The colony is restored to Peru.\\n[For many years the colony Ian-\\nAn insurrection of Indians breaks\\nout; the insurgents kill the proprietors,\\nand destroy all traces of the mines.\\n1809 The colonists make an unsuc-\\ncessful effort for freedom from Span-\\nish rule.\\n1821 July The Republic of Colom-\\nbia is formed by the union of Ecuador,\\nNew Granada, and Venezuela.\\n1831 Ecuador withdraws from Co-\\nlombia, following the example of Ven-\\nezuela Gen. Juan Jose Flores is the\\nfirst President.\\n1852* History becomes a series\\nof pronunciamentos and attempted rev-\\nolutions.\\n1835 Vicente Rocafuerte becomes\\nPresident.\\n1839 Gen. Flores regains the presi-\\ndency.\\n1843 The Constitution is adopted.\\nGen. Flores is elected President for\\nthe third time.\\nHe soon accepts the title generalis-\\nsimo and a sum of 20,000 pesos, and\\nleaves the country to his rivals.\\n1845 Gen. Roca is elected President.\\nA period of great confusion follows.\\n1850 Diego Noboa is elected Presi-\\ndent.\\nA ^rupture occurs with New Granada\\nrespecting the harboring of refugees.\\nUrbina, a Democrat, becomes a prac-\\ntical dictator.\\n1852 The Constitution is modified.\\n1856* Gen. Francisco Robles is\\nelected President.\\n[He secures the adoption of the French\\nsystem of coinage, weights, and meas-\\nures.]\\n1859 Aug. 21. President Robles abdi-\\ncates after refusing to sign the treaty\\nwith Peru.\\nGen. Franco becomes President.\\n1861 Jan. Dr. Gabriel Garcia Mo-\\nreno is elected President by the Conser-\\nvative party.\\n1864 President Moreno resigns, but\\nhis resignation is unaccepted.\\n1865 May The Democrats under Ur-\\nbino, Franco, and Robles lead an in-\\nsurrection, and seize a government\\nwar-steamer at Guayaquil.\\nJune President Moreno seizes a mail-\\nsteamer sailing under the British flag,\\nand captures three small steamers of\\nthe insurgents, and quells the rebellion\\n20 of the captured rebels are shot, among\\nwhom are the leaders.\\nAug. 4. Geronimo Carrion is elected\\nPresident.\\n1866 Jan. Ecuador unites with Chile\\nand Peru in an alliance for the banish-\\nment of all Spanish subjects.\\n1867 Nov. President Carrion re-\\nsigns because of a vote of censure hav-\\ning been passed upon him by Congress.\\nPedro Jose de Arteta, Vice-Presi-\\ndent, assumes control of the Govern-\\nment, and the old Cabinet is recon-\\nstructed.\\nCongress revokes the extraordinary\\npowers of the President, by which he\\nu;i- allowed to Imprison any person con-\\nsidered dangerous to public order.\\n1868 Jan. XavierEspinosa is elected\\nPresident.\\n1869* Ex-president Moreno heads a\\nrevolution, and seizes the government.\\n1873 Copper money becomes legal\\ntender.\\n-Dec. 8. Dr. Borreo is elected Pres-\\nident.\\n1876 Sept.+ Vientemilla, military com-\\nmandant at Guayaquil, leads a success-\\nful revolt against the Government. [He\\nbecomes President.]\\n1877 The Conservatives are over-\\nthrown by the Terrorists of the\\nNorth, led by Gen. Yepez.\\nPolitical matters are in a state of an-\\narchy.\\n1878 Two Vice-Presidents are ap-\\npointed to replace the President should\\ncircumstances require it.\\n1882 Aug. Vientemilla provokes a\\nrevolution to enable him to again be\\nappointed Supreme Chief an office which\\nhe had filled for six years.\\n1883 Jan. The revolutionary move-\\nment having become general, Gen. Sa-\\nlazai leads a successful attack.\\nJan. Gen. Alfaro becomes dictator.\\n1S84 Feb. 12. Jose* Maria Placido\\nCaamans is elected President.\\nNov. 6. Gen. Alfaro leaves the Bay of\\nPanama at the head of a rebel force.\\n1SS5 July* Congress passes anew tar-\\niff bill, raising the import and export\\ndues.\\nLighthouse dues are levied.\\n1885 Dec. The Government sends a\\ncolonising expedition to the Galapa-\\ngos Archipelago.\\n1889 Sept. 22. The Government issues\\nan order prohibiting Chinese immi-\\ngration.\\nOct. 30. A new m inis try is formed.\\nand consists of Carlos K. Tabor, of Inte-\\nrior and Foreign Affairs Francisco Cam\\npo, of Finance Elias Lazo, of Public\\nInstruction and Justice and Gen. Julio\\nSaenz, of War.\\n1890 Oct. 13. The Government de-\\ncrees that in future all profits realized\\nfrom the sale of gunpowder (a Gov-\\nernment monopoly) shall be devoted to\\nthe furtherance of missionary work in\\nthe eastern and almost unknown regions\\nof the Republic.\\n1892 Aug. 30. President Cordera s\\nCabinet is announced, with Seflor Vi-\\ncente Lucio Salazar as Minister of Inte-\\nrior and Foreign Affairs.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1495\u00c2\u00b1 Atahualpa, Inca., is born.\\n1525 Nov.* Huyana Capac, the\\nGreat, dies.\\n1859 The first carriage is intro-\\nduced into Quito.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0656.jp2"}, "657": {"fulltext": "EGYPT.\\n5004 b.c-3633 B.C. 645\\nEg vpt is a country in Northeastern Africa, tributary to Turkey, but under the control of England. Egypt proper consists of\\nthe fertile valley of the Nile, a territory averaging eight miles wide in its fertile part, with the desert beyond, and extending 850\\nmiles to Wady Haifa, at the Second Cataract. There are 14 provinces, with Cairo as the capital area, 10,698 square miles popu-\\nlation, 6,S17,265. The ruler is a hereditary despot, called the Khedive; the inhabitants are a mixture, Egyptians, Nubians,\\nAbyssinians, Levantines, Turks, Negroes, Armenians, Jews, and European races the common language is Arabic, though many\\nuse the Coptic or native Egyptian tongue, and the Mohammedan religion chiefly prevails.\\nThe prosperity of the country has ever depended on the inundation of the Nile, which begins about the middle of June at\\nCairo, and subsides about the middle of November.\\nThe chronology favored by Mariette is followed until the time of the conquest by Alexander the Great many important\\nevents, however, have additional dates, approved by other authorities. The chronological riddle [of ancient Egypt] is unsolv-\\nable. The list of early kings furnished by Mantheo, who wrote 2,000 years after their time, has no certain value. (Kawlinson.)\\nMany of the kings have two names, a throne and a personal name. Nearly all dates have an uncertain value until the Fourth\\nDynasty, B. c. 4235, when the monuments afford dates for Egyptian events.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n3733\u00c2\u00b1 B. C. Khufu is exceptionally\\na warrior king.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n4300\u00c2\u00b1 B. c. The first recorded fam-\\nine occurs, during the reign of the fourth\\nking.\\n4133 b. c. An earthquake destroys\\nmany lives.\\n3766 b. c. The history of Egyptian\\nmonument-bunding begins with Sene-\\nferu, who appears to be the same as\\nSoris.\\n3733* *b.c. Khufu (Cheops) builds the\\nGreat Pyramid for his tomb.\\nIt is the most prodigious construction\\never erected by the hands of man He-\\nrodotus says it required the labor of 100,-\\n000 men for 20 years in its construction\\n10 years were previously employed in\\nmaking the road from the quarry to the\\nselected site, a distance of 3,051 feet, and\\nconstructed of highly polished stone\\nwith figures engraved upon it.\\n3666 b. c. Two statues of this pe-\\nriod [remain], representing King Khaf-\\nRa; they are in green basalt.\\nb. c. Khaf-ra builds the second pyra-\\nmid.\\nIt is probable that Khaf-Ka built the\\nsmall temple behind the Sphinx, which\\nhe adorned with his statues. The stones\\nare polished, and fit to a hair s breadth.\\n(Kawlinson.)\\nThe pyramids are placed with astro-\\nnomical exactness.\\n3633* *b.c. Men-kau-Ra builds a\\nmodest tomb. [Succeeding monarchs\\nfollow his example.]\\nArt in Egyptian statuary never sur-\\npassed this period, yet it is exceedingly\\ninferior to that of archaic Greek.\\nMen-kau-Ra builds the third pyra-\\nmid at Gizeh.\\nMonuments cease to reveal the history\\nof Egypt [for more than 400 years].\\nCHURCH.\\nNote. The religion of Eg-ypt may natu-\\nrally divide its history into three periods,\\nthe heathen. Christian, and Mohamme-\\nThe following descriptions of the reli-\\ngion of the early Egyptians are chiefly\\ntaken from Kawlinson.\\n4100 b. c. Ka-Kau (Kaiechos) intro-\\nduces the worship of the bulls of Apis\\nat Memphis; the worship of Minerva\\nis observed at Memphis near the Delta.\\nThe real practical religion of the\\nprimitive period is the worship of\\nancestors.\\nperiod here hymns are sung, offerings\\nmade, and services conducted, from\\nwhich both the dead and the living are\\nexpected to derive advantage.\\nThe early Egyptians viewed their\\nancestors as still living, and as inter-\\nested in the condition and prospects of\\ntheir descendants they regarded them\\nas invested with a quasi-divinity.\\nThere appears at the root of the\\nEgyptian religion the belief in a future\\nlife, and of happiness or misery beyond\\nthe grave.\\nEmbalming is practised long before\\nthe construction of the pyramids.\\nThe composition of the Book of the\\nDead was ascribed to the gods.\\n3666 b. c. The queen of Khaf-Ka\\nis high-priestess of Thoth.\\n3633\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. In the reign of Men-\\nkau-Ka religion no longer regards the\\nsouls of the just as retaining their\\nindividuality in the other world, but as\\nidentified, each and all, with Osiris him-\\nself, and were thought to be at any rate\\ntemporarily absorbed into his divine\\nbeing.\\nb. c. King Men-kau-Ra pays special\\nattention to religion, and dedicates\\nhimself to Ra, the sun-god, and cares\\nfor the temples.\\nLETTERS.\\nb. c. The records of the first dy-\\nnasties of Egypt exhibit a literature\\nalready existing and elaborated.\\nThe walls of the interior of sepulchral\\nchambers are covered with long inscrip-\\ntions which gave the titles and employ-\\nments, honors, and possessions of tlie\\ndeceased. The different kinds of hier-\\noglyphs, symbolic, determinative, pho-\\nnetic, are all in use. (Kawlinson.)\\n4366 B. c. King Athothis, a physi-\\ncian, writes anatomical books.\\n3766\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Seneferu, the first of the\\npyramid kings, is the first Egyptian\\nmonarch who has left behind him an in-\\nscription the tablet at Wady Ma-\\ngharah. (Kawlinson.)\\nSOCIETY.\\n4066 b. c. In the reign of Ba-en-\\nneter (Binothris) a law is passed per-\\nmitting women to hold the sovereign\\npower.\\n3733\u00c2\u00b1 b. r. Egyptian society is di-\\nvided into classes. Intolerable bond-\\nage is caused by the labor of building\\nthe pyramids.\\n3633\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Men-kau-Ra selects a\\nyouth named Petah-ases from among\\nthe common people, and rears him in\\nthe palace with his own children.\\nSTATE.\\n5004\u00c2\u00b1* -3064i:* *b.c. The An-\\ncient Empire: it lasts 1,940 years.\\nThe foundation of the Egyptian mon-\\narchy begins. (Mariette.)\\nI. Dynasty It is established at Thinis in\\nUpper Egypt.\\n4400 b. c. Mena is the first authen-\\ntic king.\\nMena, or Misraim, the half mythical\\nfounder of the nation, is said to have\\nconquered lower Egypt, and built his\\ncapital at Memphis. (Bbckb, b. c. 5702\\nlinger, 5(1 1. i Lenonnant, 5004 Brugsch-\\nBey, 4455; Lauth, 4157. Lepsius, 3892;\\nBunseu, 3628; Poole, 2717; Wilkinson,\\n2691 Rawlinson, 2700.)\\n4366 b. c. Teta reigns. He founds\\nthe palace at Memphis. [4333, Atet\\n4300, Ata; 420(1, Hesep-ti 4233, Mer-ba-\\npen; 4200, Senien-Ptah 4166, Qebh.]\\nH. Dynasty: Established at Thinis in\\nUpper Egypt.\\n4133 B.C. Neter-bain (Boethosor Bu-\\ntan) reigns. [4100, Ka-Kau (Kaiechos).]\\n4066 b. c. Ba-en-neter (Binothris)\\nreigns. A law is passed decreeing that\\nwomen may hold the sovereign power.\\n[4033, Uat, -nes 4000, Senta.]\\nHI. Dynasty: Established at Memphis\\nin Middle Egypt, south of Cairo, on the\\nNile.\\n3966 b. c. T at ai reigns.\\n3933* *b. c. Neb-Ka (Necherophes)\\nreigns. The Libyans revolt, and then\\nreturn to their allegiance. [3900, Ser\\n3S66, Teta 3833, Set es 3S00, Nefer-ka-\\nRa and Huni reign.]\\n3766 B. c. Seneferu (Senoferu, or\\nSoris) reigns. Prosperity attends this\\ngood and beneficent king.\\nXV. Dynasty: Established at Memphis\\nin Middle Egypt it has been called the\\npyramid dynasty, and is the culminat-\\ning period of the Ancient Empire.\\nb. c. Egyptian history now emerges\\nfrom the mists of obscurity, and discloses\\na genuine and progressive civilization.\\n3733** B.C. Khufu (Suphisl, or\\nCheops) reigns.\\nHe is the greatest king; of this period,\\nand distinguishes his reign by building\\nthe Great Pyramid he holds his people\\nin a condition of intolerable bondage\\nwhile building bis monuments.\\n3700 b. c. Tat-f-Ra (Ratatf) reigns.\\n3666 Khaf-Ra (Shafra) reigns.\\n[He is the first of the kings who has\\ngiven to modern times his statue; two\\nof the statues are known.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0657.jp2"}, "658": {"fulltext": "646\\n3633 b.c. -1700 e.c.\\nEGYPT.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n3533= B. c. King Sahu-Ra leads a\\nmilitary expedition into the Sinaitic\\nregion of Arabia.\\nThe kings of this period are disin-\\nclined to war.\\n3433+ b. c. User-en-Ra leads a mil-\\nitary expedition into the Sinaitic pe-\\nninsula.\\n3233 b. c. A martial spirit is first\\nseen in the VT. Dynasty; Una, the com-\\nmanding general for King Pepi I., con-\\nducts five niilitary expeditions against\\nthe Herusha, who dwell in the desert\\neast of lower Egypt.\\n3166=* *b. c. Pepi II. is the first\\nEgyptian king given to war.\\nHe leads an expedition into the Sina-\\nitic peninsula against Mentuon and an-\\nother against the Amu and the Herusha\\nhe also subdues the negroes, and gathers\\nan immense army for his expeditions\\nthe war spirit inspires his people.\\n2466 -2266 b. c. The Egyptian\\nkings carry on military operations\\nagainst the troublesome Ethiopians the\\nfortresses of Kumneh and Semneh are\\nbuilt on either side of the Nile to protect\\nthe realm from invaders.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n3566 b. c. TJser-ka-f builds a small\\npyramid, and calls it TJab-asu, the\\nmost holy of all places.\\nDancing of a solemn and formal\\nmovement, with the sexes apart from\\neach other, is practised the harp,\\nflute, and pipe are employed at ban-\\nquets.\\n3533 b. c. King Sahu-Ra erects a\\npyramid, and calls it Sha-ba, or the\\nrising of the soul.\\n3500 b. c. Kakaa begins the tomb\\nof Ti, the marvel of Succarah.\\n3433 b. c. User-en-Ra builds the\\nPyramid of Abousir, the smallest of\\nthe three great pyramids, the base be-\\ning only 274 feet square, and the eleva-\\ntion 171 feet and four inches. Many\\nmagnificent tombs are erected in his\\nreign.\\n3400=* b. c. Representations of King\\nMen-kau-Hor are cut in relief on the\\nwalls of the great Serapeum near Mem-\\nphis.\\n3166 b. c. King Pepi builds a pyra-\\nmid tomb which he calls Mennefer,\\nthe good abode he repairs the Tem-\\nple of Athor at Denderah and Ham-\\nmanat.\\n3066 -2630 b. c. Eor a period of\\n436 years the monuments are almost\\nsilent respecting the history of Egypt.\\n2433 b. o. Usertsen erects the obe-\\nlisk of pink granite [which still stands],\\n66 feet high, upon the site of Heliopolis\\nthe earliest monument of the kind pos-\\nsessing any considerable grandeur.\\n(Rawlinson.)\\nb. c. Usertsen constructs temples\\nat Tanis, at Abydos, and Eileithyia,\\nwhich were adorned with sculptures,\\ninscriptions, and colossal statues.\\n2400 b. c. Indigo-dyeing is known.\\n2300* *-2266* *b.c. Amen-era-hat\\nIII. is famous for his engineering works\\nhe builds a dam 27 miles long, averaging\\n30 feet high, by which the artificial lake\\ncalled Moeris is formed; it is 14 miles\\nlong, 6 to 11 wide, and covers 40 square\\nmiles it is constructed for storing\\nwater. He also builds the famous Laby-\\nrintb, a large palace for ceremonial acts\\nand sacrifices.\\nb. c. The Temple of Amnion is\\ncommenced by Amen-em-hat, at Karnak,\\nopposite Thebes.\\nHe also builds a palace adorned with\\ngold, having a roof of blue, and walls\\nof stones fastened together with iron\\nclamps he said it was made for eternity\\n[but it has disappeared].\\n2240 b. c. Glass is known and used.\\n2000 b. c. XT. and XVI. Dynasties\\nThe Hyksos arrest tbe production of\\nart no monument exposes this miser-\\nable period of Egyptian history. (Mari-\\nette.)\\nGlass and pottery increase in ele-\\ngance the Egyptians brew beer from\\nbarley tanning is known.\\n1700* -1400* b.c. Egyptian arch-\\nitecture reaches its highest perfection\\nunder the XVIII. and XIX. Dynasties.\\nThe arts of life are much developed;\\ncostumes are more elaborate houses\\nmore artistic and increased provision\\nfor comfort appear. Horses are intro-\\nduced from Asia the chariot takes the\\nplace of the palanquin. The young\\ndandy prided himself on the strength\\nand lightness of his vehicle, the perfect\\nshape and condition of his carriage\\nhorses, the beauty of their trappings, and\\nhis own skill in driving them. (Raw-\\nlinson.)\\nb. c. Aahmes is a liberal patron\\nof art his colossi are immense.\\nXVTII. Dynasty: Monuments are\\nerected along the Nile in both Upper\\nand Lower Egypt.\\nb. c. The hypogea of Beni-Hasan\\nand of Siut are erected during the time\\nof the Middle Empire also the Colossi\\nof San and of Abydos and the obe-\\nlisks of Materiyeh and Beyig.\\nXVXTX Dynasty: Queen Hatshepsu\\ncommences the two great obelisks at\\nKarnak, one of which is completed and\\ncrowned with pyramidions of pure gold\\ntaken from conquered foes she also\\nbuilds the Temple of Der-el-Bahari.\\nCHURCH.\\n3533 B. c. Sahu-Ra announces him-\\nself on his sculpture as the great god\\nwho strikes down all nations.\\nSahu-Ra names the pyramid he erects\\nSha-ba, the rising of the soul, to\\nmark his belief in the resurrection of\\nthe dead.\\n3466 b. c. Nefer-f-Ra builds a pyra-\\nmid tomb called Menaukh, the abode\\nof life.\\nb. c. The Egyptians divide their\\ngods into two classes, the universal\\nand the local.\\n3433* *B. c. User-en-Ra takes the titles\\nof divinity, the great god, lord of the\\ntwo lands, king of Egypt, king of the\\nupper and lower countries conquering\\nHorus, and son of tbe sun.\\nb. c. During the V. Dynasty the\\nancient gods are worshiped, including\\nRa, Set, Thoth, Hor, Osiris, Isis-Atbor.\\nPhthah, and Anabis there are traces\\nof the worship of Nut, Seb.Khen. Kneph,\\nNeitb, Ma, Saf, and Heka.\\nb. c. The prophets include\\npersons of both sexes. The passage of\\nsouls through the lower world is plainly\\ntaught. Osiris is worshiped as tbe\\ngreat ruler of the dead. Animal wor-\\nship is practised; a white bull and a\\nsacred heifer are regarded as possessing\\na divine character.\\nb. c. The Sothiac festival is first\\ndiscovered during tbe XI. Dynasty\\nfeasts are held at stated periods in\\nhonor of tbe gods Khem, Phthah-Sokari,\\nand Thoth.\\nb. c. Ammon, the great god, is\\nworshiped his chief temple and oracle\\nis at Thebes.\\n*b. c. XII. Dynasty Religion is\\nmodified by the elevation of Ammon\\nto the headship of the Pantheon.\\n*b. c. Sabak is advanced from a\\nlocal or subordinate position to one of\\nhigh rank among tbe universal divini-\\nties of the country. (Rawlinson.)\\nb. c. The kings are more absolutely\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0worshiped than in previous dynasties.\\n2876= b. c. Abraham visits Egypt.\\n(Wilkinson.)\\nb. c Joseph, the Hebrew slave,\\nis elevated to the office of prime minister\\nunder one of the Shepherd kings, prob-\\nably Apepi and being of a kindred race,\\nit more easily explains his remarkable\\npromotion.\\nApepi introduces the worship of Set,\\nor Sutekh, into tbe Delta, and sends a\\nmessage to Sakenen-Ra, a native prince,\\nto give up the worship of Amen-Ra, and\\nhonor the new divinity alone his refusal\\nbrings on general war and the expulsion\\nof the Hyksos.\\n2754 b. c. The Israelites migrate\\nfrom Canaan to Egypt. Wilkinson.)\\nb. C. The Hyksos are monotheists,\\nand hate polytheism, therefore they\\ndestroy the temples indiscriminately and\\nwith them the records they contain\\nthey also forbid the worship of the\\nnative gods.\\n1700= b. c. Aahmes restores the\\ntemples which had been thrown down\\nby the Hyksos.\\nLETTERS.\\n3366= b. c. A papyrus is written dur-\\ning the reign of Tat-Ka-ra by Ptah-\\nhotep, probably the most ancient\\nmanuscript in the world.\\nIts subject is the proper conduct of\\nlife, and the advantages to be derived\\nfrom right behavior it is called the\\nbook of the Prim-e Ptali-hotep. The\\nwriter says he is 110 years old when\\nwriting. (Rawlinson.)\\nB. c. Literature grows in repute\\nas a profession. (Rawlinson.)\\nb. c. The birth of history occurs\\nin the form of a lengthy biographical\\nmemoir of an official, which is in-\\nscribed on his tomb.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0658.jp2"}, "659": {"fulltext": "EGYPT.\\n3633 b.c-1700 b.c.\\n647\\nSOCIETY.\\n3566 b. c. During the VI. Dynasty\\nsimplicity of dress yields to ornamenta-\\ntion wine becomes an important prod-\\nuct of the land both wine and beer\\nare drunk by the Egyptians.\\n3066 1 b. c. Queen Nitoeris avenges\\nthe assassination of her brother by in-\\nveigling his murderers into a subterra-\\nnean gallery, where they are drowned by\\nflooding the passage.\\nb. c. During the XI. Dynasty Egypt\\nis the only country in the world that\\nis both cultivated and civilized bar-\\nbarism abounds elsewhere.\\n2466\u00c2\u00b1 B. C. During the XII. Dynasty\\ncivilization advances in all of its\\nbranches, especially during the reign of\\nUsertsen III.\\nb. c. The second civilization oC\\nEgypt occurs.\\nUnlike the first, which was egoistic,\\nself-seeking, stately, cold, cruel, it\\nwas utilitarian, beneficent, appealing\\nless to the eye than to the mind, but ju-\\ndicious, far-sighted in its aims, and most\\nsuccessful in the results. (Rawlinson.)\\nb. c. Productive pursuits sup-\\nplant monument building; the welfare\\nof subjects, instead of the glorification\\nof rulers, becomes the aim of civilization.\\nb. c. Luxury increases; Pal-\\naces are painted, and adorned with gold.\\nBracelets are worn by both men and\\nwomen and anklets by the latter exclu-\\nsively; men sometimes wear artificial\\nbeards attached U* their wigs grandees\\nare carried in highly ornamented lit-\\nters. (Rawlinson.)\\n2240+ b. c. XA r and XVI. Dynasties:\\nThe invading Hyksos massacre the peo-\\nple, and pillage and destroy the temples\\nwith their records after a time they\\nadopt the ways and dress of the Egyp-\\ntians.\\nb. c. The civilization of Egygt is\\na nnihil ated by the Hyksos, but an im-\\nproved civilization follows. (Rawlinson.)\\nb. c. In the XVIII. and XIX. Dy-\\nnasties indecency of dress is common.\\nb. c. Punishment is inflicted by\\nthe bastinado on both men and women\\nstripped naked.\\nb. c. Captives are subject to sla-\\nvery or death.\\nB. C. To keep the fealty of the\\nslaves, their bodies are systematically\\nmutilated.\\nb. c. Polygamy is introduced, and\\nhonored by royal prestige.\\nSTATE.\\n3633 b. c. Men-kau-Ra (Mencheres),\\nthe founder of the third pyramid, reigns;\\nhe is a just ruler and a kind man.\\n3600 b. c. Shepses-ka-f reigns.\\nV. Dynasty Established at Elephan-\\ntine, near the First Cataract.\\n3566 b. c. User-ka-f reigns. [3533,\\nSahu-Ra 3500, Kakaa.]\\n3466* *b.c. Nefer-f-Ra(Shepses-ka-Ra)\\nreigns. He has a double name, both a\\nthrone and personal name, like many\\nfollowing kings.\\n3433 User-en-Ra and An reign.\\n3400 n. Men-kau-hor reigns. He\\nis enthroned while yet a youth.\\n3366 b. c. Tat-Ka-Ra (Assa) reigns.\\n[3333, Unas.]\\nVI. Dynasty: Established at Memphis.\\nA new family succeeds to the throne,\\nhaving its origin at Memphis. History\\nbegins to assume greater importance,\\nand Egypt begins to appear as a united\\nmonarchy.\\n3300 B. c. Teta reigns. [3266, User-\\nka-Ra (Ati) 3233, Meri-Ra (Fepi I.); he\\nhas a long and successful reign.]\\n3200* b. c. Mer-en-Ra (Hor-em-sa-f\\nreigus, succeeding his father in a short\\nreign. Una is made governor of Upper\\nEgypt.\\n3166 *b. c. Nefer-Ka-Ra (Pepi H., or\\nApappus) succeeds his older brother;\\nhe reigns 20 years, and is described as a\\ngiant. [Many believe that his mother\\nwas associated with her son.]\\n3133* *b. c. Mer-en-se(?)-em-sa-f\\nreigns.\\n3100* b. c. Neter-ka-Ra reigns.\\n3066 b. c. Men-ka-Ra (Nit-aqert, or\\nQueen Nitocris) reigns. [She is the only\\nqueen having a sole reign she is cele-\\nbrated for her beauty and nobility of\\nmind.]\\n[3066-2600 B. c. The monuments give\\nscarcely any information.]\\nVH.-XI. Dynasties: Egypt is disin-\\ntegrated.\\nThe kingdoms of Memphis, Heracle-\\nopas, and Thebes are mentioned and\\nthe latter becomes a free city of much\\nimportance, and the seat of sovereign\\npower.\\nCivilization appears arrested, and\\nEgypt seems to disappear from the na-\\ntions for 436 years.\\n3033* b. c. Nefer-ka-Ra reigns.\\n[3000, Nefer-ka-Ra-nebi; 2966, Tat-ka-\\nRa-Maat 2933, Nefer-ka-Ra-khentu\\n2900, Mer-en-Hor; 2866, Se-nefer-ka-Ra;\\n2S33, Ka-en-Ka I xno, Xefer-ka-Ra-terer\\n2766, Nefer-ka-Hor 2733, Nefer-ka-Ra-\\nPepi-senb 27O0,Nefer-ka-Ra-annu 2666,\\nNef er-k a u-R a.]\\nThe Middle Kingdom Extending\\nfrom the XI. Dynasty to the XVLU. It\\nlasts 1,361 years.\\n2600 b. c. Nefer-kau-Hor reigns.\\n2566* b. c. Nefer-ari-ka-Ra reigns.\\n2533 b. c. Neb-kher-Ra (Mentu-ho-\\ntep V.) reigns. He sinks wells in the\\ndesert for the use of caravans, and ex-\\ntends commerce.\\nMany immigrants arrive in fertile\\nEgypt.\\n2500 b. c. Se-ankh-ka-Ra reigns at\\nThebes.\\nXII. Dynasty Established in Upper\\nEgypt.\\nThebes is chosen for the first time the\\nseat of sovereign power the nation\\nawakes from its long [slumbers great\\nchanges take place, so that old family\\nnames, the titles of officials, the writ-\\ning, and even the religion seem new.\\nB. C. A brilliant epoch follows the\\nlong night of 436 years. The Usertsens\\nand Amen-em-hats become forever fa-\\n2466 b. c. Se-hotep-ab-Ra (Amen-\\nem-hat I.), the founder, rules with\\ngreat energy and success, and probably\\nextends the power of Egypt up the Nile\\nand over a part of Nubia.\\n2433 b. c. Kheper-ka-Ra (Usertsen\\nI.) succeeds his father, after being asso-\\nciated with him for a few years.\\nOne of afamous line of energetic kings,\\nhe reigns for 35 years after his father s\\ndeath the Km pin- is in the highest pros-\\nperity since the IV. Dynasty he con-\\ntinues the conquests of Amen-em-hat I.,\\nand erects obelisks.\\n2400 b. c. Nub-kau-Ra (Amen-em-\\nhat II.) succeeds his father, after being\\nassociated with him for six years, and\\nreigns alone for 13 years the Empire\\nflourishes.\\n2366 Kha-kheper-Ra (Usertsen H.)\\nreigns, and prosperity continues.\\n2333 b. c. Kha-kau-Ra (Usertsen\\nill reigns. [He is one of the most\\nfamous kings of this dynasty.]\\nHe introduces a settled government in\\nNubia, and annexes Northern Nubia\\nEgyptian civilization is probably at its\\nhighest point.\\n2300* *Maat-en-Ra (Amen-em-hat\\nin reigns for 43 years, and builds the\\nfamous Labyrinth, and constructs Lake\\nMeoris. (See Art.)\\n2266 b. c. Maat-Khern-Ra (Amen-\\nem-hat TV.) reigns. His sister Sabak-\\nnefrn-Ra reigns conjointly with him\\nfor the last four years.\\nXIH Dynasty: Established at\\nThebes. [Time, 453 years.]\\nThe Ne-fer-hoteps and Sebek-hoteps\\nare preeminent the prosperity of Egypt\\ncontinues.\\n2240 b. c. (Wilkinson s date.) Prob-\\nable invasion of Lower Egypt by the\\nHyksos, or Shepherd kings, about\\nthe close of the XIII. Dynasty. They\\nare wandering tribes of Semitic descent.\\n(Mariette.)\\nB. c. (Wilkinson s date.) Salatis, the\\nfirst of the Shepherd kings, reigns he is\\nfollowed by Beon, then Apachn\u00c2\u00bb Apo-\\nphis, Janias, and Assis, the founders of\\nthe line.\\nXT V. Dynasty: Established at Xoite\\nin the Delta. [Time, 1S4 years.] We\\nknow absolutely nothing of the XTY\\nDynasty. (Mariette.)\\nXV. Dynasty: Established at\\nThebes; a sudden decline of the glory\\nof Egypt ensues.\\nCivilization is brought to a standstill\\nby the invading Hyksos, who subdue\\nnorthern Egypt for four centuries, while\\nthe kings arc banished into the Thebaid,\\nwith the invaders for neighbors and\\nprobably for masters.\\nXVI. Dynasty: Established at\\nThebes rival sovereigns in Upper and\\nLower Egypt continue.\\nXVH. Dynasty: Sekenen-Ra reigns\\nrival sovereigns continue Upper Egypt\\nis a thoroughly civilized state, and Lower\\nEgypt is recovering a fresh dynasty of\\nthe Hyksos (Khetas) begins in Lower\\nEgypt, at Tanis the barbarous Hyksos\\nbecome in a measure civilized through\\nthe reaction of Egyptian civilization\\nupon them.\\n2240\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. The Hyksos invaders\\ntake Memphis, and establish a garrison\\nin Egypt of 240,000 men.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0659.jp2"}, "660": {"fulltext": "648\\n1700 b.c. -1100 b.c.\\nEGYPT.\\nARMY NAVY.\\nb. c. Thothnies III. invades Asia,\\nsubdues Syria, and enters Mesopotamia.\\n(See State.)\\nThothmes III. defeats the Hittites\\nin a great battle at Megiddo [in Pales-\\ntine] he takes 5,900 prisoners, 924 char-\\niots, and great booty.\\n1566\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Amenophisll. captures\\nNineveh.\\n1366i b. c. Seti I. invades and con-\\nquers Northern Syria, defeats the\\nHittites, and leads military expeditions\\ninto Arabia and Ethiopia.\\n1333+ B. c. Ramses II. engages in\\nwar on land and sea, and has many\\nbrilliant victories he subdues the re-\\nvolting negroes and the Ethiopians in\\nthe south, tights the Khetas (Hittites) in\\nAsia for 18 years, and then makes a\\ntreaty of peace with them.\\n1300+ Libyans having fair hair and\\nblue eyes invade the desert west of\\nthe Delta.\\nb. c. The army of Egypt is over-\\nwhelmed in the Red Sea while pur-\\nsuing the fugitive Hebrews.\\n1200+ b. c. Kamses III. engages in\\nmany wars on sea and land.\\nHe defeats the Shashu, of the Pales-\\ntine desert, called the Bedawin plunder-\\ners of the monuments, the Libyans of\\nAfrica, and the confederate nations of\\nAsia Minor he also repels the invasion\\nof the Mashuasha of North Africa.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1500 B. c. Amenophis III. raises\\nmonuments unsurpassed in grandeur\\nand perfection of finish.\\nHe erects the Temple of Gebel-Barkal\\nin Sudan and that at Soleb near the\\nthird cataract, also a part of the temple\\nat Luxor.\\nHe erects one of the most important\\nedifices on the Nile. [Now destroyed,\\nand only two colossi remaining.]\\nAmenophis III. as a builder may\\nclaim a place among the most distin-\\nguished Egyptian uionarchs. (Rawlin-\\nson.)\\nHe erects magnificent palaces and\\ntemples at Thebes two gigantic statues\\nrepresenting the king in sitting posture\\nwhich were nearly 70 feet high [yet\\nremain].\\n1461+ b. c. Thothmes III. becomes\\none of the greatest of Egyptian build-\\ners and patrons of art. (Rawlinson.)\\nHe erects immense obelisks, two of\\nwhich are 1G2 feet high, two others of\\n105 feet. [One of these now stands in\\nRome before the Church of St. John\\nLateran one of his monoliths, which\\noriginally adorned the entrance to the\\nTemple of the Sun at Heliopolis, has\\nbeen removed to London, and another\\nto Central Park, New York.]\\n1400+ b. c. The arch is used in ar-\\nchitecture.\\n1366\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Seti I. erects the great\\nhypostyle hall at Karnak, called the\\nHaU of Columns, a masterpiece of ar-\\nchitecture, also the grand Temple of\\nAbydos; and during his reign the sub-\\nterranean tomb of the king is excavated\\nat Bab-el-Moluk. (Mariette.)\\nSeti is the first to join the Red Sea\\nand the Nile by a canal he sinks an\\nartesian well on the caravan road to\\nGebel-A toki (Mariette.)\\n1333 b. C. Ramses II. is the great-\\nest of all the builders.\\nAmong his works are the two temples\\nof Abu-Si mbel, the Ramesseum at\\nThebes, the small temple at Abydos, and\\nmany large buildings elsewhere. (Ma-\\nriette.)\\n[He builds obelisks, statues, and co-\\nlossi one of his monoliths now stands\\non the Place de la Concorde in Paris it\\nis a pink syenite granite shaft exqui-\\nsitely carved, and is 82 feet high.]\\nRamses II., by slave-labor, builds the\\nGreat Wall, 90 miles long, extend-\\ning from Pelusium to Heliopolis he cov-\\ners Egypt with magnificent buildings,\\nand constructs theHouse of Ramses,\\nsouth of Karnak, and the Temple of Am-\\nnion; also the Great Canal from\\nthe Nile to the Red Sea.\\n1200+ b. c. Ramses III. constructs\\nthe magnificent temple at Medinet-\\nHabu.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nCHURCH.\\n*b. c. Thothmes II., of the XVIII.\\nDynasty, is a devotee f the god Amnion,\\nwhose temple he improves.\\n1600+ *b. c. The Israelites live\\npeaceably in Egypt under the reign of\\nThothmes III. of the XVIII. Dynasty.\\n1466* b. c. Amenophis IV. introduces\\nthe Semitic religion.\\nb. c. A religious revolution occurs;\\nAmenophis IV. becomes a heretic.\\nHe advocates the substitution of\\nmonotheism in sun worship for the\\nancient worships, and is bitterly opposed\\nby the priests of the old religion he\\nproscribes the worship of Amen, the\\nsupreme deity Amenoph is substituted,\\nand the temples are despoiled which\\nare dedicated to Amen.\\n1433+ B. c. King Horus restores the\\nold Egyptian polytheistic worship.\\n(1364, Rawlinson.)\\nb. c. In the XX. Dynasty, it ap-\\npears, from the calendar of feasts, that\\nduring the first five months of the year\\none day in five is observed as sacred.\\n1400+ B. c. Ramses I. names his\\neldest son Seti, a name commonly writ-\\nten with the figure of the god Set, and\\nimplying a dedication of his first-born\\nto that divinity. (Rawlinson.)\\nb. c. About 40 deities are wor-\\nshiped by the Egyptians.\\n1366+ b. c. Seti favors the old poly-\\ntheistic religion, as policy requires him\\nto do.\\n1333+ B. c. Ramses II. surpasses\\nother kings in fostering king-worship\\nby associating himself with Phthah dur-\\ning his lifetime, and also with Amnion\\nand Horus, claiming equally religious\\nregards from his subjects.\\n1300+ b. c. Moses appears at the\\ncourt of Meneptah H., the son of\\nRamses the Great, and intercedes for\\nthe Hebrews.\\nb. c. Sacrilege becomes fashion-\\nable the bodies of the dead are treated\\nwith ill-usage and contempt.\\n1100= b. c. The priest-order in-\\ncreases in power, and finally dominates\\nthe throne, and claims royal honors and\\nauthority.\\nLETTERS.\\n1670\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. A galaxy of writers ap-\\npears in the XVIII. and XIX. Dynasties.\\nAmong them is Pentaour the epic-\\npoet, who celebrates the victories of\\nRamses II. History, divinitv, practi-\\ncal philosophy, poetry, epistolary cor-\\nrespondence, novels, or tales, occupied\\nthe attention of numerous writers.\\nA public library is established at\\nThebes, under a director named Amen-\\nem-au (Rawlinson). Copies of earlier\\nwritings are made, such as The Instruc-\\ntors of Amenem-hat, The Tate of the Tiro\\nBrothers, The J mist of Lt-n ruing, and\\nthe larger part of The Book of the JJead.\\n1600+ b. c. A chronology of the\\nkings of Egypt is arranged by Thothmes\\nIII.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1633+ b. c. Thothmes I. is married\\nto a wife, Aahmes, who is thought to\\nhave been his sister.\\n1566+ b. c. Queen Hatshepsu as-\\nsumes male apparel, and the style and\\ntitle of a king.\\nb. c. Slave-labor enables Thoth-\\nmes III. to accomplish his numerous\\ngreat creations in architecture, as shown\\nby the figures and writings of monu-\\nments. (Rawlinson, 1461.)\\n1500+ b. o. Female influence is\\nconspicuous in the reign of Amenophis\\nm.\\nb. c. Bricks are made by slave-\\nlabor for erecting temples and other\\nbuildings, while overseers with stick in\\nhand look on.\\n1333 b. c. Ramses II. marries a Hit-\\ntite princess.\\nHe takes many captives in his African\\nwar, who become slaves slave-hunting\\nexpeditions are organized.\\nb. c. Ramses II. becomes the fa-\\nther of 59 sons and 60 daughters.\\n[He was probably a polygamist.]\\nB. c. Ramses II. becomes the en-\\nemy of his royal father s fame, and\\nerases his name from many monu-\\nments, and substitutes his own.\\n1230\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. A thieves society is\\norganized for robbing royal tombs some\\nof its members belong* to the priest-\\nclass.\\nb. c. The grossest social inde-\\ncency is manifested.\\nb. c. Monkeys are kept as pets.\\n1200 b. c, Ramses III. plants trees\\nand shrubs over the whole land of Egypt\\nto give the inhabitants shade.\\nb. c. Public safety is accomplished\\nby good government; The weakest\\nwoman could travel unmolested whither-\\nsoever she wished. (Rawlinson.)\\n*B. c. Abelief in thepowerof magic\\nprevails.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0660.jp2"}, "661": {"fulltext": "EGYPT.\\n1700 b.c. -1100 b. c.\\n649\\nIt is thought possible to compass the\\ndeath of another, to bewitch his mind, or\\nto paralyze his limbs, by the use of wax\\nfigures and a traditional formula.\\nb. c. Female conspirators against\\nRamses III. are condemned to the\\npenal servitude of keeping a beer-\\nhouse, which is thought sufficient pun-\\nishment for ladies of delicacy and refine-\\nment. (Rawlinson.)\\nb. c. Society is classified as priests,\\nwarriors, herdsmen, artificers, husband-\\nmen, interpreters, huntsmen, and boat-\\nmen.\\nSTATE.\\n1700\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. The Hyksos King Apepi\\npicks a quarrel with the native Prince\\nRa-Sekenen, ruler of Upper Egypt, which\\nresults in a general Egyptian uprising\\nagainst the Hyksos, and finally in their\\nexpulsion.\\nb. c. Aahmes carries on war for\\nfive years against the Hyksos, both by\\nland and water.\\nHe leads a military expedition against\\nthe negroes of the south, and eventually\\nsubdues them; he also leads an army\\ninto Palestine, and later forces his way\\ninto Nubia.\\nXVHI. Dynasty: The ISTew Em-\\npire (1670-525, Lepsius; 1525, Rawlinson)\\nestablished at Thebes it lasts 1,371 years.\\nThe Empire, reunited, revives and\\nprospers the losses of five centuries\\nare soon regained viceroys are sent\\ninto the Sudan.\\nEgyptian garrisons are stationed on\\nthe Euphrates and Tigris, and also in\\nMesopotamia.\\nb. c. Neb-peh-tet-Ra (Aahmes I.,\\nAniosis, or Amasis I.) reigns.\\nHe advances Egypt to the zenith of\\nher fame, after driving out the Hyksos.\\n[His coffin and mummy are now in the\\nmuseum of Gizeh.J\\nAahmes marries the black Ethiopian\\nprincess, who takes the name of Nefert-\\nari-Aahrnes, or the beautiful compan-\\nion of Aahmes. (1499, Rawlinson.)\\n1666 b. c. Ser-ka-Ra (Amen-hotep\\nI., or Amenophis I.) succeeds his father\\nhe enlarges the northern and southern\\nfrontiers of Egypt.\\nTaxation is heavy during the XVIII.\\nand XIX. Dynasties.\\n1633 b. c. (1478, Rawlinson.) Aa-\\nkheper-ka-Ra (Tehuti-mes I.) reigns\\nAmenset regent he reigns 21 years\\nEgypt becomes a conquering nation.\\nb. c. Thothmes I. invades Asia,\\nand ravages Syria and Mesopotamia, and\\nmakes conquests in Nubia and Assyria.\\n1600* b. c. Aa-kheper-en-Ra (Tehuti-\\nmes II. or Thothmes II.) and his sister\\nMakara reign; he succeeds his father,\\nand subdues the country above the Cata-\\nracts, and annexes it.\\n*b. c. Maat-ka-Ra (Hat-shepset-\\nkhnem-Ainen, or Queen Hatshepsu)\\nreigns.\\nShe is the guardian of her brother, the\\nyoung king, and rules as nominal regent,\\nbut actually an usurper for 17 years, in\\nwhich she has a brilliant reign. Hat-\\nshepsu is the daughter of Thothmes I.,\\nand the wife of Thothmes II. she enters\\ninto notable commercial relations with\\nPunt, a country bordering the Gulf [of\\nAden].\\nb. c. The New Empire rapidly 1\\nto power, and extends its territory.\\nb. c. (1461, Rawlinson; 1438-1388,\\nLepsius.) Men-kheper-Ra (Tehuti-mes\\nII. or Thothmes III.) reigns.\\nHe succeeds his brother when prob-\\nably a mere child, and reigns 47 years;\\non his accession his sister Ihilshepsu con-\\ntinues to take a part in public affairs;\\nafter her death he becomes the greatest\\nof Egyptian monarchs order and prog-\\nress prevail Egypt is expanded she\\nplaced her frontier where she would;\\ntribute is exacted of Babylon. Egypt\\nincludes Abyssinia, the Sudan, Nubia,\\nSyria, Mesopotamia, Irak-Arabia, Kur-\\ndistan, and Armenia.\\nThothmes 111. gathers enormous trib-\\nute or booty from subject countries\\nabove 11,000 captives, 1,670 chariots,\\n3,639 horses, 4,491 larger cattle, more\\nthan 35,000 goats, silver to the amount\\nof 3,940 pounds, and gold 9,054 pounds.\\n1566 B. c. Aa-kheperu-Ra (Amen-\\nhotep-neter-haq-Annu II., or Ameno-\\nphis II.) succeeds his father, and reigns\\nten years.\\n1533 b. c. Men-kheperu-Ra (Tehuti-\\nmes IV., or Thothmes IV.) reigns 31\\nyears, and preserves the vast empire se-\\ncured by Thothmes the Great.\\n1500 b. c. (1400, Rawlinson.) Maat-\\nneb-Ra (Amen-hotep-haq-Uast, or Ame-\\nnophis III.) reigns.\\nHe consolidates the vast Empire, and\\nmakes successful expeditions against\\nthe Syrians and against the Ethiopians.\\n1466 b. c. Nefer-kheperu-Ra-ua-en-\\nRa (Amen-hotep-haq-Uast, or Khun-\\nAten, also Amen-hotep IV., or Ameno-\\nphis TV.) reigns.\\nHe has three names, the third by his\\nchange of religion being opposed be-\\ncause of his religious innovations, he\\nbuilds the new city of Khu-aten, and\\nthere establishes his court.\\n1433 b. c. Ser-kheperu-Ra-sotep-en-\\nRa (Amen-meri-en-Hor-em-heb, or Ho-\\nrus) reigns.\\nHe is a wise and able ruler, and main-\\ntains the unity of the great Empire one\\ngeneration of heretic kings.\\nXIX. Dynasty: Established at Thebes\\nin Upper Egypt.\\n1400 b. c. (1424, Rawlinson.) Men-\\npehtet-Ra (Ra-messu, or Ramses I.)\\nreigns.\\n1366** B.C. (1438-138S, Lepsius; 1322,\\nRawlinson.) Men-Maat-Ra (Amen-meri-\\nen-Seti, or Seti I., also called Meri-en-\\nPtah, or Meneptah I.) reigns.\\nRepeated revolts break out against\\nEgypt in Western Asia,\\n1333* *b. c. (1388-22, Lepsius; 1311,\\nRawlinson.) User-Maat-Ra-sotep-en-Ra\\n(Ra-messu-meri-Amen, or Ramses H.\\nthe Great) succeeds Seti, his father\\nhe is the greatest of all the Egyptian\\nbuilders, and the probable oppressor of\\nthe Hebrews.\\nRevolts occur in the Sudan and in\\nSyria expeditions are necessary to sup-\\npress them, and they are not successful\\nin Asia he concludes an alliance offen-\\nsive and defensive with the Hittites\\n(Khetas), after a great battle he reigns\\n67 years, and has 170 children. [Tradi-\\ntion transforms him into a military hero,\\nknown to the Greeks as Sesost ris, or\\nSesoosis, making fabulous expeditions\\nto Thrace and India.]\\n1300 B. c. (1322-02, Lepsius 1245\\nRawlinson.) Ba-en-Ra-meri-e u-Amen\\n(Ptah-meri-en-hotep-her-Maat, or Me-\\nneptah II.), the 13th son, succeeds his\\nfather, and has a troubled reign. Moses,\\nthe appointed leader of Israel, appears\\nat court to intercede for the Hebrews.\\nb. c. The IsraeHtes escape from\\nEgypt, and the king perishes in the Red\\nsea.\\n1280* *-1100* *b. c. During this\\nperiod Egyptian history is almost\\nwholly a blank. (Rawlinson.)\\n1266* B. c. Khu-en-Ra-sotep-en-Ra\\n(Ptah-meri-en-se-Ptah, or Meneptah\\nIII.) reigns.\\n1233 B. c. User-khau-Ra-meri-Ameu\\n(Ra-meri-Amen-merer-Set-nekht, or Set-\\nnekht) reigns.\\nXX. Dynasty: Established at Thebes.\\n1200 B. c. (1269, Lepsius 1219, Raw-\\nlinson.) User-Maat-Ra-meri-Amen (Ra-\\nmeses-haq-Annu, or Ramses ITT.) reigns\\n31 years, and divides the officials in five\\nclasses.\\nB. c. Revolts in Asia and the\\nSudan the unity of the Empire weak-\\nens. Egyptian authority in Syria is only\\nnominal.\\n1166* b. c. User-Ra-sotep-en- Amen\\n(Ra-meses-meri-Amen-Ra-haq-Maat or\\nRamses IV.) reigns.\\nb. c. The collapse of Egypt com-\\nmences after a glorious period of more\\nthan three centuries.\\n*E. c. User-Maat-Ra-sotep-en-\\nkheper-Ra (Ra-meses-meri-Amen-Amen-\\nsuten-f, or Ramses V., the usurper)\\nreigns. Ra-Amen-Maat-meri-neb\\n(Ra-Amen-meses-neter-Annu, or Ramses\\nVI.) (Rawlinson, 1280); Ra-user-\\nAmen -meri sotep en Ra (Ra Amen\\nmeses-ta-neter-haq- Annu, or Ramses\\nVII.) Ra-user-Maat-khu-en-Amen\\n(Ra-Ameu-meses-meri-Amen, or Ramses\\nVIII.) Se-kha-en-Ra-Meri-Amen\\n(Ra-meses-se-Ptah, or Ramses IX.)\\nNef er-kau-Ra-sotep-en-Ra (Ra meses\\nmerer- Am en-kha-Uast or Ramses X.)\\nRa-kheper-Maat-sotep-en-Ra (Ra-\\nmes-suten-Amen, or Ramses XL);\\nTJser-Maat-Ra-sotep-nu-Ra (Amen-mer-\\nRa-meses, or Ramses XII.) reigns for 33\\nyears.]\\n1133 b. c. Men-Maat-Ra-sotep-en-Ra\\n(Ra meses-merer-Amen-kha-Uast-neter-\\nhaq-Annu, or Ramses XIII.) reigns 26\\nyears.\\nb. c. The high priests forcibly\\nappropriate the crown of the Pharaohs.\\nb. c. The Empire is reduced to\\nthe smallest limits, the conquered ter-\\nritories having fallen off one by one.\\nb. c. Egypt is surrounded by ene-\\nmies more powerful than herself.\\nXXI. Dynasty: Established at Tanis\\nin the Delta.\\nThe Empire is divided the self-made\\nsacerdotal kings reign at Thebes and the\\nlegitimate dynasty at Tanis the former\\nchoose Semitic names for their sons\\nAsiatic influence locates the capital in\\nthe Delta.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0661.jp2"}, "662": {"fulltext": "650 1100 u.c-300 H.c.\\nEGYPT.\\nARMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 WAVY.\\n966+ ij. c. Sheshonk I. invades Sy-\\nria, captures Jerusalem, plunders the\\ntemple of the Jews during the reign of\\nRehoboam, the son of Solomon, and re-\\nquires him to pay tribute to Egypt.\\n(949, Lepsius.)\\n939+ b. c. Zerah the Ethiopian, king\\nof Upper Egypt, invades Palestine with\\na million men to subdue the revolting\\nIsraelites, and is defeated by King Asa\\nat Mareshah.\\n730\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. The Ethiopians under\\nShabak (Sabaco) conquer Egypt, and\\n[hold it for 58 years].\\n725 B. c. Piankhi,Kingof Ethiopia,\\nin a single brilliant campaign, defeats\\nall rivals, and captures both Middle\\nand Lower Egypt.\\n720+ b. c. Sennacherib, the Assyrian,\\ndefeats an Egyptian army nearEkron,\\nin Palestine.\\n668+ B. c. Tirhakah is vanquished\\nby Assyrians, and flees to Napata, Ethio-\\npia Memphis and Thebes fall.\\nTirhakah returns and defeats the As-\\nsyrians, capturing Memphis.\\nThe Assyrians again invade Egypt,\\nand defeat. LJrdainen, sack Thebes, and\\ncarry the entire population into captivity.\\n666+ b. c. Psammetichus attempts\\nthe conquest of Asia he invades Pales-\\ntine, and besieges Ashdod [for 29 years].\\n652+ b. c. Psammetichus, aided by\\nCarian, Phoenician, and Ionian allies, and\\nthe King of Lydia, succeeds in a war for\\nindependence of the Assyrians. (Lep-\\nsius.)\\nb. c. A gTeat mutiny, because of\\njealousy concerning Greek mercenaries,\\nbreaks out in the army of Psammeti-\\nchus 240,000 men march into Ethiopia,\\nand receive lands from its king.\\n650+ b. c. Urdamen, son-in-law of\\nTirhakah, captures Pharaoh Necho,\\nthe vassal king, and puts him to death.\\n-527 b. c. Thebes, for many ages\\nthe most magnificent city in the world,\\nfalls into decay; cause war and po-\\nlitical confusion.\\n612+ b. c. Under Necho I., the vas-\\nsal king, fortresses are garrisoned with\\nAssyrian troops.\\n609 b. c. Necho attempts to recon-\\nquer Eastern Asia, and kills Josiah,\\nKing of Judah, in a battle at Megiddo,\\nthe key to the route to the Euphrates.\\n605 b. c. Nebuchadnezzar, King of\\nBabylon, defeats the Egyptians under\\nNecho at the battle of Carchemish\\nEgypt losses all her possessions in Asia\\nand much of her prestige.\\n595+ b. o. Psammetichus U. con-\\nducts an expedition against Ethiopia\\n[but without success]. (Lepsius.)\\n591+ b. c. Apries energetically at-\\ntacks Syria by sea and land his fleet\\ndefeats the King of Tyre, and a land\\nforce attacks Sidon.\\n589* *-570* *b. c. War with Baby-\\nlon; Apries fights Nebuchadnezzar and\\nthe tribes of Libya without important\\nresults. (Lepsius.)\\n572* *b. c. The revolting native Egyp-\\ntian troops defeat the mercenary force\\nof Apries and dethrone him. (5C9, Raw-\\nlinson.)\\n570 b. c. The army of Apries re-\\nvolts, and he is captured and slain by\\nCarian and Ionian mercenaries.\\n568* b. c. Nebuchadnezzar invades\\nEgypt.\\n532+ b. c. Cambyses HI. meets\\nwith military disasters one expedition\\nis defeated by Carthaginians.\\n527 b. c. Egypt carries on a war\\nwith Cyprus, and compels the pay-\\nment of tribute.\\n527 b. c. Battle near Pelusium in\\nthe Delta; Psammetichus HI. is de-\\nfeated by the Persians under Cambyses\\nILT., losing 50,000 men Egypt is made a\\nprovince of Persia. Persian loss, 7000.\\n[Memphis is also taken.]\\nCambyses loses an army corps de-\\nspatched, against the Temple of Jupiter\\nAmmon in the Great Oasis, not one\\nman returning from the desert.\\n378 b. c. An immense Persian army\\nunder Pharnabazus the satrap invades\\nEgypt it is defeated in a battle near\\nMendes and retreats.\\n322 b. c. Ptolemy H. conquers the\\nCyrenaica, in Northern Africa.\\n321 b. c. Egypt is invaded by Per-\\ndiccas, the regent of the Greek Empire\\nfor a brief time.\\n306 b. c. Ptolemy is defeated in a\\nsea-fight off Salamis by Demetrius.\\n305 -304 b. c. Ptolemy aids the\\nRhodians when besieged by Demetrius,\\nKing of Macedonia.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n666+ b. c. The Saite kings erect at\\nSais wonderful porticoes.\\n653 B. c. Sais, the new capital, is\\nbuilt in the Delta, where Psammetichus\\nI. erects a magnificent palace.\\nb. c. Necho builds fleets on both\\nseas.\\n605+ b. c. Necho attempts, by a\\nship canal, to connect the Nile with\\nthe Red Sea by the Arabic Gulf. [The\\nenterprise fails, after the loss of 120,000\\nlives.]\\nNecho sends Phoenician mariners on\\na voyage of discovery.\\nThey leave the Red Sea, round the\\nCape of Good Hope, and return through\\nthe Strait of Gibraltar and the Mediter-\\nranean to Egypt.\\n600+ *b. c. Writing by demotic\\ncharacter is invented.\\n550 b. c. Amasis II. erects numerous\\nGrecian temples in Naucratis also\\nmagnificent buildings, especially at\\nSais.\\n4th Century, b. c. Helena depicts the\\nBattle of Issus in mosaic.\\n300 b. c. The first observatory re-\\ncorded in authentic history is erected at\\nAlexandria.\\n300+ b. c. Euclid, the geometri-\\ncian, is a citizen of Alexandria.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n525 it. o. Amasie, king, born.\\n367 B. c. Ptolemy I.. Sunt, king. born.\\n316 B. C. Arsinue, daughter of Ptolemy 1.,\\nCHURCH.\\n10th Century. B. c. Jeroboam, King of\\nthe ten tribes of Israel, has Sheshonk,\\nKing of Egypt, for his ally.\\nTirhakah responds to the appeal of\\nHezekiah, the king of Judah, for aid\\nagainst Assyria, whose army is destroyed\\nby the interposition of God.\\n535 b. c. Pythagoras, the Greek\\nphilosopher, comes from Samos, and is\\ninstructed in the mysteries of Egyptian\\ntheology.\\n350 b. c. The temples of Egypt are\\npillaged by the Persian conquerors.\\nLETTERS.\\n666* *b. c. XVI. Dynasty: Liberal\\nideas prevail letters and scholars\\nfrom Greece are welcomed.\\n323+* b. c. Ptolemy I., Soter, founds\\n[the famous] Hbrary and museum at\\nAlexandria; he cultivates letters him-\\nself.\\nXX. Dynasty literature declines\\ngreatly.\\nb. c. XXII. Dynasty No enduring\\nliterature is created.\\nXXVI. Dynasty The enchorial or\\ndemotic writing is invented this easier\\nwritten form soon supersedes the more\\ncomplex hieratic.\\n314 b. c. Ptolemy Soter is said to\\nhave founded an academy at Alexan-\\ndria.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1100+ B. c. The Prince of San sends\\nan Egyptian princess to the harem of\\nSolomon.\\n653+ b. c. Egypt is open to foreign-\\ners, who are favored in the army, and\\nsettle at various points.\\n525 b. c. Cambyses puts the chil-\\ndren of prominent people to death,\\nboth male and female, and makes the\\ncountry a waste.\\nCambyses sends 50,000 men across\\nthe desert to destroy the Temple of Jupi-\\nter Ammon they all perish in the burn-\\ning sands.\\nSTATE.\\n1100 b. c. (1091, Lepsius 1085, Raw-\\nlinson.) Neter hen hotep en Amen\\n(Her-Hor-se-Amen or Smendes) reigns.\\nHe is a high priest of a foreign family\\nfrom the eastern frontier of the Delta\\nEgypt loses supremacy over Ethiopia,\\nwhere the kingdom of Napata, or Meroe,\\nis founded.\\nb. c. Pai-net em I. reigns.\\nB. c. Kheper-kha-Ra-sotep-en-\\nAmen, also called Amen-meri-Pai-net em\\nII., reigns.\\nb. c. A great, influx of foreigners\\nappears during this dynasty.\\nb. c. An alliance is made between\\nSolomon and Pharaoh.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0662.jp2"}, "663": {"fulltext": "EGYPT.\\n1100 b. c-300 b.c.\\n651\\n980 B. c. XXII. Dynasty Estab-\\nlished at Bubastis.\\n966 B. C. Kheper-sekhet-Ra-sotep-en-\\nBa (Amen-meri-Shashanq I.}, or She-\\nshonk I., reigns. [Tbe Shishak of the\\nBible.]\\nHaving welcomed Jeroboam, the con-\\nspirator and fugitive, he invades and\\nplunders Palestine to establish Jero-\\nboam as king of Israel, bringing the\\ntreasures of the temple at Jerusalem\\ninto Egypt he reigns 21 years.\\nb. c. Kherp-kheper-Ra-Sotep-en-\\nBa, also called Amen-meri-Uasarken\\n(Osorkon I.), reigns 15 years.\\nb. c. Het -kheper-Ra-sotep-en-Ra,\\nalso called Amen-meri-Auset-meri-tha-\\nkeleth (Takeleth I.), has a short reign.\\nb. c. User-Maat-Ra-sotep-en-Aruen,\\nalso called Amen-meri-Uasarken (Osor-\\nkon II.), reigns 22 years.\\nb. c. Kheper-sekhem-Ra-Sotep-en-\\nAmen, also called Aiuen-meri-Shash\\n[anq] II. (Sheshonk II.), has a short\\nreign.\\nb. c. Takeleth II. reigns.\\n*B. C. User-Maat-Ra-Sotep-en-Amen,\\nalso called Amen-nieri-se-Bast-Shashanq\\nIII., reigns.\\nB. c. User-Maat-Ra-sotep-en-Amen,\\nalso called Anien-ineri-Pa-rnai, reigns.\\nb. c. Aa-kheper-Ra, also called\\nShash [anq] IV., reigns. Under She-\\nshonk IV. Egypt is disintegrated by in-\\nternal dissensions, with rival dynasties.\\nXXIH. Dynasty: Established at\\nTanis.\\nNorthern Egypt is divided into several\\npetty states the Sudan becomes inde-\\npendent in the South.\\n766 b. c. Amen meri Peta se Bast\\nreigns.\\nB. c. Aa-kheper-Ra- so tep-en-Amen,\\nalso called Ra-Amen-nieri-Uasarkena,\\n(Osorkon III.), reigns.\\nXXIV. Dynasty Established at Sais\\nin the Delta. [Time, six years.]\\n733 b. c. Bakenranf (Bocchoris)\\nreigns six years he is captured by Sa-\\nbaco, the invader, who burns him alive,\\nand occupies the country as far as the\\nMediterranean.\\nXXV Dynasty: It is Ethiopian.\\n[Time, 50 years.]\\nb. c. Pa-ankhi (Piankhi) and his\\nqueen, Ameniritis, reigning at Thebes,\\nbecome tributary to the Sudan.\\nB. c. Pa-ankhi, having defeated all\\nrival claimants to the throne, permits\\nthe small princes to rule as vassals.\\n700 b. c. Nefer-ka-Ra, also called\\nShabaka, or Sabaco, reigns; he is an\\nEthiopian who first conquers, and then\\nrules Egypt as a conquered province.\\n(704, Rawlinson.)\\nSabaco is called So in the Bible\\nHosea, King of Israel, sends him pres-\\nents by an embassy, and a treaty is\\nmade Hosea is promised assistance\\nagainst Assyria (but the promise is not\\nkept). He loses a great part of Egypt\\nwhen defeated by the Assyrians.\\nb. c. Tat-kau-Ra, also called Sha-\\nbataka (Sebicus, or Shabatok), reigns.\\nHe succeeds his father in Upper Egypt,\\nand loses Ethiopia and is slain by Tirha-\\nkah, the Ethiopian king, after a reign\\nof 14 years.\\nb. c. Ra-nefer-tem-khu, also called\\nTaharaqa (Tirhakah, Farcus).\\nAfter reigning 2G years, 12 Egyptian\\nchiefs unite their forces to expel the\\nEthiopians from the Northern provinces,\\nand then asume royal authority over the\\n12 kingdoms into which they divide the\\ncountry j they rule for 15 years. (Some\\nauthorities discredit this account.) (690,\\nRawlinson.)\\n672* *b. c. The Assyrians, under\\nEsarhaddon and his son Sardanapalus,\\ncapture Memphis and Thebes, and en-\\ntirely destroy Ethiopian rule, and ap-\\npoint 20 governors, who are chiefly\\nnatives, to administer the government\\nthey rule for three years. (Lepsius.)\\nXXVI. Dynasty: Established at Sais\\nin the Delta time, 38 years.\\nThe Empire is prosperous, but its mili-\\ntary fame is almost extinguished.\\n666* b. c. Uah-ab-Ra, also called\\nPsamthek (Psamm etichns I.), reigns.\\n(653, Lepsius 664, Rawlinson.)\\nHe dethrones two kings [according to\\nsome authorities], overthrows the Ethi-\\nopians, and reconquers Egyptian terri-\\ntory as far south as the First Cataract.\\nb. c. By the aid of allies, Uah-ab-Ra\\noverthrows the Assyrian rule, and be-\\ncomes independent sovereign. The\\nGreeks settle in Egypt, and the country\\nrevives. Jerusalem pays tribute em-\\nigrants settle along the Nile as far as\\nEthiopia. (Lepsius.)\\n612* *b. c. Nem-ab-Ra, also called\\nNekau(!Necho,orNekul), reigns. (610-\\n595, Lepsius 610, Rawlinson.)\\nHe pays tribute to Assyria, fails in his\\nattempt to reopen the canal of Seti I.\\nbetween the Red Sea and the Nile he\\nsends a fleet manned by Phoenician sea-\\nmen by way of the western coast and\\nthe Cape of Good Hope around the con-\\ntinent of Africa.\\n596 b. c. Nefer-ab-Ra, also called\\nPsammetichus II., [reigns five and a\\nhalf years]. (594, Rawlinson.)\\n591 b. c. Haa-ab-Ra, also called\\nUah-ab-Ra (Apries, or Hophra), reigns.\\n(588, Rawlinson.)\\nHe is the Pharaoh Hophra of the\\nBible; has war with Babylon. Zede-\\nkiah, King of Judah, enters an alliance\\nwith Hophra, then revolts against Baby-\\nlon, and the Jewish captivity follows.\\n572+ b. c. Khnem-ab-Ra, also called\\nAhmes-se-Nit (Amasis H.), reigns 44\\nyears. (569, Rawlinson.)\\nHe is an Egyptian of low origin, whom\\nthe army elects after overthrowing\\nApries he legitimates his claim by\\nmarrying the granddaughter of Psam-\\nmetichus I. Egypt flourishes, yet con-\\ntinues the tribute to Babylon immigra-\\ntion is encouraged, especially that of\\nthe Greeks.\\n538 b. c. The fall of Babylon brings\\nindependence to Egypt.\\n528 b. c. Ankh-ka-en-Ra, also called\\nPsamthek (Psammetichus HI.), reigns\\nsix months, as successor to his father.\\n(525, Rawlinson.)\\nHe is conquered by Cambyses, King of\\nPERSIAN RULE.\\nXXVII. Dynasty Persian.\\n527* b. c. Cambyses defeats the\\nEgyptians at the battle of Pelusium,\\nand Egypt becomes a Persian province.\\n(525, Rawlinson.)\\nKambathet the Persian reigns.\\n[He murders the last of the Pharaohs,\\nand rules with severity five years of\\nprosperity are followed by military re-\\nverses disaster enrages the King, and\\nhe pillages the temples and the tombs\\nof the kings.]\\n486* b. c. Khashaiarsha (Xerxes the\\nGreat) reigns the Egyptians revolt,\\nbut are soon subdued.\\n465 b. c. Artakhshashas (Artaxer-\\nxes) reigns the Egyptians, led by Am-\\nyrtieus and Inarus, maintain a revolt\\nagainst the Persians for six yearB.\\n421 B. c. Ra-meri-Amen, also called\\nAntherirutsha (Darius Xerxes, Darius\\nHystaspes), reigns.\\nXXVIII. Dynasty: Established at\\nSais in the Delta.\\nb. c. Independence of Persia is\\nobtained by Amyrtoeus, aided by the\\nGreeks. Native rulers hold authority.\\n*B.C. Amen-rut (Amyrtasus) reigns.\\n(460, Rawlinson.)\\nXXIX. Dynasty: Established at\\nMendes in the Delta.\\n399 b. c. Wiafaaurut reigns.\\n393* B. c. Khnem-Maat-Ra, also-\\ncalled Haker (Hakor, Achoris), reigns.\\n(399, Rawlinson.)\\n380 B. c. User-Ra-sotep-en-Ptah, also\\ncalled Psamut (Psammnthis), reigns.\\nXXX. Dynasty: Established at Se-\\nbennytus, in the Delta.\\n378* B. c. S-net em-ab-Ra-sotep-en-\\nAmen, also called Nekht-Hor-hebt-meri-\\nAmen (Nectanebo I.), reigns. (Rawlin-\\nson, 384.)\\nb. c. Kheper-ka-Ra, also called\\nNekht-neb-f (Nectanebo II.), reigns.\\n351 b. c. Artaxerxes HI. (Ochus)\\ncomes to the throne after defeating and\\ndeposing Nectanebo II.\\n340 b. c. The ancient Empire\\nfalls easily before the Persians under\\nKing Artaxerxes III. (Ochus).\\nB. c. The Egyptians welcome\\nAlexander the Great as a deliverer\\nfrom the Persian yoke, [and Egypt be-\\ncomes Greek].\\nXXXI. Dynasty Persian. Egypt is\\nagain for a short time a province of\\nPersia.\\nGRECIAN RULE.\\n332 b. c. XXXII. Dynasty: Mace-\\ndonian.\\nAlexander the Great overthrows the\\nPersian rule, and subjects Egypt to his\\nauthority. Alexandria is founded as\\nhis capital its walls are six miles in\\ncircuit.\\n323 b. c. XXXIH. Dynasty: Ptol-\\nemaic.\\nPtolemy I., son of Lagus, also called\\nSoter, one of Alexander s generals, re-\\nceives Egypt in the division of the\\nMacedonian empire [and rules for 38\\nyears with ability and wisdom].\\n306 b. c. Ptolemy assumes the title\\nof king.\\n301\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Ptolemy loses Cyprus by\\nhis defeat in the battle of Ipsus.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n322 b. c. Alexander the Great is\\nburied at Alexandria.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0663.jp2"}, "664": {"fulltext": "652 298 b. c.-A.D. 273.\\nEGYPT.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n250 b. c. Antiochus H. concludes\\na peace with Egypt.\\n245* b. c. Ptolemy HI., Euergetes,\\nmakes war on Syria to avenge the inju-\\nries of his sister Berenice.\\nHe returns from the invasion of Syria\\nladen with spoils, including 250 statues\\nand vessels of gold and silver that Cam-\\nbyses had obtained by despoiling the\\nEgyptian temples.\\n243* b. c. Ptolemy III. captures\\nBabylon; a revolt in Egypt occasions\\nhis recall.\\n217* *B. c. PtolemyIV.,Philopator,by\\nthe aid of Arsinoe 1 his sister, defeats\\nAntiochus III. the Great, King of\\nSyria, at Raphia, in Palestine,\\n171* *-168* *b. c. Antioclius IV.,\\nEpiphanes, makes war on Egypt.\\nHe invades Egypt, reduces several\\ncities, and captures the young King Ptol-\\nemy Philometor, and takes the disputed\\nprovinces in Asia Minor.\\n168 b. c. Antiochus returns from\\nEgypt by the peremptory demand of\\nPropillius the Roman.\\n154 b. c. Philometor defeats his\\nbrother Euergetes, and leaves him only\\nthe kingdom of Cyrene.\\n151* b. c. War occurs with Deme-\\ntrius Soter, Kingof Syria; Ptolemy sub-\\ndues the country, and is hailed as the\\ndeliverer of Syria.\\n150* b. c. Philometor favors the\\nusurper, Alexander I. (Balas), and\\ngives his daughter Cleopatra to him in\\nmarriage.\\n128 b. C. Ptolemy VII., Euergetes,\\ndefeats the Egyptians, and recovers\\nhis throne.\\n122* b. c. War with Demetrius H.,\\nin support of Alexander II., the usurper,\\nagainst whom Ptolemy turns, and defeats\\nMm, and puts him to death.\\n82 B. c. A revolt occurs in Upper\\nEgypt. [Thebes is ruined by the siege\\nwhich follows for three years.]\\nCleopatra advances from Syria to re-\\ngain the throne.\\n48 b. c. Civil war occurs between\\n[the famous] Cleopatra VI. and Ptolemy\\nXII.\\nCsesar intervenes, and besieges Alex-\\nandria with a small army. Cresar defeats\\nthe king, who is drowned while attempt-\\ning to escape.\\n32 b. c. Octavius [Csesar Augustus]\\ndeclares war against Cleopatra.\\n31 Sept. 2.* *b. c. Greece. Octavius\\ndefeats Mark Antony in a naval battle\\nCleopatra flees. [Antony follows her to\\nEgypt, and both commit suicide.]\\n24 A. D. Candace, the queen of Me-\\nroe, in Upper Nubia, invades Egypt, but\\nis repulsed by iElius Gallus, the Roman\\nprefect.\\n194 Niger, the usurper, is defeated\\nby Severus, and slain.\\n270* *Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra,\\nconquers Egypt.\\n273 The Emperor Aurelian defeats\\nZenobia at Edessa, and carries her cap-\\ntive to Rome.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n298\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Ptolemy I. Soter adorns\\nAlexandria by erecting the Museum,\\nSerareum, Pharos, and other tine edi-\\nfices he also begins the library.\\n284+ b. c. Heron of Alexandria con-\\nstructs the eeolipile (a toy sugges-\\ntive of the steam-engine).\\n283* *-222* b. c. Ptolemy Philadel-\\nphus and Ptolemy Euergetes complete\\nmany of the works begun by Ptolemy\\nSoter.\\nThe Pharos is a tower built of white\\nmarble, and [it was regarded as one of\\nthe seven wonders of the world]. A per-\\npetual fire on its top serves as a beacon\\nfor sailors.\\n247 B. c. Ptolemy III. rebuilds many\\nof the old temples, and founds new ones.\\n222 -205 B. c. Galaton of Alex-\\nandria paints a picture to cast ridicule\\non the epic poets of that city.\\n100* *-170* *A.D. Ptolemy -dis-\\ncourses on geography.\\nHe founds the Ptolemaic system of\\nastronomy, and discovers the places\\nand distances of the planets.\\n120\u00c2\u00b1 Ptolemy writes a treatise on\\noptics.\\n139 The Sothiac cycle begins.\\n150 Claudius Ptolemy teaches that\\nthe major tone shall be below the\\nminor [the principle that now directs\\nthe intonation of the scale].\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n3rd Century b. c. Ammonius, Lithotomus, Al-\\nexandrian physician, born and dies.\\nManetho, historian, born and dies.\\n383+ B. C. Ptolemy I., king, A84.\\n34 7 b. c. Ptolemy II., Philadelphus, king,\\nA62.\\n2d Century, b. c. Aristobulus, Jewish phi-\\nlosopher, born.\\n181 b. c. Ptolemy V., king, dies.\\n174 b. C. Cleopatra I., recent, dies.\\n146 b. c. Ptolemv VI., i hilumetor, king, d.\\n117 b. c. Ptolemy VII., Kuerijetes II., d.\\n81 b. c. Ptolemy VIII., Lothyrus, dies.\\n69 b. c. Cleopatra, queen, born.\\n39+ B. c. Didyinus, inannnarian, author, d.\\n30 B. C. Cleopatra, queen, A39.\\n1st Century, a. d. Apion, grammarian, b.\\nPtolemy, Claudius, astrun., ^i-o^rapher, b.\\n161 Antoninus Titus, Pius, emperor, dies.\\n175 Avidius Cassias, .neneral, dies.\\n180* Marcus Aurelins Anluiiinus, em., d.\\n185 Orig-en, Adamantius, Christian Fa-\\nther, theological writer, born.\\n2d or 3d Century. Clement of Alexandria,\\nChristian Father, author, born.\\n304* Plotinus. Creek-Egyptian philos., b.\\n341 Anmionius. Saccas, philosopher, dies.\\n351 Anthony. St., fdr. of asceticism, h.\\n354* Orig-en. Adamantius, Christian Fa-\\nther, theological writer, A69.\\n356 Ariue. presbyter of Alexandria, fdr.\\nof Arianism, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n283 b. c. Jews are very numerous\\nat Alexandria.\\n222 B. c. Ptolemy IV. proves a cruel\\npersecutor of the Jews he founds the\\ntemple of Edfoo.\\n37 A. d. The Jews suffer bitter per-\\nsecution.\\n60* Christianity is introduced by St.\\nMark.\\n231 -633 Alexandria becomes the\\nseat of 17 church councils.\\n204 An edict is issued against JewB\\nand Christians.\\n230 The Neo-Platonists arise at\\nAlexandria, and attempt to combine the\\ngood of all philosophical systems with\\nhristianity.\\n254* Origen, a distinguished presby-\\nter of Alexandria and a Greek Father,\\nsuffers martyrdom at Tyre.\\n263* Persecution Diocletian s edict\\nagainst Christians is rigorously executed\\nin Egypt.\\nLETTERS.\\n284**b.c. Ptolemy Philadelphus\\nfounds a public library at Alexandria.\\n283* *-274* *b. c. In the reign of\\nPtolemy Philadelphus the Septuagint\\nversion of the Hebrew Scriptures is\\nwritten.\\nManetho s history of ancient Egyp-\\ntian kings is written.\\nDemetrius Phalerius is librarian at\\nAlexandria.\\nEuclid is at the head of the mathe-\\nmatical school at Alexandria.\\nThe poets Theocritus, Callimachus,\\nand Philaetus flourish in Egypt Alex-\\nandria is made the heart of the learning\\nof Greece.\\n246 b. c. Artists and authors are\\npatronized by Ptolemy III.\\n230 b. c. Ptolemy III. revises the\\nEgyptian calendar.\\n47 b. c. Julius Caesar besieges and\\nburns Alexandria the remarkable\\nlibrary of 400,000 manuscript books is\\nconsumed.\\n36 b. c. Antony replaces the burnt\\nlibrary of Alexandria with another\\nbrought from Pergamus, Asia Jlinor.\\n80* *a.\\nvented.\\n180* *254\\nThe Coptic alphabet is in-\\nSOCTETY.\\n285* b. c. Ptolemy Philadelphus\\nmarries his full sister, Arsinoe II.\\n247 b. c. Berenice II. is the first\\nEgyptian queen to have the same regal\\nstyle as her husband.\\n222 B. c. Ptolemy Philopator puts\\nlus mother Berenice and others of his\\nnearest Viri to death, and abandons\\nhimself to luxury.\\n216 B. c. Ptolemy IV. puts his wife\\nArsinoe to death, after winning the\\nvictory at Raphia largely by her courage.\\n146 Nov. B.C. Ptolemy VII., Euer-\\ngetes. marries his brother Philometor s\\nqueen on the day of her husband s\\ndeath; on the day of his nuptials he\\nmurders the infant son of Philometor\\nwhile in its mother s arms.\\nIncest is not uncommon among\\nEgyptian sovereigns.\\n51 b. c. Ptolemy Auletes at his death\\nleaves his kingdom to his son Ptolemy\\nXII. and bis daughter [the famous] Cleo-\\npatra he directs that they marry each\\nother.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0664.jp2"}, "665": {"fulltext": "EGYPT.\\n298 b.c. -a. d. 273. 653\\n43 b. c. Queen Cleopatra poisons\\nher brother, 14 years of age.\\n41 b. c. Cleopatra appears before\\nMark Antony to answer for the crime of\\nmurdering her brother [he is so fasci-\\nnated by her beauty that he follows her\\ninto Egypt].\\n70 a. d. The Emperor Vespasian\\nvisits Egypt.\\n215 The Emperor Caracalla massa-\\ncres the youth of Alexandria to revenge\\nan insult.\\nSTATE.\\n295 b. c. Ptolemy seizes and holds\\nthe island of Cyprus. [It becomes a\\nvaluable possession.]\\n285 b. c. Ptolemy abdicates, and\\nis succeeded by his son, Ptolemy II.,\\nPhiladelphus, who reigns 38 years.\\nb. c. Greek genius and energy\\ncontribute much to the prosperity and\\nglory of Egypt the period of its high-\\nest prosperity culminates.\\n269 b. c. Ambassadors are first sent\\nto Rome.\\n266 b. c. Egypt recovers Phoenicia\\nand Coele-Syria.\\n247* *b.c. Ptolemy m.,Euergetes,\\nreigns [for 25 years].\\n[He reunites Cyrena ica to his realm,\\nmakes extensive but transient con-\\nquests in Asia Minor, and retains his\\nconquests in Abyssinia.]\\n243 b. c. Ptolemy m. is recalled\\nby a revolt in Egypt from his campaign\\nin Babylon.\\n222 b. c. Ptolemy rV., Philopator,\\nreigns with incompetence and cruelty.\\nThe decline of the Empire begins.\\n217 b. c. Antiochus the Great,\\nKing of Syria, makes an attempt to seize\\nall tbe eastern provinces, and is defeated\\nby Ptolemy near Baphia, in Palestine.\\n205 Nov. b. c. Ptolemy V. comes\\nto the throne at the age of 13 or 14 years\\nM. iEmilius is regent.\\n200 B. C. The regent is sent on an\\nembassy to Rome to seek aid against\\nPhilip V. of Macedon and Antiochus of\\nSyria.\\n199* b. c. Aristomenes is Roman\\n185* b. c. A revoltln Lower Egypt is\\nsuppressed with great cruelty.\\n181 Oct. Ptolemy VX, Philometor,\\nsucceeds his father Cleopatra is regent.\\n169* b. c. Philometor reigns con-\\njointly with his brother Physcon.\\n170 B. c. Ptolemy is captured by\\nAntiochus Epiphanes, and his brother\\nPhyscon proclaims himself king.\\n164 b. o. Ptolemy Euergetes drives\\nPhilometor from Alexandria he seeks\\naid at Rome the Senate decides to re-\\ninstate him.\\n146** B.C. Ptolemy VTE. (Physcon, or\\nEuergetes II.) usurps the throne.\\n[He is a depraved and cruel king, the\\nworst of all the Ptolemies he marries\\nCleopatra, his brother s widow, and puts\\nher young son, the heir apparent, to\\ndeath. The prosperity of Egypt declines.]\\n130 b. c. Ptolemy VII. is expelled\\nfrom Alexandria, his capital, by the en-\\nraged populace. Cleopatra II. becomes\\nqueen.\\n127 b. c. Ptolemy VII. recovers\\nhis throne, and has a more peaceful\\nreign.\\n117* *b. c. Ptolemy VIH. (Soter,\\nLathyrus) reigns conjointly with Cleo-\\npatra, his mother.\\n107 b. c. Cleopatra expels Ptolemy\\nVIII. and elevates her favorite son Ptol-\\nemy IX., Alexander.\\n89 b. c. Ptolemy Lathyrus governs\\nCyprus as a separate kingdom.\\nB. c. Alexander gains supremacy and\\ncauses his mother s death dissensions\\nfollow.\\n*b. c. Ptolemy VHI., King of Cy-\\nprus, is restored to the throne of Egypt.\\n82* *b. c. Upper Egypt revolts.\\n[Thebes is besieged for three years, and\\ndestroyed.]\\n81 b. c. Berenice HI., daughter of\\nLathyrus, succeeds him; she soon mar-\\nries her step-son, Alexander II., who or-\\nders her death.\\n80* b. c. Ptolemy XI., surnamed\\nAuletes and Neus Dionysius, the illegiti-\\nmate son of Ptolemy VIII., succeeds to\\nthe throne on the extinction of the line\\nof Ptolemies.\\n*B. c. A popular tumult avenges\\nthe murder of Berenice III., in the\\ndeath of Alexander.\\n58 b. c. Ptolemy XI. is expelled\\nby his subjects because of oppressive\\ntaxation.\\nCleopatra V., his wife, and Berenice\\nIV., his daughter, reign together.\\nb. c. Cyprus becomes a Roman\\nprovince by conquest.\\nB. C On the death of Cleopatra,\\nBerenice reigns alone.\\n55 B. c. Supported by Gabinius, pro-\\nconsul of Syria, Ptolemy XI., Auletes,\\nregains the throne he punishes his\\ndaughter Berenice with death.\\n51 B. c. Ptolemy XI. leaves his king-\\ndom to Ptolemy XII., surnamed Dio-\\nnysius H., and to Cleopatra his [fa-\\nmous] daughter.\\n48 B. c. Dionysius II. expels Cleo-\\npatra, and she flees into Syria.\\nb. c. Cleopatra gains the interest\\nof Caesar.\\n47 b. c. Ptolemy XII. is drowned\\nwhile crossing the Nile after his defeat.\\n46* b. c. Cleopatra marries her\\nyounger brother, Ptolemy Necteros, and\\nreigns conjointly with him he is only\\na phantom king.\\n45 b. c. Cleopatra goes to Rome\\nwith her brother and young Ptolemy\\nCsesar, her son, wishing to be acknowl-\\nedged Ciesar s wife, and their son to be\\nhis heir. [He is rejected.]\\n43* b. c. Cleopatra poisons her\\nbrother in his 14th year, and reigns alone.\\n41 b. c. Cleopatra visits Antony,\\nthe ruler of the Eastern world, at Tar-\\nsus, in Syria, and immediately capti-\\nvates him.\\n36 b. c. Antony deserts his wife Oc-\\ntavia, and hastens to Cleopatra.\\nB. c. Cleopatra secures from the\\ninfatuated Antony the grant of Phoeni-\\ncia, Cyrene, and Cyprus.\\n34 B. c. Antony gives to Cleopatra\\nall Asia, from the Mediterranean Sea\\nto the Didus River.\\n31 Sept. 2. b.c. Octavius [Augustus]\\nappears with a Roman army against\\nAntony and Cleopatra, who, being de-\\nfeated at the battle of Actium, kill\\nthemselves and Egypt becomes a polit-\\nical province and the great granary\\nof the Roman empire.\\n27 b. c. Cornelius Gallus, the Ro-\\nman prefect, governs Egypt.\\n14\\nd. Tiberius is emperor at\\n[37, Caligula 41, Claudius 54, Nero\\n08, Gallia OH, Otto, Vitellius, Vespasian\\n79, Titus; 81, Domitian 96, Nerva 98,\\nTrajan.]\\n70 Vespasian visits Egypt.\\n98 A great Jewish revolt is followed\\nby the withdrawal of many privileges\\nformerly enjoyed by the Jews.\\n117 Hadrian is emperor of Rome.\\n130 The Emperor visits Egypt, and\\nrenews the old privileges, besides grant-\\ning new ones.\\n134 Hadrian again visits Egypt.\\n138 Antoninus Pius is emperor of\\nRome. [161, M. Aurelius.J\\n175 Avidius Cassius is prefect of\\nEgypt having suppressed a revolt, he\\nusurps the purple, and is acknowledged\\nby the armies of Syria and Egypt. [Slain\\nby his adherents.]\\n180 Commodus is emperor of Rome.\\n[193, Pertinax, D. Julianus, Septimus\\nSeverus. 211. M. Aurelius Antoninus\\n(Caracalla).]\\n193 Prescennius Niger, the Roman\\ngeneral in Egypt, is proclaimed emperor.\\n194 Niger is defeated and slain by\\nSeverus.\\n200* *The Emperor Severus visits\\nEgypt.\\n217 Macrinus is emperor of Rome.\\n[218, Elagahalus 222, Alexander Sev-\\nerus 235, ilaximin 238. Gordian III.\\n244, Philip 249, Decius 251, Gallus\\n253, iEmilian, by the action of the troops\\nat Alexandria, Valerian 260, Gallicuus\\n268, Claudius IX 270, Aurelian.]\\n270 Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, af-\\nter failing in a former invasion, again\\ninvades and conquers Egypt [but\\nholds it for only a short time].\\n273 Aurelian takes Egypt by defeat-\\ning Zenobia a revolt in Egypt is also\\nsuppressed.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n31 A. d. Industrious Egypt becomes\\nthe granary of indolent Rome.\\n41 Egypt is on the Roman highway\\nto India.\\n122 Alexandria is restored by\\nHadrian.\\n128 The pestilence prevails.\\n252 A devastating plague prevails.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0665.jp2"}, "666": {"fulltext": "654 275, **-1517,\\nEGYPT.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n297 Alexandria is taken by Diocle-\\ntian after a long siege, and Achilleus,\\nthe usurper, is put to death.\\n450 Upper Egypt is overrun by the\\nNubians, led by Silco.\\n491 The Persians invade Egypt.\\n500 Arabs overrun Egypt.\\nThe monasteries are used as for-\\ntresses.\\n616 Chosroes III., King of Persia, in-\\nvades and captures Alexandria he\\nholds the country for ten years.\\n638 June The invasion of the Sara-\\ncens begins.\\n641 Dec. 10. The Saracens, led by\\nCaliff Omar s successful general, Amru,\\ncapture Alexandria, and conquer\\nEgypt.\\n908 The Fatimite Arabs invade [and\\nconquer] Egypt.\\n1062 Civil war breaks out in Lower\\nEgypt between the Blacks and the Turks.\\n1099 July 15. The Crusaders cap-\\nture Jerusalem from the Saracens.\\nAug. 12. The Crusaders under Godfrey\\nof Bouillon defeat the Egyptian army at\\nAscalon, in Palestine.\\n1160* Egypt is at war with Woored\\nDeen of Aleppo, North Syria, and also\\nwith Amalric, King of Jerusalem.\\n1166 The citadel of Cairo is founded\\nby the Saracens.\\n1186* War begins between Saladin\\nand the Crusaders.\\n1187 Battle at Nazareth, Palestine\\n130 Knights Hospitallers and Templars\\nand a few hundred foot-soldiers are over-\\nwhelmed by superior numbers, and only\\nthe Grand Master and two knights es-\\ncape.\\nSaladin, with 80,000 men, totally de-\\nfeats the Crusaders near Lake Tibe-\\nrias; it is a heavy blow to the invaders.\\n1189 Acre is besieged by the Cru-\\nsaders.\\n1191 Saladin is defeated by heavy re-\\nenforcements to the Crusaders, at the\\nsiege of Acre 2,700 Mussulmans are\\nmassacred in cold blood, after surren-\\ndering.\\n1204* *E1 Adiel defeats the Crusa-\\nders, and drives the newly arrived King\\nof Jerusalem back to Europe.\\n1219* The Saracens defeat the Crusa-\\nders at Mansurah, in the Delta.\\n1249 June 5. The Crusaders, invad-\\ning Egypt, capture Damietta, with\\nstores, by the treachery of the com-\\nmander 54 principal officers are put to\\ndeath by the Sultan.\\n1250 The Crusaders under Louis IX.\\nof France are overwhelmed and defeated,\\nand the King is captured at Mansurah\\nby the Moslems. [St. Louis soon sur-\\nrenders his army.]\\nSt. Louis ransoms himself and army\\nby promising the payment of 400,000\\nlivres and the evacuation of Egypt.\\n1259 Mozuffer conquers Syria.\\n1260 Mozuffer commences a series of\\ncampaigns against the Christians. Ez\\nZaher Beybars conquers Armenia.\\n1279* El MansonrKalaoon takes Trip-\\noli from the Christians, slaughtering tin-\\npeople.\\n1291 Ashrof Khaleel takes Acre, the\\nlast stronghold of the Crusaders in\\nSyria; many thousands of the inhabi-\\ntants are massacred.\\n1294* The Ketbogba insurrection is\\ndefeated by El Mansoor Lageen.\\n1399 The calif is at war with the\\nTartars under Tamerlane, and is de-\\nfeated at Aleppo.\\n1424* *The calif takes Cyprus and\\nJeddah. the port of Mecca, from John\\nIII.\\n1468 Successful expeditions are sent\\nagainst the Turks under Bajazet.\\n1508* An luisnccessful expedition is\\nsent against the Portuguese.\\n1516* The Saracens are defeated at\\nAleppo, Palestine, and annexed by the\\nTurks under Selim I.\\n1517 Cairo is taken by the Turks\\nfrom the Egyptian sultans Egypt is\\nsubdued by Selim I.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n642 The Mosque of Amro at Cairo\\nis erected.\\n710 The nilometer is erected on the\\nIsland of Rhoda it notes the rise and\\nfall of the Nile.\\n813 The Great Pyramid is opened.\\n879+ The Mosque of Tooloon at\\nCairo is erected.\\n1058+ The inundation of the Nile\\nfails for seven successive seasons.\\n1300+ An earthquake half destroys\\nCairo Alexandria and other towns also\\nsuffer.\\n1351* *The Mosque of Hassan is\\nerected.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n292 Paehomius, Saint, one of the found-\\ners of monasticism, born.\\n296 Athanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Al-\\nexander, Christ ian Father, controversialist,\\nauthor, born.\\n307 Catherine, Saint, of Alexandria, mar-\\ntyr, dies.\\n309 Didymus, the Blind scholar, theo-\\nlogian, born.\\n336 Arius. presbyter of Alexandria, fdr.\\nof Arianism, A80.\\n348 Piicliouiius, saint, one of the founders\\nof monasticism, A57.\\n356 Anthony, Saint, founder of asceti-\\ncism, A 105.\\n370 Hypatia, of Alexandria, mathemati-\\ncian, philosopher, born.\\n376 Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, born.\\n395 Didymus, the Blind scholar, theo-\\nlogian, A86.\\nAthanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Alexandria,\\nChristian Father, controversialist, an., ATT.\\n415 Hypatia. of Alexandria, mathemati-\\ncian, philosopher, A45.\\n5th Century. Achilles, latins, rhetorician of\\nAlexandria, horn.\\n444 Cyril, Saint, of Alexandria, A68.\\n884 Ahmed Ibn y Tooloon. founder of\\nthe Tooloon ide dynasty, A48+.\\n892 Saadia, Ben Joseph Saadias-Gaon,\\nJewish philosopher, horn.\\n933 Tekeen Fl Cezeree, txyiqueror, dies.\\n941 Saadia, Ben Joseph Saadias-Caon,\\nJewish philosopher, A49\u00c2\u00b1.\\n1021 Hakim, founder and messiahof the\\nCHURCH.\\n284* The Coptic writers date the era\\nof the martyrs from the accession of\\nDiocletian.\\n303 A savage persecution of Chris-\\ntians occurs.\\n305 Monachism begins in Egypt St.\\nAnthony of Thebes is its founder.\\n311 An edict of toleration is issued\\nby the emperor.\\n324 The Emperor Constantine ad-\\nvises all subjects to become Christians,\\nas he had become one.\\nThe Christian Church is divided into\\ntwo Greek churches, the first schism in\\nEgypt.\\n326* Athanasius, the opponent of\\nArius, is made archbishop of Alexan-\\ndria. [335. Athanasius is exiled by\\nthe Arians. 342. Athanasius returns.]\\n354 George of Cappadocia is made\\n(Arian) archbishop of Alexandria.\\n355 Athanasius is again exiled.\\n362 George of Cappadocia is killed\\nby a mob while awaiting trial.\\n363 Athanasius is finally restored.\\n389 The temple and worship of\\nSerapis are destroyed by Theodosius I.\\nChristians triumph over the pagans;\\nthe old Egyptian religion is proscribed,\\nyet most of the learned and scientific\\nclasses remained pagans.\\n412 Cyril becomes bishop of Alex-\\nandria he is one of the most intemper-\\nate of the church Fathers.\\nHe persecutes the Jews, plunders their\\npossessions, and one dav expels every\\none of them from the city.\\n415\u00c2\u00b1 Hypatia, the pagan philoso-\\npher, is murdered by monks through\\nthe alleged instigation of St. Cyril.\\nJews are massacred in Alexandria.\\nDr\\ns, die\\n1137* Saladin. sultan of Egypt and Syr\\nborn.\\n1193* Saladin. sultan, A56.\\n1238 El Kamil, sultan, dies.\\n1257* Aibek-Az:id-rd-l \u00c2\u00bbin, sultan, dies.\\n431 Cyril presides over the Council of\\nEpbesus.\\n451* *The 4th General Council of\\nChalcedon denounces the doctrines of\\nthe Coptic or Egyptian Church as\\nheretical; this causes its separation\\nfrom the orthodox church.\\n754 El Mansoor becomes a cruel per-\\nsecutor of Christians in Syria and\\nEgypt.\\n1048 The Calif of Egypt permits the\\nKnights of Malta to build a pilgrims\\nhouse at Jerusalem.\\n1299 Jews and Christians are severely\\npersecuted.\\n1303* Christians are compelled to\\nwear blue turbans, and Jews to wear\\nyellow, and both are forbidden to ride\\non horses or mules, or to receive any gov-\\nernment employment many churches\\nare destroyed and all closed.\\n1322\u00c2\u00b1 Christians are again perse-\\ncuted; the principal churches are de-\\nstroyed by the Moslems; Christians\\nretaliate by burning the mosques.\\nThe threats of the mob induce the\\nsultan to consent to the murder and\\nplunder of any Christians met in the\\nstreets.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0666.jp2"}, "667": {"fulltext": "EGYPT.\\n275, **-1517,\\n655\\nLETTERS.\\n312 The Coptic Bible is written.\\n389 The pagan temple of Serapis pos-\\nsesses 700,000 volumes; a mob de-\\nstroys tliem with the temple.\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00ac40 Calif Omar takes Alexandria, and\\ndestroys its library of 700,000 vol-\\numes; these supply the baths with fuel\\nfor six months learning is banished for\\na time.\\n754 El Mansoor is a patron of liter-\\nature.\\n800\u00c2\u00b1 The Augustinian Age of Sara-\\ncenic literature appears.\\n813 El Mainoon patronizes litera-\\nture.\\n975* El Azeez patronizes literature;\\nhe founds the University of Cairo.\\nSOCIETY.\\n321 Religious feuds between the or-\\nthodox Athanasians and the heterodox\\nArians disturb Alexandria.\\n884 Ahmed dies, leaving a costly es-\\ntablishment.\\nIt consists of 7,000 mounted Mame-\\nlukes, 300 picked horses for his own use,\\na body-guard of 24,000 slaves, besides\\n0,000 asses and mules, 10,000 camels, and\\n100 wherries.\\nThe prisons contain 18,000 prisoners.\\n1257 Sultan Eybek is put to death\\nby his wife; she in turn is beaten to\\ndeath by the wooden clogs of the female\\nslaves belonging to another wife of\\nEybek.\\nSTATE.\\n275 Tacitus is emperor of Rome.\\n[276, Probns, after serving as governor\\nof Egypt 2S2, Carus, Numerian is co-\\nregent later. Carinas 2S4, Diocletian\\n286, Maximian.]\\n292 A formidable revolt breaks out\\nAchillens assumes the title of Emperor\\nDonritus Domitanus.\\n296* Diocletian enters Egypt, and\\ntakes Alexandria.\\n297 Domitanus, sustained by the\\nEgyptians, again revolts, and captures\\nAlexandria; the emperor returns, and\\ntakes the city, and puts his rival to\\ndeath.\\n305* Constantius and Galerius are\\nemperors.\\n[306, Maxentius 307, Severus, Lici-\\nnius,and Constantine 323, Constantine\\n337, Constantine II., Constantius and\\nConstans coregents 353, Constantius;\\n361, Julian 363, Jovian 364, Valentin-\\nian; Valensenre.gent 367, Gratian; 375,\\nValentinian II. 379, Theodosius 3S3,\\nMaximus; 392, Eugenius 394, Theodo-\\nsius.]\\n395 Egypt becomes a part of the\\nByzantine Empire on the final division\\nof the Roman Empire.\\n639 Egypt is invaded by the Mos-\\nlems Amr-Ibu-Ei-As with 4,000 men\\nenters Syria.\\n641 Grand Cairo is founded.\\n*-86S* Moslem rule. (Seep. 485+.)\\nEgypt is governed by a succession of\\nviceroys appointed by the califs of Bag-\\ndad and Damascus.\\n644 Othman-ibin-Affan, a descendant\\nof the Prophet, reigns. [He is killed by\\nconspirators.]\\n646 Cyprus is regained.\\n648 Cyprus is retaken by the Greek\\nemperor.\\n656 Ali-Ib-Abu-Taleb is calif.\\n[661, Moawiyeh I., the founder of the\\nOmmiade dynasty; 680, Yezeid I.; 083,\\nMoawiyehlL 6S4,Merwanl. later, Abd-\\nel-Melek, who discontinues tribute to\\nConstantinople 705, El Weleed 744,\\nMerwan.]\\n714 Seven califs have brief and\\nunimportant reigns.\\n750 -1258 The dynasty of the\\nAbbassids; Bagdad is the capital.\\nAbul Abbas is calif, and founds the\\ndynasty.\\n754 Al Munsur reigns he is a cruel\\npersecutor, yet a patron of learning and\\nscience.\\n[775, Mahdi later, Hadee; 786, Harun-\\nal-Raschid, brave, benevolent, and a pa-\\ntron of science 809, El Ameen 813, El\\nMainoon, a patron of learning; 840, El\\nMantussin 847, El Motawukkel 861,\\nElMuntusser; 863, Kl Mostain; later,El\\nMantuz later, Ahmed Ibn y Tooloon as\\nviceroy of the calif, and founder of the\\nTooloonide dynasty.]\\n868 Ahmed throws off allegiance to\\nthe calif, and establishes indepen-\\ndence for Egypt [lasting 37 years].\\n884* Khamaraweeyeh reigns. [S96,\\nAsaker, Haroon, Maghazee.]\\nLong period of anarchy.\\n906 Muktuffee is calif, and indepen-\\ndence is lost, and the Abbassid dynasty\\nis restored.\\n908 Muktuddir reigns.\\nThe Mahdee, or Arabian Fatimites,\\ninvade Egypt.\\n*-1171* *The Fatimite dynasty\\nreigns over Egypt, part of Northern\\nAfrica, and Syria.\\n932 El Kaher is calif.\\n[936, El Radee, Mohammad el Alkh-\\nsheed, founder of the Alksheed dynasty\\n948, Abool 967, Abool Kasem later,\\nKafoor 969, Abool Fowaris, later, El\\nMoez, founder of the Fatimite dynasty\\nof califs the Fatimites come from North-\\nern Africa.]\\n973 Cairo is founded by the Fati-\\nmites. [It causes the decay of Alex-\\nandria.]\\n975 El Azeez is calif.\\n996 El Hakim is calif the founder\\nof the sect of the Druses.\\n1021 Ez Zahir is calif.\\n[1036,ElMustansir 1094, El Mustalee\\n1101, El Amer 1132, El Hafuz 1152, El\\nDhafer 1157, El Fiygez.]\\n1171 Salah ed Deen [the famous Sa-\\nladin] is proclaimed sultan; he founds\\nthe Ayoobite dynasty.\\n1192 Saladin is forced by the Cru-\\nsaders to accept a truce for three years.\\n1193 Saladin dies, and his dominions\\nare divided.\\n1229* El Kamil cedes Jerusalem,\\nBethlehem, Nazareth, and other parts\\nof Palestine, to Frederick U., Emperor\\nand Crusader.\\n1249 Sheger-ed-Durr, widow of the\\nsultan, assumes the regency. [El Moez-\\n1250 1517 The Mamelukes,\\nhaving usurped the supreme power, rule\\nEgypt [for 267 years].\\nEl Moez is sultan, and founder of\\nthe Baharite Mameluke dynasty. The\\nMamelukes were originally Moslem\\nslaves.\\n1256 El Mansoor is sultan soon put\\nto death, and succeeded by Eybek.\\n[1257, Eybek is assassinated by order\\nof his wife 1259, El Mozuffer 1260, Ez\\nZaher Bey bars 1279, El Mansoor Kala-\\noon 1290, El Ashrof Khaleel 1293, El\\nNasr Mohammed, who is soon exiled.]\\n1294 An insurrection breaks out\\nunder Ketbogha, the regent.\\n1299 El Nasr Mohammed is restored\\nto the throne.\\n1308 The sultan abdicates. El Mo-\\nzuffer Bayleers is his successor.\\n1310 El Nasr is again restored.\\n1341 The seven sons of Nasr follow\\nin succession [reigns are chiefly short\\nand troubled the sultans are exiled\\nor put to death].\\n1348 Hassan is deposed from author-\\nity by Es Saleh, his brother.\\n1351 Hassan is restored.\\n1361 El Mausoor Mohammed reigns\\na few months.\\n1363 ElAshraf Shaban, son of Hassan,\\nis sultan. [He is finally strangled.]\\n1377 Es Salah is sultan later his\\nbrother, El Mansoor Ali.\\n1382 Ez Zahir Berkook, the usurper,\\nis sultan.\\nHe founds the Circassian Mameluke, or\\nEorgite, dynasty, and rules with ability\\nand justice; he also favors learning.\\nThese sultans were originally Circassian\\nslaves.\\n1399 En Nasr Fareg of Berkook is\\nsultan.\\nA. revolt in Syria is overcome.\\n1412 El Moaiyud begins a prosperous\\nreign.\\n1422 El Ashraf Bursabey, a sultan of\\nvirtue, reigns with ability.\\n1438 Gekmeh reigns later Abdel\\nAzeez, who is deposed.\\n1453 Eenal reigns later Othman\\n[who is overthrown by intrigue].\\n1461 Khoshkadem Moaiyud Ahmed,\\na Greek by birth, is sultan.\\n1467 Tumr Bogha reigns.\\n1468 El Ashrof Kaitbey reigns he is\\nsuccessful in military enterprises.\\n1496 Mohammed reigns he is weak\\nand barbarous later, Kansooh Nasr\\nreigns five months, and abdicates.\\n1500 G-ambalat reigns six months\\nToman Bey reigns a few months, and is\\nkilled.\\n1501 El Ghoree Kansooh reigns.\\n1517 El Ashrof Toman Bey reigns.\\nThe Mamelukes are overthrown.\\nCairo is taken by Turks under Selim\\nI., and Egypt is reduced to a Turkish\\npashalic.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n491 The invasion of the Persians is\\nfollowed by a famine.\\n684 The first Arab coin is issued.\\n1062\u00c2\u00b1 A famine lasts for seven\\nyears.\\n1424 The Indian trade is monopo-\\nlized by the Egyptians.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0667.jp2"}, "668": {"fulltext": "656 1543, *-1868 Mar. 18.\\nEGYPT.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1767* *AU Bey, the Mameluke, con-\\nquers Arabia and Syria by an army\\nunder Mohammed. Bey.\\n1786 Cairo is captured by Turks\\nunder Hassan Pasha.\\n1798 -1801 The French send an\\nexpedition against Egypt, having for\\nits ultimate object tbe overthrow of the\\nBritish empire in the East.\\nJuly 5. Napoleon, with an army of\\n30,000 men, takes Alexandria by as-\\nsault.\\nJuly 21. Battle of the Pyramids; Na-\\npoleon defeats and nearly annihilates\\nthe Mamelukes, 60,000 strong; 15,000\\nmen fall.\\nJuly 22. Napoleon captures Cairo.\\n1799 Apr. 16. Napoleon defeats the\\nTurks at Mt. Tabor, Palestine. [Pesti-\\nlence breaks out in the French army,\\nand it returns to Egypt. Gen. Kleber\\nsucceeds Napoleon as commander of the\\nFrench.]\\nJuly 25. Gen. Murat with 5,000 French\\ndefeats 15,000 Turks at Aboukir, near\\na mouth of the Nile.\\nAug. 1,2. Battle of the Nile; the\\nFrench fleet is destroyed by the British\\nfleet under Adm. Nelson in Aboukir\\nBay the French lose 13 out of 17 ves-\\nsels, and 9,000 men.\\n1800 Gen. Kleber defeats a force of\\n70,000 Turks under the grand vizier at\\nHeliopolis, in the Delta.\\nJune 14. Gen. Kleber is assassinated\\nat Cairo Gen. Menou assumes command\\nof the French.\\n1801 Mar. 2. A British army, under\\nGens. Abercromby and Hutchinson, ar-\\nrives in Aboukir Bay.\\nMar. 8. Sir Ralph Abercromby defeats\\nthe French, and captures Aboukir.\\n[Mar. 21. He defeats the French under\\nGen. Menou at Alexandria.]\\nMar. 25. The British army is reen-\\nforced by the Turks.\\nMar. 28. Gen. Abercromby dies of\\nhis wounds at Alexandria.\\nApr. 19. The French are defeated at\\nRosetta, a town in the Delta.\\nJune 27. Cairo is taken by the British\\nand Turks 60,000 French capitulate.\\nSept. 2. Gen. Menou and 10,000 French\\nsurrender to Gen. Hutchinson at Alex-\\nandria.\\nSept. The French rule ends in the\\nevacuation of Egypt.\\n1802\u00c2\u00b1 A Turkish force of 14,000 men\\nis defeated by a small force of Mame-\\nlukes in Demenhoor, who also secure\\nguns and ammunition.\\n1803 Mar.* The British evacuate\\nEgypt.\\nMay* The Egyptian troops revolt\\nagainst Khusruf Pasha, v/ho is com-\\npelled to flee.\\nMehemet Ah, with a force of Alba-\\nnians and Mamelukes, takes Damietta,\\nin the Delta, after an obstinate resist-\\nance Khusruf Pasha is captured.\\nsheed Pasha, the rivals for supreme\\npower.\\nMay 19. AH besieges Kursheed, the\\nMameluke chief, in the citadel of Cairo.\\nAug. 17. Tbe first massacre of the Ma-\\nmelukes in Cairo by the Turks occurs.\\n1806 July 1. The Porte sends 3,000\\ntroops to subdue the beys.\\n1807 Mar. 17. A force of 5,000 British\\ntroops arrives to aid the beys against\\nthe Sultan.\\nSept. 14. The British under Gen. Fra-\\nzer evacuate Alexandria after failing\\nin their unfortunate enterprise.\\n1811 Mar. 1. Mehemet Ali invites the\\nMamelukes to the citadel, and massa-\\ncres about 470 of them, and destroys\\ntheir power.\\nMehemet Ali sends 8,000 men, includ-\\ning 2,000 horse, under Toosoon Pasha,\\nagainst the Wahabis, who repulse them.\\n1812 -15 Toosoon is reenforced,\\nand renews the campaign he takes\\nMedina after a siege, also Jiddah and\\nMecca.\\n1816 A successful expedition is sent\\nto Arabia by Mehemet Ali. (See p. 4S3.)\\n1820 Mehemet Ali sends several thou-\\nsand men into Southern Egpyt to ob-\\ntain captives to form the nucleus of a\\nnew army.\\n1821 *-22 Ali sends 7,000 or 8,000\\nmen to aid the Turks in subduing the\\ntbe Greek insurrection.\\n1822 Mehemet All s youngest son,\\nIsmail, and his retinue, are put to\\ndeath by Nimr, an Arab chief.\\nAn army composed chiefly of slaves is\\norganized by French officers into dis-\\nciplined troops.\\n1824* The regular army is raised to\\n24,000 men.\\nInsurgents numbering 20,000 or 30.000,\\nled by the false prophet, are subdued.\\n1831 -33 War with Turkey\\nMehemet Ali revolts, invades [and soon\\nsubdues] Syria.\\nIn a battle near Gaza, Egyptians\\nunder Ibrahim Pasha defeat the Chris-\\ntians 30,000 Christians and Moslems\\nfall; the former retreat. [1S32. Jeru-\\nsalem is captured by the Egyptians\\nunder Es Salih they also take Damas-\\ncus.]\\n1832 July 8. With 16,000 disciplined\\nEgyptian troops, Ibrahim Pasha, son of\\nAli, defeats 30,000 Turks at the battle\\nof Hims.\\nMay 27. Ibrahim takes Acre from the\\nTurks after a long siege.\\nDec. 2,1. Ibrahim defeats 60,000 Turks at\\nKonich, and captures the grand vizier.\\n1833 Apr. 3. Ibrahim advances on\\nConstantinople, which is entered by\\nRussian auxiliaries.\\nMay 4. The war with the Turks ends\\nwith the convention of Rutayah.\\n1839 Mehemet Ali again revolts\\nagainst the Sultan, claiming hereditary\\npowers.\\nJune 24. Ibrahim Pasha defeats the\\nTurks at Nezib on the Euphrates.\\nThrough the treachery of officers the\\nTurkish fleet falls into the hanchi of\\nthe viceroy of Egypt.\\n1840 Oct. 10. Adm. Napier bombards\\nBeyrout.\\nNov. 3. The British and Austrian fleets,\\nunder Adm. Sir Robert Stopford, take\\nAcre.\\nNov. 21\u00c2\u00b1. Ibrahim is expelled from\\nSyria by the action of the powers, Eng\\nland, Austria, Russia, and Prussia hav-\\ning agreed to hold Syria fur th\u00c2\u00ab Sultan.\\n1864 May The pasha sends a force to\\nrepress insurgents in Arabia.\\nMay 10. [Sir] Samuel W. Baker is ap-\\npointed commander of a military expe-\\ndition to ascend the Xile, and suppress\\nthe slave-trade.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1754 Sept. An earthquake engulfs\\nhalf of the houses in Grand Cairo 40,000\\npersons perish.\\n1815* Giovanni Battisa Belzoni, the\\nantiquarian, arrives.\\n1S16 Belzoni removes the colossal\\nstatue of Memnon from near Thebes to\\nAlexandria.\\n1817 Belzoni explores temples, and\\nopens the pyramid of Cephren.\\n1820 The Mahmoud canal is opened,\\nconnecting Alexandria with the Nile.\\n1829 Nov. 26. The water of the Nile\\nrises to 26 instead of 22 feet.\\n1834 Burnt bricks are found in the\\nNile that are believed to be 20.000 vears\\nold.\\n1852 Ferdinand de Lesseps pro-\\njects a canal for connecting the Bay of\\nPelusium with the Red Sea.\\nHe proposes to cut a canal 90 miles\\nlong, create ports, and deepen shallow\\nwaters.\\n1858 The Suez canal is begun by\\nFrench engineers.\\n1861 The Bulak Museum is estab-\\nlished.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1728\\n1735i\\n1769\\n1773\\n1789\\n1806\\n1807\\n1813\\n1816\\nIbrahim Pasha, vicerov, born.\\nEl Bardeesee Paslia d:es.\\nJan. 30. El-elfee Bey dies.\\nAbbas Pasha, viceroy, born.\\nIbrahim Bey. Hameluke chief,\\n1\u00c2\u00b1.\\nDec. 3 1 Ismail Pasha born.\\nNov. 10. Ibrahim Pasha dies.\\nAug-. 3. Mehemet Ali Paslia dies.\\nJuly 14. Abbas Paslia, A41.\\nJan. 18. Said Paslia. viceroy, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n1S0S The Bible is translated into\\nAmharic language by an Abyssinian\\nmonk called AbuRumi, assisted by the\\nFrench consul, Asseline.\\n1S54 Nov. 15. The United Presbyte-\\nrian Church of U. S. A. starts a mission\\nin Cairo.\\n1S62 Miss Whately, daughter of Arch-\\nbishop Whately of Dublin, starts a\\nschool at Cairo for the children of\\nCopts and Mohammedans.\\n1863* *The first native Protestant\\nchurch is organized at Cairo by the\\nUnited Presbyterians.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0668.jp2"}, "669": {"fulltext": "EGYPT.\\n1543, *-1868, Mar. 18. 657\\n1865 Assiout and Koos become mis-\\nsion-stations of the United Presbyterians\\nofU. S. A.\\n[1S6G, Modeenet, El Fayoom, and\\nMansura, in the Delta 1SGS, Sinoris\\nEl Fayoom 1869, Mooteea and Na-\\nkhaileh, near Assiout; 1873, Bagore,\\nFahta, Rhoda, Suft Meedoom, and\\nLuxor; 1S74, El-Jawily, in the prov-\\nince of Assiout, North Egypt, Goorneh,\\nnear Luxor; 1875, Ahnoob, near Assi-\\nout, and Sinhore, on the Fayoom 1S76,\\nEsneh and Erment, south of Luxor,\\nKosair, on the Red Sea, and Zerabi,\\nnear Assiout; 1S77, Dweir, Moosera,\\nBeezadeeza, Marees, and Bulak 1S7S,\\nBeni-Adi and Manfaloot; 1S79, Sana-\\nlio, Akhmeem, on the east bank of the\\nNile, province of Girgeh, and El Baya-\\ndeeyya, province of Assiout, Upper\\nEgypt; 1SS0, Deir Aboo-Hinnis, and\\nTanta; 1881, Azaimeh, near Esneh,\\nKinneh, Tameeyah, and El Kome\\nEl Akhdar; 1882, Wast a, Moir,\\nTanda, and Benisouef; 1S83, Tima,\\nAbooteeg, and Furkus 18S4, Edfos,\\nAboo-Kerkas, and Daminhoor; 18S5,\\nDeir El-jenadily, Kome-es-paht,\\nBusra, Menharg, M ah a 11a, Kafr-\\nBilmisht, Zagazig, and Mist Ehamr\\n1SS6, Deir-Birsha, Nezlet-Rooman,\\nFesh, Gerobeea 1887, Assouan at the\\nFirst Cataract, Hammam, Serokina,\\nrTezlet-Nahkly, Dakoof, Tanbody,\\nSafaneezah, and Atf -Haider.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1801 On the departure of French\\ntroops from Egypt, many of the Moslem\\nwomen whom they had married, or\\nbought as concubine slaves, are forth-\\nwith tied up in sacks and drowned.\\nSTATE.\\n1543 -1798 Turkish rule in\\nEgypt.\\nThe title calif is assumed by the sov-\\nereigns of Turkey.\\nEgypt is divided by the Turks into\\n24 districts.\\nEach is under a Mameluke bey, the\\nchief of whom is sheikh el-beled over\\nthe 2-i beys is a council of seven Turkish\\nchiefs, aud superior* to all a supreme\\npasha.\\n1763 All Bey, the Mameluke, is pro-\\nmoted to the office of sheikh el-beled.\\n1767* *Ali Bey usurps authority,\\nand becomes supreme pasha he declares\\nEgyptian independence, [lie is poisoned\\nafter four years.]\\n1772 Mohammed Aboo Dahab re-\\nbels, and contends for the office of su-\\npreme pasha [is recognized by the Sultan\\nof Turkey].\\n1773 Supreme authority divided by\\nMurad Bey and Ibrahim Bey. [Con-\\nfusion and civil war follow for many\\nyears.]\\n1786 M u r a d and Ibrahim are de-\\nthroned Ismail is made supreme pasha.\\n1791* Murad and Ibrahim are re-\\nstored to their former office on the death\\nof Ismail.\\n1798 Aug. -1801 Sept. French\\nrule.\\n1799 *Napoleon Bonaparte leaves\\nGen. Kleber in authority.\\n1801 The French invaders are dis-\\npossessed by the British invaders un-\\nder Gens. Abercromby and Hutchinson.\\nSept. The French evacuate and aban-\\ndon Egypt.\\nTurkish rule is restored.\\nThe Turkish government gives orders\\nto the Turkish high-admiral to ensnare\\nand put to death the principal beys\\nthis begins the struggle between the\\nMamelukes and the Turks civil war\\nensues.\\nGen. Menou concludes a treaty with\\nthe English at Cairo.\\nEgypt is to be restored to Turkey, and\\nthe French army transported to France\\nby the English fleet.\\nMohammed Khusruf is pasha.\\n1803 Mar. The British evacuate\\nEgypt.\\nMay* Khusruf Pasha is driven out of\\nCairo by a revolt of unpaid soldiers.\\nTahir Pasha is pasha. He is killed\\nin 23 days for refusing to pay the Turk-\\nish troops.\\nConfusion and anarchy ensue.\\n1805 May Mehemet All is chosen\\npasha.\\nJune Ali receives a firman as pasha\\nfrom the Sultan, and the struggle in\\nCairo ceases.\\nAug. 17. Mehemet Ali s first massacre.\\n(See Army.)\\n1806* Mehemet Ali is appointed gov-\\nernor of Upper Egypt; he claims su-\\npreme power.\\nJuly 1. A successor of Ali arrives, accom-\\npanied with 3,000 regular troops, yet he\\nonly succeeds in retaining his position\\nby paying 4,000 purses to the Porte.\\n[He greatly develops the country.]\\n1811 Mar. 1. Mehemet Ali s seeond\\nmassacre. (See Army.)\\n1822 The territory of ancient Nubia\\nis added by conquest.\\n1831* Mehemet Ali declares Egypt\\nindependent, invades Syria, and threat-\\nens Constantinople.\\n1833 May 14. By the intervention of\\nEuropean powers a treaty is concluded\\nbetween Mehemet Ali and the Porte\\nSyria and Adneh are ceded to Ali on\\ncondition of his paying tribute to Turkey.\\n1839 Mehemet Ali, encouraged by\\nFrance, demands of the young Sultan,\\nAbdul-Medjid, the hereditary investi-\\nture of all lands under Ali s government.\\n1840 In opposition to the demands of\\nAli, England, Austria, Prussia, and\\nRussia, to the exclusion of France, con-\\nclude an alliance favorable to thePorte,\\nwhich threatens the peace of Europe.\\nNov.+ Ali withdraws from Syria.\\n1841 July 15. By the Convention of\\nAlexandria peace is restored.\\nBy the demand of Great Britain, Me-\\nhemet Ali relinquishes Syria, but is con-\\nfirmed by the Sultan in hereditary rule\\nof Egypt.\\n1848 Ibrahim Fasha is viceroy; he\\nis the adopted son of Ali.\\nAbbas Pasha, son of Toosoon, suc-\\nceeds his uncle Ibrahim retrogression\\nbegins.\\n1851 May 27. The Porte confirms the\\nhereditary succession to the pashalic of\\nEgypt, and concedes the right of coining\\nmoney, but increases the tribute from\\n\u00c2\u00a3400,000 to \u00c2\u00a3750,000.\\n1854 Said Fasha is viceroy he is\\nthe fourth son of Mehemet Ali. [Fa-\\nvorable to reforms.]\\n1863 Ismail Fasha, the commandant\\nof the army, becomes viceroy.\\nApr. 7. The Sultan of Turkey arrives\\nin Egypt.\\n1867 May 14. Ismail Pasha secures a\\nfirman from the Porte at great cost,\\nwhich grants the title Khedive, and\\nremoves the chief restrictions imposed\\nby the treaty the office is also confirmed\\nto the line of direct succession.\\nJune 9. The sultan designates the Khe-\\ndive as sovereign.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1791 The plague appears.\\n1792 The plague prevails about\\n800,000 people perish.\\n1820 Khartum, at the confluence of\\nthe Blue and White Nile, is built by\\nMehemet Ali.\\n1831 Cholera prevails.\\n1851 A railway from Cairo to Alex-\\nandria is opened.\\n1858 The dredging of the Suez Canal\\nis commenced by Daniel Lange of Eng-\\nland estimated cost, \u00c2\u00a38,000,000.\\n1859 May* A telegraph line is\\nopened between Aden and Suez.\\n1862 Mediterranean waters are ad-\\nmitted into a channel communicating\\nwith Lake Timsah.\\n1863 Mar. 4. The name of the new\\ntown is changed from Timsah to Is-\\nmailia.\\nAug. The Egyptian Government com-\\npels the Canal Company to abandon\\ncompulsory labor.\\n-67 The war in America stimu-\\nlates the cultivation of cotton.\\n1865 Feb. M. de Lesseps reports the\\npassage of a vessel containing 30 per-\\nsons through the entire canal.\\nJune Cholera rages in Alexandria.\\nAug. 15. A part of the Suez Canal is\\nopened.\\nThe waters of the Nile are admitted\\ninto the smaller canal, and a vessel\\npasses from the Mediterranean to the\\nRed Sea.\\n1867 Feb. 17. The first ship, named\\nthe Prima, passes through the canal\\nfrom sea to sea.\\nNov. A loan is raised in France for the\\nSuez Canal.\\n1868 The canal is used by both\\nFrench and English vessels.\\nMar. 18. The Mediterranean waters\\nare admitted to the salt lakes.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0669.jp2"}, "670": {"fulltext": "658 1868, *-1884 Feb. 11.\\nEGYPT.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1870 Feb. 8. (lie Baker expedition\\nleaves Khartum.\\n[1871. Apr. 25. It arrives at Gondokoro,\\nlater called Ismailia. July *-Sept.\\nIt has engagements with the Baris of\\nBelinian. 1872. Mar. 6, It arrives at Fa-\\nliko. Apr. 25. It arrives at Masindi in Un-\\nyoro. June 8. The treachery of Kaba\\nKega toward the Baker expedition is pun-\\nished by burning Masindi. July 18. It\\narrives at Foweera, and is well received.\\nAug. 2. It suppresses an insurrection\\nof slave-dealers.]\\n1875 -76 War with Abyssinia.\\nIsmail Pasha makes a disastrous attempt\\nto conquer territory. (See p. 2.)\\n1877 June* Negotiations for peace are\\nentered.\\n1879 May 5. A rebellion of slave-\\ndealers in the Sudan is suppressed by\\nLieut. Gessi of Col. Gordon s command.\\n1881 July* Sheik Mohammed Ahmed\\nproclaims himself a Mahdi, and raises\\nan insurrection.\\nNov. The Mahdi defeats the Egyptian\\ntroops.\\nDec\u00c2\u00b1. Ahmed the Mahdi is defeated\\nin the Sudan, retires up the Blue Nile,\\nand gathers a large army beyond the\\nWhite Nile.\\n1882 June 11. Arabi Pasha begins a\\nrebellion of the national party against\\nthe Anglo-French control of Egypt.\\nAlexandria suffers from a riot, the\\ntown is ravaged, and about 60 Europeans\\nare killed the Egyptian troops suppress\\nthe rioters.\\nJune 14. The Mahdi overwhelms and\\nmassacres about 6,000 Egyptian troops\\nin the Sudan. (Reported.)\\nJuly 4. The English and French admi-\\nrals formally protest against the erec-\\ntion of fortifications at Alexandria by\\nArabi Pasha. [July 9. Adm. Seymour\\nthreatens to bombard the city.]\\nJuly 6. The subjects of Great Britain\\nare warned to leave Egypt.\\nJuly 11. Adm. Seymour bombards\\nAlexandria for the preservation of his\\nfleet from Arabi s batteries British\\nloss, six killed, and 28 wounded.\\nJuly 12. The Sultan protests against\\nthe bombardment.\\nThe British send 1,000 marines\\nfrom Malta to Alexandria. [July 17.\\nAbout 5,000 soldiers land.]\\nArabi Pasha and part of the Egyptian\\narmy abandon Alexandria, and retreat\\ninto the interior a mob fires the city\\nit plunders and massacres Europeans\\nand Christians.\\nJuly 20\u00c2\u00b1. Arabi Pasha cuts off the\\nwater supply from Alexandria, and calls\\nupon the people to rise.\\nJuly 24. Sir A. Alison has a skirmish\\nwith the rebels he captures Ramleh.\\nArabi proclaims a holy war.\\nJuly 25\u00c2\u00b1. The British bring troops\\nfrom England and India.\\nAug. 19, 20. The British occupy Port\\nSaid, Ismailia, and Kantara, positions\\nwhich control the canal.\\nAug. 21. Gen. Macpherson arrives at\\nSuez with the Indian troops.\\nAug. 25. The advance from Ismailia has\\na slight cavalry and artillery engage-\\nment Egyptians are routed.\\nAug. 26. Gen. Graham occupies Kassas-\\nsin with 2,000 troops.\\nSept. 13. After several skirmishes the\\nBritish capture Tel-el-Kebir, losing 52\\nkilled, 3S0 wounded Egyptian loss,\\n3,000.\\nSept. 14. The British enter Cairo;\\nArabi Pashi with about 10,000 men sur-\\nrenders to the British.\\nSept. 17. The Khedive dissolves the\\nEgyptian army.\\nOct. 24. The Mahdi defeats the Egyp-\\ntians in the Sudan.\\nBee. 16. Col. Stewart arrives at Khar-\\ntum.\\nDec. 22. Sir Henry Evelyn Wood,\\ncommander of the new Egyptian army,\\narrives at Cairo.\\n1883 Jan. The Mahdi repulses the\\nBritish in the Sudan three times.\\n[Jan. 5. The Mahdi captures Bara\\nand Obeid. Feb. 23\u00c2\u00b1. The Mahdi is re-\\npulsed. Apr. Gen. Hicks defeats the\\nMahdi at Sennaar.]\\nMar. Col. Hicks Pasha starts for Kor-\\ndofan with an army.\\n[Apr. 29. He totally defeats the\\nMahdi near Berber. May 14\u00c2\u00b1. Again\\nnear Khartum. Sept. 20. He advances\\nup the Nile to Duem.]\\nNov. 3, 5. Battle of K ash gal, near\\nEl-Obeid; Col. Hicks is overwhelmed\\nin a defile by 11,000 Mahdists, and the en-\\ntire Egyptian force is exterminated.\\nNov. 6. The Mahdi surprises and de-\\nfeats an Egyptian detachment at Tokar\\nnear Suakim it loses 150 men.\\nNov. Col. Coetologon gathers an Egyp-\\ntian army at Khartum.\\nNov. A general uprising against the\\nBritish takes place.\\nNov. 26.-Dec. 2. The Mahdists, com-\\nmanded by Osman Digna, an impover-\\nished slave-dealer, attack the forts at\\nSuakim a force of 720 Egyptians is al-\\nmost totally destroyed.\\n1884 Jan. 18. London. Gen. (Chi-\\nnese) Gordon is ordered to the Sudan\\nto assist the Khedive in withdrawing his\\ntroops, they being overpowered by the\\nMahdists.\\nFeb. 4. The Mahdists defeat Baker\\nPasha near Tokar.\\nFeb. 7\u00c2\u00b1. Adm. Hewitt assumes com-\\nmand at Suakim the town is besieged.\\nFeb. S. Tewfik Bey makes a desperate\\nsortie from Sinkat the entire force is\\nkilled, and the town taken.\\nFeb. 11. Gen. Gordon arrives at Ber-\\nber, and proclaims the Mahdi sultan of\\nKordofan. [Feb. IS. At Khartum.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\n1876 Jan. 1. The Gregorian style of\\nthe calendar is adopted.\\nCHURCH.\\n1868* The Apostelstrasse the A ve-\\nnue of the Apostles ^missions are with-\\ndrawn from the interior, and devoted to\\nthe successful school at Alexandria.\\n1881 Nov. Mohammed Ahmed, call-\\ning himself El Mahdi, the prophet, ap-\\npears in Sudan with 1,500 followers,\\ndeclares a holy war, and defeats the\\nEgyptian forces.\\n1882 July 24*. A Mohammedan reli-\\ngious war against unbelievers is pro-\\nclaimed by Arabi Pasha.\\nThe strength of the various religions\\nis shown by the census returns\\nMohammedans 6,051,625\\nChristians (Copts, Roman Catho-\\nlics, Greeks, Protestants, and\\nArminiansj 514.521\\nJews 15,796\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S80 July The Khedive decrees the\\nabolition of slavery. [Slaves are to be\\nemancipated by July 31, 1881.]\\n1882 Apr.* The trial of 43 persons con-\\nvicted of uniting in a conspiracy to kill\\nArabi Pasha, and dethrone the Khedive,\\nends with the sentence of exile sentence\\nconfirmed by the Khedive.\\nMay 29. Anarchy prevails; Europeans\\nare leaving Egypt.\\n1882 June 11. Savage riots and\\nmassacre of Europeans occur at Alex-\\nandria.\\nJune 15\u00c2\u00b1. A state of panic prevails\\nbecause of the rebellion great emigra-\\ntion of Europeans from Alexandria en-\\nsues. [20,000 leave Egypt.]\\nJune 28\u00c2\u00b1. Arabi Pasha is decorated\\nby the sultan.\\nNov. The trial of Arabi Pasha begins\\nwith the secret examination of wit-\\nnesses.\\nDec. 3. Arabi Pasha pleads guilty of\\nrebellion he is first sentenced to death,\\nthen the sentence is commuted to ban-\\nishment for life.\\nDec. 9. Arabi Pasha and others are to\\nbe sent to Ceylon for exile.\\n1883 June 9. Suleiman Sami is con-\\nvicted of the firing and plundering at\\nAlexandria and inciting the massacre\\n[and hanged on June 11].\\nSTATE.\\n1S69 Apr. 1. Sir Samuel Baker is\\ncommissioned to assume authority for\\nfour years from this date in the country\\nsouth of Gondokoro he is to extend the\\nboundaries of Egypt.\\n1871 May 26. Baker arrives at Gon-\\ndokoro, names it Ismailia, and formally\\nannexes the country to Egypt.\\n1872 Apr. 1. Baker returns to Gon-\\ndokoro.\\n1873* Chinese Gordon is ap-\\npointed the successor of Sir Samuel\\nBaker in the Sudan.\\nJune 8. The Sultan issues a firman,\\nmaking Egypt practically indepen-\\ndent; the Khedive is prohibited, how-\\never, from making treaties with foreign", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0670.jp2"}, "671": {"fulltext": "EGYPT.\\n1868, *-1884, Feb. 11. 659\\n*y,\\nbuilding\\n1875 June 28. The Khedive opens an\\ninternational court of justice.\\nNov. It is announced that the Khe-\\ndive s shares in the Suez Canal have\\nbeen purchased by Great Britain.\\nDec. Great Britain sends Stephen\\nCave to Egypt on a special mission re-\\nspecting the finances. [He reports a\\nbad condition, owing to extravagance\\nand \u00e2\u0096\u00a0waste.]\\n1876 Jan. 1. The mixed courts are\\nfirst opened.\\nJan. 4. Nubar Pasha, the Minister of\\nForeign Affairs, resigns.\\nMay 14, 25. The Khedive signs the de-\\ncrees consolidating the debt of \u00c2\u00a391,-\\n000,000 at 7 per cent, and providing for a\\nsinking-fund.\\nJuly The international law court is\\nclosed by M. Haakman, in consequence\\nof the Government s refusal to accept\\nits decisions.\\nOct. 14. George J. Goschen of Eng-\\nland and M. Joubert of France arrive\\nat Cairo to devise a scheme to protect\\nthe creditors of the Khedive. [Egyp-\\ntian bankruptcy is imminent.]\\n[They propose a plan for reducing the\\ndebt of \u00c2\u00a391.Ii0ii,(H)(i t \u00c2\u00a3r.!).ni)(i,ooo, and rate\\nof interest from 7 per cent to 6 per cent.]\\nNov. Ismail Sadyk, the Finance Min-\\nister, is banished.\\n1877 Feb. Col. Gordon returns to\\nEngland. [He is made governor of the\\nSudan and the equatorial provinces of\\nEgypt. Oct. He resigns.]\\nJune Col. Gordon negotiates peace\\nwith Abyssinia.\\n1878 Aug. 15. Uubar Pasha is again\\nappointed Minister of Foreign Affairs.\\nSept. England and Prance partici-\\npate in the Government under an agree-\\nment of joint control; Bivers Wilson\\nis appointed Minister of Finance and\\n[M. de Blignieres Minister of Works].\\n1879 Feb. 18. The dissatisfied officers\\nmake a riotous attack on the European\\nmembers of the council and Nubar\\nPasha.\\nFeb. 19. Nubar Pasha resigns.\\nFeb. A definitive peace is announced\\nwith Abyssinia.\\nMar. 5\u00c2\u00b1. Prince Tewfik Pasha is ap-\\npointed President of the Council, and\\nNubar Pasha Foreign Minister.\\nApr. 7. The Khedive issues a new\\nfinancial scheme, and dismisses Tewfik\\nPasha and the European members of\\nhis council because of the jealousy of\\nthe natives Cherif Pasha forms a new\\nMinistry.\\nMay 5\u00c2\u00b1. England andFrancein a joint-\\nnote demand the appointment of Euro-\\npean Ministers in the council.\\nJune 20+ The powers recommend the\\nKhedive to resign.\\nJune 26. The Sultan deposes the Khe-\\ndive, and appoints Prince Tewfik, his\\nson, to the califate. [Aug. 8. He as-\\nsumes office.]\\nJune 30. The Khedive sails for Na-\\nples.\\nSept. 4. The Khedive appoints Sir Eve-\\nlyn Baring and M. de Blignieres\\ncomptrollers-general.\\nSept. 9. The Biaz Pasha Ministry is\\nannounced.\\n1880 June 30. Peace is signed with\\nAbyssinia.\\nAug. 18. A new ministry is appointed,\\nwith the Khedive as President of the\\nCouncil.\\n1881 The revolt in the Sudan by\\nAhmed, called El Mahdi, begins.\\nHe claims to be the predicted prophet\\nof Islam, whose coming was foretold 1,300\\nyears ago.\\nSept. 9. Cherif Pasha is again ap-\\npointed Minister.\\nOct. 7. The Khedive receives the en-\\nvoys of the Sultan. [This awakens\\nthe jealousy of England and France,\\nand the envoys soon depart.]\\n1882 It is alleged that the Khedive is\\ncontrolled by the army, which num-\\nbers 15,000 men. Arabi Bey, the favo-\\nrite of the army, is appointed under-\\nsecretary of war.\\nJan. 27 The deputies demand the en-\\ntire control of the Ministry.\\nFeb. 2. Cherif Pasha retires from the\\nFeb. 3. Mahmoud Pasha forms a new\\nMinistry.\\nMar. M. Blignieres resigns the joint\\ncomptrollership.\\nApr. 10+ An alleged conspiracy of\\nCircassian officers is formed to assassi-\\nnate Arabi Pasha. [It fails.]\\nMay 23. Arabi Pasha refuses to com-\\nply with the demand of Great Britain\\nand France, that he resign from the\\nMay 25. Great Britain and France send\\nwar- vessels to Egypt; they arrive at\\nAlexandria.\\nArabi yields to the ultimatum of the\\nconsuls and resigns. They demand the\\nresignation of the Ministry and the ban-\\nishment of Arabi the Khedive s author-\\nity is restored so as to protect European\\ninterests.\\nMay 27, 28. Arabi Pashi is restored\\nto his office, and anarchy follows.\\nJune 11. Jealousy of Europeans\\ncauses a general uprising against them\\nin Alexandria.\\nJune 24. A Conference of the powers\\nopens at Constantinople.\\nJuly Great Britain alone undertakes\\nto suppress the rebellion of Arabi\\nPasha, after failing to secure the coop-\\neration of France.\\nJuly 23. The Khedive proclaims Arabi\\nPasha a rebel.\\nJuly 18. The powers issue an identical\\nnote, inviting the Porte to support the\\nKhedive.\\nAug. 14\u00c2\u00b1. The powers agree to the in-\\nternational protection of the Suez\\nCanal.\\nAug. The Khedive surrenders au-\\nthority to the British commanders tem-\\nporarily to preserve order.\\nDec. 1\u00c2\u00b1. A proclamation of general\\namnesty is issued the release of po-\\nlitical prisoners is promised.\\nArabi Pasha s sentence of death is\\ncommuted to banishment for life.\\n1883 Jan. 11. The joint control of\\nEgyptian affairs by Great Britain and\\nFrance is abolished.\\nJan. 24. Sir Auckland Colvin is ap-\\npointed British financial adviser to the\\nKhedive.\\nJan. 27\u00c2\u00b1. All the powers except France\\nand Turkey accept the proposals of the\\nBritish circular note respecting inter-\\nference in Egyptian affairs.\\nGreat Britain proposes to make the\\ncanal free with certain restrictions in\\ntime of war, and defines its relation to\\nthe Egyptian army.\\nApr. 30. The Egyptian Constitution is\\nsigned by the Khedive.\\nMay 4. The Constitution is promul-\\ngated.\\nOct. 10\u00c2\u00b1. The Khedive grants general\\namnesty to political offenders.\\n1884 Jan. 6. The British Government\\nrequires a change in the line of defense\\nrespecting the Sudan.\\nJan. 24. Chinese Gordon arrives\\nat Cairo on a peaceful mission to the\\nSudan he goes alone.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1869 Nov. 23. The canal is for-\\nmally opened to the commerce of the\\nworld in the presence of the Emperor\\nof Austria, the Empress of France, and\\nthe Khedive of Egypt.\\n1871 May 15. Work is begun on the\\nnew port of Alexandria.\\n1872 Aug. A French company com-\\npletes a bridge over the Nile at Cairo\\nlength, more than 1,300 feet.\\n1873 Apr.* The Canal Company raises\\nits toll charges one-half.\\n1875 Nov. 26. It is announced that\\nthe British Government has pur-\\nchased the Elhedive s shares in the\\nSuez Canal \u00c2\u00a34,080,000 are paid for 176,-\\n602 shares out of the entire issue of\\n400,000.\\n1877 May*-June* Great Britain\\nclaims the neutrality of the canal.\\n1878 Aug. On the report of a British\\nCommission respecting the bad condi-\\ntion of the finances, the Khedive and\\nhis family give up real estate to the\\nState.\\n1880 Apr. 4. An international com-\\nmittee on the State debt is appointed.\\nPostal privileges are increased.\\n1882 June 29. It is reported that\\n30,000 Arabs are starving in Alex-\\nandria.\\n*Only 20,000 to 30,000 Turks are re-\\nported to be in Egypt.\\n1883 June 23\u00c2\u00b1. Cholera breaks out\\nin Bamietta [and at various towns soon\\nafter].", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0671.jp2"}, "672": {"fulltext": "660 1884, Feb. 21-1894, Sept. 10.\\nEGYPT.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1884 Feb. 21. Tokar surrenders to\\ntheMahdists after a siege. [Mar. 1. Re-\\ntaken by the British.]\\nFeb. Osman Digna besieges Kassala.\\nFeb. 29. Battle of El-Teb in Eastern\\nSudan Gen. Gerald Graham defeats\\nOsman Digna; British loss, 24 killed\\nand 142 wounded.\\nMar. 13. Battle of Tamanieb; Gen.\\nGraham defeats the Mahdists near Sua-\\nkim British loss, 86 killed, 111 wounded,\\nand 10 missing.\\nMar. 15 Gen. Gordon defeats the\\nMahdists, and relieves the garrison at\\nHaifa.\\nMar. 16. Gen. Gordon s 1,500 troops\\nare defeated by the Mahdists through\\ntreachery. [Mar. 23. The Turko-Egyp-\\ntian generals, Hassan and Said Pasha,\\nare tried and shot.]\\nApr. The Mahdists invest Khartum\\nGen. Gordon and Col. Stewart are the\\nonly British officers in the city.\\nMay 27-June 10. The Mahdists make\\nmany unsuccessful attacks at Suakim.\\nMay 28. Gen. Gordon makes a success-\\nful sally from Khartum.\\nJune 10 fc. Berber falls to theMahdists.\\nJuly 12. Assouan is occupied by the\\nBritish.\\nJuly 24\u00c2\u00b1. Gen. Gordon defeats the\\nMahdists at Khartum.\\nAug. 12. Gen. Gordon repulses an at-\\ntack of the Mahdists in strong force at\\nKhartum.\\nAug. 23. British troops, advancing to\\nrelieve Gen. Gordon, begin to arrive\\nat Wady Haifa, Gen. Earle in command.\\nAug. 30. Gen. Gordon again defeats\\nthe Mahdists.\\nSept.\u00c2\u00b1* Preparations are made to as-\\ncend the Nile in S00 flatboats navi-\\ngated by Canadian Indians.\\nSept. Gen. Gordon by telegraph urges\\nthe Government to send him assistance.\\nSept. 17\u00c2\u00b1. Suakim is relieved by the\\naid of friendly native tribes.\\nSept. 24. Lord John Hay and the Brit-\\nish fleet arrive at Alexandria.\\nOct. 5. [Lord] Wolseley arrives at\\nWady Haifa. [Dec. 15. At Korti.]\\nOct. 6. The British take Shendy.\\nCol. Stewart and 40 men iu a steamer\\nare wrecked near the Fifth Cataract,\\nand are massacred through the treachery\\nof Arabs.\\nNov. 1\u00c2\u00b1. Gen. Gordon defeats the reb-\\nels near Khartum, and returns to that\\ncity total British force in Egypt and\\nthe Sudan, 16,000 men.\\nNov. 3. [Lord] Wolseley, commander\\nof the relief expedition, arrives at Don-\\ngola.\\nNov. 3, 4. The British repel attacks at\\nSuakim. [Again on Dec. 3 and S,]\\nNov. 1S\u00c2\u00b1. The rebels have disabled\\ntwo steamers.\\nDec. 28. The advance on Khartum\\nbegins.\\nDec. 29. Gen. Gordon writes a mes-\\nsage stating that he can hold out for a\\nyear.\\nDec. 30. Gen. Stewart starts from\\nKorti with 1,000 men to make rapid\\nmarches across the desert to Metemneh.\\n[Gen. Earle advances also, by ascending\\nthe Nile.]\\n1885 Jan. 17. Gen. Stewart, with 1,500\\nmen, defeats 6,000 Arabs near Abu-Klea\\nWells, 120 miles from Khartum Brit-\\nish loss, 65 killed and 85 wounded.\\nJan. 19. The British square repels an\\nassault with very heavy loss.\\nJan. 24. Communications are opened\\nwith Khartum Gen. Earle marches\\nfor Beber.\\nJan. 26. Col. Wilson attempts to com-\\nmunicate with Khartum by means of\\nthree steamers found at Metemneh.\\nKhartum is stormed and taken by\\nthe Mahdists through the treachery of\\nthe garrison, and Gen. Gordon is killed\\nwith his faithful followers.\\nJan. 28\u00c2\u00b1. Col. Wilson sails up the\\nNile, and reaches the outskirts of\\nKhartum. [In his retreat his steamers\\nare wrecked by Arab pilots. Feb. 9.\\nCol. Wilson returns to Korti.]\\nFeb. 10. The British force under Gen.\\nEarle repels an attack of Arabs at Kir-\\nbekan.\\nFeb. 17. The Arabs are defeated at\\nAbu-Klea by Maj. Wardrop. Sir Eve-\\nlyn Wood arrives at Gakdul,and takes\\nFeb. 22. The Kassala garrison repel a\\nsevere attack of Arabs.\\nMar. 12. Lord Wolseley s army is\\nchiefly concentrated at Korti.\\nMar. 22. Gen. McNeil s brigade is sur-\\nprised, yet defeats the Arabs near Sua-\\nkim; British loss, 100 killed.\\nMar. The British evacuate Korti, and\\ndescend the Nile. [June 15. They\\nevacuate Dongola.j\\nApr. 1. Gen. Grenfell succeeds Sir\\nEvelyn Wood as commander-in-chief.\\n[July 6. Sir E. Stephenson.]\\nMay 2. Lord Wolseley arrives at Sua-\\nkim.\\nJune 15, 16. The garrison at Kassala\\nrepels an attack of the Arabs, in which\\nmany rebels are killed.\\nAug. 10. The rebels are defeated at\\nSuakim.\\nAug;. 16. The rebels surprise and take\\nSennaar.\\nDec. 12. The attack of 3.000 Arabs is\\nrepulsed at Mograkeh, near Kosheh.\\nDec. 30. The attack of 6,000 Arabs is\\nrepulsed at Giniss, near Kosheh.\\n1886 Feb. 11. The rebels attack Sua-\\nkim, and are repulsed. [May 1G\u00c2\u00b1. The\\nBritish evacuate the town.]\\nApr. The Sudan country south of\\nWady Haifa is abandoned to the Mah-\\ndists by the Egyptian Government.\\nOct. 7. A combination of Arabs over-\\nthrows Osman Digna; Tamai, his\\nstronghold, having large military stores,\\nis captured.\\n1887 Jan. 21. Henry M. Stanley\\nleaves London with a small force to re-\\nlieve IJnin Pasha in the Sudan.\\nApr. 29. The Egyptians under Col.\\nChermside defeat the dervishes at\\nSarras, near Wady Haifa. [Many skir-\\nmishes follow.]\\nOct. 25. An Arab attack at Wady Haifa\\nis repulsed.\\nDec. 29. Osman Digma is defeated by\\nArabs who are friendly to the Egyptians.\\n18S8 Jan. The rebels attack Suakim,\\nand are repulsed.\\nApr. Osman Digma a forces are dispers-\\ning.\\nJuly 20. The dervishes are defeated\\nnear Wady Haifa.\\nAug. 27. The dervishes are severely\\nrepulsed in an attack on Fort Khor-\\nmoussa.\\nSept. -Oct. Suakim is invested by\\nArabs, and fighting frequently occurs.\\nOct. 30. An attack of Arabs in strong\\nforce is repulsed at Suakim. [Nov.\\n5. The town is reenforced by Gen. Gren-\\nfell. Dec. 20. He puts the Arabs to\\nflight.]\\n1889 Jan. 4. Gen. Grenfell and part of\\nhis army leave Suakim.\\nJan. 19. The Mahdi s forces are de-\\nfeated on the White Nile by Emin\\nPasha s troops. [Feb. 27. They defeat\\ndervishes in Bahr-el-Gazel province.]\\nFeb. 11. Handoub is taken and burned\\nby the Mahdi s forces.\\nFeb. 26. Dr. Carl Peters, with an ex-\\npedition including 100 soldiers, starts to\\nrelieve Emin Pasha.\\nMar. 1\u00c2\u00b1. On the White Nile Emin\\nPashadefeats an expedition sent against\\nhim by Kbalepa Abdullah.\\nMar. 23\u00c2\u00b1. Emin Pasha routs 6,000 der-\\nvishes at Bor, capturing their steamers\\nand ammunition. [Apr. 19, June 2, 19,\\nand July 4. The dervishes are repulsed\\nby the British.]\\nJuly 10. Gen. Grenfell arrives at As-\\nsouan to prosecute the campaign against\\nthe Sudanese dervishes.\\nThe invading force, under British offi-\\ncers, consists of 6,000 men and S00 cam-\\nels more troops are ordered from Malta\\nto Egypt.\\nJuly 16. Gen. Grenfell assumes com-\\nmand in the field.\\nJuly 26. The British forces shell the\\ndervish camp.\\nAug. 3. Gen. Grenfell defeats the der-\\nvishes near Toski, killing and wound-\\ning 1,500 and capturing 1,000 men.\\nThe dervish army is completely broken\\nup, every emir, save one, being killed in\\nthe battle.\\nAug. 5. Egyptian troops occupy Sar-\\nras; 2,000 of Nad-el-Imin s followers\\nsubmit.\\nAug. 6. Gen. Grenfell returns to Cairo.\\n1S90 Jan. 17. The Mahdi releases his\\nEuropean prisoners.\\n1891 Feb. 19. The Egyptians defeat\\nOsman Digna at Tokar. [Feb. 20. Tokar\\nis occupied by Egyptian troops. Feb. 22.\\nOsman Digma flees toward Kassala.]\\n1S92 Feb. 15. Civil war is raging in\\nand around Khartum.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0672.jp2"}, "673": {"fulltext": "EGYPT.\\n1884, Feb. 21-1894, Sept. 10. 661\\n1893 Jan. 2. The dervishes are re-\\npulsed by Egyptians, after a fierce fight\\nnear Wady Haifa, with considerable loss.\\nJan, 5. The dervishes repulse an\\nEgyptian attack near Ambigol the\\nEgyptian loss is heavy.\\n1894 Apr. 2\u00c2\u00b1. An invading army has\\na battle with Bornu troops in the Su-\\ndan thousands are killed or wounded.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1886 Feb.* Gen. Grenf ell discovers the\\nancient necropolis at Assouan.\\nMar. *-Apr. 24. Petroleum is discov-\\nered at Jebel Zeit, on the Red Sea.\\n1890 Jan. 10. The tomb of Cleo-\\npatra is discovered.\\n1894 June 16. The tomb of a prin-\\ncess is discovered, which yields many\\ntreasures of ancient jewelry hidden away\\nin two boxes.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1885 June* Ahined, El Mahdi, dies.\\n1887 Nov. 17. Baker, Valentine, pasha,\\ngeneral, A62.\\n1888 Mar. 22. Hassan, prince, dies.\\n1892 Jan. 7. Tewfik Mohammed Pasha,\\nkhedive, A39.\\n1894 Sept. 10\u00c2\u00b1. Bru Bcb. Pasha. Egyp-\\ntologist, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n1886 The Church (of England) Mis-\\nsionary Society opens a medical mission\\nat Aden, Arabia [which is later removed\\nto Egypt].\\nLETTERS.\\n1892 Dec. 6. A Greek manuscript of\\nthe Gospel of Peter, etc., is found in a\\ntomb in Upper Egypt.\\n1884 May Great Britain proposes a\\nconference of the powers respecting\\nthe disorder in the finances of Egypt\\nGermany, Austria, Italy, France, Russia,\\nand Turkey accept.\\nJune 28. The conference of the Pow-\\ners meets in London. [Aug. 2. It ad-\\njourns no results.]\\nSept. 9. Lord iNorthbrook as high\\ncommissioner, and Lord Wolseley as\\ncommander-in-chief, arrive at Cairo.\\n1885 Feb. 15. Prince Hassan, the\\nKhedive s brother, is appointed commis-\\nsioner in the Sudan.\\nOct. 24. A Turkish convention is\\nsigned with Sir H. Drummond Wolff it\\nis agreed that the departure of the\\nBritish from Egypt shall be deferred\\ntill their occupation is no longer needed.\\n1886 May 28. An Anglo-Turkish\\nconvention respecting Egyptian affairs\\nis signed at Constantinople.\\nBy its terms the British are to evacu-\\nate Egypt after three years if necessity\\narises the Turkish troops will preserve\\npeace in Egypt or British troops will re-\\nJuly 15. The British commissioner\\nleaves Constantinople without the\\nSultan s assent to the convention.\\n1888* *-89* The retirement of\\nEmin Pasha from the equatorial prov-\\ninces causes their loss to Egypt.\\n1889 Feb. 20. Suakim is declared\\nopen to commei ce.\\nAug. 6. Documents found in the der-\\nvish camp prove the existence of wide-\\nspread treason among native leaders of\\nEgyptian society.\\nDec. 12. The corve is abolished, and\\nthe land-tax is substituted.\\n1891 Feb. 13. The Khedive accepts\\nthe resignation of the Ministry.\\nFeb. 18. The revenue of the last year\\nis announced as $53,750,000, an advance\\non previous years.\\nMar. 8. The Khedive s proclamation of\\namnesty is read to the assembled sheiks\\nin the Sudan.\\n1892 Jan. 7. Tewfik Pasha dies Ab-\\nbas Pasha, the hereditary prince, suc-\\nceeds him.\\nApr. 14. The investiture of the Khe-\\ndive takes place at Cairo.\\n1893 Jan. 17. The Khedive expresses\\nregret for having dismissed his Premier\\nand Ministers without consulting the\\nBritish Government, on receiving a de-\\nspatch from Lord Rosebery he substi-\\ntutes Riaz Pasha for Fakri Pasha, the\\nrecent appointee.\\n1894 Apr. 14. The Cabinet resigns.\\nApr. 15. Nubar Pasha constructs a new\\nCabinet.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1885 Feb. 5. Plans for widening the\\ncanal are adopted.\\n1889 May 23. The British steamer\\nCurfew sinks in the Suez Canal by col-\\nlision with the British steamer Nyanza.\\nAug. 25. A famine prevails at Khar-\\ntum and other Nile towns.\\nDec. 7. The Egyptian cotton-crop i3\\nreported at 318,500,000 pounds.\\n1890 May An appalling famine pre-\\nvails in the Sudan.\\nPeople are eating dogs, cats, rats, and\\nsnakes to keep from starving hundreds\\nare dying daily. The British Govern-\\nment affords some relief.\\nJuly 31. The cotton-worm is ravaging\\nin the Nile districts.\\nAug. 17. The cholera continues in\\nCairo, Mecca, and Jeddah.\\n1891 May 21. Fire destroys a cotton\\nwarehouse in Alexandria, loss, $2,500,000.\\nJuly 24. The tower of the Munaier\\nMosque, in Alexandria, collapses dur-\\ning a religious service, killing several\\nhundred people.\\nFRANCE.\\nFrajjce is a country of Western Europe, having Paris as its capital. It is one of the Great Powers of Europe. Its coast-\\nline borders the English Channel on the north and the Mediterranean Sea on the south. This state is a republic and it is\\npolitically divided into 87 departments, including Corsica. The executive is a President, having a term of seven years the\\nlegislature consists of two houses, a Senate having 300 members and a Chamber of Deputies having 584 members. About 78 per\\ncent of the people adhere to the Roman Catholic faith. The principal colonial possessions and protectorates are 14 in number.\\nIn Africa Algeria, Senegal, and its dependencies, French Sudan and Ivory Coast, French Kongo or Gabun Reunion, Mayotte,\\nNoissi-Be, Sante-Marie, Obock, French Sahara, and Madagascar. Tunis, and the Comoro Islands, are protectorates only. In Asia\\nPondicherry, Tongking, Cochin-China, Annam, and Cambodia, the last two being protectorates. In Oceanica New Caledonia,\\nTahiti, Marquesas Islands, Tuamotu Islands, Wallis, Raiatea. In America French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe and depen-\\ndencies, St. Pierre, and Miquelon. Area: 204,092 square miles: population in 1896, 38,342,948. Area of colonial possessions,\\n2,600,747 square miles their population, 41,949,800.\\nSTATE.\\n1100 b. c. The Phenicians found a\\ncolony at Nimes, on the shore of the\\nMediterranean.\\n600+ *B. c. Greeks from Phocsea\\nfound a colony at Marseilles. [360,\\nCyrrus (Corsica) 5th Century, Nice.]\\n400+ b. c. [France] is known to the\\nRomans as Gallia Transalpina. It has\\n1,200 cities and a dense population.\\n218* b. c. Marseilles becomes an\\nally of Rome.\\n191 b. c. Gallia Cisalpina, south of\\nthe Alps, becomes a province of Rome.\\n2d Century. Cyrrus [Corsica]. Two Ro-\\nman colonies are founded Aleria by\\nSulla, and Mariana by Marius.\\n123 b. c. The Romans, under the\\nproconsul Caius Sextius Calvinus, col-\\nonize Aix they gradually extend their\\nterritory, forming Provencia.\\n118* b. c. The Romans found a col-\\nony at Warbonne (or 116). [It becomes\\nthe capital of Narbonensis.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0673.jp2"}, "674": {"fulltext": "662 550, b.c. -a. d. 496.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n550\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. [Cisalpine] Gaul is set-\\ntled by the Bituriges, who enter as in-\\nvading armies.\\n390 Julyl6.\u00c2\u00b1 B.C. It. The Senonian\\nGauls, under their Brennus, or chief,\\ndefeat the Romans at the river Allia,\\nnear Koine [and sack the city they are\\nexpelled by Marcus Furius CamillusJ.\\n295 b. c. It. The Gauls and Sain-\\nnites are decisively defeated at Senti-\\nnum [Sentino] by the Romans under\\nFabius Maximus and Decius Mus.\\n284\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. It. The Senonian Gauls\\nand Italian Confederacy defeat the Ro-\\nmans at Arretium [Etruria], where\\nMetullus is killed.\\n283 b. c. It. At the Vadimonian\\nLake, the Gauls and Etruscans are\\ntotally defeated by the Romans under\\nDolabella.\\n282 b. c. It. The Gauls are again\\ndefeated by the Romans at Fopulonia.\\n280 b. c. Gr. The Gauls invade\\nGreece, and are defeated under their\\nBrennus at Delphi [Kastri] in Phocis.\\n231* *B. c. Corsica. The Romans ex-\\npel the Carthaginians.\\n225 b. c. It. Battle of Telamon the\\ninvading Gauls, 70,000 strong, are al-\\nmost annihilated by the Romans under\\nthe Consul Regulus.\\n222* b. c. The insubrian Gauls, uuder\\nViridomar, are totally defeated at Clas-\\ntidum by the Romans under Marcellus.\\n218 B. c. Many of the Gauls follow\\nHannibal into Italy.\\n202 b. c. JV. Afr. Scipio Africanus\\ndefeats the army of Hannibal at Zama.\\n(See Italy.)\\n121 -158 B. c. The Romans gain\\nmany victories over the Gauls in Gal-\\nlia Cisalpina and Gallia Transalpina.\\n[102. Marius totally defeats the Cim-\\nbrian Gauls of Central Europe at Aqua^\\nSextia? (Aix). 101. He annihilates the\\nCimbrians at Vercella? (Vercelli), Italy.]\\nb. c. Nimes is conquered by the Ro-\\nmans.\\n113 b. c. The Cimbrians and Teu-\\ntons invade Gaul, and attack the Ro-\\nmans.\\n60 B. c. Gaul is invaded by the Ger-\\nmans under Ariovistus.\\n59 b. c. Julius Caesar is given com-\\nmand of the Romans in Gaul and Illyr-\\nium for five years.\\n58* *-50* b. c. In eight campaigns\\nCaesar subdues the whole of Gaul.\\nb. c. Ger. Caesar defeats Ariovistus\\nin a great battle in Alsace 50,000 Ger-\\nmans are slain.\\n57 b. c. Belg. Csesar subdues the\\nBelgian Gauls, defeating the Nervii in\\na great battle on the Sambre. [56. He\\nsubdues Brittany and most of Aqui-\\ntania. 53. He suppresses an insurrec-\\ntion led by Ambiorix, and subdues the\\ntribe of the Eburones.]\\n52 b. c. The Gauls revolt under\\nVercingetorix, the chief of the Arvenni\\nCaesar lays waste their country, and be-\\nsieges and captures Avaricum [Bourges]\\nand Alesia [Alise] Vercingetorix sur-\\nrenders [and is put to death in Rome].\\n49 b. c. Caesar besieges and takes\\nMarseilles.\\n40* *A. D. The Roman Emperor Calig-\\nula leads an expedition into Gaul.\\n69 -71 The Batavians and Gauls\\nled by Claudius Civilis unsuccessfully\\nrevolt against Rome. [70. He is de-\\nfeated by Cerealis.]\\n197 The Emperor Severus defeats his\\nrival, Clodius Albinus, near Lyons.\\n253\u00c2\u00b1 The Franks [freemen], a Ger-\\nman tribe, invade Gaul. [271i. They\\nare defeated by the Emperor Aurelian\\nin Umbria, Italy. 276. By the Emperor\\nProbus. 281. By the Emperor Maxi-\\nmian.\\n287 Maximian suppresses a general\\ninsurrection of the peasants of Gaul.\\n306 The Emperor Constantius de-\\nfeats invading Franks.\\n355* *-59* *The Emperor Julian,\\nthe Apostate, wins great victories\\nover the invading Franks and Alemanni\\n[Germans]. [357. He defeats them at\\nArgentoratum (Strasburg).]\\n368 The Gauls are surprised, defeated,\\nand dispersed by Romans under Jovin-\\nius.\\n383 Maximus leads revolting sol-\\ndiers from Britain into Gaul, and de-\\nfeats the Emperor Gratian at Lyons.\\nGratian is killed in flight.\\n406* *Vandals and Burgundians\\npenetrate Germany they invade and\\ndesolate Gaul. [RheimsJ is sacked and\\nravaged. [407. Nimes is plundered.]\\n419 Tolosa [Toulouse] is taken by\\nWallia, King of the West Goths.\\n428 Belg. Belgic Gaul is conquered\\nby Clodion, chief of the Salian Franks.\\n[447. He is defeated by Aetius the Ro-\\nman governor at Lutchia (Paris).]\\n451 The Huns under King Attila, the\\nScourge of God, invade and ravage\\nthe country. Attila is defeated by\\nAetius at Aurelani [Orleans] and near\\nCatalaunum [Chalons].\\n456 Corsica. The Vandals gain pos-\\n458 Childerie conquers the country\\nas far as the Loire, and takes Lutchia\\n[Paris].\\n470\u00c2\u00b1 Massilia [Marseilles] and\\nAries are taken by Euric.\\n486 Clovis defeats the Roman gover-\\nnor Syagrius at Soissons, and destroys\\nthe Roman power in Gaul.\\n496 Prus. Clovis defeats the Ale-\\nmanni with great slaughter at Tolbia-\\ncum [Ziilpich] near Cologne. [500. He\\nattacks and defeats the Burgundians\\nat Dijon.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\nThe early Gauls live in round wat-\\ntled huts, which are clay-plastered\\nwithin, and thatched with straw over-\\nhead they are ignorant of the art of\\nraising walls and cementing masonry.\\nThe arts of the Gauls are chiefly\\nthose that minister to their vanity.\\nThey make brilliant dyes, and weave\\ngaily plaided cloths. They plate metals,\\nveneer woods, make embroidered car-\\npets, and garments decorated with orna-\\nmentB wrought in silver and gold.\\n539 b. c. The rudiments of civiliza-\\ntion are introduced by Greek and Phe-\\nnician colonists.\\nThe arts of writing, mining, and work-\\ning of metals, the planting _ f the olive\\nand the vine, are traceable to them.\\n280* The Emperor Probus reintroduces\\nthe culture of the vine, which had\\nbeen torn up and destroyed by order of\\nDomitian.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n197 Albinus, Decimus Clodius, governor\\nof Gaul, dies.\\n202 IrenieuB, Saint. Greek bishop of\\nLyons, A78.\\n205 Denis. Saint, patron saint of France,\\nborn. [272. Dies. A67.]\\n3O0 Hilary, Saint, bishop of Poitiers,\\nwriter, born. [367. Dies. A67-]\\n316 Martin. Saint, bishop of Tours, born.\\n[400. Dies. A84.]\\n358 Germain, Saint, bishop of Auxerre,\\npreacher, born. [448. Dies. A90O\\n390* Drepuriius. I.utiiiius Pacatus, poet, d.\\n406* Hilarv, or Hilarius, Saint, bishop of\\nAries, born. [449. Dies. A43-]\\n411 Meroveeus. founder of Merovingian\\ndynasty, born. [449. Dies. A46.]\\n422 Genevieve. Saint, patron saint of\\nParis, born. [512. Dies. A90-]\\n439\u00c2\u00b1 Iieiny, or Remi, St., bp. of Reims,\\napostle of the Franks, b. [533. Dies. A94.J\\n460 Avitus, Saint, poet, born.\\n466* Clovis I., kinw. h. [511. B. A45.]\\n475 Clotilde, Sainte. wife of Clovis I., born.\\n[545. Dies. A70.J\\n481 Childeiric I., king, dies.\\n497* Clotairel., king, b. [560. D. A63-]\\nCHURCH.\\n40 The Emperor Claudius proscribes\\nthe religion of the Druids.\\n100 -150 Christianity is intro-\\nduced.\\n160+ Pothinus is bishop of Lyons.\\n[177. Irenasus.]\\n177 Christians suffer persecution in\\nLyons and Vienne.\\nMany Christians are barbarously tor-\\ntured in the amphitheater. Pothinus\\nand Blandina suffer. [197. Martyrdom\\nis renewed in Lyons. 202. Again re-\\nnewed. Irenseus, one of the Fathers of\\nthe Church, suffers.]\\n3d Century. Massilia [Marseilles] is\\nChristianized.\\n287 Crispin and Crispinianus, two\\nbrothers, are [legendary] saints.\\nThey travel to propagate religion, and\\nsupport themselves by making shoes.\\n[Crispin is the patron saint of shoe-\\nmakers. Oct. 25. Crispin is put to death\\nby being thrown into a caldron of melted\\nlead.]\\n300 Rouen becomes a bishopric.\\n314 An important church council is\\nheld at Aries.\\n345 _500 The churches are dis-\\nturbed by the Arian controversy.\\n353 [St.] Hilary, an anti-Arian\\nleader, becomes bishop of Poitiers.\\n257 Christians suffer persecution.\\n[2S6, 2SS. Persecution is renewed.]\\n360\u00c2\u00b1 [St.] Martin founds a convent\\nnear Poitiers, and labors to complete the\\nconversion of the Western Gauls.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0674.jp2"}, "675": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n550, b.c-a. d. 496. 663\\n371 [St.] Martin is consecrated bishop\\nof Tours.\\n402 Home. St. Innocent I. is pope.\\n406 The church at Reims lias been\\nerected before this date.\\n407\u00c2\u00b1 Many thousand Christians are\\nmassacred in the church at Mentz by\\nthe invading Vandals and Burguudians.\\n417 Rome. St. Zosemus is pope.\\nGondicar, King of the Buxgundians,\\nis converted to Christianity.\\n483 Rome. St. Felix III. is pope.\\n[492, St. Gelasius I. 496, St. Anastasius II.]\\n496 The fleur-de-lis becomes the\\nemblem of France.\\nIt is alleged to have been brought to\\nClovis from heaven by an angel, as a sig-\\nnal of divine favor, after he had vowed\\nto embrace Christianity if favored in\\nbattle with the Alemanni.\\nDec. 25. Clovis is baptized in the ca-\\nthedral at Reims, chiefly through the\\ninfluence of Clotilde his wife. [He be-\\ncomes a patron of the church.] More\\nthan 3,000 Franks are baptized the same\\nday.\\nLETTERS.\\n40\u00c2\u00b1 *b. c. Massilia [Marseilles], the\\nAthens of Gaul, is celebrated for its\\nexcellent schools.\\n320\u00c2\u00b1 A. D. Lactantius writes Divine\\nInstitutions, Anger of God, Death of Per-\\nsecutors, and many other works.\\n340 -380 Decimus Magnus Auso-\\nnius writes Ordo Nobilium Urbium, an\\nhistorical work, Actio ad Gratianwn, Pe-\\nriochae in Iliadem et Odysseam, Idyllia,\\nEpistolse, Play of the Seven Sages, etc.\\n358\u00c2\u00b1 The Emperor Julian writes an\\naccount of his campaigns in Gaul, after\\nthe style of Csesar s Commentaries.\\n359 -360 St. Hilary, bishop of\\nPoitiers, writes 12 books on the Trinity,\\nagainst Arianism.\\n393ir St. Paulinus of Nola writes Epis-\\ntolse Carmina, Passio S. Genesii, etc.\\n403 Vigilant ius writes a work\\nagainst relic worship, s\u00e2\u0080\u009eaint worship, and\\nthe celibacy of the clergy.\\n425\u00c2\u00b1 *Joannes Eremita Cassianus\\nwrites Institutions of Monasteries, Dia-\\nlogues, The Incarnation, etc.\\n430\u00c2\u00b1 Prosper of Aquitaine writes a\\npoem, Adversus Ingratos, against the\\nPelagians.\\n455+ Porsper of Aquitaine writes a\\nChronicle, a poem on Grace, Epigrams,\\nand other works.\\n465\u00c2\u00b1 Apollinaris Sidonius writes Let-\\nters, Poems, Panegyrics on different em-\\nperors, and other works.\\n486* *-1495* Period of the Middle\\nAges.\\nSo-called Bark Ages, INight of a\\nThousand Tears. Scholastic learning\\nchiefly prevails.\\nSOCIETY.\\nIn the earliest times the Gauls\\ndress in skins, tattoo their flesh, drink\\nout of the skulls of their foes, and treat\\nall strangers as their natural enemies.\\n1100+ b. c. The Phenicians elevate\\nthe rude society of Gaul, and the advent\\nof Greek colonists marks the begin-\\nnings of civilization.\\nThe Gauls are of large stature, fair\\ncomplexion, usually haviug yellow hair\\nand tierce mustaches.\\nThey have descended from a Celtic\\nrace, as a branch of the Indo-European\\nfamily of nations.\\n277\u00c2\u00b1 The Emperor Probus puts to\\ndeath 400,000 barbarian invaders of\\nGaul.\\n287 Their insurrection having failed,\\nthe peasants of Gaul are for the most part\\nreduced to a condition of servitude.\\nThey suffer from the complicated tyr-\\nanny of the barbarians, the Roman sol-\\ndiers, and the collectors of the revenue.\\n406+ The Confederated Suevi, Van-\\ndals, Alani, and Burgundians cross the\\nKhine, and ravage peaceful and pros-\\nperous Gaul.\\nThe barriers which had so long sepa-\\nrated the savage from the civilized na-\\ntions of the earth were from that fatal\\nmoment leveled with the ground. (Gib-\\nbon.)\\n493 Clovis espouses Clotilda, a Bur-\\ngundian princess.\\nSTATE.\\n113 E. c. The Gallic natives form a\\nleague against the Romans. [112. Dis-\\nsolved after defeat.]\\nb. c. The Cimbri and Teutons aid\\nthe Gauls against the Romans.\\n60 B. c. Invading Germans under\\nAriovistus overrun Eastern Gaul.\\n59* *b. c. Lugdunum [Lyons] is\\nfounded by a colony of Greeks.\\n58* *b. c. Julius Csesar is proconsul\\nof Gallia Narbonensis and Gallia Cisal-\\npina. He proceeds to subdue the Gauls.\\n(See Army.)\\n49 B. c. Lugdunum [Lyons] is devel-\\noped by Romans under Munatius Plan-\\ncus. [59 A. D. Burned in one night.]\\n27 a. d. Augustus divides Transal-\\npine Gaul into four provinces, Nar-\\nbonensis [Narbonne], Aquitania [South-\\nwest Prance], Lugdunensis [valley of\\nthe Loire and lower valley of the Seine],\\nand Belgica [Belgium].\\n68 C. Julius Vindex, who represents\\nthe Romans in Gaul, rebels, and pro-\\nclaims Galba emperor Galba ascends\\nthe throne.\\n120 The Emperor Hadrian visits\\nGaul on a tour of inspection, and con-\\nfers many benefits on the people. [He\\nis called the restorer of the Gauls.]\\n193 The Roman armies in Gaul and\\nBritain proclaim Clodius Albinus em-\\nperor.\\n238 The name Franks [Freemen] is\\nfirst mentioned.\\nThey are a confederation of Germanic\\ntribes, and are among the most danger-\\nous enemies of Rome. The powers of\\nlearning and ingenuity have been ex-\\nhausted in the discovery of their unlet-\\ntered ancestors. (Gibbon.)]\\n242 Vandals settle [in Burgundy.\\n254-481. Gaul is overrun by barbari-\\nans].\\n292 Mar. 1. Diocletian and Maximian\\ndivide the Roman Empire into four\\ngovernments, and give Gaul to Con-\\nstantine, who bears the title of Casar.\\n306 Constantine is proclaimed em-\\nperor of Gaul by his soldiers.\\n357 Julian arrives to relieve Gaul,\\nwhich has been desolated by barba-\\nrians j he assigns lands in Northern\\nGaul to the Salian Franks.\\n361 Paris. Julian is proclaimed em-\\nperor.\\n392 May 15. The Emperor Valentin-\\nian II. is put to death at Vienne by Ar-\\nbogast, the Frankish general.\\n406 The invading Vandals, Burgundi-\\nans, and Franks ravage the opulent\\nprovinces of Gaul.\\nThe Kingdom of Burgundionum\\n[Burgundy] is established under King\\nGondicar.\\n412+ King Atawulf leads the West\\nGoths from Italy into Gaul they settle\\nin Aquitania [Southwest France],\\n418 The Emperor Honorius first as-\\nsembles [annually] the representatives\\nof the seven provinces of Gaul at Aries.\\n-500 The Franks, under Phara-\\nmond, from the lower Rhine, settle in\\nGaul.\\n419 Tolosa [Toulouse] is the capital\\nof the West Goths.\\n423 Aetius the Roman drives the\\nFranks beyond the Rhine.\\n424 The Salic Law, by which females\\nare excluded from inheriting the crown\\nof France, is instituted by Pharamond.\\n428 -448 Clodion the Hairy is\\nking of the Salic Franks.\\n432 Vienne is the capital of Bur-\\ngundy. [436. Gunderic is its king.]\\n448 Merovceus, or Merovee, son-in-law\\nof Clodion, becomes king of the Franks.\\n[He reigns 10 years.]\\n458 Childe ric I., son of Merov^e, be-\\ncomes king of the Franks.\\n[He is driven from his throne for his\\ninfamous conduct, and JEgidius, the\\nRoman commander, is voluntarily\\nchosen by the Franks to be their sove-\\nreign. 464. .ZEgidius is murdered, and\\nChild^ric recalled.]\\n466 Euric is king of the West Goths\\nin Aquitania. [475. All Gaul west of\\nthe Rhone is ceded to the West Goths.]\\n476 The Roman Empire of the West\\ncomes to an end, and the kingdom of\\nthe Franks is established.\\n481 -751 The Merovingian Dy-\\nnasty. The scepter is a golden rod.\\n481 Clovis the Great, aged 15, the\\nfounder of the dynasty, becomes king\\nof the Merovingian Franks.\\nHe is chosen by the Franks living in\\nand around the city of Tournay [Bel-\\ngium].\\n486 The Franks become supreme by\\nthe victory at Soissons.\\n496 Clovis is converted to Christi-\\nanity.\\nAll the bishops of Gaul aid in extend-\\ning his authority and consolidating\\nhis kingdom. He is crowned by Remi-\\ngius, Archbishop of Reims. [Reims is\\nthenceforth the crowning-place of the.\\nFrench kings till 1830.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0675.jp2"}, "676": {"fulltext": "664 498, *-796,\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n507 Clovis defeats tke Visigoths un-\\nder Alaric H. at VougW near Poitiers\\nAlaric is killed, and Clovis gains nearly\\nall Aquitania [Southwest France], He\\ncaptures Toulouse.\\n510* Clovis is defeated at Aries by\\nTheodoric the Great, King of the East\\nGoths and of Italy, who acquires Pro-\\nvence.\\n562 -584 The Avars and Lom-\\nbards make frequent incursions.\\n567 -613 Bloody civil wars oc-\\ncur they are caused by the division of\\nthe kingdom.\\n687 Battle of Testri.\\nPfSpin, palace mayor of the Austrasian\\nFranks, defeats Berthar, palace mayor\\nto Thierry III., King of the Neustnan\\nFranks. The struggle between the two\\nkingdoms is ended, and Pepin becomes\\nduke and prince of all the Franks.\\n689 Ger. The Franks are supreme.\\n720 The Saracens under Zama in-\\nvade Gaul from Spain.\\n728 The first French navy is formed.\\n8th Century. Lyons is plundered by the\\nSaracens.\\n732 Charles Martel defeats the Sara-\\ncens under Abd-er-Rahman in a great\\nbattle between Poitiers and Tours.\\nThe victory averts from Christian Eu-\\nrope the danger of Mohammedan con-\\nquest it is one of the decisive battles of\\nthe world.\\n755* It. Pe pin the Short enters\\nItaly.\\nHe brings an army to aid Pope Stephen\\nagainst Aistulf, King of the Lombards,\\nwho had taken Ravenna. Aistulf is de-\\nfeated, and P4pin makes a gift to the\\nPope of Ravenna, Bologne, Ferrara, and\\nother Italian territory it is known as\\nthe donation of P^pin, and is the\\norigin of the temporal dominion of the\\npapacy\\n759 P\u00c2\u00a3pin, after fighting for several\\nyears, compels the Saracens to surren-\\nder Narbonne, their capital, and last\\nstronghold in Gaul.\\n772* *-803* Ger. Charlemagne\\nsubdues the Saxons after many bat-\\ntles.\\n774 Charlemagne conquers Desi-\\nderius, the last king of Lombardy, who\\nhad invaded the dominions of the Pope.\\n778 Sp. Battle of Roncesvalles.\\nOn Charlemagne s return from an ex-\\npedition in aid of the Spanish Arabs, his\\nrear-guard is attacked and annihilated\\nby the Basques or the Moors; Koland,\\nCharlemagne s nephew, is among the\\nkilled.\\n788* *-796* Pannonia. Charle-\\nmagne conquers the kingdom of the\\nAvars, and captures their camps or\\nrings, gaining great treasure from these\\nstorehouses of plunder.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n6th Century. Worms are brought from\\nIndia to introduce the manufacture of\\nsilk.\\n600\u00c2\u00b1 St. Eloi of Limoges is famous\\nas a worker in the precious metals.\\n628 King Dagobert builds the church\\nof St. Denis [near Paris, the burial-\\nplace of the French Kings. [He is first\\nof all buried here].\\nParis. The Louvre is the residence of\\nthe king.\\n757 The Emperor Constantine sends\\nan organ to France.\\n760 The only clock in the world [so\\nfar as now known] is sent to Pepin by\\nPope Paul I. (Haydn.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n525 Avitus, Saint, Alcimus-Ecdieius, arch-\\nbishop of Vienne, Latin poet, A65.\\n539* Chilperic I., king, b. [584. D. A45.]\\n540 Gregory, bishop of Tours, hiBtorian,\\nborn. [594. Dies. A55\u00c2\u00b1.J\\n545* FnMeVoiHli-, win- of hilperic I., born.\\n[597. Dies. A51-]\\n554* Tlieodebald, king, dies.\\n558 Childebert I., king, A70.\\n570* Childebert II.. king, born. [596.\\nDies. A26.]\\n584* Clotairell.. king, b. [628. D. A44.]\\n588 Eloy. or Eligius, liisliup of Tournay\\nand Noyon, bom. [650. Dies. A62.]\\n592* Fredeguire. author, b. [660. D. A68.]\\n593 Gontnm, Kinn of ISnru iindy, dies.\\n633* Clovis II., king, b. [655. D. A22.]\\n649 Childeric U.. king,b. [673. D. A24.]\\n670* Chilperic II., king, b. [720. D. A50.J\\n682* Clovis III., king, b. [695. D. A13.J\\n683* Childebert III., king, born. [755.\\nDies. A72.]\\n714* Pepin the Short, king, born. [768.\\nDies. A54.]\\n720 Clotaire IV., king, dies.\\n742* Charlemagne. Charles the Great,\\nEmperor of the West, King of France,\\nborn. [814, Jan. 28. Dies. A72.]\\n771 Carloinan, joint, ruler, dies.\\nEginhard, or Einhard, secretary of Charle-\\nmagne, born. [1844. Dies. A73.]\\n778 Louis I., king. Emperor of the West\\nof France, born. [840. Dies. A62.J\\n779 Ago ban I, an hlushop of Lyons, born.\\n[840. Dies. A6L]\\nCHURCH.\\n498* Rome. St. Symmachus is pope.\\n[514, St. Hormisdas; 523, St. John I.; 526,\\nSt. Felix IV.; 530, Boniface II.; 532, John\\nII.; 535, St. Asapetus I.; 536, St. Sylverius;\\n538. Vigilius; 555, Pelagius I.J\\n543 *St. Maur, of the Benedictine Order\\nof monks, introduces the monastic life\\ninto Western Europe.\\n[This order reforms the monkish clergy,\\nand becomes famous for extent, wealth,\\nmembers of note, and transmission of\\nancient literature through the Dark\\nAges.]\\n550 Bells are introduced.\\n560 Pome. John III. is pope.\\n[574. Benedict I.; 578, Pelagius II.; 590,\\nSt. Gregory I. the Great; 604, Sabinianus;\\n607, Boniface III. 60S, St. Boniface IV.; 615,\\nSt. Adeodatus I.; 619, Boniface V.; 625,\\nHonorius l.J\\n572 Gregory is elected bishop of\\nTours.\\n588* *659* St. Eloi lives, the patron\\nof smiths and artists.\\n613\u00c2\u00b1* Paris. The church of St. Denis\\nis founded by Dagobert I.\\n628 638 Dagobert I. fills France\\nwith churches and convents, and\\nmakes enormous gifts to the clergy.\\n640 Rome. Severinus is pope later\\nJohn TV.\\n[642, Theodorus I. 649, St. Martin T. 655,\\nSt. Eugenius I.; 657, St. VitaUanus; 672,\\nAdeodatus 11.; 676, Donus I.; 678, St. Aga-\\nthon; 682, St. Leo II.; 684, St. Benedict II.;\\n685, John V.; 686, Oonon; 687. St. Sergius I.;\\n701, John VI.; 708, Sisinnius, later Con-\\nstantine; 715. St. Cn.-uorv II.; 731, St. Greg-\\nory MI.; 741. St. Zarharv; 752, St. Stephen\\nII., later Stephen III.; 757, St. Paul I.; 768,\\nStephen IV.]\\n720 Charles Martel confiscates the\\nenormous accumulation of clerical\\nproperty for the benefit of his success-\\nful soldiers he appoints his officers to\\nthe high dignities of the Church.\\nPriests for the most part are grossly\\nilliterate, and live in open concubinage.\\n732 Oct. 10. Charles Martel rescues\\nChristianity from overthrow by the\\nMohammedan power. (See Army.)\\n743 Adelbert, a Gaulish pretender,\\ndeludes the people.\\nHe claims to possess a letter from the\\nRedeemer, which was received from\\nheaven at Jerusalem numerous fol-\\nlowers dwell in the woods with him in\\nimitation of John the Baptist. [745. He\\nis condemned at Rome.]\\n744 A Church Council is held at\\nSoissons.\\n752* Pepin favors religion, and de-\\nrives great aid from the Pope he places\\nhimself at the head of the national\\nchurch.\\n755* The Donation of P^pin lays\\nthe foundation of the temporal power\\nof the popes. (See Army.)\\n771 Pome. Adrian I. is pope.\\n[795, St. Leo m.; 816, Stephen V.J\\n774 -806 Ger. Charlemagne\\nfights the Saxons till they accept Chris-\\ntianity he becomes the eminent pro-\\ntector of the Holy See. [779. He com-\\npels them to submit by thousands to\\nthe army of priests who attend him, and\\nreceive baptism. They choose baptism\\nrather than annihilation.]\\n779 Charlemagne imposes tithes for\\nthe support of the clergy, churches,\\nschools, and the poor.\\n782 The revolting Saxons repudiate\\ntheir Christian faith, and drive priests\\nand missionaries out of the country.\\n785 Witikind, King of the Saxons,\\nfinally submits to receive baptism.\\n787* Asia Minor. The Sth Council of\\nthe Church is held at Nice to establish\\nthe worship of images. [794. Charle-\\nmagne convenes a counter synod at\\nFrankfort, Germany.]\\nAgobard is archbishop of Lyons.\\n500\u00c2\u00b1 The Lex Gundibaldia, or Loi\\nGombette, a codification of the Burgun-\\ngian law, is published by Gundibald.\\n570 -591 St. Gregory of Tours\\nwrites History of the Franks, on Mira-\\ncles, and many other treatises.\\n600\u00c2\u00b1 Fortunatus, bishop of Poitiers,\\nwrites Poems.\\n7th Century. The Lingua Romana is men-\\ntioned as distinguished from the Teutonic\\ndialects. A short song celebrating the\\nmartyrdom of St. Eulalia, probably the\\nfirst in merit of the very early French\\nwritings, appears.\\n760\u00c2\u00b1 Fredegaire writes a biography\\nof Bishop Gregory of Tours.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0676.jp2"}, "677": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n498,\\n796,\\n665\\n782 Charlemagne establishes a\\nschool of the palace.\\nA course of study for royal students\\nembraces the seven liberal arts Alcuin\\nis its head.\\n7S9\u00c2\u00b1 Charlemagne requires bishops\\nto establish elementary schools.\\nThey are for gratuitous instruction of\\nthe children of freedmen and the labor-\\ning classes in cathedral cities.\\n796 Alcuin is appointed head of the\\nAbbey of St. Martin s at Tours by Char-\\nlemagne.\\nTranscribing manuscripts be-\\ncomes a fashionable occupation.\\nSOCIETY.\\n545\u00c2\u00b1 Chilperic marries Fre de~gonde,\\nwho was formerly a mistress and a slave\\nshe leads him into infamy.\\n545-1- Outside of Romanized cities,\\nhorrible barbarism, license, drunken-\\nness, and cruelty abound; among the\\nkings and nobles many wives are taken\\nby one man.\\n560 Clotaire condemns one of his own\\nsons, with his wife and daughters, to be\\nburned alive, because the son stirred\\nup rebellion.\\n566 Sigebert of Austrasia marries\\nBrunehaut, a Visigoth princess.\\n575 King Sigebert is murdered by\\nemissaries of Fredegonde.\\nChilperic publicly acknowledges Fre-\\ndegonde his mistress, and takes her to\\nhis palace. His wife is soon strangled,\\nand his mistress becomes queen.\\n584* Chilperic, King of Neustria, is\\nassassinated.\\n597* *Fre~d6gonde dies a natural\\ndeath, after her brother-in-law, her step-\\nson, and her own husband have succes-\\nsively fallen by the daggers of her emis-\\n613 Brunehaut, the Gothic queen of\\nSigebert of Austrasia, of refined educa-\\ntion and queenly dignity, is lashed to\\nthe tail of a \u00e2\u0096\u00a0wild horse, and kicked to\\ndeath. Clotaire II. ordered her death.\\n628\u00c2\u00b1 King Dagobert I. has three\\nqueens-consort, besides numerous mis-\\ntresses.\\n673 Childeric II., his wife, and child,\\nare all assassinated. A younger son\\nescapes by the aid of a vassal,\\n760 Society begins to recover from\\nthe ignorance and misery of the age\\nof confusion which preceded Charle-\\nmagne.\\n768 Charlemagne, horn in Bavaria,\\nis a German in blood, speech, and man-\\nners.\\nHe is described as a giant seven feet\\nhigh an athlete, and gifted with a noble\\npresence. After death his body is sepul-\\nchred sitting on a marble throne, under\\nthe dome of the church at Aix-la-Cha-\\npelle, in royal robes, with the crown on\\nhis head, and his horn, sword, and book\\nof the Gospels on his knee [where it\\nremains for more than 350 years].\\n778 Rise of chivalry Roland the\\nFrank, one of the paladins of Charle-\\nmagne, is its romantic hero.\\nNine-tenths of the population of\\nGaul are slaves. (Fisher.)\\nFeudalism prevails in the social\\nstate.\\nSTATE.\\n500 The kingdom of Burgundy be-\\ncomes tributary to Clovis.\\n505 The Eastern Emperor Anastasius\\ncreates Clovis a patrician.\\n507 Clovis unites his conquests from\\nthe Loire to the Pyrenees.\\n908 Clovis fixes his court at Paris.\\nHe makes a treaty of peace with Theo-\\ndoric in Italy.\\n511 Nov. 27. Paris. Clovis dies.\\nThe kingdom is divided among the\\nfour sons of Clovis.\\nChildebert has Paris, Clotaire I. has\\nSoissons [Neustria], Clodomir, Aureli-\\nani [Orleans], and Frederic Thierry has\\nMentz.\\n523 -534 The sons of Clovis con-\\nquer the Burgundians.\\n558 His brothers dying, Clotaire I.,\\nfourth son of Clovis, becomes sole king\\nof the Franks he reunites the several\\nparts of the kingdom.\\n561 Clotaire I. dying, the kingdom\\nis again divided among his four sons.\\nCharibert becomes king of Paris Gun-\\ntram, king of Orleans and Burgundy;\\nChilperic 1., king of Neustria, Soissons\\nand Sigebert, king of Mentz.\\n567 Charibert dies.\\nThe kingdom is redivided into three\\nparts, Austrasia [West Germany?], capi-\\ntal, Reims Neustria [North France\\nand Flanders], capital, Soissons; Bur-\\ngundy [valleys of the Saone and lower\\nKhone.eto.], capital, Orleans. Guntram\\nacquires Aquitaine [Southwest France.]\\n584 Chilperic I., King of Neustria,\\nis assassinated Clotaire II., infant son\\nof Chilperic, becomes king. [He rules\\ntill 628, reunites the kingdom, and se-\\ncures tranquillity.]\\n588 Paris is destroyed by fire.\\n593 Guntram, King of Burgundy,\\ndies.\\n596 Thierry H. is king of Austrasia\\nand Burgundy, these divisions being\\nunited, and leaving the kingdom divided\\ninto Austrasia and Neustria.\\n613 Fe pin the Elder becomes mayor\\nof the palace, or major-domus. [632.\\nHe exercises the power of the govern-\\nment.] Thierry II. dies.\\n615 Paris. A great council is held.\\nIt is enacted that all benefices of fiefs\\nshall be hereditary and irrevocable, that\\nclergy and people have the right of\\nelecting to ecclesiastical offices, and\\nthat bishops and nobles may appoint\\njudges and tribunals in their jurisdic-\\ntions without reference to the Crown.\\n616 Clotaire II. holds a kind of mov-\\nable parliament called placita [whence\\ncomes the word pleas].\\n622 Clotaire II. cedes Austrasia to\\nhis son Dagobert. [628. He becomes\\nKing of the Franks. 638. Dies.]\\n631* *-761* The Dukes of Aquitaine\\nreign at Toulouse.\\n633 Sigebert I. becomes king of Aus-\\ntrasia.\\nThe kingdom of the Franks is again\\ndivided between Clovis II. (five years\\nof age), and Sigebert II. (18 years of age),\\ntwo sons of Dagobert.\\nClovis takes Neustria, and Sigebert\\nAustrasia. [Clovis and his two succes-\\nsors are the lazy or do-nothing\\nkings; in their reigns the whole ruling\\npower is in the hands of the palace-\\nmayors].\\n656 Elbroin, a despot, is palace-\\nmayor of Neustria.\\n676 Pe pin of H^ristal becomes ma-\\njor-domus of Austrasia.\\n687 714 P6pin, as sole major-\\ndomus of all the Franks, rules kings\\nand subjects of both divisions.\\n691 Clovis III. is nominal king under\\nPepin. [695. Childeric III. 714. Dago-\\nbert III. Pepin dies. 715. Chilperic\\nII.]\\n714 -741 Charles Martel, Duke\\nof Austrasia, son of P^pin, becomes\\npalace-mayor. [719. He exercises kingly\\npower.]\\n719* *-732* Charles Martel distrib-\\nutes lands on condition of personal\\nmilitary service by the vassal when re-\\nquired by his superior (feudalism).\\n720 Thierry TV. is nominal king\\nCharles Martel, the real ruler.\\n741* *Pope Gregory IH., being in\\nfear of the Lombard kings, places him-\\nself under the protection of Charles\\nMartel.\\n741 Oct. 22. Charles Martel dies,\\nafter assigning his kingdom to his three\\nsons.\\n[Grifton is seized by his brothers, and\\nplaced in a convent Carloman resigns\\nafter reigning five years, and -enters a\\nmonastery, leaving all France to Pe pin\\nthe Short.]\\n752-987 The Carlovingian Dynasty.\\nParis is ruled by counts.\\nPope Zacharias authorizes P6pin to\\nassume the crown.\\n[Pe^pin reestablishes his authority in\\n.Aquitania, and extends it by the con-\\nquest of Septimania, a province lying\\nbetween the Rhone and the Pyrenees,\\nwhich had been held by the Saracens.]\\n759 Septimania is taken from the\\nSaracens, and annexed to the French\\nCrown.\\n768 Sept, 24. P6pin dies, leaving the\\nkingdom to his two sons, Carloman and\\nCharles.\\nThe former obtains Austrasia, Swabia\\n[South Germany], and Thuringia [Cen-\\ntral Germany] the latter has the re-\\nmaining part. Charles usurps the\\npower, and becomes king of all France\\non the death of his brother Carloman.\\n768-814 Charlemagne, or Charles I.,\\nreigns.\\n774* *Having annexed Lombardy,\\nCharlemagne assumes the iron crown\\nof Italy, as King of the Franks and Lom-\\nbards. [796. Prvs. He makes Aix-la-\\nChapeUe the capital.]\\n778 Toulouse county is created out\\nof Aquitaine.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0677.jp2"}, "678": {"fulltext": "666 800, **-1016,\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n839 The Saracens sack Marseilles.\\n841 June 25. Battle of Fontenailles\\n[Fontenay].\\nLo thai re, claiming nearly the entire\\nrealm, is defeated by his brothers, Louis\\nthe German and Charles the Bald.\\nNorthmen, Vikings, enter the Seine\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0with 120 galleys, and capture and pillage\\nRouen.\\n[Finally it becomes the capital of\\nNormandy. 845. They take possession\\nof Paris, which is abandoned to them.\\n856. They invaded Neustria (Northwest\\nFrance), and lay waste the country.]\\n843 -876 Louis the German is at\\nwar with the Slavs, with his brother\\nCharles the Bald, and with invading\\nScandinavian Vikings.\\n852 Corsica is conquered by Pisaus.\\n857 Paris. The Northmen again\\nenter Paris, and butcher many thou-\\nsands of the inhabitants.\\n859 Saracens pillage Nice. [Again\\nin S80.]\\n862 Robert the Strong vigorously op-\\nposes the Northmen.\\n875 Charles II. invades Italy, to pos-\\nsess the dominions of his deceased\\nbrother, whose army he defeats.\\n885* *-886* Paris is besieged by\\nNorthmen under Kollo.\\nIt is bravely defended by the citizens,\\nled by Bishop Gnzlin and Count Eudes\\n(or Odo, Count of Paris), riving Charles\\nthe Fat, consenting to buy off the North-\\nmen, is deposed.]\\n890 Alan, Count of Vannes, defeats\\nthe Northmen.\\n891 Louis III. defeats the Northmen\\nat Saucourt.\\n911 Aug.* The Northmen are routed\\nwith great loss before Chartres by Rich-\\nard of Burgundy, and Robert, Duke of\\nFrance.\\n923 June Battle of Soissons Robert\\nI. is killed by his brother King Charles\\nseeks safety in flight.\\n940 Civil war. The barons conspire,\\nand fight the king.\\n978 Otho H. King of the Bohemians,\\ninvades France with G0,000 men after\\nremaining for three days before Paris he\\nretires without a battle.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n800 Charlemagne encourages agri-\\nculture and horticulture. Heraldry\\nas an art is first ascribed to him.\\n801 An earthquake occurs, which is\\nalso felt in Germany and Italy.\\n802 Harun-al-Raschid, the Calif of\\nBagdad, seeking an alliance with Charle-\\nmagne, presents him with an artistic\\nstriking clock, having automatic fig-\\nures which mark the hour by playing on\\nmusical instruments.\\n873 Swarms of locusts die, putrefy,\\nand occasion great mortality.\\n950 Belg. Flanders has great manu-\\nfactories of linens and woolens.\\n996 Wheel-clocks are invented by\\nAbbe Gerbert.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n806* Hinrmur, urdibishop of Reims, born.\\n[882. Dies. A76.:\\n814* Anjrilbert, writer, friend of Charle-\\nmagne, dies.\\n823* Charles II.. the Bald, king, born.\\n[877. Dies. A54.J\\n839* Charles III., the Fat, born. [888.\\nDies. A49.]\\nUth r, ntury. Abbo Cernuus, monk, an., b.\\n860 Kollo, lJuke of Normandy, born.\\nOI30. Dies. A70O\\n877 Baldwin, lirst. count of Flanders, d.\\n894 Flovard, canon of Reims, author,\\nborn. [966. Dies. A72\u00c2\u00b1.]\\n923 Bernard de Menthon, Saint, fdr.\\nthe hospices, Great and Little Bernard,\\nborn. [1008. Dies. A85.]\\n940* Capet. Hug-h, king, b. [996. D. A 56.]\\n945* Abbo Flon;n .-iisis, abbot of Fleurv,\\nborn. [1004. Dies. A59.]\\n956 Hugh the Great. Comte de Paris, d.\\n987 Louis V. king, dies.\\n998 Bercimer L- \u00e2\u0080\u00a2fours, ecclesiastic, born.\\n[1088. Dies. A90.]\\n1005* Henry I., king, b. [1060. D. A55.]\\nCHURCH.\\n800* Charlemagne reforms the\\nChurch as well as the State.\\n817 Home. St. Paschal I. is pope.\\n[824, Eugenius II.; 827, Yalentinus, later\\nGregory IV.; H44, Sergius II.; 847, St. Leo\\nIV.; 855, Benedict III.; 858, Si. Nicholas I.,\\nthe Great; 867, Adrian II.; 872, John VIII.;\\n882, Marianus I.; 884, Adrian III.; 885,\\nStephen VI.; 891, Formosus Boniface\\nVI.]\\n828 Missionaries are sent to Sweden\\nfrom France.\\n833 Nov. 11. The bishops condemn\\nLouis I. to perpetual penance, and give\\nhim a penitent s dress to wear.\\n849 Gottschalk, a monk of Soissons,\\nadvocating absolute predestination and\\nreprobation, is condemned by a coun-\\ncil at Kiersy.\\n897 Home. Stephen VLT. is pope.\\n[898, Bomanus, Theodoras II., John IX.;\\n9011, Benedict IV.; 903, Leo V., Christopher;\\n904, Sergius III.; 911, Anastasius III.; 913,\\nLando; 915, John X.; 928, Leo VI.]\\n912 Kollo the Bane is baptized as\\nKobert of Normandy. The Normans\\nin France embrace Christianity.\\n929 Home. Stephen VIII. is pope.\\n[931, John XI. Leo VII. 939, Stephen IX.\\n943, Marinus II.; 946, Agapetus II.; 956,\\nJohn XII.; 964, I .emMi.-t V. 965, John XIII.;\\n972, Benedict VI.; 973, Don ns II.; 975, Ben-\\nedict VII.; 984, John XIV.; 985, Boniface\\nVII., later John XV.; 996, John XVI., later\\nGregory V.]\\n998 King Robert n. is excommuni-\\ncated by the Pope, and his kingdom put\\nunder an interdict. (See Society.)\\n999* Home. John XVII. is pope later\\nSylvester II.\\n[1003, John XVIII., later John XIX. 1009,\\nSergius IV.; 1012, Benedict VIII.; 1024,\\nJohn XX.]\\n1000 Public excitement is caused by\\nthe expectation of the second coming\\nof Christ.\\nLETTERS.\\n800\u00c2\u00b1 Charlemagne patronizes learn-\\ning.\\nHe gathers learned men at his palace\\nfrom many countries he tries to learn\\nto write in his old age attendants read\\nto him while at his meals. Learning has\\na temporary revival.\\n804 Schools are established at Tours\\nby Alcuin.\\nEginhard, the historian, is secretary\\nof Charlemagne.\\n829+ Tnrpin, archbishop of Reims,\\nwrites De Vita Carol* Magni at Roland i,\\nLife of Charlemagne, and Roland.\\n842 The record of the oaths between\\nCharles the Bald and Louis the German\\nare written in French.\\n843 -877 John Scotus Erigena\\nwrites JJe Divina Predestinatione, Com-\\nmentary on Marciaffvus Copt IU\\ndon of Dumytiw the AreopagiU, De\\nDivisione Xaturie, etc.\\n9th Century. The poem on B thius and\\na Commentary on the prophet Jonah ap-\\npear.\\n10th or Uth Century. The poems Passion\\nand The Life of tit. Leger appear in the\\nProvencal language.\\n1000 -50 The date of a fragment\\nof 257 decasyllabic verses is written by\\nRaynouard in his Choix de poesies ori-\\nginates des Troubadors. It is the oldest\\nliterary monument of the Provencal lan-\\nguage.\\n*-1300* Period of the Trouba-\\ndours; the Provencals, or minstrels of\\nthe south of France.\\nThey are the first European authors to\\nemploy their native tongue for composi-\\ntion their poetry consists of chanzos, or\\npoems of love and gallantry, and sirven-\\ntes, or lays of chivalry and war.\\nSOCIETY.\\n819 Louis I. marries Judith of Ba-\\nvaria, who gains unbounded ascen-\\ndency over her feeble-minded husband.\\n986 Louis V., the last of the Carolin-\\ngians, is poisoned by his queen (or by\\nhis mother).\\n890+ Jouists, or Tournaments, be-\\ncome frequent.\\n995 Robert the Pious turns from\\nhis wife, and marries Bertha, his cousin,\\ndaughter of Conrad, King of Aries and\\nBurgundy she is the mother of six\\nchildren.\\n[998. The Pope commands him to sepa-\\nrate from Bertha, because of their tem-\\nporal and spiritual affinity. But Robert\\nholds out seven years against the mis-\\neries of the Pope s interdict.]\\n1000+ The commons of France are\\noppressed.\\nWith their wives and children they are\\nmere chattels of their master, and\\ncan acquire no property, contract no\\nmarriage, make no bequest, or inherit\\nany possession without their lord s con-\\nsent.\\n1005+ The king marries Constance,\\ndaughter of the Comte de Toulouse and\\nQuercy.\\n1016 Excitement and indignation\\nwidely prevail over the destruction of\\nthe Holy Sepulcher at Jerusalem by\\nHakim, Calif of Egypt.\\nMany Jews are put to death with\\ngreat cruelty they are everywhere per-\\nsecuted, as the alleged inciters to the\\ndestruction of the Holy Sepulcher.\\nSTATE.\\n800 The Empire of Charlemagne.\\nDec. 28. Home. Charlemagne is\\ncrowned by Leo III. as Emperor of the", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0678.jp2"}, "679": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n800, **-1016, 667\\nWest, using the words coronato a Deo\\ncrowned by God. [He regards himself\\nas the rightful successor of the Roman\\nemperors.]\\nCharlemagne introduces couriers, or\\nmail-posts.\\n814 Jan. 28. Charlemagne dies,\\nleaving the empire to his sons.\\nCharles becomes regent of Fiance and\\nGermany Pepin, regent of Italy Louis,\\ngovernor of Aquitaine, Gascony, and the\\n814-840 Louis I.(Debonnaire), the Ami-\\nable, is Emperor of the Holy Roman\\nEmpire.\\n817 Louis establishes an order of\\nsuccession.\\nLothair, his eldest son, is to inherit the\\nimperial title, with Austrasia and the\\ngreater part of Germany; Pepin and\\nLouis, the younger sons, will receive the\\nremainder of the empire.\\n818 Bernhard, King of Italy, nephew\\nof Charlemagne, revolts. [He is sub-\\ndued and killed.]\\n822* Louis I. submits to canonical\\npenance for the crime of murdering his\\nnephew Bernhard. [He loses the respect\\nof his people confusion, disgrace, and\\nmisery mark his reign.]\\n829 Louis makes a new division of\\nthe realm to provide for Charles, a son\\nby Judith, his second wife.\\n[His other sons revolt, and consign\\nJudith and Louis I. (830) to a cloister\\nhe is soon restored Louis is permitted\\nto remain nominal ruler, while his son\\nClotaire wields the power.]\\n833 June 24. Louis I. Is again de-\\nthroned\\nNov. 11. Louis I. is condemned by\\nthe bishop to perpetual penance for his\\ncrimes.\\n834 Mar. Louis I. is again restored\\nby the efforts of his sons, Pepin and\\nLouis of Germany.\\n835 Louis I., solicited by his wife,\\nagain divides the empire.\\n837 A redivision of the empire is\\nmade. [838. Dec. Rescinded.]\\n839 Louis I. again divides the em-\\npire between his sons Lothaire, Louis,\\nand Charles Charles receives all of\\nFrance lying west of the Rhone, and\\nLouis the German rebels.\\n840 June 20. Louis I. dies.\\n840-987 Carolingian kings of the\\nFranks.\\n840-877 Charles I., the Bald, reigns.\\nCharles the Bald, son of Louis le De-\\nbonnaire, becomes King of France, and\\nas Charles II., Emperor of the Romans.\\nAug. The Treaty of Verdun is con-\\ncluded between the three sons. (843.)\\nIt divides the empire among them\\nCharles gets the territory west of the\\nRhone the West Frankfsh lands [and\\nthe beginning of modern France]; Louis\\nthe German gets the East Frankish\\nlands\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the region between the Rhine\\nand the Elbe [the beginning of modern\\nGermany] Lothaire receives the title of\\nemperor, with Italy and the territory be-\\ntween the Rhine and Rhone the center\\nFrankish lands. Aquitaine (Central\\nFrance), Septimania (South France, on\\nthe coast), and Brittany (Northwest\\nFrance), defy and resist the authority\\nof Charles the Bald.\\nThe Northmen invade and ravage\\nFrance; they pillage Paris.\\n845* Paris. Charles II. pays the\\nNorthmen 7,000 pounds of silver to re-\\ntire from France.\\n848 Brittany becomes an indepen-\\ndent kingdom.\\n866 Charles II. again buys off the\\nNorthmen.\\nHe pays them 4,000 pounds of silver and\\ncompensation for every Norman killed\\nby the Franks.\\n870 Aug. 9. By the Treaty of Mer-\\nsen, Charles II. and Louis the German\\ndivide between them Lotharingia [Lor-\\nraine], the dominion of their deceased\\nnephew.\\n875 Dec. 25. Home. Charles H. is\\ncrowned Emperor of the Romans.\\n876 Aug. 28. Louis H., the German,\\ndies.\\n877 Oct. 6. Charles dies, leaving the\\nempire to his son, Louis II.\\n877-879 Louis the Stammerer reigns.\\nLouis becomes King of France, and\\nEmperor of Italy. [879. Apr. 10. He\\ndies. He is succeeded by two sons of\\nLouis the German.]\\n879-882 Louis HI. reigns in the North.\\n-884 Carloman H. reigns in\\nAquitaine.\\n-933 Vienne is again the capital\\nof Burgundy. Boso, its duke, revolts.\\n882 Aug. Louis III. dies; Carloman\\nH. is sole emperor.\\n884 Dec. Carloman II. dies of injuries\\nreceived from a wild boar.\\n884-887 Charles II., the Fat, reigns.\\n884 Charles the Fat, son of Lords the\\nGerman, becomes king or regent of\\nFrance during the minority of Charles\\nthe Simple.\\n[Through his imbecility the kingdom\\ngoes to pieces, forming France, Italy, and\\nGermany, and the lesser States of Lor-\\nraine, Burgundy, and Navarre.]\\n886 Sept. Charles II. concludes a hu-\\nmiliating treaty with the Northmen.\\n887* Paris. Charles H. is deposed\\nby his subjects, led by Arnulf.\\nThey are indignant because of the pay-\\nment of 800 pounds of silver to the North-\\nmen who retire from Paris. [888. Jan.\\n13. He dies.]\\n888-898 Eudes reigns.\\nEudes, or Odo, Count and defender of\\nParis, is elected king by the nobles, in\\nopposition to Charles the Simple, son of\\nCharles the Fat.\\n893-923 Charles m., the Simple.\\nCharles the Simple is elected king by\\nhis partizans in opposition to Eudes.\\n898 Charles HI., the Simple, son of\\nCharles the Fat, becomes sole king of\\nFrance by the death of Eudes.\\n[911. He purchases peace from the in-\\nvading Northmen, and cedes part of\\nNeustria [Normandy] to Rollo, their\\nchief. It becomes one of the most pros-\\nperous and best-regulated provinces of\\nFrance Rouen is the capital.]\\n920 Robert, Duke of France, brother\\nof Eudes, revolts against Charles,\\n922 June 29. Robert is proclaimed\\nking.\\n[923. Robert is killed at the battle of\\nSoissons.]\\n923 July* Rudolf, son-in-law of Rob-\\nert, Duke of France, is elected king.\\n[936. Jan. He dies without issue.]\\n929 Oct. 7- Charles TXT. dies in cap-\\ntivity at the castle of Peronne.\\n936-954 Louis IV., from beyond the\\nseas (England).\\nLouis, son of Charles III., reigns.\\nHugh the Great, Count of Paris, is the\\nreal ruler.\\n942\u00c2\u00b1 France is ruled by many pow-\\nerful barons.\\nThey assume the authority of sover-\\neigns in their respective domains, while\\nthe royal authority is often limited to\\nthe city in which the court resides.\\n950 Civil strife prevails.\\nHugh the Great, son of Robert, Duke\\nof France, revolts [and afterwards makes\\npeace with the king].\\n954 Louis IV. dies.\\n954-986 Lothair reigns. He is son of\\nLouis IV.\\n956 June 16. Hugh the Great, a no-\\nbleman more powerful than the king,\\ndies; he is succeeded by his son Hugh,\\nsurnamed Capet.\\n960* Dunkirk is founded by Bald-\\nwin, Count of Flanders.\\n980 Lothair renounces his claim to\\nLorraine, contrary to the advice of Hugh\\nCapet.\\n986 Mar. 2. Lothair dies.\\n986-987 Louis V. reigns.\\n986 Mar. 2. Louis V., Le Faineant\\n(the do-nothing), son of Lothair, be-\\ncomes king. [He reigns one year, and\\nis the last of the Carlovingian dynasty.\\n987. May He dies.]\\n987-1328 The Capetian Dynasty.\\n987 July 1-996* Hugh Capet reigns.\\nHe is elected by the nobles and clergy,\\nto the exclusion of Charles of Lorraine,\\nuncle of Louis V. Each of the great\\ndukes and the counts surpass the king\\nin military power and extent of domin-\\nions. [He becomes the founder of the\\nCapetian dynasty. 996. Oct. 24. He\\ndies.]\\n988 Paris again becomes the capital\\nof all France.\\n996-1031 Robert the Pious, son of\\nHugh, reigns the royal power is a mere\\nshadow.\\n997 The oppressed peasants in Nor-\\nmandy revolt against the nobles.\\n1000\u00c2\u00b1 The king is almost destitute\\nof power; the feudal system grows\\nstronger, and the influence of the mon-\\narchy weaker.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0679.jp2"}, "680": {"fulltext": "668 1022, *-1150,\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1032 Henry I., aided by Robert,\\nDuke of Normandy, defeats his brother\\nRobert, whose claims to the throne are\\nsupported by Constance, his mother.\\n1047 William, Duke of Normandy,\\ndefeats Guido of Macon at Val de\\nDunes.\\n1058 Henry I. and Count Geoffrey of\\nAnjou, invading Normandy, are de-\\nfeated at Varaville by Duke William\\n[the Conqueror, of England].\\n1063* Duke William conquers Maine\\nin Northern France.\\n[1066. He becomes king of England\\nby his victory at the battle of Hastings.]\\n1071 Philip I. is at war with Robert,\\nCount of Holland.\\n[1076. He becomes the ally of William\\ntoe Conqueror s revolting vassals in Brit-\\ntany; they compel William to raise the\\nsiege of Dol.]\\n1077 Robert II. raises a rebellion\\nagainst his father in Normandy he is\\naided by his mother Matilda. [10S0.\\nWar follows William is wounded while\\nbesieging Gerberoi, and is compelled to\\nraise the siege.]\\n1087 William invades Vexin, and\\nfires the town of Mantes, where he is\\nkilled by the plunging of his horse\\nthrough the burning cinders.\\n1095 Pope Urban II. preaches at Cler-\\nmont in favor of the First Crusade.\\n1096* *-99* Robert II., Duke of\\nNormandy, joins the First Crusade.\\nHugh, Count of Yermandois, and Ray-\\nmond of Toulouse also join the move-\\nment.\\n1099 July 15. The Crusaders, mainly\\nFrench, storm and capture Jerusalem,\\nafter a siege of five weeks.\\n1101* *Eng. Robert, Duke of Nor-\\nmandy, lands with an army to claim the\\nthrone of his father William he resigns\\nhis claim in favor of his brother Henry.\\n1106 Sept. 28. Battle of Tinchebray.\\nHenry I. of England defeats his brother\\nRobert [and takes possession of Nor-\\nmandy he detains Robert in prison for\\nlife].\\n1119 Aug. 20. Louis VI. is defeated at\\nthe battle of Brenneville by Henry I.\\nLouis had aided William Clinton, Duke\\nRobert s son, in seizing Normandy.\\n.1143 Thibaut rebels against Louis\\nVII.\\nThe king attacks and sets fire to the\\ncount s Castle of Vitry; the flames\\nspread to the town, and 1,300 persons are\\nburned to death.\\n1148 Asia Minor. The Crusaders win a\\nbrilliant victory at Nicsea.\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1033. June 29. A memorable eclipse\\nof the sun is observed in France it is\\ndark at noonday.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1035* Kobert of Normandy dies.\\n1040 Bruno, Saint, founder of Carthu-\\nsian order, born. [1101. Dies. A61.J\\nRaslii, Halilu-mi Shi loiui li Yashaki, greatest\\nrabbi of Middle Ages, Bib. and Talmudic\\nscholar, writer, born. [1103. Diej. A65.]\\n1045* Raymond IV., Cointe de Toulouse,\\nborn. [1105. Dies. A60.]\\n1050 Peter the Hermit, preacherof First\\nCrusade, born. [1115. Dies. A65.]\\nAnselme, or Ansel, of Laon, theologian, born.\\n[1117. Dies. A67.]\\nBaldcric, bp., chronicler, b. [1130. D. A80\u00c2\u00b1.]\\n1052* Philip I., king, b. [1108. D. A56.]\\n1053 Champeaux, Guillaume de, fdr.\\nof Realists, horn. [1129. Dies. A76.]\\n1058 Godfrey de Bouillon, hero First\\nCrusade, born. [1100. Dies. A42.]\\n1060 Bohemond I., Marc, prince of An-\\ntioeh, crusader, horn. (1111. Dies. A55.\\n1070 Gilbert de la Porree, bp. of Poitiers,\\ntheol., phil., born. [1154. Dies. A84.]\\n1078+ Louis VI., le Gros, king, born.\\n[1137. Dies. A59.]\\nTanered, crusader, born. [1112. Dies. A34.]\\n1079 Abelard. Pierre, philosopher, born.\\n[1142. Dies. A63.]\\n1082 Suger, abbe of St. DeniB, minister,\\nwriter, born. [1152. Dies. A70.]\\n1091 Bernard, Saint, abbe of Clair-\\nveaux, teacher, wr., b. [1153. D. A62.]\\nIIOO* Heloise. abbess, lover of AbeUard,\\nborn. [1164. Dies. A64.]\\nLombard. Pierre, s. lmlui, theologian, horn.\\n[1164. Dies. A64.J\\n1114* Alain de Lille, theologian, born.\\n[1203. Dies. A89.]\\n1120* Waldo, Pierre, reformer, fdr. of\\nWaldenses, born. [1179. Dies. AM.]\\n1122 Roscelm, Jean, philosopher, dies.\\n1127 Felix ot Valois, Saint, hermit, born.\\n[1212. Dies. AS5-]\\n1134 Harding, Stephen, abbot of Citeaux,\\nreformer, born.\\n1150* Chretien de Troyes. poet, born.\\n[1191. Dies. A41\u00c2\u00b1.]\\nMontfort, Simon de, crusader, born. [1218.\\nDies. A68.\\nRigord, historian, born. [1207. Dies. A57.]\\nCHURCH.\\n1022 The persecution of the Albi-\\ngenses begins.\\nThe heretics of Orleans suffer.\\nA church council held at Orleans, to ex-\\ntirpate heresy two priests and eleven\\nothers are condemned and burned. The\\nfirst to suffer death for religion since the\\ndays of heathen supremacy.]\\n1027 A synod at Roussillon decrees\\nthat enemies at war should not make\\nan attack between Saturday evening\\nand Monday morning.\\n1033 Rome. Benedict IX. is pope.\\n[1044, Gregory VI.; 1046, Clement II.;\\n104X, Damasus II. 1049, St. Leo IX. 1055,\\nVictor II.; 1057, Stephen X.; 1058, Benedict\\nX.; 1059, .Nicolas II.]\\n1035 The Peace of God is es-\\ntablished by council and is very popu-\\nlar, but practically inoperative for the\\nlack of a power to enforce its provisions.\\nRobert the Norman makes a pilgrim-\\nage to the Holy Sepulcher.\\n1041\u00c2\u00b1 The Truce of God is in-\\ntroduced by the Church to take the place\\nof the Peace of God.\\nIt provides that private feuds shall\\ncease on the more important church fes-\\ntivals and fasts that there shall be no\\nattack upon an enemy between Wednes-\\nday evening and Monday, during every\\nweek, leaving hut SO days for war during\\nthe year. Laborers in the fields are to be\\nundisturbed.\\n1060 [St.] Anselm assumes the mo-\\nnastic habit at Bee, near Brionne.\\n[1063. He becomes prior of Bee. 1078.\\nIts abbot. 1093. Archbishop of Can-\\nterbury, Eng.J\\n1061 Rome. Alexander II. is pope.\\nT1073, St. Gregory VII.; 1087, Victor III.;\\n1088, Urban II.; 1099, Paschal II.\\n1066 The edifice Abbaye aux Dames,\\nor Trinity, at Caen, is founded by\\nQueen Matilda.\\n11th Century. The cathedral of Pe ri-\\ngueux is erected.\\n1070\u00c2\u00b1 Philip I. provides revenue to\\nindulge in gross licentiousness.\\nHe sells bishoprics and other ecclesi-\\nastical preferments to the highest bidder.\\n[1073. The Pope remonstrates and threat-\\nens. 1094. He excommunicates Philip\\nI. and Bertrada, and puts the realm un-\\nder the ban. 1095. Again anathema-\\ntized, and interdict is laid on all places\\nwhere they may sojourn.]\\n1076\u00c2\u00b1 Stephen Auvergne establishes\\nin Limousin the Grandmontines, a\\nmonastic order.\\n1077 The edifice Abbaye aux Hommes,\\nor St. Etienne, at Caen, is founded by\\nWilliam the Conqueror.\\n10S0 All Jews are banished.\\nIt is alleged against them that in the\\ncelebration of tbeP:issover at Paris, they\\nsacrificed a youth, the son of a rich mer-\\nchant, for which the criminals are exe-\\ncuted.\\n1092 A church council is held at\\nSoissons.\\n1095 A church council is convened\\nby Pope Urban II. at Clermont.\\nPresent four archbishops, 225 bishops,\\nand an immense number of the lower\\nclergy. It proclaims the First Crusade,\\nforbids the investiture of the bishops by\\nlaymen, opposes clergymen assuming\\nfeudal obligations to laymen, and excom-\\nmunicates Philip I. for repudiating his\\nwife Bertha, and marrying Bertrade, the\\nwife of Fulc, Count of Anjou.\\nPeter the Hermit preaches the First\\nCrusade.\\n1096* Peter the Hermit, and Walter\\nthe Penniless, a French knight, secure\\nthe support of the nobility.\\nGodfrey de Bouillon, Hugh of Ver-\\nmandois, Kobert of Normandy, Kobert of\\nFlanders, Stephen of Chartres, Raymond\\nof Toulouse, with Bohemond, son of\\nRobert Guiscard, and Tancred, son of\\nOtto the Good, lend .00.000 infantry and\\n100,000 cavnlrv toward the Fast in the\\nFirst Crusade 11099. July 15. Jeru-\\nsalem is taken by assault.]\\n1098\u00c2\u00b1 Robert, a Benedictine abbot of\\nMolesme, establishes the Cistercian\\nOrder of monks.\\nTheir name comes from Citeaux, the\\nsite of the first convent in France. The\\nmonks observe silence, abstain from eat-\\ning flesh, sleep on straw, and wear neither\\nshoes nor shirts.\\n1104* Philip undergoes public pen-\\nance for his sins, yet retains Bertrada as\\nqueen-consort. [1108. He assumes the\\nhabit of a Benedictine monk.]\\n1108 -1116 The prelates assist the\\nking in suppressing the brigandage of\\nthe barons.\\n1115 [St.] Bernard founds the mon-\\nastery of Clairvaux.\\n1118 Rome. Gelasius II. is pope.\\n[lI19,CalixtusII.; 1124, HonoriusII. 1130,\\nInnocentlL; 1143, C eiestine II. 1144, Lucius\\nII.; 1145, Eugenius III.]\\n1120+ Pierre AbeHard a theologian\\nof Breton, teaches doctrines savoring\\nof heresy, and is opposed for many years\\nby St. Bernard. [1121 Abelard is cited\\nbefore a council at Soissons and there", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0680.jp2"}, "681": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1022,\\n1150,\\n669\\ncondemned to burn his treatise called\\nIntroduction to Theology. 1133. Ab6-\\nlard is confuted and condemned by the\\nPope, and then retires to a convent.]\\nThe White Canons, or Prsemonstra-\\ntensian order, is founded by St. Norbert,\\na monk, at Pre Montre, near Laon.\\nThe cathedral of Angouleme is\\nerected.\\n1123* Home. The 10th Church\\nCouncil, first Lateran, is convened to\\nsettle the dispute concerning investiture.\\n1128 [St.] Bernard draws up the stat-\\nutes of the newly founded order of\\nTemplars.\\n1130 Pierre de Bruys, a reformer, is\\nburnt as a heretic at St. Gilles, Langue-\\ndoc. His followers are called Petro-\\nBrusianes.\\n1139 Home. The llth Council, the\\nsecond Lateran, is held to condemn the\\nerrors of Arnold of Brescia and others.\\n1144* Louis seeks absolution of the\\nPope.\\n1146* *-49* Second Crusade 100,-\\n000 soldiers follow the king.\\n1147 Louis VII. joins in the Crusade\\nto atone for his sins.\\nLETTERS.\\n1050+ La Vie de Saint Alexis appears.\\nllth Century. Chanson de Roland is writ-\\nten. Le lioi Louis and Le pUerinage de\\nCharlemagne appear.\\n1100* *-1500* Period of the Trou-\\nveres of Normandy.\\nThey write in the old French language,\\nthe Walloon, or langue d oU their pro-\\nductions consist of satires and romances,\\ntales of knavery and adventure, legends\\naud historical anecdotes.\\n1100-1- *The poems of V/illiam IX.,\\nCount of Poitiers, written in Proven-\\ncal, Assises de Jerusalem of Godfrey de\\nBouillon and La Vie de Saint Grigoire\\nappear.\\nMontpellier s school of medicine be-\\ngins to acquire fame.\\n1125+ Le Voyage de Saint Brendan,\\nby Benedict, appears.\\n1135 -48 Marcabrnm the trouba-\\ndour writes about 40 poems of much\\nmerit.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1031 -32 Famine produces de-\\nmoralization.\\nThe famine is caused by deranged sea-\\nsons, and the neglect of tillage by second-\\nadvent expectations. Human flesh is\\nsold in the public market at Tournus\\nchildren are decoyed and killed to fur-\\nnish food for the starving. Corpses are\\nleft unburied in the streets because of\\nthe great mortality. Troops of wolves\\nprey upon the smitten people. [1034. A\\nprodigious harvest is gathered.]\\n1035 The Peace of God is com-\\nmanded by the clergy it aims to prevent\\nprivate wars and personal feuds its en-\\nforcement is impossible, as it prohibits\\nall war.\\n1041\u00c2\u00b1 The Truce of God is estab-\\nlished. (See Church.)\\n1051 Henry marries Anne, daugh-\\nter of the grand-duke of Muscovy, in\\nRussia.\\n1070\u00c2\u00b1 Philip I. is given to habitual\\nlicentiousness and debauchery he ob-\\ntains money by simony to pay the ex-\\npenses of vice.\\n1092* Philip I., having imprisoned\\nBertha, his wife, elopes with Bertrade\\nde Montfort, wife of Comte de Anjou,\\nand bribes a bishop to bless the union.\\n[Both are excommunicated.]\\n1100+ Domestic comforts multiply.\\nAll houses are covered with thatch,\\nneither tiles nor slate are used window-\\nglass and carpets are not wholly un-\\nknown floors of common houses are\\nstrewn with clean rushes every morning.\\n1108 -16 Contests arise between\\nthe king- and the barons.\\nThey pillage travelers, or confine\\nthem in dungeons for ransom, plunder\\nchurches and monasteries, and destroy\\npublic order and government.\\nSTATE.\\n1028* *-35* *Eobert I., The\\nDevil, is Duke of Normandy.\\n1030 Lille is founded by Baldwin IV.\\nof Flanders.\\n1031-1060 Henry I., son of Robert I.,\\nreigns.\\nHenry s brother Robert contends for\\nthe throne; he is encouraged by his\\nmother Constance the rebellion is sup-\\npressed by the aid of Robert, Duke of\\nNormandy.\\n1032* Provence, in Southeastern\\nFrance, is reunited to the German Em-\\npire by Conrad II.\\n1035 July 22. Robert I. dies at Ni-\\nca?a.\\n1041 The Truce of God is intro-\\nduced. (See Church.)\\n1044 Touraine is ceded to Geoffrey,\\nComte dAnjou.\\nHenry I. marries Anna, daughter of\\nTaroslaf, Duke of Russia.\\n1046 William [the Conqueror] con-\\ntends with William of Arques for the\\nduchy of Normandy.\\n1060 Aug. 4. Henry I. dies.\\n1060-1108 Philip I., aged eight years,\\nson of Henry, reigns Baldwin V., Count\\nof Flanders, is guardian and regent\\n(10G0-67).\\n1066 Eng. William I., Duke of Nor-\\nmandy, obtains the Crown of Eng-\\nland by the defeat of Harold at the\\nbattle of Hastings, and transfers his\\ncapital from Rouen to London. [Reigns\\nuntil 1087.]\\n1075+ Robert Curthose, Duke of\\nNormandy, son of William the Con-\\nqueror, rebels against his father for\\nseveral years.\\n1087 Sept. 9. William I., the Con-\\nqueror, dies near Rouen.\\n1092 Philip I. deserts his wife [and\\nis excommunicated by the Pope].\\n1099 July 23. Godfrey de Bouillon,\\nDuke of Lorraine, is made King of Jeru-\\nsalem by the Crusaders. [1100. He dies.]\\nThe sovereignty of France reaches its\\nlowest degree of power.\\nThere is a notable growth of town\\nliberties.\\n1100* Philip I., fearing his excom-\\nmunication may lead to dethronement,\\ncrowns his son Louis, but becomes\\njealous and persecutes him.\\nProvence passes to the counts of\\nBarcelona [later to Aragon].\\n1106* Henry I. of England takes\\npossession of Normandy after defeating\\nhis brother, Duke Robert, at the battle\\nof Tinchebray.\\n1108 July 29. Philip I. dies.\\n1108-1137 Louis VI., the Fat, son or\\nPhilip I., reigns.\\nHe is an able sovereign, of tireless ac-\\ntivity and great bravery; he secures\\nmuch support from the clergy and laity\\nof the cities, and forces many nobles into\\nsubmission Suger, Abbot of St. Denis,\\nis Minister.\\nSeveral cities obtain charters by which\\nthey are erected into communes with\\nself-government; and on payment of\\na tax are freed from court interfer-\\nence.\\n-16 Contests occur with the\\nnobles. (See Society.)\\n1110* Maine, in Northern France, is\\nunited with Anjou.\\n1112 Marseilles becomes a republic\\n[but soon passes under the rule of a\\nbishop].\\n1119 Aug. 20. Normandy is secured\\nto the Crown of England by Henry I.\\non the defeat of Louis VI. at the battle\\nof Brennville.\\n1129 Louis crowns his eldest son\\nPhilippe as joint king. [1131. Killed\\nby a fall from his horse.]\\nGeoffrey Plantagenet of Anjou mar-\\nries Matilda, daughter of Henry I. of\\nEngland.\\n1135 Charters are granted to cities\\nand towns by Louis VI.\\n1137 Aug. 2. The king s son Louis\\nmarries Eleanor, daughter of William\\nof Aquitaine, and heiress of Poitou, Gui-\\nenne, and Gascony.\\nLouis VI. dies.\\n1137-1180 Louis VH., the Young, son.\\nof Louis VI., reigns.\\nHe is enthroned at the age of 17\\nSuger is Minister.\\n1142 The Pope lays the kingdom un-\\nder interdict because of the opposition\\nof Louis to the papal nomination of an\\narchbishop of Bourges.\\n1143 Louis sets fire to the castle of\\nthe rebel Thibaut, Count of Champagne,\\nat Vitry. The flames spread to the\\nchurch, to which the inhabitants of tbe\\ntown had fled for refuge, and 1,300 per-\\nsons are burned to death.\\n1144 Louis invests Geoffrey Plan-\\ntagenet with the duchy of Normandy,\\nfor which he had waged war against\\nStephen of Blois.\\n1147 Louis VII. joins the Second.\\nCrusade, and goes to the East. [1149,.\\nHe returns.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0681.jp2"}, "682": {"fulltext": "670 1150,**-1245/\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1187 Asia Minor. Guy of Lusignan\\nis defeated and captured by Saladin, and\\nthe kingdom of Jerusalem is over-\\nturned.\\n1189 Philip II. creates the first mili-\\ntia; they are called Ribalds.\\n1190 Philip II. sets out on the Third\\nCrusade.\\n[1191. Syria. Aereistaken. Philip\\nreturns, and attacks Hormandy in the\\nabsence of Kichard of England.]\\n1194 Philip II. is defeated at Fre-\\nteval by Kichard of England, who re-\\ncovers Normandy. [1199. Five years\\ntruce with England.]\\n1202 Philip II., espousing the claim\\nof Prince Arthur to the crown of Eng-\\nland, is at war with the reigning King\\nJohn. [Aug. 1. King John captures the\\nCastle of Mirabeau, near Poitiers.]\\n1203 Philip II. invades Normandy\\nhis pretext is revenge for the killing of\\nPrince Arthur.\\n[1204. He besieges and captures the\\nfortress of Chateau Gaillard, on the\\nSeine he conquers and annexes to\\nthe crown of Frame the greater part of\\nNormandy, together with Anjou, Maine,\\nTouraine, and a portion of Poitou he\\nenters Rouen, the Norman capital, in tri-\\numph.]\\n1208 -29 A crusade of perse-\\ncution, under the leadership of Simon\\nde Montfort, is carried on against the\\nJews and Albigenses.\\n[1209. July 22. He storms and captures\\nBe*ziers, in which the Albigenses had\\ntaken refuge he massacres the inhabi-\\ntants by the thousand, and burns the\\ncity. He takes Carcassone on the\\nAude 450 of the Albigenses are burned.\\nThe whole of Languedoc, except the\\ncounty of Toulouse, submits to the per-\\nsecuting Crusaders. [1211. He defeats\\nRaymond VI., Count of Toulouse (and\\nthe county of Toulouse is conquered).]\\n1213 Sept. 12. De Montfort totally de-\\nfeats the Albigenses under Raymond VI.,\\nCount of Toulouse, and Pedro II., King\\nof Aragon, at Muret Pedro is killed.\\n1214 Aug. 29. Battle of Bouvines.\\nPhilip II. defeats 150,000 Germans,\\nSaxons, and English under the Emperor\\nOtto IV., who is in alliance with Ferrand\\nof Flanders and John of England, against\\nFrance. Loss of Otto, 30,000.\\n1216 May 30. Eng. Louis, son of\\nPhilip, lands with an army in England\\non the invitation of disaffected barons,\\nwho offer him the English crown. (See\\nState.)\\nEng. Dover resists the French.\\n1217. May 20. The French invaders are\\ndefeated at the battle of Lincoln. Aug.\\n24. A French fleet is sent from Calais\\nto aid Prince Louis in England later,\\nit is defeated by Hubert de Burgh, and\\nthe expedition to England becomes hope-\\nless. J\\n1217 Sept. 13. Raymond enters Tou-\\nlouse [and is there besieged by Simon\\nde Montfort. 1218. June 23. Simon\\nde Montfort is killed by a stone at this\\nsiege]\\nPhilip U. sends his son Prince Louis\\nwith 30 counts and 10,000 archers against\\nthe Albigenses.\\n1219 The Prince Louis joins Amaury\\nMontfort at the siege of Marmande\\non the Garonne, and the inhabitants are\\nmassacred after surrendering.\\n1223* -26 Another crusade is car-\\nried on against Raymond VI., Count of\\nToulouse, whose lands are declared for-\\nfeited by Louis VIII.\\n1224* Louis invades Poitou, and\\ntakes Rochelle.\\n1226* Louis besieges Avignon on the\\nRhone, which surrenders after heroic\\nresistance many of the inhabitants are\\nmassacred.\\n1241 Louis IX. attempts to make his\\nbrother Alphonse Lord of Poitou and\\nAuvergne the barons resist, and are\\naided by Henry III. of England.\\n1242 July 20. Battle of Taillebourg.\\nLouis defeats Henry III. of England\\nand the revolting Baron Hugh de Lusi-\\ngnan, Comte de La Marche. [July 21.\\nDefeated again with La Marche at the\\nbattle of Saintes; later, a five years\\ntruce with England is concluded.]\\n1244 The war with the Albigenses\\nends by their extermination.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1156 Raymond VI.. Comte de Toulouse,\\ndefender of Albigenses, born. [1222. lues.\\nA 66.]\\n1165* Villehardouin, Geoffroy de, his-\\ntorian, diplomatist, b. [1213. D. A48.]\\nPhilip II.. king, born. [1223. D. A58.]\\nWilliam the Breton, historian, born. [1220.\\nDies. A 55.]\\n1169* *John de Matha, Saint, Provencal\\nmonk, born. [1213. Dies. A44.]\\n1183 Aug. 3. Arnoul, bishop of Lisieux,\\nwriter, dies.\\n1201* Thibaut, Comte de Champagne,\\ntroubadour, born. [1253. Dies. A52.]\\nFoulques de Nt inlly, clergyman, orator, d.\\nSorbon, Robert de, tliculugiftn, t dr. Sorbonne\\nCollege, born. [1274. Dies. A73.J\\n1209 Atnalric of Dene, heretic, dies.\\n1215 Auvergne, Pierre d troubadour, d.\\nLouis IX., Saint Louis, king, born. [1268.\\nAug. 25. Dies. A55.]\\n1224* Joinville, Jean, Sire de, chroni-\\ncler, born. [1319. Dies. A95.]\\n1235 Xorris, Guillaume de. poet, born.\\n[1265. Dies. A30.]\\nArnoldus. Villa Nova de, pbys., theol.,\\nastrol., alchemist, b. [1314. D. A79.]\\n1240* Kamchi (Kiinhi), David, Hebrew\\nscholar, dies.\\n1244 Molay, or Molai, Jacques de, last\\ngrand master of the Templars, born. [1314.\\nDies. A70.]\\nCHURCH.\\n1153 Borne. Anastasius IV. is pope.\\n[1154, Adrian IV.; 1159, Alexander TIL;\\n1181, Lucius III.; 1185, Urban III.; 1187,\\nGregory VIII. later, Clement III.]\\n1167* *The word transubstantia-\\ntion is first used by Peter of Blois.\\n1170 Archbishop Becket returns to\\nEngland.\\nThe advance gnard of Protestant-\\nism appears.\\nThe AValdenses appear, chiefly at Albi-\\ngeois and Toulouse. They derive their\\nname from Peter Waldo, a merchant re-\\nsiding in Lyons they spread over the\\nvalley of Piedmont, and circulate the\\nScriptures.\\n1174 [St.] Bernard is canonized by\\nthe Pope.\\n1179 Mar. 5-19. Rome. The 12 th\\nChurch Council.\\nIt is the third Lateran, and is convened\\nto condemn the errors and impieties\\nof the Waldenses and Albigenses.\\n1182 Philip II. banishes the Jews\\nfrom France, and confiscates their prop-\\nerty.\\n1189* *-92* *The Third Crusade;\\nKichard Creur-de-Lion, leader. (See\\nGreat Britain.)\\n1190 King Philip joins the Crusade.\\n1191* Rome. Celestine III. is pope.\\n[1198. Innocent III.]\\n1198+ John de Matha and Felix de\\nTalois found an order of the Trinity,\\ncalled Mathurins.\\nMatha founds the Order of Mercy\\nfor the redemption of captives held by\\nthe Saracens.\\n1200 Jan* The Pope excommunicates\\nPhilip II.\\nHe issues an interdict against him for\\nrejecting his lawful wife the churches\\nare closed for eight months, and the\\noffices of religion are for the most part\\nsuspended.\\n1202* *-04* The Fourth Crusade.\\nIt is instigated by Pope Innocent III.,\\nand chiefly directed against Egypt; the\\npowerful French barons, assisted by\\nBaldwin, Count of Flanders, and Boni-\\nface, Marquis of Montferrat, are leaders.\\n1203 Innocent III. sends two legates\\nto extirpate heresy among the Albi-\\nParis. A Cistercian convent [Port\\nEoyaldes Champs] is founded by Bishop\\nOdo.\\n1208 By the proclamation of Innocent\\nIII. the massacre of the Albigenses and\\nWaldenses at Toulouse begins.\\n[Simon de Montfort is the merciless\\nleader thousands fall by the sword and\\nthousands more by the gibbet. 1223.\\nThe crusade continues.]\\n1215* Rome. The 13th Church\\nCouncil. It is the fourth Lateran, and\\nasserts and confirms the dogma of tran-\\nsubstantiation and the necessity for the\\nreformation of abuses and the extirpa-\\ntion of heresy.\\n1216* Rome. Honorms III. is pope.\\n[1227. Gregory IX.]\\nThe Dominicans in France are called\\nJacobins because their first convent is\\na hospital for the pilgrims of St. James\\n(Jacobus) at Paris.\\n1225 A church council is held in\\nBourges Louis is charged to extirpate\\nthe heretics.\\n1228* *-29* -Frederick II., Emperor\\nof the West, leads the Fifth Crusade\\nJerusalem is regained for a short time.\\n1229 The inquisition is established\\nin Toulouse as a regular tribunal. [1233.\\nIn Aragon.]\\nThe Council of Toulouse forbids the\\nlaity to have in their possession any\\ncopy of the Old or New Testaments\\nexcept the Psalter.\\n1241 Rome. Celestine IV. is pope.\\n[1243. Innocent IV.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1150 -1350 Period of the Fa-\\nbliaux.\\nThe Fabliaux poets are wandering\\nminstrels, chiefly of the North, who earn", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0682.jp2"}, "683": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1150, *-1245,\\n671\\n[The best known of their productions\\nare] Les deux Bordeors Ribaux, Le\\nVoir Palefroi, La Housse Partie, Sire\\nHainet Dame Anieuse, Hrunain la Vac he\\nau Prestre, Le LHt des Perdrix, Le sot\\nChevalier, The Two Englishmen and the\\nLamb, The Boy and the Mantle, Le Vi-\\ntainMire, Le Vilain qui rouquist Paradis\\npar Plaist, Flore la Courtisane, Landri,\\nand the several versions of the German\\nfable, Reynard the Fox.\\n1157 Llle et Galeron, by Gautier d Ar-\\nras, appears.\\n1158\u00c2\u00b1 Paris has colleges of theology,\\nphilosophy, and law.\\nThe lays, Daniel, the Ten Virgins,\\nAdam, and St. Nicholas, appear.\\nAlexandre, by Lambert the Short\\nand Alexandre of Bernay, appears.\\nBenoist de Sainte Maure writes His-\\ntoire des Dues de Xormaiulie, Le Roman\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0d Eneas, Roman de Troie, etc.\\nLe Charroi de Nwies appears also,\\nLa Chevalerie Vivien the chansons, Gi-\\nrardle houssill ou and Hitonde Bordeaux;\\nthe Horn, a tale, and the chansons,\\nRaoul de Cambrai, Amis et Amiles, Jour-\\ndain de Blaie, .Roman des Loherains,\\nAliscans, and Couronnement de Louis.\\nOgier le de Dan-marche, by Kaim-\\nbert of Paris, appears.\\nGuinqlain, by Renaud, appears.\\n1160 Montpellierhas a school of law.\\n[1180. The University is founded\\n1181. William VIII., Lord of Montpel-\\nlier, proclaims the Montpellier school\\none of free resort.]\\nParis. The Sentences, compiled by\\nPeter Lombard, appear.\\n1170+ Chrestien de Troees writes\\nChevalier au lion, Lancelot en lacharette,\\nPerceval le Gallois author of a trans-\\nlation of Ovid, Tristan, Erec y Cliges, etc.\\n1180* *-82* *Quesnes de Bethune\\nwrites ten songs.\\n1185+ La Chanson de Jerusalem, by\\nGraindor de Douai, appears.\\n1200+ Paris. The University of\\nFrance is founded.\\nThe chansons, Le Chevalier au\\nCygne, La Prise d* Orange, Le Moniage\\nGuillaume, Garin de Loherain, Hugues\\nCapet, Fierabras, and Macarie, appear.\\nJean Bodel writes Chansondes Sax-\\nons, Jeu de Saint Nicolas, etc.\\nAudefroi le Bastard writes Belle\\nIdoine, etc.\\n1205 -89 L Histoire de Baudouin\\nappears.\\n1208* Paris. [The University]\\nfounded by William Champeaux as a\\nschool of dialectics receives its first writ-\\nten statutes.\\n1212* *-25* Bertrand d Alamanon\\nwrites Aimeri de Narbonne, Girard de\\nVienne, and other poems and legends.\\n1220+ Marie de France is the author\\nof poems, Gugemer, Equitan, Le Frhie,\\nLe Biscloveret, Lanval, Les Deux A-\\nmants, Yivenec, J,e Laustic, Milun, Le\\nChaitivel, Le Chvvrefeuille, Eliduc,\\nG-raelent, and L Epine.\\n1223 Paris. The schools of Paris\\nare incorporated into one body, and\\ntake the title of university.\\n1229+ A university is established at\\nToulouse. [1333. It receives from the\\nPope its full privileges.]\\n1237 Guillaume de Lorris writes the\\nRoman de la Rose.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1152* The king divorces Eleanor be-\\ncause of her disgraceful conduct. (See\\nState.) She marries Henry II. [of Eng-\\nland, and inspires the revolt of his sons].\\n1183 July 20. The 7,000 fanatical mer-\\ncenaries who were employed to extermi-\\nnate the Albigenses are massacred at\\nChateaudun by capuchons.\\n1193 *-95 *The people suffer from\\na severe famine followed by pestilential\\nfever.\\n1198 Jan. 1-1438* Paris. The Fes-\\ntival of Fools is celebrated by acts of\\nbuffoonery and a variety of absurdities.\\n1223+ Wood platters and pewter\\ntrenchers are employed for plates, and\\ndrinking-vessels are of silver, horn, or\\nearthenware.\\n1224 Louis VIII. gives freedom to\\nhis serfs. [1261. He suppresses private\\nwars and judicial combats.]\\nSTATE.\\n1152 Abbot Suger, of St. Denis, the\\nking s minister, dies.\\nMar. Louis divorces his wife, Elea-\\nnor of Poitou.\\nEleanor marries Henry of Anjou.\\nHenry thereby obtains possession of\\nPoitou, Guienne, Gascony, and Maine\\n[until 1152 they are added to the do-\\nminions of England on his accession in\\n1154].\\n1154* Bordeaux is held by the Eng-\\nlish kings.\\n1156* Henry LT., King of England,\\ndoes homage to Louis at Rouen for the\\nEnglish possessions in Aquitaine.\\n1159 Thomas a Becket conies to\\nFrance as an ambassador from England\\nto affiance King Henry s son to the\\ndaughter of Louis.\\n1174* *The principality of Orange is\\nruled by the house of Giraud Adhemar.\\n[1182. By the house of Baux.]\\n1180 Sept. 18. Louis VII. dies.\\n1180-1223 Philip H., Augustus.\\nPhilip, son of Louis TIL, becomes\\nking.\\n[He is enthroned at the age of 15, and\\nis the most sagacious prince of his time\\nhe consolidates and nearly doubles the\\nextent of the dominion of France.]\\n1184* *1648* *Besanpon is a free\\nimperial city.\\n13th Century. Paris has a remarkable de-\\nvelopment during the reigns of Philip\\nAugustus and St. Louis.\\n1186 Vermandois is united to France\\nby Philip II.\\nGuy of Lusignan succeeds to the\\nthrone of Jerusalem at the death of\\nBaldwin V. [1187. He is conquered by\\nSaladin, and released after surrendering\\nhis right to the throne.]\\n1191 Artois is annexed to France.\\n1192 Philip n. marries Ingeburga,\\nsister of the King of Denmark.\\n[He divorces her, and marries Agnes de\\nMeranie but the Pope, by laying France\\nunder interdict, compels him to discard\\nthe latter, and reinstate Ingeburga.]\\nGuy of Lusignan, after surrendering\\nhis claim to the kingdom of Jerusalem\\nto Saladin, transfers his right to Richard\\nI. of England in exchange for Cyprus.\\n1195* *-1222* *Kaymond VI. is\\nCount of Toulouse.\\n1200 Louis [VIII.] marries Blanche,\\ngranddaughter of Henry II. of England.\\n1202 Philip supports Prince Ar-\\nthur s right to the throne of England.\\n[1203. Apr. 3. Arthur is murdered,\\nprobably by orders of his uncle, King\\nJohn, in the castle of Rouen.]\\n1203 Touraine is seized by Philip\\nAugustus. [1204. He conquers all Nor-\\nmandy except the Channel Islands.]\\nPhilip summons John to answer for\\nthe murder of Arthur.\\nJohn failing to appear, Philip declares\\nhis possessions in France forfeited to\\nthe French Crown, and he seizes Nor-\\nmandy, Anjou and Poitou, Maine and\\nAquitaine.\\nPhilip rejects the Pope s claim to ar-\\nbitrate between France and England.\\n1210* Gr. Geoffroy Villehardouin\\nobtains the Frankish principality of\\nAchaia.\\n1213 The Pope invites Philip II. to\\nmake war upon England, then under\\nthe ban of the Church Philip prepares\\nan expedition, but King John meanwhile\\nmakes peace with the Pope.\\n1214* A league formed against France\\nby Otho, the German emperor, is joined\\nby John of England.\\nMarseilles becomes a republic. [1251.\\nIt becomes subject to the counts of\\nProvence.]\\n1215* Vermandois is again incorpo-\\nrated with the monarchy.\\n1216 Louis, son of Philip, is invited\\nto England by the barons.\\nHe is crowned at London but the\\nEnglish refusing to support him after\\nKing John s death, lie is obliged to aban-\\ndon the expedition and return to France.\\n1223 July 14. Philip n. dies.\\n1223-1226 Louis VIII., the Lion, son\\nof Philip II., reigns.\\n1226 Nov. 8. Louis VILT. dies at\\nMontpensier.\\n1226-1270 Louis IX. [St. Louis], aged\\n11 years, son of Louis VIII., reigns his\\nmother, Blanche, is regent during his\\nminority.\\n1229 Part of the county of Toulouse\\nis annexed.\\n1234 May 27. Louis IX. marries Mar-\\nguerite, daughter of the Count of Pro-\\nvence.\\nChartres (purchased), Blois, and San-\\ncerre are ceded to the Crown. [1239.\\nMacon is purchased.]\\n1245 An edict is issued that fiefs\\nshall not be held under both the King of\\nEngland and the King of France.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0683.jp2"}, "684": {"fulltext": "672 1245,* *-1320,**.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1248* Louis undertakes the Sixth\\nCrusade.\\n[1249. Egypt. He captures Damietta\\nou the Nile. 1250 Apr. 6. He proceeds\\nagainst Cairo, and is defeated at the bat-\\ntle of Mansurah on the Nile, hy the\\nSultan Tooranshah (Almoaden) he sur-\\nrenders his entire army to the Saracens\\nlater, for his ransom lie pays a sum of\\nmoney, and restores Damietta to the\\nTurks.]\\n1259 Peace is concluded with Eng-\\nland.\\n1266 Feb. 26. It. Charles of Anjou,\\nbrother of Louis IX., defeats Manfred,\\nKing of Sicily, at Benevento [and\\nmakes himself King of Naples andSicily].\\n1267 -70 Afr. Louis carries on a\\ncrusade against the Moslems in Tunis,\\nbut fails he dies of fever.\\n1282 France is involved in the war\\nbetween Charles of Anjou and Pedro of\\nAragon, both of them claiming the\\nthrone of Naples and Sicily.\\nA holy crusade is organized against\\nthe Aragonese and the rebellious Sicil-\\nians the French are expelled from\\nSicily. (See Society, Sicilian Vespers.)\\n1284 The first French admiral is\\nappointed.\\n1285 Sept. 7. Sp. Gerona capitu-\\nlates to the French after a siege of three\\nmonths [but the campaign is unsuccess-\\nfal].\\n1291 The war with Aragon is con-\\ncluded by a treaty.\\n1297 The French successfully invade\\nFlanders.\\n1299 -1304 Belg. The French\\nbesiege Ghent, as an ally of the Flem-\\nings against theircount, Guy Pampierre\\nGhent surrenders, and a French governor\\noccupies Flanders.\\n1302 Mar. Belg. A revolt breaks\\nout against the oppression of the French\\ngovernor 3,000 French are massacred.\\n1302 July 11. Belg. Battle of Cour-\\ntrai.\\nThe Flemings, 20,000 strong, defeat\\n40,000 French under Robert of Artois.\\n[It is called the Battle of the Spurs,\\n4,000 gilt spurs having been captured.]\\n1304 Aug. 18. King Philip VI. de-\\nfeats the Flemings at Mons-en-P6-\\nvele. [He concludes peace.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1253* Paris. The Academy called the\\nSorbonne is established by Louis IX.,\\nRobert Sorbon, and Guillaume de Saint\\nAmour.\\nArts multiply.\\nPaper is manufactured from linen rags,\\nthe art of silk weaving and dyeing is in-\\ntroduced. Windmills are set up, cane-\\nsugar and Turkey wheat are brought in.\\n1270 Paris. The church of Notre\\nDame is built.\\n1278* Paris. Philip III. authorizes\\nthe confraternity of surgeons, formed\\nby Jean Pitard.\\n1317* Paris. Entry of Henri IV. is\\nexhibited by Francois Gerard in the\\nSalon.\\n1320 Delicate lace is manufactured.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1245* Philip m.. the Bold, king, born.\\n[1285. Dies. A40.]\\n1250 Feb. 7. Robert, Count of Artois,\\nkilled at Mansurah.\\n1268* Philip IV.. the Fair, king, born.\\n[1314. Dies. A46-]\\n1280* Meung-, Jean de, romancer, born.\\n[1330. Dies. A50.]\\nDuraiul, Guillaume de, St., Pourcain, bishop,\\nborn. 1332. Dies. A52\u00c2\u00b1.]\\n1293* Philip V., king, b. [1322. D. A29.]\\nPhilip VI., king, born. [1350. D. A570\\n1294* Charles IV., the Fair, born. [1328.\\nDies. A34,]\\n1296 Beaumanoir, Philippe de, jurist, d.\\n130O* Cervolle, Arnaud de, adventurer,\\nborn. [1366. Dies. A66.]\\n1 3 1 1 Coney, Robert de, architect, dies.\\n1315 Buridan, Jean, philosopher, born.\\n[1358. Dies. A43.]\\n1320* Duguesclin, Bertrand, constable,\\nborn. [1380. Dies. A66.]\\nCHURCH.\\n1245 June 28. The 14th Church\\nCouncil.\\nItisthefirst ecumenical synod of Lyons;\\nit convenes to promote the Crusades, re-\\nstore ecclesiastical discipline, etc.\\n1248 -54 Louis IX. leads the un-\\nimportant Sixth Crusade.\\n13th Century. Several religious orders\\ncommence alms-begging.\\n1251 Uprising of the Pastoureaux.\\nMultitudes of ignorant peasants, led by\\nan adventurer, le Maitre de Hongrie,\\noverrun the provinces, clamoring against\\nthe Church, the bishops, and the monas-\\ntic orders, and occasionally sacrificing\\nlives. At Orleans the whole populace\\nrise against the priests, and twenty-five\\nare massacred. It is put down by force,\\nand the leaders killed.\\n1252 Paris. Robert de Sorbon founds\\nthe Sorbonne society of ecclesiastics.\\nThe members live in community, devote\\nthemselves to study and to teaching with-\\nout pay.\\n1254 Rome. Alexander IT. is pope.\\n[1261, Urban IV 1265, Clement VI.]\\n1269 [St.] Louis IX. confirms the\\nrights of the nation and safeguard of\\nthe Gallican Church by the Pragmatic\\nSanction.\\n1270 Paris. The church of Notre\\nDame is built.\\nLouis IX. leads the Seventh [and last]\\nCrusade he goes to Tunis, where he\\nand most of his army perish by sickness.\\n1271* Pome. Gregory X. is pope.\\n[1276, Innocent V.; later, Adrian V.; later,\\nJohn XXI. 1277, Nicholas III. 1281. Mar-\\ntin IV- 12S5, Flonorms IV. ]2\u00c2\u00abs, Nicholas\\nIV.; 1294, [St.] Oles tine V. later, Boniface\\nVIII.]\\n1274 May 7-June 17. The 15th Coun-\\ncil of the Church.\\nIt is the second ecumenical synod of\\nLyons, convenes to promote the union\\nof the Greek and the Latin Churches a\\ntemporary union is effected, members\\nbeing present from the East.\\nThe council reduces the numerous\\nmendicant friars to four orders, Domin-\\nicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, and\\nAugustines.\\n1296 The Pope has a contention with\\nPhilip IV. (See State.)\\n1297 It. Louis LX. is canonized.\\n1301 It. Pope Boniface VIII. issues\\nhis anathema against the king.\\n1302 The three estates convene in\\ngeneral diet.\\nThey unanimously maintain the inde-\\npendence of France against the as-\\nsumptions of Pope Boniface, who de-\\nclares every one a heretic who does not\\nbelieve in the temporal subjection of the\\nking and people to the Pope. [France\\nis placed under an interdict.]\\n1303 Philip IV. seizes the person of\\nthe Pope.\\nBenedict XI. is pope. [1304-05. The\\nHoly See is vacant two years. 1305.\\nClement V.]\\n1307* *-08* The Knights Templars\\nare persecuted and suppressed.\\n1309 The Holy See is removed from\\nRome, and established at Avignon,\\nSouth France. [It remains for 70 years.]\\nParis. Many Templars are burned\\nfor witchcraft.\\n1311 Oct. 16-12, Apr. 3, May 6. The\\nlGth Council of the Church, the synod\\nof Vienne, convenes to suppress the\\nKnights Templars, etc.\\n1314* The immense property of the\\nKnights Templars is confiscated to the\\nState.\\n1316 John XXLT. is pope.\\nNicholas V., the anti-pope, is nomi-\\nnated by Louis IV., who holds his court\\nat Rome, where he is seized by Pope\\nJohn and imprisoned.\\n1317 A papal bull condemns a sect of\\nstrict Franciscan monks called Pratri-\\ncelli, or Little Brethren; they suffer\\npersecution.\\n1318 The king joins in the persecu-\\ntions of the Franciscan mendicants.\\nUnder the title of Spirituals they vig-\\norously attack the corruptions of the\\npapacy, and are denounced as heretics;\\nmany are burned at the stake in Langue-\\ndoc and Provence. [1319. More Fran-\\nciscans are burned.]\\n1320 A second uprising of the Pas-\\ntoureaux occurs.\\nThey roam the country with arms, and\\ncommit frightful excesses, especially\\nagainst the Jews they are excommuni-\\ncated by the Pope, surrounded near\\nAigues Mortes, and massacred by hun-\\ndreds and thousands.\\nLETTERS.\\n1245 Gautier de Metz translates vari-\\nous Latin works into verse, and forms a\\nsort of cyclopaedia.\\n1247 The first concordance to the\\nBible is made by monks, under the direc-\\ntion of Hugo de St. Caro it is based on\\none compiled by St. Anthony of Padua.\\n1250+ The University of Orleans\\nis a studium generale.\\n[1305. It is endowed with new privi-\\nleges. 14th Century. It becomes emi-\\nnent for its faculty of arts.]\\nThe University of Angers receives\\nits charter.\\nThe Renaud de Montauban appears.\\nRoman de Renart, Le Coitronnemenf\\nde Renart, Renart le Nouvel, Renart le\\nContrefait, Renart le Bestonne, and other\\nversions of the German epic, Reynard\\nthe Fox, appears.\\nThe Roman de la Poire appears also\\nDe Venus la Diesse d Amors, Livres de\\nliaison, Huon de Bordeaux, Audigier, Au-\\ncassin et Nicolette.\\nThe Lay of the Honeysuckle, tradi-\\ntionally assigned to St. Tristan, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0684.jp2"}, "685": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1245, **-1320,\\n673\\n13th Century. Jeude la Feuille and Jen fie\\nRobin et Marion, by Adam de la Halle,\\nthe Hunchback of Arras, appear.\\n1252* Paris. Robert deSorbon founds\\nthe college called the Sorbonne, for\\nsecular ecclesiastics to study theology.\\n1253 Thibaut de Champagne, King of\\nNavarre, author of 70\u00c2\u00b1 chansons and\\njeux-partis, dies.\\n1260 The Chronique de Reims appears.\\n1275\u00c2\u00b1 Adans le Roi writes versions\\nof the Chansons de (testes Les enfances\\nOgier, Berte aux grans Pies, nn Bueves\\nde Commarchis.\\n1277\u00c2\u00b1 Roman de la Rose (continua-\\ntion), by Jean de Meung, appears.\\n1285\u00c2\u00b1 Rutebceuf the trouvere is the\\nauthor of many works.\\nLa Pauvrete Rutebceuf, La Mariage\\nRutebceuf, Renart de Bestourne, Le t)it\\ndes Cordeliers, Frere Denise, Le Dit de\\nI Frbirie, Complainte d Outremer, Com-\\nplainte de Constantinople, JJit de la Vote\\nde Tunes, D6bat du roise ct du Decroise\\nLa Repentance Rufebmuf, Le Voie de Pa-\\nradis, Thhrphile, a miracle play, etc.\\n1289 Oct. 26. The University of\\nMontpellier is raised by Pope Nicholas\\nIV. to the rank of studium generale.\\n1300 The University of Lyons is\\nfounded.\\n1303 The University of Avignon is\\nfirst recognized as a studium generale.\\n[1421. Its faculty of theology is recog-\\nnized by the Pope.]\\n1304 Guillaume Guiart writes a poet-\\nical chronicle of the thirteenth century.\\n-09 Histoire de Saint Louis, by\\nJean de Joinville, appears.\\n1310+ Baudoin de S bourg appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1273 King Philip III. grants his first\\npatent of nobility to his goldsmith, as\\nan attack upon the feudal barons and\\nall the aristocracy.\\n1282 Mar. 30. Sicily. Sicilian Ves-\\npers the French are massacred at Pa-\\nlermo and throughout the island.\\n1291 May 1. Philip IV. causes all the\\nItalian money-lenders in France to be\\nimprisoned, so as to obtain ransom\\nmoney.\\nThe Crusades have unexpected,\\nvaluable, and far-reaching results.\\nThe spirit of adventure is stimulated,\\nliterature is revived, the arts and sciences\\npromoted, and free thought and liberal\\nideas are increased in the world.\\n1305 Duelling by civilians is pro-\\nhibited.\\n1310 May 10. Paris. Fifty-four\\nKnights Templars are burned alive the\\nking covets their property.\\n1312 Mar. 23. Pope Clement, under\\nthe pressure of Philip, abolishes the\\norder of Knights Templars through-\\nout Europe.\\nTheir property is to go to the Knights\\nHospitallers, and two-thirds of their\\nmovable property to France. The cu-\\npidity of the French kings is the cause\\nof their suppression.\\n1314 Mar. 18. Paris. J a que s de\\nMolay, the last grand master of the\\nKnights Templars, is burned alive.\\nSumptuary laws enacted.\\nThe size of the cloak and robe, the\\nbreadth of the trimming, and the num-\\nber of suits possessed by each person, are\\nregulated by law. Also the diet, in-\\neluding the hour of meals and the num-\\nber of dishes. It is genteel to eat from,\\neach other s plates.\\nMarguerite, wife of Louis X., is con-\\nvicted of adultery, imprisoned, and\\nstrangled. She is an obstacle to the\\nking, but her crime is unproved.\\n1315* *-16* *A terrible famine oc-\\ncurs; the people devour the flesh of\\nhorses, dogs, cats, and vermin.\\nSTATE.\\n1245 The gradual introduction of Ro-\\nman law, and the regular constitution\\nof the Parliament, forming a high court\\nof justice, greatly aids royal power in\\nsuppressing feudal jurisdiction.\\n1246 Charles of Anjou founds the\\nAngevin line of counts of Provence.\\n1248 Aug. 25. The king sails for the\\nHoly Land. {1250. Apr. 5. The king is\\ntaken prisoner in Egypt later, he ran-\\nsoms himself by restoring Damietta to\\nthe Turks. 1254. Sept. 7. He returns to\\nParis.]\\n1255 Louis limits feudal jurisdic-\\ntion, and establishes the right of appeal\\nto the king from feudal courts.\\n1257 Perche is annexed by escheat.\\n[1258.^ Guienne is ceded to England.\\n1259. Nimes is united to France. 1261.\\nBurgundy is acquired, and annexed to\\nFrance. 1262. Aries, Forcalquier, Foix,\\nand Cahors are annexed.]\\n1264 Jan. 23. The Mise of Amiens is\\nannounced by Louis IX., concerning the\\nobligation of Henry III. to observe the\\nProvisions of Oxford.\\n1265 Charles, Count of Anjou, is\\nappointed king of the two Sicilies by the\\nPope.\\n1268 The Pragmatic Sanction of\\nLouis IX. is promulgated.\\nIt forbids papal exactions of money\\nwithout permission of the State, and\\nprovides for an appeal in certain cases\\nfrom the ecclesiastical to the State\\ncourt.\\n1270 July 1. Louis sails at the head\\nof the Seventh Crusade.\\nAug. 25. Louis IX. dies of the plague\\nat Tunis.\\n1270^1285 Philip HI., the Hardy, son\\nof Louis IX., reigns.\\n1271 Toulouse is again united to the\\nFrench monarchy. [1272+ The province\\nof Languedoc is annexed to the Crown\\nterritory. 1277. Dijon is acquired.\\n1286. Chartres is annexed to the Crown\\nby purchase.]\\n1284 Philip IV. marries Joanna,\\nheiress of Navarre.\\n1285 Oct. 5. Philip HI. dies at Per-\\npignan.\\n1285-1314 Philip TV., the Fair, son of\\nPhilip III., reigns.\\nMar. 30. Sicily. Sicilian Vespers. (See\\nSociety.)\\n1287 Ecclesiastics are removed from\\nparliament.\\n1296 Feb. 12. Pope Boniface VIII.\\nissues Clericis Laicos.\\nHe forbids the clergy to pay to the\\ncivil power taxes on ecclesiastical prop-\\nerty without papal approval Philip re-\\ntaliates by forbidding his subjects to\\nexport money or valuables without his\\npermission.\\n1299 June 19. A treaty of peace is\\nsigned by France and England at Mon-\\ntreuil-sur-Mer, on the basis of mutual\\nretention of present possessions.\\nSept. Philip s eldest sister, the Princess\\nMarguerite, is married to Edward I.,\\nKing of England, and his daughter Isa-\\nbella to the Prince of Wales [Edward II.].\\n1302* *The bull Ausculta Fili,\\nclaiming for the Pope supremacy over\\nall kings, is burned by Philip.\\nApr. 10. Paris. The States-General\\nnobles, clergy, and burghers first\\nmeet they sustain the king against\\nthe Pope.\\nNov. 18. Rome. The Pope issues the\\nbull Unam Sanctam, claiming supe-\\nriority of the spiritual power.\\nBelg. Another revolt against the\\nFrench breaks out in Flanders.\\n1303 Apr. 13. The Pope excommu-\\nnicates the king.\\n[The king holds a second council at the\\nLouvre, and presents an act of indict-\\nment against the Pope, charging him\\nwith scandalous crimes.]\\nSept. 7. It. The Pope is seized at\\nAnagni by Nogeret, the chancellor of\\nPhilip. [He is released by the people.]\\n1305 Philip secures the election of a\\nFrenchman as pope (Clement V.).\\nJune 5. Belg. Philip recognizes the in-\\ndependence of Flanders.\\n1307 Oct. 13. The Knights Templars\\nare arrested by orders of Philip, who\\ncharges them with heresy and other\\noffenses. (See Society.)\\n*Part of Lyonnaise is added to the\\nCrown by conquest.\\n1309 The residence of the Pope is\\nchanged from Rome to Avignon on the\\nRhone.\\n1312 Lille is ceded to France.\\n1314 Nov. 29. Philip TV. dies.\\n1314^1316 Louis X., the Quarrelsome,\\nson of Philip IV., reigns.\\nSp. Tfavarre is united to France\\n[until 1328].\\n1316 June 5. Louis X. dies.\\n1316-1322 Philip V., the Tall.\\nPhilip is the brother of Louis X. He\\nfirst rules as regent for the queen, who\\nis with child the queen s son dies soon\\nafter birth, and Philip declares himself\\nking.\\nrTov. 11. John I., son of Louis X., dies\\naged eight days.\\n1317 Jan. 9. Philip V is crowned at\\nReims.\\nThe States-General issues a formal de-\\ncree declaring females incapable of\\ninheriting the crown of France.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0685.jp2"}, "686": {"fulltext": "674 1321, *-1382, Nov. 27.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n132S Aug. 28. Philip VI. defeats the\\nFlemings near Cassel, and restores the\\nauthority of Louis, Count of Flanders.\\n1339 -1453 There are frequent\\nware with England.\\nWar is caused by the English king,\\nEdward HI., who claims the French\\nCrown in right of his mother Isabella,\\nsister of the late king of France. (The\\nHundred Years* War.)\\n1340 Neth. The 240 ships of Edward\\nIII. defeat and nearly annihilate a\\nFrench fleet of 400 ships at the battle of\\nSluis 30,000 Frenchmen perish. [A\\ntruce is signed for two years.]\\n1342 Edward III. conducts a campaign\\nin Brittany.\\n1346 July 12. Edward III. and his\\nson, the Black Prince, invade Nor-\\nmandy with an army of 30,000 men.\\nAug. 26. Battle of Crecy, in Northern\\nFrance.\\nPhilip VI., commanding about 80,000\\nmen, is defeated by. 50,000 u 40,000 Eng-\\nlish under Edward* III. Philip is twice\\nwounded French loss, 30,000; his allies,\\nthe kings of Bohemia and Majorca, the\\nDue d Alencon, commander-in-chief, 11\\nprinces, 80 nobles, and 12,000 knights are\\namong the killed.\\n1347 Calais capitulates to the Eng-\\nlish. After a distressing siege of 11\\nmonths, Eustache de St. Pierre and oth-\\ners present themselves with ropes round\\ntheir necks and the keys of the city in\\ntheir hands, as a ransom for their f ellow-\\ntownsmen Edward spares their lives at\\nthe intercession of his queen, Philippa.\\nA truce for six years is soon concluded.\\n1355 Carcassonne is sacked by the\\nBlack Prince.\\n1356 Sept. 19. Battle of Poitiers.\\nThe Black Prince, with 8,000 men, de-\\nfeats 60,000 French under John II., who\\nis taken prisoner [and conveyed to Eng-\\nland].\\nP\u00c2\u00a3rigueux is taken by the English.\\n1357 Easter. A truce of two years is\\nmade with England.\\n1359 Oct. Edward again invades\\nFrance with an English army. [1360.\\nHe unsuccessfully besieges Reims.]\\n1364 May 16. Battle of Cocherel.\\nBertrand Duguesclin defeats the Eng-\\nlish and the rebels in Navarre, under\\nCharles the Bald.\\nSept. 29. Battle of Auray.\\nCharles de Blois, claimant to the duke-\\ndom of Brittany, and Duguesclin, who\\nsupports his claim, are defeated by Jean\\nV., Duke of Brittany, and John de Mont-\\nfort. Duguesclin is made prisoner.\\n[Montfort takes possession of the duchy.]\\n1365 Nov. Duguesclin leads the law-\\nless bands of Grand or Free Companies\\ninto Spain to fight against Don Pedro the\\nCruel, on behalf of the latter s brother,\\nHenry of Trastamare.\\n1367 Apr. 13. Sp. Battle of Nojara\\nEdward the Black Prince and Pedro the\\nCruel defeat and capture Duguesclin.\\n1370 Apr. 22. Paris. Charles V. be-\\ngins the erection of the Bastile to de-\\nfend the city against the English. [1383,\\ncompleted.]\\nLimoges, on the Vienne, is captured\\nand pillaged by the Black Prince more\\nthan 3,000 citizens are massacred.\\nWar is declared against England.\\nDuguesclin is made constable of\\nFrance.\\n1372 Duguesclin, by brilliant move-\\nments, recovers for France the territory\\nbetween Loire and Gironde. B-ochelle\\nsurrenders to Duguesclin, and is restored\\nto France.\\n1373 Duguesclin and Olivier de\\nClisson, the Butcher, are successful in\\nBrittany most of the Breton fortresses\\nare taken, and De Montfort driven\\nacross the Channel.\\n1375 June A truce for two years is\\nmade with England by the interposition\\nof the Pope.\\n1377 The war with England is re-\\nnewed the fleets of Castile and France\\nravage the English coasts.\\n1378 Charles V. possesses the strong-\\nholds of Charles the Bad in Normandy,\\nwith the exception of Cherbourg.\\n1382 Nov. 27. Belg. Battle of Roose-\\nbeke.\\nThe Flemings, who revolt against their\\ncount, are defeated by the French under\\nCharles VI. Philippe Van Artevelle,\\ntheir leader, is killed. [The towns in\\nFlanders are pillaged and the inhabi-\\ntants massacred.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1346 Aug. 26. Cannon and fire-arms\\nare first used at the battle of Crecy.\\n1364 Paris. The Louvre palace is\\noccupied.\\n1370+ Paris. A perfect clock is\\nmade by Viek three clocks are placed\\non public buildings.\\nTheatrical performances are in-\\ntroduced. Spectacles are invented.\\n1380 The Mysteries are played.\\nChiefly The Passion, the Resurrection,\\nthe Incarnation, and St. Catherine. The\\nMoralities are also played, being ab-\\nstract alleogri\u00c2\u00ab-:il characters, as Youth,\\nDespair, Great-heart, etc.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1330* Flamel, Nicolas, alchemist, bene-\\nfactor, born. [1418. Dies. A88.]\\n1333* FroiBsart. John, poet, chronicler,\\nborn. [1410. Dies. A73.]\\n1337* Charles V., the Wise, king, born.\\n[1380. Dies. A43.]\\n1350* Aillv, Pierre d\\\\ cardinal, theologi-\\ncal writer. [1425. Dies. A75.]\\nBasselin, Olivie, poet, h. [1419. D. A69.]\\n1352* Armasnac, Comte d\\\\ Bernard,\\nconstable, born. tl418. Dies. A66,]\\n1359 Caillt t, ml l:iini ir, insurgent, dies.\\n1360* laments, 3Iat.heiu N. de, theolo-\\ngian, horn. [1440. Dies. A80-]\\n1363 Gerson, John (lliarlier de, ecclesi-\\nastic, author, horn. [1429. Dies. A66.]\\nChristine de Pisan. noet, horn. [1415.\\nDies. A52.]\\n1364 John II.. king, dies.\\n1372 Dabentone, Jean, prophetess, mar-\\ntyr\\nCHURCH.\\n1321 Persecution continues.\\nLepers are tortured and many of them\\nburned. At Chinon, in Touraine, 160\\nJews of both sexes are hurled into a\\nburning pit, while the richer class are\\nimprisoned till their property is discov-\\nered, and a sum of 150,000 livres trans-\\nferred to the king.\\n1324 The Cathedral of Perpignan\\nis founded by Sancho II., King of\\nMajorca.\\n1334 Rome. Benedict XII. is pope.\\n[1342, Clement VI. 1352, Innocent VI.\\n1362, Urban V.; I. iTi), Greunrv XI.; 1378,\\nUrban VI. 1389, Boniface IX. 1404, Inno-\\ncent VII. 1406, Gregory XII.]\\n1350+ *The Flagellants wander\\nabout the streets half naked, macerating\\nthemselves with whips, to appease the\\nanger of God because of their sins.\\n1360+ The Jews unite with any one\\nannoying the Christians, to avenge the\\ninjuries they have received from them.\\n1378 -1447 The Great Schism\\nof the West.\\nA contest occurs between French and\\nItalian cardinals, in the election of\\npopes. A rival line of popes reside at\\nAvignon [until 1824. Anti-popes Clem-\\nent VII. Benedict XIII.].\\n1380 The Passion, Resurrection, In-\\ncarnation, and St. Catherine are intro-\\nduced as theatrical plays on the Sab-\\nhath, as means of religious instruction.\\nLETTERS.\\n1325 Boi Modus appears.\\n1332 June* The University of Cahors\\nreceives full powers from the Pope as a\\nstudium generale. [1367. It receives\\ncivil privileges.]\\n1339 The University of Grenoble\\nreceives its charter.\\n1349 The first University of Perpi-\\ngnan is founded. (Or 1379.)\\n1350 Paris. The Royal Library is\\nfounded by King John.\\n14th Century. Attnagier de Paris appears.\\n1363 -64 Livre du Voir-Dit, by\\nGuillaume de Machaut, appears.\\n1364 Paris. A coHege of medicine\\nand astrology is founded by Charles V.\\n1365 The University of Orange is\\nfounded by Charles V.\\n1369 Prised* A lexandrie, by Guillaume\\nde Machaut, the author of 80,000 verses,\\nappears.\\n1370 A translation of Aristotle s\\nEthics, by Nicole Oresme, appears. [1371,\\nof Aristotle s Economics.]\\n1376 -78 Le Songe du Vergier ap-\\npears.\\n1377 A translation of St. Augustin s\\nDe civitate Dei, by Raoul de Presles,\\nappears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1348 The people are smitten with the\\nPlague of Florence, or the Black Vomit.\\nIt destroys one-fourth of the people of\\nFrance the ignorant people accuse the\\nJews of poisoning the waters, and de-\\nstroy thousands of them.\\n1350+ Much courtesy is shown to\\nmen of gentle blood, and scarcely any\\nto those without it.\\n1358+ Guillaume Caillet assumes the\\nname Jacques Bonhomme.\\nHe leads bands of peasants, who revolt\\nagainst their oppressors, and ravage the\\ncountry during the imprisonment of\\nKing John they are suppressed with\\nmuch bloodshed. Few peasants venture\\nto sleep in their cabins for fear of rob-\\nbers, but such as can do so sleep in\\nboats anchored in the water.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0686.jp2"}, "687": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1321, *-1382, Nov. 27. 675\\n1361 -62 Paris. An appalling\\nmortality is caused by the Black Pes-\\ntilence. [1367-69. A frightful mortal-\\nity prevails.]\\n1364* Wretchedness abounds.\\nThe country is laid waste by fire and\\nsword of contending barons, wandering\\noutlaws, and insurgents. Fields are un-\\ntitled, houses in ruins, and Paris itself is\\nforlorn and desolate.\\nParis Only a few of the main streets\\nare paved, and the by-streets are filled\\nwith ordure and filth.\\n1380+ Manners are rude.\\nGentlewomen scamper in the streets,\\nturn and stare at passers-by, peep into\\nwindows of private houses, and giggle at\\nmass. Ladies are told to wipe their lips,\\nnot their noses, on the table-cloths, and\\nnever to steal or tell wilful falsehoods.\\n1381\\nParis. Riots break out.\\nThe soldiers demand their pay, and the\\ncitizens rise against illegal taxes and for\\nrestored liberties.\\nSTATE.\\n1322 Jan. 3. Philip Y. dies.\\n1322-1328 Charles IV., the Fair,\\nbrother of Philip V., reigns.\\nMany towns are independent.\\n1328 Jan. 31. Charles IY. dies.\\n1328-1498 (1589) The House of Valois\\nis enthroned.\\n1328-1350 Philip VI., son of Philip\\nIY. s brother, Charles of Valois, reigns.\\n1329 Edward of England does feu-\\ndal homage to Philip for his duchy of\\nGuienne in Southwest France.\\n1330 Robert of Artois, ill-treated\\nby Philip VI., takes refuge in England.\\nPhilip becomes Edward s enemy, de\\nstroying English merchant-ships, foster-\\ning pirates, and encouraging the Scots to\\nwar with England.\\n1337* Eng. Edward claims the\\nFrench crown in right of his mother,\\nIsabella, sister of Charles IV.; the Flem-\\nings acknowledge and proclaim him\\nKing of France.\\n1339* *-1453* The Hundred Years\\nWar. (See Army.)\\n1341 John deMontfort and Charles\\nof Blois, nephew of Philip, contend for\\nthe dukedom of Brittany. [Montfort\\nhas the aid of Edward of England, whom\\nhe recognizes as King of France.]\\n1343 Nov. 29. Paris. Fifteen bar-\\nons of Brittany, invited to a tourna-\\nment, are seized by order of Philip, and\\nput to death without trial, on suspicion\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0of favoring the English. [War with\\nEngland follows.]\\n1347 Calais becomes an English pos-\\nsession. [1349. Montpellier is acquired\\nfrom Spain.]\\n1349 The province of Dauphine is\\nsold to Philip on condition that the eld-\\nest son of the King of France he called\\nthe dauphin.\\n1350 Philip enforces the gabelletax,\\nunder which the sale of salt is made a\\ngovernment monopoly.\\nAug. 22. Philip VI. dies.\\n1350-1364 John II., the Good, son of\\nPhilip IV., reigns.\\nHe is unworthy of his surname for\\nfour years he debases the coinage, con-\\nfiscates the goods and securities of for-\\neign merchants, and stops payment of\\nhis debts.\\nComte D Eu, Constable of France,\\nis beheaded by order of John, on sus-\\npicion of designing to surrender his cas-\\ntle to the English.\\n1354 Jan. 19. La Cerda, the Consta-\\nble of France, is assassinated by Charles\\nthe Bad, King of Navarre, King John s\\nson-in-law. [A feud between the king\\nand Charles follows.]\\n1355 Edward of England becomes\\nthe ally of Charles the Bad against\\nJohn n.\\n1356 Apr. King John seizes Charles\\nof Navarre, while a guest at a banquet\\ngiven at Rouen by the dauphin, and\\nsends him to prison he seizes four other\\nguests, and orders them to be beheaded.\\nSept. 19. King John is taken prisoner\\nby the English at the battle of Poitiers.\\n[He is conveyed to England, and Charles\\nthe Dauphin becomes regent.]\\n1357 Feb. Pa?-is. The States-Gen-\\neral meet, and demand reforms in the\\ngovernment.\\nThey include the appointment of a\\ncouncil or commission of 36 delegates\\nfrom the three estates prelates,\\nknights, and burgesses\u00e2\u0080\u0094 to direct pub-\\nlic affairs. [The reforms are reluctantly\\nconceded by the request of Charles, but\\nthe concession is niter wards annulled by\\nthe king.]\\nAug. The dauphin, Charles, dismisses\\nthe 36 commissioners, and takes the\\nreins of government in his own hands.\\nNov. Paris. The populace revolt un-\\nder the leadership of Stephen Marcel\\nand Charles the Bad, who is released\\nfrom prison.\\n1358 Feb. 22. Paris. A number of\\nthe revolters headed by Marcel march\\nto the palace.\\nIn the presence of the dauphin they\\nkill two marshals who have been pro-\\nscribed by the States, but retained by\\nthe regent they compel Charles to pub-\\nlicly declare his approval of the act.\\nAnarchy prevails the throne is en-\\ndangered by the mercenary troops and\\nadventurers, who ravage the provinces\\nand oppress the peasantry.\\nMay The peasants begin a war of ex-\\ntermination against the nobles.\\nThey organize into an army of 20,000,\\nand go through the country, pillaging\\nand demolishing castles, and massa-\\ncring the inmates their leader is Guil-\\nlaume Caillet, who gets the name of\\nJacques Bonhomme [hence the term\\nJacquerie]. (See Society.)\\nJuly 31. Paris. Jean Maillart, a par-\\ntizan of the dauphin, surprises and kills\\nMarcel.\\n1359 May 25. Paris. The States-Gen-\\neral reject a treaty agreed to by their\\nking in England.\\nHe ceded to the English the western\\nhalf of France, from Calais to Bayonne,\\nand proposing 4,000,000 crowns as John s\\nransom.\\n1360 May 8. The Peace of Bretigny\\nis concluded with the English.\\nThe treaty gives Edward Poitou, Gui-\\nenne, and Gascony in full sovereignty\\nhe renounces his claim to the crown of\\nFrance John s ransom is fixed at 3,000,-\\n000 crowns, to be paid in six years 40\\nhostages are given to England to be held\\npending payment.\\nJuly 8. Eng. King John, liberated\\nfrom imprisonment, returns to France.\\n1363 Burgundy is occupied by John,\\nand given to his son, Philip the Bold\\n[who becomes founder of the Burgun-\\ndian line of the House of Valois].\\n1364 Eng. The king s sons, Louis\\nand John, hostages for their father,\\nbreak their parole, and flee to Paris\\nKing John, to save his honor, surren-\\nders himself to the English king, who\\ntreats him with great courtesy.\\nCharles V. reforms the current coin.\\nApr. 8. John II. dies in England.\\n1364-1380 Charles V., the Wise, son of\\nJohn II., reigns.\\nHe is a ruler of ability, patronizes\\nlearning and literature, and by his wise\\nand vigorous administration quells the\\ndisorders arising fron the war of the\\njacquerie.\\nBertrand Duguesclin, Constable of\\nFrance, retakes nearly all the territory\\nceded to England by the captive King\\nJohn.\\n1365 Dee. Sp. Don Pedro (Peter\\nthe Cruel) is driven out of Castile by\\nDuguesclin.\\n1367 Apr. 3. Sp. Pedro is restored\\nby the victory at Najara.\\n1368 .June 30. The lords of Gascony\\nand Guienne make complaint to\\nCharles against the money exactions of\\nthe Prince of Wales, and they appeal to\\nhim to redress their grievances.\\n1369 Jan. 25. Charles summons Ed-\\nward of England to appear to answer\\nthe complaint of his vassals of Gascony\\nand Guienne. [The Prince of Wales re-\\nplies that he will appear with 60,000\\nmen.\\nCharles V. gives Lille to Louis de Male.\\n[It passes to Burgundy and finally to\\nAustria and Spain.]\\nSp. Peter the Cruel is killed by his\\nbrother Henry.\\n1379 Belg. The Flemish towns re-\\nvolt, and expel Louis their count.\\n1380 The maladministration of the\\nDuke of Anjou causes a revolt in Lan-\\nguedoc, Southern France.\\nParis suffers from civil strife.\\nSept. 16. Charles V. dies.\\n1380-1422 Charles VX, 11 years of\\nage, son of Charles V., reigns his uncle,\\nthe Duke of Anjou, is regent during his\\nminority.\\n1381 Duke of Anjou becomes re-\\ngent. [He seizes the public treasure to\\nhelp to secure for himself the kingdom,\\nof Naples.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0687.jp2"}, "688": {"fulltext": "676 1382, **-1440,\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1386 Charles threatens to invade\\nEngland, but abandons the expedition.\\n1388 Dunkirk is burned by the Eng-\\nlish.\\n1408 Sept. 23. Battle of Hasbain\\nJohn, Duke of Burgundy, is victorious.\\n1410 Civil war occurs between the\\nfactions of the Dukes of Orleans and\\nBurgundy.\\n1415 Aug. 14. War with England.\\nHenry V. of England, making claim to\\nthe French crown, lands with an army\\nof 30,000 men at Havre. [Sept. 22. Har-\\nfleur, after a brief siege, surrenders to\\nHenry.]\\nOct. 25. Battle of Agincourt.\\nAbout 50,000 French under Constable\\nd Albret are defeated by about 15,000\\nEnglish under Henry V. of England.\\nThe chivalry of France is decimated\\nthe Dukes of Orleans and Bourbon are\\ncaptured, and 10,000 French, including\\nthe Constable id France and six dukes\\nor princes, are killed. English loss, 1,600.\\nNov. Henry reembarks for England.\\n1417 Aug. 1. Henry returns, and lands\\nat Touques, near Honfieur. [He cap-\\ntures Caen, Bayeux, Falaise, Evreux,\\nCoutances, Laigle, Saint-L6, and Cher-\\nbourg.]\\n1419 Jan. 13. Rouen capitulates to\\nHenry after a siege of five months. The\\ncity is spared on the payment of 300,000\\ngolden crowns.\\n1420 Paris. The English occupy\\nthe city.\\n1421 Many soldiers from Scotland\\nenter the French military service.\\n1423 June 11. Battle of Cravant.\\nThe allied English and Burgundians\\nunder the Duke of Bedford defeat the\\nallied French and Scotch who fight for\\nCharles VII. [1424. Aug. 17. He defeats\\nthem again at the battle of Verneuil.]\\n1428 Oct. 12. The English under the\\nEarl of Salisbury commence the siege of\\nOrleans.\\n1429 Feb.* Battle of the Her-\\nrings.\\nThe besieged at Orleans make a sortie\\nand attack a contingent conveying a\\nsupply of herrings to the English they\\nare driven back with great slaughter.\\nMar. 9. Joan of Arc [the Maid of Or-\\nleans] announces her mission to King\\nCharles at Chimon.\\nApr. Charles puts Joan of Arc in com-\\nmand of French troops.\\n[Apr. 29. Joan crosses the Loire, and\\nenters Orleans without opposition from\\nthe English, who are besieging the town.\\nMay 7. Joan captures from the English\\nthe bastile of Tournelles before Or-\\nleans; she is wounded in the attack.\\nMay 8. The English retire the siege\\nof Orleans is raised. Joan is called the\\nMaid of Orleans.]\\nJune 12. The French, encouraged by\\nJoan of Arc, storm and capture Jargeau.\\nJune 18. Battle of Patay.\\nThe French under Jean, Comte de Du-\\nnois, making the attack on the advice of\\nJoan of Arc, defeat the English led by\\nLord Talbot.\\nJuly 10. Troyes capitulates to the\\nFrench under Joan of Arc.\\nSept. 8. Paris. The French make an\\nassault against the English [and are\\nrepulsed].\\n1430 May 24. Joan of Arc is cap-\\ntured in a sortie from Compiegne, while\\nthe town is besieged by the Duke of\\nBurgundy.\\n1436 Apr. 13. Paris. The English are\\nforced to evacuate the city is occu-\\npied by Constable de Richemont.\\n1439 Charles VII., with the approval\\nof the States-General, establishes a\\nstanding army of 22,000 foot and 900\\nhorse it is the first standing army on\\nrecord.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1391* Paris. The Academy of\\nPainting is established.\\n1392 Cards are invented to amuse\\nCharles VI.\\n1404 Paris. Hats are first made by a\\nSwiss.\\n1414 Muskets are used by Burgun-\\ndians at Arras.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1385+ Ch artier, Alain, poet, b. [1449.\\nDies. A64+.]\\n1390* Aleman, Louis, cardinal, archbp. of\\nAries, statesman, b. [1450. Dies. A60.]\\nMonstrelet, Engiien aiul (It:, chronicler, born.\\n[1453. Dies. A63.]\\n1391 Charles Inn- d Orleaus, soldier, poet,\\nborn. [1466. Dies. A75.]\\n1400* Cceur. Jacques, gold and Silver\\nsmith, born. [1461. Dies. A6I.]\\n1403* Basin, Thomas, historian, born.\\n[1491. Dies. A89.J\\nDunois, Jean, omte lc, lc itatardd Orleans,\\ngeneral, born. [1468 Dies. A66.]\\n1403 Charles VII., the Victorious, king,\\nborn. [1461. Dies. A58.]\\n1405* L Krtnile, Tristan, courtier, born.\\n1406* Rais, or Retz, Gilles de Laval de,\\nmarshal, born. [1440. Dies. A34.]\\n1410\u00c2\u00b1 Chahannes, Antoine tie, Comte tie\\nDammartin, gen., b. [1488. Dies. A78.]\\n1411 Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans,\\nheroine, born. [1431. Dies. A20.]\\n1416* *Fouquet, Jchan, painter, born.\\n[1475. Dies. A60.]\\n1420* Daiu, Olivier lc, Comte de Meulent,\\nfavorite, born. [1484. Dies. A64-]\\n1432 ISaluc, .lean de la, cardinal, born.\\n1423 Aubusson, Pierre d general, states-\\nman, born. [1503. Dies. A80.]\\n1434* Louis XI., king, born. [1483. Dies.\\nA60.]\\nLandini, Christoforo, savant, born. [1504.\\nDies. A80.]\\n1435 Betliencourt, Jean de, chamberlain\\nto Charles VII., conq. Canary Islands, d.\\n1428* .Tansun, Nicolas, printer, inventor,\\nborn. [1481. Dies. A53.]\\n1439 Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henrv\\nVI. of England, born. [1481. Dies. A52-]\\n1433 Barbazan, Arnauld G. de, general,\\ndies.\\n1433 Charles the Bold, Duke of Bur-\\ngundy, born. [1477. Dies. A44.]\\n1440* Mai I lard, olivicr, pulpit orator, born,\\n[1502. Dies. A62.]\\nCHURCH.\\n1407 France is laid under an inter-\\ndict by the Pope.\\n1409 Rome. Alexander V. is pope.\\n[1410, John XXIII. 1417, Martin V. 1431,\\nKugenius IV. 1417, Nicholas V. 1455, Ca-\\nlixtus III. 1458, Pius II. 1464, Paul II.\\n1471, Sixtus VI. 1484, Innocent VIII.]\\n1414* *Switz. The 17th Council of\\nthe Church is convened at Constance.\\nIt asserts the authority of an ecumen-\\nical council over the Pope, and con-\\ndemns the doctrines of John Huss and\\nJerome of Prague. It is attended by the\\nwestern churches, and continues in ses-\\nsion four years.\\n1431 July 31-49 May 7. Switz. The\\n18th Council of the Church is convened\\nat Basel.\\nIt attempts a reformation of discipline\\nand in the constitution of the Roman\\nCatholic Church. [All its acts are re-\\ngarded null and void by the Ultramon-\\ntanes.]\\nJoan of Arc is condemned by the\\nChurch. (See Society.)\\n1438* Charles VII. publishes the\\nPragmatic Sanction.\\nThis ordinance asserts the rights of the\\nChurch in France, and declares the authority\\nof a general council superior to the dictum\\nof a pope. It forbids the clergy to appeal to\\nRome on any point aftVri ing the secular con-\\ndition of the nation, also, the appropriation\\nof any vacant benefice by the Pope, who is in\\nno case to appoint any to a bishopric or a\\nparish church.\\nLETTERS.\\n-92 Livre des Cent Ballades, a col-\\nlection of poems by different authors,\\nappears.\\n1387 Deduits de la Ckasse, by Gaston\\nde Foix, appears.\\n1390 Livre des faits du Marichal de\\nBoucicaut, appears.\\n1392 Art de Dieter, by Eustache Des-\\nchamps, author of 1,500 ballads, etc.,\\nappears.\\n1394 Trissor de Venerie, byHardouin,\\nappears.\\n1409 The University of Aix is\\nfounded by Pope Alexander V.\\n1415 -40 Prince Charles of Or-\\nleans, a prisoner in England, writes 400\\nrondeaux, 100 ballads, and 100 chansons.\\nLivre des Quartre Dames, by Alain\\nChartier, appears.\\n1426 Belle dame sans merci, by Alain\\nChartier, appears also author of Br\\nviaire des nobles, Le Curial, etc.\\n1429 Christine de Pisan composes a\\nnational song on Joan of Arc.\\n1431 The University of Poitiers is\\ninstituted by Charles VII.\\n1435* *-89* Memoir es, by Olivier\\nde la Marche, appears.\\n1437 May The University of Caen\\nis founded under English auspices. [1452.\\nOct. 30. Receives a new charter.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1382 Paris. The insurrection of the\\nMaillotins against taxes on bread and\\nproduce occurs.\\nThe Scotch archers are formed into\\nthe king s bodyguard, because he dare\\nnot trust his life to the care of French-\\nmen.\\n1407 ISTov. 23. Louis Valois, Duke of\\nOrleans, is assassinated by the king s\\nbrother, the Duke of Burgundy.\\n[1410. Nov. 23. An illusory treaty of\\npeace is made between the two parties\\nafter the army of the Armagnaes had\\nravaged the country up to the gates of\\nParis without a battle.]\\n1412* Paris. Cabochiens, or ruffians,\\nled by Simonet Caboche, a butcher, from\\nthe dregs of the population, reform\\nthe government.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0688.jp2"}, "689": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1382,\\n1440,\\n677\\n1416 Queen Isabella is exiled to\\nTours.\\nBecause of her disgraceful vices she\\nand her paramour are enclosed in a\\nleathern sack, and cast into the river.\\n1418 June 12. Paris. The massacre\\nof the Armagnacs begins by direction of\\nJohn, Duke of Burgundy [3500 persons\\nare killed in three days].\\n1420 Philip the Good of Burgundy\\ninstitutes the military Order of the\\nGolden Fleece.\\n1430\u00c2\u00b1 *Gipsies, or Bohemians, a\\nclass of public vagrants, appear.\\nMisery prevails in city and in country\\npoverty, neglect, and despair abound\\ntillage is neglected, and buildings are\\nunrepaired.\\nFeudatories commit the wildest ex-\\ncesses 300 nobles in Auvergne live in\\nhabitual incest, rapine, and violence.\\n1431 Feb.+ Trial of Joan of Arc.\\n[Revelations are drawn from her by a\\npriest, under the seal of the confessional,\\nand taken down by concealed notaries\\nthese are used by the prosecution.]\\n(Feb. 21.) Joan s trial commences at\\nItouen, before Cauchon and the vicar of\\nthe Inquisitor-General of France, with\\n50 doctors as assessors, and the Maid is\\nwithout an advocate.\\n(Apr. 18.) The revelations of Joan are\\npronounced to have come from the Evil\\nOne; she is found guilty of blasphemy,\\nimposture, indecency, and of schismati-\\ncal opinions upon the unity and author-\\nity of the church.\\nJoan is overcome by threats of\\ndeath by fire, and signs a confession of\\ndeliberate deception, and is condemned\\nto the penance of perpetual imprison-\\nment, with bread and water diet.\\nAlleged scandalous means are\\nused to induce Joan to retract her abju-\\nration.\\nJoan resumes her male attire,\\nand communicates fresh visions.\\n(May 30.) After being condemned as a\\nwitch, Joan is burned at the stake at\\nRouen, as a relapsed penitent, but with\\nher last breath declaring the voices had\\nnot deceived her.\\nThomas Conecte, a popular preach-\\ner, employs boys to run after ladies, and\\nupset the absurd horns worn on their\\nheads, against which he preaches.\\n1436 Summer. Paris. Brigandage\\nand disorders are created by Les Ecor-\\ncheurs (Flayers).\\nThey desolate France and Belgium,\\nstripping their victims to their shirts,\\nand flaying the cattle.\\n1437 July 3. The nobility attend the\\nsacred play called The Passion, in the\\nPark of Vexmeil.\\n1438 Paris. The Festival of Fools\\nceases to be celebrated.\\nA famine occurs bread is made from\\nfern-roots. [1453. Another famine oc-\\ncurs.]\\n1440\u00c2\u00b1 The Praguerie, companies\\nof disorderly soldiers, appear, and fo-\\nment rebellion.\\nSTATE.\\n1382 Paris. The populace revolt\\nagainst a bread tax; with maillotins\\n(iron mallets) they kill the tax-gather-\\ners hence they are called malleteers.\\nThe malleteers, though promised am-\\nnesty and repeal of the tax, are cruelly\\npunished without trial some are sewn\\nin sacks, and thrown into the Seine.\\n1384 The king s uncles confiscate\\nthe wealth of the great cities, Rouen,\\nReims, Chalons, Troyes, Seris, and Or-\\nleans, but squander it on themselves,\\nleaving the treasury empty.\\nDouai is transferred from Flanders\\nto Burgundy. [13S8. Nice is annexed\\nto Savoy.]\\nSept. 20. Louis. of Anjou dies in Italy\\n[and Philip of Burgundy becomes re-\\ngent].\\n1385 July 17. Charles VI. marries\\nIsabella, daughter of the Duke of Ba-\\n1388 Oct. Charles assumes the gov-\\nernment.\\n1392 Aug. 5\u00c2\u00b1. Charles becomes in-\\nsane. The Dukes of Burgundy and\\nBerry are made regents. [1393. Jan.\\nAgain made insane by the tragic ending\\nof a masked ball.]\\n1396 A treaty of peace is made with\\nEngland.\\n1404 Apr. The Duke of Burgundy\\ndying, the Duke of Orleans becomes\\nregent.\\n1407 Nov. 23. Paris. The Duke of\\nOrleans is assassinated by order of\\nJohn the Fearless, the Duke of Bur-\\ngundy, a brother of the king.\\n1408 Mar. The Duke of Burgundy,\\nhaving brought an army to Paris, ac-\\nquires almost supreme authority in the\\ngovernment.\\nNov. Paris. Fearing to see the king in\\nthe power of the Duke of Burgundy,\\nthe queen and princes persuade him to\\ndepart the royal family retreat to\\nTours.\\n1409 Mar. 9. An illusory treaty of\\npeace is concluded at Chartres between\\nthe royal family and the Burgundians\\nthe king grants the duke a full pardon\\nfor the murder of the Duke of Orleans.\\n1410 Charles of Orleans, son of the\\nmurdered duke, marries the daughter of\\nthe powerful Count Bernard d Ar-\\nmagnac, who becomes head of the Or-\\nleans party against the Burgundians.\\n*-15* Civil war prevails between\\nthe Burgundians and the Armagnacs.\\nThe Armagnacs are favored by the\\nroyal family and the nobility the Bur-\\ngundians are favored by the populace of\\nParis, their principal allies being the\\nbutchers.\\n1412 Paris. The Cabochiens, allies\\nof the Duke of Burgundy, led by the\\nbutcher, Simonet Caboche, commit\\natrocities, plundering and murdering all\\nwho oppose them.\\n1413 Paris. The Armagnacs, led\\nby the dauphin, gain supremacy, and put\\nan end to the rule of the Cabochiens.\\n1414 Aug. Henry V. of England de-\\nmands Normandy, Anjou, and Maine,\\nand Charles VI. s daughter Catherine\\nin marriage, with a dowry of 2,000,000\\ncrowns. [War follows a refusal.]\\n1415 Dec. The Dauphin Louis dies\\nhis brother John, Duke of Touraine, be-\\ncomes dauphin.\\n1416* *The Dauphin John dies; the\\nking s youngest son, Charles, 14 years of\\nage, becomes dauphin.\\n1417 Queen Isabella is banished to\\nTours on a charge of secret communica-\\ntion with the Duke of Burgundy, and for\\nother offenses. [Nov. 1. She is rescued\\nby the Duke of Burgundy, and escapes\\nwith the duke to Chartres. Nov. 12.\\nShe announces herself regent.]\\n1418 May Paris. The Burgundians\\nagain become masters, one of the gates\\nof the city being treacherously opened\\nto an army of their partizans.\\nJune 10-13. Paris. The Armagnacs\\nare brutally massacred by the Burgun-\\ndians 3,000 persons are killed.\\n1419 Sept. 10. John the Fearless,\\nDuke of Burgundy, while in conference\\nwith the da uphin on the bridge of Monte-\\nreau, is assassinated by Tanneguy\\nDuchatel and other Orleanists, of the\\ndauphin s attendants.\\n1420 May 21. The Treaty of Troyes\\nis signed after being approved by the\\ninsane king, at the prompting of the\\nBurgundian enemies of the dauphin.\\nIt gives the Princes? Catherine in mar-\\nriage to Henry V. also the crown and\\nkingdom of France to Henry and his\\nheirs, after the death of Charles VI. it\\nmakes Henry regent during the life of\\nCharles.\\nJune 2, Henry V. of England is mar-\\nried to the Princess Catherine.\\n1422 Aug. 31. Henry V. dies at Vin-\\nOct. 21. Charles VI. dies.\\nOct. 29. Paris. Henry VI., infant son\\nof Henry V. of England, is recognized\\nby the parliament of Paris as King of\\nFrance and England the Duke of Bed-\\nford is regent.\\n1422-1461 Charles VII., the victorious.\\nOct. 30. Charles, son of Charles VI., as-\\nsumes the title of king in the castle of\\nMehun-sur-Yevre, near Bourges he is\\nderisively called King of Bourges.\\n1429 July 17- Charles VII. is crowned\\nat Reims.\\nJoan of Arc assists in the ceremony,\\ndressed in full armor, and holding in her\\nhands the sword of state.\\n1434 -51 England loses all her\\npossessions in France except Calais.\\n1435 Aug. A peace congress is held\\nat Arras.\\nSept. 21. The Treaty of Arras, between\\nCharles VII. of France and Philip the\\nGood of Burgundy, is signed.\\nPhilip the Good agrees to recognize\\nCharles as king, on condition of receiving\\nAuxerre, Macon, Pe ronne, Montdidier,\\nand the towns on the Sonime, and ex-\\nemption from rendering feudal homage.\\n1436 Paris is recovered from the\\nEnglish.\\n1438 Charles VII. publishes the Prag-\\nmatic Sanction. (See Church.)\\n1439 Oct. The States- General meet\\nin Orleans. Instead of free com-\\npanies, it begins a standing army.\\n(See Army.)", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0689.jp2"}, "690": {"fulltext": "678 1440, **-1507,\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1444 Aug. 26. The French defeat the\\nSwiss at the battle of St. Jacob.\\nA five years truce is made with Eng-\\nland.\\n1449 Another war with England\\nbegins; it is caused by the invasion of\\nBrittany by English adventurers.\\nNov. 10. Charles VII. enters Rouen,\\nthe English under the Duke of Somerset\\nand Gen. John Talbot being compelled\\nto evacuate the town.\\n1450 Apr. 15. The Constable deRiche-\\nmont defeats the English at For-\\nmigny the English lose 3,700 men.\\nCaen is retaken from the English.\\n1451 June 29. Comte de Dunois occu-\\npies Bordeaux in the name of King\\nCharles. [1452, Oct. 22. Reoccupied by\\nGen. Talbot.]\\n1453 July 17. Gen. Talbot is defeated\\nand killed in an attempt to raise the\\nsiege of Castillion the town surrenders\\nto King Charles.\\nOct. 17. Bordeaux capitulates to King\\nCharles.\\nThe only English possessions now in\\nFrance are Calais and Guines the\\nHundred Years War. is over.\\n1464 Civil war begins, the nobles\\nfighting against the king.\\n1465 July 16. At Montlhe ry the\\nKing and Comte de Charolais are de-\\nfeated by Charles the Bold, Duke of Bur-\\ngundy, leader of the League of the Public\\nGood.\\nNov. Louis takes Rouen with little\\nopposition.\\n1467 Oct. 30. Lie ge, having rebelled,\\nis captured and pillaged by Charles the\\nBold. [1468. He again sacks Liege.]\\n1472 The Burgundians pillage the\\ntown of Nesle.\\nJune Charles the Bold besieges Beau-\\nvais women aid in its defense, led by\\nJeanne Hachette. [July 12. The siege\\nis raised. 1474. He makes war on the\\nSwiss.j\\n1475 June 22. Edward IV. of Eng-\\nland lands at Calais with a large army.\\nLouis XI. takes Perpignan.\\n1476 Mar. 3. Switz. Charles the Bold\\n(40,000 to 50,000) is defeated by the Swiss\\n(20,000) at the battle of Granson. [June\\n22. They defeat him at Morat. 1477, Jan.\\n5. He is defeated and killed by the\\nSwiss at Nancy.]\\n1477 -82 France is at war with\\nAustria over the territories of the Duke\\nof Burgundy, whose daughter Mary be-\\ncomes the wife of the Austrian Arch-\\nduke Maximilian.\\n1479 Aug. 7. Louis is defeated by\\nMaximilian, Archduke of Austria, at\\nGuinegate, between St. Omer and The-\\nrouanne.\\n1484 Kegent Anne vanquishes the\\nprinces who had antagonized her re-\\ngency she is victorious in Guienne,\\nPicardy, and Brittany.\\n1488 July 28. The Confederates\\nagainst the Regent Anne are defeated\\nat Aubin-du-Cormier the Duke of Or-\\nleans and many other French nobles are\\nmade prisoners.\\n1494 Sept. Charles VIII. enters\\nItaly with an army of 50,000 men. [Nov.\\n17. He enters Naples,]\\n1495 May 20. It. Charles, having\\nconquered Italy, leaves Naples for\\nFrance. [July 6. At Fornovo he de-\\nfeats 35,000 Italians under Gen. Gonzaga,\\nwith 10,000 French, and secures a safe\\nretreat into France.]\\n1499 It. Louis invades Italy, and\\nconquers the Milanese. [Sept. The\\nFrench enter Milan without firing a\\nshot.l\\n1501 Sicily. The Two Sicilies are\\nconquered by France and Spain they\\nquarrel and finally go to war over the\\npartition.\\n1503 Apr. 21. It. The Spaniards un-\\nder Gen. Andrada defeat the French\\nunder Gen. DAubry at Seminara.\\nApr. 28. The Spaniards (G,300) under\\nGen. Gonzalvo de Cordova defeat the\\nFrench (6,000) under Gaston de Foix,\\nthe Duke of Nemours, at Cerignola.\\nFrench loss, over 3,000. [Dec. 28. They\\ndefeat and rout the French under\\nFrancis, Duke of Mantua, on the banks\\nof the Garigliano, driving them out of\\nNaples. 1504. Jan. 1. The French sur-\\nrender the fortress of Gaeta.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1483\u00c2\u00b1 The arquebus comes into use.\\nTransfusion of blood begins to be\\npractised for the purpose of prolonging\\nlife. Louis XI., when dying, drinks the\\nwarm blood of infants. (Henault.)\\n1489\u00c2\u00b1 Paris. The monks of St. Vic-\\ntor erect for their cloister a Gothic\\nchurch [Panth6on].\\n1499 Oct. 25. Paris. The bridge of\\nNotre Dame falls.\\n1500+ Descharges, a ship-builder at\\nBrest, first provides war-vessels with\\nport-holes.\\nGlass-painting is executed at Mar-\\nseilles it soon attains great perfection.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1443 Cauchon, Pierre, bishop of Beau-\\nvais, judge of Joan of Arc, dies.\\n1445 Comines. Philippe de, Seigneur\\nd Argenton, statesman, historian, born.\\n1450 Sorel, Agnes, beauty, mistress of\\nCharles VII., dies.\\nFaber, Jacobus, poet, b. [1536. D. A86+.]\\nSeyssel, Claude de, bp. of Marseilles, au., b.\\n1455* Lefevre d Ktaples, Jacques, theolo-\\ngian, polygraphed born. [1537. D. A82.]\\n1460 Amboise, George d cardinal, states-\\nman, born. [1510. D. A50O\\n1463* Duprat. Antoine, cardinal, states-\\nman,^ [1535. Dies. A72-]\\n1464 lsaure, lenience, poet, born. [1500.\\nDies. A36-]\\n1467* ISude, Cinlkiunie, Hellenist, author,\\nborn. [1540. Dies. A73.]\\n1470+ Etienne, Henry, printer, b. [1520.\\nDies. A50.]\\n1472 Chamapier, Svniphoren, physician,\\nborn. [1539. Dies. A67-]\\n1475* Guillaunie, de Jimiieges Fre.re,\\npainter on glass, born. [1537. 1 A62.J\\nborn. [1524. Dies. A 49.]\\n1483 Juda, Leo, Protestant clergyman, b.\\n[1542. Dies. A60.]\\n1487* Lambert, Francois, reformer, born.\\n1489 Farel, luillaume, reformer, born.\\n1490* Bourbon, Charles, Due de, general,\\nborn. [1527. Dies. A37.]\\nLongueil, Christophe, de, Latin scholar,\\nwriter, born. [1522. Dies. A32.]\\nGilles, Pierre, naturalist, traveler, writer,\\nborn. [1555. Dies. A65.]\\n1491 Balue, -lean ile la, cardinal, A69.\\n1492* Margaret, Queen of Navarre, author,\\nborn. [1549. Dies. A57.]\\nMontmorency, Due de. Anne, first consta-\\nble, born.\\n1493 L Ermite, Tristan, courtier, A78.\\n1494* Cartier, Jacques, navigator, ex-\\nplorer, born. [1555. Dies. A6L]\\nFine, Oronce, math., ineeFi.,b. [15,55. D. A61.]\\nFrancis I., king, born Sept. 12.\\nI annentier, Jean, nav., b. [1530. D. A36.]\\n1495* Marot, Clement, poet, born.\\nRabelais. Francois, physician, philosopher*\\nII., born.\\n1500* Cousin, Jean, painter, born.\\nDumoiilin, Charles, jurist, born.\\nDorat, Jean, poet, born.\\n1503 FJtienne, Robert, printer, schol.,b.\\nNostradamus, Michel de, astrologer, physi-\\n1504* L Hdpital, Michel de, chancellor, b.\\n1505 Cosse, Charles de, Comte de Brissac,\\nmarshal, born.\\nIlry, Thierry de, surgeon, born.\\n1507* Chevalier, Antoine de Kodolphe\\nHebraist, writer, born.\\nBondelet, William, savant, born.\\n1492 Rome. Alexander YI. is pope.\\n[1503. Pius III.; later, Julius II.: 1513.\\nLeo X.]\\n1445 Salade, by Antoine de la Salle,\\nappears. [1448. Les Quinze joies de ma-\\nnage; 1459, Le Petit Jean de Samtri\\n1461, Cent XouvelU S JS ouvelles, Romances\\nin prose.]\\n1450 The Passion, by Arnoul Greban r\\nappears also Actes ties Jpotres, and Les\\nBlasphhnateurs.\\n1452 The University of Valence is\\nfounded.\\nThe Siege of Orleans and The De-\\nstruction of Troy, by Jacques Millet, ap-\\npear.\\n1456 Le Petit Testament, by Francois\\nVillon, appears.\\n1457\u00c2\u00b1 Georges Chastellain writes\\nChronique de Messire Jacques de La-\\nlaing.\\n1458\u00c2\u00b1 Le Vieux Testament appears.\\nParis. The University has a Greek\\nprofessor.\\n1460 -63 A translation of Jo-\\nsephus, by Guillaunie Coquillart, ap-\\npears. [1477. Plait/over (Ventre la, simple\\net la ruse and Les Droits nouveaux, etc.]\\nThe Grand Testament, by Villon, ap-\\npears.\\n1463 The University of Nantes is\\nfounded. [1465. The University of\\nBourges.]\\n15th Century. Chronique Scandaleuse,\\\\ y\\nJean de Troyes, appears.\\n1470\u00c2\u00b1 The comedy, L Avocat Paielin r\\nappears.\\n1486 The Passion, by Jean Michel,\\nappears.\\n1500\u00c2\u00b1 Memoires et Lettres et Negotia-\\ntions, by Philippe de Comines, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0690.jp2"}, "691": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1440, **-1507,\\n679\\nMartial de Paris, or d Auvergne,\\nwrites Daiise Macahre fcs fannies, Arnault\\nrendu, cordelier a l* observance d amour,\\nArrets d 7 Amour, etc.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1449* Hats and caps begin to take the\\nplace of chaperons and hoods.\\n1461 The style Your Majesty is\\nfirst given to Louis XI. He succeeds in\\nhumbling the nobles.\\n1470* Post-houses are first estab-\\nlished by the king, through his eagerness\\nto obtain news.\\n14S3 -98 Queen Anne gathers\\nabout her person a company of beautiful\\nyoung ladies, called maids of honor.\\n1492 -94 Many Jews are ban-\\nished.\\n1498 Apr. 7. Anne of Brittany, widow\\nof Charles VIII., is the first to wear\\nblack in mourning, instead of white.\\n1499 May* A bull is hanged for\\nhomicide after a formal trial and con-\\nviction, near the Abbey of Beaupres.\\nIt is commonly believed that there\\nare many witches in France.\\nSTATE.\\n1440 The Pragueri rebellion is sup-\\nported by the dauphin.\\nIt is an organization of the nobles\\nagainst a standing army their head-\\nquarters are at Prague, and they propose\\nto make the dauphin king the rebellion\\nis suppressed.\\n1444 Peace is made with England.\\n1445 Apr. 22. Henry, King of Eng-\\nland, marries Margaret of Anjou, a\\nniece of the queen of France.\\n1449 War with England is renewed.\\n1450 Aug. 12. Cherbourg is retaken\\nfrom England.\\n1451* *Gascony is recovered from\\nthe English after three centuries of pos-\\nsession. [1452. A revolt against France\\nis suppressed.]\\n1461 July 22. Charles VII. dies.\\n1461-83 Louis XI., son of Charles\\nVII., reigns.\\nWov. 27. Paris. Louis abrogates the\\nPragmatic Sanction defining the liber-\\nties of the Church in France the par-\\nliament refuses to ratify its abolition.\\n(See Church, p. 676.)\\n1462 Roussillon and Cerdagne are\\nacquired by mortgage Amiens, Abbe-\\nville, and St. Quentin are redeemed from\\nBurgundy. [1465. Sept. 27. Rouen is\\nceded.]\\n1464 The League of the Public\\nWeal is formed.\\nIt is a conspiracy of the Dukes of Brit-\\ntany. Bourbon. Lorraine, Alencon. Berry,\\nand ComtedeChainlais against the king,\\nits alleged object being *to remonstrate\\nwith the king upon the bad order and in-\\njustice he kept in his kingdom.\\n1465 Louis breaks up the League\\nof the Public Weal by bribes and prom-\\nises of concessions [which are never exe-\\ncuted].\\n1466 Jan. Louis extends his sway over\\nthe duchy of Normandy.\\n1467 June 15. Charles the Bold suc-\\nceeds his father Philip as Duke of Bur-\\ngundy. [He commences a struggle of\\nten years with Louis.]\\n1468 Sept. 10. A treaty of peace is\\nsigned at Ancenis between Louis and\\nthe Duke of Brittany, whom the Duke\\nof Burgundy had persuaded to join him\\nagainst the king.\\nOct. Louis visits Charles of Burgundy\\nat Peronne.\\nDuring the visit Charles hears that\\nLouis has instigated the people of Liege\\nto rebel; he resolves to kill the king,\\nbut releases him on Louis agreeing to\\nabandon his suzerainty over the territo-\\nries of Burgundy, to cede to his brother,\\nCharles of France, the province of Cham-\\npagne, and to march with the Burgun-\\ndians against the rebels of Liege.\\n1470 July 26. Paris has its first post-\\n1472 Charles of Burgundy and Ed-\\nward IV. of England agree to join\\nforces, conquer France, and divide the\\nterritory between them.\\nJune 2. The Duke of Burgundy declares\\nwar against France.\\n1474 Louis instigates the Swiss Re-\\npublic to attack Burgundy.\\nBrisach revolts with Swiss aid, and\\nmurders the Burgundian governor;\\nCharles retaliates by invading Cologne,\\nbut is driven back.\\n1475 Aug. 29. The Peace of Pic-\\nquigny is signed by Louis and Edward\\nIV.\\nA truce for seven years is concluded;\\nEdward agrees to withdraw his army\\nfrom France Louis agrees to pay Ed-\\nward 75,000 crowns and 50,000 crowns\\nannually during the lives of both, a\u00c2\u00bbd\\nthat his eldest son Charles shall marry\\nEdward s daughter Elizabeth when they\\nare of age.\\n1477 Jan. 5. Charles is killed in bat-\\ntle the duchy of Burgundy is united\\nto the Crown of France.\\nAlencon, Perche, and Guienne are\\nunited to France.\\n1478 Douai becomes a part of the\\nSpanish Netherlands.\\n1481 Maine, Provence, and Mar-\\nseilles are united to France.\\n1482 Anjou is united to France on\\nthe extinction of the house of Anjou.\\nTreaty of Arras.\\nLouis XL receives Artois, Burgundy,\\nand other territories from Maximilian I.\\n1483 Aug. 30. Louis XI. dies.\\n1483-98 Charles VUL, the Affable,\\nreigns.\\nCharles, son of Louis XL, becomes\\nking at the age of 14 his sister, Anne\\nof Beaujeu, is his guardian, and acts as\\nregent.\\n1484 Jan. Paris. The States-Gen-\\neral is convoked to meet at Tours.\\nIt relaxes oppressive ordinances of\\nLouis XL, and releases many of his im-\\nprisoned victims.\\n1488 The Dukes of Brittany and Or-\\nleans, jealous of the power of Anne, re-\\nsolve to revolt.\\nSept. 9. On the death of the Duke of\\nBrittany [Anne resolves to seize the\\nduchy].\\n1490 Anne of Brittany is espoused\\nby proxy to Maximilian of Austria, King\\nof the Romans.\\n1491 Dec. 13. Anne of Brittany mar-\\nries Charles VLTI. Brittany becomes\\na part of the realm of France.\\n1492 Nov. 9. The Treaty of Etaples\\nis made with England Charles receives\\na large indemnity for the cost of the war\\nin Brittany.\\n1493 Jan. 19. By a treaty concluded\\nat Barcelona, Charles VIII. restores\\nKoussillon and Cerdagne to Ferdinand,\\nKing of Arragon.\\nMay 23. By a treaty concluded at Sen-\\nlis, Charles VIII. cedes Franche-Comte,\\nArtois, and Charolais to Austria, to ap-\\npease the Emperor Maximilian for fail-\\ning to give his daughter Anne in mar-\\nriage after her espousal.\\nArras is acquired by Austria.\\n1494 Sept. It. Charles enters Italy\\nand invades Naples, which he claims by\\ninheritance from Charles, Count of\\nMaine and Provence.\\nNov. 25. It. Charles concludes a\\ntreaty with Florence, which permits\\nhim free passage through its territory,\\nand gives him 120,000 florins to help his\\nexpedition against Naples.\\n1495 Mar. 31. A league is concluded\\nagainst Charles by the Pope, the Aus-\\ntrian Emperor, the Duke of Milan, Ven-\\nice, and the King of Spain Charles\\nabandons his conquest of Naples.\\n1498 Apr. 7. Charles VIII. dies, leav-\\ning no children.\\n1498-1589. Houses of Orleans and\\nAngouleme enthroned.\\n1498-1515. Louis XII., Duke of Or-\\nleans, reigns.\\nLouis, grandson of Louis of Orleans,\\nbrother of Charles VI., is king. He is\\nknown as the Father of the People\\nhe is fond of knowledge, laborious, and\\nestimable.\\n1499 Louis divorces his deformed\\nwife, and marries Anne of Brittany,\\nwidow of Charles VIII., thus securing\\nBrittany to his realm.\\nFeb. 9. The Treaty of Blois is signed\\nit provides for an alliance of France\\nand Venice against Milan. [Louis\\nsends an army to Milan to enforce his\\nclaims to the dukedom the usurper,\\nLudovico the Moor, is driven out.]\\n1500 Jan. 25. It. The Milanese re-\\nvolt against Trivulzio, the oppressive\\nFrench viceroy.\\nUov. 11. A treaty is concluded at\\nGranada with Ferdinand of Arragon for\\nthe conquest of Naples and its partition.\\n1501 It. The Two Sicilies are con-\\nquered by France and Spain they dis-\\nagree concerning the division war\\nfollows.\\n1504 Mar. 31. A three years truce is\\nconcluded with Spain.\\nSept. 22. An alliance is formed with\\nthe emperor and Pope Julius II. against\\nVenice.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0691.jp2"}, "692": {"fulltext": "680 1508,**-1547,\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NAVY.\\n1509 May 14. It. War with Venice:\\nBattle of Agnadello.\\nThe French under Louis XII. defeat\\nthe Venetians, and thereby end the\\ncampaign Brescia, Bergamo, Crema,\\nand Cremona surrender.\\n1512 Feb. Gaston de Foix, Due de\\nNemours, relieves Bologna from its\\nsiege by the Pope.\\nFeb. 19. Gaston de Foix takes Brescia\\nby storm, massacres the inhabitants\\n[and pillages the city for seven days\\nthe French army is demoralized by its\\nApr. 11. It. Battle of Ravenna.\\nThe French, under Gaston de Foix,\\ndefeat the united Spanish and papal\\narmies, and take many prisoners of\\nrank. De Foix is killed.\\n1513 June 6. It. Battle of Navara.\\nThe Swiss defeat the French, who re-\\ntire from Lombardy \u00e2\u0096\u00a0with, the loss of\\ntheir cannon and half their army.\\nJuly The English invasion.\\nHenry VIII. lands at Calais with 30,000\\nmen. [The Emperor Maximilian arrives\\nwith a corps of horse and some foot sol-\\ndiers. He serves as a volunteer in the\\nranks, receiving 100 crowns a day.]\\nAug. 16. Battle of the Spurs.\\nTeroiianne being besieged by the Eng-\\nlish and Swiss under Henry VIII., the\\nDue de Longueville, marching to its\\nrelief, is defeated at Guinegate; the\\nFrench use their spurs more than their\\nswords. [Aug. 22. Teroiianne capitu-\\nlates.]\\n1515 The war in Italy is renewed.\\nSept. 13-14. It. Francis I. defeats the\\nSwiss at Melegnano, in the Battle of\\nGiants.\\nOct. 4. It. Milan is surrendered to the\\nFrench.\\n1521 Apr. War begins with Charles\\nV. in the Low Countries.\\n1522 Apr. 27. It. The French and\\nSwiss under Marshal Lautrec are de-\\nfeated at Bicocea by the emperor s\\naririy under Prospero Colonna.\\n1523 -24 It. A disastrous cam-\\npaign in Italy forces the French to\\nretire.\\n1524 Apr. 30. It. Chevalier de Bay-\\nard, the knight without fear and with-\\nout reproach, is slain at the river Sesia\\nin the retreat from Italy.\\nAug. 19. Siege of Marseilles.\\nIt commences after Frejus, Toulouse,\\nand Aix have been reduced by the army\\nof the Emperor Charles V., under the\\nConstable Bourbon. [Sept. 28. Raised\\nthe Imperialists hasten over the border,\\npursued by the French.]\\nOct. 26. It. Francis enters Milan\\n1525 Feb. 24. It. Francis I. is de-\\nfeated by Gen. Charles Lannoy at Pa-\\nvia, taken prisoner, and carried to\\nMadrid. All the most distinguished\\ngenerals of France are killed on the\\nspot.\\n1527 Jan. It. Jacques de Bourbon\\nleads the Germans against the Pope.\\nMay. 6. Rome is taken by assault.\\nBourbon is killed in the battle [and Pope\\nClement VII. is imprisoned by the em-\\nperor].\\n-29 It. Second war with Charles\\nV. Francis alleges the peace of Madrid\\nwas void because extorted by force.\\n1528 Apr. 29. It. A French army un-\\nder Marshal Lautrec appears before\\nNaples. [The Pope escapes from the\\nCastle of St. Angelo.]\\nThe French army, decimated by\\ndisease, returns to France.\\n1536 July 25. Charles V. invades\\nProvence with 50,000 men.\\n[Francis wastes the country before the\\ninvaders, and the Imperialists retire\\nafter a few months with a decimated\\narmy.]\\n1538 June 15. The Truce of Nice is\\nsigned for ten years.\\n1544 Apr. 14. The French under the\\nDue d Enghien [Prince de Cond^] defeat\\nthe Imperialists and Spaniards under\\nthe Marquis of Guasto, at Ce isoles;\\nImperial loss, 12,000.\\nJuly The English land 30,000 men at\\nCalais [they take Boulogne. 1550. It\\nis restored.]\\nSept. 18. Peace is made at Crespy. (See\\nState.)\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1515+ Period of the Renaissance.\\n1520 Silk is manufactured in Lyons.\\n1527 Knitting becomes known.\\n1529 -41 Francis begins to con-\\nstruct palaces.\\nHe secures the most learned men and\\ncelebrated artists of the world, and be-\\ncomes a munificent patron of art.\\n1533 Paris. The Hotel de Ville [a\\nhistoric building of great size] is begun\\nby an Italian, Domenico da Cortona.\\n1536 Paris. The boulevards are\\ncommenced.\\n1541 Paris. The Louvre, begun in\\nthe 13th century, is improved by new\\nbuildings, and [the existing palace is\\nbegun].\\n1543 Paris. The Academy of Mu-\\nsic is founded.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1509 Calvin, John, theol., reformer, b.\\nDolet, Etienne, scholar, born.\\nComines, Philippe de, statesman, hist., A64.\\n1510* Lescot, Pierre, architect, born.\\nPalissy. Bernard, enameler, potter, born.\\nBirague, liene de, cardinal, statesman, bom.\\nPostel, Gnillaiime, orientalist, visionary, b.\\n1513 Turnebus, Adrianus, scholar, born.\\nBrusquet, buffon de court, born.\\n1513 Amyot, Jacques, bishop, author, b.\\nDalechatnps, .Jacques, phys., botanist, born.\\nAdrets, Francois de Beaumont, baron, Hu-\\nguenot leader, b.\\n1515 Castalio, Sebastien, theologian, b.\\nGonjon, Jean, sculptor, born.\\nRamus, Peter, or Pierre de la Ramee, phi-\\nlosopher, scholar, born.\\n1517 Re Ion, Pierre, naturalist, trav., b.\\nColig-ni, Gaspard de, adni., leader of Hu-\\nguenots, born.\\nGranvelle, Antotne de Perreuotde, cardinal,\\nstatesman, born.\\nPare, Ambrois snrt, father of Fr. surg.,b.\\n.1518* Delorme, Philibert. architect, b.\\nHenry II. king, born.\\nLanguet, Hubert, political writer, born.\\nBeze, Theodore de, reformer, Calvinistic\\ntheologian, born.\\nCatherine deM6dicis, wife of Henry IT., b.\\n1519* Guise, Due de. Francis of Lor-\\nraine, general, statesman, born.\\n1520 Bullant, Jean, architect, born.\\nCastelnau de la Mauvissiere, Michel, diplo-\\nmatist, born.\\nGuillemeau, Jacques, surgeon, born.\\nRibault, or Ribaut, Jean, navigator, born.\\n.Seyssel, Claude de, bishop of Marseilles, au-\\nthor, A70.\\n1521 Benoit, Ren6, theologian, born.\\nTyard, Pontus de, bishop, poet, born.\\n1523 Aumont, Jean d gen., marshal, b.\\nCujas, Jacques, jurist, born.\\n1524 Bellay. Joachim du, poet, born.\\nHotman, Francois, jurist, publicist, born.\\nRonsard, Pierre de. poet, born.\\n1525 Aumale, Due d Claude II., gen., b.\\nLorraine, Charles de, cardinal, statesman, b.\\n1528 Lab\u00c2\u00a3, Louise, poet, born.\\nL6cluse, Carolus, botanist, born.\\n1527 Doneau, Hughes, writer, born.\\n1528* Belleau. Remi, poet, born.\\nBoissard, Jean Jacques, antiquary, poet, b.\\nEtienne, Henry, printer, born.\\nFoix, Paul de, junsl, an-hbp. Toulouse, b.\\nJeanne d Albret, Queen Navarre, born.\\n1539 Pasguier, Etienne, hist., lawyer, b.\\n1530 Rodin, Jean, lawyer, polit. wr., b.\\nBoetie, Etienne de la, writer, born.\\nCond6, Louis de Bourbon de, general, b.\\nLambert, Francois, reformer^ A43.\\nNicot, Jean, diplomatist, litterateur, born.\\n1531 Bnsson, P.aruabe, lawyer, philol.,b.\\nLa Noue, Francois de. general, born.\\n1533 Baif, Jean Antoine de, poet, born.\\nJodelle, FJtienne, poet, born.\\n1533 Montaigne, Michael Eyquem de,\\nessayist, born.\\nGarnier, Robert, dramatist, born.\\n1536 Ayvault, Pierre, jurist, born.\\nHarlay, Achille de, jurist, born.\\n1538 Badk.it, Guillanine de, med. wr., b.\\n1539 Pithou, Pierre, jurist, satirist, born.\\n1540* Brantome, Pierre de Rourdeilles,\\nhistorian, born.\\nCbastelard, Pierre de Boscosel de, poet, born.\\nJeannin, Pierre, statesman, born.\\nScaliger, Joseph J., philologist, born.\\nVieta, Frauciscus, mathematician, born.\\n1541 Charron, Pierre, philosopher, born.\\nBauhin, Jean, botanist, physician, born.\\nChrestien, Florent, poet, satirist, born.\\nCrillon, Louis des Ralbes de Berton de, Due,\\nde Quiers, general, born.\\n1543* Chabot, Philippe de, Adm. de\\nBrion, general, A63+.\\nLesdiguieres, Due de, Francois de Bonne,\\nconstable, general, born.\\n1544* Bartas, Guillaume de Salluste\\ndu. poet, born.\\nMarot. Clement, poet, A49.\\n1545 Despovtes, Philippe, abbot, poet, b.\\nJunius, Franciscus, Prot. theologian, born.\\n1546 Dolet, Etienne, scholar, A35.\\nCHURCH.\\n1510 *The Pope excommunicates\\nLouis XII.\\n1512 The Reformation spreads into\\nFrance.\\n1516 Aug. 18. Francis signs the con-\\ncordat with the Pope, by which he sur-\\nrenders many important liberties of the\\nGallic Church. (See State.)\\n1517 The attention of the Church is\\narrested by the preaching of Martin\\nLuther, a monk iu Germany.\\n1521 Apr. 15. Paris. The heresy of\\nLuther is condemned by the Faculty of\\nTheology.\\nThe first Protestant congregation is\\nformed at Meaux near Paris, the bishop\\nof the city being a convert.\\n1522 Pome. Adrian VI. is pope.\\n[1523, Clement Yll.]\\n1529 The Reformation spreads rap-\\nidly, chiefly among the higher classes.\\n1530 The persecution of Protestants\\nbegins.\\n1532** Paris. John Calvin, the Re-\\nformer, preaches.\\n[1533. Calvin flees for his life, and finds\\nshelter at length in Angouleme, with\\nLouis du Tallet. He is recognized", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0692.jp2"}, "693": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1508, **-1547,\\n681\\nas the champion of the Reformation in\\nFrance.]\\nJohn Stephens prints a Latin Bible.\\n1534 Aug. 15. Paris. Ignatius Loy-\\nola lays the foundation of the Society\\nof Jesus [Jesuits].\\nHaving returned from a pilgrimage to\\nthe Holy Land, and prosecuted a course\\nof study, he organizes a society to wage\\na relentless warfare against the powers\\nof darkness his six followers take the\\nvows of chastity and poverty.\\nParis. The walls are covered with\\nplacards against the mass and tran-\\nsubstantiation one is posted in the\\nking s bedchamber.\\nRome. Paul III. is pope.\\n1535 Jan. Paris. The king presides\\nat a ceremonial of expiation.\\nProtestants are lowered into the fire\\nby a machine, and then withdrawn to\\nprolong their sufferings. [Cruelties con-\\ntinue several months.]\\nPersecution drives Calvin out of\\nFrance he joins the German reformers\\nat Basel, Switzerland.\\n[1536. His Institutes of the Christian\\nReligion are published in Latin at Basel.\\nHe goes to Geneva; (See Switzerland.)]\\n1543 Feb. 14. Paris. The parliament\\norders Calvin s Institutes to be publicly\\nburned.\\n1545 Aust. The Council of Trent,\\nin the Tyrol, is called to secure the peace\\nof the Church only Italian and Spanish\\nprelates are present.\\nJan. Barbarous persecution.\\nFrancis attempts to extirpate heresy\\namong the Albigenses with cruelty un-\\nparalleled. Three towns and 22 hamlets\\nare totally destroyed, 3,000 unresisting\\nmen, women, and children are butchered.\\n[1546. Persecution arises in Meaux.j\\nLETTERS.\\n1508 Histoirc Singuliereof Louis XII.,\\nby Claude de Seyssel, the Father of\\nModern French Literature, appears.\\n[1519, Great Monarchy of France.]\\n1512 Prince des Sots. L y Homme just et\\nPhomme mondain, by Pierre Gringore,\\nappear. [1514, The Mystere de Saint-\\nLouis; 1527, Notables Fnseignements.]\\n1525+ *Guillaume Cretin writes a\\nchronicle in rhyme.\\n1529 Francis I. founds the College of\\nFrance.\\n1530 U Adolescence CUmentine, by\\nClement Marot, appears.\\n1531 A royal printing-press is estab-\\nlished.\\n1532 -64 Pantagruel, by Rabe-\\nlais, appears. [1535, Gargantua.]\\n1536* Institution of the Christian Reli-\\ngion, by John Calvin, appears.\\n1537* The Cymhalum Mundi, by Jean\\nBonaventure, appears.\\n1539+ The use of the French lan-\\nguage in legal procedure is enjoined.\\n1542 The University of Grenoble\\nis reorganized by Francis of Bourbon.\\n1545 The Pleiade is organized.\\nIt is a society for the reformation of\\nthe French language and literature by\\nstudy and imitation of the ancients is\\nformed by Pierre du Ronsard, Du Bellay,\\nBelleau, Baif Daurat, Jodelle, and Pon-\\ntus de Tyard.\\n1546* *-48* Contre un, or Discours\\nde la servitude -rolontaire, by Etienne de\\nla Bo^tie, appears.\\n1547 The University of Reims is\\nfounded by Cardinal Lorraine.\\nMarguerites de la Marguerite, by Mar-\\ngaret of Navarre, appears.\\nPropos Rustiques et Facetieux, by Noel\\ndu Fail, appears. [1548, Bali\\nor Contts nouveaux d EutrapeL]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1528 Francis I. challenges the Em-\\nperor Charles V. to fight a duel.\\n1535+ Wheel-breaking is a punish-\\nment ordered for robbers by Francis I.\\n1546 Aug. 3. Etienne Dolet, a learned\\nman, is burned at Lyons on the false\\ncharge of atheism.\\nSTATE.\\n1508 Dec. 10. The League of Cam-\\nbrai is formed against Venice.\\nMaximilian, Louis XII., Pope Julius\\nII., and Ferdinand -the Catholic, of\\nSpain, enter the coalition. [Maximilian\\ntakes a part of the territory of Venice\\nthe next year the Pope withdraws in\\n1511.]\\n1510* A council of clergy is held at\\nTours to support the king.\\n1511 Oct. 9. Pope Julius II. forms the\\nHoly League with Spain, Switzerland,\\nand Venice, againstLouis XII., to depose\\nhim in Italy. [1512. England joins the\\nHoly League.]\\n1513 Mar. 14. France signs at Blois\\nan alliance offensive and defensive with\\nVenice. [1514. Aug. 7. A like alliance\\nwith Henry VIII.]\\n1515 Jan. 1. Louis XII. dies.\\n1515-1547 Francis I., Count of An-\\ngouleme, reigns.\\nFrancis, the husband of Claude, the\\ndaughter of Louis XII. and Anne, be-\\ncomes king he is great-great-great\\ngrandson of Charles V. [an able, pop-\\nular, and brave king, and styled patron\\nof literature].\\nJuly The king makes his mother re-\\ngent while he is absent in the Italian\\ncampaign.\\nNov. 7. A treaty of peace is made with\\nSwitzerland.\\n1516 Aug. 13. France and Spain unite\\nin a treaty of peace and alliance at\\nNoyon. [Nov. 29. Another.]\\nAug. 18. A concordat is signed with\\nLeo X.\\nThe Pragmatic Sanction of 1438 is re-\\nscinded, the kingis to choose the bishops\\nand abbots of France, and the Pope to\\nreceive the annates, or the revenue of\\nevery ecclesiastical benefice. Francis\\nalso abandons the claim that the Pope is\\nsubordinate to an ecumenical council.\\nHenry d Albret rules Lower Na-\\n1517 July 24. Paris. The Parliament\\nrefuses to ratify the concordat. [151S.\\nMar. 22. It accepts under protest.]\\n1519 June 18. The ambition of Fran-\\ncis is thwarted by the election of Charles\\nof Spain as King of the Romans and Em-\\nperor of Germany, with the title Charles\\nV.\\n1520 June 7-25. Magnificent inter-\\nviews take place near Calais, on the\\nField of the Cloth of Gold, be-\\ntween Francis I. and Henry VIII. of\\nEngland.\\nThe nobility of both kingdoms are\\npresent, and each one seeks to rival the\\nmagnificence of the other.\\n1522 May* Henry VIII. becomes an\\nally of the emperor, and declares war\\nagainst France.\\n1523 Aug.* Louise of Savoy, the\\nking s mother, ruins the Constable\\nCharles, Duke of Bourbon, and he joins\\nthe emperor.\\n1525 Aug. 30. Henry Vm., alarmed\\nat the increased power of the emperor,\\nconcludes a treaty of alliance with\\nFrance.\\nSp. Francis undergoes a tedious cap-\\ntivity at Madrid.\\n1526 Jan. 14. Sp. Francis signs a hu-\\nmiliating treaty at Madrid.\\nHe resigns all claim to Milan and Na-\\nples, and cedes to Charles Burgundy,\\nFlanders [and Artois, and gives his two\\nsons as hostages. 1527. Repudiated].\\nMar. 18. King Francis returns to\\nFrance. [Together with Leo X. he inau-\\ngurates the Great Renaissance.]\\n1529 Aug. 5. The Ladies* Peace of\\nCambray.\\nIt is made by Louise of Savoy, mother\\nof Francis and Marguerite of Austria, the\\nemperor s aunt it surrenders Italy to\\nCharles V. the latter surrenders Bur-\\ngundy, and agrees to release the sons of\\nFrancis for a ransom of two million\\ncrowns.\\n1530 The House of Chalons and the\\nHouse of Nassau rule the principality of\\nOrange.\\n1533 Oct. 28. Francis s second son,\\nHenry, marries Catherine de Me dicis,\\ndaughter of the Duke of Urbino, a niece\\nof Pope Clement VII.\\n1541 Francis declares war against\\nCharles V.\\n1543 Francis concludes an alliance\\nwith the Sultan Soliman II. against\\nthe emperor, and thereby gives great\\noffense to his subjects.\\nFeb. 11. Henry VUI. of England con-\\ncludes an alliance with the emperor\\nagainst Francis and the Turks.\\n1544 Sept. 18. Peace is signed with\\nthe emperor at Crespy.\\nFrancis renounces his claims to Naples\\nand the sovereignty of Flanders the\\nemperor renounces his claims to Bur-\\ngundy.\\n1546 June 6. Peace is signed with\\nEngland England is to restore Boulogne\\nwithin eight years, and to receive two\\nmillion crowns indemnity.\\n1547 Mar. 31. Francis I. dies.\\n1547-1559 Henry U. reigns.\\nHenry, son of Francis I., becomes\\nking. He is much under the influence\\nof his mistress, Diane of Poitiers, and\\nthe Constable de Montmorency. [1548.\\nHe secures the hand of Mary Stuart as\\nqueen-dauphin.]\\n1529* *-35*\\ntown of Havre\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n35 Francis I. builds the", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0693.jp2"}, "694": {"fulltext": "32 1547, *-1572, July 9.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1552 War Is begun against Charles\\nY. Henry II. invades Germany;\\nToul, Metz, and Verdun are taken.\\nOct.* Ger. The Imperialists, 60,000strong,\\nunder the Duke of Alva and the Mar-\\nquis of Marignano, besiege Metz. [Dec.\\n26. Raised.]\\n1553 June 20. Terouanne, after a\\nsiege, surrenders to the Imperialists.\\n1554 Aug. 3. It. The French are\\ndefeated by the Florentines at Marci-\\nano.\\n1557 May 15. It. The Duke of Guise\\nis forced to raise the siege of Civitella.\\nAug. 10. The Spaniards under Philibert\\nEmmanuel, Duke of Savoy, defeat the\\nFrench under the Constable de Mont-\\nmorency, at St. Quentin.\\n1558 Jan. 8. Calais, after a week s\\nsiege, capitulates to the French under\\nthe Duke of Guise. [Jan. Guines\\nand Ham surrender to him.]\\nJune 23. Thionville is taken by the\\nDuke of Guise.\\nJuly 13. The French under Marshal\\nSeigneur de Thermes are defeated by\\nLamoral, Count of Egmont, at Grave-\\nlines.\\n1562 -98 Wars against the Hu-\\nguenots.\\nReligion divides the French into two\\nparties both strive for the control of\\nthe government. Cruel persecutions\\ncompel the Huguenots to take up arms\\ntheir army is conspicuous for severe\\ndiscipline/every man is ready for martyr-\\ndom, no games of chance, or oath, or\\nlicentious habits are allowed troops\\nare moved with the singing of psalms,\\nand public worship led by a Calvinistie\\nminister precedes a battle.\\nMar. 1. The First War begins.\\nAn attack is made by the attendants\\nof the Duke of Guise on Protestants\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0while at worship in the town of Vassy\\n60 slain, 200 wounded. [Spain sends\\n6,000 troops to reenforce the Catholics,\\nand England sends the same number\\nin aid of the Protestants.]\\nOct. Eouen is besieged by 18,000 men\\nunder the King of Navarre and the\\nDuke of Guise. [Oct. 26. It is taken\\nby storm, sacked, and pillaged for eight\\ndays with great fury.]\\nDec. 19. The Catholics defeat the\\nProtestants at Dreux.\\nSt. Andre is killed and Montmorency\\ntaken prisoner by the Protestants, whose\\ncommander, tie Cotide, is captured by the\\nCatholics. [1563. He is liberated.]\\n1563 Feb. The Duke of Guise be-\\nsieges Orleans.\\nMar. 19. Peace of Amboise. (See\\nState.)\\n1567 Sept. 29. Protestants massacre\\nCatholics at Nimes. [Being on St. Mich-\\nael s Day, it is called the Michaelade.]\\nSept. The Second War,\\nIt is renewed by the Huguenots, the\\nreligious liberty of Protestants having\\nbeen violated by the king s party.\\nNov. 10. The Huguenots are de-\\nfeated at St. Denis, but the Constable\\nMontmorency is killed.\\n1568 Mar. 23. The Peace of Longju-\\nmeau. (See State.)\\n1569 Mar. 13. The Third War begins.\\nThe Huguenots under Prince de\\nConde and Gen. Gaspard de Coligny are\\ndefeated at Jarnac by the Duke of An-\\njou, and de Conde is murdered after the\\nbattle.\\nOct. 2, 3. The Huguenots under Co-\\nligny are defeated by Catholics under\\nDuke of Anjou, at Moncontour.\\n1570 Aug. 8. The Peace of St. Ger-\\nmain-en-Laye. (See State.)\\n1572* *-73* The Massacre of St. Bar-\\ntholomew leads to the Fourth Civil\\nWar. (See Church.)\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1551* Paris. The Fountain of the\\nInnocents is erected.\\n1553 Oronce Fine, a mathematician,\\nbegins his planetary clock.\\nBernard Palissy begins his experi-\\nments in enamels.\\n1558 Musical notes are printed with\\nmovable type by J. Sanlique.\\n1566 July 12. Paris. Thefirststoneof\\nthe walls of the Palace of the Tuile-\\nries is laid.\\n1570+ Paris. Bernard Palissy makes\\nFaience ware.\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n1547* Francis I., king, A53.\\n1549 Desjurilins, .lean, physician, dies.\\nGodefroi, Denis, jurist, born.\\nMornay, Philippe de, Seigneur du Flessis,\\nstatesman. Protestant theul., historian, h.\\n1550* Certon, Salomon, poet, born.\\nCharles IX., king, born.\\nGuise, Henri tie Lorraine tie, gen., stman.,b.\\nRobin, .lean, hotaiiist, born.\\nAubigne, Theodore Agrippad historian,\\nsatiric poet, born.\\n1551* Henry III., king, born.\\n1553 Conde, Prince de, Henry I. de\\nBourbon, born.\\nDuehatel, Pierre, bp. of Orleans, traveler, d.\\n1553 Marguerite de Valois, queen, b.\\nChicot, court jester, born.\\nThou. Jacques Auguste de. statesman,\\nhistorian, born.\\nHenry IV.. king, born.\\nRabelais, Francois, phvs., satirist, A58.\\n1554 Aumale, Due d Charles de L.,gen.,\\nborn.\\nMayenne, Due tie, Charles tie L., gen., b.\\n1555 Malherbe. Francois de. poet, b.\\nBouillon, Henri de la Tour d A. de, marshal,\\n1556* Duvair, Gudlaume, moralist, wr.,\\nDuperron, Jacques, D., cardinal, archbishop\\nof Sens, diplomatist, litterateur, born.\\n1557 Freniinet, Martin de, painter, Fr.\\nMichael Angelo. born.\\n1558 Morel, Frederic, litterateur, printer,\\nborn.\\n1559* *Casaubon, Isaac, commentator,\\nGreek scholar, critic, born.\\nEtienne, Robert, printer, scholar, A53.\\nHenry II., king, A41.\\n1560 Arnaukl, Antnine, orator, born.\\nBauhin, Gaspanl, naturalist, born.\\nBellay, Joachim du. poet, A36.\\nSully. Due de. Maximitien de P.cthune,\\nBaron de Kosnv, general, born.\\nMoots, Pierre tlu coast, tie, colonizer of Aca-\\ndia, born.\\n1562 Emmanuel I.. Charles the Great,\\nDue de Savoy, born.\\nBrusquet, buffon de court, A50.\\n1563 Boetie, Ktienne de la, writer, A33.\\nCastalio, SeOastieii, theoloLiiaii, A 48.\\n(iiastelar.l, Pierre tie Bnscosel tie, poet, A 23.\\nCosse, Charles tie, Cotnte de Bnssace, mar-\\nshal, A58.\\nGuise, Due de, Francois de Lorraine, gen-\\neral, statesman, A44.\\n1564 Calvin. John, theol., reformer, ASS.\\nCotton, Pierre, Jesuit, confessor of Henry\\nIV., born.\\nHiliault, or Kihaut, .lean, navigator, A45.\\n1566 Diane de Poitiers, mistress of Henry\\nII., A67.\\nDumoulin, Charles, jurist, A66.\\nGournay, Maria le Jars de, writer, born.\\nLahe, Louise, poet, A40.\\nNostradamus, Michel tie, astrol., phys., A63.\\n1! lelet, Cuillauine, savant, A59.\\n1567 Champlain. Samuel de. navigator,\\nexplorer, foamier of Canada, born.\\nFrancis de Sales. Saint, bishop of Geneva,\\norator, writer, born.\\nGombauld, Jean 0., poet, born.\\nMontmorency, Anne de, constable, mar-\\nshal, A74.\\nCrfe, Honore d writer, born.\\n1569 Audiguier, Vital, Seigneur de la\\nMenor d poet, born.\\nConde, Prince de, Louis I. de Bourbon,\\ngeneral, A 39.\\n1570* Bertant, Jean. lip. of Seez, poet, b.\\nChamier, Daniel, Protestant theologian, b.\\n1571 Estrees, Gabrielle d mistress of\\nHenry IV., born.\\nLescot, Pierre, architect, A61.\\n1572* Chantal, Jean, F. F. de, baroness,\\ndevotee, born.\\nChevalier, Antoine Kodolphe de, Hebraist,\\nA65.\\nColigni, Gaspard de, admiral, leader of\\nHuguenots, A55.\\nJeanne, d Albert, Queen of Navarre, A44.\\nRamus, Peter, or Pierre de la Kamee, phi-\\nlosopher, scholar, A57\u00c2\u00b1.\\nGoujon, John, sculptor, A57.\\nCHURCH.\\n1550 Rome. Julius III. is pope.\\n[1555, MarcellusII.; later, Paid IV.; 1559,\\nPius IV.]\\n1552 Aust. The Council of Trent\\nbreaks up in alarm because of the ad-\\nvance of Luther s doctrines.\\n1554 Paris. The Sorbonne condemns\\nthe Jesuits.\\n1555* Paris. The first Protestant\\nchurch in the city is established.\\n1558+* *The Kef ormationmakes\\nrapid progress.\\nAbout 2,000 places are dedicated to\\nProtestant worship, having 400,000 at-\\ntendants.\\n1559 The Protestants hold a synod.\\nA royal edict is issued, making heresy\\npunishable with death; judges are for-\\nbidden to remit or to mitigate the pen-\\nalty.\\n1560 Feb. 1. The Huguenots aim at\\nrevolution.\\nWith Louis Conde as leader, they decide\\nto address a petition to the king, and in\\ncase of its rejection to put down the\\nGuises by force of arms, take the king\\nprisoner, and make Conde ruler of the\\nrealm. [The conspiracy is discovered.]\\nMay Paris. The king issues an edict\\ngiving to parliament the right of decid-\\ning questions of faith, but reserves to\\nthe bishops the discovery of heretics.\\n1561 Sept. 9. The Poissy Conference\\nis called by Catherine de Medicis.\\nIt is composed of the leading clergy of\\nthe two Churches, and is designed to\\neffect a reconciliation great, dignitaries\\nand a brilliant audience listen to discus-\\nsions of doctrines, which fail to unite the\\nChurches.\\nThe Reformers take up arms against\\ntheir persecutors.\\n1562 Jan. 1. A measure of religious\\nliberty is extended to the Huguenots.\\nAn edict of pacification permits the\\nexercises of the Reformed religion near,\\nbut outside, all the cities and towns in\\nFrance,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0694.jp2"}, "695": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1547, *-1572, July 9. 683\\nJan. 17. An edict is issued guarantee-\\ning to the Protestants liberty of wor-\\nship.\\nMar. 1. The Duke of Guise massacres\\nProtestants at Vassy in disregard of\\nthe edict of toleration 60 are killed and\\n200 wounded.\\n-98 Religious wars with some\\nintermission devastate France till the\\nEdict of Nantes.\\n1563 Mar. 19. Reformed worship is\\npermitted in the houses of the nobility.\\n(See State.)\\n1566 Rome, [St.] Pius V. is pope.\\n1567 Sept. 29. The Huguenots,\\nalarmed at the preparations for exter-\\nminating heresy, again resolve to secure\\nthe person of the hoy-king, and defeat\\nCatherine.\\n156S The edicts of pacification are\\nrevoked, and the Reformed ministers\\nare given 15 days to leave France.\\n1570 Aug. 8. Peace of St. Germain.\\n(See State.) The Government guaran-\\ntees the protection of Protestant liber-\\nties.\\n1571 The General Synod of the\\nReformed Church is held by permission\\nof the king.\\nLETTERS.\\n1548 Art Poitique, by Thomas Sibilet,\\nappears.\\n1549* Difense et illustration de la\\nlangue frahcaise, the manifesto of the\\nPleiade, by Joachim DuBellay, appears\\nalso Olive.\\n1550* Odes, by Ronsard, appears.\\n[1552, Les Amours de Cassandra^ 1553,\\nHymnes, le Bocage Royal, Les Amours de\\nMarie.]\\nMignardises amoureuses de I Ad-\\nmire e, by Jacques Tahureau, appears.\\n1551 Abraham Sacrifiant, by Theo-\\ndore de Beze, appears. *[He also writes\\na Life of Calvin and a Histoire ecclesias-\\ntique des ecjfises reforme es.]\\n1552 CUopatre and Eugene, by Eti-\\nenne Jodelle, appear. [1558, Argonautes\\nlater, JMdon.]\\n1555 A treatise on Logic, by Pierre\\nde la Rame e, appears it is the first\\nphilosophical work in the vernacular.\\n[He writes also Dia/ectiqtie, and works\\nagainst Aristotle, 59 in all.]\\nProphetical Centuries, by Michel de\\nNbstredame, or Notredame (Nostrada-\\nmus), appears.\\n1556 mbat de la folie et de I amour,\\nby Louise Labe^ appears.\\n1557 A translation of AnacrSon and\\nPetites Inventions, by Remi Belleau,\\nappear. [1565-72, The Bergeries 1566,\\nPierres prScieuses.}\\n1558 Xourel/t S Rtcj eafions et Joyeux\\nDevis, by Bonaventure des Periers, ap-\\npears.\\nThe Heptam ron, by Margaret of Na-\\nvarre, appears.\\nAntiquitH de Rome and Jeux Rustiques,\\nby Dii Bellay, appear. [1559, Les Re-\\ngrets; later, Vanueur, Polite Courtisan.]\\nTrfaoriere, by Jacques Grevin, ap-\\npears. [1560, Mort de Cdsar and Les Fs-\\nbahis.]\\n1559 Sonnets and Odes, by Oliver de\\nMagny, appear.\\n1560 Recherches de la France, by Eti-\\nenne Pasquier, appears. s\\n1562 Saul Far wiix and Corrivaux, by\\nJean de la Taille, appear. [1573, Ga-\\nbaonites later, Courtisan retire Mar-\\nguerite, and Le -Xegromante.]\\nA Roman Catholic university is\\nfounded at Douai by Philip II.\\n1563 Ricette Writable, by Bernard\\nPalissy, appears.\\n1565 1 La TraitS de la conformity dufran-\\ncais avec le grec, by Henry Estienn e, ap-\\npears. [1566, Apologie pour Herodote,\\n1572, Thesaurus Grsecse Lingux.\\\\\\n*The University of Grenoble is\\nunited with that of Valence.\\n1568 Poi-cie, by Robert Gamier, ap-\\npears. [1573, Ilippoh/tt 1574, Cornel-it\\n1578, Marc Antoine and the Troade.]\\n1570 Le but de la guerre et de lapaix,\\nby Michael de L Hospital, appears.\\nCommentaires, by Blaise Montluc, ap-\\npears.\\nHistoire de France, by Bernard de Ge-\\nrard du Haillan, appears.\\nThe Vaux de Vire, by Jean Le Houx,\\nappears.\\n1572 The Franciade, by Ronsard, ap-\\npears.\\n*The Pope confirms a university\\nfounded at Pont-a-Mousson by Cardinal\\nLorraine and Due Charles III.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1559 June 29\u00c2\u00b1. Tournaments are\\nabolished after Henry II. has his eye\\nknocked out in a tilt, causing his death.\\n1562 A massacre of Huguenots.\\n(See Church for massacres of Protes-\\ntants.)\\n1563 Feb. The Duke of Guise is as-\\nsassinated.\\nSTATE.\\n1548 Bordeaux revolts against the\\nthe salt-tax, and receives severe punish-\\nment.\\n1550 Mar. 24. Peace is concluded be-\\ntween England, Scotland, and France.\\nEngland agrees to accept the reduced\\nsum of 400,000 crowns for the restoration\\nof Boulogne.\\n1551 Henry H. joins the Confed-\\neracy against the Emperor Charles V.\\n1552 Apr. 13. Toul is taken, and re-\\nunited with France.\\nMetz, Verdun, and all of Lorraine\\nare annexed.\\n1555 Jeanne d Albret and her hus-\\nband, Antoine de Bourbon, are sover-\\neigns of Lower Navarre.\\n1556 Feb. 5. A truce for five years is\\nconcluded at Vaucelles between France\\nand Spain [but is broken soon after],\\n1558 Jan. 8. Calais is lost to England\\nafter holding it 210 years. (See Army.)\\nApr. 24. The dauphin, King Henry s\\nson, Francis, marries Mary Stuart,\\nthe Queen of Scots.\\n1559 Apr. 2, 3. The Peace of Cha-\\nteau-Canibre sis is concluded between\\nFrance and England, and between\\nFrance and Spain.\\nThe French restore most of their con-\\nquests except Calais, Metz, Toul, and\\nVerdun.\\nJuly 10. Henry XL. dies 11 days after\\nbeing accidentally injured at a tourna-\\nment.\\n1559-1560 Francis II. reigns.\\nFrancis, son of Henry II., 16 years of\\nage, and husband of Mary Queen of\\nScots, becomes king. The Duke of Guise\\nand the queen-mother, Catherine de M6-\\ndicis, are the power behind the throne.\\nProtestants are persecuted, The two\\nGuises, at first rivals of Catherine and\\nlater allies, conduct all affairs of state,\\nand seek the overthrow of the Protes-\\ntant princes, Antoine, King of Navarre,\\nand Louis Cond\u00c2\u00a3.\\nCorsica comes under the rule of\\nGenoa.\\n1560 The Amboise Plot is formed.\\nThe Huguenots form a conspiracy to\\nseize the king at Amboise, and compel\\nthe dismissal of the Duke of Guise and\\nhis brother, who are the persecutors of\\nthe Protestants.\\nMar. 18. In the riot at Amboise the\\nProtestant leader Bariis killed the re-\\nvolt against the Guises is suppressed\\nby the merciless execution of 1,200 Prot-\\nestants.\\n1560 Dec. 5. Francis n. dies.\\n1560-1574 Charles IX. reigns.\\nCharles, brother of Francis II., ten\\nyears of age, becomes king. Catherine\\nde Medicis is regent.\\n1562 Jan. The edict of January.\\nDelegates from the several parliaments\\nof France meet, and grant the Huguenots\\nliberty of conscience except in certain\\ndistricts. The two religious factions he-\\ncome two political parties the leaders\\nof the Catholic party, the Triumvi-\\nrate, are the Duke of Guise, the Mar-\\nshal St. Andre, and the Constable of\\nFrance, Count de Montmorency the\\nProtestant leaders are Louis, Prince of\\nCond\u00c2\u00a3, and Adm. Coligny.\\n-98 Wars of the Huguenots.\\n(See Army.)\\nThe Huguenots transfer Havre to the\\nEnglish [but it is besieged and captured\\nduring the following year by Charles IX.]\\n1563 Feb. 18. Francis, Duke of\\nGuise, is waylaid and shot near Orleans\\nby John Poltrot, a Huguenot. [Feb. 24.\\nThe duke dies.]\\nMar. 19. The peace of Amboise is con-\\ncluded between the Catholics and Prot-\\nestants.\\nThe Reformed worship is authorized in\\nthe houses of the nobility, in the do-\\nmains of the justiciary nobles, and in\\none city of each bailiwick.\\n1568 Mar. 23. The peace of Long-\\njumeau.\\nIt is signed by Catholics and Protes-\\ntants it partly restores religious free-\\ndom to the Protestants. [It lasts only a\\nfew months.]\\n1570 Aug. 8. The conditional Peace\\nof St. Germain- en-Lay e is concluded,\\ngiving the Huguenots concessions of re-\\nligious liberty, and four fortified cities\\nfor security.\\n1572 July 9. Paris. Jeanne of Na-\\nvarre suddenly dies, soon after being\\ninvited to court. [Huguenots are sus-\\npicious of treachery, and many escape\\nby leaving Paris.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1547\u00c2\u00b1 Stockings of silk are first\\nworn by Henry II.\\n1559* Paris. Coaches are intro-\\nduced also forks for eating.\\n1570* Turkeys and guinea-fowls are\\nintroduced.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0695.jp2"}, "696": {"fulltext": "-684 1572, Aug. 24-1597,\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1573 Feb. 26-Junel3. La Rochelle\\nis unsuccessfully besieged by the Duke\\nof Anjou.\\n1574 Fifth Civil War.\\n.1577 Sixth Civil War. The Hugue-\\nnots are defeated.\\nSeventh Civil War.\\n1580 Henry of Navarre seizes the\\ncity of Cahors, it being a part of his\\nwife s portion war follows for a short\\ntime.\\nNov. 26. Treaty of Fleix.\\n1582 Belg. The Duke d Alencon at-\\ntempts to seize Antwerp, hut is de-\\nfeated.\\n1585 -89 Eighth Civil War.\\nThe war of the three Henrys, King\\nHenry III., Henry of Navarre, and\\nHenry, Duke of Guise.\\n1587 Oct. 20. The Huguenots un-\\nder Henry of Navarre defeat the Holy\\nLeague under the Due de Joyeuse, at\\nCoutras.\\n1589 July* Paris is besieged by\\nHenry III. and the King of Navarre.\\n[July 31. Henry III. is assassinated.]\\nSept. 21. Henry XV. defeats the Duke\\nof Mayenne at Arques.\\nOct. 31. Paris. Henry carries part of\\nthe suburbs, but retires at the approach\\nof the Duke of Mayenne.\\n1590 Mar. 14. Henry defeats the\\nCatholic Leaguers under Mayenne, at\\nIvry-la-Bataille.\\nMay 7. Paris. Henry besieges the city\\n[and occupies the suburbs].\\nAug. 23. Paris. Henry raises the\\nsiege on the arrival of the Duke of\\nParma with a large Spanish army to aid\\nMayenne.\\n1591 Nov. 11. Henry besieges\\nRouen. [1592. Apr. 21. He retires on\\nthe approach of the Duke of Parma.]\\n1595 Jan. 17. War with Spain is de-\\nclared.\\nOct. 5. Battle of Fontaine-Francaise.\\n1596 Apr. 24. Calais is taken by the\\nSpaniards. [1598. Evacuated. 1597.\\nMar. 11. They take Amiens. Sept. 25.\\nRetaken by Henry.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1578 Paris. The Pont Weuf over\\nthe Seine is begun.\\n1595 Paris. The Hdtel des Inva-\\nlided is erected.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1673* Aumale, Due d Claude IT., sol-\\ndier, A48i.\\nJodelle, iStienne. dramatist, A41.\\nMarie de Me dicis, wife of Henry IV., horn.\\nL Hopital, Michel tie, chancellor, A68.\\nRegnier, Mathurin, poet, born.\\n1574* Charles IX.. king, A24.\\nGuise, Charles de, cardinal de Lorraine,\\nstatesman, A49.\\nJ.575 Berulle. Pierre, cardinal, founder\\nCarmelite order in France, born.\\nChatel, Jean, fanatic, born.\\nSctaombei g, unite de, Henri, marshal, born.\\n1576* Caus, or Caux, Salomon de, engi-\\nVincent de Paul. Saint, R. C. reformer,\\nfounder Sisters of Charity, horn.\\nJ.577 Belleau. Remi, poet, A49.\\nDelorme. Philibert. architect, A59.\\n1578 Albert, Charles d\\\\ Due de Luynes,\\nConstable of France, horn.\\nBullant, Jean, architect, A58+.\\n1579 Bassompierre, Francois, marshal,\\nauthor, born.\\nRavaillac, Francois, regicide, born.\\nRohan, Due de. Henri. Huguenot, gen., b.\\n1581 Duvergierde Hauranne, Abbe de\\nSaint-Cyran, Jans- iust, theologian, born.\\nLanguet, Hubert, political writer, A63.\\nPostel, (iinllaiiiiie, orientalist, visionary, A71.\\n1582 Barclay, Jean, writer, born.\\n1583 Birague, de Rene, cardinal, states-\\nman, A73.\\nCaussin, Nicholas, Jesuit, author, born.\\nPetau. Denis, chronologist, born.\\nSoubise, Benjamin de It., Seigneur de, Hu-\\nguenot, soldier, born.\\n1584 Duchesne, Andre geog., hist., born.\\nFoix, Paul de, jurist, archbishop ot Toulouse,\\nA56.\\n1585 Cappel, Louis, theologian, born.\\nRichelieu, Due de, A. J. Duplessis, cardi-\\nnal, statesman, born.\\nRonsard, Pierre de, poet, A61.\\nVaugelas, Claude Kavre de, grammarian, b.\\n1586* Grauvelle, Antoine de I errenot de,\\ncardinal, statesman, A69.\\n1587* Aiirets, Francois de Beaumont,\\nbaron, Huguenot leader, A74.\\n(larnssoh-s, Antome, 1 rot. cl., poet, born.\\n1588 Arnauld d Andilly, Robert, wr., b.\\nDalechatiips, Jacques, phvs., botanist, A75.\\nObifflet, Jean Jacques, physi.-ian, born.\\nConde, Prince de, Henry I. de Bourbon, A36.\\nGuise, Due de, Henry I. de Lorraine, gen-\\neral, statesman, A38.\\nMersenne, Marin, philosopher, born.\\nRambouillet, Marq. de, Catherine de Vivonne,\\nleader of society, born.\\nSalmasius, Claudius, scholar, born.\\n1589 Bait, Jean Antoine de, poet, A57.\\nCatherine de Medicis, wife of Henry II.,\\nA70.\\nCousin, Jean, painter, A89.\\nFenelon, Marquis de la Mothe, Bertrand de\\nSalignac, diplomatist, litterateur, dies.\\nHenry III., king, A38.\\nPalissy, Bernard, enameler, potter, A79.\\n1590 Pare, Ambroise, father of French\\nsurgery, A63\u00c2\u00b1.\\nBartas, Guillaume de Salluste du, poet,\\nA46.\\nCujas, Jacques, jurist, A70.\\nGamier. Robert, dramatist, A56.\\nHotman, Francois, jurist, publicist, A66.\\nVouet, Simon, painter, born.\\n1591* Brissoii, Baniabe, lawyer, phil., A60.\\nCaseneuve, Pierre de, philologist, born.\\nChicot, court jester, A38.\\nDoneau, Hughes, l\u00c2\u00bb*gal writer, A64.\\nKspagne, Jean d Protestant, theologian, b.\\nLa Noue, Francois -U-, general, AGO.\\nJlorin, Jean, Biblical critic, born.\\n1593* Boisrobert, Francois le Metal de,\\nwriter, wit, born.\\nCastelnau de la Mauvissiere, Michel de,\\ndiplomatist, A72+.\\nGassendi, Pierre, philosopher, born.\\nMontaigne, Michael Eyquem de, essay-\\nist, A 58.\\n1593 Amyot, Jacques, bishop, au,, A80.\\nCallot, Jacques, engraver, etcher, born.\\nLalemant, Jerome, Jesuit missionary in Can-\\nada, born.\\n1594 Chatel, Jean, fanatic, A19\u00c2\u00b1.\\nBelon, Pierre, naturalist, traveler, A77.\\nDaille, Jean, Protestant clergyman, born.\\nMarca, Pierre de, archbishop of Paris, born.\\nPoussin, Nicolas, painter, born.\\nTurnebus, Adrianus, scholar, A82.\\n1595 Aubertin, Kdmond, cle.r., author, b.\\nAumont, Jean d marshal, A73.\\nAvaux, Comte d Claude de Mesmea, diplo-\\nmatist, born.\\nChapelatn, Jean, poet, critic, born.\\nDrelinconrt, Charles, Protestant eler., born.\\nErlach, Jean Louis d marshal, born.\\nMontmorency. Due de, Henri II., marshal,\\nborn.\\n1596 Amyraut, Moise, Protestant cl., b.\\nBodin, Jean, lawyer, political writer, A66.\\nChrestien, Florent, poet, writer, A55.\\nDescartes. Rene, philosopher, born.\\nPitbou, Pierre, jurist, satirist, A57.\\n1597 Balzac. Jean Louis Guez de. au-\\nthor, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1572 Aug. 24+. The massacre of\\nProtestants begins on St. Bartholo-\\nmew s Day, to exterminate Protestant-\\nfor the massacre of St. Bartholomew;\\nmedals are struck in its honor, and can-\\nnon fired.\\nSp. Philip II. of Spain extols the\\nmassacre of the Protestants as a mem-\\norable triumph of Christianity.\\nThe Court of England receives the\\nFrench ambassador with all Us members\\nclothed in mourning.\\nPome. Gregory XIII. is pope.\\n1573 July 8. The Edict of Boulogne\\ncloses the war favorably to the Protes-\\ntants.\\n1576 May 6. The Peace of Mon-\\nsieur. (See State.)\\nThe Holy Catholic League is\\nestablished for the protection of the\\nRoman Catholic cause.\\nApr. Paris. Henry III. issues an edict\\nof pacification. [Dec. It is revoked.\\n1577. Oct. It is renewed for six years.]\\n1577 Sept. 17. Peace of Poitiers.\\n(See State.)\\n1578 The Hew Testament is pub-\\nlished at Reims.\\n1585 July 7. The Edict of Nemours\\nis issued.\\nAll modes of worship except that of\\nthe Roman Catholic Church are forbid-\\nden in France Huguenot ministers are\\ngiven one month, anil laymen six months,\\nto leave France. (See State.)\\nPome. Sixtus V. is pope.\\n[1590, Urban VII.; later, Gregory XIV.;\\n1591, Innocent IX. 1592, Clement VIII.]\\n1593 July 25. Paris. Henry abjures\\nProtestantism. (See State.)\\n1594 The Jesuits are expelled from\\nFrance.\\n1595 Pome. The Pope grants absolu-\\ntion to Henry IV. for his former heresy.\\n1573 Judith, an epic poem, by Guil-\\nlaume de Salluste Du Bartas, appears.\\n[1579, La Semaine.~\\\\\\n_74 Franco- Gallia, by Francois\\nHotman, appears.\\n1574 Amadis Jamyn writes a Poeme\\nde la chasse.\\n*-1611* R gistres-joumaux, by Pierre\\nde l Estoile, appears.\\n1575 The Ars Poetique, by Jean Vau-\\nquelin de la Fresnaye, appears. [Later,\\nEoresteries, Satires.]\\nDiscours sur la vie et la mort, by Du-\\nplessis-Mornay, appears. [15S1, Traite\\nde la veriti de. la religion chi-etienneJ]\\n1577* *94* Les Tragiques, by Agrippa\\nd Aubigne^ appears.\\n1578 De la Ptpublique, by Jean Bodin,\\nappears.\\nLes deux dialogues du nouveau lan-\\ngage franqais italianisi, by Henry Es-\\ntienne, appears. [1579, The Projet De\\nla Pre ccellence de la languefrancaise.]\\n1579 Esprits, by Pierre Larivey, ap-\\npears.\\nAntigone, by Gamier, appears. [1580,\\nBrand amante 15S3, Sedecie.]\\n-1601 Les Antiquitfis gauloises\\nfrancoises, by Claude Fauchet, appears.\\n1580 Discours Admirables, by Bernard\\nPalissy, appears.\\nApologieet Voyages, by Ambroise Pan5,\\nappears.\\nDiscours politiques et militaires, by\\nFrancois de la Noue, appears.\\n-88 Essays, by Michael du Mon-\\ntaigne, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0696.jp2"}, "697": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1572, Aug. 24-1597,\\n685\\n1581 Histoire de France, by Lancelot\\nde la Popeliniere, appears.\\nMimes, by Jean-Antoine de Baif ap-\\npears.\\nThe Jtecueil de l f Origins de la Langue\\net Po sie J rangoise, by Claude Faucbet,\\nappears.\\n1583 De emendatione temporum, by J.\\nJ. Scaliger, appears.\\n1584+ Pierre de Bourdeilles, abbot of\\nBrantome, writes Vies d?s hommes illus-\\ntires, Vies des dames illustres, Vies des\\ndames galantes, and other works.\\n1585* Contes et discours d Eutrapel,\\nby Noel du Fail, appears.\\nEsther and Aman, by Pierre Mathieu,\\nappear. [I5S9, Clytemnestre, and the\\nGuisade.]\\n1587 Larmes de Saint Pierre, by Fran-\\ncois de Malherbe, appears.\\n1593 GuUlaume Du Vair s oration in\\ndefense of the S:ilic law appears. [Later,\\nSainte Philosophie and the Philosophic\\nMorale des Sto iques.]\\n1594 The Satyre Menippe e, a power-\\nful satire on the League, the work of sev-\\neral eminent lawyers and churchmen,\\nLeroy Gillot, Passerat, Rapin, Chrestien,\\nPithou, and Durant, appears.\\n1595 The University of Paris is re-\\nhabilitated by Henry IV.\\n1596 Sophonisbe, by Antoine de Mon-\\nchrestien, appears. [1599, Lace.nes, or\\nConstance, and L Ecossaise, or Mary\\nStuart; lflOO, David, or Adultere; 1601,\\nAman, or VaniU 1603, Hector; 1615,\\nTraiti d economie].\\n1597 Etendard de la croix, by St.\\nFrancis de Sales, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1572 Aug. 24. Paris. Massacre of\\nSt. Bartholomew. (See State.)\\n1577+ *The king abandons himself\\nto a life of debauchery almost unparal-\\nleled the Court is given over to frivol-\\nity, prostitution, duels, and assassina-\\ntions.\\n1580* *-95* Alleged witches are\\nburned 900 in Lorraine alone.\\n1588 Dee. 23. Henry, Duke of Guise,\\nis assassinated by order of Henry III.\\n[Dec. 24, Also Louis of Guise, Cardinal\\nof Lorraine.]\\n1589 Aug. 1. Henry HI. is assas-\\nsinated. (See State.)\\n1593 July 25. Henry IV. changes his\\nfaith to escape assassination.\\n1594 Dec. 27. Jean Chatel fails in an\\nattempt to assassinate Henry IV.\\nSTATE.\\n1572 Aug. 24. Paris. Massacre of\\nSt. Bartholomew.\\nBy orders of the king, instigated by\\nhis mother and brnther, Protestant men,\\nwomen, and children are murdered in\\nParis on the feast of St. Bartholomew,\\nat the signal of the bell of St. Germain,\\nat two o clock in the morning; Coligny\\nis among the killed neither age nor sex\\nis spared in other cities Protestants are\\nmassacred about 30.1)00 Huguenots are\\nkilled in the whole kingdom.\\nHenry TV. [king in 1589] is sovereign\\nof Lower Navarre.\\nAug. 26. Paris. King Charles holds a\\nft bed of justice in the parliament.\\nHe avows and justifies the massacre of\\nSt. Bartholomew, which he declared was\\nnecessary to preserve the royal family\\nand the State from a conspiracy of the\\nHuguenots.\\n1573 June 24. The Peace of La Rc-\\nchelle is signed.\\nIt grants to the Protestants liberty of\\nconscience in La liochelle, Nimes, and\\nMontauban, and the recovery of seques-\\ntered estates, offices, and honors.\\n1574 May 30. Charles IX. dies.\\n1574-1589 Henry HI. reigns.\\nHenry, King of Poland, brother of\\nCharles IX., a debauched weakling, is\\nking.\\n1575 Feb. The Compact of Mil-\\nhaud.\\nIt is a league signed by the Huguenots\\nwith the young Prince de Conde as their\\nhead, and the Politiques or liberal Cath-\\nolics led by Marshal de Damville and\\nothers, thus forming a new party.\\n*Paris. TheDued Alencon, the king s\\nyouuger brother, abandons the court,\\nand joins the Huguenots as the head of\\ntheir party.\\n1576 Henry of Navarre escapes\\nfrom court, and rejoins the Calvinists.\\nMay 6. The Peace of Monsieur.\\nIt is signed at Chastenay by the king s\\nbrother, through the combined influence\\nof three parties. Protestant worship is\\nauthorized in all France except Paris.\\nThe Holy League of violent Catho-\\nlics is formed.\\nIt aims at the elevation of the Guises\\nto the throne and the annihilation of the\\nHuguenot party its head is Henry, Duke\\nof Guise.\\nDec. The States- General meets at\\nBlois under the influence of the Holy\\nLeague, they revoke the Peace of\\nMonsieur, and the Huguenots fly to\\narms.\\n1577 Sept. 17. The Peace of Eer-\\ngerac, or Poitiers.\\nIt is favorable to the Huguenots, yet\\nprohibiting all political confederations;\\nit is concluded by the king. [Entirely ig-\\nnored by the king, who revokes all con-\\ncessions, and pledges the Holy League\\nto expel the Protestants; the Protes-\\ntants renew the war.]\\n1580 Nov. 26. The Treaty of Fleix\\nis concluded, confirming the favorable\\nconditions of former treaties.\\n15S2 The calendar is changed to\\nnew style.\\n1584 June 10. Francis, Duke of An-\\njou, formerly Due d Alencon, the king s\\nbrother, dies.\\nThe Council of Sixteen is formed\\nby the Holy League.\\nIt aims to promote the claim of Charles,\\nCardinal de Bourbon, uncle of Henry of\\nNavarre, to the throne as successor to\\nthe reigning monarch.\\nDec. 31. A secret convention is con-\\ncluded at Joinville between Philip of\\nSpain and the Guises.\\nIt is agreed that heresy shall be exter-\\nminated, and that, on the death of Henry\\nthe crown shall pass to the Cardinal cf\\nBourbon.\\n1585 July 7. Henry signs the Treaty\\nof Nemours with the leaders of the\\nHoly League, who favor the Duke of\\nGuise, of whom Henry is jealous because\\nof his great popularity. (See Church.)\\n1588 May 9. Paris. The Duke of\\nGuise enters Paris in spite of the king s\\nprohibition, and is enthusiastically wel-\\ncomed by the people.\\nMay 12. Paris. Popular insurrection.\\nThe people rise against the king and\\nin favor of the Duke of Guise barri-\\ncades are erected in the streets. [May\\n13. Henry III. flees to Chartres.]\\nJuly 19. Henry III. issues at Rouen the\\nEdict of Union.\\nIt makes the Duke of Guise lieutenant-\\ngeneral and supreme in the war with the\\nHuguenots, and prohibits the succession\\nof a Protestant to the throne.\\nOct. 16. The States- General meet at\\nBlois the members are exclusively\\nCatholics.\\nHenry III. is compelled to observe and\\nenforce the Edict of Union, and renew\\nthe sentence of exclusion from the\\nthrone against the Bourbons.\\nDec. 23. Paris. The Duke of Guise\\nis murdered by assassins employed by\\nthe king, who has failed to obtain aid\\nfrom the States-General. [His brother\\nalso.] (See Society.)\\n1589 Jan. Paris. Explosion of popu-\\nlar fury against the king.\\nThe people of Paris and other towns\\ndeclare against the royal murderer even\\nthe Catholic party detest him. and the\\nSorbonne, being consulted, decides that\\nFrenchmen are released from their oath\\nof allegiance to Henry. FA provisional\\ngovernment is formed with the Duke of\\nAumale at its head.]\\nJan. 5. Catherine de M\u00e2\u0082\u00acdicis dies.\\nFeb. 15. Paris. The Duke of May-\\nenne, brother of the Duke of Guise, ar-\\nrives, is received with enthusiasm by the\\npeople, and takes control of the govern-\\nment.\\nApr. 3. The king makes an alliance\\nwith Henry of Navarre against the Holy\\nLeague.\\nJuly 31. Henry m. is assassinated at\\nSt. Cloud by Jacques Clement, a monk.\\n1589-1792 (1S30) House of Bourbon\\nenthroned.\\n1589-1610 Henry TV. reigns.\\nHe becomes the pride and glory of\\nFrance.\\nAug. 2. Henry of Navarre is acknowl-\\nedged king by the Protestants and some\\nCatholic leaders.\\nAug. 4. Henry IV. issues a manifesto\\npromising to maintain equal freedom\\nfor Catholics and Protestants.\\nAug. 7. The Duke of Mayenne, of the\\nHoly League, proclaims Cardinal de\\nBourbon king, as Charles X.\\n1590 Mar. 5. Paris. The parliament\\nissues a decree recognizing Charles X.\\nas lawful king.\\n1593 July 25. Paris. Henry abjures\\nProtestantism.\\nHis Protestant faith is the chief ob-\\nstacle to his acceptance, and he is re-\\nceived into the Catholic Church by the\\nArchbishop of Bourges at the Church of\\nSt. Denis.\\n1594 Feb. 27. Henry is anointed\\nking at Chartres. [Due de Sully is min-\\nister. Mar. 22. Henry enters Paris.]\\n1595 Jan. 15. Henry declares war\\nagainst Spain.\\n1596* *-98* The Spaniards hold pos-\\nsession of Calais.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0697.jp2"}, "698": {"fulltext": "686 1598, *~1629, Apr. 24.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1598 May 2. The Peace. (See State.)\\n1600 Henry IV. declares war against\\nthe Duke of Savoy, who claims disputed\\nterritory.\\n1621 Aug. 18. Montauban, a Hugue-\\nnot stronghold, is besieged by the\\nDuke of Mayenne. [Oct. 26. Raised.]\\n1622 Sept.* Montpellier is surren-\\ndered by the Huguenots.\\nNov. The peace of Montpellier. (See\\nState.)\\n1624 Nov. ft. The French seize the\\nValtelline.\\n1627* *-28* War with the Hugue-\\nnots, who are supported by England.\\n1627 July 22. The English under the\\nDuke of Buckingham attack the Isle\\nof Ke\\\\\\n1628 Oct. 28. LaRochelle, thelast\\nbulwark of religious liberties, surren-\\nders to Due de Richelieu after a siege of\\n15 months, during which English fleets\\nhad made three unsuccessful attempts\\nto relieve the town.\\n1629 Jan. It. Louis goes to aid the\\nDuke of Nevers against Spain. [Mar.\\n18. He is compelled to raise the siege of\\nMantua.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1606 Paris. The Hotel Dieu is\\nfounded.\\nTapestry is made by Flemings.\\n1610\u00c2\u00b1 Paris. The Palais Koyal is\\nbuilt.\\n1611* *-20* Paris. The Palace of\\nthe Luxembourg is begun by Jacques\\nDebrosse for Marie de Medicis. [1616.\\nThe magnificent porch is erected.]\\n1612+* A steam-apparatus is in-\\nvented by Solomon de Caus, [1615. He\\npublishes, at Heidelberg, a work on mo-\\ntive power which advances a theorem on\\nthe expansion and condensation of\\nsteam.]\\n1617 Muskets with flint-locks and\\nbattery are invented.\\n1621* Paris. Pastel-painting is in-\\nvented by Bouet.\\n1622 Paris. Rubens decorates the\\nLuxembourg Palace with 21 great\\npaintings representing events in the life\\nof Marie de Medicis.\\n1629\u00c2\u00b1 Paris. The French Acad-\\nemy is founded by the informal meet-\\ning of eight men of letters. [1635. Jan.\\n2. It is formally established by Cardinal\\nRichelieu it consists of 40 members.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1598 Colletet, Guillaume, poet, born.\\nKtienne, Henry, printer, A70.\\nMansard, or Mansart, Francois, archi-\\ntect, born.\\nMellan, Claude, designer, engraver, born.\\nVoiture, Vincent, poet, born.\\n1599* Baron, Pierre, polemical writer in\\nEngland, dies.\\nBoehart, Samuel, scholar, Prot. theol. born.\\nEstrees, Gabrielle d\\\\ mistress of Ilenrv IV.,\\nA28\u00c2\u00b1.\\nHery, Thierry de, suru t on, A94.\\n1600* Harms, Martin de, clergyman, born.\\nChevreuse, Duchesse de, Marie de It. M.,\\nbeauty, intriguer, born.\\nNicot, Jean, diplomatist, litterateur, A70.\\nClaude Lorrain, painter, born.\\nSanson, Nicolas, geographer, born.\\n1601 P.eaune, Klonmond de, math., born.\\nFerrnat, Pierre de, geometrician, poet, born.\\nLouis XIII., king, born.\\nTristan l Merinite, Francois, poet, born.\\n1602* Anne of Austria, wife of Louis\\nXIII., born. (Or 1601, Sep. 22.)\\nBoissard, Jean Jacques, antiq., poet, A74.\\nJunius, Kraneiseus, Protestant theol., A57.\\nMazarin, Jules, cardinal, statesman, born.\\nRoberval, Giles Personne de, math., born.\\n1603 Charron, Pierre, philosopher, A62.\\nViete, Francois, mathematician, A63.\\n1604* Ayrault, Pierre, jurist, A68.\\nBaron, Vincent, Dominican theol., writer, h.\\nMairet, Jean, dramatist, born.\\nPagan, Comte de, Blaise Francois, military\\nengineer, born.\\n1605 Beza, Theodore, Calvinistic theolo-\\ngian, poet, historian, diplomatist, A8(i.\\nT eXclixe, Hardouin de Beaumont de, hist., b.\\nTavernier, Jean P.aptiste, traveler, A83.\\nTyard, Pontus de, bishop, poet, A84.\\n1606* Ablaneonrt, Nicolas-l errold wri.,b.\\nP.arrelier, Jacques, botanist, born.\\nCorneille. Pierre, poet, dramatist, born.\\nDesportes, Philippe, abbot, poet, A61.\\nErrant, Charles, painter, architect, born.\\n1607* Estrades, Comte d Godefroi, gen-\\neral, statesman, born.\\nFlacour, Etienne de, com. at Madagascar, b.\\nJogues, Isaac, Jesuit missionary in Am., b.\\nLabb6, Pliilijipe, Jesuit polygrapher, born.\\nScudery, Madeleine de, author, born.\\n1608 Benoit, Rene, theologian, A87-\\nOlier de Vernenil, Jean Jacques, clergyman,\\nfdr. of the Order of Saint Sulpice, born.\\nOrleans, Due d Jean Baptists Gaston, son\\nof Henry IV., born.\\nLemaistre, Antoine, jurist, born.\\n1609* Gassion, Comte de, Jean, marshal,!).\\nLgcluse, Garolus, botanist, A83.\\nRotrou, Jean de. dramatic poet, born.\\nScaliger, Joseph Justus, philologist, A69.\\n1610* La Calprenede, Gantier de Costes\\nde, Seigneur, novelist, born.\\nCerton, Salomon, poet, A60\u00c2\u00b1.\\nDu Cange, Charles du Fresne, hist., philol., b.\\nDuquesne, Abraham, admiral, born.\\nHenry IV., king, assassinated May 14, A57.\\nLabadie, Jean de, mystic, born.\\nMaimbourg, Louis, historian, born.\\nMe^eray, Francois Kndes de, historian, born.\\nMignard. Pierre, painter, born.\\nRavaillac, Francois, regicide, A31i.\\nScarron, Paul, poet, satirist, born.\\n1611 Bertaut, Jean, l Abbe, bishop of\\nSeez, poet, A59.\\nChaumonot, Pierre M. J., Jesuit missionary\\nin Canada, born.\\nDufresnoy, Charles Alphonse, paint., poet, b.\\nMayenne, Due de, Charles de Lorraine, gen-\\neral, A57.\\nMonts, Sieur de, Pierre du Guast, colonizer\\nof Acadia, A51\u00c2\u00b1.\\nTurenne, Vicomte de, Henri de la Tour\\nd Auvergne, marshal, born.\\n1612* Arnauld, Antoine, philosopher, b.\\nBenserade, Isaac de, court poet, born.\\n1613 Bauhin, Jean, botanist, phy., A72.\\nChevreau, Crbain, author, born.\\nDughet, Gaspard, painter, born.\\nGuillemeau, Jacques, surgeon, A93\\nLenotre Andre, artist, garden designer, b.\\nMenage. Gilles. critic, born.\\nPerrault. Claudius, architect, born.\\nKegnier, Mathurin, jioet, A40.\\nRochefoucauld. Due de la, Francois,\\nmoralist, born.\\nSacy, Louis Isaac, Jansenist, tr. of Bible, b.\\nSaint EVremond, Charles de M. de St. Denis\\nde, wit, born.\\n1614 Brantoine, Pierre de Bourdeilles, histo-\\nrian, A74.\\nCasaulion, Isaac, critic, commentator, Greek\\nscholar, A55.\\nRetz, Jean Francois Paul de Gondi de,\\ncardinal, statesman, born.\\n1615 Crillon, Louis des Balhes de Berton\\nde, general, A74.\\nFouquet, Nicolas, Marquis de Belle-Isle,\\nfinancier, born.\\nLancelot, Dom Claude, grammarian, born.\\nLefevre Tanncgui, critic, scholar, born.\\nMarguerite de Valois, queen, A63.\\nL Enclos, Anne de Ninon de, courtesan, b.\\nPasquier, Ktienne, historian, lawyer, A86.\\n1616 Auberv, Antoine, historical writer, b.\\nBaillou, Guillaume, de, medical writer, A78.\\nBeaufort, Due de, Francois de Vendome,\\nsoldier, born.\\nBourdon, Sebastien, painter, born.\\n1617* Ancre, Concini Concinio (Italian),\\nmarshal, dies.\\nBlondel, Francois, architect, military eng.,b.\\nLesueur, Eustache. painter, born.\\nThou, Jacques A. de, statesman, hist., A 64.\\n1618* Bussy-Rabutin, Comte de, Roger,\\nsatirist, born.\\nCharas, Moise, chemist, pharmacist, born.\\nDuperron, Jacques Daw. cardinal, archbp.\\nof Sens, diplomatist, litterateur, A62.\\n1619 Arnauld, Antoine, orator, A59.\\nClaude, Jean, Protestant leader, born.\\nColbert. JeanEaptiste, Marquis de Seigne-\\nlay, financier, statesman, born.\\nFelibien, Andre, architect, writer, born.\\nHarlay, Achille de, jurist, A83.\\nLebrun. Charles, painter, born.\\nLongueville, Duchesse de, Anne, Genevieve\\nde Bourbon Conde. political agitator, b.\\n1620 Allouez, Claude Jean, explorer, b.\\nBergerac, .Savinien Cyrano de, dramatist,\\nnovelist, duelist, born.\\nCharpentier, Francois, author, born.\\nCinq-Mars, Marquis de, Henri de Ruz6 de,\\nconspirator, born.\\nFuretiers, Antoine, philosopher, born.\\nMariotte, Edme, physicist, born.\\nPicard, Jean, astronomer, born.\\nThevenot, Melcbisedech, compiler, author, b.\\n1621 Albert, Charles d Due de Luynes,\\nconstable of France, A43.\\nBarclay, Jean, writer, A 39.\\nChainier, Daniel, Protestant theol., A51+.\\nCond6, Prince de, Louis II. de Bourbon,\\nDue d Knghien, general, born.\\nDuvair, Cuillaiinie, moralist, writer, A65.\\nFrontenac, Comte de, Louis de Buade, gov-\\nernor of Canada, born.\\nCourtois, Jacques, painter, born.\\nGodefroi, Dennis, jurist, A72.\\nGramont, Comte de, Pbilibert, courtier,\\nauthor, born.\\nLa Fontaine, Jean de. poet, fabulist, born.\\nRapin, Ren6, Jesuit Latin poet, born.\\n1622 Francis de. Sales, saint, bishop of\\nGeneva, orator, writer, A55.\\nJeannin, Pierre, statesman, A82.\\nMoliere. Jean Baptiste Poquelin.dram., b.\\nPecquet, Jean, anatomist, discoverer, b.\\nPuget, Pierre, sculptor, painter, arch., b.\\nSavary, Jacques, (inancicr, born.\\n1623 Bouillon, Due de, Henri de la Tour\\nd Auvergne, marshal, A68.\\nMornay, Philippe de, Seigneur du Plessis-\\nMarly, statesman, Prot. theol., hist., A71.\\nPascal. Blaise, philosopher, author, born.\\n1624 Arnauld, A ngelique, mm, writer, b.\\nBauhin, Gaspard, naturalist, A64.\\nCrequi, Francois de Bonne de, Due de Les-\\ndiguieres, marshal, born.\\nLa Chaise, Francois d Atx, Pere, Jesuit con-\\nfessor of Louis XV., born.\\n1 625 Cassini, Jean Dominique, astr., b.\\nCorneille, Thomas, dramatist, born.\\nDomat, Jean, jurist, born.\\nFremont d Ablancourt, Nicolas, litterateur,\\ndiplomatist, born.\\nHerbelot, Partheleniy d*, orientalist, born.\\nNicole, Pierre, novelist, horn.\\nL T rfe\\\\ Honore d writer, A58.\\n1626* Cans, or faux, Saloman de, engineer,\\nA51.\\nCotton, Pierre, confessor of Henry IV., A62.\\nChapelle, Claude E. L., poet, born.\\nLesdignieres, Due de, Francois de Bonne,\\nconstable, general, A 83.\\nQuintinie, Jean de la, pomologist, horn,\\nlianee, Armand Jean le Bouthillier de, re-\\nformer of monastery of La Trappe, born.\\nSevigne, Marie de Kabul 1 n -Chant aide, wr.,b.\\n1627* Cousin, Louis, historian, born.\\nCotelier, Jean Bapliste, Greek scholar, born.\\nBossuet, Jacques B.. bishop of Meaux,\\npulpit orator, born.\\nMontpensier, Duchesse de, Anne M. L. d O.,\\nauthor, born.\\n1628* Boubours, Dominique, Jesuit crit., b.\\nCamhert, Kobert, composer, born.\\nCourtois, in ilia nine, painter, born.\\nGirardon, Francois, sculptor, born.\\nMalherbe. Frangois de. poet, A73.\\nl arrault, Charles, author, born.\\nLuxembourg. TJuc de. Francois Henri de\\nMontmorency Hon lev i lie, marshal, born.\\n1629 Itarbevrac, Charles, physician, born.\\nBeruUe. Pierre, cardinal, founder Carmelite\\norder in France, A54.\\nKobin, Jean, botanist, A79.\\nCHURCH.\\n1598 Apr. 15. Henry IV. grants to tbe\\nProtestants tbe Edict of Nantes [whicb\\nbrings brigbter days]. (See State.)\\nHenry IV. devises a fantastic plan to\\nestablish a universal Christian re-\\npublic.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0698.jp2"}, "699": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1598, *-1629, Apr. 24. 687\\nIt proposes six hereditary monarchies,\\nFrance, England, Spain, Denmark,\\nSweden, and Loinbardy live elective\\nmonarchies, the Empire, Papacy, Hun-\\ngary, Poland, and Bohemia four repub-\\nlics, Switzerland, Italy, Venice, and\\nBelgium.\\n1603 Henry IV. recalls the Jesuits\\nby the advice of the Pope. [1604. Jan.\\n2. They are reinstated.\\n1605 Home. Leo XL is pope later\\nPaul V.\\n1605 Paris. Angelica Arnanld re-\\nvises and reforms the Cistercian Con-\\nvent [Port-Koyal des Champs].\\n1610 The English (Roman Catholic)\\nversion of the Bible is printed at Douai,\\nwhere priests are educated for service in\\nEngland.\\n1619 Feb. 19. Lucilio Vanini, an\\nItalian philosopher and skeptic, is burned\\nat Toulouse as an atheist.\\n1621* Rome. Gregory XV. is pope.\\n[1623, Urban VIII.]\\n1622 Sept. 5. Marie de Medicis com-\\npels the king to grant Eichelieu a car-\\ndinal s hat.\\n1625 St. Vincent de Paul, a reformer,\\nfounds the congregation of the Laza-\\nrists, the Priests of the Mission, who de-\\nvote themselves to education.\\nRichelieu attempts the reduction of\\nProtestants, and the Huguenots revolt.\\nParis. The Cistercian convent is\\nremoved from the suburb into the city.\\n1626 Feb. Richelieu receives the in-\\nvectives of the Catholic world because\\nof his leniency toward defeated Hugue-\\nnots.\\n1628 Nov. The Huguenot cause is\\nruined in the surrender of La Rochelle.\\nHuguenots are no longer an armed\\npolitical party, but a tolerated sect.\\n[Protestantism is utterly prostrate. It\\nnumbers only about one-half its num-\\nber preceding the massacre of St. Bar-\\ntholomew.]\\nJuly 14. The Pacification of Nimes\\nis issued it gives toleration to the\\nHuguenots.\\nLETTERS.\\n1600 TraiU de la Sagesse, by Pierre\\nCharron, appears.\\nThe Letters of Cardinal d Ossat ap-\\npear.\\n-30 Alexandre Hardy produces 700\\nplays.\\n1601 -05 Stances a Du Pen-ier sur\\nla mort de safttle, by Malherbe, appears.\\n1606 Thesaurus temporum, by J. J.\\nScaliger, appears. [1610, Opuscula va-\\nriaJ]\\nJean Passerat writes Catin, J ai perdu,\\nma tourterelle.\\n1608 Introduction a la vie de vote, by\\nSt. Francis de Sales, appears. [1614,\\nTraitS de I amour de Dieu.]\\nHistori.a met temporis, by Jacques-\\nAuguste De Thou, appears.\\n-13 Satires, by Mathurin Regnier,\\n1617 Amours tragiques de Pyramt et\\nThisbe by Theophile de Viau, appears.\\n1619 The Bergeries, by Honorat de\\nBueil, Marquis of Racan, appears.\\n1620\u00c2\u00b1 The Negotiations of the Presi-\\ndent Jeannin appear.\\n1622* La CaHfie, by Marin Le Roy de\\nGoinberville, appears. [lGo2-li7, Polex-\\nandre; 1639, Cyth re e.]\\n1624 A collection of letters by Jean-\\nLouis Guez de Balzac appears. [1631,\\nThe Prince.]\\nEndynvion, by Jean Ogier de Gom~\\nbauld, appears. [1631, Amaranthe.]\\nPierre Corneille takes the oaths as\\nadvocate four years before the regular\\ntime.\\n1628 Tyr et Sidon, by Jean de Sche-\\nlandre, appears.\\nLes Me moires de Marguerite de Valois\\n1610* *-27* AstrSe, by Honore D Ur-\\nfe\\\\ appears.\\n1611 Fidelle, by Larivey, appears.\\n1612 Le Moyen de Parrenir, by Bero-\\nalde de Verville, appears.\\n1616* *-20* Histoire Universe lie,\\n1550-1601, by Theodore A. D AubigmS,\\nappears.\\n1629* Paris. The French Academy\\nis founded.\\nMelite, bv Corneille, is acted. [1632,\\nClitendre; 1633, La Veuve; 1634, Galerie\\ndu Palais and La Suivante 1635, La\\nPlace lioyale and Me de e.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1605\u00c2\u00b1 Henry TV. is extremely licen-\\ntious even in his old age he is infatu-\\nated to possess the wife of Henry, Prince\\nof Conde.\\n1610 May 14. Ravaillac assassinates\\nHenry IV.\\n[He is terribly punished by burning, by\\nhot pincers, pouring hut lead into gaping\\nwounds, and finally pulled by horses to\\ntear him asunder.]\\n1616 Paris. The people rise against\\nConcini his palace is plundered and de-\\nstroyed.\\nApr. Paris. The populace is brutal.\\nIt is delighted with the overthrow of\\nConcini men disinter his body, drag it\\nthrough the streets, tear it to pieces, and\\nburn it.\\n1617 The queen-mother is exiled to\\nBlois, and Be Luynes, the king s favo-\\nrite, is in full control of public affairs.\\nThe wife of Concini, Leonora de Gali-\\ngai, is executed for exercising sorcery\\non the queen-mother, and her vast es-\\ntates are confiscated.\\n1621 Apr. Louis XII. takes the field,\\nand disgusts the nation by making his\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0weak favorite the constable of France\\nhis incapacity defeats the army.\\nSTATE.\\n1598 Apr. 13. Henry IV. signs the\\nEdict of Nantes.\\nIt gives partial religious liberty to cer-\\ntain Protestant nobles anil the citizens of\\na certain number of cities and towns, but\\nprohibits Protestant worship in episco-\\npal cities and within 20 miles of Paris\\nitstipulates f r the State payment of the\\nProtestant clergy and makes Protestants\\neligible for public office, they having\\nequal political rights. Their buildings\\nare restored.\\nMay 2. The Treaty of Vervins with\\nSpain. Conquests are mutually restored.\\n1599 Dec. 17. Henry is divorced\\nfrom his wife, Marguerite de Valois.\\n[1600. Oct. 5. He marries Marie de\\nMtidicis of Tuscany.]\\n1600 The Duke of Savoy refuses to\\nsurrender the marquisate of Saluzzo,\\nand Henry declares war. [1601. Jan.\\n17. By treaty the duke surrenders La\\nBresse and other territory.]\\n1602 Charles de Gontault, Duke of\\nBiron, admiral of France, enters into a\\nconspiracy with Spain and the Duke\\nof Savoy, to dethrone Henry. [June*\\n-July Biron is tried, and convicted of\\ntreason. July 31. He is executed.]\\n1606 Bouillon is compelled to admit a\\nroyal garrison into his tower of Sedan.\\n1608 Can. Quebec is colonized.\\n1610 May 13. The Queen Marie de\\nMe dicis is crowned.\\nMay 14. Henry XV. is killed by an as-\\nsassin, Francois Ravaillac.\\n1610-1643 Louis XIII. the Just,\\nson of Henry IV., reigns.\\nHis mother, Marie de Medicis is regent\\nshe is controlled by Concini and his wife,\\ntwo Italian adventurers.\\n1610 May 22. The Edict of Nantes,\\nfavoring Protestants, is confirmed by\\nLouis XIII.\\n1611 Jan. Due de Sully resigns his\\noffice of Superintendent of the Fi-\\nnances, because of the cabals of Con-\\ncino Concini, the chief Minister, and\\nothers.\\n1614 Sept. 28. The King assumes the\\ngovernment, having attained his ma-\\njority (14 years).\\nOct. 20. Paris. The session of the\\nStates- General is opened by the king.\\n[Armand. John Duplessis de Richelieu\\nis a member.]\\n1615 Mar. 24. Paris. The Great\\nRevolution the Assembly is dis-\\nsolved. [It is not convoked again for\\n174 years.]\\nOct. 18. Louis XIIL, 15 years of age,\\nmarries Anne of Austria, daughter of\\nPhilip III. of Spain.\\n1616 Aug. 31. Prince Henry of\\nConde is imprisoned in the Bastile by\\nadvice of Richelieu.\\n1617 Apr. 14. Concino Concini,\\nMarshal d Ancre, resisting arrest, is as-\\nsassinated.\\n1620 Navarre is annexed to France.\\n1622 Nov. 17. The Peace of Mont-\\npellier.\\nThe Huguenots are deprived of all\\ntheir fortified towns except La Rochelle\\nand Montauban.\\n1624* *-42* Administration of\\nCardinal (and Due de) Bichelieu. He\\ncontrols the king, rules the people\\nharshly, but displays ability.\\n1625 The Huguenots revolt under\\nthe Dukes of Rohan and Soubise, because\\nof Richelieu s attempts against the Prot-\\nestant party.\\n1626 Mar. 5. The Treaty of Monpon\\nis concluded between France and Spain.\\nJuly 31. Louis issues an edict for the\\ndemolition of castles.\\n1629 Apr. 24. England concludes a\\npeace \u00e2\u0096\u00a0with France without any stipula-\\ntion in favor of the Protestants.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0699.jp2"}, "700": {"fulltext": "1629, June 28-1650,\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1630 Mar. 20. It. Richelieu besieges\\nthe fortress of Pignerol. [It surren-\\nders after three days the passes into\\nItaly are soon taken.]\\n1632 June* Gaston d Orleans, the\\nking s brother, and the Duke of Mont-\\nmorency raise a revolt in Languedoe.\\nSept. 1. Gaston d Orleans and Mont-\\nmorency are defeated by the king s\\ntroops, under Comte de Schomberg, at\\nCastelnaudary.\\n-1634 Dec. 23. Ger. The French com-\\npel the Germans to raise the siege of\\nHeidelberg.\\n1635 -\u00c2\u00a38 War with Austria.\\nRichelieu raises four large armies, and\\nsends them to Flanders, Milan, Valtel-\\nline, and to the Rhine; little glory and\\nno advantage is gained for France.\\n1636 Gascony is invaded by Spain,\\nand Picaxdy by Imperialists.\\nAug. 15. Corbie surrenders to the\\nSpaniards. [1637. Nov. 14. Corbie sur-\\nrenders to Richelieu.]\\n1640 Sept. 24. It. Turin surrenders\\nto the French under Gen. D Harcourt.\\n1641 July 6. Louis de Bourbon,\\nComte de Soissons, joins Spain in a plot\\nagainst Richelieu he utterly defeats\\nthe royal army at Sedan.\\nJuly 16. Comte de Soissons is de-\\nfeated and killed at La Marfee, near\\nSedan.\\n1642 Sept. 9. Perpignan surrenders\\nto the French after a siege of two years.\\nFrance takes possession of Kous-\\nsillon.\\n1643 May 19. The Spaniards are de-\\nfeated by the French under the Due\\nd Enghien, son of the Prince of Conde,\\nat Rocroi.\\nAug. 10. Ger. Thionville [Dieden-\\nhofen] is taken by the French after a\\nsiege of four months.\\nNov. Sp. The French are driven from\\nAragon by Philip IV.\\nAug. 3-5. Ger. The Due d Enghien,\\nPrince of Conde, and Marshal Turenne\\ndefeat the Bavarians under Baron\\nMercy at Freiburg.\\n1645 May 5. The French under\\nMarshal Turenne are defeated at Ma-\\nriendal.\\nAug. 7. Ger. The French under Tu-\\nrenne and d Enghien [the Great Conde]\\ndefeat the Spaniards at Ndrdlingen, in\\nBavaria.\\nNov. 9r. Prus. Turenne takes Treves.\\n1646 June 29. Belg. Courtrai sur-\\nrenders to the French.\\nOct. 12. The French under the Due\\nd Enghien [Conde], aided by the Dutch\\nAdm. Van Trorap, take Dunkirk from\\nSpain after a siege.\\n1648 Aug. 20. Conde utterly defeats\\nthe Germans and Spaniards under the\\nArchduke Leopold William, at Lens.\\n1649 Jan.* Paris is blockaded by\\nConde.\\nFeb. 8. The Royalists under Conde at-\\ntack and defeat the Frondeurs at\\nCharenton, and put 3,000 of them to the\\nsword.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1631 Nov. 7. Pierre Gassendi observes\\nthe transit of Mercury.\\n1640* *The bayonet is invented at\\nBayonne.\\nUmbrellas are in use.\\n1646 Blaise Pascal proves that the at-\\nmosphere has weight.\\nThe first French opera, Akebar, Roi de\\nMogul, is composed by Abbe Mailly.\\n1648 Paris. [The Academy of Fine\\nArts], which originated in an association\\nof painters in the 14th century, is recog-\\nnized as the Academy of Painting and\\nSculpture.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1630* Aubigne. Theodore Agrippa d\\\\\\nhistorian, satiric poet, A SO.\\nAuzout, Adrien, mathematician, born.\\nAudiguier, Vital d Seigneur de la Menor,\\npoet, A6I.\\nBaluze, Etienne, historian, born.\\nI .ernier, Francuis, traveler, phvsician, b.\\nCharles Emmanuel I. the Great, Due de\\nSavoy, A 68.\\nCosnac, Daniel de, archbishop of ALx, born.\\nHuet, Pierre D.,bp. of Avranehes, schol., b.\\nMorel, Frederic, printer, litterateur, A72.\\nNanteuil, Robert, painter, engraver, born.\\nRousseau, Jacques, painter, born.\\nSanteul, Jean de, poet, born.\\n1631* Auinale, Due d Charles de Lor-\\nraine, a chief of the League, A77.\\nCoulanges, Marquis de, Philippe Emmanuel,\\nsong-writer, born.\\nMillet, Pierre, missionary in Canada, born.\\n1632* Bourdaloue. Louis, Jesuit, pulpit\\norator, born.\\nFlechier, Esprit, pulpit orator, born.\\nLauzun, Antoine Nompar de Caumont de,\\ngeneral, courtier, born.\\nMabillon, Jean, Benedictine, author, born.\\nMontmorency, Due de, Henri 11., marshal,\\nA 37.\\nSchomberg, Comte de, Henri, marshal, A57.\\nGallois, Jean, critic, journalist, born.\\n1633 Lulli, or Lully, Jean Baptiste, Ital-\\nian-French composer, horn.\\nThevenot, Jean de, traveler, composer, b.\\nVauban. Sebastien L. de. military engi-\\nneeiymarshal, born.\\n1634* Amelot de la Houssaye, Abraham\\nJules, prearher, author, born.\\nLafayette, Comtesse de, Mane M. P. de la V.,\\nauthor, born.\\n1635 Arvieux, Laurent C. d oriental., b.\\nChamplain, Samuel de navigator, ex-\\nplorer, founder of Canada, AGS.\\nCallot, Jacques, engraver, etcher, A42.\\nMamtenon, Frances d Aubigne, queen, born.\\nPiles, Roger de, dip., painter, author, born.\\nMonnoyer, Jean Baptiste, painter, born.\\nQtiinault. Philip, dramatic poet, born.\\n1636 Baume, Nicholas A. de la marshal,\\nborn.\\nBoileau-Despreaux. Nicolas, poet, sati-\\nrist, critic, born.\\nChamilly, Marquis de, Noel Ronton, gen., b.\\nLe Pays, Kene de, Sieur Plessis-Villeneuve,\\npoet, born.\\nMasson, Antoine, engraver, born,\\n1637 Catinat, Nicolas de. general, born.\\nJurieu, Pierre, Protestant theologian, author,\\nborn.\\nMarquette. Jacques, explorer of Missis-\\nsippi, born.\\nTillemont. Sebastien Lenain de, hist., cl.,b.\\n1638 Begon, Michel, antiquary, born.\\nMalebranche, Nicolas, philosopher, born.\\nLouis XIV., king, born.\\nRohan, Due de, Henri, Huguenot gen., A59.\\nSimon, Richard, philns., Biblical critic, born.\\n1639* Chaulieu, Guillaume, Anifrye de,\\npoet, born.\\nFerriere, Claude de, jurist, born.\\nLouvois, Marquis de, Francois L. M., states-\\nHacine, Jean, dramatic poet, born.\\n1640 Audran, Gerard, hist, engrav., born.\\nBoullougne, Bon, painter, born.\\nChauvin, Etienne, Protestant el., born.\\nCoysevox, Antoine, Span, sculptor in Fr., b.\\nPesjardins, Marie Catherine, author, born.\\nDuchesne, Andre, geographer, hist., A65.\\nFleury, Claude, L Abbe, author, born.\\nFourier, Pierre, religious reformer, A75.\\nHubert, Matthieu, preaeher, born.\\nJardins, Marie Catherine des, author, born.\\nLahire, Philippe de, geometer, born.\\nLafosse, Charles de, historical painter, born.\\nPhilip, Due d i trleans, son of Louis XIII., b.\\n1641 Allix, Pierre, Protestam theob, b.\\nArnaud, Henri, past., leader of Waldenses,b.\\nCbantal, Baronne de, Jeanne Franchise Ere-\\nmiot, devotee, A69.\\nMotitespan, Marquise de, Francois Athenais\\nde Roeheehniiart, mistress Louis XIV. b.\\nSully, Due de, Maximilien de B6thune.\\nBaron de Rosny, statesman, A81.\\nVaudreuil, Marquis de, Philippe de Rigaud,\\ngovernor-general of Canada, born.\\nVieusscns, Kaimond, anatomist, born.\\n1643 Cinq-Mars, Henri de Kuze de, con-\\nspirator, A22.\\nMane de Medieis, wife of Henry IV., A75.\\nRichelieu, Due de, Annand Jean Duplessis,\\ncardinal, statesman, A57.\\nSoubise, Seigneur de, Benjamin de Rohan,\\nHuguenot soldier, A 59.\\nTourville, Anne H. de C. de, marshal, born.\\n1643* Collet, Philibert, writer, born.\\nLa Salle. Robert de, cavalier, explorer, b.\\nLouis XIII., king, A42.\\nMoreri, Louis, clergyman, bis orian, born.\\nPontehartrain. Louis V. de, statesman, born.\\n1644* Boufflers, Marquis de, Louis Fran-\\ncois, marshal, born.\\nChampiiiesle. Mane Desmares, actor, born.\\nCbardin, Jean, merchant, traveler, born.\\nChoisy, Francois 1 linolton de, author, born.\\nD Orleans, Pierre J., historian, born.\\nLamoignon, Chretien Francois, statesman, b.\\nValliere, Duchesse de la, hranc.oise L. de la\\nB. La Blanc, favorite of Louis XIV., born.\\nVilleroi, Due de, Francois de Neufvlile.\\nmarshal, born.\\n1645* Callieres, Francois de, statesman,\\nauthor, born.\\nGournay, Maria le Jars de, writer, A79.\\nJoliet, Louis, one of the discoverers of the\\nMississippi, born.\\nLemery, Nicholas, chemist, born.\\nMansard, Jules Hardouin, architect, born.\\n1646* Bassompierre, Francois, marshal,\\nauthor, A67.\\nBruyere, Jean de la, author, moralist, b.\\nGalland, Antoine, antiq., orientalist, born.\\nHamilton, Count Anthony, courtier, writer,\\nborn in Ireland.\\nHardouin, Jean, writer, born.\\nJogues, Isaac, Jesuit missionary in Am., A39.\\nPlumier, Charles, botanist, born.\\n1647 Alacoque, Marguerite, nun, prophet-\\ness, horn.\\nBayle, Pierre, philosopher, critic, born.\\nPapin, Denis, natural philosopher, born.\\nCassion, Comte de, Jean, marshal, A38.\\nHautefeuille, Jean de, mechanician, au., b.\\nJouvenet, Jean, historical painter, born.\\n1648 Cheron, Elizabeth S., artist, poet, b.\\nDufresny, Charles Riviere, dramatist, born.\\nGuyon, Jeanne, M. B. de la Motte, mystic,\\nauthor, born.\\nMersenne, le Pere Marin, philosopher, A60.\\nVoiture, Vincent, poet, A50.\\n1649 Vouet, Simon, painter, A59.\\nBaillet, Adnen, scholar, author, born.\\nDaniel, Gabriel, Jesuit, author, born.\\nEdelinck, Gerard, Flemish engraver in Fr.,b.\\n1650* *Aunoy, or Aulnoy, Comtesse de,\\nMarie Catherine J. de B-, author, born.\\nAvaux, Comte d Claude de Mesmes, diplo-\\nmatist, A55\u00c2\u00b1.\\nDescartes, Rene, philosopher, math., A54.\\nDumont, Jean, historian, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1634 The Order of Sisters of Charity\\nis organized at Chatillon by Vincent de\\nPaul, for service to the sick poor.\\n1644 Home. Innocent X. is pope.\\n[1655 Alexander VII. 1667. Clement\\nIX.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1631 Conjuration de Fit-ague, by Jean\\n.Francois Paul de Gondi, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0700.jp2"}, "701": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1629, June 28-1650, 6S9\\nGazette de France is issued by Theo-\\npliraste Renundot. [1635-42, Bureau d\\nAdresse.]\\n1634 Corneille is selected as the com-\\nposer of a Latin elegy to Richelieu.\\n*-62* Me moires, by Maximilien de\\nBethune, Duke of Sully, appears.\\n1635 Mart de Mithridate, by Gautier\\nde Costes, Knight of La Calprenede, ap-\\npears. [103U, i omte d Essex; 1642-45,\\nCassandre; 1647, C/Sopdtre.]\\nMarianne, by Tristan PHermite, ap-\\npears.\\nThe ComSdie des Tuileries, by Claude\\nde L Estoile, Boisrobert, Colletet, Cor-\\nneille, and Rotrou, appears.\\n1636 Sosies, by Jean Rotrou, appears.\\n[1637, Laure Persecute?.; 1646, Saint Ge-\\nnest; 1647, Venceslas and Don Bernard\\nde Cabrere.]\\nLe Cid and U illusion comique, by Cor-\\nneille, appear. [1639^0, Horace and\\nCinna; 1640, Polyeucte; 1642, La Mort de\\nPompie and Le Menteur 1644, Rodo-\\ngune; 1647, Heraclius.]\\n1637 Discourse on the method of rea-\\nsoning well and investigating scientific\\ntruths by Rene Descartes, appears. [1641,\\nMeditaiiones de prima philosophia.\\\\\\n1638 Uranie, by Vincent Voiture, ap-\\npears.\\n1639 Alcyonie, by Pierre Du Ryer, ap-\\npears. [1647, Scevo le.]\\nPhilandre, by Francois de Maynard,\\nappears.\\nJob, by Isaac de Benserade, appears.\\n1641 Ibrakam, by Madeleine Scudery,\\nappears. [1640-53, Artamene,orthe.Grand\\nCyrus; 1660, Almahide.]\\nThe Guirlande de Julie, by 19 poets,\\nappears.\\nCorneille appears as a contributor to\\nthe Guirlande de Julie.\\n1643+ Les Comedies Acad miciennes\\nand the Comedie des operas, and the es-\\nsays, Sur la morale d Epicure, Reflections\\nsur les divers genies du jieuple romain,hj\\nCharles de Saint-Denis, appear.\\nMoliere plays with, and helps in the\\nmanagement of, the Theatre Ulustre.\\n*-51 Histoire de France, by Fran-\\ncois Eudes de Mezerai, appears.\\n1644 Typhon, by Paul Scarron, ap-\\npears. [1645, Jodel et, on le m ait re valet;\\n164S, Virgile Travesti 1649, Mazarinade\\n1651, Roman Comique.]\\nDiscours, by J. L. G. de Balzac, ap-\\npears.\\n1645 -54 P dant Joui and Mort\\nd Agrippine, by Cyrano de Bergerac, ap-\\npear.\\n1646 Memoires of Francois de la\\nRochefoucauld appear.\\nMoli re leaves Paris with the Theatre\\nUlustre.\\n1647 Jan. 22. Corneille, after having\\ntwice been rejected on frivolous pleas,\\nis admitted to the Academy.\\nDe Vita, Moribus, et Doctrina Epicuri,\\nlibri octo, by Gassendi, appears. [1649,\\nSyntagma Philosophic Ejucuri.]\\n*The Court grants Descartes a pen-\\nsion of 3,000 livres.\\n1649 Cosroes, by Rotrou, appears.\\nThe Traits des Passions de I me, by\\nDescartes, appears.\\nRacine is sent to the College de Beau-\\nvais at Beauvais.\\nappears. [I653\u00c2\u00b1, Histoire comique des\\nHats et empires du soleil.]\\n1650+ Mois-Sauv\u00c2\u00a3, and other poems,\\nby Marc-Antoine de Gerard (Saint-\\nAmant), appear.\\n-65 Muse Historique, by Jean Lo-\\nret, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1650* Originesde laLanguefr\\nby Gilles Menage, appears.\\nAndromede and Don Sanche d Aragon,\\nbv Corneille, appear. [1651, Nicom de;\\n1653, Pertharite.}\\nHistoire comique, ou Voyage dans la\\nlune, by Savinien Cyrano de Bergerac,\\n1644 Jan. 1. Paris. MichobAder,the\\nWandering Jew, appears, and creates\\na great sensation he claims to speak all\\nlanguages, and to be 1,600 years old.\\n1648 St. Vincent de Paul establishes\\na foundling hospital.\\nSTATE.\\n1629 June 28. The Edict of\\nGrace terminates the religious wars.\\nThe Protestant leader, the Duke of\\nRohan, having submitted to the king, a\\ntreaty is signed at Alais granting reli-\\ngious liberty, amnesty for all acts of\\nrebellion, and reestablishing Catholic\\nworship in reformed towns.\\n1630 Oct. 30. Bavaria. The Treaty\\nof Ratisbon is concluded between\\nFrance and the German Emperor.\\n[Richelieu soon after declares it null\\nand void.]\\nNov. 12. Richelieu s dismissal, on\\nwhich the king had apparently resolved\\nat the instigation of Marie de Medicis,\\nGaston d Orleans, and others, is an-\\nnulled [and the influence of the Cardi-\\nnal becomes greater than ever; hence it\\nis called the Day of Dupes].\\n1631 Jan. 25. The Treaty of Eern-\\nwald is concluded between France and\\nSweden against Germany.\\nApr. 6. The first Treaty of Cherasco,\\nbetween Richelieu and the Emperor Fer-\\ndinand II., ends the Italian expedition.\\nFrance gives up conquests in Italy.\\n[By a second treaty made by Richelieu\\nwith Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, France\\nsecures Pignerol.]\\n1632 Jan. 6. By the Treaty of Vie\\nLorraine is made subject to France.\\n1633 The French take Nancy from\\nBurgundy. [1G61. They restore it.]\\n1634 Lorraine is annexed to France.\\nNov. A treaty is concluded between\\nthe French and Swedes against Ger-\\nmany.\\n1635 Feb. An alliance is formed be-\\ntween France and Holland against Spain\\nfor the partition of Flanders.\\nMay 10. France declares war against\\nSpain.\\nMartinique is settled by the French.\\n1638* Marie de Medicis takes refuge\\nin England, having been dismissed from\\ncourt through the influence of Riche-\\nlieu.\\n1642 Sept. 12. The Marquis de Cinq-\\nMars is beheaded, after trial and con-\\ndemnation, for treasonable compact with\\nSpain aiming at the overthrow of Riche-\\nlieu.\\nDee. 3. Cardinal Mazarin, an Italian,\\nis made prime Minister.\\nDec. 4. Paris. Richelieu dies; bonfires\\nexpress the people s joy.\\nDuring Ms :uh nil list ration ho destroyed\\nthe power of the nobles, restored French\\ninfluence in Italy, the Netherlands, and\\nGermany, establishing it in Sweden, and\\nraised France to the highest eminence.\\nPerpignan is annexed to France.\\n1643 May 14. Louis XIII. dies.\\n1643-1715 Louis XIV. reigns.\\nLouis, son of Louis XIII., five years\\nold, becomes king his mother, Anne of\\nAustria, daughter of Philip III., King of\\nSpain, is regent.\\n1645* Paris. The parliament of\\nParis refuses to register taxes proposed\\nby the queen they are enforced by royal\\nedict.\\n1647* *The Treaty of Dim. (See\\nAustria, p. 512.)\\n1648 Paris. The four courts, the\\nparliament, the grand council, the cham-\\nber of exchequer, and the court of aids,\\nunite for resistance to the despotic\\nmeasures of the regent and Mazarin,\\nand for the reform of abuses in the\\ngovernment.\\nAug. 26. Paris. Broussel and other\\nmembers of the parliament are arrested\\nby order of the queen.\\nAug. 27. Paris. The Civil War of the\\nFronde begins.\\nThe people take up arms, barricade the\\nstreets, and attack the royal guards, de-\\nmanding the release of Broussel they\\nare called f rondeurs (slingers) as if they\\nwere school-boys fighting with slings\\ntheir cause is espoused by De Godi, coad-\\njutor bishop of Paris [Cardinal de Retz],\\nthe prince of Conti (brother of Cond\u00c2\u00a3),\\nMarshal Turenne, the Duke de Longue-\\nville, and several other nobles.\\nOct. 24. Prus. The Peace of West-\\nphalia is concluded between France,\\nGermany, and Sweden.\\nIt ends the Thirty Years War France\\nreceives the feudal overlordship of the\\nempire, and gets Lower Alsace Sweden\\ngets the greater part of Pomerania the\\nreligious and political rights of the Ger-\\nman States are established and the in-\\ndependence of the Swiss Confederation\\nis recognized by Germany. (See p. 513.)\\nBelfort is annexed to France Besan-\\ncon is ceded to Spain.\\n1649 Jan. 7. Paris. Anne secretly de-\\nparts with the young king, and retires to\\nSt. Germain.\\nJan. 8. Paris. Parliament proclaims\\nMazarin an enemy to the king and the\\nState, and orders him to leave the king-\\ndom.\\nMar. 4. A deputation from the parlia-\\nment of Paris, headed by the president,\\nMathieu Mole, confers with the queen at\\nRuel, and a temporary peace is ef-\\nfected.\\n1650 Jan. 18. Prince Conde having\\ninsulted the queen-regent, is arrested\\nwith his brother Conti and his brother-\\nin-law Longueville.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1632 Louis XIII. provides a hunting-\\nseat at Versailles, which is a small vil-\\nlage in a great forest.\\n*Uncommon mortality prevails\\nthroughout France; 60,000 people per-\\nish in Lyons.\\nParis is occasionally lighted by\\nmeans of burning pitch and other com-\\nbustibles in pans.\\n1640 Paris. The first louis d or\\npieces are struck.\\n1649 The plague ravages Marseilles.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0701.jp2"}, "702": {"fulltext": "690 1650, **-1669,\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1650 Dec. 15. Marshal Tureime is\\ndefeated by the royal troops at Khetel.\\n1652 Apr.* Spaniards under Conde\\ndefeat the Royalists under Turenne at\\nBleneau.\\nJuly 2. Paris. Conde is defeated at\\nthe Porte St. Antoine by Turenne, who\\nhas gone over to the Royalists at the\\nlast moment the gates are opened to\\nCond\u00c2\u00a3, and closed against Turenne.\\n1653 The Spaniards, led by Conde,\\ncontinue the war in Pieardy; Turenne\\nchecks his progress.\\n1654 Aug. 25. Turenne defeats the\\nSpaniards under Conde at Arras.\\n1656 Conde 1 routs a division of Tu-\\nrenne s army at the siege of Valen-\\nciennes.\\n1658 June 14. Turenne defeats the\\nSpaniards under Cond\u00c2\u00a3 on the Dunes,\\nnear Dunkirk. (N. S. June 4.)\\nJune 23. Dunkirk surrenders to the\\nFrench [who give it up to the English],\\n1662 War is declared against the\\nPope, and the city of Avignon is seized\\nby French troops.\\n1667* *-6S* Betg. First war of\\nConquest. (See State.)\\nMay The French under Louis and Tu-\\nrenne cross the Flemish frontier, and\\ntake Armentieres, Charleroi, Douai, and\\nTournay.\\nAug. 27. Louis enters and takes posses-\\nsion of Lille after a brief siege.\\nThe Grenadier corps, armed with\\nhand-grenades, is established.\\nLouis sends a fleet against the Bar-\\nbary pirates.\\n1665 Feb. Louis and Conde conquer\\nFranehe-Comte capturing the towns\\nof Besaneon, Salins, Dole, and Gray\\nwithin 22 days.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1650 First attempts at stenography\\nare made.\\nPassage of the Granicus is painted\\nby Charles Lebrun.\\n1651 It. Blind Men of Jericho is\\npainted by Nicolas Poussin at Rome.\\n1655 Cassini de Thury, director of the\\nobservatory, draws his meridian line of\\nParis, after Dante.\\n1662+ Paris. Louis XTV. purchases\\nthe house of Jean Gobelin, a tapestry-\\nmaker, for a factory in which adorn-\\nments of palaces should be made.\\nAbbe Jean Claude R. de Saint-Nou\\ninvents aquatinta, by which a soft ef-\\nfect is given to engravings.\\n1663 Paris. The Academy of In-\\nscriptions and Belles-Lettres is estab-\\nlished by Jean Baptiste Colbert.\\n1666 Paris. The Academy of Sci-\\nences is established by Colbert. [1669.\\nIt is approved by Louis XIV.]\\n1667* Paris. The Royal Observatory\\nis established.\\n1669 Robert Cambert, the composer,\\nand his librettist, Abbe Perrin, obtain\\na patent for the Acadtmie Itoyale de 31ic-\\nsique, which they had instituted.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1650 Erlach, Jean Louis d marshal, A55.\\nRotrou. Jean de, dramatic poet, A41.\\nVaugelas, Claude Favre de, gram., A65.\\n1651 Hart, .lean, seaman, born.\\nCaussin, Nicolas, .Jesuit, author, A68.\\nChamillard, Micbel, minister, born.\\nDacier, Andre, scholar, critic, born.\\nFenelon, Francois dc Salignac de laMothe\\nde, archbishop of Cambrai, author, born.\\nCarissoles, Antoine, Prot. cl., poet, A64.\\nLa Salle, Jean Baptiste de. cl., edu., b.\\nPourchot, Edme, philosopher, born.\\n1652* Anselme, Antoine, pulpit orator,\\npoet, born.\\nAubertin, F.dmonde, clergy man, writer, A57.\\nEeaune, Florimond, mathematician, A51.\\nCaseneuve, Pierre de, philologist, A61.\\nPetau. Denis, chronologist, A69.\\n1653 Alegre, d Vves, Marq., marshal, b.\\nAviler, Augiistin Charles d architect, born.\\nBasnage de Beauval, .Jacques, historian, b.\\nFleury, Andre Hercule de, cardinal, states-\\nman, born.\\nDuvergier de Hauranne, I/Abbe de Saint-\\nCyran, Jansenist, theologian, A72.\\nSalmasius, Claudius, scholar, A65.\\nVillars, Due de, Claude I,. H., general, born.\\n1654* BaPzac. Jean Louis Guez de, au-\\nthor, A60.\\nDorigny, Louis, painter, engraver, born.\\nFontenay, .lean Haptiste Plain de, painter, b.\\nHareourt, Due d Henri, general, dip., born.\\nAbbadie, Jacques, Prot, clergyman, born.\\nImbert, Joseph (labriel, painter, born.\\nVarignon, Pierre, maihematician, born.\\nVendome, Due de, Louis Joseph, gen., b.\\n1655 Baden-Baden, Margrave of, Lud-\\nwig W., general, born.\\nBergerac, Savmien Cyrano de, dramatist,\\nnovelist, duelist, A35.\\nQaseendi. Pierre, philosopher, A63.\\nLesueur, Eustache, painter, A38.\\nMontfaucon, Bernard de, critic, antiquary,\\nphilologist, born.\\nRegnard, Jean Francois, comic poet, b.\\nTristan rjlernute, Francois, poet, A54.\\nVertot, Rene Auhert de, historian, born.\\n1656 Basnage de Beauval, Henri, clergy-\\nautbor, born.\\nCainpistron, .lean (ialbert de, dramatist, b.\\nDubois, (iuillauiue, cardinal, statesman, b.\\nForbin, Claude, admii al, born.\\nTournefort. Joseph Pittonde. botanist, b.\\n1657 Chazelles, Jean de, physicist, born.\\nOlier de Vernetnl, .Jean Jacques, cleiiiviiian,\\nfounder of Order of St. Sulpice, A49.\\n1658* Boulainvdliers, Comte llenri de, his-\\ntorian, critic, born.\\nOappel, boms, theologian, A73.\\nSaint-Pierre, Charles Irenee Castel de, cler-\\ngyman, author, born.\\nCoustou, JNicolas, sculptor, born.\\nLemaistiT, Antoine, advocate, jurist, A50.\\nKale, Sebastien, Jesuit, missionary to Aben-\\naki Indians, born.\\n1659* Beausobre, Isaac de, Protestant\\nclergyman, theologian, born.\\nColletet, (iuillauiue, poet, A61.\\nKspasme, .Jean d Prot. theologian, A68.\\nMorin, Jean, Biblical critic, A68.\\nRigand, Hyacinthe, jiainter, born.\\n1660 Campra, Andre, composer, born.\\nChifflet, Jean Jacques, physician, A72.\\nEstrees, Due d Victor Marie, admiral,\\nstatesman, born.\\nFlacour, Btienne de, commander at Mada-\\ngascar, A53.\\nFeuiUet, Louis, naturalist, geog., astron., b.\\nMothe-Cadillac, Antoine de la, explorer,\\nfounder Detroit (U. S.), born.\\nOrleans, Due d Jean Baptiste Gaston, son\\nof Henry IV., A52.\\nScarron, Paul, poet, satirist, A50.\\nVincent de Paul, Saint, R. C. reformer,\\nfounder Sisters of Charity, A84.\\n1661 Jintber, Claude, philosopher; born.\\nCoypel, Antoine, painter, born.\\nDancourt, Florent Carton, comedian, born.\\nHecquet, Philippe, physician, author, born.\\nLentant, Jacques, Protestant cl., hist., born.\\nI/llopital, (iuillaume F. A., Marquis de\\nSaint- Mesme, geometrician, born.\\nMazarin, Jules, cardinal, slatesinan, A59.\\nPolignac, Melchior de, cardinal, states-\\nRollin, Charles, historian, born.\\nUnpin, Paul de, Sieur de Thoyras, hist., b.\\n1662 Ayinar, Jaipies, impostor, born.\\nMarea, Pierre de, archbishop of Paris, A68.\\nBoisrobert, Francois le Metel de, writer, wit,\\nA70.\\nPascal, Blaise, philosopher, author, A39.\\n1663 Amontons, Guillaume, physicist, b.\\nCalprenede, Seigneur de la, Gautier de\\nCostes, novelist, A53.\\nEugene, Prince, Francois Eugene de Savoy,\\ngeneral, born in Paris.\\nLaba, Jean Baptiste, monk, missionary, au-\\nthor, born.\\nMassillon, Jean Baptiste, pulpit orator,\\n1664* *Ablancourt, JS icolas-Perrot d\\nwriter, A58.\\nAmyraut, Moses, Protestant clergyman, A68.\\nBoyer, Abel, lexicographer, born.\\nConti, Prince de, Francis Louis de Bour-\\nbon, general, born.\\nVaniere, Jacques, Latin poet, born.\\n1665* Dufresnoy, Charles Alphonse, paint-\\ner, poet, A54.\\nFermat, Pierre de, geometrician, poet, A64.\\nLelong, Jacques, cl., bibliographer, born.\\nPagan, Comte de, Blaise Francois, military\\nengineer, A61.\\nPoussin, Nicolas, painter, A71.\\nRainbouillet, Marquise de, Catherine de Vi-\\nvonne, leader of society, A77.\\nRegis, Jean Baptiste de, geographer, born.\\n1666* Anne of Austria, wife of Louis\\nXIII., A64.\\nDesmaiseaux, Pierre, scholar, author., born.\\nGombauld, Jean Ogier de, poet, A99.\\nMansart, or Mansard, Francois, arch., A68.\\nVictor Amadeus II., Due de Savoie, King of\\nSardinia, born.\\n1667 Audran, Jean, engraver, born.\\nBocbart, Samuel, scholar, Prot. theol., A68.\\nDemoivre, Abraham, mathematician, born.\\nGacon, Francois, poet, satirist, born.\\nSanson, Nicolas, geographer, A67.\\nThevenot, Jean de, traveler, composer, A26.\\n1668 Aguesseau, Henri Francois d chan-\\ncellor, orator, author, born.\\nLe Sag-e, Alain Rene, romancer, dram., b.\\n1669 Beaufort, Due de, Francois de Ven-\\nd6me, soldier, A53.\\nDrelincourt, Charles, Prot. clergyman, A74.\\nFolard, Jean C. de, soldier, tactician, born.\\nVaillant, Sebastien, botanist, author, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1652 Louis XIV. confirms the Edict\\nof Nantes.\\n1658 Antoinette Bourignou founds\\nthe Bourignonist sect.\\nIts members claim to restore the true\\nchurch, wear the Augustine habit, and\\ntravel it teaches that religion is chiefly\\na matter of inward feeling.\\n1667 Borne. Clement IX. is pope.\\nLETTERS.\\n1651 Alcidiane, by Gomberville, ap-\\npears.\\nRacan writes amorous lyrics, and par-\\naphrases of the Psalms.\\n1652 Socrate ChHtien, by J. L. G. de\\nBalzac, appears. [1657, Les Entretiens;\\n1658, Aristippe.)\\n1653 Bivales, by Philippe Quinault,\\nappears. [1656, Mort de Cyrus.]\\nHistoire de V Acadimie Franqaise, by\\nPaul Pellison, appears.\\nDom Japhet d Armenie, by Scarron, ap-\\npears.\\n1654 AlariCj by Georges de Scudery,\\nappears.\\nTreatise on the Truth of the Christian\\nBeligion, by Jacques Abbadie, appears.\\nLives of Tycho Brahe, Copernicus,\\nand other astronomers, are published by\\nPierre Gassendi.\\nEunuchus of Terence is translated by\\nJean de La Fontaine. [1658, Adonis\\n1659, Clymhie; 1661, El egie aux nymp he s\\nde Faux.]\\n1655 May 30. Paris. The Journal des\\nSavons is published by Denis de Sallo,\\necclesiastical councillor in the parlia-\\nment of France. [It is the earliest peri-\\nodical critical work in French.]\\nA translation of Lucan s Pharsalia,\\nby Guillaume de Brebeuf, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0702.jp2"}, "703": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1650,**-1669,**, 691\\nL JStourdi, Moliere sfirst finished play,\\nis given at Lyons. [1656, Le Dbpit Amou-\\n1656 Timocrate, by Thomas Corneille,\\nhas the longest run on the stage of any\\nplay of the century. [He writes 16 other\\ntragedies.]\\nPucelle, by Jean Chapelain, appears.\\nParis. The Fort-Royal des Champs\\nbecomes the retreat of the Arnaulds,\\nTillemont, Pascal, Lancelot, and other\\neminent Jansenists, who devote them-\\nselves to education, and produce the\\nPort-Royal grammars, logic, and other\\nworks.\\nCorneille writes a verse translation\\nof the Imitation of Christ, Discourses on\\nDramatic Poetry, and the Examens.\\n[1658, (Edipe; 1660, La Toisson d Or;\\n1662, Sertorius; 1663, Sophonisbe; 1664,\\nOthon; 1666, Age s Has 1667 Atilla.]\\n*-57 Provincial Letters, by Pascal,\\nappears.\\n1657 Clovis, by Jean Desmarets, ap-\\npears. [He writes also Visionnaires.]\\n1658 Nouvelle AUegorique, by An-\\ntoine Furetifere, appears. [1666, Roman\\nBourgeois.]\\nOct. 24. Moliere s troupe appear for\\nthe first time before Louis XIV.\\n1659 Nov. 1 8. Les PrScieuses Ridi-\\ncules, by Moliere, appears.\\n1660 Grammaire Ghibrale, by An-\\ntoine Arnauld, appears. [He writes also\\nArt de penser.]\\nMademoiselle de Montpensier and Com-\\ntesse de Tende, or La Princesse de Cleves,\\nby Marie Madeleine, Comtesse de Lafa-\\nyette, appear.\\nAdieu of a Poet to the City of Paris,\\nby Boileau, appears.\\nSganarelle, ou le cceur imaginaire, by\\nMoliere, appears.\\n1661 Feb. 4. Don Garcie de Navarre,\\na tragi-comedy, by Moliere, appears and\\nfails.\\nJune 24. L Ecole des Maris, by Moliere,\\nappears.\\nAug. 15-20. Les Fdcheux, by Moliere,\\nis played before the king at Vaux-le-\\nVicomte.\\nJMstoire du Roi Henri le Grand, by\\nHardouin de Beaumont de Perefixe, ap-\\npears.\\n-63 Faramond, by La Calprenede,\\nappears.\\n1662 Dec. 26. L Ecole des Femmes, by,\\nMoliere, appears.\\n-79 Memoir es, by Jean Francois\\nPaul de Gondi, Cardinal de Retz, ap-\\npears.\\n1663 The Society of Four is estab-\\nlished by Boileau, La Fontaine, Moliere,\\nand Racine.\\nPortrait du Peintre, by Edme Bour-\\nsault, appears. [1670, Critique des Sa-\\ntires.]\\n1684 Feb. 15. Le Mariage Ford, by\\nMoliere, appears.\\nJune 20. Le Theba ide, by Racine, is pro-\\nduced by Moliere s company at the Pa-\\nlais Boyale Theatre.\\nAug. 22. Racine receives a pension\\nfrom Louis XIV.\\nPrincesse d Elide, and the first three\\nacts of Tartufe, by Moliere, appear.\\nTartufe offends many persons among\\nthe clergy and nobility, and it is sup-\\npressed.\\nAstrate, by Quinault, appears. [1665,\\nLa Mere Coquette.]\\n1665 Sept. 22. L Amour Midecin, by\\nMoliere, appears.\\nHistoire amoureuse des Gautes, by\\nRoger de Rabutin, appears.\\nFestin de Pierre, or Don Juan, by Mo-\\nliere, appears.\\nMaxims, by La Rochefoucauld, ap-\\npears, [1665-78, Refections sur les seiv-\\ntences et -max hues morales.\\n-66 Contes et Nouvelles, by La\\nFontaine, appeal s.\\n1666 June 4. Le Misanthrope, by Mo-\\nliere, appears.\\nParis. The Academy of Sciences is\\nfounded.\\n1667 Aug. 5. Tartufe is played [but\\nstopped after the first night].\\nLes neuf Epitres, by Boileau, appears.\\nMatMlde, by Scudery, appears.\\n1668 Jan. 13. Amphitryon, by Moli-\\nere, appears. [Sept. 9, L Avare; later,\\nGeorge DandinT]\\nDec. 5. Les Plaideurs, by Racine, is\\nprinted.\\nThe first six books of Fables, by La\\nFontaine, appear.\\nAbrege Chronologique, by Mezerai, ap-\\npears.\\n1669 Feb. 5. Tartufe is at last played\\nwith extraordinary success.\\nSept. 17. M. de Pourceaugnac, by Moli-\\nere, appears.\\nDec. 13. Britannicus, by Racine, ap-\\npears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1654 Twenty women are put to death\\nas witches.\\n1655 The forms of etiquette are ex-\\ntremely majestic, but cumbrous.\\nThe license of manners among the no-\\nbility is very great, and the greater part\\nof the court is affected.\\n1660+ The nobles have lost political\\ninfluence, and all their privileges consist\\nin waiting on the king at court, being\\nexempt from taxation, and absorbing all\\nmilitary\\nSTATE.\\n1651 Feb.* The queen is obliged to\\nliberate Conde and the other princes.\\nMar. Mazarin flees from France, the\\nparliament having issued orders for his\\narrest.\\nMarshal Turenne and de Retz join\\nthe court party, and the Parisians are\\nforced to submit Conde^ accused by the\\nqueen of treasonable intrigues with\\nSpain, flees to Gnienne, where he raises\\nan army.\\n1652 Jan.* Mazarin returns to power.\\n[The parliament becomes merely the\\nrecorder of royal decrees.]\\nAug. 19. Mazarin is removed from\\npower by Louis at the demand of the\\npeople [and a general amnesty is pro-\\nclaimed].\\nOct. 15. Paris. Cond^ departs in dis-\\ngust [and enters the service of Spain un-\\nder the Duke of Lorraine, for which he\\nis proclaimed a traitor].\\n1653 Feb. Mazarin again returns to\\npower.\\n1655 Oct. 24. A treaty of alliance is\\nformed between France and England.\\n1657 Mar. 23. A treaty of alliance,\\noffensive and defensive, is concluded at\\nParis between France and England.\\n1658 Dunkirk is ceded to England.\\n1659 Nov. 7. The Peace of the Pyr-\\nenees is signed between France and\\nSpain.\\nFrance gains a great part of Artois,\\nmost of Eoussillon, and several places\\nin Flanders, Hainault, and Luxemburg;\\nSpain gains territory held by France in\\nCatalonia and Franche-Comte Louis\\nXIV. is to marry Maria Theresa, daughter\\nof Philip IV., she renouncing all claim\\nto the Spanish throne Conde is par-\\ndoned, and restored to his honors and\\ndignities.\\n1660 June 2. Louis XIV. marries\\nMaria Theresa, eldest daughter of the\\nKing of Spain.\\nMarseilles loses its ancient privileges.\\n1661 Mar. 9. Cardinal Mazarin dies.\\nMar. Louis takes the reins of power\\ninto his own hands.\\n1662* Jean Baptiste Colbert is made\\ncontroller of finance. [He makes exten-\\nsive and beneficial reforms in the finan-\\ncial and commercial affairs of the king-\\ndom].\\nNov. Dunkirk is sold to France by\\nCharles II. of England for five millions\\nof livres.\\nThe Treaty of Montmartre is signed\\nit gives to the king the right of succes-\\nsion to the dukes of Lorraine.\\n1664 Feb. 22. The Treaty of Pisa is\\nconcluded between the Pope and France.\\n1666 Jan. 16. Louis declares war\\nagainst England in aid of Holland.\\n1667 May Belg. Louis invades the\\nSpanish Netherlands.\\nThe Spanish King Philip VI. being\\ndead, Louis claims Flanders and\\nFranche-Comte in right of his wife,\\nPhilip s daughter by his first marriage\\nhe bases his claim on the Hainault law\\nof devolution, which entitles children by\\na first marriage to inherit certain terri-\\ntory to the exclusion of children by a\\nsubsequent marriage.\\nJuly 21. The Peace of Breda is con-\\ncluded between England, France, Hol-\\nland, and Denmark. Acadia [Nova\\nScotia] is restored by England and con-\\nfirmed to France.\\n1668 Jan. 23. Neth. The Triple Al-\\nliance of England, Holland, and Swe-\\nden, against France, is signed at The\\nHague.\\nJan. A secret treaty is concluded be-\\ntween Louis and the German Emperor\\nLeopold, regulating the future partition\\nof the Spanish monarchy.\\nFeb. Conde occupies the free county of\\nBurgundy with astonishing success.\\nMay 2. Prus. The Peace of Aix-la-\\nChapelle is concluded.\\nLouis restores Franche-Comte to Spain\\nafter dismantling the fortresses, and re-\\ntains 12 fortified towns on the border of\\nthe Spanish Netherlands they include\\nLille, Tournay, and Oudenarde.\\nThe first embassies are received from\\nRussia.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1662\u00c2\u00b1 The invention of the omni-\\nbus [is ascribed to Pascal].\\n1664 -81 The Languedoc canal\\nis constructed it joins the Mediterra-\\nnean and the Atlantic.\\nThe French East India Company is\\nformed.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0703.jp2"}, "704": {"fulltext": "692\\n1669,* *-1685,\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1672* *-78* *The second war of\\nconquest.\\nIt is directed against Holland as a\\nmember of the triple alliance and a\\nrefuge for political and abusive writers\\nagainst Louis.\\nApr. 23. Paris. War with Holland\\nbegins Louis leaves with, an army of\\n100,000 men.\\nMay 28. Eng. Battle of Southwold.\\nThe French and English fleets under\\nCount D Estrees and the Duke of York\\n[James II.] tight the Dutch under Adm.\\nliuyter off Norfolk result indecisive.\\nJune Neth. Auheim and Deventer\\nsurrender to Turenne. The Prince of\\nOrange abandons Utrecht, which is occu-\\npied by the French.\\nJune 12. The French under Louis and\\nConde cross the Rhine between the\\nWahal and the Yssel the Dutch, takeu\\nby surprise, make but slight resistance;\\nthe Duke of Longueville is killed.\\n1673 June 30. Neth. Louis takes\\nMaestricht after a siege of 20 days.\\nSept. 8. Prus. Treves is taken for\\nFrance by Marshal Yauban.\\nNov. 12. Prus. Bonn is taken by Wil-\\nliam of Orange.\\n1674 May* -June* Louis invades\\nFranche-Comt6, which he overruns,\\nand subdues in a six weeks campaign.\\nJune 16. Ger. Marshal Turenne de-\\nfeats the Imperialists at Sinslieim [and\\ndevastates the Palatinate].\\nAug. 11. Belg. Prince Conde and Wil-\\nliam of Orange engage in an indecisive\\nbut sanguinary battle at Seneffe.\\nOct. 4. Ger. Marshal Turenne defeats\\nthe Imperialists at Entzheim. [Dec.\\n31. And again at Mulhausen, in Alsace.]\\n1675 Jan. 5. Ger. The Elector of\\nBrandenburg and the Imperialists are\\ndefeated by the French under Mar-\\nshal Turenne at Turkheim, in Alsace.\\nJuly 27- Baden. Marshal Turenne is\\nkilled in a skirmish at Sasbach the\\nFrench retreat across the Rhine.\\n1676 Jan. 7. Adm. Duquesne de-\\nfeats the Dutch under Adm. De Ruyter\\nin a naval battle in the Mediterranean,\\noff Stromboli.\\nApr. 22. Sicily. Adm. Duquesne de-\\nfeats the Dutch and Spanish fleets under\\nAdm. De Ruyter off Syracuse De liuy-\\nter is mortally wounded.\\n1677 Louis captures Valenciennes,\\nCambrai, and St. Omar.\\nApr. 11. Prus. The Prince of Orange\\nis defeated by the Duke of Orleans at\\nCassel.\\nNov. 18. Switz. Freiburg is captured\\nby the French.\\n1678 Mar. 9. Ghent is taken by the\\nFrench.\\nAug. 10. A treaty of peace. (See\\nState.)\\n1681 Sept. 30. Ger. Strasburg is\\nseized by Louis.\\n1682 Aug. *-Sept. Alg. Algiers is\\nbombarded by the French under Adm.\\nDuquesne. (See Algiers.)\\n1683 Nov. Belg. The French enter\\nFlanders, and capture Courtrai and Dix-\\nmude.\\n1684 June 4. Belg. Luxemburg is\\ntaken by Marshal Crequi.\\nAug. 15. Ger. A truce for 24 years\\nis signed at liatisbon by France, Spain,\\nand the Empire, the two latter acquies-\\ncing in Louis s new conquests.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\nthe size\\nParis. The Academy of Architec-\\nture is established.\\nParis. Robert Camber t composes the\\nopera Pomone he is the first French\\nmusician to compose one.\\n*_72 Paris. Giovanni Domenico\\nCassini, at the Observatory, discovers\\nfour of the satellites of Saturn.\\n1672 Paris. The arch of St. Denis\\nis erected.\\n1674 Jean de Hautefeuille displays\\ntalent in regulating watches. (The in-\\nvention of the spiral-spring watch is\\nmore justly claimed by Huggens.) [1678.\\nHe suggests a heat-engine, using an\\nexplosion of gunpowder to move the\\npiston.]\\n1680 Aug. 18. Paris. The National\\nTheater is founded by a royal decree.\\n[Aug. 25. The first performance is given\\nby 27 actors, 12 of whom are women.]\\nThe Venus de Medicis, found near\\nTivoli, is removed to France.\\n1681* Denis Papin invents Papin s\\ndigester, applicable to the steam-\\nengine. [1687. He presents his first\\nhydraulic wheel to the Iloyal Society of\\nLondon.]\\n1684 Paris. Giovanni Domenico Cas-\\nsini discovers two other satellites of\\nSaturn.\\nBERTHS DEATHS.\\n1670 Beauplan, Guillaume Levasseur de,\\ngeographer, dies.\\nBerwick, Iiuke of, .James Fitz-James, mar-\\nshal, born.\\nCerqeau, Jean-Antoine du, Jesuit, poet, his-\\ntorian, born.\\nCoigny, Due de, Francois de Franquetot,\\nmarshal, born.\\nDaille\\\\ .lean, Protestant clergyman, A76.\\nDubos, Jean Baptiste, publicist, critic, horn.\\nGagnier, .lean, orientalist, born.\\nRousseau, .lean Baptiste, poet, born.\\n1671 Bourdon, Sebaslien, painter, A55.\\nCapperonnier, Claude, Immiist, critic, born.\\nPereflxe, Hardouin de Beaumont de, histo-\\nrian, A66\u00c2\u00b1.\\nValois, Charles de, antiquary, born.\\n1672* Gal met, A u gust in, Benedictine\\nmonk, Biblical scholar, born.\\nLefevre, Tanncmi, critic, scholar, A57.\\n1673 Barrelier, Jacques, botanist, A67.\\nCavlus, Marquise de, Martha Marguerite de\\nVillette de Murcay. woman of fashion, t\\nCourtois, Jacques, painter, A52.\\nDuguay- Trunin, Rene, admiral, born.\\nLalleinant, Jerome, Jesuit missionary in\\nCanada, A 80.\\nMoliere, Jean Eaptiste Poquelin, drama-\\ntist, A51.\\nPhilip II., Due d Orleans, son of Philip, b.\\nPicart, Bernard, designer, engraver, born.\\n1674* Arnauld, Robert d A udilly, am, A86.\\nBaron, Vincent, Dominican theol., an., A70.\\nBarbeyrac, Jean, jurist, historian, born.\\nCaron, Francois, director-general in India, d.\\nChapelain, Jean, poet, critic, A79.\\nCrebillon. Prosper Jolyot de. dram., b.\\nDuhahle, Jean Baptiste, Jesuit geog., born.\\nLahadie, Jean de, mystic, At 4.\\nPecquet, Jean, anatomist, discoverer, A51.\\nPetit, Jean Louis, surgeon, born.\\nBonneval, Comte de, Claude Alexandre, ad-\\nDughet, Caspard, painter, A62.\\nDelisle, Guillaume geographer, born.\\nMarquette, Jacques, explorer of Mississippi,\\nA38.\\nRoberval, de. Giles P.. mathematician, A73.\\nTurenne. Marshal de. Henry de la Tour\\nd Auvergne, A 64.\\n1676 BrinviLLiers, Marquise de, Marie\\nMarguerite d Aubray, poisoner, A25\u00c2\u00b1.\\nCourtois. Jacques, painter, A55.\\nLa Grange, Joseph de chancel de, poet, b.\\n1677 Cambert, Robert, composer, A49.\\nCassini, Jacques, astronomer, born.\\nGirard, Gabriel, grammarian, born.\\nSaurin, Jacques, Protestant pulpit orator, b.\\n1678 Barcos, Martin de, clergyman, A78.\\nBourguet, Louis, antiquary, naturalist, b.\\nBondeSaint-Hilaire, Francois Xavier, writer,\\nscholar, born.\\nCoustou, Guillaume, sculptor, born.\\nNanteuil, Robert, painter, engraver, A48.\\nNoailles, Due de, Adrien Maurice, marshal,\\nstatesman, born.\\n1679 Abanzit, Firmin, mathematician, b.\\nCavalier, Jean, leader of Camisards, born.\\nChevreuse, Duchesse de, Marie de Rohan,\\nA79.\\nCourtois, Guillaume, painter, A51.\\nL Angeb, last of titled court fools, A59.\\nLongueville, Duchesse de. Anne Cenevievede\\nBourbon Conde. political agitator, A60.\\nRetz. Cardinal de, J. F. P. de Gondi.\\nstatesman, A55.\\nPsalmana/,er, Ceorge. literary impostor, b.\\n1680* Destoucites, Philippe Nericault,\\ndramatist, born.\\nFouquet, Nicolas, Marquis de Belle-Isle,\\nfinancier, A 65.\\nPerrin, Pierre, first writer of Fr. operas, d.\\nMoreri, Louis, clergyman, historian, A37.\\nRochefoucauld, Due de la, Pranqois, mor-\\nalist, A67.\\n1681 Courayer, Pierre Francois le, E. C,\\nclergyman, author, born.\\n1683 Claude Lorrain, painter, A82.\\nCharlevoix, Pierre F. X., Jesuit, historian, b.\\nPremier, Amedee Francois, eng., traveler, b.\\nOlivet, L Abbe d Joseph Thoulier, author,\\ncritic, born.\\nPicard, Jean, astronomer, A62.\\n1683 Colbert. Jean Baptiste, Marquis de\\nSeiguelay, financier, statesman, A64.\\nFuretiere, Antoine, philosopher, A63.\\nFourmont. Etienne, orientalist, author, born.\\nDesjardins, Mane Catherine, author, A43.\\nRameau, Jean Philippe, composer, author, b.\\nMezeray, Francois Eudes de, historian, A73.\\nReaumur, Rene de. natural phil., entomol.,b.\\n1684* Arnauld, Angelique, nun, wr., A60.\\nAstruc, Jean, medical writer, teacher, born.\\nCorneille. Pierre, poet, dramatist, A78.\\nMariotte, Edma, physicist, A64.\\nWatteau, Antoine, painter, born.\\nSacy, Louis Isaac, Jansenist, tr. of Bible, A71.\\nVanloo, Jean Baptiste, painter, born.\\n1685 Chauvelin, Germain Louis de,states-\\n1 esfontaines, Pierre, Fran. Guyot, critic, b.\\nRenault, Charles Jean Francois, historian,\\npoet, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1670* Rome. Clement X. is pope. [1676,\\nInnocent XI.]\\n1675 Paris, Pere Lachaise be-\\ncomes the king s confessor, and obtains\\ngreat influence with him he is partly\\nresponsible for the revocation of the\\nEdict of Nantes.\\n1678 Sept. 17- Religious liberty is con-\\nfirmed to the Lutherans by the Peace\\nof Nimeguen they are numerous in\\nAlsace.\\n1682 Louis convokes an assembly of\\nthe clergy, which provokes a quarrel\\nwith the Pope.\\nIt strongly asserts that the Pope has\\nno right to meddle with the State in\\nmatters temporal; that his power must\\nbe limited by the ecclesiastical canons\\nthat bis decrees are not authoritative or\\ninfallible without the assent of a gen-\\neral council that be cannot ordain any-\\nthing contrary to the constitutions and\\nliberties of the French church.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0704.jp2"}, "705": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1669,** -1685,\\n693\\n1685 Oct. 22. Paris. The Edict of\\nNantes is revoked by the sole authority\\nof Louis.\\nThe Reformed religion is entirely pro-\\nscribed (except in Alsace), the churches\\nto be leveled, and the ministers to quit\\nFrance in 15 days, and private worship\\nprohibited; laymen are forbidden to\\nleave under pain of confiscation of goods\\nand condemnation to the galleys for life\\nand the children of Protestants to he\\nbaptized henceforth by the parish\\npriests, and to be educated in the Roman\\nCatholic religion. Te Deums are sung in\\nRome, and the Pope sends congratula-\\ntions to Louis. Terrible suffering and\\nprolonged miseries are caused by en-\\nforcing the king s requirements 50,000\\nfamilies are driven out of France.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1669 IS Exposition de la doctrine ca-\\ntholique, by Bossuet, appears. [1669-79,\\nL Bistoire abregee de la France, La\\nPolitique tirie de VEcriture sainte, and\\nTraits de la connaissance de Dieu et de\\nsoim me.]\\n-74 Art PoStique, by Boileau, ap-\\npears.\\n-93 Marie de Rabutin-Chantal,\\nMarquise de Sevigne, writes over 1,500\\nLetters.\\n1670 Feb. 10. Les Amants Magni-\\nfiques, by Moliere, appears. [Oct. 23.\\nLe Bourgeois Gentilhomme.]\\nZaide, by Madame de Lafayette, ap-\\npears.\\nPensies de Pascal appears.\\nBerenice, by Racine, appears.\\nLetters t by Gui Patin, appear.\\nHistoriettes, by Ged^on Tallemant\\ndes Reaux, appears.\\nConspiration de Wal stein, by J. Sar-\\nrasin, appears.\\n1671 May 7- Psyche appears.\\nMoliere and Pierre Corneille collab-\\norate in the dialogue, while Quinault\\ncomposes the words for the music by\\nLulli.\\nExposition de la Doctrine de VEglise\\ncatholique sur lesmaiieres de controverse,\\nby Bossuet, appears.\\nSeveral Fables, by La Fontaine, ap-\\npear.\\nLes Fourberies de Scapin, by Moliere,\\nappears.\\nConversations of Aristes and Eugenius\\nand Remarks and Doubts on the French\\nlanguage, by Dominique Bouhours, ap-\\npear.\\n-86 Qurnault writes 14 librettos\\nfor Lulli.\\n-95 Essais de morale, by Pierre\\nNicole, appears.\\n1672 Jan. 4. Bajazet, by Racine, ap-\\npears.\\nFeb. 2. La Comtesse d Escarbagnas, by\\nMoliere, appears. [Feb. 11, Les Eemmes\\nSavantes.]\\nConjuration des Espagnols, by L Abbe\\nde St. Real, appears.\\nParis. Mercure Galant is issued.\\nJournal du Palais is issued.\\n*-83* Lutrin, by Boileau, appears.\\n1673 Jan. 13. Mithridate, by Racine,\\nappears. [1674, IphigSnie.~\\\\\\nFeb. 10. Le malade Imaginaire, by Mo-\\nliere, appears.\\nLouis Moreri s Dictionnaire historique\\nappears.\\nObservations, by Manage, appears.\\n1674 De la recherche de la verity, by\\nNicolas de Malebranche, appears.\\n*An academy is established at Sois-\\nsons.\\n*-96* The Delphin Classics, pre-\\npared by order of Louis XIV., under the\\ndirection of Bossuet and Huet, appear.\\n1677 Jan. 1. Phedre, by Racine, the\\ngreatest tragedy of the classical French\\nschool, is all but driven from the stage\\non its presentation.\\nOct. Racine and Boileau are made his-\\ntoriographers-royal 3 with a salary of\\n2,000 crowns.\\nPhedre et Hippolyte, by Nicolas Pra-\\ndon, appears.\\n1679 ComSdie sans Titre, by Bour-\\nsault, appears.\\nNoxtvelles Decouvertes dans toutes les\\nParties de la Medecine is issued.\\n16S0 Paris. Courses in French civil\\nlaw are given for the first time in the\\nUniversity of Paris.\\nTraitS de V education des filles and\\nTraitS de la nature et de la grace, by\\nFrancois de La Mothe Fenelon, appear.\\nProserpine, by Quinault, appears.\\n[1685, Poland 1686, Annide.]\\nGenseric, by Antoinette Deshoulieres,\\nappears.\\nJournal Ecclesiastique is issued.\\nMemoires, by Mme. de Motteville,\\nappears.\\n1681 Discours sur VHistoire univer-\\nselle, by Bossuet, appears.\\nMosursd -s Israelites, by Claude Fleury,\\nappears. [1686, Du choix et de lamSthode\\nd Studes.]\\n1683 Dialogues des marts, by Bernard\\nle Bovier de Fontenelle, appears. [16S6,\\nEntretien sur la PluralitS des Mondes.]\\n1684* TraitS de morale, by Nicolas de\\nMalebranche, appears.\\n*-1718* Nouvelles de la RSpublique\\ndes Letters is issued by Bayle.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1676 July 16. Paris. Marie Mar-\\nguerite de Brinvilliers is executed for\\nher intrigues and crimes.\\n1679 The prisoner called the man\\nwith the iron mask is closely confined\\nat Pignerol. [1703. Nov. 19. He dies\\nin the Bastile five different persons are\\nalleged to have been the mysterious\\nprisoner.]\\n1681 May 22. Paris. Female dancers\\nare first introduced on the Paris stage,\\nin the opera Le Triomphe de I Amour.\\n1685 Oct. 18. The Edict of Nantes\\nis revoked.\\nMore than 50,000 families, including\\nmilitary leaders, men of letters, and\\nmost of the artificers of France, are com-\\npelled to emigrate to foreign countries\\nby this act. (See Church.)\\nLouismarries Madame de Maintenon,\\nSTATE.\\n1670 May A secret treaty between\\nthe kings of France and England, signed\\nat Dover, is negotiated by Henrietta,\\nDuchess of Orleans.\\nCharles engages to openly join the\\nCatholic Church, Louis to aid Charles\\nby 2,000,000 livres the two kings agree\\nto declare war against Holland, Louis to\\npay Charles 3,000,000 livres every year,\\nto carry on the war.\\nNov. 1. A convention is secretly\\nsigned between Louis and the German\\nemperor, binding each not to help the\\nother s enemies.\\n1672 Feb. 12. A public treaty is\\nconcluded between France and England.\\nMar. -Apr. France and England de-\\nclare war against Holland.\\nApr. 14. Swe. The Treaty of Stock-\\nholm is concluded between France and\\nSweden.\\nSweden engages, for an annual subsidy\\nfrom Frame of 000,000 livres, to take\\narms against any of the German princes\\nwho should support Holland.\\n1673 Mar.* France declares war\\nagainst Holland.\\nJune 6. Ger. The Peace of Vossem is\\nconcluded between Frederick William,\\nElector of Brandenburg, and Louis, who\\nagrees not to aid the Dutch against the\\nelector.\\nAug. 15. Xeth. The League of The\\nHague is formed against France by the\\nDutch, the Spaniards, and the German\\nemperor.\\n1674 Feb. 9. Charles II. of England,\\ncompelled by Parliament, makes peace\\nwith HoUand.\\nGermany, Spain, Denmark, and Hol-\\nland unite in a quadruple alliance\\nagainst France.\\nJune The Emperor Leopold I. declares\\nwar against France.\\nAlsace is united to France by con-\\nquest.\\n1676 Feb. 17. A secret treaty for\\nannual pension is signed between Louis\\nand Charles II. of England.\\n1678 May 12. Kobert Cavelier de La\\nSalle receives a grant for the construc-\\ntion of forts, taking lands, and holding\\na monopoly of trade, in the West\\n[Canada Michigan].\\nMay 17. Another secret treaty be-\\ntween Louis and Charles II. of England\\nis signed.\\nAug. 10. At the Congress of Nimeguen\\na treaty of peace is signed between\\nFrance and Holland. [Sept. 17. Be-\\ntween France and Spain 1679. Feb. 6.\\nBetween France and Germany. It paci-\\nfies Europe.]\\nFrench conquests in Holland are re-\\nstored to the Dutch; France gains\\nFranche-Comte and Valen ci ennes\\nConde\\\\ Bouchain, Maubeuge, Cambrai,\\nSt. Omer, Aire, Ypres, and Cassel.\\n1679 June 29. A treaty is concluded\\nat St. Germain-en-Laye between France,\\nSweden, and the Elector of Branden-\\nburg, who is obliged to cede most of hi3\\nconquests in Pomerania to Sweden.\\nSept. 2. The Treaty of Fontainebleau\\nis concluded between France and Den-\\nmark.\\nLouis XIV., the Great Monarch, is\\nat the height of his power and glory.\\nLouis establishes e Chambers of Re-\\nunion for the purpose of asserting\\nclaims, through old feudal titles, to ter-\\nritories on the German frontier.\\n1684 Aug. 15. The Truce of Ratis-\\nbon. (See Army.)\\nAug. 25. Strasburg and its district are\\nformally ceded to France, also the prov-\\nince of Luxemburg.\\n1685 Louis persecutes the Protes-\\ntants. (See Church.)", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0705.jp2"}, "706": {"fulltext": "694 1685, *-1702, Aug. 19.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1688 -97 Ger. The third war to\\nobtain the Palatinate. (See State,)\\nOct. 29. Ger. Philippsburg surren-\\nders to Louis. [Mannheim, Speyer,\\nWorms, and other towns are rapidly\\ntaken.]\\n1689 Ger. Ruthless devastation of\\nthe Palatinate. (See Society.)\\nJVCar. Louis sends a French squadron of\\n13 vessels with troops to Ireland, to aid\\nJames II., who seeks to recover the\\nthrone of England.\\n1690 June 30. South Eng. In a naval\\nbattle off Beachy Head the French un-\\nder the Comte de Tourville defeat the\\nDutch and English fleets under Adm.\\nTorrington.\\nJuly 1. Belg. The Due de Luxem-\\nbourg defeats the allies under the\\nPrince of Waldeck at Fleurus.\\n1691 Apr. 8. Belg. The French under\\nLouis take Mons.\\nApr. 13. Nice surrenders to the\\nFrench under Marshal Catinat.\\nLouis sends Gen. St. Ruth with a force\\nto Ireland to aid James II. (See Great\\nBritain.)\\n1692 May 19. Vice-Adm. Tourville is\\ndecisively defeated by the English\\nand Dutch fleets under Adm. Russell off\\nLa Hogue.\\nJune 5. Belg. Namur capitulates to\\nthe French.\\nAug. 3. Belg. Marshal Luxembourg\\ndefeats the allies under William III.\\nat Steenkerke.\\n1693 June 29. Port. Vice-Adm. Tour-\\nville defeats the English fleet under\\nAdm. Rooke off Cape St. Vincent.\\nJuly 29. Belg. The allies under Wil-\\nliam III. are defeated by Marshal Lux-\\nembourg at Neerwinden, or Landen.\\nOct. 4. Marshal Catinat defeats the\\nDuke of Savoy at Marsaglia.\\n!Wov. 29. St. Malo is unsuccessfully\\nbombarded by the English.\\n1694 July Dieppe and Havre are un-\\nsuccessfully bombarded by the English\\nand Dutch.\\nSept. Dunkirk and Havre are unsuc-\\ncessfully bombarded by the English.\\n1695 Aug. 26. Belg. ISTamur is taken\\nby William III.\\n1696 June It. Peace of Turin.\\n1697 Sept. 20. Peace of Byswick.\\n1701 -14 War of the Spanish\\nSuccession.\\nJune It. Prince Eugene of Savoy\\ncommences the war by invading Italy\\nwith an Austrian army he resents the\\nrejection of his proffered services.\\nJuly 9. It. The allies under Eugene\\ndefeat the French under Marshal Cati-\\nnat at Carpi, Lombardy.\\nSept. 1. It. The Austrians under Eu-\\ngene defeat the French under Marshal\\nVilleroi at Chiari, Lombardy.\\n1702 July 26. It. The French win at\\nthe battle of Santa Vittoria.\\nAug. 14. Ger. The French under Gen.\\nVillars defeat the Germans at Fried-\\nlingen.\\nAug. 19. Sp. The French under Capt.\\nDu Casse are defeated in a naval battle\\noff Cartagena by the British under\\nAdm. Benbow.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1688 Cast mirrors are invented.\\nEnameled pottery is made at St.\\nCloud.\\nDenis Papin invents a heat-engine.\\n[1698. He attempts to construct an en-\\ngine.] He devises a steam-engine while\\nresiding in Germany.\\nGuillaume Amontons invents a system\\nof telegraphy by means of signals from\\nstation to station.\\n1692* Paris. Giovanni DomenicoCas-\\nsini executes a chart of the full moon.\\n1694* Paris. Joseph Pitton de Tourne-\\nfort publishes a botanical system.\\n1700+ Jean Louis Petit explains the\\nstructure of the eye.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1686 Chapelle, Claude E. L., poet., A60.\\nBlondel, Francois, arch., military eng., A69.\\nConde, Louis II. de Bourbon de, Due\\nd Engh it ll, general, A65.\\natelier, .lean Baptiste, Greek scholar, A59.\\nFstrades, ointe d iodefroi, gt-ni-rul, states\\nman, A79.\\nLeroy, Julien, horologist, author, born.\\nMairet, Jean, dramatist, A82.\\nMaimbourg, Louis, historian, A76.\\n1687* Aubery, Louis, Sieur du Maurier,\\nhistorical writer, dies.\\nClaude, Jean, Protestant leader, A68.\\nLa Salle, Sieur de, Robert cavalier, explorer,\\nA44.\\nCrequi, Francois de Bonne de, Due de Les-\\ndiguieres, marshal, A63\u00c2\u00b1.\\nRapin, Rene, Jesuit Latin poet. A66.\\nLulli, Jean Baptiste, It.-Fr. corhp., A54.\\n1688* *Bernier, Francois, trav.,phys., A58\u00c2\u00b1.\\nCastel, Louis l .ertrand, mathematician, born.\\nBronioy, Pierre, classical scholar, A58\u00c2\u00b1.\\nCeillier, Doni Itemi, theologian, born.\\nDelisle, Joseph Nicolas, astronomer, born.\\nl)u Cange, Charles du Fresne, historian, phi-\\nlologist, A78.\\nDuquesne, Abraham, admiral, A78.\\nFreret, Nicolas, antiquary, historical critic, b.\\nLemoine, Francois, historical painter, b.\\nMarivaux, Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de,\\ndramatist, born.\\nMellan, Claude, designer, engraver, d.\\nPerrault, Claude, architect, A75.\\nQuinault, Philippe, dramatic poet, A53.\\nQuintinie, Jean de la, pomologist, A62.\\nTavernier, Jean B., Baron d Aubonne, trav-\\neler, A83.\\n1689 Errard, Charles, painter, arch., A83.\\nMontesquieu, Baron, Charles de Seeon-\\ndat, jurist, philosopher, born.\\nPiron, Alexis, dramatist, poet, wit, born.\\n1090 Alucoijiie, .Marguerite, nun, prophet-\\ness, A43.\\nAllouez, Claude Jean, explorer, A70.\\nLe Brun, Charles, painter, A78.\\nLecouvreur, Adrienne, actor, born.\\nLe Pays, Rene de, Sieur Plessis-Villeneuve,\\npoet, A54.\\nSavary, Jacques, financier, A68.\\n1691 lienserade, Isaac, court poet, A69.\\nLouvois, Marquis de, Francois L. M., states-\\nman, A50.\\n1692 Aiguebere, John Dumas, dram., b.\\nAuzout, Adrien, mathematician, A62\u00c2\u00b1.\\nBurigny, Jean Levesque de, author, born.\\nCaylus, Comte de, Anne C. P. de Tubieres,\\nantiquary, author, born.\\nChaussee, Pierre Claude Nivellede la, dram-\\natist, born.\\nMenage, Gilles, critic, A79.\\nRacine, Louis, poet, born.\\nThevenot, Melchisedcch, compiler, au., A72.\\n1693* Bussy-Rabutin, Comte de, Roger,\\nsatirist, A75.\\nBelidor, Bernard Forest de, engineer, mili-\\ntary writer, born.\\nCartouche, Louis 1 bandit, born.\\nChaumonot, Pierre M. J., Jesuit, missionary\\nin Canada, A82.\\nCrevier, Jean Baptiste Louis, historian, b.\\nLafayette, Comtesse de, Marie M. P. de la\\nV., author, A59.\\nFremont d Ablancourt, Nicolas, litterateur,\\ndiplomatist, A68\u00c2\u00b1.\\nMontpensier, Duchesse de, Anne M. L. D O..\\nA66.\\nRousseau, James, painter, A63.\\n1694* Arnauld, Antoine, philosopher, A82.\\nBoissy, Louis de, litterateur, born.\\nDeshoulieres, Antoinette, poet, A60\u00c2\u00b1.\\nQuesnay, Francois, economist, born.\\nVoltaire. Francois M. A. de. poet, dram-\\natist, historian, mis. writer, born.\\n1695 Aubery, Antoine, hist, writer, A79.\\nDuval, Valentin daim iav, antiquary, born.\\nDomat, Jean, jurist, A70.\\nFelibien, Andre, architect, writer, A76.\\nHerbelot, Barthelemy d orientalist, A70,\\nLa Fontaine, Jean de. poet, fabulist, A74.\\nLancelot, Dom Claude, grammarian, A80.\\nLuxembourg, Due de. Francois Henri de\\nMontmorericy-Bouteville, marshal, A67.\\nMeissonier, Justus A., painter, sculptor,\\narchitect, born.\\nMignard, Pierre, painter, A85.\\nNicole, Pierre, novelist, A70.\\nPuget, Pierre, sculptor, painter, arch., A73.\\nRouhiliac, Louis Francois, sculptor, born.\\n1696 Bruyere, Jean de la. author, mor-\\nalist, A 50.\\nDaviel, Jacques, oculist, horn.\\nRichelieu, Due de, Louis Francois Armand\\nEmmanuel Duplessis, courtier, born,\\nSase, Hermann Maurice, general, born.\\nSevign6, Marie de Eabutin Chantal de,\\nwriter, A70+.\\n1697 Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon\\nd geographer, born.\\nCarpentier, Pierre, antiquary, author, born.\\nDeffand, Marquise du, Marie de Vichy-\\nChamrond, author, born.\\nDrevet, Pierre, engraver, born.\\nDupleix, Marquis, Joseph, general, born.\\nMorand, Sauveur Francois, surgeon, born.\\nPrevost d Exiles, Antoine Francois, au., b.\\nSanteul, Jean de, clergyman, poet, A67.\\n1698 Pouchardon, Kdme, sculptor, born,\\nBouguer, Pierre, mathematician, born.\\nBourne, Vincent, scholar, writer, born.\\nChampinesle, Marie Desmares, actor, A44.\\nCharas, Moise, chemist, pharmacist, A80.\\nDuf ay, Charles Fraiu;ois de Cisternay, phy-\\nsician, born.\\nD Orleans, Pierre J., historian, A54.\\nFrontenac, Comte de, Louis de Buade, gov-\\nernor of Canada, A77.\\nMaupertuis. Pierre Louis Moreau de,\\nmathematician, born.\\nTillemont, Sebastien le Nain de, clergyman,\\nhistorian, A71.\\n1699 Barbeyrac, Charles, physician, A7G.\\nCamus, Charles Etienne Louis, math., born.\\nGalien, Joseph, physician, philosopher, born,\\nJussieu, Bernard de, botanist, born.\\nLabourdonnais, Bertraml Francois Mane de,.\\nnaval commander, born.\\nMonnoyer. .U-au Baptiste, painter, A64.\\nPothier, Robert Joseph, jurist, born.\\nRacine, Jean, dramatic poet, A60.\\n1700 Adam, Lambert Sigisbert, sculptor,,\\nborn.\\nAllainval, Leonor J. C. S. d dram, poet, b.\\nAviler, Augustin Charles d architect, A47.\\nBourcet, Pierre Joseph, tactician, mil.,wr.,b.\\nLenotre, Andre, artist, garden design., A87.\\nDuhamel du Monceau, Henri Louis, econo-\\nmist, botanist, born.\\nJoliet, Louis, one of the discoverers of Mis-\\nsissippi, A55.\\nMasson, Antoine, engraver, A64.\\nNollet, Jean Antoine, L Abbe, natural phi-\\nlosopher, born.\\nRanee, Armand Jean le Bouthillier de, monk,\\nreformer of monastery of La Trappe, A74.\\n1701* Bridame, .iaci|iit s, pulpit ora., born..\\nCondamine, Charles Marie de la, traveler,\\ngeographer, scientist, writer, born.\\nChevreau, Urbain, author, A88.\\nDaran, Jacques, surgeon, born, A88.\\nPhilip, Due d orleans, son of Louis XIII.,\\nA61.\\nMaurepas, Comte de, Jean Frederic Phelip-\\npeaux, politician, born.\\nScudery, Madeleine de, author, A94.\\nSourville, AnneH.de C. de, adm., mar., A59..\\nCHURCH.\\n1685 Louis persecutes the Huguenots.\\nThey are excluded from all public\\nfunctions, from the liberal professions,,\\nthe universities, and from engaging in\\nvarious branches of commerce and in-\\ndustry; also forbidden to marry Cath-\\nolics, and children seven years of age-\\nare to be permitted to choose the Catho-\\nlic religion.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0706.jp2"}, "707": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1685, *-1702, Aug. 19. 695\\nThe king a soldiers in Languedoc are\\nquartered among Huguenots, and create\\na reign of terror. Brutal violence and\\nexcesses abound.\\nSixty thousand converts to Cathol-\\nicism in Guienne are reported in a single\\nmonth.\\nMonasticism reaches the climax of\\nliterary culture in some congregations\\nof Benedictines and Oratorians.\\n1689* Rome. Alexander VIII. is pope.\\n[1691. Innocent XII.]\\n1691 July 12. It. The Pope condemns\\nF6nelon.\\nLouis XIV. sends an embassy to Siam\\nfor the purpose of converting its king.\\n1693 The Jansenist dispute is re-\\nvived.\\n1694 June 3. The Duke of Savoy, at\\nthe instance of England and Holland,\\ndecrees freedom in religion to the\\nVaudois.\\n1695 Paris. Madam Guyon is sent\\nto the Bastile in punishment for writing\\ndevotional books. [1705. She is re-\\nleased.]\\n1699 Mar. Fenelon s book, Maximes\\ndes Saints, is condemned by the Pope.\\n1700 Rome. Clement XI. is pope.\\nLETTERS.\\n1685 Oct.* The Protestant University\\nat Sedan is abolished after the revoca-\\ntion of the Edict of Nantes.\\nAndronic and Alcibiade, by Jean Gal-\\nbert de Campistron, appear. [1691, Ti-\\nHdate.]\\n1686* *-93* Bib/iotht-que. Universelle\\net Historique is issued.\\n1687 Steele de Louis le Grand, by\\nCharles Perrault, appears. [1688-93, Pa-\\nrallele des Anciens et des Modernes.]\\nChevalier a la mode, by Florent Carton\\nDancourt, appears.\\nCaracteres, by Jean de La Bruyere,\\nappears.\\n-1704 Histoire des Ouvrages des\\nSavants is issued.\\n1688 Divorce, by Jean Francois R 3-\\ngnard, appears.\\nL f Histoire des Variations des Eg Uses\\nProtest-antes, by Bossuet, appears. [He\\nwrites also Notes and Annotations of the\\nBooks of Scripture, Defense de la doc-\\ntrine du clergi de Fraiice, and Funeral\\nOrations.\\n1689 Esther, by Racine, appears.\\nHistoire des revolutions de Portugal,\\nby L Abbe Renne Aubert de Vertot\\nd Aubert, appears. [1696, Histoire des\\nrevolutions de Suede.]\\n1690 Mtmoires sur la cour d Espagne\\nand Aventures d lfippofyte, Comte de\\nDouglas, by Marie Catherine D Aulnoy,\\nappear. [1698, Contes des F6es.]\\nDictionary of the French Language, by\\n-Antoine Furetiere, appears.\\nLe Mercure galant, Esope a la ville,\\nand Esope la cour, by Edme Boursault,\\n*-1712* Me moires pour servir a V his-\\ntoire eccUsiastique des six premiers sie-\\ncles, by S^bastien le Nain de Tillemont,\\nappears. [1690-1738, Histoire des empe-\\nreitrs et des autres princes quiont r\u00c2\u00a3gn\u00c2\u00a3\\npendant les six premiers siecles de\\nI egtise.]\\n1691* Grondeur, by David Augustinde\\nBrueys and Jean Palaprat, appears.\\nAthalie, Racine s last drama, appears.\\n[1695, History of Port-Royal.]\\n-1720 Histoire Ecclesiastique, by\\nClaude Fleury, appears.\\n1692* *-1724* *Joueuse, Esprit de\\nContradiction, Double Veuvage, Desin,\\nand 14 other plays, by Charles Riviere\\nDufresny, appear.\\n1693* -1703 *Boileau writes his\\nthree last Satires. [1695, his three last\\ntpUres.]\\n1694 Thomas Corneille s Dictionnaire\\ndes Arts appears.\\nJoueur, by Regnard, appears. [1697,\\nDistrait; 1700, Democrite Amoureux.]\\n1696* *-1710* Homme s Tllustres,bj\\nPerrault, appears. [1697, Histoires ou\\nContes du temps passe.]\\n1697* Explication des maximes des\\nsaints, by Fenelon, appears.\\nHistor/ced and Critical Dictionary by\\nPierre Bayle, appears.\\n1699* Les Ave nt ares de Te le maque,by\\nFenelon, appears. [1710, Examen de la\\nconscience (Tun roi.]\\n1700 Bourgeoises de quality, by Dan-\\ncourt, appears. [1710, Com4diedes Come-\\ndiens.]\\nEpitrcs, and other poems, by Guil-\\nlaume Amfrye, appear.\\nPanthde, and several poems, by Charles\\nAuguste, Marquis of La Fare, appear.\\n1701 -67 Memoires pour servir a\\nI Histoire des Sciences et des Arts is is-\\nsued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1689 The Palatinate is devastated.\\nLouis orders it to be burned, as he can-\\nnot hold his conquests cities, towns,\\nfarm-buildings, crops, trees, etc., are\\nburned. Europe is exasperated by the\\nbrutality.\\n1693 The Order of St. Louis is in-\\nstituted.\\n1700+ Paris. The court of Louis\\nXIV. is conspicuous.\\nIt is the most formal and brilliant of\\nany in the history of France it abounds\\nin magniticence, luxury, and mistresses.\\nCourtiers show contempt for mar-\\nriage, abound in licentiousness, have a\\nrage for gambling, and flimsily veil reli-\\ngious hypocrisy with courtly polish and\\naddress.\\nWomen have remarkable influence\\nin high society.\\nAs favorites of the Crown, they rule\\nthe state, also the realm of letters and\\nfine arts. Ministers and generals rise\\nand fall to their wishes members enter\\nthe Academy or fail, and books are read\\nor unread at their words. Society was\\nnever more decorous or more corrupt.\\nParis. During the national re-\\nverses, vigils, fasts, and penances\\ntake the place of revels in court society.\\nSTATE.\\n1686 July 9. The League of Augs-\\nburg is formed.\\nIt is a confederation of the German\\nStates with Holland, Sweden, Spain, and\\nSavoy, to compel France to observe the\\nTreaties of Westphalia and Nimeguen.\\n1688 Lower Rhine. The French in-\\nvade and devastate the Palatinate.\\nLouis claims most of the country for\\nthe Duchess of Orleans, sister of the\\nlate elector palatine he also resents\\nthe election of a Bavarian prince to the\\nelectorate of Cologne, in opposition to\\nhis choice.\\n1689 May 2. The Grand AUiance.\\n(See Austria.)\\n[The campaign is principally waged in\\nthe Netherlands.]\\n1695\u00c2\u00b1 France is in a deplorable\\nstate because of continuous wars.\\n1696 June It. A separate treaty of\\npeace is concluded at Turin between\\nFrance and Savoy.\\nVictor Amades, Duke of Savoy, recov-\\ners Savoy, Susa, Nice, and Pignerol; he\\nguarantees to France the neutrality of\\nItaly, and Ins daughter, Mary Adelaide,\\nis to marry the eldest son of the dauphin,\\nLouis s grandson. Savoy promises to re-\\nmain neutral.\\n1697 Sept. 20. Neth. The Peace\\nof Ryswick is signed by France, Eng-\\nland, Spain, and Holland. [Oct. 30. Also\\nby the Empire and the emperor.]\\nIt confirms the peace made with Savoy;\\nLouis restores all places won by him since\\nthe Peace of Nimeguen from Kngland and\\nHolland, also those taken from Spain with\\nthe exception of s2 places lie recognizes\\nWilliam III. as King of Kngland and Anne as\\nhis successor, and agrees not to aid William s\\nenemies. The chief fortresses in the Span-\\nish Netherlands are to be a barrier between\\nFrance and Holland by receiving Dutch gar-\\nrisons; Lorraine is restored to its German\\nduke, and the claims of the princess pala-\\ntine to the lower Palatinate are commuted\\nfor money.\\n1698 Oct. 11. The First Partition\\nTreaty is signed by England, France,\\nand Holland.\\nIt divides the Spanish realm among three\\nclaimants, in view of the expected death\\nwithout issue of Charles II., the Spanish\\nking, the Electoral Prince of Bavaria,\\nJoseph Ferdinand, grandson of the Empress\\nof Germany, sister of the Spanish King\\nCharles, to receive the American dependen-\\ncies and the Spanish Netherlands; the dau-\\nphin (nephew of Charles of Spain) to have\\nNaples, Sicily, certain seaports in Tuscany,\\nand the province of Guipugcoa; the Arch-\\nduke Charles of Austria, nephew by mar-\\nriage of Charles of Spain, to have the duchy\\nof Milan.\\n1700 Mar. 13. The Second Partition\\nTreaty is signed by Louis XIV. and\\nWilliam III.\\nThe Archduke Charles to have Spain\\nand the Indies the dauphin to have\\nNaples, Sicily, and the duchy of Lor-\\nraine The Duke of Lorraine to have\\nMilan in exchange for the duchy.\\nOct. 2. Charles II. of Spain signs a\\nwill making Philip of Anjou, son of\\nthe Dauphin of France, his heir.\\nNov. 16. The Duke of Anjou, grand-\\nson of Louis, is proclaimed at Fontaine-\\nbleau King of Spain as Philip V., the\\nSpanish King Charles having died with-\\nout issue.\\n[This causes the war of the Spanish\\nSuccession, the proclamation of Philip\\nas King of Spain being a violation of the\\nPartition Treaty of March 13, and the\\ngreat naval powers, England and Hol-\\nland, are jealuus ft he increase of French\\npower by the union of the two crowns.]\\n1701 Feb. 6. Neth. The barrier\\ntowns of the Spanish Netherlands open\\ntheir gates to the French on an order\\nfrom the King of Spain thus the Peace\\nof Ryswick is violated.\\nSept. 7. The Second Grand Alliance\\nis formed between William III., the Em-\\nperor Leopold L, and the Dutch Re-\\npublic.\\nThe object is to secure the possessions\\nof Philip V. in the Netherlands and It-\\naly for the Austrian House, to restore\\nthe barrier towns to Holland, to secure\\nan indemnity to Austria because of the\\nexclusion of the Archduke Charles from\\nthe Spanish throne, and to secure the\\ndefinite severance of the crowns of\\nFrance and Spain.\\nSept. Eng. On the death of James II.,\\nhis son, the Pretender, is recognized\\nas King of England by Louis.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0707.jp2"}, "708": {"fulltext": "696 1702, Aug. -1718,\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1702 Aug. Sp. Cadiz is attacked by\\nthe English and Butch under Sir George\\nRooke.\\nOct. 12. The French fleet is nearly\\ndestroyed in the Bay of Vigo by the Eng-\\nlish and Dutch fleets under Sir George\\nRooke.\\nOct. 23. Belg. Liege is taken by the\\nEnglish under Gen. Marlborough.\\n1703 Sept. 20. Ger. The French and\\nBavarians under Marshal Villars de-\\nfeat the Imperialists at Hochstadt.\\n1704 July 2. Ger. The Duke of Marl-\\nborough defeats the French at Donau-\\nworth.\\nJuly 24. Sp. A dm. Rooke, without\\nwarning, takes Gibraltar from the Span-\\niards.\\nAug. 13. Ger. Battle of Blenheim in\\nBavaria.\\nThe English, German, Dutch, and\\nDane allies under Marlborough and\\nPrince Eugene, numbering 52,000 men,\\ndefeat and nnit56,0Ui) French and Bavari-\\nans under Marshals Tallard and Marsin\\nthe French and Bavarians lose 40,000\u00c2\u00b1\\nmen the allies lose 11,000 to 12,000.\\nMarshal Villars suppresses the revolt\\nof the Protestant Camisards among the\\nCeVennes Mountains.\\n1705 July 18. Belg. Marlborough de-\\nfeats the French at Tirlemont.\\nAug. 16. It. The Imperialists under\\nPrince Eugene are defeated by Gen.\\nVendome at Cassano.\\nOct. 4. Sp. Barcelona surrenders to\\nthe English Adm. Peterborough.\\n1706 Apr. Gen. Vendome routs the\\nImperialists at Calcinato.\\nMay 23. Belg. The French and Ba-\\nvarians under Marshal Villeroi are de-\\nfeated by Marlborough at Ramillies in\\nFlanders the French lose 13,000 men,\\nand the allies over 3,500.\\nSept. 7. It. The French are defeated\\nby Imperialists under Prince Eugene at\\nTurin.\\n1707 Mar. The French by a conven-\\ntion agree to abandon North Italy.\\nApr. 25. Sp. The French and Spanish\\nunder the Duke of Berwick defeat the\\nBritish, Dutch, and Portuguese allies\\nunder Lord Galaway at Almanza.\\nJune 30. France is invaded by the\\nallies under Prince Eugene and the\\nDuke of Savoy [who boiuba-rd Toulon,\\nbut are forced to raise the siege].\\nIWov. 11. Sp. The French capture Le-\\nrida.\\n1708 July 11. Belg. Battle of Oude-\\nnarde.\\nThe allies under Marlborough and\\nPrince Eugene defeat 100,000 French un-\\nder Gen. Vendome and the Duke of Bur-\\ngundy at Oudenarde; the French lose\\n3,000 killed and 7,000 prisoners.\\nOct. 25. Belg. Lille is taken by Prince\\nEugene and Marlborough. [Ghent and\\nBurges surrender.]\\n1709 Sept. 11. The English, Dutch,\\nand Austrians (120,000), under Prince\\nEugene and Marlborough, defeat the\\nFrench (90,000) under Marshal Villars at\\nMalplaquet allies loss, 20,000\u00c2\u00b1 French\\n11,000 to 14,000. Villars is wounded.\\nOct. 25. Belg. Mons surrenders to the\\nallies.\\n1710 July 17. Sp. The allies under\\nCount Starhemberg and Earl Stanhope\\ndefeat the Spaniards at Almenara.\\nAug. 20. Sp. The Austrians defeat\\nPhilip V. at Saragossa.\\n1711 Aug. 5. Marlborough forces the\\nFrench lines at Arleux.\\nMarlborough crosses the fortifica-\\ntions extending from Arras to Bouchain\\non the Schelde.\\nSept. 13. Marlborough captures Bou-\\nchain.\\n[He is now recalled to England through\\nthe influence of the Tories.]\\n1712 July 27. The French under Mar-\\nshal Villars defeat the allies under\\nPrince Eugene, at Denain [they recap-\\nture Douai, Le Quesnoy, and Bouchain.]\\n1713 Apr. 11. Peace of Utrecht.\\nIfov. 7. Switz. The French under Vil-\\nlars take Freiburg.\\n1714 Mar. 6. Peace. (See State.)\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\nParis. Beign of Louis XIV.\\nMany works of art are produced, among\\nwhich is the arch of St. Martin and St.\\nDenis. Great additions are made to\\nthe Tuileries and Louvre.\\nThe gardens of the Tuileries, like those\\nof Versailles, are laid out by Andre Le-\\nndtre.\\nAmong the palaces completed are the\\nPlace du Carrousel, the Place des Vic-\\ntoires, and the superb Place Vendome.\\nThe quays are also built.\\nThe Champs 3i!lys6es are converted\\ninto a public promenade. [1828. Ceded\\nto the city.]\\n1715 The French Opira Comique ap-\\npears.\\n1716 Paris. Marius submits plans for\\nan instrument with hammer action to\\nthe Acad^mie Boyale des Sciences.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1702 Arvieux, Laurent Chevalier d ori-\\nentalist, A 67.\\nBart, Jean, naval hero, commander, A51.\\nBouhours^ Dominique, Jesuit, critic, A74.\\nCharpentier, Francois, author, A82.\\n1703 Cosine, .Jean Baseilhae, surgeon, lith-\\notomist, born.\\nDeparcieux, Antoine, mathematician, born.\\nThe man with the iron mask dies at the\\nBastile, Nov. 19.\\nLouis, Due d Orleans, son of Philip II., born.\\nMascaron, Jules, pulpit orator, author, A67.\\nParrault, Charles, author, A75.\\nSaint Evremond, Charles de, M. de St.\\nDenis de, wit, author, A90.\\n1704* Argens, Marquis d Jean Baptiste\\nd soldier, writer, born.\\nBourdaloue. Louis, Jesuit, pulpit ora., A72.\\nBossuet. Jacques B., bishop of Meaux,\\npulpit orator, author, A74.\\nDuclos, Charles I ineau, author, born.\\nJaucourt, Louis hevalier ile. author, born.\\nL HQpital, or [/Hospital, Guillaume F. A.,\\nde. Marquis de Samt-Mesnie, geometrician,\\nA43.\\nPlumier, Charles, botanist, A58.\\n1705 Amontons, Guillaume, physicist,\\nA42.\\nAunoy, or Aulnoy, Comtesse de, Marie Cathe-\\nrine Jumelle de P.erneville, author, A55\u00c2\u00b1.\\nChedel, Quentin Pierre, engraver, born.\\nFontaine, Alexis, geometer, born.\\nL Enclos, Anne, Ninon de, courtesan, A90.\\nVanloo, Charles Andre, painter, horn.\\n1706* Amelot de la Houssaye, Abraham\\nNicolas, author, A72.\\nBaillet, Adrien, scholar, author, A57.\\nBayle, Pierre, critic, philosopher, A59.\\nChastelet, Marquise du, Gabrielle, scientific\\nauthor, born.\\n1707 Baden-Baden, Margrave of, Ludwig\\nWilhelm, general, A52.\\nBuffon, Comte de, Georges Louis Le-\\nclerc, naturalist, philosopher, born.\\nCouBin, Louis, historian, A80.\\nEdelinck, Gerard, Flemish engraver in\\nFrance, A58.\\nGallois, Jean, critic, journalist, A75.\\nGrammont, Comte de, Philibert, courtier,\\nauthor, A 86.\\nJouvenet, Jean, painter, A60.\\nMabillon, Jean, Benedictine monk, au., A75.\\nMontespan, Marquise de, Franchise Athenais\\nde Rochechouart, mistress of Louis XIV\\nA 66.\\nVauban, Sebastien L. de, military engi-\\nneer, marshal, A74.\\n1708* Cosnac, Daniel de, archbishop of\\nAix, A78\u00c2\u00b1.\\nGravier, Jacques, missionary in America, d.\\nMansart, or Mansard, Jules Hardouin, archi-\\ntect, A63.\\nPerronet, Jean Rodolphe, engineer, born.\\nTournefort. Joseph Pitton de, bota., A52.\\n1709 Barbeu-Dubourg Jacques, scien., b.\\nBrosses, Charles de, antiquary, born.\\nColle, Charles, poet, song-wnter, born.\\nComi, Prince de, Francois Louis, general,\\nCorneille, Thomas, dramatist, A 84.\\nDupuy, Louis, journalist, writer, born.\\nCresset, Jean Baptiste Louis, poet, drama-\\ntist, born.\\nMably, L Abbe de, Gabriel Bonnot, publi-\\ncist, born.\\nLachaise, Pere, Francois d Aix, Jesuit con-\\nfessor of Louis XIV., A85.\\nLa Mettrie, J alien off ray de, philosopher, b.\\nLamoignon, Chretien Francois de, states-\\nman, A65.\\nLepaute, Jean Andre horologist, born.\\nPiles, Roger de, diplomatist, paint., \\\\vr.,A74.\\nRegnard, Jean Francois, comic poet, A54.\\nSilhouette, Ltienne de, financier, born.\\nVaucanson, Jacques de, mechanician, born.\\n1710 Feb. 15. Louis XV., king, born.\\nBegon, Michel, antiquary, A72.\\nBoccage, Marie Anne Le Page du, poet, b.\\nChazelles, Jean Mathien de. physicist, A53.\\nFavart, Charles Simon, dramatist, born.\\nFlechier, Esprit, pulpit orator, A 78.\\nGabriel, Jacques Ange, engineer, arch., born.\\nVallierre, Duchesse de la, Framboise L. de\\nla B. L. B., favorite of Louis XIV., A66.\\n1711 Boileau-Despreaux. Nicolas, poet,\\nsatirist, critic, A75.\\nBoufners, Due de, Louis Francois, marshal,\\nA67.\\nCheron, Elizabeth S., artist, poet, A63.\\nMillet, Pierre, missionary in Canada, A80.\\n1712* Cassini, Jean Dominique, astrono-\\nmer A87.\\nCatinat, Nicolas de, general, A75.\\nr^pee, Charles Michel de 1 philan., born.\\nFournier, Pierre Simon, engraver, type-\\nfounder, born.\\nMontcalm, Marquis de, Louis Joseph,\\ngeneral, born.\\nPapin, Denis, natural philosopher, A65.\\nRousseau, Jean Jacques, philosopher,\\nwriter, born in Geneva.\\nSimon, Richard, philosopher, Bib. critic, A74.\\nVendome, Due de, Louis Joseph, gen-\\neral, A58.\\n1713* Batteux, Charles, rhetorician, mis.\\nwriter-, born.\\nBenezet, Anthony, philanthropist, born.\\nCaille, Nicolas Louis de la, astronomer, b.\\nChardin, Jean, merchant, traveler, A70.\\nClairaut, Alexis Claude, geometrician, born.\\nDiderot, Denis, philosopher, journalist,\\nmis. writer, born.\\nDucarel, Andre Coltee, antiquary, born.\\nJurieu, Pierre, I roteslant clergyman, A7fc\\nR a y n a 1, L Abbe Guillaume Thomas\\nFrancois, historian, philosopher, born.\\n1714 Cassini, Thury, Cesar F. de, astron-\\nomer, typographer, born.\\nClement, Francois, historian, born.\\nDamiens, Robert P., regicide, born.\\nFerriere, Claude de, jurist, A75.\\nMontalembert, Marquis de, Marc R., mili-\\ntary engineer, born.\\nPigalle, Jean Baptiste, sculptor, born.\\nSoufflot, Jacques Germain, architect, horn.\\nVernet, Claude Joseph, painter, born.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0708.jp2"}, "709": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1702, **-1718, 697\\n1715 Aymur. .lacrjues, impostor, A53-t.\\nBaUSchou, Jean Joseph Nicolas, engr., b.\\nCiiamilly, Mart], de, Noel Bouton, gen., A79.\\nCochin, Charles Nicolas, engraver, writer, b.\\nCondillac. IStienne B. de, philosopher,\\nmetaphysician, born.\\nFenelon, Francois de la Mothe. arch-\\nbishop of Oainbray, author, A64.\\nFontenay, Jean Uaptiste Blain tie, painter,\\nA61.\\nFoulon, Joseph Francois, financier, politi-\\ncian, born.\\nGallami, Antoine, antiq., orientalist, A69.\\n(Jirardon, Francois, sculptor, A87.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Guettard, Jean Etienne, botanist, mineralo-\\ngist, born.\\nHelvetius, Claude Adrien, philos., born.\\nLemonnier, Pierre Charles, astronomer, b.\\nLemery, Nicolas, chemist, A70.\\nLouis XIV.. king, A77.\\nMalebranche. Nicolas, philosopher, A77.\\nVieussens. Raymond, anatomist, A74.\\n1716 Barthelemy. Jean J., archeologist,\\nauthor, born.\\nBaume, Nicolas A. de la, marshal, A80.\\nCoiUanges, filarquis de, Philippe Emmanuel,\\nsong-writer, AH5.\\nCoustou, Guillaiune. sculptor, born.\\nDaubenton, Louis J. M., naturalist, born.\\nLafosse, Charles de, historical painter, A76.\\nLoriot, Antoine Joseph, mechanician, born.\\nVien, Joseph -Marie, historical painter, born.\\n1717 Alembert. Jean le Kond d geom-\\netrician, philosopher, author, born.\\nAllix, Pierre, Protestant theologian, A76.\\nBeauzee, Nicolas, grammarian, born.\\nBoullongne, Bon, painter, A77\u00c2\u00b1.\\nCallieres, Francois de, statesman, au., A72.\\nCarmontelle, Louis t arrogis. dram, wr., b.\\nChamousset, Chevalier de. Claude Humbert\\nPiarron, philanthropist, born.\\nGuyon, Jeanne .Marie p.ouvier de la Motte,\\nMadame, mystic, author, A69.\\nHubert, jMathieu, pulpit orator, A77.\\nMothe-Cadillac, Antoine de la, explorer, fdr.\\nof Detroit, U. S. A., A57.\\n1703 -10 The Protestant Cami-\\nsards, among the Cevennes Mountains,\\nrevolt.\\n1704 The surviving remnant of the\\nCamisards are sent into exile.\\nThe two millions of Reformed gather\\nno congregations, except as they as-\\nsemble in the wilderness.\\n1709 Paris. Louis authorizes the\\nsuppression and demolition of the con-\\nvent of Port Royal des Champs.\\n1713 Sept. 8. Rome. Pope Clement XI.\\nissues the bull TJnigenitus, con-\\ndemning propositions from Reflexiones\\nMorales of the Jansenists; the church\\nand realm are convulsed thereby.\\nThe Jesuits are agitated because of\\nthe influence of Madame Guyon and\\nother mystics, called Quietists.\\n1715 Cardinal de Noailles is placed\\nat the head of ecclesiastical affairs.\\nLETTERS.\\n1701 Menechmes, by Regnard, ap-\\npears. [1708. L gataire Universel. Later\\nEpitres, La Provencale, and Voyages.]\\n1703 -14 Bibliotheque Chois e is\\nissued.\\n1704 -06 La Clef du Cabinet des\\nPrinces de I Europe is issued.\\n-08 The Thousand and One Nights,\\nor Arabian Nights Entertainments\\ntranslated from Arabian and Turkish\\nMSS., by Antoine Galland, appears.\\n1706 The Avocat Pathelm, by Brueys\\nand Palaprat, appears.\\n1707 Atrie et Thyeste, by Prosper\\nJolyot de Cr^billou, appears.\\nCrispan rival de son maitre, and Le\\ndiable boiteux, by Le Sage, appear.\\n[1709, Turcaret.]\\n-16 Commentary on the Bible, by\\nDom Augustine Calmet, appears.\\n1708 -17 L Bistoire de VAcad mie\\ndes sciences and the E/oges des acadimi-\\nciens, by Fontenelle, appear. [Later,\\nPastorales and a Vie de Corneille.]\\n1711 Rhadamiste et Zenobie, by Pros-\\nper Jolyot de Crebillon, appears.\\n1713 L Irre solu, by Philippe N\u00c2\u00a3ri-\\ncault Destouches, appears.\\nMemoires du Comte de Grammont, by\\nAnthony, Count of Hamilton, appears.\\n-22 1729 -36 Journal Lit-\\nteraire is issued.\\nHistoire de France, by Gabriel Daniel,\\nappears.\\n1714 Lettre a M. Dacier sur les occu-\\npations de I Acadcmit franraise, by Fe\\nnelon, appears. [Later, three Dialogues\\nde ^eloquence, Fables, Dialogues des\\nmorts, and Lettres spirituelles.]\\n_27 Bibliotheque Ancienne et Mo-\\nderne is issued.\\n1715* *-31* Gil Bias de Santillane,\\nby Le Sage, appears.\\nMemoires, by Mme. de Maintenon,\\nappears.\\n1716* *-28* Bibliotheque Anglais is\\nissued.\\n1718 Nov. 18. Paris. Edipe,by Vol-\\ntaire, is acted at the Theatre Francais.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1712 July 27^ Neth. A disgraceful\\nquarrel occurs between the French and\\nDutch plenipotentiaries at Utrecht.\\n1715 Paris. Philip, the regent, is\\nshamelessly dissolute, and his example\\nmost pernicious to society.\\nThe doors of the Bastile are opened,\\na*id prisoners released, many of whom\\nwere confined for unknown causes.\\nParis. The Duchess of Berry ob-\\ntains notorious preeminence in profli-\\ngate society.\\n1716* Paris. John Law, a Scotchman,\\nwith others, founds the Banque Gene-\\nrate, which issues paper currency.\\nParis. The Government prosecutes\\nits creditors for fraud, and demands\\nheavy\\nSTATE.\\n1703 Oct. 25. The Duke of Savoy\\nwithdraws from France, and joins the\\nallies.\\nPortugal joins the allies.\\n1704* *The Archduke Charles is pro-\\nclaimed King of Spain as Charles HI.\\nby the allies. [1706. Sept. 24. He is pro-\\nclaimed at Madrid. Sept. 4. At Milan.]\\n1706 Belg. By the victory at Ramil-\\nlies, Brabant is won from Spain.\\nSept. It. By the victory of the Austri-\\nans at Turin, Spain loses Lombardy.\\n1708 Louis negotiatesforpeace.but\\nthe allies demand that he dethrone his\\ngrandson Philip V., and that the Bour-\\nbons be forever excluded from the suc-\\ncession.\\n1709* Neth. France, humbled by\\nmany defeats, opens negotiations for\\npeace at Gertruydenburg.\\nLouis consents to the dethroning of\\nPhilip in Spain, but the allies insist he\\nshall send his own armies to do this\\nLouis refuses, and the war is renewed.\\n1710 Dec. 10. Sp. By the victory of\\nYillaviciosa Philip V. of France re-\\ngains the throne of Spain.\\n1711 Apr. The dauphin, the king s\\nonly legitimate son, dies.\\n1712 Jan. 29. Neth. The Peace Con-\\ngress opens at Utrecht.\\nSept. 14. Antony Crozat is granted a\\nmonopoly of trade and 50,000 francs\\nannually for settling the Southwest.\\n[Louisiana, U. S. A.]\\n1713 Apr. 11. The Treaty of\\nUtrecht is signed by France and Spain,\\nand by England, Savoy, Portugal, Prus-\\nsia, and Holland.\\nPhilip V. of France is acknowledged\\nKing of Spain, but he is not to succeed\\nto the crown of France. Prussia is rec-\\nognized as a kingdom. Sicily is given to\\nthe Duke of Savoy, whose possessions\\nare made a kingdom. France abandons\\nits conquests in Holland, gives New-\\nfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Hudson Bay\\nto England, with permission to hold Gi-\\nbraltar and Minorca, and also to have\\nthe contract for supplying African slaves\\nfor the Spanish colonies it also ap-\\nproves the Protestant succession to the\\nBritish throne. [Germany, refusing to\\nsign the treaty, continues the war.]\\nDouai is annexed.\\n1714 Mar.-i- Aust. The Peace of\\nRadstatt is concluded between France\\nand the German Empire.\\nNaples, Sardinia, Milan, and Nether-\\nlands, taken from Spain, are given to\\nGermany the frontiers of France are\\npreserved, but her pride is humiliated,\\nand her people burdened with debt.\\n1715 Sept. 1. Louis XXV. dies.\\n1715-74 Louis XV. reigns.\\nLouis, the great-grandson of Louis\\nXIV., becomes king. Philip, Duke of\\nOrleans, is made regent his favorite is\\nCardinal Dubois, who panders to the\\nking s pleasures.\\n1716 May John Law, a Scotchman,\\nprojects the Mississippi Scheme.\\nIts proposed object is to develop the\\nresources of the regions along the Mis-\\nsissippi, believed to abound in the pre-\\ncious metals, and by the profits of the\\nenterprise to pay off the national debt.\\nWith permission of the regent, John\\nLaw opens a bank for the issue of paper\\nmoney; the national finances are in a\\ndeplorable condition.\\n1717 Jan. 4. A triple alliance is\\nformed between England, France, and\\nHolland, to check the ambition of Spain.\\n[The King of Spain claims the regency,\\nas uncle to the King of France.]\\nSept. The Western Louisiana Com-\\npany obtains its grant. [Illinois is an-\\nnexed.]\\n1718 Aug. By the adherence of the\\nEmperor Charles VI. the triple alliance\\nbecomes the Quadruple Alliance.\\n(See Great Britain.)\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1703 Nov. 19. The man with the iron\\nmask dies in the Bastile after an im-\\nprisonment in various prisons of 24 years.\\n1709 Famine prevails.\\n1718* Shares in Law s Mississippi\\nScheme rise from \u00c2\u00a3500 to \u00c2\u00a318,000.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0709.jp2"}, "710": {"fulltext": "698 1718, **-1737,\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1719 Jan. 10. War is declared against\\nSpain.\\nJan.* Sp. Marshal Berwick with 40,000\\nmen invades Spain; England joins\\nFrance.\\nJune 18. Sp. Fontarabia capitulates\\nto Marshal Berwick.\\nAug. 19. Sp. Marshal Berwick takes\\nSt. Sebastian.\\nDec. 11. Sp. Gen. Vendome defeats\\nthe Imperialists under Charles and\\nCount Starhemberg at Yillaviciosa.\\n1733 Oct. 10. France declares war\\nagainst Austria in support of the claim\\nof Stanislaus Lesczynski to the Polish\\nthrone.\\nOct. 19. Ger. Kehl is captured by\\nMarshal Berwick.\\nIt. The French conquer Milan.\\n1734 May 8. Prus. Treves is taken\\nby the French.\\nMay 13. Ger. Philipsburg is invested\\nby Marshal Berwick. [July 18. Sur-\\nrendered.]\\nJune 12. Marshal Berwick is killed by\\na cannon-ball before Philipsburg.\\nJune 29. The French and Imperialists\\nfight an indecisive battle near Parma.\\nSept. 19. It. The French defeat the\\nAustrians at Guastalla.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1718 Paris. Jean Louis Petit invents\\nthe screw tourniquet for suppressing\\nthe flow of blood in surgical operations.\\n1721 Paris. Rameau s L Endriaqite\\nappears.\\n1722* Pans. The Palace of the\\nDeputies is erected.\\n1729 Aug. 10. Paris. The bronze\\nequestrian statue of Louis XTV., in\\ntbe Place Vendome, the largest ever\\nmade, is demolished.\\n1731 Paris. The Academy of Sur-\\ngery is established.\\n1732* Paris. Charles Francois DuFaye\\ndiscourses on two kinds of electricity,\\nthe vitreous and the resinous.\\n1735* -36 *Two expeditions are\\nsent out to ascertain the figure of the\\nearth.\\nPierre Bouguer and Charles de la Con-\\ns go to Peru to\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1718 Arnaud, Francois T. M. de Baculard\\nd mis. writer, born.\\nAmiot, or Amyot, Joseph, Jesuit missionary,\\nborn.\\nBaluze, Etienne, writer of histories, dies in\\nParis, A88.\\nCollet, Philibert, writer, A75.\\nHareourt, Due d*, Henri, gen., diplo., A64.\\nLahire, Philippe de, geometrician, A78.\\n1719* Auvrigny, ilyaeintbe Kobillard d\\nhistorian, A44.\\nBiheron, Marie C, anatomist, horn.\\nChoiseul. Due de, Etienne Francois,\\nstatesman, born.\\nI upin, Louis EUies, theol., historian, A62.\\nFreron, Elie Catherine, critic, born.\\nLeroy, Pierre, watchmaker, born.\\nLa Salle, Jean Baptiste de, el., edu., A63.\\nMaintenon, Franeoise d Aubigne\\\\ queen,\\nA84.\\n1720 Aigullion, Due d Arniand Vignerot\\nDuplessis Richelieu, born.\\nAublet, Jean Baptiste Christophe F., bota-\\nnist, born.\\nCardonne, Denis Dominique, orientalist, b.\\nChaulieu, Guillaume Amfrye de,poet,A81.\\nCoysevox, Antoine, Sp. seulp. in Fr., ABO.\\nFavier, Jean Louis, author, born.\\nMontbeillard, Gueneau de, naturalist, au.,h.\\nHamilton, Count Anthony, courtier, writer,\\nA74\u00c2\u00b1.\\nLevis, Due de, Francois, marshal, horn.\\n1721* Arnaud, Henri, clergyman, leader\\nof Waldenses, A80.\\nCartouche, Louis Dominique, bandit, A28.\\nChamillard, -Michel, statesman, A70.\\nGuignes, Joseph de, orientalist, born.\\nHuet, Pierre Daniel, bishop of Avraaches,\\nscholar, A91.\\nLelong, Jacques, cl., bibliographer, A56.\\nMalesherbes, Chretien de, G. de Lamoi-\\ngnon, judge, philanthropist, horn.\\nPompadour, Madame J. de. mistress of\\nLouis XV., born.\\nTVatteau, Antoine. painter, A37.\\n1722 Borden, Theophile de, med. wr., b.\\nBoulainvilliers, Comte Henri de, historian,\\ncritic, A64.\\nCoypel, Antoine, painter, A61.\\nDacier, Andre, scholar, critic, A71.\\nForbonnais, Francois Veron de, financier, b.\\nVarignon, Pierre, lnatheniatieian, A68.\\nVaillant, Sebastn-n, botanist, A53.\\n1723* Basan, Pierre Francois, author, en-\\ngraver, born.\\nBasnage de Beauval, Jacques, theol., A70.\\nBrotief, Gabriel, classical scholar, born.\\nBriason, Mathurin Jacques, naturalist, born.\\nCaftieri, Jean Jacques, sculptor, born.\\nCampistron, Jean .albert de, dramatist, A67.\\nChabert, Joseph B. de, navigator, astrono-\\nmer, geographer, born.\\nCh^nier, Loins de, historian, horn.\\nClairon, Claire Joseph L. de L., actor, born.\\nDubois, G ml la nine, cardinal, statesman, A67.\\nFleury, Claude, L Abbe, author, A83.\\nGrasse, Francois Joseph Paul de, Marquis\\nde Grasse-Tilly, admiral, born.\\nHolbach, Paul Thiry d\\\\ philosopher, horn.\\nLauzun, Antoine Kompar de Caumont de,\\ngeneral, courtier, A91.\\nMarmontel, Jean Francois, critic, miscel-\\nlaneous writer, born.\\nPhilip II., Due d Orleans, A50.\\n1724* Choisv, Francois Tinioleon de, au-\\nthor, A80.\\nDufresny, Charles Riviere, dramatist, A76.\\nHautefeuille, Jean de, mechanician, writer,\\nA77.\\nBale, Rale, or Kasles, Sebastien, Jesuit mis-\\nsionary to the Abenaki Indians, A66.\\n1726 Chauvni, Etienne, Prot. cler., A85.\\nCourt de Gobelin, Antoine, author, born.\\nDancourt, Florent Carton, comedian, A64.\\nEpinay, Louise d mistress of Eousseau, au-\\nthor, born.\\nGacon, Francois, poet, satirist, A58.\\nLouis Philippe, Due d Orleans, son of Louis,\\nborn.\\nLatude, Henri Masers de, prisoner of statue, b.\\nMontucla, Jean Etienne, mathematician, b.\\nRochambeau, Marquis J. B. Donatien de\\nVimeur, marshal, born.\\nKapin, Paul de, Sieur de Thoyras, hist., A64.\\nVaudreuil, Marquis de, Philippe de Rigaud,\\ngovernor of Canada, A83\u00c2\u00b1.\\n1726* Abbatucci, Giaeomo Pietro, Corsi-\\ncan general, born.\\nBeautnelle, Laurent. Angliviel de la, au., b.\\nClerc, Nicolas G., physician, historian, born.\\nDanican, Francois Andre, Phdidor, com-\\nposer, chess-player, born.\\nDumont, Jean, historian, A76\u00c2\u00b1.\\nGaillard, Gabriel Henri, hist., mis, wr., b.\\nGreuze, Jean Baptiste, painter, born.\\nLisle, Guillaume de, geographer, A51.\\nMillot, Claude Francis Xavier, historian, b.\\nPaoli. Fasquale de, Corsican general, b.\\n1727 Abbadie, Jacques, Prot. cler., A69.\\nAdanson, Michel, botanist, horn.\\nCommerson, Philibert, botanist, born.\\nDarcet, Jean, physician, chemist, born.\\nFabre, Jean, the honest criminal, born.\\nFavart, Marie Justine Benoite, actor, born.\\nLhomond, Charles Francois, educator, born.\\nPontehartrain, Comte de, Louis P., states-\\nman, A85.\\nTurgot. Anne Robt. J., Baron de l Aulne,\\nfinancier, born.\\n1728 Baunie, Antoine, chemist, horn.\\nCharost, Armand J. de B. de, philanthro-\\npist, born.\\nDaniel, Gabriel, Jesuit, author, A79.\\nEon de Beaumont, Charles L. A. A. T. d di-\\nplomatist, born.\\nLekain, Henri Louis Cain, actor, born.\\nLenfant, Jacques, Protestant cl., hist., A67.\\nLeroy, Julien David, architect, born.\\n1729 Boyer, Abel, lexicographer, A62.\\nBougainville, Louis Antoine de, navigator,.\\ndiscoverer, born.\\nBrunck, Richard Francois Philippe, scholar,\\ncritic, born.\\nCaylus, Marquise de, Marthe Marguerite de\\nVillette de M urcay, woman of fashion, A56-\\nCoster, Joseph Francois, economist, rinan-\\nEstaing, Comte d\\\\ Chas. Hector, adm., b.\\nHardouin, Jean, Jesuit, writer, A83.\\nLebrun, Ponce D. 13., poet, born.\\nVestris, Gaetano A. Baldassare, dancer, h.\\nWailly, Charles de, architect, horn.\\n1730* Aboville. Francois M., general, b.\\nAmeilhon, Hubert Pascal, antiquary, horn.\\nBezout, Etienne, mathematician, born.\\nBossnt, Charles, inatheniatician, born.\\nCeroeau, Jean Antoine du, poet, A60.\\nChabanon, Michel Paul Guy de, writer, born.\\nCossigny de Palma. Joseph Francois Char-\\npentier, naturalist, born.\\nD Agincourt, Jean B., archeologist, born.\\nDidot, Francois A., printer, type-founder, b.\\nLecouvreur, Adrienne, actor, A40\u00c2\u00b1.\\nMessier, Charles, astronomer, born,\\nPajou, Augustin, sculptor, born.\\nPalissot de Montenoy, Charles, satirist, b.\\nSaurin, Jacques, Prot. pulpit orator, A53.\\nVilleroi. Due de, Francois de Neuiville,\\nmarshal, A86.\\n1731 Anquetil-Duperron, Abraham Hya-\\ncinthe, orientalist, born.\\nAubert, L Abbe, Jean Louis, poet, critic,\\nfabulist, born.\\nCadet de Gassieourt, Louis Claude, chem.,b.\\nDejoux, Claude, sculptor, born.\\nJulien, Pierre, sculptor, born.\\n1732* Eeaumarchais, Pierre A. C. de,\\ndramatist, born.\\nFeuillet, Louis, naturalist, geog., astro., A72.\\nLalande, Joseph J6rome LeFrancaisde.\\nastronomer, born.\\nLespinasse, Julie Jeannie Eleonor de, letter-\\nwriter, leader of society, bom.\\nNeclcer. Jacques, financier, statesman,\\nVictor Amadeus II., Duke of Savoy and\\nKing of Sardinia, A66.\\n1733* Alegre, Marquis d Yves, marshal,\\nA80i.\\nAntoine, Jacques Denis, artist, born.\\nArcon, Jean Claude Eleonore leMichaudd\\nengineer, born.\\nBorda, Jean C, mathematician. astron.,b.\\nConst on, Nicolas, sculptor, A75.\\nDucis. Jean F., poet, dramatist, born.\\nForbin. Claude, admiral, A77.\\nMontyon, J. B. Robert Augier de, philan., b.\\nPicart, Bernard, designer, engraver, AtjQ.\\nRobert, Hubert, painter, born,\\nTott, Baron de, Francois, diplomatist, born.\\n1734* Auger, L Abbe, Alhanase, classical\\nscholar, translator, born.\\nBarthez, Paul Joseph, physician, born.\\nBerwick, Duke of, James FiU-James, mar-\\nshal, A64.\\nChastellux, Marquis de, Francois Jean, gen-\\neral, author, born.\\nDion is lu Sejour, Achille P., geometrician, b.\\nDorat, Claude Joseph, poet, born.\\nLantier, Etienne Francois de, author, born.\\nPourchot, Edmc, philosopher, A83.\\nRoland de la Platiere, Jean Marie, states-\\nman, born.\\nVillars, Due de, Claude Louis Hector, gen-\\neral, A81.\\n1735 Crevecceur, Hector Saint Jean de,\\nagriculturist, born.\\nKeilermann, Francois Christophe, Due de\\nValmy, marshal, born.\\nVertot, Rene Aubert. de, historian, A80.\\n1736* Badly, .lean Sylvain, astronomer,\\nphilosopher, statesman, born.\\nBoissieu, Jean Jacques de, engr., born.\\nCoulomb, Charles Augustin de, phil., horn.\\nDuquay-Trouin, Ken*-, admiral, A63.\\nEugene, Prince. Francois Fugene de Savoie,\\ngeneral, A73.\\nHouel, Jean P. L. L., painter, engraver, b.\\nLevesque, Pierre Charles, historian, trans-\\nlator, born.\\nLagrange, Joseph Louis, geometrician, h.\\nLinguet, Simon N. H., advocate, polemical\\n1737* *Anselm, Antoine, pulpit orator,\\npoet, A85.\\nBuffier, Claude, philosopher, A76.\\nEstrees, Due d Victor Marie, admiral,\\nstatesman, A77.\\nGnyton de Morveau, Louis Bernard, chem*\\nist, scientific writer, horn.\\nHecquet, Philippe, physician, author, A76.\\nLemoine, Francois, painter, A49.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0710.jp2"}, "711": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1718,* *-1737,\\n699\\nRegis, Jean I -aptisI- 1 U\\\\ i^ ot^rapher, A72\u00c2\u00b1.\\nSaint Pierre, Jacques Jienri ISernardin de,\\nauthor, born.\\nCHURCH,\\n1721 Rome. Innocent III. is pope.\\n[1724, Benedict XIII.; 1730, Clement XII.;\\n1740, Benedict XIV.]\\n1724 May 14. Paris. Louis XV. pro-\\nclaims [the last] severe law against the\\nProtestants. It attempts to force them\\ninto the Catholic Church.\\n1725** The Appellants, led by\\nCardinal de Noailles, appeal from the\\nPope s bull Unigenitus to a general\\ncouncil, but without success.\\n1730\u00c2\u00b1 The bishop of Senez is sus-\\npended, and banished from his diocese,\\nfor opposing the bull Unigenitus.\\nParis. Persecution of the Jansenists.\\nA struggle occurs between Louis XV.\\nand the parliament concerning the en-\\nforcement of a second registration of\\nthe papal edict.\\n-44 The Protestants enjoy com-\\nparative quiet.\\n1732 Aug. 8. Paris. A royal order\\nforbids the magistrates to receive ap-\\npeals respecting the matter in dispute.\\n[They return a positive refusal, and are\\nexiled from Paris.]\\nParis. Many miracles are alleged to\\noccur at the cemetery of St. Me^dard,\\na Jansenist saint. The archbishop of\\nParis attributes them to Satan.\\nExtravagances and excesses are al-\\nleged against the Convulsion-\\nnaires in their nocturnal meetings.\\nThe Government closes the gates of\\nthe cemetery of St. Me dard against\\nthe Jansenists.\\nLETTERS.\\n1713 Petit Camere of ten. sermons,\\nby Jean Baptiste Massillon, appears.\\n[1723-42, Discours synodaux.]\\nDoctrine of Chances, a translation by\\nAbraham de Moivre, appears.\\n-20 L Europe Savante is issued.\\n1719 lie flexions critiques sur lapoisie\\nct lapeinture, by Jean Baptiste Dubos,\\nappears.\\nHistoire des revolutions de la re pu-\\nblique romaine, by Vertot d Aubert, ap-\\npears. [1726. Histoire des chevaliers de\\nMatte.]\\n1720 Dictionary of the Bible, by Dom\\nAugustine Calmet, appears.\\n*-40* Bibliotheque germanique is\\nissued.\\n-24 Memoires Lit tir aires de la\\nGrande Bretagne is issued.\\nMemoires, by Mme. La Duchesse\\nD Orl^ans, appears.\\n1721 Les Lettres Persanes, by Mon-\\ntesquieu, appears.\\n1727 Philosopke Marie, by Philippe\\nN^ricault Destouches, appears. [1732,\\nGlorieux.]\\nHistoire de Vancicn gouvernement de la\\nPrance and L Etat de la France, by\\nComte Henri de Boulainvilliers, appear.\\n[1731, Histoire des Arabes.]\\n1728* *The old Mercure Galant [now\\nNouveau Mercure] is changed to Mercure\\nde France.\\n*-30* La Spectatrice is issued.\\n-58 Bibliotheque Paisonne e des\\nOuvrages des Savants is issued.\\n1730 Jeu de Vamour et du hasard, by\\nMarivaux, appears. [1731-42, Marianne\\n1735, Pay son 1 aree/i it 1736, Faitsses\\nconfidences and Le Legs.]\\n-38 Ancient History, by Charles\\nRollin, appears. [1738-41, History of\\nPome.]\\n1731 Charles XII., by Voltaire, ap-\\npears. [1732, Aug. 13, Jtfaire. 1733, Let-\\ntres Philoseijif/i(/ues sur les Anglais and\\nTemple du Goat; 1736, Alzire.)\\nLettres de fa marquise, by Claude Pros-\\nper Jolyot de Crebilluii, appears, [1736,\\nEgare du cozur et de I* esprit: 1745,\\nSophia.]\\n1733 Histoire Litteraire de la France\\nis begun by the Benedictines.\\nFausse antipathic, by Pierre Claude\\nNivelle de la Chausse, appears.\\nManon Lescaut, by L Abbe Prevost,\\nappears.\\n1723 Ines de Castro, by Antoine Hou-\\ndart de la Motte, appears.\\n-40 Le Pour et le Contre is issued.\\nHistory of England from the Roman\\nConquest to the Death of Charles I., by\\nPaul de Rapin, appears.\\n1724 Mar. 4. Marianne, by Voltaire,\\nappears. [Later, La Henriade.]\\n1726 -31 Traite des Etudes, by\\nCharles Rollin, appears.\\n1734 Considerations sur les causes de\\nla grandeur dm domains et de leur deca-\\ndence t by Montesquieu, appears.\\nUsage des remains, by Lenglet du\\nFresnoy, appears.\\nHistoire critique de fesiablissement de\\nla monarchic ifrangaise dans les Gaules,\\nby Dubos, appears.\\nVert-Vert, by Jean Baptiste Louis\\nGresset, appears.\\n*-48* Supplement des Nouvelles Ec-\\ncUsiastiejues is issued.\\n1735 Prejuge a la mode, by le Chausse,\\nappears. [1741, Melanide; 1744, Ecole\\ndes Meres.]\\n-43 Observations sur les Ecrits\\nModemes is issued.\\n1736 Les poemes de la Pucelle, by Vol-\\ntaire, appears.\\n-59 Essay on Moral Philosophy,\\nThe Balistic Arithmetic, The Measure of\\nthe Northern Degree, Discourse on tlie\\nFigure of the Stars, ami several treatises\\non geometry, by P. L. M. de Maupertuis,\\nappear.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1719 Paris. Avarice, corruption, and\\nlicentiousness abound. John Law s\\nMississippi Scheme, for the coloniza-\\ntion of Louisiana, becomes popular as\\na short cut to wealth. [Thousands of\\nfamilies are involved in financial ruin.]\\n1720 Paris. John Law, hooted and\\nimperiled, is driven out of France.\\nSTATE.\\n1718 The conspiracy of the Prince\\nof Cellamare, the Spanish ambassador,\\nthe Duchess of Maine, and others, to de-\\npose the regent, Orleans, is discovered,\\nand the conspirators are punished.\\nLaw s bank is made the Royal Bank\\nof France, with exclusive authority to\\ncoin money, the privileges of the old\\nEast India Company, the trade of Loui-\\nsiana and the Mississippi, the tobacco\\nmonopoly, and the right of receiving all\\ntaxes and government imposts.\\nIt issues notes to the extent of 3,000,-\\n()0o,(H)O francs, based on the land of the\\nkingdom its shares rise to twenty-fold\\nthe original value more than SO times\\nthe amount of the specie of France.\\n1719 Jan. 10. France declares war\\nagainst Spain.\\n1720 Jan. 25. Spain accepts the terms\\nof the Quadruple Alliance.\\nMay An edict practically acknowledges\\nthe insolvency of the Royal Bank.\\nJuly The Mississippi Scheme fails,\\nthe Royal Bank suspends payment\\npanic and financial disaster follow.\\n1722 The king assumes the govern-\\nment.\\n1723 The Duke of Bourbon (Louis\\nHenri) becomes prime minister.\\n1725 Sept. 4. Louis XV. marries\\nMarie Leszcynski, a daughter of Stan-\\nislaus, the exiled King of Poland.\\n1726 June The Due de Bourbon is\\ndismissed, and Cardinal Fleury be-\\ncomes prime minister.\\n1728 June 14. At the Congress of\\nSoissons a [temporary] arrangement is\\nmade of points in dispute between Aus-\\ntria and Spain, France and England.\\n1729 Nov. 9. Sp. A treaty of peace\\nis signed by France, Great Britain, and\\nSpain at Seville, to end the war between\\nEngland and Spain. England retains\\nGibraltar, and the three powers unite in\\nclose alliance. (SeejGreat Britain.)\\n1733 -35 The war of the Polish\\nsuccession follows the death of Augus-\\ntus II.\\nIt is caused by rival claimants for the\\nthrone; a majority of the nobles elect Stan-\\nislaus Leszcynski, tin- father-in-law of Louis\\nXV. of France, whose influence is exerted\\nin the election; a minority, under the influ-\\nence of Russia and Austria, elect Augustus\\nIII., Elector of Saxony, and provide an\\narmed force to sustain the election against\\nFrance, Spain, and Sardinia.\\nOct. 19. A treaty of alliance is formed\\nbetween France, Spain, and Sardinia.\\n1735 Oct. 3. PreHminaries of peace\\nare signed at Vienna between France\\nand Austria.\\nIt ends the war of the Polish succes-\\nsion Stanislaus I. abandons his claim\\non Poland, and receives the duchies of\\nLorraine and Bar, which after his de-\\ncease fall to France.\\n1736 Corsica. Revolutionists over-\\nthrow the authority of Genoa, and es-\\ntablish a kingdom, with Theodore Neu-\\nhoff as king. [He soon goes to England\\nfor aid, and dies there.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1720 The gold-fields on the banks of\\nthe Mississippi are found to be a myth,\\nand every shareholder is anxious to sell.\\n[Shares worth \u00c2\u00a3160,000 a year ago are\\nnow sold for a sovereign.]\\n*-26** More than 80.000 victimsto the\\nplague fall at Marseilles the disease\\nwas brought from Syria in a vessel.\\n1734 June 24. The Anzin coal-mines,\\nnear Valenciennes, North France, are\\nfirst opened.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0711.jp2"}, "712": {"fulltext": "700 1737, *-1754, Jan.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1741 Sept. Aust. The French with\\nthe Bavarians invade Austria.\\nJSTov. 26. -Bohemia. Prague is taken\\nby the French and Bavarians. [1742.\\nDec. The French under Marshal Belle\\nIsle retreat.]\\n1743 June 27. Ger. The French un-\\nder Marshal Noailles and the Due de\\nGrammont are defeated at Dettingen\\nby the British and German allies of\\nMaria Theresa under George II. of Eng-\\nland and the Earl of Stair.\\n1744 Feb. 11. The French and Span-\\nish fleets defeat the British off Toulon.\\nJMar. 15. War is declared against Great\\nBritain.\\nOct. 16. Ger. The French capture\\nMunich.\\n1745 May 11. Belg. The French un-\\nder Louis XV. and Marshal Saxe defeat\\nthe allies at Fontenoy. [Several of the\\nprincipal cities of Flanders surrender.]\\n1746 May 19. Belg. Antwerp is\\ntaken by Marshal Saxe.\\nJune 4. It. The French and Spaniards\\nare defeated at St. Lazaro by the Sar-\\ndinians and Imperialists.\\nJune 16. It. The Imperialists and Sar-\\ndinians under Prince Lichtenstein de-\\nfeat the French and Spaniards at Pia-\\ncenza.\\nSept. 19. Belg. Marshal Saxe takes\\nNamur.\\nOct. 11. Belg. Marshal Saxe defeats\\nthe Austrians and their allies under\\nCharles of Lorraine at Raucoux. [1747.\\nSaxe is made marshal-general of France.]\\n1747 Apr. 17. Louis declares war\\nagainst Holland. [Marshal Saxe and\\n106,000 men cross the frontier, and take\\nthe fortresses lining the Scheldt from\\nAntwerp to the sea.]\\nJMay 13. The French fleet of 38 sail\\nis captured off Cape Finisterre by the\\nBritish Adm. Anson.\\nJune 16. The French West-India fleet\\nis captured by the British Commodore\\nFox.\\nJuly 2. Neth. Saxe defeats the Duke\\nof Cumberland with a loss of 8,000 men\\nat Laffeldt.\\nJuly 19. The Sardinians defeat the\\nFrench at Exilles.\\nSept. 15. Neth. Bergen- op-Zoom is\\ntaken by Saxe.\\nOct. 14. The British Adm. Hawke de-\\nfeats the French fleet off Belle Isle.\\n1748 May 7- Neth. Maestricht sur-\\nrenders to the French under Saxe.\\nApr. Suspension of hostilities.\\nOct. 18. Peace. (See State.)\\n1750 Nov. 30. Marshal Saxe dies.\\n1751 Paris. The Military Acad-\\nemy is established.\\n_54 e. I. War with the English.\\nE. X. Col. Robert Clive captures and\\ndefends Arcot against the French. The\\nFrench are victorious at Trichinopli.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1738 Bouguer makes the first attempt\\nto measure the earth s density.\\n1747 Turkey-red dye is introduced.\\n1749 Georges Louis Leclerc Buffon s\\nNatural History appears. [It is trans-\\nlated into all the languages of Europe.]\\n1750* Louis Daubenton s Anatomy\\nappears.\\nParis. Machines for making cards\\nare invented by a Bavarian.\\n1751* *Lelande is sent to Berlin to\\nmake observations on the distance of\\nthe moon from the earth.\\n1752* Jeroboam, painted by Jean Ho-\\nnor^ Fragonard, receives the grand\\nprix de Rome.\\n1753* Paris. Bouguer invents the\\nheliometer for measuring small angles.\\nEncaustic painting is perfected by\\nCount Caylus.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1738* Beausobre, Isaac de, Protestant cler-\\ngyman, theologian, A79.\\nBlanchard, Francois, aeronaut, born.\\nDelille, L Abb\u00c2\u00a7, Jacques, poet, born.\\nFleurieu, Comte de, Charles Pierre Claret,\\nnavigator, hydrographer, statesman, born.\\nGuillotin, Joseph Ignatius, physician, in-\\nventor of guillotine, born.\\nLahat, .lean Kaptiste, monk, missionary, au-\\nBouille, Francois Claude Amour de, gen-\\neral, writer, born.\\nChalgrin, Jean F. T., architect, born.\\nDufay, Charles Francois de Cisternay, physi-\\ncist, A 41.\\nDumouriez, Charles Francois, general, born.\\nDrevet, Pierre, engraver, A42.\\nEntrecasteaux, Joseph A. B. d*, admiral, b.\\nLa Harpe. Jean Frangois de. dramatist,\\ncritic, born.\\nLebrun, Due de, Charles Francois Piacenza,\\nstatesman, author, born.\\nVaniere, Jacques, Latin poet, A75.\\n1740* Camus, Armand Gaston, legislator,\\nwriter, born.\\nCarrere, Joseph B. F., physician, born.\\nCavalier, Jean, leader of Cainisards, A61\u00c2\u00b1.\\nCharriere, Madame de Saint- Hyacinthe de,\\nIsabelle Agnes Van Tuyel, novelist, born.\\nCustine, Comte de, Adam Philippe, born.\\nGagnier, John, orientalist, A70.\\nImbert, Joseph ;abriel, painter, A86.\\nLafitau, Joseph F.. Jesuit missionary, dies.\\nMontgolfier, Joseph Michel, mechanician,\\ninventor, born.\\nOberlin, .lean Frederic, philan., reformer, b.\\n1741 Barthelemon, Francois H., musi-\\ncian, born.\\nChamfort (Champfort), Sebastien Rocb\\nNicolas, poet, litterateur, born.\\nCoste\\\\ Jean Francois, physician, writer, b.\\nGretny, Andre Ernest Modeste, composer,\\nborn.\\nHoudon, Jean Antoine, sculptor, born.\\nLaclos, Pierre A. F. C. de, revolutionist, au-\\nthor, born.\\nLa Perouse, Comte de, Jean Francois de\\nGalaup, navigator, born.\\nLuzerne, Anne Cesar de la, diplomatist, b.\\nMontfauoon, Bernard de, antiquary, critic,\\nphilologist, A86.\\nRollin, Charles, historian, A80.\\nRousseau, Jean Baptiste, poet, A71.\\n1742* Bourguet, Louis, antiquary, natu-\\nralist, A64.\\nBrurnoy, 1 terre, classical scholar, A54.\\nDombey, Joseph, botanist, traveler, born.\\nDorigny, Louis, painter, engraver, A88\u00c2\u00b1.\\nDubos, Jean Bapliste, publicist, critic, A72.\\nDupuis, Charles Francois, philosopher, sa-\\nvant, bqrn.\\nMassillon, Jean Baptiste, pulpit ora., A79.\\nPortal, Antoine, Karon, physician, born.\\nSicard, L Abbe, Roch A. C, teacher of deaf\\nmutes, horn.\\n1743 Auvigny, Jean du Castre d writer,\\nA38+.\\nCondorcet, Marquis de, Marie J. A. K. C,\\nmetaphysician, born.\\nDutiable, Jean Baptiste, Jesuit, geographer,\\nFleury, Andre Hercule de, cardinal, states-\\nman, A90.\\nGeoffroy, Julien Louis, critic, editor, born.\\nGuibert, Comte de, Jacques A. H., author,\\nsoldier, born.\\nHaiiy, L Abbe, Rene Just, mineralogist, b.\\nLatour d Auvergne, Tbeophile M. C. de,\\narmy officer, born.\\nLavoisier, Antoine L., chemist, born.\\nLegrand, Jacques Guilhumie. architect, b.\\nRigaud, Hyacmtlie, portrait painter, A81.\\nSaint-Pierre, Charles Irenee Castel de,\\nclergyman, writer, A85.\\n1744 Avril, Jean Jacques, engraver, b.\\nBarbeyrac, Jean, jurist. historian, A71.\\nBertrand de Molleville, Marquis de, Antoine\\nFrancois, statesman, born.\\nBosquillion, Edouard F. M., physician, b.\\nCallet, Jean Francois, mathematician, born.\\nCampra, Andre, composer, A84.\\nCapperonmer. Claude, linguist, critic, A73.\\nDesault, Pierre Joseph, surgeon, horn.\\nDuvoisin, Jean Baptiste, bishop of Nantes,\\ntheological writer, born.\\nLamarck. Chevalier, Jean B., P. A. de M.,\\nnaturalist, born.\\nMarat. Jean Paul, revolutionist, born.\\nMechain, Pierre Francois, astronomer, born.\\n1745 Auguis, Pierre Jean B., revolution-\\nDesfontaines, Pierre Francois Guyot,\\ncritic, A60.\\nDesmaiseaux, Pierre, scholar, author, A79.\\nFourmont, Etienne, orientalist, author, A62.\\nFreteau de Saint-Just, Emmanuel M. M.\\nP., politician, born.\\nKerguelen-Tremarec, Yves J. de, navigator,\\nMontgolfier, Jacques Etienne, inventor of\\nballoon, born.\\nPinel, Philippe, physician, alienist, born.\\nPortalis, Jean E. M., jurist, statesman, born.\\nVanloo, Jean Baptiste, painter, A61.\\n1746 Banldeloeqne, Jean Louis, surg., b.\\nCharles, Jacques Alexandre Cesar, electri-\\nChaussier, Francois, anatomist, born.\\nCoustou, Guillaume, sculptor, A68.\\nDorigny, Sir Nicolas, engraver, A89.\\nGenlis, Comtesse de, Stephanie Felicite, mis-\\ncellaneous writer, born.\\nL Heritier de Brutelle, Charles Louis, bota-\\nnist, born.\\nMaury, Jean Siffrein, cardinal, pulpit orator,\\npolitician, born.\\nMichaux, Andre, botanist, born,\\nMonge, Gaspard, Comte de Peluze, geome-\\ntrician, born.\\nRoland, Philip, sculptor, born.\\n1747* Biron, Due de, Armand Louis de\\nGontaut, Due de Lauznn, gen., pol., born.\\nBonneval, Comte de, Claude Alexandre, ad-\\nventurer, A72.\\nBourne, Vincent, scholar, writer, A49.\\nClermont-Tonnerre, Comte de Stanislas,\\nstatesman, born,\\nDenon, Dominique V., Baron, archeol., born.\\nFouquier-Tinville, revolutionist, public\\nprosecutor, born.\\nLa Rochefoucauld- Liancourt, Due de, Fran-\\ncois Alexandre Frederic, philan., pol., b.\\nLe Sagre. Alain Rene\\\\ romancer, drama-\\ntist, A79.\\nOrleans, Due d Louis Philippe Joseph,\\nPhUippe Egalite, statesman, born.\\n1748 Agier, Pierre Jean, judge, born.\\nBansset, Louis Francois de, cardinal, au., b.\\nBerthollet, Claude Louis, chemist, horn.\\nChainbon de Montaux, Meolas, physician, b.\\nDavid, Jacques Louis, painter, born.\\nGinguene, Pierre Louis, critic, author, born.\\nGirard, Gabriel, grammarian, A71+.\\nJussieu, Antoine Laurent, botanist, born.\\nSieyes, L Abbe, Emmanuel Joseph, publicist,\\nborn.\\nVicq-d Azyr, Felix, anatomist, born.\\n1749 Berquin, Arnaud, writer, born.\\nKousmard, Henri J. B. de, military eng., b.\\nCcrisier, Antoine Marie, historian, born.\\nChastelet, Marquise, r.abrieiie, scientific au-\\nthor, A43.\\nDelambre, Jean Baptiste Joseph, astron., b.\\nFreret, Nicolas, antiq., historical critic, A61.\\nGarat, Dominique. Joseph, revolutionist, b.\\nLamballe, I rincessc de, .Marie Therese Louise\\nde Savoie-Carignan, born.\\nLaplace, Pierre Simon, astron., math., b.\\nMirabeau, Comte de, Honore Cabriel de\\nRiquetti, orator, statesman, born.\\n1750 Abrail, Joseph Andre statesman, b.\\nAllart, Mary r.ay, novelist, born.\\nArnould, Ambrose Marie, political econo-\\nmist, born.\\nAubry, Francois, revolutionist, born.\\nBaeri, Baron, Alexandre Balthasar Francois\\nde Paule, senator, author, born.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0712.jp2"}, "713": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1737, **-1754, Jan. 701\\nBergasse, Nicolas, jurist, writer, born.\\nBonaparte, Letitia, mother of Napoleon, b.\\nBrueys, Francois Paul, admiral, born.\\nChopart, Francois, surgeon, born.\\nCollot d Herbois, Jean Marie, revolution-\\nist, born.\\nCornet, Comte de, Mathieu Augustin, states-\\nDolom ieu, Deodat G. S. T. de Gratet de,\\ngeologist, born.\\nFerrand, Count, Antoine Francois Claude,\\nauthor, born.\\nFrancois de Neufchateau, N. L., writer, poli-\\ntician, born.\\nGirard, Stephen, merchant, banker, million-\\naire, born.\\nMeissonier, Justus A., painter, sculptor, arch-\\nitect, A55.\\nPetit, Jean Louis, surgeon, A76.\\nSavary, Nicolas, traveler, author, born.\\nVilloison, Jean Uaptiste (iaspard d Ansse de,\\nGreek scholar, born.\\nNov. 30. Saxe, Comte de, Hermann\\nMaurice, general, A54.\\n1751* Aguesseau, Henri Francois d\\nchancellor, nnitor, legislator, author, A83.\\nGilbert, Nicolas J. L., poet, born.\\nLacre telle, Pierre Louis de, lawyer, writer, b.\\nLally-Tollendal, Marquis de, Tropuime G.,\\npolitician, born.\\nLa Mettrie, J alien Offray, de, philos., A42.\\nSonnini de Manoncourt, Charles Nicholas\\nSigisbert, naturalist, born.\\n1752 Athenas, rural economist, born.\\nBeurnonville, Marquis de, Pierre de Ruel,\\nmarshal, statesman, born.\\nCabarrus, Francois, merchant, born.\\nCampan, Jeanne Louise Henriette Genest,\\nteacher, author, born.\\nChoiseul-Gourner, Comte de, Marie Gabriel\\nF. A traveler, author, born.\\nFolard, Jean Charles de, soldier, military\\nwriter, A83.\\ndullard, Nicolas Francois, lyric poet, born.\\nJacquard, Joseph M., inventor Jacquard\\nloom, horn.\\nLegendre. Adrien Marie, math., born.\\nLouis, Due d Orleans, A 49.\\n1753 Allainval, Leonor J. C. S. d dra-\\nmatic poet, A53-t.\\nBerthier, Louis Alexandre, Prince of Wa-\\ngram, marshal, born.\\nCarnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite, mathe-\\nmatician, strategist, born.\\nChardon de la Rochette, Simon, philologist,\\nHellenist, born.\\nDalayrae, Nicolas, musical composer, born.\\nDumas, Comte Mathieu, general, author, b.\\nParny, Evariste Desire De Forges de,poet,b.\\nPigault-Lehrun, Charles Antoine Guillaume,\\nnovelist, born.\\nSegur, Comte de, Louis Philippe, statesman,\\nauthor, born.\\nVaillant, Francois Le, traveler, naturalist, b.\\nCHURCH.\\n1744 The Protestants hold their first\\npublic National Synod. (See 1559.)\\nProtestants enjoy external peace, but\\nthe Reformed Church declines, chiefly\\nfor the lack of trained and educated pas-\\ntors fanaticism disturbs its peace.\\n1749 Paris. An edict of mortmain\\nis issued, prohibiting the foundation of\\nnew religious establishments, and order-\\ning a survey of ail ecclesiastical property\\nfor the purpose of taxation the clergy\\nare exasperated.\\nParis. Archbishop Beaumont renews\\nthe persecution of the Jansenists, who\\nare supposed to be the authors of the\\nobnoxious edicts.\\nCures are ordered not to absolve the\\ndying unless they have attested their\\nacceptance of the bull Unigenitus\\nsociety is shaken by the struggle of all\\norders and parties.\\nParis. Freethinkers, headed by\\nVoltaire, scoff at religion, and plot for\\nthe overthrow of established ideas.\\nLETTERS.\\n1737 Treatise on the Attack of Places,\\nand. Treatise on the Defense of Places,\\nby Sebastien Le P. de Vauban, appear.\\n1738 Metromanie, by Alexis Piron, ap-\\npears.\\n1740 ParalHle des Remains et des\\nFrangais, by Gabriel Bonnet Mably, ap-\\npears.\\nMimoires, by Louis de Rouvray, Due\\nde Saint-Simon, appears.\\n1741 Mahomet, by Voltaire, appears\\nat Brussels. [1742, Merope appears at\\nParis.]\\nMemoir on the Integral Calculus, by\\nJean le Bond d Alembert, appears.\\n[1743, Treatise on Dynamics: 1746,0??. the\\nGeneral Theory of the Winds.]\\n1742 Confession du Comte de by\\nCharles P. Duclos, appears. [1749, Con-\\nsiderations sur les ma iirs de ce siecle.]\\n1744* Compendium of the History of\\nFrance, by Charles C. J. Henault, ap-\\npears.\\n-48 Mimoires Secrets de la Repu-\\nblique des Lettres is issued.\\n1745 Dialogue de Sylta et d Eztcrate,\\nby Montesquieu, appears.\\nAccount of a, Voyaye in South America,\\nby Charles M. La Condamine, appears.\\n[1749, The .Figure of the Earth deter-\\nmined.]\\nSur le merite et la vertu, by Diderot,\\nappears. [1746, Philosophic Doubts;\\n1747, Sceptics Walk; 1749, Lettre sur les\\naveugtes.\\nHistoire naturelle de VAme, by Julien\\nOffrayde de Lamettrie, appears. [1747,\\nLa faculte vengee; 1748, IJ Homme ma-\\nchine and V Homme plante.}\\n1746 Introduction to the Knowledge of\\nthe Human Mind, by Marquis de Vau-\\nvenargues, appears.\\nEssay on the Origin of Human Knowl-\\nedge, by Condillac, appears. [1749,\\nTraiti des Systemes.]\\n-59 Nouvelli! Uibliotheque Brita?i-\\nnique is issued.\\n1747 Gouvernante, by La Chausse, ap-\\npears.\\nMechant, by Jean Baptiste Louis Gres-\\nset, appears.\\nMimoires sur la vie de Jean Racine, by\\nLouis Racine, appears. [Later, a trans-\\nlation of Paradise Lost.]\\n1748 Droit publique de P Europe, by\\nMably, appears. [1751, Observations sur\\nles Romains.]\\nV Histoire. du Stat houderat, by L Abb\u00c2\u00a3\\nRaynal, appears.\\nEsprit des Lois, by Montesquieu, ap-\\npears.\\n1749 -52 Observations sur la Lit-\\ntirature Moderne is issued.\\n-54 Letters on Certain Contempo-\\nrary Writings is issued by \u00c2\u00a3lie C. Fre-\\n-85 Histoire naturelle, generate, et\\nparticuliere, by Jean Louis Leclere,\\nCount of Buff on, appears.\\nJean Jacques Rousseau takes the\\nprize offered by the Academy of Dijon\\nfor an essay on the effect of the progress\\nof civilization on morals.\\n1750 Ri flexions philosophiques sur\\nVorigine des animaux and Les animaux\\nphis que machines, by Lamettrie, ap-\\npears.\\n*-57* Journal Britannique is issued.\\n1751 Journal of an Expedition made\\nby Order of the King to the Equator, by\\nLa Condamine, appears.\\n*_77* The Encyclopaedia appears;\\nit is first conducted by Diderot and\\nD Alembert, afterwards by Diderot\\nalone.\\nDiatribe du Docteur Alcakia, by Vol-\\ntaire, appears.\\nThe operetta Devin du Village, by\\nJean Jacques Rousseau, appears.\\n[1753, Sur la Musiqite fraueaise and Dis-\\ncours sur P economic politique 1755, Dis-\\ncours sur Porigine et les fondements de\\nVinegalite parmi Its hommes.]\\nPieces fugitives, by Michel Jean Se-\\ndaiue, appears.\\n1753 Histoire de la pairie de France et\\ndu partem ent de Pans, by Boulainvil-\\nliers, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1745 -64 Paris. The Marquise\\nde Pompadour, the king s mistress,,\\nhas a remarkable influence over him.\\nWhen her attractions wane, she main-\\ntains her empire by sanctioning the infa-\\nmous seraglio, called Pare aux Cerfs,.\\nin her beautiful retreat at Marseilles.\\nSTATE.\\n1738 Nov. 18. The Treaty of Vienna\\nis signed between France and Austria.\\nIt ratifies the preliminaries of peace;\\nLorraine is ceded to France France re-\\nsigns Milan and Mantua to the emperor\\nAustria cedes the Two Sicilies to Don\\nCarlos of Spain, as a secundogeniture;\\nhe cedes Parma and Piacenza to Aus-\\ntria the Duke of Lorraine receives\\nTuscany.\\n1740 France aids Charles Albert,\\nElector of Bavaria, in his claim to the\\nthrone of Austria on the death of the\\nEmperor Charles VI.\\n1743 Jan. 29. Cardinal Fleury dies,,\\nand the king takes the government\\ninto his own hands Marquise de Cha-\\nteauroux is the power behind the throne.\\n1744 Mar. 15. France declares war\\nagainst Great Britain.\\nMay* Neth. Louis XV. invades the\\ncountry.\\nJune 5. A secret treaty is formed be-\\ntween Frederick II. and France.\\nAn alliance is formed at Frankfort,\\nuniting France, Prussia, the Emperor\\nCharles VII., and Sweden, against Aus-\\ntria.\\n1745 -64 Madame de Pompa-\\ndour, the king s chief mistress, rises to\\npower and influence in public affairs.\\n1747 Apr. 17. Louis declares war\\nagainst Holland.\\n1748 Oct. 18. The Treaty of Aix-la-\\nChapelle, between France, Great Brit-\\nain, Holland, Germany, Spain, and\\nGenoa, is signed. (See Austria.)\\n1749 A tax is levied of one-twentieth\\nof all incomes, including those of the\\nprivileged orders.\\nA struggle occurs between the Church,\\nthe Parliament, and the Crown relating\\nto taxes and billets de confession.\\n1753 The Royal Chamber is estab-\\nlished to do the work of refractory ma-\\ngistrates. [1754, Suppressed.]\\n1754 Jan.\u00c2\u00b1* Disputes arise with Eng-\\nland concerning territory in America\\nand trading-posts in the East Indies.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0713.jp2"}, "714": {"fulltext": "702 1754, May *-1768,\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1754 May* U.S.A. The English send\\nMaj. George Washington of Virginia\\nto Ohio to stop the erection of French\\nforts.\\n1755+ The struggle for supremacy\\nin the New World begins France and\\nEngland engage in the Seven Years*\\nWar, called the French and Indian war\\nin America. (See America.)\\nJuly 9. TJ. S. A. The British Gen.\\nBraddock is defeated and killed by the\\nFrench near Fort Du Quesne. (See\\nAmerica.)\\nCorsica. Pasquale de Paole is chosen\\ngeneralissimo of the Corsicans. [For\\nten years he sustains conflicts with in-\\nsurrectionists and the Genoese.]\\n1756 May 17. England declares war\\nagainst France.\\nJuly The French attack and take the\\nIsland of Minorca from the English.\\n1757 Ger. Hanover is invaded by\\nthe French.\\nNov. 5. Prus. Frederick the Great,\\ncommanding 22.000 Prussians, utterly\\ndefeats the united armies of the French\\nunder Marshal Soubise and the Impe-\\nrialists under the Prince of Sase-Hild-\\nburghausen at Rossbach; Prussian\\nloss, 5,000\u00c2\u00b1 allies, 1,700 killed and 7,000\\nprisoners.\\n1758 June 23. Prus. The Prussians\\nunder Ferdinand of Brunswick defeat\\nthe French under the Comte de Cler-\\nmont at Krefeld. [After several small\\nbattles the French are forced to retreat\\nfrom the Elbe to the Rhine.]\\nJune The British burn over 100 French\\nvessels in Cancale Bay.\\nThe fortifications of Cherbourg are de-\\nstroyed by the English.\\n1759 Jan. 2. Prus. The French sur-\\nprise and capture Frankfort-on-the-\\nMain.\\nApr. 13. Prus. The allies are defeated\\nat Bergen. (See Germany.)\\nAug. 1 Ger. The French are defeated\\nat Mi n den. (See Germany.)\\nSept. 13. Can. The French are defeated\\nin Canada. France loses an empire in\\nthe New World by the fall of Quebec.\\n(See p. 574.)\\nE.I. The British Adm. Pocock de-\\nfeats the French fleet.\\nNov. 20. Adm. Hawke with 23 English\\nvessels annihilates a French fleet of\\n21 vessels under Comte de Conflans off\\nBelle Isle, in Quiberon Bay.\\n*PJ. I. The French lose nearly all\\ntheir military power in the success of\\nthe British. (See India.)\\n1760 Feb.* Ire. Com. Thurot with\\n1,800 men invades Ireland is unsuc-\\ncessful and retreats. [Feb. 21. He is\\nmet at the Isle of .Man by British ships,\\ndefeated, and killed.]\\nJuly 31. Prus. Ferdinand defeats the\\nFrench at Warburg.\\n1761 June 7. Belle Isle is captured\\nby the English.\\n1763 Feb. 10. Peace. (See State.)\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1756 Feb. 4. A mummy is disin-\\nterred near Auvergne.\\nThe St. Cloud porcelain manufactory\\nis removed to Sevres.\\n1761* *The sun s distance is first\\nmeasured by the transit of Venus Jo-\\nseph Delisle s method is introduced.\\n1763 Paris. Aquatinta is greatly\\nimproved.\\n1764** Paris. The [Panthe on] is com\\nmenced as the Church of St. Genevieve\\nit takes the form of a Greek cross, and\\nLouis XV. supplies the funds.\\nSO Paris. Joseph Louis Lagrange\\ninvestigates the libration of the moon.\\nParis. Claude Francois Joseph,\\nCount of Auxiron, [is said to have] sailed\\na little steamboat on the Seine. [1775.\\nJacques Perier said to have done the\\nsame. Claude Francois Dorothee, Mar-\\nquis de Jouffroy, repeats the same ex-\\nperiment on the Doubs.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1754* Brissot de Warville, Jean P., Gi-\\nrondist, writer, born.\\nChaussee, Pierre Claude Nivelledela,drania-\\nDestouches. Philippe Nericault, drama-\\ntist, A74.\\nHalle, Jean Noel, physician, born.\\nJoubert, Joseph, moralist, born.\\nKleber. Jean Baptiste. general, born.\\nMoneey, Bon Adrien Jeannot de, Due de\\nConegliano, marshal, born.\\nPerignon, Marquis de, Dominique Catherine,\\nmarshal, born.\\nFeb. 13. Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles\\nMaurice de, statesman, born.\\nMar. 17. Roland, Madame Marie Jeanne\\nPhilipon, Girondist, author, born.\\nAug. 23. Louis 2T7T., king, born.\\n1755 Aiguebere, John Dumas, dram., A63.\\nBarras. Paul Francois J. N. de. states-\\nBar re de Vieuzac, Bertrand, revolu-\\ntionist, born.\\nCasabianca, Louis, naval captain, born.\\nCont6, Nicolas Jacques, painter, mechani-\\ncian, born.\\nDulaure, Jacques Antoine, historian, born.\\nFabre d FJglantine. Philippe Francois Ja-\\ncobin, born.\\nFlorian, Jean Pierre Claris de, author, born.\\nFoureroy, Antoine Francois, chemist, born.\\nGail, Jean Baptiste, Hellenist, author, born.\\nHebert, Jacques Bene, demagogue, born.\\nHumbert, Joseph Aiuahle, general, born.\\nLabourdonnais, Bertrand Francois Mah(\u00c2\u00a7 de,\\nadmiral, 56\u00c2\u00b1.\\nLefebvre, Francois J., Due de Dantzig, mar-\\nshal, born.\\nNarbonne-Lara, Comte de, Louis, general, di-\\nplomatist, born.\\nNoel, Francois Joseph Michel, gram., born.\\nProny, Baron de, Gaspard Clair Francois\\nMarie Kiche, engineer, mathematician, b.\\nFeb. 10. Montesquieu, Baron, Charles\\nde Secondat, jurist, philosopher, A66.\\nNov. 2. Marie Antoinette, wife of Louis\\nXVI., born.\\nNov. 17. Louis XViil., king, born.\\n1758 Audran, Jean, engraver, A89.\\nCarrier, Jean Baptiste, demagogue, born.\\nCassas, Louis Francois, painter, architect, b.\\nCassini, Jacques, astronomer, A79.\\nDampierre, Marquis de, Auguste Henri Marie\\nPicot, general, born.\\nGallait, Jean Pierre, author, born.\\nLamolie, Jeanne de Valois, adventuress, b.\\n1757* Augereau, Pierre, Due de Casti-\\ngliontS, marshal, born.\\nBlissot, Jean, revolutionist, author, born.\\nBoyer, Alexis, .surgeon, born.\\nCahanis, Pierre J. G., phys., philos., au., b.\\nI almel, Auguslm, Benedictine moid:, Bibli-\\ncal scholar, A85.\\nCartellier, Pierre, sculptor, born.\\nCastel, Louis Bertrand, mathematician, A70.\\nFontanes, Marquis de, Louis, author, born.\\nFontenelle, Bernard le Bouvier de, advo-\\ncate, philosopher, poet, misc. writer, A 100.\\nFrochot, Comte, Nicolas Therese Benoit, ad-\\nministrator, born.\\nSept, 6. Lafayette, Marquis de, Marie\\nJean Paul Koch Yves Gilbert Motier, states-\\nman, b.\\nOct. 9. Charles X., king, born.\\n1758* Abancourt, Charles Xavier Joseph\\nFranqueville, minister, born.\\nBoissy, Louis de, litterateur, A64.\\nBouguer, Pierre, mathematician, A60.\\nCazales, Jacques Antoine Marie de, politi-\\ncian, born.\\nEble, Jean Baptiste, general, born.\\nGanilh, Charh-s. economist, born.\\nGensonne, Armand, statesman, Girondist\\nleader, born.\\nHulin, Comte, Pierre Augustine, general, b.\\nLa Grange, Joseph de Chaneel de, poet, A*2.\\nMassena, Andre, Prince d Essling, Due de\\nRivoli, marshal, born.\\nMounier, Jean Joseph, statesman, born.\\nProudhon, Jean Baptiste Victor, jurist, born.\\nSaey, Baron de Antoine Isaac Silvestre, ori-\\nentalist, born.\\nVernet, Antoine C. Horace, painter, born.\\nMay 6. Robespierre. Maximilien Marie\\nIsidore, revolutionist, born.\\n1759 Adam, Lambert, sculptor, A59.\\nArhogast, Louis F. A., mathematician, born.\\nAuhert du Bayet, Jean B. A., general, born.\\nAudebert, Jean B., naturalist, engraver, b.\\nAugustin, Jean B. J., miniature painter, b.\\nBonchnnip, Marquis, Charles Melchior Artus,\\ngeneral, born.\\nBosc, Louis Augustin Guil., naturalist, born.\\nChery, Philippe, historical painter, born.\\nCoigny, Due de, Francois de Franquetot,\\nmarshal, A89.\\nDanton, George Jacques, revolutionist,\\nLeroy, J alien, horologist, author, A73.\\nMillin, Aubin Louis, antiquary, naturalist, b.\\nMontcalm, Marquis de, Louis Joseph, gen-\\neral, A 47.\\nMaupertuis. Pierre Louis Moreau. math-\\nematician, A61.\\nVergniaud, Pierre Victurnien, orator, states-\\nman, born.\\n1760* Assas, Chevalier d Nicolas, cap-\\ntain regiment of Auvergne, dies.\\nAvrigny, Chas. J. La uilhml d\\\\ poet, born.\\nCarrou, Guy Toussaint J ulien, cL, writer, b.\\nauthor, born.\\nLameth, Comte de, Alexander Theodor Vic-\\ntor, revolutionist, born.\\nLandon, Charles Paul, painter, writer on\\nart, born.\\nLe Sueur, Jean Francois, musical comp., b.\\nLouvet de Couvray, Jean Baptiste, revolu-\\ntionist, born.\\nRouget de l Isle, Claude Joseph, poet, born.\\nOct. 17. Saint-Simon, Comte de, Claude\\nHenri, socialist, philosopher, born.\\n1761 Andreossi, Antoine Francois, mili-\\ntary engineer, born.\\nBarnave, Antoine Pierre J. M., revolutionist,\\nborn.\\nBelidor, Bernard Forest de, engineer, mili-\\ntary writer, A68.\\nBon de Saint-Hilaire, Francois Xavier, wr.,\\nscholar, A83.\\nBroussonnet, Pierre Auguste, naturalist, b.\\nCellier, Dom Itemi, theologian, A73.\\nCharlevoix, Pierre F. X., Jesuit, hist., A79.\\nDaunou, Pierre C. F., statesman, author, b.\\nJoly, Maria Elizabeth, actor, born.\\nMoreau, Jean Victor, general, born.\\nPelletier, Bertrand, chemist, born.\\nPlchegru. Charles, general, born.\\nPons, Jean Louis, astronomer, born.\\nRaynouard. Francois, J. M., misc. wr., b.\\n1762 Allemand, Zacharie J. T., adm., b.\\nBessicres, Jean Baptiste, Due d Istria, mar-\\nshal, born.\\nBouchardon, Edme, sculptor, A64.\\nCaignie/,, Louis Charles, dramatist, born.\\nCaille, L Abbe. Nicolas L.de la.asiron., A49.\\nCavaignac, Jean Baptiste. revolutionist, b.\\nChampionnet, Jean E., general, born.\\nChauvelin, Germain Louis de, statesman,\\nA77.\\nChedel, Quentin Pierre, engraver, A57.\\nCrebillon, Prosper Jolyot de, poet, dram-\\natist, A88.\\nDaviel, -Jacques, oculist, A66.\\nDesmoulins, Camille, revolutionist, au., b.\\nFontaine, Pierre Francois Leonard, arch., b.\\nJourdan, Jean Baptiste, marshal, born.\\nLatreille, Pierre Andre, naturalist, born.\\nPoniatowski, Josef Anton, Polish general,\\nmarshal, born,\\nKouhilliae, Louis Francois, sculptor, A67.\\nVdlenave, Mathieu Guillaume Therese, au-\\nthor, born.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0714.jp2"}, "715": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1754, May *-1768,**. 703\\nOct. 30. Chenier, Andr6 Marie de. poet,\\nborn.\\n1763 Adet, Pierre Auguste, envoy, chem-\\nist, born.\\nBrune, Guillaume Marie Anne, marshal, b.\\nChaumette, Pierre Gaspard, Jacobin dema-\\ngogue, born.\\nChaudet, Antoine Denis, sculptor, born.\\nChappe, Claude, inventor of a telegraph, b.\\nDrouais, Jean Germain, painter, born.\\nDupleix, Marquis Joseph., general, A66.\\nFesch, Joseph, cardinal arehbp. of Lyons, b.\\nFouche\\\\ Joseph, Due d Otrante, minister of\\npolice, born.\\nMaret, Hugues B., Due de Bassano, states-\\nman, born.\\nMarivaux, Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de,\\ndramatist, A75.\\nJVtehul, Etienne Henri, composer, born.\\nPrevost d Exiles, Antoine Francois, au., A66.\\nRacine, Louis, poet, A71.\\nKoyer- Collar d, Pierre Paul, statesman, born.\\nTalma, Francois Joseph, actor, horn.\\nVauquelin, Louis N., chemist, born.\\nVilleneuve, Pierre C. J. B. S. de, adm., born.\\nJune 23. Josephine, Marie Josephe Rose\\nTascher dela Pagerie, wife of Napoleon I.,\\nborn.\\n1764* Baheuf Francois Noel, revolution-\\nist, born.\\nBeauregard, Charles Victor, general, born.\\nChenier, Maria Joseph de, poet, dram., b.\\nDamas, Francois Etienne, general, born.\\nDidot, Firinin, publisher, typographer, born.\\nJouy, Victor Joseph E. de, author, born.\\nLegouve\\\\ Gabriel Marie Jean Baptiste, dra-\\nmatic poet, born.\\nMaistre, Comte de, Xavier, novelist, born.\\nPercler, Charles, architect, born.\\nPrevost, Pierre, painter of panoramas, born.\\nRameau, Jean Philippe, composer, au., A81.\\nVictor, or Victor-Perrin, Claude, Due de\\nBelluno, marshal, born.\\nApr. 15. Pompadour, Marquise de,\\nJeanne Antoinette, mistress of Louis XV-,\\nA43.\\n1765 Balechou, J. J. Nicolas, engr., A50.\\nBarbier, Antoine A., bibliographer, horn.\\nBerchoux, Joseph, poet, born.\\nClairaut, Alexis Claude, geometrician, A42.\\nCrevier, Jean Baptiste, historian, A72.\\nCuraudau, Francois R., chemist, inventor, b.\\nDutens, Joseph Michel, polit. economist, h.\\nDufrenoy, Adelaide iillette Billet, poet, b.\\nFreron, Louis Stanislas, revolutionist, born.\\nGenet, Edmond Charles, diplomatist, born.\\nLacroix, Sylvestre Francois, math., born.\\nMacdonald, Etienne Jacques J. A., Due\\nde Tarente, marshal, horn.\\nNiepce, Joseph Nieephore, chemist, one of\\nthe inventors of photography, born.\\nThihaudeau, Comte, Antoine Claire, revolu-\\ntionist, historical writer, horn.\\nVanloo, Charles Andre, painter, A60.\\nVillers, Charles F. D. de, philosopher, born.\\n1766 Albert, Jean Louis, physician, born.\\nAllier, Louis, numismatist, born.\\nArnault, Vincent Antoine, author, born.\\nAstruc, Jean, medical writer, teacher, A82.\\nAzais, Pierre Hyacinthe, philosopher, born.\\nBertin, Louis Francois, journalist, born.\\nChaussard, Pierre .lean Baptiste, author, b.\\nChauvelin, Francois Bernard de, pol., born.\\nFonfrede, Jean B. B., politician, born.\\nGrouchy, Marquis, Kininimuel, marshal, b.\\nLacretelle, Jean Charles de, historian, born.\\nLarrey, Baron, Dominique Jean, surgeon, b.\\nLas Cases, Marquis de, Emmanuel A. D. M.\\nJ., companion of Napoleon, born.\\nLescure, Marquis de, Louis Marie de, Ven-\\ndean chief, born.\\nMaine de Biran, Marie F. P. G., metaphysi-\\ncian, born.\\nNoailles, Due de, Adrien Maurice, marshal,\\nA88.\\nApr. 22, Stael-Holstein, Madame de,\\nBaronue, Anne Louise Germaine, author, b.\\n1767 Abauzit, Firmin, math., A88.\\nBarbaroux, Charles Jean Marie, revolution-\\nist, born.\\nBarraband, Pierre Paul, artist, born.\\nBeauchamp, Alphonse de, author, born.\\nBouvart, Alexis, astronomer, born.\\nBridaine, Jacques, pulpit orator, A66.\\nCarpentier, Pierre, antiquary, author, A70.\\nConstant de Rebecque, H. B., orator, states-\\nman, writer, born.\\nDaru, Comte, Pierre Antoine, statesman,\\nwriter, born.\\nDuval, Alexandre Vincent Pineu, drama-\\ntist, born.\\nFievee, Joseph, litterateur, born.\\nGirodet-Trioson, Anne L., painter, born.\\nIsabey, Jean Baptiste, miniature painter, b.\\nMichaud, Joseph, historian, born.\\nOudinot, Nicolas Charles, Due de Reggio,\\nmarshal, born.\\nFasquier, Due Etienne 1 statesman, horn.\\nSaint-Just, Antoine Louis L., revolutionist,\\n1768 Almeras, Louis, general, born.\\nBonaparte, Joseph, brother of Napoleon I.,\\nKing of Naples and Spain, born.\\nCamus, Charles Etienne Louis, math., A69.\\nCheverus, Jean Louis A. M. L., cardinal, b.,\\nCorday, d Annans Marie Anne C. de,\\nheroine, horn,\\nDelisle, Joseph Nicolas, astronomer, A80.\\nCHURCH.\\n1758 Rome. Clement XIII. is pope.\\n1760 *The principles of toleration\\nbegin to prevail the school of Voltaire\\nencourages their diffusion.\\n1762 Aug. 6. Paris. The parliament\\ndecrees the abolition of the Society of\\nJesus, secularizes its members, and con-\\nfiscates its enormous property.\\n1764 Nov. 26. Paris. A royal edict\\nconfirms the suppression of the Jesu-\\nits.\\n*The corrupt state of the church\\nmultiplies infidels.\\nLETTERS.\\n1754 Traitt des Sensations, by Condil-\\nlac, appears.\\n-56 Researches on Various Impor-\\ntant Point so/ the System of the Universe,\\nby D Alembert, appears.\\n-62* Le Journal Etranger is issued.\\n-74 M moires politiques de V Eu-\\nrope, by L Abbe Raynal, appears.\\n-80 Bibliotheque des Sciences et\\ndes Beaux Arts is issued.\\n-90 The Literary Year is issued.\\nOrphelin de la Chine, by Voltaire, ap-\\npears. [1759, Candide.]\\n1756 Philosophical and Literary Re-\\nflections on the Poem o/ Natural Religion,\\nby Antoine L. Thomas, appears.\\nFables and Stories of the French Poets\\nfrom the 11th to the 16th Centuries, by\\nEtienne Barbazan, appears.\\n1757 Fits naturel, by Diderot, ap-\\npears. [175S, Pere defamille.]\\n1758 Economic Picture, by Francois\\nQuesnay, appears.\\nOn the Mind, by Helvetius, appears.\\nLettre a d Alembert contre les Specta-\\ncles, by Kousseau, appears. [1760, La\\nXouneile Heloise; 1762, out rat Social,\\nand Emile 1763, Lettrts de la Montague;\\n1767, Dictionary of Music]\\n-61 L Observateur Litteraire is is-\\nsued.\\n1759 Compendium of the History of\\nSpain and Portugal, by Charles C. J.\\nH^nault, appears.\\nMilanges de Li tte rat lire et de la Philo-\\nsophies and Elements of Philosophy, by\\nD Alembert, appears.\\nJournal de Commerce is issued.\\n-78 Journal des Dames is issued.\\n-89 Mercurial.es, instructions, and\\nother works, by Henri Francois D Agues-\\nseau, appears.\\nCourrier de la Mode is issued.\\nPhilosophes, by Charles Palissot de\\nMontenoy, appears.\\nClaude Joseph Dorat writes Idie de la\\npoe sie allemande.\\n1761 Contes moraux, by Marmontel,\\nappears. [1763, Poetujue Fran raise; 1767,\\nBelisaire.)\\n1762* -87 Memoires de Bachaumont\\nis issued.\\n1763 Warwick, by Jean F. de la Harpe,\\nappears.\\nEntretiens de Plwcion, by Mably, ap-\\npears.\\n1764 Considerations sur le gourerne-\\nment de la France, by Marquis K. L. V.\\nD Argenson, appears.\\n-66 Gazette LitUraire is issued.\\nPhilosophe sans le savoir, by Sedaine,\\nappears.\\nSiege de Calais, by Pierre Lau. de\\nBelloy, appears.\\nObservations sur Vhistoire de France,\\nby Mably, appears.\\nEugenie, by Beaumarchais, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1757 Jan. 5. Paris. Robert Francois\\nDamiens, a servant, attempts to assas-\\nsinate the king, and wounds him with a\\ndagger.\\n[Damiens is tortured his right hand\\nis burned with a slow fire; he is torn\\nwith hot pincers, and burned with hot\\nlead in open wounds, and his body torn\\napart by four horses.]\\n1762 Mar. 9. Jean Calas is broken on\\nthe wheel at Toulouse on the charge of\\nhaving put his son to death to prevent\\nhim from becoming a Catholic.\\nSTATE.\\n1754 Sept. 4. Paris. Parliament re-\\nenters, having triumphed over the court,\\nand is welcomed by the people.\\n1756 An alliance of Russia and Aus-\\ntria to recover Silesia for the latter is\\njoined by France; the Seven Years\\nWar follows.\\nParis. The parliament opposes the\\nclergy and the court.\\nDec. Paris. Louis enforces the regis-\\ntration of edicts, and forbids parlia-\\nment to interfere with ecclesiastical\\ndisputes he orders that members must\\nserve 10 years before they have the right\\nto vote; 180 members resign, and the\\ncourt yields.\\n1757 Jan. 5. Robert Damiens attempts\\nto assassinate the king with a penknife.\\n1760 Sept. 8. Can. The French gov-\\nernor, the Marquis of Vaudreuil, signs\\na convention at Montreal surrendering\\nCanada to the British Crown.\\n1761 Aug. 15. The Family Com-\\npact is formed by Louis XV. and the\\nking of Spain. It is a mutual guaran-\\nty of support against all enemies.\\n1763 Feb. 10. The Peace of Paris is\\nconcluded between France, Great Brit-\\nain, Spain, and Portugal.\\nIt ends the Seven Years War. France sur-\\nrenders to England Cape Breton, all Canada,\\nall Louisiana lying east of the Mississippi,\\nGrenada, Tobago, St. Vincent, Dominique,\\nSenegal i W-. st Africa), and Minorca; France\\nreceives Martinique, St. Lucia, Belle Isle, her\\nfactories in the East Indies, the right of\\nfishing on the coast, of Newfoundland, with\\nthe islandsof St. Pierre and Miquelon. Spain\\ncedes Florida to England, and receives the\\nwestern part of Louisiana, Havana, and other\\nBritish conquests in Cuba.\\n1766 Nancy is acquired.\\n1767 May 15. Corsica. The Genoese,\\ndespairing of their ability to maintain\\nauthority, sell the entire island to\\nFrance.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0715.jp2"}, "716": {"fulltext": "704 1768, **-1783,\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1769* Corsica. A French force of\\n20,000 under Count Vaux lands, and at-\\ntacks and completely defeats Gen: Paoli\\n[who barely succeeds in cutting his way\\nthrough the. enemy and escaping to Eng-\\nland on board an English frigate.]\\n1777 Apr. Marquis de Lafayette\\njoins the Americans in the War of Inde-\\npendence. (See America.)\\n1778 June 16. Two frigates, the Licorne\\nand Beth P\u00c2\u00bbuk\\\\ are raptured in the Eng-\\nlish Channel by the British under Adm.\\nKeppel.\\nJuly 10. France declares war against\\nEngland.\\nJuly 27. A French fleet of 32 vessels,\\nhaving left Brest to aid Americans, is\\ndriven back by a British fleet.\\n1779 -82 Gibraltar is unsuccess-\\nfully besieged by the French and Spanish.\\n1781 Sept. 10. U.S.A. Comte de\\nGrasse with a French fleet arrives in\\nChesapeake Bay. [Assisted by an Amer-\\nican naval force he blockades Lord\\nCornwallis at Yorktown. Oct. 19. Corn-\\nwallis surrenders to Gen. Washington.]\\n1782 Feb. 4. The French and Spanish\\nfleets under Due de Crillon capture\\nMinorca from the English after a siege\\nof five months.\\nFeb. E. I. The British under Sir Ed-\\nward Hughes defeat the French in a\\nseries of naval battles.\\nApr. 12. W. I. Adm. Rodney defeats\\nthe French fleet under Adm. de Grasse\\noff Dominique.\\n1782 Sept. 21. The English defeat\\nthe Spanish and French fleets in the\\nBay of Gibraltar.\\n1783 Sept. 3. Peace. (See State.)\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1775 Laplace investigates and ex-\\nplains the tides.\\n1776* Paris. Lagrange proves the sta-\\nbility of the planetary orbits.\\n1778 Antoine Laurent Lavoisier over-\\nthrows the theory of phlogiston by\\nproving the action of oxygen.\\n1779 July 27- Paris. A description of\\nthe celerifere, invented by Francois\\nBlanchard, appears in the Journal de\\nParis.\\n1780. A steamboat is sailed on the\\nSaone, at Lyons, by the Marquis of Jouf-\\nfroy. [1783. Marquis de Jouffroy pro-\\npels a boat (pyroscaphe) on the Saone by\\nmeans of a steam-engine.]\\nCelestial inequalities are found by\\nLagrange.\\n1782 Nov. Joseph Michel Montgol-\\nfier makes the first balloon; it is a\\nsilken bag, which ascends at Annonay\\nby heated air.\\n1783 June 5. Joseph and Stephen\\nMontgolne.r ascend and descend safely\\nby means of a fire-balloon 35 feet in di-\\nameter at Annonay, near Lyons.\\nAug. 27. Paris. A balloon filled with\\nhydrogen makes an ascent.\\nFrancois Blanchard, the aeronaut,\\nconstructs and uses the parachute.\\nParis. Lavoisier decomposes water\\ninto oxygen and hydrogen gases.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1788 Desaix de Veygoux, Louis Charles An-\\ntoine, general, born.\\nDeparcieux, Antoine, mathematician, A65.\\nFourier, Baron, Jean Baptiste Joseph, sa-\\nvant, born.\\nHoehe. Lazare. general, horn.\\nLafttte, Jacques, banker, statesman, born.\\nLauriston, Marquis de, Jacques Alexandre\\nBernard Law, marshal, born.\\nMortier, Edouard A. C. J., Due de Tervise,\\nmarshal, born.\\nOlivet, L Abbe, Joseph Thoulier d author,\\ncritic, A86.\\nTissot, Pierre F., author, born.\\nSept. 14. Chateaubriand. Vicomte de,\\nFrancois Auguste, author, born.\\n1769* Belliard, Comte, Augustin D., gen-\\neral, diplomatist, horn.\\nCadet de Gassicourt, Charles L., chemist,\\nphilosopher, born.\\nCadoudal, Ceorges, Breton royalist, born.\\nChenedolle, Charles h\\\\ poet, born.\\nEsmenard, Joseph Alphonse, poet. born.\\nJoubert, Bnrthelemy Catherine, gen., b.\\nKeratry, Auguste Ildarion de, author, horn.\\nLannes, Jean, Due de M out el icllo, marshal, b.\\nLavalette, Comte de, Marie Chamans, min-\\nister of Napoleon, born.\\nNey, Michel, Hue d Elchingen, Prince de\\nla Moskowa, marshal, born.\\nPicard, Louis Benoit, dramatist, born.\\nSoult. Nicolas J. de Dieu. Due de Dal-\\nmatie, marshal, statesman, born.\\nTallien, Jean Lambert, revolutionist, born.\\nAug-. 15. Bonaparte. Napoleon,\\nperor, greatest general of modern times\\nhorn in Corsica,\\nAug. 23. Cuvier, Baron Georges C. L.\\nF. Dagobert, naturalist, horn.\\n1770 Cambronne, Baron de, Pierre J. E.\\ngeneral, born.\\nDavout, Louis Nicolas, Prince d Eckmuhl.\\nDue d Auerstadt, marshal, born.\\nGerard, Baron, Francois Pascal Simon.\\npainter, born.\\nHenault, Charles Jean Francois, historian\\npoet, A85.\\nJacotot, Joseph, educational writer, born.\\nLamarque, Comte iUaxinnlien, general, pol\\ntlcian, born.\\nLobau, Comte de, Georges M., marshal, born.\\nMiehaux, Francois Andre, botanist, born.\\nKollet, L Ahbe, Jean Antoine, natural ph:\\nlosopher, A70.\\nSenaneour, Etienne Pivert de, author, born\\nSuchet, Louis Gabriel, Dued Albufera, mai\\nshal, born.\\nVandamme, Comte, Dominique, general, b.\\n1771 Baillot, Pierre Marie Franeois de\\nSales, Tiolinist. born.\\nBignon, Louis Pierre Edouard, historian,\\nstatesman, born.\\nChavigny, Theodore, diplomatist, dies.\\nChoron, Alexandre Etienne, musician, born.\\nCreuze de Lesser, Auguste F., dramatist,\\npoet, born.\\nDupaty, Louis M. C. H, M., sculptor, born.\\nFontaine, Alexis, geometer, A66\u00c2\u00b1.\\nGros, Baron, Antoine Jean, painter, born.\\nJunot. Andoche, Due d Abrantes, mar-\\nshal, born.\\nLemercler. Louis Jean Nepomucene,\\ndramatist, born.\\nMurat, Joachim. King of Naples, marsh., b.\\nSalverte, Anne J. E. B., miscellaneous wr., b.\\nWalckenaer, Cbas. Athanase, author, born.\\nDec. 26. Helv6tius, Claude Adrien.,\\nphilosopher, A56.\\n1772* Auger, Louis Simon, critic, writer, b.\\nBeauvais, Charles Theodore, general, born.\\nBroussais, Francois, Joseph Victor, phys., b.\\nCampenon, Vincent, poet, born.\\nCastellan. Antoine Louis, painter, arch., b.\\nCourier de Mere, Paul Louis, poet, satirist, h.\\nDucloe, Charles Pineau. author, A68.\\nDuroc, Gerard, C. M., Ducde Friuli,gen.,b.\\nFauriel, Claude Charles, philologist, hist., b.\\nFavart, Mane J ustine, actor, A45.\\nGerando, Joseph Marie de, philosopher, b.\\nLeclerc, Victor Emmanuel, general, born.\\nPothier, Robert Joseph, jurist, A73.\\nApr. 7. Fourier, Francois, C. M., social-\\nist, born.\\nApr, 15. Geoffroy 8 alnt-Hilair e.\\nEtienne, naturalist, born.\\n1773* Aubry, Comte d Claude Charles,\\ngeneral, born.\\nBertrand, Comte de, Henri Gratien, gen., b.\\nBonpland, Amu 1 botanist, traveler, born.\\nBourmont, Louis A. V., marshal, born.\\nBoivin, Marie A. V. G., physician, au., b.\\nCatel, Charles Simon, musical composer, b.\\nCaulaincourt, Annan d A. L. de, Due de\\nVicence, oihcer, diplomatist, born.\\nChahrol de Volvic, Gilbert J. G., politician,\\nwriter, born.\\nChamousset, Chevalier de, Claude Humbert\\nPiarron, philanthropist, A66.\\nCn^zy, Antoine Leonard de, orientalist, born.\\nChimay, Princesse de, Jeanne Marie, I. L\\nde Cabarrus, born.\\nCottin, Sophie Kistand, novelist, born.\\nCommerson, I hiUbert, botanist, A46.\\nCuvier, Frederic, naturalist, born.\\nDelessert, Benjamin, financier, naturalist, b.\\nDroz, Francois Xavier Joseph, historian, b.\\nFrancceur, Louis Benjamin, geometrician, b.\\nGerard, Etienne Maurice, marshal, born.\\nHabert, Baron Pierre J., general, horn.\\nMorand, Sanveur Francois, surgeon, A76.\\nPiron, Alexis, poet, dramatis!, wit, A84.\\nRev, Jean, manufacturer, writer, born.\\nVillele, Comte de. Jean B. S. J., statesman, b.\\nOct, 6. Louis Philippe, Due d Orhians,\\nBoissonade. Jean Francois, philologist, b.\\nDaudin. Francois ^larie. naturalist, born.\\nDumeril, Andr6 Marie Constant, naturalist,\\nLaborde, Comte de, Alexandre Louis Joseph,\\nantiquary, litterateur, born.\\nLallemand, Baron, Charles Francpis A., gen-\\neral, born.\\nMarmont, Auguste F. L. V. de. Due de\\nRaguese, marshal, born.\\nMay 10. Louis XV., king, A64.\\nDec. 16. Quesnay, Francois, economist,\\nA80.\\n1775 Ampere, Andre Marie, mathemati-\\ncian, natural philosopher, born.\\nBerlin, -lean Louis, painter, born.\\nBoieldieu, Francois Adrien, composer, horn.\\nBonaparte, Lucien, brother of Napoleon I.,\\nPrince de Canino, born.\\nCourvoisier, Jean Joseph Antoine, politL, b.\\nDuval, Valentine Jameray, antiquary, A82.\\nFoy Maximilien Sebastien, general, born.\\nMalus, Etienne, engineer, physicist, born\\nManuel, Jaques A., politician, orator, born.\\nSehastiani, Comte, Horace Francois, mar-\\nshal, statesman, horn.\\nVidocq, Eugene F., chief detective police, b.\\nVirey, Julien J., physician, medical writer, h.\\n1776* Ballanche, Pierre, S., philosopher, b.\\nBordeu, The ophile de, medical writer, A54.\\nCourayer, Pierre Francois le, It. C. clergy-\\nman, author, A95.\\nDugas-Montbel, Jean Baptiste, Hellenist, b.\\nFreron, Elie Catherine, critic, A57.\\nGay, Marie F. S. N. de Lavalette, novelist, b.\\nLespinasse, Julie Jeannie Eteonore de, letter\\nwriter, leader of society, A44.\\nMarcel, Jean Joseph, orientalist, hist., born.\\nMartignac, Jean B. S. G. de, statesman, b.\\nMirtiel, Charles Francois B. de, naturalist, b.\\n1777* Adelaide, Eugenie Louise, sister of\\nLouis Philippe, born.\\nBlainville, Henri de, zoologist, phys., horn.\\nCordier, Pierre Louis A., mineralogist, born.\\nCoustou, Guillaume. sculptor, A6L\\nDaumesntl, Pierre, general, horn.\\nDuvernoy, Georges Louis, anatomist, born.\\nEdwards, Guillaume. Frt?d6ric, ethnologist,\\nphysiologist, born.\\nGresset, Jean Baptiste L., poet, dram., A68.\\nJussieu, Bernard de, botanist, A78.\\nP6rier, Casimir. statesman, born.\\nThenard, Baron Louis Jacques, chemist, b.\\nViennet, Jean Pones G., politician, au., horn.\\nDec, 3. Recamier, Madame Jeanne\\nFrancois Julie Adelaide Bernard, leader\\nof society, born.\\n1778* *Angoul\u00c2\u00a3me, Duchesse d Marie\\nTherese charlotte, daughter of Louis XVI.\\nand Mane Antoinette, born.\\nAublet, Jean Baptiste C hnstophe Fusee,\\nbotanist, A58.\\nBertrand, Comte de, Henri G.. general, born.\\nBonaparte, Louis, brother of NapolCon 1.,\\nKing of Holland, born.\\nBerry, or Berri, Due de, Charles F. d Artois,\\nson of Charles [X.]i born.\\nDupuytren, Baron, Guillaume, surgeon, an-\\natomist, born.\\nEtienne, Charles Guillaume, dram, poet, b.\\nGay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, chemist, born.\\nHausse/,, Baron d\\\\ Charles L. de Longpre,\\nminister, natural philosopher, traveler, b.\\nLekain, Henri Louis Cain, actor, A50.\\nMars, Anne F. II. Boutet Monvel, actor, h.\\nPevronnet, Comte, Charles Ignace, pol., b.\\nPortalis, Comte, Josepli M., jurist, states., b.\\nMay 30, Voltaire. Francois M. A. de,\\npoet, dramatist, historian, writer, A84.\\nJuly 3. Rousseau, Jean Jacques, phi-\\nlosopher, author, A 66.\\n1779 Barbeu-Duhourg, Jacques, scientist,\\nA70.\\nDesnoyers, Baron, Auguste G. L. Boucher,\\nengraver, born.\\nDu Sommerard, Alexandre, antiquary, born.\\nFreycinet, Louis Claude D. de, navigator, b.\\nJaucourt, Louis de, scholar, A75.\\nJomini, Baron, Henri, military author, born.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0716.jp2"}, "717": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1768, *-1783, a 705\\n1780 P.atteux, Charles, writer, A67.\\nBeranger, Pierre Jean de, lyric poet, b.\\nBory de Saint Vincent, Jean Baptiste G. M.,\\nnaturalist, t^cuM i ajilicr, born.\\nBonrcet, Pierre tactician, mil. wr., A80.\\nBrnnet, .Jacques harlcs, bibliographer, b.\\nDsffand, Marquise du, Alarie de Vichy-C bam-\\nroud, author, A83.\\nDecazes, Due, Klie, statesman, born.\\nDorat, Claude .Joseph, poet, A46.\\nGilbert, Nicolas Joseph L., poet, A31.\\nLatitte, Jean, privateer, born.\\nPolignac, Prince, Auguste J. A. M. de,\\nstatesman, born.\\nSegur, Comic de, Philippe Paul, historian, b.\\nAug-. 3. Condillac. Etienne E. de, phi-\\nlosopher, metaphysician, AGS.\\n1731 lieauharnais, Eugene de, stepson of\\nNapoleon I., born.\\nCosine, -lean r.asciliiac,snr.,litliotomist, A78.\\nHabeneek, Antoine Francois, musician, b.\\nIngres, Jean Dominique Augnste, painter, b.\\nLaennec, Rene Theodore Hyacinthe, physi-\\ncian, born.\\nMartin, Louis A hue, author, born.\\nMaurepas, Cointe de, Jean Frederic Phelip-\\npeaux, politician, A80.\\nMol6, Cointe, Louis Mathieu, statesman, b.\\nPoisson, Simeon I mathematician, born.\\nSoufflot, Jacques (.ierinain, architect, A67.\\nMar, SO. Turg-ot, Anne Robert Jacques,\\nfinancier, statesman, A 54.\\n1782 Adelon, Nicolas Philibert, phys,, b.\\nAnville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d geog-\\nrapher, A85,\\nArgout, Antoine M. A. d financier, born.\\nBarante, Baron de, A unable Guillaume Pros-\\nper Bru^iere, statesman, historian, born.\\nDuhamel du Monceau, Henri Louis, econo-\\nmist, botanist, A82.\\nGabriel, Jacques Ange, eng., archeol., A72\u00c2\u00b1.\\nGalien, Joseph, physician, philosopher, A83.\\nLamennais, Ungues de, author, born.\\nLoriot, Antoine Joseph, mechanician, A66.\\nMarie Anielie, wile of Louis Philippe, born.\\nMillevoye, Charles Hubert, poet, born.\\nPaixhans, Henri Joseph, general, inventor, b.\\nQuatremere, Etienne Marc, orientalist, born.\\nSwetchine, Anne Sophie, au., b. in Russia.\\nVaucanson, Jacques de, mechanician, A73.\\nViUerme, Louis Kene, author, born.\\n1783 Oct. 39. Alembert, Jean le Rond\\nd\\\\ geometrician, philosopher, writer, Alifi.\\nBeauharnais, Hortense Eugenie de, wife of\\nLouis Bonaparte, born.\\nBeyle, Marie Henri, writer, born.\\nBerard, Augusle Simon Louis, statesman,\\ndirector-general of mines, born.\\nBezout, Etienne, mathematician, A53.\\nCardonne, Denis l)oniinique, orientalist, A63.\\nChambray, Marquis de, Georges, general,\\nhistorian, born.\\nColl6, Charles, puet, song writer, A74.\\nDupin, Andre M. J. J., lawyer, politician, b.\\nEpinay, Louise Florence Pr^tronille de la\\nLive d mistress of Ihmssean, an., A58\u00c2\u00b1.\\nGasparin, Cointe Adrien E. P., statesman, b.\\nGourgaud, liaron Caspard, general, au., b.\\nMagendie, Francois, physiologist, born.\\nMontholon. Marquis de, Chas. T., gen., born.\\nNodier, Charles, poet, litterateur, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1769 Rome. Clement XIV. is pope.\\n[1775. Pius VL]\\n1773* Borne. Pope Clement XIV. abol-\\nishes the order of Jesuits.\\nLETTERS.\\n1768 Journal d Education is issued.\\nGageure Imprivue, by Sedaine, ap-\\npears. [Later, Richard, Cceur de Lion.]\\n_78 Le Journal des Sciences et des\\nBeaux Arts is issued.\\n1769* The Georgics of Vergil are trans-\\nlated into French, by Jacques Delille.\\nShakespeare s Hamlet, hy Jean F.\\nDucis, appears.\\nLes Saisons, by Jean Francois de Saint\\nLambert, appears.\\nE-loge de Moliere, by S. R. M. Cham-\\nfort, appears. [1770, Le Marc hand de\\nSmyrne 177G, Mustapha et Zdanger.]\\n1770 System of Nature, by P. H. T.\\nHolbach, appears.\\nLe Journal des Theatres is issued.\\nLe Journal de Musique is issued.\\nDeux Amis, by Beaumarchais, appears.\\n1771* Voyage Around the World, by\\nLouis Antoine de Bougainville, appears.\\n1772 Man, his Faculties and his Edu-\\ncation, by Helv^tius, appears.\\nDiable Amoureux, by Jacques Cazotte,\\nappears.\\nShakespeare s Romeo and Juliet, by\\nDucis, appears.\\nWomen in All Ages, by A. L. Thomas,\\nappears. [1773. Essay on Eulogies.]\\n*-1818* L Esprit des Journaux ia\\nissued.\\n1773* Voyage a I Isle de France, by\\nBernardin de Saint-Pierre, appears.\\nMemoir on Differential Equations\\nand the Secular Inequalities of the Plan-\\nets, by Pierre Simon Laplace, appears.\\n1774* *_93* Correspondence LittS-\\nraire Secrete is issued.\\n1775 Barbier de Seville, by Beaumar-\\nchais, appears.\\nLe Radoteur is issued.\\nZHx-kuitieme siecle, by Nicolas Joseph\\nLaurent Gilbert, appears.\\nOn Errors and on Truth, by Marquis\\nL. C. de Saint-Martin, appears. [17S2.\\nNatural View of the Relations which ex-\\nist between God, Man, and the Universe.\\n-89 Bibliotheque universelle des\\nromansj by La Yergue de Tressan, ap-\\npears.\\n-84 Voyage en Hollande, Projet\\nd une university pour let Bitssie, Le rtve\\nd Alembert, The Nun, James the Fatal-\\nist, and Essay on the Reigns of Claudius\\nand Nero, by Diderot, appear.\\n1776 Perpendicular Fortification, or\\nthe Defensive Art superior to Offensive,\\nby Marquis M. R. de Montalembert, ap-\\npears.\\nA version of Homer s Iliad, by Le\\nBrun, appears.\\n*-83* Journal de Monsieur is issued.\\n1777 Jan. 1. Journal de Paris is issued.\\nIncas, by Marmontel, appears.\\nAnalysis of Chess, by Francois Andre\\nDanican (Fhilidor), appears.\\n-92 Annates Politiques, Civiles, et\\nLitteraires is issued.\\n1778 Journal de Marine is issued.\\n-79 Le Babillard is issued.\\n*-1821* Forest of Navarre and The\\nOrchard, by Comte Louis de Fontanes,\\nappear.\\n1779 Mois, by Jean Antoine Roucher,\\nappears.\\nLa Nouvelle Bevue is issued.\\n*-82* Le Journal de Litt erature, des\\nScieiices, et des Arts is issued.\\nParis, duck s opera Iphig nie en\\nTauride appears.\\n1780 Les Jardins, by Delille, appears.\\nResearches on the Nature of Animal\\nSubstances, by Comte C. L. B erthollet,\\nappears.\\n1782 Adele et Theodore, ou lettres sur\\nV Education, by Comtesse de Genlis, ap-\\npears.\\nConfessions, by Rousseau, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1769 -74 Unparalleled immoral-\\nity and extravagance of the court.\\nThe king comes under the dominating\\ninfluence of the shameless prostitute,\\nJeanne Vaubernier, who, having been\\nmarried by the king s command to a\\nsuperannuated courtier, is introduced\\nas the Comtesse Du Barry.\\n1770 The dauphin marries Marie\\nAntoinette, daughter of Francis I. and\\nMaria Theresa of Austria.\\nAmong the great, all pretense to\\nmorality, religion, and decency is\\nabandoned.\\nA dissolute frivolity and supercilious-\\nness are commonly affected. Ladies\\nmarried and single indulge in the most\\nindecent jokes, and swear profane oaths\\nin nearly every sentence. Women of\\nposition amuse themselves by breaking\\nplates and glasses men by embroidery\\nor card-painting, or playing with dan-\\ncing paper figures.\\n1771* Comte de Provence [Louis\\nXV1JJL.] marries Marie Josephine Lou-\\nise de Savoie.\\n1772 The Pacte de Famine hold a\\nmonopoly of the corn.\\nThey artificially produce an immense\\nrise in its price the king is a share-\\nholder no one dares to speak against\\nit.\\n1778 Mar. 13. The Due de Bourbon\\nwounds the Comte d Artois in a duel.\\n1770 May 16. The dauphin, Louis, is\\nmarried to Marie Antoinette, daugh-\\nter of Maria Theresa of Austria.\\nParis. Louis has a contest with the\\nparliament; the administration of jus-\\ntice c\\nDec. 29. Paris. The contest results in\\nthe dismissal of the Minister de Choi-\\nseul at the solicitation of Madame du\\nBarry and the Jesuits.\\n1771 Jan. 19. Paris. Louis exiles\\nthe parliament.\\nJan. 23. The parliament is abolished\\nby the Chancellor Maupeou, and super-\\nseded by a grand council.\\n1774 May 10. Louis XV. dies.\\n1774^1792 Louis XVI. reigns-.\\nLouis, grandson of Louis XV., becomes\\nking. [Aug. Cointe de Maurepas be-\\ncomes prime minister, with Anne Ro-\\nbert Jacques Turgot as comptroller-gen-\\neral of finance.]\\n1776 Dec. 12. Paris. Benjamin\\nFranklin, Silas Dean, and Arthur Lee,\\nambassadors for the American Colonies\\nat the court of France, are publicly re-\\nceived.\\n1780 June 17. The States-General of\\nFrance form themselves into the Na-\\ntional Assembly.\\nMarshal Rochambeau sends a force\\nof 6,000 men to aid the struggling Amer-\\nicans to attain independence.\\n1781 Jacques Necker, director-gen-\\neral of the finances, publishes bis\\nCompte Rendu, the first public\\nexposition of the revenue and expenses\\nof the State.\\nMay Maurepas, fearful of the dissen-\\nsions caused by Necker s reforms, forces\\nhim to resign. [17SS. Recalled.]\\nComte de Vergennes becomes the\\nking s favorite.\\n1783 Jan. 20. The preliminaries of\\npeace are signed at Versailles.\\nSept. 3. A treaty of peace is concluded\\nbetween Great Britain, France, and\\nSpain.\\nFrance recovers her former posses-\\nsions, Tobago, Senegal, and Gor^e.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0717.jp2"}, "718": {"fulltext": "706 1783,* *-1790,\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n17S5 Napoleon Bonaparte is a lieu-\\ntenant in the artillery.\\n1789 July 14. Paris. The Bastile\\nfortress and prison are pulled down by\\nthe mob, who thus inaugurate the Revo-\\nlution.\\nJuly Paris. The National Guard is\\norganized by Lafayette, its commander.\\n1790 An unsuccessful military sedi-\\ntion occurs at Nancy.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1784 Oath of the Horatii is painted\\nby Louis David.\\nThe exploring expedition of Jean\\nFrancois de La Perouse sails in two\\nvessels. [1788, It is shipwrecked off the\\nisland of Vanikoro all perish.]\\n1786 Paris. Berthollet invents mu-\\nriatic powder.\\n1787 May 18. The first attempt to en-\\ngrave on glass is made at Toulouse.\\nMachinery is first used in France to\\nspin cotton.\\n1788 Paris. Fulminating silver is\\ndiscovered by Berthollet.\\n1789 Paris. Antoine Laurent de Jus-\\nsieu founds the national system of\\nplants.\\nGabriel Honore Biquetti Mirabeau\\nis the leading orator in France.\\n1790 May 8. The French system of\\nmeasures is established by decree.\\n*An optical telegraph is made by\\nClaude Chappe.\\nParis. Claude Chappe establishes the\\nfirst telegraph-line from Paris to Lille.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1784 Auber, Daniel F. E., composer, b.\\nBaudin des Ardennes, Charles, viee-adm., b.\\nBenezef, Anthony, philanthropist, A71.\\nBonaparte, Jerome, King of Westphalia, b.\\nBugeand de la Piconnerie, Thomas, Due de\\nToly, marshal, horn.\\nCarerhe, Marie Antoine A., chef de cuisine, b.\\nCassini, Cesar Francois de Thury, astrono-\\nmer, topographer, A70.\\nCourt de (iebelin, Antoine, author, A59.\\nDaran, Jaeijues, surgeon, A83.\\nDupin, Baron, Franrois Pierre Charles, geom-\\netrician, statistician, politieian, born.\\nFavier, Jean Louis, author, A(J4.\\nJunot, Madame, Laure Pennon, Duchesse\\nd Abranles, author, born.\\nJuly 31. Diderot, Denis, philosopher,\\njournalist, miscellaneous writer, A71.\\n1785 Iierenger, Alphonse M. M. F., jurist,\\nmagistrate, born.\\nBoucbet, Claude Antoine, surgeon, horn.\\nBroglie, Due de, Achille C. h. Victor, states\\nBurigny, Jean Levesque de, historian, A93.\\nChoiseul, Etienne Francois de, statesman,\\nA66.\\nClerc, Laurent, teacher of deaf mutes, born.\\nDucarel, Andre Coltee, antiquary, A72.\\nFlahaut de la Billarderie, Comte de, Auguste\\nC. J., general, born.\\nKoechlin, Daniel, eheinist, manufacturer, b.\\nLebrun, Pierre Antoine, poet, dramatist, b.\\nLeroy, Pierre, watchmaker, A66.\\nLouis Philippe, Hue d Orleans, A60.\\nLouis XVII., dauphin, born.\\nMably, L Abbe, Catmel Ponnot de, publicist,\\nA76.\\nMiUot, Claude Fr;meis Xavier, historian, A59.\\nPigalle, Jean Baptiste, sculptor, A7I.\\nPujol, Alexandre Denis Abel de, painter, b.\\n1786* Arago. Dominique Francois, as-\\ntronomer, natural phdosopher, born.\\nBinet, Jacques, mathematician, astro., b.\\nBiheron, Marie t anatomist, A(i7.\\nOhevreul, Michel F.ugene, chemist, horn.\\nGalin, Pierre, musician, born.\\nCnettard, Jean Etienne, botanist, A71.\\nDuperrey, Louis Isidor, navigator, horn.\\nLabedoyere, Comte de, Charles Angelique\\nHuchet, general, born.\\nNaudet, Joseph, scholar, historian, born.\\nNicollet, Jean N., astronomer, geologist, b.\\nSerres, Etienne R, A., physiologist, born.\\nVicat, Louis .inscpii., engineer, born.\\n1787 Auditlret, Marquis d C. L. Gaston,\\nfinancier, senator, born.\\nBeudant, Francois Sulpice. physicist, born.\\nCailliaud, Frederic, traveler, born.\\nChapsal, Charles Pierre, grammarian, horn.\\nClinchamp, Francois E. V., painter, au., b.\\nCloquet, Hyppulite, anatomist, born.\\nCortot, Jean Pierre, sculptor, born.\\nDelalande, Pierre A., naturalist, traveler, b.\\nLetronne, Jean Antoine, antiquary, critic, b.\\nLevis, Due de, Francois, marshal, A67.\\nLouis, Pierre Charles Alexandre, phys., b.\\nOrfila, Mateo Jose B., chemist, born.\\nPrevost, Louis Constant, geologist, born.\\nOct. 4. Guizot, Francois Pierre Guil-\\nlaume, historian, statesman, born.\\n1788 Aiguillon, Due d Armand de Vigne-\\nrot Duplessis Kiehelieu, statesman, A68.\\nBec.querel, Antoine Cesar, physicist, born.\\nBoucher de Perthes, Jacques, archeologist,b.\\nBuffon, Georges Louie Leclerc. natural-\\nist, philosopher, A81.\\nCabet, Etienne, socialist, born.\\nChastellux, Marquis de, Francois Jean, gen-\\neral, author, A54.\\nChomel, Auguste Francois, physician, born.\\nCormenin, Vicomte de, Louis M. de la Haye,\\njurist, writer, born.\\nDrouais, Jean Germain, painter, A25.\\nEngelmann, Codeirov, manufacturer, an in\\nventor of lithography, born.\\nFresnel, Augustin Jean, optician, horn.\\nGatteaux, Jacques Edouard, artist, born.\\nGrasse, Francois Joseph, Paul de, Marquis de\\nGrasse-Tilly, admiral, Ati5.\\nGuiraud, Baron, Pierre Mane T he rese Alex-\\nandre, dramatist, born.\\nLa P6rouse, Comte de, Jean Franyois de\\nGalaup, navigator, A47+.\\nPelletier, Pierre Joseph, chemist, born.\\nPoneelet, Jean Victor, geometrician, born.\\nKiehelieu, Due de, Louis F. A. F. Huplessis,\\ncourtier, A92.\\nPemusat, Jean Pierre Abel, orientalist, b.\\nSavary, Nicolas, traveler, author, A38.\\n1789 Arlincourt, Vicomte d Victor, poet,\\nnovelist, born.\\nBeauzee, Nicolas, grammarian, A72.\\nBrotier, Gabriel, classical scholar, A66.\\nCauchy, Augustin L., mathematician, poet,b.\\nDag-uerre, Louis Jacques Mande, painter,\\ninventor daguerreotype process, born.\\nDavid, Pierre Jean, sculptor, born.\\nEpee, Charles Michel de P, philan., A77.\\nFee, Antoine Laurent Apollinaire, bota., b.\\nFoulon, Joseph Francois, iiuan.ier, pol., A74.\\nHautpoul, Marq. d Alphonse Henri, gen., b.\\nHolbach, Paul Thierry d phil., A66.\\nLepaute, Jean Andre, horologist, A80.\\nVernet, Claude Joseph, painter, A75.\\nVernet, Fmile Jean Horace, painter, born.\\n1790* Arago, Jacques Etienne Victor,\\nwriter, traveler, born.\\nBerger, Jean Jacques, senator, born.\\nBerryer, Antoine Pierre, pol. ora., leader, b.\\nCloquet, Baron Jules Germain, phys., b.\\nCochin, Charles Nicolas, engraver, wt., A75.\\nCouder, Louis Charles Auguste, pain., b.\\nDidot, Ambroise Firmin, print., publisher, b.\\nDnbufe, Claude Marie, portrait painter, b.\\nDumont d Urville, Jules S. C, navigator, b.\\nFieschi, Joseph Marie, conspirator, born.\\nGericault, Jean Louis Theo. Andre, horn.\\nGuibert, Comte de, Jacques A. H., author,\\nsoldier, A47.\\nLallemand, Claude Francois, pliys., surg., b.\\nRoehette, Desire Kaonl, archeologist, born.\\nVaillant, Jean l .aptiste Phil inert, marshal, b.\\nVilleinain. Abel F., hist., educationist, born.\\nOct. 21. Lamartine, Alphonse Marie\\nLouis de, poet, ora., hist., statesman, b.\\nCHURCH.\\n1788 Nov. Paris. Louis XVI. pub-\\nlishes an edict of toleration.\\n1789 Paris. The National Assembly\\ngives to all religious denominations\\nequal rights and privileges.\\nMay 20. The clergy renounce their\\nprivileges.\\nNov. 2. The property of the clergy is\\nordered to he confiscated.\\n1790 Paris. The Port Royal and\\nother monasteries are suppressed,\\nalso the abbeys.\\nNov. 27. Paris. The National Assem-\\nbly decrees that all ecclesiastical officers\\nshall take an oath subscribing to the\\ncivil constitution of the clergy, or lose\\ntheir offices as a penalty.\\nLETTERS.\\n1783 Galatie, by Jean Pierre Claris\\nde Florian, appears.\\nPhiloctete, by J. F. de La Harpe, ap-\\npears.\\n-94 Bucoliques, Hermes, Invention,\\nAmerique, EUgies, Epitres, Odes, lambes,\\netc., by Andr\u00c2\u00a3 Marie de Chenier, appear.\\n1784* Shakespeare s Macbeth and King\\nLear, by Ducis, appear.\\nEssay on the Universality of the French\\nlanguage and a translation of Dante s\\nInferno, by Antoine Rivarol, appear.\\n[1788. Little Almanac of Great Men.]\\nMariage de Figaro, by Beaumarchais,\\nappears.\\nEtudes de la Nature, by Bernardin de\\nSaint-Pierre, appears.\\nParis. The first public school for\\nthe blind is established by Valentin\\nHaiiy.\\nParis. The Abb\u00c2\u00a3 de r\u00c2\u00a3pe e estab-\\nlishes an institution for the deaf and\\ndumb.\\n1786 Inconstant, by J. F.Collin d Har-\\nleville, appears.\\nNuma PompUius, by Florian, appears.\\n1787 Etourdis, by Francois G. An-\\ndrieux, appears.\\nElements tic /literature, by Marmontel,\\nappears. [Later, Sur la langue fran-\\ncaise.]\\n1788 Analytical Mechanics, by Joseph\\nL. Lagrange, appears.\\nLettres sur le caractere et les e erits de\\nJ. J. liousseau, by Madame De Stae l, ap-\\npears.\\nVoyage dujeune Anarcharsis, by Jean\\nJacques Barthelemy, appears.\\n1789 May 2. Paris. Lettres a ses Com-\\nmet tants is issued. [It shortly afterwards\\nbecomes Courrier de Provence.\\nMay 5. Le Moniteur is issued [and 11\\nyears later becomes the official organ of\\nthe Government].\\nMay* Paris. Journal des Etats-Gineraux\\nis issued also the Bulletin des Seances de\\nl AssembUe Nationale.\\nJune* Parts. Patriote Francais is\\nissued.\\nJuly Paris. Pevolutions de Paris is is-\\nsued; also the Courrier de Versailles.\\nAug. Paris. Journal des Debats is is-\\nsued also Ami du Peuple, by Marat; it\\nis first called Le Publicist Parisien.\\nNov. 24. Paris. Le Moniteur Univer-\\nselle is issued.\\nNov. Revolutions de France et de Bra-\\nbant is issued.\\nParis. The Society of the Sorbonne\\nis broken up.\\nChateaux en Espagne, by Jean Fran-\\ncois Collin-d Harleville, appears. [1792,\\nOld Bachelor and Vieux cMibataire.]\\nPaul et Virqinie, by Saint-Pierre, ap-\\npears. [1790, La Chaumicre Indienne.]\\nCharles IX., by Marie Joseph de Che-\\nnier, appears. [1791, Henry VIII; 1792,\\nCaius Gracchus; 1794, Timoleon.]\\n1790 June Ami du Poi is issued.\\nThe University of Reims is sup-\\npressed.\\nElements de Vartdelapeinture, by Ber-\\nthollet, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0718.jp2"}, "719": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1783, **-1790,\\n707\\nSOCIETY.\\n17S5 Feb. 24. Corsica. Charles\\nBonaparte, father of Napoleon, dies,\\nleaving his family poor.\\n1789 July 14. Paris. A great riot oc-\\ncurs; the mob storms the Bastile it\\nis finally surrendered to the assailants.\\nAug. 4. Paris. The privileged classes\\nare abolished by law.\\nOct. 5, 6. Paris. Terrifying mobs visit\\nthe palace at Versailles, and attend the\\nking on the way to Paris.\\nOct. 19. Paris. Francois, a Parisian ba-\\nker, is murdered by a mob because\\nthe return of the king had not reduced\\nthe price of bread.\\nOct. Paris. About 40 gentlemen and\\nmen of letters meet in the hall of the\\nJacobin friars to discuss political and\\nother questions, and thus originate the\\n[Jacobin] Club Breton. [Jacobin\\nclubs spring up in all important towns.]\\nThe Republican leaders are derisively\\ncalled Sansculottes, because of their\\nnegligence in dress. [Later they assume\\nthe title with pride.]\\n1790 June 20. Paris. Titles of no-\\nbility and feudal right are abolished.\\nJuly 14. Paris. The Fete of the Fed-\\neration is celebrated on the anniversary\\nof the taking of the Bastile.\\nParis has several prominent clubs\\nthe Regency club [the oldest in Paris]\\nis established.\\nThe Jacobins, who rapidly increase\\nand dominate the State, led by Robes-\\npierre Cordeliers, led by Danton, Ma-\\nrat, Camille Desmoulins; Feuillants,\\nmoderate monarchists, who had with-\\ndrawn from, the Jacobins, led by Lafa-\\nyette and Bailly.\\nSTATE.\\n1784 Oct. 30. Charles Alexandre\\nde Calonne becomes comptroller of\\nfinance. [He is extravagant, and con-\\ntracts enormous debts.]\\n1785 Public indignation is [unjustly]\\nexcited against Queen JIarie Antoinette\\nby the diamond necklace transac-\\ntion; the court is discredited.\\nThe Comtesse De La Motte persuades Car-\\ndinal de Rohan to negotiate the purchase in\\nthe\u00c2\u00abiueen s name of a necklace for #2%,000,\\nwhich the Comtesse receives and applies to\\nher benefit; a trial follows the jewelers\\ndemand on Marie Antoinette for payment,\\nand results in the condemnation and pun-\\nishment of De La Motte, the banishment\\nof the cardinal, and much scandal in con-\\nnection with the queen.\\n1787 Jan. 29. An Assembly of No-\\ntables, called by the king, meets at Ver-\\nsailles. [It rejects Calonne s proposal\\nto tax ecclesiastical property.]\\nCalonne is dismissed, and Arch-\\nbishop de Brienne is appointed min-\\nister of finance.\\nParis. The Assembly of Notables\\nsanctions a land and stamp tax, but\\nthe parliament of Paris refuses to regis-\\nter the edict embodying them.\\nThe Parliament of Paris is sum-\\nmoned to Versailles, and the king in a\\nbed of justice registers the tax edict\\non his own authority the parliament\\nprotests, and is banished to Troyes.\\nIMay 25. The Assembly of Notables\\nis dismissed.\\nBrienne makes a compromise -with\\nthe parliament, the tax edict being with-\\ndrawn, and a progressive loan substi-\\ntuted.\\nSept. 20. Paris. The parliament is\\nrecalled and assembles several mem-\\nbers, including the Duke of Orleans, ob-\\njecting to the loan, it is registered by\\nroyal authority.\\nThe Duke of Orleans is banished, and\\ntwo other members of the parliament\\nare imprisoned for resistance to the\\nkin g s edict.\\n1788 Jan. 4. Paris. The parliament\\npasses a decree annulling arbitrary ar-\\nrests, and recalling its exiled members.\\nThe Ministry and parliament com-\\npromise the parliament returns to\\nParis.\\nJan. Parliament presents to the king a\\nstatement of grievances its obnoxious\\nleaders are arrested.\\nThe king abolishes the parliament.\\n1789 May 5-1791 Sept. 30. The\\nConstituent National Assembly.\\nMay 5. Paris. The States-General\\nmeet at Versailles 1,145 members are\\npresent, 291 clergy, 270 nobility, 584 of\\nthe Tiers-Etat (third estate, or corn-\\nJune 17. Paris. The Tiers-Etat assume\\nthe title of National Assembly, and\\ninvite the other orders to join them.\\nJune 20. Paris. The meetings of the\\nNational Assembly are suspended for\\nthree days by proclamation under the\\npretext of preparing the hall.\\nThe members take oath in a tennis-\\ncourt not to separate until they have\\ngiven a constitution to France.\\nJune 22. Paris. In spite of the Court s\\nefforts to prevent it, the meeting of the\\nNational Assembly takes place in a\\nchurch, 149 deputies of the clergy also\\nattending it.\\nJune 23. Paris. The royal sitting of all\\nthe orders is held without results, the\\nking commanding the three orders to\\nsit separately.\\nJune 27. Paris. The three orders\\nunite at the special entreaty of Louis,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0who -weakens under opposition. Comte\\nde Mirabeau is the chief orator of the\\nTiers-Etat.\\nJuly 11. Paris. Necker is dismissed.\\nJuly 14. Paris. Humors of the king\\nusing the army against the people pre-\\nvail a mob, wearing the tricolor, after\\na struggle of five hours captures the\\nBastile, murdering De Launay, the gov-\\nernor, and three of his officers.\\nJuly 15. Paris. The king promises to\\nyield to the popular demands to dismiss\\nforeign troops and recall Necker.\\nA provisional government is formed\\nat the Hotel de Ville.\\nMarquis de Lafayette is made comman-\\nder of the newly established National\\nGuard. The nobles begin to emigrate.\\nJuly 22. Paris. The mob becomes\\nuncontrollable, and Lafayette is unable\\nto rescue Minister Foulon from death.\\nParis is subject to mob law.\\nRevolts occur in the provinces against\\nthe feudal lords.\\nAug. 4. Paris. The Assembly votes a\\ngeneral immolation of the Constitution.\\nThe nobles voluntarily surrender all\\nfeudal rights and privileges for their\\norder. Tithes are abolished.\\nAug. 27. Paris. The Assembly makes\\na declaration of the Rights of Man;\\nthe veto power is discussed.\\nSept. 7. Paris. A deputation of the\\nwives of artists makes a present of\\njewels for the State, and patriotic gifts\\nfor the national debt and the poor.\\nOct. 5. Paris. A furious mob, being\\npressed by hunger, and shouting\\nBread, bread, marches to Ver-\\nsailles, led by frantic women.\\nOct. 6. Paris. Lafayette, with the Na-\\ntional Guard, delivers the royal family\\nfrom the mob, but is compelled to return,\\nand conduct royalty back to Paris.\\nOct. 16. Paris. The Assembly decrees\\nthat the title of Louis XVL, King of\\nFrance, should be changed to King\\nof the French. [Nov. 1. It decrees\\nthe abolition of lettres de cachet.\\nNov. 3. It suspends the parliament of\\nParis about 200 members resign from\\nthe Assembly.]\\nDec. Paris. A national bank is estab-\\nlished.\\n1790 A monarchical democratic Con-\\nstitution is adopted.\\nIt provides one chamber having legis-\\nlative power, sole right of initiation of\\nlaws, declaring war and making peace,\\nand signing treaties.\\nFeb. 4. Paris. Louis XVI. takes the\\noath to maintain the new Constitution.\\nFeb. 13. Paris. The Convention abol-\\nishes monastic establishments, and\\nconfiscates their lands.\\nMar. Ecclesiastical property is con-\\nfiscated to the State.\\nAssignats, notes of the Government\\nsecured by the confiscated public lands,\\nare issued the clergy are to be sup-\\nported by the State.\\nJuly 14. Paris. National Federation.\\nThe king takes an oath to support the new\\nConstitution before an immense assembly of\\n350, 000 persons at Champ de Mars.\\nThe old divisions of France are abolished,\\nand the country Is divided into 83 depart-\\nments, named after rivers and mountains\\nthese are divided into 374 districts and can-\\ntons, with communes remaining as before.\\nEach department is to have a local assem-\\nbly nobility titles and ecclesiastical orders\\nare abolished, except such orders as are edu-\\ncational or humanitarian; pastors are to be\\nchosen by the voters of the districts, and the\\nbishops by those of the departments.\\n[Two-thirds of the ecclesiastics decline to\\naccept the Constitution by taking the re-\\nquired oath.]\\nThe rights of primogeniture are abol-\\nished.\\nSept. Necker, having lost his influence,\\nretires to Switzerland.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1786 July 31. AboothatMontpellier\\nfalls during a play 500 persons are\\nkilled.\\n1789 A famine produces wide dis-\\ntress.\\n1790+ Trees of Liberty are planted\\nin Paris and many parts during the Rev-\\nolutionary Era.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0719.jp2"}, "720": {"fulltext": "708 1791, Mar. 3.-1793, Aug. 28. FRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1792 -97 War of the first coali-\\ntion against France. (See p. 518.)\\nApr. 28. The French are repulsed at\\nQuievrain.\\nJune 20. Paris. The mob, following\\nthe red cap of liberty, march to the\\nTuileries to make demands on the king.\\nAug. 10. Paris. The Swiss Guards\\nretained to defend the king are mas-\\nsacred by the mob in the Tuileries 5,000\\nare killed.\\nAug. 20. The invading Prussians in-\\nvest Longwy [which soon capitulates].\\nAug. The War of the Vendue breaks\\nout against the Republic. [It is chiefly\\nconfined to Vendee and Brittany.]\\n*Iiafayette withdraws from the\\nFrench army, and takes refuge with the\\nAustrians [by whom he is held in prison\\nfive years].\\nSept. Verdun is taken by the Prus-\\nsians. [Soon surrendered.]\\nSept. 20. The French under Marshal\\nKellerman and Gen. Dumouriez defeat\\nthe troops of the coalition under the\\nDuke of Brunswick at Valmy.\\nSept.+ Ger. The French Gen. Custine\\ntakes Speyer (Sept. 30), Mentz (Oct. 23),\\nand Frankfort-on-t he-Rhine.\\nKov. 6. Belg. Battle of Jemappes.\\n(See p. 518.)\\nNov. 14. Belg. Gen. Dumouriez takes\\nBrussels.\\nThe Austrians unsuccessfully besiege\\nLille.\\nNice is conquered. [1814. Restored.]\\n1793 Feb. 1. War is declared against\\nEngland and Holland. [Feb. Eng-\\nland declares war against France.]\\nMar. 18. Belg. French defeat at Neer-\\nwinden. (See p. 518.)\\nMay 8. The English defeat the French\\nat St. Amand.\\nMay 23, July 26. The Austrians and\\nEnglish under the Count of Ferraris and\\nthe Duke of York defeat the French\\nat Valenciennes, and capture the city.\\nJune 9. The Vendeans defeat the Re-\\npublicans, and capture Samur.\\nJuly* Valenciennes is captured by the\\nAustrians and English under Ferraris\\nand the Duke of York.\\nAug. 18. Net h. The English under Gen.\\nLake defeat the French at Lincelles.\\nAug. 23. Marseilles, having rebelled\\nagainst the Convention, is reduced.\\nE. 2nd. Pondicherry is again taken\\nfrom the British by the French.\\nAug. 27. Toulon surrenders to the\\nBritish and allies under Adm. Lord\\nHood.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1792 Sept. 21. At midnight a new\\ncalendar, established on philosophical\\nprinciples, fixes the first year of the Era\\nof the Republic. [1793. Nov. 24. Estab-\\nlished by decree.]\\n*The hydraulic ram is greatly im-\\nproved by Joseph Michel Montgolfier.\\nParis. Philippe Pinel treats luna-\\ntics at the Bicetre in an enlightened\\nand humane\\n1793 July 1 2. The first official trial is\\nmade of the Claude Chappe s optical\\ntelegraph despatches are successfully\\ntransmitted 48 leagues in 13 minutes and\\n40 seconds.\\nand with great priests [drives 40,000 of them out of\\nFrance].\\nSept. 2-5. Paris. In the massacre of\\n1/200 persons taken from prison, 100\\npriests are killed.\\nOct. 16. Paris. The Convention de-\\nclares death an eternal sleep.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1791 Abbatucci, Jacques Pierre Charles,\\ndiplomatist, born.\\nBarrot,Caniille HyaHnthe Millon, states., b.\\nBerquin, Amand, writer, A42.\\nChampollion, Jean Francois, EgyptoL, b.\\nHerold, Louis Jos. Ferdinand, romp. born.\\nLamotte, Jeanne de Valois, advent., A35+.\\nLuzerne, AnneOesar ilela, diplomatist, A50.\\nMagnan, Bernard P., marshal, born.\\n.Matter, Jai-qiu s, philosopher, historian, b.\\nPouillet, Claude Servais M., physicist, b.\\nScribe, Augustin Kimene. dramatist, born.\\nApr. 13. Mirabeau, Comte de. Honore\\nGabriel de Kiquelti, orator, statesman, A42.\\nDec. 12. Marie Louise, second wife of\\nNapoleon I., born in Vienna.\\n1793 Ahancourt, Charles Xavier Joseph\\nFranqueville, minister, A34.\\nAncelot, Marguerite V. C., author, born.\\nAuger, L Ahhe, Atlianase, rlas. scholar, A58.\\nCaffieri, Jean Jacques, sculptor, A68.\\nChahanon, Michel Paul Guy de, writer, A62.\\nCharlet, Nicolas Toussamt, painter, engr.,b.\\nClermont-Tonnerre, Comte de, Stanislas,\\nstatesman, A45.\\nCiviale, Jean, physician, born.\\nCousin, Victor, metaphysician, phil., born.\\nDespretz, Cesar Mansuele, savant, born.\\nDulrenoy, Pierre Armand, geologist, born.\\nDuvauceJ, Alfred, naturalist, born.\\nFavart, Charles Simon, drama) ist, A82.\\nGenoude, Antoine E., journalist, historian, h.\\nIsambert, Francois A., politician, jurist, b.\\nLamballe, I rincesse b\\\\ Marie Therese Louise\\nde Savoie-Carignan, A42.\\nPradier, Jacques, sculptor, born.\\nRicher, Edouard, author, born.\\n1793 Afl re, Denis Auguste, archbishop of\\nParis, born.\\nBailly, Jean Sylvain, asfron., philos., A57-\\nBarnave, Antoine Pierre J. M., revolu., A32.\\nBiron, Due de, Armand Louis de Gontaut,\\nDue de Lauzun, general, politician, A46.\\nBonchamp, Marquis de, Charles Melchior\\nArtus, general, A34.\\nBrissot de Warville, Jean Pierre, Girondist\\nleader, writer, A39.\\nChangarnier, Nicolas A. T., general, born.\\nChasles, Michel, geometrician, born.\\nChazal, Antoine, artist, born.\\nChevallier, Jean B. A., chemist, born.\\nClement, Francois, historian, A59.\\nCorday d Annans Charlotte, heroine, A25.\\nCustine, Comte de, Adam Philippe, gen., A5.1.\\nDampierre, Marquis de, Auguste Henri Marie\\nPicot, general, A37.\\nDelavigne. Jean Francois Casimir, dram-\\natist, born.\\nEntrecasteaux, Joseph Antoine Bruni d\\nadmiral, explorer, A54.\\nFonfrede, Jean Baptiste Hover, pol., A27.\\nGensonne, Armand, Girondist leader, A35.\\nHittorf, Jacques Ijmace, arch., antiq., born.\\nLescnre, Marquis de, Louis Marie, Vendean\\nchief, A27.\\nMarat, Jean Paul, revolutionist, A49.\\nOrl6ans, Due d\\\\ Louis Philippe Joseph,\\nstatesman, A46.\\nRoland, Madame Marie Jeanne Phlipon,\\nGirondist, author, A39.\\nRoland de la Platiere, Jean Marie, states-\\nTott, Baron de, Francois, officer, Tur., ABO.\\nVergniaud, Pierre Victurnien, slates., A34.\\nJan. 31. Louis XVI., king, A39.\\nOct. 16. Marie Antoinette, queen, A38.\\nCHURCH.\\n1791 Mar. 3. Paris, The churches\\nplate is sent to the mint for coinage.\\nApr. 13. It. The Pope declares it is\\nimpossible for the clergy to take the\\nprescribed oath. [Bishops are chosen\\nin accordance with the new law, and con-\\nsecrated without confirmation by the\\nPope.]\\nMay 4. Paris. The Pope is burned in\\neffigy.\\n1792 Aug. 26. Paris. The decree of\\nthe National Assembly against the\\n1791* Memoires secrets des regnes de\\nLouis XIV. et de Louis XV., by Duelos,\\nappears.\\nGonzalve de Cordove, by Florian, ap-\\npears. [1792, Fables; 1794, (iiiiNaiurir\\nTell.]\\n1792 June 25. The records of the no-\\nbility, 600 volumes, are burned.\\nThe Marseillaise Hymn is composed by\\nan engineer officer named Kouget de\\nLille, or L Isle, at Strasburg. [It be-\\ncomes universally popular.]\\nThe New Man, by Saint-Martin, ap-\\npears.\\nSept. La Quotidienne is issued.\\nL Enfant du Carnival, by Pigault Le-\\nShakespeare s Othello, by Ducis, ap-\\npears. [1~ X Abiifar. or the Arab Fam-\\nUp.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1791 Apr.\u00c2\u00b1 Paris. The royal fam-\\nily is imprisoned in its o \\\\vn palace,\\nand subject to daily insults.\\nMay 31. Paris. Punishment by the\\nwheel is abolished.\\nAug. 26. Paris. A decree of the Na-\\ntional Assembly occasions the exile of\\n40,000 priests, who are forbidden to\\nexercise the offices of worship.\\n1792 Sept. 2-5. Paris. Prisons\\ncrowded with adherents of aristocracy\\nare burst open, and 12,487 massacred by\\nJacobins.\\nSept. 3. Paris. Princess de Lam-\\nbaHe, the superintendent of the royal\\nhousehold, having refused to take the\\noath against the monarchy, is literally\\ntorn into pieces by the mob.\\n1793 Mar. -94 July* The Reign\\nof Terror.\\nIt is preceded by great confusion and\\ndisorder, and begins with the Revolu-\\ntionary TrilmnalVind ends with the over-\\nthrow of Maximilien Robespierre and\\nhis associates.\\nJuly 13. Paris. Charlotte Corday,\\nthe heroine, mortally stabs Jean Paul\\nMarat, the bloody leader of the Jaco-\\nbins. [July 17. She is guillotined.]\\nSTATE.\\n1791 Apr. 2. Mirabeau, the presi-\\ndent of the Assembly, dies.\\nMay 21. Paris. The Commune, a\\nmunicipal council, is definitely consti-\\ntuted.\\nJune 20. Paris. The royal family\\nflees at midnight, the king being in dis-\\nguise.\\nJune 21. The king is captured at Va-\\nrennes, ami brought back to Paris amid\\nthe hooting of the mob guards are\\nplaced in the rooms of the royal family\\nday and night.\\nParis. The Girondists become con-\\nspicuous.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0720.jp2"}, "721": {"fulltext": "FRANCE. 1791, Mar. 3-1793, Aug. 28. 709\\nJuly 17. Paris. The Assembly makes\\nan. unprovoked and murderous assault\\non a meeting in. the Champs de Mars\\nLafayette, Mayor Bailly, and tlie As-\\nsembly are brought into discredit.\\nAug. Ger. Declaration of Pillnitz.\\nThe Emperor Leopold and Frederick\\nWilliam, King of Prussia, unite in a dec-\\nlaration that all the sovereigns of Eu-\\nrope have a common interest in the con-\\ndition of the King of France.\\nSept.* Avignon is annexed.\\nSept. Paris. The king is reinstated\\nas sovereign by the moderate party.\\nSept. 15. Paris. The king accepts the\\nrevised and completed Constitution.\\nSept. 30. Paris. The president dis-\\nsolves the National Assembly, its\\nwork being completed.\\nOct. 1. 92 Sept. 21. Paris. The\\nLegislative Assembly.\\nOct. 1. Paris. A meeting takes place\\nof 745 representatives, mostly from the\\nmiddle class.\\nThey form three parties the Conserva-\\ntives, who prefer to stop where they are\\nthe Girondists, virtuous, upright men, who\\nfavor afemlal republic and the Jacobins,\\nlike Robespierre, Danton, aud Marat, who\\nare Radicals, and advocates of a united and\\nindivisible republic.\\nParis. Acts are passed depriving the\\nemigrants who leave France of their\\nproperty, and placing the clergy under\\nsurveillance the king vetoes these acts,\\nand thereby enrages the people.\\n1792 Feb. An alliance is formed be-\\ntween Austria and Prussia against\\nFrance.\\nMar. Paris. A change of Ministry oc-\\ncurs the conservative Girondists are\\nin power.\\nApr. 20. Paris. France declares war\\nagainst Austria.\\nThree armies are on the frontier, Ro-\\nchambeau (43,000}, Lafayette (52,000),\\nLuckner (42,000). (See Army.)\\nJune 18. Paris. The Jacobin Club de-\\nclares its sittings permanent.\\nJune 20. Paris. A mob invades the\\nTuileries, and compels the king to put\\non his head a red cap, the emblem of the\\nrevolution it is dispersed by the mayor.\\nJuly 25. The Duke of Brunswick, the\\ncommander-in-chief of the allied armies,\\nissue s athreatening and impolitic mani-\\nfesto.\\nAug. Paris. The Assembly becomes\\nthe instrument of the Commune.\\nAug. 3. Paris. The sections of the city,\\nwith Mayor Potion as leader, demand\\nthat the Assembly depose the king.\\n[Aug. S. The Assembly by a large ma-\\njority vote against it.]\\nAug. 9-10. Paris. Municipal author-\\nity is usurped.\\nThe Commune of Paris is expelled\\nfrom office, and its place filled by com-\\nmissioners named by the 4S sections of\\nthe city, thus forming a new commune\\nof 288 members.\\nAug. 10. Paris. The Tenth of Au-\\ngust. Downfall of the monarchy.\\nThe mob storms the Tuileries, and\\nis driven back by the fire of the Swiss\\ntroops; the king and his friends escape\\nto the Legislative Assembly, and he or-\\nders the S*wiss to cease firing, thus leav-\\ning these brave followers of his at the\\nmercy of the enraged mob by whom they\\nare massacred the Assembly is forced\\nto suspend the king provisionally.\\nAug. 13. Paris. A great number of\\nsuspected persons are arrested.\\nThe Jacobins have everything their\\nown way.\\nAug. 16. The royal family is impris-\\noned in the gloomy fortress of the Tem-\\nple, and is subject to rigorous treatment.\\nAug. 19. Paris. The new Municipality\\nis sworn in it becomes the Revolution-\\nary Tribunal. It is established to take\\ncognizance of all attacks directed against\\nthe Republic, the Revolution, or the\\npublic good.\\nAug. 20. Paris. Being impeached and\\nproscribed by the Assembly, Lafayette\\nflees to the camp of the allies, and is de-\\ntained as a prisoner of war at Olmiitz.\\nAug. 30. Paris. The barriers are closed,\\nand 3 9 000 persons are arrested and\\nimprisoned, being suspected of hostility,\\nto the Revolution.\\nSept. 2-4. The Prussian army enters\\nFrance in the interest of the royal fam-\\nily, to the consternation of the nation.\\nSept. 2-7. Paris. A jail delivery and\\nmassacre of Royalists takes place un-\\nder the Jacobins.\\nThe imprisoned Royalists and Consti-\\ntutionalists are delivered by Georges\\nJacques Danton, the minister of justice,\\nto Millard and his paid cutthroats, and\\ncruelly murdered. Similar atrocities\\ntake place at Versailles, Lyons, Reims,\\nM(5aux, Orleans, and other places.\\nSept. 21.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1795 Oct.* Paris. The\\nNational Convention is in session.\\nIt is composed of 749 members, all Re-\\npublicans, and is divided into two par-\\nties the Right, led by Robespierre, the\\nDuke of Orleans, Danton, and Collot\\nd Herbois and the Left, led by Ver-\\ngniaud, Brissot, and others.\\nSept. 21. Paris. The Convention votes\\nto abolish the monarchy, and France\\nis declared a Republic.\\nSept. 22. Paris. The Convention makes\\nthis day the first of the Year One of\\nthe French Republic. [Nov. 24. Estab-\\nlished as the Revolutionary Era.]\\nThe Convention decrees that the fugi-\\ntive emigrants be perpetually banished\\nthat the usual titles of courtesy (Mon-\\nsieur and Madame) be suppressed, and\\nthe title Citizen be used.\\nNov. 19. Paris. A declaration of\\nfraternity is made with all nations that\\ndesire to be free, and they are offered\\nhelp.\\nNov. Nice and Savoy are annexed to\\nFrance.\\nDec. 11. Paris. Trial of Louis XVI.\\nThe Committee of Safety arraigns the\\nking for tyranny, and for attempting to\\ndestroy the liberty of the French people\\nby inviting foreign powers to invade\\nFrance.\\nDec. 20. Paris. A decree of perpetual\\nbanishment against the Bourbon fam-\\nily is promulgated.\\nDec. 26. Paris. Louis XVI. appears\\nbefore the Convention for the last time\\nBarrere is prosecutor Chretien de\\nMalesherbes and two others are ad-\\nvocates for the king.\\nThe Assembly debates and adjourns\\nday after day without arriving at a de-\\ncision. The Girondists propose an ap-\\npeal to the people, which shall decide\\nthe king s fate, but it is rejected.\\n1793 Jan. 15. Paris. The Conven-\\ntion decides that the king is guilty of\\ntreason against the sovereignty of the\\npeople, and for conspiracy against the\\nState. Vote, 683 out of 721.\\nThe majority includes the Duke of Or-\\nleans (Phil i j Kualih i, his nearest kins-\\nman and the first prince of the blood\\nthe minority vote is divided for impris-\\nonment, banishment, or death with a\\nrespite. [Jan. 16. He is condemned to\\nunconditional death by a majority of\\none vote (361) a formal rupture with\\nEuropean powers follows.]\\nJan. 21. Paris. Louis XVI. is be-\\nheaded.\\nLouis XVTI. is proclaimed by the\\nemigrant army.\\nFeb. 1. Paris. War is declared\\nagainst Great Britain, Holland [and\\nlater against Spain] they having entered\\nan alliance against France.\\nBelgium is annexed.\\nMar. A Royalist insurrection breaks\\nout against the Republicans in Vendue\\nand Brittany in Northwest France.\\nMar. 9-10. Paris. The Revolution-\\nary Tribunal is established.\\nA life-and-death struggle occurs in the\\nConvention between the Girondists and\\nthe Mountain party, or extremists. The\\nOrleanists of the Mountain party en-\\ndeavor to make the Duke of Orleans\\n(Philippe Egalite) protector, but they\\nare not successful.\\nApr. 6. Paris. In consequence of the\\ncoalition against France the Commit-\\ntee of Public Safety is appointed; it\\nconsists of nine members, with Barrere\\nand Danton as leaders. [Later three\\nmore are added.]\\nJune 2. Paris. Fall of the Girondists.\\nAn armed mob (80,000), organized by\\nthe Commune, having artillery, demand\\nan immediate decree for the arrest of\\nthe Girondist members; the Convention\\nvotes at the point of the bayonet, and\\n32 are arrested. The Commune, ruled by\\na commission of 12, are the real power\\nof the State.\\nJune 2-94 June* Paris. Reign of\\nTerror. [So called because obnoxious\\npersons are executed, regardless of age,\\ncondition, or sex.]\\nJuly 13. Paris. Jean Paul Marat, the\\nPresident of the Commune, is assassi-\\nnated by a young provincial girl named\\nCharlotte Corday. One man have I\\nslain to save a hundred thousand.\\n[July 17. She is executed.]\\nJuly Paris. Robespierre, Antoine St.\\nJust, and Georges Couthon are added\\nto the Committee of Public Safety,\\nwhich dictates the government Robes-\\npierre becomes the head of the State.\\nTerrible atrocities are committed in\\nthe large cities by the agents of the\\nCommittee of Public Safety.\\nAug. 10. Paris. The new Constitu-\\ntion is inaugurated by a national cele-\\nbration.\\nAug. 23. A levy en masse of all citi-\\nzens capable of bearing arms is decreed,\\nand soon 14 armies are organized.\\nAug. 28. Paris. Gen. Adam Philippe\\nde Custine is guillotined.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0721.jp2"}, "722": {"fulltext": "710 1793, Sept. 7-1795,\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1793 Sept. 7, 8. The French under\\nGen. Hoche defeat the Duke of York at\\nhis siege of Dunkirk. The English re-\\ntreat, abandoning their heavy artillery\\nand ammunition.\\nSept. 11. Austrians take Qnesnoy.\\nSept. 14. Bavaria. The Prussians under\\nthe Duke of Brunswick defeat the\\nFrench under Gen. Moreau at Pirnia-\\nsens.\\nOct. 9. Lyons, having revolted against\\nthe Convention, is taken by the Repub-\\nlicans after 70 days siege under Marshal\\nKellermann; pillage and bloodshed fol-\\nlow.\\nOct. 15, 16. The French under Marshal\\nJourdan defeat the Austrians under the\\nPrince of Coburg and Gen. Clerfayt at\\nWattignies.\\nOct. 25. The Vendean insurrectionists\\nunder Laroche defeat the Republicans\\nunder Westerinann near Laval.\\nNov. 15. Toulon is taken by the Eng-\\nlish.\\nDec. 12. The Vendeans under Comte\\nHenri de La Roehejaequeiein are de-\\ncisively defeated at Le Mans by Re-\\npublicans under Gens. Westermann and\\nMarceau.\\nDec. 19. Toulon is taken.\\nIt having received an Anglo-Spanish\\nfleet, is besieged and taken by the French\\nchiefly through the skilful action of\\nColonel of Artillery Napoleon Bona-\\nparte it his first distinguished service.\\n[He is made a brigadier-general.]\\n1794 Jan. Union of allies against\\nFrance. (See p. 518.)\\nMar. 16. W. I. Martinique is taken\\nfrom the French by the British.\\nApr. 18. Neth. Gen. Pichegrn defeats\\nthe allies at Turcoing. [May 18. Again\\ndefeated by Gen. Moreau,]\\nApr. 24. The French are defeated at\\nCambrai.\\nApr. 26. Belg. Gen. Pichegru leads an\\ninvasion.\\nApr. 30. Belg. The allies capture Trois-\\nville. [May 22. They take Vespierre.\\nThe French are repulsed at Tournay.]\\n(See p. 518.)\\nJune 1. Lord Howe defeats the French\\nfleet off the Isle of Ushant.\\nJune 26. Belg. Austrians defeated at\\nFleurus. (See p. 518.)\\nJuly 28. The Vendeans are defeated\\nat Misdon.\\nAug. 17. Valenciennes is retaken by\\nthe French under Gen. Scherer.\\nSept. 14. The French defeat the Duke\\nof York at Bois-le-Duc. [Sept. 17. At\\nBortel.]\\nOct. 28. Neth. The French defeat the\\nBritish under the Duke of York at\\nNimeguen. [Nov. 3. The French are de-\\nfeated. Nov. 8. They regain the town.]\\n1795 Jan. Allies of Austria with-\\ndraw. (See p. 518.)\\nJan. 1 8. Neth. The French enter Am-\\nsterdam without a battle.\\nMar. 8. Sir Edward Pellew with a Brit-\\nish fleet takes 15 French ships and\\nbui\\\\ua seven out of a fleet of 35.\\nMar. 14. Lord Hotham defeats the\\nFrench fleet in the Mediterranean, and\\ncaptures two ships.\\nApr. 5. Peace. (See State.)\\nJune 27. English and emigrants land\\nat Quiberon under Count de Puisaye to\\nassist the Royalists of Chouans off Brit-\\ntany. [July 5. Quiberon is taken, July\\n20. Retaken by Gen. Hoche many emi-\\ngrants are executed.]\\nSept. 6. Prus. Allies repulsed at Dus-\\nseldorf. (See p. 51S.)\\nSept. 20. Ger. The French under Gen.\\nPichegru bombard and take Mann-\\nheim. [Oct. 23, 29. Retaken by Mar-\\nshal Wurmser.]\\nOct. 5. Paris. Napole*on Bonaparte\\nsuppresses the insurrection of the Sec-\\ntions.\\nOct. 11. Prus. Jourdan is defeated at\\nHochst. (See p. 518.)\\nNov. 23, 24. It. The French under\\nMarshal Massena defeat the Austrians\\nat Loano.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1795 Apr. 7. Paris. The meter is\\nmade the legal unit of length and the\\nbase of the metric system. It is one ten-\\nmillionth part of the distance between\\nthe poles, and equal to 3.2808 Englishf eet.\\nOct. 25. Paris. All the five Royal\\nAcademies are combined in one body,\\ncalled Institut National [later,\\nRoyal, Imperial, and National].\\nParis. The Conservatoire des Arts\\net Metiers is established.\\nParis. The Academy of Natural\\nPhilosophy is established.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1794 Amiot, Joseph, Jesuit miss., A76.\\nAncelot, Jacques A. P. F., poet, novelist,\\ndramatist, born.\\nArtaud, Nicolas Louis, wr., Greek scholar, b.\\nBab met, Jacques, natural philosopher, b.\\nliarbaroux, Chas. Jean Marie, revolu., A27.\\nCarrier, Jean Baptiste, demagogue, A38.\\nChamfort Champiort), Sebastien Roch-Ni-\\ncolas, poet, litterateur, A53.\\nChaumette, Pierre tiaspard. Jacobin, A31.\\nChenier, Andre Marie de, poet, A32.\\nCondorcet. Marquis de, Marie Jean An-\\ntoine Nicolas (aritat, metaphysician, A51.\\nDamiron, Jean P., eclectic philosopher, b.\\nDanton, Georges Jacques, revolu., A35.\\nDesmoulins, Camilla, revolutionist, A32.\\nDionis du Sejour, Achille I geometri., A 60.\\nEstaing, Comte d Charles Hector, adm., A65.\\nFabre d Eglantine, Philippe Francois N.\\nJacobin, A39.\\nFlorian, Jean Pierre Claris de, author, A39.\\nFlourens, Mane Jean Pierre, physiol., born.\\nFreteau de Saint-Just, Emmanuel Marie\\nMichel Philippe, politician, A49.\\nCiiiigniaut, Joseph l aniel, scholar, antiq., b.\\nHebert, Jacques Kene, demagogue, A39.\\nKock, Charles Paul de, novelist, dram., b.\\nLavoisier, Antoine Laurent, chemist, A 51.\\nLinguet, Simon N. H., polemical writer, AW.\\nLbomond, Charles Francois, educator, A67.\\nMalesherbes, Chretien de, G. de Lamoi-\\ngnon, judge, philanthropist, A73.\\nPelissier, Aimable J. J., Due de Malakoff,\\nmarshal, born.\\nPerronet, .lean Itodolphe, engineer, A86.\\nPiorry, Pierre Adolphe, physcian, born.\\nItaspail, Francois Vincent, revolutionist, b.\\nLa Rochejacquelein. Comte de, Henri du\\nVerger, Vendeim general, A22.\\nSaint-Just. Antoine Louis Leon de, revolu-\\ntionist, A27.\\nSay, Horace l^mile, political economist, b.\\nVicq d Azyr, Felix, anatomist, A46.\\nJuly 28. Robespierre, Maximilien Marie\\nIsidore, revolutionist, A36.\\n1795* Baraguey d Hilliers, Achille, mar-\\nshal, born.\\nBarthelemy, Jean Jacques, archeol., A80.\\nBarye, Antoine Louis, sculptor, born.\\nBeaufort, Loins de, historical writer, dies.\\nCaussin de Perceval, Armand P., orient., b.\\nCaventou, Joseph B., chemist, born.\\nChopart, Francois, surgeon, A45\u00c2\u00b1.\\nClot-Bey, Antoine, Lgvptologist. phys., born.\\nCoquerel, Anthanase Laurent Charles, Prot-\\nestant clergyman, born.\\nDanican, Francois Andre, composer, chess-\\nplayer, A68\u00c2\u00b1.\\nDesault, Pierre Joseph, surgeon, A51.\\nDupuy, Louis, journalist, writer, A86.\\nFouquier-Tinville, Antoine Quentin, rev-\\nolutionist, prosecutor, A48.\\nPayen, Anselme, chemist, born.\\nRavignan, Gustave F. X. D. de, Jesuit, pul-\\npit orator, born.\\nSalvandy, Comte de, Narcisse Achille, au-\\nthor, born.\\nThierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin, his-\\ntorian, born.\\nTroplong, Kaymond Theodore, jurist, born.\\nVelpeau, Alfred A. L. M., surgeon, born.\\nMar. 27. Louis XVII., dauphin, A10.\\nCHURCH.\\n1793 Nov. 10. Paris. The Conven-\\ntion declares Christi anit y abolished.\\nThe worship of the Goddess of Reason-\\nis established as a substitute.\\n1794 Mar. 31. Paris. The National\\nConvention decrees the announcement\\nthat there is no God.\\nMay 7. Paris. Robespierre in Conven-\\ntion becomes the champion of the Su-\\npreme Being, and favors the restora-\\ntion of the acknowledgment of God, who\\nhad been abolished by a decree.\\nThe National representatives vote that\\nthe French people acknowledge the\\nexistence of the Supreme Being and the\\nimmortality of the soul.\\nJune 8. Paris. The Fete de l rLtre\\nSupreme, Robespierre as high priest.\\nThe festival dedicated to the Supreme\\nBeing.\\nLETTERS.\\n1793 Sept. 16. The Convention issues\\nan order suppressing throughout the\\nRepublic the faculty of theology, medi-\\ncine, law, and arts.\\n1794 Adele de Senanges, by Marquise\\nA. M. E. F. Souzu-Botelho, appears.\\nHistorical Sketch of the Human Mind,\\nby Condorcet, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1793 Oct. 16. Paris. Queen Marie\\nAntoinette, condemned at 4 a. m., is be-\\nheaded by the Jacobins, amid scoffs and\\ninsults.\\nNov. 6. Paris. King Louis XVI. is\\nguillotined.\\nNov. 8. Paris. Madame Roland is\\nguillotined. Last words, O Liberty!\\nwhat crimes are committed in thy name.\\nNov. 10. Paris. The Festival of Rea-\\nson is celebrated in Notre Dame.\\nNov. 15. Paris. The National Conven-\\ntion decrees the suppression of all lot-\\nteries.\\n-94 Divorces are frequent 7,000\\nare legalized in Paris alone.\\n1794 Apr. 5. Paris. Georges Jacques\\nDanton, who led the attack on the Tui-\\nleries, a member of the Committee of\\nPublic Safety overthrown by Robes-\\npierre, is guillotined; others also suffer\\nwith him.\\nMay 10. Paris. Madame Elizabeth,\\nsister of Louis XVI., is guillotined.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0722.jp2"}, "723": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1793, Sept. 7-1795, 711\\nJuly 9. Paris. Seventy-one persona are\\nguillotined.\\nJuly 28. Paris. Robespierre, after\\nhaving put to death 2,774 persons, whose\\nages ranged from 14 to 97, is himself\\nguillotined.\\nNov. 9. Paris. The mob attacks the\\nJacobin Society.\\nNov. 11. Moravia. Lafayette escapes\\nfrom the prison at Olmiitz. [Recaptui ed.\\n1796. Aug. 25. Released.]\\nParis. The Convention decrees the\\nabolition of the slave-trade.\\n1795 May 20. Paris. Bread riots\\noccur.\\nThe populace unsuccessfully rise\\nagainst the Convention, and are subdued\\nby the use of artillery.\\nJune 8. Paris. Louis XVII. dies in\\nprison, in consequence of a series of bar-\\nbarities practised by his jailers only\\nthe emigrants acknowledged him as\\nking.\\nSTATE.\\n1793 Sept. 17. Paris. A maximum\\nprice for a great number of Commo-\\ndite^s, and the rate of wages, are estab-\\nlished.\\nAll persons suspected of being un-\\nfriendly to the Republic are impris-\\noned.\\nOct. 12. Paris. The Convention decrees\\nthe demolition of Lyons, because of\\nits opposition to the Government, and\\nthree commissioners are sent to carry\\nout the decree.\\nOct. 16. Paris. Queen Marie Antoi-\\nnette is beheaded.\\nOct. 30, 31. Paris. The Revolutionary\\nTribunal execute 21 Girondists in the\\nnight.\\nDominance of the Revolutionary Tri-\\nbunal and the guillotine Fouquier-\\nTinville is public prosecutor legal\\nforms are set aside, and 60 persons are\\nexecuted in one month.\\nNov. 6. Paris. Louis Philippe Joseph\\n(FJgalite), Duke of Orleans, is executed\\nby the Jacobins.\\nNov. 8. Paris. Madame Roland is be-\\nheaded because her husband is obnox-\\nious to the Jacobins.\\nNov. i* Paris. Christianity is pro-\\nscribed.\\nThe worship of God is abolished the\\nGoddess of Reason (from the Opera\\nHouse) is enthroned in Notre Dame\\nDeath is an eternal sleep is written\\non the entrance of the cemeteries.\\nNov. 24. Paris. The Revolutionary\\nEra (see 1792, Sept. 22) is established in\\nplace of the Gregorian Calendar. Sept.\\n22, 1792, beginning the Year One.\\n1794 Feb. 3. Paris. The Convention\\nreceives three deputies from St. Do-\\nmingo two are blacks and one white.\\nMar. 24. Paris. Nineteen Ultra-Revo-\\nlutionists, including Herbert, their\\nleader, are executed by the Jacobins for\\nattempting to organize an insurrection\\nof the Sections.\\nMar. 29. Paris. The Dantonists are\\ncondemned.\\nApr. 6. Paris. Danton, Benoit Camille\\nDesmoulins, a pamphleteer, with several\\nassociates, are executed.\\nApr. 19. The Treaty of The Hague is\\nsigned by England and Prussia it pro-\\nvides subsidies for 60,000 men to carry\\non the war against France.\\nApr. Paris. The Committee of\\nSafety has unchecked domination.\\nRobespierre abolishes the worship of\\nreason, and causes the Convention to\\npass a resolution acknowledging the ex-\\nistence of a Supreme Being.\\nCorsica. Pasquale Paoli organizes a\\nsuccessful revolt; he is elected gene-\\nralissimo, and president of the council\\nof Carte.\\nJune 10. Paris. Additional and fright-\\nful powers are granted by the Conven-\\ntion to the Revolutionary Tribunal.\\nWitnesses are not required juries\\nconvict without evidence or argument,\\nand death is the sole penalty for all\\noffenses executions increase to 354 a\\nmonth.\\nJune 17. Corsica. Paoli, despairing of\\nthe success of the revolution in main-\\ntaining independence, agrees to a union\\nwith Great Britain; George III. is ac-\\nknowledged king.\\nJune Paris. The Mountain party (Rad-\\nicals) and the Moderates organize a con-\\nspiracy against Robespierre.\\nJuly 27. Paris. Robespierre falls.\\nThe two Robespierres, Couthon, St.\\nJust, Lebas, and Henriot, members of\\nthe Commune, are arrested by order\\nof the Convention they are released by\\nthe Commune, but they are surprised\\nand rearrested in the night at the Hotel\\nde Ville.\\nJuly 28. Paris. Robespierre and 71\\nothers are beheaded the Commune is\\nnearly extinct.\\nThe Reign of Terror ends.\\n*-95* Paris. The Moderates con-\\ntrol the National Convention.\\nThe Committees of Public Safety and\\nGeneral Security are remodeled, and\\npolitical suspects are released from\\nprison.\\nNov. 9. Paris. An association of young\\nmen attacks the hall of the Jacobin\\nClub, and drives out its members.\\nNov. 12. Paris. The Jacobin Club is\\nclosed, and tbe Society is dissolved by\\nthe Convention.\\nDec. 8. Paris. The surviving Giron-\\ndists are readmitted to their seats in\\nthe Convention.\\nDec. 16. Jean Baptiste Carrier is con-\\ndemned and executed for cruelty to in-\\nsurrectionists at Nantes, 32,000 of whom\\nhe had massacred in a few weeks, 500 of\\nwhom were orphaned children of mur-\\ndered parents.\\nDec. 24. The maximum, fixing the\\nprices of commoditis, is repealed.\\n1795 Jan. The depreciation attending\\nthe increased issues of the Assignats\\ncauses much public misery.\\nFeb. 5. The Vendean insurgents sign\\na treaty of peace with the Convention.\\nApr. Paris. An insurrection breaks\\nout against the Government.\\nThe Convention Hall is invaded by a\\nmob which demands bread; it is dis-\\npersed by the troops. The Terrorists,\\nCollot, Billaud, Barrere, and Vaudier,\\nare sentenced to transportation.\\nApr. 5. Switz. Peace is signed at\\nBasel with Prussia, Saxony, Hanover,\\nand Hesse-Cassel.\\nFrance is to hold tbe left bank of the\\nRhine until peace shall be concluded\\nwith the empire a line of demarcation\\nfixes the neutrality of Northern Ger-\\nmany.\\nA secret article is signed by which\\nPrussia absolutely cedes the left bank\\nof the Rhine to France on the assurance\\nof a recompense through secularization.\\nMay 7. Paris. Antoine Quentin Fou-\\nquier-Tinville, the public prosecutor\\nunder Robespierre, is guillotined.\\nNeth. The Batavian Republic is es-\\ntablished by France. (1795-180G. See\\nNetherlands.)\\nIt makes an alliance with France, to\\nwhom it surrenders Dutch Holland.\\nMay 20. Paris. Unsuccessful Prairial\\ninsurrection by the populace.\\nA mob of 30,000 attacks the Conven-\\ntion, demanding the enforcement of the\\nConstitution of 1793, the release of im-\\nprisoned patriots, and the restoration\\nof the Jacobins; it is dispersed after\\nmuch bloodshed, and the ringleaders\\nare executed.\\nJune The Vendean insurgents again\\nassemble under Charette and Stofllet.\\nThey are suppressed [and their leaders\\nexecuted. 1796, Feb.* StofSet is exe-\\ncuted. Mar. 29, Also Charette-1\\nJune 8. The dauphin, son of Louis XVI.\\nand Marie Antoinette, styled by the Roy-\\nalists Louis XVII., dies, aged ten years.\\nJuly Switz. The Peace of Basle is\\nconcluded with Spain.\\nSpanish St. Domingo is ceded to\\nFrance, which restores all other Span-\\nish conquests.\\nAug. 22. The Convention accepts the\\nnew (third) Constitution establishing\\na Directory.\\nThe legislative power is to be vested\\nin two councils, the Council of Elders\\n(250), and the Council of Five Hundred\\nthe executive is to consist of a board of\\nfive directors called a Directory. Two-\\nthirds of the number are to be taken\\nfrom the present Convention.\\n1795-1799 Government of the Di-\\nrectory.\\nAug. 23. Paris. The Convention orders\\nthe suppression of all clubs.\\nSept. 23. Paris. The Convention an-\\nnounces the acceptance of the new\\nConstitution in the provinces much\\nhostility is manifested in Paris to the\\nlimitation of membership.\\nOct. Paris. Royalists stimulate insur-\\nrection in the Sections. The Conven-\\ntion appoints Barras chief-in-command,\\nLieut. -Gen. Bonaparte second.\\nOct. 5. Paris. Day of the Sections,\\n13th Vendemiaire.\\nBonaparte crushes the revolt of the\\nSections with artillery in the Rue St.\\nHonore, before the Church of St. Roche\\n300 are killed and again at Pont Neuf\\ntime one hour and a half.\\nOct. 26. The Convention ends after\\nthree years duration.\\nNov. Mandats, representing a specific\\namount of land, substitute the assi-\\ngnats, which have become almost value-\\nless, 45,000,000,000 francs having been\\nissued.\\nCorsica. The British viceroy, Sir Gil-\\nbert Eliott, opens parliament.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0723.jp2"}, "724": {"fulltext": "712 1796, Mar. 9-1799,\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1796 Three French armies raised.\\n(See p. 518.)\\nApr. 12. It. Bonaparte, beginning his\\nfirst Italian campaign, defeats trie Aus-\\ntrians under Gen. D Agenteau at Mon-\\ntenotte.\\nApr. 14. It. Bonaparte is victorious at\\nMillesimo.\\nApr. 22. It. Bonaparte defeats the\\nPiedmontese under Gen. Colli at Mon-\\ndovi.\\nMay* The French cross the lower\\nR hin e.\\nMay 10. It. Bonaparte, the Little\\nCorporal, with. 6,000 men, charges and\\ndefeats 16,000(?) Austrians at the Bridge\\nofLodi. Austrian loss, 2,500; French\\nloss, estimated at 2,000. [May 15. Milan\\nfalls.]\\nJune 3. It. The French under Mar-\\nshal Rfassena take Verona.\\nJune 4. Prus. The French defeat the\\nAustrians at Altenkirchen. [June 16.\\nThe French are forced back.]\\nJuly 5. Aust. Gen. Moreau defeats the\\nAustrians at Badstadt. [July Bona-\\nparte besieges Mantua.]\\nAug. 3. It. Victories of Lonato [and\\nCastiglione and Medola]. (See p. 51S.)\\nAug. 10. Ger. Gen. Moreau defeats\\nthe Austrians under the Archduke\\nCharles at Neresheim. [Aug. 24. Jour-\\ndan defeated at Amberg. Sept. 3. At\\nWurzburg. (See p. 518.)\\nSept. 4. Aust. Bonaparte defeats the\\nAustrians under Marshal Wurmser at\\nRoveredo. [Sept. 8. Again at Bas-\\nsano, It.]\\nSept. 16. Prus. The Austrians defeat\\nthe French at Altenkirchen.\\nOct. 2. Ger. The French defeat the\\nAustrians at Biberach. [Oct. 20. Mo-\\nreau driven across the Rhine.] (See\\np. 518.]\\nNov. 12. It. Bonaparte repulsed at\\nCaldiero. (See p. 518.)\\nNov, 15-17. It- Austrians defeated at\\nAreola. (See p. 518.)\\nNov. 21. Aust. Bonaparte defeats the\\nAustrians at Castelnuovo.\\n1797 Jan. 14, 15. It. Austrians de-\\nfeated at Rivoli. (See p. 518.)\\nFeb. 2. It. Marshal Wurmser and\\n20,000 Austrians capitulate to Bona-\\nparte at Mantua.\\nFeb. 9. It. Ancona capitulates.\\nFeb. W. The French invade Wales\\nthey soon surrender.\\nFeb. 14. The Spanish fleet of 27 vessels\\nis defeated by a British fleet of 14 vessels\\nunder Adm. Jervis off Cape St. Vin-\\ncent; the Spaniards lose four ships.\\nMar. 16. It. Bonaparte defeats the\\nAustrians at Tagliamento.\\nMar. -Apr. It. Bonaparte crosses\\nthe Alps. (See p. 518.) [Sept. 17. War\\nends.]\\nMay 12. War is declared against Ven-\\nice the Republic is occupied by French\\ntroops, the Senate abdicates, and a\\ndemocratic government is proclaimed.\\nAug. 23. Prus. The Archduke Charles\\ndefeats Gen. Bernadotte at Neumark.\\n[Sept. 3. He defeats Marshal Jourdan\\nat Wurzburg.]\\n1798 Feb. 19. Rome. Marshal Mas-\\nselna is made commander of the army of\\noccupation.\\nApr. Switz. Conquest of Switzer-\\nland. (See State.)\\nMay 19. Bonaparte sails from Toulon\\nfor Egypt with 36,000 men and 20 war-\\nships. [June 12. He takes the Island\\nof Malta. July 2. He takes Alexan-\\ndria, Egypt.]\\nJuly 21. Egy. At the battle of the\\nPyramids Bonaparte defeats the Mame-\\nlukes under Murad Bey. [July 22. He\\ncaptures Cairo.]\\nAug. 1, 2. Battle of the Nile.\\nThe British Adm. Nelson defeats the\\nFrench Adm. Brueys, who is killed the\\nFrench lose 13 out of 17 vessels and 9,000\\nmen. (See Great Britain.)\\nAug. 27. Ire. The French auxiliaries\\nunder Gen. Jos. A. Humbert (15,000) with\\nIrish insurgents compel the British un-\\nder Gen. Lake to retreat at Castlebar\\nthe French and Irish occupy the town.\\n[Sept. 8; Defeated at Ballinamuck by\\nthe British under the viceroy, Lord Corn-\\nwallis.]\\nOct. 12. Ire. The British take five\\nFrench ships sent to help the Irish.\\n(See Great Britain.)\\nOct. 22. Egy. A revolt breaks out in\\nCairo against the French 5,000 natives\\nare massacred.\\n1799 -1801 War of the second\\ncoalition. Russia, Austria, England,\\nPortugal, Naples, and Turkey are\\nunited against France.\\nFeb. 9. The British capture the La Pru-\\ndente. (See Great Britain.)\\nFeb. 18. Asia Minor. Bonaparte takes\\nEl Arisen, the frontier fortress of Syria.\\n[It is soon retaken.]\\nMar. 13. France again declares war\\nagainst Austria.\\nAsia Minor. Bonaparte takes Jaffa\\nby assault he [is accused] of the mas-\\nsacre of 1,200 Turkish prisoners. [Mar.\\n18. He besieges Acre.]\\nMar. 25. It. The French defeated at\\nStockach. (See p. 518.)\\nMar. 28-30. It. The Austrians defeat\\nthe French at Verona.\\nApr. 5. It. The Austrians under Baron\\nvon Eray defeat the French Gen.\\nScherer at Magnano.\\nApr. 16. Asia Minor. Bonaparte de-\\nfeats the Turks at Mount Tabor.\\nApr. 27. It. French defeat at Cassano.\\n(See p. 518.)\\nMay Gr. A Russi an-Turki sh fleet takes\\nthe Ionian Islands from France.\\nMay 20. Asia Minor. After a desper-\\nate assault, Bonaparte; repulsed by Sir\\nSydney Smith, abandons the siege of\\nAcre, and departs for Egypt.\\nJune 5. Switz. The French under\\nMarshal Masstfna are defeated at Zu-\\nrich by the Austrians under the Arch-\\nduke Charles.\\nJune 17-19. It. Battle of Parma.\\n(See p. 518.)\\nJuly 21. It. The French are driven\\nfrom Alessandria, the capital of a de-\\npartment, by the Russians under Suva-\\nroff.\\nJuly 25. Egy. The French under Mar-\\nshal Murat defeat the Turks at Abou-\\nkir.\\nAug. 15. It. Battle of Novi. (See p.\\n518.)\\nAug. 22. Egy. Bonaparte transfers the\\ncommand to Gen. Kle ber.\\nSept. 9. Neth. The French are de-\\nfeated at Zuyper Slays.\\nSept. 19. Neth. The French underMar-\\nshal Brune defeat the allies at Bergen.\\nSept. 25, 26. Switz. Marshal Massena\\ndefeats the Russians under Marshal\\nSuvaroff at Zurich.\\nOct. 6. Neth. The Ihike of York,\\ncommanding the Anglo-Russian army,\\ncapitulates to the French at Alkmaar.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1798 Chromium and beryl are dis-\\ncovered by Louis Nicolas Vauquelin.\\n1799* *A -weaving-machine is made\\nby Joseph Marie Jacquard, near Lyons.\\nParis. Laplace s Micanique Celeste\\nappears.\\nParis. Georges Cuvier introduces\\nan approved system of anatomical clas-\\nsification.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1796 Bautain, L Abbe LouiB E. M., phi-\\nlosopher, born.\\nBarthelemy, Auguste Marseille, poet, born.\\nBourdon, Isidore, physician, author, born.\\nBuchez, Philippe J. B., philosophical wr., b.\\nCollot d Herbois, Jean Marie, revolution-\\nist, A46\u00c2\u00b1.\\nCremieux, Isaac A lulpln\\\\ politician, born.\\nDemetz, Frederic Auguste, philan., born.\\nPombey, Joseph, botanist, traveler, A54.\\nKnfantin, I .aitheleniv Prosper, socialist, b.\\nJouffroy, Theodore S., philosophical wr., b.\\nMignet, Kraiicuis Auguste Marie, hist., born.\\nMirbel, Lizinska A. Z. R. de, miniaturist, b.\\nKaynal, Abbe, Guilhimne Thomas Francois,\\nhistorian, philosopher, A83.\\nSaint-Arnaud. Jacques Achille Leroy de,\\nmarshal, born.\\n1797 Andral, Gabriel, physician, born.\\nAubert du Bayet, Jean Baptiste Annibal,\\ngeneral, A38.\\nAudouin, Jean Victor, entomologist, com-\\nparative anatomist, born.\\nAuger, Hippolvtp Nicolas Just, novelist, b.\\nAuzoux, Theodore Louis, physician, born.\\nBabeuf, Francois Noel, revolutionist, A34.\\nHasan, Pierre Francois, an., engraver, A74.\\nB6rard, Pierre Honore, surgeon, born.\\nBertin, Edouard Francois, journ., artist, b.\\nCarlowitz, Baronnc, Aloise Christine, au., b.\\nOarniouche, Pierre Fred., Adolphe, dram., b.\\nIlejacet, .Marie Virginie, actor, horn.\\nDelaroche. Paul (Hyppolyte), historical\\npainter, born.\\nFabre, Antoine F. H., medical writer, born.\\nFabre, .lean, the honest criminal, A 7d.\\nFanehe, Ilippolvte, Sanskrit scholar, born.\\nIlenriquel-lnipont, Louis Pierre, engraver, b.\\nHocbe. Lazare, general, A29.\\nKergtielen-Treinarec, Yves Joseph de, navi-\\ngator, A52.\\nLeuret, Francois, physician, author, born.\\nLouvet de Couvrav, Jean l .apt., rev.,A37.\\nPelletier, Pert rand, chemist, A 36.\\nQuerard, Joseph Marie, bibliographer, born.\\nKcmusal, Comte de, has., F. M., philos., b.\\nRobert- Fleurv. Joseph N., hist, painter, b.\\nThiers. Louis Adolphe, hist., President, b.\\nThierry, A medee Simon Ihmiinique, hist.,b.\\nVigny, Comte de, Alfred Victor, poet, born.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0724.jp2"}, "725": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1796, Mar. 9-1799, 713\\n1798* Bertini, Henri Jerome, composer,\\npianist, born.\\nBlanqui, Jerome A., political economist, b.\\nBoniface, Joseph Xavier (Saintine), an., b.\\nBrneys d Aigalliers, Francois P., adm., A48.\\nCallet, Jean Francois, mathematician, A54.\\nCasabianca, Louis, naval captain, A43i.\\nClerc, Nicolas Gabriel, physician, hist., A72.\\nJan. 19. Comte, Isidore Auguate M. F,\\nX., philosopher, founder positivism, born.\\nDuvergier de Hauranae, Prosper, states-\\nman, born.\\nGlaire, Jean Bapt., theol., orientalist, born.\\nHenry, Etienne Ossian, chemist, born.\\nJasmin. Jacques, poet, born.\\nJoly, Marie Elizabeth, actor, A3S.\\nLeroux, Pierre, socialist, writer, born.\\nLeroy d Etiolles, Jean, surgeon, born.\\nMarbeau, Jean Baptiste l- innin, philan., b.\\nMery, Joseph, author, born.\\nMichelet, Jules, historian, born.\\nOrsay, Comte d Alfred (.1. G., artist, born.\\nVeron, Louis Desire, journalist, born.\\nVuillaume, Jean I .aptiste, violin-maker, b.\\nWailly, Charles de, architect, A69.\\nCHURCH.\\n1796* *Pope Pins VI. makes submis-\\nsion to the French. Republic.\\n1798 Feb. It. The Pope is taken a\\nprisoner by the French, and removed to\\nFlorence [later, is ordered to Paris,\\nand dies on the journey.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1796 Theorie du pouvoir civil et reli-\\ngieux, by L. G. A. de Bonald, appears.\\nConsider at ions sur In revolution fran-\\n?aise, by Joseph M. Maistre, appears.\\nExposition of the System of the Uni-\\nverse, by Laplace, appears. [1799-18 25,\\nTreatise on Celestial Mechanics.\\n1797 Agamemnon, by Louis J. A. Le-\\nmercier, appears. [Later, TartiiffRevoln-\\ntionnaire, Ophis, Char/em.agne, Baudoin,\\nSt. Louis, Columbus, and other plays.]\\nDes Plantes, by Rene R. L. Castel, ap-\\npears [Later Forest of Fonfainebleau.\\nAnecdotes of the Rerohtt ion in Russia,\\nby Claude Ca rloman Rulhiere, appears.\\n[1798\u00c2\u00b1 Histoire de V Anarchic de Pologne.]\\nEssay on the Revolutions, by Chateau-\\nbriand, appears.\\n-1800 Le Catichisme universel, by\\nSaint-Lambert, appears.\\n1795 Treatise on Membrane s,\\\\)y M. F.\\nX. Bichat, appears. [1S00, Researches\\non Life and /hath; 1801, General Ariat-\\nomy applied to Physiology and Medi-\\nLa dot de Suzette, by Joseph Fievee,\\nappears.\\n-1800 Flora Atlantica, by Rene\\nLouiche Desfontaines, appears.\\n-1805 Nouvelle bibfintheque des\\nromans, by La Vergne de Tressan, ap-\\npears.\\n1799 Frederic, by Joseph Fievee, ap-\\npears.\\nThe orie des fonctions analytiques, by\\nLagrange, appears.\\nGuerre des Dieux, anciens et modernes,\\nby A r iscount Parny, appears. [Also,\\nPoemes e rotiques.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1796 Mar. 9. Napoleon Bonaparte\\nmarries Josephine, widow of Vicomte\\nde Beauharnais.\\nSTATE.\\n1796 May 12. A conspiracy against\\nthe Directory, composed of Socialists,\\nAnarchists, and Jacobins, under the\\nleadership of Francois Noel B-abeuf and\\nothers, is discovered r J\\nBonaparte requires Victor Amadeus to\\ncede Savoy and Nice to France, and to\\nsurfer the French to garrison the Pied-\\nnumtese fortresses.\\nOct. 22. Corsica. The people having\\ndeclared for the French, the British\\nleave the island.\\n1797 Feb. 19. It. The Pope signs the\\nhumiliating Treaty of Folentino.\\nHe cedes to France Bologna, Ferrara,\\nand the Roniagua and Avignon with its\\nterritory 15,UiH),i)uO Irancs, and 100 valu-\\nable works of art treasures are also ex-\\nacted.\\nApr. 18. Aust. Preliminary Peace of\\nLeoben.\\nA Congress to mediate for peace with the\\nempire on the basis of its undivided terri-\\ntory. Austria cedes to France the Belgian\\nprovinces and the region beyond the Oglio;\\nin return, Austria is to receive the greater\\npart of the mainland of Venice, including\\nthe territory between the Oglio, Po, and\\nAdriatic, after she has conquered it; also\\nVenetian Dalmatia and Istria, with the for-\\ntresses of Mantua Peschiera and Palmo\\nNovo. She is (o recognize the Cisalpine Ke-\\npublic of Northern Italy when formed by\\nltonaparte. Venice to receive Komagna,\\nBologna, and Ferrara.\\nMay Bonaparte declares war against\\nVenice because of the massacre of a\\nFrench garrison at Verona, Italy.\\nMay It. Bonaparte establishes popu-\\nlar government in Venice aristocracy\\nis abolished.\\nRoyalists elect more than 200 mem-\\nbers to the Council of Five Hundred.\\nMay* It. Bonaparte organizes the Cis-\\nalpine Republic, with Milan for its\\ncapital. (Milan, Modena, Ferrara, Bo-\\nlogna, and Romagna.)\\nMay* It. Bonaparte erects Genoa with\\npart of Sardinia Into the Ligurian Re-\\npublic, with French control.\\nJuly 15. The exiled French ministers\\nare permitted to return on taking an\\noath to support the Constitution.\\nSept. 4. Paris. The Coup d Etat suc-\\nceeds.\\nThe Republicans are victorious over\\nthe Royalists in the Council of Five\\nHundred, the Council of Ancients, and\\nin the Directory. Lazare Nicolas Carnot\\nand Francois Barthelemy are deposed\\nfrom the Directory by aid of the army.\\nMembers from 53 departments, includ-\\ning Barthelemy and Gen. Pichegru, the\\npresident of the Five Hundred, are trans-\\nported for conspiracy. Carnot contrives\\ntot\\nlane.\\nMay Sardinia makes a separate peace\\nwith France.\\nOct. 17. It. The Peace of Campo\\nFormio is concluded between France\\nand Austria. (See Austria-Hungary.)\\nDec. 10. Paris. Bonaparte returns,\\nand receives a public ovation from the\\nDirectory.\\n1797 Dec. 8-99 Apr. 8. Ger. The\\nCongress of Rastadt meets to treat of\\nthe general peace with the Germanic\\npowers, and fails through disagreement.\\n(See Germany.)\\n1798 Bonaparte persuades the Direc-\\ntery to send him on an expedition\\nagainst Egypt.\\nFeb. It. The French under Marshal\\nBerthier occupy Rome, and proclaim\\nthe Roman Republic.\\nPope Pius VI. is taken prisoner, and\\nremoved to Florence he is ordered to\\nParis, and dies on the road.\\nApr. Switz. Solicited by the oppressed\\nAValdenses, the French enter and con-\\nquer Switzerland.\\nApr. 12. Switzerland is formed into\\nthe Helvetian Republic, after the model\\nof France Geneva is annexed to France.\\nMay 11. Paris. The elections having\\ndisappointed the Government, another\\ncoup d Uat follows, and many radical\\ndeputies are expelled.\\nAug+. It. The Power of France is\\ndiminished by many military disasters.\\n1799-1801 Apr. Second coalition\\nagainst France.\\nGreat Britain, Germany, Russia, Naples,\\nPortugal, and Turkey enter under the leader\\nship of Paul I., Emperor of Russia and Grand\\nMaster of the Knights of Malta.\\nThe allies propose an English army under,\\nthe Duke of York to operate in the Nether-\\nlands; an Austrian army under the Arch-\\nduke Charles for Germany and Switzerland;\\na Russian- Austrian army under Marshal\\nSuvaroff for Italy.\\n1799 Spring. The elections are hostile\\nto the Directory, and a cabal is formed\\nfor the overthrow of the Government.\\nJune 18. Paris. Revolution of the\\n30th Prairial against the Convention.\\nThe Republicans, under Abbe Siey^s,\\nhaving forced the retirement of Director\\nCount Treilhard for Louis Jerome Go-\\nhier, now dismiss Larevelilere and Phi-\\nlippe Antoine Merlin, who are succeeded\\nby Roger Ducos and Gen. Moulin.\\nAug. 23. Bonaparte returns from\\nEgypt.\\nParis. Bonaparte offers his services\\nto the new Directory.\\nNov. 9. Paris. The legislative body\\ncalled the Ancients is persuaded to re-\\nmove to St. Cloud, as a place of greater\\nfreedom.\\nA bloodless revolution occurs:\\ndownfall of the Republic.\\nThe Coup d Etat of the 18th Bru-\\nmaire. Bonaparte dissolves the Coun-\\ncil of the Ancients as incompetent.\\nNov. 10. Paris. Bonaparte expels the\\nCouncil of Five Hundred by the aid\\nof the army, and assumes control of the\\nGovernment.\\n1799 -1804 Government of the\\nConsulate.\\nBonaparte is chosen First Consul for\\nten years; he selects Jean -Jacques Regis\\nde CambactSres and Charles Francois\\nLebrun for his two consultation col-\\nleagues.\\nDec. 13. Paris. The new (fourth) Con-\\nstitution is promulgated. [Ratified\\nvote, 3,000,000-1,567.]\\nThere are to be three consuls, for terms of\\nten years and reeligible; the tirst to hold all\\nthe power, and the other two lor consultation.\\nLegislation is to be initiated by a Council\\nof State, appointed by the First Consul. Its\\nlaws are to be discussed by a Tribunate of\\nOne Hundred, who are then to pass them on\\nto be discussed before the Legislative liody\\n(300) by three orators, and then by three\\nCounsellors of State nominated by the Gov-\\nernment, and to be finally ratified or re-\\njected by a secret ballot, without debate.\\nA Senate of 80 life-members, to confirm or\\nannul all acts sent to it on constitutional\\ngrounds. Senators to name the Consuls, Tri-\\nbunes, and Legislative Body, choosing them\\nfrom 5,000 persons who are chosen by univer-\\nsal suffrage. Senators to be elected to va-\\ncancies by joint action from a list of three\\ncandidal es presented by (he Legislative Body,\\nthe Tribunate, and the First Consul.\\nNapoleon Bonaparte rapidly in-\\nhis popular influence.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0725.jp2"}, "726": {"fulltext": "714 1799,* *-1805, Oct 14.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1300 Mar. 20. Egy. Gen. Kleber de-\\nfeats the Turks at Heliopolis. [The\\nFrench are again dominant in Egypt.]\\nApr. It. The French under Marshal\\nMasse na are defeated at Voltri.\\nMay 3. Ger. Gen. Moreau defeats the\\nAustrians at Engen. [May 4. Again at\\nStockach. (See p. 518.) May 6. Again\\nat Biberach.]\\nNapoleon completes the subjugation\\nof the Boyalist insurrectionists in Ven-\\ndue. [May 15-20. He crosses the Alps\\ninto Italy. June 2. He enters Milan.]\\nJune 4. It. Marshal Mass^na surren-\\nders Genoa to the English and Aus-\\ntrian s.\\nJune 9. It. The French under Marshal\\nLannes defeat the Austrians under Gen.\\nOtt at Montebello.\\nJune 14. Egy. Gen. EHe ber is assas-\\nsinated at Cairo by Suleyman, a fanatic.\\nGen. Menou assumes command.\\nIt. Battle of Marengo.\\nBonaparte defeats the Austrians un-\\nder Gen. Melas. French, 28,000+ loss,\\n7,000\u00c2\u00b1; Austrians, 33,000i; loss, 10,000\\nto 12,000. Bonaparte gains Upper Italy.\\nJune 19. Ger. Gen. Moreau defeats the\\nAustrians at Hochstadt. [July 2. He\\nenters Munich. July 15. Armistice.]\\nSept. 5. Malta surrenders to the British.\\nDec. 3. Saxony. Battle of Hohenlin-\\nden.\\nGen. Moreau defeats and routs the\\nAustrians under the Archduke John\\nAustrian loss, 8,000 killed and wounded,\\nand 12,000 prisoners. [Dec. 15. He takes\\nSalzburg.]\\nDec. 25, 26. It. Battles on the Min-\\ncio. (See p. 518.)\\n1801 Feb. 9. Peace of Lune ville.\\nMar. 8. Egy. The English under Sir\\nKalph Abercromhy defeat the French at\\nAboukir, and capture the town. [Mar.\\n21. He defeats Gen. Menou at Alexan-\\ndria; Abercromhy is fatally wounded.\\nMar. 28. Dies.]\\nMay 22. Egy. The French army at\\nCairo capitulates to the English [and is\\nconveyed to France in English vessels].\\n1802 Feb. W. I. An army of 40,000\\nmen is sent to Santo Domingo to sup-\\npress the revolt of the blacks under\\nToussaint. [May 7. W. I. Toussaint\\nL Ouverture surrenders.]\\n1803 May* The English seize all\\nFrench vessels in their harbors Bona-\\nparte retaliates by making English\\ntravelers in France prisoners of war.\\nMay The French under Marshal Mor-\\ntier invade Hanover Naples is occupied\\nby another French army under Marshal\\nLaurent Gouvion-Saint-Cyr.\\nNapoleon forms a great encamp-\\nment at Boulogne, and makes prepa-\\nrations to invade England.\\nINov. W. I. The French army in Santo\\nDomingo capitulates to the English.\\n1805 Sept.* The army of Eng-\\nland is transferred from Boulogne to\\nGermany.\\nOct. 14. Ger. The French under Mar-\\nshal Ney defeat the Austrians at El-\\nchingen, Bavaria.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1800 Paris. Baron George Chretien\\nL. F. D. Cuvier lectures at the College\\nof France on anatomy.\\n1801 Abbe Rene Just Haiiy publishes\\nhis Treatise on Mineralogy.\\n1802 Sept. 4. Andre 1 Jacques Garnerin,\\nthe aeronaut, descends 8,000 feet in his\\nparachute.\\n*Etienne Geoff roy Saint-Hilaire\\nbrings zoological collections from Egypt.\\n1803 Aug. 9. Paris. Bobert Ful-\\nton s steamboat Clermont sails on the\\nSeine.\\nNarcotin is discovered by Charles\\nDerosne.\\n1804+ The Plague of Jaffa is painted\\nby Antoine Jean Gros.\\nAug. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and\\nJean Baptiste Biot ascend in a balloon\\nto ascertain the intensity of the mag-\\nnetic force, and reach a height of 13,000\\nfeet it is the first ascent made for scien-\\ntific purposes. [Sept.* Gay-Lussac as-\\ncends alone to the height of four and\\none-third miles above the level of the\\nsea.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1799 May SO. Balzac, Honor6 de, nov-\\nelist, born.\\nBarrande, Joachim, geologist, born.\\nBeaumarchais. Pierre Auguste Caron de.\\ndramatist, A67.\\nBorda, Jean Charles, math., astron., A66.\\nBourdon, Louis Pierre .Marie, math., born.\\nCadet de Gassicourt, L. Claude, chemist, A68.\\nCaille, Rene, traveler, born.\\nChasles, Victor E. Philarete, critic, au., b.\\nDelacroix, Ferdinand V. E., painter, born.\\nGeruzey, Eugene, litterateur, born.\\nGrand-Pierre, Jean Henry, Protestant el., b.\\nIlalevy, Jacques Francois F. E., comp., b.\\nJoubert, Barthelemy Catherine, general,\\nA30.\\nJulien, Stanislas, orientalist, born.\\nLemonnier, Pierre Charles, astronomer, A84,\\nMontucla, Jean Etienne, math., A74.\\nMontgol tier, Jacques Etienne, balloonist, A54.\\nQuicherat, Louis, lexicographer, born.\\nReybaud, Mane Roch Louis, author, born.\\nSainte-Hilaire, August, de. botanist, born.\\nVaulabelle, Achille Tenaille de, writer, born.\\nDec. 31. Marmontel, Jean Francois,\\ncritic, mis. writer, A71.\\n1800 Agoult, Marie de Flavigny d au-\\nthor, born.\\nAmpere, Jean Jacques, author, born,\\nArcon, Jean Claude FJeonor le Michaud d\\nengineer, A67.\\nAubry, Francois, revolutionist, A50\u00c2\u00b1.\\nAudebert, Jean P.apiiste, natural., engr., A41.\\nAudrein, Yves Marie, politician, writer, d.\\nAuvray, Felix, painter, born.\\nP.astide, Jules, journalist, politician, born.\\nBiard, Francois \\\\uguste, painter, born.\\nBillard, Charles Michel, physician, born.\\nBotta, Paul Emile, areheologist, born.\\nBouill6, Marquis de, Francois Claude Amour,\\ngeneral, writer, A61.\\nCarrel, Nicolas Arinand, political wr., born.\\nChaix d Est-Ange, C.ustave L. A. V. C, ad-\\nvocate, born.\\nChampionnet, Jean Etienne, general, A38.\\nCharost, Arinand Joseph de Bethune de, phi-\\nlanthropist, A72.\\nDantan, Jean Pierre, sculptor, born.\\nDaubenton, Louis Jean Marie, natural., A84.\\nDesaLx de Veygoux, Louis Charles Antoine,\\ngeneral, A32.\\nDumas, Jean Baptiste, chemist, born.\\nForbonnais, Francois Veron de, tinan., A7.8.\\nFould, Achille, financier, statesman, horn.\\nGay, Claude, botanist, historian, born.\\nGuignes, Joseph de, orientalist, A79.\\nJohannot, Alfred, engraver, painter, born.\\nKleber, Jean Baptiste. general, A46\u00c2\u00b1.\\nLatour d Auvergne,- Theopbile Malo C. de,\\nsoldier, A57.\\nL Heritier de Bru telle, Charles Louis, bota-\\nnist, A54.\\nLemaitre, Frederic, actor, born.\\nMigne, L Ahbe, Jacques Paul, editor, born.\\nMilne-Edwards, Henri, naturalist, born.\\nMonod, Adolphe. Prot. clergyman, born.\\nMontalembert. Marquis de, Marc Rene, mil-\\nitary engineer, A86.\\nPereire, Emile, financier, a fdr. of Credit\\nMobilier, born.\\nPoujoulat, Jean Joseph Francois, author, b.\\nPouchet, Felix Arcliimede, physiologist, b.\\nRicord, Philippe, physician, born.\\nSoulie, Melcboir Frederic, novelist, born.\\nSoyer, Alexis, cook, writer, born.\\n1801 Antoine, Jacques Denis, artist, A68.\\nBarchou de Penhoen, Baron, Auguste T. H.,\\nwriter, born.\\nBastiat, Frederic, political economist, b.\\nBertin, Louis .Mane Armand, journalist, b.\\nBonnechose, Francois P. E. B. de, historian,\\nwriter, born.\\nBurnouf, Eugene, orientalist, born.\\nCarnot, Lazare Hippolyte, politician, writer,,\\nborn.\\nCavaignac, Eleonore Louis G-, journalist, b.\\nChevalier, Sulpiee G. P., caricaturist, born.\\nCournot, Antoine Augustin, math., born.\\nDarcet, Jean, physician, chemist, A74\u00c2\u00b1.\\nDolomieu, D\u00c2\u00a3odat G. S. T. Gratet de, geolo-\\ngist, A51i.\\nBumeril, Edelestand Pontas, scholar, born.\\nDumont, Augustin Alexandre, sculptor, b.\\nFournet, Victor, geologist, born.\\nGarnier, Adolphe, philosopher, born.\\nJacquemont, Victor, naturalist, born.\\nLartet, Edouard, areheologist, born.\\nLittre, Maximilien Paul Emile, -philologist,\\nphilosopher, born.\\nManas!, Armand, journalist, politician, b.\\nPauthier, Jean I G., Chinese scholar, born.\\nSaint-Marc Girardin, Francois Auguste, au-\\nthor, politician, born.\\nTaschereau, Jules A., biographer, critic, b.\\nTrousseau, Armand, physician, born.\\n1802 Arago, Etienne, poet, dram., journal-\\nist, born.\\nBalard, Antoine J., chemist, born.\\nBeaumont de la Bonniere, Gustave A. de,\\nwriter, born.\\nBerard, Auguste, surgeon, born.\\nBescherelle, Louis Nicolas, grammarian, lex-\\nicographer, born.\\nBichat, Marie Francois Xavier, anatomist,\\nphysiologist, A 31.\\nBoccage, Marie Anne Le Page du, poet, A92.\\nBoussingaull, Jean P. J. 1)., chemist, born.\\nCapetigue, Jean Baptiste Honore Raymond,\\nhistorian, born.\\nCarrere, Joseph I .arthelemi Francois, physi-\\ncian, A62.\\nCaumont, Arcisse de, antiquary, born.\\nCavaignac, Louis E., general, born.\\nDumas, Alexandre, pere, novel., dram., b.\\nDupanloup, Felix A. P., bishop of Orleans, b.\\nFreron, Louis Stanislas, revolutionist, A37.\\nFournevron, Benoit, inventor turbine, born.\\nGiraud, Charles Joseph Paiiheleini, jurist, b.\\nGuibert, Joseph Hippolyte, cardinal, arch-\\nbishop of Paris, born.\\nGudin, Jean Antoine Theodore, marine paint-\\nHalevy, L6on, poet, born.\\nHugo, Victor Marie, novelist, poet, born.\\nLacordaire, Jean B. H., R. C. clergyman,\\norator, author, born.\\nLeclerc, Victor Emmanuel, general, A30.\\nLecoq, Henri, naturalist, born.\\nLenormant, Charles, areheologist, hist., born.\\nLuynes, Due de, Honored, areheologist, born.\\nMiehanx, Andre, botanist, A58.\\nKiel, Adolphe, marshal, minister of war, b.\\nOrbigny, Alcide D., naturalist, born.\\nTexier, Charles Felix Marie, areheologist, b.\\nUhrich, Jean Jacques Alexis, general, born.\\n1803* Adam, Adolphe C, musical com-\\nposer, horn.\\nArbogast, or Arbogaste, Louis Francois An-\\ntoine, mathematician, A 44.\\nBerlioz, Hector, musical composer, born.\\nBonaparte, Charles Lucien J. L., writer on\\nnatural philosophy, born.\\nBrunck, Richard F. P., scholar, critic, A74.\\nChenot, Claude Bernard Adrien, engineer, b.\\nClairon, Claire Josephe Leyris de Latude,\\nactor, A 80.\\nConneau, Henri, physician, born.\\nCont6, Nicolas Jacques, painter, mechani-\\ncian, A48.\\nDaumas, Melchior J. E., general, writer, b.\\nDecamps, Alexandre Cabnel, painter, born.\\nDuehatel, Charles Marie Tanneguy, states-\\nman, author, born.\\nDumas, Alexandre, pere, novelist, b.\\nFaucher, Le\\\\ n, economist, statesman, born.\\nFauveau, Felicie de, sculptor, born.\\nFoucher, Victor A., jurist, born.\\nGamier-Page s, Louis Antoine, polit., b.\\nGerard, Jean Ignace Isidore, artist, carica.\\nturist, born.\\nIlippean, Celeslin, educationist, author, b.\\nJoliannot, Tony, painter, wood engraver, b.\\nJollivet. Pierre Jules, painter, born.\\nLaclos, Pierre A. F. C. de, revolu., an., A62.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0726.jp2"}, "727": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1799, *-1805, Oct. 14. 715\\nLa Ilarpe, Jean Fnuieois, dram., critic, A(i4.\\nLeroy, Julien David, architect, A77\u00c2\u00b1.\\nLibri-Carucci, Count, G. B. I. T., Italian-\\nFrench mathematician, born.\\nLucas, Charles ,!ean .Marie, reformer, born.\\nMerimee. Prosper, novelist, born.\\nQui net, Eii^ir. phdosopher, author, bora.\\nLouis, general, born.\\nBaume, Antoine, chemist, A76.\\nCadoudal, Ceorges. Breton royalist, A35.\\nCamus, Armand (iastun, legislator, \\\\vr., A64.\\nCornu, Sekislien Melehior, painter, born.\\nDaudin, Fraurois Marie, naturalist, A30\u00c2\u00b1.\\nDidot, Francis A., printer, type-founder, A74.\\nBuret, Franeisque, sculptor, born.\\nForey, lilie Frederic, marshal, born.\\nGirardin, Delpliine de, author, born.\\nIsabey, Eugene Louis Cabnel, painter, born.\\nJanin, Jules Gabriel, critic, born.\\nJulien, Pierre, sculptor, A73.\\nLavalle e, Theophile Sciiasiieu, historian, b.\\nMoigno, Francois X. M., scientist, born.\\nMoquin-Tandon, Horace B. A., botanist, b.\\nNecker, Jacques, financier, statesman, A72.\\nFichegru, Charles, general, A43.\\nRegnier, Jacques A. A., philologist, born.\\nSand, Georg-e, Armantine Lucile Aurore\\nDupin, Baroness iMidevant, novelist, b.\\nSue, Marie Joseph Eugene, novelist, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1800 Rome. Pius VH. is pope.\\n1801 July 15. Paris. A concordat is\\nsigned by Bonaparte and Pius VII. for\\nthe reestablishment of religion.\\n1802 Apr. Agreeable to the terms of\\nthe concordat, the Christian religion\\nis reestablished- by Bonaparte as the\\nreligion of a majority of Frenchmen.\\nLETTERS.\\n1799 Principles of General Grammar,\\nby Baron A. J. S. de Sacy, appears.\\nReveries r on the Primitive Nature of\\nMan, by Etienne P. de Senancour, ap-\\npears. [180-4, Oberman.]\\n*-1805* Course de Litte rature an-\\ncienne et moderne, by Jean F. de La\\nHarpe, appears. [1801-07, Correspondance\\nlitteraire.]\\n1800 Homme des Champs, by Delille,\\nappears.\\n*Ontke Spirit of Things, by Saint-Mar-\\ntin, appears.\\nResearches on the Laics of Affinity, by\\nBerthollet, appears. [1803, Essay on\\nChemical Statics.}\\nTreatise on Mineralogy, by Rene Just\\nHaiiy, appears. [1803, Elementary Trea-\\ntise on Physics.]\\n*The Universities are reorgan-\\nized.\\nHigher education is made dependent\\nupon the Government. The Institut\\nNational and its division are reorgan-\\nized into the four [afterwards five] acad-\\nemies.\\nAtala, by Chateaubriand, appears.\\n[1802, Gin ie da Christianisme [1809, Les\\nMartyrs.]\\nEntomological Bibliography, by\\nCharles Nodier, appears. [1808+\\nPainter of Saltzburg, The Exiles, and\\nLa Napolkone; 1808, Dictionary of\\nFrench Onomatopmia.]\\n*-15* Elements ideologic, by Comte\\nA. L. C. Destutt de Tracy, appears.\\n1802* Legislation primitive, by de\\nBonald, appears.\\nMademoiselle de Clermont, by Comtesse\\nde Genlis, appears.\\nDelphine, by Madame de Stael, ap-\\npears. [1807, Corinne; 1810, De VAlle-\\nmand.]\\nRapports du phisique et du morale de\\nI Homme, by Pierre J. J. Cabanis, ap-\\npears.\\nJeremy Bentham s TraiU de la Legis-\\nlation, edited by Pierre Etienne Louis\\nDumont, appears.\\n1803 Treatise on Political Economy,\\nby Jean Baptiste Say, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1800 Jan. 20. Paris. Bonaparte gives\\nhis sister in marriage to Gen. Mnrat.\\nOct. 10. Attempted assassination.\\nThe life of Bonaparte is saved by the\\nfast driving of an intoxicated coachman\\nan infernal machine explodes a half-\\nminute late, killing 20 persons and\\nwounding 53 others.\\n[Again Bonaparte s life is imperiled by\\nan infernal machine when on his way\\nto the theater 52 persons are killed by\\nits explosion.]\\n1802 May 19. Paris. The Legion of\\nHonor, for rewarding distinguished ser-\\nvices to the State, military, civil, and\\nscientific, is instituted.\\n1803 Dec. 24. U. S. A. Jerome Bo-\\nnaparte marries Elizabeth Patterson,\\nan American lady. [Marriage annulled\\nin France.]\\n1804 July 25. Paris. Georges and 11\\nof his companions are guillotined as\\nconspirators against Napoleon.\\nSTATE.\\n1800 Jan. 1. Napole on sends over-\\ntures of peace to the King of England.\\nFeb. 19. Paris. The First Consul takes\\nthe Tuileries for his official residence.\\nDec. 24. Chevalier attempts to assassi-\\nnate !N apole~on.\\n1801 Feb. 9. The Peace of Lune-\\nville. (See Austria-Hungary.]\\nMar. 18. It. The Peace of Florence\\nis made with Naples.\\nThe harbors are to be closed to British\\nand Turkish vessels. Neapolitan pos-\\nCentral Italy and the island\\nof Elba are to be ceded to France.\\nFrench garrisons are to occupy several\\nItalian towns.\\nPrussia joins the Convention of the\\nNorth against England.\\nJuly 15. The concordat is signed by\\nNapoleon and Pius VII.\\nThe Roman Catholic religion is declared to\\nbe that of the state; 10 French archbishops\\nand 50 bishops are to be appointed by the\\nGovernment, and continued by the Pope.\\nThe Pope sanctions the previous confisca-\\ntion of Church property; the Government is\\nto make adequate provision for the mainte-\\nnance of the clergy. The Pope is to be recog-\\nnized in the possession of the Papal States,\\nexcluding Ferrara, Bologna, and Rornagna.\\nAug. 31. The French army in Egypt en-\\nters a convention with the English\\nit agrees to withdraw from Egypt, and\\nis to be transported in English ships to\\nFrance.\\n1802 Jan. 25. It. Napoleon is elected\\npresident of the Italian, late Cisalpine,\\nKepublic.\\nMar. 27. The Peace of Amiens is con-\\ncluded with England, Spain, and Hol-\\nland.\\nEngland surrenders all her conquests\\nexcept Trinidad, W. I., which is ceded\\nby Spain, and Ceylon is ceded by the\\nBatavian Kepublic to England. France\\nrecognizes the Republic of the Seven\\nIonian Islands. Malta to be restored to\\nthe possession of the Knights of Malta.\\nApr. Paris. An amnesty is granted\\nto the emigrants.\\nMay 8. Paris. Napoleon is elected\\nconsul for ten years.\\nAug. 2. Paris. Napole*on is elected\\nFirst Consul for life by a national\\nvote of 3,568,885 he is also to name his\\nown successor.\\n*The new (fifth) Constitution is\\nadopted.\\nPeace is made with Turkey.\\n-07 The Simplon, a mountain\\nroad, leading over the Alps from Switz-\\nerland into Italy, is constructed by Na-\\npoleon for army use.\\nIt winds up passes, crosses cataracts,\\nand passes by galleries through solid\\nrock, and has eight principal bridges.\\nFrom 30,000 to 40,000 men were employed.\\n1803 Mar. 21. The Code Napole on,\\na digest of national law, is completed\\nand promulgated.\\nA dispute arises with Great Britain\\nrespecting the non-evacuation of Malta\\nby the British. (See Great Britain.)\\nApr. 1. The Bank of France is estab-\\nlished.\\nMay 13. Paris. Lord Whitworth, the\\nBritish ambassador, demands his pass-\\nports.\\nMay 22. War is declared against Eng-\\nland in connection with the Malta dis-\\npute.\\n1804 Jan. 1. W.I. The Haitians an-\\nnounce their independence of France.\\nFeb. 15. Paris. Gen. Charles Piche-\\ngru, the leader, and 40 others, includ-\\ning Gen. Moreau, are arrested for\\nconspiracy against the life of Napoleon.\\nMar. 21. Paris. Napoleon puts the\\nBourbon Due d Enghien to death\\nafter an alleged trial at Vincennes.\\nApr. 6. Paris. Gen. Pichegru is found\\nstrangled in prison.\\n1804-1814 (1815). Napoleon I., heredi-\\ntary emperor.\\nMay 18. Paris. The Tribunate and\\nSenate proclaim !Wapol\u00c2\u00a7on I. Em-\\nperor of the French, and the throne\\nhereditary in his family.\\nMay 28. Gen. Moreau is sentenced to\\ntwo years imprisonment Napoleon\\ncommutes it to exile in the United\\nStates.\\nDec. 2. Paris. The emperor is\\ncrowned at Notre Dame, Pope Pius\\nVII. officiating Napoleon takes the\\ncrown out of the hands of the Pope, and\\nplaces it on his own head he then\\ncrowns the empress.\\n1805 May 26. It. Napoleon is\\ncrowned King of Italy at Milan his\\nstepson, Eugene de Beauharnais, is made\\nviceroy of Italy.\\nJune 30. It. Genoa is incorporated\\nwith France.\\nAug. The third coalition is formed\\nagainst France England, Kussia, Aus-\\ntria, and Sweden unite for the restora-\\ntion of the balance of power in Europe.\\nSpain joins France.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0727.jp2"}, "728": {"fulltext": "716 18uo, Oct. 17-1809, Feb. 21. FRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1805 Oct. 17. Ger. Ney is victorious\\nat Ulm. [Oct. 29-31. Massena at Caldi-\\nero.] (See p. 518.)\\nOct. 21. Battle of Trafalgar.\\nOff Cape Trafalgar, Spain, the British\\nAdm. Nelson destroys the French-\\nSpanish fleet under the French Adm.\\nVilleneuve, and the Spanish Adms. Gra-\\nvina and Alava. British fleet, 27 ships of\\nthe line and four frigates. French-\\nSpanish fleet, 33 ships of the line and\\nAve frigates. Nelson and Gravina are\\nkilled. The allies lose 19 ships.\\nNov. 13. Aust. Napoleon enters Vi-\\nenna.\\nDeo. 2. Aust. Battle of Austerlitz;\\nBattle of the Three Emperors.\\nNapoleon with 60,000+: French defeats\\nthe Russo-Austrian army of 80,000\u00c2\u00b1 men\\nunder Marshal Kutusoff. French loss,\\n12,000; allies loss, over 30,000.\\nDec. 26. Hung. Peace. (See p. 519.)\\n1806 July 4. It. The British under\\nSir John Stuart defeat the French un-\\nder Gen. Reynier at Maida.\\n-07 War with Prussia.\\nCauses The erection of the Confed-\\neracy of the Rhine, the annexation of\\nWesel to France, the seizure of Essen\\nand Verden, and the placing of French\\ntroops in the garrisons of Germany\\nalso the bitterness of Prussians because\\nof the execution of Palm of Nuremberg,\\nwho published strictures upon Napoleon.\\nOct. 10. Ger. The French under Mar-\\nshal Lannes defeat the Prussian advance\\nat Saalfeld [in Saxe-Meiningen] under\\nPrince Louis Ferdinand, who is killed.\\nOct. 14. Ger. Battle of Jena.\\nNapoleon with 100,000 troops defeats\\nthe 60,000 Prussians and Saxons under\\nPrince Hohenlohe Prussian loss, 12,000\\nkilled and wounded, and 15,000 prisoners.\\nBattle of Auerstadt, near Jena.\\nHere 35,000 French under Marshal Da-\\nvout defeat 50,000 Prussians under the\\nDuke of Brunswick, losing 7,500 men;\\nPrussian loss, 10.000, including the com-\\nmander. King Frederick William III.\\nis present.\\nOct. 17. Saxony. The French storm\\nHalle, defeating the Prussian reserve\\nunder the Prince of Wurtemberg.\\nOct. 27. Prus. French occupy Berlin.\\nOct. 28. Prus. Prince Hohenlohe with\\n12,000 Prussians surrenders to the\\nFrench under Marshal Murat at Prenz-\\nlau.\\nNov. 6. Ger. French occupy Lubec.\\nNov. 8. Saxony. The French occupy\\nMagdeburg. [Erfurt, Spandau, Stet-\\ntin, Kustrin, and Hameln are speedily\\ngiven up to the French.]\\nNov. 14. Vienna. Napole*on enters as\\nconqueror.\\nNov. 30. Prus. Napoleon advances\\ninto Poland to meet the Russians.\\nDec. 26. Pus. Battle of Pultusk.\\nThe French under Marshal Lannes\\nfight the Russians and Prussians under\\nGen. Bennigsen result indecisive. [The\\nRussians retreat after the battle.]\\n1807 Jan. 25. Prus. Battle of Moh-\\nrungen.\\nThe French under Bernadotte narrowly\\nescape destruction by the Russians and\\nPrussians, whom they defeat.\\nJan. Poland. Breslau is taken by the\\nFrench.\\nFeb. 7, 8. Prus. Indecisive battle of\\nEylau.\\nNapoleon with 70,000 troops engages\\n80,000 Russians and Prussians under Gen.\\nBennigsen and Gen. Lestocq. French\\nloss, 20,000 Russian and Prussian, 18,000.\\nFeb. 16. Pus. The French under Mar-\\nshal Oudinot defeat the Russians un-\\nder Count Essen at Ostrolenka, Poland.\\nMar. Invasion of Spain.\\nMarshal Murat enters with a French\\narmy of occupation, 20,000 strong, to fore-\\nstall the English. [Mar. 23. He occupies\\nMadrid.]\\nMay 24. Prus. Danzic is captured by\\nthe French under Marshal Lefebvre.\\nGer. Kolberg and Gaudenz continue\\nto resist the French.\\nJune 14. Prus. Battle of Friedland.\\nHere 75,000\u00c2\u00b1 under Napoleon defeat\\n55,000 to 70,000 Russians and Prussians\\nunder Gen. Bennigsen. French loss,\\n7,500\u00c2\u00b1 allies, 25,000+.\\nJuly 7, 9. Peace.\\nNov. 30. Port. The French under Gen.\\nJunot enter Lisbon.\\n1808 -14 Sp. Napoleon is at war\\nwith Great Britain in Spain and Por-\\ntugal. Peninsula War. SeeGreat\\nBritain.)\\nMay 27. Sp. The Sicilian Vespers\\nare reenacted in Spain the French gar-\\nrison at Madrid is murdered without\\nmercy.\\nJuly 14. Sp. The French under Mar-\\nshal Bessieres defeat the Spaniards un-\\nder Gen. Cuesta at Medina de Bio Seco.\\nJuly 21. Sp. Battle of Baylen.\\nThe Spaniards under Gen. Castafios\\ndefeat the French under Gen. Dupont\\n20,000 men lay down their arms. [The\\nFrench are allowed to leave Spain, but\\nthe capitulation is rejected by the Junta\\nof Seville, and all but the superior offi-\\ncers are sent to the galleys at Cadiz.]\\nAug. 21. Port. Sir Arthur Wellesley,\\ncommanding the British, defeats the\\nFrench under Gen. Junot at Vimeiro.\\nNov. 23. Sp. The French under Mar-\\nshal Lannes defeat the Spaniards at\\nTudela.\\nDec* Sp. !N apole*on augments his\\narmy to 250,000 men.\\n-13. Sp. The French occupy Ma-\\ndrid.\\n1809 Jan. Sp. The British army\\nretreats into Galicia.\\nJan. 16. Sp. The British under Sir\\nJohn Moore, while retreating from Ma-\\ndrid, defeat 20,000 French under\\nMarshal Soult at Corunna Sir John is\\nkilled. [Jan. 17. The British embark.]\\nFeb. 21. Sp. Saragossa taken.\\nAfter a prolonged siege and an obsti-\\nnate defense, the French under Marshal\\nLannes take the city from the Spaniards\\nunder Gen. Palafox.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1S06 Nov.* Berlin. Napoleon removes\\npictures from the royal galleries to\\nFrance.\\nParis, Pont deslnvalides is erected.\\n1808 May 3. Paris. M. de Granprt*\\nand M. Le Pique ascend in balloons near\\nParis, and the latter is killed.\\nfeienne Louis Mains discovers polar-\\nization of light by reflection.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1805 Anquetil-Duperron Abraham Hya-\\ncintbe, orientalist, A74.\\nArnaud, Francois T. M. de Baculard d mi8.\\nwriter, A87.\\nBattard, Victor, architect, born.\\nBarbier, Henri Auguste, poet, born.\\nBarthedemy Saint- Hilaire, Jules, statesman,\\nphilosopher, orientalist, born.\\nBertiu, Louise Angelique, singer, comp., b.\\nBillault, Auguste Adolphe Marie, states., b.\\nBlanqui, Louis Auguste, socialist, born.\\nLrasoassat, .Jacques Pa\\\\ inoinl. painter, born.\\nCazalgs, Jacques Antoine Marie de,pol., A47-\\nOhahert, Marquis de, Joseph Bernard, navi-\\ngator, astronomer, geographer, A78.\\nCharriere, Madame Saint Ilyaeinthe de, nov-\\nelist, A65\u00c2\u00b1.\\nChappe, Claude, inventor of a telegraph, A42.\\nChristotle, Charles, manufacturer, born.\\nClement, Ambroise, economist, born.\\nConsiderent, Victor, socialist, born.\\nDrouyn de Lhuys, Edouard, statesman, b.\\nGabourd, Amtkiee, historian, born.\\nGratry, Auguste .Ids. Alphonse, theol., wr., b.\\nGreuze, Jean F.aptiste, painter, A79.\\nHoudin, Hubert, prestidigitateur, born.\\nJacqnand, Claudius, painter, born.\\nLatude, Henri Masers de, prisoner of state,\\nA80.\\nLesseps, Vicomte de, Ferdinand, diplo-\\nmatist, engineer of the Sue/, canal, born.\\nMaret, Henri Louis Charles, theologian, born,\\nMeehain, Pierre Francois Andre, as tron., A6I.\\nJJiepce de Saint-Victor, Claude Fedix Abel.,\\nchemist, inventor photog. on glass, born.\\nSchneider, Eugene, manufacturer, politician,\\nTocqueville, Alexis C. H. Clerel de.\\nstatesman, political philosopher, writer, b.\\nVilloison, Jean Baptiste Gaspardd Anssede,\\nscholar, A55\u00c2\u00b1.\\n1806 Adanson, Michel, botanist, A79.\\nAnicet-Bourgeois, Auguste, dram, author, b.\\nBarthez, Pan! Joseph, physician, A72.\\nBassanville, Comtesse de, Anais L., au., b.\\nBrisson, Mathurin Jacques, naturalist, A83.\\nCarniontelle, Louis Carrogis, dram, wr., A89.\\nChevalier, Michel, political economist, born.\\nCoulomb, Charles Augustin de, phil., A72+.\\nDidron, Adolphe Napoleon, archeologist, b.\\nDuprez, Gilbert Louis, tenor singer, comp., b.\\nGaillard, Gabriel Henry, historian, mis.\\nwriter, A80.\\nGirardin, Emile de, journalist, born.\\nGozlan, Leon, dramatist, born.\\nLamoriciere, Christophe Louis de, gen., b.\\nMounier, Jean Joseph, statesman, A48.\\nNisard, -lean Marie Napoleon hesire\\\\ critic,\\nlitterateur, born.\\nSouvestre, Emile, journalist, author, born.\\nPelreir, Isaac, liuaucier, one of the founders\\nof the Credit Mobilier, born.\\nVilleneuve, Pierre Charles Jean Baptiste\\nSilvestre de, admiral, A43.\\n1807 Bousmard, Henri J. B. de, military\\nengineer, A58.\\nBroussonnet, Pierre Auguste, naturalist, A46.\\nCharton, Edouard. litterateur, born.\\nCoste, Jean Jacques Cyprien Victor, natural-\\nist, born.\\nCottin, Sophie Ristand, novelist, A34.\\nFaroehon, Jean Baptiste Eugene, artist, born.\\nFrossard, Charles Auguste, general, born.\\nGr6vy, Fram;ois Paul Jules, President, b.\\nGuilinetli, Alexandre Auguste, ureheol., b.\\nLaborde, Comte de, Leon Emmanuel Simon\\nJosepli, traveler, writer, born.\\nLacroix, Paul, novelist, mis. writer, born.\\nLalande. Jos. J. le Francis de, astrono-\\nmer, A75.\\nLebrun, Ponce D. E., poet, A78.\\nLegrand, Jacques luillauiiie, architect, A64.\\nMallet, Charles Auguste, philosopher, born.\\nNelaton, Auguste, surgeon, born.\\nPaoli, Pas quale di, orsican general, A81.\\nPelouze, Theophile Jules, chemist, born.\\nPortalis, Jean Etienne Marie, jurist, states-\\nman, A62.\\nEochambeau, Marquis de, J. B. Dona-\\ntion de Vimeur, marshal, A82.\\nSaulcy, Louis Felicien Jos. Caignart de,\\narcheologist, born.\\nTernaux, Henri i Teniaux-Campans), au., b.\\n1808 Barthelemon, Francis H., musician,\\ncomposer, A67.\\nCabanis, Pierre Jean G., physician, philoso-\\npher, author, A5L\\nChenavard, Paul, painter, born.\\nChenu, Jean Charles, naturalist, born.\\nColloinbet, Francois Zeiion, author, born.\\nEtex, Antoine, sculptor, born.\\nGranier de Cassagnac, Adolphe Bernard,\\njournalist, politician, historian, horn.\\nJacqiiemart, Albert, hist:, of ceramics, born.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0728.jp2"}, "729": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1805, Oct. 17-1809, Feb. 21. 717\\nKarr, Jean liaptiste A lphonse, novelist, born.\\nLedru-Kollin, Alexandre Augusta, socialist, l\\nMnlibran, Maria Felicite, singer, actor, born.\\nMacMahon, Comic de, Marie Edtne Patrice\\nMaurice, l uede Magenta, President, born,\\nin Sully, June 13.\\nApr. 20. Napol6on III., Charles Louis\\nNapoleon Bonaparte, emperor, born.\\nl i-rsigny, .lean Gilbert Victor de Fialin de,\\nstatesman, born.\\nPlanche, Jean P aptiste G., litterateur, born.\\nRobert, Hubert, painter, A75.\\nCHURCH.\\n1806 May 30. Napoleon decrees an as-\\nsembly of Jewisli deputies for the pur-\\npose of forming a Sanhedrin. [July 23.\\nThey meet.]\\n1807 A Methodist society of 70 per-\\nsons has been established at Arras.\\n1808 Feb. 2. It. The French subvert\\nthe papal government at Rome.\\nDec. 4. Napoleon abolishes the inquisi-\\ntion.\\nLETTERS.\\n1805 Achilles at Scyros, by Luce de\\nLancival, appears.\\nTibkre, by M. J. de Cheuier, appears.\\nThe Templars, by Francois J. M. Ray-\\nnouard, appears.\\nOde a la grande armee, by Pierre An-\\ntoine Lebrun, appears.\\nElementary Treatise on Physical As-\\ntronomy, by Jean B. Birot, appears.\\n1806* Henry IV. of France, by Le-\\ngouv\u00c2\u00a3, appears.\\nCkrestomathie arabe, by Baron A. J.\\nS. de Sacy, appears. [1S10, Arabic Gram-\\nElizabeth, ou les Exiles de Sibe rie, by\\nMadame S. R. Cottin, appears.\\n1807 The Genius of Man, by C. J. P.\\nde Chenedolle, appears.\\nIntroduction to the Scientific Labors of\\nthe 19th Century, by Claud H. Saint-\\nSimon, appears. J1S14, The Reorganiza-\\ntion of European .Society:]\\n1808 Theory of Four Movements and\\nGeneral Destinies, by F. M. C. Fourier,\\nappears.\\nPicture of French Literature in the\\n18th Century, by A. G.P. B. de Barante,\\nappears.\\nEugene de Rotkelin, by Marquis A. M.\\nE. F. Souza-Botelho, appears.\\nNapoleon gives attention to public in-\\nstruction, and revives education.\\nHe establishes the General University\\nto superintend national education.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1806 Nov. Napol6on exhibits coarse\\nbehavior toward Louisa, the high-spir-\\nited queen of Prussia.\\nThe Conseils de Prud hommes are\\norganized as trade tribunals, composed\\nof employers and workmen, to arbitrate\\ntrade disputes.\\n1807 Aug. 12. Je rome Bonaparte\\nmarries Catherine of Wiirtemberg.\\n1808 Mar. 1. Paris. The new nobil-\\nity of France is created. [Many of the\\nold families decline the titles.]\\nSTATE.\\n1805 Dec. 26. Hung. The Peace of\\nPresburg. {See p. 519.)\\nDec. It. Napoleon by proclamation\\ndethrones the Bourbons in Naples for\\nviolating the treaty of neutrality with\\nFrance.\\n1806 Jan. 1. Napoleon repeals the\\nRepublican Calendar, and restores the\\nGregorian Calendar and the Christian\\nEra.\\nFeb. It. A French army in Naples\\ncompels the court to withdraw to Sicily\\nNapoldon appoints his elder brother,\\nJoseph, King of Naples.\\nNapoleon s brother Louis Napo-\\nleon is made King of Holland, now\\ncalled the Batavian Republic Joachim\\nMurat, his brother-in-law, is created\\nGrand-duke of Berg, and Marshal Ber-\\nthier, Prince of Neuchatel.\\nJuly 12. The Confederation of the\\nRhine is established.\\nNapoleon dissolves the ancient Ger-\\nmanic body, and unites 14 princes of the\\nSouth and West into the Confederation\\nof the Rhine, with himself as protector.\\nThe Confederation is finally joined by\\nall the German princes except Austria,\\nPrussia, Brunswick, and the electorate\\nof Hesse.\\nAug. 6. The Confederation of the Rhine\\nterminates the Holy Roman Empire.\\n(See Germany.)\\nSept. Frederick of Prussia is deeply in-\\ncensed at the slanderous language of\\nNapoleon respecting his queen.\\nOct. 1. Paris. The Prussian minister\\nperemptorily demands that all French\\ntroops shall immediately evacuate Ger-\\nmany [and war follows; France is\\nready, and Prussia ill-prepared], (See\\nArmy.)\\nNapoleon improves all branches of the\\npublic service.\\nNov. 21. Napoleon issues the Berlin\\ndecree.\\nIt announces a (paper) blockade of the\\nBritish Isles, the interdiction of all trade\\nwith England under heavy penalties, and\\nprohibits vessels which had touched at Brit-\\nish ports, at or from its colonies, entering\\nFrance. All trade in English goods unlaw-\\nful, and its merchandise a lawful prize. Its\\ntrade to be shut out from the Continent.\\n(This Continental System is soon found\\nto be impracticable.)\\nDec. 11. Ger. The Elector of Saxony\\nsigns a separate peace with Napoleon,\\nand enters the Confederacy as king of\\nSaxony.\\n1807 June 25. E. Prus. Napoleon\\nholds an interview with the czar at Til-\\nsit, on a raft moored in the middle of\\nthe River Niemen.\\nJuly 7. Prus. Peace of Tilsit between\\nFrance and Russia.\\nJuly 9. Prus. Peace of Tilsit between\\nFrance and Prussia.\\n1. Russia recognizes the newly formed\\nduchy of Warsaw, formed out of parts of\\nPrussia, under the king of Saxony. 2. Dan-\\nzig to be a free city again. 3. Part of New\\nEast Prussia is ceiled to h ussia, and a small\\nportion to Saxony. 4, To recognize Joseph\\nBonaparteasK inu f Naples. Louis Bonaparte\\nas King of Holland, and .Jerome Bonaparte as\\nKing of Westphalia, -when the kingdom is cre-\\nated; also, to recognize the Confederation of\\nthe Rhine, which is to include the region west\\nof the Elbe to accept the mediation of Napo-\\nleon with the Turks, ami Alexander to medi-\\nate with England in behalf of France. A\\nsecret article liinds the two emperors in an\\nalliance against England if peace is refused.\\n1. Prussia cedes to Napolgon for his dis-\\nposal the territory between the Khine and\\nElbe; to Saxony the circle of Cottbus, and\\nforthe creation of the grand duchy of War-\\nsaw; to cede the lands taken from Poland\\nsince 1772, also to cede the city and territory\\nof Danzig. 2. Also, to recognize the sov-\\nreignty of Napoleon s brothers. 3. To close\\nall Prussian harbors and lands to British\\ncommerce and trade until she makes peace\\nwith France. 4. The Prussian army is lim-\\nited to 42,000 men. Large indemnities are\\nalso to be paid. Prussia becomes a second-\\nclass power, with its territory reduced from\\n89,120 to 46,032 square nuies.\\nJuly 12. Prus. Treaty of Konigsberg\\nwith Prussia.\\nThe Prussian provinces and fortresses to\\nbe restored and evacuated when war indem-\\nnities are paid, which by Prussian calcula-\\ntions amount to B), mm, nun francs, but are\\nlixed by the French at i Ji),rtil(U)UO. [Itaised\\nin 1808 to 140,000,000-3\\nAug. Ger. The kingdom of West-\\nphalia is founded by the decree of Na-\\npoleon, one-half the domai n is reserved\\nfor himself.\\nSept. Den. The British take possession\\nby force of the Danish fleet, to prevent\\nits use by France. (See p. 639.)\\nDenmark enters an alliance with\\nFrance.\\nOct. 27. The secret Treaty of Fontaine-\\nbleau for the partition of Portugal is\\nsigned.\\nNov. Portugal refuses to join the Con-\\ntinental System, and is invaded by\\nFrance.\\nDec. 13. France and Spain unite to pro-\\nclaim the deposition of the House of\\nBraganza.\\nDec. 17. It. Napoleon s Milan decree\\nis issued against British commerce.\\n1808 Feb. 1. Port. Gen. Junot pro-\\nclaims that Portugal is to be governed\\nhenceforth by France as a conquered\\nkingdom.\\nA French army (100,000) enters Spain\\non the pretext of guarding the coasts\\nagainst the attacks of the British.\\nMay 1. Sp. Charles IV. of Spain ab-\\ndicates in favor of his friend and ally,\\nNapoleon.\\n!N apole5on is at the height of his\\ntlory, nearly all of Western Europe\\nominated by him.\\nMay 27. Sp. In consequence of the\\nroyal abdication in favor of Napoleon,\\nan insurrection arises.\\nJune 12. Sp. Joseph Bonaparte en-\\nters Madrid as King of Spain. [Gen.\\nMurat takes the vacated throne of\\nNaples.]\\n*The indignant Spaniards uprise against\\nthe French intruders.\\nJuly 29. Sp. Joseph Bonaparte re-\\ntires from Madrid after the French de-\\nfeat at Bayleu.\\nAug. 30. Port. The Convention of\\nCintra is entered by the French and\\nEnglish Gen. Junot agrees to evacuate\\nPortugal immediately.\\nSept. 27. Prus. Napoleon meets the\\nassembly of princes at Erfurt.\\nFour kings and 34 princes and other\\nGerman rulers do him reverence. He\\nstrengthens his alliance with the czar,\\nwho undertakes to subdue Sweden, and\\npromises to support Napoleon against\\nevery hostile power.\\nDec. 4. Sp. Napoleon enters Madrid.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0729.jp2"}, "730": {"fulltext": "718 1809, Apr. 6-1813, Apr. 13.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1809 Apr.* Aust, Napole on is at war\\nwith Austria for French supremacy;\\nEngland is an ally of Austria.\\nAustria puts nearly 400,000 men in the\\nfield. Archduke Charles commands in\\nBavaria, and the Archduke John in\\nItaly. The German people are sum-\\nmoned to aid in breaking the yoke of\\nFrance Tyrol alone responds, under\\nAndreas Hofer.\\nApr. 20. Bavaria. Napoleon defeats\\nthe Austrians under Charles at Abens-\\nberg. [Apr. 21. And again at Land-\\nshut.]\\nApr. 22. Bavaria. Battle at Eckmiihl.\\nMarshal Davout defeats the Austrians\\nunder Charles, taking 20,000 prisoners,\\nall the artillery, and 15 standards.\\nApr. 23. Bavaria. The French drive\\nthe Austrians from Ratisbon Napo-\\nleon receives his slight and only -wound\\nin the heel.\\nApr. Sp. The French under Marshal\\nSoult occupy Oporto.\\nMay 4. Aust. The French defeat the\\nAustrians at Ebelsberg.\\nMay 11. Aust. Napoleon takes Vi-\\nenna for the second time. [May 13.\\nHe enters the city.]\\nMay 12. Sp. Battle of Douro.\\nWellesley with a British and Portu-\\nguese army (35,000) takes Oporto from\\nthe French under Marshal Soult, Duke\\nof Dalmatia.\\nMay 21, 22. Aust. Battles of Aspern\\nand Essling. (See p. 518.)\\nJuly 5, 6. Aust. Battle of Wagram.\\n(See p. 518.)\\nJuly 27, 28. Sp. Battle of Talavera\\nde la Reina.\\nSir Arthur Wellesley and Gen. Cuesta\\nwith 64,000 English and Spanish troops\\ndefeat the French under Marshal Victor\\nand King Joseph.\\nJuly 28. Viscount Wellington (Sir Ar-\\nthur Wellesley) is made British com-\\nmander-in-chief in Spain.\\nOct. 14. Peace. (See State.)\\nNov. 14. Paris. Napoleon is con-\\ngratulated for his victories.\\nNov. 19. Sp. Marshal Mortier defeats\\nthe Spaniards at Ocafia.\\n-10 Aust. The brave Tyrolese\\ncontinue the war alone with France.\\n[Andreas Hofer, the Tyrolese patriot,\\nis shot.] (See p. 519.)\\n1810* Sp. Napoleon increases his army\\nin Spain to 280,000 men.\\n*-ll* Port. Wellington and\\nMasse na struggle for victory.\\nJuly 10. Port. Marshal Massena cap-\\ntures the fortress of Ciudad Bodrigo.\\nSept. 27. Sp. Battle of Busaco.\\nWellington, with 40,000 British and\\nPortuguese troops, repulses 65,000\u00c2\u00b1\\nFrench under Marshal Massena.\\nOct. 9. Port. Wellington retreats to\\nthe fortified lines of Torres Vedras,\\nwhich he successfully defends against\\nthe French under Marshal Masse na.\\n1811 Mar. 5. Sp. The British under\\nGen. Graham defeat Marshal Victor at\\nBarosa.\\nMar.+ Port. Massena makes a mas-\\nterly retreat before Wellington into\\nSpain.\\nMar. 11. Port. Badajoz is taken by\\nthe French under Marshal Soult.\\nPort. Wellington besieges Almeida,\\nand recaptures it from the French.\\nMay 3-5. Port. Wellington, at\\nFuentes-de-Onoro, checks Massena,\\nwho soon retreats into Spain.\\nMay 16. Sp. Battle of Albuera.\\nGen. Beresford, commanding 30,000 al-\\nlies, defeats Marshal Soult, commanding\\n20,000 French.\\nSept. 10. Sp. The Spaniards defeat\\nFrench at Ximena.\\nOct. 28. Sp. Gen. Rowland Hill de-\\nfeats French at Merida.\\n1812 Jan. 4. Sp. Marshal Suchet de-\\nfeats the Spaniards at Albufera.\\nJan. 9. Sp. Valencia is taken by the\\nFrench under Marshal Suchet, with its\\ngarrison of 16,000 men and immense\\nstores.\\nJan. 19. Sp. Wellington surprises\\nCiudad Bodrigo, and takes it by storm.\\n(Jan. 8. Invested.)\\nJan. 27. Prus. Marshal Davout with\\n20,000 French invades Swedish Pom-\\nerania without any previous declaration\\nof war. Sweden had offended by disre-\\ngarding the Continental System.\\nApr. 6. Sp. Wellington takes Bada-\\njoz after a siege.\\nApr. 11. Sp. Gen. Cotton defeats Mar-\\nshal Soult at Lilerena.\\nWar with Bussia.\\nNapoleon provides for an army of 420,-\\n000 men [later increased to 553,000].\\nJune 6. Napole on crosses the Vistula,\\nand enters West Bussia. [June 22.\\nHe arrives on the Niemen.]\\nJune* W. Bus. Vilna is occupied.\\nRussians under Marshal Barclay de\\nTolly retreat.\\nJuly 16. W. Pus. The advance of the\\nFrench army begins.\\nJuly 22. Sp. Wellington completely\\ndefeats the French under Marshal Mar-\\nmont at Salamanca.\\nJuly 23. Bus. The French defeat the\\nBussians under Prince Peter Bagration\\nat Mohilow.\\nJuly 30, 31. Bus. A battle occurs be-\\ntween the French and Russians at Po-\\nlotzk.\\nAug. 17-18. Bus. Battle of Smo-\\nlensk.\\nThe whole army assaults Smolensk\\nduring the night the Bussians under\\nMarshal Barclay de Tolly and Prince\\nPeter Bagration lire the city and retreat.\\nAug. Sp. King Joseph Bonaparte,\\ncommander of the French, evacuates\\nMadrid. [Aug. 12. The British enter.]\\nSept. 7. Bus. Battle of Borodino.\\nThe Bussians under Marshal Mikhail\\nKutusoff are forced to retire at Borodino\\nand Mozhaisk, on the Moskva; each\\nside has 140,000 men and suffers terrible\\nlosses. The French lose 30,000 h the Rus-\\nsians, 50,000\u00c2\u00b1 the latter retreat in good\\norder.\\nSept. 14. Bus. The Russian army re-\\ntires from Moscow, followed by most\\nof the inhabitants the French army,\\n95,000 strong, enters.\\nSept. 15. Bus. Napole on establishes\\nheadquarters in the Kremlin.\\nSept. 16-19. Bus. Burning of Mos-\\ncow.\\nThe Russian patriots sack and burn\\n7,000 houses to deprive the French army\\nof shelter.\\nSept. Bus. Napoleon proffers a truce,\\nwhich is held back and finally refused.\\nOct. 19. Bus. Betreat from Moscow.\\nAfter a halt of five weeks Napoleon\\ncommences his disastrous retreat with\\n120,000 men swarms of Cossacks and\\nthe Russian -main army under Kutusoff\\nfollow in pursuit.\\nOct. 19, 20, Bus. The Russians retake\\nPolotzk.\\nOct. 24. Bits. A desperate and success-\\nful contest of one corps of the French\\narmy occurs at Yaroslavez.\\nNov. 3. Bus. One corps of the French\\narmy has a hard tight with the Russians.\\nNov. 6. Bus. Cold weather com-\\nmences much snow falls, and terrible\\nsufferings follow.\\nNov. 12. W. Bus. The French army\\narrives at Smolensk.\\nNov. 14. W. Bus. The Russians defeat\\nthe French at Vitebsk.\\nNov. 17. W. Bus. Napoleon delivers\\nthe remnant of his army from 60,000\\nRussians at Krasnoi.\\nNov. 26-28. W. Bus. The French\\nmake a disastrous passage of the Be-\\nresina, near Studianka.\\nTwo bridges are constructed one gives\\nway under the artillery. Marshals Ney\\nand Oudinot with 8,500 men force a pas-\\nsage against 25,000 Russians. The re-\\ntreat becomes a rout and wild flight\\nthe Russians take 16,000 prisoners.\\nDec. 5. Bus. Napoleon transfers the\\ncommand to Marshal Murat, and de-\\nparts for Paris.\\nDec. 13. W. Bus. The French army,\\n100,000 strong, crosses the Niemen,\\nhaving lost 100,000 as prisoners. [Total\\nloss of the French and their allies,\\n300,000\u00c2\u00b1.]\\n1813 -14 War of Liberation.\\nThe powers of Europe unite in an alli-\\nance against Napoleon. The allies are\\ncommanded by Prince Karl Philip von\\nSchwarzenberg, an Austrian general.\\nJan.\u00c2\u00b1 Napoleon raises another army\\nof 300,000 men.\\nFeb. 13. IV. Bus. The Saxons are de-\\nfeated by the Russians at Kalisz.\\nMar. 11. Ger. The Russian troops en-\\nter Berlin, and are welcomed.\\nMar. 27. Ger. Prussians under Mar-\\nshals Wittgenstein and Blucher occupy\\nDresden.\\nThe French army is concentrated, and\\nits contingents occupy Franconia, Thu-\\nringia, and the bank of the Elbe.\\nApr. 5. Prus. Prince Eugene defeats\\nthe Russians at Mockern.\\nApr. 13. Sp. Sir J. Murray defeats Mar-\\nshal Suchet at Castalla.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1809 Jean Baptiste P. A. de M.\\nLamarck propounds a theory that all", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0730.jp2"}, "731": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1809, Apr. 6-1813, Apr.\\n719\\nanimals have been developed from mo-\\nnads, living minute particles.\\nCEdipus and the Sphinx is painted by\\nJean Auguste Dominique.\\n1812 Paris. Iodine is discovered by\\nM. De Courtois, a manufacturer of salt-\\npeter.\\nParis. Former periods of life on\\nthe globe are proved by Cuvier in bis\\nDiscourse on the Revolution of the Sur-\\nface of the Globe; he also restores the\\nfossil animals of Paris.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nOanrobert, Francois Certain,\\nOlapisson, Louis, composer, born.\\nCossimiv ile Palma, Joseph Francois, natur-\\nalist, A79.\\nDalayrae, Nicolas, musical composer, A56.\\nDouay, Cluu-lcs Abel, general, philosopher, b.\\nDupu is, Charles Kraneois, savant, A67.\\nFavre, Jules Li. C, orator, statesman, born.\\nFlandin, Eugene Napoleon, painter, areheol-\\nogist, born.\\nFlandrin, Jean Hippolyte, hist, painter, b.\\nFranck, Adolplie, philosopher, born.\\nFourcroy, Antoine Francois de, chemist, A54.\\nOigoux, Jean Francois, painter, born.\\nHaussmann, Baron (ieorijes Eugene, pol., b.\\nJeanron, Philippe Au^nsle, painter, born.\\nLacroix, Jules, bibliographer, antiquary, b.\\nLannes, Jean, Due le Montebello, marshal,\\nA40.\\nLebcBuf, Edmond, marshal, born.\\nMarmier, Xavier, traveler, litte rateur, born.\\nMichel, Francisque Xavier, archeologist, b.\\nPajou, Augustin, sculptor, A79.\\nPeyrat, Kapoleon, poet, historian, born.\\nProudhon, Pierre Joseph, socialist, born.\\nVacherot. Ktienne, philosopher, born.\\nVien, Joseph Marie, historical painter, A93.\\n1810* Abbadie, Antoine Tomson d, trav-\\neler, born.\\nAuguis, Pierre Jean Baptiste, revolu., A65\u00c2\u00b1.\\nLargos, Jean Joseph Leandre. orientalist, b.\\nBoissieu, Jean Jacijues de, enslaver, A74.\\nBaudelocipie, Jean Louis, surgeon, A64.\\nBeauregard, Charles Victor, general, A46.\\nBosquet, Pierre Josepli, marshal, born.\\nCabarrus, Francois, merchant, A58.\\nChaudet, Antoine Denis, sculptor, A47.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Charras, Jean Baptiste A., military writer, b.\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00acolet, Louise, nte. Uevoil, novelist, poet, born.\\nDavid, Felieien Cesar, musical composer, b.\\nEon de Beaumont, Charles (ienevieve Louis\\nAuguste Andre I ituolhee V, diplo., A82.\\nFailly, Pierre Louis Charles Aehille de, gen-\\neral, born.\\nFaugere, Armand Prosper, author, born.\\nFelix, Ce lest in Josepli, pulpit orator, horn,\\nFerdinand Philippe, Due d Orleans, born.\\nFleurieu, Comte de, Charles Pierre Claret,\\nnavigator, hydrographer, statesman, A72.\\nGasparin, Age nor E. de, Protestant reformer,\\nauthor, born.\\nIVIaisonneuve, Jules G. F., surgeon, born.\\nMartin, Bon Louis Henri, historian, born.\\nMinie Claude Ktienne, (ilinierifle-bullet),b.\\nMontalembert, Comte de, Charles Foi bes,\\nstatesman, orator, author, born.\\nMontgolfier, Joseph Michel, mechanician,\\ninventor, A70.\\nMoreau, Hegesippe, poet, born.\\nMusset, Louis Charles Alfred de, poet, b.\\nQuatret ages de Breau, Jean L. A.,nat.,born.\\nKeguault, Henry Victor, chemist, born.\\nWalewski, Comte, Alexandre Florian Joseph\\nC, natural son of Napoleon I. states-\\nWolowski, bonis Francois M., economist, b.\\n1811 Ameilhon, Hubert Pascal, antiquary,\\nA81.\\nAltaroche, Marie Michel, humorist, born.\\nBazaine, Francois Aehille, marshal, born.\\nBonaparte, Napoleon II., or Napoleon Fran-\\ncois Charles Joseph, son of Napoleon I. and\\nMaria Louisa, born.\\nBravais, Auguste, scientist, born.\\nChenier, Marie Joseph de, poet, dram., A47.\\nChalgrin, Jean Fran ;ois Theresc, arch., A72.\\nClairville, Louis Francois Nicolaie, dramat-\\nic writer, born.\\nDelsarte, Francois A. N. C. singer, elocu-\\ntionist, born.\\nDuruy, Victor, historian, statesman, born.\\nEsmenard, Joseph Alphonse, poet, A44.\\nFalloux, Vieomte, Frederic Alfred Pierre,\\nstatesman, writer, born.\\nFortoul, Hippolyte Nicolas Honored writer, b.\\nGalois, Kvariste, mathematician, born.\\nGautier, The ophile, author, poet, born.\\nLaboulaye. lildouard Rene Lefebvre, ju-\\nrist, historical writer, born.\\nLeverrier, Frbain -lean Jos., astronomer, b.\\nLonget, Francois A., physician, born.\\nMeissonier, Jean Louis Ernest, painter, b.\\nMorny, Comte Cliarles Auguste L. J., pol., h.\\nPerier, Casimir, financier, slatesman, born.\\nSandeau, Leonard Svlvain Jules, novelist, b.\\nWiiiqiffen, Emmanuel Felix de, general, b.\\n1812* Abbatucci, iiacomo Pietro, Corsican\\ngeneral, AM.\\nAlbitte, Antoine Lotus, Jacobin, dies.\\nArago, Francois Victor Emmanuel, lawyer,\\ndiplomatist, born.\\nArnould, Ambrose Marie, political econo-\\nmist, author, A(i2.\\nAutran, Joseph, poet, born.\\nBreton, Francois P. II. Ernest, artist, born.\\nCabat, Nicolas bonis, landscape painter, b.\\nCissey, Ernest L. O. C. de, gen., politician, h.\\nCocbet, L Abbe, Jean Baptiste Desire^ anti-\\nquary, born.\\nCombes, Kdmond, traveler, writer, born.\\nUunieril, Auguste Henri Andre, naturalist, b.\\nEbl\u00c2\u00a3, Jean Baptiste, general, A54.\\nFavre, Pierre Ktienne Lazare, linguist, born.\\nFeuillet, Octave, novelist, dramatist, born.\\nHaureau, Jean Bartheleini, historian, publi-\\ncist, born.\\nJullien, Louis Georges, musician, born.\\nLegouve\\\\ Gabriel Marie J. 1 dram. poet,A48.\\nLevesque, Pierre harles, historian, A76.\\nMalus, Ktienne Louis, eng., physicist, A37.\\nMireeourt, Eugene de, novelist, writer, born.\\nPitra, Jean Baptiste, cardinal, scholar, born.\\nSeguin, Ednnanl, physician, alienist, born.\\nSonnini de Manoncourt, harles Nicolas Si-\\ngisbert, naturalist, A6I.\\nWallon, Henri Alexandre, historian, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1809 May 17. Paris. Napoleon issues\\na decree abolishing the temporal au-\\nthority of the Fope.\\nJune 10. Pome. Pope Pius VII. excom-\\nmunicates Napoleon.\\nJuly* -14* *Napol\u00c2\u00a3on deposes the\\nPope, and holds him in captivity. (See\\nState.)\\nJuly 7. Pome. French soldiers surround\\nthe Quirinal at midnight, capture the\\naged Pope, and transport him under\\nguard across the Alps to Grenoble. He is\\nlater placed on prisoner s allowance, and\\nlived nearly three years, almost entirely\\nupon alms.\\n1811* Paris. A synod convoked by\\nNapoleon refuses to make the French\\nChurch independent of Rome.\\n1812 June Napoleon fixes the Pope s\\nresidence at Fontainebleau. [After the\\nPeace of Paris the Pope returns to\\nRome.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1809 Lettres., by Mile, de Lespinasse,\\nappears.\\nHector t by Luce de Lancival, appears.\\n1810 Essai sur le principe generateur\\ndes institutions humaines, by Joseph M.\\nMaistre, appears.\\n1811 Mar. 25. Every newspaper ob-\\nnoxious to Bonaparte is suppressed.\\nLes Derviches, by Augustine Eugene\\nScribe, appears.\\nJeremy Bentham s ThSorie des peines\\net des Recompenses, edited by Dumont,\\nappears. [1815, Also Tactique des As-\\nsemblies legislatives.\\nRecherches pht/sico-chimiques, by Gay-\\nLussac and Thehard, appears.\\n-19 Commentaire sur V esprit des\\nlots, by Comte A. L. C. Destutt de Tracy,\\nappears.\\n*-40* Biographie Universelle,hj\\nJoseph F. Michaud and Louis G. Mi-\\nchaud, appears.\\n1812 Le l preux de la cite d Aoste, by\\nCount X. de Maistre, appears. [1815,\\nLajeune Siberienne and Prisonniers du\\nC aucase.]\\nThe Analytic Theory of Probabilities,\\nby Laplace, appears. [1814, Philosophic\\nEssay on Probabilities/]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1809 Nov. 25. Louis Philippe [king]\\nmarries Marie Aniclie, daughter of Fer-\\ndinand IV., King of Naples.\\nDec. 16. Napoleon is divorced from\\nJosephine by the Senate. [1810. Apr. 2.\\nHe marries Maria Louisa of Austria.]\\n1810 Jan. 9. Paris. The marriage\\nof Napoleon to Josephine is declared a\\nnullity by the Diocesan Court.\\nSTATE.\\n1809 Apr. 9. The fifth coalition against\\nFrance by England and Austria.\\nJuly 6.-14 The Pope is held a\\ncaptive.\\nThe Pope having refused to recognize the\\nContinental System or recognize Murat as\\nKing of Italy, Napoleon annexes the Pontifi-\\ncal States to France, and assigns to the de-\\nposed Pope two millions of francs as an\\nannual revenue, and the enjoyment of his\\npalaces. The Pope excommunicates Napo-\\nleon and his counsellors.\\nOct. 14. Aust. Peace of Vienna (p. 519).\\n1810 Jan. 6. Sweden joins the Con-\\ntinental System.\\nAust. Southern Tyrol is annexed to\\nthe kingdom of Italy.\\nApr. 2. Napoleon marries Maria Lou-\\nisa, Archduchess of Austria, 19 years of\\nage.\\nJuly* JSfeth. Louis Bonaparte, King\\nof Holland, refuses to ruin his country\\nby joining the Continental System,\\nand is forced to abdicate, and fly to\\nEngland.\\nJuly 11. Neth. Napoleon annexes\\nHolland as the alluvial deposit of\\nFrench rivers. [The empire contains\\n130 departments and 50,000,000 of sub-\\njects.]\\n1811 Jan. 1. Ger. Hamburg is for-\\nmally annexed to France.\\nMar. 20. Queen Maria Louisa gives\\nbirth to a son [Napoleon II. J, who is\\nstyled King of Italy.\\n1812 Mar. 10. Napoleon denational-\\nizes all flags that submit to the British\\norders in council.\\nApr. 14. Napoleon s overtures of\\npeace are rejected by England.\\nJune 22. France declares war against\\nHussia.\\nCauses Russia s failure to strictly\\ncarry out the Continental System, which\\nhad ruined her commerce, offends the\\nmaster of the European continent.\\n1813 Feb. 3. Prus. Frederick William\\nIII. appeals to the patriotism of the\\nPrussians, and the young men enlist\\nen masse.\\nFeb. 28. Alliance of Kalish; Russia\\nand Prussia unite against France.\\nMar. 3. England and Sweden enter a\\ntreaty; the latter furnishes the allies\\n30,000 men.\\nMar. 16. Prussia declares war against\\nFrance.\\nMar. Ger. A revolt breaks out against\\nFrance in Hamburg. The Dukes of\\nMecklenburg withdraw from the Con-\\nfederacy of the Rhine.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0731.jp2"}, "732": {"fulltext": "720 1813, May 2-1815, Mar. 29.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1813 May 2. Saxony. The allied Rus-\\nsians and Prussians, 70,000\u00c2\u00b1 strong, at-\\ntack Napoleon, 115,000 strong, and are\\ndefeated at Liitzen.\\nMay Saxony. The allies withdraw to\\nLusatia.\\nMay 18. Prus. Swedish troops under\\nthe Crown Prince Bernadotte land in\\nPomerania.\\nMay 20, 21. Saxony. Battle of Baut-\\nzen.\\nNapoleon with 140,000+ men (40,000 ab-\\nsent on the first day) defeats 90,000\u00c2\u00b1\\nRussians and Prussians at Bautzen and\\nWurschen, but they retire in good order\\nFrench loss, 20,000+, including Napo-\\nleon s favorite general, Marshal Duroc\\nallies, 13,000\u00c2\u00b1.\\nMay 214-. Prus. The allies retreat to\\nSilesia.\\nMay 22. Saxony. The French defeat\\nthe Austrians and Russians at Hoch-\\nkirehen.\\nMay 30. Ger. The French under Mar-\\nshal Davout occupy Hamburg, and\\nbrutally maltreat the people.\\nJune 4. An armistice for eight weeks is\\nsigned. [Later prolonged to Aug. 10.]\\nJune 21. Sp. Battle of Vittoria.\\nWellington, commanding the allies,\\nrouts King Joseph and Marshal Jour-\\ndan (7o,000) the French lose 151 cannon\\nand all their baggage, provisions, and\\ntreasure. They now abandon Spain.\\nJuly 28. Sp. Wellington defeats Mar-\\nshal Soult in the Pyrenees. [Aug. 2.\\nHe again defeats him.]\\nAug. 10. Ger. Hostilities are renewed.\\nAug. 12. Austria joins the allies. (See\\np. 521.)\\nAug. English subsidies enable the allies\\nto place three great armies (370,000) in\\nthe field.\\n(1) The Bohemian army under Marshal\\nSchwarzenberg. (2) The Silesian army\\nunder Marsha] Blucher. (3) The North-\\nern army under Marshal Bernadotte.\\nCrown Prince of Sweden.\\nAug. 23. Prus. Battle of Gross-\\nbeer en.\\nThe Prussians under Gen. Marshal Von\\nBulow defeat the French army undei\\nOct. 3. Prus. The allies are reen-\\nforced by 60,000 Russians under Gen.\\nBennigsen.\\nBattle of Wartenburg the allies\\nagainst Gen. Bertram! defeat the French.\\nOct. 7. The British enter France.\\nOct. 8. Ger. The King of Bavaria\\nwithdraws as an ally of the French.\\nOct. Prus. Napole on retreats to pre-\\nvent the allies concentrating in his rear.\\nOct. 16. Marshal Blucher defeats the\\nFrench under Marshal Marmont at\\nMockern.\\nOct. 16, 18, 19. Battle of Leipsic,\\ncalled the Battle of the Nations. Allies\\narmy combined, 200,000, and later 300,-\\n000\u00c2\u00b1 French 130,000.\\n(Oct. 16.) Indecisive action between\\nNapoleon and the Russians and Prus-\\nsians under Gen. Schwarzenberg at\\nWashau.\\n(Oct. 17.) Napoleon makes offers of\\npeace with extravagant conditions.\\n(Oct. 18.) The allies win a great vic-\\ntory after fighting nine hours. The\\ntroops of Saxony and Wurtemberg go\\nover to the allies in the beat of the\\nbattle.\\n(Oct. 19.) The allies storm Leipsic,\\nand capture the Kiug of Saxony. The\\nFrench retreat with a loss of 30,000 men,\\nand many troops are drowned by the pre-\\nmature blowing up of the bridge over the\\nElster, with Marshal Poniatowski among\\nthem.\\nOct. 30, 31. Prus. Napoleon (70,000\u00c2\u00b1)\\ndefeats the Bavarian army (30,000)\\nunder Marshal Wrede at Hanau.\\nOct. 31. Sp. Pamplona is surrendered\\nto the Spaniards by the British.\\nNov. 2. Ger. Napole on gains the bat-\\ntle of Hochheim, and crosses the Bhine\\nat Mentz, with his army reduced to 70,000\\nmen.\\nNov. 11. Ger. Dresden falls into the\\nhands of the allies.\\nDec. 21 The Austrian army crosses\\nthe Rhine, and advances to Langres.\\n1814 Jan. 1+. The army of Blucher\\ncrosses the Rhine, and occupies Nancy.\\nA third army of the allies finally estab-\\nlishes itself on the road to Paris by\\nLaon and Soissons.\\nFeb. 14. Marshal Marmont defeats the\\nPrussians under Marshal Blucher at\\nVauchamps.\\nFeb. 17. Marshal Marmont defeats the\\nmain army of the allies at Fontaine-\\nbleau.\\nFeb. 18. Napole on defeats the allies\\nunder the Crown Prince of Wurtemberg\\nat Montereau.\\nFeb. The allies retreat to Troyes.\\nFeb. 27. The allies under Gen. Schwarz-\\nenberg defeat Marshal Oudinot and\\nGen. Macdonald at the battle of Bar-sur-\\nAube.\\nWellington defeats Marshal Soult at\\nOrthez in the south of France.\\nMar. 7. Napoleon checks the advance\\nof the allies at Craonne.\\nMar. 9-10. The united armies of the\\nallies under Marshal Blucher defeat\\nNapole on at Laon, inflicting heavy\\nloss.\\nMar. 12. The allies occupy Bordeaux.\\nMar. 13. Napoleon defeats the Rus-\\nsians under Comte de Saint-Priest at\\nReims, and retakes the city.\\nMar. 20. Wellington defeats the\\nFrench under Marshal Soult at Tarbes.\\nNapoleon throws himself in the rear\\nof the allies to cut off their communica-\\ntions.\\nMar. 25. The allies defeat Marshals\\nMarmont and Mortier at Fere Champe-\\nMar. 28. Napoleon is defeated at St.\\nDizier.\\nMar. 30. Paris. The allies defeat\\nMarshals Marmont and Mortier, who\\ncapitulate. Montmartre is stormed.\\nMar. 31. Paris. Gen. Marmont evacu-\\nates the city, and the allies enter, 230,000\\nstrong.\\nApr. 10. Battle of Toulouse.\\nWellington defeats Marshal Soult at\\nToulouse in the last battle of the Pe-\\nninsular War Soult is forced to retreat\\nBritish loss, 4,500 French loss, 10,000.\\nChalons is taken by the allies.\\n1815 Mar. 21. Paris. Napole onen-\\nters the city.\\nAug. 26. Prus. The allies (90,000) un-\\nder Gen. Blucher defeat the French\\n(100,000) under Marshal Macdonald on\\nthe Katzbach near Wahlstatt. French\\nloss, 12,000 killed and wounded.\\nAug. 26, 27- Saxony. The allies are\\ndefeated at Dresden. (See p. 520.)\\nAug. 30. Bohemia. The allies are vic-\\ntorious at Kulm. (See p. 520.)\\nAug. 31. Sp. Gen. Graham takes San\\nSebastian by storm the British sol-\\ndiers commit excesses and atrocities.\\nSept. 6. Prus. Battle of Dennewitz.\\nThe allied Prussians, Russians, and\\nSwedes under Gen. Von Billow and Gen.\\nTauenzein defeat the French under\\nMarshal Ney.\\nSept. 17. Bohemia. Repulse at Nol-\\nlendorf.\\nGen. Schwarzenburg repulses Napo-\\nleon Gen. Vandamme is defeated by\\nthe Prussians under Marshal Kleist.\\nJan. The allies in France are nearly\\n200,000 strong.\\nJan. 26. The French defeat the allies\\nat St. Dizier.\\nJan. 29. Napoleon defeats Marshal\\nBlucher at Brienne, and drives him\\nback.\\nFeb. 1. Marshal Blucher and the Prince\\nof Wurtemberg with 100,000+ men de-\\nfeat Napoleon and 45,000 French at\\nLa Rothiere, and drive him across the\\nRiver Aube.\\nFeb. 8. -ft. Eugene de Beauharnais\\ndefeats the Austrians in an engagement\\non the banks of the Mincio.\\nFeb. 10-12. Napole on defeats the al-\\nlies under Prince O s t e n-S a c k e n at\\nChampaubert.\\nFeb. 11. Napoleon defeats the allies\\nunder the Duke of York, and drives\\nthe Marne at Montmirail.\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1814* Joseph Nicephore Niepce begins\\nhis researches on the action of light on\\nprepared surfaces.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1813 Aubrv, Claude Charles, general, A40.\\nBernard, Claude, physiologist, born.\\nBessieres, Jean Baptiste, Due d lstria,\\nmarshal, A45.\\nBlanc, Jean Joseph Louis, author, politi-\\nCahours, Auguste, chemist, horn.\\nCoster, Joseph Francuis, economist, flnan-\\ncier, A84.\\nCreveeoeur, Hector Saint-Joan de, agricul-\\nturist, A78.\\nCumudau, Francois Rene, chemist, inventor,\\nA48.\\nDarboy, Georges, archbp. of Paris, born.\\nDelille, I/Abbe Jacques, poet, A75.\\nDuroc, Gerard C. M., Due de Friuli, gen-\\neral, A41.\\nPuvoisin, Jean ISaptiste, bishop, author, A69.\\nGalimard, Nicolas Aiiiinslc, painter, born.\\nJunot, Andoche, Due d Abrantds, general,\\nA42.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0732.jp2"}, "733": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1813, May 2-1815, Mar. 29. 721\\nGrelry, Andre Ernest Modeste, comp., A72.\\nHue, L Abbe Evariste Re gis, missionary, b.\\nHouel, Jean P. L. L., painter, engraver, A77.\\nLagrange, Joseph Louis, geomet., A77.\\nLevizac, Abb6, .lean P. V. L. de, gram., dies.\\nMaquet, Auguste, novelist, born.\\nMoreau, Jean Victor, general, A52.\\nNapoleon Victor, Prince, son of Prince Napo-\\nleon Jerome and Princess Clotilde, born\\nJuly 16.\\nNarbonne-Lara, Comte de, Louis, statesman,\\nsoldier, A58.\\nPelletan, Pierre Clement Eugene, litterateur,\\nborn.\\nPoniatowskl, Prince, Josef Anton, Polish\\ngeneral, marshal, A51.\\nTroyon, Constant, painter, born.\\nVeuillot, Louis, journalist, author, born.\\n1814* Aubert, L Abbe Jean Louis, poet,\\ncritic, fabulist, A83.\\nBernardin de Saint Pierre, Jacques Henri,\\nauthor, A77.\\nBossut, Charles, mathematician, A84.\\nBougainville, Louis Antoine de, navigator,\\ndiscoverer, A 85.\\nBrasseur de lionrbourg, Charles E., archeol-\\nogist, born.\\nCaveher, Pierre .Miles, sculptor, born.\\nChardon de la Rocliette, Simon, philologist,\\nHellenist, A61.\\nCle singer, J. I!. Auguste, sculptor, born.\\nD Agincourt, Jean Baptiste Louis George\\nSeroux, archeologist, A84.\\nSainte-Claire-Deville, Charles, geologist, b.\\nEbelmen, Jacques Joseph, chemist, born.\\nEsquiros, Henri Alphonse, novelist, born.\\nFaye, Herve Auguste E. A., astronomer, b:\\nFisch, George, Swiss Protestant clergyman, b.\\nFremy, Edinoinl, rhemist, horn.\\nGeoffroy, Julien Louis, critic, editor, A7L\\n(iuillard, Nicolas Francois, lyric poet, A62.\\nGuillotin, Joseph [gnaee, physician, inventor\\nguillotine, A76.\\nJosephine, Marie J. R. T. de la Pagerie,\\nempress, A51.\\nLa B^dolliere, Emile Gigault de, litterateur,\\nNemours, Due de, Louis Charles Philippe\\nRaphael d Orle ans, son of [King] Louis\\nPhilippe, born.\\nPalissot de Montenoy, Charles, satirist, A84.\\nParny, Evariste Desire Desforges de, poet,\\nA61.\\nPonsard, Francois, dramatist, born.\\nRouher, Eugene, statesman, born,\\nSaisset, Emile Edmond, philosopher, born.\\nSimon, Jules, statesman, born.\\nViollet-le-Due, Eugene E., architect, born.\\nAug. 12. Austria declares war against\\nFrance.\\nSept. 9. Austria concludes an alliance\\nwith Russia and Prussia. (See p. 521.)\\nOct. 8. Aust. Treaty of Ried. (See\\np. 521.)\\nOct. 19. Saxony. The defeat of Napo-\\nleon at Leipsic has important political\\nresults.\\nKing Jerome flees from Cassel the\\nkingdom of Westphalia and the duchies\\nof Frankfort and Berg are abolished,\\nwhile Cassel, Brunswick, Hanover, and\\nOldenburg are restored to their former\\nrulers.\\nNov. 5. Napole on arrives at St. Cloud.\\nNov. 8. The allies propose peace, with\\nthe Alps and the Rhine for boundaries\\nbut distrusting Napoleon, they resolve\\nto press the war, and cross the Rhine.\\nNov. The Confederacy of the R hin e\\nvanishes.\\nWUrtemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt,\\nBaden, and remaining members of the\\nConfederacy of the Rhine, withdraw.\\nNov. 15. Netk. Holland is detached\\nfrom France by the expulsion of French\\nofficials, and is restored to the House of\\nOrange.\\nNov. 21. Prus. The allies possess Stet-\\nCHURCH.\\n1813 Napoleon extorts important con-\\ncessions from the Pope in a new con-\\ncordat. [Mar. 24. Revoked by the\\nPope. Mar. 25. Published as law.]\\n1814 June Louis XVIII. proclaims\\nthe Roman Catholic religion as the\\nreligion of the State, but promises toler-\\nation for all religions.\\nLETTERS.\\n1813 On the Spirit of Conquest and\\nUsurpation, by Benjamin Constant de\\nRebecque, appears.\\n1814* Geographical Description of\\nEgypt under the Pharaohs, by Jean\\nFrancois Champollion, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\nThe term Legitimists is applied to\\nthose who support the royal claims of\\nthe elder branch of the Bourbon family.\\n1815 Mar. 29. Xapoleon abolishes the\\nslave-trade.\\nSTATE.\\n1813 June 15. England concludes a\\nsubsidy treaty with Prussia and Russia\\nat Reichenbach.\\nJuly 5+. Bohemia. Fruitless negotia-\\ntions for peace are made at Prague.\\ntin.\\nNov. Paris. The Senate grants the em-\\nperor a fresh levy of 300,000 men.\\nDec. 5. Ger. The allies possess Lubec.\\nDec. 26. The allies possess Zamosc,Mod-\\nlin, and Torgau.\\nDec. 30. The allies possess Danzic.\\nParis. The Legislative Assembly is\\nprorogued si7ie die because of a petition\\nfor political rights.\\nSp. The French are nearly all driven\\nout.\\n1814 Jan. 12. Saxony. Wittenburg\\nis possessed by the allies under Tauen-\\nJan. 25. Paris. Napoleon departs, after\\nmaking the empress his regent.\\nFeb. 5-Mar. 19. Congress of Chatil-\\nlon on the Seine.\\nThe allies propose to make the boun-\\ndaries of France the same as in 1792.\\nThe discussion is made fruitless by the\\ndubious aud haughty conduct of Napo-\\nleon.\\nMar. 12. The royal banner of the Bour-\\nbons is raised at Bordeaux.\\nApr. 2. Paris. The Senate decrees that\\nNapoleon Bonaparte has forfeited his\\nthrone by violating the rights and liber-\\nties of the people and the laws of the\\nConstitution.\\nApr. 6. Napole~on abdicates in favor\\nof his son, at Fontainebleau, naming the\\nempress as regent.\\nThe Senate founds a limited monar-\\nchy on the basis of the French and\\nAmerican Constitutions, with Louis\\nXVIII. king.\\nApr. 11. Napoleon abdicates uncon-\\nditionally.\\nThe allies give him the sovereignty of\\nthe Island of Elba, with an annual in-\\ncome of two million of francs.\\nApr. 12. Comte d Artois, as lieutenant-\\ngeneral, enters Paris.\\nApr. 28. Napoleon embarks at Frejus\\nfor Elba. [May 3. He arrives.]\\nHouse of Bourbon restored.\\nMay 3. Pa?*is. Louis XVI. s brother,\\nComte de Provence, first appoints his\\nyounger brother, the Comte d Artois,\\nvice-regent, and then enters Paris he\\nassumes the title Louis XVIII.\\n1814-1824 Louis XVIII.\\nMay 30. First Peace of Paris between\\nFrance and the allies, including Great\\nBritain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia.\\nthe independence of the States of the Neth-\\nerlands, as enlarged, also all German and\\nItalian Slates, and Switzerland. England\\nrestores to France the colonies of Tobago,\\nSt. Lucia, and Isle de France, but to re-\\ntain Malta. The allies remit all claims for\\nmoneys in payment of supplies, advances.\\netc. France promises England to abolish\\nthe slave-trade.\\nJune 4. Paris. The king proclaims a\\nliberal Constitution.\\nThe Senate is replaced by the Chamber\\nof Peers, who are nominated by the king.\\nReligious liberty, the freedom of the\\npress, responsible ministers, and non-\\nremovable judges are guaranteed; the\\nlower house is to be elected by the peo-\\nple.\\nSept. -15 June Aust. Congress of\\nVienna.\\nActs: France is Teduced to the boundaries\\nof 1790, and restores the Austrian and Prus-\\nsian monarchies. The kingdom of the Neth-\\nerlands is formed, comprising the former\\nkingdom of Holland and Austrian Belgium.\\nA German confederacy is created to substi-\\ntute the Old Empire; it comprises 39 sover-\\neign States, and includes four free cities, and\\nto be under the leadership of Austria. Rus-\\nsia receives the greater part of the grand-\\nduchy of Warsaw, as the kingdom of Poland;\\nKngland retains .Malta, Heligoland, part of\\nthe French and Dutch colonies, and assumes\\nthe protectorate of the Republic of the Seven\\nIonian Islands; Sweden retains Norway, and\\ncedes Lauenburg to indemnify Denmark.\\nThe cantons of Switzerland are increased to\\n22. The old dynasties are restored in Spain\\nand Sardinia (the latter receives Genoa),\\nin Tuscany, in Modena, and in the Papal\\nStates.\\nNice is tranferred to Sardinia.\\nCorsica is finally annexed to France.\\n1815 Feb. 26. Napoleon escapes\\nfrom Elba.\\nMar. 1. Napoleon again appears in\\nFrance he lands at Cannes with 1,500\\nmen.\\n[He marches in haste to Paris, and is\\nwelcomed by the citizens of Lyons\\ntroops are sent against him, but they\\njoin him.]\\nMar. 6. Paris. Louis XVIII. pro-\\nclaims Napole on to be a traitor and a\\nrebel, entering France by force of arms.\\nMar. 10. Napoleon enters Lyons.\\nMar. 13. A ban against Napoleon is\\nproclaimed by the sovereigns of Austria,\\nGreat Britain, Prussia, Russia, France,\\nSpain, Portugal, and Sweden.\\nMar. 19. Paris. Louis XV ill. leaves\\nthe Tuileries at the approach of Napo-\\nleon, and flees to Ghent.\\nMar. 20. Paris. Napoleon enters in\\ntriumph. The Hundred Days\\ncommence.\\nMar. 25. Aust. The powers unite in an\\nalliance at Vienna. (See p. 521.)", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0733.jp2"}, "734": {"fulltext": "722 1815, May 3-182 V\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1815 May 3. It. Neapolitans underMar-\\nshal Muxat are defeated at Tolentino\\nby Austrians under Marshal Bianchi.\\nMay 9. Marshal Soult is made com-\\nmander of tlie whole army. [June 2.\\nHe is made a peer of France.]\\nMay 22. Naples is captured.\\nJune 1. In seven weeks Napoleon has\\nreorganized the army, and secured\\n217,000 men under arms, besides a\\nsuperb body of cavalry, in addition to\\nthe National Guard of 150,000 men.\\nJune 14. Napoleon crosses the Bel-\\ngian frontier with 115,500 men, to at-\\ntack Wellington and Marshal Bliicher.\\nJune 16. Belg. Napole on defeats the\\nPrussians under Bliicher at Ligny; Prus-\\nsian loss, 12,000; French, 8,000.\\nThe Prince of Orange repulses the\\nFrench under Marshal Ney at Quatre\\nEras. [Both of these battles are pre-\\nliminary to Waterloo.]\\nJune 18. Belg. Decisive battle of\\nWaterloo.\\nNapoleon commands 72,000^ French;\\nWellington, 67,000+ British, Dutch, and\\nGerman troops Marshal Bliicher, 50,-\\n000\u00c2\u00b1 Prussians, who appear near the\\nclose of the battle and participate in it\\nand in the pursuit. The battle lasts\\nfrom 11.30 a. m. till evening, when the\\nallies repel the charge of the Old Guard,\\nand the combined armies advance\\nagainst the French. The rout is com-\\nplete. The allies lose 22,000\u00c2\u00b1, and the\\nFrench 22,000 besides many prisoners.\\nJune 25. !N apole on makes his fare-\\nwell address to his soldiers.\\nJuly 1. Paris. The allies arrive before\\nthe city. [July 7. It is surrendered and\\nentered.]\\nJuly 15. Napoleon, having failed in his\\nattempt to escape to America, surren-\\nders to the British, Capt. Maitland of\\nthe Betlerophon off Bochefort.\\nAug. 8. Eng. The British transfer Na-\\npoleon to the Northumberland at Tor-\\nhay, and he sails for St. Helena.\\nAug. 18. Valenciennes is surrendered\\nto the Prussians.\\nOct. 13. It. Marshal Murat is shot at\\nPizzo, after trial by court-martial.\\nOct. 15. Napoleon arrives at St. Helena\\n[and is left in exile for life].\\nParis. The Imperial Guard is dis-\\nsolved by Louis XVIII.\\nDec. 7. Paris. Marshal Ney is shot as\\na traitor after condemnation by the\\nHouse of Peers, in a trial lasting from\\nNov. 21 to Dec. 6.\\nBandits burn Mimes, plunder and\\nmassacre Bonapartists and Protestants\\nalike.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1816** Paris. Ren6 Theodore Hya-\\ncintheLaennec invents the stethoscope,\\nor breast-explorer, the principle of\\nwhich is now termed auscultation.\\n1817 Baron Cuvier s Animal King,\\ndom is published.\\n1818 Nov. 26. Eneke s Comet is\\ndiscovered by Jean Louis Pons, director\\nof the Observatory at Marseilles [but\\nnamed by astronomers after Prof. Jo-\\nhann Franz Encke of Berlin for his\\nsuccess in detecting its orbit, motions,\\nand perturbations].\\nA Velocipede is invented by Joseph\\nNicephore Niepce.\\nParis. The dandy-horse, or Drai-\\nsena, is patented for the Baron von\\nBade, commonly, Drais von Sauerbron.\\n1819* Andre Marie Ampere conceives\\nthe idea of applying electro-magnetism\\nto the telegraph.\\n[1820. He invents his telegraphic\\narrangement, employing the magnetic\\nneedle and coil and the galvanic bat-\\ntery.]\\n1820 The daguerreotype s a picture\\nformed on a metallic plate by the chem-\\nical action of light, is invented by Louis\\nJacques MandtS Daguerre.\\nParis. Percussion-caps are invented\\nby Bellot.\\nSloping tramways are used.\\nQuinine, an alkaloid, is discovered\\nby Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph\\nBienaime Caventou.\\nFrancois J. D. Arago and Pierre Louis\\nDalong experiment on the elastic force\\nof steam at different temperatures.\\nDominique F. Arago magnetizes a\\nneedle by the electric current, and at-\\ntracts iron filings by the connecting wire\\nof a galvanic battery.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1815* Abbadie, Arnaud Michel d trav-\\neler, born.\\nBerthet, Elie Eertrand, novelist, born.\\nBerthier, Louis Alexandre, Prince of Wa-\\ngram, marshal, A62.\\nBlanc, Auguste Alexandre Chas., art critic, b.\\nBrune, Guillaume Marie Ann. marshal, A5U.\\nCalmon, Marc Antoine, economist, born.\\nCouture, Thomas, painter, born.\\nFleury, Emile F., general, statesman, born.\\nFrere, Charles Theodore, painter, born.\\nHoussaye, Ars6ne, author, born.\\nLaheiloyere, Comte de, Charles AngeTique\\nHuchet, general, A29.\\nMillet, Jean Francois, painter, born.\\nM tiller, Charles Louis, painter, born.\\nMurat, Joachim, King of Naples, mar-\\nshal, executed Oct. 13, A44.\\nNey, Michel, Prince de la Moskwa, Due\\nd Elching-en, marshal, executed, A46.\\nPape-Carppiitier, Marie, educator, horn.\\nPhilippoteaux, Felix Emmanuel Henri, his-\\ntorical painter, born.\\nScherer, Edmond Henri Adolphe, Protes-\\ntant clergyman, critic, statesman, born.\\nTrochu, Louis -Jules, general, born.\\nVillers, Charles Francois Dominique de, phi-\\nlosopher, A50\u00c2\u00b1.\\n1816* Augereau, Pierre, Due de Casti-\\nglione, marshal, A59.\\nBeaumont- Vassy, Vieomte de, Edouard F. de\\nla Bonniere, historian, born.\\nBosquillon, Edouard Francois Marie, physi-\\ncian, scholar, A72.\\nBourbaki, harles Denis Sauter, general, b.\\nDejoux, Claude, sculptor, A85.\\nDelauny, diaries E., astronomer, born.\\nDe Trobriand, Philip Regis, French colonel\\nU. S. A., born.\\nDucis, Jean Francois, poet, dramatist, A83.\\nGerhardt, Charles Frederic, chemist, born.\\nGervais, Paul, naturalist, born.\\nGignoux, Francois Regis, painter, born.\\nGihguene, Pierre Louis, critic, author, A68.\\nGuyton de Morveau, Louis Bernard, chemist,\\nscientific writer, A79-\\nLafarge, Marie C, poisoner, born.\\nLa Gueronniere, Arthur de, B on apart is t,\\npolitical writer, born.\\nMillevoye, Charles Hubert, poet, A34.\\nMillet, Aim6, sculptor, born.\\nRoland, Philip, sculptor, A70.\\n1817 Aboville, Francois M., general, A87.\\nCiiabas, Franc Joseph, Egyptologist, born.\\nChoiseul-Gourher, Comte de, M. Gabriel F-,\\ntraveler, author, A65.\\nDaubigny, Charles Francois, painter, horn.\\nDucrot, Augtisle Alexandre, general, born.\\nDuple, Giovanni. Franco-Italian sculptor, b.\\nFeval, Paul Henri Corentin. novelist, b-\\nGerard, Jules Ceeile Basile, Lion-Killer, b.\\nLarousse, Pierre, editor, author, born.\\nLefebure-Wely, Louis J. A., composer, born.\\nMassema, Andre Due de Rivoli, Prince\\nd Essling, marshal, A59.\\nMaury, Louis Ferdinand Alfred, antiq., \\\\vr., b.\\nMaury, Jean Siffrein, cardinal, pol., A71.\\nMe hul, Etienne Henri, composer, A52.\\nMessier, Charles, astronomer, A87.\\nMocquard, private sec. to Napoleon, d. Dec. 9.\\nStael-Holstein, Baronne de, Anne Louise\\nGennaine, author, A51.\\nRochet, Louis, sculptor, born.\\nTaillandier, Rene G. E., philosopher, critic, b.\\nWurtz, Charles Adolphe, chemist, horn.\\nYvon, Adolphe, historical painter, born.\\nZaccone, Pierre, novelist, born.\\n1818* Beaurepaire-Rohan, Henri de, trav-\\neler, born.\\nBertrand de Molleville, Marquis, Antoine\\nFrancois, statesman, A74.\\nBrown-S6quard, Edouard, physiologist, b.\\nDeville, Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire, chemist,\\nDouay, Felix Charles, general, born.\\n1 aidherbe, Louis L. C, general, writer, born.\\nFanniere, Francois Auguste, engr., carver, b.\\nJanet, Ange Louis, painter, born.\\nJoinville, Prince de, Francois Ferdinand\\nPhilippe Louis Marie d Orleans, adm., b.\\nLeveque, Jean Charles, phdosopher, born.\\nLome nie, Louis Leonard de, author, born.\\nMillin, Aubin Louis, antiquary, natural., A59.\\nMonge, Gaspard, Comte de Peluie, geometer,\\nA72.\\nPerignon, Marquis de, Dominique Catherine,\\nmarshal, A64.\\nRoumanille, Joseph, Provencal poet, born.\\nThouvenel, Edouard, Antoine, politician, di-\\nplomatist, born.\\nTJbicini, Jean Henri Abdolonyme, author, b.\\nJune 17. Gounod, Charles Francois, musi-\\ncal composer, born.\\n1819 B ilia ud-Vare lines, Jean N., Jacobin,\\nA63.\\nCarre, Michel, author, born.\\nCostg, Jean F., physician, writer, A78.\\nCourbet, Gustave, painter, born.\\nFizeau, Hippolyte Lotus, mathematician, b.\\nFiguier, Lotus Guillaume, author, bom.\\nFoucault, Leon, natural philosopher, born.\\nFournier, Edouard, litterateur, born.\\nFrere, Pierre Edward, painter, born.\\nGramont, Due de, Antoine A. A., states., b.\\nJalabert, Charles Francois, painter, born.\\nLenoir, L Abbe Charles Pelage, author, b.\\nOffenbach, Jacques, comp. of comic operas, b.\\nVacquerie, Auguste, dramatist, poet, born.\\nVapereau, Louis Gustave, biographer, born.\\n1820 Augier, Guillaume V. E., dramatist,\\npoet, born.\\nBachelet, Jean Louis Theodore, historian, b.\\nBecquerel, Alexandre Ediuond, physicist, b.\\nBerry, or Berri, Due de, Charles F. d Artois,\\nson of Charles X., A42.\\nCastille, Charles Hippolyte, novelist, politi-\\ncal writer, born.\\nChambord, Comte de, Henri C. F. M. D.\\nd Artois, head of elder branch of Bourbon\\ndynasty, born.\\nCoquerel, Athanase Josue rationalistic cL, b.\\nDubufe, Edouard, portrait painter, born.\\nForcade-Laroquette, Jean L. L. D. de, states-\\nman, born.\\nFouche, Joseph, Due d Otranto, minister of\\npolice, A57.\\nFromentin, Eugene, painter, born.\\nCallait, Jean Pierre, author, A64.\\nKellermann, Due de Valmy, Francois\\nChristophe, marshal, A85.\\nLeconte de Lisle, Charles Marie, poet, b.\\nLefebvre Francois J., Due de Dantzic,\\nmarshal, A 65.\\nMontyon, J. B. Robert Auget de, philan-\\nthropist, A 87.\\nMerode, Franyois de, R. C. prelate, philan., b.\\nRachel, Elisabeth Rachel Felix, trag. actor, b.\\nTallien, Jean Lamberl, revolutionist, A51.\\nThenard, Arnould Paul Edmond, chemist, b.\\nVechte, Antoine, goldsmith, born.\\nVolney, Comte de. Constant in Francois\\nChasseboMif, philosopher, trav., au., A(j3.\\nZeller, Jules Sylvain, historian, born.\\n1821 Allart, Mary Cay, novelist, A7l.\\nBaudrillart, Henri, economist, born.\\nBaudelaire, Charles, poet, born.\\nBeurnonville, Marquis de, Pierre de Ruel,\\nmarshal, statesman, A69.\\nMay 5. Bonaparte, Napoleon, emperor,\\ngreatest general of modern times, A52.\\nBroglie, Due de, J. V. Albert, author, born.\\nCadet de Gassicourt, Charles L., chemist,\\nphilosopher, A52.\\nCaiTon, Gui Tonssaint Julien, cl., writer, A61.\\nFeydeau, Ernest Aime\\\\ author, born.\\nFlaubert, Gustave, novelist, born.\\nFontanes, Marquis de, Louis, author, A64.\\nllamon, Jean Lotus, painter, born.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0734.jp2"}, "735": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1815, May 3-1821,*\\n723\\n1816 Nov. 15. Paris. The bells of\\nNotre Dame are formally baptized by\\nthe name of the Duke of Angouleme.\\nThe Waldensian Bible Society is or-\\nganized at La Tour.\\n1817 The Apostolic Congregation ob-\\ntains a concordat from the Pope, revok-\\ning that of 1801, and substituting that\\nof 1516 for it.\\n1818 Paris. The Protestant Bible\\nSociety is organized.\\n1820 A great revival commences in\\nthe Protestant churches.\\nLETTERS.\\n1815 L Independent is issued [which\\nshortly becomes Le Constitutional].\\n*-18* Liqonsdf philosophic, by Pierre\\nLaromiguieri, appears.\\n-33 Songs, by Pierre J. de Beran-\\nger, appear.\\n1816 -21 Elements de la gram-\\nmaire romaine, and La Choix des poesies\\noriginates des Troubadours, by Ray-\\nnouard, appear.\\nAnnates de Ckimie et de Physique,\\na monthly journal of science, is com-\\nmenced by Francois J. D. Arago and\\nJoseph Louis Gay-Lussac.\\nTreatise on Experimental Physics and\\nMathematics, by Birot, appears.\\nline Nuit de Garde Nationale and\\nFlore et Ziphire, by Scribe, appear.\\n[1817, The Solicitor.]\\nParis. The French Academy is re-\\norganized.\\nIt is composed of 40 members, elected\\nfor life, alter persomil application and\\nthe submission of their nomination to\\nthe head of the State. It is the high-\\nest authority on questions relating to\\nlanguage, grammar, rhetoric, and po-\\netry, and the publication of the French\\nclassics.\\n1817 History of Painting in Italy and\\nLives of Haydn, Mozart, and Metas-\\ntasio, by Marie Henri Beyle, appear.\\n-23 Essay on Indifference in the\\nMatter of Religion, by Lamennais, ap-\\npears. [1319-35, Essays on Religion and\\nPhilosophy.]\\n1818 Melanges de LitUrature, and\\nPhilosophy of the 18th Century, by An-\\ndre 1 Morellet, appear.\\nMSmoires et correspondance de Ma-\\ndame de la Live d Epinay, appears.\\nConsiderations sur la rivolulion fran-\\ncaise, by Madame de Stae l, appears.\\n[1321, Dix Annees d exil and Essais\\nSelmours et Florian, and La Tour de\\nFaveur, by Emile Descharnps, appear.\\nJean Sbogar, by Nodier, appears.\\n[1319, TkM se 1X20, Ph-l urcsque and Ro-\\nmantic Travels in Ancient France.]\\n-20 La Mhierve Franeaise is is-\\nsued.\\n*-20* Bibliolheque Historique is is-\\nsued.\\n-22 Anatomical Philosophy, hy ti-\\nenne Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire, appears.\\n23 Borgnis* Dictionnaire Mica-\\nnique appUque e aux Arts, appears.\\n1819 Le Conservateur Litteraire is\\nfounded by Victor Hugo.\\nFree Meditations of a Recluse, by Se-\\nnancour, appears.\\nDu pape, by J. M. Maistre, appears.\\n[1821, De I egiise ga/licane and Soiries\\nde Saint PHersbourg.]\\nPanhypocrisiade, by L. J. N. Lemer-\\ncier, appears. [Later, the Atlantiade.]\\nLes Vepres siciliennes, by J. F. C. De-\\nlavigne, appears. [1821, Le Paria, Les\\nCom4diens, and La Varsovienne.]\\n1320 Researches into the Tartar Lan-\\nguages, by Jean P. A. Remusat, appears.\\n[IS 2 2, Elements of the Chinese Grammar.]\\nL Ours et le Pacha, by Scribe, ap-\\npears.\\nGeorgette, by Charles Paul de Kock,\\nappears.\\nMarie Stuart, by Le Brun, appears.\\n[1821, Poeme lyrique sur la mort de A r\\npolion; 182S, Voyage en Grece.]\\nMeditations, by Lamartine, appears.\\n1821 Gustave, ou le mauvais svjet,\\nby Charles Paul de Kock, appears. [1822,\\nMon voisin Raymond 1825, Andre le Sa-\\nvoyard 1S26, Le bar bier de Paris.]\\n-44 Hisioire des Franqais, by Sis-\\nmondi, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1815 June 20. Paris. Napoleon\\nreturns from Waterloo after his defeat.\\n[July 3. He arrives at Rochefort, seek-\\ning passage to America.]\\nDec. 20. Count Lavalette, condemned\\nto death for joining Napoleon, escapes\\nfrom prison disguised in his wife s\\nclothes. [His wife loses her reason.]\\n1816 Jan. 21. Twenty-three years after\\nhis execution public mourning is gen-\\nerally observed on account of the death\\nof Louis XVI.\\nParis. A peace society is formed.\\n1820 Feb. 13. Paris. The Due de\\nBerry, second son of the Comte d*Ar-\\ntois, is assassinated by Louvel, an anti-\\nBourbon Radical.\\nSTATE.\\n1815 May 21. Paris. !N apole on pub-\\nlishes An Act Additional to the Consti-\\ntutions of the Empire, being a conces-\\nsion to the Liberal party.\\nJune 22. Napoleon abdicates in favor\\nof his son.\\nJune 29. Napoleon at Rochefort\\nvainly seeks to escape to America.\\nJuly 3. Paris. A convention is signed\\nat St. Cloud, by which Paris is to be\\nsurrendered to the allies within three\\nJuly 7. Paris. The French army (150,-\\n000) withdraws, and the allies enter.\\nJuly 8. Paris. Second Restoration\\nof the Bourbons. Louis XVDZE. re-\\nenters Paris Talleyrand is chief min-\\nister.\\nJuly 15. Napole on throws himself on\\nthe generosity of England by placing\\nhimself in its power he surrenders\\nhimself to Capt. Maitland of the Belle-\\nrophon.\\nJuly The troops of the allies are dis-\\npersed through the provinces.\\nAug. 19. Gen. Labedoyere is shot as a\\ntraitor.\\nSept. Paris. Talleyrand resigns his\\noffice.\\nSept. 15-18 Dec. 29. Paris. Ministry\\nof the Due de Richelieu.\\nSept. 26. The Holy Alliance is found-\\ned. (Seep. 521.)\\nOct. 15. It. Gen. Murat, a brother-in-\\nlaw of Napoleon, and the ex-king of Na-\\nples, is shot for treason, after trial by a\\ncourt-martial.\\nOct. 16. Napoleon arrives at St. He-\\nlena, an island of the South Atlantic,\\n1,200 miles west of Africa and 1800 miles\\neast of South America [where he re-\\nmains in exile the remainder of his life\\nfive and a half years].\\nNov. 20. Second Peace of Paris.\\nTerms: France is reduced nearly to the\\nlimits of 1790; it surrenders tour frontier\\nfortresses to the German Confederation and\\nSaarbriicken to Prussia. Her possession in\\nSavoy is ceded to Sardinia. The fortress of\\nHuningen to be demolished. Seventeen for-\\ntresses on the northern frontier are to be\\ngarrisoned for five years by the allies at the\\nexpense of France. An indemnity of 700,-\\n000,000 francs is to be paid to the allies, for\\nthe expenses of the war. Also the art treas-\\nures requisitioned by Napoleon from various\\ncountries are to be restored.\\nDec. 7. Paris. Marshal rTey is shot as\\na traitor, he having deserted to Napo-\\nleon.\\n1816 Jan. 12. Paris. The law of\\namnesty is passed, forever excluding\\nthe family of Napoleon from the terri-\\ntory of France.\\n1817 A new election law places the\\nelective power chiefly in the hands of\\nthe small proprietors and the bour-\\ngeoisie.\\nThe people are divided into numerous\\nparties.\\nThe Court party advocates the old mon-\\narchical, government, and it is led by Riche-\\nlieu; the Doctrinaires advocate a constitu-\\ntional monarchy with a strong administra-\\ntion, they are led by Guizot; the Legitimists\\nhold to the l .ourbon line, and are led by De-\\ncazes; the Liberals, whose leaders are Perier\\nand Lafayette; and Republicans who cling\\nto the Bonapartes.\\n1818 Oct. 9. The Congress of Aix-la-\\nChapelle.\\nThe great powers resolve to with-\\ndraw the army of occupation from\\nFrance.\\nDec. 29-19 Nov. Paris. The Minis-\\ntry of Dessoles-Deeazes. [1819, Nov.\\n10 to 1820. Feb. Decazes.J\\nRise of the Independents (Liber-\\nals and Anti-Bourbons).\\nFrance joins the Holy Alliance.\\n1820 Feb. 13. Paris. Charles Ferdi-\\nnand, Due de Berry, the second nephew\\nof Louis XVIII. is assassinated by Lou-\\nvel, an anti-Bourbon radical.\\nFeb. 20. Decazes retires from the Min-\\nistry.\\nHe is succeeded by the Due de Riche-\\nlieu, an Ultra-Royalist, as premier. The\\nrestriction of the freedom of the press\\nand of elections follows.\\nSept. 20. Birth of Henry Charles Ferdi-\\nnand, Comte de Chambord, Due de Bor-\\ndeaux, posthumous son of the Due de\\nBerry. Henry V. Europe s Child.\\nMov. The new laws secure a large ma-\\njority for the government (Ultra-Royal-\\nists) in the general election.\\n1821 Jan.* Aust. The Laibaeh Con-\\ngress meets. (See p. 521.)\\nMay 5. Napoleon I. diesatLongwood,\\nSt. Helena.\\nDec. 13-28 Jan. 4. Paris. The Due\\nde Richelieu resigns his office [and is\\nsucceeded by Comte de Villele, an Ul-\\ntra Royalist, as premier].\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1819 Paris. Gas light is introduced", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0735.jp2"}, "736": {"fulltext": "724 1821,**-1830, Dec. 21.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1823 Apr. 7. An army of 100,000 men\\nunder the Due d Angouleme enters\\nSpain to suppress the Constitutional\\nparty. [May 24. Arrives at Madrid.]\\nAug. 31. Sp. The French defeat the\\nSpaniards at Cadiz. [Oct. Cadiz is\\nsurrendered.]\\n1827 Apr. 13. The National Guard is\\ndissolved by the king.\\nOct. France unites with Great Britain\\nand Russia in sending a squadron against\\nthe Turkish fleet for the protection of\\nGreece.\\nOct. 30. Or. The Turkish fleet is an-\\nnihilated at the battle of Navarino by\\nthe allied fleet under Sir Edward Cod-\\nrington.\\n1828+ War with Algeria. (Algeria,\\np. 8.)\\nSpring. Gr. The Turks evacuate\\nthe Morea, and the French army occu-\\npies it.\\n1830 July 27-29. Paris. The war of\\nthe barricades occurs.\\nJuly 29. Charles X. reestablishes the\\nNational Guard Lafayette becomes\\nits commander. [Nov. 26. He resigns.]\\nJuly 31. Louis Philippe, Due d Or-\\nleans, is made lieutenant-general.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1822 The diorama is invented by\\nLouis Jacques Mande Daguerre and\\nBouton.\\n1826 Bromin is discovered by An-\\ntoine Jerdme.\\nThe Death of Queen Elizabeth is\\npainted by Paul Delaroche.\\nApotheosis of Homer is painted by Jean\\nAuguste Dominique Ingres.\\n1827 Jean Civiale receives a prize of\\n6,000 and 10,000 francs for his method of\\noperation in lithotrity. [1S29. He re-\\nceives another prize of 10,000 francs.]\\nA turbine is invented by BenoitFour-\\nneyron.\\nJoseph Nicephore Niepce gives spe-\\ncimens of photogalvanography, the art\\nof producing engravings by the action of\\nlight and electricity.\\n1828 Feb. 29. Daniel Auber s opera,\\nMuette di Portici, is produced at the\\nGrand Opera.\\nApr. 11\u00c2\u00b1. Paris. The use of the omni-\\nbus is revived.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1831* Jobbe-Duval, Armand M. Felix,\\npainter, b.\\nKock, Heuri de, novelist, bom.\\nMariette, Auguste Edouard, archeologist,\\nEgyptologist, born.\\nMeryon, Charles, etcher, born.\\nPicard, Ernest, statesman, born.\\nRobin, Charles Philippe, anatomist, micro-\\nscopist, born.\\nViardot, Michelle Pauline Garcia, actor, born.\\nZiem, Felix, painter, born.\\n1622 Aumale, Due d\\\\ Henri E. P. L. d\\nOrleans, general, son of Louis Philippe, b.\\nBarbier, Paul .iules, dramatist, born.\\nBarrias, Felix .Tuseph, artist, born.\\nBerthollet, laude Louis, chemist, A74.\\nBonaparte, Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul,\\nson of Jerome, born.\\nBonheur, Rosalie, painter, born.\\nCalmels, Anatole Celestin, sculptor, born.\\nCampan, Jeanne L. H. J., educa., au., A70.\\nClement, Felix, composer, born.\\nDelambre, Jeiin Baptists .Inscpli, astron., A73.\\nDu Camp, Maxime, critic, author, born.\\nErckmann, Emile, litterateur, born.\\nFanniere, Francois Joseph, engr., carver, b.\\nFauvelet, Jean Baptiste. painter, born.\\nGalin, Pierre, musician, A36.\\nGot, Fram. ois Jules Edmund, comedian, b.\\nGouvy, Theodore, musical composer, born.\\nHalle, Jean Noel, physician, A68.\\nHaiiy, Rene Just, mineralogist, A79.\\nMasse, Victor, composer, born.\\nPasteur, Louis, biologist, born.\\nPen-ens, Francis Tommy, historian, bora.\\nSicard, Roch Ambroise Cucurron, deaf-mute\\nteacher, A80.\\nZier, Victor Casimir, painter, born.\\n1823 Agier, Pierre Jean, judge, A75.\\nAlmeras, Baron, Louis, general, A55.\\nAvrigny, Charles Juseph L.euillard d A63.\\nBanville, Theodore Faullain, poet, born.\\nCabanel, Alexandre, historical painter, born.\\nCarnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite, military\\nadministrator, strategist, A70.\\nChanzy, Antoine E. A., general, born.\\nCharles, Jacques Alexandre Cesar, electri-\\ncian, A77.\\nChaussard, Pierre Jean B., author, A57.\\nCluseret, (iustave Paul, soldier, born.\\nDavout, Louis Nicolas, Prince d Eckmuhl,\\nDue d Aucrstadt, marshal, A53.\\nDelalande, Pierre Antoine, naturalist, trav-\\neler, A 36.\\nDumouriez. Charles Francois, republican\\ngeneral, A84.\\nHumbert, Joseph Amable, general, A68+.\\nJanet. Paul, philosopher, born.\\nMorin, Frederic, writer, born.\\nPrevost, Pierre, painter of panoramas, A59.\\nKenan, Joseph Erneste, orientalist, critic,\\nphilosopher, born.\\n1824* Bausset, Louis F. de, cardinal, au-\\nthor, A76.\\nBeauharnais, Eugene de, stepson of Napo-\\nleon I., A43.\\nBoiste, Pierre Claude Victoire, lexicog., A59.\\nCambaeeres, Due de, Jean Jacques Regis,\\nstatesman, jurist, A67.\\nChabrillan, C. V. de, Comtesse de Moreton,\\ncircus rider, author, born.\\nCheri, Rose Marie Cizos, actor, born.\\nColani, Timothee, Protestant cl., critic, born.\\nDumas. Alexandre, Jils, novelist, dram., b.\\nDuvaucel, Alfred, naturalist, A32.\\nFremiet, Emmanuel, sculptor, born.\\nGerome, Jean Leon, painter, born.\\nGericault, Jean Louis Theodore Andre, pain-\\nter, A34.\\nGirodet Trioson, Anne Louis, painter, A57.\\nJoubert, Joseph, moralist, A70.\\nLacretelle, Pierre Louis ^h\\\\ lawyer, wr., A73.\\nLebrun, Due de, Charles Francois Pia-\\ncenza, statesman, author, A85.\\nLouis XVIII., king, A69.\\nMaine de Biran, Marie Francois Pierre Gon-\\nthier, metaphysician, A58.\\nMontpensier, Due de, A. M. P. L. d Orleans,\\n5th son of Louis Philippe, born.\\nPicou, Henri Pierre, painter, born.\\nPressense, Edmond D. de, Protestant theo-\\nlogian, orator, statesman, born.\\nVaillanl, Francois I.e. traveler, natural., A71.\\n1825 Baert, Baron de, Alexandre Bait ha-\\nsar Francois de Panic, senator, author, A75.\\nBarbier, Antoine Alexandre, bibliog., A60.\\nCourier de Mere, Paul Louis, polit. wr., A53-L.\\nDavid, Jacques Louis, painter, A77.\\nDenon, Dominique Vivant. artist, au., A78.\\nDufrehoy, Adelaide Gillette Billet, poet, AGO.\\nDnpaty, Charles Mercier, sculptor, A54.\\nFerrand, Comte, Antoine Francois Claude,\\nauthor, A74.\\nFoy, Maxiniilien S^bastien, general, A50.\\nGamier, Jean L. C, architect, born.\\nHabert, Baron, Pierre Joseph, general, A52.\\nLacepede, Comte de, Bernard G. S. de la\\nViUe, naturalist, A69.\\nMonselet, Charles, novelist, born.\\nOllivier, Emile, advocate, politician, born.\\nOppert, Jules, orientalist, born,\\nSaint-Simon, Comte de, Claude Henri, so-\\ncialist, philosopher, A65.\\n1826* Allemand, Zacliarie J. T.,adm., A64.\\nBellot, Joseph Rene, naval ofricer, born.\\nBeule, Charles Ernest, archeologist, pol., b.\\nBoissv d Anglas, Francois Antoine, states-\\nman, A70.\\nCbamlion tie Montaux, Nicolas, pbys., A78,\\nChatrian, Alexandre, litterateur, born.\\nEugenie, empress, wife of Napoleon III., b.\\nGodefroy, Frederic, lexicographer, born.\\nJoubert, Leo, critic, author, born.\\nLaennec, Rene Theodore llvaeinthe, physi-\\ncian, A45.\\nLantier, Etienne Francois de, author.\\nOberlin, Jean Frederic, philanthropist,\\nformer, A 86.\\nPinel, Philippe, physician, alienist, A8I.\\nSuchet, Louis Gabriel, Due d ATbufera, mar-\\nshal, A 56.\\nTalma, Francois Joseph, actor, A63.\\nWaddingtonj William Henri, archeologist,\\nstatesman, born.\\n1827 Allier, Louis, numismatist, A61.\\nBail, Charles Joseph, statist, A50.\\nBreton, Jules A. A. L., painter, born.\\nCassas, Louis Francois, painter, arch., A71.\\nCaulamcoui t, Armand Augustin Louis de,\\nofficer, diplomatist, A54.\\nFresnel, Augustin Jean, optician, geometri-\\ncian, A39.\\nGidel, Charles Antoine, author, born.\\nLaplace, Pierre Simon, astronomer, math-\\nematician, A78.\\nLa Rochefoucauld-Iiiancourt, Due de,\\nFrancois A. F., philanthropist, A80.\\nLoyson, Charles, Fere llyacinttie, pulpit ora-\\ntor, born.\\nManuel, Jacques Antoine, pol.. ora., A52.\\n1828 About, Edmond Francois Valen-\\ntin, author, born.\\nAbrail, Comte, Andre-Joseph, lawyer, A78.\\nAndreossi, Comte, Antoine Francois, mili-\\ntary engineer, A 67.\\nBaudry, Paul Jacques Ainie, painter, born.\\nBosc, Louis Augustin Gudlaume, natural-\\nist, A 69.\\nCerisier, Antoine Marie, historian, A79.\\nChaussier, Francois, anatomist, A82.\\nDamas, Francois Etienne, general, A64.\\nFaure, Constance C. Lefebvre, vocalist, b.\\nFrancois de Neuf chateau, Comte, Nicolas\\nLouis, writer, politician, A78.\\nFroehot, Comte, Nicolas Therese Benott, ad-\\nministrator, A71\u00c2\u00b1.\\nHoudon, Jean Antoine, sculptor, A82.\\nLanfrey, Pierre, historian, born.\\nLauriston, Marquis de, Jacques Alexandre\\nBernard Law, marshal, A60.\\nPicard, Louis Benoit, dramatist, A59.\\nTaine, Hippolyte Adolphe, historian, phi-\\nlosopher, critic, born.\\nVerne, JuleB, author, born.\\n1829* Athenas, Pierre Louis, rural econo-\\nmist, A77.\\nAuger, Louis Simon, critic, writer, A57.\\nBaxxas, Paul Francois J. N. de, states-\\nman, A74.\\nCavaignac, Jean Baptiste, revolutionist, A67.\\nDaru, Comte Pierre Antoine Noel Bruno,\\nstatesman, writer, A62.\\nDubois-Pigalle. Paul, sculptor, born.\\nGail, Jean Baptiste, Hellenist, author, A74.\\nLamarck, Chevalier de, Jean Baptiste\\nPierre Antoine de Monet, natural., A85.\\nLameth, Comte de, Alexandre Theodore Vic-\\ntor, revolutionist, A69.\\nMonnier, Marc, litterateur, born.\\nPonson du Terrail, Pierre Alexis de, novel., b.\\nPrevost- Par adol, Lucien Anatole, orator,\\njournalist, diplomatist, born.\\nSaux, Sophie de, genre-painter, born.\\nVauquelin, Louis Nicolas, chemist, A66.\\nVogue, Charles Jean Melchior, archeologist,\\ndiplomatist, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1822 Nov. Paris. The Evangelical\\nSociety is organized.\\n1823 Rome. Leo XLT. is pope. [1829,\\nPius VI11. 1831, Gregory XVI.]\\n1827 The bishops and Jesuits are\\nincensed with the ordinance transferring\\nthe direction of the Academies from\\nthe Jesuits to the University of Paris.\\n1828 June 16. A royal ordinance\\ncloses the schools of the Jesuits.\\nLETTERS.\\n1822 Odes et poesies diverses, by Vic-\\ntor Hugo, appears. [1823, Han d islande\\n1824, X nurefles odes; 182G, Odes et Bal-\\nlades and Bua-Janjal 1827, Cromwell;\\n1829, Le dernier jour d un condamne\\nAmy Robsart, and Les Orientates.\\nMemoires sur la vie privie de Marie\\nAntoinette, by Madame Campan, ap-\\npears.\\nTreatise on Crystallography by Rene\\nJust Haiiy, appears.\\nClytemnestra and Saul, by Alexandre\\nSouinet, appear. [Later, Le Divine\\nEpopee and Joan of Arc]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0736.jp2"}, "737": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1821, *-1830, Dec. 21. 725\\nTreatise on Domestic ami Agricultural\\nAssociation, by P. M. C. Fourier, appears.\\nTh orie analytique de la Chaleur, by\\nJ. B. J. Fourier, appeal s.\\nSystem of Positive Politics, by Au-\\nguste Comte, appears.\\n1823 Tablettes du Juif Errant, by\\nEdgar Quiiiet, appears.\\nLa mort de Socrate, by Lamartine, ap-\\npears. [1S25, Le Dernier chant du pUe-\\nrinage de Childe Harold; 1S29, Harmo-\\nnies poetiques et religieuses.}\\nJeremy Bentham s Preuves Judici-\\naires, edited by Bumont, appears.\\nDiscours et MUanges litteraires, by\\nAbel F. Villeinain, appears.\\nChemical Researches on Fat Sub-\\nstances of Animal Origin, by Micbel\\nEugene Chevreul, appears.\\n-27 Hi stoirede la. Revolution fran-\\ngaise, by Louis A. Thiers, appears.\\n1824 Essais poetiques, by Madame B.\\nG. de Girardiu, appears.\\nApology for the Romantic School, by\\nA. P. Paris, appears.\\nSummary of the Hieroglyphic System,\\nof the Ancient Egyptians, by Jean F.\\nChampollion, appears.\\nHistory of the French Revolution from\\n1789 to 1814, by Francois A. M. Mignet,\\nappears.\\nRome, Naples, and Florence in 1817,\\nand Life of Rossini, by Beyle, appear.\\nHistory of NapoUon and the Grand\\nArmy in 1812, by Philippe P. Segur, ap-\\npears.\\nPamphlet des Pamphlets, by Courier,\\nappears.\\n1825 La Revue Rritannique is issued.\\nM moires, by Comtesse de Genlis, ap-\\npears.\\nCharivari, by Jacques Jasmin, ap-\\npears.\\nNew Christianity by Saint-Simon, ap-\\npears.\\nHistoire de la conquete de VAngleterre,\\nby Jacques Nicolas Augustine Thierry,\\nappears. [1827, Lettres sur I* histoire de\\nFrance.]\\n1826 Cinq-Mars, or a Conspiracy\\nunder Louis XIII., by Be Vigny, ap-\\npears. [1827, Ancient and Modern Poems.\\nPhilosophic Fragments, by Victor\\nCousin, appears.\\nHistory of the Dukes of Burgundy by\\nA. G. P. B. Barante, appears.\\nLes Natchez, by Chateaubriand, ap-\\npears.\\n1827 -56 History of the Revolu-\\ntion in England, by Guiz ot, appears.\\n1828 June 13. A royal ordinance sup-\\npresses the educational institutions\\nof the Jesuits, and places all academies\\nunder the direction of the University\\nof Paris.\\nFrench and Foreign Studies, by Emile\\nBeschamps, appears.\\nEssay on the History of Philosophy in\\nFrance in the 19th Century, by Jean P.\\nBamiron, appears.\\nHistorical and Critical Picture of\\nFrench Poetry and the French Theater\\nin the 16th Century, by Charles Augus-\\ntin Sainte-Beuve, appears. [1829, Life,\\nPoetry, and Thouqhtsnf Joseph Delorme;\\n1830, Consolations 1832-39, Literary Por-\\ntraits.]\\nJeremy Bentham s Organisation judi-\\nciaire et Codification, edited by Bumont,\\nappears.\\nPrincesse Aure lie, by Belavigne, ap-\\npears. [1829, Marino Faliero.]\\n-30 La Revue Francaise is issued.\\n-38 Lectures on French Literature,\\nby Villemain, appears.\\n1829 Le dernier Chouan, by Balzac, ap-\\npears. [1830, La physioloqie du mariage\\nand the first of the Contes drolatiques;\\n1831, La peau de chagrin and La femme\\nde trente ans 1831-50, La Com die hu-\\nmainej]\\n-45 Paris. La Revue de Paris is\\nissued.\\n1830 Feb. 25. Hernani, ou VHonneur\\nCastilian, by Victor Hugo, appears.\\nJuly 25. Charles X. orders that the lib-\\nerty of the press be suspended.\\nOct. 18. L Avenir is issued by Lamen-\\nnais.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1828 Dec. 10. Paris. Pierre Jean de\\nBeranger, the poet, is fined 10,000 francs\\nand imprisoned [for five months] for\\nwriting political songs.\\n1830 July* Paris. The mob sacks\\nthe Tuileries. (See State.)\\nSTATE.\\n1823 Apr.* France interferes against\\nliberal government in Spain with mili-\\ntary force.\\nOct. Sp. French arms liberate Ferdi-\\nnand VII., and reestablish an odious\\ndespotism. [A cruel reaction and numer-\\nous executions follow.]\\n1824 Apr.\u00c2\u00b1 The Government secures\\na Chamber of Beputies with only 19\\nLiberal members, by corruption,\\nfraud, and intimidation.\\nThe election laws are changed so\\nas to elect a new House every seven\\nyears, instead of one-fifth part of the\\nChamber each year.\\nSept. 16. The king dies at the Tuile-\\nries he is succeeded by his brother,\\nCharles Philippe, Comte d Artois.\\n1824-1830 Charles X.\\n1825 Mar. Returned refugees are\\npaid.\\nThey receive a grant of a milliard francs\\n($200,000,000) as compensation for their\\nestates, which have been confiscated by\\nthe Government of the Revolution.\\nMay 29. Charles X. is crowned in the\\ncathedral at Reims.\\n1827 Apr. A popular outcry prevails\\nagainst the Jesuits; the National\\nGuard participates. [Apr. 30. It is dis-\\nbanded by royal ordinance.]\\nJuly 6. France joins Great Britain and\\nRussia to stop hostilities between the\\nPorte and the revolting Greeks.\\nNov. 5. Paris. The Government creates\\n76 new peers.\\n1828 Jan. 4-29 Aug. 8. Paris. De\\nVillele resigns his Ministry, and is suc-\\nceeded by M. de Martignac, a Liberal-\\nRoyalist, as premier.\\nJune 13. The Ministry make conces-\\nsion to public opinion by a bill suppress-\\ning the educational establishments of\\nthe Jesuits, and giving the control of\\nall seminaries to the University of Paris.\\n1829 Aug. 8-30 July* Paris. The\\nMartignac Ministry is dismissed, and\\nPrince Polignac, an Ultra-Royalist,\\nsucceeds as premier. [The Ministry vio-\\nlently suppresses the liberty of the\\npress.]\\n1830 Mar. 18. Paris. An address is\\nvoted, plainly declaring a want of con-\\nfidence in the Ministry. Vote, 221-181.\\n[May 16. The Chamber is dissolved.]\\nMar. Paris. Charles X. declares his\\npurpose to firmly sustain his ministers\\nagainst the Chamber No compromise,\\nno surrender, his motto.\\nA new election for the Chambers is\\nheld.\\nThe Liberals gain an increased major-\\nity by the election 202 of the 221 voting\\nagainst the Ministry are elected.\\nJuly Algiers is conquered with an im-\\nmense spoil, valued at 4S,000,000 francs,\\nand permanently annexed as aprovince.\\n(See p. 9.)\\nJuly 27-29. Paris. The July Kevo-\\nlution, The Three Bays Revolution,\\nThe Great Week.\\nThe populace rises in fury against the\\nking; Charles X. and his family flee before\\nit. The revolt is caused by the publication of\\nthe three (five) ordinances on ..inly 26: (1) de-\\nclaring the recent elections illeeal; (2) chan-\\nging the electoral system arbitrarily so as\\nlimit the riidit of suffrage to rich land-own-\\ners, who are chiefly loyalists; (3) the prohi-\\nbition of newspapers ami pamphlets not\\nhaving the permit of the king.\\nA popular revolt occurs.\\nBarricades appear in the streets, and\\nfights with the troops occur.\\nJuly 28. Paris is declared in a state of\\nsiege.\\nThe bourgeoisie, or middle class, join\\nthe revolt and the troops, badly led, be-\\ncome infected, and part of them join in\\nthe popular cause. The Hotel de Ville\\nis captured, every house becomes a for-\\ntress, and the victory is complete.\\nJuly 29. Paris. The Louvre is taken,\\nand the troops retire.\\nThe Tuileries is sacked, and wild\\nexcesses abound.\\nWhen too late, Charles dismisses his\\nministers, revokes the obnoxious ordi-\\nnances, and reestablishes the National\\nGuard.\\nA provisional government is formed.\\nGen. Lafayette is placed in command of\\nthe National Guard, and Louis Thiers\\nand Francois Mignet urge the transfer of\\nthe crown to the Buc d Orleans.\\nJuly 30. Paris. The Due d Orlgans,\\nof the younger line of Bourbons, accepts\\nthe office of lieutenant-general of the\\nkingdom, on the invitation of the peers\\nand deputies.\\nAug. 2. Charles X. and his son ab-\\ndicate in favor of the Buc de Bordeaux.\\nThe House of Orleans.\\n1830-1848 Louis Philippe I. reigns.\\nAug. 9. Paris. Louis Philippe, Buc\\nd Orleans, accepts the tendered crown\\nfrom the Legislature.\\nIn this act he rejects the doctrine of\\nthe divine right of kings, and ac-\\nknowledges the people as the source of\\nsovereign power.\\nAug. 11-36* Paris. The Ministry\\nof Achille C. Broglie, Francois P. Gui-\\nzot, and Marquis de Lafayette.\\nNov. 2-31 Mar. 13. Paris. Ministry\\nof Jacques Lafntte.\\nDec. 21. Paris. Prince Jules A. de\\nPolignac and other ministers are tried\\nfor high treason, and sentenced to per-\\npetual imprisonment.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0737.jp2"}, "738": {"fulltext": "726 1830, **-1838,\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1832 Feb. 22. It. French troops re-\\noccupy Ancona.\\nNov. Neth. Under a treaty with the\\nEnglish, the French army of 50,000 men\\nunder Marshal Gerard besieges the\\ncitadel of Antwerp. [Dec. 23. The\\nDutch capitulate, and surrender the\\nfortress.]\\n1834 Algeria. The French incorpo-\\nrate the Turkish cavalry, called Spa-\\nhis, in the army.\\n1835 Algeria. Abd-el-Kader, the\\nreligious enthusiast, opposes the French\\n[for 15 years], (p. 8.)\\nNov. 23. Algeria. The Arabs under\\nAchmet Bey defeat two assaults, and\\nthe French retire,\\n1838 Nov. 27. Mex. The French\\nbombard St. John of Ulloa after four\\nhours the Mexicans surrender. [Vera\\nCruz is also bombarded.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1830\u00c2\u00b1 Raised printing for the blind\\nis invented by Charles Barbier.\\nPsychrometer, an apparatus for\\nmeasuring the amount of elastic vapor\\nin the atmosphere, is invented by Joseph\\nLouis Gay-Lussac. [1S4S, It is modified\\nby Iteguault.]\\n1832+ *Narcein is discovered by\\nPierre Joseph Pelletier,\\nCromwell gazing on the Corpse of\\nCharles I. is painted by Paul Delaroche.\\n1834* A sewmg-maehine is [said to\\nhave been] invented by Thimonnier.\\nExecution of Lady Jane Grey is painted\\nby Paul Delaroche.\\nMartyrdom of St. Symphorian is\\npainted by Jean Auguste Dominique\\nIngres.\\n1835 Assassination of the Duke of\\nGuise is painted by Paul Delaroche.\\n1836* Battle of Jena is painted by\\nHorace Vernet.\\nParis. The Luxor obelisk is erected.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1830* Aulnaye, Francois Henri Stanislas,\\nde 1 writer, A91.\\nBeauvais, liarles Theodore, general, A58.\\nCatel, Charles Simon, musical comp., A57.\\nConstant ie Relieco,iie, Henri Benjamin, ora-\\ntor, statesman, writer, A63.\\nFaure, Jean I .aptiste, singer, born.\\nFourier, Baron, Jean Eaptiste Joseph,\\nsavant, A 62.\\nGenlis, Comtesse de, Stephanie Feiicite,\\nmis. writer, A74.\\nLally-Tollernial, .Marcjiiis de, Trophime Ge-\\nrard, politician, A79.\\nLaugel, Antoine Auguste, author, born.\\nLavalette, omte de, .Marie Cliamans, officer,\\nminister of Napoleon, A61.\\nMistral, Frederic, Provencal poet, born.\\nKeclus, .Jean Jacques Klisee, geographer, b.\\nSegur, Comte de, Louis Philippe, author,\\nstatesman, A77.\\nVandaiiime, Dominique Kene, general, A60.\\n1831 Aiguebelle, Paul A. N. d French-\\nChinese admiral, born.\\nCartellier, Pierre, sculptor, A74.\\nGirard, Stephen, merchant, hanker, million-\\naire, A81.\\nPons, Jean Louis, astronomer, A70.\\nRood, Ogden, naturalist, horn.\\nSardou. Victorien. dramatist, born.\\n1832 Adet, Pierre Auguste, envoy, chem-\\nist, A69.\\nAugnstin, Jean Raptiste Jacques, miniature\\npainter, A73.\\nAvril, Jean Jacques, engraver, A88.\\nBaudrillart, Jacques Joseph, agriculturist,\\nauthor, A58.\\nBeauchamp, Alphonse de, author, A65.\\nBelliard, Comte Augustin D-, general, di-\\nplomatist, A 63.\\nBergasse, Nicolas, jurist, writer, A82.\\np.illard, Charles Michel, physician, A32.\\nBonaparte, Napoleon II., or Napoleon Fran-\\ncois Charles Joseph, son of Napoleon I.\\nand Marie Louisa, A21.\\nChampollion, Jean Francois, EgyptoL, A41.\\nChaptal, Jean Antoine, Comte de Chante-\\nloup, chemist, statesman, A76.\\nChauvelin, Francois Bernard de, pol., A66.\\nCherbuliez, Victor, novelist, born.\\nChezy, Antoine Leonard dc, orientalist, AM.\\nCornet, Comte de, Mathieu Augustin, states-\\nman, A 82.\\nCuvier, Baron. Georges Chretien Leopold\\nFrederic Dagohert, naturalist, At 3.\\nDaunicsnil, Pierre, general, A55.\\nDclpech, Jacques M., phys.,surg., wr., A57.\\nDore, Paul Gustavo, artist, born.\\nDroz, Antoine Gustave, novelist, born.\\nGalois, Evariste, mathematician, A20.\\nJacquemont, Victor, naturalist, A31.\\nLamarque, Comte Maximilien, general, poli-\\ntician, A62.\\nMaitmna.-. icomte de, Jean B. S- G., states-\\nman, A56.\\nMcilhac, Henri, dramatist, born.\\nPerier, Casimir, statesman, A55.\\nPortal, Laron, Antoine, physician, A90.\\nliemusat, Jean Pierre Ahel, orientalist, A44.\\nRochefort, Henri (Victor Henri), omte, de\\nKochefort-Ludcay, journalist, politician, b.\\nSay, Jean Papliste, polil n-;i 1 economist, AG5.\\nApr. 5. Ferry, Jules, statesman, born.\\n1833 Auvray, Felix, painter, A33.\\nBoyer, Baron Alexis, surgeon, A76.\\nP.racquemond, Joseph Felix, artist, born.\\nCareme, Marie Antoine, cook, A49.\\nChassepot, Antoine A., inv. of gun, b.\\nChenedolle, Charles J. Pioult de, poet, A64.\\nFavart, Marie, actor, born.\\nGarat, Dominique Joseph, revolutionist, A84.\\nIlerold, Louis J. F., musical composer, A4L\\nJourdan, Jean Baptiste. marshal, A71.\\nLatreille, Piwrre Andre, naturalist, A71.\\nLegendre, Adrien Marie, math., A81.\\nNicpee, Joseph Nicephore, chemist, one of\\ninventors of photography, A(i8.\\nSchneider, llortense Catherine, actor, born.\\n1834* Arnault, Vincent Antoine, au., A68.\\nBartholdi. Frederic Auguste. sculptor, b.\\nIloieldieu, Francois Adrien, composer, A59.\\nBourriennc, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de, di-\\nplomatist, author, A65.\\nChoron, Alexandre Etienne, musician, A63.\\nDugas-M out liel, Jean I .aptiste, Hellenist, AM.\\nDuranil, Jean Nicolas Louis, architect, A74,\\nGaboriau, Emile, author, born.\\nGencst (Genet), Edmund Charles, diploma-\\ntist, A69.\\nHalevy, I.udovie, dramatist, librettist, born.\\nJacquard, Joseph M., inventor of Jacquard\\nloom, A 82.\\nNaquet, Alfred Joseph, physician, author, b.\\nPailleron, Edouard, poet, dramatist, born.\\nRicher, Edouard, author, A42.\\nMay 30. Lafayette, Marquis. Marie Jean\\nPaul Koch Yves t ill km t Mofier, slati-sman,\\nA 77.\\n1835 Chimay, Prineesse de, Jeanne Marie,\\nsociety leader, A62.\\nCladel, Leon, novelist, born.\\nCourvoisier, Jean Joseph Antoine, pol., A60.\\nDu Chaillu, Paul B., traveler in Africa, b.\\nDulaure, Jacques Antoine, historian, A81.\\nDupuytren, Baron Guillaume, surgeon,\\nanatomist, A 57.\\nGros, Baron, Antoine Jean, painter, A64.\\nLenormant, Francois, archeologist, born.\\nMortier, Edouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph,\\nDue de Trevise, marshal, A67.\\nPigault-Lehrun, Charles A. G., novelist, A 82.\\n1836* Ampere, Andre Marie, mathemati-\\ncian, natural philosopher, A61.\\nCarrel. Nicolas Anna rid, political writer, A 36.\\nCheverus, .Jean Louis A. M. L. de, cardinal,\\nA68.\\nDidot, Firmin, publisher, lyjiograplier, A72.\\nFieschi, Joseph -Marie, Corsiean conspirator,\\nregicide, A 46.\\nGanilh, Charles, economist, A78.\\nJussieu, Antoine Laurent de, botanist, A88.\\nMalibran, Marie Feiicite (Garcia), singer,\\nactor, A28.\\nKaynouard, Francois Juste Marie, mis-\\ncellaneous writer, A75.\\nRouge t le l lsle, Claude Josepli, poet, A76.\\nSieves, Emmanuel Joseph, publiidst, A88.\\nTracy, Comte de, A. L. C. Destutt, philos-\\nopher, author, A80.\\nVernet, Antoine c. Horace, painter, A78.\\nNov. 6. Charles X.. king, A79.\\n1837 Alibert, Jean Louis, physician, A71.\\nBeauharnais, llortense Eugenie de, wife of\\nLouis Bonaparte, Queen of Holland, A54.\\nCarnot, Marie-Francois Sadi. President,b.\\nDumas, Comte Mathieu, general, au., A84.\\nFourier, Francois Charles Marie, socialist,\\nA65.\\nGerard, Baron Francois P. S., painter, A67.\\nJacquemart, Jules F., author, born.\\nJohannot, Alfred, engraver, painter, A37.\\nLe Sueur, Jean Francois, m iisieal comp., A77.\\nLouis, Baron Louis Dominique, rlnan., A82.\\nRosny, Leon de, orientalist, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1830 Ey the Revolution the Roman\\nCatholic Church loses the prerogative\\nof being the religion of the State.\\nThe Abb\u00c2\u00a3 Chatel fails in an attempt\\nto found a new French Catholic\\nChurch, in the spirit of liberalism, hut\\nwithout a basis of Christian doctrine.\\n1831* The Jesuits are expelled.\\nNov. About 64 English and Irish Trap-\\npists are transported to Cork, Ireland,\\non the charge of rebellion and conspir-\\nacy. [The order is noted for the auster-\\nity of its discipline, and for keeping a\\nperpetual silence.]\\n1832 *The American Baptists begin\\na mission.\\n*The Soci\u00e2\u0082\u00acte 3i!vange lique de\\nFrance is founded.\\n1833 Apr. 23. The foundation is laid\\nof the first Protestant Episcopal\\nchurch erected in France.\\nParis. The French and Foreign Bible\\nSociety is organized.\\nThe St. Vincent de Paul Charitable\\nSociety is founded by 12 young men.\\nThe Roman Catholic Church assails-\\nthe proposed plan to put popular edu-\\ncation under the superintendence of\\nthe University.\\nLETTERS.\\n1830 Kermocl; le Pirate, by Eugene\\nSue, appears. [1831, Flick et Plock and\\nAtar Gull; 1832, La Salamandre; 1833,\\nLa Vigie de Koatven.]\\nFra Diavolo, by Augustine E. Scribe,\\nappears.\\nContes (VEspaqne et d 1 Italic and Nuit\\nVenitienve, by Alfred I e Musset, appear.\\n[1831, Poesies direrses; 1832, Le spectacle\\ndans un fautenil 1833, Andre del Sarto\\nand Les Caprices de Marianne; 1S34, On\\nlie badine pas avec f amour. 1\\nOn Religion considered in its Source*\\nits Fonns, and its I ecelopments, by Ben-\\njamin Constant de Kebecque, appears.\\nLa Gre.ce Moderne, by Quinet, appears.\\n[1833, Ahasverus, Napoleon, and Pro-\\nmpt ne e.]\\n-36 Lettres d un voyageur, by\\nGeorge Sand, appears. [1832, Indiana\\nand Valentine 1833, Lttia 1834, Le Se-\\ncretaire intime and Jacques.\\n1831 Feb. Notre Dame de Paris, by\\nVictor Hugo, appears. [Later, Les\\nPenHles cCAutomne; 1832, Nov. 22, Le\\nRoi s amuse 1833, Feb. 2, Lucrece Bor-\\ngia; Nov. 6, Marie Tudor; 1834, Litera-\\nture et philosophic melees and Claude\\nGueux; 1S35, Apr. 28, later, Les Chants\\ndn Crtpuscule; 1836, Esmeralda; 1S37,.\\nLes Voix Interieures; 1838, Nov. 8, Ruy\\nBias.\\nLe Rouge et le Noir. by Beyle, appears..\\n[1S38, Memoirs of a Tourist.]\\nBarnave, by Jules G. Janin, appears.\\nRose et Blanche is written by Jules\\nSandeau in conjunction with George\\nSand.\\nLa Revue des Deux Mondes appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0738.jp2"}, "739": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1830,\\n1838,\\n727\\nIambes, by Auguste Barbier, appears.\\n1332 Marie, by J. A. P. Brizeux, ap-\\npears.\\nThe Quiz, by Madame D. G. de Girar-\\ndin, appears. [Later, La Canne de M.\\nde Balzac.\\nLouis XL, by Delavigne, appears.\\n[1S33, Les En/ants d Edouard; 1835,\\nDon Juan d Autriche.]\\n*-39* History of the French from the\\nTime of the Gauls to 1S30, by Theophile\\nS. Lavallee, appears.\\n1833* Melanges philosophiques, by\\nTheodore S. Jouffroy, appears.\\nEugene Grandet, Le m decin de cam-\\npagne, and L Histoire des Treize, by\\nHonore de Balzac, appear. [1835, Se ra-\\nphita,La recherche de Vabsolu, and Pere\\nGoriot; 1836, Le lys dans la valUe; 1837,\\nIllusions perdues.]\\nA Double Mistake, by Prosper Me i-\\nmt*e, appears. [1S35, Notes of a Journey\\nin the South of Fran a- 1S3(J, Notes of a\\nJourney in the West of France.}\\n*-36* L Histoire de France, by\\nHenri Martin, appears.\\n1834 Vicomte de Biziers, by Melchior\\nF. Soulie, appears. [183(5, La May net i-\\nseur and Diane et Louise; 1S3S, The\\nMan of Letters.]\\nLe Bulletin Monumental is issued.\\nConsiderations on the Philosophic Sys-\\ntem of Lamennais, by Jean Baptiste\\nHenri Lacordaire, appears. [1835-50,\\nSermons at Notre Dame 1838, Letter on\\nthe Holy See.]\\n1835 Mile, de Maupin, by Gautier,\\nappears.\\nLa Nuit de Mai and La Confession\\nd un Enfant du Steele, by De Musset,\\nappear. [1838, Le Poete dechu; 1839,\\nCaprice and Nouvelles; 1840, Comedies\\net proverbes.]\\nLe voyage en Orient, by Lamartine,\\nappears. [1836,Joceh/n; 1838, Chute d un\\nAnge; 1S39, lieeueillemcnts poetiques.]\\nCours de droit natural, by Jouffroy,\\nappears.\\nStello, or the Blue Devils and Chat-\\nterton, by De Vigny, appear.\\nCommentaries on the Tacua, by Eu-\\ngene Burnouf, appears.\\nDestruction of Paganism in the West,\\nby Arthur A. de Beugnot, appears.\\nPapillotes, by Jacques Jasmin, ap-\\npears. [1836, The Blind Girl of Castel-\\nCuiltt; 1840, Fianconnetto.]\\n-40 On Democracy in America, by\\nA. C. H. C. de Toequeville, appears.\\n*-45* Monuments of Egypt and Nu-\\nbia, Egyptian Grammar, and a Hiero-\\nglyphic Dictionary, by Jean F. Cham-\\npollion, appear.\\n1836 Picciola, by Xavier Boniface, or\\nSaintine, appears.\\nJuly 1. La Presse is issued.\\nLe Siecle is issued.\\nMauprat, by George Sand, appears.\\n[1839, Spiridion.]\\nLife of St. Elisabeth of Hungary, by\\nComte C. F. de Montalembert, appears.\\n(Euvres inidites, by Madame de Stael,\\nappears.\\n*-50* Tresor de numismatique et de\\nglyptique, by Charles Lenormant and\\nothers, appears.\\n1837 Modem Slavery, The Book of\\nthe People, Polities for the People, and\\nother works, by Lamennais, appear.\\nLa Society des Gens de Lettres is\\nfounded by Balzac, Lamennais, Dumas,\\nand George Sand.\\nLatriaumont, by Eugene Sue, appears.\\n[1838, Arthur; 1S39, La marquise de L\\ntoriere and Deity tar 1840, Jean Cava-\\nlier and Deux histoires 1841, Mat hilde\\nand Le commandeur de Malte.]\\nHistory of Political Economy, by Je-\\nrome A. Blanqui, appears.\\nSacred Biography by A. L. C, Coque-\\nrel, appears. [1842, Modern Orthodoxy.]\\n-67 History of France, by Jules\\nMichelet, appears.\\n1838 /decs Napoleon ieunes, by Prince\\nLouis Napoleon, appears.\\nOn the Material Intei ests of France,\\nby Michel Chevalier, appears.\\nSports for the Winds, by Joseph Au-\\ntran, appears.\\nTreatise on the Metaphysics of Aris-\\ntotley by Cousin, appears. [183S-40, A\\nnew series of Philosophic Fraoments\\n1840, Course of Moral Philosophy 1842,\\nLectures on Kant.]\\nGerfaut, by Charles de Bernard, ap-\\npears. [1839, Paravent 1841, Peau du\\nLion.]\\nLe capitaine Paul, by Dumas, pere,\\nappears. [1839, Acte; 1S40, Aventures de\\nJohn Davy, Le capitaine Pamphile,\\nMaitre Adam le Calabrais, and Othon\\nV archer 1841, Praxe.de; 1842, Aven-\\ntures de Lyderic]\\n-44 Dictionary of the Language\\nof the Troubadours, by Raynouard, ap-\\npears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1831 Dec. 31. Paris. Election riots\\noccur, in which barricades are made, and\\nseveral persons killed.\\n1832 June Paris. A collision occurs\\nbetween the military and the people be-\\ncause of the Republican demonstration\\nat the funeral of Gen. Lamarque.\\nSept. 18. Scot. Charles X. leaves Holy-\\nrood Palace for the Continent.\\nNov. 21. Lyons is at the mercy of a\\nmob a strike for higher wages throws\\nout of employment 30,000 persons.\\n1833 May The Duchess of Berry\\ngives birth to a daughter, and the scan-\\ndal ruins her cause. [It is alleged that\\nthe scandal was invented by jealous en-\\n1834 Apr. Paris. The Government\\nindicts the Society of the Rights of\\nMan and the Society of Prog-\\nress.\\nApr. 12-14. Paris. The insurrection-\\nists are brutally suppressed persons of\\nall ages and both sexes are massacred,\\neven in their own homes.\\n1835 July 28. Paris. Joseph Marie\\nFieschi attempts to assassinate the\\nking while reviewing 40,000 troops on\\nthe Boulevards.\\nAn infernal machine is discharged;\\nthe king and his sons escape, but Slar-\\nshal Mortier, Duke of Treviso, and three\\nothers are killed, and more than 40 in-\\njured. [1836. Jan. 31. Fieschi, with four\\nothers, is brought to trial. Feb. 12.\\nFieschi, Morey, and Pepin are convicted\\nand sentenced to be executed one is sen-\\ntenced to imprisonment, and the other is\\nacquitted. Feb. 19. Fieschi, Morey, and\\nPepin are executed.]\\n1836 une 26. Louis Alibund attempts\\nto assassinate the king with a walking-\\nstick gun, but misses his aim. [1840.\\nOct. 15. Another by Darmes with an\\noverloaded rifle, which kills himself.]\\nNov. 23. Prince Polignac and others are\\nset at liberty from Ham, and they are\\nsent out of France.\\nDec. 27. Paris. Meuniers fires at the\\nking when on his way to open the Cham-\\n1S37 *The Due d Orl^ans (heir ap-\\nparent) marries the Princess Helena of\\nMecklenburg.\\nParis. Gaming-houses are no longer\\nlicensed.\\nSTATE.\\n1831 Feb. 17. The Crown of Bel-\\ngium is offered to the king s son, the\\nDue de Nemours, and declined by his\\nfather.\\nMar. 13-32 May* Paris. Ministry\\n(Conservative) of Casimir P\u00e2\u0082\u00acrier.\\nDec. 27. Paris. The abolition of the\\nhereditary peerage is decreed by both\\nChambers the peers concur. Vote,\\n103-70.\\n1832 Jan. The Duchess of Berry and\\nthe Legitimists attempt a rebellion in\\nfavor of her son, the Comte deChambord.\\nAn insurrection breaks out in Lyons.\\n[Nov. 30. The duchess is imprisoned.l\\nMar. 22. Paris. The peers pass a bill\\nbanishing the. families of Napoleon and\\nCharles X. Vote, 80-30.\\nJune 5, 6. Paris. TheA.B.C.(abaiss^s)\\ninsurrection is suppressed.\\nOct. 11.-36. Feb. Paris. The Min-\\nistry of Marshal Soult, Thiers, Guizot,\\nand Broglie.\\n1833 June 9. The Duchess of Berry\\nis sent to Palermo, after giving birth to\\na female child and asserting her secret\\nmarriage to Prince Lucchesi-Palli, an\\nItalian.\\nSept. 11. Kepublican insurrection in\\nLyons. [Oct. 14. Another in Paris.]\\n1834 Apr. 24. France joins with Eng-\\nland, Spain, and Portugal, in a quadruple\\nalliance, to put down the Carlists in\\nSpain.\\nJuly 15. Paris. Marshal Ge rard be-\\ncomes minister of war.\\n1835 Feb. The Due de Broglie be-\\ncomes foreign minister.\\nMay* Paris. Republicans renew the dis-\\nturbances.\\nSept. The freedom of the press is lim-\\nited by the laws of September.\\n1836 Jan. Paris. The Ministry is\\ndefeated in the Chamber of Deputies on\\nthe question of the budget.\\nFeb. 22. Paris. Guizot and Broglie\\nretire from the Ministry the Ministry\\nof Thiers, a Progressionist, follows.\\nSept. 6. Paris. The Ministry of Count\\nMole Guizot is minister of public in-\\nstruction.\\nOct. 30. Louis Napole on, nephew of\\nNapoleon I., makes a venturesome at-\\ntempt to get himself proclaimed emperor\\nby the soldiers at Strasburg; the con-\\nspiracy fails.\\nNov. 15. Napoleon is taken on board a\\nfrigate to be sent to America by the\\nFrench Government he is to receive\\n15,000 francs annuity from the king s pri-\\nvate purse.\\n1837 Apr. 15. Paris. The Ministry\\nof Mole without Guizot begins.\\nMay 8. Paris. Amnesty is granted for\\npolitical offenses.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1832 Paris. Cholera has 18,000 vic-\\ntims during one summer month.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0739.jp2"}, "740": {"fulltext": "1838, **-1347, Dec.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1840 Paris. Fortifications are con-\\nstructed for the defense of the city.\\n1841 Gen. Bugeaudis sent to Algeria,\\nand terrifies the Arabs into submission.\\n1842 May 1. So. Pacific. Adm. Du-\\npetit-Thouars occupies the Marquesas\\nIslands.\\n1843 So. Pacific. A French force oc-\\ncupies Tahiti, of the Society Islands.\\n1844 May* War with Morocco.\\n[Sept. 10. Peace follows, and Abd-el-\\nKader is banished.]\\nJune Morocco. Prince de Joinville,\\nwith a naval squadron, bombards and\\ntakes the fortified town of Mogador.\\nAug. 14. Algeria. Marshal Bugeaud\\ndefeats the Moors on the hanks of the\\nIsly River.\\n1845 June 18. Algeria. Gen. Pelissier\\nsuffocates nearly 1,000 Arabs in the\\nCaves of Dahra. (See Algeria.)\\n1847 Sept. 26. Marshal Soult suc-\\nceeds Marshal Oudinot, deceased, as\\ngeneral of France.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1839 Paris. Louis Jacques Mandt5\\nDaguerre publishes his method of mak-\\ning daguerreotypes. [A lif e pension\\nof 6,000 francs is awarded him by the\\nGovernment.]\\nStratonice is painted by Jean Auguste\\nDominique Ingres.\\n1840 Aug. 15. A bronze statue of\\nNapole on is placed on the column of\\nthe Grande Arm^e, Boulogne.\\nOct. 31-Nov. 4. A great inundation\\noccurs.\\nThe Saone pours its waters into the\\nRhone, breaks through its banks, and\\ncovers 60,000 acres Lyons is inundated\\nin Avignon 100 houses are swept away\\n218 houses are carried away at La Guil-\\nlotiere and upwards of 300 at Vaise,\\nMarseilles, and Nimes the Saone had\\nnot attained such a height for 238 years.\\nNapoleon at Foittaiuebleau is painted\\nby Paul Delaroche.\\n1843 Paris. Illusions Lost is exhib-\\nited by Gabriel Gleyre, at the -Salon.\\nArabia. Paolo Emilio Botta com-\\nmences his explorations at Khorsabad.\\n1845* *-46* *Urbain Jean Joseph\\nLeverrier works out the position of\\nNeptune, and finally discovers it on Sept.\\n23, 1S4G Johann G. Galle of Berlin finds\\nthe planet on the same night.\\n1846 Oct. 22. An inundation occurs.\\nIn the center, west, and southwest of\\nFrance numerous bridges, with the Or-\\nleans and Vierzun viaduct, swept away\\nthe latter had cost -SI, 200,000. The dam-\\nages exceeded $20,000,000. The Loire\\nrises 20 feet in one night.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1838* Broussais, Francois J. V.,physi.,A66.\\nButin, Clysse, painter, born.\\nCaille, or aillie, Kene, traveler, A39.\\nCastellan, Antoine Louis, painter, arch., A66.\\nChery, Philippe, painter, A79.\\nCuvier, Frederic, naturalist, A65.\\nJunot, Madame, Laure Pennon, Duchesse\\nd Abrantes, author, A54.\\nLecoq de Boisbaudran, Paul Einile Francois,\\nchemist, born.\\nLobau, Comte do, Georges M., marshal, A68.\\nHoreau, Hegesippe, poet, A28.\\nParis, Comte de, Louis Philippe, Orleans\\nprince, born.\\nPereier, Charles, architect, A74.\\nPieot, Georges Marie Kene, historian, publi-\\ncist, born.\\nProudhon, ..lean Baptiste Victor, jurist, A80.\\nSai V, Baron de, Antoine Isaac Silvestre, ori-\\nentalist, A80.\\nMay 17. TalleyTand-Perigord, Prince\\nde, Charles Maurice, statesman, A84.\\nOct. 30. Gambetta, L6on Michel, states-\\nman, born.\\n1839 Berehoux, Joseph, poet, A74.\\nBonaparte, Letizia, mother of Napoleon, A89.\\ndramatist, poet, AGS.\\nEmeric-David, Toussaint Bernard, archeolo-\\ngist, A 84.\\nEngeimann, Godefroy, manufacturer, one\\nof inventors of lithography, A51.\\nFievee, Joseph, litterateur, A72.\\nFesch, Joseph, card., archbp. of Lyons, A76.\\nGamier, Mane Joseph Francois, explorer, b.\\nLallemand, Baron, Charles Francois Antoine,\\ngeneral, A65.\\nMaret, Hugnes Bernard, Due de Bassano,\\nstatesman, A76.\\nMichaud, Joseph Francois, historian, A72.\\nProny, Baron de, Gaspard Clair Francois\\nMarie Kiche, engineer, mathematician, A84.\\nSalverte, Anne J. E. B., mis. writer, A68.\\nWiirtemberg, I uichess of, daughter of Louis\\nPhilippe, sculptor, dies.\\n1840 Bonaparte, Lucien, brother of Napo-\\nleon I., Prince de Canino, A65.\\nChartres, Due de, Itobert Philippe L. E. F.,\\nprince, born.\\nClaretie, Jules A. A., author, critic, born.\\nDaudet, Alphonse, humorist, novelist, b.\\nDaunou, Pierre C. F., statesman, au., A79.\\nDuveyrier, Henri Danny, explorer, born.\\nEsquirol, Jean Etienne Dominique, physi-\\ncian, alienist, A68.\\nJaeotot, Jean J., educafional writer, A70.\\nLemercier, Louis Jean N., dramatist, A69.\\nMacdonald, Etienne Jacques Joseph\\nl, Simeon Denis, geometrician, A59.\\nZola, Emile, novelist, born.\\n1841 Audouin, Jean Victor, entomologist,\\ncomparative anatomist, A44.\\nBaceiocehi, Felice Pasqnale, eonsort of Napo-\\nleon s sister, Marie Elisa, A79.\\nBarere de Vieuzac, Bertrand, revolution-\\nist, A 86.\\nBerlin, Jean Louis, painter, A66.\\nBerlin, Louis Francois, journalist, A75.\\nBignon, Louis Pierre Edouard, historian,\\nstatesman, A70.\\nBoivin, Marie Anne Victoire Gillain, physi-\\ncian, author, A68.\\nClemenceau, Eugene, politician, born.\\nCoquelin, Benoit Constant, actor, born.\\nHulin (Hullin), Comte 1 ierre Augustin, gen-\\neral, A83.\\nNoel, Francois Joseph Michel, grammarian,\\nA8t\\nVictor (Victor-Perrin), Claude, Due de Bel-\\nluno, marshal, A77.\\n1842 Baillot, P. M. Francois de Sales, vio-\\nlinist, A71.\\nBeyle, Marie Henri, writer, A59.\\nCaigniez, Louis Charles, dramatist, A80.\\nCambronne, Pierre J. Etienne de, gen., A72.\\nCoppee, Francois Edouard J., poet, born.\\nDegerando, Joseph Marie, metaphysical phi-\\nlosopher, A70.\\nDumont, Charles Albert Eugene Auguste,\\narcheologist, born.\\nDumont d l rville, Jules S. C, navigator, A52.\\nDu Sommerard, Alexandre, :uitii]uary, A63.\\nDuval, Alexandre Vincent l ineu, dram., A75.\\nEdwards, Guillamne Frederic, ethnologist,\\nphysiologist, Alio.\\nFerdinand Philippe, son of King Louis Phi-\\nlippe, A32.\\nFlammarion, Camille, astronomer, born.\\nFreycinet Louis Claude I esaulses de, navi-\\ngator, A63.\\nGerando, Joseph Marie, philosopher, A70.\\nJoufl roy, Theodore .S., philosophical writer,\\nA46.\\nLalionie, Comte Alexandre de, antiquary,\\nlitterateur, A68.\\nLarrey, Baron, Dominique Jean, surg., A76.\\nLas Cases, Marquis de, Emmanuel A. D.\\nM. J., soldier, A76.\\nMoncey, Bon Adrien Jeannot de, Due de\\nConegliano, marshal, A88.\\nPelletier, Pierre Joseph, chemist, A54.\\n1843 Bouvart, Alexis, astronomer, A76.\\nCampenon, Vincent, poet, A71.\\nChabrol de Volvie, Comte Gilbert Joseph\\nGaspard, civil oflieer, politician, wr., A70.\\nCortot, Jean Pierre, sculptor, d.\\nDelavigne, Jean Francois Casimir, poet,\\ndramatist, A50.\\nGranier de Cassagnac, Paul A. M. P. de,\\njournalist, born.\\nLacroix, Sylvestre Francois, math., A78.\\nNicollet, Jean Nicolas, asiron., geol., A57.\\n1844* Agar, Jean Antoine Michel, finan-\\ncier, A73.\\nBernhardt, Sarah, actor, born in Paris.\\nBertrand, Comte de, Henri G ration, gen., A71.\\nBonaparte, Joseph, brother of Napoleon I.,\\nKing of Naples and Spain, A76.\\nDe Belleville, Frederick, actor, born.\\nFauriel, Claude Charles, philol., hist., A72.\\nGeoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Etienne, natu-\\nralist, A72.\\nGrousset, Paschal, journalist, communist, b.\\nLafitte, Jacques, banker, statesman, A76.\\nNodier, Charles, poet, litterateur, A61\u00c2\u00b1.\\nPeynaud, Antoine Andre Louis, math., A73.\\nWyse, L. N. llonaparte, hvdrog., poet, born.\\n1845 A/.ais, Pierre Hyaeinthe, plid., A79.\\nBecker, Georges, painter, born.\\nCavaignae, Eleonore Louis Godefroy, jour-\\nnalist, A44.\\nCharlet, Nicolas Toussaint, paint., engr., A53.\\nEtienne, Charles Guillaume, dram, poet, A67.\\nUoyer-Collard, Pierre Paul, statesman, A82.\\n1846* Berard, Auguste, surgeon, A44.\\nBonaparte, Louis, hrolher of Napoleon I.,\\nKing of Holland, A68.\\nBory de Saint Vincent, Jean Baptiste George\\nMarie, naturalist, geographer, A6fj.\\nBourmont, Comte Louis A. V., marshal, A73.\\nJouy, Victor Joseph E. de, author, A82.\\nKoze, Marie, actor, born.\\nSenancour, Ftienne Pivart de, author, A76.\\nVillenave, Mathieu Guillaume Therese, au-\\nthor, A84.\\nVirey, Julien Joseph, physician, medical\\nwriter, A71.\\nCHURCH.\\n1840 The English Baptist missionary\\nsociety sends a missionary to Breton.\\n1845 The Jesuits are expelled.\\n1846 Miracles are alleged to be\\nwrought at La Salette. [Apr. Impos-\\ntors are prosecuted.]\\nRome. Pius IX. is pope.\\nLETTERS.\\n1839 New Literary Tales and Jour-\\nney in Italy, by Janin, appear.\\nThe Carthusian Nun of Parma, by\\nBeyle, appears.\\nThe Literary History of France before\\nthe 12th Century, by Jean J. Ampere,\\nappears.\\nLife of Washington, by Guizot, ap-\\npears.\\nSan Mariana, by Sandeau, appears.\\nBibliotheque de Vitcole des Chartes is\\nissued.\\nHistory of Landed Property in Europe,\\nby Edouard R. L. de Laboulaye, appeai 6.\\n1840 Lt cits des temps m rovingiens,\\nby Thierry, app ears.\\nStudies on the Theodicea of Plato and\\nAristotle, by Jules Simon, appears.\\n[1844-45, History of the School of Alex-\\nandria.\\nLife of St. Dominic, by Lacordaire,\\nappears.\\nPoesies completes, by Entile Des-\\nchamps, appears.\\nWhat is property by Pierre J. Proud-\\nhon, appears. [1S4C, St/slime des contra-\\ndictions economiques.]\\nLes rayons et les ombres, by Victor\\nHugo, appears. [1842, /thin 1843, Les\\nBurgraves.\\nVautrin, by Balzac, appears.\\n-43 Studies on Modern Reformers\\nor Socialists, by Marie R. L. Reybaud,\\nappears.\\n-62 History of Port Royal, by\\nSainte-Beuve, appears. I", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0740.jp2"}, "741": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1838,* *-1847, Dec.\\n729\\n1841 Mar. 30. A law is made fixing\\nthe duration of copyright to 30 years\\nafter the author s death.\\nThe Rhin Allemand, by De Musset,\\nappears.\\nColombo., by Merimee, appears. [1844,\\nStudies in Roman History and the Con-\\nspiracy of Catiline.]\\nTheory of Universal Unity, by F. CM.\\nFourier, appears.\\nHistory of the Crusades, by J. F.\\nMichaud, appears.\\nDocteur Herbeau, by Sandeau, appears.\\nThe Crown Diamonds, by Augustin\\nE. Scribe, appears. [1S42, The Glass of\\nWater and Bertraud et Raton.]\\n*_46* Sketch of a Philosophy ,by La-\\nmennais, appears.\\n-46 History of the Ten Years,\\n1830-1840, by Louis Blanc, appears.\\n-48 La Revue. Ind pendante is is-\\nsued.\\n1842 Ginie des Religions, by Quinet,\\nappears.\\nThe Mysteries of Paris, Therese Dn-\\nnoyer, and Lemorne au (liable, by Eugene\\nSue, appear.\\nMemoirs of the Devil, by Soule\\\\ ap-\\npears.\\nThe Two Angels, by Pierre Dupont,\\nLes Cariatides, by Theodore de Ban-\\nville, appears.\\nTravels in Icaria, by Etienne Cabet,\\nappears.\\nPractical Exercises of Chinese Syntax\\nand Lexicography by Stanislaus Julien,\\nappears.\\nConsuelo, by George Sand, appears.\\n[1846, La mare an (liable and Francois\\nle Champi 1846--48, La petite Fadette\\n1851, Claudie.]\\nPensSes, maximes, et correspond ance\\nde Joseph Joubert, by Paul Raynal, ap-\\npears.\\n*_48* La revue de I Empire is issued.\\n1843 Tras los Monies, by Gautier, ap-\\npears.\\nLe Correspondant is issued.\\nJirdme Paturot, by Reyland, appears.\\nLa Religion de VUnivers is issued.\\nGeorges, Ascanio, and Le chevalier\\nd Hanhental, by Dumas, pere, appear.\\n[1844, The Three Musketeers, Cecile, Fer-\\nnande, Amaury, Gabriel Lambert, and\\nLe chdtean d Eppstein; 1845, Twenty\\nYears After, Les freres corses, Une fille\\ndu regent, and La reine Margot 1845-\\n46, r .La guerre des femmes: 1846, Le che-\\nvalier de Maison-Rouge, La Dame de\\nMonsoreau, and Le bdiard de Mauleon;\\n1846-48, Memoire d un medecin.]\\nLucrece, by Francois Ponsard, ap-\\npears.\\nRecherches sur la condition civile et\\npolitique des femm.es, by E. It. L. de La-\\nboulaye, appears.\\n-63 Cours de littirature drama-\\ntique, by Francois A. Saint-Marc Girar-\\ndin, appears.\\n1844 History of the Tiro Restorations\\nto the Fall of Charles X., by Achille\\nTenaille de Yaulabelle, appears.\\nHistory of the Romans, by Victor Du-\\nruy, appears.\\nDiscours sur VEsprit positive and\\nPhilosophic Treatise on Popular Astron-\\nomy, by Comte, appear.\\nLes mysteres de Londres, by Paul H.\\nG. FeVa l, appears. [1847. Le fils du\\ndiable.]\\nMarthe la fille, by Jasmin, appears.\\n[1845, Les deux freres jumeaux 1849,\\nLa semaine d un Jils.]\\n-45 The Count of Monte Cristo, by\\nDumas, pere, appears.\\n-47 Funeral Orations, by Lacor-\\ndaire, appear. [1845, Sermons at Lyons\\nand Grenoble.]\\n-50 Gallery of Portraits of the\\n18th Century, by Houssaye, appears.\\n[1846. History of Flemish and Dutch\\nPainting.]\\n-57 Elite des monuments ckramo-\\ngraphiques, by Charles Lenormant and\\nothers, appears.\\n1845 Ilfaut qu une porte soit ouverte\\noufermee, by I e Musset, appears. [1848-\\n51, Bettine and Carmosine 1850, Po sies\\nNouveiles.]\\nHistory of Civilization, by Guizot, ap-\\npears.\\nBiography of Jacqueline Pascal, by-\\nCousin, appears.\\nIntroduction to the History of Bood-\\nhism, by Eugene Burnouf, appears.\\nVoyage autour de monjardin, by J. B.\\nA. Karr, appears.\\n-63 History of the Consulate and\\nthe Empire, by Thiers, appears.\\n1846 Studies of Ancient and Foreign\\nLiterature, by Villemain, appears.\\nThe Wandering Jew, by Sue, appears.\\nEssay on the History of Philosophy,\\nby Jean P. Damiron, appears.\\nHistory of Provencal Literature, by\\nClaude Charles Fauriel, appears.\\nHistoire des Ch teaux de France, by\\nM. Bailly, appears.\\nLes Stalactites, by De Banville, ap-\\npears.\\n*-50* Critical History of the Alex-\\nandrian School, by Etienne Yacherot,\\nappears.\\n1847 May 15. Lacordaire pro-\\nnounces, in the Cathedral of Nancy,\\n[the famous] funeral oration on Gen.\\nDrouot. [Lacordaire s masterpiece.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1839* *The Reformatory School at\\nMettray, near Tours, is founded by M.\\nde Metz, for the reformation of juvenile\\ndelinquents.\\n1840 Oct. 15. St. Helena. The re-\\nmainsof Napole onl. are removed from\\nthe tomb for transference to France.\\n[Oct. 16. They are placed aboard the\\nFrench frigate Belle Poule, commanded\\nby Prince de Joinville. Nov. 30. The\\nBelle Poule arrives at Cherbourg.]\\nDec. 15. Paris. The remains of !KTa-\\npole on I. are solemnly reinterred under\\nthe dome of the chapel of the Hotel des\\nInvalides.\\nThe obsequies are witnessed by 1,000,000\\npeople, including 150,000 soldiers and the\\nroyal family, and all the high person-\\nages of the realm. The family of Na-\\npoleon are absent, being in exile or in\\nprison.\\n1841 Sept. 13. An attempt is made to\\nassassinate the king s son, the Due\\nd Aumale, on his return from Africa.\\n1844= Paris. Creches are estab-\\nlished for the temporary care of the\\nyoung children of -working mothers.\\n1846 Apr. 16. Lecompte attempts to\\nassassinate the king at Fontainebleau.\\nJuly 29. Joseph Henri makes the\\nseventh attempt to assassinate the\\nking.\\nOct. 10. Don Francis d Assisi marries\\nhis cousin, Isabella II., Queen of Spain.\\n1847 Aug. 18. Paris. The Due de\\nPraslin murders his wife, the daughter\\nof Marshal Sebastian!. [He commits\\nsuicide on the eve of his trial.]\\nOct. 10. Je rdme Bonaparte returns\\nfrom exile, having been absent 32 years.\\nSTATE.\\n1S39 May 12. Paris. A Republican\\ninsurrection is led by Armand Barbes,\\nBernard, and others.\\nMay 12.-40 Mar. 1. Paris. The Min-\\nistry of Marshal Soult Guizot, Thiers,\\nand Odillon-Barrot are excluded.\\nPeace is made with Mexico.\\n1840 Mar. 1-Oct. 29. Paris. The\\nMinistry of Thiers (second time pre-\\nmier).\\nMay 12. Paris. The removal of Napo-\\nleon s remains from St. Helena to France\\nis decreed by the Chambers.\\nJuly 15. England, Austria, Prussia, and\\nRussia make a quadruple treaty of al-\\nliance with Turkey to the exclusion of\\nFrance, the assumed ally of Mehemet\\nAli, the viceroy of Egypt.\\nAug. 6. Louis Napoleon and Gen.\\nMontholon with 50 followers ineffec-\\ntively attempt an insurrection at Vime-\\nreux near Boulogne. [Oct. 6. Napoleon\\nis sentenced to imprisonment for life.]\\nOct. Paris. The Government deserts\\nthe cause of the viceroy of Egypt.\\nOct. 29-48 Feb. 24. Paris. Fall of\\nThiers the Ministry of Soult and\\nGuizot.\\nTrouble with England arises respecting\\nthe arrest of Mr. Pritchard,its consul at\\nTahiti, by Capt. D Aubigny; redress is\\ndemanded and granted.\\n1842 July 13. The Due d Orle~ans,\\nthe king s eldest son, dies.\\nThe chief political parties are the\\nLegitimists, led by Comte de Chambord,\\nOrleanists, Bonapartists, and Republi-\\ncans.\\n1843 -46 Trouble occurs respect-\\ning the Spanish marriages. (See So-\\nciety.)\\nAn extradition treaty with England\\nis signed.\\n1844 The Due de Nemours is ap-\\npointed regent in the event of a va-\\ncancy by death.\\n1846 May 25. Louis nSTapole on es-\\ncapes from imprisonment at Ham in the\\ndisguise of a mason.\\n1847+ *The Socialists agitate the\\ncountry.\\nPopular clamor cries for reform,\\nelectoral, parliamentary, and adminis-\\ntrative. The prime minister refuses to\\ngrant the reforms asked for.\\nDec. 28. Paris. The Legislative Cham-\\nbers meet, but promise no reforms, and\\nrefuse all concessions.\\nDec.i: Paris. The Government prohib-\\nits a proposed reform banquet.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1842 July 13. The Due d Orlgans,\\nheir to the throne, is killed by a fall\\nfrom his carriage.\\n1847 July 8. The canal from Durana\\nto Marseilles is completed.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0741.jp2"}, "742": {"fulltext": "730 1847, *-1852, Jan. 10.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1848 Feb. Paris. Insurrections\\narise. (See State.)\\n1849 Jan. 29. Paris. Gen. Changar-\\nnier makes a military demonstration to\\nforestall an anticipated insurrection of\\nthe Republicans.\\nApr. 25. It. The French expedition to\\nRome, comprising three divisions of\\ninfantry and a brigade of cavalry, lands\\nat Civita Vecchia.\\nApr. 30. Garibaldi repulses the advance\\nat Rome. [May 1-July 3. Siege of\\nRome. May 17. An armistice. June\\n3. Hostilities are resumed. July 4. The\\ngarrison surrenders unconditionally to\\nthe French.]\\n1850 Jan. 1. The President creates his\\nuncle Jerome a marshal of France.\\n1851 Jan. 9. Kapoleon deprives Gen.\\nChangarnier of the command of the\\nNational Guard.\\nDec. 3-4. Paris. The troops are at-\\ntacked, and defeat the rioters.\\n1852 Jan. 10. Paris. The National\\nGuard is disbanded, reorganized, and\\nplaced under the control of the Presi-\\ndent.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1847* Paris. Saccharometer, an\\ninstrument for determining the amount\\nof sugar in solutions, is invented by Jean\\nBaptiste Francois Soleil. [It is after-\\nwards improved by Jules Duboscq.]\\n1848 The Golden Age is painted by\\nJean Auguste Dominique Ingres.\\n1849 Apr. 12. The planet Hygeia is\\ndiscovered by A. de Gasparis.\\nThe Telocity of light is measured by a\\nmethod invented by Hippolyte Louis\\nFizeau.\\n1850 May 11. The planet Parthenope\\nis discovered by A. de Gasparis.\\n!Nbv. 2. The planet Egeria is discovered\\nby A. de Gasparis.\\nBonaparte at Saint Bernard is painted\\nby Paul Delaroche.\\nLeon Foucault and Hippolyte Louis\\nFizeau make important improvements\\nin photography, and develop the the-\\nory of light.\\n1851 July 29. The planet Eunomia is\\ndiscovered by A. de Gasparis. [1852,\\nSept. 19, Massilia; Apr. 5, Themis; 1861,\\nFeb. 10, Ausonia; 1865, Apr. 26, Beatrix.]\\nSept. 13. A statue of Joan of Arc by\\nMarie d Orleans (M. C. C. A. F. L. de Va-\\nloisj is inaugurated at Orleans.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1847* Adelaide, Eugenie Louise, sister of\\nLouis Philippe, A70.\\nAime-Martin, Louis, author, A66.\\nBallanche, Pierre Simon, philosopher, A7I.\\nBrongniart, Alexander, rheinist, naturalist.,\\nA77.\\nDelessert, Benjamin, financier, natural., A74.\\nDutrochet, Rent; Joachim Henri, physiolo-\\ngist, natural philosopher, A71.\\nGerard, Jean I. I. Grandeville, artist, cari-\\n(jluirauil, Iiaron, Pierre Marie Therese Alex-\\nandre, dramatist, A59.\\nGuillon, Ahb6, Marie Nicolas Silvestre, au-\\nthor, A87.\\nMaria Louisa, second wife of Napoleon L,\\nA56.\\nMars, Mademoiselle Anne F. H. Boutet\\nMonvel, actor, A69.\\nOudinot, Nicolas Charles, Due de Eeggio,\\nmarshal, A80.\\nPolignac. Prince de, Auguste Jules Ar-\\nmand Marie, statesman, A67.\\nRoll, Albert Philippe, painter, born.\\nSoulie, Melrlnoi- l-ivilrrie, novelist, A47.\\n1848 Afire, Denis Auguste, archbishop of\\nParis, A55.\\nBastien-Lepage, Jules, painter, born.\\nChateaubriand. Vicomte de Francois,\\nAugusts, author, A80.\\nDutens, .Joseph Michel, jiol. economist, A83.\\n1849* Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Thomas\\nRobert, marshal, A65.\\nFrancceur, Louis Benjamin, geomet., A76.\\nGenoude, Antoine Eugene, journahst, histo-\\nrian, A57.\\nHabeneck, Antoine Francois, musician, A68.\\nMirbel, Lizinska A. Z. R. de, miniaturist, A5.3.\\nQuatremere de Quincy, Antoine Chrysos-\\ntome, art critic, archeologist, A94.\\nR6camier, Madame Jeanne F. J. A. B.,\\naccomplished lady, A71.\\nKey, Jean, manufacturer, writer, A76.\\n1850* Aneelot, Jacques A. F. P., drama-\\ntist, poet, novelist, A56.\\nBalzac, Honore de. novelist, A51.\\nBastiat, Frederic, political economist, A49.\\nBlainville, Henri Marie Ducrotay de, zoolo-\\ngist, physician, A73.\\nChanibray, Marquis de, Georges, hist., A67\u00c2\u00b1.\\nDroz, Joseph, historian, A77.\\nGautier, Judith, author, born.\\nGay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, chemist, natural\\nphilosopher, A72.\\nAug. 26. Louis Philippe, Due d Orleans,\\nking, at Claremont, Eng., A77.\\nPlanquette, Robert, composer, born.\\nVidocq, Kutieiie Francois, chief of detective\\npolice, A75.\\n1851 Aii:_ ulrine, Puehesse d Marie The-\\nrese Charlotte, daughter of Louis XVI.\\nand Mane Antoinette, A73.\\nBailly, Antoine, historian, dies.\\nDaguerre, bonis J. M., artist, A62.\\nGolembeski, Jean, centenarian, A126.\\nLeuret, Francois, physician, author, A54.\\nSebastiani, Horace Francois, marshal, states-\\nman, A76.\\nSilvestre, Baron de, Augustin Francois, rural\\neconomist, A89.\\nSoult, Nicolas J. de D., Due de Dalmatie,\\nmarshal, statesman, A82.\\nCHURCH.\\n1848 June 26. Paris. The arch-\\nbishop of Paris is killed by the Red Re-\\npublicans -while attending the dying.\\nNov. 24. Rome. The Pope leaves in\\ndisguise, and takes refuge from the pop-\\nulace in Gaeta, in the Neapolitan terri-\\ntory.\\n1850 Apr. Pome. The Pope returns,\\nhaving his authority restored by the\\narmy of France.\\nLETTERS.\\n1847 Aventures de guatre femmes et\\nd unperroquet, by I)um;is,,/i/,i, appears.\\n[1848, CSsarine and La Dame aux Camel-\\nlias; 1849, Le docteur Servan, Anto-\\nnine, and Tristan le Roux; 1850, Trois\\nHommes, and Henri de Navarre.\\nCarmen, by Merimee, appears. [1848,\\nHistory of Von Pedro King of Cas-\\ntile.]\\nLa Belle Pose, by Louis A. E. Achard,\\nappears.\\nHistoire des Girondins, by Lamartine,\\nappears. [1849, Histoire de la revolution\\ndefevrier; 1852, Graziella.]\\nChien-Callon, by Champfleury, ap-\\npears. [1852, Les dies de Noel.]\\nMonuments of Nineveh, by Paolo E.\\nBotta and others, appears.\\n53 History of the French Revolu-\\ntion, by Michelet, appears.\\n-62 History of the French Revolu-\\ntion^ by Louis Blanc, appears.\\n1848 Aug. 24-28. La Gazette de\\nFrance is suspended.\\nAug. 30. La Gazette de France resumes\\nas Le Peuplv Franrais; Journal de I Ap-\\npel a la Nation is issued.\\nMile, de la Seigliere, by Sandeau, ap-\\npears. [1851, Sacs et Parchemins.]\\nVie de Boh me, by Murger, appears.\\n[1851, Claude et Marianne; 1852, Pays\\nlatin; 1853, Adeline Protat 1854, Bu-\\nveurs.]\\nThe Daughter of jEsckylus, by Joseph\\nAutran, appears.\\nL Evinement is founded by Victor\\nHugo.\\nHistoire de I esclavaqe dans I anti-\\nquite by Henri Alexandre Wallon, ap-\\npears.\\nLes Revolutions d Italic, by Quinet,\\nappears. [1853, Les Esclaves; 1854,\\nMarnix de Ste. Aldegonde.]\\n*-50* Dix arts plus tard, ou le Vi-\\ncomte de Bragelonne, by Dumas, pere,\\nappears. [1S49, Les mille et unfantomes\\n1851, La femme au collier de velours;\\n1852, Olympe de Cloves, Un Gil Bias en\\nCalifornie, and Isaac Laquedem; 1853,\\nLe pasteur d Ashbourn, El Salvador,\\nand Conscience Vinnocent.]\\n1849 Gabrielle and L Aventuriere, by\\nFjmile Augier, appear.\\nHarmonies Economiques, by Frederic\\nBastiat, appears.\\nAdrienne Lecouvreur, by Scribe, ap-\\npears.\\nHistoire de la jeune Allemagne, by\\nRen6 G. E. Taillandier, appears.\\n-50 La Chasse Royale, by L. A. E.\\nAchard, appears.\\n1850 Sept. 26. The Government adopts\\nmeasures restricting the liberty of the\\npress.\\nLa Critique et la Foi, by Edmond H.\\nA. Scherer, appears. [1853, Alexandre\\nVinet.]\\nThe Nun of Toulouse, by Janin, ap-\\nSears. [1851-57, History of Dramatic\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0iterature.]\\nCharlotte Corday, by Francois Pon-\\nsard, appears. [1853, Honor and Money.]\\n1851 History of Mary Stuart, by\\nMignet, appears.\\nLes deux Frondes, and Diane de Lys y\\nby Dumas, yr/.s appears. [1852, Le regent\\nMustel; 1S53, antes et n owe lies; 1854,\\nUn cas de rupture and La Dame aux\\nperles.]\\nMercadet, by Balzac, appears.\\n-54 Systeme de Politique positive,\\nou TraitA de Sociolmjie instituant la Re-\\nligion de VHumaniU, by Comte, appears.\\n*-57* Causeriesde Lundi, by Sainte-\\nBeuve, appears.\\n*-63* Histoire de la restauration, by\\nLamartine, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1848 Feb. Paris. The mob sack the\\nTuileries. About 16,000 citizens are\\nkilled or wounded during the riots.\\n(See Army and State.)\\nMar. 3. Eng. The ex-king and his wife\\narrive at Newhaven.\\nMar. 4. Paris. A grand funeral pro-\\nSlavery is abolished in all the\\nFrench colonies, chiefly through the\\nagency of Victor Schoelcher, after\\nthe labor of 20 years.\\n1849 Aug. 22. Paris. A peace con-\\ngress is opened representatives are\\npresent from all parts of the world.\\n1850 Aug. 15. A Grand banquet is\\ngiven to Louis Napoleon at Lyons.\\n1851* *-52* *The Monts de Fie te\\nare regulated by law.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0742.jp2"}, "743": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1847, *-1852, Jan. 10. 731\\n1S52 Jan. 1. The Prince-President is\\ninstalled at Notre Dame, and the day is\\nobserved as a national holiday.\\nSTATE.\\n1848 Jan. Paris. It is resolved to\\nhold a reform banquet notwithstanding\\nthe prohibition.\\nBanquets are held in Strasburg, Char-\\ntres, and elsewhere. It is proposed to\\nhold one on the 22d of February but it\\nis again prohibited, and abandoned,\\nThe Socialists are called Commu-\\nnists, and become a powerful political\\nbody.\\nFeb. 4. Paris. A great debate takes\\nplace on the Reform Bill.\\nFeb. 22-24. Paris. The Revolution\\nof February. Cause the spirit of dis-\\ncontent, and contempt for the existing\\ngovernment.\\nFeb. 22. Paris. Mobs, chiefly directed\\nby Socialists, come into conflict with\\nmunicipal guards, which are defeated.\\nFeb. 23. Paris. The National Guard is\\ncalled out, barricades thrown up, the\\nTuileries ransacked, the prisons\\nopened, and frightful disorders com-\\nmitted a partial defection of the guards\\noccurs Guizot resigns [and Count Mole\\nsucceeds him as premier, but later gives\\nway to Thiers].\\nFeb. 24. Paris. The king abdicates\\nthe crown in favor of his grandson, the\\nComte de Paris.\\nThe Duchess of Orleans and her two\\nsons in the Chamber of the Deputies.\\nAn armed mob rush in and proclaim a\\nRepublic No more Bourbons No\\nregency The Republic forever\\nA Provisional Government is ap-\\npointed having 11 members Lamartine\\nis president.\\nFeb. 26. Paris. A Republic ia pro-\\nclaimed from the steps of the Hotel de\\nVille.\\n1848 -51 The Second Republic.\\nFeb. National workshops (Ateliers\\nNationaux) are established by the Pro-\\nvisional Government.\\n[Private trade is thereby deranged\\n100,000 workmen demand the govern-\\nment work and pay. June The shops\\nare abolished.]\\nFeb. Paris. Louis Blanc, the journal-\\nist and Socialist, is placed at the head of\\na commission of laborers, with a view to\\nthe organization of labor by the\\nProvisional Government.\\nMar. 4. Paris. A grand funeral pro-\\ncession marches in honor of the victims\\nof the Revolution.\\nThe National Assembly meets. [It\\nis no longer called the Chamber of Dep-\\nuties.]\\nMay 7. Paris. The Provisional Govern-\\nment yields to an Executive Com-\\nmission elected by the National As-\\nsembly.\\nMembers Dupont de l Eure, Arago,\\nGarnier-Pages, Marie, Lamartine, Le-\\ndru-Rollin, and Cremieux.\\nMay 15. Paris. The people s attack on\\nthe Assembly is suppressed.\\nMay 26. Paris. A decree of perpetual\\nbanishment is issued against Louis\\nPhilippe and his family.\\nJune 13. Louis Napoleon is elected to\\nthe Assembly for the department of the\\nSeine and three other departments.\\nJune 22. The Assembly decrees that a\\ncertain number of workmen shall join\\nthe army, or be excluded from the na-\\ntional workshops if they refuse.\\nJune 23-26. The Days of June.\\nA popular insurrection breaks out,\\nwith much bloodshed in Paris, because\\nof the closing of the government work-\\nshops.\\n(June 23.) Rise of the Red Repub-\\nlicans. Fighting with the National\\nGuard continues all night in Paris more\\nthan 300 barricades are erected in the\\nstreets.\\nGen. Cavaignac is nominated as dic-\\ntator. The executive committee resigns.\\n(June 25.) Paris is declared to be in\\na state of siege.\\n(June 27.) Affre, the archbishop of\\nParis, is killed by a random shot while\\nattempting a pacification.\\n(June 28.) The last barricade is\\nstormed by the troops, and the insur-\\nrection ends, and order is restored.\\nJune 28.. Paris. Gen. Cavaignac sur-\\nrenders the dictatorship, and is ap-\\npointed president of the council.\\nJuly 4. Paris. Cavaignac orders the\\nnational workshops closed.\\nSept. 26. Paris. Louis Napoleon\\ntakes his seat in the National Assembly.\\nOct. 20. Paris is relieved from a state\\nof siege, after being shut up for four\\nmonths.\\nNov. 4. Paris. A new Constitution is\\nadopted. It provides for a single legis-\\nlative chamber of 750 members. [Nov.\\n12. Promulgated.]\\nDec. 1. Louis Napoleon publishes an ad-\\ndress announcing himself as a candidate\\nfor the presidency.\\nDec. 11. Paris. Louis Napole on, the\\nnephew of Napoleon I., is elected Pres-\\nident of the French republic. [Dee. 20.\\nProclaimed for four years.]\\n1848-1871 Louis rJapole on in power.\\nDec. 20. He is proclaimed President of\\nthe Republic. Vote Napoleon, 5, 327 ,345\\nCavaignac, 1,474,(187; Ledru-Rollin, 381,-\\n02G; Raspail, 37,121 Lamartine, 21,032;\\nand Changarnier, 4,975.\\n1849 Apr. Louis Napoleon sends an\\nexpedition to Rome to restore the\\nauthority of the Pope.\\nJune 11. Paris. Great excitement pre-\\nvails, and an impeac hm ent of the Presi-\\ndent is proposed, because of his aiding\\nthe.cause of the Pope.\\nJune 15. An insurrection in Lyons is\\nsuppressed by the military.\\nOct. 31. Paris. The President changes\\nhis Ministry, and nominates ministers\\nfavorable to his aims.\\n1850 May 31. Paris. The Assembly,\\nalarmed by the Socialists, restricts the\\nsuffrage to citizens domiciled for three\\nyears in the same commune.\\nJune 24. Paris. A donation bill is\\npassed, giving the President 2,160,000\\nfrancs per annum.\\nSept. 26. Liberty of the press is re-\\nstricted.\\n1851 Jan. 3. Paris. The Ministry\\nresign.\\nJan. Paris. The President by a decree\\ndeprives Gen. Changarnier of the com-\\nmand of the garrison. [July 14-19. The\\nAssembly warmly debates this removal.]\\nJuly 19. Paris. The majority in the\\nAssembly who vote for the revision of\\nthe Constitution is 97 less than the three-\\nfourths required.\\nNov.* Paris. The Assembly makes fac-\\ntious opposition to the Government;\\nalleged plots are announced.\\nDec. 2. Paris. Coup d etat of Louis\\nNapole on. The President becomes dic-\\ntator.\\nIn complicity with Saint-Arnaud,Persigny T\\nMauras, De Morny, and utliers, lie causes the\\narrest before daylight ut leading Republicans\\nand Orleanists Cavaignac, Changarnier,\\nCharras, Lainorictere, P.edeaus, Thiers, Vic-\\ntor Hugo, and several others are imprisoned.\\nHe dissolves the National Assembly, annuls\\nthe Constitution, and restores universal suf-\\nfrage. He appeals to the people to elect him\\nPresident for ten years. Paris is occupied by\\ntroops.\\nA new Ministry is announced.\\nMembers Count Morny, minister of\\nthe interior; Gen. Saint-Ariiaud, minis-\\nter of war; M. Fould, minister of finance\\nand M. Rouher, minister of justice.\\nDec. 18. Paris. The Napoleon succes-\\nsion, in default of issue from the em-\\nperor, is determined in favor of Prince\\nJerome-Napoleon and his heirs male.\\nNapoleon arrests 180 members of\\nthe National Assembly who attempt to\\nmeet.\\nDec. 3,4. Paris. Partial insurrections\\nare suppressed.\\nDec. 12. Paris. A Consultative Com-\\nmission is founded.\\nDec. 20, 21. Paris. Louis Napoleon is\\nelected President for 10 years by a na-\\ntional vote (7,473,431-641,351).\\nHe is clothed with monarchical power,\\nand permitted to issue a Constitution for\\nFrance.\\n1852 Jan. 1. Paris. Louis Napoleon\\nis installed President in the Cathedral\\nof Notre Dame, and the day is made a\\nholiday. The Prince-President resides\\nin the Tuilieries.\\nJan. 9. The President arbitrarily ban-\\nishes his most powerful opponents, in-\\ncluding Changarnier, Lamoriciere they\\nare conducted to the Belgian frontier.\\nJan. 10. The President banishes 83\\nmembers of the Legislative Assembly\\n575 persons are also arrested for making\\nresistance to the coup d etat, and taken\\nto Havre for transportation to Cayenne.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1848 Paris. Trees of liberty are\\nplanted.\\n1850* *The vine disease reaches the\\ntrellieed vines, and many vineyards lose\\nthe entire crop, at Versailles.\\n1851 Nov. 13. An electric telegraph\\nis opened between France and England.\\nLouis Napoleon makes the Tuileries\\nhis residence, and [greatly renovates itj.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0743.jp2"}, "744": {"fulltext": "732 1852, Jan. 14-1857,\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1852 Mar. 28. The Departments are\\nreleased from a state of siege.\\n1853 Mar. 20. The fleet is sent into\\nTurkish, waters, and joins that of Eng-\\nland.\\nSept. A military camp is established at\\nSatory, near Paris.\\nOct. 4. Turk. The Anglo-French fleet\\nenters the Dardanelles. [Nov. 15. It\\nenters the Bosporus.]\\n1854* *-56* *The Crimean War.\\n(For events, see Great Britain.)\\nSept. 20. Bus. Battle of Alma. (See\\nGreat Britain.)\\n1856 Mar. 30. Peace is made with\\nRussia.\\nJuly 5. Rus. The French leave the\\nCrimea.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1852 Nov. 15. The planet Lutetia Is\\ndiscovered by Hermann Goldschmidt.\\n[1854, Oct. 26, Pomona 1856, May 22,\\nDaphne 1857, Sept. 9, Melete Sept. 19,\\nDoris, also Pales; Sept. 10, Alexandra;\\n1860, Sept. 9, Danae; 1861, May 5, Pano-\\npsea.]\\nParis. The Horse Fair, painted by\\nRosa Bonheur, is exhibited at the Salon.\\n1853 Apr. 6. The planet Pfiocsea is dis-\\ncovered by Jean Chacornac. [1S55, Apr.\\n6, Circe; 1856, Apr. 8, Lsetitia; 1860, Sept.\\n12, Olympiad\\nDec. 7. Paris. A bronze statue of\\nMarshal Ney, by M. Rude, is erected\\non the spot where he fell 38 years before.\\n1854 Oct. 28. The planet Polyphymnia\\nis discovered by M. Chacornac. [1856,\\nJan. 12, Leda.]\\nJoan of Arc is painted by Jean Auguste\\nDominique Ingres.\\n1855 Paris. Ernest Wilfred Gabriel\\nBaptiste Legouve is elected a member of\\nthe Academy. [1862, Jacques Victor\\nAlbert, Due deBn.ulie; 1X65, Charles Ca-\\nmille Doucet 1870, Emile OHivier and\\nXavier Marmier: 1871, Henry Eugene\\nOrleans, Due d Aumale 1874, Jan. 30,\\nAlexandre Dumas, Jils.]\\nThe Girondists in Prison is painted by\\nPaul Delaroche.\\n1856 Paris. Jules Duboscq s electric\\nlamp is exhibited.\\nMay -June Disastrous inundations\\noccur near Lyons and elsewhere in the\\nsouth whole villages are swept away.\\n1857 Small photographic portraits,\\ncalled carte-de-visite, are first taken\\nby M. Ferrier at Nice. [The Duke of\\nParma has his portrait placed on his\\nvisiting-cards the custom soon becomes\\nfashionable.]\\nAug. 14. Paris. The magnificent build-\\nings of the new Louvre, begun by Napo-\\nleon I., are opened with splendid cere-\\ni by Napoleon III.\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n1852* Beudant, Francois Sulpice, physi-\\ncist, A65.\\nBurnouf, Eupene, orientalist, A51.\\nEbelmen, J;icc,ues -Joseph, chemist, A38.\\nFayolle, Francois Joseph -Mane, musician,\\ncritic, litterateur, A78.\\nGerard, Count, Etienne Maurice, marshal,\\nA79.\\nGay, Marie F. S. N. de Lavalette, novelist,\\nA76.\\nGourgaud, i;asp:mi, general, author, A6S).\\nGraux, Charles, philologist, born.\\nJohannot, Tony, painter, wood engr., A49.\\nLafargt. Marie C, poisoner, A36.\\nMaistre, Comte Xavier \u00c2\u00able, novelist. A88.\\nMarrast, Arinaml, journalist, politician, A51.\\nMarmont, Auguste F. L. V., Due de Raguse,\\nmarshal, A78.\\nOrsay, Comte V, Alfred Guillaume Gabriel,\\nartist, leader of fashion, A54.\\nPradier, .Jacques, sculptor, AGO.\\nWalckenaer, Baron Charles Athanase, au-\\nthor, A81.\\n1853* Arago, Dominique Francois, astron-\\nomer, natural philosopher, A67.\\nArrighi, Due de 1 adoue, marshal, dies.\\nBellot, Joseph Rene, Artie navigator, A27.\\nCollombet, Francois Zeimn, author, A 45.\\nFabie, Antoine F. H., medical writer, A56.\\nFontaine, Pierre Francois Leonard, architect,\\nA91.\\nMontholon, Comte Charles Tristan de, gen-\\neral, author, A70.\\nOrfila, .Mateo Jose l .onaventura, chem., A66.\\nSamt-Hilaire, Auguste de, botanist, A54.\\n1854 Baudm des Ardennes, Charles, vice-\\nadmiral, A70.\\nBeautemps-Beaupre Charles Francois, hy-\\ndrographer, A88.\\nBertin, Louis Marie Armand, journalist, A53.\\nBlanqui, Jerome Adolphe, political econo-\\nmist, A56.\\nBourdon, Louis Pierre Marie, math., A55.\\nC nazal, Antoine, artist, A61.\\nFaueher, Leon, economist, siatcsman, A51.\\nHaussez, Charles L. de Longpre d minister,\\nnatural philosopher, A76.\\nLallemand, Claude Francois, physician, sur-\\ngeon, A64.\\nLamennais, L Abbe, Ifugues I-Vlieite Robert\\nde, religious and political writer, A72.\\nMarcel, Jean Joseph, orientalist, hist., A78.\\nMirbel, Charles F. B. de, naturalist, A78.\\nPaixhans, Henri Joseph, general, inventor\\nof guns, author, A72.\\nPeyronnet, Charles Ignace, lawyer, pol., A76.\\nRochette, Desire Kaoul, areheologist, A64.\\nSaint- Arnaud, Jacques Achille Leroy de,\\nmarshal, A58.\\nRouvestre, Emile, journalist, author, A48.\\nThibaudeau, Comie Antoine Claire, revolu-\\ntionist, historical writer, A89.\\nTissot, Pierre Francois, author, A86.\\nVillele, Comte de, Jean Baptiste Seraphin\\nJoseph, minister of finance, A81.\\n1855 Arago, Jacques Etienne Victor, trav-\\neler, writer, A(i5.\\nBarchou de Penhoen, Baron Auguste T. H.,\\nwriter, dies.\\nChenot, Claude Bernard Adrien, eng., A52.\\nDuvernoy, Georges Louis, zoologist, anato-\\nmist, A78.\\nGirardin, Delphine Gay de, author, A51.\\nIsabey, Jean liaptistc, miniature paint., A88.\\nLaere. telle, Jean Charles de, historian, A89.\\nMagendie, Francois, physiologist, A72.\\nMichaux, Francois Andre botanist, A85.\\nMole:, Comte, Louis Mathieu, slatesman, A74.\\n1856 Adam, Adolphe Charles, musical\\ncomposer, A53.\\nArlincourt, Vicomte d Victor, poet, novel-\\nist, Ao7.\\nBinet, Jacques Philippe Marie, mathemati-\\nCabet, Etienne, socialist, A68.\\nDavid, Pierre Jean, sculptor, A67.\\nDelaroche, Paul (Hyppolyte), historical\\npainter, A59.\\nFortoul, llippolvtc Nicolas Honored, wr., A45.\\nGerhardt, Charles Frederic, chemist, A40.\\nMonod, Adolphe, Protestant eler., A56.\\nNapoleon, Eugene Louis Jean Joseph, son of\\nNapoleon III., born.\\nPrevost, Louis Constant, geologist, A69.\\nSalvandy, Comte de, Narcisse Achille, au-\\nthor, A61.\\nThierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin, histo-\\nrian, A61.\\n1857* Abbatucei, Jacques Pierre Charles,\\ndiplomatist, A66.\\nBeranger, Pierre Jean de, lyric poet, A77.\\nBoissonade, Jean I- raneois, philologist, A83.\\nBonaparte, Charles Lucien Jules Laurent,\\nwriter on natural philosophy, A54.\\nCaucliy, Augustin Louis, math., poet, A68.\\nOavaignac, Louis Eugene, general, A55.\\nComte, Auguste. phil., fdr. positivism, A59.\\nDnfre noy, Pierre Armand, geologist, A65.\\nDesnoyers, Auguste G.L. Boucher, engr., A78.\\nlsauibert, Francois A., politician, jurist, AW).\\nMusset. Louis Charles Alfred de, poet,\\nA47.\\nOrbigny, Alcide Dessalines d natural., A55.\\nBlanche, -Jean Baptiste Gustave, litterateur,\\ncritic, A 49.\\ni.*iia1reiiicrc, Kiicnnc Marc, orientalist, A75.\\nSue. Marie Joseph Eugene, novelist, A53.\\nSwctchine, or Svetchin, Anne Sophie, au-\\nthor, A75.\\nTh^nard, Louis Jacques, chemist, A80.\\nCHURCH.\\n1852 Mar. 26. Louis Napoleon decrees\\nthe reestablishment of the law of\\n1802. (See p. 715.)\\n1853 Jan. 3. Paris. The Pantheon is\\nreopened as the Church of St. Gene-\\nvieve.\\nJuly 17. Sacred relics are exhibited at\\nAix-la-Chapelle 60,000 pilgrims view\\nthem.\\nAug. 19. Paris. The first meeting is\\nheld of the World s Conference of\\nYoung Men s Christian Association\\nSocieties.\\n1855 Paris. The Evangelical Alli-\\nance holds its third meeting.\\n1856 The mission of the American\\nBaptists is left in the hands of French\\npastors. The theological seminary at\\nDouai is closed.\\n1857 Feb. 11. Miracles are alleged\\nto take place at Lourdes.\\nLETTERS.\\n1852 History of Ancient Greece, and\\nHistory of France, by Victor Duruy, ap-\\npear.\\nVatic hi. sine posit iriste, ou Sommaire\\nExposition de la Religion universelle, by\\nComte, appears.\\nLes Illumines, on les Precurseurs du\\nSocialisme, by Gerard de Nerval, ap-\\npears.\\nPoemes antiques, by C. M. Leconte de\\nLisle, appears. [1854, Poemes et po sies\\n1859, Le chemin de la croix.]\\nLe regent Must W ,by Alexandre Dumas,\\nfits, appears. [1853, Diane de lys 1S55,\\nLe Demi-Monde 1857, La question d ar-\\ngent 1858, Lejils naturel; 1859, Unpere\\nprodige.\\nLa Revue Contemporaire is issued.\\nKapoUon le Petit, by Victor Hugo, ap-\\npears. [185.3, Les chdtiments 1856-57,\\nLes contemplations.]\\n-54 Tard s Dictionnaire de Hy-\\ngiene is published.\\n1853 Essays on Literary History, by\\nEugene Gerusez, appears.\\nLc Tiers-Etat, by Thierry, appears.\\nThe True, the Beautiful, and the Good,\\nby Cousin, appears.\\nEssay on the Fables of La Fontaine,\\nby Hippolyte Adolphe Taine, appears.\\n[1854, Essay on Titus Livius; 1855, A\\nTour Through the Pyrenees; 1856, The\\nFrench Philosophers of the 19th Cen-\\ntury J]\\nLe pressoir, Moliere, and Les maitres\\nsonneurs, by George Sand, appear.\\n[1854, Lucie and Histoire de ma Vie;\\n1S55, Mont Reveche; 185S, Elle et lui;\\n1859, L Homme de neige.~]\\nLes faux Demitrius: Episode de P His-\\ntoire de Russie, by Merimee, appears.\\nLe Mercure de France, begun in 1672,\\nceases to appear.\\n-55 La comtesse de Vharny, by\\nDumas, pere, appears. [1854, Catherine\\nBlum and Inqenue; 1854-58, Les Mohi-\\ncans de Paris; 1855-50, Sal rotor; 1857,\\nLes compagnoiis de Jehu lS59,Zes louves\\nde MachecouL]\\n1854 Les bourgeois de MoJinehart, by\\nChampfleury, appears [1S57, La Succes-\\nsion de Vannis.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0744.jp2"}, "745": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1852, Jan. 14-1857,\\n733\\n-56 Causer ies tittiraires, by Ar-\\nmand A. J. M. F. Pontinartin, appears.\\n[1857-81, Causeries du Samedi 1861-63,\\nSemaines tittiraires 1862, Les Jeudis\\nde Mme. Charbonneau.]\\n1855 he Cabinet Historique is issued.\\nTolla, by About, appears. [1856, Le\\nRoi des Montagues; 1857, Germaine\\n1858. Trente et Q ltd rantc LS62, Homme\\nVoreille cassd and tbe Nez d y un notaire;\\n1863, Madelon.]\\nM langes historiques et litter aires, by\\nMerimee, appears.\\nLa famille, by Paul Janet, appears.\\n[1S58, Histoire de la philosophic morale et\\npolitique 1S60, Etudes sur la dialectique\\ndans Platon et H gel 1862, La pkiloso-\\npkie du bonheur.\\n*-56* Political History of the United\\nStates, by Fj. R,. L. de Laboulaye, ap-\\npears. [1862, Unitid Stales and France;\\n1S64, Paris in America.]\\n1856 Revue Critique d Histoire et de\\nLitt rature is issued.\\nThe Old Regime and the Revolution, by\\nDe Tocqueville, appears.\\nfc Natural Religion, by Jules Si\\npea\\n,ap-\\nL Jllemagne et la Russie, by Taillan-\\ndier, appears. [1S65, Maurice de Saxe.]\\nSymphonies, by P. M. V. R. de Paprade,\\nappears.\\nLes Ode lettes, by Theodore Faullain\\nde Banville, appears.\\nEmauxet Camies, by Gautier, appears.\\n1857* L histoire des Gaulois, by A.\\nThierry, appears.\\nMemoir on the Rural Economy of\\nFrance, by L. G. L. G. Lavergne, ap-\\npears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1852 Jan. Paris. The Government\\ninaugurates a reaction against republi-\\ncanism.\\nThe inscription, Liberty, Fraternity,\\nEquality, is proscribed and to be\\neverywhere erased; trees of liberty\\nare cut down and burned old names of\\npublic buildings, places, and streets are\\nrestored.\\nJuly 1. Paris. A plot for the assassi-\\nnation of the Prince-President is dis-\\ncovered.\\nAug. 15. The birthday of Napoleon I.\\nis celebrated as the only national holi-\\nday.\\nSept. 23. The police discover and seize\\nan infernal machine at Marseilles,\\nprepared against Louis Napoleon.\\nNapoleon III. restores the hereditary\\npeerage.\\n1853 Jan. 30. Napole on IU. mar-\\nries EugeTnie Marie de Montijo de Guz-\\nman.\\nFeb. 2. More than 4,000 political pris-\\noners are pardoned.\\nMar. 13. Paris. An immense Social-\\nistic demonstration occurs at the fu-\\nneral of Madame Raspail 40,000 persons\\nmarch in the procession.\\nMar. 28. A peace address, signed by\\n40,000 Englishmen, is presented to Na-\\npoleon III. by Englishmen.\\nJuly 7. Paris. A plot to assassinate the\\nemperor while on his way to the opera is\\ndiscovered. [Nov. Ten persons are\\ntransported for life.]\\nSept. Paris. Bread riots break out.\\n1855 Apr. 28. Pianori unsuccessfully\\nattempts to kill the emperor.\\nParis. An International Statistical\\nCongress meets.\\n1856 Mar. 16. Paris. Napoleon Eu-\\ngene Louis Jean Joseph Bonaparte,\\nprince imperial, is born. Amnesty\\nis granted to 1,000 political prisoners.\\n1857 Jan. 3. Jean Verger, a priest,\\nassassinates Sibour, the archbishop of\\nParis.\\nJuly 11. Paris. A conspiracy to assas-\\nsinate the emperor is detected. [Aug.\\n6, 7. The conspirators are sentenced to\\ntransportation.]\\nSTATE.\\n1852 Jan. 14. Paris. A new Consti-\\ntution is published j it resembles that\\nof the first empire.\\nThe Senate is reestablished in place\\nof the Chamber of Peers.\\nJan. 22. Paris. A decree confiscating\\ntheir appanages, and obliging the Or-\\nleans family to sell all their real and\\npersonal property in France within a\\nyear, is issued.\\nNapoleon issues another decree.\\nIt annuls the settlement made by Louis\\nPhilippe upon his family in 1830, and an-\\nnexes the property to the public domain.\\nMar. 29. Paris. The Legislative\\nChambers are installed.\\nAug. 8. Louis Adolphe Thiers and others\\nare permitted to return from exile.\\nSept. 13. Paris. The Senate prays for\\nthe reestablishmentof the hereditary\\nsovereign power in the Bonaparte\\nfamily.\\nSept. 16. Paris. Napoleon commences\\na tour through Southern France.\\n[Sept. 19. He is welcomed at Lyons.\\nSept. 27. Visits Toulon. Oct. 7. Visits\\nBordeaux. Oct. 16. Returns to Paris.]\\nOct. 10. The President releases Abd-\\nel-Kader after an imprisonment of five\\nyears (p. 9).\\nOct. 19. Paris. Napoleon convokes the\\nSenate to deliberate on the restoration\\nof the empire, when a senatus consitl-\\ntum will be proposed for the ratifica-\\ntion of the French people.\\nOct. 25. Comte de Chambord makes a\\nprotest.\\nNov. 4. Paris. Napoleon announces in\\nhis message to the Senate the contem-\\nplated restoration of the empire, and\\norders the people to be consulted upon\\nthis change.\\nNov. 7. Napoleon is proclaimed em-\\nperor by a senatus consultum, subject\\nto ratification by the people.\\nNov. 21, 22. The action of the Senate\\nis ratified by a public vote; for the\\nempire, 7,854,189; opposed, 253,145 null,\\n63,326.\\nDec. 2. Paris. Louis Napoleon is pro-\\nclaimed Emperor of the French, un-\\nder the name of Napole on HI., at the\\nHotel de Ville.\\nDec. 2.-70 Sept. 2. The Napole*on\\nDynasty restored.\\n1853 Jan. 11. Russia, Austria, and\\nPrussia finally acknowledge Napo-\\nleon JIT, as Emperor of the French.\\nJan. 30. Amnesty is granted to 4,312\\npolitical prisoners and exiles.\\nFeb. 5. Paris. Gen. Saint-Priest and\\nmany other Legitimists are secretly ar-\\nrested, under charges of communicating\\nwith the Comte de Chambord, or for send-\\ning false news to foreign newspapers.\\nFeb. 17. Application is made to Great\\nBritain for possession of Napoleon\\nBonaparte s will. [Granted.]\\nMay 28. Paris. A bill is passed restor-\\ning capital punishment for attempts\\non the life of the emperor, or to subvert\\nthe imperial government.\\nNov. 17. The two branches of the Bour-\\nbon family become reconciled to each,\\nother.\\nThe Due de Nemours, on behalf of\\nthe entire Orleans House, makes peace\\nwith the Comte de Chambord.\\n1854 Mar. 28. Paris. War is declared:\\nagainst Russia by France as an ally\\nof Turkey. (See Great Britain.)\\n1855 July 9. Paris. A bill is passed\\nto effect a loan of 750,000,000 francs on\\naccount of the war with Russia.\\n[On the 30th the total sum subscribed\\namounted to 3,652,591,985 francs, nearly\\nfive times the amount required 2,533,-\\n888,450 francs were from Paris the num-\\nber of subscribers was 316,864.]\\n1856 Feb. 25. Paris. A peace con-\\nference is opened.\\nMar. 16. Paris. Napoleon Eugene Louis\\nJean Joseph, son of Napoleon III., is,\\nborn, and styled Prince Napoleon.\\nMar. 30. Paris. The tripartite treaty\\na treaty of peace with Russia, is signed.\\nApr. 16. Paris. The treaty of Paris.\\nIt is signed by the representatives of Great\\nBritain, France, A nstria, ltttssia, Prussia,\\nTurkey, and Sardinia. The powers agree\\nthat privateering shall \u00c2\u00abbe abolished; that\\nneutrals may carry an enemy s goods not\\ncontraband of war; that neutral goods not\\ncontraband are free even under an enemy s.\\nflag; and that hloekades t be binding must\\nbe effective. [1861. The United States ac-\\ncedes to these provisions.]\\nThe empire is at the zenith of its\\nglory.\\n1857 June 21-22. General elections;\\nare held 3,000,000 voters elect 257 depu-\\nties. Gen. Cavaignac is elected a deputy,,\\nbut declines to take the oath.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1852 Nov. 18. Paris. The Credit\\nMobilier, a joint-stock company, is es-\\ntablished by Isaac and Fjnile Pereire,.\\nand others.\\nIt undertakes trading enterprises of\\nall kinds, applying to them the principle\\nof limited liabilities and is authorized\\nto use its own scrip to replace the shares\\nor bonds of any, and also to carry on\\nthe ordinary business of banking.\\n1853 Aug. The site of a Roman cir-\\ncus of great size is discovered at Tours.\\nA disease breaks out among the silk-\\nworms which reduces the value of the\\nsilk crop to about one-third. [1858. A\\ncommission of inquiry is appointed.]\\n1854 June 9. Paris. The emperor\\nand empress attend the first agricul-\\ntural exhibition held.\\nNov. A telegraph-line is opened be-\\ntween Paris and Bastia.\\n1857 Mar. 12. Many persons are killed\\nin a railroad accident at the bridge of\\nLes Jardins canal.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0745.jp2"}, "746": {"fulltext": "734 1857, *-1862, Nov.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1857* *-60* *A French and Eng-\\nlish expedition visits China.\\nThe war is caused by the Chinese, who\\ndisregard the treaty of 1842, and hostili-\\nties are assumed by the English in Octo-\\nber, 1856, at Canton. The French sup-\\nport the English to secure alterations\\nin their commercial treaty with China.\\n(See p. 618.)\\nParis. Napoleon lays out the camp\\nof Chalons. [It is later used for ma-\\n135S Feb. The Government divides\\nFrance into five military depart-\\nments.\\nJune 26. Treaty of Tien-Tsin with\\nChina. (See p. 619.)\\nFrance, cooperating with Spain, be-\\ngins a war with Siam.\\n1S59 Apr. -July It. France is at\\nwar with Austria.\\nMay It. The Austrian invasion of Sar-\\ndinian territories causes France to de-\\nclare war, and the French enter as allies\\nof Sardinia the empress is appointed\\nregent.\\nMay 12. It. The emperor arrives at\\nGenoa, and assumes the chief command.\\n[May 20. The Austrians are driven\\nback at Montebello. June 4. Battle of\\nMagenta. June 24. Battle of Solferino.\\nJuly 12. Peace (p. 524).]\\nJune* China. The Chinese violate\\nthe Treaty of Tien-Tsin, and turn back\\nthe ambassadors of England, France,\\nand America.\\nOct. -60 Oct. 24. China. The French\\nand English are at war with China.\\n[They capture Peking.] (See p. 620.)\\nISTov. 10. Peace of Zurich.\\nThe French navy consists of 51 ships\\nof the line and 398 other vessels, includ-\\ning those recently ordered to be built.\\n1860 May China. The French under\\nGen. Montauban and the English under\\nGen. Grant land and storm the camp\\nof the Chinese near Shanghai, while\\nthe united fleet sails up the Pei-Ho river.\\nAug. 5. Asia Minor. French troops are\\nsent to Syria to punish the murderers\\nof Christians.\\nSept. 18. It. The Italians under Gen.\\nCaldini defeat the Papal army under\\nMarshal Lamoriciere at Castelfidardo.\\nThe ironclad La Gloire is completed.\\n1861 Mar. The army numbers 687,000\\nmen.\\nJune The ironclads Solferino and Ma-\\ngenta are launched.\\nAug. 18. Sivitz. A conflict occurs be-\\ntween French and Swiss soldiers at\\nYille-la-Grande.\\nOct. 27. Switz. French troops enter\\nthe valley of Dappes to prevent an ar-\\nrest.\\nOct. 31-67 Mar. Mex. A French\\nforce aids the revolution in Mexico.\\nThe allies [fail in an attempt to secure\\nthe throne to Maximilian of Austria].\\n(See Mexico.)\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1857 Jules A. A. L. Breton paints the\\nBlessing the Harvest.\\nParis. The Gleaners is exhibited at\\nthe Salon by Jean Francois Millet. [1859,\\nAngelus.]\\nMarc Antoine Gaudin makes artificial\\nsapphires out of equal parts of alum and\\nsulphate of potash heated in a crucible.\\n1858 Jan. 22. The planet Nemausa is\\ndiscovered by Laurent.\\n1859 Mar. 19. Paris. Charles Fran-\\ncois Gounod s Faust is produced.\\nMar. 26. The planet Vulcan, having its\\norbit between Mercury and the sun, is\\nsaid to be discovered by M. Lescarbault,\\na physician. [Not seen since.]\\n1860 Paris. The great aquarium at\\nthe Jardin d Acclimatation is built.\\n1861 Mar. 4. The planet Angelina is\\ndiscovered by M. Tempel. [Mar. 8, Max-\\nimilia, later called Qybkle Aug. 29,\\nGalatea; 1S64, Sept. 30, Tcrjisirhore\\n1868, Feb. 17, Clotho Sept. 13, Clymene.]\\n1862 Sept. 8. Paris. An electric\\nsafety lamp for miners, made by MM.\\nDumas and Benoit, is exhibited.\\nNov. Paris. A daily international\\nmeteorological bulletin of the Impe-\\nrial Observatory is first published.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1858 Argout, Comte d Antoine M. A.,\\nfinancier, A76.\\nBerard, Pierre Honorc, surgeon, A61.\\nP.onpland, Ainu-, botanist, traveler, A85.\\nCliajisal, Charles Pierre, grammarian, A71.\\nChomel, Augusu* Francois, physieian, A70\u00c2\u00b1.\\nportal is, unite Joseph .Mane, jurist, states-\\nman, A80.\\nRachel, Elisabeth Rachel Felix, actor, A38.\\nKavignan, Gustave Francois Xavier Dela-\\ncroix de, Jesuit, pulpit orator, A63.\\nSoyer, Alexis, cook, author, A58.\\nStanhope, Adelaide, actor, born.\\n1859 llerger, Jean Jaeipies, senator, A69.\\nBernard, Angnste Simon Louis, statesman,\\ndirector -general of mines, A76.\\nKeratry, Auguste Ililariun de, author, A90.\\nLenormant, harles, areheologist, AS7.\\nTocqueville, Alexis 0. H. Clerel de, states-\\nman, political philosopher, writer, A54,\\n1860 Bonaparte, J6r6me, King of West-\\nphalia, A76.\\nDecamps, Alexandre Gabriel, painter, A57.\\nDecazes, Elie, Due, statesman, A80.\\nDumeril, Andre ilarie Constant, natu., A86.\\nJullien, Louis, musician, A48.\\nLeroy d Etiolles, Jean Jacques Joseph, sur-\\ngeon, A62.\\nSay, Horace Emile, political economist, A66.\\n1861 Artaud, Nicolas Louis, writer, Greek\\nscholar, A67.\\nBourdon, Isidore, phvsieian, author, A65.\\nCheri, Rose ^larie t izas, actor, A37.\\nCordier, Pierre Louis Antoine, ge\\nmineralogist, A84.\\nLacordaire, Jean B. H., clergyman, theolo\\ngian, orator, author, A55).\\nPujol, Alexandre Denis Abel de, paint., ATfi.\\nScribe, Augustin Eugene, dramatist, A70.\\nVicat, Louis Joseph, engineer, A75.\\n1863* Adelon, Nicolas Philibert, physician.\\nwriter, A80.\\nBiot, Jean B., mathematician, phil., A88,\\nBosquet, Pierre Francois Jos., marshal, A52,\\nClement, Ambroise, economist, A57.\\nDamiron, Jean I hilihert, eclectic phil., Af H.\\nGasparin, Comte de, Adrien E. P., states\\nman, A79.\\nHale vy, Jacques Francois Fromental Elie\\ncomposer, A63.\\nPasquier, Due, Etienne Denis, states., A95.\\n1860 Mar. 9. Pome. The Pope vir-\\ntuaUy excommunicates the emperor,\\ntogether with the King of Sardinia, be-\\ncause of the annexation of Romagna by\\nSardinia.\\nNov. The public levying of Peter s\\npence on behalf of the Pope is forbid-\\nden, and the free issue of pastoral letters\\nis checked.\\nDec. 31. The emperor advises the Pope\\nto surrender his revolted Italian prov-\\ninces [and is severely condemned by the\\nclergy of the Roman Catholic church].\\n1861 Feb. 15. La France, Home, et\\nVltalxe, relating to the Pope s temporal\\npower, is published. [Feb. 27. The\\nbishop of Poitiers sharply replies, and.\\ncompares the emperor to Pilate.]\\nMar. 1. Prince Napoleon makes a speech\\nagainst the Pope s temporal power.\\nApr. 11. A circular is issued forbidding\\nthe priests to meddle with politics.\\nOct. Paris. The St. Vincent dePaul\\n(charitable) Society excites the jealousy\\nof the Government, which suppresses its\\ncentral committee.\\nCHURCH.\\n1857 *-75* Pilgrimages are made\\nto Boulogne to adore an image of the\\nVirgin and Child, said to have been\\nmiraculously brought in a boat in 633.\\n1858 Feb. 14. The Virgin is said to\\nhave appeared to two girls at Lourdes,\\nin the Pyrenees.\\nLETTERS.\\n1857 La tentation de Sainte Antoine\\nand Madame de Bovary, by Flaubert,\\nappear.\\n-60 Le Seraphim de Memphis, by\\nAuguste fidouard Mariette, appears.\\n-61 Histoire des usages funebres,\\nbyFeydeau, appears. [\\\\$5 Fawny 1861,\\nSilvie; 1S63, Un debut a Vop ra; 1864, Ze\\nSecret du Bonheur.]\\n1858 Mar. 11. Napoleon III. et VAn-\\ngleterre is published.\\nOct. The pamphlet Un Dibat sur I Inde,\\neulogizing English institutions, by Comte\\nde Montalembert, appears.\\nLa maison de Penarvan, by Sandeau,\\nappears.\\nLa Revue germanique is issued.\\nI? oman d un jenne homme pauvre, by\\nFeuillet, appears. [1862, The Story of\\nSybille; 1S63, Montjoye.]\\nLe Bossu, by Feval, appears.\\nHistoire de mes Idies, by Quinet, ap-\\npears.\\nLe Poi Voltaire, by Houssaye, appears.\\n[I860, Histoire de Varl francais.]\\n*-78* Memoirs to illustrate the His-\\ntory of My Time, by Guizot, appears.\\n1859 Feb. Napotton III. et Vltalie is\\npublished.\\nDec. Le Pape et le Conqres is published.\\n[50,000 are sold in a few days.]\\nlllustre docteur Matheus, by Erck-\\nmann-Chatrian, appears. [1862, Le Fou\\nYogof; 1863, Madame ThSre.se; 1864,\\nL Ami Fritz and Histoire d un conscrit\\nde IS 1 3.]\\nThe first part of La Ldgende des Siecles,\\nby Victor Hugo, appears.\\nLa Revue EuropSenne is issued.\\nGazette des Beaux Arts is issued.\\nThe Democracy, by Vacherot, appears.\\nLe testament de Cisar Giro dot, by\\nBelot and Villetard, appears.\\nMirHo, by Frederic Mistral, appears.\\n1860 Jan. 29. Paris. L Univers, an\\nUltramontane journal, is suppressed\\nfor publishing the Pope s letter to the\\nemperor.\\nApr. 7. The press is censured for its\\nattacks on England.\\nLa Revue National e is issued.\\nLe Tour du Monde is issued.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0746.jp2"}, "747": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1857,\\n-1862, Mov.\\nT35\\nLa Revue archiologique is issued.\\nLe Roman d une Nuit, by Catulle\\nMendes, appears.\\nJeanne D Arc, by Wallon, appears.\\nJean de la Roche, Constance Verrier,\\nand Flavii, by George Sand, appear.\\n[1861, Tamaris and Antonia 1864, Mile,\\nde la Quintinie and Laura.]\\nMelanges de critique religieu se, by E.\\nH. A. Scherer, appears. [1863-78, Etudes\\ncritiques sur la lUterature contempo-\\nraine; 1864, Melanges d histoire reli-\\ngieuse.]\\nThe Half Open Pomegranate, by Jo-\\nsepb M. J. B. Aubanel, appears.\\nUn cheval de Phidias, by Cherbuliez,\\nappears. [1863, Le Comte Kostia; 1S64,\\nPaul Mere, Le roman d un honnete\\nfemme, and Le prince Vitale.]\\nLes Cotillions c lebres, by Gaboriau,\\nappears. [1S61, Le 13me Hussards 1862,\\nLes Gens de Bureau.\\nParis. The Royal Library is said to\\ncontain 815,000 volumes, 84,000 MSS.\\n-61 M. Ge rat and Les prhs Saint-\\nGei vais, by Victorien Sardou, appear.\\nAlso Nos Inlimes and Les paties de\\nmouche. [1862, Les Gamackes 1865, La\\nFamille Benoiton; 1866, Les bons villa-\\ngeois, and Maison neuve.]\\n-68 The Monies of the West, by\\nMontalembert, appears.\\n1861 Jan. 6. Rome et les Ev ques is\\npublished.\\nLes Mistrables, by Victor Hugo, is is-\\nsued simultaneously in Paris, Brussels,\\nLondon, New York, Milan, Leipsic, Ant-\\nwerp, Madrid, Warsaw, Pesth, and Rio\\nJaneiro.\\nHistory of the French Language, by\\nLittr6, appears. [1863-73, Dictionary of\\nthe French Language; 1 67 La Philoso-\\nphic Positive.]\\nMerlin I Enchanteur by Quinet, ap-\\npears.\\nPoemes barbares, by C. M. Leconte de\\nLisle, appears.\\nSal mmbo, by Flaubert, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1858 Jan. 14. Felix Orsini, an Italian,\\nwith, other conspirators, attempts to as-\\nsassinate the emperor three shells are\\nexploded, two persona killed, and many\\nwounded.\\n1859 Jan. 30. It. Prince Napoleon\\nmarries Clotilde of Savoy at Turin.\\nJan. The conveying of free negroes\\nfrom Africa to the French colonies\\nceases.\\n1861 Jan 25-Feb. 15. Jerome Bo-\\nnaparte, son of Jerome Bonaparte and\\nElizabeth Patterson, an American lady,\\nfails in his suit claiming his legitimate\\nrights.\\n1862 Oct. Paris. Due de Grammont,\\nangered by a newspaper attack kills Mr.\\nDillon in a duel.\\nSTATE.\\n1858 Feb. 19. Paris. A. public safety\\nbill is passed by the Assembly, allowing\\nthe Government to arrest and banish\\npersons in certain cases without trial\\nEmile Ollivier makes a bold protest\\nagainst it.\\nMar. 9. A Republican outbreak at\\nChalons is suppressed.\\nAug. 19. Paris. A conference respect-\\ning the Danubian principalities closes.\\nOct. 23. A dispute with Portugal re-\\nspecting the condemned slaves, Charles\\net Georges, is settled.\\n1859 Jan. 1. The emperor s address to\\nthe Austrian ambassador causes a war\\nsensation. (See p. 525.)\\n1 regret that our relations with your\\ngovernment are not as good as formerly,\\nhut I beg of you to tell the emperor that\\nmy personal sentiments for him have not\\nchanged.\\nMay 12. Austria having invaded the\\nterritory of Sardinia, France declares\\nwar in behalf of her ally.\\nIt. The emperor arrives at Genoa.\\nMay Paris. The empress is appointed\\nregent during the absence of the em-\\nperor in the Austrian war. [July 17.\\nHe returns.]\\nMay 21. A war loan of 20,000,000 francs\\nis raised. (Only 500,000 were proposed.)\\nNumber of subscribers, 525,000.\\nJune* China. The ambassador to Peking\\nis turned back. (See Army and Navy.)\\nJuly 11. The preliminaries of peace are\\nsigned. (See p. 525.)\\nAug. 8-!N ov. Switz. A conference\\nof Austrian and French envoys is held\\nat Zurich. (See p. 525).\\nAug. 17. Paris. Napoleon grants am-\\nnesty to political offenders after his vic-\\ntorious campaign in Italy.\\nSept. 22. Jap. A treaty with Japan is\\nratified at Jeddo [Tokio].\\nNov. 21. The ratifications of the Treaty\\nof Zurich are exchanged.\\nDec. 31. The emperor advises the\\nPope to cede Romagna to Sardinia.\\n1860 Jan.* Paris. Count Walew-\\nski, the foreign minister, resigns. [Jan.\\n24. Fjdouard Antoine Thouvenel\\nsucceeds him.]\\nJan. 5. Paris. The emperor announces\\na free-trade policy.\\nJan. 11= A treaty with Nicaragua is\\nratified.\\nJan. 23. A commercial treaty with\\nEngland is signed by Richard Cobden\\nand the French ministers.\\nMar. 24. It. A treaty is entered with\\nVictor Emmanuel for the annexation\\nof Savoy and Nice to France; it is\\nsigned at Turin. [Switzerland protests.]\\n[June 12. Vote of Savoy on annexa-\\ntion, 131.744 for, and l 1 against vote of\\nNice, 24,44S for, and 160 against.]\\nOct. 1. The new tariff becomes effec-\\ntive.\\nINTov. 24. Paris. A decree is issued al-\\nlowing greater liberty of speech to the\\nChambers by permitting address to the\\nthrone.\\nDec. 11. The severity of the restric-\\ntions on the press are relaxed by Min-\\nister Persigny [but soon restored].\\nDec. 16. Paris. It is announced that\\npassports for Englishmen are to cease\\nafter Jan. 1, 1861.\\nCochin-China. The French establish\\na colony at Saigon, after defeating the\\nChinese.\\nLes Alpes Maritimes are ceded to\\nItaly.\\n1861 Feb. 2. One-third of the terri-\\ntory of the principality of Monaco is\\npurchased by France for 4,000,000 francs.\\nFeb. 4. A commercial treaty with\\nGreat Britain is ratified.\\nIt provides for the admission of a large\\nportion of the manufactures of each\\ncountry into the other free of duty, and\\nnearly all the remainder at a greatly\\nreduced tariff.\\nFeb. -Mar. The struggle in Italy,\\nbetween the Pope for temporal sover-\\neignty and Victor Emmanuel, Gari-\\nbaldi, and others for a kingdom of\\nItaly, causes great excitement.\\nThe emperor decides to remain neu-\\ntral and his action is approved of by\\nthe majority of parties, but is fiercely\\ndenounced by the clergy.\\nMar. 1. A liberal commercial treaty is\\nentered with Belgium.\\nApr. 11. The criticism of the Govern-\\nment by the clergy having become abu-\\nsive, the minister of justice orders the\\nstrict enforcement of the law punishing\\ncensure of the Government by ministers\\nof religion.\\nApr. 13. Paris. The Due d Aumale s\\nsevere letter to Prince Napoleon, who\\nfavors Italian unity, is published. [May\\nThe printer and publisher are fined and\\nimprisoned.]\\nJune 11. Paris. A declaration of neu-\\ntrality in the conflict between the\\nUnited States of America and the Con-\\nfederate States is issued.\\nJune 24. Paris. The kingdom of It-\\naly is officially recognized.\\nJune* France withdraws her troops\\nfrom Syria, which she had occupied to\\nsuppress the insurrection and bloody\\nmassacres of 1860.\\nOct. The Society of St. Vincent de Paul\\nis suppressed for aiding the clergy\\nagainst the Government.\\nThe Orders of the Redemptorist Fa-\\nthers of Douay and the Capuchins of\\nHasbrouck are dissolved by the Gov-\\nernment, and their members are expelled\\nfrom the country, having been charged,\\nwith gross immorality.\\n1862 June 5. E.I. A treaty of\\npeace with Annam is signed. (See p. 481.)\\nAug. 2. A new commercial treaty with\\nPrussia is signed.\\nSept. Paris. The emperor disclaims\\nany intention of imposing a government\\non Mexico.\\nSept. 12. A commercial treaty is en-\\ntered with Madagascar.\\nOct. 15. Paris. Edouard Drouyn de\\nLhuys succeeds J^douard Antoine Thou-\\nvenel as foreign minister.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1857 Longwood, the residence of\\nNapoleon I. at St. Helena, is bought\\nfor 1SO,000 francs.\\n1861 Mar. 31. Paris. The body of Na-\\npoleon I. is finally placed in its crypt at\\nLes Invalides.\\nThe canal of Languedoc (Canal du\\nMidi), connecting the Atlantic with the\\nMediterranean, 148 miles long, is com-\\npleted.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0747.jp2"}, "748": {"fulltext": "736 1862, Dec. 7-1867, Nov.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NAVY.\\n1862 CocJiin-China. War with the\\nnatives. France is eager for Eastern\\npossessions. [Jan. 20. The province of\\nBienhoa submits.] (P. 4S1.)\\n1866 France intervenes, and causes\\nthe cessation of war between Prussia,\\nItaly, and Austria.\\nDee. 2-12. It. The French troops quit\\nHome.\\n*The Chassepot rifle, a modified\\nneedle-gun and breech-loader, is adopted\\nby the Government.\\n1867 Feb. 5. Mex. The French army\\nfinally evacuates the country.\\nOct. 30. It. The French troops again\\nenter Rome to aid the Pope against the\\ninsurgents.\\nNov. 5. It. The Italian insurgents un-\\nder Garibaldi are defeated at Mentana\\nby the French under Gen. Failly French\\nloss, 1,000\u00c2\u00b1.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1862 Paris. Leon Forcault exhibits\\na reflecting telescope, the mirror of\\nwhich is 31i inches in diameter the\\nfocal length, 17J feet.\\n1863 Mar. A human jaw is said to\\nhave been found in the drift at Moulin\\nQuignon, near Abbeville.\\nParis. Naclar s balloon, the largest\\never made, raises 35 soldiers.\\nM. Villerne s employment of photo-\\ngraphs in the formation of sculpture\\nis announced.\\nParis. The sphygmograph, an in-\\nstrument for investigating disease by\\nshowing the state of the pulse, is in-\\nvented by M. E. J. Marey.\\n_74 Paris. The Grand Opera\\nHouse is erected under the supervision\\nof Jean Louis Charles Gamier.\\n1865 Paris. Joan of Arc is exhibited\\nat the Royal Academy by Jules Bastien-\\nLepage.\\n1866 Mar. 16. Paris. At the Koyal\\nInstitution, M. Baudre plays on a stone\\npianoforte, formed of a series of flints\\nand other stones of various sizes, col-\\nlected in France, and arranged by him-\\nself.\\nAug. 6. The planet Julia is discovered\\nby M. Stephan.\\nSept. 14. A slight earthquake occurs\\nnear Tours and Blois.\\nNov. 4. The planet ^Et/ina is discovered\\nby Alphonse Borellv [1868, May 28,\\nI)ilce; 1870, Apr. 19, Lydia; 1S71, Sept.\\n12, Lomia 1872, Apr. 10, Lachesis.]\\nParis. The use of nitrous oxide gas\\n(laughing-gas) is introduced.\\nParis. A steel bridge is constructed\\nby M. Joret.\\nInundations cause 1,702 communes to\\nbe flooded loss, \u00c2\u00a710,000,000.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1863 Billault, Auguste Adolphe Marie,\\nstatesman, A58.\\nBravais, Auguste, scientist, A52.\\nCarlowitz, Baronne de, Aloise Christine, au-\\nthor, A66,\\nChristofle, Charles, manufacturer, A58.\\nDelacroix, Ferdinand Victor Eugene, paint-\\ner, A64.\\nDespretz, Cesar Mansuele, savant, A71.\\nMoquin-Tandon, Horace B. A., botanist, A59.\\nSaisset, Eniile Ldmond, philosopher, A49.\\nVernet, Eniile -lean Horace, painter, A74.\\nVignv, Comte de, Alfred Victor, poet, novel-\\nist, A 66.\\nViUernie, Louis Ilene, author, A81.\\n1864* Ampere, Jean Jacques, author, A64.\\nDubufe, Claude Mane, portrait painter, A74.\\nDupetit-Thouars, Abel Aubert, rear-admiral,\\nA71.\\ndies, A55.\\nGerard, Jules, the Lion-Killer, officer, A47.\\nGamier, Adolphe, philosopher, A63.\\nJasmin, Jacques, the barber-poet of Agen,\\nA66.\\nHachette, Louis Christophe Francois, libra-\\nrian, editor, A64.\\nflatter, Jacques, philosopher, historian, A73.\\nPelissier, Aimable J. J., Due de IVIalakoff,\\nmarshal, governor of Algeria, A72.\\n1865* Boniface, Joseph Xavicr (Saintine),\\nauthor, A67.\\nBuchez, Philippe J. B., philosoph. \\\\vr., A69.\\nCharras, Jean Baptiste Adolphe, military-\\nwriter, A55.\\nDuperrey, Louis Tsidor, navigator, A79.\\nDupin, Andre Marie Jean Jacques, jurist,\\nstatesman, A82.\\nDuret, Franc-isque, sculptor, A61.\\nGeruzey, Eugene, litterateur, A66.\\nHautpoul, Marquis d Alphonse Henri, gen-\\neral, A76.\\nLamoriciere, Christophe Louis Leon Ju-\\nchault de, A59.\\nMagnan, Bernard Pierre, marshal, A74.\\nMarie Amelie, daughter of Louis Philippe, b.\\nMorny, Comte de, Charles Auguste L. J.,\\npolitician, A54.\\nProndhon, Pierre Joseph, socialist, A56.\\nQuerard, Joseph Mane, bibliographer, A68.\\nTroyon, Constant, painter, A52.\\n1866* Barante, Baron de, Aimable Gui-\\nllaume Prosper Brugiere, states., hist., A84.\\nBeaumont de le Buiuiiere, Custave A. de,\\npublicist, A 64.\\nBerenger, Alphonse M. M. F., jurist, A81.\\nChevalier, Sulpice Guillaume Paul, carica-\\nturist, A65.\\nClapisson, Louis, composer, A57.\\nFoucher, Victor A., jurist, A63.\\nGozlan, Leon, dramatist, A60.\\nLavallee,TheopIiilc sebastien, historian, A62.\\nMarie Amelie de Bourbon, wife of Louis\\nPhilippe, A84.\\nMery, Joseph, poet, novelist, A68.\\nThouvenel, Edouard Antoine, pol., dip., A4\u00c2\u00a3t.\\n1867 Barthelemy, Auguste Marseille, poet,\\nsatirist, A71.\\nBautain, Louis, philosopher, clergyman, A71.\\nBaudelaire, Charles, poet, A46.\\nBrunet, Jacques Charles, bibliographer, A87.\\nCbampollion-Kigeac, Jacques Joseph, arche-\\nologist, A89.\\nCiviale, Jean, physician, A75.\\nCousin, Victor, philos., metaphysician, A75.\\nDuchatel, Charles Marie Tanneguy, states-\\nman, author, A64.\\nDidron, Adolphe Napoleon, archeol., A61.\\nFlourens, Marie Jean Pierre, physioL, A73.\\nFould, Aclulle, financier, siatesinan, A67.\\nFourneyron, I .enoit, inventor, A65.\\nGabourd, Ainedee, bislorian, A62.\\nHittorf, Jacques Ignace, arch., antiq., A74.\\nIngres, Jean Domini* pie Auguste, paint., AS-li.\\nLuvnes, Due de, llonore Theodoric Paul J.\\nd Albert, A65.\\nPelouze, Ttieophile Jules, chemist, A60.\\nPoneelet, Jean Victor, geomeirician, A79.\\nPonsard, Francois, dramatist, A53.\\nTrousseau, Artnand, physician, A66.\\nVelpeau, Alfred A. L. M., surg., anato., A72.\\nVeron, Louise Desire, journalist, A69.\\nCHURCH.\\n1863 Charles M. A. Lavigerie ia\\nconsecrated bishop of Nancy. [1867.\\nArchbishop of Algiers and Carthage.]\\n1864 The Bible Society of France ia\\norganized.\\n1865 Jan. 5. The archbishop of Besan-\\ncon and other prelates read the pro-\\nhibited papal encyclical of Dec. 8 in\\nthe churches great excitement prevails.\\n1866 The Jesuits in France number\\n2,422.\\nDec. 3-11. Pome. The French troops\\ndepart.\\nLETTERS.\\nContes a Ninon, by Zola, appears.\\nMadame de Chamblay, by Dumas, pere y\\nappears. [1864-65, La San FUice 1867-\\n68, Les Blancs et les Bleus.]\\nLife of Jesus, by Ernest Kenan, ap-\\npears.\\nVictor Hugo, raconte par un temoin de\\nsa vie, appears.\\nLes dieux et Irs demi-dieux de lapein-\\nture, by St. Victor, Gautier, and Hous-\\nsaye, appears.\\nFive Weeks in a Balloon, by JuleB\\nVerne, appears. [1864, Journey to the\\nCentre of the Earth 1865, A Trip to the\\nMoon.]\\n-65 A Sanskrit-French Diction-\\nary, by E. L. Burnouf, Lenpol, and\\nothers, appears.\\n1864 L Amidesfemmes, by Alexandre\\nDumas^^s, appears. [1866, The Clhnen-\\nceau Case ;1SH Les id esde Mine. Aubray.]\\nWilliam Shakespeare, by Victor Hugo,\\nappears.\\nLife of Jesus, by Wallon, appears.\\nLe Catholicisme et le Protestantisme,\\nby A. J. Coquerel, appears. [1867, Libres\\nttudes.]\\nHistory of English Literature, by\\nTaine, appears. [LSC5, Philosophy of Art;\\n1866, Philosophy of Art in Italy and Tour\\nthrough Italy 1867, Notes on Paris 1868,\\nPhilosophy of Art in the Netherlands.]\\nLe mat rialisme contemporain en Al-\\nlemagne, by Paul Janet, appears.\\n1865 Paris. The publication is begun\\nd une Histoire generate de, Paris, a col-\\nlection of original documents.\\nChansons des Rues et des Bois, by Victor\\nHugo, appears. [1866, The Toilers of the\\nSea.]\\nHistoire de la caricature, by Champ-\\nfleury, appears.\\nWaterloo and Histoire d un homme du\\npeupie, by Erckmann-Chatrian, appear.\\n[18C6, La qu T re and La maison forest i-\\nere; 1867, Bloous.]\\nHistoire de la Campagne, by Quinet,\\nStances et Pobmcs, by K. F. A. Sully-\\nPrudhomme, appears.\\nLa Bevue germanique is changed to\\nLa Revue moderne.\\nLa Confession de Claude, by Zola, ap-\\npears.\\nGrand Diet innnairt Universal duX!X e\\nSiecle, 15 vols., by Pierre Larousse, ap-\\npears.\\n1866 Le Parnasse Contemporain, a\\ncollection of poems by different authors,\\nappear. [A similar collection appears\\nin 1869 and 1876.]\\nGringoire and Les Exiles, by deBan-\\nville, appear. [Later, I it y I les prussiennes\\nand Trente-six Ballades.]\\nHistoire poHiqne de Charlemagne, by\\nG. B. P. Paris, appears.\\nLa RUiquaire, by Francis E. J.\\nCoppee, appears. [1868, Intimitis 1869,\\nPoemes moderne.]\\nRScit d une Smur, by Pauline Craven,\\nappears. [1868, Anne S v rin.]\\nMonsieur Sylvestre, by George Sand,\\nappears. [1869, Pierre qui route 1870,\\nLe Beau Lawrence 1872, Nanon.]\\nMonsieur, Madame et B4be, by Droz,\\nappears. [1867, Entre-nous 1872, Babo-\\nlein.]\\nThe Apostles, by Renan, appears.\\n[1867, Saint, Paul and his Mission.]\\n1867 Kov. NapoUon III. et V Europe\\nen 1S67 appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0748.jp2"}, "749": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1862, Deo. 7-1867, Nov. 737\\nParis. An international congress for\\ntreating prehistoric subjects meets.\\nM. de Camors, by Feuillet, appears.\\nFile JVb. 113, and The Mystery of Orci-\\nval,by G;iboriau, appear. [KSU J, Monsieur\\nLecog; 1870, La Vie in female 1871, La\\nd gringoiade 1873, La corde au cou.]\\nOdes Fanambulesques, by de Banville,\\nappears.\\nCalendau, Pouemo nouveau, and The\\nGolden Shoes, by Frederic Mistral, ap-\\npear.\\nHistory of Julius Csesar, by Napoleon\\nIII., appears.\\nHomines et dieu.r. by Paul de St. Victor,\\nappears. [1869, The Women of Goethe.\\nMiss Multon, by Belot and Eugene\\nNus, appears.\\n-76 History of NapoUon I. y by\\nPierre Lanfrey, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1864 Jan. 3. Grego and otber conspir-\\nators to assassinate the emperor are\\narrested. [Feb. 27. They are sentenced\\nto transportation and imprisonment.]\\nApr. 24. An attempt is made to assas-\\nsinate the secretary of the Russian em-\\nbassy.\\nMay 3-27. Algeria. The emperor\\nmakes a visit.\\nAug. 15+-. The French entertain the of-\\nficers of the British fleet at Cherbourg\\nand Brest. [Aug. 29+-. The British re-\\nturn the compliment to the French at\\nPortsmouth.]\\nDec. 18. Paris. Republican students\\ncreate a riot. [Several are expelled\\nfrom the College of Medicine.]\\n1866 Aug. 8. Paris. Charlotte, Em-\\npress of Mexico, arrives.\\n1867 Mar. 7. Emile de Girardin is\\nfined for a libel published in La Liberie\\nJune 6. Paris. Berezowski attempts to\\nassassinate the Czar of Russia.\\nSTATE.\\n1863 Jan. 9. France offers to mediate\\nbetween the United States and the\\nSouthern Confederacy.\\nJan. 17. A treaty of commerce with\\nItaly is signed.\\nFeb. 26. E. I. The revolt in Annam\\nagainst the assumption of the French is\\nsuppressed.\\nFeb. 27. A convention regulating the\\nFrench and Spanish frontiers is con-\\ncluded.\\nMay 20. A convention between France\\nand Japan is signed.\\nMay Minister Persigny issues arbitrary\\ninjunctions to electors.\\nMay 31-June 1. An election for a\\nnew legislature takes place.\\nParis elects Thiers, Ollivier, Favre, and\\nfour other opposition candidates.\\nJune 23. The elections cause a change\\nin the Cabinet.\\nThe Due de Persigny resigns, and is\\nsucceeded by M. Billault M. Baroche\\nbecomes minister of justice and worship;\\nM. Rouher, president of the council of\\nstate M. Boudet, minister of the in-\\nterior; M. Behic, of public labors; and\\nM. Duruy of public instruction.\\nOct. 13. Paris. G-ustave Billault, the\\nspeaking minister, dies. [Oct. 18.\\nSucceeded by Eugene Rouher.]\\nNov. 9. Paris. Thiers and his friends\\nform a new opposition in the Assem-\\nbly it consists of Jules Favre, Jules\\nSimon, Thiers, Berryer, Emile Ollivier,\\nand many others.\\n1864 Jan. A conspiracy against the\\nemperor s life is discovered. [Feb. 26.\\nFour Italians charged with the crime\\nare sentenced to imprisonment.]\\nJune 20. Paris. A convention be-\\ntween France and Japan is signed by the\\nJapanese ambassadors.\\nJune 30. Paris. A convention of\\ncommerce between France and Switzer-\\nland is signed.\\nSept. 15. A convention between France\\nand Italy respecting the evacuation of\\nRome is signed the former agrees to\\nwithdraw her troops in two years.\\nDec. 7. Paris. Louis Antoine Gar-\\nnier-Pages and 12 others who had met\\nat his residence for election purposes\\nare convicted as members of a society\\nof more than 20 members.\\n1865 Feb. 14. A treaty with Sweden\\nis signed.\\nApr. Napoleon agrees to withdraw his\\narmy from Mexico between November,\\n1866, and November, 1867, under the ac-\\ntion of the United States.\\nAug. -66 Feb. The United States\\nprotests against French intervention\\nin Mexico. [A prolonged correspond-\\nence ensues.] (See Mexico.)\\n1866 May 26. A treaty is signed with\\nSpain at Bayonne concerning the defi-\\nnite regulation of the frontier of the\\nPyrenees.\\nJuly 4. The Emperor of Austria cedes\\nVenetia to France, and invites the em-\\nperor s intervention with Prussia.\\nAug. 8. Paris. The Empress Char-\\nlotte of Mexico arrives on a mission\\nto Napoleon III. and Pope Pius IX., to\\nsecure assistance for her husband, Maxi-\\nmilian, who is sorely pressed by the Re-\\npublicans in Mexico. [She is unsucces-\\nful.]\\nAug. A note to the Prussian govern-\\nment, desiring rectification of the\\nFrench frontier to what it was in\\n1814, is declared by Prussia to be inad-\\nmissible.\\nSept. 2. Edouard Drouyn de Lhuys,\\nminister of foreign affairs, resigns.\\n[He is succeeded by the Marquis de\\nMoustier.]\\nDec. 1. Paris. A gold medal, sub-\\nscribed for by 40,000 persons, is placed\\nin the hands of the American minister\\nfor presentation to Mrs. Abraham\\nLincoln. [1867. Jan. 3. Received by\\nMrs. Lincoln.]\\nDec. 11. A commercial treaty with\\nAustria is signed.\\nDec. 29. Paris. A decree is issued\\nabolishing tonnage dues in French\\nports except for vessels whose nations\\nimpose differential duties upon French\\nvessels in their own ports. [1S67. Jan.\\n1. Operative.]\\n1S67 Jan. 19. Paris. An imperial\\ndecree is published.\\nIt suppresses the discussion by the\\nLegislature of the address in reply to\\nthe speech from the throne, and grants\\nthe right of interpellation to the mem-\\nbers of the Senate and Chamber re-\\nstriction on the press is modified.\\nThe Ministry resigns.\\nEugene Rouher becomes minister of\\nfinance Adolphe Niel, minister of war\\nRigault de Genoully, navy; and M. de\\nForcade la Roquette, of agriculture,\\ncommerce, etc.\\nMar. 18. Paris. Thiers severely ar-\\nraigns the Government s foreign policy\\nin the Assembly.\\nMar. Prussia strongly opposes Napo-\\npoleon s desire to purchase Luxem-\\nburg, as that province had formed a\\npart of the extinct Germanic Confede-\\nration.\\nMar. 29. Paris. Count Walewski,\\npresident of the Chamber, resigns.\\n[Apr. 11. Joseph Eugene Schneider\\nsucceeds him.]\\nMay 7-11. London. In consequence of\\na diplomatic contest between France\\nand Prussia for possession of Luxem-\\nburg, a conference of the Powers\\nguarantees its neutrality and its evac-\\nuation by Prussia.\\nJune 17-July 9. Paris. An interna-\\ntional monetary conference is held.\\nThe adoption of the gold standard is ad-\\nvQcated and agreed upon.\\nJune 25. E. I. Three provinces in An-\\nnam are annexed to the French empire.\\n(See p. 481.)\\nJuly 15. Paris. The Siamese ambassa-\\ndors sign a treaty recognizing the French\\nprotectorate over Cambodia.\\nJuly 18. Paris. A law abolishing im-\\nprisonment for debt is adopted by the\\nSenate.\\nAug. 18-21. Aust. The emperors of\\nFrance and Austria meet at Salzburg.\\nIntervention in Italy is proposed in\\nbehalf of papal rule.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1862 Dec. 7. Paris. The emperor\\ninaugurates the Boulevard Prince\\nEugene.\\nDec.\u00c2\u00b1 Great distress is caused in the\\nluf acturing diy I ric ts t h r u.^li the cot-\\n1863* The grape-vine disease is much\\nabated.\\n1864 May 16. A convention is made\\nbetween France, Brazil, Italy, Portugal,\\nand Haiti, for laying a telegraphic ca-\\nble between Europe and America.\\n1865 July -Oct. Cholera is preva-\\nlent at Marseilles, Paris, Madrid, and\\nNaples. [Sept. 30. It continues its rav-\\nages in Marseilles and ToulOn.]\\nA new grape-vine malady caused by\\nthe phylloxera vastatrix is observed in\\nSouth France.\\n1866 July 9. Paris. An establish-\\nment for the sale of horse-flesh as\\nhuman food is opened with success its\\nuse as food is strongly advocated.\\n1867 Apr. 1. Paris. The Interna-\\ntional Exhibition is opened.\\nJune 17-July 9. Paris. An Interna-\\ntional Conference respecting coinage\\nand monetary currency is held.\\nOct. Emile and Isaac Pereire, origina-\\ntors of the Credit Mobilier, withdraw\\nfrom the management the company\\nfails, and the capital is alleged to have\\ndisappeared.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0749.jp2"}, "750": {"fulltext": "738 1867, Dec. 5-1870, Aug. 11.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NAVY.\\n136S Jan. 1. Paris. The Legislature\\npasses a new army bill. Vote, 206-60.\\nIt provides for an annual addition of\\n100,000 men to the army, the reorgani-\\nzation of a National Guard, and raising\\nthe total military force to 1,200,000 men.\\nMar. 20+. Enlistments for the new na-\\ntional Guard provoke riots in Bordeaux\\nand other towns.\\n1370 July 19-71 Mar. 3. The\\nFranco-Prussian war. (See State.)\\nJuly 23. Baden. The bridge across\\nthe Rhine at Kehl is blown up by the\\nPrussians.\\nJuly 26. Alsace. A Bavarian officer is\\nkilled in a skirmish at Nierderbronn.\\nJuly 29. Lorraine. The emperor as-\\nsumes the chief command of the French\\nat Metz Marshal Edmund Lebceuf,\\nchief of the general staff.\\nThe French arrange for an advance of\\nfour corps one under Marshal Mac-\\nMahon from Strasburg; another under\\nGen. De Faillyfrom Bitsch in Lorraine\\nanother under Marshal Bazaine from\\nMetz; another under Gen. Ladniirault\\nat Thionville (Diedenhofen) in Lorraine.\\nThe reserve of 320,000 men consists of the\\ncorps of Marshal Canrobert at Chalons,\\nof Gen. Felix Charles Douay at Belfort,\\nand the National Guard under Gen.\\nCharles Bourbaki at Nancy.\\nAug. 2. Prus. The first action of the\\nwar occurs at Saarbriick; a battalion\\nof Prussians is driven out with small loss\\nby three divisions of the French.\\nAug. 4. Alsace. Battle of Weissen-\\nberg.\\nThe Germans, with a numerically\\nstronger force under the the Crown\\nPrince of Prussia, defeat the French un-\\nder Gen. Douay, who falls in battle. It\\nis the first battle of the war the French\\nfight with obstinate courage.\\nAug. 6. Alsace. Battle of Worth.\\nThe Crown Prince of Prussia defeats\\nthe French under Marshal MaeMahon;\\nGerman loss, 10,000\u00c2\u00b1 French loss,\\n8,000\u00c2\u00b1, besides 9,000\u00c2\u00b1 prisoners. [Mae-\\nMahon retires to Saverne [Zaberne] to\\ncover Nancy.]\\nLorraine. Battle of Forbach [Spi-\\ncheren].\\nThe Germans under Gens. Von Goeben\\nand Von Steinmetz defeat the French\\nunder Gen. Charles Auguste Frossard\\nthe French retire, abandoning Saar-\\nbriick. Loss on both sides, 4,000.\\nAug. 7. The Germans advance, and oc-\\ncupy Forbach and Saargemiind in Lor-\\nraine, and Hagenau in Lower Alsace.\\n[The first army advances on Metz the\\nsecond army upon Pont a Mousson, to\\ncut off the French from Paris.]\\nAug. 8. Marshal Bazaine is appointed\\nto command the army at Metz, 130,000+:\\nstrong. [Aug. 9. He assumes command.]\\nMarshal MaeMahon commands 50,000:b\\nnear Saverne, and Marshal Canrobert\\n50,000\u00c2\u00b1 at Nancy.\\nAug. 9. The Germans occupy St. Avoid\\nthey also invest Pfalsburg.\\nAug. 10. Alsace. The Germans under\\nGen. Von TVerder invest Strasburg.\\n[Aug. 11. Communication with the\\nbesieged is cut off. Aug. 16. They re-\\npulse a sally. Aug. 24+. They bombard\\nthe city.]\\nPrws. Lichtenburg [Sankt-Wendel]\\ncapitulates to the Germans.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1867* Paris. The first International\\nMedical Congress is held.\\nA machine for converting spher-\\nical into rectilinear and other motions,\\nand for producing perfectly parallel\\nmotion, is discovered by M. Peaucellier,\\nan engineer officer.\\n1868 Feb. The siderostat, an appa-\\nratus for observing the light of stars\\nin precisely the same way in which the\\nlight of the sun may be studied in the\\ncamera obscura, is constructed by Le on\\nFoucault.\\nFeb. 17. The planet ^Egle is discovered\\nby M. Coggia.\\nJuly 27. Paris. The nephoscope, an\\napparatus for measuring the velocity of\\nclouds, invented by Karl Braun, is re-\\nported to the Academy of Sciences.\\n1869 June 17. The European end of\\nthe French Atlantic cable is laid at\\nBrest (p. 267).\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1868 Berryer, Antoine Pierre, political\\norator, leader, A78.\\nBoucher de Pert-lies, .Jacijues, arclieol., A80.\\nCarmouilu Pierre Frederic Adolphe, dram-\\natist, A71.\\nlot, Antoine Barthelemy\\ntologist, physician, A73.\\nCoquerel, Athanase L. Protestant cl., A73.\\nCormenin, Vicomte de, Louis Marie de la\\nHaye, jurist, writer, A80.\\nFoucault, Lean, natural philosopher, A49.\\nMeryon, Charles, etcher, A47.\\nPouillet, Claude Servais 7 l., physicist, A77.\\nSerres, fitienne R. A., physiologist, A82.\\nVechte, Antoine, goldsmith, A48.\\nViennet, Jean Pons G., politician, au., A91.\\nWalewski, Cnmte Alexandre Florian Joseph\\nColonna, statesman, writer, A58.\\n1869 Herlioz, Hector, musical comp., A66.\\nCailliaml, Frederic, traveler, A82.\\nClerc, Laurent, teacher of deaf mutes, A84.\\nDantan, Jean Pierre, sculptor, A69.\\nFauche, Ilippnlyte, Sanscrit seholar, A72.\\nFournet, Victor, geologist, A68.\\nJomini, Baron Henri, military author, A90.\\nLaruartine. Alphonee Marie Louis de.\\npoet, oratur, historian, salesman, A79.\\nLaborde, Comte de, Leon Emmanuel Simon\\nJoseph, writer, traveler, A62.\\nLefebure-Wely, Louis J. A., composer, A52.\\nLibri-Carrucci, Comte, Guillaume Brutus\\nIcile Timoleon, Italian-French math., Atiii.\\nNiel, Adolphe, marshal, minister of war, A(i7.\\nTroplong, Raymond Theodore, jurist, states-\\nman, A74.\\n1870* Botta, Paolo Emilm, arclieol., A70.\\nBroglie, Due de, Achille C. L. V., states., A85.\\nCornu, Sebastien Melehior, painter, A66.\\nDouay, Charles Abel, general, A61.\\nDumas, Alexandre, pere, novelist, dram-\\natist, A 68.\\nHumeril, Auguste Henri Andre, natu., A58.\\nFlahaut de la Billarderie, Comte de, Au-\\ngust C. J., general, A85.\\nMCrimee, Prosper, novelist, historian, A67.\\nMontalemhert, Charles Forbes, statesman,\\norator, author, A 60.\\nKiepce de Saint- Victor, Claude Felix Abel,\\ninventor photography on glass, A65.\\nPrevost-Paradol, Lncien Anatole, orator,\\njournalist, diplomatist, A41.\\nVillemain, Abel Francois, historian, educa-\\ntionist, A80.\\nCHURCH.\\n1867* *C. P. Place, archbishop of\\nKennes, is consecrated cardinal priest.\\nIt. France intervenes in behalf of the\\nPope s sovereignty over the States of\\nItaly, and defeats the invaders at Monte\\nBotundo, near Eome.\\nParis. The Bible Stand at the\\nexhibition gives away 2,338,968 portions\\nof Scripture in 17 languages. The ex-\\npenses ($60,000) are met by the dona-\\ntions of 6,000 Christian people.\\n1869 Sept. 20. Paris. Charles Loy-\\nson, known as Pere Hyacinthe, a Car-\\nmelite preacher, protests against papal\\ninfallibility and encroachments, and\\nresigns by letter from his order.\\nLETTERS.\\n1868 Mar. 20. Les Titres de la By-\\nnastie Imperiale, appears.\\nAug. Rochefort s weekly satirical pam-\\nphlet, La Lanterne, is suppressed, and\\nhe and his printer are condemned to\\nfine and imprisonment. [They escape to\\nBelgium.]\\nLa petite chose, by Alphonse Daudet,\\nappears. [1871, Lettres a un absent;\\n1S72, The Strange Adventures of Tartarin\\nof Tarascon and Les Petits Robinson\\ncave.\\nManuel d liistoire avcienne de V Orient,\\nby Francois Lenormant, appears.\\nLa Religion, by Vacherot, appears.\\n[1870, Science and Conscience.]\\nThe Countess of Chalis, by Feydeau,\\nappears.\\nLe Cakier bleu de Mademoiselle Cabot,\\nby Droz, appears.\\nProsper fiandoce, by Cherb/uliez, ap-\\npears. [1869, L Aventure de Ladislas\\nBolski 1S72, La revanche de Joseph\\nJSmrel.]\\n1869 Kain, by Leconte de Lisle, ap-\\npears.\\nThe Man who laughs, by Victor Hugo,\\nappears.\\nHesperus and Le Soleil de Minuit, by\\nCatulle Mendes, appear.\\nLions et Penards, by fimile Augier,\\nappears.\\nL Education sentiment ale, by Flau-\\nbert, appears.\\nAbydos, by Mariette, appears.\\n1870 July The publication of the\\nMarseillaise of Rochefort ceases. [Sept.\\n8. It reappears Rochefort resigns the\\neditorship, disclaiming connection on\\naccount of a violent article it ceases to\\nappear soon after.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1868 June 9. Paris. Election riots\\nJune 11. Paris. The emperor and em-\\npress publicly appear, and bravely ride\\nthrough the Boulevards.\\nAug. 1. The Pereires and other direc-\\ntors of the Credit Mobilier are held\\nliable for claims by the High Court of\\nAppeal it decides that damages should\\nbe given to the shareholders.\\nSept. 4. Paul Granier de Cassagnac, a\\nBonapartist, and M. Lissagaray, jour-\\nnalists, tight a duel; the latter is run\\nthrough.\\n1869 Aug. 15. The centenary of the\\nbirth of Napoleon I. is celebrated am-\\nnesty is granted to political prisoners,\\nand pensions increased to war veterans.\\nSept. 19\u00c2\u00b1. Paris. Great excitement\\nfollows the discovery of the murder of\\nthe Kinck family at Pantin by Trop-\\nmann. [1870. June 19. The murderer\\nis executed.]\\n1870 Jan. *-Mar. Iron and steel\\nworkers at Creuzot strike.\\nCause, a quarrel about a benefit fund\\nand the dismissal of an obnoxious work-\\nman by the employers. The military\\nsuppress the workmen.\\nJan. 10. Pierre Bonaparte kills Victor\\nKoir, a journalist, at Auteuil, when inter-\\nviewed respecting a challenge sent by", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0750.jp2"}, "751": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1867, Dec. 5-1870, Aug. 11. 739\\nM. Rochefort. [Mar. 27. Acquitted, but\\nsentenced to pay \u00c2\u00a75,000 to Noir s family.]\\nJan. 22. Paris. Henry Rochefort, editor\\nof the Marseillaise, is sentenced to a fine\\nand imprisonment for publishing a libel.\\nThe populace is greatly excited during\\nthe trial.\\nMar. 12. Sp. Due deMontpensier kills\\nPrince Henry (Don Enrique) in a duel,\\nnear Madrid, under great provocation.\\nMar. 21. Paris. The insurgents levy-\\nrequisitions on the shopkeepers.\\nMar. 22. Paris. The Friends of Or-\\nder make an unarmed demonstration,\\nand are fired upon by insurgents 10 are\\nkilled and 20 wounded.\\nApr. 20\u00c2\u00b1. A young man named Baurie\\nis arrested at Blois as a conspirator\\nagainst the life of the emperor. [Aug.\\nS. Several conspirators are sentenced\\nto long imprisonment.]\\nSTATE.\\n1S67 Dec. 5. Paris. Minister Rouher\\nannounces to the Legislative Assembly\\nthe policy of the State, We declare\\nthat Italy shall never seize upon Rome.\\n[The Government is sustained vote\\n23S-17.]\\n1868 Jan. Ten newspapers are fined\\nfor printing comments on legislative de-\\nbates\\nJan. 29. Paris. Pierre Magne an-\\nnounces a deficiency in the budget\\nhe also announces a loan for \u00c2\u00a317,600,000.\\nJan. 30. Paris. An army bill passes\\nthe Senate. Vote, 125-1. [Jan. 30. The\\nbill becomes law.]\\nJune Paris. A new law giving greater\\nfreedom of the press is introduced in\\nthe Legislature. [Feb.* The Arcadi-\\nans, a new ultra-conservative party,\\nstrongly oppose it. Mar. It is passed.\\nVote, 242-1. June* It becomes opera-\\ntive.]\\nMar. 17. Paris. The Claims of the Na-\\npoleonic Dynasty,, a pamphlet, is pub-\\nlished at the imperial pr in ting-press.\\nIts principal object is to show that the\\nempire was established with almost the\\nunanimous sanction of the people.\\nDec. Marquis de la Valette succeeds\\nDe Moustier as foreign minister For-\\ncade la Roquette becomes minister of\\nthe interior.\\nA law on the right of meeting is\\npassed.\\n1869 Jan. 1. Paris. The Moniteur is\\nreplaced by the Journal officiel.\\nMay 23-27. A general election takes\\nplace.\\nAlthough the Opposition carries Paris,\\nLyons, Marseilles, and other large cities,\\nthe Government obtains a complete vic-\\ntory. Vote, 4,455,237-3,643,271.\\nJune 28. Paris. The new Legislative\\nChamber meets, having an increase of\\nRepublican members, making the Op-\\nposition to the Government threefold\\nstronger than in the last Assembly.\\n[Riotous demonstrations follow.]\\nJuly 13. Paris. A message from the\\nemperor announces political changes\\nintroducing ministerial responsibility,\\nand making concessions toward con-\\nstitutional government.\\nThe ministers resign.\\nJuly 17. A new Ministry is formed.\\nIt consists of J. B. M. Duvergier (justice\\nand of worship), Prince de la Tour d Au-\\nvergne-Laurannn:iis (foreign affairs), M. De\\nForeade la Koquette (interior), M. Magne\\n(finance), Adni. Kiyault U- Genouilly (navy\\nand colonies), L. O. Bourbeau (public in-\\nstruction), M. (iressicr (public works), M.\\nLe Koux j agriculture and commerce), M. Le-\\nboeuf (war), Marquis J. N. S. P. Chasseloup-\\nLaubat (president of council of state), and\\nMarshal Vaillant (imperial house and fine\\narts).\\nJuly 20. Paris. M. Rouher is made\\npresident of the Senate.\\nOct. -Dec. Agitation against free\\ntrade occurs.\\nNov. 8. Paris. An imperial decree is\\nissued. The principle of personal gov-\\nernment is relinquished, and it is pro-\\nposed to introduce gradually that of\\nconstitutional government.\\nNov. 16\u00c2\u00b1. Paris. The Left (Ultra-Re-\\npublicans) of the Chambers issue a firm\\nand temperate manifesto in opposition\\nto the Government.\\nNov. 22. Paris elects Henri Roche-\\nfort, the journalist, a deputy.\\nDec. 27. Paris. The resignation of\\nthe ministers is announced.\\nParis. The censorship respecting\\nforeign newspapers is removed.\\nThe livrets, or service-books of\\nworking-men, are abolished.\\n1870 Jan. 3. Paris. A new (Liberal)\\nMinistry is formed.\\nMembers: Kinile Ollivier (justice and re-\\nligion), Count Napoleon Darn (foreign),\\nChevandier de Valdrome (interior), Louis\\nJoseph Buffet (finance), Marshal Edmund\\nLeboeuf (war), Kegault de Genouilly (Ma-\\nrine), Emile Alexis Legris (public instruc-\\ntion), Marquis de Talhouet (public works),\\nEsquirou de Parieu (president council of\\nstate), Charles Lou vet i agriculture and com-\\nmerce), and Maurice Richard (fine arts).\\nJan. 6.\u00c2\u00b1 Paris. Georges Eugene\\nHaussmann, prefect of the Seine, is\\ndismissed.\\nHe had greatly embellished Paris, and\\nimproved its sanitary condition, water\\nsupply and sewer system.\\nFeb. 22. Paris. Jules Favre makes\\nan attack on the Ministry in the Cham-\\nber, and is defeated. Vote, 236-18.\\nMar. 28. Paris. A senatus consul-\\nturn, relating to the modification of the\\nConstitution of the Senate, is communi-\\ncated to the Senate. [Apr. 20. Adopted.]\\nApr. 10. Paris. A ministerial crisis\\noccurs; Ministers Dam and Buffet\\noppose a proposed general election re-\\nspecting changes in the Constitution.\\n[They resign.]\\nApr. 13. Paris. The Ollivier Ministry\\nis reconstructed.\\nMay 8. The people approve the con-\\nstitutional changes. Vote, 7,527,379-\\n1,530,909.\\nMay 9, 10. Paris. Rioting occurs and\\nbarricades are erected. [May 14. About\\n100 rioters are arrested; many are sen-\\ntenced to imprisonment.]\\nMay 15. Paris. The Due de Gram-\\nmont becomes foreign minister.\\nJune 19. Paris. The Orleans princes\\naddress the Legislative Assembly, de-\\nmanding their right to return to France.\\n[July 2, Refused. Vote, 173-31.]\\nJuly 5-7. France is offended because\\nof the nomination of Prince Leopold for\\nthe throne of Spain.\\nIt causes great excitement, being re-\\ngarded as a Prussian intrigue endanger-\\ning the safety oi Prance. Count Vincent\\nBenedetti, the French ambassador, re-\\nquests William I. to forbid its accept-\\nance, but he refuses. The ministers\\nmake warlike speeches.\\nJuly 12. Prince Leopold withdraws\\nhis acceptance.\\nFrance demands guaranties from\\nPrussia, never again to permit the\\ncandidacy of a German prince for the\\nSpanish throne. King William refuses\\nto discuss the matter, and refers the am-\\nbassador to the regular course through\\nthe Ministry at Berlin. This refusal\\nis telegraphed as Prussia s insult to\\nFrance.\\nJuly 13. Paris. France decides to de-\\nclare war against Prussia, anticipating\\nthe neutrality of South Germany the\\nLeft oppose the war. [July 17. The de-\\nclaration is signed.]\\nJuly 19-71 Mar. 3. The France-\\nPrussian War.\\nIts actual cause is the desire of the\\nFrench nation to repossess the territory\\non the left bank of the Rhine, and their\\njealousy of the greatly increasing power\\nof Prussia among the German States\\nsince the war of 1864 and 1866.\\nJuly 20. Ger. The States of Wurtem-\\nberg, Bavaria, Baden, and Hesse-Darm-\\nstadt declare war against France, and\\nprovide military support for Prussia.\\nJuly 23. Paris. Emperor Napoleon is-\\nsues a war proclamation. The empress\\nis appointed regent.\\nJuly 25. Prus. King William issues a\\nproclamation of war against France.\\nJuly 28. The emperor joins the army.\\nAug. 3. Paris. The Due de Grammont,\\nforeign minister, publishes a reply to\\nBismarck s charges against France.\\nAug. 6. Gen. Turr publishes statements\\nof Bismarck s proposals for the annex-\\nation of Luxemburg and Belgium by\\nFrance in 1866 and 1867.\\nAug. 8. Paris. The Government appeals\\nto France and Europe against Prussia.\\nAug. 9. Paris. The Ollivier Ministry\\nis forced to resign.\\nAug. 10. Paris. A new Ministry is or-\\nganized.\\nMembers: Gen. Cousin-Montauban, Comte\\nde Palikao (war), M. Ch^vereau (interior),\\nPierre Magne (finance), Cle ment Duvernois\\n(commerce and agriculture), Adm. Rigault\\nde GCnouilly i marine), Baron Jerome David\\n(public works), Prince de la Tour d Au-\\nvergne (foreign affairs).\\nThe Government declares against any\\nnegotiations contemplating peace.\\nAug. 11. France signs a treaty with\\nGreat Britain guaranteeing the neu-\\ntrality of Belgium, as Germany had\\ndone on Aug. 9.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1868 July 8. The French Atlantic\\nTelegraph Company is formed to lay\\na cable to America.\\nThe Government grants a concession\\nfor 20 years to Julius Reuter and Baron\\nEinile d Erlangen.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0751.jp2"}, "752": {"fulltext": "740 1870, Aug. 13 -Oct. 8.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY \u00e2\u0080\u0094NAVY.\\n1870 Aug. 13. The emperor appoints\\nMarshal Bazaine to command the\\nFrench Army of the Rhine.\\nAug. 14. Ger. The Germans begin the\\nbombardment of Strasburg.\\nd= Many French sharpshooters join\\nthe army. [The Germans refuse to rec-\\nognize them as soldiers.]\\nToul is besieged. The emperor es-\\ntablishes his headquarters at Verdun.\\nLorraine. The first German army\\nunder Gen. Von Steinmetz attacks Mar-\\nshal Bazaine at Colombey-Nouilly, and\\nchecks the union of the French armies.\\nGerman loss, 4,906; French loss, 3, 60S.\\n(Battle of Courcelles.)\\nAug. 15. Ger. Nine French ironclads\\nblockade the German ports on the Bal-\\ntic coast.\\nAug. 16. Lorraine. Drawn battle of\\nVionville (Mars-la-Tour), 12 miles west\\nof Metz.\\nPrince Frederick Charles, with 67,000\u00c2\u00b1\\nGermans of the second army, and Mar-\\nshal Bazaine with 120,000 to 128,000\\nFrench, engage in a terribly bloody bat-\\ntle it prevents the retreat of the French\\nfrom Metz to Verdun. German loss,\\n16,000 killed and wounded French loss,\\n17,000 killed, wounded, and prisoners.\\nThe French repulse an attack on\\nPfalsburg. MacMahon s army reaches\\nChalons-sur-Marne. [Aug. 20. It is\\njoined by the emperor.]\\nAug. 18. Lorraine. Battle of Grave-\\nlotte (R^zonville).\\nThe first and second armies, number-\\ning 200,000\u00c2\u00b1, under King AVilliam, deci-\\nsively defeat 120,000\u00c2\u00b1 French under Mar-\\nshal Bazaine, seven miles west of Metz\\nthe French are driven into Metz. French\\nloss, 12,000 to 15,000 German loss, 20,156.\\nParis. Gen. Trochu fortifies the\\ncity.\\nAug. 19. Alsace. The Germans fiercely\\nbombard Strasburg.\\nAug. 20. The emperor, with between\\n130,000 and 150,000 men, unites his army\\nwith the Army of the Rhine under Mac-\\nMahon at Chalons-sur-Marne.\\n_ The Army of the Rhine, 300,000 h\\nstrong, retreats before the advancing\\nPrussians, 500,000\u00c2\u00b1: strong, under King\\nWilliam and the Crown Prince Freder-\\nick Charles.\\nMarshal MacMahon aims to relieve\\nMarshal Bazaine by a circuitous march\\nto the northeast. [He fails.]\\nAug. 23. The combined French army at\\nReims advances to join the army of\\nMarshal Bazaine, which the Germans\\nhave shut up in Metz.\\nAug. 23-26. Alsace. The Germans vig-\\norously bombard Strasburg.\\nAug. 24. The Germans under the Crown\\nPrince and the Prince of Saxony pursue\\nthe French.\\nThe Prussians establish headquar-\\nters at Bar-le-Due, only 125 miles from\\nParis.\\nAug. 25. The French repulse an attack\\non Verdun. [Nov. They capitulate.]\\nThe Germans capture 800 national\\nguards at St. Me nehould they occupy\\nChalons-sur-Marne.\\nThe French surrender the small for-\\ntress at Vitry-le-Francois.\\nAug. 26. Lorraine. The Germans re-\\npulse a sortie of the French in strong\\nforce at Metz, frustrating Marshal Ba-\\nzaine s desperate attempt to escape.\\nGer. Three armies of the reserve are\\nformed, and a fourth to aid in opera-\\ntions against Paris.\\nAug. 27. Lorraine. The Germans in-\\nvest Thionville (Biedenhofen). [Nov.\\n24. Bombarded and taken.]\\nThe Germans nearly destroy a regi-\\nment of French Chasseurs at Busancy.\\nAug. 28. The two German armies, 220,-\\n000 strong, advance on Paris, driving\\nthe French before them. They meet re-\\nsistance at Dun, Stenay, and Mouzon.\\nAug. 29. The Germans storm Vrizy,\\nbetween Vouzeire and Attig.\\nAug. 30. The army of MacMahon (150,-\\n000+) retreats northward.\\nThe Germans surprise and defeat Gen.\\nde Failly near Beaumont, enabling\\nAug. 31. The Germans repulse the\\nFrench at Carignan.\\nThey attack the French at Douzy, and\\nfinally defeat them. The French retreat\\nto Sedan.\\nAug. 31, Sept. 1. Lorraine. The army\\nof Marshal Bazaine attempts to break\\nthrough the German lines, and is de-\\nfeated at Noisseville, five miles from\\nMetz.\\nSept. 1. Battle of Sedan.\\nThe Germans, 250,000 strong, under\\nthe personal command of William I., de-\\nfeat the French, 140.0(H) strong, under\\nNapole on III., Marshal MacMahon, and\\nGen. Emmanuel Felix de Wimpffen\\nMacMahon is wounded, and Wimpffen\\nassumes command. At three o clock the\\nFrench are surrounded. Napoleon III.\\ngives his sword to William I., and be-\\ncomes a prisoner.\\nSept. 2. The French capitulate at Sedan.\\nTheir army comprises 39 generals,\\n2,300 officers, 84,000 men, besides 25,000\\ncaptured in battle 10,000 French escape\\nto Belgium.\\nAlsace. The Germans direct a vigor-\\nous artillery fire on Strasburg, and re-\\npel a sortie of the French.\\nSept. 5. King William I. establishes his\\nheadquarters at Reims.\\nSept. 7. Paris. Gen. Vinoy arrives\\nwith a corps which was sent too late to\\naid MacMahon. The Germans occupy\\nSt. Dizier.\\nSept. 8. The Germans invest Strasburg\\nwith 60,000 men. The French vigorously\\nresist the Germans at Verdun.\\nSept. 9. Five corps of the Germans ad-\\nvance on Paris.\\nLaon surrenders.\\nThe explosion of the powder-magazine\\nby a soldier causes the death of 95 Ger-\\nman riflemen and 300 French soldiers.\\nSept. 10. The French repulse an attack\\nby the Germans on Toul. [Sept. 23. It\\ncapitulates.]\\nSept. 12. The French blow up the\\nbridge over the Oise, at Creil, 30 miles\\nnorth of Paris.\\nSept. 14. Alsace. The Germans occupy\\nColmar.\\nSept. 15. Paris. The Germans begin\\nthe investment of the city permits are\\nrequired of those who enter or leave it.\\nSept. 18. The Prussians fix their head-\\nquarters at Meux, 20 miles from Paris.\\nSept. 18, 19. The French sink vessels\\nin the Seine and the M arne rivers against\\nthe approach of the Germans.\\nSept. 19. King William fixes his head-\\nquarters at Ferrieres near Lagny, fifteen\\nmiles east of Paris.\\nGen. Vinoy with three divisions at-\\ntacks the Prussians on the heights of\\nSceaux, and is repulsed with the loss\\nof seven guns and 2,500 prisoners.\\nThe French troops at Versailles sur-\\nrender. [Sept. 20. The Crown Prince\\nof Prussia enters.]\\nSept. 19-71 Jan. 28. Siege of Paris\\nby the Germans.\\nSept. 20. It. The French troops are\\nwithdrawn from Rome; the Italians\\ncapture the city, and abolish the tem-\\nporal power of the Pope.\\nSept. 21. Lorraine. Prince Frederick\\nCharles assumes chief command before\\nMetz.\\nSept. 22. Sevres, two and a half miles\\nfrom Paris, surrenders to the Germans.\\nSept. 23, 24, 27- Lorraine. The French\\nare repulsed in desperate sallies from\\nMetz.\\nSept. 23. Paris. Three actions take\\nplace in the suburbs, at Drancy, Pierre-\\nfitte, and Villejuif.\\nA levy en masse of all men under\\ntwenty-five years is ordered by the Gov-\\nernment.\\nSept. 25. The Germans invest Verdun.\\n[Nov. It capitulates.]\\nSept. 26. The Germans occupy all the\\ndepartments of the Seine and Marne.\\nThe crown prince, standing beneath\\nthe statue of Louis XIV. at Versailles,,\\nbestows the iron cross on thirty soldiers\\nas a reward for bravery.\\nSept. 27. Clermont is subdued and oc-\\ncupied by the Germans.\\nAlsace. Strasburg capitulates.\\nSept. 28. Alsace. Strasburg formally\\nsurrenders.\\nThe Germans having made a breach in\\nthe wall preparatory to an assault, Gen.\\nUhrich surrenders nearly 18,000 men to\\nGen. Von Werder. German loss, 906\\nmen and 43 officers.\\nThe Germans attack Soissons. [Oct.\\nIt capitulates.]\\nSept. 30. Paris. Gen. Vinoy sends out\\na sortie, which is repulsed by the Ger-\\nmans after fighting two hours. The Na-\\ntional Guards in the city are said to\\nnumber 375,000.\\nThe French are defeated in an action\\nat Rouen, losing 1,200 killed and\\nwounded and 300 prisoners.\\nThe Germans take Beauvais, forty-\\nthree miles northeast of Paris. [Oct. 1.\\nMantes is taken.]\\nOct. 5. Paris. King William removes\\nhis headquarters to Versailles; Bis-\\nmarck and Von Moltke are with him.\\nGen. Treskow commands an army\\nwhich is ordered into Southern\\nFrance.\\nGen. Regan, with the advance guard\\nof the Army of the Loire, defeats th\\nGermans near Thoury.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0752.jp2"}, "753": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1870, Aug. 13 -Oct. 8. 741\\nOct. 6. Gen. Dupre, commanding part of\\nthe Army of Lyons, is defeated by the\\nGermans at St. Eemy; German loss,\\n450 French loss, 1500\u00c2\u00b1 and 660 prisoners.\\nOct. 7. Lorraine. A sortie of 40,000\\nFrench is made from Metz after four\\nhours of hard fighting the French are\\ndriven, back, with the loss of 2,000 men\\nGerman loss, GOO.\\nOct. 8. The Germans bombard Weu\\nBriesach.\\nThe French repulse an attack on St.-\\nQuentin. [Oct. 21. Taken.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1870 Sept. 28. The planet Zelia is dis-\\ncovered by Prosper Henry, [Sept. 11,\\nLiberatrix Nov. 5, Johanna.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1870 Sept. Eng. The impress and\\nprince imperial reside at Camden House,\\nChiselhurst, Kent.\\nSTATE.\\n1870 Aug. 17. Paris. Gen. Louis\\nJules Trochu, an Orleanist, is ap-\\npointed governor of the city, and charged\\nwith its defense.\\nAug. 21. Paris. The Government for-\\nbids the exportation of food. A loan\\nof 750,000,000 francs is announced.\\nAug. 26+. Paris. M. Thiers is placed\\non the Defense Committee.\\nAug. 28. Paris. Gen. Trochu issues a\\ndecree for the expulsion of all foreign-\\ners not naturalized.\\nAug. 30, 31. Ger. Protests against\\nforeign intervention for peace are\\npassed at municipal meetings at Berlin,\\nKbnigsberg, and other cities.\\nAug. 30. Ger. Count Bismarck-\\nBohlen is installed governor of Alsace\\nat Haguenau.\\nSept. 2. The emperor becomes a pris-\\noner of war at Sedan. (See Army.)\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Sept. 3. Paris. A deputation from 10,000\\npersons calls on Gen. Trochu to assume\\nthe gover nm ent of the country; he\\ndeclines.\\nSept. 4. Paris. The surrender at Sedan\\nis announced to the Legislative Assem-\\nbly.\\nJules Favre proposes the uprising of\\nthe nation for its defense, attacks the\\nimperial dynasty, and proposes to give\\nthe chief command to Gen. Trochu. On\\nthe motion of M. Thiers, the chamber ap-\\npoints a commission of government\\nand national defense, and orders the\\nconvocation of a constituent assembly,\\nand adjourns.\\nRevolution. The empire is at an\\n\u00c2\u00abnd.\\nThe Assembly resumes its sitting, and\\nis invaded by a disorderly crowd, who de-\\nmand a republic.\\nA few Liberal deputies remain, and\\nproclaim the deposition of the imperial\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0dynasty and the establishment of the\\nRepublic of France.\\nThe Senate meets for the last time,\\nand upholds the imperial government.\\nA government of defense is pro-\\nclaimed.\\nMembers: Gen. Louis Trochu, president;\\nL^onCamlictlii (interior i, Jules Simon (pub-\\nlic instruction), Jules Favre (foreign), Isaac\\nAdolplie Cremieux (justice), Ernest Picard\\n(finance), Gen. Le Flo war), Martin Fouri-\\nchon (marine), M. Matmin (agriculture),\\nM. Dorian (public works), Ltienne Arago\\n(mayor of Paris).\\nThe empress, the Comte de Palikao,\\nand other ministers secretly leave, and\\nhasten to Belgium.\\nSept. 5. Paris. The Legislative Cham-\\nber is dissolved the Senate is abolished\\nthe regular troops and National Guard\\nfraternize with each other.\\nHenri Rochefort is added to the pro-\\nvisional government.\\nJules Favre calls on the United States\\nof America for moral support.\\nPrus. The ex-emperor Napole on\\narrives at Wilhelmshohe, near Cassel.\\nSp. The Republican deputies in the\\nSpanish Cortes give greeting to the\\nFrench Republic.\\nThe Red Republican flag is raised at\\nLyons.\\nSept. 6. Paris. Jules Favre issues a\\ncircular.\\nHe informs French diplomatic repre-\\nsentatives at foreign courts that France\\ndesires peace, hut will not cede either\\nan inch of our territories or a stone of\\nour fortresses.\\nGen. Trochu issues a proclamation\\nassuring the safety of Paris.\\nThe police are replaced by National\\nGuards for the preservation of order.\\nThe Government again declines the\\nproffered services of the Orleans\\nprinces.\\nVictor Hugo and Louis Blanc arrive in\\nthe city.\\nSept. 7\u00c2\u00b1. The Prussians seize imperial\\ncorrespondence of much importance.\\n[Oct. Published.]\\nParis. The Provisional Government\\nproclaims that to-day, as in 1792, the\\nRepublic signifies the hearty union of\\nthe army and people for the defense of\\nthe country.\\nSept. 8. The United States of America\\nand Spain recognize the Republic.\\n[Sept. 9. Switzerland.]\\nParis. The Defense Committee sum-\\nmons the King of Prussia to retire im-\\nmediately from French territory.\\nA decree is issued convoking the Con-\\nstituent Assembly, to be composed of\\n750 members.\\nSept. 13-16. Paris. Bismarck issues\\ncircular letters.\\nHe recounts French aggressions on\\nGermany in the past, and asserts the\\nnecessity of obtaining material guaran-\\nties for the future safety of Germany,\\nand for removing the frontiers and point\\nof attack farther west.\\nSept. 16. Bismarck consents to receive\\nJules Favre.\\n[Sept. 19. Thev meet at Chateau de la\\nHaute Maison. Sept. 20. They meet at\\nKing William s headquarters near\\nLagny. Both interviews are fruitless.]\\nSept. 17. Paris. Jules Favre issues a\\ndiplomatic circular.\\nHe asks that France he left to the free\\naction of the Constituent Assembly, and\\nit will repair the wrong she has done by\\na measure of justice.\\nSept. 18. A Government delegation un-\\nder Isaac A. Cremieux, minister of jus-\\ntice, meet at Tours the foreign ambas-\\nsadors proceed there.\\nSept. 18.\u00c2\u00b1 Paris. The Red Republicans\\nissue a manifesto signed by Gustave\\nPaul Cluseret it is placarded through-\\nout the city.\\nSept. 19. Paris. The struggle for the\\nmilitary possession of the city begins.\\nThe first siege of Paris is begun by the\\nPrussians.\\nSept. 21. Jules Favre reports Bis-\\nmarck s demands.\\nTerms The cession of the department of\\nthe Upper and Lower Rhine ami part of Mo-\\nselle, with Metz, Chateau Salins, and Sois-\\nsons France must surrender Strasburg,\\nToul, and Verdun (or Pfalzburg according\\nto Favre), and Mont Valerien; if the Assem-\\nbly meets at Paris, an armistice may be\\nagTeed to, in order that the French Constitu-\\nent Assembly may meet. The French Govern-\\nment positively rejects these terms of peace.\\nSept. 26+. All citizens of France be-\\ntween 20 and 25 years of age are prohib-\\nited from leaving the country.\\nSept. 28. The National Guard suppresses\\nan insurrection of the Red Republicans\\nat Lyons Gen. Cluseret, the war min-\\nister of the Commune, flees [into exile].\\nParis. The National Guard main-\\ntains order.\\nSept. 29-Oct. 1. The delegates assem-\\nbled at Tours order elections of 753\\nmembers for the Constituent Assembly,\\nto take place on Oct. 16.\\nOct. 1. Paris. The Government for de-\\nfense orders the elections deferred till\\nthey can be carried out throughout the\\nwhole extent of the Republic.\\nGen. Ambrose E. Burnside, U. S. A.,\\nvisits Minister Favre. [Oct. 7. He vis-\\nits Bismarck.]\\nBismarck issues a circular letter, dis-\\nclaiming any intention of reducing\\nFrance to a second-rate power.\\nOct. 2. The conquered country, in\\naddition to Alsace and Lorraine, is\\nplaced under the grand dukes of Meck-\\nlenburg at Reims.\\nOct. 3. Isaac A. Cremieux succeeds\\nAdm. Fourichon as delegate minister of\\nwar at Tours, remaining minister of\\nmarine.\\nOct. 6. The diplomatic mission of\\nLouis A. Thiers to foreign courts is\\nreported a failure.\\nOct. 7. Le on Gambetta escapes from\\nParis in a balloon.\\n[Oct. 8. He arrives at Rouen. Oct. 9.\\nHe arrives at Tours, and becomes min-\\nister of war as well as of the interior.]\\nOct. 8. The Government prohibits all\\nFrenchmen under 60 years of age from\\nleaving France.\\nGambetta becomes the virtual dicta-\\ntor of France.\\nAust. M. Thiers again appeals to\\nVienna for aid against Germany. [Oct.\\nat Florence, Italy.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1870 Sept. 23. Paris. M. Buroufina\\npost-balloon ascends with mail-bags\\nhe arrives at fivreux, and reaches Tours.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0753.jp2"}, "754": {"fulltext": "742 1870, Oct. 8.-1871, Jan. 9.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY KAVY.\\n1870 Oct. 9. Garibaldi is received\\nwith great enthusiasm at Tours; lie re-\\nviews the National Guard.\\nOct. 10. The Germans burn Albis near\\nParis in retaliation for treachery, sleep-\\ning soldiers having been killed.\\nBavarians under Gen. Von der Tann\\ndefeat part of the Army of the Loire at\\nArtenay, near Orleans, and capture\\n2,000 prisoners. [Germans occupy Or-\\nleans.]\\nThe French repulse an attack on\\nCherizy.\\nOct. 11. The French fleet appears off\\nHeligoland in the North Sea.\\nParis. The Germans fire the first\\nthree shots into the suburbs of the city.\\nGen. Von der Tann captures Orleans\\nand 4,000 prisoners.\\nAfter nine hours fighting (35,000+: on\\neach side), the defeated Army of the\\nLoire under Gen. La Motte Pouge re-\\ntires behind the Loire River. [The city\\npays a war contribution of 00,000\u00c2\u00b1.]\\nThe French garrison at Montm^dy\\ncaptures Stenay.\\nOct. 12. Gen. Bourhaki takes command\\nof the French at Tours Gen. D Aurelle\\nde Paladines takes command of the\\nArmy of the Loire.\\nGaribaldi is appointed commander of\\nFrench irregular troops.\\nGermans capture Epinal. They also\\ntake Breteuil after a sharp resistance.\\nOct. 13. Weu Breisach is wholly in-\\nvested by the Germans.\\nThe French surprise the Prussians,\\nand make a successful attack at Ba-\\ngneux, near Paris.\\nOct. 13, 14. Paris. St. Cloud is fired\\non and burned by the French.\\nOct. 14\u00c2\u00b1. Lorraine. Frequent sorties\\nare made from Metz.\\nOct. 14. A sharp fight takes place at\\nEcouis; the French elude an attempt\\nto surround them.\\nGen. Boyer, aid-de-camp to Marshal\\nBazaine, commander at Metz, meets\\nBismarck at Versailles.\\nOct. 16. Soissons surrenders to the\\nGermans under the Grand Duke of Meck-\\nlenburg, having been invested three\\nweeks and bombarded four days. The\\nFrench lose 99 officers, 4,633 men, and 128\\nguns.\\nOct. 17. Gen. Bourbaki is appointed\\nto command the Army of the North\\nGen. Maziere to that of the Loire.\\nThe Germans attack Montdidier,\\nand capture 150 Mobile Guards.\\nOct. 18. The Germans defeat 4,000\\nFrench near Chateaudun, in a 10 hours\\nfight the barricaded town is stormed\\nand burned. Gen. Von Werder takes\\nNuit, near Dijon.\\nOct. 21. Paris. The French make a\\nvigorous sortie against Versailles and at\\nMalmaison; they are forced to retire\\nafter fighting three hours and losing 400\u00c2\u00b1\\nkilled and 100 prisoners.\\nChartres, 48 miles southwest of Paris,\\nis taken by the Germans. Vesoul is\\nalso captured.\\nGermans attack and take St.-Quen-\\ntin after cannonading for half am hour.\\n[Oct. 23. They evacuate.]\\nOct. 22. Alsace. Schlettstadt is bom-\\nbarded by the Germans., [Oct. 24.\\nTaken, with 120 guns and 2,400 prison-\\ners.]\\nThe French Army of the East\\nis defeated in the Vosges.\\nGen. Cambriels repulses an attack\\nby the Germans on Chatillon le Due\\nM. de Keratry assumes command of the\\nFrench army in Brittany.\\nOct. 26. Paris. The Imperial Guard\\nis suppressed.\\nOct. 27. Marshal Bazaine surrenders\\nMetz and his army.\\nGen. Von Werder defeats the French\\nnear Gray, Haute Saone, northeast of\\nDijon.\\nOct. 28. The French recapture Le\\nBourget near Paris. [Oct. 30. Retaken\\nwith 1,200 prisoners, by the Germans.]\\nThe French defeat Badenese troops\\nnear Bascon they repulse an attack by\\nthe Prussians on Formerie on the Oise.\\nOct. 29. The crown prince and Prince\\nFrederick Charles are created field-\\nmarshals.\\nOct. 31. The Germans capture Dijon\\nafter bombardment. The Wiirtemberg-\\ners defeat the francs-tireurs between\\nMontereau and Nangis.\\nIt is estimated that 856,000 Ger-\\nmans are in France and 223,000 French\\nin German prisons.\\nOct. 31-Dec. 27. The Germans occupy\\nand hold Dijon.\\nNov, 1. The Germans invest Thion-\\nville. [Nov. 7. Bombarded.]\\nNov. 3\u00c2\u00b1. Garibaldi issues a proclama-\\ntion appealing to other nations to help\\nFrance.\\nThe Germans besiege Belfort.\\nNov. 4. Paris. The Government orders\\nthe mobilization of all able-bodied men\\nbetween 20 and 40 years of age.\\nNov. 6. The French recapture Cha-\\nteaudun. [Nov. 18. Indecisive action.]\\nNov. 7. The French repulse an attack on\\nthe Army of the Loire at Marehenoir.\\nNov. 8. Verdun capitulates to the\\nGermans with 4,000 men.\\nGer. The French fleet appears off\\nHeligoland.\\nNov. 9. The Germans enter Montbe\\nliard, Doubs, near the Swiss frontier.\\n[Nov. 10. The French are repulsed.]\\nThe French defeat Gen. Von der\\nTann between Coulmiers and Baccon,\\nnear Orleans they retire to Thoury.\\nNov. 10. The French under Gen. D Au-\\nrelle de Paladines retake Orleans.\\nFrench loss, 2,000; German loss, 700\u00c2\u00b1\\nand 2,000 prisoners. The Germans take\\nNeu Breisach, with 5,000 prisoners and\\n100 guns.\\njtoov. 13. The Germans occupy Cole,\\nnear Dijon.\\nNov. 14. Prince Frederick Charles\\nand the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg\\nare put in command of the armies in\\nCentral France.\\nNov. 15. The Germans completely in-\\nvest Montme dy.\\nThe Germans repulse French sorties\\nfrom M\u00e2\u0082\u00aczieres.\\nNov. 17. The Grand Duke of Mecklen-\\nburg repulses the French Army of the\\nLoire near Dreux; the army is cap-\\ntured by Gen. Von Treskow.\\nThe French make a successful sortie\\nfrom Me zieres; German loss, 500 men.\\nNov. 18. The National Guard repulses\\nthe Germans at Evreux.\\nNov. 20\u00c2\u00b1. Paris. The Germans engir-\\ndle the city with a second line of in-\\nvestment.\\nThe Germans repulse the French at\\nLa Fere, 14 miles from Laon; the\\nFrench suffer heavy loss. [Nov. 27.\\nSurrendered by the French with 70 guns\\nand 2,000 men, after two days bombard-\\nment.]\\nNov. 21. The Germans defeat the Mo-\\nbile Guard at Bretoncelles.\\nNov. 22. The Germans begin the bom-\\nbardment of Thionville. [Nov. 24.\\nThe French capitulate 2,000 prisoners\\ntaken.] The Prussians occupy Ham.\\nThe Germans are repulsed near Ami-\\nens and also near Stagil.\\nNov. 27. The Germans under Gen. Von\\nWerder defeat the Garibaldians near\\nPasque, Cote d Or.\\nThe Prussians under Gen. Manteuffel\\ndefeat the Army of the North near\\nAmiens. [Nov. 28. The city surren-\\nders. Nov. 30. The citadel is taken.]\\nNov. 28. Battle near Beaune-la-Bx\\nlande, Loiret.\\nThe French Army of the Loire under\\nGen. d Aurelle de Paladines lias a severe\\nengagement with the Prussians under\\nGen. Voigts Ehetz. Prince Frederick\\nCharles arrives during the battle, and\\nturns the day the French retire with\\nthe loss of 6,700\u00c2\u00b1 the Germans suffer a\\nheavy loss.\\nNov. 29-Dec. 4. The army in Paris and\\nthe Army of the Loire make unsuccess-\\nful efforts to unite.\\nNov. 29. Gen. Charles Denis Sauter\\nBourbaki is appointed to command the\\n6th Army Corps.\\nParis. The Prussians repulse sor-\\nties from various parts of the city.\\nNov. 30. Paris. A grand sortie is made.\\nThe French (120,000) take Champigny\\nand Brie. [Dec. 2. They are driven\\nback by the Germans. Losses on both\\nsides are heavy.]\\nDec. 2. The Army of the Loire under\\nGen. Chanzy is defeated at Bazoche des\\nHautes by the Grand Duke of Mecklen-\\nburg.\\nDec. 3. The Germans begin the bom-\\nbardment of Belfort. [The siege con-\\ntinues.]\\nDec. 4. Orleans again surrenders to the\\nGermans Gen. D Aurelle de Paladines\\nretreats with 100,000\u00c2\u00b1 men, losing 10,000\\nprisoners, 77 guns, and 4 gunboats.\\nDec. 5-71 July 22. Marshal Manteuf-\\nfel, commanding the Prussian Army of\\nthe North, occupies Rouen.\\nDec. 7. The Grand Duke of Mecklen-\\nburg attacks the French Army of the\\nLoire at Beaugency, without decisive\\nresult. [Dec. 8. The Germans take the\\ntown and 1,100\u00c2\u00b1 prisoners.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0754.jp2"}, "755": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1870, Oct. 8-1871, Jan. 9. 743\\nDec. 8. Marshal Manteuffel advances\\non Havre with a part of his army, and\\nwith the remainder occupies Cherbourg.\\nDec. 9, 10. The Army of the Loire\\nis defeated by the Germans in severe\\nengagements, and retreats.\\nDec. 12. The Germans occupy Dieppe.\\nThey bombard Montme dy. [Dec. 14.\\nIt surrenders.] The siege of Pfalzburg\\nin Lorraine ends by its surrender be-\\ncause of famine.\\nDec. 13. The Germans occupy lilvreus:\\nand Blois.\\nDec. 14. The Germans take and later\\nabandon Fre teval.\\nDec. 18. The Germans under Gen. Yon\\nWerder defeat the French under Gen.\\nCremer at Nuits, 14 miles from Dijon.\\nDec. 21. Tours is partly shelled by the\\nGermans, and submits the Germans\\nfail to occupy the city.\\nDec. 23. Indecisive battle at Pont-\\nNoyeUes.\\nThe Germans are under Marshal Man-\\nteuffel, and the French under Gen. Faid-\\nherbe the latter retreats.\\nDec. 27. The Germans besiege Pe\\nronne. [1871. Jan. 10. It capitulates.]\\nGen. Bourbaki forces the Germans un-\\nder Gen. Von Werder to evacuate Dijon.\\nDec. 29. Paris. The French at Mont\\nAvron are bombarded and driven out.\\nNancy and Chalons are taken by the\\nGermans.\\n1871 Jan. 1, 2. Me zieres with 2,000\\nmen and 106 guns is surrendered by the\\nFrench.\\nJan. 2, 3. The Germans under Marshal\\nManteuffel defeat the French under\\nGen. Von Goeben, near Bapaume; the\\nFrench retreat.\\nJan. 4. Paris. The Germans bombard\\nthe eastern front of the city and the\\nsouthern forts.\\nJan. 5. The Germans take the fortress\\nof Roeroi, near the Belgian frontier.\\nJan. 6. The French under Gen. Chanzy\\nhave an indecisive engagement with\\nPrince Frederick Charles, near Dijon\\nle Mans.\\nThe Germans storm Daujoutin.\\nParis. The Germans silence Forts\\nIssy and Vanves.\\nJan. 7. The Germans defeat Gen. Roy\\nnear Jumie ges, on the Seine.\\nJan. 9, 10. Paris. The Germans bom-\\nbard the city, injuring many buildings\\nand killing many citizens. [Jan. 10-13.\\nSorties.]\\nGen. Von Werder defeats the French\\nat Villersexel.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1870 Gulliver and the Lilliputians is\\npainted by Georges Jean Vibert.\\nCHURCH.\\n1870 Oct. 8. The suppression of the\\nschools of the Brethren of the Chris-\\ntian Doctrine by the Republicans\\ncauses much dissatisfaction.\\nLETTERS.\\n1870 Nov. 4. London. Campagne de\\n1870, par un officier attache a Vetat\\nmajor-general e [a pamphlet ascribed to\\nthe Emperor Napoleon III.] appears in\\nthe Daily Telegraph.\\nDec. A pamphlet [attributed to the\\nEmperor Napoleon] is published under\\nthe name of the Marquis de Grincourt,\\nthrowing the blame of the war upon the\\nFrench nation.\\nLa Creation, by Quinet, appears. [1871,\\nLe Sie-ge de Paris et hi Defense Nation-\\nale;. 1872, La B publique.]\\nMademoiselle Giraud ma femme, by\\nAdolf Belot, appears. [1871, Article 47.]\\nTwenty Leagues under the Sea and\\nThe Mysterious Island, by Jules Verne,\\n-75 History of France, by Guizot,\\n-.76 Apercu de I histoire d Egypte\\nand Dendirah, by Mariette, appears.\\n1870 Oct. 12. The people at Honfleur\\noppose the embarkation of cattle for\\nEngland a riot breaks out. [Oct. 15.\\nLike riots at St. Malo.]\\nDec. 20. The mob murder Gen. Ar-\\nnaud, the commander of the National\\nGuard at Lyons, after an alleged trial,\\nfor resisting them.\\nStatistics show the consumption of\\nwine to be, per capita, 37.90 gallons of\\ndistilled spirits, 0.58 gallons.\\nSTATE.\\n1870 Oct. 10, 11. Paris. The Red\\nRepublicans, led by Louis Auguste\\nBlanqui, Gustave Flourens, Alexandre\\nAuguste, Ledru-Rollin, Felix Pyat, are\\ndefeated in their attempts to overthrow\\nthe present government and establish the\\nCommune. [Oct. 14+. Henri Rochefort\\neffects a reconciliation.]\\nOct. 10. Direct mediation is declined\\nby Russia, Spain, and Great Britain.\\nLeon Gambetta issues a proclama-\\ntion from Tours.\\nHe says Paris has 560,000 troops, that\\ncannon are cast daily, women help the\\ncause by making cartridges, and urges\\ncooperation and devotion everywhere\\nin maintaining the struggle.\\nOct. 12. Aries Du Four, from Lyons, ap-\\npeals to the British public for active\\nsympathy in endeavoring to obtain\\npeace.\\nParis. Auguste de Kerartry, as for-\\neign envoy, leaves in a balloon. [Oct.\\n19, 20. He fails to obtain assistance from\\nGen. Prim, premier at Madrid.]\\nOct. 18. Jules Favre issues a circular\\nfrom Tours against Prussia.\\nShe coldly and systematically pursues\\nher task of annihilating us. France has now\\nno illusions left. For her it is now a ques-\\ntion of existence. We prefer our present\\nsufferings, our perils, and our sacrifices to\\nthe consequences of the inflexible and cruel\\nambition of our enemy. France needed per-\\nhaps to pass through a supreme trial; she\\nwill issue from it transfigured.\\nOct. 19. Marseilles is disturbed by Red\\nRepublicans.\\nOct. 21. The British Government, sup-\\nported by the neutral powers, inter-\\nvenes for an armistice that France may\\nelect a National Assembly. [Oct. 28.\\nBismarck replies that overtures must\\ncome from France, and will be accepted.]\\nOct. 24. M. Thiers undertakes to nego-\\ntiate with Bismarck for an armistice.\\n[Oct. 28. He is given a safe conduct.\\nOct. 30. He enters Paris, bringing news\\nof the surrender of Metz.]\\nA girl who claims to be successor of\\nJoan of Arc appears at Tours.\\nOct. 25. Paris. The Government issues\\na decree for a loan of 250,000,000 francs.\\nOct. 28. Leon Gambetta issues a circu-\\nlar condemning the surrender of\\nMetz as a crime. [Nov. 1. He calls on\\nthe army to avenge the dishonor.]\\nOct. 30-Nov. 1. Paris. Louis Thiers\\nreceives authority from the Provisional\\nGovernment to treat with the Prussians\\nfor an armistice, and has interviews\\nwith Bismarck.\\nOct. 31. Paris. The Commune rise\\nagainst the Government, and temporar-\\nily overthrow it.\\nThe Defense Government is impris-\\noned in the Hotel de Ville, and Ledru-\\nRollin, Victor Hugo, and Gustave Flou-\\nrens are made a Committee of Safety\\nunder Louis Picard. The National\\nGuard succeeds in restoring order.\\nPrus, The ex-empress joins the\\nex-emperor at SVilhtlinshohe. [Nov. 3.\\nShe returns to Chiselhurst, England.]\\nNov. 1. Paris. A popular vote is or-\\ndered to be taken on Nov. 3, to learn if\\nthe people support the National Defense\\nGovernment. [Nov. 3. Vote, 557,976 for\\nit; 62,638 against it.]\\nNov. 2. Marshal Bazaine publishes a\\nletter repelling the charge of treason in\\nthe surrender of Metz.\\nNov. 3. Count Bismarck offers an ar-\\nmistice of 25 days for the election of a\\nNational Assembly. [Nov. 7. The French\\ndecline the offer]\\nParis. Revolutionists attempt to\\noverthrow the Government, but are de-\\nThe Government orders the mobiliza-\\ntion of all able-bodied men between the\\nages of 20 and 40.\\nNov. 6. Paris. The negotiations for an\\narmistice fail.\\nCount Bismarck refuses to permit food\\nto enter Paris during the armistice with-\\nout any military equivalent therefore\\nLouis Thiers is ordered to cease negotia-\\ntions.\\nNov. 7. Jules Favre issues a circular\\ndefending the course of the French in\\nthe armistice negotiations. [Nov. 8.\\nCount Bismarck gives the German side\\nin like manner.]\\nNov. 10. Paris. The Government de-\\ncrees the melting of some of the\\nchurch-beUs into cannon.\\nDec. 10. The Delegate Government\\nis transferred from Tours to Bordeaux\\nit also becomes the seat of the National\\nAssembly.\\nDec. 19. Due d Aumale and the Prince\\nde Joinville are permitted to take their\\nseats as members of the National As-\\nsembly at Bordeaux.\\n1871 Jan. 9, 10. The Government ap-\\npeals to foreign powers because of the\\nbombardment of Paris.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1870 Oct. 12. Balloons bring favora-\\nble intelligence from Paris.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0755.jp2"}, "756": {"fulltext": "744 1871, Jan. 11 -June 26.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1871 Jan. 11, 12. The Germans under\\nPrince Frederick Charles defeat the\\nArmy of the Loire under Gen. Chanzy\\nin attempting to raise the siege at Le\\nMans; the French lose 20,000\u00c2\u00b1 prisoners.\\n[The French retreat.]\\nJan. 13. Paris. The French make vig-\\norous sorties, and are repulsed.\\nJan. 15, 16. The Germans defeat Gen.\\nChanzy near the Vosges. [Jan. 18.\\nHe retreats southward.]\\nJan. 15-17. Battle of Belfort.\\nGen. Bourbaki forces the besieging\\nPrussians under Gen. Von Werder to\\nchange their position without raising\\nthe siege the French are finally forced\\nto retreat. [Feb. 13. Belfort capitu-\\nlates with military honors.]\\nJan. 17. The Germans begin the bom-\\nbardment of Longwy, in Northeastern\\nFrance. [Jan. 25. It capitulates, sur-\\nrendering 4,000 prisoners and 200 guns.]\\nJan. 19. Gen. Von Goeben defeats the\\nFrench under Gen. Faidherbe at St.-\\nQuentin, on the Somme. German loss,\\n3,100; French loss, 15,000\u00c2\u00b1, including\\n4,000 prisoners.\\nParis. Gen. Trochu with 100,000 men\\nmakes [the last] grand sortie; he is re-\\npulsed with the loss of 1,000 killed and\\n5,000 wounded.\\nCommunication with the outside is\\nmaintained during the siege by the use\\nof pigeons and balloons.\\nJan. 20-Feb. 1. Gen. Manteuffel\\ndrives 80,000 French under Gen. Bour-\\nbaki into Switzerland near Pontarlier,\\nafter losing G,000 prisoners.\\nJan. 22. Paris. The Germans refuse\\nan. armistice for two days.\\nThe Germans bombard St. Denis\\nand Cambrai.\\nJan. 23. Paris. Gen. Trochu resigns\\nas governor. [Jan. 24. Gen. Vinoy suc-\\nceeds him as governor and commander.]\\nJan. 28. Paris. Capitulation of the\\nFrench; an armistice for 21 days is\\nsigned by Jules Favre and Count Bis-\\nmarck.\\nJan. 29. The Germans occupy the forts\\nround Paris.\\nJan. 30. The advance of German\\ntroops into France is suspended.\\nFeb. 1. The Germans occupy Dijon\\nafter a siege in which Garibaldi makes\\nan ineffective defense.\\nThe army of Gen. Bourbaki takes\\nrefuge in Switzerland, after failing to\\nbreak through the German lines.\\nFeb. 16. The Belfort garrison marches\\nout, and the war terminates.\\nMar. 1. German loss during the war,\\nkilled or dying soon after the war, 17,570\\ndied of wounds eventually, 10,707 total\\nkilled and wounded, 127,867.\\nParis. The Emperor William reviews\\n100,000 troops at Longchamps, a race-\\ncourse near Paris. Paris is entered.\\nMar. 1-3. Paris. About 30,000 Ger-\\nmans enter the city, and remain 48\\nhours.\\nMar. 10. Paris. A meeting of the\\nNational Guard is suppressed.\\nMar. 12. Paris. The German army\\nleaves Versailles.\\nMar. 18. Paris. Uprising of the\\nCommune.\\nIt rises against Gen. Vinoy, the com-\\nmander of the city, when he attempts\\nto take possession of defenses and can-\\nnon held by the workingmen, at Mont-\\nmartre and Belleville, in the northeast-\\nern part of the city. [The Germans\\nremain in the forts, and observe a strict\\nneutrality.]\\nParis. Several regiments of the\\nNational Guard join the Communists.\\nThey shoot Gens. Lecomte and\\nThomas. Barricades are erected in the\\nstreets, and Gen. Vinoy, commanding\\nthe gendarmerie, retires from the insur-\\ngents across the Seine.\\nApr. 2. Paris. The troops of the Na-\\ntional Assembly engage the insurgents at\\nCourbevoie, one and a half mile north-\\nwest of the fortifications of Paris.\\nGustave Flourens leads the armed\\nmob called the National Guard to Ver-\\nsailles. [It ends in a disorderly retreat.]\\nApr. 3. Paris. The insurgents occupy\\nForts Issy, Vanves, and the castle at\\nMeudon, five miles southwest of Paris.\\n[Apr. 4. They shoot Gen. Duval, a pris-\\noner.]\\nMarshal MacMahon is appointed\\ncommander-in-chief of the National\\nforces.\\nApr. 6. May 22. Paris. The second\\nsiege of the city by the National troops,\\nunder Marshal MacMahon the insur-\\ngents make a vigorous defense.\\nApr. 9. Paris. The insurgents attempt\\nto take Chatillon, and are repulsed\\nthey bombard the southern forts aud\\nParis itself from the parallels con-\\nstructed by the Germans.\\nApr. 11. Paris. Marshal MacMahon\\ninvests Fort Issy, southwest of the\\ncity.\\nApr, 14. Paris. The insurgents capture\\nthe redoubt of Gennevilliers.\\nApr. 17. Paris. The insurgents capture\\nthe Chateau de Be con, a post of im-\\nportance.\\nApr. 20. Paris. The insurgents occupy\\nBagneux.\\nApr. 26. Paris. The insurgents keep\\nup a severe fire from their batteries\\nagainst the Federal forts.\\nApr. 27. Paris. The National troops\\ncapture Les Moulineaux, an outpost\\nof the insurgents.\\nApr. 29. Paris. The insurgents take the\\ncemetery and park of Issy in the night.\\n[Apr. 30. They demand the surrender\\nof the fort, and are refused.]\\nMay 1. Paris. The insurgents take the\\nstation of Clamart and the Chateau of\\nIssy.\\nMay 8. Paris. The battery of Mon-\\ntretout, mounting 70 guns, opens fire.\\nThe insurgents evacuate the Fort Issy.\\nMay 12. Paris. The troops occupy the\\nConvent des Oiseaux at Issy, and the\\nLyceum at Vanves. [May 13. Fort\\nVanves is taken.]\\nMay 14. Paris. The batteries of Cour-\\nbevoie, B^con, Asnieres, open a vigorous\\nfireon the villages, Levallois and Cli-\\nchy.\\nMay 21. Paris. The National troops,\\nunder Marshal MacMahon, enter the\\ncity, and, fighting their way, take 10,000+\\nprisoners.\\nMay. 23. Paris. The troops under Gen.\\nCharles Felix Douay take Montmartre\\nfrom the insurgents.\\nMay 25. Paris. The insurgents evacu-\\nate Forts Montrouge, Hautes-Bruyeres,\\nBicetre.\\nMay 28. Paris. The troops under Gen.\\nMacMahon take the Buttes Chaumont,\\ninvest and capture Belleville, and the\\ninsurrection is suppressed.\\nTotal losses in seven days fighting:\\nregular troops, 877 killed, 545 wounded,\\nand 183 missing; insurgents, 50,000\u00c2\u00b1\\nkilled, 25,000 prisoners. All the leaders\\nare killed or captured, and about one-\\nfourth of Paris is destroyed.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1871 Feb. 2. Dupuy de Lome, at Vin-\\ncennes, ascends with 13 persons in his\\nnavigable balloon.\\nCHURCH.\\n1871 Apr. 5. Paris. Archbishop\\nGeorges Darboy is arrested by the\\nCommune while ministering to the dy-\\ning. [May 24. He is executed in the\\nprison of La Roquette with 64 others.]\\nMay 17. Silver ornaments in the\\nchurches are seized by the Commune.\\nJune 7. Paris. The funeral of Arch-\\nbishop Darboy is celebrated.\\nLETTERS.\\n1871 Mar. 11. Paris. Le Vengeur\\nand four other violent journals are sup-\\npressed by Gen. Vinoy.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1871 Jan. A short strike of 10,000\\nminers occurs at Le Creuzot, Burgundy.\\nMar. 18. Paris. Gen. Claude Martin\\nLecomte is shot Gen. Thomas is assas-\\nsinated at the same time.\\nFeb. Four -workmen, members of the\\nWorkingmen s International Congress,\\nare elected members of the National As-\\nsembly.\\nApr.+ Paris. The reign of terror\\nsuspends the liberty of the press, of\\npublic meeting, of conscience, and of\\nperson.\\nApr. 6. Paris. The Guillotine is\\nburned on the Place Voltaire.\\nApr. 29. Paris, The Freemasons\\nmake an ineffective attempt at recon-\\nciliation with the Commune.\\nMay 6. Paris. The newspapers are\\nsuppressed. [May 16. The Colonne\\nVendome is overthrown by the Com-\\nmune.]\\nMay Paris. Henri Kochefort is ar-\\nrested. (See Sept. 21.)\\nMay 30. Belg. Victor Hugo, an exile,\\nis expelled.\\nParis is put under martial law;\\n50,000 insurgents commit disorders.\\nMany prisoners are executed.\\nSTATE.\\n1871 Jan. 19. Paris. The Prussians\\nrefuse to permit foreigners to leave the\\ncity.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0756.jp2"}, "757": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1371, Jan. 11 -June 26. 745\\nJan. 23. Paris. Disturbances arise, but\\nthey are suppressed by the army.\\nJan. 24. Paris. Jules Favre opens ne-\\ngotiations with. Bismarck.\\nJan. 28. Paris. The Capitulation of\\nParis is signed by Jules Favre in the\\nConvention of Versailles.\\nConditions: The forts and munitions of\\nwar to be surrendered, and the city wall to be\\ndisarmed. All the suldu-rs m Paris become\\nprisoners of war, except 12,000 left to aid the\\nNational Guard in preserving order. The\\ncity to be provisioned by French officials,\\nand to pay 5 milliards of francs. A truce will\\ninclude all France except the departments\\nof Doubs, Jura, and Cote d Or, and con-\\ntinue for three weeks, during which time a\\nfree election of members to the National\\nAssembly is to be held, by which the ques-\\ntion of peace or war will be decided.\\nJan. 31. Leon Gambetta disavows the\\narmistice, at Bordeaux. [Feb. 6. He\\nresigns as minister of the interior and\\nmember of the Government of Defense.]\\nFeb. 1. The Due d* Aumale, the son\\nof Louis Philippe, issues a manifesto in\\nfavor of a constitutional monarchy.\\nFeb. 3. Paris. Food given by the con-\\ntribution of the English people arrives.\\nFeb. 4. Paris. The Defense Govern-\\nment justifies the capitulation by an-\\nnouncing that provisions for only ten\\ndays were left for 2,000,000 of people.\\nIt annuls a decree issued by Gam-\\nbetta for the continuance of the struggle.\\nFeb. 8. Prus. The ex-emperor issues a\\nproclamation.\\nHe condemns the overthrow of the\\nNapoleon dynasty, and affirms that his\\ngovernment was four times confirmed\\nin 20 years.\\nFeb. 12. The National Assembly-\\nmeets at Bordeaux, and [Feb. 15] elects\\nFrancois Gre*vy its president. Vote,\\n519 out of 538.\\nFeb. 15. Paris. The supplemental ar-\\nmistice is signed.\\nFeb. 16. A provisional government\\nis formed at Bordeaux. [Feb. 17. Louis\\nThiers is elected chief. Feb. 18. Kec-\\nognized by the great powers.]\\nMembers Jules Dufaure (justice), Jules\\nFavre (foreign), Joseph Picard (interior),\\nJules Simon (public instruction), M. Lam-\\nbrecht (commerce), Gen. Adolphe Le Flo,\\n(war), Adm. Pothuan (marine), M. De\\nLarcy (public works).\\nFeb. 22-24. Louis Thiers and Count\\nBismarck negotiate for peace.\\nFeb. 25. Thiers, Favre, and 15 delegates\\nof the National Assembly m^et at Ver-\\nsailles, and accept the preliminaries of\\npeace.\\nIt includes the ceding of parts of\\nLorraine, including Metz and Thionville\\nand Alsace less Belfort; also the pay-\\nment of five milliards of francs ($1,000,-\\n000,000).\\nFeb. 26. The treaty is signed at Ver-\\nsailles. (See Germany.)\\nMar. 1. The treaty is accepted by the\\nNational Assembly at Bordeaux. Vote,\\n546-107.\\nThe third Republic.\\nThe National Assembly unanimously\\nconfirms the setting aside of the Napo-\\nleonic empire for the Republic.\\nMar. 6. Paris. The party of the Left,\\nled by Victor Hugo, Louis Blanc, and\\nEdgar Quinet, demand the impeachment\\nof the Defense Government.\\nPries. The ex-emperor protests\\nagainst the overthrow of his govern-\\nment.\\nMar. 10. The National Assembly vote\\nto remove the seat of government\\nfrom Bordeaux to Versailles.\\nMar. 12. Jerome Adolphe Blanqui,\\nMarie Flourens, and others are con-\\ndemned for participating in the insur-\\nrection of Oct. 31, 1870.\\nMar. 15. The Central Committee of\\nthe republican confederation of the\\nNational Guards (termed The Govern-\\nment of the Buttes meet, depose Gen.\\nVinoy, general-in-chief, and appoint\\nGaribaldi as his successor.\\nMar. 18, Paris. The Commune re-\\nvolts against the Government.\\nIt nominates a Central Committee of\\nthe armed mob called the National\\nGuard, with workman Assy as chief. It\\ntakes possession of the public offices.\\nTwo governments hold authority one,\\nthe Commune in Paris, and the regular\\nauthority at Versailles. (See Society.)\\nMar. 19. Paris. The Central Commit-\\ntee orders a communal election. [Mar.\\n20. It liberates about 11,000 political\\nprisoners.]\\nMar. 20. The National Assembly meets\\nat Versailles. [Propose conciliatory\\nmeasures to the Commune, and appoint\\na committee to support the Government.]\\nThe Communists exact advances,\\namounting to several million of francs,\\nfrom the Bank of France, for the pay-\\nment of the National Guard.\\nThe Journal des D bats and other\\nnewspapers denounce the Commune s\\nCentral Committee.\\nMar. 21. The National Assembly ap-\\npeals to the nation and the army.\\nMar. 22. Paris. The Communists fire\\non a parade of the unarmed Friends of\\nOrder 10 are killed and 20 wounded.\\nMar. 23. Paris. Adm. Saisset is ap-\\npointed commander of the National\\nGuard for the Assembly.\\nMar. 26. Paris. In a m uni cipal elec-\\ntion a majority of two-thirds of the vo-\\nters favor the Communists. Only 200,000\\nout of 500,000 votes are polled.\\nMar. 28-May 22. Paris. The Social-\\nistic Commune rules the city.\\nMar. 28. Paris. The Government of\\nthe Commune is proclaimed at the\\nHotel de Ville.\\nMar. 29. Paris. The Communistic\\nleaders, Gustave Flourens, Jerome\\nAdolph Blanqui, and Felix Pyat, pro-\\npose a republic after the pattern of the\\nItalian republics of the Middle Ages.\\nThe Commune orders the remission\\nof a part of the rents due from tenants.\\nApr. 4. The Communists at Marseilles\\nare suppressed.\\nApr. 5. Paris. The Communists arrest\\nthe archbishop of Paris.\\nApr. 5-16. Thiers, Picard, Favre,\\nand others are impeached and their\\nproperty confiscated 34 anti-communis-\\ntic newspapers are suppressed.\\nApr. 6-May 22. Second siege of Paris\\nby the National troops.\\nApr. 14. The National Assembly pass\\nthe new municipal bill. Vote, 419-18.\\nApr. 16. Paris. A court-martial is or-\\nganized under Col. Rossel.\\nApr. 19. Paris. The Communists ap-\\npeal to the nation against the National\\nAssembly.\\nApr. 29. Paris. The Commune exacts\\na sum of 2,000,000 francs from the\\nrailway companies.\\nMay 8. Paris. The Commune organ-\\nizes a Committee of Public Safety.\\nMay 10. Ger. A definite treaty of\\npeace with Germanyis signed at Frank-\\nfort. [May 12. Laid before the Assem-\\nbly and ratified. Vote, 440-98. May\\nIS. Ratified by the National Assembly.]\\nParis. Louis Charles Delescluze is\\nappointed delegate of war by the Corn-\\nMay 11. Louis Thiers is opposed in\\nthe Assembly, and offers to resign a\\nvote of confidence is given him. Vote,\\n495-10.\\nMay 17. Paris. The Communists are\\ndivided by a secession a central club\\nis formed, and a battalion of women\\nis formed.\\nThe Communists enforce a stringent\\nconscription in Paris.\\nMay 21. Paris. Henri Rochefort is\\nbrought a prisoner to Versailles.\\nThe Commune holds its last sitting.\\nMay 24. The Commune executes in\\nprison the archbishop of Paris also\\nL Abbe Deguerry and President Bon-\\njeau with 64 others, all held as hostages.\\nMay 29. Premier Thiers issues a decree\\nfor disarming Paris, and abolishing the\\nNational Guard of the Seine.\\nJune 8. The laws of proscription are\\nabrogated by the National Assembly.\\nVote, 484-103 the elections of the Due\\nd Aumale and the Prince de Joinville\\nare declared valid. [Dec. 19. Seated.]\\nJune 26. Paris. The loan of two mil-\\nliards of francs ($400,000,000) is decreed.\\n[June 27. Subscriptions are opened.\\nJune 28. About four milliards are sub-\\nscribed for in France alone.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1871 Feb. 3. Paris. The distress is\\nrelieved by the arrival of food from\\nLondon.\\nMar. 20. Eng. Napoleon HI. arrives\\nat Dover.\\nMay 17. Paris. Silver ornaments are\\nseized in churches.\\nA cartridge factory explodes near the\\nChamp de Mars 100 persons are killed.\\nMay 24. Paris. The Palais Royal\\nbuildings are much injured by the Com-\\nmunists, who partly burn them.\\n[Estimated loss of property through\\nthe insurrection is \u00c2\u00a7160,000,000+.]\\nMay 25-27. Paris. Petroleum be-\\ncomes a destructive weapon in the hands\\nof the insurgents.\\nJune 20\u00c2\u00b1. Paris. Theaters and public\\nplaces are reopened.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0757.jp2"}, "758": {"fulltext": "746 1871, July 14-1873, Aug. 5.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1873 June 3. Paris. Gen. Ladmi-\\nrault succeeds Gen. MacMahon at Ver-\\nsailles as the military governor.\\nJuly 10. Paris. A grand review of\\nthe renovated army is given.\\nAug. 2. The Germans complete the\\nevacuation of France, with the excep-\\ntion of Verdun. [Sept. 16. Total evac-\\nuation accomplished.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1872 Apr. 22. Paris. The French As-\\nsociation for the advancement of the\\nsciences is established by the General\\nAssembly.\\nMar. 26. The skeleton of a man, sup-\\nposed to have been a contemporary of\\nthe mammoth and cave-bear, is found,\\nalso polished flint implements, by M.\\nNVlatnn, Aiiu nsle, surgeon, A66.\\nPauthier, .lean P. Chinese scholar, A72.\\nSegur, Co mt i de, Philippe Paul, hist., A93.\\nYsahean, Victor Frederic Alexandre, rural\\neconomist, A80.\\nYvan, Melchior, traveler, A70.\\n!Nov. 5. The planet Velleda is discov-\\nered by Paul Henry.\\nParis. Idyl, painted by Jean Jacques\\nHenner, is exhibited in the Salon.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1871 Auber, Daniel F., musician, com-\\nposer, A87.\\nBertin, Kdotianl Francois, journ., au., A74.\\nBourgeois, Auguste, dramatic author, A65.\\nDarboy. Georges, archbishop of Paris, A58.\\nJDaumas, Melchior Joseph Eugene, general,\\nwriter, A68.\\nDelsarte, Francois A. N. C, singer, A60.\\nDumenI, Edelestand I onlas, scholar, A70.\\nFarochon, -Jean I .aptiste Eugene, artist, A64.\\nGasparin, Comte de, Agenor Etienne, Prot-\\nestant reformer, author, A61.\\nHoudin, Uobert, prestidigitateur, mech., A66.\\nJollivet, Pierre Jules, painter, A68.\\nKock, Charles Paul de. novel., dram., A77.\\nKoschlin, Daniel, chem., cotton manuf., A86.\\nLecoq, Henri, naturalist, A69.\\nLeroux, Pierre, -socialist, writer, A73.\\nLonget, Francois Aehille, physician, A60.\\nPayen, Anseime, chemist, A76.\\nPonson du Terrail, Vicomte de, Pierre Alexis,\\nnovelist, A42.\\nTexier, Charles Ffilix Marie, archeol., A69.\\n1872 Babinet, Jacques, natural phil., A78.\\nCapeflgue, Jean Baptiste Honore Raymond,\\nhistorian, A70.\\nCarre, Michel, author, A53.\\nCaussin de Perceval, Arniand Pierre, orien-\\ntalist, A77.\\nForey, Elie Frederic, marshal, A68.\\nGautier, Thtiophile, author, poet, A61.\\nGratry, Auguste Joseph Alphonse, theolo-\\ngian, writer, A67.\\nJanet, Ange Louis, painter, A54.\\nLouis, Pierre Charles Alexandre, phys., A85.\\nPersigny, Jean Gilbert Victor de Fialin de,\\nstatesman, A64.\\nPouchet, Felix Archimcde, phwsiologist, A72.\\nVaillant, Jean Eaptiste Plulii.ert, marshal,\\nA82.\\n1873 P.arrot, Camille Ilyaeinthe Odillon,\\nstatesman, AS2.\\nCouder. Louis Charles Auguste, historical\\npainter, A83.\\nCaumont, Areisse de, antiquary, A71.\\nCoste, Jean J. C. V., naturalist, A66.\\nChasles, Victor E. Philarele, critic, an., A74.\\nDemetz, Frederic Auguste, pliilan., A77.\\nDupin, Francois P. C, geometrician, statis-\\ntician, politician, A89.\\nFreydeau, Ernest Ain\u00c2\u00bb3, author, A52.\\nGaboriau, Emile, novelist, A39.\\nGamier, Marie Jos. Francois, explorer, A34.\\nGay, Claude, botanist, historian, A73.\\nSaint-Marc Cirardin, Francois Auguste, jour-\\nnalist, A72.\\nHenry, Etienne Ossian, chemist, A75.\\nJullen, Stanislaus, orientalist, A74.\\nLebrun, Pierre Antoine, poet, novelist, A88.\\nNapoleon III., Charles Louis liapol^on\\nBonaparte, emperor, A 65.\\n1871 Paris. Miss De Broen\\nthe Belleville Mission in behalf of the\\nwidows and orphans of executed Com-\\nmunists.\\n1872 Jan. 17. Paris. The McAll\\nMission is opened at Belleville by Dr.\\nRobert W. McAll it aims to dissemi-\\nnate a religion of freedom and earnest-\\nness.\\nFeb.* Paris. The AbbtS Michaud begins\\nthe Old Catholic movement in this\\ncity.\\nJune 7-K Paris. The Reformed Church\\nof France meets in General Synod to\\npropose a return to early doctrine and\\ndiscipline.\\n(Ju:ne 20) The Synod approves a con-\\nfession of faith, acknowledging the au-\\nthority of the Bible, the divinity and\\nthe resurrection of Christ, amid strong\\nopposition from the Liberal party.\\nVote, 61-45.\\nAug. The apparition of our Lady of\\nSalette is alleged to have been wit-\\nnessed.\\nOct. 6. The grotto of the Virgin Mary\\nat Lourdes is visited by 20,000+ pilgrims,\\nwho are drawn thither by reports of al-\\nleged miracles.\\nLETTERS.\\n1871 Une visite de noces and Laprin-\\ncesse Geon/es, by Alexandre Dumas, Jils,\\nappear. [1373, La ft mine de Claude and\\nMonsieur Alphonse; 1876, L Etr anger e.]\\n-72 Lettres assyriologiques et 6pi-\\ngraphiqiKs, by Francois Lenormant, ap-\\npears. [1874-75, Les Scie7ices occultes en\\nAsie.]\\n1872 Julie de Trtcamr, by Feuillet,\\nappears. [1878, Diary of a Lady.]\\nProblems of the Nineteenth Century,\\nby Paul Janet, appears. [1S75, Philoso-\\nphic de la revolution f ran raise; 1876,\\nLes causes finales; 1878, Saint Simon,\\netc.; 1879, La philosophic francaise con-\\ntemporaine.~\\\\\\nL Annie terrible, by Victor Hugo, ap-\\npears. [1872-76, Actes et paroles 1878,\\nLe Pape 1S78, La pitie supreme 1880,\\nL Ane, and Les religions et les irrUi-\\nyions.]\\nPound the World in Eighty Days, by\\nJules Verne, appears. [1S76, Michel\\nStrogoff.]\\nNotes on England, by Taine, appears.\\nRabagas, by Sardou, appears. [1875,\\nFerrkol; 1877, Dora; 1878, Une Page\\nd Amour.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1871 Sept. The Socie*te* de Pre*voy-\\nanee, established to counteract the In-\\nternationale, becomes permanent.\\nSept. 2. Paris. Theophile Charles\\nFerre and Lullier, leaders of the Com-\\nmune, are sentenced to death. [Nov.\\n28. Executed.] Others are sentenced\\nto transportation or imprisonment.\\nSept. 5. Paris. Three women are sen-\\ntenced to execution for setting houses\\non fire with petroleum.\\nSept. 21- Paris. Henri Rochefort,\\neditor of Za. Lanterne, is sentenced to\\nlife imprisonment. [1872. He is ban-\\nished to New Caledonia. 1874. He es-\\ncapes to England. 1880. He returns to\\nParis.]\\nNov. 18. Eight of the murderers of\\nDee. 23. Joseph Lemettre is con-\\ndemned to death for many brutal mur-\\nders. [1872. Mar. 5. Executed.]\\n1872 Jan. 23. Paris. The assassins\\nof Archbishop Darin y are convicted, and\\none is sentenced to death.\\nFeb. 1. Paris. The Radicals are much\\nexcited over Sardou s new play, Iiabayu\u00c2\u00bb y\\nwhich satirizes them.\\nFeb. The League for Commercial Lib-\\nerty is formed.\\nFeb. 17. Paris. Five Communist mur-\\nderers of Dominicans on May 25, 1S70,\\nare sentenced to death.\\nLouis Auguste Blanqui, a Social-\\nistic agitator, is sentenced to transpor-\\ntation and confinement in a fortified\\nprison.\\nMar. 14. Paris. The Assembly pro-\\nscribes the proposal of Spain, that the\\nWorkingmen s International Asso-\\nciation be crushed by combined govern-\\nment action.\\nApr. 2. Paris. The publishers of Figaro\\nare convicted of libeling Gen. Trochu,\\nand receive a light sentence.\\nMay 25. Paris. Three condemned\\nCommunists are shot.\\n[July 25. Three murderers of hostages\\nare executed at Satory. Sept. 15. Three\\nmore Communists are shot at Satory.\\n1S73. Jan. 22. Also three more.]\\nDec. 23. Poitevin, a traitor, is exe-\\ncuted.\\nParis. Sir Richard Wallace, an Eng-\\nlishman, presents to the city 50 drink-\\ning fountains for the especial use of\\nthe poor.\\n1873 July 5. Paris. The Shah of\\nPersia arrives.\\nJuly 7- Paul de Cassagnac and M. Rane\\nfight a duel; de Cassagnac is wounded.\\nSTATE.\\n1871 July 14 i. France pays 500,000,000\\nfrancs of the indemnity due Germany.\\nJuly 15. Prince Jerome Napoleon is\\nexpelled from France.\\nJuly 23\u00c2\u00b1. Jules Favre, minister of\\nforeign affairs, resigns. [Aug. 3\u00c2\u00b1. Suc-\\nceeded by Charles de Re musat.]\\nAug. 8. Paris. The trial of Commu-\\nnist prisoners begins.\\nAug. 24. Great dissensions occur in\\nthe National Assembly between the\\nMonarchist and Republican parties.\\nThe Assembly dissolves the National\\nGuard.\\nAug. 31. Premier Thiers s powers are\\nprolonged, and he is nominated Presi-\\ndent of the French Republic by the\\nvote of the Assembly he is to continue\\nin office till the Assembly shall termi-\\nnate its sessions.\\nSept. 6. A bill is adopted by the Na-\\ntional Assembly for making the whole\\nnation bear the war losses of the in-\\nvaded provinces. A loan of 350,000,000\\nfrancs for Paris is ratified.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0758.jp2"}, "759": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1871, July 14-1873, Aug. 5. 747\\nSept. 8. Gen. Kcssel, a Communist, is\\nsentenced to death. [Sept.* Others\\nare also tried by court-martial. Many\\nleaders are shot, and many transported,\\nto New Caledonia.]\\nSept. 12. The Assembly authorizes the\\nPresident to conclude a treaty \u00e2\u0096\u00a0with\\nGermany, to hasten the evacuation of\\nseveral departments by the German\\ntroops in exchange for reduced import\\nduties.\\nSept. 25. A permanent commit-\\ntee of 25 different parties is appointed\\nby the National Assembly to watch over\\nthe course of the Government during\\nthe recess.\\nOct. 8. General elections are held for\\nthe Council General.\\nLambrecht, minister of the interior,\\ndies. [Oct. 10. Succeeded by Casimir-\\nP6rier.]\\nOct. 12, 13. A convention is signed\\nwith Germany for the evacuation of six\\ndepartments.\\nOct. 25\u00c2\u00b1. Tunis. The dispute with\\nTunis is settled.\\nMov. Algeria. The Anti-French insur-\\nrection ends.\\nNov. 28. Rossel, Ferre, and Bourgeois,\\ncondemned Communist leaders, are shot\\nat Satory in presence of 3,000 soldiers.\\nNov. 30. Gaston Cr6mieux is executed\\nat Marseilles.\\nDec. 4. The territory held by Germans\\nis put into a state of siege.\\nDec. 28. An income tax is proposed,\\nand negatived by the National Assem-\\nbly.\\nBelfort is retroceded to France.\\n1872 Jan. 9. Berlin Paris. The\\nFrench and the German ambassadors\\neach meet with a friendly reception.\\nJan. 19. President Thiers urges upon\\nthe National Assembly the necessity of\\na new tariff.\\nAfter much discussion, a resolution is\\npassed providing only for the taxation\\nof raw materials. Vote, 376-307. [Jan.\\n20. The President and ministers resign,\\nbut resume their posts at the earnest\\nand unanimous request of the Assem-\\nbly. Mar. The proposal to tax raw\\nmaterials is abandoned, other means of\\nraising revenue having been found.]\\nFeb. 2. The National Assembly passes a\\nbill abrogating the commercial treaties\\nwith Great Britain and Belgium it also\\nopposes a proposed return of the body\\nto Paris. Vote, 377-318.\\nFeb. 5. Paris. M. Casimir-Pe rier,\\nminister of the interior, resigns. [Feb.\\n6. He is succeeded by Victor Lefranc.\\nM. Goulard is made minister of com-\\nmerce.]\\nFeb. 21i. Paris. About 280 members\\nof the Right sign a manifesto in favor\\nof a constitutional monarchy.\\nFeb. Universal subscriptions begin\\nto be taken for the early payment of the\\nindemnity due to Germany.\\nMar. 7. Two milliards of the war in-\\ndemnity, with interest to date on the\\nremaining three milliards, are paid at\\nStrasburg.\\nMar. 14. A bill providing for the pun-\\nishment of any one joining the Inter-\\nnational Society or any similar organ-\\nization is passed by the Assembly. Vote,\\n501-104. [Apr. 22. The law is placarded.]\\nMay 12. Eng. The ex-emperor in a\\nletter assumes for himself all the re-\\nsponsibility for the surrender at Sedan.\\nJune 22. Paris. The Assembly passes\\na bill for the reorganization of the\\narmy.\\nJune 26\u00c2\u00b1. Paris, President Thiers ad-\\nvocates a duty on raw material, and\\nopposes an income tax.\\nJune 29. A new convention is signed\\nbetween Germany and France, respect-\\ning the speedy payment of the indem-\\nnity and the evacuation of territory.\\nJuly 26. Paris. A loan of 3,000,000,000\\nfrancs at 6\\\\ per cent is announced for\\nthe speedy payment of the indemnity\\nand the evacuation of the provinces held\\nby the Germans. [Nearly 12 times the\\namount of the loan is subscribed, chiefly\\nin France.]\\nJuly The majority in the National As-\\nsembly support Marshal MacMahon\\nas President and to displace Thiers.\\nSept. Paris. President Thiers and\\nthe Ministry are established in the\\ncity.\\nOct. 9. Paris. The supreme council\\nof war is appointed, and meets. Mem-\\nbers Marshal MacMahon, Marshal Can-\\nrobert, Due d Aumale, and several other\\ndistinguished generals.\\nOct. 13. Prince Napole on and his\\nwife, visiting France, are ordered to\\nquit French territory they depart un-\\nder protest.\\nOct. Nov. The Germans evacuate\\nHaute-Marne and some other depart-\\nments.\\nNov. 5. London. A new commercial\\ntreaty with Great Britain is signed.\\nNov. 11. The Assembly reopens at\\nVersailles. [Nov. 12. M. Grevy is chosen\\nPresident.]\\nNov. 13. President Thiers in his inau-\\ngural address declares that the whole\\navailable capital of the commercial\\nworld has been offered to France.\\nNov. 18. A motion censuring the violent\\nGrenoble speech of Gambetta (Sept. 26),\\nand proposing a vote of confidence in\\nthe Government, is passed by the As-\\nsembly. Vote, 267-117.\\nNov. 21. The Assembly passes a trial-\\nby-jury bill. Vote, 416-178.\\nIt intrusts the task of drawing up the\\njury-lists to a committee of justices of\\nthe peace and mayors.\\nNov. 26-29. The General Assembly\\nadopts the proposal making changes in\\nthe Constitution providing for a re-\\nsponsible Ministry, and excluding the\\nPresident from participation in the dis-\\ncussions. Vote, 370-334.\\nNov. 30. A vote of censure on Lefranc,\\nthe home minister, prevails. Vote, 305-\\n299. He resigns.\\nDec. 5. The appointment of a commit-\\ntee of thirty, proposed by M, Dufaure,\\nto prepare a project for a Constitution,\\ncauses much agitation it consists of 19\\nfor the Right, 11 for the Government.\\n[1873. Feb. 20. Reports.]\\nDec. 9. Paris. M. Goulard is ap-\\npointed minister of the interior, Leon\\nSay minister of finance, and M. Four-\\ntou minister of public works.\\nThe territory of Belfort on Haut-\\nKhin is formed.\\n1873 Jan. 9. Eng. The ex-emperor,\\nNapoleon III., dies at Chiselhurst.\\nFeb. 28-Mar. 13. Paris. The new\\nConstitution proposed by the commit-\\ntee of thirty is discussed by the Assem-\\nbly. Thiers speaks in favor of it, Gam-\\nbetta against it it is finally adopted.\\nVote, 411-234.\\nMar. 15. Ger. A convention for the\\ntotal evacuation of the departments by\\nthe Germans in September on the pay-\\nment of the indemnity is signed at Ber-\\nlin.\\nMar.* Germany is notified that the\\nfourth milliard of the war indemnity\\nwould be paid on May 5, 1873, instead\\nof Mar. 1, 1874, and that the last would\\nbe paid before the end of 1873.\\nApr. 1. Francois M. GreVy resigns the\\npresidency of the National Assembly\\non account of the disrespectful conduct\\nof the party of the Right. [Apr. 4.\\nSucceeded by M. Buffet.]\\nMay 18. Paris. M. Casimir-Perier suc-\\nceeds M. De Goulard as minister of the\\ninterior, W. H. Waddington of Cam-\\nbridge (Eng.) succeeds Jules Simon as\\nminister of public instruction, and M.\\nFortoul is made minister of public wor-\\nship.\\nMay 19. The National Assembly meets.\\n[May 21. The Government introduces\\nits constitutional bills.]\\nMay 24. The Governmentis defeated,\\nin a discussion in the Assembly relating\\nto its administration, by the coalition of\\nthe Legitimists, Orleanists, and Bona-\\npartists. Vote, 362-348.\\nPresident Thiers and his Ministry\\nresign; the resignations are accepted.\\nVote, 368-339.\\nMarshal MacMahon, Due de Ma-\\ngenta, is elected President of the Re-\\npublic by 390 votes of the National As-\\nsembly the Left refrains from voting.\\nMay 26. Paris. The new ministry is\\ncompleted.\\nMembers: Due de Broglie (foreign affairs\\nand vice-president council of ministers), M.\\nErnoul (justice), M. Boule (interior), M.\\nMagne (finances), Gen. de Cissey (war),\\nVice-Adm. de Dampierre d Harnoy (navy),\\nM. Batbie (public instruction), M. Desseil-\\nlegny (public works), and M. De la Bouil-\\nlerie (agriculture and commerce). [May 29.\\nGen. de Cissey resigns, and is succeeded by\\nGen. du Barail.]\\nAug. 5. The Legitimist and Orlean-\\nist parties unite Comte de Chambord\\nis recognized by the Comte de Paris as\\nthe head of the Bourbon family, and the\\nonly legitimate claimant of the throne\\nhomage is offered to him as Henry V.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1872 Jan. 24. A train is thrown into\\nthe river Brague, on the Antibes rail-\\nway, between Nice and Cannes 12 per-\\nsons are killed.\\nFeb.* A universal subscription begun\\nto pay the indemnity to the Germans.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0759.jp2"}, "760": {"fulltext": "748 1873, Aug. 15-1875, Dec. 9.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1S73 Oct. 6 Marshal Bazaine is\\ntried for surrendering Metz in 1870 with\\n170,000 men.\\n[Dec. 10. He is condemned to death.\\nDue d Aumale, president. Dec. 12. The\\nsentence is commuted to imprisonment\\nfor 20 vears. 1874. Aug. 9. He escapes\\nto Madrid.]\\nOct. 8+. Annam, A naval expedition\\nsubdues Tongking (p. 480).\\n1874 June 28. Pans. A grand re-\\nview of 00,000 troops takes place at\\nLongcharnps.\\n1875 Aug. 31. The iron-clad frigate\\nMagenta is destroyed by fire.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1874 Apr. 18. Coggia s comet is dis-\\ncovered at Marseilles by M. Coggia.\\n[Aug. 1. It gradually increases in bright-\\nness, and passes out of sight in Europe\\nin a few weeks. Aug. 1. It appears\\nbrilliant at Melbourne.]\\nMay 19. The planet Tolosa is discovered\\nby M. Perrotin. [1875, Sept. 21, Medusa;\\n1876, Apr. 26, Erignne 1877. Jan. 10, Ma-\\nria, or Mi/ rr/ta 1878. Jan. 29, Garumna;\\n1885, Oct. 27, Clementina.]\\nAug. 31. Paris. The Vendome col-\\numn is restored.\\nSept. 7. Paris. An exhibition of in-\\nsects, illustrating their structure, food,\\nand habits, is opened in the garden of\\nthe Tuileries.\\nCornu s improved tooth-wheel appara-\\ntus for measuring the velocity of light\\ngives 300,400 kilometers in a second of\\nmean time.\\nPans. Homer and his Guide is exhib-\\nited by William Adolphe Bouguereau at\\nthe Salon.\\nAlfred Jean Francois M^zieres is\\nelected a member of the Academy.\\n[1875, John Emile Lemoinne 1876, Jules\\nFrancois Simon and Maria Louis Antoine\\nBoissier 1877, Victorien Sardou 1878,\\nJoseph Ernest Renan, Hippolyte\\nAdolphe Taine,and Edinond Armand,\\nDue d Audiffret-Pasquier.]\\n1875 Jan. 5. Paris. The Grand\\nOpera House is opened with elaborate\\nJan. 13. The planet Lumen is discovered\\nby Paul Henry. [Nov. 2, Mala; 1876,\\nJan. 26, Emilia Apr. 21, Laurentia July\\n12, Eva; 1877, Nov. 5, Irma.]\\nMar. 2. Paris. A diplomatic confer-\\nence on the metric system is held 20\\nambassadors are present.\\nA.pr.\u00c2\u00b1 M. De la Bastie invents the pro-\\ncess for tempering or toughening\\nglass by plunging it when heated into a\\nhot bath of oleaginous or alkaline com-\\npounds.\\nJune 8. The planet Lucina is discovered\\nby A. Borelly. [Dec. 1, Dejanira; 1877,\\nJan. 13, Ophelia; Feb. 5, Baucis; Aug.\\n2, Ino; 1879, June 13, Ampella; 1883,\\nMay 11, Asterope; 1884, Aug. 24, Vana-\\ndis; 1887, June 9, Adorea.]\\nJune 23. A large part of Toulouse is\\ndestroyed by an inundation of the Ga-\\nronne; St. Cyprien is like a sepulcher\\nabout 1,000 lives are lost.\\nAug. 1. Paris. An International Con-\\ngress of Geographers is held.\\n-Aug. 7. The planet Gallia is discovered\\nby Prosper Henry. [Nov. 6, Bertha; 1878,\\nApr. 6, Celuta.]\\nUrbain J. J. Leverrier analyzes the\\norbits of the planets.\\nGyn ceum is painted by Gustave Bou-\\n1 anger.\\nParis. Cigale et Fourmi is exhibited\\nat the Salon by Jehan Georges Vibert.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1874 Baltard, Victor, architect, A69.\\nBeule, Charles Ernest, politician, A48.\\nBrasseur de Bourbourg, Charles Etienne,\\nclergyman, ethnologist, author, A60.\\nFee, Antoine Laurent Apollinaire,bota., A85.\\nFori^ide-Laroiiuette, Jean L. L. A. de, states\\nman, A53.\\nGrand-Pierre, Jean Henri, Protestant cl., A75.\\nGuizot. Francois Pierre Guillaume. his-\\ntorian, statesman, A87.\\nHainon, Jean Louis, painter, A53.\\nJanin, Jules G., critic, A7D.\\nLedru-lloUin, Alexandre Auguste, socialist,\\nA 66.\\nLucas, Charles Jean Marie, reformer, A71.\\nMichelet. Jules, historian, A76.\\nfllorin, Frt5d6ric, writer, A51.\\nTiiseliereau, Jules Antoine, biographer, A73.\\nVuillaume, Jean Baptiste, violin -maker, A76.\\nCHURCH.\\n1873 Aug. 21. The 13th biennial meet-\\ning of the synod of the Union of Evan-\\ngelical Churches in France is held\\nat St. Jean-du-Gard Theodore Monod,\\npreacher, and M. Bersier of Paris, presi-\\ndent. Members reported, 2,551.\\nNov. 20. Paris. The synod of the Ke-\\nformed Church of France meets in\\nthe Church du Saint-Esprit. The reor-\\nganization of the church on an ortho-\\ndox basis is completed.\\nPilgrimages become popular.\\n1874 Paris. A medical mission for\\nthe poor is opened by Miss De Broen.\\n1875 May Petitions both for and\\nagainst the opening of museums on\\nSunday are sent to the Government.\\nSept. Belgium and German pilgrims\\nvisit Lourdes.\\nLETTERS.\\n1873 Jean de Thommeray by Sandeau,\\nappears.\\nLettres a une inconnue, by Me imee,\\nappears.\\nAntichrist, by Renan, appears.\\nLa Terreure, by Wallon, appears.\\nHistory of Gregory VII., by Villemaiu,\\nappears.\\nMeta Holdenis, by CherbuHez, appears.\\n[1376, Le fiance de Mile. Saint-Maur;\\n1S77, Sam net lirokl et Cie. 1S78, U Idee de\\nJean TUeroL]\\nLesgr dins and Le chevalier Casse Con,\\nby Fortune Abraham Boisgobey, appear.\\nContes du Lundi and Contes et recits,\\nby Baudet, appear. [1874, Robert Hel-\\nmont, Les fern mes (fartisfes, and Fremont\\njeuneet Risler aini; 1876, Jack; 1877, Le\\nnabob.]\\n1874 Nov.* St. Genest s pamphlet,\\nL AssembUe et la France, appears.\\nLe Chevalier de Keramour, by Feral,\\nappears. [1879, Les merveilles du Mont\\nSt. Michel.]\\nQuatre-vingt-treize, by Victor Hugo,\\nappears. [1877, Z Art d tre grand-pere\\nand the second series of La L gende des\\nsiecles.]\\nLe Mot de I Enigme, by Craven, ap-\\npears. [1877, Le Travail d une Ame.]\\nSpectres lumineux. Spectres prisma-\\ntigues, by Paul E. F. Lecoq de Boisbau-\\ndron, appears.\\n1875 July 11. Paris. The Figaro is\\nsuspended for 15 days for attacking the\\nAssembly.\\nAug. Les Responsabilites, a pamphlet\\nrecommending the Conite de Chambord\\nto resign his rights to the crown, ap-\\npears.\\nThe National Assembly passes an Act\\nenabling Roman Catholics to establish\\nfree universities of their own.\\nL Art is issued.\\nLe Livre de V Exile, by Quinet, ap-\\npears.\\nLes Etangs, by Droz, appears.\\nKarnah, by Mariette, appears.\\n*-90* Origins of Contemporary\\nFrance, consisting of Ancient Regime,\\nFrench Revolution, and Modern Regime,\\nby Taine, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1873 Nov. 7. Conspirators are con-\\nvicted of planning at Autun to seize the\\nMarchioness MacMahon.\\nNov. 27. Prince Soutza kills N. Ghilka\\nat Fontainebleau in a duel.\\n1874 Mar. 16. Eng. Louis Napo-\\nleon IV. comes of age (18 years), and\\n6,000 Frenchmen unite in a demonstra-\\ntion at Chiselhurst in his honor.\\nMar. 25. Gabriel Hugelmann, a po-\\nlitical spy and swindler, is sentenced to\\nimprisonment for five years.\\nContractor Ferrand, who ac-\\ncumulated $400,000 during the war, is\\nfined and imprisoned.\\n1875 Apr. 14. Cle~ment Duvernois,\\nex-minister and politician^ is arrested\\nfor alleged fraud. [Nov. 25. Sentenced\\nto imprisonment for two years.]\\nJune 6. The Communist Bonnard,\\ncondemned for murder, is shot.\\nSept. 6. Paris. An International Peace\\nCongress meets.\\nSept. 17. Col. Villette and others are\\nsentenced to imprisonment for aiding\\nMarshal Bazaine to escape.\\nSept. 29. The murderer Poirier is exe-\\ncuted at Chartres for five murders.\\nDec. 3. Eng. Queen Victoria re-\\nceives four ornamental volumes, convey-\\ning thanks for British relief furnished\\nduring the war-famine, and having\\n12,000,000 signatures.\\nSTATE.\\n1S73 Aug. 15. At the celebration of\\nthe fete Napoleon, the Imperial Prince\\nNapoleon declares the policy of his\\nfamily to be Everything by the people,\\nfor the people.\\nSept. 5. The last instalment of 250,000\\nfrancs of the indemnity of five milliards\\nof francs is paid to Germany.\\nSept. 26. Prince Jerome Napoleon\\njoins the Republican party.\\nSept. 30. The Republic is divided into\\n18 new military regions, and 18 gen-\\nerals are appointed to command.\\nOct. 18. Paris. The Monarchists is-\\nsue a manifesto.\\nIt proposes the restoration of the mon-\\narchy under Comte de Chambord as\\nHenry V., a grandson of Charles X.,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0760.jp2"}, "761": {"fulltext": "FRANCE. 1873, Aug. 15-1875, Dec. 9. 749\\nand pledging the preservation of all ne-\\ncessary tributes. [The movement fails.]\\nNov. 5. The National Assembly-\\nmeets.\\nMarshal MacMahon asks for increased\\npower, to be continued 10 years this is\\nreferred to a committee of fifteen, and\\nvoted urgent. Vote, 360-350. M. Buffet\\nis reelected president of the National\\nAssembly.\\nRTov. 13. Eight of the committee of\\nfifteen vote for prolongation of Mar-\\nshal MacMahon s presidency for five\\nyears, beginning with the date of the\\nmeeting of the next Legislative Assem-\\nbly the others vote for 10 years ex-\\ntension.\\nNov. 19. The National Assembly pro-\\nlongs the presidency of Marshal Mac-\\nMahon for seven years, -with the title,\\nPresident of the Republic. Vote,\\n3S3-317. [Nov. 20. Decreed.]\\nNov. 20. Paris. The ministers resign\\n[but remain in office until the reconstruc-\\ntion of the Cabinet].\\nNov. 25. Paris. The Ministry is re-\\nconstructed.\\nMost of the members of the old Cabinet\\nretain their positions. The Due de De-\\ncazes becomes minister of foreign af-\\nfairs; M. Depeyre, justice; and M. de\\nLarcy, public works.\\n1874 Jan. 9. Paris. The Ministry\\nresigns because the Assembly postpones\\nthe discussion of the Nomination of\\nMayor s Bill. Vote, 268-223. [Jan. 12.\\nVote of confidence, 379-329. Jan. 13. The\\nMinistry resumes office.]\\nJan. 17-20. The Assembly passes the\\nNomination of Mayor s Bill. Vote,\\n361-324.\\nIt gives the Government absolute\\npower to name the mayors in all the\\n36,000 communes of the country.\\nMar. 11. In the Assembly a new elec-\\ntoral law is introduced it will disfran-\\nchise about three millions of citizens.\\nMar. 27. The Assembly negatives a Le-\\ngitimist s proposal that on June 1 the\\nAssembly should vote for either a\\nmonarchy or republic. Vote, 330-256.\\nMay 16. The Assembly defeats the Min-\\nistry on the electoral law. Vote, 3S1-\\n317. The Ministry resigns.\\nMay 23. Paris. A new Ministry is\\nformed.\\nMembers Gen. Cissey (war and vice-\\npresident of council), II. Denizes (foreign),\\nM. Fourtou (interior), M. Mayne (finance),\\nM. Caillaux (public works), Itt. Grivart\\n(commerce), M. Camons (public instruc-\\ntion), M. Tailnaud (justice), and M. Mon-\\ntagnac (navy).\\nPrince Hohenlohe, the new German\\nambassador, is received by President\\nMacMahon.\\nJune 1. The National Assembly passes\\nthe Electoral Bill to a second reading.\\nVote, 393-318. [June 10. It fixes the\\nages of electors at 21 years instead of\\n25, in opposition to the Ministry.]\\nJune 14, 15. M. Casimir-Perier, the\\nleader of Left Center in the National As-\\nsembly, moves for the recognition of\\nthe Republic, with Marshal MacMahon\\nPresident till Nov. 20, 1880, and for a\\nrevision of the Constitution urgency is\\nvoted. Vote, 345-341.\\nJune 15. In the National Assembly the\\nDue de Rochefoucauld-Bisaccia s mo-\\ntion for the restoration of the legiti-\\nmate monarchy is negatived. [June 29.\\nNegatived by the committee of thirty.]\\nJune Paris. The legislative fusion be-\\ntween Legitimists and Orleanists ends\\nthe Republicans and Bonapartists strug-\\ngle for supremacy.\\nJuly 4. Paris. The Ministry suspends\\nV Union, a Legitimist paper, for pub-\\nlishing a Legitimist manifesto by Comte\\nde Chambord.\\nJuly 8. The Ministry is defeated on\\na motion referring to the suspension\\nof Union. Vote, 368-331. [Their resig-\\nnations are declined by the President.]\\nJuly 13. The National Assembly rejects\\nM. Casimir-Pe ier s motion to proclaim\\nthe Republic as the definite form of\\ngovernment. Vote, 375-333.\\nJuly 15. Paris. The constitutional\\ncommittee of thirty lays before the As-\\nsembly a draft of new laws.\\nNov. 30. The National Assembly con-\\nsists of six parties.\\nExtreme Right, the Legitimists who\\nadhere to Henry V. Moderate Right,\\nMonarchists Right Center, Septen-\\nnates, Imperialists, or Bonapartists\\nLeft Centre, Moderate Republicans, hav-\\ning Louis Thiers as leader; Left, more\\npronounced Republicans Extreme Left,\\nRadicals, having L\u00c2\u00a3on Gambetta as\\nleader.\\nDec. 5. A bill for freeing superior\\neducation from State control passes\\nits second reading in the Assembly.\\nVote, 553-133.\\n1875 Jan. 6. The National Assembly\\npasses a motion against constituting\\na Senate, which the President s mes-\\nsage had recommended. Vote, 420-250.\\nThe Ministry resigns. [Jan. 7. The\\nPresident refuses to accept the resigna-\\ntion of the ministers.]\\nJan. 21, 22. Paris. The Assembly\\npasses to a second reading the Trans-\\nmission of Powers Bill. Vote, 53S-145.\\nIt provides that the public power be\\nvested in a National Assembly, a Sen-\\nate, and the Marshal President, and the\\nexecutive power be transferred to the\\nsuccessor of Marshal MacMahon by a\\nCongress consisting of the Chamber of\\nDeputies and the Senate.\\nFeb. 2. An amendment to the constitu-\\ntional laws, providing for the election\\nof the President of the Republic\\nby the Senate and Chamber of Depu-\\nties is adopted. Vote, 449-249.\\nFeb. 11. The Assembly passes an\\namendment to the constitutional laws\\nproviding for the election of a Senate\\nby the same electors as those who are\\nto choose the Chamber of Deputies.\\nFeb. 12. A motion to dissolve the\\nNational Assembly is negatived, after\\nrejecting the third reading of the Con-\\nstitutional Bill by a vote of 357-345.\\nVote, 407-266.\\nFeb. 24. The National Assembly passes\\nthe bill to provide for a Senate, by the\\nunion of Republicans and the mod-\\nerate Monarchists, and in opposition\\nto the Legitimists and Bonapartists.\\nVote, 448-241.\\nIt will consist of 300 members, 75 to be\\nlife senators, elected by tlie National As-\\nsembly ami afterward by the Senate itself;\\n225 senators will be elected for a term of\\nnine years by electoral colleges. The Presi-\\ndent will possess the executive power; and\\nbe is to be elected by the Senate and Cham-\\nber of Deputies, in joint session, for seven\\nyears, and then to be eligible for reelection.\\nThe President will govern through a respon-\\nsible Ministry, and be liable to impeachment\\nby the Chamber of Deputies before the Sen-\\nate for high treason.\\nFeb. 25. The National Assembly passes\\nthe new Constitution, thereby estab-\\nlishing the Republic. Vote, 436-2G2.\\n[Feb. 28. The new law is promulgated.]\\nMar. 10. Paris. A new Ministry is\\norganized.\\nMembers: M. Buffett (interior), Jules Pn-\\nfaure (justice), Leon Say (finance), Henri\\nWallon (instruction), M. de Meaux (agri-\\nculture and commerce), Ernest Cissey\\n(war), Louis Deca/.es (foreign), M. Mon-\\ntagnac (marine), M. Cadlaux (public\\nworks).\\nMar. 11. The Due d Audiffret-Pas-\\nquier is elected President of the Na-\\ntional Assembly.\\nMay 18. Part of the committee of\\nthirty resign because of the rejection of\\na bill regulating the relations between\\nthe public powers. [May 26. New mem-\\nbers are elected for this committee\\nthey are mostly Republicans.]\\nJune 21. The Assembly unanimously\\nvotes $120,000 to procure a worthy rep-\\nresentation at the United States Cen-\\ntennial Exhibition. The Public\\nPowers Bill is reintroduced and dis-\\ncussed. [July 7. Passed.]\\nAug. 2. The bill constituting- the Sen-\\nate passes the Assembly. Vote, 559-73.\\nNov. 10. Paris. The National Assembly\\npasses a new election law. Vote, 357-\\n326.\\nIt adopts the scrutin tVarrondissement,\\nrestricting the right to ballot for a can-\\ndidate residing in the district for which\\nhe wishes to stand, instead of scrutin de\\nliste, permitting votes to be cast for any\\nFrenchman.\\nDec. 9. The Due d Audiffret-Pas-\\nquier is elected by the National Assem-\\nbly senator for life the first one so\\nelected. [Dec. 21. The entire 75 senators\\nhave been elected, of whom 52 are Re-\\npublicans.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1873 Sept. Paris. Cholera rages se-\\nverely.\\n~Nov. 22. The Ville de Havre sinks in\\nmid-ocean.\\nThismail steamer, of 5, 100 tons, running\\nfrom New York for Havre, is run into\\nnear midnight by a Glasgow clipper,\\nLochearn, and sinks in 12 minutes; 226\\nout of 313 persons perish. [1870, Jan.\\nOn judicial examination, the Lochearn\\nis exonerated in England, but censured\\nin France.]\\n1875 June A large part of Toulouse\\nis destroyed by the overflow of the\\nGaronne; 1,000 lives are lost and much\\nproperty destroyed.\\nJuly Paris. An International Mari-\\ntime Exhibition is held.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0761.jp2"}, "762": {"fulltext": "750 1875 Dec. 27-1879, Mar.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1875 Dec. 29. The state of siege is\\nraised except in Paris, Versailles, Lyons,\\nand Marseilles. The Assembly votes\\nagainst raising it in Paris. Vote, 369-279.\\n1876 Sept. Paris. The new fortifi-\\ncations are nearly completed.\\n1878 Jan. 10, 11. Gen. Ducrot is\\ndismissed from command of the 8th\\nCorps for suspected connection with pro-\\njected coup d etat.\\nSept. 15. A review of 50,000 soldiers\\ntakes place at Vincennes.\\n1879 Mar. 19. The iron-clad battery\\nArrogante sinks off Hyeres Islands 47\\nmen are drowned.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1875 Dec. 27. Paris. The statue of\\nNapoleon I. is replaced on the top\\nof the Vendome column.\\n1876 Aug. 22. The Observatory at\\nPuy de Dome, near Clermont, is inaugu-\\nrated.\\nOct. Paris. Paul Jablochkoff s inven-\\ntion of an electric candle is reported to\\nthe Academy of Science by M. Dena-\\nvrouse.\\nIt is an electric current passed through\\ntwo carbons side by side with a slip of\\nkaolin between them, producing a soft,\\nsteady, noiseless light the earbons burn\\nlike wax.\\n1877 Dec* A steam-hammer is made\\nat Schneider s works, Creuzot; weight\\nbetween 75 and 80 tons.\\n1878 Apr. 11. The planet Lamberta\\nis discovered by Coggia. [1S79, Feb. 28.\\nAmbrosia; 1880, Apr. 10, Cleopatra.]\\nParis. Hay Harvest is exhibited at\\nthe Salon by Jules Bastien-Lepage.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1875* Aiguebelle, Paul A. N. d\\\\ French-\\nChinese admiral, A44.\\nAncelot, Marguerite, author, A83.\\nBarye, Antohie Louis, sculptor, A80.\\nBeaumont- Vassy, Vicomte de, Edouard F.\\nde la Bonniir-re, historian, A59.\\nBonnechose, Francois Paul Eniile Boisnor-\\nmaml de, historian, mis. writer, A74.\\nBreton, Francois P. H. Ernest, artist, au., A63.\\nCochet, L Abbe Jean Baptiste, Desire anti-\\nquary, A63.\\nCoquerel, Athanase .Tosue, rational, cl., A65.\\nDejazet, Marie Virginie, actor, A78.\\nJacqueiuart, Albert, historian, A67.\\nLa Gueronniere, Vicomte Arthur, Bonapart-\\nist, A59.\\nLarousse, Pierre, editor, author, A58.\\nMarbeau, -lean Baptiste Firmm, philan., A77.\\nMigne, L Abbe, Jacques Paul, publisher, A75.\\nPereire, Eniile, financier, a founder of Credit\\nMobilier, A75.\\nQuinet, Edgar, philosopher, author, A72.\\nRemusat, Comte de, Charles l- rancois Marie,\\nphilosopher, statesman, A78.\\nSchneider, Eugene, manuf., politician, A70.\\nWaldeck, Count .lean t red, Bohemian paint-\\ner, dies at Paris, A 109.\\n1876 Agoult, Marie C. S. de Flavigny d\\nauthor, A76.\\nAndral, Gabriel, physician, A79.\\nBalard, Antoine Jerome, chemist, A74.\\nBertini, Henri, Eng.-Fr. comp. pianist, A78.\\nBroglie, Due de, J. V. Albert, author, A55.\\nBrongniart, Adolphe Tbeophile, botanist, A75.\\nChaix d Est-Ange, Gustave Louis Adolph\\nVictor Charles, advocate, A76.\\nColet, Louise (Kevoilt, novelist, A66.\\nDavid, Felieien Cesar, niusieal comp., A66.\\nDidot, Ambroise Firuiin, publisher, A86.\\nEsquiros, Henri Alphonse, novelist, A62.\\nFlandin, Eugene Napoleon, painter, archeol-\\nogist, A67.\\nFromentin, Eugene, painter, A56.\\nGuigniaut, Joseph Daniel, schol., antiq., A82.\\nLeniaitre, Fr6d\u00c2\u00a3ric, actor, A76.\\nMallet, Charles Auguste, philosopher, A69.\\nP6rier. Casimir. financier, statesman, A 65.\\nSand, George (A. L. A. Dupin, Madame\\nDudevant), novelist, A72.\\nSain te-Claire-Dev die, Charles, geologist, A62.\\nWolowskt, L. F. M. Raymond, econ., A66.\\n1877* Aurelle de l aladines, Claude Mi-\\nchel Louis, general, A73.\\nAutran, Joseph, poet, At 5.\\nBertin, Louise Angclique, singer, comp., A72.\\nCaventou, Joseph Bienanne, chemist, A82.\\nChangarnier, Nicolas Anne Theodule, gen-\\neral, A84.\\nConneau, Henri, physician, A74.\\nCourbet, Gustave, painter, A58.\\nCournot, Antoine Augustin, math., A76.\\nJeanron, Philippe Augusie, painter, A68.\\nLanfrey, 1 ierie, historian, A49.\\nLeverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph, astron-\\nomer, A76.\\nPicard, Ernest, statesman, A56.\\nSept. 4. Thiers, Louis Adolphe, histo-\\nrian, President, A80.\\n1878 AiuhrTret, Marquis d Charles Louis\\nGaston, financier, senator, A91.\\nBaraguey d llilhers, Aehille, marshal, A83.\\nlieequeret, Anionic Cesar, physician, A9Q.\\nBernard, Claude, physiologist, A65.\\nCharton, Edouard, litterateur, A71.\\nDaubignv, Charles Francois, painter, A61.\\nDupanloup, Feilix A. P., bishop of Orleans,\\nwriter, A76.\\nFremy, Edinond, chemist, A64.\\nGamier- Pages, Louis Antoine, financier, A75.\\nJaeqnand, Claudius, painter, A73.\\nLomenie, Louis Leonard de, author, A60.\\nNaudet, Joseph, sciiolar. historian, A92.\\nPape-Carpentier, Marie, educator, A63.\\nKaspail, Francois Vincent, chemist, revolu-\\ntionist, A84.\\nRegnault, Henri Victor, chemist, born.\\nRochet, Louis, sculptor, A61.\\nCHURCH.\\n1876 June 1. Paris. The Midmay\\nMission to the Jews is founded by Rev.\\nJohn Wilkinson.\\n1877 A society of Catholic young peo-\\nple called the Militia of Jesus is organ-\\nized to support the papal cause by moral\\nagencies.\\n1878 Rome. Leo XTTT. is pope.\\n1879 Mar. Paris. M. Ferry intro-\\nduces education bills to check clerical\\ninfluences, abolishing Jesuit colleges,\\netc.\\nJ. F. Desprez, archbishop of Tou-\\nlouse, is consecrated cardinal priest.\\nRome. The miracles claimed for the\\nshrine of La Salette are discredited by\\nthe Pope.\\nParis. Pere Hyacinthe founds a\\nGalilean congregation.\\nLETTERS.\\n1876 Jan. 10. Paris. The new Catho-\\nlio university is inaugurated.\\nParis. The National Library is said\\nto contain 1,700,000 volumes and MSS.\\nFlamarande, by George Sand, appears.\\nLa Pasquet, by Champfleury, appears.\\nLa Revtte Philosophique is issued,.\\nLa Revue Historique is issued.\\nLe Divorce, by \u00c2\u00a3inile Augier, appears.\\nMonuments divers, by Mariette, ap-\\npears. [1877, Deir-el-Bahari; later,\\nItineraire de la Haute- tgypte and Mas-\\ntabas.]\\n1877 Le luthier de Crtmone, by F.\\nE. J. Copp^e, appears.\\nApr. Rochefort s Lanteme is repub-\\nlished.\\nTrois Contes, by Flaubert, appears.\\nL Assommoir, by Zola, appears. [1880,\\nNana; 1882, Pot-Bouitle.)\\nLe dhni-monde sous la Terreur, by\\nBoisgobey, appears. [1880, La main\\ncouple..]\\n-78 History of a Crime, by Victor\\nHugo, appears.\\n1878 June 17. Paris. An Interna-\\ntional Literary Congress meets, with\\nVictor Hugo presiding. [June 28. The\\nmembers form themselves into an In-\\nternational Literary Association.]\\nJustice and Bonheur, by Sully-Pru-\\ndhomme, appear.\\n1879 July 9. Paris. M. Ferry s law\\nof superior public instruction is passed\\nby the House of Deputies.\\nLes rois en exil, and Contes choisis, la\\nfantaisie et I kzstoire, by Daudet, appear.\\n[18S1, Numa Roumestan 1883, Les cigo-\\ngnes, and L ltvange liste.]\\nThe Christian Church, by Renan, ap-\\npears. [1880, Marc-Aurele et la fin du\\nmonde antique.]\\nJm philosophie francaise contempo-\\nraine, by Paul Janet, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1875 Dec. 27. Total Communists\\nconvicted to date, 9,596; sentenced to\\ndeath, 110.\\n1876 Jan. 1. France adopts the pos-\\ntal system approved by the Interna-\\ntional Postal Convention.\\nJune 28-Dec. 2. Paris. Many Com-\\nmunists are pardoned others have\\ntheir sentences commuted.\\n1877 Apr. 6. Paul de Cassagnac is\\nfined and imprisoned for publishing a\\nlibel against the Chamber of Deputies\\nin the Pays.\\nAug. 25 Leon Gambetta and editor\\nMurat are prosecuted.\\nThe Republique Francaise having pub-\\nlished Gambetta s remark, that the\\nMarshal must submit or resign [Sept.\\n11. Gambetta is sentenced to three\\nmonths imprisonment and a fine of\\n0. Sept. 22. Sentence reaffirmed on\\nOct. 12. Paris. L6on Gambetta is\\nconvicted for placarding his address, and\\nsentenced to pay $750, and imprisonment\\nfor three months.\\n1878 Apr. 7. Paris. The International\\nPostal Congress meets.\\nJuly -Aug. Brief strikes of working-\\nmen take place.\\nSept. 3. Paris. The death of Thiers is\\nsolemnly commemorated at Notre Dame.\\nSept. 4. Paris. The International Con-\\ngress on Weights and Measures meets.\\nNov. 16. Leon Gambetta and De For-\\ntou fight a harmless duel.\\n1879 Jan 26. Paris. The drawing of\\nthe Great Lottery begins total value of\\nprizes, $1,150,000 tickets sold, 12,000,000.\\nThe Lottery was organized to raise a\\nfund to pay prizes to International Fair\\nexhibitors, and the expenses of work-\\ning-men as visitors.\\nSTATE.\\n1875 Dee. 29. The National Assembly\\npasses a new press-law, introduced\\nNov. 12.\\nBy its provisions the state of siege is\\nto be raised except in Algiers and the de-\\npartments of the Seine, Rhone, Bouches-\\ndu-Rhone, and Seine-et-Oise. It also\\nprovides that numerous press offenses,\\nsuch as insults to the authorities, false\\nintelligence, and instigation to crime,\\nshall be tried by the correctional tri-\\nbunals, instead of by a jury.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0762.jp2"}, "763": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1875, Dec. 27-1879, Mar. 751\\n1876 Jan. 17. The election of senators\\nin the Departments commences. [Jan.\\n30. Louis Thiers and Victor Hugo are\\nelected.]\\n3Teb. 20-Mar. 5. General election of\\ndeputies Republicans have a large\\nmajority. [Also in the Senate.]\\nFeb. 21. Paris. M. Buffet, having\\nbeen defeated in four districts, resigns\\nhis office.\\nMar. 8. The Senate and the Assembly\\nmeet.\\nOne half of the Senators are Republi-\\ncans, and the other half belong to the\\nthree Monarchical parties. The Repub-\\nlicans have a decisive majority of the\\nDeputies.\\nMar. 9. Paris. Jules Dufaure is ap-\\npointed premier.\\nCabinet. Louis Decazes (foreign), Jean\\nBaptiste Say (finance), Ernest de Cissey\\n(war), and others.\\nMar. 13. The Due d Audiffret-Pas-\\nquier is elected president of the Senate,\\nand Paul Jules Gre~vy, president of\\nthe Assembly.\\nMar. 21. Both Chambers unanimously\\nvote urgency on Victor Hugo s motion\\nproposing a general amnesty for all acts\\ncommitted during the reign of the Com-\\nmune. [May 18. Rejected by Deputies.\\nVote, 394^52.]\\nMay 18. Paris. Gen.de Cissey, minister\\nof war, is dismissed at his own request,\\nand is succeeded by Gen. Berthaut.\\nAug. 17. Paris. Pardon is granted to\\n68 Communists. [Dec. 2. Pardon and\\ncommutations are granted to many\\nmore.]\\nDec. 2. Paris. The Ministry resigns,\\nhaving been defeated in the Chamber of\\nDeputies on the question of giving mili-\\ntary honors to civil legionaries, and in\\nthe Senate on a bill for the cessation of\\nprosecutions of the Communists.\\nDec. 12. Paris. A new Ministry is\\norganized under Jules Simon (interior),\\nLouis Joseph Martel (justice), other\\nmembers same as before.\\n1877 Feb. 5. The severe Press Decree\\nof Jan. 17, 1852, is repealed.\\nFeb. 22. Paris. The Ministry removes\\n53 sub-prefects who are hostile to the\\nEepublic. [May 22. Sixty-two more.]\\nApr. 4r-7. Paris. A Catholic Con-\\ngress meets.\\nMay 16. Paris. The Jules Simon Min-\\nistry is displaced by Marshal MacMa-\\nhon, because it allows the repeal of a se-\\nvere press law passed two years before.\\nMay 17. Paris. The Due de Broglie\\nforms a Ministry of combined Royal-\\nists and Imperialists, representing the\\nminority in the Chambers.\\nMembers: M. De Fourtou (interior), M.\\nOailloux (finance), M. Paris (public works),\\nM. De Meaux (acrimlture), M. Brunet (in-\\nstruction), Louis iH-razes (t ort-iutn), M. Ber-\\nthaut (war).\\nThe Deputies pass a resolution offered\\nby Leon Gambetta favoring parlia-\\nmentary government. Vote, 355-154.\\n[May 18. A protest against the arbitrary\\nact of the President is signed by 363 Lib-\\neral deputies.]\\nMay 20 k. Louis Thiers becomes the\\nleader of the Republicans.\\nJune 1. Paris. Bonnet Duverdier, the\\nchief of the municipality, is arrested for\\noffensive remarks concerning President\\nMacMahon. [June 8. Fined and im-\\nprisoned.]\\nJune 19. The Deputies vote against the\\nGovernment. Vote, 363-158.\\nJune 22. The Senate votes for the dis-\\nsolution of the Chambers. Vote, 150-130.\\n[June 25. Decreed.]\\nOot. 14. The Republicans defeat the\\nBonapartist and clerical parties in a\\ngeneral election. Deputies elected\\n325 Republicans, 112 Bonapartists, 96\\nMonarchists.\\nNov. 10. F. Paul Jules Gre vy is re-\\nelected president of the Chamber of\\nDeputies.\\nNov. 19. The Senate votes for a resolu-\\ntion indirectly reflecting on the minis-\\nters. [Nov. 20\u00c2\u00b1. They resign.]\\nNov. 23. Paris. Gen. Rochebouet forms\\na Royalist Cabinet.\\nIts members not connected with either\\nChamber, and in disregard of the senti-\\nments of the majority in the Chambers,\\nit is termed a Ministry of Affairs.\\n[Nov. 2-4. The Deputies vote no confi-\\ndence in the Ministry. Vote, 323-208.\\nDec. 7. The Ministry resigns.]\\nDec. 13. Paris. After repeated failures\\nin forming Ministries opposed to the\\nChambers, Marshal MacMahon submits\\nto the majority.\\nDec. 14. Paris. Jules Dufaure is made\\npremier, and forms a Republican Min-\\nistry-\\nMembers: Dufaure (justice), M. De Mar-\\ncere (interior), William H. Waddington, a\\nProtestant (fort isn allairs), Alienor Bardoux\\n(instruction), Gen. Jean Louis Borel (war),\\nVice-Adm. Pothnau (marine), Leon Say (fi-\\nnance), Teisserenc de Bort (commerce),\\nCharles Louis de Freycinet (public works).\\nDec. 15. The Ministry remove restric-\\ntions on the press.\\nW. I. The Island of St. Bartholomew,\\nceded to Sweden in 17S4, is restored to\\nFrance.\\n1878 Jan. 24.. The Assembly adopts a\\nbill granting amnesty for press offenses\\nfrom May 16 to Dec. 14, 1877.\\nFeb. 8. The Chamber passes a bill de-\\nclaring that a state of siege cannot be\\nproclaimed without its consent.\\nJune 13-July 13. William H. Wad-\\ndington represents France in the Berlin\\nConference.\\nAug. 16. Paris. The first International\\nMonetary Congress meets. [1881.\\nApr. 19. Meets again.]\\nThe Court of Cassation decides that\\nthe marriage of a priest is illegal, and\\nthat the children of priests have no legal\\nrights.\\n1879 Jan. 13. Paris. Gen. Borel,\\nwar minister, is forced to resign, and is\\nsucceeded by Gen. Gresley.\\nJan. 15. Louis Joseph Martel is elected\\npresident of the Senate.\\nJan. 17. Paris. The President issues a\\ndecree for the pardon of 2,245 Com-\\nmunists.\\nJan. 26. Paris. The drawing of the Na-\\ntional Lottery begins. (See Society.)\\nJan. 28. Paris. President MacMahon\\nrefuses to change officers of the four\\narmy corps in the ministerial attempt to\\ndisplace officials who are opposed to the\\nRepublic. President MacMahon escapes\\nfrom his conflict with the Chambers by\\nresigning the presidency.\\nJan. 30. Jules Gr6vy is elected Presi-\\ndent of the Republic of France, by\\nthe Senators and Deputies assembled in\\njoint meeting as The National As-\\nsembly. Vote, 563 for Grevy, Repub-\\nlican 99 for Gen. Antoine Eugene Alfred\\nChanzy, Monarchist.\\nJan. 31. L\u00c2\u00a7on Gambetta, a Republi-\\ncan, is elected president of the Chamber\\nof Deputies. [Feb. 1. Jules Dufaure,\\nthe premier, resigns.]\\nFeb. 4. Paris. William Henry Wad-\\ndington is made premier, and forms a\\nnew Ministry.\\nMembers: 31. le Rover (justice), Jules Ferry\\n(instruction), M. Lei^-re (agriculture), Adm.\\nJuurt giuberry (inarini i, Leon Say (finance),\\nM. de Marcere (in(.erinr), M. de Freycinet\\n(public works), Gen. Gresley (war).\\nFeb. 21. The Chamber of Deputies\\npasses an amnesty bill in behalf of\\nCommunists. [Feb. 28. Passed by the\\nSenate.]\\nMar. 3. Paris. Owing to a police scan-\\ndal, M. de Marcere, minister of the\\ninterior, resigns. [Mar. 4. Succeeded\\nby M. Lepere.]\\nMar. 15. Jules Ferry introduces in the\\nChamber of Deputies two educational\\nbills.\\nOne relates to higher education and\\nthe other to the Supreme Council of\\nPublic Instruction. [1880. Jan. 30. The\\nlatter is passed by the Senate. Feb. 21.\\nBy the Deputies.] Their object is to\\nsecularize education, and limit the in-\\nfluence of religious orders in institutions\\nof learning.\\nMar. 19. The Chamber of Deputies\\npasses a bill providing that within four\\nyears normal schools for the instruc-\\ntion of primary schoolmasters and\\nschoolmistresses should be established\\nin every department of France.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1876 Jan. General prosperity pre-\\nvails the Government s revenue for\\nthe past year has not been surpassed.\\nJune 9. The bodies of King Louis Phi-\\nlippe and others of his family, having\\nbeen removed from England, are buried\\nin the mausoleum at Dreux.\\nJuly A great destruction of vines\\noccurs by disease; $60,000 reward is\\noffered for a remedy.\\n1877 Nov. 8. The census announces\\nthe population as 36,905,788, being an in-\\ncrease of 802,867 over 1872.\\n1878 May 1. Paris. President Mac-\\nMahon opens the International Exhi-\\nbition.\\nMany embarrassed subsidiary railway\\nlines are purchased by the Government\\nfor $55,000,000.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0763.jp2"}, "764": {"fulltext": "752 1879, Apr. 8-1883, Jan. 28.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1880 Aug. 19. The great ironclad De-\\nvastation is launched.\\n1881 Mar. -Apr. Algeria. An ex-\\npedition is sent to chastise the Kru-\\nmirs it invades Tunis (p. 10).\\nMay 12. A treaty with the Bey of Tunis\\nis signed at Bardo (p. 10).\\n1882 France sends a force to occupy\\nTongking (p. 481).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1880 Oct. Ozone is liquefied by Haute-\\nfeuille.\\nParis. Maximo du Camp and Aime\\nJoseph Edmond Rousse are elected mem-\\nbers of the National Academy. [1881.\\nRene Francois Armand Sully-Prud-\\nhomme, Louis Pasteur, Charles Victor\\nCherbuliez, Adolphe Louis Albert Per-\\nraud, Edouard Jules Henri Pailleron,\\nand Louis Charles de Mazade-Percin\\n1884, Francois Edouard Joachim Cop-\\npee, Ferdinand Marie de Lesseps, Jean\\nVictor Duruy, Joseph Louis Francois\\nBertrand, and Ludovic Halevy 1S86,\\nCharles Marie Leconte de Lisle, Aime\\nMarie fidouard Herve, Vallery Clement\\nOctave Greard, and Jean Baptiste L6on\\nSay.]\\nParis. Diamonds are artificially\\nmade.\\nParis. A prehistoric and Gaul mu-\\nseum is established.\\n1881 May Paris. The electric ac-\\ncumulator, or secondary battery, a\\nmodification by M. Faure of Gaston\\nPlante s powerful lead battery of 1860, is\\nexhibited.\\nAug. Paris. An electric tramway is\\nset up.\\nSept. 22. Paris. An Electrical Con-\\ngress is held.\\nOct. 1. Paris. Louis Pasteur has suc-\\ncessfully vaccinated 68,900 sheep up\\nto this date.\\nParis. Herculanhtm is exhibited in\\nthe Salon by Hector Leroux.\\n1882 Aug. 12. The planet Philoso-\\nphia is discovered by Paul Henry.\\nSept. 4. Fourth International Congress\\nof Geographers is held at Bordeaux.\\nParis. El Jaleo is exhibited at the\\nSalon by John S. Sargent.\\nEnsilage, a system of preserving corn\\nand green fodder for cattle in pits made\\nair and water tight, comes into practise.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1879 Bastide, Jules, journalist, A79.\\nChenu, Jean Charles, naturalist, A71.\\nChevalier, Mii-litl, economist, A73.\\nChevalier, J. B. Alphonse, chemist, A86.\\nClairville, Louis Francois Nicolaie, drama-\\ntist, A68.\\nCouture, Thomas, painter, A64.\\nDouay, Feaix Charles, general, A61.\\nGlaire, Jean Uapiisti-, theol., orientalist, A81.\\nGervaise, Paul, naturalist, A63.\\nLe Moyne, Julius, advocate of cremation, d.\\nMinis, Claude E., inv. Minie rifle-bullet, A69.\\nNapoleon, Eugene Louis Jean Joseph, son of\\nNapoleon III., A23.\\nPiorry, Pierre Adolphe, physi -ian, A85.\\nReybaud, Marie Iloi-b Louis, author, A80-\\nTaillandier, Rene 1 Gaspard Ernest, philoso-\\npher, critic, A62.\\nViollet-Le-Duc, Eugene E., architect, A65.\\nVaulahelle, Achille Tenaille de, journalist,\\nstatesman, A80.\\n1880 Au/.oux. Theodore Louis, phys.,A83.\\nChasles, Michel, gcumelrician, A87.\\nOlincliamp, Francois E. V., paint., au., A93.\\nCremieux, Isaac Adolphe, advocate, A84.\\nFavre. Jules G. C. orator, statesman, A71.\\nFlaubert, Gustave, novelist, A59.\\nFournier, Edouard, litterateur, A61.\\nGalimard, ISieulas Auguste, painter, A67.\\nGranier de Cassagnac, Adolphe Bernard,\\njournalist, politician, historian, A72.\\nGudin, Jean A. T., marine painter, A78.\\nGramont, Due de, Antoine Agenor Alfred,\\nstatesman, A61.\\nJacquemart, Jules F., author, A43.\\nMirecourt, Eugene de, novelist, writer, A68.\\nOffenbach, Jacques, composer of comic\\noperas, A61.\\nPoujoulat, Jean Joseph Francois, au., A80.\\nPereir, Isaac, financier, a founder of Credit\\nMobilier, A74.\\nSaulcy, Louis F. J. de Caignart de, archeol-\\nogist, A73.\\nSeguin, Edouard, physician, alienist, A68.\\n1881 Auger, Hippblyte Nicolas Just, nov-\\nelist, A 84.\\nBlanqui, Louis Auguste, socialist, A76.\\nDrouyn de Lhuys, Edouard, statesman, A76.\\nDeville, Henri Etienne Sainte-t Taire, chem-\\nist, A63.\\nDuvergier de Hauranne, Prosper, states-\\nman, A83.\\nFisch, George, Swiss-Fr. Protestant cl., A67.\\nGatteaux, Jacques Edouard, artist, A93.\\nGirardin, Emile de, journalist, A75.\\nGiraud, Charles ,1. B., jurist, A79.\\nGraux, Charles, pinlologist, A39.\\nLittre, Masimilien Paul Emile, philolo-\\ngist, A80.\\nMariette, Auguste Edouard, Egyptolo-\\ngist, A60.\\nUhrich, Jean J. A., general, A 79.\\n1882 Barbier, Henri Auguste, poet, A77.\\nBiard, Francois Auguste, painter, A82.\\nBlanc, Auguste Alexandre Charles, art-critic,\\nA67.\\nBlanc, Jean Joseph Louis, pol., author, A 69.\\nCissey, Ernest L. O. C. de, general, pol., A70.\\nDucrot, Auguste Alexandre, general, A65.\\nDupre, Giovanni, Franco- Italian sculp., A65.\\nGambetta, Leon Michel, statesman, A44.\\nGignoux, Francois Kegis, painter, A66.\\nCHURCH.\\n1880 Mar. 29. Benedictine monks\\nwith other orders are expelled. A de-\\ncree is issued dissolving the Order of\\nJesuits; it also abolishes many con-\\nvents.\\n[Apr. Many bishops protest against\\nthe expulsion bills.]\\nJune 30. The expulsion of the Jesuit\\nOrder is effected. [Oct. 16+. The Car-\\nmelites and other orders are expelled.]\\n-82 The American Baptist theo-\\nlogical school is reopened.\\n1881 Oct. 1. Pome. The Pope releases\\nthe Capuchins from their monastic\\n1882 Charles Martial Allemand La-\\nvigerie, archbishop of Carthage, is con-\\nsecrated cardinal priest.\\nLETTERS.\\n1880 Le Livre is issued.\\nLe roman d un brave Jiomme, by About,\\nDaniel Eockat and Divorcons, by Sar-\\ndou, appear. [1885, Georgette.]\\nMoliere, bv Houssave, appears. [1885-\\n91, Confessions.]\\nAmours fragiles, by Cherbuliez, ap-\\npears. [1881, Xoirs et rouges; 1883, La\\nferme du Choquart; 1885, Olivier Mau-\\ngant.]\\nk _82 L JTtstoire du tribunal rivolu-\\ntimmaire de Paris, by Wallon, appears.\\n-82 Lesoripinesdef fiistoired apresla\\nBible, by Francois Lenormant, appears.\\n1881 Feb. 27. Paris. Victor Hugo\\nis fHed by a number of his admirers a\\nprocession of children assemble at his\\nresidence in the Avenue d Eylau.\\nLa prince sse de Bagdad,hy Alexandre\\nDumas, Jils, appears. [1885, Denise;\\n1887, Frangillon.}\\nPetit Traitk. de Versification Fran-\\ncaise, by de Banville, appears.\\nLes quatre vents de Cesprit, by Victor\\nHugo, appears.\\nMadame de Maintenon, by F. E. J,\\nCoppee, appears.\\nSerge Panine, by Georges Ohnet, ap-\\npears. [1X82, Le maitre de forges; 1883,\\nLa comtesse Sarah 1884, Lise Fleuron\\n1885, La grande mariniere 1886, Les\\ndames de Crolx-Mort.\\nLa maison Tellier, by Henri R. A.\\nGuy de Maupassant, appears. [1882,\\nMademoiselle Fiji; 1883, Contes de la\\nbe easse, and Une vie 1S84, Miss Harriet,\\nJ^es sceurs Rondoli, Au soleil, Clair de\\nlime, and Yvette.]\\n1882 Oct. 2. The Compulsory Edu-\\ncation Act goes into operation.\\nLa Bibliographie artistique, historique,\\net litUraire de Paris avant 1789, by\\nL Abbe^ V. Dufour, appears.\\nLa revanche de Fernande, by Boisgo-\\nbey, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1879 Apr. 20. Blanqui, a convict, is\\nelected to the Assembly, for Bordeaux.\\n[June 11. Pardoned.]\\nJune 1. So. Afr. Napoleon IV. is\\nkilled by natives in Zululand -while\\nserving under the British flag. [July 12.\\nHis remains are buried beside his father\\nat Chiselhurst.]\\n1880 July 14. Paris. The first Grand\\nRepublican national f6te is celebrated.\\nThe fall of the Bastille is celebrated with\\nelaborate ceremonies.\\nOct. 19. Paris. Felix Pyat. editor of\\nthe Commune, convicted of justifying\\nregicide, is fined and imprisoned.\\nOct. 21+. Paris. The 200th anniversary\\nof the establishment of the Com\u00c2\u00a3die\\nFraneaise is celebrated.\\n1881 Jan. 15. London. The French\\nNational Society is organized for social,\\ncommercial, and artistic purposes.\\nMay 13+. Much excitement prevails\\nat Marseilles following the signing of a\\ntreaty with the Bey of Tunis.\\n[June 22. Dissensions and conflicts\\noccur between the French and Italians\\nseveral deaths occur and 200 arrests.]\\nAug. 15-lSTov. 15. Paris. The Inter-\\nnational Electrical Congress meets,\\nand holds an exhibition. [1882. Oct. 11.\\nAnother opens. Oct. 16. An Interna-\\ntional Submarine Conference meets.]\\n1882 Aug. An organization of an-\\narchists is discovered.\\nIt is alleged to have been originated in\\nGeneva by Prince Krapotkin tracts\\nare used to disseminate their doctrines.\\nOct. 27. A mob creates a panic at\\nLyons; business and amusement places\\nare closed. [Oct. 28+ The troops restore\\norder.]\\nNov. 23. Paris. Crown jewels valued\\nat $500,000 are stolen from the Cathedral\\nof St. Denis.\\nNov. 27. Le*on Gambetta is acciden-\\ntally shot by a. revolver which he was", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0764.jp2"}, "765": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1879, Apr. 8-1883, Jan. 28. 753\\nhandling; the wound is fatal. [1SS3.\\nJan. G. A state funeral is given.]\\n.Dec. 20. Two directors of the Union\\nGe n6rale are imprisoned for gross\\nfrauds, which caused great distress.\\nThis financial company was patronized\\nby Legitimists, the clergy, and the mid-\\ndle classes.\\nDec. 21\u00c2\u00b1. Prince Peter Krapotkin, a\\nRussian Socialist and Anarchist, is ar-\\nrested under the law directed against\\nthe Internationalists.\\n[18S3. Jan. 8+. He is tried at Lyons\\nwith 50 others. Jan. 19. He is sentenced\\nto imprisonment for five years and to\\npay a fine. 18S6. Released.]\\nSTATE.\\n1879 Apr. 8. Paris. The pardon of\\n252 Communists is decreed. [May 24.\\nAlso 400 more. June 5. Also 288 more.]\\nJune 4. The Chamber of Deputies an-\\nnuls the election of Louis Auguste\\nBlanqui, a Socialist and convict, elected\\nfor Bordeaux. [June 11. He is par-\\ndoned.]\\nJune 29. The Congress of Senate and\\nDeputies vote for the return of the\\nLegislature to Paris. Vote, 526-249.\\n[Nov. 27. It meets in Paris.]\\nJuly 9. Paris. The Deputies pass the\\nFerry Bill for superior public instruc-\\ntion. (See Mar. 15 and 19.)\\nJuly 20. Prince Napole on Je*rome is\\ncoldly accepted by the Bonapartists as\\ntheir leader.\\nDec. 21. Paris. The Waddington Min-\\nistry resigns.\\nDec. 28, 29. Paris. M. de Freycinet\\nforms a new Ministry it includes Jules\\nFerry (instruction) and Leper\u00c2\u00a9 (interior)\\n[Gen. Farre (War)].\\nThe Government sends out an expe-\\ndition to Central Africa; a fort is\\nbuilt at Bafoulahe. thus bringing the\\nFrench frontier nearer the Niger.\\n1880 Jan. 30. Paris. A proclamation\\nis issued disbanding the Jesuits.\\nFeb. 12. Paris. The Chambers reject\\nplenary amnesty for Communists.\\nMar. 9. Paris. The clause of the Lib-\\nerty of Education Bill abolishing Jesuit\\nschools is rejected by the Senate. Vote,\\n149-129. [Mar. 15. Passed. Mar. 16.\\nPassed by the Deputies.]\\nMar. 29. Paris. Under the Ferry Edu-\\ncational Bill a decree is issued dissolv-\\ning the Order of Jesuits and other\\nreligious orders.\\n[Apr. Many bishops and other per-\\nsons protest against it. May 1. M, Le-\\npere, minister for the interior, resigns.\\nMay 18. M. Constan succeeds him.]\\nMay 25. Paris. Gen. Martel, president\\nof Senate, resigns, and is succeeded by\\nLeon. Say.\\nJune 21. Paris. The Chambers pass\\nthe bill granting amnesty for political\\noffenses committed since 1870, incen-\\ndiaries and assassins excepted. Vote,\\n333-140. [July 3. Passes the Senate.\\nVote, 143-138.]\\nJune 29. Tahiti, the largest island of\\nthe Society group, lying in the South\\nPacific Ocean, is annexed to France.\\nJune 30. The Jesuit Order is expelled\\namid much opposition.\\nJuly 10. President Grevy grants a gen-\\neral amnesty to Communists.\\nJuly 12. Paris. Henri Kochefort is\\nwarmly received on his return from\\nexile.\\nAug. 1. The Republicans obtain a great\\nmajority at the elections held by the\\ncouncils general on anti-clerical and\\nanti-Bonapartist issues.\\nSept. 20. Paris. Premier de Freyci-\\nnet resigns because of his disapproval\\nof the Jesuit exclusion decree.\\nA new Ministry is formed.\\nMembers Jules Ferry (premier and\\ninstruction), Adm. Cloute (marine), Ma-\\nrie Sadi Carnot (public works), Barthe-\\nlemy Saint-Hilaire (foreign) other of-\\nfices unchanged.\\nOct. 9. Paris. The International Postal\\nCongress meets.\\nNov. Paris. The Senate approves of a\\nbill establishing a high school for girls,\\nwhich had been previously passed by the\\nDeputies.\\n1881 Feb. 15. Paris. A bill extend-\\ning the liberty of the press is passed\\nby the Deputies.\\nMar. An expedition is sent to Tunis\\nostensibly to enforce the claims of the\\nSoci^te Marseillaise to certain lands\\nin Tunis it ends in an attempt to estab-\\nlish a protectorate.\\nMay 12. A treaty is signed with the\\nBey of Tunis establishing a French\\nprotectorate. [May 23. The Chamber\\nratifies a treaty. Vote, 453-1. Nov. 9.\\nConfirmed by Deputies.]\\nMay 18. Paris. A bill for the scrutin\\nde liste urged by Gambetta is adopted\\nby the Chamber of Deputies. Vote, 243-\\n235. [June 9. Rejected by the Senate.\\nVote, 148-114.]\\nAug. 2li. The Republicans make\\ngreat gains in the general elections.\\nNov. 3. Paris. M. Brisson is elected\\npresident of the Chamber of Deputies.\\nNov. 10. Paris. The Ministry resign.\\nNov. 13. Paris. A new Ministry is\\nformed.\\nMembers Leon Gambetta (premier, and\\nforeign affairs), Main* Sadi Harriot (justice),\\nW aide ck- Rousseau (interior), Francois Rene\\nAllain-Targa (finance), Gen. Campenon\\n(war), M. Gougeard (marine), Paul Bert\\n(education and worship), M. Raynal (public\\nworks), Maurice Rouvier (commerce and\\ncolonies), M. Coebery (posts and telegraphs),\\nM. Deves (agriculture), and M. Proust (arts).\\n1882 Jan. 9. Paris. Republicans pre-\\ndominate in the Senate it now stands\\n207 Republicans and 93 opposition.\\nJan. 26. Paris. The Government is de-\\nfeated by the Deputies, who reject the\\nscrutin de liste. Vote, 305-119.\\nPremier Gambetta resigns.\\nJan. 30. Paris. A new Ministry is\\nformed.\\nMembers Charles Louis de Freycinet\\n(president of the council and foreign affairs),\\nLeon Say (finance), Jules Ferry (instruction),\\nM. Goblet (interior and worship), M. Hum-\\nbert (justice), Gen. Billot (war), Adm. Jau-\\nr^guiberry (marine M. Varroy (public\\nworks), Pierre Emmanuel Tirard (com-\\nmerce), M. Mahy (agriculture), M. Cochery\\n(posts and telegraphs).\\nMar. 31. Paris. A new education bill\\nis passed, notwithstanding the interfer-\\nence of the Government.\\nMay* Paris. The Deputies pass a hill\\nestablishing a law of divorce.\\nJune 1. Paris. The Government re-\\nceives a vote of confidence. Vote, 298-\\n70. [July 20. Again respecting Egypt.\\nVote, 28 -105.]\\nJuly 29. Paris. The Deputies negative\\nthe vote of credit for the protection of\\nthe Suez Canal on motion of M. Cle-\\nmenceau. Vote, 416-75. The Ministry\\nresigns.\\nAug. 7. Paris. A new Ministry is or-\\nganized.\\nMembers: M. Duclere (president of the\\ncouncil and foreign alTairs), P. Paul Emman-\\nuel Tirard (finance), 11. lteves (justice), M.\\nde Fallieres (interior i, Pierre Lecrand (com-\\nmerce and public works), Gen. Billot (war),\\nAdm. Jaurn^ uiberry (navy), M. Cochery\\n(posts and telegraphs), M. de Mahy (agricul-\\nture), M. Duvaux (instruction).\\nAug. 31+. The Bonapartists select\\nPrince Victor as leader of their party.\\nAug. An attempted insurrection by\\nAnarchists at Montceau-les-Mines is\\nsuppressed. [Many are arrested and\\nsome convicted.]\\nJuly Paris. The Ministry defends the\\nclaims of France to a protectorate over\\nthe northwest part of Madagascar, in\\ndiplomatic correspondence with Great\\nBritain; the claim is founded on a\\ntreaty made in 1841 with rebel chiefs.\\nNov. 21. The treaty negotiated with\\nthe King of [French] Kongo by Count\\nPierre Braganza is ratified.\\nNickel is ordered to be substituted\\nfor bronze coinage.\\n1883 Jan. 16. Prince Napoleon, hav-\\ning published a manifesto against the\\nGovernment, is arrested. [Feb. 9. In-\\ndictment quashed, and the. prince re-\\nleased.]\\nParis. M. Floquet introduces a bill\\nfor the expulsion of the Bourbons and\\nthe Bonapartes. A Government bill is\\nintroduced to effect the same end.\\nJan. 28. Paris. The expulsion bill\\nhaving been adopted by the committee,\\nthe Duclerc Ministry resigns. [Jan. 29.\\nIt is reconstituted under M. Fallieres.\\nFeb. 13. It resigns.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1879 June The new French trans-\\natlantic cable to he laid from Brest to\\nSt. Pierre leaves by the Faraday. [Oct.\\nIt connects with Halifax 1SS0. June 1.\\nThe line from Paris to New York is\\nopened.]\\nSeven vessels sail with emigrants for\\nPort Breton, an isle near New Cale-\\ndonia, South Pacific they meet with\\nmisery, disease, and to a large extent\\nwith death.\\n1880 Mar. 3. Paris. The Panama\\nCanal Company is organized.\\nNov. 24. L Oncle Joseph, a French\\nsteamer, is sunk by collision with the\\nOrtigia, an Italian steamer, off Spezzia\\nabout 250 lives are lost.\\n1881 Sept. 5. A collision occurs on\\nthe Lyons railway at Charenton 20 per-\\nsons are killed.\\n1882 Jan. 1. Paris. Over speculation\\ncauses a panic on the Bourse. [Jan. 30.\\nThe Union Generate Company fails, and\\nthe panic is renewed.]\\nDec. Paris. The Ex-Empress Eugenie\\npresents the Pharo Chateau and Park\\nto the city. [1883. July Accepted.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0765.jp2"}, "766": {"fulltext": "754 1883, Feb. 1-1887, Mar. 14.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1883 Madagascar. The French fleet,\\nunder Adm. Pierre, bombards Tama-\\ntave. (See Madagascar.)\\n1884 Gen. Georges Ernest J. M. Bou-\\nlanger commands the army of occupa-\\ntion in Tunis.\\nOpen war occurs with China respect-\\ning Tongking (p. 482).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1883 July 14. Paris. A colossal\\nstatue of the Republic is unveiled.\\n1884 Feb. Messrs. Goupil s process of\\nphotogravure, rivaling mezzotint, is\\nreported highly successful.\\nApr.\u00c2\u00b1*-May* Paris. An International\\nConference on electrical units is held.\\nApr. 14. A statue of Gambetta, by\\nFalquieres, erected at Cahors, is un-\\nveiled by Jules Ferry.\\nJuly 4. Paris. A colossal statue of\\nLiberty, made by Fr*ide ic August\u00c2\u00a9\\nBartholde, to be given to the United\\nStates, is unveiled by Jules Ferry.\\nAug. Louis Pasteur discovers a method\\nfor mitigating the effect of hydro-\\nphobia, analogous to vaccination. He\\nexperiments successfully upon dogs.\\nDec. 14. Louis Pasteur inoculates 40\\npersons against hydiuphobia.\\nMassacre of Marchicoul is painted by\\nFrancois Fla meng Flaurenc.\\n1886 Feb. Paris. Volaptik, an at-\\ntempt at a universal commercial lan-\\nguage, is invented by L Abbe Schlever.\\nMay Paris. An international hospi-\\ntal [afterwards termed the Pasteur In-\\nstitute] is opened by President Carnot.\\nAug. 10. A violent storm occurs in the\\nnortheast much damage is done at\\nKeims, Nancy, and other places.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1883 P.arrande, Joachim, geologist, A84.\\nBescherelle, Louis Nicolas, grammarian, lex-\\nicographer, A8I.\\nChambord, Comte de, Henri C. F. M. D.,\\nhead of the chief elder branch of Bourbon\\ndynasty, A63.\\nChanzy, Antoine Eugene A., general, A60.\\nClesinger, J. B. Augusts, sculptor, A69.\\nCloquet, Baron Jules Germain, physician,\\nsurgeon, A93.\\nDor6, Paul Gustave, artist, A51.\\nDubufe, Edouard, portrait-painter, A63.\\nGigault, Emile de la liedolliere, author, A71.\\nHalevy, Leon, poet, A81.\\nHippeau, Celestin, educator, A80.\\nLaboulaye, Edouard Ren6 Lefebre, jurist,\\nhistorical writer, A72.\\nLagrange, Comte, Frederic, horseman, A67.\\nLenormant. Francois, arrlit-olugist, A46.\\nMartin, Bon Louis Henri, historian, A73.\\nSandeau, Jules Leonard Sylvain, novel-\\nist, A72.\\nVeuillot, Louis, journalist, author, A70.\\n1884* Allaruciie, Mane Michel, humorist,\\nA73.\\nBastien-Lepage, Jules, painter, A36.\\nDamont, Charles Albert Eugene Auguste,\\narcheologist, A42.\\nDumas, Jean I .aptiste, chemist, A84.\\nDumont, Augustin Alexandre, sculptor, A83.\\nFleury, Emile E., general, statesman, A69.\\nLacroix, Paul, novelist, mis. writer, A77.\\nMasse, Victor, composer, A62.\\nMignet, Francois Auguste Marie, histo-\\nrian, A 87.\\nMoigno, L Abb(5, Francois Napoleon Marie,\\nscientist, A80.\\nPelletan, Pierre Clement Eugene, litterateur,\\nRegnier, Jacques Auguste Adolpbe, philolo-\\ngist, A 80.\\nThenard, Arnould Paul Edmond, chemist,\\nA64.\\nI bicini, Jean H. A., author, A66.\\nWimpffen, Emmanuel Felix de, general, A73.\\nWurtz, Charles Adolphe, chemist, A67.\\n1885 May 22. About, Edmond, novelist,\\ndramatist, journalist, A56.\\nClement, Felix, composer, A65.\\nHugo, Victor Marie, novelist, poet, A83.\\nMilne-Edwards, Henri, naturalist, A85.\\nMonnier, Marc, litterateur, A56.\\nRobin, Charles I hilippe, anatomist, A64.\\n1886 Baudrv, Paul Jacques Aimee, paint-\\ner, A 58.\\nCastille, Charles Hippolyte, novelist, politi-\\ncal writer, A66.\\nFalloux, Vicomte de, Fre!d\u00c2\u00a3ric Alfred Pierre,\\nstatesman, writer, A75.\\nFrere, Pierre Edouard, painter, A67.\\nGuibert, Joseph Hippolyte, cardinal, arch-\\nbishop of Paris, A84.\\nIsabey, Eugene Louis G., painter, A82.\\nployed artisans to violence. [Many ar-\\nrests are made. Mar. 30. Michel is\\narrested. June 23. Imprisoned for a\\nterm of six years.]\\nSept. 29. Paris. The President receives\\nAlfonso XII., King of Spain; the mob\\nhoot him in the streets.\\nOct. 29. Paris. An International Con-\\nference of Workmen meets.\\nCHURCH.\\n1883 June 23. President Grevy re-\\nceives a letter from the Pope censuring\\nthe hostility of the Government toward\\nreligious orders. [Aug. 8. Pome. A firm\\nreply is returned.]\\n1884 Feb. 11. A papal encyclical\\nurges the bishops to increased vigilance\\nagainst heresy and infidelity.\\n1886 Apr. 1. Paris. Archbishop Gui-\\nbert protests by letter against President\\nGrevy prohibiting monks and nuns\\nfrom teaching in the schools.\\nPome. V. F. Bernardow, archbishop\\nof Sens, and B. M. Langenieux, arch-\\nbishop of Reims, are consecrated car-\\ndinal priests.\\nLETTERS.\\n1883 M. Pasteur s Lliistoire d un Sa-\\nvant appears.\\nThird series of La legende des siecles,\\nby Victor Hugo, appears.\\nLes maitres de la pensie moderne and\\nPes origines du socia/isme confe/nporain,\\nby Paul Janet, appear. [18S5, Victor\\nCousin.]\\nMy Reminiscences, by Renan, appears.\\n1884 Mar. An Anti-Clerical Educa-\\ntional BiU passes. (See State.)\\nTrist esses et sourires and L Enfant, by\\nDroz, appear.\\nSappho, by Daudet, appears.\\nPohnes tragiques, by Leconte de Lisle,\\n1885 Tartarin in the Alps, by Daudet,\\nappears.\\nBel- Ami, Conies du jour et de lanuit,\\nand Conies et noure/U s, by Maupassant,\\nappear. [1S86, M. Parent, La petite\\nRogue, and Toine 1SS7, Contes choisis,\\nMont Oriol, and Le Bforla.]\\n1886 Apr. 6. Avant la Bastille, by M.\\nBartheleiny, advocating the reconquest\\nof Alsace and Lorraine, appears.\\nOct. 26. Paris. The Education BiU\\npermitting lay teachers only is passed\\nby the Chamber.\\nLa Jin de Satan, and Xe th dtre en\\nliberie, by Victor Hugo, appear. [1887,\\nGlioses; 1888-93, Tout la lyre; 1889, Les\\njumeaux 1890, En J onage: Alps et Py-\\nrknkes; 1891, Ltieu.]\\nIja bande rouge, by Boisgobey, appears.\\nLa belle Nivernaise, by Daudet, ap-\\npears. [1887, Twite ans de, Paris; 1888,\\nJS Immortelle 1890, Port Ta ra scon 1892,\\nPose et Ninette 1894, La petite Paroisse.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1883 Mar. 9. Paris. Louise Michel,\\nthe anarchist, and others incite unem-\\n1884 Oct. 10. Capt.Fournierand Henri\\nRochefort because of an attack in the\\nIntransige ant fight a duel; both are\\nslightly wounded.\\n1885 June 1. Victor Hugo is buried\\nin the Pantheon; the funeral proces-\\nsion is three miles long, all Paris being\\nspectators.\\nJuly 21. Paris. The Fourth Interna-\\ntional Monetary Conference meets.\\nOct. 29. Paris. Minister de Freyeinet\\nis shot at in the Place de la Concorde.\\n1886 Jan. 13. M.Barreme, the prefect\\nof Eure, is assassinated in a railway\\ncarriage.\\nJan. 26. a reduction of wages causes a\\nstrike at the Decazeville iron mines and\\nworks in Aveyron.\\nWatrin, the engineer in charge, is\\ntrampled to death by the strikers, who\\nnumber 3,000. [June 10. It ends by a\\ncompromise. June 20. Four of the mur-\\nderers of Watrin are sentenced to eight\\nor more years imprisonment.]\\nThe reports show the average con-\\nsumption of wine per capita to be 26.74\\ngallons; distilled spirits, 1.24 gallons.\\nAug. -Oct. Labor disturbances oc-\\ncurring in Paris and in Vierzon are sup-\\npressed by the military.\\nSTATE.\\n1883 Feb. 1. Paris. M. Fabre s bill\\npermitting the Bourbon and Bonaparte\\nprinces to remain in France, but with\\nthe loss of civil rights, passes the\\nChamber. Vote, 343-163.\\nFeb. 12. Paris. The Senate rejects\\nthe expulsion bill, but adopts an\\namendment of MM. Say and Wadding-\\nton providing for expulsion after trial\\nand conviction. Vote, 165-127.\\nFeb. 15. Paris. The Deputies adopt\\nthe Barbey Bill, giving the President\\npower to expel the princes when they\\nbecome dangerous to the State. [Feb.\\n17. Rejected by the Senate.]\\nFeb. 21. Paris. Jules Ferry, Oppor-\\ntunist, or Moderate Republican, forms a\\nnew Ministry.\\nMembers: Jules Ferry (premier and in-\\nstruction), Pierre Marie Paul A maud Chal-\\nleniel-Lacour (foreign affairs), M. Wakieck-\\nKousseau (interior), Felix Martin Feuilhl\\n(justice), Gen. Tliibaudin (war), Charles\\nMarie Brim (marine), Paul Emmanuel Ti-\\nrard (finance l, Iiavid Kaynal (public works),\\nFelix Jules Meline (agriculture), Louis Co-\\nclierv (posts and telegraphs), Anne Charles\\nIlerisson (commerce). [Nov. 17\u00c2\u00b1. Challe-\\nmal-Lacour retires; other changes follow.]\\nFeb. 24. Paris. The Deputies approve\\nthe decree for the retirement of the\\nOrleanist princes from the army.\\nVote, 295-103. It aims at the Due d Au-\\nmale, the Due de Chartres, and the Due\\nD Alencon.\\nSept. 20. Paris. A great Royalist meet-\\ning is held.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0766.jp2"}, "767": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1883, Feb. 1-1887, Mar. 14. 755\\nOct. 5. Paris. Gen. Tkibaudin resigns\\nas minister of war. [Oct. 9. Succeeded\\nby Gen. Campenon.]\\nOct. 27-31. Paris. The Deputies give\\nthe ministers a vote of confidence re-\\nspecting Tongking, the French protec-\\ntorate being threatened by the presence\\nof Taiping refugees and Black Flags.\\n[Dec. 10, 18. Also again.]\\nDec. 28. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties votes to postpone the Algerian col-\\nonization scheme, appropriating tribal\\nlands for French colonists.\\nThe Chambers pass a bill for the re-\\nform of the judicature.\\nIt proposes to reduce the excessive\\nnumber of judges, increase the salaries,\\nand recruit the bench entirely from the\\nlegal profession.\\n1884 Feb. 4. Pans. A committee of\\ninvestigation to inquire into the condi-\\ntion of the working class, who are suf-\\nfering from the commercial crisis, is ap-\\npointed by the Deputies. Vote, 254-249.\\nMar. 27. Paris. The Chambers vote to\\nsupport French honor in Madagascar.\\nVote, 450-32.\\nMar. Paris. The Chambers pass a bill\\nestablishing boards of arbitration to\\nsettle future disputes between mine-\\nowners and workmen.\\nMar. The Deputies pass a bill debarring\\nthe clergy and members of religious or-\\nders from the direction of primary\\nschools as teachers, inspectors, mem-\\nbers of the educational councils, or of\\nthe officially appointed school boards.\\nJune Prince Victor is acknowledged\\nthe leader of the Bonapartist party. His\\nfather publishes a painful correspon-\\ndence.\\nJuly 31. Paris. The Deputies accept a\\nmodified Senate bill for the revision of\\nthe Constitution.\\nAug. 4-K Paris. The Senate and Depu-\\nties meet as a Congress. [Aug. 13. The\\nCongress accepts the revision of the\\nConstitution. Vote, 509-172.]\\nThe Congress provides for the gradual\\nabolition of Senator for life as vacancies\\noccur. New Senators are to be elected\\nfor nine years by the departments.\\nAug. The Senate passes a bill to pro-\\nvide for the transportation to Cayenne\\nof recidivists, or persons convicted of\\nrepeated offenses of a certain class.\\nOct. 4. Paris. A decree is issued creat-\\ning a staff of French civilians for Tunis,\\nthus establishing the protectorate over\\nthat country.\\n23ov. 4. Paris. A hill is introduced in\\nthe Senate for revising the organiza-\\ntion of the Senate. [Dec. 15. Passed\\nby both Chambers.]\\nIt merges the 75 life-senatorships as\\nthey fall vacant with the 225 department-\\nal senatorships. The scale of senatorial\\nelectors is to be one elector to com-\\nmunes with 10 municipal councillors, 2\\nfor 12 councillors, 3 for 15, 6 for 21, 9 for\\n23, 12 for 27, 15 for 30, 18 for 32, 21 for 34,\\n24 for 36, and 30 for Paris.\\nNov. 28. Paris. The Deputies vote a\\ncredit for the war in Tongking. Vote,\\n282-187. [Dec. 11. Passed by the Sen-\\nate.]\\n1885 Jan. 4. Paris. Gen. Campenon\\nresigns as war minister, and is suc-\\nceeded by Gen. Lewal.\\nMar. 24. Paris. The Deputies pass a\\nbill for the election of all the deputies\\nof each department on a single ticket\\n(the scrutin de liste Vote, 402-91.\\n[It is amended and passed by the Sen-\\nate. June 8. Passed again by the Dep-\\nuties.]\\nMar. 28. Paris. The Senate votes a\\nduty on foreign grain and meal.\\nMar. 30. Paris. The Ferry Ministry,\\ndefeated in the Chamber of Deputies on\\na vote of credit for the Chinese war, re-\\nsigns. Vote, 308-161. [Mar. 31. A credit\\nof 50,000,000 francs is voted. Apr. 7.\\nAlso 150,000,000 more.]\\nApr. 5. Paris. A new Ministry is\\nformed by Henri Brisson.\\nMembers: Henri Brisson (president and\\njustice,, M. de Freycinet (foreign), Allain-\\nTarge (interior), M. Goblet (instruction and\\nworship), Gen. Campenon (war), Adm. Gab-\\nber (marine), M. Clamagrraii i finance), Sadi-\\nCarnot (public works), Pierre Legrand (com-\\nmerce), Herve-Mangon (agriculture), M. Sar-\\nrien (posts and telegraphs).\\nApr. Paris. The Government is in-\\ncensed by the suppression by the British\\non Feb. 29, 1884 of the Cairo newspaper\\nBosphore Egyptien. [A dispute with\\nGreat Britain follows, but ends ami-\\ncably.]\\nMay 12. Paris. Bills for the depor-\\ntation of relapsed criminals and mis-\\ndemeanants and for abolishing public\\nexecutions are passed by the Senate.\\nMay 24. Paris. Anarchists make a\\ndemonstration at P re La Chaise, which\\nis suppressed by the police.\\nJune 9. Peace between France and\\nChina is declared.\\nJuly 17. Paris. The Deputies pass a\\nbill imposing a duty of 50 per cent, on\\nimports from Eoumania.\\nOct. 4. The parliamentary elections\\nare held, returning 200 Conservatives,\\n230 Moderates or Opportunists, 150 Radi-\\ncals. [Oct. 6, The ministers, Herve-\\nMangon and Legrand, not being elected,\\nresign.\\nM. Gomot becomes minister of corn-\\nDec. 2S. F. P. Jules Gr \u00c2\u00a7vy is elected\\nPresident of the Republic of France for\\nseven years. Vote, Grevy, 457 M. Bris-\\nson, 68.\\nDec. 29. Paris. The Brisson Ministry\\nresigns.\\nDec. Peace between France and Mada-\\ngascar is declared.\\n1886 Jan. 7. A new Ministry is\\nformed.\\nMembers: Charles Louis de Saulces de\\nFreycinet (president and foreign affairs),\\nCharles Etienne Demole (justice), Jean L.\\nF. Sarrien (interior), Itene Goblet (instruc-\\ntion), Marie Francois Sadi-Carnot (finance),\\nGen. Boulanger (war), Adm. Aube (marine\\nand colonies), M. Baihaut (public works),\\nM. Develle (agriculture), Edouard E. A. S.\\nLockroy (commerce), Etienne A. F. Granet\\n(posts and telegraphs).\\nJan. 14. Paris. Amnesty is granted to\\npolitical prisoners.\\nFeb. 8. Paris. The Senate passes a\\nnew school law forbidding the employ-\\nment of members of religious orders as\\nteachers in the State schools. It will\\ndeprive 10,000 monks and nuns of em-\\nployment. [Oct. 28. Passed by the Dep-\\nuties.]\\nFeb. 16\u00c2\u00b1. Paris. The Eepublican\\nmajority is increased by new elections.\\nRepublican Deputies, 400 the Right,184.\\nJune 11. Paris. The Deputies pass a\\nbill providing for the immediate expul-\\nsion from France of the heads of fami-\\nlies and the heirs of former dynasties.\\n[June 22. Passed by the Senate. Vote,\\n137-122.]\\nJune 23. The Bonapartists leave\\nFrance. [June 24. The Comte de\\nParis and family leave. July 23. The\\nDue d Aumale is exiled.]\\nDec. 3. Paris. The Deputies having\\npassed an amendment to the budget,\\nabolishing sub-prefects, the ministers\\nresign.\\nDec. 12. Paris. A new Ministry is\\nformed.\\nMembers Rene Goblet (president of coun-\\ncil and interior), Leopold Emile Flourens(for-\\neign), H. Albert Dauphin i finance), M. Ber-\\nthelot(instruction), M. Sarrien (justice), Gen.\\nBoulanger (war), Adm. Aube (marine), M.\\nGranet (posts and telegraphs) Edouard\\nLockroy (commerce), Edouard B. P. Millaud\\n(public works), Jean Paul Denelle (agri-\\nculture).\\n1887 Mar. 14. Paris. The Deputies\\nadopt a bill for increasing the duty on\\nimported corn. Vote, 31S-248. [Mar.\\n25. It is adopted by the Senate. Later,\\nthe duty on imported meat is raised.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1883 June 20. A museum of Revolu-\\ntionary relics is established at Mar-\\nseilles.\\n_84 The phylloxera is checked in\\nWest France, and vintages prosper.\\n1884 June 14. The cholera appears\\nat Toulon. [June 28. Deaths to date,\\n45. June 27. It appears at Marseilles.\\nSept. 15. Total deaths at Marseilles,\\n1,671. July 6. A cholera panic occurs\\nat Toulon. Sept. 15. Total deaths by\\ncholera are 5,000. Oct. 26. Registered\\ndeaths at Toulon, 880 since June 18.]\\nPa?-is. A crematory is established.\\n1885 Aprr^^May* Paris. The Inter-\\nnational Commission sits English and\\nFrench schemes regarding the Suez\\nCanal are discussed. [May* A treaty\\nis prepared. 1S86. June 13. The Com-\\nmission adjourns.]\\nAug. 1. Cholera rages at Marseilles\\n1,250 deaths are reported. [Aug. 20. A\\nslight outbreak appears at Toulon six\\ndeaths occur; it soon diminishes.]\\nDec. Great commercial depression\\noccurs it is attributed to Government\\nprodigality.\\n1886* Paris. An International\\nTrade-Union Congress is held. Inter-\\nnational legislation for the protection of\\nlaborers is discussed.\\nFeb. Paris. Telephonic communica-\\ntion is established with Brussels by\\nmeans of Dr. Cornelius Herz s micro-\\ntelephone.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0767.jp2"}, "768": {"fulltext": "756 1887, Apr, 16-1889, Mar. 15. FRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1887 Aug. 31. The 17th Army Corps\\nis mobilized near Toulouse.\\n1888 Mar. 15. Gen. Boulanger is\\ndeprived of his command for insubor-\\ndination in visiting Paris against orders.\\n[Mar. He is tried by a court of five\\ngenerals. Mar. 26. He is sentenced to\\nretirement. Mar. 27. The sentence is\\nconfirmed.]\\nThe navy numbers 256 vessels.\\n1889 Jan. 14\u00c2\u00b1. The construction of\\ntwo iron-clad cruisers and 15 torpedo-\\nboats is authorized.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1887 Apr. 16-26. Paris. An Astro-\\nnomical Congress is held it makes ar-\\nrangements for photographing charts of\\nthe heavens at different observatories.\\nMay 27. The planet Tirsa is discovered\\nby Charlois. [1888, Feb. 4, Antonio.\\nMay 3, Elvira; 1889, Jan. 4, Ctarinda;\\nJan. 29, Emma; Feb. 8, Amalia; May\\n29, Regina.\\nJune 27. Paris. A British commission\\nfor inquiry, consisting of Sir James\\nPaget, Dr. Bunion Sanderson, and oth-\\ners, arrives to investigate Louis Pas-\\nteur s method of treating hydro-\\nphobia. [Its report is highly favorable.]\\nAug. 13. Parts. MM. Jovis and Mallet\\nreport that thev reached the altitude of\\n7,000 meters in a balloon ascent.\\nOct. 12. Paris. The Astronomical\\nSociety of France is inaugurated.\\nNice is severely damaged by an earth-\\nquake.\\n1888 July 13. Paris. A monument\\nto Gambetta is unveiled by President\\nCarnot.\\nA central laboratory of electricity\\nis inaugurated at Grenelle by the Inter-\\nnational Society of Electricians.\\nOct. 14. Paris. A statue of Shake-\\nspeare is unveiled in the Boulevard\\nHaussinann.\\n*OtheninPauldeCleron (Comted Haus-\\nsonville), Jeanne Pierre Jurien de la\\nGraviere, Jules Arnaud Arsene Claretie\\nHenri Meihac, and Eugene Marie Mel-\\nchior (Vicomte de Vogue), are elected\\nmembers of the Academy. [1890, Charles\\nLouis de Saulces de Freycinet 1891,\\nLouis Marie Jurien Viand (Pierre Loti):\\n1892, Ernest Lavisse 1893, Mar. 23, Paul\\nChallemel Lacour later, Vicomte Henri\\nde Barnier, Paul Louis Thureau-Dangin,\\nand Marie Ferdinand Brunetiere; 1894,\\nFeb. 22, M. de Heredia May 31, Paul\\nBourget and Albert Sorel.\\n1889 Jan. 3. Floods in the southern\\ndepartments of France cause enormous\\nFeval, Paul Henri Corentin, novelist, A70.\\nMichel, Fnmrisque Xavier, archeol., A78.\\nOudine, Eugene Andre, sculptor, A77.\\n1688 Sept. 23. Bazaine, Francois\\nAchille, marshal, A77.\\nBaron, Felix l latel, writer, A55.\\nCarnot, Lazare Uqumlvte, politic., wr., A87.\\nColani, Tiniothee, Protestant cl., critic, A64.\\nEtex, Antoine, sculptor, A80.\\nFrere, Charles Theodore, painter, A73.\\nLabiche, Eugene Marin, dramatic au., A73.\\nLebceuf, Edmund, general, marshal, A79.\\nMaquet, Auguste, novelist, A75.\\nMonselet, Charles, nov.-list, A63.\\nNisard, Jean Marie Napoleon Desire, critic,\\nlitterateur, A82.\\n1889 Jan. 29. Mariani, M., diplo., dies.\\nJan. 23. Cabanel, Alex., painter, A6ti.\\nMar. 14. Jaures, admiral, minister of ma-\\nrine, A66.\\nCHURCH.\\n18S7 Paris. A mission to the\\nJews is founded by two English ladies.\\n1888 Feb. 14. The French Society\\nfor the Evangelization of Israel is\\nfounded.\\nLETTERS.\\n1887 Studies respecting Napoleon I.,\\nby Taine, appears.\\nLa Tosca, by Sardou, appears. [1889,\\nLa Marquise, and Jielle-Maman; 1890,\\nCliop tre; 1891, Thermidor.]\\nHistory of Philosophy, by Paul Janet\\nand G. Seailles, appears.\\nLa Terre, by Zola, appears. [1888, The\\nDream; 1890, La Bete Humaine; 1891,\\nL Argent; 1892, La Debacle; 1S93, %e\\nJJocteur Pascal; 189-1, Lourdes.\\nNoir et Rose, by Ohnet, appears. [1888,\\nVolonte and Docteur Rameau; 1S90, Le\\ndernier amour and IS time de Pierre\\n1391, Dette de hainv 18*J2, Nemrod et Cie.\\n1893, Le Lend ema in des amours.]\\nLaBUe, by Cherbuliez, appears. [1888,\\nLa vocation du Comte Chislain 1890,\\nUne gageure.\\n*-94* History of the People of Israel,\\nby Kenan, appears.\\n1888 May 8. Boulanger s (alleged)\\nGerman Invasion No. 1 appears it has\\na great circulation at lirst hut soon falls\\noff].\\nPierre et Jean, Sur Peau, and Le\\nrosier de Mine. Hanson, by Maupassant,\\nappear. [1889, Fort coinn tc la mart and\\nLa main gauche 1890, Histoire d une\\nfile de ferine, La vie errante, L Inutile\\nbeaute and Notre catur.]\\n1889 Feb. Paris. An enterprising\\nnewspaper, on the day of the Boulanger\\nelection, engages 250 special re-\\nporters, each of whom it provides with\\na cab, and 30 bicyclists, to bring in the\\nresults in each section with the greatest\\nJan. 7. A violent storm does much dam-\\nage in Pyrenees Ori en tales.\\nFeb. 5. Paris. Two professors of the\\nPasteur Institute succeed in identifying\\nthe generative microbe of diphtheria.\\n[Mayl. The Institute hasinoculated 1,673\\npatients for hydrophobia in one year.]\\nFeb. 24. The villages of Nivollet and\\nSt. Michel in Savoy are destroyed, and\\nfour persons are killed by avalanches.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1887 Boussingault, Jean B. J. D., chem-\\nist, A83.\\nFaugere, Armand Prosper, author, A77.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1887 July 3 1 Pranzini, a profligate,\\nis convicted of the murder of Marie\\nRegnault and two other women. [Aug.\\n31. Executed.]\\nNov. 14. Gen. Count D Andlau and\\nMine. Rattazzi are lined and imprisoned\\nfor selling decorations. [M. Wilson,\\nthe son-in-law of President Grevy, is im-\\nplicated.]\\n1888 Mar. 1. M. Wilson is fined 3,000\\nfrancs, sentenced to imprisonment for\\ntwo years, and the loss of civil rights for\\nfive years, for trafficking in decorations.\\n[Mar. 26. The Court of Appeal quashes\\nthe sentence.]\\nApr. 29. Paris. M. Habert kills M.\\nFelix Dupuis, an artist, in resentment\\nfor satirical verses.\\nMay 27. Paris. Anarchists and Com-\\nmunists fight at an annual celebration\\nof the Communist insurrection of Pere\\nLa Chaise. [They are stopped by the\\npolice.]\\nJuly 13. Gen. Boulanger and M.Floquet\\nfight in a duel the former is seriously\\nand the latter slightly wounded.\\nJuly 25-Aug. 20. Paris. Laborers in\\nthe building-trade, numbering 10,000, un-\\nsuccessfully strike.\\nAug. Unsuccessful strikes occur at\\nAmiens, Besseges, and Calais.\\n1889 Jan. 14. Paris. Henri Roche-\\nfort, editor of L Intransigent, and M.\\nLissagaray, editor of La Bataille, fight\\nin a duel.\\nJan. 15. Paris. M. Euhrussi gains the\\n$120,000 Panama Canal lottery prize.\\nJan. 19. The Freemasons issue a pro-\\nnunciamento against Gen. Boulanger.\\nJan. 23. Paris. The National exposes-\\nGen. Boulanger s private life.\\nJan. 24. Paris. Deputy Comudett fights\\nin a duel with editor Chabrouillaud.\\nJan. 25. Paris. The Woman s Con-\\ngress opens with an oration by M. d\u00c2\u00a9\\nRaismes.\\nFeb. 14. Strikes increase in northern\\nFrance.\\nFeb. 24\u00c2\u00b1. The Socialists in many parts\\nof France are dispersed by the police.\\nThey are not allowed to hold meetings.\\nFeb. 28. Paul de Roulede, president of\\nthe Patriotic League, and others are\\narrested for signing the Atchinoff mani-\\nfesto, disapproving of the Government.\\nMar. 4. Paris. The police seize 5,000\\nletters in the offices of the Patriotic\\nLeague. [Mar. 17. They earch the\\nresidences of members.]\\nSTATE.\\n1887 May 17. Paris. The Ministry is\\ndefeated on the Budget Bill. Vote, 275-\\n257. It resigns.\\nMay 30. Paris. Maurice Rouvier forms\\na Moderate Ministry.\\nMembers: JVI. Rouvier (finance, posts, and\\ntelegraphs), Leopold E. Flourens (foreign\\naffairs), M. Bousquet (justiee), J\\\\I. Fallieres\\n(interior and worship), M. Spuller (instruc-\\ntion), M. Burbey (marine ami ei\u00c2\u00bbh nies), Gen.\\nFerron (war), M. de Heredia (public works),\\nM. Barbe (agriculture).\\nOct. 13. Paris. A scandal is brought\\nto light in the war-office.\\nGen. Caffarel is convicted by a mili-\\ntary court of dishonorable conduct in\\nselling decorations. [Nov. 7. His trial\\nends in acquittal.]\\nOct. 14. Gen. Boulanger is under ar-\\nrest [for 30 days] because of offensive\\nremarks relating to the traffic in dec-\\norations.\\nOct. 24. Paris. Conventions respect-\\ning the Suez Canal and the New Hebrides\\nare signed.\\nDec. 1. Paris. President Grevy refus-\\ning to resign when opposed by a com-\\nbination of parties,*:;! used by the action\\nof Daniel Wilson, son-in-law of Presi-\\ndent Grevy, the Chamber of Deputies\\nimmediately adjourn. Vote, 531-3.\\nPresident Gre vy resigns the presi-\\ndency.\\nDec. 3. Paris. The Deputies and Sena-\\ntors meet as a Congress at Versailles, and", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0768.jp2"}, "769": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1887, Apr. 16-1889, Mar. 15. 757\\nelect Marie Francois Sadi-Carnot,\\nPresident of the Republic of France.\\nYote, Carnot, a Moderate Independent,\\n616; Gen. Saussier, 188.\\nDec. 10. Paris. An unsuccessful at-\\ntempt is made to kill Jules Ferry.\\nDec. 12. Paris. Pierre Emmanuel Ti-\\nrard, as premier, forms a new Ministry.\\nMembers: M. Tirard (finance), M. Flou-\\nrens (foreign affairs), M. Fallieres (justice),\\nM. Sarrien (interior), Etienne Leopold Faye\\n(education and worship), Francois C. de\\nMahy [later, Adm. Krautzj (marine and col-\\nonies), Emile Loubet (public works), Lucien\\nDautresme (commerce), M. Viette (agricul-\\nture), Gen. Logerot (war).\\nDec. 18. Paris. The parliamentary\\nsession of the Chambers closes. [18S8.\\nJan. 10. It opens.]\\n1888 Mar. 15. Gen. Boulanger is ar-\\nrested. (See Army.)\\nMar. 30. Pa?-is. The Tirard Minis-\\ntry resigns, being defeated by the Depu-\\nties when opposing urgency for a revision\\nof the Constitution. Vote, 268-234.\\nApr. 3. Paris. Charles Floquet, as\\npremier, forms a new Ministry.\\nMembers: Charles Floquet (president and\\ninterior), M. de Freycinet (war), M. Goblet\\n(foreign affairs), Adm. Krantz (marine and\\ncolonies), M. Peytral (finance, posts, and\\ntelegraphs), Rf. Edouard Lockroy (instruc-\\ntion, fine arts, and worship), M. Deluns\\nMontaud (public works), M. Ferrouillat\\n(justice), M. Pierre Legrand (commerce and\\nindustry), M. Viette (agriculture).\\nApr. 8. Gen. Boulanger, an advocate\\nof the revision of the Constitution, is\\nelected a deputy for the Dordogne.\\nVote, 59,500-35,750. [Apr. 15. For the\\nNord. Vote, 172,528-75,901.]\\nApr. 19. Paris. The Deputies give the\\nMinistry a vote of confidence. Vote,\\n379-177.\\nThe Ministry is defeated on the ques-\\ntion of revising the Constitution. Vote,\\n340-215.\\nApr. 28. Paris. The Chambers agree\\nto the Panama Canal Loan Bill.\\nMay 8. The circular attributed to Gen.\\nBoulanger, entitled German Invasion\\nHo. 1, is in immense demand.\\nJuly 12. Paris. Gen. Boulanger\\ncreates an excitement in the Chamber\\nof Deputies.\\nHe demands dissolution and during\\nthe debate which follows he accuses\\nPremier Floquet of falsehood, resigns\\nhis seat, and leaves the Chamber. [A\\nduel follows.] (See Society.)\\nJuly 17. Paris. The Chambers vote\\n67,000,000 francs for the military de-\\nfense of Toulon, Cherbourg, and Brest,\\nand pass the army bill reducing the\\nterm of military service, but making\\nthe obligation to serve universal.\\nAug. 19. Gen. Boulanger is returned\\nto the Chamber of Deputies by three\\ndepartments, the Nord, Somme, and\\nCharente.\\nAug.* France has a diplomatic dispute\\nwith Italy respecting Massowah, Abys-\\nSept. France takes possession of the\\nMarquesas Islands, previously a\\nFrench protectorate.\\nThe League of the Rose is formed,\\nto promote the reestablishment of the\\nmonarchy.\\nOct. 15. Paris. Premier Floquet intro-\\nduces a bill for the revision of the\\nConstitution, for which urgency is\\nvoted.\\nOct. The public demonstrations in favor\\nof Gen. Boulanger multiply. [Oct. 30.\\nThe police seize Boulangist pictures.]\\nDec. The Government receives 1,218,000\\nfrancs by the termination of a tontine\\nbegun in 1791 to diminish the national\\ndebt.\\n1SS9 Jan. 14. Paris. The Senate\\npasses the bankruptcy bill as desired\\nby the Panama Canal Company, to\\nenable it to judicially liquidate its obli-\\ngations.\\nJan. 18. Paris. The Senate approves\\nthe scheme for the utilization of the\\nsewage of the city. [Mar. 25. It is\\npassed by the Deputies.]\\nJan. 27. Paris. Gen. Boulanger is\\nelected deputy in the department of\\nthe Seine over M. Jacques, an advanced\\nRepublican. Vote, 245,236-162,000.\\nFeb. 2. Paris. Premier Floquet discov-\\ners that the Patriotic League has ar-\\nsenals well supplied, and is ready to\\nequip with arms 100,000 men.\\nFeb. 4. Pai^is. M. Ferrouillat, minis-\\nter of justice, resigns. [Feb. 5. He is\\nsucceeded by M. Gulot-Dessagen.]\\nPeb. 11. Paris. The Deputies adopt a\\nbill for replacing the scrutin de liste\\nby the scrutin d arrondissement. Vote,\\n26S-222. [Feb. 13. The Senate approves.\\nVote, 228-54.]\\nFeb. 14. Paris. The Deputies reject\\nthe scheme of the ministers for a revis-\\nion of the Constitution. Vote, 307-218.\\nThe Ministry resigns\\nFeb. 15. Paris. The Senate passes a\\nbill providing that press offenses bo\\npunished by correctional police tribu-\\nnals. [Rejected by the Chamber.]\\nFeb. 19. The Government expresses its\\ndetermination to take possession of the\\nLeeward Islands of the Society group,\\nalthough stoutly opposed by the natives.\\nFeb. 21. Paris. M. Tirard forms a new\\nMinistry of mixed parties.\\nMembers: M. Tirard, Premier (commerce\\nand agriculture), M. Constans (interior), M.\\nSpuller (i orcijm affairs), M. de Freycinet\\n(war), M. M. Rouvier (finance), M. Th6venot\\n(justice), Adm. James [later Adm. Krantz]\\n(marine), M. Failures (education), Yves\\nGuyot (public works), M. Faye (agriculture),\\nM. De Courcel (foreign affairs).\\nFeb. 25. Paris. A bill providing for\\nthe freedom and secrecy of the ballot\\nis passed in the Chamber.\\nFeb. 27. Paris. The Assembly Room\\nof the League of Patriots is searched,\\nand proceedings are begun against MM.\\nDermlede and Richard, signers of the\\ncall for subscriptions.\\nFeb. 28. Paris. The League of Pa-\\ntriots, numbering 240,000 members, is\\nsuppressed because of its devotion to\\nGen. Boulanger and its seditious spirit.\\n[Mar. 2. Deputies approve.]\\nMar. 7. Paris. The decree for the ex-\\npulsion of the Due d Aumale is re-\\nvoked by the Ministry.\\nMar. 8. Paris. The Court of Appeals\\ndeclares that the Panama Canal Com-\\npany is a civil association, and not a\\ncommercial society as decided by the\\nTribunal of Commerce.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1887 May 12-23. Paris. The crown\\njewels aresold for nearly 7,000,000 francs.\\nMay 25, 26. Paris. The Ope ra Co-\\nmique is destroyed by fire 131 persons\\nperish.\\nOct. 24. Paris. A convention is signed\\nfor England and France, neutralizing\\nthe Suez Canal, and placing it under a\\njoint commission.\\n1888 Jan. 9. Eng. The remains of\\nNapole on HI. and son are removed\\nfrom Chiselhurst to the mausoleum at\\nEarn borough.\\nMar. 1. The Panama Canal share-\\nholders resolve to issue bonds for 340,-\\n000,000 francs to complete the canal.\\nJune Much indignation is caused by\\nthe German Government s adoption of\\nvexatious passport regulations for the\\npurpose of making the entrance into\\nAlsace-Lorraine very difficult to French-\\nmen.\\nAug. 6. Paris. Communication by tele-\\nphone with Marseilles is opened.\\nSept. 13. The La France and the Sud\\nAmerica (Italian) collide off the Canary\\nIslands 87 lives are lost.\\nNov. 3. A mine explosion occurs at\\nAveryron; 40 lives lost.\\nNov. 10. Turk. The first through ex-\\npress-train from Paris arrives at Con-\\nstantinople.\\n1889 Jan. 7. A meeting of the bond-\\nholders of the Panama Canal offers M.\\nde Lesseps the chairmanship of the new\\ncanal company.\\nJan. 14. Paris. An agreement is signed\\nwith the Banque Parisienne for a fresh\\nissue of GO, 000, ono shares for sustaining\\nwork on Panama Canal.\\nJan. 17. Paris. A Bussian loan of\\n1100,000,000 is announced.\\nThe Banque Parisienne assumes the\\nentire cost of the issue of the bonds and\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2construction of the new Panama Canal\\nCompany.\\nJan. 22. Paris. M. de Lesseps issues\\ncirculars inviting subscriptions for sixty\\nthousand 500-franc Panama Canal\\nFeb. 4+. The dissolution of the old\\nPanama Canal Company is decreed,\\nand M. Brunet is appointed the official\\nliquidator.\\nFeb. 6. Paris. F.de Lesseps announces\\nthat the Panama Canal enterprise must\\nbe abandoned if the sixty thousand 500-\\nfranc bonds issued through the Banque\\nParisienne are not taken.\\nPanama Canal shares close at 60.\\nFeb. 11. Paris. Leading financial\\nhouses are trying to form a combina-\\ntion to complete the Panama Canal.\\nFeb. 18. Paris. The Tribunal of Com-\\nmerce decides the Panama Canal Com-\\npany to be a commercial company. [Re-\\nversed.]\\nFeb. Paris. A fall occurs in the shares\\nof the Comptoir d Eseompte through\\nspeculations in copper.\\nMar. 8. Paris. Afinancialpanicoccurs.\\nThe Bank of France advances 100,000,000\\nfrancs to the Comptoir d Escompte to\\nmeet the withdrawal of deposits.\\nMar. 15. Six men are injured and 14\\nkilled by a fire-damp explosion in a", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0769.jp2"}, "770": {"fulltext": "758 1889, Mar. 15-1890, Feb.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1889 Mar. 23. A torpedo-boat foun-\\nders off Cherbourg the captain and 14\\nof the crew are drowned.\\nAug. 20. Fifty-nine army officers are\\nadjudged guilty of participation in po-\\nlitical offenses, and suffer punishment.\\nOct. 19. Paris. The Cabinet expels\\nLaisant, a Boulangist, from the army.\\nDec. The Government orders three new\\nironclads, to cost \u00c2\u00a72,400,000 each two\\nwill be cruisers, each carrying eight\\nguns.\\n1890 Feb. *-Oct. 5. W. Afr. War\\nwith the King of Dahomey. (See North\\nGuinea.)\\nIt is caused in large measure by the\\narrogance of the new king, a young man\\nwho takes slaves from adjoining French\\nterritory.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1889 Mar. 15. Paris. Belle Maman,\\nby Sardon and Des Landes, is produced\\nat the Gymnase.\\nMar. 28. Paris. The Chamber grants\\ncredit of 20,0011,000 francs for the erec-\\ntion of a memorial of the Revolution.\\nApr. 17. Paris. The French version of\\nPhillips s As in a Looking Glass, under\\ntitle of Lena, is produced by Sarah\\nBernhardt, at the Variety Theater.\\nMay 30. Paris. An earthquake shock\\nis felt on left bank of the Seine. [June\\n7. Another at Brest.]\\nJune Severe storms have been raging,\\ndoing immense damage in many places\\nthe country is almost devastated.\\nJuly 1. Paris. At a sale of M. E. Secre-\\ntan s famous collection of paintings,\\nJean Francois Millet s The Angelus is\\npurchased for $111,000 by Proust.\\nAug.* Paris. A colossal statue of\\nColigny is unveiled.\\nSept. 21. Madame Pommery of Reims\\npurchases Millet s Xes Glaneuses, and\\npresents it to the French nation for\\npreservation in the Louvre.\\nOct. 12. A monument commemorat-\\ning Gambetta s escape from Paris in\\na balloon during the siege in 1870-71 is\\nunveiled at Epinouse.\\nOct. 16. Paris. A new statue of The\\nRepublic is placed on the Place de Na-\\ntion.\\n1890 Jan. Paris. The Pasteur Insti-\\ntute has treated 850 patients for hydro-\\nphobia without a single death.\\nFeb. Sarah Bernhardt is announced\\nto appear in a new Passion Play as the\\nVirgin Mary. [In response to public\\nsentiment the authorities prohibit the\\nproduction.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nOct. 25. Augier, Guillaume V. E., drama-\\ntist, author, A69.\\nDec. 6. Polfrey, T. w., gen., historian, d.\\nMiazerolle, Alexis Joseph, painter, A63.\\nPitra, .lean Haptiste, cardinal, srhol., A77.\\nPyat, Felix, agitator, dramatist, A79.\\nYsabeau, Alexandre Clement, army officer,\\nauthor, A69.\\n1890 Feb. 4. Montpensier, Due de, A. M.\\nP. L. d Orleans, 5th son of Louis Philippe,\\nA65.\\nFeb. 20. Daru, Comte Napoleon, states-\\nman, A83.\\nCHURCH.\\n1889 Nov. 20. Paris. The papal\\nnuncio is instructed by the Vatican to\\nfavor adhesion to the Conservative Re-\\npublican party by Catholics.\\nDec. 15. Rome. Pope Leo approves\\nCardinal Lavigerie s policy of uniting\\nChurch and State.\\nDec. 31+. Paris. The Government\\nprosecutes 300 priests for meddling\\nwith politics.\\nJ. A. Eoulon, F. M. Richard, and G.\\nD Annibile, prefect of the Sacred Con-\\ngregation, are consecrated cardinal\\npriests.\\nLETTERS.\\n1889 June 20. Paris. The Interna-\\ntional Literary Association meets.\\nJune 28. The first Protestant semi-\\nnary is created at Nimes.\\nCentenaire de 1789, by Paul Janet,\\nappears. [1890, La philosophic de La-\\nmennais and Lectures varices, etc.}\\nThe French Army in Germany, by M.\\nGalli, appears.\\nHistory of French Society during the\\nRevolution, y De Goncourt, appears.\\nFrance and Ire/and during the Revo-\\nlution, Roche and Humbert, by M. E.\\nGuillon, appears.\\nLa Clievre d Or, by Paul Arene, ap-\\npears.\\n.Diplomatic Correspondence of Talley-\\nrand from 1791-1834 appears.\\nThe Journal (1810-14) of Stendhal\\nappears.\\nA Chancellor under the Old Regime, by\\nCharles de Mazade, appears. [1893,\\nL Europe et tes Neutralite s.\\nMa Vocation, by Ferdinand Fabre,\\nappears.\\nBiography of the Emperor Frederick,\\nby M. E. Simon, appears.\\nCousin Babylas, by Gaston Bergeret,\\nappears.\\nHenriette, by Francois Coppee, ap-\\npears. [1892, Les vrais riches 1894,\\nContes tout simples.]\\nThree Emperors of Germany, by Er-\\nnest Lavisse, appears. [1890, Vue Gfoie-\\nde VHistoirc Politique de V Europe\\nA74.\\nUlbacli, Louis, journalist, A67.\\nApr. 2. Jobbe-Duval, Arinand M. Felix,\\npainter, A68.\\nApr. 10. Chevreul, Michel Kugene, chem-\\nist, A 103.\\nSept. 28. Faidherbe, Louis L6on C6sar,\\ngeneral, writer, A71.\\nSept. Coulanges Muma, Denis Fustel de,\\nhistorian, A59.\\nOct. 6. Melinimc, Caston, painter, dies.\\nOct. 7. Dupn .lull s, painter, dies.\\nOct. 21. Ricord, Philippe, physician, A89.\\n1893, Le Grand FrhUric avant I avene-\\nment.]\\nPassionn ment, by Albert Delpit, ap-\\npears.\\nLife and Manners on the La Plata,\\nby M. Daireaux, appears.\\nAutobiography of Michelet the Histo-\\nrian, with his Journal and Letters, ap-\\npears.\\nThe Works and Correspondence of\\njyAlembert, edited by M. Chi Henri,\\nappears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1889 Mar. 19. Paris. Senator Naquet\\nand Deputies Laguerre and Turquet of\\nthe Patriotic League are arraigned be-\\nfore a magistrate. [Apr. 2. Also one\\nsenator and four deputies are fined 100\\nfrancs each.]\\nApr. 11. Dock-workers strike at Mar-\\nseilles.\\nMay 11. Ten thousand cotton-weavers\\nstrike at Thizy, Department of the\\nRhone.\\nJune 1. Paris. Minister Reid assem-\\nbles the Americans to express their sym-\\npathy for the sufferers in Pennsylvania\\nby the Johnstown flood. [The U. S.\\nLegation subscribes $10,000; the Paris\\nMunicipal League, 5,000 francs.]\\nJune 12-18. Paris. The cabmen\\nstrike, and greatly incommode citizens\\nand visitors.\\nJune 13. Paris. Buffalo Bill s Wild\\nWest Show gives a benefit performance\\nfor the Johnstown sufferers. [$2,000\\ncontributed.]\\nJune 25. Paris. The International\\nCouncil of Women, advocating\\nwomen s rights, meets.\\nJune 30. The dock-laborers of Mar-\\nseilles strike.\\nJune Paris. The International Elec-\\ntricity Congress meets.\\nJuly 5. Paris. Six Nihilists are sen-\\ntenced to imprisonment for three years.\\nJuly 9. Paris. Bull-fights at the Ex-\\nposition are stopped by the police.\\nJuly 14. Forty journals are fined for\\npublishing the indictment against Gen.\\nBoulanger.\\nJuly 18. Paris. The International\\nLabor Congress meets.\\nIt demands a universal maximum of\\neight hours for a day s labor, one holiday\\na week, and the non-employment of chil-\\ndren under 14 years of age.\\nThe centennial anniversary of the\\nFall of the Bastille is celebrated.\\nAug. 26. Paris. The names of Gen.\\nBoulanger and Count Dillon are erased\\nfrom the roll of the Legion of Honor.\\nSept. 9. Paris. The municipal author-\\nities give a banquet to Thomas A.\\nEdison, the American scientist. [Mr.\\nEdison gives 10,000 francs fqr the relief\\nof the poor.]\\nSept. 16. Paris. The International\\nCommercial Congress opens.\\nSept. 27. Paris. A Sunday Observ-\\nance Congress is in session.\\nIt advises that when Sunday observ-\\nance is impossible, that employees be\\ngiven a weekly holiday and that pay-day\\nbe other than Saturday or Sunday.\\nNov. 26. Paris. About 500 employees\\nof the Western Railway Company strike\\nfor higher wages.\\nSTATE.\\n1889 Mar. 17. Gen. Boulanger is\\nenthusiastically greeted while journey-\\ning from Paris to Tours.\\nMar. 18. Gen. Boulanger issues a\\nmanifesto to the Department of the\\nNord against the Government.\\nMar. 29. Paris. The Senate passes a\\nbill constituting itself a high court\\nof justice in cases of plots against the*\\nState. Vote, 207-63.\\nApr. 1. Gen. Boulanger, Henri Roche-\\nfort, and M. Dillon avoid arrest by a\\nsudden departure in the night for Brus-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0770.jp2"}, "771": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1889, Mar. 15-1890, Feb. 759\\nApr. 4. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties, at the Government s request, votes\\nto sanction the prosecution of Gen.\\nBoulanger for treason.\\nI Apr. 10. Paris. Warrants are issued\\nfor the arrest of Gen. Boulanger and\\nhis companions in exile, Count Dillon\\nI and Henri Rockefort.\\nApr. 12. Paris. The Senate meets as a\\nhigh court of justice, and begins the trial\\nof Gen. Boulanger for treason against\\nthe State and the embezzlement of 252,000\\nfrancs. [He pronounces the charges to\\nbe falsehoods.]\\nApr. 24. Belg. Warned by the author-\\nities, Gen. Boulanger leaves Brussels\\nfor London.\\nApr. 27. Paris. A law is passed regu-\\nlating the different methods of burial.\\nMay 5. Paris. The centenary of the\\nmeeting of the States- General is cel-\\nebrated President Carnot delivers a\\neulogium on the Revolution before a\\ngrand assembly. [On his way to Ver-\\nsailles a lunatic named Perrin attempts\\nto assassinate him. May 28. Perrin is\\nsentenced to four months imprison-\\nment.]\\nJune 11. Paris. The Senate passes the\\nPanama Canal Bill. [June 28. The\\nChamber of Deputies passes it.]\\nIt empowers the liquidator of the company\\nto place, on the best conditions possible and\\nregardless of the legal limit as to price, the\\n800,000 francs of the bonds which have not\\nyet been subscribed for. It also authorizes a\\nsubscription of 34,000,000 francs to cover the\\nexpenses necessary for the maintenance of\\nthe works pending an inquiry into the ques-\\ntion of the completion of the canal.\\nJuly 4\u00c2\u00b1. Paris. The Government gives\\na final refusal to assent to the Egyptian\\nConversion scheme.\\nJuly 7. Paris. The indictment against\\nGen. Boulanger is presented.\\nIt charges him, when director of infantry in\\n1882, with courting popularity by corruption\\nand other means, and when Minister of War\\nin 1886 willi malversation of public money,\\nand plotting against the State, with Count\\nDillon, H. Rochefort, and others; they are\\ncited to appear on Aug. 6, or else suffer the\\nloss of civil rights and seijiu sliation of prop-\\nerty.\\nJuly 9. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties passes a new army bill.\\nIt reduces the term of service from five\\nyears with exemptions to three years,\\nnominally without exemptions.\\nJuly 10. Paris. The Chamber of Dep-\\nuties passes a bill providing for the\\npurchase of telephones by the Gov-\\nernment. [July 28. It takes formal\\npossession protests are unheeded.]\\nJuly 15. Paris. The Senate passes the\\nMultiple Candidate Bill. The Cham-\\nber of Deputies approves the bill provid-\\ning for a credit of 58,000,000 francs,\\nspread over five years, for building\\nwar- ships.\\nJuly 29. Election of Councils-Gen-\\neral.\\nOut of 1,344 cantons the Boulangists\\ncarry only 12 949 Republicans and 489\\nConservatives are elected.\\nAug. 7. Paris. The Senate, as a high\\ncourt of justice, begins the trial of\\nGen. Boulanger.\\n[Aug. 14. It finds him and his con-\\nfreres guilty of a felonious attempt\\nagainst the safety of the State and of\\nembezzling public funds. Count\\nDillon and Henri Rochefort are guilty\\nas accomplices, and all are sentenced to\\nbe deported to a fortified prison.]\\nSept. 1. The telephones throughout the\\ncountry become the property of the\\nGovernment by law.\\nFrance declines to annex the New\\nHebrides Islands.\\nSept. 6. Gen. Boulanger demands of\\nthe Prime Minister Tirard a trial by\\ncourt-martial.\\nSept. 11. Paris. An International Bi-\\nmetallic Congress opens.\\nSept. 22. The general elections are\\nheld. Results: Republicans, 158; Op-\\nposition, 89, elected Chamber of Depu-\\nties, 365 Republicans and 211 Opposition.\\nSept. 23. Paris. It is claimed that\\nGen. Boulanger is elected Deputy from\\nMontmartre. [Nov. 27. The electoral\\nbureau decides that he is not elected.]\\nOct. 12. Paris. A committee of five\\nfour Frenchmen and one Belgian is\\nappointed by the Government to inspect\\nand report on the condition of the Pan-\\nama Canal.\\nNov. 12. Paris. A Boulanger dem-\\nonstration is made. [The police arrest\\n150 participants.]\\nU ov. 11. Eng. Gen. Boulanger issues\\na manifesto* to the French people from\\nthe Isle of Jersey.\\nNov. 25. Paris. Deputy Farrail moves\\na resolution to grant 750,000 francs to\\nassist the striking miners.\\nNov. 28. Paris. The Senate rejects an\\namendment to a hill supported by Pre-\\nmier Tirard and the Chamber, to pro-\\nhibit the employment of working-women\\nin factories at night. Vote, 125-110.\\nDec. 25. Paris. The Government no\\nlonger insists upon the evacuation of\\nEgypt by England as a condition to the\\nconversion of the Egyptian preference\\nloan from five to four per cent stock.\\nDec. Paris. The Senate agrees to a\\nlaw by which the Government assumes\\nthe monopoly of the manufacture of\\nmatches.\\nA law is passed providing for the re-\\nsponsibility of employers for acci-\\ndents and the insurance of laborers.\\n1890 Jan. 14. Paris. M. Floquet is\\nelected President of the Chamber of\\nDeputies. [The Senate choses M. Le\\nRoger president.]\\nFeb. 7. Paris. Louis Philippe Robert,\\nDuke of Orleans, son of the Comte do\\nParis, applies for admission into the\\narmy he is arrested for entering the\\ncountry in violation of the law forbid-\\nding the territory of the Republic to\\nroyalist princes. [Feb. 12. He is tried,\\nand sentenced to two years imprison-\\nment. Feb. 24. He is removed to Clair-\\nvaux prison. June 3. He is pardoned\\nby the president, and conducted across\\nthe Swiss frontier.]\\nFeb. 20. Paris. A Libel Law is passed\\nin the Senate. Vote, 178-107.\\nFeb. 24. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties defeats a motion to grant amnesty\\nto convicted strikers.\\nFeb. Paris. A bill to tax foreigners\\nand employers of foreign labor passes\\nthe first reading in the Chamber of\\nDeputies.\\n1890 Feb. Paris. Editor Dreyfus is\\nwounded in a duel with the Marquis de\\nMores.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1889 Mar. 16. Paris. Financial panic;\\n75,000,000 francs are taken out from Bank\\nof France in addition, 100,000,000 francs\\nare advanced to Comptoir d Escompte.\\nMar. 18. Paris. The Societies Metaux\\nstops payment, the Comptoir d Es-\\ncompte is in the hands of a receiver,\\nand copper drops heavily in Paris, Lon-\\ndon, and New York.\\nMar. 24. Paris. Twenty million francs\\nare subscribed to the Comptoir d Es-\\ncompte on the condition that the Bank\\nof France subscribes a million.\\nMar. 31. Paris. The Eiffel Tower is\\ninaugurated Premier Tirard delivers\\nan oration. [May 15. Opened.]\\nMar. May The Comptoir d Es-\\ncompte, supported by Messrs. Roth-\\nschild and other bankers, is successfully\\nreorganized.\\nApr. 21+. Paris. The liquidator of the\\nPanama Canal Company makes an\\nunsuccessful attempt to borrow $3,000,-\\n000 in London to continue the work.\\nMay 6. Paris. President Carnot for-\\nmally declares open the Universal Ex-\\nhibition in France.\\nMay 19+. Paris. The daily attendance\\nat the Exposition averages 71,000 per-\\nsons.\\nMay 26. Paris. In the Machinery De-\\npartment of the Exposition, the Amer-\\nican exhibit occupies one-third the\\nspace.\\nJune 3. The new harbor at Calais is\\nopened by President Carnot.\\nJuly 3. An explosion of fire-damp in\\na coal-pit at St. Etienne causes the death\\nof 200 miners and 60 horses.\\nJuly 27. Paris. The issue of Panama\\nCanal bonds to the amount of 8,935,000\\nfrancs at 105 has been fixed for July 27.\\nAug. 1. Paris. M. Brunet, the liquida-\\ntor, informs the shareholders that a fi-\\nnancial syndicate has taken the whole\\namount of the new lottery bonds of\\nthe Panama Canal Company.\\nAug. 4. Paris. The bodies of Carnot,\\nMerceau, D Auvergne, and Baudin are\\ndeposited in the Pantheon with impos-\\ning ceremonies.\\nAug. 20. Pai-is. Lightning strikes the\\nEiffel Tower without injuring it.\\nSept. 30. Paris. Although the day is\\nrainy, 307,000 tickets are taken in at the\\nExposition the highest record of the\\nseason.\\nNov. 6. Paris. The Exposition is\\nclosed. Total number of visitors about\\n25,000,000.\\nDec. 27. Paris. At a meeting of 4,000\\nPanama Canal bond-holders, they ex-\\npress unshaken confidence in De Lesseps\\nand the canal.\\n1890 Jan. 27. Paris. The Panama\\nCanal Commission reports that it will\\ntake 20 years and a cost of 1,737,000,000\\nfrancs ($347,400,000) to complete the\\ncanal.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0771.jp2"}, "772": {"fulltext": "760 1890, Feb. *-1891, July 26.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1S91 Jan. 18\u00c2\u00b1. The French troops\\nrout the Sultan of Ahmadou s forces,\\nand take 1,500 prisoners, including the\\nsultan s wives.\\nMar. 12. E. I. A French garrison in\\nTongking is overcome by natives, who\\nsack the town, and kill the French\\nofficials.\\nMay 7. A torpedo-boat collides with a\\ncruiser, and goes down off Cherbourg.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1890 May Paris. Jean Louis Ernest\\nMeissonier s original picture, 1814, is\\nbought by M. Conchard for \u00c2\u00a7170,000.\\nMay Paris. The new Salon is opened.\\nJune 29+. A statue of Joan of Arc,\\nby Emmanuel Fremist, presented by the\\ncity of Paris, is unveiled at Nancy.\\nJuly 31. A comet is discovered at Mar-\\nseilles by M. Coggia.\\nAug. 17. A monument to Admiral\\nCourbet is unveiled at Abbeville.\\nAug. 22. Paris. St. Cloud is struck by\\na violent wind-storm, which wrecks 20\\nhouses, and kills and injures a number\\nof the residents.\\nNov. 13. Paris. Announcement is made\\nthat The Angelus has been sold to the\\nGovernment for \u00c2\u00a7150,000.\\nNov. A scientific expedition to explore\\nCentral Asia has been organized.\\nThe planets JVenetta, Brasilia, Felicia,\\nPhsetusa, Csecilia, and Clarissa are dis-\\ncovered by Charlois. [1891, Gordonia,\\nNike, Margarita, Claudia, Pierretta,\\nRosalia, Goberta, Roxana, and two\\nothers 1892, Demboicska, Columbia, and\\n10 others 1893, twenty more (un-\\nnamed).]\\n1891 Jan. 9. Paris. The Committee\\nof Physicians appointed to inquire into\\nthe Koch system of inoculation report\\nthat injurious efrVrts sometimes follow\\nthe injection of the lymph.\\nJan. 26. Paris. The Chamber votes\\n500,000 francs for excavations in\\nDelphi.\\nJan. 27. Paris. The performance of\\nSardou s Thermidnr is suppressed by the\\nGovernment. [Jan. 29. Sharply debated\\nin the Chambers.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nOct. 13. Calmon, Marc Antoine, econo-\\nmist, politician, A75.\\nDec. 18. Belot, Adolphe, dram.,nov., A61.\\nDec. 28. Feuillet, Octave, nov., dram., A78.\\nChatrian, Alexandre, litterateur, A64.\\nRobert-Fleury, Joseph Nicolas, historical\\npainter, A93.\\n1891 Jan. 2. Peyret, Alphonse, senator,\\nauthor, A78.\\nJan. 6. Leuchtenberg, Due de, Nicolas,\\nA4B.\\nMontaland, Celine, actor, A48.\\nJan. 10.. Careil, Comte, Louis S. F., sena-\\ntor, author, dies.\\nJan. 11. Haussmann, Georges Eugene,\\nmagistrate, A82.\\nJan. 14. Millet. Aime, painter, sculptor,\\nA75.\\nJan. 31. Meissonier, Jean L. E., paint-\\ner, A76.\\nFeb. 1. Berthet, Elie B., novelist, A76.\\nFeb. 26. Iioisgobey, Fortune du, novelist,\\nA70.\\nMar. 12. Banville, Theodore Faullain de,\\npoet, A68.\\nMar. 16. Campenon, J. B. M. E., general,\\nstatesman, A72.\\nMar. 17. Bonaparte, NapoU-im Joseph\\nCharles Paul, Prince Napoleon, son of\\nJerome, A69.\\nBonaparte. Marianne, princesse, dies in\\nApr. 2. Pouyer-Quertier, A.T., states., A71.\\nApr. 8. Pressensse, Edmond I de, Prot-\\nestant theologian, orator, statesman, AG7.\\nApr. 21. Chapu, Henri 51. A., sculp., A58.\\nMay 13. Becquerel, Alexandre Edmond,\\nphysicist, A71.\\nMay 19. Weiss, Jean Jacques, author,\\nstatesman, A62.\\nJuly 6. Felix, Celestin Joseph, pulpit ora-\\ntor, A81.\\nCHURCH.\\n1890 Feb. Paris. A new semi-reli-\\ngious order is formed, called Brothers\\nof the Cross; object, to propagate re-\\nligious socialism.\\n1891 Feb. 5. Pope Leo declines to\\naddress the bishops as to their attitude\\ntoward the Republic.\\nLETTERS.\\n1890 Histoire de la chanson popnlaire\\nen France, by Julian Tiersot, appears.\\nSix Arts Soldat, by Ch. Mismer, ap-\\npears.\\nLa Cadet, by Richepin, appears.\\nLes Souvenirs des Comte de Roche-\\nchouart appears.\\nLetters of the Duke of Orleans, edited\\nby the Comte de Paris and the Due de\\nChartres, appears.\\nQuestion d Alsace appears.\\nL^lnde francaise avant Dupleix, by\\nCastonnet des Fosses, appears.\\nLife of Jesus, by Pere Didon, appears.\\nHUene and La maison de I ogre, by J.\\nB. A. Karr, appears.\\nThe Purchase of the North Pole, by\\nJules Verne, appears.\\n1891 Apr. 6. Emile Zola is elected\\npresident of the Society des Gens de\\nLettres.\\nMemoirs of Prince Talleyrand, by the\\nDue de Broglie, appears.\\nLe Refine du Silence, by M. Rodenbach,\\nappears.\\nUn Cwitr de Femme, by Paul Bourget,\\nappears. [1892, La Terra. Promise and\\nt osmopolis 1894, Oittre-Mer.]\\nHallali, by Henri Rabusson, appears.\\nMonsieur Bien-Aime by Paul Foucher,\\nappears. [1894, Rechain Avare.]\\nLa Peine Jeanne, by M. F. Mistral,\\nappears.\\nParliamentary History of the Second\\nRepublic, by M. E. Spuller, appears.\\nRomance of the Prince Imperial and\\nMan-Hunting, by Comte d He isson, ap-\\npear. [1S0 2, Les lifsponsahi life s de l An-\\nnie Terrible.\\nLes Represenfnntsdu Peuple en Missnn,\\net la Justice Rero/ufionnaire, by Henri A.\\nWallon, appears.\\nDiplomatic History of Europe, by M.\\nDebidour, appears.\\nLa Politique francaise en Tunise ap-\\npears.\\nR ves et Impressions, by Ch. No, ap-\\npears.\\nXaviere, by M. F. Fabre, appears.\\nLe Thidtre des Marionnettes de No-\\nhant, by M. Sand, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1890 Apr. 24. Paris. Employers no-\\ntify workmen that they will be dismissed\\non May 1st if absent from their work.\\nMay 2, 3. Strikes and labor disturb-\\nances occur in the North, 40,000 men\\nleaving work in Roubaix, Turcoing, Lan-\\nnoy, Croix, and other places. [Louise\\nMichel and the Marquis de Mores are\\narrested for inciting disturbances the\\nlatter is sentenced to three months im-\\nprisonment.]\\nMay 5. Paris. M. Secretin and other\\ndirectors of the Comptoir d Escompte\\nde Paris are tried for fraud in connec-\\ntion with the copper corner of last\\nyear.\\n[May 23. M. Secretin is sentenced to\\nsix months imprisonment and to a tine\\nof 10,000 francs; others receive lighter\\nsentences.]\\nMay 16. Paris. An International Tele-\\ngraph Conference opens.\\nMay 21. Cuba. Eyraud, the murderer,\\nis arrested in Havana. [June 16. De-\\nlivered to French authorities. July 2.\\nHe confesses the murder of Notary\\nGouffe\\\\ Aug. 7. He fails in an attempt\\nto commit suicide. Dec. 20. He is con-\\ndemned to be executed, and Mile. Bom-\\npard is sentenced to imprisonment for\\n20 years.]\\nMay 28. Paris. Many Nihilists are ar-\\nrested as conspirators against the Czar;\\n15 are charged with manufacturing ex-\\nplosives. [June 3. Another plot is dis-\\ncovered.]\\nSept. 21. Paris. Cardinal Lavigerie\\nopens the Antislavery Conference.\\nHe says that he does not desire the im-\\nmediate abolition of slavery, as it would\\nentail the starvation of slaves, but that\\nman-hunting must be suppressed.\\nSept. 28. Paris. About 3,000 lace-work-\\ners in Calais strike.\\nOct. 9. Madame Bonnet, who confessed\\nthat she was a spy employed by the Ger-\\nman Government, is sentenced to impris-\\nonment for five years at Nancy.\\nOct. 14. Paris. The Americanist\\nConference opens.\\nNov. 19. Paris. Gen. Seliverskoff, a\\nRussian agent, is killed by Nihilists.\\n1891 Feb. 19. Paris. Anarchists\\nmeet at St. Denis, and denounce the con-\\nscription law they resist the police, and\\n20 are arrested.\\nFeb. 28. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties decides to suppress immediately\\nevery kind of betting on races.\\nMar. 31. Paris. The International\\nMiners Conference meets. [It decides\\nto organize a general strike on principle\\nonly.]\\nApr. 22. Paris. The police arrest 45\\nAnarchists.\\nApr. 24. Gen. de Negrier, of the 7tb\\nArmy Corps, is wounded in a duel with\\nGaston le Grand.\\nMay 25. Paris. The stage-drivers\\nstrike. [May 26. The strike is settled\\nin favor of the men.]\\nJune 22-24. Horse-car employees in\\nBordeaux successfully strike.\\nJune 23. Paris. Charles and Victor de\\nLesseps are examined before a magis-\\ntrate in regard to the Panama Canal\\ncharges.\\nJune 25 i. Paris. About 6,000 bakers\\nstrike.\\nJuly 1. Paris. The strikers do not al-\\nlow the omnibuses to run.\\nJuly 15. Paris. About 4,000 railroad\\nemployees order an immediate strike", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0772.jp2"}, "773": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1890, Feb. *-1891, July 26. 7G1\\nalong the line of the five great railroads\\nentering Paris.\\n[July 16. Seven thousand men on the\\nNorthern Railroad strike. July IS. Six\\nthousand strikers resolve to lay griev-\\nance before the Chamber of Deputies.\\nJuly 23. The police of Paris disperse\\nriotous mobs.]\\nJuly 25. Paris. An explosive powder\\nis sent to Mine. Constans, wife of the\\nMinister of the Interior.\\nJuly 26. Paris. Anarchists rout 4,000\\nBoulangists who attempt a demonstra-\\ntion.\\nSTATE.\\n1890 Mar. 2. Paris. Minister Con-\\nstans resigns, and is succeeded by L^on\\nBourgeois.\\nMar. 13. Paris. The Government de-\\ncides to occupy Whydah, a province\\nof Dahomey on the west coast of Africa.\\nMar. 14. A modus vivendi is agreed to\\nbetween France and Great Britain re-\\ngarding the Newfoundland fisheries.\\nParis. The commercial treaty\\nwith Turkey having expired on March\\n13, a temporary arrangement is made,\\nto last till 1892.\\nThe deputies from wine districts pro-\\ntest the Government is defeated in the\\nSenate, and the Mini stry resigns.\\nMar. 17. Paris. A new Ministry is\\nformed.\\nMembers: Charles de Freycinet (president\\nof council, war), M. Ribot (foreign), M.\\nRouvier (finance), A. Fallieres (public wor-\\nship), M. Bourgeois (instruction and fine\\narts), M. Constans (interior), M. Yves Guyot\\n(public works), .Jules Ilcx-he (commerce), M.\\nDevelle (agriculture), Vice Adm. Barbey\\n(marine).\\nApr. 27. Paris. The Boulangists are\\ntotally defeated in the municipal elec-\\ntions.\\nApr. 28-May 2. Paris. The Marquis de\\nMores, Louise Michel, and 300 others are\\narrested on suspicion of being engaged\\nin an Anarchist plot.\\nApr. 30. The discovery of the plot to\\nproclaim the Duke of Orleans King of\\nFrance leads to the flight of the Duke\\nof Luynes.\\nMay 14. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties passes a bill imposing a penalty of\\nthree months imprisonment on employ-\\ners for dismissing unlawfully members\\nof trades-unions.\\nMay 18. Gen. Boulanger publishes a\\nletter deprecating any further agitation\\nin favor of his views.\\nJune 3. France, Germany, Russia, and\\nSwitzerland sigu a treaty for the re-\\npression of anarchy.\\nJuly 16. A French vessel, while tak-\\ning bait, is fired on by the Newfound-\\nland bait-cruiser Fiona.\\nAug. 2. Paris. The Government issues\\na decree of partial or complete amnesty\\nto persons convicted of offenses con-\\nnected with labor-strikes.\\nAug. 5. London. The Anglo-French\\nAgreement respecting Africa is signed\\nby Lord Salisbury and Ambassador Wad-\\ndington.\\nThe British protectorate over Zanzibar\\nand the French protectorate over Mada-\\ngascar are recognized and the delimita-\\ntion of territories in Africa, subject to\\nthe influence of France, is to be settled\\nby two commissioners at Paris. [1893.\\nJ uly A delimitation convention is\\nsigned.]\\nAug. 20. The Government establishes a\\nprotectorate over the Society Islands,\\nafter subduing the natives and killing a\\nnumber who refuse to submit to the in-\\nvaders.\\nOct, 5. A treaty of peace is concluded be-\\ntween France and the King of Dahomey,\\nFrance to have possession of Kotonou,\\nand a protectorate over Porto Navo.\\n[Jan. 27. Rejected by Committee of\\nDeputies.]\\nOct. 20. Paris. AGeneralCustomsHigh\\nTariff Bill is introduced in the Cham-\\nber of Deputies.\\nIt contains a clause empowering the\\nGovernment to retaliate against all\\ncountries which discriminate against the\\nproducts of France.\\nOct. Paris. The Union for the Promo-\\ntion of Free Trade in Raw Material,\\netc., is formed.\\nNov. 11. Paris. The Chamber of Dep-\\nuties passes the Secret Service Vote.\\nVote, 310-120.\\n1891 Jan. 4. Elections for the Senate\\nare held Premier Freycinet receives\\n579 votes out of a total of 605, and Jules\\nFerry 723 votes out of a total of 997 in\\nthe first ballots the Republicans gain ten\\nseats.\\nJan. 13. Paris. The Senate and Cham-\\nber meet M. Floquet is reelected presi-\\ndent of the Chamber.\\nJan. 22. Paris. A Supreme Council\\nof Lahor is created by law.\\nMar. 14. Paris. President Carnot signs\\nthe agreement by which England and\\nFrance undertake to submit to arbitra-\\ntion the Newfoundland dispute.\\n[Mar. 16. The arbitrators chosen by\\nFrance are Prof. Martens of the St.\\nPetersburg University M. River, the\\nSwiss Consul at Brussels; M. Gram, ex-\\njudge of the Supreme Court of Norway.]\\nMar. 16. Paris. The Government ac-\\ncedes to the request of the Chilean revo-\\nlutionists that the Chilean warships,\\nrecently built at Toulon for the service\\nof President Balmaceda, should be al-\\nlowed to depart.\\nMar. 17. It. Prince Napoleon, son of\\nJerome dies his will designates Prince\\nLouis, his second son, as the head of\\nthe Bonaparte house, Prince Victor be-\\ning disowned.\\nMar. 25\u00c2\u00b1. A formal treaty of alliance\\nis concluded between France and Rus-\\nsia.\\nMay 4. Pay-is. The Government is sus-\\ntained by a vote of confidence. .Vote,\\n356-33.\\nIn the debate on the May-day tragedy\\nat Fourmies, M. Rouche calls M. Con-\\nstans, minister of the interior, a mur-\\nderer, and is removed from the Chamber\\nby force.\\nMay 13. Paris. Race-tracks are\\nplaced under Government supervision,\\nand betting on horses is regulated by\\nlaw.\\nMay 27. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties passes a bill providing for the sto-\\nrage of grain in every fortified town of\\nFrance, sufficient to feed its people for\\ntwo months in time of siege.\\nMay 2S. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties passes the high Tariff Bill recom-\\nmended by the Committee.\\nMay 30. The Czar, as the arbitrator in\\nthe dispute between Holland and France\\nregarding the Guiana boundary, de-\\ncides in favor of Holland.\\nJune 3. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties adopts a motion to limit the hours\\nof labor of employees of public com-\\npanies to 12 daily. Vote, 406-3.\\nJune 8. Paris. The Senate passes the\\nbill reducing the duties on corn.\\nVote, 208-49.\\nJune 9. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties decides that cocoons and raw silk\\nshall be admitted free of duty, but\\nthat manufactured silks shall be subject\\nto a duty of 300 francs.\\nJune 26. Paris. An injunction is is-\\nsued ordering the sequestration of\\nChilean cruisers built in the shipyards\\nat La Seyne, near Toulon.\\nJuly 8. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties adopts a bill to establish a Govern-\\nment Labor Bureau.\\nJuly 17. Paris. Senate passes a bill to\\nregulate the working of women and\\nchildren in factories, establishing a ten-\\nhour working-day, forbids night duty,\\nand prescribes one rest-day in seven.\\nJuly 18. Paris. The Deputies pass a\\nprotectionist customs tariff bill. Vote,\\n385-111.\\nJuly 26\u00c2\u00b1. Paris. France annexes Ta-\\nhiti on the death of King Pomare, and\\nplacates the heir-apparent by the pay-\\nment of 12,000 francs.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1890 Apr. Paris. The Eiffel Tower\\nis opened again for the season. On the\\nfirst day 10,000 persons ascend.\\nMay 6. Paris. The report of the Special\\nCommittee on Panama Canal estimates\\nthat the total cost of completion would\\nbe 900,000,000 francs. Work done and\\nmaterial valued at 470,000,000. Time re-\\nquired, eight years.\\nMay 11. Panama Canal shares fall 17\\nfrancs in consequence of the report of\\nthe Commission.\\nJuly 29. A fire-damp explosion at St.\\nIStienne causes the death of 120 men and\\na number injured.\\nAug. Paris. The final report of the\\nPanama Canal Company s affairs\\nshows that its total expenditures amount\\nto .\u00c2\u00a71262,000,000, and that its assets on\\nMarch 3 were \u00c2\u00a73,200,000.\\n1891 Jan. 15. Paris. It is announced\\nthat a new Panama Canal scheme has\\nobtained the approval of the Govern-\\nment, but the Bourse is not favorably\\ndisposed to the plan.\\nMar. 18. Telephone communication\\nis effected between Paris and London.\\nApr. 19. Paris. Lieut. Wyse makes a\\nreport to the liquidator of the Panama\\nCanal Company, in which he says that\\nthe canal can be completed in five years,\\nat a cost of 120, 000 ,000.\\nJuly 24. The official census report is\\nmade; population of 38,095,150, an\\nIncrease of 20S.584 since last census.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0773.jp2"}, "774": {"fulltext": "762 1891, Aug-. 5-1892, Nov. 18.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1891 Aug. 21. Eng. The French and\\nBritish, fleets are reviewed by Queen Vic-\\ntoria off Spithead.\\nSept. Another expedition sails against\\nthe Dahoineans, West Africa. (See North\\nCHURCH.\\nLe The dtre, by Octave Feuillet, Fran-\\ncois Coppee, Ferdinand Dugue, Gondi-\\nnet, and. Jean Jullien, appears.\\nMichel Lando, by Maurice Bonchor,\\nappears.\\nGu\\nAug. 16. The exhibition of a Holy\\nCoat at Argenteuil attracts crowds of\\npilgrims.\\nSept. 19. Home. The Pope receives\\nthe first contingent of the pilgrimage\\nof French workmen, whom he addresses 1891 Aug. 11. Paris. The Grand.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1892 Jan. 19\u00c2\u00b1. W. Afr. A native\\nforce is repulsed by a French garrison\\nin Dahomey; 250 natives are killed.\\nJan. 22+ Algeria. A French force in\\nthe Sudan defeats a hostile tribe, kill-\\ning hundreds of natives. [Feb. 5\u00c2\u00b1. It\\nrouts the native forces.]\\nMay 4\u00c2\u00b1. The King Samadou, in the\\nFrench Sudan, recaptures two towns\\nfrom the French, taking SI French pris-\\noners and a number of Senegal natives.\\nMay 18\u00c2\u00b1. E. I. The French capture a\\npirate stronghold in Tongking, losing 58\\nmen and the pirates 125.\\n[July2\u00c2\u00b1. In another battle with pi-\\nrates at Thanhoa, the French carry the\\npirates position.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1891 Sept. 16. Paris. Lohengrin is\\nsuccessfully performed for the first time.\\nOct. 4. The Mayor of Nice unveils a\\nmonument to Garibaldi in the pres-\\nence of a representative of the Govern-\\nment.\\n1892 Apr. 24. A statue of Rouget de\\nl lsle is unveiled at Choisy-le-Roi.\\nJuly 12. St. Gervais-les-Bains is de-\\nstroyed by an avalanche from Mont\\nBlanc 200 bodies are taken from the\\nruins.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1891 Aug. 5. Villi, Auguste, dram, critic,\\nA68.\\nSept. 8. Bundy, Jonas M., journalist, A56.\\nSept. 9. GreVy. Francois Paul Jules.\\nPresident, A84.\\nSept. 12. Kibot, Augustin T., painter, A6S.\\nSept. 30. Boulansrer. Georges Ernest\\nJean Marie, general, politician, A54.\\nDec. 22. Wolff, Albert, dram, critic, ASK.\\nDec. 25. Pommeray, Henri de la, crit.,A52.\\nKoumanille, Joseph, Provencal puet, A73.\\n1892 Jan. 5. Cambriels, Albert, gen., A76.\\nJan. 13. (JiiatrefaL es ile lireau, Jean Louis\\nArmand de. naturalist, A82.\\nJan. 20. Dupont, Henrique N., engr., A94.\\nJan. 22. Miiller, Charles Louis, historical\\npainter, A77.\\nJan. 24:. Batidnllart, Henri J. L., political\\neconomist, A71.\\nFeb. 9. Arago, Etienne, dram., pol., A90.\\nFeb. 12. Maury, Louis r erdinand, arche-\\nologist, librarian of the Tuileries, A75.\\nMar. 6. ])e la Craviere, J. B. E. Jurien,\\nvice-admiral, A79.\\nApr. 14. Kock, Henri de, novelist, dram-\\natist, A71.\\nApr. 23. Duveyrier, Henri Daring, ex-\\nplorer, A52.\\nMay 7. Guiraud, Ernest, composer, A55.\\nMay 20. De Laveaucoupet, M., gen., A83.\\nMay 26. Martin, Joseph, explorer in Asia,\\nJuly 29. Bort de Teisserenc, 1 n-rre, states-\\nman, A78.\\nAug 17. Trebelli-Bettini, Zelia, opera-\\nsmger, A54.\\nSepc. 24. De Bourbon, Prince Francois de\\nPaule, Cointe de Trapani, A65.\\nSept. 29. Cremieux. Hector J., dram., A64.\\nSept. 30. Giraud, Charles, artist, A73.\\nOct. 1. Erlanger, Michael, financier, dies.\\nOct. 2. Kenan, Joseph Erneste, critic,\\nphilologist, historian, A69.\\nOct. 11. Marmier, Xavier, litterateur, A83.\\nOct. 20. Housset. CamilleF. M.,hist., A71.\\nNov. 5. Herve% Floriinond, composer, A67.\\nNov. 15. Failly, Pierre L. C. de, gen., A82.\\nNov. 18. Reinach, Baron J., financier, A56.\\non the labor question.\\nSept. 29. Dr. Dreyfus is installed chief\\nrabbi of France.\\nOct. 5. Pome. French, pilgrims, num-\\nbering 1,200, attend low m\\nby the Pope in St. Peter s\\nDuke Alexis is received with enthusi-\\nastic demonstration.\\nAug. 29. Paris. The May-day Anar-\\nchists are sentenced Descamps to im-\\nprisonment for five years, and Darcare\\nto three years for firing at the police.\\nNov. 24. The Archbishop of Aix is g t 3Q m Q\\nj celebrated\\nfined. (See State.) [Nov. 30. The prel-\\nate is congratulated by the Right.]\\nNov. 25. The Government sends a\\nfriendly note to the Pope.\\nDec. 9. Paris. The Senate pledges the\\nGovernment to avail itself of its rights\\nto compel the clergy to respect the Re-\\npublic, and to submit to its laws. Vote,\\n211-57.\\nDec. 10. Paris. Notice is given in the\\nChamber of Deputies of a motion de-\\nmanding the Government to introduce\\na bill as a prelude to the separation of\\nChurch and State.\\nDec. 26. Paris. The Senate passes a\\nresolution accusing the clergy of jeop-\\nard! z\\nthe rights of the state. Vote, 211-5\\n1892 Jan. 2. Paris. Minister Fail\\ncommits suicide at Brussels.\\nOct. 12. About 3,500 coal-miners strike\\nOct. 25. A league to establish a Social-\\nist Republic is formed.\\n1892 Feb. 7. A Congress of Labor\\nExchanges agrees to federation.\\nFeb. 18. Edwin Parker Deacon, an\\nAmerican, shoots and kills his wife s\\nlover, M. Abeille, at Cannes.\\n[May 20. He is sentenced to imprison-\\nment for one year. Sept. 21. He is par-\\ndoned by President Carnot. Oct. 13. He\\nbrings an action against his wife for a\\ndivorce. Nov. 21. The Court of Appeal\\ngives a judgment in favor of Mrs. Dea-\\n0\\nI?!??!! an jL\u00c2\u00b0 f Jf^* ing Feb. 27. Paris. An explosion of dyna-\\nmite occurs in the Rue de Clichy; several\\npersons are injured.\\ntops the salary of the bishop of m _\\ni\u00e2\u0084\u00a2. i.\u00c2\u00ab.. i\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 rt Feb. 28. Pans. The destruction of\\nli\\nCarcassone because he left his diocese\\nwithout first obtaining legal permission.\\nFeb. 19. Paris. The Catholic papers\\npublish an encyclical from Pope Leo to\\nthe clergy, saying that the Government\\nmust be obeyed.\\nMay 7. Six bishops are cut off from\\ntreasury stipends for interfering in elec-\\ntions.\\nMay 13. Paris. Pope Leo calls upon mite.\\nthe French Catholic Congress to comply Mar. 15. Paris. A sensational duel is\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0with the monitions in his encyclical en- foughtbetween M. Isaac, sub-prefect of\\nproperty by dynamite is made a capital\\noffense by the Chamber.\\nFeb. 29. Paris. A dynamite explo-\\nsion, attributed to Anarchists, occurs in\\nthe house of the Princess of Sagan.\\nMar. 4. Paris. An attempt is made to\\nblow up a police-station.\\nMar. 12. Paris. An attempt is made to\\nwreck the house of a judge with dyna-\\ngovernment.\\nJuly 20. The Roman Catholic episco-\\npate asks Pope Leo to arrangi\\ncano niz ation of Joan of Arc.\\nthe former is severely\\nPome. B. L. Thomas, archbishop of\\nRouen, J. C. Ernest Bournet, archbishop\\nof Rodez, Victor L. Lecot, archbishop of\\nBordeaux, and G. Rene 1 Meignan, arch-\\nbishop of Tours, are consecrated cardi-\\nnal priests.\\nLETTERS.\\n1892 Souvenirs du G n ral Jarras ap-\\nwounded.\\nfo r the Mar. 27. Paris. Seven persons are se-\\nriously injured by a dynamite explo-\\nsion.\\n[Mar. An Anarchist named Ravachol\\nis supposed to have caused the recent explo-\\nsion, and is arrested; 40 foreign Anarchists\\nare to be expelled from France. Mar. 31.\\nSeveral Anarchists under arrest confess to\\nparticipation in two recent explosions, and\\nturn informers against Ilavaehol, who admits\\nthe commission of several crimes. Apr. 2.\\nAnarchists ale leaving the city in haste. Apr.\\n3. Ravachol makes a full confession concern-\\ning the explosion. Apr. 13. He and his five\\naccomplices are indicted. Apr. 26. He and\\nanother are found guilty, and sentenced to\\npenal servitude for life; the other Anarchists\\nare acquitted.]\\nAutour de Bonaparte, by L. Xavier de\\nRicard, appears.\\nLife of Mirabeau, by A. Mezieres, ap-\\npears.\\nCorrespondence of Madame AcJcerman, Apr. 6. Anarchists blow up the police-\\nedited by Cointe dMIaussonville, ap- station at Angers [Apr. Another\\npeacs# explosion occurs in Roubaix.]\\nEnqulte sur V Evolution Litteraire, by Apr. 22. Paris. The police arrest 45\\nJules Huret, appears. Anarchists, also a large number in\\n1 Histoire Anecdoiique des Marionnettes other cities. [Apr. 23. They arrest 200\\nMod ernes, by Lemorcier de Nouville, ap- _\\npears. more -l\\nLe Culte du Moi, by Maurice Barres, Apr. 25. Paris. Caf^ Very is destroyed\\nappears, b Y dynamite in revenge for Ravachol s\\nFeuilles dUacMes, by Renan, appears. arrest six persons are injured.\\nLe Lait d un Aulre t by Alexandre May 13. The house of a miner overseer\\nHepp, appears. at Lens is wrecked by dynamite.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0774.jp2"}, "775": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1891, Aug. 5-1892, Nov. 18. 763\\nMay 21. Paris. A dynamite car-\\ntridge is found in the house of the public\\nprosecutor.\\nMay 23. Paris. Madame Reymond, in\\nher husband s presence, shoots and theu\\nstabs his paramour to death.\\nJune 23. Paris. The Marquis de Mores\\nfights a duel, wounding his opponent,\\nCapt. Mayer, fatally. [June 24. The\\nMarquis de Mortis is arrested. Aug. 2.\\nHe is tried. Aug. 30. Acquitted.]\\nJune 25. Paris. The plans of the\\nFrench defenses are sold to Germany\\nand Italy.\\nThe criminal is M. Grenier, a clerk in\\nthe office of the Keeper-General of the\\nNational Archives Capt. Henry Borup,\\nattached to the American Legation, is\\naccused of being an accomplice. [Sept.\\n6. Grenier is sentenced to 20 years penal\\nservitude and 20 years banishment.]\\nJuly 16. Paris. Daniel Wilson, son-in-\\nlaw of President Gre y, is found guilty\\nof using illegal means to secure his elec-\\ntion, and is fined 1,000 francs.\\nJuly 26. Sixteen Anarchists are con-\\nvicted at Liege Moireau is sentenced\\nto 25 years penal servitude, Wolf and\\nBeaujean to 20 years each.\\nJuly 28. Paris. Four Anarchists are\\nconvicted at Versailles of procuring dy-\\nnamite for the May-day explosion.\\nSept. 3. Three sacks of registered let-\\nters, valued at \u00c2\u00a33,500, are stolen from a\\ntrain between Paris and Lyons.\\nSept. 12. Paris. The Social Congress\\nSept. 22. The Centennial of the First\\nRepublic is celebrated throughout\\nFrance brilliant ceremonies and illu-\\nminations take place in Paris.\\nOct. 13. Striking miners at Carmaux\\ntear down the prefect s decree forbid-\\nding public meetings a large force of\\ntroops is present to preserve the peace.\\n[Oct. 20. The Carmaux miners decide to\\nsubmit their dispute to arbitration, Oct. 26.\\nThe President of the Chamber of Deputies as\\narbitrator decides that M. Calviguae, whose\\ndischarge caused the troubles, shall be rein-\\nstated, and that all strikers except those con-\\nvicted of rioting shall he taken back. Oct.\\n29. Ten of the rioters are pardoned. Oct. 31.\\nThe strike at Carmaux is ended, the miners\\nreturning to work, and the rioters are released\\nfrom prison.]\\nNov. 8. Paris. A dynamite bomb is ex-\\nploded at the police-office in Bois de\\nBoulogne.\\nSTATE.\\n1891 Oct. 30. Paris. The hill impos-\\ning a duty on salted meats is passed\\nby the Senate the prohibition against\\nAmerican pork is removed.\\nIts entry is limited to four ports, Bor-\\ndeaux, Dunkirk, Havre, and Marseilles.\\n[Dec. 5. Decreed.]\\nOct.* W.Afr. The Senegambians con-\\ncede new territorial rights.\\nNov. 24. Archbishop Xavier Gouthe\\nSoulard of Aix is fined 3,000 francs for\\nwriting an insulting protest against a\\na circular of M. Fallieres respecting pil-\\ngrimages.\\nDec. 11-13. Paris. The Government s\\nsupport of the Concordat is approved\\nafter a stormy debate in the Chamber of\\nDeputies. Vote, 243-223.\\nDec. 14. France severs diplomatic re-\\nlations with Bulgaria on account of its\\nexpulsion of M. Chadonine, a French\\njournalist.\\nDec. 17. Paris. The Senate passes a\\nnew Tariff Bill. [Dec. 27. Passed by\\nthe Chamber of Deputies. 1892. Jan.\\n27. Approved by President Car not.\\nFeb. 1. Becomes operative.]\\nDec. 22\u00c2\u00b1. Ruptured relations exist be-\\ntween France and Madagascar.\\nDec. 26. Paris. The Senate passes, the\\nCommercial Treaties Bill.\\nDec. Paris. The Chamber passes a res-\\nolution indirectly censuring the clergy\\nfor their political activity. Vote, 243-\\n223.\\n1892 Jan. 5. Paris. The Chamber of\\nDeputies passes a resolution demanding\\nthat energetic measures be taken against\\nthose responsible for the condition of\\nthe Panama Canal Company.\\nJan. 7. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties passes a tariff bill, introducing high\\nprotection. Vote, 394-114.\\nJan. 9. A reconciliation between\\nFrance and Bulgaria is effected by Italy.\\n[Jan. 21. The Government accepts Bul-\\ngaria s note of apology.]\\nJan. 12. Paris. The Senate and\\nChamber meet; M. Floquet is again\\nreelected president of the Chamber.\\nJan. 13. A new customs convention\\nis made with Norway and Sweden.\\nJan. 15. A commercial treaty is con-\\ncluded with Holland.\\nJan. 26-Feb. 19. The declaration of\\nCardinal Lavigerie and four other cardi-\\nnals recognizing the Republic is accepted\\nby 76 bishops.\\nFeb. 16. Pope Leo s encyclical to the\\nFrench bishops enjoining submission\\nto the Republic is published.\\nFrance and the Sultan of Morocco\\nreach an agreement touching the sov-\\nereignty of the Touat Oasis, in a\\nmeasure favoring the former.\\nFeb. 18. Paris. The Deputies discuss\\nthe Associations Bill, abolishing\\nlicenses as requisite for associations.\\nM. de Freyeinet denies that it is aimed\\nat religious confraternities bis request\\nfor a vote of -nnridenee is refused. Vote,\\n282-210. The Ministry resigns.\\nFeb. 19. The Pope issues an encycli-\\ncal in which he takes exception to the\\nattitude of the cardinals and arch-\\nbishops.\\nFeb. 28. Paris. A new Ministry is\\nformed by M. Loubet, after Maurice\\nRouvier declined to take office.\\nMembers: M. Loubet (interior), M. de\\nFreyeinet (war). M. Ribot (foreign affairs),\\nM. Rouvipr (finance), M. Bourgeois (public\\ninstruction), M. Iti^ard [justice and public\\nworship), M. Oavaipnae (marine), M. Develle\\n(agriculture), Jules Roche (commerce), M.\\nViette (public works).\\nFeb. 29. France and the United States\\ncome to an agreement for a commer-\\ncial treaty. [Mar. 15. It is signed by\\nPresident Carnot.]\\nMar. 10. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties adopts a bill to give women the\\nright to vote for members of the Con-\\nseils des Prudhommes, hut disallows\\ntheir election thereto as members.\\nMar. 31. Paris. An anti-dynamite\\nbill passes the Senate.\\nApr. 11. Paris. The Budget Committee\\npasses a credit of 300,000,000 francs for\\nan expedition against Dahomey.\\nApr. 22. Paris. Orders are issued for\\nthe prosecution of the archbishop of\\nAvignon and four other bishops for in-\\nciting Catholic electors against the\\nState.\\nMay 10. Paris. The Cabinet votes 300,-\\n000 francs to pay for indemnity for loss\\nfrom dynamite outrages.\\nMay 25. Spain and France arrange a\\ncommercial modus vivendi.\\nJune 9. Paris. The Due de la Roche-\\nfoucauld s letter to Pope Leo declar-\\ning submission in matters of faith, but\\nnot in state affairs, is signed by 40 of the\\n70 Royalist deputies.\\nJuly 11. Paris. Minister Godefroy Ca-\\nvaignac resigns because of censure in\\nrelation to Dahomey; he is succeeded\\nby M. Burdeau.\\nJuly 13. Paris. A decree is signed for\\nthe Universal Exhibition, 19U0, May\\n5-Oct. 31.\\nAug. 1. The triennial elections held in\\nthe provinces for members of the Coun-\\ncils General show a Republican gain of\\n150 seats. [Aug. 8. By supplementary\\nelections increased to 195.]\\nAug. 23\u00c2\u00b1. France takes possession of\\nGloriosa Island near Madagascar, also\\nSt. Paul and Amsterdam Islands, be-\\ntween Madagascar and Australia.\\nOct. 27. Pans. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties rejects a motion to grant amnesty\\nto the Carmaux rioters.\\nOct. 29. Paris. A bill regulating the\\nlabor of women and children in fac-\\ntories, first introduced in 1S79, is passed.\\nNov. 15. Paris. A bill abolishing the\\nduty on wine, beer, cider, and other\\nhygienic drinks, and increasing the\\nspirit duties, is introduced in the Cham-\\nber of Deputies. [Dec. 21. Passed. 1893.\\nJune 26. Passed by Senate.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1891 Dec. 6. In a mine in St. \u00c2\u00a3tienne,\\n73 miners are killed by an explosion of\\nfire-damp.\\n1892 Feb. 18. The 21st anniversary of\\nthe Commune is celebrated.\\nJuly 9. Paris. Cholera has recently\\nappeared several new cases are re-\\nported. [July 16+. More deaths are\\nreported.]\\nJuly 13. Paris. President Carnot signs\\na decree providing for the holding of a\\nUniversal Exhibition in Paris in 1900,\\nfrom May 5 to Oct. 31.\\n1892 Sept. 3. Paris. Physicians report\\n59 new cases of cholera, and 42 deaths.\\n[Oct. 8. Cholera appears at Marseilles.\\nNov. 11. An alarming increase of cholera\\nin France is reported. 1893. Feb. 8.\\nCholeraic disease causes 44 deaths this\\nday in Marseilles. Feb. 12. Eight more.\\nAug. 3. It is reported that 826 deaths\\nhave occurred in the last four weeks\\nfrom cholera. Sept. 11. An alarming in-\\nof cholera is reported in Nantes.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0775.jp2"}, "776": {"fulltext": "764 1892, Nov. 15-1893, Sept.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n.1893 Apr. 4. E.I. The French take\\npossession of Knone Island, in the Me-\\nkong Kiver, the Siamese withdrawing\\nwithout offering resistance.\\nMay 17\u00c2\u00b1. E. I. A battle, with consid-\\nerable loss of life, is reported between\\nthe French and Siamese.\\n.June 25 E. I. Siamese islands are\\noccupied by the French without re-\\nsistance.\\nJuly 17\u00c2\u00b1. E. I. French marines cap-\\nture two Siamese forts on the Upper\\nMekong River a Siamese force is re-\\npulsed with great loss by Annamite\\nmilitia.\\nJuly 24. France gives notice to the pow-\\ners of her intention to blockade the Si-\\namese coast. [Aug. 4. liaised.]\\nAug. 2. Paris. It is announced that\\nGen. Dodds will lead another expedition\\nagainst the King of Dahomey in Septem-\\nber.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1892 Dec. 27. Paris. The gold medal\\nof the Academy of Sciences is given to\\nLouis Pasteur on his 70th birthday in\\nthe presence of a large company.\\n1893 Apr. Paris. By the will of M.\\nMeissonier the State receives many valu-\\nable paintings.\\n-June 4. Paris. A statue of Theophraste\\nRenaudot, the first editor of the Gazette\\nde France, is unveiled.\\nJune 11. Paris. A statue of the phi-\\nlosopher D. F. Arago is unveiled.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1892 Nov. 26. Lavigerie, Charles Alle-\\nmand, cardinal, archbp. of Carthage, A67.\\nDec. 14. Lemoinne, John Emile, states-\\nman, A77.\\n1893 Jan. 4. Delpit, Albert, dramatist,\\npoet, A 44.\\nMar. 6. Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe,\\nphilosopher, critic, historian, A65.\\nMar. 17. Ferry. Jules, statesman, A61.\\n.July 6. Maupassant, Guy de, novelist, A43.\\nAug-. 18. Charcot, Jean Martin, physi-\\ncian, A68.\\nSept. 12. Miribel. .Marie Francois, general,\\nA62.\\nSept. Yvon, Adolphe, hist, painter, A76.\\nLETTERS.\\n.1893* The total number of publica-\\ntions for the year is 11,076.\\nNapoUon intime, by Arthur Levy, ap-\\npears.\\nNapoUon et les Femmes and NapoUon\\nchez liii, by Frederic Masson, appears.\\nMemoirs of General Thiebault appears.\\nMemoir es du Chancel wr Pasquier, ed-\\nited by the Duke d Audiffret-Pasquier,\\nappears.\\nSouvenirs du G neral du Barail ap-\\npears.\\nHistoire du Cardinal de Richelieu, by\\nGabriel Hanoteaux, appears.\\nLife of Madame de Lamballe, by George\\nBertun, appears.\\nLamartine, by Emile Deschanel, ap-\\npears.\\nVictor Hugo apres 1852 (vol. iv.), by\\nEdmond Bir e, appears.\\nLe Masque: Conte miUsien, by Gilbert\\nAugustin-Thierry, appears.\\nLes Trophies, by J. M. de Heredia, ap-\\npears.\\nJacqueline, by Th. Bentzon, appears.\\nDiborah, by Count Stanislaus Rze-\\nwuski, appears.\\n1892 Nov. 15. A general strike of\\nminers is declared in the north.\\n[Nov. 16, Sixteen thousand go out. Nov.\\n17. In the department of Pas-de-Calais 33,-\\n000 miners are out on strike; some rioting\\noccurs. Nov. 18. Strong bodies of troops\\nare at the scene of the strike. Nov. 19. The\\nChamber of deputies considers the strike, and\\nappoints an Arbitration Commission. Nov.\\n20. Disorderly strikers in Pas-de-(. alaiscome\\nin contact with the police who are guarding\\nthe miners, and are repulsed. Nov. 23. The\\nstriking miners refuse to accept the Govern-\\nment Arbitration Board. Nov. 29. The strik-\\ning miners capture a mine at Rive de Gier.\\nNov. 30. The strike is ended.]\\nNov. 25-r. Paris. The committee ap-\\npointed by the Chamber of Deputies to\\ninvestigate the workings of the Pan-\\nama Canal Company, which failed in\\nSeptember, 1891, is in session.\\n(Dec. 10.) Several witnesses testify; a\\naub-comniittee is appointed to examine docu-\\nments. Charles de Lesseps tesuiies concern-\\ning the blackmail levied on the Panama\\nCanal Company.\\n(Dec. 16.) Charles de Lesseps, Fontaine,\\nand Sans-Leroy are arrested tor alleged con-\\nnection with the canal frauds the police\\nsearch many houses, and secure 14 van-loads\\nof documents bearing on the scandal.\\n(Dec. 17.) Bail is refused in the case of\\nCharles de Lesseps and the other Panama\\nCanal officers under arrest.\\n(Dec. 18.) Drumont s paper says the ag-\\ngregate amount, of the Panama Canal Com-\\npany s bribes is 21 1, 01) If, 1)00 francs. Letters in-\\ncriminating senators and deputies are found\\nin the Panama anal Company s office.\\n(Dec 24.) M. Castelbon, who was on the\\nThierry list as having had a cheek for 20,000\\nfrancs, testiries that he handed back 15,000\\nfrancs to Senator Deves, who cashed the\\ncheck.\\n(1893, Jan. 20.) M. Andrieux refuses to say\\nwhose name lie cut out of the list of 104\\nDeputies which he showed when he was ex-\\namined in December; Dr. Herz is arrested\\nin England.\\n(Jan. 21.) M. Clemenceau denies all knowl-\\nedge of bribery by Dr. Herz or any other\\nperson.\\n(Jan. 23.) It is said that the committee s\\nsub-committee has discovered enormous\\nfrauds among the records of syndicates which\\nhelped to float the Panama loans.\\n(Jan. 24.) M. Ktephane repeats his charges\\nagainst M. cle nienceau.\\n(Jan. 25.) It is announced that the Par-\\nliamentary Commission of Inquiry has ended\\nits investigations of the Panama Canal scan-\\ndal.\\nNov. 25. Paris. The International\\nEmigration Congress opens.\\nDec. 23. Paris. MM. Clemenceau and\\nDeroulede fight a harmless duel with\\npistols.\\nDec. 30. Paris. Anti-Socialist and An-\\narchist manifestoes are issued.\\n1893 Jan. 6. Paris. M. de Mores, at\\na great anti-Semitic meeting held at the\\nTivoli Vauxhall, bitterly assails the He-\\nbrews, and holds them as primarily re-\\nsponsible for the Panama scandal.\\nJan. 7. Paris. The persons implicated\\nin the Panama frauds are tried,\\nMM. Baihout, Blondin, Fontaine, Cotta,\\nand Charles de Lesseps are examined to-\\ngether. Charles de Lesseps and M. Fontaine\\nmake full statements to the Government.\\n(Jan. 12. Charles de Lesseps admits hav-\\ning bribed public functionaries.\\n(Jan. 14.) Ex-minister P.aihant confesses\\nthe bribery charges.\\n(Jan. 27.) M. Franqueville, magistrate,\\nreturns true bills of accusation against 14\\npersons, among them ex-ministers Rouvier\\nand Baihout, and Senator Albert (irevy and\\nCharles de Lesseps, for connection with Pan-\\nama frauds.\\n(Feb. 9.) The judges arrive at a decision.\\nM. F. de Lesseps and M. C. de Lesseps each\\nis sentenced to ttve years imprisonment,\\nand to pay a line of 3,000 francs; M. Fon-\\ntaine and M. Cotta each three years, and a\\nfine of 3,000 francs; M. Eiffel, two years,\\nand a fine of 20,000 francs.\\n(Feb. 10.) MM. C. de Lesseps, Baihaut,\\nBlondin, Cotta, and others are arraigned on\\nan Indictment charging corruption in the\\nmatter of the Lottery Bonds Bill.\\n(Feb. 15.) M. Le Cuay and M. Prevost\\nare convicted of complicity in the frauds, and\\nsentenced, the first to imprisonment for five\\nyears, and to pay a fine of 3,000 francs, and\\nthe latter, for three years, and a fine of 100\\nfrancs.\\n(Mar. 8.) The trial of those accused is\\nbegun in the Assize Court; Charles de Les-\\nseps testifies at length.\\n(Mar. 9.) M. Baihaut, ex-minister of pub-\\nlic works, confesses his guilt.\\n(Mar. 10.) MM. Floquet, Clemenceau,\\nand Freyeinet testify.\\n(Mar. 11.) Sensational disclosures are\\nmade by M. Andrieux and Mine. Cotta; M.\\nBourgeois, minister of justice, resigns; there\\nis much excitement.\\n(Mar. 21.) In the Assize Court, the Pan-\\nama trials culminate in the sentence Of M.\\nBaihaut, ex-minister of public works, to im-\\nprisonment for live years, to pay a fine of\\n750,000 francs, and to a forfeiture of civil\\nrights; M. Blondin go-between in the\\nbribery of Baihaut), imprisonment for two\\nyears; M. Charles de Lesseps (who bribed\\nBa ilia ut imprisonment to run concur-\\nrently with the live years sentence already\\nimposed the other defendants are ac-\\nquitted.\\nJan. 28. By decree, the name of Dr.\\nCornelius Herz has been expunged from\\nthe roll of the Legion of Honor.\\nFeb. 2. Serious bread riots occur in\\nMarseilles. [May 1. More serious riot-\\ning.]\\nFeb. 21. The centenary of the execu-\\ntion of Louis XVI. is celebrated in vari-\\nous parts of France, both by Royalists\\nand Republicans.\\nFeb. 22. Paris. The police seize large\\nparcels of revolutionary proclama-\\ntions imported by local Anarchists.\\nMar. 14. The President of Haiti, sail-\\ning for Monte Cristo with Su 2,000 pur-\\nloined from the French Bank, is cap-\\ntured by French cruisers.\\nMar. 22. Paris. The State funeral of\\nJules Ferry, late president of the Sen-\\nate, takes place at the Luxembourg.\\nMar. 28. Paris. Otto Brandes, the\\nParis correspondent of the Berliner\\nTar/eblatt, is mobbed while leaving\\nwith his family.\\nApr. 1. Paris. M. Andrieux and M.\\nHenry Moret, editor of the Radical,\\nfight a duel neither is hurt.\\nApr. 11. Paris. The Bering Sea Court\\nof Arbitration holds a secret session of\\nsix hours. (See Index.)\\nApr. 13. Paris. The Court of Cassation\\nrejects the appeal of Charles de Les-\\nseps from his last sentence to imprison-\\nment and fine.\\nApr. 28. At the navy-yard in Nantes,\\n8,000 workmen strike.\\nJune 15. Paris. In the Court of Cassa-\\ntion, the sentences of the Panama defen-\\ndants are set aside MM. Eiffel and\\nFontaine are liberated, but C. de Lesseps\\nhas to serve out a concurrent sentence\\nfor bribery. [Sept. 1. Released.]\\nJuly 4. Paris. The streets are barri-\\ncaded, and many injured on both sides\\nby collisions between the cavalry and\\nrioters.\\n[July 5. Troops occupy Paris. Several\\nstubborn fights occur between soldiers,\\npolice, and rioters. July 7. Rioting is\\nrenewed bitter speeches are made con-\\ncerning the Government s action in clos-\\ning the Labor Exchange. July 8. A", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0776.jp2"}, "777": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1892, Nov. 15 1 8 9 3, Sept. 765\\nlarge number of rioters are under arrest,\\nand quietness is gradually restored.]\\nJuly 13. Paris. Emile Zola, the novel-\\nist, is appointed,an officer in the Legion\\nof Honor.\\nJuly 14. Paris. M. Duloz, editor of the\\nRevue ties Deux Monrfva, disappears after\\nhaving paid 16,250,000 francs to black-\\nmailers.\\nAug. 5, 6. Paris, Fjdouard Ducret is\\nsentenced to one year s imprisonment,\\nand a mulatto named Norton to three\\nyears, for concocting the Cocarde\\nforgeries. (See State, June 22.)\\nAug. 5. Paris. President Carnot con-\\nfers the Cross of the Legion of Honor on\\nBaron Usedom.\\nAug. 17. Ten men are killed in a fight\\nbetween French and Italian working-\\nmen in Aigues-Mortes.\\n[Aug. 20. Anti-French demonstra-\\ntions occur in Koine. They are caused\\nby the Aigues-Mortes massacre of Ital-\\nians; mobs attack a seminary, and\\nthreaten the French Embassy.\\nAug. 21. The French government de-\\ncides that all foreign residents in\\nFrance must be registered.\\nSTATE.\\n1892 Nov. 19. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties, after an exciting debate, passes a\\nPress Bill to check anarchical publi-\\ncations.\\nNov. 21. Paris. Deputies unanimously\\nvote for a parliamentary inquiry into\\nthe Panama Canal Company s af-\\nfairs, after a stormy debate.\\nNov. 25. Paris. A motion of urgency\\non a proposition to enlarge the powers\\nof the Panama Canal Investigating\\nCommittee is defeated by the Deputies,\\nthe Government opposing it.\\nNov. 28. Paris. The Chambers censure\\nthe Government for neglecting an au-\\ntopsy on the body of Baron Jacques, a\\nsuicide, and director of the Panama\\nCanal Company, also for neglecting to\\nseal his papers. Vote, 304-219. The Min-\\nistry resign.\\nDec. 5. Paris. M. Ribot forms a new\\nMinistry.\\nMembers: M. Ribot (foreign affairs), M. de\\nFreycinet (war), M. Rouvier (finance), M.\\nLoubet (interior), Charles Sarrien (public\\ninstruction), M. Bourgeois (public worship\\nand justice), M. Harden u (murine), M. Sar-\\nrien (commerce), M. Develle (agriculture),\\nM. Viette (public works).\\nDec. 8. Paris. The new Cabinet states\\nits policy, and the Deputies pass a vote\\nof confidence. Vote, 30G-104.\\nDec. 15. Paris. M. Bouvier, Finance\\nThe Chamber of Deputies decides\\nagainst a proposal to invest the Panama\\nInvestigating Committee with judicial\\npowers. Vote, 271-265.\\nDec. 23. Paris. After a stormy debate,\\nthe Chamber of Deputies votes confi-\\ndence in the Government. Vote, 353-91.\\nA commercial treaty is made with\\nSwitzerland.\\nThe minimum tariff on watches,\\ncheese, embroideries, silks, and other\\nSwiss products, is lowered.\\nThe Government and the United\\nStates of America make reciprocal tariff\\narrangements.\\n1893 Jan. 8. A formal friendly\\nagreement is signed by France and\\nRussia at the instigation of Pope Leo\\nand others.\\nJan. 10. Paris. The Ministry resigns.\\nJan. 12. Paris. The Ribot cabinet is\\nreconstructed.\\nMembers A. Felix J. Ribot (premier,\\ninterior), Jules Develle (foreign affairs),\\nPierre Emmanuel Tirard (finance), Ltkm\\nBourgeois (justice), Gen. J. L. Loizellon\\n(war), CharlesDupuy (education), Albert\\nViger (agriculture), .I ules Siegfried (com-\\nmerce), Francois Viette (public works),\\nAdm. Rieunier (marine and colonies).\\nCasimir Perier is elected president\\nof the Chamber of Deputies in place of\\nM. Floquet. Vote, 408-253.\\nThe Chamber of Deputies sustains the\\nGovernment s course in expelling\\nNihilists.\\nJan. 25. Paris. News of the occupa-\\ntion of Timbuctu by a French expe-\\ndition arrives.\\nJan. 26. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties votes the Secret Service Fund.\\nVote, 303-182.\\nFeb. 3. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties passes the bill for punishing authors\\nof baseless attacks on savings-banks.\\nFeb. 7. Paris. The Deputies sustain\\nthe Cabinet s refusal to interfere di-\\nrectly in getting an extension of the\\nPanama concessions. Vote, 374-34.\\nFeb. 8. Paris. The Deputies adopt M.\\nCavaignac s motion for sustaining prose-\\ncution of official corruption, and order\\ntheir action to be placarded throughout\\nFrance. Vote, 446-3.\\nFeb. 9. Paris. A treaty for reciprocal\\ntrade -with Canada is signed.\\nFeb. 24. Paris. Jules Ferry is elected\\nto succeed Philippe Elie de Rover as\\npresident of the Senate. [Mar. 17. He\\ndies. Mar. 27. He is succeeded by M.\\nChallemel-Lacour.\\nMar. 6. Paris. The Deputies sustain\\nthe Cabinet by passing a bill directed at\\nlibelous attacks on ambassadors.\\nVote, 257-138.\\nMar. 12. Paris. M. Bourgeois resigns\\nas minister of justice, and is succeeded\\nby M. Develle.\\nMar. 29. Paris. The Deputies vote an\\nannual pension of 6,000 francs to Ernst\\nKenan s widow.\\nMar. 30. Paris. The Deputies decide\\nto retain the Liquor-Law Amend-\\nment Bill as part of the budget, though\\nopposed by the Government. Vote, 247-\\n242. The Cabinet resigns.\\nApr. 4. Paris. Charles Dupuy forms a\\nnew Ministry.\\nMembers: Charles Dupuy (interior), Jules\\nDevelle (foreign affairs), Paul Louis Peytrol\\n(finance), Eugene Guerin (justice), Ray-\\nmond Poinrnre i mstruetioui, Gen. Loizellon\\n(war), Adm. Rieunier (marine and colonies),\\nLouis Terrier (commerce), Francois Viette\\n(public works), Albert Viger (agriculture.)\\nApr. 28. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties votes to separate the liquor tax\\nfrom the budget at the request of the\\nGovernment.\\nMay 4. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties passes a bill to abolish the octroi\\nduties on articles of food and drink\\nbrought into towns, and empowering\\nthe municipal authorities to levy other\\ntaxes to make good the consequent loss.\\nJune 11. Albert Ferry is elected sena-\\ntor to succeed the late Jules Ferry.\\nJune 22. Paris. In the House of Depu-\\nties, M. Millevoye, a Boulangist, ac-\\ncuses M. Clenienceau and others of com-\\nplicity in the publication in the Cocarde\\nof forged documents alleged to have\\nbeen stolen from the British embassy.\\nThey consist of pretended letters from Eng-\\nlish diplomats, in which certain French pol-\\niticians are spoken of as hired spies and\\nintriguers, and gives a list of bribes paid by\\nthe Kritish Government to the Journal des\\nDebats, MM. Burdeau, C16menceau, Roche-\\nfort, and Edwards.\\nThe Deputies indignantly reject the docu-\\nments as spurious. Vote, 389-4.\\nJuly 8. Paris. A Franco-Russian com-\\nmercial convention is decreed. [July\\n12. Becomes effective.]\\nJuly 19. Paris. The Government sends\\nan ultimatum to Siam demanding repa-\\nration for alleged outrages, and requir-\\ning an answer within 48 hours.\\nJuly 22. Paris. The reply of Siam is\\ngiven M. Develle refuses the request\\nof the Siamese minister for an extension\\nof time.\\nJuly 24. Paris. The reply of Siam be-\\ning unsatisfactory, France gives notice\\nto the powers of her intention to block-\\nade the Siamese coast; the French\\nminister at Bangkok informs the Siam-\\nese Government that he will leave the\\ncity. [Aug. 8. Returns.)\\nJuly 29. Paris. Siam at last consents\\nto surrender territory and pay indem-\\nnity according to the French ultimatum.\\n[July 30. Answer accepted. Aug. 1.\\nSiam gives guaranties.]\\nAug. 6. Paris. The Franco-Siamese\\nagreement is ratified.\\nAug. 20-Sept. 3. A general election\\nis held 292 Government candidates, 35-\\nRallied Republicans, and 58 Mon-\\narchists are elected.\\nAug. 24. Siam. The demands of th\\nFrench special envoy exceed those of\\nthe ultimatum.\\n[Aug. 29. France demands immediate-\\nacceptance. Aug. 30. The envoy pre-\\nsents for acceptance the draft of a\\ntreaty superseding the convention pre-\\nviously submitted, saying it must be ac-\\ncepted without alteration within 48\\nhours. Oct. 1. Siam yields, and the\\ntrouble is ended. Oct. 3. The treaty is\\nsigned.]\\nThe Government agrees to call a con-\\nference of the members of the Latin\\nUnion to decide the question of the\\nnationalization of fractional silver\\ncurrency.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1893 Feb. 25. Paris. The Panama\\nCanal report.\\nThe Government accountant reports\\nthat the total amount received by con-\\ntractors for real or supposed work and\\nsupplies was 4G2.G2U.0G4 francs, of which\\n102,358,444 represent labor said to have\\nbeen paid for, and 77,747,504 profits of\\ncontractors\\nApr. 4. Paris. The Bering-Sea Court\\nof Arbitration begins its sessions. Argu-\\nments are made by counsel on both\\nsides. [Apr. 25. It adjourns for a week.],", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0777.jp2"}, "778": {"fulltext": "766 1893, Oct. 13-1894, Dec. 22.\\nFRANCE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1893 Oct. 27. The war-ship Jauregui-\\nberry is launched at Toulon.\\n1894 Jan. 2\u00c2\u00b1. W.Jfr. KingBehan-\\nzin surrenders to the French com-\\nmander in Dahomey, and. will be sent to\\nJan. 8\u00c2\u00b1. Fr. Sudan. The French are\\nbadly defeated at Timbuetu by\\nTuaregs. Col. Bonnier, commander of\\nthe force, is killed by the Tuaregs, with\\n78 officers and soldiers. (See p. 10).\\nJan. 21. E. I. A French force at Tong-\\nking is attacked from ambush by pi-\\nrates, and loses 20 men killed and\\nwounded.\\nApr. 15. The new ten-thousand-ton war-\\nship, the Magenta, is declared to be vir-\\ntually worthless by M. Lockroy, who\\nwas sent to make an examination of the\\nfortifications, etc., at Toulon the find-\\nings not yet accepted.\\nThe estimated strength of the French\\narmy, with its various reserve and ter-\\nritorial forces, is 4,375,000 trained men.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1894 Apr. 4. Paris. An International\\nSanitary Congress meets to adopt anti-\\ncholera measures.\\nDec. 6\u00c2\u00b1. Henry Houssaye is elected a\\nmember of the Academy.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1893 Oct. 17. MacMahon, Marie Edme\\nPatrice Maurice 1p, marshal, Pres., A85.\\nOct. 18. Gounod, Charles, composer, A75.\\nNov. 4. Tirard, Pitrre E., statesman, finan-\\ncier, A66.\\n1894 Jan. 13. Waddington, William\\nHenri, statesman, A68.\\nFeb. 8. Sax, Adolph, inventor of musical\\ninstruments, A80.\\nFeb. 9. Du Camp, Maxlme, author, A72.\\nMar. 28. Darmeister, James, scholar, A45.\\nApr. 2. Brown-Sequard, Charles, Edouard,\\nphysiologist, A6H.\\nJune 24. Carnot, Marie Francois Sadi,\\nPresident, A57.\\nJuly 17. Leconte de Lisle, Charles Marie\\nRen6, poet, A74.\\nAug. 7. Cain, Auguste, sculptor, A72.\\nSept. 8. Paris, Comte de, Louis P. A.d Or-\\nleans, pretender, A56.\\nOct. 15. Jacque, Charles Kniile, artist, A81.\\nNov. 8. Figuier, Guillaume Louis, writer,\\nA75.\\nNov. 18. Magnard, Francois, editor Fi-\\ngaro,, A 57.\\nNov. 25. Duruy, Victor, states., hist., A83.\\nNov. 28. Thierry, Kdouard, dram., A8I.\\nDec. 7. Lesseps, Ferdinand de, finan-\\ncier, diplomatist, A89.\\nDec. 10. Gigoux, .lean Francois, painter,\\nA85.\\nDec. 12. Burdeau, Auguste, politician, A43.\\nLETTERS.\\n1894 Feb. 2. The Revue de Paris, ed-\\nited by MM. Gander, Long, and Darmes-\\nteter, first appears.\\nHistoire ghierale du Second Empire, by\\nM. de la Gorce, appears.\\nHistoire milit aire d it Siege de Paris par\\nlesPrussiens, by Alfred Duquet, appears.\\nCombats constitutionnels, and other\\nworks, by J. J. Weiss, appear.\\nSouverainetedu Peuple etdu Gouveme-\\nment, by Eugene d Eiehthal, appears.\\nL Annie phUosophigue, by MM. Beau-\\nnais and Binet, appears.\\nHistoire de r Art dans PJntiguite, vol.\\nvi., by MM. Perrot and Chipiez, appears.\\nHistoire ancienne des Peuples de l Ori-\\nent classigue, by G. Maspero, appears.\\nHistoire de V Art pendant la Renais-\\nsance italienne, by M. Muntz, appears.\\nPleureuses, by Henri Barbusse, ap-\\npears.\\nLes Demi- Vierges, by Marcel Provost,\\nappears.\\nLe Lys rouge, by Anatole France, ap-\\npears.\\nV Armature, by Paul Hervieu, ap-\\npears.\\nL* Education du Prince, Maurice Dou-\\nnay, appears.\\nMarionnettes, by Henri Lavedan, ap-\\npears.\\nAnnies d Aventures, by Alfred Capus,\\nLes MorticoleSy by Leon Daudet, ap-\\npears.\\nMyrrka, by Jules Lemaitre, appears.\\nLa Silence and Rochesblanches, by\\nEdouard Hod, appear.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1893 Oct. 13^-. The visit of the Russian\\nwar-ships is enthusiastically welcomed.\\n(Oct. 13.) The Russian war-ships arrive\\nat Toulon.\\n(Oct. 17.) The admiral and officers of the\\nRussian fleet arc enthusiastically welcomed\\nat Paris; a dinner and ball are given in the\\nevening at the Klysee in their honor.\\n(Oct. 19.) The Ministry of Marine enter-\\ntains the Russian naval officers at a lunch-\\neon in Paris, and at night a large torchlight\\nprocession passes ilirmigh the streets.\\n(Oct. 21.) They are entertained by Pre-\\nmier Dupuy; the Czar and President Carnot\\nare toasted.\\n(Oct. 23.) They are guests at a luncheon\\nat the War Office, at a banquet on the\\nChamp de Mars, and at a supper at the Mili-\\ntary Club; also at river fetes and a tine dis-\\nplay of fireworks.\\n(Oct. 24.) They leave Paris for Lyons.\\n(Oct. 26.) They are enthusiastically wel-\\ncomed at Marseilles.\\n(Oct. 29.) The Russian fleet leaves Toulon\\n(Nov. 1.) It arrives at Ajaccio, Corsica.\\nOct. 22. Paris. The public funeral of\\nMarshal MacMahon is held Premier\\nDupuy pronounces the eulogy.\\nNov. 8. Serious riots occur at Mar-\\nseilles.\\nNov. 16. An infernal machine is ex-\\nploded at the residence of Gen. Mathe-\\nlin of the 15th Army Corps, at Marseilles\\nthe houses adjoining suffer, all the win-\\ndows being broken.\\nDec. 9. Paris. A dynamite explosion\\noccurs in the Chamber of Deputies\\nseven Deputies are hurt, one said to be\\ndying the usher is killed.\\n[Dec. 10. Auguste Vaillant. the Anar-\\nchist who threw the bomb in the Chamber,\\nis arrested, and confesses be wanted to kill\\nM. Dupuy; he himself is badly injured.\\nDec. 17. A package is found in the street\\ncontaining ten dynamite cartridges, and\\npapers threatening reprisals in case Vaillant\\nis put to death.]\\nDec. 15. Paris. The Government de-\\nclares that it does not favor an inter-\\nnational league against Anarchists.\\nDec. 18. Paris. Jacques Merigeau, an\\nAnarchist, tries to murder the leader\\nof a body of police-officers who arrested\\nhim a large quantity of explosives are\\nfound in his room 220 supposed Anar-\\nchists are to be expelled.\\n1894 Jan. 1. Paris. The police have\\nsearched 10,000 houses occupied by sup-\\nposed Anarchists, and made many ar-\\nrests.\\nJan. 4. Paris. The appeal of Vaillant,\\nthe bomb-thrower, for postponement of\\nhis trial, is rejected by the Court of Cas-\\nsation.\\n[Jan. 9. The Vaillant jurors are espe-\\ncially guarded, both at home and to and\\nfrom court. Jan. 10. Vaillant is con-\\nvicted and sentenced to deatli in the As-\\nsize Court. Feb. 5. He is guillotined.]\\nFeb. 5. Paris. Nine more Anarchists\\nare arrested.\\nFeb. 12. Paris. E. Henry, an Anar-\\nchist, throws a bomb in the cafe of the\\nHotel Terminus, wounding 20 persons\\nhe is captured after shooting a police-\\nFeb. 13. Paris. Paul Bernard, an An-\\narchist leader, is arrested.\\nFeb. 20. Paris. A bomb left in a hotel\\nexplodes, and injures several persons.\\nFeb. 23. Paris. An Anarchist who\\nstabbed the Servian envoy is sentenced\\nto penal servitude for life. [May. 4.\\nThirteen Anarchists are arrested. May\\n5. Nine more Anarchists are arrested.]\\nApr. 4. London. The Anarchist Meu-\\nnier, whose bomb destroyed a cafe in\\nParis two years ago, and killed the pro-\\nprietor, is recognized by the police and\\narrested.\\nParis. Three persons are injured by\\na bomb explosion.\\nApr. 5. Paris. A bomb explodes in\\nthe Place du Luxembourg, near the\\nSenate Chamber.\\nApr. 26. Paris. A bureau chief of the\\nWar Department, Felix Feneon, is ar-\\nrested on suspicion of being an Anar-\\nchist.\\nApr. 27. Paris. The trial of lilmile\\nHenry, the defiant Anarchist, who\\nthrew a bomb in the cafe of the Hotel\\nTerminus, is begun.\\n[Apr. 28. He is found guilty, and is\\nsentenced to death. The members of\\nthe jury receive letters threatening their\\nlives. May 20. Guillotined.]\\nMay 24. Editor Hinault, in Dijon, is\\nsentenced to imprisonment for two\\nyears, and to pay a fine of 2,000 francs,\\nfor defaming the army.\\nJune 5. Paris. The Suez Canal Com-\\npany reelects Charles de Lesseps a\\ndirector, and grants a pension of 16,000\\nfrancs annually to Madame de Lesseps,\\nand the same amount to the 13 de Les-\\nseps children.\\nJune 24. While visiting the Lyons Ex-\\nhibition, President Carnot is assassi-\\nnated by a young Italian named Santo\\nCaserio, who is believed to be an Anar-\\nchist intense excitement prevails.\\n[June 25. The body of President Carnot\\nleaves Lyons for Paris; anti-Italian riots\\noccur in Lyons and Paris. June 20. Anti-\\nItalian riots continue throughout France; a\\ncaucus of senators and deputies at Paris, on\\nthe election of a new President, degenerates\\ninto a free right. June 29. Investigation\\nshows that Caserio drew the lot to kill Presi-\\ndent Carnot at a meeting of conspirators in\\nCrete.]\\nJuly 1. Paris. The funeral of Presi-\\ndent Carnot takes place with imposing\\nDupuy and MM. Challemel-\\nLacour and de Mahy pronounce orations\\nat the Pantheon services areheldinsev-\\neral European capitals.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0778.jp2"}, "779": {"fulltext": "FRANCE.\\n1893, Oct. 13-1894, Dec. 22. 767\\nJuly 13. An Anarchist attempts to burn\\nthe ironclad Lazare Carnet as she is be-\\ning launched at Toulon.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0July 20. Paris. Placards are posted\\nthroughout, threatening bomb-explo-\\nsions in retaliation for the Anti-Anar-\\nchist Law.\\nJuly 26. Paris. Meunier, the Anar-\\nchist, is found guilty of having blown\\nup Cafe Very, and is sentenced to penal\\nservitude for life.\\nJuly 27. MM. Clemenceau and Dascha-\\nnel tight a sword duel; the latter is\\nwounded.\\nAug. 2. The trial of Santo Caserio,\\nthe murderer of President Carnot, be-\\ngins at Lyons. [Aug. 3. He is found\\nguilty, and sentenced to death. Aug. 16.\\nHe is guillotined.]\\nAug. 30. Abbe Bruneau is guillotined\\nat Laval for murder, robbery, and arson.\\nOct. 1. Eight Anarchists are arrested\\nin Marseilles.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Oct. 12. Paris. Casimir Pener deco-\\nrates Verdi with the Grand Cordon of\\nthe Legion of Honor.\\nOct. 16. Paris. The Government con-\\nfers the Cross of the Legion of Honor\\nupon Captain von Susskind, the German\\nmilitary attachS.\\nDec. 10. The Emperor of Germany tele-\\ngraphs a message of condolence to\\nM. de Lesseps.\\nDec. 22. Paris. Capt. Albert Dreyfus\\nis found guilty by the court-martial, and\\nsentenced to life imprisonment in a for-\\ntress, and to degradation from all mili-\\ntary rank and honors, for stealing mili-\\ntary documents, and selling military\\nsecrets.\\nSTATE.\\n1893 Nov. 26. Paris. The Cabinet\\nresigns because of differences with\\nPresident Carnot violent attacks are\\nmade upon the Government in the Cham-\\nber of Deputies.\\nDec. 2. Paris. Casimir Purler forms a\\nnew Ministry.\\nMembers: Casimir Perier (premier and\\nforeign affairs), David Caynal (interior), M.\\nDubost j ustiee) Auguste Burdeau finance)\\nGen. Mercier (war), Adm. Pefore (marine),\\nM. Marty (commerce), The^ophile Delcasse\\n(colonies), Eugene Spuller (public instruc-\\ntion), M. Viger (agriculture), M. Jonnart\\n(public works).\\nParis. To check undesirable immi-\\ngration, it is enacted that all foreigners\\nentering France for work or business\\nshall declare themselves within a week\\nof their entry.\\nDec. 5. Paris. Ex-Premier Dupuy is\\nelected president of the Chamber of\\nDeputies to succeed M. Casimir Perier.\\nDec. 9. Paris. Vaillant throws a bomb\\ninto the Chamber. (See Society.)\\nDec. 11. Paris. The Senate passes a\\nrestrictive press law against Anarchists.\\nVote, 413-63.\\nDec. 15. Paris. The Government dis-\\nfavors an international league against\\nAnarchists the Chamber passes three\\nanti-anarchist bills.\\n1894 Jan. 16. Paris. The Deputies\\npass the Rentes Conversion Bill, to\\nconvert the four and a half per cent\\nRentes into three and a half per cents.\\n[Jan. 17. Adopted by the Senate.]\\nFeb. 8. Paris. The Cabinet decides to\\nimpose an additional duty on wheat\\nimported from other countries than\\nthose of Europe.\\nFeb. 27. Paris. The Senate approves\\nof the bill passed by the Deputies levy-\\ning a duty on corn of seven francs per\\nquintal.\\nMar. 19. Paris. The Senate approves\\nthe creation of the Ministry of the\\nColonies. [Mar. 21. Senator Boulan-\\nger-Bernet is appointed minister.]\\nApr. 19. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties rejects the bill to abolish capital\\npunishment and the bill for private\\nexecutions.\\nMay 11. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties passes a motion of urgency regard-\\ning the method of executing criminals.\\nVote, 252-242.\\nMay 17. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties sustains the Government s course in\\nregard to the papal nuncio s circular\\nto the bishops. Vote, 334-142.\\nMay 23. Paris. The ministers resign\\nbecause of defeat on a labor question.\\nMay 29. Paris. M. Dupuy forms anew\\nMinistry.\\nMembers Charles Dupuy (premier, inte-\\nrior, public worship), M. PoincartS (finance),\\nM. Guerin (justice), Georges Leygues (pub-\\nlic instruction), M. Hanotaux (foreign af-\\nfairs), Gen. Mercier (war), Felix Faur (ma-\\nrine), M. Delcasse (colonies), M. Barthou\\n(public works), M. Lourties (commerce),\\nAlbert Viger (agriculture).\\nJune 2. Paris. Ex-Premier Casimir\\nPerier is elected president of the Cham-\\nber of Deputies.\\nJune 8. Paris. France enters a protest\\nagainst the concession of 225 square\\nmiles in the rubber district on the south\\ncoast of Madagascar, granted to J. L.\\nWaller, ex-United States Consul at\\nTamatave, and declares that without\\nher permission concessions shall not be\\nmade to foreigners in that region.\\nJune 9. Paris. The Deputies approve\\nof the bill, passed by the Senate, creat-\\ning pensions for miners.\\nJune 12. Paris. The Senate votes\\n1,900;000 francs for African reenforce-\\nments.\\nJune 14. France and Italy consent to\\nact with Spain in averting civil war in\\nMorocco.\\nJune 21. Paris. The Deputies uphold\\nthe Government in its treatment of So-\\ncialistic professors in State colleges.\\nVote, 389-71.\\nJune 24. President Carnot is assas-\\nsinated. (See Society.)\\nJune 27. Paris. M. Casimir Pe rier\\nis elected President of France by the\\nNational Assembly at Versailles. Vote,\\n451 out. of 845 votes.\\nOrder is restored in Lyons. More than\\n2,000 arrests are made of those who par-\\nticipated in the recent riots.\\nJuly 1. Paris. M. Dupuy and his Cabi-\\nnet agree to remain in office.\\nJuly 5. President Casimir Perier par-\\ndons 374 political and other prisoners in\\nrecognition of his being chosen Presi-\\ndent of France.\\nJuly 13. Paris. The Board of Pardons\\nconfirms the death sentence of Santo\\nCaserio, the murderer of President Car-\\nnot.\\nJuly 15. Paris. On the anniversary of\\nthe taking of the Bastile, President\\nCasimir Perier signs 1,314 pardons\\nand commutations.\\nJuly 26. Paris. The Chamber of Depu-\\nties passes an Anti- Anarchist Bill after\\nfinal protests by Radical and Socialist\\nDeputies. Vote, 368-163. [July 27. It\\nis passed by the Senate. Vote, 205-27.]\\nSept. 11. France sends an ultimatum\\nto the Madagascar Government.\\nSept. 14. France makes her demands\\nof Madagascar.\\nShe claims the Bay of Diego-Suarez\\nand the whole peninsula between that\\npart of the coast and Cape Amber, to-\\ngether with privileges that are to be free\\nto Frenchmen, but to no others except\\nby consent of the French Resident Gen-\\neral.\\nA French-Kongo treaty is signed.\\nThe French territory will extend to\\nthe Kongo and Nile basins. The treaty\\nmodifies the Anglo-Kongo State treaty,\\nthe Kongo State renouncing the lease\\nGreat Britain granted.\\nOct. 17. France s ultimatum to Mada-\\ngascar is given, to be decided in eight\\ndays.\\nFrance claims to exercise an exclusive\\nprotectorate over the country, and de-\\nmands that there shall be a permanent\\nFrench garrison stationed at Antanana-\\nrivo. [Nov. 5. The natives decide to\\nresist.]\\nNov. 10. Diplomatic relations between\\nPrance and Madagascar are sus-\\npended.\\nNov. 13. Paris. The Government asks\\nthe Chamber to vote 65,000,000 francs\\nfor the proposed campaign against\\nMadagascar. [Nov. 26. Voted by the\\nDeputies. Dec. 6. Approved by the\\nSenate.]\\nNov. 27. Paris. The Chamber of Dep-\\nuties adopts a commercial treaty with\\nCanada.\\nNov. 29. Paris. The Malagasy Govern-\\nment replies to the French ultima-\\ntum.\\nIt agrees that the French Resident\\nshall become intermediary between\\nMadagascar and other powers, and that\\nFrance shall effect such public works as\\nthe Malagasy authorities shall deem\\nnecessary also providing that the boun-\\ndaries of the French territory around\\nDiego-Suarez shall be definitely settled.\\n[Dec. 7. France begins hostilities.]\\nDec. 17. Paris. The Ministry escapes\\ndefeat by a majority of five on the ques-\\ntion of depriving the Panama swin-\\ndlers of their decorations.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1894 Apr. 29. The Lyons Exhibition\\nof Arts, Sciences, and Industries is for-\\nmally opened.\\nSept. 22. Paris. New Panama Canal\\nshares to the amount of 30,000,000 francs\\nare issued. [Oct. 10. The new company\\nfor the completion of the canal is defi-\\nnitely constituted.]\\nOct. 19. Paris. Lafayette s grave is\\ndecorated by Americans.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0779.jp2"}, "780": {"fulltext": "340 b. c-500 a. d.\\nGERMANY.\\nGermany is a country of Central Europe. The government is a constitutional monarchy, and the ting of Prussia the hered-\\nitary emperor. The imperial legislative power is vested in a Parliament of two houses, free from veto, the Bundesrath, or\\nfederal council, of 5S members, and the Reichstag, consisting of 307 members, who are elected for five years by universal suffrage\\nand ballot. It has possessions in New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, and the Marshall Islands. It has a\\nprotectorate called Cameroons, also Damara-land, on the west coast of Africa, and a section of the Zanzibar coast in East Africa.\\nThe language chiefly spoken is German but Poles, Lithuanians, Wends, Czechs, Danes, French, and Walloons are numerous,\\nand use their own tongues. The predominating religion is Protestant but about 35 per cent of the population are Roman Cath-\\nolics, who are numerous in the Southern States. Area, 208,738 square miles population in 1890, 49,428,470.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n225 b. c. It. The Romans under\\niEmili us defeat 200,000 invading Germans\\nunder Britomar, near the River Tela-\\nmon. (See Italy for German contests\\nwith Romans.)\\n31 B. c. Augustus makes the first\\nserious attempt to conquer Germany,\\nin order to give his legions employment.\\n13 -9 b. c. The Roman attempt\\nat conquest is defeated.\\nDrusus, stepson of Augustus, con-\\nducts several expeditions into Germany.\\nHe defeats the natives in many battles,\\nbuilds fortresses, and constructs a canal\\nfrom the Rhine to the Yssel, but makes\\nno lasting conquests.\\n13 b. c. Hesse. Drusus erects a for-\\ntified camp [Mentz].\\n21 A. D. Saxony. The Romans hav-\\ning been driven away, several tribes\\nrevolt, and Arminius, the liberator\\nof Germany from the Romans, is killed\\nby a confederacy of German chiefs.\\n69* *-71* *The Batavians revolt\\n(p. 662).\\n90\u00c2\u00b1 The Romans build a line of for-\\ntifications.\\nIt extends from Aschaffenburg on the\\nMaine to Regensburg on the Danube,\\nfollowing chiefly the line of the great\\nrivers soldiers are settled on bordering\\nlands for its defense.\\n238 Ft. A confederation of German\\ntribes, called Franks, invade Gaul.\\n250 The Goths from the Lower Dan-\\nube and Ostrogoths from South Russia\\ninvade and ravage Germany.\\n376 Hung. Hermanric, King of the\\nEast Goths, is defeated by the Huns.\\n451* Fr. Attila, King of the Huns,\\nthe Scourge of God, invades and rav-\\nages Gaul.\\nWith 700,000 men he destroys Mentz,\\nbesieges Orleans, but fails to subdue it.\\nHe is defeated by Aetius. the Roman gen-\\neral, on the Cat-ahum hm Fields atTroyes,\\nnear Chalons-sur-Marne.\\n476 Odoaeer, the leader of Herulian\\nand other German bands, overthrows\\nthe Western Roman Empire (p. 663).\\n496 Clovis I. defeats the Alemanni\\n(p. 662).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\nThe chief employments of the an-\\ncient Germans are hunting, caring for\\ncattle, and the use of arms.\\n276 The EmperorProbus reintroduces\\nthe grape-vine.\\n330 Sawmills are set up. (Haydn.)\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n1st Century, a. d. Civilis, Claudius, Bata-\\n477 Genseric, King of Vandals, A71.\\nCHURCH.\\nb. c. The ancient Germans believe\\nin the immortality of the soul, and wor-\\nship or fear gods, demigods, or giants\\nthey have non-professional priests,\\nhards, and sacred groves, and believe\\nin fairies, elves, and dwarfs, and use\\nimages in worship.\\n__ Woden and his wife Fria, or Friga,\\na, and Fro\\n480 Persecutions of the Christians.\\nHunerich, son of Geiserich, persecutes\\nthe Catholics, and condemns Iodocas,\\npatriarch of Carthage, to be burned alive\\nin the market-place; he closes all the\\nmonasteries and Catholic churches, and\\nsentences the priests, monks, and nuns\\nto be broken on the wheel, or driven\\nnaked from the country.\\n500 Graitis, King of the Heruli, re-\\nceives Christian baptism, and is con-\\nsequently murdered by his subjects.\\nthe principal divinities.\\nWoden, the All-Father, is the su-\\ndivinity, and the god of the air\\nand the sky, the giver of the fruits of\\nthe earth, and one who delights in war\\nand is represented as an imposing figure\\nin a large white mantle, mounted on a\\nwhite horse.\\nDonar (Thor) is armed with a hammer\\nand a thunderbolt, and presides over\\nthunder and the weather. Thiu (Tur)\\nanswers to the Roman Mars, the god of\\nwar. Fro (Freyr) is the god of love\\nFrauna (Freya) is his sister.\\nWorship consists in the formal repeti-\\ntion of invocations, and the offering of\\nsacrifices.\\nParticular days [from which we have\\nthe modern names for the days of the\\nweek] are set apart for the worship of\\neach deity festivals ai*e held in honor\\nof the gods sacrifices consist of domes-\\ntic animals, including horses human\\nsacrifices, especially prisoners of war,\\nare sometimes offered. The will of the\\ngods is known by the chance of a lot,\\nthe neighing of wild horses, and by the\\nmovements of birds in their flight.\\nLofty trees are esteemed sacred to the\\ngods, and the oak and the red ash are\\nset apart to Donar trees are decorated\\nwith wreaths of flowers and lighted\\ncandles.\\n1st Century a. d. Eh. Prus. The\\nbishopric of Treves is founded.\\n3d Century. Lorraine. Christianity is\\nintroduced at Metz.\\n283 Home. [St.] Caius becomes pope.\\n(For following popes see Italy.)\\n284-305 Bavaria. Christianity is in-\\ntroduced into South Germany by\\nBishop Narcissus.\\n314 Eh. Prus. Agricius is bishop of\\nTreves. Cologne is a bishopric.\\n366 Borne. St. Damascus is pope.\\n385* Eh. Prus. A council of the\\nchurch is held at Treves.\\n4th Century. Bishop Ulfilas prepares a\\nclear, faithful, and simple rendering of\\nthe Scriptures for the Goths.\\nSOCIETY.\\nb. c. The ancient Germans have\\nfair hair and blue eyes they are taller\\nthan the Eomans, and seem to them as\\ngiants they pay great respect to women\\nand aged people they honor chastity in\\nwomen as they do bravery in men the\\nwomen are the companions and subjects\\nof their husbands, and work while their\\nhusbands are idle, or absent in war or\\nthe chase.\\nb. c. The Germans, with their cat-\\ntle, live together in rude huts built of\\nwood, are fond of social gatherings, and\\nindulge in the vices of gambling and in-\\ntoxication.\\nB. c. The people are divided into\\nthree classes, nobles, freemen, and\\nserfs.\\nB. c. The people are chiefly free-\\nmen and land-owners they carry arms,\\nand own serfs, later consisting chiefly of\\nprisoners taken in war, with their off-\\nspring. The nobles are men of higher\\nbirth, but without special prerogatives\\nan intermediate class, called the liti,\\nhold land under some superior.\\nB. C. Courts are held in the open\\nair; judges, assessors, or jurymen try\\ncauses.\\nB. c. Private injuries are avenged\\nby the person injured or his family.\\nB. c. The Germans are, above all,\\ndistinguished by a strong sense of per-\\nsonal independence. In their faithful-\\nness, courage, and personal purity they\\nare emphatically contrasted with other\\nbarbarous peoples. (Fisher.)\\n*b. c. The land surrounding the vil-\\nlages is held in common, the remainder\\nbeing chiefly forests.\\n353 A. D. Magentius, on the eve of\\nthe great battle of Mursa, entreats the\\ngods for victory, after sacrificing a\\nmaiden on the altar, and mixing her\\nblood, with wine, which the army drank.\\n408 The Vandal Stilichs is murdered\\nby command of the Emperor Honorius,\\nwhom he had defamed.\\nSTATE.\\n340 B. c. The Greek Pytheas gives\\nto Southern Europe the first authentic\\naccount of the Germans who dwell on\\nthe Baltic coast. [222 b. c. First men-\\ntioned in the Capitoline records.]\\n320\u00c2\u00b1 B. C. Prussia is inhabited by\\nthe Venedi. [They are conquered by the\\nBorussia.]\\nThe German freemen elect their\\nchiefs, who are often called kings by the\\nRomans.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0780.jp2"}, "781": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n340, b.c. -500, a. d. 769\\n113 b. c. The German nations, Cim-\\nbri and Teutons, begin a great migra-\\ntory movement.\\n37\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Oppidum Ubiorum [Co-\\nlogne], the chief town of the Ubii, is\\nfounded on the Rhine.\\n27 B. c. The Roman provinces of\\nUpper and Lower Germany are\\nformed on the western bank of the Elbe.\\n21 b. c.-14 A. d. Caesar Octavianus\\nAugustus is emperor of the Romans.\\n15 B. c. Bavaria. Augusta [Augs-\\nburg] is built by Augustus.\\n13 B. c. Lorraine. Moguntiacum\\n[Metz] is built.\\n4 b. c. Tiberius establishes the Ro-\\nman power over a part of the Germanic\\ntribes on the right bank of the Elbe.\\n9 a. d. Quintilius Varus is Roman\\ngovernor.\\n14^37 Tiberius is Roman emperor.\\nHe settles 40,000 of the subdued Sicam-\\nbri tribe at the mouth of the Rhine.\\n15 The Romans nominally subdue\\nthe country.\\nTiberius begins the construction of\\nfortresses and the planting of colonies.\\nThe folly of Varus alienates the\\nGermans, and provokes a revolt.\\nThe Romans being driven away,\\nArminius is recognized as chief of the\\nthe tribes. [21. Assassinated.]\\nAugustus abandons the attempt to\\nsubjugate the Germans.\\n37-41 Home. Caligula is emperor.\\n[41-54, Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Xero).]\\n50* *(51?) Hh.Prus. Claudius Agrip-\\npa plants a Roman colony on the Rhine\\n^Cologne], at the suggestion of Agrip-\\npina, his wife.\\n54-68 Rome. Nero is emperor.\\n[6S-69, Galba; 69, Otho and Vitellius; 69-\\n79, Vespasian; Til-si, Titus; fcil-89, Domitian;\\n96-98, Nerva 98-117, Trajan; 117-138, Ha-\\n101* *E.Hung.h Decebal, the de-\\nfeated king of the Dacians, agrees to\\nbecome a dependent prince under the\\nsuzerainty of Rome.\\n105 E. Hung.^ The Dacians revolt,\\nbut are soon subdued or destroyed by\\nTrajan.\\n107 E. Hung. Dacia is made a Ro-\\nman province by Trajan. [It includes\\nWallachia, Moldavia, Eastern Hungary,\\nand Transylvania.]\\nRoman towns are founded.\\nRh. Prus. Treves is founded [and\\nbecomes one of the most important\\ncities of the Roman Empire, and at times\\nthe residence of its emperors].\\n150 The Saxons dwell north of the\\nElbe estuary.\\n167 The German tribes enter a con-\\nfederacy [and struggle against the\\nRomans for 15 years],\\n180 Commodus purchases peace with\\nthe Germans by the payment of tribute.\\n*E.Hung. The Goths invade Dacia.\\n193-284 Rome. Imperators rule the\\nempire they are for the most part ap-\\nppinted by the soldiers.\\n[193. Fertinax isimperator; be is murdered\\nafter three months, ami followed liy Didius\\nJulianus. 193-211, .Septimus Servernsj 211-\\n217, Caracalla; 217, Macrinus; 218-222, Ela-\\nnabalus. 222-23.1. Severus Alexander; he is\\nkilled by his mutinous troops on the lthine.\\n235-238. Maximums Thrax is imperator; he\\ndevastates the German townships. 237, Gor-\\ndianus isimperator; Gordianus 11., his son,\\nis co-regent; 238-244, Gordianus II.; 244-\\n249, Philip the Arabian 249-251, Deems;\\n251-253, Gallus; 253, .-Eimlianus; 253-260,\\nValerianic; 268-271), Claudius II.; 270-275,\\nAurelianus.]\\n251 A confederacy of the Franks\\nis formed, extending from the Rhine to\\nthe Elbe.\\n274 E. Hung. Aurelianus abandons\\nDacia to the Goths and Vandals, who\\nthereby have complete possession of the\\nregion north of the Danube.\\nA period of almost unbroken\\npeace between Goths and Romans pre-\\nvails for 90 years.\\n276-282 Rome, Probus is imperator.\\nPro bus drives out of Gaul the Bur-\\ngundians, Franks, Alemanni, and Van-\\ndals he enters Germany, and strength-\\nens the line of fortifications connecting\\nthe Rhine aud the Danube. He enrolls\\nmany generals in his army, rescues 70\\ntowns, destroys 400,000 invaders, and\\nexacts tribute in money from the Ger-\\nmans, besides 10,000 recruits.\\n[282-283, Cams; 282-284, Numerian, co-\\nregent; 2*2 2X5, artanus, co-reyciit. 284-305,\\nDiocletian is imperator; his residence is at\\nMilan. 286, Maximian. co-regent; 293, Con-\\nstantius and Galerius. Caesars; 306, Con-\\nstantiusand Galerius, Augusti; 307, Severus,\\nLicinius, and Constantine, Augusti; six per-\\nsons wear the title august us at the same time;\\n313-333, Const an tine and Licinius alone.]\\n287 The Saxons aid the rebellion of\\nthe Roman general Carausius.\\n300 Hung. Hermanric, King of the\\nEast Goths, subdues the country from\\nthe Danube to the Baltic.\\n323-337 Rome. Constantine the Great\\nis sole emperor.\\n[337-340, Constantine II. rules the West;\\n337-361, Constantius rules the East; 337-\\n350, Constans rules Ulvrieum and a part of\\nAfrica. 361 363. Julian is emperor. 363-364,\\nJovian; 364 37. Valentinian, with his court\\nat Milan; 364-37K, Valens is co-regent; 367-\\n383, Gratian is co-regent; 375-392, Valentin-\\nian is co-regent.]\\n330 Constantine the Great makes\\nConstantinople the capital of the\\nRoman Empire.\\n350 -409 Fr. Julian drives the\\nGerman invaders back from Gaul, and\\nrestores the fortresses which had been\\nerected against them.\\n354 The city of Borbetomagus\\nWorms] is plundered by the Alemanni.\\n357 Julian utterly defeats the seven\\nchiefs of the Alemanni near Argentora-\\ntum [Strasburg].\\n375 The Teutonic tribes begin to\\nmigrate westward.\\n376 The Huns, a Mongolian race,\\ndrive the Goths across the Danube, and\\nabout 200,000 of them are permitted to\\nsettle in Germany under the protec-\\ntion of the R(\\n395 On the death of Theodosius the\\nRoman Empire is [permanently] divided.\\nArcadius rules the East, and Honorius\\nthe West.\\n400 Alsace. Strasburg is governed\\nby the Alemanni.\\n406-413 Hesse. A Gothic tribe, of Ger-\\nman origin, called Burgundians, settles\\non the middle Rhine [near Worms].\\n413 The Burgundians enter Gaul, and\\nfound the first kingdom of Burgun-\\ndy. [It lasts till 534, when it is absorbed\\nby the Franks.]\\n419 Theodoric I., King of the West\\nGoths, settles the region along the Dan-\\nube.\\n425-455 Ravenna. Valentinian III. is\\nimperator.\\n[455. Ravenna. PretoniusMaximus; 455-\\n456, Avitus; 457-461. lUajorian; 461-465, Li-\\nbius Severus; 465-467, Interregnum; 467-472,\\nAnthemius; 472, Olyhrius; 473, (ilycerius;\\n473-475, Julius Nepos; 475-476, Romulus Au-\\ngustus.]\\n443* Alsace. The Alemanni settle in\\nthe Roman province of Germania Supe-\\nrior [Alsace and part of Switzerland.]\\n445 Attila, the Scourge of God,\\nbecomes King of the Huns [and extends\\nhis dominion over the Germanic tribes].\\n449 The Britons secure the aid of\\nthe piratical Angles and Saxons, who\\ndwell on the coasts of the German ocean,\\nto repel the incursions of Northern rob-\\nbers, called Picts and Scots. [Hengist\\nandHorsa found eight states in Britain.]\\n450 Germanic tribes migrate to Gaul\\nin great numbers.\\n451* Hesse. Borbetomagus [Worms]\\nis plundered by Attila.\\n453 Theodosius U. is King of the\\nEast Goths on the death of Attila the\\ntribes become free.\\nThe Emperor Valens permits the\\nChristian Goths to settle in Mcesia,\\nwith some others, when driven before\\nthe Huns.\\n378 The Goths revolt against their\\nRoman protectors, and Valens is slain.\\n[Theodosius purchases peace.]\\n379-395 Rome. Theodosius the Great\\nbecomes co-regent.\\n476 The line of the Western emperors\\ncomes to an end by the overthrow of the\\nempire by Odoacer, the German general,\\nwho rules as the vicar of the Eastern\\nemperor, under the title of patricius.\\n477* Enq. iElle,aSaxon, withhis three\\nsons, lands in the southwest, and con-\\nquers the country south of the forest of\\nAndred s weald.\\n484* *Alaric H. is king of the West\\nGoths.\\n486 Belg. The Merovingian mon-\\narchy of the Salian Franks of the lower\\nRhine region is established by Clovis I.,\\nwho becomes sole ruler.\\n490+ Alsace. Strasburg passes into\\nthe hands of the Franks.\\n493 Feb. 27. Ravenna. Peaceismade\\nbetween Odoacer and Theodoric the\\nGreat.\\nTheodoric gains the throne as joint\\nking over the East Goths in Italy\\nOdoacer is to be Theodoric s military\\nsubordinate. [Mar. Odoacer is slain,\\nand Theodoric becomes sole ruler.]\\nThe Franks become the founders of\\nthe German and French kingdoms.\\n495 Eng. Cedric and Cynric, the\\nSaxons, settle on the southwest coast.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0781.jp2"}, "782": {"fulltext": "770 511* *-800\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n520 Eng, The Saxon invaders are\\nrepulsed by Arthur, King of the Silures,\\nin the battle of Mons Badonicus.\\n596 Prus. The Avars from the Dan-\\nube region, and also the Saxons, invade\\nThuringia.\\n687 Fr. Battle of Testri (p. 664).\\n716 Charles Martel leads the Aus-\\ntrasians against the Frisii [Friesians].\\n719* Fr. Charles Martel defeats the\\nBasques and Goths, under Eudes, Duke\\nof Aquitania, at Soissons. [725. He sub-\\ndues the Bavarians.]\\n732 Fr. Charles Martel, at the head\\nof the German Austrasians, completely\\ndefeats the Saracens, and delivers Eu-\\nrope (p. 664).\\n738 Fr. Charles Martel defeats the\\nGoths and Arabs at Narbonne.\\n745 Carloman gains victories over\\nthe Saxons.\\n746* Carloman defeats the Alemanni,\\nand executes Theudewald and many\\nnoted prisoners with great cruelty.\\n772-804 The Franks subjugate the\\nSaxons.\\n772 War with the Saxons is re-\\nsolved upon in the May-field Assem-\\nbly at Worms.\\nThe Franks capture Eresburg, and\\ncast down the Irminsul. Saxons west\\nof the Elbe are subdued.\\n775 The Franks capture Sigibnrg.\\n778 Charlemagne is at war with\\nSpain.\\nThe Saxons are again subdued by\\nthe army of the East Franks and the\\nAlemanni.\\n779* Westphalia. Charlemagne\\ngains a complete victory over the Saxons\\nat Bocholt on the Aa.\\n782 The Frankish army is defeated\\nby the revolting Saxons while crossing\\nthe Sandel mountains. Charlemagne\\ntakes the field against the rebels. (See\\nState.)\\n783 Charlemagne defeats the Sax-\\nons, led by Wittekind, at Detmold\\nagain at Hase in a general engagement.\\n788 The Franks are at war with the\\nScandinavian Germans, called North-\\nmen, and with the Slavs.\\n789 Prus. Charlemagne, at war with\\nthe Slavs, defeats the Wiltzi, and ad-\\nvances to the river Peene.\\n791-799 Charlemagne engages in wars\\nwith the Avars of the Danube region,\\nthe allies of the Duke of Bavaria Char-\\nlemagne s son Pepin is commander-in-\\nchief.\\n793-804 War occurs with the Danes\\nfor receiving Saxon refugees Gottfried,\\nKing of Denmark, invades the Frankish\\nmark.\\n796 Hung. Duke Erich storms the\\nchief circular camp of the Avars (The\\nKing s Bang) between the Danube and\\nthe Theiss (p. 502).\\n799 Charlemagne undertakes a naval\\nexpedition against the Moors in Spain,\\nbut is called into Suxonv.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n800* *Heraldry is introduced by\\nCharlemagne. He encourages agricul-\\nture and horticulture.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n533 Remy, or Remi, Saint, apostle of the\\nFranks, bi6hop of Reims, A58.\\n625 Theodelinda, Bavarian princess, wife\\nof Autharic, dies.\\n657 Wilbrord, or Willibrod, Saint, apos-\\ntle of the Frisians, b. [738. 1). A81+.]\\n680* Boniface. Wilfrid. Saint, apostle of\\nGermany, born. [755. Dies. A75+.J\\n694 Charles Martel, Duke of Austrasia,\\nKing of the Franks, ^i an.lfatlxT of Char-\\nlemagne, born. [741. Dies. A47.]\\n714* Pepin le Oros, or Pepin of Heristal,\\nDuke of Austrasia, father of Charles Mar-\\ntel, dies.\\n743 Apr. 3. Charlemagne, King of\\nFrance, Emperor of the West, born. [814,\\nJan. 28. Dies. A72.]\\nCHURCH.\\n579 It. The Langobardi surrender\\ntheir idols, and embrace Christianity,\\nat the request of their favorite, Queen\\nTbeodolinda.\\n590-604 Rome. [St.] Gregory I. the\\nGreat is bishop and pope.\\nHe is a great statesman as well as\\nchurchman, builds schools ami churches,\\nsends out missionaries to many lands,\\nand increases the numbers and wealth\\nof the church, and lays the foundation\\nof the great power of the papacy.\\n717 St. Boniface [Winfried], an Eng-\\nlish missionary, begins the successful\\nwork of converting the Germans to\\nChristianity. [Apostle to the Ger-\\nHe preaches in the country of the\\nEast Franks in Thuringia, Hesse, and\\nFriesland. [723. He is consecrated\\nbishop.]\\n731* Rome. [St.] Gregory III. becomes\\npope. [741. [St.] Zachary.]\\n732 Winfried is consecrated arch-\\nbishop, and named Boniface, and be-\\ncomes the apostle to the Germans.\\nFr. By the victory of Charles Martel\\nat Tours, over the Saracens, the liberties\\nand religion of Europe are saved.\\n742 Germany recognizes the Pope\\nas the head of the church (Concilium\\n745 Hesse. Mentz becomes the seat\\nof an archbishopric.\\n746 The Apostles Creed is trans-\\nlated into the Saxon tongue.\\n752 Rome. St. Stephen II. becomes\\npope.\\n[752, St. Stephen III.; 757, St. Paul I.; 768,\\nStephen IV.; 771, Adrian I.]\\n755** It. The Popes temporal power\\nbegins in the government of the exar-\\nchate of Ravenna.\\nJune 5. Neth. Bishop Boniface is mur-\\ndered [in Friesland].\\n779 Charlemagne imposes tithes for\\nthe support of the clergy, churches,\\nschools, and the poor.\\n782 Hanover. Charlemagne massa-\\ncres 4,500+ Saxons at Verden, who had\\nrebelled, and lapsed into idolatry.\\n785 Saxony. The Saxons, after a\\nfruitless contest of 32 years, submit to\\nCharlemagne, and become Christians.\\n787 Asia Minor. Council of Nice\\n(p. 664).\\n794 Prus. The Council of Frank-\\nfort meets at Frankfort-on-the-Main\\nunder the presidency of Charlemagne.\\nIt is attended by 300 bishops from Ger-\\nmany, Gaul. Italy, Spain, and England,\\nand condemns Adoptiomsm and the wor-\\nship of images.\\n795 Rome. St. Leo III. becomes pope.\\n[799. He is attacked by a band of con-\\nspirators, and driven out of Rome.\\nLater he is restored by Charlemagne.]\\n800 Saxony. Bishoprics are estab-\\nlished.\\nOsnabruck, Verden, Bremen, Pader-\\nborn, Minden, Minister, IIildesheim,and\\nHalberstadt become bishoprics.\\nThe Eastern Empire is separated\\nfrom the Western, and the Pope is rec-\\nognized as supreme bishop of the later.\\nLETTERS.\\n689 The Teutonic language is in-\\ntroduced.\\nCharlemagne revives learning to\\nsome extent. (See France.) [S09. His\\nHomilarium appears.]\\n782**Alcuin, the Anglo-Saxon\\nscholar, and Paul, the Langobard,\\nare called to Charlemagne s court.\\n796+ *Einhard, the historian, be-\\ncomes secretary to Charlemagne.\\nSOCIETY.\\n524 Sigismnnd, his wife and child, are\\ndrowned in a -well because of his cru-\\nelty in murdering his son, Siegerich, for.\\nmocking the awkward walk of the queen,\\nhis stepmother.\\nUnder Charlemagne, freemen are\\nliable at any moment to be ordered to a\\ndistant part of the empire to fight, leav-\\ning their fields neglected and their fami-\\nlies in direst poverty.\\nWealthy freemen buy exemption\\nfrom military service from the counts, so\\nthat the hardships of the wars fall on\\nthe poorest people.\\n*Vitiges, having conquered Milan,\\nspares the garrison, but puts 300,000\\nof the inhabitants to the sword, and\\nyields the city a prey to his Burgundian\\nauxiliaries.\\nTheodobert of Austrasia offers a\\nsacrifice of young children (Goths) to\\nthe rive] god, casting them into the Po.\\n539 The Gothic women, indig-\\nnant at the treachery and folly of the\\nmen, spit in their faces with contempt.\\nIldebard is killed by a jealous\\nGoth, who severs his head with one\\nstroke, at a banquet, and rolls it upon\\nthe table.\\n552 Tejas, lender of the Goths, marches\\nthrough Italy murdering every Roman\\nthat crosses his path Marses, the Ro-\\nman general, murders the Goths in like\\nThe Langobardi put all their old\\nmen to death, and the widows volun-\\ntarily burn themselves alive.\\n572 Alboin conquers the Romans in\\nthe country of the Po, and reduces them\\nto servitude, to which they submit\\nwithout a struggle.\\n573 Beautiful Rosamunda, formerly\\nwife of Alboin, poisons her later hus-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0782.jp2"}, "783": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n511, **-800, 771\\nband, Helmicliis he discovers her\\ncrime in time to compel her to drink the\\ndregs of the cup, and share his painful\\nfate.\\n575 Kleph, King of the Langobardi,\\nis killed by one of his subjects.\\n576 Sigebert I., made King of Paris, is\\nassassinated by the tools of his brother.\\nPrince Childebert, three years of\\nage, is saved from murderers by the\\nact of his nurse, who secretes him in a\\ngrain-bag.\\n*Brunehilde, the Visigoth princess,\\nis aprisoner in the handsof Fredegunda.\\n579 Queen Theodolinda gains such in-\\nfluence over the people that they sur-\\nrender their favorite guds, and embrace\\nChristianity at her request.\\nQueen Fredegunda has licentious\\nrelations with Landerich, her husband s\\nmajor-domus. [584. Chilperic discovers\\nher infidelity, but dares not punish it.]\\n591 The Langobardi permit the beau-\\ntiful Theodolinda, the widow of the\\nking, to select his successor, as king and\\nhusband.\\nFredegunda is celebrated alike for\\nher beauty and ferocity.\\nChilp^ric marries Galaswintha; se-\\ncuring her rich dower, he soon murders\\nher, and in a few days proclaims Frede-\\ngunda, his mistress, to be his wife.\\nChilpdric is put to death, while fol-\\nlowing the chase, by the queen s tools.\\nBrunehilde, Queen of Austrasia,\\ntakes bloody revenge on her nobles,\\nwho have deprived her of her husband,\\nMerowich, and separated her from Lu-\\npus, her faithful attendant. [Later, Fre-\\ndegunda attempts to assassinate her,\\nbut fails.]\\nBrunehilde causes the JEgila Aus-\\ntrasian major-domus to he murdered,\\nand his office given to her paramour.\\nBrunehilde causes the Bishop De-\\nsiderius to be stoned to death for\\npreaching repentance to her, and drives\\nColumban, the Irish saint, out of the\\ncountry, for reprobating her crime.\\n600+ Brunehilde introduces car-\\n611* *Romilda, widow of the grand\\nduke of Gisulph, offers to betray the\\ncity of Frioul into the hands of Cacan,\\nKhan of the Avari, the murderer of her\\nhusband, on condition that he make her\\nhis wife the agreement is kept, and he\\ntakes her to Hungary, when the marriage\\nis celebrated, and the following morning\\nhe causes her to be impaled alive.\\n612 Brunehilde onuses her grandson\\nTheudebert to be confined in a monas-\\ntery, where he is murdered by his\\nbrother Theuderich, and the brains of\\nhis little son are dashed out on a rock.\\nBrunehilde revenges herself upon\\nher son Theuderich by administering\\npoison to him.\\nBrunehilde, alarmed at the general\\nrevolt at her feuds and crimes, flees to\\nMetz, and attempts to murder her ma-\\njor-domus because of his wavering fidel-\\nity. [She is entirely deserted by her\\nfollowers near Chalons, and she is deliv-\\nered up to Glotaire, her adversary.]\\n613 Clotaire punishes Brunehilde, 80\\nyears of age, by having her suffer ex-\\ncruciating tortures.\\nFor three days she is tortured, then\\nparaded through the camp on a camel s\\nhack finally he ties her by one arm and\\none foot to the tail of a wild horse, and\\nends her miserable life.\\nSigebert and Corous are murdered\\nby order of Clotaire, as descendants of\\nBrunehilde.\\nAdalulf s criminal advances to the\\nQueen of Lombardy are scornfully re-\\njected and he revenges himself by ac-\\ncusing Tafo of illicit intercourse, and\\nhe is put to death. [Her innocence is\\nafterwards fully proved.]\\n750 Profligacy and misery charac-\\nterize the people.\\nSTATE.\\n511 Clovis I., King of the Franks,\\ndies his kingdom is divided (p. 665).\\n512 Lorraine. Metz is the capital of\\nAustrasia under Thierry, or Theodorie\\nII.\\n530 The German confederations\\nare nominally subject to the successors\\nof Clovis, but are practically free; each\\nis ruled by its own duke, and the office\\nbecomes hereditary in certain families.\\n530-532 Thuringia. Theodorie, the\\neldest son of Clovis, conquers the king-\\ndom of Thuringia, and the two younger\\nsons subdue the Eurgundians.\\n536 Fr. Provence is ceded by the\\nBurgundians to the Franks.\\n547 Scot. The Angles, under Ida,\\nthe flame-bearer, settle in the Low-\\nlands.\\n550-600 Eng. The Saxons settle the\\ncountry north of the Thames [Essex].\\n553 It. The kingdom of the East\\nGoths in Italy falls Teja, the king, is\\nkilled in the battle at Mount Lactarius.\\n[556. Narses terminates the kingdom.]\\n558-561 The whole kingdom of the\\nFranks is again reunited. [561 and 567.\\nAgain divided. 613. Reunited.] (P. 665.)\\n560-788 Bavaria is governed by dukes\\nof the Agilo-Finger family.\\n577\u00c2\u00b1 Eng. The Angles of North Ger-\\nmany [Schleswig-Holstein] settle in the\\nwest [Norfolk, Suffolk].\\n603 Witteric, the usurper, takes the\\nthrone of the West Goths.\\n622-678 The kingdom of the Franks\\nis divided into two parts Austrasia and\\nNeustria, together with Burgundy, are\\npeepled chiefly by Germans (p. 665).\\n625 Paris. A general assembly is\\nconvoked to establish peace.\\n631 Bohemia. The Slavs break out\\nin revolt.\\n638 Lorraine. Sigebert I. becomes\\nKing of Austrasia Metz is the capital.\\n[674. Dagobert U. 676. Pepin of\\nHeristal becomes major domus, or\\nmayor of the palace.]\\n680* Pepin of Heristal, Duke of Aus-\\ntrasia, compels the German dukes to re-\\nturn somewhat to their allegiance as\\nsubjects of the Frankish kings (p. 565).\\n714* Lorraine. Charles Martel is\\npractically king. [725. He becomes\\nmayor. 741. He dies.] (P. 665.)\\nThe Saxons are independent, and\\nunsubduable by the Franks.\\n741-987 The Carlovingian line of\\nFrench kings (p. 665).\\n752 It. Pepin compels Astolphus,\\nKing of the Lombards, to cede Kavenna\\nand the Pentapolis, the territory of Bo-\\nlogna and Ferrara, to the Pope, thus\\nfounding the Papal States. The city\\nof Rome is not included in the gift.\\nWith the Pope s consent P^pin assumes\\nthe title, King of the Franks.\\n754 It. Pope Stephen anoints Pepin\\nand his sons Charles and Carloman as\\nkings of the Franks. Pepin com-\\nmences the style By the grace of God.**\\n768-771 Charlemagne [Charles the\\nGreat], with his brother Carloman,\\nreigns over the Franks [France and\\nGermany, etc.]. (P. 665.)\\n768-814 R7i. Prus. Aachen [Aix-la-\\nChapelle], the northern capital of\\nCharlemagne, is a free imperial city.\\n771 On the death of his brother Carlo-\\nman, Charlemagne becomes sole\\nruler of the Franks, by usurping the\\ngovernment.\\n772 Saxony. A rebellion breaks out\\nagainst Charlemagne. [It lasts 30 years\\nhe subdues it seven times.]\\nHesse. A May-field, or national as-\\nsembly, held at Worms unanimously\\nvotes for war with the Saxons.\\n773-774 It. The kingdom of the Lom-\\nbards is destroyed by Charlemagne be-\\ncause Desiderius, its king, threatens the\\nPope, and favors the succession of Carlo-\\nman s sons.\\n774 Charlemagne becomes King of\\nNorthern Italy.\\n776-777 The Franks again subjugate\\nthe Saxons.\\n776 Westphalia. The first May-\\nfield, or national assembly, in the land\\nof the Saxons assembles at Paderborn.\\n778* The Saxons again revolt against\\nthe Franks on receiving the news of\\nCharlemagne s defeat in the Pyrenees;\\nWittekind of Westphalia, their leader,\\nwastes the country of the Franks as far\\nas Cologne.\\n780 Westphalia. A general revolt\\nof the Saxons subject to Charlemagne\\nbreaks out under Wittekind.\\nThe Saxon part of his army revolts, and\\nsuddenly cuts down the French part\\nwhile crossing the Sandel Mountain.\\n[782. He massacres 45,000 armed Saxons\\non the Aller in revenge, and this pro-\\nvokes a new and mad revolt.]\\n785 Wittekind, the leader of the re-\\nvolting Saxons, submits to Charlemagne,\\nand embraces Christianity.\\n788 Bavaria. Tassilo II., the revolt-\\ning Duke of Bavaria, is deposed by\\nCharlemagne, and the margravate is\\nestablished.\\nBremen is founded by Charlemagne.\\n791 Hung. The Avars are subdued\\nafter a war lasting rive years (p, 503).\\nThe country between the Ems and the\\nRaab is annexed to the Frankish Em-\\npire, and settled by German colonists,\\nchiefly Bavarians.\\n793 New revolts occur among the\\nSaxons.\\n794 Frankfort is the residence of\\nCharlemagne.\\n799 Westphalia. The Pope, being\\nexpelled from Rome by the relatives of\\nhis predecessor, finds refuge in the camp\\nof Charlemagne at Paderborn. [Charle-\\nmagne restores the throne to the Pope.]\\n800 Dec. 25. Pome. Charlemagne is\\ncrowned (p. 667).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0783.jp2"}, "784": {"fulltext": "772 802,**-962,\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n80S The Danes are defeated by\\nCharles, son of the emperor they retire\\nbeyond the Eider. [810. Charlemagne\\nhimself takes the field against the\\nDanes under King Gottfried.]\\n833 June 29. Alsace. Louis is de-\\nserted by all his troops in the night, on\\nthe Field of Lies, near Colmar.\\n841 June 25. Fr. Battle of Fonte-\\nnay in Burgundy.\\nThe Emperor Lothaire, claiming the\\nimperial title, is defeated by his broth-\\ners, Louis the German and Charles the\\nBald; 100,000 men fall.\\n843 With ferocious energy the Scan-\\ndinavian sea-warriors (Vikings) simul-\\ntaneously attack the Franks.\\n845 The Northmen attack all three\\nof the Frankish kingdoms.\\n848 The Slavs invade the Frankish\\nlands.\\n858 Fr. Louis the German invades\\nFrance, but is compelled to retire.\\n876* *Iik.Prus. Battle of Andernach;\\nCharles the Bald is defeated by the sons\\nof Louis the German.\\n884+ Hung. The Magyars conquer\\nHungary.\\n891 Belgium. Arnuf of Bavaria de-\\nfeats the Northmen on the river Dyle\\nat LQUvain.\\n893 By an alliance with the Magyars,\\na nomadic Finnish tribe, Arnulf defeats\\nSvatopluk II., the founder of the king-\\ndom of Moravia. [S96 Arnulf takes\\nRome.]\\n899 Germany is furiously invaded\\nby the Magyars of Hungary. [908. They\\noverrun Bavaria and Franconia, enter\\nThuringia and Saxony, desolating the\\ncountry.]\\n910 Bavaria. Louis the German is\\ndefeated by the Magyars in the vicinity\\nof the river Lech.\\n910\u00c2\u00b1 Internecine feuds break out\\nin Franconia.\\nThe Conradines defeat Adalbert of\\nBabenberg, and execute him before his\\ncastle.\\n911-918 Conrad is constantly at war.\\nHe repels the invasions of the Danes,\\nSlavs, and Magyars; his own subjects\\nresist his sovereignty.\\n924 The Magyars renew their inva-\\nsions.\\nHenry buys them off from Saxony and\\nThuringia by agreeing to the payment\\nof tribute for nine years.\\n929 Sept. 4. Brandenburg. Henry de-\\nfeats the Wends (Slavs) at Lenzen.\\n933 The Magyars renew their inva-\\nsions a great victory is won on the\\nUnstrut by Henry. [934. The Danes,\\nVandals, and Bohemians also defeated.]\\n937 Bavaria. Hordes of Hungarians\\ncross Franconia. (See Austria.)\\n938* Otho defeats the rebellious\\ndukes of Bavaria and of Franconia.\\n939 King Otho s younger brother,\\nHenry, leads a rebellion and is sub-\\ndued.\\n946-950 Otho interferes in the French\\nwars, protecting King Louis IV. against\\nHugo, Count of France, all three are\\nbrothers-in-law.\\n951* It. Otho invades Italy nominally\\nin support of Queen Adelaide, widow of\\nLothaire, but really for conquest. [952.\\nJuly 29. Berengar II. is defeated in the\\nbattle of Firenzuola.]\\nWar occurs with the Wends.\\nMargrave Gero commands the Ger-\\nmans; another war with t ho Danes, Otho\\nin command and another with Boleslav,\\nduke of Bohemia.\\n953-954 Civil war shakes the throne\\nof Otho, until the appearance of the\\nHungarians alarms and unites the peo-\\nple.\\n954 The Magyars sweep through\\nGermany to France, and become allies of\\nthe rebel dukes, who, after a severe\\nstruggle, are reconciled to the king.\\n955 Aug. 10. Battle of Lechfeld [Augs-\\nburg] Otho I. utterly defeats the Mag-\\nyars. Conrad is killed. He defeats\\nthe Wends on the Rekenitz.]\\n957 It. Berengar U. rebels, and\\nLindolf, son of Otho, is killed in the ef-\\nfort to subdue him. Otho defeats the\\nSlavonian invaders in Saxony.\\n961 Second expedition to Italy.\\nOtho defends the Pope from Berengar\\nII, [963. He captru*es Rome. 964. He\\ncaptures Rome the second time, de-\\nposes Pope Benedict, and restores Pope\\nLeo.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n802 Charlemagne is presented with a\\nstriking clock by Harun-al-Raschid the\\n[famous] calif of Bagdad.\\n820 Hop-gardens nourish.\\n925 The first dyers guild is estab-\\nlished.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n9th Century. Otfried, monk, poet, born, dies.\\n806 Louis I.. King of Havana and tier-\\nmany, born. [876. Dies. A70.]\\n808 Gottschalk, monk, theologian, born.\\n[860. Dies. A52\u00c2\u00b1.]\\n856 Rabanus Maurus, archbishop of\\nMentz, scholar, author, A80.\\n876 Henry I., Emperor of Germany,\\nborn. [936. Dies. A60.]\\n883* Louis II., or III., King of Bavaria\\nand Germany, dies.\\n890* TJlrich, 8aint. bishop of Augsburg,\\nstatesman, born. [973. Dies. A83.}\\nOtho I., emperor, born. [973. Dies. A6I.]\\n900* Louis in., or IV., King of Bavaria\\nand Germany, A7.\\n918 Conrad, or Konriul I., Duke of Fran-\\nconia, King of Germany, dies.\\n939 Adalbert, Saint, apostle of Prus-\\nsians, born. [997. Dies. A58-]\\nCHURCH.\\nReign of Charlemagne.\\nThe king rules the Church, setting up\\nand putting down archbishops, bishops,\\nand abbots; he begins a reformation.\\nBishoprics and many monasteries\\nare founded by the king, and enriched\\nby gifts of land.\\nPrelates are invested with some of\\nthe authority pertaining to civil, but\\nnot criminal courts.\\n816 Borne. Stephen V. becomes pope.\\n[817, St. Paschal J.; 824, Eugenius II.; 827,\\nValentius; S27, (injury IV.; M4. Sergins II.;\\n847,St. Leo IV.; 855, Benedict III.: 8SS, NV-\\nolas I. the Great; 867, Adrian II.; 872, John\\nVI1I.J\\n825 Louis the Pious reintroduces the\\nworship of images and pictures which\\nCharlemagne had prohibited.\\n834-1223 Hamburg is the seat of an\\narchbishopric.\\n836* Westphalia. The relics of St.\\nAnthony Vitus are removed.\\nThey are borne in solemn procession\\nfrom Paris to the monastery of Corvey.\\nParisians weep at their departure.\\n9th Century. Rh. Prus. The archbish-\\nopric of Treves is founded. [It is the\\noldest in Germany.]\\n873 Rh. Prus. The Mimsterkerehe\\nof Essen is consecrated.\\n882* Rome. Marin us I. becomes pope.\\n[884, Adrian III.; 885, Stephen VI.; 891,\\nFormosns and Sergius, anti-pope; S96, lioni-\\nface VI.; Wl, Stephen VII.; W8, Konianus,\\nTheodorus II., and John IX.]\\n899 Frequent conflicts occur between\\nthe bishops and the nobles.\\n900 Rome. Benedict IV. is pope.\\n[903, Leo V. and Christopher; 904, Sergiue\\nIII.; 911, Anastasius III.; 913, Lando; 915\\nJohn X.]\\nVeneration for saints abounds\\nthe passion for relics becomes very\\ngeneral.\\n921 The Bohemians are converted\\nto Christianity.\\n928 Rome. Leo VI. becomes pope.\\n[929, Stephen VIII.; 931, John XI.; 936,\\nLeo VII.]\\n936-973 P?ms. Otho I. founds the\\nbishoprics of Havelberg and Bran-\\ndenburg.\\n937 Saxony. Otho the Great estab-\\nlishes a monastery at Magdeburg.\\n939 Rome. Stephen IX. is pope.\\n[MarinusII.; 946, Agapetus II.; 956, John\\nXII. becomes pope; he contends with the\\nemperor respecting investiture,}\\nMonks have great influence.\\nLETTERS.\\n822-847 Hesse-Xassau. Rabanus Mau-\\nrus is abbot of the monastery of Fulda\\nhe makes Fulda the first and most\\nesteemed school of Germany.\\n830 The Heljand, a religious didactic\\npoem, appears.\\n9th Century. The HUdebrandslied ap-\\npears.\\n9th Century. Bavaria. The MuspUla ap-\\npears.\\n870+ A poetical version of the Gos-\\npels, by Otfried, a monk of Weissenburg,\\nappears.\\n890\u00c2\u00b1 Ludwigslied, apoem celebrating\\nthe victory of Louis III. over the Nor-\\nmans, appears.\\n900 The first German book appears.\\n930 The poem, Walter of the Strong\\nHand, appears.\\n10th Century. The Merseburger Gedichte\\n10th Century. Brunswick. Roswitha, a\\nnun of Gandersheim, the first German\\npoetess and dramatist, writes Life of\\nOtho the Great, Sacred Legends and\\nGallicanus, Dulcitius, Abraham, Calli-\\nmachus.\\nSOCIETY.\\n850 Roman and common law are\\ngradually introduced.\\n909 The growth of feudalism is\\npromoted by the havoc caused by invad-\\ning Magyars, while Germany is ruled by\\na child king, as the people are obliged to\\nprotect themselves.\\nThe feudal tenure of land prevails.\\n925 King Henry constructs fortresses\\nand walled towns for defense.\\nTo build them he requires the labor of\\nevery ninth man, and the eight men re-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0784.jp2"}, "785": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n802,**-962, 773\\nmaining in his group to till his fields\\nthey are also to store one-third of their\\nharvests for days of trouble.\\n941 Henry, Otho s youngest brother,\\nfails in a murderous assault upon the\\nmonarch, after having been forgiven his\\nrebellion he is forgiven the second time.\\n951 Otho leads an army into Italy to\\nrelease Queen Adelaide, widow of\\nLothaire, who is imprisoned by the King\\nof Lombardy because she refused to\\nmarry his son. [Otho himself soon mar-\\nries the fascinating widow.]\\nSTATE.\\n802 Charlemagne adds a second head\\nto the eagle to show that the empires of\\nItaly and Germany are united in him.\\n806 Lorraine. The Diet of Dieden-\\nhofen.Thionville, is held.\\nCharlemagne distributes the admin-\\nistration of the empire among his three\\nsons as his lieutenants, each having the\\ntitle of king.\\n808 Pirns. Hamburg is founded by\\nCharlemagne.\\n813-1531 Eh. Prus. Aachen [Aix-la-\\nChapelle] is the crowning-place of the\\nGerman emperors, and also the seat of\\nnumerous diets and councils.\\n814 June 28. Pit. Prus. Charlemagne\\ndies at [Aix-la-Chapelle] [succeeded\\nby Ludwig, his son.] (P. 667.)\\n814-840 Louis I. le D^bonnaire is em-\\nperor.\\n817 Louis shares the realm with\\nhis three sons (p. 667).\\n829 A new division among his four\\nsons. [Revolt and civil war.] (P. 667.)\\n833 June 29. Alsace. Louis s fol-\\nlowers to a man desert him during the\\nnight near Colmar on the Field of Lies.\\n[He is deposed bv three sons. 834. Re-\\nstored. 835. A redivision. 837. Redi-\\nvision. 838. Redivision rescinded.] (P.\\n667.)\\n838 Hesse- Nassau. Frankfort is en-\\nclosed with walls by Louis.\\n839 Pepin, one of the sons of Louis I.,\\ndies, and his part of the empire is\\ndivided between Lothaire and\\nCharles; Ludwig, the other brother,\\nrebels.\\n840 June 20. Hesse. Louis I., em-\\nperor, dies, near Mentz.\\nLothaire I. assumes the imperial\\npower. [He is defeated by his brothers\\nat Fontenay.] (P. 666.)\\nPoland. The Slav dynasty is estab-\\nlished.\\n842 Feb. 14. Alsace. Louis and\\nCharles take the federation oath, which\\nis repeated by their armies, at Strasburg.\\n843 Aug.* Fr. Treaty of Verdun;\\nthe Empire is divided by the two sons\\nof Louis I. into France, Germany, and\\nItaly (p. 667).\\n843-911 The Carolingian dynasty\\nreigns.\\n843-876 Louis the German reigns.\\nGermany for the first time is ruled by\\na king who rules nowhere else.\\n843* Hesse- Nassau. Frankfort is\\nmade a capital city.\\n850 Saxony. The duchy is estab-\\nlished.\\nPr. Saxony. Magdeburg is\\nfounded.\\n855 Sept. Prus. Lothaire I. dies in\\na monastery at Prum. Lotharingia is\\ndivided among his three sons.\\nLorraine becomes a kingdom under\\nLothaire, son of the Emperor Lothaire.\\n856 Louis II., son of Louis the Ger-\\nman, has Italy with imperial dignity.\\nHe establishes his court at Pavia in\\nLombardy.\\n861* Lorraine. Brunswick is founded\\nby Bruns, Archbishop of Cologne.\\n870 Lorraine is divided by the treaty\\nof Mersen (p. 667).\\nThe German portion (Friesland, Lor-\\nraine) is ceded to the East Franks\\n(France) the Romance portion (Bur-\\ngundy, Provence) is ceded to the West\\nFranks (Germany).\\n875 Dec. 25. Charles II., the Bald,\\nKing of France, invades Italy, and is\\ncrowned by the Pope Emperor of the\\nHoly Roman Empire, comprising the na-\\ntions of western and central Europe, be-\\ning chiefly German-speaking peoples.\\n[877. Poisoned.]\\n876 Aug. 23. Louis II., the German,\\ndies, and is succeeded by his brother.\\n877-887 Charles III., the Fat, son of\\nLouis II., reigns.\\nHe is emperor conjointly at first with\\nhis brothers Carloman and Louis. His\\nclaims are successfully resisted on the\\nRhine and in Italy.\\n881 Charles III., the Fat, becomes\\nsole emperor, and is crowned.\\n[884. Fr. He is elected King of the\\nWest Franks with exception of a part of\\nBurgundy thus the Empire is again\\nunited.]\\nGermany is still called East Francia.\\n887 Charles III. is deposed by the\\ngreat Diet at Tribur for cowardice in\\nyielding to the Northmen at the siege of\\nParis he abdicates the throne.\\n887-899 Fr. Arnulf reigns.\\nArnulf,the illegitimate son of Carlo-\\nman and grandson of Louis, is elected\\nKing of Germany by the East Franks.\\n[896. Crowned at Rome. 897. Dec. 3.\\nDies at Ratisbon.J\\n895* Bavaria. The Margrave Leopold\\nis styled the first duke.\\n899-911 Louis the Child, son of\\nArnuf, six years of age, succeeds to the\\nempire.\\nHeisdomin. ited by Hatto, Archbishop\\nof Mentz. The Magyars invade Ger-\\nmany, and devastate the country. A\\nperiod of national weakness and gloom\\nfollows. The monarchy is ready to fall\\nto pieces, and form separate duchies, as\\nSaxony, Franconia, Bavaria, Swabia,\\nLotharingia.\\n900+ Silesia. Breslau is founded.\\nThe empire becomes elective.\\n911* Otho the Illustrious, Duke of\\nSaxony, is offered the crown, but declines\\nit because of old age.\\n912 Nov. 8. The German princes de-\\nclare their independence, and elect Con-\\nrad I., Duke of Franconia, their king.\\nHis authority is strongly resisted by\\nthe Franks and by many of his own sub-\\njects.\\n919-1024 The Saxony Dynasty.\\n919-936 Henry I., the Fowler, son\\nof Otho, Duke of Saxony, is founder of\\nthe German monarchy.\\nHe subdues the revolting Saxon lords,\\nand abolishes the prevailing anarchy.\\n924* Henry prudently agrees to pay\\ntribute to the li ungarhiiis for nine years,\\nand thus secures peace.\\n925 Lorraine. Lotharingia is re-\\ngained by Henry I.\\nThe margraves, or military gover-\\nnors, are first appointed.\\nGermany is virtually a federal\\nstate. The growth of towns is pro-\\nmoted by Henry I.\\n930 Prus. The North Mark of Sax-\\nony is established by the Emperor Henry\\nI., and forms the beginning of the\\nPrussian State.\\n933 Henry I. refuses to pay tribute\\nto the Magyars they renew their in-\\nvasions.\\n936 July 2. Saxony. Henry I. dies\\nat Menleben [and is succeeded by bis\\neldest son by Matilda].\\n936-973 Otho I., the Great, is\\nelected by the Saxons and Franks King\\nof Germany.\\nThe four court officers first appear.\\nThe Duke of Lotharingia as chamber-\\nlain; Dukeof Franeonis, steward Duke\\nof Swabia, cup-bearer and Duke of Ba-\\nvaria, marshal.\\n940 Burgundy becomes a fief of the\\nempire.\\n941 Henry, the king s brother and\\nan ex-rebel, is forgiven and becomes\\nOtho s chief supporter. [946. Otho makes\\nhim Duke of Bavaria.]\\n944 Lorraine. Otho gives Lotharin-\\ngia to Conrad the Red.\\n946-950 Otho interferes in the French\\nwars, and protects Louis IV. against\\nHugh, Count of Paris.\\n948 Baden. Otho appoints his son\\nLindolf duke of Swabia.\\n950 The Bohemians pay tribute to\\nOtho Boleslav becomes the vassal of\\nGermany.\\nSaxony is governed by the House of\\nBilling.\\n952 It. The defeated king, Eerengar\\nII., accepts Otho as his suzerain.\\n953-954 Civil war prevails.\\n953* Bruno, archbishop of Cologne\\nand Duke of Lorraine, becomes a chosen\\ncounsellor of Otho.\\nOtho s son Lindolf, and Conrad,\\nDuke of Lotharingia, the king s son-in-\\nlaw, rebel.\\n954 Hungarians cross the country in\\ntheir invasion of France and ravage it;\\nthey become the allies of the rebellious\\ndukes.\\n955 Aug. 10. Bavaria. The East\\nMark [duchy of Austria] is reestab-\\nlished (p. 503).\\n10th Century. W. Prus. Danzig is\\nfounded.\\n957 Ph. Prus. Cologne becomes an\\nimperial city.\\n962 Feb. 2. Beginning of the continu-\\nous union of Germany with the Holy\\nRoman Empire. (962-1806.)\\nOtho by conquest includes Italy in his\\ndominions, and is crowned emperor at\\nRome by the Pope. [Germany alone does\\nnot become an empire.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0785.jp2"}, "786": {"fulltext": "774 963, *-1076, Oct.\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n966-967 Otho leads a third expedition\\nto Italy.\\n978* Fr. Lothaire, King of France,\\nsurprises Otho, who escapes with diffi-\\nculty Otho reconquers Lotharingia\\n[Lorraine], invades France, and makes\\nan unsuccessful attempt to take Paris.\\n980-983 Wars in Italy.\\nOtho crosses the Alps, and advances on\\nRome, and into Southern Italy..\\n981 It. Otho defeats the Saracens\\nand Greeks at Colonne.\\n982 July 13. It. The German army\\nunder Otho is annihilated by the Sara-\\ncens and Greeks in an ambuscade he\\nescapes only because of the swiftness of\\nhis horse.\\n983 The Danes and Wends rise in re-\\nbellion.\\nThey successfully invade Germany\\nthe bishoprics of Brandenburg and Ha-\\nvelberg are destroyed.\\n996 Otho s first expedition goes to\\nKoine.\\n998-999 Otho s second expedition\\nagainst Rome.\\n999 Apr. 29. It. Crescentius, the\\nusurper, is defeated at St. Angelo.\\nHe attempted to throw off the Germ an\\nyoke, and reestablish the ancient Roman\\nRepublic he is executed.\\n1001* Otho s third expedition against\\nRome. The Romans revolt against the\\nGermans.\\n1002 Lorraine. Civil war prevails\\n[for ten years].\\n1003 Henry s first expedition} the\\nemperor defeats the Margrave Henry\\nand Henry Count of Luxemburg at\\nCreusen.\\n1004 It. Ardoin of Ivrea, King of\\nItaly, and a rival for the empire, is de-\\nfeated by Henry.\\n1004-18 Henry II. is at war with Bo-\\nleslav, King of Poland he is compelled\\nto surrender Bohemia, hut retains Lusa-\\ntia. [1015. Henry II. is defeated.]\\n1014 It. Henry conducts a second\\nexpedition to Italy, to surprise the up-\\nrising under Ardoin.\\n1016-18 Fr. Henry II. leads an army\\nto secure his inheritance in Burgundy,\\nwhich had been resigned in his favor by\\nRudolf III. before his death.\\n1022 It. Henry s third expedition\\nto Italy.\\nHe attacks the Greeks in Lower Italy,\\nand is aided by the Norman settlers in\\nsubduing them.\\n1026 It. Conrad H. leads an expe-\\ndition into Italy.\\nHe is crowned King of Italy at Milan,\\nand maintains his sovereignty by force\\nof arms in Pavia and Ravenna.\\n1029 The Poles invade Germany,\\nand carry into captivity 10,000 prisoners.\\nThey ravage the country as far as the\\nSaale. [1031. Conrad attacks the Poles,\\nrescues prisoners, and restores Lusatia\\nto the Empire.]\\n1030 Conrad makes an unsuccessful\\nattack on the Hungarians.\\n1041-44 Henry III. conquers the Bo-\\nhemians in three campaigns, wasting the\\ncountry with fire and sword.\\n1044 Hung. Henry defeats the Hun-\\ngarians at Menf ew. (See State.)\\n1046 It. Henry III. makes his first\\nexpedition to Rome to suppress the\\nrival popes.\\n1049 A protracted war ensues with\\nGodfrey the Bearded, Duke of Upper\\nLotharingia, for the succession of the\\ndukedom.\\n1052 Hung. Henry III., after a ten\\nmonths siege of Presburg, is obliged\\nto retreat in haste because of the dis-\\naffection of some of his nobles.\\n1055* It. Henry s second expedition\\ngoes to Italy.\\n1075 Henry IV. defeats the revolt-\\ning Saxons on the Unstrut.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1000 Glass-painting is invented.\\nBrunswick. The Karzburg mines are\\n1007* Alsace. The cathedral at\\nStrasburg, built by Clovis, is destroyed\\nby lightning.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n965 Bruno the Great, archbishop of\\nCologne, scholar, statesman, dies.\\n973* Henry II.. emperor, born. [1024.\\nDies. A50.]\\n10th Century. Hrotsvitha, nun, Latin poet,\\nborn. [1072. Dies. A72.]\\n1009* Bruno, Saint, sometimes called\\nApostle of Prussia, dies.\\n1017* Henry III., emperor, born. [1056.\\nDies. A 39.]\\n1040* Bruno, Saint, founder of Carthu-\\nsians, born. [1101. Dies. A61.]\\n1050 Henry IV.. emperor, horn. [1106.\\nDies. A56.]\\n1076 Adam of Bremen, church hist., d.\\n11th Century. Franco, or Francon, scholar,\\nwriter c\\nborn and dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n963 It. Pope John flees from Rome\\nwhen it is taken by Otho.\\nIt. The Romans are compelled to\\npromise never to elect another pope\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0without the consent of the Emperor\\nof Germany.\\nRome. Pope John is deposed by a\\nsynod, and Leo VIII., the anti-pope, is\\nelected.\\n964 Rome. Benedict V. is elected\\npope by a council of Romans.\\n[965, John XIII. becomes pope; his crimes\\nand scandals cause his banishment.]\\n967 Saxony. The archbishopric of\\nMagdeburg is founded.\\n972 Borne. Benedict VI. is pope.\\n[973, Donus II.; 974, Benedict VII.; 984,\\nJohnXIV.; iwft, Boniface V 1 1 John XV.; 996,\\nJohn XVI., Gregory V.; 999, Sylvester II.;\\n1(103, John XV If.; later, John XVIII.; 1009,\\nserums IV.; IIH J, Benedict VIII.; 1024, John\\nXIX.; 1033, Benedict IX., aged 10 years.}\\n975 Hesse. The Cathedral of Mentz\\nis founded.\\n993* Rome. Saints are first canonized.\\n996 Prus. St. Adalbert, bishop of\\nPrague, devotes himself to missionary\\nwork among the Prussians. [997. Apr.\\n23. W. Prus. He is murdered.]\\n1000 Prus. The emperor makes a\\npilgrimage to the bones of St. Adalbert\\nat Gnessen, Poland he founds the\\narchbishopric of Gnessen.\\n1007 Bavaria. The bishopric of\\nBamberg is founded.\\nAlsace. The cathedral of Strasburg\\nis destroyed by lightning. [It is recon-\\nstructed, and more than four centuries\\nare required to complete it.]\\n1009 The monasteries are reformed.\\nBenedict IS. demands and receives ten\\ntimes as much as was previously paid\\nfor the confirmation of German prel-\\nates.\\nArchbishops and bishops buy their\\nplaces at public auction at the papal\\ncourt, and in their jurisdiction sell the\\necclesiastical offices to others.\\n1038* Rome. The Pope is driven\\nfrom the city because of his vices, but\\nis restored by Conrad.\\n1039 Morality among the clergy is\\nat its lowest ebb, while simony is uni-\\nversally practised.\\nThe papacy is despised because\\nof the character of successive popes, and\\nthe rivalries of three contemporaneous\\npopes, who excommunicate each other.\\n1042 Henry III. claims the right of\\ndeposing and appointing popes. [He\\nappoints successively Damascus II., Leo\\nIX., and Victor II.]\\n1044* Rome. The Pope is again de-\\nthroned, and followed hy Sylvester III.\\nas anti-pope. Gregory VI. is also pope.\\n1046 Borne. Clement II., bishop of\\nBamberg, becomes pope.\\nThe emperor enters with his army, and\\ndeposes the three contemporaneous\\npopes, each of whom is accused of\\nsimony.\\nIt. The Council of Sutri gives the\\nemperors the right to nominate the\\npopes.\\n1048-49 Borne. Damascus II. is pope\\nfor 23 days, and followed by [St.] Leo IX. r\\nwho is the first Pope to provide himself\\nwith a regular army.\\n1052* Prus. Breslau is made the\\nseat of a bishopric.\\n1054 Pope Leo is defeated by the Nor-\\nmans, and taken prisoner.\\nBorne. The papal throne is vacant\\nfor one year.\\n1055* Borne. Victor II. becomes pope.\\n[1057, Stephen X.; 1058, Giovanni de Vel-\\nletri is pope for nine months; he is called\\nBenedict X. [by some anti-pope]; 1059,\\nNicholas II. A conclave of cardinals first\\nelect a pope.]\\nThe church improves in piety and pu-\\nrity under the influence of Hildebrand,\\nits real head.\\n1061 Borne. Alexander II. is pope.\\nThe papacy is at the summit of its\\npower it claims supreme dominion,\\ntemporal and spiritual, over every Chris-\\ntian state.\\n1072 Rome. The emperor is sum-\\nmoned before the Pope for selling the\\ninvestiture of bishops he regards the\\nsummons with contempt. [1073. Sum-\\nmoned the second time.]\\n1073* Rome. [St.] Gregory (Hilde-\\nbrand) is elected pope.\\nHis chief endeavors are directed\\ntowards the establishment of the su-\\npremacy of the papacy within the\\nchurch, and the supremacy of church\\nover state, the strict celibacy of the\\nclergy, and the abolition of simony and\\nlay investiture.\\n1074 Mar.* Rome. A synod is held at\\nwhich simony is condemned, and the\\nold stringent laws of celibacy ordered\\nto he enforced.\\n1075 Feb.* Rome. A synod con-\\ndemns lay investiture, and approves", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0786.jp2"}, "787": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n963,* -1076, Oct.*. 775\\nthe decrees of the first synod, and\\nthreatens excommunication to those\\nwho disohey them.\\n1076 Jan.* Home. The Pope sum-\\nmons the Emperor Henry IV. to Rome\\nto answer to charges of simony, sacri-\\nlege, and oppression Henry dismisses\\nthe Pope s legates with insults.\\nJan. 24. Hesse. Henry IV. holds a Diet\\nat Worms, and declares Pope Gregory\\ndeposed on charges of tyranny, magic,\\nand adultery. [The Pope excommuni-\\ncates Henry.]\\nFeb. 22. Rome. The Pope excommu-\\nnicates all the bishops who attended\\nthe Diet of Wormy, and deposes and ex-\\ncommunicates the emperor.\\nSept. Hesse. At a Diet at Tribur all\\nthe clergy withdraw from alliance with\\nHenry, signify their contrition to the\\nPope, and discuss the election of a new\\nemperor.\\nLETTERS.\\n995 *The Emperor Otho III., be-\\ncause of his great intellectual endow-\\nments, is called the Wonder of the\\nWorld.\\n1020\u00c2\u00b1 Wotker Labeo writes several\\nphilosophical works, and translates Be\\nConsolatione of Boethius and two of Aris-\\ntotle s works into German.\\n1050+ Rudlieb, a Latin poem, ap-\\npears.\\n1065\u00c2\u00b1 Bavaria. A song on the Life\\nof Christ is composed by Eggo and Willo,\\ntwo priests of Bamberg.\\nA prose translation and paraphrase\\nof the Hong of Solomon, by Williram, ap-\\npears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1016 The people of Europe are dis-\\ntressed by a severe famine.\\n1030 Hesse. Polygamy in Christian\\ncountries is prohibited by the Jewish,\\nsynod at Worms.\\nSTATE.\\n963 Otho, having captured Rome,\\nrequires the Romans to promise never\\nto elect another pope without the con-\\nsent of the emperor.\\n964 It. The Romans rise in a re-\\nvolt; it is speedily suppressed.\\n973 May 7. Pr. Saxony. Emperor\\nOtho I. dies at Menleben [and is suc-\\nceeded by his son].\\n973-983 Otho H. is emperor (already\\ncrowned during the reign of his father).\\n976* Bavaria. A conspiracy is\\nformed by Henry, Duke of Bavaria, the\\nQuarrelsome, against Otho his cousin\\nhe is subdued and deposed. Bavaria is\\ngiven to Otho of Swabia, son of Lindolf\\nCarinthia is taken from Bavaria, and\\nmade a duchy and the East Mark (Bava-\\nrian) is given to Luitpold of Babenberg.\\n978* Lorraine. Lothaire, King of\\nFrance, is compelled to surrender to\\nOtho all claim of Lorraine.\\n10th Century. Alsace is incorporated\\nwith, the German empire.\\n983 Dec. 7. Rome. Otho H. dies [and\\nis succeeded by his son, three years of\\nage].\\n983-1002 Otho m. is King of Germany\\nand Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.\\n983 Bavaria, without Carinthia, is\\nreturned to Henry the Quarrelsome.\\nThe king s Grecian mother, Theo-\\nphano, is regent in Germany, and his\\ngrandmother, Adelheid, regent in Italy.\\n985 Lorraine. Metz is made a free\\nimperial city.\\nPrus. The victorious Wends com-\\npel the Germans to confine themselves\\nto the North Mark.\\n991* Theophano, the regent, dies and\\nWilligris, Archbishop of Mentz, and\\nAdelheid conduct the Government.\\n995* *Otho HI., 15 years of age, as-\\nsumes control of the Government. [996.\\nCrowned emperor by Gregory V. at\\nRome.]\\n999 Young Otho III. cherishes a\\nscheme to make a world-wide empire,\\nwith Golden Rome for its center and\\nimperial residence. [This visionary and\\nimpracticable ruler is called the Won-\\nder of the World.\\n1001 Jan.* It. Otho HI. dies at Rome,\\nand is succeeded by the son of Henry\\nthe Quarrelsome.\\n1002-24 Henry II., the Saint, Duke\\nof Bavaria, is elected king at Mentz, and\\ncrowned at Aix-la-Chapelle.\\nHe is the great grandson of Henry the\\nFowler, and is called the Holy and\\nLame.\\nHermann of Swabia, his competitor,\\ndisputes the sovereignty.\\n1002* It. Ardoin, margrave of Ivrea,\\nis elected King of Italy, and disputes\\nthe realm with Henry.\\n1004 Henry II. is invited into\\nItaly by the German party Ardoin re-\\nsigns after losing most of the realm.\\n1005 Henry is crowned King of\\nItaly at Pavia. [1014. Rome. Crowned\\nemperor.]\\n1014 It. Ardoin ceases to resist\\nHenry.\\n1015 Henry receives from Poland an\\nannual tribute.\\n1018* Prus. Boleslav of Poland\\navenges the murder of St. Adalbert by\\nterrible ravages in Prussia.\\nSaxony. Henry makes peace with\\nPoland at Bautzen.\\n1024 July 15. Henry dies; he is the\\nlast of the Saxon house.\\n1024-1125 House of Franconia, or\\nSalian emperors.\\n1024-39* Hesse. Conrad II., the Sa-\\nlic, is emperor.\\nHe is elected at Oppenheim the first\\nelection in which all the princes and\\ntribes participate.\\n1025-30 Ernst, Duke of Swabia, re-\\nvolts he claims to be the heir of Henry\\nII. in Burgundy. [1030. Dies in battle.]\\n1026 It. Conrad H. is crowned\\nKing of Italy at Milan. [And maintains\\nhis sovereignty by force of arms. 1027.\\nCrowned emperor.]\\nThe Eider is fixed as the boundary\\nbetween Germany and Denmark, and\\nSchleswig is surrendered thereby to the\\nDanes.\\n1032 Pr. Burgundy is annexed to\\nthe empire, it having been bequeathed\\nto Conrad by Rudolf III., whose niece\\nGisela is Conrad s wife.\\nMieczeslav, Duke of Poland, becomes\\nthe vassal of the German emperor.\\n1036 July 4. Conrad returns from\\nhis expedition to Italy, and dies at\\nUtrecht. [He is succeeded by his son,\\nwho had been crowned in his boyhood.]\\n1039-56 Henry HI., the Black, is\\nemperor.\\nThe imperial power attains its\\ngreatest height.\\n1042-1- The Bohemians struggle for\\nindependence, but are conquered by\\nHenry 111. Peter, King of Hungary,\\nbecomes a vassal of the empire.\\nBavaria,. The Bavarian East Mark\\nis extended to the river Leitha.\\n1043 Fr. Henry suppresses a revolt in\\nBurgundy.\\n1046* Rome. Henry goes to Home to\\nremove the scandal of three reigning\\npopes, and to cleanse the Church.\\nDec. 25. Rome. Henry is crowned\\nemperor by Clement 1L.\\nIt. Henry creates Drogo, son of Tan-\\ncred of Hauteville, duke of Apulia. [It\\nresults in the revolt of the Lombards.]\\n1050 The last years of Henry III. form\\na turning-point in German history\\ndirect and absolute authority diminishes\\nhenceforth feudalism develops.\\nHenry favors the Truce of God,\\nand proclaims a general king s peace\\nthroughout the empire.\\n11th Century. Bavaria. Nuremberg is\\nfounded.\\nOldenburg begins to be ruled by\\ncounts.\\n1056 Oct. 28. Brunsunek. Henry IH.\\ndies at Gozlar [and is succeeded by his\\nson, six years of age, and already\\ncrowned.]\\n1056-1106 Henry IV. is emperor the\\nEmpress Agnes is regent.\\nThe regent gives Bavaria to Otho\\nthe Saxon, Graf of Nordheim Carinthia\\nto Berthold of Zahringen, and Swabia,\\nwith Burgundy, to Rudolf, Graf of\\nRheinfeld, her son-in-law.\\n1062 Rh. Prus. The young king is\\nabducted from Kaiserswert to Cologne\\nby Archbishop Anno; his distressed\\nmother resigns the regency.\\n1065 Adalbert, archbishop of Bre-\\nmen, a rival for the regency, compels\\nArchbishop Anno to yield the adminis-\\ntration to him.\\nThe Saxon princes through jealousy\\nform a conspiracy against Adalbert,\\nthe favorite of the emperor.\\n1066 Hesse. An imperial diet is held\\nat Tribur. [Adalbert is in seclusion for\\nthree years. 1072. Dies.]\\nBavaria. Count Otho is accused of\\nconspiracy Bavaria is taken from him\\nand given to Welf, son of the Margrave\\nAzzo of Este, who becomes its duke.\\n*The Saxons revolt because of the\\nerection of fortresses by Henry IV.\\n1073 Hesse. Henry IV. secretly flees\\nfrom Harzburg to escape the enraged\\nSaxons, who besiege and take it he is\\nforced to agree to a humiliating peace.\\n1073-1123 The emperor has disputes\\nwith the Popes relating to ecclesiasti-\\ncal investitures.\\n1076 Pope Gregory VH. forms an\\nalliance with Robert Guiscard, Duke of\\nthe Normans, and with certain disaf-\\nfected princes in Germany.\\nThe Pope excommunicates and de-\\nthrones the emperor, and releases his\\nsubjects from their oath of allegiance\\n[the boldest step ever taken by a pope].\\nOct. Hesse. The Diet of Tribur sus-\\npends Henry IV. from the imperial office,\\nand refers the final decision of his case\\nto a future Diet [Augsburg, February,\\n1077].", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0787.jp2"}, "788": {"fulltext": "776 1076, Dec. 20-1159,\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1078 Aug. 7. Fr. A pitched battle is\\nfought at Melridestadt in Franconia,\\nbetween the papal and anti-papal fac-\\ntions it is bloody but indecisive.\\n1080 Jan. 27. Thuringia. Henry IV.\\nagain attacks Rudolf, the rival king,\\nnear Miihlhausen, and is defeated.\\nOct. 15. Saxony. Henry IV. invades\\nSaxony, and is again defeated by Rudolf\\nof Swabia at Molsen Rudolf is mortally\\nwounded.\\n1081 May 21. Rome. Henry IV. ap-\\npears with a besieging army. (See Italy.)\\n1083 June 3. Rome. After a siege of\\nseven months, Henry takes a part of\\nRome by storm. Pope Gregory VII. is\\nbesieged by Henry in the castle of St.\\nAngelo. [He is released by Robert\\nGuiscard.]\\n1086 Aug. 11. Henry is defeated at\\nBleichfeld by Eekbert, Welf, and Ber-\\nthold.\\n1089-97 Henry goes on a third expe-\\ndition to Italy.\\nHe attempts the overthrow of the sup-\\nporters of the papal power with only\\nsmall success. Mantua surrenders after\\na siege of eleven months.\\n1097 Henry returns from Italy.\\nGermany is crossed by armed bands\\nof the first Crusaders under Walter of\\nPerejo and Peter the Hermit.\\n1109* Poland. Henry V. is defeated\\nby Boleslav.\\n1113 Saxony. The emperor sur-\\nprises his revolting subjects and defeats\\nthem near Warmstadt.\\n1115 The Saxons are victorious over\\nthe rebellious Wends at Kothen.\\nBattle of Welfesholze.\\nThe imperial army is defeated by the\\nSaxons on the same day the emperor\\nseeks safety by flight.\\n1122 The Saxons march against the\\nemperor, whose situation is full of peril.\\n[Sept. 23. Peace.] (See State.)\\n1140+ War of the Ghibellines and\\nthe Guelfs Welfs) the Papal and Im-\\nperial parties each contends for the\\npossession of the crown.\\nWurtemberg. Battle of Weinsberg.\\nConrad III. defeats Count Welf, and\\nthe city surrenders to him the faithful\\nwomen save the men by carrying them\\non their backs out of the city (p. 504).\\n1147-48 Conrad III., influenced by St.\\nBernard, leads an army which joins\\nthe Second Crusade [and is destroyed\\nby Greek treachery].\\n1154-77 Wars in Italy between Fred-\\nerick and the cities and the Pope.\\nFrederick s campaign is against the\\npowerful Republican cities of Lombardy\\nand Pope Alexander III. lib restores\\nimperial rights, which have become\\nmuch impaired by neglect six expedi-\\ntions are made.\\n1154-55 Frederick s first expedition\\nto Italy it maintains imperial author-\\nity in the cities.\\n1157 Frederick I. conducts a cam-\\npaign against the Poles.\\n1158-62 Frederick s second expedi-\\ntion to Italy it subdues Milan and\\nother Lombard cities. [1159. July He\\nattacks Crema.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1138-1208 Magnificent churches in\\nGothic style gratify and develop the\\nfeeling for art.\\n1150* Bavaria. The [modern] method\\nof gold-beating is invented in Nurem-\\nberg. Here glass-cutters flourish.\\n12th Century. Rlt. Prus. Franco of Co-\\nlogne codifies the uses of measured\\nmusic.\\n1152* Frederick B arb arossa intro-\\nduces or improves the art of heraldry.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1093* Conrad III., king, born. [1152.\\nDies. A59.]\\n1106* Adolphus, cunt of Holstein, born.\\n[1131. Dies. A25.]\\nAlbert I., the Bear, Margrave of Branden-\\nburg, founder ut House of Brandenburg,\\nborn. [1170. Dies. A64.]\\n1121* Frederick I., Barbarossa, em-\\nperor, born. [1190, June 10. Dies. A69.J\\n1129 Henry The Lion, Duke of Saxony\\nand Bavaria, born. [1195. Dies. A. 66.]\\n1137* ^Adalbert, archbishop of Mentz,\\nstatesman, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n1076 Dec. 20. Henry, finding resist-\\nance useless, sets out to make his sub-\\nmission to the Pope. (See State.)\\n1077 Jan. 25-27. Rome. The Pope\\nhumbles the emperor.\\nHe compels Henry to stand three days,\\nin the depth of winter, barefooted, at the\\ngate of the castle of Canossa, to implore\\npardon, and then only gives him condi-\\ntional absolution.\\nIt. Matilda of Tuscany makes a re-\\nvisionary grant of her vast estates in\\nNorthern Italy to the Church of Rome.\\n1078 Rome. The Pope sets up Ru-\\ndolf as emperor of Germany.\\n1080* Rome. Henry IV. is excom-\\nmunicated the second time; Clement\\nIII. becomes anti-pope.\\n1084* *The Order of Carthusian\\nMonks is founded by St. Bruno of Co-\\nlogne at Chartreuse.\\nThe War of Investitures, between\\nthe emperor and the Pope, lasts for over\\n200 years, and is a prominent feature of\\nmedieval history.\\n1085 May 25. It. Pope Gregory dies\\nin exile at Salerno.\\n1087 Rome. Victor III. is pope.\\n1095 Peter the Hermit preaches the\\nCrusade for the recovery of the Holy\\nSepulcher.\\n1097* *The First Crusade. (See\\nArmy.)\\n1106 Rome. Henry V. is excommu-\\nnicated by the Pope. [1112. Again by\\na second council at Vienna.]\\nRh. Prus. The Empress Helena is\\nsaid to have brought the seamless\\nHoly Coat of Christ to Treves.\\n1109* Rome. Henry V. makes the\\nPope a prisoner.\\n1111* Emperor Henry V. determines\\nto separate the church from the\\nstate.\\nHe forces Pope Pascal II., his prisoner,\\nto acknowledge the imperial right of in-\\nvestiture.\\nRome. The Late ran Council de-\\nclares the concessions to Henry V. in-\\nvalid because extorted by force.\\n1118 Rome. Gelasius II. is pope.\\n[1119, CalistusIL; 1124,Honorius II.; 1130,\\nInnocent II., Anacletus 1 1., anti-pope; 1143,\\nCelestin II.; 1144, Lucius II.; 1145, Eugenius\\nIII.; 1154, Adrian IV.; 1159, Alexander III.;\\nhe is opposed by four anti-popes; in 1159 by\\nVictor IV., in 1164 by Pascal III., in 1164 by\\nCalistus III., in 1178 by Innocent 111.]\\n1122 Sept. 23. Hesse. The disputes\\nregarding investiture are compromised\\nby the Concordat at Worms.\\nThe election of German bishops and abbots\\nis to take place in the presence of the empe-\\nror or his representatives; investiture by the\\nemperor must precede consecration, and to\\nbe conferred by the scepter instead of the\\nring and the staff.\\nIn Italy and Burgundy investiture is to\\nfollow elections and consecration, and all\\necclesiastics possessing secular benefices are\\nto perform the feudal duties.\\n1125-37 Sax. Prus. The Wends are\\nconverted to Christianity in increasing\\nnumbers.\\n1 146 Rome. Arnold of Brescia\\npreaches the deposition of the Pope, and\\nthe restoration of the ancient republic.\\n1147-49 The Second Crusade; it is\\nconducted by Conrad III. of Germany\\nand Louis VII. of France [without re-\\nsult].\\n1155 Rome. Arnold of Hrescia, a\\nscholar of the schoolman Abelard, a pop-\\nular preacher, opposed to the notorious\\ncorruption of the clergy, and an advo-\\ncate of civil and religious reform, is con-\\ndemned and burned.\\n1159-77 Schism in the Church.\\nA majority of cardinals elect Alexan-\\nder III. a minority, influenced by the\\nemperor, elect Victor IV., who is recog-\\nnized by the council held at Pavia and\\nby the Emperor Frederick.\\nThe Carmelite Order is instituted.\\n1120+ The Alexander lied, by Lam-\\nbrecht, appears.\\n1135-37 The poem, King Rother, ap-\\npears.\\n1139+ The Ro/andslied, by Conrad, a\\npriest, appears.\\n1 140 Bishop Otto von Freising intro-\\nduces the peripatetic philosophy.\\n1143-46 The Universal History, by\\nBishop Otto von Freising, appears.\\n[1157. The Life of Frederick Barba-\\nrossa.\\n12th Century. The JS ibehmgenot, or Nibel-\\nuiigenlied, an epic poem composed of\\nvarious ancient mythical poems, termed\\nsagas, appears.\\n1157+ The Latin drama, Antichrist,\\nappears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1077 *Pope Gregory VII. excommu-\\nnicates the Emperor Henry IV., and\\nabsolves his subjects from their alle-\\ngiance. [His excommunicated body lies\\nfor five years above ground after death,\\nno one daring to bury it.]\\n1089 Matilda of Tuscany marries\\nGuelf V., son of Guelf Duke of Bavaria.\\n1105* Henry IV., the deposed em-\\nperor, is forced to sell his boots to ob-\\ntain food.\\n1150* Chivalry, having much in its\\nnature that is fantastic and insincere,\\nkeeps alive a grand ideal of manliness,\\ncourtesy, and generosity.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0788.jp2"}, "789": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1076, Dec. 20-1159, 777\\nThe Crusades awaken the intellect\\nand arouse the genius of the people.\\nWomen never held a higher place\\nor received greater honor than during\\nthis period.\\nThe population is divided into\\nclasses, prelates, dukes, palsgraves,\\nmargraves, landgraves, counts, knights,\\nfreemen, and serfs.\\nSTATE.\\n1076 Dec. 20i. Bavaria. Henry IV.\\nsecretly leaves Speier with his wife, son,\\nand a solitary knight, and makes a pain-\\nful journey across the Alps, in a severe\\nwinter to placate thePope. (SeeChurch.)\\n1077 Mar. Bavaria. At the instiga-\\ntion of the Pope the emperor, Henry IV.,\\nis deposed by some of the German princes\\nat Porchheim they elect Rudolf, Duke\\nof Swabia, as his successor.\\n1078 Fr. Franconia is the seat of\\nwar between the emperor s party and\\nthe party of St. Peter.\\n1079 Swabia is fortified, and given to\\nFrederick of Hohenstaufen, Henry s son-\\nin-law.\\n1080 Mar. 7. Rome. Henry TV. is ex-\\ncommunicated for the second time by\\nthe Pope.\\nRudolf of Swabia, the rival king, is\\nmortally wounded in battle.\\n1081 Aug.* Hermann, son of the\\nCount of Luxemburg, is elected by the\\ndissatisfied Saxou princes as a rival king\\nat the suggestion of the Pope. [10SS.\\nAbdicates and dies.]\\n1089 Egbert, Margrave of Meissen,\\nwho had been set up as a rival king,\\ndies.\\nSaxony. The Saxons submit to\\nHenry, and are assured of the preserva-\\ntion of their ancient privileges and es-\\ntates.\\nIt. Matilda of Tuscany marries\\nWelf V. (Guelf), son of Duke Welf of\\nBavaria.\\n1092 Conrad, son of the emperor, is\\nencouraged by the Pope to rebel against\\nhis father. [1095. He is crowned at\\nMilan.]\\n1101 Bavaria. Guelf II. is duke.\\n1104 Henry, the emperor s youngest\\nand beloved son, under encouragement\\nby the Pope, rebels against his father,\\nwhom he imprisons.\\n1105 Henry XV. is betrayed by his\\nfollowers, flees from his son Henry, and\\nis forced to abdicate. [1106. Aug. 7.\\nBelg. He dies at LUttich [Liege], and\\nis succeeded by his son Henry.]\\n1106-25 Henry V. is emperor.\\n1111 Rome. Henry V. forces Pope\\nPascal II., his prisoner, to perform his\\nronation, and acknowledge the emper-\\nor s\\n\u00c2\u00a3ht of investitu\\n1112 Aust. The Synod of Vienna ex-\\ncommunicates Henry V. because he\\nrefuses to give up the right of investi-\\nture. [1122. Restored.]\\n1114* Lothaire and Louis, the rebel-\\nlious princes, beg for mercy.\\nHesse. The emperor marries Ma-\\ntilda, daughter of Henry I. of England,\\nat Mentz, with ceremonies of great\\nsplendor.\\n1116 Rome. Henry V. is crowned\\nby a Portuguese archbishop, Pope Pascal\\nbeing a fugitive.\\nHenry V. takes possession of the\\nlands of the Countess Matilda in the\\nname of the empire.\\n1119* Pope Calixtus II. is enthroned,\\nand immediately renews the alliance\\nwith Adalbert and the enemies of the\\nemperor in Saxony.\\n1120* Bavaria. Henry the Black is\\nduke.\\n1121 Westphalia. Minister, having\\nsided with the emperor s party, and ex-\\npelled its bishop, is besieged and burned\\nby the Saxons.\\n1122 Sept. 23. The Concordat of\\nWorms is agreed to, and settles the\\ntrouble with the Pope concerning inves-\\ntiture. (See Church.)\\n1125 May 23. Neth. Henry V. dies\\nat Nimeguin.\\n1125-37 Lothaire, Duke of Saxony, is\\nKing of Germany.\\n1126* Bavaria. Henry the Proud,\\nson-in-law of Lothaire, is duke. [Later,\\nDuke of Saxony.]\\n1128-58 Lippe is governed by Bernard,\\nthe founder of the [present] reigning\\nfamily.\\nThe decay of royal power pro-\\ngresses.\\n1130* The title landgrave com-\\nmences with Louis III. of Thuringia.\\n1132-33 Lothaire II. visits Italy on\\nhis first expedition.\\n1133-37 Lothaire H. is emperor.\\nHe is elected, but the Hohenstaufens,\\nFrederick, Duke of Swabia, and Conrad,\\nnephew of Emperor Henry V., reject\\nhis authority.\\n1133 Rome. Lothaire H. is crowned\\nby Pope Innocent II.\\nHe consents to restore to the Pope all\\nthe property confiscated to the empire\\nby Henry V., and to receive them back\\nas fiefs from the Pope. As a vassal of\\nthe Pope he receives the investiture of\\nMatilda s heritage with his crown.\\n1134* Prus. Lothaire II. invests Al-\\nbert the Bear with the North Mark\\n[Margrave of Brandenburg. 1136. Al-\\nbert conquers most of Mittelmark, and\\nits name is changed to Brandenburg,\\nfrom its chief city].\\n1136-37 Lothaire H. revisits Italy on\\nhis second expedition.\\nHe curbs the insolence of Roger the\\nNorman, and drives him out of Italy to\\nSicily, he having claimed to be King of\\nthe two Sicilies.\\n1137 Dec. 3. Bavaria. The Emperor\\nLothaire H. dies at Breilenwang.\\n1138-1254 House of Hohenstaufen,\\nor the Swabian Dynasty, reigns.\\n1138 Mar. 13. Conrad m., Duke of\\nFranconia, is chosen king by an irregu-\\nlar election of the anti-Saxons.\\n1138-52 Conrad III. is emperor.\\nOct. 20. Conrad III. puts Henry the\\nProud, of Bavaria, under the ban of the\\nempire.\\nGermany s political power gradually\\ndiminishes.\\nBavaria. Leopold, Margrave of Aus-\\ntria, is duke.\\nSaxony. Conrad HI. gives Saxony\\nto Albert the Bear.\\n1139 Bavaria. Henry the Proud\\ndies, but the claims of his young son to\\nSaxony are maintained by his relatives.\\nWelf VI., brother of Henry the\\nProud, claims. Bavaria.\\nSaxony. Henry the Lion, of Saxony\\nand Bavaria, becomes duke.\\n1140* *The Guelf s and the Ghibel-\\nlines begin their bitter contentions for\\nthe crown.\\nOtho of Saxony and the Papal party\\nbelong to the former, and Philip of\\nSwabia, the Imperialists, and the Aristo-\\ncratic party belong to the latter, [For 300\\nyears they desolate Germany and Italy.]\\nThe Hanseatic League is formed by\\nthe port towns for protection against the\\npiracies of the Swedes and the Danes.\\n1141* Bavaria by inheritance falls to\\nHenry Jasomirgott of Austria.\\n1142* Saxony. Duke Albert the\\nBear abdicates; the Mark of Branden-\\nburg, an imperial fief, and his other pos-\\nsessions, are restored to him from his\\nenemies.\\n1147^48 Conrad III. engages in the Sec-\\nond Crusade.\\n1152 Feb. 11. Conrad III. dies [and\\nis succeeded by his nephew Frederick of\\nSwabia].\\n1152-90 Frederick I., Barbarossa, is\\nKing of Germany.\\nHe is elected without opposition, and\\nbecomes one of the most heroic persons\\nin the history of the Middle Ages, and\\none of the greatest sovereigns of Ger-\\nmany. He carries on wars against the\\nGerman nobility, and leads six expedi-\\ntions into Italy.\\n1152* Ben. Sven becomes king of\\nDenmark, and a vassal of the German\\nEmpire.\\n1153* Baden. Frederick and the\\nPapal See hold a convention at Con-\\nstance.\\n1154* Bavaria is restored to Henry\\nthe Lion, son of Henry the Proud, the\\nancestor of the Brunswick family.\\n1155 Rome. Frederick is crowned\\nemperor by Pope Adrian IV., who had\\nsolicited his aid against the Romans.\\nLiibeck is founded.\\nAustria is separated from Bavaria,\\nand made an hereditary duchy in both\\nthe male and female line.\\n1156* Frederick holds the Diet of\\nBatisbon, and gives the duchy of Saxony\\nto Henry the Lion.\\n12th Century. Brunswick flourishes un-\\nder the rule of Henry the Lion. Hesse\\nis ruled by the landgraves of Thuringia.\\n1157 Bavaria. The Diet of Wiirz-\\nburg assembles.\\nIt has representatives from nearly all\\nthe German States of the West the\\nnobles do homage to the emperor of the\\nHoly Roman Empire.\\nBohemia. Frederick I. confers the\\nkingly crown on Ladislaus, son of\\nBelas I.\\n1158 Nov. 11. It. A Diet meets on\\nthe Roncaglian Plains.\\nThe emperor s rights as against the\\ncities are denned, and their jurisdiction\\ntransferred from the consuls to an officer\\nof the empire the cities are prohibited\\nfrom the right of private war between\\neach other.\\nBavaria. Munich is founded by\\nHenry the Lion.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0789.jp2"}, "790": {"fulltext": "778 1160, Jan. 27-1225, Nov.\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 WAVY.\\n1160 Jan. 27. It. After a terrible\\nsiege Frederick takes Crema, the ally\\nof Milan the 20,000 burghers receive\\npermission to depart with their wives\\nand children.\\n1162 Mar. 6. It. After a resistance\\nfor three years, famishing Milan sur-\\nrenders to Frederick. [Mar. 19. He\\norders all the inhabitants to leave\\nMilan within eight days.]\\nMar. 26. It. Frederick proclaims the\\nutter destruction of Milan the tow-\\ners and walls are pulled down the\\nneighboring cities of Lombardy finish\\nthe destruction.\\n1163 Frederick makes a third ex-\\npedition to Italy, without an army.\\n1164* Wurtemberg. Frederick defeats\\nthe Welfs at Tubingen.\\n1165 *-It. Pope Alexander III. re-\\nvolts against Frederick, and enters\\nKoine in triumph.\\n1166-68 Frederick s fourth expedition\\nto Italy to subdue the Pope is disastrous.\\n1167 It. Frederick captures Rome,\\nbut loses 25,000 soldiers in eight days by\\ndisease.\\nAug. -Sept. It. The Lombards are\\nmasters of Upper Italy they occupy the\\nAlpine passes the fragments of Fred-\\nerick s army retreat through by-roads\\nbeyond the Alps to Pavia.\\n1172 Frederick restores German in-\\nfluence in Poland, Bohemia, and Si-\\nlesia by a single campaign.\\n1174-77 Frederick s fifth expedition\\nto Italy, by passing over Mont Cenis,\\nends in disaster. 1174. He unsuccess-\\nfully besieges Alessandria. Henrythe\\nLion deserts the emperor, and returns\\nto Germany.\\n1176 May 29. It. The Lombard League\\nutterly defeats Frederick at the battle\\nof Legnano. [An armistice with the\\ncities and the Pope follows.]\\n1184-86 Frederick s sixth expedition\\ngoes to Italy without a military force.\\nbering 150,000\u00c2\u00b1\\nknights.\\nand having 20,000\u00c2\u00b1\\n1190* King Henry, son and vice-\\ngerent of the emperor, takes the field\\nagainst Henry the Lion, who prema-\\nturely returns from exile.\\nThe vicegerent makes peace with\\nhim, granting a full amnesty and part\\nof Lubeck,\\n1191 The first expedition of Henry\\nVI. goes to Italy to overthrow Tancred,\\nthe usurper. [He destroys Tusculum,\\nand besieges Naples unsuccessfully for\\nthree months, when sickness drives the\\narmy out of Italy. 1192-94. He subdues\\nthe Two Sicilies.]\\n1192 War is again waged against\\nHenry the Lion for breaking the first\\ntreaty it ends in a compromise.\\n1194 Henry conducts a second expe-\\ndition to Italy, where he prosecutes a\\nsuccessful war with the widow and son\\nof Tancred.\\n1197 A third expedition is sent to\\nItaly a conspiracy against the emperor\\nis suppressed with great cruelty.\\n1198-1215 Civil war breaks out be-\\ntween the Hohenstaufen party and the\\nWelfs.\\n1199* Alsace. Strasburg is besieged\\nby Philip Otho IV., with an army of re-\\nlief, is defeated.\\n1214 July 27. Fr. Battle of Bou-\\nvines (p. 670).\\n1221 Apr.* Battle of Bornhoeved.\\nThe Danes are utterly defeated by the\\nprinces of North Germany, assisted by\\nGerman Crusaders.\\n1221-26 It. Frederick subdues the\\nSaracens in Sicily.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1200 A kind of gunpowder is used\\nfor blasting in the Hartz mountains.\\nBavaria. Augsburg has many brew-\\neries. The Minnesingers, lyric poets\\nor love singers, flourish.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1165* Henry VI.. emperor, born. [1197\\nDies. A52-]\\n1170* Walther von der Vogelweide,\\nnesinger, born. [1228. Dies. A58+.]\\n1177 l liilip, Duke- of Swabia, king, born.\\n[1208. Dies. A31-]\\n1193* Albertns Magnus, theologian, phi-\\nlosopher, born. [1280. Dies. A87.]\\n1194* Frederick II.. Emp. of Germany.\\nK. of KaplesandSii-ilv, b. [lL nll. D. A56,\\n1 Jth Century. Oftenlingen, H e in ri ch vol\\nminstrel, born and dies.\\n1218* Rudolf of Hapsburg emperor,\\ntorn. [1291. Dies. A73.]\\n1220* Kschenbach, Wolfram von, minne\\nsinger, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n1160* Hesse. Arnold, Archbishop of\\nMentz, is killed by the citizens for hav-\\ning expelled his predecessor.\\n1164* Frederick I. quarrels with\\nthe Pope. [1177. Reconciliation.]\\n1165* Rh. Rrzis. Charlemagne is\\ncanonized by Pascal III. at Aix-la-\\nChapelle.\\n1172* Henry the Lion undertakes a\\npilgrimage to Jerusalem.\\n1181 Rome. Lucius HI. is pope.\\n[1185, Urban III.; 1187, Gregory VIII.;\\nlater. Clement III.; 1191, Celestine III.;\\n1198, Innocent III.]\\n1182\u00c2\u00b1 Westphalia. The Vehmic\\nTribunals flourish, and possess great\\npower.\\nThe secret tribunals are established to\\nmaintain religion and the public peace\\nthey have their origin in the time of\\nCharlemagne. Persons of exalted rank\\nare subjected to their decisions, being\\nfrequently seized, tried, and executed.\\n[The emperors are unable to suppress\\nthem until the 16th century.]\\n1189-92 The Third Crusade. Fred-\\nerick II. leads an expedition from Re-\\ngensburg [Ratisbon].\\nRome. Henry VT. is threatened\\nwith excommunication for withhold-\\ning the vast estates of the Countess\\nMatilda of Tuscany from the Pope.\\n1198 The Order of the Holy Trin-\\nity is established.\\n1202-04 The Fourth Crusade; it\\nends in the establishment of the Latin\\nEmpire at Constantinople.\\n1210 Nov. 18. Rome. The Pope ex-\\ncommunicates Otho IV. [1212. De-\\nposed.]\\n1215* Rome. The Lateran Council\\nis held.\\nMembers 71 prelates and archbish-\\nops, more than 400 bishops, and 800 ab-\\nbots and priors, 8 kings, and countless\\nprinces and envoys from cities (p. 670).\\n1216 Rome. Honorius III. is pope.\\n[1227, Gregory IX.; 1241, Celestine IV.;\\n1243, lnuoceni IV.; 1254, Alexander IV.;\\n1261, Urban IV.; 1265, Clement IV.]\\n1220 Frederick promises the Pope to\\nenter a crusade.\\nLaymen are forbidden to read the\\nScriptures.\\n*The Order of Teutonic Knights,\\naided by the Knights of the Sword, con-\\nquer Poland in rescuing it from hea-\\nthenism.\\n1225 Frederick again promises to en-\\nter a crusade.\\nMar. 29. Prus. Henry Minike, pro-\\nvost of Goslar, condemned as a heretic,\\ndies at the stake for saying in his ser-\\nmons and poems that the wisdom of\\nGod surpassed that of the Virgin Mary.\\nLETTERS.\\n1160+ A satirical poem on the life of\\npriests, and other satires, by Heinrich\\nvon Molk appear.\\n1170* The oldest German poem on\\nReincke Fuchs is written by Heinrich\\nder Glichezarl.\\nThe poems Count Rudof, Eloris, and\\nTristant appear.\\n1173+ Herzog Ernst and the Anegenge\\nappear.\\n1184* *The AZneid, by Heinrich von\\nVeldeke, appears.\\n1187+ The poem, King Orendel, ap-\\npears.\\n1192-1202 Hartmann von Aue writes\\nEreck, Gregorius, Buchlein, Armer, Hein-\\nrich, hcein, and other poems.\\n1205-20 Wolfram von Eschenbach\\nwrites Parzival Tagelieder, Willehalrn\\nTituret, and other poems.\\n1210 The epic poem, Tristan and\\nIsolde, by Gottfried of Strasburg, ap-\\npears.\\nA translation of Ovid s Metamorphoses\\nis begun by Albrecht von Halberstadt.\\nThe epic of Gudrum and the Wigalois\\nof Wirent von Grafenberg appear.\\n1215\u00c2\u00b1 Welsche Gast, by Thomasin\\nZerklar, appears.\\n1220-75 The Sachsenspiegel and the\\nScjnrabenspiegel, two great collections\\nof local laws, the earliest prose works,\\nappear.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1191 The Teutonic Order of mili-\\ntary knights is established in the Holy\\nLand by the Germans (Teutones).\\nTheyministerto the sick and wounded\\nof the Christian army, under Guy of\\nLusignan, before Acre. [On their return\\nthe knights are invited to subdue and\\nChristianize the Prussians.]\\nSTATE.\\n1160* Rome. Pope Alexander III.\\nputs the emperor and all his adherents\\nunder the ban. (See Church.)\\n1163* Silesia. Breslau becomes the\\ncapital of the duchy.\\nBerlin is founded by the Margrave\\nAlbert the Bear, who brings a colony\\nfrom the Netherlands.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0790.jp2"}, "791": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1160, Jan. 27-1225, Nov. 779\\n1164 May* It. Padua, Verona, Vi-\\ncenza, and other cities of the March of\\nVerona, unite in a league for mutual\\ndefense [the precursor of the Lombard\\nLeague].\\nFeuds and devastation afflict West-\\nphalia on the Rhine and Swabia princes\\nand lords are arrayed against each other.\\n1166* *A feud arises between Henry\\nthe Lion and his enemies, the archbishop\\nof Bremen and of Magdeburg, with Al-\\nbert the Bear and others.\\nNew disturbances arise in Italy.\\n12th Century. Brunswick. The city is\\nenlarged and fortified by Henry the\\nLion, and becomes one of the most im-\\nportant cities of Northern Germany.\\n1167 Apr. 7. It. The League of the\\nLombard cities is formed.\\nCremona, Bergamo, Mantua, and Fer-\\nrara, together with the cities of the\\nVeronese March, Verona, Vicenza,\\nPadua, Treviso, conclude a defensive\\nalliance against the emperor.\\nDec. 1. It. The cities sign another and\\ngreater league of all the cities of\\nNorthern Italy. [The emperor at Pavia\\nsoon proclaims the cities of the Lom-\\nbard League in outlawry.]\\nIt. The Guelfs and Ghibellines unite\\nand rebuild Milan on a handsome scale,\\nand also the city of Alessandria.\\n1168* Bavaria. Diet of Bamberg;\\npeace is made between Henry the Lion\\nand his enemies.\\n1169* The emperor causes- his son\\nHenry, five years of age, to be elected\\nand crowned king of Germany.\\n1176 Nov. The emperor and the\\nLeague sign the proclamations of\\npeace.\\n1177 June 22. Venice. A peace is\\nsigned by the emperor, Pope Alexander\\nIII., and the Lombard League for six\\nyears and by Frederick and the king of\\nSicily for 15 years.\\n1180 Jan. 15. Bavaria. Henry the\\nLion, failing to appear at four Diets to\\nwhich he had been summoned, is put\\nunder the ban of the empire.\\n1180-1212 Saxony. Bernard of As-\\ncania is duke; Anhalt and Wittenberg\\nbecome parts of Saxony.\\n1180 Bavaria is taken from Henry\\nthe Lion by Frederick, and granted to\\nOtto, Count Wittelsbach, Henry having\\nrefused aid in the war in Italy against\\nthe Pope.\\nSaxony. Duke Henry is overthrown\\nby Frederick, and the electorate is di-\\nvided.\\n1181 Nov. 30. Henry the Lion, of\\nBavaria, throws himself at the emperor s\\nfeet at the Diet of Erfurth.\\nFrederick refuses to restore the old\\nright, but permits Henry to hold the al-\\nlodial estates of Braunschweig [Bruns-\\nwick] and Luneburg.\\n1183 June 25. Baden. A perpetual\\npeace by a diet at Constance is made\\nbetween the emperor and the Lombard\\ncities.\\nThe emperor renounces his regalian claims\\non the cities of the League, and consents to the\\nreestablish ment of the independence of the\\nrepublics of Italy, acknowledging their right\\nto levy armies, erect fortifications, and exer-\\ncise civil and criminal jurisdiction, and also\\nto extend tlu-ir i-ont cdHration. The cities are\\nto maintain all just rights of the emperor\\nand to acknowledge his overlordship by the\\npayment of a sum of money, and each is to\\naccept an imperial judge.\\nBavaria. Louis becomes duke.\\n1184 Hesse. A great imperial festi-\\nval is held at Mentz in celebration of\\nunity and peace between Germany and\\nItaly.\\n1 184-86 Frederick s peaceful expedi-\\ntion visits Italy.\\n1186 Jan. 27. It. Frederick s son and\\nheir, Henry, marries Constance,\\ndaughter of Roger II., aunt and heiress\\nof William II. the last of the Norman\\nkings of Naples and Sicily.\\n1189 Nov.* William IX, Norman\\nKing of the Two Sicilies, dies, andPrince\\nHenry inherits the kingdom.\\n1190 May* Bavaria. Frederick leaves\\nRatisbon, and joins the Third Crusade\\nhis son Henry is vicegerent in his ab-\\nsence.\\nJune 10. The Emperor Frederick\\nBarbarossa is drowned in the Saleph\\n[Calycadnus] in Syria. [He is succeeded\\nby his son.]\\n1190-97 Henry VI is King of Ger-\\nmany.\\n1191 Apr. 15. Borne. Henry VI. re-\\nceives the imperial crown of Germany,\\nItaly, and the Two Sicilies, after surren-\\ndering Tusculum to the Romans.\\nHe besieges Naples in vain to rescue\\nhis inheritance by Constance his wife,\\nfrom Tancred of Lecce, the usurper, who\\nhad been elected king by the natives of\\nPalermo.\\n1193 Mar. 23. Henry secures the sur-\\nrender of the captive Richard the\\nLion-Hearted, by paying Duke Leo-\\npold of Austria 50,000 marks. (P. 505.)\\nJuly 29. Hesse. Richard the Lion-\\nHearted signs a treaty at Worms fixing\\nhis ransom at 100,000 marks of silver\\nwith other conditions. [1194. Feb.* He\\nis liberated.]\\nIt. Henry VI. is crowned King of\\nNaples and Sicily at Palermo.\\n1195 Aug. 6. Brunswick. Henry\\nthe Lion dies.\\n1196 Apr.* Bavaria. The Diet of\\nWiirzburg.\\nHenry fails to secure the approval of hia\\nplan to make Germany and the .Sicilies a\\ngreat hereditary monarchy by allowing the\\ngreat fiefs of the crown to be annexed by in-\\nheritance to the crown lands, also to make\\nthe monarchy hereditary through either the\\nmale or female line. It is opposed by the\\nSaxon princes and the lesser nobility, to whom\\nhe vainly offered concessions for the sur-\\nrender of the right of electing a sovereign.\\nDec. Hesse-J^assau. The princes of the\\nempire at Frankfort-on-the-Main unani-\\nmously elect Frederick s son, Freder-\\nick Roger, two years of age, the emper-\\nor s successor.\\n1197 Sept. 28. It. Henry VX dies\\nat Messina when contemplating grand\\nplans of conquest in the Eastern Empire.\\n1198-1208 Rival kings.\\nThe princes elect and recognize Philip\\nof Swabia, youngest son of Frederick\\nBarbarossa, as King of Germany.\\nThey ignore the pledges of December,\\n1196, made to a child still unbaptized,\\nand elect Philip of Hohenstaufen.\\nThe Welfic, or Guelfic party, of inferior\\nnumbers, chiefly from Low Germany,\\nelect Otho IV., son of Henry the Lion,\\nas King of Germany.\\n1198-1208 Philip of Swabia reigns.\\n1198-1215 (1218) Otho IV. reigns.\\n1198-1215 Civil war prevails between\\nthe Hohenstaufen party and the Welfs.\\nThe two parties divide the towns and\\nhomes of Germany. The former is up-\\nheld by the bishops of North Germany\\nand the princes of Bavaria, Austria, etc.\\nthe latter by a very weak faction in Ger-\\nmany, having Knghind and Denmark as\\nallies, and is favored by the Pope.\\n12th, 13th Centuries. Pi ussia is largely\\nrepeopled by colonies of Germans.\\n1201 Mar. 1. Rome. Pope Innocent\\nILT. acknowledges Otho as the lawful\\nhead of the empire, and releases high\\nand low from their allegiance to the\\nHohenstaufen.\\n1208 June 21. Bavaria. KingPhilip\\nis assassinated at Bamberg by the Count\\nPalatine, Otho of Wittelsbach,\\nOct. 4. Rome. Otho IV. is crowned\\nemperor by the Pope, after renewing\\nhis former concessions to the Holy See,\\nwhich include the surrender of the es-\\ntates of Matilda of Tuscany.\\nCities rise to new importance, and\\nform leagues against the exactions of\\nnobles.\\n1210 Nov. 18. Otho IV. withholds\\nTuscany, and is excommunicated by\\nPope Innocent III. [1212. Deposed.]\\n1212* The Pope puts forward his pro-\\ntkgb, Frederick, King of Naples and\\nSicily, son of Henry VI., as an anti-\\nemperor.\\nApr. It. Frederick H. leaves Sicily\\nto take possession of the crown of Ger-\\nmany.\\n1212-50 Frederick II., son of Henry\\nVI., is elected King of Germany by the\\nGhibelline party (Hohenstaufen). [He\\nis the most brilliant of all the German\\nemperors.]\\n1214 The Palatinate falls to Bavaria.\\n1215 Dec. 9. R. Prus. Frederick II.\\nis crowned King of Germany at Aachen\\n[Aix-la-Chapelle] by Archbishop Sieg-\\nfried of Mentz.\\nNov. 30. Rome. Innocent III., as presi-\\ndent of a great council and lord over\\nkings and peoples, confirms the deposi-\\ntion of the Emperor Otho IV. [1218.\\nMay 19. Otho dies at Harzburg, Bruns-\\nwick.]\\n1217 S. Ger. Frederick II. gives\\nSwabia to his young son Henry.\\n1218 Apr. 15. Switz. Berne is made\\na free imperial city.\\n1219 Bavaria. Nuremberg is made\\na free imperial city.\\n1220* Frederick II. has his sonHenry\\nelected King of Rome.\\nFrederick leaves Germany [and is\\nabsent for 15 years].\\nNov. 22. Rome. Frederick II. is\\ncrowned emperor by Honorius III.,\\nafter pledging himself to support the\\nfeudal supremacy of the Holy See over\\nhis hereditary lands, which should ever\\nbe kept separate from Germany.\\n1222 Rh. Prus. Henry, son of the\\nemperor, is crowned king at Aachen\\n[Aix-la-Chapelle] Archbishop Engel-\\nbert of Cologne is his royal adviser.\\n1225 Nov. It. Frederick marries\\nIolanthe, daughter of John of Brienne,\\nand heiress of Lombardy.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0791.jp2"}, "792": {"fulltext": "780 1225,* *-1290,\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1227 Sept. 9. Frederick embarks an\\narmy of 40,000 Crusaders.\\n1229 Sept. Papal troops invade\\nhis realm, and Frederick drives them\\nout.\\n1230-40 Prussia is conquered by the\\nOrder of Teutonic Knights, aided by\\nthe Knights of the Sword, the object\\nbeing to convert it to Christianity.\\n1234 About 40,000 Crusaders attack\\nthe Frisian Stedingers as heretics, and\\nnearly annihilate this tribe of peasants,\\nwhich numbers 11,000.\\nHesse. Henry rebels against Frede-\\nrick, his father, and is repulsed at\\nWorms by loyal Imperialists.\\n1236 It. The Lombards are de-\\nfeated by Frederick, supported by the\\nGhibellines, in a brilliant campaign.\\n1237 Nov. 27. It. Battle of Corte-\\nnuova.\\nThe Lombards are again decisively\\ndefeated and routed. The Pope inter-\\nferes, his claims on Sardinia being\\nthreatened.\\n1239-50 It. Frederick is at war with\\nthe popes.\\n1239 It. Ancona is taken by King\\nEnzio, a natural son of Frederick.\\n1241 Apr. It. King Enzio gains a\\ngreat naval victory near Meloria over\\nthe Genoese fleet. [1249. Mar. 28. He is\\ncaptured at the battle of Fossalta, and\\nimprisoned in a dungeon 23 years, till\\ndeath.]\\nGermany is threatened with an in-\\nvasion of Mongols. Breslau (in Sile-\\nsia) is burnt by the Mongols (p. 504.)\\n1242 Civil war breaks out on the\\nLower and Middle Rhine between the\\nImperial and Papal parties. [It ends in\\nfavor of the emperor.]\\n1246 Frankfort. Henry Raspe, the\\nanti-king, defeats the young King\\nConrad.\\n1247 Jan. Wilrtemberg. Raspe be-\\nsieges Ulm, until driven by Conrad into\\nThuringia.\\nJune 16. It. The Papal party, here\\nthe Aristocratic party, by the aid of the\\nLombard League, captures Parma from\\nFrederick. [Aug. 2. He besieges Parma.\\n1248. Feb. 18. He is repulsed before\\nPadua.]\\nHordes of Mongols from the East\\nappear on the Eastern frontier, and are\\nbravely resisted by Henry, Margrave of\\nLeignitz.\\n1253 Oct. 10. It. Naples surren-\\nders to Conrad, and the revolters beg\\nfor mercy.\\n1254 Dee. 2. It. Battle of Foggia.\\nManfred defeats the Papal party, and\\ndrives it out of Sicily.\\n1255 Prus. Ottocar II. of Bohemia\\nconducts a crusade against the heathen\\nPrussians. [1467. Another.] (P. 504.)\\n1262 Mar. 11. Alsace. The Stras-\\nburgers defeat Bishop Geroldseck at\\nHausberg.\\n1266 Feb. 26. It. Battle of Bene-\\nvento (p. 672).\\nPrussia is nearly depopulated by the\\nbarbarity of the Teutonic Knights.\\n1267 Oct. It. Conradin, Duke of\\nSwabia, the heir of Conrad IV., sup-\\nported by an army, appears in Italy, and\\nis welcomed as its liberator.\\n1268 Aug. 23. It. Conradin is de-\\nfeated by the French Tagliacozzo on\\nSago di Celano [and soon captured and\\nbeheaded at Naples the last of the Ho-\\nhenstaufen line].\\n1274 Rudolph I. is at war with Otto-\\ncar II. (p. 504).\\n1276 Nov. 21. Peace. (See State.)\\n1278 Aug. 26. Aust. Battle of\\nMarchfeld (p. 504).\\nRudolph conquers the Austrians.\\n1285 July Rudolph, with a strong\\nforce, marches against the false Fred-\\nerick. [Captures him by trickery, and\\nburns him as a heretic near Wetzlar.]\\n1286* Wilrtemberg. Rudolph reduces\\nSwabia, Eberhard of Wurtemberg, Ru-\\ndolph of Baden, and sixteen other\\ncounts, who burn the castle of Stuttgart.\\n1289 Fr. Rudolph conducts a cam-\\npaign in Burgundy. [Also in Swabia,\\nwhere by his direction the oppressed\\ncities rise against Count Eberhard I. of\\nWurtemberg.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1248 Aug. 15. Rh. Prus. The cathe-\\ndral of Cologne is founded by Arch-\\nbishop Conrad von Hochstade the\\narchitect is Gerhard von Riehl, or Rile.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1235 Engelbert, Saint, archbishop of\\nCologne, dies.\\n1228* Conrad IV.. Emperor of Germany,\\nKing of Italy, born. [1254. Dies. A26.]\\n1250* Eckhart, Meister, Father of Ger-\\nman mysticism, born. [1328. D. A78\u00c2\u00b1.]\\n1252 Adolplius of Nassau, emperor, born.\\n[1298. Dies. A 46.]\\n1262* Henry VIE, emperor, horn. [1313.\\nDies. A5E]\\n1286 Louis TV., or V., King of Bavaria,\\nEmperor of Germany, b. [1347. D. A62.]\\n1290* Tauler, .Joliann, mystic, preacher,\\nborn. [1361. Dies. A71.]\\nCHURCH.\\n1228-45 The Pope excommunicates\\nFrederick II. four times. [The ban is\\nremoved.]\\n1228-29 The Fifth Crusade; it is\\nconducted by Frederick II. A conta-\\ngious disease in the army compels him\\nto relinquish the expedition.\\n1231 Hesse. The cathedral of Mar-\\nburg is founded.\\n1234 Feb. Hesse, Nassau. Heretical\\noffenses are assigned to secular courts.\\n(See State.)\\n1237* *Frederick II. is accused of\\nheresy by the Pope, and is excommuni-\\ncated again.\\n1240 Sh. Prus. The cathedral of\\nWetzlar is finished.\\n1243 Innocent IV. abandons Italy\\nto Frederick II., and fixes his residence\\nat Lyons, France.\\nThe Flagellant sect appears.\\n1245 June 28. Fr. Innocent TV.\\ncalls a council at LyonB, and renews the\\nban against Frederick, and formally de-\\nposes him, and provides for the election\\nof his successor (p. 672).\\n1248 Aug. 15. Ph. Prus. The [great]\\ncathedral of Cologne is commenced.\\n1248-50 The Sixth Crusade it is con-\\nducted by Louis of France. (Fruitless.)\\n1255* Bavaria. The cathedral at Rat-\\nisbon is begun by Andrew Egl.\\n1262 Hesse. St. Catherine s cathe-\\ndral at Oppenheim is begun. [1317.\\nFinished.]\\nThe monastic orders, by their\\nstrict discipline, great numbers, wealth,\\nand popular influence, greatly aid the\\nPopes in accomplishing their purposes\\nClement IV. succeeds in his long\\nstruggle for the dominion of Italy, and\\nplaces Charles of Anjou on the throne\\nof Naples.\\n1270-71 The Seventh Crusade; it is\\nconducted by Louis IX. of France.\\n(Fruitless, p. 672.)\\n1271* Pome. Gregory X. is pope.\\n[1276, Innocent V., four months; Adrian\\nV., one month; John XXI., eight months;\\n1277, Nicholas III.; he introduces nepotism,\\nand enriches his family; 12*1, Martin IV.;\\n1285, Honorms IV.; 12SS, Nicholas IV., a dis-\\ntinguished patron of literature and art; St.\\nCelestine V. he soon abdicates later, Boni-\\nface VIII.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1225+ Ortnit and Wolfdietrich ap-\\npear.\\n1225-54 Rudolph of Ems writes Guter\\nGerhard, Barlaam and Josaphat, and\\nother poems, and Wit helm von Orleans,\\nAlexander, Trojan War, Universal\\nChronicle, and other prose works.\\n13th Century. The first systematic expo-\\nsition of Aristotle is produced by Al-\\nbertus Magnus.\\nBescheidenheit, by Freidank, ap-\\npears.\\n1260-70 The later Titurel, by Albrecht,\\nis written.\\n1275 The Frauendienst, by Ulrich von\\nLichenstein, appears.\\n1276 Bruno von Schonebeck trans-\\nlates the Song of Solomon.\\n1290+ Bavaria. A poem on the Le-\\ngend of Lohengrin is written.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1235 Engelbert, archbishop of Co-\\nlogne, is murdered.\\n1249 Enzio, the king s natural son, is\\ntaken prisoner by the Bolognese [and\\nkept in a dungeon 23 years].\\nSTATE.\\n1225 Anhalt becomes an indepen-\\ndent principality.\\n1226 It. Frederick summons a Diet\\nat Cremona for support against the\\ncities of the Lombard League.\\nSome. Frederick is placed under the\\nban of the church for abandoning the\\ncrusade; Frederick in return lays the\\nban of the empire on all the cities or\\nthe Lombard League.\\nIoibeck becomes a free town and\\none of the leading cities of theHanseatic\\nLeague.\\n1227 By their defeat at Bornhoeved,\\nthe Danes [permanently] lose the prov-\\ninces of Holstein, Liibeck, Hamburg,\\nMecklenburg, and Pomerania.\\n1228 Mar. Some. The Pope repeats\\nthe promulgation of the ban against\\nFrederick. [1230. He is released.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0792.jp2"}, "793": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1225, **-1290,\\n781\\nJune Frederick sails as a Crusa-\\nder from Brindisi for Palestine. [1229,\\nJune 10. It. Returns.]\\n1229 Feb. Frederick signs a treaty\\nwith El Kernel, ceding to Christians\\nthe Holy Land, including Jerusalem,\\nBethlehem, Joppa, Nazareth, and Sidon.\\nMar. 18. Palestine. Frederick crowns\\nhimself King of Jerusalem.\\n1230 f Prussia is conquered for\\nChristianity and civilization.\\nFrederick restores the office of grand\\nchancellor of the empire, and appoints\\nBishop Siegfried of Ratisbon to till it.\\nSwitz. To this period is assigned\\nthe legend of William Tell in the up-\\nrising against the House of Hapsburg.\\n1231* It. A great diet is held at\\nCapua.\\nTV. Prus. Thorn is founded by the\\nTeutonic Knights.\\nBavaria. Otho U. becomes duke he\\nis soon assassinated.\\n1234 Feb. Hesse-Nassau. The Diet\\nof Frankfort.\\nIt decrees that offenses against the\\nfaith shall be tried in the secular courts\\nand according to regular judicial pro-\\ncedure. Borne. [Gregory IX. publishes\\necclesiastical laws opposing the codes\\nof Frederick.]\\n*The young King Henry revolts\\nagainst Frederick, his father.\\nThe lower German nobility and the\\nLombard cities support him as allies\\nhe aims at the separation of Italy from\\nGermany. [Henry is taken, and placed\\nin close confinement till his death in\\n1241.]\\n*Hesse. Henry marries his fourth wife,\\nIsabella, the sister of Henry III. of\\nEngland, at Worms.\\n1235 Aug. Hesse. TheDietof Mentz\\nsustains the war of the empire against\\nthe Italian cities.\\nBrunswick. Otho, grandson of Henry\\nthe Lion, becomes first duke.\\nIt. Frederick draws up the Consti-\\ntutions of Melfi for legislation in Lower\\nItaly the feudal system is repressed,\\nand the power of the throne is exalted.\\n1237 June Bavaria. At the Diet of\\nSpeier, the princes, by request of Fred-\\nerick, elect Conrad, his son, as succes-\\nsor to the throne of Germany.\\n1239 Borne. The Pope again excom-\\nmunicates Frederick.\\n1241 The Hanseatic League is fully\\nestablished.\\nLiibeck, Cologne, Brunswick, and\\nDanzig, and other towns on the Baltic\\ncoasts, unite for the protection of com-\\nmerce against the exactions of the\\nnobles. [1370. The League is composed\\nof 66 cities and 44 confederates.]\\n1245 Rh. Prus. Frankfort is made\\nan Imperial city.\\nFr. Frederick U. is deposed by the\\nCouncil of Lyons, and his subjects urged\\nto revolt. (See Church.)\\n1246 May 22. Henry Raspe, Land-\\ngrave of Thuringia, is ineffectively set\\nup by the Papal party as emperor.\\nHe is nicknamed the parsons king.\\n[The pope sends Kaspe 10,01)0 marks, and\\nlatter 15,000 more. 1247. Feb. 16. Henry\\nRaspe, the anti-king, dies at Wart-\\nburg.]\\nMay Borne. The Pope issues a severe\\nedict against Frederick his supporters\\nare not to give testimony in court, and\\nare denied the right of asylum, and pro-\\nhibited from trade.\\nOct. 3. Bh.Prus. William, Count of Hol-\\nland, 20 years of age, is elected a second\\nanti-king at Worringen by the Papal\\nparty, but he has a small following in\\nGermany. [1256. Jan.* He falls in battle\\nin Friesland.J\\n1249 Feb. It. Frederick II. causes\\nthe arrest of Peter de la Vigne, the\\nchancellor at Cremona, charged with at-\\ntempting to poison the emperor\\nFrederick alleges that Peter is the tool\\nof the Pope.\\nPeriod of national splendor.\\nFrederick possesses six crowns, the\\nImperial, German, Burgundian, Lom-\\nbard, Sicilian, and the crown of Jerusa-\\nlem.\\n1250 Dec* It. Frederick dies at\\nFlorentino [and is succeeded by his son\\nConrad].\\n1250-54 Conrad IV. reigns he re-\\nmains in Italy, as did his father, and\\nrarely visits Germany during his reign.\\nGermany is torn by the factions\\nsupporting the rival kings, Conrad and\\nWilliam.\\n1252 Conrad abandons the struggle\\nfor the crown of Germany, and retires\\nto bis Sicilian kingdom.\\n1253* Bavaria. Louis JX, the Severe,\\nbecomes duke.\\n1254 Mar. It. The Pope confers the\\nkingdom of Sicily on Fldmund, son of\\nHenry III.\\nMay 27. It. King Conrad dies at La-\\nvello, perhaps by poison.\\nJuly 13. Hesse. The first great meeting\\nof the Rhenish League of the cities is\\nheld at Mentz, the head of the League.\\n1255 E. Prus. Konigsberg is found-\\ned by the Teutonic Knights.\\nBavaria. Munich becomes the capi-\\ntal.\\n1256-73 The Great Interregnum occurs\\nclub-law only the right of the strongest\\nprevail.\\n1257 Jan. 13. Richard Plantagenet,\\nEarl of Cornwall, younger son of King\\nJohn of England, is elected king by five\\nof the princes. [He is crowned at Aachen\\n(Aix-la-Chapelle), and his sovereignty\\nrecognized along the Rhine.]\\nApr. 1. Bh. Prus. The elector of Treves\\nsecures the election of Alphonso X. of\\nCastile at Cologne.\\nThe Electoral College first appears.\\nIt comprises the persons of seven pow-\\nerful princes, who claim complete ex-\\nclusive power to elect whom they will.\\nThe nation takes little interest in king\\nor anti-king.\\n1258 Aug. It. Manfred, brother of\\nConrad, as usurper, assumes the crown\\nof Sicily. Conradin, son of Conrad IV.,\\nclaims it [and struggles to gain it].\\n1260 Saxony is divided into two\\nduchies, Saxe-Lauenburg and Saxe-Wit-\\ntenberg they are ruled by Duke Ber-\\nnard s two grandsons, John and Albert.\\n1262 Alsace. Strasburg is made a\\nfree Imperial city.\\n1263 Hesse. Henry of Brabant be-\\ncomes landgrave and prince.\\n1265 Feb. It. The Pope transfers the\\nkingdom of Sicily to Charles of Anjou,\\nthe brother of Louis IX. of France.\\nWiirtemberg is set apart from Swa-\\nbia, and made a county.\\n1266 Feb.* It. King Manfred of Si-\\ncily falls at the battle of Benevento.\\n1268 Oct. 29. It. Conradin, the last\\nof the Hohenstaiif en House, being cap-\\ntured, is beheaded at Naples.\\n1272 Aug. The spiritual princes and\\nthe Pope unite in offering the crown\\nof Germany to Ottocar II., King of\\nBohemia.\\n1273 Sept. 29. Rudolph I., Count of\\nHapsburg and By burg, is elected (p. 505).\\n1273-1740 The House of Hapsburg.\\n1273-1291 Rudolph I. reigns.\\nOct. 24. Rudolph is crowned by Engel-\\nbert II., archbishop-elector of Cologne.\\n1276 Nov. 21. Ottocar, King of Bo-\\nhemia, and R\\\\idolph agree to a [brief]\\ntreaty of peace.\\nOttocar acknowledges Rudolph as king\\nof Germany, agrees to abandon Austria,\\nStyria, Carinthia, and Carniola, but to\\nhold Bohemia and Moravia, as fiefs of\\nthe empire. [Nov. 26. He does homage\\nto Rudolph.]\\nThe free cities, Frankfort, Freiberg,\\nand Oppenheim, revolt, and raze the\\ncastles which Rudolph had erected with-\\nin their precincts as threatening their\\nfreedom.\\nBavaria. Augsburg becomes a free\\nImperial city.\\n1282 Dec. 25. Bavaria. Dietof Augs-\\nburg.\\nRudolph proposes to raise his sons Al-\\nbert and Rudolph to the rank of princes,\\nand to invest them with Austria, Carni-\\nola, Styria, the Wendish Mark, and\\nParlenan. [The nobles consent.] Thus\\nRudolph becomes the founder of the\\nHouse of Hapsburg-Austria.\\nIt. Peter of Aragon is King of Si-\\ncily.\\nCharles of Anjou is King of Naples.\\n1283-85 A false Frederick deceives\\nthe people, and maintains himself in\\nWestern Germany against Rudolph. He\\nis approved by the malcontents.\\n1283 Rudolph makes Albert his son\\nsole duke of Austria by promising\\nvaluable considerations to his brother\\nRudolph.\\n1285 The Papal See grants the tithes\\nrevenues of four German bishoprics\\nto the King of France as a contribu-\\ntion for a war against the King of\\nAragon.\\n1286* Prus. The new city of Konigs-\\nberg becomes the capital of Prussia.\\n1288 Bh. Prus. Dusseldorf is raised\\nto the rank of a town.\\nFr. Philip TV., the French king,\\ntakes advantage of Rudolph s weakness,\\nand annexes the city and bishopric of\\nVerdun.\\n1289* Fr. Burgundy is again forcibly\\nunited to Germany.\\n1290 Fr. Philip, King of France,\\ntakes Lyons, belonging to the German\\nEmpire, under French protection.\\nThe defection of the cities from\\nRudolph increases because of oppressive\\nsubsidies demanded in the style of an\\nabsolute monarch.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0793.jp2"}, "794": {"fulltext": "782 1291, June 20-1373,*\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n2294 Saxony. Adolf, with\\nrles, enters Meissen, and suppresses\\nthe revolt against confiscation to the\\nempire by wasting the country.\\n1298 Apr. Albert of Austria with all\\nhis forces marches through Bavaria, to\\nthe Rhine, for the overthrow of Adolf.\\nJuly 2. Rh. Prus. Battle of Gbllheim.\\nAlbert of Austria defeats Adolf, and\\nkills him on the field.\\n1301 Albert defeats the allied eccle-\\nsiastical electors of Mentz, Treves, and\\nCologne, with the Count Palatine, who\\nconspire against him.\\n1307 May 31. Thuringkt. Albert s\\narmy is defeated at Luca by the Thu-\\nringians under Philip of Nassau the in-\\nheritances of Frederick and Diezmon\\nare preserved for the emperor.\\n1310-13 Henry VII. conducts an expe-\\ndition to Italy.\\nHe goes to restore order and peace\\nin the cities between the contending\\nGuelfs and Ghibellines.\\n1313 May* It. Henry marches with\\na great force against Naples, where the\\nGuelfs rule.\\n*(1314?) A German monk first discov-\\ners the use of cannons.\\n1314-47 Civil war (p. 504).\\n1315 Nov. 15. Sivitz. Battle of Mor-\\ngarten {p. 504).\\n1322 Sept. 28. Battle of Ampfing. The\\nflower of the Austrian nobility is left\\ndead or wounded on the field (p. 504).\\n1326 Jan. Prus. At the Pope s sug-\\ngestion, Wladislaw the Short, of Poland,\\nwith heathen allies, attacks the Mark of\\nBrandenburg. [More than 6,000 Chris-\\ntians are killed or taken prisoners.]\\n1327-30 Italian expedition of Louis.\\n1327 Oct. 11. ft. Pisa admits Louis\\nafter a siege of five weeks, promising to\\npay 60.000 gold pieces of Florence as in-\\ndemnity, and to lose none of its liber-\\nties. [The king s promises are broken.]\\n1341* It. The Bohemians are driven\\nout of Tyrol by Margaret and the no-\\nbility.\\n1347 War occurs with the Bavarian\\nparty.\\n1354-55 Charles makes his first expe-\\ndition to Rome.\\n1361 War between the Hanseatic\\nLeague and Denmark.\\nJohn Wittenborg of the Hansa invades\\nDenmark, and captures Copenhagen, but\\nis finally defeated before Helsingborg by\\nWaldemar IV. and is executed at Lu-\\nbeck].\\n1367+-70 Second war between the\\nHanseatic League and Denmark.\\nThe Hansa compels Waldemar IV. to\\nfly; conquers several cities, including\\nCopenhagen and Elsinore. [The war\\nends with an advantageous peace for the\\nLeague.] (P. 636.)\\n1368 Charles makes his second ex-\\npedition to Italy as the ally of the Pope\\nagainst John Galeazzo Visconti, Duke\\nof Milan.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1296* *Sulfureous carbon is produced\\nby Lampadius.\\n1299 Windmills first appear.\\n1320-40 Brunswick. Gunpowder is\\ninvented by Bertholdus or Michael\\nSchwartz, a Cordelier monk of Goslar\\n[but many authorities maintain that it\\nwas known long before in various parts\\nof the world],\\n1322* Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. The play\\nof The Wise and Foolish Virgins is pro-\\nduced at Eisenach.\\nBavaria. Sawmills are introduced\\nat Augsburg. [1427. In Breslau, Silesia.]\\n1324 Lorraine. Firearms are used\\nin the defense of Metz.\\n1325 Stoves are first used.\\n1337* Bavaria. A parchment fac-\\ntory is established at Nuremberg.\\n1340 Bavaria. A process of wire-\\ndrawing; is invented bv Rudolph at Nu-\\nremberg. [1410 By drawing the iron.]\\n1350* Refining-houses are built.\\n1365 Bavaria. Pins are invented at\\nNuremberg. [1370. Weedlemakers are\\nhere incorporated and their sales are\\nrapidly extended.]\\n1350 The Flagellants cruelly abuse\\ntheir bodies for the comfort of their\\nsouls (p. 674).\\n1354 Pome. Rienzi, the reformer, is\\nkilled.\\n1362 Avignon. Urban V. is pope.\\n[1370, Gregory XL; 1389, Boniface IX.; he\\nresides at Koine; IW4. benedict XIII.; 1404,\\nInnocent VII.; 140l Gregory XII.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1318* Erwin von Steinbacb, archeologist,\\narchitect, dies.\\nFnuienlob, Heinrich von Meissen, poet, d.\\n1365 Jerome of Pragrue, religious re-\\nformer, comp. of Huss, b. [1416. D. A51-]\\n1368* Sigismund. emperor, born. [1437.\\nDies. A69.J\\nCHURCH.\\n1298 July* The Jewsarehorriblyper-\\nsecuted throughout South Germany,\\nchiefly through the lust of blood and\\nplunder, but their enemies alleging it\\nis God s will.\\n1303 Borne. Benedict XI. is pope.\\n[1305, Clement V.; 1314, Avignon, The\\npapal throne is vacant. 1316. Avignon, John\\nXXII.; 1334, Avignon, Benedict XII.; 1342,\\nAvignon, Clement VI.; 1352, Innocent VI. J\\n1308 Ft. The Pope s residence is\\nremoved from Rome to Avignon.\\n1311 Fr. The 6th General Coun-\\ncil at Vienne. (Synod of Viennein Gaul,\\np. 672.)\\n1316* *The Pope informs Louis IV.\\nthat he cannot wear the German crown\\nwithout papal sanction.\\n1324 Louis IV. is excommunicated\\nby the Pope, and his supporters inter-\\ndicted he appeals to a general council.\\n1337* W urtemberg. The cathedral at\\nUlm is begun.\\n1338 Jews are persecuted.\\nMayer Bon, a Jew, accused of forgery\\nand swindling, is condemned and burned;\\nArchbishop Walram, his creditor, is\\nthereby freed.\\nThe Diet of Frankfort declares that\\nthe Pope has no temporal power in the\\nempire.\\nA gay enjoyment of the world as\\nit is existed side by side with almost\\nsuperhuman spirituality.\\nAll classes, clerical as well as lay,\\nlooked upon resistance to papal preten-\\nsions as a necessity imposed by national\\nhonor.\\n1348 Alsace. The Jews are accused\\nof causing the Black Death by poison-\\ning the wells; the mobs in Strasburg\\nburn 1300 of these people before their\\nsynagogue.\\nLETTERS.\\n1293 The Legend of St. Martin, by\\nHugo von Langenstein, appears.\\n1300 Benner, by Hogo von Trimberg,\\nappears.\\nUlrich Boner, a Dominican monk of\\nBern, writes the Jewel, the oldest Ger-\\nman Table-book.\\nDer Winsbecke and Krieg auf der\\nWartburg appear.\\n1314 Wilhelm von Oesterreich, by Jo-\\nhannes von WoTzburg, appears.\\n1336-98 Hesse-Nassau. The Limburg\\nChronicle appears.\\n1340\u00c2\u00b1 Die Jagd, an allegory, is writ-\\nten by Hadamar von Laber.\\n1348 Bohemia. The Emperor Charles\\nIV. founds a University at Prague.\\n1352 Kulmann Merswin writes the\\nBook of the Nine Rocks.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1298 Adolf of Nassau, the King of\\nGermany, falls in a personal conflict\\nwith Albert I. of Austria. [1308. May 1.\\nAlbert is assassinated by his nephew\\nJohn.]\\n1313 Aug. 24. Henry VII. is poi-\\nsoned by a priest by the consecrated\\nwafer.\\n1348* Europe. Massacre of 1,500,000\\nJews as the supposed cause of pesti-\\n1350 The people are distressed by the\\nblack plague.\\nSTATE.\\n1291 June 20. Rudolph s despotism\\ntowards Valenciennes [occasions a revolt\\nof the citizens, who renounce the Ger-\\nman Empire, and seek the protection of\\nFrance].\\nJuly 15. King Rudolph I. dies.\\nAug. 1. Sioitz. The men of the Helve-\\ntian cantons meet to throw off the yoke\\nof Hapsburg despotism, and they form\\na perpetual league. [It is the first\\nauthentic movement towards a Swiss\\nconfederacy.]\\nInterregnum.\\n1292 May 5. Adolf, Count of Nassau,\\na relative of the archbishop of Mentz,\\nis elected king, excluding Albert, son of\\nRudolph.\\n1292-98 Adolf reigns; he is poor in\\npossessions, in movables, and in preroga-\\ntives. [1298. He is deposed. July 2.\\nKilled at the battle of Gdlleim.]\\n1294 Bavaria. Louis HI. becomes\\nduke.\\n1296 Hamburg becomes a free Im-\\nperial city by permission of the Dukes\\nof Holstein.\\n1298 July 27. Rh. Prus. Albert of\\nAustria, son of Rudolph, is unani-\\nmously elected by the electors at Frank-\\nfort [and crowned king of Germany at\\nAix-la-Chapelle]-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0794.jp2"}, "795": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1291, June 20-1373, 783\\n1298-1308 Albert J., is emperor.\\n1299 Dec. Albert enters an alliance\\nwith Philip the Fair of France against\\nthe Pope.\\n1300 Oct. 14. The three ecclesiastical\\nelectors and the Count Palatine form\\nan alli ance against the king, whose\\nelection was not continued by the Pope.\\n[They are defeated.]\\n1301 Wenceslaus becomes King of\\nPoland, Hungary, and Bohemia.\\n1307* William Tell shoots the\\ntyrant Gesler, and the Swiss revolt.\\n1308 May 1. Baden. King Albert is\\nkilled (p. 505).\\nHenry, Count of Luxemburg, a half-\\nFrenchman, is elected king.\\n1308-13 Henry VII. reigns.\\njr. Prus. Danzig passes under the\\nrule of the Teutonic Knights.\\n1309 Jan. 6. Bk.Prus. Henry VU.\\nis crowned kingat[Aix-la-Chapelle.]\\nSwitz. A confederation of three\\ncantons is formed, consisting of Schwyz,\\nUri, and Unterwaldeu.\\n1310 Bohemia. Henry s son, [Blind]\\nJohn, is enthroned by the National\\nAssembly.\\n1311 Jan. 6. It. Henry VII. is crowned\\nKing of Lombardy.\\n1312 June 29. Borne. Henry is crowned\\nKing of Italy, and Emperor of the Holy\\nRoman Empire.\\n1313 Aug. 24. It. Henry VU. dies\\nnear Sienna, probably poisoned by the\\nGuelfs.\\n1314 Oct. 19. Hesse-Nassau. The elec-\\ntors being unable to agree, those of\\nCologne, the Rhenish Palatinate, elect\\nFrederick, Duke of Austria, son of\\nAlbert, in the suburb of Frankfort.\\nOct. 20. Hesse-Nassau. The electors of\\nMentz, Treves, Brandenburg, and Bohe-\\nmia elect Louis of Bavaria at Frank-\\nfort. The votes of electors are sold at\\nhigh prices in both elections.\\n1314-47 Louis IV. of Bavaria reigns.\\n1314-30 Frederick of Austria reigns.\\nNov. 25. Bk. Prus. Louis IV. is\\ncrowned King of Germany at Aix-la-\\nChapelle Frederick is crowned at\\nBonn.\\nWith two kings [civil war prevails\\nfor eight years].\\n1315 Dec. 9. Switz. The confederated\\ncantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden\\nrenew their league forever at Brun-\\nnen.\\n1316 Switz. King Louis IV. con-\\nfirms the confederation, and recog-\\nnizes the immediate dependence of the\\ncantons on the empire Austrian power\\nis broken in Switzerland.\\n1322 Sept. 28. Bavaria. Frederick\\nof Austria is captured by Louis at the\\nbattle of Amphng [and imprisoned.\\n1325. Released], (P. 505.)\\n1323 Mar. Brandenburg. Louis IV.\\ngives the Mark of Brandenburg, one of\\nthe great fiefs, to his son Louis [who\\nlater marries Margaret Multasch, the\\nheiress of Tyrol and Carinthia].\\nOct. 8. Fr. Pope John, at Avignon,\\nsummons King Louis IV. to lay down\\nhis assumed government of the Ger-\\nman Empire, as he had not obtained\\npapal confirmation\\nis threatened.\\n1324 Mar. 23. Fr. The Pope at Avi-\\ngnon excommunicates Louis IV.\\nMay 22. Louis IV. issues a protest\\nagainst excommunication, and makes\\na statement of the sins of the Pope.\\nJuly 11. Fr. The Pope at Avignon de-\\nclares Louis IV. deposed, and his ad-\\nherents and territories under the curse\\nof the church.\\n1327 Jan. 17. Borne. Louis IV. is\\ncrowned emperor. [May Crowned\\nKing of Lombardy at Milan.]\\n1325 Apr. 18. Borne. Louis IV. de-\\nposes Pope John for heresy and\\ntreason.\\nAug. 4. Borne. Louis IV., becoming un-\\npopular because of his greediness and\\ndespotic acts, is driven out of the city by\\nan insurrection of the people.\\n1329 The Palatinate is separated from\\nBavaria yet a part of Bavaria, the\\nUpper Palatinate, goes with it.\\nSaxony. The margrave obtains pos-\\nsession of Altenburg.\\n1330 Jan. 13. Frederick, the rival of\\nLouis IV., dies.\\n1332 Jan. Bade7i.+ Nine free cities\\nof Swabia petition the Elector Baldwin\\nof Treves that Germany resume its\\noriginal right to elect an emperor,\\nwhether the Pope be for or against him.\\n[Nothing more is done for six and a half\\nyears.]\\nAlsace. The guilds are admitted to\\na share in the government of Strasburg.\\n1333 Nov. 14. To ease his conscience,\\nand secure the removal of the papal ban,\\nLouis secretly signs a renunciation of\\nthe crown. [He denies it when aroused\\nby the electors.]\\n1335 Silesia. Breslau passes under\\nthe jurisdiction of the Bohemian crown.\\n1338 July 16. Electoral meeting at\\nRense.\\nSix electors sign a declaration of Ger-\\nmany s independence of the Holy\\nSee, the emperor deriving his authority\\nalone from the votes of a majority of\\nthe electors it denies the Pope s tem-\\nporal power in the empire.\\nLouis IV. sides with the English iu\\nthe struggle with France.\\n1342 Feb. 10. Tyrol. Louis IV. mar-\\nries his son Louis to the divorced Mar-\\ngaret of Tyrol, thereby gaining to his\\nHouse this province.\\nApr. 25. Fr. Pope Benedict XII., the\\nenemy of Louis IV., dies.\\n1344 Sept.* Hesse,-Xassau. A national\\nDiet is held at Frankfurt to consider the\\nconcessions to his temporal power de-\\nmanded by the Pope.\\n1346 Jan. 15. Louis IV. invests his\\nwife, the sister of the deceased Count\\nWilliam of Holland, with the latter s\\nestates, thus alarming the electors by\\nthe increase of family power. [It\\nprovokes the setting up of an anti-king.]\\nJuly 11. Charles of Luxemburg,\\nThe Parson King, is elected anti-\\nking by live electors at Rense (p. 507).\\nThey had revolted against Louis IV.\\nbecause of his violence in increasing his\\npower. The electors are paid a high\\nprice for their votes.\\n1346-78 Charles IV. is emperor.\\n1347 Sept. 2. Bohemia. Charles IV.\\nis crowned King of Bohemia.\\nation Oct. 11. Ba\\nLouis IV. dies at\\nMu\\n*The imperial crown is offered to\\nEdward III. of England.\\nBavaria. Stephen I. is duke.\\n1348 Bohemia. The city of Prague\\nis rebuilt by the Emperor Charles IV.,\\nwho makes it his capital.\\nMecklenburg is made a duchy.\\nBrandenburg. The false Waldemar\\nappears in opposition to Louis, and fa-\\nvorable to Charles IV.\\n1349 Jan. 1. Hesse-Nassau. Gunther,\\nCount of Schwarzburg, is elected em-\\nperor at Frankfort by the Bavarian\\nparty; Charles, King of Bohemia, bribes\\nhis friends to desert Gunther. [June 14.\\nGunther dies, alleged to have been poi-\\nsoned.]\\nMay 26. King Gunther sells his claim\\nto Charles IV. for 20,000 marks of silver\\nfor himself and men, besides deliverance\\nfrom debt.\\nJuly 25. Bh.Prus. Charles is crowned\\nemperor at Aix-la-Chapelle, having\\nbeen elected by all the electors.\\n1350* *The league of the cities\\ngreatly prospers. Town markets are\\nestablished.\\n1355 Apr. 5. Borne. Charles IV. is\\nagain crowned emperor by two car-\\ndinals acting in the Pope s name.\\nBohemia. Silesia and Lower Lusa-\\ntia are united with Bohemia.\\n1356* Hesse-Nassau. Frankfort-on-\\nthe-Main is recognized as the seat of\\nimperial elections.\\nCharles IV. issues the [famous] Golden\\nBull to regulate the election of sover-\\neigns it becomes the fundamental\\nlaw of the empire.\\nThe election is entrusted to seven electors,\\nthree ecclesiastics ami four seculars, namely,\\nthe archbishop of Mentz as arch-chancel-\\nlor of Germany; the archbishop of Treves\\nas arch-chancellor of Italy; the archbishop\\nof Cologne, arch-chancellor of Burgundy;\\nthe King of Bohemia, as areh-senesriml;\\nCount Palatine, as arch-steward; Duke of\\nSaxe- Wittenberg, as arch-marshal; and the\\nMargrave of Brandenburg as arch-chamber-\\nlain. Practically the same electors as here-\\ntofore. [It continues in force till 1806.]\\nWith this edict commences the Diet\\nof the German Empire it is com-\\nposed of three colleges; viz., the elec-\\ntors, the princes, and the imperial towns.\\nSaxony. The dispute between the\\ntwo Saxon duchies regarding electoral\\nprivileges is decided by the Golden\\nBull in favor of Wittenberg.\\n1363 June 15. Bohemia. Wences-\\nlaus, son of Charles, is crowned King of\\nBohemia. [1376. June 12. Elected King\\nof the Romans. Price of votes, 100,000\\ngulden.]\\nAust. Tyrol acquired (p. 507).\\n1365+ A League of the Rhine cities,\\nwith some others, is formed to insure a\\nstricter enforcement of the public peace.\\n1370* Peace is made with Denmark\\nby the Treaty of Stralsund.\\nSaxony. Rudolph IT. of Wittenberg\\nis the first duke to style himself elector.\\n1373 Brandenburg. Treaty of Fiir-\\nstenwalde.\\nOtho the Lazy, in return for an an-\\nnuity, transfers to Charles IV. the Mark\\nof Brandenburg.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0795.jp2"}, "796": {"fulltext": "784 1375, *-1450, June 22.\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1377\u00c2\u00b1 Wars between the nobles\\nand the cities commence.\\n1377 May 21. Battle of Reutlingen.\\nThe Swabian League severely defeats\\nUlrich, son of Eberhard, Count Eber-\\nhard tlie Grumbler SG noble knights\\nfall.\\n1386 July 9. Switz. Battle of Sem-\\npach.\\nThe South German cities withdraw\\ntheir aid from Switzerland the Austri-\\nan^ under Leopold are defeated by the\\nSwiss peasants (p. 506).\\n1388 Apr. 9. Switz. Battle of INTafels.\\nDuke Albert, brother of Leopold,\\nwith German princes as allies, is de-\\nfeated by a small body of Swiss, losing\\n2,000 men, including l88 knights and\\nsquires.\\nAug. 24. Wurtemberg. Battle of Dof-\\nfiugen, between the aristocrats and the\\ncitizens.\\nEberhard of Wiirtemberg defeats the\\narmy of the Swabian cities at Doffing-\\nen Count Ulrich is mortally wounded.\\n1401 Oct. 24. It. Battle of Brescia.\\nVisconti defeats Rupert.\\n1410 July 16. E. Prus. Battle of Tan-\\nnenberg.\\nThe Teutonic Order is disastrously\\ndefeated by the Poles 200 knights and\\n40,000 warriors fall.\\n1419-36 Bohemia. Hussite war (p. 506).\\n1420 July 14. Bohemia. Ziska de-\\nfeats the emperor at the siege of Prague,\\nand drives him into Hungary. [1422. The\\nimperial troops enter Bohemia, but are\\nsoon driven out.]\\n1422 Jan. 8. Bohemia. Battle of\\nDeutsch-Brod (p. 506).\\n1431 Aug. 14. Bohemia. The impe-\\nrial army, having 40,000 cavalry and\\n90,000 infantry, is defeated and routed by\\nthe Hussites near Riesenburg.\\n1434 May 30. Bohemia. Battle of\\nBohmisch-Brod (p. 506).\\n1438* Bohemia. Civil war rages.\\n1439 Alsace-Lorraine. The Count of\\nVaudemont, with French Armagnac\\nhirelings, is at war with the bishop of\\nMetz.\\n1440-46 Switz. Zurich enters atreaty\\nwith Frederick III., and civil war pre-\\nvails.\\nZurich, allied with Austria, oppresses\\nthe Swiss Confederation Zurich troops\\nare defeated, and the city is besieged.\\n1442 Westphalia. The city of Soest\\nresists the oppressive exactions of Arch-\\nbishop Dietrich II, of Cologne, and war\\nfollows.\\n1443 May 23. Switz. Battle of Frien-\\nbach.\\nItel Boding, commanding the Swiss\\nConfederates, defeats the Zurich-Aus-\\ntrian allies. [May 24. Again atHirzel.J\\n1444 July Switz. The King of France\\nsends Frederick 24,000 Armagnacs, ac-\\ncompanied by 20,000 other ruffians, to\\nsubdue the Swiss Confederates.\\n[Aug. 26. The Armagnacs, 30 times as\\nstrong, cut down 1,600 heroic Confeder-\\nate soldiers at St. Jacob. Aug. The\\nFrench army under the dauphin sur-\\nprises Mompelgard, and abuses the cit-\\nizens.]\\nLorraine. Metz undergoes a seven\\nmonths siege by King Charles VII. of\\nFrance. [The siege is raised on the pay-\\nment of a ransom of 100,000 florins.]\\n1446 Switz. The Swiss defeat the\\nGermans at Kagaz, and become practi-\\ncally independent.\\nCasimir IV. of Poland aids the na-\\ntives of Prussia in an uprising against\\nthe oppression of the Teutonic\\nKnights.\\nWar with Hungary. Cause, its re-\\nfusal to surrender the young prince Wa-\\nladislas.\\n1447 July 2. Westphalia. The arch-\\nbishop of Cologne besieges Soest with\\n60,000 men. [They ravage the country,\\nand fail of provisions for their own sup-\\nport. July 20. The last assault is made\\nand repelled.]\\n1449-1- a. second great war between\\nthe cities and the princes breaks out,\\nand lasts seven years many counts and\\nbarons side with the German princes\\nagainst civil liberty.\\n1450 Mar. 11. Bavaria. TheNurem-\\nbergers severely defeat the Margrave\\nof Pillenreut.\\nApr. 14. Bavaria. Albert defeats the\\ncitizens of Nuremberg and part of their\\nallies.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1381 Augsburg. The gun as a fire-\\narm is known.\\n1390 The first mill for making linen\\npaper is established.\\n1403* Bavaria. Ribbon and lace\\nworkers thrive at Augsburg.\\n1413* Pr. Saxony. Fulminating gold\\nis discovered by Valentine, a monk, at\\nErfurt.\\n1419* Bavaria. File-cutters ply their\\ntrade in Nuremberg.\\n1423 Bavaria. The art of engrav-\\ning on wood for printing pictures is\\ninvented by Kepler at Nordlinger.\\n1430 Bavaria. Gester invents an\\nair-gun at Nuremberg.\\n1436* Hesse. The art of printing\\nfrom movable type is invented by Jo-\\nhannes Gutenberg at Mentz.\\n1439 Alsace. The lofty tower of the\\nStrasburg cathedral is completed.\\n1440 The art of copper-plate en-\\ngraving is invented by liuprecht Rust.\\n1444+ Bavaria. Bleaching- works\\nare established in Nuremberg.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1376 Hubs, John, religious reformer,\\nhorn. [1416. Dies.- A40.]\\n1380* Kempis. Thomas a. monk, as-\\ncetic, writer, born. [1471. Dies. A91.]\\n1400* \u00e2\u0099\u00a6Gutenberg Johann. or Henne,\\ninventor of printing, b. [1468. D. A68.]\\n1414* Albert. Elector of lirainlenburg,\\nborn. [1486. Dies. A72.]\\n1423* *Purbach, Georg, astronomer, born.\\n[1461. Dies. A 38.]\\n1434* Wohlgemuth, Michael, painter, b.\\n1435 Scb offer, Peter, impr. of printing, b.\\n1436 l .eliaim, Martin, navigator, geog., b.\\nRegiomontanus, Johann M., astronomer,\\nborn. [1476. Dies. A40.]\\nCHURCH.\\n1378 The Schism of the West.\\nEngland and the empire acknowledge\\nUrban VI. as pope, while France. Spain,\\nand Scotland acknowledge Clement VII.\\nRival popes reciprocally excommunicate\\neach other (p. 674).\\nMysticism awakens in many minds\\nan aspiration which the church in its\\ncorrupt state could not satisfy. Mystics\\nare much opposed, and charged with im-\\nmorality, pantheism, communism, and\\nmaintaining private inspiration.\\n1386 Christianity is introduced into\\nLithuania.\\n1409 It. The Council of Pisa.\\nIt deposes Popes Gregory and Bene-\\ndict, and elects Alexander V. as neither\\nof the deposed Popes will yield, there are\\nthree Popes (p. 506).\\n1410\\n1412*\\nfc Rome. John XXIII. is pope.\\nBohemia. The Reformation is\\nJohn Huss denounces the bull of Pope\\nJohn XXIII. against King Ladislaus of\\nNaples, and together with Jerome of\\nPrague opposes the sale of indulgences.\\n1414-18 Baden. The Council of Con-\\nstance.\\nIt is a council of the empire, yet having\\nprelatieal visitors front Italy, France, Eng-\\nland, and Spain, besides numerous princes\\nWilli their imposing (ruins. The great Assem-\\nbly includes Pope John XXIII., live patri-\\narchs, :i;i cardinals, L Uii archbishops and bish-\\nops, and 80,000 laymen.\\nIts objects are to suppress the Bohemian\\nheresy, heal the papal schism, and reform\\nthe church. It proclaims its superiority over\\nthe Pope, condemns the doctrines of John\\nHuss, deposes Pope John XXIII., and pre-\\nvails on Pope (iregory XII. to abdicate, and\\nlater deposes 1 ope Benedict XI11. It is pro-\\nposed to reform the church, but by the ac-\\ntion of Spain, the effort fails; Martin V. is\\nelected pope; the council adjourns without\\naccomplishing any effective reformation of\\nabuses (p. 506).\\n(Mar. 20.) Pope John XXHI. a fugi-\\ntive.\\nIn disguise of a stable-boy he flees from\\nConstance when it is proposed that the coun-\\ncil investigate bis crimes; many prelates and\\ncardinals follow him, but they do not break\\nup the council. He is captured, imprisoned,\\nand deposed.]\\n(.Iine 15.) Communion in one kind\\nonly is authoritatively sanctioned by the\\ncouncil.\\n(1417. Mar. 16.) The University of Prague\\ndemands the communion in both kinds for\\nboth clergy and laity.\\n(1418* The council suspends all the\\nprivileges of the university because of its de-\\nmand.\\n(Apr. 22.) Pope Martin V. leaves the\\ncouncil.\\n1420 Mar. 17. Bohemia. Sigismund\\nburns Crasa at the stake, after having\\ndragged him through the streets of\\nPrague.\\n1421 July* Bohemia. The emperor\\nand the Crusaders against the heretics\\nattack the city of Prague. (See\\nArmy.)\\n1423 Rh. Prus. A church council\\nis held at Treves.\\n1429* Rome. The Schism of the\\nWest is ended by the resignation of\\nClement VIII.\\n1431* Rome. Eugenius IV. becomes\\npope. [Felix is anti-pope.]\\nJuly 23-49 May 7. Sioitz. The Gen-\\neral Council of Basel is held Julian\\nis president.\\n(July 23.) It meets to effect, the union\\nof the Greek and Roman churches, recon-\\ncile the Protestants, and promote the\\nreformation of the church.\\n(1433 The council settles the Bo-\\nhemian controversy by the Compact of\\nPrague, by which the Hussites are\\ngranted the use of the cup in the Eu-\\ncharist.\\n(1439. Oct. 29.) Eugenius, refusing to\\nrecognize its authority, is deposed. (Oct.\\n30.) Felix V. is elected (anti-pope).\\n[Its decisions are in part recognized", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0796.jp2"}, "797": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1375, *-1450, June 22. 785\\nby the Gallican Church, but rejected by\\nthe Ultramontanes.]\\n1433* *-39* *It. The Council of\\nFerrara-Florenee.\\nTt decrees the Seven Sacraments viz.,\\nbaptism, confirmation, the eucharist,\\npenance, extreme unction, holy orders,\\nand matrimony. It proclaims the union\\nof the Greek and Roman churches\\nThe spiritual princes have all the\\nfaults of the secular princes, besides spe-\\ncial defects of their own.\\nSimony universally prevails the scan-\\ndalous social life of the inferior clergy,\\nwith cold and unimpressive services,\\nweakens the hold of the church on the\\npublic mind.\\n1445 The emperor attempts to frus-\\ntrate the efforts made to reform the\\nchurch, and compels the German bish-\\nops to quit their antagonism to Rome\\nhe receives 100 prebends and other con-\\nsiderations from the Pope.\\n1446 Mar. Hesse-Nassau. A league\\nis formed at Frankfort by the Diet.\\nIt proposes general resistance of the\\nattacks of the emperor and pope on the\\nrights of the leaguers, and to compel a\\nrecognition of the reforms of the Coun-\\ncils of Constance and Basel. [The league\\nis broken up by bribery.]\\nVienna. The Concordat of Vienna\\nis concluded with the Pope, who aban-\\ndons the reforms promised in the Coun-\\ncil of Basel.\\n1447 Rome. Nicholas V. is pope.\\n1448 Bavaria. The Concordat of\\nAschaffenberg is signed by Frederick,\\nthus perpetuating the evils in the church\\nwhich had been partly reformed.\\nLETTERS.\\n1379 Sept. 16. Pr. Saxony. The Uni-\\nversity of Erfurt receives its charter\\nfrom the anti-pope, Clement VII., as a\\nStudium generate in all the faculties.\\n13S5 Oct. 23. Baden. The Univer-\\nsity of Heidelberg receives its charter\\nfrom Pope Urban VI. [1336. Oct. 19.\\n1388 May 21. Eh. Prus. The Uni-\\nversity of Cologne is chartered as a\\nStudium generale, by Pope Urban\\nVI. it is under the influence of the\\nDominicans.\\n1389 May 4. Pr. Saxony. The Uni-\\nversity of Erfurt is founded afresh by\\nPope Urban VI. without any recognition\\nof the former action of the anti-pope,\\nClement VII. It is under Franciscan\\ninfluence.\\n1398 Bohemia. John Huss becomes\\na professor in the University of Prague.\\n1399 Bohemia. Aclcermann aus Boh-\\nmen, by Johannes Ackermann of Saaz,\\nappears.\\n1400-1500 Bavaria. Nuremberg is a\\ngreat center of literature.\\n1409 Sept. 9. Saxony. The Univer-\\nsity of Leipsic is founded as a Stu-\\ndium generale, by Pope Alexander V.\\nBohemia. The Hussite troubles in\\nPrague and a change in the university\\nstatutes occasion the withdrawal of all\\nGerman professors and students from\\nthe university they go to Leipsic.\\n1419 Feb. 13. Mecklenburg-Schwerin.\\nThe University of Rostock is founded\\nand authorized by the Pope s bull.\\n1430\u00c2\u00b1 The Thuringian Chronicle, by\\nRothe, appears.\\n1432* Mecklenburg-Schwerin. The fac-\\nulty of theology is added to the Univer-\\nsity of Rostock.\\n1433 The History of the Emperor Sigis-\\nmund, by Eberhard Windeek, appears.\\n1442 Hesse. Johann Fust estab-\\nlishes a printing-office at Mentz, and\\nprints the Tractatus Petri Hispani.\\n15th Century. The \\\\He Idenbuch appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1400 Frederick (III.) is assassinated\\nimmediately after his election. [He is\\nseldom placed in the list of emperors.]\\nNuremberg is the center of art,\\ntrade, and intelligence.\\nSTATE.\\n1376 Bavaria. John becomes duke.\\nWilrtemberg The Swabian city\\nleague is formed for mutual defense\\nagainst the nobility. [1377. Recognized\\nby the emperor.]\\nThe Association of Nobles (middle\\nnobility) is organized to oppose the\\nleague of the cities.\\nThe imperial knights of Swabia, Fran-\\nconia, and on the Rhine, with others,\\nunite to maintain their independence\\nagainst the higher nobility, and espe-\\ncially the princes of the empire who\\nwere ambitious for territorial sover-\\neignty.\\nThe Martins vogel, Schlegler, and Lo-\\nwelbund Associations are formed.\\n1378 Nov. 29. Prague. Charles TV.\\ndies.\\nHe had already given his lands to his\\nthree sons, Bohemia and Silesia to AVen-\\nceslaus, Brandenburg to Sigismund, and\\nLusatia to John.\\n1378-1400 Wenceslaus, King of Bo-\\nhemia, is also King of Germany.\\n1381 The Swabian League of the\\ncities unites with that of the Rhine.\\n1384 The emperor proclaims a new\\npublic peace, called the Heidelberg\\nStatlung, for four years. [The king re-\\nturns to Bohemia.]\\n1385* Ph. Prus. Diisseldorf is chosen\\nas a place of residence by Count Adolf\\nof Berg.\\n1389 May 2. Bohemia. A council of\\nthe princes meets at Eger.\\nA new public peace for eight years\\njs proclaimed by Wenceslaus he orders\\nthe dissolution of the Swabian League\\nand all union of cities.\\n1393-94 Bohemia. Wenceslaus is im-\\nprisoned by the nobles at Prague be-\\ncause of his cruelty and indolence.\\n1397* Bavaria. Ernest becomes duke.\\n1400* Brunswick. Wenceslaus is de-\\nposed by a section of the Rhenish elec-\\ntors. [1410. German crown renounced.\\n1419. Aug. 16. Dies.] After much in-\\ntrigue the crown is given to Rupert,\\nCount Palatine.\\n1400-10 Rupert, Count Palatine, is\\nKing of Germany. His authority is\\nfeeble. He fails in his attempt to reach\\nRome.\\n1405 Sept. 14, Alsace. The League\\nof Marbach is formed of 17 Swabian\\ncities and Strasburg, for the purpose of\\nresisting the oppressions of Rupert.\\n1409 Brunswick. Henry I. becomes\\nduke of Brunswiek-Liineburg.\\n1410-37 Sigismund reigns. [1419. In\\nBohemia.] (p. 507.)\\n1410 May 18. Hesse. King Rupert\\ndies at Oppenheim.\\nSept. 20. Three electors, including the\\ncandidate, who is represented by proxy,\\nelect Sigismund, the brother of Wen-\\nceslaus, King of Germany.\\nJossus, Marquis of Moravia, is chosen\\nemperor by a party of the electors.\\n[1410. He dies. July 21. At a second\\nelection his two votes are given to Sigis-\\nmund.]\\n1415 The Swiss Republic is formed.\\nSigismund sells to Frederick IV. of\\nNuremberg the Margravate of Branden-\\nburg.\\n1416 Brunswick. William I. and\\nHenry II. become dukes of Brunswick.\\n1419 Prus. Frederick I. of Nurem-\\nberg, of the House of Hohenzollern, be-\\ncomes elector.\\n1420-60 Westphalia. Period of the\\ngreatest power of the secret tribunals.\\n1422* Saxony. The Ascanian line\\nbecomes extinct at the death of Albert\\nIII., [and (1428) the Emperor Sigismund\\nconfers the electorate and duchy upon\\nFrederick, Margrave of Meissen].\\n1431* It. Sigismund is crowned King\\nof Italy. [1433. He is crowned em-\\nperor by Pope Eugenius IV.]\\n1437 Sigismund is driven from the\\nthrone and Albert II., his son-in-law,\\nDuke of Austria and King of Hungary\\nand Bohemia, is elected emperor. [Dec.\\n0. Sigismund dies.]\\n1438-1740 The Hapsburg Dynasty:\\nthe House of Austria reigns.\\n1438-39 Albert H. reigns.\\n1438 Bohemia. Albert I. is duke.\\n1439 Oct. 27. Albert II. dies, and is\\nsucceeded by Frederick, Duke of Styria,\\nhis cousin. [Destructive feuds follow.]\\nThe Pragmatic Sanction is issued\\n(p. 509).\\n1440-93 Frederick HE. (or IY.) reigns.\\n[1442. June 1. Crowned king. 1452.\\nCrowned emperor at Rome, the last Ger-\\nman ruler so honored.]\\nFeb. 2. Frederick HI. is elected em-\\nperor.\\nHe is a physical weakling of inferior in-\\ntellect, anil, unt oi tiiiKiU ly for his subjects,\\nremains longer than any of his predecessors;\\nhe is powerless both in (iennuny and in his\\nown lands. [1449, July* Piccolomini (later\\nPope Pius III.) is his adviser.]\\nFeb. 20. W.Prus. The estates of Prus-\\nsia form a union, called the Prussian\\nLeague, against the domination of the\\nTeutonic Knights. [Confirmed by the\\nemperor.]\\n1445* Saxony. Thuringia is sepa-\\nrated from Saxony. [1482. Reunited.]\\n1446 Prus. Casimir IV. of Poland\\nassists the native Prussians in resisting\\nthe oppressions of the Teutonic\\nKnights.\\n1448* Den. Oldenburg- is annexed to\\nDenmark (p. 637).\\n1449 Apr. 2. Westphalia Peace is\\nmade between the archbishop of Co-\\nlogne and the city of Soest, which re-\\ntains its independence.\\n1450 June 22. Bavaria. The Peace\\nof Bamberg is concluded each party\\nis to restore all it has seized, and to for-\\nget the past.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0797.jp2"}, "798": {"fulltext": "786 1450,**-15XV\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1451 It. Frederick leads an expedi-\\ntion to Rome.\\nThe discovery of gunpowder leads\\nto the custom of depending on hired\\ntroops, a few of whom outmatch many\\nwho are armed in the former style.\\n1458 Frederick I. of the Palatine\\ndefeats eighteen princes and counts at\\nPfeddersheim.\\n1460 Frederick III. is at war with\\nAlbert.\\n1462 June 30. Baden. Battle of\\nSeckenheim.\\nFrederick I. of the Palatine severely\\ndefeats the allied forces of Baden and\\nWUrtemberg.\\nVienna. The emperor is besieged\\n(p. 508).\\n1468 Belg. Charles the Bold, Duke\\nof Burgundy, destroys Li\u00c2\u00a3ge, massa-\\ncres the male citizens who surrender, and\\nthrows several thousand women, tied\\nhack to back, into the Meuse.\\n1469-80 The Turks invade the realm\\nin aid of the Hungarians. (See Austria.)\\n1474 War with Charles the Bold,\\nwho demands the title, King of Bur-\\ngundy.\\n1475 Swiiz. Charles the Bold mas-\\nsacres the garrison of Granson after its\\nsurrender under the promise of protec-\\ntion.\\n1476 Mar. 3. Switz. Battle of Gran-\\nson.\\nAn army of 20,000 Confederate Swiss\\nutterly defeats 40,000 h of the army of\\nBurgundy, who lose 420 cannon and im-\\nmense treasures.\\nJune 22. Switz. Charles the Bold is\\nagain defeated and routed by the Swiss\\nConfederates at Morat. [1477. Jan. 5.\\nHe is defeated and killed by the Swiss\\nand Alsatians near Nancy.]\\n1485 Frederick III. is driven out of\\nAustria by Matthias Corvinus, King of\\nHungary.\\n1494 It. The emperor enters the\\nwar in Italy (p. 678).\\n1498-99 Switz. The emperor engages\\nin war against the Swiss the immedi-\\nate cause is a dispute regarding land-\\nmarks he is sustained by the Swabian\\n1499 It. Louis XII. of France in-\\nvades Italy (pi 678).\\n1500 Holstein. The Ditmarshes en-\\nter a serious war with Denmark.\\n1502 Mar. 15. The Peasants War\\nbegins in South Germany it is caused\\nby the oppressions of the clergy and no-\\nbles. [May- June. Cruelly suppressed.]\\n1504 Bavaria. The emperor is in-\\nvolved in a petty war of succession.\\n1509* It. Maximilian vainly besieges\\nPadua, after taking part of Venetian\\nlands.\\n1510* It. Vicenza is taken by the\\nimperial troops.\\n1511* Holstein. An invading army\\nof Danes is cut to pieces by the Ditmarsh\\npeasants.\\n1512* It. The Swiss join the emperor\\nand Pope, and drive the French out of\\nMilan.\\n1513 Fr. The emperor joins Henry\\nVm. in the Battle of the Spurs (p. 680).,\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1450 Bavaria. A large-sized para-\\nbolical burning reflector is made by\\nJohann Hegiomontanus.\\n1457 Aug. 14. Hesse. Johann Fust\\nand Schoeffer of Mentz make the first\\nbook with a printed date it is the Book\\nof Psalms.\\n1460 Printing in dyes is invented.\\nThe decimal system in arithmetic is\\nworked out by Johann Regiomontanus.\\n1467 Maps are made by wood-en-\\ngraving by the monk Donis.\\n1477 Bavaria. Watches are first\\nmade at Nuremberg. [1510. Here Philip\\nHele invents pocket watches.]\\n1486 Bavaria. Diirer studies under\\nMichael Wohlgemuth.\\n1490 Chiaroscuro engraving is first\\npractised.\\n1498 Saxony. The rifled gun is\\nfirst used at Leipsic.\\n1506 Bavaria. Durer paints Christ\\non the Cross, also The Feast of Hoses, and\\nGarchus in Italy.\\n1509 Rh. Prus. The building of the\\ncathedral of Cologne is suspended.\\n1511 Bavaria. Albert Diirer paints\\nthe Trinity. [1512. He invents etching.\\n1515. Nuremberg gives him a yearly\\npension of 100 gulden.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1455 Reuchlin, Johann, philologist, Hel-\\nlenist, Hebraist, born.\\n1458* Brandt, Sehnstian, poet, born.\\n1459 Celtes, Conrad, poet, scholar, born.\\n1460 Fust, Johann, an inv. printing, d.\\nFroben, Johann, printer, born.\\nMaximilian I., emperor, born.\\n1461 Zasius, Ulric, jurist, born.\\n1465 Peutinger, Conrad, archeologist, b.\\n1466 Aventinus, Johannes, historian, b.\\n1470* Baldung, Hans, artist, born.\\n1471 Diirer. Albert, painter, engr., b.\\n1472* Cranach, or Kranach, Lucas von,\\npainter, engraver, born.\\n1473 Burgknmir, Hans, engr., paint., b.\\nFeb. 19. Copernicus, Nicholas, astron-\\n1475 Faber, Johann, Dominican monk,\\ntheologian, adversary of Luther, born.\\nMurner, Thomas, satirist, controversialist, b.\\n1478 Pellican, Conrad, scholar, reformer,\\nBiblical critic, born.\\n1479 Cochlaus, Johann, Catholic theolo-\\ngian, controversialist, born.\\nFolz, or Volz, Hans, poet, reformer, born.\\n14SO Berlichingen, Gotz, or Gottfried von,\\nsoldier, born.\\nCapito, Wolfgang F., theol., reformer, born.\\nFaust, or Faustus, Dr. Johann. necro-\\nmancer, born.\\nMargaret of Austria, daughter of Maximil-\\nian I. and Mary of Burgundy, born.\\n1481 Sickingen, Franz von, general, re-\\nformer, born.\\n1482 Oecolampadius, Johannes, reformer,\\nborn.\\n1483 Amsdorf, Nicolaus von, reformer, b.\\nCarlstadt. Andreas, reformer, born.\\nNov. 10. Luther, Martin, monk, leader\\nof German reformation, born.\\n1485 Bugenhagen, Johann, reformer, b.\\n1486\u00c2\u00b1 Agrippa, Heinrich C, physician,\\ntheological writer, born.\\nEck, or Eckins, Johann von, theologian, b.\\n1487 Gonthier, Johann, physician, Hel-\\nlenist, born.\\n1488 Altdorfer, Albrecht, paint., engr., b.\\n1489* Albert, an-hhp. of Magdeburg, born.\\nAquila, Casper, theologian, born.\\nHutten, Ulneh von, poet, theologian, born.\\n1490 Agricola, Georg, mineralogist, born.\\nAgricola, Johann, reformer, founder An-\\ntinomians, born.\\nAlbert of Brandenburg, first Duke of Prus-\\nsia, born.\\nFriedland, Valentin, educator, born.\\nSehwenckfehl, Knspar, religionist, born.\\n1491 Barer, Martin R., reformer, born.\\n1494 Sachs, Hans, shoemaker, poet, born.\\n1495 Apian, Peter, math., astronomer, b.\\nLufft, Hans, printer, bookseller, born.\\n1496 Beham, Bartholomaus, painter, b.\\nMenno Simons, reformer, fdr. Mennon-\\nites, born.\\n1497 Holbein, Hans, painter, born.\\nMelanchthon, Philip, reformer, born.\\n1498 Althammer, Andreas, reformer, b.\\nOsiander, Andreas, reformer, born.\\n15th Century. Alkinar, Henry von, poet, b.,d.\\n1500 Beham, Hans S., engraver, born.\\nCamerarius, Joachim, classical scholar, b.\\nCharles I. (V.), King of Spain, Emperor of\\nGermany, born.\\n1501 Fuchs, or Fuchsius, Leonhard von,\\nbotanist, born.\\n1503 Schoeffer,Peter, impr. printing, A67.\\n1503 Ferdinand I., emperor, born.\\n1504 Fagius, Paul, reformer, born.\\n1506* Behami, Martin, nav., geog., A70.\\nSleidan, Johann, historian, born.\\n1507* Sturm, Johann, classical Bcholar,\\nteacher, born.\\n1508 Celtes, Conrad, poet, scholar, A49.\\n1511 Eber, Paul, clergyman, Hebraist, b.\\n1513* Aurifaber, Andreas G. y physician,\\nteacher, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1455\u00c2\u00b1* Hesse. The Bible is first\\nprinted. (See Letters.)\\n1455 Rome. Calixtus III. is pope.\\n[1458, Pius II.; 1464, Paul II.; 1471, Sixtus\\nIV.; 1484, Innocent VIII.; 1492, Alexander\\nVI. (Borgia), a tyrannical ruler and moral\\nmonster. 1503. Pius III. ispope for 26 days;\\nhe is succeeded by Julius II., a military pon-\\ntiff, by whom Europe is embroiled in war,\\nthe church discipline neglected, and the\\nspirit of religion discredited.]\\n1483 Nov. 10. Pr. Saxony. Martin\\nLuther is born at Eisleben.\\n[1507. Becomes a priest. 1508. The\\nvicar-general of the Augustinian monks\\nsends Martin Luther from Erfurt to\\nWittenberg to be a professor of philoso-\\nphy. 1510. Sent to Rome on the busi-\\nness of his order. Here he ascends\\nPilate s staircase on his knees with beg-\\ngars and peasants, pausing to weep and\\npray when a voice seems to cry within\\nhim, The just shall live by faith.\\n1512. He takes the degree of a doctor of\\ndivinity.]\\n1485* Rh. Prus. The Jews are ex-\\npelled from Cologne.\\n1502 John Diez (Tetzel) begins the\\nselling of absolutions. Tetzel s rates\\nwitchcraft, two ducats polygamy, six\\nmurder, eight sacrilege and perjury,\\nnine.\\n1511* It. A council is called at Pisa\\nby some of the cardinals, the French\\nking, and the emperor, to restrain the\\nambitious Pope, and reform religion.\\n[Its labors are fruitless.]\\n1512 Rome. A council is called at\\nthe Lateran palace, composed chiefly\\nof Italians, which condemns the council\\nof Pisa; Julius dies before the work is\\ncompleted.\\n1513 Rome. Leo X. becomes pope.\\n[He needs much money for artists, scholars,\\nthe splendor of his court, for building St.\\nPeter s, and as many allege, for the dowry\\nof his favorite sister; he attempts to obtain\\nmoney by a voluntary tax of the Germans,\\ncollected by the sale of absolutions.]\\nThe general state of religion is de-\\nplorable public worship is ceremonious\\nand heartless, sermons are often mere\\ntheological quibbles, warnings of purga-\\ntory, and expositions of the utility of in-\\ndulgences.\\nMany of the bishops are luxurious\\nand prodigal, and buy and sell sacred offices;\\npriests are indolent, unchaste; monks are\\nnumerous and indole.nl Hie lienedictinesare\\nwealthy and forgetful of their rules; the\\nmendicants add ignorance to lax observance\\nof rules; the Dominicans preside over the\\nterrible tribunal of the Inquisition.\\nLETTERS.\\n1450 Rh. Prus. The University of\\nTreves receives its charter.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0798.jp2"}, "799": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1450,** -1514,** 787\\n1450* *-55* *The earliest book\\nprinted with movable type, a Vul-\\ngate Bible, sot up by Gutenberg and\\nFust, appears at Mentz.\\n1451-53 Hermann von Sacksensheim\\nwrites Spiegel, Mohrin, and otber poems.\\n1455 Apr. 20. Baden. The Univer-\\nsity of Freiburg is cbartered by a papal\\nbull.\\n1456 May. 29. Pomerania. The Uni-\\nversity of Greifswald is established\\nby the bull of Pope Calixtus III.\\n1457 Bavaria. The Gazette appears\\nat Nuremberg it is the first newspaper\\nprinted from metal type.\\n1459 Apr. 7. Bavaria. The Univer-\\nsity of Ingolstadt receives a papal\\ncharter.\\n1460 Baden. The University of\\nFreiburg opens its first session.\\nHesse. The CathoLicon an attempt\\nat a Latin lexicon, by Friar Johannes\\nBalbus Januensis, is printed at Mentz.\\n1463* Hesse. Cicero de Officiis is\\nprinted by Fust at Mentz.\\n1472* Bavaria. The University of In-\\ngolstadt is founded.\\nAlbrecht von Eyb translates the\\nMenchsemi and Baccides of Plautus.\\nRh. Prus. The University of Treves\\nopens its first session.\\n1476 Nov. 9. Wurtemberg. The Uni-\\nversity of Tubingen receives a papal\\ncharter.\\nNov. 23. Hesse. The University of\\nMentz receives a papal charter.\\nThe German ballads appear, war-\\nsongs of Veit Weber.\\n1480 Theodorich Schemberg writes\\nhis play, Frau Jtitte.\\nBuch der Abenteuer, by Ulrich\\nFutrer, appears.\\n1483 The stories of Till Eulenspiegel\\nappear.\\nBavaria. A Bible in the German\\nlanguage is printed at Nuremberg.\\n1486 *De Tmitatione Christi, by Thomas\\na Kempis appears.\\n1494* skip of Fools, by Sebastian\\nBrandt, appears.\\n1498 Lubeck. Reynard the Fox, a\\nLow-German version of tbe Flemish poet\\nWillem s Rtinaert, by Hermann Bark-\\nhusen, appears.\\n1502 Feb. 2. Pr. Saxony. The Uni-\\nversity of Wittenberg is constituted\\na Studium generale in all the facul-\\nties by tbe papal legate.\\nJuly 6. Pr. Saxony. The University\\nof Wittenberg receives its charter from\\nMaximilian I. by imperial rather than\\npapal decree.\\nAmores, by Konrad Celtis, appears.\\n1505* Jacob Wimpfeling writes in\\nLatin the first history of Germany.\\nPr. Saxony. Martin Luther is made\\na master of arts and instructor at Er-\\nfurt.\\n1506 Mar. 15. Brandenburg. The\\nUniversity of Frankfort- on-the\\nOder is chartered by a papal bull.\\n[Oct. 16. It receives an imperial char-\\nter.]\\n1508 Pr. Saxony. Martin Luther\\nbecomes a professor in Wittenberg.\\n1512 Exorcism of Fools, by Thomas\\nMurner, appears.\\n1458\u00c2\u00b1 Leip sic becomes celebrated\\nfor its fairs.\\n1514-24 Bands of revolting peasants,\\ntermed the Bund, or league, of Poor\\nConrad, appear about 100,000 lives are\\nsacrificed the insurrection of the Ana-\\nbaptists is incited. (See State.)\\nSTATE.\\n1450 Frederick III. is forced to give\\nup portions of Austria to his brother\\nand cousins.\\n1452 Dec. 1. W. Prus. The emperor\\ndissolves the Prussian League. [Dec.\\n22. He is bribed with 5,400 gulden, and\\nagain recognizes the League.]\\n1453 Dec. 1. W. Prus. The bribes of\\nthe Teutonic order 80,000 gulden se-\\ncure a new order from the emperor for\\nthe immediate dissolution of the union\\nof Prussian estates.\\n1454* Wurtemberg. Esslingen puts\\nitself under the protection of Baden for\\n60 years to escape taxation in the league\\nof cities.\\n1455 W. Prus. Danzig is ceded to\\nPoland.\\n1457 Hungary and Bohemia elect na-\\ntive kings, whom Frederick is forced to\\nrecognize (p. 509).\\n1457-1525 E. Prus. Konigsberg is the\\nresidence of the Grand Masters of the\\nTeutonic Order.\\n1462* Vienna. The emperor be-\\nsieged, and delivered (p. 508).\\n1464 Saxony is divided between Al-\\nbert and Ernest, sons of Frederick II.\\nThus originate the Albertine and Er-\\nnestine lines. Albert receives Meissen\\nand the remaining parts of eastern Sax-\\nony and Ernest retains the electoral\\nduchy, Thuringia, half of Osterland, and\\nNaumberg.\\n1465 Bavaria. Albert XT. is duke.\\n1466 Oct. 19. W.Prus. The Teutonic\\nOrder is forced to conclude a treaty at\\nThorn ceding West Prussia to the crown\\nof Poland East Prussia is left with the\\norder.\\n1470 Brandenburg. Albert HE. be-\\ncomes margrave. [1476. John HX]\\n1474 May 9. Peter von Hagenbach,\\ngovernor of Burgundy, is beheaded.\\n1477 Aug. 19. Belg. Maximilian\\nmarries Mary of Burgundy at Ghent\\nhe thereby acquires for his House Bur-\\ngundy and the Netherlands.\\n1482* Brunswick. Frederick and\\nWilliam U. become dukes of Bruns-\\nwick-Wolfenbiittel. [Henry TH. and\\nEric in 1495.]\\nWurtemberg. Stuttgart is made the\\ncapital.\\n1485* Saxony. Dresden becomes the\\nresidence of the Saxon sovereigns.\\n1486-1525 Saxony. Frederick DX,\\nthe Wise, is duke of a part of Saxony;\\nhe is an imperial elector, and a cham-\\npion of the Reformation.\\n1486* Hesse-Nassau. Maximilian,\\nson of Frederick III., is elected King of\\nthe Romans by the Diet of Frankfort.\\nPrus. John 111, becomes an imperial\\nelector.\\n1488 Feb. Wurtemberg. The great\\nSwabian League is formed at Ess-\\nlingen, consisting of princes, nobles, and\\ntowns, for tbe establishment of peace.\\n1493 Aug. 14. Frederick IU. dies.\\n1493-1514 Maximilian I. reigns.\\nMaximilian I. is elected emperor of\\nthe Holy Roman Empire, and crowned\\nat Aix-la-Chapelle one of the best and\\nmost popular emperors.\\n1493 Aust. All the Austrian lands\\nare now in possession of Maximilian I.\\n1494 Wurtemberg is made a duchy\\nfor Duke Eberhard I.\\n1495 Aug. Rh. Prus. Imperial Diet\\nof Worms.\\nPublic and perpetual peace is pro-\\nclaimed the right of feud is abolished\\nunder the protection of the Swabian\\nLeague.\\nHesse-Nassau. Maximilian establishes\\nthe imperial chamber at Frankfort.\\n1498* Alsace. The first extensive con-\\nspiracy of the peasants is formed at\\nSchettstadt.\\nWiirtemberg. Ulric becomes duke.\\n1499 Prus. Joachim I. is elector.\\nSwitzerland, being practically in-\\ndependent, becomes gradually detached\\nfrom the empire.\\n1500 Saxony. George becomes elec-\\ntor of a part of the duchy.\\n1501 The Imperial Aulic Council\\nis established by Maximilian I. Ger-\\nmany is divided into six circles for the\\nadministration of justice (p. 509).\\n1504 It. Maximilian I. is forced to\\ninvest Louis XII. of France with the\\nduchy of Milan by treaty, for 200,000\\nfrancs.\\n1508 Maximilian I. goes to Italy to\\nbe crowned by the Pope Archbishop\\nLange of Salzburg takes the Pope s\\nplace.\\nMaximilian joins the League of\\nCambrai against Venice (p. 681).\\nBavaria. William I. becomes duke.\\n1511* The Pope withdraws from the\\nLeague of Cambrai, and enters the Holy\\nLeague with Venice and Ferdinand\\nagainst France.\\n1512 It. The French are driven out,\\nand Max Sforza is restored to the\\nducal throne of Milan.\\nThe Diet of Cologne increases the\\ndivisions of Germany to ten circles for\\nthe better maintenance of public peace.\\nThe ten circles include (1) Austria, (2) Ba-\\nvaria, (3) Swabia, (4) Franconia, (5) the\\nUpper Rhine, (6) the Lower Khine, or the\\nthree electorates of Mentz, Treves, and Co-\\nlogne, (7) Burgundy, Westphalia, (9)\\nLower Saxonv, (10l Upper Saxony; Bohe-\\nmia, Moravia, Silesia, laisalia, Prussia, and\\nSwitzerland are not included in the circles.\\n1513* Maximilian joins the Holy\\nLeague against France.\\n1514* Wurtemberg. The Poor Con-\\nrad conspiracy.\\nIt throws off the mask of a society for\\nthe amusement of peasants who suffer\\nfrom oppression of the lords. [July 31.\\nSuppressed.]\\nHenry IV. becomes duke of Bruns-\\nwick- Wolf enbiittel.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0799.jp2"}, "800": {"fulltext": "T88 1515, **-1527,**.\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1515* The revolting peasants attack\\ntlie fortresses of Maichau, take the no-\\nbles prisoners, and behead the two lords\\nof Mundorf\\n1521* *-26* *War in the Low\\nCountries.\\nFirst war of Charles V. with Francis\\nI. of France, in supporting his claims to\\nMilan and the duchy of Burgundy.\\n1522 Apr. 27. It. Battle of Bicocca\\n(p. 6S0).\\nAug. 27. Bh. Prus. The war of the\\nnobles begins against the oppression of\\nspiritual principalities it is conducted\\nby Baron Franz von Sickingen and Ul-\\nrich von Hutten. [1523. They are de-\\nfeated.]\\nBh. Prus. Sickingen vainly besieges\\nTreves. [1523. May Besieged and\\nkilled at Landatuhl.j\\n1523-24 It. Disastrous French inva-\\nsion under Seigneur de Bonnivert (p.\\n680).\\n1524-25 The Peasants War.\\nIt is occasioned by the oppression of\\nthe nobles and the clergy; terrible de-\\nvastation and outrages occur in Swabia\\nand Franconia. In Saxony it becomes a\\nreligious war.\\n(1525, Feb. 24.) Decisive battle of\\nPavia (p. 680).\\n(Apr. 18.) Wurtemberg. The peas-\\nants utterly defeat Count Louis Helfrich\\nat Weinsburg; The Revenge of\\nWeinsburg.\\nThuringia. Thomas Munzer,\\na preacher, leads 8,000 insurgent peas-\\nants against the nobility and clergy at\\nMuhlhausen.\\n(May Prus. The peasants besiege\\nFrauenburg. [May 15. Their assault is\\nrepulsed.]\\n(May 12.) Wiirtemberg. The peas-\\nants are defeated at Boblingen by the\\nSteward of the Swabian League.\\n(May 15.) Munzer is defeated at\\nFrankenhausen, and captured in flight.\\nMay 30. Executed.\\n(June 9.) Hesse-Nassau. F lorian\\nGeyer, leader of the Black Band, is\\nkilled near Vellburg.\\n(June 25.) Prus. Twenty-three thou-\\nsand peasants are defeated in Upper\\nSwabia by the Steward of the Swabian\\nLeague.\\n(July 2.) Prus. The peasants are\\ndefeated at Konigshof en by the Stew-\\nard of the Swabian League.\\n(July 3.) Ausf. The peasants sur-\\nprise and defeat the nobles near Salz-\\nburg, killing 3,000 men.\\nBattle of Muhlhausen. The\\nGerman princes defeat the peasants,\\n4,000 of whom are killed. The war ends\\nafter 130,000 lives have been lost in the\\nstruggle of the people against the\\nprinces.\\n1526 M. y*Aust. The Salzburg peas-\\nants besiege Eadstadt. [May 4. Mi-\\nchael Geismayer raises the siege.]\\nJuly 5. Aust. Geismayer escapes from\\nthe Leaguers at Iiadstadt by a retreat in\\nthe night, having disbanded the chief\\npart of the peasant army.\\n1526-32 Hung. War with the invad-\\ning Turks, who favor John Zapola (p.\\n508).\\nTransylvania. Zapola, aided by the\\nTurks, defeats the emperor and estab-\\nlishes his independence (pp. 508, 509).\\n1527 May 6. It. Rome is assaulted\\nand taken by Spanish and German mer-\\ncenaries (p. 680).\\n1527-29 Second war with Francis I.\\n(p. 680).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1516* Saxony. Encaustic painting\\nis introduced by Lukas Cranach.\\n1517 Bavaria. The matchlock\\nmusket is invented at Nuremberg.\\n1518* Bavaria. Fire-engines are\\nfirst made at Augsburg.\\n1520 Saxony. Lace-making is in-\\ntroduced into Annaberg by Barbara\\nUttlman.\\nPrus. Copernicus at Frauenburg de-\\nscribes attraction as an appetence or ap-\\npetite which the Creator impressed upon\\nall parts of matter.\\n1521 The musket is commonly em-\\nployed in the armies of the Emperor\\nCharles V.\\n1526 Hanover. Broiham, a kind of\\nbeer, is invented by Cord Broiham.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1519* Aurifaber, Johann, clergyman, pul-\\npit orator, editor, born.\\nMaximilian I., emperor, A60.\\nWoldgemuth, Mirhai.*!, painter, A85.\\n1520* Kaln-r, Basil, scholar, born.\\nFlacius, -Matthias (lllyricus), theologian, l\\n1521 Brandt, Sebastian, poet, A63.\\nMaurice. Elector ot Saxony, born.\\n1522* Chemnitz, Martin, theologian, born.\\nReuchlin, Jobann, philologist, Hellenist, H\u00c2\u00bb-\\nbraist, A67.\\nWaldseeniiiller, Marl in, compiler, A52+.\\n1523 Hutten, Cinch von, poet, theologian,\\nA35.\\nSickingen, Franz von, general, reform., A42.\\n1525 Frederick III., the Wise, Elec-\\ntor of Saxony, A62.\\n1536 Berg, Joachim von, philan., born.\\n1527 Froben, Johann, printer, A57.\\nMaximilian II., emperor, born.\\nOrtelius, or Oertel, Abraham, geographer, b.\\nCHURCH.\\n1516* Bavaria. Balthazar Hub-\\nmeyer, an Anabaptist, preaches to\\ngreat crowds in the cathedral at Ratis-\\nbon.\\n1517+ The Reformation begins and\\nrapidly advances.\\n(1517. Oct. 31.) Pr. Saxony. Martin\\nLuther nails to the church door at Wit-\\ntenberg his thesis containing 95 propo-\\nsitions.\\nHe condemns as wicked the traffic in\\nindulgences by which John Tetzel, a\\nDominican friar, the bishop s agent, col-\\nlected money, and all his accomplices\\nalso the doctrine which lay at the root\\nof the offense.\\nSylvester Prierias, the general\\nof the order of Dominican monks, James\\nHoogstrat of Cologne, and John Eckins\\nof Ingolstadt furiously assail Luther.\\nLuther writes modest letters to\\nthe Pope to show the justice of his cause.\\n(1518* Bavaria. Luther, sum-\\nmoned before the Diet of Augsburg, re-\\nfuses to abjure, but appeals to the\\nPope.\\n(Oct. Bavaria. Luther holds three\\ninterviews at Augsburg with Cajetan,\\nthe Pope s legate, who requires submis-\\nsion without argument.\\n(Nov Borne. The Pope issues a\\nbull condemning the attacks on indul-\\ngences. He asserts that hehusthepower\\nof delivering sinners from all punish-\\nments due to every sort of transgression.\\n(Nov. 25.) Pr. Saxony. Luther at\\nWittenberg appeals from the Pope to a\\ncouncil of the whole church.\\n(1519. Jan. Karl von Miltitz, the\\nPope s legate, prevails upon Luther to\\nwrite a very submissive letter to the\\nPope.\\n(Mar. 3.) Luther writes a letter to\\nthe Pope. He promises silence if the\\nsame be observed by his adversaries.\\nBorne. The Pope writes a kind\\nletter to Luther.\\n(Juke 26.-July 16.) Saxony. Luther\\nand his friend, Andrew Bodenstein of\\nCarlstadt, have a public disputation at\\nLeipsic with John Eck at Pleissenburg\\nCastle. The controversy takes a new\\nshape Luther attacks not only indul-\\ngences, but the authority of the church\\nand of the Pope.\\nPr. Saxony. Luther continues his\\npreaching, lecturing, and writing, at\\nWittenberg, gaining many thousands of\\nadherents.\\n(1520. June 26.) Pr. Saxony. Luther\\nissues an address to the German nobles.\\nHe attacks church corruption and the\\nauthority of the Pope, and advocates\\nGermany for the Germans, civil gov-\\nernment uncontrolled by ecclesiastics, a\\nmarried clergy, and a national system of\\neducation.\\n(July 15.) Borne. The Pope issues a\\nbull condemning 41 of Luther s tenets.\\nHe adjudges his writings to the dames,\\nand commands his submission, with sup-\\nplication of papal clemency, within 68\\ndays, on peril of being cast out of the\\nchurch.\\n(Oct. 6.) Pr. Saxony. Luther issues\\nhis work, the Babylonian Cajitivity of the\\nChurchy in which he argues that faith\\nalone is sufficient for salvation.\\n(Oct. 12.) Bh. Prus. The papal legate,\\nMiltitz, has another interview with\\nLuther, who expresses bis willingness to\\ntest the questions in dispute by appeal\\nto a council.\\n(Oct. Saxony. The Pope s bull\\nis published at Leipsic by John Eck, and\\nalso, posted up in the various German\\ntowns [where it is torn down by the\\nstudents].\\n(Dec. 10.) At Leipsic Luther publicly\\nburns the Pope s bull, with a copy of\\nthe canon law, thus signifying his with-\\ndrawal from the fioman Catholic\\nChurch.\\n(Dec. 17*) Saxony. Luther draws up\\na solemn protest at Leipsic, appealing\\nfrom the Pope to a council.\\n1518 Pr. Saxony. Philip Melanch-\\nthon becomes professor of Greek at Wit-\\ntenberg. [1519. Switz. Ulrich Zwingli\\ninaugurates the Preformation.]\\n1520 Bome t The Pope appeals to the\\nnew emperor, Charles V-, to crush the\\nreform movement Frederick of Sax-\\nony advises caution and a regard for\\nGerman laws it is resolved to summon\\nLuther to a Diet at Worms. [Mar. 6.\\nSummoned.]\\n1521 Jan. 28+.. The Diet of Worms.\\n(Jan. 2Sr) Hesse. The Diet is opened\\nby the emperor.\\nThe suggestion of the papal nuncio,\\nHieronymus Alexander, that Luther be\\ncondemned and punished without a\\nhearing, is rejected and a list of 100\\ngrievances of the German nation\\nagainst Rome is presented.\\n(Apr. 5.) Saxony. Luther starts from\\n.Wittenberg, though strongly advised not\\nto go.\\n(Apr. 16.) Hesse. Luther arrives at\\nWorms, and is met by more than 2,000\\npeople.\\n(Apr. 37.) Hesse. Luther appears\\nbefore the Diet.\\nThe distinguished assembly includes\\nthe emperor, the Archduke Ferdinand,\\nsix electors; 24 dukes, seven margraves,\\n30 bishops and prelates, and many\\nErinces, counts, lords, and ambassadors\\nuther acknowledges his writings and\\nopinions, and refuses to recant. Here\\nI stand; I cannot do otherwise. God\\nhelp me. Amen. The emperor despoti-\\ncally declares his purpose to proceed\\nagainst Luther as an open heretic.\\n(Apr. 20.) The Diet condemns\\nLuther, and places him under the ban\\nof the empire.\\n(Apr. 25.) Luther receives the impe-\\nrial order to leave Worms, proceed to", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0800.jp2"}, "801": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1515,* *-1527,\\n789\\nWittenberg, and cease to disturb people\\nby preaching or writing.\\n(Apr. 26.) Hesse. He rides out of\\nWorms accompanied by the imperial\\nherald and many Franconian knights.\\n[He is secretly hid in the castle of Wart-\\nburg.]\\nMelanchthon publishes Loci Com-\\nmunes, his principal theological work\\n[which passes through GO editions in his\\nlifetime, and greatly advances the Ref-\\normation].\\nThomas Miinzer [organizer of the\\nAnabaptist movement] becomes an evan-\\ngelical preacher.\\n1522* Saxony. Luther translates the\\nNew Testament into the popular tongue.\\nMar. Pr. Saxony Luther leaves the\\ncastle of Wartbiirg, and appears before\\nhis adherents at Wittenberg.\\nRome, Adrian VI. becomes pope.\\n[He reigns 13 months. 1523. Clement\\nVII.]\\nThe German princes, in the absence\\nof the emperor, demand a free council,\\nand pass a decree forbidding further in-\\nnovations in religion till the council\\nshould determine what ought to be\\ndone.\\n1524 Aust. Ferdinand of Austria is\\nhostile to the Reformation.\\nThe Reformation spreads in Prussia.\\nThe Emperor Charles joins in the\\nPope s demand for the execution of the\\ndecree of the Diet of Worms, which\\nthe princes engaged to enforce.\\nThe Reformation gains, strength\\ndaily throughout all Europe.\\nThe Sacrament controversy dis-\\nturbs the reformers.\\nLuther prepares the German Cate-\\nchism.\\nThe Anabaptists are active in Thu-\\nTingia.\\nBavaria. Hans Kock and Leonard\\nMeyster, the first martyrs of the Ref-\\normation, suffer death at Augsburg.\\n1525 May 5. Saxony. Frederick III.,\\nthe Wise, Elector of Saxony, Luther s\\npowerful friend, dies.\\nJune 11. Luther marries Katharina\\nvon Bora, an ex-nun.\\nBrandenburg. Albert of Branden-\\nburg;, grand-master of the Teutonic\\norder, renounces Catholicism, embraces\\nLutheranism, and is acknowledged\\nduke of East Prussia, a fief of Poland.\\nTkuringia. Thomas Munzer becomes\\npreacher in Muhlhausen.\\nHe makes himself master of the city,\\ndeposes the city council, and introduces\\na democratic communistic form of gov-\\nernment. (See Army.)\\nBavaria. Nuremberg is the first\\nImperial city to accept the Reformation.\\n1526* Saxony. The Alliance of\\nTorgau is formed by the Protestants.\\n(See State.)\\nJune 26- Aug. 27. Bavaria. A diet is\\nheld at Speyer.\\nIt grants the German princes the con-\\ntrol of religious matters in their own\\ndominious till a general council as-\\nsembles.\\n1527 Michael Setler, an Anabaptist,\\nformerly a monk, has his tongue cut\\nout, his flesh torn with red-hot pincers,\\nand his body finally burned.\\nThe Pope s war on the emperor\\nhelps the reformers cause.\\nKing Ferdinand declares death the\\npenalty for Anabaptism.\\nLETTERS.\\n1515* Pr. Saxony. Epistolse Obscuro-\\nritm virorum, a collection of 41 letters\\ndenouncing the ignorance and corrup-\\ntion of the clergy, the work of Ulrica\\nvon Hutten, C rot us Uubiunus, and other\\nscholars of the University of Erfurt,\\nappear. [1517. Epistolse Obscurorum\\nvirorum, second part.]\\n1517* Martin Luther s 95 Theses\\nagainst In i ut ge n res appear [1520, June\\nAddress to the Christian Nubility of the\\nGerman Nation on the Reformation of\\nChHstendom Oct.* The Babylonian Cap-\\ntivity of the Church 1521, Passional\\nChristiund Antichrist; 1522, Sept. 22,\\ntranslation of the New Testament; 1534,\\nOld Testment.]\\nHans Sachs writes his first carnival\\n.play.\\nTheuerdank, by Melchior Pfinzig, ap-\\npears.\\n1517-21 Hutten writes Teh hab s gewagt\\nwit Sinnen, Dialogi, and several songs\\nand dialogues.\\n1520 Eccius dedolatus, by Willibald\\nPirkheimer, appears.\\n1521 Funfzehn Bundgenossen, essays\\non the Reform movement, by Eberlm\\nvon Gunsberg, appears.\\nREVIVAL OF LEARNING.\\n1522 The Great Lutheran 7 Y o/,asatire\\non the Reformation, by Thomas Murner,\\nappears.\\nJesting and Seriousness, a collection\\nof medieval anecdotes, by Johannes\\nPauli, appears.\\n1522-23 Luther writes Contra Henri-\\ncum regem Angiise, and more than 200\\nother treatises. [1530, Aesop s Fables.]\\n1523* Wittenberg Nightingale, a de-\\nfense of Luther, by Han s Sachs, appears.\\n[1524, Dialogues; 1527, Lucretia.\\n1524 Luther, in conjunction with his\\nfriend Walther, issues a collection of\\npoems for choral singing.\\n1526 Bavaria. The Gymnasium iEi-\\ndianum of Nuremberg, the precursor of\\nAltdorf University, is founded.\\n1527 May 30. Hesse-Nassau. Mar-\\nburg University, the first Protestant\\nuniversity in Germany, is founded\\nby Philip the Magnanimous.\\nA German translation of the New\\nTestament, by Hieronymus Einser, ap-\\npears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1525 The peasantry revolt under\\nThomas Munzer. (See Church.)\\nThe Grand Master of the Teutonic\\nOrder is made a prince of the empire,\\nand the order much weakened.\\nSTATE.\\n1515-1798 Alsace. Muhlhausen is in\\nclose alliance with the Swiss Confedera-\\ntion. [1798. It is annexed to the French\\nRepublic. 1871. Annexed to Germany,\\nwith Alsace-Lorraine.]\\nEastern Friesland submits to the\\nemperor.\\n1519 Jan. 12. Aust. The Emperor\\nMaximilian I. dies at Wels Francis I.\\nof France and Charles I. of Spain become\\ncompetitors for the empire.\\nJuly 29. Charles, son of the archduke\\nPhilip of Austria, and grandson of Max-\\nimilian I. and Mary, Duchess of Bur-\\ngundy, is elected emperor.\\n1519-56 Charles V. reigns.\\n1520 Oct. 22. Rh.Prus. The emperor\\nvisits Germany for the first time, and ar-\\nrives from Spain at Aix-la-Chapelle\\nfor coronation.\\n[Apr. 28. The Diet opens. Later,\\nLuther is condemned.]\\nMay 8. The young emperor makes a\\nsecret treaty with the Pope, agreeing to\\nhave the same friends and the same\\nenemies.\\nBrandenburg incorporates a large\\npart of the possessions of the Teutonic\\nKnights.\\nThe archduke Ferdinand of Austria,\\nthe emperor s brother, marries Anne,\\nsister of Louis, thus bringing Bohemia\\nand Hungary to the House of Haps-\\nburg.\\n1522 Prus. Franz von Siekingen\\nbecomes the head of a league for the\\nforcible introduction of the Reforma-\\ntion and the overthrow of the bishops\\nand princes.\\n1523 Mecklenburg The Landes-\\nUnion of prelates, nobility, and burgh-\\ners is formed.\\n1524 Aug. 24. Saxony. The 12 arti-\\ncles of Muhlhausen are drawn up by\\nHenry Pfeiffer, defining the rights of the\\npeasants as being the true rights of man\\nin a constitutional state.\\nBavaria. A Roman Catholic\\nLeague is formed at Ratisbon to ex-\\nterminate Lutheranism.\\nFerdinand of Austria, entrusted with\\nthe Hapsburg lands in Germany, at the\\ninstigation of the papal legate Campeg-\\ngio, enters an alliance to oppose the\\nreligious changes.\\n1525-1618 E.Prus. Konigsberg is the\\nresidence of the dukes.\\nAust. A popular uprising of the\\npeasants against the nobles occurs in\\nSwabia and Franconia a great struggle\\nends in failure.\\nApr. 17. Baden. The treaty of Wein-\\ngarten is signed by the Steward of the\\nSwabian League with the armed peas-\\nants whose leaders are bribed.\\nSept. 1. Aust. The Salzburg peasants\\nenter a compact with Cardinal-Arch-\\nbishop Lange.\\nThe cause of the people against the\\nprinces is everywhere defeated, and the\\nnobles are jubilant.\\nE. Prus. Albert of Brandenburg,\\nGrand-Master of the Teutonic Order,\\nhaving freed the land from the suprem-\\nacy of the Poles, renounces the Roman\\nCatholic religion, embraces Lutheran-\\nism, and makes the land a temporal\\ndukedom for himself, to be held as fief\\nof Poland.\\nSaxony. John becomes elector of a\\npart of Saxony.\\n1526 Jan. 14. Sp. The Peace of\\nMadrid (p. 681).\\nCharles V. marries Isabella of Portu-\\ngal.\\nPr. Saxony. An alliance is formed\\nat Torgau by Saxony, Hesse, and other\\nProtestant powers against the Roman\\nCatholic Church.\\n1527-29 The concessions of the Peace of\\nMadrid being forced, and therefore in-\\nvalid, Francis renews the war with\\nCharles V.\\nAn alliance is formed at Cognac against\\nthe emperor Francis, the Pope, Venice,\\nand Francisco Sforza unite against him.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0801.jp2"}, "802": {"fulltext": "790 1527,**-1548,\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1527* *The Pope unites with the\\nFrench, and Venetians against Charles\\nV.\\n1529 The Turks invade Germany\\n(p. 510).\\nIt. The French army is driven out\\nof Italy by the plague.\\n1534 Easter. Westphalia. The Ana-\\nbaptists, led by John of Leyden(Bockel-\\nson), seize Minister, and behead their\\nopponents.\\n1535 June 25. Westphalia. Miinster\\nis carried by storm after a siege of 14\\nmonths, by the bishop and neighboring\\nprinces; the Anabaptists are utterly\\ndefeated.\\n*The emperor sends an expedition\\nagainst Tunis; the city is taken, the\\npirates subdued, and the Christian slaves\\nare liberated.\\n1536-38 It. The third war between\\nthe emperor and Francis I.\\nAfter the death of Francesco Sforza II.\\nwithout issue, Francis I. claims the duchy\\nof Milan, and Charles resists. Charles in-\\nvades Provence; and Francis enters Savoy\\nand Piedmont, and tinds an ally in Solyman\\nII. the Turk, who appears in Hungary, and\\nsends his fleets to ravage the coast of Italy;\\nit ends by the truce of Nice (p. 680).\\n1541* Unsuccessful expedition\\nagainst the pirates of Algiers (p. 8).\\n1542-44 The fourth war between the\\nemperor and Francis I. Charles V.\\ngathers an army of 32,000 infantry and\\n8,000 cavalry.\\n1543 The allied Turkish and French\\nfleets bombard and pillage Nice.\\n1544* Charles V. finds an ally in\\nHenry VIII. of England, and subdues\\nthe Duke of Cleves.\\n1546\u00c2\u00b1 War with Protestants.\\nJune 26. War occurs between the em-\\nperor and the Protestant princes united\\nin the League if Sehmalkald its leaders\\nare John Frederick, Elector of Saxony,\\nand Philip, Landgrave of Hesse.\\nDec. Saxony. The Elector of Saxony,\\nat the he;td of 20.000 men, completes the\\nexpulsion of the Imperialists under his\\ncousin Maurice.\\nThe allies conduct the war with ir-\\nresolution in Northern Germany, and\\nfinally the elector and landgrave retire\\neach to his own land.\\nThe emperor places a Spanish garri-\\nson in the cities that submit.\\nJohn Frederick reconquers his elec-\\ntorate from Maurice of Saxony.\\n1547 Apr. 24. Pr. Saxony. Battle of\\nMiihlberg.\\nCharles V. defeats the Protestants,\\nand takes prisoner the Elector of Sax-\\nony.\\nPhilip of Hesse throws himself on\\nthe mercy of Charles, and is detained a\\nprisoner in violation of pledges.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1530+ Brunswick, The spinning-\\nwheel is invented by Jiirgem at Wolfen-\\nbuttel.\\nSaxony. The first mineral system is\\nlaid down by Georg Agricola.\\n1532 Bavaria. A striking machine\\nram is invented by Weber at Nurem-\\n1533 Bavaria. Brass is made from\\ncopper and zinc byElner at Nuremberg.\\n1540 Bavaria. The padlock is in-\\nvented by Beecher at Nuremberg.\\nPrus. The first meridional instru-\\nment is invented by Copernicus.\\n1543 Prus. The Copernican sys-\\ntem of astronomy is published.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1528 Andrea, Jakob, Lutheran theol., b.\\nDurer, Albert, painter, engraver, A67.\\nLotich, Peter, poet, born.\\n1530* Chytraus, David K., schol., theol., b.\\nMargaret of Austria, daughter of Maxuud-\\nian I. and Mary of Burgundy, A50.\\n1531* (.IV I;uii) ;i.i1;uk, -loliannes, reformer,\\nA48.\\n1533 Xylander, Wilhehn, classical schol-\\nar, translator, born.\\n1533 Caselius, Johannes, philol., wr., b.\\n1534* *Aventinus, Johannes, Bavarian\\nhistorian, AK8.\\nCamerarius, .loaehim, botanist, born.\\nUrsinus, Zaeharias, el., controversialist, b.\\n1535* Agnppa, Mcinrieh C, physician, the-\\nologian, writer, A 49.\\nZasius, Ulric, jurist, A74.\\n1536* Kiiippcriiollme, r.ernhard, fanat.,d.\\nMurner, Thomas, satirist, controver., A6I.\\n1537* Clavius, Ohristoph, Jesuit, math.,b,\\n1538* Altdorfer, Albrecht, painter, en-\\ngraver, A50.\\nFaust, Johann, necromancer, A58.\\n1540* Alberti, Salomon, anatomist, born.\\nBeham, IJaitlioloinaus. painter, engr., A44.\\nScapula, John, philologist, born.\\n1541 Oipito, Wolfgang F., theologian, re-\\nformer, A 6 1.\\nCarlstadt, Andreas, reformer, A58.\\nFaber, Johann, Dominican monk, theolo-\\ngian, adversary of Luther, A66.\\n1543* Copernicus, Nicholas, astrono-\\nmer A70.\\nEck, or Eckins, Johann M. von, theol., A57.\\nHolbein, Hans, pander, A46.\\n1545 Albert, arehbp. of .Magdeburg, A56.\\nFischart, Johann, satirist, born.\\n1546 Don Juan, or John, of Austria, gen-\\neral, statesman, born.\\nLuther, Martin, leader German Reforma-\\ntion, A63.\\n1547* Frischlin, Nicodemus, phdologist,\\npoet, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1527 Prus. The Reformation flour-\\nishes.\\n1528 Mar. 10. Aust. Balthazar Hub-\\nmeyer, Anabaptist, having been taken\\nto Vienna, is burned.\\nWiirtemberg. Leonard Schoener, an\\nAnabaptist, formerly a barefooted\\nmonk, is beheaded and. burned at Rot-\\nten burg.\\n1529 Mar. 13-Apr. 22. Bavaria. A\\nDiet is held at Speyer.\\nThe Catholics, being in the majority,\\ndeclare that the doctrines of Luther\\nmust not be spread the minority,\\nheaded by the Elector of Saxony, the\\nLandgrave of Hesse, and Melanchthon,\\nprotest against this decision. [Hence\\nthey receive the name PROTES-\\nTANTS.] The Diet ordains the pun-\\nishment of death for Anabaptists.\\n(See State.)\\nOct. Prus. Luther and Zwingli, and\\nother Swiss reformers who hold to a\\nfree interpretation of the Bible, have a\\nfruitless conference for union at Mar-\\nburg.\\nHesse. At Alzei 350 Anabaptists are\\nexecuted as fast as the executioner can\\nput them to death.\\n1530 June 20-Nov. Bavaria. ADiet\\nis held at Augsburg.\\n(June 20.) It meets at the call (Apr. 3) of\\nthe emperor to hear the reasons advanced\\nby the reformers for breaking away from the\\nCatholic Church. A statement of their doc-\\ntrines, drawn up by Luther, Melanchthon,\\nand other reformers, and called The Confes-\\nsion of Augsburg, is read (June 25) by Chris-\\ntian Bayer [and becomes the reformers*\\nstandard of doctrine]; the Diet breaks up\\nwith the decision that the Protestants should\\nhave till the following spring to consider\\nwhether they should return to the Catholic\\nChurch, or, being obstinate, measures shall\\nbe taken for their extermination. See State.)\\n1531 Feb. 27. The Alliance of\\nSehmalkald is formed.\\nIt is a defensive alliance, composed of\\nnine Protestant princes and 11 imperial\\ncities, who unite for protection against\\nthe edict of Augsburg. [Later five other\\nprinces and 10 imperial cities join the\\nleague.]\\nSicke Snyde, an Anabaptist, is be-\\nheaded.\\nOct. 11. Stvits. Huldreich Zwingli\\nfalls in the battle of Kappel.\\n1532-35 Westphalia. The Anabaptists\\nattempt to establish a theocracy.\\nFanatical persons announce a commis-\\nsion to set up a holy empire on the\\nruins of all human institutions, and place\\nJohn Bockhold a tailor of Leyden, at\\nthe head of their new commonwealth in\\nthe city of Miinster.\\n(1534. Feb. They drive out of\\nMiinster the bishop, Count Waldeck,\\ntogether with all other evangelical or\\nRoman Catholic opponents.\\n(Apr. Count Waldeck lays siege to\\nthe city.\\n(Apr.*) The fanatic Mathieson\\nmakes a sally from Miinster with 30-\\nfollowers, but is annihilated.\\n(1535. June 24.) The Anabaptists\\nsurrender Miinster to Count Waldeck.\\n(1536. Jan. Bockhold and other\\nAnabaptists are cruelly tortured and\\nexecuted at Miinster.\\n1534 Rome. Paul III. becomes pope.\\n1535 Fr. John Calvin is exiled be-\\ncause of his religion, nml goes to Basel,\\nSwitzerland. [153U-38. He abides in Ge-\\nneva. 1538-41. He abides in Strasburg.}\\n*The emperor issues an edict against\\nthe Anabaptists.\\n1536 The empire is about equally\\ndivided between Catholics and Protes-\\ntants.\\n1537 Menno Simons, formerly a\\nCatholic priest, becomes a teacher and\\nleader.of the Anabaptists. [His followers\\nare known as Mennonites.]\\n1539 Tiaeart Keynerts is put to-\\ndeath for sheltering and refusing to re-\\nveal the hiding-place of Menno, his\\nbrother.\\n1540 Rome. The Pope approves of\\nthe establishment of the Society or\\nCompany of Jesus by Ignatius Loy-\\nola, who proposes the conversion of in-\\nfidels and the checking of Protestantism.\\nA sect of Lutherans called Ubiqua-\\nrians, teaching that the natural body of\\nChrist is everywhere, is founded by\\nBrentius.\\n1541-64 Switz. John Calvin is head\\nof the state in Geneva, where he intro-\\nduces the Reformation, from whence it\\nspreads to France and Scotland.\\n1541 Bavaria. A Diet is held at\\nRatisbon for uniting the Protestants\\nto the Church of Rome.\\nMelanchthon and John Eckius and\\nothers discuss without agreement the 23\\narticles of faith drawn up by the Prot-\\nestants. The emperor orders the con-\\ntroversy to be referred to a general\\ncouncil, the Protestants in the meantime\\nbeing allowed to retain their religion.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0802.jp2"}, "803": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1527, **-1548,**. 791\\n1542 Saxony. The first consistory\\nfor regulating ecclesiastical discipline\\nand worship in the churches is estab-\\nlished at Wittenberg.\\n1545 Dec. 13-63 Aust. The Coun-\\ncil of Trent meets (p. 510).\\n1546 Jan. 17. Saxony. Martin Lu-\\nther preaches his final sermon at Witten-\\nberg. [Feb. 18. He dies at Eisleben,\\nhis native town.]\\nBavaria. A second diet is held at\\nRatisbon.\\nNone of the Protestant princes being\\npresent, the Catholic majority resolves\\nto abide by the decision of the Council\\nof Trent.\\nJuly 20. The Emperor places the Pro-\\ntestant Confederates under the ban of\\nthe Empire. [They declare war.]\\nJuly 26. The Emperor and Pope Paul\\nIII. enter into a secret league against\\nthe Protestants.\\n1547 Protestantism is apparently\\nruined by the success of Charles V.\\n1548 May 15. Bavaria. The Interim\\nof Augsburg.\\nA compromise composed of 26 articles\\nof faith, for uniting the Catholics and\\nProtestants, is drawn up by order of the\\nEmperor. [It is rejected by both parties.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1527 Fables, in imitation of JEsop, by\\nBurkard Waldis, appears. [1548, JEsop s\\n-Fables.]\\n1528 Proverbs, by Johann Agricola,\\nappears. [1537, Johann Huss^]\\n1531* A Universal History, by Sebas-\\ntian Franck, appears. [1532, Proverbs;\\n1534, A History of the People of Ger-\\nmany,\\n1532 Susanna, by SixtBirck, appears.\\n1533-39 Fiersbras, HaimonsJcinder, Kai-\\nser Octavianus, Dieschone Magelone y and\\nRitter Galmy, appear they are among\\nthe first German novels.\\n1534 A translation of the Bible, by\\nJohann Dietenberger, appears.\\n1537 A translation of the Bible t by\\nJohann Eck, appears.\\n1538 Pammachius, by Thomas Nao-\\n?eorg, appears. [1540, Mercator; 1541,\\nncendia; 1543, He /nanus 1551, Hiere-\\nmias; 1552, Judas Iscariotes.\\\\\\n1540 Verlorner Sohn, by Jorg Wick-\\nram, appears. [1550, Tobias; 1551, Ga-\\nbriottounrf Hi inliurd 15, 4, Knabenspiegel\\nand Goldfaden 1555, Rollivagenbuchlein\\n1556, Guie und bose Nachbarn.~\\\\\\n1543* Bavaria. Copernicus publishes\\natNuremberg his Revolution of the Heav-\\nenly Bodies, and revives the true doc-\\ntrine of the planetary bodies, and lays\\nthe foundation of modern astronomy.\\n1544 Aug. 17. E.Prus. The Lu-\\ntheran University of Konigsberg is\\nfounded by Albert III., Margrave of\\nBrandenburg.\\nHofteufel, by Johann Chryseus, ap-\\npears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1529 The sweating sickness afflicts\\nNorth Germany.\\nThe Levelers appear.\\nThey are fanatics headed by Muncer\\nand Storck, who teach that all distinc-\\ntions of rank are usurpations on the\\nrights of mankind. Muncer, with a\\nforce of 40,000 men, commands the sov-\\nereign princes of Germany and the\\nmagistrates of cities to resign their\\nauthority.\\nSTATE.\\n1529 Mar. 13+. Bavaria. The second\\nDiet of Speyer meets for the settlement\\nof the disturbances of the Empire.\\nThe recent victories of the Emperor\\nCharles V. in Italy and Ferdinand [the\\nKing of the Romans] make the Catholic\\nparty more aggressive, and decide on a\\nmore strict execution of the decree of\\nthe Diet of Worms.\\n(Apr. 19.) The minority in the Diet\\nof Speyer favoring the Reformation\\nthe Elector of Saxony, the princes of\\nHesse, LUneberg, Anhalt, Brandenburg,\\nand 14 imperial cities present a pro-\\ntest. (See Church.)\\nAug. 5. Fr. The Peace of Cambrai.\\n(p. 6S1).\\n1529-32 War with the Turks.\\nThe Hungarians are divided into two\\nparties, each seeking the vacant king-\\nship, one under Ferdinand, brother of\\nthe emperor, and the other under John\\nZapolya, who is aided by the Turks.\\n1530 It. Charles V. is crowned\\nemperor at Bologna by the Pope the\\nlast of the German emperors crowned by\\nthe pontiff.\\nAug. 7. Bavaria. Diet of Augsburg.\\nThe Landgrave of Hesse leaves the\\nDiet of Augsburg after the emperor has\\ndemanded submission and threatened\\nthe Protestants, to prepare for defense.\\n[The Catholic party assumes a gentler\\ntone.]\\n(Sept. 23.) The Protestant princes\\ndeclare that they cannot conform to\\nthe emperor s demand, as it is contrary\\nto their consciences they leave the city\\nat noon their representatives remain.\\n(Oct. 17.) Sixteen free cities have now\\nunited in a refusal to pay the Turk-\\nish tax unless they are assured of a\\ngeneral peace in their own country.\\n(Nov. 11.) The decision of the Diet\\nis again read to the members the Prot-\\nestants object that the emperor has no\\nright to give orders in matters of faith,\\nand leave the city.\\n(Nov. 19.) The decision of the Diet\\nagainst Protestants is proclaimed the\\nDiet adjourns.\\n1531 Feb. 27. Hesse-N assau. Nine\\nProtestant princes and 11 imperial cities\\nenter the League of Schmalkald.\\nIt is a defensive alliance against the\\nemperor for nine years in his attack upon\\nreligion. [Later five other princes join,\\nalso 10 other imperial cities.]\\nThe Elector of Saxony and the Land-\\ngrave of Hesse are appointed its chiefs.\\nThe Emperor causes his brother Ferdi-\\nnand of Austria to be elected King of\\nthe Romans, and to be crowned at\\nAachen [Aix-la-Chapelle] the Elector\\nof Saxony protests in the name of the\\nProtestants.\\n1532-47 Saxony. John Frederick\\nThe Magnanimous is duke.\\nHe is defeated in the Schmalkald war,\\nand captured by the emperor Charles V.,\\nwho compels him to sign the capitulation\\nof Wittenberg, by which the electorate\\nand various territories are transferred\\nto Maurice, of the Albertine line.\\nJuly 23. Bavaria. The religious Peace\\nof Nuremberg is signed.\\nThe Turks and their French allies\\nthreatening war, it is deemed prudent\\nto revoke the edict of Augsburg, sus-\\npend all processes, and permit freedom\\nof worship to the Protestants, until the\\nmeeting of a new council to be held\\nwithin a year.\\n1534 The Protestants consent to rec-\\nognize Ferdinand as King of the Ro-\\nmans on condition that he renounces his\\nclaim on Wurtemberg, which had been\\ngiven him by the emperor.\\n1535 Brandenburg Joachim II. be-\\ncomes margrave.\\n1536+ Difficulty with France. (See\\nArmy.)\\n1538 June 18. Fr. The Council of\\nNice assembles.\\nThe Pope, emperor, and King of France\\nmeet. Peace is concluded for 10 years\\non the basis of present possession.\\n1539 Saxony. Henry becomes elec-\\ntor of a part of Saxony. [1541. Mau-\\nrice.]\\n1542* *-44* The fourth war be-\\ntween the emperor and Francis I. occurs.\\nIt is caused by the investiture of Phil-\\nip, son of Charles, with Milan its pre-\\ntext is the killing at Milan of two secret\\nagents sent there by Francis to Solyman\\nthe Turk, who, with the Duke of Cleves,\\nbecomes the ally of the French.\\n1544 Sept. 18. The Peace of Crespy.\\nThe difficulty between the emperor\\nand Francis is settled by the proposed\\nmarriage of the Duke of Orleans to a\\nprincess of the imperial family, who will\\nreceive Milan. [The duke dies, and the\\nemperor retains Milan, but ivesitnom-\\ninally to his son Philip as a fief.] (P. 681.)\\nA truce of five years is signed with\\nthe Turks, and the emperor turns towards\\nthe Protestants.\\nThe emperor prepares for a struggle\\nwith Francis I. in Italy.\\nThe crown of France disputes with the\\nHouse of Hapsburg for possession of\\nMilan, Piedmont, Naples, Flanders, and\\nArtois.\\ngious war.\\nJune 26. The emperor makes an alli-\\nance with Pope Paul for a religious war.\\nHe pledges himself to compel the\\nsubmission of the Protestant princes\\nto the Holy See, the Pope having prom-\\nised 200,000 scudi for the expenses of the\\nwar, and 12,000 foot and 500 horse.\\nJuly 4. Pome. T he Pope astonishes\\nthe Protestants by announcing his alli-\\nance with the emperor (June 26) for a\\nnew crusade to extirpate heresy.\\nJuly 20. Charles places the Protestant\\nleaders under the ban of the empire.\\nJuly 29. Pome. The Pope announces a\\nsentence of outlawry against the Protes-\\ntant leaders, the Elector of Saxony\\nand the Landgrave of Hesse. [The\\nProtestants prepare for war.]\\n1547 Altenburg is assigned to the\\nErnestine line of the House of Saxony.\\nBavaria. The emperor holds a Diet at\\nAugsburg.\\n1548 Mar. 15. Bavaria. Charles V.\\npublishes an imperial decree from Augs-\\nburg, how religion and church prop-\\nerty were to be treated till the decision\\nof a general council called the In-\\nterim Law. [It is disregarded by most\\nof the Protestant princes.]\\nSaxony. Duke Maurice of the Al-\\nbertine line is made elector in place of\\nJohn Frederick the Protestant; he sus-\\ntains the emperor the Ernestine line\\nretains Weimar, Jena, Eisenach Gotha,\\netc.\\nEven the Catholic princes are alarmed\\nat the success and domination of\\nCharles V.\\nPr. Saxony. Magdeburg is placed\\nunder the ban of the empire.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0803.jp2"}, "804": {"fulltext": "792 1549,** -161 2,\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1550-51 Pr. Saxony. Magdeburg is\\nbesieged and taken by Maurice of Sax-\\nony.\\n1552-56 Ft, War between Henry II.\\nof France and the emperor.\\nMaurice of Saxony with an army\\nsuddenly marches southward, captures\\nAugsburg, is repelled at Ulm, hastens to\\nAllgau, defeats Imperialists posted at\\nReiti, and forces the Pass of Ehrenberg,\\nopening the road to Innsbruck, nearly\\ncaptures the emperor, who flees secretly\\nin disguise.\\nOct. 31-53 Jan. 15. Lorraine. Metz\\nis successfully defended by the Duke of\\nGuise (p. 682).\\n1553 July 9. Prus. Maurice of Sax-\\nony defeats the predatory Albert,\\nMargrave of Brandenburg-* ulmbach,at\\nSievershausen, but is mortally wounded.\\n[Henry, Duke of Brunswick, continues\\nthe war.]\\nOct. 18 Fr. Terouanne surrenders to\\nthe Imperialists after a siege.\\n1560 Hung. Constant war prevails.\\n[1564. King Ferdinand is finally forced\\nto abandon Hungary in great part to the\\nTurks. 1566. A truce.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1550 Bavaria. The sextant, con-\\ntaining 60 degrees of the sixth part of a\\ncircle, is invented by Tycho Brahe at\\nAugsburg.\\nSaxony. The madder is cultivated.\\n1557 Saxony. The first treatise on\\nthe art of surveying is published by\\nAgricola.\\n1560 Bavaria. A press for stamp-\\ning leather is invented by Hans Lob-\\nstnger at Nuremberg; also an air-gun.\\n16th Century. Germany is visited by a\\nband of English comedians, who\\ntravel about, acting in their own lan-\\nguage.\\n1561 Hesse-Nassau. The first observa-\\ntory is established at Cassel.\\n1565 Veneer-mills are invented by\\nKeener at Augsburg.\\n1580* Saxony. Serpentine is first\\nworked by Brendel.\\n1594* Aust. Johann Kepler studies\\nthe planets.\\n1597 Bohemia. Kepler joins Tycho.\\n1598 Aust. Kepler first satisfactorily\\nexplains the theory of the tides.\\n1599 Aust. Kepler s Eudolphine\\ntables are begun.\\n1602 Hesse. The measuring- com-\\npass is invented by Jost Bing.\\n1603 Bavaria. The pantagraph, an\\ninstrument for copying, reducing, or en-\\nlarging plans, is invented by Christopher\\nScheiner.\\n*The areometer is used for determin-\\ning the density of cold water.\\n1609 Kepler s first two laws con-\\ncerning planetary motions appear. [1618.\\nBohemia. Kepler s third law.]\\n1611 Bohemia. Kepler makes a tele-\\nscope.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1550 Baldung, Hans, artist, A80.\\nBeham, Huns S., iTiuraver, A50.\\nFagius, Paul, reformer, A46.\\n1551 Apian, Peter, math., astron., A56.\\nBucer, Martin, reformer, A60.\\n1552 Cochlaus, Johann, R. C. theol., A73.\\nGaultier, Leonhard, t-nyraver, born.\\nOsiander, Andreas, reformer, A54.\\nRudolph II., emperor, born.\\n1553 Agricola, Georg, mineralogist, AG3.\\nAlber, Erasmus, preacher, poet, dies.\\nCranaeh, or Kranach, Lucas von, painter,\\nengraver, A81.\\nMaurice, Elector of Saxony, A32.\\n1555 Arm], Johann, Lutheran cl., au., b.\\n1556 Calvisius, Seihus, chronologist, b.\\nFriedland, Valentin, educator, A66.\\nPellican, Conrad, scholar, reformer, Bibli-\\ncal critic, A78.\\nSleidan, Johann, historian, A50.\\n1558* Huuenlia cn, Johann, reformer, A73.\\nCharles I. (V.), K. of Spain, Emp.Ger., A58.\\n1559* Aurifaber, Andreas G., physician,\\nteacher, A47.\\nBurgkniair, Hans, painter, A86.\\nTilly, Count of. Johann Tsi- irlaes, gen., b.\\n1560* Albertinus. /F.^idins, satirist, born.\\nAquila, Casper, theologian, A71.\\nLotich, Peter, poet, A32.\\nMelanchthon, Pbilip. reformer, A63.\\nSchwenekfeld, Kaspar, religionist, A70.\\n1561 Menno Simons, reformer, foundei\\nMennonites, A65.\\n1562* Berliefiiimrn, Gotz, or Gottfried von,\\nsoldier, A82.\\n1564 Althammer, Andreas, reformer, A66.\\nBuxtorf, Johann, Hehraist, born.\\nFerdinand I., emperor, A61.\\n1565* Amsdurf, N ikolaus von, reformer,\\nA82.\\n1566* Agricola, Johann, reformer, founder\\nof Antinomians, A76.\\nFuchs, or Euchsins, Leonhard von, bot., A65.\\nSigisnmnd 111., King of Poland, born.\\n1567 Acidaliiis, Valens. scholar, born.\\n1568 Albert, first Duke of Prussia, A78.\\nAurifaber, Johann, Lutheran cl., A51.\\nChristian, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, gen-\\neral, born.\\n1569 Eber, Paul, cl., Hebraist, A58.\\nVorstius, Conrad, cl., controversialist, born.\\n1571 Kepler, Johann, astronomer, born.\\nPraHorius, Michael, composer, born.\\n1573* Bayer, Johann, pul. ora., astron., b.\\n1 5 74 Camerarius, Joachim, classical\\nscholar, A74.\\nElsbeimer, Adam, painter, born.\\nGonthier, Johann, physician, Hellenist, A87.\\n1575 Aurifaber, Johann, cl., ora.,ed., A56.\\nBohme, or Bohm, Jakob, mystic, born.\\nFaber, Basil, scholar, A 55.\\nFlacius Matthias Illyricus), theol., A55.\\n1576 Maximilian II.. emperor, A49.\\nSachs. Hans, shoemaker, poet, A82.\\nScioppiiis, Caspar, scholar, born.\\nXy lander, Willielm, class, schol., trans., A44.\\n1577* Ferdinand of Bavaria, archbishop\\nof Cologne, prince-bishop of Liege and\\nMinister, born.\\nKirsten, refer, physician, orientalist, born.\\nVossius, or Voss, Gerard J., philoL, au., b.\\n1578 Don Juan, or John of Austria, gen-\\neral, statesman, A32.\\nFerdinand II., emperor, born.\\n1579* Kilian, Lucas, engraver, born.\\nLudwig, Prince of Anhalt-Coethen, classical\\nscholar, soldier, born.\\n1580* Oliver, Philipp, linguist, geog., b.\\n1581 Arnheim, Johann G. von, diploma-\\ntist, general, born.\\nllelvicus, t hrislophcr, philol., chronolo., b.\\n1583* Alting, Heinrich, Calvinistic theo-\\nlogical writer, born.\\nLufft, Hans, printer, bookseller, A88.\\nUrsinus, Zacharias, cl., controversialist, A 49.\\nWallenstein, Count of, Albrecht Eusebius\\nvon, general, born.\\n1585 Mansfeld, Count, Ernest, gen., b.\\n1586 Andrea, Johann von, satirist, born.\\nCalixtns, GeorgLus, Lutheran cler., au., b.\\nChemnitz, Martin, theologian, A64.\\n1587 Jung, Joachim, philosopher, born.\\nReinesius, Thomas, phvsieian, philologist, b.\\n1588 Alsted, Johann IL, author, born.\\n1589* Sturm, Johann, classical scholar,\\n1590 Andrea, Jakob, Luth. theol,, A62.\\nFischart, Johann, satirist, A45.\\nFrischlin, Jucodenms, philol. poet, A43.\\n1595 Acidalius, Valens, scholar, A28.\\nCarpzov, Benedict, jurist, author, born.\\nScultetus, Johannes, surgeon, born.\\n1597 Opitz, Martin, poet, born.\\n1598 Camerarius, Joachim, botanist, A64.\\nOrtelius. or Oertel, Abraham, geog., A71.\\n1599* lluxtorf, Johann, Hebraist, born.\\nOlearius, or Hschlager, Adam, orientalist, b.\\n1600* Alberti, Salomon, anatomist, A60.\\nBusembauin, Hermann, Jesuit, author, liorn.\\nChytrans, David K., scholar, theol., A70.\\nGalen, Christopher B. von, prince-bishop of\\nMiinster, general, born.\\nScapula, John, philologist, A60.\\n1602 Berg, Joachim von, philan., A76.\\nGuericke, Otto von, natural philosopher, in-\\nventor of air-pump, born.\\nKircher, Athanasius, Egyptologist, pbil., b.\\n1603 Balde, Jakob, Jesuit, poet, born.\\n1604* Bernhard, duke of Saxe-Weimar,\\ngeneral, born.\\nGlauber, Johann P.., chemist, born.\\n1 605 Ayrer, or Eyer, Jacob, dram, poet, d.\\n1606 Gerhardt, Paul, clergyman, poet, b.\\n1607* Hollar, Wencelaus, engraver, born.\\n1608 Frieiisheun, Johann, seholar, bora.\\n1609 Fleniming, Paul, poet, born.\\n1610 Schneider, Conrad, anatomist, born.\\n161 1 Hevelius, Johannes, astronomer, b.\\n1612* Caluv, Abraham, Lutheran cl., born.\\nClavius, Christoph, Jesuit, math., A75.\\nDietrich, Johann C. t phUol., historian, born.\\nRudolph II., emperor, A60.\\nZwicker, Daniel, syncretist, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1550 Borne. Julius TTT is pope.\\n1552 July 31. Bavaria. The Peace\\nof Passau (p. 510).\\n1555 Sept. 25. Bavaria. The Keli-\\ngious Peace of Augsburg is agreed to\\nby the Catholics and Lutherans.\\nAll accepting the Augsburg Confession\\nare declared exempt from the jurisdic-\\ntion of the Holy See, and guaranteed\\nequal rights in everything with the\\nCatholics.\\n1556* Lippe. Bernard VTLT., who\\nstyles himself Count of Lippe, embraces\\nthe tenets of the He formation.\\n1564 The emperor favors the with-\\ndrawal of the state from religious dis-\\nputes, and Protestantism flourishes.\\nNew quarrels occur over the ecclesi-\\nastical reservation.\\n1571* Aust. Maximilian grants liberty\\nof conscience to his subjects.\\n1572 Rome. Gregory XIII. is pope.\\n[1585, Sixtus V.; he displays activity, and\\ncorrects abuses in the church. 15!i(J, Urban\\nVII.; Gregory XIV.; 1591, Innocent IX.\\nreigns two months; 15H2, Clement VIII.;\\n1605, Leo XI. reigns 25 days; later Paul V.\\n(Borghese).]\\n1576 The Jesuits gain ascendancy\\nover the new emperor.\\n1576-1612 An anti-Protestant reac-\\ntion occurs as the successful result of\\nthe labors of the Jesuits.\\n1578 The concessions made to Prot-\\nestants are revoked by the throne.\\n1585 Rh. Prus. The electorate of\\nTreves becomes subject to the arch-\\nbishop.\\n1594* Wurtemberg. Protestants\\nunite in a defensive league at Heilbronn.\\n1608 May 4. The Protestant Union.\\n(See State.)\\n1609 The Bohemians receive reli-\\ngious liberty. (See State.)\\nThe Catholic League. (See State.)\\nLETTERS.\\n1549 Grobianus, by Friedrich Bede-\\nkind, appears.\\n1550 Bavaria. The Royal Library\\nis founded at Munich by Albert III.\\n1555 The History of the Reformation\\nand of Charles V. by Johannes Sleida-\\nnus, appears.\\n1556 Carriage-Book, by Jacob Prey,\\nappears.\\nMenno Simons, founder of the Men-\\nnonites, publishes his True Christian\\nBelief.\\n1557 Joumey-Shortener, by Monta-\\nnus, appears.\\nHurnenrSeufrid, a tragedy, by Hans\\nSachs, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0804.jp2"}, "805": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1549 **-1612 793\\n1558 Feb. 2. Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach.\\nThe Lutheran University of Jena,\\nfouuded by John Frederick the Magnan-\\nimous, Elector of Saxony, is opened\\n1559 Nachtbuchlein, by Valentine\\nSchumann, appears.\\n1561 Sept. 27. E. Prus. King Sigis-\\nmund of Poland gives a charter to the\\nUniversity of Konigsberg, as both the\\nimperial and papal sanction are with-\\nheld.\\n1563 Cheer for Low Spirits, by Kerch-\\nhof appears.\\n1566 Life of Luther, by Johann Ma-\\nthesius, appears.\\nSpeculum vitas cmltcas (Reineke Fuchs),\\nby Hermann Schopper, appears.\\n1572 A version of Till Eulenspiegel,\\nby Johann Fischart, appears also, The\\nGrandmother of all Prognostication, a\\nsatire on prophetical calendars. [1573,\\nFlohhatz (Flea-hunt) 1575, History of\\nGaryantua: 157 G, Fortunate Ship; 1577,\\nBook of Comfort in Gout and Susaiuta;\\n1578, A farriage-Book 1579, Beehive 1530,\\nJesuit Hat.]\\n1575 May 8. Brunswick. The Lu-\\ntheran University of Helmstadt re-\\nceives its charter from Maximilian II,\\nBavaria. The Gymnasium iEgidi-\\nanum of Nuremberg is removed to Alt-\\ndorf, and is the nucleus of the Univer-\\nsity of Altdorf.\\n1576 Rebecca, by Nicodemus Frisch-\\nlin, appears. [1578, Priscianus vapalaus;\\n1579, HUth tjir-nlis magna and Frail Wen-\\ndel gard; 1580, Phasnia; 15Si, Julius re-\\ndivivus.]\\n1578 Hans Sachs, poet, dramatist,\\nnovelist, miscellaneous writer, dies his\\nworks number more than 6,000.\\nA Grammar of the German Language,\\nby Johannes Clajus, appears.\\nBavaria. The University of Altdorf\\nreceives its charter from the emperor\\nRudolph II. [1580. Opened.]\\n1589 Pr. Saxony. John E. Avenar s\\nDictionarium Hebraicu m appears at Wit-\\ntenberg.\\n1595 Froschmauseler, by Georg Rol-\\nlenhagen, appears.\\n1596 Mysterium cosmographicum, by\\nJohann Kepler, appears.\\n1605-12 On True Christianity and Das\\nParadies-Gartlein voll christlicher Tu-\\ngenden, by Johann Arnd, appear.\\n1607 May 19. Hesse. The Univer-\\nsity of Giessen receives its charter from\\nthe emperor.\\nGanskoniy, by Wolfbart Spangenberg,\\nappears.\\n1609 Astronnmia Xova, by Kepler, ap-\\npears. [1611, Dioptrice.]\\n1612 Aurora, or the Morning Redness,\\nby Jacob Boebme, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1563 Bavaria. The imperial knight,\\nWilhelm Grumbach, has a feud with\\nthe Bishop of Wurzburg, and plunders\\nthe city. [1564. Grumbach is pro-\\ntected by John Frederick, Duke of\\nSaxony. 1567. He is cruelly executed.]\\nSTATE.\\n1550 Bavaria. Albert HE. becomes\\nduke.\\nWurtemberg. Christopher the Pa-\\ncific becomes duke.\\n.1551 Oct. 1. Hesse. The Treaty of\\nFriedewald.\\nIt is secretly agreed to by Henry II. of\\nFrance, the League of Schmalkald, and\\nMaurice of Saxony, whereby an alliance is\\nformed against the emperor nominally to\\nrelease Philip, Landgrave of Hesse, really to\\nadvance German liberties and the Protestant\\nreligion.\\n1552 July 16. Bavaria. The Treaty\\nof Passau.\\nIt is signed by King Ferdinand for the\\nempire, with Maurice of Saxony and the\\nother five electors it grants freedom of\\nreligion to the Lutherans until the next\\nDiet.\\n1553 Mar. 3. Saxony. Duke Mau-\\nrice dies. [Augustus becomes elector.]\\nPredatory nobles disturb the peace,\\nand create wild disorder.\\n1555 Sept. 25. The religious peace\\nof Augsburg is established. (See\\nChurch.)\\nOct.= Charles V., made despondent by\\nill-success, resolves to abdicate his\\ntwo thrones, Germany and Spain, giv-\\ning the former to his brother Ferdi-\\nnand [later King of Hungary and Bohe-\\nmia], and the latter to his son Philip.\\nOct. 25. Brussels. Charles V. resigns\\nthe Netherlands to his son Philip.\\n[1556. Jan. He cedes to Philip the\\nkingdoms of Spain and Naples.]\\n1556 Aug. 27. Charles V signs a\\ndeed resigning the German Empire to\\nhis brother.\\nSept. 7. The abdication of Charles V.\\nis announced to the estates.\\nOct.\u00c2\u00b1 The ex-emperor resolves to retire\\nto a monastery.\\n1556-64 Ferdinand I. reigns.\\nThe Hapsburg lands go with the impe-\\nrial dignity but the crown of Spain and\\nthe colonies Naples, Milan, Franche\\nComte, and the Netherlands go to\\nPhilip, son of Charles V.\\nCoronation by the Pope is relinquished\\nby the emperor.\\n1557 Feb. 27. Sp. The ex-Emperor\\nCharles V. enters the monastery of St.\\nJustus, not as a monk, but as a private\\nindividual, with only 12 domestics.\\n1558 Feb. 25. Hesse-Nassau. The\\nelectors at Frankfort formally transfer\\nthe imperial dignity to Ferdinand I.\\nSept. 21. Sp. Charles V., ex-empe-\\nror, dies.\\nHung. Ferdinand is confirmed (p.\\n511).\\n1559 Holstein. The Ditmarsh men\\nsubmit to the rule of the King of Den-\\nmark.\\n1562 Maximilian II. is elected King\\nof the Romans. [1563. King of Hun-\\ngary.]\\n1563+ Bavaria. The imperial knight\\nGrumbach is under the ban of the em-\\npire for plundering Wurzburg.\\n1564 July 25. Ferdinand I. dies.\\n[Succeeded by his son.] (P. 511.)\\nMaximilian H., King of Hungary\\nand Bohemia and the Romans, is elected\\nemperor.\\n1564-76 Maximilian H. reigns.\\n1566 A truce is entered with the\\nTurks Selim II. and the emperor agree\\nthat each shall retain his possessions.\\n1576 Oct. 12. Maximilian II. dies.\\n[He is succeeded by his son Rudolph.]\\nOct. Rudolph II., King of Bohemia\\nand Hungary, is elected emperor.\\n1576-1612 Pudolphll. reigns.\\n1579* Bavaria. William H. becomes\\nduke.\\nThe princes disregard imperial au-\\nthority, and war among themselves.\\n1589 Brunswick. Henry Julius be-\\ncomes duke of Brunswiek-Wolfenbuttel.\\n1591* Saxony. Christian LE. becomes\\nelector.\\n1594 Prus. The dukedom of Prussia\\nis annexed to the electorate of Bran-\\ndenburg.\\n1596* Bavaria. Maximilian the\\nGreat becomes duke.\\n1597 Hesse-Homburg is separated\\nfrom Hesse-lUirmstadt, and established\\nas a landgraviate.\\n1598 Brandenburg. Joachim-Fred-\\nerick becomes margrave.\\n1603-72 Altenburg is an independent\\nstate.\\n1606 Baden. Mannheim is founded.\\n1608 May 4. The first meeting of the\\nprinces is held as the Protestant Union\\nof Germany, with Frederick IV., Elec-\\ntor-Palatine, as leader its object is mu-\\ntual defense for ten years.\\nBrandenburg. John Sigismund be-\\ncomes elect or i and duke of Prussia.\\n1609* The Catholic League is formed\\nin opposition to the Protestant Union,\\nwith Maximilian and the Duke of Ba-\\nvaria leaders, to see that the old, true\\nreligion, which alone could save, was\\nnot extirpated.\\nRudolph II. conciliates the Bohemians\\nby granting them a royal charter,\\nwhich permits the free exercise of reli-\\ngion by the three estates of lords, knights,\\nand royal cities (p. 511).\\nThe elector of Brandenburg and the\\nPrince of Neuburg are claimants for\\nthe succession to the duchy of JUlich-\\nCleves a quarrel ensues.\\n1610 Oct. 29. The Protestant Union\\nconcludes a peace with the Catholic\\nLeague.\\n1612 Jan. 20. HudolphH.dies. [He\\nis succeeded by his brother.]\\nJune 13. Matthias is elected emperor.\\n[Crowned June 24.]\\n1612-19 Matthias reigns.\\nHe is strongly anti-Protestant, and\\nsecures for his Catholic cousin, Ferdi-\\nnand, Duke of Styria. Corinthia and Car-\\nniola, the succession of Bohemia and\\nHungary, though much opposed by the\\nProtestant estates.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0805.jp2"}, "806": {"fulltext": "794 1613, *-1635, May 30.\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1618 -48 Bohemia. The Thirty\\nYears War. The emperor aims to de-\\nstroy Protestantism (p. 510).\\nNuremberg, Saxony, and Wiirtem-\\nberg suffer greatly dm ing the war. Gus-\\ntavus Adolphus is besieged in Nurem-\\nberg by Wallenstein about 10,000 of\\nthe inhabitants die of want or disease\\nduring the blockade Saxony changes\\nsides frequently.\\nLeipsic is besieged and taken.\\n1618-23 The War in Bohemia and\\nCounty Palatine.\\nAug.* Bohemia. The imperial troops en-\\nter. [1640. Subdued.]\\nBohemia. The Margrave John\\nGeorge of Jagerndorf Wrings 300 troops\\nfrom Silesia and Lusatia to aid the re-\\nvolt.\\n1619 Aust. Count Thurn marches on\\nVienna. [1619. Nov. Again.] (P. 510.)\\nBohemia. Counts Mansfeld and Thurn\\ndefeat the imperial Army at Pilsen.\\n1620 Bohemia. Catholic invasion\\n(p. 510).\\nNov. 8. Bohemia. Battle of White\\nMountain (p. 510).\\n1622 The seat of war is transferred\\nfrom Bohemia to the Palatinate, which\\nis soon subdued.\\nApr. 29. Mansfeld defeats the Impe-\\nrialists under Tilly at Wiesloch.\\nMay 6. Hesse. Tilly defeats the Mar-\\ngrave of Baden-Durlaeh at Wimpfen.\\nJune 10. Hesse-Xassau. Tilly defeats\\nChristian of Brimswick at Hoehst.\\n1623 Aug. 6. Westphalia. Tilly again\\ndefeats the Administrator Christian of\\nHalberstadt at Stadtlohn.\\n1625-29 Saxony. The seat of war is\\nin Lower Saxony (Danish Period) allies\\naid the Protestants (p. 512).\\nPrince Wallenstein becomes com-\\nmander of the imperial army, which\\nhe recruits himself, and then provisions\\nby a system of robbery.\\n1626 Anhalt. Wallenstein defeats\\nCount Mansfeld at the Bridge of Des-\\nsau, and then pursues him through\\nSilesia to Hungary, where Mansfeld\\njoins Bethlen-Gabor.\\nAug. 27. Brunswick. Tilly utterly de-\\nfeats Christian IV. of Denmark at\\nLutter.\\n1627 Holstein. Tilly and Wallen-\\nstein conquer Holstein.\\n*N.Ger. Wallenstein alone conquers\\nSchleswig and Jutland. The Dukes of\\nMecklenburg flee the country, and the\\nDuke of Pomerania makes his submis-\\nsion.\\n1628 Prus. Wallenstein vainly be-\\nsieges Stralsund for 10 weeks, while its\\nheroic citizens defend themselves.\\n1629 Magdeburg is blockaded, and\\nsuccessfully resists Wallenstein.\\nMay Peace of Liibeck (p. 637).\\n1630-35* Swedish period of the\\nThirty Years War.\\n1630 June* Gustavus Adolphus,\\nKing of Sweden, becomes an ally of the\\nProtestants (p. 512).\\nJuly Wallenstein is dismissed from\\nimperial service.\\n1631 Apr. Tilly opposes Gustavus.\\n(.Gustavus captures Frankfort-on-the-\\nOder later he takes Spandau.]\\nMay 20. Tilly takes Magdeburg (p.\\n512). [May 21. Only 5,000 of 35,000 in-\\nhabitants remain alive.]\\nFr. Gustavus takes Mentz. N.\\nPrus. He drives the imperial forces\\nfrom Pomerania, and proceeds up the\\nOder.]\\nTilly takes and burns Halle, Eisleben,\\nMerseburg, and other cities.\\nSept. 7 (o. s.). Saxony. Gustavus with\\nthe Saxons wins a brilliant victory over\\nTilly at the battle of Leipsic.\\nImperial loss, 6,000 killed, besides the\\nwounded and prisoners, and all their ar-\\ntillery allies loss, Saxons, 12,000, Swedes,\\n700 (p. 512).\\nBohemia. The Saxons invade Bo-\\nhemia.\\nGustavus marches to the Rhine\\nthrough Thuringia and Franconia.\\n[Hesse. He crosses the Rhine at Oppen-\\nheim, and goes into winter quarters at\\nMentz.]\\nBohemia. The Saxons under Arnim\\ncapture Prague.\\n1632 Bavaria. Gustavus marches\\nfor the Danube by way of Nuremberg.\\nApr. 15. Bavaria. Gustavus is victo-\\nrious at Rain (p. 512).\\nWallenstein is recalled, and by re-\\nquest of Ferdinand collects an army and\\nreceives uncontrolled command.\\nBohemia. Wallenstein recaptures\\nPrague, and drives the Saxons out of\\nBohemia.\\nBavaria. Gustavus vainly besieges\\nMaximilian in Ingolstadt WaUenstein\\nhastens to his relief. [Gustavus forces\\nMunich to surrender.]\\nJuly *-Sept. Bavaria. Gustavus and\\nWaUenstein face to face in a fortified\\ncamp near Nuremberg, the latter de-\\nclines a battle.\\nThe Swedes receive reenforcements,\\nand attack Wallenstein s entrench-\\nments, hut are repulsed with fearful\\nloss.\\nGustavus advances to the Danube,\\nand Wallenstein enters defenseless Sax-\\nony, and fearful depredations are com-\\nmitted.\\nSchwarzhurr/Sondershausen. Gusta-\\nvus hastens back at the call of the elec-\\ntor of Saxony, and joins forces with\\nBemhard of Saxe-Weimar in Arnstadt.\\nNov. 16. Battle of Liitzen (p. 512).\\n1633* Bavaria. Gen. Bernhard,\\nhaving succeeded Gustavus, leads an\\nexpedition to Franconia he takes\\nBamberg and H6chstadt s and drives\\nback the Bavarians under Count Al-\\ndringer.\\nFeb. Bohemia. WaUenstein tries and\\npunishes many of his officers with death\\nwhile at Prague.\\nSilesia. Wallenstein, having re-\\ncruited his army, marches into Silesia,\\nand fights the troops of Saxony, Bran-\\ndenburg, and Sweden.\\nOct. Hung. A Swedish corps is cap-\\ntured at Steinam-on-the-Oder.\\nWallenstein invades Brandenburg,\\nsends raiders to Berlin, and plunders\\nLusatia.\\nNov. Bavaria. Gen. Bernhard cap-\\ntures Regensburg [Batisbon].\\n1634 Feb. 25. Bohemia. WaUenstein\\nis assassinated (p. 512).\\nAug. 17. Bavaria. Swedes defeated at\\nNordlingen (p. 512).\\nDec. 23. Siege of Heidelberg raised\\n(p. 512).\\n1635 May 30. Bohemia. Peace.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1617* Bohemia. Beacon telegraph is\\ninvented by Kepler.\\n1625 Bavaria. The helioscope, a\\ntelescope for observing the sun without\\ninjury to the eye, is invented by Christo-\\npher Scheiner.\\n1627 Saxony. Heinrich Schultz\\nwrites music to a translation of Perie\\nDaful, which is performed for a court\\nwedding at Torgau.\\nApr. 13. Saxony. Daphne, by Opitz,\\nthe first German opera, is produced at\\nthe court of the Elector John George 1.\\n1628 Bohemia. Kepler completes his\\nKudolphine tables, and foretells the\\ntransits of Venus and Mercury.\\n1633* Bavaria. The Passion of Christy\\na miracle-play, is performed at Ober-\\nAmmergau.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1613* Caselius, Johannes, philol.,wr M A80.\\n1614 Fisi hfirt, Johann, satirist, A69.\\n1615 Calvisius, Sethus, chronologist, A59.\\n1616* Grvpluus, Andreas, poet, dram., b.\\n1617* Helvicus, iinstopher, pliilol., A36.\\n1618 Altins, Jarob, theol., Hebraist, b.\\nRachel, Joachim, satirical poet, born.\\nVoasius, Isaac, classical scholar, mis. wr., b.\\n1619* Rupert, Prince, gen. in Eng., born.\\nStruve, Georg A., jurist, born.\\n1620* Alheitinns, .Emilias, satirist, A60.\\nKlsheimer, Adam, painter, A46.\\nFeb. 16. Frederick William, the Great\\nElector, of Brandenburg, founder Prus-\\nsian monarchy, born.\\n1621 Arnd, johann, Luth. el., au., A66.\\nPra-torius. Michael, composer, A50.\\n1632 Adam, .Mclchior, biographer, dies.\\nGlaubers, Johann, philosopher, born.\\nVorstius, Gonrad, clergyman. A55.\\n1623* Cluver, I hilipp, linguist., geog., A43.\\nMeninski, Francis ?.l., orientalist, born.\\n1624* Bohme, or Kolun, Jakob, mystic,\\nA 49.\\n1626 Mansfeld, Count, Ernst von, gen-\\neral, A41.\\nSeckendorf, Veit Ludwig von, scholar, theo-\\nlogian, statesman, born.\\n1629 liuxtorf, Johann, Hebraist, A55.\\n1630* Becher, Johann J., chemist, born.\\nChristian, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, gen-\\neral, A62.\\nKepler. John, astronomer, A59.\\n1632 Gravius, Johann G., scholar, born.\\nPufiendoii, i .unni, Samuel, jurist, born.\\nSigismund III., Kins of Poland, A66.\\nTilly. Count de, Johann Tserclaes, general,\\nA73.\\n1634 Amman, Paul, botanist, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1618 Bh. Prus. The Protestants are\\nexpelled from Cologne.\\n1620 Nov. 8. Bohemia. The disastrous\\nbattle of Prague ruins the Protestant\\nUnion Protestantism is extirpated in\\nBohemia (p. 510).\\n1621 Rome. Gregory XV. is pope.\\n[1623, Urban VIII.; 1644, Innocent X.;\\n1655, Alexander VI L; 1667, Clement IX.;\\n1670, Clement X. 1676, Innocent XI.; 1689,\\nAlexander VIII.]\\n1627 Bohemia. An edict of the em-\\nperor requires the Protestants to apos-\\ntatize.\\n1629 Mar. 6. The Edict of Restitu-\\ntion (p. 512 see State).\\n1635 May 30. The Peace of Prague.\\n(See State.)", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0806.jp2"}, "807": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1613, *-1635, May 30. 795\\nLETTERS.\\n1615 Frankfurter Journal is issued.\\nThe Confessio liosese Cruets appears.\\n[Attributed to Valentine Andreas.]\\nThe Rosicrucians swear fidelity, prom-\\nise secrecy, and write hieroglypnically,\\nand affirm that the ancient philosophers\\nof Egypt, the Chaldeans. Magi of Persia,\\nand Gymnosophists of the Indies taught\\nthe same doctrine.\\n1616 Germania Antigua, by Philip\\nCluverius, appears.\\nThe Frankfurter Ober postants Zei-\\ntung is issued, alleged to be the first\\ndaily paper in the world.\\n1617 Aug. 24. Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.\\nThe Fruchtbringende Society for the\\nadvancement of the arts, sciences, and\\nliterature, is formed at Weimar.\\n1618-19 Oden und Gesange, by Rudolf\\nWeckherlin, appears.\\n1619 Harmonicc mundi, by Kepler,\\nappears.\\nA newspaper is issued at Hildesheim.\\n1621 July 17. Besse-Nassau. The\\nUniversity of Rinteln is founded by\\nthe emperor.\\nAlsace-Lorraine. The University of\\nStrasburg is founded.\\n1623 Bavaria. The University of\\nAltdorf is authorized to create doctors\\nof law and medicine.\\n1624 Opiccii Teutscke Poemata, by\\nJulius W. Zincgref, appears.\\nBook of the German Art of Poetry, by\\nMartin Opitz, appears.\\n1625* Hesse. The University of\\nGiessen is transferred to Marburg.\\n1627 Tabulae Rudolpliinse, by Kepler,\\nappears.\\n1630 Westphalia. A newspaper is\\nissued at Herford.\\nAn Encyclopedia, in seven volumes,\\nby Johann H. Alsted, appears.\\n1634 Musa teutonica, by Johann Rist,\\nappears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1618-48 The Thirty Years War reduces\\nthe population from 20,000,000 to 7,000,000,\\nwhole towns are laid in ashes, and fertile\\ndistricts become deserts.\\n1627-29 Bavaria. At Wiirzburg 157\\nwitches are burned all classes are rep-\\nresented, old and young, learned and\\nignorant.\\n1631 May 20. Saxony. Magdeburg is\\ncaptured, and the unbridled soldiers\\nmassacre the people, sack and burn\\nthe city.\\nSTATE.\\n1618* Prus. The duchy of Prussia is\\nunited with Brandenburg.\\nBohemia. The irritation of the Pro-\\ntestants is increased by changing the\\nadministration of the country, giving\\nit to ten governors, seven of whom are\\nCatholics.\\nMay 23. Bohemia. The Protestants\\nrevolt (p. 511).\\nThe Protestant Union sends Count\\nMansfeld to aid the Bohemians.\\n1619 May 20. Matthias dies. [He is\\nsucceeded by his cousin Ferdinand,\\nKing of Hungary.]\\nAug. 18. Bohemia. The Assembly of\\nPrague declares Ferdinand the heredi-\\ntary enemy of the evangelical religion,\\nand to have forfeited the throne of Bo-\\nhemia. [Sept. 5. Deposed.] The Thirty\\nYears* War follows.\\nThe Bohemians elect young Fred-\\nerick V., Elector Palitine and head of\\nthe Protestant Union, as king he is a\\nson-in-law of James I. of England.\\nAug. 28. Ferdinand is elected em-\\nperor by six electors, three of whom are\\nProtestants. [Sept. 9. Crowned at\\nFrank f ort-on-the-M ain\\n1619-37 Ferdinand H. reigns.\\nHe seeks to extirpate Protestantism\\nby energetic measures the Bohemians\\nrefuse allegiance, and elect Kudolph Y.\\nin opposition.\\nFerdinand II. enters a league with\\nMaximilian, Duke of Bavaria, the head\\nof the Catholic League, who becomes his\\nally in subduing the Austrian estates.\\nFerdinand II. enters a league with\\nSpain. Also with the Lutheran Elec-\\ntor of Saxony.\\nPrus. G e o r g e William becomes\\nduke.\\nBohemia. The elector Frederick V.\\nof the Palatinate accepts the tendered\\ncrown of Bohemia.\\n1620 July 3. Wiirtemberg. A treaty\\nof peace is signed at Ulm, by which\\nFrederick V. of the Palatinate loses\\nBohemia.\\nNov. 8. The Protestant Union is prac-\\ntically ruined by the disastrous battle\\nof Prague.\\nBohemia becomes Catholic, its royal\\ncharter destroyed, and the country\\nnearly ruined by losing two-thirds of\\nits population.\\nHov. Frederick, Count Palatine, is\\nput under the ban of the empire, and\\nhis lands confiscated.\\n1621 Feb. 21, 22. Bohemia. Fred-\\nerick arrests 43 illustrious Bohe-\\nmians; 27 of them are executed on the\\nscaffold at Prague.\\nMay* The Protestant Union of princes\\nholds its last meeting.\\n1622 The Protestant Union is dis-\\nsolved.\\n1623 Feb. 25. Bavaria. Maximilian\\nU. receives the electoral vote belonging\\nto Frederick V. and the Rhine Palati-\\nnate, the electoral dignity being trans-\\nferred to Bavaria by the Catholic elec-\\ntors at Ratisbon.\\nWallenstein becomes a prince of the\\nempire. [1624, Duke of Friedland; 1628,\\nDuke of Mecklenburg.]\\n1625 Christian TV., King of Den-\\nmark and Duke of Holstein, is leader of\\nthe Protestants of the Lower Saxon\\nCircle.\\n1628 Bavaria. The restoration of\\nthe Upper Palatinate is secured.\\nWiirtemberg. Eberhard III, becomes\\nduke.\\n1629 Mar. 29. Ferdinand II. issues\\nthe Edict of Restitution.\\nThe adherents of the Augsburg con-\\nfession alone are to have free exercise\\nof religion, all other sects to be exter-\\nminated. (Mar. 6?) (P. 512.)\\nMay 22. The Peace of Liibeck.\\nChristian IV. receives his conquered\\nlands back from the emperor, and prom-\\nises to abandon his allies, and abstain\\nfrom interference in German affairs.\\nMay 25. King Christian of Denmark\\nmakes a separate peace with Wallen-\\nstein, leaving his allies in the lurch.\\nThe Dukes of Mecklenburg are put\\nunder the ban of the empire, and their\\nlands bestowed upon Wallenstein. [1630.\\nRestored.]\\n1630 June 5. Bavaria. An electoral\\nassembly meets at Ratisbon.\\nWallenstein s enemies, chiefly from\\nBavaria and in the Catholic League, are\\nalarmed at his power they successfully\\ndemand bis dismiss:*! und the disbanding\\nof a large part of the army, because of\\nthe terrible extortion and cruelty prac-\\ntised upon Catholics and others.\\nOct. 13. Bavaria. The emperor con-\\ncludes the Peace of Ratisbon with\\nFrance, thus terminating the war for\\nthe Mantuan succession (p. 689).\\n1631 Apr. 6. It. The Peace of\\nCherasco (p. 689).\\nSaxony. The elector John-George\\nforms an anti-imperialist alliance with\\nGustavus Adolphus of Sweden.\\n1633 Wiirtemberg. The League of\\nHeilbronn.\\nThe Swedes and German Protestants\\nform an alliance for the prosecution of\\nthe war against the imperialists.\\nWallenstein loses favor with the im-\\nperial court, where the Spanish party\\nseeks his overthrow.\\nTreason of Wallenstein.\\nHe negotiates secretly \u00e2\u0096\u00a0with the Saxons,\\nthe Swedes, and the French he pro-\\nposes to use the army to secure independ-\\nent action for himself, and deliver the\\nemperor from the Spanish party, and\\ncompel a peace, if necessary, and. then\\nreorganize the empire the court suc-\\nceeds in detaching his loading generals\\nfrom his cause. [1634. Jan. 24. The\\nconspiracy is proclaimed. Feb. 18. He\\nis deposed.]\\n1634 Feb. 24. Bohemia. Wallenstein\\ngoes to Eger, expecting to meet Bernhard\\nSaxe-Weimar and Arnim.\\nFeb. 25. Bohemia. Wallenstein is as-\\nHe is killed by Capt. Devereaux, at\\nthe instigation of the Irish Gen. Butler,\\nand with the evident approval of the\\nemperor, but without his command.\\n[The assassins of the great general and\\nBrunswick. Augustus becomes tbe\\nDuke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel.\\n1635 May 30. The Peace of Prague\\nends the war between the emperor and.\\nthe Elector of Saxony.\\n(1) The elector receives Lusatia and t T e\\narchbishopric of Magdeburg; the latter for\\nhis son August, only for life.\\n(2) Confiscated ecclesiastical estates to re-\\nmain with the possessor, il confiscated before\\nthe convention of Passim; if after, it then to\\nbe held by tbe possessor for forty years, ami\\n.in certain cases forever; those estates held\\nimmediately of the emperor excepted.\\n(3) Amnesty is granted, except to those\\nguilty of disturbances in F.nhemia and the\\nPalatinate; Saxony is to aid the emperor\\nagainst Sweden; the Lutherans (alone) are\\nto have freedom in religion. The peace is\\naccepted by most of the Protestant States.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0807.jp2"}, "808": {"fulltext": "796 1635, *-1681, Sept. 28.\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1636-48 Swedish-French period of\\nthe Thirty Years War (p. 512).\\nSept. 24 (o. S.). Brandenburg. Battle of\\nWittstoek (p. 512).\\nGallas defeats the Swedes.\\n1638 Mar. 3. Switz. Duke Bernhard\\nof Saxe-Weiuiar defeats the army of\\nthe Imperialists and the Bavarians at\\nRheinfelden.\\n1639* Saxony. The Swedish Gen.\\nBaner defeats the Imperialists in the\\nbattle of Olsnitz and Brandiez.\\n1641 Gen. Lennart Torstenson he-\\ncomes commander of the Swedes.\\n1642 K ov. 2. Saxony. Second battle\\nof Leipsic.\\nThe Imperialists under Leopold of\\nAustria and Gen. Piccolomini are de-\\nfeated by the Swedes under Count Tors-\\ntenson.\\n1643-45 War between De nm ark and\\nSweden; it is caused by envy at Swe-\\ndish success in Germany (p. 636).\\nSept. Schleswig-Holstein is conquered\\nby Swedes. The Danes are compelled\\nto desert Austria (p. 636).\\nBattle of Duttlingen.\\nThe French under Count Rantz are\\nsurprised and defeated by an Austro-\\nBavarian army under Gens. Mercy and\\nWerth.\\nMarshal Turenne and the Duke of\\nEnghien, 21 years of age, are appointed\\nto command the French troops.\\n1644 The French force the Bavarians\\nunder Gen. Mercy to retreat.\\nBaden. The Duke of Enghien takes\\nMannheim, Speyer, and Philippsburg.\\nHesse. CountTurenne takes Worms,\\nOppenheim, Mentz, and Landau.\\nGen. Gallas with an Imperial army\\ngoes to the relief of the Danes against\\nthe Swedes (p. 636).\\nHung. Prince Rakoczy invades\\nHungary. Hesse. The French cap-\\nture Mentz.]\\n1645 Jan. Battle of Magdeburg (p.\\n636).\\nMar. 6. Bohemia. Battle of Jankau(p.\\n512).\\nMar.* Aust. Count Torstenson and\\nPrince Rakoczy conquer the whole of\\nMoravia, and threaten Vienna.\\nMay Wilrtemberg. Battle of Mergen-\\ntheim (p. 636).\\nAug. 3. Bavaria. Battle of Allerheim.\\nThe French under Prince Conde and\\nHessians under Marshal Turenne defeat\\nthe Imperialists under Gen. Mercy, who\\nis killed.\\nAug. 7. Bavaria. Battle of ISTbrdlingen\\n(p. 512).\\nPeace is concluded between Sweden\\nand Denmark.\\nBohemia. The plague occasions the\\nretreat of the Swedes from Bohemia\\nafter an ineffective siege of Briinn.\\nGen. Wrangel succeeds Count Tors-\\ntenson (ill) in command of the Swedes.\\n1646 Bavaria. The French and\\nSwedish armies are joined at Giessen\\nthey invade Bavaria (p. 512).\\n1647 Bavaria. Truce of Ulm (p. 512).\\n1648* Bavaria. Maximilian having\\nbroken the truce of Ulm, the French\\nand Swedes make a second invasion,\\ncommitting terrible ravages.\\nMay 17. Bavaria. Marshal Turenne\\nand Gen. Wrangel defeat the Imperial-\\nist and Bavarian army under Gen. Hol-\\nzapfela-Susmarshausen it is the last\\npitched battle of the Thirty Years War.\\nOct. 24. Westphalia. Peace of West-\\nphalia. (See State.)\\nMov. 2. Bohemia. The Swedes begin\\nthe bombardment of Prague.\\n!N ov. 3. Bohemia. Messengers bring tid-\\nings of peace the Thirty Years War\\nends.\\n1658+ Holstein is overrun by Gus-\\ntavus. [1659. By Frederick IV.] (P. 636.)\\n1661-64 The first war with the Turks.\\nCause (p. 513).\\n1664* Hungary is invaded by the\\nTurks.\\nAug. 1. Hung. Battle of St. Gothard.\\n[A truce for 20 years which favors the\\nTurks follows.] (P. 512.)\\n1673 War between France and Aus-\\ntria (p. 692).\\n1674* *War with France. (Quad-\\nruple Alliance.)\\nJune 16. Baden. Battle of Sinsheim\\n(p. 692).\\nOct. 4. Defeat at Entzheim. [Dec. 31.\\nAt Muhlhausen.] (P. 692.)\\n1675 Jan. 5. Alsace. Battle of Turk-\\nheim (p. 692).\\nJune 18. Brandenburg Frederick Wil-\\nliam, elector of Brandenburg, surprises\\nand defeats the Swedes at Fehrbellin,\\nnear Berlin.\\nThe French under Gen. Crequi are\\ndefeated by Gen. Consarbruck.\\nFr. Treves is taken by the Austrians.\\nJuly 27. Baden. Action at Sasbach\\n(p. 692).\\n1680 Alsace. A great part of Alsace\\nis seized by the French.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1640 It. Athanasius Kircher invents\\nthe magic lantern.\\n1643 Hesse. Mezzotinto, a kind of\\ncopper engraving, is invented by Col.\\nLudwig von Siegen.\\n1647* W. Pries. A map of the moon s\\nsurface is first drawn at Danzig.\\nSaxony. Otto von Guericke of Magde-\\nburg constructs the first electrical ma-\\nchine, a globe of sulphur.\\n1648 Mezzotinto- engraving is im-\\nproved by Prince Rupert.\\n1650 Saxony. Guericke invents the\\nair-pump.\\n[He is the inventor also of the air-\\nbalance, and the anemoscope, a species\\nof weather-cock, and is said to have dis-\\ncovered the property of electro-repul-\\nsion.]\\nThe pearl-barley mill is invented.\\n1652 It. The speaking-trumpet is\\nimproved by Athanasius Kircher. [1660.\\nHe invents the eolian harp.]\\n1661 Saxony. The barometer, for use\\nas a weather-glass, and the manometer,\\nare invented by Otto von Guericke.\\n1667 Phosphorus is discovered by\\nBrandt of Hamburg.\\n1670 Bavaria. Fluoric acid is used\\nfor etching by Schwanhard at Nurem-\\nberg.\\n1674 Feb. 5. W.Prus. A parhelion,\\nor mock sun, appears on the horizon be-\\nneath the material sun; it is seen near\\nMarienburg.\\n1678 Bavaria. An observatory is\\nestablished at Nuremberg.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1635 Kirehmaier, Georg K., chemist, b.\\nSpener, Philipp J., theologian, born.\\n1636 A del Lire if. Johann A., fanatic, dies.\\n1637 Ferdinand II., emperor, A59.\\nKilian, Lucas, engraver, A58.\\n1638 Alstt-d, Johann H., cl., author, A50.\\nCellarius, Christoph, critic, geographer, b.\\nEimmart, Georg C, artist, astronomer, born.\\n1639* Bernhard, Duke of Saxe- Weimar,\\ngeneral, A35.\\nMarhof, Daniel, scholar, born.\\nNetseher, Gaspar, or Kaspar, painter, born.\\nOpitz. Martin, poet, A42.\\n1640* Bohm. Johann, physician, author, b.\\nFlemming, Paul, poet, A31.\\nKirsten, Peter, physician, orientalist, A63.\\nLeopold I. the Great, emperor, born.\\n1641 Arnheim, Johann G. von, diploma-\\ntist, general, AGO.\\n1642 Abraham a Saneta-Clara, Augustin-\\nian friar, orator, author, born.\\n1643* Bach, Johann C, composer, or-\\nganist, born.\\n1644 Alting, Heinrich, theol., au., A61.\\n1645 Scultetns, Johannes, surgeon, A50.\\nWedel, Georg W., physician, writer, born.\\n1646 Leibnitz, Gottfried W. von, phi-\\nlosopher, born.\\n1648 Kneller, Sir Godfrey, painter, b.\\n1649 Vossius, or Voss, Gerard J., philol-\\nogist, author, A72.\\nScioppius, aspar, scholar, A73.\\n1650* Ferdinand of Bavaria, archbishop\\nof Cologne, prince-bishop of Munster and\\nLiege, A73.\\nFischer von Erlach, Baron Johann B., archi-\\ntect, born.\\nLudwig, Prince of Anhalt-Coethen, classical\\nscholar, soldier, A71.\\n1651 Kampfer, Engelbrecht, botanist, b.\\n1653* Guntber, Anton, Prince of Anhalt,\\ngeneral, born.\\n1654 Andrea, Johann V., satirist, A68.\\nDantz, or Danz, Johann A., orientalist, born.\\n1656* Calixtus, Georgius, Lutheran cler-\\ngyman, author, A70.\\n1657 Frederick I. first k. of Prussia, b.\\nJung, Joachim, philosopher, A79.\\n1660* Baver, Johann, preacher, astrono-\\nmer, A88.\\nFretnsheim, Johann, scholar, A52.\\nHardt, Hermann von der, philologist, born.\\nHoffmann, Friedrich, physician, born.\\nStahl, Georg chemist, born.\\n1661 Schulembourg, Johann M., gen-\\neral, born.\\n1663 Francke, August H., cl., philan., b.\\n1664 Buxtorf, Johann, Hebraist, A65.\\nGryphius, Andreas, poet, dram., A48.\\n1665 Clauhcr^, Johann, philosopher, A43.\\nCamerarius, Rudolf J., phys., botanist, b.\\n1666 Oarpzov, Benedict, jurist, au., A71.\\nFriscb, Johann L., naturalist, pliilol., born.\\n1667 Buddffius, Johann, Luth. theol., au.,\\nborn.\\nCanstein Baron Carl H. von, philan., born.\\nKeinesins, Thomas, physician, pliilol., A80.\\n1668 liable, Jakob, Jesuit, poet, A65.\\nBusenbaum, Hermann, Jesuit, author, A68.\\nGlauber, Johann, chemist, A64.\\n1669* Dietrich, Johann, philologist, histo-\\nrian, A57.\\n1670 Augustus I., Frederick, King of Po-\\nland, born.\\n1671 Olcarius, or (tlseliliiger, Adam, trav-\\neler, orientalist, A72.\\nStruve, Burkhanl G., jurist, born.\\n1672* Se.hmoik, Benjamin, hymn-writer, b.\\n1673 Reiser, Beinhanl, composer, born.\\nSeckendorf, fount Frieilrieh Heinrich von,\\ngeneral, diplomatist, born.\\nWaebter. Johann, scholar, archeologist, b.\\n1674 Eckhart, Johann G. von, antiquary,\\nhistorian, born.\\n1675 Gerhardt, Paul, cl., poet, A69.\\nHederiek, Benjamin, pliilol., lexicog., born.\\n1676* Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau,\\ngeneral, born.\\n1677* Hollar, Wenceslaus, engraver, A70.\\n1678 Galen, Obristoph von, prince-bishop\\nof Munster, general, A78.\\nZwicker, Daniel, syncretist, A6S-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0808.jp2"}, "809": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1635, *-1681, Sept. 28. 797\\n1679 Alting, Jacob, theol., Hebraist, A61.\\nWolf, Johann von, philosopher, born.\\n1680* Kireher, Athauasius, Egyptologist,\\nphilosopher, A78.\\nSchneider, Conrad V., anatomist, A70-\\n1644 The peril of invasion forces the\\nemperor to concede the demands of the\\nProtestants.\\n1648 The Peace of Westphalia es-\\ntablishes the principle of toleration in\\nreligious belief. (See State.)\\nThe Cocceians, a small sect be-\\nlieving in a visible reign of Christ in this\\nworld after a general conversion of the\\nJews and all other people to the Chris-\\ntian faith, is founded by John Cocceius\\nof Bremen.\\nLETTERS.\\n1638 Melpomene, by Philipp von\\nZesen, appears. [1645, Adriatische Rose-\\nmund.]\\nDe Vanitate Mundi, by Jacob Balde,\\nappears. [1643, Carmina lyrica.]\\n1640 Geschichte Philanders von Sitte-\\nwa.lt, by Hans M. Moscherosch, appears.\\n1642 SpiriMtal and Secular Poems, by\\nPaul Flemming, appears.\\n1643 History of Arminius, by Hagel-\\ngan, appears.\\n1648 Sept. 1. Bavaria. The Univer-\\nsity of Bamberg is opened.\\n1649 Guldenes Tugendbuch and Trutz\\nNachtigall, by Friedrich Spee, appear.\\n1650 Leo Arminius, by Andreas Gry-\\nphius, appears. [1657, Katharina von\\nGeorgien, Car den in und Celinde, Carolus\\nStudrdus, and Peter Squenz; 1659, Papi-\\nnianus 1660, Die Geiiebte Dornrose 1663,\\nJHorriqilicribrifax.\\nHesse. The University of Giessen\\nis removed back to Giessen from Mar-\\nburg.\\n1652 Four Comic Poems, by Johann\\nLauremberg, appears.\\n1654 Sinngedichte, a collection of epi-\\ngrams, by Friedrich von Logau, appears.\\n1657 Cherubimischer Wandersmann\\nand Heilige Seelentust, by Johann Schef-\\nfler, appear.\\n1659* Simplicisshnus, by Christoffel\\nGrimmelshausen, appears.\\n1660* Saxony. A newspaper is issued\\nat Leipsic.\\n1663 Gotthold s Occasional Medita-\\ntions, by Christian Scrivt\\n[1675-91, Soul s Treasure.}\\nJustus G. Schottelius writes a gram-\\nmar and history of the German language.\\nErbauliche Mounts iinterrcdungen is is-\\nsued by Johann Bist.\\n1665 The Gothic Gospels of Bishop\\nUlfilas are published by Franciscus Ju-\\nSchleswig-Hol stein. The University\\nof Kiel is founded.\\n1666 De Arte Combinatoria, by Gott-\\nfried W. Leibnitz, appears. [1671, The-\\nory of Concrete Motion and Theory of\\nAbstract Motion.]\\n1667 One hundred and twenty Hymns,\\nby Paul Gerhardt, appear.\\n1668* Uberjfttss/ge Gedanken der gru-\\nnenden Jug end, by Christian Weise, ap-\\npears. [1671, Die drei Hauptverderber\\n1672, Die drei kiugsten Leute.]\\n1670-1704 Miscellana curiosa medico\\nphysica is issued.\\n1675 Sinn/iclie Hetraclitung der vier\\nletzten Dvnge, by Johann Scheffler, ap-\\npears.\\nPia desideria, by Spener, appears.\\n1679 Bundeslieder und Danlcpsalmen,\\nby Joachim Neander, appears.\\n*Merks Wien, by Father Abraham\\nSancta Clara, appears.\\n1680 Anni Fruneiscaiiorum is issued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1660 The Order of Concord is in-\\nstituted by Christian Ernest, Duke of\\nPrussia, to commemorate the important\\npart he had taken in restoring peace to\\nEurope.\\n1662 Bavaria. The citizens of Passau\\nare distressed by the burning of the\\ngreater part of the town, including the\\ncathedral.\\nSTATE.\\n1637 Feb. 15. Ferdinand II. dies.\\n[He is succeeded by bis son Ferdinand.]\\n1637-57 Ferdinand HI. is emperor.\\nPomerania. The ducal house becomes\\nextinct.\\n1640* Brandenburg. Frederick Wil-\\nliam of Prussia, The Great Elec-\\ntor, succeeds his father.\\n1640-88 Prus. Keign of Frederick\\nWilliam.\\nBrandenburg-Prussia is raised to the\\nhead of the German States, and becomes\\nrecognized as a European power; its\\nterritory is increased to 43,000 square\\nmiles, its revenue multiplied fivefold,\\nand its small army nowhere surpassed\\nin efficiency.\\nSaxe- Weimar. The principality is\\nfounded by William, brother of Ernest\\nthe Pious.\\nSchaumburg-Lippe. Philip, the young-\\nest son of Simon VI., inherits a large\\npart of the countship of Schaumburg,\\nincluding Buckeburg, and adopts the\\ntitle of Count of Schaumburg-Lippe.\\n1641 Hamburg. Preliminaries of\\npeace are discussed, and a Congress is\\nagreed upon.\\n1643* Hanover. Negotiations for\\npeace begin at Osnabriick between the\\nSwedes and the emperor. [1644. Also\\nin Munster with the French.]\\n1644 The emperor is forced to yield\\nto the demands of the Protestants.\\nFJisenaeh is annexed to Saxe-Weimar.\\n1648 Oct. 24. Westphalia. The Peace\\nof Westphalia is signed at Munster.\\nSwitzerland anil The Ne therlands are recog-\\nnized asimlepenileni Slates; Sweden receives\\nterritory Including Stettin, three votes in the\\nImperial Diet, and a money indemnification;\\nFrance receives the. lower part of Alsace, and\\nis confirmed in the possession of the cities of\\nMetz, Toul, and Verdun; Brandenburg re-\\nceives three bishoprics and the archbishopric\\nof Magdeburg as a duchy; Hesse-Cassel a\\npart of Minden and money; Mecklenburg\\nreceives two bishoprics as principalities; and\\nBrunswick receives alternate presentation to\\nthe bishopric of Osnabriick.\\nCatholics and Protestants stand on an\\nequality before the law; the balance of\\npower is secured the Thirty Years War is\\nended (p. 513).\\nThe Rhine Palatinate is restored by\\nBavaria to its former rulers, and an\\neighth electoral dignity is created for it\\nthe Upper Palatinate is not detached\\nfrom Bavaria.\\nBremen is acknowledged a free city.\\n1651 Bavaria. Ferdinand Mary\\nrules the duchy.\\n1657 Apr. 2. Ferdinand UX dies.\\nPoland is constrained to acknowledge\\nPrussia as an independentstate under\\nFrederick William, the Great Elector.\\n1658 July 18. Leopold of Austria,\\nson of Ferdinand III., is elected empe-\\nror.\\n1658-1705 Leopold I. reigns.\\n1663 Bavaria. The Imperial Diet\\nbecomes a permanent body, meeting at\\nBatisbon. Corpus Catholicorum and\\nCorpus Evangelicorum.\\n1664 Prus. Altona is made a city.\\n1665* It. The Tyrol is annexed to\\nAustria.\\nGermany becomes a maze of little\\ndespotisms, with a few larger States as\\nPrussia and Austria.\\n1666* *The quarrel concerning the\\nsuccession of Cleves-Julich is settled.\\nBrandenburg receives Cleves, Mark,\\nBavenstein, and half of Bavensburg.\\n[Later, all of Bavensburg in place of\\nBavenstein.]\\n1667* Oldenburg passes under tno\\nrule of Denmark.\\n1672 Altenburg is divided between\\nGotha and Weimar.\\nSaxe-Weimar is divided into Saxe-\\nWeimar and Saxe-EIsenach.\\nApr. 26. Prus. Frederick William, the\\nelector, concludes an armed alliance\\nwith Holland against France.\\n1673 June 6. Peace of Vossem (p. 693).\\nJuly 10. Prus. Frederick William signs\\na treaty of neutrality with France.\\nAug. 15. League of The Hague.\\n1674 May 28. The German Empire\\nunites in the quadruple alliance, and de-\\nclares war against France (p. 693).\\nWurtemberg. William Louis be-\\ncomes duke.\\nThe Palatinate and Bavarian lands\\nare again united.\\n1676 The Hungarians, led by Em-\\neric, unite in a widespread revolt.\\n1677* Wurtemberg. Eberhard Louis\\nbecomes duke.\\n1679 Feb. 6. The emperor signs a\\npeace with France, ending the Seven\\nYears War.\\nJune 29. Brandenburg. Frederick\\nWilliam is forced to sign a peace with\\nFrance (p. 693).\\nBaden. Charles William becomes\\nmargrave of Baden-Dourlach.\\nBavaria. M aximi lian Emanuel be-\\ncomes duke.\\n1680* Saxony. John George HI. be-\\ncomes elector.\\nMagdeburg is annexed to Branden-\\nburg. Alsace is seized.\\nSaxe-Coburg-Gotha. The elder line\\nof Saxe-Coburg is founded by Albert,\\nsecond son of Ernest the Pious.\\nSaxe-Meiningen. The duchy is founded\\nby Bernhard, third son of Ernest the\\nPious.\\n1681 Sept. 28. Alsace. Louis XIV.\\nseizes Strasburg.\\nHe also takes most of Alsace, claiming-\\nthat, in gaining Austrian lands in Alsace,\\nhe should have all that had belonged to\\nthose lands. [1671. Confirmed by the\\nPeace of Byswick.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0809.jp2"}, "810": {"fulltext": "798 1681,**-172V\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1681 Alsace. Strasburg is seized by\\nLouis XIV. of France.\\n1682-99 Second war with the Turks.\\n1683 July 14. Vienna is besieged by\\nthe Turks with an army of 270,000 men\\n(p. 512).\\nSept. 12. Vienna. Siege raised (p. 512).\\n1686 Sept. 2. Bung. Buda is stormed,\\nand the Turks driven out.\\n1687 Aug. 12. Hung. Battle of Mo-\\nhacs (p. 512).\\n1688-97 Third war with France it\\naims to obtain the Palatinate (p. 694).\\n1688* Hesse. Mentz is again captured\\nby the French.\\nSept. 30. Rh.Prus. French troops un-\\nder Gen. Melac suddenly appear. [They\\noccupy Cologne and Treves, Mentz and\\nWoi-ms. The French devastate the Pa-\\nlatinate to make it a desert 400,000 are\\nmade homeless.]\\nOct. 29. Baden. Philippsburgis taken\\nby Louis.\\n1690* Imperial troops defeat the\\nTurks.\\n1691 Aug. 19. Slavonia. Battle of\\nSlankamen (p. 512).\\n1693 Louis of Bavaria assumes the\\nchief command of the forces brought\\nagainst the French invaders.\\n1697 Sept. 11. Hung. Battle of Zenta\\n(p. 512).\\nSept. 20. Neth. Peace. (See State.)\\n1699 Jan. 26. Hung. The Turks con-\\nclude a peace (p. 513).\\n1701-14 War of the Spanish Succes-\\nsion.\\nThe most of the German princes grad-\\nually come to the support of the em-\\nperor. Cause (p. 695.)\\nBattles: 1703, Sept. 20, Hochstadt;\\n1704, July 2, Donauworth, Bavaria 170S,\\nJuly 11, Oudenarde, Belg. 1709, Mal-\\nplaquet, Fr. 1712, July 27, Denain, Fr.\\n(pp. 694, 696).\\n1702 Aug. 15. It. At Luzzara a\\ndrawn battle is fought by the Imperial-\\nists under Prince Eugene and the\\nFrench and Spanish allies under Due\\nde Vendome.\\nSept. 9. Wurtemberq. Maximilian of\\nBavaria, an ally of France, captures\\nthe Imperial city of Tllm.\\n1707 Sept. 24. Baden. The Imperial-\\nists under Marshal Mercy defeat the\\nFrench at Offenburg.\\n1713 Apr. 11. Neth. Peace (p. 697).\\nSept. JVurtemberg. The French under\\nMarshal Yillars cross the Rhine and\\nthreaten Ulni. [Peace is negotiated.]\\nSchleswig-Holstein. Altona is burned\\nby the Swedes.\\n1714-18 War of the Turks with Venice\\nand after 1716 with Germany (p. 514).\\n1716 Aug. 5. Hung. Battle of Peter-\\nwardein (p. 514).\\n1717 Aug. 15. Servia. Prince Eugene\\ndefeats the Turks at Wisnetza near\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1685 Andreas Cassius describes the\\npreparation of gold purple used by\\nKunkel to make red glass, and for other\\npurposes.\\n1687 Cinnebar is prepared in the\\nfluid state by Schultze.\\n1690 Bavaria. The clarionet is in-\\nvented by Johann C. Denner of Leipsic\\nat Nuremberg.\\nSaxony. Telescopes with a single\\nlens are invented by Ehrenfried \\\\V.\\nTschirnhausen.\\nSaxony. August Q. Rivinus proposes\\nto give two names to each plant.\\n1698-99 Br. Saxony. The orphano-\\ntropheon at Halle is established by\\nAugust Francke.\\n1700 Saxony. The first European\\nporcelain [Dresden china] is made at\\nDresden, by Johann F. Bottcher.\\n1702* Berlin. The Academy of Sci-\\nences is established.\\n1709 Prussic acid is accidentally\\ndiscovered by Diescach, a chemist [and\\nfirst obtained in a separate state by\\nScheele].\\n1710 Saxony. Spoons are forged out\\nof iron plate in the Erz-Gebirge.\\n1711* Berlin. The observatory is\\nerected under Leibnitz s direction.\\n1717* Saxony. ChristophG. Schroter,\\nthe inventor, presents a model of his\\npianoforte to the court of Saxony.\\n1720* Paper is made from\\nSaxony. Hose without s\\nvented by Bok at Leipsic.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1681 Ileineeeius, Johann, jurist, born.\\n1682* Rupert, Prince of the Palatinate,\\ngeneral in England, A63.\\n1683 I n enbach, Zarkarias C. von, schol-\\nar, born.\\n1684 Haas, Johann, historian, born.\\nKohler, or Koehler, Johann I historian, b.\\nNetscher, Gaspar, or Kaspar, painter, A45.\\n1685 Each, Johann S., composer, musi-\\ncian, horn.\\nBecher, Johann J., chemist, A55.\\nDenner, Balthasar, painter, born.\\nKlein, Jacob, naturalist, born.\\nHandel, Georg Frederick, composer, born.\\n1686* Fahrenheit, Gabriel IK, physicist, b.\\nCalov, Abraham, Lutheran clergyman, A74.\\nGuerieke, Otto, natural philosopher, inventor\\nof air-pump, A84.\\nNeuliof, Baron, Thedor von, adventurer, b.\\n1687 Bengel, Johann A., theol. wr., born.\\nHevelius, Johannes, astronomer, A76.\\n1688* Frederick William, the Great\\nElector of Brandenburg, fdr. of Prus-\\nsian monarchy, A68.\\nVossius, Isaac, classical scholar, miscellane-\\nous writer, A70.\\n1690 Bogatzky, Karl H., theol. writer, b.\\nCanz, Israel G., philosopher, born.\\nSchmauss, Johann J., legal writer, born.\\n1691 Amman, Paul, botanist, A57.\\nGesner, Johann M., philologist, born.\\nMorhof, Daniel G., scholar, A52.\\n1692* Halm, Simon, historian, publicist, h.\\nPollnitz, Karl von, adventurer, hist, wr., b.\\nSeckendorf, Veit L. von, scholar, theologian,\\nstatesman, A66.\\nStruve, Gcorg A., jurist, A73.\\n1693* Biitinger, (i.-org B., phys., math., b.\\n1694 Bayer, Gottlieb S., orientalist, born.\\nHartzheim, Joseph, Jesuit historian, born.\\nMosheim, Johann L. von, eccles. historian, h.\\nPuffendorf, Baron Samuel, jurist, A62.\\nKiemarus, Hermann S., philologist, born.\\nSehopflin, Johann D., historian, born.\\n1695 I-iiedinger, Johann, designer, engr., b.\\nTrew, Christoph J., botanist, anatomist, b.\\n1696 Albums, Bernard S., anatomist, b.\\nBruckner, Johann, cl., schol., historian, b.\\nKeith, James, field-marshal, horn.\\nSaxe, Count of, Hermann Maurice, gen., b.\\n1697 Charles VII., Charles Albert, em-\\nperor, born.\\nHamberger, Georg E., physician, born.\\nTersteegen, Gerhard, poet, mvstic, born.\\n1698 Foque, Henri A., Baron de la Motte,\\ngeneral, born.\\nMeniski, Francis M., orientalist, A75.\\n1699* Daman, Christian, classical schol., b.\\nHasse, Johann, composer, born.\\nZiethen, Hans J. von, general, born.\\n1700 Coltsehed, Johann, critic, born.\\nKirchmaier, (ieorg K., chemist, A65.\\nZinzendorf und Pottendorf, Count von, Ni-\\nkolaus Ludwig, founder (or restorer) of\\nMoravians, born.\\n1701 Hontheim, Johann 7$. von, jurist, b.\\nMoser, Johann J., jurist, born.\\n170S* Oetinger, Friedrich C, theol., born.\\n1703 Bach, Johann C, composer, organ-\\nist, A60.\\nGravius, Johann, scholar, A71.\\n1704* Cartheuser, Johann F., physician, b.\\nSpangenberg, August G., founder Moravian\\nchurch in America, born.\\n1705 May 5, Leopold I., the Great, em-\\nperor, A 65.\\nEimmart, Georg C, artist, astronomer, A67.\\nSpener, Philipp J., theologian, A70.\\n1706 Baumgarten, Siinsmund J., theol., b.\\n1707 Cassel, Johann P., philologist, born.\\nCellarius, Christoph, critic, geog.,A69.\\nErnesti, Johann A., critic, born.\\n1708 Engau, Johann R., jurist, writer, b.\\nHagedon, Friedrich von, poet, born.\\n1709 Abraham a Saucta-Clara, Augustin-\\nian friar, pulpit orator, author, A67.\\nGmelin, Johann G., botanist, born.\\nHolzer, Johann, fresco-painter, engr., born.\\nLudwig, Christian G., botanist, born.\\nMarggraf, Andreas, chemist, born.\\n18th Century. Balthasar, Theodor, inventor\\nof solar microscope, born.\\n1710 Bach, Wilhelm F., organist, born.\\nBreitkopf, Johann G. E., typographer, born.\\n1711 Muhlenberg, Henry M., founder of\\nLutheran church in America, born.\\n1712 Jan. 24. Frederick II., the Great,\\nKing of Prussia, born.\\nDietrich, Christian W., painter, b.\\n1713 Feb. 25. Frederick I., first king of\\nPrus., A56.\\nHa^edorn, Christian L., art critic, wr., born.\\n1714 Bach, Karl P. E., composer, born.\\nBaumgarten, Alexander G., philosopher, b.\\nDaries, Joachim c, jurist, philosopher, b.\\nGleditsch, Johann botanist, born.\\nGluck, Johann C. von, composer, born.\\nGunther, Anton, Prince of Anhalt,gen., A61.\\nMeckel, Johann F., anatomist, born.\\nTrench, Baron Franz von der, general, h.\\n1715 Crusins, hnstian A., theol., born.\\nGellert, Christian F., poet, mis. wr., born.\\nKleist, Ewald C. von, poet, born.\\nWille, Johann G., engraver, born.\\n1716 Nov. 14. Leibnitz, Gottfried W.\\nvon, philosopher, A70.\\nHasenclever, Peter, merchant, manuf., b.\\nKampfer, Engelbrecht, botanist, A66.\\nReiske, Johann J.. Arabic scholar, born.\\n1717 May 13. Maria Theresa, Empress\\nof Germany, Queen of Hungary, born.\\nMichaelis, Johann, orientalist, Bib. critic, b.\\nOeser, or Oser, Adam F., paint., modeler, b.\\nWinekelmann, Johann J., archeologist, b.\\n1718* Bohn, Johann, physician, an., A78.\\nFink, Friedrich A. von, general, born.\\n1719 Achcnwall, ,ot t tried, statistician, b.\\nCanstein, Baron Karl H., philan., A52.\\nKantner, Abraham, poet, math., born.\\nLichtwer, Magnus G., poet, fabulist, born.\\n1720 Eckhof, Conrad, the German Gar-\\nrick, actor, born.\\nEisenhart, Johann, F., jurist, born.\\nHaberlin, Franz D., historian, born.\\nMunchhausen, Baron, Karl Friedrich\\nHieronymus von, soldier, romancer, born.\\nHz, Johann P., lyric poet, born.\\n1721 Baralier, Johann P., linguist, born.\\nBrunswick, Duke of, Ferdinand, general, h.\\nCamerarius, Rudolf J., botanist, phys., A66.\\nSender, Johann S., theologian, born.\\nWedel, Georg W., physician, writer, A76.\\nCHURCH.\\n1689+ Saxony. The Pietists, a Lu-\\ntheran sect, is founded in Leipsic by\\nPhilip James Spener, a professor of\\ntheology.\\nThey assert that the church is corrupt,\\nthe ministry unfaithful, and the people\\ncursed with spiritual death. [1760. He\\nestablishes colleges of pietists.\\n1691 Borne. Innocent XII. is pope.\\nC1700, Clement XL; 1721, Innocent XIII.\\n1724, Benedict XIII.; 1730, Clement XII\\n1740, Benedict XIV.; 1758, Clement XIII.\\n1769, Clement XIV.]\\n1706 A Danish Protestant mission is\\nplanned by Frederick IV.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0810.jp2"}, "811": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1681,**-1721,*\\n799\\nLETTERS.\\n1682 Acta Eruditorum Lipsiensium is\\nissued under the editorship of Leibnitz.\\n1686 Ephemericles Litterarise is is-\\nsued at Hamburg.\\n1688 The Asiatic Banise, by Anselm\\nvon Zeigler, appears.\\nMonatsgesprache is issued by Chris-\\ntian Thoinasius.\\n1689 Monatliche Erzahlungen is is-\\nsued.\\nArminius und Thusnelda, by Lohen-\\nstein, appears.\\n-98 Monatliche Unterredwngen is\\nissued.\\n1691 Life of Jesus, by Father Martin\\nof Cochem, appears.\\n1693 Oct. 19. P. Saxony. The Uni-\\nversity of Halle is chartered by the\\nemperor.\\n1694* Thesaurus Antiquitatum Boma-\\nnorum, by Johann G. Graevius, appears.\\n1697 Bavaria. The University of\\nAltdorf is authorized to create doctors\\nof theology.\\n*A volume of epigrams by Christian\\nWernicke appears.\\n1698-1708 Nova Litteraria Maris Bal-\\nthici et Septentrionis is issued.\\n1700 Nebenstunden unterschiedener\\nGedichte, by Freiherr von Cauitz, ap-\\npears.\\nObservationes selecta ad rem littera-\\nriam is issued.\\n1701 Monatlicher Anzug is issued.\\n1702 Neue Unterredwngen is issued.\\n1703-09 Nova Litteraria Germanise col-\\nlecta Hamburgi is issued.\\n1704 Curieuse Bibliothek is issued\\n(the continuation of Monatliche Unterre-\\ndwngen.)\\n1705 Geistliche Cantaten, byErdmann\\nNeumeister, set to music by Johann\\nSebastian Each, appears.\\n1709 Electa Juris Publici is issued.\\n1710* Saxony. The llostocker Zeitung\\nis issued at Leipsic.\\nNeuer Vorrath is issued at Mecklen-\\nburg.\\nTheodicee, by Leibnitz, appears.\\n1711 Works, by Johann von Besser,\\nappear.\\n1712 Oratorio of the Passion, an opera\\nby Barthold H. Brookes, appears. [17*21-\\n48, Earthly Pleasures in God.]\\nThoughts on the Power of the Human\\nMind, by Christian Wolf, appears. [1713-\\n15, Elements of Unirersal Science.\\nTeutsche Acta Eruditorum is issued.\\n1714 Hamburg. Der Vernunftler, the\\nfirst German weekly newspaper, appears.\\nHolsteinische Zeitungs- Correspondent\\nis issued. [1716. Changed to Hamburg-\\nischer-Correspondent.]\\n1715-23 Neue Acerra Philologica is is-\\nsued.\\n1715-32 Grundlingiana is issued.\\n1715 Neue Zeitungen von gelehrten\\nSachen is issued.\\n1715-27 Acta PhiloMophoritm is issued.\\n1718* Wiirttembergische Nebenstunden\\nis issued.\\n1718-20 Literarische Analekten is issued.\\nPr. Saxony. Vermischte Bibliothek is\\nissued at Halle.\\nSTATE.\\n1683 The Treaty of The Hague is\\nconcluded against the French.\\n1686 July 9. The League of Augs-\\nburg is signed.\\nThe emperor, kings of Sweden and\\nSpain, the electors of Bavaria, Saxony,\\nand the Palatinate, unite in a league to\\nmaintain the treaties of Minister and\\nKimeguen against France.\\nHung. Buda is taken from the Turks\\nafter possession for 145 years.\\n1687 Hung. Joseph I. receives the\\ncrown of Hungary.\\nHung. The Diet of Pressburg (p. 513).\\n1688 Apr. 19. Prus. Frederick\\nWilliam, the Great Elector, dies.\\nFrederick HI. becomes duke of Prus-\\nsia.\\n1689 The French send a ravaging\\narmy into South Germany which rouses\\nsome of the princes. (See France.)\\nMay 12. Vienna. The grand alliance\\nis formed (p. 513).\\n1690 Bavaria. The Diet of Augsburg\\nelects Joseph I. King of the Romans.\\n1691 Saxony. John Georg IV. be-\\ncomes elector. [1694. Frederick Augus-\\ntus II.]\\n1692 Dec. 19. Hanover becomes the\\nninth electorate.\\n1697 Sept. 20. Neth. The Peace of\\nRyswick is signed (p. 695).\\nOct. 30. Neth. The Treaty of Rys-\\nwick is ratified by the empire and the\\nemperor (p. 513, 695).\\nSaxony. Frederick Augustus I.,\\nelector, becomes the king of Poland he\\nadopts the Catholic faith.\\nSchwarzburg Sondershausen is\\nmade a principality.\\n1699 Jan. 26. Aust. Peace of Kar-\\nlowitz is signed by Austria, Poland,\\nRussia, Venice, and Turkey (p. 513).\\nSaxe-Coburg-Gotha. Albert dying\\nchildless, John Ernest, seventh son of\\nErnest the Pious, succeeds as ruler.\\n1701-14 War of the Spanish Succes-\\nsion. Cause (see p. 512).\\n1701 Jan. 18. Prus. Prussia first\\nbecomes a kingdom-\\nFrederick III., Elector of Branden-\\nburg, in an assembly of the States at\\nKonigsberg, crowns himself and his wife,\\nand is proclaimed King of Prussia by the\\nname of Frederick I.\\nMecklenburg is divided into Meck-\\nlenburg-Sch wer in and Meeklenburg-\\nStrelitz. [Their later history is gener-\\nally the same.]\\nWaldeck-Pyrmont is made a prin-\\ncipality.\\nSept. 7. Second grand alliance against\\nFrance (p. 695).\\n1702 Crefeld is transferred from the\\nHouse of Nassau to Prussia.\\n1721 Die Discurse der Mailer isissued.\\n1703 Apr. Ba varia. The Elector\\nMaximilian, as an ally of France, de-\\nclares war against the emperor.\\n1704* Brunswick. Anthony ITlric\\nbecomes duke of Brunswiek-Wolfenbut-\\ntel. [1714, Augustus William; 1731,\\nLewis Rudolf; 1735, Charles.]\\n1705 May 5. Vienna. The Emperor\\nLeopold I. dies. [His son Leopold,\\nKing of Bohemia, succeeds him.]\\n1705-11 Joseph I. is emperor.\\n1707* Switz. Neuchatel, or Neu-\\nburg, and Valengia are seized and an-\\nnexed by Frederick I. the principality\\nof Tecklenburg is purchased.\\n1709 June 28. Saxony. Saxony and\\nDenmark and Russia enter an alliance\\nat Dresden.\\n1710 The Treaty of The Hague is\\nsigned by England, Holland, and the\\nEmpire, to push the war away from Ger-\\nman boundaries.\\n1711 Apr. 17. The Emperor Joseph\\nI. dies. [Dec. His brother Charles is\\nelected emperor.]\\n1711-40 Charles VI. is emperor.\\n[Count Linzendorf is his minister.]\\nSchwarzburg-Rudolstadt is made a\\nprincipality.\\n1713-40 Prus. Frederick William I.\\nis king.\\nHe lays the foundation of Prussian\\nf:eatness, acquires great influence in\\nurope, and leaves a well-disciplined\\narmy of 70,000 men at his death.\\n1713 Apr. 11. Neth. Peace of\\nUtrecht (p. 697).\\nApr. 19. Charles VI. issues the Prag-\\nmatic Sanction (p. 514).\\nNeth. Gelderland is ceded in great\\npart to Prussia.\\n1714 Mar. 6. Baden. The prelimina-\\nries of peace with France are signed at\\nRastatt (pp. 514, 697).\\nSept. 17. Switz. Treaty of Baden be-\\ntween the German Empire and France\\n(p. 514).\\nBavaria. Maximilian Emanuel is re-\\nstored to his dominions.\\nBerlin. The five districts of Berlin\\nare united under one magistracy.\\n1717* Spain seizes Sardinia.\\nJan. 17. Neth. At The Hague a treaty\\nis signed by Spain, Savoy, and Austria.\\n1718 July 22. Peace of Passarowitz\\n(p. 515).\\nJuly 26. London. The Quadruple Al-\\nliance is formed against Spain. [1719.\\nHolland joins.] (P. 697.)\\nSpain seizes Sicily.\\n1720 Prus. Vompomern and Stet-\\ntin are annexed to Prussia.\\nThe Treaty of Stockholm is signed\\nby Sweden and Prussia.\\nSweden cedes Hither Pomerania with\\nStettin and the islands of Usedom and\\nWollin to Prussia, and Bremen and Ver-\\nden to Hanover, and receives a payment\\nof money.\\nThe Pragmatic Sanction is ratified\\nby the estates of the Austrian Empire\\nand many of the states of Europe.\\nLands belonging to the House of Aus-\\ntria are to be indivisible the inheri-\\ntance of these lands shall devolve on\\nthe daughters of Charles in the absence\\nof male heirs, according to primogeni-\\nture if the line of Charles become ex-\\ntinct, the daughters of Joseph I. and\\ntheir descendants shall inherit.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0811.jp2"}, "812": {"fulltext": "800 1722,**-1749,*\\nGERMANY\\nAMY NAVY.\\n1733-35 War of the Polish Succes-\\nsion (p. 514).\\n1734 W. Prus. Danzig, having de-\\nclared in favor of Stanislas Leszezyn-\\nski, is besieged and taken by the Rus-\\nsians and Saxons.\\n1736-39 War with Turks and Rus-\\nsians (p. 514).\\n1738 Nov. IS. Vienna. The Peace\\nof Vienna ends the war of the Polish\\nSuccession (p. 701).\\n1740-1S Prus. War of the Austrian\\nSuccession (p. 514).\\n1740-42 The First Silesian War.\\nSaxony is an ally of Prussia (p. 514).\\n1741 Apr. 10. Silesia. Battle of\\nMollwitz (p. 514).\\nSilesia. Glogau is captured by Prus-\\nsians.\\nSilesia. Frederick H. captures\\nBreslau from Austria.\\n1742 May 17- Moravia. Battle of\\nChotusitz near Czaslau (p. 514).\\nBohemia. The French are driven out.\\nJune 11-July 28. Peace of Breslau\\nand Berlin (p. 515).\\n1743 The allies are driven out of\\nBavaria by the Austrians.\\nJune 27. Bavaria. Battle of JJet-\\ntingen (pp. 514, 700).\\nThe French, are compelled to recross\\nthe Rhine.\\nPrus. Frederick introduces flying\\nhorse artillery, and improves military\\ntactics.\\n17 44 4 5 Second Silesian War.\\nBattles: 1745,Mayll,Fontenoy,Belg.;\\nJune 4, Hohenfriedburg. Silesia; Sept.\\n30, Soor, Bohemia Dec. 15, Kesselsdorf,\\nSaxony (pp. 514, 515).\\n1744* Saxony. Frederick with 80,000\\nmen forces his way through Saxony and\\ninvades Bohemia. [Takes Prague.]\\n1745 Jan.* Bavaria. Munich is\\ntaken by the French and Bavarians.\\nDec. 25. Saxony. Peace. (See State.)\\n1746 Oct. 11. Belg. Marshal Saxe\\ndefeats the allies of Austria at Eo-\\ncoux, and completes the conquest of\\nthe Austrian Netherlands.\\nWar in Italy between Spain, France,\\nand Austria.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1722 E. Prus. Denis Papin s steam-\\nengine is used for raising water by\\nWeber and Potter at Konigsberg, near\\nChemnitz.\\n1723 Saxony. Muslin is first made\\nin Dresden.\\n1726* Neth. Gabriel D. Fahrenheit\\ninvents his thermometer.\\n1729 Prus. Georg E. Stahl founds a\\nsystem of chemistry on the theory of\\nphlogiston.\\n1731-63 Saxony. Johann A. Hasse pro-\\nduces many operas, chiefly at Dresden.\\n1732 Iieuss-Gera. The French lock\\nis invented by Freytag at Gera.\\nMartin, a snuffbox maker, is said to\\nhave learned the art of making papier-\\nmache from one Lefevre.\\n1746 Bavaria. The pedal harp is\\ninvented by J. P. Vetters at Nuremberg.\\n1747 Beet-root sugar is first pro-\\nduced by Andreas Marggraf the chemist.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1722* Augustus Wilhelm, prince, brother\\nof Frederick the Great, born.\\n1723 Oct. 19. Kneller. Sir Godfrey,\\npainter, A75.\\nBasedow, Johann B., teacher, educational\\nreformer, born.\\nBloch, Markus E., Jewish phys., natural., b.\\nCramer, Johann A., theologian, poet, born.\\nCranz, David, hist.. IWoiavian missionary, b.\\nGrimm. Baron Friedrich M., wit, critic,\\nauthor, born.\\nMayer, Johann T., astronomer, born.\\nCloser, Friedrich K. von, jurist, born.\\n1724 Apr. 22. Kant, immamiel, meta-\\nphysician, |ihi]ns plnT, born.\\njEpinus, Franz M. IT. T., electrician, b.\\nBusehing, Anton F., geographer, born.\\nFischervon F.rlarh, Huron Johann B., archi-\\ntect, A74.\\nGuiacnard, Karl Gottlieb, colonel, author, b.\\nPutter, Johann S., publicist, born.\\n1726* Chodowiechi, aniel N., engr., b.\\nSehwarz, Christian F., missionary, born.\\nTrench, Baron Friedriidi von der, gen., b.\\nWalch, Christian W. F., eccles. hist., born.\\nWeisse, Christian F., poet, dram., mis. wr.,b.\\nZacharia, Just F. W., poet, satirist, born.\\n1727* Dantz, or I)anz, Johann A., orien-\\ntalist, A73.\\nFrancke, August H., cl., philanthropist, A64.\\nbatterer, Johann ^cuy., historian, b.\\n1728* Mengs, Anton K., painter, author, b.\\nOeder, Georg L., botanist, born.\\n1729 Jan. 22. Lessing. Gotthold Ephra-\\nim, dramatist, critic, born.\\nBuddaeus, Johannes, Lutheran theologian,\\nhistorian, A62.\\nForster, Johann R., naturalist, traveler, b.\\nFurstenberg, Baron Friedrich W. F., states-\\nman, born.\\nHabn, Simon, historian, publicist, A37.\\nHeyne, Christian G., philologist, born.\\nMendelssohn, Muses, philosopher, born.\\nPanzer, Gcorg Wolfgang, cl., hihliog., born.\\n1730 Chemnitz, Johann, cl., naturalist, h.\\nLckhard, John G., anliq., historian, A56.\\nHamann, Johann G., philosopher, born.\\nHedwig, Johann, botanist, born.\\nKnyphausen, Baron William von, general of\\nHessians in America, born.\\nSteuben, Frederick W. A general, born.\\n1731 Datbe, Johann A., theol., orient., b.\\n1732 Adelung, Johann C, philologist, b.\\nBach, Johann composer, born.\\nHaydn. Joseph, composer, horn.\\n1733 Augustus 1., Frederick, King of To-\\nland, AG3.\\nMeamer, Friedrich A,, founder of Tnesmer-\\nNicohii, Christoph F., litterateur, born.\\nNiebuhr. Karsiens, traveler, born.\\nWieland, Christopher Martin, poet, novel-\\nist, mis. writer, born.\\n1734 Stahl, Georg chemist, A74.\\nTychsen, Olaus G-, orientalist, philologist, h.\\nUn enliai h. Zarharias von. scholar, A51.\\n1735 Musaus, Johann K. A., mis. wr., b.\\nSchlozer, August L. von, historian, born.\\nWalter, Johann G., physician, anatomist, h.\\n1736 Fahrenheit. Gabriel D., physicist,\\nA50.\\nRoseninuller, Johann G., theologian, born.\\nSchmidt, Michael I., historian, born.\\n1737* Mai-kert, Philipp. painter, horn.\\nKoch, Christoph W. von, historical wr., b.\\nSchmolk, Benjamin, hymn-writer, A65.\\n1738 Abl.t, Thomas, mis. writer, born.\\nBaldingcr, Krnst Gottfried, phys., au., born.\\nBayer, Gottlieb S., orientalist, A44.\\nKlotz, Christian A., scholar, critic, born.\\nItiedesel, Friedrich A. von, general in Amer-\\nica in British service, born.\\nStruve, Burkhard G., jurist, A67.\\n1739* Amalie, Anna, Duchess of Saxe-\\nWeimar, born.\\nBeckmann, Johann, naturalist, agricultural\\nwriter, born.\\nFberhard, Johann A., philosopher, wr., h.\\nHahn, Philipp M., mechanician, inventor, b.\\nKeiser, Keinhard, composer, A66.\\nWrisberg, Heinrich A., anatomist, born.\\n1740 Baratier, Johann P., linguist, A 19.\\nHolzer, Johann, fresco-painler, engr., A31.\\nJacobi, Johann G., poet, scholar, born.\\nJung-Stilling, Johann II., mystic, born.\\nOberlin, Jean F., social reformer, philan., b,\\nSturm, Christopher C, moralist, preacher, h.\\n1741 Mar. 13. Joseph II., emperor, b.\\nArchenholz, Johann W., historical writer, b.\\nBahrdt, Karl F., theologian, born.\\nFueling, Christoph lb, scholar, historian, b.\\nF.ngel, Johann J., critic, mis. writer, born.\\nHeineccius, Johann G-, jurist, A(iO.\\n^aumann, Johann G., composer, born.\\nPallas, Peter S., naturalist, traveler, born.\\n1742 Dec. 16. Bliicher. Gebhard L.\\nvon, field-marshal, born.\\nEsper, Fugen J. C, entomologist, born.\\nHaas, Johann M., historian, A58.\\nHoffmann, Friedrich. physician, A82.\\nLicbtenberg, Georg physicist, born.\\n1743 Claudius, Matthias, poet, bom.\\nFsehenbuxg, Johann J., litterateur, born.\\nF abricius, Johann C, entomologist, born.\\nFrisch, Johann L., philol., naturalist, A77.\\nJacobi, Friedrich H., novelist, philosopher,\\nmis. writer, born.\\nKlaproth, Martin H., chemist, born.\\nPlaner, Johann J., botanist, physician, born.\\nRothschild, Mayer A., banker, born.\\nZimmerman, Fberhard A. W. von, natural-\\nist, author, born.\\n1744 Sept. 25. Frederick William II.,\\nKing of Prussia, born.\\nBauer, Ferdinand, botanical, painter, born.\\nBogat/.ky, Karl II., theological writer, A54.\\nDalberg, Karl Theodor Anton Maria von,\\narchhp. of Mentz, schol., writer, born.\\nErxleben, Johann C. 1*., naturalist, born.\\nGmelin, Samuel G., botanist, traveler, born.\\nHerder, Johann G. von, philosopher, au., b.\\nKnebel, Karl L. von, litterateur, born.\\n1745* Charles VII., Charles Albert, em-\\nperor, A48.\\nFrank, Johann P., physician, born.\\nGriesbach, Johann J., theologian, philol., b.\\nSchulembourg:, Johann M., general, A84.\\n1746 Campe, Joachim H., philanthropist,\\nmis. writer, born.\\nHardt, Hermann von der, philologist, A86.\\nZanner, Franz, sculptor, born.\\n1747 May 5. Leopold II.. emperor, born.\\nBertucb, Friedrich J., journalist, mis. writer,\\nBode, Johann E., astronomer, born.\\nDenner, Balthasar, painter, A62.\\nLeopold, Prince of Anhalt-Dessan, gen., A73.\\nMeiners, Christoph, historian, born.\\nSchultze, Johann A. P., poet, composer, b.\\n1748 Burger, Gottfried A., poet, born.\\nFiorillo, Johann I painter, art-writer, b.\\nIk-derich, Benjamin, philol., lexicog., A73.\\nHolty, Ludwig H. C, poet, born.\\nWeigel, Christian E. von, naturalist, born.\\nWeishaupt, Adam, jurist, philosopher, born.\\n1749 Aug:. 38. Goethe. Johann Wolf-\\ngang von, poet, dramatist, novelist, phi-\\nlosopher, born.\\nForkel, Johann N., composer, born.\\nTrench, Baron, Franz von der, general, A35.\\nCHURCH.\\n1722 June 17. Saxony. The town of\\nHerrnhut is commenced by refugee\\nMoravians.\\n1724* W.Prus. Several Protestants\\nare put to death at Thorn under a pre-\\ntended legal sentence of the chancellor\\nof Poland, for being concerned in a\\ntumult occasioned by a Roman Catholic\\nprocession.\\n1727* The Moravian Church in\\nNorth Germany consists of 500 persons.\\n1730 Aug. 30. Switz. The German\\nChristian Society is organized at Basel\\non the Upper Rhine; it is a mission-\\nsociety.\\nLETTERS.\\nGelehrtes Preussen is issued.\\n1724* Hamburg. Der Patriot is issued.\\nErlautertes Preussen is issued.\\n1724-25 Poems, by .Christian Gunther,\\nappear.\\n1725* *The Vernwnftige Tadler-nnen is\\nissued by Johann Gottsched. [1727.\\nContinued as Biedermann.]\\nDer musihalische Patriot is issued.\\n*Nova Litteraria is issued in Franconia.\\nThesaurus Antiquitatum et Historicum\\nHalite, Sicilas, etc., by Johann G. Grae-\\nvius and P. Burmannus, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0812.jp2"}, "813": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1722,**-1749,\\n801\\nHesse. Kurze Histoire is issued.\\nDer patriotische Medikue is issued.\\n1728 Die Matrone is issued.\\n*A Treatiseon Logic, by Christian Wolf,\\nappears. [1730, Primitive Philosophy or\\nOntology 1732, Moral Philosophy or\\nEthics; 1734, Rational Psychology 1738-\\n39, Universal Practical Philosoj h i\\n1740-49, The Law of Nature and fhe\\nLaws of Nations.]\\nArt of Rhetoric, by Gottsched, appears.\\n[1730, Critische Di chtkunst; 1732, Cato,\\nand essays on literary history and the\\nGerman language 1734, World-Wisdom;\\n1736, Poems.]\\n1729 Versuch einigen Gedichte, by\\nFriedrich von Hagedo rn, appears.\\nBavaria. The University of Bam-\\nberg adds a faculty of theology.\\n1730-32 Acta Borussica is issued in\\nPrussia.\\n1731-50 The Universal Lexicon of Sci-\\nence and Arts, 64 vols., by Johann H.\\nZedler, appears.\\n1732 Versuch schiveizerischer Ge-\\ndichte, poems by Albrecht von Haller,\\nappear.\\n1736 Dec. 7. Hanover. The Univer-\\nsity of Gottingen is endowed by George\\nII. of England, Elector of Hanover.\\n[1737, Sept. 17. Opened.]\\n1738 Fabeln und Erzahlungen, by\\nHagedorn, appears. [1747, Odes and\\nSongs; 1750, Moral Poeins.]\\nConsiderations sur I itat present du\\ncorps politique de F.urnpe, by Frederick\\nII. (the Great) of Prussia, appears. [1740,\\nV Antimachiavel 1751, Memoir esde Bran-\\ndelbourg.]\\n1739 Zeitungtn von gelehrte Sachsen\\nis issued at Gottingen.\\n1740-58 Zuverlassige Xachrichten (the\\ncontinuation of Teutsche Acta Erudi-\\ntorum) is issued.\\n1740-45 German Stage, by Gottsched,\\nappears. [1745-54, Neuer Buchersaal\\n1748, Deutsche Sprachkunst.]\\n1742 Spring, by J. P. Uz, appears.\\n1743 Feb. 21. Bavaria. The Uni-\\nversity of Erlangen is chartered by\\nthe emperor.\\n1744* Essays in Humorous Poetry, by\\nJ. W. L. Gleim, appears.\\nBremen Contributions is issued by Ma-\\ngiste Schwabe and other Leipsic poets.\\n1746 Fables and Tales and The Life\\nof the Swedish Countess G., by Christian\\nF. Gellert, appear. [1657, Sacred Odes\\nand Songs.]\\nGelehrte Zeitung is issued.\\n1747* Theatrical Works, by Elias\\nSchlegel, appears.\\n1748* The Young Scholar, by Gotthold\\nE. Lessing, appears. [1751, Trifles; 1753,\\nComplete Works. Parts I. and IT. 1754,\\nParts III. and IV. 1755, Parts V. and\\nVI., and Miss Sarah Simpson.]\\nElements of Belles-Leltres, Metaphy-\\nsica,Ethica Pliilosophia, and sFsthefica,\\nby Alexander G. Baumgarten, appear.\\n1748-73 The Messias, by Friedrich G.\\nKlopstock, appears. [1758, Religious\\nSongs.]\\n1749 Spring, by Ewald C. von Kleist,\\nappears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1725 Nov. Hanov er. Peter, the Wild\\nBoy, is found in the Harzwald by King\\nGeorge I. of England and some friends\\nwhile hunting he is found walking on\\nhis hands and feet, climbing trees like a\\nsquirrel, and feeding on grass and moss.\\n1749* Bavaria. Maria Renata is\\nburned at Wurzburg for witchcraft.\\nSTATE.\\n1722 Wilrtemberg. The duke becomes\\na Catholic. [Former dukes were Protes-\\ntants.]\\n1726 Bavaria. Charles Albert be-\\ncomes duke.\\n1728-48 Saxe- Weimar. Under the reign\\nof Ernest Augustus the principality is\\nreunited.\\n1731 Bremen is sold to Hanover.\\n1733-35 War of the Polish Succes-\\nsion (pp. 515, 699).\\nSaxony. Frederick Augustus U.\\nbecomes elector, and King of Poland.\\nWiirtemberg. Charles Alexander\\nbecomes duke. [1737. Charles Eugene.]\\n1735 Brunsivick. Ferdinand Albert\\nbecomes duke of Brunswick-Bevern.\\nSaxe-Coburg-Gotha. John Ernest s\\ntwo sons ruling in common, acquire pos-\\nsession of Coburg, and, changing their\\nresidence, stvle themselves dukes of\\nSaxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.\\n1736* Francis I., Duke of Lorraine,\\nmarries Maria Theresa, the heiress of\\nAustria.\\n1738 Nov. 18. Vienna. The Peace\\nof Vienna (p. 701).\\nBaden. Charles Frederick becomes\\nmargrave of Baden-Durlach.\\n1740 May 31. Prus. Frederick\\nWilliam I. dies. [He is succeeded by\\nhis son Frederick.]\\n1740-86 Prus. Frederick II. [Fred-\\nerick the Great] is King of Prussia.\\nHe is the greatest soldier of his time\\nhe elevates Prussia to the rank of a\\nEuropean power.\\nOct. 20. The Emperor Charles VI.\\ndies, and the male line of the House\\nof Hapsburg becomes extinct. [Three\\nrivals claim the Austrian throne against\\nMaria Theresa.] (P. 515.)\\n1741 Jan. Silesia. Breslau is con-\\nquered by Frederick II. of Prussia.\\nMar. 13. Hung. Maria Theresa, Queen\\nof Hungary, gives birth to a son [Jo-\\nseph II.].\\nMay* Bavaria. Alliance of Nyra-\\npnenburg against Austria (p. 515).\\nBohemia. Prague is taken into alli-\\nance with the Saxons.\\nAust. Charles Albert of Bavaria\\ncauses himself to be proclaimed arch-\\nduke of Linz, while homage is paid to\\nFrederick in Silesia. [Dec* He is\\ncrowned King of Bohemia.]\\n1742 Jan. 22. Charles Albert, Duke\\nof Bavaria, who had never recognized the\\nPragmatic Sanction, is made emperor by\\nthe aid of Louis XV. of France.\\n[General war ensues. Maria Theresa\\nexhibits undaunted spirit with her in-\\nfant son, Joseph II., in her arms, she ap-\\npeals to the Hungarian Diet, and the\\nchivalrous Magyars respond with enthu-\\nsiasm.]\\n1742^5 Charles VH. is emperor of\\nGermany.\\nFeb. 12. Frankfort. Charles VII. is\\ncrowned emperor at Frankfort-on-the-\\nMain.\\nFrederick II. of Prussia claims Si-\\nlesia, and the electors of Bavaria and\\nof Saxony dispute Maria Theresa s claim\\nto the Austrian lands. Frederick de-\\nclares war.\\nJune 11-July The Peace of Breslau\\nand of Berlin is signed by Austria and\\nPrussia.\\nTerms Frederick II. withdraws from\\nthe alliance against Maria Theresa;\\nAustria cedes Upper and Lower Silesia\\nand the county of Glatz to Prussia, and\\nretains only the southwestern part of\\nNeisse, Troppau, and Jagerndorf Prus-\\nsia assumes the debt of Silesia due to\\nEnglish and Dutch creditors to the\\namount of 1,700,000 rix dollars.\\n1743 Frederick II. concludes a sec-\\nond alliance with Charles VII. and\\nFrance.\\nCharles Theodor becomes elector\\npalatine of the Rhine.\\n1744 May 22. Frankfort. The Union\\nof Frankfort is signed by Frederick II.\\nwith the Emperor Charles VII., the\\nSwedes, and Hessians. [France also\\njoins. The second Silesian war follows.]\\nHanover. East Friesland falls to-\\nPrussia on the extinction of the reigning\\nhouse.\\n1745 Jan. 20. Munich. Charles VU.\\ndies. [He is succeeded by his son, Max-\\nimilian Joseph.]\\nJan. Alliance against Prussia (p. 515).\\nApr. 22. Bavaria. Peace of Fiissen\\n(p. 515).\\nMay 18. Saxony enters a treaty of al-\\nliance with Austria the elector is to\\nreceive a portion of territory in the par-\\ntition of Prussia.\\nSept. 13. Francis, Duke of Lorraine,\\nis elected emperor by the aid of England\\nand Holland. He is an amiable nonen-\\ntity; but Maria Theresa, his wife, he-\\ncomes a ruling spirit in Europe.\\n1745-1806 House of Lorraine.\\n1745-65 Francis I, is emperor.\\nDec. 25. Saxony. The Peace of Dres-\\nden is concluded between Prussia and\\nAustria, with Saxony, her ally.\\nIt ratifies the peace of Breslau and\\nBerlin in the ceding of Silesin to Prussia,\\nand end? the second Silesian war.\\nFrederick II. recognizes Francis I. as\\nEmperor of Germany Saxony agrees to\\npay to Prussia the impossible sum of\\n1,000,000 rix dollars.\\n*Prussia is a first-class power\\namong the states of Europe.\\n1748 Oct. 7. Ph. Prus. PeaceofAix-\\nla-Chapelle (p. 515).\\n*A growing envy embitters Austria\\nagainst Prussia since the latter came to\\nbe a great power.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1725 Nassau. Frederick Augustus,\\nKing of Poland, builds the Konigstein\\nTun.\\nIt is made to hold 233,667 gallons of\\nwine and the top, enclosed by a railing,\\nfurnishes accommodation for 20 persons\\nwhile regaling themselves.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0813.jp2"}, "814": {"fulltext": "802 1750, *-1772,**\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1756-63 The Third Silesian War, or\\nSeven Years War.\\nPrussia is attacked by Austria aided\\nby France and Russia it is occasioned\\nby jealousy of Prussian power.\\nBattles: 1756, Oct. 1, Lobositz, Bohemia\\nOct. 16, Pirna, Saxony 1757, May 6, .Prague\\nJune IIS, Kolin, Bohemia; June 26, Hasten-\\nbeck, Hanover; Aug. 30, Grossjiigenidorf,\\nE. Prus. Nov. .5, Rossbacli, Saxony (p. 516)\\nNov. 22, Breslau; Dec. 5, Leutlieh, Silesia\\n1758, June 23, Crefeld (p. 516) Kli. Prus.; Aug!\\n25, Zorndorf, Brandenburg; (let. 14, Hocb\\nkirch, Saxony; 17.^1, Julv l, Kav, Branden-\\nburg; Aug. 1, Minden, Prus.; Aug. 12, Ku-\\nnersdorf; Nov. 20, Maxen, Saxony; 1760,\\nJune 20, Landesbut; Aug. 15, Liegnitz; Oct.\\n30, Schweidint/,, Silesia; Nov. 3, Torgau, Sax\\nony; 1762, July 21, Burkersdorf, Saxony,\\n(pp. 514, 516.)\\n1756 Aug. Frederick II. suddenly in-\\nvades Saxony with 67,000 men, and sub-\\ndues it in anticipation of a combined\\nendeavor of great powers to partition\\nPrussia. He captures Dresden.\\n1757 The Prussians opposing the\\nFrench are commanded by Ferdi-\\nnand, Duke of Brunswick, brother of\\nthe ruling duke.\\nThe French send a second army un-\\nder Soubise to unite with the Imperial\\narmy in liberating Saxony.\\nJune 28. Moravia. The Austrians un-\\nder Gen. Laudon cut off the convoy of\\nthe Prussian army, and compel it to\\nretreat.\\nNov. Silesia. Frederick II. leads the\\nvictorious Prussians into Silesia, to re-\\nstore the prestige lost in the defeat and\\ncapture of the Duke of Br uns wick-Be v-\\nern by the Austrians.\\nDee. 21. Silesia. Breslau is recovered\\nby the Prussians after a siege, with 2,000\\nAustrian prisoners.\\noccupied by Fred-\\nfc Moravia. Frederick unsuccessfully\\nbesieges Olmiitz.\\nfc The Russians under Count Fermor\\nadvance to join the Austrians.\\nFerdinand of Brunswick drives the\\nFrench back across the Rhine.\\n1 Prus. The Russians conquer Prussia\\nas far as the Mark, and then advance.\\nBremen is taken out of the hands of\\nthe French by Hanoverians.\\n1759 Jan. 2. Frankfort- on-the-Main\\nis surprised and captured by the French.\\nApr. 13. Ferdinand, Duke of Bruns-\\nwick, is defeated by the French under\\nthe Duke of Broglie, in the skirmish of\\nBergen, near Frankfort-on-the-Main.\\nJuly 1. Silisia. The fortress of Glatz is\\ncaptured by Gen. Laudon.\\nJuly Saxonj/. Dresden is unsuccess-\\nfully bombarded by Frederick.\\nJuly 31. Westphalia. At Warburg\\nthe French are defeated by the Duke\\nof Brunswick and the allies.\\n1760 Oct. 9-13. Berlin. The Russians\\nand Austrians under Gen. Todleben sur-\\nprise, capture, and burn the city.\\nBerlin is laid under contribution by\\nGen. Lacy, with 15,000 Austrians and a\\nRussian army; 800,000 guilders and 1,900,-\\n000 crowns paid, and magazines, arsenals,\\nand foundries destroyed.\\nOct. 30. Silesia. At Schweidnitz\\nFrederick II. surprises and storms and\\ncaptures the castle. [1761. Oct. 1. Re-\\ncaptured by Austrians. 1769. Oct. 9.\\nRecaptured by Frederick.]\\n1761 Silesia. Frederick is encamped\\nopposite the united armies at Bunzel-\\nwitz.\\nThe Russian and Austrian armies\\nseparate through jealousy of Gen. Lau-\\ndon.\\nDec. 13. Pomerania. The Russians cap-\\nture the fortress of Kolberg.\\n1762 May 16. At Schweidnitz Fred-\\nerick defeats the Austrians.\\nJuly 21. Silesia. Battle of Burkers-\\ndorf (p. 516).\\nOct. 29. Saxony. Battle of Freiberg\\n(p. 516).\\n1763 Feb. 15. The Peace of Huberts-\\nburg ends the Seven Years War (p.\\n517).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1752 Musical notes are printed by\\nJohann G. E. Breitkoff.\\n1759 The theory of epigenesis is ad-\\nvanced by Kaspar F. Wolff in his The-\\noria Generationis.\\n1760* lieuss-Gera. Candle-molds\\nof pewter are made by Freytag at Gera.\\n1766 Frederick Anthony Mesmer, a\\nphysician of Merseburg, publishes his\\ndoctrines respecting mesmerism.\\n1767 Rk. Prus. A school of art, for\\nlandscape and religious painting, is\\nfounded at Dusseldorf [and becomes\\nfamous].\\n1769 Hanover. The first waterspout\\nmachine is made by Winterfried in the\\nHartz Mountains.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1750 July 28. Bach. Johann Sebas-\\ntian, composer, musician, A65.\\nP.illinger, Georg It., physicist, math., A57.\\nHardenberg, Prince Karl A. von, Btate9.,b.\\nJahn, Johann, R. C. cl., orientalist, born.\\nSaxe, Hermann Maurice, Count, of, gen., A54.\\nSchneider, Johann G-, naturalist, philologist,\\nlexicographer, born.\\nStolberg, Count, Friedrich von, poet, born.\\nWerner, Abraham geol., mineralogist, b.\\n1751 Klengel, Johann painter, born.\\nNitzsch, Karl theologian, born.\\nPlanck, Gottlieb J., theol., church hist., b.\\nVosb, Johann H., poet, philologist, born.\\n1752 Bengel, Johann A., theol. wr., A65.\\nBlumenbach, Johann F., naturalist, physiol-\\nogist, born.\\nEichhorn, Johann G., Biblical critic, born.\\nTiedge, Christoph A., poet, born.\\nTnaer, Albert, agriculturist, writer, born.\\n1753 Aehard, Franz K., chemist, born.\\nCanz, Israel G., philosopher, A63.\\nGabler, Johann P., theologian, born.\\nKlinger, Friedrich M., dram., novelist, born.\\nKnapp, Georg C, theologian, born.\\nMeissner, August. dram., litterateur, b.\\nReinhard, Francis V., theol., preacher, born.\\n1754* Forster, Johann G. A., naturalist,\\nwriter, born.\\nHagedorn, Friedrich von, poet, A46.\\nNiemeyer, August H., author, born.\\nWoli. Johann O. von, philosopher, A75.\\n1755* Bauer, Georg L., rationalistic cler-\\ngyman, orientalist, born.\\nBlumauer, Aloys, poet, born.\\nBulow. Count Friedrich W. v6n, gen.,b.\\nClootz, Baron Anacharsis de, political en-\\nthusiast in France, born.\\nEngau, Johann It., jurist, writer, A47.\\nGmelin, Johann botanist, A 46.\\nHahnemann, Samuel C. F., physician, fdr.\\nof homeopathic system, born.\\nHamberger, Georg E., physician, A58.\\nMosheim, Johann L. von, eccles. hist., A6I.\\nKohler, or Koehler, Johann 1)., antiquary,\\nhistorian, ATI.\\nSommering, Samuel T. von,anat.,physiol.,b.\\n1756 Jan. 27. Mozart. Wolfg-ang Ama-\\ndous, composer, born.\\nAckermann, Johann C. G., physician, au.,b.\\nBabon, Franz M. von, dramatic writer, b.\\nChladni, Ernst F. F., philosopher, inv., b.\\nLa Fontaine, August H. J., novelist, mis.\\nwriter, born.\\nNeuhof, Baron Theodor von, advent., A70.\\nSeharnhorst, Gerhard I), von, gen.,au., b.\\n1757 Oct. 26. Stein, Baron Heinrich\\nF. K. von, statesman, born.\\nBaumgarten, Sigismund J., theologian, A51.\\nBechstein, Johann M., naturalist, born.\\nBeck, Christian I)., historian, philologist, b.\\nPleyel, Ignaz, composer, born.\\nSchmauss, Johann J., legal writer, A67.\\nWacbter, Johann G., scholar, archeol., A84.\\n1758* Augustus Willielni, Prince, brother\\nof Frederick the Great, A36.\\nPanuecker, Johann H., sculptor, born.\\nGall, Franz J., phys., fdr. of phrenology, b.\\nKeith, James, field-marshal, AK2.\\nOlbers, Heinrich W. JM., astronomer, born.\\nKeinhold, Karl L., philosopher, born.\\nTychsen, Thomas C, philologist, born.\\n1759 Apr. 14. Handel, Georg- F., com-\\nposer, A74.\\nNov. 10. Schiller, Johann C. F. von.\\npoet, dramatist, historian, born.\\nGuts Muths, Johann C. F., founder of Ger-\\nman system of gymnastics, born.\\nKlein, Jakob T-, naturalist, A74.\\nKleist, Ewald C. von, poet, A44.\\nRed, Johann C., anatomist, born.\\nWolf. Friedrich August, classical scholar,\\n1760 Ahlwardt, Christian W., philol., b.\\nBottiger, Karl A., archeologist, born.\\nDemme, Hermann K., novelist, born.\\nDinter, Gustav F., teacher, wr. on educa.,b.\\nGneisenau, Count, August N. von, marsh., b.\\nHebel, Johann P., poet, born.\\nHeeren, Arnold H,, historian, born.\\nZiegler, Friedrich W., actor, dramatist, b.\\nZinzendorf und I ottendorf, Count, Nikolaus\\nLudwig, fdr. (or rest.) of Moravians, A60.\\n1761 Bardili, Christoph G., phil., born.\\nGesner, Johann Matthias, philol., A70.\\nKotzebue, August F. F. von, dram., b.\\nMatthisson, Friedrich von, poet, born.\\nPaulus, Heinrich E. G., theologian, born.\\nStaudlin, Karl F., theologian, born.\\nTennemann, Willielm G., philosopher, born.\\nTauchnitz, Karl C. F., printer, bookseller, b.\\n1762 Baumgarten, Alexander G., philoso-\\npher, A48.\\nFichte, Johann G., metaphysician, born.\\nHuf eland, Christoph W., physician, born.\\nKluber, Johann L., jurist, politician, born.\\nMayer, Johann T.. astronomer, A39.\\nPoniatowski, Prince, Joseph A., Polish gen-\\neral, born.\\nVulpius, Christian A., author, born.\\nZobel, Benjamin, artist, born. v\\n1763 Mar. 21. Richter, Jean Paul\\nFriedrich. poet, novelist, satirist, born.\\nBuhle, Johann G., historian of phil., born.\\nHartzheini, Joseph, Jesuit, historian, A69.\\nHayne, Friedrich G., botanist, born.\\nSeckendorf, Count, Friedrich H. von, gen-\\neral, diplomatist, A9Q.\\n1764 Buttmann, Philipp K., philol., b.\\nEbel. Johann G., geologist, born.\\nErman, Paul, physicist, born.\\nGentz, Frederick von, states., pol. wr., born.\\nHugo, Gustav, jurist, born.\\nJacobs, Frederick, C. \\\\V., classical scholar,\\ncritic, born.\\nScbadow, Johann G., sculptor, born.\\n1765 Baader, Franz X. von, phil., born.\\nDaub, Karl, theologian, born.\\nKielmeyer, Karl V. von, naturalist, born.\\n1766 Abbt, Thomas, mis. writer, A28.\\nAmmon, Christoph F, von, theol., preach., b.\\nAncillon, Johann P., statesman, lust., born.\\nBouterwek, Friedrich, phil., critic, born.\\nErsch, Johann S., cyclopedist, born.\\nFink, Friedrich A. von, general, A48.\\nGotlsched, Johann C, critic, A66.\\nHumboldt, Baron Karl W., statesman,\\nphilologist, born.\\nIdeler, Christian L., astron., linguist, born.\\nKreutzer, Rudolf, composer, born.\\nSchelling, Friedrich G novelist, born.\\nScholl, Maximilian S. F., hist., publicist, b.\\nSprengel, Kurt, botanist, born.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0814.jp2"}, "815": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1750,**-1772,**. 803\\n1767 Lehman n, .Tohann G., mineral., d.\\nHiedinger, John E., designer, engraver, A72.\\nSchlegel, August W. von, poet, oriental-\\nist, author, born.\\nSeetzen, Ulrich J., naturalist, traveler, born.\\nWrede, Karl P., prince, field-marshal, born.\\n1768 Feb. 12. Francis II., emperor, b.\\nAdelnng, Friedrich, philologist, born.\\nEberhard, Konrad, sculptor, born.\\nEschenmayer, Karl A., philosopher, meta-\\nphysician, mystic, born.\\nKind, Johann F., poet, novelist, dram., born.\\nKoch, Joseph A., painter, born.\\nKrummacher, Friedrich A., theologian, poet,\\nmis. writer, born.\\nKuhnoel, Christian F., Biblical critic, born.\\nReimarus. Hermann S., philologist, A74.\\nRosenmuller, Ernst F. K., Bib., critic, born.\\nSchleiermacher. Friedrich E. D.. theolo-\\ngian, critic, mis. writer, born.\\nWerner, Friedrich L. Z., dramatist, born.\\nWinckelmann, John J., archeologist, A51.\\n1769 Sept. 14. Humboldt. Baron,\\nFriedrich Heinrich Alexander von,\\nnaturalist, traveler, philosopher, born.\\nAccum, Friedrich, chemist, born.\\nAlbertini, Johann B. von, Moravian cl., pul-\\npit orator, born.\\nArndt, Ernst M., poet, political writer, born.\\nBernhardt, August F., philologist, horn.\\nGellert, Christian F., poet, mis. writer, A54.\\nPichler, Caroline von, novelist, born.\\nTersteegen, Gerhard, poet, mystic, A72.\\nTrew, Christoph J., botanist, anatomist, A74.\\n1770 Aug. 3. Frederick William III..\\nKing of Prussia, born.\\nDec. 16. Beethoven, Ludwig van, com-\\nposer, born.\\nAlbinus, Bernhard S., anatomist, A74.\\nBruckner, Johann J., cl., schol., hist., A74.\\nEss, Karl van, R. C. theol., Bib. sclioL, born.\\nHassel, Johann G. H., statistician, born.\\nHegel. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, phil., b.\\nKrug, Wilhelm I philosopher, born.\\nRapp, George, fdr. of sect of Harmonists, b.\\nSchopenhauer, Johanna, novelist, born.\\nTrommsdorff, Johann B., chemist, born.\\n1771 Augusti, Christian J. W., theol., b.\\nCreuzer, Georg F., antiquary, philologist, b.\\nErnest, Augustus, King of Hanover, born.\\nKlotz, Christian A., scholar, critic, A33.\\nRosenmirller, Johann C., anatomist, born.\\nSehopflin, Johann D., historian, A76.\\nSchwartzenberg, Prince, Karl P., gen., b.\\nSenefelder, Alois, inv. of tithograpby, born.\\nVater, Johann S.. theologian, philologist, b.\\nZschokke, Johann H. I.)., mis. writer, born.\\n1772* Achenwall. Gottfried, statistic, A53.\\nAutenrieth, Johann H. F. von, phys., au., b.\\nBast, Friedrich J., scholar, diplomatist, b.\\nBrockhaus, Friedrich A., pub., of Leipsic, b.\\nCollin, Heinrich J. von, poet, born.\\nEss, Leander van, theologian, born.\\nHardenberg, Friedrich (Novalis) von, phi-\\nlosopher, mystical writer, born.\\nHermann, Jonann G. J., philologist, born.\\nLampadius, Wilhelm A., metallurgist, born.\\nPerthes, Friedrich C, publisher, born.\\nSchlegel, Karl W. von, philosopher, critic, b.\\nLETTERS.\\n1750 (Euvres du Philosophe de Sans\\nSouci, by Frederick the Great, appears.\\n1752 Arminius or Hermann, by Chris-\\ntoph M. Wieland, appears. [1761, Araspes\\nand Panthea.]\\n1755 Reflections upon the Imitation of\\nthe Antique by Johann J. Winckelmann,\\nappears. [1764, History of Ancient Art.]\\nUniversal Natural History and Theory\\nof the Heavens, by Immanuel Kant, ap-\\npears.\\n1756-63 War Songs of a Grenadier, by\\nJohann W. L. Gleim, appears.\\n1757 The Bibliothek der schonen Wis-\\nsenschaften is begun by Lessing, Men-\\ndelssohn, and Nicolai.\\n1759* Scenes from Faust, Philotas,\\nFabeln, and other works by Lessing, ap-\\npear. [1759-65, Letters on Literature.\\nMemorabilia of Socrates, by Johann G.\\nHemann, appears.\\n1759-68 Beitrag zum deutschen Theatre,\\nby Christian F. Weisse, appears. [1767,\\nKomische Opern.]\\n1760-62 The German Grandson, by\\nJohann K. Musaus, appears.\\n1762 War-songs of a Royal Danish\\nGrenadier, by Heinrich W. Gerstenberg,\\nappears. [1776, Gedicht eines Skalden;\\n1768, Ugolino.]\\n1762-66 A translation of Shakespeare s\\ndramas, by Wieland, appears it is the\\nfirst German version of Shakespeare.\\n[1764, Don Sylrio ron Rosalva; 1766,\\nAgathon 1768, Musarion and Idris.]\\n1764 Bavaria. The University of\\nBamberg adds a faculty of medicine.\\nWilhelmine, by Moritz A. Thummel,\\nappears.\\nObservations upon the Sentiment of\\nthe Beautiful and the Sublime, by Kant,\\nappears. [1766, Dreams of a Ghost-seer.]\\n1765-1806 The Universal German Li-\\nbrary (162 vols.) is published under the\\neditorship of Christoph F. Nicolai and\\nothers.\\n1765 New Essays on the Human Un-\\nderstanding, by Leibnitz, appears.\\n1766 Laocobn, or the Limits of Poetry\\nand Painting, and Humorous Tales, by\\nLessing, appear. [1767, Minna von Barn-\\nhelm; 1769, How the Ancients depicted\\nDeath; 1772, Emilia Galotti.]\\nKritische Wdlder is issued.\\n1767* Phsedo, a Dialogue on the Im-\\nmortality of the Soul, by Moses Mendels-\\nsohn, appears.\\nFragments concerning the More Recent\\nGerman Literature, by Johann G. Her-\\nder, appears. [1769, Critical Forests;\\n1772, On the Origin of Language.]\\n1767-69 Hamburg. Dramaturgic is is-\\nsued by Lessing.\\n1769 History of Osnabriick, by Justus\\nMoser, is begun. [1774, Patriotic Fan-\\nciest]\\nHermami s Schlacht, by Klopstock,\\nappears. [1771, Oden 1774, The Scholar s\\nRepublic]\\nDer Postzug, by Cornelius H. Ayren-\\nhoff, appears.\\n1770 The Graces, by Wieland, ap-\\npears. [1771, Amadis; 1772, The Golden\\nMirror; 1773, Alceste; 1776, Gaudelin\\n1777, Geron the Noble.]\\n1770-74 Poems, by Johann G. Jacobi,\\nappear.\\n1770-78 The Journey of Sophia from\\nMemel to Saxony, by Johann T. Hermes,\\nappears.\\n1771 Usong, by Haller, appears.\\nSTATE.\\n1755 Fr. Madame Pompadour suc-\\nceeds in overthrowing the Ministry, and\\ninduces the Government to give up\\nPrussia and become an ally of Austria.\\nFrance joins the alliance of Russia\\nand Austria (p. 515).\\n1756 Austria brings on the Seven\\nTears* War in seeking recovery from the\\ndisgrace of surrendering Silesia to a\\nsmaller power (p. 515).\\n1756-63 Hanover and Brunswick suf-\\nfer greatly during the Seven Years War.\\n1757 Jan.* Prussia and England join\\nin an alliance.\\nWar is declared on Frederick II. {p.\\n516).\\nSweden joins the alliance against\\nPrussia.\\nSept. 8. Hanover. Richelieu and the\\nDuke of Cumberland enter into the\\ntreaty of the Monastery of Zeven, requir-\\ning the French to occupy Hanover. [The\\nEnglish Government rejects the treaty.]\\nOct. 14. Frederick LT. receives the\\nsummons of the Imperial Diet at Ratis-\\nbon to answer the charge of treason to\\nthe empire.\\n1758-1828 Saxe- Weimar. Under the\\nreign of Charles Albert, Saxe-Weimar is\\na famous center of learning and litera-\\nture.\\n1761 Prus. Frederick II. suffers for\\nlack of the English subsidies, which\\nhave been withheld since the accession\\nof George III. in 1760.\\n1762 Jan. 5. Bus. Elizabeth, Em-\\npress of Russia, Frederick s personal\\nenemy, dies, and thereby Prussia is saved\\nfrom destruction.\\nMar. 16. W. Prus. Peter HI., Em-\\nperor of Russia (an admirer of Freder-\\nick), withdraws from the Austrian alli-\\nance (p. 516).\\nMay 5. Peace of St. Petersburg be-\\ntween Russia and Prussia (p. 517).\\nMay 22. The Peace of Hamburg is\\nconcluded betweeen Prussia and Sweden,\\nrestoring the situation existing before\\nthe war.\\nNov. 24. Maria Theresa signs a separate\\npeace with Prussia, leaving her allies\\nin the lurch.\\n1763 Feb. 15. Saxony. The Peace\\nof Hubertsburg is concluded between\\nPrussia and Austria and Saxony (p. 517).\\nSaxony. Frederick Augustus HI.\\nbecomes elector.\\nPrus. Frederick II. endeavors to re-\\nstore prosperity the ravages and ruin\\nof war abound magazine stores are dis-\\ntributed and taxes remitted in several\\nprovinces.\\n1764-1800 Saxe-Colxurg-Gotha. Ernest\\nFrederick I. reigns.\\nThe land is plunged into bank-\\nruptcy, and the measures adopted by\\nan imperial commission to manage the\\nfinances of the nation cause a rebellion,\\nwhich is not suppressed without the aid\\nof troops from Saxony.\\n1765 Aug. 18. Aust. The Emperor\\nFrancis I. dies at Innsbruck. [He is\\nsucceeded by his son.]\\n1765-90 Joseph II. is emperor.\\nHe is co-regent only with his mother\\nMaria Theresa until 1780, for the Aus-\\ntrian lands.\\n1766 Feb. 23. Lorraine reverts to\\nFrance on the death of Stanislaus of\\nPoland.\\n1771 Baden-Baden. Charles Freder-\\nick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach, ac-\\nquires Baden-Baden.\\n1772 July 25. A secret treaty is\\nsigned by Russia, Austria, and Prussia\\nfor the partition of Poland.\\nAug. 5. Poland is partitioned for the\\nfirst time by the three powers.\\nAustria gets East Galicia and Lodo-\\nmeria Prussia gets Polish Prussia\\n(West Prussia) with the exception of\\nDanzig, Thorn, and Ermeland, besides\\nthe Netze district. Russia gets the re-\\ngion lying between the Duna, Dnieper,\\nand Drutsch. [1773. Agreed to by Po-\\nland.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1763 Prussia is proud of her king\\nbecause of his heroic courage, his gen-\\neralship, and his beneficent rule.\\n1770* *-72* Many parts of Germany\\nare afflicted with famine.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0815.jp2"}, "816": {"fulltext": "804 1772,**-1791,\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1778-79 The War of the Bavarian Suc-\\ncession. (See State.)\\nThe lower part of Bavaria is occu-\\npied by Austrians. Joseph II. and Fred-\\nerick II. join their armies, and encamp\\non the boundary of Bohemia and Silesia.\\n[July Frederick and Prince Henry\\ninvade Bohemia. Autumn. Prince\\nHenry withdraws to Saxony, and Fred-\\nerick withdraws to Silesia. Skirmishes\\noccur, but no battles are fought in the\\nwar.]\\n1779 May The Peace of Teschen\\n(p. 517).\\n17S3 War with Turkey (p. 516).\\nSept. 20. At Lugash the Austrians un-\\nder the Emperor Joseph are surprised\\nby the Turks, and compelled to retreat.\\n1789 Sept. 22. At Rimnik the Aus-\\ntrians and Russians are victorious.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1777 Georg C. Lichtenberg produces\\nelectrical figures.\\n1780 The circular saw is invented\\nby Gervinus.\\nE. Prus. Pressing-boards are made\\nby Kanter at Konigsberg.\\nThe Meteorological Society of the\\nPalatinate is established.\\n1782 Hblstein. Vaccination is first\\nperformed.\\n1785 Ft. A cylindrical printing-\\nmachine is invented by Christoph. P.\\nOberkampf.\\n1786* Mozart s opera Die Zauherfi ate\\nappears. [1787, Don Giovanni 1791,\\nLa Clemenza di Tito appears. He pro-\\nduces his Requiem, his last work.]\\n1789* Zirconium, the metallic base\\nof the earth zirconia, is discovered by\\nMartin A. Klaproth.\\nUranium is discovered by Klaproth.\\n1790 Goethe writes on the meta-\\nmorphosis of plants.\\n*The glass harmonia, with glass\\ntubes, is invented by Chladnitz.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1773 Aretin, Baron Johann C. A. M. von,\\nmis. writer, born.\\nBredow, Gabriel G., historian, born.\\nBurckhardt, Johann K., astronomer, born.\\nFries, Jacob F., philosopher, born.\\nHasse Friedricb C. A., historical writer, b.\\nLudwig, Christian G., botanist, A64.\\nSchill, Ferdinand von, soldier, born.\\nTieck. Ludwig. poet, novelist, essayist, b.\\nTittmann, Johann A., Biblical critic, born.\\nWitzeleben, Karl A. F. von, novelist, born.\\n1774 Bogatzky, Karl II., theol. \\\\vr., A84.\\nBuch, Leopold von, geologist, born.\\nDietrich, Christian W. E., painter, A62.\\nFouque, Henri A., Baron de la Motte, gen-\\neral, A76.\\nFuchs, Johann von, chemist, born.\\nGmelin, Samuel botanist, traveler, A30.\\nHammer-Purgstall, Joseph von, orientalist,\\nhistorian, born.\\nMeckel, Johann F., anatomist, A60.\\nKeiske., Johann J., Arabic scholar, A58.\\nThibaut, Anton F. J., jurist, born.\\n1775 Crusius, Christian A., theol., AGO.\\nFeuerbach, Paul J. A., jurist, born.\\nGrotefend, Georg P., scholar, antiquary, b.\\nGuisehard, Karl Gottlieb, colonel, au., A51.\\nHabicht, Christian M,, orientalist, born.\\nHermes, Georg, R. C. theologian, born.\\nJacobi, Maximilian, alienist, born.\\nKonig, Friedricb, inventor of steam printing-\\npress, born.\\nKoppen, Friedricb, philosopher, born.\\nPollnitz, Karl L., adventurer, hist, wr., A83.\\nRotteck, Karl, jurist, .statesman, historian, b.\\nSchelling, Friedrich W. J. von, phil., b.\\n1776* Bretschneider, Karl G-, rational-\\nistic theologian, born.\\nGorres, Jakob J., mis. writer, publicist, b.\\nHerbart, Johann F., philosopher, born.\\nHoffmann, Ernst Yv\\\\, story-teller, mis. wr, b.\\nUnity, Ludwig IL, poet, A28.\\nKleist, Heinrieh von, poet, novelist, born.\\nNees von Esenbeck, Christian G. D., bot., b.\\nNiebuhr. Barthold G.. hist., philologist, b.\\nSchlosser, Friedrich C, historian, born.\\nSpurzheim, Johann G., phys., phrenologist, b.\\nTieck, Christian F., sculptor, born.\\nTreviranus, Gottfried K. K., physiologist, b.\\n1777* Berger, Ludwig, composer, born.\\nBrentano, Clemens, novelist, dramatist, b.\\nCartheuser, Johann E., physician, A73.\\nCranz, David, hist,, Moravian mission., A54.\\nErxleben, Johann C. P., naturalist, A33.\\nGauss, Karl F., mathematician, born.\\nFouque, Friedrich, Baron de la Motte,\\npoet, novelist, born.\\nRanch, Christian sculptor, born.\\nRothschild. Nathan M. financier, million-\\nZacharia, Just F. W., poet, satirist, A51.\\n1778* Auer, Anton, Bavarian porcelain\\npainter, born.\\nAst, Georg A. F., scholar, teacher, born.\\nDamm, Christian I classical schol., A 79.\\nEckhof, Conrad, the German Garrick,\\nactor, A 58.\\nHarms, Clans, theologian, born.\\nHummel, Johann N pianist, composer, b.\\nJohn, Friedricb I,., patriot writer, born.\\nNeukomm, Chevalier, Sigismund von, com-\\nposer, born.\\n1779* Augustus Friedrich Wilbelm Hein-\\nrieh, Prince of Prussia, born.\\nBartholdy, Jakob Salomon, diplom., au., b.\\nLeonhard, Karl C. von, geologist, born.\\nMengs, Anton II., painter, author, A51.\\nOken, Lorenz, naturalist, born.\\nRetzsch, Friedrich A. M., paint., designer, b.\\nRitter, Karl, geographer, born.\\nSavigny, Friedrich K. von, jurist, born.\\n1780 Clausenitz, Karl von, Prussian gen-\\neral, bom.\\nCrelle, August I,., architect, born.\\nDe Wette, Wilhelm M. L., scholar, theolo-\\ngian, Biblical critic, born.\\nDoebereimer, Johann W., chemist, born.\\nHagedorn, Christian L., art-critic, wr., A67.\\nHagen, Friedrich II. von der, philologist, b.\\nGunderode, Karoline von, poet, born.\\nLiechtenstein, Martin II. K., naturalist, born.\\nLlndenau, Bernhard A. von, astronomer, b.\\nMaria Theresa. Empress of Germany,\\nQueen of Hungary, A 63.\\nMarbeineke, Philipp K., author, born.\\nMarggraf, Andreas S., chemist, A7I.\\n1781 Feb. 15. Lessing. Gotthold Ephra-\\nim. dramatist, critic, A52.\\nArnim, Ludwig A. von, poet, born.\\nCastelli, Ignaz F., dramatist, born.\\nChauiisso, Adalbert von, poet, naturalist, b.\\nEichborn, Karl F., jurisconsult, historian, b.\\nErnesti, John A., critic, A74.\\nLittrow, Joseph J. von, astronomer, born.\\nMeckel, Johann F., anatomist, born.\\nRaumer, Friedrich L. G. von, historian, b.\\nSchinkel, Karl F., architect, born.\\n1782* Biela, Wilhelm von, astron., b.\\nFroebel, Friedrich. educationist, born.\\nKarsten, Karl J. B., mineralogist, born.\\nMaximilian, Alexander Philipp, Prince of\\nNeuwied, naturalist, traveler, born.\\nOetinger, Friedrich theologian, A80.\\n1783 I .oisseree, Sulpice, arcik, antiq., b.\\nCassel, Johann P., philologist, A76.\\nEisenhard, Johann F., jurist, A62.\\nHasse, Johann A., composer, A84.\\nKlaproth, Heinrieh J. von, orientalist, born.\\nLichwer, Magnus (I., poet, fabulist, A64.\\nTarnow, Fanny, novelist, mis. writer, born.\\nTheremin, Ludwig F. F., el., author, born.\\n1784* Bach, Wilhelm F., organist, A74.\\nBessel, Friedrich W., astronomer, born.\\nDepping, George I scholar, litterateur, b.\\nDevrient, Ludwig, actor, bom.\\nDissen, Georg L., class, scliolar, philol., b.\\nKlenze, Leo von, architect, born.\\nMenzel, Karl A., historian, born.\\nSpohr, Ludwig, composer, born.\\nThiersch, Friedrich W.. philologist, born.\\nWalch, Christian W. F., eccles. hist., A58.\\nWelcker, Friedrich t;., archeologist, born.\\n1785 Arnim, Elizabeth von, mis. wr., b.\\nBekker, Immanuel, philologist, critic, b.\\nBockh, August, philanthropist, antiq., b.\\nDahlmann. Friedrich C. historian, born.\\nGrimm, Jakob L., philologist, jurist, born.\\nGiinther, Anton, philosopher, born.\\nDec. 18. Weber, Baron Karl M. F. E.\\nvon. composer, musician, born.\\nAdam, Albrecht, painter, born.\\nBorne, Ludwig, political writer, born.\\nGesenius, Friedrich H. W., orientalist, Bib-\\nlical critic, born.\\nGleditscb, Johann G., botanist, A72.\\nKerner, Andreas J., lyric poet, born.\\nLouis I., King of Bavaria, born.\\nMendelssohn, Moses, philosopher, A57.\\nPassow, Franz L. K. F., philol., lexicog.,b.\\nQuaglio, Domenico, architectural painter, b.\\nSturm, Christopher C, moral., preach., A46.\\nVoigt, Johannes, historian, born.\\nZiethen, Hans J. von, general, A87.\\n1 787 Bernstein, Georg H., orientalist, b.\\nCornelius, Peter von, painter, born.\\nDreyse, Johann N. von, inv. of needle-gun, b-\\nDusch, Johann J., poet, A62.\\nEnnemosi-r, Joseph, physiologist, bom.\\nFraunhofer, Joseph von, optician, bom.\\nGluck, Johann von, composer, A73.\\nGrafe, Karl F. von, oculist, born.\\nHaberlin, Franz D., historian, A67.\\nMittermaier, Karl J. A., jurist, statesman, b.\\nMuhlenberg, Henry M., founder of German\\nLutheran church in America, A76.\\nMusaus, Johann K. A., mis. writer, A52.\\nOhm, Georg S., electrician, born.\\nl as.savani, Johann D., painter, author, born.\\nUhland, .Johann L., lyric poet, born.\\n1788 Bach, Karl P. E., composer, A74.\\nBaumgarten-Crusius L. F. O., theologian, b.\\nCramer, Johann A., theologian, poet, A65.\\nEichendorff, Baron Joseph von, poet, nov-\\nelist, dramatist, born.\\nFliigel, Johann G., lexicographer, born.\\nFreytag, Georg W., orientalist, born.\\nHainan n, Johann philoso] her, A58.\\nKalkbrcntn-r, Friedrich, pianist, comp., b.\\nK unth, Karl S., botanist, born.\\nKeicheubach, Karon Karl von, chemist, b.\\nRiickert, Friedrich, poet, orientalist, born.\\nSchopenhaur, Arthur, philosopher, born.\\n1789 Cams, Karl G-, pnysiol., phys., b.\\nHase, Heinnch, antiquary, born.\\nKnvphausen, Baron William von, general\\nof Hessians in America, A59.\\nNeander, Johann A.W., eccles. hist., b.\\nOverbeck, Friedrich, painter, born.\\nPlaner, Johann .1., botanist, physician, A46.\\nSehadow iodenhaus, Friedrich W., paint., b.\\nSchulze, Ernst K., poet, born.\\nFesca, Friedrich musician, composer, b.\\nTvresten, August D. C, theologian, born.\\nWiner, George B., theologian, orientalist, b.\\nZimmerman]], Clemens von, painter, born.\\n1790 Feb. 20. Joseph II. emperor, A 49.\\nBasedow, Johann B., teacher, educational\\nreformer, A67.\\nBrandis, Christian A., hist, of philosophy, b.\\nDiesterweg, Friedrich A. YV., teacher, born.\\nDieterici, Karl F. YV., economist, born.\\nGau, Fran/, C, architect, born.\\nHahn, Philipp M., mechanician, inv., A51.\\nHausemann, David J. L., statesman, finan-\\ncier, born.\\nHontheim, Johann T von, jurist, A89.\\nLeopold 1., King of the Belgians, Duke of\\nSaxony, born.\\nMaurer, Georg L. von, jurist, born.\\nMobius, August F., mathematician, born.\\nNitzsch, Gregor philologist antiquary, b.\\nZeditz, Joseph C. von, poet, A72.\\n1791 Dec. 5. Mozart, Wolfgang Ama-\\ndeus. composer, musician, A35.\\nAmsler, Samuel, engraver, bom.\\nBopp, Franz, orientalist, born.\\nBreithaupt, Johann A., mineralogist, born.\\nBunsen. Chevalier Christian K. J. von.\\nphilologist, diplomatist, theologian, born.\\nChoulant, Ludwig, physician, born.\\nDaries, Joachim G., jurist, pliilosopher, A77.\\nDathe, Johann A., theol., orientalist, A60.\\nDoderlein, Ludwig, philologist, bom.\\nEbert, Friedrich, bibliographer, born.\\nEncke. Johann F.. astronomer, bom.\\nKbrner, Karl T., poet, born.\\nMeineke, Johann A. F. A., classical schol. ,b.\\nMichaelis, Johann D.. orientalist, Biblical\\ncritic, A74.\\nOeder, Georg L., botanist, A63.\\nOhlmuller, Joseph architect, born.\\nSemler, Johann S., theologian, A70.\\nKitter, Heinrieh, philosopher, born.\\nMoser, Johann J., jurist, A84.\\nPlanck, Heinrieh L., theological writer, b.\\nPreuss. Johann D. E., historian, born.\\nPuekler-Muskau, Prince of, Hermann Lud-\\nwig Heinrieh von, traveler, author, born.\\nVarnhagen von Fuse, Karl August, au., b.\\n1786 Aug. 17. Frederick II. the Great,\\nKing of Prussia, A74.\\nCHURCH.\\n1773 July 21. Rome. The Pope signs\\nthe brief abolishing the Order of\\nJesuits.\\n1775 Rome. Pius VI. becomes pope.\\n1780 Wurtemberg. The Harmonist\\nsect is founded by George and Frederick", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0816.jp2"}, "817": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1772,\\n1791,\\n805\\nRapp the members hold their property\\nin common, and consider marriage a\\n.civil contract.\\n1781 The Emperor Joseph II. issues\\nan edict of tolerance, granting freedom\\nof worship to all Protestants and to\\nmembers of the Greek Church.\\n1781-89 During eight years 700 mon-\\nasteries are closed, and 36,000 mem-\\nbers of orders are released from their\\nvows.\\n1782 Pope Pius VI. visits Frederick\\nWilliam III., and vainly pleads that the\\nChurch be not attacked.\\n1785 July The nuns are expelled\\nfrom their convents throughout Ger-\\nmany. [The emperor suppresses 2,000\\nreligious houses.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1772 General History of the North,\\nby August von Schlozer, appears.\\nLeonore, by Gottfried A. Burger, ap-\\npears.\\nThe Frankfurter gelehrten Anzeigen\\nis issued by Johann H. Merck, Herder,\\nand Goethe.\\nSongs for the People, by Gleim, ap-\\npears. [1773, Poems after the Minne-\\nsingers; 1779, Poems after Walther von\\nder Vogehveide.]\\n1773 Sebaldus Nothanker, by Nicolai,\\nappears.\\nGolz von Berlichingen, by Goethe, ap-\\npears. [1774, Sorrows of Young Werther\\nand Clavigo; 1776, Stella,]\\n1773-1810 Der Deutsche Merkur is is-\\nsued by Weiland.\\n1774 Oldest Record of Man, Provin-\\ncial Leaflets for ryymrii and Another\\nPhilosophy of History with Reference to\\nthe Development of the Human Race, by\\nHerder, appear. [1778-79, Folk-Songs.]\\nHofmeister, by Jakob M. R. Lenz, ap-\\npears.\\nOrbis Pictus, an elementary school-\\nhook, by Johann B. Basedow, appears.\\n1774-78 Brunswick. Lessing publishes\\nThe Wolfeubuttel Fragments (on the dis-\\ncrepancies of the Gospel narratives), by\\nHermann S. Reimarus, found by him in\\nthe Wolfenbiittel Library. [1775, Minna\\nvon Barn-helm 1778, Anti-Goer?:e and\\nErnst and Fall:., Dialogues for Free-\\nmasons; 1779, Nathan der }feise 1780,\\nThe Education of the Human Race.]\\n1775-82 The Kinderfreund, a weekly\\npaper for children, is issued by Weisse.\\n1775 Storm and Stress, or Impulse, by\\nPriedrich M. Klinger, appears.\\n1775-78 Physiognomic Fragments for\\nthe Promo fion of the Knowledge and Love\\nof Mankind, by John C. Lavater, ap-\\npears.\\n1776 The Song of the Brave Man, by\\nBurger, appears.\\nDas Deutsches Museum is issued by\\nMartin Miller.\\n1779 Poems, by Counts Christian and\\nFriedrich L. Stolberg, appears.\\nSiegfried von Lindenberg, by Gott-\\nwerth MUller, appears.\\n1780 Oberon, by Wieland, appears.\\nDe la literature allemande, by Fred-\\nerick the Great, appears. [178S, Historu\\nof My Time.]\\n1781 The Robbers, by Schiller, ap-\\npears. [1783, Fiesco 1784, Love and In-\\ntrigue; 1787, Don Carlos.]\\nCritique of Pure Reason, by Kant, ap-\\npears. [1784, What is Enlinhteument?\\n1788, Critique of Practical Reason 1790,\\nCritique of the Power of Judgment.]\\nA Translation of Homer s Odyssey, by\\nJohann Voss, appears. [1784, Luise\\n1789, Vergil s Georgics.]\\n1781-90 Schools are established by\\nthe Emperor Joseph II. with the prop-\\nerty of the churches.\\n1782-83 Popular Legends of Germany,\\nby Musaus, appears.\\n1783 The Greenland Laiosuits, by\\nJean Paul F. Richter, appears. [1788,\\nSelections from Papers of the Devil.]\\nPoems, by Ludwig H. C. Holty, ap-\\npears.\\nThe Berlin Monatschrift is issued.\\n1784 Jerusalem, by Mendelssohn, ap-\\npears. [1785, Morning Hours.]\\n1784-91 Ideas on the Philosophy of the\\nHistory of Mankind, by Herder, appears.\\n1785 Anton Reiser, by Karl P. Moritz,\\nappears. [1786, Essay on German Pros-\\nody 1787, Fragments from the Journal\\nof a Visionary.)\\nSaxe- Weimar- Eisenach. Allgemeine\\nLiteraturzeitung is issued at Jena.\\nThe Emperor and the Abbot, by Burger,\\nappears. [1786, The Wild Huntsman.]\\n1787 Ardinghelo, by Johann J. W.\\nHeinse, appears.\\nPoems, by Friedrich von Matthisson,\\nappears.\\nIphigenia, by Goethe, appears. [1788,\\nEgmont; 1790, Faust, a fragment, and\\nTasso.]\\n1788 The emperor seeks to control\\nthe universities.\\nThe History of the Revolt in The Neth-\\nerlands, The Gods of Greece, The Artist,\\nand other poems, by Schiller, appear.\\n[1790, History of the Thirty Years War.]\\nThe Stranger and The Indians in\\nEngland, by August F. F. Kotzebue, ap-\\npear.\\n1790 Preparatory History of the World\\nfor Children, by Schlosser, appears.\\n1791 Peregrinus Proteus, by Wieland,\\nappears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1772* Hesse-Nassau. Meyer A.\\nRothschild begins business as a\\nmoney-lender and dealer in old coins in\\nthe house in which he was born at\\nFrankfort, over which he places the\\nsign of the red shield.\\n1776 May Bavaria. A secret society\\nbearing the name Uluminati, opposed\\nto tyranny and priestcraft, is founded\\nat Ingolstadt by Dr. Adam Weishaupt.\\n[.1784. Suppressed.]\\n1777 Socialism makes progress in\\nGermany.\\n1781 Nov. 1. The emperor, by edict,\\nabolishes serfdom in his hereditary\\nstates.\\nSTATE.\\n1773 Oldenburg. The King of Den-\\nmark agrees to a family compact for an\\nexchange of territory.\\nHe resigns Oldenburg to the Holstein-\\nGottorp line in return for a renunciation\\non their part of all claims to Schleswig\\nand Holstein. Oldenburg is created a\\nduchy.\\n1777 Bavaria. The electoral House\\nof Bavaria becomes extinct by the\\ndeath of Maximilian Joseph. [The war\\nof the Bavarian succession follows.]\\nBavaria again acquires the Rhine\\nPalatinate.\\n1778-79 Saxony is an ally of Prussia\\nin the war of the Bavarian succession.\\nGermany takes possession of Bavaria\\n(p. 516).\\n1778 Jan.* The Treaty of Vienna is\\nconcluded.\\nvaria, to recognize certain old claims of\\nAustria to Lower Bavaria.\\nBavaria. Charles Theodor, elector\\npalatine, becomes duke.\\n1779 May 13. Silesia. The Peace of\\nTeschen is signed (p. 517).\\n1780 Nov. 29. Vienna. Maria The-\\nresa, Empress of the Holy Roman Em-\\npire, dies.\\n1780-90 Joseph H. is emperor alone.\\nBrunswick. Charles William Fer-\\ndinand becomes duke of Brunswick-\\nWolf enbiittel.\\n1781 Edict of tolerance. (Church.)\\nDisputes occur with the Dutch; the\\nemperor arbitrarily removes the barrier\\ntreaties in The Netherlands.\\n1782* Civil reforms and liberal\\nchanges take place by direction of the\\nemperor. [Only the abolition of serf-\\ndom and the edict of toleration, of all\\nhis reforms, survive him.]\\n1783 Prus. Frederick II. opposes the\\nemperor (p. 517).\\n1785 Fr. The Peace of Versailles\\nis concluded.\\nJoseph II. receives 10,000,000 florins\\nfrom the Dutch, instead of the opening\\nof the Scheldt, according to his previous\\ndemands.\\nThe emperor proposes an exchange\\nof territory, which Frederick II. op-\\nposes (p. 517).\\nJuly 23. Frederick II. unites the princes\\nin the formation of the Germanic\\nUnion (p. 517).\\nOldenburg. Peter Frederick be-\\ncomes duke.\\n1786 Aug. 17- Brandenburg. Fred-\\nerick U., The Great, dies at San\\nSouci. [He is succeeded by his nephew.]\\n1786-97 Prus. Frederick William\\nII. is king of Prussia [an unworthy suc-\\ncessor of a great king].\\n1789* Belg. A revolt is caused by the\\nrevocation of the Constitution of Bra-\\nbant by the emperor (p. 517).\\n1790 Jan. 31. Silesia. The Congress\\nof Reichenbach meets, and pacifies\\nPrussia.\\nFeb. 20. The Emperor Joseph II.\\ndies. [He is succeeded by his brother.]\\nSept. 30. Leopold H. is elected em-\\nperor.\\nHe restores the old Constitution and\\nthe old privileges in the Austrian Neth-\\nerlands aft t-r suppressing the revolt the\\nempire gradually decays.\\n1790-91 Leopold II. is emperor.\\nThe nation is divided into two jeal-\\nous factions that neutralize each other,\\nand only official routine is possible in\\nthe diet the empire has practically\\nceased to exist, only a loose confeder-\\nation of principalities and free cities\\nremaining.\\n1791 Jan. 21. Fr. War to the pal-\\nace, peace to the cottage. Louis XVI.\\nis executed. [The sovereigns of Europe\\nare aroused against France.]\\nAug. 27. Saxony. The Treaty of Pill-\\nnitz (pp. 519, 709) is signed. It becomes\\nthe basis of the first coalition.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1775 Berlin. The Bank of Berlin\\niB established by Frederick.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0817.jp2"}, "818": {"fulltext": "806 1792, Jan. 25-1802, Sept. 7. GERMANY.\\nARMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NAVY.\\n1792-97 War of the first coalition\\nagainst France.\\n1792 Frederick William II. of Prus-\\nsia invades France.\\nSept. 20. Fr. Battle of Valmy (p. 70S).\\nSept. Fr. The Prussians take Verdun\\n[and hold it 43 days],\\nOct. 28. Frankfort is captured by the\\nFrench under Gen. Custine.\\nNov. 6. Belg. Battle of Jemappes (p.\\n518).\\nDec. 2. Frankfort is retaken by the\\nPrussians.\\n1793-1803 Disastrous wars between\\nGermany and France.\\nThe emperor loses much territory, in-\\ncluding The Netherlands, the country\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2west of the Rhine, and his States in\\nItaly.\\n1793 Mar. 18. French defeat at Neer-\\nwinden (p. 518).\\nSept. 14. Bavaria,. At Pirmasens the\\nPrussians under the Duke of Bruns-\\nwick defeat the French under Gen.\\nMoreau.\\nOct. 11-13. Alsace. The French forti-\\nfications at Weissenburg on the Rhine\\nare stormed and taken by the Aus-\\ntrians and Prussians under Marshal\\nWurmser.\\nNov. Bavaria. At Kaiserslautern the\\nPrussians under the Duke of Brunswick\\ndefeat the French under Gen. Hoche.\\nDec* Fr. The French under Gen.\\nPichegru defeat the Austrians under\\nMarshal Wurmser.\\nThe allies retreat across the Rhine.\\n[They retake Worms in Hesse also\\nSpeyer in Bavaria.]\\n1794 Apr. 18. Battle at Turcoing (p.\\n715)-.\\nMay 25. Bavaria. Battle of Kaisers-\\nlautern.\\nThe Prussians under the Duke of\\nBrunswick defeat the French under\\nGen. Hoche. [Sept. After a second\\nbattle at the same place the Prussians\\nretire across the Rhine.]\\nJune 26. Belg. Battle of Fleurus.\\n[Austrians evacuate Belgium.] (P. 518.)\\nBaden. Mannheim and Cologne are\\ntaken by the French. [They bombard\\nDusseldorf. 1795. Sept. 6. Austrians\\ndriven back.] (P. 518.)\\n1795 Apr. 5. Switz. Peace (p. 711).\\nOct. 31. Baden. Near Mannheim the\\nAustrians under Marshal Wurmser de-\\nfeat the French.\\n1796 It. Napoleon Bonaparte in-\\nvades Italy (p. 712).\\nIt. Bonaparte conquers the whole\\nof Lombardy as far as Mantua, and\\ncompels the Dukes of Parma and Mo-\\ndena, the Pope, and Naples to purchase\\npeace.\\nThe French invade South Germany.\\nMay 15. It. Bonaparte occupies Milan.\\nMay* The French cross the Lower\\nRhine.\\nAug. 10. Bavaria. Battle of N eres-\\nheim (p. 712).\\nAug. 24. Bavaria. Battle of Amberg\\n(p. 518).\\nSept. 3. Bavaria. At Wiirzburg (p.\\n518).\\n1797 Apr. 18. Aust.-Hung. Peace\\nof Leoben (p. 519).\\nOct. 17. It. Peace (p. 519).\\n1799-1801 War of the second coali-\\ntion against France (p. 712).\\n1799 Mar. 26. Baden. Battle at Stock-\\nach (p. 518).\\nOet.\u00c2\u00b1 Field-Marshal Suvaroff leaves\\nSwitzerland after a series of terrible\\nbattles, and returns with his army to\\nRussia.\\n1800 May 3. Baden. The French un-\\nder Gen. Moreau defeat the Austrians\\nat En gen.\\nMay 4. Baden. Battle of Stockach,\\n[May 6, Biberach.] (P. 518.)\\n1801 Feb. 9. Fr. The Peace of\\nLuneville (p. 519).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1796* Bavaria. Lithography, or\\ndrawing on stone, is invented by Alois\\nSennefelfer, a Bohemian, at Munich.\\n1798 Saxony. Spinning by machin-\\nery is introduced.\\n1798-1803 F. H. A. von Humboldt\\nand AimeBonp] and explore the northern\\npart of South America.\\n1800 Alsace- Lorraine. A weighing-\\nmachine is made by Jean Baptiste\\nSchwilgue at Strasburg.\\n1801* Bavaria. JohannW. Ritter dis-\\ncovers chemical rays.\\n1802 Mar. 28. Bremen. Pallas, the as-\\nteroid, is discovered bv Heinrich Olbers.\\n[Other asteroids are discovered. 1807,\\nMar. 29. He discovers Vesta.]\\nSept. 7. A remarkable eclipse of the\\nsun is observed.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1792 Mar. 1. Leopold U., emperor, A45.\\nBahrdt, Karl F., theologian, A51.\\nBaur, Ferdinand theologian, ritic, born.\\nBrunswick, Duke of, Ferdinand, gen., A71.\\nEckermann, Johann P., litterateur, born.\\nGieseler, Johann K., church historian, born.\\nHahn, August, theologian, born.\\nHanel, Gustav F., jurist, born.\\nHauptmann, Mori!/, composer, born.\\nKosegarten, Johann G. L., orientalist, born.\\nI.ewald, Johann K. A., litterateur, born.\\nLucke, Gottfried C. F., theologian, born.\\nRau, Karl H., political economist, born.\\nSpan gen berg, August G., founder of Mora-\\nvian Chuivh in America, A88*\\nZnrnpt, Karl G., classical scholar, born.\\n1793 Allioli, Joseph F., R. C. cl., am, b.\\nBusehing, Anton F., geographer, theol., A69.\\nFriedmann, Friedricb T., teacher, born.\\nEschscholtz, Johann H., naturalist, born.\\nHasenclever, Peter, merchant, manuf., A77.\\nLachmann, Karl, philologist, critic, born.\\nIteiehenhach, Heinrich G. L., naturalist, b.\\nSchonlein, Johann L., physician, born.\\nStruve, Friedrich G. W. von, astronomer, b.\\nVeit, Philipp, painter, born.\\n1794* Amelia, Duchess of Saxony, poet,\\nmusician, born.\\nBegas, Karl, painter, born.\\nBreitkopf, Johann G. E., typographer, A84.\\nBurger, Gottfried A., poet, A46.\\nChelius, Maximilian J., physician, born.\\nClootz, Baron Anacharsis de, political enthu-\\nsiast in France, A39.\\nDiez, Friedrich C, philologist, born.\\nDiffenbach, Johann F., surgeon, born.\\nFollen, August, poet, born.\\nForster, Johann G. A., naturalist, wr., A40.\\nLappenberg, Johann M., historian, born.\\nMadler, Johann 11., astronomer, born.\\nMartius, Karl F. P. von, botanist, born.\\nMeyerbeer. Giacomo, composer, born.\\nMitscherlich, Eilhard, chemist, born.\\nMoscbeles, Ignaz, pianist, composer, born.\\nMiiller, Wilhelm, lvric poet, born.\\nRiippell, Wilhelm P. E. S., natural., trav.,b.\\nSaphir, Moritz, humorous, satiric wr., born.\\nSchmidt, Michael I., historian, A58.\\nSclmorr von Karolsfeld, Julius, painter, b.\\nSteuben, Frederick W. A., general, A64.\\nTrench, Baron Friedrich von der, gen., A68.\\nWaagen, Gustav F., art critic, born.\\nZunz, Leopold, Jewish theologian, born.\\n1796 Oct. 15. Frederick William IV..\\nKing of Prussia, born.\\nBach. Johann C. F. f composer, A63.\\nEhrenberg, Christian G., naturalist, born.\\nFollen, Charlea T. C, clergyman, theologian\\n(in U. S. A.), born.\\nGergard, Edward, archeologist, born.\\nIlai linger, Wilhelm, geologist, mineral., b.\\nHansen, Peter A., astronomer, born.\\nHermann, Friedrich B. W. von, publicist,\\neconomist, born.\\nMeinhold, .johann W., cl., poet, novelist, b.\\nPertz, Georg H., historian, born.\\nPfeiffer, Ida, traveler, born.\\nEanke, Leopold von, historian, born.\\nRose, Heinrich, chemist, born.\\nUmhreit, Friedrich W., theologian, born.\\n1796 Ann, Johann F., grammarian, born.\\nBohlen, Peter von, orientalist, born.\\nCasper, Johann, physician, born.\\nHugel, Karl A. A. von, trav., naturalist, b.\\nLaunitz, Edward Schmidt von der, sculptor,\\nborn.\\nLorinser, Karl I., physician, born.\\nLowe, Johann K. G., composer, born.\\nMohler, Johann A., R. C. theologian, born.\\nOlHliausen, Hermann, theologian, an., born.\\nPoggendorf, Johann physicist, chem., b.\\nSiebold, Philipp F. von, naturalist, born.\\nSpindler, Karl, novelist, horn.\\nI llmann, Karl, theologian, born.\\nUz, Johann P., poet, A66.\\n1797 Jan. 31. Schubert, Franz, com-\\nposer, born.\\nMar. 22. William I., King of Prussia,\\nEmperor of Germany, born.\\nNov. 16. Frederick William H., King\\nof Prussia, A53.\\nDec. 13. Heine. Heinrich. poet, born.\\nBerghaus, Heinrich, geographer, born.\\nBluhme, or Blume, Friedrich, jurist, horn.\\nFichte, Immanuel H.. philosopher, born.\\nHagen, Ernest A., novelist, wr. on art, born.\\nHaring, Wilhelm, novelist, born.\\nMiiller, Karl Otiried, classical scholar, his-\\ntorian, antiquary, born.\\nMunchhauEen, Baron, Hieronymus K.\\nF. von. soldier, romancer, A77.\\nPoppig, Eduard, naturalist, traveler, born.\\nRadowitz, Joseph M. von, gen., states., b.\\nWachter, Karl G. von, jurist, born.\\n1798 Auffenberg, Joseph von, poet, born.\\nBiihr, or Baehr, Johann C. F., classical\\nscholar, mis. writer, born.\\nBaumgartner, Karl H., phys.,embryolo., b.\\nBlumauer, Aloys, poet, A43.\\nBeneke, Friedrich, philosopher, born.\\nDevrient, Karl A., actor, born.\\nForster, Johann R., traveler, naturalist, A 69.\\nGans, Eduard, jurist, born.\\nHensel, Luise, religious poet, born.\\nHoffmann, August, poet, born.\\nMenzel, Wolfgang, critic, historian, littera-\\nteur, born.\\nMoser, Friedrich K. von, juriBt. A75.\\nNaumann, Moritz E., physician, born.\\nNeumann, Karl F., orientalist, born.\\nReissiger, Karl G., composer, born.\\nRose, Gustav. mineralogist, born.\\nSchwarz, Christian F., missionary, A72.\\n1799 Argelander, Friedrich W. A.,astron-\\nBarthold, Friedrich W., historian, born.\\nBloch, Markus E., Jewish physician, natu-\\nDblling-er. Johann J. I., theologian, church\\nhist., fdr. Old Catholic movement, b.\\nGagern, Baron, Heinrich W. A. von,\\nstatesman, born.\\nGatterer, Johann C, historian, A72.\\nHedwig, Johann, botanist, AC9.\\nLeo, Heinrich, historian, born.\\nLichtenberg, Georg C^ physicist, A48.\\nOeBer, or Oser, Adam F., paint., modeler, A82.\\nPriessnitz, Vmeenz, fdr. of hydropathy, b.\\nRothe, Richard, clergyman, author, born.\\nSchonbein, Christian F., chemist, born.\\nTholuck, Friedrich A. G., cl., author, born.\\nUhlich, Leherecht. rationalistic theol., born.\\n1800 Oct. 26. Moltke. Count von, HeU-\\nmuth Karl Bernhard, fleld-marshal, b.\\nBandel, Ernst von, sculptor, born.\\nBeer, Michael, dramatist, born.\\nChemnitz, Johann J., cl., naturalist, A70.\\nDaumer, Georg F., philosopher, born.\\nDechen, Ernest H. C, mineralogist, born.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0818.jp2"}, "819": {"fulltext": "GERMANY. 1792, Jan. 25-1802, Sept. 7. 807\\nFlietlner, Theodor, philanthropist, born.\\nForster, Ernst J., paint., wr. on art, born.\\nForster, llemrieh, prince-bishop of Breslau,\\nauthor, born.\\nGoppert, Heinrich R., botanist, born.\\nHaizinger, A malic, at- tor, born.\\nHase, Karl A., theologian, born.\\nKastner, Abraham G., mathematician, A81.\\nMohl, J alius von, orientalist, born.\\nOlshausen, .Justus, orientalist, born.\\nRiedesel, Frederick A. von, general in Brit-\\nish service in America, A62.\\nSclmlze, Johann A. 1*., composer, poet, A53.\\nUechtritz, Krieilrich von, poet, dramatist, b.\\nYVohler, Frietlneh, chemist, born.\\nZabn, Johann K. W artist, born.\\n1801 Ackermann, Johann C, physician,\\nauthor, A45.\\nJEpinus, Franz M. IT. T., electrician, A77.\\nChodowieeki, Daniel N., engraver, A75.\\nDevrient, Philipp E., actor, dramatic wr., b.\\nFechner, Gustav T., natural philosopher, b.\\nFleischer, Heinrich L., orientalist, born.\\nGruner, Wilhelm H. L., engraver, born.\\nHagenliach, Karl R., theologian, ecclesiasti-\\ncal historian, born.\\nHardenberg, Friedrich (Novalis) von, phi-\\nlosopher, mystical writer, A29.\\nHeyt, August von der, statesman, born.\\nJahr, Geoig II. homeopathist, born.\\nJohn, King: of Saxony, born.\\nMichelet, Karl L., philosopher, born.\\nMiiller, Johann, physiologist, anatomist, b.\\nMiiller, Julius, theologian, born.\\nNaumann, Johann G., composer, A60.\\nPetermann, Julius H., orientalist, born.\\nPliicker, Julius, physicist, born.\\nRodiger, Emil, Hebraist, born.\\nSchu\\\\ze-I elitzsch, Hermann, economist, b.\\nVolkmann, Alfred W., physiologist, born.\\n1800*\\n1801*\\nCHURCH.\\nRome. Pius VII. becomes pope.\\nLETTERS.\\n1792 History of the World in Extracts\\nand Connection, by Schlosser, appears.\\nThe Critique of all Revelation, by Jo-\\nhann G. Fichte, appears.\\nLetters for the Advancement of Human-\\nity, by Herder, appears.\\n1793 The History of the Seven Years\\nWar, by Johann W. Archenholz, ap-\\npears.\\nThe Invisible Lodge, by Richter, ap-\\npears. [1794, Hesperus; 1796, Quintus\\nFixlein 1796-97, Flower, Fruit, and\\nThorn Pieces and the Valley of Cam-\\npau.]\\nA translation of the Iliad, by Voss,\\nappears.\\n1794 Goethe s version of Reynard the\\nFox in High (or literary) German hex-\\nameters, appears.\\nFundamental Principles of the Whole\\nTheory of Science, by Fichte, appears.\\nTravels through Germany, Switzer-\\nland, Italy, and Sicily, by Count F. L.\\nStolberg, appears.\\n1795 Wilhelm Meister s Apprentice-\\nship, by Goethe, appears. [1796, Alexis\\nand Dora 1797, Hermann and Dorothea\\n1804, Eugenie.\\nProlegomena ad Homerum, by Fried-\\nrich A. Wolf, appears.\\nAbellino the Bandit, by Johann H.\\nD. Zschokke, appears. [1796, Julius von\\nSassen.]\\n1795-1800 The Almanac of the Muses\\nis issued by Schiller.\\n1796 Die Xienen, a series of satiric\\nepigrams, by Schiller and Goethe, ap-\\npear.\\n1797-99 Hyperion, by Johann C. F.\\nHolderlin, appears.\\n1797 Folk Tales, by Ludwig Tieck,\\nappears. [1798. Franz Stembald s Wan-\\nderinqs; 1799-1800, Prince Zerbino, or\\nTravels in Search of Good Taste.]\\nIdeas for a Philosophu of Nature, by\\nSchelling, appears. [1798, On the Soul\\nof the World: 1799. First Plan of a Sys-\\ntem of the Philosophy of Nature.]\\n1798 Allgemeine Zeitung is issued\\n(first called iS eueste Weltkunde).\\nThe Universities of Mentz and\\nCologne suspend.\\n1798-1810 A Translation of Shake-\\nspeare s Works, by August W. von\\nSchlegel, appears.\\n1799 Discourses on Religion, by Fried-\\nrich E. D. Schleiermachei appears.\\nAncient History, by Arnold H. L.\\nHeeren, appears.\\nAn Essay on Goethe s Hermann and\\nDorothea, by Karl AV Humboldt, appears.\\nWallenstein, by Schiller, appears.\\n[1799-1803, The Maid of Orleans, Mary\\nStuart, and The Bride of Tftessina 1801,\\nThe Sojw of the Bell; 1804, William\\nTell.]\\nLucinde and Alarcos, by Karl W. F.\\nvon Schlegel, appear. [1808, On the Lan-\\nguage and Wisdoin of the Indians; 1815,\\nLectures on the History of Old and\\nModern Literature.]\\n1799-1810 Erlanger Literaturzeitung\\nis issued.\\n1800* Heidelbergische Jahrbuch der\\nLiteratur is issued.\\n1800-03 Titan, by Richter, appears.\\n[1804-05, The Years of Youth.]\\n1801* Urania, by Christoph A. Tiedge,\\nLorenz Stark, by Johann J. Engel,\\nappears.\\nArithmetical Disquisitions, by Karl F.\\nGauss, appears.\\nOn the Differences between the Philo-\\nsophical Systems of Fichte and Schel-\\nling, by Hegel, appears. [1807, Phasnom-\\nenolgy.]\\nHeinrich von Ofterdingen, by Fried-\\nrich von Hardenberg, appears.\\nHeinrich J. Colin writes Regulus,\\nCoriolanus, Balboa, and three other\\ntragedies.\\nBavaria. The University of Ingol-\\nstadt is moved to Landshut.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1794 May 28. Fr. Gen. Beaurepaire,\\nthe commandant of Verdun, executes\\n14 ladies for going to the King of Prus-\\nsia, and beseeching him for clemency\\nfor the town then besieged by him.\\nSTATE.\\n1792 Jan. 25. Paris. The Assembly\\ndeclares war against the German\\nEmpire if it does not issue a pacifying\\ndeclaration concerning French exiles in\\nTreves. [Feb. 10. Issued.]\\nJan. 26. The King of Prussia issueB a\\nmanifesto against France.\\nFeb. 7. Austria and Prussia unite in an\\nalliance against France.\\nMar. 1. The Emperor Leopold H.\\ndies. [He is succeeded by his eldest\\nson, Francis, the King of Bohemia and\\nHungary.]\\n1792-1806 Francis H. is emperor of\\nthe Holy Roman Empire.\\nHe reigns in the Austrian dominions,\\nand as Francis I., Emperor of Austria,\\nfrom 1804 [till 1S35].\\nNov. 6. Belg. The Austrian Nether-\\nlands are lost (p. 519). [First coali-\\ntion the sovereigns of Europe, except\\nthose of Sweden and Denmark, unite\\nagainst France.]\\n1793 Prussia joins Russia in the sec-\\nond partition of Poland.\\nPrussia gets [Posen] and the western\\npart of [Russian Poland], including\\nDanzig and Thorn. Russia gets all the\\nterritory lying east of longitude 44\u00c2\u00b0, be-\\ning the greater part of Lithuania.\\nWiirtemberg. Louis Eugene be-\\ncomes duke.\\nHesse. Hesse-Darmstadt loses its\\nterritory on the left bank of the Rhine\\nduring the war of the French Revolu-\\ntion.\\n1795 Apr. 5. Sivitz. Peace of Basel.\\nPrussia withdraws from the coali-\\ntion, abandoning tlie German cause, and\\nceding to France her territory on the\\nleft bank of the Rhine.\\nWiirtemberg. Frederick I. becomes\\nduke. [1797. Frederick II.]\\nThird and last partition of Poland.\\nPrussia gets a large part Russian Poland],\\nincluding Misovia and Warsaw, the region\\nbetween the Vistula, Bug, and Niemen, and\\npart of Cracow (New Silesia); area, 57,000\\nsquare miles; population, J,51 0,000. Austria\\ngets West Galicia as far as the river Bug,\\narea, 45,000 square miles; population, 3,700,-\\n000. Russia gets all the remainder of Poland\\nlying east, of the Niemen and the Bug. Area,\\n57,000 square miles; population, 2,500,000.\\n1796 Sept. The Archduke Charles\\nof Austria, by brilliant military opera-\\ntions, recovers from the French the\\nentire right bank of the Rhine.\\n1797 Apr. 18. Hung. Preliminaries\\nof Peace signed at Leoben (p. 519, 713).\\nMay 18. Frederick II., Duke of Wiir-\\ntemberg, marries the princess royal of\\nEngland.\\nOct. 17. It. Peace of Campo Formio\\nsigned by France and Austria (p. 519).\\nNov. 16. Prus. King Frederick Wil-\\nliam 11. dies.\\n1797-1840 Pms. Frederick William\\nin. is king.\\nDec. 8-99 Apr. 8. Baden. The Con-\\ngress of Rastatt considers the question\\nbetween France and Germany.\\nIt agrees to cede to France the terri-\\ntory on the left bank of the Rhine, and\\nto secularize certain German towns\\n(p. 713).\\nHesse. Mentz is ceded to France.\\nWiirtemberg cedes Montbeliard and\\nother possessions to France.\\n1798* Alsace. Mulhausen is annexed\\nto France.\\n1799 Bavaria. Maximilian Joseph\\nH. is elector.\\n1799-1801 The second coalition is\\nformed against France.\\nIt is joined by Russia, Austria, Eng-\\nland, Portugal, Naples, and Turkey.\\n1800-06 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Francis\\nFrederick Antony is duke.\\n1801 Feb. 9. Fr. Bonaparte dictates\\nthe Peace of Luneville (p. 519).\\nPrussia joins the Convention of the\\nNorth against England.\\nMar. Hamburg. British property is\\nsequestrated.\\nApr. 3. Hanover is seized by Prussia.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0819.jp2"}, "820": {"fulltext": "1802,* *-1809,\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1805* Third coalition against\\nFrance.\\nIt is composed of Austria, England,\\nRussia, and Sweden.\\nSept. 9. Bavaria. Austrians enter (p.\\n51S).\\nThe Austrian army in Germany is\\nunder the Archduke Ferdinand and\\nGen. Mack; Napoleon in person com-\\nmands the French.\\nOct. 17. Wurtemberg. At TJlm Gen.\\nMack surrenders (p. 51S).\\nDec. 26. Hung. Peace of Presburg (p.\\n519).\\n1806-07 France is at war with Prussia\\nand Russia (p. 716).\\nPrussia is greatly imperiled by the\\nseparation of the military and civil\\norders, and the miserable condition of\\nthe half-trained army. The Prussian\\narmy, under the superannuated Duke of\\nBrunswick, is Concentrated in Thu-\\nringia.\\nBattles with the French Oct. 10,\\nSaalfeld Oct. 14, Jena also Auerstiidt\\nOct. 14, Prussians surrender Nov. 6, Lii-\\nheck Nov. 8, Magdeburg 1807, Jan.\\nBreslau Feb. 8, Eylau May 24, Dan-\\nzig; Jane 14, Friedland (p. 716).\\nOct. 27. Berlin. The French enter\\nBerlin.\\nThe French take Hamburg, Brunswick,\\nStettin, and other cities.\\n1807 June 10. E. Prus. At Heils-\\nberg the French under Soult and the\\nRussians under Gen. Bennigsen engage\\nin a bloody but indecisive battle.\\nJune 16. E. Prus. Konigsberg is\\ntaken by the French.\\nJune 21. Russia signs a truce with\\nFrance. [June 25. Prussia also.]\\n1809-13 Prus. The army is secretly\\nreorganized on the basis of universal\\nmilitary service, by a commission\\nheaded by Gen. Gerhard J. D. von\\nScharnhorst.\\n1809 Napoleon is at war with Aus-\\ntria (p. 51S).\\nApr. 23. Bavaria. Napoleon, after\\nfive days fighting, drives the Austrians\\nunder Archduke Charles into Bohemia.\\nApr. Berlin. Maj. Frederic von Schill,\\nwith 600 hussars, precipitates the war\\nof liberation from France. (See p. 71S.)\\nOct. 14. Peace of Vienna (p. 519).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1802 Ph. Prus. Bone-dust is dis-\\ncovered to be a manure by Kropp at So-\\n1 in gen.\\n1S03 *A steam-press for printing is\\ninvented by Konig and Bauer.\\n1804 Sept. 1. The planet Juno is dis-\\ncovered by Harding.\\nFraunhofer compares lines in the\\nspectrum of the sun and stars.\\n1805-14 Bavaria. Telescopes are im-\\nproved by Pierre Louis Guinaud and\\nFraunhofer.\\n1809 Aug. 29. Bavaria. An electric\\ntelegraph machine is exhibited at Mu-\\nnich by Somniering.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1802 Botam, Theobald, Bavarian flutist, b.\\nBube, Adolpb, poet, born.\\nDindorf, Wilhelm, philologist, born.\\nEngel, Johann J., critic, mis. writer, A61.\\nEttmiiller, Ernst JVI. L., philologist, born.\\nFeldmann, Leopold, dramatist, born.\\nFelsing, Jakob, engraver, born.\\nFlugel, Gustav L., orientalist, born.\\nGoldschmidt, Hermann, painter, astron., b.\\nHauff, Wilhelm, novelist, born.\\nHengs ten berg, Ernst W., theologian, Bibli-\\ncal critic, born.\\nKiss, August, sculptor, born.\\nKiihner, Rafael, philologist, born.\\nLange, Johann P., clergyman, author, born.\\nLenau, Nikolaus, poet, born.\\nMagnus, Heinrich G., chemist, born.\\nPott, August F., philologist, born.\\nHuge. Arnold, scholar, journalist, born.\\nSehwanthaler, Ludwig M., sculptor, born.\\nSichel, Julius, oculist, born.\\nStahl, Friednch ,1., jurist, born.\\nTrendelenburg, Friedrich A., philosopher, b.\\nVehse, Karl E., historian, born.\\nWolff, Emit, sculptor, born.\\nZwirner, Ernst F., architect, born.\\n1803 Amerling, Friedrich, painter, born.\\nBaltzer, Johann 14., It. 0. theologian, born.\\nBerthold, Arnold A., physiologist, born.\\nCamphausen, Ludolf, statesman, born.\\nDevrient, Gustav E., actor, born.\\nDove, Heinrich W., meteorologist, born.\\nEwald, Georg H. A., orientalist, Bib. cr., b.\\nGuerieke, Heinrich E. F.. theologian, born.\\nGutzlaff, Karl, missionary, Chinese schol.,b.\\nHerder, Johann G., preacher, philosopher,\\nmia. writer, A59.\\nKlopstock, Friedrich G., poet, A79.\\nKobell-, Franz von, poet, mineralogist, born.\\nLeibig. Baron Justus, chemist, born.\\nMiiller, Sophie, tragic actor, born.\\nOllendorff, Henry Godfroy, edu., gram., b.\\nRoon, Alhrecht T. E. von, Prussian gen., b.\\n1804 Feb. 12. Kant, Immanuel, meta-\\nphysician, philosopher, A80.\\nP.aldmger, Ernst G., physician, author, A66.\\nBeck, Johann T., theologian, born.\\nBecker, Karl F., organist, composer, born.\\nBenedict, Sir .Julius, composer, born.\\nErdmann, Otto L., chemist, born.\\nKeuerbach, Ludwig A., philosopher, born.\\nHildebrandt, Ferdinand T., paiuter, born.\\nLachner, Franz, composer, born.\\nPanzer, Georg bibliographer, A75.\\nPerty, Joseph A. M., naturalist, born.\\nPreller, Friedrich, artist, born.\\nKokitansky, Karl, physician, pathologist, b.\\nKonne, Ludwig M. P., jurist, born.\\nSchomburgk, Sir Robert IL, naturalist, trav-\\neler, born.\\nSchleiden, Matthias J., phys., botanist, born,\\nSchwetschke, Karl satirist, bibliog., b.\\nSemper, Gottfried, architect, born.\\nSiebold, Karl T. E. von, physiologist, born.\\nStrauss. Johann. composer, born.\\nWeber, Wilhelm E., physicist, born.\\nWeisse, Christian F., poet, dramatist, mis.\\nwriter, A78.\\n1805 May 9. Schiller. Johann C. F.\\nvon. poet, dramatist, hist., mis. wr., A46.\\nAlbers, Johann F. H., physician, born.\\nBusehmann, Johann K. E., philologist, born.\\nDiriehlet, Peter geometrician, born.\\nDrake, Friedrich, sculptor, born.\\nErdmann, Johann E., philosopher, born.\\nFiirst, Julius, orientalist, born.\\nGervinus, Georg G., hist., critic, mis. wr., b.\\nHahn-Hahn. Countess, Ida M. L. S. F.\\nG. von, poet, novelist, born.\\nHerzog, Johann J., theologian, author, born.\\nKaulhach, Wilhelm von, painter, horn.\\nKurz, Heinrich, orient, schol., litterateur, b.\\nMatzner, Eduard A. F., philologist, born.\\nManteiiffel, Baron Otto T., statesman, born.\\nMold, Hugo von, botanist, born.\\nRodbertus, Karl, economist, socialist, pol., b.\\nRosen, Friedrich A., philologist, born.\\nKoseiikranz, .lohann K. F., philosopher, b.\\nRubens, Christoph, painter, born.\\nSohn, Karl F., painter, born.\\nVenedey, Jakob, jurist, politician, born.\\nWagner, Rudolph, physician, anatomist, b.\\n1806 Abich, Wilhelm. geologist, au., b.\\nAdelung, Johann philologist, A74.\\nAuresperg, Count Anton A. von, poet, b.\\nBauer, Georg I,., rationalistic cl., orient., A61.\\nDiefenbach, Lorenz, philologist, born.\\nErman, Gustav A., natural phil., trav., born.\\nFreund, Wilhelm, lexicographer, horn.\\nFroehel, Julius, politician, mis. writer, born.\\nGiinderode, Karoline von, poet, A26.\\nHarless. Gottlieb (_ A., theologian, born.\\nHerz, Heinrieh. pianist, composer, born.\\nHubner, Rudolph J. P., painter, born.\\nKuhne, Gustav F., novelist, born.\\nLaube, Heinrich, poet, novelist, mis. wr., b.\\nMohr, Karl, physicist, philosopher, born.\\nMiicke, Heinrich K, A., painter, born.\\nPeters, Christian A. F., astronomer, born.\\nSontag, Mme. Henriette, Countess Rossi, vo-\\ncalist, born.\\nRitschl, Friedrich W., philologist, born.\\nSpeckter, Erwin, painter, born.\\nSternberg, Alexander, novelist, born.\\nIJlrici, Hermann, scholar, critic, phil., born.\\nVatke, Johann K. W., theologian, born.\\nWieshach, Julius, mathematician, born.\\nWille, Johann, engraver, A91.\\nZeuss, Johann K., philologist, hist, wr., b.\\n1807 Ainmuller, Maximilian 1 paint., b.\\nAnialie, Anna, Duch. of Saxe- Weimar, A68.\\nBischoff, Theodor L. W., anat., physiol., b.\\nBlum, Robert, democratic politician, born.\\nBurmeister, Hermann, naturalist, born.\\nDetmold, Hermann J., statesman, born.\\nFabricius, Johann C, entomologist, A64.\\nGabelentz, Hans C. von der, politician, phi-\\nlologist, linguist, born.\\nGrimm, Baron Friedrich M., wit, critic,\\nmis. writer, A83.\\nHackert, Philipp, painter, A70.\\nHitzig, Ferdinand, Biblical critic, born.\\nMeissner, August G-, dram., litterateur, A54.\\nNast, William, founder of German Method-\\nism in America, born.\\nPutter, Johann S., publicist, A82.\\nSchmitz, Leonhard, class, schol., philol., b.\\nVischer, Friedrich T., phdosophical wr., b.\\n1808 Ahrens, Heinrich, jurist, author, b.\\nAndree, Karl T., geographer, born.\\nBardilli, Christoph philosopher, A47.\\nCotta, Bernhard, geologist, born.\\nDroysen, Johann G., historian, born.\\nHaase, Heinrich G. F. C., philologist, born.\\nHaupt, Moritz, philologist, born.\\nKohl, Johann C, traveler, writer, horn.\\nKugler, Franz T., critic, writer on art, born.\\nLessing, Karl F., painter, born.\\nMeyerheim, Friedrich E., painter, horn.\\nMundt, Theodor, mis. writer, born.\\nOettmger, Eduard M., novelist, bibliog., b.\\nSchmid, Leopold, R. C. theologian, born.\\nStrauss. David F., rationalistic theol., b.\\nTrentowski, Ferdinand B., Polish phd., h.\\nVangerow, Karl A. von, jurist, born.\\nWeber, Georg, historian, born.\\nWeil, Gustav, orientalist, born.\\nWichern, Johann H.. cl., philanthropist, b.\\nWrisberg, Heinrich A., anatomist, A69.\\n1809 Feb. 3. Mendels6ob.n-Bartb.oldy.\\nFelix, composer, born.\\nBauer, Bruno, rationalistic theol., critic, b.\\nBenfey, Theodor, m im talis! philologist, b.\\nBeust, Baron, Friedrich F. von, states., b.\\nBraun, August E., archeologist, born.\\nDorner, Isaac A., theologian, born.\\nDuller, Eduard, historian, poet, born.\\nEberhard, Johann A., philosopher, wr., A70.\\nGrassmann, Hermann G., mathematician,\\norientalist, born.\\nHaydn. Joseph, composer, A77.\\nHefele, Karl von, R. C. bishop of Rotten-\\nburg, author, born.\\nHenle, Friedrich G. J., physician, horn.\\nKoch, Karl H. E., naturalist, born.\\nKurtz, Johann H., theologian, born.\\nManteuffel, Baron Edwin H. K., gen., born.\\nOtto, Friedrich J., chemist, born.\\nPreller, Ludwig, class, scholar, antiquary, b.\\nSauppe, Hermann, classical schol., philol., b.\\nSchlozer, August L. von, historian, A74.\\nSchill, Ferdinand von, soldier, A36.\\nStockhardt, Julius A., chemist, born.\\nZimmerman, Albert, painter, born.\\n1805 Berlin. Pastor Janicke founds\\na Bible Society, which becomes the\\nPrussian Central Bible Society. [1811,\\nHe founds a Tract Society.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1802 Pome, a poem, by K. W. Hum-\\nboldt, appears.\\n1803 Baden. The University of Heid-\\nelberg is reconstituted.\\nHistory of Serfdom in Pomerania and\\nRugen and* Poems, bv Ernst M. Arndt,\\nappear. [1805-06, Spirit of the Time.]\\nBight of Possession, by Friedrich K.\\nvon Savigny, appears.\\nThe Family Srhro fen stein, by Hein-\\nrich B. W. von KTeist, appears. [1S08,\\nPenthesilea; 1810-11, Katchchen von\\nHeilttronn, the Broken Jug, and Tales.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0820.jp2"}, "821": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1802,**-1809,\\nMinnesongs, by Tieck, appears. [1812-\\n15, Phantasm.]\\nPoems in the Alemannic dialect, by\\nJohann P. Hebel, appears.\\n1803-09 Spanish Theatre, by August W.\\nvon Sclilegel appears 1809-1 1 Lectures\\non Dramatic Art ami Literature.]\\n1804* Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach. The\\nAllgemeine Literal urzeitung is issued at\\nJena.\\nThe Universities of Bamberg, Dil-\\nlingen, and Duisburg suspend.\\n1805 The Cid, by Herder, appears.\\nBavaria. The University of Alt-\\ndorf is united to tbat of JErlangen.\\n1807-32 History of the Crusades accord-\\ning to Orien tal and Western Accounts, by\\nFriedrich Wilkeu, appears.\\n1808 The first part of Faust, by\\nGoethe, appears. [1809, Elective Affini-\\nties; 1810, The Historif of the Doctrine of\\nColors; 1811-31, From My Life,- Poetry\\nand Truths.]\\nPr. Saxony. The University of\\nHalle is closed.\\nDie Einsiedh r^eitung is issued.\\nDas Heidelberg ische Jahrbuch is is-\\nsued.\\nAspects of Nature, by F. H. A. von\\nHumboldt, appears.\\nSigurd the Dragon-Slayer and The\\nMagic Ring, hy Friedrich Fouque, ap-\\npear. [1811, Undine.]\\n1808-18 History of the States and Law\\nof Germany, by Karl F. Eichhorn, ap-\\npears.\\n1809 The Universities of Rinteln and\\nHelmstadt suspend.\\nThe University of Frankfort-on-the-\\nOder is united to that of Breslau.\\nHistory of the Political Systems and\\nColonies of Europe, by Heeren, appears.\\nThe Twenty-fourth of February, by\\nFriedrich L. Z. Werner, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1807 June E. Prus. The Tugend-\\nbund, or League of Virtue, is formed at\\nKonigsberg, tor relieving the sufferers\\nby the late wars, and the revival of\\nmorality and patriotism. [1809. It ex-\\ncites the jealousy of Napoleon he de-\\nmands its suppression. 1815. Dissolved.]\\nSTATE.\\n1802 Prussia acquires Erfurt. [1803.\\nReceives more territory.]\\nWestphalia is made over to Hesse-\\nDarmstadt.\\n1803 June 5. Hanover is occupied\\nand harassed by the French.\\nBonaparte expresses his contempt for\\nthe vanishing empire by invading Ger-\\nmany.\\nWiirtemberg. Frederick II. is made\\nelector of Germany.\\n*Hesse-Cassel becomes an elec-\\ntorate William I. elector.\\nThe county of Hanau is made a prin-\\ncipality.\\nBavaria is compelled by the Imperial\\ndelegations to give up certain territory,\\nbut receives Wurzburg, Bamberg, Augs-\\nburg, and other accessions.\\nWiirtemberg and Baden receive ac-\\ncessions of territory, and are made elec-\\ntorates-.\\nThe Empire of Austria is formed.\\n1804 Aug. 11. Francis II., the elected\\nEmperor of Germany, takes the addi-\\ntional title of Francis I., hereditary\\nEmperor of Austria, in view of the\\napproaching dissolution of the German\\nEmpire.\\n1805 Nov. 3. Prus. The King of Prus-\\nsia and the Emperor of Russia conclude\\nthe Convention of Potsdam, and\\nswear eternal friendship.\\nThird coalition against France.\\nEngland, Austria, Russia, and Sweden\\nunite against France and Spain.\\nDec. 15. Prussia is deterred from join-\\ning the coalition by a treaty with\\nFrance, in which Hanover is promised\\nin exchange for part of Cleves.\\nDec. 26. The Peace of Presburg adds\\nto the humiliation of Austria (p. 519).\\nDusseldorf becomes the capital of the\\nNapoleonic duchy of Berg.\\nPrussia acquires Hanover in return\\nfor Ausbach, Cleves, and Neuchatel.\\nWiirtemberg. Frederick II., Elector\\nof Wiirtemberg, becomes king as Fred-\\nerick I.\\nBaden receives more accessions of\\nterritory.\\n1806^44 Saxe-Coburq-Goiha. Ernest\\nIH. is the reigning duke.\\n1S06 Jan. 1. Bavaria becomes a\\nkingdom Maximilian Joseph is made\\nking; Augsburg is annexed.\\nSecession of German princes.\\nJuly 12. Paris. The Confederation\\nof the Khine is formed.\\nThe allegiance of 16,000,000 people is\\ntransferred to a foreign State, 258,000\\ntroops are pledged to aid Napoleon in\\ncase of war, and a Diet is established at\\nFrankfort (p. 717J.\\nAug. 6. End of the old German or\\nHoly Roman Empire.\\nThe Union of the empire and the Ger-\\nman kingdom is dissolved. The Em-\\nperor Francis renounces his imperial\\nRoman title, and announces himself the\\nfirst of the emperors of Austria, with\\nthe title Francis I.\\nAug. 18. Napoleon decrees the erec-\\ntion of the kingdom of Westphalia.\\nIt is to be composed of conquests from\\nPrussia, including Hesse-Cassel, Han-\\nover, and the smaller States to the west\\nof the Elbe. [1813. Abolished.]\\nOct. 6. Prussia joins the allies of Eng-\\nland against France. [Oct. 9. Declares\\nwar against France.]\\nOct. 14. Prussia suffers by the fatal\\nbattles of Jena and Auerstadt.\\nOct. 27- Berlin. Napoleon enters the\\ncity.\\nNov. 21. Berlin. Napoleon issues his\\nfamous Berlin decree (p. 717).\\nDec. 11. Saxony withdraws from its\\nalliance with Prussia (p. 717).\\nThe Elector Frederick assumes the\\ntitle of king lie receives as a reward the\\nterritory of Kottbus and the duchy of\\nWarsaw, but surrenders some of his\\nformer territory to the new kingdom of\\nWestphalia.\\nFrankfort- on- the-Main is granted\\nto the prince primate Von Dalberg.\\nThelandgraviateof Hesse-Homburg\\nis absorbed by the grand duchy of\\nHesse.\\nBavaria. Nuremberg is annexed to\\nto Bavaria.\\nSaxe-Weimar is changed from a\\nprincipality to a duchy.\\nBaden. Charles Frederick i\\ngrand duke by Napoleon, a\\nanother addition of territory. Baden\\nbecomes a grand duchy.\\nHesse-Darmstadt becomes a grand\\nduchy, with additional territory. Louis\\nI. becomes grand duke.\\nBrunswick. William Frederick be-\\ncomes duke of Brunswick-Wulfenbiittel.\\n[1S13. Oct Actual reign begins.]\\n1807 Apr. 26. E. Prus. Alexander\\nand the King of Prussia form a com-\\npact aiming to unite all Europe on a\\nnew political foundation. [Vienna re-\\nfuses, and the compact fails.]\\nJune 25. W. Biis. Napoleon meets\\nCzar Alexander and Frederick William\\nIII. on a raft in the river Niemen; Na-\\npoleon detaches Alexander from his alli-\\nance with Prussia.\\nJuly 7-9. E. Prus. The Peace of Til-\\nsit.\\n(July 7.) Peace with Russia is signed\\nby France.\\n(July 9.) Peace with Prussia is signed\\nby France.\\nFrederick William III. yields one-half\\nthe best part of his kingdom and more\\nthan half his subjects to France (p. 717).\\nJuly 9. Saxony. Magd eburg is an-\\nnexed to the kingdom of Westphalia.\\nDec. 1. Westphalia. Jerome Bona-\\nparte is appointed king by his brother\\nHesse-Cassel and Brunswick are in-\\ncorporated in the kingdom.\\nE. Prus. The Tugendbund is or-\\nganized as a patriotic society, and is\\npromoted by Baron von Stein.\\nSaxe-Coburg-Gotha. Napoleon occu-\\npies the country and deposes Duke\\nErnest.\\nWaldeck-Pyrmont. Schwarzburg-\\nSondershausen and Schwarzburg-\\nBudolstadt join the Confederation of\\nthe Rhine.\\nSchaumburg-Lippe is made a prin-\\ncipality.\\n1807-20 Lippe prospers under the rule\\nof the Princess Pauline.\\n*-08 Nov.* Prus. Baron von Stein\\nis chief minister.\\nHe reorganizes the administration\\nserfdom is abolished, municipal rights\\ngranted, education encouraged, all\\nclasses to compete for civil offices, and\\ndrastic military rules enforced.\\n1808 Apr. 6. Austria declares war\\nagainst France.\\nNov. 5. Berlin. The Convention of\\nBerlin is signed.\\nNapoleon remits to Prussia the sum due\\non the war-debt, and withdraws many\\nof his troops to reenforce his armies in\\nSpain.\\nMecklenburg- Schwerin and Old-\\nenburg join the Confederation of the\\nRhine.\\n1809 June -July Saxony. Dresden\\nis held by Austria.\\nOct. 14. Vienna. The Peace of Vi-\\nenna (p. 519).\\nHesse-Nassau. Hanauis incorporated\\nwith the duchy of Frankfort.\\nAust. The Tyrol revolts from Bava-\\nria and from French rule.\\nLippe-Detmold joins the Confedera-\\ntion of the Rhine. [1813. It joins the\\nGerman Confederation.]\\nBavaria. Salzburg is annexed.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0821.jp2"}, "822": {"fulltext": "810 1810, Mar. 1-1816,\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1812 Prussia is forced to act as an\\nally of Napoleon in his Russian cam-\\npaign, and furnishes 20,000 men [but\\nafterwards goes over to Russia].\\n1813-14 War of Independence: the\\nallies unite against Napoleon.\\nMar. 10. Pros. The Order of the Iron\\nCross is instituted by King Frederick\\nWilliam.\\n1813 Feb. 3. Silesia. At Breslau\\nFrederick William 111, appeals to the\\npatriotism of the young men they enlist\\nMar. 17. The people rally with enthu-\\nsiasm toexpel the French from Germany,\\nand form the landwehr, or militia.\\nMar. 27. Preparations are made for a\\ngreat conflict.\\nThe Russians and Prussians under\\nPrince Willgenstein and Field-Marshal\\nBliieher occupy Dresden. The French\\narmy and the troops furnished by the\\nConfederacy of the Rhine concentrate\\nin Francouia, Thuringia, and on the\\nElbe.\\nMay Napoleon has 1S0,000 men the\\nallies, 85,000. (See battles, p. 720.)\\nBattles: May 2, Liitzen May 20,21,\\nBautzen; Aug. 23, Grossbeeren; Aug.\\n26, Katzback Aug. 26, 27, Dresden\\nTorgau besieged Sept. 6,Dennewitz;\\nSept. 17, Nollendorf Oct. 3, Warten-\\nburg Oct. 16, Mockern Oct. 16-18, Leip-\\nsic Oct. 30, Hanau Nov. 2, Hochheim.\\nJune 4. Prus. Armistice of Poisch-\\nwitz (p. 720). [The allies provide three\\ngreat armies.] (Pp. 520, 720.)\\nMany cities are retaken by the allies.\\nNov. 11, Dresden; Nov. 21, Stettin Dec.\\n5, Lubeck Dec. 26, Zamosc, Modlin, and\\nTorgau Dec. 30, Danzig 1814, Jan. 12,\\nAVittenberg Mar. 7, Kustrin.\\nMany cities maintain themselves\\nagainst Napoleon until the peace, as\\nGlogau, Magdeburg, Hamburg, Erfurt,\\nWiirzburg, Wesel, and Mentz.]\\nHamburg is evacuated by the\\nFrench before the advance of the Rus-\\nsians into Germany.\\n1814 Jan. 1. Danzig surrenders to\\nthe allies under the King of \\\\Vurtem-\\nberg.\\nJan. 14. Saxony. Torgau surrenders\\nto the allies.\\n1815 June 16. Belg. William Fred-\\nerick, Duke of Brunswick, falls at\\nQuatre-Bras.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1810 Prus. Krupp s Cast Steel Fac-\\ntory at Essen is established. [1876. It\\nemploys about 10,500 men, besides 5,000\\nminers and others.]\\nThe harmonichord, a keyed instru-\\nmant in which sounds are produced by\\nfriction, is invented by Thomas Kauit-\\n1813 Galvano-plastik process is in-\\nvented by Jacobi and Speueer.\\n1815* Bavaria. Joseph von Fraun-\\nhofer, an optician, discovers that the\\nsolar spectrum is crossed by 590 lines.\\n1816* Gas-lighting is introduced by\\nWilhelni A. Lampadius at Freiberg,\\nPr. Saxony. The first paper-making\\nmachine in Germany is made by Kerf-\\nstan at Halle.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1810 Esper, Eugen J. C, entomol., AG8.\\nFrankl, Ludwig A., poet, born.\\nFreiligrath, Ferdinand, poet, born.\\nFurstenberg, Baron Friedrich W., states-\\nman, A81.\\nHasse, Karl E., physiologist, born.\\nHoltzmann, Adolf, philologist, born.\\nJuncker, Henry D., R. C. cl. (bp. in Am.), b.\\nKrupp, Alfred, inanuf. of steel guns, b.\\nKleiners, Ohristoph, historian, A 63.\\nNicolai, Karl O. E., composer, born.\\nReuter, Fritz, port, novelist, born.\\nSchumann, Robert, composer, born.\\nSchwann, Theodor, physiologist, born.\\nValentin, Gabriel phvs., physiologist, b.\\n1811 Bast, Friedrich J., sehoi.,diplo.,A39.\\nBeckmann, Johann, naturalist, agricultural\\nwriter, A74.\\nBendermann, Eduard, painter, born.\\nBrendel, Karl musical critic, born.\\nCollin, Heinrich J. von, poet, A39.\\nGutzkow, Karl F., novelist, dramatist, born.\\nHahnel, Lrnsl .1., sculptor, born.\\nHecker, Friedrich K. F., lawyer, pol., born.\\nHiller, Ferdinand, composer, born.\\nHoefer, Johann C. F., mis. writer, born.\\nKeller, .Joseph, engraver, born.\\nKetteler, Baron Wilhelm E. von, R. C.\\nbishop of Mentz, statesman, mis. wr., b.\\nKleist, Heinrich von. poet, novelist, A35.\\nLittrow, Karl L., astronomer, born.\\nMaximilian II., King of Bavaria, born.\\nMaria Louisa Augusta, wife of Emperor\\nWilliam I., born.\\nNicolai, Cliristoph F., litterateur, A78.\\nPallas, Peter S., traveler, naturalist, A70.\\nSeetzen, Ulrich J., naturalist, traveler, A45.\\nVincke, Ernst. von, orator, states., born.\\n1812* Archenholz, Johann W., historical\\nwriter, A71+.\\nAuerbach, Berthold, novelist, born.\\nDaniel, Hermann, theologian, geographer, b.\\nlumcker, Maximilian W., historian, born.\\nFlotow. Friedrich von. composer, born.\\nGalle, Johann G., astronomer, born.\\n(iriesbaeli, Johann .1., thenl., philol., A67.\\nHeyne, Christian (I., philologist, A83.\\nJunghuhn, Franz W., naturalist, born.\\nKubn, Adalbert, mvihologisi, philol., born.\\nReinhard, Francis V., theologian, pulpitora-\\ntor, A59.\\nRothschild. Meyer A., banker, A69.\\nSchwarz, Karl II. rationalistic tbeol., b.\\nThalberg, Sigisniund, pianist, composer, b.\\nWindthorst, Ludwig-, statesman, born.\\n1813 May 32. Wagner, Wilhelm Rich-\\nard, composer, born.\\nBergenroth, tiustav, historian, born.\\nDelitzsch, Franz, theologian, born.\\nDelius, Nikolaus, philologist, critic, born.\\nFendler, August, botanist, born.\\nFernkorn, Anton sculptor, born.\\nFraiienstadt, liristian M. .1., philosopher,!).\\n(lass, Friedrich W. II. J., theologian, horn.\\nHebhel, Friedrich, dramatist, born.\\nKoch, Ohristoph \\\\V. von, hist, writer, A76.\\nRonge, Johannes, U. C. cl., schismatic, b.\\nKorner, Karl T., poet, A 22.\\nLepsius, Karl R., trav., philol., antiq.,born.\\nLaemlein, Alexandre, painter, born.\\nMeyer, Johann painter, born.\\nPeters, Christian H. F., astronomer, born.\\nPoiuatowski, Prince, Joseph A., gen., A51.\\nRed, Johann anatomist, A54.\\nSeharnhorst, lerhard I von, gen., au., A57.\\nNchenkel, iJanicl, rationalistic tbeol., born.\\nUlrich, Titus, poet, born.\\nWagner, Moritz F., traveler, naturalist, b.\\nWieland. Christopher Martin, poet, novel-\\nist, mis. writer, A80.\\n1814* Auer, Anton, Bavarian porcelain\\npainter, A36.\\nBaltv.er, Wilhelm E., rationalist, born.\\nBredow, Gabriel historian, A41,\\nC aspari, Karl P., theologian, Bib. critic, b.\\nCurtius. Ernst, anti i.,archeologist, hist.,b.\\nItingelsterlt, Baron Franz von, poet, born.\\nErnst, Heinricli W., musician, born.\\nFichte. Johann G.. metaphysician, A52.\\nGeinitz, Johann B., geologist, born.\\nGeissler, Heinrich, physicist, born.\\n(irisebach, August II. R., botanist, born.\\nHalbig, Johann, sculptor, born.\\nHankel, Wilhelm i:., physicist, born.\\nHeuselt, Adolpb, pianist, composer, born.\\nHubner, Karl, painter of genre pictures, b.\\nJacobi, Johann G., poet, scholar, A74.\\nKahnis, Karl F. A., theologian, born.\\nLehmann, Heinrich, painter, born.\\nMayer, Julius K., physicist, born.\\nMiilbach, Luise (Mrs. Theo. Mundt), nov., b.\\nWolff, Albert, sculptor, born.\\nZeller, Eduard, theologian, born.\\n1815 Apr. 1. Bismarck, Prince Otto\\nEduard Leopold, statesman, born.\\nAchenbach, Andreas, painter, born.\\nClaudius, Matthias, poet, A72.\\nDuringsfeld, Ida von, novelist, born.\\nFranz, Robert, composer, born.\\nGeibel, Eumianuel, poet, born.\\n(irassmann, Robert, philosopher, born.\\nKinkel, Johann (i., poet, writer on art. born.\\nLeonhardt, Gerhard A. W., jurist, born.\\nLowe, Sophie, singer, born.\\nMesmer, Friedrich A., founder of mes-\\nmerism, A82.\\nMiehaelis, Friedrich, theologian, born.\\n^Niebuhr. Karslcns, traveler, A82.\\nPeters, Wilhelm K. H., zoologist, born.\\nReuter, Julius, founder of Reuter s telegraph\\nnews agency, born.\\nRosenmuller, Johann G., theologian, A79.\\nStein, Lorenz von, political economist, b.\\nTann, Baron Ludwig von tier, general, born.\\nTischcndorff, Lobegott F. K. von, philologist,\\nBiblical critic, born.\\nTyehsen, (Hans ti., orientalist, philol., A81.\\nWunderlicb, Karl A., physician, born.\\nZimmerman, Eberhard A. W., naturalist,\\nauthor, A72.\\nZumpt, August W., classical sehol.,antiq..b.\\nCHURCH.\\n1812 Wiirtemberg. The Wiirtemberg\\nBible Society is organized.\\n1813 Ph. Prus. Tbe Berg Bible So-\\nciety is organized at Elberfeld.\\n1814 The Hamburg Altona Bible So-\\nciety is organized also the Hanover\\nBible Society.\\nBerlin. The Prussian Central Bible\\nSociety ia organized.\\nThe Lubeck Bible Society is organized.\\nSaxony. The Saxon Bible Society is\\nfounded at Dresden.\\nPh. Prus. Great collections are made\\nby Prussia- for resuming the building of\\nthe cathedral at Cologne.\\n1815* Pints. The Bremen, Brunswick,\\nSchleswig-Holstein Bible Societies are\\norganized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1810 Poverty and Riches, Guilt and\\nRepentance of the Countess Dolores, by\\nLudwig A. Arnim, appears. [1811, Halle\\nand Jerusalem, and Isabella of Egypt.]\\nOn German Nationality, by Friedrich\\nL. Jahn, appears.\\nBerlin. The University of Berlin\\nis established.\\n1811 Traveling Shadows, by the Magic\\nLantern Player, by Andreas J. Kerner,\\nappears.\\nHistory of the Religion of Jesus Christ,\\nby Count F. L. S ted berg, appears. [1815,\\nLife of Alfred the Great.]\\n1811-32 Roman History, by Barthold G.\\nNiebuhr, appears.\\n1812* Children s and Domestic Tales r\\nby Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, appears.\\n[1816, German Legends.]\\nDivan des Hifas, by Joseph von Ham-\\nmer, appears.\\nThe Emperor Julian and his Times, by\\nJohann A. W. Neander, appears.\\n1812-16 Science of Logic, by Hegel, ap-\\npears. [1817, E ii eye lopsedla of the Phil-\\nosophical Sciences.]\\n1813 What is the German s Father-\\nland? and other songs, by Arndt, appear.\\n1813-16 Wiener Literaturzeitung is is-\\nsued.\\n1814* Lyre and Sword, by Karl T.\\nKorner, appears.\\nGerman Poems by Freimund Raimar,\\nby Friedrich Iiiickert, appears.\\nThe Wonderful History of Peter Schle-\\nmihl, by Adalbert von Chamisso, ap-\\npears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0822.jp2"}, "823": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1810, Mar. 1-1816,\\n811\\n1814^-16 The Bheinscher Merkitr, ed-\\nited by Jacob J. Gbrres, is issued.\\n1814-22 Tales, by E. T. W. Hoffmann,\\nappears.\\n1815 Des Eplmenides Erwachen, by\\nGoetbe, appears. [1816, Art and Antiq-\\nuity lSl(J-2 Italian Journey; 1817-2-4,\\nOn Natural Histary.]\\nPoems, by Max von Scbenkendorf ap-\\npears.\\nPoems, by Uhland, appears. [1816,\\nFatherland Poems; 1817, Duke Ernest of\\nSwabia; 1819, Louis the Bavarian; 1822,\\nOn Walther von del Vogeliveide.\\nPresage and Presence, by Joseph, von\\nEichendortf appears.\\nPr. Saxony. The University of\\nWittenberg is united to Halle.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1812 p7*us: The greater part of the\\ncitizens are trained to arms by succes-\\nsive terms of service in the army.\\n1813 Mar. 10. The Order of the Iron\\nCross is established by Frederick Wil-\\nliam III. to honor bravery in the Franco-\\nPrussian War.\\nAug. Silesia. Gen. Bliicher is made\\nPrince of Wahlstatt because of his vic-\\ntory near that place.\\n1815 Aug. 12. Hanover. The Guel-\\nphic Order of knighthood is instituted\\nfor Hanover by the prince regent [George\\nIV. of England].\\nSTATE.\\n1810 Mar. 1. Hanover. A part of this\\nprovince is annexed to Westphalia.\\nNorth Germany is annexed to\\nFrance as far eastward as the Trave,\\nbeyond the Elbe.\\nIt includes Oldenburg, a large part of\\nWestphalia, the grand duchy of Berg,\\nEast Friesland, and the numerous Han-\\nseatic cities, among which are Bremen,\\nHamburg, and Liibeck the princes are\\nhumiliated, and their patriotism is\\naroused.\\nHesse. Frankfort becomes a grand-\\nduchy under Carl von Dalberg.\\n1811 Napoleon, the terror of Europe,\\nis at the summit of his power.\\nBaden. Charles Lewis Frederick\\nbecomes grand duke. [1818. May 26.\\nBaden becomes an hereditary constitu-\\ntional monarchy by charter.]\\n1812* War with Russia. (SeeArmy.)\\nSept. 16-19. The defeat of Napoleon\\nat Moscow gives Germany an opportu-\\nnity to free herself from France.\\n1813 Feb. 3. Prus. King Frederick\\nWilliam III. successfully appeals to\\nGerman patriotism, and calls for volun-\\nteers.\\nFeb. 28. Prussia and Russia enter into\\nan alliance against France at Kalish.\\nThey agree to unite in offensive and\\ndefensive operations the Prussian mon-\\narchy to be restored according to old\\npolitical relations, and Austria and Eng-\\nland to be invited to enter the alliance.\\n1813-14 Mar. 17. Prus. The War\\nof Liberation.\\nFrederick William signs the declara-\\ntion of war, and appeals to my people\\nand my army (pp. 718, 720).\\nMar.* Saxony. The King of Saxony flees\\nfrom his kingdom. [Mar. 27. Napoleon\\nenters Dresden the King of Saxony re-\\nturns.]\\nMar. Mecklenburg. The dukes with-\\ndraw from the Confederation of the\\nRhine.\\nMar. Great preparations are made for\\nthe struggle on both sides of the Elbe.\\nJune 15. Silesia. England concludes a\\nsubsidy treaty against France, with\\nPrussia and Russia, at Reichenbach.\\nJuly 5, 28, Aug. 11. France, Austria,\\nand Prussia are represented in the Con-\\ngress of Prague negotiations for peace\\nfail.\\nJuly 8. Silesia. Great Britain and Rus-\\nsia sign an alliance against France at\\nthe Convention of Peterswaldau.\\nAug. 12. Austria declares war against\\nFrance, supported by German allies, se-\\ncured by means of English subsidies.\\nSept. 9. Bohemia. Russia and Prussia\\nenter an alliance with Austria against\\nFrance at Teplitz (p. 521).\\nOct. 8. Aust. The Treaty of Bied is\\nBigned. Bavaria becomes an ally (p. 521).\\nOct. 19. Reconstruction of German\\nStates (p. 721).\\nNov. 6. Hanover is regained for Eng-\\nland by Marshal Bernadotte.\\nNov. 13. Neth. An insurrection\\nbreaks out in Holland; French officials\\nare expelled, and the House of Orange\\nrestored.\\nSaxony, Baden, Hesse, and Wiirtem-\\nberg leave the Confederation, and join\\nthe allies against France.\\nBremen, Liibeck, and Brunswick re-\\ngain their independence.\\nHesse. The electorate of Hesse-\\nCassel is reestablished.\\nSilesia. Breslau is again surrendered\\nto the French.\\n1814 Jan. 14. Schleswig-Holstein. The\\nPeace of Kiel (p. 639).\\nFeb. 5-Mar. 19. Fr. Congress at\\nChatillon-sur- Seine (p. 721).\\nMar. Fr. The allies, Austria, Great\\nBritain, Prussia, and Russia, sign a close\\nalliance at Chaumont, and resolve to\\ndepose Napoleon. [The Pentarchy of\\nthe Great Powers.]\\nMar. 13. Paris. The allies enter the\\ncity; the French Senate declares that\\nNapoleon and his family have for-\\nfeited the throne.\\nApr. 6, 11. Fr. Napoleon abdicates\\n(p. 721).\\nMay 30. Paris. The First Peace of\\nParis (p. 721).\\nMay Hamburg is restored to indepen-\\ndence by the allies. Magdeburg is re-\\nstored to Prussia.\\nJune 7-22. London. The Czar Alex-\\nander and King Frederick William of\\nPrussia, accompanied by their victorious\\ngenerals, are enthusiastically received.\\nSept. 30-15 June 10. Vienna. Im-\\nportant Congress of .Vienna, to settle\\nthe conflicting claims of various States,\\nespecially of Germany (pp. 521, 721).\\n1814-15 Saxe-Weimar receives acces-\\nsions of territory, and is formed into a\\ngrand duchy.\\nPh. Prtis. The French portion of the\\nPalatinate lying west of the Rhine (in-\\ncluding IMisseldorf and Cologne) is re-\\nstored to Germany.\\n1S15 Mar. 1. Fr. Napoleon, having\\nescaped from Elba, arrives at Cannes to\\nrecover his throne. [Mar. 13. The ban\\nagainst him is proclaimed by the allies.]\\nMar. 20. Paris. Napoleon arrives, and\\nresumes the government of France.\\nMar. 25. Vienna. The great powers\\nform a new alliance against Napoleon\\n(p. 521).\\nMay 22. Prus. Frederick William\\nIII. grants constitutional law.\\nMay 8. Saxony. Saxony is dismem-\\nbered, and a great part given to Prussia.\\nJune 8. Vienna. The Germanic Con-\\nfederation is constituted to supersede\\nthe Confederation of the Rhine and the\\nOld Empire. [It lasts till 1866.]\\nThe Confederation is founded.\\nItconsists of 35 States 31 monarchies\\nand four republics. The States com-\\nprise: one empire, Austria; live king-\\ndoms, Prussia. Bavaria, Saxony, Hano-\\nver, and Wiirtemberg; one electorate,\\nHesse-Cassel seven grand duchies,\\nBaden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Luxemburg,\\nMecklenhurg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-\\nStrelitz, Saxe-Weimar, and Oldenburg;\\neight duchies, Holstein (with Lau-\\nenburg), Brunswick, Nassau, Saxe-\\nMeiningen, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-\\nAltenburg, Anhalt-Dessau Kotben, and\\nAnhalt-Bernburg nine principalities,\\nSchwarzlnirg-Sondersliausen, Schwarz-\\nburg-Rudolstadt, Schaumburg-Lippe,\\nLippe-Detmold, Waldeck, Reuss the el-\\nder, Reuss the younger, Hesse-Homburg,\\nand Leichtenstein four free cities, Lii-\\nbeck, Frankfort, Bremen, and Hamburg.\\nEast and West Prussia and Posen are\\nnot included.\\nJune 22. Fr. Napoleon again abdi-\\ncates.\\nJuly 1. Paris. The allies again arrive.\\nJuly 15. Napoleon surrenders him-\\nself to the British.\\nSept. 26. Paris. The Holy Alliance\\nis signed (p. 521).\\nNov. 20. Paris. The Second Peace\\nof Paris is signed (p. 723).\\nMecldenburg,. The dukes are made\\ngrand dukes. Frederick Francis I.\\nbecomes grand duke.\\nBremen is restored all its old fran-\\nchises.\\nBrunswick. Charles Frederick\\nWilliam becomes duke of Brunswick-\\nWolf enbUttel.\\nFrankfort-on-the-Main is made a\\nfree city, and appointed capital of the\\nGermanic Confederation.\\nProsperity comes with 40 years of\\npeace after many years of war.\\n1816 Nov. ie. Frankfort. The first\\nsession of the First Diet of the Ger-\\nmanic Confederation begins.\\nNov. Hanover. The Duke of Cam-\\nbridge is appointed viceroy, and a rep-\\nresentative government is established.\\nWurtemberg. William I. becomes\\nking. [1819. He establishes represen-\\ntative government under a Constitution.]\\nBaden. Saxe-Weimar, Bavaria, Hesse,\\nWurtemberg, and Waldeck-Pyrmont re-\\nceive new constitutions.\\n1816-17 Hesse cedes Westphalia to\\nPrussia Mentz passes under the rule of\\nHesse-Darmstadt.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0823.jp2"}, "824": {"fulltext": "812 1816,**-1827,**.\\nGERMANY.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1817 Bavaria. A system of stenog-\\nraphy is invented by Franz Gabels-\\n1818* Frankfort. Louis Spohr s Faust\\nappears.\\n1819\u00c2\u00b1 Hesse- Xassau. Spohr s Zeraire\\nund Azor appears at Frankfort.\\n1819-51 Saxony. Arthur Schopenhauer\\nadvocates the doctrine of pessimism.\\n1820 An electroscope is invented by\\nBohnenberger.\\nColor-printing is invented.\\n1821 June 18. Berlin. Weber s Der\\nFreischiitz appears. [1826. Oberon.]\\nRh. Prtts. A musical festival is held\\nat Cologne.\\n1822 Sept.* NaturforscherVe-\\nrein is formed by a scientific associa-\\ntion.\\n1823 Thermoelectricity, produced\\nby heating pieces of copper and bismuth\\nsoldered together, is discovered by See-\\nbeck.\\nThe philosophical lamp is con-\\nstructed by Johann Wolfgang Doberei-\\nner he applies in it the property pos-\\nsessed by spongy platinum of causing\\nthe combination of oxygen and hydro-\\ngen, discovered by him.\\n1824 Hesse. Etching on metal for\\nprinting is invented by Eberhard at\\nDarmstadt.\\nCobalt blue is discovered by Joliann\\nG. Kopfner.\\n1825 Sloping tramways are used.\\nSteam navigation on the Khine com-\\nmences.\\nDr. von Fuchs invents water-glass, a\\nsolution for hardening the exteriors of\\nbuildings.\\n1826 Biela*s comet is observed.\\n1826-60 Hein rich S. Schwabe proves the\\nperiodicity of sun-spots. He discov-\\ners that a cycle of changes in the num-\\nber of spots occurs in 11 years.\\n1827 Feb.* Pomerania. Mendels-\\nsohn s Overture to Shakespeare s Mid-\\nsummer JYight s Bream, is performed at\\nStettin.\\nJuly 13. SUesia. Two waterspouts fall\\non the Glatz mountains, causing devas-\\ntation to Hautenbach and many other\\nvillages, and destroying many lives.\\nOhm s Law, discovered by Georg S.\\nOhm, for determining the quantity of\\nthe electromotive force of the voltaic\\nbattery, is published.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1816 Becker, Nikolaus, poet, born.\\nBiilow, Count Friedrich W. von, engi-\\nneer, A 61.\\nFormes, Karl, singer, born.\\nFreytag, (iustav, dramatist, novelist, born.\\nGneist, Rudolph, jurist, born.\\nHackliinder, Friedrich W. von, novelist, b.\\nJahn, Johann, R. C-cl., orientalist, A66.\\nLudwig, Karl F. W., physiologist, born.\\nMiiller von Kbnigawinter, Wolfgang, poet,b.\\nRethel, Alfred, historical painter, born.\\nSiemens, Ernst \\\\V., inventor, born.\\nTauchnitz, Baron Christian B., Leipsic pub-\\nlisher, born.\\nWolff, Wilhelm, sculptor, born.\\nZaeher, Ernst J. A., scholar, born.\\n1817 Carriere, Moritz, phil. writer, born.\\nDalberg, Karl T. A. M. von, archbishop of\\nMainz, scholar, writer, A73.\\nDelbruck, Martin F. R., statesman, born.\\nEbeling, Christoph D., scholar, hist., A76\\nGratz, Ilirsch, .Jewish historian, born.\\nHerwegh, Georg, lyric poet, born.\\nHildebrandt, Eduard, painter, born.\\nJung-Stilling, Johann H., mystic, A77.\\nKlaproth, Martin H. chemist, A74.\\nLotze, Rudolph 11., philosopher, born.\\nMommsen, Christian M. Theodor, jurist,\\nantiquary, historian, born.\\nSehultze, Ern6t, poet, A28.\\n.Sybel, Heinrich von, historian, born.\\nVogt, Karl, naturalist, physiologist, born.\\nWerner, A braham T geol., mineralogist, A67.\\n1818 Anderssen, Adolph, chess-player, b.\\nCampe, Joachim H.,philan.,mis. writer, A72.\\nDreyschock, Alexander, pianist, composer, b.\\nDu Bois, Reymond E. H., physiologist, b.\\nEbrard, Johann H. A., theologian, born.\\nForkel, Johann N., composer, A69.\\nFresenius, Karl R., chemist, born.\\nHausser, Ludwig, historian, born.\\nHofmann, August W., chemist, born.\\nKiepert, Heinrich, geographer, born.\\nKolbe, Adolf W. 11., chemist, born.\\nKollack, Theodor, composer, pianist, born.\\nKolliker, A-lbert, physiologist, born.\\nMarx, Karl, economist, socialist, born.\\nPettenkofer, Max von, chemist, born.\\nSchmidt, Heinrich J. critic, mis. writer, b.\\nTasehenberg, Ernst L., entomologist, born.\\nWalter, .Johann G., phys., anatomist, A83.\\nWuttke, Heinrich, historian, born.\\n1819 Sept. IS. Blucher. GebhardL. von,\\nfield-marshal, A77.\\nAbt, Franz, composer, born.\\nBodenstedt, Friedrich, poet, journalist, mis.\\nwriter, born.\\nEvers, Carl, composer, born.\\nFrerichs, Friedrich T., physician, author, b.\\nGeorge V., King of Hanover, born.\\nHoier, Edmund, novelist, born.\\nJacobi, Friedrich H., philosopher, novelist,\\nmis. writer, A76.\\nJafT\u00c2\u00a3, I lnlipp, historian, born.\\nJordan, Wilheliu, poet, born.\\nKotzebue. August F. F. von, dram., A5S.\\nSchafer, Arnold, historian, born.\\nSchwegler Albrecht, historian, born.\\nStolbi-rg, Count Friedrich L. von, poet, A69.\\nTeiinctiiann, Wilhelm G., philosopher, A58.\\n1820* Amnion, Christoph F. von, theolo-\\ngian, preacher, A54.\\nliernhardi, August F., philologist, A51.\\nBlind, Karl, political agitator, mis. writer, b.\\nCurtius, Georg, philologist, grammarian, b.\\nEschenburg, Johann J., litterateur, A77.\\nKalisch, David, poet, born.\\nRosenmiiller, Johann anatomist, A 49.\\nSchwarzenberg, Prince, Karl P., gen., A49.\\nSpiegel, Friedrich, unt-ntalist, born.\\nTeuffel, Wilhelm S.. class. schol.,philol.,b.\\nTweston, Karl, statesman, mis. writer, born.\\nWeber, Paul, landscape painter, born.\\n1831 Achard, Franz K., chemist, A68.\\nBarth, Heinrich, African explorer, born.\\nBuhle, Johann G., hist, of philosophy, A58.\\nlueterici, Friedi ich, orientalist, born.\\nEngel, Ernst, siaiistician, born.\\nFiorillo, Johann painter, art -writer, A73.\\nFrank, Johann 3 physician, A7t\\nGoldstucker, Theodor, Sanskrit scholar, b.\\nGregorovius, Ferdinand, poet, historian,!).\\nHartman, Moritz, poet, born.\\nHelmholtz, Hermann, physicist, born.\\nMosenthal, Salomon H., dramatist, born.\\nPutlltz, Gustav H. litterateur, born.\\nReinkeriB, Joseph 11,, Old Catholic bp., b.\\nRoth, Rudolf, orieiiktlist, born.\\nRustow, Wilhelm, military writer, born.\\nSchleicher, August, philologist, born.\\nSchwartz, Wilhelm, mythologist, born.\\nVince, Samuel, mathematician, astro., dies.\\nVlrchow, Rudolf, pathologist, born.\\n1822 Arrest, Heinrich L. d astro., born.\\nBabo, Franz M. von, dramatist, A66.\\nBauer, Wilhelm, engineer, inventor, born.\\nBechstein, Johann M., naturalist, A65,\\nBertuch, Friedrich I., jour., mis. writer, A75.\\nClausius, Rudolf J. E., physicist, born.\\nDemme, Hermann C. G., novelist, A62.\\nIlardenberg, Prince Karl August von, states-\\nman, A77.\\nHergeiii other, Joseph, cardinnl. schol.,au.,b.\\nHoffmann, Ernst T. W., story-teller, mis.\\nwriter, A46.\\nMeissner, Alfred, poet, born.\\nMoleschott, Jacob, naturalist, physiol.,born.\\nOverweg, Adolf, African traveler, born.\\nI etennann, August H., geographer, born.\\nSchliemann, Heinrich. archeologist, b.\\nSchneider, Johann G., naturalist, philologist,\\nlexicographer, A72.\\nZauner, Franz, sculptor, A76.\\n1823 Bamberger, Ludwig, statesman, b.\\nErockhaus, Friedrich A., Leipsic pub., A5l.\\nCarus, Victor J., zoologist, author, born.\\nCharles I., King of W iirteniberg, born.\\nDemmin, August F., art-critic, born.\\nDillman, Christian F. A., orientalist, born.\\nEsmarch, Johannes F. A., surgeon, born.\\nFalk, Johann F. G., historian, born.\\nGottschall, Rudolph, poet, born.\\nHilgenfeld, Arlolf B. C. I .iblical critic, b.\\nLeuckart, Karl G. F. R., naturalist, born.\\nPauli, Georg R., historian, critic, born.\\nPolke, Elise, novelist, born.\\nReinhold, Karl L., philosopher, A65.\\nSiemens, Karl W., physicist, inventor, born.\\nWagner, Rudolph J., chemist, born.\\nWerner, Friedrich L. Z., poet, dram., A55.\\n1824 Aretin, Baron, Johann C. A. M. von,\\nmissionary writer, A5I.\\nArnim, Count Harry Karl Kurt Eduard von,\\ndiplomatist, born.\\nAuberlen, Karl A., theologian, born.\\nBuchner, Friedrich K. C. L., materialistic\\nphilosopher, born.\\nBrachvogel, Albeit E., mis. writer, born.\\nEss, Karl, R. C. tbeol., Bib. scholar, A54.\\nFischer, Kuno, philosopher, born.\\nHe ugl in, Theodor vr.n, traveler, author, born.\\nKapp, Ki ledrieh, lusloi ical. mis. writer, born.\\nKirchhoff, Gustav R., astro., physicist, born.\\nKlengel, Johann C, painter, A73.\\nLazarus, Moritz C, philosopher, born.\\nWolf, Friedrich A., class, sdiol., critic, A65.\\n1825 Nov. 14. Richter, Jean Paul\\nFriedrich, poet, novelist, satirist, A62.\\nBartholdy, Jakob S., soldier, diplomatist,\\nhistorical writer, A46.\\nBaumgarten, Hermann, historian, born.\\nBurckhardt, Johann K., astronomer, A52.\\nCoccius, Ernst A., oculist, born.\\nEye, Johann L. A., art-historian, born.\\nJulg, Bernhard, philologist, born.\\nKnapp, Georg C, theologian,*A72.\\nLange, Ludwig, antiquary, archeologist, b.\\nLassalle, Ferdinand, socialist, born.\\nOppert, Jules, orientalist, born.\\nSehultze, Max, biologist, born.\\nSeemann, Berthold, botanist, born.\\nStrauss, Joliann, composer, born,\\ntlhl, Friedrich, novelist, born.\\n1826 June 5. Weber. Baron Karl Iff. F.\\nE. von, composer, musician, A40.\\nI i.i, -i i i 1 _ hoi\\nBauer, Ferdinand, botanical painter, A84.\\nBode, Johann E., astronomer, A79.\\nChrysander, Friedrich, musical critic, born.\\nFesca, Friedrich E., musician, composer, A37.\\nFraunhofer, Joseph von, Bavarian optician,\\nA39.\\nGabler, Johann P., theologian, A73.\\nGegenbaur, Karl, anatomist, biologist, born.\\nHebel, Johann P., poet, A6B-\\nKrupp, Friedrich, iron manufacturer, dies.\\nLang, Heinrich, clergyman, author, born.\\nLubke, Wilhelm, historian of art, born.\\nLutz, Johann von, statesman, born.\\nOberlin, Jean F., social reform., philan.,A86.\\nOttendorier. Oswald, journalist, politician.\\nin America, born.\\nPeschel, Oskar F., geographer, born.\\nPiloty, Karl T. von, painter, born.\\nScheffel, Joseph V. von, poet, born,\\nSchlagintweil, Hermann^ traveler, born.\\nStaudlin, Karl F., theologian, A65.\\nUeberweg, Friedrich, philosopher, born.\\nVater, Johann S., theologian, philol., A55.\\nVoss, Johann B., poet, philologist, A75.\\n1827 Mar. 26. Beethoven. Ludwig van.\\ncomposer, A57.\\nCHURCH.\\n1816 The Strasburg, Frankfort, Lau-\\nenburg-Ratzeburg, Lippe-Detmold, and\\nRostock Bible Societies are organized.\\n1817 Prus. The 300th anniversary\\nof the Reformation is celebrated by a\\njubilee.\\nThe festival of the Wartburg in Sax-\\nony is held where Luther translated the\\nScriptures.\\nJune 30. Prus. The Prussian Govern-\\nment orders the word evangelical to be\\nused in place of Protestant, which has\\nbecome obsolete.\\n**The Eutin Bible Society for the Prin-\\ncipality of Lubeck, and the Hesse-Darm-\\nstadt, the Waldeck, and Pyrmont Bible\\nSocieties are organized.\\nHesse-Nassau. TheEvangelicalChurch\\nin Germany begins with a fusion of the\\nLutherans and Calvinists in Nassau. [It\\nis followed by similar movements in\\nmany parts of Germany.]\\n1818 The Eisenach, Gottingen, MU1-\\nhausen, Hanau, and Hesse-Cassel Bible\\nSocieties are organized. [1820. The\\nColmar and Duchy of Baden Bible So-\\ncieties.]\\n1821* *The Anhalt, Bernburg, and\\nWeimar Bible Societies are organized.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0824.jp2"}, "825": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1816 **-1827\\n81S\\n1822 Jan. 12. Saxon;/. The Chief\\nMission Society of Evangelical\\nLutherans, for promoting true Biblical\\nknowledge among Israel, is formed at\\nDresden.\\nFeb. 1. Berlin. The Society for Pro-\\nmoting Christianity among the Jews is\\nformed at the instance of Lewis Way\\nand Prof. Tholuck.\\n1823* Berlin. Pastor Janick s Mission\\nSeminary develops into the Berlin Mis-\\nsionary Society.\\nBavaria. The Bavarian Protestant\\nInstitution at Nuremberg [Bible Society]\\nis organized.\\nBorne. Leo XII. becomes pope. [1829.\\nPius VIII.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1816 Pr. Saxony. The University\\nof Erfurt suspends.\\nThe Original Form of the Nibelungen-\\nnoth, by Ivarl K. F. W. Lachmann, ap-\\npears.\\nA translation of iEschylus Agamem-\\nnon, by K. W. Humboldt, appears. [1821,\\nResearches on the Aborigines of Spain by\\nMeans of the Basque Language.\\nOn the Conjugation System of the San-\\nskrit Language, G/ossarium Sanscritum,\\nand. a Critical Grain mar of the Sanskrit\\nTongue, by Franz Bopp, appear.\\n1817 Political Economy of the Athe-\\nnians, by August Bockh, appears.\\nA Ministry of Education is formed\\nin Prussia.\\nThe Ancestress, by Franz Grillparzer,\\nappears. [ISIS, Sappho; 1821, The Golden\\nFleecej lS2f Kina Ottokar s Fortune and\\nEnd.]\\n1817-18 Geography in Relation to Na-\\nture and to the History of Man, by Karl\\nHitter, appears.\\n1817-41 History of the World in a Con-\\nnected Relation, by Friedrich C. Schlos-\\nser, appears. [1823, History of the 18th\\nCentury 1824^36, Universal Historical\\nView of the History of the Ancient World.]\\nWehmuller, h asptrl untl Junerl, Ponce\\nde Lion, The Foundation of Prague, and\\nDes Knaben Wunderhorn, a collection of\\nnational ballads by Clemens Brentano,\\nappear.\\n1818* Enchanted Rose, by Ernst\\nSchulze, appears.\\nMilter Songs, by WilL?lm Muller, ap-\\npears. [1821, Songs of the Greeks.]\\nFriedrich A. Brockhaus s Conversa-\\ntions Lexicon, appears.\\nRh. Prits. The University of Bonn\\nthe Rhenish Frederick Wilhelm Univer-\\nsity is founded.\\nLiterarisches Wochenblatt is issued.\\n1819 The World as Will and Appear-\\nance or Representation, by Schopenhauer,\\nappears.\\nThe universities are placed under\\npolice supervision by the Government\\nto repress the progress of liberal ideas.\\nBaron H. F. von Stein founds the so-\\nciety for the publication of the Monu-\\nmental Germanis Historia, the object\\nbeing to promote the knowledge of\\nancient German History.\\nFree schools are established.\\n1819-31 Saxony. Hermes is issued at\\nLeipsic.\\n1820 History of the Hellenic Races\\nand Cities, by Karl Otfried Muller,\\nappears. [1824-30, The Dorians 1825,\\nIntroduction to a Scientific System of\\nMythology and On the Origin and An-\\ncient History of the Macedonians 1828,\\nThe Etruscans; 1830, Manual of the\\nArcheology of Art.]\\n1821 Bertrand du Guesclin, by Foque,\\nappears.\\nGhaselin and other poems, by August\\nPlaten, appears.\\nPoems, by Tieck, appears. [I82G, Revolt\\nof the Civennes.]\\nThe Baffle of Hermann and The Prince\\nof Homburg, by Kleist, appear.\\nWilhelm Meister s Traveling Years,\\nby Goethe, appears. [1S29. Revised].\\n1821-22 Christian Dogma according\\nto the Fundamental Principles of the\\nEvangelical Church, by.Schleiermacher,\\nappears.\\n1822 Memorable Occurences from the\\nHistory of Christianity and Christian\\nLife, by Meander, appears, [1825-52,\\nGeneral History. of the Christian Reli-\\ngion and Church]\\nLove s Spring and Eastern Roses, by\\nRiickert, appear.\\nPoems, by Heinrich Heine, appears.\\n[1S23, Amansor and Radclijf; 1826-31,\\nPictures of Travel 1827, Book of Songs.]\\nSaxony. The German Union of\\nNatural Philosophers, the forerunner\\nof the British Association, is founded by\\nOken at Leipsic its object is partly to\\npromote political unity in Germany.\\n1823 Walladmor, by Wilibald Alexis\\n(Wilhelm Haring), appears.\\n1S23-30 Indische Bibliothek is issued\\nby August W. von Schlegel.\\n1824 Histories of the Romanic and the\\nTeutonic Peoples, 1494-1535, by Leopold,\\nvon Ranke, appears. [1827, Princes and\\nPeoples of Southern. Europe in the 16th\\nand lltli Centuries; 1S29, The Servian\\nRevolution 1831 The Conspiracy Against\\nVenice in 16S8.]\\nThe Corpus Inscriptionum Grsecorum\\nis begun by Bockh.\\nDie sEsrhytischc Trilogie Prometheus,\\nby Friedrich G. Welcker, appears.\\nIdeas on the Politics, Commerce, and\\nTrade of the Principal Nations of Antiq-\\nuity, by Heeren, appears.\\nWar on the Philistines,\\\\ y Eichendorff,\\nappears. [1S2G, From the Life of a Good-\\nfor-Nothing\\n1825 Aug. 2. The Wacht des deutschen\\nVaterland Watch of the Genman\\nFatherland German national hymn,\\nby Reichardt, is first publicly sung.\\n1826 Bavaria. The University of\\nLandshut is moved to Munich, and.\\nunited to the Academy of Sciences.\\nThe Fatal Fork, by Platen, appears.\\n[1S2S, Poems; 1829, Romantic (Edipus.]\\nLichtenstein, by Wilhelm Hauff, ap-\\npears. [1S27, The Man in the Moon, The\\nPortrait of the Emperor, and other tales.]\\nAn edition of the FFibelungenlied, by\\nLachmann, appears.\\nDie Menschenerziehung, a work on edu-\\ncation, by Friedrich Froebel, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1818 Wurtemberg. King William I.\\nabolishes serfdom.\\n1819 Mar. 23. Baden. August F. F.\\nvon Kotzebue, a popular dramatist, on\\nsuspicion of being a Russian spy, is as-\\nsassinated at Mannheim by a student\\nnamed Sand.\\nThe students organize a secret so-\\nciety (Burschenschaft). [The secret\\nsocieties are hunted out by the Govern-\\nment in suppressing liberty.]\\n1818 Aug. 22. Bavaria. The king\\ngrants a constitutional charter.\\nOct. 9. Rh. Prus. The Congress of\\nAix-la- Chapelle.\\nThe sovereigns of Russia, Austria, and\\nPrussia, aided by ininisler.s of -ivat Britain,\\nFrance, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, sign a\\nconvention for the -withdrawal of the army\\nof occupation from Fiance, and the recep-\\ntion of France into European concert.\\nBaden. Louis William becomes\\ngrand duke. [1830. Leopold.]\\n1819 Aug. 1. Bohemia. The ministers\\nof Austria and Prussia meet in the Con-\\ngress of Karlsbad with representatives\\nof minor German States.\\n(Aug. 19.) The Congress is reactionary,\\nand recommends the Karlsbad Decrees,\\nestablishing the censorship of the press, the\\ninvestigation of demagogical citizens, and\\nthe suppression of the Burschenschaft\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a\\nsecret organization of students, flletternich\\nis the controlling spirit. [Sept.20. Adopted.]\\nPrus. Baron W. von Humboldt,\\nminister and privy councilor to the\\nking, resigns his office because of the\\nking s opposition to a liberal constitu-\\ntion.\\n1820 Jan. 29. Hanover. George Au-\\ngustus Frederick [George IV., King\\nof England] becomes king. [1S30. June\\n26. William Henry William IV. of Eng-\\nland).]\\nMay 17. The Confederation gives Aus-\\ntria and Prussia preponderating influ-\\nMay Vienna. The Final Act of Vi-\\nenna is signed by the Congress of Min-\\nisters in opposition to liberal govern-\\nment.\\nOct. 20-Dec. Aust. Congress of\\nTroppau.\\nRussia and Austria and Prussia unite\\nfor the consideration of popular politi-\\ncal movements, and the preservation of\\nthe Holy Alliance.\\n1821 Jan.* Aust. The Congress of\\nLaibach resolves to put down popular\\ninsurrections (p. 521).\\nHesse. William II. becomes elector.\\n[1831. Sept. 30. He abdicates in favor\\nof the electoral prince as co-regent.]\\n1822 It. The Congress of Verona\\n(p. 521).\\n1823 Oct. 30. Brunswick. Charles\\nFrederick William assumes the gov-\\nernment of Brunswick. [The German\\nDiet declares he is incapable of reigning.\\n1830. Sept. 7. An insurrection breaks\\nout, followed by a revolution the duke\\nescapes by flight, and retires to En-gland.\\nHe is succeeded by his brother William.]\\n1825 Oct. 13. Bavaria. Louis I. be-\\nPrus. Mail routes are established.\\n1826 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Ernest re-\\nsigns Saalfeld to Meiningen, receiving\\nin return Gotha, and assuming the title\\nof Ernest I.\\nAltenburg is assigned to the Duke\\nof Saxe-Hildburghausen, who takes the\\ntitle of Duke of Saxe-AItenburg.\\nSaxe-Meiningen acquires Hildburg-\\nhausen, Saalfeld, Kemburg, Kranich-\\nfeld, and other territory.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0825.jp2"}, "826": {"fulltext": "814 1827, *-1841, Feb. 12\\nGERMANY.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1827 Yon Fuchs invents stereoch-\\nromy, a mode of painting in -which\\nwater-glass serves as the connecting me-\\ndium between the color and the sub-\\nstratum.\\nThe needle-gun is invented by Jo-\\nhann N. Dreyse of Soemmerda.\\nPrus. Ernst von Baer of Konigsberg\\ndemonstrates that all mammals are de-\\nveloped from a minute egg not a\\nhundredth of an inch in diameter.\\n1828 The rare metal yttrium is first\\nobtained by Frederick Woler*\\n1829 Apr. 9. E. Prus. Danzig is in-\\nundated by the Vistula breaking\\nthrough some of its dikes 10,000 head\\nof cattle and 4,000 houses are destroyed,\\nand many lives are lost.\\n1830 Oct. 18. Bavaria. The temple\\nWalhalla, the Hall of Glory,near Ratis-\\nhon, is begun by Louis, King of Bavaria,\\nto receive the statues and memorials of\\nthe great men of Germany.\\nHesse. Baron Justus von Liebig s\\nanalysis of organic substances appears\\nat Giessen. [1732. He discovers chlo-\\nroform and chloral.]\\n1831* *Meyerbeer s opera, Robert le\\nDiable, appears. [1836. The Hugue-\\nnots.]\\nCholera morbus prevails.\\n1833 Electromagnetic telegraph\\nmachines are invented by Gauss and\\nWeber. The first telegraph actually\\nconstructed and used is set up at Got-\\ntingen.\\n1835 Dec. 7. Bavaria. The first rail-\\nway in Germany is opened between Nu-\\nremberg and Fiirth worked by horses.\\n1836 May 22. Bh. Prus. Mendels-\\nsohn s St. Paul is produced at the Lower\\nRhine festival at Dlisseldorf.\\nWiirtemberg. The last guild of meis-\\ntersanger is dissolved at Ulm.\\n1837 Coal-tar colors are invented by\\nOtto P. Runge.\\nA locomotive railway is opened from\\nLeipsic to Dresden.\\n1839 Belg. The cell theory is pro-\\npounded by Theodor Schwann it holds\\nthat the ultimate particles of all tissues\\nconsist of small cells.\\nAgassiz publishes his work on fresh-\\nwater fishes.\\n1840 Anilin is invented by Hoffmann\\nand Fritzsche.\\nAgassiz discourses on the glacial\\nperiod and blocks carried over Europe\\nby ice.\\n1841 A system of stenography is in-\\nvented by Stolze.\\nFeb. 12. E. Prus. Frederick W. Bessel\\ndiscovers the annual parallax of star\\n61 Cygni. [He calculates its distance\\nfrom the earth to be about sixty billion\\nof miles.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1827* Brugscn Bey, Heinrich K., Egyp-\\ntologist, b.\\nChladni, Ernst F. E., plul., inventor, A71.\\nEichhorn, Johann G., Biblical critic, A75.\\nFalk, Paul L. A., statesman, born.\\nHauff, Wilhelm, novelist, A25.\\nMiiller, Wilhelm, lyric poet, A33.\\nSchulte, Johann F.. Old Catholic theol.,b.\\nVulpius, Christian A., author, A65.\\nZiegler, Friedrich W., actor, A67.\\n1828 Nov. 19. Schubert. Franz, com-\\nposer, A31.\\nAblwardt, Theodor W. t orientalist, born.\\nAlbert, King of Saxony, born.\\nBargiel, Woldemar, musician, born.\\nBecker, August, poet, born.\\nBouterwek, Friedrich, phil., critic, A57.\\nCohn, Ferdinand, botanist, born.\\nFrederick Charles, Prince of Prussia, gen., b.\\nErsch, Johann S., cyelopedist, A62.\\nGall, Franz J., phy., fdr. of phrenology, A70.\\nGrafe, Albrecht von, oculist, born.\\nGrosse, Julius, poet, dram., novelist, born.\\nNiemeyer, August H., author, A74.\\nSchrever, Adolph, painter, born.\\nSchilling, Johann, sculptor, born.\\nThaer, Albert, agnrulUirist, writer, A76.\\n1829 Brehm, Alfred E., naturalist, born.\\nButtmann, Philipp K., philologist, A65.\\nDeutsch, Emanuel O. TM-, orientalist, born.\\nDittes, Friedrich, educator, born.\\nFiek, Adolf, biologist, born.\\nGeiger, Lazarus, scholar, born.\\nGoldschmidt, Levin, jurist, born.\\nHassel, Johann G. H., statistician, A59.\\nHillebrand, Karl, historian, born.\\nKayserling, Moses, Hebrew preacher, histo-\\nrian, born.\\nKekule Friedrich A., chemist, born.\\nLasker, Eduard, statesman, born,\\nMeding, Oskar, novelist, born.\\nNoire, Ludwig, monistic philosopher, born.\\nSchlagintweit, Adolf, traveler, born.\\nSchlegel, Karl W. von. scholar, hist., A57.\\nSpielhagen, Friedrich, novelist, born.\\nVogel, Eduard, African traveler, born.\\n1830* Ablwardt, Christian W., philol., A70.\\nBecker, Ernst A., painter, born.\\nBenin, Ernst, geographer, born.\\nBillow, Hans von, pianist, composer, b.\\nDummler, Ernst L., historian, born.\\nEbel, Johann G., geologist, A66.\\nHeyse, Johann L. P., poet, dram., novelist, b.\\nRuber, Johann N., Old Catholic theol., b.\\nMeyer, Leo, philologist, born.\\nMiiller, Sophie, tragic actor, A27-\\nSommering, Samuel T. von, anatomist, phys-\\niologist, A75.\\nTVeishaupt, Adam, jurist, philosopher, A82.\\n1831 June 29. Stein, Baron Heinrich\\n~E. K. von, statesman, A74.\\nOct. 18. FriedLricklll., Prince of Prussia,\\nEmperor of Germany, born.\\nAlbertine, Johann B. von, Moravian clergy-\\nman, pulpit orator, A62.\\nArnim, Ludwig A., poet, A50.\\nBaumstark, Rcinhold L., author, born.\\nCaprivi, de Caprara de Montecucoli, Georg\\nLeo von, chancellor, born.\\nClausewitz, Karl von, Prussian general, A51.\\nConze, Alexander C. L., archeologist, born.\\nDinter, Gustav F., educationist, A7L\\nEschscholtz, Johann F., naturalist, A38.\\nGneisenau, Count August N., marshal, A71.\\nHegel, Georg W. E., philosopher, A61.\\nHermes, Georg, R. C. theologian, A 56.\\nJadassolm. Salomon, composer, born.\\nKreutzer, Rudolf, comjioser, A65.\\nKlinger, Friedrich M. von, dramatist, novel-\\nist, soldier, A78.\\nLa Fontaine, August II. J., novelist, A75.\\nMatthisson, Friedrich von, poet, A70.\\nNiebuhr, Barthold G., hist., philol., A55.\\nNitzsch, Karl L., theologian, A80.\\nPlanck, Heinrich L., theological writer, A46.\\nPleyel, Ignaz, composer, A74.\\nTittmann, Johann A. IL, Biblical critic, A58.\\nWeigel, Christian E. von, naturalist, A83.\\nZobel, Benjamin, artist, A69.\\n1832 Mar, 22. Goethe. Johann Wolf-\\ngang:, poet, dramatist, novelist, phil., A83.\\nBartscb, Karl F., philologist, born.\\nBeck, Christian 1 hist., philologist, A75.\\nDevrient, Ludwig, actor, A48.\\nFoerster, Wilhelm, astronomer, born.\\nGomperz, Theodor, philologist, born,\\nGentz, Friedrich von, stales., pol. wr., A66.\\nGuntber, Albert C. C. G., naturalist, born.\\nHayne, Friedrich (I., botanist, A69.\\nJunkermann, August, actor, born.\\nRothschild. Nathan M., financier, A55.\\nSemper, Karl, traveler, naturalist, born.\\nSpiess, Heinrich, painter, born.\\nSpurzheim, Johann G., physician, phrenolo-\\ngist, A 56.\\nWundt, Wilhelm M., physiologist, born.\\n1833 Becker, Jean, violinist, born.\\nBeer, Michael, dramatist, A33.\\nBrahms, Johannes, composer, born.\\nChristlieb, Tie-odor, clergyman, an., born.\\nDove, Richard W., jurist, born.\\nPuhring, Eugen K., philosopher, born.\\nBumichen, Johannes, Fgvptologist, born.\\nFeuerbach, Paul J. A., jurist, A58.\\nHauser, Kaspar, the mysterious Nuremberg\\nfoundling, dies.\\nKonig, Friedrich, inventor of steam printing-\\npress, A58.\\nMeckel, Johann P., anatomist, A52.\\nPassow, Franz L. C, F., philologist, lexicog-\\nrapher, A49.\\nPlanck, Gottlieb J., theol., ebureh hist., A82.\\nSchlagintweit, Robert, traveler, born.\\nScholl, Maximilian S. F., hist., pub., A67-\\nSprengel, Kurt, botanist, A67.\\n1834 Ebert, Fried. A., bibliographer, A43.\\nHaeckel, Ernst H.. naturalist, born.\\nKnebel, Karl L. von, litterateur, A90.\\nHachtigal, Gustav, traveler, born.\\nRohlfs, Gerhard, explorer, born.\\nSchleiermacher, Friedrich E., theologian,\\ncritic, mis. writer, A66.\\nSeneh-lder, Alois, inv. of lithography, A63.\\nTychsen, Thomas C, philologist, A76.\\nZollner, Johann K. F., physicist, astron., b.\\n1835 Mar. 2. Francis II., emperor, A67.\\nAutenrieth, Johann H. F. von, physician,\\nBbttiger, Karl A., archeologist, A75.\\nBrack el, Ferdinande von. poet, novelist, b.\\nClaus, Karl F. W., zoologist, born.\\nJoltz, Hermann von der, cl., author, born.\\nHumboldt, Baron Karl W. von, philolo-\\ngist, statesman, A68.\\nKlaprotb, Heinrich J. von, orientalist, A52.\\nRosenmuller, Ernst F. K., Bib. critic, A67.\\nSpeckter, I .rwin, painter, A29.\\n1836 Daub, Karl, theologian, A71.\\n1 1 1! f eland, Christ oph W., ph ysician, A74.\\nPlitt, Gustav L., clergyman, author, born.\\nSehrader, Khei hard, Assyriologist, born.\\nSchwemfurth, Georg A., trav., explorer, b.\\nTauchnitz, Karl C. E., printer, bookseller,\\nhistorian, A71.\\nBandmann, Daniel E., actor, born.\\nBorne, Ludwig, political writer, A5l.\\nDissen, Georg L., class, scholar, philol., A53.\\nEbers, Georg, novelist, Egyptologist, born.\\nHummel, Johann N., pianist, composer, A59.\\nKlulier, Johann L., jurist, politician,*A75.\\n(Juaglio, honeiiico, architectural paint., A53.\\nKosen, Friedrich A., philologist, A32.\\nTreviranus, r.ottfried R., physiologist, A5l.\\nChamisso, Adalbert von, poet, natural., A57-\\nDohrn, Heinrich, malacoiogist, horn.\\nMdhler, Johann A., R. C. theologian, A42.\\nWrede, Prince, Karl P., field-marshal, A71.\\n1839 Cobnbeim, Julius F-, pathologist, b.\\nEuting, Julius, orientalist, born.\\nGans, Eduard, jurist, A41.\\nGuts Muths, Johann C. F., founder of Ger-\\nman system of gymnastics, A80.\\nHabicht, Christian M., orientalist, A64.\\nKoch, Joseph A., painter, A71.\\nOhlmiiller, Joseph L architect, A48.\\nOlshausen, Hermann, theologian, au., A43.\\nScbelling, Friedrich G.. novelist, A73.\\nWitzeleben,.Karl A. F., novelist, A66.\\n1840 June 7. Frederick William III..\\nKing of Prussia, A66.\\nBlnmenbaeh. Johann F., naturalist, physi-\\nologist, A88.\\nBohlen, Peter von, orientalist, A44.\\nDohrn, Anton, zoologist, born.\\nFollen, Charles T. G, clergyman, theologian\\nin (U. S. A.), A45.\\nGnauth, Gustav A., architect, born.\\nGbtz, Hermann, composer, born.\\nGrafe, Karl von. oculist, A53.\\nIlartniann, Eduard von, philosopher, born.\\nLittrow, Joseph J., astronomer, A59.\\nMiiller, Karl Otfried, classical scholar, his-\\ntorian, antiquary, A43.\\nGibers, Heinrich W. M., astronomer, A82.\\nRotteck, Karl von, jurist, states., hist., A65.\\nThibaut, Anton F., jurist, A66.\\nCHURCH.\\n1829 June 24. Several small societies\\nare united under the name of tbe Bhen-\\nish Mission Society.\\n1830 Methodism is introduced.\\n1831 Pome. Gregory XVI. is pope.\\n1834 Apr. 23. Hamburg. American\\nt missionaries engage _\\nwork in Germany; Rev. Barnas Sears\\nbaptizes seven persons in the River\\nElbe.\\n1833 A dispute occurs with the Holy\\nSee. [It is ended by concessions.]\\nAug. 17. Alsace-Lorraine. The Society\\nof Israel s Friends is founded at Stras-\\nburg.\\n1836 Saxony. The Leipsic Evan-\\ngelical Lutheran Society is founded.\\nApr. 9. The North German Mission-\\nary Society is organized.\\nThe Society for Christian Care of Jew-\\nish Proselytes is formed as a supplement\\nto the Berlin Society, which confines it-\\nself to purely missionary work.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0826.jp2"}, "827": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1827,\\n-1841, Feb. 12. 815\\nThe Anhalt-Dessau Bible Society is\\norganized.\\n1837 Rk. Prus. The Archhishop of\\nCologne is confined in the fortress of\\nMiden, having been forbidden attend-\\nance at Bonn.\\n1840 June 7. Prus. Frederick William\\nIV. comes to the throne, and soon makes\\nconcessions to the church.\\nPrus. The Government disputes with\\nRoman Catholic clergy begin ultra-\\nmontanism appears.\\nRev. Johann G. Oncken, the Baptist\\npastor and missionary, is imprisoned by\\nthe Government.\\nHe is prohibited from administering\\nthe sacraments, and all persons except\\nhis own household are prohibited attend-\\nance at his family worship.\\nLETTERS.\\n1827 The Jew, by Karl Spindler, ap-\\npears.\\n1827-46 Jahrbuch fur wissenschaft-\\nliche Kritik is issued by Cotta.\\n1828 Poet-life, by Tieck, appears.\\nLegal Antiquities of Germany, by Ja-\\ncob Grimm, appears. [1835, German\\nMythology.]\\nA True Servant of His Master, by\\nGrillparzer, appears. [1S31, The Waves\\nof Love and of the Sea.]\\n1829 The German Heroic Legend, by\\nWilhelm Grimm, appears.\\nThe Seeress of Prevorst, by Andreas J.\\nKerner, appears.\\nDon Juan and Faust, by Christian D.\\nGrabbe, appears. [1X29-30, Friedrich Bar-\\nbarossa and Heinrich IV. 1838, Battle of\\nHermann.]\\n1829-34 The Collected Writings of Lud-\\nwig Borne appear.\\n1829-53 History of Philosophy by Hein-\\nrich Ritter, appears.\\n1830-35 Hanover. Prince Bismarck\\nstudies at the University of Gbttingen.\\nHesse. Polytechnic schools are es-\\ntablished in Darmstadt.\\nOriginal Documents for German His-\\ntory, by FriedrichC. Dahlmann, appears.\\n[1840-43, History of Denmark.\\n1830-37 Lexicon Arabico-Zafinvm and\\nProverbs of the Arabs, by G. W. F. Frey-\\n1830-44 The Dramatic Works of Ernst\\nB. S. Raupach appear.\\n1832 The Second Part of Faust, by\\nGoethe, appears.\\nJuly 16. Ph. Prus. The Diet at Frank-\\nfort issues a protocol suppressing the\\nliberty of the press in Baden.\\nHistory of the Planting of the Apostolic\\nChurch, by Neamler, appears. [1837, The\\nLife of Jesus Christ in its Historical Re-\\nlation.]\\n1833 History of Alexander the Great,\\nby Johann G. Droysen, appears. [1S3G-\\n43, History of Hellenism.\\n1833-35 Origin of Christianity, by Jo-\\nhann J. I. D ollinger, appears. [1S38, A\\nTreatise on the History of the Church.]\\n1834* Repertorium der gesammten\\ndeutschen Liti-ratvr is issued.\\n1834-37 Reisenovellen (Tales of Travels),\\nby Heinrich Laube, appears. [1843, The\\nCountess Chdteaubriand.]\\n1834-37 The Popes of Rome, by Ranke,\\nappears. [1839-47, German History in\\nthe Period of the Reformation.]\\n1835 Wally the Skeptic, by Karl Gutz-\\nkow, appears. [1841, Patkul.]\\nPoems, by Ida M. S, L. Halrn-Hahn,\\nappears. [1844, Countess Faustine.]\\n1835-42 History of the National Poetic\\nLiterature of the Germans, by Gervinus,\\nappears.\\n1836 On the Myth of the Northern\\nLegend of Thor, by Uhland, appears.\\n1837 Frederick Froebel opens a\\nkindergarten at Blankenburg in Thu-\\nringia.\\nSpinoza, by Berthold Auerbach, ap-\\npears. [1839, The Pott and Merchant;\\n1842, The Cultivated Citizen 1843, Vil-\\nlage Tales of the Black Forest.]\\nArt of German Prose, by The odor\\nMundt, appears. [1S42, History of Con-\\ntemporary Literature.]\\nDeutsche Allgemeine Zeitungis issued.\\nHanover. Seven professors of the\\nUniversity of Gbttingen Jacob and\\nWilliam Grimm, Dahlmann, Gervinus,\\nEwald, Albrecht, and Weber are dis-\\nmissed and banished for signing a pro-\\ntest against the King of Hanover s\\nabrogation of the constitution.\\n1837-51 Dictionary of Chemistry, by\\nJustus von Liebig, appears. [1840, Or-\\nganic Chemistry in its Application to\\nAgriculture and Physiology 1S42, Ani-\\nmal Chemistry in its Application to Phys-\\niology and Pathology?]\\n1838 Hallische Jahrbuch is issued.\\n1839 Plato?iic Studies, hyEdu rd Zel-\\nler, appears. [1844-52, The Philosophy\\nof the Greeks; 1847, History of the Chris-\\ntian Church.]\\n1840 Historu of the Literature of An-\\ncient Greece, by Karl Otfried Miiller,\\nappears.\\n1840-41 Thou shalt not have it, the Free\\nGerman Rhine, a song by ISTikolaus\\nBecker, appears, in response to the pro-\\nposed annexation of the valley of the\\nRhine to France it is answered by Al-\\nfred de Musset in the Le Rhin Alle-\\nmande.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1829 June 11. [Emperor] William I,\\nis married to the Princess Augusta of\\nSaxe-Weimar.\\n1830* *The term Philistines is ap-\\nplied by the Liberal party to the oppo-\\nnents of progress the Conservative\\nparty.\\n1833 Hesse-Nassau. Ariotoccurs at\\nFrankfort.\\nSTATE.\\n1827 Saxony. Anthony Clement\\nbecomes king. [Sept. 13. A revolu-\\ntion occurs Anthony abdicates Fred-\\nerick Augustus [II.] is regent. Liberal\\nuprisings occur throughout Europe.\\n1S31. Sept. 4. A constitution is adopted.\\n1S3G. Frederick Augustus becomes king.]\\n1828-53 Saxe-Weimar. Charles Fred-\\nerick is grand duke.\\n*The Zollverein, or German Cus-\\ntoms Union, is gradually formed among\\nNorth German States. [It paves the way\\nfor a national union in 1834.]\\n1829 May 21. Oldenburg. Augustus\\nbecomes grand duke.\\n1830 July 27-39* Paris. The Rev-\\nolution arrests the attention of Europe.\\nHesse. Louis II. becomes grand duke\\nof Hesse-Darmstadt.\\nThe Customs Union includes a pop-\\nulation of 25,000,000, and a territory of\\n80,000 square miles.\\n1831 Jan. 5. Hesse. The Constitu-\\ntion of Hesse-Cassel is given the Cham-\\nber receives the exclusive right of voting\\ntaxes.\\n1832 June 28. New Confederate\\nlaws are passed.\\n1833 Frankfort. Students make un-\\nsuccessful attempts at insurrection.\\n1S34. [May They fail the second time.]\\nTwo policemen are overpowered for a\\nfew hours, and the reactionary spirit\\nspreads rapidly throughout Germany.\\nBohemia. A meeting of sovereigns\\ntakes place at Munchengratz Austria,\\nPrussia, and Russia are represented.\\n[Conference of ministers is held at Tep-\\nlitz.]\\n1834 Jan. 1. The German Tariff\\nUnion is established.\\nIt is finally accomplished after long\\nendeavor by Prussia, and called the\\nZollverein by Maassen, the Prussian\\nMinister of Finance. [It is gradually\\njoined by all the States except Austria.]\\nVienna. A conference of ministers\\nis held.\\n*The French Revolution has stirred\\nthe people of Southwestern States to a\\nmore vigorous political life.\\n1835 Mar. 2. Aust. The Emperor\\nFrancis I. dies [and is succeeded by his\\nson, Ferdinand I.].\\nMetternich is his councillor of state\\n(p. 521).\\n1836 Oct. 30. Alsace. Louis Napo-\\nleon attempts to raise an insurrection\\nat Strasburg (p. 727).\\n1837 June 20. Fng. Victoria suc-\\nceeds William IV. of Hanover, her\\nuncle, to the throne of Great Britain.\\n[Hanover is separated from England\\non the death of William IV., under the\\noperation of the Salic law.]\\nErnest Augustus, duke of Cumber-\\nland, brother of William IV. of Eng-\\nland, becomes king. [He abolishes the\\nConstitution, and revives an older and\\nless liberal one.]\\nRh. Prus. Droste von Vischering,\\narchbishop of Cologne, has a quarrel\\nwith the Government about marriages\\nbetween persons of different religious\\nbeliefs he is arrested.\\n1840 June 7. Prus. Frederick Wil-\\nliam III. dies [and is succeeded by his\\nson].\\n1840-61 Prus. Frederick William\\nTV. is king.\\n1840 P?^us. Governmental disputes\\nwith Roman Catholic clergy increase.\\nJuly 15. England, Austria, Prussia, and\\nRussia enter a treaty of alliance with\\nTurkey, to the exclusion of France-\\n[Austria and England force its decis--\\nion.] (P. 729.)", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0827.jp2"}, "828": {"fulltext": "816 1841, June 22-1848,*\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1842 Nov. 12. Berlin is declared in\\na state of siege.\\n1848 War with Denmark respect-\\ning Sehleswig-Holstein, caused in part\\nby the open letter of Christian VIII. (p.\\n641).\\nMar. 24. Sehleswig-Holstein. Kends-\\nburg is taken. [Apr. 9. Defeat at\\nFlensburg. Apr. 23. Danes defeated\\nat the Danewerk.] (P. 640.)\\nApr. -Aug. Sehleswig-Holstein.\\nTroops are furnished to the two duch-\\nies by Prussia and the German confed-\\neracy, to form a new army.\\nMay 2. Den. The fortress of Frede-\\nricia is captured by the Sehleswig-Hol-\\nstein troops and Prussians.\\nJuly 25. The Italians are defeated at\\nCustozza by Radetzky.\\nAug. 26. Sweden. The Truce of\\nMalmb for seven months (p. 640).\\nNov. 10. Berlin. Gen. Wrangel en-\\nters Berlin without opposition.\\nNov. 12. Berlin. A state of siege pro-\\nclaimed the burgher-guard is dismissed\\nby the king, but it refuses to disband.\\nAustria and Hungary are at war (p.\\n521+).\\nWar between Austria and Sar-\\ndinia (p. 520-h).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1841 A steam -railway is opened\\nfrom Berlin to Magdeburg.\\nBerlin. Anastatic printing, in, which\\nprinted matter is transferred upon zinc\\nplates, is invented by Baldermus.\\n1842 Robert W. E. Bunsen constructs\\nthe first carbon battery.\\n1843 Jan. 1. Alsace-Lorraine. The\\nastronomical clock of the Strasburg\\nCathedral, stopped for a longtime, and\\nrepaired by M. Schwilgue, is inaugu-\\nrated.\\n1845 Oct. 19. Saxony. Wagner s\\nTannhduser appears at Dresden. [1848.\\nLohengrin.]\\nThe name odyl is given by Baron Karl\\nvon lieichenbach to a so-called new im-\\nponderable or influence, said to give\\nrise to luminous phenomena, visible to\\ncertain sensitive persons only.\\n1846 Sept. 23. Berlin. The planet\\nNeptune is discovered by Johann G.\\nGalle.\\nGuncotton is invented by Christian\\nFriedrich Schonbein.\\n1847 The electric light is much im-\\nproved hy Moritz H. Jacobi.\\n1848 Aug. 15. Rh. Prus. The body of\\nthe cathedral at Cologne is opened in\\nthe presence of the king on the 600th an-\\nniversary of its foundation.\\nAn induction electrometer is in-\\nvented by Peltier.\\nAnti-phosphoric matches are in-\\nvented by Bottger.\\nMeyerbeer s opera, Le Prophete, ap-\\npears.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1841 Ast, Georg A. F., scholar, teacher,\\nA63.\\nAuguste, Christian J. W., theologian, A70.\\nHaader, Franz X. von, philosopher, A7ti.\\nDannecker, Johann H., sculptor, A83.\\nHerbart, Johann F., philosopher, A65.\\nHoist, Hermann E. von, historian, born.\\nKuhnoel, Christian F., Biblical critic, A73.\\nSchinkel, Karl F., architect, A60.\\nTiedge, Christoph A., poet, A89.\\n184:2 Brentano, Clemens, novelist, dram-\\natist, A65.\\nGesenius, Friedrich H. W., orientalist, Bib-\\nlical critic, A56.\\nHase, Heinrich, antiquary, A53.\\nHeeren. Arnold H. L., historian, A82.\\nHellwald, Friedrich A. H. von, geographer, b.\\nKrug, Wilhelm T., philosopher, A72.\\nLampadius, Wilhelm A., chemist, A70.\\n1843 Adelung, Friedrich, philologist, A75.\\nAugustus, Friedrich, W. H., Prince of Prus-\\nsia, A64.\\nI .aumgarten-Crusius, L. F. O., theol., A55.\\nFouque, Friedrich, Baron de la Motte,\\npoet, novelist, A66.\\nFries, Jakob F., philosopher, A70.\\nHahnemann, Samuel C. F.. physician,\\nfounder of homeopathic system, A88.\\nKind, Johann F., poet, novelist, (Irani., A75.\\nPerthes, Christian I publisher, A71.\\nPichler, Caroline, novelist, A74.\\n1844* Held, Adolf, economist, born.\\nHugo, Gustav, jurist, A80.\\nKielmever, Karl F. von, naturalist, A79.\\n1845 Becker, Nikolaus, poet, A29.\\nBerger, Ludwig, composer, AbBt.\\nJunghans, Sophie, novelist, born.\\nKrummacher, Friedrich A., theologian, poet,\\nmis. writer, A77.\\nSchlegel. August W., poet, orientalist,\\ncritic, A78.\\n1846 Bessel, Friedrich W., astron., A62.\\nIdeler, Christian L., astron., linguist, A80.\\nMarheineke, i liilipp K., author, A66.\\nTheremin, Ludwig F. F., cl., author, A63.\\nZimmern, Helen, German author in Eng.,b.\\n1847 Nov. 4. Mendelssohn-Bar tholdy.\\nFelix, composer, A38.\\nPieffenbaeli, Johann F., surgeon, A53.\\nEss, Leander von, theologian, A75.\\nJacobs, Friedrich C. W., classical scholar,\\ncritic, A83.\\nMaterna, Amalie, vocalist, born.\\nKapp, George, founder of sect of Harmo-\\nnists, A77.\\n1848* l diiiu. llolicrt, democratic pol., A4I.\\nBretschneider, Karl G-, rationalistic theolo-\\ngian, A72.\\nGeiger, Ludwig, historian, bom.\\nGorres, Jakob J., publicist, mis. writer, A72.\\nHasse, Friedrich C. A., historical wr., A75.\\nHermann, Johann G. J., philologist, A76.\\nSchwanthah-r, Ludwig 31., sndptor, A46.\\nZschokke, Johann H. D., mis. writer, A77.\\nCHURCH.\\n1842 June 23. Berlin. The Gossner\\nMissionary Society is confirmed in its\\norganization by the king s cabinet.\\nCologne. The cathedral repairs are\\ncompleted, and new buildings are\\nfounded.\\n1844-59 The Codex Sinaiticus, presu-\\nmably written in the 4th century, is dis-\\ncovered by M. Constantine Teschendorf,\\na Biblical paleontologist, philologist,\\nand critic, at St. Catherine s Monastery,\\nMount Sinai, Arabia.\\nLubeck. The Society of Friends of\\nIsrael is founded.\\nJih. Prus. Johannes Konge, the\\nCatholic priest and reformer, attacks\\nArnoldi, bishop of Treves, for offering\\nfor devotion an alleged relic which he\\ncalled the holy seamless coat of Christ\\nbeing expelled, he initiates the German\\nCatholic Movement.\\nBerlin. The Berlin Woman s Mis-\\nsionary Association is organized.\\n1846 Rome. Pius IX. becomes pope.\\n1848 Aug. 15. Rh.Prus. The body of\\nthe cathedral of Cologne is opened on\\nthe 600th anniversary of its foundation,\\nin the presence of the king.\\nLETTERS.\\n1841 History of the First Crusade, hy\\nHeinrich von Sybel, appears.\\nPoems, by Robert E. Prutz, appears.\\n[1847, Political and Literary Essays; 1S47-\\n49, Dramatic Works.]\\n1841-74 Metaphysics, by Rudolph H.\\nLotze, appears. [1842, General Pathol-\\nogy and Therapeutics as Mechanical and\\nNatural Sciences; 1843-79, Logic; 1851,\\nGeneral Philosophy of the Organic Life\\n1852, Medical Psychology, or Physiology\\nof the Soul\\nLieder der Gegenwart, by Rudolph\\nGottschall, appears. [1843, Madonna\\nand Magdeline.]\\n1844 The Acropolis of Athens, by\\nErnst Curtius, appears. [1851-52, His-\\ntory of Greeee 1852, Peloponnesus.\\nHistory of the English Revolution, by\\nDahlmann, appears. [1845, History of\\nthe French Revolution.]\\nRambling and Hunting Excursions\\nthrough the I it ifed States of North Amer-\\nica, by Friedrich Gerstacker, appears.\\n[1S45, The liequlators of Arkansas; 1847-\\n48, Mississippi Picture s; 1848, The River\\nPirates of the Mississipju 1849, Ameri-\\ncan Forest and Stream Pictures.\\n1844-45 Ancient High and Low Dutch\\nPopular So?igs, by Uhland, appears.\\n1844-47 Life of Jesus, by Johann P.\\nLange, appears. [1849-52, hristian Dog-\\nmatic; 1853-54, History of the Church.]\\n1845 Physiological Letters, by Karl\\nVogt, appears. [1S52, Pictures from Ani-\\nmal Life.]\\n1845-58 Kosmos, by Friedrich H. A.\\nvon Humboldt, appears.\\n1846 History of the 18th Century, and\\nthe 19th till the Fall of the French Em-\\npire, by Schlosser, appears.\\nDie Valentine, by Gustav Freytag, ap-\\npears. [1853, Debit and Credit and The\\nJournalists]\\n1S46-51 Comparative Lexicon of the\\nIndo-Germanic Language, by Lbrenz\\nDiefenbach, appears.\\n1847 July Deutsche Zeitung is issued.\\nUriel Acosta, by Gutzhow, appears.\\n[1850-52, Die Ritter von Geist.]\\nAtta Troll, a Sunnn r Night s Dream,\\nby Heine, appears. [1851, Romanzero,\\nand Doctor Faust 1853, Neuer Fruhling\\n(New Spring); 1854, Das Buch des La-\\ngar \u00e2\u0096\u00a0u.s.]\\n1847-48 Nine Books of Prussian His-\\ntory, by Ranke, appears. [1852-61, French\\nHistory, especially in the 16th and 17th\\nCenturies.]\\n1848 Wuriemberg. W orkmen s\\nschools are established.\\nHistory of Philosophy, by Albrecht\\nSehwegler, appears. [1853, Roman His-\\ntory.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1842 May 4-7. Hamburg is distressed\\nby a great fire, which destroys 2,000\\nhouses.\\n1S43 Aug. 6.. The Thousand Years\\nJubilee is celebrated in commemora-\\ntion of the settlement by which the em-\\npire was divided among the three sons\\nof Philip the Devout.\\nBerlin. The Workingmen s Union\\nis established.\\nRiots occur at Frankfort and Cologne.\\n1844 July 26. Prus. Two shots are\\ntired at the king by the assassin Tesch.\\n1847 July* Bismarck marries Jo-\\nhanna von Puttkamer.\\nOct. 19. Bavaria. Lotteries are abol-\\nished by a unanimous vote of the depu-\\nties.\\n1848 Mar. 18. Berlin. An insurrec-\\ntion breaks out an assassin wounds\\nthe king.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0828.jp2"}, "829": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1841, June 22-1848, 817\\nSept. IS. Hesse-Z assau. Prince Felix\\nLichnowsky and Gen. Hans A. E. von\\nAuerswald are killed by rioters at\\nFrankfort.\\n1848-49 Saxony. Several riots occur.\\nSTATE.\\n1841 June 22. Berlin. The First\\nGeneral Estates meet.\\nConstitutional rights and larger\\nliberties are demanded by the people.\\n1842* Mecklenburg. Frederick\\nFrancis II. becomes grand duke.\\n1843 Revolutionary tumults occur\\nin Cologne and Frankfort reforms are\\ninstituted in Hesse-Cassel and Saxe-\\nCoburg-Gotha.\\n1844 July 26. Prus. The assassin\\nTesch makes a serious attempt on tbe\\nlife of tbe king, bring two shots at him.\\n1846 July 8. Den. Christian VIII. de-\\ncrees the union of Schleswig-Holstein\\nwith Denmark (p. 641).\\nInsurrections break out in Poland\\nand Galicia.\\n1847 Feb. 13. Prus. Summons are\\nissued to the United Provincial Diet.\\nSept. 12. Baden. The Liberals hold a\\nmeeting at Orenburg. [1848. Feb. 27.\\nA revolutionary assembly at Mann-\\nheim, led by Itzlein, demands a German\\nparliament, trial by jury, a free press,\\nand the right of citizens to form socie-\\nties.]\\nOct. 10. Hesse. The Constitutional\\nparty hold a meeting at Heppenheim,\\n[Nov. 20. Frederick William becomes\\nelector of Hesse-Cassel. 1848. Mar. 11.\\nThe elector is constrained to grant the\\nreforms demanded.]\\nRevolutionary agitation increases in\\nGermany in consequence of the French\\nRevolution.\\nPrus. A representative govern-\\nment is established a united legisla-\\nture is formed at Berlin called the\\nLandtag.\\n1848 Jan. 20. Den. Frederick VTI.\\nbecomes king. [Jan. 28. \\\\de proclaims\\na new constitution uniting Schleswig-\\nHolstein more closely with Denmark.]\\nFeb. 24. Paris. Outbreak of the\\nHe volution.\\nMar. 6. Bavaria. Insurrectionists ap-\\npear in Munich. [Mar. 20. Louis I. ab-\\ndicates in favor of his son, Maximilian\\nII.]\\nMar. 13+. Vienna. A revolutionary\\noutbreak occurs Metternich flees (p.\\n521).\\nMar.* Pi-us. The king promises liberty\\nof the press.\\nMar. 14. Prus. Tbe king resists urgent\\ndemands for liberal measures.\\nMar. 15. Berlin. The students fight\\nthe troops behind barricades.\\nMar. 18. Prus. The king issues a decree\\ndemanding a federal union, and grant-\\ning liberty of the press.\\nAnother outbreak occurs 274 people\\nare killed a new Ministry is formed.\\nMar. 19-20. Berlin. By order of the\\nking, the troops leave tbe city. [A bur-\\ngher-guard is formed anarchy prevails.\\nThe Liberal ministers are frequently\\nchanged. A constitutional assembly is\\ncalled.]\\nMar. 20. Prus. The king announces a\\ngeneral amnesty.\\nMar. 23. Schlesivig-Hol stein. A revolt\\narises. [The aid of Prussia is required to\\nsubdue the rebels.] (P. 641.)\\nMar. 24. Den. The Eider Danish Gov-\\nernment declares Schleswig-Holstein\\nincorporated.\\nMar. 27. Prus. The king proposes to\\nlead the agitation for the reconsolida-\\ntion of the German Empire.\\nMar. 30-Apr. 4. Frankfort. The Ger-\\nman Preliminary Parliament meets\\nKarl J. Mittermaier, president.\\nIt holds four sessions, and resolves to\\ncall a national German constituent as-\\nsembly for the purpose of forming a con-\\nstitution for the German Empire 500\\nmembers present.\\nInsurrections arise throughout all\\nGermany the people demand freedom\\nof the press, trial by jury, national in-\\nstead of imperial armies, and national\\nrepresentation.\\nKossuth tbe Liberator. Uprising of\\nthe Magyars (p. 521).\\nApr. Baden. A republican insurrec-\\ntion arises.\\nIt 1b led by Frederick K. F. Hecker and\\nGustav von Struve and other radicals, and\\nstrengthened by the arrival of Georg Her-\\nwegh and others of the confederation of re-\\nfugees and foreign republicans. The troops\\nsuppress the republicans in a short time.\\n[Apr. 20. Gen. Frederick von Gagern of\\nthe army of the German Confederation is\\ntreacherously shot by the volunteers in the\\ndisturbance.]\\nApr. 21. Prus. Bismarck in parlia-\\nment votes in disapproval of the meas-\\nures of reform granted by the king.\\nApr. The Schleswig-Holstein ques-\\ntion occasions a struggle between Den-\\nmark and Prussia for possession of the\\nduchies (p. 640).\\nMay 15. Vienna. Another insurrection\\nbreaks out. [May 26. Another; the king\\ndeparts.] (P. 521.)\\nMay 18. Frankfort. The German\\nNational Assembly meets as a parlia-\\nment. [It selects Heinrich von Gagern\\nas president of the National Assembly;\\nBismarck is a member. It is fruitless for\\nlack of discretion, energy, and prompt-\\nness.] (Pp. 522, 523.)\\nMay 21. Wurtemberg. The largernum-\\nberof representatives in the Assembly\\nvoluntarily resign their seats.\\nFour parties in the National Assem-\\nbly advocate various schemes of union.\\nThe Right advocates an imperial constitu-\\ntion in harmony with the governments of the\\nvarious States; the Left, the sovereignty of\\nthe people, aims at a republican confedera-\\ntion bv means of a revolution; the Eight\\nCenter a constitutional monarchy for Ger-\\nmany; the Left Outer, a central monarchy,\\nwith the several States subordinate, and hav-\\ning as its basis the recognized sovereignty of\\nthe people.\\nMay 29. Frankfort. The Archduke\\nJohn of Austria is elected administrator\\nof the empire (p. 523). [June 11. He\\nenters Frankfort.] (P. 521).\\nJune 2. Aust. A Slavonic Congress\\nmeets (p. 523).\\nJune 29. Frankfort. The National As-\\nsembly issues a decree convening a\\ncentral government.\\nJuly 12. Frankfort. The Confederate\\nDiet remits its functions to the regent,\\nArchduke John, and dissolves.\\nJuly 15. Frankfort. The Archduke\\nJohn is installed.\\nThe first imperial Ministry is appointed:\\nfor foreign affairs, Anton von Schmerling of\\nAustria; for war, Gen. Eduard von Pencker\\nof Prussia; for justice, Heckscber of Ham-\\nburg. [For the lack of real authority, the\\ncentral power proves insufficient, both at\\nhome and abroad.]\\nAug. 4. Capital punishment by civil\\nauthorities is abolished.\\nAug. 26. Swe. Truce of Malmo (p. 640).\\nAug. Schleswig-Holstein. A com-\\nmon government is established. Popu-\\nlar dissatisfaction and much agitation\\nconcerning the truce of Malmo.\\nSept. 5. Frankfort. The Committee of\\nthe National Assembly rejects the com-\\npactof Malmo. [Sept. 16. Itisaccepted\\nby the National Assembly.]\\nSept. 17. Frankfort. A riot breaks out.\\nOct. 6. Vienna. Vienna is in the hands\\nof revolutionists (p. 523).\\nNov. 1. Prus. The reaction in favor of\\ndespotism commences.\\nNov. 9. Great excitement prevails in\\nGermany, occasioned by the execution at\\nVienna of Robert Blum, a Leipsic pub-\\nlisher and agitator, for aiding the insur-\\nrection.\\nNov. 10. Berlin. Gen. Wrangel en-\\nters the city unopposed by the Liberals.\\n[Nov. 12. He declares it to be in a state\\nof siege against the Liberal party.]\\nNov. 22. Aust. Schwarzenberg be-\\ncomes prime minister at Vienna the\\nfirst Diet of Austria meets at Kremsier.\\nNov. 29. Frankfort. The National As-\\nsembly is removed from the city by the\\nking because fair deliberation is alleged\\nto be impossible at the capital, and it\\nmeets in Brandenburg Castle.\\nDec. 2. Aust. Ferdinand II., Emperor\\nof Austria, abdicates in favor of his\\nnephew Francis Joseph.\\nDec. 5. Frankfort. The king having\\ngiven the National Assembly such a\\nconstitution as he pleased, without\\nconsulting the Assembly, dissolves it,\\nthere being no quorum present (p. 523).\\nDec. 10. Fr. Louis Napoleon elected\\nPresident.\\nBoth Austria and Prussia are opposed\\nto a constitution formed by a popular\\ncongress.\\nHanover. King Ernest grants a con-\\nstitution with electoral rights.\\nBavaria. Maximilian Joseph II. he-\\ncomes king.\\nEh. Prus. Karl Marx issues a com-\\nmunist manifesto.\\nHesse. Louis m. becomes grand\\nduke.\\nRevolts occur in Venice and Milan\\nand also in Austria and Hungary.\\nLiibeck receives a constitution.\\nMecklenburg-Schioerin. Unsuccessful\\nattempts are made to change the feudal\\nconditions.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0829.jp2"}, "830": {"fulltext": "1849, Jan. 17-1853,\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1849 Mar. -July The second\\nSchleswig-Holstein war.\\nApr. 5. Prus. At Eckernforde the ship\\nChristian Fill, is fired (p. 540).\\nApr. 13. Schlesivig. Diippel is stormed\\n(p. 640).\\nApr. 23. Den. The Schleswig-Holstein\\narmy under Gen. Bonin, a Prussian, de-\\nfeats the Danes under Gen. Biilow at\\nKolding.\\nMay Prussian and other German troops\\nbecome indifferent because of the\\nthreatening attitude of England,\\nFrance, and Russia.\\nJune 15. Baden. A Prussian force un-\\nder the Prince of Prussia enters Baden,\\nand defeats the republican insur-\\ngents at Waghausel. [July 23. It cap-\\ntures Rastatt after a siege.]\\nDen. Sortie at Fredericia (p. 640).\\nJune 23. Baden. The Prussian army\\nenters Karlsruhe.\\nJuly 10. Berlin. The Truce of Berlin\\n(p. 641).\\nPrus. Republican defection occurs\\nin the army.\\n1850 Jan. -51 July* Third Schles-\\nwig-Holstein war, having no aid from\\nGermany (p. 640).\\nJuly 24-25. Schleswig-Holstein. Battle\\nof Idstedt (p. 640).\\nSept. 12. Schleswig. Defeat at Mis-\\nsunde. [Oct. 4. Friedrichstadt bom-\\nbarded.] (P, 640.)\\nNov. 6. Hesse. An Austro -Bavarian\\nforce enters Hesse.\\nNov. 7. Prus. The whole Prussian\\narmy is called out, consisting of 223,000\\ninfantry, 38,000 cavalry, 29,000 artillery,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0with 1,080 field-guns. A force enters\\nHesse in the north.\\nNov. 9. Hesse. The Prussians hold posi-\\ntions on the military roads.\\nNov. 14. Baden. The Prussians retire\\nfrom the grand duchy.\\nDec. 5. Hesse-Cassel. The Prussians be-\\ngin their retreat.\\n1851 Holstein. Austriahs occupy it\\n(p. 640).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1850 Aug. 28. Saxe- Weimar. Wag-\\nner s Lohengrin is produced under the\\ndirection of Franz Liszt.\\nHermann F. Helmholtz invents the\\nmyographion, an apparatus for deter-\\nmining the velocity of the nervous cur-\\nrent.\\n1851 May 31. Berlin. The colossal\\nstatue of Frederick the Great, made\\nby Christian Rauch, is unveiled.\\nRh. Prus. Alfred Krupp of Essen ex-\\nhibits an ingot of steel weighing 4,500\\npounds.\\nHelmholtz invents the ophthalmo-\\nscope, an apparatus for inspecting the\\ninterior of the eye.\\n1852 Sept. 19. The valleys of the Rhine\\nand the Rhone are inundated.\\nThe gyroscope is invented by Prof.\\nFessel of Cologne.\\nIt is a rotatory apparatus, exhibiting\\nthe combined effects of the centrifugal\\nand centripetal forces, and of the cessa-\\ntion of either, illustrating the great law\\nof gravitation.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nLiterarisclies Centralblatt is issued.\\n1851* Lambertine de Mi ri court, by\\nGottschall, appears. [1852, Die Gottinn.]\\n1851-57 Deutsche Museum is issued.\\n1852 Natur is issued.\\nHerkomer, Hubert, painter, born.\\nKalkbrenner, Frier/Inch, eoinp., pianist, A61.\\nNicolai, Karl 0. E., composer, A39,\\nSchopenhauer, Johanna, novelist, A79.\\nStrauss, Johann, composer, A45.\\nZoning, Theophil, poet, born.\\nZuinpt, Karl I liissical scholar, A57.\\n1850 Delitzsch, Friedrieh, Assyriol., born.\\nHertwig, Richard, zoologist, born.\\nKalbeck, Max, poet, born.\\nKunth, Karl S., Imlanist, A62.\\nLenau, Nikolaus, poet, A48.\\nNeander, Johann A. W., eccles. hist., A61.\\nSchadow, Johann G., sculptor, A86.\\n1851 Erinan, Paul, physicist, A87.\\nErnest Augustus, King of Hanover, A80.\\nOutzlaff, Karl, mission., Chinese schol., A48.\\nLachmann, Karl, critic, philologist, A58.\\nLedebour, Karl F. von, botanist, A66.\\nMeinhohl, Johann W., el., poet, novel., A56.\\nOken, or Ockenfuss, Lorenz, naturalist, A72.\\nPaul us, Heinrich E. G., theologian, A90.\\nPrieasnitz, Vincenz, fdr. of hydropathy, A52.\\nTieck, Christian F., sculptor, A75.\\n1852 Froebel, Friedrieh, educa., A70.\\nJahn, Friedrieh L., patriot, writer, A74.\\nOverweg, Alfred, African traveler, A30.\\nCHURCH.\\n1849 Jan. 17. Hamburg. The first\\ntriennial conference of Baptists is\\nopened. It reports 28 churches in Ger-\\nmany and 2,800 members.\\nSept. 26. Bavaria. The Bavarian Evan-\\ngelical Lutheran Association for Pro-\\nmoting Christianity among the Jews is\\nformed.\\nThe* Hermannsburg Missionary-\\nSociety is inaugurated by Pastor Louis\\nHarms.\\n1851* Berlin. Rev. J. G. Oncken, a\\nBaptist pastor and missionary, is ex-\\npelled from the city for preaching on\\nthe Sabbath.\\n1852* Berlin. The Jerusalem Union\\nto promote German evangelical institu-\\ntions and undertakings in the Orient is\\nfounded.\\nThe Immaculate Conception of the\\nVirgin Mary is made a dogma of the\\nRoman Catholic Church.\\nLETTERS.\\n1849 Researches on the Chemistry of\\nFood, by Liebig, appears.\\nMilitary Life in Time of War, by\\nFriedrieh W. Hacklander, appears.\\n[1850, Scenes from Life: 1851, Nameless\\nHistories; 1852, Eugene St ill fried; 1853,\\nWinter in Spain.]\\nFirst German Parliament, by Laube,\\nappears.\\n1850 May 21. Der Evangelist, organ\\nof the Methodist Episcopal Church, is\\nfirst issued.\\nA Studu of Shakespeare, by Gervinus,\\nappears. [1855-66, A History of the 19th\\nCentury.]\\nHistory of Danish Politics from Acts\\nand Documents, by Dfoysen, appears.\\nDeborah, by Salomon H. Mosenthal,\\nappears. [1856, Sonnenwendhoff.]\\nFrancesca von Rimini, by Johann H.\\nP. Heyse, appears. [1852, The Brothers\\nand Uri/.-a, 1*54, Mehaqer 1858, Thelda;\\n1859, The Sabine Women.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1850 May 22. Prus. An attempt is\\nmade by Sofelage, the assassin, to kill\\nKing William IV.\\n1851 Jan. 18. Prus. King William\\nIV. celebrates the 150th anniversary\\nof the Prussian monarchy.\\nOct. Prus. Permission is granted to\\nthe Jews to study law.\\n1852 May 28. Berlin. A Prussian In-\\ndustrial Exhibition is opened.\\n1853 Mar. Baden. George C. Gervi-\\nnus, the historian, is tried for high\\ntreason for publishing his Introduc-\\ntion to the History of the 19th Century,\\na prophecy of the filial victory of democ-\\nracy he is sentenced to 10 months im-\\nprisonment, and his book is ordered to\\nbe burned. [The sentence is not exe-\\ncuted. 1\\nSTATE.\\n1849 The revised Constitution of\\nthe German Empire is completed.\\nIt provides for a Diet composed of a cham-\\nber of state, and also a popular chamber; the\\nformer consisting of two classes of represen-\\ntatives, one half to lie elected by the separate\\nstates, and the other halt appointed by the\\nGovernment, while the monarch has only a\\nsuspensive veto over its acts; the popular\\nchamber is to be elected by universal (man-\\nhood) suffrage.\\nTwo popular parties are formed, the\\nGreat German and SmaU German.\\nThe first favors the inclusion of Aus-\\ntria, and the latter its exclusion, because\\nof the preponderance its states would\\nhave, and thereby a smaller confederacy\\nunder the hegemony of Prussia.\\nMar. 4. Aust. A general constitution\\nfor Austria is promulgated (p. 523).\\nMar. 24. Prus. The king formally rec-\\nognizes the claims of Schleswig-Hol-\\nstein.\\nMar. 28. Frankfort. The German Na-\\ntional Assembly elects the King of\\nPrussia hereditary emperor of the\\nGermans.\\nApr. 3. Prus. Reaction of imperial-\\nism.\\nKing- William Frederick, not having the\\nconsent of all the German states, declines\\nthe imperial crown of the Germans, which is\\noft ered to him by a deputation of the National\\nAssembly at Frankfort; his act grieves the\\npatriots.\\nApr. 12. Frankfort. The German Na-\\ntional Assembly recognizes the provis-\\nional government of Schleswig-Hol-\\nstein.\\nApr. 14. Hungary asserts her freedom.\\nFrankfort. The National Assembly\\nstruggles for unity, but fails.\\nMay 3. Saxony. An insurrection\\nbreaks out in Dresden. [It is soon sup-\\npressed by Prussian aid.]\\nMay 10. Prussia is put under martial\\nlaw.\\nMay 11. Baden. A republican insur-\\nrection, commanded by Ludwig Miero-\\nslawski, breaks out at Rastatt; the grand\\nduke flees. [June 15. Insurrection sub-\\ndued by Prussian soldiers. July* Again\\nsubdued. Aug. 18. Grand Duke of\\nKarlsruhe enters.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0830.jp2"}, "831": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1849, Jan. 17-1853, 819\\nMay 14. Prus. The king recalls Prus-\\nsian members from the National As-\\nsembly at Frankfort. [Many represen-\\ntatives are recalled.]\\nMay 26. The short-lived alliance of\\nthe three kings of Prussia, Hanover,\\nand Saxony is formed. [Most of the\\nsmaller German states soon join it.]\\nMay 30. Frankfort The National\\nAssembly transfers its sittings to\\nStuttgart it is called the Rump Par-\\nliament. [June 18. Dissolved by the\\nGovernment of Wiirtemberg.]\\nMay* Republican defection weakens\\nthe army.\\nJune 5. Den. The king sanctions a new\\nconstitution of liberal character.\\nJune Prus. A central power is pro-\\nvided (p. 523).\\nJuly 10. Peace with Denmark (p. 641).\\nSept. 8. Bavaria comes out for an im-\\nperial constitution, with the King of\\nPrussia on the throne.\\nSept. 30. Vienna. The Treaty of Vi-\\nenna.\\nAustria and Prussia provide a new\\ncentral authority for a limited time;\\nthe governments of Germany are to be\\nconsulted.\\nPrussia seeks the leadership of\\nGermany while Austria, her rival, is\\nprostrated by the Hungarian war.\\nSaxony, Hanover, and Prussia form\\nan alliance. [1850. Feb. 25. Hanover\\nwithdraws later, Saxony.]\\nNov. 12. Austria protests against the\\nalliance of Prussia with the smaller\\nstates of Germany.\\nDec. 16. Prus. Prince Charles An-\\nthony of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen,\\nforeign minister, resigns.\\nBremen and Oldenburg receive new\\nconstitutions.\\nBismarck is first chosen a deputy to\\nthe Landtag meeting in Berlin.\\n1850 Jan. 31. Prus. The new Con-\\nstitution is adopted. [Feb. 6. The king\\ntakes the constitutional oath.]\\nFeb. 27. Bavaria. Bavaria, Saxony,\\nand Wiirtemberg sign a treaty at\\nMunich for a revision of the German\\nConfederation, and to maintain the Fed-\\neral Union. [Mar. 15. Announced.]\\nFeb. 29. Hesse. Hassenpflug is ap-\\npointed minister in Hesse-Cassel.\\nMar. 10. Frankfort. The Diet of Con-\\nfederation meets.\\nPrussia strongly favors a German\\nfederal state with Austria ex-\\ncluded the old party of the hereditary\\nempire also favors it.\\nMar. 20. Saxony. A union parlia-\\nment, consisting of two houses, meets at\\nErfurt.\\nIt is convoked by Prussia to discuss\\nthe new German union. [Apr. 27. Ends.]\\nBismarck advocates an alliance between\\nPrussia and Austria. [In later years he\\nrevives this policy. Hesse-Cassel sends\\nno representative.]\\nMay 9-16. Berlin. A congress of\\nprinces meets (p. 523).\\nMay 10. Frankfort. A confederate\\ncongress, summoned by Austria, meets.\\nJuly 2. Prussia and Denmark agree\\nto a separate treaty of peace Prussia\\nabandons the two duchies to their fate.\\nJuly 12. Hesse. The Cassel Congress\\nof deputies from the states included in\\nthe Prussian Zolverein opens.\\nJuly 19. Austria issues a call for an\\nassembly of the old Confederation.\\nAug. 17. Frankfort. The German\\nsovereigns meet at the call of the Em-\\nperor of Austria to consider a plan of\\nFederal reform.\\nAug. 25. Prussia and Austria uni-\\nformly and mutually disagree.\\nSept. 2. Frankfort. Reopening of the\\nParliament. It convenes to consider\\nthe restoration of the Confederacy;\\nPrussia and her associates do not join it\\n(p. 523).\\nSept. Hesse. A determined contest oc-\\ncurs; Hassenptiug repeatedly dissolves\\nthe Assembly of the Estates- [Sept. 7.\\nThe elector declares his dominions in a\\nstate of siege because of the attitude of\\nthe Chamber towards the budget; he\\nflees. Sept. 21. Prussia declares to\\nAustria its purpose to uphold the Con-\\nstitution in Hesse-Cassel; a rupture\\nbetween the states follows. Oct. 2.\\nGen. Hanau is appointed military dic-\\ntator in electoral Hesse. Later, nearly\\nall the corps of officers are dismissed.]\\nGermany is divided into pro-Austria\\nand pro-Prussia States.\\nOct. 11. Aust. Austria, Bavaria, and\\nWiirtemberg enter a league at Bregenz\\nagainst Prussia.\\nOct. 14. FranJcfort. The Elector of\\nHesse applies to the Diet for aid in\\nrecovering his authority. [It is promised\\nagainst the protest of Prussia.]\\nThe Minister Joseph Maria von Ra-\\ndowitz is dismissed, and Prussia aban-\\ndons her efforts for union.\\nOct. 17. Pus. Minister Brandenburg\\nmeets the Czar at Warsaw on a mission\\nfor Prussia. [Oct. 26. He meets the\\nEmperor of Austria. Nov. 6. Dies.]\\nNov. 2. Berlin. The Ministerial Council\\ndecides to support peaceful measures.\\nNov. 6. Austria sends an ultimatum\\n(p. 523).\\nNov. 9. Vienna. Minister Schwarzen-\\nberg demands the abolition of the\\nPrussian Union.\\nNov. 11. Aust. The Prussian policy in\\nHesse is declared a casus belli by the\\nRussian ambassador at Vienna.\\nNov. 29. Moravia. A convention\\nopens at Olmiitz for the pacification of\\nGermany (p. 523).\\nDec. 3. A treaty of amnesty is an-\\nnounced.\\nDec. 23-51 May 15. Saxony. Con-\\nferences are held at Dresden respecting\\nthe German Constitution by the advice\\nof Russia it settles the contest between\\nPrussia and Austria by a simple return\\nto the Diet of the Confederacy.\\nDec. 27. Hesse. The elector returns\\nto his capital, the taxes having been\\npaid under threat of imprisonment. [He\\nremodels the (institution the Chamber\\nreceives the right to vote the taxes. Apr.\\n13. Proclaimed for Hesse-Cassel.]\\nDec. The proposed extension of the\\nGermanic Confederation beyond the\\nAlps occasions the remonstrances of\\nFrance and Great Britain. [1851. July\\n17. The Confederation replies, denying\\nEngland s right to interfere.]\\n1851 Apr. 30. Prus. The Constitu-\\ntion is modified.\\nMay 30. Frankfort. The Confederate\\nDiet in its old form is established. Bis-\\nmarck is a member.\\nMay 31. Poland. The King of Prussia\\nand the Czar leave Warsaw for Olmiitz\\nto meet the Emperor of Austria.\\nPeriod of reaction popular liberty\\nis opposed.\\nGreat hopes are crushed in Germany s\\nhumiliation at the feet of her princes; the\\npress is persecuted, (li.seunl.ent. punished arbi-\\ntrarily, penalties inllieteii; petty despotism is\\ntriumphant. Many of the people emigrate.\\nAug. 20. The Emperor of Austria\\nclaims absolute government (p. 524).\\nAug. 29. Prus. Bismarck is appointed\\na deputy to the Confederate Diet.\\nSept. 7. Hanover becomes a member\\nof the Tariff Union. [Oldenburg and\\nSchaumburg-Lippe soon follow.] She\\nalso signs a commercial treaty with\\nPrussia.\\nA postal and telegraphic union is\\nformed between all the German States.\\nNov. 18. Hanover. George V. becomes\\nking.\\n1852 Jan. 12. Prus. The king revives\\nthe old Council of State as it was be-\\nfore the revolution of 1848.\\nMar. 28. Den. The king issues a royal\\nmanifesto of a conservative tone.\\nMay 5. The great powers sign an agree-\\nment concerning Neuehatel, which re-\\nvolted from Prussia in 1848.\\nMay 8. The London Protocol, con-\\ncerning the Danish succession, is\\nsigned.\\nThe five great powers and Sweden\\nsign a treaty guaranteeing the integrity\\nof the Danish monarchy. The treaty is\\nnot recognized by the German Confeder-\\nation, but accepted by Hanover, Saxony,\\nand Wiirtemberg (p. 641).\\nJune 5. Prus. The Constitution is\\nmodified. [May 7, May 24, June 10 1855,\\nMay 30; 1857, May 15. Again modified.\\nJune 7. A customs union with Austria\\nis rejected.]\\nJune The German fleet is sold at auc-\\ntion.\\nJuly Bismarck is sent as an envoy to\\nAustria.\\nDec. 23. Biennial parliaments are es-\\ntablished by law.\\n1853 Feb. 19. Prussia and Austria\\nagree to a treaty of commerce and\\nnavigation (p. 525). [Apr. 8. Approved\\nby the Zollverein.]\\nFeb. 27. Peter becomes grand duke of\\nOldenburg.\\nMar. 29. Berlin. A democratic con-\\nspiracy is discovered. [Apr. Another.]-\\nJuly 21. Den. The king proclaims a\\nnew constitution. [1S55. Oct. 2. An-\\nother.]\\nPrussia lends Russia moral support\\nin the Crimean war.\\nSaxe-Weimar. Charles Alexander be-\\ncomes grand duke.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0831.jp2"}, "832": {"fulltext": "820 1853,**-1862,**\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1859 War of France and Sardinia\\nwith Austria (p. 524).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1853 Von Mohl discourses on proto-\\n1855 Jan. 1. Hamburg. One-half of\\nthe city is inundated by the Elbe.\\nApr. 17. Rh. Prus. Karl T. R. Luther,\\nat the observatory of Billk, near Diissel-\\ndorf discovers a new planet.\\n1856 Daughter of Jairus is painted\\nby Gustav Eichter.\\n1858 A telegraph line, connecting\\nCromer and Emden, is opened.\\nChristian Schonbein announces his\\ndiscovery of antozone, a modification\\nof oxygen, hitherto found only in the\\ncompound state.\\nBerlin. A set of celestial maps is\\nissued under the superintendence of the\\nRoyal Prussian Academy.\\n1860 Sept. 14. The planet Eralo is\\ndiscovered by M. M. Foster and Lessing.\\n1862 Rh. Prus. Krupp of Essen ex-\\nhibits an ingot of steel weighing 20\\ntons.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1853 Bueh, Leopold von, i^ olngist, A79.\\nDeppins, Crorg I scholar, litterateur, A69.\\nDuller, Kduanl, poet, historian, A44.\\nFriedemann, Frieilrh-h T., teacher, A60.\\nGau, Franz, architect, A63.\\nGrotefeml, Georg F., scholar, antlq., A78.\\nKarsten, Karl J. li., mineralogist, A71.\\nLorinser, Karl L, physician, A57.\\nRadowitz, Joseph M. von, gen., states., A 56.\\nTiecb, Ludwig. poet, novelist, essayist, A80.\\n1854 Iiegas, Karl, painter, A60.\\nBeneke, Friedrich 10. philosopher, A56.\\nBoisseree, Sulpin*, architect, antiquary, A71.\\nEckermann, Johann P., litterateur, A 62.\\nEichborn, Karl P., jurisconsult, hist., A73.\\nEnnemoser, .Joseph, physiologist, A67.\\nEschenmayer, Karl A., philosopher, meta-\\nphysician, mystic, A86.\\nCieseler, Johann K. L., church hist., A 62.\\nLlndenau, Bernhard A. von, astron., A74.\\nOhm, Georg S., electrician, A67.\\nSchelling, Friedrich W. J. von. phil., A79.\\nSontag, Mme. Henriette, Countess Rossi, vo-\\ncalist, A48.\\n1855 Civile, August L., architect, A75.\\nFliigel, Johann G., lexicographer, A67.\\nFollen, August, poet, A61.\\nGauss, Karl F., mathematician, A78.\\nHarms, Clans, theologian, A77.\\nLucke, Gottfried C. F., theologian, A63.\\nMenzel. Karl A., historian, A71.\\nSpindler, Karl, novelist, A59.\\n1856 Feb. 17. Heine, Heinrich, poet,\\nA 58.\\nBiela, Wllhelro von, astronomer, A74.\\nBraum, August E., archeologist, A47.\\nDetmold, Hermann J., statesman, A49.\\nFuchs, Johann N. von, chemist, A82.\\nHagen, Friedrich H. von der, philol., A76.\\nHaminer-Purgstall, Baron Joseph von, ori-\\nentalist, historian, A82.\\nSchumann, Robert, composer, A46.\\nVogel, Ediiard, African traveler, A27.\\nZeuss, Joliann K., philol., hist, writer, A50.\\n1857* Auffenherg. .Joseph von, poet, A59.\\nEichendorf, Baron Joseph K. B. von, poet,\\nnovelist, dramatist, A69.\\nLichtenstein, Martin II. K., naturalist, A77.\\nRauch, Christian 1)., sculptor, A80.\\nRetzsch, Friedrich A. M., painter, A78.\\nSchlagintweit, Adolf, traveler, A28.\\nSchwegler, Albrechi, philosopher, A38.\\n1858 Barthold, Friedrich W., hist., A59.\\nCreuzer, Georg F., antiquary, philol., A87.\\nJacobi, Maximilian, alienist, A83.\\nKoppen, Friedrich, philosopher, A83.\\nKugler, Franz T., critic, writer on art, A50.\\nMiiller, Johann, physiologist, anatomist, A57.\\nNees von Esenbeck, Christian G. D., bot-\\nanist, A82.\\nNeukomm, Chevalier Sigismund von, com-\\nposer, A80.\\nPfeiffer, Ida, traveler, A63.\\nSaphir, Moritz, humorous, satiric wr., A64.\\nVarnhagen von Ense. Karl August, au.,A73.\\nWiner, Georg B., theol., orientalist, A69.\\n1859 May 6. Humboldt, Friedrich\\nHeinrich Alexander von, naturalist,\\ntraveler, philosopher, A90.\\nArnim, Elisabeth Bettma), mis. wr., A74.\\nDieterici, Karl F. W., economist, A69.\\nDirichlet, Peter G., geometrician, A54.\\nEherhardt, Conrad, sculptor, A9I.\\nReissiger, Karl G., composer, A61.\\nIicthel, Alfred, historical painter, A43.\\nRitter, Karl, geographer, A80.\\nSpohr, Ludwig, composer, A75.\\nI860* Arndt, Ernst M., poet, pol. wr., A9I.\\nBernstein, Georg H., orientalist, A73.\\nBunsen, Chevalier Christian K. J. von,\\nphilologist, diplomatist, theologian, A69.\\nDahlmann, Friedrich C, historian, A75.\\nKosegarten, Johann G L., orientalist, A68.\\nSchopenhauer, Arthur, philosopher, A72.\\nThiersch, Friedrich W.. philologist, A76.\\nCmbreit, Friedrich W. K., theologian, A65.\\n1861 Jan. 3. Frederick William IV.,\\nKing of Prussia, AtiG.\\nP.aur, Ferdinand C, theologian, critic, A70.\\nBerthold, Arnold A., physiologist, A58.\\nChelius, Maximilian ,1., physician, A67.\\nChoulant, Ludwig, physician, A70.\\nFreytag, Georg W., orientalist, A73.\\nMundt, Thcoilor, mis. writer, A53.\\nNitzsch, Grcgor W., philol., antiquary, A7I.\\nPassavant, Johann I)., painter, writer on\\nart, A 7 4.\\nPreller, Ludwig, class, schol., antiq., A52.\\nSavigny, Friedrich C, jurist, A82.\\nSchloeser, Friedrich C\u00e2\u0080\u009e historian, A85.\\nStahl, Friedrich J., jurist, A59;\\nZwirner, Ernst F., architect, A59.\\n1862 Adam, Albreeht. painter, A76.\\nCastelli, Ignaz I-, dramatist, A81.\\nDamrosch, Walter J., musician (in\\nU. S. A.), born.\\nHanke, Henrielle TV., novelist, A77.\\nHarless, Gottlieb C. A., theologian, A56.\\nKerner, Andreas J., lyric poet, A76.\\nLeonhard, Karl C. von, geologist, A83.\\nSchadow-Godenhaus, Friedrich W. vc\\npainter, A73.\\nTarnow, Fanny, novelist, mis. writer, A79\\nUhland, Johann L., lyric poet, A75.\\nZedlitz, Joseph C. von, poet, A72.\\nCHURCH.\\n1857 Sept. Berlin. The Evangelical\\nAlliance meets.\\n1860 Apr. 7. Baden. Autonomy is\\ngranted to Catholic and Protestant\\nchurches by the grand duke.\\nOct. 16. Baden. A new ecclesiastical\\nlaw is promulgated, which is much\\nopposed by the clerical party.\\nLETTERS.\\n1853 Frederick the Great and his\\nCourt, by Luise Muhlbach (Mrs. Theo-\\ndor Mundt), appears.\\nThe Theological System of Zwingle^y\\nZeller, appears. [1854, Acts of the Apos-\\ntles.\\nHow is it, really, in America? by Ger-\\nstiicker, appears. [1855, To America;\\n1856, California Sketches.\\n1853-67 History of the Revolutionary\\nPeriod of 1789-1S00, by Heinrich von\\nSybel, appears.\\n1854 German Dictionary by Jacob\\nand Wilhelm Grimm, is begun.\\nSociety, or High Life in Germany, by\\nIda Harin-Ualn), appears. [1858, A Few\\nWords about the Good Shepherd.\\n1854-55 The History of Pome, by C. M.\\nTheodor Mommsen, appears.\\n1855 History of Germany from the\\nDeath of Frederick the Great to the\\nFormation of the Germanic Confedera-\\ntion, by Ludwig Hausser, appears.\\nBazar is issued.\\nHausblatter is issued.\\nLauschen un Pimels, Pot ter abend ge-\\ndichte, and Reis nach Belligen, by Fritz\\nReuter, appear. [1857, Blucher in Trep-\\ntow; 1858, Kien Unsung; 1860, Olle Ka-\\nmellen.]\\nBerliner Revue, is issued.\\nMittheilungen u er wichtige neite Er-\\nforschungen auf der Gesammtgebiete der\\nGeographic, a monthly journal (geo-\\ngraphical), is founded by August H.\\nPetermann.\\n1855-76 History of Prussian Politics,\\nby Droysen, appears.\\n1856-64 Microcosmus, by Lotze, appears.\\n1856-76 Bibelwerk, or Commentary, by\\nJ. P. Lange, appears.\\n1857 Ursere Zeit is issued.\\n1857-70 History of Literature in the 18th\\nCentury, by Hermann J. Hettner, ap-\\npears.\\n1857-73 Poems, by Dahn, appear. [1861-\\n72, The Kings of the Germans]\\n1858 Preussische Jahrbuch is issued.\\n1859 The Fabians, by Freytag, ap-\\npears. [1859-61!, Pictures from the Ger-\\nman Past; 1S63, The Technic of the\\nDrama; 1864, The Lost Manuscript;\\n1S70-S0, Our Ancestors.]\\n1859-67 English History in the 16th and\\n17th Centuries, by Ranke, appears.\\n1860 Outlines of Geology, by Vogt,\\nappears. [1863, Lectures on Man his Po-\\nsition in the Creation and in the History\\nof the Earth.]\\nProblematic Nature, by Friedrich\\nSpielhageii, appears. [1862, In der zwolf-\\nten Stande; 1863, Die von Hohenstein;\\n1864, Rose hen vm Hofe and Through\\nNight to Light; 1866, In Rank and File;\\n1867, Unter den Tannen; 1869, Hammer\\nand Anvil.]\\n1861 The Papacy and the State of the\\nChurch, by Dollin^or, appears. [1869,,\\nPapal Myths of the Middle Ages.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1854 Aug. 10. Aust. The King of\\nSaxony is thrown from a carriage and\\nkilled at Innsbruck.\\n1857 Oct. Berlin. Christian K. J.\\nBunsen, the scholar and diplomatist,\\nis made a baron and a life peer by King\\nWilliam IV.\\n1858 Jan. 25. Prus. Prince Frederick\\nWilliam [Frederick III.] marries Vic-\\ntoria, princess-royal of England.\\n1859 Jan. 27. Brandenburg. Prince\\nFrederick William, son of the prin-\\ncess-royal of England, is born.\\nPrus. Weltmann, a bookbinder\\nat Posen, poisons four wives and two\\nchildren.\\nAug. 22. Hesse-Nassau. A peace con-\\ngress meets at Frankfort in St. Paul s\\nChurch.\\n1860 Nov.* Prus. Oppression by\\nthe police is disclosed Stieber, the\\ndirector, is only censured.\\n1S61 July 8-11. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.\\nThe first meeting of the National Shoot-\\ning Match is held at Gotha.\\nJuly 14. Prus. Becker, a Leipsie stu-\\ndent, attempts to assassinate the king.\\n[Sept. 23. He is sentenced to 20 years\\nimprisonment.]\\n1862 Socialism first becomes a power\\nin Germany through the labors of Fer-\\ndinand Lassalle, a scholar and pub-\\nlicist, a man of fortune, with luxurious\\nhabits, but eager for the elevation of the\\nmasses.\\nSTATE,\\nApr. 7. Vienna. Prussia agrees to a\\nprotocol for maintaining the integrity\\nof Turkey (p. 525).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0832.jp2"}, "833": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1853, -1862,**. 821\\nJuly 24. Frankfort. The Federal Diet\\njoins in the alliance of Austria and\\nPrussia. [1855. It decides to make\\npreparations for war. 1856. Nov. 6. It\\nresolves to assist Prussia in reconquer-\\ning Neuchatel, but its help is not\\nneeded.]\\nSept. 6. Prussia declares neutrality in\\nthe war. [Oct. Again.]\\nDee. 2. Austria enters an alliance with\\nthe Western powers against Russia.\\nSaxony. John becomes king.\\n1855 Feb. Vienna. P r u s s i a is ex-\\ncluded from the conferences.\\nApr. 12. Hanover. The Constitution\\nof 1848, granting electoral rights, is an-\\nnulled in obedience to the decree of the\\nFederal Diet.\\nAug. 18. Austria signs a concordat vir-\\ntually submitting itself to the control\\nof the church (p. 525).\\nFrankfort. A Diet is elected with\\nscarcely a Liberal representative, owing\\nto the violent suppression of the Govern-\\nment.\\n1S56 Apr. 16. Fr. The representa-\\ntive of Prussia signs the Treaty of\\nParis, abolishing privateering, and de-\\nfining the rights of neutrals in time of\\nwar. [May 15. Accepted by the Federal\\nDiet.]\\nINov. *-57 May* Prus. Disputes with\\nSwitzerland occur concerning the rights\\nof Prussia in Neuchatel. [1857. May\\n26. Prussia renounces its claims.]\\nThe reaction of Feudalists reaches its\\nheight.\\n1857 Jan. 15. Bavaria. A confer-\\nence at Nuremberg considers the gen-\\neral code of commerce.\\nJuly 9. Baden. Arrests are made for\\npolitical offenses.\\nOct. 23. Prus. The prince becomes\\ntemporary regent because of the alarm-\\ning mental illness of the king. [1S5S.\\nOct. 9. Permanent regent-]\\nWurtemberg King William I. enters\\ninto a concordat with Rome.\\nHanover. The king claims from Eng-\\nland crown jewels which belonged to\\nGeorge III., valued at \u00c2\u00a3120,000. [1858.\\nJan. Given up by arbitration.]\\n1858 Jan. 24. A currency conven-\\ntion is concluded between all the Ger-\\nman states. [1S59. Jan. 1. Becomes\\neffective.]\\nFrankfort. The Federal Diet requires\\nthe Danes to submit their project of a\\nnew political urbanization to the duch-\\nies. [Feb. 11. It declares the Danish\\nConstitution of 1855 to be illegal.]\\nMar. 27. Den. The fortification of Co-\\npenhagen is decreed.\\n~Nov. 6. Den. Frederick VII. concedes\\nthat the general Constitution is invalid\\nin the duchies of Schleswig-Holstein.\\nNov.* Prus. The Liber alists defeat\\nthe Federal party in a free election.\\n1859 Mar. 5. Prus. Bismarck goes\\nto St. Petersburg as representative of\\nPrussia.\\nApr. 23. Austria demands the disarm-\\nament of Sardinia. [War follows.]\\n(Pp. 524, 525.)\\nJune 11. Aust. Prince Metternich\\ndies\\nJune 28. Baden signs a concordat with\\nthe Pope. [Apr. 7. Being greatly op-\\nposed by the Chambers, the grand duke\\nannuls it.]\\nJune Great excitement prevails in the\\nGerman states because of the French\\nvictories in Lombardy, and prepara-\\ntions for war are hastened.\\nJuly 17. Saxe-Weimar. ThenewLib-\\neral party holds meetings in Eisenach.\\nAustria and Prussia, the two rivals,\\ncontinue to be the great impediments\\nto German unity.\\nAug. 14. Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. A\\nmeeting is held at Eisenach for the es-\\ntablishment of the German National\\nAssociation.\\nThe Liberal party ask that the im-\\nperfect Federal Constitution be changed,\\nthat a strong central government sub-\\nstitute the German Diet, that a national\\nassembly be held, and that Prussia take\\nthe lead.\\nNov. 10. Switz. The Peace of Zurich\\nis signed by Austria and France (p. 525).\\n1860 Jan. 12. Prus. Prince William,\\nthe regent, announces that the Prus-\\nsian army will be in future the Prussian\\nnation in arms.\\nFeb. 10. Prus. The Government brings\\nforward the military bills in the Diet\\nthey relate to service and appropriation\\nof money.\\nMar. 24. Frankfort. The Hesse-Cassel\\nConstitution of 1S52 is maintained by\\nthe Federal Diet against the opposition\\nof Prussia.\\nJune 15. Baden. The German kings\\nand princes, with the Prince-regent of\\nPrussia, meet the Emperor Napoleon\\nIII. at Baden-Baden.\\nJuly 2. Bohemia. At Toplitz the Czar,\\nEmperor of Austria, and the Regent of\\nPrussia meet for conference.\\nJuly* Hamburg. A new Constitution\\nis granted by the Senate. [1861. Jan. 1.\\nOperative.]\\nSept. 5. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. A meeting\\nis held at Coburg to promote German\\nunity against French aggression.\\nOct. 16. Baden. The new ecclesiasti-\\ncal law recently adopted by the Cham-\\nbers is promulgated.\\nOct. 20. An imperial diploma is issued\\npromising the restoration of the old\\nConstitution in Holstein.\\nOct. 22. Bus. The Czar, Emperor of\\nAustria, and the Prince-Regent of Prus-\\nsia meet at Warsaw.\\nOct. Aust. The Emperor of Austria is\\ncrowned at Pesth.\\nNov. Germany disputes with Denmark\\nrespecting the rights of Holstein and\\nSchleswig.\\nDec. 6. Hamburg. The new Assembly\\nof 191 deputies first meets.\\nMecklenburg. William is grand duke.\\n1861 Jan. 2. Prus. King Frederick\\nWilliam IV dies [and is succeeded by\\nhis brother William I.].\\n1861-88 Prus. William I. is king.\\nFeb. 26. Aust. A new Liberal con-\\nstitution is published (p. 525).\\nMar. 8. Prus. The Hohenzollern min-\\nistry resigns; August von der Heydt\\nJune 12. Hanover gives up the Stade\\ndues for compensation.\\nAug. 23. Baden. A meeting of the\\nGerman National Federal Associa-\\ntion is held at Heidelberg it decides to\\nform a fleet. [Soon after many sub-\\nscriptions are made for it.]\\nOct. 18. F. Prus. William I. and his\\nqueen are crowned at Kbnigsberg he\\ndeclares that he will reign by the\\nGrace of God.\\n1862 Mar. 6. Prus. The Diet passes\\na bill for making the ministry respon-\\nsible.\\nThe Ministry is opposed by the\\nChamber of Representatives respecting\\nthe length of military service.\\nMar. 8. Frankfort. The Austrian and\\nPrussian members of the Diet demand\\nthe renewal of the Constitution from\\nthe Elector of Hesse.\\nMar. 11. Prus. The Representative\\nChamber of the Landtag persists in dis-\\ncussing the items of the budget the\\nSchwerin Ministry resigns the king\\ndissolves the chambers, and retains the\\nministers against the request of the dep-\\nuties.\\nMar. 13. Berlin. The National Asso-\\nciation recommends the formation of a\\nfederal form of government, with a cen-\\ntral executive under the leadership of\\nPrussia.\\nApr. 12. Prus. The Liberal Ministry\\nresigns, and is succeeded by reactionists\\nunder Van der Heydt.\\nMay* Prus. The elections return a\\nstronger opposition only one minister\\nis elected.\\nMay 26. P?-us. Bismarck is sent as an\\nambassador to Paris.\\nJuly 8. -Aug. 10. Vienna. Plenipo-\\ntentiaries from the German states meet,\\nand discuss federal reform.\\nSept. 11-16. Berlin. The military re-\\nforms cause bitter disagreements.\\nThe deputies vote for a reduction of\\nthe budget so as to maintain an army\\nof only 135,000, instead of 200,000 men.\\nSept. 28, 29. Deputies from the German\\nStates meet at Weimar they advocate\\nthe formation of one federal state for\\nall Germany.\\nSept. 30. Prus, Bismarck informs the\\nRepresentative Chamber of Deputies\\nthat the budget is deferred till 1863 he\\nis met by the charge of unconstitution-\\nality.\\nOct. 8. Prus. Bismarck is appointed\\nminister of state and president of the\\nCouncil of Ministers.\\nOct. 11. Prus. The Upper House sus-\\ntains Bismarck, and passes the budget\\nwithout the amendments of the other\\nChamber the act is declared unconsti-\\ntutional by the Chamber of Deputies.\\nVote, 237-2.\\nOct. 13. Prus. The king closes the\\nlegislative session, saying, The Gov-\\nernment is under the necessity of con-\\ntrolling the public affairs outside the\\nConstitution.\\nNov. Prus. Public agitation prevails\\nrespecting the violating of the Consti-\\ntution it ends in passive resistance.\\nLiberal papers i", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0833.jp2"}, "834": {"fulltext": "822 1863, Jan. 22-1866, June 19. GERMANY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1863 Nov. Holstein. The troops of\\nHanover and Saxony enter the duchies\\nof Holstein and Lauenburg pending the\\nsettlement of the succession the duchies\\noelong to the Confederation.\\nDec. 23. Holstein. German troops ap-\\npear in the duchy for federal execution\\nof the London Protocol (p. 641).\\n1864 Jan. 21. Holstein. Federal in-\\nvasion (p. 640). (See Denmark.)\\nFeb. *-Oet. Schleswig-Hol stein. War\\nof Austria and Prussia against Den-\\nmark (pp. 526, 640).\\nPrussia and Austria secede from the\\nLondon Protocol, and failing in an agree-\\nment the war is renewed.\\nJuly 2. Schlesicig-Hol stein. Rendsburg\\nis taken hy the Prussians. [July 18.\\nAnother armistice. Aug. 1. Prelimi-\\nnaries of peace.]\\n1866 June 7. Holstein. The Prussians\\nunder Gen. Manteuffel enter theduchy\\nthe Austrians retire.\\nJune 13. Hanover. Prussian troops\\nenter Hanover, it being on the side of\\nAustria.\\nJune 16.-July 22. The Austro-Frus-\\nsian War The Seven Weeks War.\\nThe smaller states of North Germany\\nand Italy are allies of Prussia, while Ba-\\nvaria, Wurtemberg, Saxony, Hanover,\\nBaden, and the two Hesses are allies of\\nAustria. Gen. Benedek commands the\\nAustrian northern army, 240,000 strong,\\nin Bohemia and Moravia the Archduke\\nAlbert commands their southern army,\\nthe army of Venice.\\nFive Prussian armies take the field.\\n(1) Prince Frederick Charles commands\\n93,000 men in Lusatia; (2) The Crown\\nPrince Frederick William commands\\nthe Silesian army (115,000) (3) Gen. Bit-\\ntenfeld commands the army of the Elbe\\nin Thuringia (46,000) (4) Gen. Von\\nMulbe commands the reserves at Berlin\\n(24,000); (5) King William commands the\\narmy of the Main [later formed] (48,000)\\nchief of the general staff, Gen. Von\\nMoltke (p. 526).\\nJune 16-20. Hanover, Hesse-Cassel,\\nSaxony, and Nassau, as allies of Austria,\\nare occupied by Prussians the Elec-\\ntor Frederick William is taken prisoner,\\nand removed to Stettin.\\nJune 18. Silesia. The Austrian north-\\nern army crosses over into Silesia. The\\nPrussians enter and occupy Dresden,\\nSaxony.\\nJune 19. Silesia. The Saxon army,\\nking, and government join the Aus-\\ntrians.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1865 The extract of meat is invented\\n1866 Jan. 4. Berlin. The asteroid\\nSemele is discovered by F. Tietjen.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1863 Dbderlein, Lndwig, philologist, A72.\\nGrimm, Jakob L., philologist, jurist, A78.\\nGiinther, Anton, philosopher, A78.\\nHahn, August, theologian, A71.\\nHebbel, FrieOrich, dramatist, A50.\\nMitscberlk-h, Kilanl. chemist, A 69.\\nVoight, .Johannes, historian, A77.\\n1864 Auherlen, Karl A., theologian, A40.\\nCasper, Johann L., physician, A68.\\nFliedner, Theodor, philanthropist, A64.\\nHaussmann, David J. L., statesman, finan-\\ncier, A74.\\nJunghuhn, Franz W., naturalist, A52.\\nKlenze, Leo von, architect, A80.\\nLassalle, Ferdinand, socialist, A39.\\nMaximilian 11., King of Bavaria, A53.\\nMeyerbeer, Giacomo, composer, A70.\\nHose, Hemrich, chemist, A69.\\nSchonbein, .loliann L., physician, A7l.\\nStruve, Friedrieh G. \\\\V. von, astron., A71.\\nWagner, Rudolph, physician, anal umisi, A59.\\n1865 Aim, Johann F., grammarian, A69.\\nBarth, Heinrich, African explorer, A44.\\nEncke. Johann F.. astronomer, A74.\\nErnst, Heinrich W., musician, A5l.\\nKiss, August, sculptor, A63.\\nLappenberg, Johann M., historian, A71.\\nLeopold, King of the Belgians, Duke of Sax-\\nOllendorff, Henry Godfrey, educ, gram., A62.\\nSchomburgk, Sir Hubert H., naturalist, trav-\\neler, A61.\\nUllniann, Karl, theologian, A69.\\n1866 Jan.* Ith.Prus. The dispute be-\\ntween the king and the chapter respect-\\ning the election of an archbishop for\\nCologne is settled.\\nLETTERS.\\n1863 Novellen in Versen, by Heyse,\\nappears.\\n1864 An Egyptian Princess, hy Georg\\nEbers, appears. [1S67-68, Egypt and the\\nBook of Moses.]\\n1865 Pietra, hy Mosenthal, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1863 Oct. 18. Saxony. The 50th\\nanniversary of the battle of Leipsic is\\ncelebrated.\\n1865 June 2. Rh. Prus. An Inter-\\nnational Industrial Exhibition is\\nopened at Cologne by the Crown Prince.\\nJune 8. The 50th anniversary of the\\nestablishment of the Germanic Confed-\\neration is celebrated.\\n1866 May 7. Carl Cohen makes an\\nunsuccessful attempt to assassinate\\nBismarck.\\nSTATE.\\n1863 Jan. 22. Frankfort. The Con-\\nfederate Diet rejects the proposal of\\nAustria.\\nJan. 27. Prus. Bismarck offends the\\ndeputies by threatening to enforce his\\npolicy. [He recommends the king to\\ndismiss the Ministry.]\\nFeb. 28. Prus. The deputies recom-\\nmend Prussian neutrality in the Polish\\nMar. 30. Den. The king issues an Eider\\nDanish, proclamation, abandoning the\\nbasis of 1852, and annexing Schleswig.\\n[Germany is incensed. Apr. 17. Austria\\nand Prussia protest.]\\nMay Prus. A controversy occurs be-\\ntween deputies and Ministry.\\nPrus. The king concludes to govern\\nwithout a parliament.\\nJune 1. The press is exceedingly re-\\nstricted.\\nJuly 9. The Confederate Diet demands\\nthat Denmark annul the patent grant-\\ning independent rights to Holstein, and\\nannexing Schleswig. [Aug. 27. Denied.]\\n(P. 641.)\\nJuly 31. The German sovereigns are\\ninvited to a Congress at Frankfort by\\nthe Emperor of Austria.\\nAug. 2. Aust. The Austrian emperor\\nmeets King William at Gastein.\\nAug. 16. Frankfort. The congress of\\nnearly all the German princes meets.\\nBy the advice of Bismarck the King of\\nPrussia declines to participate. Francis\\nJoseph, Emperor of Austria, presides\\nand the reorganization of Germany is\\nconsidered, but without results. [Aug,\\n21. It declares in favor of unity. Sept.\\n1. They approve the Austrian plan of\\nfederal* reform. Sept. 22. Disapproved\\nby King William.]\\nSept. 8. Prus. The crown prince is\\nreconciled to the king.\\nSept. 29. Den. The parliament receives\\na bill for the incorporation of Schles-\\nwig.\\nOct.* Prus. A majority of Liberal dep-\\nuties is elected.\\nNov. 5. Fr. Napoleon III. proposes a\\nEuropean congress.\\nNov. 16. Schlesivig- Holstein. The dis-\\npute concerning the two duchies is re-\\nvived (p. 641).\\nNov. 26. Schlesivig- Holstein. Several\\nGerman powers, including Saxony, Ba-\\nvaria, and Hesse, resolve to support\\nPrince Frederick of Augustenburg.\\n[Dec. 2. Prussia also.]\\nDec. 7. Frankfort. The Confederate\\nDiet decides to punish Holstein. [Dec.\\n24. Troops enter.] (P. 640.)\\nDec. 21. Frankfort. Germany sends\\n900 representatives who pledge their\\nstates to support Prince Frederick as\\nduke of Schleswig-Holstein, and pro-\\nclaim their union inseparable a com-\\nmittee of 36 is appointed.\\nThere is great excitement concerning\\nthe Danish encroachments in Schleswig,\\nand Prussia is urged to occupy the\\nduchies.\\nDec. 25. Schleswig-Holstein. The Fed-\\neral Commissioners in control. [Dec.\\n30. Prince Frederick, as duke, en-\\nters Kiel.]\\nDec. Frankfort. The Chamber of Dep-\\nuties refuses to defray the expenses of\\nthe war for the duchies.\\nPrus. The Socialistic party is or-\\nganized by Ferdinand Lassalle.\\nAnhalt becomes a duchy by the\\nunion of the duchies Anhalt-Dessau-\\nKothen and Anhalt-Bernburg.\\n1864 Jan. 14. Frankfort. The Con-\\nfederate Diet rejects by a majority of\\ntwo votes the motion of Austria and\\nPrussia to occupy Schleswig.\\nJan. 16. Austria and Prussia issue a\\nperemptory demand (p. 641).\\nJan. 21. The demand being refused,\\nGerman troops enter Holstein (p. 641).\\n[Jan. 31. Austria and Prussia issue a\\njoint note. Mar. 5. They sign a new\\nagreement.]\\nFeb. 13. Den. The Federal Commis-\\nsioners protest against the occupation\\nof Altona by Prussia.\\nApr. 25. London. A conference is\\nopened for the settlement of the Schles-\\nwig-Holstein question. [June 25. Ends.]\\nJune 22. Bohemia. King William and\\nthe Emperor Francis Joseph meet at\\nCarlsbad.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0834.jp2"}, "835": {"fulltext": "GERMANY. 1863, Jan. 22-1866, June 19. 823\\nJuly 9. Den. Jutland is placed under\\nPrussian administration.\\nJuly 26. Vienna. A peace confer-\\nence opens.\\n[Aug. 1. Prus. Preliminaries of\\npeace are signed.]\\nAug. 22. Vienna. The sovereigns of\\nPrussia and Austria meet at Schon-\\nbrunn.\\nOct. 27. Aust. Premier Rechberg re-\\nsigns. [Count Mensdorff Pouilly is his\\nsuccessor.]\\nOct. 30. Peace of Vienna (pp. 526, 641).\\nPrussia and Austria establish a com-\\nmon government in Schleswig city.\\nThe final disposition of the duchies is\\npostponed because of disagreements be-\\ntween Austria and Prussia.\\nDec. 5. Frankfort. The Confederate\\nDiet agrees to the withdrawal of the\\ntroops from the two duchies.\\nBavaria. Louis H. becomes king.\\nWurtemberg. Charles I. becomes\\nking.\\n1865 Jan. 16. Constitutional agita-\\ntion is renewed concerning the control\\nof the army budget.\\nFeb. 22. Prussia sends to Vienna its\\ndemand concerning the ownership of\\nthe two duchies.\\nMar. 24. Prussia orders the marine\\nstation to be transferred to Kiel.\\nApr. 6. Frank/art. Schleswig and\\nHolstein are retained by Prussia.\\nThe contention between Austria and\\nPrussia is considered by the Confeder-\\nate Diet it unites with Bavaria and\\nSaxony requesting Austria and Prussia\\nto give up Holstein to the Duke of Au-\\ngustenburg. [Apr. 6. Prussia declines.\\nApr. 17. It informs Austria of its de-\\ntermination to retain control of the two\\nduchies.]\\nMay 29. Berlin. The Ministerial Coun-\\ncil discusses the annexation of the\\nduchies.\\nJune 17. Prus. The Chamber of Repre-\\nsentatives is prorogued.\\nIt had rejected the army budget which\\nprovides for the reorganizing of the\\narmy, for increasing the fleet, and for\\nwar expenses in Denmark. [The king\\nrules without the aid of the Lower\\nHouse.]\\nJune 27. Vienna. The Schmerling\\nMinistry ends [and the Belcredi Min-\\nistry succeeds it].\\nJuly 5. Prus. The king issues at Carls-\\nbad a despotic decree appropriating\\nand disposing of the revenue.\\nJuly 18, 19. Prus. The Liberal mem-\\nbers are feted in the provinces.\\nJuly 23. Aust. King William and Von\\nder Pfordten hold an interview at\\nSalzburg.\\nJuly 27. Frankfort. In the Confederate\\nDiet, Bavaria, Saxony, and Darmstadt\\nmove to summons the estates of the two\\nduchies and to admit Schleswig into\\nthe Confederation.\\nAug. 14. Treaty of Gastein for the\\ndisposal of the conquered duchies (p.\\n526).\\nDisputes arise between Austria and\\nPrussia respecting the Treaty of Gastein\\n(p. 526). [Oct. 1. Condemned by the Con-\\nfederate Diet.]\\nAug. 15. Schlesicig-Hoistein. The King\\nof Prussia takes formal possession of\\nLauenburg, having purchased it with\\nhis own money of Austria Manteuffel\\nand Gablenz assume the administration\\nof government in Schleswig-Holstein.\\nAug. 16. Prussia concludes a naviga-\\ntion treaty with Great Britain.\\nAug. 19. Aust. The sovereigns of Aus-\\ntria and Prussia meet at Salzburg.\\nSept. 23. Prus. Premier Van der\\nHeydt resigns, and is succeeded by the\\nCount Otto Edward L. Bismarck.\\nOct. 4. Bismarck first meets the Em-\\nperor Napoleon at Biarritz.\\nDec. The German states accept a com-\\nmercial treaty with Italy, and recognize\\nKing Victor Emmanuel.\\n1866 Jan. 20. Prus. Bismarck de-\\nmands of Austria the banishment of\\nPrince Augustenburg of Schleswig-\\nHolstein.\\nJan. 26. Prus. Bismarck seeks a quar-\\nrel with Austria, and sends a sharp de-\\nspatch complaining of Austria s infidel-\\nity. [Feb. 7. He receives a bitter reply\\na cry for war arises on both sides.]\\nJan. Prus. The dispute between the\\nking and the chapter respecting the elec-\\ntion of an archbishop of Cologne is\\nsettled; the Pope appoints Bishop\\nMelchers.\\nMar. 7. Vienna. The Council decides to\\nsend more soldiers to the north.\\nMar. 11. Prussia issues a decree assert-\\ning jurisdiction over Holstein.\\nMar. 24. Prussia, by a circular letter,\\nformally asks the neutral German states\\nto decide whether they will aid Prussia\\nor Austria in the war.\\nMar. 27. Prus. The ministerial council\\ndecides to prepare for war.\\n[Mar. 29. Orders are issued for secur-\\ning the frontiers.]\\nMar. 31. Bavaria. Baron Pfordten\\nissues a note to the two great powers of\\nGermany. [Apr. 22. The prime min-\\nisters of the lesser German states meet\\nat Augsburg.]\\nApr. 7. Austria demands that Prussia\\ndemobilize its army. [Apr. 21. Prussia\\nagrees to a common disarmament.]\\nApr. 8. Prus. A treaty between Prus-\\nsia and Italy against Austria is con-\\ncluded Italy having an eye to the\\nacquirement of Venezia.\\nApr. 9. Frankfort. At the Diet of the\\nConfederation, Bismarck disregards Aus-\\ntria s demauds, and requests the convo-\\ncation of a German parliament at Frank-\\nfort on the basis of universal suffrage.\\nApr. 15. Berlin. A great peace meet-\\ning is held.\\nApr. 21. Austria decides to mobilize its\\nforces. [Apr. 27. Italy also.]\\nApr.* -May* Recriminatory corre-\\nspondence pusses between Austria and\\nPrussia relating to disarmament.\\nApr.* Fr. France professes neutrality.\\nMay 4. Aust. Count Mensdorff declares\\nthe negotiations respecting disarma-\\nment to be at an end.\\nMay 11. Frankfort. The Confederate\\nDiet decides to ask Prussia to specify\\nits plans of reform.\\nMay 12. Bismarck secures Italy as an\\nally.\\nAustria has allies in Bavaria, Wiir-\\ntemberg, Saxony, Hanover, Baden, and\\nthe two Hesses.\\nMay 19. Frankfort. The Confederate\\nDiet calls on Austria and Prussia to\\ndisarm.\\nMay 20. A meeting of deputies repre-\\nsenting the smaller German states\\ncondemns the approaching war.\\nMay 24. Fr. Napoleon III. officially\\ninvites the contending states to a Con-\\ngress. [Austria declines.]\\nMay 27-28. Frankfort. The media-\\ntion of France, England, and Russia is\\nproffered.\\nAustria makes a condition that there\\nshall be no reference to an alteration\\nof boundaries in any peace conference,\\nand thereby frustrates the mediation.\\nMay 28. Schleswig-Holstein. Gov. An-\\nton von Gablenz proposes a plan of\\nmediation. [It is declined.]\\nJune 1. Austria proposes to refer the\\nmatter of the two duchies to the Confed-\\nerate Diet. [June 3. Bismarck protests\\nagainst it.]\\nJune 2. Holstein. The Austrian gover-\\nnor, Von Gablenz, holds an assembly of\\nstates in Holstein [and an open rupture\\nwith Prussia follows].\\nJune 7. A Prussian force enters Hol-\\nstein, the king claiming that the Treaty\\nof Gastein is broken Von Gablenz pro-\\ntests, and retreats with the Austrian\\nbrigade he goes to Hanover.\\nJune 10. Frankfort. Bismarck sub-\\nmits to the parliament the draft of a\\nnew constitution for Germany. He\\nsends it to all the German states.\\nPrussia assumes the administration\\nof Holstein.\\nJune 11. Austria alleges that Prussia\\nhas broken the treaty by invading\\nHolstein.\\nJune 12. Austria breaks off diplomatic\\nrelations with Prussia.\\nJune 13. Hanover. Invaded (p. 527).\\nJune 14. Frankfort. The Germanic\\nConfederation is dissolved. [The Diet\\ncontinues its functions for a short time.]\\n(P. 527.)\\nJune 15. Prussia declares war against\\nHanover, Hesse, and Saxony, after each\\nhas declined her request to disregard the\\nsummons of the Confederacy, and to\\nreplace their troops on a peace footing,\\nand join a new confederation under the\\nlead of Prussia.\\nJune 16-July 22. The Austro-Prus-\\nsian War. (For causes, see p. 527.)\\nJune 16. Prus. The Confederate Diet\\ndecides for war; the bund is to be\\nmobilized.\\nFrankfort. Prussia sends a note to\\nthe smaller states, requesting their\\ncooperation.\\nJune 17. Austria and Prussia issue jus-\\ntification manifestoes.\\nJune 18. War is declared against\\nAustria by Prussia and Italy. [June 23.\\nNearly all the Northern states side\\nwith Prussia.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0835.jp2"}, "836": {"fulltext": "824 1866, June 20-1869, Feb. 15. GERMANY.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1866 June 20. Saxony. The Prussians\\noccupy all Saxony except Kbnigstein.\\nJune 22. Bohemia becomes the seat\\nof war.\\nThe crown prince, with the second\\narmy, enters Bohemia to forestall the\\nAustrians and protect Silesia.\\nJune Prussia resolves on an offensive\\nJune 22-25. Bohemia is entered by\\nPrince Frederick Charles and the first\\narmy, and also by the Army of the Elbe.\\nJune 24. It. At Custozza 75,000 Aus-\\ntrians under the Archduke Albert de-\\nfeat 130,000 Italian allies under King\\nVictor Emmanuel.\\nJune Prince Alexander of Hesse is\\nmade commander of the Confederation\\narmy against Prussia.\\nJune 26. Bohemia. Prince Frederick\\nCharles and the first army and the\\nArmy of the Elbe are victorious in\\nsevere engagements at Liebenau, Tur-\\nnau, and Podol.\\nJune 27. Frankfort. Prince Charles\\nof Bavaria is proclaimed by the Diet\\ngeneral of the Confederation troops.\\nBohemia. Several engagements\\ntake place.\\nPrince Frederick Charles and the first\\narmy and the Army of the Elbe defeat\\nthe Confederation troops at Hiihner-\\nwasser.\\nThe crown prince, with the second\\narmy, is repulsed at Trautenau by the\\nAustrians.\\nThe Prussians under Von Steinmetz,\\nwith needle-guns, defeat the Austrians\\nat Nachod.\\nSaxony. At Langensalza, 18,000\\nHanoverians under Gen. Arendtschildt,\\nwhile on their way to join the Bavarians,\\nare attacked by 8,700 Prussians under\\nGen. Von Flies; the defeated Prus-\\nsians lose 1,000 killed and wounded, and\\n912 prisoners. [June 28. The Prussian\\nforce is increased to 40,000 men. June\\n29. The Prussians compel the Hanove-\\nrians to accept honorable terms, and\\nsurrender.]\\nJune 28. Prus. At Mimchengratz\\nPrince Frederick Charles, with the first\\narmy and the Army of the Elbe, drives\\nback the Austrians and Saxons.\\nJune 28-29. Bohemia. Prussians are\\nsuccessful.\\nAt Soor the second army defeats Gen.\\nVon Gablentz, and occupies Trautenau.\\nAt Skalitz, the left column of the\\ncrown prince s army defeats the Aus-\\ntrians with heavy losses.\\n(June 29.) At Gitschin Prince Fred-\\nerick Charles, with the first army and\\nthe Army of the Elbe, defeats the Aus-\\ntrians.\\nThe crown prince, with the second\\narmy, defeats the Austrians and cap-\\ntures Kb niginhof.\\nAt Schweinschadel the left column of\\nthe crown prince s army defeats the\\nAustrians.\\nJune 30. Berlin. Having directed the\\narmies by telegraph from Berlin, Xing\\nWilliam I. and Gen. Von Moltke\\nchief of staff, now leave for the seat of\\nwar.\\nJuly 3. Bohemia. Decisive battle of\\nKbniggratz (Sadowa).\\nKing William I., Crown Prince Freder-\\nick William, Prince Frederick Charles,\\nand Gen. Von Bittenfeld, commanding\\n220,984 Prussians, defeat 250,000 Austri-\\nans under Gen. Benedek, who retreat\\ntowards Olmiitz Prussian loss, 10,000\\nAustrian loss, 40,000.\\nAust. Prussia and Italy reject a pro-\\nposed truce.\\nTwo-thirds of the Austrian southern\\narmy is sent to the northern seat of war.\\nJuly 4. The Prussian army under Vogel\\nvon Falkenstein is sent against the army\\nof the Confederation under Princes\\nCharles of Bavaria and Alexander of\\nHesse it defeats the allies at Wiesen-\\nthal and Dermbach.\\nJuly 10. Bohemia. The Prussians oc-\\ncupy Prague.\\nMoravia. The united armies under\\nKing William I. advance, defeat the\\nAustrian cavalry in a skirmish at Saar,\\nand compel them to retreat.\\nJuly 10, 11. Bavaria. The united\\nPrussian armies under William I. are\\nvictorious at Hammelburg, Kissingen,\\nFriedrichshall, Hausen, and Walda-\\nschach.\\nJuly 12. Bung. A Prussian corps in-\\nvades Hungary.\\nMoravia. Prince Frederick Charles\\nenters Brunn while the main Prussian\\narmy marches upon Vienna.\\nGen. Benedek with an Austrian army\\nmarches for the capital, but is compelled\\nto take a circuitous route, while the\\nPrussians make rapid and direct ad-\\nJuly 13. Bavaria. At Laufach the\\nHessians are defeated.\\nJuly 14. Fr ankf ort is held by Prus-\\nsians.\\nBavaria. At Aschaffenburg-on-\\nthe-Main the Prussians defeat the\\nunited Hessian, Austrian, and Darm-\\nstadt troops, under Gen. Neipperg.\\nJuly 15. Moravia. At Tobitschau a\\nPrussian brigade defeats an Austrian\\nforce.\\nJuly 16. Frankfort is entered by the\\nPrussians under Gen. Falkenstein, who\\nexacts heavy supplies.\\nJuly 17. Bavaria. The Prussians oc-\\ncupy Wiirzburg and Nuremberg.\\nJuly 18. Messe-Xassau. The Prussians\\noccupy Wiesbaden.\\nJuly 20. Dalmatia. The Austrians un-\\nder Adm. Tegetthoff defeat the Ital-\\nians under Adm. Persano in a naval\\nbattle near Lissa.\\nJuly 22. Aust. At Blumenau a battle\\nis stopped on the reception of tidings\\nof peace, and a truce for five days is\\nsigned.\\nJuly 23-Aug. 1. Bavaria. The Prus-\\nsian reserves under the Grand Duke\\nof Mecklenburg-Schwerin occupy Pran-\\nconia.\\nJuly 24. Baden. The Prussians defeat\\nthe troops of Baden at Tauberbischofs-\\nheim, Hochhausen, and Werbach.\\nJuly 25. Brunswick. The Prussians\\ngain victories at Neubrunn, Helmstadt,\\nand Gerscheim.\\nJuly 27. Bavaria. The citadel of\\nWurzburg is bombarded by the Prus-\\nsians.\\nJuly 31. Aust. King William I. re-\\nviews his army 15 miles from Vienna.\\nAug. 1. Bohemia. The Prussian army\\nbegins its homeward march.\\nAug. 2. Bavaria. Hostilities are sus-\\npended by a truce.\\nAug. 18. Bohemia and Moravia are\\nevacuated by the Prussians.\\nAug. 23. Bohemia. Peace of Prague.\\nSept. 20. Berlin. The victorious Prus-\\nsian army makes a triumphal entry into\\nthe capital.\\n1867 Sept. 9. Luxemburg. The Prus-\\nsian garrison evacuates the fortress.\\n1868 Apr. 25. Eng. The iron-clad\\nKonig Wilhelm is launched at Blackwall\\n[afterward bought by Prussia].\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1866 June 26, 27. Fr. Krupp snee-\\ndle-guns win the victory for the Prus-\\n1867 Aug. 14, 15. Hesse-Nassau. The\\ncathedral of St. Bartholomew, founded\\nin 1315, completed in 1512, is burned.\\n1868 June 21. Bavaria. Wagner s\\nDie Meistersinger von Xiirnberg ap-\\npears at Munich under the direction of\\nVon Biilow.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1866 Diesterweg, Friedrich A. W., teacher,\\nA76.\\nGoMselimitlt, nermann, astron., painter, A64.\\nLlebold, Philipp F. von, naturalist, A70\\nRowe, Sophie, singer, A51.\\nKiii kt-rt. Friedrich, pod, orientalist, A78.\\n1867 Alters, Johaiin F. H., phys., At 2.\\nBockh, August, philan., antiq., A82.\\nBopp, Franz, orientalist, A76.\\nBrandis, Christian A., hist, of phil., A77.\\nCornelius, Peter von, painter, A80.\\nDreyse, Johann N. von, inventor of needle-\\ngun, A80.\\nGerhard, Eduard, nreheologist, A72.\\nHaaBe, Heinrich G. F. C, philologist, A39.\\nHauaser, Ludwig, historian, A49.\\nMaximilian, A. P., Prince of JSeuwied, nat-\\nuralist, traveler, A85.\\nMittermaier, Karl J. A., jurist, states., A80.\\nRothe, Richard, chTgyiiiaii, author, A68.\\nSohn, Karl F., painter, A62.\\n1868 Brendel, Karl F., musical critic, A57.\\nHauptmann. Mnrit/,, composer, A76.\\nHermann, Friedrich B. W. von, publicist,\\neconomist, A73.\\nHildebrandt, Eduard, painter, A 51.\\nJuncker, Henry D., R. C. el.(bp. in Am.), A58.\\nLouis I., King of Bavaria, A82.\\nMartius, Karl F. P., botanist, A74.\\nJVtobiiiB, August F.. mathematician, A78.\\nPlucker, Julius, physicist, A67.\\nPdppig, Eduard, nittunilist, traveler, A71.\\nPreuas, Johann D. E., historian, A 83.\\nSchleicher, August, philologist, A47.\\nSchonbein, Christian F., chemist, A69.\\nSichel, Julius, oculist, A66.\\nSternberg, Alexander, novelist, A62.\\nWaagen, Gustav F., art critic, A74.\\nWelcker, Friedrich G., archeologist, A84.\\nCHURCH.\\n1866 June 22. Borne. Archbishop A.\\nvon Hohenlohe is created a cardinal\\npriest.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0836.jp2"}, "837": {"fulltext": "Gj? RMAN^- 1866, June 20-1869, Feb. 15. 825\\nSept. 5. Berlin. A synagogue, alleged\\nto be the largest and most beautiful in\\nthe world, is consecrated.\\n1868 June 25. Hesse. The Luther\\nmonument is unveiled at Worms by\\nthe King of Prussia.\\nLETTERS.\\n1866 China and Japan, by Heinrich\\nSchliemann, appears. [1869, Ithaca, Pel-\\noponnesus, and Troy.\\nGenerelle Morpho/nr/ieder Orfjanismen,\\nby Ernst H. Haeck el, appears. [1S6S,\\nNatural History of Creation; 1S70, On\\nthe Origin and Genealogy of the Human\\nRace.]\\n1867 Lives of Fathers of tjie Desert,\\nby Ida Hahn-Hann, appears. [18G8, Eu-\\ndoxia, a Picture of the 5th Century.]\\n1868* History of JEsthetics in Ger-\\nmany, by Lotze, appears.\\nMilitary Life in Prussia, by Hack-\\nlander, appears.\\nThe Salon is issued.\\n1868-70 History of Roman Literature, by\\nWilhelm S. Teuffel, appears.\\n1868-71 Bavaria. Anton Bachmaier\\npublishes a German-French-English dic-\\ntionary of pasigraphy, a system pro-\\nfessing to teach people to communicate\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0with each other by means of numbers\\nwhich convey the same ideas in all lan-\\nguages 4334 mental conceptions, it\\nis claimed, may be communicated by the\\nsystem.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1S66 Nov. 17. Baden. Civil mar-\\nriage is made obligatory.\\n1868 Apr. 1. Saxony. Capital pun-\\nishment is abolished.\\nSept. 26-29. Berlin. A workmen s\\ncongress to promote centralization is\\nheld.\\nSTATE.\\n1866 July 3. Austria is prostrate at\\nthe feet of Prussia after the battle of\\nSadowa. Prussian supremacy in Ger-\\nmany is assured.\\nJuly 4. Austria cedes Venezia to\\nFrance, and requests the intervention\\nof Napoleon III.\\nJuly 13. The Prussian army under Gen.\\nFrankenstein advancing, the Confeder-\\nate Diet retires from Frankfort to\\nAugsburg.\\nJuly 16. Prus. The king invites the\\nstates of North Germany to form a new\\nconfederation, to be called the North\\nGerman Confederation.\\nJuly 26. Moravia. A preliminary treaty\\nof peace is signed at Nikolshurg under\\nFrench mediation.\\nPrussia demands Hanover, Hesse,\\nNassau, and Frankfort Austria with-\\ndraws from Germany.\\nJuly 30. Prussia grants an armistice to\\nthe German states.\\nAug. 4. Bavaria. The dissolution of\\nthe German Confederation is recog-\\nnized by the Confederate Diet at Augs-\\nburg.\\nBrunswick. A tariff convention\\nmeets.\\nAug. 13. Prussia makes peace with\\nWurtemberg.\\nAug. 17. Berlin. The bill for making\\nannexations to Prussia is introduced\\nin the Prussian parliament.\\nPrussia concludes peace with Baden.\\nAug. 18. The North German Con-\\nfederation is formed by an alliance of\\nthe North German states with Prussia.\\nPrussia enters a treaty of alliance,\\noffensive and defensive, with 15 states\\nSaxe- Weimar, Oldenburg, Brunswick,\\nSaxe-A ltenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,\\nAnhalt, two Schwarzburgs, Waldeck,\\nthe younger Reuss, two Lippes, Liibeck,\\nand Bremen.\\nMecklenburg also join.\\nAug. 23. The Peace of Prague be-\\ntween Austria and Prussia is signed.\\nPrussia gains Hanover, Hesse-Cassel,\\nNassau, and Frankfort (p. 527).\\nAug. 24. Bavaria. The old Confeder-\\nate Diet at Augsburg holds its final\\nsession, and is dissolved.\\nAug. 29. Prus. Deputies hold a special\\nmeeting; cost of the war is given as\\n$88,000,000.\\nSept. 3. Prus. Peace with Hesse-\\nDarmstadt is concluded by ceding\\nHesse-Cassel, Hesse-Homburg, and other\\nterritory. [Sept. 15. Dominions in the\\nnorth part ceded to Prussia.]\\nSept. 8. Berlin. The treaty of alliance\\nbetween Prussia and the North German\\nstates is ratified.\\nSept. 11. Berlin. The Annexation\\nEill is passed. The kingdom of Prus-\\nsia is enlarged (p. 527).\\nSept. 20. Berlin. A decree is issued for\\nanne xin g to Prussia, Hanover, Electo-\\nral Hesse, Nassau, and Frankfort. [Sept.\\n23. Hanover s king protests to Europe.]\\nSept. 26. Thuringia. The elder Reuss\\njoins the North German Confederation.\\nOct. 6. Hanover. Prussia takes posses-\\nsion. [Oct. 8. Also of Hesse, Homburg,\\nHesse-Cassel, Nassau, and Frankfort.]\\nOct. 8. Prus. Frankfort-on-the-Main is\\nannexed the legislative corps and\\n15,000 citizens protest against it.\\nSaxe-Meiningen joins the North\\nGerman Confederation.\\nOct. 21. Prussia and Saxony sign a\\ntreaty of peace.\\nOct. 23. Berlin. The electoral law\\nrespecting the new German parliament\\nis promulgated.\\nOct. 27- Prussia and Oldenburg enter\\na special treaty.\\nOct. -Kov. The Schleswig-Hol-\\nstein controversy continues between\\nthe Diet and Austria and Prussia.\\nDec. Berlin. Parliament obstinately\\nrefuses to defray the expenses of war.\\nAll the allies of Austria are forced\\nto join the North German Confeder-\\nation.\\nBavaria is forced to cede some of its\\nterritory to Prussia because of its atti-\\ntude as an ally of Austria during the\\nwar Wurtemberg is forced to pay an\\nindemnity to Prussia.\\n1867 Jan. 24. Berlin. A decree is is-\\nsued incorporating Schleswig and\\nHolstein with Prussia.\\nFeb. 24. Berlin. The King of Prussia\\nopens the first North German Parlia-\\nment.\\nIt has been elected by universal man-\\nhood suffrage, and comprises 295 depu-\\nties, from 22 states. [Mar. 2. Dr. Simp-\\nson is elected its first president.]\\nApr. 17. The Federal Constitution is\\nadopted.\\nThe Prussian monarchy is made hered-\\nitary over the Confederation a federal\\nlegislative council and a Diet elected by\\nthe whole people is established. [July\\n1. Operative.]\\nMay 7-11. London. A conference set-\\ntles the Luxemburg question. (See Great\\nBritain.)\\nMay 8. Prus. The Prussians accept\\nthe North German Constitution, thus\\nsacrificing Prussian civil rights to Ger-\\nman unity.\\nJuly Baden joins the Tariff Union.\\nAug. Fifty deputies from parliaments\\nof Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Baden, and\\nHesse-Darmstadt meet, and declare the\\nunion of South German states with\\nNorth Germany to be necessary.\\nThe mass of the Catholic South Germany\\nis opposed to union with Protestant\\nNorth Germany.\\nSept. 7. Prus. Bismarck, by a circular\\ndespatch, announces that the German\\nnation will not submit to interference\\nor guidance on the part of any foreign\\npower.\\nSept. 10. Berlin. The new North Ger-\\nman Parliament meets.\\nOct. 18. Hanover. The treaty with\\nPrussia is ratified.\\nOct. -Nov. A new German Zoll-\\nverein, or Tariff Union, is formed.\\nNov. 15. Berlin. King William opens\\nthe new Prussian Landtag.\\n1868 Feb. 22. Berlin. A treaty with\\nthe United States is signed relating to\\nnaturalization of aliens.\\nHanover. The government seques-\\ntrates much of the property of the\\nking because he maintains a Hanoverian\\nlegion.\\nApr. 27. May 23. Berlin. Delegates\\nfrom the Zollverein meet in the first\\ncustoms parliament in Germany.\\nMay 20. Hanover. Hanoverians are\\nconvicted of incipient treason against\\nPrussia.\\nJune Berlin. Chancellor Bismarck\\nretires temporarily because of ill health.\\nOct.* Berlin. A South German Military\\nCommission is appointed alter commu-\\nnicating with Bavaria, Wurtemberg, and\\nBaden.\\nNov. 2. Hesse. The ex-elector has his\\nproperty sequestrated for intriguing\\nagainst Prussia.\\nDec. 1. Berlin. Deputies strongly op-\\npose the government; Minister Leon-\\nhardt makes a violent speech.\\nDec. 8. Berlin. Bismarck, having re-\\ncovered his health, returns to the chan-\\ncellorship.\\nBaden proposes the union of the\\nstates of South Germany with the North*\\nera Confederacy.\\n1869 Feb. 15. Hanover. The king s\\nproperty is sequestrated because of\\nhis opposition to Prussia. [Feb. And\\nagain for intriguing.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0837.jp2"}, "838": {"fulltext": "826 1869, May 31-1872, Sept 20. (ERMANY.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1S70 July 19-71 Mar. 3. The\\nFranco-Prussian War. (See France.)\\nJuly 23. Berlin. War is declared\\nagainst France great enthusiasm pre-\\nTails in Germany.\\nAug. 4. Alsace-Lorraine. The Germans\\ninvade France. Battle of Weissen-\\nburg (p. 738).\\nAug. 4. William I. revives the order of\\nthe Iron Cross. It is bestowed on\\nthe crown prince, TJnser Fritz. (The\\nfirst crosses were distributed in the war\\nof 1S13.)\\nAug. 6. Fr. The French army com-\\nmences its retreat to the Moselle.\\nSept. 4-16. Fr. The German armies all\\nadvance towards Paris.\\nSept. 19-71 Jan. 28. The Siege of\\nParis.\\nSept. 19. Alsace-Lorraine. AtMetzthe\\nFrench under Gen. Ducrot make an\\nunsuccessful sortie.\\nSept. 30. Alsace-Lorraine. The victori-\\nous Germans enter Strasburg on the an-\\nniversary of its surrender to the French\\nin 1681.\\nOct. Alsace-Lorraine. Gen. TThrich\\nreceives the Grand Cross of the Le-\\ngion of Honor at Strasburg.\\n1871 Jan. 10, 11. Battle of Le\\nMans.\\nThe French army under Gen. Chanzy\\nis almost annihilated by the Germans\\nunder Frederick Charles.\\nJan. 15-17. Fr. At Belfort a French\\narmy of 40,000 under Gen. Bourbaki un-\\nsuccessfully attacks the Germans under\\nGen. Von Weder, and is compelled to\\nretreat to Switzerland.\\nJan. 19. Fr. Battle of St. Quentin.\\nThe last army of the French is com-\\npletely defeated in several engagements\\nnear Paris (p. 744).\\nJan. 28. Fr. An armistice is signed,\\nwhile the Germans occupy the Paris\\nforts. The capitulation of Paris is\\neffected by the Convention of Versailles.\\nMay 4. A provision is added to the Im-\\nperial Constitution, stipulating that\\nevery German fit for duty is liable to\\nserve for seven years in the Imperial\\narmy.\\nMay 10. Peace of Frankfort (p. 745).\\nJune. 16. Berlin. The victorious ar-\\nmies enter the city.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1869 June 15. The second expedition\\nof discovery sails for the Polar seas in\\nthe Germania and Hansa; it seeks to\\nfind a northeast passage.\\nJuly 20. Bavaria. An International\\nExhibition is opened in the Crystal\\nPalace at Munich.\\n1871 June 16. Berlin. A statue of\\nFrederick William TV. is inaugu-\\nrated.\\nAug. E. Prus. Fatal cholera prevails\\nin Kdnigsberg.\\n1872 July 9. Hesse-Nassau. A me-\\nmorial to Baron Heinrich F. K. von\\nStein, the patriotic statesman, is inau-\\ngurated at Nassau by the emperor.\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\nF.rdmann, Otto L., chemist, A65.\\nHengstenberg, Ernst W., theologian, Biblical\\ncritic, A67.\\nLaunitz, Eduard Schmidt von der, sculptor,\\nA72.\\nLowe, Johann K. G., composer, A73.\\nOverbeck, Frie lrich, painter, A80.\\nKck-hcribaeli, Baron, Karl von, chemist, A81.\\nBitter, Heinrich, philosopher, A78.\\nSchmid, Leopold, K. C. theologian, A61.\\nTrentowski, Ferdinand F.., Polish phil., A61.\\nZiinmermann, Clemens von, painter, A80.\\n1870* Ainiinill.-] Maximilian painter,\\nA63.\\nAmelia, Duchess of Saxony, poet, musician,\\nA76.\\nFlugel, Gustav L., orientalist, A68.\\nGeiger, Lazarus, scholar, A41.\\nGrafe, Albrecht von, oculist, A42.\\nHoltzniann, Adolf, philologist, A60.\\nHiigel, Karl A. A. von, trav., naturalist, A74.\\nJaffe, 1 hilipp, historian, A51.\\nMagnus, Heinrich chemist, A68.\\nMt ineke, .Johann A. F. A., class, schol., A79.\\nMoscheles, lgn;i/., pianist, composer, A76.\\nNeumann, Karl b\\\\, orientalist, A72.\\nOtto, Friednch J., chemist, A61.\\nRan, Karl H., political economist, A78.\\nTwesten, Karl, statesman, writer, A50.\\nVangerow, Karl A. von, jurist, A62.\\nVehse, Karl E., historian, A68.\\n1871 Balt/.er, Johann B., R. C. theol., A63.\\nEekker. Immanuel. philologist, critic, AHti.\\nChrysander, Friedrich, musical critic, A45.\\nGervinus, (ieorg i;., liislorian, critic, A66.\\nHaidin^er, Wilhelm, gcol., mineralogist, A76.\\nHaring, Wilhelm, novelist, A74.\\nLaemlein, Alexandre, pointer, A58.\\nLewald, Johann K. A., litterateur, A78.\\nTvaiimann, Moritz I 1 A., physician, A73.\\n1 iickler-^luskau, Prince, Hermann Ludwig\\nHeinrich von, traveler, author, A86.\\nSeemann, Berthold, botanist, A46.\\nTlialherg, Sigismund, pianist composer, A59.\\nVebenveg, I-iiedrich, philosopher, A45.\\nVpnedey, Jakob, jurist, politician, A66.\\nWeisbach, Jul ins, ruatlieniaticiaii, A65.\\nZahn, Johaim K. W., artist, A7l.\\nCHURCH.\\n1869 May 31. Hesse. A Pan-Protes-\\ntant conference is held at Worms;\\n1,000 delegates are present.\\n1870 May Rome. Count Arnim, Ger-\\nman representative at Rome, protests\\nagainst the proposal to make the doc-\\ntrine of papal infallibility a dogma.\\nJuly 18. Rome. The dogma of the in-\\nfallibility of the Pope in regard to\\nfaith and morals, decreed by the Vati-\\ncan Council, is promulgated. [It is\\nmuch opposed.]\\nThe opponents of papal infallibility,\\nunder the leadership of Dr. Johann J.\\n1. von Bollinger of Munich, organize the\\nOld Catholics.\\nAug. -Oct. Alsace. The cathedral\\nof Strasburg is much injured in the\\nDec* Rh. Prus. The Old Cath-\\nolics of Bonn issue a circular asking\\nfor a church for their worship.\\nThey declare opposition to the Vatican\\ndecrees, but do not secede from the\\nCatholic Church; repudiate infallibility\\nand supremacy of the Pope; sanction\\nreading of the Bible, and divine worship\\nin the vulgar tongue, and the marriage\\nof priests.\\n1871 Apr. 13. Rome. Dr. Johann Jo-\\nseph Ignaz Dbllinger of Munich is ex-\\ncommunicated for antagonizing the\\ndoctrine of papal infallibility.\\nJune 1. The Central Association of the\\nEvangelical Lutheran Mission among\\nthe Jews is formed.\\nJuly 5. Dr. Wollner is excommuni-\\ncated by the bishop of Ermland for\\ndenying papal infallibility.\\nActs of excommunication for denying\\nthe Pope s infallibility are disapproved\\nby the Government.\\nJuly 29. Bavaria. Dr. Dollinger is\\nelected rector of the University of\\nSept. 22. Rh. Prus. An Old Cath-\\nolic meeting is held at Bonn to op-\\npose the dogma of papal infallibility.\\nSept. 27. Bavaria. The dogma of papal\\ninf allibility is opposed by the Bavarian\\nminister of public worship in a letter to\\nthe archbishop of Munich.\\nSept. 30. Bavaria. The Old Cath-\\nolic church is opened at Munich.\\nNov. 26. A law is passed forbidding the\\nclergy to meddle with politics in the\\npulpit.\\nThe Roman Catholic clergy oppose the\\nGovernment in respect to education.\\n1872 Jan. 22. Dr. Paul L. A. Falk\\nis appointed minister of public worship\\nand instruction. [He introduces meas-\\nures giving the Government control of\\necclesiastical affairs.]\\nThe supremacy of the state in mat-\\nters of education is asserted by the-\\nGovernment.\\nMar. Intense Ultramontane agitation\\narises against the Government. The\\nRoman Catholic clergy vainly oppose\\nBismarck s school-inspection bill.\\nMar. Dr. Bollinger advocates a union\\nof Old Catholics with the Church of\\nEngland.\\nJune 12. Berlin. The Reichstag votes\\n(131-93) to expel the Jesuits because of\\ntheir activity in behalf of papal infalli-\\nbility.\\nJuly 5. Berlin. The Government pub-\\nlishes the law for the expulsion of the\\nJesuits.\\nSept. 20-22. Cologne. A Congress of\\nOld Catholics meets.\\nLETTERS.\\n1869 Philosophy of the Unconscious,\\nby Karl R. E. Hartinuim, appears. [1871,\\nThe Thing in Itself and Its Constitution,]\\n1870 Aug. *-Oct. Alsace-Lorraine.\\nThe library of Strasburg is destroyed\\nin the siege.\\nThe Country- House on the Rhine, by\\nAuerbach, appears. [1874, Little Bare-\\nfoot and Waldfried.]\\n1871 Die Pioniere, by Spielhagen, ap-\\npears. [1872, Ji tcatis Ahead 1873, What\\nthe Swallow San;/ 1874. Ultimo; 1875,\\nLove for Love; 1870, Hans and Grethe;\\n1878, Flood Tide.]\\n1871-76 The Provinces of the Roman\\nEmpire, by Mommsen, appears,\\n1871\u00c2\u00b1 The term Reptile Bureau-\\ncracy is applied to those journalists\\nin the pay of the Government.\\n1872 Feb. 8-10. Berlin. The Reichs-\\ntag takes a stand against clerical in-\\nterference with the national schools.\\nMay 1. Alsace-Lorraine. The Uni-\\nversity of Strasburg is restored, and\\nremodeled on German principles.\\nSOCIETY.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0838.jp2"}, "839": {"fulltext": "GERMANY. 1869, May 31-1872, Sept. 20. 827\\n1869 Sept. 14. The centenary of the\\nbirth of Alexander von Humboldt is\\ncelebrated.\\n1870 Sept. 3. Berlin rejoices over\\nthe surrender of the Emperor Napoleon.\\n1870-71 About 40,000 soldiers receive\\nthe decoration of the Iron Cross.\\nOct. Gen. Jean J. A. Uhrich, the de-\\nfender of Strasburg, receives the Grand\\nCross of the Legion of Honor.\\n1871 Jan. 3. Several bankers are\\ncondemned to imprisonment for sub-\\nscribing to the French loan.\\nMar. 22. Berlin. Bismarck is created\\na prince.\\n1872 Mar. 22. Berlin. The German\\nprinces have a meeting in honor of the\\nemperor s birthday.\\nSTATE.\\n1869 June 17. Oldenburg. The King\\nof Prussia inaugurates the first German\\nmilitary post, Wilhelmshafen, at Hip-\\npens, Bay of Jahde.\\nOct. 29. Berlin. The Landtag rejects\\nthe proposal to disarm.\\nBaden. Universal suffrage is\\nadopted by the second chamber of the\\nNov. 25. Bavaria. The ministry resign\\n(Dec. 9). [Resignations are partially ac-\\ncepted by the king.]\\n1870 Feb. 12. Bavaria. The Landtag\\nvotes a want of confidence in Prince\\nHohenlohe, its president. [Feb. 14.\\nHe resigns.]\\nJuly 5\u00c2\u00b1. Prus. Prince Leopold of\\nHohenzollern-Sigmaringen consents to\\nbecome a candidate for the throne of\\nSpain [France makes this a pretext\\nfor war.]\\nJuly 12. With the king s consent Prince\\nLeopold declines the candidacy for the\\nSpanish throne because of the strong\\nopposition of the French government.\\nJuly 13. The French Government re-\\nquires King William to guarantee that\\nno Hohenzollern prince shall again ac-\\ncept the candidacy for the Spanish\\nthrone. [The king refusing, diplomatic\\nrelations between the countries are sev-\\nered, and Benedetti, the French minis-\\nter, is not received at Berlin.]\\nA telegram from Ems [attributed to\\nCount Bismarck], falsely stating that the\\nFrench ambassador had been publicly\\ninsulted by King William, intensifies the\\nirritation of the French, as it was de-\\nsigned to do.\\nJuly 15. Fr. Napoleon III. declares\\nwar against King William.\\nContrary to Napoleon s expectations,\\nBavaria, Wiirtemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt,\\nand Baden uphold Prussia in the war\\nagainst their hereditary enemy.\\nJuly 19. Berlin. Count Bismarck an-\\nnounces the declaration of war by\\nFrance, and declares it groundless and\\npresumptuous.\\nThe North German Parliament\\nmeets, and votes to support Prussia\\nagainst the French.\\nJuly 20-t-. Bavaria. The king announces\\nhis intention of joining Prussia against\\nFrance. [July 20+. Baden also joins.\\nJuly Frankfort also.]\\nJuly 29. Berlin. Bismarck issues a cir-\\ncular despatch explaining to the Ger-\\nman states his dilatory treatment of\\nFrance.\\nJuly 31. Berlin. William issues a\\nproclamation granting amnesty for po-\\nlitical offenses, and accepting the battle\\nfor the defense of the Fatherland.\\nAug. 3. Berlin. The king issues a proc-\\nlamation to the army, and takes com-\\nmand of it.\\nSept. Negotiations are carried on be-\\ntween Bismarck and Favre, but with-\\nout result, the French refusing any con-\\ncession of territory.\\nThe great victories in France facilitate\\nGerman unity.\\nSept. 6\u00c2\u00b1. Munich, Stuttgart, and other\\ncities of South Germany, declare for\\nunion with North Germany.\\nSept. 13. Berlin. Bismarck by circu-\\nlar letter announces that Prussia will\\nnot make peace with France until she\\npossesses the fortifications which\\nthreaten German frontiers on the west.\\nSept. -Nov. Berlin. The Socialists\\noppose the annexation of Alsace and\\nLorraine.\\nNov. 15. Baden and Hesse-Darm-\\nstadt join the North German Confeder-\\nation by treaty. [Nov. 23. Bavaria\\nalso joins. Nov. 25. Wiirtemberg\\njoins.]\\nNov. 28. Berlin. The parliament votes\\n100,000,000 thalers to continue the war.\\nDec. 3. Berlin. The imperial crown\\nis offered to the King of Prussia.\\nDec. 4\u00c2\u00b1. Bavaria. The king, in a letter\\nto the King of Saxony, proposes the\\nnomination of the King of Prussia as\\nEmperor of Germany.\\nDec. 10. Berlin. The North German\\nParliament in an address requests the\\nking to become emperor. Vote, 188-6.\\n[Dec. 18. It is solemnly presented to\\nKing William in an assembly of princes,\\nby President Simpson.]\\n1871. Jan. 1. The German Empire\\nis reestablished.\\nJan. 18. Fr. All the sovereign princes\\nand the three free cities having offered\\nthe crown of Germany to the King of\\nPrussia, William I. is proclaimed\\nEmperor of Germany at Versailles.\\nJan. Hamburg joins the Empire.\\nFeb. 26. Fr. The preliminaries of\\npeace are signed at Versailles (p. 745).\\nMar. 21. Berlin. First Imperial par-\\nliament of Germany, called the Beichs-\\ntag, is opened by Emperor William.;\\n397 members are present.\\nMar. 22. Berlin. Bismarck is made an\\nhereditary prince.\\nApr. 14. The Constitution of the new\\nGerman Federal State is adopted al-\\nmost unanimously by the Reichstag.\\nProvisions The presidency is connected\\nhereditarily with the crown of Prussia, with\\nthe title of German Emperor; he has author-\\nity to decide international relations, and to\\ndeclare war and pence, with the consent of\\nthe Federal Council, Lo conclude alliances,\\nand to command the, army and navy. A\\nfederal council, called the J .tmdesrath, is to\\nconsist of the representatives of the twenty-\\nfive governments of the empire, and the\\nchancellor of the empire is to be its presi-\\ndent. Prussia will have 17 votes, Bavaria\\nsix, Saxony and Wurieniherg each four, Pa-\\nden and Hesse each three, Meckleimnrg-\\nSchwerin and Brunswick each two, and the\\nrest of the states one vote each. Total, 58\\nThe Imperial parliament, called the Reichs-\\ntag, will consist of jkl members, who are to\\nbe chosen by manhood suffrage.\\nA centralized military system requires uni-\\nversal compulsory service of three years in\\nthe standing army, four years m the reserves,\\nand rive years in the Landwehr. The postal\\nand telegraph system, the coinage, and\\nweights and measures are to be uniform in\\nthe empire.\\nApr. 17. Hamburg is confirmed in its\\nprivileges as a free port.\\nMay 4. The new Constitution of the\\nGerman Empire becomes effective.\\nMay 10. Frankfort. A treaty of peace\\nis signed (p. 745). [May 16. Berlin.\\nRatified.]\\nMay 12. Berlin. The chancellery of the\\nempire is established, with Prince Otto\\nvon Bismarck as first chancellor.\\nJune 9. Berlin. The law completing the\\nannexation of Alsace is enacted.\\nJuly The Government disapproves of\\nthe excommunication of bishops who\\ndeny papal infallibility.\\nNov. 6\u00c2\u00b1. Berlin. The coinage is re-\\nformed the introduction of a gold coin\\nis approved by the Federal Council.\\n[Nov. 18. The Beichstag approves.]\\n1S72 Jan. 17- Berlin. Von Muhler,\\nthe minister of public instruction, an\\nultra Conservative, is forced to resign.\\n[Jan. 22. Dr. Paul L. A. Falk is ap-\\npointed.]\\nFeb. 8-10. Berlin. The Keichstag op-\\nposes clerical interference with\\nschools.\\nMay 14. Bismarck announces to the\\nKeichstag that the Pope has rejected\\nCardinal Hohenlohe, the German am-\\nbassador.\\nMay* The new Rational Conserva-\\ntive Party is formed.\\nBerlin. The Government creates new\\npeers to sustain its measures in the Ger-\\nman parliament.\\nJune 19. Berlin. The Reichstag votes\\nfor the expulsion of the Jesuits; the\\nsession ends. Vote, 131-93. [July 5. The\\nlaw is published.]\\nJune 29. Germany and France enter a\\nnew agreement.\\nIt fixes the payment of the fourth mil-\\nliard for March 1, 187-4; the fifth, March\\n1, 1S75 a financial security for the fifth\\nmilliard is to be accepted by Germany\\nin place of the continual occupation of\\nFrench territory.\\nJuly 5. Berlin. Bismarck declares that\\nTJltramontanes are a peril to the empire.\\nSept. 5, 6. Berlin. A meeting of sov-\\nereigns. The Czar and the Emperor of\\nAustria meet the Emperor of Germany\\nthey form a secret alliance.\\nSept. 20. Alsace. Option day arrives.\\nThe people of Alsace finally choose\\ntheir nationality, and emigrate with\\ntheir property if they prefer France.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0839.jp2"}, "840": {"fulltext": "S28 1872, Sept*-1878, June 5.\\nGERMANY.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1878 May 31. Eng. The ironclad\\nGrosser Kurfurst is sunk by collision\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0with Kon hi tVilhe/m; 300 lives are lost.\\n[1879. July. Adm. Batsch is sen-\\ntenced to six months imprisonment.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1872 Jeremiah at the Fall of Jerusa-\\nlem is painted by Eduard Beniiermann.\\n1873 Sept. 2. Berlin. A monument\\nof victory is unveiled.\\nIt commemorates successes in three\\nwars, with Denmark (1S54), Austria(1866),\\nand France (1370-71).\\nThe Triumph of German icus is painted\\nby Karl von Pilitz.\\n1873-75 Paul Gussfeldt conducts a sci-\\nentific expedition intoWest Africa.\\nAn attempt to explore the interior\\nfails because of insuperable difficulties\\nbut valuable collections and observa-\\ntions are made, brought back, and pub-\\nlished.\\n1874 ScMeswig-Hblstein. The seat of\\nthe observatory, fur a long time at Al-\\ntona, is removed to Kiel.\\n1875 Aug. 16. Lippe. A statue of\\nHermann (Arminius), erected at Bet-\\nmold by Ernst Bandel, is uncovered by\\nthe emperor.\\n1876 Aug. 13. Bavaria. Three series\\nof performances of Wagner s Ring des\\nNibelungen in four parts open at Bai-\\nreuth, in the presence of the Emperors\\nof Germany and Brazil, the King of Ba-\\nvaria, and many other sovereigns.\\nThe Boly Family is painted by Lud-\\nwig Knaus.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1873 J^ahr, or Baehr, Johann C. F., classi-\\ncal scholar, author, A74.\\nDaniel, Hermann A., theologian, geog., A60.\\nDevrient, Gustav E., actor, AG9.\\nDevrient, Karl A., actor, A74.\\nFeuerbach, Ludwig A., philosopher, A68.\\nGoldstiicker, Theodor, Sanskrit scholar, A51.\\nHartmann, Aloritz, poet, A50.\\nKalisch, David, poet, A52.\\nMaurer, Georg L, jurist, A83.\\nMohl, Hugo von, botanist, A67.\\nOettinger, Eduard M., novelist, bihliog., A64.\\nSchnorr von KarolsfVld, .Julius, paint., A78.\\nTrendelenburg, Friedrich A., ptiil., A70.\\nUhlich, Lehm-rht, rationalistic iheol., A73.\\n1873* Allioli, Joseph F., R. C.cl.,au.,A80.\\nBreithaupt, .Johann A. F., mineralogist, A82.\\nBube, Adolph, poet, A71.\\nDeutsch, Emanuel O. M., orientalist, A44.\\nFiirst, .Julius, orientalist, A68.\\nJohn, King of Saxony, A72.\\nKeller, Joseph, engraver, A62.\\nKurz, Heinrich, urit-ntalist, A68.\\nLiebig-, Baron Justus von, chemist, A70.\\nMenzel, Wolfgang, rritic, liistonan, A75.\\nMiihlbach, Luise (Mrs. Theodor Mundt),\\nnovelist, A59.\\nMiiller von Kdnigswiter, Wolfgang, poet,\\nA57.\\nRaumer, Friedrich t,. G., historian, A92.\\nRose, Gustav, mineralogist, A75.\\n1874 Ahrens, Heninch, jurist, au., A66.\\nBluhme, or Blame, Friedrich, jurist, A77.\\nGabelentz, Hans C. von der, politician, phi-\\nlologist, linguist, A67.\\nHagenbaHi, Karl It., theol., eccl., hist., A73.\\nHansen, Peter A., astronomer, A79.\\nHaupt, Moritz, philologist, A66.\\nHeyt, August von der, statesman, A73.\\nHildebrandt, Ferdinand T., painter, A70.\\nHoffmann, August H., poet, A76.\\nKaulbaeh, Willielm, painter, A69.\\nMadler, Johann H., astronomer, A80.\\nReuter, Fritz, pnet, novelist, A64.\\nRodiger, Emil, Hebraist, A73.\\nSchultze, Max, biologist, A49.\\nStrauss, David F., rationalistic theol., A66.\\nTeschendorf, Lobegott Friedrich Constantm\\nvon, philolou isl, l .iblical critic, A59.\\n1875 Andree, Karl T., geographer, A67.\\nArgelander, Friedrich w. A., astron., A76.\\nArrest, Heinrich L. d astronomer, A53.\\nBauer, Wilhelm, engineer, inventor, A53.\\nDaumer, Georg F., philosopher, A75.\\nEwald, Georg H. A., orientalist, Biblical\\ncritic, A72.\\nHerwegh, Georg, lyric poet, A58.\\nHitzig, Ferdinand, l .iblical critic, A68.\\nJahr, Georg II. G., homeopathist, A74.\\nPeschel, Oskar F., geographer, A49.\\nRodbertus, Karl, economist, socialist, A70.\\nRubens, Chnstoph, painter, A70.\\nSpiess, Heinrich, painter, A43.\\nUechtritz, Friedrich von, dram., poet, A75.\\nVincke, Ernest G. von, orator, states,. A64.\\n1876* Auersperg, Count Anton A. von,\\npoet, A70.\\nBandel, Ernst von, sculptor, A76.\\nChelius, Maximilian J., surgeon, A82.\\nDiez, Friedrich philologist, A82.\\nDuringsfeld, Ida von, novelist, A61.\\nEhrenberg, Christian G., naturalist, A81.\\nFalke, Johann F. G., historian, A53.\\nFreiligrath, Ferdinand, poet, A66.\\nGotz, Hermann, composer, A36.\\nHensel, Luise, religious poet, A78.\\nHeuglin, Theodor von, traveler, an., A52.\\nLang, Heinrich, clergyman, author, A50.\\nMichelet, Karl L., philosopher, A75.\\nMohl, Julius von, orientalist, A76.\\nPertz, Georg H., historian, A81.\\nPetermann, Julius H., orientalist, A75.\\nKitsch], Friedrich W., philologist, A70.\\nTwesten, August D. C, theologian, A87.\\nWuttke, Heinrich, historian, A58.\\n1877* Becker, Karl F., organ., comp.,A73.\\nDevrient, Philipp E., actor, dram, wr., A76.\\nErman, Georg A., natural phih, trav., A71.\\nEttmiiller, Ernst M. L., philologist, A75.\\nGrassmann, Hermann G., mathematician,\\norientalist, A68.\\nHacklander, Friedrich W. von, novelist, A61.\\nKetteler, Baron Wilhelm E. von, R. C.\\nbishop of MeuU, statesman, author, A66.\\nLittrow, Karl L., astronomer, A(i6.\\nMosenthal, Salomon H., dramatist, A56.\\nI oggendorft Johann physicist, A81.\\nTholuck, Friedrich A. G., cl., pulpit orator,\\nauthor, A78.\\nVeit, Philipp, painter, A84.\\nVolkmann, Alfred W., physiologist, A76.\\nWunderlich, Karl A., physician, A62.\\nZumpt, August W., class, seliol., antiq., A62.\\n1878 Beck, Johann T., theologian, A74.\\nBrachvogel, Albert E., writer, A54.\\nFernkorn, Anton 1)., sculptor, A65.\\nGeorge V., King of Hanover, A59.\\nGutzkow, Karl F., novelist, ilramatist, A67.\\nHanel, Gustav 1- jurist, A86.\\nHoefer, Johann C. F., writer, A67.\\nKohl, .Johann G., traveler, writer, A70\\nKeim, Theodor, theologian, A53.\\nKUhner, Rafael, philologist, A76.\\nLeo, Heinrich, historian, A79.\\nMiiller, Julius, theologian, A77.\\nMayer, Julius R., physicist, A64.\\nPetermann, August 11., geographer, A56.\\nPreller, Friedrich, artist, A74.\\nKokitanskv, Karl, phvs., pathologist, A74.\\nTeuftel, Wilhelm S., class, scholar, A58.\\nCHURCH.\\n1872* Berlin. Government disputes\\narise with the Roman Catholic clergy be-\\ncause of their support of papal infalli-\\nbility; the bishop of Ermland s salary\\nis ordered to be suspended.\\n1873 Feb. The archbishops of Co-\\nlogne, and Gnesen and Posen issue a\\ndeclaration against contemplated legis-\\nlation on church affairs.\\nMar. 12. Berlin. The Reichstag de-\\nclares the church in subjection to the\\nstate.\\nMay 11. Berlin. Dr. Falk, minister of\\npublic worship, secures the passage of\\nthe May Laws.\\nThey require candidates for the clerical of-\\nfice to undergo a certain amount of secular\\ntraining at the universities, and the sanction\\nof the secular authorities to all ecclesiastical\\nappointments, also providing for a royal tri-\\nbunal for ecclesiastical matters the Pope\\ndeclares these laws invalid. (See State.)\\nA severe struggle occurs with the Ro-\\nman Catholic clergy in establishing the\\nsupremacy of the state.\\nMany penalties imposed, refractory bish-\\nops imprisoned, deposed, and banished, and\\nfinancial support withdrawn from the clergy\\nreligious orders dissolved, and laymen are\\nmade administrators of church property in-\\nstead of the clergy.\\nJune 1. The Old Catholics elect their\\nfirst bishop, Dr. Joseph Rein kens.\\n[Aug. He is recognized by the em-\\nperor and other powers.]\\nAug, 7. The Pope writes the emperor\\ncomplaining of ecclesiastical persecu-\\ntions, and asserting his authority over\\nall baptized persons.\\nSept. 3. Berlin. The emperor sends a\\nletter to the Pope justifying the Minis-\\ntry and Government, and asserting that\\nthere is no mediator between God and\\nman but Jesus Christ.\\nSept. 18. Switz. A Congress of Old\\nCatholics is held at Constance.\\n[1874, Sept. 6, at Freiburg, Hanover;\\n1875, Aug. 12, at Bonn, Prussia; 1877,\\nSept. 28, at Mentz, Hesse 1SS0, Sept. 19+,\\nat Baden,]\\nOct. Fines are imposed on Archbishop\\nLedochowski of Gnesen and Posen for\\nthreatening to excommunicate a pro-\\nfessor, and on Archbishop Melchers for\\nordaining priests without permission of\\nthe Government.\\n1874 Feb. 3. Archbishop Ledo-\\nchowski is imprisoned for his hostility\\nto the May Laws. [Apr. 15. Deposed.]\\nMar. 30. Bh. Prus. The Government\\narrests Archbishop Melchers of Co-\\nlogne for resisting the May Laws.\\nMay The new ecclesiastical laws,\\nrestraining the bishops and punishing\\ndisobedience, are published.\\nMay 27. Bh. Prus. The first synod of\\nOld Catholics held in Germany meets at\\nBonn.\\nJuly 10. Westphalia. Bishop Martin\\nof Paderboru resists the clerical laws.\\n[Sept. 7. He is summoned to resign he\\nrefuses. Sept. 21. He is sentenced to\\nimprisonment for sedition.]\\nJuly 21. Berlin. The Roman Catholic\\nassociations are closed by the Govern-\\nment.\\nSept. 14. Bavaria. Dr. Ddllinger re-\\nceives delegates from Eastern and West-\\nern churches at Bonn, with a view for\\nunion with the Old Catholics. [After\\nmuch discussion agreement is obtained\\non certain preliminaries.]\\nNov. 30. Berlin. The first Old Catho-\\nlic church in Berlin is opened.\\n1875 Jan. Catholic bishops and priests\\nare imprisoned for violating ecclesias-\\ntical laws.\\nFeb. 5. A papal encyclical is issued,\\ndeclaring the church laws, based on the\\nnew order of things, invalid the Roman\\nCatholic deputies in the Landtag protest\\nagainst it.\\nApr. 2. Prus. Roman Catholic bishops\\nat Fulda- address the emperor against\\necclesiastical legislation. [Apr. 9.\\nThey are rebuked for disobeying the\\nlaw.]\\nAug. The partial submission of the\\nbishops to the laws is announced.\\nOct. 6. Silesia. Prince-Bishop Forster\\nof Breslau is deposed.\\nRome. Archbishop Ledochowski is\\nmade a cardinal priest. [1876. Feb. 3.\\nHe is released from prison.]\\n1876 July The quarrel with the\\nHoly See occasions the deposition of six\\narchbishops, four bishops the expul-\\nsion of 600 persons, including 120 priests,\\nfrom Cologne alone the vacancy of 476\\nparishes in seven bishoprics alone.\\n1878 Feb. 7. Borne. Pius IX. dies.\\n[Leo XIII. enthroned.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0840.jp2"}, "841": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1872, Sept. *-1878, June 5. 829\\nLETTERS.\\n1872 Moliere, by Paul Lindau, ap-\\npears. [1875, Beaumarchais 1S77, Alfred\\nde Musset.]\\nDie Gegenwart is issued.\\nPapyrus Ebers and Through Goshen\\nto Sinai, by Ebers, appear. [1S77, (Jar-\\nda; 1S7S, Homo Sum and Egypt in\\nWord and Picture.\\n1873 Die Kinder der Welt, by Heyse,\\nappears.\\nState and Church, by Zeller, appears.\\n[1880, History of the Foundations of Gre-\\ncian Philosophy.\\n1874* Trojan Antiquities, by Schlie-\\nmann, appears. [1S77, Mycense.]\\nAnthropogenie, by Haekel, appears.\\nLiteraturzeitung is issued at Jena.\\nDeutsche Rundschau is issued.\\n1876* The Struggle for 7?m?i ,byDahn,\\nappears. [1878, Primitive History of the\\nGermanic and Romance People and Bal-\\nlads and Songs; 1S79, Reason in Law;\\n1SS0, Odin s Consolation.]\\n1877 Sept. 26. Hesse-Nassau. Tbe\\n32d Congress of German philologists\\nmeets at Wiesbaden Ernst Curtius is\\npresident.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1872 Sept. The conscription causes\\ngreat emigration of young men to Amer-\\nica.\\nOct. 31. Baden. Gambling-houses are\\nfinally closed.\\nDec. 2. Berlin. The Government cre-\\nates 24 new peers.\\n1873 Apr. 21, 22. Hesse-Nassau. Riots\\noccur in Frankfort through rise in the\\nprice of beer they are suppressed by sol-\\ndiers 37 people killed, 100 wounded.\\n1874 July 13. Bavaria. At Kissen-\\ngen, Kullman, a cooper s apprentice, at-\\ntempts to kill Bismarck because of\\nthe church laws. [Oct. 30. Sentenced\\nto 14 years imprisonment.]\\nOct. 4. Berlin. Count Harry Arnim,\\nformerly ambassador at Koine and Paris,\\nis suddenly arrested and imprisoned for\\nrefusing to give up official ecclesiastieo-\\npolitical papers. [Oct. 28. Ill and re-\\nleased on bail. Nov. 12. Rearrested.\\nDec. 19. Tried and convicted, and sen-\\ntenced to imprisonment for three\\nmonths. Later, he gets a new trial.\\nSentence confirmed.]\\n1875 Jan. A law is passed requiring\\nthe registration of births, deaths, and\\nmarriages.\\nMay 28. Berlin is visited by the King\\nand Queen of Sweden.\\nDec. 11. A dynamite fiend is ar-\\nrested.\\nA man named Thomson consigns a cask\\ncontaining dynamite to Bremerhafen, to\\nbe shipped by the steamer Mosel. A se-\\ncret machine was to have exploded it\\nin eight days, but a premature explosion\\noccurs on the dock, killing 80 and wound-\\ning about 200 persons, mostly emigrants.\\n[Thomson commits suicide.]\\n1877 Jan. 1. Berlin. The emperor\\ncelebrates his 70th military anniver-\\nsary. [Jan. 22. Also his 80th birth-\\nday.]\\nSocialists are alleged to constitute\\nabout one-tenth of the entire body of\\nvoters.\\n1878 May 11. Berlin. EmilH.M.Ho-\\ndel, a young Socialist, shoots at and\\nmisses the emperor. [June 2. Dr. Karl\\nE. Nobiling, another Socialist, wounds\\nthe emperor. June -Sept. He gradu-\\nSTATE.\\n1872 Sept. The great emigration of\\nyoung men to America to avoid the con-\\nscription is forbidden by the Govern-\\nment.\\nOct. 31. Berlin. The Bundesrath, or\\nHouse of Peers, defeats the Govern-\\nment on the districts administrations\\nreform bill, which would lessen the\\npower of the peers in the provinces by\\ngranting representatives to the peasants\\nin the local assemblies. Vote, 146-1S.\\nOct. The Emperor William arbitrates\\nthe San Juan boundary dispute, and\\ndecides in favor of the United States.\\nDec. 2. Berlin. In the Bundesrath 24\\nnew peers have been created to give the\\nGovernment additional votes.\\nDec. 7. Berlin. In the Bundesrath the\\npeers pass the principle of the reform\\nbiU. Vote, 114-87.\\nDec. 18. Berlin. It is announced that\\nBismarck resigns the presidency of the\\nFederal Council, but continues the for-\\neign department.\\nDec. 31. Berlin. Diplomatic relations\\nwith the Pope are severed.\\nDec* Berlin. Count Eoon is made\\npresident of the Federal Council.\\n1S73 Jan. 9. Berlin. A bill is intro-\\nduced in the Reichstag by M. Falk,\\nminister of public worship, for the estab-\\nlishment of a royal tribunal of eccle-\\nsiastical affairs in opposition to the\\nauthority of the Pope in Germany.\\n[May 11. Passed.]\\nMar. 12. Berlin. The subjection of the\\nchurch to the state is announced by the\\nReichstag.\\nMar. 15. Berlin. The May Laws are\\npassed by the Reichstag. (See Church.)\\nMay 11, 12. Berlin. The chancellors\\nof Germany, Austria, and Russia meet.\\n[May 13. They agree to an urgent\\nnote to Turkey on the Eastern policy.\\nMay France and Italy approve. May\\n19. England disapproves. Note not pre-\\nsented because of a revolution in Tur-\\nkey.]\\nJune 23. Berlin. The Reichstag passes\\nthe monetary reform law.\\nNov. 12. Berlin. The Reichstag opens\\nthe Government has 432 votes, the Oppo-\\nsition, 121.\\nDec. 3. Berlin. XJltramontanes in the\\nReichstag join the Opposition, and defeat\\nthe Government in restricting the\\npress.\\nDec. Berlin. In the Reichstag a new\\noath of implicit obedience to the state\\nis proposed for the clergy the Civil\\nMarriage Bill is passed. [1875. Jan.\\n25. It is adopted by the Landtag.]\\nSaxony. Albert becomes king.\\n1874 Jan. 11. Parliamentary elec-\\ntions are held. [Of 397 members elected,\\nabout two-thirds are Nationalist Liber-\\nals, and about 100 Ultramontanists.]\\nMar. Berlin. The Army Bill, requir-\\ning permanently 401,659 men instead of\\n360,000, occasions a constitutional strug-\\ngle in the Reichstag. [Apr. 10\u00c2\u00b1. A com-\\npromise, settling the army for seven\\nyears, is agreed to.]\\nJune The German Liberal Associa-\\ntion is formed against I articularistsand\\nUltramontanists.\\nOct. 1. Berlin. A law for compulsory\\ncivil marriage and the civil registration\\nof births and deaths is introduced into\\nthe Reichstag. [1875. Jan. Passed.]\\nOct. 4. Berlin. Count Harry Arnim,\\nan opponent of Bismarck s anti-papal\\nplans, is arrested. (See Society.)\\nDec. 16.. Berlin. The Eeichstag gives\\nan adverse vote to Bismarck, and he re-\\nsigns the chancellorship.\\nDec. 18. Berlin. The Reichstag gives\\nBismarck a vote of confidence he de-\\ncides to retain his office. Vote, 199-71.\\n1875 Mar. 16. Berlin. The clerical\\ncontrol of parish funds is taken away\\nby the Reichstag a bill for depriving-\\nthe Roman Catholic clergy of state aid\\nis introduced.\\nJuly 1. The international postal\\nlaws become operative.\\n1876 Jan. 1. Berlin. The Imperial\\nBank of Germany opens.\\nMar. 20. The Southern states oppose\\nthe purchase of all railways by the\\nGovernment.\\nOct. 27. Berlin. The new Reichstag\\nmeets, with a Liberal majority.\\n1877 Jan. 10, 11. Parliamentary elec-\\ntions return a Liberal majority to the\\nReichstag Socialist-Democrats repre-\\nsent Berlin.\\nMar. 6. Bavaria. A new Ultramon-\\ntane party, called the Popular Catho-\\nlic Party, is formed.\\nMar. 21. Berlin. The Reichstag settles\\nthe Supreme Court at Leipsic. [1S79.\\nSept. 1. Opens.]\\nThe Reichstag enacts a new code of\\nlaws.\\nApr. 3. Berlin. Bismarck resigns.\\n[Apr. S. He withdraws his resignation,,\\nbut retires temporarily for his health..\\n1878. Feb. 15. Resumes his work.]\\nHesse. Louis IV. becomes grand\\nduke of Hesse-Darmstadt.\\n1878 Feb. 19. Berlin. Bismarck an-\\nnounces the German policy on the\\nEastern question; strict neutrality and\\nnon-interference are assured.\\nMar. 6. Ministerial crisis; Camphau-\\nsen, minister of finance, resigns.\\nMay 24, 25. Berlin. The Reichstag re-\\njects a stringent bill for the repression\\nof Socialism. Vote, 251-57.\\nJune 4, 5. Berlin. The crown prince\\nrules on account of his father, the em-\\nperor, being wounded by Nobiling.\\n[Dec. 5. The emperor resumes the gov-\\nernment.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1874 June 13. Bremen. An Interna-\\ntional Agricultural Exhibition is\\nopened.\\n1875 May 7. The Hamburg mail-\\nsteamer Schiller is wrecked in a fog-\\non rocks off the Scilly Isles 331 persons,\\nare drowned.\\nJuly 1. International postal regula-\\nlations go into operation.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0841.jp2"}, "842": {"fulltext": "830 1878, June 13-1886, Feb. GERMANY.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1878 Rh. Prus. A colossal statue of\\nFrederick William III. is erected in\\nCologne.\\nIt is 22 feet high, with figures of\\nBlucher, Humboldt, and others at the\\nbase; it is erected by Rhiuelanders it\\nis unveiled by the emperor.\\n1879* Berlin. Dr. Robert Koch\\nidentifies the microscopical germs of\\ncattle disease, consumption, cholera,\\nand other diseases.\\n1880 Aug. 14. Rh.Prus. The cathe-\\ndral at Cologne, begun in 1248, is com-\\npleted. [Oct. 15. Opened.]\\n1881 May 12. Berlin. An electric\\nrailway is opened near Berlin.\\nAug.* Hanover. Petroleum oil is\\nfound in Liineberger Heidee.\\n1882 June The German la sails on an\\narctic expedition. [Oct. 23. It re-\\nturns.]\\nNov. -Dec. Hesse-Nassau. A great\\nrise of tbe Rhine and Danube occurs;\\nfive villages with 250 houses are de-\\nstroyed near Wiesbaden.\\nBerlin. Dr. Koch demonstrates that\\ntubercular disease can be propagated\\nby organisms termed bacilli.\\n1883 Jan.* Hesse. Floods cause much\\ndestruction of life and property near\\nWorms GO persons are drowned.\\nMay 28. Berlin. Statues of Willielm\\nand Alexander von Humboldt are un-\\nveiled in presence of the emperor.\\nSept. 28. Hesse-Nassau. Germania, a\\ncolossal monument, a national memorial\\nof German unity and victories of\\n1870-71, set up in the Niederwald at\\nRiidesheim on the Rhine, is uncovered\\nby the emperor in the presence of Ger-\\nman sovereigns.\\n1884 June 9. Berlin. The foundation\\nof the new Parliament House is laid\\nby the emperor.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1879* Anderssen, Adolph, chess-player,\\nA61.\\nCotta, Bprnliaiil, gcolngist, A71.\\nDove, Heinrich \\\\V\\\\, meteorologist, A76.\\nFichte, Immanuel H., philosopher, A82.\\nFrauenstadt, Christian M. J., phil., A69.\\nGrisebach, August H. R., botanist, A65.\\nHiibner, Karl, painter of genre pictures, A65.\\nKoch, Karl H. E., naturalist, A70.\\nMeyerheim, Friedrich E., painter, A71.\\nMohr, Karl F., physicist, philosopher, A73.\\nReichenbach, Heinrich G. L., naturalist, A86.\\nRoon, Albrecht T. E. von, general, A76.\\nRosenkranz, Johann K. F., philosopher, A74.\\nSemper, Gottfried, architect, A75.\\nWolff, Emil, sculptor, A77.\\nI860* Gag-era. Baron Heinrich W. A.\\nvon. statesman, A81.\\nHagen, Ernest A., novelist, wr. on art, A83.\\nHahn-Hahn. Countess Ida Marie Luise\\nSophie Friederike Gustave von, poet,\\nnovelist, A75.\\nHeld, Adolf, economist, A34.\\nLeonhardt, Gerhard A. W., jurist, A65.\\nLessing, Karl 1 painter, A72.\\nPeters, Christian A. F., astronomer, A74.\\nPutt, Gustav L., clergyman, author, A44.\\nRuge, Arnold, publicist, journalist, A78.\\nWachter, Karl G. von, jurist, A83.\\nWagner, Rudolph -I., chemist, A57.\\n1881* Arnim, Count Harry Karl K. E.,\\ndiplomatist, A57.\\nBahnsen, .1 alius F. A., philosopher, A51.\\nBenfey, Tlieoilor, orientalist, philologist, A72.\\nIiingeislc.lt, Baron Franz von, poet, A67.\\nForster, Heinrich, prince-bishop of Breslau,\\nauthor, A81.\\nHecker, Friedrich K. F., lawyer, pol., A70.\\nKuhn, Adalbert, philologist, mytholo., A69.\\nLotze, Rudolf H-, philosopher, A64.\\nRuge, Arnold, scholar, journalist, A79.\\nSchleiden, Matthias J., phys., botanist, A77.\\nTann, Baron Ludwig von tier, general, A66.\\nWichern, Johann H., cl., philanthropist, A73.\\n1882 Auerbach, Berthold, novelist, A70.\\nBauer, Bruno, rationalistic thcol., critic, A73.\\nDrake, Friedrich, sculptor, A77.\\nFeldmann, Leopold, dramatist, A80.\\nGruner, Wilhelm H. L., engraver, A81.\\nHalbig, Johann, sculptor, A68.\\nHcrzog, Johann J., theologian, author, A75.\\nHbfer, Edmund, novelist, A63.\\nHiibner, Rudolph J. B., painter, A76.\\nKinkel, Johann G., poet, wr. on art, A.67.\\nKullack, Theodor, composer, pianist, A64.\\nLehmann, Heinrich, painter, Ati8.\\nManteuffel, Baron Otto T., statesman, A75.\\nOlsliausen, Justus, orientalist, A82.\\nPauli, Georg K., historian, A69.\\nSchlagintwcit, Hermann, traveler, A56.\\nSchwann, Theodor, physiologist, A72.\\nVatke, Johann K. W., theologian, A76.\\nWohler, Friedrich, chemist, A82.\\nZollner, Johann K. P., physicist, A48.\\n1883 Feb. 13. Wagner, Wilhelm Rich\\nard. composer, A70.\\nDiefenbach, Lorenz, philologist, A77.\\nDindorf, Wilhelm, philologist, A81.\\nFelsing, Jakob, engraver, A81.\\nFendler, August, botanist, A70.\\nFlotow, Friedrich von, composer, A71.\\nMarx, Karl, economist, socialist, pol., A60.\\nSehafer, Arnold, historian, A64.\\nSchulze-Delitzsch, Hermann, economist, A72.\\nSiemens, Karl W., physicist, inventor, A60.\\nValentin, Gabriel G., physiologist, phys., A73.\\n1884* Belim, Ernst, geographer, A54.\\nBerghatis, Heinrich, geographer, A87.\\nBrehm, Alfred E,, naturalist, A55.\\nCohnheim, Julius F., pathologist, A45.\\nDorner, Isaac A., theologian, A75.\\nDroysen, Johann G., historian, A76.\\nGeibel, Emmanuel, poet, A69.\\nGoppert, Heinrich R., botanist, A84.\\nHai/.inger, Amalic, a dor, A84.\\nHillebrand, Karl, historian, A55.\\nKapp, Friedrich, historical writer, A60.\\nKolbe, Adolf W. H., chemist, A66.\\nLange, Johann P., clergyman, author, A82.\\nBusker, Eduard, statesman, A55.\\nLaube, Heinrich, poet, novelist, writer, A78.\\nLepsius, Karl R., trav., philol., antiq., A71.\\nPerty, Joseph A. ~M., naturalist, A80.\\nPeters, Wilhelm K. II., zoologist, A69.\\nRuppel, Wilhelm P. E. S., naturalist, trav-\\neler, A90.\\nUlrici, Hermann, scholar, philosopher, A78.\\n1885 Jan. 15. Frederick: Charles. Prince\\nof Prussia, general, A57.\\nJune 2. Charles Anthony, Prince of Ho-\\nhenzollem Sigma ringen, A73.\\nJune 17. ManteuhVl, Baron Edwin H. K.,\\ngeneral, A76.\\nAbt, Franz, composer, A66.\\nBenedict, Sir Julius, composer, A81.\\nCurtiuB, Georg, jiliilologist, gram., A65.\\nHeule, Friedrich G. K., physician, A76.\\nHiUer, Ferdinand, composer, A74.\\nLange, Ludwig, antiquary, arch eulogist, A60.\\nMeissner, Alfred, poet, A63.\\nISachtigal, Gustav, traveler, A51.\\nSehenkel, Daniel, rationalistic theol., 72.\\nSchlagintwcit, Robert, traveler, A52.\\nSiebold, Karl T. E. von, physiologist, A81.\\nCHURCH.\\n1878 Prus. The Mennonites, being\\nalways opposed to war, emigrate to\\nOdessa to escape military service, and\\nfrom thence go to America.\\n1879 July 14. Berlin. Dr. Falk, min-\\nister of public worship and instruction,\\nresigns, and Robert V. von Puttkamer\\nis appointed his successor.\\n[He endeavors to establish peace with\\nthe Roman Catholics, and secures the\\npassage of a measure in the Landtag re-\\npealing the obnoxious provisions of the\\nMay Laws.]\\n1880 July 3. Prussia passes a bill\\nmaking all the clergy subordinate to\\nthe state.\\nOct. 15. Rh. Prus. The recently finished\\nCathedral of Cologne is opened with\\nmany ceremonies by the emperor and\\nthe German princes.\\nNov. 22\u00c2\u00b1. Berlin. Mommsen, Virchow,\\nand others condemn the movement\\nagainst the Jews; the question is dis-\\ncussed in the Landtag without result.\\n[Dec. Many Jews leave Berlin.]\\n1881 Aug. 14. Berlin. Bismarck ap-\\nproves the papal nomination of L r.\\nFelix Korum to be bishop of Treves.\\nAug.* Berlin. The emperor attempts to\\ndefend the Jews from persecution in\\nPrussia.\\n1883 Oct. 31. The fourth centennial\\nof Luther s birth is celebrated at Er-\\nfurt, Halle, and other cities with great\\nenthusiasm.\\nDec. 18. Rome. The crown-prince vis-\\nits the Pope.\\nLETTERS.\\n1878 Dec. One hundred and seventy-\\nfour clubs, 44 newspapers, and 157 other\\npapers are suppressed by injunctions.\\n1879 Jan.* Quid Faciamus nos? by\\nCount Arnim, appears.\\nJohann Martin Schleyer, inventor of\\nVolapuk, publishes a book on his sys-\\ntem.\\n1880 The Sisters, by Ebers, appears.\\n[1881, The Emperor; 1885, Serap/us\\n1SS7, Vie Nilbraut.]\\n1880-86 Universal History, by Ranke,\\nappears.\\n1881 Orchomesos, Reise in der Troas,\\nand Ilios, by Sehlieinann, appear. [1883,\\nTroja; 1886, Tinjus.]\\nAngela, by Spielhagen, appears. [1883,\\nUklenhauns.]\\n1882 The Heritage of Blood, by Gott-\\nschall, appears. [lS83,*T/ie Paper Prin-\\ncess.\\n18S3-84 Buch der Freundschaft by\\nHeyse, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1878 July 10. Berlin. Hodel, the would-\\nbe assassinator of the emperor, is con-\\ndemned. [Aug. 10. Executed. Sept. 10.\\nDr. Nobiling commits suicide.]\\nParliament gives the police special\\npowers for the suppression of Social-\\nTJov. A decree is issued for the expul-\\nsion of Socialists and other persons ob-\\nnoxious to the Government.\\nDec. 21. Hanover. The King of Han-\\nover marries Princess Thyra of Den-\\nmark.\\n1879 Mar. 13. The Princess Louise\\nMargaret of Prussia is married to the\\nDuke of Connaught.\\nJune 11. The Emperor William s gold-\\nen wedding is celebrated.\\n1880 Aug. 25. Bavaria. The seventh\\ncentenary of the founding of the reign-\\ning dynasty of dukes is celebrated.\\nOct. Socialists are expelled from Ger-\\nmany.\\n1881 Jan.* Berlin. The anti-Se-\\nmitic league is formed it is opposed\\nby the prince imperial and many others.\\nFeb. 27. Prince William, grandson of\\nthe emperor and of Queen Victoria, is\\nmarried to Princess Augusta Victoria of\\nSchleswig-Holstein.\\nThe average annual consumption per\\ncapita of distilled spirits is 1.09 gallons\\nbeer 24.99 gallons.\\n1883 Berlin. The Reichstag, influ-\\nenced by Prince Bismarck, passes bills\\nto compel the working people, with the\\nassistance of their employers and tbe\\nstate, to provide a fund against sickness.\\n1S84 Sept. 28. Saxony. Eight dyna-\\nmitards are brought to trial at Leipsic", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0842.jp2"}, "843": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1878, June 13-1886, Feb.*. 831\\nfor attempting to kill the emperor. [Dec.\\n15-22. F. A. Reinsdorf, Rupsch, and\\nKuchler are sentenced to death; two\\nare imprisoned and three acquitted.]\\n1885 Apr. 1. The anniversary of Bis-\\nmarck s 70th birthday is celebrated.\\n1886 Jan. 3. The 25th anniversary\\nof the king s accession to the throne of\\nPrussia is celebrated.\\nFeb. 11. Sarauw, having been tried\\nfor high treason, in giving to the French\\nGovernment information respecting for-\\ntresses, is sentenced to 12 years of penal\\nservitude.\\nSTATE.\\n1878 June 13- July 13. Congress of\\nBerlin, to settle questions relating to the\\nBalkan peninsula. It is caused by the\\ndissatisfaction of England and Austria\\nwith the Peace of San Stefano (p. 566).\\nRepresentatives present Germany,\\nPrince Bismarck Russia, Prince Gort-\\nschakoff Turkey, Alexander Oaratheo-\\ndoi i Pasha; Great Britain, Lord Bea-\\nconsfield and the Marquis of Salisbury\\nAustria, Count Andrassy; France, M.\\nWaddington Italy, Count Corti.\\nTerras: (1) Montenegro, Servia, and Ru-\\nmania are to be independent, the two former\\nhaving new frontiers, and the latter losing\\nBessarabia, but receiving a larger territory.\\n(2) Bulgaria is constituted an autonomous\\nprincipality, tributary to the Sultan, and re-\\nstricted to the territory between the Danube\\nand the Balkans, with the except ion of Sophia\\nand its territory of the Balkans.\\n(3) The new province of East Rumelia,\\nformed out of Southern Bulgaria, having its\\nboundaries narrowed towards the south and\\neast, is to have a Christian governor-general\\nappointed by the Sultan, and it will maintain\\na separate militia and administration.\\n(4) The occupation of East Rumelia by\\nRussian troops is limited to nine months, and\\nof Rumania to twelve months.\\n(5) Austria has the administration of Bos-\\nnia, Herzegovina,. and Mi j military occupation\\nof the Sandshak of Nori Bazar.\\n(6) The Porte is advised to cede a part of\\nEpirus and Thessaly to Greece legal reforms\\nare to be made in Crete.\\n(7) Russia receives enlargement in Asia,\\nBatoum as a free harbor, Ardaghan and\\nsome border territories; and Alasgird and\\nBayazid are restored to Turkey, which is to\\ngrant religious liberty to all her subjects.\\nAug. 3. The Berlin Treaty is ratified.\\nSept. 9. Berlin. The Reichstag opens.\\nDivision of parties National Liber-\\nals, 123 Imperialists and Conservatives,\\n119 Center, including the Roman Cath-\\nolics, 105.\\nOct. 11. Austria and Germany abro-\\ngate the clause of the Peace of Prague\\nfavorable to freedom in Schleswig, by a\\nsecret treaty.\\nOct. 19. Berlin. The Reichstag passes\\na bill, repressing Socialism, with a\\nmajority of 72.\\nNov. Berlin. A decree is issued for the\\nexpulsion of Socialists and others.\\nDec* The Government has sup-\\npressed by injunctions, to date, 174\\nclubs, 44 newspapers, and 157 other\\npapers.\\nHanover. Ernest Augustus U. be-\\ncomes king.\\nIn the Reichstag the enemies of na-\\ntional unity combine.\\nThe Socialists, Ultramontanes, Polish\\ndeputies, members for Alsace and Lor-\\nraine, the so-called Particularists and\\nConservative members who are at-\\ntached to ancient customs, unite against\\nthe Government.\\n1879 Jan. 9. In the Reichstag is intro-\\nduced the Parliamentary Discipline\\nBill to muzzle speakers; also called\\nthe gagging bill. [May 7. Defeated.]\\nJan. Bismarck enters a fruitless nego-\\ntiation with the Roman curia respect-\\ning the Falk laws.\\nThese require a certain amount of secu-\\nlar training for candidates for the cleri-\\ncal office, and the sanction of secular\\nauthorities to ecclesiastical appoint-\\nments.\\nFeb. The Treaty of Prague (of 1866) is\\nMay 9. Berlin. The chancellor s pro-\\ntectionist tariff bill is virtually passed\\nby the Reichstag after an excited dis-\\ncussion. [July 12. Passed. Vote, 217-117.]\\nMay 20. Berlin. Von Forckenbeck\\n(Liberal), president of the Reichstag, re-\\nsigns. [May 22. An Ultramontane is\\nelected.]\\nJune 30. Berlin. The resignation of\\nDr. Falk, minister of public worship,\\nand other ministers, is announced.\\nJuly 9. Bismarck disclaims connection\\nwith the Liberal party.\\nJuly 14. Berlin. The ministry is re-\\nconstructed Von Puttkamer is elected\\nminister of religion.\\nRussia assumes a hostile attitude\\ntowards Germany, and attempts to form\\nan alliance with France.\\nSept. 16. Aust. Bismarck meets Ja-\\ncobini, the Pope s nuncio, at Gastein,\\nand attempts a reconciliation with the\\nPope.\\nSept. 21. Vienna. Bismarck makes a\\ndefensive alliance with Austria against\\nRussia.\\nOct. 1. A new system of jurisprudence\\ncomes into force.\\n1880 Apr. 3. Berlin. Twenty-two\\nsmall states outvote Prussia, Saxony,\\nand Bavaria in the Federal Council, re-\\nspecting new stamp duties. [Bismarck\\nresigns. The emperor declines to accept.\\nApr. The states yield.]\\nApr. 9. Berlin. The Reichstag passes\\nthe new army bill, adding 27,000 men to\\nthe army. Vote, 186-96.\\nJune 16-July 1. Berlin. The Berlin\\nConference is held.\\nIt meets to consider the Grecian ques-\\ntion, and questions relating to Monte-\\nnegro the resolutions of the Congress\\nof 1S7S being unexecuted. Great Britain,\\nFrance, and. Germany are represented.\\nIt agrees to a collective note to be pre-\\nsented to the Sultan urging the surren-\\nder of Dulcigno and cession of provinces\\nto Greece.\\nJune 28. Berlin. The Reichstag passes\\nthe amended ecclesiastical laws. Vote,\\n206-202.\\nAug.* The New Liberal party is\\norganized by former members of Na-\\ntional Liberals, who have become re-\\nactionary.\\n1881 Feb. 19. Count Eulenburg,\\nminister of the interior, resigns through\\noffense of Bismarck.\\nOct. 2S. The general elections favor a\\nlarge Liberal majority.\\nAutumn. The German Reichstag and\\nPrussian Landtag lean towards Rome\\nand the clerical party.\\nDec. 1. Berlin. Bismarck is defeated\\nin the Reichstag on a financial question.\\nVote, 169-83.\\n1882 Jan. 7. Berlin. The Imperial\\nrescript against parliamentary govern-\\nment is published.\\nMar. 21. Berlin. The Economic Coun-\\ncil rejects Bismarck s tobacco bill.\\n[June 14. The Reichstag rejects it.\\nVote, 276-43.]\\nDec. 11. Berlin. The Reichstag rejects\\nthe budget.\\n1883 June 5. Berlin. An amendment\\nto the ecclesiastical laws of May, 1873, is\\nintroduced in the Reichstag [which\\nleads to a reconciliation with the Vati-\\ncan. July 2. The bill is adopted].\\n1884 May 10. Berlin. The Reichstag\\nextends the anti- Socialist law two\\nyears. [Vote, 189-157.]\\nJune 9. Berlin. The emperor lays the\\nfoundation of the new House of Par-\\nliament.\\nJune 18. Berlin. The Council of\\nState is revived, its members being the\\ncrown prince, president, and royal\\nfamily.\\nAug. Africa. A German colony is\\nfounded at Cameroons, and Bimbia on\\nthe west coast, by Gustav Nachtigal.\\nOct. 28. A general election is held, in\\nwhich the Liberal vote is diminished\\nthe Social Democrat vote is increased.\\nNov. 26. Berlin. Bismarck is defeated\\nin the Reichstag votes for the payment\\nof members, 180-99.\\nDec. 3. Berlin. The Reichstag repeals\\nportions of the May ecclesiastical laws.\\nVote, 217-93.\\nDec* Berlin. Colonization progresses.\\nReports are received of the hoisting of\\nthe German flag on the north coast of\\nNew Guinea, New Britain, and other\\n1885 Jan. 10. Berlin. The Reichstag\\nvotes 180,000 marks for the protection\\nof colonies.\\nBerlin. Bismarck adopts a policy of\\ncolonization. [Acquisitions are made\\nin Africa and islands of the Pacific]\\n1886 Jan. 11. Berlin. The\\nSchnapps (dram of spirits) Mo-\\nnopoly Bill is introduced in the Reichs-\\ntag by Bismarck. [Mar. 12. It is re-\\njected by the committee. Mar. 27- Re-\\njected in the Reichstag. Vote, 181-3.]\\nFeb. Berlin. In the Reichstag, Bis-\\nmarck proposes to Germanize Posen by\\nthe purchase of Polish estates to be set-\\ntled by Germans, and 5,000,000 marks to\\nbe raised for the expenses. [Apr. 7. The\\nmoney is voted.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1879 July 19. Bavaria. An Inter-\\nnational Exhibition opens at Munich.\\n1882 Sept. 3. Baden. At Hugstetten,\\nbetween Friedburg and Colmar, an ex-\\ncursion-train leaves the track 70 per-\\nsons are killed.\\n1883 May 12-15. Berlin. The In-\\nternational Hygienic Exhibition is\\nheld.\\n1885 Mar. 17. Rh. Prus. A mine\\nexplosion at Camphausen, near Saar-\\nbriick, causes 140 deaths.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0843.jp2"}, "844": {"fulltext": "832 1886, Mar. 31-1890, Feb. GERMANY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1889 Jan. 23. Adm. Von Dergoltz is\\nappointed chief of the admiralty.\\nFeb. 23. A fleet is sent to Samoa to pro-\\ntect German interests there.\\nMar. 16. Samoa. The German war-ves-\\nsels, Adler, Olga, and Eber, with three\\nAmerii\\ni and 16 nierch.ii\\nl the reef at Apia ni\\nn are drowned.\\nofficers and 87\\nOct. The Government appropriates the\\nsum of 32,000,000 marks ,$SUO,000,000\u00c2\u00b1.)\\nfor new men-of-war.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1886 May 2. Berlin. The Interna-\\ntional Art Exhibition is opened by the\\nemperor.\\n1888 Oct. 20. Hamburg. The emperor\\nwith a hammer completes the great har-\\nbor works.\\nFeb. 16. Brandenburg. A white marble\\nstatue of the Emperor William is\\nerected at Charlottenburg.\\nApr. 1. W urtemberg. Statues of\\nPrince Bismarck and Count Von\\nMoltke are unveiled at Stuttgart.\\nJune 5. Saxony. A hurricane and\\nwaterspout cause great loss of life and\\nproperty at Reichenbach.\\nJune 17. Gastien. A monument to\\nEmperor William I. is unveiled.\\nAug. 1. Saxony. A new art academy-\\nis opened in Dresden.\\nDec* Berlin. Emperor William confers\\nupon Emin Pasha the decoration of the\\nsecond-class Order of the Crown with\\nthe star.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1886 Abich, Wilhelnl H., peolo., au., A80.\\nBeust, Baron Friedrieh F. von, slates., A77.\\nDuncker, Maximilian W.. historian, A74.\\nJulg, Bernhanl, philologist, A61.\\nMeyer, Johann painter, A73.\\nMichelis, Frii iiricii, theologian, A71.\\nPiloty, Karl T. von, painter, A60.\\nRanke, Leopold von. historian, A91.\\nScheffel, Joseph V. von, poet, AGO.\\nSchmidt, Heinrich J., critic, writer, A68.\\nStockhardt, Julius A., chemist, A77.\\nZunz, Leopold, Jewish theologian, A92.\\n1887 Amerliiig, Knedrirh, painter, A84.\\nBaltzer, Wilhelm, rationalist, A73.\\nFechner, Gustav T., natural phil., poet, A86.\\nKirchhoff, Gustav It., physicist, A63.\\nKrupp, Alfred, mannf., of steel guns, A77.\\nPott, August F., philologist, A 85.\\nRonge, Johannes, I!. C. el., schismatic, A74.\\nVischer, Friedrich T., philos. writer, A80.\\nWagner, Mont?., traveler, naturalist, A74.\\nWerder, August von, general, A79.\\n1888 Mar. 9. William I., King of Prus-\\nsia, Emperor of Germany, A91.\\nJune 15. Frederick III., emperor, A57.\\nBartsch, Karl F., philologist, A5b.\\nClausius, Rudolf J. E., physicist, A66.\\nDelius, Nicolaus. philologist, i-nru*, A 75.\\nEbrard, Johann H. A., theologian, A70.\\nFleischer, Heinrich L., orientalist, A81.\\nHerz, Heinrich, pianist, composer, A82.\\nKahnis. Karl F. A., theologian, A74.\\nKuhne, Gustav, novelist, A82.\\nMohl, Moritz von, poliiician, A86.\\nStorm, Theodor W. T poet, A71.\\nWeber, Georg, historian, A80.\\n1889 Jan. 22. Montz, Count von, adm., d.\\nFeb. 18. Dechen, Ernest H. C., mineralo-\\ngist, A88.\\nMay 16. Mary, Queen of Bavaria, dies.\\nAug. 29. Weil, Gustav, orientalist, A59.\\nNov. 8. Henselt, Adolph, composer, pian-\\nist, A75.\\nBendermann, Eduard, painter, A79.\\nFormes, Karl, singer, A73.\\nLewald, Fanny, novelist, A78.\\nNoire, Ludwig, monistic philosopher, A60.\\n1890 Jan. 7. Maria Louisa Augusta, wife\\nof Emperor William I., A79.\\nJan. 10. Dbllinger. Johann J. I., theo-\\nlogian, founder Old Catholics A9I.\\nJan. 20. Lachner, Franz, musician, A86.\\n1S36 Aug. 11. Prussia and the Vati-\\ncan sign a convention.\\n1887* Hanover. Archbishop Mel-\\nchers of Osnabriick is created a cardinal\\npriest.\\n1888 Oct. 12. Rome. The emperor\\nvisits the Pope at the Vatican.\\n1889 Mar. 9. Berlin. The Salvation\\nArmy is prohibited from carrying on its\\nwork.\\nAug. 15. Westphalia. The Archbishop\\nof Cologne is stoned by anti-Catholics.\\nNov. 15. Bavaria. The Government\\ndecides to readmit the clergy of the\\nRedemptorist Order.\\nDec. 7. Berlin. Pastor Kritzinger of\\nStorkow, Brandenburg, is appointed\\ncourt chaplain.\\n1890 Feb. 11. Silesia. The bishop of\\nBreslau issues a pastoral letter favor-\\ning Catholic working-men s uni ons to\\nfrustrate the Socialists.\\nLETTERS.\\n1886 The Alsace Chronicle appears.\\n1888 Sept. Part of Prince Freder-\\nick s diary is published in the Kieler\\nZtitung.\\n1889 Jan. 4. Berlin. The emperor\\norders that the newspapers of the\\nultra- Conservative party be not re-\\nceived at any royal palace.\\nMar. 18. Berlin. The Government sup-\\npresses the olks-Zeitung t under the\\nSocialistic law.\\nOct. 10. Saxony. The Government de-\\ncides to admit women to privileges\\nof the universities.\\nJoshua and Gred, by Ebers, appear.\\n[1892, Per Aspera.]\\nEncyclopadie Allgemeine, in 164 vol-\\numes, is published by Ersch and Gruber.\\nNew Pharaoh, by Spielhagen, appears.\\nDahiel der Convertet, by R. Voss, ap-\\npears.\\nA. H uber s History of Austria, con-\\ntinned by E. Reimanii, appears.\\nDieqo Velazquez und sein Jahrhun-\\nderty by C. Justi, appears.\\n1890 Feb. Berlin. The University of\\nBerlin refuses to recognize the Amer-\\nican diplomas of some 200 American\\nstudents matriculated there the au-\\nthorities claim the American colleges do\\nnot come up to the German standards.\\nFeb. There are 29,007 students in\\nthe universities of these, 5,G80 study\\ntheology, 6,S72 jurisprudence, 8,714 med-\\nicine, and 7,741 philosophy.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1886 June 13. Bavafia. The King of\\nBavaria drowns himself in Starnberg\\nLake Dr. Gudden is drowned in the at-\\ntempt to save him.\\nStrikes increase.\\n1887 Mar. 22. Berlin. A grand cele-\\nbration is held in honor of the emper-\\nor s 90th birthday.\\nSept. 25. The 25th anniversary of\\nBismarck s premiership of Prussia is\\ncelebrated.\\nThe Crown Prince Frederick William\\nis attacked with cancer in the throat;\\nSir Morell Mackenzie of England is the\\nattending physician.\\n1888 Feb. 9. Sir Morell Mackenzie\\nperforms the operation of tracheotomy\\nto remove a malignant growth from the\\nlarnyx of the crown prince; German\\ndoctors differ with the English surgeon.\\nMar. 16. Berlin. Solemn obsequies of\\nthe Emperor William take place.\\nThe Kings of Belgium, Saxony, and\\nRoumania, the Prince of Wales, Duke of\\nCambridge, the crown princes of Aus-\\ntria, Russia, Denmark, and other princes\\nare present; Emperor Frederick, Bis-\\nmarck, and Count Moltke are absent.\\nApr. 15. Berlin. The health of the\\nEmperor Frederick is stated to be\\nalarming. [June 15. Brandenburg. He\\ndies of cancer of the larynx. June IS.\\nImpressive but simple funeral services\\nare held.]\\nApr. 24-26. Queen Victoria visits the\\nemperor, and meets Bismarck.\\nMay 24. Brandenburg. Prince Henry\\nof Prussia is married to Princess Irene\\nof Hesse at Charlottenburg.\\nJuly 19. The young Emperor William\\nand the Czar of Russia meet off Cron-\\nstadt.\\nJuly 26. Sweden. The emperor visits\\nStockholm. [July 30. He visits Copen-\\nhagen. Oct. 3. He arrives at Vienna.\\nOct. 11. It. At Rome. Oct. 16. At Naples.]\\n1889 Feb. 18. Bavaria. King Otho\\nbecomes hopelessly insane.\\nFeb. 23. Bavaria. Prince Pupert\u00c2\u00bb\\nthe eldest son of Prince Ludwig, and\\nheir to the throne, is pronounced insane.\\nFeb. 25. Bavaria. Prince Luitpold,\\nthe regent, condemns the Countess of\\nLarish, daughter of Louis of Bavaria, to\\nperpetual exile for her part in the death\\nof Rudolph, the crown prince of Aus-\\ntria.\\nApr. 5. Berlin. The Courts decide that\\nall the recent dispersions of Socialist\\nmeetings by the police were illegal.\\nApr. 8. Bavaria. A serious riot\\nbreaks out at Nuremberg as the result\\nof a lockout declared by master joiners\\nagainst striking employees.\\nMay 7. Westphalia. In a conflict be-\\ntween troops and miners near Glad-\\nbeck in Essen, three miners and several\\nsoldiers are killed.\\nMay 8. Westphalia. About 39,000 men\\nare out on a strike.\\nMay 13. Coal-mine owners and striking\\nminers appoint a committee to confer,\\nand arrange a settlement of the points\\nin dispute.\\nNearly 100,000 miners are on strike.\\nBerlin. The Ministry decides to sum-\\nmon deputations from mine-owners\\nand miners.\\nMay 15. Several owners in Essen and\\nDortmund concede the demands of their\\nemployees, and the men resume work.\\nMay 16-20. There are 110,000 strikers\\nin Westphalia and 10,000 in Silesia.\\nBerlin. About 3,000 masons strike.\\nMay 22. The Gelsenkischen miners re-\\nsolve to continue the strike, their\\nterms being rejected by the owners.\\nMay 24. It is legally enacted that\\nworking- classes make provision for\\nold age and infirmity.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0844.jp2"}, "845": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1886, Mar. 31-1890, Feb.\\n833\\nMay 27. All meetings of miners are\\nprohibited by the Government.\\nMay 31. Westphalia. The strike ends\\nby compromise.\\nJune 24. Berlin. The marriage of\\nPrince Frederick Leopold and Princess\\nLouise of Schleswig is celebrated.\\nJune 25. Strikers are sentenced to\\nterms of imprisonment varying from 18\\nmonths to five years.\\nJune 27. Berlin. The editors of Gleich-\\nkeit, Dr. Adler and Herr Bretschneider,\\nare fined for being Anarchists.\\nPrince William of Holienzollern is\\nmarried to Princess Marie of Bourbon\\nat Sigmaringen.\\nJuly 29. Westphalia. The police dis-\\nperse a meeting of miners at Dort-\\nmund, and arrest Kerr Dickmann, a\\nmember of the Socialists Congress at\\nParis.\\nAug. 19. Westphalia. Rhenish and\\nWestphaliau miners form a union in\\nopposition to the union of mine-owners.\\nAug. 24. Emperor William confers the\\nOrder of the Red Eagle of the first\\nclass upon the commander-in-chief of\\nthe Belgian army and upon Herr Ey-\\nschen, minister of state of Lusenburg.\\nOct. 20. Wiirtemberg. Prince William\\nof Wiirtemberg is shot at by an as-\\nsassin.\\nOct. 26. Greece. The crown prince of\\nGreece and the Princess Sophie of Prus-\\nsia are united in marriage at Athens.\\n1890 Jan. 16. Hamburg. Sixty thou-\\nsand people attend the funeral of the\\nSocialist editor Wedde.\\nJan. Westphalia. The strike is spread-\\ning.\\nThe miners demand eight hours and\\nincreased wages. Troops have been or-\\ndered to suppress any demonstration\\nlooking toward violence.\\nFeb. 18. Saxony. A Socialist riot oc-\\ncurs at Muhlhausen 30 persons are\\nwounded.\\nFeb. 20. Elections to the Reichstag are\\nattended with much violence the mob\\nis charged by the police, and many are\\nwounded.\\nSTATE.\\n1886 Mar. 31. Berlin. The Reichstag\\nextends the Socialist law two years.\\nApr. 13. Berlin. The Federal Council\\npasses a bill greatly amending the eccle-\\nsiastical laws.\\nMay 14. Berlin. A decree is issued pro-\\nhibiting political meetings that are held\\nwithout permission,\\nJune 10. Bavaria. Prince Luitpold is\\nproclaimed regent because of the\\nking s mental illness.\\nAug. 11. Prussia and the Vatican sign\\na convention.\\nDec. 3. Berlin. A bill is introduced in\\nthe Reichstag for adding 41,000 men to\\nthe army for seven years. [Dec. 17,\\nOpposed by Clericals, Socialists, and\\nothers.]\\n1887 Jan. 14. Berlin. The army bill\\nis limited to three years, and then\\npasses.\\nFeb. 21. General elections are held;\\nefforts are made to change the army\\nfrom Imperial to parliamentary the\\nGovernment gains a majority.\\nMar. 11. Berlin. The army bill is\\npassed in the Reichstag. Vote, 227-31.\\nMar. 13. A treaty of alliance with Aus-\\ntria and Italy is signed.\\nMar. 22. Berlin. In the Reichstag, Bis-\\nmarck introduces a bill softening the\\nFalk laws.\\nDec. 19. Cabannes, having been con-\\nvicted of selling military secrets to the\\nFrench Government, is sentenced to 10\\nyears penal servitude.\\n1888 Jan. 30. Berlin. In the Reichs-\\ntag a more stringent anti-Socialist bill\\nis urged by Von Puttkamer opposed by\\nall parties it is committed. [Feb. 17.\\nThe bill passes.]\\nMar. 8. Berlin. It is announced that\\nPrince William, the emperor s grand-\\nson, is entrusted with official powers\\nduring the illness of the aged emperor\\nhaving so served since Nov. 17, 1887.\\nMar. 9. Emperor William dies, and is\\nsucceeded by his son Frederick.\\nMar. 9-June 15. The Emperor Fred-\\nerick III., The Noble, reigns.\\nMar. 21. Berlin. A rescript is issued\\nauthorizing the Crown Prince Wil-\\nliam to exercise official powers when\\nrequired.\\nJune 7. Berlin. The parliamentary\\nquinquennial bill is promulgated.\\nJune 15. The Emperor Frederic III.\\ndies after a reign of 98 days [he is suc-\\nceeded by his son William.]\\nJune 15+. Emperor William II. reigns.\\nAug. 24. Berlin. The Government an-\\nnounces its occupation of Addelah,near\\nDahomey, West Africa.\\nOct. 15. Hamburg surrenders its privi-\\nleges as a free port, and joins the Tariff\\nUnion, being the last of the German\\nfree ports.\\n1889 Jan. 18. Saxony. The president\\nof the Superior Court at Leipsic resigns\\non account of Bismarck s strictures.\\nBerlin. Bismarck asks for 2,000,000\\nmarks to carry out his East Africa\\ncolonial scheme. [Jan. 23. The Federal\\nCouncil approves the East Africa\\nBill. Jan. 30. The bill passes the\\nReichstag appropriating money for the\\nprotection of German interests, and the\\nsuppression of the slave-trade. Feb. 1.\\nIt is adopted by the Federal Council.]\\nJan. 31. The Germans declare war on\\nMataafa in Samoa.\\nFeb. 4. England and Germany conclude\\nan alliance for the protection of the\\nnorthern seas and ports.\\nFeb. 7. Hanover. Count William Bis-\\nmarck is appointed president of the\\nLandtag.\\nFeb. 28. Berlin. The Army Expen-\\nditure Bill is introduced in the Federal\\nCouncil it provides for a loan of 12,492,-\\n304 marks to meet the supplementary\\nestimate.\\nMar. 19. Prus. The Government grants\\n6,000,000 marks to aid in construction\\nof a canal connecting the Elbe and\\nTrave Rivers.\\nApr. 10. Berlin. Count von Schellen-\\ndorf retires from the ministry of war,\\nand is succeeded by Gen. Verdiz du\\nVernois.\\nApr. 29. Berlin. The deliberations of\\nthe Conference on Samoan affairs be-\\ngin. [Apr. 30. The British ambassador\\nand Prince Bismarck categorically deny\\nthe existence of a secret treaty be-\\ntween England and Germany to parti-\\ntion between them the Tonga and\\nSamoan Islands. May 21. Germany\\naccedes to demands of the United\\nStates Commissioners to restore King\\nMalietoa. June 15. Autonomy is as-\\nsured, and the Conference closes.]\\nOct. 11. Berlin. The Government sub-\\nmits a bill to the Federal Council author-\\nizing a loan of 249,000,000 marks.\\nOct. 17. Germany refuses to recognize\\nMataafa as King of Samoa.\\nOct. 24. Berlin. The Reichstag re-\\nelects Herr von Kevetzow president.\\nOct. 25. Berlin. The Bundesrath cre-\\nates a Court of Appeals, with 11\\njudges on the bench.\\nNov. 26. Berlin. The Reichstag adopts\\nthe Socialist Bill.\\nDec. Berlin. The Catholics of the\\nCenter party in the Reichstag form a\\nseparate political organization, with a\\nprogram demanding liberty for the\\nchurch denominational schools, and di-\\nrect representation in the Reichstag of\\nthe rural population.\\n1890 Jan. 23. Berlin. The Reichstag\\nrejects the expulsion clause of the So-\\ncialist Bill. [Jan. 25. Rejected. Vote,\\n98-169.]\\nJan. 27. Berlin. The conference agree-\\nment between the Germans and Old\\nCzechs is ratified by both parties.\\nFeb 3. Berlin. Prince Bismarck re-\\nsigns his position as minister of com-\\nmerce.\\nFeb. 6. Berlin. A new commercial\\ntreaty is signed with Turkey.\\nFeb. 20. A general election is held.\\nThe Government parties lose 15 seats,\\nand the Socialists double their vote in\\nthe Reichstag.\\nDr. Wasse, an advocate of state So-\\ncialism, is appointed governor of the\\nRhine provinces.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1886 Sept. 24.\\nexplosion cause\\n1887 June 3. Schlesvng-Hol stein. The\\nemperor lays the foundation-stone of\\nthe opening lock of a ship canal at\\nHoltenau, near Kiel.\\nJune 8. Prus. A mine explosion at\\nGekenkirchener causes 60 deaths.\\n1888 Aug. 14. Off Sable Island in the\\nNorth Atlantic a collision between the\\nThingvalla and the Geiser, German\\nsteamers, occurs 105 lives are lost in\\nthe Geiser.\\n1889 June 30. Hanover. Fire destroys\\n36 buildings in Luneburg. Loss, 12,000,000\\nmarks.\\nOct. 2. Wiirtemberg. Ten persons are\\nkilled and 50 injured in a railroad acci-\\ndent at Stuttgart.\\nNov. 3. Silesia. An explosion in a\\ndynamite factory causes 20 deaths.\\nNov. 13. At Rauban 20 miners are\\nburned by a mine explosion.\\nDec. 9. Berlin. The influenza epi-\\ndemic has spread from St. Petersburg\\nto this city. [Dec. 15. Fifteen thousand\\npersons arc suffering.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0845.jp2"}, "846": {"fulltext": "834 1890, Feb. *-1891, Sept. 9. GERMANY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1890 Apr.* Berlin. The emperor issues\\nan order reducing the amount of private\\na necessary to secure a commission\\nin the i\\nApr.* Duelling is forbidden in the\\narmy, except in cases where a council\\nof men of honor, to which all the circum-\\nstances shall have been referred, shall\\ndeclare that a duel is necessary.\\n1891 Feb. 9. Gen. von Schlieffen\\nsucceeds Gen. von Waldersee as chief\\nof general staff.\\nJuly 8. Orders are issued to begin forti-\\nfications at Heligoland.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1890 July 7. Bavaria. An art exhi-\\nbition is opened at Munich.\\nAug. 4. Berlin. The tenth Interna-\\ntional Medical Congress opens Prof.\\nVirchow presides. There are present\\n2,500 German and 2,500 foreign delegates,\\nincluding 500 American physicians.\\nSept.* Berlin. The experiment of trans-\\nmitting opera music by telephone is\\nsuccessfully made.\\nNov. Berlin. Dr. Robert Koch, di-\\nrector of the Imperial Hygienic Insti-\\ntute, announces the discovery of a rem-\\nedy for tuberculosis in its incipient\\nstage.\\nNov. 17. Berlin. The method of pre-\\nparing Prof. Koch s curative lymph is\\nmade public.\\n~Nov. 25. Prof. Koch publishes the re-\\nsults of his experiments in the Deutsche\\nMe dicinische Wockenschrift he is\\nelected an honorary member of the\\nMedical Society of Vienna.\\nNov. 27. Brandenburg. A monument\\nto William I. is unveiled at Charlotten-\\nburg.\\n1891 Jan. 15. Berlin. Dr.Kochissues\\na report as to the ingredients compris-\\ning his lymph the remedy consists of a\\nglycerine extract derived from the pure\\ncultivation of the tubercle bacilli.\\nMay 1. Berlin. The Art Exhibition\\nopens.\\nMay Prus. The Lower House of the\\nPrussian Diet votes $41,000 for Prof.\\nKoch s Institute.\\nJuly 13. Brunswick. A monument\\nerected by German-American musical\\nsocieties in honor of Franz Abt is un-\\nveiled.\\nSept. 9. Pr. Saxony. The Congress of\\nNaturalists and Physicians opens at\\nHalle; 1,215 delegates are present, in-\\ncluding 218 women.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1890 Mar. 4. Delitzseh, Franz, theol., A77.\\nJuly 19. Peters, Christian H. F., astrono-\\nmer, A77.\\nDec. 27. Schliemann, Heinrich, arehe-\\nologist, A68.\\nHase, Karl A., theologian, A90.\\nHergenrother, Joseph, cardinal, scholar,\\nauthor, A78.\\nLutz, Johann von, statesman, A64.\\n1891 Mar. 14. Windthorst, Ludwig,\\nstatesman, A79.\\nApr. 24. Moltke, Count. HelLmuth\\nKarl Bernhardt von. field-marshal, A91.\\nMay 2. Oregorovius, Ferdinand, poet, his-\\ntorian, A69.\\nMay 22. Hahnel, Ernest J., sculptor, A80.\\nCHURCH.\\n1890 Apr. 24. Prus. The Supreme\\nCouncil of the Protestant Church of\\nPrussia issues a circular counseling the\\nclergy to denounce Socialism.\\nMay 3. Wiirtemberg. The last stone of\\nthe spire of the TJlm cathedral s the\\nhighest in the world, is laid.\\nJuly 18. Bavaria. Professor Schoen-\\nfelder, of the WUrzburg University, is\\nnominated to be Archbishop of Bam-\\nberg.\\nNov. 5. Hesse. The grand duke issues\\na prescript censuring the persecutors\\nof Jews. [Dr. Stdcker, an anti-Semitic\\npreacher, resigns the chaplaincy of the\\nPrussian court in consequence.\\nDec. 7. Berlin. Pastor Kritzinger is\\nappointed court chaplain.\\n1891 Mar. 22. Berlin. The founda-\\ntion of the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial\\nChapel is laid with elaborate ceremo-\\nnies.\\nAug. 15. Rome. Pope Leo approves the\\nexhibition of the Holy Coat in the\\nCathedral of Treves as laudable and op-\\nportune, and promises indulgences to\\npilgrims. [Aug. 20. It is exhibited.\\nSept. 5. A nail from the true cross is\\nadded. Oct. 3. Closed. Much money\\nreceived.]\\nSept. 1. W. Prus. The conference of\\nGerman Catholic societies assembles\\nin Danzig, resolves that the time lias\\ncome to convoke an International\\nCatholic Congress to consider the res-\\ntoration of temporal power to the\\nPope, and appoints a committee of ar-\\nrangements.\\nLETTERS.\\n1890 May Berlin. A motion to ex-\\nclude Jews from public schools is\\npassed in Upper House of Prussian Diet.\\nJune 10. Prince Bismarck attributes\\ndisaffection in Germany and Russia to\\nover-education.\\nDec. 4. Berlin. The Emperor William\\nspeaks on the educational system.\\n[The speech has amarked effect upon\\nschool methods. The School Reform\\nCommittee votes unanimously to substi-\\ntute modern for ancient languages in all\\nlower classes, andto make other changes\\nin accord with the emperor s ideas.]\\nDeutsche Kaiserlieder, by A. Moeser,\\nappears.\\nEva and Alexandria, by Yoss, appear.\\nLebensmachte, by S. Millow, appears.\\nSMrnvr, by Dab.n, appears.\\nWalirheit, by K. Frenzel, appears.\\nSchulter an Schulter, by H. Heiberg,\\nappears.\\nUnsehnbar, by Marie Von Ebner-Esch-\\nenbach, appears.\\nHistory of the Moor sin Spain ,by Count\\nAdolf Schack, appears.\\nLebensbilder, by M. Carriere, appears.\\nGeschichte der GriXndung des neuen\\ndeittschen lieichs, by H. von Sybel, ap-\\npears.\\n1891 Aug. 9. Berlin. Six schools are\\nopened for training Socialistic laborers.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1890 Feb. Westphalia mine-owners\\nhave founded an anti-strike insu-\\nrance union with an initial capital of\\n\u00c2\u00a360,000.\\nMar. 9. Berlin. The emperor confers\\nthe order of the Black Eagle on Herr\\nvon Boettcher. [Mar. 21. Also on Jules\\nSimon June 18. Chancellor von Ca-\\nprivi June 27. Count von Hatzfeldt\\nNov. 22. Prof. Koch.]\\nMar. 15. Berlin. It is found that 41\\nper cent of the crimes for which pris-\\noners are held in 32 German jails were\\ncommitted under the influence of al-\\ncohol.\\nThe first sitting of the International\\nLabor Conference takes place tho\\nPrussian Minister of commerce presides.\\n[Mar. 19. The Committee favors the ex-\\nclusion of children under twelve from\\nfactories. Mar. 22. The Children s\\nCommittee favors a maximum of six\\nhours labor for children under 14 years\\nof age.]\\nMar. 21. Saxony. Several Hebrews\\nare arrested in Leipsic on the charge\\nof treason.\\nMar. 22. Prince Bismarck declines\\nthe dukedom offered him by Emperor\\nWilliam. [Apr.* He says, I prefer to\\nhear the name my work has made fa-\\nmous Bismarck.\\nApr. 1. Westphalia. More than 1,800\\ngreetings and several car-loads of pres-\\nents are sent to Prince Bismarck on\\nhis 75th birthday.\\nApr. 21. Berlin. Strikes occur.\\nMay 4. Strikes prevail in many cities.\\nMay 23. Saxe- Weimar. Prince Wil-\\nliam is pronounced a bankrupt through\\ngambling.\\nMay 31. Emperor William opposes the\\nremoval of the anti- Socialist law.\\nMay Over 50,000 workmen are on\\nstrike; employers in Leipsic and Berlin\\nform a union to tight the strikers.\\nJune 2. Berlin. Emperor William\\nwarns Prince Bismarck to stop his\\npress utterances, or serious results may\\nfollow.\\nJune 12. Bremen. American riflemen\\narrive at Bremenhafen.\\nAug. 26. Berlin. Socialists hold a great\\nmass-meeting 7,000 are present at mid-\\nnight.\\nSept. 30. Berlin. Great rejoicing oc-\\ncurs over the expiration of the anti-\\nSocialist law; many exiles return.\\nOct. 12. Pr. Saxony. The Socialist\\nCongress opens in Halle 366 delegates\\nare present. [Oct. 18. Closes.]\\nNov. 9. Pr. Saxony. The shoe man-\\nufacturers at Erfurt declare a lockout\\nagainst 3,000 men.\\nNov. 12. Berlin. Emperor William\\nmakes a personal gift to Prof. Koch of\\n8250,000 for the prosecution of his stud-\\nies, and an equal amount to establish a\\nnational institute for the production of\\nthe lymph used in Koch s method.\\nNov. 19. Berlin. Princess Victoria of\\nPrussia and Prince Adolphus of Schaum-\\nburg-Lippe are married.\\nNov. Minister von Gossler gives 850,000\\nfor the creation of a special hospital for\\nthe treatment of consumption by the\\nKoch method.\\n1891 Mar. 11. Berlin. The Reich stag\\nrejects the petition to admit women to\\nthe liberal professions.\\nApr. 8. Bavaria. Troops quell a labor\\ndisturbance, in which 25 men are more\\nor less seriously injured.\\nApr. 24. Westphalia. A strike of 10,-\\n000 miners occurs at Dortmund.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0846.jp2"}, "847": {"fulltext": "GERMANY.\\n1890, Feb. *-1891, Sept. 9. 835\\nMay 24. Baron Hirsch proposes to buy\\n5,000,000 acres of land in the Argentine\\nRepublic for a Jewish Colony.\\nJune 11. Bremen. Strikers become\\nriotous.\\nJuly 30. Berlin. Tlie Deutscbe Bank\\nloses $295,000 by a clerk s frauds.\\nAug. 16. Berlin. An International\\nSocial Workmen s Congress opens.\\nSept. 5. Berlin. Tbe centenary of\\nMeyerbeer is celebrated.\\nSTATE.\\n1890 Mar. IS. Berlin. Prince Bis-\\nmarck, chancellor and foreign minister,\\nand Count Bismarck, regent of Hanover,\\nboth tender their resignations.\\nGen. von Caprivi is selected as Bis-\\nmarck s successor as chancellor.\\nMar. 20. Berlin. The emperor makes\\nPrince Bismarck duke of Lauenberg\\nand colonel-general of cavalry, and ap-\\npoints Count Herbert Bismarck min-\\nister of foreign affairs.\\nMar. 25. Berlin. Count Herbert Bis-\\nmarck resigns, and Herr von Alvens-\\nlaben is nominated to succeed him.\\n[Mar. 26. Declined.]\\nApr. 4. Home. The Vatican instructs\\nthe papal nuncio in Berlin and Bishop\\nKopp to act with, the Centrist party,\\nand to yield to the Government ol. no\\npoint without obtaining an adequate\\nconcession.\\nApr. 25. Berlin. The Bundesrath re-\\npeals the law of 1874, by which priests\\nfailing to comply with, the May Laws\\nrendered themselves liable to imprison-\\nment.\\nApr. Berlin. The Government asks\\nthe new Reichstag for a military credit\\nof about 50,000,000 marks.\\nMay 3. Berlin. The peace-footing bill\\nfor the army adds 5,000 to the infantry,\\n6,000 to the artillery, and adds 54 bat-\\nteries to the field artillery.\\nMay 7. Berlin. Yon Levetzow is elected\\npresident of the Reichstag.\\nMay 20. Berlin. The Labor Bill is\\ndiscussed by the Reichstag.\\nIt prohibits labor on Sundays and holidays,\\nand the employment of children under 13 in\\nfactories. Women wUl not be allowed to\\nwork at night, or after ry. M) o clock on Satur-\\nday evenings or on the eve of holidays. The\\nhours of work for women are limited to 11.\\nThe bill also provides for the protection of\\nthe life and health of workers, and for pun-\\nishment for a breach of contract by master\\nor man by a tine paid to the injured party.\\nMay 36. Berlin. Bismarck s state-\\nments to correspondents of newspapers\\nincense the emperor.\\nMay 27. Berlin. Dr. von Scholz, min-\\nister of finance, resigns his office.\\nMay Berlin. The new army budget\\nshows that a large increase in the army\\nis to be made at a cost of 18,000,000 marks.\\nJune 3. Berlin. The Factory BiU is\\namended in the Reichstag to provide for\\nthe closing of factories from midnight\\nof Saturdays till six o clock on Mon-\\ndays. Vote, 15-10.\\nThe Catholics in tbe Lower House of the\\nReichstag demand that the church authori-\\nties have full power to dispose of its funds;\\nit is opposed by Minister Von Gossler as be-\\ning politically impossible, even with specific\\nstipulations as to how the money appropri-\\nated should be employed.\\nGermany, France, Russia, and Switzer-\\nland have signed the treaty for the re-\\npression of anarchy.\\nJune 4. Berlin. The Clerical Fund\\nBill is passed in the Prussian Lower\\nHouse.\\nJune 13. Berlin. Germany and Moroc-\\nco sign a commercial convention.\\nThe Reichstag makes an African grant\\nof 4,5 00,000 marks.\\nJune 17. England and Germany define\\nthe boundaries of their respective pos-\\nsessions in Africa, with concessions\\non both sides.\\nJune 26. Berlin. The Reichstag rejects\\nall amendments to the Army Bill, but\\npasses the first paragraph, which fixes\\nthe peace effective force at 436,983 men\\nuntil April, 1S94. Vote, 16-12.\\nJune 27. Berlin. Gen. V. du Vernois,\\nminister of war, resigns.\\nThe Sultan cedes the Zanzibar coast\\nto Germany.\\nJune 30. Berlin. Herr Miguel, leader\\nof the National Liberals, is appointed\\nminister of finance.\\nJuly 1. Berlin. The Anglo-German\\nAgreement, concerning African pos-\\nsessions, is signed by Chancellor von\\nCaprivi and Dr. Krauel for Germany,\\nand Sir E. B. Malet and Sir Percy An-\\nderson for England.\\nJuly A second large expedition of\\n2,000 persons is sent to Africa to take\\npossession of German lands.\\nAug. 10. Emperor William arrives at\\nHeligoland, and takes possession.\\nAug. 22. Constantinople. A treaty of\\ncommerce between Turkey and Ger-\\nmany is signed.\\nSept. 13. Emperor William accepts the\\nextension of the Triple Alliance\\nTreaty to May, 1897.\\nOct. 3. A treaty is signed by Germany\\nand the Sultan of Zanzibar.\\nGermany obtains the coasting-trade\\nalong the east coast of Africa on pay-\\nment of 4,000,000 marks to the sultan.\\nOct. 6. Berlin. The appointment of\\nGen. von Kaltenborn Strachan as\\nminister of war is officially announced.\\nColonies are to be planted in South-\\nwest Africa, Morocco, and Tripoli.\\nDec. 5. Berlin. In the Reichstag the\\nCenter party moves to repeal the law\\nexcluding Jesuits from Germany.\\nDec. 8. Berlin. The hill providing for\\nthe defense of Heligoland passes its\\nthird reading in the Reichstag the So-\\ncialist members oppose it.\\nThe Government recognizes the Re-\\npublic of Brazil.\\n1891 Jan. 14. Berlin. An uproar is\\noccasioned in the Reichstag by Herr\\nHelldorf protesting against Herr Rich-\\nter s coarse and vulgar attack upon\\nPrince Bismarck.\\nJan. 22. Berlin. In the Reichstag a mo-\\ntion is made to repeal the prohibitions\\non American pork and bacon imports.\\n[Jan. 23. Defeated. Vote, 133-103. Sept.\\n3, Repealed.]\\nFeb. 28. Alsace-Lorraine. A decree by\\nthe governor announces that passport\\nregulations referring to Alsace-Lor-\\nraine will be carried out to the fullest\\nextent. [July 9. Relaxed.]\\nMar. 11. Berlin. The resignation of Dr.\\nvon Gossler, minister of public works, is\\naccepted. [The minister of public wor-\\nship also resigns.]\\nThe Reichstag rejects the petition to\\nadmit women to the liberal profes-\\nsions.\\nMar. 18. Berlin. Chancellor von Ca-\\nprivi removes the embargo placed upon\\nAmerican cattle landed at Hamburg.\\nApr. 6. Berlin. The Government de-\\ncides to withdraw its embargo against\\nAmerican pork.\\nApr. 30. Hanover. Bismarck is re-\\nturned to the Reichstag.\\nMay 3. The Austro-German commercial\\ntreaty is signed, to remain in force for\\n12 years from February, 1892.\\nMay 9. Berlin. The Reichstag passes\\nthe Sugar Bill, the Spirit Taxation\\nBill, the Koch Institute Endowment\\nBill, and adjourns to Nov. 11.\\nJune 11. Berlin. Herr Brandenburg,\\na member of the Center party in Ber-\\nsenbrueck, is elected to succeed Dr.\\nWindthorst in the Reichstag.\\nThe Russo-German treaty negotia-\\ntions are ruptured.\\nJune 20\u00c2\u00b1. A great Center European\\nCustoms League is formed by Ger-\\nmany, Austria, Hungary, Italy, and\\nSwitzerland.\\nJune 28. Berlin. Emperor William an-\\nnounces the renewal for six years of the\\ntriple defensive alliance of Germany,\\nAustro-Hungary, and Italy.\\nJuly 30. Berlin. The imperial budget\\nfor 1890-91 shows a surplus of 15,14S,201\\nmarks over the estimates.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1890 Feb. Hanover is made an Im-\\nperial capital residence.\\nMar. 7. Silesia. A meat famine oc-\\ncurs at Breslau. The law excludes\\nAmerican pork, and the native product\\nis insufficient.\\nMar. 26+. Berlin. Prince Bismarck\\nleaves Berlin permanently for his coun-\\ntry home at Friedrichsruhe.\\nMay 16. Bavaria. Thirty-six children\\nare drowned while returning from con-\\nfirmation at Ratisbon by the upsetting\\nof a ferryboat while crossing the Oder.\\nJune 21. Hesse. The 450th anniversary\\nof tbe invention of the art of printing\\ncommences at Mentz.\\nAug. 11. Rk. Prus. At Crefeld a house\\nfalls during a heavy storm, and 13 per-\\nsons are killed and 20 injured.\\nAug. 22. Berlin. Several cases of chol-\\nera appear.\\nNov. 1. Bremen. Within a week 11,-\\n000 Polish Jews arrive on their way\\nto Brazil.\\n1891 Jan. 3. Rli. Prus. Sixteen per-\\nsons are killed and 10 wounded by a coal-\\nshaft explosion near Diisseldorf.\\nJan. 25. Fifty-two persons are killed by\\na coal-mine explosion at Geleeiikir-\\nchen.\\nFeb. 5. Hamburg. A new Southwest\\nAfrican Company, with a capital of\\n20,000,000 marks, is formed.\\nMar. 31. Berlin. Influenza is preva-\\nlent. [Dec. 3.+ Epidemic]\\nAug. 12. Berlin. The action of the\\nRussian ukase in prohibiting the export\\nof rye causes a sensation rye bp comes\\ndearer than wheat.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0847.jp2"}, "848": {"fulltext": "836 1891, Sept. 21-1894, Dec. 15. GERMANY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1892 Apr. 7. Berlin. The Government\\ndecides to adopt the Maxim gun, and\\norders 180 for use in the navy.\\nOct. 24. Berlin. The peace effective of\\nthe army is fixed at 492,0GS, and its war\\nstrength reorganization is at 4,400,000.\\n1893 Aug. 3. Two officers and seven\\nmen are killed and 17 injured by an ex-\\nplosion on the war-ship Baden at Kiel.\\n1894 Sept. 30. Non-commissioned ar-\\ntillery officers (1S3) are arrested on the\\ncharge of anarchism.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1892 Jan. 5. Dr. Pfeiffer, son-in-law of\\nProf. Koch of Berlin, discovers the in-\\nfluenza bacillus, the smallest bacillus\\nyet discovered, also the original cause\\nof infection.\\n1893 May 1. Berlin. The standard\\ntime for the empire is fixed to longitude\\n15\u00c2\u00b0 east of Greenwich.\\nOct. 18. Bremen. A statue of Em-\\nperor William I. is unveiled by the\\nemperor.\\n1894 July 24. A monument to the\\nmemory of Field Marshal Von Bllicher\\nis inaugurated near Caub, where he\\ncrossed the Rhine into France on the\\nNew Year s night of 1S14.\\nSept. 4. E, Prus. Emperor William un-\\nveils a monument to the memory of his\\ngrandfather at Konigsberg. [Oct. 16.\\nAnother at Wiesbaden.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1891 Oct. 6. Charles I., King of Wiirtem-\\nberg, A68.\\n1892 Jan. 7. Brueke, Ernest W., physiol-\\nogist, A73.\\nJan. 26. Ludoviea, Duch. of Bavaria, A83.\\nMar. 13. Hesse, Cram I imkeof, A55.\\nApr. 19. Bodenstoilt, Frieilrx-h, poet, jour-\\nnalist, A73.\\nOct. 12. Buclier, Lothar, statesman, A75.\\nDec. 6. Siemens, Ernest W., electric, A76.\\n1893 Jan.* Ratibor, Duke of (House of\\nHohenlohe), A74.\\nApr. 16. Bismarck-S chier stein, Count\\nvon, Friedrich August Ludwig, councilor\\nof legation, A83.\\nMay 8. Adolphua George, Prince Schaum-\\nburg-Lippe, A76.\\nJune 5. Hefele, Charles Joseph von,\\nbishop of Koth- iiluirij, e.-rl. hist., A84.\\nAug, 22. Ernest II., Duke of Sase-C o-\\nburg-Gotha, A75.\\nDec. 16. Michelet, Karl L., phil., A92.\\n1894 Feb. 6. Billroth, Theodore, surgeon,\\nA63.\\nFeb. 12. Biilow, Hans Guido von, pianist,\\ncomposer, A64.\\nJuly 4:. Dillman, Christian F. A., theolo-\\ngian, orientalist, A71.\\nJuly 24. Brunn, Henry, archeologist, A72.\\nSept. 9. Helmholtz, Hermann L. F. von,\\nphysiologist, naiunil philosopher, A73.\\nNov. 21. Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach, Duke of,\\nA50.\\nCHURCH.\\n1893 Apr. 23. Borne. The Pope re-\\nceives the emperor and empress, and\\nhas a long interview with the emperor.\\nMay 9. Rome. Pope Leo receives 500\\nGerman Catholic pilgrims.\\nArchbishop Philip Krementz of Co-\\nlogne is made a cardinal priest.\\nPrus. George Kropp, archbishop of\\nBreslau, is consecrated a cardinal priest.\\nLETTERS.\\n1891* Haubenlerche, by Wildenbruch,\\nappears.\\nEinsame Menschen, by Gerhardt\\nHauptmann, appears.\\nSodom s Elide, by H. Sudermann, ap-\\npears.\\n*EineNeue Welt, by H. Bulthaup, ap-\\npears.\\nAus Eiserner Zeit, by Spielhagen,\\nappears.\\nDas Zweite Gesicht, by Oscar Bluinen-\\nthal, appears.\\nTino-Moralt, by Walter Siegfried, ap-\\npears.\\nSteinerne Gast, by Rudolph von Gott-\\nschall, appears.\\nLetzte Rottenburgern, by Louise von\\nFrancois, appears.\\nGeschichfi der Pdpste der Renaissance,\\nby Ludwig Pastor, appears.\\n1892 Romischen Vignetten, by Marie\\nEugenie dell Grazie, appears.\\nSeitab vom Wege, by Hans Hoffmann,\\nappears.\\nJenseifs von Gu t und Base, by Friedrich\\nNietzsche, appears.\\nHeimat, by Hermann Sudermann, ap-\\npears.\\nDer Meister von Palmyra, by Adolf\\nWilbrandt, appears.\\nMerlin, by Paul Heyse, appears.\\nSonntags kind, by Spielhagen, appears.\\n1893* Hannelle Mattern s Himmel-\\nfahrl, by Gerhardt Hauptmann, appears.\\nNew Poems, by Hermann Hango, ap-\\npears.\\nPoems, by D. Saul, appears.\\nErster Friihling, by Maurice Reinhold\\nvon Stern, appears.\\nVestigia Leonis, by Richard Nord-\\nhausen, appears.\\nGldnzendes Elend, by Hans Hopfen,\\nappears.\\nMelusine, by Paul Heyse, appears.\\nGeschiclite der Malen i im 7i :u7izeknten\\nJahrhundert, by Richard Muther, ap-\\npears.\\n1894 Robespierre, by Marie Eugenie\\ndelle Grazie, appears.\\nFaust und Prometheus, by Hermann\\nHango, appears.\\nThe SchmettrrliugssrJiackt, by Suder-\\nmann, appears also Es war.\\nStumme des Himmels, by Spielhagen,\\nappears.\\nDonna Lionarda, by Paul Heyse, ap-\\npears.\\nDer Ring des Frangipani, by Henry\\nThode, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1891 Sept. 21. Pr. Saxony. The Con-\\ngress of Naturalists and Physicians,\\nconsisting of 1,215 delegates, including\\n280 women, opens at Halle.\\n1892 Feb. 1. The police arrest 20 An-\\narchists.\\nMar. 4. IF. Prus. A riot occurs in Dan-\\nzig, the rioters looting simps and wagons.\\nJune 21. Vienna. Count Herbert Bis-\\nmarck and Countess Margarethe Hoyes\\nare married.\\nNov. 1. Berlin. The Arbeit er Zeitung an\\nAnarchist newspaper, is suppressed.\\n1893 Jan. 8. Rh. Prus. An attempt is\\nmade near Iiouplc to blow up the Cologne\\nexpress with a dynamite bomb.\\nJan. 10. Prus. Princess Marie of Edin-\\nburgh and Prince Ferdinand are mar-\\nried at Sigmaringen.\\nJan. 25. Berlin. Emperor William s\\nsister Priin css Margaret is married to\\nPrince Frederick Charles of Hesse.\\nOct. 23. Rh. Prus. The National Con-\\ngress of Social Democrats opens at\\nCologne.\\nNov. 6. Berlin. The Emperor Wil-\\nliam issues an edict against gambling;\\nin the army.\\nNov. 27. Berlin. Chancellor von Ca-\\nprivi receives at his official residence a\\nbos containing an infernal machine.\\n[Nov. 28. Another is sent to the Em-\\nperor William both are from Orleans,\\nFrance.]\\nDec. 11. Berlin. Two persons are in-\\njured by an infernal machine.\\n1894 Jan. 26. Berlin. Prince Bis-\\nmarck is received with tremendous pop-\\nular enthusiasm the emperor greets\\nhim with great warmth, and pays him\\nnotable honors.\\nFeb. 19. Emperor William visits Prince\\nBismarck at Friedrichsruhe.\\nMar. 25. Emperor William decrees that\\nthe 25th anniversary of Sedan Day\\nshall be celebrated by the creation of a\\nnew order, to be called The Veterans\\nof 1870, the medals to be worn only by\\nsoldiers who fought at the front.\\nApr. 19. The marriage of the Grand\\nDuke of Hesse and Princess Victoria\\nMelita of Saxe-Coburg takes place at\\nCoburg.\\nJune 22. Emperor William causes the\\narrest of Imperial Chamberlain Von\\nKotze for sending scandalous anony-\\nmous letters through the mails.\\nOct. 21. The German-Socialist Con-\\ngress opens at Frankfort-on-the-Main.\\nOct. 28. Berlin. The Sunday closing\\nlaw is strictly enforced many trades\\nwhich did their best business on Sunday\\nhave suffered heavy losses.\\nOct. 29. Emperor William confers dec-\\norations upon Gen. von Caprivi and\\nCount Eulenburg.\\nSTATE.\\n1891 Nov. 5. Berlin. An official de-\\ncree is issued permitting the importation\\nof American and British cattle into\\nGermany.\\nDec. 1. Berlin. The German posses-\\nsions in Southwest Africa are sold to a\\nsyndicate for 3,750,000 marks.\\nDec. 18. Berlin. The Reichstag adopts\\nthe commercial treaties with Alistro-\\nHungary, Italy, and Belgium.\\n1892 Jan. 23 Active opposition to\\nthe emperor s Sectarian Education\\nBill arises throughout the empire.\\nFeb. 10. Berlin. In the Reichstag the\\nCenter withdraws its demand that the\\nJesuits should be allowed to return.\\nMar. 1. Berlin. Chancellor von Ca-\\nprivi is defeated in the Reichstag on\\nnaval estimates.\\nMar. 21. Berlin. Count von Zedlitz s\\nresignation from the Cabinet is accepted.\\nfMar. 24. Dr. von Posse succeeds him.]\\nMar. 23. Berlin. Count Eulenberg ac-\\ncepts the premiership.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0848.jp2"}, "849": {"fulltext": "GERMANY. 1891, Sept. 21-1894, Dec. 15. 837\\nApr. 1. Berlin. The Lower House of\\nthe Landtag passes the Guelph Fund\\nBill.\\nMay 16. Berlin. The Government\\nagrees to take part in the International\\nSilver Conference.\\nAug. 9. Herr Herrfuth, minister of the\\ninterior, resigns.\\nSept. 24. Berlin. The Federal author-\\nities yield assent to the proposition for\\ntwo years service in the army.\\nSept. 29. Berlin. The Social Demo-\\ncrats win in the municipal elections.\\nDec. 6. Berlin. The majority of the\\nmembers of the Center of the Reichstag\\nvote to support the Army Bill.\\nIt fixes the strength of the peace effec-\\ntive at 492,068 men, the war strength at\\n4,400,000 the time of service is generally\\nreduced to two years.\\nDec. 12. Berlin. In the Reichstag Chan-\\ncellor von Caprivi announces that Ger-\\nmany will adhere to the gold standard.\\n1893 Feb. 18. Popular agitation in\\nfavor of the Army Bill is increasing.\\nMar. 17. Berlin. The Reichstag Com-\\nmittee rejects the second reading of the\\nArmy Bill, and adjourns till after\\nEaster.\\nMay 6. Berlin. The Army Bill i: re-\\njected. Voted, 210-102. The emperor\\ndissolves the Reichstag Chancellor von\\nCaprivi goes to Potsdam to tender his\\nresignation new elections are appointed\\nto be held June 15.\\nMay 23. The Center party declares\\nagainst the Army Bill.\\nJuly 4. Berlin. The new Reichstag is\\nopened by Emperor William, who urges\\nthe importance of passing the Army\\nBill immediately.\\nJuly 7. Berlin. Chancellor von Caprivi\\nintroduces the amended Army Bill in\\nthe Reichstag.\\nJuly 13. Berlin. The first article of the\\nArmy Bill, fixing for two years the\\npeace effective at 479,229 men, is passed\\nby the Reichstag by a vote of 198 to 187.\\nJuly 15. Berlin. The Army Bill is\\npassed by the Reichstag by a vote of\\n200-183, in the fullest house ever known.\\nJuly 28. Berlin. The Federal Council\\nresolves to increase the duties on im-\\nports from Russia 50 per cent.\\nAug. 22. Saxe Coburg Gotha. Duke\\nErnst dies he left no children, and the\\nDuke of Edinburgh, the second son of\\nQueen Victoria, is formally recognized\\nas the ruler of the duchy.\\nSept. 8. Berlin. Emperor William or-\\nders that all the exceptional laws en-\\nforced in Alsace and Lorraine since\\nthe war shall be abolished.\\nSept. 19. Berlin. Emperor William ap-\\npoints Gen. Brousart Schellendorf as\\nminister of war in place of Gen. von\\nKaltenborn-Strachan, resigned.\\nChancellor von Caprivi and the papal\\nnuncio agree, if the Centrists will sup-\\nport the Government, concessions will\\nbe granted on the educational ques-\\ntion, and the Catholic orders will be\\nreadmitted into Germany.\\nOct. 23. Bit. Prus. The National Con-\\ngress of Socialists opens in Cologne.\\nDec. 1. Berlin. The Reichstag votes, by\\na majority of 37, to revoke the decree\\nexpelling the Jesuits from Germany.\\n1894 Jan. 16. Bavaria. The Upper\\nHouse decides to depose the insane\\nKing Otho, and transfer the crown to\\nPrince Luitpold, the regent and heir\\npresumptive.\\nMar. 10. Berlin. The Reichstag adopts\\nthe first part of the Kusso-German\\nTreaty. Vote, 200-146.\\nApr. 16. Berlin. The bill permitting\\nthe Jesuits to return passes its third\\nreading in the Reichstag. Vote, 168-145.\\nApr. 19. Berlin. The Reichstag passes\\nthe Bourse Taxation BUI.\\nJune 6. The German Imperial Silver\\nCommission adjourns without having\\nagreed on any solution of the silver\\nproblem.\\nJune 8. Berlin. Dr. Lieber, leader of\\nthe Clerical party, resigns from the\\nReichstag.\\nJuly 9. Berlin. The Bundesrath rejects\\nthe bill passed by the Reichstag to re-\\npeal the anti-Jesuit laws, but approves\\nthe admission of the Redemptorists.\\nJuly 12. Germany declares a tariff war\\nagainst Spain.\\nSept. 25+. Berlin. Chancellor von Ca-\\nprivi no longer opposes severe repressive\\nmeasures against Anarchists and So-\\ncialists.\\nOct. 14. Germany rejects England s pro-\\nposals to join the powers in intervention\\nin the China- Japanese war.\\nOct. 26. Berlin. Chancellor von Ca-\\nprivi resigns his office, and Count\\nBotho zu Eulenberg resigns as presi-\\ndent of the Council.\\nPrince von Hohenlohe-Schillings-\\nfiirst is appointed imperial chancellor,\\nalso premier of Prussia.\\nNov. 7. Germany formally recognizes\\nthe Hawaiian Republic.\\nNov. 14. Berlin. The anti-Anar-\\nchist Bill is introduced in the Bundes-\\nrath it is drastic in its provisions.\\nDee. 6. Berlin. An exciting scene oc-\\ncurs in the Reichstag, caused by the\\nrefusal of the Socialists to cheer for the\\nemperor.\\nDec. 10. Berlin. Baron von Ber-\\nlespsch, minister of commerce, tenders\\nhis resignation because the Ministry re-\\njects bills he drafted.\\nDec. 14. Berlin. The Anti-Kevolu-\\ntionist Bill is introduced in the German\\nReichstag.\\nDec. 15. Berlin. The Reichstag rejects\\nthe Government s proposal to prose-\\ncute the Socialists for lese-majesty.\\nVote, 168-58.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1892 Feb. 13. Afr. The German col-\\nonization of New Guinea is a complete\\nfailure.\\nAug. 13. Berlin. Emperor William has\\nwithdrawn all official support to the\\nproposed Berlin exposition.\\nAug. 23. Hamburg. The authorities\\nacknowledge the presence of Asiatic\\ncholera.\\nAug. 29. Cholera appears at Bremen\\nthere is an apparent abatement in Ham-\\nburg.\\nAug. 31. Hamburg. The cholera is\\nbecoming worse. [Sept. 2. There are\\nupwards of 600 new cases of cholera.\\nSept. 6. Cholera cases increase. Sept.\\n14. Total cases of cholera from Aug.\\n17 to this day amount to 15,663, of which\\n6,764 proved fatal the House of Bur-\\ngesses appeals to the Senate for a grant\\nof 1,000,000 marks for relief purposes.]\\nSept. 29. New cases of cholera are re-\\nported in Berlin the disease is decreas-\\ning in Hamburg. [Oct. 9. Only two\\nnew cases at Hamburg.]\\nOct. 1. Berlin. The private bank of\\nSchultz fails, with liabilities amount-\\ning to 30,000,000 marks.\\nOct. 4. Berlin. In the long-distance\\nride between Berlin and Vienna, Lieut.\\nMiklos (Austrian) and horse arrive first\\nat Berlin, and Prince Leopold (German)\\nand horse arrive first at Florisdorf.\\nOct. 17. Hamburg. The official figures\\nshow that there have been 17,%ii eases\\nand 7,508 deaths from cholera in Ham-\\nburg. [Oct. 18, eight; Oct. 19, 11: Oct.\\n25, 25 Oct. 26, 6 Oct. 28, seven Nov. 2,\\nnone.]\\nNov. 2. Hamburg is officially declared\\nto be free from cholera.\\nDec. 3. The steamer Spree is heard from\\nshe had broken her shaft when 1,000\\nmiles out, and was towed into Queens-\\ntown by the steamer Lake Huron.\\nDec. 15. Hamburg. In one week 28\\ncases of cholera occur with two deaths.\\n(Dec. 16, new cases Dec. 22, four\\nDec. 25, new cases Dec. 27, two deaths\\nDec. 29, two cases Dec. 30, seven cases.]\\n1893 Jan. 1. W. Prus. Several per-\\nsons are frozen to death at Thorn and\\nother places on the Vistula.\\nJan. 18. Pr. Saxony. Seven deaths from\\ncholera are reported in the lunatic\\nasylum at Halle.\\nJan. 21. Seventeen new cases of cholera\\nare reported at the Neitleben Lunatic\\nAsylum. [Jan. 29. Four new cases at\\nAltona one death at Hamburg.]\\nJan. 28. Berlin. A fire causes a loss of\\ntwo million marks.\\nApr. 18. Prus. A fire in the Hohen-\\nzollern Palace at Siyinaringen destroys\\nmany works of art.\\nJune 18. Fr. The bodies of Prussians\\nwho fell at Stall in 1870 are delivered\\nby French to German troops, and taken\\nacross for reburial.\\nAug. 15. Berlin. Cholera appears.\\nAug. 19. Explosions in two coal-pits\\nkill 57 miners, and wound many others.\\nAug. 27. The business depression con-\\nsequent upon the tariff war between\\nGermany and Russia is increasing.\\nSept. 7. The authorities officially pro-\\nclaim the Rhine to be infected with\\ncholera, and bathing in it has been for-\\nbidden.\\nSept. 10. Four new cases of cholera\\nare discovered in Berlin. [Sept. 20, 10;\\nSept. 21, three Sept. 23, 14 cases Sept.\\n30, three deaths.]\\nOct. 1. Three new cases of cholera and\\none death are reported in Hamburg.\\nOct. 10. A policeman and a sanitary\\nofficial are killed in a cholera riot in\\nSt. Paul, a suburb of Hamburg.\\nOct. 14. Berlin reports eight cases of\\ncholera with five deaths.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0849.jp2"}, "850": {"fulltext": "838 1862, **-l894, Oct. 30. GERMAN EAST AFRICA.\\nGerman East Africa is a dependency of the empire, lying near the equatorial region, between the Indian Ocean and the\\nGreat Lakes its government is administered by an Imperial officer. Area, 3SO,000\u00c2\u00b1 square miles population, 1,760,000+.\\nEXPLORATION ARMY STATE.\\n1866 Mar. 22. David Livingstone\\nascends the Rovuma River. [1SG9. Mar.\\n14. Livingstone reaches Ujiji, a ruckle\\nof bones. 1871. Oct 13. He returns to\\nUjiji. Oct. IS. H. M. Stanley, thecorre-\\nspondentof the New York Herald, finds\\nLivingstone at Ujiji. 1871-72. They ex-\\nplore the north end of Lake Tangan-\\nyika. 1S72. Mar. 15. They part at Un-\\nyanyembe. Aug. 15. Livingstone leaves\\nUnyanyembe for Lake Bangweolo. 1874.\\nHe visits Lake Tanganyika\\n1867 Lake Tanganyika is discov-\\nered by John H. Speke.\\n1887 Lieut. Wissmann arrives at\\nZanzibar after crossing the continent.\\n18S8 The German East African\\nCompany acquire from the Sultan of\\nZanzibar a lease of the coast for 50\\nyears, with rights to all duties and tolls.\\nThis territory, with other concessions in\\nMasai-land, constitutes a protectorate.\\nJan. 12. The natives under Bushiri.,\\nthe Arab chief, attack the German mis-\\nsion-station at Dar-es-Salaam, near Bag-\\namoyo, but are repulsed with heavy loss.\\n[They capture and reenslave 100\u00c2\u00b1 freed\\nnatives German missionaries are cap-\\ntured. Jan.22+. The fighting continues;\\nthe Arabs demand that the Germans\\nevacuate the coast. Jan. 25. The Arabs\\nare defeated.]\\nJan. 21\u00c2\u00b1. Berlin. Lieut. Wissmann is\\nappointed Imperial Commissioner for\\nGerman East Africa. [Apr. 6. Assumes\\ncommand.]\\n3Teb. 8. Complete anarchy prevails\\nalong the coast.\\nThe Catholic missionaries are released\\nby Bushiri on payment of a ransom of\\n0,000 marks by the Germans.\\nMar. 3. The Germans recapture Baga-\\nmoyo.\\nMar. 6. Capt. Wissmann punishes the\\nKibosh tribe.\\nMar. 10. H. M. Stanley meets Tippoo\\nTib at Ujiji.\\nMar. 22. A German force attacks Saa-\\ndaui. [Mar. 28. They burn KondutchL]\\nMay 10. Capt. Wissmann captures\\nChief Bushiii s camp. [June 7. He de-\\nfeats the Arabs.]\\n1889 June 1. Germans proclaim war\\nagainst the revolting natives north of\\nJuly 9. Capt. Wissmann attacks the\\nArabs with gunboats, and occupies\\nPangani without loss. [July 10. Shells\\nand takes Tanga.]\\nSept. 6. Capt. Wissmann with 400 men\\nstarts for Mpwapwa to punish Bushiri\\nfor killing Officer Nielsen of the East\\nAfrican Company.\\nSept. 11. Capt. Wissmann offers \u00c2\u00a35,000\\nreward for the head of Chief Bushiri, he\\nhaving threatened to destroy the mis-\\nsions in the interior. [Oct. 22. Bushiri s\\ncamp is surprised by a German force.\\nOct. 26. Capt. Wissmann defeats Bushiri.\\nDec. 10. Again defeated. Dec. 17. Bu-\\nshiri is captured and hanged.]\\nOct. 27. Vitu is captured and burned.\\n~Nov. 4. Capt. Wissmann s expedition\\nencounters 6,000 Bushiri, and repulses\\nthe natives, who suffer great loss.\\nNov. 12. The New York Herald sends\\nan expedition, escorted by Capt. Wiss-\\nmann, to meet Henry M. Stanley.\\nDec. 4. Stanley and Emin Pasha arrive\\nat Bagamoyo from Central Africa.\\n1890 Jan. 6\u00c2\u00b1. Capt. Wissmann routs\\nthe Arabs, and captures/ one of their\\nstrongholds.\\nJan. 16. Thousands of Arabs accept the\\nGerman offer of amnesty, and come to\\nthe coast at Zanzibar.\\nApr. 2. Emin Pasha arrives at Zanzi-\\nbar.\\nApr. 7\u00c2\u00b1. The German flag is raised in\\nthe territories of the Sultan of Man-\\ndara, following the mission of Lieut.\\nEhlers.\\nApr. 30. Capt. Wissmann leaves Baga-\\nmoyo with a large force to attack Kil-\\nwa. [May 4. Bombards and occupies\\nthe town. May 13. He captures Lind.]\\nMay 14. Capt. Wissmann captures Mi-\\nkindani this places the whole coast as\\nfar as Zanzibar in the hands of the\\nGermans.\\nMay 26. Capt. Wissmann leaves Zan-\\nzibar for Europe. [June 23. Arrives at\\nBerlin.]\\nJune 27. The Sultan of Zanzibar con-\\nsents to cede the coast to Germany.\\n[July 3. Dr. Peters arrives at Usugara.\\nJuly 22. He leaves Zanzibar for Europe.]\\nAug. 11. The Sultan s army is defeated\\nby rebel Arabs. [Aug. 20. Defeats the\\nrebel Arabs at Zemmour.]\\nAug. 13. Slaves are reported to be sold\\non German territory without abatement.\\nSept. 29. Herr Von Soden is ap-\\npointed governor of German East Africa.\\nOct. 3. The Sultan of Zanzibar by treaty\\nsurrenders to Germany for si.iinn.uni)\\nhis sovereign rights over that portion\\nof theEast African oast which is leased\\nto the German East African Company.\\n[Oct, 8. The Company purchase the\\nwhole property of the Vitu Company.]\\nNov. 19. The Sultan of Vitu raids the\\nGerman outposts, and is repulsed with\\nheavy loss.\\n1891 Jan. 1. The German flag is\\nformally raised at various points on the\\nZanzibar Coast, to mark its acquisition.\\nJan. 9. Emin Pasha establishes a for-\\ntified station on the shore of the Victo-\\nria Nyanza.\\nJan. 31. Peace is declared in Zanzibar.\\nMay 16. The German government noti-\\nfies the powers that Dar-es-Salaam -will\\nbe the capital of the German colonies\\nin East Africa.\\nSept. 12. A German force defeats the\\nnatives, but loses 300 men, and all their\\nguns and ammunition only two non-\\ncommissioned officers escape.\\nDec. 1. The German possessions in\\nSoutheast Africa are sold to a syndicate\\nfor 3,750,000 marks.\\n1892 Oct. 17. The Wahehe tribe at-\\ntack the German station at Mpwapwa j\\nmany residents are killed or wounded.\\n1893 Mar. 14. AGermanforcedefeata\\nhostile natives, killing Sikki, the leader,\\nand a number of his followers. [Aug.\\n29. An African fortified camp is\\nstormed.]\\n1894 Oct. 30 A German force storms\\nand captures Kuiranga, the capital of\\nthe Wahehe country.\\nCHURCH SOCIETY.\\n1862* *The Universities Mission at\\nMagomero, on Lake Shirwa, is moved\\nto the mainland opposite Zanzibar.\\n1869 Magila, opposite Zanzibar, be-\\ncomes a mission-station of Bishop Tozer.\\n[1S75 It becomes a mission-station of\\nthe Universities Mission.]\\n1878 Ujiji becomes a mission-station\\nof the London Society. [1S79, Uram-\\nbo 1887, Fwambo, near Lake Tangan-\\nyika.]\\n1882 The Moslems of Magil a in Usam-\\nbara close their mosques, and become\\nChristians.\\n1889 Jan. 17. Arab slave-dealers kill\\neight German missionaries in Zanzibar,\\nand mutilate their bodies they sell as\\nslaves the native inmates of German\\nmission-premises at Tugu, 15 miles from\\nDar-es-Salaam.\\nJan. 29. An English missionary and 1$\\nof his followers are massacred by na-\\ntives.\\nFeb. 27. The German missionaries held\\ncaptive by the Arabs are liberated.\\nSept. 28. Capt. Wissmann reports that\\nexportation of slaves in his territory\\nhas stopped.\\nOct. 30. A missionary party is massa-\\ncred.\\n1890 Mar. 24=. The German authori-\\nties hang a slave-dealer at Bagamoyo.\\nSept. 14. The German authorities at\\nBagamoyo publish a notice permitting\\nslave-deabng, but prohibiting the ex-\\nportation of slaves by sea.\\nSept. 22. A German merchant at Vitu\\nand seven German employees are mas-\\nsacred by natives.\\n*The English Church Missionary Soci-\\nety has a missionary station ISO miles\\ninland, in the Uguru district another\\n(Mpwapwa) 40 miles farther, in Usu-\\ngara, and another (UyuiJ in the district\\nof Unyanyembe.\\nMbweni, on the Zanzibar coast, is a\\nvillage of 300 released slaves, with per-\\nmanent church, domestic! chapel, work-\\nshop, traction-engine, lime-kiln, etc.\\n1891 May 22. Arab slave-raids are\\nfrequent on the shores of Lake Tangan-\\nyika.\\nDee. 16. Great cruelty is practised by\\nslave-traders near Lake Tanganyika\\nfrom 10 to 20 slaves are killed daily\\nwhen they become exhausted by the\\nmarch.\\nGERMAN SOUTH-WEST AFRICA.\\nGerman Sotjth-tvest Africa is a dependency of the empire, and comprises a territory bordering the Atlantic, and\\nextending from the Orange to the Kunene Rivers. Area, 330,000 square miles population, about 150,000, of these 600 are\\nwhites. Walfish Bay on the coast belongs to Great Britain.\\n1884 Tbe German flag is hoisted on\\nland purchased around Angra Pequefia,\\nby F. A. S. Liideritz. 1885* Here-\\nroland is annexed by treaty. 1886\\nPortugal recognizes the boundaries. daries. 1893\\n1838 Hereroland is given up. 1889 civilized chief,\\nHereroland is regained by force. Germans.\\n1890 England recognizes the boun-\\nfc Henric Witboy, the\\ns at last defeated by the", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0850.jp2"}, "851": {"fulltext": "GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 2048b.c.-150a.d. 839\\nGreat Britain and Ireland is a country of Western Europe, and classed as one of the great powers. The government\\nis an hereditary constitutional monarchy, having the executive authority lodged -with the sovereign and a responsible ministry.\\nThe legislature consists of a Parliament of two houses the House of Lords having about 5G0 members, and the House of Com-\\nmons, 670 members.\\nThe principal colonies and foreign possessions are Gibraltar, Malta, Aden, and Perim, and a protectorate along the Somali\\nCoast, Bahrein Islands, British North Borneo including Brunei and Sarawak, Ceylon, Cyprus, Hongkong, India and its depen-\\ndencies, Kamaran Island, Labuan, Straits Settlements, Ascension Island, Basutoland, Bechuanaland, Cape Colony, Mauritius,\\nBritish East Africa, Natal, Niger River Territories, British Zambesia, Oil Rivers Protectorate, Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha,\\nGold Coast, Lagos, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Zanzibar, Zululand, Bermudas, Canada, Newfoundland, Falkland Islands, British Gui-\\nana, British Honduras, Islands in the West Indies including the Bahamas, Barbados, Jamaica, Windward Islands, Leeward\\nIslands, and Trinidad Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, Queensland, Western Australia, New Zealand,\\nBritish New Guinea also many groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean, including Fiji, Cook s Islands, Union, Phoenix, and Gil-\\nbert Islands Heligoland in the North Sea is ceded to Germany in 1890.\\nArea of the United Kingdom, 120,979 square miles population in 1891, 38,104,975. Total area of the empire and its protecto-\\nrates and spheres of influence, 11,421,100 square miles estimated population, about 381,404,960.\\nNote. All items not having a locality word following the date are located in England. Scotland, Ireland, and Wales are designated by\\nabbreviations. Many of the very early dates are of doubtful value.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n55 Aug. 26 b. c. Julius Caesar in-\\nvades Britain, and encamps [on Barham\\nDowns near Deal]. [54. Again invades\\nit.]\\n54 b. c. Cassivelaunus leads the\\nBritons against Caesar, and is defeated.\\n40* *A. d. The Roman Emperor Calig-\\nula leads a mock invasion.\\nWar between the Eomans and\\nBritons.\\n43 The Emperor Claudius lands an\\nexpedition in Britain, parades 16 days,\\nthen [44] returns to Rome, assumes the\\ntitle Britannicus, and is worshiped as\\na god.\\n45 [Gloucester] submits to the Ro-\\nmans.\\n50* Battle of Shropshire. The Brit-\\nons are defeated by the Roman general,\\nOstorius Scapula.\\nCaractacus, King of the Silures, is\\ntaken prisoner, through the treachery of\\nCartismandua, Queen of the Brigantes.\\nW, The Silures of South Wales\\nmaintain an obstinate resistance to the\\nRomans\\n58 Suetonius Paulinus commands\\nthe Romans.\\n61 Britons under Boadicea revolt,\\nburn London, and kill 70,000 Romans\\nand strangers.\\nPaulinus subdues the revolting\\nDruids.\\n78 Julius Agricola commands the\\nRomans.\\nHe defeats and subdues the Britons in\\nAnglesey, and completes the conquest of\\nBritain.\\n79 Romans establish a military sta-\\ntion at Mancenion [Manchester], a\\nstronghold of the Brigantes.\\n81 Agricola builds forts between the\\nTyne and Solway to protect Britain\\nagainst invasion from Caledonia.\\n84 Scot. Agricola defeats Caledoni-\\nans under Galgacus in the battle of the\\nGrampians.\\nAgricola builds a line of forts from\\nthe Forth to the Clyde, and sends a\\nfleet around the north of Scotland for\\nthe first time.\\n121* The Emperor Hadrian builds a\\nrampart from the Tyne to the Solway.\\n138 The Caledonians invade Britain\\nand are repelled. Antoninus Pius\\ncommands the Romans.\\n140 Lollius Urbicus, lieutenant of\\nAntoninus, strengthens by a turf ram-\\npart, called Wall of Antoninus, the\\nline of forts between the Clyde and the\\nForth.\\n150\u00c2\u00b1 Ire. Tuathal organizes a\\nstanding army [afterwards known as\\nthe Fiann, or Fenians].\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\n50 b. c. 250 a. d. London. Gothic\\narchitecture appears in St. Martin s\\nChurch, Canterbury.\\n15* b. c. London. The London\\nStone, fixed by the Romans, is placed\\n[in Cannon Street] in the center of the\\ncity. [1742. Removed from the oppo-\\nsite side of the way. 1798. Placed in\\nthe wall of St. Swithin s Church.]\\n84 A. d. A Roman fleet sails round\\nthe north coast, and discovers Britain\\nto be an island.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n62 Boadicea, Queen of the Iceni, dies.\\nThe people\\nlive chiefly\\nclothed in skins, and\\naiilk and flesh.\\n78-84 A. D. Civilization makes rapid\\nprogress under the mild rulo of Agri-\\ncola.\\n2048* b. c. Ire. Partholan, coming\\nfrom Greece, lands in the island.\\n1463* b. c. The Darnnonii make their\\ndescent.\\n1300*\\nIre,\\nappear\\nCHURCH.\\n54* *B. c. The Druids serve the people\\nas ministers of sacred things, teachers\\nof the young, and arbiters and judges.\\nThe Druids offer up criminals in\\nsacrifice to deity.\\n1st Century. A. D. St. Paul preaches in\\nBritain. [Affirmed by some authorities,\\nbut without positive proof.]\\nIre. Christianity is introduced\\nfrom the East.\\nLETTERS.\\n1300+ B.C. Scot. Ire. Acolonyfrom\\nSpain introduces Phenician letters.\\nSOCIETY.\\n54** B.C. The population is very\\ngreat, and the buildings very nume-\\nrous. (Caesar.)\\nThe Equestrian Order and the Dru-\\nids possess the power and privileges.\\nHerber and Here-\\nMilesian princes, come from\\nSpain, and conquer the island.\\n1000+: b. c. Phenicians\\nfrom Western Asia.\\n330 b. c. Scot. Camelon, King of the\\nPicts, builds the castle of the Hill of\\nEdin [Edinburgh].\\nb. c. Scot. The monarchy is\\nfounded by Fergus, an Irish prince.\\n140 b. c. Scot. The southern lands\\nare settled by Picts from England.\\n54 b. c. [London] is the capital of\\nof the Trinobantes.\\nb. c. Roman rule begins under Ju-\\nlius Csesar.\\n4-24 A.i). Ire. Fearnidhanh-Fionfacht-\\nnath reigns. [24-27, Fiachadh-Fion\\n127-54, Fiaehadh-FionohtidlM?); 54-\\n59, Cairbre-Cincait 50-79, Elim 79-\\n109, Tuathal-Teachtmar. He imposes\\nthe boiroimhe, or cow tribute, on the\\nprovince of Leinster. 109-113, Malor\\nMail 113-122, Feidhlimhidh 122-125,\\nCathoire Mor, or the Great 125-145,\\nConn Ceadchadhach, the Hero of the\\nHundred Battles; 145-152, Condir\\n152-182, Art-Aonfhir 182-212, Lughaidh\\n(MacConn) 212-213, Fergus the Black\\nTeeth.]\\nRome. Claudius Britannicus is em-\\nperor. [58, Suetonius Paulinus SI, Duinit ian\\n117, Hadrian; 138, .Inly 10, Antoninus Pius;\\n161, Marcus Aurelius; I HO, Commortus; 193,\\nPertinax, (three months) later, SeptimuB\\nSeverus. j\\nCaractacus is leader of the native\\nBritons.\\n41\\n61 Boadicea is queen of the Iceni.\\nLondinum [London] is a large town.\\n70 Scot. Perth is founded by Agri-\\ncola [capital].\\n78 Agricola, the Roman consul, rules.\\nMany Roman towns are built. [84.\\nRecalled.]\\n120 Hadrian is in Britain.\\n140 Ire. Ashcled [Dublin] is built,\\nand becomes the capital.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0851.jp2"}, "852": {"fulltext": "840\\n156,**-580,\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n184 Scot. TXlpius Marcellus drives\\nback invading bands of Caledonians.\\n207 Soutb Britain is invaded by tbe\\nCaledonians.\\n208 The Emperor Severus arrives\\nin Britain advances north, and strength-\\nens Hadrian s rampart by [the Wall of\\nSeverus], 80 miles long.\\n209 Severus advances to tbe Moray\\nFirth, and repels tbe Caledonians.\\n258 Scot. The Scots from Ireland\\ninvade Caledonia.\\n296 The usurper AUectus is defeated\\nand slain by the Romans under Asclepi-\\nodotus.\\n367 The Roman general, Theodosius,\\ndefeats the Saxons on the sea, in their\\nfirst attempt to invade Britain.\\n368 Picts and Scots devastate the\\ncountry, and approach London, but are\\ndriven back by Theodosius.\\n406 The 20th Roman legion, Vale-\\nria Victrix, evacuates [Chester].\\n410 The Romans finally retire from\\nBritain.\\n429 Eugenius EL of Scotland invades\\nBritain.\\n446 The Britons invoke the aid of the\\nRomans against invading Picts; but\\nthey are struggling with the Goths, and\\ndecline to assist tbe Britons.\\n449 The Saxons are invited to dwell\\nin Thanet [Kent] to fight the invading\\nPicts they come, and the Angles follow.\\n455 Horsa the Teuton is killed in\\nbattle at Aylesford.\\n465 The Britons are defeated at Wip-\\npidsfieet by the English, tbe new in-\\nvaders, under Ilengist: and their power\\nis overthrown in Northern Kent.\\n473 Lymne in Kent is taken by the\\nEnglish.\\n480 Kent is won by the English after\\na struggle of 30 years.\\n483 Ire. King Oilioll is defeated\\nand killed at Ocha.\\n491 The South Saxons under JElle\\nand Cissa storm Anderida [Pevensey],\\nexterminate the inhabitants, and estab-\\nlish the kingdom of tbe South Saxons.\\n495 A Saxon tribe called Gewissas\\nenters the great down, or Gwent, to take\\n[Winchester].\\n519 The Britons are defeated by Cer-\\ndic the Saxon at Carford.\\nW. David orders his soldiers to place\\na leek in their caps, in honor of King\\nArthur s great victory over the Saxons.\\n[It becomes the national emblem.]\\n520 Tbe Saxons are defeated by\\nPrince Arthur at Badon Hill.\\n534-556 Cymric, a West Saxon king,\\nconquers [Berkshire].\\n542 Prince Arthur is defeated and\\nkilled at Comlan [Cornwall].\\n568 The first recorded fight in Britain\\nof Englishmen against Englishmen\\noccurs at Wibbandun [Wimbledon]\\nEthelbert, King of Kent, is defeated by\\nCeawlin, King of Wessex.\\n577 The English under Ceawlin de-\\nfeat the British kings at Deorham, cap-\\nture [Bath, Gloucester, and Cirencester].\\nAlmost incessant wars continue\\nfor 100 years between pagans and Chris-\\ntians.\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n245 Many thousand acres in Lincoln-\\nshire are inundated by the sea.\\n253 An inundation in Cheshire\\ncauses the loss of 3,000 lives and many\\ncattle.\\n300 The country abounds in grain-\\nfields and pastures.\\nThe tin-mines of Cornwall, the lead-\\nmines of Derbyshire, and the iron-mines\\nof Birmingham are worked by the Ro-\\n5th Century. Aurelius Ambrosius erects\\nan [alleged] sepulchral monument called\\nStonehenge, on Salisbury Plain, Wilt-\\nshire, to the memory of 460 Britons mur-\\ndered by Hengist.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n311 Severus, Lucius Septimius, emperor,\\ndies at York, A65.\\n282 Fingal, legendary prince of Morven,\\nCaledonia, born.\\n293* Carausins, usurper, murdered.\\n3d Century. Ossian, Celtic bard.\\n357 Fergus I., Kini; of Scotland., dies.\\n373 Patrick.. Saint, missionary, patron\\nsaintof lre.,b. in Scot., or Fr. [460\u00c2\u00b1. Di\\nPalestine.\\n456 Horsii, Juiish chief, killed in battle.\\n501 Fergus 1 1., king, Scot., k. in battle.\\n5th Century. Vortigern, king, dies.\\n621* Columba. Saint, apostle of Caledo-\\nnia, Ireland, born. [597. Dies.]\\n537 Arthur, legendary prince, dies.\\n543 ColinnlianiiB, Saint, Irish monk, bom.\\n[615. Dies.]\\n561 Gall, Saint, Irish theologian, bp. of\\nConstance, apostle of Swiss, b. [646. d.]\\nCHURCH.\\n156\u00c2\u00b1 Christianity is introduced by\\nLucius, King of the Britons. [300. It\\nis accepted.]\\n[200+ Turtullian speaks of places\\nnot yet reached by the Kornans, yet sub-\\nject to Christ.]\\n179* London. The bishopric is erected\\n[624, an archbishopric], also that of York.\\n(Mythical.)\\n212 Scot. Christianity is introduced.\\n302 London. The first St. Paul s\\nChurch is built on the site of a temple\\nto Diana.\\n[It is destroyed during the persecution\\nof Diocletian. 337. Rebuilt.]\\n304 June 23 Saint Alban, the\\nprotomartyr of Britain, is beheaded at\\nVerulam. (June 17.\\n314* Fr. Three British bishops attend\\nthe first Council of the Church of\\nAries.\\n345-500 The Arian controversy dis-\\nquiets the Western Church contentions\\nalso arise concerning the celebration of\\nEaster.\\n347 British bishops attend the Coun-\\ncil of Sardica. [359. Also that of\\nAriminum.]\\n350 The see of Sodor and Man is\\nerected. (Or 447.)\\n*The archbishopric of York is\\nerected.\\n360 Scot. The see of the Isles is\\nerected.\\n361 Apr. 23. George of Cappadocia\\nis put to death after torture by Diocle-\\ntian. [He is adopted as the patron saint\\nof England.]\\n402 Ire. The bishopric of Ossory is\\nestablished.\\n412* Scot. St. Ninian establishes\\nChristianity in Galloway.\\n*Pelagius, the first British monk,\\nfounds the sect of Pelagians. Pelagian-\\nism disturbs the Western Church.\\n429 The British bishops call in Sts.\\nGermanian and Lupus from Gaul to re-\\nfute the Pelagians at the Council of\\nVerulam (St. Albans).\\n430 Scot.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ire. Palladius, a monk,\\nis sent by the Pope to convert the Irish\\nand Scots.\\n432 Ire. St. Patrick, a Scotch monk,\\narrives, and establishes Christianity.\\n[Ireland is soon known as the Island of\\nthe Saints.]\\nIre. The bishopric of Trim is cre-\\nated. [434, Killala, 444, Armagh, by St.\\nPatrick 450, Elphin 454, Ardagh 493,\\nClogher; 499, Down 500+ Ardfelt.Ag-\\nhadoe, and Connor.]\\nDublin. St. Patrick s Cathedral\\nis founded.\\n434 Ire. The church of Kill ala is\\nbuilt by St. Patrick.\\n450 Wales. The see of Llandaff St.\\nDavid s, is erected. [642\u00c2\u00b1. Asaph.]\\nIre. The first cathedral at Armagh\\nis built.\\n5th Century. Ire. The nunnery of St.\\nBridget is founded at Kildare.\\n[In a building called the fire-house, it\\nis supposed, the nuns kept the inextin-\\nguishable fire which existed till the\\nReformation.]\\nThe Pelagian controversy provokes\\nthe disunion of the church.\\n473+ Idolatry is revived by the\\nKelapse to heathenism, except in\\nWales and Cornwall [for about 150\\nyears].\\nThe heathen Saxons invade Britain\\nand Christianity, with its churches and\\nministers and professors, is generally\\nexterminated.\\n493 Ire. St. Patrick is buried in the\\nAbbey of Saul at Down.\\n500+ Ire. St. Cailan is consecrated\\nthe first bishop of Down.\\nScot. The see of Galloway is erected.\\n[5G2, Glasgow, by St. Mungo.]\\n501 Ire. The see of Tuam is erected.\\n[510, Dromore 516, Bangor 519, Kildare\\n520, Meath 550, Achonry 534, Louth\\n548, Clonmacnois 558, Clonfert (or 562)\\n570, Ross; 598\u00c2\u00b1, Ferns; 604+, Cloyne\\n606\u00c2\u00b1, Cork.]\\n550\u00c2\u00b1 Ire. A church is built and a\\nbishopric is established at Limerick by\\nSt. Munchin.\\n563 Scot. St. Columba founds Iona.\\nLETTERS.\\n300 A. d. Scot, or Ire. Ossian, the\\nCeltic bard, flourishes.\\n447 W. St. Germain visits Wales the\\nsecond time, and founds schools.\\n473 The Teutonic invaders call them-\\nselves Angles, or English, while the\\nCeltic inhabitants call all invaders Sax-\\nons.\\n516\u00c2\u00b1 Gildas the Wise, the first British\\nhistorian, flourishes he compiles the\\nDe Excidio Britannise the subjection\\nof Britain.\\n577-j. The English language displaces\\nthe Welsh in nearly every part of the\\nisland.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0852.jp2"}, "853": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n156,**-580,\\n841\\nSOCIETY.\\n300 Public roads connect the towns,\\nand facilitate the marketing of grain\\nand the intercourse of the people.\\nOwners of land dwell in towns from\\nwhich their serfs go forth to cultivate\\nthe fields and tend the herds. The\\ncuriales are the aristocracy; free\\nlaborers abound, but slaves are more\\nnumerous in the Roman cities.\\n449 The Saxons are energetic, ag-\\ngressive, and practical they love their\\nhomes.\\n457 Scot. Constantino I. is assassi-\\nnated by Dougal for dishonoring his\\ndaughter.\\n516* Order of the Hound Table is\\ninstituted by Arthur. (Or 528, or 540.)\\n538 The Council of Orleans prohibits\\nSunday labor in the country.\\n580 Not a Briton remains on Eng-\\nlish ground, all having retired before the\\nconquerors, who rapidly disperse all\\nover the land.\\nBy the laws of Ethelbert, damages\\nare to be paid a bishop elevenfold, a\\nclerk threefold, of the value of stolen\\nproperty.\\nA value is fixed on men s lives\\naccording to their degree, from 50 shil-\\nlings to six shillings.\\nSlaves abound, who may be mur-\\ndered or mutilated by their masters\\nwithout accountability.\\nSTATE.\\n208 Caracalla rules under his father\\nSeverus.\\n210* Scot. Severus concludes a treaty\\nwith the Caledonian chiefs.\\nDuring 70 years of peace the history\\nof Britain is nearly silent.\\n211 Rome. Caracalla is emperor. [217,\\nMacrinus; 2W, II\u00c2\u00ab lk\u00c2\u00bb,y:ibulus; JJ-, Alexander\\nSeverus; 23n, Maximums; 237, Gordianus;\\n238, Balhinus; 244, Philip the Arabian; 249,\\nDeeius; 251, Gallus; 253, Emilianus; later,\\nValerian.]\\n213 Ire. Cormac Ulfada is king.\\nA prince of most excellent wisdom, and\\nkept the most splendid court that ever was in\\nIreland. [He revises and codifies the an-\\ncient laws of Ireland, known as the Brehon\\nlaws.\\n253-254 Ire. Lughaidh-Gunait is king.\\n[254-282, Cairbre Liffeachair. 282-315,\\nFiachadh.]\\n360 Rome. Gallinus is emperor. [268,\\nClaudius; 270, Aurelian the warrior; 275,\\nTacitus; 277, Probus; 2*2, Cams; 2S3, Nu-\\nmerian, co-regent; 2*4, Diocletian; 286, Max-\\nimian, co-regent.]\\n286 Carausius usurps sovereign au-\\nthority in Britain it is independent of\\nRome for nine months. [292. He is\\nkilled by Alleetus, Ms minister, who as-\\nsumes sovereign power.]\\n292 Constantius Chlorusis assigned\\nto the provinces of Britain, Gaul, and\\nSpain. He overthrows Alleetus.\\n296 Roman rule is reestablished\\nBritain is divided into four districts.\\n300 The active members of municipal\\nbodies are the curiales.\\nThere is much taxation, taxes being\\nlevied on polls, funerals, legacies, auc-\\ntions, sales of slaves, and ores oppres-\\nsive levies of grain, hay, and cattle are\\nmade.\\nThe Roman government is suspi-\\ncious, exclusive, rapacious, and utterly\\nselfish. (Knight.) Mixed races of Ro-\\nmans, British, and Teutons inhabit the\\nland.\\n305 Rome. Constantius and Gallerius\\nare Augusti, co-regents. [306 July 25.\\nConstantius Chlorus dies at York his\\nson. Constantino is proclaimed emperor.]\\n306 Rome. Maxentius is emperor\\nfour emperors reign at the same time.\\n[307. Severus, Licinius, and Constantino\\nare Augusti.]\\nLondon. The original walls are\\nbuilt.\\n315 Ire. Colla Uais reigns. [319-352,\\nMuireadhach Ti reach; 352-353, Caol-\\nbhack; 353-300, Em-haidh M.iighmesdhin;\\n360-375, Criomthan 375-398, Niall 39S-\\n421, Dathy he is killed by a thunder-\\nholt].\\n323* *Mome. Constantine the Great\\nis sole emperor. [337, Constans is co-\\nregent.]\\n350\u00c2\u00b1 *Paulus the Spaniard, infa-\\nmous as a notary sent by Constantius,\\noppresses and plunders the people for\\nthe increase of his own wealth.\\n353 Rome. Constantius is sole em-\\nperor.\\n357 Scot. Eugenius I., son of Fincor-\\nmachus, is king.\\n[He is killed in battle by the Romans\\nhis death temporarily ends the kingdom\\nof the Scots.]\\n361 Rome. Julian the Apostate is em-\\nperor. [363, Jovian; 364, Valentinian I.;\\nValens is en-regent 367, (iratian is co-regent;\\n375, Valentinian II., co-regent; 379, Theodo-\\nsius the Great is co-regent; 392, Eugenius;\\n394, Theodosius the Great becomes emperor.\\n36S The Saxons begin their invasion\\nof Britain.\\n383* Fr. A British colony is\\nfounded in Gaul under the Roman gen-\\neral and usurper, Maximus. [It is joined\\nby 100,000 warriors from Britain.]\\n395 The Roman empire is divided.\\nHonorius is emperor of the West.\\n404 Scot. Fergus II. revives the\\nCaledonian monarchy.\\nScot. Scots from Ireland settle\\non the west coasts.\\n410 Britain becomes independent,\\nthe Romans having withdrawn from the\\ncountry.\\n420^451 Scot. Eugenius II. reigns.\\n[451-457, Dongardus 457^479, Constan-\\ntine I. 479-501, Congallus I.; 501-535,\\nGoran us.]\\n421-453 Ire. Laoghaire is king; he is\\nkilled by a thunderbolt. [453-473, Oilii .11\\nMolt 473-493, Lughaidh he is killed\\nby a thunderbolt 493-515, Murtough\\n445 The Britons send an embassy to\\nRome to ask for help against the Picts.\\nVortigern is king.\\n449 Hengist and H o r s a, Saxon\\nchiefs, invited by King Vortigern, land\\nin Kent to tight against the Picts. [The\\nAngles follow.]\\n454-5S6 The Heptarchy, seven Saxon\\nkingdoms, is formed.\\n454-488 Hengist is King of Kent.\\n465 Ambrosius is King of Britain.\\n488-512 ^Esc, son of Hengist, is King\\nof Kent. [512-542, Octa, son of M c.\\n542-560, Hermenric, son of Octa.]\\n491-514 .Ella is King of Sussex.\\n491* j^JUa and Cissa, after taking the\\nfortress of Anderida [Pevensey], estab-\\nlish the kingdom of the South Saxons\\n[Sussex and Surrey].\\n492 jElla, King of the South Saxons,\\nbecomes Bretwalda I., or leader of all\\nthe Saxon chiefs in war against a com-\\nmon enemy.\\n500\u00c2\u00b1-532\u00c2\u00b1 Arthur is King of Brit-\\nain.\\n514-580 Cissa, son of ^lla, is King of\\nthe South Saxons.\\n519-534 Cerdic is King of the West\\nSaxons, or Wessex. [534-560, Cynric\\n560-591, Ceawlin.j\\n519 The Saxon chief Cerdic and his\\nson Cymric found the kingdom of Wes-\\nsex. [The royal line of Wessex becomes\\nthe royal line of England.]\\n520-560 Ida is King of Deira (North-\\numbrian\\nHe forms the kingdom of Northum-\\nbria, including Lancaster, York, Cum-\\nberland, Westmoreland, Durham, and\\nNorthumberland.\\n527\u00c2\u00b1-587 ErchenwinisKingof the East\\nSaxons. He founds [Essex].\\n535-558 Scot. Eugenius III. succeeds\\nhis uncle, Goran. [558-569, Congallus II.,\\nbrother of Eugenius 569-570, Kinathal\\n570-605, Aidanus; 6(15-006, Kenneth, son\\nof Congallus II. 606-621, Eugenius IV.,\\nson of Aidanus.]\\n546 Ire. Londonderry is first men-\\ntioned.\\n550-551 Ire. Feargus and his brother\\nDaniel reign jointly. [551-554. Eochaidh\\nand his uncle Buodan reign jointly 554-\\n557, Ainmereach; 557-558, Baodan 558-\\n587, Aodh; he convenes an assembly or\\nparliament of nobility and clergy at\\nDrumceat 587-591, Hugh Slaine 591-\\n618, Aodh-Uaireodhnach.]\\n560-567 Adda, son of Ida, is King of\\nBernicia(Northumbria). [567-572, Giap-\\npa: 572-573, Headwulf; 573-580, Freod-\\nwulf 5S0-588, Theodoric 5S8-593, Ethel-\\nric]\\n560-590 .Ella is King of Deira (North-\\numbria) sole King of Northumbria\\nuntil 587.\\n560-616 Ethelbert is King of Kent.\\nHe is the first Christian king he pro-\\nmulgates a code of laws [which is in\\nforce for seven centuries].\\n560-593 Ceawlin, King of Wessex, is\\nBretwalda II.\\n568 Surrey is made West Saxon by\\nthe defeat of Ethelbert.\\n570 West Saxons become masters of\\n[Oxfordshire and Berkshire].\\n571-578 Uffa is King of East Anglia.\\nHe founds the kingdom of East Anglia\\n[including Norfolk, Suffolk. Cambridge,\\nand Ely], afterwards called Angle-\\nland Britain becomes England.\\n578-599 Titilus, or Titulus, son of Uffa,\\nis King of East Anglia. [599-624, Ka:d-\\nwald, son of Titulus.]\\n580-648 The South Saxons are almost\\ntotally dependent upon Wessex.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n208 The plague carries off 50,000 Ro-\\nman soldiers. [430. A desolating plague\\nsweeps through Britain the living are\\nscarcely able to bury the dead. 644.\\nLondon. It causes great ravages. 772.\\nAn epidemic at Chichester causes 34,000\\ndeaths. 954. The plague destroys 40,000\\nlives in Scotland. 962. London. The\\nplague prevails.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0853.jp2"}, "854": {"fulltext": "84:\\n585,\\n-777,\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n603 Ethelfrith defeats the Scottish\\nking Aidan at Daegsastan. [607. He\\ndefeats the Cymry of Strathelyde at the\\nbattle of Chester. 617. He is defeated\\nand killed by Redwald at the battle of\\nthe Idle.]\\n607 The war ceases to be English\\nagainst Britons, and becomes English\\nagainst English.\\n620 The Isle of Man is subdued by\\nEdwin; also Maneenion [Manchester].\\n628 Penda attacks and dismembers\\nWessex.\\n633 Penda joins the Welsh King Cad-\\nwallon in an attack at Heathfield on\\nKing Edwin, who is defeated and killed.\\n634* Oswald defeats Cadwallon at\\nHeavenfield.\\n642 Aug. 5. Penda defeats Oswald at\\nMaserfield; Oswald is killed. [655.\\nPenda is defeated and killed at Winaed\\n[near Leeds] by Os wy, brother of Oswald.]\\n676 Ethelred ravages Kent, and de-\\nstroys Rochester.\\n684 Ire. Egfrid, King of Northum-\\nbria, invades and wastes Ireland with an\\narmy under Beort. [6S5. Scot. He\\ncrosses the Forth to subjugate the Picts\\nhe is defeated and killed by the Cymry\\nat Nectansmere (Dunnechtan).]\\n694 The Saxons under Edric, son of\\nEgbert, conquer Kent.\\n715 Ine defeats Ceolred, King of Mer-\\ncia, at Wanborough.\\n733 Ethelbald defeats the West Sax-\\nons at Somerton. [740. Defeated by\\nBadbert. 752. Again by Ceolred the\\nWest Saxon, at Burford [Oxfordshire].\\n743 The Kings of Mercia and Wessex\\ndeclare war against the Cymry.\\n757* *The West Saxons again defeat\\nthe Mercians at Secandum, and thus\\nmaintain their independence.\\n775 Offa conquers Kent. [777. He\\nconquers West Saxons at Bensington.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n600\u00c2\u00b1 Saddles are used in riding.\\n633 Glazed windows are occasion-\\nally seen.\\n640 Improvement in architecture is\\nmanifest.\\nCircular arches are introduced; many\\nchurches built, also forts, and the castles\\nCastletown (Derbyshire), Conisborough\\n(Yorkshire), and others.\\n674 Stone buildings come into use.\\n676 Benedict Biscop imports glass\\nfor windows.\\n678 Aug. 3. A morning comet shaped\\nlike a fiery pillar [is seen for three\\nmonths].\\n758 Scot. Glasgow is inundated\\n400\u00c2\u00b1 families are drowned.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n585 h Edwin, King of Nortliumbria, born.\\n[633. Dies.]\\n601 David, Saint, patron of Wales, dies.\\n604 Augustine, Saint, apostle of Eng.,\\nfirst archbishop of ;intrrl urv, dies.\\n614 liil.lu. Saint, abbess of Whitby, born.\\n[680. Dies.]\\n616 EtheLbert, King of Kent, dies.\\n634* Wilfrid, Saint, archbishop, bishop of\\nYork, born. [709. Dies.]\\n651 Aldan, Saint, bishop of Lmdisfarne, d.\\n673 Bede, Venerable, monk, historian,\\nDorn. [735. Dies.]\\n680 CEedmon, poet, dies.\\n687* Cuthbert, samt, monk, bishop of\\nLmdisfarne, dies.\\n709 Aldht lm, bishop, poet, dies.\\n735 Alcuin, Flaccus A., scholar, teacher\\nof Charlemagne in Fr., b. [804. Dies.]\\n767* Fergus HI., King of Scotland, dies.\\n770* Einhard, or Egiuhard, historian of\\nCharlemagne, Scotland, born. [840i. D.J\\nCHURCH.\\n590\u00c2\u00b1 Christianity accepted in Kent.\\nA Christian queen, Bercta (Bertha),\\nwife of Ethelbert, is accompanied from\\nGaul by a Christian bishop; and the\\nruined church of St. Martin, near Can-\\nterbury, is given for Christian worship.\\n597 Pope Gregory sends Austin [St.]\\n(Augustine), his legate, and 40 monks,\\nas missionaries to reintroduce Chris-\\ntianity into Britain; the Roman Cath-\\nolic Church is established.\\nChoir service is first introduced at\\nCanterbury.\\nLondon. The pagan Saxons having\\ndestroyed St. Paul s Church, it is re-\\nstored by Ethelhert and Sebert (604\\nBretwalda, the Saxon king, is con-\\nverted to Christianity.\\nSt. Augustine introduces Benedictine\\nmonks.\\n598 King Ethelbert becomes a Chris-\\ntian, and Christianity spreads rapidly.\\nThe archbishopric of Canterbury is\\ncreated. [St.] Augustine is the first\\narchbishop.\\n599 Rsedwald, the East- Anglian king,\\nresolves to serve Christ and the na-\\ntional gods together.\\nThe conversion of the English be-\\ncomes one of the turning-points in the\\nhistory of Christianity.\\n600 The Western Church is disturbed\\nby the introduction of image worship.\\n602 The Canterbury Cathedral is\\nfounded by Augustine.\\n604 The see of Rochester is erected.\\n605 Laurentius is chosen archbishop\\nof Canterbury.\\n607 Ethel f rid. King d Be rnicia, causes\\nthe massacre of 1,200 monks of Ban-\\ngor, and burns their monastery. (0r612.)\\n609 The see of London is erected.\\n612 Ire. The see of Glendalough is\\nerected. [618, Derry; G20\u00c2\u00a3, Kilmacdu-\\nagh;028\u00c2\u00b1,Leighiin,livSt.L;i^erian;631\u00c2\u00b1 t\\nLismore; 632+, Leighlin; 665, Mayo.]\\n617* Bretwalda IV. embraces Chris-\\ntianity.\\nLondon. St. Peter s [Westminster\\nAbbey] is founded by Sebert.\\n619 Mellitus is chosen archbishop of\\nCanterbury. [624, Justus; 631, Hono-\\nrius.]\\n627 King Edwin is converted by\\nmeans of a vision and the instructions\\nof Paulinus, the bishop of his Christian\\nwife.\\nNorthumbria is converted.\\n630* *Theseeof East Angliaiserected.\\n[635, West Saxons.]\\nThe first convent is erected at Folk-\\nstone by Eadbald.\\n634* Scot. The see of Lindisfarne,\\nor Holy Island, is erected. [635, Aiden\\nbecomes bishop.]\\nThe inhabitants of Wessex are con-\\nverted.\\nThe conversion of England is the\\nfirst strictly foreign mission movement\\nof the Western Church in about 10a\\nyears all the kingdoms become Christian.\\n636 Parish boundaries are first fi xed\\nby Honorius, archbishop of Canterbury.\\n640 Churches are built at Canter-\\nbury, Glastonbury, St. Albans, and Win-\\nchester.\\n*Lent is first observed in England by\\ncommand of King Ercombert. (Or 641.)\\n645 Ire. The abbey of Kilmallock,\\nLimerick, is founded by St. Mochoallog,\\nor Molach.\\n655 The armed strife between Chris-\\ntianity and heathendom is ended by\\nthe defeat of Penda at Winwa^d. The\\nheathen national gods are forever aban-\\ndoned.\\n655 Mercia becomes a Christian king-\\ndom. [656. The see is erected.]\\nDeusdedit is chosen archbishop of\\nCanterbury. [668, Theodore 693, Berh-\\ntuald.]\\n659 Rivalry exists between the Irish\\nmissionaries and Rome: a council is\\ncalled by Oswin, which decides against\\nthe Irish.\\n660 Wina is consecrated the first\\nbishop of Winchester.\\n664 A great ecclesiastical council is\\nheld at Whitby.\\nThe English favor Rome and the Irish\\nChurch refuses to bend to Roman au-\\nthority, but finally yields.\\nWinfrid [St. Boniface] is made a\\npriest. [GG5. He is consecrated arch-\\nbishop of York. He builds churches,\\nand teaches the industrial arts to the\\nSouth Saxons.]\\n668* Theodore of Tarsus is sent from\\nRome.\\nHe is maile archbishop of Canterbury, and\\nsent to hold England in loyalty to Home.\\n[The councils lie gathers are the first na-\\ntional assemblies for English legislation.\\nAll England submits to his authority. 690.\\nHe completes the organization of the\\nEnglish Church.]\\n669 The see of Lichfield, formerly\\nMercia, is erected.\\n670 Scot. The first convent in Scot-\\nlandis established atColdiugham, where\\nEthelreda takes the veil.\\n674 Tlie a bbey of Whitby is erected\\nthe monastery of Gilling is founded.\\n676 The see of Hereford is erected.\\n[680, Lindisse; also Worcester. 705,\\nWinchester, formerly West Saxon Sher-\\nborne.]\\n681 Sussex is converted from hea-\\nthenism by the preaching of Wilfrith\\nof Northumberland.\\n686 St. Cuthbert, prior of the mon-\\nastery of Lindisfarne, dies.\\n690\u00c2\u00b1 Benedict Biscop founds the\\nmonasteries of Wearmouth and Jar-\\nrow.\\n700\u00c2\u00b1 The abbey of Gloucester is\\nfounded by King Wulfere. (Or 679.)\\n710* St. Michael is said to have ap-\\npeared on the mount in Cornwall bear-\\ning his name. [It is reputed to be holy,\\nand becomes the seat of a body of monks.]\\n716* *St. Boniface (Winfrid) [the\\nApostle to the Germans] is sent from\\nRome as a missionary to the Friesians.\\n718* Glastonbury Abbey is rebuilt\\nby Ine.\\n722 Priories are mentioned they are\\ndependent on the great abbeys.\\n725 Peter s pence are collected for\\nthe endowment of a Saxon college at\\nRome. (Or for a new bishop of Lichfield.\\nDie. of Eng. Hist.)", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0854.jp2"}, "855": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n585,\\n777,\\n843\\n726 King Ine makes a pilgrimage to\\nRome.\\n731 *Tcetwine is chosen archbishop of\\nCanterbury.\\n(735, Nothelm; 741, Cirthbert; 759, Breog-\\nwine; 763, Jaenbert; 793, Ethelheard.]\\n740 Jews are first mentioned in Eng-\\nlish chronicles.\\n747 Drunkenness of the clergy is\\nforbidden by the canon law.\\n777 APeter s-pencetaxisconfirmed\\nby Offa.\\nIt is levied on all families possessed\\nof 30 pence yearly rent in land, out of\\nwhich they pay one penny.\\nLETTERS.\\n597 The arts and letters, which dis-\\nappeared in the Angles conquest, return\\nwith the Christian faith.\\n620+ Cambridge University is com-\\nmenced by Sigebert.\\nLatin is first taught in England by\\nAdelmus, brother of King Ina.\\n656-709 Aldhelm writes his songs, De\\nLaudibus Virginitatis, De Laudibus Vir-\\nginium.\\n669-671 The School of Canterbury is\\nset up by Archbishop Theodore.\\n670 Casdmon, the father of English\\nsong, flourishes he is the first writer\\nof note who composes in the Anglo-\\nSaxon tongue he writes poems on por-\\ntions of the Bible he is the prototype\\nof Milton.\\n674-682 Benedict Biscop founds libra-\\nries at Wearmouth and Jarrow.\\n690\u00c2\u00b1 Ine s code of Saxon laws is pub-\\nlished.\\n731+ Basda, the Venerable Bede,\\nwrites his EccU-x/axtical History o\u00c2\u00a3 the\\nEnglish Nation, in Latin, lives of saints,\\nworks on chronology and grammar, and\\ncommentaries on books of the Old and\\nNew Testament 45 works in all.\\n735 Birth of Alouin, or Placcus Al-\\nbinus. [He is scholar at York, pre-\\nceptor to Charlemagne, and author of\\nnumerous theological and scientific\\nworks he founds several schools, col-\\nleges, and monasteries.]\\n766-782 York becomes the center of\\nEuropean learning, through the ef-\\nforts of Ethelbert and Alcuin.\\n770+ Cynewulf bishop of Lindis-\\nfarne, writes E/en Juliana, Christ, and\\nseveral other religious poems.\\n775+ Poems, by Cynewulf, appear.\\nSOCIETY.\\n621 Scot. King Ferchard, or Ferqu-\\nhard, is confined to his palace for mis-\\ndeeds.\\n668* Scot. King Maldumius is\\nstrangled by his wife for supposed in-\\nfidelity. She is burned for the crime.\\n674 Freemasonry is introduced.\\nThe Anglo-Saxons make rapid\\nadvance in civilization after the intro-\\nduction of Christianity.\\n697 Ire. Women are exempt from\\nmilitary service.\\nAlfred s laws are remarkable for\\nthe great amount of Scripture incorpo-\\nrated in them. He establishes trial by\\njury.\\n702 Scot. King Amberkeletus is as-\\nsassinated.\\n704 Scot. Ruffians enter the King\\nEugenius s chamber to murder him;\\nhe being absent, they stab and kill his\\nqueen, Spontana.\\n709* Bishop Wilfrid of Northumbria\\nis the first to use silver plate and\\nvessels.\\n747 Drunkenness of the clergy is\\nforbidden by the canon law.\\n761 Scot. Eugenius VIII. is put to\\ndeath by his nobles.\\n764 Scot. Fergus III. is killed by\\nhis jealous queen to escape death by\\nslow torture she kills herself.\\nSTATE.\\n585 The kingdom of Mercia, includ-\\ning the midland counties, is formed by\\nCrida.\\n586-827 The Saxon Heptarchy. Pe-\\nriod of fierce hostilities.\\n587-597 Sledda, son of Erchenwin, is\\nKing of the East Saxons. [597-614, St.\\nSebert, son of Sledda 614-623, Saxred,\\nSigebert, and Seward rule jointly; 623-\\n655, Sigebert II. 655-661, Sigebert III.]\\n591-597 Ceolric, nephew of Ceawlin, is\\nKingof Wessex. [597-611, Ceolwulf; 611-\\n643, Cynegils 614, his son Cwichelm\\nreigns jointly 643-672, Cenwal.]\\n596\u00c2\u00b1-616 Ethelbert, King of Kent, has\\nthe supremacy as Bretwalda III. his\\nwife is the Christian princess Bertha,\\ndaughter of the King of the Franks.\\n597-615 Wibba is King of Mercia. [615-\\n626, Ceori.]\\n600+ Swearing on the Gospels is\\nintroduced into judicial proceedings.\\n605 (or 887) The Court of Chan-\\ncery is instituted.\\n610-617 Esedwald, King of East An-\\nglia, is Bretwalda IV.\\n616-640 Eadbald. son of Ethelbert, is\\nKing of Kent. [640-664, Ercenbert, son\\nof Eadbald.]\\n617-635 EdwinisKingofNorthumbria,\\nand Bretwalda V. [635-642, Oswald.]\\n618-622 Ire. Maolchaba is king. [622-\\n635, Suibhne 635-648, Domhnall 648-\\n661, Conall, jointly with his brother\\nKellach 661-668, Diarmuid and Blath-\\nmac 668-674, Seachnasch 674-678, Cion-\\nf aola 678-685, Fionachta Fleadha 685-\\n693, Loingseach; 693-702, Congal Cion-\\nmaghair.]\\n621-632 Scot. Ferchard, or Ferquhard,\\nI., reigns a most execrable king.\\n[632-646, Donald IV., brother of Ferqu-\\nhard [he is drowned in Lough Tay] 646-\\n664, Ferquhard II., son of Ferquhard\\nI 664-684, Malduinus, son of Donald\\nIV 684-688, Eugenius V. 688-698, Eu-\\ngenius VI. 698-699, Amberkeletus 699,\\nEugenius VII.]\\n624-627 Erpwald, or Eorpwald, is King\\nof East Anglia. [627-629, Richbert 629-\\n632, Sigebert 632-635, Egfrid, or Egric\\n635-654, Anna, or Annas. J\\n625-655 Penda is King of Mercia. [655-\\n656, Peada, son of Penda 656-675, Wulf-\\nhere.]\\n626* Scot. Edinburgh Castle is\\nfounded (or rebuilt) by Edwin of North-\\numbria.\\n630-634 W. Cadwallon, King of Gwyn-\\nedd, reigns. [634-661, Cadwalader 661-\\n728, Idwal.]\\n634-635 Eanfrid is King of Bernicia,\\nand Osric of Deira.\\n635-642 Oswald, King of Northumbria,\\nis Bretwalda VI.\\n642-670 Oswy is King of Northumbria,\\nand Bretwalda VII. 655. He is Bupreme\\nover all Teutonic Britain except Wessex,\\nKent, and Sussex.\\n64S-686 Edilwald is King of the South\\nSaxons.\\n654-655 Ethelric is King of East Anglia;\\n[655-664, Ethehvald; 664-713, Adulf, or\\nAldwulf.]\\n661-663 Swithelm, or Suidhelm, son of\\nSexbald, is King of the East Saxons.\\n[663-693, Sigher; (i!l. i-7O0. Sigenard 700-\\n709, Offa 709-738, Suebricht, or Selred.]\\n664-673 Egbert, son of Ercenbert, is\\nKing of Kent. [673-685, Lothar, or Lo-\\nthair 685-6S7, Edric 694-725, Wihtred,\\nor Wihgtred 725-748, Eadbert, son of\\nWihtred 748-760, Ethebert II.]\\n670-685 Ecfrid, or Egfrid, is King of\\nNorthumbria. [685-705. Aid rid, or Eald-\\nferth; 705-716, Osrcd, or Ealdi erth; 710-\\n718, Cenric 718-720, Osric 729-737, Ceol-\\nwulf.; 737-757, Eadbert, or Egbert.]\\n672-674 Sexburga, wife of Cenwal, is\\nQueen of Wessex. [674-676, Escwine and\\nCentwine are joint kings 676-685, Cent-\\nwine alone 685-6SS, Caidwallo.]\\n675 Ethelred is King of Mercia.\\n[This reign is one of peace.]\\n678 Casdwalla, last king of the Brit-\\nons, reigns.\\n686-689 Authun and Berthun, broth-\\ners, are kings of the South Saxons. [725.\\nThe kingdom is conquered by Wessex.]\\n688-728 Die is King of Wessex. [He\\nleaves an excellent code of laws.]\\n702-719 Ire. Feargall, son of Maol-\\nduin, reigns. [710-72(1, Fogartach 720-\\n724, Kionath, he is killed in battle;\\n724-731, Flahertach reigns. [He retires\\nto a monastery, where he spends the last\\n30 years of his life. 731-740, Hugh Al-\\nlan 740-782, Daniel 111. 782-7S6, Niall\\nFreasach 786-815, Donagh, or Donchad.]\\n704-709 Cenred, or Cendred, is King of\\nMercia. [709-716, Ceolred, Celred, or\\nChelred 716-755, Ethelbald 755, Beorn-\\nred, or Bernred.j\\n713-746 Selred, or Ethelred, becomes\\nKing of East Anglia. [746-740, Alph-\\nwuld 749-75S, Beorna and Ethelred\\njointly; 758-761, Beorna alone; 761-790,\\nEthelred 790-792, Ethelbert, or Ethel-\\nbryght.]\\n715-730 Scot. Mordach, son of Am-\\nberkeletus reigns. [730-701, Etfinus, son\\nof Eugenius VII. 761-764, Eugenius\\nVIII.; 764-767, Fergus III., son of Et-\\nfinus 767-787, Solvathius, son of Euge-\\nnius VIII. 787-819, Achaius.]\\n716* Ethelbald becomes King of Mer-\\ncia. [He reigns 40 years he is recog-\\nnized as overlord hy all Britain south\\nof the Humber.]\\nBritain is controlled by three States\\nof nearly equal power, Northumbria,\\nMercia, and Wessex.\\n728-740 Etheiheard is King of Wessex.\\n[740-754, Cuthred, his brother 754-755,\\nSigebright, or Sigebert 755-784, Cyne-\\nwulf 784-800, Beorhtric]\\n728-755 W. Rhodri, or Roderic, reigns.\\n[755-818, Cynan and Howel 818-844, Mer-\\nvyn and Essaylt.]\\n738-792 Swithred is King of the East\\nSaxons. [792-799, Sigeric 799-823, Si-\\ngered.]\\n757 Offa becomes King of Mercia.\\n[During his reign of 40 years he holds a\\nposition as great as any English king\\nbefore the union of the kingdoms.\\n757-759 Oswulf, or Osulf is King of\\nNorthumbria. [750-765, Edilwald, or\\nMollo; 765-774, Aired, Ailred, or Alured\\n774-778, Ethelred; 778-789, Elwald, or\\nCelwold 789-790, Osred 790-794, Ethel-\\nred restored 794-806, Hrdulf, or Ardulf\\n806-808, Alfwulf 808-809, Erdulf re-\\nstored 809-841, Eanred.]\\n760-794 Alric, son of Wihtred, is King\\nof Kent. [794-796, Edbert, or Ethelbert\\nPryn 796-805, Cuthred, or Guthred 805-\\n823, Baldred.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0855.jp2"}, "856": {"fulltext": "844\\n783,\\n959,\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n783 Ire. The Danes burn the abbey\\nof Londonderry.\\n787 First recorded landing of the\\nDanes and Northmen they appear on\\nthe eastern and southern coasts.. [794.\\nThey are defeated at Wearmouth.]\\n795 Ire. The Danes invade Ire-\\nland.\\nThey pillage the Isle of Recrain [Rath-\\nlin] on the coast of Antrim.\\n798 Ire. The Danes with a fleet of\\n60 vessels attack and take possession of\\nDublin; they build walls round the\\ncity.\\n823 Egbert, King of the West Sax-\\nons, conquers Kent and Essex. [827. He\\nconquers Mercia, and becomes virtually\\nKing of England.]\\n832 The Island of Sheppey, at the\\nmouth of the Thames, is ravaged by\\nNorthmen.\\n833 The Northmen land from 35 ves-\\nsels, and defeat Egbert in Wessex.\\nIre. Ulster is ravaged by Feidhlime,\\nKing of Munster.\\n836* Egbert defeats the Danes and\\nWelsh at Hengestesdun [Cornwall] in\\nWest Wales. [1S38. Theyinvade Kent.]\\n839 London is pillaged by the\\nDanes. [S40. They defeat Ethelwolf.]\\n843 Scot. Kenneth H. [MacAlpine]\\ntakes Camelon, the capital of the Picts\\nthe inhabitants are massacred. Kenneth\\nbecomes sole king of Scotland.\\n851 The Danes arrive in 350 ships\\nat the mouth of the Thames, land, and\\ntake Canterbury and London. [Ethel-\\nwolf defeats them at Ockley. 852. He\\ndefeats them in the Isle of Thanet\\n(Kent).]\\nS52 Ire. Armagh is ravaged by the\\nDanes.\\n855 The Danes winter for the first\\ntime in England, at Sheppey.\\n867-870 The Danes conquer Northum-\\nbria and East Anglia nine battles are\\nfought; York is taken. [870. They take\\nand burn Cambridge and Man-\\nchester. 871. They defeat the Saxons\\nat Merton.]\\n872-901 Alfred makes all his subjects\\nsoldiers, forming the first standing\\narmy of England hired instead of\\nfeudal troops are employed.\\n872 The Danes defeat Alfred at\\nWilton they take London. [S74. They\\nconquer and ravage Mercia. 875. Alfred\\ndefeats seven Danish ships. This is the\\nfirst naval victory of the English. 876.\\nThe Danes take Wareham and Exeter.]\\n877 Alfred compels the Danes to sur-\\nrender at Exeter. They take Chippen-\\nham, but lose 120 vessels. [878. The\\nDanes ravage Wessex.]\\nAlfred defeats the Danes in battle at\\nEdington; they sue for peace.\\n882 Alfred creates a fleet of war-\\nships. [884. London. He expels the\\nDanes, and repairs and fortifies the\\ncity.]\\n894 The Danes are defeated at Farn-\\nham. Alfred destroys the Danish fleet\\nat Appledore. [896. He defeats and\\nexpels Hasting, the Scandinavian vi-\\nking.]\\n397 Alfred defeats the Danes, and\\nsecures peace, his navy of 10 galleys cap-\\nturing 300 Danish piratical vessels, near\\nthe Dorset and Hampshire coast.\\n901 War is renewed with the invad-\\ning Danes. They devastate Wales. [904.\\nScot. Under Ivar they invade the coun-\\ntry from Ireland.]\\n905* Edward defeats Ethelwald and\\nthe Danes at Bury. [910. Aug. 6. And\\nagain at Tettenhall.]\\n918* *Ethelfleda, Lady of the Mer-\\ncians, conquers the five boroughs\\nof Derby, Lincoln, Leicester, Stamford,\\nand Nottingham.\\nScot. Invading Danes from Ireland\\nunder Reginald are defeated at Tin-\\nmore.\\n919 Sept. 15. Ire. Danes defeat\\nKing Niall Glundubh, near Dublin.\\n922 Edward the Elder defeats the\\nDanes. [923. Manchester is retaken\\nfrom the Danes.]\\n933 Scot. An invasion under Athel-\\nstan occurs.\\n937 Athelstan, aided by his brother\\nEdmond, defeats the Danes, Scots, and\\nWelsh, in the bloody battle of Brunan-\\nburh. [945. He conquers Cumberland.]\\n956 Ire. The Danes are victorious\\nat Leinster.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n800-1066 Gothic architecture appears\\nin Earl s Barton Church, St. Peter s,\\nLincolnshire. [It is the earliest example\\nnow remaining of early English style.]\\n836 Scot. Thirty miles of country are\\nflooded by the overflow of the Tweed.\\n872-901 King Alfred invents lanterns\\nof scraped horn.\\nHorn is supposed to have been used as\\nwindow-lights, ghtss not being commonly\\nknown. [886. He devises time candles,\\nburning three inches an hour, six in 24\\nhours.]\\n937 Dec. 28. A severe frost occurs\\n[and continues 120 days].\\n944 London. A storm destroys 1,500\\nhouses.\\n951 The first authentic record is made\\nof the use of organs.\\n959 Candlesticks are used.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n837 Egbert, King of Wessex, dies.\\n849 Alfred the Great, k., b. [901. D.]\\n858* Ethelwolf, king, dies.\\n860 Ethelbald, king, dies.\\n865 Ethelbert, king, dies.\\n870* Edward the Elder, k.,b. [925. D.]\\n886+ Erigena, Johannes Scotus, phi-\\nlosopher, Ireland, dies.\\n895 Athelstan, king, horn. [940. Dies.]\\n910+ Asser, monk, biographer of Alfred\\nthe Great, dies.\\n935 Dunstan, Saint, archbishop of Can-\\nterbury, statesman, born. [988. Dies.]\\n946 Edmund I., king, assassinated.\\n955 Edred, king, dies.\\n959 Edwy, king, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n787 Tithes are first made compulsory.\\n794 offa, King of Mercia, gives tithes\\nof all his kingdoms to the church, to\\natone for his base murder of Ethelbert,\\nKing of the East Angles.\\nPeriod of rapid increase of monas-\\ntic institutions throughout Europe.\\n805 Wulfred is chosen archbishop of\\nCanterbury.\\n[832, Fleogild; 833, Ceolnoth; 870, Athel-\\nred; 890, Plegmund.]\\n816 The Christian Era is first fol-\\nlowed in Britain.\\n838 Ethelwolf makes a pilgrimage\\nto Rome.\\n870+ Scot. The see of St. Andrews\\nis created\\n872 Anointing at coronations is in-\\ntroduced,\\n878* The conquered Danes under\\nGuthrum become Christians by treaty\\nof peace with Alfred.\\n886 Fairs and wakes are introduced\\nby Alfred.\\nThe veneration of the saints and\\nrelics becomes a passion among the Chris-\\ntians of Europe.\\n901* Ire. The see of Cashel is created.\\n904 Scot. Kellach goes to Rome for\\nconfirmation.\\n909+ The see of Cornwall [after-\\nwards Devonshire, with Eudulphus as\\nits first bishop, and later Exeter] is\\ncreated also the see of Wells [with\\nEthelm, or Adelmus, for its first\\nbishop].\\n914 Ethelm is chosen archbishop\\nof Canterbury. [928, Wulielm 942, Odo;\\n958, Alsine.]\\n935 St. Burian s Church in Cornwall\\nis made a sanctuary of refuge for crim-\\ninals.\\n943 Dunstan becomes abbot of Glas-\\ntonbury.\\nHe dwells in a wretched hut or cave\\nin which he cannot stand erect his mid-\\nnight groans under the self-inflicted\\nscourge exalt him as a saint in the eyes\\nof the people. [950. He becomes prom-\\ninent, and establishes the supremacy\\nof monastic orders, and the celibacy of\\nthe clergy. 960. He becomes archbishop\\nof Canterbury.]\\n10th Century. Violent disputes rage be-\\ntween the monks and the clergy.\\n958 Dunstan makes King Edgar sub-\\nmit to seven years penance for his\\nlicentious attack upon a nun.\\nLETTERS.\\n802 Pope Martin II. describes an\\nacademy as being in existence at Ox-\\nford.\\n849-901 King Alfred the Great flour-\\nishes he is the restorer of learning,\\nneglected during the devastation of the\\nDanes he writes the Anglo-Saxon\\nChronicle he translates into Anglo-\\nSaxon Bede s Ecclesiastical History,\\nBoethius s Consolation of Philosophy,\\nPope Gregory s Book on the Care of the\\nSoul, the t nirersal History of Orosius,\\nthe Soliloquies of St. Augustine, and\\nmany other works he buys a book on\\ncosmography, and pays an estate for it.\\n867-876 The seats of learning in North-\\numbria are destroyed by the Danes.\\n880 Johannes Scotus Erigena of Mal-\\nmesbury writes On the Division of Na-\\nture.\\n886+ The University of Oxford is\\nfounded by King Alfred.\\nKing Alfred makes a code of laws,\\nwhich is the foundation of the common\\nlaw of England.\\n915 Cambridge, neglected during the\\nDanish invasions, from which it had suf-\\nfered much, is restored by Edward the\\nElder.\\n925-988 Dunstan, archbishop of Can-\\nterbury, lives. He writes a commentary\\non the Benedictine rule, a liegularis Con-\\ncordia, and other works.\\n937 The Song of Brunanburh is writ-\\nten.\\n10th Century. iEthelwold, bishop of Win-\\nchester, translates into English St. Ben-\\nedict s Mule of a Monastic Life.\\n10th Century. Neunius, a Celtic author,\\nwrites a History of the Britons, in Latin.\\n958+ The monks become eminent\\nas architects and painters, and write his-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0856.jp2"}, "857": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n783,\\n959,\\n845\\nSOCIETY.\\n800 Edburga, wife of Beortric, tlie\\ndaughter of King Off a, gives poison to\\nher husband s friend, which by accident\\nkills her husband also the people drive\\nher into exile.\\n809 Scot. The Order of the Thistle\\nis instituted by King Achaius I.\\n831 Scot. King Alpine is beheaded\\nby the Picts.\\n837 King Ethelwolf marries Judith,\\ndaughter of Charles the Bald, King of\\nthe West Franks.\\n843* Scot. Kenneth.II. takes Camelon,\\nthe capital of the Picts, and puts every\\nliving creature to death.\\n854* Scot. Donald V., being dethroned,\\ncommits suicide.\\n858 i Scot. Constantino IT., taken\\nby the Danes in battle, is beheaded.\\n*Etbelbald marries Judith, his\\nfather s widow. [Matilda, wife of Wil-\\nliam the Conqueror, is descended from\\nher by union with Baldwin, Count of\\nFlanders.]\\n870 Scot. Drunkenness is punished\\nwith death by King Constantine.\\n874+ King Eth, or Ethus, imprisoned\\nfor his sensuality and crimes, dies of\\ngrief.\\n878 Alfred the Great, deserted by\\nhis subjects, retires to the woodlands of\\nSomersetshire.\\nA turf cut from the sward, and\\nhanded over to the purchaser by the\\nvender, is the Saxon conveyance of\\nland.\\n896 Alfred surveys and subdivides\\nthe country into counties, hundreds, and\\ntithes.\\n927 King Athelstan is the protector\\nand defender of deposed and exiled\\nprinces.\\nKing Athelstan encourages com-\\nmerce by legalizing the elevation of all\\nmerchants to the rank and privileges of\\na thane, who should make three voyages\\nover the high seas with a ship and cargo\\nof their own.\\n946 Mar. 26. King Edmund seizes\\nan uninvited guest by the hair of his\\nhead, and dashes him to the ground, for\\nwhich he receives a dagger-thrust, and\\ndies.\\n950 King Edwy banishes Dunstan.\\n954 Scot. Malcolm I. is murdered.\\n958 Elgiva, wife of Edwy, is dragged\\nfrom her husband by his enemies, dis-\\nfigured by hot searing-irons, and\\nexiled to Ireland she returns, and is\\nhamstrung, dying in great agony.\\nThe monks render great service to\\ncivilization as architects and artists,\\nby copying the Scriptures, and preserv-\\ning knowledge from decay.\\nThe ostentatious and cruel King\\nEdgar is rowed down the Dee in his\\nroyal barge by eight royal vassals, or\\nunder-kings.\\nKing Edgar kills his friend and\\nfoster-brother, Athelwold, by his own\\nhand, and marries his widow.\\nA day is appointed for paying tithes,\\nand nine-tenths of one s tithable prop-\\nerty are forfeited by non-payment.\\nPegs are ordered to be put in drink-\\ning-cups so as to prevent quarrels among\\nthe drinkers regarding the amount be-\\nlonging to each. one.\\n787\\n794\\nSTATE.\\nFirst invasion of the Danes.\\nEgfrid, or Egferth, is King of\\nMercia. [794-819, Cenulph, Cenwulf, or\\nKenulph S19, Kenelm, or Cenelm 819-\\n821, Ceolwulf; 821-823, Beornwulf 823-\\n825, Ludecan 825-83S, Withlafe, or Wig-\\nlaf.]\\n795 Ire. Ost- or Ox-mantown [a part\\nof Dublin] is built by the Danes and\\nNormans (Easterlings).\\n798 Dublin. The Danes surround the\\ncity with walls.\\n800* Egbert becomes King of Wessex.\\n[tie convenes a witenagemot a council\\nor parliament of the Anglo-Saxons at\\nWinchester.]\\n815-837 Ire. Hugh VI., surnamed Oir-\\nnigh, is king. [837-851, Connor, or Con-\\nchabhar; 851-86ti, Niall-Caillie 866-879,\\nTurgesius, the Norwegian chief, he ex-\\npels the Irish historians and burns their\\nbooks S7H-897, Maol Ceachlin, or Mal-\\nachy, I. 897-913, Hugh Fionnliath.]\\n819-824 Scot. Congallus III. is king.\\n[824-831, Dougal, son of Solvathius; 831-\\n834, Alpine, son of Achaius 834-854,\\nKenneth II., his son (Mac Alpine) after\\nconquering the Picts, he becomes (843)\\nfirst sole monarch of Scotland 854-\\nS58, Donald V.,his brother 858-874, Con-\\nstantino II., son of Kenneth II.]\\n827+-1066 Supremacy of the West\\nSaxon kings (Wessex).\\n827-839 Egbert, King of Wessex, is\\nBretwalda VIII. after many victories\\nhe becomes King of England. [As\\nsuch he reigns 12 years in his reign the\\nSaxon Heptarchy ends.]\\n828 Egbert holds a council at Win-\\nchester, at which the name England\\n(Angles-land) is applied to the whole\\ncountry.\\n838-852 Berthulf or Bertulf is King of\\nMercia. [S52-874, Burhred, or Burdred\\n874-877, Ceolwulph.]\\n839-858 Ethelwolf, son of Egbert, is\\nKing of Wessex.\\n844-877 W. Roderic the Great rules\\nover the Welsh.\\n857-860 Ethelbald, son of Ethelwolf, is\\nKing of Wessex, by a compulsory parti-\\ntion of the kingdom. [860-866, Ethel-\\nbert, second sou of Ethelwolf; 866-871,\\nEthelred, third son of Ethelwolf.]\\n858-874 Scot. Constantine II., son of\\nKenneth II., is king.\\n866 The Danes settle in East Anglia.\\n[867. In Northumbria. 868, In Mercia.]\\n870 St. Edmund becomes(vassal)King\\nof East Anglia. [Killed by the Danes.]\\n871-901 Alfred the Great, fourth son\\nof Ethelwolf, is King of Wessex.\\n872 Alfred is the first king of England\\nto receive the royal crown. Anoint-\\ning at coronations is introduced.\\nBirmingham is a small town.\\n874-876 Scot. Eth, surnamed Light-\\nfoot, reigns. He dies in prison. [876-\\n893, Gregory the Great; 893-904, Don-\\nald VI., son of Constantine II. 904-944,\\nConstantine III., son of Eth.]\\n877-915 W. Anarawd is prince. [915-\\n943, Idwal Voel.]\\n878 Alfred retires to the Isle of Ath-\\nelney [Somersetshire], being left with-\\nout the support of his people.\\nAlfred s fortunes revive after the de-\\nfeat of the Danes at Edington.\\nIre. Waterford is built.\\n882* Scot. Gregory founds Aber-\\ndeen. [893. It is made a city.]\\n886\u00c2\u00b1 Trial by jury is introduced by\\nAlfred. He institutes a Court of Chan-\\ncery. [890. Frames a code of laws.]\\nAlfred begins the division of the\\ncountry into shires [counties]. [895.\\nHe forms a privy council.]\\n901-925 Edward the Elder, son of Al-\\nfred, reigns.\\n908 Etbeldeda builds the city walls of\\nChester.\\n913-916 Ire. Flan Sionna reigns. [910-\\n954, Niall Glundubh, son of Hugh VII.\\nCormac MacCulinan is King of Munster,\\nand bishop of Cushel 954-974, Donnagh,\\nor Donough 974-984, Congal 984-1002,\\nDaniel.]\\n920 Mercia is annexed to Wessex.\\n924 Edward the Elder, after many\\nvictories, is generally acknowledged\\nlord and protector* of Britain.\\n925-940 Athelstan, son of Edward the\\nElder, is King of Wessex.\\n928 Athelstan enacts regulations for\\nthe government of the mint.\\n934 A league is formed against Ath-\\nelstan by the under-kings of Scotland\\nand Cumberland. [937. This confeder-\\nacy is overthrown by Athelstan s victory\\nat Brunanburh.]\\n940-946 Edmund, son of Athelstan,\\nreigns.\\n943-948 W. Howel Dha the Good is\\nprince of all Wales. [948-972. leform\\nand lago.]\\n944-953 Scot. Malcolm I., son of Don-\\nald VI., reigns. [953-901, Indulfus, or\\nGondolph 961-965, Duff, or Duff us, son\\nof Malcolm 975-970, Cullen, or Cul-\\nlenus, son of Indulfus.]\\n945 Edmund gives Cumberland as a\\nfief to Malcolm of Scotland.\\n946-955 Edred, brother of Edmund,\\nreigns.\\n952 Dunstan, abbot of Glastonbury,\\nbecomes the favorite of the king, and\\nchief director of public affairs.\\n954* Northumberland, East Anglia,\\nand half of central England called the\\nDanelaugh submit to Edred.\\n955-975 Edwy, nephew of Edred and\\nson of Edmund, reigns.\\nDunstan insults the king at his coro-\\nnation banquet he is banished from\\ntbe kingdom on a charge of malversa-\\ntion in office.\\n958 The Mercians and Northumbrians\\nrevolt, proclaim Edgar, Edwy s brother\\nand second son of Edmund, their king;\\nthey recall Dunstan.\\nElgiva, Edwy s queen, is mutilated\\nand exiled.\\n959 Dunstan is made archbishop of\\nCanterbury.\\nHe becomes chief minister of the king,\\nand real ruler of the realm. [Laws are\\nrevised, and a powerful navy is built,\\nwith which the sea is swept of pirates.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n798 London. A great fire nearly con-\\nsumes the city. [962. Again.]\\n823 Famine causes thousands of\\ndeaths in England, Wales, and Scotland.\\n[868-869. Famine and pestilence do\\nmuch damage. 954-958 Much suffering\\nis caused by famine.]\\n888\u00c2\u00b1 Fairs and markets become\\nknown.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0857.jp2"}, "858": {"fulltext": "846 960,**-1067,\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n961 Scot. Indulf defeats the Danes\\nnear Cullen [Banffshire], but he him-\\nself is killed.\\n965 King Edgar has 350 galleys, and\\nclaims to he lord of the ocean sur-\\nrounding Britain.\\n974 Scot. The Scots under Kenneth\\nIII. defeat the Danes at Luncarty, near\\nPerth.\\n980 The last series of Danish inva-\\nsions begins.\\nIre. Malaehi II. defeats the Danes\\nat Tara.\\n*The Danes ravage Chester. [9S2.\\nThey ravage and plunder the southwest\\ncounties.]\\n990 The Danes arrive in Essex and\\nSuffolk.\\n991 Battle of Maldon [Essex]. The\\nDanes burn the city.\\n994 Sweyn, King of Denmark, and\\nAnlaf make their first invasion; they\\nravage Kent. [1003+ Second inva-\\nsion. Sweyn is bought off by the\\npromise of an annual tribute of \u00c2\u00a336,000.\\n1006. A Danish fleet anchors off the\\nIsle of Wight. 1010. Sweyn with Canute,\\nhis son, make a third invasion. 1016.\\nMay He besieges London.]\\n997-999 The ravages of the Northmen\\nafflict England.\\n1002 Nov. 2. There is a general mas-\\nsacre of the resident Danes. [1010. They\\nburn Cambridge. The Saxons are de-\\nfeated by the Danes in Suffolk. 1011.\\nThey capture Canterbury, and mas-\\nsacre the inhabitants.]\\n1014 Apr. 23. Ire. King Brian Bo-\\nroihme (Boru) totally defeats theDanes\\nat Clontarf, near Dublin.\\n1016 Edmund II., King of the Eng-\\nlish, and Canute, King of the Danes,\\nfight six battles, and finally divide the\\nkingdom between them. [1031 Scot.\\nCanute advances into Scotland.]\\n1054 Scot. The Chieftain Macbeth\\nis defeated at Dunsinane by Siward,\\nEarl of Northumberland.\\n1056 Dec. 5. Scot. Macbeth is de-\\nfeated and killed by Macduff, Earl of\\nFife, at Lumphanan, Aberdeen. (Or\\n1057, Aug. 15).\\n1063 Wales is subjugated by Earl\\nHarold.\\n1066 Sept. 25. Harold II. defeats the\\nNorwegians under Tostig, Earl of North-\\numbria, and Hardrada, at Stamford\\nBridge. Tostig and Hardrada are\\nkilled.\\nSept. 29. William, Duke of Nor-\\nmandy, lands at Pevensey.\\nOct. 14. Battle of Hastings. William\\ndefeats King Harold at Senlac [Battle]\\nnear Hastings.\\nThirty thousand men, including Har-\\nold, are killed. The Saxon dynasty-\\nfalls, and the Norman rises.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1014* London* A bridge over the\\nThames is built of wood. [1078. Another\\nis built by Peter Colechurch.]\\nA number of seaport towns are de-\\nstroyed by an inundation.\\n1016 A prayer for Ethelred II. is set\\nto music written on the lines and in the\\nspaces of a staff of four lines.\\n1036 The fruit is destroyed by a frost\\non a midsummer day.\\n1062 London. The Thames is frozen\\nover for 14 weeks.\\n1066-1135 Gothic architecture ap-\\npears in the Rochester Cathedral nave,\\nin St. Bartholomew s at Smithfield, and\\nSt. Cives at Hants.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n975 Edgar the Peaceable, kincc, dies.\\n995+* Canute, King of England, Den-\\nmark, Norway, born. [1035. Dies.]\\n1004* Edward 1 1 1 1 Confessor, king, born.\\n[1066. Dies.]\\n1005 l.aiilianr.rii-t liliisliop of Canterbury,\\nborn in Pavia, Italy, [1089. Dies.]\\n1014 .Sweyn, Danish king, dies.\\nBrian-Boroihme, King of Ireland, killed in\\nI at tie.\\n1016 Ethelred IT., king, dies.\\n1017* llanliranute. King of England and\\nDenmark, born. [1042. Dies.]\\n1035 Malaehi IT., King of Ireland, dies.\\n1027* William I.. Conqueror, horn in\\nNormandy. [1087. Dies.]\\n1030* Inu iilplms. abbot, of Crovlaud, born.\\n[1109. Dies.]\\n1033* Ansebn, Saint, archbishop of Can-\\nterbury, born in Piedmont. [1109. Dies.]\\n1040 Harold I., king, dies.\\n1053 tiodwin, earl of Wessex, states., d.\\n1056 Macbeth, kini;, Scotland, dies.\\nWilliam 11., Kufus, king, born. [1100. D.]\\n1063* Derniot. Kins of Lcinster, Ire., d.\\n1066* Bam i no, tbane, a. -romance of Mac-\\nbeth, Scotland, dies.\\nHarold II., king, killed at Hastings.\\n1038* Dublin. Christ s Church is\\nbuilt by the Danes.\\n1040 The sees of Devonshire and\\nCornwall are united.\\n1042 The see of Salisbury, formerly\\nSherborne, is named.\\n1050 Leofric is first bishop of Exeter.\\nThis see, formerly Devonshire and ori-\\nginally Cornwall, is named.\\n1055-65 London. Westminster\\nChurch, becomingruinous, is splendidly\\nrebuilt by Edward the Confessor, and\\noccupied by monks from Exeter. [1065.\\nDec. 2S. Dedicated.]\\n1063 Anselm becomes prior of Bee.\\n[1078, abbot.]\\n1065 London. The Pope appoints\\nWestminster Abbey as the place for\\ninaugurating the kings of England.\\nHarold is crowned by Eldred, arch-\\nbishop of York.\\nCHURCH.\\n960 One-tenth of the produce is paid\\nas tithes for the churches, priests, and\\nthe poor.\\nThe Sabbath day is ordained to be\\nkept holy from Saturday at three p. M.\\nto Monday at break of day.\\n964 The married priests of the ca-\\nthedral at Worcester are substitutedfor\\nmonks.\\n984 Alfbeah [St. Alphege] becomes\\nbishop of Winchester, [iunr archbishop\\nof Canterbury. 988, Ethelgar 990, Si-\\ngerec 995, Elfric]\\n995 The see of Durham, formerlv\\nLindisfarne, is named.\\nThe Church of Rome is at the sum-\\nmit of its power in Europe, and claims\\nboth spiritual and temporal supremacy.\\n1003* It. John XVIIT. is elected pope;\\nlater, John XIX. [1009, Sereins IV. 1012,\\nBenedict VI11. 1024, John XX.; Um. Bene-\\ndict IX.; 1044, Gregory VI.; 1040, Clement\\nII.; 1048, Damasus II.; 1049, [St.] Leo IX.;\\n1055, Victor II.; 1057, Stephen X.; 1058,\\nllenedict X. 1053, Nicholas II.; 1001, Alex-\\nander II.; 1073, St. (Iregorv VII.; 10\u00c2\u00ab7, Victor\\nIII.; 1088, Urban II. 1099, Paschal II.]\\n1012 Apr. 19. Alphege, the brave\\narchbishop of Canterbury, is killed by\\nthe Danes.\\n1013 Lyfing is chosen archbishop of\\nCanterbury. [1020. iEthelnoth; 103S,\\nEadsige; 1050, Kobert 1052, Stigand\\n1070, Lanfranc]\\nKing Canute, the son of Sweyn, an\\napostate, becomes a convert to Chris-\\ntianity.\\n1015 A see is erected at Mortlach in\\nBanffshire, with St. Beaunus as bishop.\\n[1125. Kemoved to Aberdeen.]\\n1016 King Canute patronizes the\\nchurch. [1026. He makes a pilgrimage\\nto Rome with staff in hand.]\\n1019 Thedoctrineoftransubstantia-\\ntion is opposed. [100G. Accepted.]\\nLETTERS.\\n960 Oxford is restored by Alfred.\\n971* *The Blicking Homilies are writ-\\nten they are the result of the labors of\\n./Ethelwold, bishop of Winchester, and\\nArchbishop Dunstan and Oswald of Wor-\\ncester.\\n991-996 Elfric, the abbot, writes his\\nHomilies; he is the author also of the\\nfirst English translation of the Bible,\\na Latin Colloquy, and a Latin-English\\nGlossary.\\n991 Song of the Battle of Maldon is\\nwritten.\\n1000+ The introduction of the Eng-\\nlish language in law-deeds, instead of\\nLatin, is begun.\\n1041-66 A poem entitled The Grave is\\nwritten by an unknown author.\\n1042-65 French Romance first be-\\ncomes known in England.\\n1066 The Lay of Roland is brought\\nfrom France.\\n1066-1250 Norman French is the lan-\\nguage of the court, and is taught in all\\nthe schools.\\nSOCIETY.\\n968 Scot. King Duff is murdered\\nby Donald, the governor of Forres Castle.\\nScot. King Cullen himself avenges\\nthe murder of Duff, but he is assassi-\\nnated by a thane whose daughter he\\nhad dishonored.\\n979 Mar. 18. While drinking a goblet\\nof wine at Corfe Castle. King Edward is\\nstabbed to death at the instigation of\\nhis stepmother, Elfrida.\\n995 Scot. Constantine TV. is slain.\\n1002 Nov. 13. By order of Ethelred,\\na general massacre of the Danes takes\\nplace in the southern counties.\\nIt is most bloody at London, the\\nchurches being no sanctuary. Gunilda,\\nsister of Sweyn, King of Denmark, left\\nin hostage for the performance of a\\ntreaty but newly concluded, is among\\nthe victims.\\n1014 Ire. Brian Boroihme is assas-\\nsinated in his tent by a Dane, while pray-\\ning, after having defeated the Danes at\\nthe battle of Clontarf.\\n1020 Jews are banished from Eng-\\nland by Canute.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0858.jp2"}, "859": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n960,**-1067,**. 847\\nThe old custom of English parents\\nselling their children to the Irish for\\nslaves is prohibited by Canute.\\nXhe Saxons and Danes become\\nblended with the Angles into an Eng-\\nlish people.\\n1033 Scot. King Malcolm is assassi-\\nnated on his way to Glamis in their\\nflight across a frozen lake the assassins\\nare drowned.\\n1039 Scot. Duncan I. is assassinated\\nby Macbeth, the thane of Fife.\\n1041 Nov. 12. The people rise against\\nthe tax-gatherers and kill them.\\n1042 The Truce of God is adopted.\\n(See France.)\\nScot, The Saxon title of nobility of\\nthane is abolished by King Malcolm\\nIII., and the title of earl adopted in its\\nstead.\\n1058 Scrofula, or king s evil, is [first\\nsupposed to be] cured by the touch of\\nKing Edward the Confessor.\\n1062 Surnames are first employed\\nby the nobility.\\n1066 y The French language, laws,\\nand customs are introduced by Wil-\\nliam I.\\nJews return to England [and settle\\nchiefly in London and Lincoln],\\nSTATE.\\n961 Edgar demands as a tribute from\\nWales 300 -wolves* heads.\\n964 Ire. Dublin is named by Edgar\\nin the preface to his charter, Nobilis-\\nsima Civitas.\\n970-994 Scot. Kenneth III. brother of\\nDuff, reigns. [994-995, Constantine IV.\\n995-1003, Kenneth IV., or Grimus, son of\\nDuff.]\\n972-984 W. Howel ap Tefan the Bad is\\nprince. [984-9S5, Cadwallon his brother\\n985-992, Meredith ap Owen ap Howel\\nDha; 992-WX, ldwal ap Meyric ap Edwal\\nVoel 998-1015, Aedan.]\\n975-979 Edward the Martyr, son of\\nEdgar, reigns. [Opposed by many of the\\nclergy, but is supported by Dunstan.]\\n979-1013 Ethelred II., the Unready,\\nbrother of Edward the Martyr, reigns.\\n[He drowses on the throne, fighting the\\nDanes with gold instead of with steel.]\\n991 Ethelred compounds with the\\nDanes for peace, paying them 10,000\\npounds of silver to depart. [One pound\\nequals three of modern money. 994. The\\nDanes are paid 16,000 pounds to depart.\\n1001. Paid 24,000 pounds to depart.]\\nEthelred makes a treaty of alliance\\nwith Normandy, which is the first\\nconnection between Normandy and Eng-\\nland.\\n1002-14 Ire. Malachi resigning, Brian\\nBoroihme, or Boru, reigns. [1014-22.\\nMalachi restored. 1022-48. Disputed\\nsuccession. 1048-98. Donough, or Denis,\\nO Brien. 1098-1110. Terloch.j\\nSweyn invades England to avenge\\nthe Danes maBsaered by Ethelred he\\nresolves to conquer the country.\\n1005-33 Scot. Malcolm II., son of\\nKenneth III,, reigns; he publishes a\\nnew code of laws. [1004. He estab-\\nlishes the feudal system.]\\n1007 The Danes are bought off by\\nthe payment of 36,000 pounds of silver.\\n[1012. Again, by 48,000 pounds.]\\nThe total amount of the Danish\\ntribute, or Danegelt, is equal to a fee\\nsimple of nearly one-tenth of the acreage\\nof England.\\n1013* The Danes under Sweyn become\\nmasters of England.\\nEthelred flees to Normandy. [1014.\\nHe returns on the death of Sweyn he\\nis received as king by part of the nation.]\\n1015-23 W. Llewelyn ap Sitsylht\\nreigns. [1023-39. Jago ap ldwal ap\\nMeyric. 1039-67- Griffith ap Llewelyn\\nap Sitsylht.]\\n1016 Apr. 24. Ethelred dies.\\nApr. -Nov. 30. Edmund Ironside,\\nson of Ethelred, reigns.\\nHe divides the kingdom with Canute,\\nson of Sweyn he is murdered at Oxford.\\n1016-42 Danish supremacy.\\n1017-35 Canute reigns as sole king;\\nfrom a barbarian conqueror he develops\\ninto a wise ruler.\\nCanute creates four provincial gov-\\nernments, or earldoms, Mercia, North-\\numberland, Wessex, and East Anglia.\\n1018 Canute holds a national coun-\\ncil at Oxford.\\n1020 Scot. Lothian is ceded to the\\nScottish king by Earl Eadulf.\\nGodwin is made Earl of Wessex he\\nis the first English statesman who is\\nneither king nor priest.\\n1031 Canute compels Malcolm, King\\nof the Scots, to acknowledge himself\\nvassal for Cumberland and England.\\n1032 Scot. The country is divided\\ninto baronies.\\n1033-39 Scot. Duncan I., grandson\\nof Malcolm, reigns he is assassinated\\nby Macbeth.\\n1035 Nov. 12. Canute dies.\\nThe kingdom is divided between\\nHarold, called Harefoofc, and Hardi-\\ncanute, sons of Canute.\\n1037-40 Harold, illegitimate son of\\nCanute, reigns as sole king his life\\nhaving been infamous, Ethelnoth, arch-\\nbishop of Canterbury, refuses to conse-\\ncrate him his government is cruel and\\nunpopular.\\n1039 Scot. Macbeth, having assas-\\nsinated Duncan I., usurps the crown.\\n1039\u00c2\u00b1-57 Scot. Macbeth reigns.\\n1040 Mar. 17. Harold I. dies.\\n1040-42 Hardicanute, son of Canute,\\nreigns his government is violent and\\noppressive.\\n1042-66 Saxon supremacy restored.\\n1042 June 8. Hardicanute dies.\\n1042-66 Edward the Confessor, son\\nof Ethelred, reigns.\\n[His chief minister for some years is\\nEarl Godwin, who rules firmly and\\nwisely. Siward, Earl of Northumbria,\\nand Leofric, Earl of Mercia, are also\\nprominent and powerful in the state.]\\nIn this reign is compiled a body of\\nlaws which is long the object of affec-\\ntion to the English nation. The king,\\nhaving been educated in Normandy, in-\\ntroduces many Normans at court,\\nwhere they soon have great influence.\\n1051 Earl Godwin rebels against the\\ninfluence of Normans at court; he and\\nhis son Harold are banished, and his son\\nSweyn, who had murdered his cousin, is\\noutlawed.\\nThe Danegelt tax is abolished by Ed-\\nward.\\nWilliam of Normandy [afterwards\\nKing William, the Conqueror] visits\\nEngland.\\n1052 Earl Godwin returns to Eng-\\nland with a fleet he is reconciled to the\\nking, and the Norman foreigners are ban-\\nished.\\n1053 Apr. 14. Godwin dies; his\\npower and earldom of Wessex pass to\\nhis son Harold.\\n1055 Siward dies, and Tostig, Har-\\nold s brother, becomes earl of North-\\numberland.\\n1057-93 Scot. Malcolm DX, Can-\\nmore, son of Duncan, reigns. [1068- He\\nmarries Margaret, sister of Edgar\\nAtheling, heir in the Saxon line to the\\nthrone of England he is killed while\\nbesieging Alnwick Castle.]\\n1066 Jan. 5. Edward the Confessor\\ndies.\\nJan. 6-Oct. 14. Harold II., son of\\nGodwin and brother-in-law of Edward\\nthe Confessor, reigns.\\n*On the death of Edward, William,\\nDuke of Normandy, claims the crown\\nbecause of the alleged bequest of Ed-\\nward the Confessor by an oath taken\\nby Harold about 1064 pledging himself\\nto marry William s daughter, and to se-\\ncure the succession to William and by\\nthe right of Matilda his wife, a descen-\\ndant of Alfred.\\n1066-1154 The Norman Line.\\n1066-87 William I., the Conqueror,\\nreigns.\\n(1066. Dec. 25. Crowned at Westmin-\\nster.) He subjugates the Anglo-Saxons\\nwith terrible severity and robbery of\\nestates Two nationalities French\\nand English exist side by side, Mercia\\nand Northumberland alone remaining\\naloof.\\n1067 (or 1070). The Court of Chan-\\ncery is refounded by William I.\\nTaxes in specie are introduced by\\nWilliam I. he raises them arbitrarily.\\n1067-73 W. Bleddyn reigns. [1073.\\nTrahaern ap Caradoc. 1079-1137. Grif-\\nfith ap Cynan.]\\nArf astus, or Herefast, chaplain to the\\nking, is appointed lord chancellor.\\nAt this time [and to a much later pe-\\nriod] the chancellor is merely a state\\nfunctionary who admits suitors to the\\npresence of the sovereign.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n981 Ire. Waterford is destroyed by\\nfire. [982. London. A great fire oc-\\ncurs. 1087- London. A great part of\\nthe city, including St. Paul s Cathedral,\\nis destroyed by fire. 1122 May 19.\\nLincoln is also destroyed. Also the sec-\\nond abbey of Gloucester.]\\n1016 An awful famine occurs. [An-\\nother in 1037.]\\n1066 Shoeing of horses is introduced\\nby William I.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0859.jp2"}, "860": {"fulltext": "848 1067,* *-1139, Sept. 30. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1067 Oxford is stormed by William.\\n[1068. Kent and Herefordshire revolt\\nagainst him lie besieges Exeter.]\\nThe revolt in the north is crushed by\\nWilliam in a winter campaign North-\\numberland is ravaged with tire and\\nsword.\\n1069 The Danes burn York, and\\nkill its 3,000 Normans western England\\nis subdued. The Trishinvade England\\nwithout success.\\n1070 Malcolm III., King of Scot-\\nland, invades England, and ravages\\nDurham. [1072. William in turn in-\\nvades Scotland, and exacts homage of\\nMalcolm.]\\n1071 A revolt of the English under\\nEdwin and Morear ends in the capture\\nof Ely and the death of Edwin.\\n1073 English troops are sent to re-\\nconquer Maine [France] lor William.\\n1075-76 Revolt of Norman barons.\\nRalph, Earl of Norfolk, and Rodger\\nPitzosbern, Earl of Hereford, aided\\nby mercenaries and adventurers, rebel\\nagainst William. The Danes aid the\\nbarons, and retire when they are sup-\\npressed.\\n1077 Godred Crovan, son of Harold\\nthe Black, of Iceland, conquers the Isle\\nof Man.\\n1080 Robert Curthose, son of Wil-\\nliam I., builds a castle [at Newcastle].\\n1085* An invasion of Danes is\\naverted by the killing of King Canute by\\nhis own subjects.\\n1088 Fr. Odo of Bayeux and others\\nsupport Robert, Duke of Normandy, in\\na rebellion against his brother William\\nII. [1099. Suppressed.]\\nThe barons plunder Cambridge.\\n1090 The revolt of the Norman bar-\\nons is suppressed by aid of the English\\nof Normandy.\\n1093 The Scots under Malcolm III.\\ninvade England.\\nMalcolm is defeated and killed by\\nRodger de Mowbray, at the siege of\\nAlnwick Castle.\\n1095 Newcastle is taken by William\\nII.\\n1096 The Crusades begin.\\n1098 Magnus of Norway subdues the\\nIsle of Man.\\n1101 Aug. 1. Robert, Duke of Nor-\\nmandy, brother of Henry, invades Eng-\\nland, but is persuaded to retire after\\nlanding at Pevensey.\\n1106 Sept. 28. Fr. Battle of Tinche-\\nbray. Henry I. conquers Normandy\\n(pp. 668, 669).\\n1119 Aug. 20. Fr. Battle of Brenne-\\nville; Normandy secured (pp. 668, 669).\\n1136* Exeter Castle surrenders to\\nKing Stephen.\\n1138 The Earl of Gloucester takes\\nBristol, in defense of his sister Matilda,\\nagainst King Stephen.\\nAug. 22. Battle of the Standard, at\\nNorthallerton, Yorkshire.\\nStephen s force under the Earl of Al-\\nbemarle defeats David, the Scotch king\\nin the center of the English forces a\\nship s mast, fixed to a wagon, bore upon\\nits top a consecrated host. [Hence the\\nname of the battle.]\\n1139 The Empress Matilda unsuc-\\ncessfully invades England in person.\\n(See State.)\\n1139-53 Civil war and utter anarchy\\nprevail. (One of the darkest periods of\\nEnglish history.)\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1078 London. The Tower is begun\\nby William I.\\n1086* London. St. Paul s Cathe-\\ndral is destroyed in the great conflagra-\\ntion Mauritius, bishop of London, un-\\ndertakes to rebuild it. [10S7. The first\\nstone is laid. 1240. Completed.]\\n1089 A widespread earthquake is\\nfelt.\\n1091 Oct. 5. A wind-storm in sev-\\neral parts of England destroys many\\nchurches 500 houses in London fall.\\n1097 London. Westminster Hall\\nis built by William Rufus for banquet-\\ning purposes.\\n1100 The sea overflows 400 acres of\\nEarl Godwin s lands, and forms an im-\\nmense sand-bank on the coast of Kent.\\n[Known as Godwin-Sands.]\\n1101 *The yard measure is founded\\non the length of the arm of King Edgar.\\n1110\u00c2\u00b1 Henry I. enlarges Windsor\\nCastle, which William the Conqueror\\nbegan as a residence for the British sov-\\nereigns.\\nThe miracle-play of St. Catherine is\\nwritten it is acted at Dunstable, and\\nit is the first [known] dramatic pro-\\nduction in England.\\n1120+ Kenilworth Castle in War-\\nwickshire is built by Geoffrey de Clin-\\nton [who.se grandson sells it to Henr v\\nII.].\\n1135-1272 Gothic architecture ap-\\npears in the Temple Church, London,\\nand in parts of the cathedrals of Win-\\nchester, Wells, Salisbury, and Durham\\nalso in Westminster Abbey.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1068* Henrv I., king, born. [1135. D.]\\n1075* Oi lennis Vitalis, liist.,b. (11431. D.]\\n1080* Yv alclicr, bishup ot Durham, Earl of\\nNorthumberland, killed.\\n1083 Matilda, queen of William I., dies.\\n1086* Tirloeh, king, 1 1 eland, dies.\\n1093 Malcolm III., Canmore, k., Scot, d.\\n1095* Malmeslmiv, William of, historian,\\nborn. (1143. Dies.]\\n1101 MatiMa, i lam; liter of Henry I., born.\\n[1165. Dies.]\\n1105* Stephen, kin;;, born. [1154. *D.]\\n1112+ Wace, Master Hubert, Anglo-Nor-\\nman poet, born. [1174\u00c2\u00b1. Dies.]\\n1117 Becket, Thomas a, archbishop of\\nCanterbury, born. [1170. Dies.]\\n1120 Salisbury, John of, scholastic, born.\\n[1180. Dies.]\\n1124+ t.admer, or K.lmer, monk, hist., d.\\n1126 Beverley, Alfred of, historian, dies.\\n1133 Henry 11., king, born. [1189. D.]\\nCHURCH.\\n1072 Barons are created, and bish-\\nops receive the honor.\\n1073* *The [present] Winchester\\nCathedral is begun.\\n1076\u00c2\u00b1 William checks the aggrandiz-\\ning policy of the church. (See State.)\\nHe refuses to pay homage to the Pope,\\nand retains for himself the appointment\\nof bishops. No papal letter can be re-\\nceived or papal synod held in England,\\nor appeal made to Rome, without his\\nconsent.\\n1078 Jews first arrive in England.\\nSidnacester, or Lindisse, and Dor-\\nchester, two distinct sees in Mercia, are\\nunited. [1086. The see is removed to\\nLincoln by Bishop Remigius de Fes-\\nchamp, who builds a cathedral.]\\nDublin. The archbishop of Dublin is\\nconsecrated by Lanf ranc.\\n1088 The see of Batti is erected.\\n*The [Norwich] cathedral is first\\nerected by Bishop Herbert Losinga.\\n[12S0. Completed.]\\n1091 The see of Norwich, formerly\\nEast Anglia, is named.\\n1093 [St.] Anselm is consecrated\\narchbishop of Canterbury. [1114, Ralph\\nde Turbine 1123, William de Curbellis\\n1139, Theobald.]\\n1096* *fre. Trinity Cathedral, Water-\\nford, is dedicated by Malchus, its first\\nbishop.\\n1108* The see of Ely is erected. [1182.\\nCarlisle.]\\n1111 Feb.* Emperor Henry V. gives\\nup the right of investiture of ecclesias-\\ntics, by treaty [but other sovereigns\\nresolutely refuse to concede it].\\n1118* ft. Gelasius II. is elected pope.\\n[1119, Calixtus II.; 1124. Honorms II.; 1130,\\nInnocent II.; 1143, Celestine II.; 1144, Lu-\\ncius II.; 1145 Etigenius III.; 1153, Anasta-\\nsius IV.; 1154, Adrian IV.; 1150, Alexander\\nIII.; 1181, Lucius III.; 1185, Urban III.:\\n1187, Gregory VIII.; later, Clement III.;\\n1101, Celestine III.; 1198, Innocent III.]\\n1120* Edinburgh. St. Giles Church\\nis founded (S45 [1124-1153. Improved\\nby King David.]\\n1124 Scot. King David endows several\\nsees the see of Ross is erected. [1130,\\nDunkfeld 1139, Holyrood.]\\n1128 The first Cistercian monks ar-\\nThey observe silence, abstain from\\nflesh, sleep on straw, and wear neither\\nshoes nor shirts Gifford, bishop of\\nWinchester, founds the abbey at Wa-\\nverley.\\n1135* London. St. Stephen s Chapel\\nof Westminster is built by Kiug Stephen.\\n1136* Ire. The see of Kilmore is\\nerected. [1151. Armagh is reestab-\\nlished.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1071+ The Exeter Codex and The\\nVerceli Codex, containing a collection\\nof ancient poetry, are compiled.\\n11th Century. A Life of King Edward the\\nConfessor is written by an unknown\\nauthor.\\n1080 Scot. English fugitives escap-\\ning from the Normans introduce the\\nSaxon-English language.\\n1087\u00c2\u00b1 William tries to learn the\\nEnglish language.\\n1090+ The Charlemagne, a Norman\\npoem, is written.\\n1100+ Education is chiefly confined to\\nthe clergy the king s chief clerks are\\nsometimes rewarded with bishoprics.\\n11Q0+ Henry I. is called the Scholar.\\n1118* *The Chronicle of Florence of\\nWorcester ends.\\n1120 Homilies, popular expositions of\\nScriptures, are written by an unknown\\nauthor.\\n1129 The Earlof Simeon of Durham s\\nChronicle ends.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0860.jp2"}, "861": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1067,* *-1139, Sept. 30. 849\\n1132-35-47 Geoffrey of Monmouth\\nwrites his History of British Kings.\\n1135-54 Henry of Huntingdon writes a\\nChronicle in seven books, and On the\\nContempt of the World.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1068 Ringing of the Curfew Bell at\\neight o clock in the evening is intro-\\nduced all fires and candles are to be\\nextinguished under severe penalties.\\nThe rights of primogeniture come\\ninto English jurisprudence with the feu-\\ndal law.\\n1074 William introduces beheading\\nas a less ignominious mode of execution\\nthan others for high-born criminals.\\n1079 William T. lays waste a large\\ntract in Hampshire to form a forest for\\nhis pleasure.\\n1087 Fr. William I. burns the town\\nof Nantes, not because the people had\\noffended him, but because their king\\nhad uttered a silly jest athis expense.\\n1094 Scot. Duncan II. is murdered.\\n1096 Trial by Combat is introduced.\\nA prisoner who pleads not guilty\\nmay choose whether he will put himself\\nfor trial upon God and his country by 12\\nmen, as at this day, or upon God alone.\\n[A battle by single combat is fought be-\\nfore William II., and the peers, between\\nGeoffrey Baynard and William, Earl of\\nEu, who was accused by Baynard of high\\ntreason Baynard having conquered, Eu\\nis deemed convicted, and then blinded\\nand mutilated.]\\n1098 Scot. King Edgar, having de-\\nthroned Donald Bane, his rival, puts\\nout his eyes.\\n1099 London. William Rufus, on his\\nreturn from Normandy, celebrates in\\nroyal style the feast of Whitsuntide in\\nWestminster Hall.\\n1106* Henry puts out his brother\\nRobert s eyes, and confines him in a\\ncastle of Wales [during life, 28 years].\\n1132 The Hospital of Holy Cross,\\nWinchester, is founded by Bishop Henry\\nde Blois.\\nSTATE.\\n1068 The Danegelt tax is revived.\\nEvery hide of land, i.e., as much as\\none plow can plow, or as much as can\\nmaintain a family, is taxed at first one\\nshilling [afterwards as much as seven\\nshillings].\\nCornwall is given by William to hia\\nhalf-brother, Robert de Mortein.\\nMalcolm of Scotland does homage to\\nWilliam for Cumberland.\\n1070 The feudal system is intro-\\nduced by William.\\nThe estates of many of the Anglo-\\nSaxon nobility are confiscated, and their\\nowners reduced to poverty most of the\\nkingdom is divided into baronies, which\\nare conferred on Norman followers of\\nthe king, on condition of stated military\\nservice and payments all government\\noffices are given to Normans.\\n1071* The great earldoms of Wessex,\\nMercia, and Northumberland are abol-\\nished by William, and sheriffs are nom-\\ninated for the government of the shireB\\n[counties].\\n1074 Edinburgh. The city is forti-\\nfied, and the castle is rebuilt by Malcolm\\nCanmore.\\n1076 May 31. Waltheof, a powerful\\nEnglish earl, is beheaded at Winches-\\nter, as a political enemy of William he\\nis regarded as a martyr by the English.\\nJustices of the peace are first ap-\\npointed.\\nWilliam refuses to pay homage to\\nthe Pope for the kingdom of England,\\nor receive papal letters, or allow apapal\\nsynod or a bishops appeal to Rome\\nwithout his sanction.\\nLondon. The bishop of London erects\\na small prison in connection with the\\ngate of the city. [It is gradually en-\\nlarged, and is the origin of the present\\nNewgate.]\\nDomesday Book, a record of the re-\\nsults of a statistical survey of the king-\\ndom, is completed.\\n[It is one of the oldest and most valua-\\nble records of England, and is still pre-\\nserved in the Public Record office at\\nLondon.]\\n1087 Sept. 9. William I. dies from\\ninjuries caused by the plunging of his\\nhorse amid the burning cinders at\\nNantes, France.\\n1087-1100 WilliamH., surnamedRu-\\nfus, son of William I., reigns. Ralph\\nFlambard, Bishop of Durham, is his chief\\nminister.\\n1090 John, the king s chaplain and\\nphysician [afterward bishop of Bath and\\nWells], is the first mentioned physician\\nto the king.\\n1092 Carlisle is built.\\n1093-94 Scot. Donald VII., Donald\\nBane, brother of Malcolm Canmore,\\nreigns.\\n1094 Duncan, illegitimate son of\\nMalcolm Canmore, wrests the crown\\nfrom Donald Bane he reigns but six\\nmonths, when he is assassinated, and\\nDonald Bane recovers the throne.\\n1098-1107 Scot. Edgar, son of Mal-\\ncolm Canmore and Margaret, sister of\\nEdgar Atheling, reigns.\\n1100 Aug. 2. William II. dies; he is\\naccidentally shot with an arrow by Wai-\\nter Tyrrel. (Perhaps intentionally shot.)\\n1100-35 Henry I., surnamed Beauclerc,\\nyoungest son of William I., reigns. (1100.\\nAug. 5. Crowned.)\\nNov. 11. Henry marries Matilda, or\\nMaud, niece of Edgar Atheling, thus\\nuniting the Norman and Saxon in-\\nterests.\\nThe power of bequeathing lands\\nby the last will and testament of the\\nowner is confirmed to English subjects,\\nbut with great restrictions and limita-\\ntions respecting the feudal system.\\nLondon. Henry grants a charter to\\nthe city.\\nIt secures f .o the citizens trial by\\noath, the right of electing sheriffs and\\njusticiary, and protecting their trade\\ni( from toll or exaction over the length\\nand breadth of the land.\\n1101* Henry publishes a charter of\\nliberties, in which he engages to put\\nin force the laws of Edward the Con-\\nfessor.\\n1105 *The Court of Exchequer [so\\ncalled from the chequered table at which\\nit sits] is established by Henry its\\nfunction being to try causes relating to\\nthe public revenue, and common-law\\ncauses between subject and subject.\\nHenry imprisons Robert. (Society.)\\n1107 Jan. 8-24 Scot. Alexander I.,\\nthe Fierce, and David, brothers of\\nEdgar, reign Alexander having the\\nwestern, David, the southern part.\\n1109 Matilda, daughter of Henry I.,\\nis betrothed to Henry V., Emperor of\\n1110-30 Ire. Mortough reigns.\\nHe is in strict friendship with Henry\\nI. of England; he makes alliances with\\nmany foreign princes and he gives one\\nof his daughters in marriage to Sicard,\\nson of Magnus, King of Norway.\\n1120 Nov. 25. Henry s son and heir,\\nWiUiam, with 140 knights, perishes in\\nthe White Ship, which sinks in the Brit-\\nish Channel.\\n1124 Apr. 27-53 Scot. Alexander\\nhaving died, David I., the Saint, brother\\nof Alexander the Fierce, reigns in the\\nWest, sole king.\\nHe forms Scottish burghs and es-\\ntablishes feudal barons.\\n1125 Henry takes severe measures\\nagainst false coining nearly 50 false\\ncoiners are hanged or mutilated.\\n1127 June 17. Henry s daughter Ma-\\ntilda, widow of the Emperor of Ger-\\nmany, is married to Geoffrey Plan-\\ntagenet, son of Fulk, Earl ot Anjou.\\n[1136. She claims the crown of England,\\nand is assisted by David of Scotland.]\\n1130-50 Ire. TurloughO Connorreigns.\\n[1150-68. Murtough MacNeil MacLach-\\nlin. 1168-72. Roderic, or Roger, O Con-\\n1135 Dec. 1. Fr. Henry I dies in\\nNormandy from eating too plentifully\\nof lampreys.\\n1135-54 Stephen of Blois, son of Ad-\\nela, sister of Henry I., usurps the throne.\\n(1134. Dec. 26. Crowned.)\\nHis reign is one of almost constant\\ncivil strife, and oppression of the people\\nby the nobles, who multiply fortified\\ncastles throughout the country.\\n1137-69 W. Owen Gwynedd reigns.\\n[1169. Howel. 1169-94. David ap Owain\\nGwynedd.]\\n1138* *The Norman Theobald [later\\narchbishop of Canterbury] introduces\\nthe study of civil law.\\n1139 July Stephen arrests Koger,\\nBishop of Sarum [Salisbury], and Alex-\\nander, Bishop of Lincoln, suspecting\\nthem to he in sympathy with the claim\\nof Matilda.\\nSept. 30. Matilda, accompanied by the\\nEarl of Gloucester and a retinue of\\nknights, lands in Suffolk to assert her\\nclaim to the throne. [1141. Feb. 2.\\nStephen is captured.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1071* Fairs are encouraged by Wil-\\n1086* London. St. Paul s Cathedral\\nis burned.\\n1092 London. The mortality is very\\ngreat.\\n1095 Ire. The mortality ia unusual.\\n1111* London. The unusual mortal-\\nity sweeps away, besides human beings,\\ncattle, fowls, and other domestic ani-\\nmals.\\n1120 Nov. 25. Prince William and\\n140 noblemen lose their lives by ship-\\nwreck in the German Ocean.\\n1125 The first great park in England\\nis formed at Woodstock by Henry I.\\n1135 Rents are first paid in money\\ninstead of in kind.\\nEnglish commerce consists in the\\nexportation of wool.\\n1136 London. The London Bridge is\\nburned.\\n1137 June3. The Rochester Cathedral\\nis burned. [June 4. The greater part\\nof York, including the cathedral and\\n39 churches, is burned. June 27. The\\ncity of Bath is destroyed by fire.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0861.jp2"}, "862": {"fulltext": "850 1140, Mar. 21-1195,\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NAVY.\\n1141 Feb. 2. Battle of Lincoln:\\nStephen is defeated and captured by the\\nEarl of Gloucester, Matilda s brother.\\n[1142. The earl is defeated and cap-\\ntured.]\\n1142 Matilda is besieged at Oxford\\nby Stephen, who had been exchanged.\\n1150 Ire. Connor O Brien defeats\\nTurlough O Connor.\\nDuring the 12th century the five kings\\nof Ireland and its petty princes are al-\\nmost continuously at war with each\\nother.\\n1153* Scot. Somerled of the Isles\\ninvades England.\\n1157 W. Henry II. leads an unsuc-\\ncessful expedition into Wales. [1163.\\nSecond Welsh war South Wales is\\nsubdued. 1165. Third Welsh war.]\\nFr. War occurs with Louis of\\nFrance for the succession of Toulouse.\\n1169* Ire. Fitz-Stephen with 500\\nAnglo-Normans makes a successful in-\\nvasion.\\n1170 Aug. 23. Ire. Richard Strong-\\nbow, Earl of Pembroke, lands with an\\narmy at Waterford. [He takes Dublin.]\\n1171 Oct. 18. Ire. Henry II. lands\\nnear Waterford with 4,500 men.\\n1172* Ire. Cork is garrisoned by\\nHenry II.\\n[The conquest of Ireland is gradually\\neffected, with the exception of Ulster,\\nwhose princes refuse to submit to Eng-\\nlish authority.]\\n1173 Rebellion. (See State.)\\nHenry defeats Louis VU. of France.\\n1174 July 13. The Scots under Wil-\\nliam I., the Lion, invade England to\\nrecover Northumberland they are de-\\nfeated at Alnwick by Ranulf de Glan-\\nville. William is taken prisoner.\\n1180 Ire. The castle of Carlow is\\nerected by John.\\n1181* The assize of arms is held;\\nthe militia service restored.\\n1189 Conspiracy of Henry s sons.\\n(See State.)\\n1190-94 Richard I., with Philip Au-\\ngustus of France, and Frederick Barba-\\nrossa of Germany, engages in the Third\\nCrusade.\\n1191 Syria. Richard I. defeats Sa-\\nladin at Ascalon, and concludes a\\ntruce for three years.\\n1194-96 Fr. War occurs with France,\\ncaused by Philip s intrigues against\\nRichard with King John. [1194. Battle\\nat Fre teval (p. 670). 1198. Sept. 20.\\nBattle of Gisors; Richard defeats the\\nFrench.]\\n1195 Ire. The castle of Kilkenny\\nis built by William Marshall, Earl of\\nPembroke.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1140 Mar. 21. A total eclipse of the\\nsun occurs, and complete darkness pre-\\nvails in England.\\n1142 A severe earthquake is felt in\\nLincoln.\\n1150 Dec. 9+. A severe frost con-\\ntinues for two months and ten days.\\n12th Century. The bridge at Burton\\nover the Trent is built length, 1,545 feet.\\n1171 The [present] building of York\\nMinster is begun.\\n1175 Canterbury Cathedral is be-\\ngun under the direction of a French\\narchitect, William of Sens.\\n1177 Imported glass is used in the\\nwindows of private houses.\\n1191 June 23. An eclipse of the sun\\noccurs. The stars are visible near mid-\\nday with the true sun another appears,\\nso that glasses are necessary to distin-\\nguish the difference.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1146* Giraldus Cambrensis, historian,\\nbom. [1220. Dies.]\\n1154* Monmouth, Geoffrey of, chronicler,\\ndies.\\n1157 Sept. 8. Richard I., king, Cceurde\\nLion, born. [1199. Apr. 6. Dies.]\\n1160+ Robin Hood, legendary outlaw,\\nborn.\\n1166+* Laugton, Stephen, card., archbp.\\nof Canterbury, states., b. [1228. Dies.]\\n1167i* John, king, born. [1216. Dies.]\\n1170 Miidoi-, legendary Welsh prince, d.\\n11734:* Edmund, Saint, andilusliopof Can-\\nterbury, born. [1240. Dies.]\\n1176* Clare, Richard de (Strongbow),\\nEarl of Pembroke, dies.\\n1190* Pans, Matthew, hist., b. [1259. D.]\\nGlanville, Ranulf de, jurist, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n1143* Peter de Gousla, or Gousel,\\nfounds the first monastery of the White\\nCanons in Lincolnshire.\\n1148* Archbishop Theobald is sent\\ninto exile because of a quarrel with\\nKing Stephen.\\n1150 Scot. The sees of Brechin and\\nCaithness are erected.\\n1151-52 Ire. Cardinal John Paparo,\\nthe Pope s legate, divides the bishop-\\nrics, and constitutes prelacies.\\nThe archbishoprics of Dublin, Ar-\\nmagh and Cashel, and Tuain are\\ncreated.\\n1154* The first appeals are made to\\nthe Pope from the decisions of English\\ntribunals.\\nThomas a Becket becomes arch-\\ndeacon of Canterbury. [1162. Arch-\\nbishop.]\\n1155 Pope Adrian IV. gives Ireland\\nto England for Peter s Pence.\\nHe permits King Henry II. to invade\\nIreland on condition that every Irish\\nfamily shall pay a carolus to the Pope,\\nand that Ireland be regarded as a fief of\\nthe church.\\n1160* *Heretics are inhumanly\\ntreated.\\nThirty Germans who came to propa-\\ngate their doctrines are branded in the\\nforehead, whipped, and turned into the\\nstreets naked, to perish of the winter s\\ncold, as none dare to show them compas-\\nsion.\\n1161 .ft. Henry II. pays homage to\\nthe Pope by holding his stirrup while\\nhe mounts his horse. [1170. July 22.\\nHe does the same for Archbishop\\na Becket.]\\n1162* Scot. The see of Moray is\\nerected.\\n1170 Dec. 29. Thomas a Becket re-\\nturns from France.\\nHe is murdered at the altar. (See\\nState.) [1172. Canonized.]\\nIt. The Pope puts all England under\\nan interdict. [1174. July 8. Henry\\nmakes a pilgrimage to the tomb of the\\nmurdered a Becket, and expiates his\\nsin by prostration and public scourging.]\\n1174* Richard is chosen archbishop\\nof Canterbury. [1185, Baldwin 1191,\\nReginald Fitz-Joeeline 1193, Hubert\\nWalter.]\\n1178 The clergy of Berkshire are re-\\nlieved from keeping the archdeacon s\\ndogs and hawks, during his visitation,\\nby a special act of the Pope.\\n1181* $cot. The cathedral, or high\\nchurch, of Glasgow, dedicated to St.\\nKentigern, or Mungo, is begun.\\n1183\u00c2\u00b1**/re. The cathedral of\\nDown, formerly dedicated to the Holy\\nTrinity, is, at the instance of John de\\nCourcy, the conquerorof Ulster, rededi-\\ncated to St. Patrick.\\n1185* London. The Temple is\\nfounded also the church built by the\\nKnights Templars it is consecrated by\\nHeraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem.\\n1189 Sept. 3. London. Priests insti-\\ngate the mob to massacre the Jews at\\nthe coronation of Richard.\\nKing Richard I. engages in the Third\\nCrusade.\\n1190* Dublin. Archbishop Comyn\\nfounds St. Patrick s Cathedral on the\\nsite of an old church.\\nLETTERS.\\n12th Century. Bookselling and book-\\nsellers are first mentioned.\\nOxford is a center for clerical study.\\n[1136. Chartered.]\\nWilliam of Malmesbury writes the\\nHistory of the Kiwis of Enq I and (449 to\\n1120), and History of English Prelates.\\nNigel Wireker, a Benedictine monk,\\nwrites On the Corruptions of the Church\\nand Brunellus, or Speculum Stultorum,\\nThe Mirror of Fools, and other works\\nagainst clerical irregularities.\\n1155 Robert Wace writes Le Brut\\nd Angleterre. _\\n1156-59 John of Salisbury, bishop of\\nChartres, writes Polycraticus, or De\\nNugis Curialium et Vestigiis Philoso-\\nphorum, on the trifles of courtiers and\\ntracks of the philosophers.\\n1160 The Moral Ode is written.\\nWalter Mapes writes De Ifugis Cu-\\nrialium. [1170-90,Ze Grand Saint Graal,\\nQueste de Saint Graal Lancelot du Lac,\\nand Marie d Arthur, contributions to\\nthe King Arthur legends.]\\n1181* Randulph de Granville writes\\nUpon the Laws and Customs of the King-\\ndom of England; it is the first digest\\nof English laws and customs.\\n1190* Alexander Neckam writes, in\\nLatin verse, a Treatise on Science. He\\nis the author of many other Latin\\npoems, grammatical and theological\\ntreatises, and commentaries on Aris-\\ntotle and other works.\\nEducated men use three lan-\\nguages, English, the common tongue\\nFrench, the polite, literary, and fash-\\nionable language and Latin, the lan-\\nguage of learning.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1148* London. St. Katherine s\\nHospital is founded by Queen Matilda.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0862.jp2"}, "863": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1140, Mar. 21-1195,*\\n851\\n1154+* Rosamond, the mistress of\\nHenry II., is poisoned.\\nA conspiracy is formed against her by\\nthe queen, Prince Henry, and the king s\\nother sons. Henry keeps her in a laby-\\nrinth at Woodstock, where Queen\\nEleanor discovers her apartment by the\\nclue, a silk thread, and poisons her.\\n1155 Foreigners are banished be-\\ncause they are considered too numerous.\\n115S London. Population, 40,000.\\n1170 Dee. 29. Assassination of Bec-\\nket. (See State.)\\n1180 London. Skating is known.\\n1181 Ire. The title Baron Kinsale is\\ncreated.\\nThe surname of a family is begun\\nto be handed down from father to son\\nthe system is introduced by the Nor-\\nmans.\\n1189-90 London. Riots against the\\nJews occur.\\nSome few pressing into Westminster\\nHall at the coronation of Richard I. are\\nput to death by the people, and a false\\nalarm being given that the king had or-\\ndered a general massacre of them, the\\npeople in many parts of England kill all\\nthey meet. Jews besieged in York Cas-\\ntle cut each other s throats to escape the\\nfury of the mob.\\nRobin Hood, the [legendary] rob-\\nber, flourishes.\\nSTATE.\\n1141 Mar.* Matilda is crowned\\nqueen by the Bishop of Winchester and\\nother clergy. [She alienates her sup-\\nporters by her severe and unwise gov-\\nernment.]\\n1147 After a civil war of six years,\\nMatilda, being defeated, retires to Nor-\\nmandy.\\n1153-65 Scot. Malcolm IV., grandson\\nof David I., reigns. (1153. May 24.\\nCrowned.)\\nHenry Plantagenet, Matilda s son,\\nlands in England to assert his claim to\\nthe crown.\\n1154 Oct. 25. Stephen dies.\\n1154-1399 House of Plantagenet.\\n1154-89 Henry Plantagenet, son of\\nMatilda, and grandson of Henry I.,\\nreigns as Henry H. (1154. Dec. 19.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Crowned.)\\nHe becomes the greatest monarch of\\nthe age his non-English realm includes\\n(1) Touraine and Anjou, inherited from\\nnis father (2) Maine and Normandy in\\nright of his mother (3) the seven prov-\\ninces of Poitou, Saintonge, Auvergne,\\nPengord, Limousin, Angoumois, and\\nGuienne, in right of his wife Eleanor\\nand Brittany annexed being altogether\\nmore than a third part of France.\\n1155* Thomas a Becket is made\\nchancellor [and becomes Henry s favor-\\nite and chief minister].\\nPope Adrian IV. issues a bull giving\\nHenry sovereign authority over Ire-\\nland. (See Church.)\\n1162 Henry introduces the scutage\\nsystem, permitting lower tenants to\\ncommute military service by payment\\nof money.\\nJ.163 Becket opposes the king s at-\\ntempt to reform the law relating to the\\npunishment of clerical criminals.\\n1164 Jan. 25. The barons and\\nin a council at Clarendon, Wiltshire,\\nadopt the constitutions of Claren-\\ndon, which diminish the power and\\nprivileges of the clergy. [1164-70. Con-\\ntested by Henry II. and Becket.]\\nBecket flees to France after trial on\\na charge of contempt of royal au-\\nthority.\\n1165-1214 Scot. William the Lion,\\nbrother of Malcolm IV., reigns in the\\nWest. (1165. Dec. 9. Crowned.)\\n1166* The Assize of Clarendon re-\\nvives the frank-pledge.\\nBy this the freemen of villages are\\nmutually responsible for one another s\\ngood behavior; it orders that juries\\nof 12 lawful men present to the courts\\nfor trial persons suspected of crime it\\nabolishes compurgation proof of inno-\\ncence by oath of neighbors.\\n1168* Ire. Dermod McMurrough,King\\nof Leinster, is banished by King Koderic\\nand other Irish princes, for his crimes\\nand cruelties.\\n1170 Under threat of excommunica-\\ntion by the Pope, Henry becomes rec-\\nonciled to Becket, who returns to\\nEngland.\\nDec. 29. Becket is assassinated in the\\nCathedral of Canterbury by Reginald\\nFitzurse, William Tracy, Hugh de More-\\nville, and Richard Brito, who had been\\ninstigated to the deed by passionate ex-\\npressions of Henry.\\n1171 Oct. 18. Ire. Henry II. lands\\nat Waterford with an army.\\nHe receives the submission of some of\\nthe chiefs of Munster and Leinster, and\\nbecomes Lord of Ireland, by which\\ntitle the kings of England are styled\\nuntil the reign of Henry V11I., who\\ntakes the title, King of Ireland.]\\n1172 Ire. Henry appoints Hugh de\\nLacy governor of Dublin, and lord jus-\\ntice of Ireland he divides Ireland into\\ncounties, and regulates the government.\\n1173 A rebellion is led by the king s\\nson Henry the French and English\\nnobles unite in a league against the\\nEnglish king.\\n1174-86 Edinburgh. The castle is held\\nby the English against the French and\\nEnglish nobles and the King of Scotland.\\nIre. The parliament of Ireland be-\\ngins with conferences of English at\\nTara.\\nDublin. Henry grants a charter to\\nthe city.\\nScot. William the Lion, who has\\nbeen taken prisoner by the English,\\nagrees by the treaty of Falaise, Nor-\\nmandy, to recognize Henry as lord para-\\nmount, and to render him homage for\\nScotland. [1175. Aug. 10. The treaty\\nis executed, and the homage rendered in\\nthe Cathedral of York.]\\n1176 England is divided into six cir-\\ncuit court districts for the administra-\\ntion of justice.\\nIre. John de Courcy is made Earl\\nof Ulster.\\nIre. William Fitzaldeln de Burgo,\\nor Burke, is appointed lord deputy, or\\nviceroy.\\n1180* Scot. Glasgow is made a burgh\\nby King William the Lion.\\n1185* Ire. Henry grants its first char-\\nter to Cork.\\nApr. 1. Ire. Prince John, son of\\nof Henry II., lands at Waterford. [Irish\\nchieftains pay him homage.]\\n1189 Richard and John, sons of\\nHenry, enter into a conspiracy with\\nthe King of France against their father.\\nJuly 6. Henry II. dies.\\n1189-99 Richard I., Cceur de Lion,\\nthe lion-hearted, eldest surviving son\\nof Henry II., reigns. (1089. Sept. 3.\\nCrowned.)\\nJohn, King Richard s brother, mar-\\nries Avisa, daughter of the Earl of\\nGloucester. Richard gives him the\\nearldoms of Cornwall, Devon, Somerset,\\nNottingham, Dorset, Lancaster, and\\nDerby.\\nRichard for 10,000 marks releases\\nWilliam of Scotland from vassalage,\\nand cedes to him the fortresses of Rox-\\nburgh and Berwick.\\nLondon. The Fleet prison is erected.\\n1189-1213 London. Henry Fitz-Alwyn\\nis the first mayor.\\nIre. Hugh de Lacy the younger is\\nmade lord deputy, and Stephen Ridel,\\nchancellor.\\nThe mode of levying money by\\nlicenses is introduced by Richard I.\\nit is confined to such of the nobility as\\ndesire to enter the lists at tournaments.\\n1190* Richard leaves England for\\nthe Crusade.\\nHe entrusts the administration of the\\nGovernment to the chancellor, William\\nde Longchamp, bishop of Ely. [Later\\nit is directed by Hubert, archbishop of\\nCanterbury, and yet later by Geoffrey\\nFitz-Peter.l\\n1191 May 12. Richard I. marries\\nBerengaria, daughter of the King of\\nNavarre.\\nOct. 8. London. At a meeting of nobles\\nand prelates, Chancellor Longchamp\\nis deposed, and Prince John is chosen\\nchief justiciary of the kingdom.\\n1192* Aust. Richard, in returning\\nfrom Palestine, is shipwrecked in the\\nAdriatic, and driven on the coast of\\nIstria.\\nDec. 20. Aust. Richard, while travel-\\ning in disguise, is arrested at Vienna by\\nLeopold, Duke of Austria.\\n1193 Mar. Leopold, for 60,000 pounds,\\ndelivers Richard to Henry VI., Em-\\nperor of Germany, who imprisons him\\ninacastlein the Tyrol (pp.505, 779). [1194.\\nHe returns to England.]\\nJohn, in the absence of his brother\\nRichard, attempts to seize the crown.\\n1194-1240 W. Llewelyn the Great is\\nprince.\\n1195 Ire. Its first charter is given\\nto Limerick. [119S. Adam Servant is\\nits first mayor.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1172* Ire. The plague compels Henry\\nII. to leave the country.\\n1193-95 Famine and pestilence de-\\nvastate the country.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0863.jp2"}, "864": {"fulltext": "852 1196,**-1240,**.\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1211* Scot. Guthred lands an invad-\\ning force from Ireland. [He is defeated,\\ncaptured, and put to death.]\\n1214 Fr. Battle of Bouvines. The\\nFrench defeat the English (p. 670).\\n1215 May 17. The barons elect Robert\\nFitzwalter as their leader, with title\\nof marshal.\\n1216 King John, with an army of\\nmercenaries, overruns the country, and\\nwreaks his vengeance in blood.\\nMay 30. Louis, son of Philip II. of\\nFrance, with 680 vessels, lands at\\nSandwich (p. 670).\\n1217* Louis withdraws from Eng-\\nland, after suffering defeat near Lincoln\\nby the Earl of Pembroke.\\n1222* Scot. The tithe rebellion\\ncommences in Caithness. [122S. The\\nMcScolane rebellion breaks out in\\nMoray. 1233. The Galloway rebellion.]\\n1229 Fr. King Henry III. leads his\\nfirst expedition to recover Poitou from\\nthe French.\\n1232 Ire. Galway is conquered by\\nRichard de Burgh.\\n1232-72 The barons war. (See State.)\\n1240 Palestine. Kichard, Earl of\\nCornwall, leader of the Seventh Crusade,\\ndelivers Jerusalem.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1200 Chimneys are introduced.\\n1220 Apr. 28. The building of Salis-\\nbury Cathedral is begun.\\nLondon. The first 6tone is laid for\\n[the present] Westminster Abbey.\\n1234 Coal is discovered at Newcastle.\\n[1245. Used as a fuel.]\\n1235* London. The lawyers are\\nbrought from Westminster Hall in boats\\non account of the rising of the\\nThames.\\n1237 Water is first conveyed to Lon-\\ndon in leaden pipes.\\n1240 London. St. Mary s, or the Tem-\\nple, Church is erected. (See 1185.)\\nThe earliest [extant] piece of music\\nfor several voices, a six men s song,\\niB written.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n12\\nmurdered, A15.\\n1205 Hubert, Walter, archbishop of Can-\\nterbury, dies.\\n)6\u00c2\u00b1 Montfort, Simon de. Earl of\\nLeicester, leader of barons, b. [1265. D.]\\n1207 Oct. 1. Henry m., king, born.\\n[1272. Nov. 16. Dies.]\\n1210 Layamon, poet, A60\u00c2\u00b1.\\n1210+ JVIaps, Walter, archdeacon, poet,\\nA73\u00c2\u00b1.\\n1214 Bacon, Roger, friar, scholastic,\\nborn. [1294. Dies.]\\n1219 Pembroke, Earl of, Protector, dies.\\n1237* Orm, monk, poet, A50+.\\n1239 June 17. Edward I.. Longshanks,\\nking, born. [1307. July 7. Dies.]\\n1198* *The King of England is a vas-\\nsal of the Pope, the same as all other\\nIre. The cathedral of Limerick is\\nfounded by Donald O Brien.\\n1204 Jews of both sexes are impris-\\noned by King John.\\nTheir eyes or teeth are plucked out,\\nand numbers are butchered with great\\nsavagery.\\n1205 The death of Hubert Walter,\\narchbishop of Canterbury, is followed\\nby a disputed election, which is referred\\nto Rome.\\n1206 It. ThePope excommunicate a\\nthe citizens of Dublin.\\n1207 It. Pope Innocent HI. com-\\nmands the election of Stephen Lang-\\nton as archbishop of Canterbury by the\\nEnglish monks.\\nJune 27. Innocent finally consecrates\\nLangton primate of England.\\n1208 John refuses to receive Lang-\\nton as archbishop of Canterbury.\\nMar. It. The Pope lays an interdict\\non King John and all England for six\\nyears.\\nThe church bells are silent, the sacra-\\nments unadministered, and the dead\\nlay on the ground unburied.\\n1209 John is excommunicated.\\nHe retaliates by banishing the obedi-\\nent bishops, and confiscating the lands\\nof the clergy.\\n1212 It. The Pope deposes John.\\nHe also proclaims a crusade against\\nhim his subjects are released from al-\\nlegiance, and he is proclaimed an enemy\\nof Christendom,\\n1213 May 15. John yields, and be-\\ncomes the Pope s vassal.\\nHe kneels in homage to Pandulf, the\\nPope s legate, for his dominions, and\\nbinds himself and his successors to an\\nannual payment of 1,000 marks. He also\\ncedes Ireland to the Pope.\\n1215 May 19. It. The barons are cen-\\nsured by the Pope. [Dec. 16. They are\\nexcommunicated, and London is inter-\\ndicted. 1216 Scot. The papal inter-\\ndict is laid against the barons and their\\nallies.]\\nHonorius TIL is elected pope. [1227,\\nGregory IX.; 1241, Celestine IV.; 1243, In-\\nnocently.; 1254, Alexander IV.; 1261, Ur-\\nban IV.; 1265, Clement IV.; 1271, Gregory\\nX. 1276, Innocent V. later, Adrian V. and\\nlater, John XXI.; 1277, Nicholas III.; 1281,\\nMartin IV.; 1285, Honorius IV.; 128R, Nich-\\nolas IV.; 1294, [St.] Celestine V.; later,\\nBoniface VIII.]\\n1217* Ire. John forbids the consecra-\\ntion of native bishops. [1224. The\\nPope restores them.]\\n1225* Dublin. Christ s Church is re-\\nbuilt.\\n1226 *The tenths of the whole king-\\ndom are collected for the Pope large\\nsums are exacted.\\nArchbishop Langton divides the\\nBible into chapters and verses. [1228.\\nJuly 9\u00c2\u00b1. Great loss falls to the church\\nand state by his death.]\\n1229 Laymen are forbidden to read\\nthe Scriptures by the Pope.\\nRichard Weathershed is chosen arch-\\nbishop of Canterbury.\\n[1233, Edmund de Abbendon 1245,\\nBoniface of Savoy 1272, Robert Kil-\\nwardly 1279, John Peckham 1293, Rob-\\nert Winchesley.]\\n1236 The [celebrated] nunnery of\\nExeter is founded.\\nLETTERS.\\n1198 William of Newbury writes the-\\nHistory of English Affairs.\\n1199\u00c2\u00b1 Chronicle of Richard of De-\\nvizes, Annals of Barnwell, Chronicle of\\nJoselyn of Brakelond, and many other\\nchronicles, are written.\\n1200\u00c2\u00b1 The Sayings of Alfred is writ-\\nten by an unknown author.\\n1202+ Roger of Hoveden writes An-\\nnals of England, 732-1201.\\n1205 Layamon writes the poem Brut.\\n1215 Orm, or Ormin, writes The Or-\\nmulum, a set of religious services in.\\nmeter.\\nHe is the author of Topography of Ire-\\nland, History of the Conquest of Ireland\\nItinerary of Wales, Gemina Ecclesias-\\ntica, or Jewel of the Church, De Rebus\\na se Gestis, Of the things done by him-\\nself, and a Symbolum Electorum, a lite-\\nrary miscellany.\\n1220+ Ancren Riwle, Rule of the An-\\nchoresses, is written by Bishop Poor.\\n13th Century. Nicholas of Guildford\\nwrites Owl and Nightingale.\\n1224 The Franciscans establish them-\\nselves as teachers at Cambridge.\\n1225-35 The Bestiary is written.\\n1229-31 Great numbers of students\\ncome to Cambridge from Paris and Ox-\\nford. [1230. Henry III. grants it a\\ncharter.]\\n1232 The University of Oxford is\\nfounded by William, archdeacon of Dur-\\nham. [1248. A charter is granted.]\\n1235-73 Matthew Paris writes his\\nGreater Chronicle, History of England,\\nand Lives of Earlier Abbots.\\n13th Century. First mention is made of\\nuniversity chests at Oxford they are\\nbenefactions designed as funds for the\\nassistance of poor students.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1200\u00c2\u00b1 Ire. English settlers gene-\\nrally adopt Irish names and manners.\\n1209 Mar. 30. Dublin. The Black\\nMonday massacre occurs.\\nA British colony from Bristol, while\\ndiverting themselves at Cullen s Wood,\\nare attacked by the O Byrnes and\\nO Tooles of Wicklow, and 300 of them\\nare killed.\\n1213 London. St. Thomas s Hos-\\npital, South wark, is founded by Prior\\nRichard, as an almshouse.\\n1218* Trial by ordeal is abolished.\\n1220* Tournaments are prohibited by\\nHenry m.\\n1221 London. Riotous citizens de-\\nmolish the convent belonging to West-\\nminster Abbey the ringleader is hanged,\\nand the rest have their hands and feet\\namputated.\\n1228 Scot. The title Earl of Suther-\\nland is created.\\n1236 Jan. 1. Henry LTI. causes 6,000\\npoor persons to be entertained in West-\\nminster Hall, and in the other rooms of\\nhis palace, as a celebration of Queen.\\nEleanor s coronation.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0864.jp2"}, "865": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1196,**-1240,** 853\\nSTATE.\\n1197 Scot. An insurrection raised\\nby Harold, Earl of Caithness, is sup-\\npressed by King William. [Harold s son\\nTorphin, who renews the rebellion, is\\nseized, and put to death.]\\n1199 Apr. 6. Fr. Richard I. dies of\\nan arrow-wound inflicted by Bertrand\\nde Gourdon at the siege of the Castle of\\nChalus.\\n1199-1216 John,surnamedLaekland,\\nbrother of Richard, reigns. (1199. May\\n28. Crowned.)\\nFr. Touraine, Maine, and Anjou ac-\\nknowledge Arthur, son of John s\\nelder brother, Geoffrey, as the rightful\\nheir to the throne. [1201. King Philip\\nsupports the claimant.]\\nIre. Meyler Fitzhenry, natural son\\nof Henry II., is viceroy.\\nKing John begins the use of We\\nas the common language of kings.\\n1200* Fr. John, having divorced\\nAvisa, takes as his second wifelsabella,\\ndaughter of the Count of Angouleme,\\nwho had been betrothed to Hugh, Count\\nof La Marche.\\n1203 Fr. Prince Arthur is mur-\\ndered in the Castle of Rouen by, or at\\nthe instigation of, his uncle, King John.\\nFr. King Philip secures the trial of\\nJohn by French peers on a charge of\\nfelony and treason; he is unani-\\nmously condemned, and sentenced to\\nforfeiture of all his territories in France.\\n1204 Fr. John, being unsuccessful\\nin a war with Philip, loses all his prov-\\ninces in France, which are reannexed\\nto the French crown after a separation\\nof 292 years (pp. 670, 671).\\n1205 The barons refuse to aid John\\nto recover Normandy, which is now\\nlost to the English crown.\\nIre. Hugh de Lacy is viceroy,\\nDublin. The foundation of the castle\\nis laid by Henry de Loundres. [1213. It\\nis finished.]\\n1208 Mar. 24. Pope Innocent III. lays\\nEngland under an interdict because of\\nKing John s refusal to accept Cardinal\\nStephen Langton as archbishop of Can-\\nterbury. [1214. Removed.]\\n1210 June 20. Ire. King John lands\\nat Waterford with a numerous army.\\nHe marches to Dublin, where 20 chiefs\\npay him homage he divides the Anglo-\\nIrish provinces into shires or counties\\nhe establishes sheriffs and other officers\\nto govern the country according to Eng-\\nlish law; he remodels the coin, decree-\\ning the same to pass in England and\\nIreland he also introduces English\\ncustoms duties.\\n1212 The Pope absolves the vassals\\nof John from their oaths of fealty, ex-\\nhorts all Christian princes to unite in\\ndethroning him, and commits the exe-\\ncution of the sentence to King Philip\\nof France.\\nMay 13. John yields to the demands\\nof the Pope, including the admission of\\nLangton to the archbishopric of Canter-\\nbury.\\nMay 15. John gives a charter to the\\nPapal legate, Pandulph.\\nIt grants to Pope Innocent and his\\nsuccessors the kingdoms of England\\nand Ireland, to be held for the Ro-\\nman see by the king and his heirs for\\nan annual tribute of 1,000 marks he\\nalso takes an oath of fealty to the Pope.\\n[1313. Oct. 3. Deed delivered.]\\n1213 Nov. 15. First writ summoning\\nrepresentatives of counties to Parlia-\\nment is issued, ordering that four dis-\\ncreet knights from each county be\\nsent to Oxford to treat with the king\\nconcerning the affairs of the kingdom.\\n1214 May 19. London. King John\\ngrants a charter authorizing the annual\\nelection of mayor and common council.\\nNov. 20. The barons meet at St. Ed-\\nmonsbury, Suffolkshire [and determine\\nto demand reforms from the king],\\n1214-49 Scot. Alexander II., son of\\nWilliam the Lion, reigns. (1214. Dec. 6.\\nCrowned.)\\n1215 Jan. 6. London. The barons\\nmeet, and demand from the king a re-\\nnewal of the charter of Henry I., and a\\nconfirmation of the laws of Edward the\\nConfessor.\\nMay 22. London. The barons, with\\nthe army of God and Holy Church,\\nled by Robert Fitzwalter, enter the\\ncity the citizens make common cause\\nwith them against the king.\\nJune 15. King John signs Magna\\nCharta, the Great Charter, at Runny-\\nmede, near Windsor, after several days\\nconference with the barons.\\nIt ratifies Henry s charter, and pro-\\nvides that no freeman be arrested, or\\nimprisoned, or deprived of his property,\\nexcept by the lawful judgment of his\\npeers it n.-milut.cs feudal dues and obli-\\ngations and it provides for the conven-\\ning, and the selection of members, of a\\ngreat council, to control the granting of\\nsupplies to the king, and regulates na-\\ntional taxation.\\nJune 23. The barons disperse after ap-\\npointing 25 of their number to secure\\nthe execution of the provisions of the\\nCharter.\\nAug. Pope Innocent issues a bull an-\\nnulling Magna Charta.\\nDec. Pope Innocent excommunicates\\nthe barons for their refusal to submit to\\nKing John, and he lays London under\\nan interdict.\\nIre. Geoffrey de Mariscis is viceroy.\\n[1229. Maurice Fitzgerald. 1232. Re-\\nappointed.]\\n1216 Apr. Louis of France accepts\\nthe crown of England from the barons,\\nwho declare it forfeited by John (p. 671).\\nOct. 19. King John dies.\\n1216-72 Henry m., 10 years of age,\\nson of John, reigns. (1216. Oct. 28.\\nCrowned,)\\nNov. 11. William, Earl of Pembroke,\\nis chosen at a great council at Bristol\\nregent and guardian of the kingdom,\\nand Magna Charta is revised and con-\\nfirmed.\\n1217 Sept. 11. A treaty is signed at\\nKingston-upon-Thames.\\nBy it Louis of France, after an unsuc-\\ncessful conflict, withdraws his claim to\\nthe English crown; this is the first\\nwritten treaty made by England with\\na foreign nation.\\n1219 The regent Pembroke dies the\\nadministration is entrusted to Hubert\\nde Burgh, the justiciary, and Peter des\\nRoches, bishop of Winchester, who are\\nassisted by the papal legate, Pandulph.\\n1220 Doubts having been raised re-\\nspecting the coronation at Gloucester,\\nHenry is again crowned, Archbishop\\nLangton officiating.\\nPope Honorius decrees that no baron\\nshall hold more than two of the royal\\ncastles.\\n1222* The Great Charter is renewed\\nand confirmed in the king s name at a\\n11 at Oxford.\\n1225 Feb. 11. Henry III. subscribes\\nthe Great Charter of English liberties\\nin the presence of 13 bishops, 20 abbots,\\nand 32 earls and barons. [It has since\\nremained as revised.]\\n1227 Henry declares himself of\\nage, and begins his personal govern-\\nment. In 1222 he had been so declared\\nby the Pope.\\n1229 Henry grants a charter of cor-\\nporation to Liverpool.\\n1230 Fr. Henry receives homage in\\nPoitou and Gascony.\\n1232 Hubert de Burgh is charged\\nwith avarice and despotism, and de-\\nprived of his office of justiciary Peter\\ndes Roches, bishop of Winchester, is\\nmade chief minister [and foreigners be-\\ncome favorites of the king, and are ap-\\npointed to high offices of government].\\n1232-72 The barons* war.\\nIt is caused by the faithlessness of\\nKing Henry, and oppression by his fa-\\nvorites it is led by Simon de Montfort,\\nEarl of Leicester, and Gilbert de Clare,\\nEarl of Gloucester it ends in the defeat\\nof the barons.\\n1233 London. Henry III. grants a\\ncharter to the city. [1142. Aldermen\\nare appointed. 1253. The watch is or-\\nganized.]\\n1236 Jan. 14. King Henry marries\\nEleanor, daughter of Raymond, Count\\nof Provence.\\nPeter des Roches is dismissed from\\nthe office of chief minister, owing to the\\nbarons opposition to foreigners.\\nA great council is held at Merton,\\nSurrey, at which the provisions of\\nIVlerton are passed, including an ordi-\\nnance against the violation of common-\\n1238 Simon de Montfort, Earl of\\nLeicester, marries Eleanor, King\\nHenry s sister.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1199-1220 London. Foreign mer-\\nchants are invited to settle in the city.\\n1200 The price of wine is raised to\\nsixpence per quart for red, and eight-\\npence for white, that the sellers may\\nbe enabled to live by its sale.\\n1204 Ire. Vast numbers die of dis-\\nease.\\n1208 Cider is first made in England,\\nand called wine.\\n1212 July 10. London Bridge is\\nburned; 3,000 lives are lost.\\n1216* *St. Nicholas Church at New-\\ncastle is burned.\\n1220 The bones of Thomas a Becket\\nare enshrined in gold and jewels.\\n1232 The steelyard society is estab-\\nlished it is the oldest commercial com-\\npany in England.\\n1238 The first elephant said to have\\nbeen seen in England is one of enormous\\nsize, presented by the King of France to\\nHenry III.\\n1239 Henry III. gives a charter for\\ndigging coal at Newcastle.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0865.jp2"}, "866": {"fulltext": "854 1240, *-1290,\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1242 May 19. Henry HI. embarks on\\nhis second expedition for France, to re-\\ncover his estates, taking with him 30\\nhogsheads of silver. [July 20. Defeated\\nat Taillebourg. July 21. Battle of\\nSaintes.] (P. 670.)\\n1249 Scot. Alexander H. leads an\\nexpedition against Argyle, to subdue the\\nWestern isles.\\n1263 Scot. Hakon, King of Norway,\\nwith 20,000 men in 160 ships, arrives.\\n[Oct. 2. They are defeated at Largs by\\nAlexander III.]\\n1264 May 14. Battle of Lewes,\\nSussex.\\nKing Henry m. and his son Edward\\nare defeated and imprisoned by the\\nbarons under Simon de Montfort.\\n1265 Aug. 4. Battle of Evesham,\\nWorcestershire.\\nPrince Edward [Edward I.] defeats the\\nbarons Montfort, their leader, is killed,\\nand King Henry released from captivity,\\nand the barons party is broken up.\\n1266 Simon, son of Montfort, sur-\\nrenders to the forces of Henry III., after\\nsustaining a siege of six months in Kenil-\\nworth Castle.\\nThe Scots subdue the Isle of Man.\\n1270 Prince Edward departs on the\\nEighth Crusade.\\n1276 W. Edward I. begins the con-\\nquest of Wales.\\n1282 Mar. 21. W. Llewellyn and his\\nbrother David, princes of Wales, sur-\\nprise and capture Hawarden Castle.\\n[They also destroy Flint and Rhuddlan\\ncastles.]\\n1233 IV. Llewellyn is defeated and\\nslain at Aber Edw. The Welsh are\\nfinally subdued by Edward I.\\n1286 The first English admiral is\\nappointed, William de Leybourne.\\n1290 Edward I. occupies the Isle of\\nMan by the wish of the inhabitants.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1245 London. Peter of Savoy builds\\nSavoy palace. [He gives it to the fra-\\nternity of Mountjoy Queen Eleanor,\\nhis niece, purchases it for her son Ed-\\nmund.]\\n1250 Roger Bacon describes the\\nprinciple on which telescopes [are\\nafterwards] constructed. He invents the\\nmagic lantern. [l 29U\u00c2\u00b1. Also the camera\\nobscura. 1280\u00c2\u00b1. Spectacles.]\\n1260 London. Reliefs of angels are\\nexecuted [in Westminster Abbey].\\n1267 The Opus Major, by Roger\\nBacon, appears, teaching the sphericity\\nof the globe.\\n1268 Street plays, or pageants, are\\nfirst performed.\\n1270 The Chester Mysteries are\\nperformed.\\n1272-1377 The pointed or pure Gothic\\narchitecture appears in building Exe-\\nter Cathedral, Waltham Cross, and St.\\nStephen s, Westminster.\\n1274 A widespread earthquake oc-\\ncurs Glastonbury is destroyed.\\n1280* *The sea rises at Winchelsea;\\nmore than 300 houses are inundated.\\n1290+ TaUow candles commonly\\nsubstitute the tallow-dipped splinters of\\nwood formerly used.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1249* Baliol, John de, king, Scotland,\\nborn. [1315. Dies.]\\n1S53 Albans, St. John of, physician, the-\\nologian, philosopher, dies.\\nGrosseteste, Robert, theologian, bishop of\\nLincoln, dies.\\n1355* Robert of Gloucester, historian,\\nborn. [1307. Dies.]\\n1369 Baliol, Sir John de, founder Baliol\\ncollege, Oxford, dies.\\n1373t Manning, Robert, monk, chron-\\nicler, horn.\\n1274 July 11. Robert I., Robert Bruce,\\nking, Scotland, horn. [1329. June 7. D.]\\nWallace, William, hero, patriot, Scotland,\\nborn. [1305. Aug. 23. Dies.]\\n1280+ Ocean, or Ockham, William of,\\nscholastic, born. [1347. Dies.]\\n1282 Llewellyn, Prince of Wales, killed.\\n1284 Apr. 25. Edward II., king, born.\\n[1327. Sept. 21. Dies.]\\n1287* Morinner, linger, Earl of March,\\nstatesman, born. [1330. Dies.]\\n1390* Uradwardine, Thomas, archbishop\\nof Canterbury, writer, horn. [1349. Dies.]\\nMargaret, Maid of Norway, Scotland, d.\\nCHURCH.\\n1250* Ire. The Irish forbid the\\nEnglish clergy taking orders.\\nReligious plays are encouraged by\\nthe church miracle plays are given.\\n1254* *Ire. The see of Kilfenora is\\nA Jew having forced a Christian to\\npayhim more than two shillings per week\\nas interest upon a loan of 20 shillings,\\n700 Jews are slain.\\n1261 The right of presenting to every\\nbenefice in the world is claimed by\\nPope Urban IV.\\n13th Century. The Pope makes an inter-\\nvention in regard to electing bishops.\\nKing John originates the Cong6\\nd Elire of the king to choose a bishop.\\n1264 The festival of Corpus Christi\\nis instituted.\\n1269 A statute is passed that no Jew\\nshould enjoy a freehold.\\nThe Scotists appear.\\nThey adopt the doctrines of John Dun\\nScotus on diviue grace, freewill, the ori-\\ngin of the moral law, the conception of\\nthe Virgin Mary. They are strongly op-\\nposed by the Thomists, who follow the\\nteachings of St. Thomas Aquinas.\\n1274 Fr. The 14th General Coun-\\ncil of the Church is held at Lyons.\\n1276 London. The corporation gives\\nthe Dominican friars two streets near\\nthe Thames, where they erect a large\\nconvent [Blackfriars].\\nMay 24. Capitation tax of three pennies\\nis laid on all Jews above the age of 12\\nyears, and all above seven years are to\\nwear a yellow badge.\\n1279 The Statute of Mortmain pro-\\nhibits further alienation of land to re-\\nligious bodies, so that it shall not render\\nits due service to the king.\\n1280+ Norwich Cathedral is com-\\npleted by Bishop IMiddleton.\\n1285 The alien priories are seized\\nby the king on the breaking out of war\\nwith France. [Restored on the return\\nof peace.]\\n1287* *In one day 15,660 Jews are\\napprehended, and are all banished from\\nEngland. [1290. All Jews are ordered\\nto leave under penalty of death 16,511\\nprefer exile to apostasy.]\\n1290* London. Edward I. expels\\n16,511 Jews.\\n1250 The poem Genesis and Exodus\\nis written in English by an unknown\\nauthor.\\nRobert Grosseteste, bishop of Lin-\\ncoln, writes Chateau d Armour, a reli-\\ngious allegory, sermons, treatises on\\nphysical and mental philosophy, com-\\nmentaries on Aristotle, and Latin and\\nFrench .verse.\\n1257* *Peterhouse College, Cam-\\nbridge, is founded by Hugo de Balsham,,\\nbishop of Ely.\\nBonaventura, the general of the Fran-\\nciscan order, interdicts Roger Bacon s\\nlectures at Oxford, and sends him to\\nFrance.\\n13th Century. The Lay of Havelok the\\nDane, King Horn, and Romance of Al-\\nexander, French poems by unknown\\nauthors, are translated into English.\\n13th Century. The Dominicans establish\\nthemselves as teachers at Cambridge.\\n1261 The records of Cambridge Uni-\\nversity are wantonly burned by the\\ntownsmen.\\n1263* Baliol College, Oxford, is\\nfounded by John Baliol and Deborah\\nhis wife.\\n1264+ Merton College, Oxford, is\\nfounded by Walter de Merton, bishop\\nof Rochester.\\n1268+ Roger Bacon returns to Ox-\\nford he completes his philosophical\\nwork, Opus Major (Greater Work) he\\nalso writes Opus Minus (Lesser Work),,\\nand Opus Tertium (Third Work).\\n1272-1307 The Alexander Romance and\\nthe Tristan Story become popular, and\\nmany versions of them are written in\\nEnglish romances begin to be written,\\nin Northumbria.\\n1276 The discipline of Cambridge\\nis reformed every student has a master\\nwithin 15 days of his entrance.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1241 Maurice, the son of a nobleman,\\nis hanged, drawn, and quartered for\\npiracy, the first execution of its kind in\\nEngland.\\n1244 Robert Fitz- Walter makes his\\ncurious tenure of the Manor of Dun-\\nmow, Essex.\\nWhatever married couple will go to the\\npriory, and, kneeling on two sharp-pointed\\nstones, will swear that they have not quar-\\nreled nor repented of their marriage within\\na year and a day after its celebration, shall\\nreceive a flitch of bacon.\\n1247* *The depredations of Robin\\nHood come to an end by his death.\\n1256 The pillory is recognized by\\nstatute.\\nIt is a scaffold for persons to stand on to\\nrender them publicly infamous, and is de-\\nsigned for persons convicted of forgery, per-\\njury, libeling, etc. Sometimes the head is\\nput through a hole, the hands through two\\nothers, the nose slit, the face branded with\\none or more letters, and one or both ears are\\ncut off. Persons die in the pillory by being\\nstruck with stones by the mob, and pelted\\nwith rotten eggs and putrid offal.\\n1260 London. Seven hundred Jews\\nare slain because a Jew forces a Chris-\\ntian to pay him more than 2s. per week\\nas interest on a loan of 20s.\\nLondon. Riotous Goldsmiths and\\nTailors companies fight in the streets\\nseveral killed the sheriffs restore order,,\\nand hang 13 of them.\\n1264 The title Baron De Ros is cre-\\nated.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0866.jp2"}, "867": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1240,**-1290, 855\\n[1283, Baron Mowhrav, Ne.qrave (1295), anil\\nStourton 144S l iitft, l .aron Hastings; lL ilil,\\nBaron l e Clifford; KtON, Baron Zoucne of\\nHaryngwark; 1309, Baron Beaumont. 3\\n1267 Adulteration of food is pro-\\nhibited.\\n1269 Jews are prohibited by statute\\nfrom owuing a freehold.\\n1271* Rioters at Norwich burn the\\ncathedral and monastery the king\\ncomes to see the ringleaders executed.\\n1273 Sea-coal is prohibited from\\nbeing used in and near London as being\\nprejudicial to human health even\\nsmiths are obliged to burn wood.\\nLondon. St. Katherine s Hospital is\\nrefounded by Eleanor, Queen of Henry\\nin.\\n1274 Ire, The title Baron Dunboyn\\nis created.\\nEvery Jew lending money on interest\\nis compelled to wear a plate on his breast\\nto show he is a usurer, or quit the realm.\\n1278 267 Jews, accused of clipping\\ncoin, are hanged and quartered.\\n1282 A child at Northampton is cru-\\ncified by Jews, for which 50 are drawn\\nat horses tails and hanged.\\n1286 Silk mantles are worn by noble\\nladies at a ball at Kenilworth Castle.\\n12S9 Judges are punished for bri-\\nbery Thomas de Weyland is banished\\nfor this crime.\\nSTATE.\\n1240-46 W. David ap Llewellyn reigns.\\n[1246. Llewellyn ap Griffith he is the\\nlast Welsh prince. 1282. He is killed\\nin battle.]\\n1249-85 Scot. Alexander III., eight\\nyears of age, son of Alexander II., reigns.\\n(1249. July 8. Crowned. 1251. He is\\nmarried to Margarets daughter of\\nHenry III. of England.)\\n1253* Simon, Earl of Leicester,\\nHenry s lieutenant in Gascony, returns\\nto England.\\n1254 Pope Innocent offers the king-\\ndom of Sicily, a fief of the Holy See, to\\nHenry for his son Edmund Henry\\naccepts.\\n1256* *Richard, Earl of Cornwall,\\nbrother of Henry III., goes to Germany,\\nwhere he disburses vast sums under the\\npromise of being elected next emperor.\\n[He is elected King of the Romans\\ninstead.]\\n1257 The king demands a money\\naid from the laity to support his war\\nalliance with the Pope against Germany\\nthe laity refuse, and an aid of a tenth\\nof their rents is demanded from the\\nclergy.\\nThe English gold coin first appears.\\n1258 June 11. A great council,\\nknown as the Mad Parliament, as-\\nsembles -at Oxford under the direction\\nof Simon de Montfort.\\nIt meets to correct abuses and enact\\nsalutary laws it appoints a commit-\\ntee of reform of 24 members, who swear\\nto allow no consideration, neither of\\ngift nor promise, profit nor loss, love nor\\nhatred, nor fear, to influence them in\\ndischarge of their duty.\\nJuly The committee of reform adopt\\nthe te provisions of Oxford.\\nThese ordain that three sessions of\\nParliament be held annually, that sher-\\niffs for the counties be annually elected\\nby the freeholders, and that four knights\\nj elected by the freeholders of counties\\n1 present to Parliament statements of\\nI grievances.\\n1259 Further payments to Rome,\\nsecular or ecclesiastical, are prohibited.\\n1260 Henry forbids the summoning\\nof a parliament.\\n1261 June Henry produces a buU\\nfrom the Pope annulling the provis-\\nions of Oxford, and freeing him from\\nhis oath.\\nLondon. Free-trade privileges are\\ngranted by Henry to the Hanse mer-\\nchants.\\n1263 Simon de Montfort lands in\\nEngland, and leads the barons.\\nScot. Alexander HI. obtains the\\nsovereignty of the Western Isles. (See\\nArmy.)\\n1264-65 The barons hold the gov-\\nernment.\\n1264 Jan.* King Louis of France arbi-\\ntrates in the mise of Amiens be-\\ntween King Henry and the barons he\\nannuls the provisions of Oxford.\\nMay 15. In the treaty, or mise, of\\nLewes, it is agreed between Henry s\\nson, Prince Edward, and Montfort, that\\nthe provisions of Oxford be again sub-\\nmitted to arbitration.\\nIre. Walter de Burgh is made Earl\\nof Ulster. (Or 1265.)\\nDec* Simon de Montfort issues\\nwrits to the sheriffs of counties, com-\\nmanding the election of two knights for\\neach county, two citizens for each city,\\nand two burgesses for each borough, to\\nserve in Parliament.\\n1265 Jan. 28. London. The knights,\\ncitizens, and burgesses, elected in obe-\\ndience to do Mont-fort s writs, meet they\\nform the first English House of\\nCommons.\\nSept. Parliament confirms the vio-\\nlence of the restoration, annuls the\\ncharter of London, and decrees the ban-\\nishment of the house of de Montfort.\\n1266 The Dictum de Kenilworth is\\nissued.\\nIt enacts a payment from all who had\\nborne arms against the king of the value\\nof their lands for periods from six\\nmonths to seven years.\\n1267 A parliament held by King\\nHenry at Marlborough, Wiltshire, passes\\nthe Statutes of Malbridge.\\n1272 Nov. 16. Henry III. dies.\\n1272-1307 Edward I., surnamedLong-\\nshanks, eldest son of Henry HI., reigns.\\n[He is called the English Justinian, be-\\ncause of the improvements made during\\nhis reign in the laws and the adminis-\\ntration of justice.]\\nThe name parliament first appears in\\na statute.\\nEdward makes a treaty of commerce\\nwith the Flemings it is the first Eng-\\nlish commercial treaty with a foreign\\nnation.\\n1274 Aug. 3. Edward arrivesin Eng-\\nland from the Crusade.\\nAug. 19. London. Edward and his\\nqueen, Eleanor of Castile, are crowned\\nat Westminster.\\n1275 Parliament imposes export\\nduty on wool of six shillings and eight-\\npence on each sack.\\n1276 Parliament passes the statute\\nof bigamy.\\n1277* W. Edward forces the Welsh to\\ncede the coast district as far as Conway,\\nand to do homage for the rest as far as\\nSnowdon.\\n1278 A royal writ is issued, ordering\\nthat all freeholders holding land to the\\nvalue of \u00c2\u00a320 receive knighthood at the\\nking s hand.\\n*The quo warranto statute is\\npassed, authorizing the issue of a writ\\ncalling up \u00c2\u00bbn any person to show by what\\nwarrant he holds any public office or\\nprivilege.\\n1279 The Statute of Mortmain is\\npassed. (See Church.)\\n1281 W. The sons of Grufydd being\\ntreacherously drowned in the river Dee\\nby the Earl Warrenne and Roger Morti-\\nmer, a great insurrection breaks out.\\n1283 Wales is united to England.\\n(See Army.)\\nThe Statute of Merchants, for\\nthe registration of debts, and recovery\\nby distraint of debtor s goods, is passed,\\n1284 Apr. 25. W. Edward s son [Ed-\\nward II.] is born at Carnarvon.\\nOct. The [celebrated] Statute of\\nWinchester is passed.\\nIt revives the custom of requiring sure-\\nties from lodgers and strangers, it estab-\\nlishes watch and ward from sunset\\nto sunrise in all cities, and regulates the\\nhue and cry. The king issues a commis-\\nsion to knights in every shire, authoriz-\\ning them to enforce the provisions of\\nthe statute; [these conservators of the\\npeace are later styled justices of the\\npeace.]\\nW. The Statute of Wales is\\npromulgated at Ehuddlan it proposes\\nthe introduction of English jurispru-\\ndence into Wales.\\n1285 Mar. 16. Scot. Alexander III.\\nis killed by a fall from his horse near\\nKinghorn, Fife.\\n*The second Statute of Westmin-\\nster is passed.\\nIt defines the jurisdiction of the courts\\nof King s Bench, Exchequer, and Com-\\nmon Pleas, and enacts that two judges\\nhold assizes in each county three times\\na year.\\nLondon. The water-works are com-\\npleted after nearly 50 years of labor.\\nCheapside conduit is erected. Water is\\nbrought from Tyburn to West Cheap-\\nside.\\n1285-90 Margaret, granddaughter of\\nAlexander III., the Maid of Norway,\\nreigns.\\n1289 Edward returns to England\\nfrom France, after an absence of three\\nyears, and punishes judges found guilty\\nof corruption Weyland is banished,\\nHengham is heavily fined, and Stratton\\nis fined and imprisoned.\\nEdward I. issues a mandate for the\\ndestruction of wolves in several coun-\\nties of England.\\n1290 The third Statute of West-\\nminster, known as quia entptores is\\npassed it provides that sub-tenants of\\nalienated lands shall bold directly of\\nthe superior lord instead of from the\\ntenant.\\nEdward expels Jews. (See Church.)\\nSept.* Scot. Margaret, the infant\\nqueen, dies on her journey to Scotland\\nfrom Norway. [A contest for the\\ncrown arises between John de Baliol\\nand Robert Bruce, both descendants of\\nKing David I.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1248 The Merchants of St. Thomas\\na Becket s Company is organized.\\n1267 Toll bars first appear, on the\\ngrant of a penny for every wagon passing\\nthrough a certain manor.\\n1269 Oct. 13. The bones of Edward\\nthe Confessor are enshrined in gold.\\n1286 Wheat is one shilling per quar-\\nter.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0867.jp2"}, "868": {"fulltext": "856 1291, **-1332, Sept 24. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1294 War occurs with France, fol-\\nlowed by war with Scotland as its\\nally.\\n1296 Berwick is captured by the\\nEnglish, and its inhabitants are mas-\\nsacred.\\nScot. Dunbar is taken by the Eng-\\nlish.\\nEdinburgh. The city is taken by the\\nEnglish. [1385. Burned by the English.\\n1401. Again.]\\n1297 Sept. 12. Scot. Battle of Stir-\\nling, near Cambuskenneth. William\\nWallace defeats and expels the English.\\n1298 July 22. Scot. Battle of Fal-\\nkirk.\\nThe English under Edward I. defeat\\nthe Scotch under Wallace. Scotch loss,\\n15,000 killed.\\n1303 Feb. 24. Scot. Battle of Bos-\\nlin, near Edinburgh. John Comyn de-\\nfeats the English under Segrave and\\nNeville.\\nFr. Edward recovers Gascony.\\n1304 Scot. Stirling is taken by Ed-\\nward, after a siege of three months.\\n1307 May 10. Scot. Robert Bruce\\ndefeats the English under the Earl of\\nPembroke, at Loudon Hill, Ayrshire.\\n1308 The insurrection of the\\nbarons breaks out against Robert, the\\nking s favorite.\\n1311 Scot. Bruce captures Linlith-\\ngow. [1312. Perth.]\\n1312 The lords spiritual and temporal\\nrebel against Edward H. on account\\nof his favorites, the Gavestons [later\\non account of the Spencers].\\n1313 The Isle of Man is recovered\\nby the Scots,\\nScot. Robert Bruce takes Edin-\\nburgh and Inverness.\\n1314 June 23. Scot. The Scots be-\\nsiege Stirling Castle, but are repulsed\\nby the Earl of Moray. Edward invades\\nScotland with 100,000 men.\\nJune 24. Scot. At Bannockburn near\\nStirling Edward s great army is defeated\\nby Bruce with 30,000 men. [Stirling Cas-\\ntle and the rest of the fortresses in the\\nhands of the English, except Berwick,\\nsurrender to Bruce.]\\n1315* Ire. Edward Bruce, the\\nbrother of Robert, invades Ireland,\\n1318 Oct. 5. Ire. Edward Bruce is\\ndefeated and killed at Tagher, near\\nDundalk, by the English under Sir John\\nde Bermingham.\\nScot. Robert Bruce takes Berwick.\\n1321 The lords rebel on account of\\nthe Spencers.\\n1322 Mar. 16. Edward II. defeats the\\nbarons at Boroughbridge, Yorkshire.\\n1326 Isabella, queen of Edward II.,\\nsuccessfully invades England, with\\nthe help of the hostile barons.\\n1327 June 1. Sir James Douglas and\\nRandolph, Earl of Moray, invade Eng-\\nland with a Scotch army of 24,000 men.\\n[June 7-Aug. 15. They ravage Cum-\\nberland and vicinity. Edward III. with\\n40,000 men leads an unsuccessful expedi-\\ntion against them. He is forced to make\\na treaty with them.] (See State.)\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1300 London. The two bronze effi-\\ngies on the tomb of Henry III. and\\nQueen Eleanor [in Westminster Abbey]\\nare executed by William Torell.\\n1318 Nov. 14. The greatest earth-\\nquake ever recorded in England occurs.\\n1320 Gunpowder is known to Roger\\nBacon.\\n1326 Linna, an Oxford monk and\\nastronomer, constructs a map of the\\nNorthern Seas.\\n1331 Edward III. settles 70 families of\\ncloth-workers from the Netherlands.\\nWoolen manufacture is established\\nat York by two weavers from Brabant.\\n[1390. Begun at Kendal.]\\nTotal darkness occurs from the eclipse\\nof the sun.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1291 Scott, Michael, philosopher, sup-\\nposed nia^n iaii, Scotland, dies.\\n1300 Mandeville, Sir John de, physician,\\ntraveler, writer, born, [1372. Dies.]\\n1308 Duns Scotus, John, scholastic the-\\nologian, A40\u00c2\u00b1.\\n1310 Langham, Simon de, cardinal, arch-\\nbishop tif Canterbury, born.\\n1312 Nov. 13. Edward 111., king, horn.\\n1316+ Robert II., King of Scotland, first\\nof the Stuarts, born.\\n1318 Bruce, Edward, brother of Robert, d.\\n1320 Barbour, John, poet, hist., Scot., b.\\n1324+ Wyclif, John, reformer, born.\\n[1384. Dies. A60\u00c2\u00b1.]\\nWykt ham, William of, bishop, statesman,\\nborn. [1404. Dies. A80.]\\n1325 Gower, John, poet, lawyer, born.\\n1328+ Chaucer, Geoffrey, poet, courtier,\\ndiplo., scliol., b. (13-10?) [1400+. D. A72.J\\n1330* Edward (Black Prince), son of\\nEdward III., born. [1376. Dies. A46.]\\n1294 The king demands of the clergy\\none-half of their annual income. [1297.\\nRefusing it, they are placed under a ban.]\\n1300-1400 The great cloisters, abbots\\nhouses, and the principal monastic\\nbuildings are erected.\\n1303* It. Benedict XI. is elected pope.\\n[l. )05, Clement V.; 1316, John XXII. 1334\\nBenedict XII.; 1342, lenient VI.; 1352, In-\\nnocent VI.; 1362, Urban V.; 1370, Gregory\\nXI.; 1378, Urban VI.; 1389, Boniface IX.]\\n1309-76 Fr. The residence of the\\npopes is established at Avignon.\\n1313 Walter Reynolds is chosen arch-\\nbishop of Canterbury.\\n[1327, Simon de Moepham; 1333, John\\nStratford; I34S, Johnde I fford; 134D, Thomas\\nBradwardini*, later Simon Islip; l3lili, Simon\\nLangham; 1375, Simon Sudbury; 1381, Wil-\\nliam Courtenay; 1396, Thomas Arundel.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1292 John of Oxnead, a monk of the\\nAbbey of St. Benet Holme, writes in\\nLatin the Chronicle (449-1292).\\n13th Century. Nicholas Trivet writes the\\nAnnals of the Six Kings of the House of\\nAnjou.\\nPeter Langtoft writes in French verse\\na Chronicle of England to the death of\\nHenry III.\\nThe Land of Cockaygne, a satire on the\\nclergy, is written by an unknown author.\\n1297 Robert of Gloucester writes\\nhis Chronicle of England in rhyme, the\\ntirst literary work of the kind known\\nin England he also writes Lives and\\nLegends of the English Saints.\\n1300-38 Robert Manning of Brunne\\nwrites Handlynge Synne, a book of verse,\\nand a translation into English of Peter\\nLangtoft s Chronicle.\\nDuns Scotus writes several theolo-\\ngical and scholastic treatises.\\n1310-12 London. Lincoln s T-n-n he-\\ncomes an inn of court.\\n1312* Hertford College, Oxford, is\\nfounded. [1314. Exeter College, by\\nWalter Stapleton, bishop of Exeter. 1326.\\nOriel College, by King Edward II. 1333.\\nSt. Mary s Hall. 1340. Queen s Col-\\nlege, by Robert de Eglesfield, clerk, con-\\nfessor of Queen Philippa.]\\n1320+ Many stories are written about Sir\\nTristem, Sire Otuel, Guy of Warwick,\\nand Bevis of Hampton.\\n1320-30 Cursor Mundi, a chronicle of\\nevents from the creation, is written in\\nrhyme.\\n1322 The records of Cambridge Uni-\\nversity are again wantonly burned by\\nthe townsmen.\\n1326* *Michaelhouse College is\\nfounded at Cambridge; also King s\\nScholars; later, King s Hall, by Ed-\\nward II.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1295 The use of privateers is adopted\\nby Edward I. against the Portuguese.\\n1296 Crosses in honor of Queen\\nEleanor are set up in the places where\\nher hearse rested.\\n1300 The dance called the hornpipe\\nis introduced.\\nWine is sold by apothecaries as a cor-\\ndial [and so continued for some time\\nafter].\\nSilver knives, spoons, and cups are\\nclassed as great luxuries.\\nWax candles are esteemed a luxury,\\nbeing but little used. Common people\\nlight their houses with splinters of\\nfatted wood.\\n1306 Feb. 10. Scot. John Comyn is\\nmurdered by Robert Bruce.\\nThe rich petition against the use of\\ncoal, as being prejudicial to human\\nhealth.\\nThe Normans become absorbed\\ninto the substance of the nation.\\n1312 June 19. Piers Gaveston, the\\nfavorite of Edward II., is executed be-\\ncause of his pride and cruelty.\\n1319 Oct. 10. London. Edward II.\\nholds a tournament in Smithfield.\\n1323 The title Baron Grey de Ruthyn\\niB created. [1332. Baron Clinton.]\\n1324 A law is passed ordering that\\nThe king shall have the custody of the\\nlands of natural fools.\\n1327 Sept. 21. Edward II. is cruelly\\nmurdered in Berkeley Castle by the\\ncontrivance of his queen, Isabella, and\\nher paramour, Mortimer, Earl of March.\\n1328* *The Preston Guild Mer-\\nchants* Festival, instituted by the\\nSaxons, is celebrated.\\n1329 Sept. 25. London. Solemn tour-\\nnaments are held by Edward III.\\nSTATE.\\n1292* Barristers are first appointed\\nby an ordinance of King Edward in Par-\\nliament.\\nNov. 17. Scot. Theclaimsof Balioland\\nBruce having been referred to the judg-\\nment of King Edward of England, he\\ndecides in favor of Baliol, who becomes\\nKing of Scotland [Baiiol swears fealty\\nto Edward in the Castle of Norham,\\nNorthumberland.\\n1292-96 Scot. John de Baiiol reigns.\\n1295 Writs are issued by King Ed-\\nward ordering the attendance in Parlia-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0868.jp2"}, "869": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1291, -1332, Sept. 24. 857\\nment of two knights from every shire,\\nand two burgesses from every city, bor-\\nough, and leading town. [Parliament\\nassumes substantially its present form,]\\n1296 July 2. Scot. John de Baliol\\nsurrenders his crown and kingdom to\\nKing Edward I. at Perth. [He and his\\nson Edward are sent as prisoners to the\\nTower of London, where they are held\\nfor three years.]\\nScot. King Edward carries from\\nScone, Perthshire, and places in West-\\nminster Abbey, London, the famous\\nstone on which the Scottish kings had\\nbeen crowned for centuries. [This stone\\nis still in Westminster Abbey, and is\\nused at the coronation of English mon-\\narchs.]\\n1297 Edward issues a proclamation\\nof outlawry against the clergy for re-\\nfusing his demand for money.\\nThe barons refuse to follow the\\nking to Flanders to aid him in his war\\nwith the King of France.\\nEdward is compelled by the barons\\nand prelates to sign a confirmation of\\nthe charter of liberty and the forest\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0charter.\\nHe signs articles binding him and his\\nheirs not to levy taxes without the con-\\nsent of the prelates, earls, barons,\\nknights, and burgesses and other free-\\nmen of the realm.\\n1298* Scot. The Scots appeal to Pope\\nBoniface VIII. for protection against\\nEdward s attempt to assert sovereign\\nauthority over Scotland.\\n1299 June Pope Boniface VIII. in a\\nletter to King Edward, claims suze-\\nrainty over Scotland, and demands that\\nthe controversy between the Scots and\\nEdward be referred to him. [1301. Jan.*\\nA parliament summoned by Edward at\\nLincoln rejects the claim, and refuses\\nthe Pope s demand.]\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Sept. 12. Edward marriesfor his second\\nwife Margaret, sister of the King of\\nFrance.\\nLondon. The Common Council fixes\\nthe price of provisions as follows two\\npullets, three halfpence; a partridge,\\nor two woodcocks, three half-pence; a\\nfat lamb, sixpence from Christmas to\\nShrovetide the rest of the year four-\\npence.\\n1301 Manchester receives a warrant\\nor charter of municipal liberties and\\nprivileges from Thomas Gresley, lord of\\nthe manor.\\nEdward again renounces the claim of\\ntaxing the people without the consent\\nof Parliament.\\n1305 Aug. 23. London. William\\nWallace, betrayed into the hands of\\nKing Edward, is executed as a rebel at\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Smithfield.\\n1306 The Statute of Praemunire is\\nIts object is to prevent the disposal by\\nthe Pope of ecclesiastical benefices in\\nEngland before they become vacant.\\nFeb. 10. Scot. John Comyn, nephew\\nof John Baliol, is killed at Dumfries by\\nRobert Bruce, grandson of Tiobert, the\\ncompetitor for the crown in 1292.\\n1306-29 Scot. Robert Bruce reigns.\\nMay 27. Kobert Bruce is crowned\\nKing of Scotland at Scone, Perth. [Be-\\ning defeated at Methven and at Strath-\\nfillen, he flees for refuge to Rathlin\\nIsland, off the north coast of Ireland.]\\n1307 July 7. Edward I. dies at Burgh-\\non-the-Sands, near Carlisle.\\n1307-27 Edward II. ,son of Edward I.\\nreigns. [1308, Feb. 25. Crowned.]\\nHe is a weak ruler Piers Gaveston,\\na foreigner and one of his favorites, is\\nhis chief minister.\\n1308 Jan. 25. Fr. Edward marries\\nIsabella, daughter of the King of\\nFrance.\\nFeb. 28. The barons demand the ban-\\nishment of Piers Gaveston, whom Ed-\\nward had made Earl of Cornwall, and\\nwho is chief dispenser of royal favors.\\n[Gaveston leaves England, but Edward\\nappoints him viceroy of Ireland.]\\nDublin. John de Decer is appointed\\n[the first] provost, and Richard de St.\\nOlave and John Stakebold [the first]\\nbailiffs.\\n1309 Mar. 17. At a Parliament at\\nWestminster, Edward is compelled to\\nconsent to the appointment of a com-\\nmittee of peers, under the name of or-\\ndainers, to regulate the king s house-\\nhold, and redress the grievances of the\\nnation. [A committee of 21 prelates,\\nearls, and barons is appointed.]\\n1311* The ordain era present ordi-\\nnances to the king providing for the re-\\nform of abuses.\\nThey specify the banishment of Gav-\\neston and other favorites, and require\\nthat the great officers of government\\nbe chosen with the advice and assent of\\nthe baronage in Parliament, that the\\nking shall not levy war without the con-\\nsent of the baronage, and that parlia-\\nments shall be held at least once a year.\\nThe king reluctantly consents to sign\\nand publish the ordinances.\\n1312* The barons, under the leader-\\nship of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster,\\ngrandson of Henry III., rebel because\\nof the king s recalling Gaveston, who\\nhad been banished in accordance with\\nthe ordinances.\\nJune 19. Gaveston, who had been\\nmade prisoner at the Castle of Scarbor-\\nough, is beheaded at Blacklow Hill,\\nnear Warwick.\\nIre. Edmund leBotiller is appointed\\nviceroy. [1320. Thomas Fitzgerald is\\nappointed governor. 1321. John de\\nBermingham.]\\n1316* Ire. Edward Bruce, brother\\nof Robert, is crowned king.\\n1321* *The earls and barons rebel on\\naccount of the favorites, the two Spen-\\ncers.\\nIn Parliament they pronounce a decree\\nof exile against father and son on the\\ncharge of usurping the royal authority,\\ncausing estrangement between the king\\nand the lords, and recommending un-\\nconstitutional measures.\\nThe king recalls the two Spencers.\\n1322 Mar. 23. Thomas, Earl of Lan-\\ncaster, one of the leaders of the revolt-\\ning barons, after being defeated by the\\nking s forces, is beheaded at Ponte-\\nfract, Yorkshire.\\n1323 May Edward makes a truce for\\n13 years with King Robert Bru?e of\\nScotland.\\n1325 Queen Isabella goes to France\\nto treat with her brother, the French\\nKing Charles IV., concerning the hit-\\nter s claim of homage from Edward for\\nthe province of Guienne.\\nFr. A conspiracy is formed against\\nEdward by the Lancastrian faction, en-\\ncouraged by Queen Isabella and her fa-\\nvorite, Roger, Lord Mortimer.\\n1326 Sept. 24. Queen Isabella and the\\nbarons hostile to Edward land in Eng-\\nland with a force of 3,000 men. [They\\ndeclare that their purpose is to free the\\nking and the nation from the tyranny of\\nthe Spencers.]\\nNov. 19. Edward, after an unsuccess-\\nful attempt to escape, surrenders him-\\nself to the Earl of Leicester, who sends\\nhim a prisoner to the Castle of Kenil-\\nworth.\\nScot. A great council or parliament\\nis held at Cambuskenneth, Stirling; it\\nis the first Scotch parliament at which\\nrepresentatives of cities and burghs are\\ncalled to attend.\\n1327 Jan. 8. Edward II. is deposed\\nby a parliament sitting at Westminster,\\nand his eldest son Edward is declared\\nking. [Feb. 1. Crowned. I\\n1327-77 Edward III. reigns.\\nJre. The Earl of Kildare is ap-\\npointed governor. [1328. Koger Out-\\nlaw, prior of Kilmainham. 1332. Sir\\nJohn D Arcy. 1337. Sir John Charlton.\\n1340. Richard Outlaw again.]\\n1323 Mar. 1. A parliament meets at\\nYork at which Scotland is recognized\\nas an independent kingdom, and Rob-\\nert Bruce acknowledged as king. [Mar.\\n17. Edinburgh. Peace is concluded\\nwith England. May 4. The peace is\\nratified by England.]\\n1329 June 7. Robert Bruce dies. His\\nson, David XT., six years of age, be-\\ncomes king Thomas Randolph, Earl of\\nMoray, becomes regent.\\n1329-71 Scot. David LI. reigns.\\nScot. The town of Leith is granted\\nto Edinburgh.\\n1330 Oct. 30. Edward assumes per-\\nsonal direction of the Government,\\nwhich hitherto since his coronation had\\nbeen controlled by Queen Isabella and\\nMortimer.\\nNov. 26. Mortimer is tried by Parlia-\\nment, and condemned as a traitor and\\nenemy of the king and kingdom. [Nov.\\n29. He is hanged at Tyburn, and is the\\nfirst publicly put to death at this place\\nof execution.]\\nDec. 22. Queen Isabella is sent as a\\nprisoner to her own house at Castle\\nRisings [where she passes the remaining\\n27 years of her life].\\n1332 Scot. Randolph dying, the Earl\\nof Mar, Robert Bruce s nephew, is\\nmade regent.\\nSept. 24. Scot. Edward Baliol, son of\\nJohn Baliol, after having, by the aid of\\nEnglish barons, defeated the regent Mar\\nat Dupplin Moor, is crowned king at\\nScone.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1315* A famine occurs itissodread-\\nful that the people devour the flesh of\\nhorses, dogs, cats, and vermin.\\nThe Leeds bridge is built.\\n1326 London. The Merchant Tail-\\nors Company is fi.rmed. L1327, Skin-\\nners 1327, Goldsmiths* 1345, Gro-\\ncers 1363, Vintners 1368, Linen\\nWeavers\\nLivery companies are incorporated.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0869.jp2"}, "870": {"fulltext": "1332,\\n-1377,\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1332 Scot. English invaders under\\nEdward III. come to the aid of Edward\\nBaliol.\\nAug. 11. Scot. Baliol and the English\\ndefeat the Regent, Earl of Mar, at Dup-\\nplin Moor, Perthshire.\\nDec. 16. Scot. Sir Archibald Douglas\\nand other barons defeat Baliol at An-\\nnan Baliol becomes a fugitive.\\n1333 July 19. The English under Ed-\\nward III. defeat the Scots under the\\nregent Archibald Douglas at Halidon\\nHill near Berwick, killing 14,000 men,\\nincluding Douglas and others of the\\nnobility.\\nEdinburgh surrenders to Edward III.\\n[1344. Burned. 1356. He ravages the\\ncountry.]\\n1336 Scot. Aberdeen is burned by\\nthe English.\\n1339 Aug. Scot. Perth is besieged\\nand taken by the Regent Robert.\\n1340 June 24. The English and Flem-\\nish allies under Edward III. defeat the\\nFrench in a naval battle off the coast of\\nHolland.\\n1343 Montacute [afterwards Earl of\\nSalisbury] takes the Isle of Man.\\n1346 Aug. 26. Fr. Battle of Cre cy.\\nThe French defeated (p. 674).\\nOct. 17. Battle of Neville s Cross,\\nnear Durham.\\n1347 Aug. 4. Fr. Edward III. takes\\nCalais (p. 674).\\n1350 Aug. 29. Edward III. defeats\\n40 Spanish ships in the Straits of Dover,\\ncapturing 26.\\n1354 Robert Stuart, the regent, cap-\\ntures Berwick.\\n1356 Sept. 19. Fr. The French de-\\nfeated at Poitiers (p. 674).\\nScot. Edward m. again invades\\nScotland, but want of supplies forces\\nhim to retire.\\n1359 Fr. Edward HI. lands an in-\\nvading army, and ravages and wastes\\nthe country.\\n1360 May 8. The Peace of Bretigny\\nends the war with France (p. 675).\\n1362 Sp. The Black Prince aids\\nDon Pedro (Peter the Cruel) to recover\\nhis throne in Castile [Spain].\\n1364 War again breaks out with.\\nPrance.\\n1367 Apr. 3. Sp. Battle of Najera:\\nthe Black Prince defeats Henry of Tras-\\ntamare. [1370. He captures Limoges.]\\n1369 July 20. Sent. A truce is made\\nwith England for 14 years.\\n1376 A border war with the Scots\\nbreaks out.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1337 June A remarkable comet is\\nvisible.\\n1340-1483 London. The western parts\\nof the nave and aisles of Westminster\\nAbbey are rebuilt.\\n1340* Fr. Gunpowder is first used\\nat the battle of Crecy.\\nThe first wool is spun in Worsted,\\nNorfolk [whence its name].\\nBlankets are first made in England.\\n1347 Manufactures develop rapidly.\\n1356 Edward III. takes down all the\\nwalls of Windsor Castle, except three\\ntowers, and reerecta it under the direc-\\ntion of William Wykeham, architect.\\n1360 Apr. 14. Black Monday oc-\\ncurs.\\nIt is* so full dark of mist and hail,\\nand so bitter cold that many men died\\non their horses backa with the cold.\\n(Stow.)\\n1368 London. A striking clock is\\nset up in Weatminster.\\n1377-1509 Florid pointed Gothic ar-\\nchitecture appears in Westminster\\nHall, King s College, Cambridge, St.\\nGeorge, Windsor, and Henry VII. s\\nchapel at Westminster.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1332^* Langland, William, clergyman,\\nmoralist, born. [1400\u00c2\u00b1. Dies. A68.]\\n1340* Gaunt. John of, Duke of Lancas-\\nter, founder of House of Lancaster, born.\\n1399. Dies. AM.]\\nManning, Hubert, monk, chronicler, A67.\\n1349* Hull* IvH-iiiiiii, In-mid, writer, dies.\\n1358 Whittington, Sir Richard, lord\\nmayor of London, born.\\n1359\u00c2\u00b1 Glendower, Owen, chieftain,\\nWales, born. [1416+. Dies.]\\n1360* Oldcastle, Sir John, Lord Cobham,\\nreformer, martyr, born. [1417- Dies.J\\n1362* Cliirhelt, Ih-nry, archbishop of Can-\\nterbury, born. [1443. Dies.J\\n1363 Hiu ilfn, Kalph, monk, writer, dies.\\n1366* Richard II., k.,b. [1400. D. A34.]\\n1370* Beaufort, Henry, cardinal, bishop\\nof Winchester, born. [1447. Dies. A77.]\\nOccleve, Thomas, poet, b. [1429 D. A60.]\\n1374\u00c2\u00b1 Lydgate, John, poet, born.\\n1376 LaiiRliam, Simon de, cardinal, arch-\\nbishop of Canterbury, A66.\\n1377 June 01. Edward III., king, A65.\\n1370\u00c2\u00b1* Popular hatred of the papacy\\nprevails, owing to tbe greed and scandal\\nof many of its leaders.\\n1375 Rivalry exists between tbe\\nmonastic orders and secular priests.\\nClergymen performing divine ser-\\nvice are privileged from arrest for debt.\\n1376 The residence of the popes is\\nchanged from Avignon to Rome again,\\nafter an absence of 65 years.\\n1377 Feb. London. John Wyclif a\\npopular preacher, is summoned before\\nthe bishop of .London as an enemy to\\nRome.\\nHe had attacked the inordinate wealth\\nand power of the hierarchy.\\nLETTERS.\\n1340+ Richard Rolle writes the poem r\\nPricke of Conscience.\\nLondon. The Inner and Middle\\nTemple are made inns of law.\\nDan Michel of Northgate writes\\nAyenbite of Inwyt.\\n1341 Chancellor Richard de Bury\\npurchases 30 r 40 books from the abbot\\nof St. Albans for 50 pounds weight\\nof silver.\\n1342 Clare College is founded at\\nCambridge by Elizabeth de Bourg, sister\\nof the Earl of Clare originally founded\\nin 1326 by Dr. Richard Baden, but de-\\nstroyed by fire. [1347. Pembroke HaH\\nCollege. 1348. Gonville HaU College,\\nand Caius. 1350. Trinity HaU, Cam-\\nbridge, by Win. Batt inaii, bishop of Nor-\\nwich. 1352. Corpus Chris ti College.]\\nRalph Higden writes the Poly chron-\\nicon.\\nCHURCH.\\n1347 London. St. Stephen s Chap-\\nel, Westminster, is rebuilt by the king.\\nHe makes it a collegiate church, to\\nwhich are appointed a dean and 12 secu\\nlar priests.\\nA period of religious credulity\\nand superstition, with ecclesiastical\\ndominance, is fostered by a blind obe-\\ndience.\\n1351 The Statute of Provisors for-\\nbids any one receiving a papal provision\\nor appointment.\\n1353 A statute is enacted to restrain\\nthe Pope in promoting his favorites.\\nHe bestows most of the bishoprics, and the\\ncharge of abbeys is given to the favorites\\nof the papal power before vacancies occur,\\nunder color of providing successors with bet-\\nter qualifications.\\n14th, 15th Centuries. The Lollards arise.\\nThey are political, socialistic, and religious\\nagitators. They oppose the worship of im-\\nages and relics, pilgrimages to tombs, tem-\\nporal lordship of the clergy, the hierarchy,\\nthe papal authority, the celebration of the\\nmass, traiisiihstaniiat.ion, religions decora-\\ntions, war, and capital punishment.\\n1359 St. Nicholas Church, Newcas-\\ntle, is rebuilt.\\n1361 John Ball the mad priest\\nattracts attention as a preacher he pro-\\nmotes the Wat the Tyler insurrection.\\n1363 Ire. The see of Waterford is\\nunited with that of Lisnaore.\\nParliament refuses the Holy See s\\ndemands on England.\\n1366 Ire. The English Parliament\\nprohibits Irish ecclesiastical investi-\\nture by the Irish.\\n14th Century. Thomas Bradwarden, arch-\\nbishop of Canterbury, writes On the\\nCause of God against Pelagius.\\n1352 Sir John Mandeville, the first\\nEnglish traveler, concludes his Travels,\\nafter 30 years of work he believes that\\nthe earth is spherical in form, and can\\nbe circumnavigated.\\nLawrence Minot, the first English\\nsong-writer, composes war-lyrics.\\n1355 Edward III. grants a charter\\nto the University of Oxford.\\n1357 London. Gray s Inn of Court\\nis founded.\\n1361 William Langland writes the\\nVision of Piers Plowman.\\n14th Century. Education is confined chief-\\nly to the clergy.\\n1362 Geoffrey Chaucer, the\\nFather of English Poetry, writes The\\nCourt of Love. [1362-69? Compleynt\\nunto Pite. 1369.- Soke of the Buchesse.]\\n1373 A school is established at Win-\\nchester hv Bishop William Long; [it is\\nthe oldest school in England.] (1387?)\\nSOCIETY.\\n1340 Highway robbery is frequent,\\nand undeterred by capital punishment.\\nMasquerades are in fashion at the\\ncourt.\\n1344 Jan. 19. A tournament is held\\nat Windsor.\\nPatents are granted for titles of no-\\nbility first made by Edward III.\\n1349* *A law is passed enacting that\\nnone shall give alms to a beggar able\\nto work.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0870.jp2"}, "871": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1332,**\\n1377,\\n859\\nBy the common law the poor are to be\\nsustained by parsons, rectors of the\\nchurch, and parishioners, so that none\\nshould die for default of sustenance.\\nApr. 23. Edward III, institutes the Or-\\nder of St. George. [Later called the\\nOrder of the Garter.]\\n1350 There is a scarcity of laborers\\nafter the plague laborers are forbidden\\nto leave their own parishes.\\nAn Act of Parliament allows hay-\\nmakers but one penny a day, maBter\\ncarpenters, masons, not more than three-\\npence, and their servants one and one-\\nhalf pence.\\n1351 William de Thorpe is hanged for\\nbribery.\\n1352 Harlots are by statute required\\nto wear striped hoods of party colors,\\nand their garments wrong side out.\\n1357 May 24. London. Edward, the\\nBlack Prince, conducts his royal captive,\\nJohn, King of France, through the\\nstreets.\\n1360\u00c2\u00b1 Chivalry is at its height.\\nEdward III. establishes the Poor\\nKnights of Windsor, or Alms Knights,\\nas a charity, for the support of 24 [later\\n26] poor persons eminent for military\\n1363 Excess in dress is restrained\\nby sumptuary laws.\\nEdward III. begins the custom of\\ngiving alms on Maunday Thursday.\\nAlms, food, and clothing are given to\\nas many persons as the sovereign is\\nyears of age.\\n1367 Ire. The Statute of Kilkenny\\nis passed. (See State.)\\n1368 The title Baron Botreaux is cre-\\nated. [1383, Baron Camoys.]\\n1370 The working- classes are poor,\\nfretful, and eager for the easing of bon-\\ndage.\\n1371 The Black Prince visits Exeter.\\nSTATE.\\n1332 Dec. 16. Sent. Baliol being de-\\nfeated at Annan by the barons, flees\\nfrom the country.\\n1333 Edward III. claims the throne\\nof Scotland in the right of his mother.\\n1334 Feb. 9. Scot. Baliol, by the aid\\nof Edward III is again made king, as\\na result of the English defeat of the new\\nregent, Douglas, at the battle of Halidon\\nHill.\\n1337 King Edward makes Cornwall\\na duchy, and confers it on his eldest\\nson Edward.\\nEdward lays claim to the crown of\\nFrance in right of his mother Isabella,\\nsister of the French King Charles IV.\\n[The English monarchs struggle for\\nmore than a century to possess the\\nFrench crown.]\\nLaws are passed prohibiting the wear-\\ning of any cloth but of English man-\\nufacture, and prohibiting the exporta-\\ntion of wool or woolen goods.\\n1338 Nov. 17. Edward by writ per-\\nmits the abbots of Beading to coin\\nmoney.\\nLiverpool is made an independent\\nport.\\n1339 Scot. Baliol withdraws to Eng-\\nland, where he is pensioned by the king.\\n1340 Jan. Edward assumes the title\\nKing of France, and quarters in his\\narms the French lilies with the English\\nleopards.\\nParliament votes Edward a subsidy\\nof 20,000 sacks of wool to aid him in his\\nwar with France.\\n1341 June 4. Scot. David Bruce re-\\nturns from France, to which he had fled\\nduring the usurpation of Baliol. [1342.\\nHe recovers his throne.]\\nParliament prohibits usury.\\nParliament is separated into two\\nHouses, the House of Lords and the\\nHouse of Commons, the latter consisting\\nof knights of the shire and burgesses,\\nrepresentatives of the counties and of\\nthe cities and towns responsibility of\\nministers is established.\\n1344* Ire. Sir Ralph Ufford is ap-\\npointed governor. [1346. Sir Koger\\n!Darcy; later, Sir John Morris.]\\nA duty of two shillings on every\\ntun of wine imported, and sixpence on\\nevery pound of goods imported or ex-\\nported, is granted to the king. [This is\\nknown as tunnage and poundage.]\\n1347 Edward III. is offered the im-\\nperial crown of Germany. [Declined.]\\n1348 Ire. Walter de Bermingham\\nis appointed governor. [1356, Mar. 30,\\nMaurice, Earl of Desmond July 26,\\nThomas de Kokeby.j\\n1350 Parliament passes the Statute\\nof Laborers, fixing the rate of wages.\\n1351 The Statute of Treasons, de-\\nfining the crime of high treason, is\\npassed.\\n1352\u00c2\u00b1 Lionel, second son of Edward,\\nmarries Elizabeth, daughter of Wil-\\nliam de Burgo, and thus becomes Earl\\nof Ulster and Lord of Connaught.\\n1353* Another Statute of Prasmunire\\nis passed.\\n1354 London. Edward grants the\\nmayor the title of lord mayor.\\n1355 London has four representa-\\ntives in Parliament.\\n1356 Scot. Baliol sells to Edward\\nIII. his right to the Scottish throne for\\n5,000 marks and a pension of 2,000 pounds\\na year.\\n1357 Scot. King David H., impris-\\noned in England since his capture at\\nthe battle of Neville s Cross in 1346, is\\nransomed by the Scottish parliament\\n[for \u00c2\u00a34,000 in modern money].\\nIre. Almeric de St. Amand is ap-\\npointed governor. [1359, James, Earl\\nof Ormond; 1361, Lionel, King Edward s\\nson.]\\n1360 May 8. Fr. The Peace of Bre-\\ntigny is signed (p. 675).\\n1362\u00c2\u00b1 The use of the French lan-\\nguage in law pleadings and public deeds\\nis abolished, and the use of English in-\\ntroduced.\\n1364 Statutes are confirmed prescrib-\\ning penalties against persons seeking\\nfrom the papal court ecclesiastical\\nbenefices in England.\\n1367 Ire. The Statute of Kilkenny\\nis enacted at a parliament held in Kil-\\nkenny by Lionel, who has been made\\nDuke of Clarence.\\nIt prohibits the English settlers, under\\npenalties of high treason, from holding\\nany intercourse with the native Irish,\\nto form alliances with them by mar-\\nriage, to speak their language, or to\\nadopt their names or modes of dress.\\n[Not enforced.]\\nIre. Gerald Eitzmaurice, Earl of\\nDesmond, is appointed governor. [1369,\\nJuly* Sir William de Windsor; 1372,\\nSir Robert de Ashton.]\\n1371i Edward s fourth son, John of\\nGaunt, Duke of Lancaster, marries Con-\\nstance, daughter of the Castilian king,\\nDon Pedro, Peter the Cruel, and as-\\nsumes the title of King of Castile, Don\\nPedro having been murdered by his\\nbrother, Henry, Count of Trastamare.\\n1371-90 Scot. Robert JX reigns.\\nMar. 26. The crown passes to the House\\nof Stuart. Robert Stuart, nephew of\\nDavid II., is crowned at Scone, and pro-\\nclaimed king as Robert II.\\n1372* *Sir Thomas Hungerford is\\nchosen Speaker of the House of Com-\\nmons, and is the first so styled.\\n1373 Edward grants to Bristol the\\nrights of a city and a county.\\n1374* Fr. Edward, after a war of four\\nyears with France, loses all his French\\npossessions except Calais, Bordeaux,\\nand Rayonne.\\nIre. Sir William de Windsor is\\nagain appointed governor. [1376. Mau-\\nrice, Earl of Kildare later, James\\nButler, Earl of Ormond.]\\n1376 The House of Commons elects\\nPeter de la Mare Speaker. [He is the\\nfirst regular Speaker of the House.]\\nThe Commons in Parliament, through\\ntheir Speaker, Peter de la Mare, de-\\nnounce oppressive taxation, and de-\\nmand an account of expenditure they\\nimpeach the king s ministers, several of\\nwhom are dismissed and imprisoned. [It\\nis called the Good Parliament.]\\nThe Duke of Lancaster, the leader of\\nthe nobles, arbitrarily annuls the Acts\\nof the Good Parliament, and casts Peter\\nde la Mare into prison.\\n1377 By illegal returns made by the\\nsheriffs at the request of the Duke of\\nLancaster, the House of Commons is\\npacked with the duke s adherents.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1343 Ire. Wool staples are estab-\\nlished at Waterford, Cork,andDrogheda.\\n1347 Wheat is imported for the first\\ntime.\\n1348 A great plague occurs at Nor-\\nwich.\\n1348-49 The plague of Black Death\\noccurs; more than half the population\\ndie; 200 are buried daily in Loin Ion labor\\nbecomes scarce. [1361. The plague re-\\nturns; the mortality in London is very\\ngreat. 1369. It returns for the last time.]\\n1353 A famine occurs.\\n1362 Edward III. orders all law-\\npleadings to be made in English\\ninstead of French, as formerly done.\\n1367* London. The mortality is great.\\n1370 Ire. The mortality record is\\nvery large.\\n1377 Subsidies in kind, as in wool,\\nleather, and other products of the coun-\\ntry, are levied.\\nLondon. Population, 3,500.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0871.jp2"}, "872": {"fulltext": "8 0 137\\n^^|fc412,\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1381 June* The Peasants revolt be-\\ngins. Wat the Tyler kills a tax col-\\nlector, and heads a party to oppose the\\ntax.\\n[June 12. The rehel peasants assem-\\nble on Blackheath near London, to the\\nnumber of 100,000 men. June 15. Wat\\nis killed by the mayor of London, and\\nthe insurrectionists are appeased.]\\n1384 The Scots invade England.\\n[1385. They receive aid from France.]\\n1385 Aug. Richard invades Scotland\\nwith 80,000 men. The Scotch fly before\\nhim. Edinburgh, Dunfermline, Perth,\\nand Dundee are burned.\\n1388 Aug. 19. Battle of Otterbum,\\nChevy Chase, Northumberland.\\nThe English under the Earl of North-\\numberland are defeated by the Scots,\\nunder the Earl of Douglas, who is killed\\nby Sir Henry Percy (Hotspur) both of\\nthe Percys are captured by the Scots.\\n1394 Oct. Ire. Richard II. lands at\\nWaterford with 4,000 men-at-arms and\\n30,000 archers.\\n1399 July 4. Henry, Duke of Lancas-\\nter, returns from France [and incites a\\nsuccessful rebellion],\\n1400-05 W. Great rebellion of Owen\\nGlendower.\\n[1401. He takes Radnor and other\\nplaces. 1402. Aided by the Scots and\\nthe Percys, besieges Carnarvon. 1404.\\nHeseizes Harlech castle. 1405. Mar. 11.\\nPrince Henry defeats the Welsh rebels\\nunder Griffith, son of Glendower, at\\nGrosmont in Monmouthshire. The re-\\nbellion is soon after suppressed.]\\n1400 Aug. The English under Henry\\nIV. unsuccessfully invade Scotland.\\n1402 May 7 (or June 22). Battle of\\nNesbit Muir, Northumberland.\\nThe Scots, under Sir P. Hepburn, are\\ndefeated by the English, under Sir Henry\\nPercy (Hotspur) and the Earl of March.\\nSept. 14. Battle of Homildon mil,\\nNorthumberland.\\nThe English, under Sir Henry Percy\\n(Hotspur) and the Earl of March, defeat\\nthe Scotch, under the Earl of Douglas,\\nwho surrenders.\\n1402-03 A rebellion against Henry IV.\\nis incited by many of the English nobles.\\n1403 July 23. Battle of Shrews-\\nbury, Shropshire.\\nThe insurgent lords are defeated by\\nHenry IV. Henry Percy (Hotspur), son\\nof the Earl of Northumberland, is killed,\\nand his ally, the Earl of Douglas, taken\\nprisoner.\\n1405 JT. The English defeat the\\nFrench in a naval battle near Milford\\nHaven, capturing eight and destroying\\n15 of their ships.\\n1407* *The Welsh, aided by the\\nFrench, cross the border, and threaten\\nWorcester. [1409. Again invade Eng-\\nland.]\\n1408 Feb. 19. Battle of Bramham\\nMoor, Yorkshire.\\nThe royal forces under Sir Thomas\\nRokeby defeat the Earl of Northum-\\nberland and Lord Bardolf, the leaders\\nof the revolting nobles Northumber-\\nland is killed.\\n1411 July 24. Scot. The Battle of\\nHarlaw, Aberdeenshire.\\nRoyalists under the Earl of Mar de-\\nfeat the Highlanders under Donald,\\nLord of the Isles; many noble families\\nlose all their male members.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1397 London. The parish clerks at\\nClerkenwell perform plays and repre-\\nsent miracles in the fields.\\nLondon. The king repairs Westmin-\\nster Hall.\\nHe raises the walls, alters the win-\\ndows, and adds a new roof, as well as a\\nstately porch and other buildings.\\n1404 Jan. 13. London. Parliament\\nenacts that no chemist shall use his\\ncraft to multiply gold or silver.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1381 Tyler, Wat, rebel, dies.\\nSudbury, Simon of, aivhl.p. anterbury, d.\\n1382 lieauchamp, Richard, Earl of War-\\nwick, general, born.\\n1388* Henry V.. king, born.\\n1390* Robert II.. king, founder of House\\nof Stuart, Scotland, A74.\\n1394* James I., king, Scotland, born.\\n[1437. D. A43.]\\n1395 Barbour, John, poet, Scotland, A75+.\\nFortescue, Sir John, jurist, born.\\nPecock, LViiinald, hishop of St. Asaph,\\nauthor, born. [1460+ Dies.]\\n1401 Cirencester, Richard of, monk, his-\\ntorian, dies.\\n1403 Littleton, Sir Thomas, jurist, born.\\n1403* Percy. Henry (Hotspur), warrior,\\nkilled at Shrewsbury.\\n1408 Gower, John, poet, A83.\\n^Northumberland, first Earl of, Henry Percy,\\ndies.\\nCHURCH.\\n1378 Home. Papal schism (p. 674).\\n1380 Wyclif teaches the doctrine\\nthat the Bible is the sole rule of faith,\\nand opposes the church of Rome.\\n1381* Wyclif denies transubstantia-\\ntion, and the Reformation begins.\\n1383* *John Wyclif completes his\\ntranslation of the Bible.\\n1384 Dec. 31. Wyclif, virulently per-\\nsecuted by the church, escapes martyr-\\ndom by a paralytic attack, which causes\\nhis death.\\n1385 Edinburgh. St. Giles Church\\nis destroyed. [1387. Rebuilt.]\\n1390 The persecution of the follow-\\ners of Wyclif becomes severe.\\n1391* Parliament forbids the English\\nclergy to cross the sea for benefices.\\n1401 The first law directed against\\nheretics is passed, permitting the bish-\\nops to arrest and burn them.\\nFeb. 19. London. William Sautre, a\\nclergyman, is burned for heresy by\\nthe clergy presumably the first execu-\\ntion in England on account of religion.\\n1404* It. Innocent VT I. is elected pope.\\n[1406, Gregory XII.; 1409, Alexander V.;\\n1410, John XXIIT.; 1417, Martin V.; 1431,\\nEugeniusIV.; 1447, Nicholas V.; 145S,Cahx-\\ntusIII.; 1458, Pius II.; 1464, Paul II.; 1471,\\nSixtasVL; 1484, Innocent VIII.; 1492, Alex-\\nander VI. J\\n1409* It. Three popes claim the\\nthrone. The council of Pisa deposes\\nPopes Gregory and Benedict, and elects\\nAlexander, but neither will yield the\\noffice to another.\\n1410\u00c2\u00b1 Religion is chiefly the accom-\\nplishment of\\nLETTERS.\\n1377 Scot. John Barbour, archdea-\\ncon of Aberdeen [earliest Scotch poet],\\nwrites The Bruce.\\n1378 John Wyclif writes Summa in\\nTheologia. [13S3. Trialogus.]\\n1380 The New College, or the col-\\nlege of St. Mary Winton, Oxford, is\\nfounded by Bishop William Long. [i:iS 2.\\nChartered. 1392. New Tnn Hall.]\\n1381 In Wat Tyler s and Jack Straw s\\ninsurrection the rebels seize the Cam-\\nbridge University records, and burn\\nthem.\\n1381-1400 Geoffrey Chaucer writes As-\\nsembly of Forties, Complaint of the Black\\nKnight, House of Fame, The Legend of\\nGood Women, Troll us and Cressida, and\\nThe Canterbury Tales.\\n1385 All the grammar schools teach\\nin English instead of French.\\n1387 John Trevisa completes a trans-\\nlation of Higden s Polychronicon, and\\nmakes additions to it.\\nThe poems, The Cuckoo and the\\nNightingale and The Flower Leaf, are\\nwritten by unknown authors.\\nThe Testament of Love, an imitation\\nof Boetius, is written by an unknown\\nauthor.\\n1408+ John Gower writes Speculum\\nMeditantis (The Mirror of the Speculat-\\ning), Vox iamantis (Voice of One Cry-\\ning), and Confessio Amantis (Confession\\nof a Lover).\\n1411 Scot. The University of St.\\nAndrews is founded by Bishop Henry\\nWardlaw.\\n1412 Thomas Occleve writes the De\\nBegimine Frincipum, or Governail of\\nPrinces.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1381 The price of wine is regulated\\nby statute.\\nJunel4. Wat the Tyler s rebels murder\\nSimon of Sudbury, archbishop of Can-\\nterbury, and Sir Robert Hales, the royal\\ntreasurer.\\nJudge de Cavendish is beheaded by\\nthe Suffolk rebels.\\n1385 The first Englishman given the\\ntitle of marquis is the favorite of Rich-\\nard II., Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford\\nhe is created Marquis of Dublin, and\\nplaced in Parliament between the dukes\\nand earls.\\n1388 Chief Justice Tresilian, Sir\\nNicholas Brember, Lord Mayor of Lon-\\ndon, and others are executed as trai-\\ntors.\\n1394 Ire. Richard XX. visits the\\ncountry, and confers the honor of knight-\\nhood on the Irish chiefs.\\n1397 London. In Westminster Hall\\nRichard II. holds his Christmas festival\\n10,000 guests are entertained each day.\\n1398 Nov. 1. King Henry marries\\nIsabella of France, who is seven years\\nof age.\\nScot. The title Earl of Crawford is\\ncreated. [1401, Earl of Mar.]\\n1399 Oct. 11. The Order of the Bath\\nis formally instituted by Henry IV.\\nTwo days previous to his coronation\\nhe confers the order on 46 squires, who\\nhad watched the night before and\\nbathed.\\nThe title of Grace is assumed by\\nHenry IV. on his accession.\\n1406-23 James I. of Scotland is im-\\nprisoned at Windsor.\\nSTATE.\\n1377 The first poH-tax is imposed.\\nIt is a tax of one shilling on every\\nbeneficed clergyman, and of fourpence\\non eveiy other person, male or female,\\nabove the age of 14 years, with the ex-\\nception of mendicants.\\nJune 21. Edward III. dies.\\n1377-99 Richard n. reigns.\\nRichard, son of Edward the Black\\nPrince, and grandson of Edward III., 11", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0872.jp2"}, "873": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1377,**-1412,**. 861\\nyears of age, becomes king as Richard\\nH. (July 1G. He is crowned at West-\\nminster.)\\n1378 Parliament meets in Glouces-\\nter.\\nThe Statute Scandalum Magnatum\\nis enacted.\\nIt prescribes penalties of fine and im-\\nprisonment for persons found, guilty of\\nspeaking words derogatory to peers,\\njudges, or bigli officers of Government.\\n1379 Apr. A poll-tax is assessed to\\nsustain the war in France. [1380. Dec. 6.\\nAnother poll-tax follows.]\\n1380 London. William of Walworth\\nis lord mayor.\\nIre. Edward Mortimer, fourth Earl\\nof March and Ulster, is appointed gov-\\nernor. [1381, John Colton, Dean of St.\\nPatrick s 1383, Philip Courtney, a rela-\\ntive of King Richard 1385, Robert de\\nVere, Earl of Oxford, Lord Lieutenant,\\nSir John Stanley, deputy 1389, Sir John\\nStanley, deputy.]\\n1381 June The peasants of Essex,\\nunder the leadership of a priest who\\nassumes the name of Jack Straw, re-\\nvolt against the poll-tax.\\nJune The peasants of Kent and other\\ncounties, led by Wat the Tyler, revolt\\nagainst the poll-tax and serfdom.\\nThey are incited to insurrection by\\nJohn Ball, an itinerant preacher, who\\nharangues them on the natural equality\\nof men. They are appeased by the grant\\nof a charter of liberation. (See So-\\nciety.)\\n1382 Jan.* King Richard marries\\nAn tip of Bohemia, daughter of the Ger-\\nman Emperor Charles IV., and sister of\\nWenceslaus, King of the Romans.\\nGood Queen Anne.\\nLondon. The system of electing\\ncommon councilmen at wardmotes,\\nor ward meetings of the citizens, is\\nintroduced.\\n1385 Ire. Kobert de Vere, Earl of\\nOxford, is appointed governor. [He is\\ncreated Marquis of Dublin and Duke of\\nIreland.]\\n1386 Richard is compelled to agree\\nto the appointment of a Continual\\nCouncil or Commission to manage the\\naffairs of government it is under the\\ncontrol of the Duke of Gloucester and\\nthe Earl of Arundel.\\nParliament impeaches Kobert de\\nVere, Earl of Oxford, Michael de la\\nPole, Earl of Suffolk, and other favor-\\nites of the king.\\nIt requires that officers of state be\\nappointed either by the Parli ament or by\\nthe Continual Council it is called the\\nWonderful Parliament, or the Mer-\\nciless Parliament.\\nLondon. The crown and regalia of\\nEngland are pledged to the city by\\nRichard II. for \u00c2\u00a32,000.\\n1389 May* Richard dismisses the\\nCouncil, and takes the control of gov-\\nernment into his own hands.\\nRichard grants a charter to York,\\nthe mayor receiving the title of lord\\nmayor.\\n1390 May 13. Scot. Robert II. dies,\\nand his eldest son John becomes king\\nhe assumes the title Kobert 111., the\\nname John being unpopular because of\\nthe unpatriotic actions of John Baliol.\\n1390-1406 Scot. Kobert TJX reigns.\\n1392* Ire. James, Earl of Ormond,\\nis appointed governor. [1393, the Duke\\nof Gloucester, the king s uncle; 1394, Sir\\nThomas Scroop.]\\n1393* Another Statute of Praemunire\\nis introduced.\\nIt contains provisions against papal\\nbulls granting ecclesiastical benefices in\\nEngland without the approval of the\\n1394 London. The system of electing\\naldermen for life is introduced.\\nIre. Richard II. with an army lands\\nat Waterford.\\nMany of the native chiefs do him\\nhomage he confers the honor of knight-\\nhood on those of them who are willing\\nto\\n1395 Ire. Roger Mortimer, Earl of\\nMai oh, heir apparent to the English\\ncrown, is appointed governor.\\n1396 Sept. 27. Richard marries as\\nhis second wife Isabella, eight years\\nold, daughter of the French King\\nCharles VI.\\nA truce is made with France for 28\\nyears.\\n1397 The Duke of Gloucester and\\nthe Earls of Arundel and Warwick\\nare arrested and imprisoned for\\nalleged treason they are impeached\\nin Parliament and condemned, War-\\nwick and Arundel to sutler death, and\\nGloucester to confiscation of estate.\\n1398 Henry, Duke of Hereford,\\nson of the Duke of Lancaster, and\\ncousin of Richard, accuses the Duke of\\nNorfolk of slanderous speech against the\\nking.\\nNorfolk denies the charge, and offers\\nto prove hia innocence by duel, to which\\nHereford agrees Richard forbids the\\ncombat, and banishes Norfolk for life,\\nand Hereford for 10 years.\\nLondon. Richard Whittington is\\nelected lord mayor. [1406. Again. 1419.\\nAgain.]\\n*Ire. Roger Mortimer, fourth Earl\\nof March, the viceroy and heir apparent\\nto the crown, is killed in an insurrection.\\nIre. Thomas Holland, Duke of Sur-\\nrey, is appointed lord trustee.\\n1399 May 31. Ire. Richard landsin\\nWaterford on a second Irish expedition.\\nJuly 4. Henry of Bolingbroke, Duke\\nof Hereford, who had become Duke of\\nLancaster by the death of his father,\\nlands in England, and incites a success-\\nful rebellion.\\nAug. 24. Richard H., having returned\\nfrom Ireland, is taken prisoner by\\nHenry of Lancaster [and sent a captive\\nto the Tower of London].\\n1399-1461 House of Lancaster, a\\nbranch of the House of Plantagenet.\\nSept. 30. Parliament deposes Richard.\\nIt gives the crown to Henry of Lan-\\ncaster, son of John of Gaunt, fourth son\\nof Edward III., as against the right of\\nRoger Mortimer, grandson of Lionel,\\ntbirdson of Edward. [Oct. 13. Crowned.]\\n1399-1412 Henry IV. reigns.\\n1400 Jan. A conspiracy in favor of\\nRichard is suppressed and the leaders,\\nthe Earls of Huntingdon, Salisbury,\\nand Kent, and Lords Spencer and Lum-\\nley, are put to death.\\nMar. Richard H. is murdered in\\nPontefract Castle.\\nW. Owen Glendower proclaims him-\\nself the Prince of Wales, and rebels\\nagainst Henry IV. He is a descendant\\nof the last Prince Llewellyn.\\n1401* Ire. Thomas, Duke of Clar-\\nence, King Henry s son, is appointed\\ngovernor. [1406. Again.]\\n1403 The Percys lead a revolt in\\nfavor of Edmund Mortimer, Earl of\\nMarch, the true heir to the crown.\\nHenry IV. marries as his second\\nwife Jane, daughter of the King of\\nNavarre, and widow of the Duke of\\nBrittany.\\n1404 May 10. W. Owen Glendower\\nmakes a treaty with the French.\\nOct. 6. A parliament meets at Coven-\\ntry, from which lawyers are excluded.\\nParliament urn indoctuni, or Parlia-\\nment of Dunces.\\n1405 Apr. 12. Prince James, aged\\n14 years, son and heir of the King of\\nScotland, having been captured by an\\nEnglish cruiser off Elamborough Head\\n[is taken to King Henry, who keeps him\\nin custody. He is detained in England\\nfor 18 years].\\nApr. Ire. James, Earl of Ormonde,\\nwho has been appointed lord lieutenant,\\nconvenes a parliament in Dublin, at\\nwhich the Statute of Kilkenny is con-\\nfirmed.\\nMay Another revolt in favor of the\\nEarl of March and against the alleged\\ntyranny of Henry IV. is suppressed and\\nits leaders, Scrope, archbishop of York,\\nand Lord Mowbray, son of the banished\\nDuke of Norfolk, are executed.\\n1406 Apr. 4. Scot. Robert III. dies.\\n1406-37 Scot. James I., son of Robert\\nIII., reigns. The Duke of Albany is\\nregent.\\nThe Isle of Man is granted in per-\\npetuity to Sir John Stanley, to be held\\nof the crown of England by rendering to\\nthe English kings a cast of falcons at\\ntheir coronation.\\nIre. Gerald, Earl of Kildare, is\\nchosen lord justice.\\n1406-23 Every county in England is as-\\nsessed to send workmen to build Wind-\\nsor Castle.\\n1409 Mar. Ire. The lord lieutenant,\\nhaving appointed Thomas Butler, prior\\nof Kilmainham, his deputy, returns to\\nEngland.\\nDublin. KingHenrygrantsagilded\\nsword and the title of mayor to the pro-\\nvost Thomas Cusack is the first mayor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1381 London. The Savoy Palace is\\nburned by Wat the Tyler and. his follow-\\ners.\\nCoal is first made an article of trade\\nfrom Newcastle to London.\\n1383 Ire. A great pestilence, called:\\nthe fourth, prevails.\\n1388 Side-saddles are introduced by\\nQueen Anne.\\n1390 Wheat is one shilling and one\\npenny the bushel.\\n1393 London. Mercers* Company\\nis formed.\\n1399 King Richard II- in his will\\ndirects his body to be clothed in vel-\\nveto.\\n1400 Wine is 12 shillings a pipe.\\nSpurs [of the present kind] come into\\nuse.\\nLondon. Notwithstanding the many\\nprevious complaints against coal as a\\npublic nuisance, it is generally burned.\\n1407 The great plague causes 30,000", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0873.jp2"}, "874": {"fulltext": "862 1412,**-1459, Nov. 20. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1415 Aug. 15. Fr. Naval battle off\\nHarfieur.\\nThe English, under the Duke of Bed-\\nford, take or destroy nearly 500 French\\nships (p. 676).\\nOct. 25. Fr. Battle of Agincourt the\\nFrench defeated (p. 676).\\n1417 July 23. Fr. King Henry V.,\\nwith 40,000 men, invades Normandy.\\n[It is soon conquered.] (P. 676.)\\nAn invasion is attempted by the\\nScots under the Duke of Albany, who\\nretreats before the Duke of Bedford.\\nThe foul raid.\\n1421 Fr. The third invasion of\\nFrance.\\nHenry V., as regent, attempts to sub-\\ndue the dauphin, who still holds out\\n(p. 676).\\n1424 Aug. 17. Fr. Battle of Ver-\\nneuil (p. 676).\\n1428 Oct. 12. Fr. The English be-\\nsiege Orleans (p. 676).\\n1429 Feb. 12. Fr. Battle of Rou-\\nvrai, or of the herrings (p. 676).\\nApr. Fr. Joan of Arc appears against\\nthe English (p. 676).\\nJune 18. Fr. The English are defeated\\nat Patay (p. 676).\\n1430 May 24. Fr. Joan of Arc is\\ncaptured (p. 676).\\n1436 Hostilities are renewed with\\nScotland.\\n1443 May 28. A truce of 22 months\\nis concluded between England and\\nFrance.\\n1450 June-t- Jack Cade (John Mor-\\ntimer), cousin to the Duke of York,\\nraises a brief insurrection he has 20,000\\nfollowers.\\n(Juxe 24.) Cade defeats the king s\\nforces under Duke Humphrey and Staf-\\nford at Sevenoaks, in Kent.\\n(July 2.) Cade enters London in tri-\\numph.\\n(July 4.) Lord Treasurer Say and\\nseveral other eminent persons are put to\\ndeath by Cade.\\n(July 12.) The insurrection is sup-\\npressed, and Cade is killed in Sussex.\\n1453 July 17, or 20. Fr, Battle of\\nCastillion [Castillion-sur-Dordogne] (p.\\n678).\\nOct. 17. Fr. Bordeaux surrenders to\\nthe French (p. 678).\\n1455-85 War of the Roses, between\\nthe houses of York and Lancaster.\\nThe red rose is the emblem of the Lan-\\ncastrians,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the party favorable to King\\nHenry VI. the white rose is the emblem\\nof the Yorkists, \u00e2\u0080\u0094the party opposed to\\nthe king.\\n1455 May 23. First battle of St. Al-\\nbans, Herefordshire.\\nThe Lancastrians are defeated by the\\nDuke of York their leaders, Somerset,\\nNorthumberland, and Clifford, are\\nkilled, and the king made prisoner.\\n1459 The Earl of Warwick defeats\\nand captures a Spanish and Genoese\\nfleet in the Downs.\\nSept. 23. Battle of Blore Heath, Staf-\\nfordshire.\\nThe Yorkists under the Earl of Salis-\\nbury defeat the Lancastrians under Lord\\nAudley.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1416 London. Guildhall is com-\\npleted.\\n1425 Pumps are in general use.\\n1433 June 7. Scot. An eclipse of\\nthe sun is observed, and called the\\nblack hour.\\n1434 Nov. 24. The Thames is frozen\\nover from London Bridge to Gravesend,\\n[until the following February].\\n1446 Excitement prevails over the\\nreported discoveries on the West Coast\\nof Africa by the Portuguese.\\nG uildhall at York is erected.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1412 Trevisa, John, chronicler, dies.\\n1413 Henry IV., king, A47+.\\n1419 Gasi ui.ime, Sir William, jurist, dies.\\n1423+ Caxton, William, printer, born.\\n1427 Whittmgton, Sir Richard, lord\\nmayor of London, A65\u00c2\u00b1.\\n1428+ Warwick, Earl of, Richard Ne-\\nville, king-maker, general, b. [1471. D.]\\n1430* James II., king, Scotland, born.\\n[1460. Dies. A30.]\\n1431 Elphinstone, William, clergyman,\\nstatesman, Scotland, born.\\n1442 Edward IV.. king, born.\\nGrocyn, W., Prof, of Greek at Oxford, born.\\n1450 Cade, John, Irish insurgent, dies.\\nFabyan, Robert, chronicler, born.\\n1452* James IH., k., Scot., b. [1488. Dies.\\nA36.]\\nRichard m., last I lantagenet, born.\\n1457 Jan. 28. Henry VII.. king, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1413 Sir John Oldcastle (Lord Cob-\\nham) is tried and condemned for heresy\\nhe escapes from prison.\\n1414 The king suppresses 110 prior-\\nies.\\nAn insurrection of the Lollards is\\nunder the direction of Oldcastle. [1418.\\nHangedin chains and burnedas a heretic]\\nHenry Chichele is chosen archbishop of\\nCanterbury. [1443, John Stafford 14,W,Jolni\\nKemp; 14M, Thomas J .ouchier; 14Kii, -John\\nMorton; 1501, Henry Dene; 1503, William\\nWarliam.]\\nAlienprioriesaredissolved,andtheir\\nestates vested in the crown.\\nSwitz. The Council of Constance de-\\ncrees that John Wyclif s bones be dis-\\ninterred and burned. [1415. The bishop\\nof Lincoln executes the order, and casts\\nhis dust into the River Swift.]\\n1415 The Church of the Blackfri-\\nars [now St. Andrew s Hall] is erected\\nat Norwich.\\n1435 Ire. The sees of Cork and\\nCloyne are united.\\nFr. Joan of Arc is burned by the\\nEnglish. (See France.)\\n1441 /re. The see of Down is united\\nwith that of Connor.\\nLondon. St. Paul s Church is nearly\\ndestroyed by fire.\\n15th Century. Parishes are enlarged and\\nthe number reduced total number, 10,-\\n000+\\nLETTERS.\\n1415* London. Staple slnnof Court\\nis founded. [1420. Lyon s Inn of\\nCourt.]\\n1421 Troy Book, by John Lydgate,\\nappears. [1424-25, Falles of Princes\\nand The Story of Thebes; 1456+ London\\nLickpenny\\n1422-1505 The Paston Letters are writ-\\nten.\\n1424 London. Sir Richard Whit-\\ntington founds a college, and dedicates\\nit to the Holy Ghost and the Virgin\\nMary.\\n1437 Scot. King James I. writes\\nThe King s Quair (the King s Little\\nBook), and other poems.\\n*A11 Souls College, Oxford, is\\nfounded by Henry Chichele, archbishop\\nof Canterbury. [1456. Magdalen Col-\\nlege, by William of Waynftete, bishop\\nof Winchester.]\\n1440 Galfridus Grammaticus pub-\\nlishes his Promptoriam Parvulorum, the\\nearliest known complete English-Latin\\ndictionary.\\n1441 Eton College, Buckingham-\\nshire, is begun by King Henry VI. [1490+.\\nCompleted.]\\nKing s College, Cambridge, is\\nfounded. [1442. Christ s College. 1448.\\nQueen s College, by Margaret of\\nAnjou.]\\n1449* The Repressor of Overmuch Blam-\\ning the Clergy, a defense of the clergy,\\nis written by Bishop Reginald Pecock.\\n1450 Jan. 7. Scot. The College [Uni-\\nversity] of Glasgow is founded by Pope\\nNicholas V. (papal bull) and Bishop\\nTurnbull.\\nBallads are popular, especially\\namong the lower classes.\\n1456 Edinburgh. The College of St.\\nSalvator s, St. Andrews University,\\nis founded by Bishop James Kennedy.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1420 The Irish are expelled from\\nEngland.\\n1421 The title Baron Berkeley is cre-\\nated. [1442, Earl of Shrewsbury.]\\n1427* London. Mayor Rainwell con-\\ndemns 150 butts and pipes of wine for\\nbeing adulterated; they are emptied\\ninto the channels of the streets.\\n1429 London. Sir Richard Whitting-\\nton s charitable almshouses are\\nfounded.\\n1437 scot. The title Earl of Rothes\\nis created. [1442. Baron Forbes 1445.\\nBaron Saltoun.j\\n1439 Ire. The title Baron Dunsany\\nis created.\\n1440 Feb. 10. John, Lord Beaumont,\\nis created Viscount Beaumont by Henry\\nVI., and is given the precedence above\\nall barons -he is the first viscount\\ncreated by patent.\\nEdinburgh. William Douglas is\\nmurdered.\\nThe Duke of Gloucester marries his\\nmistress, Eleanor Cobham.\\n1444* A law is passed fixing the wages\\nof a bailiff of husbandry at 23 shillings.\\nfour pence per annum, and clothing of\\nthe price of live shillings, with meat and\\ndrink; chief hind, carter, or shepherd,\\n20 shillings, clothing four shillings\\ncommon servant of husbandry, 15 shil-\\nlings, clothing 40 pence woman-servant,\\n10 shillings, clothing four shillings.\\n1447 Five gentlemen attached to the\\nDuke of Gloucester are arraigned and\\ncondemned for treason, and at the place\\nof execution are hanged, cut down alive\\ninstantly, stripped naked, and their\\nbodies marked for quartering, and then", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0874.jp2"}, "875": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1412, *-1459, Nov. 20. 863\\n1452 Scot. The title Baron Borth-\\nwick is created also Earl of Errol.\\n[1454, Baron Cathcart 1455, Earl of\\nCaitliness; 1458, Earl of Morton. 1461.\\nIre. Baron Trimlestown.]\\nSTATE.\\n1413 Mar. 20. Henry IV. dies.\\n1413-22 Henry V., son of Henry IV.,\\nreigns.\\nOct.* Ire. Sir John Stanley, appointed\\nlord lieutenant, lands at Clontarf [1414.\\nJan. He dies at Ardee.]\\n1414 Jan. 11, 12. The Lollard in-\\nsurgents, under the leadership of Sir\\nJohn Oldcastle, having attempted to\\nseize the king, are tried and condemned.\\n[Many of them are put to death Old-\\ncastle escapes. 1418. He is hanged as\\na traitor.]\\nJan.* Ire. Thomas Crawley, arch-\\nbishop of Dublin, is appointed lord jus-\\ntice by the nobles. [Sept. John Tal-\\nbot, Lord Furnival, is appointed lord\\nlieutenant. 1420. James Butler, Earl\\nof Ormond.]\\nJuly 10. Henry makes claim to the\\ncrown of France as the heir of Isa-\\nbella, queen of Edward II. and daugh-\\nter of the French King Philip IV.\\nThe House of Commons adopts the\\nuse of the English language.\\n1415* London. The city is first lighted\\nby lanterns.\\nJuly* A conspiracy to proclaim the\\nEarl of March heir to the crown is dis-\\ncovered.\\n[The leaders, Richard, Earl of Cam-\\nbridge, cousin to the king, Sir Thomas\\nGrey, and Lord Scrope, are tried, con-\\ndemned, and executed.]\\n1420 May 21. Fr. The Treaty of\\nTroyes is signed (p. 677).\\nJune 2. Fr. Henry V is married to\\nCatherine (p. 677).\\nSept. 3. Scot. The Duke of Albany dy-\\ning, his son Murdoch assumes the re-\\ngency.\\n1421 Feb. 23. London. Henry V.\\nand Queen Catherine enter the city with\\nmagnificent pageant, and are received\\nwith great enthusiasm Catherine is\\ncrowned at ^Westminster.\\n1422 Aug. 31. Henry V. dies.\\n1422-61 Henry VI. reigns.\\nDec. 5. Protectorate of Humphrey,\\nDuke of Gloucester.\\nThe king being only nine months old,\\nhis uncle, the Duke of Bedford, is ap-\\npointed protector and guardian of the\\nkingdom but being in France as re-\\ngent, his younger brother, the Duke of\\nGloucester, is appointed during his\\nabsence protector of the realm and\\nChurch of England.\\n1423 Sept.* James I., King of Scot-\\nland, is released from captivity in Eng-\\nland.\\nFor this he agrees to forbid his sub-\\njects to enter the service of France, and\\nthe payment of \u00c2\u00a340,000 compensation\\nfor his expenses during detention.\\nIre. Edmund Mortimer, Earl of\\nMarch and Ulster, is appointed gov-\\nernor. [1425. Lord John Talbot, lord\\nlieutenant. 1427. Sir John Grey. 1428.\\nSir John Grey returns to England after\\nappointing Edward Dantzy, bishop of\\nMeath, his deputy.]\\n1424 Feb. 13. James I., King of\\nScotland, marries Jane Beaufort,\\ndaughter of the Earl of Somerset, and\\nniece of Cardinal Beaufort. The cere-\\nmony is performed in the cardinal s pal-\\nace at South wark.\\nMay 21. Scot. James I. and his queen\\nare crowned at the Abbey of Scone\\nby Henry Wardlaw, bishop of St. An-\\ndrew s.\\nIre. John Sutton, Lord Dudley, is\\nappointed deputy. [1431. Sir Thomas\\nStanley is appointed lord lieutenant.]\\n1429 Ire. Lord Deputy Sutton con-\\nvenes a parliament, which makes regu-\\nlations for juries to investigate criminal\\nprosecutions.\\nThe crime of arson is made high trea-\\nson.\\nParliament Laws are passed limit-\\ning the right of voting at parliamentary\\nelections to resident possessors of land\\nworth 40 shillings a year, and requiring\\nthat the representatives of cities and\\nburghs be inhabitants of the same.\\nDec. 17. Fr. Henry VI., the boy-king\\nof England, is crowned at Paris by\\nCardinal Beaufort.\\nParliament A law is passed for\\nthe personal security of members of\\nParliament while attending to their\\nduties.\\n1435 Fr. The Congress of Arras is\\nheld.\\nThe Duke of Burgundy abandons the\\nalliance with England, and concludes\\npeace with France (p. 677).\\n1436 Apr. 13. Fr. Paris is lost to\\nthe English, the city being taken by\\nKing Charles VII.\\n1437 Pari. The first act of natural-\\nization is passed.\\nFeb. 21. Scot. James I. is murdered\\nat Perth by conspirators headed by Sir\\nRobert Graham and the Earl of Athol\\n[both of whom are executed].\\n1437-60 James II., son of James I.,\\nreigns.\\nScot. Because of the murder of James\\nat Perth, the court and capital are trans-\\nferred to Edinburgh.\\n1438 Ire. Leon, Lord WeUs is ap-\\npointed lord lieutenant. [1443. James,\\nEarl of Ormond, again.]\\n1440\u00c2\u00b1 The term Grace of God\\nis assumed by kings as signifying their\\ndivine origin.\\n1442* Dublin. LordLieutenant Wells\\nnominates his brother William deputy.\\nThe deputy holds a parliament, which\\nappoints commissioners to acquaint the\\nking with the wretched state of af-\\nfairs in Ireland.\\n1444* Fr. Maine and Anjou are\\nsurrendered to the French, in a negotia-\\ntion for the marriage of King Henry VI.\\nto Margaret, daughter of Ren6, titular\\nKing of Sicily and Jerusalem, and Duke\\nof Anjou.\\n1445 Apr. 22. Henry VI. marries\\nMargaret of Anjou. [May 30. She is\\ncrowned at Westminster.]\\n1446* Ire. John Talbot, Earl of\\nShrewsbury, is appointed lord lieuten-\\nant. [1449. July\u00c2\u00b1* Bichard. Duke of\\nYork.]\\n1447 Feb. 11. The Duke of Glouces-\\nter is arrested on a charge of high trea-\\nson [and murdered in prison].\\nApr. 11. Cardinal Beaufort, adviser\\nof King Henry, dies. [William de la\\nPole, Earl of Suffolk, succeeds him.]\\nIre. A parliament held at Trim passes\\na law prohibiting taxes on merchandise\\nor provisions, except in towns.\\n1448 Feb. 12. Parliament grants\\nHenry a poll-tax of six shillings and\\neightpence on every merchant stranger,\\nand 20 pence on their clerks, and a gen-\\neral poll-tax of sixpence.\\nFt. Rouen is surrendered to France.\\n1450 Fr. The second French con-\\nquest of Normandy is completed.\\nThe Duke of Suffolk is arrested on\\na charge of treason, and condemned to\\nbanishment for five years. [He is cap-\\ntured at sea on his way to France. May\\n2. He is beheaded.]\\nJune July An insurrection breaks\\nout, headed by Jack Cade. (See Army.)\\nThe Government is conducted by\\nRichard, Duke of York, grandson of\\nthe fifth son of Edward III., and son\\nof Anna Mortimer, heir of the claims of\\nthe third line the Duke of Somerset,\\ngrandson of John of Gaunt, is his\\nrival.\\n1451 Scot. James II. grants a char-\\nter to Glasgow.\\n1452* Scot. William, Earl of Doug-\\nlas, having himself committed many\\nmurders, is killed at Stirling Castle by\\nKing James II.\\nRichard, Duke of York, claimant to\\nthe crown, is persuaded to disband his\\narmy; he is then arrested, but released\\non swearing fealty to the king.\\nEdinburgh. James II., by charter,\\ngives the city preeminence over other\\nScotch burghs.\\n1453 Oct. 13. The queen gives birth\\nto a son, who is called Edward.\\nOct. 19. Fr. Guienne is lost to Eng-\\nland by the surrender of the English\\nforces occupying it.\\nOct. King Henry sinks into a state of\\nmental incapacity. L1454. Dec. He\\nrecovers from his malady. 1455. Oct.\\nThe king relapses.]\\nUov. 25. London. The Duke of Som-\\nerset is sent a prisoner to the Tower.\\nLondon. Sir John Norman goes by\\nwater to Westminster, to be sworn in as\\nlord mayor he institutes the lord\\nmayor s show.\\n1455-85 War of the Koses. (See\\nArmy.)\\n1455 Nov.i The Duke of York be-\\ncomes protector as a consequence of\\nthe Yorkist victory at the battle of St.\\nAlbans.\\n1456 Feb. 25. The Duke of York s\\ncommission as protector is revoked, and\\nHenry, having recovered his health,\\nis reinstated in sovereign authority.\\n1458 Mar. London. After a series of\\nconferences, a formal but insincere rec-\\nonciliation is effected between the\\nYorkists and the Royalists.\\n1459 Nov. 20. A parliament meets at\\nCoventry, at which the Duke of York,\\nhis family, and chief supporters are\\nattainted of treason.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1415 London. Street lights are in-\\ntroduced.\\n1430 England extends her trade into\\nthe Mediterranean.\\n1438 London. A Drapers Company\\nis formed. U44S, a Haberdashers\\nA famine occurs it is so great that\\nbread is made from fern.\\n1439 July 16. A terrible pestilence\\nbreaks out. [It continues for two years.]\\n1447 Edinburgh. An annual fair is\\ngranted to the city by James II.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0875.jp2"}, "876": {"fulltext": "864 1459,* *-1484,\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1460 July 10. Battle of Northamp-\\nton.\\nThe Yorkiats under the Earls of Salis-\\nbury, Warwick, and March defeat the\\nLancastrians under King Henry; the\\nking is taken prisoner.\\nDec. 31. Battle of Wakefield, York-\\nshire.\\nThe Royalist forces under Queen Mar-\\ngaret defeat the Yorkists the Duke of\\nYork is killed. [1461. Jan. 1. The Ear)\\n-of Salisbury is captured and killed.]\\n1461 Feb. 2. Battle of Mortimer s\\nCross, Herefordshire.\\nThe Lancastrians under the Earl of\\nPembroke are defeated by Edward, the\\nyoung Duke of York [afterwards King\\nEdward IV.].\\nFeb. 17. Second battle of St. Albans,\\nHerefordshire.\\nThe Yorkists under Warwick are de-\\nfeated by the Royalists under Queen\\nMargaret, who rescues the king. [Feb.\\n28. Edward, Duke of York, having\\njoined his forces to those of Warwick,\\nmarches into London.]\\nMar. 29. Battle of Towton, near\\nYork.\\nEdward IV., with an army of 50,000,\\ndefeats the Lancastrians under the\\nDuke of Somerset, with an army of\\n60,000 over 30,000 men are killed.\\n1464 Apr. 25. Battle of Hedgley\\nMoor.\\nThe Lancastrians under Queen Marga-\\nret, aided by the Scots and French,\\nmake another effort to retrieve their\\nfallen fortune, but are defeated by Lord\\nMontague in Northumberland.\\nMay 8. Battle of Hexam, Northumber-\\nland.\\nLord Montague totally defeats the Lan-\\ncastrians under the Duke of Somerset\\nSomerset is captured [and beheaded].\\n1470 The war is continued by the\\nLancastrians, aided by the French, the\\nEarl of Warwick, and the Duke of Clar-\\n1471 Mar. 14. King Edward lands\\n2,000 men at Ravenspur. [He is soon\\nwelcomed at York.]\\nApr. 14. Battle of Barnet, Hertford-\\nshire.\\nEdward TV. defeats the Lancastrians\\nunder Warwick, who, with his brother,\\nis killed.\\nMay 4. Battleof Tewkesbury, Glouces-\\ntershire.\\nMargaret, wife of Henry VI., and her\\nforces are defeated by Edward IV. and\\nhis brothers, the Dukes of Gloucester\\nand Clarence Margaret and her con-\\nsort are taken prisoners, and her son\\nEdward is murdered after his surrender.\\n1475 June 22. Fr. Edward IV. in-\\nvades France (p. 678).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1470 John Hambovs is the first doc-\\ntor of music. (1463 The first.)\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1459 Fisher, John, bishop of Rochester,\\ncardinal, s lioiar. martyr, born.\\n1460 Dunbar, Win., friar, courtier, poet,\\nScotland, horn.\\nLinacre, Thomas, scholar, physician, born.\\nSkelton, John, poet, born.\\nYork, Richard Plantacenet, Duke of, dies.\\n1461 Lydgate, John, poet, A86.\\n1465 Boethius, or Hoece, Hector, hist.,b.\\n1468i Lilly, W., teacher, grammarian, b.\\n1470 Edward V,, king, horn.\\nLatimer. Hugh, reformer, b. (1490+\\n1471i Wolsey, Thomas, card.. states., b.\\n1472 James TV., king, Scotland, born.\\n1473* Howard, Thomas, Duke of Norfolk,\\nstatesman, general, born.\\n1474 Douglas, Gawin, or Gavin, poet,\\nScotland, born.\\n1475\u00c2\u00b1 Barclay, Alexander, poet, Scot., b.\\n1477\u00c2\u00b1 Cabot. Sebastian, navigator, b.\\n1478 Feb. 7. More. Sir Thomas, theolo-\\ngian, historian, statesman, born.\\n1481 Littleton, Sir Thomas, jurist, A67.\\n1483 Edward IV.. king, A41.\\nEdward V. and his brother, murdered.\\nFortescue, Sir John, chief justice, au., A92.\\nGardiner, Stephen, bishop of Winchester,\\nBtatesman, born.\\n1484* Tyndale. William, reform., wr.,b.\\nCHURCH.\\n1470 Scot. The archbishopric of St.\\nAndrews is founded.\\n1474 Scot. St. Andrews is raised\\nto an archbishopric. [1488. The see of\\nGlasgow also.]\\n1483 Apr. 9. London. Dr. Shaw,\\nbrother of the Lord Mayor, preaches\\nfrom the text Bastard slips shall not\\nthrive.\\nLETTERS.\\n1460\u00c2\u00b1 Juliana Berners, prioress of\\nthe nunnery of Sopwell. near St. Albans,\\nthe first English female author, writes\\nin verse, a. Book of Hunting, and in prose,\\nthe Art of Hawking, and the Laws of\\nArms.\\n1460-1524 Thomas Linacre writes an\\nElementary Latin Grammar, a work on\\nLatin composition, De Emendata Siruc-\\ntura Latini Sermonis.\\n1461* Scot. Henry the Minstrel writes\\nthe poem Wallace.\\n1465i: The printing types in use are\\nGothic or old German.\\n1470 Sir Thomas Malory writes the\\nHistory of King Arthur. [1485. It is\\nprinted by William Caxton.]\\nThe Court of Love is written by an\\nunknown author.\\n1471-74 The Recuyel of the History es of\\nTroy, by Raoule le Fe ure, is translated\\ninto English, and set up in the types of\\nColard Mansion in Bruges, by William\\nCaxton it is the first book printed in\\nEnglish.\\n1471* William Caxton, a London\\nmercer, sets up at Westminster the first\\nprinting-press known in England.\\n1473+ Scot. The Glasgow University\\nLibrary is founded.\\nSt. Catherine s College, or Hall,\\nCambridge, is founded.\\n1474 The Game and Playe of the\\nChesse, a translation from the French,\\nis set up and printed by Caxton; it is\\nthe first book printed in England.\\n1475* The University library, Cam-\\nbridge, is founded.\\n1477 The Dictes and Wise Sayings of\\nthe Philosophers is written by Anthony\\nWoodville, Lord Rivers it is printed by\\nCaxton.\\n1478* London. Clement s Inn of\\nCourt is established. [1385. The New\\nInn Court.]\\n1479* Lincoln College, Oxford, be-\\ngun in 1427 by Richard Fleming, is com-\\npleted by Rotherham, bishop of Lincoln.\\n[1487. St. Mary Magdalen Hall is estab-\\nlished.]\\nThe Temple of Glass, by John Lyd-\\ngate, is printed by Caxton.\\n1480 Mar. 29. Wm. Caxton finishes\\nthe Cordial in folio.\\nWilliam Caxton prints the Chronicles\\nof England.\\n1481 The Court of Sapience, by John\\nLydgate, is printed by Caxton.\\nCaxton prints in English the Boke of\\nTulle of Old Age Cicero s he Senec-\\ntute.\\n1482 July 2. William Caxton finishes\\nthe printing of the Polychronicon it\\ncontains the Berynges and Dedes of\\nmany Tymes in eight Bokes.\\n1483 Statutes are first printed.\\nSept. 2. Caxton publishes the Confessio\\nAmantis.\\n1483-84* The Herald s CoUege is in-\\ncorporated and endowed by King Rich-\\nard III.\\nSir John Fortescue writes De Laudi-\\nbus Legum Anglias, and the Difference\\nbeUveen Absolute and Limited Monarchy.\\n1484+ Scot. Robert Henryson of Dun-\\nfermline writes The Morall Fables of\\nEsope the Phrygian, liobeno and Makyn e,\\nthe first pastoral poem in English,\\nand The Bludy Serk.\\nMar. 26. JEsop s Fables, printed by Wil-\\nliam Caxton, appears it is the first book\\nhaving the leaves numbered.\\nThe Life of Our Lady, by John Lyd-\\ngate, is printed by Caxton.\\nJohn Skelton writes the poem On the\\nDeath of King Edward IV.; [he writes\\nalso the Speculum Principle, Speke Par-\\nrot, Why come Ye not to Court, Colin\\nClout.]\\nConcordance of History, a history of\\nBritain, is written by Robert Fabian.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1460 Aug. 3. Scot. James II. is killed\\nby the bursting of a cannon.\\n1462 The people wear the beaks or\\npoints of their shoes so long that they\\nencumber themselves in walking, and\\nare forced to tie them up to their knees\\nthe fine gentlemen fasten theirs with\\nchains of silver or silver gilt, and others\\nwith laces. [1467. This is prohibited,\\nand punished by the forfeiture of 20\\nshillings, and cursing by the clergy.]\\n1465 Ire. The Head Act is passed\\nat Trim by the deputy, Earl of Desmond.\\nIt provides that any persons going\\nor coining, having no faithful man of good\\nname and fame in their company in English\\napparel, that it shall lie lawful to take and\\nkill those, and to cut off their heads, without\\nany impeachment of our sovereign lord the\\nking.\\n1469 Scot. The title Duke of Rothe-\\nsay is created; also Earl of Buchan.\\n[1470, Baron Lovat.]\\n1471 Edward, Prince of Wales, is\\nmurdered.\\n1476 Scot. Cochrane, Earl of Mar,\\nis murdered.\\nScot. James Stuart, second son of\\nJames III., is made Marquis of Or-\\nmonde, without territories. [Created\\nEarl of Ross.]\\nGeorge Neville, Duke of Bedford, son\\nof John, Marquis of Montague, is de-\\ngraded from the peerage by Parlia-\\nment because of his poverty.\\nWitches are convicted and executed.\\n1483* *The title Baron of Norfolk is\\ncreated. [1485, Earl of Derby.]\\nSTATE.\\n1460 June* The Earls of Salisbury\\nand March aud Warwick arrive in\\nEngland.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0876.jp2"}, "877": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1459,* *-1484 I 865\\nJuly After tlie defeat of Henry at\\nNorthampton, Queen Margaret, with\\nlier sou, hees to Scotland.\\nAug. 23. Scot. King James II. is acci-\\ndentally killed by the bursting of a\\ncannon at the siege of Roxburgh Castle.\\n1460-88 Scot. James III., son of\\nJames II., reigns.\\nOct. 7. A parliament meets at West-\\nminster Richard, Duke of York, claims\\nthe crown.\\nHe bases his claim on his lineal de-\\nscent from Lionel, third son of Edward\\nIII., King Henry being descended from\\nJohn of Gaunt, Lionel s younger brother.\\nOct. 24. Parliament, having consid-\\nered the claim of the Duke of York,\\nagrees to a compromise that Henry\\nshall reign during his life, and that on\\nhis death the Duke and his heirs shall\\nsucceed to the throne.\\nDec. 31. Richard, Duke of York, is\\nkilled at the battle of Waken eld his\\nson Edward succeeds him as heir to\\nthe throne.\\nDebt is first incurred on the secu-\\nrity ot Parliament during Henry s reign.\\n1461-85 House of York, a branch line\\nof the House of Plantagenet.\\n1461 Mar. 4. Henry VI. is deposed,\\nand Edward, son of the deceased Rich-\\nard, Duke of York, is proclaimed king\\nas Edward IV.\\n1461-83 Edward IV. reigns.\\nApr. The deposed King Henry and Mar-\\ngaret retreat to Scotland.\\nJune 29. Edward IV. is crowned at\\nWestminster he creates his brother\\nGeorge Duke of Clarence, and his\\nbrother Richard Duke of Gloucester.\\n1462 Ire. George, Duke of Clar-\\nence, is appointed lord lieutenant for\\nlife.\\nMints are established in Dublin, Trim,\\nDrogheda, Waterford, and Galway.\\n1463 Apr. 8. Scot- Queen Margaret\\nsails for France to seek the aid of the\\nFrench king.\\nPari. A Statute of Apparel is passed,\\nprohibiting excess in dress.\\nPari. It is enacted that no cloths\\nshall be imported except from Wales\\nor Ireland. ^_\\n1464 May 1. King Edward secretly\\nmarries Elizabeth Woodville, daugh-\\nter of Lord Rivers, and widow of Sir\\nJohn Grey, a Lancastrian.\\nThe Earl of Warwick is incensed, hav-\\ning by Edward s authority negotiated a\\nmarriage between him and the Princess\\nBona of Savoy, sister of the Queen of\\nFrance.\\n1465 Ire. A parliament at Trim en-\\nacts that the Irish in the English prov-\\ninces shall dress in the English fashion,\\nand that they shall assume English\\nnames, and take the oath of allegiance.\\nParliament: The Surname Act is\\npassed.\\n1468* Scot. Christian, King of Nor-\\nway and Denmark, cedes the Orkney\\nand Shetland Isles in mortgage to\\nJames III. as security for portion of the\\ndowry of his daughter Margaret, to be\\nmarried to James. [The money not be-\\ning paid, the Isles remain attached to\\nthe crown of Scotland.!\\nIre. Thomas, Earl of Kildare, is\\nappointed deputy. [1470. The Earl of\\nWorcester, lord lieutenant.]\\n1469-71 Warwick, the King-Maker.\\n1469 The Earl of Warwick intrigues\\nagainst the king in the interests of the\\nking s brother, George, Duke of Clar-\\nence, to whom he gives his daughter in\\nmarriage. [July 11- Isabella, Warwick s\\ndaughter, is married to Clarence.]\\nJuly* Scot. Margaret, daughter of the\\nKing of Norway and Denmark, is mar-\\nried to James III.\\nJuly An insurrection breaks out in\\nYorkshire, headed by Robert Hilyard,\\ncommonly called Robin of Redesdale.\\nJuly 26\u00c2\u00b1 Edward IV. is taken pris-\\noner after the Yorkist defeat at Ban-\\nbury. [He obtains his liberty in a few\\nweeks.]\\n1470 Mar. An insurrection, osten-\\nsibly against extortions by officers of\\nthe royal household, but instigated by\\nWarwick, breaks out in Lincolnshire\\nit is headed by Sir Robert Welles. [Sup-\\npressed.]\\nApr. 15. Warwick and Clarence flee\\nto France, having been declared trai-\\ntors after the suppression of the Welles\\ninsurrection.\\nSept. Edward IV. flees to Holland,\\nWarwick and Clarence having returned\\nfrom France, and defeated the royal\\nforces. [1478. Mar. 14. Returns.]\\nOct. 6. London. Henry VI. is released\\nfrom the Tower, and restored to the\\nthrone.\\n1471 Apr. 15. London. Henry VI. is\\nagain sent a prisoner to the Tower after\\nEdward s victory at Barnet, where War-\\nwick, the King-maker, is killed.\\nMay 21. London. Henry VI. is mur-\\ndered in the Tower by Richard, Duke\\nof Gloucester King Edward s brother.\\nMay Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond,\\n[later Henry VIL], escapes to Brittany.\\n1474* Edward IV. intrigues with the\\nDuke of Burgundy for the crown of\\nFrance.\\nHe raises money for his war with\\nFrance by voluntary benevolences,\\nwithout the consent of Parliament.\\n1475 Aug-. Fr. Peace of Picquigny\\nwith France (p. 679).\\n1477* *The Piepowder Court the\\npiedpoudreux, or Dusty- foot Court is\\nintroduced.\\nIt is established for the summary ad-\\nministration of justice at fairs and mar-\\nkets between buyers and sellers.\\n1478 Feb. 7. The Duke of Clarence,\\nthe king s brother, is condemned to\\ndeath for treason. [Feb. 18. He dies in\\nthe Tower by drowning in a butt of Malm-\\nsey.]\\nIre. Richard, Duke of York, aged\\nsix years, son of Edward, is appointed\\nlord lieutenant Lord Grey is ap-\\npointed his deputy. Later, the Earl of\\nKildare.]\\n1481 Scot. A conspiracy of the\\nnobles is formed, encouraged by Edward\\nIV., to dethrone James, and make his\\nbrother, the Duke of Albany, king. [The\\nconspirators take King: James pris-\\noner.]\\nA secret treaty is made at Fotherin-\\ngay Castle, Northampton, by which the\\nDuke of Albany undertakes to surrender\\nBerwick and other forts to the English.\\n1482 Aug. 25. Fr. Margaret, widow\\nof King Henry VI., dies at Saumur.\\nDec. Fr. Louis XI. breaks the treaty\\nof Picquigny by preventing the marriage\\nof his son to Edward IV. s daughter.\\nEdinburgh. By the Golden Charter,\\nJames III. confers on the provost and\\nmagistrates power to hold courts, levy\\nlines, and impose duties on goods enter-\\ning at Leath.\\n1483 Apr. 9. Edward IV. dies.\\nApr.*\u00e2\u0080\u0094 June.* Edward V., aged 12\\nyears, son of Edward IV., reigns.\\nMay London. The boy-king Edward is\\nsent to the Tower and his uncle, the\\nDuke of Gloucester, is made protector\\nby a great council of the nobles.\\nJune Lords Hastings and Rivers, Sir\\nRichard Grey, and Sir Thomas Vaughn,\\nfriends of the late king, are executed\\nthrough the agency of Gloucester.\\nJune The crown is claimed for the\\nDuke of Gloucester by bis adherents.\\nThey declare Edward IV. s marriage\\nwith Elizabeth Grey to have been in-\\nvalid, and the attainder of the Duke of\\nClarence to have debarred him from the\\nsuccession.\\nJune 26. The Duke of Gloucester,\\nbrother of Edward IV., usurps the\\ncrown, and assumes the title of king as\\nRichard in.\\n1483-85 Richard III. reigns.\\nJuly 6. Richard is crowned at West-\\nminster with his queen, Anne, daughter\\nof the late Earl of Warwick.\\nLondon. The boy-king Edward V. and\\nhis brother, the Duke of York, are mur-\\ndered in the Tower by order of King\\nRichard 111. Miles Forest and John\\nDighton, employed by Sir James Tyrrel,\\nare the assassins.\\nSept. 8. Richard is again crowned at\\nYork.\\nOct. The Duke of Buckingham heads\\na revolt in favor of Henry Tudor, Earl\\nof Richmond, grcat-giv.-it-grandson of\\nJohn of Gaunt, son of Edward Hi.\\n[Nov. 2. The duke is executed as a\\ntraitor, at Salisbury.]\\nThe importation of lace is prohibited.\\n1484 Jan. 23. A parliament meets at\\nWestminster [at which Richard s title\\nto the crown is confirmed; the parli-\\nament also passes an act abolishing ex-\\nactions of money by benevolences\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1464 London. Ironmongers Com-\\npany is formed. [14S0, Clothworkers\\n1466 Ire. A plague follows famine,\\nand a great number of people die.\\n1467 Sheep are exported to Spain\\n[and the breed thereby improved to the\\ndetriment of English woolen manufac-\\nture].\\n1470- Dublin. A plague wastes the\\ncity.\\nA pestilence afflicts Oxford.\\n1478 The plague prevails throughout\\nthe realm more people die than have\\nfallen during the continual wars of 15\\npreceding years.\\n1481 Riders on post-horses go stages\\nof the distance of 20 miles from each\\nother in order to procure the king the\\nearliest news from the war with the\\nScots.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0877.jp2"}, "878": {"fulltext": "866 1485, June 23-1527, GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1485 Aug. 7. Henry Tudor, Earl of\\nRichmond, lands at Milford Haven.\\n[He is welcomed by the enemies of Rich-\\nard in.]\\nAug. 22. Battle of Bos-worth Field,\\nLeicestershire.\\nHenry Tudor [Henry VII.] defeats\\nRichard III., who is killed in action;\\nthis ends the War of the Roses.\\nOct. 30. The yeomen of the guard are\\nappointed at the coronation of Henry\\nVII. it is the first permanent mili-\\ntary band instituted in England.\\n1486 Apr.* The unsuccessful insur-\\nrection of Lords Lovell and Stafford\\nbreaks out.\\n1487 Insurrection.\\nLambert Simnel, pretending to be\\nEdward Plantagenet, Earl of Warwick,\\nson of Edward IV. s brother, the Duke\\nof Clarence, claims a right to the crown.\\n[June 16. Simnel and his followers are\\ndefeated at Stoke -upon- Trent, Not-\\ntinghamshire, by the royal forces under\\nHenry VII. Later, Simnel is pardoned,\\nand employed as a menial in the king s\\ndomestic service.]\\n1488 Henry VII. builds the Great\\nHarry, considered to be the first ship\\nof the royal navy.\\n1492 Oct.* Fr. Henry VI., with an\\ninvading army, supports Maximilian,\\nKing of the Romans, in his claim on the\\nduchy of Bretagne he besieges Bou-\\nlogne with 26,000 men.\\nNov. 9. Peace. (See State.)\\nIre. Perkin Warbeck, pretending\\nto be a son of Edward IV., lands at\\nCork, and assumes the name of Richard\\nPlantagenet.\\n1495 July Warbeck, attempting to\\nland in Kent, is driven off by the inhab-\\nitants 169 of his followers are captured.\\n1496 James IV. of Scotland, with an\\ninvading army, supports the claimB of\\nWarbeck.\\n1497 An insurrection in Cornwall\\nagainst the levying of taxes to support\\nthe war with Scotland is led by Thomas\\nFlammock.\\nJune 22. The anti-tax insurgents are\\ndefeated with great loss by the king s\\ntroops at Blackheath, near London\\ntheir leaders are captured, and 24 are\\nhanged.\\nSept. 7. Perkin Warbeck lands in\\nCornwall, where he is joined by 3,000\\nmen.\\n[Sept. 17. He attacks Exeter, and\\nburns part of the city. His force\\nis dispersed by the king s troops at\\nTaunton, Somerset Warbeck flees to\\nthe monastery of Beaulieu in Hamp-\\nshire. Oct. 5. He is taken prisoner.\\n1499. Nov. 23. He is hanged at Tyburn.]\\n1513 Sept. 9. Battle of Flodden\\nField, Northumberland.\\nThe Earl of Surrey, with 26,000 Eng-\\nlish, defeats 50,000 Scotch under their\\nking, James IV.; the Scotch king and\\n10,000 of his men are killed.\\n1523 The Duke of Albany, as regent\\nof Scotland and brother of James III.,\\ninvades England; he is driven back.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1496 Mar. 5. John Cabot secures a\\npatent to make discoveries and occupy\\nterritory in America.\\n1497 June 24. Can. John Cabot\\nmakes important discoveries (p. 570).\\n(See Canada for Arctic expeditions.)\\n1498 May Sebastian Cabot sails\\nfrom Bristol, visits Davis Strait in the\\nArctic regions, and discovers the coast\\nof North America. [1512. He discov-\\ners Hudson Bay.]\\n1502 Jan. 24. Henry VII. commences\\nthe chapel in Westminster Abbey which\\nbears his name.\\n1508+ Ornamental gardening is\\nintroduced, chiefly from The Nether-\\nlands.\\n1509-1625 Rise of Elizabethan Gothic\\narchitecture.\\n1510* Hats are first manufactured in\\nEngland by Spaniards.\\n1513* London has only 13 surgeons\\nand doctors they are exempted from\\nbearing arms or serving on juries.\\n1520 The art of knitting flourishes.\\n[1577. Becomes common.]\\nLettuce is introduced from Flanders.\\n1527 Robert Thorpe of Bristol sails in\\nsearch of a Northwest Passage.\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n1485 Catherine, or Katherine of Aragon,\\nRichard HI., king, A33.\\n1487* Covmlale, Miles, bishop of Exeter,\\ntranslator of the Bible, born.\\n1488 Audley, Thomas, lord chancellor, b.\\n1489 Cranmer, Thomas, archbishop of\\nCanterbury, statesman, born.\\n1490\u00c2\u00b1 Cromwell, Thomas, Earl of Es-\\nsex, statesman, born.\\n1491 June 28. Henry VIII., king, born.\\nCaxton, William, first English printer, A79.\\nLindsay, Sir David, poet, Scotland, born.\\n1494* Beaton, David, cardinal, states-\\nman, Scotland, born.\\n1495 Bonner, Edmund, bishop of London,\\nlawyer, statesman, born.\\nElyot, Sir Thomas, diplomatist, lexicog., b.\\n1496* Maitland, Sir Richard, of Leithing-\\nton, poet, Scotland, born.\\n1500 Mar. 3. Pole, Reginald, cardinal,\\narchbishop of Canterbury, slalesman, b.\\nRidley, Nicholas, bishop, of London, martyr,\\nborn.\\nRogers, John, clergyman, martyr, born.\\nSomerset, Duke of, Edward Seymour, states-\\nman, born.\\n1502 Dudley, John, Duke of Northumber-\\nland, Earl of Warwick, statesman, horn.\\n1603 Wyatt, Sir Thomas, poet, states., b.\\n1504* Parker. Matthew, archbishop of\\nCanterbury, reformer, born.\\n1505 Cavendish, Sir William, courtier,\\nwriter, born.\\nKnox, John, reformer, Scotland, born.\\n1506* Buchanan, (ieorge, historian, poet,\\nScotland, born.\\nLeland, John, antiquary, linguist, born.\\nVdall, Nicoias, dramatist, born.\\n1507* *Boleyn, Anne, wife of Henry\\nV11T-, born.\\nSadler, Sir Kalph, diplomatist, historian, b.\\n1509 Henry VII., king, A53.\\nBacon, Sir Nicholas, statesman, b.\\n1511* Craig, .lobn, rcl ormcr, Scotland, b.\\n1512* Fabvan, Robert, chronicler, A62+.\\nJames V., kinjj, Scotland, born.\\nI ovnings, Sir Kdwani, statesman, Ireland, d.\\n1513* James IV., king, Scotland, A40.\\n1514 Douglas, Archibald, Bell the Cat,\\nEarl of Angus, Scotland, dies.\\nElpiiinstone, William, stales., Scot., A83.\\n1519* Grocvn, William, prof. Greek at\\nOxford, A77.\\n1522 Douglas, Gawin, or Gavin, poet,\\nScotland, A49.\\nJewel, John, bishop of Salisbury, author, b.\\n1524 Linacre, Thomas, phys., schol., Ati4.\\n1490 Papal admonitions are given to\\ncorrect the gross profligacy of the mon-\\nasteries.\\n1503* It. Pius III, is elected pope; later;\\nJulius 11. [1.11,3, Leo X.; 1522, Adrian VI.,\\n1523, Clement VII.; 1534, Paul 111.]\\n1504 It. The pope grants a dispen-\\nsation permitting Henry V TTT to\\nmarry Catherine, his brother s widow.\\n1523* Ire. Bishop Doran is appointed\\nto the see of Leighlin.\\n[He is murdered by his archdeacon,\\nMaurice Cavenagh, who is hanged on the\\nspot where the crime was committed.]\\n1525 William Tyndale translates the\\nBible from the Greek.\\nLETTERS.\\n1489 Sea-charts are first introduced\\nby Bartholomew Columbus to explain\\nthe theory of his brother Christopher\\nrespecting a western continent.\\n1490 The Boke of Eneydos is printed\\nby Caxton.\\n1491* William Grocyn settles at\\nExeter College, Oxford he is the first\\nteacher of Greek in England.\\n1494 scot. King s College, Aber-\\ndeen, is founded by Bishop William\\nElphinstone.\\nA Lytel Geste of Robin Hode, Robin\\nHood and the Potter, Robin Hood and the\\nMonk, and many other Kobin Hood bal-\\nlads and stories are written by unknown\\nauthors.\\n1497 The Hylleof Perfection is printed\\nat the instance of the reverend reli-\\ngyoua fader Tho Prior of the hous of\\nSt. Ann.\\n15th Century. The ballads of the Battle\\nof Otter burn and Chevy Chase are written\\nby unknown authors.\\n1500-06 Scot. The University of\\nAberdeen is founded.\\n1500 Stephen Hawes writes his Tem-\\nple of Glass, an imitation of Chaucer s\\nHouse of Fame. [150U. The Pastime of\\nPleasure.]\\n1501 Acts of Parliament are first\\nbegun to be printed.\\nScot. Gavin Douglas writes his alle-\\ngory, The Palace of Honor.\\n1502 The divinity professorship is\\nfounded at Cambridge.\\n1505 Christ s College, Cambridge, is\\nendowed by Margaret, Countess of\\nRichmond.\\nEdinburgh. The Royal College of\\nSurgeons is incorporated.\\n1507 Edinburgh. The first printing-\\npress is set up by William Chepman and\\nAndrew Myllar in the Cowgate.\\nJohn Skelton writes Bowge of Court,\\nand Boke of Phyllip Sparrowe.\\n1508 Scot. The Golden Terge, Dance\\nof the Seven Deadly Sins, Lament for\\nike Makaars, The Joust, between the Tai-\\nlor and the Sou tar, and Amends to the\\nTailors and Sou tars, poems by William\\nDunbar, appear together with William\\nKennedy he writes The Flytiug of Dun-\\nbar and Kennedy.\\n1509* *Brazenose College, Oxford, is\\nfounded by William .Smyth. Bishop of\\nLincoln, and Sir Richard Sutton.\\nThe journals of the House of Lords\\nare commenced.\\nAlexander Barclay writes The Ship\\nof Fools.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0878.jp2"}, "879": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1485, June 23-1527,* 867\\nLondon. St. Paul s school is founded\\nby Dean Colet.\\n1510 Henry VIII. grants another\\ncharter to the University of Oxford.\\n1511* St. John s College, Cambridge,\\nis endowed by Margaret, Countess of\\nRichmond.\\n1512 Scot. St. Leonard s College,\\nUniversity of St. Andrews, is founded\\nby Archbishop Stuart and John Hep-\\nburn.\\nSt. Mary s College, University of St.\\nAndrews, is founded by the Beatons.\\n1513-1625 Kenaissance Period.\\n1513 Latin Grammar, by William\\nLily, appears.\\nScot. Gavin Douglas finishes his\\ntranslation of Vergil s Mneid; it is the\\nfirst translation of Vergil, or any\\nLatin classic into English verse [he\\nalso writes an allegory, King Hart}.\\nSir Thomas More writes History of\\nEdward V. and Richard III. [1516.\\nUtopia, in Latin it is translated into\\nEnglish by Ralph Robinson, and pub-\\nlished in 1551.]\\n1516 Corpus Christi College, Ox-\\nford, is founded by Bishop Fox of Win-\\nchester.\\n1521 Scot. History of Great Britain,\\nin Latin, by John Mair, appears.\\n1526 Scot. History of the Scots, in\\nLatin, by Hector Boece, appears. [It is\\ntranslated into English and published in\\n1536 by John Bellenden.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1489 Scot. The title, Baron Sempill,\\nis created also Baron Sinclair and\\nBaron Herries. [1492. Eng. Baron Wll-\\nloughby de Broke.]\\n1494 Any two justices have the power\\nto suppress unnecessary ale-houses.\\n1495 Wages are regulated by law.\\nA freemason, master carpenter, rough\\nmason, bricklayer, mason tiler, plumber,\\nglazier, carver, or joiner, are allowed from\\nEaster to Michaelmas to take six pence a day\\nwithout meat and drink, or with meat and.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2drink, four pence from Michaelmas to\\nEaster, to abate a penny a master having\\nunder him six men is allowed a penny a day\\nextra. [1496. The law is repealed.]\\n1497 Sept. 21. Perkin Warbeck finds\\nsanctuary at the monastery of Beaulieu,\\nNew Forest.\\n1501 Nov. 6. London. Prince Arthur,\\nson of Henry VII., is married to Cather-\\nine of Aragon, at St. Paul s.\\n1503 June 25. Prince Henry [VIII.],\\naged 12, is betrothed to Catherine of\\nAragon, his brother s widow.\\nPrincess Margaret, daughter of\\nHenry VII., marries James IV., King\\nof Scotland.\\nThe privilege of sanctuary being\\nmuch abused, is limited by the Pope at\\nthe request of King Henry VII. [1540.\\nIt is further limited.]\\n1504 The penalties for vagrancy are\\nsomewhat mitigated in cases of sickness\\nand old age.\\n1508* London. Avaricious King\\nHenry extorts money from merchants\\nby prosecutions under obsolete laws.\\nScot. The title. Earl of Eglinton, is\\ncreated. [1509. Baron Elphinston, and\\nEarl of Cassilis.]\\n1509 June 11. Henry VIII. marries\\nCatherine of Aragon. [1533. Divorced.]\\nThe title, Baron Conyers, is created.\\n[1523, Baron Vaux of Harrowden Baron\\nWindsor, Baron Braye, and Earl of\\nHuntingdon.]\\nSTATE.\\n1485 June 23. Richard issues a proc-\\nlamation against Henry Tudor.\\nJuly 24. Richard establishes cavalry\\nposts on the high-roads for the speedy\\nconveyance of intelligence.\\nRichard levies benevolences in\\ndisregard of the law recommended by\\nhimself.\\n1485-1603 House of Tudor.\\nAug. 22. Richard III. is killed at the\\nbattle of Bosworth Field.\\nHenry Tudor, descendant of John of\\nGaunt, becomes King, as Henry VII.\\nhe is crowned on the battle-field.\\nOct. 30. London. Henry is again\\ncrowned at Westminster, King of\\nEngland and France.\\n1485-1508 Henry VII. reigns.\\nHenry sends the Earl of Warwick,\\nBon of the Duke of Clarence, to the\\nTower.\\nIre. The Duke of Bedford is ap-\\npointed lord lieutenant Gerald, Earl\\nof Kildare, retains the office of deputy.\\n1486 Jan. 18. King Henry marries\\nElizabeth, daughter of Edward IV.,\\nthus uniting the red and white roses.\\nInsurrection. (See Army.)\\nThe Star Chamber Court is institu-\\nted or revived.\\nIt is composed of the chancellor,\\nTreasurer, keeper of the privy seal,\\nwith a bishop, a lord of the Council, and\\nchief and other justices, and has juris-\\ndiction to punish certain offences with-\\nout trial by jury.\\n1487 Insurrection. (See Army.)\\n1488 June 11. Scot. James m. es-\\ncaping from the battle-field of Sauchie-\\nburn, is killed by the rebel Borthwick.\\n1488-1583 Scot. James TV., son of\\nJames II., reigns.\\n1489 A law is made prohibiting any\\none from selling any hat for above 20\\npence, or cap for above two shillings,\\neight pence.\\n1492 Nov. 9. The Peace of Etaples\\nends the war with France.\\nIre. Warbeck s rebellion. (See\\nArmy.)\\n1494* Ire. The king s son, Henry,\\nDuke of York, aged three years [later\\nHenry VIII.], is appointed lord lieuten-\\nant; Sir Edward Poynings is appointed\\nhis deputy. [1496. Apr. Henry Deane,\\nbishop of Bangor, later, Gerald, Earl of\\nKildare, deputies.]\\nSept. 13. Ire. Poynings* s Law is\\npassed at a parliament in Drogheda\\nby Lord Deputy Poynings.\\nIt prohibits the convening of any par-\\nliament, or the enacting of any law, in\\nIreland, unless first approved of by the\\nking and his council.\\n1497 Insurrection. (See Army.)\\n1498 Aug. A parliament at Trim\\nenacts that custom-house laws passed\\nin England shall be adopted in Ireland.\\n1502 Jan. A treaty of perpetual\\npeace is concluded between England and\\nScotland James is to marry Margaret,\\nthe daughter of Henry VII.\\n1504 William Warham is made\\nlord high chancellor.\\nIre. Gerald, Earl of Kildare, is ap-\\npointed deputy.\\n*The true English shilling is first\\ncoined by Henry VII.\\n1508* Edinburgh. James IV. grants\\nthe city a charter.\\n1509 Apr. 21. King Henry VII. dies.\\n1509-47 Henry Vm, son of Henry\\nVII., reigns.\\nArchbishop Warham, Bishops Fisher\\nand Fox, the Earl of Surrey, Sir Edward\\nPoynings, and Sir Thos. Lovel are among\\nthe ministers and advisers of the\\nking.\\nJune 3. Henry VIII. marries Cather-\\nine of Aragon, sister of King Philip of\\nSpain, and widow of his brother Arthur.\\n1510 Jan. 21. Parliament meets.\\n[Feb. 23. Dissolved.]\\nThomas Wolsey becomes a member\\nof the Council.\\n1511 Feb. 4. Parliament meets.\\n[1513. Mar. 4. Dissolved.]\\nHenry becomes a member of the Holy\\nLeague with the Pope, Ferdinand of\\nAragon, and Venice, the object being to\\nexpel the French from Italy.\\nHenry receives from the Pope the title\\nMost Christian King.\\n1513-42 Scot. James V., son of James\\nIV., reigns.\\nHe being but one year old, his mother\\nis made regent. [1514. She marries the\\nEarl of Angus, head of the house of\\nDouglas.]\\n1514 Feb. 5. Parliament meets.\\n[1515. Dec. 22. Dissolved.]\\nThorn as Wolsey becomes bishop\\nof Lincoln and archbishop of York\\n[1515. He is made cardinal, and ap-\\npointed lord high chancellor.]\\n1515 Scot. The Duke of Albany\\nbecomes regent.\\n1521 Ire. Thomas Howard, Earl of\\nSurrey and lord admiral of England, is\\nappointed lord lieutenant.\\nMay 17. The Duke of Buckingham is\\nexecuted after trial and condemnation\\nfor high treason.\\n1525* Scot. The Earl of Angus\\nusurps the ruling power while keeping\\nthe young king a captive. [1528. The\\nking escapes. Angus and his family\\nare banished.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1485* London. Many people die of\\nthe Sudor Anglicus, or sweating sick-\\nness.\\n1490 June 17. Claret wine is first\\nimported.\\n1499-1500 London. The plague being\\nso dreadful. Henry VII. removes his\\ncourt to Calais.\\n1502* London. The Fleet ditch is\\nnavigable.\\n1505 Norwich is nearly consumed by\\nfire.\\n1506 Sweating sickness breaks out\\nagain. In many of the chief towns half\\nthe inhabitants die, and Oxford is de-\\npopulated.\\n1522* Ire. Many thousands die of the\\nplague at Limerick.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0879.jp2"}, "880": {"fulltext": "1528,**-1546, July 16. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1534 Ire. The insurrection of the\\nFitzgeralds or Geraldines breaks out in\\nKildare.\\nIt is led by Thomas, son of the Earl of\\nKildare, known as Silken Thomas;\\nit is suppressed. [1537. Jan. 3. Five\\nof the Fitzgeralds and Silken Thomas\\nare hanged at Tyburn, London.]\\n1536 The insurrection against the\\nsuppression of monasteries, called the\\nPilgrimage of Grace, begins.\\nThe 30,000 insurrectionists are sup-\\npressed by the royal forces under the\\nDuke of Norfolk [Lord Darcy, Robert\\nAske, and other leaders are put to death.]\\n1542 Oct.* Scot. TheDukeof Norfolk,\\nwith an invading army of 20,000 men,\\nravages the country.\\nNov. 25. Battle of Solway Moss in\\nCumberland, the rout of Solway Moss.\\nThe Scotch under Lord Maxwell are\\ndefeated by the English under Dacre\\nand M usgrave a thousand of the Scotch\\nare taken prisoners.\\n1544 May 5. Scot. The English, un-\\nder the Earl of Hereford, with 200\\nships, appear in the Frith of Forth, and\\nattack and burn Leith and Edin-\\nburgh. [They retire after devastating\\nthe country.]\\nJune Fr. Henry VTLT. comes with\\n45,000 men to assist the Emperor Charles\\nV. in the reduction of France.\\nJuly 18. A French fleet of 150 ships,\\nunder command of Annebaut, ravages\\nthe southeastern coast.\\nThey attempt to destroy Portsmouth,\\nbut are compelled to retire by Viscount\\nLisle, commanding the Great Harry and\\n60 other vessels.\\nAug.* -Sept. 14. Fr. Henry VHT. be-\\nsieges and captures Boulogne, and\\nthen returns to England.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1540* London. Barbers and sur-\\ngeons are united in one company.\\nIt is enacted that no person using any\\nshaving or barbery in London shaft oc-\\ncupy any surgery, letting of blood, or\\nother matter excepting only the drawing\\nof teeth.\\nPins are brought from France; first\\nused by Queen Catherine Howard. [1543.\\nFirst made in England.]\\n1541 Dancing by cinque paces is in-\\ntroduced from Italy.\\n1543 Ralph Page and Peter Baude\\nmake cast iron in Sussex.\\nThe first cannon cast in England is\\nmade at Ucktield, Sussex, by Hugget.\\nMortars are also cast.\\n1544+ Pistols are first used by the\\ncavalry of England.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1530+ Dunbar, Willian^poet, Scot., A70+.\\nMorton, Earl of, James Douglas, regent,\\nScotland, born.\\nWhitgift, Jolin, archbishop of Canterbury, b.\\n1633 Sept. 7. Elizabeth, daughter of\\nHenry VTTL, queen, born.\\nMoray, Earl of, Janus Stii;ut, rt irent, Scot., b.\\n1535 July 6. More. Sir Thomas, theolo-\\ngian, historian, statesman, A57.\\nCartwright, Thomas, I uriian clergyman, b.\\nFisher. John, bishop of Rochester, lawyer.\\nstatesman, A76.\\nGascoigne, George, poet, born.\\n1536 Boetlhus, or Boece, Hector, histo-\\nrian, A71.\\nBothvell, James husband of Mary Queen of\\nScots, born.\\nDorset, Earl of, Thomas Sackville, poet,\\nstatesman, born.\\nFrobisher, Sir Martin, navigator, born.\\nHoward, Charles, Lord Howard of Effing-\\nham, born.\\nTyndale, William, reformer, writer, A52.\\nWalsirigliam. Sir Francis, statesman, born.\\n1537 Edward VI., King, born.\\nGrey, Lady Jane, born.\\n1539 Gilbert, Sir H umpltrev, navigator, b.\\n1540\u00c2\u00b1 Barclay, William, jurist. Scot., b.\\nliirde, William, conip., organist, born.\\nCiaig, Sir Thomas, lawyer, anliq., Scot., b.\\nCromwell. Thomas, Earl of Essex, states-\\nman, A50.\\nDrake, Sir Francis, navigator, born.\\nEgerton, Thomas, Baron of Ellesmere, states-\\nman, born.\\nGilbert, William, physicist, born.\\nVere, Thomas il inis.viknicous writer, b.\\n1541\u00c2\u00b1 Essex, Karl of, Walter Devereux,\\nstatesman, general, born.\\n1543 Dec. 7 (8?). Mary Queen of Scots.\\nScotland, born.\\nAllen, Thomas, mathematician, born.\\nJames V., king, Scotland, A30.\\nWyatt, Sir Thomas, poet, A39.\\n1544* Audley, Thomas, Lord Chancellor,\\nA56.\\nBodley, Sir Thomas, founder of Bodleian\\nlibrary, born.\\n1545 Bannatyne, George, antiquarian,\\nScotland, born.\\nHarvey, Gabriel, author, born.\\nMelville, Andrew, reformer, scholar, Scot., b.\\nCHURCH.\\n1531 Henry VIII. declares the Eng-\\nlish Church independent of Rome\\nhe is recognized as its head.\\n1533 Thomas Cranmer is appointed\\narchbishop of Canterbury.\\n1534 Nov. 3. The Act of Supremacy\\nis passed, severing the connection of the\\nEnglish Church with Ronie. The king\\nis the supreme head of the church.\\n1535 Apr. 29. The monks of the\\nCharter-house are hanged and beheaded\\nfor refusing to acknowledge the king as\\nhead of the church.\\n*Persecution. All conscientious\\nCatholics are liable to the death of\\ntraitors.\\nThomas Cromwell is appointed vicar-\\ngeneral to inspect monasteries. June\\nA commission visits the monasteries\\nand reports much dissipation in the\\nsmaller ones. [1536. They are dissolved.]\\nJune 22. London. Bishop Fisher is\\nexecuted for denying the king s spiritual\\nsupremacy. [July 6. Sir Thomas\\nMore, the greatest thinker of his gen-\\neration, is executed for like cause.]\\nReligious primers for private devo-\\ntion, containing the Ten Commandments\\nand Lord s Prayer, are published.\\n*.*Ire. The Reformation is promoted\\nby Archbishop George Browne.\\n*Coverdale s translation of the Bible\\nis appointed to be read in all the\\nchurches.\\n1536 June 8. A convocation of Eng-\\nlish clergy agrees to articles, which are\\npublished.\\nIt acknowledges transubstantiation,\\ncommunion of one kind, vows of chas-\\ntity, private masses, celibacy of the\\nclergy, and auricular confession. Offend-\\ners are to be punished as heretics.\\nJune 9. The clergy of London agree\\nupon a form of petition soliciting per-\\nmission, to read the Bible for the people.\\nSept. The Pilgrimage of Grace.\\nAn insurrection occurs of 30,000 men\\nopposed to the dissolution of monaster-\\nies. [Oct. They are subdued by the\\nDukeof Norfolk after taking Hull, York,\\nand other towns.]\\nHenry VIII., with all England, is put\\nunder a papal interdict. [Published in\\n1538.] Catholics are absolved from alle-\\ngiance to the king.\\nWilliam Tyndale is burned at the\\nstake. Lord, open the King of Eng-\\nland s eyes.\\nScot. The Reformation spreads.\\nThe clergy are excluded from Parlia-\\nment.\\nA convocation of the National Churcb\\ndeclares the doctrines of the Baptists\\nto be detestable heresies.\\n1537 The Pilgrimage of Grace is\\nrevived.\\nThe religious insurgents opposed to\\nthe dissolution of the monasteries again\\ntake arms, but are promptly suppressed;\\nand the leaders, several abbots, and\\nmany others are executed.\\nMatthew s Bible a translation of the\\nBible into English, by John Rogers, ap-\\npears.\\n1538 Nov. 16. Henry VIII. proclaims\\nthat Thomas a Becket was no saint,\\nbut a rebel.\\nArchbishop Cranmer is ordered to pro-\\nceed against the Baptists and burn their\\nbooks.\\n1539 May 13. A hill is introduced in\\nParliament confiscating to the Crown\\nthe monastic institutions.\\n[Six hundred and forty-five monaster-\\nies, 90 colleges, 2,374 chantries, and 110\\nhospitals, having a revenue of \u00c2\u00a3161,000,\\nsoon after fall. St. Bartholomew s\\nmonastery of London is changed into\\nan hospital.]\\nScot. The Protestants are perse-\\ncuted by the regent Cardinal Beaton.\\nParliament passes the Six Articles\\nStatute defining heresy.\\nIt is heresy to deny (1) transubstan-\\ntiation (2) communion in one kind to\\nlaymen (3) celibacy of the clergy; (4)\\ninviolability of the vows of chastity\\n(5) the necessity of private masses (6\\nthe necessity of auricular confession.\\nThe enshrined bones of Thomas a\\nBecket are burned by Henry VIII.\\n*The abbots of Glastonbury, Reading,\\nand others, are executed.\\nTwo new versions of the Bible ap-\\npear, Taverner s Bible, by Richard\\nTaverner, and Cromwell s, or the Great\\nBible, by Miles Coverdale.\\nThe clergy are regulated by Parlia-\\nment.\\n1540 A revision of Tyndale s Bible\\n(Cranmer s Bible), by Archbishop\\nCranmer, appears.\\n1541* *The words Lord Pope are\\nstricken out of all English books.\\nThe see of Peterborough is created\\nalso Gloucester. [1542, Bristol; also\\nChester and Oxford.]\\nDublin. Christ s Church is made a\\ndeanery and chapter by Henry VIII.\\nThe privilege of sanctuary is moved\\nfrom Manchester to Chester.\\n1542 Apr. 30. The Houses of Convo-\\ncation approve the new creed, called the\\nKing s Book. [It becomes the stan-\\ndard of English orthodoxy.]\\nIt. The tribunal of the Inquisition\\nis established at Rome by Cardinal Ca-\\nraffa.\\n1543 Jan. 16. Parliament forbids\\nwomen, apprentices, etc., reading the\\nNew Testament in English.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0880.jp2"}, "881": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1528, -1546, July 16. 869\\nIre. Some of the English settlers em-\\nbrace the reformed religion.\\nDuring Lent Henry VIII. permits the\\nuse of white meats by a proclamation.\\n1544* *The first English litany is\\ncommanded to be used in the Reformed\\nchurches by Henry VIII.\\n1546 Jan. 18. Aust. The Council of\\nTrent assembles, and proceeds to pre-\\npare a confession of faith (p. 510).\\nMar. 29. Scot. George Wishart, re-\\nformer, is burned at St. Andrews. [May\\n29. Cardinal Beaton is murdered at the\\nsame place.]\\nJuly 16. Anne Askew, an accom-\\nplished Protestant lady, is burned for\\nheresy after enduring torture.\\nDublin. St. Patrick s Cathedral is\\ndesecrated, and used as a law court.\\nLETTERS.\\n1528 Scot. Sir David Lyndsay writes\\nLyndsay* s Dream. [1529, Lyndsay s\\nComplaint 1530, The Testament of the\\nPapiuge, or Popinjay; 1535, A Satire of\\nthe Three Estates; 1536, Answer to the\\nKing s Flyting, Complaint and Public\\nConfession of the King s Old Hound,\\nand Bagsche; 1553, The Monarchic]\\nThe Dialogue and the Supplication of\\nSouls, by Sir Thomas More, appear.\\n1530 The Practice of Prelates, by\\nWilliam Tyndale, appears.\\nThe Royal Injunctions, recording the\\nviews of Thomas Cromwell, mark the\\ndownfall of the old scholastic methods\\nof study at the Universities of Cambridge\\nand Oxford.\\n1537* *A papal bull dedicates St.\\nMary*s College to the Blessed Virgin\\nMary of the Assumption, and adds en-\\ndowments.\\n1538* Sir Thomas Elyot produces the\\nfirst Latin-English dictionary pub-\\nlished in England he is the author also\\nof The Governor, a treatise on education,\\nThe Castle of Health, and a Defence or\\nApology of Good Women.\\n1539 Regius Professorship is estab-\\nlished at Cambridge also professor-\\nships of law, Hebrew, Greek, and physic.\\nProfessorships of divinity, law, med-\\nicine, Hebrew, and Greek, are estab-\\nlished at Oxford^\\nSir Thomas Wyatt writes Sonnets and\\nLyrics. He is the first writer-of son-\\nnets in English, and the first writer of\\nsatires in classical form.\\nHenry Howard, Earl of Surrey,\\nwrites sonnets, lyrics, and satires.\\n1541 Ralph Roister Doister, a play, is\\nwritten by Nicholas Udall; it is the\\nearliest lcnown English comedy.\\n1544 Roger Ascham writes Toxophi-\\nlus, a book on archery.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1533 Jan. 25. nenry VIII. marries\\nAnne Boleyn. [1536. May 19. Beheaded\\nfor infidelity.]\\nJune 1. London. The great conduit\\nruns with white and claret wine, the\\nwhole afternoon, in honor of the wed-\\nding of Anne Boleyn.\\n1535 May 8. Henry VIII., having had\\nhis head shaved, commands all about\\nhis court to follow his example.\\nSociety punishes the poor.\\nA vagrant a second time convicted is\\nto lose the upper part of the gristle of\\nhis right ear a third time convicted, is\\nto be put to death.\\n1536 May 20. Henry VIII. marries\\nJane Seymour, maid of honor to Anne\\nBoleyn, on the day following the execu-\\ntion of Anne. [1537. Oct. 24. She dies\\nafter the birth of her son Edward VI.]\\n1537 Dec. 5. The expulsion of Gipsies\\nis ordered.\\nRegulations for wakes are enacted.\\n1538 London. Bills of mortality are\\nordered to be kept. [1539. First com-\\npiled.]\\nScot. James V. marries Mary of\\nGuise.\\n1540 Jan. 6. Henry VIII. marries\\nAnne of Cleves. [July* Divorced. July\\n28. He marries Catherine Howard.\\n1542. Feb. 12. Executed for treason.]\\nThe order of the Knights of Malta is\\nsuppressed. [1557. Restored.]\\nScot. The Order of the Thistle is\\ninstituted by James V.\\nIt consists of the sovereign and 12\\nknights, in imitation of Christ and his\\n12 apostles. [1543. The order is discon-\\ntinued. 1637. Renewed.]\\n1541 May 27. The venerable Count-\\ness of Salisbury is beheaded, after\\nresisting the executioner and being hor-\\nribly mangled.\\nMargaret Davie, a young woman, is\\nboiled to death for poisoning.\\nA statue is enacted declaring all\\nwitchcraft and sorcery to be felony\\nwithout benefit of clergy.\\nIre. The title, Baron Louth, is cre-\\nated. [1543, Baron Inchiquin.]\\n1542 Dec. 13. People deemed the bet-\\nter sort are permitted to read the Bible.\\nScot. Princess Mary, only eight days\\nold, is sent to France.\\n1543 July 12. Henry VIII. marries\\nCatherine Parr. [1548. Sept. She\\ndies.]\\n1545 Circulating slanderous libels is\\nmade a felony.\\nThe property of guilds is confiscated.\\n1546 May 29. Edinburgh. Cardinal\\nBeaton, archbishop of St. Andrews, is\\nassassinated at St. Andrews by the\\nProtestants.\\nSTATE.\\n1529 Nov. 3. Parliament meets.\\n[1536. Apr. 4. Dissolved.]\\nSir Thomas More is made lord chan-\\ncellor, Cardinal Wolsey having incurred\\nthe king s displeasure.\\nIre. Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Rich-\\nmond and Somerset, natural son of the\\nking, is appointed lord lieutenant.\\n1532 May 17. Scot. A statute is\\npassed instituting the Court of Session,\\nthe highest Scotch civil tribunal.\\nSir Thomas More resigns, and Sir\\nThomas Audley is made lord keeper of\\nthe seal.\\nThomas Cranmeris made arch-\\nbishop of Canterbury, and one of the\\nking s ministers and advisers. Thomas\\nCromwell is one of the king s favorites\\nand ministers.\\n1533 Parliament fixes the price of\\nbeef and pork at a halfpenny a pound,\\nand veal three farthings.\\n1534 Nov. 3. A Parliament meets, at\\nwhich the Act of Supremacy is passed\\ndeclaring the king the only supreme\\nhead of the church; and other acts\\nare passed totally abolishing the papal\\npower in England.\\n1536 An act is passed uniting and\\nincorporating Wales with England.\\nJune 8. Parliament meets. [July 18.\\nDissolved.]\\nIt passes an Act ratifying the divorce\\nof Anne Boleyn, and declaring the issue\\nof the king s former marriage illegiti-\\nmate.\\nThomas Cromwell is made lord privy\\nseal.\\n1539 Apr. 28. Parliament meets.\\n[July 24. Dissolved.]\\nSir Edward Montague is appointed\\nchief justice.\\n1540 Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, Hen-\\nry, Earl of Surrey, Thomas, Lord Aud-\\nley, Bishop Gardiner, and Sir Ralph\\nSadler are ministers.\\nJuly 28. Cromwell, Earl of Essex, is\\nexecuted on a charge of treason. He had\\nincurred the king s displeasure by rec-\\nommending the marriage with Anne of\\nCleves.\\nScot. The Hebrides are annexed by\\nJames V.\\n1541 Jan. 16. Parliament meets.\\n[1544. Mar. 28. Dissolved.]\\n1542 Parliament An act is passed\\nmaking Ireland a kingdom. Henry\\nassumes the title King of Ireland, in-\\nstead of lord of Ireland used by\\nprevious kings.\\nParliament: Members are exempted\\nfrom arrest on civil action.\\nDec. 13. Scot. James V. dies.\\n1542-67 Scot. Mary Queen of Scots\\nreigns.\\nShe being an infant one week old, the\\nEarl of Arran is made regent.\\n1543 Feb. 11. Henry forms an alli-\\nance with the Emperor Charles V.\\n1544 Thomas Wriothesley is ap-\\npointed lord high chancellor.\\nParliament declares Henry s daugh-\\nters, Mary and Elizabeth, heirs to the\\ncrown, in the event of Edward dying\\nwithout issue.\\nThomas, Duke of Norfolk, Lord Lisle,\\nSir William Petre, and Sir William\\nPaget are the king s ministers.\\nIre. Anthony St. Leger is appointed\\ndeputy.\\n1545 Jan. 30. Parliament meets.\\n[Dissolved at an uncertain date.]\\nNov. 23. Parliament meets. [1547.\\nJan. 31. Dissolved.]\\nThe coin is debased the rate of in-\\nterest is fixed at 10 per cent.\\n1546 June 7. Peace is concluded\\nwith France England is to surrender\\nBoulogne on the payment of a heavy\\nformer debt due by France.\\nSir Richard Lyster is appointed chief\\njustice.\\nThe king suppresses 645 monas-\\nteries, 90 colleges, 2,374 chantries and\\nchapels, and 110 hospitals, and confis-\\ncates their revenue, amounting ti\\n\u00c2\u00a3161,100.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1537 London. The Fishmongers*\\nUnited Company is formed.\\n1544 Land is [said to have been] let\\ngenerally for one shilling per acre.\\n1545 July 20. The Mary Rose from\\nPortsmouth, bound for Spithead, is up-\\nset in a squaU all on board drowned.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0881.jp2"}, "882": {"fulltext": "870 1546,**-1555,^\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1547 Sept. Scot. The Duke of Somer-\\nset, with a fleet and 16,000 meu, invades\\nthe country.\\nSept. 10. Scot. Battle of Pinkie, near\\nEdinburgh. The Duke of Somerset de-\\nfeats the Scotch under Earls Angus and\\nHuntley Scotch loss, 10,000 killed.\\n1549 A rebellion breaks out in the\\nsouthern and western counties.\\nIt is an uprising against the introduc-\\ntion of the New Church liturgy, is\\nsuppressed by the royal forces under\\nLord Grey at Bridgewater, Somerset-\\nshire the leaders are put to death.\\nRobert Ket, a tanner and landowner\\nof Norfolk, heads an insurrection\\nagainst the new liturgy, and the M op-\\npression of the commons by the rich.\\nHe gathers an army of 20,000 men and\\nattacks Norwich, setting fire to part of\\nthe city he is defeated at Dussing-\\ndale by the royal troops under the Earl\\nof Warwick, and, with other insurgent\\nleaders, hanged.\\n1550 The regiment of Horse Guards\\nis first raised.\\n1554 Feb. Sir Thomas Wyatt, son of\\nthe poet, leads a rebellion of Kent men\\nagainst the marriage of Queen Mary\\nwith Philip of Spam. [Feb. 6. He is\\ntaken prisoner. Apr. 11. Executed.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1550* Pencils are made of black lead.\\n16th Century. Orlando Gibbons writes\\nmusic for the Anglican service, as well\\nas secular music.\\n1551+ The first regular comedy is\\nperformed in England.\\nA musical sacred drama is first per-\\nformed in an oratorio [hence its name]\\nby St. Philip Neri.\\n1553 May 20. An expedition sails from\\nthe Thames under Sir Hugh Willoughby\\nand Richard Chancellor to find a north-\\neast passage to China. [He discovers\\nSpitzbergen in the Arctic Ocean, and\\ncalls it Greenland, supposing it to be a\\npart of the Western Continent.]\\nThe art of starching linen is brought\\ninto England by Mrs. Dinghein, a Flem-\\nish woman.\\n1554 Aug. 3. The first letter in Europe\\n[known to be] sealed with sealing-wax,\\nbears this date.\\nHus. The Arctic explorer, Richard\\nChancellor, in the Edward, reaches\\nArchangel and Moscow the rest of the\\nexpedition have perished off the coast of\\nLapland.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1546 Beaton, David, cardinal, statesman,\\nScotland, A52.\\nDarnley, Lord, Henry Stuart, husband of\\nMary Queen of Scots, Scotland, born.\\nElyot, Sir Thom;is, diplomatist, lexicog., A51.\\nWishart, ceortfe, martyr, reformer, Scot., b.\\n1547* Baker, Peter, caligxaphist, one of\\nthe inveninrs of shorthand writing, born.\\nSurrey, Earl of, Henry Howard, poet, dies.\\n1549 Savilr, Sir Henry, hist, and math.,b.\\nSternhold, Thomas, versifier of Psalms, born.\\n1550 Amidas, Philip, navigator, born.\\nBellenden, John, archdeacon of Moray, his-\\ntorian, Scotland, dies.\\nBrown, Robert, Puritan theologian, founder\\nof the Brownists, born.\\nLancaster, Sir James, navigator, born.\\nNapier, John, inventor of logarithms, born.\\n1551 Camden, William, antiquary, born.\\n1552* Ban-lav, Alexander, poet, Scot., A77.\\nCoke. Sir Edward, jurist, statesman, born.\\nRaleigh. Sir Walter, poet, courtier, histo-\\nrian, traveler, statesman, born.\\nSomerset, Duke of, protector t A52.\\nSpenser, Edmund, poet, born.\\n1553 Dudley, John, I Hike of Northumber-\\nland, Karl of Warwick, statesman, A51.\\nEdward VI., king, A16.\\nHakluyt, Richard, historian, geographer, b.\\nLilly, or Lyly, John, dramatist, born.\\n1554 Feb. i2. Grey, Lady Jane, claim-\\nant to the crown, A17+.\\nGreville, Sir Fulke, Lord Brooke, states-\\nman, author, born.\\nHooker, Kiehard, clergyman, author, born.\\nSidney, Sir Philip, poet, courtier, states-\\nWilloughby, Sir Hugh, arctic navigator, d.\\n1555 Oct. 16. Latimer, Hugh reformer,\\nmartyr, A65.\\nNov. 12. Gardiner. Stephen, bishop of\\nWinchester, lawyer, statesman, A72.\\nBradford, John, clergyman, martyr, dies.\\nHooper, John, reformer, martyr, A55.\\nLyndsay, Sir David, poet, Scotland, A55\u00c2\u00b1.\\nRidley, Nicholas, bishop of London, mar-\\ntyr, A 55.\\nRogers, John, clergyman, martyr, A55.\\nCHURCH.\\n1546 Scot. The name Congregation\\nof the Lord is taken by the Keformers\\nheaded by John Knox. [1547. John\\nKnox becomes a preacher.]\\n1547 The six articles defining heresy\\nare repealed. (See 1539.)\\nProtestantism is formally established\\nby Edward VI. A committee is ap-\\npointed to draw up a liturgy.\\n1548 Mar.* The Privy Council set forth\\na new commission office.\\nApr. 16. The reading of evening\\nprayer in English begins in the chapel\\nof King Edward.\\nDec. The first prayer-book of Ed-\\nward approved by the Commons. [1549.\\nJan. Lords approve.]\\nA Book of Homilies, a manual for the\\nuse of ministers who are unable to com-\\npose sermons, is published by order of\\nArchbishop Cranmer. [1563. A second\\nbook is published by order of Queen\\nElizabeth.]\\n1549 Jan. 15. The Uniformity Act\\nth\\nThe words so help me God and all\\nts are no longer used in con-\\nIt establishes uniform\\nthe churches, and provides fine and im-\\nprisonment as its penalties. [May 20.\\nOperative.]\\nFeb. 19. Parliament permits clergy-\\nmen to marry on the ground that it is\\nless evil than compulsory chastity.\\nApr. 12. Joan of Kent, an Anabaptist,\\nis condemned to be burned.\\nJuly 2. Vicar Welsh, of St. Thomas s,\\nExeter, is hanged on the tower of his\\nchurch as a Cornish rebel.\\nAug. An insurrection in Devon and\\nCornwall against the Protestant lit-\\nurgy is defeated by Lord Russell.\\nJohn Knox finds shelter in England,\\nand is offered a bishopric in Northum-\\nberland. [Refuses.]\\nThe first Book of Common Prayer\\nis issued.\\nThe offices of morning and evening\\nprayer are set forth [in nearly their\\npresent form].\\nThe English liturgy is completed,\\nsuperseding the Latin missal, and estab-\\nlished by Act of Parliament.\\nA new form of ordination of minis-\\nters is prepared by a committee of six\\nprelates and six divines.\\nThe communion service is instituted\\n[as now observed in the Church of Eng-\\nland].\\n1550 It. Julius III. is elected pope.\\n[1555, Marcellus II. later, Paul IV.;\\n1659, Pius IV.]\\nIre. Thomas Lancaster becomes the\\nfirst Protestant bishop of Kildare.\\nluding an oath.\\n1551 Mar. 8. John Hooper is con-\\nsecrated bishop of Gloucester. [1552.\\nBishop of Worcester.]\\nProtestantism is established by order\\nof the king.\\nIre. The Irish bishops are summoned\\nbefore the deputy, Sir Anthony St. Le-\\nger, to receive the new English liturgy\\nwhich is to supersede the Latin Service\\nBook.\\nAt the solicitation of Calvin and others\\nthe liturgy is revised and altered.\\n1552 Nov. The second prayer-book\\nis issued.\\nThe Church of England retains\\nthe Apostles Nicene, and Athanasian\\ncreeds, with 42 articles of religion.\\nParliament confirms the Act of Uni-\\nformity of 1549. [1554. Repealed by\\nMary.]\\n1553 May* The Articles of Faith.\\ndrawn up by Cranmer are ratified by\\nconvocation and signed by the king.\\nDublin. St. Patrick s Cathedral is\\nrestored to church uses.\\n1553-58 The Reformation is annulled,\\nand Roman Catholicism is restored\\nby Mary the Catholic bishops are again\\nin ascendancy.\\n1554 Persecution of Protestants by\\nMary begins. [More than 300 are put to\\ndeath in five years.]\\nFeb. 6. John Wyatt and others are\\nexecuted as heretics.\\nNov. 20. The assembled Parliament at\\nLambeth is solemnly absolved, and the\\nnation reconciled to Rome.\\nPec. 6. Cardinal Pole, the pope s legate,\\nabsolves and reconciles the clergy\\nin convocation. [Dec. 24. Restores their\\nchurch property.]\\nSeven bishops are deprived of their\\noffice for being married.\\n1555 Feb. 4. London. John Rogers,\\nprebendary of St. Paul s, and the proto-\\nmartyr, is burned at Smithfield.\\nFeb. 9. Bishop John Hooper is burned\\nat Gloucester; also Bishop Taylor.\\n[Mar. 30. Bishop Farrar is burned at\\nCarmarthen, Wales.]\\nOct. 16. Nicholas Ridley, bishop of\\nLondon, and Hugh Latimer, bishop\\nof Worcester, are burned at Oxford.\\nDec. 18. John Philpot, a Reformer, is\\nburned at Smithfield.\\nCruel Persecution of Protestants.\\nDuring three years of Mary s reign\\n277 persons are brought to the stake, be-\\nsides those punished by imprisonment,\\nfines, and confiscations. Among those\\nwho suffer by fire are five bishops, 21\\nclergymen, eight lay gentlemen, 84\\ntradesmen, 100 husbandmen, servants,\\nand laborers, 55 women, and four chil-\\ndren. The principal agents of the queen\\nare the Bishops Gardiner and Bonner.\\n(Haydn.)\\nLETTERS.\\n1546 Trinity College, Cambridge, iff\\nendowed by Henry VIII.\\n1547 The journals of the House of\\nCommons are begun.\\nSt. Alban s Hall, Oxford, is estab-\\nlished.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0882.jp2"}, "883": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1546,**-1555,\\n871\\n1548 John Bale writes in Latin the\\nSummary of the Illustrious Writers of\\nGreat Britain; it is the first serious at-\\ntempt at a history of English literature.\\n1550r Hugh Latimer writes vol-\\nIre. Humphrey Powell publishes the\\nLiturgy, the first book printed in Ire-\\nland.\\n1552 ShenfieloVs grammar-school,\\nLeeds, is founded.\\n1553 A grammar-school is founded at\\nBirmingham by King Edward VI.\\nBooks of astronomy and geometry are\\ndestroyed because it is alleged they are\\ninfected with magic.\\nThomas Wilson writes Rhetoric and\\nLogic; it is the first systematic treatise\\non the English language.\\n1554* Trinity College, Oxford, is\\nfounded. [1555. St. John s College.]\\nGeorge Cavendish writes the Life of\\nWolsey.\\n1547 The name Merry- Andrew is\\nfirst given to Andrew Horde, a physician,\\nbecause of his facetious manners.\\nAn act respecting runaways is passed.\\nIt enacted that a runaway, or any one\\nwho lived idly for three days, should be\\nbrought before two justices of the peace,\\nand marked V with a hot iron on the\\nbreast, and adjudged the slave of him\\nwho bought him for two years.\\nLondon. The Bethlehem Hospital for\\nlunatics is incorporated. [It is the old-\\nest in the world.]\\nThe title, Duke of Somerset, is cre-\\nated. [1550. Viscount of Hereford; 1551,\\nMarquis of Winchester, and the Earl of\\nPembroke and Montford (1605); 1553,\\nEarl of Devon 1554, Baron North 1559,\\nBaron St. John of Bletsoe.]\\n1540 Aug. 6. An annual festival is\\nestablished at Exeter.\\n1550* Ire. The title, Viscount of\\nMountgarret, is created.\\n*The Family of Love, founded by-\\nDavid George, an Anabaptist of Holland,\\ncalled also Phijadelphians, from the\\nlove they profess to bear to all men, as-\\nsemble at Brewhouse Yard, Nottingham.\\n1551-52 The first license law is passed.\\nIt requires that none shall keep ale-\\nhouses who are not authorized to do so\\nby the Sessions of the Peace or two jus-\\ntices, and those permitted or licensed\\nare to give bond for good order, and are\\nnot to allow unlawful gaming. Any per-\\nson selling without license is to be fined\\n20 shillings.\\n1553 Dublin. In a trial by combat\\nin Dublin Castle, before the lords, jus-\\ntices, and council, between Connor Mac-\\nCormack O Connor and Teig Mac-Gilpat-\\nrick O Connor, the former has his head\\ncut off, and presented to the lords.\\n1553-54 It is enacted that none shall\\nsell wines excepting in cities and mar-\\nket-towns, and then only in restricted\\nnumbers and under licenses issued by\\nthe mayors and sessions respectively\\nthe penalty for unlawful selling is \u00c2\u00a35.\\nLondon. Forty taverns and public\\nhouses are allowed in the city, and\\nthree in Westminster.\\nLondon. Christ s hospital is founded\\nby King Edward VI.\\nElizabeth Croft, a girl of IS years of\\nage, is secreted in a wall, and, with a\\nwhistle made for the purpose, utters\\nmany seditious speeches against the\\nqueen and the prince, and also against\\nthe mass and confession, for which she\\ndoes penance.\\nSTATE.\\n1547 Jan. 19. The Earl of Surrey is\\nbeheaded on a charge of high treason.\\nJan. 28. Henry VIII. dies.\\n1547-53 Edward VI., son of Henry\\nVIII., reigns.\\nMinisters: Lord Wriothesley, as\\nlord chancellor the Earl of Hertford,\\nwho is made Duke of Somerset and lord\\nprotector Cranmer, Archbishop of Can-\\nterbury Lord Kussel, the Karl of Arun-\\ndel, Lord Seymour, Sir William Paget,\\nSir William Petre, and others.\\nNov. 4. Parliament meets. [1552.\\nApr. 15. Dissolved.]\\nWilliam St. John is appointed lord\\nkeeper. [Richard Rich, lord high\\nchancellor.]\\n1548 Ire. Sir Edward Bellingham is\\nappointed deputy.\\nAug. 7. Scot. Mary Queen of Scots,\\nescorted by a French fleet, sets sail at\\nDumbarton for France. [Aug. 13. She\\nlands at Brest.]\\nNov. 15. Ire. Sir Francis Bryan is ap-\\npointed lord marshal.\\nPosting is fixed at a penny a mile.\\n1549 Jan. 15. Parliament The Uni-\\nformity Act. (See Church.)\\nDublin. Bailiff is changed to sheriff,\\nand. John Ryan and Comyn are the first\\nappointed.\\nMar. 20. Sir Thomas Seymour, after\\nbeing attainted of treason without a\\nhearing, is beheaded on the charge of\\nseeking to marry the Princess Elizabeth.\\nOct. Somerset is deprived of the office\\nof protector [and sent a prisoner to the\\nTower the Earl of Warwick becomes\\nprotector].\\nFrancis Russel, son of the Earl of\\nBedford, sits in the House of Commons\\nthe first time for a peer s eldest son.\\nIre. Sir Francis Bryan is chosen dep-\\nuty by the Irish Privy Council. [1549.\\nFeb. 2. He dies. 1550. Sir William\\nBrabazon is chosen to succeed him.]\\n1551* The Earl of Warwick, the\\nEarl of Bedford. Bishop Goodrich, and\\nSir William Cecil are ministers.\\nThomas Goodrich is appointed keeper\\nof the great seal.\\nIre. Anthony St. Leger is again ap-\\npointed deputy.\\n1552 Jan. 22. The Duke of Somerset\\nis beheaded on a charge of treason.\\nThomas Goodrich is appointed lord\\nhigh chancellor Sir Roger Cholmely\\nchief justice.\\n1553 Mar. 1. Parliament is opened.\\n[Mar. 31. Dissolved.]\\nNorthumberland intrigues to settle\\nthe crown on his daughter-in-law, Lady\\nJane Grey, the granddaughter of Mary,\\nsister of Henry VIII. he persuades King\\nEdward to sign a will bequeathing the\\ncrown to her.\\nIre. The office of Ulster king-of-\\narms, chief heraldic officer, is created\\nby letters patent.\\nJuly 6. King Edward VI. dies, aged 16\\nyears.\\nJuly 10-19. Through the influence of\\nNorthumberland and others, Lady Jane\\nGrey reigns as queen.\\nJuly 19. Mary, daughter of Henry\\nVin. and Catherine of Aragon, Is pro-\\nclaimed queen. [She is by some called\\nthe bloody. Oct. 1. She is crowned.]\\n1553-58 Mary reigns.\\nAug. 22. The Duke of Northumber-\\nland and others, after trial and convic-\\ntion, are executed for high treason in\\nconnection with the proclaiming of\\nLady Jane Grey.\\nAug. 23. Bishop Stephen Gardiner is\\nappointed lord high chancellor.\\nOct. 5. Parliament meets. [Dec. 3.\\nDissolved.]\\nA treaty of marriage between Queen\\nMary and Prince Philip of Spain [later\\nPhilip II.] is concluded.\\nPhilip is to have the title of King of\\nEngland, without authority in its gov-\\nernment, or right of succession to the\\nEnglish crown the treaty excites much\\npopular opposition, in which Sir Thomas\\nCarew, the Duke of Suffolk, and Sir\\nThomas Wyatt are leaders.\\nNov. 13. Lady Jane Grey, Archbishop\\nCranmer, and others, are arraigned on\\ncharges of high treason. [1554. Feb. 12.\\nLady Jane Grey is executed.]\\nSir Thomas Bromley is made chief\\njustice.\\n1554 Mar. 18. The Princess Eliza-\\nbeth, daughter of Henry VIII. and\\nAnne Boleyn, is sent a prisoner to the\\nTower.\\nApr. 2. Parliament opens. [May 5. Dis-\\nsolved.]\\nApr. 11. Sir Thomas Wyatt is executed.\\nApr. Scot. Mary Queen of Scots ap-\\npoints her mother, Mary of Guise, re-\\ngent.\\nJuly 19. Philip of Spain lands in Eng-\\nland. [Sept. He leaves.]\\nJuly 25. Queen Mary marries Philip\\nof Spain.\\nNov. 12. Parliament meets. [1555.\\nJan. 16. Dissolved.]\\nSir William Portman is appointed\\nchief justice.\\nMinisters Gardiner, Bishop of Win-\\nchester Bonner, Bishop of London\\nWilliam, Marquis of Winchester; and\\nSir Edward Hastings.\\nLondon. The Uniformity Act is re-\\npealed.\\n1555 Jan. The Princess Elizabeth is\\nreleased from prison.\\nJune Ire. Pope Paul IV. issues a bull\\nconfirming the title of Ireland as a\\nkingdom.\\nOct. 21. Parliament meets. [Dec. 9.\\nDissolved.]\\nIre. Thomas Badcliffe, ViscountFitz-\\nwalters, is appointed lord lieutenant.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1550 JT. Afr. English merchants\\nvisit Guinea.\\nThe Turkey trade commences.\\n1551* The sweating sickness appears\\nfor the fifth time.\\nApr. 16. A pestilence breaks out at\\nShrewsbury.\\n1553 London. The Russian trading\\ncompany is established.\\n1554 Mar. 1. Queen Mary s household\\nexpenses include 15 shillings given to a\\nyeoman for bringing her a leek this\\nday.\\n1555* London. Poultry Compter\\n[one of the old city prisons] is made a\\nprison-house.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0883.jp2"}, "884": {"fulltext": "872 1555, -1570, Feb. 25. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1557 Aug. 10. Fr. The English and\\nSpaniards defeat the French at St.\\nQuentin (p. 682).\\n1558 Jan. 8. Fr. The French take\\nCalais (p. 682).\\nJuly 13. Fr. The English, with twelve\\nships under Adm. Malin, and the Span-\\nish under Count Egmont, defeat the\\nFrench under Marshal de Thermes at\\nGravelines.\\n1559 June 25. Scot. The reformers\\ntake Perth, which had been held by a\\nFrench garrison under Mary Queen of\\nScots.\\n1564* Ire. Shane (John) O Neill,\\nthe Proud, makes war against the author-\\nity of the English in Ulster, and devas-\\ntates a part of that province. [1567.\\nJune 2. He is defeated in battle by\\nthe Ulster chief, O Donnell.]\\nThe Catholic earls, Northumberland\\nand Westmoreland, head an unsuccess-\\nful insurrection to reestablish the\\nreligion of their ancestors.\\n1568 May 13. Scot. Battle of Lang-\\nside, near Glasgow.\\nThe regent, Earl of Murray, defeats\\nMary Queen of Scots, who had escaped\\nfrom prison in Loch Leven Castle, Kin-\\nross, and raised an army 6,000 strong\\nMary escapes [and four days after the\\nbattle flees to England.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1555 Rude carriages are used.\\n1557 London. The manufacture of\\nglass is begun at Crutched-friars. Glass\\nbottles are first manufactured.\\n1560 Sewing-needles are made by\\nChreening.\\n1561 Jan. 18. London. The first tra-\\ngedy, entitled Gorboduc, by Thomas\\nSackville,is performed at Whitehall be-\\nfore the queen.\\n1563 London. Knives are first made\\nby Matthews of Fleet Bridge.\\n1564\u00c2\u00b1 Knit worsted stockings are\\nfirst made in England.\\n1566 June 7. London. The founda-\\ntion of the Royal Exchange is laid by\\nSir Thomas Gresham.\\n1567 London. Physic gardens are\\nfirst planted by John Gerard, a surgeon.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1556 Mar. 21. Cramner. Thomas, arch-\\nbishop of Canterbury, statesman, A67.\\nLodge, Thomas, poet, born.\\nUdall, Nirhnlas, dramatist, A50.\\n1557 Cabot, Sebastian, navigator, A81\u00c2\u00b1.\\nChapman, George, poet, dramatist, born.\\nCheke, Sir John, statesman, scholar, A43.\\n1558 Nov. 17. Mary I., queen, A42.\\nNov. 18. Pole. Reginald, cardinal,\\nstatesman, A58.\\nPeele, George, poet, born.\\n1560 Cecil, Robert, Earl of Salisbury, b.\\nGreene, Robert, poet, dramatist, born.\\nHarriott, Thomas, mat he matiinaii, astron., b.\\n1561 Jan. 23. Bacon. Francis. Lord\\nVerulam, lawyer, statesman, phil., born.\\nBriggs, Henry, mathematician, born.\\nHarintrton, Sir John, translator, born.\\nLiddel, Imuran, phvsieian, math., born.\\n1562* Abbot, George, archbishop of Can-\\nterbury, born.\\nSpelman, Sir Henry, historian, antiquary, b.\\nDaniel, Samuel, poet, born.\\n1563* Rale, John, bishop of Ossory, re-\\nformer, author, A68.\\nDrayton, Michael, poet, born.\\n1564 Apr.* Shakespeare, William, poet,\\ndramatist, actor, born at Stratford-upon-\\nAvon, Warwickshire.\\nCavendish, or Candish, Thomas, navigator, b.\\nMarlowe, Christopher, dramatist, born.\\nNash, Thomas, dramatist, born.\\n1565* Ales, or Alane, Alexander, theolo-\\ngian, reformer, Scotland, A65.\\n1566 June 19. James VI. [James 1., Eng-\\nland], king, Scotland, born.\\nAlleyn, Edward, schqlar, actor, friend of\\nShakespeare, fdr. of Dulwich college, b\\nBoyle, Richard, the great Earl of Cork,\\nsoldier, statesman, born.\\n1567* Darnley, Lord Henry, husband of\\nMary Queen of Sects, A21.\\nEssex, Earl of, Robert Devereux, courtier,\\ngeneral, born, f 1601. Dies, A34\\nO Neill, Shane, chieftain, Ireland, dies.\\n1568 Ascham, Roger, lecturer, school-\\nmaster, author, A53.\\nWotton, Sir Henry, wit, poet, dijilomatist, b.\\n1569* Bonner, Edmund, bishop of Lon-\\ndon, lawyer, statesman, A69.\\nDavies, Sir John, poet, statesman, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1555* London. Dissenting meetings\\nwhich are essentially congregational are\\nheld.\\nScot. John Knox, having returned\\nfrom Geneva, gathers a congregation,\\n1556 Mar. 21. Thomas Cranmer,\\nArchbishop of Canterbury, is burned at\\nOxford.\\nMar. 22. Cardinal Reginald Pole suc-\\nceeds Cranmer as archbishop of Can-\\nterbury.\\nLondon. The Abbey of Westmin-\\nster is reestablished by Mary.\\n1567 Dec. 3. Edinburgh. The First\\nCovenant is signed.\\nThe mass of the signers is known as\\nthe congregation, the nobility, and lead-\\ning subsentries as the lords of the con-\\ngregation.\\n1558 The queen orders the church\\nservices to be read in English.\\nRise of the Puritans.\\n1558-1603 Roman Catholicism is abol-\\nished, and Protestantism is restored.\\nPuritan dissensions begin.\\n1559 May 31. Scot. The Second\\nCovenant is signed at Perth.\\nThe former covenant having met with\\ndissimulation and treachery, the Scotch\\nbind themselves to render mutual assist-\\nance in the defence of religious rights.\\nJune 24. The use of the prayer-book\\nof 1552 is made binding in the churches.\\nDec. 17. Matthew Parker is conse-\\ncrated archbishop of Canterbury at\\nLambeth by four bishops in regular\\nform. The Nag s Head Story al-\\nleged that he was consecrated at the\\nNag s Head Tavern, Cheapside. He is\\na firm opponent of Puritanism.\\nParliament restores to the crown its\\nancient ecclesiastical jurisdiction.\\nQueen Elizabeth demands the title\\nSupreme Governor of the Church on\\nthe earth.\\nUniformity in religion is reenacted.\\nConformity is exacted in Scotland.\\n1560 Apr. Scot. The Privy Council\\nappoints John Knox and four others\\nto commit to writing their judgments\\ntouching the reformation of religion.\\n[They issue for the Scotch church the\\nFirst Book of Discipline, which is re-\\njected by the nobles, who cling to the\\npatrimony of the old church.]\\nScot. The Reformation is estab-\\nlished under John Knox.\\nAug. 17-24. Edinburgh. The Scotch\\nestates abolish Roman Catholicism,\\nand adopt a confession of faith\\nDec. 20. Edinburr/h. The first Gen-\\neral Assembly of the Scottish Church\\nopens, consisting of six ministers and 34\\nlaymen.\\nLondon. Westminster Abbey is\\nmade a collegiate church by Elizabeth.\\n1561 June 15. London. The massy\\nspire of St. Paul s Church, 460 feet high,\\nis struck by lightning and consumed.\\nScot. The Reformers organize them-\\nselves into the Congregation of the\\nLord.\\nHaving defeated in battle the queen-\\nmother, Mary of Guise, their Parlia-\\nment replaces bishops with superin-\\ntendents, after the Genevese model.\\n1562 Aug. The papacy pronounces\\nthe joining in the common prayer schis-\\nmatical, and forbids attendance of Cath-\\nolics at church.\\nSeparatists begin to appear.\\n1563 Mar. 26. A bill is introduced into\\nParliament permitting the Bible and\\nthe church service to be translated into\\nthe Welsh and British tongues, and used\\nin the Church of Wales.\\nThe Anglican Church, or Church of\\nEngland, is Established.\\nThe convocation of the clergy arranges\\nand agrees to the Thirty-nine Articles,\\nbut the queen quietly interpolates the\\nopening clause of Article XX. before\\nratifying them.\\n1563-1608 Many Puritans emigrate\\nto Holland.\\nDissenters or non-conformists abound\\nas Presbyterians, Puritans, Brownists,\\nSeparatists, etc.\\n1564 Jan. 26. It. The Pope issues a\\nbull confirming the decrees of the Coun-\\ncil of Trent.\\n4- *ThenamePuritan becomes common.\\nIt is given to persons who aim at\\ngreater purity of doctrine, a more holy\\nlife, and stricter discipline than others.\\n1566 Scruples against the surplice\\nleads to a formal schism.\\nSt. Pius V. is elected pope. [1572,\\nGregory XIII.; 1585, Sixtus V.]\\n1567 Separatists are committed to\\nBlackw.ell for assembling in worship.\\n1568 Archbishop Matthew Parker\\npublishes The His hop s Bible.\\n1570 Feb. 25. The Pope issues a buU\\nof excommunication against Eliza-\\nbeth.\\nHe anathematizes her and her adher-\\nents as heretics, absolving her subjects\\nfrom their allegiance, enjoins them not\\nto obey her commands. It leads to an-\\nother schism.\\nLETTERS.\\n1556* London. The Company of\\nStationers, in existence long before the\\nintroduction of printing, is incorporated,\\nand has powers to repress obnoxious\\npublications.\\n1557 Scot. First Blast of the Trum-\\npet against the Monstrous -Regiment of\\nWomen, an invective against Mary\\nQueen of Scots and Queen Mary of Eng-\\nland, by John Knox, appears.\\nMiscellany of Uncertain Authors, by\\nRichard Tottel, appears.\\n1558 Gonville and Caius College,\\nCambridge, is enlarged by Dr. John\\nCaius.\\n1559* *The Mirror for Magistrates, by\\nThomas Sackville, appears.\\n1560 London. The Outer Temple is\\nmade an Inn of Court.\\nQueen Elizabeth founds Westmin-\\nster School, or St. Peter s College, for\\npreparing 40 boys the queen s scholars\\nfor the university.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0884.jp2"}, "885": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1555,* *-1570,Feb. 25. 873\\n1561* Richard Edwards writes the\\ncomedies, Damon and Pythias, Palamou\\nand Arctte, and the poem Paradise of\\nDainty Devices.\\n1562* John Heywood writes his Epi-\\ngrams and Proverbs.\\nApologia Ecclesise Anglicanse, by John\\nJewel, appears.\\nA translation of nine books of Vergil s\\nJEneid, by Thomas Phaer, appears.\\n1563 London. Furnival s Tnn of\\nCourt is established.\\nTancred and Grtsmnndc is produced.\\nBook of Martyrs, by John Fox, appears.\\nThe drama Appius and Virginius is\\nproduced.\\n1564 Edinburgh. Highgate School\\nis founded by Sir Roger Cholmeley.\\n1566 Two plays, The Supposes, a\\ntranslation from Ariosto, and Jocasta,\\nan adaptation from Euripides, are pro-\\nduced by George Gascoigne.\\n1567* Rugby School is founded by\\nLawrence Sheriff, a tradesman of Lon-\\ndon.\\n1568 Roger Ascham completes his\\nwork on education, The Schoolmaster.\\n[1570. Published.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1556 Crime increases. Men of rank\\nbecome robbers. Fifty robbers are\\nhanged at one time at Oxford.\\n1557 Mar. 6. Lord Stourton is hanged\\nat Salisbury in a halter of silk to mark\\nhis dignity.\\n1558 London. Citizens wives who\\nare not aldermen s wives, nor gentle-\\nwomen by descent, are obliged to wear\\nminever caps, being white woolen,\\nknit three-cornered, with peaks project-\\ning three or four inches beyond their\\nforeheads aldermen s wives wear them\\nmade of velvet.\\n1559* *The Poor Knights of Windsor,\\nor Alms Knights, are established by\\nElizabeth.\\n1560 A pair of knit black silk stock-\\nings is presented to Queen Elizabeth by\\nher silk-woman, Mrs. Montague [and she\\nnever wears cloth ones any more.]\\n1561 A commission is appointed to\\nconsider the question of social pauper-\\nism.\\n1562 Oct.* The slave-trade is begun.\\nSir John Hawkins sails with an expe-\\ndition to the coast of Africa and secures\\na cargo of negroes [which he takes to\\nthe West Indies and sells.]\\nA statute against witchcraft is issued.\\nForgery of deeds, or giving forged\\ndeeds in evidence, is made punishable by\\nfine, by standing in the pillory, having\\nboth ears cut oft, the nostrils slit up and\\nseared, the forfeiture of land, and per-\\npetual imprisonment.\\nScot. The title, Earl of Moray, is\\ncreated. [1564, Baron Torphiehen 1565,\\nEarl of Mar and Kellie (1619).\\nAn act is passed requiring the mayors\\nof the towns and church wardens to\\ndraw up lists of all inhabitants able to\\ncontribute for the relief of the poor,\\nand enforce payments.\\nLondon. An inquisition officially\\ntaken by order of Queen Elizabeth dis-\\ncloses only 58 Scotchmen in the city.\\n1563 A severe statute against sorcer-\\ners is passed.\\n1566 Mar. 9. Edinburgh. David Biz-\\nzio, Queen Mary s confidential secretary\\nand favorite, is murdered in her pres-\\nence by Mary s husband, Lord Darnley.\\nLondon. Two marshals are ap-\\npointed to clear the streets of vagrants,\\nand to send the sick, blind, and lame to\\nasylums and hospitals for relief.\\n1569 Jan. 11-May 6. A lottery [the\\nfirst mentioned in English history] is\\nheld at the western door of St. Paul s\\nCathedral.\\nIt contains 40,000 lots at 10s. each\\nlot; the prizes are pieces of plate, and\\nthe profits are for repairing the harbors.\\nSTATE.\\n1556 Nicholas Heath is appointed\\nlord chancellor; Sir Edward Saunders,\\nchief justice.\\n1557 Mar. Philip returns to Eng-\\nland.\\nJune Dublin. A Parliament is con-\\nvened.\\nActs are passed confiscating for royal\\nuse the districts of Leix and Offaly, giv-\\ning them the names King s County and\\nQueen s County, and giving to the forts\\nDingen and Leix the names of Philips-\\ntown and Maryborough, in honor of the\\nking and queen.\\n1558 Jan. 30. Parliament meets.\\n[Nov. 17. Dissolved.]\\nApr. 24. Paris. Mary Queen of Scots\\nis married at the Cathedral of Notre\\nDame to Francis, son of the French\\nKing Henry II.\\nOct.* Edinburgh. A Parliament meets\\nat which the title, King and Queen of\\nScotland, is conferred on Francis and\\nMary.\\nNov. 17. Queen Mary dies.\\n1558-1603 Elizabeth reigns. She is\\nthe daughter of Henry VIII. 1559. Jan.\\n15. Crowned she assumes the title\\nsemper eadem.\\nDec. 22. Sir Nicholas Bacon is ap-\\npointed lord high chancellor.\\nIre. Sir Henry Sidney is appointed\\nDeputy.\\nMinisters: Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord\\nEdward Clinton, Sir Robert Dudley, and\\nSir William Cecil.\\n1559 Jan. 21. Parliament meets.\\n[May 8. Dissolved.]\\nStatutes are passed repealing the\\nCatholic legislation of Mary, declaring\\nthe queen head of the Church of Eng-\\nland, and reenacting the laws of King\\nEdward relating to religion.\\nJan.\u00c2\u00b1 Mary Queen of Scots and her\\nhusband, Francis, assume the title of\\nKing and Queen of Scotland, England,\\nand Ireland, Mary being great-grand-\\ndaughter of the English King Henry VII.\\nApr. 23. Fr. The Treaty of Le Cha-\\nteau-Cambre sis is concluded between\\nElizabeth and the kings of France and\\nSpain it postpones for eight years the\\nrestoration of Calais to England.\\nAug. Ire. Thomas, Earl of Sussex,\\nis appointed lord deputy.\\nSir Robert Catlyn is appointed chief\\njustice.\\n1560 July 6. Edinburgh. A treaty be-\\ntween Scotland and France and Eng-\\nland, is signed.\\nIt stipulates that the King and Queen\\nof France and Scotland shall abstain\\nfrom bearing the arms of England, or\\nassuming the title of the English sov-\\nereignty. [Only partly ratified.]\\nDec. 5. Fr. Francis U., husband of\\nMary Queen of Scots, dies.\\nIre. Thomas, Earl of Sussex, is ap-\\npointed lord lieutenant.\\nIre. A shilling is struck, worth nine\\npence, but it is to be current at twelve.\\n1561 Aug. 19. Scot. Mary arrives in\\nLeith after an absence of 13 years in\\nFrance. [She is strongly opposed by the\\nCalvinists.J\\n1562 Ire. The country is divided into\\ncounties.\\n1563 Jan. 11. Parliament meets.\\n[1567. Jan. 2. Dissolved.]\\n1564 Apr. 29. Fr. The Peace of\\nTroyes is concluded with France. Eng-\\nland, for the sum of J20.000 crowns, aban-\\ndons her claim to Calais.\\nLord Robert Dudley, who is a fa-\\nvorite of the queen, is created Earl of\\nLeicester.\\nThe name Puritans is first used.\\nIt is applied to those who refuse to\\nconform to the liturgy of the English\\nchurch, and who adopt simpler forms of\\nworship and a strict discipline of con\\nduct.\\n1565 July 29. Scot. Mary marries\\nHenry Stuart, Lord Darnley they are\\nstyled king and queen of Scotland.\\n1567 Feb. 10. Scot. Lord Darnley\\nis killed by a gunpowder explosion at\\nthe Kirk of Field, near Edinburgh Mary\\nis charged with complicity in the deed.\\nMay 15. Scot. Mary marries James\\nHepburn, Earl of Bothwell, who is\\naccused of the murder of Darnley.\\nJune 15. Scot. Mary is made pris-\\noner by her nobles at the head of an\\narmed force at Carberry hill.\\nJune 23. Scot. Mary, a prisoner in\\nLoch Leven Castle, signs an abdication\\nin favor of her son, James VI., one year\\nold.\\nAug. 22. Scot. The Earl of Murray is\\nproclaimed regent.\\n1568 May 2. Scot. Mary escapes\\nfrom Loch Leven Castle.\\nMay 16. Scot. Mary, after the defeat\\nof her army at Langside, crosses the\\nSolway into England. [July 15. She is\\nsent a prisoner to Bolton Castle, York-\\nshire.]\\n1569 Jan. 26. Mary is removed from\\nBolton Castle to Tutbury, Staffordshire.\\n1570 Jan. 23. Scot. The regent Mur-\\nray is assassinated at Linlithgow by\\nHamilton of Bothwellhaugh.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1556 Sealing-wax is introduced.\\n1557 July 15. Great dearth of bread-\\nstuffs is reported wheat is \u00c2\u00a32 13s. 4tf.\\nper quarter.\\nFatal, or Black, Oxford Assizes.\\nThe high sheriff and 300 persons die\\nsuddenly of an infection from the pris-\\noners.\\n1558* London. The Salters* Com-\\npany is formed. [1564. The Merchant\\nAdventurers\\n1559 Liverpool is a paved town.\\n1560 Milk is sold, three pints ale\\nmeasure, for one halfpenny.\\n1563 Aug. 2. London. The plague\\nbecomes a great scourge.\\n1564 Excitement attends the intro-\\nduction of carriages.\\n1565 Potatoes are [said to have been]\\nbrought to England from Santa Fe, New\\nMexico, by Sir John Hawkins. [1586.\\nAlso by Sir Francis Drake.]\\nAn aulnager (measurer) is stationed\\nat Manchester.\\n1567 Flemish dyers, cloth-drapers,\\nlinen-makers, silk-throwers, etc., settle\\nat Canterbury, Norwich, Colchester.\\nSouthampton, and other places, on ac-\\ncount of the Duke of Alva s persecution.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0885.jp2"}, "886": {"fulltext": "874 1570, *-1586, Oct. 29.\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1574-83 Ire. The Desmond revolt\\nagainst persecution of the Catholics is\\nled by James Fitzmaurice and his kins-\\nman, the Earl of Desmond.\\n1577 Ire. The Castle of Carlo sur-\\nrenders to Rory Oge O More, after a\\nsiege.\\n1579 July Ire. James Fitzmaurice\\nlands in Kerry with 800 Italians and\\nSpaniards to right for the Catholics.\\n[They are treacherously lured into a\\nsurrender, and slaughtered by the\\nqueen s forces under the guidance of\\nthe Earl of Ormonde. [1583, Desmond\\nis surprised, captured, and killed, his\\nhead sent to England, and exposed to\\npublic view on London Bridge.]\\n1585 War with Spain follows Eng-\\nlish aggression in the Netherlands.\\n1586 W. I. Sir Francis Drake at-\\ntacks and captures San Domingo, Car-\\nthagena, and several other Spanish\\nSept. 22. Neth. The Spanish and Dutch\\nunder the Prince of Parma are defeated\\nat Zutphen by the English under the\\nEarl of Leicester and Sir Philip Sidney.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\nLeonard Digges dies alleged to\\nhave arranged glass lenses so that he\\ncould see very distant objects.\\n1571 Feb. 17. An earthquake at\\nHerefordshire removes a hill of 26 acres\\na considerable distance.\\nLondon. A Society of Antiquari-\\nans is formed by Bishop Parker and\\nothers for the preservation of national\\nantiquities. [1604. Broken up by King\\nJames I.]\\n1574 May 10. Queen Elizabeth licenses\\nthe performance of stage plays.\\nNov. 14. A remarkable aurora bore-\\nalis appears.\\n1575 Jan. 22. Queen Elizabeth grants\\nan exclusive patent for printing music\\nto Thomas Tallis and William Byrde for\\n21 years.\\n1576* London. Blackfriars Theater,\\nthe first regular theater, is built by the\\nEarl of Leicester s servants.\\nThe notion of the earth s magnetism\\nis suggested by William Gilbert.\\nLondon. Robert Norman discovers\\nthe dip of the magnetic needle.\\nSir Martin Frobisher makes an at-\\ntempt to find a Northwest Passage to\\nChina. [1577. He sails again in search\\nof gold.]\\nDec. 13. Francis Drake commences\\nhis voyage around the world. [1580.\\nNov. 3. He completes his undertaking.]\\n1578 Spring. London. A mineral\\nman pronounces a stone brought from\\nMeta Incognita [Labrador] to be gold,\\nand 15 vessels sail with gold-seekers.\\n[They return with worthless cargoes.]\\n1579 The art of staining linen is\\nknown.\\n1580 Apr. 6. An earthquake is felt\\nthroughout England bells ring and\\nchimneys fall parts of St. Paul s and\\nthe Temple Churches in London fall.\\nThe first paper-mills are erected at\\nDartford by Sir John Speiiman, a Ger-\\nman. (1588?)\\n1582 The Gregorian reformation\\nof the calendar is adopted in most of\\nthe Catholic states of the Continent\\n[but not in England until 1752].\\n1585* London. The Fellowship for\\nthe Discovery of the Northwest Pas-\\nsage is organized.\\nGreenland is discovered by Sir Fran-\\ncis Drake.\\nCapt. John Davis s expedition sails to\\nfind the Northwest Passage. [1586 and\\n1587. Sails again.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nMiddleton, Thomas, dramatist, borni.\\nMurray, or Moray, Earl of, James Stuart,\\nregent, Scotland, A37.\\n1571 Jewel, John, bishop of Salisbury,\\nauthor, A49.\\n1573 Nov. 24. Knox, John, reformer,\\nScotland, A67.\\nHoward, Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, dies.\\n1573 Oct. 7. Laud, William, archbishop\\nof Canterbury, statesman, born.\\nJonson. Ben. poel, dramatist, actor, born.\\nDonne, John, dean of St. Paul s, preacher,\\npoet, born.\\nKirkaldy, Sir William, statesman, Scot., d.\\nSouthampton, Earl of, Henry Wriothesley,\\nstatesman, born.\\n1574 Barnfield, Richard, poet, born.\\nHall, Joseph, bishop of Norwich, author, b.\\nParker. Matthew, archbishop of Canter-\\nbury, reformer, A71.\\n1575 Stuart, Arabella, cousin of James I.\\nof England, born.\\nMarston, John, poet, dramatist, born.\\n1576* Both well. Earl of, James Hep-\\nburn, husband of Mary Queen of Scots,\\nScotland, A50.\\nBurton, KoIhtI, philosopher, author, born.\\nDekker, Thomas, dramatist, pamphleteer, b.\\n1577 Coryatt, Thomas, traveler, born.\\nPurchas, Samuel, clergyman, author, born.\\nSandys, George, traveler, born.\\n1578 Apr. 1. Harvey. William, physi-\\ncian, discoverer of the circulation of the\\nblood, born.\\n1579 Smith, John, traveler, explorer, his-\\ntorian, born.\\nFletcher, John, dramatist, poet, born.\\n1580* Alexander, Sir William, Earl of\\nStirling, poet, Scotland, born.\\nAnderson, Alexander, mathematician, born.\\nCameron, John, el., scholar, Scotland, born,\\nHolinshed, Raphael, chronicler, dies.\\nTaylor, John, the Water Poet, born.\\nUsher, or TJssher. James, archbishop of\\nArmagh, scliol., hist., antiq., chron., Ire., b.\\n1581 Gunter, Kduiund, math., astron., b.\\nMorton, Earl of, James Douglas, regent,\\nScotland, A51.\\nWilson, Thomas, dean of Durham, rhetori-\\ncian, dies.\\n1582 Buchanan, George, historian, poet,\\nScotland, A76.\\nCorbet, Richard, poet, born.\\nFiennes, Wm., Lord Saye and Sele, states-\\nEleieher, l hineas, religions poet, born.\\nJuxon, William, andibp. of Canterbury, b.\\n1583 Sept. 9. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, nav-\\nigator, A44+.\\nPalfour, Sir James, judge, Scotland, dies.\\nDigges, Sir Dudley, statesman, born.\\nCibhons, Orlando, organist, composer, born.\\n1584 Baffin, William, navigator, born.\\nHales, John, clergyman, critic, born.\\nMassmger, Philip, poet, dramatist, born.\\nPym, John, patriot, orator, horn.\\nSelden, John, scholar, antiquary, author, b.\\n1585 Drnmniond, William, of Hawthorn-\\nden, poet, Scotland, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1570 The Presbyterian Church of\\nEngland is virtually founded when\\nThomas Cartwright, a Puritan clergy-\\nman, opposes Episcopal intolerance.\\n*Puritan clergymen hold meetings\\ncalled prophesying, for prayer and in-\\nstruction in the Scriptures, especially at\\nNorthampton.\\n1571 June 1. London. Dr. John\\nStory, the persecutor of the Puritans,\\nis hanged at Tyburn.\\nThe Bible is appointed to be read in\\nchurches.\\n1572 Nov. 20. The first Presbyte-\\nrian meeting-house in England is estab-\\nlished at Wandsworth, in Surrey.\\n1572-73 Scot. The regent Morton nom-\\ninally restores Episcopacy.\\nHis bishops are called tulchan bish-\\nops tulchan is a stuffed calf s skin set\\nup before a cow to facilitate milking.\\n1575 Jan. 10. Edmund Grindal is\\nelected archbishop of Canterbury.\\nJuly 22. London. John Peters and\\nHenry Tervoort, Anabaptists, are-\\nburned in Smithfield.\\nLondon. A congregation of Baptists\\nis formed without Aldgate.\\n1577 May 7. The meetings of Puri-\\ntans for prayer and exposition of the\\nScriptures are forbidden by Queen Eliz-\\nabeth they immediately suspend.\\n1579 June 1. Matthew Hammond,\\na heretic, is burned in a ditch at Nor-\\nwich for asserting that Christ was not\\nthe Son of God.\\n1580 Jan. 16. Parliament enacts a\\npenalty of \u00c2\u00a320 for persons absenting\\nthemselves from church.\\nScot. The Scotch assembly abolishes\\nthe office of bishop.\\nA sect called the Family of Love is\\nrepressed by Elizabeth [but is revived\\nin the following century].\\n1581 July Edmund Champion, a\\nRoman Catholic, is tortured.\\nScot. A Second Book of Discipline\\nis adopted by the Scotch Assembly of\\nPresbyteries. [1592. Confirmed by King\\nJames, and now in force.]\\n1583 John Whitgift is chosen arch-\\nbishop of Canterbury.\\n1584 Jan. 9. London. William Car-\\nter, a printer, is hanged, disemboweled,\\nand quartered at Tyburn for printing\\nlewd and popish pamphlets, espe-\\ncially a Treatise on Schisme.\\nThe Jesuits and all priests are or-\\ndered by Parliament to leave England\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0within 40 days.\\nAll preaching or reading in private\\nhouses is forbidden, and all the clergy\\nare requested to sign the three articles.\\n1585\u00c2\u00b1 Robert Brown preaches Con-\\ngregational doctrines, but after 32 im-\\nprisonments he eventually conforms to\\nthe Established Church.\\nLETTERS.\\n1570 The Elements of Geometrie of\\nthe most auncient Philosopher Euclide\\nof Megara, the first English translation\\nof Euclid, appears.\\nThe University of Oxford is incorpo-\\nrated by Queen Elizabeth.\\n1571* *Jesus College, Oxford, is\\nfounded by Dr. Hugh Price and Queen\\nElizabeth.\\nHarrow School, Harrow-on-the-Hill t\\nMiddlesex, is founded by John Lyon for\\nthe education of poor children.\\nDublin. Printing in Celtic letters\\nis introduced by N. Walsh, chancellor\\nof St. Patrick s.\\n1574 George Gascoigne writes The\\nPrincely Pleasures at the Court at Ken-\\nil worth [1576, The Steele Glas; later, A\\nHundreth Sundrie Floures Bound up in\\none Small Poesie, The Complaint of Phil-\\nomene, A Delicate Diet for Daintie-\\nmouihde Droonkards, and translations\\nfrom Euripides and Ariosto.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0886.jp2"}, "887": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1570, -1586, Oct. 29. 875\\n1575\u00c2\u00b1 Gammer Gurton s Needle is\\nprinted.\\nLondon. Gresham College is founded\\nby Thomas Gresham.\\n1576 Paradise of Dainty Devices, a\\npoetical miscellany by various authors,\\nappears.\\nThe Discourse to Prove a Passage by\\nthe North- We st to Cathay and the East\\nIndies, by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, ap-\\npears.\\n1577 Scot. The University of Glas-\\ngow receives a new charter.\\nRaphael Holinshed, with the assist-\\nance of John Hooker, Richard Stani-\\nhurst, Boteville, Harrison, and other\\nscholars, compiles the Chronicles of\\nEngland, Scotland, and Ireland.\\nJohn Stow writes Annals or General\\nChronicle of England.\\nWilliam Camden writes Britannia, a\\nwork on English history.\\n1578 Sir Philip Sidney writes The\\nLady of May.\\nGorgeous Gallery of Gallant Inven-\\ntions, a poetical miscellany, appears.\\nPromos and Cassandra, by George\\nWhetstone, appears.\\n1579 The Shepherd s Calendar, by\\nEdmund Spenser, appears.\\nEuphues, or the Anatomy of Wit, by\\nJohn Lyly, appears. [1584, The Woman\\nin the Moon, The Maid s Metamorphosis,\\nAlexander and Campaspe, Sapho and\\nPkao.]\\nThomas Kyd writes his Spanish Tra-\\ngedy.\\nA translation of Plutarch s Lives, by\\nSir Thomas North, appears it is the\\nfirst English translation of Plutarch.\\n1580-90 The Countess of Pembroke s Ar-\\ncadia, by Sir Philip Sidney, appears.\\n[1581, Defence of Poesy, in reply to the\\nSchool of Abuse, written by Stephen\\nGosson in 1579; 1582+ Arcadia, it is\\npublished in 1590; 1583, Astrophel and\\nStella.\\nThomas Lodge writes a Defence of\\nPoetry, Music, and Stage Plays.\\n1581 Ten Books of Homer s Iliades,\\nby Arthur Hall, appears it is the first\\nattempt at a translation of Homer into\\nEnglish verse.\\nFour Books of the Histories of Cornelius\\nTacitus, and a Life of Agricola, by Sir\\nHenry Savile, appears.\\n1582 Scot. The College of Edin-\\nburgh is chartered by James VI.\\nScot. Rerum Scoticarum Historia, a\\nhistory of Scotland in Latin, by George\\nBuchanan, appears he is the author\\nalso of the Casket Letters, papers deal-\\ning with the murder of Darnley, hus-\\nband of Mary Queen of Scots he writes\\nalso several poems, satires, and plays, all\\nin Latin.\\nRichard Hakluyt publishes his first\\nbook of Voyages.\\nIt contains accounts of discoveries\\nmade in America by Englishmen,\\nFrenchmen, and others. He is the author\\nalso of The Principal Navigations, Voy-\\nages, and Discoveries m-ule by the Eng-\\nlish Nation [which is published in 1589].\\nHecafompathia, or Passionate Century,\\nby Thomas Watson, appears.\\n1584 The Arraignment of Paris, a\\npastoral play, by George Peele, appears.\\n[1589. The Tale of Troy.]\\nHandful of Pleasant Delights, a poet-\\nical miscellany, appears.\\nScot. Historic of the Reformation of\\nReligion within the Realm of Scotland,\\nby John Knox, appears.\\nEmmanuel College, Cambridge, is en-\\ndowed by Sir Walter Mildmay.\\n1585 Every book and publication in\\nEngland ordered to be licensed.\\nChristopher Marlowe produces his first\\nplay, Tamburlaine the Great. [1588.\\nTragical History of Dr. Eaitstus.\\nGeorge Puttenham writes The Art of\\nEnglish Poesie.\\nWilliam Webbe writes A Discourse of\\nEnglish Poetrie.\\nScot. King James VI. writes The Es-\\nsayes of a Prentise in the Divine Art of\\nPoesie.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1570 Excess in dress is restrained\\nby sumptuary laws.\\n1571 Sept. 6. Scot. The regent Lennox\\nis murdered.\\nLaws are passed punishing vagrancy\\nby whipping, jailing, boring the ears,\\nand death tor a second offense.\\nA law is passed compelling every per-\\nson above seven years of age to wear on\\nSundays and holidays a cap of wool,\\nknit, made, thickened, and dressed in\\nEngland by some of the trade of cappers,\\nunder the forfeiture of three farthings\\nfor every day s neglect certain classes\\nare excepted.\\n1572 Masks, and muffs, fans, and\\nfalse hair for the women, devised in\\nItaly, are brought to England from\\nFrance.\\nA statute requires justices and may-\\nors to make registers of the impotent\\npoor, and find them habitations at the\\nexpense of the inhabitants of their lo-\\ncality.\\n1575* Peter Wentworth protests\\nagainst the queen s interference in free-\\ndom of speech, and is sent to the Tower\\nby Parliament.\\n1578 John Middleton, giant, of Lan-\\ncashire is born.\\nHe is commonly called the child of\\nHale his hand from the carpus to the\\nend of his middle finger is 17 inches long\\nhis palm 8i inches broad his whole\\nheight 9 feet 3 inches.\\n1583 Edward Arden is executed for\\ntreason, being a party to a plot against\\nthe queen.\\n1584 Scot. The Earl of Gowrie is ex-\\necuted for treason.\\nA National Association is formed,\\nheaded by the Earl of Leicester, to pro-\\ntect Queen Elizabeth from assassina-\\ntion, in consequence of the discovery of\\nseveral plots.\\n1585 Mar. 2. Dr. William Parry is\\nexecuted for conspiracy against the\\nqueen.\\n1586 Sept. 20, 21. Fourteen members\\nof Babington s conspiracy to assassi-\\nnate the queen and to make Mary of\\nScotland queen, are executed.\\nSTATE.\\n1570 July 12. Scot. The Earl of\\nLennox, Lord Darnley s father, is ap-\\npointed regent.\\n1571 Apr. 2. Parliament meets.\\n[May 29. Dissolved.]\\nSept. 3. Scot. The regent Lennox is\\nkilled at Stirling, and the Earl of Mar\\nis made regent.\\nLiverpool petitions the queen to be\\nrelieved from a subsidy.\\n1572 Jan. The Duke of Norfolk is\\ntried on a charge of plotting for the\\ninvasion of England by Spain in the in-\\nterests of Mary t Mie -n of Scots. [June\\n2. Executed after conviction.]\\nMay 8. Parliament meets. [1583. Apr.\\n19. Dissolved.]\\nOct. 28. Scot. The regent Mar dies.\\nNov. 24. Scot. James Douglas, Earl\\nof Morton, is made regent.\\nLord Burleigh (Sir William Cecil) and\\nSir Nicholas Bacon are ministers of\\nthe queen.\\n1573 Sir Christopher Wray is ap-\\npointed chief justice.\\n1578* Scot. The Earl of Morton\\nresigns the regency James rules in\\nperson.\\n1579 Oct. 20. Scot. Parliament de-\\ncrees that householders having lands\\nor goods worth \u00c2\u00a3500 shall have a Bible\\nfor family instruction.\\nSir Thomas Bromley is appointed\\nlord chancellor.\\nMinisters Lord Burleigb Sir Thomas\\nBromley, the Earl of Essex, the Earl of\\nLeicester, the Earl of Lincoln, Sir Walter\\nMildmay, and Sir Francis Walsingham.\\n1580 London. To restrict the en-\\nlargement of the city, a law is made-\\nforbidding the erection of buildings\\nwhere no former hath been known to\\nhave been.\\n1581* Thomas Randolph is appointed\\nfirst postmaster-general.\\n1582 Aug. 23. Scot. Raid of Ruth-\\nven.\\nThe Earl of Gowrie invites King James\\nto his Castle of Ruthven, Perthshire [and\\nkeeps him a prisoner there for nearly a\\nyear, to deliver him from the influence\\nof his favorite, the Earl of Arrau],\\n1583 June Scot. James escapes\\nfrom Ruthven Castle.\\n1584 June Ire. Sir John Perrot is\\nappointed deputy.\\nJuly* [U.S.A.] Sir Walter Raleigh\\nlands at Roanoke Island [Virginia], and\\ntakes possession in the name of the\\nqueen.\\nNov. 23. Parliament opens. [1585-\\nSept. 14. Dissolved.]\\n1585 June 20. London. Henry Percy,\\nEarl of Northumberland, is found shot\\nand dead in the Tower, where he has\\nbeen imprisoned on a charge of plotting\\nagainst the queen.\\nJune 29. Elizabeth is offered the sov-\\nereignty of the Netherland States.\\n[She declines, but sends an army to aid\\nthe Dutch Protestants against Spain.]\\n1586 Anthony Babington, John Bal-\\nlard, John Savage, and the Catholics\\nengage in a plot against the life of the\\nqueen.\\nIt is discovered by Walsingham, and\\nthe conspirators are seized, tried, and\\nexecuted. Mary of Scotland is impli-\\ncated in the conspiracy.\\nOct. 14. The trial of Mary Queen of\\nScots begins at Fotberingay Castle.\\nShe is charged with an attempt to-\\ntransfer the sovereignty of England to\\nthe King of Spain, and with complicity\\nin the plot to assassinate Elizabeth.\\n[Oct. 29. Mary is convicted at West-\\nminster and sentenced to death. 1587.\\nFeb. 1. Elizabeth signs the death-war-\\nrant. Feb. 8. Mary is executed at\\nFotberingay Castle.]\\nOct. 29. Parliament meets. [1587. Mar.\\n23. Dissolved.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1577* Watches are first brought from\\nGermany.\\nWhales are killed at Newfoundland\\nand Iceland for their oil only.\\n1579 Elizabeth charters the Turkey\\nor Levant company.\\n1580 Cambrics are first worn.\\n1580-94 London. Tire Thames water is~\\nconveyed into the city by leaden pipes.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0887.jp2"}, "888": {"fulltext": "876 1586, **-1601,\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1588* Sp. King Philip organizes a\\nfleet of 130 vessels and collects over\\n50,000 men for the invasion of England.\\nThe Invincible Armada.\\nHay 28. Port. King Philip s Armada\\nsails from Lisbon. [It is soon after-\\nwards dispersed by a storm.]\\nJuly* The Invincible Armada,\\nhaving been recollected, enters the Eng-\\nlish Channel.\\nJuly 21-29. The English fleet of 80\\nvessels, commanded by Lord Howard\\nand Sir Francis Drake, in several en-\\ngagements almost destroys the Armada.\\nThe Spanish retreat northward, and\\nmost of their remaining vessels are de-\\nstroyed by storms.\\n1589 Fr. Queen Elizabeth sends a\\nforce of 4,000 men to assist the Prot-\\nestant King, Henry IV., in his conflict\\nwith the French Catholic nobility, sup-\\nported by Philip of Spain.\\n1596 Sp. An English force of over\\n7,000 men, under the Earl of Essex, Sir\\nWalter Raleigh, and Lord Howard, in-\\nvades the country.\\nSept. 15. Sp. Cadiz is taken and burned\\nby the Earl of Essex.\\n1597* Sp. King Philip forms another\\narmada.\\nThe Earl of Essex sails from Plymouth\\nwith a fleet to attack it a storm dis-\\nperses both fleets.\\nIre. A revolt in Ulster, led by Hugh\\nO Neill, Earl of Tyrone, begins. O Neill\\nstorms and captures the garrison of\\nPortmore, on the River Blackwater.\\n1598 Aug. 14. Ire. Battle of Black-\\nwater, near Armagh, called by the Irish\\nthe battle of the Yellow Ford;\\nHugh O Neill, Earl of Tyrone, defeats\\nthe English forces under Marshal Sir\\nEdward Bagnal.\\n1601 Feb. 8. London. The Earl of\\nEssex attempts to incite an insurrec-\\ntion the attempt fails. [Feb. 25. Essex\\nis beheaded.]\\nSept. 23. Ire. Spanish forces under\\nDon Juan Del Aguila land at Kinsale,\\nCork.\\nHere they are besieged by the English\\nunder Sir George Carew and Deputy\\nMountjoy the Irish, under O Neill, Earl\\nof Tyrone, O Donnell, and Tyrrel, at-\\ntack the besiegers. [Dec. 24. They are\\ndefeated. 1602. Mar. 16. The Span-\\niards, having surrendered Kinsale, de-\\npart for Spain.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1586 William Shakespeare leaves\\nStratford for London.\\nScot. J. Napier invents logarithms.\\n1589 The art of weaving stockings\\nin a frame is invented by the Rev.\\nWilliam Lee, of Cambridge.\\n1590* A copper-plate mill is invented\\nby a German named Box.\\n1591 The first patent is granted for\\nprinting.\\n1593 Sept. 5. The Thames is almost\\ndry by reason of westerly winds and\\nlow tides.\\nShakespeare being part proprietor,\\nsome of his plays are first produced here,\\nand he himself performs in them. The\\nbuilding is of a horseshoe form, and\\npartly covered with thatch. (1599?)\\n1598 London. Taffeta, a kind of\\nsilken goods, is first manufactured by\\nJohn Tyce of Shoreditch.\\nEnglish whale -fishing commences at\\nSpitz bergen.\\n1599 London. Lord Chamberlain s\\nCompany of actors, including Shake-\\nspeare and Richard Burbage, occupies\\nthe Globe Theater.\\nScot. The Faculty of Physicians and\\nSurgeons of Glasgow is founded.\\n1600 Gilbert makes experiments in\\nelectricity. He publishes his work On\\nthe Magnet and Magnetic Bodies.\\nThe Lord Admiral s Company of\\nactors occupies the Fortune Theater.\\nDavis s quadrant, or backstaff for\\nmeasuring angles, is invented.\\nMulberry-trees and silkworms are\\npropagated throughout the kingdom.\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n1586 Beaumont, Francis, dramatist, b.\\nFord, John, lawyer, dramatist, born.\\nMaitland, Sir Richard, of Lethington, poet,\\nScotland, A90.\\nSidney. Sir Philip, courtier, poet, A32.\\n1587 Feb. 8. Mary Queen of Scots, A45.\\nFox, John, iiiaityinliiLMst, A70.\\nSadler, Sir Hal pi i, diplomatist, historian, A80.\\n1588 Fletcher, Giles, poet, born.\\nHobbes, Thomas, philosopher, born.\\nWither, George, poet, born.\\n1589 Carew, Thomas, poet, born.\\nClifford, Anne, Count, of Pembroke, au., b.\\nJunius, Fram-isriis, philologist, born.\\nLittleton, Lord Ivlward, statesman, horn.\\n1590 Eliot, Sir John, .statesman, orator, b.\\n1591 Grenville, Sir Kichanl, vice -admiral,\\nA51.\\nHatton, Sir Christopher, lord chancell., A51.\\nHerrick, Robert, poet, born.\\n1592 Arundel, Earl of, Thomas Howard,\\nstatesman, born.\\nBuckingham, Duke of, George Villiers, lord\\nhigh-admiral, born.\\nCavendish, or Candish, Thoa., navigator, A32.\\nEssex, Earl of, Robert Devereux, parlia-\\nmentary general, born.\\nGreene, Rohert, dramatist, A32.\\nNewcastle, Duke of, William Cavendish,\\ngeneral, born.\\nQuarles, Francis, poet, born.\\nRavenscoft, Thomas, composer, born.\\n1593 Apr. 13. Strafford, Earl of, Thomas\\nWentworth, statesman, born.\\nHerbert, George, poet, born.\\nWalton, Izaak, author of The Complete\\nAngler, born.\\n1594 Cosin, John, bp. of Durham, au., b.\\nFrobisher, Sir Martin, navigator, A58.\\nHampden, John, statesman, born.\\n1595 Drake, Sir Francis, admiral, A57.\\nHawkins, Sir .John, rear-adni., A75.\\nShirley, James, dramatist, born.\\n1597 Glisson, KraiH is. anatomist, horn.\\nWaller, Sir William, parliamentary gen-\\neral, born.\\n1598 Aug. 4. Burleigh. Lord, William\\nCecil, statesman, A78.\\nPeele, George, dramatist, A40.\\n1599 Apr. 35. Cromwell. Oliver, gen-\\neral, statesman, protestor, born.\\nBaillte, Rohert, theologian, hist., Scot., born.\\nBlake, Robert, admiral, born.\\nSpenser, Edmund, poet, A47.\\n1600 Nov. 19. Charles I., king, born.\\nCraig, John, reformer, Scotland, A89.\\nGoodwin, Thomas, Puritan cl., author, born.\\nHooker, Riehard, elergynuin, author, A47.\\nLilly, or Lyly, John, dramatist, A47.\\n!Nash, Thomas, dramatist, A36.\\nOgilby, John, poet, geographer, Scot., born.\\nI rynne, William, 1 uritau clergyman, au., b.\\nPuttenham, George, poet, critic, born.\\n1587+ Three hundred priests arrive\\nto organize an insurrection, and circu-\\nlate a book proving it to he the bounden\\nduty of Catholics to take up arms at the\\nPope s bidding against the queen and\\nEnglish heretics.\\n1588 Nov. 24. London. Special na-\\ntional thanksgivings are offered at St.\\nPaul s Cathedral for the defeat of the\\nSpanish Armada; Queen Elizabeth is\\npresent.\\n1589* AHianceismadewithHenrylV.\\nof France favorable to Protestantism.\\n1590 It. Urban VII. is elected pope\\nlater Gregory XIV. [1591, Innocent IX.\\n1592, Clement VIII. 1605, Leo IX. later,\\nPaul V.]\\n1592 July 28. William Hacket, hav-\\ning personated the Saviour, is hanged\\nand quartered.\\nSept.* London. A Congregational\\nchurch is founded it is the first\\n[known] modern Congregational church\\nformally organized.\\nScot. Episcopacy is formally abol-\\nished, and the Calvinistic organization\\nof the church largely sanctioned by\\nKing James.\\n1593 Apr. 6. Two Congregational\\nmartyrs are executed John Green-\\nwood and Henry Barrowe.\\nMay 29. John Penry\u00c2\u00bb a Congregation-\\nalist and principal writer of the Marprel-\\nate tracts is cruelly executed for writing\\nseditious works against the queen. (See\\nLetters 1586.)\\nThe act for conformity in religion is\\npassed.\\n1595 The Lambeth Articles, with\\nCalvinistic leanings, proposed by Arch-\\nbishop Whitgift, are withdrawn to please\\nQueen Elizabeth.\\n1597 Scot. James succeeds in brid-\\nling the liberty of the church.\\n1600 Ire. The see of Leighlin is\\nunited to Ferns.\\nScot. King James succeeds in send-\\ning two bishops to Parliament, and pro-\\nclaims his divine right over all orders\\nof men.\\nLETTERS.\\n1586 Albion s England, by William\\nWarner, appears.\\n1588 Character ie, or the Arte of Shorte,\\nSwifte, and Secrete Writing, by Dr. Tim-\\nothy Bright, appears. It is the first\\nEnglish work on shorthand.\\n1589 Thomas Nash writes an Anat-\\nomy of Absurditie. [Later, Summer s\\nLast Will and Testament.\\nMarprelate Tracts appear.\\nThey are written by Martin Marprel-\\nate, John Penry, John Udall, John Field,\\nand Job Throckmorton, and are invec-\\ntives against priestly orders and epis-\\ncopacy, whose defenders are Bishop\\nCooper, John Lyly, and Thomas Nash.\\nSpanish Masquer ado, Tallies Love,\\nand Orpharion, by Robert Greene, ap-\\npear. [1592, Philomela later, Pandosto,\\nor the Triumph, Perhnendes, a collection\\nof stories, poems, and reflections, A\\nLooking-Classfor Loudon and England,\\nFriar Bacon and Friar Bungay, and\\nAlphonsus, King of Arragon.]\\n1590 Thomas Lodge writes Posa-\\nlynde. [It sin^ests the plot of Shake-,\\ns peare s As You Like It.} [1593, Phillis.\\nLife and Death of William Long heard,\\nand the Hist org f L obin the Dive 11 1794,\\nTragedy of the Wounds of the Civil War\\nof the Poses; later, Domestic Medicine,\\na Treatise of the Plague, Fig for Momus,\\nand A Margarite of America?]\\nThe Tragedy of Sir Thomas More is\\nproduced.\\n1590-96 Edmund Spenser writes the\\nFaerie Queen e. [1591, Complaints; 1595,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0888.jp2"}, "889": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1586, **-1601,\\n87T\\nView of the Present State of Ireland,\\nlater, Amoretti and Epithalamion.]\\nPeter Bales, the famous penman,\\npublishes a book on stenography.\\nWilliam Shakespeare begins to\\nwrite; Henry VI., part 1, and Pericles\\nare his first plays.\\n1591* Dublin. Trinity College is\\nfounded.\\nMarlowe writes The Second Part of\\nTamburlaine the Great. [Later, The Jeiv\\nof Malta, Edward II., the Massacre of\\nParis, and Dido, Queen of Carthage.]\\nThe Troublesome Reign of King John is\\nprinted.\\n*A translation of Ariosto s Orlando\\nFurioso, by Sir John Harington, ap-\\npears.\\nPatents are first granted for the ex-\\nclusive privilege of printing books.\\nShakespeare writes the Two Gen-\\ntlemen of Verona.\\n1592+ Shakespeare writes The Com-\\nedy of Errors.\\nSamuel Daniel writes Sonnets. [1595-\\n1604, Books of the Civil Wars.]\\n1593 Shakespeare writes his poem\\nVenus and Adonis.\\nTrue Chronicle History of King Lear is\\nproduced.\\nSatires, by John Donne, appears.\\nScot. Marischal College, of Aber-\\ndeen University, is founded by George\\nKeith, fifth Earl of Marischal.\\n1594^1600 Richard Hooker writes the\\nLaws of Ecclesiastical Polity, a work in\\ndefense of the Church of England.\\nShakespeare writes the Rape of Lu-\\n1595-1600 Shakespeare writes his\\npoems, A Lover s Complaint andthePas-\\nsionate Pilgrim, and his plays, Love s\\nLabor s Lost, Romep and Juliet, Henry\\nVI., parts 2 and 3, Richard III., Rich-\\nard II., Henry IV., parts 1 and 2, Henry\\nV., The Merry Wives of Windsor, The\\nMerchant of Venice, Hamlet, King John,\\nA Midsummer Night s Dream, The Tam-\\ning of the Shrew, and Titus Andronicus.\\nGeorge Chapman writes Ovid s Ban-\\nquet of Sense.\\n1596 Rerum Anglicarum Script-ores post\\nBed am., by Sir Henry Savile, appears.\\n[1598, A View of Certain Military Mat-\\nters, or Commentaries concerning Roman\\nWarfare.]\\nThe Discovery of Guiana, by Sir Wal-\\nter Raleigh, appears.\\n1597-98 Joseph Hall, bishop of Nor-\\nwich, writes Satires upon the poets and\\nstage-players of the day. [1608-11. Medi-\\ntations later, Epistles.]\\n1597-1624 Francis Bacon writes his\\nEssays, observations and precepts on\\nmen and society.\\nThe Pilgrimage to Parnassus, a play\\nsatirizing poor authors, is acted at Cam-\\nbridge.\\n1598 John Stow publishes his Survey\\nof London-.\\nJohn Marston writes The Scourge of\\nVillainy. [Later, The Malcontent.]\\nSidney-Sussex College, Cambridge,\\nis founded bv Franers Sidney, Countess\\nof Sussex.\\n*Du Bartas s La premiere semaine, or\\nLa Creation, is translated by Sylvester.\\nThe Bodleian Library, Oxford, is\\nfounded by Sir Thomas Bodley. [1602.\\nNov.S. Is opened. 1895. It has 400,000\\nbooks and 30,000 MSS.]\\n1598-1601 The Return from Parnassus\\nis acted at Cambridge.\\n159S-1609 A translation of Homer s\\nIliad, by George Chapman, appears.\\n1599 James VI. of Scotland [James I.\\nof England] writes Basilicon Doron, a\\ntreatise on the art of government. Later,\\nPoetical! Exercises at Vacant Houres,\\nDemonologie, and Counterblast to To-\\nbacco.]\\nMusophilus, by Samuel Daniel, ap-\\npears.\\n1600-16 Shakespeare writes his Son-\\nnets, and his plays,\\nAll s Well that Ends Well, Much Ado about\\nXothmg, As You Like It, Troll us and Cres-\\nsida, Timon of Athens, The Winter s Tale,\\nMeasure for Measure, King Lear, C ymbe-\\nline, Macbeth, Julius Caesar, Antony and\\nCleopatra, Coriolunus, The Tempest, The\\nTwelfth Muht, or What You Will, Henry\\nVIII., and Othello.\\n1600 London. The Cottonian Li-\\nbrary is founded by Sir Robert Cotton.\\n[1753. Is incorporated in the British\\nMuseum.]\\nEngland s Helicon, England s Parnas-\\nsus, and Belvedere, poetical miscellanies,\\nappear.\\nTasso s Jerusalem Delivered is trans-\\nlated by Edward Fairfax.\\nThomas Dekker writes The Shoe-\\nmakers Holiday. [Author also of The\\nWonder of a Kingdom, and other plays,\\nand The Gulls Horn-book.]\\nCynthia s Revels, by Ben Jonson,\\nappears. [1601, The Poetaster,- 1605,\\nVotpone, or the Fox; 1609, The Silent\\nWoman; 1610, TJie Alchemist.]\\n1586 Tobacco is introduced by Sir\\nWalter Raleigh and Sir Francis Drake.\\n[Or by Sir John Hawkins, 1565.]\\nA proclamation is issued against the\\nuse of tobacco.\\n1594 Patrick York, an Irish fencing-\\nmaster, is hired by Spaniards to kill the\\nqueen.\\nJune 7. Koderigo, a Jewish royal phy-\\nsician, is eluirged with being bribed to\\npoison the queen, and is executed.\\n1597 Scot. For acquitting persons\\ncharged with witchcraft King James or-\\nders the prosecution of a whole assize.\\nThe title, Baron Howard de Walden, is\\ncreated. [1G03. Karl of Suffolk and Berk-\\nshire (IG JOi, Huron Save and Sele, and\\nBaron Petre; 1608, Baron Clifton].\\n1599* Scot. The title. Marquis of\\nHuntly, is created. [1602. Baroness Kin-\\nloss 1605, Earl of Home and Earl of\\nPerth and Melfort (1686) 1606, Earl of\\nAbercorn, and Baron Blantyre 1607,\\nBaron Balfour of Burleigh; 1609, Baron\\nColville of Culross, andBaron Dingwall.]\\n1600 Aug. 5. Scot. Conspirators de-\\ncoy the king into the house of Ruthven,\\nEarl of Cowrie, for the purpose of de-\\nthroning him the plot is frustrated, and\\nthe earl and his brothers are slain on\\nthe spot.\\n1601* *An anti-effeminacy aet\\nis passed, forbidding men to ride in\\ncoaches.\\nOverseers of the poor are appointed\\nin parishes.\\n1601-02 Monopolies are so numerous\\nthat Parliament petitions against them,\\nand many are abolished.\\nSTATE.\\nSir Christopher Hatton is ap-\\npointed lord chancellor, though not a\\nlawyer. Masters in Chancery are for\\nthe first time appointed to assist him in\\nhis legal duties.\\n1586 Ministers: Lord Burleigh, the\\nEarl of Essex, and Sir Christopher Hat-\\nton.\\n1588 Nov. 12. Parliament meets.\\n[1589. Mar. 20. Dissolved.]\\n1589 Nov. 23. Sweden. James VI.\\nof Scotland is married at Upsal to An ne,\\ndaughter of the King of Denmark.\\n1591 The judges decree that England\\nis an absolute empire, of which the sov-\\nereign is the head.\\nThe great seal is put in commission.\\nSir Walter Raleigh is sent to prison\\nfor an offence at court.\\n1592 June 2. Sir John Popham is\\nappointed chief justice.\\nSir John Puckering is appointed\\nlord keeper of the seal.\\n1593 Feb. 19. Parliament opens.\\n[Apr. 10. Dissolved.]\\nSir Edward Coke is chosen speaker\\nof the House of Commons.\\n1596 Sir Thomas Egerton is ap-\\npointed lord high chancellor, or lord\\nkeeper.\\n1597 Oct. 24. Parliament meets. [1598.\\nFeb. 9. Dissolved.]\\n1598 A large, but very base, coinage\\nis struck for Ireland.\\n1599 Apr. Ire. Kobert Devereux,\\nEarl of Essex, is appointed lord lieu-\\ntenant.\\nMinisters Thomas Sackville, Lord\\nBuckhurst [Earl of Dorset], Sir Thomas\\nEgerton [Lord Ellesmere], and Sir Robert\\nCecil [Earl of Salisbury].\\n1600 St. Helena is acquired by settle-\\nment.\\nDec. 31. Queen Elizabeth grants a\\ncharter to the Governor and Company\\nof Merchants of London to the East\\nIndies [known as the East India Com-\\npany].\\n1601 Oct. 27- Parliament meets.\\n[Dec. 19. Dissolved.]\\nIt is declared in Parliament that the\\nqueen has the power to make or un-\\nmake laws.\\nBy her prerogative she may set at\\nliberty things restrained by statute-law\\nor otherwise, and by her prerogative she\\nmay restrain things which be at liberty.\\nThe first law relating to insurance is\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1588 Queen Elizabeth grants a patent\\nto an African company.\\n1590 Hair-powder comes into use.\\n1591 Tea is introduced.\\n1592 Potatoes are generally intro-\\nduced into England.\\n1595 Mahogany is brought to Eng-\\nland by Sir Walter Raleigh.\\n1598 Scot The first coach is seen\\nin the country.\\n1600 Dec. 31. The East Indian Com-\\npany is established by charter.\\nThe commercial docks at Rotherhithe\\nare erected.\\nLondon. The population is 300,000+.\\nThe city is built almost entirely of wood.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0889.jp2"}, "890": {"fulltext": "878 1602,**-1613,**.\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1608 Ire. The insurgents surprise\\nand capture Londonderry Sir George\\nPowlett, the governor, and the entire\\ngarrison are massacred.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1602 George Weymouth and John\\nKnight sail on an Arctic expedition.\\n[They stop at the entrance to Hudson\\nBay because of a mutiny of the crew.]\\nMr. Beaumont operates a railway\\nabout Newcastle.\\nIt has wooden rails and bulky four-\\nwheel coal-cars drawn by horses.\\n1603 William Harvey, physician\\nand anatomist, engages in the practise\\nof midwifery.\\n1604 Silk is manufactured.\\n1606 John Knight is sent on an Arc-\\ntic expedition by the Muscovy Com-\\npany.\\nEdmund Gunter invents Gunter s\\nch ain for measuring land.\\n1607 May 1. Henry Hudson starts\\nfrom Gravesend on his first voyage, in-\\nstructed to sail northwest, and directly\\nacross the pole. [1608. Apr. 22. Hesaila\\non his second voyage of discovery.]\\nJuly 1. London. God save the\\nKing,* is first vocalized in Merchant\\nTailors Hall by the choir of the Royal\\nChapel.\\nThe waters of a great freshet rise\\nabove the tops of the houses in Somer-\\nsetshire and Gloucestershire 100 lives\\nare lost.\\nRev. William Barlow invents the com-\\npass box and hanging compass.\\n1610\u00c2\u00b1 Lambeth Palace is founded\\nby Archbishop Bancroft.\\nHudson Bay is rediscovered by\\nHenry Hudson, when in search of a\\nNorthwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean.\\n1611* *Robert Johnston writes the\\noriginal music for Shakespeare s\\nTempest.\\n1612 Sir Thomas Button sails on an\\nArctic voyage. [He passes Hudson\\nStrait and winters at Fort Nelson.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1602* Chilling worth, William, theological\\nauthor, born.\\nBradshaw, John, judge, horn.\\nGreaves, John, orientalist, mathematician, h.\\nLeigh, Sir Edward, theol., critic, philol., b.\\nLightfoot, John, theologian, Hebraist, born.\\nLilly, William, astrologer, born.\\nManchester, Earl of, Edward Montagu,\\nstatesman, born.\\n1603 Mar. 24. Elizabeth. Queen, A70.\\nCartwright, Thomas, Puritan cl., A68.\\n1604 Bagshaw, Edward, lawyer, au., b.\\nEliot, John, the Apostle of the Indians, b.\\nMorley, Thomas, musical composer, A59-K\\nWhitgift, John, archbp. of Canterbury, A74.\\n1605 Browne, Sir Thomas, physician, b.\\nCrashaw, Richard, poet, born.\\nDavenant, Sir William, dramatist, born.\\nDavis, John, navigator, A75t.\\nGauden, John, bishop of Exeter, author, b.\\nHabington, William, poet, born.\\nTJrquhart, Richard, translator, Scotland, b.\\nWaller, Edmund, poet, born.\\nWhitelocke, Bulstrode, statesman, born.\\n1606* Barclay, Win., jurist, Scot., A66\u00c2\u00b1.\\nCastell, Edmund, cl., lexicographer, born.\\nFawkes, Guy, Gunpowder Plot consp., A36.\\nLyly, John, dramatist, A52.\\n1607 Rushworth, John, historian, born.\\n1608 Dec. 9. Milton, John, poet, states-\\nman, author, born.\\nClarendon, Earl of, Edward Hyde, states-\\nman, historian, born.\\nCraig, Sir Thomas, lawyer, antiq., Scot., A67.\\nDee, John, mathematician, astrologer, A81.\\nFanshawe. Sir Richard, poet, diplomatist, b.\\nFeltham, Owen, religious author, born.\\nFuller, Thomas, preacher, author, born.\\nGreville, Robert, parliamentary general, b.\\nMonk. George, duke of Albemarle, gen., b.\\nTradescant, John, botanist, born.\\n1609 Cooper, Samuel, painter, born.\\nHale, Sir Matthew, chief justice, author, b.\\nMuggleton, Ludowick, fanatic, born.\\nSuckling, Sir John, dramatist, born.\\n1610* Butler, James, 12th Earl and 1st\\nDuke of Ormonde, general, born.\\nCary, Lucius, Viscount Falkland, author, b.\\nChilmead, Edmund, mathematician, born.\\nDobson, William, painter, born.\\nIreton, Henry, parliamentary general, b,\\nWharton, Thomas, anatomist, born.\\n1611 Allein, Richard, Puritan cl., au., b.\\nDaye, Stephen, first printer Am. colonies, b.\\nFairfax. Lord Thomas, pari, general, b.\\nHarrington, James, political author, born.\\nHudson, Henry, navigator, explorer, d\u00c2\u00b1.\\nLeighton, Robert, archbishop of Glasgow,\\nauthor, born.\\n1612* Boiiley, Sir Thomas, founder Bod-\\nleian library, Oxford, A68.\\nButler, Samuel, poet, born.\\nGascoigne, William, inv. of micrometer, b.\\nKilligrew, Henry, dramatist, born.\\nMontrose, Marquis of, James Grahame, sol-\\ndier, born,\\nStafford, Viscount, William Howard, states-\\nman, born.\\nVane, Sir Henry, statesman, born.\\n1602 A Congregational church is\\norganized in Gainsborough, Lincoln-\\nshire.\\nParliament orders the expulsion of\\nthe Jesuits.\\n1603 July The Council informs the\\nleading Catholics that the fines for re-\\ncusancy will be no longer enforced.\\n1603-04 The canons and constitutions\\nof the Church of England are passed by\\na convocation of the clergy, and become\\nthe chief English Church law. [1604.\\nRatified by the king.]\\n1604 Jan.* Jesuits and seminary\\npriests are ordered out of the land by\\nproclamation.\\nJan. 14, 16, 18. The [celebrated] con-\\nference at -Hampton Court is held.\\nThe prelates and Puritan dissenters\\nmeet to effect a union of the church.\\nIt leads to the production of King\\nJames s translation of the Bible, and\\nbut little else.\\nPublic excitement over reported con-\\nversions to the Catholic faith the king\\nis said to be a convert.\\nRichard Bancroft is chosen arch-\\nbishop of Canterbury. [1611. Jan.\\nGeorge Abbot; 1633, William Laud.]\\nThe Convocation of the clergy\\nmeets.\\nIts acts are oppressive to Puritans, 300\\nof whom soon leave their livings rather\\nthan conform.\\nJames orders the judges to enforce the\\nElizabethan statutes against the Cath-\\nolics. Roman Catholic priests are to be\\nbanished.\\n1606 Penal laws are enacted against\\nCatholics.\\nOne act provides for levying one shil-\\nling on every person absent from church\\non Sundays.\\n*A Congregational church is\\nfounded at Southwark.\\nAn Independent church is organized\\nat Scrooby, Nottinghamshire.\\n1606-10 Scot. King James consecrates\\nthree bishops, and attempts to reintro-\\nduce Episcopacy.\\n1608 The Independent church in\\nthe North of England is finally trans-\\nplanted to Leyden, Holland.\\n1608-11 Ire. Protestant settlements\\nare formed in Ulster.\\nOct. 21. London. Bishops are conse-\\ncrated at Lambeth for the sees of Glas-\\ngow, Galloway, and Brechin.\\n1611 King James s version of the\\nBible is completed.\\n1612 Apr. 11. Edward Wightman, a\\nBaptist, is burned at Lichfield.\\n1602 John Willis publishes his Ste-\\nnographic, the second English work on\\nshorthand.\\n1603 John Florio translates Mon-\\ntaigne s Essays.\\nJohn Fletcher writes The Woman\\nHater, anil Thierry and Thvodoret. [1610.\\nThe Faithful Shepherdess.\\nThe History of the Turks, by Richard\\nKnolles, appears.\\n1604 Oxford University receives the\\nelective franchise to send two mem-\\nbers to Parliament.\\n1605 George Chapman writes his com-\\nedy, All Fools.\\nEastward Ho, a comedy, is written by\\nJonson, Chapman, and Marston.\\nFrancis Bacon writes his Advancement\\nof Learning.\\n1606-16 Francis Beaumont and John\\nFletcher write plays together.\\nPlays: Philaster, The Maid s Tragedy,\\nA King and No Xing, The Kniuht of the\\nBurning Pestle, Cupid s Revenge, The Cox-\\ncomb, Four Plays in One, The Scornful\\nLady, The Honest Man s fortune. The Little\\nFrench Lawyer, Wit at Several Weapons,\\nA Right Woman, and The Laws of Candy.\\n1606 London. The melody, God Save\\nthe King, is [said to have been] composed\\nby John Bull for a dinner given to James\\nI. at Merchant Tailors Hall.\\n1607 The Family of Love, by Thomas\\nMiddleton, appears.\\n1609* London. The Stationers*\\nCompany agree to give a copy of every\\nbook published to the Bodleian Library,\\nOxford.\\nDublin. A charter is granted to\\nTrinity College by James I.\\n1610* Giles Fletcher writes Christ s\\nVictory and Triumph in Heaven and\\nEarth over Death. [Author of the Busse\\nCommonwealth, Sorrow s Joy, and a col-\\nlection of verses.]\\n1611 *King James s edition of the\\nBible is completed, after seven years\\nlabor, .by 47 ministers.\\nThe History of Great Britain, by John\\nSpeed, appears.\\nNews from Spain Is issued by Nathan-\\niel Butter.\\nLondon. The Charter House, a\\nschool for poor children, is founded by\\nThomas Sutton.\\n1612* The White Devil, or Vittoria\\nCorombona, by John Webster, appears.\\n[1616, The Duchess of Ma/fi; 1623, The\\nDevil s Law Case.]\\nHistory of England, by Samuel Daniel,\\nappears.\\n1612-20 ThomasShelton translates Don\\nQuixote.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1603 June 1. London. A man is\\nwhipped through the streets for go-\\ning to court when his house was infected\\nwith the plague.\\nJames I. is proclaimed King in viola-\\ntion of the will of Henry VIII.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0890.jp2"}, "891": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1602, -1613,* 879\\nA law is passed making tlie pretension\\nto sorcery capital.\\nThe title of Majesty is begun to\\nbe used in addressing the king.\\n1603-04 Tippling Acts are passed.\\nThey apply to both ale and -wine-sell-\\ning, and impose a fine of 10 shillings\\nupon each seller allowing townsmen to\\ntipple.\\n1604 Sept. 29. New laws against\\nwitchcraft become operative.\\nIre. Tartistry is abolished.\\nIt was the equal division of lands, after\\nthe decease of the owner, among his\\nsons, legitimate or illegitimate it one\\nof the sons died, his son did not inherit,\\nbut a new division was made by the\\ntanist or chief.\\n1605 Aug. 5. Walter Calverly of York-\\nshire is pressed to death, a large iron\\nweight being placed upon his breast; he\\nhad murdered two of his children, and\\nhad stabbed his wife in a fit of jealousy,\\nand being arraigned for his crime at the\\nYork assizes, stood mute.\\nTJov. 4. The Gunpowder Plot is dis-\\ncovered. (See State.)\\n1606 Englishmen are forbidden to en-\\nter foreign service without taking an\\noath not to be reconciled to the Pope.\\nDrunkenness is legally punished by\\na fine of five shillings, or confinement\\nfor six hours in the stocks.\\n1609-10 A law is made providing that\\nany ale house -keeper convicted of vio-\\nlating the law shall be disqualified for\\nthree years from keeping a public house.\\n1611 May 23. The hereditary order of\\nbaronets is instituted by James I. Sir\\nNicholas Bacon is made the first baro-\\nnet. Patents are sold for \u00c2\u00a31,095 each,\\nand the money applied foB4;he army in\\nUlster.\\n1612 June 29-July 20. London. A\\nlottery, granted by the king for the\\nbenefit of Virginia, is drawn near St.\\nPaul s the prizes are pieces of plate.\\n1613 Feb. 13. Princess Elizabeth Stu-\\nart [Queen of Bohemia], daughter of\\nJames I., marries Frederick, Elector\\nPalatine.\\nSept. 15. Sir Thomas Overbury is\\npoisoned while a prisoner in the Tower\\nhe is a victim of the malice of Somerset.\\n[1616. The Earl of Somerset and his\\nwife are tried and condemned for the\\nmurder.]\\nSTATE.\\n1603 Mar. 24. Queen Elizabeth dies.\\nApr. 5. Edinburgh. James VI. h\\n1603-49 (1714) The House of Stuart.\\n1603-25 James I. reigns.\\nJames VI. of Scotland becomes King\\nof England as James I. He is the son\\nof Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, and\\nMary Queen of Scots, granddaughter of\\nJames IV. of Scotland and his queen\\nMargaret, daughter of Henry VII. of\\nEngland. [July 25. London. He is\\ncrowned.]\\nThe Millenary Petition is presented\\nto the king.\\nIt is signed by 1,000+ Puritan minis-\\nters, who ask for a reform in church\\nservices and a stricter observance of\\nSunday.\\nMinisters: The Earl of Dorset, Lord\\nEllesmere, the Earl of Nottingham, the\\nEarl of Suffolk, the Earl of Worcester,\\nand Kobert T eeil [Earl of Salisbury].\\nSir Thomas Egerton, Lord Elles-\\nmere, is appointed lord chancellor.\\n*The Main conspiracy is ex-\\nposed; Lords Cobham and Grey and Sir\\nWalter Raleigh are accused of conspir-\\ning for the dethronement of James in\\nfavor of Arabella Stuart, a cousin of\\nJames I. also the (S Eye plot for the\\nseizure of the king s person is devised by\\nthe priest Watson and others.\\nAn alliance with France is negoti-\\nated by the French minister, Baron de\\nRosny, Duke of Sully.\\nCambridge University is empow-\\nered to send two members to Parlia-\\nment.\\nIre. The whole country becomes sub-\\nject to the rule of the English.\\n1604 Jan. 14, 15, 16. The king holds\\na conference of clergy at Hampton\\nCourt he resolves to make no conces-\\nsions to the Puritans.\\nMar. 19. Parliament assembles. [1611.\\nFeb. 9. dissolved.]\\n[It receives unfavorably a scheme of\\nthe king for the union of England and\\nScotland, but appoints commissioners to\\ntreat with the Scots upon the question.]\\nAug. 18. A treaty of peace is con-\\ncluded with Spain.\\nOct. 24. James is proclaimed King of\\nEngland, Scotland, France, and Ire-\\nland.\\nNov. 17- London. Sir Walter Raleigh\\nis tried for treason. [Convicted and im-\\nprisoned in the Tower. 1618. Oct. 29.\\nExecuted.]\\nSir Francis Bacon is appointed the\\nfirst king s sergeant, the highest mem-\\nber of the bar, be ah.me being permitted\\nto plead in the Court of Common Pleas.\\n1605 Oct. 26. The Gunpowder Plot\\nis disclosed.\\nIt is a conspiracy by Robert Catesby,\\nThomas Winter, John Wright, Guy\\nFawkes, Thomas Percy, and others, to\\nblow up the Parliament building during\\nthe sitting of both houses and the pres-\\nence of the king. [Nov. 5. Guy Fawkes\\nis discovered in a vault under the Parli-\\nament house with matches and touch-\\nwood in his possession, and 36 barrels of\\ngunpowder are found close by. 1606.\\nJan. 30, 31. Guy Fawkes, Sir Everard\\nDigby, Rookwood, Winter, and other\\nconspirators are executed. May 3. Henry\\nGarnet also.]\\nW. I. English colonists first settle in\\nBarbados.\\nThey land from the Orange Blossom,\\nerect a cross as a memorial, and cut in\\nthe bark of a tree the words, James,\\nKing of England and of this island.\\n1606 Apr. 10. James grants a char-\\nter to the London Company, and one to\\nthe Plymouth Company, for colonies in\\n!N orth America (p. 27).\\nApr. 12. The Union Jack is made the\\nnational flag. [1801 complete.]\\n1607 May 13. [U.S.A.] An English\\nsettlement is formed at Jamestown,\\nVirginia.\\nJune 25. Sir Thomas Fleming is ap-\\npointed chief justice.\\n1608 By the sole power of the crown,\\nduties are imposed on nearly every\\narticle of foreign commerce.\\n1609 Ministers Robert Cecil, Earl\\nof Salisbury, Lord Ellesmere, the Earl of\\nNorthampton, and the Earl of Suffolk.\\nW. I. Sir George Somers plants an\\nEnglish colony in the Bermudas.\\n1609-12 Ire. English and Scotch Prot-\\nestants are planted in Ulster.\\nIn consequence of repeated rebellions and\\nforfeitures, 511,465 acres of land in Ulster\\nbecome invested in the crown, and James I.,\\nafter removing the Irish from their hills and\\nfastnesses, divides the land among Buch of\\nhis English mid Scotch Pruleslants as choose\\nto settle there. The colonization is begun by\\nthe Honorable Irish Society, a committee of\\ncitizens of 12 London companies.\\n1610 The Isle of Man is restored to\\nStanley, Earl of Derby, from whose\\nfamily it had been taken by Elizabeth.\\nPari. The Great Contract is\\ndiscussed, hut not decided on.\\nIt proposes to grant the king a fixed\\nsum of \u00c2\u00a3200,000 per annum, in return for\\nthe surrender by him of his claim to\\nrevenue from feudal privileges.\\nLondon. Twelve new granaries are\\nbuilt at Bridewell to hold 6,000 quarters\\nof corn, and two storehouses for sea-\\ncoal to hold 4,000 loads, to prevent the\\nsudden dearness of these articles by\\ngreat increase of inhabitants.\\n1611 Arabella Stuart is imprisoned\\nat Lambeth.\\nIre. James grants Belfast to Sir Ar-\\nthur Chichester, lord deputy. [1613. It\\nis erected into a corporation.]\\nScot. Glasgow has freedom to elect\\nits own magistrates.\\n1612 Ministers The Earl of North-\\nampton, Lord Ellesmere, the Earl of\\nWorcester, Sir Ralph Winwood. the Earl\\nof Nottingham, Robert Carr, Viscount\\nRochester [Earl of Somerset].\\nNov. 6. Henry, Prince of Wales, dies.\\n1613 May 19. James issues farthing\\ntokens by proclamation.\\nSir Edward Coke is appointed chief\\njustice. [1616. Sir Henry Montague.]\\nCecil, Earl of Salisbury, dying, Rob-\\nert Carr, Viscount Rochester, becomes\\na favorite of the king, and is made\\nDuke of Somerset.\\nIre. The London Irish Society obtains\\na charter of incorporation for Derry un-\\nder the name of Londonderry.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1603 Apr. 10. Bristol men fit out two\\nvessels to bring sassafras from America\\nit is much overrated for its medicinal\\nvirtue.\\n1603-04 Ire. A plague infests the\\ncountry.\\nLondon. A plague sweeps away 20,578\\npeople.\\n1606 The springs at Tunbridge\\nWells, Kent, are discovered by Dudley,\\nLord North, who is restored to health\\nby the use of the waters.\\n1607 Windsor Forest, situated to\\nthe south and west of the town of\\nWindsor, is restricted to but 111 miles\\nround.\\n1610 Dec. 3. Great Tom, a bell seven\\nfeet in diameter, is placed in the steeple\\nof St. Mary s Cathedral, Lincoln.\\n1613 June 29. London. Shakespeare s\\nGlobe Theater is burned.\\nAug. 7. Dorchester is destroyed by fire.\\nSept. 29. London. The New Biver is\\nopened.\\nIt is an artificial stream, 48 miles long,\\nrising in Chadwell and Amwell in Hert-\\nfordshire, and projected by Sir Hugh\\nMyddleton for the purpose of supplying\\nLondon with water.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0891.jp2"}, "892": {"fulltext": "1613,** -1626, July* GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\nScot. John Napier, the inventor of\\nlogarithms, the indexes of the ratio of\\nnumbers one to another, publishes his\\ncanon or table. [1G1G-18. Completed\\nand published by Henry Briggs at Ox-\\nford.]\\n1616 Bylot s and Baffin s Arctic ex-\\npedition sets out. (See Canada.)\\nEngines for plowing land are pat-\\nented by David Ramsey and Thomas\\nWildgoose.\\n1619 The art of making tapestry is\\nintroduced by William Sheldon, and\\nestablished at Mortlake by Sir Francis\\nCrane.\\n1620 Bone-setting is first scientific-\\nally practised.\\nBroad silk is woven from raw silk.\\nPaper-hangings made of velvet and\\nfloss, for hanging apartments, are used.\\nFrancis Bacon suggests that heat may\\nbe a motion.\\n*The Drebbel alcohol thermometer\\nappears.\\n1621* Sir Anthony Van Dyck paints\\nthe portrait of James I.\\nThomas Ravenscroft s collection of\\nprinted harmonizations of tunes\\n[which has become standard with the\\npsalms] appears.\\n1622 The botanic garden at Oxford\\nis established by the Earl of Danhy.\\n1623 Middle latitude sailing is intro-\\nduced.\\n1625 Grecian architecture is re-\\nvived.\\nThe Banqueting House, Whitehall,\\nLondon, and other buildings are erected\\nin this style.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1613 Cleaveland, John, poet, born.\\nLiddell, Duncan, pliys., math., Scot., d.\\nOverbury, Sir Thomas, courtier, poet, A32.\\nTaylor, Jeremy, Anglican clergyman,\\npreacher, author, born.\\n1614 Annesley, Arthur, Earl of Anglesey,\\nstatesman, born.\\nMore, Henry, poet, theologian, phil., born.\\nWilkins, Joim, bishop of Oh-si.t, author, b.\\n1615 Sept. 27. Stuart, Arabella, cousin of\\nJames I., A40.\\nBaxter, Ru-hard, clergyman, author, born.\\nBiddle, John, theologian, author, born.\\nDenham, Sir John, pm-t, born.\\n1616 Apr. 23. Shakespeare, William,\\npoet, dramatist, actor, A52.\\nBeaumont, Francis, dramatist, A30.\\nFaithorne. William, engraver, born.\\nHakluyt, llieliard. historian, geog., A63.\\nMai t land, J., Duke of Lauderdale, states., b.\\nL Estrange, sir Roger, political author, born.\\nBancroft, William, archbishop of Canter-\\nbury, born.\\nThurloe, John, statesman, born.\\nWallis, John, mathematician, born.\\n1617* Ashmole, Elias, antiquary, born.\\nCoryate, Thomas, traveler, A40.\\nCudworth, Ralph, religious author, born.\\nEgerton. Thomas, Baron Ellesniere, states-\\nman, A77.\\nHutchinson, John, colonel, politician, born.\\nJfapier, John, laird of Merchiston, inventor\\nof logarithms, A67.\\n1618 Cowley, Abraham, poet, born.\\nLancaster, Sir .lames, navigator, dies.\\nLilburne, John, political agitator, born.\\nLovelace, Richard, poet, born.\\nRaleigh, Sir Walter, navigator, statesman,\\ncourtier, historian, A66.\\n1619 Anne, queen, dies.\\nDalryinple, James, first Viscount Stair, ju-\\n1620* Anderson, Alexander, mathemati-\\ncian, Scotland, A40.\\nBathurst, Ralph, poet, philosopher, theol.,b.\\nEvelyn, John, writer, born.\\nLudlow, Edmund, judge, born.\\nMarvell, Andrew, poet, politician, born.\\nOates, Titus, coutnverot sham popish plot, b.\\n1621 Boyle, Roger, Earl of Orrery, gen-\\neral, litterateur, born.\\nCooper, Anthony, Earl of Shaftesbury,\\nstatesman, born.\\nDewsbury, William, preacher (Friends), b.\\nFinch, Heneage, first Earl of Nottingham,\\nstatesman, born.\\nHarriott, Thomas, math., astronomer, A61.\\nPenn, William, admiral, born.\\nVaughan, Henry, jtoet, horn.\\nVaughan, Thomas, alchemist, born.\\nWillis, Thomas, physician, born.\\n1622 Baffin, William, navigator, A38.\\nMelville, Andrew, reformer, scholar, A77.\\nSavile, Sir H., mathematician, historian, A73.\\nSidney, Algernon, statesman, born.\\n1623 Camden, William, antiq., hist., A72.\\nFletcher, Giles, poet, A55.\\nPetty, Sir William, economist, born.\\n1624* Fox, Georg-e. founder Friends), b.\\nHoward, Charles, Lord Howard of Lihnghani,\\nadmiral, A88.\\n1625 Mar. 27. James I., (VI. of Scot-\\nland), king, A59.\\nCameron, John, theologian, Scotland, A45.\\nFletcher, John, dramatist, A49.\\nFlorio, John, grammarian, A80.\\nLodge, Thomas, poet, A 69.\\nMontagu, Edward, E. of Sandwich, adm., b.\\nMoreland, Sir Samuel, mechanician, inv., b.\\nSydenham, Thomas, physician, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1614* *Membersof both Houses of Par-\\nliament are ordered to take the sacra-\\nment to guard against the reintroduction\\nof Roman Catholics.\\nDublin. The Protestant Convocation\\nestablishes the Thirty-nine Articles of\\nreligion.\\n1618 May 24. The Book of Sports is\\npublished.\\nIt treats of the sports which may be\\nlawfully engaged in after prayers on the\\nSabbath, and discusses the authority for\\nSabbath observance.\\nAug. 25. Scot. The Articles of\\nPerth, relating to religious ceremo-\\nnies, are agreed to by the General As-\\nsembly.\\nScot. A proclamation is issued allow-\\ning sports on Sunday after the morning\\nservice.\\n1620 Dec. 21. U. S. A. New Eng-\\nland is founded by the Puri tan followers\\nof John Robinson at Plymouth, Mass.\\n1621 Jan. 29. Scot. William Laud is\\nmade bishop of St. David s.\\nIt. Gregory XV. is elected pope.\\n[1623, Urban VI. 1644, Innocent X.]\\n1625 The Maids of the Cross are\\nestablished.\\nA community of young -women make\\nvows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.\\n1626 July 1. Chaplains are first ap-\\npointed to each ship in the navy.\\n1613* George Wither writes Abuses\\nStript and Whipt. [1615. Shepherd s\\nHunting.\\nScot. Tears on the Death of MeHades,\\nby William Prummond, of Hawthorn-\\nden, appears. [1616. Poems.\\n*Wadham College, Oxford, is\\nfounded by Nicholas Wadham.\\n1613-14 Polyobion, by Drayton, ap-\\npears.\\n1613-16 Britannia s Pastorals, by Wil-\\nliam Browne, appears. [1614. The Shep-\\nherd s Pipe.]\\n1613-25 Purchas, his Pilgrimage, by\\n.Samuel Purchas, appears.\\n1614 John Shelden writes Titles of\\nHonor. [1618. History of Tithes.]\\nSir Walter Raleigh publishes The\\nHistory of the. World, written during his\\ntwelve years in i prison men t in the\\nTower.\\nA translation of Homer s Odyssey, by\\nGeorge Chapman, appears.\\n1615 The king grants to his poet-\\nlaureate Samuel Daniel?) a yearly pen-\\nsion of 100 marks.\\nTravels, by George Sandys, appears.\\n1617 Thomas Heywood writes A\\nWoman Killed with Kindness. [Later,\\nWar without Blows and Love toithout\\nSuit, Joan as good as my Lady, An\\nApology for Actors, and General History\\nof Woman.]\\n1618 The first Book of Sports under\\nthe title of The King s Majestie s Declar-\\nation to His Subjects concerning Lawful\\nSports to be used on Sundays after Even-\\ning Prayers, is published by King James.\\nNon Nobis, Domine! Not unto us,\\nO Lord, etc., Psalm cxv. 1), a musical\\ncanon, sung as a grace at public feasts,\\nis composed by W. Birdie.\\nPharmacopoeia, a book giving direc-\\ntions for the preparation of medicine, is\\npublished by the London College of\\nPhysicians it is the first work of its\\nkind known in England.\\nJune London. A Relation of all matters\\ndone in Bohemia, Austria, Sletia, France,\\netc., that is wort hit of Relating since the\\n2nd of March, 1618, to the 4th of May,\\nis issued by Ralph Rernithwaite.\\n1619* *Dulwich College, Surrey,\\ncalled God s-Gift-College, is founded\\nby Edward Alleyn.\\nFrancis Bacon completes his great\\nwork, Novum Organum, in Latin (The\\nNew Organ), on the proper methods of\\ninquiry into nature it is the founda-\\ntion of the inductive system of phi-\\nlosophy. [1621, The History of Henry\\nVII; 1622, Historia Ventorum; 1623, De\\nAugment is Scientiarum and Historia\\nFitse et Mortis; 1624, Apothegms; 162G,\\nThe New Atlantis.]\\nFrancis Quarles writes A Feast for\\nWorms. [1624, Job Militant.]\\n1621 Nov. London. The Coura.nt, or\\nWeekly Neivs from Foreign Parts, is\\nissued.\\nThe. Anatomy of Melancholy, by Wil-\\nliam Burton, appears.\\nThe Witch, by Thomas Middleton, ap-\\npears.\\n1622 Communion of Saints, a mosaic\\nof Scripture quotations, is compiled by\\nHenry Ains worth.\\nLondon. The Weekly News from Italy\\nGermany, etc., is issued.\\nLondon. The Certain News of this\\nPresent Week is issued.\\nThe Spanish Curate, by John Fletcher,\\nappears.\\n1623 London. The Sion College\\nand Hospital is founded by the legacy\\nof Dr. Thomas White, who bequeathed\\n\u00c2\u00a33,000 for the purpose. [1630. Incorpo-\\nrated.]\\nEdmund Waller writes his first\\npoems.\\nThe Duke of Milan, by Philip Massin-\\nger, appears.\\nScot. The Ftowers ofZion, by William\\nPrummond, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0892.jp2"}, "893": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1613, **-1626, July\\n881\\nThe first collected edition of Shakes-\\npeare s works appears.\\n1624 Pembroke College, Oxford, is\\nfounded by Thomas Teesdale and Rich-\\nard Wightwick.\\nRule a Wife and Have a Wife, by John\\nFletcher, appears. [Later, A Woman\\nHater.]\\n1625 An Anatomy of the World, by-\\nJohn Donne, appears/ [Later, Biatha-\\n?iatos.]\\n1615 The title, Baron Dormer, is cre-\\nated. [1616, Baron Teynham 1622, Earl\\nof Denbigh; 1624, Karl of Westmore-\\nland 1626, Earl of Lindsay.]\\nGeorge Villiers, son of a poor knight,\\nof great personal beauty, having become\\nthe king s favorite, is raised to the peer-\\nage, and given lands valued at \u00c2\u00a380,000.\\n[He soon passes to the head of the Eng-\\nlish nobility.]\\nA hospital and almshouses are erected\\nat Sheffield by the Earl of Malmesbury.\\n1617 London. Francis Bacon, lord\\nchancellor, disgusts the public by his\\nvanity, love of show, meanness, and cor-\\nruption.\\nMay 16. Edinburgh. James I. visits\\nthe city.\\n1619 Scot. The title, Earl of Had-\\ndington, is created. [1620, Viscount of\\nFalkland; 1621, Viscount of Stormont\\n1623, Earl of Galloway 1624, Earl of Lau-\\nderdale 1627, Baron Fairfax of Cameron,\\nand Baron Napier 1628, Baron Reay.]\\nTransportation of criminals to\\nAmerica begins.\\n1620* U. S. A. Ninety respectable\\nEnglish women are imported by the\\nplanters of Jamestown, Virginia, for\\nwives, at the price of 120 pounds of to-\\nbacco, worth 50 cents a pound.\\nGrandison and Baron Digby. [1621, Earl\\nof Westmeath 1622, Earl of Desmond,\\nand Viscounts Valentia and Dillon 1627,\\nEarl of Meath, and Baron Sherard 1628,\\nEarl of Fingall, and Viscounts Lumley\\nand Taaffe 1647, Earl of Cavan.]\\n1621 Sir Giles Mompesson and Sir\\nFrancis Mitchell are punished for their\\nabuse of monopolies.\\n1624 Edinburgh. George Heriot s\\nhospital is founded by his will.\\n1625* *An act restraining amuse-\\nments\\nSTATE,\\n1614 Apr. 5. Parliament meets,\\n[June 7. Dissolved.]\\n[The session is occupied in disputes\\nwith the king over proposed imposi-\\ntions no bill is passed, hence it is called\\nthe Addled Parliament.\\n1615 Ministers Thomas, Lord Elles-\\nmere, Thomas, Earl of Suffolk, Charles,\\nEarl of Nottingham, and Sir George\\nVilliers [Duke of Buckingham].\\nOliver St. John refuses to contribute\\nto a benevolence for the king, and\\nis fined \u00c2\u00a35,000.\\nSir Thomas Roe is sent on a mission\\nto the Great Mogul in India.\\n1616 Mar. 20. London. Sir Walter\\nKaleigh is released from prison. [1617.\\nAug. 19. He sails from Cork with 14\\nvessels to seek for gold-mines in Guiana.]\\nGeorge Villiers becomes a favorite\\nof the king. [He is made Duke of\\nBuckingham.]\\n1617 Mar. 27. London. Sir Francis\\nBacon is made lord high chancellor and\\nlord keeper of the great seal. He gets\\nthe title Lord Verulam [and is made\\nViscount St. Albans.]\\n1618 Oct. 29. London. Sir Walter\\nRaleigh is beheaded in compliance\\nwith the demand of Spain because of\\nhis invasion of Spanish territory in\\nAmerica.\\nLondon. Tothill Fields, Bridewell\\nPrison, is built.\\nScot. King James establishes troy\\nweight Scots.\\nW. Afr. The Gold Coast is settled.\\n1619* Matthew de L Eguster is ap-\\npointed foreign postmaster.\\nA commercial treaty is made with the\\nDutch in relation to the East Indies.\\nIre. Derry, with 210,000 acres, is\\ngranted to various companies.\\n1620 Sir Henry Montague [Vis-\\ncount Mandeville and Earl of Manches-\\nter] is one of the king s ministers.\\nThe Court Party and the Country\\nParty are formed.\\n[The latter becomes the Tory or landed\\ninterest, the former the Whig or trading\\ninterest.]\\nW. Afr. The English start a factory\\nin Gambia.\\n1621 Jan. 30. Parliament opens.\\n[1622. Feb. 8. Dissolved.]\\n[It grants the king a supply to aid the\\nwar in support of his son-in-law, the\\nelector palatine.]\\nApr. May* Parliament: Lord High\\nChancellor Bacon is impeached for\\nbribery and corruption.\\nHe is condemned to pay a fine of\\n\u00c2\u00a340,000, and declared incapacitated for\\nlife for sitting in Parliament, or holding\\noffice under the crown. [The fine is re-\\nmitted.]\\nMay* Parliament: Sir Giles Mompesson\\nand Sir Francis Mitchell are impeached\\nand banished for fraudulent use of pur-\\nchased monopolies of inn-licensing\\nand gold and silver thread manufacture.\\nNov. H. C. The Commons request\\nthe king to enforce the laws against\\npapists, and to marry his son to a\\nProtestant princess.\\nDec. 3. H. C. James writes to the\\nCommons in angry terms, forbidding\\nthem to inquire into affairs of state, or\\nto concern themselves about his son s\\nmarriage\\nDec. 18. H. C. The Commons, after\\nseveral communications with the king,\\nenters on its journals the Great Prot-\\nestation, in declaration of its rights.\\nThe king tears the record from the\\njournal.\\nSir James Ley is appointed chief\\njustice, and John Williams, bishop of\\nLincoln, lord keeper.\\nMinis ters: Lionel, Lord Cranfield\\n[Earl of Middlesex] Edward, Earl of\\nWorcester] John, Earl of Bristol John\\nWilliams, Dean of Westminster George\\nVilliers, and Sir Edward Conway.\\nKing James grants Acadia to Sir\\nWilliam Alexander, and its name is\\nchanged to Nova Scotia.\\nThe great seal is in con\\n1622 London. Sir Edward Coke, Sir\\nKobert Philips, and the Earls of Oxford\\nand Southampton, popular leaders in\\nParliament, are imprisoned for their\\nopposition to the king.\\n1623* *E. I. The Dutch massacre\\nEnglishmen on the island of Amboyna\\nin the Moluccas.\\nThe Statute of Limitations is passed.\\nIt enacts that actions for trespass or\\ndebt, or simple contract, must be com-\\nmenced within six years after the cause\\nof action, and actions for assault, men-\\nace, or imprisonment, within four years.\\nW.I. The island of St. Christo-\\npher is settled by the English.\\n1624 Feb. 19. Parliament meets.\\n[1625. Mar. 27. Dissolved.]\\n[It grants \u00c2\u00a3300,000 to prosecute the\\nwar in the Palatinate it passes an act\\nmaking monopolies illegal, and an act\\nprohibiting subsidies,]\\nSir Ranulph Crew is appointed chief\\njustice.\\n1625 Mar. 27. James I. dies.\\n1625-49 Charles I. reigns.\\nHe is a son of James I. [1G26. Feb. 22.\\nCrowned at Westminster.]\\nMay 13. Charles marries Henrietta Ma-\\nria, daughter of Henry IV. of France.\\nIt grants tonnage and poundage for\\none year, and \u00c2\u00a3140,000 for the war with\\nSpain.\\nJuly 11. Parliament is adjourned be-\\ncause of the great plague.\\nSir Thomas Coventry is appointed\\nlord keeper.\\n1626 Feb. 6. Parliament meets.\\n[June 15. Dissolved.]\\nSir Nicholas Hyde is appointed chief\\njustice.\\nFeb. H. C. The House appoints three\\ncommittees of religion of grievances,\\nand of evils, causes, and remedies.\\nMar. H. C. The House resolves to im-\\npeach Buckingham for oppressions\\nand extortions.,\\nMay 11. H. C. Sir John Eliot and Sir\\nDudley Digges, leaders of Bucking-\\nham s opponents, are sent to prison by\\nthe king. [They are released in a few\\ndays, the Commons refusing to do any\\nbusiness till they are discharged.]\\nJune 15. Charles dissolves Parliament\\nto save Buckingham from impeachment.\\nJuly Charles dismisses the queen s\\nservants this leads to a quarrel with\\nFrance.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1616 London. The principal streets\\nare paved.\\n1617 The apothecaries and grocers*\\ntrades are separated.\\n1620 London. The New River Com-\\npany is incorporated, and supplies the\\ncity with its water by conveyance of\\nwooden pipes in the streets, and small\\nleaden ones in the houses.\\n1621* Ire. A large part of Cork is\\nburned.\\n1624 London. The Thames is made\\nnavigable to Oxford.\\n1625 London. The mortality is very\\ngreat, 35,417 persons dying.\\nCoal is in common use.\\nLondon. Hackney coaches are first\\nuse L", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0893.jp2"}, "894": {"fulltext": "32 1626,**-1640,**.\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1627 June 27. Fr. The Duke of Buck-\\ningham sails with, a fleet to the aid of\\nthe Huguenots besieged in Rochelle.\\n[The Huguenots declining to receive him,\\nhe returns to England.]\\n1633 The Royal Scots regiment is\\norganized.\\n1637 The Sovereign of the Seas is\\nlaunched.\\n1639 Apr. Scot. War against the\\nScotch Covenanters begins it is called\\nthe Bishops War.\\nJune 18. Scot. The Scots under Sir A.\\nLeslie meet the English under King\\nCharles, at Dunse, near Berwick, where\\nthe Pacification of Dunse is made,\\nwhich prevents a battle.\\n1640 The Constant Warwick, first\\nfrigate known in England, is built by-\\nPeter Pett.\\nAug Scot. The second Bishops War\\noccurs.\\nAug. 20. The Scots invade England.\\n[Aug. 28. They defeat the English at\\nNewburn, on the Tyne.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1628 William Harvey makes the posi-\\ntive discovery of the circulation of the\\nblood. It furnishes an entirely new\\nsystem of physiological and pathological\\nspeculation.\\n1629 Peter Paul Rubens purchases\\nseven of the cartoons of Raphael at\\nFlanders for Charles I. to adorn Hamp-\\nton Court Palace.\\nThey represent the Miraculous Draught of\\nFishes, The Charge to Pete/-, Peter and John\\nBeating the Lame at the Gate of the Temple,\\nTheDeath of Ananias, Eli/mas the Sorcerer\\nstruck with Ulaalness, The Sacrifice to Paul\\nand Barnabas by the People of Lystra, Paul\\nPreaching at Athens.\\n1631 Richard Norwood is the first to\\nmeasure a degree of the meridian.\\nLuke Fox s Arctic expedition sails.\\n1632 Sir Anthony Van Dyck paints\\nthe portraits of Charles I. of England\\nand his queen.\\n1633 London. A wind sawmill, in-\\nvented by a Dutchman, is erected near\\nthe Strand.\\nAn optical signaling telegraph is\\nmade by the Marquis of Worcester.\\n1634* London. Jerome Lanyer patents\\nhis velvet paper.\\n1635 Cannon are made of brass.\\nDublin. The Werburg Street Thea-\\nter is commenced it is the first one\\nerected.\\n1639 Nov. 24. The first transit of\\nVenus over the face of the sun is ob-\\nserved by the Rev. Jeremiah Horrox, or\\nHorrocks, and his friend, William Crab-\\ntree, as predicted by Horrox in 1633.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1026 Apr. 9. Bacon, Francis, LordVeru-\\nlam, lawyer, statesman, philosopher, Alio.\\nAlleyn, Edward, actor, A60.\\nAubrey, John, topographer, antiquary, horn.\\nISoyle, Robert, chemist, philosopher, Ire., b.\\nDalgarno, George, philosopher, born.\\nGunter, Edmund, math., astronomer, A45.\\nPatrick, Simon, bishop of Chichester, com-\\nmentator, born.\\nPurchas, Samuel, clergyman, author, A49.\\n1827* Miiblleton, Thomas, dramatist, A 57.\\nVilli er s, George, Duke of Buckingham,\\nstatesman, author, born.\\nGreville, Sir Fulke, Lord Brooke, poet, phi-\\nlosopher, A74.\\nGrew, Nehemiah, vegetable anatomist, born.\\nRay, or Wray, John, naturalist, born.\\nTemple, Sir William, statesman, wr., b.\\nVilliers, George, Duke of Buckingham,\\nstatesman, A36.\\n1630 Barrow, Isaac, cl., math., born.\\nChild, Sir Josiah, economist, merchant, b.\\nCotton, Charles, humorist, poet, born.\\nD Urfrey, Thomas, dramatist, poet, born.\\nGodolphin, Earl of, Sidney, statesman, b.\\nHalifax, Marquis of, George Savile, states-\\nHarvey, Gabriel, author, A85\u00c2\u00b1.\\nHowe, John, chaplain to Cromwell, born.\\nTillotson. John, archbp. of Canterbury, b.\\n1631 Cocker, Edward, engraver, arithme-\\ntician, author, born.\\nBriggs, Henry, mathematician, A70.\\nDanby, Earl of, Thomas Osborne, states., b.\\nDonne, John, clergyman, poet, A58.\\nDryden. John, courtier, poet, critic, born.\\nLower, Richard, anatomist, born.\\n1632 Aug. 29. Locke, John, statesman,\\nscientist, philosopher, born.\\nAllen, Thomas, mathematician, ABO.\\nCompton, Henry, bishop of London, au.,b.\\nCumberland, Richard, moral philosopher, 1\\nEliot, Sir John, statesman, A42.\\nFirmin, Thomas, philanthropist, born.\\nHerbert, George, poet, A39.\\nPepys, Samuel, sec. to the admiralty, au., b.\\nWood, Anthony, antiquarian, born.\\nWren, Sir Christopher, architect, born.\\n1633 Oct. 14. James II., king, born.\\nAbbot, George, archbp. of Canterbury, A71.\\nBrown, Robert, Puritan theologian, founder\\n(Brownists), A80.\\n_ Flatman, Thomas, poet, born.\\nRoscommon, Earl of, Went worth Dillon,\\npoet, born.\\nSouth, Robert, clergyman, wit, poet, an., b.\\n1634 Allein, Joseph, Puritan cl., born.\\nChapman, George, poet, dramatist, A77.\\nCoke, Sir Edward, jurist, statesman, A82.\\nMars ton, John, dramatist, A59\u00c2\u00b1.\\n1635 Betterton, Thomas, actor, born.\\nBurnet, Thomas, author, born.\\nCapel, Arthur, Earl of Essex, statesman, b.\\nFairfax, Edward, poet, dies.\\nHooke, Robert, mathematician, born.\\nParr, Thomas, centenarian, A 153.\\nStillingrleet, Edward, bishop of Worcester,\\nauthor, born.\\nVerstegaii, Richard, antiquary, dies.\\n1636 Etherege, Sir George, dramatist, b.\\nGlanvill, .Joseph, clergyman, phil., au., b.\\nMackenzie, Sir George, lawyer, statesman,\\nwriter, Scotland, born.\\nRussell, Lady Rachel, author, born.\\nSprat, Thomas, bishop of Rochester, poet,\\nmis. writer, born.\\n1637 Cave, Win., canon Windsor, au., b.\\nDorset, sixth Earl of, Charles Sackville, wit,\\npoet, born.\\nJonson, Ben, dramatist, actor, poet, A63.\\nKen, Thomas, bishop of Math, author, born.\\nNorth, Francis, Baron Guilford, jurist, born.\\n1638* Bernard, Edward, clergyman, as-\\ntronomer, born.\\n1639 Burton, Robert, author, A63.\\nCarew, Thomas, poet, courtier, A50.\\nCreighton, Robert, cl., musical comp. born.\\nFord, John, dramatist, A53.\\nRussell, Lord William, statesman, born.\\nRymer, Thomas, antiquary, born.\\nSedley, Sir Charles, poet, dramatist, born.\\nWotton, Sir Henry, poet, diplomatist, A7I.\\nCHURCH.\\n1627-29 Charles I. intercedes for the\\npersecuted Waldenses of France.\\n1628 Theophilus Brabourne, a clergy-\\nman, publishes the first work favoring\\nthe Seventh day (Saturday) as the true\\nChristian Sabbath he and several others\\nsuffer great persecution for this opinion.\\n1630 Oct. 16. Sir John Gayler es-\\ncapes from a lion in Arabia.\\nTo commemorate the event a Lion\\nSermon is preached annually at the\\nSt. Katherine Crec church, London.\\n1631 Apr. 2. London. A comn\\nis granted to Bishop William Laud to\\nrestore St. Paul s Cathedral.\\n1633 Sept. 12. London. The first Par-\\nticular Baptist church is formed John\\nSpelsbury, pastor.\\nOct. 18, Boyal declaration is ordered\\nto be read in churches reviving wakes,\\nlawful sports, and recreations on the\\nSabbath after divine service.\\n1635 Clergymen are ejected from\\ntheir churches for refusing to read the\\nBook of Sports to their congregations.\\n1637 Apr. 30. Puritans are forbidden\\nto emigrate to New England.\\nJuly 23. Scot. By order of the king the\\nliturgy is read in the churches a tumult\\nfollows at St. Giles and in Grey Friars\\nchurch, Edinburgh.\\n1638 Mar.* Scot. Scotland rejects\\nEpiscopacy. The National Covenant\\nis signed, all over Scotland, with great\\nenthusiasm.\\nIt is a repetition of former covenants, and\\nalso contains a solemn protest against prel-\\nacy. They defy the king s orders to accept\\nthe prayer-book. [War follows.]\\nNov. 21. Scot. A General Assembly\\nof the Scottish Church meets at Glas-\\ngow.\\nIt abolishes the Episcopacy, new lit-\\nurgy, and the canons. The church is\\ndeclared independent of the state.\\nDec. Scot. The Covenanters Parlia-\\nment abolishes Episcopacy, deposes\\nthe king s bishops, and excommunicates\\nfour of them.\\n1639 June 18. Scot. The Pacifica-\\ntion of Dunse.\\n1640 Ire. Bishop Atherton suffers\\nan ignominious death for an unnatural\\ncrime.\\nLondon. The building of the western\\nparishes, including St. GileB is begun.\\nThe Broadmead Baptist church at\\nBristol is founded.\\nLondon. The Devonshire Square Bap-\\ntist church is formed.\\nThe bishops are excluded from voting\\non temporal affairs. [1641. Dec. 30.\\nSeveral protesting bishops are sent to\\nthe Tower.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1628 The Alexandrian Codex, a man-\\nuscript of the Septuagint translation of\\nthe Bible, in Greek, said to have been\\nwritten in the 6th century, is presented\\nto Charles I. by Cyrillus Leucaris, Pa-\\ntriarch of Constantinople.\\nEssay on the Motion of the Heart and\\nthe Blood, by William Harvey, appears.\\n1629 Ode on the Meaning of Christ s\\nNativity, by John Milton, appears.\\n[1633, V Allegro and 11 Penseroso; 1634,\\nArcades, Comus, and Lycidas.]\\nTlie Lovers Melancholy by John Ford,\\nis produced. [1633, The Broken Heart;\\n1634, Perkin Warbeck,]\\n1630. Mar. 26. Charles I. renews the\\npatent granted by his -father to Ben\\nJonson, as poet laureate, increasing\\nthe 100 marks to \u00c2\u00a3100, with the grace\\ncup of one tierce of Canary Spanish\\n1631 The Temple, by George Herbert,\\nappears.\\n1632 An Arabic professorship is es-\\ntablished at Cambridge.\\nEmblems Divine and Moral, by Fran-\\ncis Quarles, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0894.jp2"}, "895": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1626, *-1640, 883\\n1633 Oct. 18. The Second Book of\\nSports, with, a ratification by Charles I.,\\nis published.\\nTlie Purple Island, by Phineas Fletch-\\ner, appears.\\nA New Way to Pay Old .Debts, by\\nPhilip Massinger, appears.\\nHistriomastix, by William Prynne, ap-\\npears. [1637. For indirectly criticising\\nthe king and queen he is sentenced to\\nimprisonment and fined \u00c2\u00a35,000.]\\nCaelum Britannicum, by Thomas Ca-\\nrew, appears.\\n1635 The Lady of Pleasure and The\\nTraitor, by James Shirley, appear.\\n1636 The Wonder of a Kingdom, by\\nThomas Dekker, appears.\\n1637 July 1. The Star Chamber im-\\nposes seventy restraints upon the lib-\\nerty of the press, and limits the num-\\nber of master printers in London and\\nWestminster.\\nc The Reliqion of Protestants A Safe\\nWay to Salvatioil, by William Chilling-\\nworth, appears.\\nAglaura, by Sir John Suckling, ap-\\npears. [1639, Brennoralt later, Con-\\nstancy, Ballad on a Wedding, and Tell\\nMe, Ye Juster Deities.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1627 A law is passed subjecting ale-\\nhouse-keepers to a penalty of whipping\\nfor the first offense of illegal selling,\\nand for the second offense imprison-\\nment for one month.\\n1628 Aug. 23. George Villiers, Duke\\nof Buckingham, is assassinated at\\nPortsmouth by John Felton.\\nThe title, Duke of Chesterfield, is cre-\\nated also Earl of Winchelsea, and Not-\\ntingham (16S1) and Earl of Stamford.\\n1630* *The first lottery for sums of\\nmoney is drawn.\\n1631 The king prevents a trial by\\ncombat between Lord Reay and David\\nRamsay.\\n1633 June* Edinburgh. Charles I.\\nvisits the city.\\nScot. The title, Earl of Elgin and\\nKincardine (1647), is created also Earls\\nWemyss and March (1697), Loudon,\\nSouttiesk,Kinnoull, Dalhousie, Lindsay,\\nand Barou Forrester. [1639. Earlof Air-\\nlie.]\\nShoes [as at present worn] are intro-\\nduced.\\n1634 Forgery is first made punish-\\nable by death.\\n1635 In order to discourage English\\nsubjects from traveling to foreign coun-\\ntries and spending money there, a tax\\nis levied by way of license for going\\nabroad, to be paid to the crown.\\n1637 June 14. William Prynne, Henry\\nBurton, and Robert Bastwick are sen-\\ntenced to fine and the pillory for speak-\\ning and writing against popery and\\nSabbath-breaking.\\nJuly 23. Edinburgh. The cutty-stool\\nis thrown by a woman at the head of the\\nbishop in St. Giles Church.\\n1639 The title, Earl of Carnwath, is\\ncreated. [1640, Baron Stafford 1643,\\nBaron Byron.]\\n1640 The rack is abolished.\\nSTATE.\\n1627 Charles exacts a forced loan to\\ncarry on the war with France, and im-\\nprisons five persons who refuse to con-\\ntribute.\\n1628 Mar. 17. Parliament meets.\\n[1629. Mar. 10. Dissolved.]\\nJune 26. Charles I., after much delay\\nand opposition, assents to the Petition\\nof Rights formulated by the House of\\nCommons.\\nthat no person be imprisoned except\\nspecified charge, and by due process of law;\\nthat soldiers shall not be billeted in private\\nhouses; and that martial law shall not be\\nexecuted in time of peace.\\nMinisters: Richard, Lord Weston\\n[Earl of Portland] Sir Thomas Coventry\\n[Lord Coventry]; Henry, Earl of Man-\\nchester [succeeded by the Earl of Marl-\\nborough, and Viscount Conway] Wil-\\nliam Laud, Bishop of London and Sir\\nAlbert Martin.\\nW.I. Nevis is settled by the English.\\nThe king levies tonnage and pound-\\nage, and seizes the goods of merchants\\nwho refuse to pay.\\n*Liverpool Is separated from the\\nduchy of Lancaster.\\n1629 Jan. 20\\\\ Parliament assembles.\\n[Oliver Cromwell speaks in the House\\nfor the first time.]\\nMar. 2. H. C. Sir John Eliot reads res-\\nolutions of remonstrance.\\nThey declare that any person introducing\\ninnovations in religion, or levying tonnage\\nand poundage without consent of Parlia-\\nment, or paying such duties, shall be re-\\ngarded as an enemy to the kingdom; the\\nSpeaker, being forlii.idrn l.y ihc king, refuses\\nto put the resolutions; he is held forcibly In\\nthe chair while they are being put and car-\\nried.\\nMar. 4. The Massachusetts Bay Col-\\nony is chartered (p. 31).\\nMar. 5. H. C. Sir John Eliot and\\nother members are sent to prison. [1632.\\nNov. 27. Eliot dies in prison.]\\nMar. 10. The king dissolves Parlia-\\nment [and rules for 11 years without\\na Parliament, extorting money by ille-\\ngal taxation and sale of monopolies].\\nNov. Thomas Wentworth [Earl of\\nStrafford] is privy councillor. [1632. He\\nis the king s chief adviser.]\\n1630 Apr.* Peace is made with France.\\n[Nov. Peace is made with Spain.]\\nFifteen hundred Puritans emigrate\\nin 17 ships.\\n1631 Oct. 24. Sir Thomas Richard-\\nson is appointed chief justice.\\nLondon. Postal communication is\\nopened with Edinburgh, West Chester,\\nHolyhead, Ireland, Plymouth, Exeter,\\nand other places.\\nThe rates of postage are one letter\\ncarried 80 miles, 2d. under 140 miles,\\n4d. above that distance in England, 6d.\\nto any part of Scotland, 8d.\\n1632 W. Afr. An English colony is\\nplanted in Gambia. Also in Mont-\\nserrat and Antigua, West Indies.\\nN*. Amer. Newfoundland is settled\\nby the English.\\nWilliam Frizell and Thomas Wither-\\nings are appointed foreign postmasters.\\n1633 June 18. Edinburgh. Charles\\nis crowned at Holyrood.\\n1634 Charles levies the ship-money\\nimpost.\\nEach county is assessed for a sum neces-\\nsary to provide a certain number of ships\\nfor the navy, and its sheriff is required to levy\\nthe sum on the inhabitants; the impost ex-\\ncites a spirit of resistance throughout the\\ncountry.\\nLiverpool is rated for ship-money in\\nonly \u00c2\u00a320.\\n1635* Ministers: William Laud, Arch-\\nbishop of Canterbury, Lord Cottington,\\nthe Marquis of Hamilton, the Earl of\\nDorset, Sir John Coke, and Sir Francis\\nWindebank.\\nApr. 14. Sir John Brampston is ap-\\npointed chief justice.\\n1636 John Hampden refuses to pay\\nthe20shillings ship-iimncy .tssessed upon\\nhim. [1637. June 12. The judges de-\\ncide that ship-money is legal,]\\nScot. Glasgow fully becomes a royal\\nburgh.\\nScot. Charles tries to set aside the\\nScotch Presbyterian Church and en-\\nforce Episcopacy, thus causing war.\\nThe Irish Society for the colonization\\nof Ulster loses its charter. [1670. Re-\\nstored.]\\n1639 June 18. Scot. Charles meets\\nthe deputies of the Covenanters at\\nDunse.\\nA treaty of peace is concluded the\\nScotch army is to disband, and differ-\\nences are referred to Parliament and a\\ngeneral assembly.\\nIre. Wentworth, Earl of Strafford,\\nis appointed lord lieutenant; he boasts\\nof his policy and measures as thor-\\nough.\\n1640 Apr. 13. Parliament meets, the\\nfirst time for 12 years. [May 5. Dis-\\nsolved.]\\n[It refuses to grant supplies without\\nredress of grievances, it is dissolved by\\nthe king; it is called the Short Par-\\nliament.\\nMinisters William Juxon, Bishop of\\nLondon, Sir John Finch [Lord Finch],\\nLord Cottington, the Earl of Strafford,\\nthe Earl of Northumberland, the Mar-\\nquis of Hamilton, Archbishop Laud, Sir\\nFrancis Windebank, and Sir Henry\\nVane.\\nOct. 26. The treaty of Ripon is con-\\ncluded between the king and the Cove-\\nnanters.\\nCharles agrees to pay the Scottish army\\n\u00c2\u00a3850 pounds a day until a permanent\\ntreaty is signed.\\nNov. 3. Parliament opens. [William\\nLenthal, Speaker. This Parliament\\ncontinues in existence for 20 years, the\\nLong Parliament.\\nNov. 11. H. C. The Commons impeach\\nStrafford for high treason. [Dec. 18.\\nAlso Archbishop Laud.]\\nParliament It is enacted that no\\nmonopolies shall in future be created\\nby royal letters patent.\\nE.I. Madras is founded by Fran-\\ncis Day of the East India Company.\\nLondon. Fleet prison is allotted for\\ndebtors.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1631 Calico is first imported.\\nClocks and watches are in common\\nuse.\\n1635 Hackney coaches are limited\\nby the Star Chamber.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0895.jp2"}, "896": {"fulltext": "884 1640, **-1645, June 14. GREAT BRITAIN\\n*ARMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NAVY.\\n1641 Ire. Roger O More and other\\nIrish chiefs head a revolt against the\\ngranting to British colonists the estates\\ntaken from native owners.\\nOct. 23. Ire. A rising of the na-\\ntives in Ulster attempts to expel the\\nBritish planters. [Newry, Carrick-\\nmacross, and Castle-Blayney are taken\\nby the Irish.]\\n1642-47 The First Civil War.\\n1642 Oct. 23. Indecisive battle of\\nEdgehill, Warwickshire, is fought be-\\ntween the Royalists under Charles I.\\nand the Parliamentarians under the Earl\\nof Essex.\\nVolunteer forces, in aid of the Par-\\nliamentarians, are raised by Oliver\\nCromwell [under whose stern disci-\\npline they become famous as the\\nIronsides\\n1643 Feb. 22. Queen Henrietta,\\nwife of Charles I., lands at Burlington,\\nYorkshire, with arms and troops from\\nHolland.\\nMay 16. Battle of Stratton Hill, Corn-\\nwall the Royalists defeat the Parlia-\\nmentarians under Lord Stamford.\\nJune 19. John Hampden is mortally\\nwounded at Clmlgrove, Oxfordshire, in a\\nskirmish with the Royalists under Prince\\nRupert.\\nJuly 5. Battle of Lansdown, Somer-\\nsetshire the Royalists defeat Sir Wil-\\nliam Waller.\\nJuly 27. Bristol surrenders to the\\nRoyalists under Prince Rupert, after an\\nassault with heavy losses on both sides.\\nSept. 8. Essex relieves Sir Edward\\nMassey at G loucester, which is besieged\\nby the Royalists.\\nSept. 20. Indecisive battle at New-\\nbury, Berkshire: the Parliamentarians\\nare under the Earl of Essex, and the\\nRoyalists under Prince Rupert. Lord\\nFalkland, a Royalist, is killed.\\nSept. Exeter is taken by Prince Mau-\\nrice for King Charles I.\\nSir Thomas Fairfax takes Man-\\nchester.\\nBirmingham is besieged and taken\\nby Prince Rupert.\\n1644 Jan. 16. Scot. A Scotch army\\ncrosses the Tweed to aid the Parlia-\\nmentarians.\\nJan. 29. Battle of Nantwich, Chesh-\\nire Lord Fairfax defeats the Irish Roy-\\nalists under Lord Byron.\\nFeb. Charlotte, Countess of Derby,\\ndefends Lathom House, Lancashire,\\nagainst the Parliamentarians. [May\\n27. She is relieved by Prince Rupert.]\\nApr. York is besieged by the English\\nand Scotch Parliamentary armies under\\nthe Earl of Manchester, Fairfax, and\\nLeslie, the Earl of Leven. [July 16.\\nTaken.]\\nJune 26. Liverpool is taken by Prince\\nRupert.\\nJune 29. King Charles defeats Sir Wil-\\nliam Waller at Cropredy Bridge, near\\nBanbury, Oxfordshire.\\nJuly 2. Battle of Marston Moor, near\\nYork.\\nAbout 22,000 Royalists under Prince\\nRupert are totally defeated by 24,000+\\nParliamentarians under Cromwell and\\nFairfax.\\nScot. The Marquis of Montrose\\nformerly with the Covenanters, but now\\non the side of King Charles organizes\\nan army of Highlanders and Irish he\\nthen raises the royal standard.\\nSept. 1. The army of Essex surrenders\\nto King Charles at Lostwithiel, Corn-\\nwall, Essex himself escaping in a boat to\\nPlymouth.\\nScot. Montrose defeats the Covenant-\\ners under Lord Elcho at Tippermuir,\\nPerthshire.\\nSept. 2. Scot. Montrose captures and\\nplunders Perth.\\nSept. Scot. On the approach of the\\nMarquis of Argyll, with 40,000 men,\\nMontrose retreats to Athole, Perthshire.\\nOct. Scot. Montrose captures Fyvie\\nCastle, Aberdeenshire. [During the re-\\nmainder of the year he plunders and\\nravages many parts of the country.]\\nOct. 27. Battle of Newbury, Berk-\\nshire the Parliamentarians under Es-\\nsex, Waller, and Manchester, defeat the\\nRoyalists under Charles I.\\nDec* Scot. Montrose invades and rav-\\nages Argyllshire.\\n1645 Feb. 2. Scot. Montrose defeats\\nArgyll at Inverlochy, Inverness-shire.\\nApr. The Parliamentarian army is\\nreorganized Essex and other leaders\\nresign their commissions, and Lord\\nFairfax is appointed commander, with\\nCromwell as lieutenant-general.\\nMay 4. Scot. Montrose defeats the\\nCovenanters at Auldearn, near Nairn.\\nJune 14. Decisive battle of Naseby,\\nNorthamptonshire.\\nThe Royalists under Charles and\\nPrince Rupert are totally defeated by\\nthe Parliamentarians under Fairfax and\\nCromwell. Each side has about 11,000\\nmen Cromwell s cavalry decide the\\nstruggle. The Royalists lose 5,000\u00c2\u00b1 pris-\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1641 Dec. 9. London. Van Dyck dies,\\nand is buried in St. Paul s Cathedral.\\nLondon. The pendulum is con-\\nstructed by Richard Harris, a clock-\\nmaker, and the younger Galileo.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1640* Alexander, William, Earl of Stir-\\nling, poet, statesman, Scotland, dies.\\nDekker, Thomas, dramatist, A65+.\\nMassinger, Philip, dramatist, A56.\\nShadwell, Thomas, poet, born.\\nTradescant, John, Inivrler, naturalist, dies.\\nWharton, Marquis of, Thomas, statesman, h.\\nWycherlv, William, poet, dramatist, born.\\n1641 May 12. Strafford, Earl of,\\nThomas Went worth, statesman, A48.\\nHorrox, or Horroeks, Jeremiah, astro., A22\\nSherlock, William, cl., religious writer, born.\\nSpelman, Sir Henrv, historian, antiq., A79.\\n1643 Behn, Aphra, novelist, dramatist, b.\\nHicks, George, non-juring cl., author, born.\\nHolt. Sir John, jurist, born.\\nNewton, Sir Isaac, mathematician, scien-\\ntist, greatest of natural philosophers, born.\\nSunderland, second Earl of, Robert Spen-\\ncer, statesman, born.\\nTyrrell, James, historian, born.\\n1643 June 24. Hampden, John, states-\\nBurnet, Gilbert, bishop of Salisbury, histo-\\nrian, writer, Scotland, born.\\nCary, Lucius, Viscount Falkland, classicaL\\nscholar, author, A33.\\nGraham, John. Viscount of Dundee, Scot.,b.\\nGreville, Robert, parliamentary gen., A35.\\nGuy, Thomas, phdanlhmpist, born.\\nPym, John, statesman, A 59.\\nsirvpe, John, clergyman, biographer, born..\\n1644 Oct. 14. Penn, William, Quaker,,\\nfounder of Pennsylvania, statesman, born.\\nBoyle, Richard, Earl of Cork, statesman, A78\\nChilling-worth. William, theol. au., A42.\\nGascoigne, Wm., inv. of micrometer, A32\u00c2\u00b1..\\nQuarles, Francis, poet, A52.\\nSandys, George, poet, A67.\\nCHURCH.\\n1641 Oct. 23. Ire. The Catholics ini\\nUlster uprise on St. Ignatius s day and\\nmassacre 40,000 Protestants in order\\nto expel the English.\\nA version of the Bible by Francis-\\nRous, provost of Eton, is first published.\\n[1646. Parliament orders its use in the-\\nchurches.]\\n1642 The Puritans become divided.\\ninto two parties, the Presbyterians and\\nthe Independents.\\nThomas Hobbs advocates material-\\nism.\\n1643 May 5. Parliament orders the\\nBook of Sports to be burned by the\\nhangman.\\nJuly 1. London. The Westminster\\nAssembly.\\nIt is convoked by Parliament and com-\\nprises 18 clergymen and 18 laymen, to\\nconsider the liturgy, government, and\\ndoctrines of the church.\\n[The Scotch Covenant is adopted, and\\nthe Directory for public worship, con-\\nfession, and catechism, now used by the\\nChurch of Scotland are drawn up. It\\ncontinues for six years.]\\nAug;. 17. Scot. The General Assembly\\nof the Church of Scotland approves The\\nSolemn League and Covenant.\\nIt is also ratified by the Convention of es-\\ntates. [Sept. 25. It is accepted and sub-\\nscribed by the English Parliament and the\\nWestminster Assembly.] -It is a compact\\nbinding the united kingdoms to mutual aid\\nin the extirpation of popery and prelacy,\\nand for the preservation of true religion and\\nliberty.\\n1644 Dec. The Common Prayer is\\nvoted out of doors by Parliament, and\\nthe Directory of Worship is set up in its\\nplace.\\n1645 Jan. 3. The liturgy of the\\nChurch of England is abolished by ordi-\\nJan. 10. Archbishop Laud, a supporter\\nof the king, is martyred on the petty\\nground that cumulative infractions con-\\nstitute treason.\\nLETTERS.\\n1640 Poems, by Thomas Carew, ap-\\npears.\\n1641 Nov. London. Diurnal Occur-\\nences, or the Heads of several Proceed-\\nings in both Houses of Parliament is\\nissued, its earliest authentic report.\\nOf Preformation touching Church Dis-\\ncipline in England, by John Milton,,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0896.jp2"}, "897": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1640, *-1645, June 14.\\nappears. [1612, The Reason of Church\\nGovernment urged against Prelacy.]\\n1641-1705 John Evelyn writes his\\nDiary.\\n1642 Aug. 22. The London Gazette is\\nissued.\\nDe Give, by Thomas Hobbes, appears.\\n[1650, Human Nature, or the funda-\\nmental Elements of Policy.]\\nThe Holy State and the Profane State,\\nby Thomas Fuller, appears.\\n1643 Parliament passes acts repress-\\ning disorders in printing. [Also\\nin 1649.]\\nAug. 22. London. Mercurius Britanni-\\ncus, is issued by Marcbmont Needhain.\\n[1647, He issues Mercurius Pragmaticus.]\\nSept. 7. The Scotch Intelligence is is-\\nsued.\\nMercurius Aulicus is issued.\\nIre. Ireland s True Diurnal is issued.\\nlieligio Medici, by Sir Thomas Browne,\\nappears. [165S, Hydriotaphia.]\\nCooper s Hill, by Sir John Denham,\\nappears.\\nMundus Alter et Idem, by Joseph Hall,\\nappears.\\n1.644 Areopagitica or, a Speechfor the\\nLiberty of Unlicensed Printing, by John\\nMilton, appears. [1649, Eikonoklastes\\n1650, Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio\\n1654, Defensia Secunda.]\\nPoems, by Edmund Waller, appears.\\nIre. Mercurius Hiberuicus is issued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1641 Feb. 13. Judges are threatened\\nwith impeachment, and Berkeley is\\ntaken off the bench and committed by\\nthe Commons, on a charge of treason.\\nEdinburgh. EZing Charles visits the\\ncity.\\nScot. The title, Earl of Leven and Mel-\\nville (1690), is created also Viscount of\\nArbuthnot. [1643, Duke of Hamilton,\\nEarl of Dysart,and Baron Elibank 1647,\\nEarl of Northesk, and Baron Belhaven\\nand Stenton; 1651, Earl of Balcarres,\\nBaron Ilollo, and Baron Kuthven.]\\n1642 Parliament forbids dramatic\\nr epres entations\\nSTATE.\\n1640 Sir John Finch is appointed\\nLord High Chancellor.\\nEdinburgh. The Parliament House\\nis finished.\\n1641 Viscount Falkland and Lord\\nDigby are administrators.\\nThe struggle between the king and\\nParliament begins.\\nFeb. 15. Parliament: The Triennial\\nAct is passed, providing for meetings of\\nParliament every three years, without\\nsummons by the king.\\nMar. 22. Parliament: The trial of\\nWentworth, Earl of Strafford, on\\nimpeachment commences. [The im-\\npeachment is dropped, and a bill of at-\\ntainder introduced in Parliament. Apr.\\n21-29. The bill passes both houses. May\\n12. He is executed.]\\nMar.* Parliament A bill for the aboli-\\ntion of Episcopacy is introduced; it is\\ncalled the root and branch bill.\\nMay 10. The king reluctantly gives his\\nassent to the bill of attainder against\\nStrafford, and to another prohibiting the\\ndissolving or proroguing of the present\\n.Parliament without its own consent.\\nMay 18. Sir Edward Littleton is ap-\\npointed lord keeper.\\nJune H. L. A bill disqualifying cler-\\ngymen to hold civil office is rejected.\\nJuly Parliament: The Star Chamber\\nCourt and the High Commission are\\nabolished.\\nAug. A treaty of pacification is con-\\ncluded with Scotland.\\nSept. 8. Parliament adjourns after\\neach House has appointed a committee\\nto sit during the recess.\\nOct. 23. Ire. An insurrection breaks\\nout in Ulster under Roger O Moore and\\nPhelim O Neill.\\nOct. Scot. The Marquis of Montrose\\nplots to seize the Duke of Argyll, the\\nleader of the Presbyterians Charles is\\nsuspected of complicity, and makes a\\nfavorable treaty with Argyll.\\nNov. Greatindignation prevailsbecause\\nof a reported massacre of Protestants\\nin Ireland but Parliament is reluctant\\nto trust Charles with an army.\\nDec. 1. The Grand Remonstrance is\\npresented to the king by the House of\\nCommons it recites the grievances of\\nthe people and the king s oppressive acts.\\nDec. 28. London. Several bishops,\\nwho protest against Acts of Parliament\\npassed while they are deprived of votes,\\nare committed to the Tower.\\nThe adherents of the Parliament are\\ncalled Roundheads, from having their\\nhair closely cut the adherents of the\\nking are called Cavaliers.\\n1642 Jan. 3. H. C. The king im-\\npeaches members of Parliament.\\nHe accuses Lord Kimbolton, Pym,\\nHampden, Haselrig, Holies, and Stroud\\nof treasonable correspondence with the\\nScots in the late war; the Commons\\nrefuse to order their arrest.\\nJan. 4. H. C. The king attempts to\\narrest the five members.\\nHe visits the House of Commons with\\n500 troops, but the accused are not found.\\nThe Commons withdraw and form a\\ncommittee at Guildhall, guarded by citl-\\n1642-46 The Civil War the great re-\\nbellion.\\nJan. 10. London. Charles leaves the\\ncity, and the rive members return in tri-\\numph to Westminster.\\nJan. 12. A Royalist rising takes\\nplace at Kingston under Lord Digby and\\nColonel Lunsford.\\nBuckinghamshire freeholders, to the\\nnumber of 4,000, arrive and offer their\\nservices to Parliament.\\nThe king signs the bill excluding the\\nthe House of Lords, but\\nrefuses to sign the bill giving to Parlia-\\nment the command of the militia.\\nMar. Charles retires to York.\\nApr. 23. The king appears before\\nHull with a body of horse, but is de-\\nnied admission.\\nApr. Charles is joined by 32 peers and\\n65 members of the Commons Parlia-\\nment is divided, and the king has the\\ngreat seal.\\nMay Parliament ceases to pass bills,\\nand passes ordinances.\\nMay 5. Parliament passes an ordinance\\ngiving to itself the control of the mi-\\nlitia.\\nJune 2. Parliament submits 19 prop-\\nositions to the king, which he angrily\\nrejects.\\nParliament requires tlie king s assent to\\nthe militia bill the control of fortified\\nplaces the reformation of the liturgy and\\nof church government; power to dismiss\\nministers ;iml appoint ^nanlians of the king s\\nchildren, and to exclude from the House of\\nLords peers in future created.\\nJuly Parliament appoints a committee\\nof public safety. [Sept. 2. It passes\\nan ordinance closing the theaters.]\\nOct. 23. Ire. Irish independence is\\nassumed by an assembly of Confederate\\nCatholics at Kilkenny; 11 bishops, 14\\npeers, and 226 English and Irish ooin-\\nmoners present.\\n1643 Feb. -Apr. Negotiations for\\npeace are renewed, and fail.\\nJune -July The plot of Edmund\\nWaller, the poet, against the Parlia-\\nmentarians is detected and punished\\nhe is permitted to emigrate.\\nSept. 25. The Solemn League and\\nCovenant is signed by 25 peers and 288\\nmembers of the Commons.\\nIt adopts the Protestant religion, and\\nagrees to establish church uniformity in\\nEngland, Scotland, and Ireland; nearly\\n2,000 beneficed clergymen refuse to sign\\nit, and are deprived of their livings.\\nSept.* Charles alienates friends by\\nmaking peace with Irish insurgents, and\\nenlisting them in his army.\\nAn enlarged post-office is erected by\\norder of Parliament.\\nDec. 8. John Pym, the popular leader\\nof the Parliamentary party, dies.\\nIre. The Marquis of Ormonde is\\nappointed governor.\\nSir Robert Heath is chief justice by\\npatent. [1642. Appointed.]\\nLondon. The excise system is estab-\\nlished by Parliament duties are levied\\non wines, beer, and tobacco.\\n1644 Jan. 22. The king convenes his\\nParliament at Oxford.\\nFeb. 15. A committee of the two king-\\ndoms is appointed to follow Pym s\\nplans in the conduct of the war.\\nMar. 12. Archbishop Laud is tried for\\ntreason. [1645. Jan. 10. Beheaded.]\\nMar. 26. Parliament enjoins upon every\\nfamily to contribute to the kingdom the\\nvalue of one meal per week.\\nJuly By the victory at Marston Moor\\nParliament acquires supremacy over\\nthe northern counties, the king retain-\\ning those in the west.\\nOct. 24. Parliament orders that no\\nquarter is to be given any Irish Pa-\\npist in arms for the king.\\nA naval pay office is organized.\\n1645 Jan. 30. Royalist and Parlia-\\nmentarian commissioners meet at Ux-\\nbridge, Middlesex, to consider propos-\\nals of peace. [Feb. 22. Charles rejects\\nthe proposals of Parliament; the com-\\nmissioners separate without agreement.]\\nMar. 24. Parliament votes for the omis-\\nsion of the clause for the preservation\\nof his majesty s person from Sir John\\nFairfax s commission.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1641 Coffee is introduced by Na-\\nthaniel Canopus, a Cretan.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0897.jp2"}, "898": {"fulltext": "1645, June 17-1650,**. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1645 June 17. Leicester city surren-\\nders to the Parliamentarian army under\\nFairfax. [June 28. Carlisle, Cumber-\\nland, surrenders to the Parliamentari-\\nans.]\\nJuly 2. Scot. Montrose defeats the Cov-\\nenanters under Baillie at Alford, Aber-\\ndeenshire.\\nJuly 23. Bridgewater, Somersetshire,\\nis surrendered to the Parliamentarians.\\nAug. 15. Scot. Battle of Kilsyth, Stir-\\nlingshire the Parliamentarians under\\nBaillie are defeated by Montrose with\\nheavy loss.\\nSept. 11. Bristol is surrendered to\\nFairfax and Cromwell by Prince Rupert.\\nSept. 13. Scot. Battle of Philip-\\nhaugh, near Selkirk.\\nThe Covenanters under David Leslie,\\ntotally defeat the Royalists under Mont-\\nrose.\\nSept. 24. King Charles is defeated\\nby the Parliamentarians under Pointz\\nand Jones at Chester.\\nDevizes, in Wiltshire, and Win-\\nchester, in Hampshire, surrender to\\nCromwell. He takes Berkeley Castle,\\nGloucestershire, and Basinghouse Cas-\\ntle, Hampshire, by storm.\\n1646 Jan. 18. Dartmoor, Devon-\\nshire, is taken by Fairfax.\\nFeb. 19. The Royalists, 8,000 strong, un-\\nder Sir Ralph Hopton are defeated by\\nFairfax at Torrington, Devonshire.\\nFairfax defeats the Royalists at\\nTruro, Cornwall, and takes Exeter,\\nDevonshire.\\nMay 5. Charles I. surrenders himself\\nto the Scotch generals at Newark, Not-\\ntinghamshire.\\nJune 5. Ire. Battle of Benburb, Ty-\\nrone. Owen Hoe O Neill defeats the\\nEnglish under Monroe.\\nJune 24. Oxford surrenders to Fair-\\nfax.\\n1647 Feb. 22. Dublin. The Marquis\\nof Ormonde surrenders the city to the\\nParliamentarians.\\nJune 16. The army, through Gens.\\nHenry Ireton and John Lambert, de-\\nmands the impeachment of 11 mem-\\nbers of the House of Commons, including\\nthe chief Presbyterian leaders, Denzil\\nHolies, Glyn, Sir William Waller, Sta-\\npleton, and Clotworthy.\\n[June 25. The army marches towards\\nLondon. June 26. The 31 obnoxious\\nmembers retire from Parliament, and\\nthe army falls back to headquarters at\\nReading. Aug. 6. London submits to\\nthe army under Fairfax.]\\nAug. 8. Ire. Battle of Dungan Hill,\\nMeath.\\nThe Irish Royalists under Preston are\\ndefeated by the Parliamentarians under\\nGen. Jones.\\n1648-50 Second Civil War.\\n1648 Apr. 28. The Scots, under the\\nDuke of Hamilton, make an invasion.\\nAug. 17. Battle of Preston, Lanca-\\nshire Cromwell defeats the Scots un-\\nder the Duke of Hamilton.\\nAug. 20. The Duke of Hamilton sur-\\nrenders to the English Gen. Lambert at\\nUttoxeter, Staffordshire.\\nAug. 27. Colchester, Essex, surrenders\\nto Fairfax, after a siege of two months.\\nSept. 20. Scot. Cromwell enters the\\ncountry [and is welcomed in Edinburgh].\\n1649 Aug. 2. Dublin. Gen. Jones,\\nbesieged by the Irish Royalists under\\nthe Marquis of Ormonde, sallies forth\\nand defeats the besiegers at Rathmines.\\nAug. 15. Dublin. Cromwell arrives\\nwith 9,000 foot and 400 horse.\\nSept. 11, 12. Ire. Cromwell storms\\nand takes Drogheda, and massacres\\nthe governor, Sir A. Aston, and the gar-\\nrison of 3,000 men.\\nOct. 12. Ire. Cromwell takes Wex-\\nford, and massacres 2,000 of the inhabi-\\ntants.\\nIre. The Royalist garrisons of\\nCork, Youghal, Bandon, and Kinsale\\ndeclare for the Parliament.\\n1650 Mar. 28. Ire. Kilkenny, after\\na siege, surrenders to Cromwell. [May\\n10. Clonmel surrenders.]\\nApr. 27. Scot. Montrose is defeated\\nand captured at Corbiesdale, Caith-\\nness. [May 21. He is hanged in Edin-\\nburgh.]\\nMay 29. Ire. Cromwell sails from\\nYoughal for England.\\nJune 23. Scot. Charles U. lands in\\nScotland.\\nSept. 3. Scot. Cromwell defeats the\\nScots under David Leslie at Dunbar;\\nScotch loss, 4,000 killed, 10,000 taken\\nprisoners.\\nDec. 24. Edinburgh Castle surrenders\\nto Cromwell. [1651. Perth surrenders.]\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1645 London. The first meetings of\\nthe Royal Society are held.\\n1648 Prince Rupert invents mezzo-\\ntint, a peculiar manner of engraving\\nfigures on copper. [1662. Improved by\\nSir Christopher Wren.]\\n1650 A railroad with wooden rails is\\nbuilt near Newcastle.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1645 Laud, William, archbishop of Can-\\nterbury, statesman, A71.\\n1646* Arundel, Earl of, Thomas Howard,\\nstatesman, A54.\\nEssex, Earl of. Robert Devereux, parlia-\\nmentary general, A54.\\nFlamsteed, .John, astronomer, born.\\nRiley, .John, portrait painter, born.\\n1647* AMrifh, Henry, theol., logician, l\\nRochester. Earl of. .John Wilmot, states., b.\\n1648* Barclay, Robert, Quaker, religious\\nwriter, Scotland, born.\\nDartmouth, George Lesjtre, 1st Lord, adm.,b.\\nGibbons, (Innling, sculptor, born.\\nJeffreys, Lord Georg-e, jurist, states., b.\\nPrideaux, Humphrey, dean, historian, born.\\n1649 Jan. 30. Charles I., King, A4K\\nCarstares, Wm., chaplain to William ITT. b.\\nClaridge, Richard, (.maker preacher, horn.\\nDrummond, William, of IIawthornden,poet,\\nScotland, A64.\\nJohnson, Samuel, clergyman, author, born.\\nMonmouth, Duke of. .James Scott, natural\\nson of Charles II., born.\\nSheffield, John, I uke of Buckinghamshire,\\npoet, statesman, horn.\\nTyson, Edward, anatomist, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1645 Aug. 30. Parliament orders a\\nfast to invoke a blessing on Scotland\\nand the abatement of the plague.\\nRanters, zealous religionists, appear.\\nScot. The General Assembly again\\nratify the Solemn League and. Cove-\\nnant, together with the Directory of\\nWorship.\\nFifth-Monarchy Men arise.\\nThey suppose the period of the millennium\\nto he just at hand, when Jesus Christ shall\\ndescend from heaven, and erect the fifth\\nuniversal monarchy. They proceed to elect\\nhim king at London.\\n1646 Apr. 3. Presbyterianism is es-\\ntablished by Parliament, with conces-\\nsions to the Independents.\\nOct. 9. The whole order of bishops is\\nabolished by Act of Parliament.\\nThe Friends or Quakers first ap-\\npear.\\nGeorge Fox, 22 years of age, George Keith,\\nWilliam Penn, and Robert Barclay of Ury,\\nand others are leaders. Fox rejects all reli-\\ngious ordiuances, explains away the com-\\nmands relative to baptism, discards the ordi-\\nnary names of days and months, and uses thee\\nand thou as more harmonious with truth.\\nThe Independents appear as advo-\\ncates of religious liberty.\\nThe Parliament is Presbyterian and\\nthe army chiefly Independents the\\nlatter favor toleration.\\n1647 A proclamation is issued against\\nthe Book of Common Prayer.\\nThe Westminster Confession is\\nadopted by the Presbyterian Church of\\nScotland.\\nGeorge Fox traverses England on\\nfoot, preaching, at his own cost his\\ndisciples are called Seekers.\\n1649 July 27. A missionary movement\\nis incorporated by Parliament.\\nA corporation for the promoting and\\npropagating the Gospel of Jesus Cbrist\\nin New England is authorized for work\\namong the Indians. It is influenced by\\nthe example and success of John Eliot.\\nThe Episcopal Church is suppressed^\\nand the clergy driven off using the\\nprayer-book is declared to be a crime.\\n1650* *The Seventh- day Baptists\\nform an organization.\\nThe Friends are reproachfully called\\nQuakers.\\nJustice Bennet of Derby gives them\\nthe name because George Fox admon-\\nished him to quake at the Word of the\\nLord.\\nLETTERS.\\n1646 Steps to the Temple, by Richard\\nCrashaw, appears.\\n1647 Liberty of Prophesying, by Jer-\\nemy Taylor, appears. [Later, Holy Liv-\\ning and Holy Dying.\\nThe Mistress, by Abraham Cowley,\\nappears. [1656, Pindaric Odes.]\\n1648 Psyche, or Love s Mystery, by J.\\nBeaumont, appears.\\nNoble Numbers and Hesperides, by\\nRobert Herrick, appear. [Later, Cherry\\nRipe, To Blossoms, To Daffodils, ami\\nGather Rosebuds While You May.]\\n1649 Lucasta, To Altheafrom Prison.\\nand other songs, by Sir Richard Love-\\nlace, appear.\\nThe Saint s Everlasting Rest, by Rich-\\nard Baxter, appears. [1657, A Call to\\nthe Unconverted.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0898.jp2"}, "899": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1645, June 17-1650,\\n1650 Scot. Francis Rous s\\ntlie Bible appears.\\n*Dr. Wallis publishes a work on the\\ninstruction of deaf mutes.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1645-47 Matthew Hopkins, the witch-\\nfinder, causes the judicial murder of\\nabout 100 persons in Essex, Norfolk, and\\nSuffolk.\\n1648 The Puritans describe actors as\\nrogues, and order every theater to be de-\\nstroyed.\\nSTATE.\\n1645 Aug. 30. Sir Richard Lane is lord\\nkeeper of the seal.\\n1646 Dissensions occur in Parliament\\nbetween the Presbyterians and a new\\nsect called Independents.\\nApr. 3. Parliament The Self-deny-\\ning Ordinance is passed it prevents\\nmembers of either House from holding\\noffices of command in the army. [1647.\\nReenacted.]\\nMay 5. Charles surrenders to the\\nScottish army at Newark.\\nJuly 24. Charles rejects the terms\\nsubmitted to him at Newcastle.\\nIt is proposed that Parliament have\\ncontrol of the militia for 20 years and\\nthat the king subscribe to the Covenant\\nand support the Presbyterian Church.\\nThe great seal is in the hands of com-\\nmissioners.\\n1647 Jan. 30. The Scots, far \u00c2\u00a3400,000,\\nsurrender Charles to a commission\\nfrom Parliament he is taken to Holmby\\nHouse, Northamptonshire.\\nThere is strife between the army and\\nParliament.\\nThe commission vote for the disband-\\ning of the troops, except those needed\\nfor garrisons or duty in Ireland the\\narmy refuses to disband till its back pay\\nis received.\\nMay 12. Charles agrees to accept,\\nwith modifications, the propositions of\\nParliament.\\nJune. 4. Charles is removed from\\nHolmby House to the army by Col.\\nJoyce.\\nOliver Cromwell flees to the army\\nat Triploe Heath to escape his Presby-\\nterian enemies in Parliament. [The\\narmy takes an oath not to disband until\\nliberty of conscience is secured it ap-\\npoints a council of adjudicators.]\\nJune 10. The army of St. Albans peti-\\ntions Parliament on the subject of ar-\\nrears and the service in Ireland.\\nJune 16. The army demands that 11\\nmembers obnoxious to it be expelled\\nfrom Parliament. (See Army.)\\nJuly 24. The army makes proposals to\\nthe king, which he rejects.\\nIt proposes that religious worship be free;\\nthat Parliament have military control for 10\\nyears, and the power to appoint officers of\\nstate; that I aiiiairifiii meet triennially; and\\nthat the House of Commons be reformed.\\nJuly 26. Apprentices assault mem-\\nbers of the House of Commons for\\nchanging commanders of the London\\nmilitia for safety two Speakers, 14 lords,\\nand 100 commoners flee to the army.\\nAug. 6. The army conveys the refugee\\nmembers of Parliament to London and\\nrestores them to their places Charles\\nis removed to Hampton Court.\\nSept 7. Parliament submits to the king\\na modification of the 19 propositions\\nhe rejects it.\\nNov. 11. Charles escapes from Hamp-\\nton Court to the Isle of Wight; he is\\ndetained at Carisbrooke Castle by the\\ngovernor.\\nDec. 24. Parliament submits the Four\\nBills to the king. [He rejects them.]\\nThey provide that Parliament command\\nthe army for 20 years; that the king recall\\nall proclamations and declarations against\\nParliament; that all peers created since the\\ngreat seal was sent to the kirn; be prohibited\\nfrom sitting in tlie House ami that the House\\nadjourn at their own pleasure.\\nDec. 26. Charles signs a secret treaty\\nwith the Scots called the engage-\\nment.\\nHe agrees to abolish Episcopacy, and\\nrestore Presbyterianism they agree to\\nrestore him by force to the throne.\\nIre. Philip de Lisle is appointed\\ngovernor.\\n1648 Jan. 15. Parliament renounces\\nallegiance to Charles, and resolves to\\nsever communication with him.\\nThe Second Civil War Scotland is\\nagainst England; Royalists against\\nRoundheads Presbyterians against In-\\ndependents.\\nMar. A council of army officers re-\\nsolves that the king be put on trial.\\nApr. 24. Parliament By a reaction\\nof Bentiment the Presbyterians regain\\ncontrol; they incline to conciliation\\nwith the king.\\nMay 2. Parliament: An ordinance is\\npassed suppressing blasphemies and\\nheresies; it is designed against Inde-\\npendents, especially their leaders, Crom-\\nwell, Ireton, and others.\\nJuly* Parliament: A resolution is\\npassed to open negotiations with the\\nking. [Sept. 18. -Nov. 29. Negotiations\\nare concluded at Newport between\\nCharles and its representatives.]\\nAug. 14. H. C. Holies, a leading Pres-\\nbyterian, resumes his seat after being\\ndriven out by the army.\\nNov. 15. Henry Eolle is appointed\\nchief justice.\\nNov. 16. A strong remonstrance is\\nmade by the army against reconcilia-\\ntion with the king. [Nov. 30. Parlia-\\nment refuses to consider it.]\\nDec. 1. The king is seized and taken\\nto Hurst Castle by the army.\\nDec. 5. Parliament approves the king s\\nproposals in the Treaty of Newport as\\nthe basis of an agreement; the army\\nis indignant, and it proceeds to take con-\\ntrol of the government.\\nDee. 6. Col. Pride, hy the direction of\\nCromwell, coerces Parliament with\\nmilitary force.\\nHe surrounds the house with troops,\\norders 160 members of the Commons\\nhome, seizes 41 who are favorable to\\nreconciliation with the king, imprisons\\nthem in a low tavern known as hell,\\nand permits only 60 Independents to\\nenter the house. These are called the\\nRump Parliament, and the act of\\nexclusion is known as Pride s\\nPurge.\\nDec. 13. The Rump Parliament cancels\\nthe motion to proceed with the Treaty\\nof Newport, and it votes to bring the\\nking to trial.\\nDee. 23. The king is taken under guard\\nto Windsor.\\nIre. The Marquis of Ormonde is\\nappointed lord lieutenant.\\n1649 Jan. 1. H. C. A court of 135\\nmembers is appointed by ordinance for\\nthe trial of the king.\\nJan. 2. H. L. The Common s ordinance\\nfor the king s trial is rejected the\\nCommons vote that the king has been\\nguilty of treason in making war on Par-\\nliament.\\nJan. 4. H. C. The Commons resolve\\nthat, as representatives of the people,\\nthey are the sole law-making power.\\nJan. 6. H. C. The Commons declare\\nthe ordinance for the king s trial to be\\nlaw without the approval of the House\\nof Lords.\\nJan. 20. The army draws up a form of\\ngovernment.\\nJan. 20-27. London. Charles I. is\\ntried before the High Court of Justice\\nin Westminster Hall, John Bradshaw\\npresiding, and 67 members present the\\nking makes no defense, but denies the\\njurisdiction of the court.\\nJan. 27. Charles I. is condemned to\\ndeath. [Jan, 30. He is beheaded at\\nWhitehall.]\\n1649-60 The Revolution ends in the\\ncommencement of the Common-\\nwealth.\\nFeb. 5. Edinburgh. Charles H., son\\nof Charles I., is proclaimed king.\\nFeb. 6, 7. The Rump Parliament passes\\nresolutions abolishing monarchy, and\\nthe House of Lords.\\nLondon. A Council of State is formed\\nof three chief judges, three commanders\\nof the army, five peers, and 30 members\\nof the Commons John Bradshaw is\\npresident.\\nMar. 15. John Milton (poet) is ap-\\npointed Latin Secretary to the Council\\nof State.\\nApr. 25. The House of Lords meets\\nagain.\\nApr. 27. Loekyer, leader of the Level-\\ners, is shot by order of Government.\\nMay 30. London. The Common-\\nwealth is proclaimed.\\nAug. 13. Cromwell embarks for Ireland\\nto suppress a Royalist insurrection un-\\nder the Marquis of Ormonde.\\n1650 May 21. Edinburgh. The Mar-\\nquis of Montrose is executed, after\\nbeing defeated by the Covenanters.\\nJune 24. Scot. Charles H., having\\nagreed to the Covenant, is proclaimed\\nking. [1651. Jan. 1. He is crowned at\\nScone.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1649 Jan. 4. London. Sixty houses in\\nTower Street are destroyed by an ex-\\nplosion; a child in its cradle lands un-\\nhurt on the roof of Barking Church.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0899.jp2"}, "900": {"fulltext": "1650,* *-1659, Dec. 26.\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY KAVY.\\n1651 July* Scot. Charles H., with\\n16,000 men, invades England.\\nSept. 3. Charles II. is defeated at Wor-\\ncester hy Cromwell. [He escapes to\\nFrance.]\\n1652 May Ire. The subjugation of\\nthe country is completed. [Three of its\\nprovinces are occupied by English colo-\\nnists.]\\nMay 19. Naval battle in the Downs\\nAdm. Robert Blake defeats the Dutch\\nunder Adm Van Tromp. [War between\\nHolland and England follows.]\\n1652-54 War with Holland over navi-\\ngation laws.\\nSept. 28. Adm. Robert Blake defeats\\nCornelius De Witt and Adm. De Ruyter\\nin a naval battle in the Channel.\\nNov. 30. Naval battle in the Downs.\\nAdm. Van Tromp defeats Adm.\\nRobert Blake, and sails the Channel\\nwith a broom at his masthead, to show\\nthat he had swept the seas.\\nThe walls and fortifications of Man-\\nchester are razed.\\n1653 Feb. 18-20. Adm. Van Tromp\\nis defeated by Adm. Robert Blake off\\nPortland, after a hard struggle. [June\\n2, 3. Again off North Foreland.]\\nJuly 31. Neth. Naval battle off the\\nTexel, at the mouth of the Zuyder Zee.\\nVan Tromp is defeated and killed\\nby the English under Gen. George Monk\\n[Rewards and medals are granted by the\\nHouse of Commons to the victors.]\\n1655 Mar. *-Apr. Admiral Robert\\nBlake punishes pirates in the Medi-\\nterranean, and bombards Algiers.\\nMay 10. W. I. Jamaica is captured\\nby the English under Adms. Penn and\\nV enables.\\n1656-59 War with Spain is caused by\\nEnglish aggression on the sea.\\n1656 Sept. 9. One of Admiral Blake s\\ncaptains captures two Spanish treas-\\nure-ships of great value, off Cadiz.\\nOct. London. Parliament reduces the\\nauthority of major-generals.\\nBelg. Charles II. first raises the\\nBoyal Regiment of Guards in Flan-\\nders, with Lord John Wentworth as\\ncolonel.\\n1657 Apr. 20. Blake destroys a Span-\\nish fleet off Santa Cruz, Canary Isles.\\n1658 May Fr. Dunkirk is besieged\\nby the English and French under Mar-\\nshal Turenne.\\nJune 4. (o.s.) Fr. Battle of the Dunes,\\nnear Dunkirk The English and French\\nunder Marshal Turenne defeat the Span-\\niards under Conde\\\\\\nJune 17\u00c2\u00b1. Fr. Dunkirk capitulates.\\n[It is given to the English. Ypres and\\nother Flemish towns also submit.]\\n1659 Aug. A Royalist insurrection\\nin Cheshire, led by Sir George Booth,\\nis crushed at Winnlngton Bridge by the\\narmy under John Lambert.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1656 London. Mrs. Colman appears\\nin The Siege of Rhodes at Rutland House\\nin the character of Ianthe; the first\\nfemale to take a part in a public musi-\\ncal or dramatic performance in Eng-\\nland.\\n1657-59 Dr. Robert Hooke claims to\\ndiscover the method of regulating the\\nmovement of watches by means of a\\nbalance-wheel.\\n1658 Sept. 3. A hurricane prevails\\nthroughout Europe, doing very consid-\\nThe Thames ebbs and flows twice in\\nthree hours.\\nPocket watches are first made.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1650 June 24. Marlborough, Duke of,\\nJohn Churchill, general, statesman, b.\\nBenbow, John, admiral, born.\\nCollier, Jeremy, clergyman, critic, au., b.\\nCrashaw. Ifichard. clergyman, poet, A44.\\nFletcher, Phineas, poet, A68.\\nGwyn, Eleanor, actor, mistress, born.\\nHauksbee, or llawkshee, Francis, phy., b.\\nHeywood, Thomas, dramatist, dies.\\nMontrose, Marquis of, .lames Graham, gen-\\neral, Scotland, A38.\\nRooke, Sir George, admiral, born.\\nShovel, Sir t loudesley, admiral, born.\\n1651* Ireton, Henry, general, A41.\\nOtway, Thomas, poet, dramatist, born.\\nWebster, John, poet, dramatist, dies.\\n1652 Dampier, William, navigator, born.\\nJones, Inigo, architect, A80.\\nTate, Nahum, poet, born.\\nPitcairne, Archibald, phys., au., Scot.,b.\\ncal writer, Scotland, born.\\nOldham, John, satirical poet, born.\\n1654* Blount, Charles, deistical writer, b.\\nSelden, John, scholar, antiquary, au., A72.\\nSewel, William, Quaker historian, born.\\nTaylor, John, poet, A74.\\n1656* Fleetwood, William, bishop of Ely,\\norator, born.\\nHall, Joseph, bishop of Exeter, au., A82.\\nHalley, Edmund, astronomer, math., born.\\nMolyneaux, William, mathematician, born.\\nUsher, James, archbishop of Armagh,\\nscholar, historian, ehronologist, Ire., A76.\\n1657 Blake, Robert, admiral, A58.\\nDennis, John, poet, critic, born.\\nDerliam, William, el., natural phil., born.\\nFen wick, George, administrator, dies.\\nHarvey, William, physician, discoverer of\\ncirculation of blood, A79.\\nLee, Nathaniel, dramatist, born.\\nLindal, Matthew, theological writer, born.\\n1658* Cromwell. Oliver, protector, gen-\\neral, statesman, A59.\\nLovelace, Kidiard, poet, A40.\\nPatterson. William, fdr. Bank of Eng., b.\\nPeterborough, Earl of, Charles Mordaunt,\\ngeneral, admiral, statesman, born.\\nPurcell, Henry, musical composer, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1650 The Muggletonians become\\nprominent.\\nThey follow the teachings of Ludowick\\nMujigleton, a tailor, asserting that God\\nthe Father suffered death in human\\nform on the cross, and that Muggleton\\nand John Reeve were the last witnesses\\nof God before the end of the world.\\nThe term Reverend as an honorary\\nappellation is first given to the clergy.\\nBaptist churches begin to form asso-\\nciations, they being the most numerous\\nof all Dissenters.\\n1652 Jews are readmitted into Eng-\\nland by Cromwell, after being excluded\\nfor 365 years.\\n1653 July 25. Scot. The General\\nAssembly of the Scottish Church, con-\\nvened at Edinburgh, is dismissed by Cot-\\nterel under the laws forbidding that as\\nmany as three of them be seen together.\\nJohn Bunyan is converted, and the\\nburden of his sins is gone; he becomes\\na Baptist. [1657. He begins to preach.]\\n1654 June 23. South wick, a Catholic\\nclergyman in his 72d year, is executed.\\n1655 Oct. 19. Scot. The kirk refuses\\nto observe the fast appointed by Crom-\\nwell the civil power it is alleged that\\nonly the kirk can make such appoint-\\nments.\\nOliver Cromwell, by threats, obtains\\nsome degree of toleration for the perse-\\ncuted Waldenses in France.\\nLondon. The festival of the Sons of\\nthe Clergy [held annually at St. Paul s\\nCathedral] is instituted as a charity.\\n[167S. July 1. Incorporated.]\\nAnglican clergymen are forbidden\\nto officiate as preachers or teachers\\npriests are ordered to leave the king-\\ndom.\\nIt. Alexander VII. is elected pope.\\n1656 London. The first Portuguese\\nsynagogue is erected in King Street,\\nDuke s Place.\\n1658* London. The Independents pub-\\nlish an epitome of their faith drawn\\nup at a conference at the Savoy.\\nLETTERS.\\n1651* The Leviatkan,hy Thomas\\nHobbes, appears. [1654, Of Liberty and\\nNecessity.}\\nReliquiae Wottonianm, by Sir Henry\\nWotton, is published by Izaak Walton.\\nGondibert, hy Sir William Davenant,\\nappears.\\n1651-52 Richard Marvell writes his\\nGarden Poems.\\n1651-56 Silex Scintillans, by Henry\\nVaughan, appears.\\n1652 Priest to the Temple, by George\\nHerbert, appears.\\n1653 Oct. 8. London. The Public In-\\ntelligence is issued.\\nOct. Scot. Mercurius Politicus is is-\\nsued at Leith.\\nCheetham College, or Blue-coat\\nHospital, is founded at Manchester.\\n1653-55 The Complete Angler, by Izaak\\nWalton, appears.\\nRevenge for Honor, by George Chap-\\nman, appears.\\n1655 The censorship of the press by a\\nlicense is established.\\nA Panegyric to my Lord Protector of\\nthe Present Greatness and Joint Interest\\nof His Highness and this Nation, by Ed-\\nmund Waller, appears also, On a War\\nwith Spain.\\n1656 Oceana, by James Harrington,\\nappears.\\nChurch History of Britain, by Thomas\\nFuller, appears. [1662, Worthies of Eng-\\nland.\\n1657* *Durham University is\\nfounded. [It collapses at the Restora-\\ntion.]\\n1658 Oroonolco, by Aphra Behn, ap-\\npears.\\nHeroic Stanzas on tke Death of Crom-\\nwell, by John Dryden, appears.\\n1658-65 Paradise Lost is written by\\nJohn Milton. [1667. Published.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1650 The Jews return to England by\\npermission of Cromwell, after having\\nbeen banished 365 years.\\nThe first coffee-house known in\\nEngland is kept by a Jew, named Ja-\\ncobs, in Oxford.\\n1652 Apr. 29. General alarm prevails\\nbecause of an eclipse of the sun.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0900.jp2"}, "901": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1650, *-1659, Dec. 26.\\nLondon. Pasquet, a Greek servant of\\nan English Turkey merchant, opens the\\nfirst coffee-house known in the city, in\\nGeorge Yard, Lombard Street.\\n1653 Aug. 24. Parliament permits\\nmarriages to be solemnized by justices\\nof the peace.\\n1654 Mar. 31. Parliament prohibits\\ncock-fighting. [It is called an act of\\nusurpation..]\\n1655 An unsuccessful attempt is made\\nto assassinate Cromwell by Penrud-\\ndock. [1657. Jan. Another, by Sin-\\ndercombe and others.]\\nSTATE.\\n1651 Sept.* Cromwell unites Scot-\\nland with the English Commonwealth.\\nOct. 9. Parliament: The first naviga-\\ntion law is passed.\\nIt forbids the importation of goods in\\nnon-English vessels, excepting vessels of\\nthe country producing the goods it is\\ndesigned to cripple the commerce of the\\nDutch, with whom it causes war.\\n1652 Feb. London. The Act of In-\\ndemnity and Oblivion is passed.\\nAug. 12. Parliament: The Act for the\\nsettlement of Ireland is passed.\\nIt prescribes various degrees of pun-\\nishment, including death, banishment,\\nand confiscation of estates, for Catholics\\nand Royalists.\\nParliament The Rump contends\\nwith the army, and opposes the election\\nof a new Parliament unless the seats of\\npresent members are retained.\\nParliament Members of the Com-\\nmons are bribed in connection with the\\nransom of confiscated estates by Roy-\\nalists.\\n1653 Apr. 6. Sir Edward Herbert is\\nappointed the king s lord keeper.\\nApr. 20. Cromwell dissolves the\\nRump or the Long Parliament by the\\naid of the military, and locks the doors\\nof the house he also dissolves the Coun-\\ncil of State.\\nJuly 4. A new Parliament, summoned\\nby Cromwell, assembles.\\nIt has 140 members [and is called the\\nLittle, or Rarebone s Parliament].\\nSept. 26. Parliament: A second Act\\nof Settlement of Ireland is passed.\\nIt sets aside the confiscated estates in\\nLeinster, Minister, and Ulster for Prot-\\nestant colonists and supporters of\\nCromwell. [Those who have borne arms\\nagainst the Parliament, mainly Catho-\\nlics, are required to remove and trans-\\nplant themselves into Connaught be-\\nfore May, 1654.]\\nDec. 12. Parliament: The partisans\\nof Cromwell surrender their powers to\\nhim. [The majority approve the act.]\\n1653-59 The Protectorate.\\n1653-58. Oliver Cromwell Lord Pro-\\ntector.\\nDec. 16. Parliament: An act is passed\\ndeclaring Oliver Cromwell lord pro-\\ntector for life of the Commonwealth of\\nEngland, Ireland, and Scotland.\\nA written constitution is the instru-\\nment of government it provides for a\\ncouncil, not to exceed 21 members, or be\\nless than 13 a standing army of 30,000\\nmen a triennial Parliament, consisting\\nof 460 members, and not to be dissolved\\nin less than five months, and to have the\\nsole power of levying taxes and grant-\\ning supplies.\\nThe post-office is farmed to John\\nManley.\\n1654 Apr. 5. Peace is concluded with\\nHolland.\\nApr. 23. Fr. A proclamation is sent\\nout by Charles II. against a certain\\nbase mechanic fellow, by name Oliver\\nCromwell, and a usurper.\\nSept. 3. Parliament opens. [1655. Jan.\\n22. Dissolved.]\\nSept. 12. Parliament: The protector\\nexcludes members who refuse to sign\\na pledge to support him.\\nIn this Parliament members from\\nScotland and Ireland for the first time\\nsit side by side with members from\\nEngland.\\nOct. 13. Parliament resolves that the\\noffice of Protector shall be elective, not\\nhereditary.\\nThe great seal is in commission [dur-\\ning the Protectorate].\\n1655 Mar. A Royalist insurrection,\\nheaded by Sir Joseph Wagstaff, Lord\\nWilmot, Grove, John Penruddock, and\\nothers is suppressed. [May 16. Penrud-\\ndock and Grove are beheaded at Exeter,]\\nMay 10. ir. Jamaica capitulates\\n[and is ceded to England].\\nJune 15. Sir John Glynne is appointed\\nchief justice.\\nOct. It. The Pacification of Pine-\\nrolo is concluded with Louis XIV.\\nCromwell secures protection for the\\npersecuted Yaudois (Wahlenses), and it\\nis stipulated that Charles II. be expelled\\nfrom France.\\nParliament An ordinance is issued\\nimposing a tax of 10 per cent on the es-\\ntates of Royalists.\\nParliament England is divided\\ninto 12 military districts, with a major-\\ngeneral in charge of each, to levy the 10\\nper cent tax, to disarm Papists and Ca-\\nvaliers, and imprison suspected persons.\\nA Board of Trade and Plantations\\nis appointed, and is the first movement\\ntoward a board of trade.\\n1656 Sept. 17. Parliament opens.\\n[1658. Feb. 4. Dissolved.]\\nSept. Members are again excluded from\\nthe Commons.\\nDec. The House of Commons assumes\\njudicial powers.\\nIn the case of James Naylor, a Quaker,\\nwho proclaims himself the Redeemer,\\nthe House votes him guilty of blas-\\nphemy, and punishes him by the pillory\\nand branding with hot irons.\\n1657 Jan. 3. Miles Sindercomb s plot\\nto kill the protector is discovered. [He\\nis condemned to execution, but is found\\ndead in his bed.]\\nJan. The power of the major-generals\\nis reduced.\\nMar. 25. H. C. The Commons adopt\\nthe Humble Petition and Advice,\\nand present it to the protector.\\nIts 18 articles provide for two Houses\\nof Parliament, the non-exclusion of\\nmembers, for toleration for all Chris-\\ntians except Roman Catholics and Epis-\\ncopalians, and that the head of the\\nstate have the title of king.\\nMay 8. The title of king is offered to\\nCromwell, but refused.\\nMay A tract entitled Killing no Mur-\\nder, written by Col. Titus is ex-\\ntensively circulated it applauds the\\nattempt of Sindercomb, and incites to\\nthe killing of the protector.\\nMay 9. Paris. A secret treaty is alleged\\nto have been signed at this date by Crom-\\nwell and Louis XIV., for the ruin of the\\nmonarchy of Spain. (It is a forgery.)\\nJune 26. Oliver Cromwell, for the\\nsecond time, is solemnly inaugurated\\nlord protector.\\nDec. 11\u00c2\u00b1. Cromwell issues writs to 60\\npersons to meet at Westminster and\\ncompose a House of Lords.\\nA post-office is erected to benefit\\ncommerce, convey the public despatches,\\nand as the best means to discover and\\nprevent many dangerous wicked designs\\nagainst the Commonwealth by the in-\\nspection of the correspondence.\\nIre. Henry Cromwell is appointed\\ngovernor.\\n1658 Jan. 20. Parliament meets.\\n[Feb. 4. Dissolved.]\\nPopular feeling is hostile to Cromwell.\\nRoman Catholics, sceptics, mystics,\\nceremonialists, latitudinarians, and\\nPresbyterians are against him he is\\nupheld, by the army alone.\\nSept. 3. Oliver Cromwell dies, aged\\n59. [Sept. 4. Richard Cromwell, his\\nson, is proclaimed protector.]\\n1658-59 Richard Cromwell, Protector\\nof the Commonwealth.\\nLondon. A council of army officers\\nrules at Wallingford House.\\n1659 Jan. 17. Sir Richard Newdi-\\ngate is appointed chief justice. Rob-\\nert Nicholas is also appointed.\\nJan. 27. Parliament opens. [Apr. 22.\\nDissolved.]\\n*H. C. Sir Ashley Cooper bitterly\\nattacks the Government the army offi-\\ncers hotly reply, and demand the disso-\\nlution of Parliament.\\nApr. 22. Yielding to the demand of the\\narmy, Richard dissolves the Parlia-\\nment.\\nMay 7. The Rump Parliament reas-\\nsembles through the action of the\\narmy; it has 100 members, and William\\nLenthall is Speaker. [1G60. Mar. 16.\\nDissolved.]\\nMay 25. Richard Cromwell resigns\\nthe Protectorate.\\nAug. A royalist rising in Cheshire,\\nheaded by Sir George Booth, is sup-\\npressed by Parliamentary forces under\\nGen. John Lambert.\\nOct. 13. London. The army under Gen.\\nLambert expels the Rump Parlia-\\nment. [It appoints a military committee\\nof safety, which causes divisions in the\\narmy, and rouses opposition in the navy.]\\nDec. 26. London. Forced by popular\\nopposition, the army restores the\\nRump Parliament. [The tyranny of\\nthe army weakens.]\\n1652 Scot.\\ngreat fire.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\ns wasted by a", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0901.jp2"}, "902": {"fulltext": "890 1659 **-1664\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1660 Feb. 3. London is entered by\\nGen. Monk with his army.\\nApr. John Lambert makes an unsuc-\\ncessful attempt to rouse the army\\nagainst the Royalists.\\nMay 16. James, Duke of York, is ap-\\npointed lord high admiral, and warden\\nof the Cinque Ports.\\nJuly 7. Gen. Monk is created Earl of\\nTorrington and Duke of Albemarle he\\nis made captain-general.\\nSpecial privileges are granted to the\\nThird Buffs Regiment, formerly the\\nLondon train-band.\\nCol. John Russell raises a royal regi-\\nment of guards. The first foot guards\\n[Grenadiers] are raised.\\nThe wall of Gloucester is demol-\\nished by order of the king, because of\\nits successful resistance to Charles I- 17\\nyears before.\\n1661 Dec. The victualling office is\\ninstituted for managing the royal navy.\\nThe Coldstream Guards are consti-\\ntuted by Duke of Albemarle the Second\\nRegiment, and are the beginning of the\\nstanding army.\\nThe Horse Guards are revived by\\nthe king.\\nThe Second Queen s Royal Regi-\\nment is raised.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1659 The sugar refining process is\\npractised (perhaps previous to this date).\\n1660+* Astronomy, chemistry, medi-\\ncine, and physiology make decided ad-\\nvancement.\\n1660-63 London. Sir Robert Moray is\\npresident of the Royal Society.\\n1660-1702 The spirit level and many\\nother inventions are devised by Dr.\\nRobert Hooke.\\n1661 Boyle s law of compression of\\ngases appears.\\n1662 Feb. 18. London. An unprece-\\ndented storm occurs.\\nApr. 8. Scot. An eclipse of the sun is\\nobserved on Mirk Monday\\nApr. 22. London. The Royal Society is\\nincorporated by Charles II.\\nIts appellation is The President,\\nCouncil, and Fellowship of the Royal\\nSociety of London, for improving Nat-\\nural Knowledge.\\nDublin. The Orange Street [Smock-\\nAlley] Theater is erected.\\nCb.arlesJI.is the first to encourage the\\npublic appearance of females on the\\nEnglish stage.\\nLondon. St. Bartholomew s Hospital,\\nwith William Harvey the physiologist\\nfor its physician, has a medical school.\\n1663 Apr. 2. The British Royal So-\\nciety of Arts is chartered.\\nNov. 30. London. The first anniversary\\nmeeting of the Royal Society is held.\\nLord Brouncker becomes president.\\nScot. James Gregory invents a re-\\nflecting telescope.\\nA telegraph is suggested by the Mar-\\nquis of Worcester in liis Century of In-\\nventions he also suggests the steam-\\nengine as a way to drive up water by\\nfire.\\nThe first wire-mill in England is\\nerected at Mortlake. A sawmill is\\nerected.\\nTheir introduction is violently op-\\nposed one is erected by a Dutchman.\\n[1GG5. He is forced to abandon it.]\\n1663-66 The journeys of the botanist?,\\nJohn Ray (Wray) and Francis Wil-\\nloughby, are made in France, Germany,\\nand Italy.\\n1664 Dec. 24. A comet called the\\nblazing star appears.\\nSir Isaac Newton discovers the Dif-\\nferential Calculus, or method of flux-\\nions. [Discovered about the same time\\nby Leibnitz.] He obtains a suggestion\\nof gravitation by observing the fall of\\nan apple.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1659 Arrowsmitli, John, Puritan cl., A57.\\nfiradshaw, John, judge, A57.\\n1660* Amsu orth, Robert, gram., lexic, b.\\nHarcourt, Viscount, Sir Simon, statesman, b.\\nMarlborough, Duchess of, Sarah Jen-\\nnings, born.\\nMacgregor-Campbell. Rob Roy, free-\\nbooter, Scotland, born.\\nShrewsbury, Duke of, Charles Talbot, poet,\\nstatesman, born.\\nSloane, Sir ilaus, physician, naturalist, b.\\nSoutlierne, Thomas, dramatist, Ireland, b.\\nUrquhart, or Urchard, Richard, translator,\\nScotland, A55\u00c2\u00b1.\\n1661 De Foe, Daniel, jour., novelist, b.\\nFuller, Thomas, preacher, lust., au., A53.\\nGarth, Sir Samuel, poet, physician, born.\\nHalifax. Earl of, Charles Montague.\\nstatesman, born.\\nHarley, Robert, Earl of Oxford, states., b.\\n1662 Apr. 30. Mary II.. queen, daughter\\nof James II., wife of William III., born.\\nAtterbury, Francis, bishop of Rochester,\\nstates., controversialist, author, born.\\nBaillie, Robert, theologian, historian, A63.\\nIientlev, Richard, classical scholar, born.\\nISiddle John, Unitarian theologian, au., A47.\\nFiennes, William, Lord Save and Sde, states-\\nman, A80.\\n(lauden, John, bishop of Exeter, au., A57.\\nHenry, Matthew, clergyman, author, born.\\nHeyli n, Peter, lust., polemical writer, A62.\\nIniies, Thomas, historian, Scoiland, born.\\nWesley, Samuel, f. of John Wesley, cl., au.,b.\\n1663 Brown, Thomas, satirist, born.\\nByng, George, Viscount Torrington, ad., b.\\nJuxon, William, arch, of Canterbury, A81.\\nSanderson, Robert, bishop of Lincoln, moral\\nphilosopher, A76.\\n1664 Feb. 6. Anne, queen, born.\\nCowper, Earl, William, statesman, born.\\nTrior, Matthew, poet, statesman, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1659 Quakers are persecuted.\\nIt is stated in Parliament that 2,000 Friends\\nhave endured sufferings and imprisonment\\nin Newgate; and 161 Friends now offer\\nthemselves by name to the Government to\\nbe imprisoned as substitutes for the relief of\\nan equal number who are in danger of death\\nfrom close confinement.\\n1660 Oct 25. The king issues a dec-\\nlaration avowing himself an Episcopa-\\nlian, and commending toleration.\\nNov. 20. The bishops again take seats\\nin the House of Lords.\\nJohn Bunyan refuses to conform to\\nthe Church of England, and is taken to\\nBedford jail under a sentence for 12\\nyears.\\nWilliam Juxton is chosen arch-\\nbishop of Canterbury. [1G63. Gilbert\\nSheldon.]\\n1660-88 Scot. The Scottish Church\\nis in the wilderness, suffering cruel\\npersecutions.\\n1661 Jan. 6. London. About SO Ana-\\nbaptists rise in insurrection, headed by\\ntheir preacher they fight desperately,\\nbut are subdued 17 are executed.\\nApr. July* Fruitless Savoy Confer-\\nence of Episcopalians and Presbyterians\\nis held for the revision of the liturgy, to\\nmake it acceptable to both parties.\\nScot. James Sharpe is made arch-\\nbishop of St. Andrews, and attempts to\\nintroduce Episcopacy.\\nMay 17. Parliament votes that every\\nmember shall receive the sacrament\\naccording to the forms of the Anglican\\nChurch.\\nMay 22. London. The Solemn League\\nand Covenant is burned by the com-\\nmon hangman [and afterwards through-\\nout the country].\\nOct. 19. John James, a Sabbatarian\\nBaptist, is dragged out of his pulpit to\\nprison. [Afterwards hanged and quar-\\ntered.]\\nDec. 15. Scot. Episcopacy is restored,\\nand three bishops are consecrated by\\nSheldon, Bishop of London.\\nScot. The National Covenant is\\nsigned in Greyfriars Church.\\nScot. The Scottish Parliament, in the\\ninterest of the king, reestablishes the\\nroyal supremacy, and annuls the Solemn\\nLeague and Covenant.\\n1662 May 10. Parliament: The Uni-\\nformity in Religion Act is passed.\\nIt restores the Church of England,\\nobliges all the clergy to subscribe to the\\nThirty-nine Articles, use the same forms,\\nand the same book of common prayer.\\nIt requires all clergymen, fellows, and\\nschoolmasters to accept and use the\\nBook of Common Prayer.\\nAug. 24. Black Bartholomew s\\nDay.\\nThe Uniformity Act goes into opera-\\ntion [which causes 2,000 non-conforming\\nministers to resign their benefices, and\\nquit the Church of England.]\\nDec. The king suspends the Conform-\\nity Act by proclamation, out of respect\\nfor peaceable people having tender and\\nmisguided consciences, but aiming at\\ntoleration for Catholics.\\nThe Prayer-book is revised.\\nNon-conformists begin to be called\\nDissenters.\\n1663 July 27. A bill for the better\\npreservation of the Sabbath is stolen\\nfrom the House of Commons before it\\nreceives the king s signature.\\n1664 May 17. Parliament: The Con-\\nventicle Act is passed.\\nIt forbids more than five persons meeting\\nfor religious wnrship, except such as are reg-\\nulated by the Hook of Common Prayer; also\\nforbidding any person over 16 years of age\\nattending anv meeting other than such as the\\nliturgy of the Church of England allows;\\nbanishment is the penalty for the third\\noffense.\\nLETTERS.\\n1659 The Whole Duty of Man appears.\\n[Authorship uncertain.]\\n1660 To the King on His Majesty s\\nHappy Return, by Edmund Waller, ap-\\npears. [Later, Go, Lovely Rose, To\\nCklorts, and many other poems.]\\nAstrsea Redux, celebrating the Resto-\\nration, by John Dryden, appears.\\n1660-69 Samuel Pepys writes his\\nDiary.\\n1661* *The Government represses\\ndisorders in printing.\\nScot. Mercurius Caledonius, the first\\nEdinburgh newspaper, appears.\\n1662-85 Treatise of Taxes and Contri-\\nbutions, by Sir William Petty, appears.\\n1663 The Lucasian professorship of\\nmathematics is established at Cam-\\nbridge.\\nCoffee-houses the literary clubs of\\nthe day abound.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0902.jp2"}, "903": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1659,**-1664, 891\\nHudibras, by Samviel Butler, appears.\\nThe Wild Gallant, John Dryden s first\\nplay, appears. [1667, Annus Mirabilis.\\nAlgernon Sidney writes Discourses\\nConcerning Government. [1698. Pub-\\nlished.]\\n1664-65 Mar. 6. Philosophical Trans-\\nactions is first published.\\nSOCIETY.\\nisf action to the army, settlement of\\nconfiscated estates on their present pos-\\n1660 July 6. Charles II.\\ntouching for the curing of scrofula.\\nAug. 13. Charles II. issues a proclama-\\ntion against dueling.\\nThe theaters are reopened.\\nTitles created. Earl of Sandwich.\\n[1661, Earl of Essex, and Earl of Car-\\nlisle 1663, Earl of Doncaster.]\\nIre. Titles created, Viscount of Mas-\\nsereene and Ferrard (1797). [1661, Earl\\nof Drogheda, and Viscount of Chol-\\nmondeley 1665, Viscount of Charle-\\nniont.]\\nScot. The title, Earl of Newburgh, is\\ncreated.\\nWith the abolition of tenures in cap-\\nite, knights service, etc., serfdom is\\nfinally extinguished.\\nMasquerades are frequent among the\\ncitizens.\\n1660-85 Tennis is introduced from\\nFrance, and becomes fashionable.\\n1661 Jan. 1. Edinburgh. Parliament\\nmeets, and has a mad and roaring\\ntime, the men of affairs being almost\\nall drunk.\\nJan. 3. London. The comedy of Beg-\\ngar s Bush is produced at Lincoln s Inn\\nFields. Here the first time that ever\\nI saw a woman on the stage. (Pepys s\\nDiary.)\\nJan. 30. The bodies of Cromwell,\\nBradshaw, and Ireton are dragged\\nfrom their grand tombs in Westminster\\nand hanged on the gallows, and their\\nheads set on poles at Westminster Hall.\\nApr. 25. An act for licensing sellers\\nof wine is passed.\\n1662* Notorious profligacy of the\\nking and his court.\\nCharles presents his mistress, Lady\\nCastlemaine, to the queen in the pres-\\nence of his court.\\n1663 Apr. 8. London. The first play-\\nbill is issued from Drury Lane Theater,\\nentitled Humourous Lieutenant, play to\\ncommence at three o clock precisely.\\n1664 May 18. His Sacred Majesty,\\nCharles II., advertises that he will at-\\ntend to healing by touching during\\nSTATE.\\n1659 London. The ballot-box is used\\nat a Rota Club meeting.\\n1660 Feb. 3. London. Gen. Monk\\nenters at the head of the army [and as-\\nsumes control of the Government].\\nFeb. 21. Members of Parliament ex-\\ncluded in 1648 are restored by Monk\\nthe Long Parliament is reestablished.\\nMar. 16. The Long Parliament is\\nfinally dissolved by its own act.\\nApr. Gen. Lambert makes a last at-\\ntempt to rouse the army for the over-\\nthrow of the Royalists he is defeated\\nand arrested.\\nApr. 14. Neth. Declaration of Breda.\\nCharles II., at Breda, promises a gen-\\neral pardon, religious toleration, sat-\\nApr. 25. Parliament opens. [Dec. 29.\\nDissolved.] It has 556 members, chosen\\nwithout restriction the Convention\\nParliament\\nMay 1. Parliament votes that the gov-\\nernment of England shall be by King,\\nLords, and Commons, and loyally ac-\\ncepts the king s Breda declaration.\\nMay 8. Restoration of the Stuarts.\\n1660-85 Charles II. reigns.\\nCharles II., son of Charles I., is pro-\\nclaimed by both Houses of Parliament\\nas king of England, Scotland, and Ire-\\nland. [May 25. He lands at Dover.\\nMay 29. He enters London.]\\nJune* Parliament: Tonnage and\\npoundage are granted to Charles for\\nlife.\\nAug. An act of general amnesty for\\npolitical offenders, except regicides, is\\npassed, and receives the royal assent.\\nSept. 3 James, Duke of York, the king s\\nbrother, secretly marries Anne Hyde,\\ndaughter of Edward Hyde, Earl of Clar-\\nendon.\\nSept. 4. Parliament grants to the king\\nan annual income of \u00c2\u00a31,200,000. [For\\nthis Charles consents to the abolition of\\nthe feudal claims of knights service,\\nwardships, and purveyance.]\\nOct.* London. Twenty-nine persons are\\ntried and convicted for connection\\nwith the execution of Charles I.\\nOf the regicides, 25 are dead, 19 are in\\nexile, 19 having surrendered under the\\nking s proclamation are imprisoned for\\nlife, and 10 are executed Harrison,\\nScot, Carew, Jones, Clements, Scroope,\\nCook, Axtele, Hacker, and Peters.\\nOct. The army is disbanded, except\\n5,000 men.\\nOct. Bishops are restored to their\\nsees and to Parliament.\\nDec. 27. Parliament: An act is passed\\nfor erecting a general post-office. (See\\n1657.) It is enacted that none but the\\npostmaster or his deputies shall fur-\\nnish post-horses for travelers.\\nMinisters: Sir Edward Hvde [Earl of\\nClarendon], ;eorge Monk [Duke of Al-\\nbemarle], Kdwnrd Montagu [Earl of\\nSandwich], Lord Saye and Sele Earl\\nof Manchester, Lord Seymour, and Sir\\nRobert Long.\\nParliament: A tax of eightpence is\\nlevied on every gallon of tea made for\\nsale.\\nCharles establishes two Councils of\\nTrade for controlling the commerce of\\nthe country and foreign plantations.\\nLondon. The East India Company,\\nwith a capital of \u00c2\u00a330,000, is chartered.\\nSir Robert Foster is appointed chief\\njustice.\\nEdward, Lord Hyde [Earl of Claren-\\ndon], is appointed lord high chancellor.\\n1661 Jan. 1. Edinburgh. The Scottish\\nParliament meets.\\nJan. 6. London. A rising of Fifth\\nMonarchy men takes place under\\nThomas Venner, a cooper.\\nThey proclaim Jesus Christ as their\\nking, and they kill many persons who\\nst them. [Venner and 16 of his fol-\\ntried and executed.]\\nApr. 23. London. Charles II. is\\ncrowned.\\nMay 8. Parliament opens. [1679. Jan.\\n24. Dissolved. It is called the cava-\\nlier, or Pension Parliament.]\\nMay 27. Scot. The Marquis of Argyll\\nis beheaded as an Anti-Royalist.\\nNov. 20. Parliament: The Corpora-\\ntion Act is passed.\\nIt requires all municipal officers and\\nmagistrates to receive the sacrament\\naccording to the rites of the Church of\\nEngland, to renounce the League and\\nCovenant, and to take oath declaring it\\nto be unlawful to bear arms against the\\nking for any cause.\\nParliament: The Covenant between\\nEngland and Scotland, which Charles\\nII. accepted in 1650, is declared to be\\nillegal, and ordered to be burned.\\n*E.Did. Bombay is ceded to Charles\\nby Portugal, as part of the dowry of his\\nqueen.\\n1662 May 19. Act of Uniformity\\npassed. (See Church.)\\nMay 20. Charles II. marries Cather-\\nine of Braganza, daughter of John IV.,\\nKing of Portugal.\\nNov. Dunkirk is sold to France for\\n\u00c2\u00a3400,000.\\nParliament: The Hearth, or Chim-\\nney Tax, is imposed. [It produces about\\n\u00c2\u00a3200,000 hearth money a year.\\nMilled shillings are coined.]\\nParliament The Act of Settlement\\nfor Ireland is passed.\\nIt makes regulations respecting the\\ndisposal of confiscated estates, and oper-\\nates largely against Catholics.\\nIre. The Duke of Ormonde is ap-\\npointed lord lieutenant.\\n1663 Oct. There is another rising of\\nFifth Monarchy men in the northern\\ncounties.\\nGuineas are first coined from gold\\nbrought from Guinea.\\nSir Robert Hyde is appointed chief\\njustice. Sir Francis North is first\\n(modern) king s counsel. The post-office\\nis farmed to Daniel O Neil.\\n1664 May 17- Parliament: The\\nConventicle Act. (See Church.)\\nSept. 8. [U.S.A.] New Amsterdam [New\\nYork] is taken from the Dutch.\\nParliament: The Triennial Act of\\n1641 is repealed.\\nDec* Parliament: \u00c2\u00a32,500.000 is voted\\nfor the expenses of war with Holland,\\ngrowing out of commercial rivalry in\\nAfrican gold-dust and slaves.\\nW. Afr. Cape Coast Castle is taken\\nby the English.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1660 May 29. The new conduit runs\\nwith wine for a few hours in honor of\\nthe restoration of Charles II.\\nSept. 25. Samuel Pepys records his first\\ncup of tea.\\nLondon. Banking is begun by Fran-\\ncis Child.\\nToll-gates and turnpikes are first\\nset up.\\n1665 Apr. 26. London. The great\\nplague occurs.\\nFires are kept up night and day for\\nthree days to purify the air 6S,. r .i)f; per-\\nsons, some say 100,000, perish. [The in-\\nfection is not totally destroyed till the\\ngreat conflagration.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0903.jp2"}, "904": {"fulltext": "892 1665, Feb. 22-1674, GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1665 Feb. 22-67 July 21. War\\nwith Holland.\\nJune 3. The Duke of York defeats the\\nDutch fleet off Lowestoft, taking 18\\nships, and destroying 34 Adm. Opdam,\\nin command of the Dutch, and his crew\\nare blown up.\\nSept. 4. The Earl of Sandwich takes\\n12 men-of-war and two India ships from\\nthe Dutch.\\n1666 Jan. 16-67 July 21. War\\nwith France.\\nJune 1-4. Neth. Battle of the Downs\\nGeorge Monk, Duke of Albemarle, with\\n54 ships, defeats the Dutch under Adms.\\nDe Ruyter and De Witt, with 80 ships,\\noff North Foreland; English loss, nine\\nships Dutch loss, 15 ships.\\nJuly 25, 26. Naval battle at the mouth\\nof the Thames The Dutch are driven to\\ntheir ports, losing 24 ships, four admirals,\\nand 4,000 men.\\nScot. The Scotch Presbyterians re-\\nbel against the establishment of Epis-\\ncopacy by Charles II.\\nNov. 28. Scot. Gen. Dalziel defeats the\\ninsurgent Covenanters at Pentland\\nHills, near Edinburgh.\\n1667 Jan. -June The sailors mu-\\ntiny because of non-payment of wages.\\nJune 11. The Dutch admiral De Ruy-\\nter sails up the Thames, within 20\\nmiles of London, destroys some ships,\\nand burns Sheerness.\\nJuly 21. The war with Prance and with\\nHolland ends.\\n1671 May 10. Sir Edward Spragg\\ndestroys 12 Algerine ships-of-war.\\n1672 Mar. Lord Ossory attacks a\\nfleet of Dutch merchantmen in the Chan-\\nnel, and captures four ships.\\nMar. 17. War with Holland begins.\\nMay 28. De Ruyter is defeated by the\\nDuke of York in a naval battle at Sole-\\nbay, or Southwold Bay, Suffolk.\\n1673 Aug. 11. Sir Edward Spragg\\nis killed in a naval battle off the coast\\nof Holland Adms. d Estrees and De\\nRuyter are defeated.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1665 Robert Boyle experiments on\\nair, discovers its elasticity, and improves\\nthe air-pump.\\nRobert Hooke studies the use of air\\nin combustion; he also propounds the\\nfirst elements of the undulatory theory\\nof light.\\n1666-71 Newton discourses on disper-\\nsion of light, and proves its compound\\nnature by means of the prismatic lens.\\nHe constructs his reflecting telescope.\\nRobert Hooke conveys sounds to a\\ndistance by a distended wire [tele-\\nphone.] [1674. He devises a system of\\ngravitation.]\\nBroadcloth is first dressed and dyed\\nby Adrian Breauwer.\\n1669\u00c2\u00b1 A diving-bell is used on the\\ncoast of Mull in searching for the wreck\\nof a part of the Spanish Armada.\\nNewton lectures on the analysis of\\nlight. H e originates the emission\\ntheory, and opposes the undulatory the-\\nory. [1670. He proves the law of grav-\\nitation].\\n1670 John Mayow discourses on\\nrespiration. He discovers fire-air, and\\nshows how it is used in burning.\\n1670-77 London. A monument of\\nLondon, commemorating the great fire,\\nis erected by Christopher Wren.\\nThe pedestal is 40 feet high, and the\\nedifice altogether 202 feet cost, \u00c2\u00a314,500.\\nLondon. Drury Lane Theater is\\nrebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren at a\\ncost of \u00c2\u00a3200,000.\\n1672 The experiments of Jean Richer\\n(France) lead Newton to prove the\\nearth to be iu the shape of an oblate\\nspheroid. He is elected a member of\\nthe Royal Society. [1674. He makes\\ndiscoveries in colons.]\\nEdinburgh. The Theater of Music\\nis erected.\\n1673 Glass plate for coach windows\\nand mirrors is made at Lambeth by\\nVenetians, under the patronage of\\nGeorge Villiers, Duke of Buckingham.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1666* Calamy, Edmund, Presbyterian\\nclergyman, chaplain to Charles II., A66.\\nCowper, William, anatomist, born,\\nKigby, Sir Kenelm, phys. philosopher, A62.\\nHowell, -lames, traveler, lexioeog., wr., A71.\\nShirley, .lames, dramatist, A70.\\nVanbrugh, Sir John, poet, dram., arch., b.\\n1667 Nov. 30. Swift, Jonathan, dean of\\nSt. Patrick s, Dublin, satirist, an., Ire., b.\\nArbuthnot, John, physician, wit, miscella-\\nneous writer, born.\\nCentlivre, Susannah, dramatist, Ireland, b.\\nCowley, Abraham, poet, A49.\\nGranville, George, Viscount Lansdowne,\\npoet, dramatist, statesman, born.\\nLovat, Lord, Simon Fraser, sol.,pol., Scot.,b.\\nPomfret, John, poet, born.\\nTaylor. Jeremy, Anglican el., au., A54.\\nWinston, William, el., math., translator, b.\\nWither, George, poet, A79.\\nWorcester, Marquis of, Edward Somerset,\\ninventor i steam engine), A66.\\n1668 Astell, Mary, author, born.\\nDavenant, Sir William, dramatist, A63.\\nDaye, Stephen, first printer Amer. col., A57.\\nDenliam, Sir John, poet, A53.\\nilaittaire, Michael, bibliographer, born.\\nWaller, Sir Win., parliamentary gen., A71.\\n1669 Balchen, Sir John, admiral, born.\\nBeaumont, Basil, rear-admiral, born.\\nGibson, Edmund P., bp. of London, born.\\nKing, Peter, jurist, born.\\nPrynne, William, Puritan el.,antiq.,au., A69.\\n1670 Clarke, Jeremiah, musical comp., b.\\nCongreve, William, poet, dramatist, born.\\nFitzjames. James. I Like of Berwick, mar-\\nshal, peer of France, natural son of James\\nII., general, born.\\nCagnier, Jean, professor at Oxford, born.\\nMonk., Georgre, Duke of Albemarle, general,\\nstatesman, A62.\\nToland, John, leader of English deists, born.\\n1671 Calamy, Edmund, cl., author, b.\\nCibber, Colley, actor, poet, dramatist, born.\\nFairfax. Lord Thomas, pari, general, A60.\\nHyde, Anne, queen, mother of Mary II.\\nand Anne, A34.\\nLaw, John, financier, Scotland, born.\\nMontagu, Edward, Earl of Manchester,\\nstatesman, A69.\\nPhilips, Ambrose, poet, born.\\nShaftesbury, third Earl of, Anthony\\nCooper, philosopher, horn.\\nSteele, Sir Richard, poet, essay., pol., Ire., b.\\n1672 May 1. Addison, Joseph, poet, es-\\nsayist, under Secretary of State, Secretary\\nof state, born.\\nHoyle, Edmund, writer on games, born.\\nManley, Mary de la Hiviere, novelist, drama-\\ntist, born.\\nMontague, Edward, Earl of Sandwich, ad-\\nmiral. A47.\\nSacheverell, Henry, cl., polemical wr., b.\\nWilkins, John, bishop of Chester, au., A58.\\n1673 Oldmixon, John, historian, born.\\nHowe, Nicholas, poet, dramatist, born.\\nstanhope, first Earl, James, gen., states., b.\\nWharton, Thomas, anatomist, A63.\\n1674 Nov. 8. Milton, John, poet, states-\\nman, A 66.\\nAyscue, Sir George, statesman, dies.\\nClarendon, Earl of, Edward Hyde, states-\\nman, historian, A66.\\nGibhs, -lames, architect, born.\\nHalyburton, Thomas, cl., author, Scot., h.\\nHerrick, Robert, poet, A83.\\nHutchinson, John, philosopher, horn.\\nNash, Richard, Beau Nash, master of\\nceremonies, horn.\\nPotter, John, archbishop of Canterbury,\\nantiq., author, born.\\nSunderland, third Earl of, Charles Spencer,\\nstatesman, born.\\nWatts, Isaac, dissenting clergyman, poet, h.\\nCHURCH.\\n1665 Oct. 31. Parliament: The Five\\nMile Act is passed.\\nIt forbids all persons from coming w.ithin\\nfive miles of any incorporate town, or non-\\nconformist ministers from returning to any\\nplace where they had formerly been settled.\\nas ministers, unless they have subscribed to\\nthe Act of Cnit ormity, and have on oath de-\\nclared it unlawful to take up arms against\\nthe king under any pretense. They are also\\ndeclared incapable of teaching or keeping\\nhoarders. It prevents their fining the pul-\\npits made vacant by the plague.\\n1666* Non-conformists are perse-\\ncuted; William Perm is tried under\\nthe Conventicle Act.\\n1667 It. Clement IX. is elected pope.\\n[1670, Clement X. 1G7G, Innocent XI.\\n1689, Alexander VIII.: 1691, Innocent\\nXII.]\\nRoman Catholics are excluded from\\ncorporate offices.\\nLondon. Moravians form two small\\nsocieties.\\n1669 Scot. The Duke of Lauderdale\\npublishes a royal decree, enabling many\\nPresbyterian ministers to return to\\ntheir flocks.\\n1670 A second Conventicle Act is\\npassed, lining minister, people, and the\\nowner of the place of meeting.\\n1672 Ire. The Regium Donum, or\\nRoyal Gift, is founded.\\nIt consists of an allowance from the sov-\\nereign for the support of the Presbyterian\\nministers in Ireland. [Later revived by\\nWilliam III.]\\nJohn Bunyan is released from jail,\\nand preaches to great crowds of people.\\n1673 Mar. 29. Parliament The Test\\nAct is passed.\\nIt prohibits any person holding govern-\\nmental office unless he takes the oaths of\\nallegiance and supremacy, and partakes of\\nthe Lord s Supper according to the rites\\nof the Church of England, and makes a dec-\\nlaration against transuhhiaiitiafioii. [1828.\\nIt is repealed.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1665 ISTov. 14. The Oxford Gazette is\\nissued. [After the 24th number it be-\\ncomes The London Gazette.\\n1666 Feb. 5. The London Gazette is\\nremoved from Oxford to London it is\\nissued bi-weekly.\\nParliament censures Hobbes s Levia-\\nthan and De Give.\\nLondon. Serjeant s Inn, Chancery\\nLane, is established.\\n1667 Apr. 27. John Milton sells the\\ncopyright of Paradise Lost for \u00c2\u00a35. [His\\nwidow is paid \u00c2\u00a38 more.]\\nLondon. The Koyal Society Library\\nis founded.\\nEssays, by Cowley, appear.\\n1668* An Essay on the Present State\\nand Settlement of Ireland by Sir William", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0904.jp2"}, "905": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1665, Feb. 22-1674,\\n89S\\nTemple, appears. [1671, The Empire,\\netc., a survey of the different govern-\\nments of Europe and their relations to\\nEngland 1072, Observations Upon the\\nUnited Provinces and Essay Upon the\\nOriginal and Nature of Government;\\n1679-92, Miscellanea.]\\n1669* The Lexicon Heptaglotton, by\\nEdmund Castell, appears.\\n1670 Aug. 18. John Dryden is created\\npoet laureate.\\n*A Collection of English Proverbs, by\\nJohn Ray, appears.\\n1671 Paradise Regained, and Sam-\\nson Jgonistes, by John Milton, appear.\\n[1673, Of True Religion, Heresy, Schism,\\nToleration, etc.]\\nThe Rehearsal, by George Villiers,\\nDuke of Buckingham, is produced.\\nLove in a Wood, by William Wycherly,\\nappears. [1673, The Gentleman Dancing\\nMaster; 1675, The Country Wife; 1676,\\nThe Plaindealer.]\\nConquest of Granada and Essay on\\nHeroic Plays, by John Dryden, appear.\\n[1678, All for Love.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1665 Feb. 24. London. A Dutch im-\\npostor is whipped through the streets.\\nMar. 31. An order is issued for the ar-\\nrest of George Fox for preaching on\\nthe crime of building meeting-houseB\\nwith steeples on them.\\nScot. The Scottish Corporation,\\ncharitable, is established.\\n1666\u00c2\u00b1 Valentine Greatrix, an Irish\\nimpostor, pretends to cure all diseases\\nby stroking the patient his imposture\\ndeceives the credulous and occasions\\nvery warm discussion in England and\\nIreland.\\n1667 Charles builds a stand-house\\nat the race course at Newmarket for his\\nown diversion. [From this time to the\\npresent races are annually held.]\\n1667-74 Management of the House of\\nCommons by bribery is [said to have\\nbeen] begun by Clifford of the Cabal\\nMinistry. [Afterwards continued by the\\nWhigs and Tories.]\\nActresses become the mistresses of\\nthe king by gradual promotion from\\ntheir being the mistresses of the king s\\nservants.\\n1668 May 4. London. A riot occurs\\nunder the pretense of destroying the\\nbrothels.\\n1670 Jan. Claude Duval is executed\\nat Tyburn as a highwayman.\\nAug. 14. William Fenn is arrested\\nfor preaching to Friends. [Sept. 3. He\\nis brought to trial. The jury acquit him\\nand are outrageously abused.]\\nDec. 6. Col. Thomas Blood seizes the\\nDuke of Ormonde, wounds him, and pre-\\npares to hang him, but is beaten off by\\nthe duke s servants.\\nLouise la Querouaille, mistress of\\nKing Charles, is created Duchess of\\nPortsmouth. [1671 Oct. 10. London.\\nShe is installed as chief Miss, with\\nceremonies little short of those of the\\naltar, after the manner of a married\\nbride.\\nDublin. A blue-coat hospital is in-\\ncorporated.\\n1671 May 9. Col. Thomas Blood un-\\nsuccessfully attempts to steal the royal\\nregalia from the Tower. He is seized\\nand imprisoned.\\n1672 June 12. A proclamation is is-\\nsued to suppress the spreading of false\\nnews, and licentious talking of matters\\nrelating to state and government.\\nJohn Bunyan is released from an\\nimprisonment of 12 years by the Act of\\nToleration.\\nTitles created, Earl of Shaftesbury,\\nand Baron Clifford of Chudleigh. [1675,\\nDuke of Richmond and Gordon (1870),\\nand Duke of Grafton 1679, Earl of\\nBerkeley 1682, Earl of Abingdon, and\\nBaron of Beaufort 1684, Baron of St.\\nAlbans.]\\n1673 Scot. Titles created, Duke of\\nBuccleuch and Qm-ensberry (1684). [1675,\\nDuke of Hamilton, and Viscount of\\nDumblane; 1677, Earl of Breadalbane,\\nMarl of Strath more, and Earl of Kin ton-\\n1681, Baroness Nairne 1682, Baron Kin-\\nnaird, Earl of Aberdeen, and Marquis of\\nQueensberry.]\\nSTATE.\\n1665 Oct. 9. Parliament meets at\\nOxford because of the plague in Lon-\\ndon.\\nOct. 31. Five Mile Act passed. (See\\nChurch.)\\nH. C. The Commons enforce the\\nright of appropriating the supplies to\\nspecified objects.\\nSir John Kelyng is appointed chief\\njustice.\\n1666* Parliament: An act is passed\\nempowering j udges to sentence criminals\\nto transportation to any of the king s\\ndominions in North America.\\nScot. Presbyterians rise in rebellion\\nagainst Episcopacy. (See Army.)\\nW I. Tortola, the Virgin Islands,\\nand Anguilla are settled.\\n1667 July 31. The Treaties of Breda\\n(p. 691).\\nEngland gains Albany, New York, An-\\ntigua, Montserrat, and part of St. Chris-\\ntopher Holland retains Surinam\\nFrance receives Acadia [Nova Scotia].\\nAug. The Earl of Clarendon is im-\\npeached and banished because of the\\nunpopular acts of the Government.\\nGeorge Monk, Duke of Albemarle,\\nis appointed first commissioner of the\\ntreasury.\\nMinisters Sir T. Clifford [Lord Clif-\\nford], Lord Ashley, the Duke of Buck-\\ningham, Lord Arlington, and the Duke\\nof Lauderdale. They are the Cabal\\nMinistry (the initials of their names\\nspell the word cabal). [1672. Broken\\nup.]\\nSir Orlando Bridgman is appointed\\nlord keeper of the great seal.\\nThe poll-tax is assessed by the head\\na duke has to pay \u00c2\u00a3100, a marquis, \u00c2\u00a380,\\na baronet, \u00c2\u00a330, a knight, \u00c2\u00a320, an esquire,\\n\u00c2\u00a310, and every single private person, one\\nshilling.\\n1668 Jan. 23. The Triple Alliance is\\nformed (p. 691).\\n1669* Ire. Lord Roberts is appointed\\nlord lieutenant. [1670, Lord Berkeley\\n1672, Arthur Capel. Earl of Essex.]\\n1670 May 22. The secret Treaty of\\nDover (p. 693).\\nCent. Amer. British Honduras is\\npartly acquired by treaty. [1786. Abso-\\nlutely.]\\nThe Irish Society for the colonization\\nof Ulster again receives its charter, with\\nvarious changes.\\n1671 Sir Matthew Hale is appointed\\nchief justice.\\n1672 Jan. 2. Charles gains fresh sup-\\nplies by closing the Exchequer, and seiz-\\ning \u00c2\u00a31,200,000; a commercial panic\\nfollows.\\nMar. 15. Charles makes a Declaration\\nof Indulgence.\\nHe proclaims that all manners of\\npenal laws in matters ecclesiastical\\nagainst whatsoever sort of non-conform-\\nists or recusants be suspended Catho-\\nlics are excepted, but they may have\\ntheir religious service in private houses.\\n[1673. Pronounced illegal, and with-\\ndrawn.]\\nMar. Lord Ossory falls upon a fleet of\\nDutch merchantmen in the Channel, and\\ncaptures four ships in order to replenish\\nthe king s treasury.\\nNov. Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl\\nof Shaftesbury, is appointed lord high\\nchancellor.\\nMinisters: Lord Clifford, the Earl of\\nShaftesbury, the Earl of Arlington, the\\nEarl of Anglesey, Sir Thomas Osborne,\\nViscount Latimer, Henry Coventry, Sir\\nGeorge Carteret, and Edward Seymour.\\n1673 Mar. 20. The Test Act. (See-\\nChurch.) [The Duke of York (lord ad-\\nmiral) and Lord Clifford (lord treasurer),\\ndecline to take the test, and resign their\\noffices.]\\nJune 14. Charles U. becomes first\\nlord of the admiralty. [July 9, Prince\\nRupert 1679, Feb. 14, Sir Henry Capel\\n1680, Feb. 19, Daniel Finch; 1681, Jan.\\n20, Lord Finch 1683, Apr. 17, The Earl\\nof Nottingham.]\\nJune 26. Thomas Osborne, Viscount\\nLatimer [Earl of Danby], is appointed\\nlord high treasurer.\\nOct. 20. H. C. The Commons declare\\nagainst the proposed marriage of the\\nDuke of York to the Catholic Princess\\nof Moden a. [Nov. 21. He marries Mary\\nd Este, Princess of Modena.]\\nNov. 4. The king prorogues Parlia-\\nment because of the Commons desiring\\nto address him against grievances.\\nThe Earl of Shaftesbury becomes\\nleader against the court.\\nSir Heneage Finch is appointed lord\\nkeeper of the seal.\\n1674 Feb. 9. Treaty of Westminster\\n(p, 693).\\nJune 9. Parliament is prorogued on\\naccount of irreconcilable differences\\nbetween Lords and Commons \u00c2\u00a3200,000\\nhas been spent in bribing the Commons-\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1666 Tea is brought into England by\\nLord Ossory and Lord Arlington from\\nHolland being admired by persons of\\nrank, it is imported and sold for 60 shil-\\nlings per pound.\\nLanterns are hung before one house\\nin ten from 6 to 12 o clock.\\nSept. 2-6. London. The great fire oc-\\ncurs.\\nFour hundred and thirty-six acres of\\nashes; 13.200 houses consumed; 200,000\\npeople encamped in Islington and High-\\ngate fields. It is extinguished by blow-\\ning up houses.\\n1667 London. Insurance of houses\\nand goods against fire begins.\\nLondon. The first run on the bank-\\ners occurs.\\nOct. 23. London. Charles II. lays the\\nfoundation stone of the Roya Ex-\\nchange. [1687. Sept. 28. Opened.]\\n1669 The East India Company first\\nimports tea.\\n1671 Apr. 25. Oxford is nearly de-\\nstroyed by fire.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0905.jp2"}, "906": {"fulltext": "894 1674,**-1682,\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NAVY.\\n1674 The Dutch agree to strike to\\nthe English colors in the British seas.\\nThe Duke of Monmouth is made\\ncommander-in-chief. [1G7S. Made cap-\\ntain-general.]\\n1679 Scot. Brutal slaughterings of\\nConvenanters occur by the authority of\\nthe Duke of Lauderdale.\\nJune 1 (o. s.). Scot. The Covenanters\\nunder Balfour defeat Viscount Clav-\\nerhouse at Drumclog, Lanarkshire.\\nJune 22. Scot. The Covenanters are\\ndefeated by the Duke of Monmouth and\\nClaverhouse at Bothwell Bridge, Lan-\\narkshire.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1675 Aug. 10. Greenwich Observa-\\ntory is founded.\\nJohn Flamsteed is astronomer royal.\\nNewton, Robert Boyle, and others\\nuse glass in generating electricity.\\n1676\u00c2\u00b1 London. The weaver s Dutch\\nloom is used.\\nRepeating-cloeks and watches are\\ninvented by Peter Barlow.\\nBoyle publishes his electrical exper-\\niments.\\nEdmund Halley proves the motion of\\nthe sun round its own axis. He ob-\\nserves the transit of Mercury.\\nDublin. The Essex bridge is built\\nby Sir H. Jervis.\\n1677 London. Sir Joseph Williamson\\nbecomes president of the Royal Society.\\n[1680, Sir Christopher Wren 1682, Sir\\nJohn Hoskyns.]\\nViolins are introduced.\\n167S Jan. 12. A remarkable darknesB\\noccurs.\\nLondon. A statue of Charles I. is\\nset up at Charing Cross. It is the first\\nequestrian statue erected in Great\\nBritain.\\nOdometers, or road-measures, are\\nimproved by Butterfield.\\n1679 May 15. The Ashmolean Mu-\\nseum at Oxford is founded.\\nNov. 3. A comet becomes visible, and\\nterrifies the people by its near approach\\nto the earth. [16S0. Mar. 9. Disap-\\npears.]\\nLondon. Walbroke Church, a\\nmasterpiece of Sir Christopher Wren, is\\ncompleted.\\nNewton applies mechanics to astron-\\nomy, parallelism of forces, and laws of\\nmotion.\\n1680 Button manufactories are es-\\ntablished at Birmingham.\\n1681 The tinning of iron is intro-\\nduced from Bohemia.\\n1682* *Hydraulic engines are in-\\nvented.\\nJohn Ray publishes an important sys-\\ntem of anatomical classification, called\\nA New Method of Plants.\\nNewton works out and publishes the\\nlaws of gravitation.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1675 Clarke, Samuel, cl., philosopher, b.\\nCocker, Edward, engraver, math., au., A44.\\nDitton, Humphrey, m;Ltlifiji:itU ian, born.\\nErsklne, eleventh Earl of, John, soldier, h.\\nFreind, John, physician, medical writer, b.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Graham, Geo., mechanician, watchmaker, b.\\nLightfoot, John, theologian, Hebraist, A73.\\nWillis, Thnmas, plivsieiim, A54.\\n1676 Aug-. 26. Walpole, Sir Robert, Earl\\nof Orford, statesman, born.\\nBoston, Thomas, polemical writer, Scot., b.\\nBoyle, Charles, Earl of Orrery, scholar,\\nstatesman, Ireland, horn.\\nClifford, Anne, Countess of Pembroke, au-\\nthor, A87.\\nCollins, Anthony, freethinker, phil., au., h.\\nHale, Sir Matthew, chief justice, author, A67.\\nHoadley, l .cnjamin, bp. of Winchester, au., h.\\nNewcastle, Duke of, William Cavendish, gen-\\neral, A84.\\nOgilby, John, poet, geographer, Scot., A76.\\nPhilips, John, poet, born.\\nSelkirk:. Alexander, saUor (Robinson Cru-\\nsoe), .Scotland, born.\\nThornhill, Sir James, historical painter, b.\\nTownshend, Viscount, Charles, states., b.\\n1677 Barrow, Issac, cl., math., A47-\\nCroft, William, organist, composer, born.\\nGlisson, Francis, physician, anatomist, A80.\\nHales, Stephen, natural philosopher, born.\\nHarrington, James, political writer, A66.\\n1678* Argyll, second Duke of, John, states-\\nman, Scotland, born.\\nBarrington, Viscount, John Shute, states-\\nman, theological writer, born.\\nBoling-broke, Viscount, Henry St. John,\\nstatesman, author, horn.\\nFarquhar, Ceorge, poet, dramatist, Ire., b.\\nLigonier, Earl of, John, field-marshal, born.\\nMarvell, Andrew, poet, A58.\\nNeal, Daniel, historian, born.\\nOckley, Simon, orientalist, horn.\\nSherlock, Thomas, bishop of London, au.,b.\\n1679* Boyle, Roger, Earl of Orrery, gen-\\neral, litterateur, A78.\\nCatesby, Mark, naturalist, born.\\nChubb, Thomas, deistieal writer, born.\\nGoodwin, Thomas, I uritian cl., author, A76.\\nHobbes, Thomas, philosopher, A81.\\nParnell, Thomas, poet, Ireland, born.\\nPoole, Matthew, Bible commentator, A55.\\n1680* Abernethy, John, Nonconformist\\nclergyman, author, Ireland, born.\\nButler, Samuel, poet, A68.\\nCameron, Richard, founder of the Cam-\\neronians, Scotland, dies.\\nChambers, Ephraim, eyelopedist, born.\\nCollier, Arthur, cl., metaphysician, born.\\nErsktne, Ehenezer, preacher, chief founder\\nof the Secession Church, Scotland, born.\\nGlanvill, Joseph, cl., phil., author, A44.\\nLong, Poger, astronomer, born.\\nSale, George, historian, orientalist, born.\\n1681 Booth, Barton, actor, born.\\nLilly, William, astrologer, A79.\\n1674 The Hutchinsonians appear.\\nThey do not form a sect, but accept the\\ndoctrines of John Hutchinson of Yorkshire.\\nThey reject, the Newtonian system, and con-\\ntend that the Bible contains a complete sys-\\ntem of natural philosophy.\\nLondon. Work is begun preparatory\\nto the rebuilding of [tbe present] St.\\nPaul s Cathedral. [1675. June 21. First\\nstone is laid.]\\nParliament A Sabbath Observ-\\nance Act is passed.\\nIt restrains the performance of all servile\\nworks, the sale of all provisions except milk\\nat certain hours and meat in public houses,\\nand allows works of necessity and charity.\\n1677 William Sancroft is chosen\\narchbishop of Canterbury.\\nRoman Catholics are excluded from\\nParliament.\\n1678* Ire. The sees of Cork and\\nCloyne are separated.\\n1681 Nov. Scot. Test Act against\\nPresbyterians. (See State.)\\nDec. 15. Scot. Frst meeting of the\\nUnited Societies of Covenanters at Lo-\\ngan House, Lanarkshire, called The\\nPersecuted Remnant, also Society\\nPeople.\\nScot. The Reformed Presbyterian\\nChurch secedes from the Scottish\\nChurch.\\nLETTERS.\\n1675 Nov. London. The City Mer-\\ncury or Advertisements concerning\\nTrade, is issued.\\n1676 The Man of Mode, by Sir George\\nEtherege, appears.\\n1677* London. The first city Directory\\nis published. (Or 1679?)\\nCocker s Arithmetic, compiled by Ed-\\nward Cocker, and edited by John Haw-\\nkins, appears.\\n1678 The True Intellectual System of\\nthe Universe, by Ralph Cudworth, ap-\\npears.\\n1678-84 The Pilgrim s Progress, by\\nJohn Bunyan, appears. [1684, The\\nHoly War.]\\n1679* London. Dome stick Intelligence\\npublished gratis for the Promoting of\\nTrade is issued.\\nHistory of the Revolution, by Gilbert\\nBurnet, Bishop of Salisbury, appears.\\n1680* Edinburgh. The Advocates\\nLibrary is extensive and valuable.\\nThe printing of newspapers and pam-\\nphlets is prohibited.\\nLondon. Mercurium Librarius, or a\\nFaithful Account of All Books and Pam-\\nphlet s, the first literary periodical in\\nEnglish, is issued.\\nPatriarcha, a treatise on government\\nin defense of the divine right of kings,\\nby Sir Robert Filmer, appears.\\n1681 Jan. 16. Weekly Memorials for\\nthe Ingenius is issued.\\nEdinburgh. The College of Physicians\\nis incorporated.\\nTelluris Theoria Sacra, by Thomas\\nBurnet, appears.\\nAbsalom and Achitophel, by John\\nDryden, appears. [1682, The Medal, Mac-\\nFlecknoe, and Religio Laid.}\\nSOCIETY.\\n1674* London. The court spends\\n\u00c2\u00a3200,000 in bribing members of Parlia-\\nment they save no man s neck, but\\nthey break his purse.\\n1675 Dublin. The Royal Hospital,\\nKilmainham, for aged and disabled sol-\\ndiers in Ireland, is founded by Arthur,\\n[Earl of Granard], marshal-general of\\nthe army in Ireland. [1679. Improved\\nby the l uke of Ormonde.]\\n1676 At St. Osytbs, Essex, 17 or 18 per-\\nsons are burned for witchcraft.\\n1677* Edinburgh. Coffee-houses are\\nfirst opened.\\n1678 Sept. The Popish Plot rev-\\nelations of Titus Oates cause great ex-\\ncitement. (See State.)\\nOct. 17. Sir Edmundbury Godfrey is\\nfound murdered.\\nNov, 17. London. Popular anti-Cath-\\nolic demonstrations take place, with\\npageants and ridiculous effigies of the\\nPope.\\n1679 Scot. The Duke of Lauderdale\\ncruelly persecutes the Covenanters.\\nMar. 9. Tbe Council issues a declaration\\nforbidding pardon to any person killing\\nanother in a duel.\\nMay 3. Scot. Archbishop Sharp is\\nmurdered near St. Andrew s by fanatics\\nled by John Balfour of Burley, because\\nof his apostasy.\\n1680 Three judges are impeached for\\nfavoring the levying of ship-money.\\nIre. The title Viscount of Downe is\\ncreated. [1684, Earl of Granard.]\\n1681 Jan. 26. Edinburgh. TwoCam-\\neronian women are hanged for calling", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0906.jp2"}, "907": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1674,**-1682,\\n895\\n1682 Feb. 12. London. Thomas\\nThynne, Tom of Ten Thousand, a\\nwealthy man, is murdered at the in-\\nstance of Charles John, Count Konigs-\\nmark, a paramour of Thynne s wife.\\n[The assassins are executed, but Konigs-\\nmark is acquitted.]\\nMar. 11. Chelsea Hospital is founded.\\nDee. 13. A provost marshal is appointed\\nto seize ballad singers, and suppress\\nstage -plays.\\nLondon. A riot takes place at Guild-\\nhall at the election of sheriffs.\\nSTATE.\\n1675 Nov. Charles receives 500,000\\ncrowns from Louis XIV., in considera-\\ntion of which he prorogues Parliament\\nto prevent the adopting of a war policy\\nagainst France.\\nDec. 29. A proclamation is issued re-\\ncalling the licenses of coffee-houses\\nbecause of the treasonable discourses\\ncarried on in them against the Govern-\\nment. [The proclamation is withdrawn,\\nowing to the indignation of the people.]\\nLord Finch [Earl of Nottingham] is\\nappointed lord high chancellor.\\n1676 Sir Richard Rainsford is ap-\\npointed chief justice.\\n1677 Oct.+ William, Prince of Or-\\nange [William III.], pays a visit to\\nEngland.\\nNov. 4. Mary, daughter of James, Duke\\nof York [James II.], and presumptive\\nheiress to the Crown, is married to\\nWilliam, Prince of Orange [William\\nIII.].\\nCharles makes a treaty with Holland\\nfor the preservation of Flanders.\\nEnglish, troops are withdrawn from\\nthe French service.\\nThe Writ de tasrehico comburendo (for\\nthe burning of a heretic) is abolished.\\nIre. James Butler, Duke of Ormonde,\\nis .appointed lord lieutenant.\\n1678 May 17. A secret treaty is con-\\ncluded with France.\\nAug. 10. Peace of Nimeguen (p. 693).\\nSept. Titus Oates discloses the ficti-\\ntious Popish Plot.\\nThis clerical adventurer discloses a\\nrising of Catholics, a massacre of Prot-\\nestants, the burning of London, the\\nassassination of the king, and a French\\ninvasion of Ireland Don John of Aus-\\ntria and Pere La Chaise, the confessor\\nof Louis XIV., are the alleged authors.\\nOct. 23. Five Catholic peers, the Earl\\nof Powis, Viscount Stafford, and Lords\\nPetre, Arundel, and Belasyse, accused\\nof complicity in the Popish Plot,\\nare arrested and sent to the Tower,\\n[two thousand persons are imprisoned,\\nand Catholics are ordered to quit Lon-\\ndon.]\\nOct. 31. H. C. On the evidence of\\nOates, a resolution is passed declaring\\nthe existence of the Popish Plot.\\nMov. 30. Parliament: The Disabling\\nAct is passed, excluding Catholics from\\nParliament.\\nDec. 3. Coleman, secretary to the Duch-\\ness of York, is executed on a charge of\\ncomplicity in the Popish Plot.\\nDec* H. C. The disclosureof the king s\\nintrigues with France causes surprise\\nand excitement in the Commons. (See\\n1675.)\\nDec. The Earl of Danby is impeached\\nforcriminalcorrespondence with France.\\n[1679. Apr. 16. Committed to the Tower\\ntill 1685.]\\nSir William Scroggs is appointed\\nchief justice.\\n1679 Jan. 24. Parliament is dis-\\nsolved it is the Pension Parliament,\\nwhich had been in existence since 1661.\\nFeb. Election bribery is practised on\\nan extensive and systematic scale.\\nMar. 4. James, Duke of York, departs\\nfor France, because of the violent oppo-\\nsition to him as a Catholic.\\nMar. 6. Parliament meets. LJuly 12.\\nDissolved.]\\nMar. 7. H. C. The king refuses to ap-\\nprove of the choice of Sir Edward Sey-\\nmour as Speaker. William Gregory\\nis made Speaker.]\\nApr. 20. The king, on the advice of Sir\\nWilliam Temple, forms the Council of\\nThirty to direct public affairs.\\nIt is provided that half the members\\nshall be high officers of State, that the\\nother half shall be popular leaders in\\nParliament, and that the income of the\\nthirty shall not be less than \u00c2\u00a3300,000.\\nMay 26. The Habeas Corpus Act is\\nsigned by the king.\\nIt compels judges to issue, on applica-\\ntion, a writ ordering the jailer to pro-\\nduce the prisoner in court, and show\\ncause for his detention it requires that\\naccused persons shall he tried or bailed\\nat the first assizes after arrest, and dis-\\ncharged if not tried at the second and\\nit prohibits recommitment for the same\\noffense after discbarge.\\nMay 27. Parliament is prorogued.\\n[Oct. 7. Meets and again prorogued,\\nwithout advice of the council. Oct. 17.\\nMeets. 1680. Oct. 21. Reassembles.]\\nJuly The Duke of Monmouth, nat-\\nural son of Charles, and James, Duke\\nof York, are rivals for succession to\\nthe throne.\\nOct. 20. The alleged Meal Tub Plot is\\ndisclosed by Dangerfield.\\nIt is a pretended conspiracy against\\nthe life of the king, the particulars of\\nwhich are found in fabricated papers\\nconcealed in a tub of meal. [Dangerfield\\nis imprisoned, and whipped several times.\\n1685. He dies under the lash.]\\nOct. The Earl of Shaftesbury is de-\\nprived of his office of President of the\\nCouncil.\\nOct. Sir William Temple and Lords\\nEssex and Halifax resign from the\\nCouncil they are succeeded by the\\nEarl of Godolphin and Lawrence Hyde,\\nEarl of Rochester.\\n~Nov. At the suggestion of Shaftesbury,\\nnumerous popular petitions are sent\\nto the king, asking for the assembling\\nof Parliament.\\nThe court or government supporters\\nissue ttecl;u-:it inns expressing abhorrence\\nat the conduct of the petitioners hence\\nthere are two parties, \u00e2\u0080\u0094petitioners and\\nabhorrers [later called Whigs and\\nTories].\\n16S0 Nov. 15. H. C. The Exclusion\\nBill is passed, to prevent the succession\\nof the Duke of York to the throne. [Un-\\nder the influence of Halifax the Lords\\nreject the bill.]\\nDec. 7. Lord Stafford is condemned\\non impeachment for complicity in the\\n1681 Jan. 18. Parliament is dissolved.\\nMar. 14. Charles makes a secret treaty\\nwith Louis XIV.\\nLouis agrees to pay Charles 2,000,000\\nlivres for one year, and 500,000 crowns\\nfor two years Charles agrees to with-\\ndraw from the alliance with Spain.\\nMar. 21. Parliament meets. [Mar.\\n28. Dissolved.]\\nMar. 28. The king dissolves Parliament,\\na new bill for the exclusion of the\\n(Catholic) Duke of York from the\\nthrone having been introduced, and\\ncompromise refused by the Commons.\\nApr. 1. Sir Francis Pemberton is ap-\\npointed chief justice,\\nApr. 16. The province of New Jersey\\n[U. S. A.], a country almost as large as\\nEngland, is offered for sale for $25,000.\\nJuly 1. London. Oliver Plunket,\\nCatholic archbishop of Armagh, is ex-\\necuted at Tyburn on a charge of high\\ntreason [later proved innocent].\\nJuly 2. London. The Earl of Shaftes-\\nbury is committed to the Tower on a\\ncharge of high treason. [The grand jury\\nrefuse to find a true bill against him,\\nand he is discharged he escapes to Hol-\\nland. 1683. Jan. 21. He dies.]\\nAug. 31. Stephen College, the Prot-\\nestant Joiner, convicted of attempting\\nto seize the person of the king, is ex-\\necuted.\\nScot. Parliament declares religious\\ndifference does not bar the right of\\nsuccession or impair authority.\\nNov. Scot. The Duke of York, high\\ncommissioner in Scotland, secures the\\npassage of a test act against Presby-\\nterians.\\nIt renounces the Covenant, asserts the\\nking s supremacy, indorses passive obe-\\ndience, and disclaims any attempt to\\nchange civil or religious establishments\\nabout 80 Episcopal clergymen resign.\\nDec. Scot. The Earl of Argyll is tried\\nand found guilty of treason for opposing\\nthe Test Act; he escapes to Holland.\\n1682 Jan.\u00c2\u00b1 The Duke of Monmouth\\nmakes a tour of the northern counties,\\nto add to the number of his partisans.\\n[He is arrested at Stafford, and sent a\\nprisoner to London, where he is admitted\\nto bail in the sum of \u00c2\u00a310,000.]\\nSept. 1. William Penn sails with 100\\ncolonists for America in the Welcome.\\nOne-third die of small-pox on the voyage.\\nThe Earl of Sunderland is restored\\nto the office of Secretary of State.\\nSir Francis North [Lord Guilford]\\nis made lord keeper.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1675 A canal is cut from Exeter to\\nTopsham.\\n1676* London. Sixty houses are\\nburned in Southwark.\\n1680 Tea, coffee, and chocolate are\\nincreasing in use.\\n1681* London. The streets are first\\nlighted with oil-lamps.\\nLondon. The penny post is set up by\\nRobert Murray, an upholsterer.\\nEdinburgh. The Merchants Com-\\npany is incorporated.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0907.jp2"}, "908": {"fulltext": "896 1682,** -1688, Nov. 28. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1685-88 James II. forms the Dragoon\\nGuards, Royal Irish, and the Scots\\nGreys.\\n1685 May 2. Neth. The Earl of Ar-\\ngyll s expedition sails from Holland\\nin three ships. [June 30. After many\\ndisasters, Argyll is taken, tried, and\\nbeheaded.]\\nJune 11. The Duke of Monmouth\\nlands at Lyme, Dorsetshire. (See State.)\\nJune 29. Grenadiers are introduced in\\nthe service. (See 1660.)\\nThe Fifth Northumberland Fusi-\\nleers are raised.\\nThe Fourth King s Own Regiment\\nis raised.\\nJuly 6. The Duke of Monmouth is de-\\nfeated by the king s forces under the\\nEarl of Feversham at the battle of\\nSedgemoor, Somersetshire he is taken\\nprisoner. [July 15. Executed.]\\n1688 Oct. 19. Neth. William of\\nOrange sails from Holland to invade\\nEngland.\\nHe is accompanied by a fleet of 50 war-\\nships, 25 frigates, and 400 transports,\\nunder the command of Adm. Herbert,\\nand an army of 10,000 infantry and 4,000\\ncavalry under Marshal Sehomberg. [He\\nis driven back by a storm.]\\nThe Earl of Feversham commands the\\nroyal army, and Adm. Dartmouth com-\\nmands the navy.\\nNov. 1. Neth. William starts the\\nsecond time to invade England. [Nov.\\n5. He lands at Torbay, on the west\\ncoast.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1682-86 Ire. The long bridge of 21\\narches is built at Belfast length, 2,562\\nfeet.\\n1683 May 1. A patent is given to\\nRobert Fitzgerald for making salt\\nwater fresh.\\nDec. 1-84 Feb. 5. Continuous frost\\nprevails oxen are roasted and bulls are\\nbaited on the ice-covered Thames,\\nThe forest-trees, and even the oaks in\\nEngland, are split l v the frost most of\\nthe hollies are killed. The Thames is\\ncovered with ice 11 inches thick, and\\nnearly all the birds perish.\\nLondon. Sadler s Wells are opened\\nas an orchestra for the visitors who use\\nthe waters medicinally.\\nCharles II. begins a palace at Win-\\nchester, with Christopher Wren as\\narchitect.\\nEdmund Halley s theory of magnetic\\nvariations is published.\\nThe theory of the tides, first satisfac-\\ntorily explained by Kepler in 159S, is\\nmore completely explained by Sir Isaac\\nNewton.\\n1684 A professorship of music is\\nfounded at Cambridge.\\nThe first idea of the modern telegraph\\nis suggested by Dr. Robert Hooke.\\nLondon. William Davenport intro-\\nduces a species of operas into England.\\n[1692. The first regularly performed\\nopera is produced at York buildings.]\\nLondon. Samuel Pepys, author of\\nDiary, becomes president of the Royal\\nSociety. [1686, John, Earl of Carberry\\n1689, Thomas, Earl of Pembroke 1690,\\nSir Robert Southwell.]\\n1685 The manufacture of velvet,\\nlong confined to Italy and later to\\nFrance, is introduced into England.\\nIron pens are mentioned by Chamber-\\nlayne.\\n1685-88 James II. systematizes sea-\\n1686 Apr. 28. London. Newton pre-\\nsents to the Royal Society the manu-\\nscript of his Principia. [1687. Pub-\\nlished.]\\nAn inundation occurs in Yorkshire\\na rock opens and spouts water to the\\nheight of a church steeple.\\n1687 May 5. The Government issues\\na proclamation to establish a manufac-\\ntory for making white paper.\\nLondon. A statue of James II. is\\nerected at Whitehall.\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n1683 Browne. Sir Thomas, phys., A77-\\nCotes, Roger, mathematician, aslronomer, b.\\nFinch, Heneage, Earl of Nottingham, A61.\\nPurcell, Thomas, musical composer, born.\\n1683 Nov. 10. George II., King, born.\\nFenton, Elijah, poet, born.\\nLambert, .John, parliamentary gen., A63.\\nLeighton, Robert, archb. of Glasgow, au.,A73.\\nMMdleton, onycis, clergyman, author, b.\\nOldham, .John, satirical poet, A30.\\nShaftesbury, Earl of, Anthony Ashley\\nCooper, statesman, A62.\\nSidney, Algernon, statesman, A61.\\nWalton, Izaak, author, A90.\\n1084 Bathurst, Earl, Allen, statesman, b.\\nLardner, Nathaniel, clergyman, author, b.\\nMiller, Joseph,\\nactor, born.\\nRoscommon, Earl of, lMllon Wentworth,\\npoet, A51.\\nVernon, Edward, admiral, born.\\nYoung, Edward, poet, born.\\n1686* *Berkeley, George, bishop of\\nCloyne, metaphysician, Ireland, born.\\nliudgell, Euslare, essayist, born.\\nrastell, Kdmuiid, lexiocographer, A79.\\nErskine, Kalph, cl., author, poet., Scot., b.\\nForbes, Duncan, statesman, Scotland, born.\\nGay, John, poet, born.\\nKent, William, painter, architect, born.\\nMonmouth, Duke of. James Scott, nat-\\nural son of Charles II., A36.\\nNorth, Francis, Baron Guilford, jurist, A48.\\nOtway, Thomas, poet, dramatist, A34.\\nTaylor, Brook, mathematician, born.\\nVertue, George, engraver, born.\\n1686 Annesley, Arthur, Earl of Anglesey,\\nstatesman, A72.\\nBaxter, Andrew, metaphysician, Scotland, b.\\nClayton, John, botanist, born.\\nDugdale, Sir William, antiquary, A81.\\nLaw, William, mystic, clergyman, author, b.\\nPearson, John, bishop of Chester, au., A73.\\nRamsay, Allan, poet, Scotland, born.\\nRamsay, Andrew Michael, wr., Scotland, b.\\nTickell, Thomas, poet, essayist, born.\\n1687 Cotton, CharU s, humorist, poet, AST.\\nHalgarno, George, of Aberdeen, philol., A6U.\\nMore, Henry, poet, theologian, phi]., A73.\\nPetty, Sir William, pol. economist, Ati-i.\\nStukeley, William, antiquary, born.\\nWaller. Edmund, poet, A82.\\nWyndam, Sir William, statesman, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1684 Apr. 19. Scot. The Synod of\\nEdinburgh changes the year of the\\nconfirmation for children from eight to\\n1G years.\\n1685 Apr. 19. About 1,200 Catholics\\nand Quakers are released from prison\\nby order of the king.\\n*The Christian Community is\\nfounded.\\nIts members visit and preach the gos-\\npel in workhouses, asylums, rooms, and\\nin the open air they also distribute\\ntracts. [1772. Reorganized by John\\nWesley.]\\nLondon. A settlement of French\\nProtestants is made.\\n1686* *King James favors the Catho-\\nlics. [Mar. 5. He forbids the bishops\\npreaching on controversial topics.]\\nThe king is empowered to dispense\\nwith the Test Act. He proceeds to at-\\ntempt to revive the Roman Catholic\\nreligion.\\nRoman Catholic worship is allowed.\\nProtestants are forbidden by order of\\nthe king to preach doctrinal sermons.\\nSeven commissioners are appointed\\nfor the government of the church,\\nwith Lord Jeffreys at the head.\\nJuly* London. Henry Compton,\\nBishop of London, having refused to\\nremove the rector of St. Giles for\\npreaching doctrinal sermons, is tried\\nand suspended by the New Court of\\nEcclesiastical Commission.\\nMonastic institutions are revived.\\nJesuits schools also are opened. Cath-\\nolic priests installed in their worship.\\nDec. 29. A Roman Catholic bishop is\\nconsecrated, and John Massey (R. C.) in-\\nstalled as dean of Christ s Church.\\n1687 Jan. 1. The clergy are piuiished\\nfor defying the laws of the church.\\nRev. Samuel Johnson is publicly\\nwhipped after standing three times in\\nthe pillory for an alleged libelous pub-\\nlication.\\nFeb. James H. issues a declaration of\\nliberty of conscience.\\nApr. The king favors Won-conf ormists.\\nHe grants a declaration of indulgence,\\nsuspending penal laws against them.\\n[Baxter, Hume, and Bunyan refuse to\\nreceive it, it being illegal.]\\nJuly 3. The king receives the papal\\nnuncio with magnificent pomp 36\\ncoaches, each with six horses, proceed\\nto the Castle of Windsor.\\nMany anti-Catholic charity schools\\nare established for the preservation of\\nthe Protestant religion among the poor.\\nCambridge University sides against\\nthe king.\\nHe recommends the bestowal of the\\ndegree of M. A. upon Alban Francis, a\\nBenedictine monk, and it refuses he\\ncommands that the presidency of Mag-\\ndalen College be given to Farmer, a Ro-\\nman Catholic, and it refuses to obey.\\n1688 Apr. The king issues a second\\ndeclaration of liberty of conscience.\\n[May. 4. He commands it to be read\\nin all the churches of London on May\\n20. Few of the clergy obey, and the\\npeople rush for the door when the read-\\ning begins.]\\nMay 18. A great meeting of prelates\\nand divines at Lambeth issues a tem-\\nperate protest against the illegal read-\\ning of the declaration.\\nJune 8. London. Seven bishops are\\nsent to the Tower.\\nWilliam Sancroft, Archbishop of Can-\\nterbury, and Bishops Ken, Lake, Lloyd,\\nTurner, Trelawney, and White are\\nbrought by summons before the king on\\nthe charge of seditious libel, for refus-\\ning to read the king s declaration for\\nliberty of conscience, by which the Ro-\\nman Catholics would acquire civil and\\necclesiastical rights. [June 29, 30. They\\nare tried and acquitted.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1682 Venice Preserved, by Thomas\\nOtway, appears.\\n1685* Ire. The Dublin News Letter is\\nissued.\\n1686 Jan. -93 London. Bibliothe-\\nque Universelle et Historique, begun by\\nJean Le Clerc, is issued.\\n1687 London. Charity schools are\\nfirst established.\\nThe Hind and the Panther, by John\\nDryden, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0908.jp2"}, "909": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1682, -1688, Nov. 28. 897\\nCity Mouse and Country Mouse, by\\nMatthew Prior, appears.\\n1688 Nov. 12. Scot. The first auc-\\ntion sale of books in Scotland is con-\\nducted by Andrew Anderson.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1683 May 8. The Duke of York is\\nawarded \u00c2\u00a3100,000 damages in the\\ntrial of ex-sheriff Pilkington for saying\\nhe had tired the city, and he was now\\ncome to cut our throats.\\n1684* Titus Oatesisfined\u00c2\u00a3100,000\\nfor libel against the Duke of York.\\n[1685 May 7. Titus Oa-tes is tried for\\nperjury. Later, he is sentenced to be\\npilloried five times a year, and impris-\\noned for life, after being whipped with\\n1700 lashes in two days. 16S9. He is par-\\ndoned, and gets a pension of \u00c2\u00a3300.]\\n1685 Richard Baxter is charged\\nwith sedition by Jeffreys, and is sen-\\ntenced to pay 500 marks, and kept in\\nprison IS months for non-payment.\\nAutumn. A reign of terror prevails in\\nwestern England, caused by Jeffreys*\\nbarbarous prosecutions and persecu-\\ntions of those who engaged in or favored\\nthe rebellion of Monmouth.\\nJeffreys hangs 350 rebels in the Bloody\\nCircuit, passing through Dorset and\\nSomersetshire. He sells more than 800\\ninto slavery beyond the sea more are\\nwhipped and imprisoned men, women,\\nand children are beheaded pardons are\\nsold by the queen, maids of honor, and\\neven the judge himself. Sept. 2. Lady\\nAlice Lisle is beheaded for harboring a\\nrebel. Elizabeth Gaunt is burned at Ty-\\nburn for sheltering a rebel who after-\\nward betrayed her*\\nThe wages of agricultural laborers,\\nper week, in Warwickshire, are 3 shil-\\nlings and 4 shillings Devonshire, 5 shil-\\nlings Suffolk, 5 shillings and 6 shillings\\nwool-weavers, about 3 shillings and 4\\nshillings.\\n1686 Mar. 10. James II. grants a\\ngeneral par d on, excepting among\\nothers the girls of Taunton who gave a\\nBible and sword to Monmouth.\\nSunderland, the prime adviser of the\\nking, receives a pension of \u00c2\u00a325,000\\nfrom the King of France to espouse\\nhis interests and prevent the reassem-\\nbling of Parliament.\\nScot. The title, Earl of Dunmore, is\\ncreated also Viscount of Strathallan.\\n[1690, Baron Polwarth.]\\n1687 The last of the Heralds Visi-\\ntations takes place.\\nThey were occasionally held i-n former\\ntimes, and the landed gentry were re-\\nquired to attend to prove their pedi-\\ngrees, which were then entered in a\\nbook.\\nSTATE.\\n1683 A secret political confederacy\\nis formed by the Duke of Monmouth, the\\nEarl of Essex, Lord William Russell,\\nLord Grey, Lord Howard, Algernon Sid-\\nney, and John Hampden.\\nIt proposes to incite simultaneous ris-\\nings in several parts of England and\\nScotland, aiming to compel the king to\\nassent to their demands for a change in\\nthe policy and proceedings of Govern-\\nment.\\nJune 12. The Rye House Plot is dis-\\nclosed by Josiah Keeling, one of the\\nconspirators.\\nIt was devised by Col. Rumsey, Lieut.-\\nCol. Walcot, and others to assassinate\\nthe king and his brother James at Rye\\nHouse farm on their return from the\\nNewmarket races.\\nThe Court of King s Bench decides that\\nthe franchise and liberty of the city of\\nLondon should be taken and seized into\\nthe king s hands. This is done at the\\ninstigation of the court party, who de-\\nsire to have the sheriffs who select the\\njuries nominated by the crown instead\\nof chosen by the representatives of the\\ncity. [Other city corporations are co-\\nerced into surrendering their charters.]\\nJune 18. London is humbled.\\nThe mayor, sheriffs, and aldermen\\n1 kneel before the, king and beg clemency\\nfor the city; they are required to con-\\nsent to accept the king s nominations\\nfor mayor and sheriffs in certain cases\\ntheir forfeited charter is ransomed.\\nJuly 21. Lord Russell is executed af-\\nter conviction as a conspirator against\\nthe king. [Dec. 7. Algernon Sidney\\nalso.]\\nJuly 28. Anne, daughter of James,\\nDuke of York, is married to George,\\nPrince of Denmark.\\nSir Edmund Saunders is appointed\\nchief justice. [Later, Sir George Jef-\\nfreys.]\\nLondon. The Court of King s Bench\\nadjudges the penny post to belong to\\nthe Duke of York, as a branch of the\\ngeneral post it is annexed to the rev-\\nenue of the crown.\\n1684* Ministers Sidney, Lord Godol-\\nphin, the Earl of Rochester, the Earl of\\nNottingham, the Earl of Sunderland,\\nSir Thomas Chicheley, Lord Dartmouth,\\nthe Earl of Clarendon, and t?he Earls of\\nBath and Radnor.\\nFeb. 12. The Earl of Danby is lib-\\nerated after five years imprisonment.\\n[The Earl of Powi s and Lords Arundel\\nand Belasyse also are liberated.]\\nThe name Trimmer is applied to\\nCharles Montagu, Earl of Halifax, and\\nothers who hold opinions half-way be-\\ntween those of the Whigs and Tories.\\nKing Charles is made first lord of the\\nadmiralty. [1685. May 17. James 1X7]\\n1685 Feb. 6. Charles II. dies, after\\nhaving on his death-bed accepted the\\nCatholic faith.\\n1685-89 James II. reigns. He is a\\nbrother of Charles II. [Apr. 23.\\nCrowned.]\\nFeb. Ministers The Earl of Roches-\\nter, the Marquis of Halifax, Sir George\\nJeffreys, tflie Earl of Clarendon, Sir John\\nErnley, and Viscount Preston.\\nMay 19. Parliament meets its mem-\\nbers are almost all subservient to the\\nwishes of the king. [1687. July* 2. Dis-\\nsolved.]\\nJune ll. The Duke of Monmouth,\\nnatural son of Charles II., lands in Dor-\\nsetshire with about 150 followers, to\\nelaim the throne. [June 20. He pro-\\nclaims himself king as James II. Cap-\\ntured. July 15. Beheaded on Tower\\nHill.]\\nJuly\u00c2\u00b1 Col. Kirke s soldiers are quar-\\ntered on the people in the western coun-\\nties, and commit many outrages, includ-\\ning murders. They are called Kirke s\\nlambs.\\nJames appoints Roman Catholics to\\noffice in disregard of the Test Act.\\nSept. 28. Lord Jeffreys is appointed\\nlord high chancellor.\\nOct. 16. Sir Edward Herbert is ap-\\npointed chief justice.\\nOct. 22. The revocation of the Edict of\\nNantes [drives many French refugees\\nto England]. (P. 693.)\\nNov. 9. Parliament meets it refuses\\nto grant supplies for the army while the\\nTest Act is ignored by the king. [Com-\\nmons, vote, 183-182.]\\nNov. 20. Parliament is prorogued.\\nSugar is first taxed.\\nIre. Henry Hyde, Earl of Claren-\\ndon, is appointed lord lieutenant. [1687.\\nRemoved succeeded by Richard Talbot,\\nEarl of Tyrconnel.]\\n1686 Jan. King James sends Lord\\nCastlemaine as royal ambassador to\\nRome.\\nJuly Father Petre, a Jesuit, and the\\nCatholic Lords Powis, Arundel, Belasyse,\\nand Dover are admitted to the Privy\\nCouncil in violation of the Test Act\\neven moderate Catholics are alarmed.\\nThe power assumed by James of dis-\\npensing with the Test Act is approved\\nby the Court of King s Bench.\\n1687 Jan.* Rochester is dismissed\\nfrom office for refusing to renounce the\\nProtestant faith.\\nLord Belasyse, a Catholic, is appointed\\nlord treasurer; the Earl of Sunderland\\nis made president of the council, and\\nViscount Preston secretary of state.\\nFeb. 12. A declaration of indulgence\\ngranting liberty of conscience to all\\ndenominations in Scotland is made by\\nthe king. [Apr.* Another for England.]\\nKing James reestablishes the Court\\nof High Commission.\\nSir Robert Wright is appointed chief\\njustice.\\nMany justices and lord lieutenants are\\ndismissed for refusing to control the\\nelections in favor of the king s course.\\n1688 June 30. An invitation is secretly\\nsent to William, Prince of Orange,\\nthe son-in-law of James II., to intervene\\nwith arms for the restoration of English\\nliberty and the protection of the Protes-\\ntant religion.\\nIt is signed by the Earls of Devonshire,\\nShrewsbury, and Danby, by Compton,\\nBishop of London, Henry Sidney, Lord\\nLumley, and Adm. Russell.\\nSept. 30. Neth. William issues a dec-\\nlaration to the people of England ac-\\ncepting the invitation. [Oct. 19. He\\nembarks at Helvoetsluys for England.\\nHis vessels are driven back by a storm.\\nNov. 1. He again embarks. Nov. 5. He\\nlands at Torbay.]\\nOct. James relents, and restores to\\nLondon and other corporations their\\ncharters.\\nNov. 22. The Duke of Grafton and Lord\\nChurchill join William.\\nNov. 26. London. The Princess Anne,\\ndaughter of James, flees, and deserts\\nthe cause of her father.\\nNov. 28. James issues writs for a new\\nParliament, and sends three commis-\\nsioners, Halifax, Nottingham, and Go-\\ndolphin, to treat with William.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\nIre. Dublin Castle is burned.\\n1684-85 London. The city is partly\\nlit at night by Edward Hem ing s patent.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0909.jp2"}, "910": {"fulltext": "1688,.N ov.*-1692,Jan.l6. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1688 Nov. The treachery in the army\\ntowards the king hecomes infectious.\\n[Nov. 25. The army retreats from near\\nSalisbury without a battle.]\\n1689 Mar. 12. Ire. James II. lands\\na force from France at Kinsale.\\nApr. 20-July 30. Ire. The army of\\nJames, under Richard Hamilton and\\nothers, besieges Londonderry, which\\nis persistently defended by the Rev.\\nGeorge Walker. The city is relieved by\\nGen. Kirke Gen. Rosen retires with\\nJames s army after losing 9,000 men.\\nMay 7-Sept. 20. War with France.\\nJuly 27. Scot. Revolting Highland-\\ners under Viscount Dundee rout Wil-\\nliam s force under Gen. Mackay at Kil-\\nlieerankie, Perthshire; Dundee falls,\\nand his force vanishes.\\nIre. Enniskillen, Fermanagh, re-\\nsists the army of James II.\\nScot. The Twenty-sixth Cameronian\\nRegiment is raised.\\nJuly 30. Ire. Battle of Newtown\\nButler, Fermanagh.\\nGen. McCarthy, with 6,000 of King\\nJames s troops (Irish Catholics), is de-\\nfeated by 15,000 Enniskilleners (Irish\\nProtestants) under Gustavus Hamilton\\n3,000 are killed and the others captured,\\nwith a loss of only 20 men to the victors.\\n1690 June 14. Ire. William HE.\\nlands at Carrickfergus.\\nIre. King Louis XTV. reinforces\\nJames in Ireland (p. 694).\\nJune 30. Naval battle off Beachy\\nHead, Sussex (p. 694).\\nJuly 1. Ire. Battle of the Boyne.\\nWilliam III., with 36,000 men, defeats\\nJames II. with 30,000. James s loss\\n15,000 killed William s loss, 500 killed.\\n[James retreats to Dublin, and sails for\\nFrance.]\\nJuly 23. The French devastate Teign-\\nmouth, Devonshire.\\nAug. 9. Ire. The first siege of Limer-\\nick by William commences. [Aug. 27, 28.\\nWilliam assaults the city, but is re-\\npulsed by Patrick Sarsfield, the leader\\nof the Catholics. Aug. 29. Siege raised.]\\nSept. 18. The Duke of Marlborough\\nembarks for Ireland with an army of\\nEnglish, Dutch, Danish, and French.\\nSept. 24. Ire. Marlborough takes\\nCork after a siege of two days the\\nDuke of Grafton, a son of Charles II.,\\nis killed. [Kinsale is taken.]\\n1691 July 12. Ire. Battle of Agh-\\nrim.\\nThe English under Ginkell defeat the\\nIrish under St. Ruth and Patrick Sars-\\nfield St. Ruth is killed.\\nJuly Ire. Galway capitulates to the\\nEnglish.\\nAug. 15. Ire. The second siege of\\nT limerick by the English begins. [Oct.\\n3. Surrenders under treaty.]\\nSept. 1. The Coronation, with 90 guns,\\nfounders off the Ramhead the crew is\\nsaved.\\nThe Harwich, with 70 guns, is wrecked\\non Mount Edgcumbe the crew-perishes.\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1688 A catalogue of the stars is\\nmade by John Flamsteed, astronomer\\nroyal.\\nLondon. The weaving of silk is\\nmuch improved by French refugees at\\nSpitaltields.\\nThe manufacture of cloth is greatly\\nimproved by Flemish settlers.\\n1690 Oct. 17. Dublin. A severe earth-\\nquake occurs.\\nThe French refugees teach the Eng-\\nlish improved methods in paper-mak-\\ning. Only coarse white paper had pre-\\nviously been made in England.\\n1691 Halley s method of measuring\\nthe sun s distance by the transit of\\nVenus appears.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1688 June 10. Stuart. James Francis\\nEdward, Chevalier de St. George, son of\\nJames IT., the Old Pretender, born.\\nAstbury, .John, of Khelton, potter, born.\\nBuckingham, I nke of, (ieorge Villiers, poli-\\nCheselilen, William, anatomist, born.\\nCudworth, Ralph, religious writer, A71.\\nPope, Alexander, poet, born.\\n1689 Bean, Aphra, novelist, dram., A47.\\nCooper, Samuel, miniature painter, born.\\nDundee, Viscount, John Graham of Claver-\\nhouse, soldier, A 46.\\nEtherege, Sir George, dramatist, A53.\\nJeffreys, George, jurist, statesman, A41.\\nKadelifTe, James, Earl of Der went water,\\nstatesman, born.\\nKichardson, Samuel, printer, novelist, b.\\nSydenham, Thomas, physician, A65.\\n1690* Barclav, Robert, Quaker, author,\\nScotland, A42.\\nCarteret, John, Earl Granville, states., b.\\nClinton, Charles, general, born.\\nEliot, John, Apostle of the Indians, A86.\\nGed, William, inventor of stereotype, born.\\nGwyn, Eleanor, mistress of Charles II.,\\nA40.\\nHardwieke, Earl of, Philip York, jurist, b.\\nHooke, Natli;inifl, historian, born.\\nMontagu, Lady Mary Wortley, writer, born.\\n1691 Baxter. Richard, non-conformist,\\nclergyman, author, A76.\\nCave, Edward, printer, founder of The\\nGentleman s Magazine, born.\\nCballoner, Richard, bp. of London, au., b.\\n^Dartmouth, George Legge, lord-adm., A43.\\nDodington, George Bulb, Baron Melcombe,\\nstatesman, born.\\nFaitborne, William, painter, engraver, A75.\\nFox, George, founder (Friends), A66.\\nLeland, John, cl., controversialist, born.\\nLower, Richard, anatomist, A60.\\nMackenzie, Sir George, lawyer, statesman,\\nwriter, Scotland, A45\\nOnslow, Arthur, statesman, born.\\nPocock, Edward, scholar, historian, A87.\\nApr. 11. Scot. Episcopacy is again\\nabolished, and bishops expelled on the\\nsuccession of William and Mary. [Sept.\\n19. Episcopacy is formally abolished.]\\nMay 7-July 20. Dublin. JamesII.con-\\nvenes the Irish Parliament, which at-\\ntaints 3,000 Protestants.\\nThe Compensation Bill for Dissen-\\nters is introduced.\\n1690** Scot. An Act of Settle-\\nment is passed.\\nIt abolishes prelacy in Scotland, and\\nrecognizes the Westminster Confession\\nas the creed of the church.\\nIre. Regium Donum, or Royal Gift,\\nis revived. (See 1672.)\\nThe bishops who refuse the oaths are\\ndeprived of their bishoprics.\\n1691 Feb. 1. The non-juring bishops\\nand others are deprived of their benefices.\\nThey proceed to form a separate corn-\\nApr. John Tillotson is made arch-\\nbishop of Canterbury [1694, Thomas\\nTenison], and John Sharp archbishop\\nof York.\\nJuly 18. Robert Boyle, the philoso-\\npher, institutes by his will and a legacy\\nthe Boyle Lectures in vindication of\\nChristianity. [The Christian Faith So-\\nciety is formed.]\\nIt. Innocent .XII. is elected pope.\\n[1700, Clement XI.]\\nRoman Catholics are excluded from\\nParliament.\\nIre. William and Mary depose two\\nbishops for not taking oaths to their\\nsovereigns.\\nMany of the General Baptist churches\\nadopt Unitarian views.\\nLETTERS.,\\n1688 John Dryden, poet laureate,\\nis deposed at the Revolution, and is\\nsucceeded by Thomas Shad well.\\nLondon. Universal Intelligence, The\\nEnglish Courant, The London Courant,\\nThe London Mercury, The Orange Ga-\\nzette, The London Intelligence, Tile Har-\\nlem Courant, and other papers, are\\nissued.\\nCHURCH.\\n1688 Dec. 11. London. Anti-Catholic\\nmobs burn Roman Catholic chapels, and\\ninsult ambassadors from Roman Catholic\\nstates.\\nThe Convocation of Clergy refuses\\nto be lowered to the grade of dissenting\\nbodies, and he numbered as one of sev-\\neral holding the Protestant religion.\\n1689 Mar. 1. Oaths of allegiance and\\nsupremacy are taken by the clergy.\\nArchbishop Sancroft and the five bish-\\nops (Bath and Wells, Ely, Gloucester,\\nNorwich, and Peterborough; are sus-\\npended for refusing to take the oaths to\\nthe new sovereigns, William and Mary.\\nMar. 14. Scot. A committee votes to\\nreestablish Presbyterianism.\\nThe Toleration Act is passed.\\nThe state formally renounces the claim\\nto impose religions conformity, and per-\\nmits non-Episcopal worship.\\nConcerning Toleration, by John\\nLocke, appears. [1690, Essay Concern-\\ning the Human Understanding and Two\\nTreatises on Government 1693, Some\\nThoughts Concerning Education.\\nTable Talk, by John Selden, appears.\\n1689-95 London. The Athenian Ga-\\nzette or Causticat Mercury, resolving all\\nthe most Wise and Curious Questions,\\nis issued.\\n1690 The Worcester Postman is is-\\nsued [now known as Barrotv s Worces-\\nter Journal],\\nIre. The Dublin Intelligencer is is-\\nsued.\\nJournal, by George Fox, appears.\\n1691 History of Learning is issued.\\nAug. -93 Dec* Works of the Learned\\nis issued.\\n1691-94 The Gentleman s Journal is\\nissued.\\n1691-1709 Memoirs, by Sir William\\nTemple, appears. [1G95, Introduction to\\nthe History of England.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0910.jp2"}, "911": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1688, Nov. *-1692, Jan. 16. 899\\nSOCIETY.\\n1688 Dec. 11. London. The royal\\narmy being suddenly disbanded, re-\\nstraints of discipline are gone. Anti-\\nCatholic riots occur; chapels are\\nburned, and bouses of ambassadors from\\nRoman Catholic countries are attacked\\nby mobs.\\nDec. 12. London. The Irish Night.\\nA false report that Faversham s Irish\\ntroops are marching on the city causes\\nconsternation the citizens arm, bells\\nare rung, and candles are set at all win-\\ndows.\\n1689 Samuel Wesley marries Su-\\nsannah Annesley (parents of John Wes-\\nley.)\\n1690 Titles created, Earl of Scarbor-\\nough. [1694, Duke of Bedford, Duke\\nof Leeds, and Duke of Devonshire\\n1696, Duke of Albemarle 1697, Earl of\\nJersey, and Earl of Coventry 1G98,\\nBaron Barnard,]\\n1691 Aug. 19. Ire. The [famous] rob-\\nber, MacCabe, is hanged at Naas.\\nSocieties for the reformation of man-\\nners, aiming at the suppression of vice,\\nare organized.\\nSTATE.\\n1688 Dec. 11. London. King James\\ntears up the unissued writs for Parlia-\\nment, and flees, throwing the great seal\\ninto the Thames. [He escapes to France].\\nDec. 12-89 Feb. 13. Interregnum.\\nEngland is without a government.\\nDec. 12. H. L. The Peers establish\\nprovisional government under the\\npresidency of Lord Halifax.\\nDec. 13. Lord Chancellor Jeffreys is\\ntaken in disguise, rescued from the mob,\\nand committed to the Tower [where he\\ndies in a few months].\\nDec. 14. James is arrested by fisher-\\nmen, rudely taken ashore at Sheerness\\nfrom his vessel, and brought back to\\nLondon.\\nDec. 19. London. William enters and\\nholds court at St. James.\\nDec. 22. James again escapes; he sails\\nfor France [and becomes a pensioner of\\nLouis XIV.].\\n1689 Jan. 22. London. The Conven-\\ntion Parliament, summoned by the ad-\\nvice of the Peers, meets. [1690. Feb. 6.\\nDissolved.]\\nJan. 28. The House of Commons de-\\nclares the throne vacant.\\nJan. 30. EL L. A motion favoring a\\nregency is lost. Vote, 49-51. A motion\\ndenying divine right is carried.\\nVote, 53-46. A motion declaring the\\nthrone vacant is lost. Vote, 41-55.\\n[The question becomes an issue be-\\ntween the two houses; the decision of\\nWilliam to decline a regency, and of\\nMary to accept only a joint rule, brings\\nunity.]\\nITeb. 13. Both houses offer the crown\\nto William and Mary jointly, and ac-\\ncompany the offer with a declaration of\\nthe rights of subjects.\\nThe declaration condemns as illegal the\\nmaking or suspending laws, the levying of\\nmoney for the crown, or the maintaining of\\na standing army, without the consent of Par-\\nliament, the erecting of a Court of Commis-\\nsion for ecclesiastical causes, or the granting\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2of estates forfeited before the conviction of\\nthe offender; it claims the right of petition-\\ning the sovereign, of bearing arms, of free-\\ndom of election, and of freedom of debate in\\nParliament; it demands that Parliament\\nshall be frequently held, that excessive bail\\nshall not be exacted, and thai juries shall he\\nimpanelled ami returned in every trial; and\\nit prescribes a new oath of allegiance and\\nsupremacy, in which it is declared that no\\nforeign prince, person, prelate, state, or po-\\ntentate, hath or ought to bavc, any jurisdic-\\ntion, power, superiority, preeminence, or\\nauthority, ecclesiastical or spiritual, within\\nthis realm.\\nThe Revolution is completed.\\nWilliam, Prince of Orange, and his\\nwife Mary, daughter of James II., ac-\\ncept the crown they are proclaimed\\nKing and Queen of Great Britain, Ire-\\nland, and France.\\n1689-94 Mary reigns.\\n1689-1702 William HE. reigns.\\nFeb. Ministers\\nViscount Mordaunt; Thomas Osborne, Earl\\nof Danby [created Marquis of Carmarthen,\\nafterwards Duke of Leeds] George, Marquis\\nof Halifax; Arthur Herbert [Lord Torring-\\nton]; the Earls of Shrewsbury, SoUingliam,\\nSunderland, Dorset, and Middlesex; Wil-\\nliam, Earl [Duke] of Devonshire, Lord\\nGodolpbin, Lord Montague, and Lord De la\\nMere.\\nFeb. 18. The Convention Parliament\\nbecomes a regular Parliament by the\\npassage of a Transforming Act.\\nFeb. Members of Parliament take the\\noaths of allegiance and supremacy.\\nThe archbishop of Canterbury, seven\\nspiritual peers, several lay peers, and a\\nfew members of the Commons absent\\nthemselves.\\nFeb. William proposes the abolition of\\nthe hearth tax.\\nMar. 8. Arthur Herbert is made first\\nlord of the admiralty. [1690, Jan. 20,\\nThomas, Earl of Pembroke and Mont-\\ngomery 1692, Mar. 10, Charles, Lord\\nCornwallis 1693, Apr. 15, Anthony, Vis-\\ncount Falkland 1694, May 2, Edward\\nRussell [Earl of Orford] 1699, June 2,\\nJohn, Earl of Bridgewater.]\\nMar. 12. Ire. James H. lands with an\\narmed force. (See Army.)\\n[He is joined by Talbot, Earl of Tyr-\\nconnel, his former deputy, and is wel-\\ncomed by the Catholics. Mar. 24. He\\nenters Dublin.]\\nMar. Edinburgh. A Convention of the\\nEstates passes an act settling the crown\\nof Scotland on William and Mary.\\nMar. The Habeas Corpus Act is sus-\\npended for the first time.\\nMar. Parliament: The attainder of\\nLord Russell and Algernon Sidney is\\nMar. Parliament The first Mutiny\\nAct is passed.\\nIt is occasioned by a mutiny among the\\ntroops at Ipswich. [A mutiny act is\\npassed annually to make legal the exist-\\nence of a standing army.]\\nApr. 11. William and Mary are\\ncrowned Compton, bishop of London,\\nofficiates.\\nApr. 17. Sir John Holt is appointed\\nchief justice.\\nMay 7. Dublin. James n. opens the\\nIrish Parliament. [July 20. Closed.]\\n[It repeals the Act of Settlement, gives re-\\nligious freedom, asserts Ireland s legislative\\nindepeiuh iH p, and provides fliat the Catholic\\nclergy shall be entitled to all tithes paid by\\nCatholics.]\\nMay 24. Parliament The Toleration\\nAct is passed.\\nIt exempts Protestant dissenters from\\npenalties for non-attendance at the\\nservices of the Established Church.\\nMay Parliament orders the release from\\nprison of Titus Oates, and grants him\\na pension of \u00c2\u00a3300 a year.\\nJuly* Scot. Graham of Claverhouse\\nraises the standard of James XL\\nOct. ParHament The Bill of Eights\\nis passed.\\nIts title is An Act declaring the\\nRights and Liberties of the Subject, and\\nsettling the Succession of the Crown in\\na Protestant line.\\nThe great seal is in commission.\\nThe public debt is \u00c2\u00a3664,263.\\nLondon. The charter is restored.\\nIre. James orders the issue of a coin-\\nage of brass money.\\nHearth, or chimney tax, and poll-tax\\nare abolished.\\n1690 Mar. 20. Parliament meets.\\n[1695. Oct. 11. Dissolved.]\\nThe majority is Tory, and the ad-\\nministration consists of .Sidney, Lord\\nGodolphin Thomas, Earl of Danby\\nRichard Hampden Thomas, Earl of\\nPembroke Henry, Viscount Sydney\\nDaniel, Earl of Nottingham.\\nMay 20. Parliament: The Act of\\nGrace is passed.\\nIt gives indemnity to all partizans of\\nJames II., except persons guilty of\\ntreasonable correspondence with him.\\nMay 23. Parliament is prorogued.\\nJuly 4. London receives with great re-\\njoicing the news of William s victory at\\nthe battle of the Boyne.\\nDec. 29. Ire. Sir Charles Porter is\\nappointed lord chancellor.\\nSir John Trevor, Sir William Rawlin-\\nson, and Sir George Hutchins are ap-\\npointed keepers.\\nIre. Henry Sidney, Lord Sidney, is\\nappointed lord lieutenant.\\n1691 Jan. 5. Parliament is prorogued.\\nJan. 18. William goes to Holland, and\\nis present at the Congress of The Hague\\nfor the promotion of thealliance against\\nFrance. [Apr. 13. He returns. May 1.\\nHe again leaves for Holland.]\\nAug. Scot. The Government proclaims\\nindemnity to all rebellious Highland\\nchiefs who take the oath of allegiance\\nbefore the last day of the year.\\nOct. 3. Ire. The Treaty of Limerick\\nis signed.\\nIt is agreed that the Irish surrender; that\\nall Irish officers and soldiers desiring it shall\\nbe permitted to enter the service of France,\\nand shall have free transportation thereto\\nthat all attainders shall be annulled, and all\\noutlawries re versed; that at holies shall have\\nthe same freedom in the exercise of their\\nreligion as they enjoyed in the reign of\\nCharles II. that only the oath of allegiance\\nshall be required and that there shall be a\\ngeneral amnesty. [The treaty is violated by\\nthe Irish Parliament, consisting wholly of\\nProtestants, which passes severe penal laws\\nagainst Catholics.]\\nDec. 31. Lord Preston and two asso-\\nciates are arrested while conveying trea-\\nsonable correspondence to James II.\\n[Lord Preston and Ashton are tried, and\\nthe latter is executed.]\\n1692 Jan. 10. The Earl of Marlbor-\\nough, having been detected in treason-\\nable correspondence with James II., is\\ndismissed from his military command.\\n[May 5. Arrested, charged with con-\\nspiracy to restore James. (Innocent.)\\nMay 23. Dismissed from office as privy\\ncouncilor.]\\nJan. 16. King William signs the order\\nfor the extirpation of the Macdonalds\\nof Glencoe. (See Society.)\\nMISCELLANEOUS.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0911.jp2"}, "912": {"fulltext": "900 1692, Feb. 13-1700,** GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1692 May 19. Naval battle off La\\nHogue (p. 694).\\nAug. 3. Belg. William is defeated at\\nSteenkerke (p. 694).\\nThe match-lock and wheel-lock are\\nsuperseded by the fliiit-lock.\\n1693 Apr. 17. Parliament orders that\\nofficers, seamen, and marines shall re-\\nceive, as rewards, one-eighth the pro-\\nceeds of prizes.\\nJune 29\u00c2\u00b1. Port. The English de-\\nfeated off Cape St. Vincent (p. 694).\\nJuly 29. Belg. William defeated at\\nLanden; 20,000 allies are killed (p. 694).\\nSept. 24. The ring bayonet is adopted.\\n1695 July 1. Belg. King William\\nHE., with an army of English, Butch,\\nand Germans, lays siege to Namur.\\n[Aug. 26. Taken.]\\nAug. 19. Belg. The French, with\\n80,000 men under the Duke of Villeroy\\nand Marshal Rouffters, attempt to re-\\nlieve Kamur, but are defeated with\\ngreat loss.\\n1696 Jan. 29. The Royal Sovereign,\\nwith 100 guns, is wrecked and burned in\\nthe Medway.\\n1697 Sept. 20. Neth. The Peace of\\nRyswick ends the war with France.\\n1699 William III. sendB 30 ships\\nunder Sir George Rooke to aid Charles\\nXII. of Sweden against Denmark.\\nART SCIENCE \u00e2\u0080\u0094NATURE.\\n1694* Te Deum and Jubilate, written\\nfor St. Cecilia s Day by Henry Pureell,\\nappears.\\n1695 Nov. 15. Ire. A shower of\\ngreasy matter falls it becomes offen-\\nsively odorous when drying.\\nLondon. Lincoln s Inn Theater is\\nThe spiral pendulum spring is in-\\nvented by Robert Hooke.\\nLondon. John Lofting, from Holland,\\nestablishes the manufacture of thim-\\nbles at Islington.\\nThe cylinder and escapement for\\nwatches is invented by Thomas Tom-\\npion.\\n1696 Apr. 2. Ire. Dew resembling\\nbutter in its consistency and color is\\nformed in many places. [It falls fre-\\nquently in low places, and sometimes\\nremains a fortnight.]\\nA storm occurs on the east coast of\\nEngland; 200 colliers and coasters are\\nlost, with most of their crews.\\n1697* Scot. The problem of the caten-\\nary, with the analysis, is solved by Dr.\\nDavid Gregory.\\n1698* Capt. Thomas Savery invents a\\nheat-engine. He also suggests the use\\nof steam as a motive power\\nIre. The manufacture of cloth is out-\\nrageously restrained by law.\\n1700 George Graham invents the dead-\\nbeat and horizontal escapements for\\nwatches.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nHenley, John, preacher, born,\\n1693* Blount, Oliarh-s, deistieal wr., A39.\\nBradley, James, astro., mathematician, b.\\nCarew, Bamfyhie, Moore, li king of the beg-\\ngars, born.\\nCollinson, Peter, botanist, born.\\nEdwards, George, ornithologist, born.\\nFawkes, Francis, poet, A61.\\nHarrison, John, mechanician, born.\\nLilly, (ieorne, dramatist, born.\\nLudlow, Edmund, judge, A73.\\nNewcastle, Duke of, Thomas Holies Pelham,\\nstatesman, born.\\nBancroft, William, archbishop of Canter-\\nbury, A77.\\nSarsneld, Patrick, patriot, gen., ire., dies.\\nSomerville, William, poet. born.\\n1694 Sept. 22. Chesterfield, Earl of,\\nPhilip i Stanhope, statesman, author, b.\\nDec. 27. Mary II., queen, A32.\\nHutcheson, Francis, metaphys., Scot., b.\\nTillotson, John, arcbh. of Canterbury, A64.\\n1695 Bnshv, Hi. hard, master of Westmin-\\nister school, A90.\\nDalrvmple, .lames, tirst Viscount Stair, jurist,\\nScot., A76.\\nErskine, John, jurist, Scotland, born.\\nGlas, John, el., fdr. (G-lassites), Scotland, h.\\nPureell, Henry, musical composer, A37-\\nWood, Anthony, antiquarian, A63.\\n1696 Greene, .Maurice, composer, born.\\nHervey, Lord John, statesman, b.\\nHome, Henry, Lord Karnes, jurist, phi-\\nlosopher, Scotland, born.\\nKeith, James Francis Edward, marshal,\\nJacobite g neial, Scotland, born.\\nOglethorpe, James Edward, gen. fdr. Ga., b.\\nPelham, Sir Henry, statesman, born.\\n1697* Anson, Lord George, circumnavi-\\ngator, vice-admiral, born.\\nAubrey, John, topographer, antiquary, A71.\\nGill, John, Baptist clergyman, Uabbinical\\nscholar, author, born.\\nHogarth, WUliam, paint., engr., humo., b.\\nMuggleton, Ludowiek, fanatic, A88.\\n1698 Baker, Henry, naturalist, born.\\nJortin, John, el., preacher, author, born.\\nMacGeoghegan, James, abbe, scholar, histo-\\nrian, Ireland, born.\\nMaelaurin, Colin, math., phil., Scotland, b.\\nSavage, Richard, poet, born.\\nWarbnrton, William, bishop of Gloucester,\\nauthor, born.\\nWharton, Duke of, Philip, orator, poet, b.\\n1699* Bates, William, non-conformist\\nclergyman, A74.\\nChild, Sir Josiah, merchant, economist, A69.\\nLongman, Thomas, fdr. publishing house, b.\\nTemple, Sir WiUiam. states., mis. wr., A71.\\n1700 Amory, Thomas, clergyman, au., b.\\nArbuckle, James, poet, Scotland, born.\\nDyer, John, poet, born.\\nMallet, or Mallock, David, poet, Scot., born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1692* Dublin. The Quakers first\\nmeeting-house is opened in Eustace\\nStreet.\\n1695* The Congregational Fund\\nBoard is established to assist poor min-\\nisters.\\n1696* Edinburgh. Thomas Aikenhead\\nis executed for heresy he is the last\\nheretic executed in Great Britain.\\n1697 Dec. 2. London. The choir of St.\\nPaul s Cathedral is reopened [after the\\nfire] on the General Thanksgiving Day\\nfor Peace.\\n1698 Liverpool is made a separate\\nparish.\\nFirst Bible Society is formed.\\nIt is called The Society for the Pro-\\nmotion of Christian Knowledge.\\n1699 Parliament passes an act to pre-\\nvent the growth of popery.\\nIt provides a payment of \u00c2\u00a3100 to pros-\\necutors of Gatholics, and the forfeiture\\nof Catholic estates. Teachers and priests\\nare liable to imprisonment for life.\\n1700 The Unitarians of Central Eu-\\nrope come to England.\\nLETTERS.\\n1692 Nahum Tate is made poet\\nlaureate.\\n1692-93 The Complete Library is issued.\\n1693 The censorship of the press is\\nestablished by a license.\\nMemoirs for the Ingenious is issued.\\nThe Old Bachelor and The Double\\nDealer, by William Congreve, appear.\\n[1695, Love for Love 1697, The Mourning\\nBride; 1700, The Way of the World.]\\n1695 The censorship of the press hav-\\ning been abolished, newspapers are be-\\ngun to be regularly issued.\\nThe Mercury is issued at Stamford\\n[now known as The Lincoln, Rutland,\\nand Stamford Mercury.]\\n1696 London. Lloyd s News is issued\\nby Edward Lloyd.\\n1697 Dissertation on the Epistles of\\nPhalaris, by Richard Bentley, ap-\\npears.\\nThe Relapse, yEsop, and The Provoked\\nWife, by Sir John Vanbrugh, appear.\\n[1702, The Ealse Friend.]\\nTranslation of Vergil s Works, and\\nAlexander s Feast, by John Dryden, ap-\\npear. [1700, Fables.]\\n1698* London. [Queen] Anne founds\\nGrey-coat School, Westminster.\\nShort View of the Immorality and Pro-\\nfaneness of the English Stage, by Jeremy\\nCollier, appears.\\n*A metrical version of the Psalms is\\nprepared by Nahum Tate and Nicholas\\nBrady.\\nLove in a Bottle, bv George Farquhar.\\nappears. \\\\UW, A Constant Couple 1701,\\nSir Harry Wildair; 1702, The Inconstant\\nor the Way to Win Him, and The Twin\\nRivals; 1704, The Stage Coach; 1707, The\\nBeaux Stratagem.]\\n1699 Mar. Scot. The Edinburgh Ga-\\nzette is issued.\\n1699-1712 London. A History of the\\nWorks of the Learned is issued.\\n1700 Dublin. Rue s Occurances is is-\\nsued.\\nCarmen Seculare, by Matthew Prior,\\nappears. [1709. Poems.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1692 Feb. 13. Scot. Massacre of\\nGlencoe.\\nMaclan Macdonald and about 60 of his\\nclan, including women and children, are\\nmurdered by royal troops under Capt.\\nCampbell (Glenivon), at the instigation\\nof Sir John Dalrymple [Earl of Stair],\\nfor not having taken the oath of alle-\\nfiance before Jan. 1 the troops had\\neen MacdonuM s guests for 12 days.\\nLondon. Robert Young, a prisoner\\nin Newgate, forges the hands of the\\nEarls of Marlborough and Salisbury, and\\nother nobility, to a pretended associa-\\ntion for restoring K ing James the lords\\nare imprisoned, but the imposture being\\ndetected, Young is fined \u00c2\u00a31,000, and put\\nin the pillory. [He is afterwards hanged\\nfor coining.]\\n1693 Lotteries are established [and\\nfor more than 130 years yield a large\\nannual revenue, to the crown],\\n1694 Many persons are executed for\\nclipping the coins.\\nMar. 12. Sir John Trevor, Speaker of\\nthe House of Commons, is expelled from\\nthe chair and the House for taking a\\ngratuity after the act for the benefit of\\norphans had passed.\\n1695 Oct. 10. William III. is received\\non his return from the continent with\\nilluminations and public rejoicings.\\nA tax is laid on marriages; a duke\\nhas to pay \u00c2\u00a350, a common person, two\\nshillings and sixpence.\\nBirths of children are taxed a duke,\\n\u00c2\u00a330, a common person two shillings.\\nA statute declares that the slave-\\ntrade is highly beneficial and advan-\\ntageous to the kingdom and the colo-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0912.jp2"}, "913": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1692, Feb. 13-1700,\\n901\\nWidowers are taxed a duke, \u00c2\u00a312 10s.\\nlower peers, smaller sums a common\\nperson, one shilling.\\nProfane swearing is made punisha-\\nble by a tine a laborer or servant for-\\nfeiting one shilling, others two shillings,\\nfor the first offense; for the second\\noffense, lour shillings; for the third\\noffense, six shillings.\\n1696 Feb. The Assassination Plot,\\nto kill William III., is discovered.\\nIt was organized by Sir George Barclay\\nand other .Iacobit.es, and was to have been\\nsimultaneously executed with one for an in-\\nsurrection to be aided by French invaders.\\nAbout 40 ruffians undertook to kill William,\\nnear Turnham Green, Middlesex, on Feb. H,\\nbut their scheme was disclosed by Prender-\\ngast, a Roman Catholic,\\nFeb. A national loyal association is\\norganized.\\nIt is to protect the king from assassins; and\\nit immediately all persons holding office\\nunder the Government are required to be\\nmembers.\\nMar. -Apr. Robert Charnock, Edward\\nKing, Thomas Keyes, Sir William Parkyna,\\nSir John Friend, Ambrose Knokwood, Charles\\nCranburne, and Edward Lowiek are tried,\\nconvicted, and executed for complicity in the\\nplot for the assassination of the king.\\nPlate, with the exception of spoons,\\nis prohibited in public houses.\\nA justice s license is required before\\nanybody is entitled to sell but distillers\\nare permitted to retail without license,\\nprovided they do not tolerate tippling\\nin their houses.\\nSTATE.\\n1692 The Administration is directed\\nby the Junto* Whigs.\\nJohn Somers, lord keeper, Edward\\nRussell, Shrewsbury, and Thomas Whar-\\nton, secretaries of state, and Charles\\nMontagu, chancellor of the exchequer.\\n1693 Jan. 20. Parliament The per-\\nmanent national debt begins in an act\\nfor raising money for carrying on a war\\nagainst France. [One million pounds are\\nborrowed on annuities at 10 per cent.]\\nNov. Government by party is intro-\\nduced.\\nThe king selects his ministers from the\\nparty having the majority in the House\\nof Commons.\\nfc Sir John Somers is appointed lord\\n1697 Jan. 28. Sir John Fenwick is\\nexecuted after trial by bill of attainder\\nfor complicity in the assassination plot.\\n[He is the last person executed in Eng-\\nland by act of attainder.]\\nUov. 26. London. There is great pub-\\nlic rejoicing on William s entry into\\nthe city, on the restoration of peace, and\\nthe return of commercial prosperity.\\nDec. 2. National thanksgiving is ob-\\nserved for the restoration of peace.\\nSunderland orders a correction of the\\nprofaneness and immorality of the\\ndrama.\\n1698 Jan. 11. Peter the Great, Czar\\nof Russia, arrives in England.\\nHawkers and pedlers are first li-\\ncensed.\\nLondon. Thomas Firmin advocates a\\npopular and benevolent scheme for set-\\nting the poor at work.\\nSocieties for the reformation of\\nmanners abound.\\nThey lay informations of swearers,\\ndrunkards, and Sabbath-breakers before\\nmagistrates, and apply the informer s\\nportion of the fines paid to charities.\\nPrevailing immorality and inde-\\ncency of the stage.\\nCharity is represented as the thin dis-\\nguise of scheming women, and adultery\\na proper pursuit of refined gentlemen,\\nand virtuous people the butt of ridicule.\\n1699 Feb. 13. The Government no-\\ntifies the play-houses that they are to\\nenact nothing contrary to religion and\\ngood manners.\\nJohn Archdale, a Quaker, is elected\\nto Parliament having refused to take\\nthe oaths, his election is declared void.\\nA statute is passed making shoplift-\\ning a felony without benefit of clergy.\\nThe Charitable Society of Natives,\\nWinchester, is founded.\\n1700 Calico is prohibited to be\\nprinted or worn.\\n1694 Mar. 12\u00c2\u00b1. H. C. Sir John\\nTrevor, Speaker, is expelled for receiv-\\ning a bribe.\\nMay The Earl of Marlborough writes\\na treasonable letter to James II.\\nJuly 23. London. The Bank of Eng-\\nland, projected by William Paterson,\\na Scotch merchant, is established it is\\ngranted certain privileges in return for\\na loan of \u00c2\u00a31,200,000 to the Government.\\nDec. 22. Parliament The act provid-\\ning for triennial Parliaments is signed\\nby the king.\\nDec. 28. Queen Mary dies.\\n1695 June 7. Sir Richard Tyne is\\nappointed chief justice.\\nNov. 22. The first triennial Parlia-\\nment meets the Whigs are in a major-\\nity. [1698. July 7. Dissolved.]\\nParliament The censorship of the\\npress in the form of license is abolished.\\nParliament A recoinage act is\\npassed.\\nIt authorizes the withdrawal of coins\\ndepreciated by clipping, and the issue of\\nnew coins, the loss of the difference in\\nvalue to be borne by the public ex-\\nchequer. [It causes a commercial panic]\\nEdinburgh. The Bank of Scotland\\nis founded.\\nDublin. The Protestant Parliament\\nmakes severe laws against Catholics.\\nThey make it a penal act for a Catholic\\nto bear arms, or to teach school, or to\\nhave his children instructed in the Cath-\\nolic faith, or to own a horse worth more\\nthan \u00c2\u00a35 and it is enacted that all popish\\narchbishops, bishops, and other clergy\\nshall quit the kingdom before May 1,\\n1698.\\nThe window-tax .is first enacted, to\\ndefray the expense of and the deficiency\\nin the recoinage of silver.\\n1696 Feb. 24. The king informs Par-\\nliament of a Jacobite plot to assassinate\\nhim and invade the kingdom in favor of\\nJames II. (See Society.)\\nFeb. The Habeas Corpus Act is tem-\\nporarily suspended.\\nParliament The Trial for Treason\\nAct is passed.\\nIt provides that the accused shall be\\npermitted to have the aid of counsel,\\nand that evidence of two witnesses be\\nrequired to prove an overt act.\\nIre. The free exportation of flax,\\nhemp, linen, yarn, and thread is enacted\\nbut the exportation of English wool and\\nthe importation of Irish wool into Eng-\\nland are prohibited.\\nIre. An act is passed permitting\\nQuakers to affirm instead of taking\\noaths in courts of law.\\n1697 Jan. 12. Ire. Sir John Jeffrey-\\nson, Thomas Coote, and Nehemiah Don-\\nellan are appointed lord keepers. [Dec.\\n21, Edward, K;ui of Aleath Francis, Earl\\nof Longford and Murrough and Vis-\\ncount Blessington.]\\nMar 11. Ire. J.Metheunis appointed\\nlord chancellor.\\nSir John Somers is appointed lord\\nhigh chancellor, and created a peer\\nRussell is created Earl of Orford.\\nSept. 20. Keth. Peace of Ryswick (p.\\n695).\\n1698 May Charles Montagu is ap-\\npointed first commissioner of the treas-\\nury. [1699, Ford, Earl of Tankerville.]\\nAug. 24. Parliament meets. [1700.\\nDec. 19. Dissolved.]\\nSept. 5. A new East India Company\\n(the English is chartered, and the\\nold (the London is suspended for\\nthree years. [1702. Both are united.]\\nOct. 11. Neth. First Partition Treaty.\\n[1700. Mar. 13. The second.] (P. 695.)\\nParliament. Laws are passed to dis-\\ncourage the woolen, and encourage the\\nlinen, manufacture of Ireland.\\n1699 Feb. Parliament An act is\\npassed reducing the army from 14,000\\nto 7,000 men, and dismissing the Dutch\\ntroops.\\n1700 Apr. 11. Parliament: An act\\nis passed resuming for public uses the\\nIrish forfeited estates granted to King\\nWilliam s Dutch favorites.\\nApr. Somers is dismissed from office.\\nJuly 30. The Duke of Gloucester, the\\nlast of Anne s 17 children, dies.\\nLord Chief Justice Sir George Treby\\nand Chief Baron Sir Edward Ward\\nare appointed lord keepers. [Later, Sir\\nNathan Wright.]\\nIre. Lawrence Hyde, Earl of Roch-\\nester, is appointed lord lieutenant.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1692+ London. Lloyd s, a coffee-\\nhouse near the Boyal Exchange, kept\\nby Edward Lloyd, becomes a place of\\nmeeting for merchants.\\n1694 Water-works are erected at\\nExeter.\\n1695* Edinburgh. The African and\\nEast India Company is incorporated.\\n1696 London. The Hand-in-Hand\\nis the first regular fire insurance office\\nset up in the city.\\n1696-99 The first Eddystone light-\\nhouse is erected.\\n1697 The displays of fireworks in\\ncelebration of the Treaty of Ryswick\\ncost \u00c2\u00a310,000.\\n1698 Jan. 4. London. The palace of\\nWhitehall, except the banqueting house,\\nis burned.\\n1699 The old dock, Liverpool, is con-\\nstructed. [1700. June 2. The Marlbor-\\nough is the first ship to enter it.]\\n1700 The first auction sale in Eng-\\nland takes place.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0913.jp2"}, "914": {"fulltext": "902 1701, Feb. 6-1709, Aug. 14. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1701 Feb.+ Neth. The French\\nseize the seven Dutch barrier for-\\ntresses, including Luxemburg, Mons,\\nand Charleroi, thereby precipitating hos-\\ntilities with England (p. 695).\\n1701-13 War of the Spanish Succes-\\nsion (pp. 512, 694).\\n1702 May 4. War with France is\\nproclaimed.\\nAug. 19t. Sp. A naval battle off\\nCartagena (p. 694).\\nAug. Sp. Cadiz attacked (p. 696).\\nSept. 19. Neth. Marlborough, com-\\nmanding the allies, takes Venlo by\\nstorm. [He besieges and takes fiure-\\nmonde and Stevenswart.]\\nOct. 12. Sp. French are defeated off\\nVigo (p. 696).\\nOct. 23. Belg. Liege taken (p. 696).\\n1703 Nov. 27- A great storm wrecks\\nthe war-ships Stirling Castle, Mary,\\nNorthumberland, Vanguard, Resolution,\\nNewcastle, and Reserve.\\nMarlborough invades the Spanish\\nNetherlands and takes Bonn, Huy, Lim-\\nburg, and Guelders.\\n1704 July 24. Sp. Gibraltar taken\\n(page 696). [Oct. 11. Besieged by the\\nFrench and Spanish. Nov. 11. The\\nFrench retire, after losing several ships\\nand 10,000 men.]\\nAug. 13. Ger. Battle of Blenheim\\n(p. 696).\\nSp. In a naval battle off Malaga,\\nthe English under Sir George Rooke de-\\nfeat the French under Oomte Toulouse.\\n1705 July 18. Belg. Battle of Tirle-\\nmont (p. 696).\\nOct. 4. Sp. Barcelona surrenders (p.\\n696).\\n1706 Apr. 6. Sp. King Philip of Spain\\nlays siege to Barcelona.\\n[May 11. The English under Sir John\\nLeake compel him to raise it. The\\nEnglish and Portuguese shortly after-\\nwards occupy Madrid, but evacuate it\\nthe following August.]\\nMay 23. Belg. Battle of Ramillies\\n(pp. 542, 696). [The surrender of Lou-\\nvain and Brussels follows.]\\n1707 Apr. 25. Sp. Battle of Almanza\\n(p. 696).\\nOct. 22. It. Adm. Sir C. Shovel and his\\nship Association are lost off the Scilly\\nIsles.\\n1708 May 22. Adm. Leake captures\\n60 French vessels laden with provisions\\nin the Mediterranean.\\nJuly 11. Belg. Battle of Oudenarde\\n(p. 696).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1703 Nov. 27. The Great Storm\\nrages.\\nIt causes immense loss of life and prop-\\nerty on the land and water. The loss in\\nLondon alone is estimated at 2,000,000\\n8,000 lives are lost in the Severn and\\nThames, and by wrecks on the coast of\\nHolland, and by ships which founder at\\nsea 17,000 trees are torn up by the roots\\nin Kent alone: the Eddystone light-\\nhouse is destroyed. It is regarded as a\\nnational calamity.\\nLondon. Sir Isaac Newton becomes\\npresident of the Royal Society.\\n1704 A comet approaches the earth,\\nand is visible for several months, the\\npeople being much frightened.\\nNewton publishes his Optics, first ex-\\nplaining the phenomena of the spectrum.\\n1705 Halley predicts the return of\\nthe comet in 1758.\\nThomas Newcomen sets up the first\\nsteam-engine to do mining work.\\nLondon. Her Majesty s Theater\\n[Italian Opera House] is first opened.\\n1706 A life assurance company is\\nestablished by Bishop Allen.\\n1707 London. The Society of An-\\ntiquaries, for preserving the national\\nantiquities, is partially revived. [1717.\\nReconstructed. 1750. Chartered.]\\nLondon. An extraordinary plague of\\nfleas occurs they cover the clothes of\\nthe people.\\nSamuel Newton and others obtain\\npatents for obtaining starch from pota-\\ntoes.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1701* Cruden, Alexander, author concord-\\ndance, Scotland, born.\\nDryden, John, courtier, poet, critic, writer,\\nA69.\\nJames II., king, dies in France, A78.\\nKiffin, William, (Particular I .aptist), A85.\\nSedley, Sir Charles, poet, dramatist, A62.\\nThomson, .lames, poet, Scotland, born.\\n1702 Benbow, John, admiral, A52.\\nDoddridge, Philip, non-conformist clergy-\\nman, theologian, philosopher, born.\\ntally, Count, Thomas Arthur, Baron of\\nTollendal. French general in India, Ire., b.\\nSunderland, Earl of, Robert Spencer, states-\\nman, A 60.\\n1703 June 17. Wesley, John, founder of\\nMethodism, b.\\nDodsley, Robert, poet, dramatist, writer, b.\\nHooke, Robert, math., inventor, A68.\\nLaw, Edmund, metaphysician, born.\\nPepys, Samuel, secretary to admiralty,\\nauthor of famous Diary, A61.\\nWallis, John, mathematician, A87.\\nWarren, Sir Peter, admiral, born.\\n1704 Oct. 28. Locke, John, statesman,\\nscientist, philosopher, A72.\\nBathurst, Ralph, poet, philosopher, theolo-\\ngian, A84.\\nBuxton, Jedediah, arithmetician, born.\\nByng, Honorable John, admiral, born.\\nJenvns, Soame. poet, writer, politician, b.\\nL Estrange, Sir Roger, political writer, A88.\\nPococke, Richard, bp. of Meath, traveler, b.\\n1705* Birch, Thomas, hist., biographer, b.\\nBrowne, Isaac Hawkins, poet, born.\\nHartley, David, founder of English Asso-\\nciation of psychologists, born.\\nLoudoun, John C, fourth Earl of, general, b.\\nMansfield, Earlof, William Murray, jurist, b.\\nOates, Titus, contriver of Popish plot, A86.\\nRay, or Wray, John, naturalist, A77.\\nTucker, Abraham, philosopher, born.\\n1706 Baskerville, John, printer and type-\\nfounder, born.\\nBrooke, Henry, novelist., poet, Ireland, born.\\nDorset, Earl of, Charles Saekville, poet, A(i9.\\nEvelyn, John, miscellaneous writer, A86.\\n1707 Fanpihar, (ieorge, comic dramatist,\\nIreland, A29.\\nFielding, Henry, poet, dram., novelist, b.\\nFoulis, Robert, printer, publisher, Scot., b.\\nPringle, Sir John, physician, Scotland, born.\\nRobins, Benjamin, mathematician, natural\\nphilosopher, born.\\nSherlock, William, clergyman, author, A66.\\nShovel, Sir Cloiulcslcy, admiral, A57.\\n1708 Nov. 15. Pitt, William, Earl of\\nChatham, statesman, orator, born.\\nPhillips, John, poet, A32.\\nTyson, Edward, phvsicmn, anatomist, A59.\\nWeBley, Charles, cl., hymn-writer, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1701 June 16. The first charter is\\ngranted to the Society for the Propaga-\\ntion of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, by\\nKing William III. (See America.)\\n1702 Nov. 12. A national thanks-\\ngiving is observed for Marlborough s\\nvictories. [1704. Sept. 7. Again ob-\\nserved.]\\n1703 Jan. 19. A general fast is ob-\\nserved after the great storm.\\nJune 17. John Wesley is born in the\\nEpworth parsonage.\\nNov. Queen Anne s Bounty is es-\\ntablished to increase the incomes of th\u00c2\u00ab\\npoorer clergy.\\nIre. Severe laws against Roman Cath-\\nolics are promulgated.\\n1704 The sacramental test is imposed\\nby the Popery Act.\\n1707 Scot. The union of England\\nand Scotland is consummated. Fresby-\\nterianism is recognized as the national\\nreligion, and is fully guaranteed in its\\nrights.\\n1708 Roman Catholics are forbid-\\nden to marry Protestants.\\n1709 Aug. 14-Nov. 5. London. Dr.\\nHenry Sacheverell, of St. Saviour s,\\nSouthwark, preaches two sermons\\nagainst the Whig Ministry.\\n[They excite the people with appre-\\nhension for the safety of the church,\\nand fire their hostility against dissenters,\\nwhose meeting-houses they assault. The\\nHigh Church and Low Church partiei\\nare developed. 1710. Mar. 23. He is\\nsuspended for three years. 1713. Apr.\\n13. Reinstated.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1701* The Funeral, by Steele, appears.\\n[1703, The Lying Lover 1705, The Tender\\nHusband.]\\n1702 A chemistry professorship is\\nestablished at Cambridge.\\nA New Short Treatise of Algebra, to-\\ngether with a Sjwcimcn of the Nature and\\nAlgorithm of Fluxions, hy John Harris r\\nappears.\\nThe Shortest Way with Dissenters, by\\nDaniel Defoe, appears.\\n1703 London. The Daily Courant is\\nissued.\\nFeb. London. The Review, the first\\ncritical periodical of the kind, is issued\\nby Daniel Defoe.\\nThe complete works of Euclid in\\nGreek, edited by Dr. David Gregory, ap-\\npear at Oxford.\\n1704 An astronomy professorship is\\nestablished at Cambridge.\\nIre. An edition of the Bible, the first\\nprinted in Ireland, appears.\\nThe Tale of a Tub and The Battle of\\nthe Bools, by Jonathan Swift, appear.\\n[1707, Argument Against Abolishing\\nChristianity and Baucis and Philemon.]\\nThe Lexicon Technicmn, by John Har-\\nris, appears it is the first English en-\\ncyclopedia.\\n1705 Scot. The Edinburgh Courant is\\nissued.\\nEdward Harley, Earl of Oxford, be-\\ngins the collection of a library of manu-\\nscripts and rare books [the Harleian\\nLibrary of the British Museum.]\\nThe Campaign, by Joseph Addison,\\nappears.\\n1706 London. The Country Gentle-\\nman s Courant is issued.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0914.jp2"}, "915": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1701, Feb. 6-1709, Aug. 14. 903\\nThe Norwich Postman is issued.\\n1707 History of the Great Rebellion,\\nby Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon,\\nappears.\\nAn anatomy professorship is estab-\\nlished at Cambridge.\\n1708 Oct. Scot. The Edinburgh Fly*\\ning Post is issued.\\n1709 Apr. 13-11 Jan. 13. The Tat-\\nler is founded by Sir Richard Steele.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1701 Scot. The title, Earl of Sea-\\nfield, is created also Duke of Argyll.\\n[1703, Duke of Atbole, Earl of Rosebery,\\nEarl of Glasgow, Earl of Hopetoun, and\\nEarl of Stair; 1707, Duke of Montrose,\\nand Duke of Roxburghe.]\\n1702 Titles created Duke of Marl-\\nborough. [1703, Earl of Poulett 1711,\\nEarl of Dartmouth, Baron Boyle, Duke\\nof Ferrers, Baron Middleton, Baron\\nBrandon, and Baron Hay.]\\n1703 July* London. Daniel Defoe\\nis condemned to stand three times in\\nthe pillory, and suffer imprisonment for\\nwriting The Shortest Way With Dissent-\\ners.\\nDec. 23. Archduke Charles of Aus-\\ntria, Charles III. of Spain, visits Eng-\\nland.\\nMay-poles are again set up.\\nLondon. TheKit-CatClubisfounded.\\nIt consists of about 30 members, in-\\ncluding the Duke of Marlborough, Sir\\nRobert Walpole, Addison, Steele, and\\nGarth, and its object is to promote the\\nProtestant succession.\\nDublin. The House of Commons ex-\\npeDs Mr. Asgill from his seat because\\nhe had written a book in which he as-\\nserted the possibility of translation to\\nthe other world without death.\\nQueen Anne touches for the cure\\nof the king s evil.\\n1705 Two alleged witches are exe-\\ncuted at Northampton. [1712. Five more.]\\n1706 Dec. 21. Edinburgh. The sign-\\ning of the Articles of Union causes a\\ntumult. [Also at Dumfries.]\\n1708 Edward Colston s hospital, a\\nfree school, and other charities are\\nestablished at Bristol.\\nA committee of the Commons declares\\nthe slave-trade is important and ought\\nto be free.\\nSTATE.\\n1701 Feb. 6. Parliament meets; the\\nTories are in a majority Robert Har-\\nley, Speaker. [Nov. 11. Dissolved.]\\nApr. 4. The Earl of Pembroke is made\\nfirst lord of the Admiralty. [1702, May\\n20, George, Prince of Denmark (lord\\nhigh admiral) 1708, Nov. 29 Earl of\\nPembroKe 1709, Oct. 8, Earl of Orford\\n1710, Oct. 4; Sir John Leake 1712, Sept.\\n30, Earl of Stratford 1714, Oct. 14,\\nEarl of Oxford 1717, Mar. 19, Earl of\\nBerkeley.]\\nMay 8. H. C. Kentish men petition\\nthe Commons to support the king with\\nsupplies to assist his allies. [May 13.\\nThe petitioners are committed to prison\\nby the Commons for attempting to sub-\\nvert established government.\\nJune 12. Parliament: The Act of\\nSettlement is passed.\\nIt settles the crown on the Princess Sophia\\nof Hanover, granddaughter of James I., and\\nher issue; it enacts that the sovereigns of\\nGreat Britain shall be Protestants they\\nshall not leave the kingdom without consent\\nof Parliament; ministers shall lie responsible\\nfor the acts of the sovereign, and judges\\nshall hold office tor life.\\nJuly 1. The king embarks for Holland.\\n[Nov. 4. Returns.]\\nSept. 6. Fr. James H. dies.\\nSept 7. William forms the Grand Alli-\\nance (p. 695).\\nSept. Louis XIV. acknowledges James s\\nson, James Francis Edward Stuart [the\\nOld Pretender], as king of England,\\nScotland, and Ireland.\\nDec. 30. Parliament meets. [1702.\\nJuly 2. Dissolved.]\\nParliament A law is passed wholly\\nprohibiting the exportation of cloth,\\nfrom Ireland except to certain ports in\\nEngland.\\n1702 Feb. 21. William falls from\\nhis horse and fractures his collar-bone.\\n[Mar. 8. He dies.]\\n1702-14 Anne reigns.\\nAnne is daughter of James II., and\\nwife of Prince George of Denmark.\\nMar. The Earl of Marlborough is sent\\nas envoy extraordinary to the States\\nGeneral.\\nMay 8. The Godolphin Administration\\nis formed.\\nMinisters Lord Godolphin, high treas-\\nurer; Sir Charles Hedges and the Earl of\\nNottingham [1704, succeeded by Robert Har-\\nley, Earl of Oxford], secretaries of state\\nSir Nathan Wright, keeper; Marquis of Nor-\\nmanby, privy seal; Henry Boyle, chancellor\\nof the exchequer; and Earl of Pembroke and\\nMontgomery, president.\\nParliament The crown s power of\\ngranting pensions is checked by statute.\\nAug. 20. Parliament meets Robert\\nHarley, Speaker. [1705. Apr. 5. Dis-\\nsolved.]\\nAug. 26. Ire. Lord Methuen is ap-\\npointed lord high chancellor.\\nDeo. 10. Marlborough is created duke\\nfor eminent services.\\nThe National debt, \u00c2\u00a316,394,702.\\n1703 Ire. Further severe laws are\\npassed against Catholics.\\nMay* Edinburgh. Parliament as-\\nsembles. It passes the Act of Settle-\\nment.\\nNov.* Parliament: Queen Anne s\\nBounty is established.\\nIt is a grant of the first fruits and\\ntenths accruing to the crown from spirit-\\nual preferments, in trust, for increasing the\\nincomes from small benefices; the first\\nfruits being the whole profits for the first\\nyear, and the tenths the tenth of the an-\\nnual profit.\\nDec. 27. The Methuen Treaty is con-\\ncluded with Portugal by Paul Methuen.\\nHeavy Portugal wines are admitted at\\none-third lower rate than light French\\nwines Portugal agrees to import her\\nwoolens from England.\\nIre. Jas. Butler, Duke of Ormonde,\\nis appointed lord lieutenant. [Aug. 6.\\nSir Richard Cox becomes lord high\\nchancellor.]\\n1704 France formally assents to honor\\nthe British flag by the flag-salute at sea.\\n1705 Oct. 25. Parliament meets the\\nWhigs are in a majority. John Smith,\\nSpeaker. [1708. Apr. 11. Dissolved.]\\nWilhelmina Carolina Dorothea, of\\nBrandenburg Anspach, marries Prince\\nGeorge [George II.].\\nDec. 21. Ex-Queen Catherine, widow of\\nCharles II., dies.\\nWilliam Cowper [Lord Cowper] is\\nappointed lord keeper. [1707, lord\\nhigh chancellor.]\\n1706 Apr. 16. London. Thirty-one\\ncommissioners from each of the two\\nkingdoms meet to negotiate terms of\\nlegislative union between England and\\nScotland. [July 22. They agree upon\\nArticles of Union.]\\nDec. Lord Sunderland is appointed\\nsecretary of state.\\n1707 Jan. 16. Edinburgh. The Act\\nof the Scottish Estates (Parliament) for\\nthe union of England and Scotland is\\npassed. Vote, 110-69.\\nProvisions: The Princess Sophia of Han-\\nover and her Protestant bens shall succeed\\nto the crown of the United Kingdom; there\\nshall be one Parliament, to whicn Scotland\\nshall send 16 elective peers and 45 members\\nof the Commons; no more peers shall be cre-\\nated for Scotland; Scotch law and legai ad-\\nministration remain unchanged; the Episco-\\npal Church in England and the Presbyterian\\nChurch in Scotland remain unchanged; the\\nUnion Jack shall be the national flag of Great\\nBritain.\\nMar. 25. Edinburgh. The Scottish\\nParliament meets for the last time.\\nThe regalia of Scotland crown, scep-\\nter, and sword of state are deposited\\nin an oaken chest in Edinburgh Castle.\\nMay 1. The union of England and\\nScotland as Great Britain goes into\\neffect.\\nOct. 23. The first Parliament of\\nGreat Britain meets, it being a second\\nParliament of Anne revived by procla-\\nmation.\\nHarley and St. John are dismissed\\nfrom the Cabinet H. Boyle and Rob-\\nert Walpole take their places, the lat-\\nter as secretary of war.\\nMrs. Masham (Abigail Hill) is the\\nnew favorite of the Queen.\\nH. C. It is enacted that members of\\nthe House accepting any office of profit\\nunder the crown thereby vacate their\\nseats.\\nIre. Thomas, Earl of Pembroke, is\\nappointed lord lieutenant and Richard\\nFreeman lord chancellor.\\nThe queen vetoes a militia bill for\\nScotland. [It is the last exercise of the\\nroyal veto power.]\\n170S Mar. Scot. James Francis Ed-\\nward Stuart, Chevalier de St. George,\\nthe Old Pretender, makes an unsuc-\\ncessful attempt to land with a French\\nforce.\\nNov. 18. Parliament meets the ma-\\njority is Whig Sir Richard Onslow,\\nSpeaker the Whig leaders are Som-\\ners, Halifax, Wharton, Oxford, and Sun\\nderland. [1710. Sept. 10. Dissolved.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1703 The registering- of deeds and\\nconveyances disposing of real estate is\\nappointed to be effected in Yorkshire\\nand in Middlesex. [Because of the\\ngreater security thus given, the value of\\nestates increases in those counties.]\\n1705 Jan. 13. A fireworks establish-\\nment blows up, destroying 120 houses\\nand killing 120 persons.\\n1706 The Amicable is the first life\\ninsurance office established in Eng-\\nland.\\n1708 Apr. 4. Ire. The Castle of Bel-\\nfast is burned.\\nLondon. The united British East In-\\ndia Company is incorporated.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0915.jp2"}, "916": {"fulltext": "904 1709, Sept. 11-1716, May 7. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1709 Sept. 11. Fr. Battle of Mal-\\nplaquet (p. 696).\\nDec. 25. Mass. U. S. A. The Solebay,\\nwitli 32 guns, is lost near Boston Neck\\nher crew perishes.\\n1711 Sept. 13. Fr. Marlborough\\ntakes Bouchain (p. 696).\\nOct. 15. The Edgar, 70 guns, blows up\\nat Spithead, and all on board perish.\\nOct.* Charles HI. leaves Spain. [Nov.*\\nPhilip V. enters Madrid.]\\nMarlborough is dismissed in dis-\\ngrace from his command of the army by\\nthe Tories.\\n1713 Apr. 11. Neth. Peace (p. 697).\\n1714 The Duke of Marlborough is\\nappointed captain-general.\\n1715 Sept.* Scot. A Jacobite rising.\\n(See State).\\nNov.* Scot. The Jacobites under Fors-\\nter invade England.\\nAt Preston, Lancashire, they are\\nbesieged by the English under Gens.\\nCarpenter and Wills, and compelled to\\nsurrender.\\nNov. 13. Scot. The indecisive battle\\nof Dumblane, or Sheriff-muir, Perth-\\nshire the Earl of Mar and the Earl of\\nArgyll are leaders.\\nDec. 22. Scot. The Old Pretend-\\ner lands at Peterhead. [1716. Feb. 5.\\nHe returns to France.]\\n1716 Feb. Scot. The Jacobite re-\\nbellion is suppressed with great se-\\nverity.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1710 T. Gurney introduces his system\\nof stenography.\\nDec. 8. Thomas Harriot observes solar\\nspots.\\nA society of eminent professors insti-\\ntutes the Ancient Academy of Music\\nto promote the study of vocal harmony.\\n1711 Feb. 24. London. Handel per-\\nforms his opera Rinaldo at the Hay-\\nmarket, successfully overcoming previ-\\nous restrictions.\\nLondon. A private academy is started\\nfor the study of art; Sir Godfrey Knel-\\nler, president.\\nStereotyping is known.\\n1712* London. A statue of Queen\\nAnne is erected in St. Paul s Church-\\nyard.\\n1713* Savery and Newcomen invent\\nan atmospheric engine.\\n1714* Newton explains the correct\\ntheory of fluids and the oscillation\\nof waves.\\nA silk-throwing mill is erected at\\nDerby by Sir Thomas Lomlie, modeled\\nfrom the original mill in Sardinia.\\n1715 Manufacturers of cloth are en-\\ncouraged by legislation.\\nMay 3. A total eclipse occurs; the\\ndarkness is so intense that the stars can\\nbe seen, and the birds roost at noon.\\nRed flames, or protuberance, are ob-\\nserved by Edmund Halley.\\n1716 Mar. 6. England is alarmed hy a\\nbrilliant array of the aurora borealis.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1709 Sept. 18. Johnson, Samuel, poet,\\nessayiBt, biographer, lexicographer, phil-\\nosopher, horn.\\nArmstrong, John, phys., poet, Scotland, b.\\nCowper, William, anatomist, A33.\\nHarris, James, of Salisbury, philologist, b.\\nHolt, Sir John, jurist, A67.\\nLyttleton, Lord George, poet, born.\\nRooke, Sir (Jeor^e, admiral, A59.\\n1710* Aldrich, Henry, logician, theol.,A63.\\nArne, Thomas August me. musician, comp.,b.\\nHarrington, Lord Wm. Wihlman, states., b.\\nBetterton, Thomas, actor, A75.\\nButler, Alban, K. C. el., hagiologist, born.\\nCullen, William, phys., med. teacher, au., b.\\nLowth, Robert, bishop of London, author, b.\\nReid, Thomas, philosopher, Scotland, born.\\nSimpson, Thomas, mathematician, born.\\n1711 Boscawen, Kdward, admiral, born.\\nHume, David, historian, phil., Scot., born.\\nKen, Thomas, bp. of B. and W., au., A64.\\n1712* Coekburri, Mrs. Alison, poet, writer,\\nScotland, born.\\nCromwell, Richard, states., protector, A 86.\\nFothergill, John, physician, born.\\nFoulis, Andrew, printer, publisher, Scot., b.\\nGlover, Richard, poet, born.\\nHalyhurton, Thomas, cl., author, Scot., A38.\\nSteuart, Sir James D., jurist, political econo-\\nmist, Scotland, born.\\n1713* Bute, Earl of, John Stuart, states-\\nman, born.\\nCapell, Edward, annotator of Shakespeare, h.\\nCave, William, canon of Windsor, au., A7fj.\\nNewcomen, Thomas, an inventor of steam-\\nengines, dies.\\nPitcairne, Archibald, physician, an., A61.\\nRamsay, Allan, portrait painter, Scot., born.\\nRymer, Thomas, antiquary, born.\\nShaftesbury, Earl of, Anthony Astley\\nCooper, philosopher, A42.\\nSprat, Thomas, bp. of Rochester, poet, A77.\\nSterne, Lawrence, humorist, Ireland, born.\\n1714 Aug. 1. Anne, queen, A50.\\nCamden, Earl, Charles Pratt, statesman, h.\\nFarmer, lluub, clergyman, author, born.\\nHenry, Matthew, cl., au., commentator, A52.\\nHervey, James, clergyman, author, born.\\nMonboddo, Lord, James Burnet, jurist, b.\\nShensione, William, poet, born.\\nTaylor, Sir liobert, sculptor, architect, born.\\nWhit efi eld, George, orator, Evangelist,\\nfounder calvauistic Methodists, born.\\nWilson, Richard, painter, born.\\n1715 Ale.ock, John, musical composer, b.\\nBraddock, Edward, general, born.\\nBrown, John, clergyman, author, b.\\nBryant, Jacob, theoL, philos. writer, born.\\nBurnet, Gilbert, bishop of Salisbury, histo-\\nrian, theological, writer, A72.\\nBurnet, Thomas, author, A80.\\nCarstares, William, chaplain to William III.,\\nScotland, A66.\\nDitton, Humphrey, mathematician, A40.\\nDampier, William, navigator, A63.\\nHawke, Edward, lord admiral, horn.\\nHickes, Gemx e, theologian, philologist, A73.\\nJohnson, Sir William, general, born.\\nNares, James, musician, composer, born.\\nTate, Nahum, poet, A63.\\nWhitehead, William, poet, born,\\nWycherley, William, poet, dramatist, A75.\\nCHURCH.\\n1709 Scot. The Scottish Society for\\nPromoting Christian Knowledge is\\nformed and incorporated.\\nLondon. The Sons of Clergy\\nannual musical performance at St.\\nPaul s is begun.\\n1710* London. St. Paul s Cathedral\\nis completed by Sir Christopher Wren,\\nwith the exception of decorations. [1723.\\nDecorations completed.]\\nParliament An act is passed for\\nbuilding 50 new churches.\\n1712 Scot. Ecclesiastical patronage\\nis restored. Episcopacy is tolerated.\\nScot. The Episcopal bishops adopt\\nthe English Book of Common Prayer.\\n1713 Parliament: Lord Bolingbroke\\nintroduces the Schism Act; teachers\\nare to declare their conformity to the\\nestablished faith. [1719. Passed.]\\n1714 Nov. 27. The disturbers of Dis-\\nsenters by insults and breaking win-\\ndows are tried at Bristol.\\nDec. 11. The clergy.are ordered not to\\nmeddle with the affairs of state in their\\nsermons.\\n1715 William Wake is chosen arch-\\nbishop of Canterbury. [1737. John\\nPotter.]\\n1709* The Worcester Postman is issued.\\nEssay toward a New Theory of Vis-\\nion, by George Berkeley, appears. [1710,\\nA Treatise concerning the Principles of\\nHuman Knowledge 1713, Three Dia-\\nlogues between Hylas and Phi/onous.]\\nThe Pastorals, by Alexander Pope,\\nappears. [1711, Essay on ritiasm; 1712,\\nRape of the Lock; 1713, Windsor Forest.]\\n1710 Mar. 1-14 Dec. 20. London.\\nThe Spectator is conducted by Addison\\nand Steele.\\nNov.* Swift begins the Journal to Stella.\\nThe Courant is issued at Nottingham\\n[now the Nottingham Journal],\\nIre. The Dublin Gazette is issued.\\nLondon. The Examiner, or Remarks\\nupon Papers and Occurrences is issued.\\n1710-14 London. The Memoirs of Lit-\\nerature is issued.\\n1711* The Newcastle Courant is issued.\\nThe Conduct of the Allies and Remarks\\non the Barrier Treaty, by Swift, appear.\\n1712 May* The Liverpool Courant is\\nissued.\\nAug. 12. The first stamp on newspapers\\nis used this day.\\nThe Courant is issued at Norwich.\\n1713 Mar. -Oct. 1. London. The\\nGuardian is founded by Steele.\\nThe Hereford Journal is issued.\\nCato, by Joseph Addison, appears.\\nThe Public Spirit of the Whigs, by\\nSwift, appears. [1714, Free Thout/ht s\\non the State of Public Affairs.]\\n1714 Jan. The Englishman is founded\\nby Sir Richard Steele. [1718, The Ple-\\nbeian; 1719, The Theatre.]\\nWorcester College, Oxford, is\\nfounded by Sir Thomas Coke.\\nLondon. The Scriblerus Club, a\\nliterary club, is founded by Dean Swift.\\n[Bolingbroke. Pope, Gay, and Arbuth-\\nnot are members.]\\nThe Shepherd s Week, by John Gay,\\nappears. [1727. Fables.]\\n1715* London. Welsh charity\\nschools are established in Gray s Inn\\nRoad.\\nGeorge I. purchases Bishop Moore s\\nlibrary of 30,000 volumes for 0,000\\nguineas, and presents it to Cambridge\\nUniversity.\\nThe Salisbury Postman is issued.\\nScot. Glasgow Courant, the first news-\\npaper published in Glasgow, is issued.\\nNicholas B,owe is appointed poet\\nlaureate.\\nFelix Farley s Journal is issued. [Af-\\nterwards merged into the Bristol Times,\\nand both conjoined with The Bristol\\nMirror to form The Daily Times and\\nMirror.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1709 A blue-coat hospital is founded\\nat Liverpool.\\n1710 Feb. *-Mar. London. TheSa-\\ncheverell riots. (See State.)", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0916.jp2"}, "917": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1709, Sept. 11-1716, May 7. 905\\nApr. 18. London. Four Indian chiefs\\narrive from America, and are carried in\\nthe royal coaches to their audience with\\nthe queen.\\nThe October Club is organized.\\nIt consists of a party of country gen-\\ntlemen in the House of Commons, who\\nprofess high church principles, and favor\\nBolingbroke and the Jacobite cause.\\n1711 Mar. 8. A Frenchman, who as-\\nsumes the title of Marquis of Guiscard,\\nattempts to assassinate Chancellor\\nHarley.\\n*The Hue and Cry, a gazette for ad-\\nvertising felons, is established it pub-\\nlishes descriptions of felons, thereby\\ngreatly aiding in their capture.\\nNov. H. C. The Duke of Marlborough\\nis accused of peculation, condemned by\\nthe Commons, and dismissed from all\\nhis offices.\\n1712 Mar. 12. London. Queen Anne\\nofficially announces in the London Ga-\\nzette her intention to touch publicly\\nfor the cure of scrofula.\\nNov. 15. London. A duel is fought be-\\ntween the Duke of Hamilton and Lord\\nMohun at Hyde Park. Small swords\\nare used Lord Mohun is killed on the\\nspot, and the duke expires of his wounds\\nas he is being carried to his carriage.\\nApothecaries are exempted from\\nserving on juries or other civil offices.\\nLondon. Arbuthnot s satire, John\\nBall, appears. [The nickname of John\\nBull, applied to England, is alleged to\\nhave been derived from this.]\\nLondon. Ruffians, called Mohocks,\\ngo about the city at night, wounding and\\ndisfiguring the men, and indecently ex-\\nposing the women. \u00c2\u00a3100 is offered by\\nroyal proclamation for apprehending\\nany one of them.\\nTitles created, Viscount Bolingbroke\\nand St. John (1716). [1714, Earls Ayles-\\nford, and Tankerville 1716, Duke of\\nPortland 1718, Earl Cowper, Earl of\\nStanhope, and Viscount of Cobham\\n1719, Duke of Manchester; 1720, Viscount\\nof Falmouth 1721, Earl of Macclesfield,\\nand Viscount of Torrington 1722, Earl\\nof Graham 1729, Earl of Waldegrave\\n1730, Earl of Ashburnham.]\\nIre. Titles created, Baron Conway.\\n[1715, Baron Carbery 1716, Earl of Fitz-\\nwilliam, and Viscount of Molesworth\\n1717, Viscount of Middleton, Viscount of\\nBoyne, Viscount of Charlemont, and Vis-\\ncount of Chetwynd 1718, Baron Aylmer\\n1719, Viscount of Grimston; 1720, A is-\\ncount of Gage, and Viscount of Barring-\\nton; 1722, Earl of Kerry and Shelburne\\n(1753).]\\n1713 July 13. The Treaty of Utrecht\\nobliges the Government to furnish an-\\nnually to Spanish America 4,800 ne-\\ngroes for 30 years. [1748. Renewed.\\n1750. Abandoned.]\\n1715 May 29. Biota of the Whig and\\nTory mobs, called Ormonde and New-\\ncastle mobs, occur.\\nJune Jacobite riots occur.\\nMeeting-houses of Dissenters are de-\\nstroyed, prisons opened, and the health\\nof James is openly drunk at Manchester.\\ntJuly Jacobites commit outrages on\\nissenters in the midland counties.]\\nAug. 3. London. A cobbler of Highgate\\nis whipped from Holloway to London\\nfor criticising the Government.\\nA tumult is raised at Manchester by\\nSyddall, the barber. [He is afterwards\\nto cut down a\\nIt is a capital\\ncherry-tree.\\nSTATE.\\n1709* Parliament: The first copy-\\nright act is passed. It gives copyright\\nfor 14 years, or for the life of the author.\\nSir Thomas Parker is appointed\\nchief justice.\\nDec. 24. Ire. Alan Brodrick is ap-\\npointed chief justice. [The Earl of\\nWharton, lord lieutenant.]\\n1710 Feb.*-Mar.* Dr. Henry Sa-\\neheverell is impeached for preaching\\nseditious sermons, favorable to Tory\\nprinciples.\\nHe is suspended from preaching for\\nthree years, and his sermons are hurned\\nby the hangman.\\nRobert Harley becomes chancellor\\nof the exchequer, and St. John secretary\\nof state.\\nAug. The Whig ministers are dis-\\nmissed.\\nNov. 25. Parliament meets; the\\nTories are in majority. [1713. Aug. 13.\\nDissolved.]\\n*The great seal is in commission; Sir\\nSimon Harcourt, Lord Harcourt, is\\nkeeper. [1713. Lord chancellor.]\\nA new charter is granted to Bristol.\\nIre. The Duke of Ormonde is ap-\\npointed lord lieutenant. Nov. 28. Robert,\\nEarl of Kildare, Archbishop Hoadley of\\nDublin, and Thomas Keightley are com-\\nmissioners of the seal.\\n1711 Jan. 22. Ire. Sir Constantine\\nPhipps is appointed lord high chancel-\\nlor. [July 5. Sir Richard Cox, chief\\njustice.]\\nMrs. Masham succeeds the Duchess\\nof Marlborough as keeper of the privy\\npurse.\\nJune 1. Robert Harley is created Earl\\nof Oxford, and appointed lord treas-\\nurer Sir Simon Harcourt is appointed\\nminister.\\nNov. Parliament The Occasional\\nConformity Bill is passed. [1718. Re-\\npealed.]\\nDec. 30. Parliament The Qualifica-\\ntion Act is passed. It requires certain\\ndeclarations to qualify for public office.\\nParliament: The stamp duty is\\nimposed.\\n1712 H. L. The Ministry creates 12\\nTory peers to obtain a majority.\\nJuly Henry St. John is created Vis-\\ncount Bolingbroke.\\n1713 Apr. 11. Neth. The Peace of\\nUtrecht is signed by Ministers of Great\\nBritain, France, and Spain (p. 697).\\nNov. 11. Parliament meets. [1715.\\nJan. 15. Dissolved.]\\nIre. The Duke of Shrewsbury is\\nappointed lord lieutenant.\\n1714 May 28. The Princess Sophia of\\nHanover dies.\\nParliament: The Schism Act is\\npassed. It prohibits dissenters from\\nkeeping schools and acting as tutors.\\nLord Bolingbroke intrigues in the\\ninterest of the Old Pretender.\\nJuly 27. The Earl of Oxford (lord\\ntreasurer) is dismissed [and Charles\\nTalbot, Duke of Shrewsbury, is ap-\\npointed to succeed him].\\nAug. 1. Queen Anne dies.\\nHouse of Hanover or Brunswick.\\n1714-27 George I. reigns.\\nHe is a son of Princess Sophia of Han-\\nover, the granddaughter of James I.\\n[Aug. 10\u00c2\u00b1. He is proclaimed king. Sept.\\n18. He lands at Greenwich. Oct. 31.\\nCrowned.]\\nOct. Ministers The Earl of Halifax\\n(lord treasurer). Lord Townshend (secre-\\ntary of state), Sunderland (lord lieuten-\\nant of Ireland), Lord Cowper (lord chan-\\ncellor), Earl of Nottingham (president\\nCouncil), and the Duke of Marlborough\\n(commander-in-chief).\\nOct. 11. Ire. Alan Brodrick [Viscount\\nMiddleton] is appointed lord chancellor.\\n[Oct. 14. W. Whitshed, chief justice.]\\nThe national debt is \u00c2\u00a354,145,363.\\n1715 Mar. 17. Parliament meets.\\n[1722. Mar. 10. Dissolved.]\\nJune 9. Lord Bolingbroke and the Earl\\nof Oxford are impeached of high\\ntreason in complicity with Jacobite in-\\ntrigues, Bolingbroke having joined the\\nPretender in France. [June 21. The\\nDuke of Ormonde also, who flees to\\nFrance anti-Whig mob riots follow the\\nimpeachments.]\\nSept. 6. Scot. The Earl of Mar pro-\\nclaims the Old Pretender as\\nJames III. at Braemar, Aberdeenshire\\n[the Jacobite rebellion follows. Dec.\\n25. The Pretender lands at Peter-\\nhead, Aberdeenshire.]\\nOct. Robert Walpole is appointed\\npremier and chancellor of the ex-\\nchequer.\\nNov. 16. Belg. The Barrier Treaty\\nis signed (p. 543).\\n1716 Jan. 19. H. L. Seven rebel\\nJacobite lords, Derwentwater, Widd-\\nrington, Nithsdale, Winton, Carnwath,\\nKenmure, and Nairn appear for trial on\\nimpeachment. [Feb. 9. They are sen-\\ntenced to death. Feb. 24. Lords Der-\\nwentwater and Kenmure are executed\\non Tower Hill later, Winton and Niths-\\ndale make their escape.]\\nFeb. Scot. The Pretender and the\\nEarl of Mar abandon their followers and\\nsail for France.\\nMay 7. Parliament: The Septennial\\nAct is passed. It makes the term of Par-\\nliaments seven instead of three years.\\n[1717. Feb. 20. The first one meets.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1710-20 The South Sea Bubble.\\nThe Earl of Oxford proposal (lie funding\\nof a floating debt of \u00c2\u00a310,000,000, the pur-\\nchasers of which were to become stockholders\\nof a corporation known as the South. Sea\\nCompany, which was to have a monopoly of\\nthe trade with Spanish South America, and\\na part of the capital stock of which was to\\nconstitute the fund. The scheme collapsed\\non the refusal of Spain to enter into a commer-\\ncial treaty with England, and thousands oi\\nfamilies were ruined, causing great distress\\nthroughout the country.\\nLondon. The Sun Fire Office is es-\\ntablished.\\n1711 Ire. The Irish Linen Board is\\nestablished.\\nRaces are begun at Epsom [and annu-\\nally continued since 1730].\\n1715* Green tea is introduced.\\nLondon. 150 houses are burned in\\nWapping 50 lives are lost.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0917.jp2"}, "918": {"fulltext": "906 1716, July *-1727,\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1718 June 15. Sir George Byng sails\\nwith a fleet against Spain. [Aug. 11. It.\\nHe defeats a Spanish fleet in the Straits\\nof Faro, near Naples.]\\nDee. 17-20* *War with Spain.\\nEngland is an ally of France.\\n1719 Apr. 16. Scot. The Earl Mari-\\nschal and a few others land Spanish\\ntroops in aid of a Jacobite rebellion.\\n[They soon return to Spain.]\\n1720 A royal arsenal is established\\nat Woolwich, Kent.\\n1721 Apr. 11. Sp. Gibraltar is at-\\ntacked by 20,000 Spaniards, who retire\\nafter losing 5,000 men.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1716 Nov. 24-17 Feb. 29. Severe\\ncold prevails. Oxen are roasted at a fair\\nheld on the thick ice-covered Thames.\\nRails for railroads are covered with\\niron.\\nEdmund Halley suggests that the dis-\\ntance of the earth from the sun might\\nhe estimated by observing the transit of\\nVenus, and devises a plan for doing so.\\nLondon. James Q,uin makes his first\\nappearance on the stage at Drury Lane.\\n1718* Rev. Stephen Hales makes ex-\\nperiments on gases.\\n1719* Edmund Halley becomes as-\\ntronomer royal.\\n1720 Esther, Handel s first English\\noratorio, is composed.\\nCaslon casts the first types in Eng-\\nland.\\n1720-36 Electrical phenomena are\\ndiscovered by Wheeler and Stephen\\nGray.\\nThey discover that the human body is\\na conductor of electricity, and that elec-\\ntricity acts at a distance.\\n1721 Inoculation for the small-pox\\nis made known by Lady Mary Wortley\\nMontagu.\\nThe pendulum clock with compen-\\nsation pendulum is invented by George\\nGraham.\\n1723 Aug. 6. The cursus near Stone-\\nhenge is discovered by Dr. Stukeley\\nthe ancient Britons held annual meet-\\nings here, made laws, and administered\\njustice.\\n1724 May 22. A total eclipse is ob-\\nserved from near Salisbury.\\nJohn Hutchinson s work, Moses Prin-\\ncipia, is published. He derives all things\\nfrom theair fire, light, andspirit, types\\nof the Trinity.\\nCathedral music is performed on a\\ngrand scale for charitable purposes at\\nthe festivals at Gloucester.\\nLondon. Sir James Thornhilr opens\\nan Academy of Art in the Piazza, Co-\\nvent Garden.\\n1725 Marine watches are invented\\nby John Harrison.\\nLondon. Charles Macklin, an Irish\\nactor, appears at Lincoln s Inn Theater.\\n1726 London. A statue of George I.\\nis erected in Grosvenor Square.\\n1727 London. Sir Hans Sloane be-\\ncomes president of the Royal Society.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nBrindley, James, canal engineer, born.\\nCotes, Roger, mathematician, astron., A34.\\nFletcher, Andrew, of Saltoun, political\\nwriter, Scotland, A63.\\nGray, Thomas, poet, born.\\nParker, Sir 1 eter, admiral, born.\\nSackville, Viscount George, general, states-\\nSouth, Robert, cl., wit, poet, author, A83.\\n1717 Feb. 19. Garrick, David, actor, b.\\nAmherst, Lord Jeffrey, statesman, general,\\nborn.\\nCarter, Klizabeth, scholar, poet, translator, b.\\nWalpole, Horace, Karl of Orford, states-\\nman, historical writer, born.\\n1718 July 30. Penn, William, Quaker,\\nreligious writer, statesman, founder of\\nPennsylvania, A74.\\nBlair, Hugh, cl., rhetorician. Scotland, born.\\nCanton, John, natural philosopher, born.\\nCumberland, Richard, moral phil., A86.\\nHunter, William, physician, physiologist,\\nanatomist, Scotland, born.\\nKennicott, Benjamin, el., Biblical critic, b.\\nBarnell, Thomas, port, Ireland, A39.\\nRodney, Baron, George l .rydges, admiral, b.\\nRowe, Nicholas, dramatist, A 45.\\nShrewsbury, Duke of, Charles Talbot, poet,\\nstatesman, A58.\\n1719 June 19. Addison, Joseph, poet,\\njournalist, essayist, statesman, A47.\\nBoydell, John, engr., Id. mayor of London, b.\\nCampbell, George, theol., Bib. critic, Scot., b.\\nFlanisteed, John, first astronomer royal, A73.\\nGarth, Sir Samuel, physician, poet, A52.\\nHawkins, Sir John, author, born.\\nLanden, John, mathematician, born.\\n1720 Conway, Henry S., held-marshal, b.\\nFoote, Samuel, humorist, actor, born.\\nGage, Thomas, general in American Rev., b.\\nGibbons, Gnnling, sculptor, born.\\nHurd, Richard, bp. of Worcester, au., born.\\nMontagu, Elizabeth, writer, born.\\nStuart, Charles Edward, Young Pretender,\\ngrandson of James II., born.\\n1731 Akensule, Mark, poet, born.\\nCollins, William, poet, born.\\nCumberland, Duke of, William Augustus,\\nBon of George II., general, statesman, b.\\nGranby, Marquis of, John Manners, gen., b.\\nPotter, Robert, cl., poet, translator, born.\\nPrior, Matthew, poet, A57.\\nRobertson, William, cl., historian, Scot., b.\\nSheffield, John, Duke of Buckinghamshire,\\npoet, statesman, A76.\\nSmollett, Tobias George, poet, dramatist,\\nnovelist, historian, Scot., born.\\nStrange, Sir Robert, engraver, Scotland, b.\\nWalmesley, Charles, monk, math., born.\\n1722 June 16. Marlborough, Duke of,\\nJohn Churchill, statesman, general, A72.\\nBrocklesby, Richard, physician, au., born.\\nBrown, John, clergyman, author, Scot., b.\\nWarton, Joseph, poet, critic, born.\\nTorke, Charles, Lord Morden, statesman, b.\\n1 733 Blackstone, Sir William, jurist, b.\\nByron, Honorable John, admiral, born.\\nCentlivre, Susannah, dramatist, Ire., A56.\\nCowper, Earl, William, statesman, A59.\\nCox, David, landscape painter, born.\\nD Urfey, Thomas, dramatist, A95.\\nFerguson, Adam, historian, moral philoso-\\npher, Scotland, born.\\nFleetwood, William, bp. of Ely, orator, A67.\\nPrice, Richard, cl., philosopher, writer, b.\\nReynolds, Sir Joshua, portrait painter, b.\\nSelkirk. Alexander, sailor, prototype of De-\\nfoe s Robinson Crusoe, Scotland, A49.\\nSmith, Adam, pol. economist, phil., Scot.,b.\\nWren, Sir Christopher, architect, A91.\\n1724 Carleton, Sir Guy, gen., states., b.\\nGuy, Thomas, philanthropist, A81.\\nHarley, Robert, Earl of oxford, statesman,\\nA 63.\\nHome, John, poet, dram., hist., Scot., born.\\nHood, Viscount Samuel, admiral, born.\\nHowe, George Angus! us, gen. in America, b.\\nManly, Mary de la Riviere, novelist, drama-\\ntist, political writer, A52.\\nPrideaux, Humphrey, cl., historian, A76.\\nSacheverell, Henry, clergyman, controver-\\nsialist, author, A52.\\nSmeaton, John, civil engineer, born.\\nStubbs, George, painter, horn.\\n1725 Sept. 29. Clive, Lord Robert, gen-\\neral, statesman, born.\\nHowe, Earl Richard, adm. in Am. Rev., b.\\nKeppel, Viscount Augustus, admiral, born,\\nKippis, Andrew, clergyman, author, born.\\nLindley, Thomas, composer, born.\\nMason, William, clergyman, poet, born.\\nNewton, John, clergyman, author, born.\\nSandby, Paul, painter, born.\\nTownshend, Charles, statesman, born.\\n1726 Burney, Charles, doctor of music,\\ncomposer, author, born.\\nChambers, Sir William, architect, born.\\nCoote, Sir Eyre, gen., statesman. Ire., b.\\nDairy mple, Sir David, Lord llailes, jurist,\\nhistorian, Scotland, born.\\nHoward. John, philan., prison reformer, b.\\nHutton, James, mineralogist, geol., Scot., b.\\nJones, William, Ilutchinsonian cl., an., b.\\nPennant, Thomas, naturalist, antiquary, b.\\nRoy, William, gcodesist, general, Scot., born.\\nVanbrugh, Sir John, poet, dram., arch., A60.\\nWotton, William, scholar, misc. writer, ASS-\\nCHURCH.\\n1717 Mar. 31. The Bangorian con-\\ntroversy begins.\\nThe bishop of Bangor preaches a ser-\\nmon before the king on the text, My\\nkingdom is not of this world, demon-\\nstrating the spiritual nature of the king-\\ndom of Christ, and receiving great abuse\\nfrom nearly all the clergy.\\n1719* *The two Houses of Convoca-\\ntion cease to meet after being denied\\nsome of their privileges.\\n1720 Scot. The see of Edinburgh is\\nagain founded. [1721, The see of Aber-\\ndeen and the Isles.]\\nIre. Toleration is granted to the\\nDissenters, who are chiefly Presbyte-\\nJohn Wesley enters Christ s Church\\nCollege, Oxford, at the age of 16 years.\\n1721 It. Innocent XIII. become*\\nPope. [1724, Benedict XIII. 1730, Cle-\\nment XII. 1740, Benedict XV.]\\n1722 Aug. Great ferment in the\\nchurch party is caused by the arrest of\\nBishop Francis Atterbury. [1723. He\\nis banished as a Jacobite.]\\n1723 Jews acquire the right to poi-\\nsess land.\\nA union is proposed with the Greek.\\nChurch and the Church of England.\\nThe bishops preach against masquer-\\nades, and occasion their suppression.\\n1725 June 4. Edinburgh. A General\\nAssembly of the kirk meets.\\n1725-35 Ire. The proceeds of a coal\\nduty build the cathedral at Cork.\\n1727 May 19. The Bishop of London\\ndeclares that Christianity and the em-\\nbracing of the Gospel does not make the\\nleast alteration in civil property\\nLETTERS.\\n1717* Downing College, Cambridge,,\\nis founded by Sir George Downing, ot\\nThe Kentish Cazette is issued [now\\nThe Kentish Post].\\nThe Exeter Mercury, The Protestant\\nMercury, and The Postmaster, or Loyal\\nMercury are issued at Exeter.\\n1718 Rev. Laurence Eusden is ap-\\npointed poet laureate.\\n7V(e Leeds Mercury is issued.\\nEssay on Witchcraft, by Bishop Hutch-\\ninson, appears.\\n1719 The Manchester Weekly Journal\\nis issued.\\nRobinson Crusoe, by Daniel Defoe, ap-\\npears. [1722, Journal of the Plague.]\\nBusiris, by Edward Young, appears.\\n[1721, Revenge.)\\n1720 Apr. 28. Scot. The Edinburgh\\nMercury is issued.\\nThe Weekly Mercury, or Protestant\\nPacket is issued at Norwich.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0918.jp2"}, "919": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1716, July *-1727,\\n90T\\nA translation of Homer s Iliad, by\\nAlexander Pope, appears. [1725, Ho-\\nmer s Odyssey.]\\n1722 A Naval College is founded at\\nPortsmouth.\\n1722-24 London. Bibliotheca Literaria\\nis issued by Dr. Samuel Webb.\\nThe Conscious Lovers, by Sir Richard\\nSteele, appears.\\n1724 The first professor of modern\\nhistory in English universities is estab-\\nlished by George I.\\nDublin. The Drapers Letters, by Jon-\\nathan Swift, appears.\\n1724-34 History of His Own Time, by\\nGilbert Burnet liishop of Salisbury,\\nappears.\\n1725 Historic Ccelestis, by John Flam-\\nsteed, appears.\\nScot. The Gentle Shepherd, by Allan\\nRamsay, appears.\\n1725-28 London. New Memoirs of\\nLiterature is issued.\\n1726 London. John Henley, Ora-\\ntor Henley, opens an oratory in\\nNewport Market, where he gives lec-\\ntures.\\nThe London Daily Post and General\\nAdvertiser is issued. [1738. Changed to\\nGeneral Advertiser. 1752. Changed to\\nPublic Advertiser.]\\nLondon. Lloyd s List is issued by Ed-\\nward Lloyd.\\n1726-27 Dublin. Gulliver s Travels, by\\nJonathan Swift, appears.\\n1726-30 Scot. The Seasons, by James\\nThomson, appears.\\n1727 The first racing calendar is\\npublished by John Cheney.\\nSally in Our Ally, and other poems, by\\nHenry Carey, appear.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1716 July London. The Mug-house\\nriot, in Salisbury Court, between the\\nWhigs and Tories, occurs. It is quelled\\nby the guards five rioters are hanged.\\nMrs. Hicks and her daughter, aged\\nnine, are hanged at Huntingdon as\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0witches.\\nThe daily wages of harvest men are\\nnine pence.\\n1717 The first grand lodge of Free-\\nmasons in England is established.\\n1718* Judges are authorized to sen-\\ntence offenders to transportation\\ninto any of his Majesty s dominions in\\nNorth America.\\nJames Shepberd, an enthusiast, un-\\nsuccessfully attempts to assassinate\\nGeorge I.\\n1719* London. Westminster Hos-\\npital is founded.\\n1720 Nov. Parliament makes an in-\\nvestigation of the South Sea Bubble.\\nIt expels Aislabie, Cbancellor of the\\nExchequer, and several members of Par-\\nliament, and seizes the estates of the\\ndirectors valued at \u00c2\u00a32,014,000.\\n1721 Apr. 28. The council orders the\\nsuppression of the Hell Fire Clubs.\\nLondon. Guy s Hospital is founded\\nby Thomas Gm it costs \u00c2\u00a318,793, and he\\nendows it with \u00c2\u00a3219,499.\\n1722 July 24. Edinburgh. The wear-\\ning of broadswords is prohibited.\\nScot. The last execution in Scotland\\nfor witchcraft takes place at Dornoch.\\nForging letters of attorney is made a\\ncapital crime.\\nSending letters, whether anony-\\nmously written, or with a fictitious\\nname, demanding money, or threaten-\\ning to kill a person, or fire his house, is\\nmade punishable as a felony without\\nbenefit of clergy.\\n1723 May* Non-jurors are subjected\\nto double taxation, and obliged to\\nregister their estates.\\nMay* London. Christopher Layer, a bar-\\nrister, conspires with other persons to\\nseize George I., the Prince of Wales,\\nLord Cadogan, and the principal officers\\nof state, to seize the Tower, to plunder\\nthe Bank, and to bring in the Pretender.\\n[May 17. Layer is hanged.]\\n1724 June 24. Scot. The tax on malt\\ncauses a great tumult at Glasgow.\\nIt is agreed to hold festivals at Here-\\nford, Gloucester, and Worcester, in ro-\\ntation annually at first for two days,\\nlater for three evenings.\\n1725 May 18. The Order of the Bath\\nis revived by George I.\\nThomas Parker, Earl of Macclesfield\\nand lord chancellor, is impeached for\\nselling masterships in the Court of\\nChancery, and other corrupt practises.\\nIre. Titles created, Earl of Darnley.\\n[1727, Viscount of Galway 1733, Earl of\\nEgmont.]\\n1726-29 Voltaire visits England.\\n1727 May 16. Mr. Ward, a wealthy\\nmember of Parliament, is expelled by\\nthe Commons for forgery [and con-\\nsigned to the pillory].\\nSTATE.\\n1716* Parliament: The Sinking\\nFund Act is passed to redeem the debt\\nto the Bank of England.\\n1717 Jan. 4. The Triple Alliance is\\nformed (p. 697).\\nMar. Parliament The Act of Grace\\nis passed.\\nIt releases Lords Carnwath, Widdring-\\nton, Nairne, and others under death\\nsentence or in prison for participation\\nin the Jacobite rebellion.\\nApr. James, Earl Stanhope, becomes\\nprime minister James Craggs, secretary\\nof war and the Earl of Sunderland and.\\nJoseph Addison become secretaries of\\nstate.\\nNov. The king and his son, the Prince\\nof Wales, quarrel about sponsors at\\nthe baptism of the prince s child the\\nprince is put under arrest; he sup-\\nports the opponents of his father s Cabi-\\nnet.\\nIre. The Duke of Bolton is appointed\\nlord lieutenant.\\n1718 Aug. 2. London. The Quadru-\\nple Alliance treaty is signed.\\nIt is formed by Great Britain, Prance,\\nGermany, and Holland to guarantee the\\nsuccession of the reigning families in\\nFrance and England, and to settle the\\npartition of the Spanish monarchy. It\\nforbids the union of the French and\\nSpanish crowns. [1720. Jan. 26. Spain\\nCharles, Earl of Sunderland, be-\\ncomes lord treasurer, Earl Stanhope and\\nJ. Craggs, secretaries of state and Mr.\\nAislabie, chancellor of the exchequer.\\nSir John Pratt is appointed chief\\njustice.\\nSir R. Tracy and others are commis-\\nsioners of the great seal.\\nB a r o n Macclesfield is appointed\\nlord high chancellor.\\nParliament: An act is passed forbid-\\nding the export of wool. The Schism\\nAct is repealed.\\n1719 May* Scot. A Spanish expedi-\\ntion in favor of the Pretender fails.\\nNov. 20. The Treaty of Stockholm is\\nconcluded. Sweden cedes to England\\nthe duchies of Bremen and Verden for\\n1,000,000 rix-dollars.\\nDec. H. L. A bill passed to limit the\\ncreation of peers is rejected by the\\nCommons. Vote, 269-167.\\nParliament The non-resistance\\noath, declaring that it is unlawful to\\ntake up arms against the king for any\\ncause, is repealed.\\n1721* Robert Walpole is prime min-\\nister and chancellor of the exchequers\\nLord Townshend is secretary of state.\\nIre. Charles, Duke of Grafton, is ap-\\npointed lord lieutenant.\\n1722 Christopher Layer, a barrister,\\nFrancis Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester,,\\nand others engage in a movement in\\nfavor of the Pretender. [Layer is con-\\ndemned and executed. 1723. May 6. At-\\nterbury is put on trial for treasonable\\nconspiracy later, condemned, but per-\\nmitted to leave the country.]\\nOct. 9. Parliament meets. [1627.\\nAug. 7. Dissolved.]\\nThe Habeas Corpus Act is suspended\\nfor a year.\\nParliament An act is passed giving\\na patent to William Wood for supplying\\nIreland with a copper coinage of half-\\npence.\\n[1724. Ire. Dean Swift, by his Dra-\\npers Letters, raises such a public clamor\\nagainst the scheme that it is withdrawn.]\\n1724 Ire. John, Lord Carteret, is ap-\\npointed lord lieutenant.\\nNew postal rates charge a penny for\\nevery sheet.\\n1725 Mar. 2. Sir Robert Raymond is\\nappointed chief justice.\\nSept. 3. The Treaty of Hanover, or al-\\nliance of Herrenhausen, is concluded.\\nIt is formed by England, France, and\\nPrussia as a league of defense against\\nthe designs of Germany and Spain, for-\\nmulated in the Treaty of Vienna.\\nThe great seal is in commission. Later,\\nSir Peter King, Lord King, is lord chan-\\ncellor.\\nIre. Richard West is appointed lord\\nchancellor. [1726, Thomas Wyndham,\\nLord Windham of Finglas.]\\n1727 Apr. 3. Ire. John Rogerson is\\nappointed chief justice!\\nJune 11. Ger. George I. dies at Osna-\\nburg, Hanover.\\n1727-60 George II. reigns.\\nHe is son of George I.\\n1727-42 Robert Walpole is prime\\nminister.\\nJune National debt, \u00c2\u00a352,092,238.\\nAug. 2. Viscount Torrington is made\\nfirst lord of the admiralty. [1733, June\\n25, Sir Charles Wager 174 J, Mar. 19, Earl\\nof Winchelsea; 1744, Dec. 27, Duke of\\nBedford 1748, Feb. 10, Earl of Sand-\\nwich.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1720 Mahogany comes into general\\nuse.\\nCross posts in the penny post institu-\\ntion are established by Ralph Allen.\\nLondon. The Royal Exchange Insur-\\nance and the London insurance Com-\\npanies are the first marine insurance\\ncompanies.\\n1722 London.. The Chelsea water-\\nworks are formed.\\n1723 London. Smallpox appears r\\none case out of 14 is fatal.\\n1726 Cutlers Hall, Sheffield, is built.\\n1727 Edinburgh. The Royal Bank\\nis founded.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0919.jp2"}, "920": {"fulltext": "908 1727, *-1738, May 21. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\nL736 The rank of marshal is first\\nconferred upon John, Duke of Argyll,\\nand George, Earl of Orkney, by George\\nART SCIKNCE NATURE.\\n1727 The aberration of the light of\\nstars is discovered aud explained by Dr.\\nJames Bradley.\\n1728 John Gay s Beggar s Opera is\\nproduced at the Lincoln s Inn Theater.\\nDub/ In. The Aungier Street Theater\\n[Victor] is erected.\\n1730 Edinburgh. Stereotyping is\\npractised by William Ged.\\nLondon. The Academy in St. Mar-\\ntin s Lane is opened.\\nThe first cotton stockings are made.\\n1730-33 London. The Serpentine is\\nformed at Hyde Park.\\n1731 Dublin. Crow Street Music\\nHall is erected.\\nDublin. The Royal Dublin Society\\nis formed.\\nA reflecting sextant is made by John\\nHadley.\\nLondon. The first Copley medal is\\nawarded to Stephen Gray by the Royal\\nSociety.\\n1732 Dec. 7. London. Covent Gar-\\nden Theater is first opened.\\nEdinburgh. The first threshing-\\nmachine attempted in modern times is\\ninvented by Michael Menzies.\\nLondon. Rise of the English opera\\nthe first oratorio is performed in Lin-\\ncoln s Inn Theater in Portugal Street.\\n1733 The Harlot s Progress, by Wil-\\nliam Hogarth, appears. [Soon followed\\nby The Rake s Progress.]\\n1734 London. Viscount Harcourt,\\nLord Halifax, the Duke of Dorset, and\\nothers establish the Society of Dilet-\\ntanti for the encouragement of fine arts\\nin Great Britain.\\n1734-43 London. The Royal Academy\\nof Music is founded.\\n1735 London. John Harrison pro-\\nduces his first time-piece. [1739. His\\nsecond. 1749. His third.]\\n1736 Feb. 16. London. Unprece-\\ndented high tide occurs the council at\\nWestminster Hall are carried out in\\nboats to their coaches.\\nJonathan Hull s patent first sets forth\\nthe idea of steam navigation.\\nEdinburgh. Allan Ramsay s Thea-\\nter is erected.\\n1737 Dr. James Bradley discovers the\\nvariation of the earth s axis.\\nEdinburgh. The Medical Society is\\ninstituted.\\nBIRTHS- DEATHS.\\nural philosophers, A85.\\nBarrington, Dailies, jurist, naturalist, anti-\\nquary, born.\\nGainsborough, Thomas, painter, born.\\nHoole, .lolm, poet, dramatist, translator, b.\\nLiverpool, first Earl of, Charles Jenkinson,\\nstatesman, born.\\nMurphy, Arthur, dram., writer, Ireland, b.\\nWilkes. John, statesman, born.\\nWolfe, .lames, general, born.\\n:1728 Adam, Robert, architect, Scot., b.\\nBlack, Joseph, chemist, anatomist, Ire., b.\\nBoulton, Matthew, engineer, born.\\nCook. James, explorer, naval captain, b.\\nFreind, John, physician, author, A53.\\nGoldsmith, Oliver, poet, novelist, drama-\\ntist, essayist, Ireland, born.\\nHunter, John, anatomist, surgeon, Scot., b.\\nOrme, Robert, historian, born.\\nWarton, Thomas, poet, critic, born.\\n1729 Jan. 13. Burke, Edmund, states-\\nman, orator, author, Ireland, born.\\nClarke, Samuel, clergyman, philosopher, A54.\\nCollins, Anthony, theologian, freethinker,\\nphilosopher, A53.\\nCongreve, William, dramatist, poet, A59.\\nHowe, Sir William, general, born.\\nLaw, John, financier, Scotland, A58.\\nLloyd, Henry, soldier, author, born.\\nMoore, John, physician, Scotland, born.\\nPercy, Thomas, bishop of Dromore, au., b.\\nSteele, Sir Richard, poet, essayist, journal-\\nist, politician, A58.\\n1730 Bruce. James, traveler, Scot., b.\\nBurgoyne, John, general, Am. Rev., born.\\nFenton, Elijah, poet, A47.\\nHamilton, Sir William, antiquary, states-\\nman, Scotland, born.\\nHome, George, bp. of Norwich, author, b.\\nJackson, William, musician, composer, born.\\nRockingham, Marquis of, Charles W. Went-\\nworth, statesman, born.\\nWedg-wood. Josiah. potter, born.\\n1731 Aiton, William, botanist, Scot.,b.\\nAstell, Mary, religious writer, A63.\\nBoyle, Charles, Earl of Orrery, scholar,\\nmajor-general, statesman, Ireland, A75.\\nCavendish, Henry, chemist, nat. phil., born.\\nChurchill, Charles, poet, born.\\nCowper, William, poet, born.\\nDarwin, Erasmus, physiologist, poet, born.\\nDefoe, Daniel, printer, pamphleteer, jour-\\nnalist, novelist, A70.\\nDuncan, Viscount, Adam, admiral, Scot., b.\\nDunning, John, Baron Ashhurton, lawyer, b.\\nGrose, Francis, antiquary, author, born,\\nWharton, Duke of, Philip, orator, poet, A33.\\n1732 Dec. 6. Hastings, Warren, states-\\nman, governor-general of India, born.\\nArkwrig-ht. Sir Richard, inventor of spin-\\nning-jenny, born.\\nAtterbury. Francis, bishop of Rochester,\\nstatesman, controversialist, author, A70.\\nCollier, Arthur, cl., metaphysician, A52.\\nColman, George, dramatist, born.\\nCumberland, Kit-hard, dramatist, born.\\nFalconer, William, poet, born.\\nFlood, Henry, statesman, orator, Ireland, h.\\nGay, John, poet, A47.\\nHauksbee, Francis, physicist, A82.\\nHorsley, John, antiquary, historian, A47.\\nMar, Earl of, John Ersklne, gen., Scot., A57.\\nMaskelyne, Nevil, astronomer, born.\\nNorth, Lord Frederick, statesman, born.\\nThurlow, Lord Edward, statesman, born.\\nWalker, John, lexicographer, born.\\n1733* Booth, Barton, actor, A52.\\nDenman, Thomas, physician, born.\\nHorsley, Samuel, bp. of Rochester, au., b.\\nKenyon, Lord Lloyd, jurist, statesman, b.\\nOgilvie, John, poet, Scotland, born.\\nPriestly, Joseph, philosopher, born.\\nWedderburn, Alexander, Baron Lough-\\nborough, Earl of Kosslyn, jurist, states., b.\\n1734* Abercromby, Sir Ralph, general,\\nScotland, born.\\nArbuckle, James, poet, Scotland, A34.\\nBarclay, John, clergyman, founder of Bar-\\nclayites, Scotland, born.\\nCreighton, Robert, cl., composer, A96.\\nDennis, John, poet, critic, A77.\\nKing, Peter, juris!, statesman, A65.\\nMacgregor-Campbell, Rob Roy, free-\\nbooter, A71.\\nMickle, William Julius, poet, Scotland, b.\\nRomney, George, painter, born.\\nSharp, Granville, philanthropist, born.\\nSt. Vincent, Earl of, John Jervis, admiral, b.\\nThornhill, Sir James, painter, A58.\\n1735* Arbuthnot, John, phy., wit, wr.,A68.\\nAstle, Thomas, antiunary, born.\\nBanks, Thomas, sculptor, born.\\nBeattie, James, poet, Scotland, born.\\nBickerstaiT, Isaac-, dramatist, Ireland, born.\\nBrown, John, physician, founder of Bruno-\\nnian theorv, Scotland, born.\\nDerham, William, cl., natural phil., A78.\\nGranville, George, Baron Landsdowne, poet,\\ndramatist, statesman, A68.\\nLanghorne, John, poet, translator, born.\\nRaikes, Robert, fdr. of Sunday-schools, b.\\nRamsden, Jesse, optician, inventor, born.\\nRichmond, I Hike of, Charles Lennox, gen., b.\\nPeterborough, Earl of, Charles Mordaunt,\\ngeneral, admiral, statesman, A77.\\nWodrow, Robert, ecclesiastical historian,\\nScotland, A55.\\n1736* Bridgewater, Earl of, Francis\\nElgerton, projector of canals, born.\\nCogan, Thomas, physician, author, born.\\nCopley, John, painter, born.\\nLee, Ann, founder of Shakers, born.\\nJebb, John, clergyman, physician, born.\\nSale, Georgre, historian, orientalist, A56.\\nSteevens, George, Sliak. comment., au., b.\\nTooke, John Home, politician, philologist, b.\\nWatt, James, inventor condensing steam-\\nengine, Scotland, born.\\n1737 Apr. 27. Gibbon, Edward, histo-\\nrian, born.\\nEginton, Francis, painter on glass, born.\\nGeddes, Alexander, Roman Catholic theolo-\\ngian, Biblical ontic, author, Scotland, b.\\nHutchinson, John, philosopher, founder\\nHutchinsonisni, Scotland, A63.\\nHutton, Charles, mathematician, born.\\nMacartney, Earl of, George, diplom., Ire., b.\\nLandsdowne, Marquis of, Wdliam Petty\\nFitzmaurice, statesman, Ireland, born.\\n[Nollekens, Joseph, sculptor, born.\\nPaine, Thomas, politician, author, born.\\nStrype, John, theologian, historian, A94.\\nWatson, Richard, bishop of Llandaff, au., b.\\nCHURCH.\\n1727 Scot. The see of Moray is again\\nerected. [1731, Brechin and also Glas-\\ngow.]\\nScot. Rev. John Glas (or Glass) be-\\ncomes the founder of the Glassites\\n[called Sandemanians in America].\\nHe opposes the national church as in-\\nconsistent with the gospel. [1728. He\\nis deposed by the General Assembly.]\\n1727-29 John Wesley is curate to his\\nfather. [1738. Apr. 1. He resolves to\\npray indifferently, with a form or with-\\nout one.]\\n1729 Bise of Methodism.\\nThe Holy Club (Methodist) is formed\\nat Oxford University. Its members\\nunite to read the Holy Scriptures in the\\noriginal languages, and to aid each other\\nin mutual spiritual improvement. Ori-\\nginal members John Wesley of Lincoln\\nCollege, Charles Wesley, tutor, Mr. Mor-\\ngan of the Christ s Church College, and\\nMr. Kirkham of Merton College. They\\nitre derisively called Methodists.]\\n1730 Many of the original English\\nPresbyterians become Unitarians.\\n1732 George Whitefield is admitted\\na servitor at Oxford, where he becomes\\na companion of the Wesleys, and aidB\\nthem in establishing Methodism. [1736.\\nJune 20. Ordained.]\\n1733 Scot. Ebenezer Erskine with\\nothers secedes from the Scottish Church,\\nand forms the Associate Presbytery,\\ncommonly called the Secession Church.\\n[1740. The eight seceders are deposed.]\\n1735 Oct. 14. The two Wesleys sail\\nfor Georgia in America.\\nJohn Wesley, having declined a quiet\\nrectory, sets out with his brother Charles\\nfor Georgia, to become missionaries to\\nthe Indians. Charles Wesley is also to\\nbe secretary to the governor.\\nJohn Wesley observes the Moravians.\\nA terrible storm convinces Wesley\\nthat the German Moravians on board the\\nvessel have a fellowship with God to\\nwhich he is a stranger.\\nGeorge Whitefield joins the Metho-\\ndist Holy Club. [1736. He is ordained\\na deacon, and preaches his first sermon.]\\n1737 Many clergymen are apathetic\\nand indifferent for fear of being called\\nMethodists.\\n1738 Jan. John Wesley returns from\\nAmerica.\\nHe commences itinerant preaching, and\\ngathers many followers, chiefly among\\nthe poor. Many churches are shut\\nagainst him, so he builds spacious meet-\\ning-houses in London, Bristol, and other\\nplaces.\\nJan. Whitefield first sails for America.\\n[He returns the same year, seeking aid for\\nhis orphanage in Georgia. 173!). Sept.* He\\nsails again for America. 1741. His preach-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0920.jp2"}, "921": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1727, *-1738, May 21. 909\\ning produces great excitement in New Eng-\\nland. 1744. Aug. Sails again. 1769. He\\nsails on his seventh and last voyage.]\\nIt. Freemasons are excommunicated\\nby the Pope.\\nMay 21. Charles Wesley obtains rest\\nto his soul.\\nLETTERS.\\n1727-28 Miscellanies, by Pope and\\nSwift, appears.\\n1728 Jan. -36 Dec. London. The\\nPresent State of the Republic!: of Letters\\nis issued.\\nIre. George Faulkner establishes\\nFaulkner s Journal.\\nEphraim Chambers s Cyclopedia ap-\\npears.\\nThe Dunciad, by Alexander Pope, ap-\\npears.\\nLove in Several Masques, by Henry\\nFielding, appears. [1730, The Temple\\nBeau and Tom Thumb; 1733, The Mod-\\nern Husband and The Mock Doctor\\n1733, The Miser; 1734. The Intriguing\\nChambermaid; 1743, The Wedding Bay.]\\n1729* London. A public library,\\nbuilt by bequest of Dr. Daniel Williams,\\nis opened at 49 Redcross Street.\\nThe Salisbury Journal is issued.\\nIre. The Waterford Flying Post is is-\\nsued.\\n1730 London. Colley Cibber is ap-\\npointed poet laureate.\\nThe Manchester Gazette is issued.\\nThe Literary Journal is issued.\\n1730-34 London. Historia Literaria is\\nissued.\\n1731* Disuse of Latin language is\\nauthorized in the courts.\\nLondon. The Gentleman 1 s Magazine\\nis issued by Edward Cave.\\nTreatise concerning Eternal and Im-\\nmutable Morality, by Kalph Cudworth,\\nappears.\\n1732 Ire. The Dublin College Li-\\nbrary is erected.\\nAlciphron, or the Minute Philosopher,\\nby George Berkeley, appears.\\n1732-34 Essay on Man, by Alexander\\nPope, appears. [1732-35, Moral Essays.]\\n1732-38 History of the Puritans, by\\nDaniel Neal, appears.\\n1732-84 London. The London Maga-\\nzine, or Gentleman s Monthly Intelligen-\\ncer, is issued.\\n1733 Ire. Charter schools are es-\\ntablished.\\n1733-34 London. The Bee is issued by\\nEustace Budgell.\\n1735 Translation of Lobo s Voyage to\\nAbyssinia, Samuel Johnson s first\\nwork, appears. [1738, London 1744,\\nLife of Savage.]\\n1735-36 London. The Literary Maga-\\nzine is issued.\\n1736 May 13. The Ratcliffe Li-\\nbrary, Oxford, is founded. [1749. Apr.\\n13. Opened.]\\nAnalogy of Religion, by Joseph Butler\\n[Bishop of Bristol and of Durham], ap-\\npears.\\n1737 Ire. The Belfast News-Letter is\\nissued.\\nThe Schoolmistress, by William Shen-\\nstone, appears.\\nConcordance of the Holy Scripture, by\\nAlexander Cruden, appears.\\n1737-43 History of the Works of the\\nLearned is issued.\\n1727 Races are begun at Ascot by the\\nDuke of Cumberland.\\nSanctuaries for offenders are abol-\\nished.\\n1728 A duel is fought between Capt.\\nPeppard and Mr. Hayes, the latter be-\\ning killed.\\nDublin. The Infirmary, Jervis\\nStreet, is founded.\\n1729 The first gin-law is made, im-\\nposing a license of \u00c2\u00a320 on every seller\\nof gin, in order to restrain the traffic.\\n[1733. As it does not check gin-drinking,\\nit is repealed.]\\nRobert Raikes of Gloucester is called\\nto the bar of the Commons, and rebuked\\nfor printing speeches delivered in\\nthe House.\\nIre. Linen scarfs are introduced at\\nfunerals.\\n1730 A select committee of the Com-\\nmons reports on the horrible oppression\\nand cruelty practised in prisons.\\nIre. The first grand lodge of Free-\\nmasons in Ireland is established,\\n1731 Jan. 2. London. A prisoner at\\nNewgate is reprieved on condition that\\nhe submit to an experiment on the\\ntympanum.\\nJune 4. London. A person is sentenced\\nto be hanged for forgery. [It is sup-\\nposed to be the first case so punished.]\\nSept. 27. London. A gang of 130 felons\\nare taken from Newgate for transpor-\\ntation to America.\\n1732* Customs frauds abound.\\nOn tobacco alone one-third of the\\nduties are lost to the Government by\\nperjury, forgery, and collusion.\\n1733 Apr. There are many public\\ndemonstrations against the Excise\\nBill the popular cry is Liberty,\\nProperty, and no Excise.\\n1734 London. The Society of Dilet-\\ntanti is founded. [1735. Also the Beef-\\nsteak Club.]\\n1735 London. A petition against the\\nexcessive use of spirituous liquors is\\npresented to the House of Commons by\\nthe justices of the peace for Middlesex.\\n1736 Feb. 28. The Commons consider\\nthe harm done to the poor by distilled\\nspirits; it is stated some signs read,\\nDrunk for a penny, dead drunk for two-\\npence clean straw for nothing.\\nApr. 15. Edinburgh. The Porteous\\nriots break out.\\nCapt. John Porteous fires on a mob, who\\nthreaten to rescue a prisoner from execution.\\n[He is tried for murder, and sentenced to\\ndeath; later he is reprieved. Sept. 7. He is\\ndragged out of prison by a mob, who hang\\nhim to a lamp-post, and kill or wound 17 or\\n18 persons.]\\nEdinburgh. The Royal Infirmary is\\nincorporated.\\nA riot occurs among the Spitalfields\\nweavers because of the employing of\\nworkmen from Ireland; it is quelled by\\nthe military after many lives are lost.\\nScot. The first grand lodge of Free-\\nmasons in Scotland is established.\\nLondon. White s Club is estab-\\nlished.\\nA fine of \u00c2\u00a3100 and imprisonment for\\nthree months are made the penalties\\nfor persuading artisans to leave the\\ncountry.\\n1737 Mar. 5. London. A riot occurs\\nat Drury Lane Theater because of the\\nattempt to exclude footmen from the\\ngallery.\\nRiotous nailers in Worcester march\\nto Birmingham, and make terms with\\niron merchants there.\\n*The clergy are given to fox-hunting,\\nthe bottle, and frequently to gambling.\\n1738 Mar. 11. About 1,200 persons are\\nreported to have been convicted in a few\\nmonths for selling gin -without a\\nlicense.\\n1728 Jan. 23. Parliament meets\\nArthur Onslow, Speaker. [1734. Apr.\\n18. Dissolved.]\\n1729 Nov. 9. Sp. The Treaty of\\nSeville is concluded.\\nSpain restores its conquests, and con-\\nfirms to England the control for supply\\nof slaves to Spanish America (p. 699).\\n1731 Mar. 16. The Treaty of Vienna\\nis concluded with Holland and the Ger-\\nman Empire (p. 515).\\nIre. Lionel, Duke of Dorset, is ap-\\npointed lord-lieutenant.\\n1733 Mar. 14. Parliament: Walpole\\nintroduces a comprehensive Excise\\nBill.\\nApr. 11. London. Sheriffs and mer-\\nchants go to Parliament in 200 carriages,\\nbearing a monster petition against the\\npending Excise Bill.\\nCharles Talbot, Lord Talbot, is ap-\\npointed lord high chancellor.\\nSir Philip Yorke is appointed chief\\njustice.\\n1735 Jan. 14. Parliament meets\\nArthur Onslow is chosen Speaker.\\n[1741. Apr. 28. Dissolved.]\\nFeb. H. C. William Pitt [Earl of\\nChatham] enters as member for Old\\nSarum.\\nJune 24. The laws against witchcraft\\nare repealed.\\nParliament The Porteous riots in\\nEdinburgh, arising out of the execution\\nof the laws against smuggling, are de-\\nbated.\\nThe lord provost of Edinburgh is dis-\\nqualified for office, and the city is fined\\n\u00c2\u00a32,000, for failing to protect Porteous\\nfrom lynching by the mob.\\n1737 June 8. Sir William Lee is ap-\\npointed chief justice.\\nParliament: An act licensing plays\\nPhilip Yorke, Lord Hardwicke, is\\nappointed lord high chancellor.\\nIre. William, Duke of Devonshire, is\\nappointed lord-lieutenant.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1727* Edinburgh. The board of trus-\\ntees of trade and manufactures is ap-\\npointed.\\n1728 Dublin. The Linen Hall is\\nopeced.\\n1729* Dublin. The Parliament House\\nis begun.\\n1730-40 London. The post is trans-\\nmitted only three times a week to Edin-\\nburgh on one occasion London sends a\\nsingle letter.\\n1731 E. I. The Ostend East India\\nCompany is dissolved; the emperor re-\\nmoving this rival of the English com-\\npany.\\nAug. 2. London. The first stone is laid\\nof the Bank of England.\\n1733 Aug. 31. London. Fifty tons of\\nhalfpence and farthings are sent from\\nthe Tower to Ireland.\\n1737* London. Fleet ditch is covered,\\nand Fleet Market is opened.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0921.jp2"}, "922": {"fulltext": "910 1738, May 24-1746, Sept.*. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1739 Oct. 19-46 War against Spain\\nbecause of its interference with Great\\nBritain s American trade.\\nOct. Vice Adm. Vernon is sent to at-\\ntack Spanish possessions in America.\\nNov. 22. Colombia. Porto Bello, in Da-\\nrien, is captured by Adm. Vernon.\\n1740 Sept. A squadron of six vessels\\nsails under Com. Anson to attack Chile\\nand Peru. [It returns unsuccessful.]\\n1740-48 War of the Austrian Succes-\\nsion. England is an ally of Austria in\\nthe Pragmatic army (p. 514).\\n1741 Mar. -Apr.* Colombia. An\\nunsuccessful attack is made upon Car-\\ntagena by Adms. Vernon and Went-\\nworth 175 ships, 15,000 sailors, and\\n12,000 soldiers are in the expedition.\\n1743 June 27. Ger. George H. de-\\nfeats the French at Dettingen. (See\\nFrance.)\\n1744 Mar. 15. France declares war\\nagainst Great Britain.\\nSept. 21. The Colchester, 50 guns, is lost\\non Kentish Knock 50 men perish.\\nOct. 5. The Victory, the finest man-of-\\nwar in the English navy, is wrecked\\nnear the Isle of Alderney; Adm. Sir\\nJohn Balchen and the entire crew are\\nlost.\\nThe Duke of Cumberland is ap-\\npointed captain-general. The Earl of\\nStair commander-in-chief.\\n1745 May 11. Belg. Battle of Fon-\\ntenoy (p. 700).\\nJune 17. N. S. Louisburg, the chief\\nFrench stronghold in America, is taken\\n(p. 66).\\nJuly Scot. The second Jacobite Re-\\nbellion.\\nCharles Edward, the Young Pre-\\ntender, grandson of James II., lands\\non the western coast, and is joined by\\na large number of Highlanders and\\nsome of the nobility. [Aug. He takes\\nPerth and Edinburgh. Sept. 21. He de-\\nfeats the royal forces under Sir John\\nCope at Prestonpans, near Edinburgh.\\nNov. He invades England.]\\nNov. 10. Carlisle is invested by the\\nJacobite army. [Nov. 17. Taken. Nov.\\n28. Charles Edward makes his quarters\\nat Manchester. Dec. 4. He enters\\nDerby with 400 cavalry and 2,000 in-\\nfantry.]\\nDec. The Royalist army under the\\nDuke of Cumberland and Gen. Wade\\nadvances northward to suppress the\\nJacobites. [Dec. 6. The Jacobites com-\\nmence their retreat. Dec. 18. They gain\\nan advantage over Cumberland at Clif-\\nton, Cumberland.]\\n*The Royal Military Academy at\\nWoolwich is efficiently organized.\\nField-Marshal Wade is appointed\\ncommander-in-chief.\\n1746 Jan. 17. Scot. The Royalists\\nunder Gen. Hawley are defeated by\\nCharles Edward at Falkirk Moor, Stir-\\nlingshire.\\nApr. 16. (o. s.) Scot. Battle of Cul-\\nloden, near Inverness.\\nThe Jacobites (6,000\u00c2\u00b1) are totally de-\\nfeated by the Duke of Cumberland with\\na force of 10,000i: a great slaughter of\\nthe vanquished follows. [Charles Ed-\\nward, after wandering about for several\\nweeks, escapes to France. This is the\\nlaBt serious effort of the Stuarts to re-\\ncover the throne.]\\nSept. E. I. The French attack Ma-\\ndras (p. 700).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1738 Sept. 13. London. The West-\\nminster bridge is begun.\\nRailroads for collieries, with rails\\nmade of iron, are laid at Whitehaven.\\nLewis Paul secures a patent for a\\nspmning-machine. [Unsuccessful.]\\nEdinburgh. The Royal Society of\\nEdinburgh is founded.\\n1739 Dr. Clayton describes the theory\\nof gas-lights as the inflammable aeri-\\nform fluid, carburetted hydrogen.\\nGas is first evolved from coal.\\n1740 Benjamin Martin mates great\\nimprovements in the microscope; he\\ninvents and sells pocket microscopes.\\nBenjamin Huntsman sets up a manu-\\nfactory for cast steel at Haudsworth,\\nnear Sheffield.\\n1741 May* London. Rev. Stephen\\nHales invents ventilators, and de-\\nscribes them to the Royal Society.\\nOct. 19. David Garrick makes his\\ndebut as Richard IH. in the Theater of\\nGoodman s Field, Ipswich. [1742. May\\n1. At Drury Lane, London.]\\nHandel composes his sublime orato-\\nrio, The Messiah, in 23 days. [1742. Apr.\\n13. First performed in Dublin.]\\nLondon. Martin Folkes becomes presi-\\ndent of the Royal Society.\\nLondon. The Madrigal Society is\\nestablished.\\nDublin. Fishamble Street Music\\nHall is erected.\\n1742 Scot. Andrew Gordon uses a\\nglass cylinder instead of a globe in\\nelectrical apparatus. [1770\u00c2\u00b1. A plate is\\nsubstituted.]\\nJames Bradley becomes astronomer\\nroyal.\\nScot. Calico-printing is begun at\\nGlasgow.\\n1743 Parliament offers \u00c2\u00a320,000 for the\\ndiscovery of the Northwest Passage.\\nThe first cotton-mill is erected at\\nBirmingham it is unsuccessful.\\nScot. The first Paisley handker-\\nchiefs are made.\\n1745 Baskewill, a printer at Birming-\\nham, takes up the art of making papier-\\nmache and it soon spreads over the\\nentire district.\\nLondon. The surgeons and barbers\\nare made distinct corporations.\\nDublin. The Chapel Street Theater\\nis erected.\\nLondon. The Society of Surgeons is\\nreorganized.\\n1745-56 Three million cattle die of\\nthe plague in England and West Europe.\\n1746 Apr. 23. London. Johann Chris-\\ntoph Gliick plays the harmonica, or\\nmusical glasses. [He writes an Italian\\nopera.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1738 Almon, John, pub., pamphleteer, b.\\nAsgill, John, author, A88\u00c2\u00b1.\\nBoucher, .Jonathan, political wr., philol., b.\\nChandler, Richard, archeologist, horn.\\nClinton, Sir Henry, general, born.\\nCochran, William, artist, born.\\nCornwallis, Earl and Marquis of, Charles,\\ngeneral, statesman, born.\\nHerschel, Sir Frederick William, astron-\\nomer, author, born.\\nMaepherson, James, poet, Scotland, born.\\n.Miller, Joseph, comedian, A54.\\nPortland, Earl of, William H. C. Bentinck,\\nstatesman, born.\\nWoluoit, John (Peter Pindar), painter, satir-\\nist, born.\\nVaughan, Sir John, general, born.\\n1739 Anderson, James, econ., Scot., b.\\nBeauclerk, Topham, wit, born.\\nParker, Sir Hyde, admiral, horn.\\nsaunderson, Nicholas, mathematician, A57.\\nWalter, John, founder of London Times, b.\\n1740 Auernethy, John, Nonconformist\\nclergyman, author, Ireland, A 60.\\nArnold, Samuel, musical composer, born.\\nBacon, John, statuary, born.\\nBaring, Sir Francis, financier, horn.\\nBoswell, James, biographer of Dr. Johnson,\\nScotland, born.\\nCartwright, John, major, pol. reformer,.b.\\nChambeis, Ephraim, eyelopedisl, A6G.\\nCosway, Richard, painter, born.\\nFrancis, Sir Philip, states., au., Ire., born.\\nCagnier, Jean, Hebrew and Arabic professor\\nat Oxford, A70.\\nKer, John, bibliographer, born.\\nLatham, John, ornithologist, born.\\nSharp, William, engraver, born.\\nTickell, Thomas, poet, essayist, A54.\\n1741* Adam, Alexander, grammarian,\\ngeographer, antiquary, Scotland, born.\\nBarry, James, historical painter, Ireland, b.\\nDundas, Henry, Viscount Melville,\\nstatesman, born.\\nMalone, Edmond, Shakespearean commenta-\\ntor, Ireland, born.\\nPiozzi, Hester Lynch, author, born.\\nYoung, Arthur, traveler, writer, horn.\\n1742 Aiuliurst, Nicholas, pol. wr., A45.\\nBentley, Richard, classical scholar, A80.\\nChalmers, Ceorge, historian, biographer, b.\\nHalley, Edmund, astronomer, math., A86.\\nLukin, Lionel, inventor of lifeboat, born.\\nOldmixon, John, historian, A 69.\\nRennel, James, major, geog., traveler, b.\\nReed, Isaac, critic, editor, born.\\nStrutt, Joseph, antiquarian, engraver, born.\\n1743* Ainsworth, Robert, grammarian,\\nlexicographer, A83.\\nArgyll, second Duke of, states., Scot., A65.\\nAstbury, John, potter, A55.\\nBanks, Sir Joseph, naturalist, born.\\nBarbauld, Anna Letitin, poet, author, born.\\nBlizard, Sir William, anatomist, surgeon, b.\\nCartwright, Edmund, poet, inventor of\\npower-loom, born.\\nEdwards, Bryan, historian, born.\\nHervey, Lord John, statesman, A47.\\nNeal, Daniel, clergyman, author, A65.\\nPaley, William, el., writer, philosopher, b.\\nRamsay, Andrew Michael (Chevalier Ram-\\nsay), miscellaneous writer, Scotland, A59.\\nRees, Abraham, cyelopedist, born.\\nSavage, Richard, poet, A45.\\nWyatt, James, architect, born.\\n1744 May 30. Pope, Alexander, poet,\\nA 56.\\nAllan, David, painter, Scot., born.\\nArnold, John, horologer, inventor, born.\\nEdgeworth, Richard l.ovell, mis. wr., Ire., b.\\nFerguson, Patrick, major, born.\\nIladley, John, asl ronomer, A61.\\nHill, Rowland, preacher, born.\\nInnes, Thomas, historian, Scotland, A82.\\nLake, Viscount Gerard, general, born.\\nMilner, Joseph, cl., ecclesiastical hist., b.\\nMitford, William, historian, politician, born.\\nMulgrave, Lord, Constantme John Phipps,\\nArctic navigator, born.\\nTheobald, Lewis, dramatist, litterateur, A56.\\n1745 Mar. 18. Walpole. Sir Robert, Earl\\nof Orford, statesman, A69.\\nOct. 1 9. Swift, Jonathan, satirist, states-\\nman, Ireland, A78.\\nAlvanley, Lord, Richard P. Arden, jurist, b.\\nAsbury, Francis, ftleth. bp. in U. S. A., b.\\nCalder, Sir Robert, admiral, born.\\nCruikshank, William, anatomist, Scot., b.\\nDibdin, Charles, song-writer, born.\\nEllis, Ceorge, miscellaneous writer, born.\\nHayley, William, poet, born.\\nHearne, Samuel, traveler, born.\\nHolcroft, Thomas, dramatist, born.\\nMackenzie, Henry, novelist, Scotland, born.\\nMore, Hannah, religious writer, born.\\nNichols, John, printer, pub., ed., antiq., b.\\nPye, Henrv James, poet, born.\\nStowed, Baron, William Scott, jurist, born.\\nWoodfall, William (Junius s), publisher, b.\\n1738 May 24. Conversion of John\\nWesley.\\nHe finds bis heart strangely warmed\\nunder the instructions of the Moravians.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0922.jp2"}, "923": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1738, May 24-1746, Sept. 911\\n[Aug. 1. He visits the Moravians at\\nHerrnhut, Germany.]\\n1739 Jan. 5. The Methodists meet in\\nan informal conference at Islington\\nseven ministers are present.\\nFeb. 17. Whitefield leads the Method-\\nist movement into tie ld-preaching at\\nKingswood. He is the most eloquent\\npreacher of his day. [May 2. John\\nWesley also preaches for the first time\\nnear Bristol.]\\n~Nov. London. The first Methodist\\nSociety is organized at the Foundry by\\nJohn Wesley.\\n1740 Mar.* AmobatEengeworthtakes\\nJohn Wesley to the water and ducks\\nhim, and then relent under his singing.\\nJuly 20. London. The Methodists\\nseparate from the Moravians.\\nScot. A Declaration and Testimony\\nare published by the Reformed Pres-\\nbytery.\\n1741 Wesley traverses the kingdom,\\npreaching almost daily, and sometimes\\nfour sermons on the Sabbath.\\nA chapel is erected for Whitefield in\\nMoorfields.\\nIt being a temporary structure, it is\\ncalled the Tabernacle, the name after-\\nwards given to their chapels by the Cal-\\nvinistic Methodists. He separates from\\nthe Wesleys, he holding the doctrine of\\nelection, which they reject.\\n1743 Aug. 1. Scot. The Reformed\\nPresbyterians are first organized as a\\npresbytery at Braehead, Lanarkshire.\\n1744 June 25. London. The first\\nMethodist Conference is held at the\\nFoundry. Six regular clergymen and\\nseveral lay preachers are present.\\n*Mobs frequently attack the Method-\\nists, and Wesley is defamed by slan-\\nderers.\\n1745 Aug. 1. The second Methodist\\nConference is held at Bristol ques-\\ntions of theology and economy are con-\\nsidered. [1746, Mav 12, the3d 1747, June\\n6, the 4th, at London 174S, June 2, the\\n5th, at London; 1749, Nov. 16, the 6th,\\nalso at London.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1739 Scot. The Scots Magazine is is-\\nsued.\\nTreatise on Human Nature, by David\\nHume, appears. [1741\u00e2\u0080\u009412, Essays, Moral\\nand Political 1748, E no idry concerning\\nthe Human Understanding; 1753, En-\\nquiry Concerning the Principle of Morals\\nand Political Discourses.]\\n1740 The first circulating library\\nfor public use is established by Samuel\\nFancourt, a Dissenting minister of Salis-\\nbury.\\n1740-41 Pamela, by Samuel Richard-\\nson, appears. [1751, Clarissa Harlowe;\\n1754, Sir Charles Grandison.\\n1741 Aris s Gazette is issued at Bir-\\nmingham.\\nLife of Cicero, by Conyers Middleton,\\nappears.\\nThe Divine Legation of Moses Demon-\\nstrated, by William Warburton, Bishop\\nof Gloucester, appears.\\n1742 Joseph Andrews, by Henry Field-\\ning, appears. [1743, Jonathan Wild the\\nGreat; 1749, Tom Jones 1751, Amelia.]\\nEdmund Hoyle publishes his Short-\\nTreatise on Whist.\\n1742-46 Night Thoughts, by Edward\\nYoung, appears.\\n1742-69 Poems, by Thomas Gray, ap-\\npears.\\n1744 The Chronicle is issued at Cam-\\nbridge.\\nDublin. E sdaile s News-Letter ap-\\npears. [1754, Changed to Saunders s\\nNews-Letter.]\\nSiris, a Chain of Philosophical Reflec-\\ntions and Inquiries concerning the Vir-\\ntues of Tar-water, etc., by George Berke-\\nley, appears.\\nThe Pleasures of the Imagination, by\\nMark Akenside, appears.\\n1744-49 Dublin. A Literary Journal is\\nissued, the first review published in Ire-\\nland.\\n1745 London. The College of Sur-\\ngeons [lioyal College of Surgeons of\\nEngland] is chartered.\\nSOCIETY.\\nHawkers of liquor, unable to pay\\ntheir fines, are publicly whipped.\\n1739 Oct.. London. Capt. Thomas Co-\\nram obtains a charter for his foundling\\nhospital. [1756. June 2. Opened.]\\nThe association for the relief of the\\nwidows of naval men is founded.\\nParliament An act for the suppres-\\nsion of races by ponies and weak horses\\nis passed.\\nIre. The title Earl of Bessborough\\nis created. [1743, Viscount of Powers-\\ncourt 174S, Earl of Camck.]\\nDublin. The Foundling Hospital is\\nincorporated.\\n1740 Nov. London. London Hos-\\npital, Whitechapel, for seamen, labor-\\ners, and others, is instituted. [1745.\\nMiddlesex Hospital.]\\nThe daily wages of harvestmen is ten-\\npence.\\n1741 The using of torture to compel\\npersons to plead when arraigned for\\ntreason or felony is abolished.\\n1742 Marriages with lunatics are\\nmade void.\\nTitles created, Earl of Harrington.\\n[1743, Earl of Portsmouth; 1746, Earl of\\nBuckinghamshire, and Earl of Fitzwilliam;\\n1747, Viscount of Leinster; 1749, Earl of For-\\ntescue, ami Baron I onsonby; 1752, Earl of\\n(luilford; 1754, Earl of Hardwicke; 1766,\\nEarl of Ilchester, and Duke of Newcastle;\\n1759, Earl of Warwick and Brooke (1746).]\\n1743 John Wesley takes advanced\\ntemperance ground, requiring his fol-\\nlowers to avoid drunkenness, buying\\nor selling spirituous liquors, or drinking\\nthem, except in cases of extreme neces-\\nsity.\\n1745 Mar. Dublin. The first lying-\\nin hospital is established by Dr. Bar-\\ntholomew Mosse, a physician, amid\\nstrong opposition.\\nScot. Glasgow is plundered by the\\nJacobites.\\n1746 Aug. 12. Scot. Parliament for-\\nbids the wearing of the Highland dress.\\nLondon. A smallpox hospital is es-\\ntablished; Lock Hospital is also\\nfounded. [1747. A Jews Hospital. 1749.\\nThe British Lying-in Hospital. 1750.\\nThe City of London Lying-in Hospital.]\\nAug. 18. London. Lord Kilmarnock\\nand Lord Balmerino are executed on\\nTower Hill.\\n1738 Sept. 7. Ire. Robert Jocelyn\\n[Lord Newport and Viscount Jocelyn]\\nis appointed lord chancellor.\\nParliament An act is passed to pre-\\nvent the running of wool from Ireland\\nto France. [1739. Duty is repealed.]\\n1741 Dec. 1. Parliament meets Ar-\\nthur Onslow, Speaker. [1747. June 18.\\nDissolved.]\\nDee. 29. Ire. Thomas Marlay is ap-\\npointed chief justice.\\n1742 Feb. 1. Walpole resigns the pre-\\nmiership, having a majority of but one\\nin the Commons. [He is created Earl of\\nOrford.]\\nFeb. The Earl of Wilmington be-\\ncomes first lord of the treasury. [De-\\nceased. 1743. Aug. Succeeded by\\nHenry Pelham. Lord Carteret, the\\nEarl of Harrington, and the Duke of\\nNewcastle are in the administration.]\\n1744 Mar. 15. France declares war\\n(pp. 514, 701J.\\nNov. Henry Pelham forms the coali-\\ntion, Broad-bottom, administra-\\ntion, with Newcastle, Harrington, and\\nBedford as colleagues.\\n1744-45 The Habeas Corpus Act is\\nsuspended because of the Jacobite re-\\nbellion in Scotland.\\n1745 July 25. Scot. The Young Pre-\\ntender lands [and proclaims his father\\nking].\\nDec. A proclamation is made to magis-\\ntrates requiring them to discover and\\nbring to justice all Jesuits and po-\\npish priests, and offering a reward of\\n\u00c2\u00a3100 for the apprehension of such per-\\nsons.\\nIre. Philip, Earl of Chesterfield, is\\nappointed lord-lieutenant.\\n1746 Feb. 5. Parliament: The win-\\ndow-tax is increased. [1851. llepealed.]\\nFeb. 10. The Short-Lived Ad-\\nministration is formed.\\nIt consists of William Pulteney, the\\nEarl of Bath, and Lords Carlisle, Win-\\nchelsea, and Granville. [Continues for\\ntwo days.]\\nFeb. 12. Henry Pelham forms an ad-\\nministration with the Earl of Ches-\\nterfield and the Duke of Bedford as\\ncolleagues.\\nFeb. William Pitt is appointed treas-\\nurer for Ireland. [June Appointed\\npaymaster of the forces.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1739 Ire. Famine causes great rav-\\nages.\\nLondon. The new Mansion House is\\nbegun. [1753. Completed.]\\n1740* London. The hard winter\\noccurs.\\nThe Thames is frozen hard for nine\\nweeks coaches ply upon the Thames,\\nand festivities and diversions of all\\nkinds are enjoyed upon the ice.\\n1741 The Duke of Devonshire s race-\\nhorse, Flying Childers, dies, aged 26\\nyears.\\nHe was acknowledged by sportsmen to\\nhave been the fleetest horse that ever\\nran at Newmarket, or that was even seen\\nin the world; he ran four miles in six\\nminutes and 4S seconds, or at the rate\\nof 35i miles an hour, carrying nine stone\\ntwo pounds.\\nThe new Exchange at Bristol is\\nerected.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0923.jp2"}, "924": {"fulltext": "912 1746,**~1756, May GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1747 May 3. Sp. The French de-\\nfeated off Cape Finisterre (p. 700).\\nJune 16. Com. Fox takes 40 French\\nships sailing from the West Indies.\\nJuly 2. Neth. Defeat at Raucoux and\\nLaffeldt by the French Marshal Saxe\\n(p. 700).\\nOct. 14. Ft. Victory off Finisterre\\n(p. 700).\\n1748 Oct. 7. Prus. The Peace of\\nAix-la-Chapelle is signed.\\n1749 Apr. 13. E. I. The Namur, 74\\nguns, founders near Fort St. David;\\nonly 26 of her crew are saved.\\nE.I. The Pembroke, 60 guns, is\\nwrecked near Porto Novo 330 of her\\ncrew perish.\\n1751-54 E. I. War with the French\\nin India. Arcot defended (p. 700).\\n1754 Pa. The English establish forts\\nwest of the Alleghanies in hostility to\\nFrance. The struggle for supremacy\\nin the New World begins.\\n1755-63 War with France.\\nThe Seven Years War of Europe, and\\nthe French and Indian War in America.\\nIt is caused by disputes respecting the\\nboundaries of territory in America.\\nApr.* [U.S.A.] Three expeditions are\\nplanned against the French (p. 68).\\nJune 10. JST.F. Adm.Boseawen takes\\nthe Alcide and Li/s, two men-of-war, from\\nthe French in a naval battle off New-\\nfoundland.\\nJuly 9. Pa. Gen. Braddock is de-\\nfeated Col. George Washington\\nsaves a remnant of the army (p. 68).\\nSept. 5. N. S. The exile of the Aca-\\ndians is announced (p. 68).\\nE.I. Col. Robert Clive conquers\\nOrissa, in Bengal.\\n1756 May 17. England declares war\\nagainst France. [June 9. France de-\\nclares war.]\\nMay 20. Sp. The French besiege the\\nisland of Minorca, in the Mediterra-\\nnean Adm. Byng is sent to relieve it\\nhe fails to do so. [July It surrenders.\\n1757. Mar. 14. Byng is shot at Ports-\\nmouth for this failure.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1746 Morris and Smith s Northeast\\nPassage expedition sails.\\n1747* London. A chess club is\\nformed at Slaughter s Coffee-house, St.\\nMartin s Lane.\\nCreed projects a machine having an\\nobject similar to that of the phono-\\ngraph.\\nWatson shows the transmission of\\nelectricity by an insulated wire.\\nMathematical tripos are instituted\\nat Cambridge.\\n1748 July 14. London. An eclipse of\\nthe sun is observed.\\n1749 Thomas Frye introduces painted\\nporcelain.\\nThe fly shuttle is generally used.\\n1750 Feb. 8. London. An earthquake\\noccurs. [Feb. 19. Another.]\\nRailroads, called tramways, in and\\nabout Newcastle, are made of wood, and\\nA system of shorthand, called Bra-\\nchygraphy, based on Mason s system, is\\nintroduced.\\nLondon. Westminster Bridge is\\nopened.\\n1750-70 Scot. The common-sense sys-\\ntem of- philosophy is originated by\\nThomas Eeid.\\n1751 Jan. 21. Handel s last oratorio,\\nJephthah, is composed. [1752. Feb. 26.\\nPerformed.]\\nAmalgam is introduced by John Can-\\nton for the rubber in electrical experi-\\nments.\\n1752 Sept. 3. (o. s.) The Gregorian\\ncalendar is adopted.\\nThe new style blots 11 days from the\\ncalendar, this day being accounted the\\n14th of September.\\nLondon. George, Earl of Macclesfield,\\nbecomes president of the Royal Society.\\n[1764, James, Earl of Morton.]\\n1753 Apr. 5. London. The British\\nMuseum originates. (See Letters.)\\nThe Queen s Theater, Manchester, is\\nopened. [1775. Rebuilt.]\\nLondon, The Society of Arts is es-\\ntablished.\\n1754 London. John Harrison is\\nvoted \u00c2\u00a350 by the Society of Arts for a\\nmasterly improvement of the spinning-\\nwheel.\\n1755 July 14. A statue of Sir Isaac\\nNewton in marble, by Louis Francois\\nRoubillac, is erected at Trinity College,\\nCambridge.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1746 Atwood, George, math., median., b.\\nBlair, Robert, poet. Scotland, A46.\\nBruce, Jlicliael, poet, Scotland, born.\\nChubb, Thomas, deistical writer, AG7.\\nGrattan, Henry, orator, statesman, Ire., b.\\nJones, Sir William, orientalist, born.\\nMaelatirin, Colin, math., pliil., Scot., A47.\\njVlacneil, Hector, poet, Scotland, born.\\nMalmeshury, Karl of, James Harris, diplo.,b.\\nMawe, John, mineralogist, bora.\\nNorthcote, James, hist, portrait painter, b.\\n!747 Aikin, John, phy.. biog., writer, b.\\nBourne, Vincent, Latin poet, A5Q.\\nCoke, Thomas, tirst bishop of M. E. church,\\nIT. S. A., born.\\nCoxe, William, archdeacon, traveler, hist., b.\\nForbes, Inmcan, statesman, Scotland, A62.\\nHutcheson, Francis, metaphys., Scot., A53.\\nJones, John Paul, naval advent., Scot,, b.\\nLovat, Lord Simon l- rasev, sold., Scot.,A80.\\nO Keefe, John, dramatist, Ireland, born.\\nParr, Samuel, teacher, clergyman, author, b.\\nPotter, John, archbishop of Canterbury,\\nauthor, A63.\\nScott, Thomas, cl., Bible commentator, b.\\nSeward, Anna, poet, born.\\nTytler, Alex. Fraser, jurist, hist., Scot., b.\\n1748 Bentham. Jeremy, jurist, philoso-\\npher, author, born.\\nDuckworth, Sir John T., admiral, born.\\nKent, William, painter, architect, A65.\\nPlayfair, John, math., physicist, Scot., born.\\nThomson, James, poet, Scotland, A48.\\nWatts, Isaac, cl., sacred poet, an., A74.\\n1749 Braniah, Joseph, mechanician, b.\\nCatesby, Mark, naturalist, A69.\\nDaniel, Thomas, landscape painter, born.\\nFearne, Charles, jurist, legal writer, born.\\nFox, Charles James, orator, statesman, h.\\nGed, William, inventor of stereotype, A59.\\nJenner, Edward, physician, discoverer of\\nvaccination, born.\\nPhilips, Ambrose, dramatist, A78.\\nWilkins, Sir Charles, Sanscrit scholar, born.\\n1750 Arrow-smith, Aaron, geographer, b.\\nBarnard, Lady Anne, poet, Scotland, born.\\nBelsham, Thomas, 1 nitarian cl., author, b.\\nButler, Charles, historian, jurist, author, b.\\nCollingrwood. Lord Cuthbert, admiral, b.\\nCurran, John Philpot, orator, statesman,\\nIreland, born.\\nEllen borough, Lord, Edward Law, chief\\njustice, born.\\nKlPkmc, Lord Thomas, statesman, born.\\nGordon, Lord George, fanatic, born.\\nHerschel, Caroline L.. astronomer, bora.\\nIreland, Samuel, author, born.\\nKirwan, Richard, chemist, geologist, Ire., b.\\nKnight, Richard Payne, author, born.\\nLee, Sophia, novelist, born.\\nMulilleton, Conyers; clergyman, controver-\\nsialist, author, A67.\\nPeel, Sir Robert, cotton manufacturer, b.\\nSouthcott, Joanna, fanatic, religious \\\\vr., b.\\nToinline, George, bp. of Winchester, au., b.\\nWindham, William, orator, statesman, b.\\nYoung, Matthew, physicist, born.\\n1751 Adam, William, lawyer, Scotland, b.\\nBolingbrolie, Viscount, Henry Saint John,\\nstatesman, author, A73.\\nDoddridge, Philip, Nonconformist clergy-\\nman, theologian, philosopher, A 49.\\nEldon, Earl of, John Scott, statesman, born.\\nFrederick Louis, father of George III., A 44.\\nMilner, Isaac, mathematician, born.\\nShaw, George, naturalist, born.\\nSheridan, Richard Brinsley, poet, drama-\\ntist, orator, statesman, Ireland, born.\\nSherwin, John Keyse, engraver, born.\\nTeignmouth, Lord, John Shore, statesman, b.\\n1752 Butler. Joseph, theol., pliil., A60.\\nChatterton, Thomas, poet, born.\\nCheselden, William, anatomist, A64.\\nD Arblay, Madame, Frances Burney.\\nnovelist, born.\\nErskine, Ralph, cl., author, Scotland, A67.\\nHansard, Luke, parliamentary printer, born.\\nRitson, Joseph, antiquary, born.\\nWarren, Sir I eter. admiral, A49.\\nWinston, William, cl., math., trans., A85.\\n1753* Beechey, Sir William, portrait-\\npainter, born.\\nBell, Andrew, cl., educationalist, Scot., born.\\nBerkeley. George, bishop of Gloyne, meta-\\nphysician, Ireland, AGS.\\nBewick. Thomas, artist, wood-engraver, b.\\nBligh, William, admiral, born.\\nGleig, George, clergyman, author, Scot.,b.\\nIncllbald, Eli/a both, novelist, born.\\nNicholson, William, natural pliil., author, b.\\nRoscoe, William, author, born.\\nStanhope, third Earl of, Charles, states-\\nman, scientist, born.\\nStewart, Dug-ald, philosopher, Scotland, b.\\nThompson, Sir Benjamin, Count Rumford,\\nphilanthropist, statesman, scientist, born.\\n1754* Cave, Edward, printer, bookseller,\\nfdr. of The Gentleman s Magazine, A63.\\nCrabbe, George, clergyman, poet, born.\\nErskine, Ebenezer, theologian, preacher,\\nchief fdr. of Secession Church, Scot., A74.\\nFielding:, Henry, poet, dramatist, novelist,\\njudge, A47.\\nFuller, Andrew, Baptist preacher, wt., b.\\nHastings, Marquis of, Erancis Rawdon,\\nmajor-general, statesman, born.\\nSlarsden, William, orientalist, born.\\nPelham, Sir Henry, statesman, A58.\\nSinclair, Sir John, agriculturist, statistician,\\nauthor, born.\\nTarleton, Bannastre, general, born.\\nWarren, Sir John I .orlase, admiral, bora.\\n1755* Harrington, (George, pickpocket, b.\\nBone, Henry, enamel j ainter, born.\\nBraddock, Edward, general in America, A38.\\nCathcart, first Karl of ,W in. Shaw, diplom., b.\\nDyer, George, scholar, antiquary, born.\\nFlaxinan, John, sculptor, born.\\nGrant, Anne, novelist, essayist, Scotland., b.\\nMackenzie, Sir Alo.amier, Can. ex., Scot.,b.\\nSiddons, Sarah, actor, bora.\\nSutton, Charles Manners, archbp. of Cant.,b.\\nVancouver, George, navigator in Am., born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1746 Ire. Royal assent refused to the\\nbill to naturalize the professors of the\\nJewish religion.\\n1747 Aug. 9. Dublin. John Wesley\\nfirst visits Ireland. [Thomas Williams\\nforms the first Methodist Society in\\nDublin. 1748. Mar. 8. Wesley makes a\\nsecond visit.]\\nJames Wardley revives the society of\\nFriends (Quakers).\\nScot. The followers of Ebenezer Ers-\\nkine are divided into Burghers and\\nAnti-Burghers, on the question of in-\\nterpreting the Burghers oath.\\nScot. The Secession and Relief\\nPresbyterian Churches unite.\\nThomas Herring is chosen arch-\\nbishop of Canterbury.\\n1748 May W. Lady Huntingdon\\nand other Methodists make an evangel-\\nizing tour through Wales.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0924.jp2"}, "925": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1746, **-1756,\\n913\\nWhitefield s followers are called\\nThe Countess of Huntingdon s Con-\\nnexion, she being an effective supporter\\nof Methodists, and the founder of a\\ntheological school at Trevecca.\\n1749 Dublin. The spire of St. Pat-\\nrick s Cathedral is erected.\\nThe Clergy Orphan corporation is\\norganized as a benevolent institution.\\n1750 Mar. 8. London. The Method-\\nist Conference opens.\\n[1753, at Leeds 1754, May 22, at Lon-\\ndon 1755, May 6, at Leeds 1756, Aug.\\n26, at Bristol.]\\nLondon. The Society for promoting\\nReligious Knowledge among the Poor\\nis organized.\\nScot. White field itinerates and\\npreaches here. [1757. He makes a sec-\\nond visit.]\\nJoanna Southcott, a fanatic, is born.\\nShe comes from Exeter to London,\\nwhere her followers increase to many\\nthousands, being chiefly the poor and\\nignorant.\\n1751* Ire. George Whitefield, the\\nMethodist evangelist, visits Ireland.\\nScot. John Wesley makes his first\\nvisit. [1753. Apr. A second. 1757. A\\nthird visit.]\\n1752 May 23. Scot. The Belief\\nChurch of Scotland is initiated.\\nThomas Gillespie is deposed from the\\nministry for opposing the doctrine of\\nSassive obedience to the law of the\\nhurch of Scotland respecting the set-\\ntlement of ministers. (See 1757.)\\nThe Western Theological College\\n(Congregational) is founded at Plym-\\nouth.\\n1754 Mar. Whitefield again sails for\\nAmerica.\\nMay 22. London. The Methodist Con-\\nference opens. [1755. May 6. At Leeds.\\n1756. Aug. 26. At Bristol.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1746 The Museum is issued.\\nOdes, by William Collins, appears.\\n1747* Scot. Parliament enacts the\\nunion of the two colleges, St. Salvator\\nand St. Leonard, as the University of\\nSt. Andrews.\\n1747-49 Hbivitt s Journal is issued.\\n1748 Thomas, Duke of Newcastle, is\\nelected chancellor of Cambridge.\\nScot. The Aberdeen Journal is issued.\\nScot. Castle of Indolence, by James\\nThomson, appears.\\nRoderick Random, by Tobias George\\nSmollett, appears. [1751, Peregrine\\nPickle; 1753, The Advent urns of Ferdi-\\nnand, Count Fathom; 1755, Translation\\nof Don Quixote.]\\nScot. Essay on Quantity, by Thomas\\nReid, appears.\\nLondon. A circulating library is es-\\ntablished at Crane Court.\\n1749 Irene, by Johnson, appears.\\n1749-1845 London. The Monthly Re-\\nview is issued.\\n1750 Mar. 20-52 Mar. 14. The Ram-\\nbler is issued by Samuel Johnson.\\nHermes, or a Philosophical Enquiry\\nConcerning Un iversal Grammar, by\\nJames Harris, appears.\\nThe Life and Adventures of Peter Wil-\\nkins, by Robert Pultock, appears.\\n1751* Elegy Written in a Country\\nChurchyard, by Thomas Gray, appears.\\n*753 Jan. 4. First nurr her of the\\nWorld is issued.\\nApr. 5. Parliament enacts that \u00c2\u00a320,000\\nbe raised by lottery to purchase the li-\\nbrary of Sir Henry Sloan, deceased. [It\\nthus originates the British Museum.]\\nThe Oxford Journal is issued.\\n1754-61 Scot. History of England, by\\nDavid Hume, appears. [1757, Natural\\nHistory of Religion and Four Disserta-\\ntions.\\n1755* Yankee Doodle is written by Dr.\\nRichard Schuchburg, a surgeon of the\\nBritish army, in contempt of the motley\\nassembly of militiamen assembled from\\nthe colonies to aid against the French\\nin Canada.\\nDictionary of the English Language,\\nby Samuel Johnson, appears. [1759.\\nRasselas.)\\n1755-80 The London Review is issued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1748 Jan. 16. London. Public excite-\\nment is raised over a conjurer who an-\\nnounces that he will jump into a quart\\nbottle at the Haymarket Theater.\\nApr. 27. London. The close of the war\\nis celebrated by a splendid display of\\nfireworks.\\n1749 Feb. 20. London. Usher Ga-\\nhagan, a gentleman and scholar, is exe-\\ncuted at Tyburn for clipping coin.\\nAn infirmary is established at Liver-\\npool.\\nIt is made a punishable offense for\\nhatmakers, or workers in textile sub-\\nstances and leather, to combine for the\\nincrease of wages.\\n1750 The Jockey Club is founded.\\n[It chiefly regulates races of the present\\nday, and the betting connected with\\nthem.]\\nLondon. St. Luke s Hospital for lu-\\nnatics is established. [Oct. 15. The\\nfoundation of the [present] London\\nHospital building is laid by Adm. Sir\\nPeter Warren. Queen Charlotte s\\nLying-in Hospital is founded.]\\n1751 Ire Titles created, Viscount of\\nAshbrook.\\n[1756, Earl of Shannon, Earl of Lanes-\\nborouLili, and .F.aron Farnham; 1758, Baron\\nLisle; 1759, Earl Fife; 1760, Earl of Morn-\\nington; 1762, Baron Clive, and Earl Arran;\\n1763, Earl Milltown, and Viscount of Mont-\\n1752 Apr. 7. London. To avoid the\\neffects of an earthquake shock predicted\\nby a madman for April 8, thousands of\\npersons, particularly those of rank and\\nfortune, pass the night in their car-\\nriages and in tents in Hyde Park.\\n*The Seamen s Hospital, Liverpool,\\nis founded.\\n*The Manchester infirmary is insti-\\ntuted.\\nActs are passed licensing music and\\ndancing in public houses.\\n1753 London. The British Museum\\nis founded by the aid of a lottery.\\nBread riots occur at Bristol.\\nThe proposed English census is op-\\nposed as profane.\\n1755 Apr. 15. London. Buyers of lot-\\ntery tickets break down the counters of\\nthe Bank of England in their eagerness\\nto buy tickets.\\nSTATE.\\n1747 Nov. 10. Parliament meets\\nArthur Onslow, Speaker. [1754. Apr. 8.\\nDissolved.]\\nIre. William, Earl of Harrington, is\\nappointed lord-lieutenant.\\n1748 Oct. 7. Prus. The Peace of\\nAix-la-Chapelle is concluded (p. 515).\\n1751 June 22. Lord Anson is made\\nfirst lord of the admiralty. [175G, Nov.\\n19, Earl Temple 1757, Apr. 6, Earl of\\nWinchelsea; July 2, Lord Anson; 1762,\\nJune 19, George M. Dunk, Earl of Hali-\\nfax 1763, Jan. 1, George Grenville Apr.\\n23, Earl of Sandwich; Sept. 10, Earl of Eg-\\nmont; 1766, Sept. 10, Sir Charles Saun-\\nders Dec. 10, Sir Edward Hawke.]\\nAug. 27. Ire. Sir George Caulfield is\\nappointed chief justice.\\nParliament A Regency Bill is\\n1752 Jan. 1. The New Style calen-\\ndar, according to the Gregorian reform\\nof 1582, is operative.\\nThe journals of Parliament are or-\\ndered to he printed.\\n1753* Parliament: The Irregular\\nMarriages Act is passed.\\nIt prohibits the Fleet-prison marriage\\nsystem, marriages without license or\\ncertificate.\\n1754 Apr. Thomas H. Pelham, Duke\\nof Newcastle, becomes first lord of the\\ntreasury.\\nNov. 14. Parliament meets Arthur\\nOnslow, Speaker. [1761. Mar. 21. Dis-\\nsolved.]\\nEdinburgh. The magistrates are as-\\nsigned gold chains.\\nSir Dudley Hyder is appointed chief\\njustice.\\n1756 May 17. War is declared\\nagainst France after fighting for two\\nyears. [June 9. France declares war\\nagainst England.]\\nMay Parliament The Plate Act is\\npassed. [1780. Repealed.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1746 The Windsor marches are\\ndrained, and the trees planted, for Wil-\\nliam, Duke of Cambridge.\\n1748 Mar. 25. London. A fire in\\nShadwell destroys 200 houses.\\nLondon. A display of fireworks is\\ngiven in the Green Park in honor of the\\npeace of Aix-la-Chapelle.\\nA general famine occurs.\\n1749 The town hall, Liverpool, is\\nbegun.\\n1750 May* London. During some\\ntrials in the Old Bailey court, the lord\\nmayor, one alderman, two judges, the\\ngreater part of the jury, and numbers\\nof spectators, catch the jail distemper,\\nand die.\\n1753 The Salthouse dock, Liver-\\npool, is opened.\\n1755 July 17. The ship Doddington\\nis lost 23 out of 273 persons are saved.\\nDec. 4. The Eddystone lighthouse is\\nburned. [1758-60. It is rebuilt it is\\nthe first true lighthouse erected in Eng-\\nland.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0925.jp2"}, "926": {"fulltext": "914 1756, June 20-1762, July 9. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1756 June 20. Tlie Earl of Loudoun\\nsails with an army for Halifax, N. S.\\n[He is reenforced later by additional\\ntroops, making 11,000 men, and 16 men-\\nof-war.]\\nE. I. Black Hole tragedy of Calcutta.\\nThe Nabob of Bengal seizes Calcutta,\\nand imprisons 146 British in a room 18\\nfeet square only 23 survive the night.\\n1757 Jan. 2. Ind. Col. Clive recap-\\ntures Calcutta. The conquest of In-\\ndia begins.\\nJune 23. Ind. Col. Clive, with a force\\nof 3,000, vanquishes the Surajah Dowlah,\\nwith 68,000 men, at Plassey.\\nAug. 9. N. Y. Col. Monroe surrenders\\nto Gen. Montcalm (p. 70).\\n*[U. S. A.] [Lord] Jeffrey Amherst\\ncommands (p. 70).\\nOct. 21. Three English ships defeat\\nseven French ships off Cape Francais.\\nLord Ligonier is appointed comman-\\nder-in-chief.\\n1758 Jan.* [U.S.A.] LordLoudoun\\nis retired, and Gen. Abercrombie suc-\\nceeds hira (p. 70).\\nMar. 2. A battle is fought in the North\\nSea between two French and two Brit-\\nish frigates one of the French vessels\\nApr. 13. The Prince George is burned\\nwhile on its way to Gibraltar about\\n400 men perish.\\nMay 28 -July 26. JV. S. Louisburg is\\ncaptured (p. 70).\\nJune Fr. The British burn about 100\\nvessels in Concale Bay.\\nJuly 8. JV. Y. Defeat at Ticonderoga\\n(p. 70).\\nJuly 26. A r S. England takes Nova\\nScotia (p. 70).\\nAug. 27. Can. Fort Frontenac\\n[Kinsgton] is taken (p. 70).\\nOct. 4. E. I. The French take Arcot.\\nNov. 29. The Lichfield is lost on the\\ncoast of Barbary.\\nDec. 12. E. I. The French assume the\\noffensive against the British besieged at\\nMadras.\\nFr. The English destroy the fortifi-\\ncations of Cherbourg.\\nE. I. Lord Clive forces the Dutch to\\ncapitulate at Chins urah.\\n1759 Jan.* Amer. Gen. Amherst [Lord\\nJeffrey] chief commander (p. 70).\\nAug. 17, 18. Port. The French under\\nAdm. De la Clue are defeated in a naval\\nbattle, in the Bay of Lagos, by Adm.\\nBoscawen.\\nSept. 13. Can. First battle on the\\nPlains of Abraham (p. 72).\\nSept. 18. Can. Quebec capitulates to\\nthe English (p. 72).\\nSept. 25. N. S. The Tilbury, with 60\\nguns, is lost off Louisburg.\\n*B.Ind. Adm. Pocock defeats the\\nFrench fleet. The French lose nearly\\nall their military power in India.\\nThe British Hussars are enrolled.\\nNov. 20. Fr. Adm. Hawke\\nthe French fleet (p. 702).\\n1760 Feb.* Ire. French invasion\\n(p. 702).\\nFeb. 15. The Iiamillies, with 90 guns, is\\nlost on the Bolt-head 26 persons are\\nsaved.\\nThe Conqueror is lost on St. Nicholas\\nIsland, Plymouth.\\nApr. 22. Lord George Sackville is\\ntried by court-martial for disobedience,\\nfound guilty, and dismissed.\\nJuly 2. E. I. French defeat at\\nWandiwash.\\nAll Canada is taken by the British.\\nSept. 8. Can. Montreal, under Gen.\\nVaudreuil, surrenders (p. 72).\\n1761 Jan. 1. War with Spain.\\nE. I. The Due d y Aquitaine and the\\nSunderland are lost off Pondicherry,\\nand all perish. [Jan. Pondicherry\\ncapitulates to the British.]\\nJune 7. Fr. The British capture Belle\\nIsle.\\nIre. The Whiteboys cause an\\ninsurrection, and commit numerous\\ndepredations they are suppressed by\\nmilitary force.\\n1762 Jan, 2. England declares war\\nagainst Spain.\\nFeb. 3. The Raisonnable, with64guns,ia\\nlost in au attack on Martinique.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1756 The first cotton velvets and\\nquiltings in England are made.\\nEdinburgh. Joseph Black makes\\nknown his discoveries on the nature of\\nlime and of fixed air (carbonic acid\\ngas).\\n1757 John Dolland constructs an\\nachromatic telescope without any\\nknowledge of Hall s invention. He also\\nmakes an important discovery respect-\\ning t be aberration of light.\\nEdinburgh. Joseph Black establishes\\nhis theory of latent heat. [1760. He\\ndiscovers latent heat in melting ice and\\nin steam. 1763. He evolves new theories\\nin heat.]\\nScot. James Watt is the maker of\\nmathematical instruments for the Uni-\\nversity of Glasgow. [1760. He invents\\nthe shot-tower.]\\n1758 Dublin. Crow Street Theater\\nRoyal is erected.\\n1759 Jan. 15. London. The British\\nMuseum is first opened.\\nOct. 1. The Bddystone lighthouse\\nis rebuilt the second time by John\\nSmeaton.\\nThe Carron smelting-works are estab-\\nlished following Dr. John Roebuck s\\ninvention, iron is made by the use of\\nmineral coal.\\n1760 Apr. 21. London. Thefirst pub-\\nlic exhibition is made of the works of\\nliving artists, Reynolds, Wilson, Roubil-\\nlac, Wilton, Woolett, Strange, and\\nothers.\\nPressing-boards are invented.\\nCotton-carding machines are im-\\nproved by James Hargreaves.\\nThe gradual revolution of the peace-\\nful arts is accomplished.\\nMany of the bishops and clergy preach\\nagainst the practise of inoculation.\\nLondon. The theatrical fund of\\nCovent Garden is established.\\nJohn Kay s plan of throwing the\\nshuttle is introduced, doubling the\\nproduct of looms.\\n1761 June 6. The transit of Venus\\nis observed by the astronomer royal,\\nNevil Maskelyne, at St. Helena.\\nJuly 17. The Bridgewater canal, from\\nWorsley to Manchester, 18 miles long, is\\nopened it is the first great canal in\\nEngland.\\nThe first patent for the spinning-\\nwheel is granted to Sir Richard Ark-\\nwright [which he further improves].\\nJames Brindley practises puddling\\nof clay in making the walls of canals\\nwater-tight.\\nLondon. The Catch (musical) Club\\nis formed.\\n1762 Jan. 29. London. The Thames\\nis [alleged to be] frozen five feet thick.\\nFeb. 24. A great hurricane and snow-\\natorm occurs several whales are driven\\nashore on the Essex and Kentish coast.\\nJuly 9. Ire. Honeydew falls near\\nRaithiermuc it is gathered with scoops.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1756 Auchmuty, Sir Samuel, general, b.\\nBurgess, Thomas, bishop of Salisbury, au., b.\\nCurrie, James, physician, scholar, author,\\neditor of lSurns, Scotland, born.\\nFitzherbert, Maria, wife of George IV., b.\\nGambier, Lord, James, admiral, born.\\nGodwin, William, dramatist, novelist, his-\\ntorian, political writer, born.\\nHenley, John, preacher, A 64.\\nLee, Harriet, novelist, born.\\nMacadam, John Loudon, invent, of Macadam\\nroads, born.\\nKaeburn, Sir Henry, portrait-painter, Scot-\\nVertue, George, engraver, A72.\\nWakefield, Gilbert, classical scholar, theolo-\\ngian, politician, born.\\n1757 Addington, Henry, Viscount Sid-\\nmouth, statesman, born.\\nAlison, Archibald, el., au., Seot.,b.\\nBaird, Sir l avid, general, born.\\nBlake, William, poet, painter, born.\\nBurney, Charles, class, schol., author, born.\\nByng, Honorable John, admiral, A53.\\nCibber, Colley, poet, dramatist, actor, A86.\\nColchester, Lord, Charles Abbott, states., h.\\nExmouth, Viscount, Edward Pellew, adm., b.\\nFoley, Sir Thomas, admiral, born.\\nGiHord, William, poet, dramatist, journal-\\nist, miscellaneous writer, born.\\nHartley, David, founder of English Asso-\\nciation school of psychologists, A52.\\nKemble, John Philip, actor, born.\\nRomilly, Sir Samuel, jurist, statesman, born.\\nSowerby, .lames, artist, naturalist, born.\\nTelford, Thomas, engineer, Scotland, born.\\nA r ernon, Edward, admiral, A73.\\n1758* Bridgewater. Earl of, Francis\\nHenry, cl., fdr. Bridgewater Treatises, b.\\nDyer, John, poet, A 58.\\nHamilton, Elizabeth, novelist, miscellaneous\\nwriter, Ireland, born.\\nNasmyth, Alexander, portrait and landscape\\npainter, Scotland, born.\\nNelson, Viscount Horatio, admiral, born.\\nPinkerton, John, archeologist, numismatist,\\nhistorian, geographer, author, Scot., born.\\nRamsay, Allan, pnet, Scotland, A72.\\n1759 Jan. 25. Burns, Robert, poet, Scot-\\nland, born.\\nCarlyle, Joseph Daere, orientalist, horn.\\nChalmers, Alexander, journalist, editor, bi-\\nographer, Scotland, born.\\nCoffin, Sir Isaac, admiral, born,\\nCollins, William, poet, A38.\\nGodwin, Mary Wollstonecraft, novelist, b.\\nKirby, William, entomologist, horn.\\nLauderdale, Earl of, James Maitland, states-\\nman, Scotland, born.\\nPitt, William, orator, statesman, born.\\nPorson, Richard, Creek scholar, author, b.\\nPughe, William Owen, philologist, antiquary,\\nWales, born.\\nSmith, Sir .lames E., botanist, naturalist, b.\\nWilberforce. William, philanth., states., b.\\nWolfe, James, general in America, A33.\\n1760 Oct. 25. George II., king, A57.\\nlieckford, William, author, born.\\nBeddoes, Thomas, physician, author, born.\\nBewick, John, artist, wood engraver, born.\\nCarew, Sir Benjamin Hallowell, admiral, b.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0926.jp2"}, "927": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1756, June 20-1762, July 9. 915\\nClarke, Adam, Wesleyan clergyman, Bible\\ncommentator, author, born.\\nClarkBon, Thomas, philanthropist, anti-\\nslavery advocate, author, born.\\nLempriere, John, scholar, author, born.\\nMacGeo^Iu i.:;in, .lanu-s, Abbe, scholar, histo-\\nrian, Ireland, A62.\\nWellesley, Marquis of, Richard Cowley\\nWesley, or Wellesley, statesman, born.\\n1761* liaillie, Matthew, physician, anato-\\nmist, Scotland, born.\\nBoscawen, Edward, admiral, A50.\\nCarey, William, Bap. mis., orientalist, born.\\nHales, Stephen, natural philosopher, A84.\\nHoadley, W illiam, bishop of Winchester,\\nauthor, A85.\\nLambert, Aylmer B., botanist, born.\\nLandseer, .John, engraver, born.\\nLaw, William, mystic, clergyman, au., A75.\\nMoore, Sir John, general, Scotland, born.\\nNash, Richard i lu-au Nash), master of cere-\\nmonies at Bath, A87.\\nOpie, John, painter, born.\\nRennie, John, engineer, architect, Scot., b.\\nRichardson, Samuel, novelist, A72.\\nSimpson, Thomas, mathematician, A51.\\nCHURCH.\\n1756* London. Whitefield s Taber-\\nnacle in Tottenham-court Road is built.\\n[1760. Enlarged.]\\n1757 May 6. The 14th Methodist\\nConference meets at Leeds. [After a\\ndebate of three days declines to separate\\nfrom the Established Church.]\\nAnn Lee [Shaker] begins a series of\\nsurpassing assumptions.\\nMatthew Hutton is chosen arch-\\nbishop of Canterbury. [1758, Thomas\\nSeeker; 1768, Frederick Cornwallis.]\\nWesley and Whitefield endeavor once\\nmore to establish societies of young\\nmen for the promotion of personal piety.\\nThey are defeated by the indifference or\\nactual hostility of the authorities.\\n1758* Ire. John Wesley itinerates\\nand preaches on the western coast.\\nIt. Clement XIII. becomes pope.\\n[1775. Pius VX]\\nAug. 10. The Methodist Conference\\nis held in Bristol. [1759. Aug. 8. In\\nLondon. 1760. Aug. 29. In London.\\nGreat revivals are reported.]\\n1760 Sabbath instruction is given\\nto children by Rev. Joseph Alleinet and.\\nby the Rev. David Blair at Brechin.\\n(Haydn.) [1763. By Rev. Theophilus\\nLindsey, at Catterick, Yorkshire.\\n(Haydn.)]\\n1761 Oct. 22. Scot. A second seces-\\nsion from the Established Church of\\nScotland of The Relief Church.\\nThe first presbytery is formed. [1773.\\nIts first great synod is formed at Edin-\\nburgh.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1756 Dec. 14. Edinburgh. Douglas,\\nby John Home, is produced.\\nJonas Han way founds the Marine\\nSociety for the maintenance and in-\\nstruction of boys for the navy.\\nEssay on the Sublime and Beautiful,\\nby Edmund Burke, appears; also the\\nVindication of Natural Society.\\n1756-58 London. The Literary Maga-\\nzine is issued.\\nWilliam Whitehead is appointed\\npoet-laureate. [1785. Thomas War ton.]\\n1757-58 History of the Last Eour Years\\nof Queen Anne, by Swift, appears.\\n1757-65 A Complete History of England,\\nby Smollett, appears. [1760-61, The Ad-\\nventures of Sir Lancelot Greaves; 1761,\\ntranslation of Gil Bias.]\\n1758 Apr. 5. London. The first issue\\nof Johnson s Idler appears.\\nHistory of Ireland, by Abbe James\\nMacGeo hegan, appears.\\n1759 Dublin. The principal or west\\nfront of Trinity CoUege is erected.\\nLondon. The Public Ledger is issued.\\nScot. Theory of Moral Sentiments, by\\nAdam Smith, appears.\\nScot. History of Scotland, during the\\nReigns of Mary and James VI., by Wil-\\nliam Robertson, appears.\\nDiscourses on Art, by Sir Joshua Rey-\\nnolds, appears.\\nScot. The Braes of Yarrow, and other\\npoems, by William Hamilton appears.\\n1759-60 Tristram Shandy, by Laurence\\nSterne, appears.\\n1759-71 The Royal Magazine is issued.\\n1760-65 Scot. Ossian, by James Mac-\\npherson, appears.\\n1761 TheRosciad, by Charles Church-\\nill, appears. [1761-64. Poems.]\\n1762 Apr. 20. Edinburgh. Dr. Hugh\\nBlair is appointed first professor of\\nrhetoric at the University.\\nApr. 29. London. The North Briton,\\nedited by John Wilkes, is issued.\\nSOCIETY.\\nLondon. The foundling hospital has\\nreceived 14,934 infants in the last four\\nyears, of which only 4,400 have lived to\\nbe apprenticed.\\n1757 Mar. 7. Edinburgh. The Gen-\\neral Assembly enacts that no comedies,\\ntragedies, or such plays shall be made\\non Scripture history, nor acted on the\\nSabbath.\\n1758 May 1. William Vaughan, alinen\\ndraper of Stafford, the first forger on\\nthe Bank of England, is executed.\\nAn asylum for female orphans is in-\\nstituted at Lambeth. [Removed to Bed-\\ndington, near Croydon.]\\n1759 May 3. A young woman, on a\\nwager to ride 1,000 miles in 1,000\\nhours, completes her task in two-thirds\\nof the time, and is welcomed with flow-\\ners and applause.\\nAug. 6. Eugene Aram is executed at\\nYork for the murder of Daniel Clark in\\nKnaresborough in 1745.\\n1760 June 16. In Leicestershire two\\nold women are thrown into the water to\\ndetermine by their sinking or swimming\\nwhether or not they are witches.\\nA theatrical fund is established.\\nPolitical corruption. (See State.)\\n1761 Feb. 11. London. A usurer is\\nfined \u00c2\u00a3300 for having exacted six guineas\\nto discount \u00c2\u00a3100 for six weeks.\\nIre. Whiteboys, a body of ruffians,\\nso called because of their wearing linen\\nfrocks over their coats, commit dread-\\nful outrages. They resist the enclosure\\nof commons and the exaction of tithes.\\n[1762. Suppressed by military force;\\nringleaders executed.]\\nTitles created, Earl of Delawarr,\\nBarons Scarsdale, and Boston. [1762,\\nBaron Vernon 1765, Earl of Spencer,\\nEarl of Radnor, and Baron Digby 1766,\\nDuke of Northumberland; 1772, Earl\\nof Bathurst, and Earl of Hillsborough.]\\nSTATE.\\n1756 Nov. Newcastle resigns.\\nNov. King s Ministers:\\nThe Duke of Devonshire (commissioner\\ntreasury, premier), William Pitt (secre-\\ntary state), Earl Temple (first lord admi-\\nralty), and H. B. Legge (chancellor ex-\\nchequer). [1757. Apr. Pitt, Temple,\\nand Legge are dismissed.]\\nWilliam Murray [Earl of Mansfield]\\nis appointed chief justice.\\nThe great seal is in commission.\\n1757 Feb. H. C. An aUiance sub-\\nsidy of \u00c2\u00a3200,000 is voted to the King of\\nPrussia.\\nMar. 22. Ire. John Bowes [Lord\\nBowes of Clonlyon] is appointed lord\\nhigh chancellor.\\nJune The Duke of Newcastle becomes\\nfirst lord of the treasury, and William\\nPitt secretary of state.\\nIre. The Duke of Bedford is ap-\\npointed lord-lieutenant.\\nSir Kobert Henley [Lord Henley]\\nbecomes [last] lord-keeper.\\n1759 Sept.* Canada becomes a British\\ncolony by conquest.\\n1760 July 31. Ire. Warden Flood is\\nappointed chief justice.\\nOct. 25. George II. dies.\\n1760-1820 George III. reigns.\\nHe is grandson of George II.\\nThe Duke of Newcastle is premier,\\nand William Pitt secretary of state.\\nBribery in politics extensively pre-\\nvails.\\nThe Ministry open an office at the\\ntreasury for the purchase of votes in\\nParliament, and the royal revenue is\\npartly used to buy seats and votes civil\\nand military promotion are reserved for\\nthe king s friends-\\n1761 Sept. 8. George 111. marries\\nCharlotte Sophiaof Mecklenburg-Stre-\\nlitz. [Sept. 22. They are crowned.]\\nOct. 5. William Pitt resigns office.\\nHis colleagues refuse to adopt his\\npolicy of war against Spain because of\\nher Family Compact with France; [he\\nreceives a pension of \u00c2\u00a33,000 a year, and\\nhis wife gets a peerage under the title\\nBaroness Chatham].\\nOct. Lords Egremont and Bute are\\nsecretaries of state.\\nNov. 3. Parliament meets. [1768. Mar.\\n12. Dissolved.]\\nThe commissions of judges are made\\npermanent, notwithstanding the demise\\nof the crown.\\nIre. The Earl of Halifax is ap-\\npointed lord-lieutenant.\\n1762 May The Earl of Bute becomes\\nprime minister, and George Grenville\\nsecretary of state. [1763. Apr. 8. They\\nresign.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1758 Apr. 11. London. The wooden\\nbridge over the Thames is burned.\\nColored Cloth Hall, Leeds, is built.\\n1759 The inhabitants of Manchester\\nare discharged from their obligations to\\ngrind their corn at Irk Mill.\\n1760 May A bridge is built at Bris-\\ntol.\\nJuly 3. The dockyard at Portsmouth is\\nfired loss, \u00c2\u00a3400,000.\\nOct. 31. London. The Blackfriars\\nBridge over the Thames is begun.\\nCotton goods are first exported.\\nIre. Linen manufacture is encour-\\naged.\\n1761* Edinburgh. The Royal Ex-\\nchange is completed.\\nPatrick Cotter, the Irish giant, is\\nborn. [He attains the height of eight\\nfeet seven inches.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0927.jp2"}, "928": {"fulltext": "916 1762, **-1769, Feb. 3. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1762 -tV. B. The French gain [tem-\\nporary] possession of St. John.\\nAug. 13. Cuba. Havana captured\\n(p. 631).\\nAn English force takes possession of\\nthe Philippine Islands.\\n1763 Feb. 10. The Peace of Paris\\n(p. 72, 73).\\nNov. 6. Ind. Patna taken from the\\nNawab. (See India.)\\n1764 Oct. 23. Ind. Natives defeated\\nat Buxar. (See India.)\\n1766 The Marquis of Granby is ap-\\npointed commander-in-chief.\\n1767 Ind. War occurs in Mysore\\nwith Hyder Ali. (See India.)\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1762 The subterranean canals of\\nWorsley are completed. [The price of\\ncoal is soon reduced one-half at Man-\\nchester.]\\nThomas August hra Arne s opera Ar-\\ntaxerxes is composed.\\nJosiah Wedgwood of Staffordshire\\nproduces Wedgwood ware pottery,\\nstone china, and porcelain.\\nIt soon takes the place of the wooden\\nplatter and the cottager s brown dish.\\n[1771. He founds the Etruria potteries.]\\nThe cylinder carding-machine is in-\\nvented by Sir Robert Peel.\\nNathaniel Bliss becomes astronomer\\nroyal.\\n1763 London. Sadler s Wells Thea-\\nter is opened.\\n1764 Apr. 1. London, An annular\\neclipse of the sun is observed.\\nLondon. Mozart, only eight years of\\nage, visits England, and plays the most\\ndifficult music at sight.\\n*A single-acting steam-engine is\\nmade by James Watt.\\nJohn Harrison s time-keeper is used.\\n1765 Dec. 25-66 Jan. 15. Scot. Ex-\\ntraordinary cold weather prevails.\\nLondon. The first annual scientific\\nlecture before the Royal Society is de-\\nlivered by Peter Woulfe (Bakerian Lec-\\nture).\\nJames Watt invents a method of con-\\ndensation for steam-engines in a sepa-\\nrate cylinder.\\n1766 Jan. 18-22. Remarkably cold\\nweather prevails.\\nApr. 21. A sun-spot, three times the\\nsize of the earth, passes the sun s center.\\nJuly 26. Capt. Wallis sails on his voy-\\nage round the world.\\nJames Brindley builds the first tun-\\nnel in England, on the Duke of Bridge-\\nwater s canal, near Manchester.\\nHenry Cavendish discovers that hy-\\ndrogen gas is eight times lighter than\\nthe atmosphere.\\nThe glass electrical machine is in-\\nvented by Jesse liamsden.\\nThe first piano is made in England.\\nCapt. Philip Carteret sails on a voy-\\nage of discovery in the South Sea.\\n1767* London. The Haymarket\\nTheater is rebuilt.\\nThe Agricultural Society is insti-\\ntuted at Manchester.\\nRailroads are built by Wilkinson.\\nThe spinning- jenny is invented by\\nJames Hai-greaves, an optician of Lan-\\ncashire it has eight spindles.\\nCast-iron rails substitute wood on\\nrailroads.\\nLane s discharging electrometer is\\ncompleted.\\n1768 May* Scot. James Watt com-\\npletes his model of the steam-engine.\\nJune James Bruce leaves for Abys-\\nsinia in an attempt to discover the source\\nof the Nile. [1770. Nov. 14. He sights\\nthe source of the Blue Nile.]\\nJuly 30. Capt. James Cook sails on\\nhis first voyage.\\n[He goes to the South Sea to observe\\nthe transit of Venus (second measure-\\nment), and makes other discoveries. He\\nis accompanied by Sir Joseph Banks and\\nother scientists.]\\nDec. 10. London. The Roy al Acad-\\nemy of Arts is instituted.\\nHammond, a framework knitter of\\nNottingham, adapts his stocking-frame\\nto the manufacture of lace.\\nLondon. Sir Joshua Reynolds be-\\ncomes president of the Royal Academy.\\n[Later, James West and yet later,\\nJames Burrow.]\\nHarvest Wagon is painted by Thomas\\nGainsborough.\\nDublin. The Queen s Bridge is re-\\nbuilt.\\n1769 A brilliant comet appears. It\\npasses with great swiftness, and within\\ni2,!HH\u00c2\u00bb,o00 miles of the earth; its tail\\nforms an arch 36,000,000 miles long.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1762* Anson, George, circumnavigator,\\nvice-admiral, A65.\\nAsgill, Sir Charles, general, born.\\nBaillie, Joanna, poet, dramatist, Scotland, b.\\nBowles, William Lisle, poet, critic, born.\\nBradley, James, astronomer, A 69.\\nBrydges, Sir Samuel Kgerton, mis. writer, b.\\nColeman, George, the Younger, poet, drama-\\ntist, born.\\nDouce, Francis, antiquarian, born.\\nKelly, Michael, composer, singer, Ireland, b.\\nMontagu, Lady Mary Wortley, author, A72.\\nPerceval, Spencer, statesman, born.\\nTenterden, Lord, Charles Abbott, jurist,\\nstatesman, born.\\nWinsor, Frederick, introducer of gaslight, b.\\n1783 Adair, Sir Robert, diplomatist, born.\\nBell, John, surgeon, anatomist, Scotland, b.\\nByrom, John, poet, author, A72.\\nFitzgerald, Lord Edward, a leader of\\nUnited Irishmen, Ireland, born.\\nFrederick, Duke of York and Albany, Bon of\\nGeorge III., born.\\nMarline, William, geologist, Scotland, born.\\nMaeNeven, William J., physician, teacher,\\nIreland, born.\\nMorland, George, animal and subject painter,\\nborn.\\nRadehrTe, Anne, novelist, born.\\nRogers, Samuel, poet, horn.\\nShenstone, William, poet, A49.\\nSmith, Sir William Sidney, admiral, born.\\nTone, Theobald Wolfe, a leader of United\\nIrishmen, Ireland, born.\\n1764 Ahernetliy, John, phy., au., Ire., b.\\nBarrow, Sir John, traveler, born.\\nChurchill, Charles, poet, A33.\\nEmmet, Thomas Addis, lawyer, pol., Ire., b.\\nGood, John Mason, author, born.\\nGrey, second Karl, Charles, statesman, born.\\nHaldane, Robert, cl., philanthropist, au., b.\\nHall. Robert, el., pulpit orator, author, b.\\nHardwicke, Karl, Philip Yorke, jurist, A74.\\nHogarth, William, painter, engraver, hu-\\nmorist, A67.\\nMorton, Thomas, dramatist, born.\\nPulteney. William, Karl of Bath, states-\\nman, A82.\\nRoche, Marie Regina, novelist, horn.\\n1765 Aug. SI. William IV.. king, born.\\nBirch, Thomas, historian, biographer, A61.\\nColebrooke, Henry Thomas, orientalist, b.\\nDrew, Samuel, Methodist preacher, au., b.\\nGrahame, James, lawyer, clergyman, poet,\\nphilanthropist, Scotland, horn.\\nHowley, William, archbp. of Canterbury, b.\\nMackintosh, Sir James, historian, states-\\nman, philosopher, Scotland, born.\\nPlunkett, William C, baron, lawyer, orator,\\nstatesman, Ireland, born.\\nPococke, Richard, bp. of Meath, trav., Afil.\\nStuart. James Francis Edward, Chevalier\\nde St. George, son of James II. (Old Pre-\\ntender), A67.\\nStukeley, William, antiquary, A78.\\nWard, Robert l lumer, statesman, author, b.\\nWestall, Richard, historical painter, born.\\nYoung, Edward, poet, A81.\\n1766 Bloomneld, Robert, poet, born.\\nCallcott, John Wall, musician, composer, b.\\nCobbett, William, grammarian, historical,\\npolitical, and miscellaneous writer, born.\\nDalton, John, physicist, mathematician, b.\\nD Israeli. Isaac, historian, critic, miscel-\\nlaneous writer, born.\\nElgin, seventh Earl of, Thomas Bruce, diplo-\\namtist, Scotland, born.\\nHal ford, Sir Henry, physician, mis. writer, b.\\nLally, Count, Thomas Arthur, Baron of\\nTollendal, French gen. in India, Ire., A64.\\nLeslie, Sir John, geoin., physicist, Scot., b.\\nMalthus, Thomas Robert, pol. economist, b.\\nNairne, Caroline Oliphant, poet, Scotland, b.\\nWollaston, William Hyde, physicist, born.\\nWilson, Alexander, naturalist, Scotland, b.\\n1767 Nov. 2. Kent. Duke of. Edward\\nAugustus, father of Queen Victoria, b.\\nHarrington, Sir Jonah, lawyer, hist., Ire., b.\\nBruce, Michael, poet, Scotland, A21.\\nDodwell, Edward, antiquary, born.\\nEdgeworth, Maria, novelist, born.\\nLyle, Edward, philologist, antiquary, A63.\\nO Connor, Arthur, a leader of United Irish-\\nmen, Ireland, born.\\nPond, John, astronomer, born.\\nPrevost, Sir George, general, born.\\n1768 Adolphus, John, lawyer, hist., b.\\nAnglesey, Marquis of, Henry William Paget,\\ngeneral, born.\\nBeresford, Viscount, William Carr, gen., b.\\nCarlisle, Sir Anthony, surg., physiologist, b.\\nCooper, Sir Astley Paxton, surgeon, born.\\nLardner, Nathaniel, clergyman, au., A84.\\nMacaulay, Zachary, antislavery states., b_\\nMarshman, Joshua, Baptist mis., orient., b.\\nOnslow, Arthur, statesman, A77.\\nSterne, Laurence, humorist, Ireland, A55*.\\nCHURCH.\\n1763 Thomas Maxfield leads a seces-\\nsion from tbe Wesley an Methodists.\\n1764 A torrent of deistic literature\\nissues from tbe press.\\n1765 Aug. 20. The 22d Methodist\\nConference is beld in Manchester.\\nTobacco and drams are not to be\\ntouched by preachers on any pre-\\ntense, and to be denounced among the\\npeople.\\nEdinburgh. A Baptist Church is or-\\nganized.\\n1768 Mar. 12. Six students of Ed-\\nmund Hall, Oxford, are expelled the\\nuniversity as Methodists, for praying,\\nsinging psalms, and expounding the\\nScriptures.\\nIt. Clement XIV. is pope.\\nLETTERS.\\n1762 Scot. The Shipwreck, by Wil-\\nliam Falconer, appears.\\nScot. Elements of (W/icism, by Henry\\nHome, Lord Karnes, appears.\\n1763* Dublin. The Freeman s Jour-\\nnal is issued.\\nLondon. The St. James s Chronicle\\nis united with the Press.\\n1764 London. The Literary Club\\nis founded by Dr. Samuel Johnson and\\nSir Joshua Reynolds. Sir John Haw-\\nkins, Topham Beauclerk, Goldsmith,\\nBurke, and Bennet Langton are among\\nthe first members.\\nScot. Enquiry into the Human Mind\\non the Principle of Common Sense, by\\nThomas Reid, appears.\\nThe Traveller, by Oliver Goldsmith,\\nappears. [1766, The Vicar of Wakefield\\n1768, The Good-natured Man; 1770, The\\nDeserted Village.]\\n1764-70 Poems, by Thomas Chatterton,\\nappears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0928.jp2"}, "929": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1762, *-1769, Feb. 3. 917\\n1765 Gore s General Advertiser is is-\\nsued at Liverpool.\\nIieliques of Ancient English Poetry by\\nBishop Thomas Percy, appears.\\n1765-68 Love of Fame, the Universal\\nPassion, by Edward Young, appears.\\n1765-68 Commentaries on the Laws of\\nEngland, by Sir William Blackstone, ap-\\npears.\\nCastle of Otranto, by Horace Walpole,\\nappears.\\nIre. The Limerick Chronicle is issued.\\nScot. Essay on the Nature and Immu-\\ntability of Truth, by James Beattie,\\nappears. [1771, The Minstrel.]\\nThe Fool of Quality by Henty Brooke,\\nappears.\\n1767 London. A Nautical Almanac\\nis first published.\\n1768 Cheshunt College is opened\\nfor Calvinistic Methodists at Treveeca\\nHouse, Talgarth, near Brecon, by the\\nCountess of Huntingdon and George\\nWhitefield. [1792. Kemoved to Ches-\\nhunt, Herts.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1762 London. The Cock Lane ghost\\nimposture.\\nMuch excitement is caused by the re-\\nported appearance of a ghost in the\\nhouse of William Parsons in Cock Lane,\\nSmithfield. Mar. 6. It is discovered to\\nbe an imposture. July 10. Parsons and\\nhis wife are condemned to stand thrice\\nin the pillory for imposture and defa-\\nmation.\\n.Dee. 25. London. A great riot occurs\\nat Drury Lane Theater, because half\\nadmissions had been cut off.\\nLondon. Boodle s Club is estab-\\nlished.\\n1763 Apr. 3. Unknown persons cut\\ndown all the gibbets on the Edgeware\\nroad, near London, on which many\\nmalefactors had been hung in chains.\\nApr. 30. London. John Wilkes and\\nothers, for libeling the king, are ar-\\nrested, and committed to the Tower.\\nWilkes s house is searched, and his\\npapers are seized. [May 6. Wilkes is\\nbrought by a writ of habeas corpus be-\\nfore Chief Justice Pratt, and discharged,\\nhis arrest being declared illegal. Dec.\\n6. General warrants are declared ille-\\ngal by Chief Justice Pratt; \u00c2\u00a31,000 dam-\\nages are awarded to Wilkes for the\\nseizure of his papers.]\\nJuly 6. London. For false imprison-\\nment \u00c2\u00a3300 damages are granted to a\\nprinter.\\nLondon. Lambeth General Lying-in\\nHospital is established.\\n1764 Apr. 1. A girl of 18 years is\\nburned for murdering her mistress.\\nProtestants [Oakboys] in Ulster or-\\nganize to resist landlord and other exac-\\ntions.\\nScot. A theater is opened at Glas-\\ngow.\\n1765 Jan. 26. Lord Byron Tgreat-\\nuncle of the poet] kills Mr. Chaworth\\nin a duel. [Apr. 17. He is convicted\\nbefore the House of Lords of man-\\nslaughter, and being a peer he is not\\nburned in the hand, but pays a fine.]\\nFeb. 9. The peruke-makers petition\\nthe king for redress because the people\\nwear their own hair.\\nMay A riot occurs among the Spital-\\nfield weavers the Duke of Bedford nar-\\nrowly escapes death, and many lives are\\nlost.\\nWesleyan preachers prohibit snuff\\nand other indulgences.\\nDublin. The Hibernian Society is\\nA lunatic asylum is founded at Man-\\nchester.\\n1766 Apr. 11. London. More than 100\\nconvicts leave Newgate for the Ameri-\\ncan colonies, led by a band of music.\\nAug. 11. Ann Sowerby is burned at\\nYork for poisoning her husband.\\nDublin. The Marine Society is or-\\nganized.\\nBousseau visits England as the gnest\\nof David Hume.\\nTitles created, Duke of Leinster, Earl\\nof Winterton, and Earl Mexbo rough.\\n[1767, Baron Mulgrave 17GS, Karl Kings-\\nton 1771, Earl Roden, and Karl Sefton\\n1776, Baron Massy, Baron Kensington,\\nBaron Newborough, Baron Macdonald,\\nBaron Wescote, Earl Clanwilliam, Earl\\nLisburne, Viscount de Vesci, and Vis-\\ncount Southwell.]\\n1767 James Hargreaves completes\\nhis spinning- jenny and soon his neigh-\\nbors compel him to fly for his life.\\n1768 Apr. 15. A mob demolishes a\\nhouse opened for inoculation for small-\\npox at Peterborough.\\nMay 10. London. A mob turns out in\\nSt. George s Fields to see John Wilkes\\nin the King s Bench prison the mili-\\ntary aid is indiscreetly called for by the\\njustices of the peace, and several inno-\\ncent persons are killed. [1769. Nov. 10.\\nJohn Wilkes obtains \u00c2\u00a34,000 in an\\naction against Lord Halifax.]\\nThe first Birmingham musical fes-\\ntival is given for the benefit of Dr. Ash s\\nHospital.\\nSTATE.\\n1763 Feb. 10. The Treaty of Paris is\\nconcluded by Great Britain, France, and\\nSpain (pp. 73, 703).\\nApr. 23. No. 45 of the North Briton, is-\\nsued by John Wilkes, a Commoner,\\nappears, containing strongly offensive\\nremarks on the king. [Nov. 15. The\\nHouse of Commons resolves that the\\npaper is a libel, and orders that it be\\nburned by the common hangman. A\\nriot follows the execution of the order.\\n1764. Jan. 20. Wilkes is expelled.] (See\\nSociety.)\\nApr.* George Grenville becomes prime\\nminister and chancellor of theexchequer,\\nand Lords Egremont and Halifax are\\nappointed secretaries of state.\\nIre. The Earl of Northumberland\\nappointed lord-lieutenant.\\n1764 Mar. 10. H. C. George Gren-\\nville moves resolutions for imposing\\nstamp duties on the American col-\\nonies.\\nAug. 24. Ire. John Gore [Earl An-\\nnaly] is appointed chief justice.\\n1765 Mar. 22. Parliament: The\\nStamp Act, being passed, receives the\\nroyal assent (p. 75).\\nApr. Parliament. The Mutiny Act\\nis extended to the English colonies.\\nJuly 10. The Marquis of Rocking-\\nham becomes prime minister Gen.\\nThe Isle of Man is partly sold to the\\ncrown. [1821. Entirely given up.]\\nIre. The Earl of Hertford is ap-\\npointed lord-lieutenant.\\n*E.Ind. Great Britain obtains the vir-\\ntual sovereignty of Bengal, Benar, and\\nOrissa.\\n1766 Jan. 14. H. C: Pitt makes a\\ngreat speech against taxing the Amer-\\nican colonies without their consent (p.\\nFeb. 3. H. C. Benjamin Franklin is\\nexamined respecting the Stamp Act.\\nMar. 7. Parliament: The Declaratory\\nAct is passed (p. 75).\\nMar. 18. Parliament: The Stamp Act\\nis repealed (p. 75).\\nApr. 22. H. C. General warrants are\\ndeclared illegal.\\nJuly 29. William Pitt is created Earl\\nof Chatham.\\nAug. The Earl of Chatham becomes\\nprime minister, with the Duke of Graf-\\nton and Charles Townshend as col-\\n1767 June 20. Parliament: The act\\nis passed imposing duty on tea in\\nAmerica.\\nOct. 14. Ire. Viscount Townshend is\\nappointed lord-lieutenant.\\nDec. The Duke of Grafton becomes\\nprime minister.\\nTownshend (chancellor of the ex-\\nchequer), Gen. Conway and Lord Shel-\\nburne (secretaries of state), the Earl of\\nChatham (privy seal), and Lord Hills-\\nborough (first colonial secretary).\\nH. C. For the first time since the\\nRevolution Ministers are left in a\\nminority on the land-tax bill.\\nA custom-house and Board of Com-\\nmissioners are created for America.\\n1768 Jan. 9. Ire. James Hewitt\\n[Viscount Lifford] is appointed lord\\nhigh chancellor.\\nMay 10. Parliament meets. [1774.\\nSept. 30. Dissolved.]\\nCharles James Fox is a member, and\\nJohn Wilkes is a member for Middlesex.\\n1769 Jan. 21. London. The letters\\nof Junius begin in the Public Ad-\\nvertiser.\\n[They severely attack members of the\\nGovernment and other public men, es-\\npecially the Duke of Grafton and Lord\\nMansfield.]\\nFeb. 3. H. C. John Wilkes is ex-\\npelled for an alleged libel on Lord\\nWeymouth.\\n[Middlesex three times elects him, and\\nhe is three times expelled the last time\\nhis opponent, Col. Luttrell, though in\\nthe minority at the poll, is declared duly\\nelected.] (See Society.)\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1763 Oct. 21. Edinburgh. The Worth\\nBridge is founded.\\nDublin. Tbe Queen s Bridge is de-\\nstroyed by a flood.\\n1764 The Soho works are established\\nby Matthew Boulton at Birmingham.\\n1766 July 14. The Grand Junction\\nCanal, connecting the Trent with the\\nMersey, is commenced.\\nLondon. e( Tattersall s is estab-\\nlished by Richard Tattersall, near Hyde\\nPark Corner, for the sale of horses.\\n1768 The tea-plant is brought to\\nEngland.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0929.jp2"}, "930": {"fulltext": "918 1769, Apr. 26-1776, June 10. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1774 Apr. 3. Ind. The Robilla War\\nbegins.\\n1775-83 War with the 13 American\\ncolonies, called the War of the Ameri-\\ncan Revolution.\\nApr. 19. Mass. Battle of Lexington,\\nnear Boston (p. 80).\\nJune 17. Mass. Battle of Bunker\\nHill, Boston (p. 80).\\nrtfov. 12. Can. Gen. Montgomery cap-\\ntures Montreal (p. 80).\\nThe Repulse founders off Bermuda\\nthe crew perish.\\n1776 Mar. 17. Mass. Boston is sur-\\nrendered to Washington (p. 82).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1769 Dublin. The Royal Exchange\\nis begun. [1779. Opened.]\\nApr. 26. London. The first exhibition\\nof the Royal Academy is held at Pall\\nMall.\\nJune 3. The transit of Venus over the\\nsun s disk is observed.\\nNov. 6. An Arctic expedition sets out\\nunder Samuel Hearne. It is the first to\\nenter the ocean north of the American\\ncontinent.\\nA mechanical automaton chess-player\\nis exhibited.\\nLondon. A grape-vine is planted in\\nthe gardens of Hampton Court Palace.\\n[It is 72 feet by 20, with a stem 13 inches\\nin girth in one season it produced\\n2,272 bunches of grapes.] (Haydn.)\\nLondon. The Koyal Exchange is re-\\npaired and beautified.\\nScot. James Watt receives his first\\npatent for a steam-engine. [1775. Re-\\nnewed.]\\nThe motion of sun-spots is observed\\nby Dr. Wilson.\\nSir William Chambers builds the ob-\\nservatory at Richmond.\\nScot. Matthew Boulton and James\\nWatt enter into partnership.\\nEdinburgh. The Theater Koyal is\\nerected.\\nRichard Arkwright extends James\\nHargreaves s principles for spinning by\\nwater-power, and applies a large and\\nsmall roller to expand the thread,\\nwhich he patents. [1771. He intro-\\nduces steam in the place of horse-\\npower in his cotton-mills at Cromford,\\non the Derwent.]\\n1770 Cast steel is first made in Shef-\\nfield.\\nLondon. A statue of the Duke of\\nCumberland is erected in Cavendish\\nSquare.\\nIre. An old coal-mine is discovered\\nat Ballycastle, Antrim.\\nSawmills are first erected near Lon-\\ndon.\\n1771 The Bipon flood, a devastat-\\ning inundation, occurs in Yorkshire.\\nAbout 80 villages are destroyed by the\\noverflow of the Solway Moss in Cumber-\\nland.\\nDr. Hornsby, Savilian professor of as-\\ntronomy, is instrumental in the found-\\ning of the Badcliffe Observatory at\\nOxford. [1794. Completed.]\\nJosiah Wedgwood founds his pot-\\nteries called Etruria.\\n1772 Jan. 27. London. The Pan-\\ntheon, erected by James Wyatt, is\\nopened.\\nJuly 13. Capt. James Cook sails on his\\nsecond [and important] voyage of dis-\\ncovery in the South Sea. [1775. July\\n30. Returns.]\\nJames Burrow becomes president of\\nthe Royal Society. [Later, Sir John\\nPringle. 1778. Sir Joseph Banks.]\\nHenley s discharging electrometer is\\ninvented.\\nDr. Joseph Priestley discovers hydro-\\nchloric acid, the only compound of\\nhydrogen and chloride. He invents the\\neudiometer to ascertain the purity of\\natmospheric air, or the quantity of oxy-\\ngen gas in it.\\nEdinburgh. Daniel Rutherford de-\\nscribes nitrogen.\\nParliament: A bill is passed prohib-\\niting the export of machinery used in\\ncotton-factories.\\nThe Liverpool Theater is opened.\\n1773 Aug. Capt. Constantino John\\nPhipps sails in command of the Sea-\\nHorse and the Carcase in search of the\\nNorthwest Passage. [Uhsuccesf ul.]\\nThe establishment of the British Plate\\nGlass Company in Lancashire greatly\\nimproves the manufacture of plate\\nglass.\\nThe Plate Assay Office is established\\nat Sheffield.\\nMiss Parren [Countess of Derby], an\\nactor, makes her first appearance in Liv-\\nerpool.\\nLondon. Astley s Amphitheater is\\nfirst opened.\\nLondon. The Medical Society is\\nformed.\\nHenry Cavendish and others investi-\\ngate electricity as developed in fishes.\\n1774 The Birmingham steam-engine\\nworks are established.\\nNevil Maskelyne measures the earth s\\ndensity by the Schiehallion experi-\\nments.\\nA submarine boat is tried at Plym-\\nouth, previous attempts having been\\nmade in the Thames early iu the 17th\\ncentury.\\n1774-79 Samuel Crompton, an artisan,\\ninvents the spinning -jenny or mule.\\n1775 May 8. The great canal tunnel\\nat Norwood Hill is opened it is 1J miles\\nlong.\\nOct. 29. Many vessels are lost in the\\nsevere storms in the north.\\nLondon. An obelisk is erected in\\nFleet Street at the head of Bridge\\nStreet.\\n*The Duchess of Devonshire is painted\\nby Thomas Gainsborough. [1779, Blue\\nBoy; 1784, Mrs. Siddons.\\n1776 June 10. London. David Gar-\\nrick makes his last appearance on the\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1769 Apr. 30. Wellington, Duteof,\\nArthur Wellesley, commander-in-chief,\\nstatesman, born.\\nBrunei, Sir Mare I., engineer, born.\\nCastlereagh, Robert Stewart, Marquis of\\nLondonderry, born.\\nClarke. Edward Daniel, traveler, mineral-\\nogist, author, writer, born.\\nDaniell, William, landscape painter, born.\\nFalconer, William, poet, Scotland, A37.\\nFrere, John Hookham, poet, diplomatist,\\nmiscellaneous writer, born.\\nHardy, Sir Thomas Masterman, naval cap-\\ntain, born.\\nHoyle, Edmund, writer on games, A97.\\nIluskisson, William, statesman, financier, b.\\nJay, William, dissenting cl., author, born.\\nLawrence, Sir Thomas, painter, born.\\nLowe, Sir Hudson, general, Ireland, born.\\nMalcolm. Sir John, major-general, diplo-\\nmatist, administrator, historian, Scot., b.\\nMerrick, James, poet, A49.\\nOpie, Amelia, novelist, born.\\nOuseley, Sir William, orientalist, born.\\nRiall, Sir Pbiiiehas, general, born.\\nSmith, William, Father of English geo-\\nlogy, born.\\n1770 Sept. 30. Whitefleld, George, ora-\\ntor, preacher, fdr. alvinistie Meth., A56..\\nAkenside, Mark, poet, A 49.\\nAllen, John, politician, metaphysician, au.,b.\\nAllen, William, chemist, born.\\nBurdett, Sir Francis, statesman, born.\\nCanning-, George, states., orator, poet, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nChatterton, Thomas, poet, A18.\\nCodrington, Sir Edward, admiral, born.\\nCruden, Alexander, author Biblical concord-\\nance, Scotland, A69.\\nFosbroke, Thomas Dudley, clergyman, arehe-\\nologist, born.\\nFoster, John, clergyman, essayist, born.\\nGranby, Marquis of,. John Manners, gen., A49.\\nHogg, James (Ettrick Shepherd), poet, Scot-\\nland, born.\\nHope, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, born.\\nLigonier, Karl, John, lield-marshal, A92.\\nLiverpool, Earl of, Robert Banks Jenkinson,\\nstatesman, born.\\nLong, Roger, astronomer, A90.\\nMontagu, Basil, jurist, author, born,\\nShee, Sir Martin Archer, portrait painter,\\nIreland, born.\\nWordsworth. William, poet, born.\\nYorke, Charles, statesman, born.\\n1771 June 5. Ernest August, Duke of\\nCumberland, King of Hanover, son of\\nGeorge III., born.\\nRritton, John, topographical antiq., au., b.\\nGill, John, Baptist clergyman, author, A74.\\nGray, Thomas, poet, A55.\\nLingard, John, K. C. cl., historian, born.\\nOwen. Robert, philanthropist, founder of\\nEnglish socialism, Wales, born.\\nParke, Mungo, African traveler, Scot., b.\\nScott, Sir Walter, poet, novelist, Scot., b.\\nSmith, Sydney, clergyman, essayist, wit,\\nmiscellaneous writer, b.\\nSmollett. Tobias George, poet, dramatist,\\nnovelist, historian, A50.\\n1772 Ballantyne, James, printer, journal-\\nist, Scotland, born.\\nBrindley, James, canal engineer, A56.\\nCanton, John, natural philosopher, A54.\\nCary, Henry Francis, poet, trans, of Dante. b.\\nCockburn, Sir George, admiral, born.\\nColeridge, Samuel Taylor, poet, philoso-\\npher, miscellaneous writer, born.\\nCongreve, Sir William, military engineer,\\ninventor, born.\\nHill, Viscount Rowland, general, born.\\nLambert, Sir John, general, born.\\nLyndhurst, Baron, John Singleton Copley,\\njurist, statesman, born.\\nM Crie, Thomas, cl., author, Scotland, born.\\nRicardo, David, financier, political econo-\\nmist, born.\\nRichmond, Legh, clergyman, author, born.\\nStevenson, Robert, civil engineer, light-\\nhouse designer, Scotland, born.\\n1773 Jan. 37. Sussex, Duke of, Augustus-\\nFrederick, son of George III., born.\\nAmherst, Lord. William Pitt, diplomatist, b.\\nBrisbane, Sir Thomas M., general, astrono-\\nmer, Scotland, born.\\nBrown, Robert, botanist, Scotland, born.\\nButler, Alban, R. C.cl., hageologist,au.,A63.\\nChesterfield, Earl of. Philip D. Stanhope,\\nstatesman, miscellaneous writer, A79.\\nCotton, Stapleton, Viscount Combermere,\\ngeneral, born.\\nElmsley, Feter, classical scholar, critic,\\nauthor, writer, born.\\nFaber, George Stanley, clergyman, author, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nGlass, John, cl., fdr. of Glassites,Seot.,A78.\\nHolland, third Baron, Henry Richard Vas-\\nsal! Fox, statesman, historian, born.\\nJeffrey, Francis, jurist, critic, essayist, states-\\nman, Scotland, born.\\nLvttleton, Lord George, poet, states., A64.\\nMacOiilloch, John, geologist, Scotland, born.\\nMill, James, historian, economist, political,\\nmental philosopher, author. Scotland, b.\\nYoung, Thomas, physicist, natural philoso-\\npher, scientiiic writer, born.\\n1774 Ashburton, Lord, Alexander Baring,\\nstatesman, born.\\nBaily, Francis, astronomer, born.\\nBaines, Edward, journalist, Historian, born..\\nBraham, John, English-Hebrew vocalist, b.\\nBuxton, Jedediah, arithmetician, A70.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0930.jp2"}, "931": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1769, Apr. 26-1776, June 10. 919\\nCambridge, Duke of, AcLolphus Frederick,\\nson of George III., born.\\nChenevix, Kicbard, miscellaneous writer, b.\\nClive, Lord Robert, general, states., A49.\\nConst aide, Archibald, publisher, Scot., born.\\nGoldsmith. Oliver, poet, novelist, drama-\\ntist, essayist, A46.\\nGregory, 01 in thus Gilbert, math., an., b.\\nSouthey. Robert, poet, historian, biogra-\\npher, miscellaneous writer, born.\\nTannahill, Robert, poet, Scotland, born.\\nTucker, Abraham, philosopher, A69.\\nWatt, Robert, bibliographer, Scotland, born.\\n1775 Austen. Jane, novelist, born.\\nBaskerville,.Iohti, tvpe-i onmler, printer, A 8ft.\\nBathurst, Karl, Allen, statesman, A9I.\\nDermody, Thomas, poet, Ireland, born.\\nDibdin, Thomas Frognall, dramatist, song-\\nwriter, born.\\nDick, Thomas, scientific author, born.\\nDundonald, tenth Earl of, Thomas\\\\Gochrane,\\nadmiral, born.\\nFoulis, Andrew, printer, publish., Scot., A63.\\nKemble, Charles, actor, born.\\nLamb, Charles, poet, dramatist, essayist,\\nmiscellaneous writer, born.\\nLandor, Walter Savage, poet, mis. wr., b.\\nLewis, Matthew Gregory, novelist, drain., b.\\nLeyden, John, poet, orientalist, Scot., born.\\nMurray, Alexander, linguist, Scot., born.\\nO Connell, Daniel, lawyer, orator, states-\\nman, Ireland, born.\\nPhillips, William, mineralogist, geologist, b.\\nPorter, Sir Robert Ker, painter, born.\\nRichardson, Charles, philologist, born.\\nRobinson, Henry Crabb, lawyer, miscella-\\nRose, William Stuart, miscellaneous wr., b.\\nSmith, James, poet, wit, born.\\nTurner, Joseph Mall-ad William, painter, b.\\nWestmacott, Sir Richard, sculptor, born.\\nWhite, Joseph Blanco, theological writer, b.\\nCHURCH.\\n1769 Aug. 1. The 26th Methodist\\nConference meets at Leeds. [Richard\\nBoardman and Joseph Pilmoor volun-\\nteer to go to America as missionaries,\\nand they are appointed.]\\nSept. Whitefield sails on his seventh\\nand last vovage to America [where he\\ndies].\\nHannah Ball, a Methodist young\\nwoman, establishes a Sunday-school\\nat Wycombe, and teaches the Scriptures\\nto children.\\n1770 Orthodox Baptists form the\\nNew Connection.\\nA Baptist theological seminary is\\nfounded at Bristol.\\n1772 The Society for the Propagation\\nof the Gospel sends Rev. Mr. Andrews to\\nthe Indians of New York.\\n1773 Mr. Rankin supersedes Francis\\nAsbury as John Wesley s general\\nassistant in America. [Driven back\\nby war.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1769 The first Shakespeare jubilee\\nis celebrated at Stratf ord-on-Avon under\\nthe auspices of David Garrick.\\nLondon. The Morning Chronicle is\\nissued.\\nHistory of the Reign of the Emperor\\nCharles V.\\\\ by William Robertson, ap-\\npears. [1777, History of America.}\\n1769-72 London. The Letters contrib-\\nuted to the Public Advertiser by Ju-\\nnius, an unknown author [but presu-\\nmably Sir Philip Francis], appear.\\n1770 Present State, of the Nation, by\\nEdmund Burke, appears also Thoughts\\non Present Discontents.\\n1771 The first edition of the Encyclo-\\npedia Britannica, edited by William\\nSmellie, appears.\\nThe Expedition of Humphrey Clinker,\\nby Smollett, appears.\\n1772 Nov. 2. London. The Morning\\nPost is issued.\\nScot. Institutes of Moral Philosophy,\\nby Adam Ferguson, appears.\\n1773 She Stoops to Conquer, by Gold-\\nsmith, appears. [1774, History of the\\nEarth and Animated Nature.]\\nScot. Poems, by Robert Fergusson,\\nappears.\\nPoems, by Mrs. Anna Letitia Aikin,\\nappears.\\n1773-76 Scot. The Edinburgh Magazine\\nand Review is issued.\\n1774-81 History of English Poetry, by\\nThomas Warton, appears.\\n1775* A Journey to the Western Isles of\\nScotland, by Johnson, appears. [1779-\\n81, Lives of the English Poets.]\\nThe Rivals, St. Patrick s Day, and\\nThe Duenna, by Richard Brinsley Butler\\nSheridan, appear. [1777, The School for\\nScandal and A Trip to Scarborough 1779,\\nThe Critic.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1770 The exhibiting of the insane\\nat St. Mary at Bethlehem (Bedlam) asy-\\nlum as a show for money is stopped.\\n*The House of Industry, Liverpool,\\nis founded.\\n1771 Nov. 1. John Eyre, a wealthy\\nman, is transported for stealing a few\\nquires of paper.\\nNov. 22. London. Mr. Stephen is ex-\\npelled from the Temple for writing a\\nbook on the impolicy of imprisonment\\nfor debt.\\n1772 June 22. London. The Court of\\nKing s Bench decides that slavery can-\\nnot exist in Great Britain.\\nA slave named Somerset, brought to\\nEngland, was, because of his ill state,\\nturned adrift by his master. When re-\\nstored to health, his master again claimed\\nhim. A suit was brought, and ended in\\nfavor of Somerset, the judges declaring\\nthat slavery canuot exist in Great Brit-\\nIre. In the south and west steel-\\nboys societies resist the oppressions of\\nlandlords and anti-Catholics.\\nCharles James Fox gambles for 72\\nhours, and loses \u00c2\u00a311,000.\\n*A law is made awarding judgment\\nagainst mutes, as if they were convicted\\nor had confessed.\\n1773 Feb. 1. Lord Townsend wounds\\nLord Bellamont in a duel.\\nJune 16. London. An act is passed for\\nthe sale of buildings of the Adelphi by\\nlottery.\\nLondon. Cox s museum, containing\\nmany rare specimens of art and articles\\nof vertu, is disposed of by lottery.\\nJohn Howard, the philanthropist, is\\nmade sheriff of Bedford. [He begins his\\ninvestigation of prisons.]\\nEdinburgh. The first regular acad-\\nemy for the deaf and dumb in Great\\nBritain is opened.\\n1774* John Howard gives evidence to\\nParliament of the bad state of English\\nprisons.\\nLondon, The Royal Humane So-\\nciety, for the saving of drowning per-\\nsons, is founded.\\n1775 Transportation for crime ceases\\n[for several years].\\nA regatta takes place on the Thames\\nit is introduced from Venice.\\n1776 Apr. 15-22. London. The Duch-\\ness of Kingston is arraigned before the\\nHouse of Lords in Westminster Hall on\\na charge of bigamy.\\nShe is found guilty; but on pleading\\nthe privilege of peerage, the punishment\\nof burning in the hand is remitted, and\\nshe is discharged on paying the fees.\\nSTATE.\\n1770 Jan. 28. The Duke of Grafton\\nresigns.\\nJan. Lord North is appointed prime\\nminister. [He directs the war with\\nAmerica.]\\nH. C. The Commons relinquish the\\nprivilege of freedom from arrest of\\nthe servants of its members.\\nCharles Yorke, Lord Morden, is lord\\nhigh chancellor. [1771, Henry Bathurst,\\nLord Apsley; the great seal in com-\\nEdmund Burke becomes agent for\\nthe colony of New York.\\n1771 Jan. 12. The Earl of Sandwich\\nis made first lord of the admiralty.\\nMay 27. London. Lord Mayor Crosby\\nand Alderman Oliver are committed to\\nthe Tower for remonstrating to the\\nking in the case of Wilkes.\\nSpain cedes the Falkland Islands to\\nGreat Britain.\\nReporting debates of Parliament,\\nhitherto forbidden as a breach of priv-\\nilege, is permitted.\\n1772 Mar.* Parliament: The Royal\\nMarriage Act is passed.\\nIt prohibits the marriage of any Brit-\\nish prince or princess without the con-\\nsent of the sovereign.\\nAug. 4. The Earl of Dartmouth is\\nappointed secretary for the colonies.\\nNov. 30. Ire. The Earl of Harcourt\\nis appointed lord-lieutenant.\\n1773 Warren Hastings is appointed\\ngovernor-general of India he decides\\nto pay no more tribute to Shah Alam,\\nthe great mogul or emperor of Delhi.\\nCharles James Fox is appointed a\\nlord treasurer.\\n1774 Mar. 31. Parliament: The\\nBoston Port BiU is passed (p. 79).\\nApr. 19. H. C. Edmund Burke makes\\na great speech against American taxa-\\ntion.\\nOct. 8. London. John Wilkes is\\nelected lord mayor.\\nOct.* Jchn Wilkes is elected member\\nof Parliament for Middlesex for the\\nfifth time. [He is permitted to take his\\nseat.]\\nNov. 29. Parliament meets. [17S0.\\nSept. 1. Dissolved.] Charles James\\nFox is in opposition.\\nIre. Stamp duties are announced.\\n1775-83 Thirteen British colonies in\\nAmerica struggle for independence.\\n1775 Nov. 10. H. L. Richard Penn,\\ngovernor of Pennsylvania, U. S. A., is\\nexamined respecting public opinion in\\nAmerica.\\nNov. Parliament votes to increase the\\narmy in America {p. SO).\\nDec. 21. Parliament: An act is passed\\nfor confiscating American vessels and\\nimpressing their crews into the British\\nnavy.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1769 Nov. 19. London. Blackfriars\\nBridge is opened.\\n1773 The sessions house, Exeter, is\\nbuilt.\\nExporting machinery used in mak-\\ning cotton fabrics is prohibited.\\nDublin. At\\\\ act is passed for the gen-\\neral paving of the city.\\n1774 Aug. 2. London. The mails are\\nconveyed by coaches the first mail\\nleaves London for Bristol.\\nEdinburgh. The register office,\\nPrincess Street, is begun.\\n1775 White Cloth Hall is built at", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0931.jp2"}, "932": {"fulltext": "920 1776, July 4-1781, GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1776 July 12. [U. S.A.] The war is\\ntransferred to New York (p. 84).\\n1777 June 2f. Y. Burgoyne enters\\nthe State from Canada with 10,000 men.\\n[Oct. 17. Surrenders his army at Sara-\\ntoga.] (F. 86.)\\nTorpedo shells are invented hy\\nDavid Bushnell, an American. His at-\\ntempt to destroy H. M. S. Cerberus fails.\\n1778 Mar. War with France, caused\\nby a French alliance and treaty with the\\nAmericans.\\nApr. Scot. Paul Jones, commanding\\na privateer, cruises on the coast, accom-\\npanied hy an American frigate.\\nApr. Paul Jones makes a descent on\\nWhitehaven with only two vessels.\\nMay 8. U. S. A. Sir Henry Clinton\\nassumes command (p. 8S).\\nJune 16. Two French frigates cap-\\ntured (p. 704).\\nJuly 10. France declares war against\\nEngland.\\nJuly 27. A French fleet is driven back\\n(p. 704). English loss, 400 killed and\\nwounded French loss, over 1,000 killed\\nand wounded.\\nOct.* E. I. Pondicherry is captured\\nfrom the French by the British.\\nLord Amherst, a general on the\\nstaff, is appointed commander-in-chief.\\n*[U. S, A,] Adm. Byron succeeds\\nAdm. Lord (Richard) Howe (p. 88).\\nLiverpool equips 120 privateers,\\ncarrying 1,986 guns and 8,754 seamen, at\\nthe opening of the war with France.\\n1779-82 Sp. Gibraltar is besieged (p.\\n704).\\n1779-83 Spain joins in the war against\\nGreat Britain.\\n1779 Sept. 23. The American Com.\\nPaul Jones captures two ships (p. 90).\\nSept. 30. The prisoners of war in Eng-\\nland number 12,000 Spanish, French,\\nand American.\\n1779-82 E. I. The first Mahratta\\nWar. (See India.)\\n1780 Jan. 2. The Dutch Adm. Count\\nByland refuses to let the British Adm.\\nFielding search his convoy.\\nAn action ensues two Dutch ships,\\ntwo of the line, and two frigates sur-\\nrender Fielding detains seven of the\\nconvoy, and permits the remaining ves-\\nsels to proceed Byland refuses to sail\\nwithout all his convoy [and returns to\\nSpithead].\\nJan. 16. Adm. Rodney defeats a Span-\\nish fleet under Adm. Don Langara in a\\nnaval battle near St. Vincent.\\nOct. Several British war-ships are lost\\nin a storm in the West Indies.\\nAmong thein the Thunderer, Stirling\\nCastle, Defiance, Phoznix, La Blanche,\\nLaurel, Shark, Andromeda-, Deal Castle,\\nPenelope, Scarborough, Barbadoes, Ca-\\nEndeavor, and Victor.\\nW.I. [Adm.] Horatio Nelson dis-\\ntinguishes himself in the West Indies.\\n1780-81 E.I. War with Mysore. (See\\nIndia.)\\nDec. 30-83 War with Holland for\\nnaval supremacy.\\n1781 Feb. 3. W. I. Adm. Kodney\\ncaptures St. Eustacius [Leeward Island]\\ntogether with 250 trading-vessels, which\\nare confiscated with all other property.\\nMar. 16. W. I. The French surrender\\nSt. Bartholomew s Island.\\nApr. 16. Com. Johnstone defeats\\nMons. Suffrein in a naval battle at St.\\nJago.\\nJune About 44,000 prisoners are ex-\\nchanged by cartel with France since the\\nopening of the war.\\nJuly 1. E. I. Hyder Ali is defeated.\\n(See India.)\\nAug. 5. Ger. A naval battle is fought\\nat Dogger-Bank (German Ocean) be-\\ntween Adm. Parker and the Dutch Adm.\\nZoutman, both sides losing 400 men.\\nOct. 19. Va. The British army under\\nLord Cornwallis surrenders to Gen.\\nWashington at York town.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1776 July 12. Capt. James Cook sails\\non his third vova^e of discovery, for Be-\\nring Strait. [1778. Dec. He discov-\\ners Owhyhee, or Hawaii, an island in\\nthe Pacific. 1779. Feb. 14. He is killed\\non the return voyage at Hawaii.]\\nJuly 25. Edinburgh. The Calton Hill\\nobservatory is founded.\\nDr. Joseph Priestley discovers nitrous\\noxide gas [laughing gas].\\nScot. Andrew Meikle invents a thrash-\\ning-machine.\\nArtificial stone for statues is intro-\\nduced, having been manufactured by a\\nNeapolitan.\\nLondon. The Ancient Concerts, or\\nKing s Concerts, begin.\\nAn iron railway is built near Sheffield\\nby John Curr. [Destroyed by colliers.]\\nThe science of political economy is\\nrecognized.\\nIt has for its object the improvement\\nof the condition of mankind and the pro-\\nmotion of civilization, wealth, and hap-\\npiness dated from the publication of\\nthe Wealth of Nations by Dr. Adam\\nSmith.\\n1777 The first large iron bridge is\\nerected over the Severn, in Shropshire,\\nby Abraham Darby of Coalbrookdale.\\nNov. 24. London. The Thames ebba\\nand flows twice in three hours.\\nSubscription concerts are estab-\\nlished at Manchester.\\n1778 Umbrellas are introduced from\\nSpain.\\nJames Watt invents the expansion\\nengine. [1780. Also a copying ma-\\nchine.]\\nA rotary motion is given by the steam-\\nengine.\\n1779 Apr. 19. Two sun-spots, whose\\ncombined length extends 50,000 miles,\\nare measured by Herschel.\\nDec. 24. Mrs. Mary Robinson makes her\\nlast appearance as Perdita.\\nDr. Falck proposes a double-acting\\nsteam-engine on Newcomen s princi-\\nple.\\nMr. Tilloch invents an improved\\nmethod of stereotyping.\\n1779-80 John Singleton Copley paints\\nthe Death of Chatham. [1783. Death of\\nMajor Pier son.]\\n1780 Dec. 18. Edinburgh. The So-\\nciety of Antiquaries is instituted.\\nDr. Edward Jenner conceives the idea\\nof vaccination. [1798. Published.]\\nAn attempt is made to manufacture\\nmuslin at Manchester.\\npainted by\\n1781 Mar. 13. The planet Uranus is\\ndiscovered by William Herschel.\\nThe Bramah safety lock is invented\\nby Joseph Bramah. [1784. Patented.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1776* Abercromby, James, Lord Dun-\\nfermline, lawyer, statesman, Scotland, b.\\nBarlow, Peter, inai liematieian, born.\\nBlackwood, William, founder of Black-\\nwood s Magazine, Scotland, born.\\nChitty, Joseph, jurist, born.\\nCongleton, Lord, Henry Brook Parnell, states-\\nConstable, John, landscape painter, born.\\nGopleston, Edward, bishop of Llandaff,\\nscholar, author, born.\\nFoulis, Robert, printer, publisher, Scot., A69.\\nHarrison, John, mechanician, A83.\\nHume, David, historian, phil., Scot., A65.\\nMathews, Charles, actor, humorist, born.\\nPorter, Jane, novelist, Scotland, born.\\nStanhope, Lady Hester Lucy, eccentric trav-\\neler, born.\\n1777 Campbell, Thomas, poet, born.\\nChildren, John (ieorge, chemist, born.\\nModd, William, miscellaneous writer, A48.\\nEllis, Sir Henry, antiquary, born.\\nFoote, Samuel, humorist, actor, A57.\\n(\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Jell, Sir William, classical schol., antiq., b.\\nHallam, Henry, historian, mis. wr., b.\\nHamilton, William Richard, archeologist, b.\\nHume, Joseph, statesman, ref -rmer, born.\\nIreland, Samuel W. H., author of Shake-\\nspeare forgeries, born.\\nKater, Henry, physicist, born.\\nLeake. William M.. traveler, antiquarian,\\ntopographer, born.\\nMorgan, Lady, Sydney Owenson. novelist,\\nmiscellaneous writer, Ireland, born.\\nRoss, Sir John, arctic explorer, admiral, b.\\n1778 Acland, John Dyke, general, dies.\\nArne, Thomas Augustine, musician, com-\\nposer, A68.\\nBrougham, Henry, first Lord Brougham\\nand Vaux, jur., ora., states., an., Scot., b.\\nBrown, Thomas, psychologist, Scotland, b.\\nBrummell, Ceorge Bryan (Beau Brnmmell),\\nwit, man of fashion, born.\\nBrunton, Mary Balfour, novelist, Scot, b.\\nCrabb, George, philologist, born.\\nDavy, Sir Humphry, chemist, natural\\nphilosopher, born.\\nEmmet, Robert, United Irishman, patriot,\\nIreland, born.\\nHargreaves, James, inv. spinning-jenny, d.\\nHazlitt, William, essayist, critic, miscella-\\nneous writer, born.\\nHorner, Francis, political economist, essay-\\nist, statesman, born.\\nLancaster, Joseph, educationist, born.\\nLondonderry, Marquis of, diaries William\\nStewart Vane, general, born.\\nMurray. John, publisher, born.\\nPitt, William, Earl of hatham, states., A70.\\n177S* Bethan, Sir William, antiquary,\\ngenealogist, born.\\nBunting. Jabez, Wesleynn clergyman, b.\\nCalico tt. Sir Augustus Wall, landscape p., b.\\nCampbell, Baron, John, jurist, statesman,\\nmiscellaneous writer, Scotland, born.\\nCockburn, Lord, Henry Thomas, jurist, Scot.,\\nCook, James, explorer, naval captain, A51.\\nBen man, first Baron, Thomas, chief jus., b.\\nElphinstone. Mountstnart, states., hist., b.\\n(\u00e2\u0096\u00a0aistord, Thomas, classical scholar, born.\\nGait, John, miscellaneous writer. Scot., b.\\nGarrick, David, actor, dramatist, AGS.\\nGough. Viscount Hugh, general, Ire., b.\\nLanghorne, John, poet, translator, A44.\\nM Culloch, John Ramsay, political econo-\\nmist, statisiH-ian, Scotland, born.\\nMelbourne, Viscount, William Lamb, states-\\nMt iivale, John Herman, poet, scholar, trans-\\nlator, born.\\nSmith, Horace, poet, novelist, born.\\nWarburton, William, bishop of Gloucester,\\nauthor, A81.\\n1780 Abercromhie, John, phys., Scot., b.\\nElackstone, Sir William, jurist, A57.\\nChalmers, Thomas, clergyman, am, Scot., b.\\nCroker, John Wilson, states., wr., Ire., b.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0932.jp2"}, "933": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1776, July 4-1781/\\n921\\nFothergill, John, physician, A68.\\nFry, nke Gnrney, Elizabeth, philanthropist,\\nprison reformer, born.\\nHarris, James, of Salisbury, philologist, A71.\\nHome. Thomas Hart well, Bib. critic, hist., I\\nHone, William, political satirist, misc. wr.,b.\\nLaing, Samuel, traveler, aulhor. Scotland, It.\\nLansdowne, Marquis of, Henry Petty Fitz-\\nmaurice, statesman, born.\\nMoore, Thomas, poet, Ireland, born.\\nMorier, James, traveler, misc. writer, born.\\nPorter, Anna Maria, novelist, born.\\nSteuart, Sir James Dciiham, jurist, political\\neconomist, Scotland, A58.\\nSmirke, Sir Robert, architect, born.\\nSomerville, Mary, astronomer, author, born.\\nSumner, John Bird, archbishop of Canter., b.\\nCHURCH.\\ncongregatio\\nand United Presbyterian elm relies unite,\\nand form the Presbyterian Church, of\\nEngland.\\n1778 Indulgences are granted to the\\nCatholics by the Relief Bill.\\nObsolete laws against Roman Cath-\\nolics are repealed.\\n1779 Feb. 2. Edinburgh. A great\\ncommotion is made against the Eoman\\nCatholics.\\n1780 May 10, June 2-9. London.\\nGordon s No Popery riots disturb\\nthe city. (See Society.)\\nThe Naval and Military Bible Society\\nis organized.\\nThe Roman Catholics have various\\ndisabilities removed.\\nIre. The Sacramental Test Act is\\nrepealed.\\nLondon. The Bible Society is or-\\nganized.\\nLondon. The Protestant Associa-\\ntion is formed.\\nThe Evangelical party of the Es-\\ntablished Church of England appears\\nThomas Newton and William Romaine\\nare prominent leaders.\\n1781* *The Sunday Act of Bishop\\nPorteus is passed.\\nLETTERS.\\n1776 Fragment on Government, by\\nJeremy Bentham, appears.\\nScot. The Wealth of Nations, by\\nAdam Smith, appears.\\nScot. Philosophy of Rhetoric, hy\\nGeorge Campbell, appears.\\n1776-88 Decline and Fall of the Roman\\nEmpire, by Edward Gibbon, appears.\\nRod: of Ages, by Augustus Montague\\nToplady, appears.\\n1777 A Shorthand Dictionary ap-\\npears.\\nTwo Essays, by Hume, appears. [1779,\\nDialogues concerning Natural Religion.\\nScot. Sermons, by Hugh Blair, ap-\\npears. [1783, Lectures on Rhetoric]\\n1778 London. The Wesleyan Method-\\nist Magazine is issued.\\nEvelina, by Frances Burney [Madame\\nd Arblay], appears. [1782, Cecilia.]\\n1779 Olney Hymns, by William Cow-\\nper, appears. [1782, Moral satires; 1785,\\nThe Task and John Gilpin.]\\n1780 Mar. 26. London. The British\\nGazette and Sunday Monitor is issued;\\nit is the first Sunday newspaper.\\nLondon. The Morning Herald is is-\\nsued.\\nThe first of the Bampton annual the-\\nological lectures is given at Oxford by\\nRev. Dr. Bandinel, John Bampton hav-\\ning left an estate for the purpose.\\n1781* The Manchester Literary and\\nPhilosophical Society is founded.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1776 Punishment by labor in the\\nHulks commences.\\nTitles created Duke of Clarendon,\\nEarl of Mansfield, Barons Hawke and Fo-\\nley. [1780, Barons Walsingham, South-\\nampton, Dynevor and Bagot; 1782, Baron\\nGrantley].\\nLondon. Masquerades are revived,\\nand carried to a shameful excess in vio-\\nlation of the laws and tickets of ad-\\nmission to a masquerade at Ranelagb. on\\nsome occasions are subscribed for at 25\\nguineas each.\\n1777 Feb. 24. London. William\\nDodd, a clergyman, is convicted of for-\\ngery, and sentenced to be hanged. [June\\n27. Executed.]\\nAn Act is passed levying a duty on\\nmale servants. 1781. Augmented.]\\nLondon. The Gaelic Society is\\nfounded.\\nBath and West of England Society\\nis founded.\\n1778 July 2. A fanatic calling herself\\nQueen Beck assaults George III.\\nAug. A law is made compelling lottery\\noffice keepers to take out licenses, and\\npay \u00c2\u00a350 for each. This reduces the\\nnumber from 400 to 51.\\nLondon. A man refusing to plead\\nis condemned and executed at the Old\\nBailey on a charge of murder.\\n1779 Oct. 9. Riots against machinery\\noccur at Manchester.\\nNov. 13. Mr. Donovan and Capt. Han-\\nson fight a duel, the latter being killed.\\n[Nov. 30. Charles James Fox is wounded\\nin a duel by Mr. Adam. 1780. Mar. 22.\\nCol. Fullerton wounds Lord Shelburne\\nin a duel.]\\n1780 June 2-8. London. Gordon s\\nWo Popery riots break out.\\nThe petition of the Protestant Associ-\\nation asking Parliament to repeal the\\nActs granting indulgences to Roman\\nCatholics being rejected, Lord George\\nGordon heads a mob of 40,000 persons,\\nmarches to the Houses of Parliament,\\nand again presents the petition it is\\nagain rejected. The mob once raised\\ncannot be dispersed, but proceeds to the\\nmost daring outrages, pillaging, burn-\\ning, and pulling down the chapels and\\nprivate houses of the Roman Catholics\\nfirst, but afterwards of several other\\npersons, breaking open prisons, setting\\nthe prisoners free, even attempting the\\nBank of England it totally overpowers\\nthe civil authority for six days.\\n[1781. Feb. 5. Lord George Gordon is\\ntried and acquitted on charges of high\\ntreason. 1793. Nov. 1. He dies a pris-\\noner for libel.]\\nDublin. A state lottery is drawn.\\n*The Lunar Society is organized at\\nBirmingham.\\nThe members, Joseph Priestley, James\\nWatt, Erasmus Darwin, Dr. Withering,\\nand others, meet near the full of the\\nmoon to discuss philosophy and politics.\\n1781 Sir Aston Lever establishes a\\nsociety of toxopnilites, lovers of the\\nbow.\\nSTATE.\\n1776 July 4. U. S. A. The Declara-\\ntion of Independence is issued by the\\nContinental Congress at Philadelphia,\\nPa. (p. 85).\\nJuly New York. Adm. Howe and\\nLord Howe arrive as commissioners\\nto receive the submission of the colonists.\\nLord George Sackville becomes\\nsecretary of state.\\n1777-79 The Habeas Corpus Act is\\nsuspended because of the American war.\\n1777 Jan. 25. Ire. The Earl of Buck-\\ninghamshire is appointed lord-lieuten-\\nant.\\nFeb. 17. Parliament: Lord North in-\\ntroduces conciliatory bills.\\nThey renounce the claim of right to\\ntax the American colonies, and author-\\nize the appointment of commissioners\\nto treat with the colonists.\\n1778 Mar. France having made a\\ntreaty of amity with America, the Brit-\\nish Minister is withdrawn from Paris.\\nParliament Penal laws against\\nCatholics in England are repealed.\\nEdward Thurlow [Lord Thurlow] is\\nappointed lord high chancellor.\\nParliament: Gen. Burgoyne makes\\nhis defense for his military reverses in\\nAmerica.\\n1779 June 16. Spain declares war\\nagainst England.\\nDec. 12. Parliament: Bills are passed\\nremoving trade and commerce restric-\\ntions on Ireland.\\nIre. The cultivation of tobacco is\\nallowed.\\n1780 Feb. 8. The Yorkshire petition\\nis presented to Parliament.\\nIt prays for the reduction of national\\nexpenditure and the redress of griev-\\nances.\\nJune 2. Lord George Gordon, at-\\ntended hy a riotous mob, goes to the\\nHouse of Commons, and presents a peti-\\ntion for the repeal of the recent Act in\\nfavor of Catholics. (See Society.)\\nOct. 31. Parliament meets. [1784.\\nMar. 25. Dissolved.]\\nCharles James Fox leads the opposi-\\ntion. Biehard Brinsley Sheridan is\\na member of the Commons.\\nDec. 23. Ire. The Earl of Carlisle is\\nappointed lord-lieutenant.\\nParliament The Plate Act is re-\\nThe Armed Neutrality is formed.\\nIt is agreed to by Denmark and Sweden\\nagainst England s claim to search vessels at\\nsea; it stipulates free passage of neutral\\nships between the ports and along the coasts\\nof combatants, security in neutral ships of\\nenemy s goods except contraband of war,\\nexact definition of blockaded port, and the\\nignoring of blockake not sufficiently en-\\nforced. [Prussia, Austria, Portugal, Spain,\\nand France subsequently recognize the prin-\\nciple.]\\n1781-82 England loses her West India\\nIslands possessions, and Minorca in the\\nMediterranean.\\n1781 Nov. 25. London. News of Lord\\nCornwallis s surrender to Washing-\\nton arrives, and causes a sensation.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1778 A new bridge is built at Exeter.\\n1779 The Earl of Derby begins the\\nOaks races.\\n1780 Jan. 15. Ire. Woolen goods\\nare first exported.\\nJune 7. London. King s BenchPrison,\\nSouthwark, long used for the confine-\\nment of debtors, is burned down by the\\nNo Popery rioters. [1781. Rebuilt,\\ncontaining about 230 rooms.]\\nWindsor Forest is surveyed, and\\nfound to contain 59,600 acres.\\nThe first Derby is won by Diomed.\\n1781 Dublin. A custom-house is\\nbegun. [1791. Opened.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0933.jp2"}, "934": {"fulltext": "922 1781, *-1786, Aug. 2. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1782 Feb. 4. Sp. Spaniards get Mi-\\nnorca (p. 704).\\nFeb. E. I. The French are defeated\\n(p. 704).\\nApr. 12. W. I. Adm. Rodney defeats\\nAdm. de Grasse (p. 704).\\nAug. 4. Ire The sloop-of-war Swan is\\nwrecked otf Waterford 130 men are\\ndrowned.\\nAug. 29. The Royal George sinks at\\nSpithead with GOO men on hoard.\\nSept. 21. Sp. Naval victory off Gib-\\nraltar (p. 704).\\nThe Centaur, with 74 guns, founders\\nin her passage from Jamaica; Capt.\\nInglefield and some of his crew are\\nsaved.\\nGen. Seymour Conway is appointed\\ncommander-in-chief.\\n1783 Jan. 20. Ft. Preliminaries of\\npeace end the war with France, Spain,\\nHolland, and the United States (p. 95).\\nFeb. 6. Sp. The siege of Gibraltar\\nends by treaty, after being invested\\nthree years, seven months, and 12 days.\\nNov. 5. E. I. The Superb, 74 guns, is\\nwrecked in Tellicherry Roads.\\nNov. 25. N. Y. The British evacuate\\nNew York City (p. 96).\\n*The Cato, Adm. Sir Hyde Parker s\\nfleet, is wrecked on the Malabar coast.\\n1784* *E.f, Peace is concluded with\\nTippoo Saib.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\n1781 Henry Cort invents puddling,\\nand introduces great improvements in\\nthe manufacture of iron.\\nJohann J. Becher, a chemist, proposes\\nto make tar from pit-coal.\\nHenry Cavendish explodes oxygen and\\nhydrogen, forming water.\\n1781-84 The composition of water is\\ndemonstrated by Henry Cavendish and\\nJames Watt.\\nHornblower invents a double cylinder\\nengine.\\nThe Philosophical Society is estab-\\nlished at Manchester.\\n1782 London. Machines for ruling\\naccount-books, papers, etc., are invented\\nby a Dutchman.\\nAlessandro Volta improves his inven-\\ntion of the electrophorus, an apparatus\\nfor obtaining frictional electricity.\\nDr. Thomas Percival is the first to\\nrecommend cod-liver oil as a remedy\\nfor chronic rheumatism.\\n1783 Mar. 29. Edinburgh. The Royal\\nSociety of Edinburgh, formerly (1739)\\nthe Philosophical Society, is chartered.\\nNov. 4. London. The Surrey Theater\\nis opened.\\nA bounty on the exportation of certain\\ncotton goods is granted.\\nA theater is erected at Exeter.\\nby\\nJohn Walter and H. Johnson secure a\\npatent on logograpbic printing in\\nwhich words cast in one piece are used.\\nHerschel proves the binding rotary\\nmotion of the stars. [1786. He discovers\\nstar clusters andnebuhe, and the motion\\nof the solar system towards Hercules.\\n1787. Apr. 19. He observes three lunar\\nvolcanoes. 1787. He discovers two of\\nthe satellites of TJranus.]\\nLondon. Hunter s Museum is be-\\ngun in Leicester square.\\nDublin. An observatory is erected\\nby Dr. Andrews.\\n1784 May 26. London. The first of\\nHandel s commemorations is held in\\nWestminster Abbey.\\nKing George III. and Queen Charlotte\\nand 3,000 persons are present. The band\\nconsists of 26S vocal and 245 instru-\\nmental performers.\\nSept. 15. London. The first balloon as-\\ncension in England is made by Vincent\\nLunardi at Moorfields.\\nDec. 5. A terrific storm is very destruc-\\ntive to shipping.\\nA rope-making machine is patented\\nby Richard March.\\nLee Priory, Kent, is erected by James\\nWyatt.\\nThe first musical festival is held at\\nLiverpool.\\n1785 Sept. 4. William W. Sadler is the\\nfirst Englishman to make an aerial voy-\\nage; ascends in a balloon from Oxford.\\nHenry Cavendish demonstrates the\\nnature of nitric acid.\\nMore cloth is manufactured in York-\\nshire than in all the rest of England.\\nDr. Edmund Cartwright invents the\\npower-loom, throwing the shuttle with-\\nout hands it is opposed by the weavers.\\nLondon. The Csecilian Musical So-\\nciety is founded for the performance of\\nsacred music.\\n1 Joseph Brain ah secures the first patent\\non a hydrostatic or hydraulic press.\\nLondon. The Royal Society of Mu-\\nsic is established by the nobility to pro-\\nmote the performance of Handel s\\noperas.\\nEdinburgh. James Hutton experi-\\nments on granite veins. [17S8. His\\ntheory of the earth is published.]\\n1785-92 Encaustic painting, enam-\\neling by fire, is revived by Miss Green-\\nland.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1781 Ahererombie, James, general, A75.\\nBagot, Sir Charles, diplomatist, born.\\nBrewster Sir David, natural philosopher.\\nScotland, horn.\\nOapell, Kdward, Shakespearean critic, A68.\\nChalloner, Richard, bp. of London, an., A90.\\nChantry, Sir Francis Legatt. sculptor, born.\\nClinton, Henry Fynes, classical scholar,\\nGrecian and [toman chronolngist, born.\\nCottenliam, Earl of, Charles Christopher\\nPepys, lord chancellor, born.\\nElliott, Ebenezer, poet, born.\\nMartyn, Henry, I miian missionary, oriental\\nscholar, born.\\nNovello, Vincent, musician, born.\\nParker, Sir William, admiral, statesman, b.\\nRallies. Sir Stamford, trav., states., lust., h.\\nStephenson, George, perfeeter of locomo-\\ntive, born.\\n1782* Allan, Sir William, painter, Scot.,b.\\nBurgoyne, Sir John Fox, general, born.\\nElmes, James, architect, civil engineer, writer\\non art, born.\\nField, John, composer, pianist, Ireland, b.\\nHead, Sir George, miscellaneous writer, b.\\nHome, Henry, Lord Karnes, rhetorician,\\njurist, philosopher, Scotland, A86.\\nMatnnn, Charles Robert, clergyman, drama-\\ntist, poet, novelist, Ireland, born.\\nMonckton, Robert, general, A56.\\nMorrison, Robert, Chinese scliol., mis., b.\\nNapier, Sir Charles, major-general, states-\\nman, historian, Ireland, born.\\nPringle, Sir John, physician. Scot., A75.\\nRobinson, Frederick John, Earl of Ripon,\\nstatesman, born.\\nSale, Sir Robert Henry, general, horn.\\nWilson, Richard, painter, A69+:.\\n1783* Brooke, Henry, novelist, poet, Ire-\\nland, A77.\\nBrodie, Sir Benjamin Collins, physiologist,\\nsurgeon, born.\\nCoote, Sir Eyre, general, statesman, A57.\\nFraser, James Iiaillie. diplomatist, traveler,\\nauthor, Scotland, born.\\nHeber, Reginald, bishop of Calcutta, poet,\\nauthor, born.\\nHunter, William, physician, physiologist,\\nanatomist, Scotland, A65.\\nKennicott, Benjamin, cl., Bib. critic, A65.\\nLawrence, William, surgeon, physician, anat-\\nomist, born.\\nLee, Samuel, oriental scholar, born.\\nLloyd, Henry, inaj. gen., wr. on tactics, A54.\\nLoudon, John C, horticulturist, botanist,\\nScotland, born.\\nProut, Samuel, water-color painter, born.\\nSturgeon, William, electrician, inventor, b.\\n1784 Dec. 13. Johnson, Samuel, poet,\\nessayist, biog., lexicographer, philos., A75.\\nAberdeen. Karl of, George Hamilton Gordon,\\nstatesman, misc. writer, Scotland, born.\\nBarton, Bernard, Quaker poet, born.\\nBiu kland, William, clergyman, geologist, b.\\nChristie, Samuel Hunter, physicist, born.\\nColby, Thomas, eng ordnance surveyor, b.\\nCrosse, Andrew, electrician, born.\\nCunningham, Allan, poet, cit., au., Scot., b.\\nGwilt, Joseph, architect, author, born.\\nHunt, Leigh Henry James, poet, essayist, b.\\nKnowles, James Sheridan, dram., Ire.,b.\\nLee, Ann, founder of Shakers, A48.\\nPalmerston, Viscount, Henry J. Temple,\\nstatesman, born.\\nRamsay, Allan, portrait painter, Scot., A73.\\nTennant, William, poet. Scotland, born.\\nCubitt, Sir William, civil engineer, born.\\nDe Quincey, Thomas, essayist, critic, mis-\\ncellaneous writer, born.\\nFleming, John, naturalist, Scotland, born.\\nGlover, Richard, poet, A73.\\nHardinge, Viscount, Henry, general, gov-\\nernor-general of India, born.\\nHooker, Sir William Jackson, botanist, b.\\nJames, John A ngell. clergyman, author, born.\\n.Metcalfe. Baron, Charles T., general, states-\\nman, born.\\nNapier, Sir William Francis Patrick,\\nlieutenant-general, historian, born.\\nOglethorpe. James E., general, founder of\\nGeorgia, A89.\\nPeacock, Thomas Love, novelist, poet, born.\\nSedgwick, Adam, geologist, born.\\nWhite, Henry Kirke, poet, porn.\\nWhitehead, William, poet, A70.\\nWilkie, Sir David, painter, Scotland, born.\\nWilson. John (Christopher North), miscel-\\nlaneous writer, Scotland, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1781 Robert Baikes publisher of\\nthe Gloucester Journal, aided bv [Mrs.\\nSamuel Bradburn],a Methodist woman,\\nestablishes the first Sunday-school at\\nGloucester. [1783. Nov. 3. Noticed in\\nthe Gloucester Journal. 1784 He pub-\\nlishes his plan.]\\nRichard Hurd is consecrated bishop\\nof Worcester.\\n1783* *John Moore is chosen arch-\\nbishop of Canterbury.\\n1784 Feb. 28. John Wesley signs\\nthe deed of declaration, establishing the\\nMethodist Conference.\\nSept. 2. Dr. Thomas Coke is ordained\\nsuperintendent (bishop) of Methodist\\nsocieties in America by Wesley and", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0934.jp2"}, "935": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1781,* *-1786, Aug. 2. 923\\nc Scot. Mr. Burnett, gentleman, dies\\nhe bequeaths moneys to be awarded as\\nprizes every 40 years for essays on the\\nexistence of God.\\nLETTERS.\\n1751 London. The Morning Herald\\nis issued.\\n1752 Scot. The Glasgow Herald is\\nissued.\\nSacred Dramas, by Hannah More,\\nappears.\\n17S2-1S26 The European Magazine is\\nissued.\\n1782-86 A New Review is issued.\\n1783 A natural and experimental\\nphilosophy professorship is founded at\\nCambridge.\\nPoetical Sketches, by William Blake,\\nappears. [1789, Songs of Innocence.]\\nThe Village, by George Crabbe, ap-\\npears.\\n1783-96 The English Review is issued.\\n17S4-1810 History of Greece, by Wil-\\nliam Mitford, appears.\\n1785 Jan. 1. London, The Times is\\nfirst issued as the Daily Universal Regis-\\nter, price twopence halfpenny. Types\\ncontaining syllables and words are used\\ninstead of single letters.\\nMoral and Political Philosophy, by\\nWilliam Paley, appears. [1790, Horse\\nPaulinse, or the Truth of the Scripture\\nHistory of St. Paul.]\\nScot. Essays on the Intellectual Pow-\\ners of Man, by Thomas Keid, appears.\\n[17SS*, Essay on the Active Powers of the\\nHuman Mind.]\\nChambers s Cyclopaedia, edited by\\nAbraham liees, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1781* Titles created: Viscounts of Ban-\\ngor, of Lifford, of Clifden, Baron Mus-\\nkerry, and Earl Mountcashel. [17S2,\\nBarons Hood 1783, Muncaster 1785,\\nEarls Mayo, Portarlington, Antrim,\\nLongford, and Viscount iMneraile; 17S9,\\nEarls Erne, Enniskillen,Annesley,Crays-\\nfort, Marquises of Waterford, of Down-\\nshire, Barons Cloncurry, Auckland, and\\nKilmaine.]\\n17S2 June IS. Rev. Mr. Allen kills\\nLloyd Dulany in a duel.\\n*The Board of Trade and Planta-\\ntions is abolished.\\n1783 Feb. 5. The Knights of St. Pat-\\nrick are instituted by George III.\\nSept. Col. Thomas is killed in a duel\\nby Col. Gordon.\\nIre. The Genevese are given an asy-\\nlum in the county of Waterford.\\nAll licenses are consolidated on the\\nbasis of ale-house licenses.\\n*The births of children are again\\ntaxed. (See 1695.)\\nThe Society of Friends makes the first\\nunited effort for the suppression of the\\nslave-trade.\\nThe Eclectic Society is instituted for\\nthe discussion of religous questions.\\n1784 May 21. London. Lord Mans-\\nfield, Chief Justice, makes the [famous]\\ndeclaration, that no fiction of law\\nshall ever so far prevail against the\\nreal truth of the fact as to prevent the\\nexecution of justice.\\nLondon. St. Patrick s Benevolent\\nSociety is instituted.\\nTitles created Barons Sherborne,\\nSomers, Lovaine (Earl Percy), Berwick,\\nMarquis of Lansdowne the Earl of Tal-\\nbot is added to that of Shi ewsburv.\\n[1786, Marquis of Townshend, Earl of\\nStrange, Barons Oarleton, Tyrone, Dor-\\nchester, and Suflield 17S8, Barons Ken-\\nyon and Braybrooke 1781), Marquises of\\nSalisbury, of Bath, and Earl of Edg-\\ncumbe.]\\n1784-85 A lottery is set up for the bene-\\nfit of Leverian Museum.\\n1785 June Thomas Clarkson, at a\\nspot in Wadesniill, Hertford, devotes his\\nlife to the abolition of the slave-trade.\\nLondon. The Strangers Friend So-\\nciety is established also The High-\\nland Society.\\nAbout 500 power-looms are de-\\nstroyed by an incendiary.\\nLondon. Ninety-seven persons are\\nexecuted for shoplifting.\\nThe shop-tax is enacted. [1789. It\\ncauses such commotion that it is re-\\npealed.]\\nA tax is imp6sed on female servants.\\n[1792. Repealed.]\\n1786 June 8. Lord Macartney is\\nwounded in a duel by Maj.-Gen. Stuart.\\nAug. 2. Margaret Nicholson, a lunatic\\ncalling herself Queen of England, unsuc-\\ncessfully attempts to assassinate\\nGeorge III.\\nSTATE.\\n1781 Can. Vancouver s Island is\\nacquired by settlement.\\n1782 Feb. 20. Ire. Catholic Relief\\nBills are introduced in the Irish Parlia-\\nment [and passed].\\nThey give Catholics freedom to exer-\\ncise their religion, the right to hold prop-\\nerty in land, and the right to educate\\ntheir children.\\nApr. 1. Augustus Keppel is made first\\nlord of the admiralty. [July 18, Vis-\\ncount Keppel 17So, Jan. 28, Viscount\\nHowe 1788, July 16, Earl of Chatham.]\\nMay 27. Ire. Poynings* Law is\\nrepealed by the Irish Parliament Irish\\nlegislative independence is thereby\\naccomplished.\\nJuly 1. Rockingham dies.\\nJuly 13. Lord Shelburne is appointed\\nprime minister, with William Pitt, son\\nof the Earl of Chatham (chancellor\\nexchequer); Thomas Townshend [and\\nLord Grantham secretaries of state].\\nSept. 15. Ire. The Earl of Temple is\\nappointed lord-lieutenant.\\nNov. 30. Paris. Preliminary treaty\\nwith Americans (p. 95).\\nParliament Stamp duty is laid on\\nnotes and bills of exchange.\\nParliament: Duty is first laid on in-\\nsurances.\\nParliament Contractors and reve-\\nnue-officers are declared ineligible for\\nParliament.\\n1783 Apr.* William Henry Cavendish,\\nDuke of Portland, forms a coalition\\nMinistry of Whigs and Tories Portland\\nis chancellor of the exchequer; Lord\\nNorth and Charles James Fox are\\nsecretaries of state, Edmund Burke\\nis paymaster of the forces.\\nMay H. C. William Pitt s motion\\nfor reform of the system of representa-\\ntion in Parliament is defeated by a ma-\\njority of 144.\\nJune 3. Ire. The Earl of North in gton\\nis appointed lord-lieutenant.\\nSept. 3. Fr. The Peace of Versailles\\nand Paris is signed between Great Brit-\\nain and France and Spain.\\nIt acknowledges the independence of the\\n13 American colonies, with the western terri-\\ntory to the Mississippi; it cedes the free nav-\\nigation nt that river; Tobago ami St. Lucia\\nin the West Indies are surrendered to France;\\n(irenada and St. Vinct-nl arc restored to Eng-\\nland, and Minorca and the 1 loridas ceded to\\nSpain.\\nDec. 17. H. L. A bill for reform of the\\ngovernment in India, presented by Fox,\\nis rejected.\\nDec. 22. Earl Temple resigns as secre-\\ntary of state.\\nDec. 23. William Pitt becomes premier.\\nHis cabinet includes Karl Gower, the\\nDuke of Rutland, Grenville, Duke of\\nPortland, Lord Thurlow, Viscount Howe,\\nand the Duke of Richmond.\\nWagons, carts, and other vehicles are\\ntaxed. [1784. Also horses.]\\n1784 Jan. 23. H. C. Pitt s East India\\nBill is thrown out.\\nFeb. 24. Ire. The Duke of Rutland\\nis appointed lord-lieutenant.\\nLord Loughborough and others are _\\ncommissioners of the great seal. Later,\\nLord Thurlow, lord chancellor. [1792,\\nGreat seal in commission 1793, Lord\\nLoughborough, lord chancellor.]\\nApr. 29. Ire. John Scott [Earl of\\nClonmel] is appointed chief justice.\\nMay 18. Parliament meets. [1790. June\\n21. Dissolved.]\\nJune Parliament the Commutation\\nAct is passed.\\nIt reduces the duty on tea from 50 to\\n12^ per cent, and taxes windows instead.\\nAug. 13. Parliament: Pitt s Lndia\\nBill becomes law.\\nIt associates commissioners with the\\nCompany in the government of India.\\n[The united body is the Board of Control.]\\nThe national debt, at conclusion of\\nAmerican war, is \u00c2\u00a3249,851,628.\\n1785 Apr. 18. H. C. Pitt s bill for dis-\\nfranchisement of rotten boroughs,\\nand the extension of the county fran-\\nchise, is defeated by a majority of 74.\\nParliament: Pitt s bill to remove ob-\\nstacles to free trade with Ireland is\\npassed by a considerable majority [but\\nbeing approved only by a small majority\\nin the Irish Parliament, it is withdrawn].\\nJohn Adams of Massachusetts is ap-\\npointed first Minister from the United\\nStates to Great Britain.\\n1786 Mar. 29. Parliament: Pitt s\\nSinking-Fund Bill is passed.\\nApr. 4. H. C. Edmund Burke moves\\nthe impeachment of Warren Hastings.\\n*[May 1. He defends himself at the\\nbar of the House. May 10. The articles\\nof impeachment are presented by Burke\\nat the bar of the House of Lords.] (See\\nSociety, 1788, Feb. 13.)\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1783 Mar. 13. Ire. The Indiaman\\nCount Belqioso is wrecked off Dublin\\nBay; 147 lives are lost.\\nScot. The Glasgow Chamber of\\nCommerce is formed.\\n1784 The first mail-coach, leaves\\nLondon.\\n1785 Apr. 1. Edinburgh. The South.\\nBridge is commenced.\\nDec. 5. The ferry-boat Menaiis wrecked\\nin Menai Strait 60 drowned.\\n*King s Dock, Liverpool, is con-\\nstructed.\\nNew Bailey Bridge, Manchester, is\\ncompleted.\\n1786 Jan. 6. The East Indiaman Hels-\\nwell is wrecked 3S0 lives are lost.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0935.jp2"}, "936": {"fulltext": "924 1786, Sept. 26-1791,\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1787 Sir Arthur Wellesley [Duke\\nof Wellington] enters the army.\\n1789-90 E.I. Second Mysore War.\\n(See India.)\\nApr. 28. The crew of the war-ship\\nBounty mutiny, and put their captain\\nand 19 men in an open boat with few\\nprovisions.\\nCan. The Spaniards capture the set-\\ntlement on Vancouver s Island on the\\nPacific coast.\\n1791 Jan. 29. E. I. Lord Corn-\\nwallis assumes command.\\n[Mar. 21. Bangalore taken. May 15.\\nVictory at Arikeza. Dec. 21. Severn-\\ndroog taken. 1792. Feb. 6. Seringa-\\npatam stormed. Peace follows.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1786 Oxymuriatic is first used as a\\nblacking agency.\\nDublin. The Dublin Surgeons So-\\nciety is founded.\\nThe first iron railroad of importance\\nis laid at Colebrookdale.\\nTaylor s stenography is introduced.\\nEdinburgh. The first steamboat in\\nGreat Britain is built.\\nDublin. A charter is granted the\\nRoyal Irish Academy.\\n1787 Apr. 20. John Braham, the\\nvocalist, makes his first appearance at\\nthe Royalty.\\nNov. 12. Dublin is flooded by the\\nLiffey.\\nWatt s rotary engine is first used in\\nthe manufacture of textiles in Lanca-\\nshire.\\nLondon. Glee Musical Club is formed.\\nQuicksilver is frozen without the aid\\nof snow or ice.\\nJesse Kamsden completes the great\\ntheodolite. It is an instrument for\\nmeasuring horizontal angles.\\n1787-90 Henry Cavendish and Antoine\\nF. de Fourcroy decompose water by\\nelectricity.\\n1788 May 14-July 21.. London.\\nItalian opera is successfully revived.\\nSir Joseph Banks forms the African\\nAssociation for the purpose of explor-\\ning Central Africa.\\nOct. 23. Edinburgh. A leathern can-\\nnon is fired three times.\\nCoal and coke supplement wood char-\\ncoal in the smelting of iron.\\nEdinburgh. A panorama giving a\\nbird s-eye view, painted on the wall of a\\ncircular building, is exhibited; it is the\\nfirst of the kind.\\nLondon. The Linnsean Society is\\norganized. [1802. Chartered.]\\nLondon. A statue of George III. is\\nerected at Somerset House.\\nHercules Strangling the Serpent is\\npainted by Sir Joshua Reynolds.\\nEdinburgh. The Koyal College of\\nSurgeons is incorporated.\\n1788-96 Stephen Storace s opera, the\\nWaterman, is produced.\\n.1789 Aug. 28. Herschel completes his\\ngreat reflecting telescope at Slough,\\nnear London. [He discovers two satel-\\nlites of Saturn 1790, two others 1794,\\ntwo more.]\\nWood engraving is greatly improved\\nby Bewick, his brother, and pupils.\\nNov. 24. London. Madame Anna Sto-\\nrace makes her first appearance on the\\nstage.\\nSir Alexander Mackenzie sets out to\\nexplore the polar regions.\\nMavor s stenography is introduced.\\nThe Rev. A. Bennet invents the gold-\\nleaf electrometer.\\n1790 Feb. 10. Philidor, the chess-\\nplayer, wins two games while blind-\\nfolded.\\nScot. W. Symington makes a passage\\nin a steamboat on the Forth and Clyde\\ncanal.\\nWails are first made by machinery.\\nThomas Saint patents a machine for\\nsewing boots and shoes.\\nCapt. Duncan starts on his polar voy-\\nage.\\nLondon. Charles Benjamin Incle-\\ndon, a vocalist, makes his first appear-\\nance on the stage.\\nThe circular saw is introduced.\\n1791 Galvani s and Volta s scien-\\ntific researches are made public.\\nLondon. Cherubini s opera Lodoislca\\nis performed under the author s direc-\\ntion.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1786 Barnes, Thomas, editor of London\\nTimes, born.\\nBickerstet.il, Pdward, theol. writer, born.\\nBishop, Sir Henry It., musical composer, b.\\nBlomfleld, Charles .lames, bishop of Lon-\\ndon, scholar, author, born.\\nBuckingham, .lames Silk, traveler, horn.\\nBuxton, Sir Thomas Powell, philan., born.\\nByron. Honorable John, vice-adm., A63.\\nCallcott, Maria Urahani, author, born.\\nCampbell, Alexander, fdr. of Campbellites,b.\\nElliotson, John, physician, ined. writer, b.\\nFranklin, Sir John, arctic explorer, born.\\nHaydon, Benjamin Robert, his. painter, b.\\nHobhouse, John Cam, Lord Broughton, au-\\nthor, statesman, born.\\nKeppel, Viscount, Augustus, admiral, A61.\\nMit ford, Mary Russell, poet, mis. writer, b.\\nMulready, William, painter, born.\\nNapier, Sir Charles, admiral, born.\\nPollock, Sir Ceorge, field-marshal, bom.\\nProut, William, chemist, author, born.\\nRaebum, Henry, painter, born.\\nSontbev, Mrs. Robert, poet, born.\\nStratford de Redcliffe, Viscount, Stratford\\nCanning, diplomatist, born.\\nWilson, Horace Hayman, orientalist, his-\\ntorian, born.\\n1787* Rickerslaff, Isaac, dram., Ire., A52\u00c2\u00b1.\\nBrown, .John, clergyman, author, Scot., A 65.\\nCharles, Duke of Rutland, Ireland, dies.\\nClarke, Charles Shakespearean critic, au-\\nthor, born.\\nConybeare, William D., cl., geol., author, b.\\nCunard, Sir Samuel, civil engineer, founder\\nof Cunard line, born.\\nEtty, William, painter, born.\\nEvans, Sir George De Lacy, general, born.\\nFarmer, Hugh, clergyman, author, A73.\\nFielding, Copley Vandyke, water-color\\npainter, born\u00c2\u00b1.\\nForbes, Sir John, physician, au., Scot., born.\\nGage, Thomas, general, A67.\\nHarlow, George Henry, painter, born.\\nJenyns, Soaine, poet, pol., mis. writer, A83.\\nKean, Edmund, actor, born.\\nLowth, Robert, bp. of London, author, A77.\\nProcter, Bryan W-, poet, mis. writer, born.\\nRich, Claud i us. 1 anics, orientalist, traveler, b.\\nRichardson, Sir John, naturalist, bom.\\nSmart, Benj. Humphrey, lexicographer, b.\\nTaylor, Isaac, philosophical, theol. writer, b.\\nWhately, Richard, archbishop of Dublin,\\ntheologian, logician, rhetorician, phil., b.\\n1788* Applegath, Augustus, inventor of\\nvertical prmtirm-press, born.\\nArnott, Neil, physician, physicist, natural\\nphilosopher, Scotland, born.\\nBaily, Edward Hodges, sculptor, born.\\nBarham, Richard Harris, humorist, au., b.\\nBrande, William Thomas, chemist, horn.\\nBrown, John, physician, founder of Bru-\\nnonian theory of physic, Scotland, A53.\\nByron, Lord, George Noel Gordon, poet,\\nCockercll, Charles Robert, architect, born.\\nCollins, William, painter, born.\\nCombe, George, phrenologist, Scotland, born.\\nDe Vere, Sir Aubrey, poet, author, Ire., b.\\nGainsborough, Thomas, painter, A61.\\nHall, Basil, traveler, author, Scotland, bom.\\nHamilton, Sir William, logician, philoso-\\npher, metaphysician, Scotland, bom.\\nHooke, Theodore E.,nov.,dram., humorist, b.\\nHolland, Sir Henry, physician, born.\\nMickle, William Julius, poet, Scot., A54.\\nNugent, Lord, George G., states., au., Ire., b.\\nPalgrave, Sir Francis, antiquary, histo-\\nrian, born.\\nPeel, Sir Robert, statesman, born.\\nRaglan, Baron, Fitzroy Henry Somerset, gen-\\nStuart, Charles Edward (Young Pre-\\ntender), A60.\\nTredgold, Thomas, civil engineer, born.\\nTry on, William, statesman, A63.\\nWesley. Charles. Meth. cl., hymn-wr., A80.\\n1789 Bright, Richard, physician, born.\\nP.osworth, Joseph, lexicographer, born.\\nCollier, John Payne, Shakespearean critic,\\ncommentator, born.\\nDilke, Charles W., journalist, born.\\nFair bairn, Sir William, mechanical, scientific\\nwriter, born.\\nHodgkinson, Eaton, mechanical engineer, b.\\nKeightley, Thomas, mis. writer, Ireland, b.\\nMartin, John, painter, born.\\nPetrie, George, areheologist, anbiq., Ire., b.\\nPringle, Thomas, poet, traveler, Scot., born.\\nPottinger, Sir Henry, diplomatist, bom.\\nScoresiiy, William, arctic explorer, born.\\nStephen, Sir James, statesman, hist., b.\\nSwainson, William, naturalist, born.\\n1790* Alison, William Pulteney, physi-\\ncian, Scotland, born.\\nArrowsmith, John, geographer, born.\\nBlessington, Countess of, Margaret Power,\\nnovelist, Ireland, born.\\nBowdich, Thomas Edward, Afr. traveler, b.\\nCullen, William, physician, au., Scot., A80.\\nDaniell, John Frederick, chemist, phys., h.\\nEliot, George Augustus, Baron Heathfield\\nof Gibralter, general, A72\u00c2\u00b1.\\nEllenborough, first Earl of, Edward Law,\\nstatesman, born.\\nEverest, Sir (ieorge, surveyor, geographer, b.\\nHall, Marshall, physician, born.\\nHoward, John, philan., prison refor., A63.\\nHunt, William Henry, water-color p., born.\\nLeach, William El ford, naturalist, born.\\nLyons, Lord, Edmund, admiral, born.\\nMathew. Theobald. R. C. cl., Apostle of\\nTemperance, Ireland, born.\\nMonteagle, Lord, Thomas Spring Rice, states-\\nman, born.\\nTarry, Sir William Edward, arctic exp., b.\\nSenior, Nassau \\\\Y\\\\, political economist, b.\\nSmith, Adam, political economist, philoso-\\npher, Scotland, A67.\\nWarton, Thomas, poet, critic, author, A62.\\n1791 Faraday, Michael, chemist, elec-\\ntrician, philosopher, born.\\nFlood, Henry, statesman, orator, Ire., A59.\\nGibson, John, sculptor, born.\\nKnig-ht. Charles, editor, hist., mis. wr.,b.\\nMilman, Henry Hart, dean of St. Paul s,\\npoet, dramatist, historian, born.\\nNapier, Robert, ship-l.uihler, eng.. Scot., b.\\nPrice, Richard, cl., philosopher, author, A68.\\nTytler, Patrick Eraser, historian, Scotland, b.\\nSheil, Richard l.alor, orator, slates., Ire., b.\\nWolfe, Charles, poet, Ireland, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1787* *The episcopal see of Nova\\nScotia is erected. It is the first colonial\\nbishopric.\\n1788 June 13. Seven clergymen dis-\\npossess George Lakins of seven devils,\\nin the Temple Church, Bristol.\\nLondon. The disciples of Sweden-\\nborg first meet as an organized body.\\n1789 Apr. 23. London. The king goes\\nto St. Paul s, and returns thanksgiving\\nfor the recovery of his health.\\n1790 A reaction against deism oc-\\nioved", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0936.jp2"}, "937": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1786, Sept. 26-1791,\\n92\\nLETTERS.\\n1786* London. The Library of the\\nRoyal College of Surgeons is founded.\\nPoems, by Samuel Rogers, appears.\\nLondon. Curtis s Botanical Magazine\\nis issued.\\nScot. Robert Burns s first Poems\\nare published at Kilmarnock. [1787,\\n1793, more poems.]\\nEpea Pteroenta, or Diversions of p ur-\\nley, by Home Tooke, appears.\\n1787 Dublin. The Royal College of\\nSurgeons is incorporated.\\nLondon. The County Chronicle is is-\\nsued.\\n1788 Jan. 1. London, The Daily Uni-\\nversal Register is changed to the Times.\\nLa Gazette de Guernsey is issued.\\nLondon. The Analytical Review is is-\\nsued.\\nClassical Dictionary, by John Lem-\\npriere, appears.\\n1789 London. The Mail is issued.\\nNov. 16. Edinburgh. Firststone of the\\n[present] University is laid.\\nNatural History and Antiquities of\\nSelborne, by Gilbert White, appears.\\nIntroduction to the Principles of Mor-\\nals and Legislation, by Jeremy Behtham,\\nappears.\\nHenry James Pye is appointed poet-\\nlaureate.\\nGeneral History of Quadrupeds, by\\nThomas Bewick, appears. [1797-1804,\\nBritish Birds.]\\nThe Nature and Principles of Taste,\\nby Archibald Alison, appears.\\n1791 Ire. The Dublin library is in-\\nstituted.\\nScot. Walter Stirling s public li-\\nbrary is founded by will at Glasgow.\\nLondon. The Observer is issued.\\n*Life of Johnson, by James Boswell,\\nappears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1786 London. The Marine Society\\ninstitutes the first training-ship on the\\nThames.\\nOne hundred and thirty-six ships carry\\noff 42,000 slaves.\\nThe National Truss Society, to as-\\nsist indigent persons, is established.\\n1787 May The first transportation of\\nfelons to Botany Bay takes place.\\n[1788. Jan. 20. Gov. Phillip arrives with\\n800+.]\\nDec. 1. A riot breaks out at Worcester\\nagainst the introduction of spinning-\\nmachines.\\nDec. Fox is duped by the Prince of\\nWales, and renounces his acquaintance\\nwith him.\\nThe Society for the Suppression of\\nthe Slave-Trade is founded by Clark-\\nson, Wilberforce, and Dillwyn.\\nA royal proclamation is made against\\nvice.\\n*Mr. M Keon kills George N. Reynolds\\nin a duel. [1788. Feb. 16. He is exe-\\ncuted.]\\n1788 Feb. 13.-95 Apr. 23. War-\\nren Hastings, governor-general of In-\\ndia, is tried by the peers of Great Britain\\nfor high crimes and misdemeanors.\\nAmong other charges was his acceptance\\nof a present of \u00c2\u00a3100,000 from the nabob\\nof Oude. The trial occupies 145 days, and\\nlasts seven years and three months, ter-\\nminating in his acquittal.\\nDec. Mr. Purefoy kills Col. Roper in a\\nduel.\\nThe Philanthropic Society, for the\\nreformation of criminal boys, is estab-\\nlished. [1806. It is incorporated. It\\nsupports a farm-school at Redhill, Rei-\\ngate, Surrey.]\\nThe Royal Masonic Institution for\\ngirls, at Battersea, is founded.\\nThe association for the relief of\\nmedical men is founded.\\nThe daily wages of harvest men is one\\nshilling and fourpence per day.\\n1789 Apr. 23. A national thanksgiv-\\ning is obM-rveil because of the recovery\\nof the king from lunacy.\\nMay 26. The Duke of York and Col.\\nLennox, Duke of Richmond, tight a duel\\nfor an insignificant cause.\\n1790 Jan. 27. London. Wilberforce\\nsecures the reference of the anti-slave-\\ntrade subject to a select committee of\\nthe House of Commons to take evidence.\\nApr. 7. Mr. Curran and Maj. Hobart\\nfight a duel.\\nTitles created Baron Fisherwick,\\nBaron Gage, and Marquis of Abercorn.\\n[1792, Baron Thurlow; 1793, Duke of Car-\\nnarvon, Marquis of Hertford, and Baron\\nAuckland; 17%, liarons Gwdyr, Stewart,\\nCalthorpe, lirrxlerirk, Kaltersforci, Stuart,\\nMarquis of Bute, and Viscount Hood; 1797,\\nViscount of Ferrard with Massereene, Bar-\\nons Ballon. Kihhh silalt- Lilford, t arrington\\n1799, of Cumberland.]\\nIre. Titles created: Baron Clonbrock.\\n[1791, Viscounts of Haberton, of Hawar-\\nden, and Marquis of Donegal; 1792, Earl\\nCourtown, and I .aruii Water park ;1793, Earls\\nWicklow, Desart, and Clomnell; 1794, liar-\\nons Bridport and Graves; 1795, Earls Leit-\\nrim and Lucan; 17%, Barons Rossmore,\\nCarrington, and Huntingfleld 1797, Earl\\nHowth, Barons Hot ham, lleadley, Teign-\\nmouth, Crofton, and Earl Belmore; 1798,\\nBaron Ffrench; 1799, Earl of Armagh, and\\nBaron Henly.]\\n1791 Apr. The House of Commons\\nvotes against the abolition of the slave-\\ntrade. Vote, 88-163.\\nJuly 14. Riots break out in Birmingham\\nagainst Dr. Priestley and other Dissen-\\nters because of their sympathy with\\nthe French Revolution, and commem-\\norating the taking of the Bastile. [Prop-\\nerty to the. value of \u00c2\u00a3100,000 is destroyed.]\\nSept. 22. George Bardngton, an accom-\\nplished pickpocket, is transported.\\nThe Royal Literary Fund, to relieve\\nliterary men of all nations, is founded\\nby David Williams.\\nThe buckle-makers petition against\\nthe use of shoe-strings.\\nSTATE.\\n1786 Sept. 26. A navigation and com-\\nmercial treaty is concluded with France.\\nIt fixes a scale of duties, and estab-\\nlishes perfect freedom of intercourse,\\nwithout passports, between subjects and\\ninhabitants of both countries.\\nE.I. Prince of Wales Island (Pe-\\nnang) is ceded to the East India Com-\\npany.\\n1787 Nov. 2. Ire. The Marquis of\\nBuckingham is appointed lord-lieu-\\ntenant.\\nDec. 21. The Prince of Wales marries\\nMrs. Fitzherbert, a Catholic.\\nHe thereby violates the Royal Mar-\\nriage Act, and renders himself incapable\\nof succession to the crown according to\\nthe provisions of the Act of Settlement.\\nAustralia. Botany Bay is made a pe-\\nnal settlement.\\nParliament Tunnage and pound-\\nage are repealed, and a new system of\\nexcise and custom is introduced.\\nThe registering of shipping is intro-\\nduced.\\n1788 Feb. 25. Parliament: The De-\\nclaratory Bill for India, relating to the\\npower to raise and pay troops, is intro-\\nduced [and passed].\\nJune 9. Lord Kenyon is appointed.\\nchief justice.\\nOct. 12. King George becomes insane.\\nS. Pacific. Norfolk Island is an-\\nnexed by occupation.\\n1789 Feb. H. C. The Regency Bill\\nFox advocates the right of the Prince\\nof Wales to be regent Pitt contends\\nthat it belongs to the legislature to pro-\\nvide for the temporary exercise of the\\nroyal authority. [Feb. 26. The bill is\\ndropped on the king s recovery.]\\nJune 5. H. C. Henry Addington\\n[Viscount Sidmouth] is chosen Speaker.\\nJune 20. Ire. John Fitzgibbon [Earl\\nof Clare] is appointed lord high chancel-\\nlor.\\nThe Government demands reparation\\nfor the forcible seizure by Spain of two-\\nEnglish ships and English trade settle-\\nments at Nootka Sound, Vancouver s\\nIsland. [War is averted by a convention\\nwhich insures free commerce to Eng-\\nland.]\\nH. C. A bill for the relief of Protes-\\ntant Dissenters from the impositions of\\nthe Test Act is rejected by a small ma-\\njority.\\n1790 Jan. 5. Ire. The Earl of West-\\nmoreland is appointed lord-lieutenant.\\nNov. 25. Parliament meets. [1796.\\nMay 20. Dissolved.]\\nParliament A bill for the repeal of\\nthe Corporation and Test Acts, in fa-\\nvor of Dissenters, is defeated by a large\\nmajority a popular clamor is raised for\\nthe preservation of the Church of Eng-\\nland.\\n1791* Parliament divides Canada\\ninto Upper and Lower, and gives to each\\na representative government.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1786 Jonas Hanway, the first persom\\nto carry an umbrella in London, dies..\\nLondon. The registering of ship-\\nping in the Thames is begun.\\nThe first considerable iron railway is\\nbuilt at Colebrookdale.\\nDublin. Police are established by-\\nstatute.\\n1787* Ire. A bank is built at Belfast.\\n1788 Merino sheep are imported\\nfrom Spain.\\n17S9 June 17. London. Her Majes-\\nty s Theater. Italian Opera House, is\\nburned. [1791. Sept. 22. Having been\\nrebuilt, it is reopened.]\\nJune 19. The Queen s Theater, Man-\\nchester, is burned. [1790. Reerected.]\\nNov. 19. The Thames and Severn are-\\njoined by a canal.\\nThe New Bailey Court, Manchester,.\\nis built.\\n1790 Oct. The Windsor Chapel is\\nrepaired and opened.\\nDec. 22. The Charlemont Packet, from\\nHolyhead to Dublin, is wrecked; 104\\nlives are lost.\\n1791 London. A fire-watch is insti-\\ntuted. The building of Camden Town\\nis begun. Regent s Park, originally\\npart of the grounds belonging to a palace\\nof Queen Elizabeth, near to the north end\\nof Tottenham Courtyard, isdemolished..\\nHorsemonger Lam 1 jail is built.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0937.jp2"}, "938": {"fulltext": "926 1791, *-1796, Dec. 5. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NAVY.\\n1792 Aug. 24. The warship Imp tneux\\nis burned at Portsmouth.\\n1792-97 War of the First Coalition\\nagainst France (p. 518).\\n1793 Apr. 17- It is ordered that prize\\nmoney arising from captures from the\\nenemy be divided into eight equal parts,\\nand distributed by order of ranks.\\nMay 8. Fr. The English defeat the\\nFrench at St. Amand.\\nMay 23-July 28. Fr. The English be-\\nsiege and capture Valenciennes (p. 708).\\nAug. 23. E. I. Pondicherry is again\\ntaken from the British by the French.\\nSept. 8. Fr. Defeat at Dunkirk (p.\\n710).\\nNov. 15. Fr. Toulon is taken by the\\nEnglish. [Dec. 19. Ketaken.] (P. 710.)\\nLord Amherst is again appointed\\ncommander-in-chief.\\nVolunteers enlist to resist the threat-\\nened French invasion.\\n1794 Mar. 16. W. I. Martinique is\\ntaken.\\nApr. The Ardent, 64 guns, is burned\\nnear Corsica.\\nJune 1. A naval battle is fought in the\\nEnglish Channel.\\nThe British, with 25 ships, under Lord\\nHowe, defeat the French fleet of 26 ships,\\nunder Vice-Adm. Villaret de Joyeuse.\\nThe English armies are unsuccessful\\nin Holland, and the Duke of York is\\nrecalled Holland is lost (p. 710).\\n1795 Feb. 11. The Duke of York is\\nappointed commander-in-chief.\\nMar. 8. A French, fleet defeated.\\n[Mar. 14. Another defeat. Apr. 5.\\nPeace.] (P. 710.)\\nJune 19. The British Sceptre takes 11\\nDutch East Indiamen.\\nJune 23. Fr. Lord Bridport defeats\\nthe French fleet off L Orient.\\n1796 Jan. 27- The first great English\\nship, Royal Sovereign, is burned by ac-\\ncident.\\nAug. 9. [Adm.] Nelson captures the\\nisle of Elba in the Mediterranean.\\nAug. 17. Adm. Lucas, commanding the\\nDutch fleet, surrenders to Sir George\\nKeith Elphinstone, in Saldanha Bay, in\\nthe South Atlantic, near Cape of Good\\nHope.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\nDublin. Henry Jackson constructs the\\nfirst steam-engine set up in Dublin.\\n1792 Apr. 18. Ire. A terrific storm\\noccurs at Waterford.\\nOct. Scot. Mineral tar is discovered.\\nA rope-making machine is patented\\nby Edmund Cartwright, reducing the\\nlabor nine-tenths.\\nBenjamin West is president of the\\nRoyal Academy.\\nWilliam Murdoch experiments in Corn-\\nwall with coal-gaa as an illuminating\\nagency.\\n1793 Fowler makes electro -galvanic\\nexperiments on animals.\\n1794 Oct. 6. Several hundred vessels\\nare wrecked in a storm which prevails\\nthroughout England.\\nDec. -95 Feb. 14. A severely cold\\nwinter prevails, with only one day s\\nthaw, on Jan. 23.\\nA patent for a propeller is taken out\\nby William Lyttelton. [Ineffective.\\n1799. Another to Edward Shorter val-\\nuable.]\\n1794-95 London. The Lyceum, Eng-\\nlish Opera House, is built.\\n1795 Jan. 31. London. MissMellon\\nmakes her first appearance as Lydia\\nLanguish.\\nMay 22. Mungo Park starts on his\\nfirst voyage of exploration to Africa\\n[from which he never returns].\\nCapt. Vancouver returns in the Dis-\\ncovery from a voyage of survey and\\ndiscovery of the northwest coast of\\nAmerica.\\nScot. Spinning machinery worked by\\nsteam is introduced at Glasgow.\\nFonthill Abbey, on Lansdowne Hill,\\nnear Bath, is erected by .lames Wyatt.\\n1795-96 Thomas Talford s iron bridge\\nis erected over the Severn.\\n1796 May 14. Dr. Jenner makes the\\nfirst experiment in vaccination.\\nHe transfers to a healthy child the pus\\ntaken from the pustule of a milkmaid\\nwho had contracted the cowpox. [1798.\\nJan. 21. He announces in a memoir his\\nsuccess in vaccination. After much\\nopposition the practise becomes gen-\\neral.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1792 Adam, Robert, arch., Scotland, A64.\\nAdelaide, queen, wife of William IV., born.\\nAlison. Sir Archibald, historian, born.\\nArkwright, Sir Richard, inventor of spin-\\nning-jenny, AGO.\\nI .abbage, Charles, math., machinist, bom.\\nBell, Thomas, naturalist, born.\\nBo wring, .lames, statesman, political econo-\\nmist, author, born.\\nBurgoyne, John, general in America, A62.\\nCampbell, Sir Colin, Lord Clyde, general,\\nScotland, born.\\nCruihshanb. George, pictorial satirist, b.\\nDalrymple, Sir David, Lord Hailes, jurist,\\nhistorian, Scotland, A66.\\nDurham, Earl of, John George Lambton,\\nstatesman, born.\\nHarris, Sir William Snow, electrician, born.\\nHaviland, John, architect, born.\\nHearne, Samuel, traveler in Br. Ainer., A47.\\nHerscbel, Sir John Frederick William, astron-\\nomer, author, born.\\nIrving, Edward, cl., author, Scot., born.\\nJones, John Paul, naval adventurer, Scot-\\nland, A 45.\\nKeble, John, clergyman, poet, born.\\nLinnell, John, painter, born.\\nMarryai, Frederick, naval capt., novel., b.\\nMulgrave, Lord, C. John Phipps, arctic navi-\\ngator, A48.\\nMurehison, Sir Roderick Impey, geologist,\\nScotland, born.\\nNorthumberland, fourth Duke of, Algernon\\nPercy, vice-admiral, born.\\nPotter, Cipriani, composer, born.\\nReynolds, Sir Joshua, painter, A69.\\nRobinson, J. T. R., astronomer, inv., Ire., b.\\nRodney, Baron, George Kryd^es. adm., A74.\\nRussell, Lord. John, statesman, born.\\nShelley, Percy Bysshe, poet, born.\\nSmeaton, John, civil engineer, Af 8.\\nStrange, Sir Robert, engraver, Scot., A71.\\n1793* Alton, William, botanist, Scot., A 62.\\nAnster, John, poet, Ireland, born.\\nAustin, Sarah Taylor, author, born.\\nBrowne, .lames, editor, historian, Scot., b.\\nClare, John, poet, born.\\nDanhv, Francis, painter, born.\\nFasllake, Sir Charles Locke, painter, born.\\nFonhlanque, Albany William, journalist, b.\\nGordon, Lord George, fanatic, A43.\\nGrant, Robert K., physiologist, zoologist,\\nScotland, born.\\nHampden, Renn Dickson, bishop of Here-\\nford, moral philosopher, born.\\nHead, Sir Francis Bond, lieut, author, b.\\nHunter, John, anatomist, surgeon. Scot., A 65.\\nLaing, Alexander Gordon, Afr. trav., Scot., b.\\nLardner, Dionysius, scientific writer, cyclo-\\npedist, Ireland, born.\\nMacready, William Charles, actor, born.\\nMag-inn, William, journalist, essayist, mis-\\ncellaneous writer, Ireland, born.\\nMansfield, Earl of. William Murray, ju-\\nrist, A 88.\\nRobertson, William, cl., hist., Scot., A72.\\n1794 Bruce, James, traveler, Scot., A64.\\nCathcart, Sir George, general, born,\\nChelmsford, Lord, Frederick Thesiger, jurist,\\nstatesman, born.\\nColumn, Ceorge, dramatist, A62.\\nEllis, William, missionary, author, bom.\\nFearne, Charles, jurist, legal writer, A45.\\nHemans, Felicia D., poet, born.\\nGibbon, Edward, author, historian, A57.\\nGrote, George, historian, philosopher, b.\\nJones. Sir William, orientalist, A48.\\nLeslie, Charles Robert, artist, born.\\nLockhart. John Gibson, novelist, critic,\\nbiographer, miscellaneous writer, Scot., b.\\nMarshman, John Clark, historian, born.\\nWhewell. William, phil., hist, of science, b.\\nStanrield, Clarkson, marine painter, born.\\n1795 Arnold. Thomas, clergyman, clas-\\nsical scholar, historian, born.\\nBarry, Sir Charles, architect, born.\\nBlakey, Robert, metaphysician, born.\\nEos well, James, biographer of Dr. John-\\nson, Scotland, A55.\\nCarlyle, Thomas, essayist, historian, phi-\\nlosopher, Scotland, born.\\nClinton, Sir Henry, gen. at Bunker Hill, A57.\\nCollier, Sir George, admiral, A57.\\nConolly, .John, physician, born.\\nDauheny, Charles Giles Bridle, chemiBt,\\nbotanist, geologist, born.\\nDavis, Sir John Francis, statesman, born.\\nGeikie, Walter, subject painter, Scotland, b.\\nHare, Julius Charles, theologian, scholar, b.\\nHavelock, Sir Henry, general, born.\\nHerring, John F., animal painter, born.\\nHill, Sir Rowland, advo. of penny postage, b.\\nHowitt, William, poet, miscellaneous wr., b.\\nInglis, Henry David, tourist, writer, Scot.,b.\\nKeats, John, poet, born.\\nKingsborough, Lord, states., author, Ire., b.\\nKippis, Andrew, clergyman, author, A70.\\nLindley, Thomas, composer, A70\u00c2\u00b1.\\nMoffat, Robert. Afr. missionary, Scot., b.\\nPeabody, George, merchant, philan., born.\\nTalfourd, Sir Thomas Noon, jurist, dram., b.\\nVeitch, William, Hellenist, Scotland, born.\\nWakley, Thomas, physician, founder London\\nLancet, born.\\nWedgwood, Josiab, potter, A65.\\nWright, Frances, social reformer, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1792 Oct. 2. The Baptist Missionary\\nAssociation is founded, chiefly by the\\nzealous endeavors of William Carey.\\nScot. Episcopalians are relieved from\\nthe penal laws.\\nJohanna Southcott announces her-\\nself as the woman spoken of in Rev.,\\nchap. xii. a disease favors the delusion\\nthat she would become the mother of the\\npromised Shiloh.\\n1793 Mar.* William Carey and John\\nThomas sail for India as Baptist mis-\\nsionaries.\\nThe see of Quebec is erected.\\n1794 Nov. 4. London. The London\\nMissionary Society is founded.\\nThe nuns from Lady Percy s convent\\nat Brussels are received by Bishop Mil-\\nner, and placed at Winchester.\\n1795* Ire. Maynooth College is\\nfounded by Parliament for the education\\nof students intended for the Roman\\nCatholic priesthood.\\nIre. The Orangemen organize a so-\\nciety for their defense.\\nThey allege that the treachery shown\\nat the Battle of the Diamond con-\\nvinces them that unless banded together\\nthe Protestants will become an easy prey\\nto the Catholics.\\nLETTERS.\\n1791 Vindication of the Rights of Wo-\\nman, by Mary Wollstonecraft, appears.\\nThe Castaway, and Letters, and trans-\\nlations of Homer s Iliad and Odyssey,\\nby William Cowper, appear.\\nAn Historical ])inquisition concerning\\nthe Know I if which the Ancients had of\\nIndia, by William Robertson, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0938.jp2"}, "939": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1791,* *-1796, Dec. 5. 927\\nWhist, a poem, appears.\\nCuriosities of Literature, by Isaac\\nD Israeli, appears. [1793, 1817, revised\\nand added to 1796, Miscellanies.]\\n1791-92 The Rights of Man, by Thomas\\nPaine, appears. [1794-95, Age of Reason.]\\n1792 The Evangelical Magazine is\\nissued; also The Courier.\\nLondon. The Suit is issued also The\\nObserver.\\nScot. Elements of the Philosophy of\\nthe Human Mind, by Dugald Stewart,\\nappears.\\n1792-94 Travels in France, by Arthur\\nYoung, appears.\\n1793 A Literary and Philosophical\\nSociety is founded at Newcastle.\\nEssay on Meteorology, by John Dal-\\nton, appears.\\nEvening Walk and Descriptive\\nSketches, by William Wordsworth, ap-\\npear. [1798, Lyrical Ballads.]\\nInquiry Respecting Political Justice,\\nby William Godwin, appears. [1794, Ca-\\nleb Williams.]\\n1793-1843 The British Critic is issued.\\n1794 Feb. 8. London. Morning Ad-\\nvertiser appears.\\nFeb. The legality of fair criticism is\\nestablish 3d in the courts.\\nThe Fall of Robespierre, by Coleridge\\nand Southey, appears.\\nView of the Evidences of Christianity,\\nby William Paley, appears. [1802, Nat-\\nural Theology.]\\nThe Baviad, by William Gifford, ap-\\npears. [1795, The Mseviad.]\\nSongs of Experience, by William\\nBlake, appears.\\n1795 May 7. Scot. Anderson s uni-\\nversity is founded at Glasgow.\\nDublin. Maynooth College is\\nfounded by Parliament.\\nIt is endowed by a yearly grant voted\\nfor the education of students designed\\nfor the Roman Catholic priesthood.\\nLindley Murray s English Grammar\\nappears.\\nPoems, by Walter Savage Landor, ap-\\npears. [1798, Gebir, and other poems.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1791 London. The Corresponding\\nSociety of London is formed. It aims\\nto spread liberal opinions, and check the\\nseverity of the Government.\\n1792 June 9. The Earl of Lonsdale\\nand Capt. Cuthbert fight a duel.\\nJune 14. London. A plot to blow up\\nthe King s Bench prison is discov-\\nered.\\nEnlightened principles for the treating\\nof lunatics are introduced by William\\nTuke, at the Society of Friends Re-\\ntreat, at York.\\nThe gradual abolition of the slave-\\ntrade is provided for.\\nDuelling in the army is checked.\\nLondon. An asylum for deaf and\\ndumb children is opened through the\\nexertions of Mr. Townshend.\\nThe Liverpool Lunatic Asylum is\\nfounded.\\n1793 Sept. 30. A furious riot occurs\\nat Bristol, owing to the erection of a\\nnew toll-gate on the bridge several per-\\nsons are killed or wounded by the mili-\\ntary.\\n1794 Oct. 29-Dec. 5. London. Messrs.\\nHome Tooke, Hardy, Joyce, Thelwall,\\nand other members of the Correspond-\\ning Society, are tried on charges of\\nhigh treason they are acquitted.\\nScot. Thomas Muir is sentenced to 14\\n?sars transportation and Thomas F.\\naimer to seven years, for agitating a\\nreform in the representation of the\\npeople in Parliament.\\nLondon. Coldbath Fields prison\\nis built at the suggestion of Howard, the\\nprison reformer.\\nThe daily wages of harvestmen are\\none shilling and sixpence.\\n1795 Apr. 8. The Prince of Wales\\nmarries the Princess Caroline of Bruns-\\nMay 5. The law imposing a tax of one\\nguinea on every person using hair-\\npowder becomes operative. [It yields\\nin England under \u00c2\u00a37,000 a year, and in\\nScotland \u00c2\u00a3250.]\\nOct. 29. London. A mob obstructs the\\nking s way to Parliament, crying\\nBread, peace, no Pitt; 35 a bullet\\npierces the glass of his coach.\\nDec. 8. The gagging-bill, to protect the\\nking and government from the ha-\\nrangues of seditious meetings, is en-\\nacted.\\nA lunatic asylum is founded at Exeter.\\nIre. The United Irishmen, a secret\\npolitical society, whose object is the es-\\ntablishing of an Irish republic, is very\\nactive.\\nIre. The first lodge of Orangemen\\n(Orange Society) is formed at Armagh.\\n1796 Jan. 28. London. The Prince\\nof Wales is attacked in his carriage by\\na mob.\\nFeb. 1. London. A stone is thrown at\\nGeorge TTT when returning from Drury\\nLane Theater it hits the queen s face.\\nMay 27. William Pitt and George Tier-\\nney fight a duel. [June 28, Lord Va-\\nlentia is wounded in a duel by Mr.\\nGawler.]\\nSTATE.\\n1792 Mar. 19. Ind. A Treaty of\\nPeace is concluded with Tippoo Sahib\\nhis two sons are held as hostages.\\nApr. 2. H. C. William Wilberforce\\nmoves for a committee of the whole\\nHouse to consider the African slave-\\ntrade, with a view to its immediate\\nabolition a large majority resolves that\\nthe trade be gradually abolished.\\nMay 21. A royal proclamation is issued\\n-gainst the publication of seditioua\\nwritings; it is aimed at the agitation\\nfor parliamentary reform.\\nJune 11. H. C. Fox s Libel Bill is\\nIt authorizes juries to give general\\nverdict of guilty or not guilty upon the\\nwhole matter at issue.\\nJune 26. The First Coalition is formed\\nagainst France. [It is organized and\\ndirected by England.]\\nAug. 1. London. The system of dis-\\ntrict police magistrates, three presid-\\ning in each of the seven divisions of the\\ncity, is commenced.\\nDec. 28. H. C. The dagger scene\\noccurs.\\nIn the debate on the Alien Bill, Ed-\\nmund Burke casts a dagger on the\\nfloor of the House, exclaiming, This is\\nwhat you are to gain by an alliance with\\nFrance.\\nThe Whig party is broken up on the\\nquestion of war with France.\\nA money-order office is set up it\\nis not generally used.\\n1793 Jan. 4. Parliament The Alien\\nAct is passed.\\nIt empowers the Government to ban-\\nish aliens from the kingdom, and is de-\\nsigned against French Revolutionists.\\nFeb. 1. The French Republic declares\\nwar against Great Britain. [Feb.\\nGreat Britain declares war against\\nFrance. Feb. 11. It issues letters of\\nmarque and reprisal against France.]\\nMar. 23. Spain declares war against\\nEngland.\\nThe Government issues \u00c2\u00a35,000,000 ex-\\nchequer hills because of the commercial\\npanic.\\nH. C. George Canning enters the\\nHouse as a Tory, representing Newport,\\nIsle of Wight.\\nApr. 9. Ire. A Catholic Relief Act,\\npassed in the Irish Parliament, receives\\nthe royal assent.\\nIt enables Catholics to vote at parlia-\\nmentary and municipal elections, ad-\\nmits them to the bar and to commissions\\nin the army and navy, and gives them\\nthe i-ight of bearing arms and serving\\non juries.\\nA tax is laid on funerals.\\n1794 May 23. The Habeas Corpus\\nAct is suspended because of the French\\nBe volution.\\nJune 8. Corsica is annexed.\\nNov. 19. A treaty of amity, commerce,\\nand navigation is concluded with the\\nUnited States (p. 105).\\nDec. 10. Ire. The Earl of Fitzwilliam\\nis appointed lord-lieutenant. [1795. Mar.\\n11. The Earl of Camden.]\\nDec. 20. Earl Spencer is made first\\nlord of the admiralty- [1801. Feb. 19.\\nEarl of St. Vincent.]\\n1795 Apr. 8. George, Prince of\\nWales, marries Caroline Amelia Eliz-\\nabeth, daughter of the Duke of Bruns-\\nwick.\\nJuly Holland joins the French against\\nEngland.\\nThe British take from the Dutch the\\nCape of Good Hope, Ceylon, and\\nother possessions in the East.\\nThe coalition against France falls to\\npieces.\\nA tax of one guinea is laid upon per-\\nsons using hair-powder.\\n1796 Sept. 27. Parliament meets.\\n[1S02. June 29. Dissolved.]\\nOct. 11. Spain in alliance with France\\ndeclares war against England.\\nDec. 5. London. A subscription loan\\nof \u00c2\u00a318,000,000 to carry on the war against\\nFrance is taken up in 15 hours and 20\\nminutes.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1791 Scot. The Trades Hall, Glas-\\ngow, is built,\\n1792* London. The Assembly\\nrooms, Mosley Street, are built.\\n1793 A commercial panic is caused\\nby the French war.\\n1794 Feb. 3. London. The royal visit\\noccasions an immense crowd and crush\\nat the Haymarket Theater; 16 persons\\nare killed and others wounded.\\nFeb. 13. W. The canal in Merthyr-\\nTydvil is opened.\\nJuly 21. An East India warehouse con-\\ntaining 35,000 bags of saltpeter, and 630\\nother houses, at Wapping are burned\\nloss, \u00c2\u00a31,000,000.\\n1795 A famine occasions much suf-\\nfering.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0939.jp2"}, "940": {"fulltext": "928 1796, Dec. 18-1800, Feb. 17. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NAVY.\\n1796 Dec. 18. The Conrageux, Capt.\\nHallowell, is wrecked near Gibraltar.\\n1797 Feb.* W. French invaders\\nland in Pembrokeshire they soon sur-\\nrender to the country people.\\nFeb. 14. Battle of St. Vincent (p. 712).\\nFeb. 20. Nelson is knighted, and made\\nrear-admiral.\\nApr. 15. Mutiny breaks out in the fleet\\nat Spithead, off Portsmouth. [It is set-\\ntled by granting the advance of wages\\ndemanded.]\\nMay 22. A mutiny at the Nore, on the\\nThames, blocks the trade of the river.\\n[It is quelled, and the ringleaders exe-\\ncuted.]\\nJuly 24. Canary Islands. In an unsuc-\\ncessful attack on Santa Cruz, Adm. Nel-\\nson loses his right arm.\\nOct. 11. Nelh. Adm. Duncan defeats\\nthe Dutch in a naval battle off Camper-\\ndown.\\nNov. 16. N. S. La Tribune is wrecked\\noff Halifax 300 men are lost.\\n1798 Feb. 1. The frigate Proserpine is\\nwrecked in the Elbe.\\nMay 4. Ire. The insurrection of\\nUnited Irishmen commences.\\nMay 23. Ire. The British under Gen.\\nDundas are defeated by the insurgents\\nat Kilcullen.\\nMay 24. Ire, The royal troops rout the\\ninsurgents at Carlow. [May 26. They\\n(400 strong) defeat 4,000 insurgents near\\nTara, Meath.]\\nMay 27. Ire. About 500 insurgents at-\\ntack and defeat the king s troops at\\nOoulard Hill, Wexford.\\nJune 5. Ire. United Irishmen are re-\\npulsed at New Ross; the British put\\nto death 221 prisoners.\\nJune 9. Ire. Battle at Arklow, Wick-\\nlow.\\nThe British (16,000) defeat 20,000 United\\nIrishmen, led by Fathers John and\\nMichael Murphy; Michael Murphy is\\nkilled, and the Irish retire after despe-\\nrate fighting.\\nJune 12. Ire. United Irishmen are de-\\nfeated, and many killed, at Ballina-\\nhinch, Down, by Gen. Nugent this\\nsuppresses the rebellion in the north.\\nJune 21. Ire. British troops defeat the\\nIrish insurgents under Father John\\nMurphy at Vinegar Hill, Wexford.\\nJuly 24. The Resistance is blown up in\\nthe Strait of Banca.\\nAug. 1. Egy. Battle of the Wile.\\nNelson, with 14 ships carrying 1,012\\nguns and 8,068 men, defeats the French\\nfleet of 19 ships, 1.196 guns, and 11,230\\nmen; ISOnent, with Bruevs and 1,000\\nmen on board, blows up; only 70 or 80\\nmen escape. French loss, 9,000 men.\\nAug. 27. Ire. French troops land at\\nKillala, Mayo (p. 712).\\nSept.* England holds 27,000 French\\nprisoners, and France estimates the\\nnumber of her English prisoners at\\n6,000.\\nOct. 12. Ire. Sir John Borlase Warren\\ncaptures five French ships.\\nThese were sent to help the Irish in a\\nnaval battle off the north coast of Ire-\\nland, near Berry. Theobald Wolfe Tone,\\nleader of the United Irishmen, is among\\nthe prisoners taken. [Nov. 12. He com-\\nmits suicide in prison.J\\nNov. 24. Napper Tandy, United Irish-\\nman, flees to Hamburg after his defeat\\nin Ireland [and is there delivered up to\\nthe English].\\n1799 Feb. 9. The British ship Dedalus\\ncaptures the French frigate La Prudente\\nin 57 minutes; losses: French, 27 killed\\nBritish, two.\\nInd. Third Mysore War (p. 1046).\\nAug. 30. Nelh. The Dutch fleet of 12\\nships of the line and 13 Indiamen sur-\\nrenders to Adm. Mitchell at the Texel\\nIsland.\\nSept. 19. Neth. Duke of York defeated\\nat Bergen (p. 712). [Oct. 2. He defeats\\nthe French under Brune at Bergen.]\\nOct. 6. The Duke of York surrenders (p.\\n712). [Afterwards his army is exchanged\\nfor 6,000 French and Dutch prisoners in\\nEngland.]\\nOct. 9, 10. Neth. H. M. S. Lutine is\\nwrecked off Vlieland, and all her crew\\nlost.\\nOct. 13. Napoleon Bonaparte declares\\nwar against Hamburg for the delivering\\nof Napper Tandy, a United Irishman, to\\nthe English. [1802. Tandy is liberated\\nafter Peace of Amiens.]\\nOct. 19. The Impregnable is wrecked\\noff Dangstone Inlet.\\nOct. 25. Neth. The Nassau is wrecked\\non the Haak Bank 100 persons are\\ndrowned.\\nNov. 5. S. Afr. The Sceptre is wrecked\\nin Table Bay (Cape of Good Hope) 291\\nof the crew perish.\\nDec. 24. Fr. The Ethalion is wrecked\\non the Penmarks.\\nThe Duke of York is appointed cap-\\ntain-general.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1796 Dec. 25. London. This day is\\nsupposed to be the coldest ever known\\nin this city; 16\u00c2\u00b0 below zero.\\n1796-98 Haydn s oratorio, Creation, is\\ncomposed.\\nLondon. A statue of John Howard\\nis erected in St. Paul s.\\n1797 Hydropathy is revived by Dr.\\nJames Currie in Liverpool.\\nElectrolyzation is discovered by Sir\\nHumphry Davy.\\nGas is used extensively for the first\\ntime by Murdoch in Watt s engine fac-\\ntory.\\nLondon. Count Kumford boils water\\nby friction.\\n1799 Nov. 4. Ralph Gout secures a\\npatent on the pedometer, an instru-\\nment for numbering the steps taken by\\na walker.\\nA tabular view of British strata is\\npublished in the Geological Map of Eng-\\nland and Wales by William Smith, the\\nfather of British geology.\\nScot. The stone bridge of Kelso is\\ncommenced by John Rennie.\\nSir Humphry Davy melts ice by fric-\\ntion.\\nA mowing-machine is invented by\\nBoyce.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1796 Allan, David, painter, Scot., A52.\\nBack, Sir George, arctic explorer, born.\\nBeechey, Frederick William, arctic explorer,\\nauthor, rear-admiral, naturalist, born.\\nBohn, Henry George, publisher, born.\\nBooth, Junius Brutus, actor, born.\\nBurns, Robert, poet, Scotland, A37.\\nCampbell, George, theologian, Biblical critic,\\nScotland, A77.\\nCharlotte, princess, daughter of George IV.,\\nborn.\\nColeridge, Hartley, poet, mis. writer, born.\\nI)e la Beche, Sir Henry T., geologist, born.\\nGleig, George Robert, cl., an., Scotland, b.\\nGrattan, Thomas olley, novelist, Ireland, b.\\nHenslow, John Stevens, botanist, born.\\nLandseer, Thomas, engraver, born.\\nMacgillivray, William, ornithologist, author,\\nScotland, born.\\nMacpherson, James, poet, Scotland, A58.\\nMedhurst, Waltei Henry, Chinese miss., b.\\nMiller, William, engraver. Scotland, born.\\nO Connor, Fergus, journalist, politician,\\nChartist, Ireland, born.\\nPlanche, James Robinson, dramatist, au., b.\\nPowell, Baden, clergyman, physicist, born.\\nBeid. Thomas, philosopher, Scotland, A86-\\nRoberts, David, landscape painter, Scot., b.\\nWakefield, Edward Gibbon, political econo-\\nmist, statesman, born.\\nWilliams, John, missionary, born.\\n1797* Amherst, Lord, Jeffrey, statesman,\\ngeneral, A 80.\\nBayly, Thomas Haynes, song-writer, born.\\nBurke. Edmund, orator, states., au., A68.\\nCardigan, Earl of, James Thomas BrudeneU,\\ngeneral, born.\\nCombe, Andrew, physiologist, Scotland, b.\\nDrummond, Thomas, captain, civil engineer,\\nScotland, born.\\nGodwin, Mary Wollstonecraft. novelist,\\nA38.\\nHutton, James, geologist, Scotland, A71.\\nJameson, Anna, writer on art, Ireland, born.\\nLyell, Sir Charles, geologist, Scot., born.\\nLover, Samuel, novelist, artist, song-writer,\\nIreland, born.\\nMotherwell, William, poet, antiquary, jour-\\nnalist, Scotland, born.\\nNormanby, Marquis of, C. H. Phipps, novel-\\nist, statesman, born.\\nReid, Sir William, engineer, meteorologist,\\nScotland, born.\\nShelley, Mrs. Mary, novelist, mis- wr., b.\\nThirlwall, Connop, bishop of St. David s,\\nhistorian, statesman, born.\\nWilkes. John, statesman, A70.\\nWilkinson, Sir John Gardiner, Egyptol-.b.\\nWalmesley, Charles, Benedictine monk,\\nmathematician, A76.\\n1798 Banim, John, novelist, Ireland, b.\\nBarclay, John, clergyman, founder of Bere-\\nans, Scotland, A64.\\nCarleton, William, novelist, Ireland, born.\\nCroker. Thomas Crofton, antiquary, hu-\\nmorist, Ireland, born.\\nDonovan, Edward, naturalist, author, born.\\nDouglas, David, botunist, Scotland, born.\\nDyce, Alexander, dramatist, editor, literary\\nhistorian, Scotland, born.\\nFitzgerald, Lord, Edward, a leader of the\\nUnited Irishmen, Ireland, A33.\\nHarding, James D., landscape painter, born.\\nHenderson, Thomas, astronomer. Scot., b.\\nHood. Thomas, poet, humorist, born.\\nHowitt, Mary Botham, poet, author, born.\\nLabouchere, Henry, Baron Taunton, states\\nman, born,\\nMoir, David Macbeth, poet, novelist, Scot., b.\\nNeele, Henry, poet, author, born.\\nPennant, Thomas, naturalist, antiquary, A72.\\nPollok, Robert, poet, Scotland, horn.\\nTone, Theobald Wolfe, a leader of the United\\nIrishmen, Ireland, A 35.\\nWrotteslev, Baron, John, astronomer, born.\\n1799* Atkinson, Thomas William, land-\\nscape painter, traveler, born.\\nBacon, John, founder British school of sculp-\\nture, A59.\\nBaines, Matthew Talbot, statesman, born.\\nBelcher, Sir Edward, adm., arctic navig., b.\\nBlack, Joseph, chemist, anatomist, Ire., A71.\\nCraik, George Liltie, miscellaneous wr., b.\\nDerby, Earl of, Edward Geoffrey Smith\\nStanley, statesman, author, born.\\nFellows, Sir Charles, traveler, antiquary, b.\\nFinlay, George, historian, born.\\nGore, Catherine Grace Frances Moody, nov-\\nelist, born.\\nHowe, Earl, Richard, admiral, A74.\\nKey, Thomas Hewitt, philologist, born.\\nLindley, John, botanist, born.\\nMonhoddo, Lord, James Burnet, jurist, A85.\\nNicolas, Sir Nicolas Harris, antiquary, b.\\nSyme, James, surgeon, author, born.\\nThorn, James, sculptor, Scotland, born.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0940.jp2"}, "941": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1796, Dec. 18-1800, Feb. 17. 929\\nCHURCH.\\n1797* Tlie New Connection Metho-\\ndists are the first to separate from the\\nparental Wesleyan body.\\nJohn Fisher is consecrated bishop of\\nSalisbury.\\n1798 Jan. Dublin. The Orangemen\\npublish a declaration of their principles\\nupholding the maintenance of the\\nchurch and state under the Ho|ise of\\nBrunswick.\\n1799 Apr. 16. London. Sixteen clergy-\\nmen meet at the Castle and Falcon, and\\norganize the Society for Missions to\\nAfrica and the East.\\nMay* London. The Religious Tract\\nSociety is established.\\nLETTERS.\\n1796 Camilla, by Madame D Arblay,\\nappears.\\nPoe7ns, by Coleridge and Charles Lamb,\\nappears.\\nLetters on the Proposals for Peace with\\nthe Regicide Directory of France, by Ed-\\nmund Burke, appear.\\nA Dictionary of Quotations, compiled\\nby Macdonnel, appears.\\nLondon. Bell s Messenger is issued.\\nScot. A translation of Burger s Le-\\nnore, by [Sir] Walter Scott, appears.\\n[1799, translation of Gotz von Berlich-\\ningen; 1802, Border Minstrelsy.]\\nEstimate of the Religion of the Fash-\\nionable World, by Hannali More, ap-\\npears. [1799, Strictures on Female Edu-\\ncation.\\n1796-1843 London. The Monthly Mag-\\nazine is issued.\\nPoems, by Coleridge, Lamb, and Chas.\\nLloyd, appears.\\n1797 Oct. Dublin. The Press, a rev-\\nolutionary journal, is issued. [1798 Mar.\\n6. It is suppressed by military force.]\\nArthur O Connor, Robert Einmett, and\\nother conspicuous men, contribute to it,\\nand inflame the public mind on the eve\\nof the rebellion.\\nPractical Christianity by William\\nWilberforce, appears.\\nLondon, The Methodist Neio Connec-\\ntion Magazine is issued.\\n1798 London. The Philosophical\\nMagazine is issued.\\nThe Ancient Mariner, by Samuel Tay-\\nlor Coleridge, appears. [1800, transla-\\ntion of Schiller s Wallenstein.]\\nVernal Walk, by Ebenezer Elliott,\\nappears.\\nEssay on the Principles of Population,\\nby Thomas Robert Malthus, appears.\\n1798-1821 London. The Anti-Jacobin\\nReview and Magazine is issued.\\n1799 May 3. Benjamin Elower, print-\\ner, is fined \u00c2\u00a3100, and sentenced to im-\\nprisonment for six months, by the\\nHouse of Lords, because of his freedom\\nwith the speech of the bishop of Llau-\\ndaff.\\nMay 30. The editor, printer, and pub-\\nlisher of the London Courier are fined\\nand imprisoned for saying that the\\nEmperor of Russia is a tyrant amonghis\\nown subjects and ridiculous to the rest\\nof Europe.\\nJuly The law requires licenses to be\\ntaken for presses, and that the printer s\\nname be placed on both the first and last\\npages of every book.\\nWilliam Smith, the father of Brit-\\nish geology, after walking over a large\\npart of England, constructs his geologi-\\ncal map.\\nPizarro, by Sheridan, appears.\\nModern Infidelity, by Robert Hall, ap-\\npears. [1802, Reflections on War.]\\nScot. The Pleasures of Hope, by\\nThomas Campbell, appears.\\nThe Sandhurst Eoyal Military Col-\\nlege is founded at Wycombe. [1802, re-\\nmoved to Great Marlow.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1796 Dublin. The city armed asso-\\nciation is formed.\\nJoseph Lancaster, a youthful Quaker,\\nbegins to instruct the children of the\\npoor [and becomes very successful],\\n1797 Mar. 11. Ladies Buckingham,\\nLuttrel, and Stuart are fined for play-\\ning faro, on the testimony of two dis-\\ncharged servants.\\nMay 30. London. Kosciusko arrives\\nin the city.\\nThe window-tax is increased.\\nScot. The enforcing of the M ili tia Act\\ncauses riots in many parts, several peo-\\nple being killed.\\n1798 Apr. 3. H. C. Wilherforce san-\\ntislavery motion is rejected. Vote,88-S3.\\nApr. 21. London. O Connor, O Coigley,\\nand other members of the Correspond-\\ning Society, are tried for corresponding\\nwith the French Directory. [June 7.\\nJames O Coigley is executed.]\\nMay 22. A riot occurs at Maidstone on\\nthe occasion of the trial of Arthur O Con-\\nnor and others. [1799. Apr. 25. The\\nEarl of Thanet, Mr. Ferguson, and others\\nare tried and convicted for\\nto rescue O* Connor.]\\nNov.* Ire. Theobald Wolfe Tone,\\nfounder of the United Irishmen, com-\\nmits suicide in prison.\\nDec. 17. London. The Smithfield Club,\\nto promote improvements in the breed\\nof cattle, is established.\\nIre. At a barn in Scullabogue, 1S4\\nmen, women, and children, chieliy Pro-\\ntestants, are burned, shot, or pierced\\nto death by pikes, by the insurgent\\nIrish.\\n*Eor giving the toast, The majesty\\nof the people, the names of Duke of\\nNorfolk and Charles James Fox are\\nstruck off the list of privy councilors.\\nLondon. The Royal Masonic Insti-\\ntution for boys (Wood Green) is\\nfounded.\\n1799 Mar.* Parliament rejects Wilber-\\nforce s motion for immediate emanci-\\npation of slaves. Vote, 54-84.\\nNov. 30. Mr. Adams wounds Charles\\nJames Fox in a duel.\\nJoseph Smith of Wendover begins a\\nBenevolent Association for the saving\\nof money.\\n1800 Jan. 10. London. The first\\nsoup-house for the poor is opened at\\nSpitalfields.\\nJan. 15. Henry Grattan wounds Isaac\\nCory in a duel.\\nSTATE.\\n1797 Feb. 27. The Bank of England\\nsuspends cash payments.\\nFeb.* Trinidad is acquired by capitu-\\nlation. [1S02. Confirmed.]\\nParliament Watches and clocks are\\ntaxed. [179S. Repealed.]\\n1798 The land-tax is fixed perma-\\nnently at four shillings in the pound.\\nApr. 20. The Habeas Corpus Act is\\nsuspended because of the prospect of\\nrebellion in Ireland.\\nMay 19. Dublin. Lord Edward Fitz-\\ngerald, insurgent leader, is arrested.\\n[June 4. Dies in prison.]\\nJune 13. Ire. Arthur Wolfe [Lord\\nKilwarden] is appointed chief justice.\\n[June 20. The Marquis Cornwallis as\\nlord-lieutenant.]\\nIre. A rebellion breaks out.\\nLondon. The Bank of England\\nmakes a voluntary contribution to the\\nGovernment of \u00c2\u00a3200,000.\\nJuly Ire. An Act is passed granting\\nconditional amnesty to rebels in Ire-\\nland, the leaders excepted.\\n1799 Jan. 22. Ire. Legislative union\\nwith Great Britain is recommended in\\nthe speech from the throne to the Irish\\nParliament.\\nJan. 24. Dublin. A proposal against le-\\ngislative union with Great Britain, of-\\nfered by George Ponsonby as an amend-\\nment to theaddress in reply to the speech\\nfrom the throne, is defeated in the Irish\\nCommons. Vote, 105-106. A second de-\\nbate ends in the carrying of an amend-\\nment against legislative union. Vote,\\n111-105.\\nJan. 31. H. C. Pitt proposes eight res-\\nolutions forming the basis of legislative\\nunion with Ireland. [Feb. 12. Carried.\\nVote, 120-16. Later carried in the Lords.]\\nJune 22. Second Coalition against\\nFrance (p. 713).\\n1800 Feb. 5. Dublin. Lord Castle-\\nreagh, on behalf of the Government,\\nproposes in the Irish House of Commons\\nthe printing and circulation of articles\\nof legislative union with Great Brit-\\nain, with a view to their future adop-\\ntion the motion is carried. Vote, 158-\\n115. Carried in the Irish House of Lords.\\nVote, 75-26.\\nFeb. Dublin. Lord Castlerengh and\\nUnder-Secretary Cook employ bribery\\non an extensive scale to secure votes\\nfor the union; votes are purchased by\\nmoney, and by the promise of titles of\\nnobility.\\nFeb. 17. Dublin. Lord Castlereagb pro-\\nposes in the Irish House of Commons\\nthe adoption of the legislative union\\narticles one by one. Vote, 161-115. [Feb.\\n21. Vote, 152-108. Mar. 22. Agreed to\\nin the Irish Commons. Mar. 27. Agreed\\nto in the Irish Lords.]\\nThe articles provide that on and after Jan.\\n1, 1801, the two countries shall be united\\nunder the name United Kingdom of Great\\nBritain and Ireland, that they shall be rep-\\nresented in one legislature to be styled the\\nParliament of the United Kingdom of Great\\nBritain and Ireland, that in the united par-\\nliament Ireland shall be represented by four\\nspiritural and 28 temporal peers, and 100\\ncommoners, and that (lie churches of Eng-\\nland and Ireland shall be united as the es-\\ntablished Church of England and Ireland;\\nthe articles also provide for the financial\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1797 Feb. 27. London. The Bank of\\nEngland suspends specie payments.\\n[It partly resumes 20 years later.]\\nEdinburgh. Bridewell, Calton Hill,\\nis erected.\\n1799 Jan. 1. The Athenaeum, Liver-\\npool, is opened.\\nJan. 20. The London docks are opened.\\nJuly 7. The Rennet and Avon canal is\\nopened.\\n1800 Jan. 14. The transport Queen is\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0wrecked on Trefusis Point 369 persons\\nare drowned.\\nJan. 17. The Church of St. Mary, Chelms-\\nford, built in 142S. falls.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0941.jp2"}, "942": {"fulltext": "930 1800, Mar. 11-1803, GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1800 Mar. 17. Tlie flagship Queen\\nCharlotte, 110 guns, takes tire in the\\nMediterranean off Leghorn 700 out of\\na crew of 850 perish.\\nJuly 29. The French brig Cerbere is cap-\\ntured in L Orient.\\nThesloop-of-war Brazen is wrecked\\noff Newhaven only one man survives.\\n1801 Mar. 12. Adm. Hyde Parker\\nleaves for the Baltic with a fleet of IS\\nsail of the line. [Apr. 1 Swe. He and\\nAdm. N elson, in defiance of strong for-\\ntresses, effect the passage of the sound\\nseparating Zealand from Sweden.]\\nMar. 16. The Invincible, Capt. Rennie,\\nis lost near Yarmouth only 126 men\\nare saved.\\nMar. 21. Egy. Battle of Alexandria\\n(p. 714).\\nApr. 2. Den. Adms. Nelson and Parker\\nbombard Copenhagen (p. 638).\\nJuly 6. The war-ship Hannibal is lost\\nin an engagement in Gibraltar Bay be-\\ntween the English and French fleets.\\nJuly 12. Sp. The British under Sir\\nJames Saumarez defeat the French\\nand Spanish fleet off Cadiz; allies loss,\\n3,000 men and three ships.\\nDee. Ire. Men of the naval squadron\\nunder Adm. Mitchell, in Bantry Bay,\\nmutiny [17 of the mutineers are con-\\ndemned and executed].\\n1802 Mar. 27. Fr. Peace of Amiens\\n(p. 715).\\n1803 May 18. War begins with Bona-\\nparte (p. 714).\\nnean.\\nJuly 23. Ire. An insurrection breaks\\nout under Robert Emmet Lord Justice\\nKilwarden is killed.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1800 Mar. 11. London. The Royal\\nInstitution for the promotion of the\\nfine arts holds its first meeting.\\nNov. 8. A storm does much damage in\\nLondon and throughout all England.\\n*A British Mineralogical Society is\\nestablished.\\nHerschel discovers dark heat-rays.\\nThe Stanhope printing-press is in-\\nvented.\\nThe manufacture of shear-steel be-\\ngins in Sheffield.\\nHumphry Davy produces electric\\nlight with carbon points. He also dis-\\ncourses on laughing-gas.\\nWater is decomposed into oxygen\\nand hydrogen gases by the voltaic bat-\\ntery by Henry Alleyne Nicholson and\\nSir Anthony Carlisle.\\nThe Rumford medal is awarded to\\nCount Rumford himself by the Royal\\nSociety.\\nLondon. The Royal Institut on\\nLaboratory, the first of importance in\\nLondon, is established. [Davy, Fara-\\nday, Tyndall, and Franklin make dis-\\ncoveries here.]\\n1801 A first experimental steamboat\\nis tried on the Thames by Mr. Syming-\\nton. [1802. Successfully repeated.]\\nJuly 24. An iron tramroad, to be\\nworked by horses, is completed from\\nCroydon to Wandsworth.\\nThomas Young, by experiments, con-\\nfirms the undulatory theory of light.\\nHamlet ivith Yorick s Skull is painted\\nby Sir Thomas Lawrence.\\nThomas Young discourses on the in-\\nterference of light.\\nScot. The Glasgow Philosophical So-\\nciety is founded.\\n1802 Jan. 19. London. The Royal\\nJennerian Institution is founded for\\nvaccination.\\nJune 2. Parliament grants Dr. Jenner\\n\u00c2\u00a310,000, as the introducer of vaccina-\\ntion. [1S07. An additional \u00c2\u00a320,000.]\\nJune 26. The London docks are com-\\nmenced. [1S05. Jan. 20. Opened.]\\nAug. 27. London. The West India\\ndocks are opened.\\nLondon. A telescope is made for the\\nobservatory of Madrid cost, \u00c2\u00a311,000.\\nDr. William Hyde Wollaston observes\\ndark lines (Fraunhofer s lines) in the\\nsolar spectrum.\\nDec. 2, 3. Dublin. The Liffey valley is\\ninundated, causing great damage.\\nPhotographs are first produced in\\nEngland by Thomas Wedgwood and Mr.\\nDavy.\\nLondon. Westminster Hall is thor-\\noughly repaired.\\nA patent is granted to Trevethick and\\nVivian for a high-pressure locomotive\\nengine.\\nA planing-machirie- for wood is\\nconstructed by Bramah.\\nThomas, Earl of Elgin, begins the col-\\nlection of the Elgin Marbles during his\\nmission to the Ottoman Porte.\\n1803* London. A copper-plate en-\\ngraving-machine is invented by Turrel.\\nScot. Woodmason, Payne, and Brown\\nimprove the ruling- macnine.\\nDec. 1. London. Master William Henry\\nWest Betty, 12 years of age (Koscius In-\\nfant) appears at Covent Garden as\\nTaylor, Sir Henry, poet, dramatist, born,\\nWebster, Thomas, painter, born.\\nWillis, Robert, physicist, mechanician, born.\\nYoung, Matthew, clergyman, physicist, A 50.\\n1801 Feb. 31. Newman, John Henry.\\ncardinal, theological writer, born.\\nAbereromby, Sir Ralph, gen., A67.\\nAiry, George Biddel, astronomer, born.\\nBlair. Hugh, cl., rhetorician, Scotland, A83.\\nChadwick, Edwin, social economist, born.\\nChoules, John Overton, cl.. Baptist au., b.\\nChapone, Hester, miscellaneous writer, A74.\\nClive, Caroline, novelist, horn.\\nInman, Henry, portrait, landscape painter, b.\\n.lames, George Payne Kainsfoiil, novelist, b.\\nMillar, John, jurist, Scotland, A66.\\nMadden, Sir Frederick, antiquarian au., b.\\nOrnie, Robert, historian, A73.\\nSaint John, James Augustus, born.\\nShaftesbury, Earl of, Anthony Ashley\\nCooper, philanthropist, born.\\nWakefield, Gilbert, schob, theolog., pol., A45.\\n1802 Arnold. Samuel, mus. comp., A62.\\nBentinck, Lord, William George Frederick\\nCavendish, statesman, born.\\nBarre, Col. Isaac, officer, A76.\\nBnckstone, John B. actor, author, born.\\nCarlisle, Earl of, Geo. Win., statesman, born*\\nCautley, Sir Proby T., engineer, born.\\nChambers, Robert, publisher, Scotland., b.\\nChitty, Thomas, legal writer, born.\\nCockburn. Sir Alexander J. E., jurist, b.\\nDermody, Thomas, poet, Ireland, A27-\\nGarbett, .lames, theologian, born.\\nGeddes, Alexander, K. C. theologian, Biblical\\ncritic, author. Scotland, A65.\\nGraves, Lord, Thomas, admiral, A77.\\nHaghe, Louis, painter, lithographer, born.\\nKenyon. Lord, Lloyd, jurist, statesman, A69.\\nKiss C, sculptor, born.\\nLance, George, painter, born.\\nLandon, Letiiia Elizabeth [Mrs. George Mac-\\nlean], poet, novelist, born.\\nLandseer, Sir Edwin, painter of animals, b.\\nLane, Edward William, orientalist, born.\\nLister, Thomas Henry, novelist, author, b.\\nMartineau, Harriet, author, born.\\nMiller, Hugh, geologist, Scotland, born.\\nMoore, John, physician, Scotland, A73.\\nIWoseley, Henry, scientific writer, born.\\nl raed, Winfhrop Mackworth, poet, born.\\nRoebuck, John Arthur, statesman, born.\\nRoinney, George, painter, A68.\\nStrutt, Joseph, antiquary, engraver, A60.\\nWiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen, car-\\ndinal, author, born.\\nSoli:\\nBarbarossa.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1800 Oct. 25. Macaulay, Lord Thomas\\nBabington, essayist, historian, states., b.\\nArnold, Thomas K., scholar, editor classical\\ntext-books, born.\\nBaines, Edward, politician, born.\\nBarnes, William, cl., poet, philol., born.\\nHarrington, Daines, jurist, naturalist, anti-\\nquary, A73.\\nBell, Robert, journalist, miscellaneous writer,\\nborn in Ireland.\\nBray, Mrs. (Anna Eliza Kempe), novelist,\\nmisc. writer, born.\\nCattermole, George, painter, born.\\nChambers, William, editor, miscellaneous\\nwriter, Scot., born.\\nClarendon, Earl of, George W. F. Villiers, b.\\nCodnngton, Sir William John, general, b.\\nCowper. William, poet, A69.\\nCruikshank, William, anatomist, Scot., A55.\\niienison, John Evelyn, statesman, born.\\nDigby, Kenelm Henry, mis. writer, born.\\nDoo, George Thomas, historical engr., born.\\nEgerton, Francis Leveson Gower, Karl of\\nEllesmere, statesman, born.\\nGowan, 0. B., editor, fdr. of Orange lodges,\\nIreland, born.\\nGray, John Edward, naturalist, born.\\nHall, Samuel Garter, critic, author, Ire., b.\\nJones, William, Ilutehiiisonian cl., au., A74.\\nLong, George, classical schol., hist., author, b.\\nMarsh, Anne, novelist, born.i\\nMeehi, John Joseph, rural economist, born.\\nMontagu, Elizabeth, mis. writer, A80-\\nPhillips, John, geologist, born.\\nPuaey. Edward Bouverie, cl., author, b.\\nRamsden, Jesse, optician, inventor, A65.\\nRoss, Sir James lark, adm., arc. navig., b.\\nRosse, Earl of, William Parsons, astr., born.\\nSinclair, Catherine, writer, Scotland, born.\\nSteevens, George, Shakspearean commenta-\\ntor, author, A64.\\nTalbot, Wm. Henry Fox, discoverer of pho-\\ntography, born.\\n1800 It. Pius VII. is elected pope.\\nThe Church of England is united\\nwith that of Ireland by the Act of\\nUnion.\\n1801* The Clergy Incapacitation\\nAct is passed. Clergymen are prohib-\\nited from becoming members of Parlia-\\nment.\\n1802 f Bishops elected\\n1802, George I. Huntingford for Glouces-\\nter and Bristol. [1815. June* Trans-\\nlated to Hereford.] I8d3, John Fisher for\\nExeter. [1807. Translated to Salisbury.]\\n1807, George Pelham for Exeter. [1820.\\nSept.* Translated to Lincoln.] 1808, Fol-\\nliott H. Cornwall for Worcester; 1813, John\\nParsons for Peterborough.\\nThe Sunday-school Union is formed.\\nLondon. A Bible Society for Wales\\nLETTERS.\\n1800 Downing College, Cambridge,\\nis chartered.\\nLondon. The Post-Office Directory first\\nappears.\\nCastle Rachrent, by Maria Edgeworth,\\nappears. [1S01, liidhtda. and Moral Talcs;\\n1804, Popular Pairs ISOii. L.onora; 1809-\\n12, Tales of a Fashionable Life.]\\nLondon. The library of the East In-\\ndia Company is founded.\\nScot. The Edinburgh Farmer s Maga-\\nzine is issued.\\n1801 London. The Weekly Dispatch is", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0942.jp2"}, "943": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1800, Mar. 11-1803/\\n931\\nThalaba, by Southey, appears. [1805,\\nMadoc 1810, Curse of Kehama and His-\\ntory of Brazil.]\\n1802 Oct. 10. Edinburgh. The Ed-\\ninburgh Review is first issued.\\nThe Lyceum, Liverpool, is erected.\\nPorcupine s Works, by William Cob-\\nbett, appears.\\nJohn Boydell s edition of Shake-\\nspeare s Works, with numerous plates,\\nis published in nine volumes folio.\\nLuke Howard s work on the Clouds\\nappears.\\n1802-19 Abraham Rees s Cyclopaedia ap-\\npears.\\n1802-28 Essays, by Sydney Smith, ap-\\npears. [1S07, Peter Plymley s Letters.]\\n1802-5 7 London. The Christian Ob-\\nserver is issued.\\n1803 Edinburgh. The Koyal Col-\\nlege of Surgeons is incorporated.\\nLondon. The Globe is issued.\\nPoems, by Henry Kirke White, ap-\\npears.\\nThaddeus of Warsaw, by Jane Porter,\\nappears. [1810, The Scottish Chiefs.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1800 May 15. London. An unsuccessful\\nattempt is made to assassinate George\\nin. during a review in Hyde Park a\\nspectator is wounded by the shot. Hat-\\nfield, the lunatic, makes another attempt\\nwith a pistol in Drury Lane Theater in\\nthe evening.\\nWm. Spence, a Yorkshire schoolmas-\\nter, is prosecuted for advocating a\\nredivision of all the lands of the\\ncountry.\\nDaily wages of harvest men are two\\nshillings.\\nTitles created\\nEarls Kinmare, Castle-Stuart, Bandon,and\\nDonoughuiore, Manjuisesnf Sli^o, Headfort,\\nand Ely, Viscounts of Muin-k and Avonmore,\\nBarons De Blaquire, Wallscourt, and Clan-\\nmorris, Henniker, Gardner, DufTerin, Ven-\\ntry, Radstork. Lau^fonl, Aslitown, Dunallev,\\nand Clarina. [1801, Earl of Caledon 1803,\\nEarl of Limerick, and Earl Clan ear thy; 1806,\\nEarls Normanton, Gosford, Rosse, Viscount\\nof Lismore and of Templeton, and Baron\\nRendleshem.]\\nTitles created\\nEarl of JIalmsbury, Duke of Cadogan.\\n[1801, Dukes of Chichester and Craven, Mar-\\nquis of Exeter, Earls of Onslow, Romney,\\nand Wilton, Viscount of St. Vincent, and\\nBarons Cra.^sfonl, Aber(M- mihie,and Loftus;\\nlSll J, Visi-onnt of Melville, and Baron Sand vs;\\n1804, Earl of Powis; lst)5, Karl of Nelson, and\\nViscount of Sidmonth; 180(5, Barons Jlont-\\neagle, Granard, Erskine, and Gardner, and\\nEarls of Orford, il an vers, and Grey; 1807,\\nEarl of Lonsdale, and Barons Manners, Mor-\\nris, and Hopetoun 1809, Earl of Harrowby.\\n1801 Jan. 31. London. The sale of\\nfine wheaten bread is prohibited, and\\nbrown bread substituted.\\nScot. Robert Owen unsuccessfully at-\\ntempts to establish socialism.\\n*The Society for the Suppression of\\nVice is established.\\nThe Bank of England loses by Aslett s\\nfrauds \u00c2\u00a3342,697.\\n1801-04 London. A charitable bank\\nfor the savings of servants and laborers\\nis instituted at Tottenham by Miss Per-\\ncilla Wakefield.\\n1800 Apr. 21. H. C. Pitt proposes\\na measure providing for legislative\\nunion with Ireland.\\nMay 21. Dublin. The articles of\\nunion in the form of a bill are proposed\\nin the Irish House of Commons by Lord\\nCastlereagh the bill is read a first\\ntime. Vote, 160-100.\\n[May 25. Read a second time. June\\n7. A third time and passed. June 13.\\nThe Union Bill is read a third time and\\npassed iD the Irish House of Lords.]\\nJune 24. H. C. The Irish legislative\\nUnion Bill is passed. [June 30. Passed\\nin the House of Lords. July 2. Receives\\nthe royal assent, and becomes the Act\\nof Union.]\\nJuly 12. Parliament: The brutalities\\nof Governor Aris in Coldbath Fields\\nprison are exposed.\\nJuly 28. Parliament: The Thellusson\\nAct is passed.\\nIt prohibits bequeathing property for\\npurposes of accumulation for longer\\nthan 21 years after death, any other\\ndirection to be void.\\nAug. 2. Dublin. The Irish Parlia-\\nment meets for the last time.\\nDec. 16. Russia, Denmark, and Sweden\\nconclude a treaty of armed neutrality\\nin respect to the war between England\\nand France.\\nDec* Great Britain remonstrates\\nagainst the armed neutrality; Russia\\nreplies by laying an embargo on British\\nships in Russian ports.\\nLondon. Sir William Staines is elected\\nlord mayor. [1801. Sir John Earner.]\\nMalta is acquired by conquest. [1814.\\nAnnexed.]\\n1801 Jan. 1. The cross of St. Patrick\\nis amalgamated with the Union Jack,\\nforming the flag of the United Kingdom.\\nA new imperial standard with the\\nIrish harp is first displayed on the Tower\\nof London and on Bedford Tower, Dub-\\nlin Castle.\\nJan. 14. The Government issues a proc-\\nlamation authorizing reprisals, and lay-\\ning an embargo, on Russian, Swedish,\\nand Danish vessels.\\nFeb. 1. Pitt writes to the king urging\\nthe expediency of repealing the laws\\nexcluding Catholics from Parliament,\\nand Catholics and Dissenters from pub-\\nlic office. [Feb. 2. The king informs\\nPitt of his refusal, believing that it would\\nbe a breach of his coronation oath. Feb.\\n3. Pitt resigns.]\\nFeb. 2. The first Parliament of the\\nUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and\\nIreland meets.\\nFeb. 15. H. C. Sir John Mitford\\n[Baron Redesdale] is elected Speaker.\\nMar. 17. Henry Addington becomes\\nprime minister and chancellor of the\\nexchequer. [The new Ministry in-\\ncludes Lords Hawkesbury, Hobart, and\\nJohn Scott, Lord Eldon, the last being\\nlord high chancellor.]\\nMar. 24. The armed neutrality against\\nEngland is dissolved by the death of\\nPaul I., Emperor of Russia.\\nApr. 19. The Habeas Corpus Act is\\nagain suspended.\\nMay 25. Ire. The Earl of Hardwicke\\nis appointed lord-lieutenant.\\nJune 17. Hus. A treaty is concluded\\nat St. Petersburg between England and\\nRussia; it terminates the armed neu-\\ntrality.\\nOct. 1. London. Preliminary articles\\nof peace between Great Britain, France,\\nSpain, and Holland are signed.\\n1802 Feb. 10. H. C. Charles Abbot\\n[Lord Colchester] is chosen Speaker.\\nFeb. 15. Ire. Baron Redesdale is ap-\\npointed lord chancellor.\\nMar. 27. The Peace of Amiens (p. 715).\\nApr. 12. Sir Edward Law [Lord Ellen-\\nborough] is appointed chief justice.\\nMay Napoleon makes insolent de-\\nmands.\\nHe calls upon the British Government\\nto stop publications offensive to him,\\nand to banish from England French emi-\\ngrants in sympathy with the Royalist\\ncause in France.\\nNov. Parliament meets. [1806. Oct.\\n24. Dissolved.]\\nGeorge III. discontinues to use the\\ntitle King of France.\\nParliament A General Militia Act\\nfor Great Britain is passed.\\nLondon. Charles Price is elected lord\\nmayor. [1803. John Perring. 1804. Apr.\\n6. Peter Perchard. 1805. Sir James\\nShaw.]\\n1803 Mar. 13. Napoleon insults\\nLord Whitworth, the English ambas-\\nsador.\\nHe tells him that he has an army of\\n40,000 with which he will attack England,\\nand that he will sacrifice army after\\narmy till he succeeds.\\nMay 18. War is declared against\\nFrance the refusal to surrender Malta\\nis the alleged cause of the war.\\nJune W. I. St. Lucia is acquired by\\ncapitulation. [1814. Confirmed to Eng-\\nland.]\\nJuly 23. Ire. An insurrection breaks\\nout under Robert Emmet.\\nAug. Napoleon makes extensive prep-\\narations for invading England; Eng-\\nland is panic-stricken; 379,943 volun-\\nteers are enrolled.\\nSept. 12. Ire. William Downes [Lord\\nDownes] is appointed chief justice.\\nSept.* Br. Guiana. Berbice capitulates,\\nand becomes a British colony. Deme-\\nrara and Essequibo are acquired by\\ncapitulation.\\nIre. The Habeas Corpus Act is\\nsuspended.\\nE. I. Much territory is surren-\\ndered to the English by treaty with the\\nRaja of Nagpur.\\nTasmania is settled, and becomes a\\nBritish colony.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1800 The union news-room, Liver-\\npool, is opened.\\nThe first considerable railway is sanc-\\ntioned by Parliament the Surrey iron\\nrailway (by horses) from the Thames at\\nWandsworth to Croydon. [1S03. July\\n26. Opened.]\\nA famine occurs from poor harvests.\\n1802 Sept. 27. London. A fire in\\nStone Street, Tottenham Court Road,\\ncauses immense loss.\\nRaces at Goodwood are begun by the\\nDuke of Richmond in his park.\\n1803 July 9. London. The great tower\\nover the choir of Westminster Abbey is\\nburned.\\nSept. 1. London. Astley s Amphithea-\\nter is burned.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0943.jp2"}, "944": {"fulltext": "932\\n1803,* *-1807,\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1803 *E. I. The Mahratta war.\\n(See India.)\\nThe First Middlesex Volunteers are\\nformed as the Duke of Cumberland s\\nsharpshooters.\\n1804 Mar. 28. The Irish militia of-\\nfers its service in England.\\nOct. 2. Nearly one-half the adult pop-\\nulation of England is formed into vol-\\nunteer corps to resist the expected\\ninvasion of Napoleon.\\nOct. 5. Four Spanish treasure- ships,\\nhomeward bound from South America,\\ncontaining upwards of $4,000,000, are cap-\\ntured by a British squadron under Capt.\\nMoore.\\n1804-05 E. I. War against Holkar.\\n(See India.)\\n1805 Mar.* -Aug. Adm. Nelson\\npursues the French and Spanish fleet.\\nJuly 22. Sp. Sir Robert Calder, with\\n15 sail, takes two out of 20 ships of the\\nFrench and Spanish fleets, off Ferrol.\\nOct. 21. Sp. Battle of Trafalgar (p.\\n716). [Dec. 4. Nelson s ship, the Vic-\\ntory, arrives off Portsmouth -with his\\nbody.]\\n1806 June 27. S.Amer. A British fleet\\nand army under Sir Home Popham and\\nGen. Beresford capture Buenos Ayres.\\n[Aug. 12. Retaken by the Spaniards.\\nOct. 29. Again taken by the British.\\n1807. July 7. British evacuate.]\\nJuly 10. E.I. Mutiny of Sepoys.\\n(See India.)\\n1807* W. I. The Dutch surrender\\nCuracoa to Sir harles Brisbane. [1814.\\nRestored to the Dutch.]\\nJan. 22. Sp. The Eelix, 12 guns, is lost\\nnear Santander 79 men perish.\\nFeb. 1. Ind. Ocean. The Blenheim, 74\\nguns, and the Java, 23 guns, are lost\\nnear Rodriguez.\\nFeb. 14. The Ajax, 74 guns, is burned\\noff the island of Tenedos, JEgean Sea;\\n250 men perish.\\nFeb. 19. Tur. Adm. Sir John Duck-\\nworth forces the passage of the Darda-\\nnelles on an expedition in aid of Russia\\nagainst Turkey and France.\\nMar. 4. The frigate Blanche is wrecked\\non the French coast 45 men perish.\\nMar. Tur. Adm. Duckworth fails in\\nhis attempt upon Constantinople; he\\nrepasses the Dardanelles after losing 300\\nmen killed and wounded.\\nApr. 4. A mutiny breaks out in the\\nBritish garrison at Malta.\\nThe mutineers, chiefly Greeks and Cor-\\nsicans, blow themselves up by setting\\nfire to a magazine containing over 400\\nbarrels of gunpowder.\\nJuly 7-9. Treaty of Tilsit (p. 717).\\nJuly 26. War with Denmark (p. 638).\\nNov. 28. The man-of-war Boreas is\\nwrecked upon the Hannois rock in the\\nChannel.\\nDec. 29. The war-ship Anson, 44 guns,\\nis wrecked in Mount s Bay, Cornwall;\\n60 lives are lost.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1803 Steel pens are invented by\\nDevon and Exeter Institution for the\\npromotion of science is established at\\nExeter.\\nOsmium is discovered by Tennant.\\nThe Philological Society is instituted\\nat Manchester.\\nLondon. A large planetarium is\\nconstructed by the Rev. Wm. Pearson\\nfor the Royal Institution.\\nEdinburgh. The College of Sur-\\ngeons is founded.\\nPalladium is discovered in platinum\\nore by Dr. William H. Wollaston.\\nCongreve military rockets are in-\\nvented by Sir William Congreve.\\n1804 Jan. 30. Mungo Park starts on\\nhis second voyage to Africa.\\nSept. 1. Juno is discovered by Harding.\\nLondon. The [Royal] Horticultural\\nSociety is established. [1809, Chartered.]\\n*Woolf s double cylinder expansion\\nengine is constructed.\\nLondon. The atomic theory is an-\\nnounced by John Dalton in a lecture.\\nEach body is composed of atoms of defi-\\nnite size and weight. [1S0S. Publishes\\nhis views in his Sew System of Chemical\\nPhilosophy.]\\nThe invention of a sewing-machine\\nis ascribed to John Duncan; also an\\nembroidery machine.\\nLondon. Stereotyping is revived by\\nWilson.\\nRhodium is discovered in platinum\\nore by Dr. Wollaston.\\nLondon. The Ophthalmic Hospital\\nRoyal, at Finsbury, is established.\\n1804-09 The docks at Bristol are built.\\n1805 Dec. 26. The great aqueduct on\\nthe Ellesmere Canal is opened; length,\\n1,007 feet; height, 126 feet.\\nPower-looms are successfully and\\nwidely introduced.\\nLondon. The London Institution\\nfor the diffusion of knowledge is founded\\nby Sir Francis Baring and others.\\nLondon. The British Institution is\\nfounded for the encouragement of ar-\\ntists. [1806. June 18. Opened.]\\nThe Royal Medical and Chirurgical\\nSociety is formed. [1834. Chartered.]\\nJames Wyatt becomes president of\\nthe Royal Academy. [1306. Benjamin\\nWest.]\\n1806 Aug. 4. London. The East In-\\ndia docks are opened.\\nSept. 18. London. Olympic Theater is\\nopened.\\nNov. 27. London. The Adelphi Theater,\\nformerly Sans Pareil. is opened.\\nLondon. The Goddess of Discord is\\nexhibited by Joseph M. Turner at the\\nBritish Institute. He paints Garden of\\nHesperides.\\nManufactories are warmed by steam.\\nDavy studies electrolysis; discovers\\nsodium and potassium.\\nThe Theater Royal, Manchester, is\\nbuilt.\\n*The Stanhope iron printing-press is\\nin general use.\\n1806-09 Afr. Henry Salt makes ex-\\nplorations in Africa.\\n1806-10 Scot. Bell Rock lighthouse\\nis erected for Frith of Tay height, 115\\nfeet.\\n1807 Apr.* The Rev. Mr. Forsythe pat-\\nents the percussion method of igniting\\ngunpowder in muskets.\\nOct. 6. London. Sir Humphry Davy\\nseparates potassium, sodium, etc., by\\nthe galvanic current.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1803 Astle, Thomas, antiquary, A68.\\nBarry, Martin, physiologist, born.\\nBeattie, James, pod, Scotland, A68.\\nBeddoes, Thomas Lovell, poet, born.\\nBlanchard, Laman, journalist., born.\\nBorrow, George, traveler, born.\\nBrooke, Sir James, Raja of Sarawak, born.\\nBulwer Lytton. Edward George Earle Lyt-\\nton, poet, novelist, statesman, born.\\nColeridge, Sarah, author, born.\\nCooper, Thomas S., painter, born.\\nCostello, Dudley, journalist, author, born.\\nCullen, Paul, cardinal, archb. of Dublin, b,\\nEmmet, Robert, United Irishman, A25.\\nGrant, Sir ram-is, artist, Scotland, born.\\nGriffin, Gerald, novelist, Ireland, born.\\nGuthrie. Thomas, cl., philan., Scotland, b.\\nHannlion, Sir William., antiquary, states-\\nman, Scotland, A73.\\nHome, Richard Hengist, traveler, author, b.\\nJames, Sir Henry, engineer, inventor of pho-\\ntozincography, born.\\nJerrold, Douglas Wm. .humorist, novelist,b.\\nLiversegge, Hemv, painter, born.\\nLubbock, Sir John William, math., au., b.\\nMiller, Wm. H., physicist, mineralogist, b.\\nOutram, sir James, general, born.\\nO Hrien, William Smith, patriot, Ireland, b.\\nPaxton, Sir Joseph, arch., horticulturist, b.\\nRitson, Joseph, antiquary, A51.\\nRose, Hugh Henry. Lord Slrathnairn, gen., b.\\nSalt, Sir Titus, manufacturer, born.\\nStephenson. Robert, engineer, born.\\nSwain, Charles, poet, born.\\nThonis, William John, antiquary, born.\\nWhitworth, Sir Joseph, mechanician, born.\\nWinterhalter, Franz Xavier, court painter, b.\\n1804 Allom, Thomas, painter, born.\\nP.oydell, John, engr., lord mayor of L., A85.\\nR.oucher, Jonathan, pol. writer, phil., A66.\\nBryant, Joseph, author, A89.\\nBulwer, Sir Henry Lytton Earle, statesman,\\ndiplomat, born.\\nCarlyle, Joseph Dacre, orientalist, A45.\\nGould, John, naturalist, born.\\nHervey, Thomas Kibble, born.\\nHo witt, Mary Botbam, mis. writer, born.\\nJohnston, Alex. Keith, geographer, Scot., b.\\nKer, John, biblio.giapher, A64.\\nKit-to, John, Biblical scholar, author, born.\\nLander, Richard, African traveler, born.\\nLough, John Graham, sculptor, born.\\nMichel, Sir John, general, born.\\nOwen, Sir Richard, anatomist, zoologist, b-\\nPriestley, Joseph, philosopher, A71.\\nSalter, William, painter, bom.\\nSehomburgk, Sir Robert Hermann, German-\\nEnglish, traveler, born.\\nTennant, Sir James Emerson, states., hist., b.\\n1805 Dec. 24. Beaconsfield, Earl of,\\nBenjamin Disraeli, statesman, born.\\nA ins worth, William Harrison, novelist, born.\\nBanks, Thomas, sculptor, A70.\\nBurnes, Sir Alex., traveler, dipl., Scot., born.\\nBuchan, William, phys., author, Scot., A76.\\nComwallis, second Earl and first Mar-\\nquis of, Charles, general, statesman, A 67-\\nCurrie, James, phys., editor, an., Scot., A49.\\nFitzroy, Robert, vice-adm., meteorologist, b.\\nGraham, Thomas, chemist, born.\\nHamilton, Sir William Rowan, mathema-\\ntician, philosopher, Ireland, born.\\nKean, Ellen Tree, actor, born.\\nLandsdowne, first Marquis of, William Petty\\nFitzmaurice, statesman, Ireland, A68.\\nLewis, John Frederick, painter, born.\\nMahony, Francis (Father Prout), clergyman,\\nauthor, Ireland, born.\\nMartineau, James, Unit, cl., author, born.\\nMerivale. Herman, author, born.\\nMurphy, Arthur, dramatist, au.. Ire., A78.\\nNelson, Viscount Horatio, admiral, A47.\\nNewman, Francis William, author, born.\\nPaley, William, clergyman, theological\\nwriter, philosopher, A 62.\\nStanhope, Farlof, L hilipHenry, LordMahon,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2historian, statesman, born.\\nWilberforce, Samuel, bishop of Oxford and\\nWinchester, philan.. statesman, orator, h.\\n1806 May 20. Mill, John Stuart, politi-\\ncal economist, logician, philosopher, born.\\nt- Alcock, John, musical comp., A91.\\nBarry, James, painter. Ireland, A65.\\nBrunei, Isambard K., engineer, born.\\nIiuller, Charles, statesman, born.\\nCarter, Elizabeth, scholar, poet, Ire., A89.\\nHe Morgan, Augustus, mathematician, born.\\nDuff, Alexander, missionary, Scot., bom.\\nDvee, William, historical paiider, Scot., b.\\nFox, Charles James, orator, states., A57.\\n(iaiintlett, Henry John, composer, bom.\\nGrant, James, journalist, novelist, horn.\\nHarvey, Sir George, painter, Scotland, born.\\nLawrence, Henry Montgomery, general, b.\\nLever, Charles James, novelist, Ireland, b.\\nLewis, Sir George Cornew all. statesman, b.\\nMacartney. Earl of, George, dipl., Ire., A69-\\nPardoe, Julia, novelist, horn.\\nParker. John Henry, archeulogist, born.\\nPitt, William, orator, statesman. A47.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0944.jp2"}, "945": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1803,**-1807,\\n933\\nStrickland, Agnes, historian, born,\\nThurlow, Lord Edward, statesman, A74.\\nWhite, Henry Kirke, poet, A21.\\n807 Ashpitel, Arthur, arch., archeol., b.\\nDoran, John, miscellaneous writer, born.\\nGibson, Thomas Milner, statesman, bom.\\nHerbert, Henry William, novelist, born.\\nHilton, John, surgeon, author, born.\\nHunt, Robert, physician, author, born.\\nKemble, John M., scholar, historian, born.\\nLucas, John, painter, born.\\nM Clure, Sir Kobert J. Le Mesurier, arctic\\nexplorer, born.\\nJIalmesbury, third Earl of, James Howard\\nHarris, statesman, born.\\nManning, Henry Edward, cardinal, au., b.\\nMontgomery, Robert, poet, Scotland, born.\\nSclimitz, Leonard, classical schol., philol., b.\\nTrench, Richard Cheiicvix, poet, philologist,\\ntheologian, Ireland, born.\\nTrevelyan, Sir Charles Kdward, states., b.\\nWalker, John, lexicographer, A75.\\nWarren, Samuel, leyal writer, novelist, born.\\nYork, Duke of, Henry Benedict Stuart,\\ngrandson of James II., last of the Stuarts,\\n2\\nCHURCH.\\n1804 Mar. 7- London. A meeting of\\n300 persons of all denominations leads to\\nthe organization of The British and\\nForeign Bible Society.\\n1805 Charles Manners Sutton is\\nelected archbishop of Canterbury.\\n1806 The Hibernian Bible Society-\\nis formed.\\nLETTERS.\\n1803-08 The History of Cornwall, by R.\\nPohvhele, appears.\\n1805* Hertford College, Oxford, is\\ndissolved.\\nPrinciples of Hainan Action, by Wil-\\nliam Hazlitt, appears.\\nTwiss s Index to Shakespeare appears.\\nLondon Institution, for the advance-\\nment of literature and the diffusion of\\nuseful knowledge, in imitation of the\\nRoyal Institution, is founded by Sir\\nFrancis Baring and others.\\nScot. The Lay of the Last Minstrel,\\nby Sir Walter Scott, appears. [1S08,\\nMarmion; 1810, Lady of the Lake; 1811,\\nThe Vision of Don Roderick; 1813, The\\nBride of Triermain.]\\n1806 Haileybury College, Herts,\\nfor preparing students for service in\\nIndia, is founded by the East India\\nCompany.\\nThe Portico, Manchester, is erected.\\nEssays, by John Foster, appears.\\n1806-16 History of British India, by\\nJames Mill, appears.\\n1806-37 London. The Monthly Reposi-\\ntory is issued.\\n1807* A- subscription library is\\nfounded at Exeter.\\nThe North Wales Chronicle is issued.\\nThe Parish Her/infer, by George Crabbe,\\nappears. [1812, Tales in Verse.]\\nTales from Shakespeare, by Charles\\nLamb, appears. [1808, Sped Imens of Eng-\\nlish Dramatic Poets Contemporary with\\nShakespeare.]\\nScot. Poems, by Robert Tannahill,\\nappears.\\nPoems, by Wordsworth, appears.\\nHours of Idleness, by Lord Byron, ap-\\npears. [1809, English Bards and Scotch\\nReviewers.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1805 Jan. 17. TheOrder of the Gar-\\nter is reconstituted it is to consist of\\nthe sovereign, the Prince of Wales, 25\\nknights companions, and lineal descen-\\ndants of George III. when elected.\\nA fever hospital is erected at Man-\\nchester.\\nLondon. A Refuge for the Destitute\\nSriminal young females) is instituted at\\nalston.\\nSTATE.\\n1803-14 S. Amer. Guiana is obtained\\nby conquest and cession.\\n1804 Feb. 12-Apr. 23. The king s\\nmind is again affected.\\nMay 10. Addington resigns.\\nMay 15. Pitt again becomes premier,\\nbut on the condition dictated by the\\nking that he must not support proposals\\nfor Catholic emancipation, or repeal of\\nthe Test Act. Lord Eldon and George\\nCanning are ministers.\\nViscount Melville is made first lord\\nof the admiralty. [1805, May 2, Lord\\nBarham 180G, Feb. 10, Charles Grey\\nOct. 23, Thomas Grenville; 1807, Apr. 6,\\nLord Mulgrave; 1809, May 10, Charles\\nYorke 1812, Mar. 25, Viscount Melville,]\\nDec. 12. Spain as an ally of France de-\\nclares war against England.\\n1805 Apr. 11. A treaty with Russia\\nis signed, forming an alliance against\\nFrance.\\nJuly E. I. Lord Cornwallis is gov-\\nernor-general. [Oct. Sir G. Barlow,\\ntemporarily.]\\nSept. 8. A third coalition is formed\\nagainst France by Great Britain, Russia,\\nSweden, Austria, and Naples (p. 715).\\nOct. 21. Nelson s naval victory at Traf-\\nalgar destroys Napoleon s hopes of suc-\\ncessfully invading England.\\n1806 Jan. 9. S. Afr. The Cape of\\nGood Hope is taken from the Dutch\\nby Sir Home Popham.\\nJan. 23. William Pitt dies.\\nPeb. 11. Lord Grenville is appointed\\npremier. [He forms a Ministry known\\nas All the Talents it includes Lord\\nErskine as lord chancellor, Charles\\nJames Fox as foreign secretary, and\\nSir Charles Grey [Lord Howick and\\nEarl Grey] as first lord of the admiralty.]\\nMar. 18. Ire. The Duke of Bedford\\nis appointed lord-lieutenant. [Mar. 26.\\nGeorge Ponsonby, lord high chancel-\\nlor.]\\nMar. 31. Parliament: The antisla-\\nvery question is introduced with the\\nconcurrence of Lord Grenville and Mr.\\nFox.\\nMay 29. A warrant is issued for the\\ndelicate investigation by a com-\\nmittee of the Privy Council into the\\nconduct of Caroline, the Princess of\\nWales [later queen of George IV. 1807\\nand 1813. Charges disproved].\\nJune 26. Lord Melville is acquitted\\nafter trial on impeachment.\\nJuly 2. S. Amer. Sir Home Popham,\\nwithout authority, takes Buenos Ayres\\nfrom the Spanish.\\nOct. 6. Great Britain, Russia, Prussia,\\nand Saxony form the fourth coalition\\nagainst France.\\nNov. 21. Napoleon issues the Berlin\\ndecree (p. 717).\\nDec. 15. Parliament meets. [1807.\\nApr. 29. Dissolved.]\\nSir Arthur Wellesley enters Parlia-\\nment.\\nThomas Erskine [Lord Erskine] is\\nappointed lord chancellor.\\nLondon. Sir William Leighton is\\nelected lord mayor. [ISO John Ainsley\\n1808, Sir Charles Fowler; 1809, Thomas\\nSmith; 1810, Joshua Jonathan Smith.]\\n1807 Jan. 7. Orders in Council are\\nmade against the Berlin decree it de-\\nclares France and all countries under\\nher control to be in a state of blockade.\\nMar. 25. A bill for the abolition of the\\nslave-trade receives the royal assent\\nafter passing Parliament.\\nMar. 31. The Ministry refusing to give\\na pledge demanded by the king that they\\nwill never under any circumstances\\npropose any concession to the Catho-\\nlics, a new administration is formed.\\nThe Duke of Portland (premier),\\nSpencer Perceval (CIim nc Kxeheq.),Lord\\nEldon (L. Chanc), Lord Hawkesbury\\n(Home Sec), George Canning (Foreign\\nSec), Lord Castlereagh (War and Col.\\nSec), the Duke of Richmond (L. Lieut.\\nIre.), and Sir Arthur Wellesley (Chief\\nSec, Ire.).\\nApr. 29. Parliament proscribes slavery\\nin the West Indies.\\nMay Ire. Thomas Manners Sutton\\n[Lord Manners] is appointed lord high\\nchancellor.\\nJune 22. Parliament meets. [1812,\\nSept. 24. Dissolved.]\\nJuly 2. U. S. A. The President orders\\nBritish ships to evacuate American\\nports in consequence of the capture of\\nthe Chesapeake by an English war-ship.\\nJuly 7-9. Prus. The Peace of Tilsit\\n(p. 717.)\\nJuly 31. E. I. Lord Minto is ap-\\npointed governor-general.\\nAug. England demands from Denmark\\nthe surrender of her fleet (p. 639).\\nDenmark refuses. [Sept. 8. It is sur-\\nrendered after the bombardment of\\nCopenhagen for four days.]\\nSept. 5. Ger. Helgoland is taken from\\nDenmark.\\nOct. The ports of Portugal are closed\\nto English shipping under a menacing\\ndemand by Napoleon.\\nDec. 17. Napoleon issues the Milan\\ndecree, declaring British dominions\\nblockaded in all parts of the world.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1805 Feb. 6. The East Indiaman\\nAbergavenny is wrecked on the Bill of\\nPortland 300 persons are drowned.\\nAug. 12. London. The Surrey Theater\\nis burned.\\nOct. 25. The transport JEneas founders\\noff Newfoundland; 340 persons are\\ndrowned.\\nDec. 2. The transport A urora is wrecked\\non the Goodwin Sands 300 are drowned.\\n1806 Sept. 21. The packet King George,\\nfrom Parkgate to Dublin, is lost on the\\nHoyle bank 125 persons are drowned.\\n1807 Oct. 15. A fire panic, caused\\nby a false alarm, occurs in Sadler s\\nWells 18 persons are trampled to\\ndeath.\\nNov. 16. Part of the Brighton cliff\\nfalls.\\nNov. 19. Ire. The Parkgate packet\\nPrince of Wales and the transport Roch-\\ndale are wrecked on Dunleavy Point,\\nnear Dublin 300 persons are drowned.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0945.jp2"}, "946": {"fulltext": "934 1807,**-1812, Apr. 6. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1808 Mar. 8. E. I. The defeated\\nFrench frigate Piedmon false, 50 guns,\\nsurrenders to the frigate St. Fiorenza\\noff Cape Coraorin apt. Hardinge, com-\\nmander of the British, is killed.\\n1808-14 Periodof the Peninsula War.\\nSpain and Great Britain unite against\\nFrance; it is caused by Napoleon s at-\\ntempt to place his brother Joseph upon\\nthe Spanish throne.\\nAug. 21. Port. Battle of Vimeiro (p.\\n716). The 16,000 British lose 800 killed\\nand wounded 14,000 French lose*2,000\\nkilled and wounded, and 400 taken pris-\\noners, including Brennier.\\nSept. 3. Port. A Russian fleet of sev-\\neral sail is captured in the Tagus by the\\nEnglish.\\n1809 Jan. 2. The British under Lord\\nCochrane capture two French ships-of-\\nwar and 11 victuallers bound for Barce-\\nlona, Spain.\\nJan. 16. Sp. Battle of Corunna (p.\\n718); 14,000 British lose 1,000 killed and\\nwounded French loss, 3,000 killed and\\nwounded.\\nMar. 25. Sir David Dundas is appointed\\ncommander-in-chief.\\nApr. 2. Sir Arthur Wellesley [Duke of\\nWellington] is ordered to Portugal.\\nApr. 11-29. JV.Fr. Lords Gambier\\nand Cochrane destroy 14 French\\nships of the line while riding at anchor\\nin Basque Roads.\\nW. Afr. Senegal is taken by the\\nBritish.\\nJuly 27, 28. Sp. Battle of Talavera\\n(p. 718). The 45,000 French lose 8,700\\nkilled and wounded British loss, 6,260\\nkilled and wounded. [Sept. 4. Wellesley\\nis thanked by Parliament, and created\\na peer, with the titles Baron Douro of\\nWellesley, and Viscount Wellington of\\nTalavera, and with a pension of \u00c2\u00a32,000.]\\nJuly 28-Dec. 25. The [unsuccessful]\\nWalcheren expedition.\\nAn expedition is sent under the com-\\nmand of the Earl of Chatham and Sir\\nRichard Strachan to the Scheldt Neth-\\nerlands, to make a diversion in favor of\\nthe allies, who are pressed in Austria by\\nNapoleon it consists of 35 ships of the\\nline and 200 smaller vessels, and 40,000\\ntroops.\\n(Adg. 15.) Flushing, Isle of Walche-\\nren, is bombarded and captured.\\n(Dec. 25.) The ravages of the marsh\\nfever force the British to evacuate Wal-\\ncheren in the face of the enemy, and re-\\nlinquish a costly expedition.\\nAug. 23. E. I. A mutiny at Seringa-\\npatam is quelled.\\nOct. 25. Sp. Lord Collingwood attacks\\na French fleet off the northeast coast\\nof Spain, and drives on shore two frig-\\nates, which are burned by their crews.\\nWot. 1. Sp. Lieut. Tailour with a Brit-\\nish fleet takes or destroys 11 French\\nships in the Bay of Rosas.\\nDec. 18. W. I. Two French frigates\\nare taken and destroyed in Basse-Terre-\\nRoads by Sir A. Cochrane.\\n1810 July 17. Fr, The British ships\\nArmide and Cadmus take or destroy 17\\nvessels at the Isle of Rhe.\\nAug. 23. The war-ships Sirius and Ma-\\ngicienne are wrecked while advancing\\nto attack the French, off the Isle of\\nFrance.\\nSept. 27. Sp. Battle of Busaco (p. 718).\\nOct. 9. Port. Wellington at Torres\\nVedras, near Lisbon (p. 718).\\nDec. 22. Neth. The war-vessel Mino-\\ntaur is lost on the Haak Bank 60 per-\\nsons perish.\\n1811 Jan. 16. Capt. Barrett, with the\\nmerchant ship Cumberland, defeats\\nfour privateers, and takes 170 prison-\\nFeb. 13. The war-ship Pandora is\\nwrecked off Jutland; 30 persons per-\\nish.\\nFeb. 22. The ships Cerberus and Active\\ntake 22 vessels from Otranto, Italy.\\nMar. 5. Sp. Battle of Barrosa.\\nGen. Graham [Lord Lynedoch] with\\n4,000 infantry and 2(H) cavalry defeats\\n9,000 French under Marshal Victor\\nFrench loss, 2,000 killed and wounded,\\n300 prisoners; British loss, 1,200 killed\\nand wounded.\\nMar. 13. Capt. Wm. Hoste with four\\nBritish frigates defeats a French fleet\\nin the Adriatic Sea, off Lissa French\\nloss, two ships taken and one destroyed.\\nMar. 25. Fr. The French frigate Ama-\\nzon is destroyed off Cape Barfleur.\\nMay 1. Fr. Capt. Barrie burns two\\nFrench store-ships in Sagone Bay, Cor-\\nsica.\\nMay 5. Sp. Wellington defeats the\\nFrench (p. 718) 1,500 are killed on both\\nsides. [May 10. He captures Almeida.]\\nMay 16. Sp. Battle of Albuera (p.\\n718).\\nFrench loss, 8,000 killed and wounded\\nallies loss, over G,U00 killed and wounded.\\nMay 20. Three British frigates under\\nCapt. Schomberg engage three French\\nfrigates, with troops on board, off Mada-\\ngascar, and capture two.\\nMay 29. The Duke of York is again\\nappointed commander-in-chief.\\nNov. 29. The French frigates Pauline\\nand Pomone are captured by the frig-\\nates Alceste, Active, and Unite.\\nDec. 4. The war-frigate Saldanha is\\nlost on the Irish coast 300 persons\\nperish.\\nDec. 24. The war-ships St. George, De-\\nfence^ and Hero are wrecked on the\\ncoast of Jutland; Adm. Reynolds and\\nnearly 2,000 persons perish.\\n1811-12 S. Afr. War with the Kafirs\\n(p. 597).\\n1812 Jan. 19. Sp. Wellington\\nstorms and captures Ciudad Rodrigo.\\nFeb. 21. The French ship Pivoli, 84 guns,\\nis taken by the British ship Victorious,\\n74 guns.\\nApr. 6. Sp. Wellington storms and\\ntakes Badajoz British loss during the\\n20 days siege, 72 officers and 963 men\\nkilled, and 306 officers and 3,483 men\\nwounded.\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1807 London. Gas is introduced in\\nPall Mall.\\nLondon. The Geological Society is\\norganized. [1826. Chartered.]\\nDr. Wollaston invents a camera lu-\\ncida.\\n*Wm. Southwell patents his cabinet\\npianos.\\nSir George Cayley invents a hot-air\\nengine.\\n1808 Feb. A life-saving apparatus,\\ninvented by Capt. Manby, is brought\\ninto use. Communication with the dis-\\ntressed vessel is effected by a rope\\nattached to a shot thrown from a mortar.\\nMagnesium is first obtained from\\nmagnesia by Sir Humphry Davy.\\n1809 A zinc-mine is discovered at\\nCraven, Yorkshire.\\nOct. 25. The statue of George DX is\\ncommenced at Liverpool.\\nThe statue of the Duke of Bedford, in\\nRussell Square, is erected.\\nLondon. The English Opera House is\\nopened as the Lyceum.\\nThe composition pedal in the organ\\nis invented by Bishop.\\n1810 Apollo and Python is painted by\\nTurner.\\nSteel is cast.\\nScot. Sir John Leslie freezes water\\nin an air-pump by placing a vessel of\\nsulphuric acid under it.\\n1810-57 The Liverpool and Birkenhead,\\ndocks are built. [1821. July 19. Princes\\ndock, Liverpool, opened.]\\n1811 May 9. London. The firststone\\nof the Vauxhall Bridge is laid. [Cost\\nof the bridge, \u00c2\u00a3150,000. 1816. June 4.\\nOpened.]\\nOct. 11. London. The Waterloo\\nBridge is commenced by John Rennie.\\nOct. 15. A brilliant comet is especially\\nconspicuous. [It is visible all the\\nautumn.]\\nHercules restoring Alcestis to Admetus-\\nis executed by E. H. Baily.\\nSir William Herschel publishes the\\nnebular hypothesis.\\nScot. Leslie and Melloni study heat\\nrays.\\nScot. Henry Bell has a steam pas-\\nsage-boat on the Clyde.\\nSteam-power is used to convey coals\\non a railway.\\n*John Pond becomes astronomer\\nroyal.\\nThe steam printing-press is invented\\nby Friedrich Kouig, a German.\\nJohn Burn patents a machine for\\nmaking bobbin lace.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1808 Anderson, James, econ., Scot., A69.\\nBalfe, Michael William, musician, composer,\\nIreland, born.\\nBalfour, John H., botanist, phvsician, born.\\nBeddoes, Thomas, phys., chemist, au., A48.\\nOarleton, SirCuy, rnaj.-gen. in Am., Ire., A84-\\nFalconer, Hugh, geologist, born.\\nFerrier, James, metaphysician, Scot., born.\\nFrancis, Sir Philip, states., au., Ire., A68.\\nGray, George Robert, ornithologist, born.\\nHome, John, dram., hist., poet, Scot., A84.\\nHurd, Richard, bp. of Worcester, au., A88.\\nLake, Viscount Gerard, general, A64.\\nMerivale, Charles, historian, born.\\nNasmyth, James. Inventor, horn.\\nNorton, aniline Elizabeth, poet, novelist, b.\\nPorson, Richard, Creek scholar, an., A49.\\nRothschild, Karon Lionel Nathan, hanker, b.\\nRussell, John, engineer, Scotland, born.\\nTaylor, Meadows, novelist, born.\\nThorpe, Benjamin, philosopher, author, b.\\n1809 Feb. 12. Darwin. Charles R., nat-\\nuralist, philanlhropist, author, born.\\nDec. 29. Gladstone, William Ewart,\\nstatesman, author, orator, scholar, born.\\nAug. 6. Tennyson, Alfred, poet-laure-\\nate, born.\\nAdam, Alexander, grammarian, geographer,\\nantiquary, Scotland, A68.\\nBartlet.t, William H., artist, traveler, au., b.\\nBennett, Sir .lames Kisdon, physician, born.\\nBentmck, William H. statesman, A69.\\nBlackie, John Stuart, author, Scotland, h.\\nBoulton, Matthew, engineer, A81.\\nBrowning, Elizabeth Barrett, poet, born.\\nBurton, John Hill, historian, Scotland, born.\\nClarke, Mary Victoria Cowden, mis. wr., b.\\nDonovan, John, are heolagist, Ireland, born.\\nEden, Sir Fred. Morton, statistical wr., A43.\\nKlphinston, James, poet, gram., Scot., A88.\\nForbes, James David, physicist, Scot., born-\\nHolcroft, Thomas, dramatist, mis. writer, b-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0946.jp2"}, "947": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1807,* -1812, Apr. 6. 935\\nLambert, Daniel, giant 7:.tti pounds), A40.\\nMackenzie, Hobrrt slu- luni, journalist, lre.,b.\\nMilnes, Ihrbanl Monekion, siatesman, born.\\nMoore, Sir John, lieut. -general, Scot., A48.\\nO Shaughnessy, Sir William Brooke, electri-\\ncian, Ireland, born.\\nSandby, Paul, painter, A84.\\nSelwyn, ceurge Augustus, bishop, author, b.\\nSeward, Anna, poet, A(i2.\\nTodd, Kohert I phvsi lugist, anatomist, b.\\n1810* A liecket, Gilbert Abbott, comic\\nwriter, born.\\nAlford, Henry, clergyman, poet, born.\\nAmelia, princess, dan. t i.ieorge III., A27.\\nArmstrong, Sir William George, inv., b.\\nBaring, Sir Francis, financier, A70.\\nCavendish, Henry, chemist, nat. pliil., A79.\\nChandler, llicliard, areheolnejst, A72.\\nColli ngwood, Lord Cuthbert, adm., A60.\\nDillte, Charles Went worth, pol. econ., b.\\nFox, Sir Charles, civil engineer, born.\\nGaskel, Klizabeth Cleghorn Stevenson, nov-\\nelist, born.\\nGrosse, Philip Henry, naturalist, born.\\nHerbert, Lord Sidney, statesman, horn.\\nHinton, .lames Howard, Ba.pt. el., an., horn.\\nKane, Sir liobert. chemist, Ireland, horn.\\nLawrence, Lord, John L. M., gov.-gen., b.\\nMiller, William, poet, Scotland, horn.\\nMoleswortli, Sir William, statesman, born.\\nNapier, Baron, liobert Cornelis, general, b.\\nPoole, Paul Falconer, painter, born.\\nKawlinson, Sir Henry C, orientalist, dip-\\nlomatist, born.\\nTannahill, Robert, poet, Scotland, A36.\\nTrollope, Thomas Adolplms, author, born.\\nTwiss, Sir Travel s, jurist, born.\\nTupper, Martin Kannihar, writer, born.\\nWindham, William, orator, statesman, A60.\\nWarburton, Eliot B. G., author, Ireland, b.\\nWright, Thomas, antiquarian writer, born.\\n1811 July 18. Thackeray, William\\nMakepeace, poet, novelist, born.\\nAbercorn, Duke of, James Hamilton, states-\\nBo wyer, Sir George, jurist, born.\\nBright, John, orator, statesman, horn.\\nBudd, William, physician, born.\\nCope, Charles West, painter, horn.\\nCooke, Edward William, historical p., born.\\nCumberland, Richard, dramatist, A79.\\nDomett, Alfred, poet, born.\\nDonaldson, John N., classical scholar, born.\\nDraper, John W., chemist, born.\\nDundas, Henry, Viscount Melville, states-\\nman, Scotland, A70.\\nGrahame, James, lawyer, poet, philanthro-\\npist, Scotland, A46.\\nHallam, Arthur Henry, essayist, poet, born.\\nKean, Charles John, actor, born.\\nKemble, Frances Anne, actor, born.\\nKinglake, Alexander William, historian, b.\\nLeyden, John, poet, orientalist, Scot., A36.\\nLiddell, Henry Geo., classical sctiol., hist., b.\\nLowe, Robert, statesman, born.\\nMaskelyne, Nevil, astronomer, A79.\\nMcCosh, James, metaphysician, Scot., b.\\nMaclise, Daniel, hist, painter, Ireland, b.\\nNewcastle, Duke of, Henry Pelham Clinton,\\nstatesman, born.\\nPercy, Thomas, bishop of Droniore, au., A82.\\nRaikes, Robert, fdr. Sunday-schools, A 86.\\nSimpson, Sir James Young, pliys., Scot., b.\\nScott, Sir George Gilbert, architect, born.\\nTait, Archibald Campbell, archbishop of\\nCanterbury, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1808* *The London Society for Pro-\\nmoting Christianity among the Jews\\nis formed.\\n1810 The Primitive Methodists are\\nThe Swedenborg Society is founded.\\nLETTERS.\\n1807-34 Irish Melodies, hy Thomas\\nMoore, appears. [1813, The Twopenny\\nPostbag.]\\n1808 A mineralogy professorship is\\nfounded at Cambridge.\\nCcelebs in Search of a Wife, by Han-\\nnah More, appears. [1813, Christian\\nMorals.]\\nScot. Gertrude of Wyoming by\\nThomas Campbell, appears.\\n1810 Scot. Philosophical Essays, by\\nDugald Stewart, appears.\\nScot. History of the Revolution of 16SS\\nand Progress of Ethical Philosophy, by\\nSir James Mackintosh, appear.\\nLondon. Baptist College, Regent s\\nPark, is founded.\\nThe Friend, by Coleridge, appears.\\n[1813, Remorse, a tragedy 1816, Christa-\\nbel and Kubla Khan; 1817, Biographia\\nLiteraria.]\\nScot. The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia,\\nedited by Sir David Brewster, is begun.\\nPoems, by Allan Cunningham, appears.\\n1811 Training-schools are begun by\\nthe National Society.\\nSense and Sensibility, by Jane Austen,\\nappears. [1813, Pride and Prejudice;\\n1814, Mansfield Park; 1816, Emma; 1S18,\\nNorthanger Abbey and Persuasion.\\n1811-25 London. The British Review is\\nissued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1807 The Government reports that\\nsince 1702 more than 3,500,000 Africans\\nhave been torn from their country as\\nslaves, and had either perished on the\\npassage or been sold as slaves in the\\nWest Indies.\\nLondon. The African Institution,\\nfor the abolition of the slave-trade and\\nthe civilization of Africa, is founded.\\nLondon. The Female Penitentiary,\\nPentonville Road, is established.\\n1808 May 23. Riots occur among\\nweavers on account of low wages.\\nJune 25. Major Campbell kills Capt.\\nBoyd in a duel. [Oct. 2. Executed.]\\nThe death penalty for pickpockets\\nstealing to the value of rive shillings is\\nabolished. [1809. Also for stealing\\ngoods from bleaching-grounds.]\\n1809 Jan. The Duke of York, com-\\nmander-in-chief, is charged with gross-\\nest indecency in connection with Mrs.\\nMary Ann Clarke sales of commission\\nby her, the Duke s mistress, are alleged.\\nJune 27. A quarrel between a party of\\ndragoons and a press-gang occasions a\\nriot in Liverpool.\\nSept. 18-Dec. 16. London. The O. P.\\n(old prices) riots occur in the new Co-\\nvent Garden Theater they are caused by\\nthe increased prices of admission, and\\ncease only when the old prices are re-\\nstored.\\nSept. 21. Lord Castlereagh wounds\\nGeorge Canning in a duel.\\nOct. 25. The nation celebrates the 50th\\nyear of the reign of George III. by a\\njubilee.\\n*A sheriffs fund for assisting dis-\\ncharged prisoners commenced.\\n1810 Sept. 6. Mr. Clarke kills George\\nPayne in a duel.\\nEdinburgh. An asylum for the deaf\\nand dumb is opened by T. Braidwood.\\nHenry Duncan establishes the Parish\\nBank Friendly Society.\\n1811 Mar. 4. Ensign de Balton kills\\nCapt. Boardman in a duel.\\nNov.* -12 Jan.* Machinery-frame\\nbreaking riots occur at Nottingham.\\nCaused by popular opposition to the\\nintroduction of labor-sitving machinery\\nthe rioters are called Luddites, from Ned\\nLud, an idiot, who began the practice.\\n[The act is made a capital offense.]\\n1812 Mar, 16. London. William Cun-\\ndell, alias Connell, and John Smith,\\nBritish subjects, taken in the enemy s\\nservice in the Isles of France and Bour-\\nbon, are beheaded at Horsemonger\\nLane.\\nSTATE.\\n1808 July* -Nov.* The Walcheren\\nexpedition, sent to Antwerp to destroy\\nthe locks and shipping, fails the fail-\\nure causes a rupture between Lord Cas-\\ntlereagh and Canning, and both resign.\\nAug. 30. Port. The Convention of\\nCintra (p. 717).\\nNov. 5. Ger. The Convention of Ber-\\nlin is entered.\\nNapoleon agrees to remit war-debt\\nmoney to Prussia in order to withdraw\\ntroops from Prussian fortresses to reen-\\nforce his army in Spain.\\n1809 Mar. 17. The Duke of York,\\nson of King George, coinm;mder-in-chief\\nof the army, is acquitted by the House\\nof Commons after trial by impeachment\\non charges of maladministration of his\\noffice.\\nApr. 9. Great Britain and Austria form\\nthe fifth coalition against France.\\nApr.* A new Order in Council is isstled\\nconfining the blockade to France, Hol-\\nland, part of Germany, and the north of\\nItaly.\\nDec. 2. A new administration is formed\\nSpencer Perceval, premier the FJarl\\nof Liverpool, secretary of state; and\\nLord Palmerston, secretary of war.\\nA general militia act for Ireland is\\n1810 Apr. 9. Sir Francis Burdett,\\nmember of the Commons, is committed\\nto the Tower for publishing a letter\\ndenying the authority of the House to\\nimprison for the Gale-Jones case of\\nbreach of privilege. [A three days riot\\nfollows.]\\nOct. The king becomes insane.\\nDec. Ind. Ocean. Mauritius is ac-\\nquired.\\n1811 Feb. 5. Parliament: The Re-\\ngency Bill is passed, making the Prince\\nof Wales regent of the United .King-\\ndom.\\nFeb. 6. The prince regent takes the\\noaths before a privy council. [Perceval\\ncontinues premier.]\\nLondon. Sir Claudius S. Hunter is\\nelected lord mayor. [1812. George Scho-\\nley; 1813, Sir William Domville; 1814,\\nSamuel Birch; 1815, 1816, Matthew\\nWood; 1817, Christopher Smith.]\\nThe Mint is finished.\\n1812 Feb. 19. Marquis Welle sley (for-\\neign affairs) resigns because the Govern-\\nment does not prosecute the war with\\nvigor. [Castlereagh succeeds him.]\\nApr. 3. An Order in Council revokes\\nprevious orders regarding America on\\ncondition that British armed vessels are\\nnot excluded from her ports while those\\nof France are admitted.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1808 Aug. 4. The Corn Exchange at\\nLiverpool is opened.\\nLondon. Covent Garden Theater\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ned. [1809. Sept. IS. Rebuilt and\\n1809 Feb. 11. London. Three West\\nIndia warehouses burned loss, \u00c2\u00a3300,000.\\nManchester and Salford water-works\\nare established at Manchester.\\nThe Royal Exchange, Liverpool, is\\ncompleted.\\n1810 Feb. 11. St. Nicholas Tower,\\nLiverpool, falls, killing 28 persons.\\nMar. 9. London. The city is rendered\\nimpassable for several hours by aheavy\\nrain.\\nDec. A great commercial embarrass-\\nment occurs.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0947.jp2"}, "948": {"fulltext": "936 1812, Apr. 14-1815,\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1812 May 22. Capt. Hotham, with the\\nNorthumberland, captures and destroys\\ntwo French frigates near L Orient.\\nJune 18-1815 Feb. 17. War with the\\nUnited States (pp. 118-123).\\nJuly 22. Sp. Battle of Salamanca.\\nWellington, with 45,000 men, defeats\\nthe French Marshal Marmont, with\\nabout the same number; allies loss,\\n5,200 killed and wounded; French loss,\\n14,000+\\nAug. 12. Sp. Wellington enters Ma-\\ndrid.\\nSept. 19-Oct. 21. Sp. Wellington\\nunsuccessfully besieges the Castle of\\nBurgos, losing 2,000 men killed and\\nwounded.\\nNon-commissioned officers and pri-\\nvates of the Royal Engineers get the\\nname of Sappers and Miners.\\n1813 Feb. 7. In an engagement with\\na French frigate the British frigate\\nAmelia loses 46 men killed and 95\\nwounded.\\nJune 21. Sp. Battle of Vittoria.\\nWellington, with an army of 80,000, de-\\nfeats 70,000 French under Joseph Bona-\\nparte and Jourdan; the loss of the\\nFrench is enormous besides 6,000 killed\\nand wounded, they lose their military\\nchest containing ^i. 100,000, also 151 brass\\nguns, and a vast quantity of ammuni-\\ntion British loss, 5,180 killed and\\nwounded.\\nJuly 25-Aug. 2. Sp, Battles of the\\nPyrenees between the British under\\nWellington and the French under Soult\\nthe British are generally successful the\\nFrench retreat to France.\\nAug. 31. Sp. The British take Saint\\nSebastian (p. 720).\\nOct. 23. The French frigate La Trave,\\n44 guns, is captured by the Andromache,\\n38 guns.\\nOct. 31. Sp. The Spaniards capture\\nPamplona and its garrison of 4,000 men.\\nHov. 18. Fr. Wellington crosses the\\nriver Nivelle, driving the French he-\\nfore him, and takes up his position at\\nSt. Jean de Luz. [Dec. 10, 11, 12. He\\nresists the attacks of Marshal Soult.]\\n1814 Jan. 6. The British ship Tagus\\ncaptures the French frigate Ceres.\\nJan. 16. The British ship Venerable\\ncaptures the French frigates Alcmene\\nand Iphigenia.\\nFeb. 3. The Majestic captures the\\nFrench frigate Terpsichore.\\nFeb. 25. The Dryad and Achates cap-\\nture the French ship Clorinde after an\\naction with the Eurotas.\\nFeb. 27. Fr. Battle of Orthez.\\nWellington with 37,000 men defeats\\n35,000 French under Marshal Soult:\\nFrench loss, 3,900 killed, wounded, and\\nprisoners British loss, 2,300.\\nMar. 20. Fr. Wellington defeats\\nSoult at Tarbes.\\nMar. 27. The Hebrus captures the\\nFrench frigate L Etoile.\\nApr. 10. Fr. Battle of Toulouse; 51,-\\n000 allies defeat 138,000 French (p. 720).\\nThe British navy numbers 901 ships,\\n177 of the line.\\n1814-15 E. I. The Goorkha war. (See\\nIndia.)\\n1815 Mar. 13-June 22. The Hun-\\ndred Days War (p. 722).\\nIt is caused by the escape of Napoleon\\nfrom Elba, March 13, and his resump-\\ntion of the government of France. Eng-\\nland and her allies renew hostilities\\nagainst him.\\nJune 16. Belg. Battle of Q,uatre-Bras\\n(p. 722).\\nJune 18. Belg. Battle of Waterloo\\n(p. 722).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1812 London. Hannibal Crossing the\\nAlps is exhibited by Joseph M. W.\\nTurner, at the Royal Academy.\\nAug. 12. The Plymouth breakwater\\nis begun length, 5,280 feet base, 360\\nfeet across.\\nScot. Steam-vessels begin to ply on\\nthe Clyde. [1815. First steam-vessel on\\nthe Thames.]\\n*J. W. Hitter constructs his sec-\\nondary pile.\\n1813 London. The Philharmonic\\nSociety is established. [Mar. 8. First\\nconcert.]\\nDavy exhibits the voltaic arc.\\nThe Antiquarian Society is estab-\\nlished at Newcastle.\\nTbe first locomotive or traveling en-\\ngine is made by William Hedley of\\nWylam Colliery, as a substitute for\\nanimal power in a colliery.\\nLondon. Marylebone Church is\\ncommenced by Hardwick.\\n1814 Feb. 4. London. Ice forms on\\nthe Thames above the bridges [and a\\nfair is held thereon for eight days].\\nJune 1. London. Mrs. Dorothy Bland\\nJordan makes her last appearance as\\nlady Teazle.\\nNov. 29. London. The Times, the first\\nnewspaper printed by steam-power, is-\\nsues 1,200 copies per hour.\\nDec. 16-17. A terrific storm sweeps\\nover Great Britain and Ireland im-\\nmense damage is done, and many ships\\nwrecked.\\nDec. 20. Wm. Charles Macready, the\\ntragedian, makes his first appearance at\\nBath as Borneo.\\nJohn Martin s painting, Joshua, is\\ncompleted. [1818, Fall of Babylon; 1821,\\nBelshazzar s Feast; 1826, The Deluge;\\n1828, Fall of Nineveh.]\\nScot. The kaleidoscope is suggested\\nby David Brewster. [1817. Perfected.]\\n1814-20 London. Gas-light is gener-\\nally introduced.\\nThe Columbian printing-press of\\nClymer is produced.\\nGeorge Stephenson constructs his\\nfirst locomotive it travels six miles\\nan hour.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1813 Feb. 7 Dickens, Charles, nov., b.\\nAllman, Ceo. .lames, zoologist, b.\\nBallantine, William, lawyer, born.\\nBrowning, Robert, poet, born.\\nCreasy, Sir Edward Shepherd, hist., born.\\nCanning Earl, Charles John, states., b.\\nDalhousie, first Marquis of, James A. B. R.,\\nstatesman, born.\\nDonaldson, John William, philologist, born.\\nEllis, Sarah Stickney, author, born.\\nFullerton, Lady Georgiana, novelist, born.\\nHullah, John, musical composer, Scot., born.\\nKirwan. Richard, chemist, geoL, Ire., A62.\\nLatham, Robert Cordon, philologist, born.\\nLinton, William James, engraver, born.\\nLindsay, Lord, Alexander W Crawford,\\ntraveler, born.\\nMackay, Charles, poet, Scotland, born.\\njVlalone, Edmund, Shakespearean commenta-\\ntor, author, Ireland, A71.\\nMartyn, Henry, Indian miss., orient., A31.\\nPerceval, Spencer, statesman, A50.\\nPrestwich, Joseph, geologist, born.\\nPugin, Autfustni Weltiy Northmore, arch., b.\\nSelborne, Lord, Sir Koundell Palmer, states-\\nTooke, John Home, politician, philol., A76.\\nWalter, John, founder London Times, A73.\\nWornum, Ralph Nicholson, art-critic, born.\\nYonge, Charles Duke, philologist, born.\\n1813 Aytoun, William E., poet, Scot., b.\\nBessemer, Henry, engineer, inventor of\\nBessemer-steel process, born.\\nBirch, Samuel, Egyptologist, born.\\nCarp enter, Willi am Benjamin, physiol.,b.\\nFortune, Rohert, hotanist, born.\\nGascoigne, Caroline Leigh, novelist, born.\\nLevizac, Sir John, math., natural phil., b.\\nLiving-stone, David, A frican explorer,\\nmissionary, Scotland, born.\\nMacfarren, George Alexander, composer, b.\\nMacCheyne, Rohert Murray, cl., Scot., born-\\nPitman, Isaac, author stenography, born.\\nMarshall, William aider, sculptor, Scot., b.\\nMurray, Alexander, linguist, Scot., A38.\\nRobertson, James C, cl., historian, born.\\nScrivener, Frederick Henry, Bib. critic, b.\\nSharp, Granville, philanthropist, A79.\\nThomas, John, sculptor, horn.\\nTorrens, William T. M., author, Ireland, b.\\nTytler, Alex. Fraser, jurist, hist., Scot., A66.\\nWvatt, James, architect, A70.\\n1814 Astley, Philip, equestrian, A72.\\nAuckland, Lord, William, statesman, born.\\nBramah, Joseph, mechanician, A65.\\nBurdett-Coutts, Baroness, Angela Geor-\\ngina, philanthropist, born.\\nBurney, Charles, composer, author, A88.\\nCoke, Thomas, first bishop of M. E. Church,\\nU. S. A.. A67.\\nDe Vere, Aubrey Thomas, poet, Ireland, b.\\nDibdin, Charles, song-writer, A69.\\nEadie, John, Pies, clergyman, author, born.\\nElmes, llarvev Lonsdale, architect, born.\\nFaber, Frederick W., R. C. cl., poet, au.,b.\\nGilbert, Josiah, painter, author, born.\\nHowe, Sir William, general, A85.\\nInglis, Sir John Eardley Wilmot,maj.-gen.,b.\\nKerr, Robert, mis. writer, Scotland, born.\\nLankester, Edwin, phys., hotanist, author, b.\\nLawes, Sir John Bennett, rural economist, b.\\nMaskell, William, archeologist, born.\\nOgilvie, John, poet, Scot., A81.\\nPaget, Sir James, physician, born.\\nRamsay, Andrew Crombie, geologist, born.\\nReade, Charles, novelist, born.\\nSmith, Sir William, classical scholar, jour-\\nnalist, author, born.\\nSoutheolt, Joanna, fanatic, A64.\\n1815 Absolon, -John, painter, born.\\nBarker, Thomas Jones, painter, born.\\nBird, Cohling. physician, physicist, born.\\nBuchanan, laudius, clergyman, writer, d.\\nBurke, Sir John Bernard, genealogist, born.\\nClarke, Henry, philologist, engineer, born.\\nCorbould, EdVard Henry, water-color p., b.\\nDarling, Grace, of Fame Island, heroine, b.\\nEllis, George, author, A70.\\nEyre, Edward John, explorer, diplomatist, b.\\nForbes, Edward, naturalist, born.\\nFrere, Sir Henry Battle Edward, states., b.\\nFuller, Andrew, Baptist preacher, au.,A61.\\nGranville, Earl, George Leveson-Gower,\\nstatesman, born.\\nHoll, Francis, engraver, born.\\nJenner, Sir William, physician, author, b.\\nLegge, James, sinologist, Chinese scholar,\\nScotland, born.\\nM ami ire, John Francis, author, Ireland, b.\\nMay, Thomas Fiskme, historian, born.\\nMitchel, John, patriot, historian, journal-\\nist, Ireland, born.\\nQuekett, John Thomas, mieroscopist, nat., b.\\nEawlinson, George, hist., orient., theol., b.\\nStanley, Arthur Penrhyn, dean of West-\\nminster, litterateur, born.\\nTrollope, Anthony, novelist, born.\\nWallace, William Vincent, composer, lre.,b.\\nCHURCH.\\n1812 Scot. The Congregational\\nUnion is organized.\\nTbe City of London Auxiliary Bible\\nSociety is formed.\\nTbe name of the Society for Africa\\nand the East is changed to the (C Church-\\nMissionary Society. A year elapses\\nbefore the society receives a verbal,\\nindirect non-disapproval on the part of", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0948.jp2"}, "949": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1812, Apr. 14-1815,* 937\\na bishop, and many years before x any\\nclergyman of the Church of England,\\noffers his services to the Society.\\n1813-28. Parliament Bills in favor of\\nthe Roman Catholics are frequently\\nbrought in without effect.\\n1813 An Act is passed to exempt Uni-\\ntarians from penalties.\\n1814 Jan. 13. National thanksgiv-\\ning is ordered for the defeat of Bona-\\nparte.\\nJune 22. London. Prayer -meetings\\nfor seamen on the Thames are estab-\\nlished, the first on the brig Friendship.\\nJuly 7. The three estates of the realm\\nunite to offer public thanksgiving at\\nSt. Paul s for the peace of Europe.\\nBishoprics established. Calcutta.\\n[1824, Jamaica and Barbados.]\\n1815 The Bible Christian Society\\n(Methodist) is founded by William\\nBryan.\\nLETTERS.\\n1812 The Royal Military College is\\nremoved from Great Marlow to Sand-\\nhurst.\\nThe Roxburghe Club, in memory of\\nJohn, Puke of Roxburgh*. is instituted\\nby Earl Spencer for the republication of\\nrare books or unpublished MSS.\\nThe Liverpool Literary and Philo-\\nsophical Society is established.\\nCount Julian, by Landor, appears.\\nScot. Isle of Palms, by John Wilson,\\nappears. [1816, City of the Plague.]\\nCalamities of Authors, by Isaac D ls-\\nraeli, appears [1814, Quarrels of Au-\\nthors.]\\nRejected Addresses, by James and Hor-\\nace Smith, appears.\\n1812-18 Childe Harold s Pilgrimage, hj\\nByron, appears.\\n[1813, The Giaour and The Bride of\\nAbydos: 1814, The Corsair and Lara;\\n1815, Siege of Corinth and Parisina;\\n1S16, Prisoner of Chilian and other\\npoems; 1816, Manfred; 1S19. Mazeppa,\\nand the beginning of Don Juan; 1821,\\nCain and other dramas.]\\n1813 Robert Southey is appointed\\npoet-laureate.\\nThe Eclectic Review is issued.\\nLife of Nelson, by Southey, appearB.\\n[1814, Roderick, the Last of the Goths.]\\nResearches into the Physical History of\\nMan, by James Cowles Pricbard, ap-\\npears.\\nScot. The Queen s Wake, by James\\nHogg, appears.\\nQueen Mab, by Shelley, appears.\\n1814 The Royal Institution, Liver-\\npool, is founded.\\nLe Chronique de Jersey is issued.\\nLondon. The Neio Monthly Magazine\\nis issued.\\nIre. Patronage, by Maria Edgeworth,\\nappears. [1817, Ormond.]\\nHistoric Doubts Relative to Napoleon\\nBonaparte, byRichard Whately, appears.\\nThe Excursion, by Wordsworth, ap-\\npears.\\n[1815, The White Doe of Rylstone, and\\nother poems; 1816, Thanksgiving Ode;\\n1819, Peter Bell and The Waggoner.]\\nScot. Evidences of Christianity, by\\nThomas Chalmers, appears. [1817, As-\\ntronomical Discoveries; 1820, Commer-\\ncial Discoveries.]\\nScot. Waverley and The Lord of the\\nIsles, by Scott, appear.\\n[1S15, Guy Mannering and The Field\\nof Waterloo; 1816, The Antiquary, Old\\nMortality, and The Black Dwarf; 1817.\\nHarold the Dauntless; 1818, The Heart of\\nMid-Lothian; 1S19, The Bride of Lamm er-\\nmocr and the Legend of Montrose; 1820,\\nIvanhoe, The Monaster?/, and the Abbot;\\n1821, Kenihrorth; 1822, The Pirate and\\nFortunes of Nigel 1823, Peveril of the\\nPeak and Quentin Durward 1824, Red-\\ngauntlet and St. Ronan s Well.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1812 Apr. 14. Rioters at Sheffield de-\\nstroy 800 muskets belonging to the local\\nmilitia.\\nMay 11. Spencer Perceval, the prime\\nminister, is assassinated at the House\\nof Commons.\\nThe Dublin. Institution is founded.\\nTitles created\\nMarquises of Northampton and Camden,\\nEarl of Harewood. [1813, Earl of Minto;\\n1814, Duke of Cat heart. Viscount of Gordon,\\nand Baron of Wellington; 1815, Earls of Ver-\\nulam, St. Germaina, and Morley, Marquises\\nof Anglesey and Cholmondeley, Dukes of\\nBeauchamp, ISrownlmv, and Bradford, and\\nBarons Foxford, Grimstead, Meld rum,\\nChurchill, and Harris; 1816, Viscount of\\nExmouth; 1817, Baron Colchester; 1821. Earls\\nof Horve and s trad broke, Marquis of Ails-\\nbury, Duke of Eldon, Viscount of Hutchin-\\nson and Barons Clanbrassi], Forester, Dela-\\nmere, Rayleigh, Wemyss, Minster, SUchester,\\nOriel, Ormonde, and Ker.]\\nIre. Titles created, Barons Castle-\\nruaine and Decies. [1816, Earl Shefliold,\\nMarquises of Londonderry and Conyn-\\nham.and Viscounts Gort and Frankfort\\n1818, Baron Garvagh.]\\nThe National Benevolent Institu-\\ntion, for granting pensions to decayed\\ngentry, and to professional people,\\nteachers, and others in reduced circum-\\nstances, iB established. [1859. Incorpo-\\nrated.]\\n1813 July 9. Edward Maguire kills\\nLieut. Blumdell in a duel. [1814 Apr.\\nLieut. Cecil kills Capt. Stackpole.]\\nLondon. The London Orphan Asy-\\nlum is founded. [1823. Removed to\\nClapton.]\\nThe waltz is introduced from Ger-\\nmany by Baron Neumaun and others.\\n1813-15 London. Whitecross Street\\nprison for debtors is erected.\\n1814 Aug. 1. A jubilee celebrates\\nthe general peace and the centenary of\\nthe accession of the Brunswick family.\\nDec. 16t-. Dublin. A riot occurs at the\\nTheater Royal on account of the cele-\\nbrated Dog of Montargis on several\\nnights.\\nLuddite riots occur at Nottingham.\\n[1816. More riots.]\\n1815 Jan. 31. Daniel O Connell kills\\nMr. D Esterre in a duel.\\nFeb. 7. Col. Quentin and Col. Palmer\\nfight a duel.\\nMar. 6. London. A riot occurs around\\nthe Parliament House on account of the\\ncorn-bill many lives are lost.\\nApr. 6. A riot occurs at the depot at\\nDartmoor seven American prisoners-of-\\nwar are killed and 35 wounded.\\nSTATE.\\n1812 June 9. The Earl of Liverpool\\nis appointed premier. [Lords Eldon,\\nPalmerston, and Castlereagh, and N.\\nVansittart are ministers.]\\nJune 18. The United States declares\\nwar against Great Britain (p. 119).\\nJune 23. The Orders in Council relat-\\ning to blockade are unconditionally sus-\\npended in regard to America.\\nJuly 6. A treaty of peace is concluded\\nwith Sweden.\\nNov. 24. Parliament meets. [1818.\\nJune 10. Dissolved.]\\n*The fertile belt in Hudson Bay\\nterritory is settled by Lord Selkirk.\\nAn Act is passed that bankrupt\\nmembers of the House of Commons\\nnot paying their debts shall vacate\\ntheir seats.\\n1813 Mar. 3. Swe. The Treaty of\\nStockholm is concluded with Sweden.\\nJuly S. Hung. The Convention of\\nPeterwardein is entered by England\\nand Russia against France.\\nJuly* Parliament: An Act is passed\\nopening trade with. India.\\nAug. 26. Ire. Earl Whitworth is ap-\\npointed lord-lieutenant.\\nOct. 3. Bohemia. The Treaty of Tep-\\nlitz, forming an alliance between Great\\nBritain and Austria, is signed (p. 521).\\nOct. 4.-23 Jan. 13. Ind. LordMoira,\\nMarquis Hastings, is governor-general.\\n1814 Jan. 14. Prus. The Treaty of\\nKiel is entered by Great Britain, Swe-\\nden, and Denmark (p. 639).\\nMar. 9. Fr. The Treaty of Chaumont\\nis concluded between Great Britain,\\nAustria, Russia, and Prussia.\\nApr. 11. Fr. Napoleon abdicates.\\nMay 3. Wellington is created a duke,\\nand is accorded a grant of \u00c2\u00a313,000 and\\nan additional grant of \u00c2\u00a3400,000.\\nMay 30. Fr. The Treaty of Paris is\\nconcluded between Great Britain and\\nher allies, and Napoleon (p. 721).\\nJune 28. H. L. The Duke of Welling-\\nton first appears in the House.\\nAug. 13. S.Afr. Cape Colony is\\nfinally ceded to England.\\nSept. 30. Aust. The Congress of Vi-\\nenna holds its first meeting.\\nIt assembles for the general settlement\\nof the affairs of Europe, and is attended\\nby representatives from most of the Eu-\\nropean nations (p. 721).\\nDec. 24. Belg. The Peace of Ghent\\nis concluded with the United States\\n(p. 123).\\n1815 Mar. 23. The Treaty of Vienna\\nis signed by Great Britain, Austria, Rus-\\nsia, and Prussia (p. 521).\\nSept. 26. Paris. The Convention of\\nthe Holy Alliance is concluded (p. 521).\\n!N ov. 9. Aust. A formal treaty is con-\\ncluded and signed at the Congress of\\nVienna.\\nNov. 20. Fr. The Second Peace of\\nParis is concluded between France and\\nGreat Britain, Austria, Russia, and\\nPrussia (p. 723).\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1814* London. Great improvements\\ncommenced under the direction of Mr.\\nNash in Regent s Park. The Park\\nconsists of about 450 acres within it\\nare the gardens of the Zoological Society\\nand the Royal Botanical Society.\\nScot. There are five steam-vessels\\nin operation.\\nWellingt on- rooms at Liverpool are\\nerected.\\nEdinburgh. A savings institution\\nis opened.\\n1815 Oct 25. Ire. The interior of the\\ncathedral of AVaterford is destroyed by\\nfire.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0949.jp2"}, "950": {"fulltext": "938 1815,**-1819,\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1816 Jan. 31. Ire. The Lord Melville\\nand the Boadicea, transports, are lost\\nnear Kinsale but few men escape.\\nJuly 28. A fleet under Lord Exmouth\\nis sent to the Mediterranean to chastise\\nthe pirates of the Barbary States.\\nAug. 27. Afr. Battle of Algiers (p. 8).\\nSept. Several regiments of light dra-\\ngoons are armed with lances, and get the\\nname Lancers.\\nNov. 10. The Harpooner transport is\\nwrecked near Newfoundland; 200 per-\\nsons are lost.\\n1817 E. I. War with the Pinda-\\nrees. (See India.)\\n1818 Jan. Ind, Peace prevails.\\n1819 S. Afr. War with the Kafirs\\n(p. 597).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1815* London. The prince regent pur-\\nchases the Phigalian Marbles for the\\nBritish Museum. Portions of the frieze\\nof the temple of Apollo Epicurus at Phi-\\ngalia in Arcadia comprise the collec-\\ntion.\\nBuilding of Carthage is painted by\\nTurner. [1817. Decline of Carthage.]\\nWollaston improves the voltaic bat-\\ntery.\\nEdinburgh. Nelson s monument is\\ncompleted.\\nThe first steamer is built in England.\\nThe first steam-vessel on the Thames\\nis brought by Mr. Dodd from Glasgow.\\n*The Geordy safety-lamp is in-\\nvented by George Stephenson, engineer.\\n1816 The electric telegraph, with\\nindex and clock-work, is invented by\\nSir Francis Ronalds.\\nIron ships are constructed.\\nLondon. The Government purchases\\nthe Elgin Marbles for \u00c2\u00a335,000, and\\nplaces them in the Museum. (See 1802.)\\nStereo plates are employed in book-\\nprinting by James Watt.\\nLon don. The statue of Charles James\\nFox is erected in Bloomsbury Square.\\nThe Albion printing-press is intro-\\nduced.\\n1817 Feb. 12. Junius Brutus Booth\\nmakes his first appearance.\\nJune 18. London. The Waterloo\\nBridge, completed bv John Rennie, is\\nopened. Length, 1,242 feet; width, 42\\nfeet and the span of each of the nine\\narches, 120 feet cost, \u00c2\u00a3475,000.\\nThe Nelson pillar, a fluted column\\n140 feet in height, is erected at Yar-\\nmouth.\\nLithography is introduced. (Par-\\ntially known since 1801.)\\n*The hydraulic press is invented by\\nJoseph Bramah (or 1796).\\nSir William Cubitt of Ipswich invents\\nthe treadmill for prisoners. The first\\nis erected at Brixton jail.\\n1818 May 3. Capt. Sir John Ross\\nand Lieut. Win. Edward Parry sail from\\nShetland in the Isabella and Alexander\\nin search of a Northwest Passage.\\nNov. 2. The Royal Institution is\\nopened at Liverpool. [1822. Incorpo-\\nrated.]\\nCapt. David Buchan s and Lieut. Sir\\nJohn Franklin s polar expedition in\\nthe Dorothea and Trent sails. [It fails.]\\nLondon. The Institution of Civil\\nEngineers is organized. [1S2S. Char-\\ntered.]\\nEdinburgh. Victoria (Coburg) Theater\\nis opened.\\nLoudon Macadam s improved roads\\nare introduced.\\nSteam is first used for warming houses.\\n1819 Feb.* London. TheHunterian\\nSociety (surgical) is organized.\\nMar. 24. London. Southwark Bridge is\\nopened.\\nMay 4. Lieuts. Parry and Liddon sail in\\nthe Hecla and Griper on a polar ex-\\npedition. [1S20. Nov. 3. Return.]\\nJune 20. The Savannah, the first trans-\\natlantic steamer, arrives at Liverpool\\n(p. 126).\\nJune* About 5,000 acres are deluged in\\nthe Fen countries.\\nSubcarbonate of soda is employed in\\nphotography as a fixing medium by\\nSir John Herschel.\\nThe Cambridge Philosophical Society\\nis established. [1832. Chartered.]\\nEngraving on soft steel, which is\\nafterwards to be hardened, is introduced\\nby Perkins and Heath of Philadelphia,\\nU.S.A.\\nLondon. St. Pancras Church is com-\\nmenced by William inwood. [1822. Com-\\npleted.]\\nBabylon, a painting by Martin, is com-\\npleted.\\n1819-22 Franklin s second expedition\\nvisits the Arctic Sea.\\nThe publication of the maps made by\\nthe trigonometrical surveyors of Eng-\\nland is commenced. [1862. Completed.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1816 July 7. Sheridan, Richard Brins-\\nley, poet, dramatist, orator, statesman,\\nIreland, A65.\\nAguilar, Grace, novelist, born.\\nBailey, Philip .lames, poet, born.\\nBennett, Sir William, piunis!, composer,!).\\nBront6, Charlotte, novelist, born.\\nCaird, James, agriculturist, born.\\nCourtenay. Juhn, statesman, au., Ire., A75.\\nDuffy, Sir Charles (lavan, patrinl, statesman,\\njournalist, author, Ireland, born.\\nFerguson, Adam, historian, moral philoso-\\npher, Scotland, A92.\\nGilbert, Joseph Henry, chemist, born.\\nGull, Sir William, physician, born.\\nHamilton, Elizabeth, author, Ireland, A58.\\nHargraves, Edmund Hammond, traveler,die-\\ncover gold-fields, born.\\nHood, Viscount Samuel, admiral, A96.\\nHooker, Joseph I*., physician, botanist., b.\\nlUaeCabe, Ed w an], cardinal, Ireland, born.\\nMolesworth, William Nassau, el., hist., b.\\nPrevost. Sir (Jeorge, general, A49.\\nQuain, Richard, physician, born.\\nRobertson, Frederick, W., lecturer, born.\\nRyle, John Charles, bishop, author, born.\\nSmiles, Samuel, journalist, au., Scot., b.\\nSmith, Albert, novelist, humorist, born.\\nStanhope, Earl of, Charles, statesman, in-\\nventor, author, A63.\\nThomson, .lames, civil engineer, born.\\nWard, Edward Matthew, painter, born.\\n1817 Armitage. Edward, painter, born.\\nAusten, Jane, novelist, A42.\\nBrown, Samuel, poet, chemist, Scot., born.\\nCharlotte Augusta, Princess, daughter of\\nGeorge IV., A21.\\nCook, Eliza, poet, born.\\nCurran, John I hilpot, ora., states., Ire., A67.\\nDuckworth, Sir John T., admiral, A69.\\nEdceworth, h iehard E., author, Ire., A73.\\nGilbert, sir John, painter, born.\\nHelps, Sir Arthur, essayist, dramatist, born.\\nHolyeake, leori_ce Jacob, agitator, born.\\nHorner, Francis, political economist, states-\\nman, A 39.\\nLayard, Sir Austen Henry, trav., dip., born.\\nLeech, John, artist, caricaturist, born.\\nLewes, Qeorg-e Henry, author, born.\\nMiller, William Allen, chemist, born.\\nTaylor, Tom, dramatist, born.\\n1818 Aug, 22. Hastings, Warren,\\nstatesman, A85.\\nBain, Alexander, logician, philosopher,\\nauthor, Scotland, born.\\nBrunton, May Balfour, novelist, A40.\\nDenman, Thomas, physician, A85.\\nDrew, Mrs. John (Louisa Jane), actor, b.\\nEllenborough, Lord, Edward Law, chief jus-\\ntice, A68.\\nForster, William Edward, statesman, born.\\nFoley, John Henry, sculptor, born.\\nFroude, James Anthony, historian, born.\\nJoule, James P., physicist, born.\\nLewis, Matthew Gregory, nov., dram., A43.\\nMacneil, Hector, poet, Scotland, A72.\\nMason, George Hemming, painter, born.\\nNorthcote, Sir Stafford Henry, Jiarl of\\nIddesleigh, statesman, born.\\nPalmer, John, projector mail-coaches, A76.\\nReid, Capt. Mayne, novelist, Ireland, born.\\nMom ill v. Sir Samuel, jurist, statesman, Atil.\\nSmith, Robert Payne, orientalist, born.\\nStirling-Maxwell, Win., hist., pol., Scot., b.\\nVaux, William Sandys Wright, orientalist, b.\\nWilson, George, chemist, physician, Scot., b.\\nWolcott, John, Peter Pindar, painter,\\nsatirist, A.81.\\n1819 Adams, John Couch, astronomer, b.\\nAlbert, Prince, of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha,\\nhusband of Victoria, born.\\nBrydone, Patrick, traveler, Scot., born.\\nCairns, Lord, Hugh McCalmont, lawyer,\\norator, statesman, Ireland, born.\\nClough, Arthur Hugh, poet, born.\\nEdwards, Sir Herbert Benjamin, general, b.\\nFraser, Alexander Campbell, metaphysician,\\nScotland, born.\\nGeorge William Frederick Charles, Duke\\nof Cambridge, son of George III., com-\\nmander-in-chief, born.\\nIlenfrey, Arthur, botanist, born.\\nHook, James Clark, painter, born.\\nKingsley, Charles, cl., novelist, author, b.\\nLejaune, Henry, painter, born.\\nLewes, Mary Ann Evans, George Eliot,\\nnovelist, born.\\nMcClintoek, Sir Francis Leopold, arctic ex-\\nplorer, born.\\nPlayfair, John, physicist, mathematician,\\nScotland, A71.\\nRuskin, John, art critic, poet, author, b.\\nSalmon, George, mathematician, Ireland, b.\\nShairp, John Campbell, scholar, religious\\nwriter, Scotland, born.\\nStokes, George Gabriel, mathematician, b.\\nWatt, James, engineer, inventor (steam-\\nengine), A83.\\nCHURCH.\\n1815+ Bishops elected:\\n1815. Henrv Ryder for Gloucester and\\nBristol. [1824. Translated to Lichfield.]\\n1819, Herbert Marsh for Peterborough; 1820,\\nWilliam Carey for Exeter. [1840. Mar.*\\nTranslated to St. Asaph] and George Prety-\\nman Tomline for Winchester; 1824, Chris-\\ntopher Bethell for Gloucester and Bristol.\\n[1830. Translated to Exeter.]\\nThe General Baptist Missionary So-\\nciety is formed.\\n1817 The London Association in aid\\nof Moravian Missions is formed.\\n1818 Feb. 6. The Church Building\\nSociety is established.\\nMar. 18. The Port of London Society,\\nfor preaching the gospel to seamen on a\\nfloating ship, is organized.\\nParliament votes \u00c2\u00a31 ,000,000 for church\\nerections.\\n1819 Nov. 12. London. The Bethel\\nUnion Society is organized.\\n*The Home Missionary Society is\\norganized.\\nLondon. The Poultry Chapel is\\nerected on the site of the Poultry Comp-\\nter.\\nLETTERS.\\n1815 Scot. Infant schools are first\\nopened at New Lanark.\\nCaius Gracchus, by James Sheridan\\nKnowles, appears. [1820, V wginiusJ\\n1816* London. The Asiatic Journal\\nis issued.\\nAlastor, by Shelley, appears.\\n[1817, Revolt of Islam 1S10, Prometheus\\nUnbound and The Cenci; 1821, Adonais\\nand Epipsychidion.\\nA Story of Rimini, by Leigh Hunt, ap-\\npears.\\nDictionary of English Synonymes, by\\nGeorge Crabbe, appears.\\n1817 Edinburgh. The Scotsman is is-\\nsued also Blackwood s Magazine.\\nPrinciples of Political Economy and\\nTaxation, by David Kicardo, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0950.jp2"}, "951": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1815,**-1819,**. 939\\nModem Greece, by Mrs. Hemans, ap-\\npears. [1823, The Voice of Spring, Ves-\\npers of Palermo, and other lyrics 1826,\\nThe Forest San ct inert/ and other poems\\n1828, The Records of Women.\\nLalla Rookh, by Moore, appears. [1S25,\\nLife of Sheridan; 1827, The Epicurean.]\\nIre. Burial of Sir John Moore, by\\nRev. Charles Wolfe, appears.\\nParis in 1815, by George Croly, ap-\\npears. [1S22, Catiline.]\\nPoems, by John Keats, appears. [ISIS,\\nEndymion 1820, Hyperion and other\\npoems.]\\nCharacters of Shakespeare s Plays, by\\nWilliam Hazlitt, appears. [ISIS, A View\\nof the Eni/lisli Stn /r ami Fnalish Poets;\\n1819, English Comic Writers; 1821, Dra-\\nmatic Literature of the Joe of Elizabeth\\nand Table Talk; 1825, Spirit of the Age\\n1826, Plain Speaker; 1828-30, Life of Na-\\npoleon.]\\n1817-26 Edinburgh. The Scot s Maga-\\nzine is changed to the Edinburgh Maga-\\nzine.\\n1817-45 The Encyclopedia Metropoli-\\ntana appears.\\n1817-62 The Literary Gazette is issued.\\n1818 London. Infant schools are\\nfirst opened.\\nView of the State of Europe During\\nthe Middle Ages, by Henry Hallam, ap-\\npears. [1827, Constitutional History of\\nEngland.]\\nFrankenstein, by Mrs. Shelley (Mary\\nWollstonecraft Godwin), appears. [1823,\\nValperga; 1826, The Last Man.]\\nA Grammar of the English Language,\\nby William Cobbett, appears.\\n1819* London. The Egyptian So-\\nciety, the Cambridge Philosophical\\nSociety, and the Hunterian Society\\nare founded. [1832. The last is char-\\ntered.]\\n1819-68 The Christian Remembrancer is\\nissued.\\nTales of the Hall, by George Crabbe,\\nappears.\\n1819-30 History of England, by John\\nLingard, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1815 Horrible cruelties in the Beth-\\nlehem lunatic hospital are exposed.\\nAn asylum opened for deaf and dumb\\nchildren is founded at Birmingham by\\nT. Braidwood.\\nThe Prison Discipline Society is es-\\ntablished for the improvement of jails,\\nthe classification and employment of the\\nprisoners, and the prevention of crime.\\nLoose trousers begin to be worn in\\nplace of breeches.\\n1816 Mar. 10. The Blanket meeting\\nat Manchester is suppressed by the mil-\\nitary.\\nMar. 15. A child ten years of age is un-\\nder sentence of death for shop-lifting.\\nMay 2. The Princess Charlotte mar-\\nries Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg.\\nMay 22. A riot of fen men occurs at\\nLittleport, Ely, and elsewhere.\\nJune 27. London. Milbank prison re-\\nceives convicts as a penitentiary.\\nDec. 2. The Watch and Ward Act is\\nenforced because of riotous weavers at\\nNottingham.\\nLondon. Popular meetings take place\\nat Spa-fields the shops of the gunsmiths\\nare attacked for arms.\\nLondon. The Westminister Royal\\nOphthalmic Hospital is established.\\nSavings-banks are brought under\\nparliamentary control.\\n1817 Jan. 28. A riot occurs in St.\\nJames s Park on the prince regent go-\\ning to the House of Lords it is\\nthat an air-gun was fired at him.\\nMar. 10. The Blanketers rise, and\\nmarch towards London.\\nA host of operati ves meet in St. Peter s\\nField, Manchester, with the alleged pur-\\npose of starting an insurrection many\\nof them carry blankets rolled up and\\ntied on their backs they are dispersed\\nby the military, and some are arrested.\\nApr. 11. A man sells his wife in the\\nmarket-place at Dartmoor, having a rope\\nround her neck as in olden time; her\\nfirst lover buys her for, two guineas.\\nApr. 17. Seven Luddites (breakers of\\nlabor-saving machinery) are hanged at\\nLeicester.\\nLondon. The Peace Society, for the\\npromotion of universal peace, is estab-\\nlished.\\nDublin. An asylum for the deaf and\\ndumb is opened at Claremont.\\nThe Bank of England has 17,S85 forged\\nnotes presented 104 persons convicted,\\n18 executed.\\nThe Society of Spencerian Philan-\\nthropists is established it advocates\\nthe redivision of aU the lands.\\n1818 Jan. 12. Mr. O Callaghan kills\\nLieut. Bayley in a duel.\\nFeb. 10. London. An unsuccessful at-\\ntempt is made by Cantillon to assassi-\\nnate the Duke of Wellington.\\nApr. 27. St. Michael and St. George\\norder of knighthood is founded for the\\nIonian Isles and Malta. [1869. It is re-\\norganized to admit servants of the crown\\nconnected with the.colonies.]\\nJuly 11. William IV. marries Ade-\\nlaide Amelia Louise Theresa Caroline,\\nsister of the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen.\\nSept. 8. Dr. Halloran, tutor to the Earl\\nof Chesterfield, is transported for for-\\nging a frank for tenpence postage.\\nLondon. The Mendicity Society is\\nestablished for the suppression of public\\nbegging and other impositions.\\n1819 Aug. 16. A reform meeting is\\nheld in St. Peter s Field, Manchester\\n(Peterboro), attended by G0,000 to 100,000\\npeople.\\nThe meeting is suddenly assailed by a\\ncharge of cavalry, assisted by a Cheshire\\nregiment of yeomanry, the outlets being\\noccupied by other military detachments.\\nThe unarmed multitude are driven upon\\neach other many are ridden over by the\\nhorses, or cut down by their riders.\\nEleven men, women, and children are\\nkilled, and 600 injured.\\nSept. 16. Scot. Riots occur at Paisley\\nand Glasgow.\\nOct. Mr. Swan, M. P. for Penryn, and\\nSir Manasseh Lopez, are fined and im-\\nprisoned for bribery.\\nLock Hospital is established at Man-\\nchester.\\nDublin. Several nights riotingtakes\\nplace at the Theater Royal.\\nLord Braybrooke s experiment in Es-\\nsex, of allotting small portions of land\\nto poor families to assist them and re-\\nlieve the parish poor-rates, is reported\\nsuccessful.\\nSTATE.\\n1815 Parliament: A law is passed to\\nclose the ports against wheat till it\\nrises to 80 shillings a quarter, in order\\nto relieve the agricultural distress.\\nAtlantic Ocean. Ascension Island\\nis occupied by colonists.\\nE. Ind. Ceylon becomes a British\\nDec. 9. London. The Bank of England\\ncommences to pay specie on certain one\\nor two pound notes.\\nRadicals agitate for government and\\nparliamentary reform they establish\\nHampden clubs, of which Sir Francis\\nBurdett, Lord Cochrane, Maj. Cart-\\nwright, and William Cobbett are\\nprominent members.\\n1817 Jan. 5. The English and Irish\\nExchequers are consolidated.\\nFeb. 1. The national debt is \u00c2\u00a3840,850,591.\\nFeb. 3. The Green Bag Inquiry.\\nLord Sidmoutb lays before Parlia-\\nment agreen bag full of documents re-\\nspecting alleged seditions. [Feb. 19.\\nSecret committees present their report.\\nFeb. 21. Bills are introduced to suspend\\nthe Habeas Corpus Act, and prohibit\\nseditious meetings. Mar. 3. Passed.\\nMar. 29. Operative.]\\nMar. 27. Lord Sidmouth addresses a\\ncircular letter to lord -lieutenants of\\ncounties, urging the suppression of se-\\nditious publications.\\nJune 2. H. C. Charles Manners Sut-\\nton [Viscount Canterbury] is chosen\\nSpeaker.\\nJune 10. An insurrection in Derby-\\nshire, led by Jeremiah Brandreth, is sup-\\npressed.\\nJuly 5. The gold sovereign is first put\\nin circulation.\\nOct. 9. Ire. Earl Talbot is appointed\\nlord-lieutenant.\\n1818 May* A treaty is concluded with\\nthe Netherlands for th* suppression of\\nthe slave-trade.\\nNov. 4. Sir Charles Abbott [Lord\\nTenterden] is appointed chief justice.\\n*E.lnd. The dominions of the Peshwa\\nare annexed.\\nThe Raja of Kagpur and the states of\\nKajputana arc placed under British pro-\\ntection.\\nLondon. John Atkins is elected lord\\nmayor. [1819, George Brvdges 1820,.\\nJohn T. Thorpe 1821, Christopher Mag-\\nnay.]\\n1819 Jan. 14. Parliament meets.\\n[1820. Feb. 29. Dissolved.]\\nMay 3. H. C. Henry Grattan moves-\\nfor a Committee of the Whole House to-\\nconsider the laws excluding Catholics\\nfrom public offices the motion is de-\\nfeated. Vote, 241-243.\\nMay 24. Alexandrina Victoria [Queen\\nVictoria] is born at Kensington Palace.\\nShe is the daughter of Edward, Duke\\nof Kent, son of George III., and Maria\\nLouisa Victoria, of Saxe-Coburg, a sis-\\nter of Leopold I. of Belgium.\\nJuly* Agitation for parliamentary re-\\nform is revived.\\n^Parliament: The Six Acts are\\npassed to facilitate the prevention of\\nseditious meetings and the punishment\\nof seditious libels.\\nE. Ind. Singapore becomes a British\\nsettlement.\\nThe national debt is \u00c2\u00a3861,039,049.\\n1816 Nov. The Twopenny Register, a\\nweekly political paper, issued by Wil-\\nliam Cobbett, advocates parliamentary\\nreform, including universal suffrage, and\\nbecomes a power among the\\npeople.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1815 One-horse hackney-carriages\\n[afterwards cabriolets] licensed.\\n1816 Jan. The first London savings-\\nbank is established.\\n1817 Sept. 22. Specie payments are\\nresumed.\\nOct. 23. The packet William and Mary\\nis wrecked on the Willeys Bocks, near\\nthe Holmes lighthouse, Bristol Channel\\n60 persons are drowned.\\n1818* Edinburgh. A gas-company is\\nincorporated.\\n*The last one of the ancient gates at\\nExeter is removed.\\n1819* Edinburgh. A water-company\\nis incorporated.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0951.jp2"}, "952": {"fulltext": "940 1820, Jan. 7-1824, GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1822 June 20. The Drake, 10 guns, is\\nwrecked near Halifax many are lost.\\nA military academy is founded at\\nSandhurst.\\n1824-26 E. I. War with Burma.\\n(See India.)\\nART SCIENCE \u00e2\u0080\u0094NATURE.\\n1820 Feb. The Fairlop Oak, having\\na trunk 48 feet in circumference, the\\nfrowth of five centuries, in Hainault\\norest, Essex, is blown down.\\nJuly 18. The first chain bridge in Eng-\\nland is thrown over the Tweed it is 437\\nfeet long.\\nSept. 7. A great solar eclipse is ob-\\nserved.\\nIre. The first steamer in Ireland is\\nbuilt.\\nCombustible gas is made from coal.\\nSir Humphry Davy becomes presi-\\ndent of the Royal Society; later, Sir\\nThomas Lawrence and Dr. Wm. H. Wol-\\nlaston.\\nThe process of decarbonizing in steel\\nengraving is invented by Charles Heath.\\nLondon. The Royal Astronomical\\nSociety is founded.\\n*Ramage s reflecting telescope is\\nerected at Greenwich.\\nFriction matches are invented by\\nWalker of Stockton-on-Tees.\\nSteel pens, made long before, begin\\nto come into general use.\\nBarlow s theory of the deviation of\\nthe compass is published.\\nSir Charles Wheatstone conveys the\\nsounds of a musical box from a cellar to\\nupper rooms by means of a deal rod he\\ncalls it the enchanted lyre.\\nFaraday experiments in electro-mag-\\nnetism.\\n*New Brunswick Bridge, Manchester,\\nis built.\\n1820-30 Percussion-caps come into\\nuse.\\n1820-38 Sir J. Herschel studies the\\nstars of the southern hemisphere, Ma-\\ngellanic clouds.\\n1821 May 8. Capts. Parry and Lyon\\nsail in the Fury and Her la on a polar\\nexpedition. [1823. Return.]\\nJuly 4. London. The Haymarket\\nTheater is rebuilt by Nash.\\nNov. A destructive storm visits the\\ncoast from Durham to Cornwall; many\\nvessels are lost.\\nDublin. The Theater Royal is opened.\\nThe Yorkshire Philosophical Soci-\\nety is organized.\\nThe Sheffield Literary and Philo-\\nsophical Society is organized.\\nEdinburgh. The Caledonian Theater\\nis erected.\\nEdinburgh. The Society of Arts is\\nfounded. [1842. Incorporated.]\\nJohn Frederick Daniel constructs a\\npyrometer. [1830. Awarded the Rum-\\nford medal.]\\nCleopatra s Arrival in Cilicia is\\npainted by Wm. Etty.\\nEve is executed by E. H. Baily.\\nLondon. The Bank of England is\\ncompleted; designs by Sir John Soane.\\nThe Natural History Society is pro-\\njected at Manchester.\\nDublin. Hawkins Street Theater is\\nerected.\\nLondon. The Medico-Botanical So-\\nciety is organized.\\nThe pantagraph is improved by\\nProf. Wallace, and called the Eido-\\ngraph.\\n1822 Jan. Faraday describes his dis-\\ncovery of electro-magnetic rotation.\\nFeb. 16. The Wellington shield, com-\\nmemorating his victories, and costing\\n\u00c2\u00a311,000, is presented to the duke.\\nMar. 6. London, The river Thames is\\nvery low because of a southwest wind\\npersons ford it near London Bridge.\\nJune 18 London. A colossal statue\\nof Achilles, cast from captured cannon,\\nis erected in Hyde Park.\\nThe wind regulator in the organ is\\ninvented by Bishop.\\nThe first elements of spectrum anal-\\nysis are worked out by Sir David Brews-\\nter.\\nDixon Denham, an Englishman, with\\nClapperton and Dr. Oadney, cross the\\nSahara Desert to Lake Tchad.\\n*The Koyal Academy of Music is\\nestablished.\\nThe horticultural garden at Chis-\\nwick is commenced.\\nLondon. Ball and cross are restored\\nto St. Paul s Cathedral by Mr. Cockerell.\\n1823 May 1. The entire skeleton of a\\nmammoth is found at Ilford in Essex.\\nMay 21. TheSociety of British Artists\\nis founded. [1824. First exhibition.]\\nOct. 15. London. The Meteorological\\nSociety first meets.\\nFloral and Horticultural Society, Man-\\nchester, is established.\\nLondon. The Royal Society of Lit-\\nerature is organized. 1826. Chartered.]\\nLondon. The Royal Asiatic Society\\nis organized. [1824. Chartered.]\\nThe Royal Academy of Music is es-\\ntablished. [1828. Dec. 8. First con-\\ncert. 1830. June 23. Chartered.]\\nThe chain pier of Brighton, 1,134 feet\\nlong, 13 wide, is completed.\\nColor-printing with metal plates in\\nbookbinding is employed by Congreve.\\nLondon. The Mechanics Institu-\\ntion is founded.\\nThe liquefaction of gases is discovered\\nby Faraday.\\nSir Francis Ronalds describes his elec-\\ntric telegraph.\\nThe Royal Institution and the Me-\\nchanics Institution are organized at\\nManchester.\\n1824 May 8. Capt. Sir William Ed-\\nward Parry s third polar expedition,\\nwith the Hecla t sails to discover a\\nNorthwest Passage.\\nMay* London. Joseph Shepherd\\nMunden, comedian, makes his last ap-\\npearance.\\nLondon. The National Gallery\\nmakes its first purchase; the British\\nGovernment buys the Angerstein collec-\\ntion of 38 pictures for \u00c2\u00a357,000.\\nPortland cement is first mentioned.\\nA steam-gun is invented by Perkins.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n18S0 Balkle, William B., explorer, born.\\nBanks, Sir Joseph, naturalist, A77.\\nBrown. Thomas, metaphysician, A42.\\nColquhoun, 1 atnck, slat, wr., Scot., A75.\\nDasent, Sir (innj;e Webbe, novelist, born.\\nFaed, John, painter, Scotland, born.\\nGilbert, Mrs. George H., actor, born.\\nGlaisher, .lames, meteorologist, born.\\nGrattan, Henry, orator, states., Ire., A74.\\nHalliwell, .lames irdiard, antiq., phil., b.\\nKent, Duke of, Edward Augustus, father of\\nQueen Victoria, A53.\\nMackenzie, Sir Alexander, Canadian ex-\\nplorer, Scotland, A65.\\nHansel, Henry Longueville, metaphysician,\\ntheologian, born.\\nMilner, Isaac, mathematician, A69.\\nNightingale, Florence, philanthropist, b.\\nOliphant, Marag;tr *t Wilson, novelist, born.\\nPickersgill, Frederick Itichard, painter, b.\\nSant, .James, painter, born.\\nSpencer, Herbert, philosopher, author, b.\\nTyndall, John, physicist, phil., an., born.\\nWatts, George Frederick, painter, born.\\nVizetelly. Henry R., author, publisher, born.\\nWyatt, Matthew Digby, architect, born.\\nYoung, Arthur, traveler, writer on agricul-\\nture and social economy, A79.\\nYule, Henry, geographer, born.\\n1821 Baker, Sir Sam. White, explo., b.\\nBonnycastle, .John, mathematician, d.\\nBrown, Ford Madox, painter, born.\\nBuckle, Henry Thomas, historian, sociolo-\\ngist, born.\\nBurke, Robert O Hara, explorer, Ireland, b.\\nBurton. Sir Richard Francis, traveler,\\norientalist, author, born.\\nCallcott, John Wall, musical composer, A55.\\nCaroline Amelia Elizabeth, queen, wife of\\nGeorge IV., A53.\\nKeats, John, poet, A26.\\nLevi, Leone, writer on commercial law, b.\\nMuspratt, .lames Sheridan, chemist, Ire., b.\\nPaton, Sir Joseph Noel, painter, born.\\nPatterson, Puberl Hogarth, publicist, Scot.,b.\\nPlumptre, Edward Hayes, theol., Scot., b.\\nReach, Angus I-;., journalist, au., Scot., b.\\nRennie, John, architect, Scotland, ABO.\\nRich, Claudius James, traveler, orient., A34.\\nRussell, William Howard, journalist, b.\\nScott, Thomas, clergyman, Bible commenta-\\ntor, Scot., A74.\\nTuchbald, Elizabeth, novelist, A68.\\nVince, Samuel, mathematician, astr., born.\\n1822 Abdy, John Thomas, lawyer, born.\\nAikin, John, physician, author. A75.\\nArnold, Matthew, poet, essayist, au., born.\\nAuchmuty, Sir Samuel, general, A66.\\nBoucicault, Dion, dramatist, actor, Ire., b.\\nCastlereagh, Viscount, Robert Stewart,\\nMarquis of Londonderry, states., Ire., A55.\\nClarke, Edward Daniel, traveler, mineralo-\\ngist, author, A53.\\nCobbe Frances Power, author, Ireland, born.\\nGalton, Francis, scientist, born.\\nGrant, James, novelist, Scotland, born.\\nGoodall, Frederick, painter, born.\\nHerschel, Sir William Francis, astrono-\\nmer, A84.\\nMaine, Sir Henry S., jurist, antiq., au., b.\\nMorley, Henry, author, born.\\nOsborn, Sherard, arctic explorer, admiral,\\nauthor, born.\\nShelley, Percy Bysshe, poet, A30.\\nSowerby, .lames, naturalist, A 65.\\nWallace, Alfred Russell, naturalist, born.\\nWarren, Sir John P.orlase, admiral, A68.\\n1823* Argyll, Duke of, George Douglas\\nCampbell, states., au., Scot., born.\\nArrowsmltn, Aaron, geographer, A73.\\nAsgill, Sir Diaries, general, A61.\\nBaillie, Matthew, phy., anatomist, Scot., A62.\\nBaynes, Thomas Spencer, logician, journal-\\nist, author, born.\\nCairnee, .John Elliott, pol. economist, born.\\nCartwrig-ht, Edmund, poet, inventor\\n(power loom), A80.\\nCoombe, William, satirist, A82.\\nErskine, Lord, Thomas, statesman, A73.\\nFreeman, Edward Augustus, hist., born.\\nHind, John Russell, astronomer, born.\\nHughes, Thomas, author, born.\\nHutton, Charles, mathematician, A86.\\nJenner, Edward, physician, discoverer of\\nvaccination, A74.\\nJervis, John, Earl St. Vincent, adm. A88.\\nKeith, George Keith Elphinstone, adm., A77.\\nKemble, John Philip, actor, A6t\\nMeagher, Thomas Francis, patriot, orator,\\njournalist, Ireland, born.\\nMidler, Friedrich Maximilian, Sanskrit\\nscholar, philologist, born.\\nNollekins, Joseph, sculptor, A86.\\nPatmore, Coventry K. I)., poet, born.\\nRadcliffe, Anne, novelist, A59.\\nRaeburn, Sir Henry, portrait p., Scot., A57.\\nRicardo, David, financier, pol. econ., A51.\\nSiemens, Sir Charles William, inventor, phy-\\nsicist, born.\\nSmith, Goldwm, statesman, author, born.\\nTulloch, .John, theologian, Scotland, born.\\nVaughan, Alfred, poet, critic, born.\\nWarren, Charles, engraver, born.\\nWolfe, Charles, clergyman, poet, Ire., A32.\\nYonge, Charlotte Mary, novelist, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1820 Seol. Tbe Burgers and Anti-\\nburgers in the Scotch Church reunited.\\nThe Protestant Reformation So-\\nciety is organized it employs mission-\\naries and readers.\\n1821 *The Society for the Propaga-\\ntion of the Gospel in Foreign Parts\\nfirst becomes a distinct missionary\\nagency.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0952.jp2"}, "953": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1820, Jan. 7-1824,\\n941\\nThe Bible Christian Foreign Mission-\\nary Society is organized.\\n1823 It. Leo XII. is pope. [1S29.\\nPius VIII.]\\nLondon. The Newfoundland\\nSchool Society is organized for carry-\\ning the gospel to parents and children.\\n1824* /re. The New Connection\\nMethodists take their first steps in\\nt-work.\\nLETTERS.\\nThe Literary and Philosophical So-\\nciety of Leeds is established.\\nLondon. John Bull is issued.\\nThe Retrospective Review is issued.\\nPopular Ignorance, by Foster, appears.\\nLife of John Wesley, by Southey, ap-\\npears. [18S1, A Vision of Judgment.]\\n1820-21 The Ayrshire Legatees, by John\\nGait, appears. [1321, Annals of the Par-\\nish; 1S22, Sir Andrew Wi/he, and The\\nProvost; 1823, The Entail; 1830, Later ie\\nTodd.]\\n1821 London. Bell s Life, a sporting\\npaper, is issued.\\nConfessions of an English Opium-\\nEater, by Thomas Do Quincey, appears.\\n[1S27, Murder Considered as one of the\\nEine Arts.].\\n1821-23 Essays of Etia, by Charles\\nLamb, appears.\\n1822 Wales. St. David s College,\\nLampeter, is founded.\\nThe Hull Literary and Philosophi-\\ncal Society is founded.\\nLondon. The Sunday Times is issued.\\n*The Liberal is issued by Byron, Shel-\\nley, and Leigh Hunt; only four num-\\nbers are published.\\nBride s Tragedy, by T. L. Beddoes,\\nappears.\\n1822-35 Edinburgh. Koctes Ambrn-\\nsianse (in Blackwood s Magazine), by\\nChristopher North (John Wilson), ap-\\npears.\\n1823 Aug. 16. Dublin. The Hiber-\\nnian Academy is founded,\\nLondon. The Royal Society of Lit-\\nerature is founded. [1826. Sept. 13.\\nChartered.] Also the Mechanics In-\\nstitution.\\nA deaf and dumb school is instituted\\nat Manchester.\\nLondon. The Lancet is issued.\\nThe Mechanics Magazine is issued.\\n1823-49 The Mirror is issued.\\n*The valuable library of George HI.\\nis presented to the nation. [1S29. De-\\nposited in the British Museum.]\\nMilton, by Thomas Babington Ma-\\ncaulay, appears.\\n1824* London. The Athenaeum Club\\nis founded.\\nLondon. The Westminster Review is\\nissued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1820 June 7. Henry Grattan and the\\nEarl of Clare engage in a duel.\\nNov. 19. Edinburgh. The acquittal of\\nQueen Caroline causes rioting.\\nScot. The United Secession working\\nmen s insurance is established.\\nThe American seamen s hospital is\\nestablished at Liverpool.\\nIre. The Ribbon Society is orga-\\nnized to retaliate on landlords any inju-\\nries done to their tenants.\\n1S21 Aug. 12. Dublin. George IV.\\npays a visit to Ireland.\\nAug. 14. A riot occurs on the occasion\\nof the removing of Queen Caroline s\\nremains to Brunswick two persons\\nkilled.\\n*The public baths at Exeter are\\nerected.\\nLondon. The Dreadnought (sea-\\nmen s) Hospital is established.\\n1822 Apr. 19. A riot occurs in the\\nWestminster colliery.\\nAug. 22-27- Edinburgh. George IV.\\nmakes a visit.\\nDec. 14. Dublin. A riot occurs at the\\ntheater; it is called the bottle con-\\nspiracy against the Marquis Wellesley,\\nlord-lieutenant.\\nIre. Titles created\\nEarls Listowel, Dunraven, Mont-Earl, and\\nKilmorey are created. [1825, Jlarfjuises of\\nClanncar.le and Ormonde; 1827, Earl Nor-\\nbury; 1831, Viscount of Guillamore, Earl\\nItanfurly, and Baron Talbot de Malahide.j\\nTitles created\\nEarl of Temple of Stowe. [1823, Earl of\\nVane and Viscount of Clancarty 1824,\\nliaron Gilford; lK2(i, Earls of Amherst and\\nCawdor, Marquis of Bristol, Viscount of\\nfcombermere, and Barons De Tabley, Wig-\\nan, SomerluH, and Kanfurly; 1827, Barons\\nPlunket and Tenterden; 1828, Barons Rose-\\nbery, Clanwilliain, and Heytesbury; 1829,\\nBaron WynforU.J\\n1823* Edinburgh. TheBannatyne\\nClub is founded.\\nLiverpool Marine Humane Society is\\nformed.\\nOxford Union Society is established\\nas a debating-club.\\n1824 London. The Royal Society for\\nthe Prevention of Cruelty to Animals\\nis instituted.\\nLondon. Queen Adelaide s lying-in\\nhospital is founded.\\n1820 Jan. 29. King George III. dies\\nat Windsor Castle.\\n1820-30 George IV. reigns.\\nHe is the eldest son of George III.\\nThe Earl of Liverpool continues as\\npremier.\\nFeb. 14. The Cabinet refuses to favor a\\nbill for the divorce of Queen Caroline.\\nApr. 23. Parliament meets. [1826.\\nJune 26. Dissolved.]\\nJune 6. London. Queen Caroline ar-\\nrives from the Continent, and is received\\nwith great popular demonstrations of\\nwelcome. [Aug. 3. She establishes her-\\nself at Brandenburg House.]\\nThe king sends a green bag to each\\nHouse of Parliament, containing papers\\nrespecting the conduct of the queen\\nwhile abroad.\\nJune 8. H. L. A secret committee is\\nappointed to examine charges of in-\\ncontinence against Queen Caroline.\\nJuly 5. H. L. Lord Liverpool intro-\\nduces a bill of Pains and Penalties\\nto dissolve the marriage of Queen Caro-\\nline. [Aug. 17. Her trial begins in the\\nHouse of Lords she is defended by Lord\\nBrougham. Nov. 10. The bill is read a\\nthird time. Vote, 108-99. The majority\\nbeing so small. Lord Liverpool moves the\\nabandonment of the bill, which is agreed\\nto, and the trial ends.\\n1821 Jan. Aust. The Laibach Con-\\ngress meets (p. 521).\\nMay The Bank of England resumes\\nspecie payments.\\nJuly 10. The Privy Council decides\\nagainst the claim of Q,ueen Caroline\\nto be crowned with the king.\\nJuly 19. London. George IV. is\\ncrowned at Westminster Abbey.\\nQueen Caroline goes in state, and pre-\\nsents herself for admission to the cere-\\nmony, but her demand is refused. [Aug.\\n7. She dies. Aug. 14. Tumult at her\\nfuneral.]\\nAug. 1. George IV. sails for Dublin.\\n[Aug. IS. He arrives at Leith, Scotland.]\\nSept. The Duke of York is appointed\\nlord justice to rule while the king is\\nabsent in Hanover.\\nDec. 29. Ire. Marquis Wellesley is\\nappointed lord-lieutenant.\\n1822 Feb. 14. Charles Kendal Eushe\\nis appointed chief justice.\\nSept. George Canning is appointed\\nforeign secretary.\\nRobert Peel is appointed home sec-\\nretary.\\nLondon. William Heygate is elected\\nlord mayor.\\n1S23 Feb. 15. William Huskisson is\\nappointed president of the Board of\\nTrade.\\nMar. Lord Amherst embarks for In-\\ndia as governor-general.\\nS. Afr. Immigrants settle in Natal.\\nThe Earl of Chichester is appointed\\npostmas ter-general.\\nParliament: The window-tax is re-\\nduced.\\nLondon. Robert Waithman is elected\\nlord mayor. [1S25, William Venable\\n1826, Anthony Bowne 1827, Matthias\\nPrime Lucas 182S, William Thompson.]\\n1824 Feb. 4. H. C. It is announced\\nthat, at a convention, England agrees to\\naccept \u00c2\u00a32,500,000 as a compensation for\\nclaims on Austria, amounting to \u00c2\u00a330,-\\n000,000 sterling.\\nIre. The Roman Catholic Associa-\\ntion is organized to agitate the removal\\nof the religious and civil disabilities of\\nRoman Catholics.\\nThe law forbidding the exportation of\\nwool is repealed.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1820 Jan. 7- The Birmingham The-\\nater is burned.\\nAug. 1. The Regent s Canal is finished.\\nIt is nine miles long, beginning at Pad-\\ndington and flowing into the Thames at\\nLimehouse.\\n1821 Jan. 22. London. A great fire\\noccurs at Mile End; loss, \u00c2\u00a3200,000.\\nSteamboats are established between\\nDover and Calais, and London and Leith.\\n1822 Feb. St. John s Market, Liver-\\npool, is opened.\\nNov. 1. Scot. The Caledonian Can? 1,\\nfrom the North Sea to the Atlantic\\nOcean, is opened.\\n*The poor endure great suffering\\nthrough scarcity of food \u00c2\u00a3356,000 is\\ngranted for their relief.\\n1823 Mar. 26. The packet Alert is\\nwrecked 70 persons are drowned.\\nMay 16. The Robert, from Dublin to\\nLiverpool, is wrecked 60 persons are\\ndrowned.\\nLondon. Cabs are introduced.\\nRaw cotton is first imported from", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0953.jp2"}, "954": {"fulltext": "942 1824,**-1828,*\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1825 Feb. *-Dec. Ind. Sir Archi-\\nbald Campbell invades Burma, gains\\nmany victories, captures several towns,\\nand compels the Burmese king to sue\\nfor peace. (See India.)\\n1827 Jan. 22. The Duke of Wel-\\nlington is appointed commander-in-\\nchief. [Apr. 30. He resigns. Aug. 27.\\nReappointed.]\\nOct. 20. Gr. Battle of Navarino.\\nThe Turkish and Egyptian fleets under\\nIbrahim Pasha are nearly destroyed by\\nthe combined fleets of Great Britain,\\nFrance, and Russia. [1828. Oct. The\\nTurks evacuate Greece. 1829. Sept. 19.\\nAcknowledge its independence.]\\n1828 Feb. 25. Lord Hill is appointed\\ncommander-in-chief.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1824 Pins are first manufactured by\\nmachinery under an American patent.\\nThe Observatory is erected at Cam-\\nbridge.\\n1824-80 Windsor Castle is repaired\\nand enlarged.\\n1825 Feb. 16. Capts. Sir John Frank-\\nlin and George Francis Lyon again sail\\nfrom Liverpool on a polar expedition.\\nSept. 27. The Stockton and Darlington\\nrailway, Edward Pease and George\\nStephenson, builders, is opened.\\nJohn Crowther s hydraulic crane is\\npatented.\\nThe Mechanics Institution is opened\\nat Exeter.\\nFaraday discovers benzin in oils.\\nIre. The Mechanics Institute is es-\\ntablished at Belfast.\\nLondon. The Melodists Club is estab-\\nlished.\\nW. A chain suspension bridge is\\nerected at Menai Strait by Thomas Tel-\\nford.\\nLondon. Isambard Kingdom Brunei\\nbegins the first shaft of the Thames\\ntunnel.\\nThe concertina is invented by [Sir]\\nCharles Wheatstone.\\nA planing-machine for iron is\\nconstructed by Joseph Clement.\\nGideon Algernon Mantell discovers\\nthe remains of huge extinct animals at\\nWeald of Kent, Sussex.\\nThe steam-jet is applied by Timo-\\nthy Hackworth.\\nGothic architecture is revived.\\nThe actinometer is invented by Sir\\nJohn Herschel it measures the heating\\npower of the solar rays.\\nLiverpool Theater is opened.\\nMcEnery discovers flint tools and\\nbones of extinct animals in Kent s cave.\\n1826 Scot. The Scotch Academy\\nof Arts is organized.\\nLondon. The Zoological Society is\\nfounded. [1827. Apr. Opened. 1S29.\\nMar. 28. Chartered.]\\n*Fox Talbot observes the orange line\\nof strontium in the spectrum.\\nLieut. Thomas Drummond produces\\nlime-light by the combustion of oxygen\\nand hydrogen on the surface of lime\\n(Drummond light).\\n1827 Apr. The Gloucester and Berke-\\nley canal is completed.\\nMay 27. A patent is given Palliser for\\nchilled metal shot cast in cold iron\\nmolds.\\nJune 22. Capt. Sir William Edward\\nParry again sails from Deptford in the\\nHecta [and reaches a point 435 miles\\nfrom the North Pole. Oct. 6. He re-\\nturns].\\nThe spectrum analysis is worked out\\nby Herschel.\\nWilliam Snow Harris invents the\\nthermoelectrometer.\\nThe first atmospheric engine is in-\\nvented by John Ericsson.\\nDavies Gilbert becomes president of\\nthe Royal Society.\\nPrinting for the blind (by raised\\ncharacters) is commenced.\\n1827-31 London. The new London\\nBridge is built; cost, \u00c2\u00a31,458,000.\\n1828 Jan. 12, 13. A storm sweeps\\nthe coast many vessels are lost, and 13\\ndriven ashore in Plymouth alone.\\nScot. James B. Neilson, of Glasgow,\\npatents his hot-air blast.\\nA musical festival is first held at Man-\\nchester.\\nLondon. Queen s Theater, Totten-\\nham-court Road, is opened.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1824 Bowdich, Thomas Edward, African\\ntraveler, A 34.\\nByron, Lord, George Noel Gordon, poet,\\nA 36.\\nCartwright, .John, major, pol. reformer, A84.\\nCollins, William Wilkie, novelist, born.\\nDobell, Sydney, poet, born.\\nFayrer, Sir Joseph, physician, born.\\nHuggins, William, astronomer, born.\\nJessel, Sir George, jurist, born.\\nKavanagh, .Julia, novelisl, Ireland, born.\\nKnight, Richard Payne, author, A74.\\nLeinpriere, John, scholar, author, A64.\\nMacDonald, George, novelist, Scot., born.\\nTurner, Francis l alurave, art critic, horn.\\nThomson, Sir William, physicist, math., b.\\n1825 Bates, Henry, Walter, naturalist, b.\\nBarnard, Lady Anne, poet, Scotland, A75.\\nBell, John, surgeon, anatomist, physiologist,\\nScotland, A62.\\nBogue, David, clergyman, founder of Lon-\\ndon Missionary Society, A75.\\nBoyd, Andrew K. II., essayist, Scotland, b.\\nChalmers, (leorge, hist., lung., Scot., A83.\\nDavidson. George, astronomer, born.\\nKlmsley, Peter, classical scholar, critic, A52.\\nFrankland, Edward, chemist, born.\\nHuxley, Thomas Henry, nat., phil., au., b.\\nKeary, Annie, novelist, born.\\nMcGee, Tlios. D Arcy, journalist, Ire., born.\\nOuseley, Sir Frederick, cl., musician, born.\\nParr, Samuel, clergyman, writer, A78.\\nProcter, Adelaide Anne, poet, born.\\nRees, Abraham, cyclopedist, A82.\\nTait, Peter Guthrie, mathematician, born.\\nWoolner, Thomas, sculptor, poet, born.\\n1826 Adams, Andrew Keith, naturalist, b.\\nBagehot, Walter, journalist, author, born.\\nP.nckland, Frank Trevelyan, naturalist, b.\\nClark, Sir Andrew, physician, born.\\nCraik, Mrs., Dinah Maria Muloek, nov., b.\\nDerby, Earl of, Edward Henry Stanley,\\nstatesman, born.\\nDoyle, Richard, caricaturist, born.\\nDufferin, Earl of, Frederick T. Black-\\nwood, statesman, born.\\nField, Thomas, painter, born.\\nFlaxman, John, sculptor, A71.\\nGifford, William, poet, dramatist, editor,\\nauthor, A66.\\nGrant, Sir Alexander, scholar, educator,\\nScotland, born.\\nHastings, Marquis of, Francis Kawdon, gen-\\neral, governor general, A72.\\nHeber, Reginald, bishop of Calcutta, poet,\\nauthor, A43.\\nKelly, Michael, composer, singer, Ire., A64.\\nKimberley, Earl of, John Wodehouse,\\nstatesman, born.\\nLaing. Alex. Gordon, Afr. trav., Scot., A33.\\nNichols, John, printer, pub., eel., antio., A81.\\nI algrave, William Gifford, author, trav., b.\\nRaffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, traveler,\\nstatesman, historian, A45.\\n1827* Blake, William, poet, painter, A70.\\nBradley, Edward, novelist, born.\\nCanning, George, states., orator, poet, A57.\\nClapperton, Hugh, Afr. traveler, Scot., A3!\\nConstable, Archibald, puhlisher, Scot., A53.\\nCox, George W., clergyman, author, born.\\nEimnett, Thomas Addis, politician, Ire., A63.\\nFane, Julian C. 11., poet, born.\\nFrederick, Duke of York and Albany, son\\nof George III., A64.\\nGood, John Mason, physician, Hebraist,\\nlitterateur, A 63.\\nGrant, Janus Augustus, traveler, Scot., b.\\nHarcourt, Sir William George GranviHe\\nVernon, statesman, born.\\nHunt, William Holman, painter, born.\\nLawrence, George Alfred, novelist, born.\\nLister, Sir Joseph, physician, born.\\nMitford, William, historian, pbiologist, A83.\\nMivart, Saint George, nat., phil., au., b.\\n1 inkerton, John, archenkigist, numismatist,\\nhistorian, geographer, Scotland, A69.\\nPollok, Robert, poet, Scotland, A29.\\nRichmond, I.egh. clergyman, author, A55.\\nRobinson, i ieorge Frederick Samuel, Marquis\\nof Ripon, statesman, born.\\nRowlandson. Thomas, caricaturist, A7I.\\nSala, Geo. Aug.. journalist, novelist, au., b.\\nSalt, Henry, antiquary, A42.\\nSpeke, Capt. John H., Afr. traveler, born.\\nWood, John George, naturalist, born.\\nL828* Allmgliam, William, poet, Ire.,b.\\nBewick, Thomas, artist, wood-engraver, A75.\\nCongreve, Sir William, military engineer,\\ninventor, A56.\\nCos way, Richard, painter, A88.\\nCoxe, William, archdeacon, historian, A81.\\nHansard, Luke, parliamentary printer, A76.\\nLiverpool, Earl of, Robert Banks Jenkinson,\\nstatesman, A58.\\nMassey, Gerald, poet, born.\\nMeredith, George, novelist, born.\\nRichardson, lienj. W., physiologist, born.\\nRoesetti, Dante Gabriel, poet, painter, b.\\nSanderson, J. S. Bunion, physiologist, born.\\nSawyer, William Kingston, poet, author, b.\\nSmith, Sir James Edward, liotanitt, natural-\\nist, A 69.\\nStewart, Balfour, physicist, born.\\nWollaston, William Hyde, physicist, A62.\\nCHURCH.\\n1825 Bishops elected\\nThomas Burgess for Salisbury. [1827,\\nCharles Richard Sumner for Winchester\\n1830, Christopher Bethell for Exeter later,\\ntranslated to Bangor, and is succeeded by\\nHenry Fhillpoits James Henry Monk for\\nGloucester and Bristol; IH. ll. Robert James\\nCarr for Worcester; 1HU7, Edmund Denison\\nfor Salisbury 183^1, George Davys for Peter-\\nborough; is 41, Henry I epys for Worcester;\\n1845, John Medley for Frederioton, N. II.]\\nScot. The Presbyterian Church of\\nScotland appoints its first foreign Mis-\\nsionary Committee.\\nScot. A society of young men is or-\\nganized in Glasgow [Young Men s\\nChristian Association].\\n1827 London. The Protestant So-\\nciety is established.\\n1828 May 9. Corporation and Test\\nActs repealed. (See State.)\\n1824 A translation of Goethe s Wil-\\nhelm Meister, by Thomas Carlyle, ap-\\npears.\\n1824-28 History of the Commonwealth,\\nby William Godwin, appears.\\n1824-29 Imaginary Conversations, by\\nLandor, appears.\\n1824-32 Our Village, by Mary Russell\\nMitford, appears. [1828. Ulenzi.]\\n1825 A professorship of political\\neconomy is established at Oxford by\\nHenry Drummond.\\nThe Western Literary Institution\\nand the Eastern Literary Institution\\nare founded.\\nScot. Principles of Political Econ-\\nomy, by John Ramsay M Culloeh, ap-\\npears.\\nScot. The Betrothed and The Talis-\\nman, by Scott, appear. [1820. Woodstock;\\n1827, the Two Drovers, The Highland\\nWidow, The Surneoifs lkuu}hter, and\\nLife of Xapofeoii. 1827-30, Tales of a\\nGrandfather; 1S28, The Fair Maid of\\nPerth] 1829, Anne of (leierstein; 1829-30,\\nHistory of Scotland; 1S30, Letters on\\nDemonology 1831, Count Robert of\\nParis and Castle Langerotis.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0954.jp2"}, "955": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1824,**-1828,** 943\\nWilliam Tell, by James Sheridan\\nKnowles, appears.\\nAids to Reflection, by Coleridge, ap-\\npears.\\n1825-44 Essays, by Macaulay, appear.\\n1826 Feb. 11. London. The London\\nUniversity is chartered. [1828.\\nOpened.]\\nLondon. Highbury College is\\nfounded.\\nEdinburgh. The North British Ad-\\nvertiser is issued.\\nLondon. The Atlas is issued.\\nPoems by Two Brothers, by Charles\\nand Alfred Tennyson, appears.\\nElements of Logic, by Whately, ap-\\npears. [1S28. Elements of Rhetoric]\\nWhims and Oddities, by Thomas Hood,\\nappears.\\nPoems, by Elizabeth Barrett [Brown-\\ning], appears.\\n1827 Feb. 23. Edinburgh. Sir Wal-\\nter Scott acknowledges the authorship\\nof the Waverley novels.\\nLondon. The Society for the Pro-\\nmotion and Diffusion of Knowledge\\nis founded.\\nThe Incorporated Law Society is\\nfounded.\\nLondon. The Standard is issued also\\nthe Medical Gazette.\\n1827-46 London. The Foreign Quar-\\nterly Review is issued.\\nVivian Grey, by Benjamin Disraeli\\n[Earl of Beacons-field], appears.\\nThe Christian Year, by Keble, ap-\\npears.\\nScot. Minstrelsy, Ancient and Mod-\\nern, by William Motherwell, appears.\\n[1832. Poems Narrative and Lyrical.]\\nSalathiel, by George Croly, appears.\\nChemical Manipulation, by Michael\\nFaraday, appears.\\nScot. Course of Time, by Robert Pol-\\nlok, appears.\\n1828 A political economy professor-\\nship is established at Cambridge.\\nLondon. The Court Journal is issued\\nalso the Athenaeum, the Spectator, the\\nRecord, the Medical Times, and the Po-\\nlice Gazette.\\nThe Ashmolean Society, Oxford, is\\nfounded.\\n1828-46 London. The Foreign Quar-\\nterly Review is issued.\\nIre. The Collegians, by Gerald Griffin,\\nappears.\\nPelham, by Sir Edward George Earle\\nLytton Bulwer-Lytt\\n1826 Apr. 23-30. In Lancashi\\npower-looms are destroyed by dis-\\ntressed operatives.\\nAug. 4. London. The last stocks for\\ncriminals are removed from St. Clement\\nDanes Strand.\\nOct. Lotteries are abolished. [Oct. 18.\\nThe last one is drawn.]\\nIre. A total abstinence society is\\norganized in Skibbereen, County Cork,\\nby Jeffery Sedwards, a nailer.\\n1827 June Benefit of clergy is to-\\ntally abolished.\\nAn Act is passed directing the court to\\nenter a plea of not guilty when the\\nprisoner will not plead.\\nLondon. The British Orphan Asy-\\n1,000 Sept. 8. The Goderich Administration\\ndis- is formed.\\nViscount Goderich, Earl of Kipon (lord\\ntreasurer), the Duke of Portland (president\\ncouncil). Lord Lyndhurst (lord chancellor),\\nthe Earl of Carlisle (privy seal), Viscount.\\nDudley, Mr. Huskisson, and the Marquis of\\nLansdowne (foreign, colonial, and home sec-\\nretaries), Lord Palmerston (secretary of\\nwar), C. W. w. Wvnn (president of the India\\nboard), Charles Grant [Lord Glenelg] (board\\nof trade), J. C. Hemes (chancellor excheq-\\nuer), Mr. Tienioy i master of the mint), and\\nJohn Singleton Copley, Lord Lyndhurst,\\n(lord chancellor).\\nNov. 5. Ire. Sir Anthony Hart is ap-\\npointed lord chancellor.\\n1828 Jan. 8. Lord Goderich resigns\\nhis office.\\nlum, Clapham-rise, is established. Also Jan. 25. The Wellington Administra-\\none at Wanstead.\\nLondon. A society for artists wid-\\nows is formed.\\n1828 Oct. 9. Ire.\\nBallybay.\\nDec. 27. Rowland Stephenst\\nsconds, defaulting \u00c2\u00a3200,000.\\nLondon. The Free Royal Hospital,\\nGray s Inn Lane, is founded.\\nriot occurs at/\\nM.P.,ab-\\n1824 E.I. The Straits Settlements,\\nincluding Malacca, Penang (Prince of\\nWales Island), and Singapore, are ac-\\nquired.\\n1825 Apr. H. C. A bill to repeal the May 9. Parliament repeals the Corpo-\\ntion is formed.\\nThe. Duke of Wellington (lord treasurer),\\nLord Lyndhurst (lord chancellor) Henry\\nGonldburn (rliaiK^llor exchequer), E arl\\nBathurst (president of council), Lord El-\\nlenborough (privy seal). Sir Iiobert Peel,\\nEarl Dudley, and William Huskisson (home,\\nforeign, and colonial secretaries). Viscount\\nMelville (board of control), Charles Grant\\n(board of trade). Lord I uhnerston (secretary\\nof war), J. C. Herries (master of the mint),\\nEarl of Aberdeen (Duchy of Lancaster).\\nFeb. 26. H. C. The Corporation and\\nTest Acts are repealed on the motion of\\nLord John Russell. Vote, 237-193.\\nMar. 1. Ire. Henry, Marquis of An-\\nglesey, is appointed lord-lieutenant.\\ndisabilities of Catholics, to enact\\nstate provision for the Roman Catholic\\nChurch, and to raise the qualification of\\nthe Irish franchise from 40 shillings to\\n\u00c2\u00a310 is passed. [It is rejected by the\\nLords.]\\nE. I. Assam is acquired.\\nLondon. The Bank of England sud-\\ndenly diminishes its circulation to the\\nextent of \u00c2\u00a33,500,000. [Dec. The exer-\\ntions of the bank and mint save the\\ncredit of the country.]\\n1826 Jan. 1. The currency of Eng-\\nland and Ireland is made uniform.\\nFeb. 24. E. I. A jtreaty of peace\\nconcluded\\nan immense territory, and agree to pay\\n\u00c2\u00a31,000,000 towards the expenses of the\\nwar.\\nration and Test Acts, and substitutes\\nfor the Sacramental Test these words\\nin the declaration on the true faith of\\na Christian. Dissenters become eli-\\ngible for office.\\nMay -June The Ministry is recon-\\nstructed on the retirement of the Earl\\nof Dudley, Lord Palmerston, Mr. Grant,\\nMr. Huskisson.\\nJuly 5. Ire. Daniel O Connellis\\nelected to Parliament from Clare he is\\nthe first Roman Catholic Co\\nelected since the Revolution\\nJuly 30. Reelected\\nr^^^^Jirl^^o\u00c2\u00ae Jul 7 15 Parliament: The Act called\\nthe sliding scale is adopted; it\\nmodifies the restrictions on the importa-\\ntion of breadstuff s.\\nTiif Disowned and Devereux 1880. Paul\\nClifford; 1S3 2, Eugene Aram; 1833, Go-\\ndolphin; 1834, Last Bays of Pompeii,\\n1S37, Ernest Maltravers and Alice, or\\nthe Mysteries; 183S, The Lady of Lyons,\\nRichelieu, and Leila.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1824-29 The death penalty is abol-\\nished in a great number of cases.\\nWeekly wages of laborer, seven shil-\\nlings and sevenpence.\\nThe British Code of Duel is pub-\\nlished. It is approved by the Duke of\\nWellington and others.\\n*A Steam-engine Maker s (trades\\nunion) Society is established.\\nA new House of Industry is erected at\\nLiverpool.\\n1825 Jan. 20. The British and Foreign\\nTemperance Society is formed.\\nThe combination laws against trades\\nunions are repealed.\\nNorfolk Island in the Pacific Ocean ia\\nreoccupied as a penal settlement.\\nNov. 13. Convention with the United\\nStates for indemnities (p. 135).\\nNov. 14. Parliament meets. [1830.\\nJuly 24. Dissolved.]\\nJoint-stock banks are legalized this _\\nbreaks the monopoly of the Bank of kept, la.\\nEngland.\\nLord Frederick Montague is ap-\\npointed postmaster.\\n1827 Jan. 5. Frederick, Duke of York,\\nson of George III., dies.\\nApr. 24-30. The Ca nnin g Adminis-\\ntration is formed.\\nJuly The sinking-fund is li)\\none-fourth of the actual surplus\\nJuly* E.I. Lord William B\\nis governor-general.\\nunt Melville\\nfirst lord of the admiralty.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\nGeorge Canning (lord treasurer and chan-\\ncellor exchequer), Karl of Harrow by (presi-\\ndent council), I uke of Portland (privy seal),\\nViscount Dudley, Viscount Goderich, and\\n1825 Aug. 16. Capt. Johnson sails in\\nthe Enterprise from Falmouth on the\\nfirst steam voyage to India. [Re-\\nwarded with \u00c2\u00a310,000.]\\nc Dublin is lighted with gas.\\n_ Bourne (foreign, colonial, and home 1825-26 Through bubble companies,\\nsecretaries), C.W. W. Wynn (president India 770 banks suspend,\\nboard), William Huskisson (board of trade),\\nLord Palmerston (secretary of war), Lord 1826* Joint-stock banks are estab-\\nBexley {chancellor of the Duchy of Lancas- lished.\\nter),Dukeof Clarence (lord high admiral), Tfvnf1n7} 0+ -R- aT rip\\nLord Lyndhurst dord -hau -ellon. Marquis ib iV M^ J Londxm. t. Aatne-\\nof Landsdowne, without oilier (afterwards rine s docks are begun,\\nhome secretary], Earl of Carlisle (woods and ig28 Feb. 29. At a launch of a ves-\\nforests). se i at Manchester which keeled and up-\\nJuly 6. Great Britain, France, and Rus-\\nsia enter an alliance against Turkey\\nbecause of its treatment of Greece (p.\\n726).\\nAug. 8. George Canning dies.\\nset, 200 persons are precipitated into the\\nriver 51 are drowned.\\nLondon. The wall of Brunswick\\nTheater falls during a rehearsal 12\\npersons are killed.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0955.jp2"}, "956": {"fulltext": "944 1828, *-1832, May 7.\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1828-45 Ire. Lord Rosse erects a great\\ntelescope at Parsonstown cost, \u00c2\u00a320,000.\\n1829 Oct. 5. London. Fanny Kem-\\nble makes lier first appearance.\\nThe locomotive Rocket travels 25 to\\n35 miles per hour.\\nLondon. Trafalgar Square is begun.\\nLondon. The new post-office is com-\\npleted.\\nA new concert-room is established at\\nManchester.\\nSept. 15. The Liverpool and Man-\\nchester Railroad is opened, [it marks\\nthe real beginning of the modern era of\\nrailways.]\\nSept. The Clarence Dock, Liverpool,\\nis completed.\\nWardian cases are devised, by N. B.\\nWard, for growing small plants.\\nPattinson s process for obtaining sil-\\nver from lead ore is introduced.\\nJohn Braithwaite constructs a steam\\nfire-engine.\\nSir Martin A. Shee becomes president\\nof the Royal Academy later, the Duke\\nof Sussex.\\nLondon. The Royal Geographical\\nSociety is organized. [The African As-\\nsociation unites with it.]\\nLondon. The Garrick Theater is\\nopened.\\n1831 Feb. 15. Win. Payne s pocket\\npedometer is patented.\\nJune 1. The magnetic north pole is\\ndiscovered by Commander James Clark\\nRoss. He locates it in 70\u00c2\u00b0 5 17 north\\nlatitude, and 96\u00c2\u00b0 46 45 west longitude.\\nJune 3. The Norwich canal and harbor\\nare opened.\\nJuly 31. London. London Bridge ia\\ncompleted after eight years of labor.\\n[Aug. It is opened by the king.]\\nJuly Scot. The Edinburgh and Dal-\\nkeith railway is opened.\\nAug. 4. Ire. A waterspout near Kil-\\nlarney destroys property and 17 lives.\\nSept. 27. The British Association for\\nthe Advancement of Science holds\\nits first meeting and organizes at York.\\n[1832, 2d at Oxford 1833, 3d at Cam-\\nbridge.]\\nFaraday discovers that an electro-\\nmagnetic rotative force is developed\\nin a magnet by voltaic electricity. He\\ndiscovers the induction of electric cur-\\nrents.\\nJohn Constable paints Yarmouth Pier.\\nLondon. A statue of William Pitt\\nis erected in Hanover Square.\\nThe Surrey Zoological Gardens are\\nestablished by Mr. Edward Cross.\\nLondon. The violinist Paganini ap-\\npears.\\nSir William Snow Harris invents vari-\\nous forms of the compass.\\nLondon. The statue of Maj, John\\nCartwright is erected at Burton Cres-\\ncent. Also one of George Canning in\\nNew Palace Yard, Westminster.\\nLondon. The Strand Theater is first\\nopened.\\nk London. The Harveian Society is or-\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1829* Ampth ill, Lord, Odo Russell, dipl.,b.\\nBelBham, Thomas, Viiitanan cl., au., A79.\\nCallanan, James Joseph, poet, A34.\\nDavy, Sir Humphry,, chemist, natural phi-\\nlosopher, A51.\\nDuff,Mo!intstuartElphinstone Grant, states-\\nForbes, Charles S., commander, author, b.\\nGardiner, Samuel Jtau son, historian, born.\\nLong, Edwin, painter, born.\\nJMawe, John, mineralogist, A 83.\\nMillais, John Everett, painter, born.\\nNares, Robert, critic, theologian, A76.\\nOliphant, Lawrence, traveler, author, born.\\nPhillips, Watts, dramatist, born.\\nRobertson, Thomas William, dramatist, b.\\nRossetti, William Michael, poet, writer, b.\\nSclater, Philip L., ornithologist, born.\\nScoresby, William, arctic explorer, A69.\\nYoung, Thomas, physicist, author, A56.\\n1830* Harry, Edward M., architect, born.\\nBurke, Thomas N., R. C. clergyman, orator,\\nIreland, born.\\nCalderwood, Henry, philosopher, Scot., b.\\nChenevix, Richard, wider, Ireland, A5t\\nHazlitt, William, essayist, critic, au., A52.\\nHoey, Frances Sarah Cashed, novelist, Ire., b.\\nIngelow, Jean, poet, born.\\nJohnson, Sir John, general, A88.\\nLawrence, Sir Thomas, painter, A61.\\nLeigliton, Sir Frederick, painter, born.\\nMcCarthy, Justin, journalist, novelist, his-\\ntorian, statesman, Ireland, born.\\nPalliser, Sir William, soldier, inventor, bom.\\nPeel, Sir Robert, cotton manuf., pol., A8D.\\nRennell, James, major, geog., traveler, A88.\\nRossetti, Christina (.ieorgiiia, poet, born.\\nSalisbury, Marquis, Robert Arthur Talbot\\nGascoigne Cecil, statesman, born.\\nSmith, Alexander, poet, Scotland, born.\\nVeitch, John, philosopher, Scotland, born.\\nWright, William, orientalist, born.\\n1831 Abernethy, John, physician, author,\\nIreland, A67.\\nBarr, Matthias, poet. Scotland, born.\\nliulwer-Lytton, Edward Robert Lytton,Earl\\nLytton, poet, novelist, diplomatist, born.\\nEdwards, Amelia l dandt ord, novelist, born.\\nFarrar, Frederick William, archdeacon of\\nWestminster, author, born.\\nGoschen, George Joachim, statesman, b.\\nHall, Robert, clergyman, orator, au., A67.\\nHope, Thomas, author, AGI.\\nJeanreson, John Cordy, novelist, born.\\nMackenzie, Henry, novelist, Scotland, A86.\\nMagee, William, archbishop of Dublin, A66.\\nMaxwell, James Clerk, physicist, born.\\nNorthcote, James, lust, portrait painter, A85.\\nOliphant, Thomas L. W., hist., essayist, b.\\nPond, John, astronomer, A64.\\nSiddons, Sarah, actor, A76.\\nWraxall, Sir Nathaniel W., trav., hist., A80.\\nYates, Edmund Hodgson, novelist, horn.\\nCHURCH.\\n1828 William Howley is chosen arch-\\nbishop of Canterbury.\\n1829 Apr. 13. Roman Catholic Belief\\nBill passed. (See State.)\\nOct. Scot. Dr. Alexander Duff, the\\nfirst missionary of the Church of Scot-\\nland, sails for India, and is wrecked\\ntwice on the voyage.\\nIre. The Congregational Union is\\norganized.\\nThe Jesuits are expelled from Eng-\\nland by the Roman Catholic Act. The\\nestablishing of convents and other reli-\\ngious communities is forbidden. [Law\\nnot enforced.]\\n1830 Scot. Thomas Guthrie is or-\\ndained pastor at Arbirlot.\\nThe Brethren first appear at Plym-\\nouth they object to the latitudinarian-\\nism of the Established Church and the\\nsectarianism of Dissenters.\\n1831 Nov. 30. Ire. The French frigate\\nHebe lands at Cork 04 English and Irish\\nTrappist monks who were expelled\\nfrom France.\\nDec. 9. The Protestant Conservative\\nSociety is established.\\nThe Congregational Union of Eng-\\nland and Wales is organized,\\nThe Trinitarian Bible Society is or-\\nganized.\\nIre. Dr. Richard Whately becomes\\narchbishop of Dublin.\\n1832 Feb. 6. London. A general fast\\nis observed because of the cholera.\\nLETTERS.\\n1828-40 History of the War in the Pe-\\nninsula, by Sir William Francis Patrick\\nNapier, appears.\\n1828-43 Scot. History of Scotland, by\\nPatrick Eraser Tytler, appears.\\n1829 Apr. Bridgewater Treatises.\\nBy the will of Rev. Francis, Earl of\\nBridgewater, \u00c2\u00a38,000 is appropriated to\\npay eight persons, to be appointed by the\\npresident of the Royal Society, who shall\\neach write an essay on the power, wis-\\ndom, and goodness of God as seen in the\\ncreation. [1833-36. Published.]\\nAug. 14. London. King s College is\\nincorporated. [1831. Oct. 8. Opened.]\\n1829-51 London. The Westminster lie-\\nview is united with the London Beview.\\n*Tlie United Service Journal is issued.\\nFran k Mildmay, or Adventures of a\\nNaval Officer, by Capt. Frederick Mar-\\nryat, appears. [1830. The King s Own.]\\nRichelieu, by George Payne Rainsford\\nJames, appears. [1831. Philip Augus-\\ntus.}\\nTimbuctoo, by [Lord] Alfred Tennyson,\\nappears. [1S30, Poems; 1832, The Lotas\\nEaters, and other poems.]\\n1830* Bagged schools, free schools\\nfor outcast destitute ragged children,\\nare set up in several of the large towns.\\nThe instruction is based upon the Scrip-\\ntures, and most of the teachers are un-\\npaid.\\nLondon. Eraser s Magazine is issued.\\nLife of Byron, by Moore, appears.\\nSongs of the Affections, by Mrs. He-\\nmans, appeais. [1S34. National Lyrics.]\\nHistory of the Jeios, by Henry Hart\\nMilman, appears.\\nTom Cringle s Loo, by Michael Scott,\\nappears. [1834. The Cruise of the Midge.]\\n1830-31 Diary of a Physician, by Saml.\\nWarren, appears. [1839-40. Ten Thou-\\nsand a Year.]\\n1831* Dublin. The Irish National\\nSchool system is arranged by Arch-\\nbishops Whately and Murray to accom-\\nmodate both Protestants and Catholics.\\nThe Metropolitan Magazine is issued.\\nAlfred the Great, by James Sheridan\\nKnowles, appears. [1832, The Hunch-\\nback; 1833, The Wife: 1834. Tlie Beqgar\\nof Bethnal Green; 1837, Lore s Cliase;\\n1839, Love 1840, John of Procida.]\\nIllustrations of Political Economy, by\\nHarriet Martiiieau, appears.\\nCorn-Law Rhymes, by Ebenezer Elli-\\nott, appears.\\n1832 Apr. 1. London. The Penny Mag-\\nazine is first issued. [1845. Ceases.]\\n1828 A law is passed permitting pub-\\nlic houses to be opened on Sundays\\nfrom 10 o clock till 3, and from 5 till\\n11 P.M.\\n1829 Jan. 28. Edinburgh. Burkethe\\nmurderer is executed for suffocating\\nmany persons, and selling their bodies\\nfor dissection.\\nSept. 29. London. The old watch is\\ndiscontinued, and a new police is ap-\\npointed for duty night and day.\\n*The British Penitent Female Refuge\\nat Cambridge Heath, Hackney, is estab-\\nlished.\\nBurglary is made a capital offense.\\nDec. Dublin. A society for planting\\ncommunities of the poorer Protestants\\non tracts of land, particularly in the\\nnorthern counties of Ireland, is estab-\\nlished.\\nThe King s Bounty, an annual grant\\nof \u00c2\u00a31,000 for the Maundy royals alms\\ndistributed by the lord high almoner, is\\ndiscontinued.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0956.jp2"}, "957": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1828, *-1832, May 7. 945\\n1830 June 3. W. Rioting occurs\\namong the iron-workers at Merthyr\\nTydvil several, tired upon by the mili-\\ntary, killed and wounded.\\nJune 15. Ire. Rioters at Limerick,\\nplunder the provision houses, and do\\nother mischief.\\nSept. 21. Scot. The Dunfermline As-\\nsociation for the promotion of temper-\\nance by the relinquishment of all intox-\\nicating liquors is organized.\\nLondon. The Bank of England loses\\n\u00c2\u00a3360,000 by Fauntleroy s forgeries.\\nRiotous demonstrations against la-\\nbor-saving machinery occur in the south-\\nern agricultural counties.\\nLondon betting-houses are sup-\\npressed.\\n1830-56 Ire. Father Mathew admin-\\nisters the total abstinence pledge to\\nover 2,000,000 people.\\n1831 May 23. Ire. Thirteen persons\\nare killed and many wounded in a riot-\\nous conflict between the police and\\npeasantry at a fair on Castle-pollard.\\nJune 18. Ire. A conflict occurs be-\\ntween the yeomanry and the people at a\\nseizure of stock for tithes at Newtown-\\nBarry 35 persons are killed.\\nJune 29. London. The London Tem-\\nperance Society holds its first meeting\\nin Exeter Hall.\\nOct. 10. Nottingham Castle is burned\\nby rioters during the reform excite-\\nment.\\nOct. 29-31. A riot breaks out in Bris-\\ntol on the entrance of the recorder, Sir\\nCharles Wetlierell. Prisoners are libe-\\nrated, and the mansion house, the bish-\\nop s palace, several merchants stores,\\nsome of the prisons, nearly 100 houses\\nburned, and above 500 persons are killed\\nby the military, or perish.\\nDec. 14. Ire. The people resist the po-\\nlice in Castleshock, County Kilkenny,\\nkilling several of them.\\n*The truck system of paying work-\\nmen s wages in goods sold in tommy\\nshops, instead of money, is prohibited.\\n*The Jews Orphan Asylum, New\\nCharing Cross Hospital, and the Royal\\nUnited Service Institution are estab-\\nlished a Central Board of Health is\\nformed.\\nTitles created\\nEarls of Liclmeld, Munster, ami Camper-\\ndown, Marquis of AUsa, and the Barons\\nTemplemore, Ohaworth, Fingall, Cloncurry,\\nDunmore, Sefton, Kenlis, l oltimore, Mostyn,\\nClements, Kilmarnock, and l)e suumarez.\\n[1833, Earl of Granville, Karl of Durham,\\nViscount, of Canterbury; 1834, Baron Den-\\nman; 1835, Barons Worlingham, Hatherton,\\nAbinger,and Ashburton; 1837, Barons Lovat\\nand Bateman, Earls of Leicester, Innes,\\nYarborougli, Kiriiudiain, and Ducie; 1838, the\\nEarl of Lovelace, Marquis of Normanby,\\nand Barons Carew, Wrottesley, Methuen, De\\nMauley, Sudeley, Kintore, itossmore, and\\nLismore; 1839, Barons Keane, Wenlock,\\nSeaton, Lurgan, Stanley, of Alderley and\\nLeigh.]\\n1832 Mar. 24. An Act is passed direct-\\ning that tobacco grown in Ireland be\\npurchased in order that it may be de-\\nstroyed.\\nSTATE.\\n1828 Parliament A general licens-\\ning Act is passed. Also an Act for build-\\ning and enlarging churches.\\n1829 Mar. 5. H. C. Sir Robert Peel\\nintroduces the Catholic Emancipa-\\ntion Bill.\\nIt proposes to admit Catholics to Par-\\nliament and all offices of state except\\nthose of regent, lord chancellor of\\nEngland, and lord chancellor and vice-\\nroy of Ireland. [Mar. 29. Passed. Apr.\\n10, Passed by Lords. Apr. 13. Receives\\nroyal assent.]\\nMar. 6. Ire. Henry, Duke of North-\\numberland, is appointed lord-lieuten-\\nant.\\nApr. 28. H. L. The Duke of Norfolk\\nand Lords Dormer and Clifford are the\\nfirst Roman Catholic peers to take their\\nseats.\\nMay 4. H. C. The first English Roman\\nCatholic member returned si nee the Ref-\\normation takes his seat. [Aug. Dan-\\niel O Connell, an Irish Roman Catholic\\nmember, takes his seat.]\\nJune lS-Sept. 29. London. The new\\nmetropolitan police force is organized.\\nDec. 7. E. I. Suttee, or the burning\\nof widows, is abolished.\\nJV. Australia. A settlement is made\\nat Swan River by colonists.\\n1830 Jan. 6. Ire. The customs are\\nconsolidated.\\nApr. 5. Parliament: A hill to remove\\nthe civil disabilities of the Jews is in-\\ntroduced. [May 16. Disapproved.\\nVote, 18S-165.]\\n[Lord] Thomas Babington Macaulay\\nenters Parliament.\\nJune 26. George IV. dies.\\n1830-37 William TV. reigns.\\nHe is a brother of George IV., and son\\nof George IIL [1831. Sept. 8. Crowned.]\\nAn administration is formed with the\\nDuke of Wellington as premier.\\nOct. 18. Ire. The lord-lieutenant issues\\na proclamation prohibiting meetings of\\nthe Anti-Union Society.\\nOct. 26. Parliament meets. [1831. Apr.\\n22. Dissolved.]\\nNov. 2. The Duke of Wellington de-\\nclares himself opposed to reform in Par-\\nliament. [Nov. 16. He resigns.]\\nNov. 22. A new administration is\\nformed.\\nEarl Grey as premier. Marquis of Lans-\\ndowne (prt siih-Mit council), Lord Brougham\\n(lord chancellor), Viscount Althorp (chan-\\ncellor exchequer), Earl of Durham {privy\\nseal), Visi uunls Melbourne, Palmerston,and\\nGoderich (secretaries home department, for-\\neign affairs, and colonies), Lord John Rus-\\nsell (pay!u:ist.i*r-general), and Sir James R.\\nG. Graham (lord of the admiralty).\\nDec. 23. Ire. William, Baron Plun-\\nkett, is appointed lord high chancellor.\\nHenry, Marquis of Anglesey, is ap-\\npointed lord-lieutenant.\\nParliament: Regency Bill is\\npassed.\\nIt provides for the administration of\\nthe Government, should the Crown de-\\nscend to the princess Victoria while un-\\nder 18 years of age.\\nCharles, Duke of Richmond, is ap-\\npointed postmaster.\\nA poll-tax is first levied.\\nThe mails are first conveyed by rail-\\nway.\\n1831 Feb. The Political Union is\\nformed at Birmingham by T. Attwood.\\nMar. 1. H. C. Lord John Russell in-\\ntroduces a bill for parliamentary re-\\nform. [Apr. 18. It is defeated. Vote,\\n291-299.]\\nJune 14. Parliament meets. [1832.\\nDec. 3. Dissolved.]\\nJune 24. H. C. Lord John Russell\\nagain introduces his Reform Bill.\\n[Sept. 22. Passed. Dec. 8. H. L. Re-\\njected. Dec. 12. H. C. Reintroduced.\\n1832. Mar. 19. Passed. June 4. Passes\\nLords. Vote, 106-22. June 7. Royal\\nIt disfranchises 56 boroughs having\\nless than 2,000 population, and deprives\\n30 others of one member each. Of the\\n143 seats gained, 65 were given to the\\ncounties; 22 of the large towns receive\\ntwo members each, and 21 others one\\neach. A uniform \u00c2\u00a310 household fran-\\nchise is established.\\nManchester is made a parliamentary\\nborough with two members by the Re-\\nform Act. Birmingham, .Sheffield, and\\nLeeds also are made boroughs.\\nParliament: The offices nf post-\\nmaster-general of England and Ireland\\nare united in one person.\\nParliament: Wine duties of 2 shil-\\nlings 9 pence per gallon on Cape wine\\nand 5 shillings 6 pence on all other wines\\nare levied.\\nParliament: All restrictions upon\\nthe number of hackney-coaches are\\nremoved.\\nLondon. Sir John Kev is elected lord\\nmayor. [1S32, Sir Peter Laure 1833,\\nCharles Farebother; 1834, Henry Win-\\nchester; 1835, Win. Taylor Copeland\\n1836, Thomas Kelley.]\\n1832 May 7. H. L. A motion to post-\\npone the first two clauses of the Reform\\nBill is carried; the resignation of Earl\\nGrey follows. [May 17 The king hav-\\ning consented to create peers in order\\nto secure a majority for the Reform\\nBill, Earl Grey i\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1828* London. England s first great\\nexhibition, called the National Repos-\\nitory, opens under royal patronage, near\\nCharing Cross. [Unsuccessful.]\\n1829 Jan.* Scot. The Glasgow Theater\\nis burned.\\nJune 10. The first boat-race between\\nthe Universities of Oxford and Cam-\\nbridge takes place near Oxford. [1856.\\nThese contests become annual.]\\nJuly 4. London. Omnibuses are intro-\\nduced. The first one starts from Pad-\\ndington for the Bank of England.\\nSept. 3. Edinburgh. The Royal Ex-\\nchange is opened.\\nOct. Locomotive steam- carriages are\\nused on railroads at Liverpool.\\nLondon. The Hew Bridewell prison\\nis erected as a substitute for the City\\nBridewell, Blackfriars.\\nLondon. Farringdon market is\\nopened.\\n1830 Feb. 16. London. The Lyceum\\nis burned.\\nMar. 1. The first light of the Blackrock\\nlighthouse, Liverpool, appears.\\nLondon. Covent Garden market is\\nbuilt.\\n1831 Aug. 19. The Lady Sherbrooke,\\nfrom Londonderry to Quebec, is lost\\nnear Cape Ray 273 persons drowned.\\nOct. 26. The Asiatic cholera makes its\\nfirst appearance in England.\\nDec. 23. Scot. The cholera first ap-\\npears at Haddington.\\n1831-32 Deaths from cholera reported\\nin England, 52,547.\\n1832 Feb. 6. Edinburgh. Cholera\\nappears.\\nMar. 14. Ire. Cholera first appears at\\nBelfast.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0957.jp2"}, "958": {"fulltext": "946 1832, May 23-1835, GREAT BRITAIN\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1832 London. The Medical Asso-\\nciation is organized for the promotion\\nof medical science.\\nDublin. The Zoological Gardens\\nare opened.\\nSteel pens come into general use.\\n1833 Mar. 25. London. Edmund\\nKean makes his last appearance as\\nOthello.\\nJune 25. London. A granite obelisk\\nis uncovered to the memory of Robert\\nWaithman, Lord Mayor of London in\\n1824.\\nSept. 2. AStatistical Society is formed\\nat Manchester it is the first in Eng-\\nland.\\nOct. 18. Capt. John Ross returns from\\nhis arctic expedition after an absence\\nof four years.\\nEdinburgh. The Association of Fine\\nArts is formed.\\nLondon. The Entomological So-\\nciety is organized.\\nJack in Office is exhibited at the Royal\\nAcademy by Sir Edwin Landseer.\\nThe Choral Society is established at\\nManchester.\\nLondon. Joseph Saxton, an Ameri-\\ncan, makes the first magneto-electric\\nmachine in England.\\nThe safety cab is invented by Joseph\\nA. Hansom, an English architect [han-\\nsom].\\nLondon. The seraphine, a reed mu-\\nsical instrument, is introduced by John\\nGreen.\\nThe town hall, Birmingham, is built.\\n1834 June 24\u00c2\u00b1. The second great Han-\\ndel commemmorationin the presenceof\\nKing William IV. and Queen Adelaide\\n644 performers engage in it.\\nJuly 14. London. The Lyceum is re-\\nopened.\\nSept. 8. The British Association holds\\nits 4th meeting at Edinburgh. [1835,\\nAug. 6. 5th at Dublin; 1836, Aug. 6th\\nat Bristol 1837, 7th at Liverpool.]\\nThe systems of ventilators by Dr.\\nReid and others are introduced with\\nmuch controversy.\\nLucifer matches come into use.\\nLondon. The Statistical Society is\\nLondon. The Royal Institute of\\nBritish Architects is organized. [1837.\\nChartered.]\\nThe Mountain Sylph, an opera by John\\nBarnett, is produced.\\nDublin. A railway to Kingston is\\nopened.\\nThe locomotive Firefly develops a\\nspeed of 20 miles an hour.\\n1835 Sept. 8. After two years absence,\\nCapt. Sir George Back arid his compan-\\nions return from their arctic land ex-\\npedition, having visited the Great Fish\\nRiver, Canada, and traced its course to\\nthe Polar Seas.\\nDec. 14. London. St. James (Prince s)\\nTheater is opened.\\nThe Kew Gardens are founded.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1832* Bell, Andrew, clergyman, educator,\\nScotland, A79.\\nBentham, Jeremy, jurist, phil., au., A84.\\nCrabbe, George, poet, A78.\\nColchester, Lord Charles A., statesman, A70.\\nDicey, Edward, author, born.\\nFergusson, Sir .lames, stub-smaii, Scot., b.\\nLeslie, Sir John, mathematician, physicist,\\nScotland, Ati6.\\nPorter, Anna Maria, novelist, A52.\\nScott, Sir Walter, poet, novelist, Scot., A61.\\nTaylor, Edward Burnett, anthropologist, h.\\n1833 Allan, Thomas, mineralogist, A56.\\nLtallantvne, James, printer, journalist, Scot-\\nland, A61.\\nBradlaugh, Charles, orator, politician, secu-\\nlarist, born.\\nBrooke, Stonford, clergyman, author, born.\\nDrew, Samuel, Methodist preacher, au., A68.\\nExmouth, Viscount, Edward Pellew, ad-\\nmiral, A76.\\nFarjeon, Benjamin Leopold, novelist, born.\\nFawcett, Henry, economist, born.\\nFoley, Sir Thomas, admiral, A76.\\nGordon, Charles George (Chinese Gordon),\\ngeneral, born.\\nHill, Rowland, preacher, A89.\\nKean, Edmund, actor, A46.\\nMalcolm, Sir John, general, diplomatist, ad-\\nministrator, historian, A64.\\nMore, Hannah, religious writer, A88.\\nO Keefe, John, dramatist, Ireland, A86.\\nTarleton, Bannastre, general, A 79.\\nPerry, Stephen Joseph, physicist,, born.\\nRoseoe, Sir Henry Enfield, chemist, born.\\nWilberiorce, William, philanthropist,\\nstatesman, A74.\\nWolseley, Lord, Garnet Joseph, gen., b.\\n1834 Laker, John Gilbert, botanist, born.\\nBaring-Gouhl, Sabine, author, born.\\nBarrington, Sir Jonah, lawyer, historian,\\nIreland, A67.\\nBlackwood. William, publisher, Scot., A 58.\\nCarey, William, Baptist miss., orient., A73.\\nChalmers, Alexander, journalist, editor, bi-\\nographer, Scotland, A75.\\nColeridge, Samuel Taylor, poet, philoso-\\npher, author, A62.\\nCrew, Sir benjamin, admiral, A74.\\nDouce, Francis, antiquary, A72.\\nDu Manner, George Louis 1 B., artist, novel-\\nist, born.\\nHare, Augustus Julius Charles, author, b.\\nLamb, Charles, poet, dramatist, essayist,\\nA69.\\nLubbock Sir John, nat., entomologist, born.\\nLukin, Lionel, inventor life-boat, A82.\\nMaltlius, Thomas Kohert, clergyman, politi-\\ncal economist, A68.\\nMorris, William, poet, born.\\nMorrison, Kohert, Chinese sehol., miss., A52.\\nSeeley, John K., theological writer, born.\\nSpurgeon, Charles H., Baptist preacher,\\nauthor, born.\\nTaylor, Isaac, philologist, author, born.\\nTelford, Thomas, engineer, Seotland, A77.\\n1835 Byron, Henry J., dramatist, born.\\nCobbett, William, grammarian, historian,\\nwriter, A69.\\nGodwin, William, dram., novelist, hist., A79.\\nHogg, James, poet, Scotland, Ab3.\\nlnglis, Henry tourist., writer, Scot., A40.\\nJevons, William S., economist, author, born.\\nKater, Henry, physicist, A58.\\nM Crie, Thomas, tlieol., hist, wr., Scot., A63.\\nMathews, Charles, actor, humorist, A59.\\nMeCulloch, John, geologist, A62.\\nMotherwell, William, poet, journalist, Scot-\\nland, A36.\\nPughe, William O., philologist, Wales, A76.\\nSinclair, Sir John, aminill uialist, au., A81.\\nWhistler, James Abbott McNeill, painter, b.\\nThe Congregational Dissenters publish\\na declaration of faith.\\n1834 Mar. 5. The Scripture Knowl-\\nedge Institution, Bristol, is founded\\nby George Miiller, a Prussian.\\nAug. 1. Lords reject by ten majority\\nthe bill passed by the Commons admit-\\nting Dissenters to university honors.\\nSept. 3. The church rate is refused at\\nManchester.\\nThe Wesleyan Methodist Associa-\\ntion is established.\\nScot. The Anti-patronage party se-\\ncure a majority in the General Assembly,\\nand pass the Veto Act, aiming to pre-\\nvent the ordination of any as ministers\\nof parishes who are unacceptable to a\\nmajority of the parishoners.\\nThe Ecclesiastical Commission is\\nestablished. [1836. Aug. 13. Commis-\\nsioners are incorporated.]\\nThe Society for promoting Female\\nEducation in the East is organized by\\n1835 London. The Protestant As-\\nsociation is organized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1832 July 4. A bill for the founding of\\nthe Durham University receives the\\nroyal assent.\\nLondon. The Marylebone Literary\\nInstitution is founded.\\nThe Hereford Times is issued.\\n1832-44 The Saturday Magazine is is-\\nsued.\\nLondon. The Mark Lane Express is\\nissued; also the Naval and Military\\nGazette.\\nThe Nautical Magazine is issued.\\n1832-49 The British Magazine is is-\\nBued.\\nCharacteristics of Shakespeare s\\nWomen, by Hazlitt, appears.\\n1832-61 Edinburgh. TaiVs Edinburgh\\nMagazine is issued.\\nScot. A Commercial Dictionary by\\nJohn Ramsay M Culloch, appears.\\nThe Playground of Europe, by Leslie\\nStephen, appears.\\n1832-33 Lead, Kindly Light, and other\\npoems, by John Henry Now man, appear.\\n[1833. Arians of the Fourth Century.\\n1833 The first statistical society in\\nEngland is formed at Manchester.\\nLondon. The United Service Gazette\\nis issued.\\n1832 June 23. The Church Inquiry\\nCommission is appointed.\\n1833 Aug, 14. Parliament passes an Act\\nreducing the number of bishops for Ireland.\\n[The see of Dunmore is united with that of\\nDown and Connor, and Waterfordand Lis-\\nmore with Cashal and Ernly. 1834, Cloyne\\nwith Clare and Ross; 1835, cork with Cloyne\\nand Leighlin, and Ferns with Ossory; \\\\KV.i,\\nAchonry and Kihlare with Tuam; 1841, El-\\nphin and Ardagh with Kehnore.]\\n1833-41 Tracts for the Times are pub-\\nlished by Pusey, Newman, Keble, and\\nothers of Oxford University, and create\\ngreat discussion.\\nThey propose to restore the practise\\nof the Church of England to what they\\nbelieve to be required by the language\\nof her liturgy and rubrics, but which\\nare considered by their opponents to be\\nof a Roman Catholic tendency. [1841,\\nMar. 15. The tracts are condemned by\\nthe University authorities.]\\nPauline, h\\\\ Robert Browning, appears.\\n[1835. Paracelsus.\\n1833-42 History of Europe, by Sir Arch-\\nibald Alison, appears.\\n1834 London. The Westminster\\nLiterary Institution is founded.\\nLondon. The City of London School\\nis founded.\\nThe Surtees Society, or Roxburgh e\\nClub, for publishing MSS. relating to\\nthe northern counties, is established.\\nScot. Sartor Pesartus, by Thomas\\nCarlyle, appears. [1837, The French\\nRevolution 184(1, Heroes and Hero Wor-\\nship; 1845, Cromwell s Letters and\\nSpeeches.]\\nIre. Helen, by Maria Edgeworth, ap-\\npears.\\n1835 Aug. 29. The Mining Journal is\\nissued.\\nThe Leicester Literary and Philo-\\nsophical Society is founded.\\nThe Watchman is issued.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0958.jp2"}, "959": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1832, May 23-1835,*\\n947\\n1835-44 The Christian Teacher is issued.\\nLodore, by Mrs. Shelley, appears.\\n[1837. Falkner.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1832 June 18. London. The Duke of\\nWellington is attacked by a mob on the\\nanniversary of the battle of Waterloo.\\nJune 19. A discharged pensioner at As-\\ncot assaults William IV.\\nIt is illegal to employ minors in cot-\\nton-mills, or to work them more than ten\\nhours daily or more than nine hours on\\na Saturday.\\nLondon. The Carlton (Conservative)\\nClub is organized.\\nThe death penalty for forgery is abol-\\nished, except forgery of wills or stocks.\\n1833 Feb. 15. Joseph Pease, the first\\nQuaker member, is admitted to Par-\\nliament on his affirmation.\\nSept Richard Turner, an artisan of\\nPreston, in a temperance address says\\nthat nothing but a te-te-total will do.\\nThe term t e-e t o t a 1 e r is immediately\\nadopted.\\nSir Francis H. Goldsmid is called to\\nthe bar, the first Hebrew so honored.\\nLondon. St. George s Chess Club is\\nfounded.\\nLondon. University College Hospital\\nis established.\\n1834 Apr. London. The tailors un-\\nsuccessfully strike for an increase of\\nwages.\\nAug. 1. The slaves in the colonies are\\nemancipated, and a temporary appren-\\nticeship is commenced.\\nAug. 2-4. London. The third and last\\nGlasgow lottery is drawn at Coopers\\nHall.\\nNov.* -35 Mar.* The Staffordshire pot-\\nters successfully strike for an advance\\nof wages. Scot. The calico printers\\nof Glasgow strike.]\\nThe Surtees Society, Durham, is\\nfounded.\\nThe poor-laws are amended.\\nGuardians of the poor are obliged, un-\\nder the penalty of indictment, to afford\\nsufficient relief to all persons unable to\\nmaintain themselves.\\nLondon. The Sisters of Charity be-\\ngin\\nrk.\\nHanging in chains is abolished.\\nIre. Titles created, Baron Carew.\\n[1836, Baron Oranmore and Browne.]\\nParliament Provision is made for pen-\\nsioning public servants and persons made\\neminent by their useful discoveries in sci-\\nence and attainments in literature and the\\narts, who have merited (lie gracious consider-\\nation of their sovereign and the gratitude of\\ntheir country.\\n1835 Aug. The Salford Unity, Sal-\\nford, Lancashire, the first secret tem-\\nperance society, is organized.\\nThe death penalty for sacrilege is\\nchanged to transportation for life. [1861.\\nBreaking into a place of worship and\\nstealing therefrom is made punishable\\nwith penal servitude for life.]\\nLondon. St. Mark s Hospital is\\nfounded.\\nLondon. Wells Street Sailors Home\\nis opened.\\nThe Cruelty to A nim als Act is fur-\\nther extended.\\nThe ancient and popular sport of\\nbear-baiting is prohibited.\\n1823 May 23. Parliament: Uni-\\nformity of Process Act is passed,\\nmaking many law changes.\\nJuly 13. Parliament: The Reform\\nAct for Scotland is passed.\\nJuly 18. Parliament: The Reform\\nAct for Ireland is passed.\\nNov. 9. Sir Thomas Denman [Lord\\nDenman] is made chief justice.\\n*The system of Trial at Bar, or\\ntrial by the whole court or a plurality of\\njudges, is adopted.\\nAn association of large bodies of the\\nlower classes, called Chartists, is\\norganized.\\nIts objects are to secure universal suf-\\nfrage, vote by ballot, annual Parlia-\\nments, abolition of property qualifica-\\ntion, and equal electoral districts.\\nParliament: The duty on cotton\\ngoods imported from the United States\\nis reduced.\\nThe office of commissioners is abol-\\nished, and the victualing office is\\nmade one of five departments under the\\nlords of the admiralty.\\nWilliam Ewart Gladstone is elected\\nto Parliament for Newark by the Con-\\nservatives.\\n1833 Jan. 29. Parliament meets.\\n[1834. Dec. 30. Dissolved.]\\nApr. 2. Parliament: The Coercion\\nAct, for the repression of crime in Ire-\\nland, is passed.\\nJuly 30. Parliament: A bill for the\\nReform of the Irish Church is passed.\\nAug. 28. Parliament: A bill to abol-\\nish slavery in the colonies is passed it\\ngrants \u00c2\u00a330,000,000 to compensate the\\nSept. 26. Ire. Marquis Wellesley is\\nappointed lord-lieutenant.\\nThe Falkland Islands, in the South\\nPacific, are occupied.\\nThe East India Company s charter\\nis renewed for 20 years their monopoly\\nof the Indian trade is abolished.\\n1834 Apr. 17. Parliament: A bill to\\namend the poor-laws is introduced.\\n[Julyl. H. C. Passes. July 21. H.L.\\nApr. 22. H. C. Daniel O Connell makes\\na motion for the repeal of the Union\\nwith Ireland. [Apr. 27. Rejected.\\nVote, 38-523.]\\nJuly 1. Parliament: Another Coer-\\ncion Act for Ireland is introduced.\\n[July 26. Modified and passed by Com-\\nmons.]\\nJuly 9. Earl Grey resigns.\\nJuly 18. Viscount Melbourne becomes\\npremier. Ministers Lords Althorp,\\nJohn Russell, Brougham, and Palmer-\\nston, E. G. Stanley, and Charles Grant\\nLord Auckland is first lord of the admi-\\nralty.\\nAug. 1. The Act for the abolition of\\nslavery in the colonies goes into effect\\n770,280 slaves become free.\\nAug. 14. Royal assent is given to the\\nPoor-Law Amendment Act.\\nA central board of commissioners dis-\\nplace the local boards, outdoor relief is\\nreformed, and workhouses are set aside\\nfor poor-law unions.\\nSept. 28. London. Alexander Ra-\\nphael is made sheriff; he is the first\\nRoman Catholic to hold that office since\\nthe Revolution.\\nDec. 26. Sir Robert Peel is made pre-\\nmier. The Cabinet includes Lord Lynd-\\nhurst as lord high chancellor, the Duke\\nof Wellington and the Earl of Aber-\\ndeen Earl De Grey is first lord of the\\nadmiralty.\\nDec. 29. Ire. Thomas, Earl of Had-\\ndington, is appointed lord-lieutenant.\\nScot. The General Assembly Veto\\nAct is passed.\\nH. C. A bill permitting prisoners\\nto have counsel passes. [H. L. Re-\\njected. 1835. May H. L. Passed.]\\nParliament: The stamp on alma-\\nnacs is abolished.\\nFrancis, Marquis of Conyngham,\\n1b appointed postmaster.\\nParliament: The law making re-\\nturning from transportation punish-\\nable with death is repealed, and an Act\\nis passed making the offense punishable\\nby transportation for life.\\n1835 Jan. 13. Ire. Sir Edward Bur-\\ntenshaw Sugden is appointed lord high\\nchancellor.\\nFeb. 19. Parliament meets James\\nAbercromby, Speaker. [1837. July 17.\\nDissolved.]\\nApr. 8. The Ministry resign, having\\nbeen defeated on the Irish Church ques-\\ntion.\\nApr. 18. Lord Melbourne again be-\\ncomes prime minister.\\nCabinet: Lord Palmerston (foreign secre-\\ntary), Lord John Russell (home secretary),\\nViscount Howick (secretary of war), and\\nLord Auckland (first lord of the admiralty).\\nApr. 23. Ire. Henry, Marquis of Wor-\\nmanby, is appointed lord-lieutenant.\\n[Apr. 30. William, Baron Plunkett,\\nlord chancellor.]\\nMay 20. London. The Reform Associa-\\ntion is organized to protect electors.\\n[1836. Succeeded by the Reform Club.]\\nJune 5. H. C. Lord John Russell in-\\ntroduces a bill for the regulation of\\nmunicipal corporations. [Sept. 7.\\nPassed.]\\nJune 24. Parliament: An Act is passed\\nenabling David Salomons, a Jew, to act\\nas sheriff of London.\\nSept. 19. Earl of Minto is made first lord\\nof the admiralty.\\nSir Charles Christopher Pepys, master\\nof the rolls, Vice-chancellor Shadwell,\\nand Justice Bosanquet are commission-\\ners of the great seal.\\nFrancis, Marquis of Conyngham,\\nis postmaster later, the Earl of Lich-\\nfield, and William, Lord Mary-\\nborough.\\nInd. Sir Charles T.Metcalf is made\\ngovernor-general.\\nManchester is incorporated by the\\nMunicipal Reform Act.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1833 Feb. 15. The Hibemia is\\nwrecked; 150 persons are drowned.\\nJuly 3. London. Hungerford market\\nis opened.\\nAug. 30. The Amphitrite, a ship with\\nfemale convicts to New South Wales, is\\nlost on Boulogne Sands out of 131 per-\\nsons three only are saved.\\n1834 Jan. 9. The Lady Munro, from\\nCalcutta, is wrecked on its way to Syd-\\nney 70 are drowned.\\nOct. 16. London. A great fire occurs.\\nThe Houses of Parliament are burned,\\nalso St. Stephen s Chapel.\\n1835 Mails are first sent on the over-\\nland route to India.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0959.jp2"}, "960": {"fulltext": "948\\nI835;**-1839,\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1835* *S.Afr. WarwithKafirs(p.598).\\n1839-42 War with Afghanistan to\\nrestore Shuja Shah to the throne of\\nwhichhe is deprived by Dost Mohammed\\nKhan (p. 4).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1835-44 Scot. The Granton Pier and\\nbreakwater on the Forth, three miles\\nfrom Edinburgh, are erected by the gift\\nof Walter Stevuiisoii,I ukeul 15 ueoleuch.\\nCost \u00c2\u00a3500,000.\\n*A magnificent market is erected at\\nNewcastle by Richard Grainger.\\n1836 June Prof. Cbarles Wheatstone\\nconstructs an electromagnetic appa-\\nratus; it carries 30 signals through\\nnearly four miles of wire.\\nJune 21. Capt. Back sails with the Ter-\\nror on an exploring adventure to\\nWager Itiver.\\nNov. 7. Prus. Tbe great Nassau bal-\\nloon descends at Weilburg, having con-\\nveyed three persons from London in IS\\nhours.\\nLondon. The Numismatic Society\\nis founded by Dr. John Lee.\\nLondon. The statue of George III. is\\nerected in Cockspur Street.\\nA naval steam-ram is invented by\\nJames Nasmytb.\\nHappy, as a King is painted by William\\nCollins.\\nFrancis Pettet Smith and Capt. John\\nEricsson obtain patents for screw pro-\\npellers.\\nScot. The Edinburgh and Granton\\nrailway is begun.\\nScot. Anastatic printing is invented\\nby Cocks of Falmouth.\\n1837 Feb. 14. London. The Art\\nUnion of London is founded.\\nJune 12. The magnetic needle tele-\\ngraph is patented by William Fothergill\\nCooke and Charles Wheatstone. [1867.\\nJune 12. Gold medal awarded.]\\nJuly 4. The Birmingham and Liverpool\\nrailway is opened as the Grand Junc-\\ntion.\\nScot. An Art Union is formed.\\nPhotographs on paper are first made\\nby William Henry Fox Talbot.\\nLondon. The Ornithological Society\\nis formed also the Electrical So-\\nciety.\\nWheatstone and Cooke claim to dis-\\ncover the electric telegraph.\\nCapt. John Ericsson s screw propeller\\nFrancis liogden develops a speed of 10\\nmiles an hour.\\nLondon. City Theater, Norton-Fol-\\ngate, is opened.\\nJohn Upton patents a steam-plow.\\nLondon. The principle of %vorking\\nclocks by electricity is advanced by\\nAlex. Bain.\\n1838 May 31. London. John Lis-\\nton, comedian, makes his last appear-\\nSept. 16. London. The railway to\\nBirmingham is opened. [Dec. 28. Also\\nthe one to Greenwich.]\\nOct. 28. A hurricane sweeps London\\nand vicinity, doing great damage.\\nNov. 2. Joseph Henry announces the\\ndiscovery of secondary currents in\\nelectricity.\\nLondon. The Royal Agricultural\\nSociety is formed. [1S40. Chartered.\\nAlso the Etching Club.]\\nHerschel s Outline of Astronomy is\\npublished.\\nThe Geological Society is instituted at\\nManchester.\\nThe 8th meeting of the British Asso-\\nciation is held at Newcastle. [1839.\\nAug. 29, 9th at Birmingham 1840, Sept.\\n24, 10th at Glasgow 1841, 11th at Plym-\\nouth 1842, June 23, 12th at Manchester.\\nThe Marquis of Northampton becomes\\npresident of the Royal Society.\\nThe first screw propeller, the Archi-\\nmedes, is built on the Thames by H.\\nWimshurst.\\nProf. Charles Wheatstone makes op-\\ntical discoveries. He invents the re-\\nflecting stereoscope.\\nThe ammonia process of making soda\\nis invented by Dyer and Hemming.\\nThe magnificent water-lily, called Vic-\\ntoria liegia, is introduced from Guiana\\nby Sir Robert Schomburgk.\\nDr. Neil Arnott s work on ventilators\\nis published.\\nThe steamship Great Western steams\\nfrom Bristol to New York iu 15 days.\\n1839 Jan. 6, 7. Ire. Terrible tempest\\nprevails Limerick and Dublin suffer\\nmuch damage; 200 houses are blown\\ndown, killing 20 persons; 100 persons\\nare drowned and the coasts of Ireland\\nand Western England are lined with\\nwrecks. Fire consumes 200 houses.\\nAug. G. London, The Royal Polytech-\\nnic Institution, Regent Street, is opened.\\nDec. 24-27. A long chalk cliff at Lyme\\nRegis, Dorset, between 100 to 150 feet\\nhigh, being undermined by rain, slides\\nforward on the beach, carrying fields,\\nhouses, and trees.\\nThe locomotive North Star runs 37\\nmiles an hour.\\nLondon. The Microscopical So-\\nciety is formed also the Ecclesiologi-\\ncal Society, and the Koyal Botanical\\nSociety.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1836 Oolman, George, poet, dram., A74.\\nGell. Sir William, classical scholar, anti-\\nquary, A59.\\nGilbert, William S., dramatist, librettist, b.\\nLockyer, .Joseph N., astronomer, born.\\nLeach, William E., naturalist, A46.\\nJIaeadam, John L., inventor Macadam roads,\\nScotland, A80.\\nMarsden, William, orientalist, A82.\\nMill, James, hist., economist, phil., A63.\\nPoynter, Edward John, historical painter, b.\\nStowell, Baron, William S., jurist, A91.\\nWVstall, Richard, historical painter, A71.\\nWilkins, Sir Charles, Sanskrit scholar, A87.\\n1837 Braddon, Mary E., novelist, born.\\nBrydges, Sir Samuel Egcrton, writer, A75.\\nBurges8,Thomas, bp. of Salisbury, au., A81.\\nBurnand, Francis C, dramatist., born.\\nConstable, John, landscape painter, A61.\\nDaniel, William, landscape painter, A68.\\nDonovan, Edward, naturalist, author, A39.\\nField, John, composer, pianist, Ire., A55.\\nGordon-Gumming, Constance F., traveler,\\nwriter, Scotland, born.\\nGreen, John Richard, historian, born.\\nIlicks-Beach, Sir .Michael Edward, states., b.\\nLatham, John, ornithologist, AS7.\\nMarsh man, Joshua, Baptist missionary,\\noriental scholar, A70.\\nProctor, Richard A., astronomer, au., b.\\nSoane, Sir John, architect, A84.\\nSwinburne, Algernon C, poet, born.\\nTurner, Edward, chemist, A40.\\nWilliam IV., king, A72.\\n1838* Abbott, Edwin A., theologian, philol-\\nogist, born.\\nDouglas, Kobert K., orientalist, born.\\nEldon, Earl of, John S.. statesman, A87.\\nGrant, Mrs. Anne McVicar, novelist, Scot-\\nland, A 83.\\nIrving Henry (J. H. Broadribb), actor, b.\\nLancaster, Joseph, educator, A 60.\\nLecky, William E. H., historian, born.\\nMorley, John, statesman, author, born.\\nMorton, Thomas, dramatist^ A74.\\nTrevelyan, Sir George O., statesman, biog-\\nrapher, author, born.\\n1839 Adam, William, lawyer, Scot., A88.\\nAlison, Archibald, cl., au., Scotland, A82.\\nI .ccchy, sir William, portrait painter, AHG.\\nIientinck, Lord, William C, governor-general\\nof Bengal, A65.\\nCoffin, Sir Isaac, admiral, A80.\\nD Arblay, Madam, Frances Burney, novelist\\nA 88.\\nGait, John, miscellaneous wr., Scot., A60.\\nHardy, Sir Thomas M., commander, A70.\\nLauderdale, Earl of, James M., statesman,\\nScotland, A80.\\nPettie, John, painter, born.\\nPraed, Winthrop M., poet, A37.\\nSmith, William, geologist, A70.\\nStanhope, Lady Hester L., traveler, A63.\\nWilliams, John, missionary, A43.\\nCHURCH.\\n1835 Bishoprics are established\\nMadras. [1836, Kipon, Montreal, and Aus-\\ntralia; 1837, Bombay; 1838, Nelson, New-\\nZealand; ]S39, Newfoundland and Toronto;\\n1841, Jerusalem, Cibi altar, and New Zealand:\\n1842, Tasmania, Antigua, British Cuiana, and\\nHuron; 184ft, Colombo, Ceylon, and Frederic-\\nton, New Brunswick.]\\n1836 The Broad Church School in\\ntbe Church of England becomes promi-\\nnent. Traditional beliefs are rejected,\\nand negative theology substituted.\\nThe Church of England Pastoral Aid\\nSociety is organized.\\nThe Colonial Missionary Society in\\nconnection with the Congregational\\nUnion of England and Wales is organ-\\nized.\\n1837* Scot. The Woman s Societies\\nof the Free Church of Scotland, the\\nWoman s Missionary Societies of Scot-\\nland (Established Church), and the\\nWoman s mission-work for women in\\nthe Established Church are organized.\\n1837-82 London. Mormons report six\\nmeeting-houses estimated 85,000 Eng-\\nlish\\nThe Peculiar People sect is founded.\\n1839 Scot. Dr. Duff publishes Mis-\\nsions the Chief End of the Christian\\nChurch.\\nThe centenary of Methodism is cele-\\nbrated \u00c2\u00a3216,000 is collected, to b\u00c2\u00ab\\nexpended on educational, church, and\\nbenevolent objects.\\nLETTERS.\\n1835-47 History of Greece, by Connop\\nThirlwall, appears.\\nc London. The Musical World is is-\\nsued.\\nDublin. The Dublin Review is issued.\\nThe Midland Counties Herald is is-\\nsued.\\nReliques of Father Prout, by Rev.\\nFrancis Mah ony, appears.\\nMr. Midshipman Easy and Japhet in\\nSearch of a Father, by Capt. Frederick\\nMarry at, appear. [1837, Peter Simple\\nand Stwrleunoto 1838, Jacob Faithful;\\n1839, The Phantom Ship.]\\nIre. liory O More, by Samuel Lover,\\nappears. [1839, Songs and Ballads;\\n1842, Handy Andy.]\\nWorthies of Yorkshire and Lancaster,\\nby Hartley Coleridge, appears.\\nt p er icl e s and, Aspasia, by Landor, ap-\\npears.\\nk Sketches by Boz, by Charles Dickens,\\nappears. [1837, Ptrkirick Papers; 1838,\\nOliver Tn-ivf 1 838-39 Nicholas Nickleby\\n1840-41, Master Humphrey s Clock, Old\\nCuriosity Shop, ami Ha ma by Pudge; 1842,\\nAmerican Notes; 1843-44, Martin Chuz-\\nzleioit; 1847-48, Dombey and Son.)", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0960.jp2"}, "961": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1835,* *-1839,\\n949\\nEnglish Dictionary by Charles Rich-\\nardson, appears.\\n1836-38 Memoirs of the Life of Sir Wal-\\nter Scott, by John Gibson Iiockhart, ap-\\npears.\\n1837 University College, Durham\\nUniversity, is founded.\\nLondon. The Publishers Circular is\\nissued also the Magnet, the Era, and\\nthe Railway Times.\\nHistory of the Inductive Sciences, by\\nWilliam Whewell, appears. [1840, Phi-\\nlosophy of the Inductive Sciences; 1S45,\\nElements of Morality.\\nThe Yellowplush Papers, by William\\nMakepeace Thackeray, appears.\\nHarry Lorrequer, by Charles James\\nLever, appears. [1S10, Charles O Mal-\\nley 1843, Tom Burke of Ours and Arthur\\nO Leary.]\\n1838* Wesley College, Sheffield, is\\nopened.\\nThe Camden Historical Society is\\nfounded.\\nLondon. The Ecclesiastical Gazette\\nis issued; also the Medical Press.\\nThe Seraphim, and. other poems, by\\nElizabeth Barrett [Browning], appears.\\n[1844, Drama of Exile.\\nOn the Law of Storms, by Sir W. Reed,\\nappears.\\nRationale of Religious Inquiry t by\\nJames Marthieau, appears. [1843, En-\\ndeavors after a Christian Life.]\\n1838-43 History of Rome, by Thomas\\nArnold, appears.\\n1838-50 The English Historical So-\\nciety is established.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1836 Apr. 11. Orphan houses at Ash-\\nley-down, Bristol, are foundedby George\\nMuller, a Prussian; they are supported\\nentirely by voluntary contributions and\\nwithout solicitation.\\nIre. Tithe disorders prevail.\\nLondon. The Orthopaedic Hospital,\\nfor the cure of club-foot and spinal cur-\\nvatures, is founded.\\n*The Numismatical Society is founded\\nby Dr. John Lee. It publishes the Nu-\\nmismatic Chronicle.\\nA penalty of \u00c2\u00a350 is enacted for adver-\\ntising any lotteries in the newspapers.\\nWeekly wages of laboi ers, eight shil-\\nlings.\\nThe legal rights, position, and employ-\\nment of women are greatly improved.\\n1838 John Thorn announces himself\\nthe Messiah at Brighton, and proposes\\nthe reformation of society. [May 28-31.\\nIn a riot Thorn is killed.]\\nAug. Parliament: A statute is passed\\nabolishing arrest for debt on mesne\\nprocess except in cases wherein there\\nis ground to show that the defendant\\ndesigns to leave the country. [1846.\\nImprisonment for debts under \u00c2\u00a320 is\\nabolished.]\\nLondon. The Arundel Tacht Club is\\nfounded. [1849 Changed to Royal Lon-\\ndon Yacht Club]\\nThe poor-laws are extended to Ireland.\\nActs are passed to discourage duelling.\\nScot. The MaitlandClub, Glasgow, is\\nfounded.\\nThe temperance societies called the\\nRechabites are formed.\\n1839 Scot. The Spalding Club, Aber-\\ndeen, is founded.\\nLondon. A ragged school is set up\\nby Andrew Walker in Devil s Acre,\\nWestminister.\\n1835 Capt. Alexander Eurnes is\\nsent to Dost Mohammed at Kabul as\\nambassador to offset the intrigues of\\nRussia.\\n1836 Jan. 16. Sir Charles Christopher\\nPepys, Lord Cottenham, is made lord\\nhigh chancellor.\\nFeb. 12. H. C. Lord John Russell in-\\ntroduces a bill for the general regulation\\nof Births, Deaths, and Marriages.\\n[Passed.]\\nFeb. Parliament The Tithe Commu-\\ntation Act, substituting money for pay-\\nment in kind, is introduced [and passed].\\nMay 17. H. C. The Jewish Emanci-\\npation Bill is defeated on second read-\\ning. Vote, 1G5-228.\\nJune 20. H. C. A bill is introduced to\\nreduce the stamp on each newspaper\\nfrom fourpence to one penny [Passed.]\\nSouth Australia is colonized.\\nParliament: A bill allowing counsel\\nto persons tried for felony is passed.\\nE.I. Lord Auckland is appointed\\ngovernor-general.\\nOct. 30. Ire. Sir Michael Loghlen is\\nappointed master of the rolls he is the\\nfirst Roman Catholic judge since the\\nRevolution.\\n1837 June 20. William IV. dies.\\n1837-f- Victoria reigns.\\nAlexandrina Victoria, daughter of Ed-\\nward, Duke of Kent, and granddaughter\\nof George III becomes queen.\\nJune 20. Hanover is separated from\\nGreat Britain. The Dukeof Cumber-\\nland becomes king of Hanover. [June\\n24. He leaves London.]\\nJune The administration of Viscount\\nMelbourne is continued. [F. T. Bar-\\ning, Earl of Clarendon, T. B. Macaulay,\\nand others are added.]\\nJuly 12. Parliament: Post-office Acts\\nare consolidated.\\nNov. 9. London. Moses Montefiore is\\nelected sheriff, and is knighted by the\\nqueen he is the first Jew so honored.\\nNov. 15. Parliament meets. [1341.\\nJune 23. Dissolved.]\\nDec. 22. Parliament: The Government\\nannounces that Lower Canada is in\\nrebellion (p. 57S).\\nLondon. Sir John Cowan is elected\\nlord mayor [1838, Samuel Wilson 1839,\\nSir Chapman Marshall 1840, Thomas\\nJohnson; 1841, John Pirie 1842, J.\\nHumphrey; 1843, S. W Magnay 1844,\\nMichael Gibbs; 1845. John Johnson;\\n1846, Sir George Carroll 1847, John Kin-\\nnersley Hooper J 848, Sir James Duke;\\n1849, Thos. Farncombe 1S50, Sir John\\nMusgrove.]\\nThe queen is empowered to grant an-\\nnually new pensions to the amount of\\n\u00c2\u00a31,200.\\n*The national debt is \u00c2\u00a3761,422,570.\\n1838 Apr. Lord Durham is appointed\\na special commissioner to Canada to\\nredress grievances and maintain the law.\\nJune 28. Loudon Queen Victoria is\\ncrowned at Westminster\\nAug. 1. E. I. Slavery is abolished.\\nAug. 10. The Ministry disallow the or-\\ndinance of Lord Durham (Jan. 281 expa-\\ntriating rebel leaders in Canada. [He\\nresigns bis office.]\\nAug. A meeting of working-people\\ncalled Chartists takes place near Bir-\\nmingham.\\nThey draw up a national petition, or\\npeople s charter, demanding annual par-\\nliaments, universal suffrage for man-\\nhood, voting by ballot, abolition of\\nproperty qualification of members of\\nparliament, and payments for their ser-\\nvices, [Later, they add a demand for\\nequal electoral districts.]\\nSept. 18. The Anti-corn-law League\\nis formed at Manchester. Charles Vil-\\nliers, Richard Cobden, and John\\nBright are its leaders.\\nOct. 23. Manchester receives a charter\\nof incorporation.\\nParliament The transmission of\\nmails by railways is enacted,\\nParliament A poor-law for Ireland\\nis passed. [1839. Amended.]\\nIre. Kent is substituted for land-\\nowners tithes.\\nThe imperial state crown of England is\\nmade.\\nIt contains one large ruby, one large\\nsapphire. It; sapphires, 11 emeralds, 4 ru-\\nbies, 1,303 brilliants, 1,273 rose diamonds,\\n147 table diamonds, 4 drop-shaped pearls,\\nand 273 pearls.\\n1839 Apr. 3. Ire. Hugh, Earl For-\\ntescue, is appointed lord-lieutenant.\\nMay 2. H. C. Charles Shaw Lefevre,\\nViscount Eversley, is chosen Speaker.\\nJune 14. Parliament: The petition of\\nthe Chartists is presented and rejected.\\n[Riots follow.]\\nJuly H. C. A bill for the adoption of\\nRowland Hill s plan of a penny postage\\nis introduced [and passed].\\nAug. 26. Parliament: The Manchester\\nPolice Act is passed.\\nNov. 16. A commercial treaty is con-\\ncluded with Turkey.\\nDec. 5. The new postage-law, with the\\nuniform letter-rate of fourpence, goes\\ninto operation as an experiment.\\nAfghanistan. Sir William MacNaugh-\\nten becomes the real governor under\\nShah (p. 5).\\nArabia. Aden captured (Jan. 29) and\\nannexed.\\nparliament: Birmingham town is\\nncorporated, and a police Act for it\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1836 Aug. 30. London. Flenning s\\nwharf, London Bridge, and other\\nstructures are burned loss, \u00c2\u00a3250,000.\\nSept. 19. Dublin. Mount Jerome\\nCemetery is consecrated.\\nRaw cotton sells from IS to 20 cents\\na pound.\\nLondon. Tothill Fields Bridewell\\nprison is rebuilt.\\n1837 The Peninsular Company is\\nformed. [It becomes the Peninsular and\\nOriental Steam Navigation Company.]\\n1838 Jan. 10. London. The Royal\\nExchange is burned the second time.\\nApr. 8-23. The Great Western sails\\nfrom Bristol to New York.\\nSept. 6. The steamer Forfarshire, from\\nHull to Dundee, is lost; 38 persons\\ndrowned. Grace Darling and her\\nfather save 15 persons.\\nNov. 21. E. I. The East Indiamen Pro-\\ntector is wrecked in the Bay of Bengal\\n170 drowned.\\n1838-39 A telegraph-line is set up on\\nthe Great Western Railway from Pad-\\ndington to West Drayton.\\n1839 Jan. 7. The naval cutter Dili-\\ngence is wrecked 56 persons drowned.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0961.jp2"}, "962": {"fulltext": "950 1839,**-1842,\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1839-42 War with China over dis-\\nputes regarding the opium-trade (p. 616).\\n1840 Sept.* -Nov.* War against Me-\\nhemet Ah, Pasha of Egypt. (See Egypt.)\\nSept. 16. Syria. Beyrout is bombarded\\nand captured by the British under Col.\\nNapier.\\nNov. 3. Syria. A British squadron un-\\nder Adm. Stopford bombards and takes\\nSt. Jean d Acre Egyptian loss, 2,000\\nkilled and wounded, and 3,000 prisoners.\\n[Peace follows.]\\nThe screw propeller is introduced\\nin the royal navy.\\n1842 Aug. 15. The Duke of Wel-\\nlington is again appointed commander-\\nin-chief.\\nThe artillery carbine is introduced.\\nThe percussion -musket is intro-\\nduced.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\nThe process of obtaining illuminating\\ngas from water is patented by Cruik-\\nshank.\\nWm. Robert Grove constructs the\\nnitric acid battery.\\nLondon. Wood-paving is unsuccess-\\nful.\\nHenry Fox Talbot first publishes his\\nmethod of multiplying impressions by\\nproducing a negative photograph,\\nfrom which any number of positive cop-\\nies may be printed.\\n1840 May 11. The railway to South-\\nampton is opened.\\nJune 30. London. The railway to Bris-\\ntol is opened. [Aug. 2. To Blackwall.\\nSept. 21. To Brighton.]\\nJune.* London. An experiment is made\\nwith atmospheric pressure on railway\\nacross Wormwood Scrubs.\\nAug. 14\u00c2\u00b1. The steam-packet Britannia\\ncrosses from Halifax to Liverpool in 10\\ndays, breaking all previous records.\\nThe hydro-electric machine is in-\\nvented by Armstrong.\\nEdinburgh. The Sir Walter Scott\\nmonument is begun. [1845. Finished.]\\nJohn Babcock of Brighton beginB to\\nprocure new lymph for vaccination by\\ninoculating cows with smallpox.\\nProf. Wheatstone invents an electro-\\nmagnetic telegraph clock.\\nDublin. The Irish Archaeological So-\\nciety is formed.\\nInoculation is prohibited by law.\\nAlfred Smee s electric battery is first\\nconstructed.\\nRobert Sterling Newall of Gateshead\\npatents wire rope for submarine tele-\\ngraph cables.\\n1841 Jan. 16. Brentford is inundated\\nand much damage is done several lives\\nare lost.\\nJune 11. London. The Chemical So-\\nciety is formed; also the Pharmaceu-\\ntical Society [184:;, chartered], and the\\nHydropathic Society.\\nSept. London. The Princess s Theater\\nis opened for concerts. [Dec. 26. For\\nplays.]\\nNov. 2. London. Adelaide Kemble\\nmakes her first appearance.\\nThe Queen s Bridge is built on the\\nsite of the long bridge at Belfast.\\nWheatstone s alphabetical printing\\ntelegraph is patented.\\n1842 Dec. 17. James Young sets up\\nthe Family Herald with a type-compos-\\ning machine.\\nDec. 26. London. The Marylebone\\nTheater is opened.\\n1841 May 28. Scot. Seven minis-\\nters belonging to the Presbytery of\\nStrathbogie are deposed by the General\\nAssembly of the Church of Scotland for\\nobeying the civil in preference to the\\necclesiastical law.\\nMagneto-electricity is applied to\\nelectroplating by Woolwich.\\nRed flames are observed during an\\neclipse of the sun, by Francis Baily.\\nThe Kew Observatory is presented\\nto the British Association.\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n1840* Harrington, George, pickpocket,\\nwriter, A75.\\nBroughlon, Rhoda, novelist, born,\\nr.runimell, George B. (Beau Brummell),\\nfop, A62.\\nCarlisle, Sir Anthony, surgeon, physiol., A72.\\nGary, Henry F., poei, translator of Dante,\\nA68.\\nDe la Rame, Louise (Ouida), novelist, born.\\nDrummond, apt. Thomas, civil engineer,\\nScotland, A 43.\\nGriffin, Gerald, novelist, poet, Ireland, A37.\\nLinton, James I painter, born.\\nMaclure, William, geologist, Scot., A77.\\nNasmylh, Alexander, painter, Scot., A82.\\nRiviere, Union, painter, born.\\nSmith, Sir William S., admiral, A76.\\nStanley, Henry Morton, explor., Wales, b.\\nStone, Jlaretis, painter, born.\\nSymonds, John A., author, born.\\nWalker, Frederick, painter, born.\\nVictoria, Empress Frederick of Germany,\\nprincess royal, dau. of Queen Victoria, b.\\n1841 Black, William, novelist, Scot., b.\\nBurnes, Sir Alex., traveler, diplomatist, Scot-\\nland, A36.\\nBucbanan, Robert W., poet, Scotland, born.\\nChitty, Joseph, jurist, A65.\\nDyer, Geoii;* scholar, antiquary, A86.\\nElgin, Eari of, Thomas Bruce, diplomatist,\\nScotland, A75.\\nGregory, Gilbert Ashlmrton, math., tvt., A67.\\nHook, Theodore Edward, novelist, drama-\\ntist, humorist, A58.\\nMac-Auley, Catherine E., philanthropist,\\nfounder Sisters of Mercy, Ireland, A54.\\n.MacNeven, William J., physician, teacher,\\nIreland, A78.\\nWhite, Josej.li I clergyman, author, A66.\\nWilkie, Sir David, painter, Scotland, A56.\\n1842 Arnold, Thomas, clergyman, classi-\\ncal scholar, historian, A47.\\nBanim, John, novelist, Ireland, A44.\\nChantry, Sir Francm Legatt, sculptor, A6I.\\nCongleton, Lord, Henry Brooke Parnell,\\nstatesman, A 66.\\nCunningham, Allan, poet, critic, Scot., A58.\\nDarling, Grace, heroine, A27.\\nFnshroke, Thomas I*., archeologist, A72.\\nFoster, John, el., moralist, author, A72.\\nHaldane, Robert, el., philan., au., Scot., A78.\\nHill, Viscount, Rowland, general, A70.\\nMaginn, William, journalist, author, Ireland,\\nA49.\\nMudie, Robert, naturalist, Scotland, A65.\\nOusely, Sir William, orientalist, A73.\\nI ayne, John, poet, born.\\nWellesley, Marquis of, Richard Cowley, or\\nWesley, statesman, A82.\\nCHURCH.\\n1839 The Ecclesiological Society is\\norganized.\\n1840* Ire. The Synod of Ulster\\nand the Secession Synod unite to\\nform the General Assembly of the\\nPresbyterian Church of Ireland.\\nThe Welsh Presbyterian Foreign\\nMissionary Society is established at\\nLiverpool.\\nA Jewish mission to the East is or-\\nganized by Moses Montefiore.\\nParliament A new Church Disci-\\npline Act is passed.\\nNov. 30. Edinburgh. The Medical\\nMissionary Society is organized.\\nScot. The Morisonians, followers of\\nthe Rev. James Morison of Kilmarnock,\\nare suspended for heterodoxy.\\nSir F. H. Goldsmid founds the Jewish\\nInfant School.\\n1842 May 23. Scot. TheGeneral As-\\nsembly of the Church of Scotland con-\\ndemns patronage as detrimental to true\\nreligion, and deserving to be abolished.\\nNov. 7. London. The British Society for\\nthe Propagation of the Gospel among the\\nJews is founded.\\nLETTERS.\\n1839-69 The first real practical techni-\\ncal school in England is formed in the\\nChester Diocesan Training College, by\\nRev. Arthur Itigg, principal.\\n1839 Festus, by Philip James Bailey,\\nappears.\\nIntroduction to the Literature of Eu-\\nrope, by Henry Hallam, appears.\\n1839-43 Sketches of Statesmen of the\\nTime of George III., by Lord Henry\\nBrougliam, appears. [1S45-46, Lives of\\nthe Men of Letters and Science who\\nFlourished in the Time of George III.\\n1839-44 Proverbial Philosophy, by Mar-\\ntin Farquhar Tupper, appears. [1844,\\nCrock of Gold.\\n1839-45 Journal of Researches, by\\nCharles Darwin, appears.\\n1840* *A training-school is founded\\nat Battersea by Sir J. Shuttleworth and\\nE. C. Tufnell.\\nThe Shakespeare Society is founded.\\nLondon. The London Circulating\\nLibrary is founded.\\nLondon. The Tablet, Roman Catholic\\nweekly, is issued.\\nScot. The Witness is issued.\\nScot. The Old Red Sandstone, by Hugh\\nMiller, appears. [1850, Footprints of the\\nCreator.]\\nIngoldsby Legends, by Richard Harris\\nBarfiam, appears.\\n1840-48 Lives of the Queens of Eng-\\nland, by Agnes Strickland, appears.\\n1841 Apr. 14. London. The Noncon-\\nformist is issued.\\nJuly 17. London. Punch, or the Lon-\\ndon Charivari, is issued by Henry May-\\nhew, Mark Lemon, Douglas Jerrold, Gil-\\nbert a Becket, and others.\\nLondon. The Pharmaceutical Jour-\\nnal is issued also the Gardeners\\nChronicle and Jewish Chronicle.\\nAmenities of Literature, by Isaac D ls-\\nraeli, appears.\\nMaster man Ready, by Capt. Marryat,\\nappears. [1846, huaren of the New For-\\nest; 1848, The Little Savage.]\\n1842 May 18. London. The Philo-\\nlogical Society is established.\\nMay London. The Illustrated London\\nNews is issued.\\nEdinburgh. New CoUege is founded.\\nLondon. Lloyd s Weekly Newspaper\\nis issued; also the Builder and the In-\\nquirer.\\nLays of Ancient Rome, by Macaulay,\\nappears.\\nLocksley Hall, and other poems, by\\nTennyson, appears. [1S47, The Princess\\n1850, In Memoriam.]\\nIre. The Waldenses, bv Aubrev\\nThomas DeVere, appears. [1343, Poem-.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0962.jp2"}, "963": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1839,**-1842, 951\\nDictionary of Greek and Roman Antiq-\\nuities, by Sir William Smith, appears.\\nZanoni, by Bulwer-Lytton, appears.\\n[1S43, Last of the Barons: 1S4S, Harold;\\n1849, The Caxtons; 1S53, My Novel.\\nScot. Love and Immortality, by\\nCharles Mackay, appears. [1845, Le-\\ngends of the Isles.]\\nCorrelation of the Physical Forces, by\\nSir W. R. Grove, appears.\\nIt enunciates the theory of the corre-\\nlation or mutual dependence and con-\\nvertibility into each other of all the\\nforces of nature, viz., heat, light, elec-\\ntricity, magnetism, chemical affinity, and\\nmotion.\\n1842-53 The Shakespeare Society is-\\nsues 20 volumes.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1839* London. King s College Hos-\\npital is founded.\\nLondon. The Theatrical Fund is es-\\ntablished. [1S53. Incorporated.]\\nThe British and Foreign Antislavery\\nSociety is established.\\n1840 Jan. 1. John Frost, Zephaniah\\nWilliams, and William Jones, three\\nChartists, are tried for high treason.\\n[Condemned and transported.]\\nJuly 10. Attempted assassination.\\nEdward Oxford, an ex-servant in a public\\nhouse, discharges two pistols at Queen Vic-\\ntoria and Prince Albert when ascending\\nConstitution Hill in an open pha?ton from\\nBuckingham Palace. Neither her majesty\\nnor the prince is injured. [July 10. Oxford\\nadjudged to he insane.]\\n1840-52 London. The Percy Society\\nis formed. [1840-55. Also the Parker\\nSociety.]\\n1841 Sept. 15. Metropolitan Associa-\\ntion for Improving the Dwellings of the\\nIndustrial Classes is founded. [1845.\\nOct. 16. Incorporated.]\\nA Consumption Hospital is founded\\nat Brompton.\\nLondon. The London Philanthropic\\nSociety is founded to supply bread and\\ncoal to the poor.\\nTitles created. Barons Oxenfoord, Con-\\ngleton, and Vivian; also Karl of Gainsbor-\\nough. [1H42, Viscount. Hill; 1846, Earl of\\nEliesmere and Visi-ount. llardinge; 1847, Earl\\nof Strafford; 1*49. Visi-onnt (longhand Baron\\nElgin; 1*50, Earl of Tottenham and Baron\\nTruro; 1851, Baron De Freyne.]\\n1841-47 Edinburgh. Wodrow Soci-\\nety is founded.\\n1842 May 30. John Francis fires at\\nthe queen. [July 3. John William\\nBean presents a pistol at the queen, but\\nis seized by a bystander before firing it. J\\nAug. Scot. Father Mathew visits\\nGlasgow; 40,000 take the pledge.\\nnong\\n1840 Jan. 10. Parliament: Members\\nrelinquish the privilege of franking let-\\nters. The penny postage act becomes\\noperative.\\nFeb. 10. Queen Victoria marries her\\ncousin. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-\\nGotha.\\nApr. 14. Parliament: An act for the\\nsettlement of the privilege of Parlia-\\nment question is passed.\\nJuly 15. A treaty of alliance is con-\\ncluded with Russia, Austria, and Prussia\\nfor the maintenance of the Ottoman\\nempire and the settlement of the affairs\\nof Egypt.\\nJuly 23. Parliament: The Vaccina-\\ntion Act is passed. [1853. Compulsory\\nAct passed.]\\nAug. 4. Parliament: A regency bill\\nappointing Prince Albert regent in tbe\\nevent of the demise of the queen, should\\nher next lineal successor be under age,\\n1 A Parliamentary commission reports\\nthat children six years of age are em-\\nployed in mines to drag cars of coal\\nthrough low tunnels by getting down\\non hands and feet. Orphan boys are\\nreduced to slavery in the mines by a sys-\\ntem of apprenticeship.\\nLondon. A women s hospital is\\nfounded in Soho.\\nThe Royal Masonic Institution for\\ntbe aged and widows is founded.\\n1839* London. The employment of dogs\\nin drawing carts, etc., is abolished. [1854.\\nAbolished throughout the country.]\\nThe new Houses of Parliament are\\ncommenced. [1852. Finished.]\\nNew Zealand is settled.\\nThe money-order office, set up in 1792,\\nis begun to be generally used.\\nParliament The Municipal Cor-,\\nporation Act for Ireland is passed.\\nIsaac Lyon Goldsmid, a Jew, is made\\na baronet, the first Jew so honored.\\n1841 Jan.* China. Hong Kong is\\nacquired (p. 617).\\nMay 27. H, C. A vote of confidence\\nin the Ministry is refused. Vote, 312-\\n311.\\nJune Ire. John Campbell is made\\nlord chancellor. [Oct. Sir Edward\\nSugden.]\\nAug. 19. Parliament meets. [1347.\\nJuly 23. Dissolved.\\nAug. 30. The Melbourne Ministry re-\\nsign, having beendefeatedin Parliament\\non an amendment to the speech from\\nthe throne.\\nSept. 6. A Ministry is formed with Sir\\nRobert Peel as Premier.\\nMembers: the Duke of Wellington\\nLord Lyndhuret as lord high chancellor;\\nSir James Graham, the Earl of Aberdeen,\\nand Lord Stanley. [Later, Sidney Her-\\nbert, W.E. Gladstone. Earl of Hadding-\\nton is made tirst lord of the admiralty.]\\nSept. 15. Ire. Thomas Philip, Earl de\\nGrey, is appointed lord-lieutenant.\\nNov. 10. Edward Pennefather is\\nmade chief justice.\\nDec. 20. The quintuple treaty for the\\nsuppression of the slave-trade is signed.\\nIt allows mutual right of search by the\\ngreat powers Great Britain, France,\\nAustria, Russia, and Prussia sign it.\\nDublin. Daniel O Connell is elected\\nmayor he is the first Roman Catholic\\nto hold that office.\\nViscount Lowther is appointed post-\\nmaster.\\nPopulation of England, 8,196,597.\\nPostage-stamps come into use, super-\\nseding adhesive envelopes.\\n1842 Mar. 3 Parliament The Copy-\\nright Law is amended by extending the\\nterm of 28 years to 42 years.\\nApr. 7. H. C. Sir Robert Peel s slid-\\ning-scale bill, regulating the duty\\non wheat and other articles of corn, is\\npassed.\\nMay 2. Parliament: A petition for the\\nadoption of the People s Charter,\\nhaving 3,000,000 signatures, is intro-\\nduced. [Rejected. Vote, 287-49.]\\nJune 22. H. C. Sir Robert Peel s bill\\nfor the imposition of a tax of sevenpence\\nin the pound on incomes over \u00c2\u00a3150 is\\npassed.\\nAug. 9. The Ashburton Treaty is\\nsigned (p. 155).\\nLondon. TheoldMarshalseaprison,\\nSouthwark, built in the 13th century, is\\ntaken down.\\nParliament: A bill prohibiting the\\nemployment of women and children\\nin mines is passed.\\nE.I. Earl of Ellenborough is ap-\\npointed governor-general.\\nLondon. Pentonville Model prison\\nis completed.\\nScot. The queen firs t visits Scotland.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1840 Jan. 11. The steamer William\\nHusHsson is wrecked between Dublin\\nand Liverpool 93 passengors saved by\\nCapt. Clegg of the Huddersfield.\\nJune 17. E. I. The Lord William Ben-\\nUncle is wrecked off Bombay; 58 re-\\ncruits, 20 officers, and seven passengers\\nperish; the Lord Castlereagh also-\\nwrecked, most of her crew and passen-\\ngers being lost.\\nJuly 18. U. S. A. The first transat-\\nlantic steamer of the Cunard line, the\\nBritannia, arrives at Boston, Mass., after\\na passage of 14 days and eight hours.\\nNov. 18. The steam packet City of Bris-\\ntol is wrecked 35 persons drowned.\\n1841 Jan. 4. The steamer Thames,\\nfrom Dublin to Liverpool, is wrecked\\noff St. Ives the captain and 55 persons\\ndrowned.\\nFeb. 10. The Governor Fenner, from\\nLiverpool to America, is run down off\\nHolyhead by the Nottingham steamer\\nout of Dublin 122 persons drowned.\\nApr. 19. The William Browne is\\nwrecked by striking on the ice 16 pas-\\nsengers who had been received into the\\nlong-boat are thrown overboard by the\\ncrew to lighten her.\\nJune 8. London. Astley s Amphi-\\ntheater is burned the third time.\\nSept. 26. The Amanda is wrecked off\\nMetis 29 passengers and 12 of the crew\\ndrowned.\\nOct. 30. London. A fire occurs at the\\nTower the armory and 2SO,000 stand of\\narms are destroyed.\\nNov. 21. Ire. The James Cooke of Lim-\\nerick is wrecked in coming from Sligo\\nto Glasgow.\\nThe telegraph is extended to Glas-\\ngow.\\n1842 Aug. 28. Afr. The transports\\nAbercroml Robinson, and Waterloo\\nare lost in Table Bay, Cape of Good\\nHope of 330 persons on board the lat-\\nter vessel 189, principally convicts, are\\ndrowned.\\nNov. 13. The East Indiaman Reliance,\\nfrom China to London, is wrecked off\\nMerlmont, near Boulogne of 116 per-\\nsons on board, seven only are saved.\\nCommercial distress prevails. Many\\npersons are unemployed, and disorders\\nin manufacturing districts are repressed\\nby military force.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0963.jp2"}, "964": {"fulltext": "952 1843, Jan. 13-1846, GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1843 July 13. The Albert troop-ship\\nfrom Halifax is wrecked with the 64th\\nRegiment on board, which barely es-\\ncapes.\\nE. I. War with the Sindis. (See\\nIndia.)\\n1844 The naval list is first officially\\ncompleted.\\n1845 Dec. *E.I. The first Sikh war\\nbegins.\\n1846 S. Afr. War with Kafirs.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1S43 Mar. 1. Tbe Phonetic Society\\nis formed; Isaac Pitman, secretary.\\nHilar. 25. London. The Thames tunnel\\nis opened for foot passengers length,\\n1,300 feet width, 35 feet heighth, 20\\nfeet thickness of earth between the\\ncrown of the arch and the bed of the\\nriver, about 15 feet.\\nApr. 17. London. Astley s Amphithe-\\nater is reopened.\\nJune 28. London. The Southeastern\\nrailway is opened to Folkestone. [1S44.\\nFeb. 7. To Dover.]\\n3 ov. 4. London. The Nelson Column,\\nTrafalgar Square, is completed. [1SG7.\\nJan. 31. The lions at the base, designed\\nby Sir Edwin Landseer, are uncovered.]\\nGutta-percha is made known in Eng-\\nland by Drs. De Almeida and Montgom-\\nery at the Society of Arts.\\nLondon. The Ethnological Society\\nis formed also the British Archaeo-\\nlogical Association, and the Koyal\\nArchaeological Institute.\\nScot. James Nasmyth invents the\\nstriking steam-hammer.\\nThe 13th meeting of the British Asso-\\nciation is held at Cork; [1844, 14th at\\nYork; 1845, 15th at Cambridge; 1846,\\n16th at Southampton 1847, 17th at Ox-\\nford.]\\nThe first experiments in atmospheric\\nrailways in England are made at Worm-\\nwood.\\nSir Wm. Rowan Hamilton invents the\\nmathematical method called quater-\\nnions.\\nIre. The first atmospheric railway\\nin Ireland is built.\\n1844 Aug. 24. Edinlmrgh. A monu-\\nment to the political martyrs of 1793-94\\nOct. 8. Scot. A statue of the Duke of\\nWellington is unveiled at Glasgow.\\n[Later, also one at the Royal Exchange,\\nLondon.]\\nThe doctrine of the origin of species\\nby evolution appears in the Vestiges of\\nthe Natural History of Creation.\\nThe North British railway is begun.\\n[1846. June 18. Opened.]\\n*Rev. John Curwen improves the\\ntonic sol-fa system, in which the let-\\nters d, r, m, f s, 1, t (for do, re, mi, fa, so,\\nla, ti, or si), are used instead of notes.\\nDublin. Queen s Theater in Bruns-\\nwick Street is erected.\\n*The Handel Society is formed; also\\nthe Syro-Egyptian Society, the Ray\\nSociety, and the Caxton Society.\\n1845 Feb. 27. The Portland Vase is\\nsmashed with a stone by William Lloyd.\\n[It has been skilfully repaired.]\\nMay 1. London. The Hungerford (or\\nCharing Cross) suspension bridge is\\nopened.\\nMay 24. Sir John Franklin and Capts.\\nCrozier and Fitzjames sail in the ships\\nErebus and Terroriov the arctic regions.\\nJune The railway from Cambridge to\\nLondon is opened.\\nJune J. Watkins Brett and Jacob Brett\\nfile plans for a transatlantic telegraph\\ncable.\\nThe Sheffield and Manchester railway\\nis opened.\\nLondon. A statue of Queen Victoria\\nis erected at the Royal Exchange.\\nLondon. Victoria Park and Trafalgar\\nSquare are completed.\\n1846 Aug. The Queen s Park, Peel\\nPark, and Philip s Park, Manchester,\\nare opened.\\nOct. 10. Lassell discovers a satellite of\\nNeptune.\\nLondon. The grand Wellington\\nArch is erected at Hyde Park corner\\nheight of equestrian statue, 27 feet\\nweight, 40 tons chiefly made from cap-\\ntured cannon.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1843 Abbott, Evelyn, classical scholar,\\nhistorian, born.\\nAllen, William, chemist, A73.\\nAlice Maud .Mary, .laughter of Victoria, b.\\nCooper, William k., aivheolngist, born.\\nDilke, Sir Charles Wentworth, statesman,\\njournalist, born.\\nDowden, Edward, scholar, Ireland, born.\\nLoudon, John C, horticulturist, Scot., A 60.\\nSouthey, Robert, poet, historian, biog., AGI.\\n1844 Aben i oinl ie,.In]in, phys., Scot., Ali4.\\nAddington, Henry, Viscount Sidmouth, A87.\\nAlfred Ernest Albert, Duke of Edinburgh,\\nson of Victoria, born.\\nBaily, Fram-is, astronomer, A70.\\nHeckford, William, author, A84.\\nBurdett, Sir Francis, statesman, A74.\\nCallcott, Sir Aug. W., landscape paint., A65.\\nOampbeil, Thomas, poet, Scotland, A67.\\nDal ton, John, physicist, mathematician, A78.\\nHalt ord, Sir Henry, physician, author, A78.\\nHall, Basil, traveler, author, Scotland, A56.\\nLang, Andrew, poet, essayist, born.\\nScott, Thomas II. S., author, born.\\nSterling, John, critic, essayist, A38.\\nSullivan, Arthur, musical composer, born.\\n1845 Adolphus, John, lawyer, hist., A78.\\nBlanchard, Laman, journalist, A42.\\nBuxton, Sir Thomas F., philanthropist, A59.\\nCooper, Thomas s., painter, A42.\\nDaniell, John F., chemist, physicist, A55.\\nErnest Augustus Albert, Duke of Cumber-\\nland, born.\\nFry (or Curney), Elizabeth, philanthropist,\\nprison reformer, A65.\\nHood, Thomas, humorist, poet, A 47.\\nLansdowne, Marquis of, Henry E., states., b.\\nNairne, Baroness, Carolina 0-, poet, Scot-\\nland, A79.\\nRoche, Marie Kegina, novelist, A81.\\nSaintshury, George W., scholar, author, b.\\nSale, Sir Robert II., general, A63.\\nSmith, Sydney, cl., essayist, wit, wr., A74.\\n1848 Clarkson, Thomas, philanthropist,\\nantlslavery advocate, A86.\\nDavitt, Michael, journalist, states., Ire., b.\\nDe Vere, Sir Aubrey, poet, Ireland, A3f).\\nFrere, John II., poet, diplomatist, wr. A77.\\nHaydon, Benjamin R., hist, painter, AGO.\\nHelena Augusta Victoria, Princess Helena,\\ndaughter of Victoria, born.\\nHoll, Frank, painter, horn.\\nParnell, Charles Stewart, statesman, Ire., b.\\nSayce, Archibald H., philologist, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1843 May 18. Edinburgh. Differences\\non the question of the right of patrons\\nto nominate to livings causes the se-\\ncession from the national church of Br.\\nThomas Chalmers and 400 other minis-\\nters [who form the c Free Church of\\nScotland\\nParliament provides for the formation\\nof new district churches or parishes;\\n\u00c2\u00a3600,000 appropriated.\\nThe Voluntary School Society and\\nCongregational Board of Education are\\nformed.\\nThe Primitive Methodists organize a\\nForeign Missionary Society.\\n*The Congregational Board of Edu-\\ncation is organized at Homerton.\\n1S44 May The society for the liber-\\nation of religion from state patronage\\nand control is established by eminent\\npolitical Dissenters.\\nJune 6. London. The Parent Society\\nof the Young Men s Christian Associa-\\ntion is organized.\\nThe Patagonian Missionary Society\\nis organized by Mr. Williams.\\n*The Free Church of England is\\nformed as au Episcopal church.\\n1845 Nov. Ire. The Protestants form\\nan alliance at Armagh.\\nThe Evangelical Alliance is founded\\nby Sir Culling Bradley Smith and others,\\nnt Liverpool, with the view of promoting\\nunity among all denominations of Prot-\\nestant Christians against Kuman Cathol-\\nicism and infidelity.\\nLondon. The Evangelical Conti-\\nnental Society is organized.\\n1846 Aug. 19-Sept. 2. London. A\\nmeeting for the organization of the\\nChristian Alliance is held in Freema-\\nson s Hall 800 delegates representing\\nDO denominations are present; object,\\nthe preservation of Christian liberty and\\nthe promotion of Christian unity.\\nLETTERS.\\n1843* Queen s College, Birming-\\nham, is incorporated.\\nWordsworth is appointed poet lau-\\nreate.\\n1843-56 JElfric Society is founded.\\nLondon. Allen s Indian Mail is is-\\nsued also the News of the World, Eng-\\nlish Churchman, Farmer, Economist, aiid\\nLaw Times.\\nSystem of Logic, hy John Stuart Mill.\\nappears. [1848, Principles of Political\\nEconomy.]\\nSong of the Shirt, hy Thomas Hood,\\nappears. [18-17, Poems of Wit and Hu-\\nmor.\\n1844 London. The British Quarterly\\nPeview is issued. Also the Musical\\nTimes and the Agricultural Gazette.\\nVestiges of the Natural History of Cre-\\nation appears.\\nIt affirms the progressive development\\nas a hypothetic history of organic crea-\\ntion the authorship is ascribed to Rob-\\nert Chambers and others, and occasions\\nmuch controversy.\\nHitopadesa, edited and translated by\\nMax Muller (Friedrich Maximilian\\nMiiller), appears.\\nAcjinconrt, by G. P. Ft. James, appears.\\n[1853, Agnes Sorel.]\\nVillage Sermons, hy Charles Kingsley,\\nappears. [1S50, Alton Locke; 1853, By-\\n2) at la 1855, Westward Ho J]\\n1S44-47 The North British Pevieio is\\nissued.\\n1844-55 Experimental Pesearches in\\nElectricity, by Michael Faraday, ap-\\npears.\\n1845 June Dublin. Maynooth Col-\\nlege receives a permanent endowment\\nfrom Parliament, consisting of \u00c2\u00a350,000", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0964.jp2"}, "965": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1843, Jan. 13-1846,**. 953\\nfor tlie enlargement of the buildings and\\n\u00c2\u00a326,000 annually. [This occasions much\\ncontroversy in England, a motion being\\nmade for its ulx lition at almost every ses-\\nsion of Parliament.]\\nJuly 31. Parliament passes an Act es-\\ntablishing queen s colleges (unsecta-\\nrian) in Ireland.\\n[1S49. Oct. 30. One is opened at Gal-\\nway. Oct. One at Belfast. Nov. 7.\\nOne at Cork. They are termed God-\\nless colleges, and are much opposed by\\nthe clergy. (See 1850, Aug. 15.)]\\nSept. 23. Ire. The Irish National\\nEducation Board is incorporated.\\nThe British Quarterly Review is is-\\nsued.\\nLondon. Knight s Penny Magazine is\\nissued.\\nSybil, by Benjamin Disraeli, appears.\\nA Concordance to Shakespeare, by\\nMary Cowden Clarke, appears.\\n1845-55 The Prospective Revieiu is is-\\nsued.\\n1845-67 History of Philosophy, by\\nGeorge Henry Lewes, appears.\\n1846 Jan. 21. London. The Daily\\nNews is issued also the Guardian.\\nOwens College, Manchester, is\\nfounded by means of a bequest of \u00c2\u00a3100-\\n000 by John Owens. [1851. Mar. 10. It\\nis opened.]\\nBishop Hatfield s Hall, Durham\\nUniversity, is founded.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1843 Nov. 14. Great free-trade meet-\\nings are held at Manchester.\\nRebecca or Becca riots against\\nturnpikes occur in South Wales.\\nLondon. The Sydenham Society and\\nLaw Amendment Society are founded.\\nThe National Temperance Society\\nis formed.\\nLondon. The Round, Catch, and\\nCannon Club is founded.\\nLondon. St. Mary s Hospital, Pad-\\ndington, is founded.\\ni* Ire. The Molly Maguires, a\\nsecret society, flourishes.\\nEdinburgh. The Spottiswood Soci-\\nety is founded.\\n1844 Nov. 5. Scot. The Scottish\\nTemperance League is formed.\\n*A Ragged School Union is organ-\\nized.\\nSailors Home, Liverpool, is founded.\\nThe Asylum for Fatherless Children\\nat Reedham, Surrey, is established.\\n1845 May 20. Lieut. Hawkes kills\\nLieut. Seton in a duel.\\nAug. The queen visits Germany.\\nDec. 23. A great anti- corn-law meet-\\ning is held at Manchester \u00c2\u00a364,9S4 sub-\\nscribed.\\nA society for the discouragement of\\ndancing is formed.\\nLondon. Model lodging-houses are\\nbuilt.\\nA German hospital is founded at\\nDalston.\\nThe polka is introduced [and becomes\\na popular dance].\\nScot. A poor-law system is estab-\\nlished.\\nIre. Titles created, Baron Dun-\\nsandle and ClanConal. [1848, Baron Bel-\\nlew.]\\nSTATE.\\n1843 Mar. 16. Ire. Daniel O Con-\\nnell addresses 30,000 people at Trim on\\nthe repeal of the Act of united legisla-\\ntion between Ireland and Great Britain.\\nAug. 3. S.Afr. Natal is annexed.\\nAug. 15. Ire. O Connell\\nhalf a million people on the hill of Tara\\nin favor of the repeal of the legislative\\nOct. 14. Ire. O Connell and many of\\nhis associates are arrested on charges\\nof conspiracy, sedition, and unlawful\\nassembling. [1S44. Jan. 15-Feb. 12.\\nO Connell and eight others are found\\ng*uilty by a Protestant jury.]\\n1844 May 6. H. C. A bill for the re-\\nnewal of the Bank of England is intro-\\nduced and passed.\\nIt provides for the continuation of the\\nbank s privilege, for its division into two\\ndepartments, for the publishing of its\\nweekly returns, and the limiting of its\\ncirculation to \u00c2\u00a314,000,000. [Passed.]\\nMay 13. Parliament: Sir James Gra-\\nham s bill for the regulation of hours\\nof labor in factories is passed.\\nMay 30. Ire. Daniel O Connell is sen-\\ntenced to imprisonment for one year,\\nand to pay a fine of \u00c2\u00a32,000; his associ-\\nates are sentenced to nine months im-\\nprisonment, and to pay a fine of \u00c2\u00a350\\neach.\\nJuly 12. Ire. William, Lord Heytes-\\nbury, is appointed lord-lieutenant.\\nAug. 3. Parliament: The Art Union\\nIndemnity Act is passed.\\nSept. 4. H. C. The decision of the Irish\\nCourt of the Queen s Bench in the case\\nof O Connell and his associates is re-\\nvised. They are liberated.\\nDec. 18. Ire. New commissioners of\\ncharitable bequests are appointed, and\\nthe rank of Roman Catholic bishops\\nis recognized.\\nParliament orders the examination\\nof railway schemes before their intro-\\nduction by the Board of Trade.\\nParliament requires railway compa-\\nnies to run cheap trains every day, and\\npermits the erection of electric tele-\\ngraphs, and authorizes the Government\\nto buy existing railways with the per-\\nmission of Parliament after Jan. 1, I860.\\nE. I. Sir Henry Hardinge is ap-\\npointed governor-general.\\n1845 Feb. 15. H. C. Sir Robert Peel\\nintroduces a bill for the abolition of\\nimport duties on over 430 articles.\\nDec. 5. Sir Robert Peel resigns. [Dec*\\nLord John Russell attempts to form a\\nMinistry, but fails, and Peel resumes\\noffice.]\\nH. C. A bill is passed for the improve-\\nment of Maynooth College, Dublin,\\nand granting to it annually \u00c2\u00a330,000.\\n1845-53 Ire. The Celtic Society, Dub-\\nlin, flourishes.\\n1846 Jan. 13. The Earl of Ellenbor-\\nough is made first lord of the admiralty.\\nJan. 23. Ire. Francis Blackburn is\\nmade chief justice.\\nApr. 30. H. C. William Smith\\nO Brien is committed to the custody of\\nthe sergeant-at-arms, for contempt, in\\nnot obeying an order of the House to\\nattend a committee.\\nJune 15. Can. The Oregon boundary\\ntreaty (p. 161).\\nJune 26. Parliament: The corn-laws\\nare totally repealed.\\nWheat at or about 53 shillings per\\nquarter to be four shillings a quarter\\nuntil Feb. 1, 1849 thereafter all kinds of\\ngrain uniformly to be one shilling per\\nquarter.\\nJune 29. Sir Robert Peel resigns,\\nhis bill for the protection of life in Ire-\\nland being rejected by the Commons.\\nJuly Richard Cobden receives a testi-\\nmonial of \u00c2\u00a3S0,000 for his eminent ser-\\nvices in promoting the abolition of the\\ncorn-laws.\\nJuly 6. Lord Cottenham is appointed\\nlord high chancellor.\\nLord John Russell becomes premier.\\nCabinet includes Marquis of Lansdowne,\\nViscount ralmerston, foreign secretary,\\nEarl Grey, William E. Gladstone, secretary\\nof state for the colonial ik paiiment, Lord\\nAuckland, first lord of the admiralty, Earl\\nGranville, Fox Jlaule, Earl of Carlisle, Sir\\nThomas Wilde, and Lord Truro.\\nJuly 9. Ire. John -William, Earl of\\nBesborough, is appointed lord -lieu-\\ntenant. [July 16. Maziere Brady,\\nlord chancellor.]\\nJuly 29. Ire. William Smith O Brien\\nand the Young Ireland, or physical\\nforce, party secede from the Repeal\\nAssociation, and form the Irish Confed-\\neration party.\\nAug.* Parliament: Three famine-relief\\nActs for Ireland are passed.\\nAug. 28. Parliament Commissioners\\nof railways are constituted.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1843 Jan. 13. The East Indiaman Con-\\nqueror, homeward bound, is wrecked\\nnear Boulogne crew and passengers are\\nlost.\\nJan. 16. The East Indiaman Jessie Lo-\\ngan is wrecked on the Cornish coast\\nmany drowned.\\nApr. 7. Sp. The royal mail-steamer\\nSolway is wrecked near Corunna 28\\nlives and the mail are lost.\\nApr. 12. The trader Catherine is blown\\nup off the Isle of Pines. Most of the\\ncrew are massacred by the natives or\\nafterwards drowned.\\nMay 23. Ind. The Amelia Thompson is\\nwrecked near Madras part of the crew\\nsaved.\\nJuly 19. The steam-packet Pegasus from\\nLeith is wrecked off the Fern Islands\\nof 59 persons (including Elton the actor)\\nseven only are saved.\\n1844 June 16. The steamer Manches-\\nter from Hull to Hamburg is wrecked\\noff the Vogel Sands, near Cuxhaven 30\\nlives are lost.\\nOct. 28. London. The Royal Ex-\\nchange is opened by the queen.\\nLondon. Fleet prison is taken down.\\nThe use of sealing-wax is superseded\\nby the introduction of adhesive envel-\\nopes.\\nThe Admiralty pier at Dover is com-\\nmenced.\\n1845 Jan. 1. London. The new build-\\ning Act becomes operative.\\nMay 2. A suspension chain-bridge,\\nbuilt over the Bure at Yarmouth, at an\\nexpense of \u00c2\u00a34,000, owing to the weight\\nof a vast number of persons who assem-\\nbled on it to witness an exhibition on the\\nwater, suddenly gives way, and 79 lives\\n(mostly children) are lost.\\nLondon. Penny-fares on steamboats\\nA great famine is caused by the fail-\\nure of the potato crop.\\n1846 Mar. A commercial panic oc-\\ncurs.\\nAug. 24. A collision occurs on the Pe-\\nvensey (Brighton and Hastings) Kail-\\nway 40 are injured.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0965.jp2"}, "966": {"fulltext": "954 1846, *~1850, July 3. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1847 Dec. 20. The war ship Avenger,\\nwith officers and crew, is lost off the\\nnorth coast of Africa.\\n1848-49 E. I. Second Sikh war. (See\\nIndia.)\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1846 London. The Pathological Soci-\\nety is formed also the Sussex Arch-\\naeological Society at Lewes, and the\\nCambrian Archaeological Association.\\nThe high level bridge is erected by\\nRobert Stephenson at Newcastle, and\\nthe Grand Central Station is also built.\\nSir William Armstrong s hydraulic\\ncrane is patented.\\n1846^18 W. The Conway Tubular\\nBridge is erected.\\n1846-50 W. The Britannia Tubular\\nSuspension Bridge is erected by Rob-\\nert Stephenson across Menai Strait:\\nlength of central span, 4G0 feet; total\\nlength, 1,840 feet height of central\\ntower, 230 feet.\\nWater is decomposed into oxygen and\\nhydrogen gases by the heat of oxy-hy-\\ndrogen flame by Win. Robert Grove.\\n1847 May 4. London. Jenny Lind,\\nthe Swedish Nightingale, makes her\\nfirst appearance.\\nAug. 13. The planet Iris is discovered\\nby John Russell Hind. [Oct. IS, Flora;\\n1850, Sept. 13, Victoria; 1851, May 19,\\nIrene; 1S52, June 24, Melpomene; Aug.\\n22, Fortuna; Nov. 16, Calliope; Dec. 15,\\nThalia; 1853, Nov. 8, Euterpe.\\nLassell discovers a satellite of Uranus.\\nThe Gardens of Botany at Kew are\\ngreatly improved, and magnificent con-\\nservatories are erected.\\nThe royal kitchen and forcing gardens\\nare incorporated with the botanical gar-\\ndens at Kew.\\nThe Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge\\n(endowed 1816, founded 1837), is com-\\npleted.\\nLondon. The Palaeontographical So-\\nciety is formed.\\nThe Institute of Mechanical Engineers\\nis formed at Birmingham.\\nGutta-percha is suggested as an in-\\nsulator for electrical use by Faraday.\\n1847-48 Sir John Franklin discovers\\nthe Northwest Passage in sailing down\\nthe [Franklin Straits], but loses his life\\nin the effort.\\n1848 Apr. 25. The planet Metis is dis-\\ncovered by A. Graham.\\nMay 11. Sir James Boss s expedition\\nsails in search of Sir John Franklin.\\n[1849. Nov. 3. Returns unsuccessful.]\\nEighteenth meeting of the British\\nAssociation is held at Swansea. [1849,\\nSept. 12, 19th at Birmingham 1S50, July\\n31, 20th at Edinburgh 1851, 21st at Ips-\\nwich 1852, 22d at Belfast; 1S53, 23d at\\nHull 1854, 24th at Liverpool.]\\nLondon. The statue of Lord George\\nBentinck is erected in Cavendish Square.\\nLondon. The Institute of Actuaries\\nis formed; also the Arundel Society,\\nfor the promotion of art by publishing\\nfacsimiles, photographs, etc.\\nOne of the satellites of Saturn is dis-\\ncovered by George Phillips Bond and\\nWilliam Lassell.\\nArtificial stone is invented by Fred.\\nRanscome.\\nWilliam Lassell discovers the eight\\nsatellites of Saturn.\\nParaffin is procured from mineral\\noil by James Young at Alfreton in Der-\\nbyshire.\\n1849 Apr. 18. The first stone of the\\ngreat Grimsby docks is laid by the\\nPrince of Wales.\\nScot. Sir Walter Scott and Mis\\nFriends is painted by Faed.\\nThe Athenaeum and Mechanics In-\\nstitution at Sheffield is opened.\\nThe fire-annihilator is invented by\\nT. Phillips. When in operation, steam\\nand carbonic acid are formed, which ex-\\ntinguish flame.\\nA steam-plow is patented by G.\\nCallaway and R. A. Purkes.\\n1850 Jan. 20. The Enterprise and In-\\nvestigator sail in search of Sir John\\nFranklin, under Commanders Collin-\\neon and M Clure. [Oct. 26. M Clure\\ndiscovers the Northwest Passage.]\\nMar. 20. London. A marble arch\\nfrom Buckingham Palace is uncovered\\nat Cumberland Gate, Hyde Park.\\nMar. The first locomotive passes\\nthrough the Britannia Tubular Suspen-\\nsion Bridge.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1847 Barrymore, Maurice, actor, born.\\nChalmers, Thomas, cl., author, Scot., A67.\\nCollins, William K. A., painter, A60.\\nDibdin, Thomas drain., song- writer, A71.\\nElmes, Harvey L., architect, A33.\\nFargus, Frederick J., novelist, born.\\nFawcett, Millicent, economist, born.\\nFranklin, Sir John, arctic explorer, A61\u00c2\u00b1.\\nLambert, Sir John, yneral, A75.\\nLankester, Edwin K.~, zoologist, born.\\nMacCtilhurh, James, inathemat., Ire., A37.\\nO Connell, Daniel, lawyer, orator, states-\\nman, Ireland, A72.\\nRosebery, Earl of, Archibald Philip Prim-\\nrose, statesman, born.\\nTurner, Sharon, historian, A79.\\n1848* Ashhurton, Lord, Alexander B.,\\nstatesman, A74.\\nBarrow, Sir John, traveler, A84.\\nBentinck, Lord, William (ieorge Frederick\\nCavendish, statesman, A46.\\nD Israeli, iBaac, historian, critic, an., A82.\\nHerschel, Caroline L., astronomer, A98.\\nA56.\\nMelbourne, Viscount de, William Lamb,\\nstatesman, A69.\\nNicolas, Sir Nicholas H., antiquary, A49.\\nSiddons, Mary F. Scott, actor, born.\\nStephenson, George (inventor locomo-\\ntives), A67.\\nTennant, William, poet (Scotland), A63.\\nTerry, Ellen, actor, born.\\n1849 Adelaide, queen, consort of William\\nIV., A57.\\nBarham, Richard H., humorist, au., A61.\\nBarton, Bernard, Quaker poet, A65.\\nIUessington, Countess of, Margaret Power,\\nnovelist, Ire., AGO.\\nBrunei, Sir Marc I., engineer (Thames\\ntunnel), A80.\\nColeridge, Hartley, poet, author, A52.\\nCopleston, Edward, lip. of Llandaff, au., A73.\\nEdi, eworth, Maria, novelist, Ireland, A82.\\nElliott, Ebenezer, poet, A68.\\nGosse, Edmund poet, born.\\nHeath, Charles, engraver, born.\\nHerkomer, Hubert, painter, born.\\nKendal, Mrs. (Margaret Brunton Robert-\\nson), actor, born.\\nLangbridge, Frederick, poet, born.\\nMorier, James, traveler, author, A69.\\nO Neil, James, actor, born.\\nSmith, Horace, poet, novelist, A70.\\nTerris, William, actor, born.\\nTytler, Patrick Fraser, hist., Scot., A58.\\nCHURCH.\\n1846 Daniel Murphy is consecrated\\n(Roman Cat Indie) bishop of Australasia.\\n[1S47. Alexis Canog for Trichonopoly,\\nIndia.]\\nScot. Dr. Duff declines the office of\\nprincipal and professor of theology in\\nthe Free Church College, begging his\\nfriends to allow hi in to retain, in the view\\nof all men, the clearly marked and dis-\\nted by tinguishing character of a missionary\\nto the heathen.\\nSisterhoods in the Church of England\\nare begun by Lydia Priscilla Sellon in\\nDevonshire.\\n1847 May 13. Scot. The Belief and\\nSecession churches are united as the\\nUnited Presbyterian Church.\\nThe Catholic Poor School Commission\\nis established.\\nBishoprics are established\\n1847, Manchester, Eng., Melbourne,\\nVic, Sydney, N. S. W., Newcastle, W. A.,\\nCapetown, Adelaide, S. A., and Argyll\\nand the Isles 1849, Victoria, Hong-\\nKong, and Rupert Land 1852, Sierra\\nLeone 1853, Natal and Grahainstown.\\n1848 The Young Men s Missionary\\nAssociation of the Baptist Church is\\norganized.\\nJohn Bird Sumner is chosen arch-\\nbishop of Canterbury.\\nLondon. Bey. Frederick Faber and\\nothers, as Fathers of the Oratory,\\nestablish themselves in King William\\nStreet, Strand. [Afterwards in Brornp-\\nton.]\\n1849 The Protestant Alliance is\\nformed.\\nIre. Francis Kelly is consecrated\\n(B. C.) bishop of Derry.\\nWesleyan Methodist Reformers\\norganize.\\nLETTERS.\\n1846* London, The Cavendish So-\\nciety is founded. Also the Hakluyt\\nSociety.\\nEdinburgh. The Edinburgh Philo-\\nsophical Association is reorganized as\\nthe Edinburgh Philosophical So-\\nciety.\\nStories from the Italian Poets, by Leigh\\nHunt, appears. [1847, Men, Women, and\\nBooks; 1S50, Autobiography; 1853, Re-\\nligion of the Heart.]\\n1846-56 History of Greece, by George\\nGrote, appears.\\n1847 Apr. Scot. The North British.\\nDaily Mail is issued at Glasgow.\\nJuly 19. Kobert Hibbert establishes a\\ntrust fund for the promotion of com-\\nprehensive learning and thorough re-\\nsearch in relation to religion apart\\nfrom any sect or system.\\nOct. Loiidon. The Education Times is\\nissued. Also the Weekly Times.\\nJane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte, ap-\\npears. [1854, Vlllette.]\\nThe Macdermotts of Ballycloran, by\\nAnthony Trollope, appears. [1855, The\\nWarden; 1857, Bare hester Towers.]\\nFriends in Council, by Arthur Hugh\\nHelps, appears. [1S51, Companions of\\nMy Solitude.]\\nWuthering Heights, by Emily Bronte^\\nappears.\\nVanity Fair, by Thackeray, appears.\\n[1850, Pendennis 1852, Henri/ Esmond;\\n1S53-55, The Nezocomes 1857-59, The\\nVirginians.]\\n1847-49 Scot. Institutes of Theology,\\nby Thomas Chalmers, appears.\\n1848 July 29. Dublin. The Nation-\\nmid the Irish Felon are suppressed.\\nLondon. The Psychological Journal\\nis issued by Dr. Forbes Winslow.\\nScot. The whole Bible is printed at\\nGlasgow in raised characters for the\\nuse of the blind.\\nLoss and Gain, by John Henry New-\\nman, appears. [185 J, Scope and Nature\\nof University Education; 1S5G, Caltista.]\\nThe Bothie of Tober-Na-Vuolich, by\\nArthur Hugh Clough, appears. [1850,\\nDipsychus.]\\nMary Barton, by Elizabeth Gaskell,\\nappears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0966.jp2"}, "967": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1846, 1850, July 3. 955\\nPoetry of Sacred and Legendary Art,\\nby Mrs. Anna Jameson, appears.\\nHistory of England, vols. i. and ii.,\\nby Macaulay, appears. [1S55, vols. iii.\\nand iv. 1861, vol. v.]\\nBarometrograpkia, by Luke Howard,\\nappears.\\nThe Strayed Reveller, and other\\npoems, by Matthew Arnold, appears.\\n[1353, Empedocles on Etna; 1855, Poems.]\\nNineveh and its Remains, by Sir Aus-\\nten Henry Layard, appears. [1845-53,\\nThe Monuments of Nineveh; 1851, In-\\nscriptions in ike Cuneiform Character\\nfrom Assyrian Monuments; 1S53, Fresh\\nDiscoveries at Nineveh, and Researches\\nat Babylon.]\\nLife and Adventures of Oliver Gold-\\nsmith, by John Forster, appears. [1859,\\nHistorical and Biographical Essays.]\\nTenant of Wildfeld Hall, by Annie\\nBronte, appears.\\n1849 London. The Phonetic News is\\nissued. Also Notes and Queries and\\nThe Art Journal.\\nIre. German Anthology and Poets\\nand Poetry of Minister, by James Clar-\\nence Mangan, appear. [1850, Romances\\nand Ballads of Ireland.]\\nVision of Sudden Death, by De Quin-\\ncey, appears.\\nThe Seven Lamps of Architecture, by\\nJohn Ruskin, appears. [1850, Poems;\\n1851-53, Stones of Venice and Pre-Raph-\\naelitism; 1857, Elements of Drawing.]\\nDictionary of Greek and Roman Biog-\\nraphy and Mythology, edited by [Sir]\\nWilliam Smith, appears.\\n1S49-74 The Rig-Veda, edited by Max\\nMuller, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1847 The Vegetarian Society, -whose\\nmembers restrict themselves to a vege-\\ntable diet, is formed.\\n*Tbe Idiot Asylum at Earlswood is\\ncommenced. [1869. Enlarged.]\\nThe first society called a Band of\\nHope is formed.\\n1848 July 12. Ire. Orangemen and\\nCatholics meet in conflict at Dolly s\\nBrae several lives are lost.\\n1849 Aug. 1. The queen embarks for\\nIreland.\\nLondon. The general Board of\\nHealth, appointed by the Act for the\\nprotection and promotion of the public\\nhealth passed in 1848, is founded.\\nThe Friend of the Clergy corpora-\\ntion is organized.\\n1850 June 27. Pate assaults the\\nqueen.\\nSTATE.\\n1846 Edward, Earl of St. Germans,\\nis appointed postmaster later, Ulick,\\nMarquis of Clanricarde.\\nTbe railway mania and panic year\\n272 railway Acts are passed by Parlia-\\nment.\\nParliament: An Act is passed for\\ncompensating families of persons killed\\nby railways.\\nIre. Kildare is united with Dublin.\\nE. I. Archipelago. Labuan, near\\nBorneo, is acquired by treaty.\\n1847 Feb. 8. H. C. Daniel O Con-\\nnell makes his last speech in the House.\\nApr. 15. The Lords take possession of\\ntbeir new house.\\nMay 26. Ire. George William Freder-\\nick, Earl of Clarendon, is appointed\\nlord-lieutenant.\\nNov. 18. Parliament meets. [1852.\\nJuly 1. Dissolved.]\\nParliament The baths and wash-\\nhouses nuisance Act is passed.\\nParliament grants \u00c2\u00a310,000,000 to re-\\nlieve the Irish sufferers from famine\\nand disease.\\n1848 Jan. 12. E.I. The Earl of Dal-\\nhousie is appointed governor-general.\\nApr. 10. London. A great Chartist\\ndemonstration takes place on Kenning-\\nton Common.\\nA petition, bearing over 5,000,000 sig-\\nnatures, is prepared for presentation to\\nParliament it demands the adoption of\\nthe People s Charter.\\nApr.* Parliament: An Act is passed for\\nIreland, making the uttering of sedi-\\ntious speeches a felony.\\nMay* Ire. John Mitchel, William Smith\\nO Brien, Thomas F. Meagher, and other\\nmembers of the Irish Confederation,\\nare arrested on charge of sedition. [May\\n26. John Mitchel is found guilty, and\\nsentenced to transportation for 14 years.]\\nJuly 26. The Habeas Corpus Act is\\nsuspended in Ireland because of-an in-\\nsurrection which breaks out in Tippe-\\nrary.\\nJuly 29. Ire. A number of Irish insur-\\nrectionists under William Smith\\nO Brien are defeated and dispersed by\\nSub-Inspector Trant and about 60 Police\\nconstables on Boulagh Common, Bal-\\nlingary, Tipperary. [Aug. 5. O Brien is\\narrested at Thurles, and conveyed to\\nDublin. Oct. 9. O Brien, Meagher, and\\nothers are sentenced to death. 1849.\\nJuly 9. O Brien and Meagher are trans-\\nported.]\\nAug. 5. Dublin. Tbe queen visits Ire-\\nland, and holds her court at Dublin\\nCastle.\\nParliament passes a bill establishing\\na general Board of Health.\\n1849 Jan. 16. Ire. The Irish Court\\nof the Queen s Bench gives judgment on\\nwrits of error in all high treason cases?\\nand confirms the j udgment of the lower\\ncourt.\\nJan. 18. Sir Francis Tbornhill Baring\\nis made first lord of the admiralty.\\nFeb. 27. Royal assent is given to the\\nsuspension of the Habeas Corpus Act\\nin Ireland for six months. [Mar. 1. It\\nis restored.]\\nMar. 6. H. L. The Lords vote \u00c2\u00a350,000\\nfor the relief of Ireland.\\nMar. 12. Parliament: A bill for the\\nrepeal of tbe navigation laws is\\npassed. [June 26. Receives royal as-\\nsent.]\\nMar. 29. E. I. The Punjab is an-\\nnexed.\\nMay 1. London. Protectionists meet,\\nand form an association to oppose the\\nprogress of free trade and the repeal of\\nthe navigation laws, and to urge the re-\\nestablishment of protection.\\nMay 7. H. C. The Parliamentary Oaths\\nBill, for the benefit of Jews and other\\nDissenters, is passed, but rejected by the\\nLords.\\nJuly 3. London. Baron Lionel de\\nRothschild is returned to Parliament\\nfor the city by a majority of 6,619 votes.\\nJuly Parliament The Encumbered\\nEstates Act for Ireland is passed. [Oct.\\n24. The first court under the Act is held,\\nat Dublin.]\\nAug. 5. Dublin. The queen arrives on\\na visit.\\n1850 Jan. 3. A royal commission for\\nthe Great Exhibition is appointed.\\nJan. 31. Parliament is opened by com-\\nmission.\\nJune 17. H. L. A resolution is passed\\ncondemning the foreign policy of the\\nMinistry respecting Greece. [June 28.\\nThe House of Commons approves it.\\nVote, 310-264.]\\nJune 19. Lord Langdale is appointed\\nmaster of the rolls, Sir Launcelot\\nShadwell, vice-chancellor of England,\\nand Sir Robert Monsey Rolfe, com-\\nmissioner of the great seal. [July 15.\\nSir Thomas Wild, Lord Truro, lord\\nchancellor.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1846 Ire. The great famine occurs.\\nIt is caused by repeated failures of the\\npotato crop, and is succeeded by pesti-\\nlential diseases of which multitudes die,\\namong them many priests and physi-\\ncians. Parliament votes \u00c2\u00a310,000,000, and\\nseveral countries of Europe and the\\nUnited States forward provisions and\\nother succor.\\nLondon. Twopenny omnibuses are\\nbegun.\\n1847 Feb. 19. The West India mail-\\npacket Tweed is wrecked; 72 persons\\ndrowned.\\nApr. 28. The emigrant ship Exmouth,\\nfrom Londonderry to Quebec, is\\nwrecked of 240 persons on board, nearly\\nall are drowned.\\nSept. 16. London. Shakespeare s\\nhouse is sold at the Auction Mart, and\\nknocked down to the United Committee\\nof London and Stratford for \u00c2\u00a33,000.\\nA commercial panic occurs through\\nrailway mania. Bank discount is eight\\nper cent. The failures amount to\\n\u00c2\u00a320,000,000.\\nOct. 27. The Corn Exchange at Bir-\\nmingham is opened.\\n1848 Aug. 24. The Ocean Monarch,\\nan American emigrant ship, leaves Liv-\\nerpool bound for Boston, having nearly\\n400 persons on board. [She takes fire,\\nand 178 persons perish.]\\nDec. 16. London. The Park Theater\\nburns after midnight.\\nCholera visits England. [1849. Sept.*\\nReappears.]\\n1849 Feb. 17. Scot. A false alarm\\nof fire at a Glasgow theater causes the\\ncrushing to death of 70 persons.\\nMar. 29. London. The Olympic Thea-\\nter is burned.\\nAug. 3. Ire. The Cove of Cork is named\\nQueenstown by the queen.\\nOct. 30. London. The Coal Exchange\\nis opened.\\n*The Pavilion, Brighton, greatly en-\\nlarged, and made to resemble the Krem-\\nlin at Moscow, is sold to the town for\\n\u00c2\u00a353,000.\\nLondon. The scourge of cholera con-\\ntinues 1,008 deaths per week. In Eng-\\nland and Wales 53,295 persons die.\\n1850 Mar. 30. The steamer Royal Ad-\\nelaide is wrecked on the TonSue Sands\\noff Margate 400 persons are dmwned.\\nJune 18. The steamship Orion is\\nwrecked off Port Patrick on a sunken\\nrock within a stone s throw of land 50\\nout of 200 persons drowned.\\nJuly 3. The East India diamond, the\\nKoh-i-noor, is presented to the queen.\\nIts weight is nearly 800 carats [but re-\\nduced by the unskilfulness of the artist\\nto 270 carats].", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0967.jp2"}, "968": {"fulltext": "956 1850, July 4-1852, Dec. 20. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1850 The navy numbers 339 sailing\\nand 161 steam vessels. Cost for the\\nyear, \u00c2\u00a36,942,397.\\n1850-53 S. Afr. Kafir war (p. 598).\\n(Oct.*) The Kafirs rise. (Dec. 24.)\\nThey defeat a British force under Col.\\nMackinnon. (Dec. 29.) Another defeat\\nthe British retreat to their defenses.\\n1851 Jan. S. Afr. The Kafirs are re-\\npulsed at Fort White and Cape of\\nGood Hope. Also near Fort Hare.\\nFeb. 13. 5. Afr. Col. Somerset cap-\\ntures and burns Fort Armstrong, and\\ncaptures many Kafirs.\\nMay 31. S. Afr. The Hottentots in\\nLower Albany join the Kafir insurrec-\\ntion.\\n.June 3-5. S. Afr. The British force\\ndefeats the Hottentots and Kafirs.\\nDec. 26-37. Afr. A British squadron\\ncaptures Lagos, in the Bight of Benin,\\nGulf of Guinea.\\nThe regulation rifle musket is intro-\\nduced into the army.\\n1851-53 E. I. Second war with the\\nBurmese.\\n1852 Feb. 26. S. Afr. The war-ship\\nBirkenhead goes down off Simon s Bay\\n454 men perish.\\nSept. 28. Viscount Hardinge is made\\ngeneral commanding-in-chief.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1850 Aug. 28. A submarine telegraph\\ncable, 27 miles long, covered with gutta\\npercha, is laid from Dover to Cape Gris-\\nNez, France. [Messages are sent and re-\\nceived, but the cable soon parts and\\nfails.]\\nAug. 30. Edinburgh. Prince Albert\\nlays the foundation of the National\\nGallery. [1S59. Mar. 21. Opened.]\\nSept. 28. The North Star returns to\\nSpithead after an unsuccessful search\\nfor Sir John Franklin.\\nOct. 1. The Prince Albert finds traces\\nof Sir John Franklin s expedition at\\nthe entrance to Wellington Channel on\\nCape Reilly and Beechy Island.\\nNov. 29. Saturn s inner ring is discov-\\nered by William R. Dawes in England\\n[and by Bond in America].\\nDec. 26. London. The Lyceum is re-\\nopened.\\nRelpe patents his process for puddled\\nsteel.\\nScot. Lamont discovers the perio-\\ndicity of magnetic disturbance.\\nIre. The railway from Cork to Dub-\\nlin is finished.\\nThe Royal British Meteorological\\nSociety is formed. [1866. Chartered.]\\nAlso The Epidemiological Society.\\nLondon. A statue of Prince Albert\\nis erected in the Royal Exchange.\\nSir Charles Elastlake becomes presi-\\ndent of the Royal Academy.\\nThe durability of stereotypes is greatly\\nincreased by electrotyping them with\\ncopper the process is opposed by the\\njourneymen printers.\\n*A preraffaelite school of painters\\nappears. They pursue real art by repre-\\nsenting nature as they see it, instead of\\nfollowing the antique.\\n1851 Aug. 27. The cable between Eng-\\nland and France is begun. [Oct. 17.\\nCompleted. Nov. 13. In operation.]\\nNorth of England Institute of Min-\\ning Engineers is founded at Newcastle.\\nLondon. A magnet weighing 100\\npounds, and able to sustain 430 pounds,\\nmade by Logeman of Haarlem, is exhib-\\nited at the Royal Institution.\\nThe collodion process in photography\\nis discovered by Archer.\\nLondon, The first Crystal Palace is\\nbuilt by Sir Joseph Paxton.\\n1852 Jan. The tubular life-boat,\\nthe Challenger, is patented.\\nJuly London. An electric clock hav-\\ning four illuminated dials is set up in\\nthe Strand.\\nNov. 9. A slight earthquake shock is\\nfelt at Liverpool.\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n1850* Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, son\\nof George III., A76.\\nAllan, Sir Willmm, painter, Scotland, A68.\\nArthur William Patrick Albert, Duke of\\nConnauglit, son of Victoria, born.\\nllickerstt-M), Kihvanl, theological writer, A64.\\nBowles, William L., critic, A88.\\nJeffrey, Lord Francis, jurist, critic, essayist,\\nstatesman, Scotland, A77.\\nLangtry, Mrs. (Lily le Breton), actor, b.\\nMarzials, Theophiie, song-writer, bom.\\nNugent, Lord, George G., statesman, writer,\\nIreland, A62.\\nPeel, Sir Robert, statesman, A62.\\nPorter, Jane, novelist, Scotland, A74.\\nhee,\\nA80.\\nStevenson, Robert, civil engineer, lighthouse\\ndesigner, Scotland, A78.\\nThorn, James, sculptor, Scotland, A51.\\nWordsworth, William, poet, A80.\\n1851 Baillie, Joanna, poet, dramatist,\\nScotland, A88.\\nCrabb, ceorge, author, philologist, A73.\\nCodrington, Sir Edward, admiral, A81.\\nCotteniiam, Kail of, Charles Christopher\\nPepys, lord chancellor, A60.\\nDillon, John, statesman. Ireland, born.\\nLee, Harriet, novelist, A95.\\nLingard, John, clergyman, historian, A80.\\nLuttrell, Henry, poet. Ireland, born.\\nMoir, David M., poet, novelist, Scot., A53.\\nJlontagu, Basil, jurist, author, A81.\\nSheil, Richard L., orator, states., Ire., A60.\\nShelley, Mary W., poet, novelist, A54.\\nTurner, Joseph Mallord W., painter, A76.\\n1850 Aug. 22. Ire. A Roman Catho-\\nlic synod is held at Thurles under the\\ndirection of the primate, Archbishop\\nCullen.\\nSept. 30. A papal bull establishes a\\nHuman Catholic hierarchy; Cardinal\\nNicholas Wiseman is appointed arch-\\nbishop of Westminster. [Dec. 6. En-\\nthroned. This occasions great excite-\\nment and indignation among the Prot-\\nestants.]\\nDec. 10. Addresses are presented to the\\nqueen in opposition to the alleged\\nEoman Catholic aggression.\\nIre. Paul Cullen is consecrated (Roman\\nCatholic) arehbishup of Armagh. [1852.\\nTranslated to Dublin.]\\nGeneral agitation and much excite-\\nment prevail respecting a doctrinal dis-\\npute between the bishop of Exeter and\\nDr. Gorham, one of his clergy. The de-\\ncision of the Privy Council favors Gor-\\nham, and the courts ratify the decision.\\nA society to further the promulga-\\ntion of the gospel in China by means of\\nnative evangelists is organized.\\n1851 Mar. 10. London. Roman Cath-\\nolics meet to petition Parliament against\\nthe Ecclesiastical Tithes Bill.\\nAug. 19. Dublin. The Great Aggre-\\ngate meeting.\\nRoman Catholics from all parts of the\\nUnited Kingdom inaugurate the Catho-\\nlic Defense Association. [Oct. 17. First\\nmeeting is held.]\\nCharles H. Spurgeon becomes pas-\\ntor of a Baptist church at Winterbeaeh.\\n[1853. He preaches at New Park Street\\nChapel in London as a supply.]\\n1852 Jan. 15. The queen issues a\\nproclamation against Roman Catholic\\necclesiastics wearing the habit of their\\norder, or exercising the rites and ceremo-\\nnies of the Roman Catholic religion, in\\nhighways and places of public resort.\\nSept. 10. A Religious Equality As-\\nsociation is formed by the Irish Mem-\\nbers of Parliament.\\nLETTERS.\\n1850 Aug. 15. Ire. The Queen s\\nUniversity in Ireland, comprehend-\\ning the three queen s colleges, is founded\\nby patent the Earl of Clarendon, lord-\\nlieutenant, is the first chancellor. [Sept.\\n3. Chartered.]\\n[It is condemned by the Propaganda\\nand the Pope, and by a small majority\\nof the Irish bishops in a synod held at\\nThurles.]\\nAug. 31. A commission is appointed to\\ninquire into the state, studies, discipline,\\nand revenue of Oxford.\\n[Lord] Alfred Tennyson is made\\npoet laureate.\\nLondon. New College, formed by\\nthe union of Homer ton, Highbury, and.\\nCoward colleges, is erected by the In-\\ndependent Dissenters for the education\\nof their ministers.\\nScot. Latter-day Pamphlets, by\\nThomas Carlyle, appears. [1851, Life of\\nJohn Sterling; 1858-65, History of Fred-\\nerick the Great.\\nScot. Method of the Divine Govern-\\nment, by James McCosh, appears.\\nSocial Statics, by Herbert Spencer,\\nappears. [1854, Over-Legislation 1S55,\\nPrinciples of Psychology; 1857-74, Es-\\nsays.]\\nHunter s Life in South Africa, by Ro-\\nnaleyn George Gordon Cumming, ap-\\npears.\\nDeath s Jest-Book, by T. Lovell Bed-\\ndoes, appears.\\nDavid Copper tie Id, by Dickens, ap-\\npears. [ls:.L -r,:;, /steak House 1854, Hard\\nTimes; 1855-57, Little Dorrit; 1859, Tale\\nof Two Cities; 1860-61, Great Expecta-\\ntions and the Uncommercial Traveller.\\nThe Roman, bv Sidney Dobell, appears.\\n[1856, England in Time of War.]\\nThe Prelude, by Wordsworth, appears.\\n1850-62 History of the Romans Under\\nthe Empire, by Charles Me ri vale, ap-\\npears.\\nAn edition of Wyclifs Bible is printed\\nat Oxford.\\n1851 May 5. Dublin. The Roman\\nCatholic University is originated.\\nNov.* London. The Government\\nSchool of Mines, etc., Jermyn Street,\\nSt. James s, is opened.\\nBishop Cosin s Hall, Durham Uni-\\nversity, is founded.\\nStudy of Words, by Richard Chenevix\\nTrench [Archbishop of Dublin], appears.\\n[1855. English, Past and Present.]\\nFifteen Decisive Battles of the World,\\nby Sir Edward Shepherd Creasy, ap-\\npears.\\nThe Creed of Christendom, by William\\nRathbone Greg, appears.\\nPoems, by Hartley Coleridge, appears.\\n1851-59* Dublin. The Irish Quar-\\nterly Review is issued.\\nLondon Labor and London Poor, by\\nHenry Mayhew, appears.\\n1851-64 History of Normandy and Eng-\\nland, by Sir Francis Palgrave, appears.\\n1852 Sept. 2. A free library is opened\\nat Manchester.\\nSOCIETY.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0968.jp2"}, "969": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1850, July 4-1852, Dec. 20. 95T\\nDaily wages of harvest men, three\\nshillings.\\nLondon. The Royal Hospital for\\nIncurables is founded by Dr. Andrew\\nReed at Carshalton in Surrey. [Re-\\nmoved to Putney.]\\nLondon. The Hahnemann (homeo-\\npathic) Hospital is founded.\\n1851 Feb. 23. Serious riots occur at\\nYarmouth through a dispute between\\nthe ship-owners and the seamen.\\nJuly 14. Riots are occasioned by a pro-\\ncession of Orangemen in Liverpool, and\\nseveral lives are lost.\\nOct. 7. The queen visits Manchester.\\nThe Cancer Hospital, Brompton, is\\nfounded.\\n1851 Feb. 25. H. L. The Prohibited\\nAffinity Marriage Bill is defeated.\\nJuly 14. Ire. The Irish Tenant League\\nholds a great meeting on the site of the\\nfamous Battle of the Boyne.\\nNov. Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian\\npatriot, arrives and receives immense\\novations, and departs for America.\\nThe Church Penitentiary Association\\nis founded.\\nLondon. A hospital for sick children\\nis established in Great Ormond Street.\\nParliament The Laboring-classes\\nLodging-houses Act is passed.\\nLondon. St. Luke s Hospital for lu-\\nnatics is founded.\\nSpiritualism chiefly attracts atten-\\ntion by rappings, table-turnings, etc.\\nLondon. The London Temperance\\nLeague is formed.\\nLondon. The Royal Orthopaedic City\\nHospital is founded.\\nThe Shoeblack Society Brigades,\\nBlue, Red, and Yellow, are established\\nby the Ragged School Union.\\nThe number of persons convicted of\\ncrime in England and Wales, 21,579.\\n[1S52, 21,304; 1853, 20,756; 1854, 23,047;\\n1855, 19,971; 185G, 14,734; 1857, 15,307;\\n1858, 13,246 1S59, 12,470.]\\n1852 Jan. 3-Apr. 26. An engineers\\nstrike occurs at Manchester.\\nFeb. 6. London. City Prison Hollo-\\nway is opened.\\nMay 24. U. S. A. Thomas F. Mea-\\ngher arrives in New York, having es-\\ncaped from Tasmania, whither he had\\nbeen transported.\\nJune 29. A riot occurs at Stockport\\ntwo Roman Catholic chapels are de-\\nstroyed and the houses of many Catho-\\nlics are burned.\\nJuly 3. Ire. The magistrates disperse a\\n1 Tenant Right demonstration at\\nWarrens town.\\nJuly 14. Ire. Religious riots occur at\\nBelfast between Orangemen and Catho-\\nlics.\\nJuly 22. Ire. An election riot occurs\\nat Six-mile Bridge, County Clare five\\npersons are shot dead by the military.\\nAug. 30. John Camden Neild, an ec-\\ncentric miser, dies he had bequeathed\\nabout \u00c2\u00a3250,000 to the queen.\\nSTATE.\\n1850 July 4. London. A protocol is\\nsigned guaranteeing the integrity of\\nDenmark (p. 641).\\nJuly 22. H. C. The Jews Oath of Ab-\\njuration Bill is withdrawn by Lord\\nJohn Russell. [1851. July 3. Passed.l\\nJuly 26. H. C. Baron de Rothschild,\\nmember from London, asks to be sworn\\nin on the Old Testament a debate fol-\\nlows. [July 29. He is permitted to take\\nhis seat.]\\nAug. 18. Parliament is prorogued.\\nAustralia. Victoria becomes a prov-\\nJohn, Lord Campbell March, is\\nmade chief justice.\\n1851 Feb. 4. Parliament is opened by\\nthe queen in person.\\nFeb. 13. H. C. Benjamin Disraeli s\\nprotectionist motion is defeated. Vote,\\n281-267.\\nFeb. 20. H. C. Locke King introduces\\na bill to extend the \u00c2\u00a310 franchise to\\ncounties. [Feb. 21. Passed. Feb. 22.\\nThe Ministry resigns.]\\nMar. 3. Lord John Russell resumes\\noffice after Lord Stanley and the Earl of\\nAberdeen have failed in an attempt to\\nform a Ministry.\\nMar. 30. Population of United King-\\ndom, 27,637,761.\\nJune 30. H. C. A bill for the adoption\\nof the secret-ballot system is rejected.\\nVote, 189-257.\\nJuly 24. Parliament: The window-\\ntax is repealed.\\nAug. Parliament The Ecclesiasti-\\ncal Titles Act, prohibiting the estab-\\nlishing of a Roman Catholic hierarchy\\nunder penalty of a fine of \u00c2\u00a3100, is passed.\\n[1S71. Jan. 24. Being unexecuted, it is\\nrepealed.]\\nAug.* London. An Act is passed provid-\\ning for a new market, slaughtering-\\nplaces, etc., and to close the market at\\nSmithfield.\\nAug. 7. Parliament An Act for the\\nimprovement of the administration of\\ncriminal justice is passed.\\nOct. 1. Two lords justices of the Court\\nof Appeal in Chancery are appointed.\\n[Oct. 8. Sir James L. Knight-Bruce\\nis appointed.]\\nDec. 22. Viscount Palmerston, Secre-\\ntary of Foreign Affairs, resigns office\\nafter sending a despatch of importance\\nin which his colleagues had not con-\\ncurred.\\nParliament An Act for the well-\\nordering of common lodging-houses is\\npassed.\\nA third vice-chancellor is appointed.\\nLondon. William Hunter is elected\\nlord mayor. [1S52. Thomas Challis.\\n1853. Thomas Sydney. 1854. Sir Fran-\\ncis G. Moon.]\\nIre. Population, 6,574,278.\\n1852 Jan. 10. Lord Granville dis-\\navows to the American Minister the act\\nof firing into the American steamer\\nPrometheus by the British man-of-war\\nExpress, and offers an apology.\\nFeb. 9. H. C. Lord John Russell in-\\ntroduces anew Reform Bill, proposing\\nthe franchise to be \u00c2\u00a35 rated yearly value\\nin boroughs, and \u00c2\u00a320 occupation, or \u00c2\u00a310\\ncopyhold, rated yearly value in counties.\\nFeb. 20. H. C. The Ministry is de-\\nfeated on the Local Militia Bill, Lord\\nPalmerston s amendment making the\\nforce general instead of local being car-\\nried. Vote, 136-125. [Feb. 23. It resigns.]\\nFeb. 27. The first administration of the\\nEarl of Derby. A Protectionist Min-\\nistry is formed.\\n(Olian. Kxuheq.), Sixth-*- r II. Walpole (Home\\nSec), Earl of Malniestmry (Foreign Sec),\\nSir .John Packing ton (Colonial Sec), Duke\\nof Northumberland (L. Adm.).\\nFeb. 28. Ire. Archibald William\\n[Earl of Eglinton] is appointed lord-\\nlieutenant. [1853. Jan.* Edward Gran-\\nville, Earl of St. Germans.]\\nMar. 2. The Anti-Corn League is re-\\norganized to oppose the Protectionist\\nMinistry.\\nMar. Ire. Thomas Lefroy is made\\nchief justice. [Francis Blackburne,\\nlord chancellor. 1S53. Jan. Maziere\\nBrady.]\\nJuly -Aug. The Government disputes\\nthe claims of the United States to the\\ncoast fisheries of Newfoundland.\\nGreat Britain insists upon the conven-\\ntion of 1818, and sends armed vessels to\\nthe coast of British North America. The\\nUnited States sends a war-steamer to the\\ndisputed fishing-ground many vessels\\nare boarded for information. [1854. The\\ndispute is settled.}\\nNov. 4. Parliament meets. It is fa-\\nvorable to free trade. The Commons\\nassemble in the new house at West-\\nminster. [1857. Mar. 21. Dissolved.]\\nDec. 6. Parliament The Government\\nannounces its recognition of the rees-\\ntablished empire in France, and Louis\\nNapoleon as emperor.\\nDec. 16. H. C. The Government is de-\\nfeated on the question of the budget.\\nVote, 286-305. [Dec. 17. The Ministry\\nresigns.]\\nDec. 20. E. I. Pegu is annexed as a\\nprovince of the empire.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1850 Nov. 12. Ire. The emigrant ship\\nEdmund, with nearly 200 passengers,\\nfrom Limerick to New York, is wrecked\\noff the western coast 100 drowned.\\n1851 May 1-Oct. 15. London. Th\\nGreat Exhibition is held in the Crystal\\nPalace.\\nThe building is 1,851 feet long, 408 feet\\nwide, 19 acres in area, and cost about\\n\u00c2\u00a3180,000. Number of visitors, 6,170.000.\\n(Oct. 7.) There were 93,000 visitors\\npresent at one time, the largest num-\\nber ever assembled within a windowed,\\nfloored, and roofed building. Number\\nof exhibitors, 17,000. Receipts, \u00c2\u00a3505,107\\nexpenditures, about \u00c2\u00a3355,000.\\nAug. 22. The American yacht America\\nwins the cup of all nations, in the\\nregatta at Cowes.\\nDec. 6. Parliament votes \u00c2\u00a380,000 for the\\nfuneral expenses of the Duke of Wel-\\nlington.\\nDec. Australian gold arrives.\\n1852 Jan. 4. The West Indian mail-\\nsteamer Amazon is burned in the Medi-\\nterranean 102 persons drowned.\\nFeb. 5. The Holmfrith flood.\\nThe Bilberry reservoir above Holm-\\nfrith, near Huddersfield, Yorkshire,\\nbursts its banks, and levels four miles\\nand many ranges of buildings, killing;\\nmore than 90 persons loss, \u00c2\u00a3500,000.\\nJune 1. A through line of electric tele-\\ngraph is opened from London to Dublin.\\nJune 10-Sept. 11. Ire. A National\\nExhibition is held at Cork.\\nSept. 30. Dublin. The Royal Ex-\\nchange is opened as a city hall.\\nNov. 8, 9. The steam-packet Victoria\\nis wrecked near Wing s beacon off Go-\\nteburg.\\nNov. 18. London. Funeral of the Duke\\nof Wellington; he is buried in West-\\nminster.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0969.jp2"}, "970": {"fulltext": "958 1852, Dec. 24-1855, Feb. 19. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1853 Oct. 22. .English and French\\nfleets enter the Bosporus to aid Tur-\\nkey at war with Russia. [Dec. 3, They\\nenter the Black Sea.]\\n1854-56 The Crimean War, by Eng-\\nland, France, and Turkey, against Rus-\\nsia.\\n.Mar. 1 1 The queen reviews the Baltic\\nfleet under Sir Charles Napier, before\\nit sails against Russia.\\nApr. 21. Bus. Odessa is bombarded\\nby over 500 French and English ships.\\nMay 10. Bus. The British war-ship\\nTiger runs ashore near Odessa in, a\\ndense fog the Russians capture the\\ncrew.\\nMay 22. Bus. The British fleet under\\nAdm. Napier bombards Gustafsvaern\\non the Baltic.\\nMay 29. Turk. The allied armies of\\nEngland and France disembark at\\nMay The British war-ship Lady Nugent\\nwith 400 men on board 1b lost in the In-\\ndian Ocean.\\nJune 29. Bus. Russian batteries at\\nthe Sulina mouth of the Danube are\\ndestroyed by two Dutch steamers.\\nJuly* Bus. The British are reenforced\\nby 10,000 French troops.\\nAug. 15. Bus. The British under Adm.\\nNapier and the French under Gen. Ba-\\nraguay d Hilliers capture the fort of\\nBomarsund in the Baltic; also 2,000\\nprisoners.\\nSept. 4. Turk. The allied British and\\nFrench army under Lord Raglan and\\nMarshal St. Arnaud leaves Varna after\\nsuffering much from disease and insuffi-\\ncient accommodation.\\nSept. 14. Bus. The allied army, com-\\nposed of 25,000 British, 23,000 French,\\nand 8,000 Turkish troops, lands in the\\nCrimea, and encamps 30 miles from\\nSebastopol.\\nSept. 15. fc The Russians evacuate Mol-\\ndavia, after which the (neutral) Austri-\\nans garrison the Danubian provinces.\\nSept. 20. Bus. Battle of Alma.\\nThe British, French, and Turks, with\\nan army of 67,000, under Lord Raglan\\nand Marshal St. Arnaud, defeat the Rus-\\nsians with 50,000 men under Prince Men-\\nschikov; loss of the allies, 3,400 killed\\nand wounded; Russian loss, 5,000 killed\\nand wounded.\\nSept. 26. Bus. The allies occupy Ba-\\nlaklava, Crimea.\\nOct. 17. Bus. First bombardment of\\nSebastopol by the allies.\\nOct. 25. Bus. Battle of Balaklava.\\nThe British under Lord Raglan defeat\\n12,000 Russians under Gen. Liprandi\\nLord Cardigan s cavalry make the [fa-\\nmous] Charge of the Light Bri-\\ngade, losing 409 men out of 607.\\nOct. 29. Bus. Marshal St. Arnaud\\ndies of cholera. [Gen. Canrobert be-\\ncomes commander of the French forces.]\\nNov. 5. Bus. Battle of Inkerman.\\nThe British and French with 14,000\\nmen defeat 40,000 Russians under Gen.\\nMenschikov; Russian loss, 10,000 killed\\nand wounded British and French loss,\\n2,500 killed, wounded, and missing.\\nTurk. Miss Florence Nightingale\\narrives from England at Scutari, opposite\\nConstantinople, with a corps of nurses.\\n[They do valuable service in ministering\\nto the sick and wounded during the war.]\\nNov. 14. Bus. A great storm breaks\\nout in the Black Sea, destroying many\\nBritish store-ships, and causing much\\nsuffering to the armies on shore.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1852 The phenomenon of florescence\\nis discovered by Prof. George Gabriel\\nStokes.\\nHuguenot is exhibited by Sir John\\nEverett Millais at the Royal Academy.\\nSir William Thompson discovers the\\ndissipation of energy.\\nLondon. The New Philharmonic\\nSociety is established also the Photo-\\ngraphic Society.\\n1852-54 The Harmonic Union, for\\nrendering ancient and modern music, is\\nformed.\\n1852 Feb.* Dr. John Rae returns from\\nan unsuccessful search for Sir John\\nFranklin, down the Mackenzie River.\\nAug. 5. London. Work is commenced\\non the Crystal Palace.\\n1852-53 London. A Panopticon of Sci-\\nence and Art is erected in Leicester\\nSquare, for a chartered company for\\nlectures, musical performances, etc.\\n[1S54. Opened unsuccessful.]\\n1853 Jan. 13. Part of Dover Cliff\\nfalls.\\nOct. 3. A bronze statue of Sir Robert\\nPeel is erected in front of the Royal In-\\nfirmary of Manchester.\\nThe Tonic Sol-fa Association is\\nfounded. [1862. The college is estab-\\nlished.]\\nWearing apparel is first cut out by\\nmachinery in England.\\n1854 Mar. 1. The planet Amphitrite\\nis first discovered by Mr. Marth.\\nAug. 10. Parliament enacts the estab-\\nlishment of a National Gallery at Dub-\\nLondonderry, Marquis of, Charles W. S. V.,\\ngeneral, A76.\\nMartin, John, painter, A65.\\nPlunkett, Baron, William C, lawyer, orator,\\nstatesman, Ireland, A90.\\nWilson, John (Christopher North), essayist,\\npoet, novelist, Scotland, A69.\\nlin.\\nSiemens s armature is produced.\\nLondon. The Standard Theater is\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1852 Booth, Junius Brutus, actor, A56.\\nChildren, .John (1., chemist, A75.\\nClinton, Henry F., classical scholar, A71.\\nColby, Thomas, engr., ordnance surv., A68.\\nI ollond, lien., math, instrument maker, A78.\\nHavlland, John, architect, A60.\\nLandseer, John, engraver, A91.\\nLee, Samuel, orient:*! scholar, A69.\\nJIacgillivrav, William, ornithologist, author,\\nScotland, A56.\\nMoore, Thomas, poet, biog., hist., A73.\\n1 eacock, Thomas L., poet, novelist, A67.\\nProut, Samuel, water-color painter, A69.\\nSturgeon, William, electrician, inventor, A69.\\nWarlmrton, Eliot P.. G., author. Ire., A42.\\nWellington, Duke of, Arthur Wellesley,\\ngeneral, statesman, A83.\\nWright, Frances, social reformer, A57.\\n1853* Arnold, Thomas K-, author school\\nIVntluuii, Sir Win., antiq., genealogist, A74.\\nCockburn, Sir Ceorge, admiral, A81.\\nLeopold Ceorge Duncan Albert, Duke of\\nAlbany, son of Victoria, born.\\nXapier, Sir iiarles J., gen., states., hist., A71.\\nRobertson, Frederick W., el., author, A37.\\n1854 Anglesey, Marquis of, Henry W.\\nPaget, general, A86.\\nBartlett, William II., artist, trav., au., A 4ft.\\nPeresford, Viscount, William C.,gen.,A86.\\nBird, Goliiing, physician, physicist, A39.\\nCathcart, Sir George, general, governor of\\nCape Colony, prominent in Crimean War,\\nauthor, A60.\\nCockburn, Lord, Henry T., jurist, Scot., A75.\\nDeninan, Thomas, baron, chief justice, A75.\\nFaber, George S., clergyman, author, A81.\\nKemble, Charles, actor, A79.\\nKitto, John, Biblical writer, A50.\\nLoekhart, John Gibson, biographer, writer,\\nScotland, A60.\\nCHURCH.\\n1853 Anglo-Continental Society is\\nformed, to diffuse the principles of the\\nChurch of England abroad.\\nBishops elected\\nC. Wordsworth for St. Andrews. [1854,\\nWalter Kerr Hamilton for Salisbury; 1856,\\nCharles Baring for Gloucester and Bristol;\\n1857, J. T. Pelham for Norwich; 1859, James\\nC. Campbell for Bangor; 1860, Henry Phil-\\npott for Worcester and George Moberly\\nfor Salisbury; 1*61, William Thomson for\\nGloucester and Bristol; ]stV2, translated to\\nYork; 1861, Frederick t iell for Madras, E. I.\\n1862, John T. Lewis for Ontario, Can., and\\nThomas Earle Welby for St. Helena, S.Afr.;\\n1863, Charles John Ellicott for Gloucester\\nand Bristol, Thomas Mesac for Goulburn,\\nN. S. W., and James William Williams for\\nQuebec, Can.]\\n1854 July 3. London. The Turkish\\nMission Aid Society is organized.\\nThe Ladies Association for the\\nChristian Education of Jewish Females\\nis organized.\\nIre* (Roman Catholic) Bishops con-\\nsecrated, John Leahy for Dromore.\\n[1856, Lawrence Gillooly; 1857, John\\nMacevilly, Archbishop of Tuam 185S,\\nMichael Flannary for Killaloe.]\\nSees established, See of Mauritius.\\n[1855, Lahuan 1856, lmstcliurch,N. Z.,\\nand Perth, W. A.; 1858, Wellington,\\nN.Z.; 1850. Brisbane, Goulburn,N.S.W.,\\nWaiapu, N. Z-, St. Helena, and British\\nColumbia; 1861, Nassau, Bahamas, and\\nOntario, Can. 1863, Gratton, Australia\\n1866, Dunedin, N. Z.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1852 The Indian Female and Normal\\nInstruction Society is organized by\\nwomen,\\nSt. John s foundation school for sons\\nof poor clergy is established.\\nLondon. The Journal of Mental Sci-\\nence is issued by Dr. J. C. Bucknill\\nalso Journal of Society of Art and Lei-\\nsure Hour.\\nPeg WofRnqton, by Charles Reade, ap-\\npears. [1856! It is Never Too Late to\\nMend; I860, The Cloister and the Hearth,]\\nThesaurus of English Words and\\nPhrases, by Dr. P. M. Roget, appears.\\n1852-61 The New Quarterly Beview is\\nissued.\\n1853 Jan. Queen s College, Bir-\\nmingham, is organized.\\nLondon. The Philobiblon Society-\\nis instituted by R. Monckton Milnes\\n[Lord Houghton], Sylvain Van de Weyer,\\nand others.\\nLondon. The Press [united with St.\\nJames Chronicle is issued also the\\nField, the Wesleyan London. Quarterly\\nBeview, the Commercial Gazette, and the\\nCivil Service Gazette.\\nScot. The Aberdeen Free Press is\\nissued.\\nTheological Essays, by John Freder-\\nick Denis- n Maurice, appears. [1861]\\nMoral and Metaphysical Philosophy.\\n1853-55 Scot. Discussions in Philoso-\\nphy, Literature f and Education, by Sir\\nWilliam Hamilton, appears.\\n1853-62 Edinburgh. The Scottish Be-\\nview is issued.\\n1853-57 Dictionary of Greek and Boman\\nGeography, edited by [Sir] William\\nSmith, appears.\\n1853-70 English Cyclopaedia, by Charles\\nKnight, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0970.jp2"}, "971": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1852, Dec. 24-1855, Feb. 19. 959\\n1854* London. Building News is is-\\nsued.\\nThe Birmingham and Midland In-\\nstitute is incorporated.\\nIdylls and So?igs, by Thomas Turner\\nPalgrave, appears.\\nIre. Jail Journal, by John Mitchel,\\nSOCIETY.\\n1852 The borough of St. Albans is\\ndisfranchised for bribery in the elec-\\ntions.\\nLondon. The Northwest Preventive\\nand Reformatory Institution in the New\\nRoad is established all kinds of trades\\nare taught.\\nLondon. Refuges for destitute boys\\nand girls are established in Great Queen\\nStreet.\\nA strike of the amalgamated engi-\\nneers takes place.\\nTitles created, Barons Raglan, Bat-\\ntersea, and St. Leonards. [1856, Barons\\nTalbot de Mai abide, Kenmare, and Bel-\\nper 1857, Earl Cowley and Baron Ebury\\n1858, Barons Chesham, Churston, and\\nChelmsord; 1859, Earl of Winton, and\\nBarons Tredegar, Lyveden, Leconfield,\\nSt. John of Bletsoe, and Egerton of\\nTatton.]\\nIre. Titles created, Baron Cler-\\nmont. [1856, Baron Fermoy.]\\n1853 May 7. London. Harriet Beecher\\nStowe, author of Uncle Tom s Cabin,\\nis received at Stafford House by many\\nof the nobility and statesmen of Eng-\\nland.\\nJune 9. John Mitchel escapes from\\nHobart Town, Tasmania. (See p. 173.)\\nJuly 27-29. London. The cabmen\\nstrike.\\nAug. 8. The strike at Stockport ceases,\\nand 20,000 resume labor, receiving their\\ndemand of 10 per cent advance in wages.\\nAug. 29. The queen visits Ireland.\\nOct. 15. In Preston 20,000 workmen\\nstrike for 10 per cent increase in wages.\\n[1S53. May 1. The strikers, lacking\\nfunds, are compelled to yield.]\\nNov. 2. Edinburgh. A meeting to vin-\\ndicate Scottish rights is held. [Asso-\\nciation formed.]\\nThe British Anti-Tobacco Crusade\\nis founded by Thomas Reynolds\\nBribery vitiates the elections at\\nDerby.\\nBetting-houses are suppressed by Act\\nof Parliament.\\nScot. Sunday closing of liquor-\\nshops is enforced.\\nVaccination is made compulsory.\\nJohn B. Gough, the temperance\\norator, returns to England on a visit.\\n[He lectures during two years. 1857. A\\nsecond visit.]\\nThe United Kingdom Alliance, for\\nthe total suppression of liquor-traffic, is\\nfounded.\\nLondon. St. Thomas s Hospital is\\nfounded. [1871. June 21. Opened.]\\n1854 Sept. 2. People s Provident As-\\nsurance Society is established.\\nOct.* London. A Working-men s Col-\\nlege is established by Frederick D.\\nMaurice. [1855. Another at Cambridge.]\\n1855 Feb. 19. Bread-riots in Liver-\\npool.\\nSTATE.\\n1852 Dec. 28. The administration of\\nthe Earl of Aberdeen, first lord of the\\ntreasury, is formed.\\nMembers: William E. Gladstone (Chan.\\nExcheq.), Viscount Palmerston (Home Sec),\\nLord .John Kussell (Foreign Sec), Duke of\\nNewcastle (Colonial Sec), Robert Alonsey\\nIlolfe, Lord C ran worth L. Chan.), Charles\\nPhilip, Earl of Hardwicke [1853, Charles\\nJohn, Earl Canning] (postmaster). [Jan.\\n5. Sir James Robert George Graham is made\\nlord of admiralty.\\n1853 Apr. 1. Parliament: Man-\\nchester is constituted a city by royal\\ncharter. [Apr. 16. Gazetted.]\\nApr. 8. H. C. The chancellor of the\\nexchequer proposes a modification of the\\nform of the national debt by the issue\\nof permanent irredeemable l\\\\ per cent\\nstock the House adopts the plan.\\nApr. 18. H. C. The chancellor of the\\nexchequer introduces his budget.\\nIt proposes to repeal the duties levi-\\nable on soap and 104 other articles, and\\nmake reductions on 126 articles. Also\\nto extend the income tax to Ireland, ap-\\nplicable to incomes between \u00c2\u00a3100 and\\n\u00c2\u00a3150, and to collect legacy duties on real\\nproperty.\\nMay Parliament The income tax is\\nextended to Ireland.\\nJune 4. English and French govern-\\nments order their fleets to the Dar-\\ndanelles.\\nAug. H. C. The chairman of commit-\\ntees of the whole house is appointed to\\nact as a deputy speaker.\\nOct. 1. Turkey appeals to France and\\nEngland for aid against Russia.\\nDec. 5. Aust. A protocol is signed at\\nVienna.\\nFrance, England, Austria, and Prussia\\nunite for the reestablishment of peace\\nbetween Kussia and Turkey and the\\nmaintenance of the integrity of the Ot-\\ntoman Empire as an essential condition\\nof the balance of European power. [1854.\\nFeb. 8. Baron Brundow, the Russian\\nambassador, leaves England.]\\nParliament An Act is passed for the\\nabatement of the smoke nuisance\\nabove London Bridge.\\nSir George James Turner is ap-\\npointed lord justice.\\nThe duty on advertisements is abol-\\nished.\\n1854 Mar. 12. Turk. A treaty of al-\\nliance is made with France and Turkey\\nat Constantinople.\\nMar. 25. Bus. England and France\\nhaving sent an ultimatum, the czar re-\\nplies that he has no answer to give.\\n[Mar. 28. War is declared against\\nRussia.] (P. 733.)\\nJune 5. A reciprocity and fisheries\\ntreaty is concluded with the United\\nStates.\\nJune 9. The Duke of Newcastle, pre-\\nviously colonial secretary, is appointed\\na secretary for war affairs and a Cabinet\\nMinister.\\nDec. 22. Parliament A law is passed\\nfor the enlistment of foreigners in\\nthe British service.\\nParliament An act for the better\\nregulation of railways is passed.\\n1855 Jan. 23. Lord John Russell,\\nanticipating censure of the Govern-\\nment s conduct of the war with Russia,\\nresigns. [He is succeeded by the Earl\\nof Aberdeen. Jan. 31. He resigns.]\\nJan. 29. H. C. A motion for the ap-\\npointment of a select committee to in-\\nquire into the condition of the army in\\nthe Crimea, and into the conduct of\\nthe commissariat and medical depart-\\nment of the army, is carried. Vote, 305-\\n148.\\nFeb. 10. The administration of Vis-\\ncount Palmerston is formed.\\nMembers: Palmerston (L. Treas.), Lord\\nCranworth (L. Ghana), Duke of Argyll (P.\\nSeal), W. E. Gladstone (Cham-, Exch.), Sir\\nGeorge Grey Home See.), Earl of Clarendon\\n(Foreign Sec), Sidney Herbert (Colonial\\nSec.), Lord Panmure (War Sec), etc.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1852 Dec. 24. The steamship St. George\\nis wrecked 51 lives are lost.\\nThe Lily is stranded and blown up\\nby gunpowder on the Calf of Man 30\\npersons drowned.\\n1853 Jan. London. An exhibition of\\npoultry held.\\nFeb. 13. Ire. The steamship Queen\\nVictor i a, bound from Liverpool, is\\nwrecked off the Bailey lighthouse, near\\nDublin 67 persons are drowned.\\nFeb. 28. St. George s church at Don-\\ncaster, built in 1070, is burned.\\nMay 12. Dublin. The Dublin Indus-\\ntrial Exhibition, originated in a gift\\nof \u00c2\u00a380,000 by Mr. Dargan,is opened by\\nthe Earl of St. Germans, the lord-lieu-\\ntenant. [Aug. 30. Visited by the queen\\nand Prince Albert. Nov. 1. Closed.\\nDec. 15. The exhibition building is for-\\nmally opened as a winter garden by\\nthe lord lieutenant and the Countess St.\\nGermans.]\\nLondon. A Trades Museum is es-\\ntablished.\\n1854 Jan. 20. The emigrant ship. Tay~\\nleur is driven on the rocks off Lambay\\nIsland, north of Howth 380 persons\\ndrowned.\\nMar. 1. The steamer City of Glasgow\\nleaves Liverpool for Philadelphia with\\n480 persons on board [and is lost],\\nApr. 17. The emigrant ship Winchester,\\nfrom Liverpool to Boston, is wrecked,\\nand many passengers lost.\\nMay Telegraph communications are\\ncompleted between Dover and Ostend,\\nand between Port Patrick and Dona-\\nAug. *-Oct.* London. Cholera prevails\\nin the south and west of the city. [Sept.\\n9. 2,050 deaths occur total deaths,\\n10,500.]\\nSept. 29. Scot. The emigrant vessel\\nAnnie Jane of Liverpool is driven\\nashore on the Barra Island on the\\nwest coast 348 drowned.\\nOct. 5, 6. An explosion causes a great\\ntire at Gateshead on the Tyne, 50 killed\\nloss, \u00c2\u00a31,000,000.\\nOct. 19. The Dalhousie founders off\\nBeachy Head 60 persons and cargo\\nworth \u00c2\u00a3100,000 are lost.\\nNov. 13-16. The steamship Prince, car-\\nrying supplies to the army in the Crimea,\\nis wrecked in the Black Sea during the\\ngreat storm; loss, 144 lives, and cargo\\nworth \u00c2\u00a3500,000.\\nNov. 30. The iron screw steamer Nile\\nstrikes on the Godevry Rock, St. Ives\\nBay, all on board perishing.\\n1855 Jan. 1. The Hamburg and New\\nYork packet Ceorqc Canning iswrecked\\nnear the mouth of the Elbe 96 drowned.\\nFeb. 9. The screw steamer Will o the\\nWisp is wrecked on the Burn Rock off\\nLambay 18 drowned.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0971.jp2"}, "972": {"fulltext": "1855, Feb. 23-1857, Dec. 12. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1855 Mar. 22. Hits. Second battle of\\nBalaklava.\\nThe Russians are defeated by the al-\\nlies, losing -\\\\n.in men killed and wounded\\nloss of the allies, 600 men killed and\\nwounded.\\nApr. 9-28. Bus. Second unsuccessful\\nbombardment of Sebastopol by the\\nallies.\\nJune 7. Hus. The French troops cap-\\nture the Mamelon fortification, Sebas-\\ntopol, two redoubts, and 62 guns, and\\ntake 130 officers and 400 men prisoners.\\nJune 18. Ilits. The French attack the\\nMalakhoff Tower, Sebastopol, and\\nthe British the Kedan; both are re-\\npulsed with considerable loss.\\nJuly 11. Hus. The fortifications of\\nSweaborg in the Baltic are bombarded\\nby the allied fleets.\\nAug. 16. Hus. The Russians are de-\\nfeated by the French and Sardinians at\\nTchernaya, near Sebastopol.\\nSept. 5. Hus. The third bombardment\\nof Sebastopol is commenced.\\nSept. 8. Rus. The French capture the\\nMalakhoff; the English attack the\\nHedan, but are repulsed.\\nSept. 9. Hus. The Russians evacuate\\nSebastopol after losing 17,000 men\\nkilled and wounded in the bombard-\\nments.\\nOct. 17. Hus. The allies capture Kin-\\nburn, at the mouth of the Dnieper.\\nNov. 28. Asiatic Turk. Kars, defended\\nby Gen. Williams with 15,000 British\\ntroops, surrenders after a siege of five\\nmonths, to the Russians, who number\\nabout 40,000.\\n1S56 Feb. 1. Hus. The allies complete\\nthe destruction of Sebastopol.\\nFeb. 29. Hus. Hostilities are suspended\\nin the Crimea.\\nApr.* The Peace of Paris ends the\\nwar with Russia cost to England over\\n\u00c2\u00a341,000,000 (p. 733).\\nApr. 25. At Portsmouth the queen re-\\nviews the British fleet of 300 men-of-\\nwar, carrying 3,S00 guns, and manned by\\n40,000 seamen.\\nJuly 12. Hus. The Crimea is evacu-\\nated by the allies.\\nJuly 15. The Duke of Cambridge is\\nappointed general commanding-in-chief.\\nJuly The navy consists of 271 sailing-\\nvessels with 9,594 guns, and 25S steam-\\nvessels, with 6,582 guns 155 gunboats\\nand 111 vessels are in harbor service.\\nOct. 25. Afghanistan. Herat is taken\\nby the Persians in violation of treaty\\nwith Great Britain. War follows.]\\nDec. 9, 10. Persia. Bushire is attacked\\nand captured bv a fleet and army under\\nSir H. Lecke and Gen. Stalker. [1857.\\nMar, 26. Sir James Outram attacks and\\ncaptures Mohammerah, near the Eu-\\nphrates. Apr. 4. Peace follows.]\\n1857-58 Ind. Mutiny of the Sepoys.\\n(See India.)\\n1857 Apr. 14. China. The war-ship\\nRaleigh is -wrecked off the southeast\\ncoast of Macao.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1855 Sept. 12\u00c2\u00b1. Scot. The British\\nAssociation holds its 25th meeting in\\nGlasgow.\\n[185G, 26th in Cheltenham 1857, Aug.\\n26, 27th at Dublin 1S5S. 28th in Leeds\\n1S59, 29th in Aberdeen 1860, 30th in Ox-\\nford 1861, Sept. 4,31st in Manchester;\\n1S62, 32d in Cambridge.]\\nOct. 17. Capt. Henry Bessemer patents\\nhis process of manufacturing steel,\\nand cold air is forced through liquid\\niron. [1855, Dec. 5 also, 1S56, Feb. 12.]\\nCapt. Robert Le Mesurier M Clure\\nof the Investigator receives the \u00c2\u00a35,000\\nprize for the discovery of the Northwest\\nNov. The Royal Victoria docks in\\nPlaistow marshes are opened.\\n*The prismatic stereoscope is in-\\nvented by Brewster.\\nThe laryngoscope, a mirror for ex-\\namining the throat, is invented by Man-\\nuel Garcia.\\nLondon. A statue of Sir Robert Peel\\nis erected at Cheapside.\\nScot. The Meteorological Society\\nfor Scotland is founded.\\nScot. Mitherless Bairn is painted by\\nJohn Eaed.\\nDrummond s light is invented by\\nCapt. Thomas Drummond.\\n*A diamond called the Star of the\\nSouth, weighing 254J- carats, is brought\\nfrom Brazil.\\n1856 May 23. The planet Isis discov-\\nered by Norman Payson. [1857, Apr.\\n15, Adriatic; Aug. 16, Hestia.]\\nAug. 3. The public park, Birmingham,\\nthe gift of Mr. Adderley, is opened.\\nSept. 3. The new Music Hall is opened\\nin Birmingham.\\nLondon. A statue of Gen. Sir Charles\\nJ. Napier is erected in Trafalgar Square.\\nLondon. The Odontological Society\\nis formed.\\nProf. John Tyndall proves the exist-\\nence of diamaghetic polarity.\\nThe Venus Victrix is executed by John\\nGibson.\\n1857 Feb. 2. London. John Sheep-\\nshanks, by a deed of gift, presents to\\nthe nation his collection of paintings\\nand drawings estimated value, \u00c2\u00a360,000.\\n[The pictures are exhibited in the South\\nKensington Museum.]\\nFeb. Parliament provides for a Na-\\ntional Portrait Gallery, and appropriates\\n\u00c2\u00a32,000.\\nMay 5. Prince Albert opens the Fine\\nArts Exhibition at Manchester. [June\\n29, 30. The queen is present. Oct. 17.\\nClosed. Visitors, 1,335,915; expenses,\\n\u00c2\u00a399,500; receipts, \u00c2\u00a398,500.]\\nJune 1. A park is opened in Birming-\\nham by the Duke of Cambridge.\\nJune 22. London. The South Ken-\\nsington Museum is opened.\\nAug. The Atlantic Cable is laid (pp.\\n183-185).\\nOct. 12. The National Social Science\\nAssociation is formed at Birmingham.\\nOct. 25, 26. A terrible storm prevails\\nthe Royal Charter and many other ves-\\nsels are lost.\\nNov.* -58 Jan. 31. The steamship\\nGreat Eastern, designed by I. K. Bru-\\nnei, is launched at Millwall.\\nLength, 692 feet, breadth, 83 feet;\\nhorse-power, in paddles, 1,000, screw,\\n1,600; weight of ship, 12,000 tons; light\\ndraft, 12,000 tons; cost, \u00c2\u00a3732,000\u00c2\u00b1 capa-\\ncity, 5,000 passengers.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nBronte, Charlotte, novelist, A39.\\nBuckingham, James S.. traveler, A69.\\nCrosse, Andrew, electrician, A71.\\nDe la Beche, Sir Henry T., geologist, A59.\\nFielding Copley V., water-color painter, A68.\\nHare, Julius archdeacon, theol. wr., A60.\\nHume, Joseph, si;i(csu:an, reformer, A78.\\nMitford, Mary Russell, poet, writer, A69.\\nO Connor, Feargus E., journalist, politician,\\nChartist leader, A59.\\nParry, Capt. Kdward, arctic navigator, A65.\\nRaglan, Lord, Fitzroy, James Henry Somer-\\nset, field-marshal, A 67.\\nRogers, Samuel, poet, A92.\\nSwainson, William, naturalist, A66.\\n1856* Beechey, Frederick W., arctic ex-\\nplorer, rear-admiral, A60.\\nBrown, Samuel, chemist, poet, Scot., A39.\\nFraser, James B., diplomatist, traveler,\\nauthor, Scotland, A73.\\nHamilton, Sir William, logician, philoso-\\npher, metaphysician, Scotland, A68.\\nHardinge, Viscount, Henry, gov.-gen., A71.\\nMathew, Theobald, clergyman (apostle of\\ntemperance), Ireland, A66.\\nMiller, Hugh, geologist, Scot., A54.\\nRoss, Sir John, arctic explorer, admiral, A79.\\nWestmaeott, Sir Richard, sculptor, A78.\\nYarrell, William, naturalist, A72.\\nCHURCH.\\n1855 Scot. The Spanish Evangeliza-\\ntion Society is organized to extend Prot-\\nestantism in Spain.\\nThe Society of the Holy Cross is\\nformed by clergymen for deepening\\nspiritual life in their brethren.\\n(Roman Catholic) Bishops conse-\\ncrated. William Vaughan for Plym-\\nouth. [1856, Paul A. Brigandet for\\nBurmah Sound, and Patrick Moran for\\nDunedin, N. Z. 1857, William Clifford\\nfor Clifton; 1S61, Kobert Cornthwaite\\nfor Leeds; 1S63, Joachim H. Gonin for\\nPort of Spain, W. I.]\\n1855-60 Charles Kings ley, Thomas\\nHughes, and others endeavor to set up\\nChristian Socialism.\\n1856 London. General English Con-\\ngregational Synod is held at the Savoy\\nPalace.\\n1857 July -Sept. Ire. Hugh Ban-\\nna s open-air preaching causes rioting\\nat Belfast.\\nSept. 8. The Christian Unity Associa-\\ntion is formed on the basis of the three\\ncreeds by 30 members of the Greek, Ro-\\nman, and English churches.\\nLETTERS.\\n1855 June 9. London. The Illustrated\\nTimes is issued. [June 29. The Daily\\nTelegraph.]\\nLondon. The Saturday Heview is is-\\nsued also the Daily Chronicle and\\n(Jlerkenwell News and Overland Mail.\\nThe Mystic, by Philip James Bailey,\\nappears. [1858. The Age.]\\nHistory of Latin Christianity, by\\nHenry Hart Milman, appears.\\nFabiola, by Cardinal Wiseman, ap-\\npears.\\nWestward, Ho by Charles Kingsley,\\nappears. [1866. Hereward.~\\\\\\nLife of Goethc by George Henry Lewes,\\nMen and Women, by Kobert Browning,\\nappears.\\nCharge of the Light Brigade, Maud t\\nand other poems, bv Tennyson, appear.\\n[1859, Idyl In of the King 1864, Enoch Ar-\\nden and other poems.]\\nClytemnestra, by Owen Meredith (E.\\nR. L. B. Lytton), appears. [1859. The\\nWanderer.]\\n1855-64 The National Heview is issued.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0972.jp2"}, "973": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1855, Feb. 23-1857, Dec. 12. 961\\n1856 June 2. The foundation of Wel-\\nlington College, Sandhurst, is laid for\\nthe support and education of orphan\\nsons of commissioned officers. [1859.\\nJan. 29. Opened.]\\nCommissioners are appointed for the\\ngovernment and extension of Cam-\\nbridge University and Eton College.\\nLondon. The Engineer is issued\\nalso the Morning Star and the Court\\nCircular.\\nLondon. The Postal Guide first ap-\\npears.\\nScot. Testimony of the Hocks, hy Hugh\\nMiller, appears.\\nAurora Leigh, by E. B. Browning, ap-\\npears.\\nJohn Halifax, Gentleman, by Dinah\\nMaria Muloch, appears. [1S60. Life\\nfor Life.}\\nLondon. Riley s Dictionary of Latin\\nQuotations, with a Selection of Greek, is\\npublished by Henry George Bohn.\\n1856-62 Popular History of England, by\\nCharles Knight, appears.\\n1856-69 History of England, by James\\nAnthony Froude, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1855 June 1. Disturbances oceur at\\nHyde Park because of a pending Sun-\\nday Bill. [June 8, July 1. Renewed.\\nJuly There is much agitation and riot-\\ning over the Sunday-trading bill until\\nthe bill is withdrawn.\\nOct. 14. London. Riotous meetings\\nare held at Hyde Park on account of the\\nhigh price of bread. [Oct. 21 r 28. Re-\\nnewed.]\\nNov. 7. The minders and piecers at\\nManchester strike.\\nThe Royal Medical Benevolent Col-\\nlege, Epsom, is opened.\\nThe United Kingdom Band of Hope\\nTemperance Union is formed. [1888. It\\nreports 11,400 societies, with 1,414,900\\nmembers.]\\nLondon. The Juridical Society is\\nfounded.\\n1856 Feb. 5. The Victoria Cross is\\ninstituted to reward the gallantry of\\npersons of all ranks in the army and\\nnavy. [1857. Crosses are bestowed on\\n62 people.]\\nMar. 30. Privateering is abolished by\\nthe great sovereigns of Europe by treaty.\\nThe United States Government refuses\\nto agree unless the right of blockade is\\nalso surrendered.\\nMay 9. The foundation-stone of Wetley\\nHospital, for invalid soldiers, near\\nSouthampton, is laid by the queen.\\nMay 29. London. A grand celebration\\nof peace occurs, with general illumina-\\ntion.\\nThe National Temperance League\\nis organized by consolidating the Na-\\ntional Temperance Society and the Lon-\\ndon Temperance League.\\nTickets of leave are granted to 2,666\\nprisoners.\\n1857 Aug. 25-JSTov. 15. The sum of\\n\u00c2\u00a3260,000 is raised for the relief of suf-\\nferers by the Indian mutiny.\\nSTATE.\\n1855 Feb. 23. H. C. The House hav-\\ning insisted on the appointment of the\\nselect committee of inquiry, Sir J. R. G.\\nGraham,W. E. Gladstone, and S. Herbert\\nresign their offices, and are succeeded\\nby Sir G. C. Lewis, Sir Charles Wood,\\nand Lord John Russell.\\nMar. Ire. George, Earl of Carlisle, is\\nappointed lord-lieutenant.\\nApr. H. L. Lord Robert Grosvenor\\n[Lord Ebury] introduces a bill to sup-\\npress Sunday trading. [July With-\\ndrawn.]\\nApr. 20. Parliament A deficiency\\nof about \u00c2\u00a323,000,000 being caused by the\\nRussian war, it is proposed to raise\\n\u00c2\u00a316,000,000 by loan and the remainder\\nby an increase in taxation.\\nApr. 30. A treaty of friendship and\\ncommerce is concluded with Siam.\\nMay 25. The civil administration of the\\narmy and ordnance is vested in the min-\\nister of war the office of master-gen-\\neral of the ordnance is abolished.\\nJune. Stamp duties on newspapers\\nare abolished, and postage dues substi-\\ntuted. A treasury warrant is issued\\nproviding for conveyance by post of\\nbooks, pamphlets, etc., at the rate of\\nfour ounces for one penny. (June 5).\\nJuly 13. Lord John Russell, colonial\\nsecretary, resigns because of criticisms\\nin the House of Commons of his action\\nin the Vienna conference. [Succeeded\\nby William Molesworth.]\\nAug. 14. Parliament An Act for the\\nbetter local management of the me-\\ntropolis is passed.\\nNov. 0. London. David Salomons is\\nelected lord mayor. He is the first He-\\nbrew to hold this office. [1856. Thomas\\nQuested Finnis 1857, Sir Robert W.\\nGarden; 1858, David W. Wire; 1859,\\nJames Carter.]\\nParliament An Act for the better\\nprevention of disease is passed.\\nParliament The two Houses begin\\nto communicate by letter.\\nLondon. The Metropolitan Board of\\nWorks is established. [Dec. 22. First\\nmeeting.]\\nGeorge, Duke of Argyll, is appointed\\npostmaster-general.\\nThe doubled income tax produces\\n\u00c2\u00a313,718,185.\\n1856 Feb. 1. Aust. The preliminaries\\nof peace are signed at Vienna.\\nFeb. 6. H. L. The Lords successfully\\noppose the creation of life peerages.\\nMar. 30. Paris. Peace conference\\n(p. 733).\\nApr. 16. Paris. Important treaty of\\nParis (p. 733).\\nApr. 29. London. Peace with Russia\\nis officially proclaimed.\\nMay 3. Amnesty is granted to political\\nexiles Frost, Williams, Jones, Smith\\nO Brien, and many others are permitted\\nto return.\\nSept. 4. London. The Royal British\\nBank suspends payments. [Evidence of\\nfraud being given, several of the direc-\\ntors are arrested, convicted, but after-\\nwards released.]\\nThe doubled income tax produces \u00c2\u00a315,-\\n717,155.\\n1857 Feb. 3. Parliament is opened\\nby commission.\\nMar. 3. H. C. Richard Cobden s mo-\\ntion censuring the Government for the\\nwar with China is carried after four\\nnights spent in debate. Vote, 263-247.\\nMar. 13. H. C. The remission of tax-\\nation to the extent of \u00c2\u00a311,000,000 is pro-\\nposed.\\nE.I. Keeling Islands are acquired\\nby occupation.\\nMar. 14. A treaty is signed at Copen-\\nhagen for the abolition of sound dues\\n(p. 641).\\nApr. 14. Peace is concluded with Per-\\nsia.\\nApr. 21. The Earl of Elgin departs as\\nspecial embassy to China.\\nApr. 30. Parliament meets; John\\nEvelyn Denison, Speaker. [1859. Apr.\\n23. Dissolved.]\\nMay 21. H. C. The Commons grants\\nan annuity of \u00c2\u00a38,000 and a dower of\\n\u00c2\u00a340,000 to the princess royal on her mar-\\nriage with Prince Frederick William of\\nPrussia.\\nJune 25. An Order in Council confers\\nthe title of Prince Consort on Prince\\nAlbert.\\nAug. 10. John Bright (M. P.) is elected\\nfor Birmingham.\\nOct. Ire. The lord chancellor orders\\nthat justices of the peace shall not be-\\nlong to Orange clubs.\\nNov. 16. Two ambassadors from Siam\\nare received by the queen at Windsor.\\nDec. 3. Parliament is opened by the\\nqueen in person.\\nDec. 12. Boyal assent is given to the\\nBill of Indemnity exonerating the\\nGovernment in permitting the Bank of\\nEngland to extend its issues for the re-\\nlief of the panic.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1855 Feb. 25. The steamer Morna is\\nwrecked on rocks near the Isle of Man\\n21 drowned.\\nMay 1. The emigrant vessel John is\\nwrecked on the Muneles Rocks off Fal-\\nmouth 200 drowned.\\nJune 11. Smithfield is used as a cattle\\nmarket for the last time. [June 13. The\\nMetropolitan Cattle Market in Copen-\\nhagen Fields is opened.]\\n1856 Feb. 3. The packet-ship Josephine\\nWillis collides with the screw steamer\\nMangerton, in the channel 70 drowned.\\nFeb. 23. London. The Pavilion Theater\\nis burned.\\nMar. 5. London. Covent Garden Theater\\nis burned the second time.\\nMay 30. The ship Pallas, from Cork to\\nQuebec, is wrecked 72 drowned.\\nOct. 19. London. A false alarm of fire\\ncauses the death of seven and the serious\\ninjury of 30 persons in the Zoological\\nGardens Hall, where 9,000 persons gath-\\nered to hear Rev. C. H. Spurgeon.\\n1857 Jan. 5. The royal mail-steamer\\nViolet is wrecked on the Goodwin\\nSands, many drowned.\\nFeb. 19. An explosion in the mines at\\nLund Hill, near Barnsley, in South\\nYork, causes 1S9 deaths.\\nJune 28. A collision occurs at Lewisham\\non the North Kent Railway 11 killed.\\nJuly 10. The Atlantic telegraph fleet\\nfirst sails from Plymouth (p. 183).\\nAug. 20. Theclipp^r Dunbar is. wrecked\\non the rocks near Sydney; 121 persons,\\nand cargo valued at \u00c2\u00a322,000, lost.\\nNov. The commercial panic through\\nAmerican failures is relieved by suspen-\\nsion of Bank Charter of 1844 and the\\nBank of England extending its issues.\\n[Aggregate liabilities of fallen houses\\nabout \u00c2\u00a345,000,000.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0973.jp2"}, "974": {"fulltext": "962 1857,**-1859,\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1859 ~Nov. 9. Orders are issued for the\\nrestriction of flogging in the army.\\n[Dec. The flogging of first-class sea-\\nmen except after trial is prohibited.]\\nNov. 16. The National Volunteer\\nAssociation is organized to promote\\nrifle-shooting. [1S60, July 2-7. The first\\nmeeting is held at Wimbledon Capt.\\nEdward Rose obtains queen s prize of\\n\u00c2\u00a3250, and gold medal and badge of the\\nassociation. 1861, July4-10. .Toppling\\nS. Middlesex wins prize. 1S62, July 1-14,\\nMr. Pixley, S. Victoria. 1SG3, July 7-14.\\nSergt. Roberts, 12th Shropshire.]\\nActs are passed for the establishment\\nof a military reserve, not to exceed\\n20,000 men, and a volunteer reserve\\nof seamen, not to exceed 30,000.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1857 Mr. Harrison patents an appara-\\ntus for manufacturing ice for commer-\\ncial purposes, by the use of ether and salt\\nwater.\\nThe Government pays for the publica-\\ntion of Peter Andreas Hansen s table\\nof the moon.\\nA photoheliograph is erected at\\nKew Observatory. It registers the posi-\\ntion and appearance of the sun s spots\\nby means of a clockwork mechanism.\\nLondon. The Genealogical Society-\\nis formed also the National Associa-\\ntion for Social Science. [1S58. Oct. 11.\\nThe latter meets at Liverpool 1859, Oct.\\n10, at Bradford 1S60, Sept. 24, at Glas-\\ngow.]\\nThe magnificent docks at Liverpool\\nand Birkenhead are completed.\\n1S58 Apr. 30. London. A statue is\\nerected in Trafalgar Square to honor the\\nmemory of Dr. Edward Jenner.\\nMay 15. London. Covent Garden is re-\\nopened.\\nAug. 5. The Atlantic cable is success-\\nfully laid (p. 185).\\nSept. 21. A statue of Sir Isaac Newton\\nin bronze, by William Theed, is set up\\nat Grantham.\\nOct. Donati s brilliant comet is long\\nvisible its tail is said to be 40,000,000\\nmiles long.\\n*The theory of natural selection is\\nadvanced by Charles Robert Darwin and\\nAlfred Russell Wallace.\\nLondon. The Horological Society,\\n[Dec. the Society for the encourage-\\nment of the Fine Arts, and the Musical\\nSociety of London are established.\\nLondon. John S. Rarey, an American,\\ngives sensational exhibitions of skill in\\ntaming vicious and wild horses, also\\na zebra from the Zoological Gardens.\\nSir Joseph. Whit worth makes a ma-\\nchine to measure one millionth part of\\nan inch.\\nOzonometers are introduced.\\nFox Talbot patents a photoglyphic\\nengraving process, by which pictures\\nare etched on a plate by the action of\\nlight, and from which, prints are made.\\nSir Benjamin C- Brodie becomes presi-\\ndent of the Royal Society.\\nEngraved copper-plate is electro\\nfaced with iron and nickel.\\n1859 Feb. 14. London. Popular Mon-\\nday concerts commence at St. James\\nHall they are founded by S. A. Chap-\\npel.\\nFeb. Ire. The National Gallery is\\nfounded.\\nMay 2. The prince consort opens the\\nAlbert Viaduct over the River Tamar\\nat Plymouth.\\nJune 8. Telegrams to India are acceler-\\nated seven days by the Red Sea cable.\\nJune 20-24. London. A great Handel\\nfestival is held on the centenary of his\\ndeath, at the Crystal Palace. Voices,\\n2,765 instruments, 393 attendance,\\nJune 24, 26,827; receipts, \u00c2\u00a333,000.\\nSept. 21. Capt. Sir Francis Leopold M\\nClintock returns, bringing relics of Sir\\nJohn Franklin s expedition.\\nOct. 21. A slight earthquake shock dis-\\nturbs Cornwall. [1860. Jan. 13. Another\\nshock.]\\n*Prof. Owen s system of arranging\\nmammalia according to the nature of\\ntheir brains is introduced.\\nHeated controversies relative to Dar-\\nwin s Origin of Species occur.\\nThe Royal Society s Scientific Fund\\nis founded.\\nLondon. The overhouse electric\\ntelegraphs are generally introduced.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1857 Amherst, Lord, William Pitt, diplo-\\nmatist, A84,\\nBritton, John, writer, A8S.\\nConyheare, William el., geologist, A70.\\nCroker, John Wilson, stales., an., Ire., ATT.\\nEgerton, Francis L. Gower, Earl of Elles-\\nmere, statesman, A57.\\nFleming, John, naturalist, Seotland, A72.\\nHavelock, Sir Henry, general, A62.\\nJerrold, Douglas William, humorist, novelist,\\nA54.\\nKemble, John M., Anglo-Saxon scholar,\\nhistorian, A 50.\\nMary, Dueht ss of i lout-ester, daughter of\\nGeorge III., A81.\\nMedhurst, Walter II., Chinese miss.., A61.\\nRobinson, Agues .Mary F., novelist, born.\\nftcoresby, William, aretie explorer, A59.\\nTurner, Charles, engraver, A83.\\n1858 Brown, John, el., an., Scot., A74.\\nBunting, Jahez, Wesleyan elergynian, A79.\\nCombe, George, phrenologist, Seotland, A70.\\nFord, Richard, author handbook, A62.\\nLyons, Lord, Kdmund, admiral, A68.\\nOwen, Robert, philan., fdr. Socialism, A87.\\nKeid, Sir William, engineer, meteorologist,\\nScotland, A61.\\n1859* Brunei, Isambard Kingdom, naval\\nengineer, A53.\\nDe Quincey, Thomas, essayist, critic,\\nauthor, A74.\\nElphinstone, Mountstuart, states., hist., AMI.\\nHallam, Henry, historian, author, A82.\\nHunt,James Henry Leigh. poet, essayist, A75.\\nJames, John A., el., preacher, author, AT4.\\nLardner, Dionysius, i-yrlop.-ilist, Ire., A76.\\nLeslie, C. R., painter, A65.\\nMacaulay, Lord, Thomas Babington, es-\\nsayist, historian, statesman, A59.\\nMorgan, Lady Sydney, novelist. Ire., A82.\\nllobinson, Frederick. John, Earl of Ripon,\\nstatesman, A76.\\nStephenson, Robert, engineer, A56.\\nWilson, George, chemist, phys., Scot., A41.\\nScot. A league is formed to introduce\\na reformation in the Book of Common\\nPrayer.\\n1859 May Thanksgiving is observed\\nfor the suppression of the Indian mutiny.\\nSept. -Nov. Lon don Religious riota\\nbreak out at St. George s-in-the-East.\\nSept. The Minsters Annuity Tax\\ncauses much agitation. [18G0. Nov.*\\nIt is abolished and other unsatisfactory-\\narrangements are made riots ensue.]\\nOct. Ire. Religious revivals prevail,\\nespecially at Belfast.\\nLondon. The Board of Guardians for\\nthe relief of the Jewish poor is founded.\\nLETTERS.\\n1857 The Savage Club is formed by\\nvarious literary men, facetiously term-\\ning themselves savages on account\\nof their freedom from conventionalism.\\nCHURCH.\\n1857 The Free Church Society, or\\nNational Association for Freedom of\\nPublic Worship, is established. It aims\\nto abolish the pew-rent system, and re-\\nvive the weekly offertory to defray the\\nexpenses of public worship.\\n1858 May* The Christian Vernacular\\nEducation Society, aiming at the\\nChristian education of India, is organ-\\nized.\\nJune Rev. A. Poole is suspended for\\npractising auricular confession, which\\nhad been introduced by the Pusevites,\\nTractarians, or Ritualists. [July 12-\\nSept. 18. Excitement about the confes-\\nsional. Rev. T. West tries to introduce\\nit. Public meetings are held against it.]\\nThe Ladies Auxiliary of the Wes-\\nleyan Methodist Missionary Society is\\norganized.\\nThe Birmingham Post is issued.\\n*A critical edition of Shakespeare 1 s\\nWorks, edited by Alexander Dyce, ap-\\npears.\\nTom Brown s School Days, by Thomas\\nHughes, appears. [1S61, Tom Brown at\\nOxford.}\\nThe Dead Secret, by Wilkie Collins,\\nappears. [1859, The Woman in White;\\n18(34, jVo Name.]\\nThe Professor, by Charlotte Bronte,\\nappears.\\nHistory of Pottery and Porcelain, Med-\\niseval and Modern, by Marryat, appears.\\nBohn s General Collection of Proverbs\\nappears.\\n1857-61 History of Civilization, by\\nHenry Thomes Buckle, appears.\\n1858 Scot. Aberdeen University\\namalgamates King s and Marischal\\nColleges.\\nLondon. Haileybury, or East India\\nCollege, is founded.\\nMax Muller, appears. [1859, A History\\nof the Ancient Sanskrit Language; 1861-\\n64, Lectures on the Science of Language.}\\nScenes of fericaJ life, by George Eliot,\\nappears. [1859, Adam B ede 1860, The\\nMill on the Floss; 1861, Silas Marner\\n1862, Bomola.]\\nStudies on Homer and the Homeric Age,\\nby William Ewart Gladstone, appears.\\nThe Defense of Guinevere, and other\\npoems, by William Morris, appears.\\nOn Liberty, by John Stuart Mill, ap-\\npears. [1861, Utilitarianism.]\\nStudies of Christianity, by James\\nMartineau, appears.\\nLord Montague s Page, by G. P. R.\\nJames, appears.\\nScot. Discourse on Beauty, by John\\nStuart Blackie, appears.\\n1858-60 A translation of Herodotus, by\\nGeorge and Sir Henry Greswiek Rawlin-\\nson and Sir J. G. Wilkinson, appears.\\n1859 Mar. 16. London. Sporting Life\\nis issued.\\nSept. Ire. Agitation prevails against\\nthe National School system.\\nDec. 14. The Duke of Cambridge lays\\nthe foundation-stone of the S+ ff Col-\\nlege, Sandhurst, for providing a military\\nedueatiou respecting the duties of the\\nstaff.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0974.jp2"}, "975": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1857,**-1859,\\n963\\nThe schoolship Cornwall is estab-\\nlished off Purfleet. [187S. It accom-\\nmodates about 300 vagrants.]\\nLondon. The Chemical News is issued;\\nalso the. Christian World and Once a\\nWeek.\\nLondon. All the Year Round is issued\\nby Charles Dickens.\\nLondon. Macmillan s Magazine is is-\\nsued also Cornhill Magazine.\\nLondon. The Philological Society is-\\nsues proposals for a New English\\nDictionary, on the historical method.\\n[1879. The work is begun by James\\nAugustus Henry Murray.]\\nOn the Origin of Species, by Charles\\nDarwin, appears.\\nSelf-Help, with Illustrations of Char-\\nacter and Conduct, by Samuel Smiles,\\nappears.\\nOceanic Hydrozoa, by Thomas Henry\\nHuxley, appears. [1863, Evidence as to\\nMan s Plan in Xatttre 1864, Lectures\\non the Elements of Comparative Anat-\\nomy 18(36, Lessons in Elementary Physi-\\nology 1868, Faraday as a Discoverer.]\\n1859-80 Scot. Life of Milton, by David\\nMasson, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1857 Daily wages of harvest-men are\\nfive shillings.\\nParliament The Divorce and Ma-\\ntrimonial Causes Act is passed.\\nMarried women, when ill-used, may\\nobtain a divorce or a j udicial separation\\nwhen separated, any property they may\\nacquire is secured to them personally as\\nif married.\\n1858 Jan. 25. The princess royal is\\nmarried to Prince Frederick William of\\nPrussia.\\nMar. 12. Dublin. A disgraceful fight\\nbetween the Trinity College students\\nand the police occurs on the arrival of\\nthe lord-lieutenant, Lord Eglinton.\\nOct. 1. Scot. The Scottish Permissive\\nBill and Temperance Association is\\nformed.\\nThe Earl of Shaftesbury and others\\nestablish a society to provide play-\\ngrounds for the recreation of adults\\nand the children of the humble classes.\\n[Unsuccessful.]\\nThe Royal Discharged Prisoners*\\nAid Society is established.\\nLondon. A dental hospital is founded.\\nIre. Phcenix clubs are formed to\\nannoy the Government. [1859. Mar.\\nSeveral members are arrested, but ac-\\nquitted. Apr. Daniel Sullivan, a mem-\\nber, is sentenced to 10 years penal\\nservitude.]\\n1859 Feb. 18. William G. Arm-\\nstrong is knighted for improvements\\nin the construction of cannon.\\nAug. 8. London. A strike occurs in\\nthe building-trades, and a lockout fol-\\nlows. [The men gradually return to\\nwork.]\\nSTATE.\\n1857 Robert, Lord Cranworth, is\\nappointed lord justice.\\nParliament An Act is passed to\\nabate the smoke nuisance from pot-\\nteries and glass-houses.\\nParliament: The conservation of the\\nThames is given to the corporation of\\nLondon three of the 12 conservators\\nare to be appointed by the Government.\\nAn agitation spreads for tbe equali-\\nzation of poor-rates throughout the\\nkingdom.\\n1858 Jan. 1. London. Ten postal dis-\\ntricts are formed.\\nJan. 25. London. Princess Victoria\\nis married to Prince Frederick William\\nof Prussia in St. James s Chapel.\\nFeb. 9. H. C. Lord Palmerston intro-\\nduces the Conspiracy to Murder Bill,\\nproposing to amend the law of conspir-\\nacy. [Feb. 19. On the second reading\\nthe Government is defeated by a vote of\\ncensure on the motion of Milner Gibson.\\nVote, 234r-215. Feb. 22. The Ministry\\nresigns.]\\nFeb. 25. The second Derby Ministry\\nis formed.\\nMembers Earl of Derby (First L. Trea.),\\nIVIarq. of Salisbury (Pres. Council), Lord\\nChelmsford L. Cham Karl of Harihvicke\\n(P. Seal), I .enjainin Disraeli hanc. Exch.),\\nSpencer Walpole (Home Sec), Earl of\\nMiilmesburv Koreijm Sec), Sir E. B Lyt-\\nton (Colonial Sec), Maj.-Gen. Peel (Sec.\\nWar), Sir J. S. Packington (L. Admiralty).\\nFeb. Ire. Joseph Napier is made\\nlord chancellor. [1859. June Mazi-\\nere Brady.]\\nArchibald, Earl of Eglinton, is lord-\\nlieutenant. [1S59. June The Earl of\\nCarlisle.]\\nJune 29. China. A treaty of peace is\\nconcluded at Tien-Tsin (p. 619).\\nJune Parliament An Act to abolish\\nproperty qualification of members\\nJuly* Parliament: An Act is passed\\nenabling Hebrews to sit as members.\\n[July 26. Baron Lionel de Rothschild\\ntakes his seat as a member for London.]\\nAug. 2. Parliament: An Act for the\\nbetter government of India by transfer\\nto the crown is passed.\\nAug. 26. A treaty with Japan is con-\\ncluded by Lord Elgin.\\nSept. 1. Ind. The East India Com-\\npany s government is transferred to\\nthe crown the company ceases to exist.\\nNov. 1. Ind. The queen is proclaimed\\nthroughout India.\\nVictoria, by tbe grace of God of the United\\nKingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of\\nthe colonies and dependencies thereof in\\nEurope, Asia, Africa, America, and Aus-\\ntralia, Queen, defender of tbe faith.\\nNov. Ire. The Government issues a\\nproclamation prohibiting secret soci-\\neties.\\nDec. 22. The French Government hav-\\ning in vain urged Edgar Mortar a s\\nrestoration to his Hebrew parents by\\nthe Archbishop of Bologna, Sir Moses\\nMontefiore proceeds to Rome [but ob-\\ntains no redress].\\nParliament The Landed Estates\\nCourt is established to facilitate the\\nsale and transfer of land in Ireland.\\nCharles, Lord Colchester, is ap-\\npointed postmaster -general.\\nN. Anier. British Columbia is made\\na colony.\\nNew statutes for Cambridge are\\nconfirmed by the queen.\\nThe doubled income tax produces\\n\u00c2\u00a311,396,435.\\nParliament enacts that drafts on bank-\\ners shall be stamped.\\n1859 Jan. 25. E. I. The entire pa-\\ncification of Oudh is reported.\\nFeb. 3. Parliament is opened by the\\nqueen in person.\\nFeb. 28. H. C. Benjamin Disraeli in-\\ntroduces a new Reform Bill.\\nMar. 1. H. C. Spencer Walpole and\\nMr. Henley disagree respecting the\\nReform Bill, and withdraw from the\\nCabinet.\\nMar. 31. H. C. A debate of several\\ndays on the Reform Bill closes with a\\ndefeat for the Ministers. Vote, 330-291.\\nApr. John Bright, M. P., is elected for\\nBirmingham.\\nMay 31. Parliament meets J. E.Den-\\nnison, Speaker. [1865. July 6. Dis-\\nsolved.]\\nJune 11. The Ministry, being de-\\nfeated on an address in answer to the\\nqueen s speech, resign. Vote, 323-310.\\nJune 18. Second Administration of\\nPalmerston.\\nMembers: Viscount Palmerston (L.\\nTreas.J, Lord Campbell (L. Chanc), Earl\\nGranville (Pres. Conned), Duke of Argyll\\n(P. Seal), W. E. Gladstone (Clianc. Exch.),\\nSir George Grey (Home Sec), Earl Russell\\n(Foreign See.), Duke of Newcastle (Colo-\\nnial Sec.), Viscount Camborne (Sec. for\\nIndia), Sir John Pakington (L. Admiralty),\\nThomas Milner Cilismi i Pres. of the Board\\nof Trade), Earl of Devon (Clianc. of the\\nDuchy of Lancaster), Edward Card well\\n(Sec. for Ire.), Earl of Elgin (Postmaster-\\nGeneral).\\nJuly 18. The income tax is increased\\nto provide for the defenses of the coun-\\ntry.\\nAug. 11. Parliament is prorogued by\\nproclamation.\\nAustralia. Queensland a province\\n(p. 497).\\nParliament The licensing system\\napplied to India as a kind of income tax\\nParliament: An Act to enable rail-\\nway companies to arbitrate differ-\\nences with other companies is passed.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1858 May* Telegraphic communi-\\ncation is effected between Constantino-\\nple and London.\\nJune 29. London. A fire caused by an\\nexplosion does \u00c2\u00a3150,000 damage to the\\nLondon docks.\\nAug. 23. Fourteen excursionists are\\nkilled on a collision near Round Oak\\nStation, Oxford, and Wolverhampton\\nRailway.\\nSept. 13. The steam emigrant ship Aus-\\ntria is burned in the middle of the At-\\nlantic of 538 persons, only 67 are saved.\\nIre. Atlantic mail steam-packets\\ncommence to sail from Galway.\\nApr. London. A Stock Exchange panic\\nis caused by the reported alliance of\\nFrance and Russia against Austria; 45\u00c2\u00b1\\nfailures occur.\\nOct. 14. The queen opens the new Glas-\\ngow water- works at Loch Katrine.\\nNov. 21. The mail-steamer Indian is\\nwrecked off Newfoundland 27 lives\\nlost.\\nDec. The Blervie Castle is lost in the\\nChannel with all on board, 57 persons.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0975.jp2"}, "976": {"fulltext": "964 1860, Jan. 1-1862, Feb. 10. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1860 Mar. New Zealand. An insur-\\nrection of the Maoris breaks out; it is\\ncaused by differences regarding the sale\\nof lands.\\nNov. 6. New Zealand. The British un-\\nder Gen. Pratt defeat the Maoris at\\nMahoetahi, and destroy their fortified\\nplaces.\\nDec. 29. The steam-frigate Warrior is\\nlaunched; length 380 feet, breadth 53\\nfeet, 0,170 tons burden, costs \u00c2\u00a3400,000.\\n1861 Mar. 19. New Zealand. The\\nMaoris, weakened by many defeats, sub-\\nmit to the British, and the war ends.\\nDec. 29. The war-ship Conqueror is lost\\nnear the Bahama Islands.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1860 Jan. 1. A great storm prevails\\nin the Channel much property and\\nmany lives are lost. [Mar. 28. Another\\ngale. June 2. Another gale.]\\nJune 17. The Great Eastern sails for\\nNew York. [Aug. 26. Returns.]\\nJuly The Oxford University Museum is\\nopened.\\nAug. 28. James Nasmyth observes the\\nlenticular-shaped objects on the sun\\ncalled willow-leaves, or rice-\\ngrains.\\nAug. 30. George Francis Train of New\\nYork opens street railways in Birken-\\nhead, Cheshire. [1861, Mar. 29, at Bays-\\nwater, London.]\\nAug.* *Lord Northwick s pictures\\nare sold in 18 days for \u00c2\u00a395,725.\\nDec. 25. Excessive cold prevails. The\\nmercury falls in some places to 18 de-\\ngrees below zero at Torquay, Devon,\\n20 degrees.\\nA steam road-carriage is invented\\nby the Earl of Caithness; speed, eight\\nmiles an hour cost, less than one penny\\nper\\niile.\\nk A magnificent equatorial telescope\\nis set up at the National Observatory\\nat Greenwich.\\nThe Institution of Naval Architects\\nis founded; also the Academy of\\nMusic.\\nWheatstone s automatic printing- tel-\\negraph is patented.\\nAndrews and Tait demonstrate that\\nozone is a condensed form of oxygen.\\nA statue of Richard. Occur de Lion, is\\nerected near Westminster Abbey.\\n1861 Feb. 6. Storm-signals are first\\nsent to the coast by the Board of Trade.\\n[July 31. First published.]\\nFeb. 20, 21. A great storm prevails.\\nA part of the Crystal Palace, London, is\\nblown down also the Chichester Cathe-\\ndral steeple.\\nApr. 17. The planet Asia is discovered\\nby N. Pogson.\\nMay 14. London. Adelina Patti, the\\nprima donna, makes her first appearance\\nat Covent Garden.\\nMay 24. Dublin. A Fine Arts Exhi-\\nbition is opened. [Aug. 22. The queen\\nvisits it.]\\nMay 28. A great storm prevails on the\\ncoasts, causing 143 wrecks. [Nov. 13, 14.\\nAnother causes 50 wrecks on the north-\\neast coast.]\\nJune 29. The great comet is first visi-\\nble.\\nJune Capt. Parker Snow sails in the\\nschooner Intrepid in search of Sir John\\nFranklin s companions.\\nAug. 14-22. Dublin. The National\\nSocial Science Association meets.\\n[1862, June 6, London 1863, Oct. 7, Ed-\\ninburgh 1864, Sept. 22, York; 1S65, Oct.\\n4, Sheffield 1866, Oct. 2, Manchester\\n1867, Sept. 18, Belfast.]\\nMaj.-Gen. Sir Edward Sabine becomes\\npresident of the Royal Society.\\n1 Wire bridges are invented by Rich-\\nard Lee.\\nLondon. A statue of Sir Henry Have-\\nlock is erected in Trafalgar Square.\\ni- The tannin process in photography\\nis introduced by Maj. Russell.\\nVelocipedes again come into use.\\nAn Institute of Sculptors is estab-\\nlished.\\nThe spectrum analysis is applied to\\nastronomy.\\nLondon, The Clinical Society is\\nfounded.\\n.Sir Charles William Siemens invents\\nfurnaces for glass-works, in which gases\\nare used as fuel.\\nEdward Fremy succeeds in making\\nSteel by bringing red-hot iron in contact\\nwith the carbonate of ammonia.\\nMr. Thompson of Weymouth photo-\\ngraphs the bottom of the sea.\\nLondon. Paul du Chaillu exhibits\\nskins and skulls of gorillas at the Royal\\nInstitution.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nI860* Aberdeen, Karl of, George H. Gor-\\ndon, preniii-r, author, Scotland, A76.\\nHarry, Sir Charles, architect, A6. j.\\nBrisbane, Sir Thomas M., astronomer, Scot-\\nland, A 87.\\nDalhonsie, Marquis of, James Andrew Itam-\\nsay, statesman, A48.\\nDundonald, Karl of, Thomas Cochrane,\\nadmiral, A 85.\\nFellows, Sir Charles, traveler, antiq., A6I.\\n.laines, George I ayn Kainsford. novel., A59.\\nJameson, Anna, essayist, writer. Ire., A63.\\nLeake, William M., traveler, antiq., A83.\\nXapier, Sir Charles, admiral, A74.\\nPowell, Baden, clergyman, physicist, A64.\\nKehan, Ada, actress, lie., born.\\nWilson, Horace Hayman, orientalist, histo-\\nrian, A74.\\n1861* Albert, Prince of Saxe-Coburg-\\nGotha, husband of Victoria, A42.\\nAtkinson, Thomas W., landscape painter,\\ntraveler, A62.\\nBrowning-, Elizabeth B., poet, A52.\\nCampbell, John, iurist, statesman, an., A82.\\nlough, Arthur H., poet, A42.\\nf nhitt, Sir William, civil engineer, A76.\\nDanby, Francis, landscape painter, A68.\\nDouglas, Sir Howard, general, A85.\\nForbes, Sir John, physician, medical wr., A74.\\nGore, Catherine Grace, novelist, A62.\\nHerbert, Lord, Sidney, statesman, A5I.\\nVictoria, Duchess of Kent, mother of Vic-\\ntoria, A75.\\nNovello, Vincent, musician, A80.\\n0 Donovan, John, archeologist, Ire., A52.\\nI algravc, Sir Francis, antiquary, hist., A73.\\nSmith, Thomas Southwood, physician, A73.\\nCHURCH.\\n1860 Mar. 31. London. Rev. C. H.\\nSpurgeon s great Tabernacle is opened\\nfor worship.\\nMay* Scot. A National Bible Society\\nfor Scotland is organized.\\nThe English Church Union is estab-\\nlished.\\nLondon. The Society of the Blessed\\nSacrament (English Churchmen) is\\nfounded.\\n1861 May 1. The Colonial and Conti-\\nnental Church Society is formed.\\nThe Church of England is now said\\nto be divided into High, Moderate, Low\\n(or Evangelical), and Broad Church.\\nThe Strict Baptist Mission is organ-\\nized.\\nThe Metropolitan Chapel Building\\nfund is established by the Wesleyans.\\nLondon. The Diocesan Deaconess\\nInstitution is established.\\nA Church Congress is begun at Cam-\\nbridge. [1862, July* Again meets; 1863,\\nOct. 13-15, at Manchester 1864, Oct.\\nat Bristol 1S65, Oct. 3-7; at Norwich\\n1866, Oct. 6, at York 1867, Oct. 1, at Wol-\\nverhampton 1868, Sept. 29, at Dublin\\n1869, Oct. 5. at Liverpool.]\\nLETTERS.\\nLondon. The Army and Navy Gazette\\nis issued also the National Reformer,\\nthe Catholic Times, the Universe, Temple\\nBar, and Good Words.\\nDublin. Maynooth College is en-\\nlarged.\\nLucile, by Owen Meredith (E. R. L. B.\\nLytton), appears. [1861, Serbski Pesme:\\nNational Songs of Servia 1863, The\\nPing of Amasis 1867, Chronicles and\\nCharacters and Poems 1869, Orval.]\\n1860-63 Dictionary of the Bible, edited\\nby Sir William Smith appears.\\n1861 Apr. 4. The Birmingham Free\\nLibrary is opened.\\nOct. 12. London. The Illustrated Times\\nis incorporated with the Penny Illus-\\ntrated Paper.\\nOct. 31. London. The Middle Temple\\nnew library is opened by the Prince of\\nWales.\\nOct. The Shakespeare Fund is estab-\\nlished to purchase Shakespeare s garden,\\nbirthplace estate, and to erect and en-\\ndow a public library and museum at\\nStratford-upon-Avon.\\nLondon. The Queen is issued. Also\\nthe Church Review, Pun, and St. James s\\nMagazine.\\nAncient Law, by Sir Eenry James\\nSumner Maine, appears.\\nOn Translating Homer, by Matthew\\nArnold, appears. [1865, Essays in Crit-\\nicism 1868, A Study of Celtic Literature.]\\nThe Early Italian Poets, by Dante\\nGabriel Rossetti, appears. [1873. Re-\\npublished as Dante and his Circle.\\nRosamund, by Algernon Charles Swin-\\nburne, appears. [1S65, Atlanta in Caly-\\ndon and Chastelard 1866-89, Poems and\\nBallads.]\\nA Strange Story, by Bulwer-Lytton,,\\nappears. [1863, Caxtoniana.]\\nAdventures of Philip, by Thackeray,\\nappears.\\nEducation:. Intellectual, Moral, and\\nPhysical, by Herbert Spencer, appears.\\n[1864, Classification of the Sciences and\\nIllustrations of Universal Progress.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1860 Apr. 17. A desperate and inde-\\ncisive prize-fight takes place between\\nThomas Sayers and John Heenau.\\nJuly 9. The Prince of Wales embarks\\non a visit to Canada and the United\\nStates (p. 581).\\nAug. 30. A strike among the silk-\\nworkers at Coventry comes to an end.\\nSept. 21. Self-supporting cooking es-\\ntablishments for working-classes are\\nbegun by Thomas Corbett.\\nSept. Manchester Reciprocity Asso-\\nciation is founded.\\nOct. 23. Ire. Agrarian outrages pre-\\nvail Alderman Sheehey is murdered.\\nNov. Ire. An ovation is given to re-\\nturned Irish soldiers who were taken\\nprisoners by the Sardinians while in the\\nservice of the Pope.\\nDec* London. The Westminster Work-\\ning Men s Club in Duck Lane is opened.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0976.jp2"}, "977": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1860, Jan. 1-1862, Feb. 10. 965\\nDec. London. Great distress prevails\\namong the poor.\\nLicenses to sell wine are granted to\\nrefreshment houses.\\nTitles created, Earl of Dudley, also\\nBaron Kinnaird. [1861, Earl Russell and\\nBaron Westbury 1863, Barons Annaly\\nand Houghton 1865, Baron Romilly\\n1866, Earl of Dartrey, Earl of Kimber-\\nley, Viscount of Halifax, and Barons\\nHylton, Penrhyn, Meredyth, Brance-\\npeth, Hartismere, Kenry, and Monck\\n1868, Viscount Bridport, Earl of Fever-\\nsham, and Barons Ormathwaite, Gor-\\nmanston, Napier of Magdala, Kesteven,\\nand O Neill; 1869, Barons Acton, Pen-\\nzance, Balinhard, Lawrence, Hare, How-\\nard of Glossop, Robartes, Dunning,\\nWolvertown, Castleton, and Greville.]\\nNumber of persons convicted of crime\\nin England and Wales, 12,068. [1861,\\n13,879; 1S62, 15,312; 1863, 15,799; 1864,\\n14,726; 1865, 14,740; 1S66, 14,254; 1867,\\n14,207; 1868,15,033; 1S69, 14,340.]\\nThe Working Men s Mutual Im-\\nprovement and Recreation Society is es-\\ntablished in Lancaster.\\nLondon. The Society for the preven-\\ntion of Cruelty to Animals condemns\\nvivisection.\\nWeekly wages of laborer, nine shil-\\nlings, sixpence.\\n1860-61 Parliament The Grocers* and\\nShopkeepers Licensing Act is passed\\nit authorizes the sale by them of wine,\\nspirits, and beer in bottles.\\n1860-69 Erdington Orphanage and Alms-\\nhouses near Birmingham are erected\\nwith \u00c2\u00a3250,000 contributed by Josiah\\nMason, a manufacturer of Birmingham.\\n1861 Jan. Over \u00c2\u00a3100,000 are raised for\\nthe sufferers from famine in India.\\nFeb. 23. The Order of the Star of\\nIndia is instituted.\\nAug. 24^31. Ire. The queen and the\\nprince consort visit Ireland.\\nLondon. The British Home for In-\\ncurables, Clapham Rise, is established.\\nThe death penalty is abolished for\\nall crimes except treason and wilful\\nmurder.\\n1862 Feb. 10. Royal Order of Victo-\\nria and Albert is established.\\nSTATE.\\n1860 Jan. 23. A commercial treaty\\nis made with France.\\nFeb. 10. H. C. The budget is brought\\nforward.\\nIt includes an extension of the license\\nsystem to refreshment houses for the\\nsale of wines the abolition of paper\\nduties; an income tax of sevenpence in\\nthe pound on incomes between \u00c2\u00a3100 and\\n\u00c2\u00a3150, and tenpeuce for those above \u00c2\u00a3150,\\na year.\\nMar. 1. H. C. Lord John Russell intro-\\nduces a Reform Bill to amend the rep-\\nresentation from England and Wales.\\n[Like bills are introduced for Scotland\\nand Ireland. May 3. Read a second\\ntime after being debated four nights.\\nJune 11. Lord Russell withdraws it,\\nowing to many amendments and the\\nlateness of the season.]\\nMay 1. New Zealand. War breaks\\nout with the Maoris, caused by dis-\\nputed land-sales. [1861. Mar. 19. The\\nMaoris submit.]\\nMay 21. H. L. The Paper Duties\\nRepeal Bill is thrown out, defeating\\nthe Ministry. Vote, 193-104.\\nMay Parliament Quaker marriages\\nwhen only one of the persons is a Quaker\\nare legalized.\\nJuly 5. H. C. Three resolutions are\\npassed vindicating the privileges of the\\nHouse against the recent aggression of\\nthe Lords in throwing out the Paper\\nDuties Repeal Bill (a money bill).\\nJuly 21. England, France, and other\\nEuropean powers unite in sending an\\nexpedition to Syria for the protection\\nof the life and property of Europeans\\nin the conflicts between the Druses and\\nMaronites.\\nAug. 6. Parliament: An Act is passed\\npermitting Hebrew members to omit\\nfrom the oath the words on the faith\\nof a Christian.\\nOct. 24. Peace is concluded with China\\n(p. 621).\\nDec. Ire. A revival of the repeal\\nagitation is attempted [but fails].\\nParliament Additional stamp du-\\nties are imposed on leases, bills of ex-\\nchange, dock warrants, extracts from\\nregisters of births, and licenses to house-\\nagents.\\nParliament: The duty on earthen-\\nware and linen is withdrawn.\\nParliament Jewish disabilities are\\nentirely removed.\\nParliament An Act for the regula-\\ntion of mines is passed.\\nParliament An Act is passed levying\\nduties on wine licenses and refresh-\\nment houses, and for regulating the\\ntraflic.\\nEdward, Lord Stanley of Alderney,\\nis appointed postmaster.\\nLondon. William Cubitt, M. P., is\\nelected lord mayor. [1861. Again. 1862,\\nW. A. Rose; 1863. William Lawrence;\\n1864, Warren S. Hale.]\\n1S61 Feb. 26. China. James Bruce\\n[Earl Elgin], British plenipotentiary,\\ntakes up his residence at Peking.\\nMar. A royal commission recommends\\nthe abolition of the board of admi-\\nralty, and the appointment of a minister\\nof the navy department.\\nApr. 8. Seventh decennial census\\ntaken population of Great Britain and\\nIreland, 29,234,7S8 (Ireland, 5,764,543).\\nApr. 15. H.C. The budget is brought\\nforward.\\nIt proposes to reduce the rate of in-\\ncome tax from tenpenee to ninepence in\\nthe pound, to abolish the paper duties,\\nand to reenact the existing duties on\\ntea and sugar for one year.\\nApr. 29. H. L. Lord Wodehouse states\\nthat the Government has decided not to\\nintrude advice or counsel on the Gov-\\nernment of the United States respecting\\nthe Civil War.\\nMay 3. Parliament Messages from the\\nqueen are sent to both Houses sanction-\\ning the marriage between the Princess\\nAlice and Prince Louis of Hesse. [May\\n6. Parliament votes a dower of \u00c2\u00a330,000\\nand an annuity of \u00c2\u00a36,000. 1862. July 1.\\nMarried.]\\nJune 7. Brazil. The British ship Prince\\nof Wales, wrecked on the coast, is plun-\\ndered by the natives, and some of its crew\\nkilled. [The Government refuses repa-\\nration.]\\nJune 26. Richard Bethell, Lord West-\\nbury, is made lord high chancellor.\\nAug. 6. Parliament The Naval Disci-\\npline Act is passed.\\nNov. 8. James M. Mason and John\\nSlidell, Confederate ambassadors, are\\ntaken from the British mail-steamer\\nTrent by Capt. Wilkes.\\nDec. 13. The Irish Law Court Com-\\nmission is appointed.\\nThe Government sends off the first\\ndraft of troops for Canada.\\nW. Afr. Lagos, in theBightof Benin,\\nis acquired.\\nParliament A solemn declaration,\\nto he substituted for an oath by persons\\nconscientiously objecting to be sworn in\\ncriminal prosecutions, is legalized.\\nParliament An Act is passed impos-\\ning stamp duties on leases.\\nParliament: The laws regarding the\\nremoval of the poor are amended.\\nThe income tax produces \u00c2\u00a310,923,186.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1860 Apr. The Metropolitan under-\\nground railway is begun.\\nMay J. S. Parey, the American horse-\\ntamer, receives a present of 20 guineas\\nfrom the Society for the Prevention of\\nCruelty to Animals.\\nAug. 17. London. West Kent wharf\\nand New Hibernia wharf are destroyed\\nby fire; loss, \u00c2\u00a3200,000.\\nSept. 4. A collision occurs at Helm-\\nshore on the Lancashire and Yorkshire\\nRailway 11 persons killed.\\nNov. 16. Trains collide at Atherstone\\non North Western Railway 11 killed.\\nThe cotton supply from North Amer-\\nica nearly ceases, in consequence of the\\nsecession of the Southern States from\\nthe Union and the war that followed.\\n1861 Mar. 29. London. A street-rail-\\nway is opened near Bayswiiter. [1862.\\nSeveral street-railways are abandoned.]\\nMay 23. The steamship service be-\\ntween Galway and North America is\\nsuspended. [1863. Aug. Renewed.]\\nJune 4. The steamer Canadian is\\nwrecked on the ice in the Straits of\\nBelle Isle 35 lives lost.\\nJune 22. London. A fire on the wharves\\nnear Tooley Street burns for a month.\\nSeveral persons are killed, among them\\nJames Braidwood, superintendent of\\nfire-brigade. Total loss, \u00c2\u00a32,000,000.\\nAug. 25. Trainscollide in Clayton Tun-\\nnel, Brighton Railway; 23 persons are\\nkilled and many injured.\\nSept. 2. A railway accident occurs at\\nKentish Town, Hampstead Junction\\n16 persons killed, and 320 injured.\\nSept. 12. London. The Pneumatic\\nDespatch Company lays tubes in\\nThreadneedle Street.\\nSept. 27. The iron bridge over the Ouse\\nat York falls, killing five people.\\nOot. 23. Edinburgh. The foundation of\\nthe new Post-office and Industrial Mu-\\nseum is laid by the prince consort.\\nOct. 29. The Elcho shield is placed in\\nGuildhall.\\nNov. 24. A house in High Street, Edin-\\nburgh, faDs, killing 35 persons.\\nDec. 23. Prince Albert is buried.\\nLondon. A dogs temporary home\\nis opened in Hollingsworth Street about\\n2,200 animals are sheltered in a year.\\n[1882. Adapted for cats.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0977.jp2"}, "978": {"fulltext": "966 1862, Mar. 12-1864, GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1862 July The Elcho Challenge\\nShield is won by England.\\n[This shield is competed for annually\\nby shooting teams representing volun-\\nteers in England, Scotland, and Ireland,\\nand is held by the winning country.\\n1863. It is woifagain hy England. 1864,\\nby Scotland; 18(x I v Knuland 1866, by\\nScotland; 1867, 18GS. I.y England 1869,by\\nScotland; 1870, 1871, 1872, by England.]\\nSept. 10. The Royal Oak iron-clad\\nsteamer is launched, at Chatham. [1865,\\nOct. 14. The war-ship Valiant. Dec. 12.\\nThe Minotaur.]\\nNov. 9. The Duke of Cambridge is\\nmade field-marshal.\\nNaval expenses, \u00c2\u00a312,59S,042.\\n1863 Jan. The British navy consists\\nof 1,014 vessels, S5 line-of-battle ships,\\n69 frigates, and 30 screw-corvettes.\\nFeb. 7. The British war-ship Orpheus\\nand 100 men are lost off the west coast\\nof New Zealand.\\nAug. 15. Japan. Adm. Kuper bom-\\nbards Kagoshima in retaliation for the\\nmurder by the Japanese on Sept. 14, 1862,\\nof the British minister, Mr. Richardson.\\n-64 Aug. 6. New Zealand. An-\\nother war with the Maoris it ends in\\ntheir submission.\\n1863-64 W. Afr. War with the\\nAshantees.\\n1864 July 11-23. The National Asso-\\nciation for rifle-shooting meets at Wim-\\nbledon private John Wyatt, London\\nKifie Brigade, wins the queen s prize.\\n[1865, July 11-22, Private Sharman, 4th\\nWest York 1866, July 9-17, Angus Cam-\\neron, 6th Inverness 1S67, July 8-20, Ser-\\ngeant Lane of Bristol; 1868,. July 25,\\nLieut. Carslake 1869, July 3-13, Angus\\nCameron, 6th Inverness; 1S70, July 11-19,\\nCorporal Humphries, 6th Surrey.]\\nNov. 4. China. The war-ship Racehorse\\nis lost off Chefoo Cape.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1862 Mar. 15. The queen founds a\\nmausoleum for the royal family at\\nFrogmore.\\nMay 1. London. The second great In-\\nternational Exhibition chartered.\\n[1862. May. 1. Opened by the Duke of\\nCambridge.]\\nJune 6. London. The National Social\\nScience Association meets. [1863. Oct.\\n7. At Edinburgh.]\\nAug. 31. London. The new Royalty\\nTheater, Soho, is opened.\\nOct. 19, 20. A storm on British coasts\\ncauses many wrecks.\\nNov. 10. The Lambeth and Westmin-\\nster Suspension Bridge is opened.\\nThe British Association meets at\\nCambridge. [1863. At Newcastle.]\\nA statue of Sir Hugh Myddleton is\\nerected on Islington Green.\\nThe statue of Jenner is removed to\\nKensington.\\n1862-63 William Huggins analyzes the\\nlight of the fixed stars and of the nebu-\\nl\u00c2\u00a3e by use of the spectrum.\\nSummer. At the South Kensington Mu-\\nseum a special exhibition of works of\\nart, of immense value, lent for the occa-\\nsion, is opened. [Nov. Closed.]\\n1863 June 10. A memorial statue of\\nPrince Albert, by Joseph Durham, set\\nup in the gardens of the Royal Horti-\\ncultural Society, is uncovered.\\nOct. 1. Kate Josephine Bateman ap-\\npears as Leah.\\nOct. 6. An earthquake occurs in cen-\\ntral, west, and northwest England.\\nOct. 31. The Far Fast, a propeller with\\ntwo screws, is launched at Mi 11 wall.\\nLondon. The Anthropological So-\\nciety is organized.\\nA statue of Sir James Macgregor is\\nset up at Chelsea Hospital.\\n1864 Jan. 5. Dublin. The statue of\\nOliver Goldsmith is inaugurated by the\\nlord-lieutenant.\\nJan. 30. The National Gallery of Ire-\\nland is opened.\\nJan, The lithoscope, an instrument\\nfor distinguishing precious stones, in-\\nvented by Sir David Brewster, is de-\\nscribed by him.\\nMar, 14. Samuel Baker discovers a lake,\\nsupposed to be another source of the\\nNile, which he names Lake Albert\\nNyanza.\\nApr. 25. The electrophone, invented\\nby Dr. Strethill Wright, for producing\\nsound by electric currents of high ten-\\nsion, is exhibited before the Royal Scot-\\ntish Society of Arts.\\nMay 2. The minor planet, Sappho, is\\ndiscovered by N. Pogson. [1868. Nov.\\n17. Camilla.)\\nAug. 8. Dublin. A statue of Daniel\\nO Connell is inaugurated.\\nSept. 9. Scot. Baxter Park, Dundee,\\nthe gift of Sir David Baxter, is opened\\nby Earl Russell.\\nSept. 22. The Social Science Associa-\\ntion meets at York. [1865, Oct. 4, at\\nSheffield; I860, Oct. 2, at Manchester;\\n1867, Sept. 18, at Belfast 1868, Sept.\\n30, at Birmingham 1869, Sept. 19, at\\nBristol.]\\nAug. 27. London. A pneumatic rail-\\nway is opened at the Crystal Palace.\\nAug. 30. Scot. A statue of Prince Al-\\nbert is inaugurated at Perth, in the\\npresence of the queen.\\nOct. 17- The North London Industrial\\nExhibition is opened at Islington by\\nEarl Russell.\\nDec. 8. The Hungerford Suspension\\nBridge, removed to Clifton, is opened\\nto the public.\\n*The British Association meets at\\nBath. [1SG5, At Birmingham; 1S66, at\\nNottingham 1S67, Sept. 4, at Dundee\\n1868, Aug. 20, at Norwich; 1869, at Ex-\\neter.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nBuckle, Henry Thomas, historian, sociolo-\\ngist, A 40.\\nHome, Thomas IT., Biblical critic, hist., AH2.\\nInglis, Sir John Eardley \\\\Y., general, A48.\\nKnowles, -Tames S., dramatist, Ireland, A78.\\nWakley, Thomas, phvsirian, founder Lan-\\ncet, A67.\\n1863* Campbell, Sir Colin, Lord Clyde,\\ngeneral, Scotland, A71.\\nCockerell, Charles It., architect, A75.\\nEgg, Augustus L., historical painter, A47.\\nGuilt, Joseph, writer, architect, A79.\\nHarding, James landscape painter, A 65.\\nLansdowne, Marquis of, Henry F. Petty,\\nstatesman, A83.\\nLewis, Sir George C, statesman, writer, A57.\\nLyndlmrst, Baron, John S. Copley, jurist,\\nstatesman, A91.\\nMul ready, William, painter, A77.\\nTrollope, Fran. -is, novelist, A85.\\nThackeray, William Makepeace, poet,\\nnovelist, A52.\\nWhately, Richard, archbishop of Dublin,\\nlogician, rhetorician, philosopher, A76.\\nCHURCH.\\n1862 The Nonconformist Bicentenary\\nfund is begun.\\nC. T. Longley is chosen archbishop of\\nCanterbury.\\n1863 May 20. A convocation of Eng-\\nlish bishops condemns as dangerous\\nBishop Colenso s work on The Penta-\\nteuch.\\nJuly The Prison Ministers Act per-\\nmits Roman Catholic chaplains for jails.\\nNov. Lre. Richard Chenevix Trench is\\nmade archbishop of Dublin. [William\\nThompson of York.]\\nLondon. The bishop of London s fund\\nfor relief of spiritual destitution is es-\\ntablished.\\n1S64 May 12. London. About 3,000\\nclergymen s signatures to the Oxford\\nDeclaration respecting future pun-\\nishment is presented to the archbishop\\nof Canterbury.\\nDec. 8. It. Pope Pius IX. issues a Syl-\\nlabus of Errors.\\nBishops elected\\nFrancis Jeune for Peterborough. [1865,\\nR. Machray for Rupertsland; 1866, Lord AI-\\nwyne Compt.in fur Fly. and Andrew B. Suter\\nfor Nelson, N. Z. Is (i7, James B. Kelly for\\nMoray, William Alexander for Derry, and\\nC. B. Bernard for Tuam; 1S68, William C.\\nMagee for Peterborough, W. R. Macrorie for\\nMaritzburg, South Africa, James Atlay for\\nHereford, and J. Eraser Turner for Grafton\\nand Armidale, Australia; 1869, William G.\\nCowie for Auckland, X. Z., Harvey Goodwin\\nfor Carlisle, Lord A. C. Hervev for Bath and\\nWells, W. H. Sterling for Falkland Islands,\\nFrederick Temple for Exeter (1885, trans-\\nlated to London), Samuel Wilberforce for\\nWinchester, and James Fraser for Manches-\\nter.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1862 June 4. The Workingmen s\\nClub and Institute Union is estab-\\nlished by Lord Brougham and others.\\nJuly 20. Ire. A building for the Bo-\\nman Catholic University is founded.\\nLondon. The Sporting Gazette is is-\\nsued also the London Society Maga-\\nThe Pentateuch and Boole of Joshua\\nCritically Examined, by John William\\nColenso, bishop of Natal, appears.\\nUnto This Last, by John Ruskin, ap-\\npears. [1S04, Sesame and Lilies; 1865,\\nThe Ethics or the Dust 1SG6, The Crown\\nof Wild Olive; 1SG9, The Queen of the\\nAir; 1S70, Lectures on Art.]\\nScot. David Elgznbrod, by George\\nAlacdonald, appears. [1861, The Portent\\n18GG, Annals of a Quiet Neighborhood;\\n1SG8, Robert Falconer.]\\n1862-64 The Borne and Foreign Review\\nis issued.\\n1862-67 Five Great Monarchies of the\\nAncient Eastern World, by George Ftaw-\\nlinson, appears.\\n1862-75 Birds of Great Britain, by John\\nGould, appears.\\n1862-93 Herbert Spencer publishes\\nhis System of Synthetic Philosophy.\\n1862, First Principles: 1863-G7, The\\nPrinciples of Biology; 1870-72, The Prin-\\nciples of I syc/tolutfif 18-7, The Princi-\\nples of Sorio /o,//,; 1879-93, Principles of\\nMorality or Ethics.\\n1863 A political economy professor-\\nship is established at Cambridge, and\\nHenry Fawcett (blind) is made the first\\nprofessor.\\nLondon. The Orchestra is issued. Also\\nthe International (in French), the Victo-\\nria Magazine, and the Reader.\\nHeat as a Mode of Motion, by John\\nTyndall, appears.\\nAntiquity of Man, by Sir Charles Lyell,\\nappears.\\n1863-74 The Catholic Union Review is\\nissued.\\n1863-87 The Invasion of the Crimea, by\\nAlexander William Kinglake, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0978.jp2"}, "979": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1862, Mar. 12-1864,\\n967\\n1862* The Shakespeare Library\\nBirmingham, is founded.\\nLondon. The Royal School of !Naval\\nArchitecture, South Kensington, is\\nestablished.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1862 Mar. 12. George Peabody, a\\ngenerous American, gives \u00c2\u00a3150,000 to re-\\nlieve the London poor.\\nApr. 7. A treaty with the United States\\nfor the abolition of the slave-trade is\\nApr. 18. Ire. Agrarian outrages oc-\\ncur. Gustave Thiebault is murdered.\\n[May 16. Also Francis Fitzgerald and\\nothers. July 30. John Braddell is shot\\nby Michael Hayes. Dec. Many more\\nmurders and outrages are committed.]\\nApr. Great distress begins in the cot-\\nton-manufacturing districts owing to the\\nwar in the United States. [1863. Oct.\\nMuch relieved.]\\nMay 6. The queen dedicates Epping\\nForest to the use of the people for all\\ntime.\\nJuly 1. The Princess Alice is married\\nto Louis [Grand Duke of Hesse-Darm-\\nstadt].\\nSept. 17. Ire. An Orange demonstra-\\ntion causes destructive riots at Belfast.\\nSept. 18. At this date, 24 Poor-Law\\nUnions in the cotton districts report\\n140,165 persons receiving out-door relief\\nat a cost of \u00c2\u00a37,922 per week. The pau-\\nperism amounts to 7.3 per cent of the\\nentire population. [Dec. 2. At a great\\ncounty meeting at Manchester, \u00c2\u00a3130,000\\nare subscribed for relief; other contri-\\nbutions, Central Belief Fund, \u00c2\u00a3407,830,\\nandMansionHouseFund, \u00c2\u00a3236,926. Par-\\nliament passes a relief Act.]\\nSept. 28. London. Rioting occurs in\\nHyde Park between the Irish and Ital-\\nians because of the conflict between the\\nPope and Garibaldi. [Oct. 5. More\\nrioting. Oct. S-15. Rioting in Birken-\\nhead, Cheshire.]\\nOct. 9. London. Public meetings in\\nHyde Park are prohibited.\\nOct. 20. Catherine Wilson, a noted\\npoisoner, is executed.\\n1863 Mar. 10. Princess Alexandra\\nof Denmark marries the Prince of\\nWales.\\nMar. 21. Rioting occurs at Staleybridge\\nbecause of the mode of relief to the un-\\nemployed cotton-workers it is put down\\nby the military.\\nLondon. An establishment is opened\\nto receive young children of working\\nmothers.\\nThe United Kingdom Beneficent As-\\nsociation is founded it grants annui-\\nties to poor persons of a better class.\\nLondon. St. John s Hospital, Leices-\\nter Square, is founded.\\nIre. Titles created, Baron Athlum-\\nney. [186S. Duke of Abercorn and Baron\\nRathdonnell.]\\nIre. Great numbers of able-bodied\\nmen emigrate to America during the\\nyear, owing to the agricultural distress.\\n1864 Apr. 3. Garibaldi is received\\nat Southampton with great enthusiasm.\\n[Apr. 11. He enters London, and is wel-\\ncomed by an immense crowd he takes\\nup Ms abode with the Duke of Suther-\\nland at Stafford House. Apr. 21. He\\nreceives the freedom of the city.]\\nJuly 9. The murder of Mr. Briggs in\\na first-class carriage on the North Lon-\\ndon railway causes great excitement.\\nJuly 29. Parliament: The Metropoli-\\ntan Houseless Poor Act, authorizing\\nguardians to receive destitute persons\\ninto workhouses, and the metropolitan\\nboard to reimburse them,\\nAug. 8-19. Ire. The burning of an\\neffigy of Daniel O Connell by Orange-\\nmen causes rioting in Belfast 3,000\\nsoldiers and 1,000 policemen are required\\nto subdue it nine persons are killed\\nand 176 wounded.\\nAug. 10-27. Dublin. The inaugurating\\nof the O Connell monument precipitates\\ntierce conflicts between Roman Catho-\\nlics and Protestants nine killed and 150\\nwounded.\\nSept. 28. The International Working\\nMen s Association is organized;\\nGeorge Odger, president.\\nThe Royal Albert Orphan Asylum at\\nBagshot is founded.\\nSTATE.\\n1862 Apr. 7. A treaty for the suppres-\\nsion of the slave-trade is concluded\\nwith the United States. [May 20. Rati-\\nfied.]\\nJuly 29. Parliament: An Act for the\\nsafe-keeping of petroleum is passed.\\nAug. Parliament The Thames Em-\\nbankment Bill is passed.\\nDec. 2. Parliament is prorogued.\\nDec. 31. Rio de Janeiro. The Govern-\\nment having refused to apologize for the\\narrest of British naval officers charged\\nwith rioting, the British legation causes\\nfive Brazilian merchant-ships to be\\nseized. [They are given up on the pay-\\nment of an indemnity, and the dispute of\\nJune 7, 1SIH, is referred to the arbitra-\\ntion of the King of the Belgians, who\\ndecides in favor of the Brazilians.]\\nE. I. The province of British Burma\\nis formed (p. 1049.)\\nParliament: The Merchandise\\nMarks Act, punishing forgeries of\\ntrade-marks, is passed.\\nParliament: The Queen s Bench\\nprison is abolished.\\n1863 July 21. Parliament: The Pub-\\nlic Works Act, providing work for the\\nunemployed in the manufacturing dis-\\ntricts at the time of the cotton famine,\\nand enabling corporate bodies to raise\\nloans, is passed also an Act to amend\\nand consolidate the acts relating to the\\nvolunteer force of Great Britain.\\nAug. 25. Parliament is prorogued.\\nDec. 15. Sergt. William Shee is ap-\\npointed justice of the Queen s Bench;\\nhe is the first Roman Catholic judge to\\nbe appointed since the Reformation.\\nIT. S. A. A convention of Fenians is\\nheld. The society lias for its objects the\\nliberation of Ireland and the establish-\\nment of a republic. (See Fenians in In-\\ndex.)\\n2?ew Zealand. War breaks out with\\nthe Maoris.\\nParliament The Railway Clauses\\nConsolidation Act is passed.\\nParliament The Prison Ministers\\nAct is passed.\\nParliament: The Security from\\nViolence Act, appointing whipping as\\npart of the punishment for attempts at\\ngarroting, is passed.\\n1864 Jan. 8. Albert Victor, son of\\nthe Prince of Wales, is born.\\nJan. Ire. The Fenians make their\\nfirst appearance in the country.\\nApr. 25. London. A Schleswig-Holstein\\nConference meets.\\nGreat Britain, France, Prussia, Aus-\\ntria, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, and the\\nGerman Confederation are represented.\\nIt fails to settle the disputes between\\nAustria, Prussia, and Denmark regard-\\ning the possession of Schleswig-Holstein.\\n[June 2o. It adjourns.]\\nJune 1. The Ionian Isles are ceded.\\nJune 8. H. C. The Permissive Pro-\\nhibitory Bill is introduced at the in-\\nstance of the United Kingdom Alliance\\nparty. It proposes to give power to two-\\nthirds of the rate-payers of a parish to\\nrefuse licenses for the sale of intoxicat-\\ning liquors. [It is rejected.]\\n!Nov. 1. Ire. John, Lord Wodehouse,\\nis appointed lord-lieutenant.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1862 Apr.\\nwrecked r\\nlost.\\nMay 24. The new \u00e2\u0096\u00a0Westminster Bridge\\nis fully opened.\\nOct. 13. A railway collision occurs near\\nWinchburgh 15 killed, 100 wounded.\\nOct. 19. The East Indiaman Bencoolen\\nis wrecked near Bude Haven, Corn-\\nwall; 26 lives lost.\\nDec. 20. The steamer Lifeguard leaves\\nNewcastle; fate unknown, supposed to\\nhave been wrecked off Flamborough\\nHead.\\n1863 Jan. 10. The Metropolitan\\nRailway is opened.\\nFeb. 21. London. Post-office bags are\\nconveyed by the Pneumatic Despatch\\nCompany.\\nApr. 27. The mail-steamer Anglo-Saxon,\\nis wrecked off Cape Race, Newfound-\\nland 237 lives lost.\\nAug. 3. A railway accident near Lynn\\nis caused by a bullock on the track five\\npersons killed.\\nAug. 31. Heme s ancient oak, Wind-\\nsor Park, is destroyed by the wind.\\nLondon. Many companies based on\\nthe Cre dit Mobilier principles are estab-\\nlished.\\n1864 Jan. 11. London. Charing\\nCross Railway is opened.\\nFeb. 29. Peabody dwellings, Spital-\\nfields, are opened for the working classes.\\n[Others are opened later.]\\nMar 11. Bradfield water reservoir em-\\nbankment breaks, and Sheffield and\\nsurrounding country are flooded 250\\nlives are lost, and much property is\\ndamaged.\\nMay 25. Dublin. The Industrial Ex-\\nhibition is opened by the lord chan-\\ncellor.\\nJuly The great annual horse-shows\\nat Islington are begun.\\nJuly 20. London. The first stone of the\\nThames Embankment is laid near\\nWhitehall Stairs.\\nOct. 6. London. The first railway\\ntrain enters the city near Blackfriars\\nBridge.\\n!N ov. 24. A fierce gale causes the wreck\\nof the Stanley and the Friendship off\\nTynemouth, and the DalJwusie off Tay\\n34 lives lost.\\nDec. 8. The Clifton Suspension\\nBridge at Bristol is opened.\\nDec. 14. The steamer Bombay is\\nburned off Flores Island 91 lives lost.\\nDec. 16. A railway collision in Black-\\nheath Tunnel causes six deaths.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0979.jp2"}, "980": {"fulltext": "968 1864,* *-1866 7 Dec.28. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1864 James Laird of Birkenhead\\nbuilds steam-rams for the Confederates\\nin America construction is stopped, and\\nthey are bought by the British Govern-\\nment.\\n1865 May The war-ships Bellerophon\\nand Lord Warden are launched. [1866.\\nApr. 17. The Northumberland\\nART SCIENCE NATURE\\n1864 The light of ignited magne-\\nsium is employed for photographs at\\nManchester.\\n1865 Joan of Arc is exhibited by\\nSir John Everett Millais at the Royal\\nAcademy.\\n1866 Feb. 1. Sir Francis Grant is\\nmade president of the Royal Society.\\nMay 19. Edinburgh. The National\\nMuseum of Science and Art is opened\\nby Prince Alfred.\\nOct. 18. Scot. The statue of Prince\\nAlbert is inaugurated at Glasgow by the\\nDuke of Edinburgh.\\nOct. 19. London. The Holborn Theater\\n(Mirror) is opened.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1864* Iiaikie, William B., explorer, Scot-\\nland, A39.\\nBalliintvne, .James R orientalist, A51.\\nBennies William, sculptor, A63.\\nCarlisle, Earl of, George W. F., states., A62.\\nDilke, Charles W., journalist, A85.\\nFerrier, .lames F., metaphysician, A56.\\nHunt, William, painter, A74.\\nLance, George, painter, A 42.\\nLandor, Walter Savage, poet, writer, A89.\\nLeech, John, arlisi, caricaturist, A47.\\nM Culloch, John R., political economist,\\nScotland, A85.\\nO Brien, William Smith, patriot, Ire., A61.\\nProcter, Adelaide A., poet, A 38.\\nRoberts, David, landscape painter, Scot., AG8.\\nSenior, .Nassau W., political economist, A74.\\nSinclair, Catherine, author, Seotland, At 4.\\n1865 Aytoun, William E., poet, Scot., A52.\\nBrown, Sir Geurge. general, A75.\\nChristie, Samuel Hunter, physicist, A81.\\nCobden, Richard, statesman, A61.\\nCostello, Dudley, journalist, author, A62.\\nCotton, Stapleton, Viscount Combennere,\\ngeneral, A92.\\nCunard, Sir Samuel, fdr. Cunard Line, A78.\\nEastlake, Sir Charles Lock, painter, A72.\\nFitzrov, Robert, meteorologist, vice-admiral,\\nA60.\\nGaskell, Elizabeth C, novelist, A55.\\nHamilton, Sir William Rowan, mathemati-\\ncian, philosopher, Ireland, A60.\\nHerring, John F., animal painter, A70.\\nHooker, Sir William Jackson, botanist, A80.\\nLindley, John, botanist, A66.\\nLubbock, Sir John W., astronomer, A62.\\nPalmerston, Viscount, Henry J. Temple,\\nstatesman, A81.\\nPaxton, Sir Joseph, arch., horticulturist, AG2.\\nQuain, Jones, astronomer horn in Ireland, d.\\nRichardson, Sir John, naturalist, Scot., A68.\\nWallace, Win. V., musical comp., Ire., A50.\\nWiseman, Nicholas Patrice Stephen,\\ncardinal, author, A63.\\n1864 London. Samuel Crowther, a\\nnative African, is consecrated as first\\nbishop of the Niger, in Canterbury Ca-\\nthedral.\\nThe Church of England Educational\\nSociety is founded.\\nIre. Bishops consecrated\\nThomas Nully (Roman Catholic) bishop of\\nMeatb. [1865, James Donnelly for Clogher;\\nWiij, .lames Lvni h for KiHare and I.eighlm,\\n1870, Thomas W. Croke, archbishop of Cashel\\nand Emly.]\\n(Roman Catholic) Bishops conse-\\ncrated.\\nJohn M. Tiasot for Vizagapatam. fl865,\\nJames Murray for .Maitland; 1868, Christo-\\npher Bon jean (archbishop) for Colombo,\\nCeylon, Michael Angelo Jacopi (archbishop)\\nfor Agra, Asia, Gabriel Leo Meurin for Port\\nLouis, Africa, and Leonard Mellano for Ve-\\nrapoli, Asia 1869, John Macdonald for\\nAberdeen, and Charles Eyre for Glasgow.]\\n1865 Feb. 24. Dublin. St. Patrick s\\nCathedral, restored by Benjamin L.\\nGuinness, is reopened.\\nJune 5. London. Henry Edward\\nManning is consecrated (Roman Cath-\\nolic) archbishop of Westminster.\\nJuly 5. London. The Salvation Army\\nis founded by holding the first Chris-\\ntian Mission in the open air at Mile\\nEnd, by William Booth, until recently\\na Methodist. [1878. The Mission be-\\ncomes the Army.]\\nOct. 3. The Evangelical Alliance\\nmeets at Hull. [1866, Oct. 16, at Bath\\n1867, Aug. at Amsterdam 1866, Nov.\\n23-28, at Derby\\nNov. 15. London. Three English bish-\\nops, Dr. Pusey, and nearly 80 of the\\nclergy and laity meet with Counts Orloff\\nand TolstoY, and the Russian chaplain,\\nto consider the question of uniting the\\nEnglish and Russian Churches.\\nThe Ladies Association for the Pro-\\nmotion of Female Education among the\\nheathen is organized.\\nChurch (of England) Association\\nagainst popery is founded.\\nLondon. The Free and Open Church\\nAssociation is founded.\\nThe Association of Lay Helpers is\\norganized.\\n1866 July Readers, a new order of\\nunordained assistants (Church of Eng-\\nland), receive the assent of archbishops\\nand bishops.\\nLETTERS.\\n1864* London. A Working Women s\\nCollege is begun at Queen s Square,\\nBloomsbury.\\nDublin. Queen s University re-\\nceives a supplementary charter.\\nLondon. The Owl is issued.\\nApologia pro vita sua, by John Henry\\nNewman, appears.\\nScot. Sketches from Nature, by Chas.\\nMaekay, appears. [1872, Under the Blue\\nSky.]\\nA translation of Homer s Iliad, by E.\\nG. S. Stanley, Earl of Derby, appears.\\nA Death in the Desert, Rabbi Ben Ezra,\\nand Prospice, by Hubert Browning, ap-\\npear. [1868, The Ring and the Book.]\\n1864-65 Our Mutual Friend, by Dickens,\\nappears.\\n1864-67 English Writers before Chaucer,\\nby Henry Morley, appears.\\n1865 Feb. 7. London. The Pall Mall\\nGazette is issued.\\nJuly 29. The Guild of Literature and\\nArt is inaugurated. It provides retreats\\nfor artists, scholars, and men of letters.\\nAug. London. The Sportsman is issued.\\nSept. 15. Dub/in. The Irish People is\\nseized.\\nLondon. Albert Veterinary Col-\\nlege is opened.\\nLondon. The Sporting Times is is-\\nsued also the English Mechanic, the\\nFortnightly Review, and the Gloivworm.\\nExamination of Sir William Hamil-\\nton s Philosophy, by John Stuart Mill,\\nappears. [1869, On the Subjection of\\nWomen, 1870, The Irish Land Question.]\\nPrehistoric Times, by Sir John Lub-\\nbock, appears.\\nPlato and other Companions of Socra-\\ntes, by George Grote, appears.\\nHome Thoughts and Home Scenes, by\\nJean Ingelmv, appears. [1867, .4 Story\\nof Doom; 1868, A Sister s Bye- Hours.]\\nRunning the Gauntlet, by Edmund H.\\nYates, appears. [1866, Kissing the Rod;\\n1867, Black Sheep.]\\nStrathmore, by Ouida (Louise de La\\nRam^e), appears. [1S66, Chandos 1867,\\nIdalia; 1868, Tricotrin.]\\nIre. Lays of the Western Gael, by\\nSir Samuel Ferguson, appears. [1872,\\nCongal, an Epic Poem in Five Books.]\\nHistory of Rationalism in Europe, by\\nWilliam Edward Hartpole Lecky, ap-\\npears. [1869, History of European Mor-\\nals.]\\n1865-70 Handbooks for the Study of\\nSanskrit, by Max Mu Her, appears. [1868-\\n75, Chips from a German Workshop; 1870,\\nLectures on the Science of Religion.]\\n1866 Dec. 18. London. A training-\\nship is established for homeless boys.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1864-65 London. Forty refuges for\\nhouseless poor are established.\\n1865 Jan.* London. Casual wards\\nin workhouses receive 1,000 patients per\\nnight.\\nFeb. 4, 5. London. Many burglariesoc-\\ncur a great robbery occurs at Walker s,\\nthe Cornhill jewelers.\\nMar. 11. Union workers strike in North\\nStaffordshire caused by reduction of\\nwages a general lockout by iron-mas-\\nters throughout the kingdom follows\\nuntil workmen accept their terms much\\ndistress follows.\\nMar. -May A strike occurs among\\nthe Staffordshire puddlers.\\nApr. 30. Ire. Election riots occur at\\nBelfast. [July* Again.]\\nJuly Election riots disturb Notting-\\nham.\\nAug.* London. An investigation is made\\ninto the state of the workhouse in-\\nfirmaries, several paupers having died\\nthrough neglect.\\nRise of the Fenians. They are a secret\\norganization, and aim at the establish-\\nment of an Irish republic.\\nSept. 15. Dublin. Fenian disturb-\\nances.\\nThe Irish People newspaper is seized, and 25\\npersons are anvsled on barges of Fenianisin.\\n[Sept. 15-17. About :W Fenians are captured.\\nOct. 2. Jeremiah O l onovan Kossa and five\\nothers are committed for nigh treason. Nov.\\n11. James Stephens, the head center, and\\nother Fenians are arrested. Nov. 24. Ste-\\nphens escapes. Nov. 27. The Fenian trials\\nbegin. Dec. 1. Thomas Clark Luby is sen-\\ntenced to 21) years penal servitude. Dec. 13.\\nO Donovan Kuss;i is sentenced to imprison-\\nment for life. O Leary and others are con-\\nvioted and sentenced. 1866. Feb.* The trials\\nare concluded; 36 are convicted or plead\\nguilty, three are acquitted, and one is dis-\\ncharged under disagreement of the jury. J\\nDec. Ire. The Fenians have fierce\\ndisputes among themselves. The sen-\\nate charges the head center, O Ma-\\nhony, with corruption and deposes him,\\nappointing Huberts as his successor.\\n1866 Jan. 29. London. George Pea-\\nbody, the American philanthropist,\\nadds \u00c2\u00a3100,000 to his gift of 1863, for the\\nrelief of the poor.\\nFeb. 17. Ire. The Habeas Corpus Act\\nis suspended 250 suspected persons are\\nimmediately arrested.\\nApr. 20. London. The Working Men s\\nClub and Lodging-house, Old Pye Street,\\nWestminster, is opened.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0980.jp2"}, "981": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1864,* -1866, Dec. 28. 969\\nJune 6. The Field Lane Refuge for\\nthe poor is opened by the Earl of Shaftes-\\nbury.\\nSept. 1. Ire. About 320 persons remain\\nin prison as suspected Fenians.\\nSept. 24. A reform meeting is held at\\nManchester. [Oct. 8. Also at Leeds.\\nDec. 2. At London and Birmingham.]\\nOct.* Messrs. Samuel Canning, Daniel\\nGooch, and Captain Anderson are\\nknighted.\\nDec. 15. Ire. A large quantity of fire-\\narms is seized.\\nDec. 28. Election riots occur at Dim-\\ngar v en.\\nSTATE.\\n1865 Mar. 24. Dr. David Livingstone\\nis appointed British consul for inner\\nAfrica.\\nApr. Parliament Postage charges\\nare reduced from twopence to one pen-\\nny for every ounce above the first.\\nMay 1. Parliament: The two Houses\\nvote addresses of condolence for, and of\\nhorror at, the assassination of Presi-\\ndent Lincoln. [Similar addresses are\\nvoted in public meetings held in every\\nimportant town in the kingdom.]\\nJune 3. George, second son of the\\nPrince of Wales, is born.\\nJune* H. C. The Union Chargeabil-\\nity Act, providing for the better distri-\\nbution of the charge for relieving the\\npoor in unions, is passed.\\nJune 26. H. C. A bill modifying the\\noath taken by Roman Catholics is\\npassed. [Rejected by the Lords.]\\nJuly 4. Lord Westbury resigns the\\ngreat seal.\\nJuly 6. Robert Monsey Rolfe [Lord\\nCranworth] is appointed lord high chan-\\ncellor.\\nJuly The general election is favor-\\nable to the Palmerston administration.\\nJuly London. Baron Rothschild,\\nM. P., is elected for the fourth time.\\nJuly Henry Fawcett, M. P. (blind), is\\nelected.\\nJuly The British and French Govern-\\nments rescind their recognition of\\nThe Southern Confederacy.\\nAug. 2. The Privy Council issues regu-\\nlations for guarding against the cattle-\\nplague.\\nAug. 14. W. I. An insurrection of\\nnegroes breaks out in Jamaica. [Soon\\nsuppressed.]\\nAug. 16. Navigation treaty is con-\\ncluded with Prussia.\\nOct. 18. Viscount Palmerston, first\\nlord of the treasury, dies.\\nNov. 6. Earl Russell forms a Ministry.\\nIt includes Lord Cranworth, Lord Stan-\\nley, the Duke of Argyll, vV E. Glad-\\nstone, Earl Granville, and Sir George\\nGrey.\\nNov. 9. London. Alderman Benj. Sam-\\nuel Phillips, a Hebrew, is elected lord\\nmayor. [1S6G, Thomas Gabriel 1S67,\\nWilliam Ferneley Allen 1868, James\\nLawrence; 1868, Robert Besley.]\\nNov. Ire. James Stephens, the head\\ncenter of the Fenians, is arrested. [Nov.\\n24. He escapes from jail.]\\nNov. 27. Dublin. Many Fenians are\\nbrought to trial.\\nDec. 16. Commercial treaty is con-\\ncluded with Austria.\\nDec. A commission on capital punish-\\nment, appointed in 1864, recommends\\npenal servitude as a substitute for the\\ndeath-penalty in unpremeditated mur-\\nder cases, and that executions be private.\\nParliament A court of referees to\\nexamine private bills is established.\\nLord Cranworth resigns the lord\\nchancellorship.\\nParliament: The Colonial Naval\\nAct, authorizing marine defense by\\ncolonies, is passed.\\n1866 Jan. 11. Dublin. The city and\\ncounty are proclaimed as under the\\nprovisions of the Peace Preservation\\nAct, in consequence of the discovery of\\nan arms manufactory.\\nJan. 16. Ire. Carrying of arms is for-\\nbidden, and houses are ordered to be\\nsearched for concealed arms.\\nJan. -Feb. Ire. Many Fenians are\\narrested and convicted at Cork and\\nDublin.\\nFeb. 17. Ire. The Habeas Corpus Act\\nis suspended.\\nAbout 250 suspected persons are ar-\\nrested immediately many Fenians flee\\nfrom the country.\\nMar. 12. H. C. TV. E. Gladstone intro-\\nduces a new Reform Bill.\\nMar. Parliament Savings-banks In-\\nvestment Acts are passed.\\nMar. Parliament Laboring Classes\\nDwelling-house Act is passed.\\nApr. 30. Parliament: The parliamen-\\ntary oaths are modified, and made uni-\\nform.\\nMay Parliament The Qualification\\nfor Office Abolition Act, rendering it\\nunnecessary to make and subscribe cer-\\ntain declarations, is passed.\\nJune 18. H. C. An amendment to Mr.\\nGladstone s new Reform Bill is carried\\nin opposition to the Government.\\nJune 26. Earl Russell resigns.\\nJuly 5. Princess Helena is married to\\nPrince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein.\\nJuly 6. The third administration of\\nthe Earl of Derby is formed.\\nMembers: Earl of Derby (L. Treas.),Lord\\nChelmsford L. Cbanc), Duke of Bucking-\\nham (Pres. Council), Karl of Mahuesbmv\\n(P. 8eali, lU-niaimn Disraeli (Clianc.Exch.),\\nSpencer H. Walpole (Home Sec), Lord\\n.Stanley (Foreign See.), Earl of Carnarvon\\n(Colonial Se*:.), Jonathan 1 eel (Sec. War),\\nSir Charles Wood (Sec. for India), Duke of\\nSomerset (L. Admiralty i, Milner Gibson\\n(Pres. of the Hoard of Trade), Edward aid-\\nwell (Thane, of the Duchy of Lancaster), Bel-\\nham VUliers (Pres. of the Poor Law Board)\\nJuly James, Duke of Montrose, is\\nappointed postmaster-general.\\nJuly* Parliament: An Act is passed\\npermitting a postmaster to sit in the\\nHouse of Commons.\\nJuly* Ire. Francis Blackburne is\\nmade lord chancellor Lord Abercorn\\nis appointed lord-lieutenant; James\\nWhiteside is made chief justice.\\nAug. Parliament: The Railway Com-\\npanies Securities Act is passed.\\nAug. Parliament A new Sanitary\\nAct\\nAug. Parliament An act for promot-\\ning the cultivation of oysters in the\\nUnited Kingdom is passed.\\nOct. 29. Sir Hugh M. Cairns is made\\nlord justice.\\nNov. 17. Scot. A great public demon-\\nstration in favor of parliamentary re-\\nform is held at Edinburgh.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1S65 Jan. 2. The new Exchange at\\nBirmingham is opened.\\nJan. 31. London. Surrey Theater is\\nburned a second time.\\nMar. 1. The telegraph-line between\\nEngland and Bombay is opened.\\nMar. 26. The Great Eastern sails for\\nNew York, prepared for 2, U()0 passengers.\\n[Returns with 101. July 15. It sails for\\nValentia, Ire., with 2300 miles of subma-\\nrine cable.]\\nMay 9. Dublin. The International\\nExhibition is opened by the Prince\\nof Wales. [Nov. 9. Closed.]\\nJune 7. Insecure rails cause a train\\nwreck near Rednal 13 killed, 40 in-\\njured.\\nJune 9. Hallway accident near Staple-\\nhurst causes K) deaths and injures about\\n00.\\nJune 27. London. Cattle plague\\nbreaks out near Barnsbury.\\nAug. 24. The emigrant vessel Eagle\\nSpeed is wrecked near Calcutta; 265\\ncoolies are drowned.\\nDec. 12. Scot. The Industrial Exhi-\\nbition is opened at Glasgow.\\nDec. 18. Damaged machinery causes the\\nwreck of the J ins off Ballyeroneen Bay\\n15 lives lost.\\nAustralian meat is introduced by\\nJohn AIcCalL\\n1865-66 A new pier is erected at\\nBrighton.\\n1866 Jan. 11. Steamer London\\nfounders in Bay of Biscay 220 lives\\nlost.\\nMar. The Black Death appears\\nmany persons die.\\nApr. 24. Cholera appears at Bristol.\\nApr. 28. A railway bridge at Sutton\\nfalls, killing six men.\\nApr. 30. A railway accident occurs\\nnear Caterham Junction three persons\\nkilled, and 12 injured.\\nMay 7. Edinburgh. A new post-office\\nis opened.\\nMay 10. London. Black Friday; a\\ncommercial panic is precipitated by the\\nfailure of Overend, Gurney, and Co.,\\nbankers.\\nMay 13. Cholera appears in Liverpool.\\nMay* Steamer General Grant is wrecked\\noff Auckland Isles about 85 perish.\\nJune 6. London. Agra and Master-\\nman s Bank suspends great excite-\\nment ensues. [July 13. Also the banking\\nCompany of Birmingham.]\\nJuly 21. London. Cholera is raging\\n346 deaths in one week.\\nJuly 27. The Atlantic Cable is com-\\npletely laid, and communication fully\\nestablished (p. 253).\\nJuly -Sept. London. Cholera rages.\\nAug. 19. The steamer Bruiser coUides\\nwith the Haswell off Aldborough 15\\nlives lost.\\nSept. 6. A railway train is derailed at\\nBrynkir Station six persons killed.\\nOct. 21. London. The Standard Thea-\\nter is burned. [1868. Rebuilt.]\\nNov. 10. Ire. Ceres is wrecked near\\nCarnscoe 36 lives lost.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0981.jp2"}, "982": {"fulltext": "970 1866,Dec.*-1868, Apr. 15. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1866 The Snider breech-loader is\\nadopted by the Government the in-\\nventor receives \u00c2\u00a31,000.\\n1867 Sept. -68 War with Abys-\\nsinia (p. 2).\\n1868 Feb. 10. The war-ship Hercules\\nis launched at Chatham. [May 25, The\\nMonarch, the first turret-ship 1S70,\\nSept. 27, The war-ship Triumph at Jar-\\nrow 1871, The war-ship Gallatin.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1867 Jan. Dublin. The Irish Col-\\nlege of Science is established.\\nMay 20. London. The queen lays the\\nfoundation of the Albert Hall of Arts\\nat South Kensington.\\nJune 3. London. A statue of Lord\\nHerbert is unveiled in Pall Mall.\\nJune 8. London. Mile. Nilsson makes\\nher first appearance at Her Majesty s\\nTheater as Violetta.\\nJuly* Win. Robinson announces a method\\nof making wrought iron from cast iron\\nby the use of magnetism.\\nAug. 31. London. Kate Terry makes\\nher last appearance as Juliet at the\\nNew Adelphi.\\nOct. 12. London. The new East Lon-\\ndon Theater is opened. [Oct. 24. The\\nnew Queen s Theater. Dec. 18. St.\\nGeorge s Opera House.]\\nNov. 2. London. Mile. Kellogg makes\\nher d^but at Drury Lane.\\nNov.\u00c2\u00b1 John Heaton s process for mak-\\ning steel is announced.\\n1868 Jan. 15. Rev. Patrick Bell re-\\nceives a testimonial and \u00c2\u00a31.000 for the\\ninvention of a reaping-naachine in 1826.\\nJan. 22-31. Severe gales destroy many\\nvessels and lives. [Feb. 1. More disas-\\ntrous gales.]\\nMar. 31\u00c2\u00b1. London. Nitrous oxid gas\\n(laughing-gas) is introduced.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1866 Brande, William T., chemist, A80.\\nCampbell, Alexander, t\\\\h\\\\ Campbelhtes, A80.\\nConnolly, John, physician, A71.\\nCraik, George L., miscellaneous writer, A67.\\nGibson, John, sculptor, A75.\\nKeble, John, poet, divine, A74.\\nMahony, Francis i Father Prout), clergyman,\\nauthor, Ireland, A61.\\nMonteagle, Lord, Thomas Spring Rice, A76.\\nPetrie, George, nivheolnuist, antiquary, A77-\\nWhewell William, philosopher, historian\\nof science, A72.\\n1867 Alison, Sir Archibald, hist., A75.\\nAustin, Sarali T., translator, writer, A74.\\nBaily, Edward H., sculptor, A79.\\nBell, Kotifit, journalist, author, A67.\\nBlomfleld, Charles J., bishop of London,\\nscholar, author, A71.\\nDaubeny, Charles G. B., chemist, naturalist,\\nA72.\\nFaraday, Michael, chemist, electrician,\\nphilosopher, Ireland, A76.\\nForbes, James physicist, Scotland, A59.\\nLouise, daughter of Prince of Wales, born.\\nRobinson, Henry lawyer, author, A92.\\nRosse, Earl of, William Parsons, astrono-\\nmer, A67.\\nSnhrke, Sir Robert, architect, A87.\\nStanrield, Clarkson, marine painter, A69.\\nCHURCH.\\n1866 London. The Humanitarians\\nare founded by Kaspary, a German Jew.\\n1867 Feb. 13. The bishops in convoca-\\ntion unqualifiedly condemn ritualism.\\n[Feb. 15. The Lower House concurs.]\\nMay 16. Bishop Hamilton of Salisbury\\nasserts the doctrine of the supernatural\\ngifts of priests, the Divine presence in\\nthe sacrament many persons protest\\nagainst it.\\nMay 21. Rev. A. H. Mackonochie is\\ntried before the Court of Arches for ex-\\ntreme ritualistic practises at St. Al-\\nbans, Holboru.\\n[Dec. 4-18. Trial continued. 1868. Jan.\\n16-18. Renewed. Mar. 28. Case decided\\nagainst plaintiff, and the use of incense, mix-\\ning water with wine, and elevation of the\\nelements in the sacrament, are forbidden.\\nDee. 4. Defendant is censured for evading\\nsentence. 1870. Nov. 24. The Privy Council\\nsuspends the defendant for three months for\\nevading sentence.]\\nJuly 25. Parliament: The declaration\\nagainst transubstantiation, invocation\\not the saints, and the sacrifice of the\\nmass, on taking any civil office, is abol-\\nished.\\nAug. 19. Ritualists are censured in the\\nreport of the ritualistic commission.\\nSept. 24-27. The Pan-Anglican Con-\\nference of 75 bishops, English, Colonial,\\nand American, is in session at Lambeth\\nan address and resolutions are issued.\\nOct. 17. Dublin. Mixed education and\\nsecret societies are condemned and state\\nhelp is declined by the (Roman Catholic)\\nconference of bishops.\\nOct. 30. The Irish Church Commis-\\nsion is appointed, with the Earl of Stan-\\nhope as chairman.\\nDec. 12\u00c2\u00b1. Ire. A protest is signed\\nagainst the disestablishment of the\\nIrish Church by many influential Irish-\\nmen.\\n*The Children s Special Service Mis-\\nsion, to lead children and young people\\ninto the Christian life, is organized.\\nLondon. The Spanish and Portuguese\\nChurch Aid Society is organized.\\nThe (Baptist) Ladies Association,\\nfor support of Zenana work and Bible-\\nwomen in India, is organized.\\nThe (Church of England) Society of\\nthe Blessed Sacrament and the Con-\\nfraternity of the Blessed Sacrament\\nunite to form one society.\\n1868 Mar. 29. London. A Jewish\\nsynagogue at Barnsbury, founded by\\nBaron F. Rothschild, is consecrated.\\nApr. 5. London. A Mormon synod is\\nheld in Store Street the London con-\\nference is said to include 1,172 members.\\nLETTERS.\\n1866 London. The Law Journal is\\nissued also the Bullionist, Engineer,\\nLand and Water, the Belgravia Maga-\\nzine, and the Contemporary Review.\\nScot. The Reign of Law, by the Duke\\nof Argyll, appears.\\nEcce Homo, by John Robert Seeley,\\nappears.\\nWives and Daughters, by Elizabeth\\nGaskell, appears.\\nScot. London Poems, by Robert Wil-\\nliam Buchanan, appears.\\n1867 Jan. Dublin. The Irish Col-\\nlege of Science is established.\\nJuly 10. London. The foundation of\\nthe College of the International Edu-\\ncation Society is laid by the Prince of\\nWales.\\nJuly 11. London. The Guards Insti-\\ntute, Francis Street, is inaxigurated.\\nJuly* The Early Years of the Prince\\nConsort, by Queen Victoria, appears.\\nThe Broadway Magazine and Tinsley s\\nMagazine are issued.\\n1867-68 The Chronicle is issued.\\n1867-74 St. PauPs Magazine is issued.\\n1867-76 History of the Norman Con-\\nquest, by Edward Augustus Freeman,\\nappears. [1869, Old English History;\\n3872, Growth of the English Constitu-\\ntion.]\\n1868 Jan. 4. London. The Working\\nMen s College, South London, is\\nopened with a lecture by Prof. Huxley.\\nJan. Leaves from our Journal in Scot-\\nland, by Queen Victoria, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1866 Dec. Ire. Clare and other coun-\\nties are proclaimed.\\nParliament: A Board of Arbitration\\nfor amicable settlement of questions be-\\ntween working men and employers is\\nformed. [Temporarily useful.]\\nLondon. The Royal Canoe Club is\\nfounded.\\nThe Harvard Association, for the\\nimprovement of prison discipline and\\nprevention of crime, is instituted.\\nLondon. The Women and Children\\nHospital is founded in Crawford Street\\nit is to be superintended by women.\\n1867 Jan. London. The Street Re-\\nform Association is organized.\\nFeb. 11,12. A body of Fenians threat-\\nens an attack upon Chester Castle they\\nare forced to retire by 500 constables.\\nFeb. 12. Dublin. Sixty-seven Fenians\\nfrom Liverpool are arrested.\\nIre. A Fenian outbreak occurs at\\nKerry Killarney is threatened, Capt.\\nMoriarty and others are captured. [Feb.\\n16. A movement to attack Cahirciveen\\ncollapses.]\\nFeb. 26. Ire. The Habeas Corpus Act\\nis suspended.\\nMar. 4. The Fenian General Massey\\nis captured.\\nMar. 5. The Kilmallock police barrack\\nis attacked by 200 Fenians; they are\\ndriven off by 14 constables.\\nMar. 6. Ire. Fenians rise in Cork;\\ntheir leader, Daly, is killed. [Mar. 7.\\nAnother rising near Dublin; the tele-\\ngraph is destroyed an attack on the\\npolice station at Tallaght is repelled\\nseveral are shot 208 prisoners are taken.\\n1,000 Fenians hold the market-place at\\nDrogheda until driven away by a body of\\npolice.]\\nMar. 25-27. A strike of 350 men on the\\nLondon and Brighton Railway occurs.\\nMar. 29. Parliament: The Metropoli-\\ntan Poor Act is passed.\\nMar. 31. Ire. The Fenian Capt. Ma-\\nclure is captured.\\nApr. 9. Ire. A special commission under\\nChief Justice Whiteside begins the trial\\nof 230 Fenians. [May 1. Burke and\\nDoran are sentenced to death. May 26.\\nReprieved. Many more are convicted\\nand many discharged.]\\nApr. 11. About 500 employees of the\\nNorth Eastern Railway strike. [Apr.\\n25. The strikers submit.]\\nApr. 22-Oct. London. The West End\\ntailors strike 2,000 go out.\\nApr. Colliers near St. Helens strike.\\nJune 11. Ire. Fenian trials begin at\\nLimerick.\\nJuly 6. London. The foundation of the\\nAlexandra Orphanage for Inf an ts\\nHolloway, is laid.\\nJuly 17, 18. Anti-popery riots are\\nprovoked at Birmingham by a lecturer.\\nAug. 20. Parliament: An Act to estab-\\nlish councils of conciliation to adjust\\ndifferences between masters and work-\\nmen is passed. [Aug. 21. A workshop\\nRegulation Act supplementary to Fac-\\ntory Act is passed.]\\nAug. Yarmouth is disfranchised for\\nbribery and political corruption by the\\nReform Act.\\nAug. -Sept. Many imprisoned Fe-\\nnians are released, and sent to America.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0982.jp2"}, "983": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1866, Dec* -1868, Apr. 15. 971\\nSept. 19. Fenians attack a police van\\nin Manchester, killing a policeman,\\nSergt. Brett they rescue two of their\\ncomrades, Kelly and Deasy, who had\\nbeen arrested, and escape. [Oct. 29-\\nNov. 12. Twenty-three Fenians are tried\\nfor the murder. Five are sentenced to\\ndeath and others to imprisonment.\\nNov. 27. Allen Larkin and O Brien are\\nexecuted.]\\nOct. 31. Dublin. Two policemen are\\nshot by Fenians.\\nOct. -Nov. Dublin. Halpin and other\\nFenians are tried.\\nNov. 4, 5. Bread and meat riots at\\nExeter are suppressed.\\nNov. 26. Jacob Bright is elected a\\nmember of Parliament Lily Maxwell,\\na widow, votes for him.\\nDec. 1, 8. Funeral demonstrations in\\nhonor of the Fenians, Allen Larkin\\nand O Brien, take place in Dublin and\\nLimerick.\\nDec. 13. London. Fenians partially\\nblow up, with a cask of gunpowder,\\nClerkenwell House of Detention, where\\nseveral of their comrades had been im-\\nprisoned seven persons are killed and\\n50 wounded. [1S6S. Apr. 20-27. Several\\npersons are tried for causing the explo-\\nsion Michael Barrett is convicted. May\\n26. Executed.]\\nDec. 27. Capt. Maekay and other Feni-\\nans rifle a martellu tower. [Feb. 7. Ar-\\nrested. Mar. 20. Sentenced to 12 years*\\nimprisonment.]\\nDec. 30. Ire. Fenians seize arms and\\nammunition in a gunsmith s shop in\\nCork.\\nDec. 31. Twelve Fenians are captured\\nat Merthyr Tydvil.\\nLondon. An Orphans Home is\\nfounded at West Square, Southwark.\\nLondon. The Stockwell Orphanage,\\nClapham Road, is founded by Rev. C. H.\\nSpurgeon, aided by legacy of Miss Hill-\\nyard.\\n*The Destitute Children s Dinner\\nSociety is established to give weekly\\nmeat dinners.\\n1868 Jan. 10. Dublin. The Irishman\\nis prosecuted for sedition.\\nJan. 25. London. Want of employment\\ncauses great distress in East London.\\nJan. 28. Fenians attack a martello\\ntower near Waterford.\\nFeb. 12. Patrick Lennon, a Fenian\\nleader, is convicted.\\nFeb. 18, 19. Dublin, Sullivan and\\nPigott are convicted for publishing se-\\nditious libels in the Weekly News and\\nIrishman; they are sentenced to impris-\\nonment and fined.\\nFeb. 28. Ire. The Habeas Corpus\\nAct is suspended till Mar. 25, 1869.\\nApr. 15. Ire. J.P. Featherstonehaugh,\\na deputy lieutenant, having recently\\nraised the rent of his tenants, is shot\\ndead when returning from Dublin.\\nDublin. The Prince and Princess of\\nWales pay a visit and are welcomed with\\ngreat enthusiasm. [Apr. 18. The prince\\nis made a Knight of St. Patrick.]\\nSTATE.\\n1866 Dec. Ire. Clare and other coun-\\nties are proclaimed under the Peace\\nPreservation Act.\\nParliament The Contagious Dis-\\nease Act, providing for periodical medi-\\ncal examinations of women s persons at\\nmilitary and naval stations, is passed.\\nParliament: The Colonial Branch\\nArmy Act is passed.\\n1867 Feb. 11. A contemplated attack\\non Chester Castle by Fenians to obtain\\narms is frustrated.\\nFeb. 13. Ire. Fenians to the number\\nof 800 assemble at Cahireiveen, County\\nKerry, sack a coast-guard station at\\nKells, and commit many outrages. [Feb.\\n15. Suppressed by the military.]\\nFeb. 26. Ire. The Habeas Corpus Act\\nis suspended.\\nMar. 5. Ire. Fenian risings occur in\\nmany parts of the country. [Suppressed\\nafter much bloodshed.]\\nMar. 8. Henry Lowry Corry is made\\nfirst lord of the admiralty.\\nMar. 24. Ire. Abraham Brewster is\\nmade lord high chancellor.\\nMar. 29. Parliament A Metropolitan\\nPoor Act, providing for the establish-\\nment of asylums for the sick, insane, etc.,\\nParliament: An act is passed for\\nuniting Canada, Nova Scotia, and New\\nBrunswick into one Dominion of Can-\\nada. [Later all British America except\\nNewfoundland joins the Dominion.]\\nMay 3. Parliament: An act providing\\nfor the preservation of oyster fisheries\\nis passed.\\nMay 7-11. London. Luxemburg Con-\\nference held.\\nRepresentatives of Great Britain, Rus-\\nsia, Austria, Italy, the Netherlands, Bel-\\ngium, France, and Prussia hold a confer-\\nence (p. 737).\\nMay 20. H. C. John Stuart Mill s\\nbill to permit women to vote for mem-\\nbers of Parliament is rejected. Yote,\\n73-196.\\nIre. The Habeas Corpus Act is\\nsuspended.\\nMay* Commissioners report against the\\npurchase of railways by the govern-\\nment.\\nJuly H. C. Mr. Gladstone introduces\\na bill for amending the laws relating to\\nparliamentary representation. [July\\n4. Robert Lowe proposes a cumulative\\nvoting amendment so as to provide for\\nminority representation. July 5. It is\\nrejected. Vote, 173-314. July 15. The\\nReform Bill is passed.]\\nJuly Sir John Rolt is made lord jus-\\ntice.\\nAug. 12. Parliament: An Act is passed\\nauthorizing the queen to proclaim pro-\\nrogation of Parliament during recess.\\nAug. 15. The new Reform Bill receives\\nthe royal assent.\\nIt grants ,nn additional member of Par-\\nliament to Manchester, Leeds, and Bir-\\nmingham allows cumulative voting mi-\\nnority representation in London, Glas-\\ngow, Manchester, Liverpool, and Leeds,\\nand in such, counties as return three\\nmembers each and makes many other\\nchanges in the laws relating to repre-\\nsentation.\\nAug. 20. Parliament Chancery and\\nCommon-La w-Ofluces Act passed.\\nA Poor-Law Amendment Act making\\nPoor-Law Boards permanent is passed.\\nThe Policies of Assurance Act, ena-\\nbling assignees of assurances to sue in\\ntheir own names for policy moneys, is\\nThe Guarantee by Companies Act,\\nrelating to the security by means of sure-\\nties required by persons employed in the\\npublic service, is passed.\\nAn Act is passed providing for a county\\ncourt for London.\\nOct. 30. Parliament: A commission is\\nappointed, with the Earl of Stanhope,\\nchairman, to inquire into the state of\\nthe Irish Church.\\nNov. 26, 27. Parliament appropriates\\n\u00c2\u00a32,000,000 for the prosecution of war in\\nAbyssinia.\\nDec. 12. Ire. A proclamation is issued\\nprohibiting Fenian funeral processions.\\n1868 Jan.* Ire. A Fenian distur-\\nbance causes 113,674 special constables\\nto be sworn into office.\\nFeb. 8. Sir Charles Jasper Selwyn is\\nmade lord justice. [Mar. Sir William\\nPage Wood.]\\nFeb. 17. Parliament A parliamentary\\nreform bill for Scotland is introduced.\\n[July 13. It is passed.]\\nFeb. 25. The Earl of Derby resigns\\nbecause of ill-health.\\nFeb. 27. Benjamin Disraeli forms a\\nministry. It includes Lord Cairns as\\nlord high chancellor, Lord Stanley, Sir\\nStafford Henry Northcote, Duke of\\nBuckingham, and Lord John Manners.\\nFeb. 28-69 Mar. 25. Ire. The Ha-\\nbeas Corpus Act is suspended.\\nMar. 1. H. C. Mr. Gladstone introduces\\nresolutions for the disestablishment of\\nthe Church of Ireland.\\nMar. 19. Parliament: A parliamentary\\nreform bill for Ireland is introduced.\\n[July 13. Passed.]\\nMar. 31. H. C. Voting by proxy is\\nabolished by standing orders.\\nApr. 4. H. C. A debate for four days\\ncloses on Mr. Gladstone s proposal for a\\ncommittee on his resolutions for the dis-\\nestablishment of the Irish Church.\\nResolutions approved. Vote, 32S-272.\\n[May 1. First resolution passed. Vote,\\n330-205. May 7. Second and third re-\\nsolutions passed.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1866 Dec. 30. London. The north\\nwing of the Crystal Palace is burned.\\nThe first annual horse-show is held\\nat Birmingham.\\n1867 Jan. 5, 6. Many wrecks occur\\nin the Channel.\\nJan. 15. London. A severe frost occurs\\nthe ice in Regent s Park breaks, and 40\\nlives are lost.\\nFeb. 17. Egypt. The first ship, the\\nPrima, passes through the Suez Canal.\\nJune 3. London. The first stone of Hol-\\nborn Viaduct is laid. [June 5. Also\\nof the new meat-market.]\\nJune 29. A railway accident occurs at\\nWalton Junction, Warrington; eight\\nlives lost.\\nOct. 21. Royal Bank of Liverpool sus-\\npends.\\nVelocipedes become common.\\n1868 Mar. 14. The Millwall docks,\\nnear London, are formally opened.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0983.jp2"}, "984": {"fulltext": "972 1868, Apr. 21-1870, Apr. 16. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1869 Mar. The British Government\\nadopts the Martini-Henry rifle.\\nApr. The navy consists of 47 armored\\nvessels with 598 guns, 66 unarmored\\nvessels, and a large numher of vessels of\\nthe old pattern.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Oct. 1. The royal dockyard at Wool-\\nwich is closed after use for more than\\n350 years.\\nNov. 12. The Volunteer Army Ser-\\nvice corps is established by royal war-\\nrant.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1868 May 17-Oct. 31. An exhibi-\\ntion of art treasures is opened at Leeds\\nby the Prince of Wales.\\nJune 8. A statue of Richard Cobden is\\nunveiled at Camden Town.\\nSummer. Excessive heat prevails at\\nNottingham, in sun, 122.4 degrees in\\nshade, 92.2 degrees.\\nSept. 3. A great floating iron dry dock,\\nwhich costs \u00c2\u00a3250,000, is launched at\\nNorth Woolwich, and towed from the\\nMedway to the Bermudas in 36 days.\\nOct. 1. London. Midland Railway\\nStation, St. Pancras, having the largest\\nknown roof in the world, is opened.\\nDimensions of roof, 245 feet, 6 inches, bv\\n698 feet.\\n.Nov. 28. London. The Globe Thea-\\nter, Strand, is opened. [Dec. 31. The\\nGaiety Theater, Strand.]\\nLondon. The Burlington Fine Arts\\nClub is founded.\\nIsabella and the Pot of Basil is exhib-\\nited by Holman Hunt.\\nLondon, The Holbein Society is\\nformed, for the obtaining of photo-litho-\\ngraphs representing ancient wood-en-\\ngraving. Also the Royal Historical\\nSociety and the Colonial Institute.\\nLondon. A statue of Lord Clyde is\\nset up at Waterloo Place.\\nA statue of Sir Robert Peel, set up\\nnear Westminster Abbey, is unveiled.\\n1869 Jan.* London. A lower pitch is\\nadopted in concert singing.\\nMar. 1. London. The South Londonln-\\ndustrial Exhibition is opened.\\nMay 3. London. The Royal Academy\\nholds its first exhibition in the new\\nbuilding.\\nJune 19. London. Charing Cross\\nTheater is opened.\\nJune 22. London. The Iron and Steel\\nInstitute holds its first meeting.\\nJuly 23. London. A statue of Peabody,\\nthe American philanthropist, is inaugu-\\nrated at the Royal Exchange by the\\nPrince of Wales.\\nAug. 27. Scot. The Wallace monument\\nat Abbey Craig, near Stirling, is inaugu-\\nrated. Entire cost, \u00c2\u00a313,000.\\nThe Harleian Society is formed, for\\nthe publication of heraldic visitations,\\netc.\\nCardigan, Earl of, James T. B., gen., A71.\\nCattermole, George, painter, A68.\\nCockerell, Charles R., architect, A80.\\nEdwards, Sir Herbert B., general, A49.\\nElliotson, John, physician, author, A82.\\nHampden, Kenn Dickson, bishop of Here-\\nford, moral philosopher, A75.\\nKean, Charles J., actor, A57-\\nLaing, Samuel, traveler, author, Scot., A88.\\nLover, Samuel, novelist, artist, Ireland, A71.\\nMcGee, Thomas D Arcy, journalist, Ire., A43.\\nMilman, Henry H., poet, dramatist, hist, A77.\\n1869* Ashpitel, Arthur, architect, archeolo-\\ngist, A62.\\nCarleton, William, novelist, Ire., A71.\\nDerby, Earl of, Edward Geoffrey Smith\\nStanley, statesman, A70.\\nDilke, Charles W., political economist, A 59.\\nDunglison, Robley, physician, author, A7I.\\nEllis, Sir Henry, antiquary, A92.\\nGough, Viscount, llueh, general, Ire., A90.\\nGraham, Thomas, chemist, A64.\\nHarris, Sir William S., electrician, A77.\\nHohhouse, John Cam, Lord Broughton,\\nstatesman, author, A 83.\\nStart, Sir Charles, Australian explorer, A73.\\nTennant, Sir James E., statesman, hist., A65.\\nCHURCH.\\n1868 May 13. The Church Reform\\nSociety (Liturgical Revision Society)\\nholds its first meeting.\\nDec. 23. Ritualists are censured by the\\njudicial committee of the Privy Council\\non appeal.\\nParliament The District Churches\\nAct, constituting vicarages, is passed.\\nThe Catholic Truth Society is es-\\ntablished by Bishop Vaughan.\\nLondon. The Missionary Leaves As-\\nsociation, for furnishing information at\\nhome, and conveying their aid to recipi-\\nents abroad, is organized.\\nArchibald Campbell Tait is chosen\\narchbishop of Canterbury.\\n1869 May 24. A church conference\\nis held at Sheffield.\\nJuly 26. The Church of Ireland is\\ndisestablished. (See State.)\\nAug. 11. Parliament: The Bishop s\\nResignation (for infirmity) Act, provid-\\ning for the appointment of bishop coad-\\njutors, is passed.\\nNov. 25. London. The Sunday Lecture\\nSociety is founded.\\n1870 Jan. 21. London. Prof. Tyndall\\ndemonstrates the presence of organic\\nmatters in the dust of the atmosphere.\\n[A controversy respecting dust and dis-\\nease follows.]\\nApr. 16. London. The Vaudeville\\nTheater is opened.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1868* Broug-ham, Henry, Lord Brough-\\nam and Vaux, orator, sUili-smaii, scientist,\\nauthor, Scotland, A90.\\nSees are established\\nAuckland, N. Z,; Maritzburg, South Af-\\nrica and I .jitliurst, Australia. 1871, Huron;\\n1872, Ballarat. Trinidad, Moosonee, and North\\nChina; 1886, St. Albans.]\\n1870 Jan. 16. A Greek church is\\nconsecrated at Liverpool by a Greek\\narchbishop.\\nFeb. 21+. Ire. An Irish Church conven-\\ntion is held.\\nMar. 11. London. The Martyrs Me-\\nmorial, Smithfield, erected by the Prot-\\nestant AlliaiK-e, is inaugurated.\\nLETTERS.\\n1868 Apr. 25. The foundation of Keble\\nCollege, Oxford, is laid by the arch-\\nbishop of Canterbury. [1870, June 23.\\nConsecrated.]\\nOct. 8. Scot. The foundation of the\\nnew university buildings of Glasgow\\nis laid by the Prince of Wales. [1870.\\nNov. 7. Opened.]\\nLondon. The Royal Historical So-\\nciety is founded. Also the Colonial\\nInstitute.\\nLondon. The Bazaar is issued, Also\\nthe Echo and the Rock.\\nScot. Studies on Poetry and Philoso-\\nphy, by John Campbell Shairp, appears.\\n[1870, Culture and Iteiigion; 1S77, Poetic\\nInterpretation of Nature.]\\npears. [1873, The New Magdalen.]\\nJohn Ploughman s Talk, by Charles\\nHaddon Spurgeon, appears. [1870-85,\\nThe Treasury of David.]\\nEtchings and Etchers, by Philip G.\\nHamerton, appears. [1873, Intellectual\\nLife.]\\nLife of Las Casas, by Arthur Helps,\\nappears [1S69, Life of Columbus and\\nLife ofPizarro; 1871, Life of Cortez.]\\n1868-70 The Earthly Paradise, by Wil-\\nliam Morris, appears.\\n1869 July 31. The Public Schools\\nAct is passed. It modifies the govern-\\nment of Eton, Winchester, Westmins-\\nter, Charterhouse, Harrow, Rugby, and\\nShrewsbury schools.\\nOct. 12, 13. The National Education\\nLeague meets at Birmingham.\\nOct. London. The Morning Star sus-\\npends.\\nOct. The Hans Busk Life-ship Insti-\\ntute is founded.\\nNov. 4. The National Education Union\\nfor supplementing the present denomi-\\nnational system meets at Manchester.\\nLondon. Nature is issued.\\nISTov. 9. The Spiritualist is issued.\\nDec. 31. London. The Morning Herald\\nsuspends.\\nDec. The Holy Grail, by Tennyson, ap-\\npears.\\nLondon. The XTniversity of London\\nand the University College give their\\nadhesion to the movement for the\\nhigher education of women.\\nLondon. The Architect is issued also\\nthe Graphic and the Freemason.\\nIre. Irish Odes, by Aubrey Thomas\\nBe Vere, appears. [1874, Alexander the\\nGreat; 1879, Legends of the Saxon\\nSaints.\\nData of Psychology, by Herbert Spen-\\ncer, appears.\\nLatin Proverbs, by Alfred Henderson,\\nappears.\\nHe Knew he was Bight and Phineas\\nFinn, by Trollope, appear. [1877, The\\nAmerican Senator.]\\nJuvenilis Mundi, by Win. L\\\\ Glad-\\nstone appears.\\nAn Introduction to the Classification\\nof Animals, by Huxley, appears. [1870,\\nLay Sermons; 1871, A Manual of the\\nAnatomy of Vert c brat rd Animals; 1873,\\nCritiques and- Addresses; 1877, Physiog-\\nraphy and A Manual of the Anatomy of\\nInvertebrated Animals.]\\nMy Enemy s Daughter, by Justin Mc-\\nCarthy, appears. [1873, A Fair Saxon;\\n1875, Dear Lady Disdain.]\\nA Manual of Ancient History, by\\nGeorge Rawlinson, appears.\\nIn Silk Attire, by William Black, ap-\\npears. [1871, A Daughter ofHeth; 1873,\\nStrange Adventures of a Phaeton and\\nA Princess of Thule.]\\nLorna Doone, by Richard Blackmore,\\nappears.\\n1870 Jan. Apr.* London. The Pall\\nMalt Gazette is issued as a morning\\npaper.\\nliar. London. The Financier is issued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1868 Apr. 30. Richard Burke, a Fe-\\nnian leader, is convicted of treason-\\nfelony.\\nApr. Eng. Colliers at Wigan strike.\\nOct. 30. The Manchester national so-\\nciety for woman suffrage holds its first\\nmeeting.\\nDec. 5. London. George Peabody\\ngives another \u00c2\u00a3100,000 to the poor.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0984.jp2"}, "985": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1868, Apr. 21-1870, Apr. 16. 973\\nDec. 17- London. The Association for\\nthe prevention of poverty and erime\\nis founded.\\nA national trades societies congress\\nmeets at Manchester.\\nThe transportation of convicts is\\nabolished.\\n1869 Jan. London. The Women s\\nClub and Institute, Newman Street, is\\nopened.\\nMar.* Ire. O Donovan Eossa and\\nother Fenians are released.\\nApr. 17. Eng. The foundation of the\\nAsylum for Imbeciles, Gate rh am, is\\nlaid.\\nMay 3. First club-house at Birming-\\nham is opened.\\nMay* A strike occurs in Preston.\\nJune 2. Riots against a colliery man-\\nager at Mold, Flintshire, are suppressed\\nby the military four persons are killed.\\nJuly The Erdington orphan houses at\\nBirmingham, endowed by Josiah Mason,\\nare finished.\\nWeekly wages of laborers are 11 shil-\\nlings.\\nThe Charitable Relief Society is or-\\nganized.\\nArrest for debt is practically abol-\\nished, with certain exceptions.\\n1870 Jan. 21. A colliery strike occurs\\nat Thorncliffe, near Sheffield dreadful\\nriots and devastation ensue.\\nJan. Sir Samuel Baker heads an ex-\\npedition to put down slave-trading on\\nthe Nile.\\nJan. -Feb. Ire. Many agrarian out-\\nrages occur. [Nov. More.]\\nSTATE.\\n1868 Apr. 21. H. C. A proposal of\\nMr. Gilpin for abolition of the death\\npenalty is rejected. Vote, 127-23. [1869.\\nJuly 19. Again rejected. Vote, 118-58.]\\nMay Parliament The Capital Pun-\\nishment within Prisons Bill is passed.\\nJune 26. The Colonial Society, estab-\\nlished to promote the welfare of the\\ncolonies, holds its first meeting.\\nJuly 6. Victoria, fourth child, daughter\\nof the Prince of Wales, is born.\\nJuly 13. Parliament: The Sea Fish-\\neries Act is passed.\\nJuly 31. Parliament: The postmaster\\nis empowered to purchase the electric\\ntelegraph.\\nParliament An Act amending the\\nPoor Law is passed.\\nNov. 7-9. The Court of Common Pleas\\ndecides that female suffrage is illegal.\\nDec. 2. The elections being favorable to\\nthe Liberals, the Disraeli Ministry re-\\nsigns.\\nDec. 9. The first administration of\\nW. E. Gladstone is formed.\\nMembers: William Ewart Gladstone (L.\\nTreas.), Sir W. P. Wood [Lord Hatherly] (L.\\nChanc), Earl de Grey and Hipon (Pres. of\\nCouncil), Earl of Kimberley (P. Seal), Rob-\\nert Lowe (Glume. Exeli.), Henry Austin Bruce\\n(Home See. i, the Earl of Clarendon (Foreign\\nSec), Earl Granville (Colonial Sec), Duke\\nof Argyll (See. for India*. Edward Cardwell\\n(Sec. Wan, Hindi Gulling Eardley rhilders\\n(L. Admiralty), John Bright (Pres. Board of\\nTrade) Marquis of Hartington (PoBtmaster-\\ngeneral), George Joachim Goschen (Pres. of\\nthe Poor-Law Board), Chichester Samuel\\nFortescue (Sec. for Ireland).\\nDec. Ire. Earl Spencer is appointed\\nlord-lieutenant and Thomas O Hagan\\nlord high chancellor, the first Roman\\nCatholic to hold that office since the\\nRevolution.\\nParliament The laws relating to\\nrailways are amended. The carrying of\\npersons to a prize-fight is prohibited.\\nParliament: The Pharmacy Act,\\nrequiring all sellers of poisons to be\\nregistered after Dec. 31, 1868, is passed.\\nParliament A new oath of alle-\\ngiance for members of Parliament is\\nprovided.\\nThe oath is: I will be faithful and\\nbear true allegiance to Her Majesty\\nQueen Victoria, her heirs and successors,\\naccording to law, so help me God.\\n1869 Jan. 14. A convention is signed\\nwith the United States respecting the\\nAlabama claims. [Apr. 13. Rejected\\nby the U. S. Senate.]\\nFeb. London. Col. Henderson is ap-\\npointed police commissioner in place of\\nSir R. Mayne.\\nMar. 1. H. C. Mr. Gladstone intro-\\nduces a bill for the disestablishment of\\nthe Church of Ireland. [May 31.\\nPassed. June 1. H. L. Introduced\\nJuly 12. Passed. 1869. Feb. Receives\\nroyal assent.]\\nMar. 9. The Hudson Bay Company s\\ncharter having expired, the chief part\\nof the company s territories are trans-\\nferred to the Dominion of Canada for\\n\u00c2\u00a3300,000 and certain rights and privi-\\nleges (p. 583).\\nMay 11. Ire. The mayor of Cork, for a\\nspeech on Apr. 27, eulogizing Fenians,\\nis compelled to resign.\\nMay 12. H. C. The Permissive Pro-\\nhibitory Bill, permitting two-thirds of\\nthe rate-payers of a parish to refuse\\nlicences to sell intoxicating liquors, is\\nrejected. Vote, 193-87. [1871. May 17.\\nRejected again. Vote, 206-124. 1872.\\nMay 8. Again. Vote, 369-15. 1873. May\\n7. Again. Vote, 321-81. 1874. June 17.\\nAgain. Vote, 301-75. 1875. June 16.\\nAgain. Vote, 371-86.]\\nJune 24. Parliament Fire insur-\\nance duties are totally repealed also\\nthe tax of one guinea laid on persons\\nusing hair-powder.\\nJuly 18. H. L. A bill for abolishing\\nreligious university tests is rejected.\\n[1870. July 14. Again rejected. 1871.\\nJune 16. Passed, and receives royal as-\\nsent.]\\nAug. 9. Parliament: The Volun-\\nteers Act of 1863 is amended. The\\nBankruptcy Act and the Act for abol-\\nishing imprisonment for debt, and the\\npolitical offices Pension Act are passed.\\nAug. 11. Parliament: The Habitual\\nCriminals Act, giving powers for the\\napprehension of habitual criminals on\\nsuspicion, is passed.\\nAug.* Parliament: The Savings\\nBanks Investment Act is passed.\\nSept. 10. Ire. The tenant-right agita-\\ntion is begun at a conference of tenants\\nat Cork. [Oct. 18. Another meeting at\\nKilkenny.]\\nNov. 25. Ire. Jeremiah O Donovan\\nBossa (Fenian), M. P., is elected for\\nTipperary. [1870. Feb. 10. Election\\nannulled.]\\nNov. 26. Maud (5th child), daughterof\\nthe Prince of Wales, is born.\\nDec. Sir George M. Giffard is made\\nlord justice.\\n1869-70 Parliament Acts are passed\\nabolishing licenses for the sale of tea,\\ncoffee, chocolate, and pepper, and modi-\\nfying other licences.\\nParliament: An annual license\\nduty of 10 shillings and sixpence on\\nhorses and mules each, and fixing the\\nhorse-dealers license at \u00c2\u00a312 10s., is im-\\nposed.\\nIndian Ocean. The Wicobar Isles are\\nacquired.\\n1870 Jan. 5. The National and Co-\\nlonial League is established.\\nFeb. 8. Parliament opens.\\nFeb. 15. H. C. Mr. Gladstone intro-\\nduces a Land Bill, to amend the Law of\\nLandlord and Tenant in Ireland. [Mar.\\n22. Passes its second reading. Vote,\\n442-11.]\\nFeb. 17. H. C. W. E. Forster introduces\\nan Elementary Education Bill. [Aug.\\n9. Passed by Parliament. It receives\\nroyal assent.]\\nMar. 7. The Colonial Society becomes\\nthe Royal Colonial Institute.\\nMar. The Land Registry Office is re-\\nported by a commission to be a failure.\\nApr. 4. Parliament Another Peace\\nPreservation Act for Ireland is passed.\\n[Apr. 29. Eight counties are pro-\\nclaimed under it.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1868 Apr. 28. Columbia Market,\\nBethnal Green, erected by Miss Burdett\\nCoutts, is opened by her.\\nJuly 30. London. Part of the Albert\\nThames Embankment is opened.\\nJuly 31. A false alarm of fire is given\\nat Lang s Music Hall, Manchester 23\\npersons are killed.\\nAug. 7. London. King s Cross Market\\nis opened.\\nAug. 20. W. Railway trains collide at\\nAbergele fire ensues, and 33 persons are\\nburned to death.\\nAug. 25. American vessel Sappho and\\nfour English cutters contest off Isle of\\nWight Oimara wins the race.\\nOct. 16. Egy. The Suez Canal is\\nopened.\\nOct. 26. The new Town Hall is founded\\nat Manchester.\\nOct. The shaft of propeller on steamer\\nfli hernia breaks, causing the loss of\\nmany lives.\\n1869 Mar. 21. The steamer Italian is\\nwrecked near Finisterre about 26 lives\\nlost.\\nJune 23. A railway collision at New-\\ncross causes great damage, and kills two\\npersons.\\nOct. 9. A railway collision occurs at\\nLong Eaton Junction seven persons\\nkilled.\\nOct. 15. The new Town Hall at Chester\\nis opened by the Prince of Wales.\\nOct. 24. A railway collision occurs near\\nWelwyn three persons killed.\\n1870 Mar. 17. The steamer Normandy\\ncollides with steamer Mary off the Isle\\nof Wight, and sinks 34 lives lost.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0985.jp2"}, "986": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0080\u00a2974 1870, Apr. 21-1871, Oct. 15. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1870 Sept. 7. The turret-ship Captain\\nis lost off the west coast of Spain 472\\nmen perish.\\nNov. Breech-loaders are first distrib-\\nuted to the army.\\n1S71 June It is reported that deaths\\nin the army are reduced from 17 per 1,000\\nto nine by improved sanitary appoint-\\nments.\\nJuly 8-18. The National Association for\\nrifle-shooting meets at Wimbledon\\nthe queen s prize is won by A. T. Hum-\\nphry, a Cambridge undergraduate.\\n[1872, July 8-16, Sergt. Michie of the\\nLondon Scottish 1S73, July 7-15, Sergt.\\nRobert Menzies, 1st Edinburgh 1874,\\nJuly 6-14, Private Atkinson 1st Durham\\n1875, July 12-20, Capt. George Pierce,\\n15th Devon 1876, July 10-22, Sergt. Pull-\\nman 1877, July 9-21 George Jamieson.\\n15th Lancashire corps, Liverpool.]\\nJuly 12. The war-ship Devastation is\\nlaunched. [July 18, The Cyclops Mar.\\n25, the Thunderer at Pembroke 1875,\\nApr. 7, the Alexandria at Chatham\\n1876, Apr. 27, the Inflexible at Ports-\\nmouth May 9, the Temeraire at Chat-\\nham.]\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1870 Apr. 21. Albert Memorial\\nMuseum is given up to the town council\\nof Exeter.\\nMay 7. Stanley Park, Liverpool, is\\nJune 3. Sent. The foundation of Albert\\nBridge at Glasgow is laid.\\nJuly 16. London. The International\\nWorkmen s Exhibition at Islington is\\nopened by the Prince of Wales.\\nAug. 6. Alexandra Park, Manchester,\\nis opened.\\nSept. 14. The British Association\\nmeets at Liverpool. [1S71, at Edin-\\nburgh 1872. at Brighton 1K73, at Brad-\\nford 1874, Aug. 19, at Belfast 1875, at\\nBristol; 1870, at Glasgow 1877, at Plym-\\nouth 1878, at Dublin 1879, at Sheffield.]\\nSept. 21. The Social Science Associa-\\ntion meets at Newcastle-on-Tyne. [1871,\\nOct. 4, at Leeds; 1872, Sept. 11, Plym-\\nouth; 1873, Oct. 1, Norwich; 1874, Sept.\\n30, Glasgow; 1875, Oct. fi, Brighton 1876,\\nOct. 11, Liverpool; 1877, Sept. 19, Aber-\\ndeen; 1878, Oct. 23, Cheltenham; 1879,\\nOct. 1, Manchester.]\\nOct. 29. London. Op6ra Comique is\\nopened.\\nNov. 3. An equestrienne statue of the\\nqueen is unveiled at Liverpool.\\nDec. 26. Dublin. The Smith O Brien\\nstatue is unveiled.\\nCromwell Varley produces a musical\\ntelephone.\\nAntiseptic surgery is introduced\\nby Sir Joseph Lister to exclude germs of\\ndisease from wounds.\\nR. S. Newall s telescope, having an\\nobject-glass 25 inches in diameter, and\\na tube nearly 30 feet long, is set up at\\nGateshead.\\n1871 Jan. 1. The Anthropological and\\nEthnological Societies are amalgamated,\\nforming the Anthropological Insti-\\ntute.\\nMar. 17. An earthquake is felt in\\nnorthwest England.\\nMay 1. London. The first annual In-\\nternational Exhibition of Arts, Indus-\\ntry, and Education is opened at South\\nKensington.\\nJune Scot. The Tay Bridge is begun.\\n[187S. May 31. Opened. Length, 10,610\\nfeet; consists of 85 spans, some 90 feet\\nabove water level cost \u00c2\u00a3350,000 about\\n20 lives lost during its construction.]\\nJune Improved sanitary methods\\nhave reduced the annual deaths in the\\narray from 17 per 1,000 to 9\\nJuly 18. London. Marchesse di Candia\\nMario s farewell is given in La Faro-\\nrita at Italian Opera.\\nAug. 17. London. A statue of Sir\\nJames Outram is unveiled on the Thames\\nembankment.\\nOct. 14. Encke a comet becomes visible.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1870* Bailey, Samuel, metaphysician, po-\\nlitical philosopher, writer, A79.\\nBalfe, Michael musician, composer, Ire-\\nland, A 62.\\nClarendon, Earl of, G. W. F. Tillers, states-\\nman, A70.\\nDickens, Charles, novelist, A58.\\nEvans, Sir George I)e Lacy, general, A83.\\nLemon, Mark, humorist, journalist, A61.\\nMiller, William Allen, chemist, A53.\\nOnslow, Earl of, Arthur George, statesman,\\n(father House of Lords), A93.\\nSimpson, Sir James Y., physician, Scot., A59.\\nSyme, James, surgeon, author, A71.\\nThorpe, Benjamin, philologist, A62.\\n1870 Apr. 24. London. KeshubChun-\\nder Sen is received at a public meeting as\\na reformer.\\nJune 22. The convocation for revising\\nthe Holy Bible holds its first meeting\\nin Westminster.\\nOct. 11. A church congress is held at\\nSouthampton.\\n[1871, Oct. 10, at Nottingham; 1872, Oct.\\n8-11, at Lee-is; 1*73, Oct. 9, at Bath; 1874,\\nOct. 6, at Brighton; 1*7.5, Oct. 5-9, at Stoke-\\nupon-Kent; IH76, Oct. 3-9, at Plymouth; 1*77,\\nOct. 9-12, at Crovden ]H78, Oct. 1-4, at Shef-\\nfield; 1879, Oct. 7, at Swansea.]\\nNov. 30. Ire. The new Protestant\\ncathedral at Cork is consecrated.\\nJews are permitted to work on Sun-\\ndays by a Workshop Act.\\n1870-73 Much agitation prevails against\\nthe general use of the Athanasian\\nCreed (Church of England) among both\\nclergy and laity.\\nThe League of St. Sebastian is insti-\\ntuted to promote the restoration of his\\ntemporal dominions to the Pope.\\nLondon. The Christian Evidence\\nSociety is organized to counteract un-\\nbelief among the educated classes,\\nBishops elected\\nJoshua Hughes for St. Asaph, Richard\\nDurnford for Chichester, and Octaviua Hat-\\nfield for Wellington, N. Z. [1871, Samuel T.\\nNevill for Dunedin, N. Z.; 1872, John Hor-\\nden for Moosonee, Kupertsland, Peter S.\\nKovston for Mauritius, and Maurice Fitz-\\ngerald Day for CashH 1H73, Edward Harold\\nBrowne for Winchester, W. Sand ford for\\nOibraltar, and J. Shaw I .urdon for Victoria;\\n1874, William Basil Jones for St. Davids, TV.\\nC. Boinpas for Mackenzie River, Ruperts-\\nland, Alfred Willis for Honolulu, R. Kestell-\\nCornish for Madagascar, and W. W.Jones,\\nmetropolitan, for South Africa.]\\n(Roman Catholic) bishops conse-\\ncrated\\nJ. D. Ricards, vicar apostolic of East Cape\\nColony. f *72, Herbert Vaugban, bishop for\\nSalford, and .1. Leonard, vicar apostolic for\\nWest Cape Colony; 1H73, Bernard Reilly\\nfor Liverpool, and John C. Hedley, arch-\\nbishop for Newport and Menevia; 1874, Ed-\\nward G. Bagshawe for Nottingham, J. T.\\nRaiinond, vicar apostolic for Hong Kong,\\nCharles Jolivet, vicar apostolic for Natal,\\nSouth Africa, and Joseph L. Bardou for Co-\\nimbatore.\\n1870-7 1 The Foreign Evangelization\\nSociety is organized to work chietiy in\\nFrance.\\n1871 Feb. 3. The Privy Council gives\\njudgment against Mr. Purchas, a ritu-\\nalist charged with heresy.\\nHe is found guilty of violating ecclesiasti-\\ncal law, lL by wearing the chasuble, alb, and\\ntunicle during the communion service; by\\nusing wine mixed with water and wafer-bread\\nin the administration of the communion; and\\nby standing with his back to the people, be-\\ntween the communion table and the congre-\\ngation, during the consecration prayer.\\nMay 9. H. C. Mr. Miall s resolution\\nfor disestablishing the Church of Eng-\\nland is defeated. (Vote, 89-374.)\\nMay 28. The Jews are released from\\nthe compulsory observance of Sunday.\\nJune 22. A Roman Catholic is made\\nmaster of arts by the University of Ox-\\nford, the first so honored since the abo-\\nlition of the Test Acts.\\nJune* Ire. TheRegiumDonum (Royal\\nGift), for the maintenance of the Pres-\\nbyterian ministers in Ireland, is com-\\nmuted by the Irish Presbyterian Church.\\nJuly 13. Parliament The Incum-\\nbents Resignation Act is passed.\\nJuly 24. The Ecclesiastical Titles Act\\n(against papal ascension), is repealed.\\nAug. 17. The Sunday Act of 1676 is\\namended.\\nLETTERS.\\n1870 June 29. London. The Hebrew\\nLiterature Society is established.\\nSept. 23. The new buildings of Owens\\nCollege, Manchester, are founded.\\n[1873. Oct. 8. Opened.]\\nOct. 7. The postage on books is re-\\nduced to one halfpenny for two\\nor less.\\nNov. 29. London. The first election\\nof Metropolitan School Board takes\\nplace.\\nScot. A technical college is estab-\\nlished at the University of Glasgow.\\nLondon. The Portfolio is issued also\\nthe Journal of Education and the Em-\\npire.\\nThe public school system is extended.\\nPut Yourself in His Place, by Charles\\nReade, appears. [1877, The Woman\\nHater.\\nPuck, bv Ouida, appears. [1873, Pas-\\ncaret 1S74, Two Little Wooden Shoes.]\\nResearches on Diamagnetism and\\nMagne-Cry stallic Action, Notes on a\\nCourse of Nine Lectures on Light deliv-\\nered at the Royal Institution, Notes of a\\nCourse of Seven Lectures on Electrical\\nPhenomena delivered at the Royal Insti-\\ntution, and Essays on the Imagination\\nin Science, by John Tyndall, appear.\\n[1871, Hours of Exercise in the Alps and\\nFragments of Science for Unscientific\\nPeople; 187 Contributions to Molecular\\nPhysics in the Domain of Radiant Heat.]\\nContributions to the Theory of Natural\\nSelection, by Alfred Russell Wallace,\\nappears.\\nGrammar of Assent, by John Henry\\nappears. [1872, Essays, Crit\\ncal and Historical.\\n1870-82 Poems, by Dante Gabriel Ros-\\nsetti, appears.\\n1871 June 16. University tests are\\nabolished by Parliament.\\nOct. 4. Dover College is inaugurated\\nby Earl Granville.\\nOct. 15. London. The Roman Catho-\\nlic University College, Kensington, is\\nopened.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1870 June 6. The foundation of the\\nStanley Hospital, Liverpool, is laid by\\nthe Earl of Derby.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0986.jp2"}, "987": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1870, Apr. 21 -1871, Oct. 15. 975\\nJuly 2. The Anglo-Jewish Associa-\\ntion is constituted tor tlie advancement\\nof Jews.\\nJuly 8. Ire. A modified form of the\\nUlster tenant rights in the Irish Land\\nAct is preserved.\\nJuly 18. Ire. Michael Davitt and\\nJohn Wilson are convicted of treason-\\nfelony for endeavoring to transmit arms\\nsecretly to Ireland.\\nJuly 21. The Railway Association,\\ncomprising directors and shareholders,\\nis established to watch legislation.\\nAug. 4. Ire. The National Society for\\naiding the sick and wounded in London,\\nunder the rules of the German conven-\\ntion, is organized.\\nAug. 9. Parliament The law relating\\nto the property of married women is\\namended. The separate earnings of a\\nwife are secured to her own use per-\\nsonal and freehold property bequeathed\\nto her are secured to herself.\\nSept. 23. Margaret Waters is con-\\nvicted of the murder of an illegitimate\\ninfant by intentional neglect. She had\\nadopted about 40 children, receiving a\\nfew pounds as a premium; many had\\ndied.\\nOct. 12. Scot. The Prince of Wales is\\ninstalled as patron of the Freemasons.\\nOct. 15, 16. Rioting occurs at Arma-\\nthwaite, near Carlisle, between English\\nand Irish navvies.\\nOct. 17. London. A riotous assem-\\nblage of the unemployed in Trafalgar\\nSquare is dispersed. [Oct. 18. A meet-\\ning at Hyde Park is dispersed by the\\npolice. Oct. 19. Again dispersed. Oct.\\n23. A meeting in Trafalgar Square\\nabout 2,000 go to Westminster Abbey.]\\nOct. 21. London. The Refugees Be-\\nnevolent Fund is instituted in conse-\\nquence of the war, at a great meeting\\nheld in the Mansion House.\\nNov. 18. London. Meetings in Traf-\\nalgar Square are prohibited.\\nNov. 25. A general order for boarding\\nout pauper children is issued.\\nAbout \u00c2\u00a389,000,000 is spent in intoxi-\\ncating liquors, \u00c2\u00a358.000,000 by the work-\\nNumber of per.^mp e mvb-t-ed of crime\\nin England and Wales, 12,953. [1871,\\n11,946; 1872, 10,862; 1873, 11,089; 1874,\\n11,509; 1875, 10,954; 1876, 12,195; 1877,\\n11,942 1878, 12,473 1879, 12,525.]\\nTitles created\\nBaron O Hagan. [1871, Barons Burdette-\\nCoutta. and Sandhurst, and Marquis of Ki-\\npon; 1872, Baron Ettrick; 1873, Barons Somer-\\nton, Aberdare, and Viscount of Portman;\\n1874, Earl of Ravens worth, Duke of West-\\nminster, Barons Moncreiff, Carlingford, Cole-\\nridge, Emly, and Hampton 1875, Barons\\nDouglas ami Ramsay; 1x7(5, Marquis of Aber-\\ngavenny, Earls of Northhrook and Wharn-\\neliffe, Barons Arlington, Sarkville, Harlech,\\nGerard, Tollemache, Fermanagh, and Black-\\nburn; 1878, Earl of Cairns and Baron Nor-\\nton; 1880, Earl of Lathom.]\\n1870-71 Vaccination is greatly op-\\nposed an anti-vaccination society is\\nformed.\\n1871 Jan. 18. A French relief fund\\nfor the sufferers by the siege of Paris is\\nestablished at a meeting held at the\\nMansion House. [\u00c2\u00a3126,609 raised.]\\nFeb. 3. A committee starts with 68 tons\\nof provisions for the relief of the suf-\\nferers by the siege of Paris.\\nMar. 21. The Princess Louise is mar-\\nried to the Marquis of Lome.\\n-Mar. Wm. Dudley bequeaths \u00c2\u00a3100,000\\nfor charitable purposes in Birmingham.\\nMay 11. The Tichborne trial begins.\\n[Arthur Orton, a butcher, alleges him-\\nself to be Sir Roger Tichborne, and claims\\nthe Tichborne estates; after a trial of 103\\ndays he is nonsuited, tried for perjury and\\nforgery, and sentenced tu 14 yeare* hard labor.\\nThe longest trial known in England.]\\nMay 15. The Land Tenure Reform\\nLeague holds its first meeting; John\\nStuart Mill chairman.\\nMay 16. About 9,000 engineers strike\\nat Newcastle for a day s work of nine\\nhours. [Oct. 9. It is successful.]\\nJune The National Trade Society is\\nformed in the interests of traders, and\\nto promote amendments in the law\\naffecting commercial interests.\\nJuly 13. London. The freedom of the\\ncity is presented to Prince Arthur.\\nSept. 11. The Seamen s Orphan In-\\nstitution is founded at Liverpool.\\nSept. 20. London. The Workmen s\\nPeace Association holds its first annual\\nmeeting.\\nSTATE.\\nJuly 19. The Government proclaims\\nneutrality in the Franco-Prussian war.\\nJuly Sir George Mellish is made lord\\njustice.\\nAug. 5. A convention is signed with\\nFrance, by which the post-office money-\\norder is applied to that country.\\nAug. 9. Parliament: The Post-office\\nAct is passed.\\nIt abolishes the newspaper stamp for\\nposting, reduces the postage on regis-\\ntered newspapers and pamphlets or pat-\\nterns under 2 ounces to half a penny, and\\nprovides for the issuing of stamped\\ncards.\\nThe absconding Debtors Act is\\npassed also the Annuity Tax Aboli-\\ntion Act, an act to grant a duty of ex-\\ncess on licences to use guns, and the\\nForeign Enlistment Act, relating to\\nillegal enlisting, shipbuilding, and ex-\\npeditions.\\nAn Act is passed legalizing the meet-\\ning of Parliament in six days after\\nproclamation.\\nAug. 9-11. A treaty guarantees the\\nneutrality of Belgium (p. 739).\\nAug. 10. Parliament The Truck Act\\nLondon. Thomas Dak in is elected\\nlord mayor. [1871, -Sills John Gibbons\\n1872, Sir Sidney Hcdlcy Waterloo; 1873,\\nAndrew Lusk 1874, David Henry Stone.]\\nParliament An Act is passed amend-\\ning the law respecting life insurance\\ncompanies. [The law is further amended\\nin 1871 and 1872.]\\n1871 Jan. 5. Ire. John Martin, a\\nNationalist, is elected a member of Par-\\nliament for Meath.\\nJan. William Monsell is appointed\\npostmaster-general.\\nFeb. 9. Parliament meets.\\nFeb. 16. H. C. \u00c2\u00a330,000 is granted to\\nthe Princess Louise on her marriage.\\nMr. Fawcett alone votes against it.\\nVote, 350-1.\\nMar. 9. George Joachim Goschen is\\nmade first lord of the admiralty.\\nApr. 3. The eighth census is taken\\npopulation, 31,317408.\\nMay 8. Washington, U.S.A. The\\nTreaty of Washington is signed for\\nthe settlement of the Alabama claims\\n(p. 275).\\nJune 16. Parliament: An Act is passed\\nfor the suppression of Kibbonism\\nin Ireland.\\nJune 29. The Trades-Union Act is\\nIt provides for the appointment of a\\ncommission to inquire into the alleged\\nprevalence of the Truck System of\\npaying workmen s wages in goods instead\\nof money.\\nParliament is prorogued.\\nAug. 31. The civil service exam in a-\\ntion system is introduced by an Order\\nin Council.\\nIt requires all appointments in the\\ncivil service, except the foreign office\\nand such posts as require professional\\nknowledge, to be filled by open applica-\\ntion and examination. It includes treas-\\nury, home, foreign, colonial, post, rev-\\nenue, offices.\\nSept. 1. Dublin. The Home Gov-\\nernment Association, to include all\\nparties, meets.\\nSept. Earl Granville repels the charge\\nof violating neutralities made by the\\nPrussian Government.\\nJuly 13. H. L. Bankrupt peers are\\nprohibited from sitting and voting in\\nthe House of Lords.\\nJuly 18. The first annual trial of the\\npyx, appointed by the Coinage Act of\\n1870, takes place.\\nAug. 1. H. L. The Lords censure the\\nMinistry for advising the royal warrant\\nabolishing purchase in the army.\\nVote, 162-82.\\nSept. 20. Ire. Isaac Butt, leader of\\nHome Rule movement, is elected M. P.\\nfor Limerick.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1870 June 21. A railway collision oc-\\ncurs near Newark 19 persons killed.\\nJuly 10. A commercial panic occurs,\\ncaused by the Franco-Prussian war.\\nA railway accident occurs near Car-\\nlisle five persons killed.\\nJuly 13. London. The Victoria Thames\\nEmbankment is inaugurated by the\\nPrince of Wales.\\nAug. -Nov. The foot and mouth\\ndisease prevails among cattle.\\nOct. 19. Ire. The screw steamer Cam-\\nbria founders off Inishtrahul Island\\nabout 170 lives lost.\\nDec. 9. An explosion at Ludlow s car-\\ntridge factory, Witton, Birmingham,\\nkills 17 persons and injures 53.\\nDec. 12. A collision on the Manches-\\nter, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway\\noccurs near Barnsley 14 killed, many\\ninjured.\\nDec. 26. A railway accident near Hat-\\nfield is caused by the breaking of a tire\\non a wheel eight persons killed.\\nMillbank is made a military prison.\\n1871 Mar. 29. London. The Royal\\nAlbert Hall of Arts and Sciences, Ken-\\nsington, is opened by the queen.\\nAug. 11. An explosion of the patent\\nsafety guncotton factory at Stowmarket\\ndestroys much property 24 persons\\nkilled and 60 wounded.\\nOct. 2. Scot. A late express train causes\\ncollision at Kirtlebridge, Dumfries; 12\\nlives lost.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0987.jp2"}, "988": {"fulltext": "976 1871, Oct. 27-1873, Sept. 24. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1871 Not. 1. The system of purchasing\\ncommissions in the army is abolished\\nby royal warrant.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1871 Dec. 31. London. The Zoologi-\\ncal Society has 2,072 animals in the\\ngardens.\\nLever, diaries J., novelist, Ireland, A66.\\nJloaeley. Henry, scientific writer, A70.\\nMaKiiire, .loIinF., author, Ireland, A57.\\nSmart, Heiijainin II., lexicographer, wr., A85.\\nSoinerville, Mary, astronomer, Scot., A92.\\nHercules Wrestling toith Death is\\npainted by Sir Frederick Leighton.\\nBenjamin Leigh Smith sails to latitude\\n81\u00c2\u00b0 24 and discovers land northeast of\\nSpitzbergen.\\nSir George Biddell Airy becomes\\nPresident of the Royal Society. [1873.\\nDr. (Sir) Joseph Dalton Hooker 1878,\\nWilliam Spottiswoode.]\\nLondon. A statue of Robert Stephen-\\nson is .set up in Eustou Road.\\nMeteorological Observatory at Kew\\nis presented to the Royal Society by the\\npurchaser, J. P. Gassiot.\\nWilliam Crookes investigates the phe-\\nnomena of spiritualism, and ascribes\\nthem to psychic force.\\nThegraphoscope, for magnifying and\\ngiving tine effects to engravings and\\nphotographs, is exhibited.\\nThe Institution of Electrical Engi-\\nneers is formed.\\n1872 Jan, 26. London. A statue of\\nJohn Stuart Mill is unveiled on the\\nThames embankment.\\nFeb. 28. The Society of Telegraph En-\\ngineers holds its first general meeting.\\nMar. 30. The great aquarium is inaug-\\nurated at Brighton. [Aug. 10. Opened.]\\nMay 1-Oct. 19. London. The second\\nannual International Exhibition is\\nheld.\\nMay 20. Sefton Park, Liverpool, is\\nopened by Prince Arthur.\\nJune 25. Prince Arthur opens the Royal\\nHorticultural Exhibition at Birming-\\nham.\\nJune 26. London. The East London\\nMuseum at Bethnal Green is opened.\\nLondon, The Marine Engineers In-\\nstitution is formed. Also the British\\nOrchestral Society.\\nHearts are Trumps is exhibited at the\\nRoyal Academy by John Everett Mil-\\nThis year is the wettest of 140 years,\\nbeing 58 per cent of moisture above the\\naverage.\\n1873 May 31. London. The Royal\\nAJexandra Theater is opened.\\nJune 3. The statue of the Earl of Derby\\nis inaugurated at Preston.\\nSept. 22. The Brazilian telegraph cable\\nis completely laid.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1871 Burgoyne, Sir John Fox, eng., A89.\\nCantlev, Sir Proiiv Tin Unas, \u00e2\u0080\u00a2Tiu ineer, paleon-\\ntologist, A69.\\nChambers, Robert, publisher, Scot., A69.\\nDe Morgan, Aug-ustus, math., A65.\\nEllenborough, first Karl of, Edward Law,\\nstatesman, A81.\\nGrote, George, historian, philosopher, A77.\\nHerschel, Sir.Iolm Kivileriek William, astron-\\nomer, physicist, A78.\\nJohnston, Alexander K., geographer, Scot-\\nland, A67.\\nMansel, Henry L., metaphysician, theol., A51.\\nMurchison. Sir Roderick I-, geologist, A78.\\nMuspratt, James S., chemist, Ireland, A50.\\nRobertson, Thomas dramatic: writer, A42.\\n1872* Bulwer, Sir Henry Lytton Earle,\\nstatesman, diplomatist, A68.\\nEllis, William, missionary, author, A78.\\nFonblanque, Albany W., journalist, A 79.\\nKeightlev, Thomas, misc. writer, Ire., A82.\\n1871 Nov. 27. London. A new Cath-\\nolic club is opened by the Duke of Nor-\\nfolk, Lords Denbigh and Petre, and\\nothers.\\nNov. Mr. Gladstone s pamphlet, The\\nVatican Decrees, occasions declarations\\nrespecting papal infallibility from\\nArchbishop Manning and others.\\nLondon. The Biblical Archaeology\\nSociety is established.\\nThe Women s Committee on Christian\\nwork in France is formed.\\nThe religious tests for admission to\\noffice are abolished.\\nThe Catholic Union of Great Britain\\nis organized.\\nThe Catholic Education Crisis\\nFund is established.\\n1872 Jan. 25. After extensive repairs,\\nthe Chester Cathedral is reopened.\\nFeb. The Convocation is authorized to\\nconsider alterations in the Prayer-\\nBook.\\nMay Modifications of the Athanasian\\nCreed, approved by several bishops, are\\ndefeated by the Lower House in convo-\\ncation the vote is rejected by the\\nbishops. [The agitation continues.]\\nJuly 18. Parliament A new Uniform-\\nist Act is passed. It authorizes shor-\\ntened services and other changes in the\\nBook of Common Prayer.\\nJuly Sir Henry Thompson originates\\nthe Prayer Gauge Debate by pro-\\nposing that prayers be offered for\\npatients in some certain hospital ward\\nor wards, and the result be compared\\nwith other wards, to show whether prayer\\nis efficacious to healing the sick.\\nJuly 17. Edinburgh. The restoration\\nof St, Giles s Cathedral is begun.\\nSept. 23-28. The Evangelical Alliance\\nmeets at Geneva. [1873, Apr. 22-24, at\\nBrighton 1874. Aug. 29, at Oxford 1875,\\nMar. at Constantinople 1S76, Oct. 3,\\nat Southport 1877. Oct. 25, at Oxford\\n1878, Sept. 2, at Basel 1879, Oct. 28, at\\nEdinburgh.]\\nDec. 5. London. The Union Chapel at\\nIslington is opened.\\nIre. (Roman Catholic) bishops con-\\nsecrated\\nHugh Conway of Killala, also Francis\\nMacCormack of Gal way and Kilmac-\\nduagb, Patrick Duggan of Clonfert,\\nJames Ryan of Killaloe.\\nLondon. The East London Institute\\nfor Home and Foreign Missions is\\nfounded by H. Grattan Guinness.\\nJewish Mission of the Presbyterian\\nChurch of England is founded.\\n1873 Feb. 18. The Church of Eng-\\nland Temperance Society is inaugu-\\nrated by the archbishop of Canterbury\\nand others at Lambeth.\\nMay 5. Memorial against Romanist\\nteaching, etc., in the Church, signed by\\nover 60,000 persons, is presented at Lam-\\nbeth to the archbishop by the Church\\nAssociation.\\nMay 16. Parliament: Mr. Mi all s mo-\\ntion for disestablishing the Church is\\ndefeated. Vote, 61-35G. [July 18. The\\nNon-conformists present to Mr. Miall\\nlO.OOOguineas for his exertions on behalf\\nof religious equality.]\\nMay 25. Mormon conferences are\\nheld at the Holborn Amphitheater.\\nSept. 1-6. Ft. A pilgrimage from Eng-\\nland, specially blessed by the Pope, goes\\nto the shrine of Marguerite at Paray-le-\\nMonial, and returns.\\nLETTERS.\\n187 1 Oct. A college of physical sci-\\nence isestablished ;it Newcastle-on-Tyne\\nby the Durham University Corporation.\\nLondon. The Association for the Oral\\nInstruction of the Deaf and Dumb is\\nopened.\\nLondon. A women s education\\nunion, to promote the better education\\nof women, is founded by the Society of\\nArts.\\nThe total income of Oxford Uni-\\nversity s 21 colleges and five halls for\\nthe year is \u00c2\u00a3483,842 16s. 6d. That of\\nCambridge is \u00c2\u00a3340,562 8s. 7irf.\\nThe Garden is issued.\\nThe Theory of Political Economy, by\\nWilliam Stanley Jevons, appears. [1880,\\nStudies in Deductive Logic]\\nCharacter, by Samuel Smiles, appears.\\nThe Coming Race, by Bulwer-Lytton,\\nappears. [1873, The Parisians and Ken-\\nelm Chillingly.]\\nVillage Communities, by Sir H. J. S.\\nMaine, appears. [1872, Early History of\\nInstitutions.]\\nCritical Miscellanies and Voltaire, by\\nJohn Morley, appear. [1873, Rousseau.]\\nReady Money Mortiboy, by Walter\\nBesant and James Rice, appears.\\nJulian Fane, by Owen Meredith, ap-\\npears. [1874, Fables in Song 1877,\\nPoems.]\\nLothair, by Benjamin Disraeli, Earl\\nof Beaconsfield, appears.\\nLyrical, Dreams, by Francis Turner\\nPalgrave, appears. [1874, The Golden\\nTreasure.]\\nDescent of Man, by Charles Darwin,\\nappears.\\n1871-72 Middlemarch, by George Eliot,\\nappears. [1876, Daniel Deronda.]\\n1871-74 Life of Charles Dickens, by\\nJohn Forster, appears.\\n187 1-81 The Speaker s Commentary\\nedited by F. C. Cook, appears.\\n1871-84 Eors Clavigera, by Ruskin, ap-\\npears. [1872, Munera Pvlveris, The\\nEagle s Nest, and Ariadne Florentina\\n1873, Love s Meinie and Val d Amo;\\n1875-77, Mornings in Florence; 1875-78,\\nDeucalion 1875-79, Proserpina 1877-79,\\nSt. Mark s Rest and The Laws ofFe sole.]\\n1872 July The Ancient Stone Imple-\\nments, Weapons, and Ornaments of\\nGreat Britain, by John Evans, appears.\\nAug. 10. An Education Act for Scot-\\nland i\\nNov. 5. London. The new City Library\\nand Museunrat Guildhall is opened by\\nthe lord chancellor.\\nNov. 20. London. The school board\\ndecides to open separate schools for\\ndirty, unruly children.\\nLondon. The Provident Knowl-\\nedge Society is established. It aims\\nto promote thrift among the lower\\nclasses.\\nLondon. The Society for Organiza-\\ntion of Academical Study is founded.\\nLondon. The British Mail is issued\\nalso the Metropolitan and Money.\\nBeqinnings of Life, by Henry Charl-\\nton Bastian, appears,\\nEnigmas of Life, by William Rath-\\nbone Greg, appears.\\nThe Maid ofSker, by Richard D. Black-\\nmore, appears. [1870, Alice Lorraine.]\\nUnder the Greenwood Tree, by Thomas\\nHardy, appears. [1873, A Pair of Blue\\nEyes 1874, Far from the Muddin n\\nCrowd; 1876, The Return of the Native.]\\n1872-75 London. The Quarterly Jour-\\nnal of Naval Science is issued.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0988.jp2"}, "989": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1871, Oct. 27-1873, Sept 24. 977\\n1873 Mar. 24. London. The Hour is\\nissued.\\nMay An Act abolishing religious tests\\nfor Trinity College, Dublin, is passed.\\nJuly 12. London. The first London\\nboard-school is opened at White-\\nchapel.\\nSept. 13. Free library, museum, and\\npicture gallery are opened at Brighton.\\nSept. 24. The foundation is laid of a\\ncollege for northern counties at\\nKnutsford.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1871 Oct. Miners hold a conference\\nat Merthyr Tydvil for the amelioration\\nof their condition.\\nNov. 2. Criminals are ordered to be\\nphotographed.\\nDec. 2. Dublin. The Brown Institute\\nis endowed by a bequest as a hospital\\nfor the study and treatment of the dis-\\neases of useful quadrupeds and birds.\\nThe National Union is formed for\\nthe suppression of intemperance by\\nmeans of fewer houses, shorter hours,\\nand better provisions.\\nLondon. A women s hospital with\\nfemale practitioners is begun in Mary-\\nlebone.\\n1872 Feb. 8. Andaman Islands. Rich-\\nard Southwell Bourke, Earl of Mayo, is\\nassassinated by Shere Ali, a convict,\\nwhen on a visit of inspection.\\nFeb. 28. The Society of Telegraph\\nEngineers is established.\\nFeb. 29. Arthur O Connor, a youth of\\n18, having a paper to be signed, threat-\\nens the queen with an unloaded pistol\\nwhen she is entering Buckingham Pal-\\nace.\\nMar. 8. Great Britain declines to join a\\ncombined international movement\\nagaint the International Workmen s\\nAssociation.\\nMar. 29. Strikes occur among agricul-\\ntural laborers in Warwickshire and\\nother counties a union is formed.\\nMay 27. Captain Nolan, M.P. for Gal-\\nway, is unseated for political intimida-\\ntion by his agents.\\nJune 1. London. A strike of building\\ntrades begins. [June 9. The lockout by\\nthe masters begins. July 9. The lock-\\nout of the masons ceases. Aug. 27. Ar-\\nrangements are made and strike ceases.]\\nJuly 3. London. International Congress\\nfor the prevention and repression of\\ncrime meets in the Middle Temple.\\nJuly 26, 27. The London and North-\\nwestern Company porters strike ends.\\nAug. 6. Parliament The Arbitration\\nAct for Masters and Workmen is passed.\\nAug. 10. A new licensing Act, regu-\\nlating hours of opening and closing, is\\npassed it begins to operate. [It causeB\\nmuch irritation, and is alleged to have\\nconduced to the fall of the Gladstone\\nministry, 1874.]\\nAug. 15-21. Ire. Extensive rioting\\noccurs between the Roman Catholics\\nand Protestants of Belfast much prop-\\nerty is destroyed and many persons in-\\njured.\\nSept. 23-Oct. 9. London. Journeymen\\nbakers strike.\\nNov. 3. London. Fenian sympathi-\\nzers meet in Hyde Park contrary to the\\nregulations. [Nov. Several are prose-\\ncuted and fined.]\\nDec. 2. London. Gas-stokers strike.\\nWeekly wages of the laborer, 11 shil-\\nling ninepence.\\nA coffee-saloon is opened by a com-\\npany in Liverpool near the docks, having\\nevery attraction of the liquor-saloon\\nexcept the bar, with reading-room at-\\ntached; refreshments are served at the\\ncheapest rates.\\n1873 Jan. 11-Mar. 25. W. About\\n60,000 colliers strike against a 10 per cent\\nreduction in wages.\\nJan. 15. Edinburgh. Lady Burdett-\\nCoutts is made a burgess.\\nJune 2. London. A demonstration of\\nworking men takes place in Hyde Park\\nagainst the Criminal Law Amendment\\nAct.\\nSTATE.\\n1S71 Oct. 27. S. Afr. Griqualand is\\nconstituted a colony.\\nNov. Sir Charles Dilke, M. P., at pub-\\nlic meetings declares himself a republi-\\ncan at some places his appearance leads\\nto riotous proceedings.\\nNov. Sir George Jessel is appointed\\nsolicitor-general.\\nDec* The State police, of all ranks,\\nnumber 9,655.\\nS. Afr. Basutoland is colonized, and\\nannexed to Cape Colony.\\nParliament The statutes excluding\\nlawyers from Parliament are repealed.\\nSir Robert Phillimore is appointed\\njudge-advocate-general.\\n1872 Feb. 6. Parliament meets.\\n[Feb. 9. H. C. Sir Henry William Bou-\\nverie Brand [Viscount Hampden] is\\nelected Speaker.]\\nFeb.* IV. Afr. Elmina and Dutch\\nGuinea are acquired by cession.\\nMar. 5. H. C. The Non-conformists\\nresolutions censuring the Elementary\\nEducation Act are rejected. Vote, 355-\\n94.\\nMar. 19. H. C. Sir Charles Dilke s mo-\\ntion for returns respecting the expen-\\nditure of the civil list by the queen is\\nrejected. Vote. 2-276.\\nMay 30. H. C. A bill to amend the law\\nrelating to procedure at elections, in-\\ncluding the ballot, is passed. Vote,\\n271-216. [June 25. H. L. Passed. July\\n18. Receives royal assent.]\\nMay 31. H. C. Joseph G. Biggar and\\nothers cause reporters and strangers\\nto he excluded much discussion en-\\nsues.\\nJune 24. Parliament votes \u00c2\u00a3473,200 for\\nthe volunteer force.\\nJuly 24. H. C. Mr. Gilpin s bill for\\nthe abolition of the death penalty is\\nrejected. Vote, 54-167.\\nJuly 31. H. C. The Commons sit con-\\ntinually about 26 hours because of ob-\\nstruction on the part of the Irish mem-\\nbers.\\nAug. 10. Parliament: The Public\\nHealth Act is passed. A wild birds*\\nprotection Act is passed.\\nAug. Parliament A new licensing\\nAct, regulating the sale of intoxicating\\nliquors, is passed.\\nAug. Parliament The Metalliferous\\nMines Regulation Act is passed.\\nSept. 14. Switz. The Arbitration Tri-\\nbunal at Geneva makes its decision in\\nthe Alabama case (p. 279).\\nOct. 15. Roundell Palmer, Lord Sel-\\nborne, is appointed lord high chancellor.\\nNov. 5. A commercial treaty is con-\\ncluded with France.\\nNov. 15. The Court of Common Pleas\\ndecides that peers cannot vote for mem-\\nbers of Parliament.\\nW. Afr. The Gold Coast is acquired\\nby cession from the Dutch.\\n1873 Mar. 13. H. C. The Dublin\\nUniversity Bill is rejected. Vote, 284-\\n287. Gladstone resigns. [Mar. 17. He\\nresumes office.]\\nApr. 29. Parliament: A bill to facili-\\ntate the sale and transfer of land by\\nmeans of registration is introduced\\nby Lord Chancellor Selborne. [1874.\\nMar. 2G. Introduced by Lord Chancellor\\nCan\\nJuly 29. H. C. The post-office author-\\nities are censured for expending un-\\nauthorized money on the telegraph\\nservice.\\nJuly 30. New standing orders are issued\\nprotecting the dwellings of working\\nmen.\\nAug. 5. Parliament passes an Act for\\nthe more effectual suppression of the\\nslave-trade.\\nH. C. An Annuity Bill for the Duke\\nof Edinburgh is passed.\\nParliament: The Royal Naval Ar-\\ntillery Volunteeers are established by\\nenactment.\\nAug. 21. Acton S. Ayrton is appointed\\nj udge-advocate-general.\\nAug. 29. Sir George Jessel, a Jew, is\\nappointed master of the rolls.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1871 Dec. 20. The steamer Delaware\\nis wrecked off Soilly Kocks 45 persons\\nperish.\\nKail way accidents for the year, 171.\\n1872 June 5. Dublin. The Fine Arts\\nand Industrial Exhibition is opened by\\nthe Duke of Edinburgh. [Nov. 30.\\nClosed.]\\nJuly Railway trains collide at Kose\\nHill Junction; four persons killed.\\nAug. 3. A railway collision at Clifton\\nJunction causes four deaths.\\nAug. Steam- whistles and steain-trum-\\npets on factories are prohibited.\\nOct. 18. Railway trains collide near\\nNVoodhouse Junction two persons are\\nkilled.\\nDec. 21. The mail-packet Germania is\\nwrecked off La Rochelle about 24\\nlives lost.\\nLondon. Her Majesty s Theater is\\nrebuilt.\\nRailway accidents for the year, 246;\\n541 employees killed, and 499 injured.\\n1873 Jan. 22. The Xorthfleet is run\\ninto by a foreign vessel off Dungeness\\n300 lives lost.\\nApr. 15. Dublin. The Spencer Dock\\nis inaugurated by the lord-lieutenant.\\nMay 8. A broken axle causes a railway\\naccident near Shrewsbury; four per-\\nsons killed.\\nMay 13. Ire. A new graving-dock at\\nLimerick is opened by Earl Spencer.\\nJuly 9. The new bridge at Leeds is\\nopened.\\nAug. 23. Derailed cars on the London\\nand North Western Railway cause the\\nloss of 13 lives.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0989.jp2"}, "990": {"fulltext": "978 1873, Oct. 6-1875, May 21. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1873 The Elcho Challenge Shield\\nis won by Ireland. [1874, by Scotland\\n1875, by Ireland 1876, by England 1877,\\n1878, by Ireland 1879, by Scotland\\n1SS0, July 22, by Ireland; 1881, July 2 2,\\nand 1882, July 20, by England 1883, July\\n19, by Ireland.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1873 Nov. 1. Scot. The Albert In-\\nstitution is opened by the Earl of Dal-\\nhousie at Dundee.\\nDec. 18. London. The foundation of the\\nNational Training School for Music\\nis laid by the Duke of Edinburgh, at\\nSouth Kensington.\\n*The society for promoting Scientific\\nIndustry is established at Manchester.\\n*The National Health Society is\\nfounded for the collection and diffusion\\nof sanitary knowledge.\\nLondon. A statue of Albert, prince\\nconsort, is set up at Hoi born Circus.\\nLondon. The Palseographical So-\\nciety is organized.\\n1874 Apr. 6. London. The Fourth\\nInternational Exhibition is opened.\\nApr. 16. Founding of the Musical As-\\nsociation, for the investigation and dis-\\ncussion of subjects connected with the\\nart and science of music.\\nJune 10. London. A statue of John\\nBunyan is unveiled at Bedford.\\nAug. 1. A statue of Joseph Priestley,\\ndiscoverer of oxygen, is unveiled by\\nThomas Henry Huxley at Birmingham.\\nSept. 29. The Duke of Edinburgh lays\\nthe foundation of the Liverpool Art\\nGaUery.\\nOct. 14-17. A Musical Festival is held\\nat Leeds.\\nOct. 31. London. Henry Irving first\\nappears as Hamlet.\\nLondon. A statue of Edward, Earl\\nof Derby, is set up in Parliament Square\\nalso one of Shakespeare in Leicester\\nSquare.\\nSir Arthur Sullivan composes Pirates\\nof Penzance.\\nHop Gardens of England is painted by\\nCecil Lawson.\\nLondon. The Physical Society is or-\\nganized. Also the MusiriU Association,\\nthe Public Analysts, and the Shake-\\nspeare Memorial Association.\\n1875 Jan. 12. The aerophone is suc-\\ncessfully tried at Chatham by M. Denay-\\nrouze, the inventor.\\nMay 8. London. Wagner s Lohengrin ia\\nperformed at Covent Garden. [June 13.\\nAt Drury Lane.]\\nMay 13. The Yorkshire exhibition of\\narts and manufactures is opened by the\\nDuke of Edinburgh at Leeds.\\nMay 21. The vocalion, a new musical\\ninstrument in which tones are produced\\nfrom strings made to vibrate by currents\\nof air, is described.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1873* Arrowsniith, John, geographer, A83.\\nBulwer-Lytton, Lord, Ed ward George\\nEarle Lytton, poet, novelist, states., A70.\\nGuthrie, Thomas, philanthropist, Scot., A70.\\nHolland, Sir Henry, physician, A85.\\nKnight, Charles, publisher, editor, historian\\nwriter, A82.\\nLandseer, Sir Edwin, painter of animals.\\nA70.\\nLivingstone, David, African missionary\\nexplorer, from Scotland, A60.\\nM Clure, Sir Rohert J., arctic navigator, A66.\\nMacready, William C, actor, A80.\\nMadden, Sir Frederick, antiquary, A72.\\nMill, John Stuart, political economist,\\nlogician, philosopher, A67.\\n1874* Arnott, Neil, physician, physicist,\\nScotland, A 86.\\nFoley, John H., sculptor, Ireland, A56.\\nLucas, John, painter, A67.\\nProcter, Bryan W., poet, 84,\\nRennie, Sir John, civil engineer, A78.\\nStrickland, Agnes, historian, A68.\\nCHURCH.\\n1873 Nov. 12. Nineteen Mormon\\nmissionaries for Britain arrive at Liver-\\npool.\\nDec. 4. Dublin. The Catholic Union\\nis reorganized for the ecclesiastical con-\\ntrol of education.\\nScot. Dr. Alexander Duff is again\\nelected moderator of the Free Church.\\nThe Female Association of the\\nPresbyterian Church of Ireland is or-\\nganized for promoting Christianity\\namong the women of the East.\\n1874 Feb. 15-19. Ire. Bishop Dug-\\ngan of Clonfert is tried and acquitted.\\nApr. 8. The renovated cathedral of\\nWorcester is opened.\\nApr. 15. David Livingstone s remains,\\naccompanied by faithful Susi and\\nChuma, arrive in England to be depos-\\nited in Westminster Abbey. [Apr. IS.\\nInterred.]\\nApr. 21. H. L. The Public Worship\\nRegulation Act for the suppression of\\nritualism (Church of England) is intro-\\nduced. [Aug. 7. Receives the royal\\nassent.]\\nMay 19. London. City Temple, Hol-\\nborn Viaduct, a Dissenter chapel, is\\nopened.\\nParliament: The Sunday opening\\nof museums and galleries is refused.\\nVote, 68-271.\\nScot. The first Episcopal Congress\\nis held.\\nSept. Fr. A (Roman Catholic) pilgrim-\\nage is made to the shrine of St. Edmund,\\narchbishop of Canterbury, at Pontigny.\\nOct. A society is formed by the bishops\\nof Manchester, Carlisle. Edinburgh, and\\nothers, favorable to union with ortho-\\ndox Dissenters.\\nNov. 26. Rev. A. H. Mackonochie is\\ntried before the Court of Arches for\\nritualistic practises. (See 1867, May\\n21.) [Dec. 7. Sentenced to suspension\\nfor six weeks and to pay costs.]\\nThe see of Saskatchewan is founded.\\nIre. John McCarthy is consecrated\\n(Roman Catholic) bishop of Cologne,\\nThe Friends Syrian Mission is organ-\\nized.\\nThe prefix of Reverend on a family\\ntombstone is refused to Mr. Keet, a\\nWesleyan preacher, by the bishop of\\nLincoln, hut given by the archbishop of\\nCanterbury.\\n[1875. June 3. The case is tried in court;\\nthe chancellor of Lincoln decides against\\nMr. Keet, who gives notice of appeal. July\\n31. The Court of Arches decides against him.\\n1876. Jan. 21. On appeal to the Privy Coun-\\ncil these decisions arc reversed. It is decided\\nthat there is no law or usage restrictine the\\nepithet to ministers of the Church of Eng-\\nland; it is merely laudatory.]\\nScot. Patronage is abolished in the\\nEstablished Church.\\nEdinburgh, St. Mary s Episcopal Ca-\\nthedral is founded by the Duke of Buc-\\ncleucb.\\n1874-75 D. L. Moody and I. D. San-\\nkey, American evangelists, visit many\\ntowns in the United Kingdom.\\n1875 Jan. 19. London. The Congre-\\ngationalist Memorial Hall, Farringdon\\nStreet, erected in memory of the min-\\nisters ejected in 1662, is opened for the\\nuse of religious societies.\\nMar. 9. London. Moody and Sankey\\nhold their first revival meeting in Agri-\\ncultural Hall 15,000 people present.\\nApr. 21. Parliament: A Burials Bill\\nto permit the ministers of dissenters to\\nofficiate at funerals in churchyards is\\nrejected. Vote, 248-234.\\nLETTERS.\\n1873 Oct. A college for the higher ed-\\nucation of women is opened at Girton.\\nDec. 18. London. The National Train-\\ning-School for Music is founded by\\nthe Duke of Edinburgh. [1876. May 17.\\nOpened.]\\nLondon. The Dialectic Society and\\nthe (New) Shakespeare Society are\\nfounded.\\nLondon. Iron is issued.\\nVignettes in Rhyme, by Alfred Austin,\\nappears.\\nOur Seamen: An Appeal, by S. Plim-\\nsoll, appears.\\nAutobiography, by John Stuart Mill,\\nappears. [1874, Nature, the Utility of\\nReligion, and T?ieis?n.]\\nStudies in the Renaissance, by Walter\\nPater, appears.\\n1873-74 The English in Ireland in the\\nEighteenth Century, by James Anthony\\nFroude, appears.\\n1873-80 The New Quarterly Magazine\\nis issued.\\nIntroduction to the Study of Dante,\\nby John Addington Symonds, appears.\\n[1874, Sketches in Italy and Greece;\\n1875, Renaissance, in Italy.]\\nLiterature and Dogma, by Matthew\\nArnold, appears. [1*874, God and the\\nBible; 187 Mixed Essays; 1882, Irish\\nEssays.]\\nAssyrian Discoveries, by George Smith,\\nappears.\\n1873-79 The Globe Encyclopaedia ap-\\npears.\\nThe Forms of Water in Clouds and\\nRivers, Ire and Glaciers, and Six Lectures\\non Light, delivered in America, 1S72-73,\\nby John Tyndall, appear. [1874, On the\\nTransmission of Sound by the Atmos-\\nphere; 1876, Lessons in Electricity at the\\nRoyal Institution, 1875-76; 1877, Fer-\\nmentation.]\\nFirst Sketch of English Literature, by\\nHenry Morley, appears.\\nMy Little Girl, by Walter Besant, ap-\\npears. [1S76, The Golden Butterfly.\\nThe Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy,\\nby George Eawlinson, appears. [1876,\\nSeventh Great Oriental Monarchy 1SS1,\\nA History of Egypt.]\\nThe Study of Sociology, by Herbert\\nSpencer, appears. [1874-82, Descriptive\\nSociology.]\\n1874 Apr. The National Union of\\nElementary Teachers holds its fourth\\nannual conference.\\nMay 18. Dublin. The Senate of the\\nUniversity rejects a proposal to estab-\\nlish a Roman Catholic college within\\nthe University. Vote, 74-7.\\nAug. 18. Five board-schools are opened\\nat Sheffield by the archbishop of York,\\nMessrs. Roebuck, Forster, and others,\\nSept. The result of the first university\\nexamination of 2*Jl schools is published.\\nWinchester, 34 certificates Manchester,\\n27; Marlborough, 15; Eton, 13 Sher-\\nborne, U Wellington College, 10 Rugby,\\n6; Christ s Hospital and others, 1.\\nOct. 12. Working Men and Working\\nWomen s Colleges are amalgamated\\nas the New College for Men and\\nWomen.\\nOct. 26. The Yorkshire College of Sci-\\nence at Leeds is opened.\\nLondon A medical school for\\nwomen is opened.\\nHertford College, Oxford, is revived,\\nand Magdalen Hall is incorporated with\\nit.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0990.jp2"}, "991": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1873, Oct. 6-1875, May 21. 979\\nThe study of food and clothing is\\nintroduced into the Government educa-\\ntional department.\\nScot. Stephen Mitchell bequeaths\\n\u00c2\u00a370,000 to found a free library at Glas-\\ngow. [1S77. Opened.]\\nE. R. Langworthy bequeaths \u00c2\u00a310,000\\nto develop the chair of experimental\\nphysics in Owens College, Manchester.\\nLondon. The Illustrated Sporting\\nand Dramatic News is issued also the\\nBritish Architect, Pictorial World, Eng-\\nlishman, Sanitary Record, World, and\\nthe Accountant.\\nLast Journal of David- Livingstone\\nappears.\\nThe City of Dreadful Night, by James\\nThomson, appears. [1881, Vane s Story.]\\nScot. Essai/s, Bioi/raphical and Criti-\\ncal, also The Three Devils, by David\\nMasson, appear.\\nSocial Life in Greece, by John P. Ma-\\nhaffey, appears. [1880, A History of\\nGreek Classical Literature.]\\nScot. Self-Culture, by John Stuart\\nBlackie, appears. [1877, Natural History\\nof Atheism and Four Phases of Morals:\\n1879, Songs of Religion and Life; 1883,\\nThe Wisdom of Goethe.]\\nShort History of the English People,\\nby John Hit- hard Green, appears. [1882,\\nThe Making of England.]\\nBothwell, by Swinburne, appears.\\n[1S75, Essays and Studies.]\\nLife of Christ, by Frederic William\\nFarrar, appears. [1877, In the Days of\\nThy Youth.]\\n1874-78 Problems of Life and Mind, by\\nGeorge Henry Lewes, appears.\\n1374-78 Constitutional History of Eng-\\nland, by Wm. Stubbs, bishop of Oxford,\\nappears.\\n1874-79 Hours in a Library, by Leslie\\nStephen, appears.\\n1875 Feb. 23. The foundation of Sir\\nJosiah Mason s College is laid by him-\\nself and John Bright at Birmingham.\\nFeb. Vaticanism, by W. E. Gladstone,\\nappears.\\nMar. 3. The House of Commons rejects\\na bill to enable Scotch universities to\\ngrant degrees to women.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1873 Oct. 6. A temperance hospital\\nis opened no alcoholic drinks are to be\\ngiven to patients.\\nNov. 19. Ten railway employees are\\nconvicted of robbing luggage and se-\\nverely sentenced.\\nDec. A National Federation of Em-\\nployees is formed to counteract trades-\\nLondon. Orphans Homes are es-\\ntablished at Maida Hill.\\nLondon. The National Health So-\\nciety is founded.\\nLondon. Hospital Sunday is es-\\ntablished.\\n1874 Jan. 23. Alfred Ernest Albert,\\nDuke of Edinburgh, is married to the\\nGrand Duchess Marie of Russia.\\nJan. 24. The Bengal Relief Fund is\\nbegun. [Mar. 19. \u00c2\u00a3125,000is subscribed.]\\nMar. A hospital for the treatment of\\nthroat and ear diseases is opened near\\nGray s Inn Road.\\nJune 30\u00c2\u00b1. About 100 agricultural la-\\nborers, who had been dismissed for\\nbeing trade-unionists, traverse England\\nas pilgrims they receive hospitality\\nand money from the people.\\nJune London. A new Liberal club for\\nthe West End is founded.\\nJuly 9. London. The foundation of\\nLincoln Tower, Westminster Bridge,\\nis laid by Gen. Schenck, XT. S. Minister.\\nIt is erected by the united subscrip-\\ntions of the Britons and Americans, as\\na memorial of the abolition of slavery\\nand of Abraham Lincoln. [1875, Sept.\\n28. The head-stone is placed by the Rev.\\nNewman Hall the tower is 220 feet\\nhigh entire cost, about \u00c2\u00a37,000.]\\nJuly 23. The Railway Travelers Pro-\\ntection Society is organized Duke of\\nManchester, president.\\nAug. 1. The annual whitebait dinner,\\nstopped by the Gladstone Ministry, is\\nrevived by the Disraeli Ministry.\\nAug. 26. Ire. The strike of the linen-\\nmanufacturers ends.\\nIre. A great Home Rule demon-\\nstration takes place at Drogheda.\\nOct. 6. A riot occurs at Northampton\\nbecause Char 1\u00c2\u00ab S Brad laugh is not elected\\nto Parliament suppressed by the mil-\\nitary.\\nOct. 17. London. Hospital Saturdays\\nfor workmen are begun.\\nLondon. Cremation societies are\\nfounded.\\nLondon. The Women s Protective and\\nProvident League is founded for work-\\ning women.\\n1875 Jan. 2-May W. A strike of\\nabout 50,000 miners occurs.\\nJan. A gentleman gives \u00c2\u00a310,000 to edu-\\ncate the working classes of Notting-\\nham.\\nJan. About \u00c2\u00a3325,000 is bequeathed to\\ncharities by R. L. Jones, a timber-mer-\\nchant of Liverpool.\\nSTATE.\\n1873 Oct. 25. Ire. The programme of\\nthe Home Rule party, requiring an\\nIrish parliament of queen, lords, and\\ncommons is published.\\nNov. 18. Dr. Lyon Playfair is ap-\\npointed postmaster-general.\\nDublin. A conference on Home\\nRule is held in the Rotundo.\\n1874 Feb. 13. W. Afr. The Ashan-\\ntees sign a treaty of peace.\\nH. C. Mr. Gladstone introduces an\\nIrish University Bill. [Rejected and\\nwithdrawn.]\\nFeb. 17. The Conservatives having\\nobtained a majority of about GO in the\\ngeneral election, Mr. Gladstone re-\\nsigns.\\nFeb. 18. Ire. John Mitchel (United\\nIrishman) is elected member of Parlia-\\nment for Tipperary. [Mar. The Com-\\nmons resolve that lie is ineligible, hav-\\ning been convicted of treason-felony.]\\nFeb. 21. The second administration\\nunder Benjamin Disraeli, Premier, is\\nformed.\\nMembers: the Karl of Derby, the Marquis\\nof Salisbury, the Duke of Richmond, the\\nEarl of Malinesbury, the Karl of Carnarvon,\\nand Sir Stafford Northcote* Lord John Man-\\nners, postmaster-general, Lord Cairns,\\nlord chancellor, George Ward Hunt, first\\nlord of the admiralty, and the Duke of\\nAbercorn, lord-lieutenant of Ireland.\\nFeb. Stephen Cave is appointed judge-\\nadvocate-general.\\nMar. 5. Parliament opens. [1880. Mar.\\n23. Dissolved.]\\nMar. 20. H. C. A motion in favor of\\nHome Rule for Ireland is rejected.\\nVote, 52-314.\\nMay 19. Parliament: A motion pro-\\nposing the opening of public museums\\nand galleries on Sunday is rejected.\\nMay 23. Prince Arthur is created Duke\\nof Connaught, Earl of Sussex and\\nStrathearn.\\nJune 24. H. C. The Merchant Ship-\\nping Survey Bill is rejected. Vote,\\n170-173.\\nJuly 1. H. C. A compulsory atten-\\ndance bill is rejected. Vote, 156-320.\\nJuly 30. Parliament: A new licens-\\ning Act is passed. Also The Board of\\nTrade Railway Arbitration Act is\\npassed.\\nAug. 7- Parliament: The Colonial\\nClergy Act is passed. Also a Public\\nHealth Act for Ireland; the Sanitary\\nLaws Amendment Act, and a bill for\\nabolishing patronage in Scotland, in-\\ntroduced by the Duke of Richmond, and\\nthe Conveyancing Act, facilitating the\\ntransfer of land in Scotland.\\nOct. 15. Alfred, first child of Prince\\nAlfred Ernest, is born.\\nNov. Rome. The English unofficial sec-\\nretary of legation at the papal court is\\nwithdrawn. [Nov. 11. He leaves.]\\nDec. 16. Ire. John T.Bali is appointed\\nlord high chancellor.\\nFiji is obtained by cession from the\\nnatives.\\n1875 Jan. 13. Mr. Gladstone resigns\\nthe leadership of the Liberal party. [He\\nis succeeded by the Marquis of Har-\\ntington.]\\nFeb. 5. Parliament meets.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1S73 Nov. 7- London. A panic on the\\nStock Exchange raises the bank-rate to\\nnine per cent.\\n1874 Jan. 27. Railway trains collide\\nnear Manuel and Boness Junction 16\\nlives lost.\\nMar. 21. The Criterion, Regent s Cir-\\ncus, Piccadilly, is first opened.\\nMar.* The steamer Queen Elisabeth\\nfounders near Tarifa 20 lives lost.\\nApr. 1. The Atlantic, for Halifax, falls\\nshort of coals, and founders on Meagher\\nRock, near Sambro 500 lives lost. [Apr.\\n25. Investigation captain suspended\\nfor two years.]\\nMay 23. The emigrant ship British Ad-\\nmiral is wrecked on Kins Island, Bass\\nStrait 80 lives lost.\\nJune 1. The American Pullman palace\\nsaloon cars on the Midland Railroad\\nare opened to the public.\\nNov. 17-18. The emigrant vessel Cos-\\nPatrick takes fire about 470 lives lost.\\n[Dec. 6. A few survivors arrive at St.\\nHelena.]\\nNov. 29. The steamer La Plata foun-\\nders in the Bay of Biscay 17 out of 85\\nare saved.\\nDec. 24. A railway train goes over an\\nembankment at Shipton, killing 34 per-\\nsons, and injuring 70.\\n1875 Jan. 1. The Midland Railway\\nCompany change first-class rate of fare\\nto H pence a mile, and abolish second-\\nclass rate. [Other companies soon fol-\\nlow.]\\nNumber of railway employees Eng-\\nland, 22S.! 5S Scotland, 31,023; Ireland,\\n14,554 total, 274,535.\\nMay 8. The steamer Cadiz is wrecked\\non Wizard Eock, Brest about 62 lives\\nlost.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0991.jp2"}, "992": {"fulltext": "980 1875, May 28-1876,\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1875 Sept. 1. Ire. The war-ship Van-\\nguard is sunk off the coast of Wicklow,\\nby collision with the war-ship Iron Duke.\\nCapt. Dawkins of the Iron Duke is tried,\\nby court-martial and dismissed Lieut.\\nEvans is removed from his command.\\nNov. 28. The Iron Duke is nearly lost\\ncause, the leaving open of a valve.\\n1876 July 14. The boiler of the war-\\nship Thunderer bursts while the vessel\\nis on a trial trip in Stoke s Bay, Ports-\\nmouth 45 are killed and 50 injured.\\nOct. 19. The war-ship Bacchante is\\nlaunched. [Nov. 4, the A elson at Glas-\\ngow; Nov. IS, also the Northampton;\\n1S77, Jan. 31, the Euryalus t Chatham.]\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1875 May 29. Capt. (Sir) George Strong\\nNares s expedition for arctic discovery\\ndeparts in the vessels Alert and Discov-\\nery. [Sept. 1. He reaches S2\u00c2\u00b0 24 and\\nwinters in 82\u00c2\u00b0 27 the farthest point north\\nreached by any ship he reports no open\\nsea, but instead a sea of ancient ice\\nsledge-parties approach within 400 miles\\nof the Pole. 1876. Oct. 27. The Alert\\narrives at Valentia. Oct. 29. The Dis-\\ncover}/ arrives at Queenstown.]\\nJune 25. The Polar expedition of\\nCapt. Allen Young sails in the Pandora\\n(aided by Lady Franklin). [Oct. 19. Re-\\nturns.]\\nAug. 16. Firth Park, Sheffield, is\\nopened it is the gift of Mark Firth.\\nSept. 6. The public museum and hall\\nare opened at Sheffield.\\nSept. 7. London. The National Opera\\nHouse is founded. [Dec. 16. First stone\\nlaid.]\\nOct. 6. The Yorkshire College for Sci-\\nence is formally opened by the Duke of\\nDevonshire at Leeds.\\nDec. 1. A statue of Cromwell by\\nMatthew Noble, gift of Mrs. Abel Hey-\\nwood, is uncovered at Manchester.\\nLondon. The Psychological Society\\nand the Royal Aquarium S M. iety are or-\\nganized the Church Choral Society is\\nincorporated as Trinity College.\\nThe Kyrle Society is formed. [1877.\\nFounded by Prince Leopold, Princess\\nLouise, the Duke of Westminster, and\\nothers, for bringing beauty home to\\nthe people by means of decorative art,\\ngardening, music, etc.]\\n1876 Jan. 6. Dublin. A statue of\\nHenry Grattan is unveiled.\\nFeb. 3. London. The Mineralogical\\nSociety of Great Britain meets for the\\nfirst time.\\nFeb. 28. The Birmingham Philosophi-\\ncal Society is founded.\\nMay 13-Dec. 30. The International\\nLoan Exhibition of Scientific Appa-\\nratus is held at South Kensington.\\nMay 17. Edinburgh. The National\\nTraining School of Music is opened.\\nJune 2. The Polar expedition of Capt.\\nAllen Young again sails. [Oct. 31. Re-\\nturns.]\\nJune The swing bridge over the Tyne\\nat Newcastle is completed.\\nJuly 17-24. The Royal Agricultural\\nSociety meets at Birmingham.\\nAug. 14. Hot summer the thermom-\\neter reaches 95\u00c2\u00b0.7 in the shade at Not-\\ntingham.\\nAug. 15. Edinburgh. A statue of David\\nLivingstone is unveiled. [Aug. 17. The\\nAlbert Memorial is inaugurated by the\\nqueen.]\\nSept. 5. The Aquarium and Winter\\nGarden at Yarmouth are opened.\\nOct. 11. The Social Science Associa-\\ntion meets at Liverpool. [1877, Sept. 19,\\nat Aberdeen 1S7S, Oct. 23, at Chelten-\\nham 1879, Oct. 1, at Manchester.\\nOct. The Atlas Iron Works, Sheffield,\\nroll armor-plate 24 inches thick.\\nNov. 27. The Gallery of Sculptures,\\nbequeathed by John Cibson, is exhibited\\nfree by the Royal Academy.\\nA Btatue of Michael Faraday is un-\\nveiled at the Royal Institution.\\nErnst Werner and Sir Charles Sie-\\nmens, by means of regenerative gas fur-\\nnaces, produce excellent steel cheaply\\nin large masses.\\nScot. The British Association meets\\nin Glasgow. [1877, at Plymouth; 1S78,\\nat Dublin 1879, at Sheffield 1880, at\\nSwansea.]\\nLondon. The Sanitary Institute of\\nGreat Britain is founded.\\nLondon. The Physiological Society\\nis founded by John Scott Burdon-San-\\nderson and others.\\nManganese bronze, a new metal, is\\nproduced by P. M. Parsons, inventor of\\nwhite brass.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1875 Bennett, William S., pianist, com-\\nposer, A59.\\nCairnes, John E., political economist, A51.\\nFinlay, George, author. Scotland, A75.\\nGrant, Sir .lames II., general, A67.\\nHelps, Sir Arthur, essayist, dramatist, A58.\\nKey, Thomas H., philologist, A76.\\nKingBley, Charles, el., novelist, au., A56.\\nSlitehel, John, patriot., historian, journalist,\\nIreland, A60.\\nOsborn, Slierard, explorer, admiral, A53.\\nStanhope, Earl of, Philip H., Lord Mahon,\\nhistorian, A70.\\nWilkinson, Sir John G., Egyptologist, ATS.\\nWillis, Robert, physicist mechanician, A75.\\n1876 Bosworth, Joseph, lexicographer,\\nA88.\\nEadie, John, 1 res. clergyman, author, A62.\\nLane, Edward William, orientalist, A75.\\nLewis, John F., painter, A71.\\nLough, John G., sculptor, A72.\\nMartineau, Harriet, author, A74.\\nNapier, Robert, eng., shipbuilder, Scot., A85.\\nWalker, Frederick, painter, A36.\\nCHURCH.\\n1875 June 14. Parliament: The Bish-\\nops Resignation Act is passed.\\nJune 29. The bishopric of St. Albans\\nis created, and dioceses of London, Win-\\nchester, and .Rochester are re-arranged\\nby Act of Parliament.\\nJuly 1. The Public Worship Regu-\\nlation Act, for suppressing ritualism in\\nthe Church of England, goes into opera-\\ntion. The case of Eev. C. J. Kidsdale is\\nthe first tried; the judgment of the ec-\\nclesiastical court is given against him,\\nbecause of ritualistic proceedings. [1876.\\nJan. 6. A new court at Lambeth Palace\\nunder Lord Penzance decides in his\\nfavor.]\\nJuly 19-22. London. A Pan-Presby-\\nterian Congress is held 50 bodies,\\nBritish and foreign, agree to form an\\nAlliance of Presbyterian Churches.\\nSept. Dublin. A synod is held at May-\\nnooth College, condemning mixed edu-\\ncation.\\nJuly 28. A statue of Richard Baxter\\nthe Non-conformist, is unveiled at Kid-\\nderminster (Worcester), by Mrs. Phil-\\npott, wife of the bishop of Worcester.\\nSept. 7. The Marquis of Ripon becomes\\na Roman Catholic.\\nOct. 3. A large convent at Bourne-\\nmouth, in connection with Church of\\nEngland, is opened.\\nNov. 30. The Albert Memorial\\nChapel, on the site of Wolsey Chapel,\\nat Windsor, is opened.\\nThe Parochial Missions to the Jews\\nFund is founded.\\nSees established\\nNiagara. [1877, Trnro, Transvaal, Lahore,\\nand Rangoon; 1878, North Queensland; 1 1879,\\nNew Caledonia. British Columbia, New\\nWestminster, and Tranvancore and Cochin.]\\nHenry Edward Manning, arch-\\nbishop of Westminster, is consecrated a\\ncardinal priest.\\nThe Ladies* Committee of the Lon-\\ndon Missionary Society is organized.\\nIre. The Protestant Dissenting min-\\nisters give up their allowance from the\\nGovernment in response to the senti-\\nment of the people.\\nScot. The Central Committee and\\nChurch Women s Association for For-\\neign Missions of the Scottish Episcopal\\nChurch is formed.\\nBishops elected\\nR. S. Copleston for Colombo, Ceylon, and\\nSamuel Thornton, for Ballarat, Australia.\\n[1876, H. Hutton Parry for Perth, Australia,\\nE. R. Johnson for Calcutta, and Louis G.\\nWylne for Bombay; 1878,31. Berardi for Ve-\\nrapoli, Asia, Edmund Craig Stuart for Wai-\\napu, N. Z., Thomas Legh Claughton for St.\\nAlbans, Anthony Wilson Thorold for Roches-\\nter, and John 11. Selwvn for Melanesi, N. Z.;\\n1878, Henry B. Bousneld for Pretoria, South\\nAfrica, Llewellyn Jones for Newfoundland,\\nWilliam Parkenham Walsh for Ossory, Wil-\\nliam D. Maclagan for Lichfield, Robert Sam-\\nuel Greg for Cork, and G. H. Stanton for\\nNorth Queensland I MM, Joseph Barber Light-\\nfoot for Durham, William Ridley for New\\nCaledonia, A. W. Sillitoe for New West-\\nminster, Arthur Sweaton for Toronto, Wil-\\nliam B. Bond for Montreal, and Elzear Tor-\\nregiani for Armidale, Australia.]\\n1876 Mar. 3. H. C. A Burials Bill,\\nto permit the ministers of Dissenters to\\nofficiate at funerals in churchyards, is\\nrejected. Vote, 248-279.\\nJune 13. The Presbyterian Church\\nof England is reconstituted at Liverpool\\nin union with the United Presbyterian\\n(Church of Scotland).\\nJuly 4. London. Christ Church, re-\\nplacing Surrey Chapel, and the school\\nadjoining, costing \u00c2\u00a360,000, are dedicated.\\nJuly 16. London. The Passionists\\nMonastery, Highgate, is solemnly\\nblessed by Cardinal Manning and opened.\\nJuly 24. A meeting of bishops and Dis-\\nsenting ministers is held at Lambeth\\nPalace to consider the progress of irre-\\nligious thought.\\nJuly 27. A league in aid of Christians\\nin Turkey is formed.\\nAug. 5. The Church of England Work-\\ning Men s Society is established at St.\\nAlban s, Holborn.\\nAug. 20. John Sugden is consecrated\\nbishop of the Free Church of England\\nin Christ s Church, Lambeth.\\nAug. The Chester Cathedral is re-\\nopened after restoration.\\nDec. 17. Rev. A. H. Tooth, vicar of St.\\nJames at Hatcham, a ritualist, is inhibited\\nfrom officiating in the parish. Disobeying\\nthe inhibition, he is imprisoned.\\nThe Young Men s Foreign Missionary\\nSociety is organized by members of the\\nYoung Men s Christian Association.\\nAlso in London the Association for the\\nFree Distribution of the Scriptures is\\norganized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1875 July London. The Education\\nSociety is formed.\\nOct. 18. Wewnham College, Cam-\\nbridge, for women, is opened.\\nThe Anglican Church Quarterly He-\\nview is issued.\\nDurability in Art, by William Noy\\nWilkins, appears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0992.jp2"}, "993": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1875, May 28-1876, 981\\nA Course of Practical Instruction in\\nElementary Biology, by Huxley and H.\\nN. Martin, appears.\\nFated to be Free, by Jean Ingelow,\\nappears.\\nTrumpet Calls to Christian Energy, by\\nCharles Haddon Spurgeon, appears.\\n[1882, Farm Sermons.]\\nThrift, by Samuel Smiles, appears.\\n1876 Jan. 14. Tlie first annual con-\\nference of teachers is held.\\nFeb. 21. The Purcell Society is\\nfounded.\\nAug. 11. London. The Hour suspends.\\nSept. 6. Horrors in Bulgaria, by Wil-\\nliam Ewart Gladstone, appears.\\nSept. 10. The University College at\\nBristol is opened.\\nOct. 26. Cavendish College, Cambridge,\\nestablished to give cheap university\\neducation to young persons in short\\ntime, is opened.\\nNov. 14. London. The first Working\\nLads Institute is opened at White-\\nchapel.\\nLondon. The Whitehall Review is is-\\nsued also the Daily Recorder of Com-\\nmerce and the Mind.\\nWeather Charts and Storm Warnings,\\nby R. H. Scott, appears.\\nScot. Shadow of the Sword, by Robert\\nWilliam Buchanan, appears. [1881, God\\nand the Man 1882, Ballads of Life, Love,\\nand Humour; 1885, Alone in London.]\\nLife and Letters of Lord Macaulay\\nby Sir George Otto Trevelyan, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1875 May Aug. Warwickshire\\nminers strike.\\nJuly -Aug. Strikes occur at Oldham.\\nAug. 3. Parliament The Employers\\nand Workmen Act is passed.\\nThe Sunday Society is established to\\npromote the movement for opening mu-\\nseums and art galleries on Sunday.\\nLondon. Bicycle clubs are formed.\\nA Home for Incurable Children is\\nestablished at Maida Vale.\\nThe Society for the abolition of vivi-\\nsection is established.\\n1876 Mar. 30. Ire. Agrarian outrages\\ncontinue. [July 25. Mr. Bridges and\\nparty are fired on in daylight, the coach-\\nman killed several wounded at Mitchels-\\ntown, Cork. Crowe convicted of murder.]\\nOct. 2, 10, 20. London. Dr. Henry\\nSlade, a Spiritualist medium, and Geof-\\nfrey Simmons, his assistant, are tried on\\ncharges preferred by Prof. E. Ray Lan-\\nkester and others, with unlawfully using\\ncertain subtle and crafty means and de-\\nvices to deceive. [Oct. 31. Simmons is\\ndischarged, but Slade is sentenced to\\nthree months imprisonment with hard\\nlabor. On appeal the sentence is quashed\\non a technicality.]\\nAn international association for the\\ntotal suppression of vivisection formed.\\nOct. 5. Lords Blackburn and Gordon are\\ncreated peers for life.\\nNov. 25. Victoria, third child of Prince\\nAlfred Ernest, is born.\\nNov. 28. Ire. John, Duke of Marl-\\nborough, is appointed lord-lieutenant.\\nDec. 8. London. A national confer-\\nence against war to defend Turkey\\nis held in St. James s Hall.\\nLondon. Sir Thomas White is elected\\nlord mayor.\\nApr. 21. British Women s Temperance\\nAssociation is founded by a conference\\nof ladies at Newcastle-on-Tyne. It aims\\nto effect a federation of all women s\\ntemperance organizations based on total\\nabstinence.\\nApr. 17. Fenian prisoners escape from\\nWest Australia in the American ship\\nCatalpa. [Aug. 19. Arrive in New\\nYork.]\\nJune 30. The House of Lords appoints\\na commission to inquire into the preva-\\nlence of drunkenness. [Report re-\\nspecting alcohol neutral.]\\nAug. 11. Parliament: A Medical Act\\nis passed permitting the registration of\\nmedical women.\\nAug. 24. Sixteen hundred Bolton mi-\\nners strike against 15 per cent reduction\\nin wages. i\\nSept. 18. London. A public meeting is Parliament is prorogued,\\nheld at Mansion House respecting atro- Aug. 19. E. I. The royal title, Em-\\ncities in Bulgaria, press of India, is announced by the\\nSept. 22. A society to promote legisla- viceroy,\\ntion for the control and cure of habitual Sept. 13. China. A convention is\\ndrunkards is formed. signed with China at Chefu.\\nSTATE.\\nJune 1. H. L. It is decided that rail-\\nway companies are responsible for neg-\\nligence in conveying persons and goods,\\nalthough they disclaim it on tickets.\\nJune 24. The Government appoints a\\ncommission, of which Viscount Cardwell\\nand Prof. T. H. Huxley are members, to\\ninquire into the practise of vivisection.\\nAug. 2. Parliament A new sinking-\\nfund is established.\\nAug. 11. Parliament: The Sale of\\nFood and Drugs Act, repealing all adul-\\nteration Acts, is passed.\\nAug. 13. Parliament: An Act is passed\\ngiving further powers to the Board of\\nTrade to stop unseaworthy ships. Also\\nthe Agricultural Holding Act and Land\\nTransfer Act for England are passed.\\nParliament is prorogued.\\nOct. 29. Mary, second child of Prince\\nAlfred Ernest, is born.\\nNov. 1. The Supreme Court of Judi-\\ncature becomes operative.\\nNov. 25. George A. F. Cavendish\\nBentinck is made judge-advocate-gen-\\neral.\\nNov. Sir Richard Baggallay is made\\nlord justice.\\nLondon. William James Richmond\\nCotton is elected lord mayor.\\n1876 Feb. 8. Parliament is opened.\\nApr. 27. Parliament: The Royal\\nTitles Bill is passed. It adds to the\\ntitles of the queen that of Empress\\nof India.\\nApr. H. C. Mr. Dixon s bill for uni-\\nversal school boards and compulsory\\neducation is rejected. Vote, 281-260.\\nMay 1. London. The queen is pro-\\nclaimed Empress of India.\\nJune 14. H. C. The Permissive Pro-\\nhibitory Bill is introduced for the\\neighth time [and rejected. Vote, 299-81].\\nJune 24. Parliament A Wild Birds\\nProtection Act is passed.\\nJune 30. Parliament: The Trades\\nUnion Act is amended.\\nAug.* Parliament: The Elementary\\nEducation Act is passed.\\nAug. 11. Parliament: The Act giving\\npower to unite counties for the purpose\\nof winter assizes for more speedy trials\\nof prisoners is passed.\\nAug. 15. Parliament: The Merchants\\nShipping Act is passed.\\nParliament: The Divided Parishes\\nand Poor Law Amendment Act is\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1875 July 10. The Metropolitan Rail-\\nway is extended to the Great Eastern.\\nAug. 16. Scot. The new Victoria wet\\ndock, Dundee, is opened by Lord Strath-\\nmore.\\nAug. 24, 25. Capt. Matt. Webb swims\\nfrom Dover to Calais in 23f hours.\\nAug. 28. Railway collision at Kild-\\nwick, Yorkshire seven persons killed.\\nAug. 31. A new exchange at Leeds is\\nopened.\\nAug. London. The drainage -works\\nare completed. Total cost, \u00c2\u00a34,500,000.\\nNov. 15. Thames overflows, causing\\ngreat damage and distress the Wool-\\nwich arsenal is Hooded. Total rise, 29\\nfeet.\\nNov. 25. The khedive s shares in the\\nSuez Canal are bought by the British\\nGovernment.\\nNov. 30. The new poultry-market,\\nSmithfield, is inaugurated by Lord\\nMayor Cotton.\\nLondon. Spelling-bees are intro-\\nduced (from U. S. A.).\\nOysters become scarce dredging and\\ndeep-sea fishing are restricted.\\n1876 Jan. 21. Two collisions occur\\non the Great Northern Railway, near\\nHuntingdon 14 persons are killed.\\nFeb. 17. The Glasgow steamer Strath-\\nclyde collides with the Franconia in\\nDover Bay 17 persons perish.\\nFeb. 23. London. Direct cable line to\\nNew Zealand is completed.\\nFeb. 26. The first steam ferry-boat on\\nthe Thames, Jessie May, is launched.\\n1876 Mar. 2. The great amphithea-\\nter at Leeds is burned loss, about\\n\u00c2\u00a330,000.\\nMar. 29. London. The Royal Albert\\nHall, Kensington, is opened by the\\nqueen.\\nMar. 6. London. Edward P. Weston\\nbegins his walk of 500 miles in Agricul-\\ntural Hall.\\n[Mar. 11. Has walked 450 miles. Apr. 22.\\nHe walks 111 miles in 24 hours in Mumlies-\\nter. Dec. 18-23. He walks 4(30 miles in six\\ndays in Agricultural flail. 1879. June 16.\\nHe walks 550 miles, and wins the Sir John\\nAstley belt. 1883, Nov. 21-1884, Mar. 15.\\nWalks 5,000 miles in 100 days on teetotal\\nprinciples.]\\nMay 24, 25 A great fire occurs at Bris-\\ntol loss, \u00c2\u00a380,000.\\nMay About 500 animals from India\\nare presented to the Zoological Society\\nby the Prince of Wales.\\nJune 27. The Canadian national game\\nlacrosse is played before the queen at\\nWindsor by 13 Iroquois and 14 Cana-\\ndians.\\nAug. 7. A collision occurs on the Som-\\nerset and Dorset Railway, near Bath\\n14 persons are killed.\\nAug. 12+. The Great Queensland sails\\nfor Melbourne loaded with patent and\\nother gunpowder, with 569 persons\\naboard. [She is supposed to have ex-\\nploded wreckage found.]\\nThe Pneumatic Despatch Company\\nsuspends through insufficient support.\\nA. Baltazzi s Kisber wins the Derby\\nrace.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0993.jp2"}, "994": {"fulltext": "982 1877, Jan. 1-1878,\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1S78 Mar. 24. The war-ship Eurydice\\nis lost near the Isle of Wight 300 men\\nperish.\\nJuly 8-20. The National Association\\nfor rifle-shooting meets at Wimbledon\\nPrivate Ray, 11th Stirling, wins the\\nqueen s prize.\\n[1879, July 14-26, Corporal Taylor, 47th\\nLancashire; Ihso, .lulv 12-iM, Alexander Fer-\\nguson, 1st Argyll; 1881, .lulv 11-23, Thomas\\nBeck, 3d Devon 1882, July 10-22, Sergt.\\nLawrence, 1st Dumbarton; 1S83, July 9-21,\\nSergt. Markav, 1st Sutherland; 1*84, July 14-\\n26, Private Gallant, 8th Middlesex.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1877 Jan. 1. A statue of William\\nliathbone, merchant, is unveiled at Liv-\\nerpool.\\nJan. 25. Scot. A statue of Robert\\nBurnsis unveiled in St. ienrge s Square,\\nGlasgow. [Apr. 3. New Stock Exchange\\nopened.]\\nFeb. 17. London. The 400th anniver-\\nsary of the discovery of printing is\\ncelebrated.\\nMar. 15. Egy. One of the obelisks\\nerected by Thothmes III. is offered to\\nthe British Government by the khedive.\\nMay 1. London. Grosvenor Gallery,\\nfor the exhibition of modern pictures, is\\nopened in Bond Street.\\nMay 7. London. The Wagner Festi-\\nval is held at Royal Albert, Hall Wag-\\nner is present.\\nMay London. The African Explora-\\ntion Fund is founded by the Royal Geo-\\ngraphical Society.\\nAug. 23. Bell s telephone is exhibited\\nbefore the British Association, Plym-\\nouth.\\nSept. 6. The Walker Art Gallery, Liv-\\nerpool, the gift of Andrew Walker, cost-\\ning above \u00c2\u00a330,000, is opened by the Earl\\nof Derby.\\nSept. 19-22. A musical festival is held\\nat Leeds.\\nOct. 14, 15. A violent gale does great\\ndamage to property on land, and destroys\\nshipping, with loss of life.\\nDee. 28. Scot. A statue of Thomas\\nCampbell is unveiled in St. George s\\nSquare, Glasgow.\\nLondon. A statue of Sir Robert Peel\\nat Parliament Square is unveiled.\\nLondon. The Institute of Chemistry\\nis founded. Also the Library Associa-\\ntion and the Index Society.\\n1878 Jan. 1. Ire. A grand iron bridge\\nis opened over the Foyle at Londonderry.\\nJan. 14, 15. Bell s telephone is ex-\\nhibited.\\nFeb. 14. The statue of Sir John Cordy\\nBurrows at Brighton is unveiled.\\nMar. 28. London. Electric light is\\ntried at Westminster Palace.\\nJune 26. Greatest heat at Notting-\\nham 05\u00c2\u00b0 in the shade.\\nJuly 3. The Midland Counties Art Mu-\\nseum, Nottingham, is opened by the\\nPrince of Wales.\\nJuly 4. A Polar expedition in the Vega\\nunder Prof. Adolf Eric Nordenskjold\\nstarts, seeking a northeast passage.\\nJuly 27. Edinburgh. A statue of Dr.\\nChalmers, by Steell, is unveiled.\\n*Boxer s life-saving, rope-carrying\\nrocket, for communicating with\\nstranded vessels, is described.\\nSept. 13. London. The Egyptian ob-\\nelisk is finally placed on the Thames\\nembankment.\\nNov. 11. Edison s loud-speaking tele-\\nphone conveys conversation between\\nLondon and Norwich, by 115 miles of\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0wire.\\nNov. 13. Sir Frederick Leighton is\\nelected president of the Royal Academy.\\nDec. 13. London. The Jablochkoff sys-\\ntem of electric light is set up for trial\\non the Thames embankment, north side.\\nNov. 28. Dublin, Edward McCabe\\nis consecrated (Roman Catholic) arch-\\nbishop of Dublin. Ire. Michael\\nLogue, archbishop of Armagh, and Bar-\\ntholomew Woodloek, bishop of Ardagh.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1877* Bagehot, Walter, essayist, journal-\\nist, author, A51.\\nBain, Alexander, logician, philosopher,\\nauthor, Scotland, A59.\\nBelcher, Sir Edward, naval officer, arctic\\nnavigator, A78.\\n.Tames, Sir Henry, engineer, inventor, A74.\\nKavanagh, Julia, Irish novelist, A53.\\nMarshnian, John Clark, historian, A83.\\nNorton, arolme K, poet, novelist, A69.\\nTalbot, William H. F., discoverer of photog-\\nraphy, A77.\\nWarren, Samuel, jurist, novelist, A70.\\nWright, Thomas, antiquarian writer, A67,\\nWyatt, Sir Matthew 1 architect, A57.\\n1878* Bark, Sir it-urge, arctic navigator,\\nA82.\\nChelmsford, Lord, F. T., jurist, states., A84.\\nCreasy, Sir Edward S., historian, A66.\\nCullen, Paul, cardinal, archbishop of Dub-\\nlin, A75.\\nUoran, John, editor, author, A71.\\nDuff, Alexander, Scutch missionary, cl., A72.\\nGill, William, clergyman, missionary, A65.\\n(irant, Sir Francis, artist, Scotland, A75.\\nLewes, George II., pliil. and mis. writer, Alii.\\nRussell, Lord, John, statesman, A86.\\nStirling-Maxwell, Sir William, sc. au., A60.\\nCHURCH.\\n1877 June 8. Parliament The Sun-\\nday opening of museums and art gal-\\nleries is again refused. Vote, 87-229.\\nJuly 2-9. Edinburgh. A Pan-Presby-\\nterian conference is held.\\nAug. 9. The Duke of Westminster and\\n95 other peers address the archbishop of\\nCanterbury against auricular confes-\\nsion.\\nSept. 30. London. The Mormon Con-\\nference is opened.\\nA reformed Episcopal secession from\\nthe Free Church of England takes place.\\nBishops consecrated (Roman Catho-\\nlic)\\nWilliam Fitzgerald for Ross, Ireland, Peter\\nPace for Gozo. [1\u00c2\u00ab7\u00c2\u00ab, I anl tioetlials, arch-\\nbishop of Calcutta; 1*79, Fdward lsley for\\nBirmingham, Edmund Knight for Shrews-\\nbury, Richard Lacy for Middlesborough,and\\nClement Pagnani for Kandy, Ceylon.]\\n1878 Mar. 4. Scot. The Koman Cath-\\nolic Hierarchy is restored by Pope Leo\\nXIII. [Apr. 13. Protestants protest\\nagainst it.]\\nMay 1. Dublin. Christ Church Cathe-\\ndral, after being restored at the cost of\\n\u00c2\u00a3250,090, is reopened.\\nJune 13. London. The British and For-\\neign Unitarian Association is founded\\nto promote XJnitarianism.\\nJuly 2-27. The Pan-Anglican Con-\\ngress meets at Lambeth.\\nAug. 16. Parliament: The Bishoprics\\nAct is passed.\\nIt authorizes the endowment of four\\nnew bishoprics, Liverpool, Newcastle.\\nWakefield (York), and Southwell (Can-\\nterbury), without increasing the number\\nof bishops in Parliament. [1878. Wake-\\nfield is established. 1882. Newcastle.]\\nSept. 29. London. A Carmelite eon-\\nvent is opened at St. Charles Square,\\nNotting Hill.\\nSept. Free libraries are opened on\\nSundays at Manchester and other\\nplaces. [Also the Grosvenor Gallery\\nand other collections in London.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1877 Feb. 28. London. The Senate\\nof the University of London votes to\\ngrant degrees to women. [May 8.\\nThe Convocation votes against it.]\\nMar. 28. The National Education\\nLeague is dissolved.\\nMar. London. The Nineteenth Century\\nis issued.\\nAug. 10. The Universities Act is\\npassed.\\nSept. 3. Scot. The weaving-school,\\nGlasgow, is opened.\\nSept. 27. The University college build-\\nings, Nottingham, are founded.\\nOct. 2. London. Library Association\\nof the United Kingdom is founded at a\\nconference of librarians at the London\\nInstitute. [1878. Oct. 1-3. First meet-\\ning held.]\\nLondon. The Index Society is\\nfounded.\\nObservatory a monthly review of as-\\ntronomy, is issued.\\nThe Refe,\\nsued als o Truth.\\nsporting paper, is\\nA copy of the Chinese Cyclopaedia of\\n0,019 volumes is bought for the British\\nMuseum.\\nLiterary and Social Judgments, by\\nWilliam liathbone Greg, appears.\\nProverbs in Porcelain, by Henry Aus-\\ntin Dobson, appears. [1885, At the Sign\\nof the Lyre.]\\n1878 Jan. 15. London. The Univer-\\nsity of London Convocation votes for\\na supplemental charter granting de-\\ngrees to women. [Mar. 28. Charter\\ngranted.]\\nFeb. 11. Weekly Weather Report is is-\\nsued.\\nAug. 16. The Education Act for Scot-\\nland is amended, and the Intermediate\\nEducation Act for Ireland is passed.\\nOct. 27. London. The new city library\\nand museum are founded near Guildhall.\\n3STov. 11. London. The City and Guilds\\nof London Institute for the advancement\\nof Technical Education is constituted.\\n1877 Jan. 16. Wm. Lawrence is sen-\\ntenced to three months imprisonment\\nfor receiving money as a spiritual me-\\ndium.\\nMar. 2. London. The Rev. Josiah\\nHenson (colored), the original Uncle\\nTom of Mrs. Stowe s novel, is received\\nby the queen at Buckingham Palace.\\nMay 29-June 12. About 12,000 North-\\numberland miners strike. [Dec. 15-\\n1878,Feb. AboutS.OOOniinersare locked\\nout.]\\nMay -June The Birmingham Liberal\\nFederation is formed.\\nMay -Oct. Scot. A great strike and\\nlockout of about 10,000 shipwrights and\\nothers occur on the Clyde. The case is\\nsubmitted to arbitration the arbitrator,\\nLord Moncreiff, decides against the\\nmen.\\nJuly 31. London. The masons strike\\nfor increased waives and shorter hours.\\n[Sept.20\u00c2\u00b1. Some firms yield. 1878. Mar.\\n14. Ended.]\\nSept. 1\u00c2\u00b1. The Bolton cotton-workers\\nstrike. [Strike ended by agreement.]\\nSept. 14^22. Ire. A strike occurs on\\nthe Great Southern and Western Rail-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0994.jp2"}, "995": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1877, Jan. 1-1878, 983\\n1878 Jan. 1. The Imperial Order of\\nthe Crown of India is instituted.\\nJan. 15. The Indian Famine Relief\\nFund amounts to \u00c2\u00a3503,000.\\nJan. -Sept. Ire. Davitt and other\\nFenian prisoners are released.\\nFeb. 10. London. The Blue Ribbon\\nmovement begins with a conference of\\ntemperance workers.\\nApr. 2. The Earl of Leitrim, his clerk,\\nand driver are shot dead near his lodge,\\nManor Vaughan, Donegal.\\nApr. 18-June 17. About 120,000 spin-\\nners in Lancashire strike against a 10\\nper cent reduction of wages. [Unsuc-\\ncessful.]\\nMay 14, 15. A cotton strike and lock-\\nout causes riots at Blackburn, Burnley,\\nAccrington, Preston, and other places.\\nMay 27. Parliament: The Matrimo-\\nnial Causes Act is passed. A magis-\\ntrate may grant judicial separation with\\nmaintenance to a wife suffering from a\\nhusband s violent usage.\\nJuly 3. Parliament The Habitual\\nDrunkard s Act is passed.\\nAug. 16. Parliament: An Act is passed\\nclosing- public houses in Ireland on\\nSunday.\\nSept. London. John B. Gough lec-\\ntures. [1879. Oct. Lectures again.]\\nOct. 11. Ire. RiotsbreakontatCallan;\\na chapel and house are attacked 28 men\\nare arrested.\\nA false alarm of fire causes a panic\\nat the Colosseum Theater, Liverpool\\n37 persons are killed.\\nOct. -Dec. A partial strike and lock-\\nout of laborers takes place in Kent and\\nSussex.\\nNov. 25-Dec. 28. Cotton-workers at\\nOldham strike unsuccessfully against a\\n5 per cent reduction in wages.\\nDec. 12. Edward Byrne Madderne, a\\nlunatic, is arrested for threats to attack\\nthe queen in letters to the Home Office.\\n[1879. Jan. 13. Pronounced insane.]\\nThe Zetetical Society is established\\nalso the Folk-Lore Society.\\nThe Girls Friendly Society, to pro-\\nvide homes and assistance for working\\ngirls, is founded.\\nSTATE.\\n1877 Feb. 8. Parliament is opened\\nby the queen.\\nFeb. 9. Ire.. George Augustus Chiches-\\nter May is made chief justice.\\nApr. 30. The Government proclaims its\\nneutrality in the Russo-Turkish war.\\nMay 31. The National Liberal Fed-\\neration is formed at Birmingham.\\nJune 12. H. C. Mr. Gilpin s proposal\\nfor the abolition of the death penalty\\nis rejected. Vote, 155-50. [187S. Mar.\\n13. Again rejected. Vote, 293-64.]\\nJuly 2, 3. H. C. The Commons are in\\nsession over 15 hours cause, obstruc-\\ntion by Irish members.\\nJuly 27. H. C. A temporary resolu-\\ntion to check obstructiveness by abuse\\nof the power of moving the adjourn-\\nment of the house is passed. Vote, 282-32.\\nAug. 7. William Henry Smith is\\nmade first lord of the admiralty.\\nAug. 10. Parliament: The Fisheries\\nAct is passed.\\nIt forbids the sale of deep-sea oysters\\nbetween June 15 and Aug. 4, and the\\nsale of others bet we\u00c2\u00abm Ma v 14 and Aug. 4.\\nParliament: The Universities Act,\\nuniting Trinity College and the Catholic\\nCollege of Dublin, is passed.\\nAug. 14. Parliament The County Of-\\nficers and Courts Act for Ireland is\\npassed. A lso the Supreme Court of\\nJudicature Act for Ireland is passed.\\nOct. 16. London. Sir John Bennett,\\nthrice elected alderman, is rejected by\\nthe court of aldermen third time. Ed-\\ngar Brethtt is elected by the court of\\naldermen.\\nBritish North Borneo is ceded to the\\nBritish North Borneo Company.\\nS. Afr. The Transvaal is annexed.\\nSir Henry Cotton is elected lord\\njustice.\\nLondon. Thomas Scambler Owden is\\nelected lord mayor.\\n1878 Jan. 1. The fee for registered\\nletters is reduced from id. to 2c/.\\nJan. 17. Parliament meets. [Aug. 1C.\\nProrogued. Dec. 17. Adjourns.]\\nJan. 24. Lord Carnarvon resigns on\\naccount of the policy of the ministry.\\nMar. 28. The Earl of Derby resigns\\nApr. 2. Parliament: A message is is-\\nsued by the queen respecting calling out\\nthe reserves. [It is adopted.]\\nMay 15. H. C. A bill for reducing the\\nIrish borough suffrage to one pound\\nrating is rejected. Vote, 232-26.\\nJune 4. A secret convention is formed\\nwith Turkey.\\nEngland agrees to aid Turkey in de-\\nfending her dominions against Russia,\\nthe sultan promising reform in his Gov-\\nernment.\\nJune 13. Ger. The Berlin Congress\\nmeets. [July 13. The Berlin Treaty is\\nsigned.] (P. 831.)\\nAug. 3. H. C. After a debate on the\\nBerlin Treaty, in which Mr. Gladstone\\ndelivers a great speech, the motion\\nagainst the Government is defeated.\\nVote, 338-195.\\nAug. 16. Parliament: The Irish Sun-\\nday closing liquor-saloon bill is passed.\\nAlso the Irish Intermediate Educa-\\ntion Act, and the Territorial Waters\\nJurisdiction Act.\\nParliament: The Bishoprics Act, al-\\nlowing the erection of sees at Liverpool\\nand Newcastle, is passed.\\nSept. 1. Alexandrina, fourth child of\\nPrince Alfred Ernest, is born.\\nDec. 5. Parliament meets on account\\nof the Afghan war. (See Afghanistan.)\\nDec. 10. H. L. A motion of censure\\non the Government is defeated. Vote,\\n201-65.\\nDec. 14. H. C. The motion of censure\\nis defeated. Vote, 328-227.\\nThe term Walking-Sticks is applied\\nto candidates for Parliament nominated\\nby political associations, and subject to\\nthem in their votes.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1877 Jan. 15\u00c2\u00b1. The ship Cairo from\\nAustralia, carrying gunpowder, disap-\\npears.\\nJan. 18. The Southeastern and Lon-\\ndon, Chatham and Dover Companies\\nare amalgamated by a vote of the\\nformer.\\nFeb. 4. TheTayBridgeismuchinjured\\nby a gale.\\nFeb 8-10. Leon, a Mexican, rides 505\\nmiles in 49 hours, 5U minutes. [July\\n15. Hides 100 miles in four hours, 57\\nminutes, using six mustang horses.]\\nFeb. 24. The Avonmouth Dock at\\nBristol is opened.\\nMar. 18-23. London. O Leary wins the\\nfirst prize of the 17 pedestrians at Agri-\\ncultural Hall distance traversed, 520\\nmiles.\\nMar. 25. The Scotch express jumps\\nthe track near Morpeth five lives lost.\\nJuly 9. The Rotunda Theater at Liv-\\nerpool is burned.\\nAug. 14. The fear of the Colorado\\nbeetle invading Britain leads to an\\norder for its destruction few speci-\\nmens arrive.\\nAug. 26\u00c2\u00b1. London. Wm. Gale walks\\n1,500 miles in 1,000 consecutive hours\\nat Lillie Bridge.\\nSept. 11. The emigrant vessel Avalanche\\ncollides with the Forest off Portland\\nall lives lost but 12.\\nSept. 13. Scot. Freedom of the city of\\nGlasgow is presented to Gen. U. S.\\nGrant, ex-president United States.\\nSept. 18. Scot. The new Queen s\\nDock at Glasgow is opened.\\nSept. 26. London. A live whale from\\nLabrador, measuring nine feet, six\\ninches, is placed in the Westminster\\naquarium. [It dies soon after.]\\nOct. 15. The steamer Knapton Hall is\\nsunk by a collision with the Lochfyne\\nnine lives are lost.\\nDec. 6. The steamer Mizpah is sunk by\\ncollision with unknown vessel six lives _\\nlost.\\nOct. 22. Scot. An explosion in a col-\\nliery near Glasgow causes 232 deaths.\\nLord Falmouth s Silvio wins the\\nDerby race.\\n1878 Jan. 2-14. Temple Bar is re-\\nmoved.\\nJan. 20. London. The Egyptian obe-\\nlisk, presented by the khedive to Eng-\\nland, arrives.\\nFeb. 17. The steamer CM. Palmer col-\\nlides in the fog with the Ludworth near\\nHarwich 1-1 lives lost.\\nJune 7. Eng. A colliery explosion\\nnear Wigan kills 200 miners.\\nJuly 23-Aug. 10. John Rankin walks\\nfrom Kilmarnock to London and back\\nwith stoppages.\\nAug.* London. The Great Eastern\\nStreet is opened.\\nSept. 3. The Princess Alice is sunk by a\\ncollision with the By well Castle, near\\nWoolwich, on the Thames; about 900\\nlives lost.\\nSept. 11. Jr. A colliery explosion in\\nEbbw Vale kills 286 persons.\\nSept. 26. Ire. An engine is derailed at\\nCuna j;heen, near Cork three persons\\nare killed many injured.\\nOct. 18, 19. A railway collision near\\nPontypridd Junction causes 13 deaths,\\nand injures 40 persons.\\nOct. 28-Wov. 2. London. W. Corkey\\nwins championship and \u00c2\u00a3o00 in walk-\\ning-match in Agricultural Hall.\\nOct. 31. The cruiser Fanny collides\\nwith the Helvetia off Tuskar, Irish Chan-\\nnel 17 lives lost.\\nDec. 2. Engines are derailed near Taly-\\nbont four lives lost.\\nDec. 18. The steamer Mesopotamia is\\nwrecked at Peniche, Portugal coast\\neight lives lost.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0995.jp2"}, "996": {"fulltext": "984 1878, *-1880, Aug. 11. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1878 The powerful iron-clad Dread-\\nnought is built. The Government buys\\nfour new iron-clads.\\n1879 Jan. 2. A 38-ton gun explodes\\non the Thunderer in the Sea of Mar-\\nmora; 10 men killed.\\nJan. 11-Sept. 1. 5. Afr. War with the\\nZulus (p. 600).\\nSept. 17. The war-ship Agamemnon is\\nlaunched at Chatham.\\nDec. Orders are issued for the making\\nof breecn-loading cannon.\\n1880 Feb. 12-16. The training-ship\\nAtalania, with 280 persons, is lost on a\\nvoyage from Bermuda.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1878 William Schwenck Gilbert and\\nArthur Sullivan s operetta H. M. S.\\nPinafore appears.\\nLondon. The Imperial Theater at\\nthe Westminster Aquarium is opened.\\nGods and Their Makers is exhibited\\nby Edwin Long.\\nWilliam Spottiswoode is elected\\npresident of the Royal Society.\\n1879 Mar. 10. Scot. A statue of\\nLivingstone in St. George s Square is\\nunveiled.\\nApr. 23. London. Shakespeare s Me-\\nmorial Theater is opened.\\nMay 7. A permanent Fine Arts Exhi-\\nbition is opened by the archbishop at\\nYork.\\nSept. A. Ainslie Common s powerful\\nreflecting telescope, speculum 37J\\ninches in diameter, length 20 feet, is\\ncompleted at Ealing, Middlesex.\\nOct. 9. An obelisk is inaugurated at\\nWadesmill, as a memorial of Thomas\\nClark.\\nLondon. The Astrological Society\\nis founded.\\nThe Willughby Society, devoted to\\nthe study of birds, is founded.\\nW. Grove s electro-induction balance\\nis invented.\\n1880 Jan. 10. London. The Albert\\nInstitute, Windsor, is inaugurated by\\nthe Prince of Wales.\\nFeb. 20. Scot. Diamonds are made\\nby J. Hannay at Glasgow.\\nMar. 2. Sir William Siemens reports to\\nthe Royal Society that electric light\\nacts like solar light on vegetation.\\nMay 24. London. A statue of Lord\\nByron is unveiled in Hyde Park.\\nJune 22-Oct. 12. B. Leigh Smith leads\\na successful expedition to the polar\\nregions in his yacht Eira.\\nJuly 2. London. Queen Victoria re-\\nceives the Order of the White Ele-\\nphant from the Siamese Miaister at\\nWindsor.\\nJuly 3. London. A statue of Robert\\nRaikes, founder of the Sunday-school,\\nis unveiled on the Thames embankment.\\n1879 May 12. John Henry Newman\\nis created a cardinal priest.\\nOct. 16. London. The opening of Guild-\\nhall Library on Sundays is negatived\\nby the Common Council.\\nNov. 25. Dublin. Archbishop McCabe\\nissues a pastoral against the Land\\nLeague. [1880. Oct. 10. Ire. It is read\\nin all the churches.]\\n1880 Mar. 24. The bishopric of Liv-\\nerpool is established John Charles\\nKyle, bishop.\\nMay 20. The foundation of the new\\nCathedral of St. Mary, at Truro, is\\nlaid by the Prince of Wales.\\nMay 27. Professor W. Robertson Smith is gen-\\nerally censured for writing an article on the\\nBible, etc., for the Encyclopedia Britannica\\nin 1875; after lunt: eonsidenition by the As-\\nsembly of the Free Church of Scotland, he is\\nadmonished only. [1881. May 26. Expelled\\nfrom his prnfessurship. but allowed to retain\\nhis salary. Vote, 394-231.]\\nJune 26. London. A monument in mem-\\nory of twelve originators of Sunday-\\nschools is inaugurated by Henry Rich-\\nard, the Italian ambassador, in Essex\\nStreet, Strand.\\nJune 27-July 3. The centenary of the\\nestablishment of Sunday-schools is\\ncelebrated.\\nJuly London. Exeter Hall, Strand,\\nis bought for the Young Men s Christian\\nAssociation. [1881. Mar. 29. Opened.]\\nLondon. The Statist is issued also\\nthe Electrician, the Citizen, and The\\nMagazine of Art.\\nThe Primrose Path, by Margaret\\nOliphant, appears. [1882, the Literary\\nHistory of England and In Trust; 1885,\\nTwo Stories of the Seen and the Unseen.]\\nMediaeval Church History, by Richard\\nChenevix Trench, appears.\\nAn Inland Voyage and Edinburgh:\\nPicturesque Notes, by Robert Louis Bal-\\nfour Stevenson, appear. [1879, Travels\\nwith a Donkey in the Cevennes; 1881, Vir-\\nginibus Puertsgue and other Papers.]\\nOn the Origin and the Growth of lie-\\nligion as illustrated by the Religions of\\nIndia, by Max Muller, appears.\\n1878-89 Dictionary of Music and Musi-\\ncians, edited by Sir George Grove, ap-\\npears.\\n1878-90 History of England in the 18th\\nCentury, by Lec ky, appears.\\n1879 Apr. 11. London. The Metro-\\npolitan Free Library Association is\\nformed.\\nJune 9-14. London. The Interna-\\ntional Literary Association meets.\\nJune 30. A bill is introduced in Parlia-\\nment to abolish the Queen s Univer-\\nsity, Ireland, and to establish a new\\n(R. C.) University. [Aug. 15. Passes.]\\nSept. 12. The foundation is laid of\\nHolloway College for the Higher\\nEducation of Women, near Virginia\\nWater.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1879 Buckstone, John B., actor, dramatic\\nwriter, A77.\\nHill, Sir Rowland (penny-postage system),\\nA84.\\nHowitt, William, poet, author, A64.\\nRoebuck, John A., statesman, A77.\\nand Angus Macdonald of Argyll and Isles.\\nc The Woman s Missionary Associ-\\nation of the Presbyterian Church is\\na free library, museum, etc.\\nOct. 14. The 500th anniversary of\\nNew College, Oxford, is celebrated.\\nOct. 17. The foundation of Bidley\\nHall, Cambridge (theological), is laid.\\nOct. 20. Firth College, Sheffield, built\\nby Mark Firth, for \u00c2\u00a320,000, and endowed\\nby the town, is inaugurated by Prince\\nLeopold.\\nThe Light of Asia, by Sir Edwin Ar-\\nnold, appears.\\nDec. The Rabelais Club, to promote\\nthe study of Rabelais and the illustra-\\ntion of his works, first meets.\\nfc Somerville Hall, Oxford, is founded.\\nBurke, by John Morley, appears. [1881,\\nCobden.]\\nLife and Times of Stein, by John Rob-\\nert Seeley, appears [1882, Natural Re-\\nligion.]\\nGleanings of Past Years, by W. E.\\nGladstone, appears.\\nA Spelling Reform Association is\\nformed Bishop Temple of Exeter, Rob-\\nert Lowe, E. B. Tylor, and Max Muller\\nare among its members.\\nModern Thought is issued.\\nA Key to Shakespeare appears.\\nLondon. The Carlyle Society is\\nfounded.\\n1879-80 Dramatic Idyls, by Robert\\nBrowning, appears.\\nAnalytical Concordance to the Bible,\\nby Robert Young, appears.\\n1880 Feb.* Steel: its History, Manu-\\nfacture, Properties, and Uses, by J. S.\\nJeans, appears.\\nMar. 5. The History of Musical Pitch,\\nby A. J. Ellis, appears.\\nApr. 5. London. The Aristotelian So-\\nciety is founded.\\nApr. 20. Owens College, Manchester,\\nbecomes the Victoria University by\\nchange of title.\\nMay 1. London. The Pall Mall Gazette\\nis issued as, a liberal paper by John\\nMorley.\\nMay 31. London. St. James s Gazette\\nis issued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1878* *The Bicycle Union [the Na-\\ntional Cyclists Union] and the Cyclists\\nTouring Club are founded.\\n*The National Thrift Society is\\nformed at Oxford.\\nWilliam Birk Rhodes, the Hounslow\\nmiser, bequeaths ,\u00c2\u00a330,000 to the Royal\\nFree Hospital.\\nLondon. Northwest London Hos-\\npital, Kentish Town Road, is founded.\\n1879 Jan. 3. The goods-guards on the\\nMidland Railway strike because of alter-\\nation of time of payment. [Unsuccess-\\nful.]\\nFeb. 7. London. The engineers of 18\\nfirms strike against a reduction of\\nwages. [Oct. 4. Ended.]\\nFeb. 7-25. Riots at Liverpool, caused\\nby the strike of sailors and dock la-\\nborers, are suppressed.\\nFeb. London. The City Church and\\nChurchyard Protection Society is\\nformed.\\nMar. 2\u00c2\u00b1. Mrs. Julia Martha Thomas is\\nmurdered at Richmond by Katherine\\nWebster, a woman of thirty. [Apr. 17.\\nJohn Church, a publican, is arrested on\\nsuspicion, but discharged. May 10. Kath-\\nerine Webster is committed for trial.\\nJuly 8. Convicted. July 29. Executed\\nat Wandsworth.]\\nMar. 13. Prince Arthur marries Prin-\\ncess Louise Margaret of Prussia.\\nApr. 15. The eoal-miners at Durham\\nstrike against a reduction of wages\\nCleveland and other iron-works close;\\n70,000 men are idle. [May 16\u00c2\u00b1. Strike\\nis settled by arbitration.]\\nMay 15. Cotton-workers at Blackburn\\nstrike.\\nMay 28. Dublin. The centenary of the\\nbirth of Thomas Moore is celebrated.\\nJune 4. The first investiture of the Or-\\nder of St. Katherine, instituted by the\\nqueen, takes place.\\nJune The Workmen s Social Education\\nLeague is formed.\\nJune 25. Prince Leopold is installed\\nas master of the Freemasons Lodge of\\nAntiquity.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0996.jp2"}, "997": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1878,* *-1880, Aug. 11. 985\\nSept. 24. The Institution for the\\nBlind at Sheffield, endowed by Daniel\\nHoly, is opened.\\nNov. 21. Ire. Great orderly Home-\\nRule meetings are held at Dublin,\\nBalla, and other places.\\nDec. 5. London. Thomas Brennan is\\narrested for seditious speech at Balla,\\nNov. 22.\\nDec. 18. The Duchess of Marlborough\\nappeals for relief of distress in Ire-\\nland. [1880. Sept. 19. \u00c2\u00a3135,243 collected.]\\n1880 Jan. 2\u00c2\u00b1. Ire. Riots occur in Car-\\nraroe, Connemara, and other parts of\\nGalway, caused by notices of eviction.\\nJan. -Feb. Ire. Contributions for the\\nFamine Fund are received from the\\nUnited States, Canada, Australia, India,\\netc. [Mar. 25. Relief funds amount to\\n\u00c2\u00a3129,000; Apr. 17, \u00c2\u00a3141,562; July 23,\\n\u00c2\u00a3177,401.]\\nApr. 20. Ire. The Constellation, from\\nthe United States, arrives at Cork with\\na cargo of provisions given for relief.\\nMay 6. London. A great meeting, fa-\\nvoring woman suffrage, is held at St.\\nJames s Hall.\\nJune 3. London. A woman s body,\\nstabbed in the breast, and covered with\\nchloride of lime, is found in the house\\noccupied by Mr. Henriques, in Harley\\nStreet.\\nJune 16. London. The King of Greece\\nis given the freedom of the city.\\nJune 18, 19. Sir Wilfrid Dawson s res-\\nolution on local option is adopted by\\nthe Commons. Vote, 229-203.\\nJune 21\u00c2\u00b1. London. Tournaments are\\nheld at the Agricultural Hall for the\\nbenefit of soldiers widows and orphans.\\nJune 28. London. The first home hos-\\npital is opened in Fitzroy Square.\\nAug. 8. Ire. Thomas Boyd, crown so-\\nlicitor, and his two sons are attacked\\nat Shanlough, near New Ross, and\\nCharles Boyd is killed.\\nSTATE.\\n1878 Cyprus is ceded by convention\\nwith Turkey.\\nLondon. Sir Charles Whetham is\\nelected lord mayor.\\n1879 Jan. 22. The annual meeting of\\nthe National Liberal Federation is\\nheld at Leeds.\\nFeb. 27. H. C. An appropriation of\\n\u00c2\u00a31,500,000 is voted for the Zulu war.\\nMar. 11. H. C. The Permissive (liq-\\nuor sale) Bill resolution is rejected.\\nVote, 252-164.\\nMay 5. H. L. The Lords reject a mo-\\ntion in favor of opening museums and\\ngalleries on Sunday. Vote, 67-59. [1880.\\nFeb. 22. Again. Vote, 110-160.]\\nMay 12. The first great-grandchild of\\nQueen Victoria, Feodore, daughter of\\nCharlotte, daughter of Princess Royal\\nVictoria, and Prince Bernard of Saxe-\\nMeiningen, is born.\\nMay 26. Afghan. A treaty of peace\\nwith Afghanistan is signed at Ganda-\\nmak.\\nJune 30. Parliament: A bill to abol-\\nish the Queen s University, Ireland, and\\nto establish a new university for Cath-\\nolics, is introduced by Lord Chancellor\\nCairns.\\nJune -July H. C. There is much\\nobstruction caused by the Home Rule\\nParty; Mr. Parnell s motion against the\\nSpeaker is lost. Vote, 29-421.\\nJuly 16. H. C. C.E. Grissell and John\\nS. Ward are convicted of breach of\\nprivilege by statements as to influen-\\ncing. [They are imprisoned. July 30.\\nJohn S. Ward is released. Aug. 15. C.\\nE. Grissell is released.]\\nAug. 7. H. C. A hill allowing the en-\\nrolling of volunteers in Ireland is de-\\nfeated.\\nAug. 15. Parliament: The Preven-\\ntion of Crimes Act (Coercion Bill) for\\nIreland is passed.\\nDec. 16. London. The foundation-stone\\nof the new post-office is laid.\\nThe Irish National Land League is\\nformed by Michael Davitt, Charles S.\\nParnell, and others it aims to protect\\ntenants against the injustice of land-\\nlords.\\nLondon. Sir Francis Wyatt Truscott\\nis elected lord mayor.\\n1880 Feb. 5. Parliament is opened\\nby the queen. [Mar. 23. Closes.]\\nFeb. 22. H. L. A motion for opening\\nmuseumson Sundays is rejected. Vote,\\n34-41.\\nFeb. 26. H. C. Sir Stafford Northcote s\\nresolutions against obstruction are car-\\nried. Vote, 160-20. [They are adopted\\nin the standing orders.]\\nMar. 1. Parliament: The Seed Sup-\\nply Act passes.\\nMar. 3. Parliament: Mr. Grissell is\\narrested, and committed to prison.\\n[Mar. 34. Released.]\\nMar. 15. Parliament: The Belief of\\nDistress Act for Ireland passes.\\nApr. A general election the Libe-\\nrals gain a majority.\\nApr. 19. The charter for the new Irish\\nUniversity is signed by the queen.\\nApr. 22. The Tory minority resigns.\\nApr. 28. W. E. Gladstone becomes\\npremier.\\nMembers of the Administration: W. E.\\nGladstone (L. Treas. Chanc Exeheq.), Roun-\\ndell Palmer, Huron Selborne (L. Chanc).\\nJohn Povntz, Hurl Spencer (L. Pres. of\\nCouncil), The Duke of Argyll (L. P. Seal),\\nSir William V. Harcourt (Home Sec 1 Earl\\nGranville (Foreign Sec). The Earl of Kim-\\nberley(Sec Colonies), Marquis of Hartington\\n(Sec. for India), Thomas George Baring,\\nEarl of Northbrook (L. Adm.), John Bright\\n(Chanc of lmchy of Lancaster.), John George\\nDodson (Pres. of Local Government Board),\\nJoseph (Tiainiierlain (Pres. of Board of\\nTrade), and Hugh C. E. Childers (Sec. of\\nWar).\\nApr. 29. The new Parliament meets.\\nAbout 65 members are home-rulers.\\n[1885. Nov. 18. Dissolved.]\\nApr. Liverpool is named a city.\\nApr. Ire. Lord O Hagan is made lord\\nchancellor.\\nMay 3. H. C. CharleB Bradlaugh,\\nM. P. for Northampton, objecting to\\ntake the oath in the Commons because\\nof his disbelief in God, is refused per-\\nmission to affirm. [May 22. His offer\\nto take oath is rejected. June 22. His\\noffer to affirm is refused. Vote, 275-\\n230.]\\nHenry Fawcett becomes postmaster-\\ngeneral.\\nMay 5. Ire. Earl Cowper is made lord-\\nlieutenant.\\nMay 17. Charles Stewart Parnell is\\nchosen leader of the Irish party, 45 of\\nthe members voting for him.\\nMay 22. The National Reform Union\\nmeets at Manchester it claims to have\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ill affiliated societies.\\nMay George Osborne Morgan is made\\njudge-advocate-general.\\nJune 18. H. C. A majority of 26 passes\\na resolution favoring a law conferring\\non electors the right to decide for or\\nagainst the liquor- license system.\\nJune 23. H. C. Charles Bradlaugh\\nclaims his right to take oath in the\\nCommons, and refuses to withdraw; he\\nis imprisoned by order of the House.\\nVote, 326-38. [June 24. He is released.]\\nJune 25. H. C. The London Munici-\\npality Bill is introduced by Mr. Frith.\\nJuly 2. H. C. Mr. Gladstone s resolu-\\ntion to permit members of the Com-\\nmons to affirm instead of taking oath is\\ncarried. Vote, 303-249.\\nH, C. Mr. Bradlaugh affirms, and is\\nadmitted to his seat.\\nJuly 6. H, C. The Compensation for\\nDisturbance Bill checking evictions in\\nIreland is read a second time. Vote,\\n295-217. [July 27. It passes. Vote, 303-\\n237. Aug. 3. Lords reject it.]\\nAug. 9. An Irish Home-Rule Conven-\\ntion meets at Newcastle-on-Tyne.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1878 Mr. Crawford s Sefton wins the\\nDerby race. [1879. Mr. Acton s Sir\\nBevys.]\\n1879 Feb. 2. Scot. The Theater\\nRoyal, Glasgow, is burned.\\nSept. 17, 18. London. An interna-\\ntional potato exhibition is held at the\\nCrystal Palace.\\nDec. 18. The Holborn Town Hall is\\nopened by the lord mayor.\\nDec. 28. Scot. The Tay Bridge ia\\npartly destroyed by a gale at 7.15 p. m.,\\nwhile a mail-train is passing over it,\\nwhich disappears in the water a gap of\\nabout 3,000 feet is made, and 80\u00c2\u00b1 lives\\nare lost. [1880. Apr. 27. About 46\\nbodies are recovered.]\\n1880 Jan. 15. An error of the signal-\\nman causes a railwav collision at Burs-\\ncough Junction eight lives lost.\\nJan. 21. A colliery explosion occurs\\nat Newcastle 70 persons are killed.\\nFeb. 8. The Valentine founders near\\nFalmouth 16 lives lost.\\nFeb. 9. Dublin. The Royal Theater is\\nburned six lives lost.\\nFeb. 13. The Straithnairn collides\\nwith the Edith Hough off Ushant all\\nperish.\\nFeb. 16-21. Blower Brown walks 553\\nmiles in six days, and wins the long\\ndistance championship of England.\\nMar. 1. The Vingorla sinks off Bombay\\n66 lives lost.\\nMar. 20. A train is derailed at Loft-\\nhouse, near Wakefield two deaths re-\\nsult.\\nJune 24. London. The Victoria Docks,\\nenlarged and completed, are named the\\nRoyal Albert Docks by the Duke and\\nDuchess of Connaught.\\nJuly 4. The Holborn Theater (Mirror)\\nis burned.\\nJuly 15. W. A colliery explosion oc-\\ncurs at Riska; 119 killed.\\nAug. 11. A train is derailed near Wen-\\nnington Junction; eight persons killed.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0997.jp2"}, "998": {"fulltext": "08G 1880, Aiig. 11-1881, Aug. 11. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1880 S. Afr. War with the Basutos\\n(p. 602).\\nS. Afr. The Boers of the Transvaal,\\nrecently declared a British colony, de-\\nmand independence, and proclaim the\\ncountry a republic war with England\\nfollows.\\n1881 Feb. 8. S. Afr. The Boers defeat\\nGen. Sir George P.* Colley, in an attack\\non Laing s Neck.\\nFeb. 27. S. Afr. The Boers defeat the\\nBritish under Gen. Colley at Majuba\\nHill.\\nGen. Colley and over 80 of his men are\\nkilled, and many wounded; loss of the\\nBoers, about 150. [Aug. 8. Peace is\\nconcluded, the British ceding to the\\nBoers the Transvaal territory, which\\nbecomes the South African Republic]\\nApr. 26. The war-ship Doterel is de-\\nstroyed by an explosion in the Strait\\nof Magellan 150 perish.\\nApr. Flogging; in the army is abol-\\nished.\\nJune 15. The war-ship Polyphemus is\\nlaunched at Chatham. [Aug. 26, and\\nthe Canada at Portsmouth Sept. 8,\\nthe Conqaeror at Chatham 1882, Mar.\\n18, the Edinburgh at Pembroke; Mar.\\n21, the Colossus at Portsmouth.]\\nJuly 9. Queen Victoria reviews 52,000\\nvolunteers at Windsor. [Aug. 25. She\\nreviews 40,000 volunteers at Edinburgh.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\nOct. 28. London. The Topographical\\nSociety is foiuided.\\nNov. 6. London. The princess Thea-\\nter (rebuilt) is opened.\\nNov. 8. London. The Temple Bar\\nMemorial is uncovered.\\nNov. 28. Slight earthquake shocks oc-\\ncur at Inverary and other places.\\nLondon. A statue of the Prince of\\nWales is unveiled on the Temple Bar\\nsite also a statue of Queen Victoria.\\nLondon. The Balloon Society is\\nfounded.\\nApr. 27. A new school of art is opened\\nby the Earl of Derby at Manchester.\\nMay A statue of Prince Louis Napo-\\nleon Is placed in St. George s Chapel,\\nWindsor, the proposed placing it in\\nWestminster Abbey having been much\\nopposed.\\nJune 14. Scot. B. L. Smith s Polar\\nexpedition sails in the Eira.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1880 Barry, Edward M., architect, A50.\\nCockburn, Sir Alexander J- E., jurist, A78.\\nFortune, Robert, Scottish botanist, A67.\\nKean. Ellen Tree, actor, A75.\\nLewes, .Mary A. E. (George Eliot), novel-\\nist, A61.\\nMackenzie, Robert shelton, Irish journalist,\\nA71.\\nMiller, William H., pbys., mineralogist, A79.\\nl lanche, James K., dramatist, writer, A84.\\nStanley, Arthur P., dean of Westminister,\\nauthor, A66.\\nTaylor, Tom, dramatist, A63.\\nCHURCH.\\n1880 Sept. 7. Parliament The Bur-\\nial Act is passed. It permits any Chris-\\ntian service in a parish churchyard.\\nSept. 28-Oct. 1. A Church Congress\\nis held at Leicester.\\n[1881, Oct. 4-10, at Newcastle-on-Tyne\\n1882, Oct. 3-6, at Derby; 1883, Oct. 2, at\\nReading; 18S4, Sept. 30, at Carlisle;\\n1885, Oct. 6, at Portsmouth.]\\nOct. 30. Edinburgh. St. Mary s Epis-\\ncopal Cathedral is consecrated.\\n*The Oxford Mission to Calcutta is\\norganized. Also the English Zenana\\nMissionary Society, and the Church of\\nEngland Book Society for the circula-\\ntion of sound Christian literature at\\nhome and abroad.\\nScot. The Soul-winning and Prayer\\nUnion is formed. Also the Zenana Mis-\\nsion of the United Presbyterian Church\\nof Scotland.\\nBishops consecrated (Church of Eng-\\nland)\\nDouglas Mackenzie for Zululand, George\\nEvanB Moule for Mid-China, C. Perry Scott\\nfor North China, Enos Nutta.ll for Jamaica,\\nW. I., J. E. Pearson for Newcastle, Austra-\\nlia. [1881, G. F. Hose for Singapore, China;\\n1882, G. W. Kennion for Adelaide, Australia,\\nJ. M. Strachan for Rangoon, Ind., Ernest\\nWilherforce for Newcastle, and Edward Sul-\\nlivan for Algoma, Can.; 1883, Alfred Barry\\nfor New South Wales, Sidney JLinten for\\nRiverina, Australia, Randall T. Davidson\\nfor Windsor, James R. A. Chinnery-Haldane\\nfor Argyll, Richard Lewis for Llandaff, A. G.\\nDouglas for Aberdeen, C. A. Smytliies- for\\nCentral Africa, Krnest G. Ingham for Sierra\\nLeone, Allan B. Webb for Grahamstown,\\nSouth Africa, Herbert Bree for Barbados,\\nand William J. Jackson for Antigua.]\\nBishops consecrated (Roman Catho-\\nlic)\\nJohn Coadon for Mysore, Ind., Theophilus\\nMelizan for Jaffna, Ceylon, Michael Naugh-\\nten for Roseau, and Arthur G. Riddell for\\nNorthampton. [Issl, Francis 1 esci for Alla-\\nhabad; 1882, Peter Caprotti for Hyderabad,\\nInd., John Colgan, archbishop of Madras,\\nInd., Robert Dunne, archbishop of Brisbane,\\nAustralia, John H. Luck for Auckland, N. S.\\nW., John Virtue for Portsmouth, and Thomas\\nCarr, archbishop of Melbourne; 1884, James\\nMoore for Ballarat, Australia.]\\n1881 Jan. 8. The Court of Arches\\nfinally decides against Rev. John Baghot\\nde la Bere, who was deposed for dis-\\nobedience respecting ritualism.\\nJan. 10. Memorials in favor of tolera-\\ntion of divergence in ritualistic prac-\\ntises are presented to the archbishop of\\nCanterbury from Dr. Church and other\\nclergymen. [Jan. 31. Counter memori-\\nals, opposing toleration of unscriptural\\npractises, are presented to the arch-\\nbishop of Canterbury, by bishops Parry,\\nRyan, and others.]\\nApr. 7- The House of Lords dismisses\\nRev. A. H. Mackonochie s appeal; it\\naffirms the sentence of three years sus-\\npension for ritualistic practises. [Dec. 1.\\nHe resigns the living of St. Albans, Hol-\\nborn.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1880 Sept. 4. The Technical College,\\nNewcastle, is inaugurated.\\nSept. 30. The Wordsworth Society\\nis formed at Grasmere, Westmoreland.\\nOct. 28. London. The Topographical\\nSociety is inaugurated.\\nOct. The university college at Liver-\\npool is founded.\\nLondon. The Ascham Society is\\nformed.\\nWomen are first admitted to de-\\ngrees in the University of London and\\nthe University College.\\nDublin. The Queen s University is\\ndissolved into the Royal University of\\nIreland.\\nThe Modern Review is issued also The\\nLady s Pictorial and Antiquary Maga-\\nHistory of Our Own Times, by Justin\\nMcCarthy, appears. 1882. Epoch of lie-\\nform; 1884, History of the Four Georges.\\nJapan, by Sir Edward J. Reed, appears.\\nr Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, by Isabella\\nBird, appears.\\nThe Crayfish, by Huxley, appears.\\n[1881, Science and Culture.\\nThe Prince s Quest, by William Wat-\\nIre. Poems, by Sir Samuel Fergu\\nBallads in Blue China, by Andrew-\\nLang, appears. [1885, Rhymes a la Mode.]\\nMoths and Ariadne, by Ouida, appear.\\n[1883, Wanda; 1884, Princess JS ajjraxine.]\\nEndymion, by Benjamin Disraeli, Earl\\nof Beaconsfield, appears.\\nIre. Young Ireland: a Fragment of\\nIrish Histori/, 1840-50, by Sir Charles\\nGavan Duffy, appears. [1883, Four Years\\nof Irish History, 1845^9.]\\nPrimer of French Literature, by E. B.\\nSaintsbury, appears. [1882, A Short His-\\ntory of French Literature 1887, History\\nof Elizabethan Literature.]\\nElements of English Prosody, Notes on\\nSamuel Pro ut and William Hunt, and\\nArrows of the Chare, by Kuskin, appear.\\n[1881, The Lord s rayerand the Church,\\nand Our Fathers Have Told Us.]\\n1881 June 1. Selwyn College, Cam-\\nbridge, is founded. [1882 Oct. 10.\\nOpened.]\\nJune 30. The University free public li-\\nbrary and free natural history museum,\\nNottingham, are opened by Prince\\nLeopold, Duke of Albany.\\nJuly* London. The Evening Jtfetus is\\nissued.\\nJuly* Dublin. The United Ireland is\\nissued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1880 Aug. 11. Ire. About 40 cases of\\narms are stolen from the Norwegian\\nvessel Juno, at Cork. [Some of the se-\\ncreted arms are recovered.]\\nAug. 15-18. Ire. Rioting occurs at\\nDungannon and Belfast.\\nSept. 12, 13. A packet of dynamite is\\nplaced on the rails of the L. and N. W.\\nRailway, between Bushey and Watford.\\nSept.* London. The Temperance Hos-\\npital, Hampstead Road, is founded.\\nSept. 25. Ire. Lord Mountmorres is\\nshot at Ruthven, Gahvay.\\nSept. -Oct. Ire. Boycotting is ad-\\nvocated by Parnell and others.\\nOct. 7. Dublin. The lord-lieutenant re-\\nceives 105 landowners and agents who\\nplead for protection from terrorists in\\nthe south and west of Ireland.\\nOct. 16. Ire. Agrarian outrages:\\nJohn Downing, a driver, is killed near\\nDrimoleague, Cork, by a shot intended\\nfor his employer, Samuel Hutchings.\\nOct. 26, 27. Ire. Timothy L. Healy,\\nMr. Parnell s secretary, and Mr. Walsh\\nare arrested for intimidating Mr. Man-\\nning.\\nNov. 3\u00c2\u00b1. Mr. Parnell and others are ar-\\nrested for intimidation to prevent the\\npayment of rents.\\nNov. 11, 12. Ire. Capt. Boycott of\\nLough Mask farm, near Ballinrobe,\\nMayo, a rackrenting landlord, is be-\\nsieged by his tenants his laborers are\\nintimidated, and his tradesmen refuse\\nhim supplies. [His crops are gathered\\nby immigrants under the protection of\\nthe military.]\\nNov. 12. Henry Wheeler, a land agent,\\nis murdered.\\nNov. 27. H. L. It is decided that the\\nhusband is not responsible for his wife s\\ndebts if he allow sufficient for dress and\\nnecessary expenses.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0998.jp2"}, "999": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1880, Aug. 11-1881, Aug. 11. 987\\nNov. The Irish Property Defense\\nAssociation is formed by landlords.\\nDec. 14. The Sanitary Assurance As-\\nsociation is formed.\\nDec. Ire. W. Bence Jones of Ballinas-\\ncorthy is boycotted.\\nDec* Dublin. Judges Fitzgerald, Barry,\\nand Dowze deliver alarming charges\\non the state of the country.\\nIre. An Irish state Lottery is drawn.\\nEstimated cost of intoxicating liq-\\nuors per capita, $17.58.\\nLiberal collections are made for suf-\\nferers by the loss of relatives in the Tay\\nBridge disaster.\\nNumber of persons convicted of crime\\nin England and Wales, 11,214. [1881,\\n11,353; 1882, 11,699; 1883, 11,347; 1884,\\n11,134: 1885, 10,500.]\\nTitles created\\nEarls of Sondes, Lovelace, and Lytton,\\nand Barons Trevor, Doniiigton, Lainington,\\nShute, Hulilon, Wutson, Anlihiim, and Bra-\\nbourne. [1881. Baiv.ns TwvMinouth, Hoth-\\nfield, Derwent, Tweed.la.le, ffowth, Eeay,\\nand Ampthill; ltf82. Karl Selbourne and\\nBaron Aleester; 1884, Viscount of Hampden,\\nand Barons Monk Brett on, Northburae, De\\nVesci, Tennyson, Sudley, Hemes, and\\n.Strathspey; Marquis of Breadalbane,\\nEarl of Iddesleigh, Viscounts of Oxenburg\\nand Wolseley, ami Barons Huhl muse, Monks-\\nwell, Lingen, Northington, Elphinstone,\\nMontagu of Bealieu, I owerscourt, Revel-\\nstoke, Rothschild, Colville of Culross, Dera-\\nmore, Esher,\\\\Vaniaur, Ilulslmrv, Ashbourne,\\nand St. Oswald.]\\n1881 Jan. 12-Feb. 21. About 40,000\\nminers strike.\\nJan. There are 439 agrarian outrages\\nreported. [Feb.* 170 more Mar* 146;\\nApr.* 293.]\\nFeb. 3, 4. Ire. Michael Davitt is ar-\\nrested, and committed to prison.\\nMar. 10. Dublin. Many agitators are\\narrested, and 23 lodged -in the Kilmain-\\nham jail.\\nLondon. The Municipal Reform\\nLeague is founded.\\nMar. 16. London. An unsuccessful at-\\ntempt is made to blow up part of Man-\\nsionHouse; a box containing40 pounds\\nof gunpowder is found in a window.\\n[1882. May 12. Another attempt is\\nmade.]\\nMar. Ire. The Clan-Wa-Gael Secret\\nSociety is formed to replace that of\\nthe Fenians.\\nMay 1. Ire. Outrages aud cruelties are\\nperpetrated Dublin city is proclaimed.\\nMay 2. John Dillon, M. P., a Land\\nLeaguer, is arrested.\\nMay 24. Prince Leopold George is\\ncreated Baron Ark low, Earl of Clarence,\\nand Duke of Albany.\\nJune 2. Ire. Eviction riots occur at\\nScariff County Clare some persons are\\nkilled and many injured.\\nJune 5, 6, 7. ire. Much rioting occurs\\nin the County of Cork.\\nJune 9. The centenary of George Ste-\\nphenson s birth is celebrated in many\\nplaces.\\nJune 10. Two Fenians are convicted\\nof plotting to blow up the town hall,\\nLiverpool. [Aug. 2. James McGrath is\\nsentenced to penal servitude for life and\\nJames McKnivett to 15 years imprison-\\nment.]\\nJuly Infernal machines are discov-\\nered in steamers Malta and Bavaria at\\nLiverpool.\\nJuly The South African Association\\nis established.\\nAug. 1. London. An International\\nPharmaceutical Congress, with an\\nexhibition, is opened.\\n1880 Aug. 26-27. H. C. Irish af-\\nfairs are discussed continuously for 21\\nhours.\\nSept. 7. Parliament The Employers*\\nLiability Act and the Wild Birds\\nProtection Act are\\nNov. 26. Lord Coleridge is made lord\\nchief justice.\\n*Census taken; population of the\\nUnited Kingdom, 34,468,000.\\nThe receiving of postage stamps in\\nsavings-banks in lieu of small sums is\\ngenerally adopted.\\nThe Patriotic Association is formed\\nit aims to aid in upholding the honor and\\ninterest of the British Empire.\\n1881 Jan. 6. Parliament meets.\\nJan. 14. H. C. Mr. Parnell s Irish\\nAmendment to the address is defeated\\nafter a debate of eight days. Vote, 57-\\n435.\\nJan. 20. H. C. Mr. Dawson s and Mr.\\nO Kelly s Irish Amendments are re-\\njected. Vote, 36-274 and 34-178.\\nJan. 24. H. C. Mr. Forster introduces\\nhis bill for the Protection of Life and\\nProperty (Coercion Bill) in Ireland.\\nJan. 26. H. C. Mr. Gladstone s motion\\nfor urgency for the Irish Coercion Bill\\nis carried after an all-night sitting.\\nVote, 251-33.\\nFeb. 2. H. C. Debate on the first read-\\ning of Mr. Forster s Irish Coercion Bill\\nis summarily closed by the Speaker, in vi-\\nolation of the rules, after the House has\\nbeen sitting continuously since Jan. 31.\\nFeb. 3. H. C. On the motion of Mr.\\nGladstone, 36 Irish members (Mr. Par-\\nnell and his followers) are suspended\\nfor the sitting for disregarding the au-\\nthority of the chair.\\nFeb. 0. H. C. New rules of debate\\nauthorizing closure by the chair are laid\\non the table by the Speaker. [Feb. 21.\\nNew closure rules are modified and\\nadopted.]\\nFeb. 25. H. C. The Irish Coercion\\nBill is read a third time, and passed.\\nVote, 281-36. [Mar. 2. Passes the Lords.\\nMar. 3. Receives royal assent.]\\nFeb. A manifesto is issued byMr.Par-\\nnell, and a counter one by Mr. Shaw.\\nMar. 1. H. C. The Irish Peace Preser-\\nvation Bill (Arms Bill) is introduced.\\n[Mar. 11. Passed. Mar. IS. Passes Lords.\\nMar. 21. Receives royal assent.]\\nMar. 14. H. C. A motion by Mr. Glad-\\nstone for urgency with the supplies is\\nlost. Vote, 212-296.\\nMar. 26. The Irish National Land\\nLeague of Great Britain is formed, with\\nJustin McCarthy as president.\\nMar. 29. H. C. AshtonW. Dilke s mo-\\ntion for the adoption of the decimal\\nsystem is defeated. Vote, 108-2S.\\nApr. 7. H. C. The Irish Land Bill is\\nintroduced in the Commons by Mr.\\nGladstone.\\nApr. 9. Mr. Bradlaugh is reelected\\nM. P. for Northampton.\\nApr. 26. H. C. Mr. Bradlaugh s offer\\nto take oath is refused, and he is forcibly\\nexpelled. [May 10. He is again forcibly\\nApr. The Duke of Argyll resigns as\\nlord privy seal, and is succeeded by Lord\\nCarlingford.\\nMay 1. Dublin. The city is proclaimed\\nunder the Coercion Act.\\nMay 5. Parliament: The Irish party is\\ndivided on the Land Bill Mr. Parnell\\nopposes it.\\nMay 20. H. C. The Irish Land Bill\\nis read a second time. Vote, 352-176.\\nJune 1. Penny postage stamps begin\\nto be used for receipt stamps.\\nJune 22. H. C. A motion by Mr. Pease\\nto abolish punishment by death is de-\\nfeated. Vote, 175-79.\\nJune 27 Fi ve j udges decide that parents\\nmust pay school fees in advance or ask\\npecuniary aid, and that non-payment\\nmust be taken as non-attendance.\\nJuly 5. Parliament: The New Parlia-\\nmentary Oath s Bill is discharged.\\nJuly 29. H. C. The Irish Land Bill is\\nread the third time. Vote, 220-14. [Aug.\\n3. The second time in the Lords. Aug.\\n8. The third time in the Lords with\\namendments.]\\nAug. 3. A treaty is signed with the\\nTransvaal, recognizing the indepen-\\ndence of that country, subject to suze-\\nrainty of the queen.\\nH. C. Police prevent Mr. Brad-\\nlaugh from entering. The House rejects\\na motion to rescind the resolution of\\nMay 10. Vote, 191-7.\\nAug. 11. H. C. Some of the Lords\\namendments to the Irish Land Bill are\\nrejected. [Aug. 12-15. The differences\\nbetween Lords and Commons are ad-\\njusted by compromise. Aug. 23. The\\nbill becomes law.]\\nIt establishes a court of commission to\\nfix fair rents in Ireland on application\\nof tenants, rents fixed to hold for 15\\nyears.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1880 Sept. 8. A colliery explosion\\nnear Durham causes 164 deaths.\\nDec. 10. W. An explosion occurs at\\nPen-y-grage colliery 100 persons killed.\\nDublin. The Hawkins Street Theater\\nis burned.\\nThe Duke of Westminster s Bend Or\\nwins the Derby. [1881, Mr. Lorillard s\\nIroquois wins 1882, Duke of Westmin-\\nster s Shotover; 1883, SirF. Johnstone s\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2St. Blaise 1884, J. Hammond s St. Ga-\\ntien; and Sir J. Willoughby s Har-\\nvester.]\\n1881 June 2. London. An Interna-\\ntional Woolen Exhibition is held at the\\nCrystal Palace, Sydenham opened by\\nthe Duke of Connaught.\\nJune The Dover and Deal Railway is\\nopened.\\nJune Ire. The census report shows\\na decrease of one-ninth in the popula-\\ntion in 10 years.\\nJuly 16\u00c2\u00b1. London. An International\\nSanitary Exhibition is held at Royal\\nAlbert Hall.\\nJuly 20. A storm sinks 10 fishing-boats\\noff the Shetland Isles 48 lives lost.\\nJuly 26. Scot. The new dock at Leith\\nis opened by the Duke of Edinburgh.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_0999.jp2"}, "1000": {"fulltext": "1881, Aug. 22-1882, July 15. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1882 June -Sept. 14. Egypt. War\\nwith Arabi Pasha.\\nArabi Pasha heads a revolt against\\nforeign interference in Egyptian affairs,\\nEngland and other European powers\\nhaving taken control in the regulation\\nof the Egyptian public debt riots break\\nout in Alexandria, and Europeans are\\nmassacred in the streets (p. 65S).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1881 Aug. 24. London. An Interna-\\ntional Horticultural Exhibition is\\nopened.\\nAug. 26-85 Jan.* Schaeberle s\\ncomet is visible to the naked eye.\\nAug. 31. The British Association sits\\nat York. [1882, Aug. 23, at .Southampton\\n1883, Sept. 19, at Southport 1884, at\\nMontreal 1885, Sept. 9, at Aberdeen.]\\nOct. 3. The Social Science Association\\nmeets at Dublin. [1X82, Sept. 20, at Not-\\ntigham 18S3, Oct. 3, at Huddersfield;\\n1884, Sept. 17, at Birmingham.]\\nOct. 4. TJenning s comet appears.\\nOct. 10. London. The Savoy Theater\\nis opened.\\nOct. 10-19. A violent hurricane causes\\ngreat destruction of life and property\\nhouses are demolished, and trees torn up\\nby the roots; 130 wrecks. [Nov. 26,27.\\niales cause great destruction of life and\\nproperty. Bee. 17-21. More gales.]\\nThe Otto bicycle is first patented.\\nA Btatue of Thomas Clarkson, the\\nantislavery advocate, is unveiled at\\nWisbech, Cambridge.\\nTelephotography is invented by\\nShelford Bidwell images of objects are\\nreproduced at a distance by means of\\nelectricity and selenium.\\nE. J. Muybridge takes instantaneous\\nphotographs of animals in rapid mo-\\ntion.\\nGilbert and Sullivan s operetta, Pa-\\ntience, appears.\\n*The Ruskin Museum of Art, Shef-\\nfield, is founded by John Ruskin. [18S2,\\nFeb. The Ruskin Society is formed.]\\nLondon. The Chemical Industry\\nSociety is founded.\\n1882 Jan. 6. A destructive gale visits\\nEngland and Scotland. [Jan. 26-28, and\\nApr. 20. More gales.J\\nFeb. 20. London. The Society for\\nPsychical Research is formed.\\nFeb. 25-June 3. London. An Inter-\\nnational Electrical Exhibition is held\\nat the Crystal Palace.\\nMar. 4. The first electric tramway\\ncars are run at Leytonstone, Essex.\\nMar. 17. Capt. Abney photographs a\\ndisk in rapid motion by the electric\\nspark.\\nApr. 12. London. The new Abbey\\nGardens at Westminster are opened.\\nMay 5. London. A series of perform-\\nances of Wagner s Ring des Xit e!ungeii,\\nin four parts Rheingold, Walkiire, Sieg-\\nfried, and Gotterdammerung), are given.\\nMay 11. The British circumpolar ex-\\npedition departs.\\nMay 29. The Abbey Park, Leicester,\\nis opened by the Prince of Wales.\\nJune 10. Mr. Simmons ascends in a\\nballoon, and goes from Maldon, Essex\\nCounty, to Arras, France, 140 miles, in\\none hour and 20 minutes.\\nJune 17. London. A statue of Row-\\nland Hill at the Royal Exchange is un-\\nveiled by the Prince of Wales.\\nJune 22. The Hope sails in search of\\nthe Eira in polar regions.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1881 Borrow, George, wr., traveler, A78.\\nBeaconsneld, Earl of, Benjamin Disraeli,\\nstatesman, author, A76.\\nBurton, John H., historian, Scotland, A72.\\nCarlyle, Thomas, hist., phil., au., Scot., A86.\\nGould, John, naturalist, A77.\\nMcliale, John, archbishop of Tuam, scholar,\\nauthor, Ireland, A90.\\nStarley, James, inventor of bicycles, dies.\\nStreet, George E., architect, A57.\\nCHURCH.\\n1881 Sept. 6\u00c2\u00b1. London. An Ecumen-\\nical Methodist Conference is held at\\nCity Road Chapel 400 delegates, minis-\\nters and laymen from all parts of the\\nworld, represent nearly 4,000,000 others.\\nOct. 6. London. The American Evan-\\ngelists, Moody and Sankey, arrive.\\nOct. 19. Ire. Archbishop Croke censures\\nthe Land League for ordering the non-\\npayment of rent. [Oct. 30. Archbishop\\nM Cabe s pastoral against the Land\\nLeague manifesto is read in the churches\\nof Dublin.]\\nOct. 25. The Evangelical Alliance\\nmeets at Liverpool.\\n[1883, Oct. 16, at Norwich 1884, Aug.\\n30, at Copenhagen Oct. 28, at Brighton\\n1885, Oct. 7, at Glasgow; 1886, Sept. 21,\\nat Ryde 1888, Sept. 25, at Plymouth.]\\nNov. The principal entrance to West-\\nminster Abbey, after designs by Gil-\\nbert Scott, is repaired at a cost of\\n\u00c2\u00a320,000.\\n1882 Mar. 27. Dublin. Archbishop\\nMcCabe is created a cardinal priest.\\nJune 3. London. St. Paul s principal\\nbell, the Great Bell, is dedicated.\\nJune The Catholic League is formed\\n(Church of England).\\nLETTERS.\\n1881 Oct. 28. London. The Browning\\nSociety is founded.\\nNov. Scot. A mining library and\\n\u00c2\u00a31,000 are bequeathed to the University\\nof Glasgow by Mr. Macdonald, M.P.\\nLondon. Knowledge is issued; also\\nthe People, and the Hellenic .society Jour-\\nLondon. The Examiner suspends.\\nLegible Shorthand, by Pocknell, ap-\\npears.\\nReminiscences of Carlyle, by Froude,\\nappears. [1882, Life of fhomas Carlyle.}\\nProgress its Law and Course, by Her-\\nbert Spencer, appears. [1882, The Phi-\\nlosophy of Style; 1884, The Man versus\\nthe State, and The Coming Slavery\\n1887, The Factors of Organic Evolution.]\\nAspects of Poetry, by John Campbell\\nShairp, appears.\\nMovement in Plants, by Darwin, ap-\\npears.\\nEssays on the Floating Matter of the\\nAir in Relation to Putrefaction and Li-\\nfer (ion, by John Tyridall, appears.\\n[1882, Free* Molecules and Radiant Heat.]\\nSavonarola, by Alfred Austin, ap-\\npears.\\nPoems, by Oscar Wilde, appears. [1882\\nVera; 1888, The Happy Prince, and\\nother Tales.]\\nThat Beautiful Wretch, by William\\nBlack, appears.\\n1882 Jan. 14. The University Col-\\nlege, Liverpool, is inaugurated by the\\nEarl of Derby.\\nMar. 31. London. The foundation is\\nlaid of the City of London College\\nnear Moorgate Street.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1881 Sept. About 2,000 French and\\nBelgian singers and musicians meet\\nat Brighton.\\nSept. 8. London. The National League\\nfor the unification and consolidation of\\nthe empire meets at Westminster.\\nSept. 17-19. Delegates from the Land\\nLeague meet, and declare for the aboli-\\ntion of landlordism the Land Act is\\ndenounced Mr. Parnell attends.\\nSept. 21-27. The court and the whole\\ncountry are in mourning for the mur-\\ndered President Garfield, U. S. A.\\nSept. Ire. Boycotting increases shop-\\nkeepers suffer.\\nSept. Bad weather prevails poor har-\\nvest and much depression follow.\\nOct. 13. Dublin. Mr. Parnell is im-\\nprisoned in Kilmainham jail for incit-\\ning to intimidation and non-payment of\\nrent.\\nOct. 14-16. Ire. Sexton, O Kelley, J.\\nP. Quinn, Dillon, O Brien, and other\\nagitators are arrested.\\nOct. 15-18. Ire. Riots in Dublin and\\nLimerick are suppressed more arrests\\nare made.\\nOct. IS. Ire. The Land League issues\\na manifesto den. hi i icing the Government,\\nand ordering ;i .strike against the pay-\\nment of rents. [Oct. 20\u00c2\u00b1. Dublin and\\nLimerick are quiet.]\\nOct. 23. London. About 40,000 persons\\nmeet in Hyde Park to protest against\\nthe arrest of Mr. Parnell and others\\nMr. O Donnell is chief speaker.\\nOct. 30. Ire. The Land League hav-\\ning been proclaimed by the Government,\\nthe leaders declare for passive resist-\\nance.\\nNov. Important decisions in favor of\\ntenants are made by sub-coinmissionera\\nat Belfast.\\nNov. 8. Dublin. A Home-Rule meet-\\ning is held.\\nNov. 25\u00c2\u00b1. A strike occurs in the pot-\\nteries; 70 firms and 30,000 men are con-\\ncerned.\\nNov. 30. Ire. A strike against the pay-\\nment of rent in Limerick, and evictions,\\nis ordered.\\nNov. Ire. Murders and outrages con-\\ntinue.\\nNov. Dublin. A secret society, called\\nthe Irish Invincibles, is established.\\nDec. 20\u00c2\u00b1. Ire. An association to sup-\\nport the Land Law is organized.\\nDec. Ire. Great increase of crime in\\nMunster is reported.\\nAn association for the encouragement\\nof -woolen manufactures is founded\\nby the Countess of Bective and others.\\nIre. Number of agrarian outrages\\nreported, 4,439.\\n1882 Jan. 2. Ire. Several lady Land\\nLeaguers are arrested.\\nJan. 16. London. The Land National-\\nization Society is formed at Westmin-\\nster.\\nJan. 28. Ire. About forty suspects are\\narrested. [Apr. 1. Increased to 511.]\\nFeb. 1. London. A great meeting at tho\\nMansion House denounces the cruelty\\nto Jews in Russia as an offense to civi-\\nlization. [May 19. For their benefit\\n\u00c2\u00a372,000 is raised.]\\nFeb. 2-June 9. Tron-workers strike at\\nHopton and Darlington.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1000.jp2"}, "1001": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1881, Aug. 22-1882, July 15. 989\\nFeb. 25. Dublin. Bailey, an informer\\nagainst the Land League, is murdered.\\n[Feb.*-Mar.* Ire. Many murders are\\ncommitted.]\\nMar. 2. London. Robert McLean, aged\\n27, shoots at the queen in the Great\\nWestern Railway Station.\\nApr. 10. Dublin. Mr. Parnell is re-\\nleased on parole for 10 days. [May 5.\\nAlso Michael Davitt.]\\nApr. 19. A riot occurs among miners at\\nWrexham.\\nApr. 19-Sept. Scot. No-rent riots\\noccur in Skye.\\nApr. 21. The income granted to Prince\\nLeopold George is increased \u00c2\u00a310,000.\\nApr. 27. Prince Leopold George\\nmarries Princess Helene, fourth daugh-\\nter of the Prince of Waldeck-Pyrmont.\\nApr. Committees are formed at Berlin\\nand Dublin to receive money to help the\\nemigration of persecuted Jews from\\nRussia.\\nMay 6. Dublin. Phoenix Park mur-\\nders: Lord Frederick Cavendish, new\\nchief secretary, and T. H. Burke, under-\\nsecretary, are stabbed by four men.\\n[W. E. Forster, secretary for Ireland,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0was the intended victim. May 12. Many\\npersons arrested.] (See State.)\\nJune 8. Ire. Walter Bourke and Cor-\\nporal Wallace, his escort, are shot dead\\nby five men near Gort, Galway.\\nJune 17. London. Arms and ammu-\\nnition are seized in St. John Street\\nRoad, Clerkenwell Thomas Walsh is\\narrested. [July 17. Committed for trial.\\nAug. 9. Sentenced to seven years penal\\nservitude.]\\nJune 29. Ire. John Henry Blake, agent\\nto the Marquis of Clanricarde, and his\\nsteward, Mr. Kane, are shot near\\nLoughrea.\\nJuly 4. Ire. Twenty-two persons are\\narrested at Loughrea.\\nSTATE.\\n1881 Aug. 27- Parliament The Ve-\\nterinary Surgeon s Act and the News-\\npaper Libel Act are passed.\\nParliament is prorogued.\\nOct. 20. Ire. The Irish National Land\\nLeague is suppressed by proclamation\\nof the lord -lieutenant.\\nThe Irish Land Commission Court\\nmeets for the first time.\\nDec. Mr. Shaw, being opposed to the\\nParnellites, secedes from the party.\\nDec. 13. A defense of Property in Ire-\\nland Fund is established to uphold the\\nrights of property against organized\\ncombination, to defend and to sustain\\nfreedom of contract and liberty of ac-\\ntion.\\nDec. 27- A proclamation is issued\\nagainst the possession of arms in Dublin.\\nDec. 30. Ire. Five special magistrates\\nare appointed with extra powers in dis-\\nturbed districts.\\nDec. John E. Davison is appointed\\njudge-advocate-general.\\nH. C. The Commons by 42 majority\\napproves of local option in granting\\nliquor-licenses.\\nParliament The Welsh Sunday\\nLiquor Closing Act is passed.\\nSir Nathaniel Lindley is made lord\\njustice.\\nLondon. John Whittaker Ellis is\\nelected lord mayor.\\n1882 Jan. 15. A daughter is born to\\nPrince Arthur she is named Margaret.\\nFeb. 7. Parliament meets; Mr. Brad-\\nlaugh is again denied his seat in the\\nCommons. Vote, 286-228.\\nFeb. 13. H. C. Mr. Gladstone proposes\\nnew rules of procedure, including clo-\\nture and delegation of business.\\nFeb. 21. H. C. Mr. Bradlaugh re-\\npeats the words of the oath, and takes\\nhis seat in the Commons, but withdraws\\nwhen ordered. [Feb. 28. He is ex-\\npelled. Vote, 297-80.]\\nFeb. 22. Ire. Michael Davitt is\\nelected M. P. for the County of Meath.\\n[Feb. 28. H. C. His election is an-\\nnulled on the ground of his being a\\nconvict.]\\nFeb. 27. H. C. Mr. Gladstone intro-\\nduces a resolution censuring the\\nLords appointment of a committee to\\ninquire into the working of the Irish\\nLand Act. [Mar. 10. Carried. Vote,\\n303-225.]\\nMar. 2. Mr. Bradlaugh is reelected\\nfor Northampton. [Mar. 6. The Com-\\nmons reaffirms the resolution of Feb.\\n7 against him. Vote, 2SG-22S.]\\nMar. H. L. The committee sit on the\\nIrish Land Act.\\nMar. 27. H. C. Mr. Forster admits that\\nthe Government policy in Ireland has\\nfailed; he blames the influence of se-\\ncret societies.\\nMar. 31. H. C. Mr. Marriott s amend-\\nment to Mr. Gladstone s New Rule is\\nrejected. Vote, 318-279.\\nApr. 4. Scot. A Home-Rule move-\\nment is started for Scotland.\\nThe Scotch burgh convention at Edin-\\nburgh proposes a representative body to\\nlegislate lor Scotland, subject to the ap-\\nproval of Parliament.\\nMay 2. H. L. It is announced that\\nLord Cowper has resigned the lord-\\nlieutenantcy of Ireland, and that Earl\\nSpencer is bis successor the resigna-\\ntion of Mr. Forster as chief secretary\\nfor Ireland is announced in the Com-\\nmons.\\nIre. Mr. Parnell and other Irish\\nHome Rule M.P. s are released from\\nKilmainham jail, where they have been\\nimprisoned as suspects under the Coer-\\ncion Law.\\nTheir release is said to be the result\\nof an understanding with the Govern-\\nment that Mr. Parnell will use his influ-\\nence to aid in the restoration of law\\nand order in Ireland this alleged\\nagreement is popularly termed the\\nTreaty of Kilmainham.\\nMay 5. Michael Davitt is released\\nfrom, prison.\\nMay 6. Dublin. Lord Frederick\\nCavendish arrives as new chief secre-\\ntary for Ireland. [May 6. Assassi-\\nnated.] See Society.\\nMay 9. George O. Trevelyan is ap-\\npointed chief secretary for Ireland.\\nDublin. A reward of \u00c2\u00a310,000 is\\noffered for the discovery of the mur-\\nderers of Lord Cavendish and Mr. Burke.\\nMay 11. H. C. Sir W. V. Harcourt in-\\ntroduces a bill for the prevention of\\ncrime in Ireland (Coercion Bill).\\nIt proposes a new tribunal of three\\njudges without jury; it increases the\\npowers of police, and revises the Alien\\nAct. [May 20. Read the second time.\\nVote, 383-J5.]\\nMay 24. H. C. The Arrears of Rent\\nEill for Ireland is read a second time.\\nVote, 269-157.\\nJuly 1. H. C. After an all-night sit-\\nting on the Prevention of Crimes Bill, 25\\nIrish members are suspended first\\n16 and subsequently nine. Vote, 126-27\\nand 128-7.\\nJuly 3. H. C. Frank H. O Donnell,\\nIrish member, is suspended fur 14 days.\\nVote, 181-33; the Irish Home-Rule\\nmembers withdraw from the House,\\ndeclining to take further part in the\\nPrevention of Crimes Bill debate.\\nJuly 5. Newcastle receives a city\\ncharter.\\nJuly 7. H. C. The Government is de-\\nfeated on an amendment Co the Pre-\\nvention of Crimes Bill, which restricts\\npolice searches of houses at night.\\nVote, 207-194. [July 8. The bill passes.\\nJuly 11. Passes the Lords. July 12.\\nReceives royal assent.]\\nJuly 13. Ire. Seventeen counties are\\nproclaimed.\\nJuly 15. John Bright resigns as\\nehaneellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.\\n[July 25. Succeeded by the Earl of\\nKimberley. Dec. 28. By John George\\nDodson, Lord Monk Bretton.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1881 Aug. 22 The new Atlantic\\nCable is laid by the Faraday.\\nAug. 30. The mail-steamer Teuton\\nfounders near Cape of Good Hope\\nabout two hundred lives lost.\\nSept. 10. London. The Royal Alex-\\nander Theater, Park Street, is burned.\\nOct. 8. The new Langton dock at\\nLiverpool, named Alexandra, is opened\\nby the Prince and Princess of Wales.\\nOct. 19. The Great Eastern is offered\\nfor sale for \u00c2\u00a330,000 not sold.\\nOct. 21. The steamer Clan Macduff\\nfounders off the Irish coast; 32 lives\\nlost.\\nNov. 6. A railway collision at Desford,.\\nnear Leicester, causes loss of five lives.\\n[Nov. 25. Another at Tayport, Fife\\nfour lives lost.]\\nNov. 27- The lighthouse, Calf Rock, in\\nBantry Bay, is destroyed.\\nDec. 10. Three trains collide in High-\\nbury Tunnel, near Canonbury five per-\\nsons are killed.\\nDec. 13. The new Corn Exchange,\\nbuilt by the Duke of Norfolk at Shef-\\nfield, is opened cost, \u00c2\u00a355,000.\\nDec. 24. An express-train runs into a\\nfreight-train at Slough 12 persons-\\nkilled.\\n1882 Jan. 26. The Servia sails from\\nAmerica to Liverpool (longest route) in\\nseven days, eight hours, and 15 minutes-\\nJan. 28. Trains collide near Old Ford\\nstation six persons killed.\\nFeb. 4. The steamer Bahama founders\\nbetween Porto Rico and New York 20\\nlives lost.\\nFeb. 16. A colliery explosion occurs\\nat Triondon Grange, Durham 60 or 70\\nlives lost.\\nFeb. 18. London. Jumbo, the large\\nAfrican elephant, six tons weight, is\\nbought by P. T. Barnum. from the Zoo-\\nlogical Society, Regent s Park.\\nFeb. 28. The steamer Livadia is sunk\\noff Yarmouth 23 lives lost.\\nFeb. The steamer Kosmos sinks off\\nKilia 21 of the crew perish.\\nMay 18. The new Eddystone light-\\nhouse is opened.\\nMay 31-June 6. The mail-steamer\\nAlaska crosses the Atlantic in six days\\nand 22 hours.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1001.jp2"}, "1002": {"fulltext": "990 1882, July 21-1883, Oct* GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY WAVY.\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1882 July* Henry Leslie s musical\\nchoir is reorganized.\\nAug. 15. Dublin. A statue of Daniel\\nO Connell is unveiled.\\nAug. 22-24. Violent gales do much\\nSept. 17- A new comet is observed at\\nEaling.\\nSept. 26. The Sanitary Institute of\\nGreat Britain Congress meets at New-\\ncastle.\\nOct. 20. The Fine Art and Industrial\\nExhibition is opened at Manchester.\\nOct. 25. J. E. H. Gordon s great dy-\\nnamo machine is exhibited at Wool-\\nwich.\\nOct. A statue of Thomas Carlyle on\\nthe Thames embankment, Chelsea, is\\nunveiled.\\nDec. 13. London. An International\\nElectrical and Gaslight Exhibition,\\nat the Crystal Palace, is opened.\\nJohn Jones bequeaths an art collec-\\ntion to the South Kensington Museum\\nestimated value, \u00c2\u00a3500,000.\\nGilbert and Sullivan s operetta, Iolan-\\nthe, appears.\\n1883 Jan. 10. Violent gales do much\\ndamage. [Mar. 6. More gales also\\nSept. 26 and Dec. 12.]\\nJan. 18. London. The Prince s The-\\nater, Coventry Street, is opened.\\nMar. 10. Electric tram-cars are first\\nrun from Kew to Hammersmith.\\nMar. 14. London. An Electrical Ex-\\nhibition is opened at Westminster\\nAquarium.\\nApr. 19. London. Astatue of Beacons-\\nheld is unveiled in Parliament Square.\\nMay 7. London. The Royal College\\nof Music, Kensington, is opened by the\\nPrince of Wales.\\nJuly 5. Thomas Henry Huxley is\\nmade president of the Royal Society.\\nJuly 16. The Koyal Agricultural So-\\nciety meets at York.\\nAug. 13. A new Fine Art Gallery is\\nopened at Manchester.\\nOct. 10. A monument surmounted by\\na statue of Shakespeare, including stat-\\nues of Shakespearean characters, exe-\\ncuted by Lord Ronald Gower, is set up\\nat Stratford-upon-Avon, and unveiled by\\nLady Hodgson (the mayoress).\\nOct. 17. Scot. The observatory erected\\non Ben Nevis is opened.\\n1882\\nA73.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nDarwin, Charles R.., naturalist,\\nMiller, William, engraver, Scotland, A86.\\nPusey, Edward Bouverie, clergyman, writer\\n(Puseyism), A82.\\nRobertson, James C, cl., eccl. historian, A69.\\nRoesetti, Dante G., painter, poet, A54.\\nTait, Archibald Campbell, archbishop of\\nCanterbury, author, A71.\\nThomson, James, poet, A48.\\nTrollope, Anthony, novelist, A67.\\nCHURCH.\\n1882 Nov. 5. London. An encyclical\\nletter of the Pope against heresy, so-\\ncialism, etc., is read in all the Roman\\nCatholic churches.\\nIre. Andrew Higgins is consecrated\\nRoman Catholic bishop of Perry.\\nLondon. The Church Army is con-\\nstituted in imitation of the Salvation\\nArmy.\\n1883 Jan. The Prayer-Book Revis-\\nion Society petition the archbishop of\\nCanterbury for changes.\\nJan. The Central Agency for Foreign\\nMissions, under the patronage of the\\nbishops (Church of England), is estab-\\nlished.\\nMay 11. Ire. The Pope issues a circu-\\nlar forbidding the bishops to encourage\\ndisaffection against the British Govern-\\nment,\\nMay 24. Edinburgh. St. Giles Church\\nis reopened.\\nJuly 4. London. The delegates to the\\nPan-Presbyterian Council assemble\\nat Exeter Hall.\\nJuly* London. The East End Juvenile\\nMission is established to reclaim desti-\\ntute children.\\nAug. 13. London. The centenary of the\\nestablishment of the New Jerusalem\\n(Swedenborg) Church is celebrated.\\nLETTERS.\\n1882 Sept. 5. The foundation is laid\\nby the Earl of Latbom of the Preston\\nFree Library.\\nOct. 4. London. School of Dramatic\\nArt, Argyle Street, is opened.\\nDec. 5. Boys Public Day School Com-\\npany is formed.\\nDec. 12. London. The new City of\\nLondon Schools, Victoria embank-\\nment, are opened by tbe Prince of\\nWales.\\nScot. A new university is founded\\nat Dundee by Sir D. Baxter.\\nDictionary of Political Quotations ,hy\\nHenry George Bohn, appears.\\nA New Arabian Nights and Familiar\\nStudies of Men and Books, by R. L. B.\\nStevenson, appear. [1S83, treasure\\nIsland and The Silverado Squatters;\\n1885, Prince Otto, The Dynamiter, Mom\\nNew Arabian Nights, :m A Child s Gar-\\nden of Verse.\\nFall of the Monarchy of Charles I., by\\nSamuel Rawson Gardiner, appears.\\n[1886, History of the Great Civil War.]\\nShorthand, by J. M. Sloan, appears.\\nAll Sorts and Conditions of Men, by\\nWalter Be.sant, appears. [18S4, Dorothy\\nFoster: 1SS7, The World Went Very\\nWell Then.]\\n1883 Feb. 19. The Technical Col-\\nlege, Finsbury, is opened.\\nMar. London. The National Review is\\nissued.\\nOct.* London. English Illustrated\\nMagazine is issued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1882 Aug. 2. Suspects in custody\\nnumber 170. [Aug. 18\u00c2\u00b1. Fifty are re-\\nleased.]\\nAug. 17, 18. Ire. John Joyce and his\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0wife, son, and daughter are shot by a\\nband of men near Maamtrasnia, Galwny,\\nfor informing the police. [Nov. 15,17, 18.\\nPatrick Joyce, Patrick asey, and Myles\\nJoyce are convicted. (Dec. 15. All exe-\\ncuted.) Nov. 21. Michael Casey, Thomas\\nJoyce, John Casey, and Martin Joyce,\\nhaving confessed, their sentences are\\ncommuted.]\\nAug. 18. Parliament: The Married\\nWomen s Property Act is passed. It\\nmakes their powers almost equal to\\nthose of single women, and increases\\ntheir responsibilities in regard to debt,\\netc.\\nAug. 20. Ire. John. Leahy, an aged\\nfarmer of Scarteen, Killarney, is mur-\\ndered.\\nAug. Ire. Discontent and insubordi-\\nnation of the constabulary at Dublin,\\nCork, and Limerick, are settled by firm-\\nness and judicial concessions.\\nSept. 1. Dublin. Several policemen are\\ndismissed for holding a public meeting;\\nall the police in the city resign this\\ncauses a riot which the military sup-\\npress. [Sept. 2. Special constables are\\nsworn in. Sept. 3. The police withdraw\\ntheir resignation. Sept. 6, 7. Two hun-\\ndred and eight are reinstated.]\\nSept. 5. London. A National Tem-\\nperance Jubilee is held at the Crystal\\nPalace 50,000 people present.\\nSept. 11. Ire. Francis Hynes is exe-\\ncuted at Limerick for murdering John\\nDoloughty. [Sept. 22. Also Patrick\\nWalsh at Gal way for the murder of\\nMartin Lyden.]\\nSept. 29. Ire. Michael Walsh is con-\\nvicted of the murder of Kavanagh, a\\npoliceman.\\nSept. The Preston Guild Merchants\\nFestival is celebrated at Preston.\\nOct. 28. London. The sum of \u00c2\u00a3108,759\\nis received to assist persecuted Jews\\nto emigrate from Russia.\\nOct. The National Smoke Abatement\\nInstitution is founded.\\nNov. 11. Dublin. A murderous assault\\nis made on J ustiee Lawson by a returned\\nconvict, Patrick Delaney.\\nNov. Ire. The Land Corporation is\\ndissolved.\\nNov. 25. Dublin. A murderous assault\\nis made on detectives Cox is killed, and\\nhis murderer, Dowling, severely\\nwounded.\\nNov. 27. Dublin. Mr. Field, a juryman,\\n\u00c2\u00a35,000 is offered for the appreht\\nthe assassin: the city is proclaimed un-\\nder martial law.]\\nDec. 13, 16. Ire. Patrick and Thomas\\nHiggins are convicted of the murder of\\nHaddys at Lough Mask. [1883. Jan.\\n15, 17. Executed.]\\nDec. 16. The Home for Ancient Mar-\\niners is opened at Liverpool by the Duke\\nof Edinburgh.\\nDec. 22. Ire. Michael Flynn is con-\\nvicted of murder.\\nSylvester Poff and James Barrett are\\nconvicted of murder at Cork. [1883.\\nJan. 23. Executed.]\\nIre. Great distress prevails in Don-\\negal in the northwest 3,433 agrarian\\noutrages are reported in the year.\\nLondon. The Metropolitan Public\\nGarden, Boulevard, and Playground\\nAssociation is formed.\\nThe Green and Blue Ribbon Armies\\nof temperance workers are prominent.\\nThe nationalization of the land is\\nadvocated by the Trade Union Congress.\\nThe National Society of Professional\\nMusicians is founded.\\nLondon. An International Tem-\\nperance Conference is held.\\n1883 Jan. 15-21. Scot. A strike oc-\\ncurs on the Caledonia Railway ended\\nby compromise.\\nJan. 19-Feb. 17. Dublin. A plot to\\nassassinate the members of the Govern-\\nment is discovered it is alleged that\\nthe Irish Invincibles would carry it out.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1002.jp2"}, "1003": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1882, July 21-1883, Oct.\\n991\\nJan. 24. Ire. Michael Davitt, Thomas\\nHealy, and P. Quinn are bound over for\\nseditious speeches. [Feb. 6. They\\nelect to be imprisoned. Feb. 8. Impris-\\noned. June 4. Released.]\\nFeb. 3. Ire. Eight men are charged\\nwith complicity in the murder of Sir\\nFrederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke.\\nFeb. 7. Dublin. The Irish National\\nLeague meets.\\nFeb. 17. Dublin. James Carey, a sus-\\npect of the Phoenix Park assassins,\\nconfesses he accuses several persons,\\nand implicates the Land League, espe-\\ncially Thomas Brennan and P. J. Sher-\\nidan. A number are held for trial.\\n[Patrick Egan, treasurer of the Land\\nLeague, flees to Paris Frank Byrne\\nand other prominent Land Leaguers\\nleave the city.]\\nMar. 15. London. An attempt is made\\nto destroy the local Government office\\nby dynamite.\\nMar. 22. A Royal Commission is ap-\\npointed to inquire into the condition of\\nthe crofters and cotters of Scotland.\\nMar. 28. Twelve members of the Patri-\\notic Brotherhood (established 18S1) are\\nsentenced to penal servitude for con-\\nspiracy to murder landlords.\\nApr. 3. London. Whitechapel mur-\\nders A woman named Smith is mur-\\ndered and mutilated. [Aug. 7. A woman\\nnamed Tabran is the victim. Aug. 31,\\na woman named Nichols Sept. 7, a\\nwoman named Chapman Sept. 30, two\\nwomen killed near Commercial Road\\nand Aldgate Nov. 9, one -in Spitalfield.]\\nApr. 10. Jjondon. The Egyptian Ref-\\nugee Fund amounts to \u00c2\u00a321,000.\\nApr. 11. Dublin. The Phoenix Park\\nmurderers are tried. [Apr. 11-23. Jos-\\nseph Brady is convicted Apr. 16-1S,\\nPatrick Delaney and Daniel Curley\\nApr. 25-27, Michael Pagan May 2,\\nThomas Caffrey May 7-9, Timothy\\nKelly. May 14, Joseph Brady is exe-\\ncuted May IS, Daniel Curley May 28\\nMichael Fagan June 2, Thomas Caffrey;\\nJune 9, Timothy Kelley.]\\nApr. 17-18. An anti-Irish riot occurs\\nat Camborne, Cornwall a Roman Cath-\\nolic church is destroyed.\\nApr. 23. The Order of the Royal Red\\nCross for ladies who have served as war\\nnurses is instituted by the queen.\\nMay 12. About 8,000 Staffordshire col-\\nliers strike. [Sept. 3. Ended.]\\nMay Dublin. A conspiracy of the\\nVigilance murder organization is dis-\\ncovered.\\nMay James FitzHarris, convicted of\\nconspiracy to murder, is sentenced to\\npenal servitude for life.\\nJuly 5-24. South Staffordshire iron-\\nworkers unsuccessfully strike against\\na reduction of wages.\\nJuly 29. S. Afr. James Carey, the\\ninformer, is shot dead by Patrick\\nO Donnell on board the Melrose Castle,\\nnear Port Elizabeth. [O Donnell is ar-\\nrested, taken to England, and tried.\\nDec. 1. Convicted. Dec. 17. Executed.]\\nSept. 14. The Trade Union Congress\\ndisapproves of the nationalization of\\nland vote, 90-34.\\nSept. Ire. The National League in-\\nvades Ulster; resisted by the Orange-\\nmen, especially at Auchnacloy and Duu-\\ngannon.\\nOct. Fr. The center of Fenian organ-\\nization is discovered at Paris Frederick\\nAllen is apprehended.\\nSTATE.\\n1882 July 21. H. C. The Arrears of\\nRent Bill passed. Vote, 285-177. [Aug,\\n10. It passes the Lords.]\\nIt aims to relieve tenants who have\\nfallen greatly behind in rent because of\\nbad crops.\\nAug. 18. Parliament: The Electric\\nLighting Act is passed. Also, the Prison\\nCharities Act.\\nSept. 2. The Irish Coercion Act ex-\\npires, and all suspects are released.\\nOct. 17. The Irish National League\\nis formed.\\nOct. 24. Parliament meets.\\nISTov. 1-2. H. C. Mr. Gibbon s amend-\\nment to carry cloture by two-thirds in-\\nstead of a bare majority is rejected.\\nVote, 322-238.\\nNov. 10-11. H. C. The cloture rule\\nis adopted. Vote, 304-260.\\nNov. The Irish Land Commission re-\\nport is issued. (See Feb. 27.)\\nDec. 16. Newministers appointed Ed-\\nward, Earl of Derby (Colonies), the\\nEarl of Kamberley (India), the Mar-\\nquis of Hartington (War), Hugh C. E.\\nChilders (Chancellor).\\nDec. The Naval Intelligence Commit-\\ntee is formed.\\nLondon. Henry Edmond Knight is\\nelected lord mayor.\\nSir Charles S. C. Bowen is made a\\nlord justice.\\nParliament The Settled Land Act\\nis passed, by which tenants for life ac-\\nquire power to sell or lease and use the\\nproceeds.\\nParliament An Act suppressing the\\nbarbarous customs toward the bodies\\nof suicides is passed.\\n1883 Jan. 13. Arthur Frederick,\\nson of Prince Arthur, is born.\\nFeb. 19-20. Parliament approves the\\nintroduction of an affirmation bill.\\nVote, 1S4-53. [May 3, 4. Bill rejected.\\nVote, 292-289.]\\nFeb. 25. Alice Mary (first child) is born\\nto Prince Leopold.\\nMar. Scot. The Highland Land Law-\\nReform Association begins to work.\\nMar. 9. Earl Spencer resigns as lord\\npresident of the Council, and is suc-\\nceeded by Chichester S. Fortescue, Lord\\nCarlingford.\\nApr. 4. H. C. E. T. Reid s bill to pro-\\nhibit vivisection is talked out.\\nApr. 9. Parliament: The Grand\\nCommittee hold their first meeting\\nMr. Goschen is chairman.\\nSir Edward Fry is made a lord\\njustice.\\nMay 4. H. C. The Commons refuses to\\npermit Mr. Bradlaugh to take oath.\\n[July 9. It again excludes him. Vote,\\n232-65.]\\nJuly 31. H. C. Sir Stafford North-\\ncote s resolution against De Lesseps\\nmonopoly (Suez Canal) is negatived.\\nVote, 284-185.\\nAug. 3. Parliament: Loans amounting\\nto \u00c2\u00a34,600,000 for public works are au-\\nthorized.\\nH. C. The sergeant-at-arms arrests\\nMr. Bradlaugh for attempting to enter\\nthe House. [Dec. 7. He brings action\\nagainst sergeant-at-arms for arresting\\nhim. 1884. Feb. 9. Verdict in favor of\\nthe defendant.]\\nAug. 20. Parliament: The City of Lon-\\ndon Parochial Charities Act is passed.\\nOct. 5. Ire. A meeting of the National\\nLeague at Ennis is prohibited.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1832 Aug. 15. Dublin. The Exhibi-\\ntion of Irish Arts and Manufactures is\\nopened by Lord Mayor Dawson. [1883.\\nJan. 6. Closes.]\\nSept. 9. The iron ship Panama foun-\\nders off Yarmouth 20 perish.\\nSept. 18. The steamer Arizona, for New\\nYork, makes the passage in seven days,\\neight hours, and 12 minutes. Return\\npassage in seven days, seven hours, and\\n48 minutes.\\nSept. The telegraph to Panama is com-\\npleted.\\nNov. 16. The Winton is wrecked off\\nUshant 24 lives lost.\\nNov. 18. London. The Strand Theater\\n(rebuilt) is opened.\\nNov. 29. The St. George is lost off Port-\\nreath, Cornish coast 11 lives lost.\\nDec. 7. London. The Alhambra, Leices-\\nter Square, is burned.\\nDec. 8-10. London. Fire consumes a\\nlarge block of buildings on Wood Street\\nloss, nearly \u00c2\u00a32,000,000; one life lost.\\nDec. 13. The new Town Hall at Hove,\\nBrighton, is opened.\\nDec. 15. The barque Lanqrigg Hall is\\nwrecked off Wexford 24 lives lost.\\n1883 Feb. 1. The steamer Kenmure\\nCastle is wrecked in Bay of Biscay 30\\nlives lost.\\nMar. 6. Gales cause many wrecks in\\nthe North Sea 3S2 lives lost.\\nMar. 7. N~or. The Scotch steamer Na-\\nvarre is sunk near Christiansand about\\n745 lives lost.\\nMar. 17. The Dunstaffiiage is wrecked\\noff Aberdeen 23 lives lost.\\nMar. The steamer Wylcehain of Whitby\\nfounders near Lisbon 22 persons are\\ndrowned.\\nApr. 24. The British Commerce is sunk\\nby collision with the County of Aberdeen,\\noff Selsea Bill 25 persons perish.\\nMay 3. The Grappler burns near Bute\\nInlet (Vancouver Island) about 70 lives\\nare lost.\\nMay 29.- Paris. The Suez Canal agree-\\nment (approved by the British Govern-\\nment Feb. 2,7} irf ratified after a protest\\nby shareholders.\\nJune 3. London. The National Health\\nSociety opens an exhibition.\\nJune 30. Edinburgh. The Theater Royal\\nis again burned.\\nJuly 3. Scot. The Daphne heels over\\nwhen launched 124 persons drowned.\\nIre. An Industrial Exhibition\\nopens at Cork.\\nJuly 7. London. An Irish lace exhi-\\nbition opens at the Mansion House.\\nJuly 14. The new municipal buildings\\nand park at Dover are opened.\\nSept. 1, 2. A gale causes 79 wrecks on\\nthe coasts.\\nIre. The police become disloyal.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1003.jp2"}, "1004": {"fulltext": "992 1883, Nov. 3 -1885, June 24. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1S83-84 The Sudanese War (p. 658).\\nAn insurrection in the Sudan, begun\\nin 1881 under the leadership of Moham-\\nmed Ahmed of Dongola (the Mahdi), de-\\nvelops into a war against the Egyptian\\nGovernment, with the object of expelling\\nforeigners, the Mahdi having proclaimed\\nhimself a prophet with a mission to de-\\nliver Islam from external enemies.\\noade\\nOct.* The Royal Military Tourna-\\nment is organized, with the object of\\ndeveloping in the army skill in the use\\nof arms.\\n1884 July 24. The Elcho Challenge\\nShield is won by Ireland. [1885, July\\n23, by England 1SS6, July 1% bv Ire-\\nland 1SS7, by England 1888, July 19,\\nby Ireland.]\\nSept. 22. The gunboat Wasp is lost in\\nthe China Sea 52 men perish.\\nOct. 8. The iron-clad Rodney is\\nlaunched at Chatham. [1885. Mar. 31,\\nthe corvette Mersey at Chatham June\\n15, the iron-clad Ben how at Black wall\\nJuly 27, the Icarus at Davenport Sept.\\n29, the corvette Severn at Chatham, and\\nthe gun-vessel Swallow at Sheerness\\nNov. 24, The war-ship Camperdown at\\nPortsmouth.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1883 Nov. -Dec. Intensely red sun-\\nsets and afterglow, and very red sunrises,\\nare seen in England and other parts of\\nGreat Britain. They are attributed to\\nthe volcanic dust projected by the erup-\\ntions of Krakatua, E. I.\\nDec. 3. London. The Alhambra (re-\\nbuilt), Leicester Square, is reopened.\\nDec. 17. The first exhibition of the\\nInstitute of Painters in Oil Colors is\\nopened.\\nDec. Richard Newsham bequeaths his\\nart collection, worth \u00c2\u00a370,000, to Pres-\\nton.\\nLondon. The Seal Society is founded.\\n1884 Jan. 23-27. Violent gales cause\\ndestruction of life and property.\\nApr. 14. London. The Empire The-\\nater, formerly the Pandora, is opened.\\nMay 6. A new Museum of Classical\\nArt and Archeology is opened at Cam-\\nbridge.\\nMay 9. A statue of the queen, by\\nThomas Woollier, is uncovered at Bir-\\nmingham.\\nMay 29. London. A cable tramway is\\nopened on Highgate Hill, the first in\\nEurope.\\nNov. 8. The Preston Park, Brighton,\\nis opened.\\nSir Arthur Sullivan composes Princess\\nIda. [1885, The Mikado.]\\n1885 Apr. 10. Dublin. The founda-\\ntion of the Museum of Science and\\nArt is laid.\\nJune 9. London. A statue of Charles\\nDarwin, by J. E. Boehm, paid for by\\nuniversal subscription, is placed in the\\nBritish Museum uncovered by Prof.\\nHuxley.\\nJune 18. An earthquake is felt in\\nYorkshire.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1883 Bray, Anne E., novelist, A83.\\nChambers, William, editor, wr., Scot., A83.\\nCollier, John P., Shakespearean critic, com-\\nmentator, A94.\\nFarr, William, statistician, A76.\\nInman, George, yacht, builder, dies.\\nMoffat, Robert, Scotch-Afr. missionary, A88.\\nSabine, Edw aid. astronomer, A95.\\n1884* Bonn, Henrv Georue, publisher, A89.\\nBuccleuch, Duke of, Walter F. M. D. Scott,\\nScotch statesman, A78.\\nCowley, Earl, Henry Richard Charles\\nWelfesley, diplomatist, A80.\\nHayward, Abraham, author, A82.\\nHome, Richard II., author, A81.\\nHullah, John P., musical composer, A71.\\nLeopold Charles E., second Duke of Albany,\\nborn.\\nLeopold George Duncan Albert, duke of Al-\\nbany, son of Victoria, A31.\\nReade, Charles, novelist, A70.\\nSullivan, Alexander Irish journalist, ora-\\ntor, statesman, historian, A54.\\nSmith, Robert Angus, chemist, A67.\\nWellington, Duke of, Arthur Richard,\\nscholar, A77.\\nCHURCH.\\n1883 Nov. 3-84 June 3. London.\\nMoody and Sankey hold revival meet-\\nings.\\nThe Church of England School Com-\\npany is founded. [1884. Feb. 21. First\\nannual meeting.]\\n1884 Apr. 25. London. The Church\\nof the Oratory is opened at South Ken-\\nsington.\\nMay A new organ is set up at West-\\nminster.\\nJune 14. London. The West End Cen-\\nter Salvation Army Building is\\nfounded.\\n*The Trinitarian Bible Society is or-\\nganized.\\n*The Hermetic Society, a mystical\\nspiritual philanthropic association,\\nbased upon Christianity, is founded by\\nDr. Anna Ivingsford.\\nBishops consecrated (Church of Eng-\\nland)\\nSamuel Shone for Kilmore, William Ben-\\nnett Chester for Killaioe, and Lord Plunket,\\narchbishop of Dublin; A. I. R. Anson for\\nQu Appellc, [trtpcrlslaud, M. S. Baldwin for\\nHuron, Can.. William Uoyil Carpenter for\\nRipon, George Kidding for Southwell, and\\nRichard Young for Albabasca, Can. [1885,\\nEdward H. Bi.-kersletii for Exeter, Charles\\nParsons Reichel for Meath, Ire., Charles\\nHamilton for Niagara, Can., Edward King\\nfor Lincoln, Fredcriek Temple for Loudon,\\nJohn Wordsworth for Salisbury, W. T. T.\\nWebber for Brisbane, Australia, and Lord\\nA. Compton for Ely.]\\nBishops consecrated (Roman Cath-\\nolic)\\nJohn Healy coadjutor of Clonfert; Abra-\\nham Browning, bishop of issory, also James\\nBrowne of Ferns, Thomas o Callaghan of\\nCork. [188.% Apr. 2S, William J. Walsh,\\narchbishop of Dublin; also John Butt for\\nSouthwark, William Smith, archbishop of\\nSt. Andrews and Edinburgh, and Nicolas\\nPagani, bishop of JIangalore.]\\nThe See of Southwell is founded.\\nA penny Testament is published by\\nthe British and Foreign Bible Society.\\nThe Church of England Purity Soci-\\nety, or White Cross Army, is formed.\\n1885 May 19. The revised version of\\nthe Old Testament is published.\\nLETTERS.\\n1883 Nov. 29. London. The Society\\nof Positivists meets in Newton Hall in\\nFleur-de-Lys Court, near Gough Square.\\nDiscourses on philosophy, morality,\\nscience, politics, etc., aredelivered, their\\nobject being to promote the perfection\\nof man by means of education in its\\nwidest sense, aiming at the attaining of\\nuniversal brotherhood independently of\\nall professed religious sects.\\nNov. Scot. The John Elder professor-\\nship of naval architecture at the Dun-\\ndee University is endowed by Mrs. Elder\\nto the amount of \u00c2\u00a312,500.\\nThe University College of South Wales\\nand Monmouthshire, at Cardiff, is.\\nfounded.\\nMerry England Magazine is issued.\\nThe Parthenon, by James Fergusson r\\nThe Life, Letters, and Literary Re-\\nmains of Edward Bulwer, Lord Lytton,\\nby Owen Meredith, appears. [1885, Glen-\\naveril, or the Metamorphoses 1887, After\\nParadise.]\\nThe Art of England, by Puskin, ap-\\npears. [3884, Civil En arrant. The Pleas-\\nures of England and The Storm-Cloud\\nof the Nineteenth Century; 1SS5, On the\\nOld Road Hortus Inclusus 1887, Dilec-\\nta, and Prseterita.]\\nDissertations on Early Laic and Cus-\\ntoms, by Sir H. J. S. Maine, appears.\\n1884 Jan. 23. The Teachers Guild\\nholds its first public meeting.\\nFeb. 11. Leares from My Journey in the\\nHighlands, by Queen Victoria, appears.\\nApr. 3. New Educational Codes come\\ninto force.\\nApr. 17. New municipal offices and pub-\\nlic free library are opened at Leeds.\\nApr. 23. London. The new building for\\nSt. Paul s School is opened by ford\\nSelborne.\\nApr. 29. A statute is passed admitting\\nwomen to examination at Oxford.\\nMay London. The Society of Au-\\nthors is founded.\\nJuly 15. London. The British Com-\\nmercial Geographical Society is\\nfounded at the Mansion House.\\nAug. 4. London. An educational con-\\nference is opened at South Kensington.\\nOct. 5. Winchester College is opened\\nby the Earl of Dalhousie.\\nDec. 3. Edinburgh. The Scottish Geo-\\ngraphical Society is inaugurated..\\nThe Pipe-Roll Society, for printing\\nall extant public records prior to the\\nyear a.d. 1200, is founded.\\nMiddlesex County Record Society is\\nfounded.\\nLondon. New English Dictionary, Part\\nI., edited by James Augustus Henry\\nMurray, and published by the London\\nPhilological Society, appears.\\nShakespeare s Predecessors in the Eng-\\nlish Drama, by Symonds, appears.\\nDawn and The Witch s Head, by Henry\\nEider Haggard, appear. [1885, King\\nSolomon s Mines; 1887, She; 1888, Mal-\\nwa s Revenge.]\\n1885 Jan.* The Manchester Geo-\\ngraphical Society is established.\\nJune 4. W. The University College\\nof North Wales, at Bangor, is founded.\\nJune 10. Yorkshire Institute is opened\\nby the Marquis of Lome.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1883 Dec* 1884 Feb. 8. About 18,000\\ncotton-weavers in the northwestern dis-\\nstricts strike against a reduction of\\nwages they yield under certain condi-\\ntions.\\nDec. 8. London. The Prince of Wales\\nis made grand master, past and pres-\\nent, of the Mark Masons.\\nDec. 17. Edinburgh. Terence M Der-\\nmott and nine others are tried at Edin-\\nburgh for conspiracy to blow up build-\\nings in Glasgow; M Dermott and. four", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1004.jp2"}, "1005": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1883, Nov. 3-1885, June 24. 993\\nof the conspirators are sentenced to\\npenal servitude for life, five others to\\nseven years.\\nDec. 18. Dublin. James Poole is exe-\\ncuted for the murder of John Kenny,\\nthe informer.\\nScot. Through the Improvement Act,\\ngreat numbers of rookeries are re-\\nmoved from Glasgow, and houses replace\\nthem.\\n1884 Feb. 2. London. Portmanteaus\\ncontaining dynamite and clockwork\\nof American make, which had failed,\\nare found at Charing Cross and Padding-\\nton stations. [Mar. 1. A similar satchel\\nis found at Ludgate Hill station.]\\nMar.* Justice Stephens decides that\\ncremation is legal.\\nApr. 4-8. A riot occurs at Kiddermin-\\nster.\\nApr. Treasonable plans for the estab-\\nlishment of an Irish. Republic are dis-\\ncovered in James F. Egan s garden at\\nBirmingham.\\nApr. London. The shoemakers strike.\\nJuly 8. London. The Society for the\\nPrevention of Cruelty to Children is\\nfounded.\\nJuly 21. London. About 40,000 persons\\nmeet in Hyde Park to protest against\\nthe peers* rejection of the Franchise\\nBill, and to support the Gladstone Min-\\nistry.\\nJuly 22. A great Conservative demon-\\nstration is made at Sheffield.\\nJuly 26. Three great meetings are\\nheld in Manchester to support the Gov-\\nernment and the Franchise Bill. [Aug.\\n9. Demonstration by Conservatives.]\\nJuly A strike in the cotton-trade oc-\\ncurs.\\nAug. 1. London. A jubilee meeting\\nat Guildhall celebrates the abolition of\\nslavery in the British colonies.\\nAug. 4. A great reform demonstration\\nis made at Birmingham.\\nOct. 13. A Conservative demonstration\\nat Aston, in Birmingham, is prevented\\nby rioters; many are wounded and\\nmuch damage done.\\nOct. Great distress is felt at Newcastle\\nthrough want of employment.\\nNov. 28. Ire. An attempt is made to\\ndestroy by dynamite Edinburgh\\nHouse, near Tralee, Kerry; no deaths.\\nDec. 23. The B arns ley coal-miners\\nlong strike ends.\\nThe Church of England Purity So-\\nciety (White Cross Army) is established\\nby Miss Ellice Hopkins.\\n1885 Jan. 7. The slave-trade is pro-\\nhibited at a West African conference.\\nJan. 15. London. Mr. Bishop, themind-\\nreader, is sentenced to pay \u00c2\u00a310,000 dam-\\nages to Mr. Maskelyne for libel in Truth\\nof July, 1883.\\nFeb. 16. London. The unemployed so-\\ncial democratic federation hold a great\\nmeeting on the Thames embankment.\\nFeb. The Ladies National Aid Soci-\\nety, for the relief of the sick and\\nwounded in the Soudan and Egypt, is\\nformed.\\nMar. 16. Two thousand miners in West\\nCumberland strike. [Apr. -May\\nAbout half the colliers in Yorkshire\\nstrike.]\\nApr. 8. Dublin. The Prince of Wales\\nJune 16. London. The Holloway Asy-\\nlum at Egham for the insane is\\nopened by the Prince of Wales.\\nSTATE.\\n1883 Nov. 13. Ire. The meetings of\\nthe Orangemen and National Leaguers at\\nGarrison, Fermanagh, are prohibited.\\nDec. 5. Ire. Sir E. Sullivan becomes\\nlord chancellor.\\nParliament: The Enclosure, Copy-\\nhold, and Tithes commissions are united\\nin one body.\\nParliament The Agricultural Hold-\\nings Act is passed.\\nPa. L. A bill for prohibiting shooting\\npigeons rising from a trap, attended\\nwith cruelties, is rejected. Vote, 30-17.\\nLondon. R. N. Fowler, M.P., is elected\\nlord mayor.\\n1884 Feb. 11. H.C. Mr. Bradlaugh\\nenters, and administers the oath to him-\\nself he takes his seat, and the Commons\\nvotes to exclude him. Vote, 228-120.\\n[Feb. 19. Bradlaugh is again reelected\\nfor Northampton. Feb. 21. The Com-\\nmons again votes to exclude him. Vote,\\n226-173.]\\nFeb. 26. H. C. Arthur Wellesley\\nPeel is elected Speaker.\\nFeb. 28. H. C. Mr. Gladstone intro-\\nduces the New Reform Bill.\\nFeb. The name Fifth Party is applied\\nto the advocates of temperance in the\\nHouse of Commons.\\nFeb. A society to introduce propor-\\ntional representation is formed.\\nMar. 5. H. C. A Parnellite land-law\\namendment bill is rejected. Vote, 235-\\n72.\\nApr. 11. James Francis Egan and Pat-\\nrick Hogan are arrested at Birming-\\nham treasonable papers about an Irish\\nrepublic are discovered in Egan s gar-\\nden.\\nApr. 20. Beatrice (fifth child) is born to\\nPrince Alfred-Ernest.\\nJune 15. The trial of Bradlaugh for\\nvoting without taking the oath begins\\nin the Queen s Bench. [June 30. \\\\er-\\ndict is rendered for the Crown. 1885.\\nJan. 28. The Lords justices disallow\\nhis appeal.]\\nJune 28. London. A Conference\\nmeets to discuss Egyptian affairs.\\nMembers Earl Granville, foreign\\nsecretary Hugh C. E. Childers, chan-\\ncellor of the exchequer and the follow-\\ning ambassadors Count Karolyi (Aust.),\\nM. Waddington (Fr.), Count Munster\\n(Ger.), Count Nigra (It.), Count De Staal\\n(Rus.), and Musurus Pasha (Turk.).\\nJuly 10. H. L. The Women s Suf-\\nfrage Bill is rejected.\\nJuly 19. Leopold Charles (second\\nchild) born to Prince Leopold.\\nAug. 14. Parliament The Post-Office\\nProtection Act is passed.\\nOct. 20. George Otto Trevelyan be-\\ncomes chancellor of the Duchy of Lan-\\ncaster.\\nOct. 24. Ire. H. Campbell-Banner-\\nman is sworn in as chief secretary.\\nOct. 28. The Maamtrasma trial; the\\nverdict is supported by the Commons.\\nNov. E. I. The Marquis of Ripon,\\ngovernor-general, dies, and is succeeded\\nby the Earl of Dufferin.\\nWov. 3. H. L. Lord Petre, a Roman\\nCatholic priest, takes his seat.\\n!N ov. 6. W. Afr. A British protectorate\\nis proclaimed in K ew Guinea.\\nNov. 18. George Shaw-Lefevre is ap-\\npointed postmaster-general.\\n1885 Jan. 24. H. C. A dynamite\\nexplosion takes place in the House,\\nresulting in much damage three assist-\\nants are hurt greater damage is pre-\\nvented by the courage of two policemen\\nin removing blazing destructives.\\nFeb. 11. The Earl of Rosebery is made\\nlord privy seal.\\nFeb. 24. H. C. It first applies new\\nPailes and Cloture it expels Mr.\\nO Brien.\\nFeb. 27, 28. H. L. A motion of cen-\\nsure on the Government respecting\\nEgypt is passed. Vote, 189-58. H.C. It\\nis rejected. Vote, 303-288.\\nMar. 3. H. C. The proposal of the So-\\nciety for Proportional Representa-\\ntion is rejected. Vote, 134-31.\\nApr. 14. London. Sir R. N. Fowler is\\nreelected lord mayor.\\nApr. 25. Ire. John Naish is made lord\\nchancellor.\\nJune 9. The Gladstone Ministry re-\\nsigns on account of minority in the\\nCommons on the Budget Bill. Vote,\\n264-252.\\nJune 24. Robert Arthur Talbot Gas-\\ncoyne-Cecil, Marquis of Salisbury,\\nforms a Ministry.\\nMembers Marquis of Salisbury (For.\\nSec), Sir Stafford Northcote [Karl of Iddes-\\nleigh], (L. Treas.), Sir Hardinge Giffard, Lord\\nHa labury (L. Chanc), Gathorne Gathorne-\\nHardy, Viscount Cranbrook (Pres. Council),\\nDudley Francis Stnai t Ryder, Earl of Har-\\nrowby. Sir Richard Assheton Cross (Home\\nSec), Col. Frederick Arthur Stanley (Colo-\\nnial Sec), Lord Randolph Henry Spencer-\\nChurchill (Sec for India), William Henry\\nSmith (Sec for War), [1886, Jan. 23, suc-\\nceeded by Viscount Cranbrook], Lord George\\nFrancis Hamilton (First L. of Adm.), Sir\\nMichael Edward Hicks-Beach (Chanc Ex-\\ncheq. the Earl of Carnarvon L. Lieut. I re.\\nEdward Gibson [Lord Ashbourne], the Duke\\nof Richmond (Pres. Board of Trade), Lord\\nJohn Manners (P. M. Gen.), Edward Stan-\\nhope (Vice Pres. Council), Henry Chaplin\\n(Chanc. Duchy of Lancaster), Arthur J. Bal-\\nfour (Pres. Local Gov. Board), Sir William\\nHart-Dvke [Sf*\\\\ Ire.), David Robert Plunket\\n(Com. of Works), Sir Richard E. Webster\\n(Atty.-Gen.), and John E. Gorst (Solicitor-\\nGen.).\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1883 Nov. 8. The Iris is sunk off Cape\\nVillano 35 lives lost.\\nDee. 11. The steamer Auk is wrecked\\nat South Hendon 22 lives lost.\\nLondon. The Metropolitan Railway\\nreports 36,753,321 passengers carried in\\nsix months without accident.\\n1884 June 3. A railway train goes\\nover an embankment between Brea-\\nmore and Downton five persons are\\nkilled and 41 injured. [July 16. Another\\nat Bullhouse Bridge, near Peniston; 24\\nlives are lost.]\\nJune 4. London. Fire destroys the East\\nEnd aquarium, menagerie, and wax-\\nworks at Bishopsgate.\\nAug. 2, 3. The steamer Dione collides\\nwith Camden and sinks near Gravesend\\nabout 17 are drowned.\\nNov. -1 Scot A false alarm of fire at\\nthe Star Theater, Glasgow, causes 15\\ndeaths.\\n1885 Feb. 13. The Mersey Tunnel,\\nLiverpool, is opened.\\nJune 18. A mine explosion at Clifton\\nHall, near Pendlebury, Lancashire,\\ncauses 177 deaths.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1005.jp2"}, "1006": {"fulltext": "994 1885, June 25-1886, GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1885 July 13-25. The National Asso-\\nciation for rifle-shooting meets at Wim-\\nbledon Sergt. Buhner, 2d Lincoln,\\nwins the queen prize.\\n[1886, July 12-24, Private Jackson, 1st V.\\nB. Lincoln; 1887, July 11-23, Lieut. Warren,\\n1st Middles.-* rules; iHSS, July 9-21, Private\\nFulton, 13th Middlesex.]\\n1886 Feb. 22. The Duke of Edin-\\nburgh assumes command of the fleet\\nin the Mediterranean.\\nHobart- Hampden, Augustus Charles (Ho-\\nbart Pasha), admiral, A64.\\nMaas, Joseph, singer, A39.\\nMaepherson, Sir Herbert Taylor, gen., A59.\\nMay, Sir Thomas Erskine, Jurist, hist., A71.\\nOliphant, Mrs. Laurence, Octavie L Es-\\nt range, author, A45\u00c2\u00b1.\\nTaylor, Sir Henry, poet, A8ti.\\nTrench, Richard C, archbishop of Dublin,\\nauthor, A79.\\nTrevelyan, Sir Charles, publicist, A79.\\nTulloch, John, theologian, author, Scot., A63.\\nWebster, Thomas, artist, A86.\\nAug. 16. Sham naval battles take\\nplace at Milford Haven,\\nAug. 23. The cruiser Orlando is\\nlaunched at Jarrow-on-Tyne. [Nov.\\n25, the cruiser Undaunted at Jarrow-on-\\nTyne Dec. 15, the cruiser Narcissus\\nat Hull 1887, Sept. 20, the turret-ram\\nTrafalgar at Portsmouth.\\nNov. 9. The Distinguished Service\\nOrder is instituted for military and\\nnaval officers.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1885 Oct. 1. A statue of the Earl of\\nShaftesbury, Westminster Abbey, is un-\\ncovered.\\nNov. 30. London. George Gabriel\\nStokes is made president of the Royal\\nSociety.\\nLondon. The Home Arts Associa-\\ntion is established.\\n1886 Jan. Three comets are visible,\\nBrook s, Fabry s, and Barnard s.\\nMay 4. London. A Colonial and Indian\\nExhibition is opened at South Kensing-\\nton.\\nJuly 15. London. The Thompson\\nsmoke-consuming furnace is success-\\nfully tried on the Thames.\\nAug. 29. W. I. A solar eclipse is well\\nobserved and photographed at Grenada\\nby a Government expedition.\\nSept. 4. A waterspout does much dam-\\nage at Swansea.\\nDec. 8, 9. The south and west of Eng-\\nland are visited by a destructive gale\\nand storm. [Dec* 26, 27. A snowstorm\\ndoes great damage in the west.]\\nDec. 15. London. A statue of Queen\\nAnne, at the west front of St. Paul s\\nCathedral, is uncovered by the lord\\nmayor.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1885 Abercorn, Duke of, James Hamilton,\\nstatesman, Ireland, A74.\\nCairns, Lord, Hugh MeCalmont, statesman,\\nIreland, A66.\\nFraser, James, bishop of Manchester, philan-\\nthropist, A67.\\nCordon, Charles George (Chinese Gordon),\\nmajor-general, traveler, A54.\\nHalifax, Viscount, Sir Charles Wood, states-\\nman, A85.\\nHoughton, Lord, Richard Monckton\\nMilnes, statesman, author, A76.\\nMacCabe, Edward, cardinal, archbishop\\nof Dublin, A69.\\nMuirhead, John, engineer, inventor, A78.\\nO Hagan, Baron, judge, Ireland, A73.\\nI arkes, Sir Harry Smith, diplomatist, A57.\\nSartorius, Sir George Rose, admiral, A95.\\nShaftesbury, Earl of, Anthony A. Cooper,\\nphilanthropist, A84.\\nShairp, John C, scholar, author, Scot., A66.\\nStrathnairn, Lord, Hugh Henry Rose, field-\\nmarshal, A82.\\nVeitch. John, author, Scotland, A90.\\n1886* Anderson, Sir John, gun inventor,\\nA72.\\nArcher, Frederick James, jockey, A30.\\nCaldecott, Randolph, artist, A40.\\nCardwell, Vise.i.nint, Kdward. states., A73.\\nChurchill, Henry Adrian, diplomatist, dies.\\nCollins, Frances, novelist, dies.\\nGoddard, Bouverie, painter, A54.\\nCHURCH.\\n1885 July 21. A Wesleyan Metho-\\ndist Conference at Newcastle-on-Tyne\\nopens.\\nOct. Edinburgh. The Scottish Home\\nMission to Jews is founded.\\nScot. The Jewish Mission of the\\nUnited Presbyterian Church is founded.\\n1886 Feb. 16. The House of Laymen\\nfirst meets, a consultative body having\\n102 members, to assist the convocation of\\n(Church of England) clergy.\\nMay 13. H. L. The archbishop of\\nCanterbury introduces the Church Pat-\\nronage Bill to check sales, give rights\\nto petitioners, etc. [18S7, Apr. 1. Passes\\nthe Lords.]\\nMay 28-June 4. London. The Inter-\\nnational Salvation Army Congress\\nmeets.\\nJune 29. Ire. The Unionist Roman\\nCatholics present a Jubilee address to\\nthe queen.\\nJuly Ire. Monsignor Persico repre-\\nsents the Pope in a visit to Ireland.\\nOct, 5. The Church Congress is held\\nat Wakefield. [1887, Oct. 3\u00c2\u00b1. At Wolver-\\nhampton 1888, Oct. 1\u00c2\u00b1, at Manchester.]\\nOct. 25. London. Rev. H. R. Haweis\\nof St. James, Marylebone, is prohibited\\nby his bishop from preaching in the City\\nTemple.\\nLondon. Churches of the city Church\\nof England, 920 Dissenters, aboufc 700.\\nLETTERS.\\n1885 Nov. London. The Selborne\\nSociety is founded. [Dec, Bacon So-\\nciety later, Shelley Society.]\\nLaw Quarterly Review is issued.\\nSix Centuries of Work and Wages, by\\nJames Edwin Thorold lingers, appears.\\n[1887, A History of Agriculture and\\nPrices in England.\\n1886 Nov. Gr. The British School\\nof Archeology is opened at Athens.\\nDec. 15. The new buildings of Sion s\\nCollege and Hospital are opened by\\nthe Prince of Wales.\\nThe International Copyright Act is\\npassed.\\nLondon. The English Historical Ee-\\nvieiv is issued.\\nLocksley Hall, Sixty Years After, by\\nTennyson, appears. [1889. Demeterand\\nOther Poems.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1885 July 16. About 3,000 cotton-\\nweavers of Lancashire strike. [Sept.\\n2-17. 4,700 men at Elswick Iron Works,\\nNewcastle, strike.]\\nJuly 23. Princess Beatrice marries\\nPrince Henry of Battenberg,\\nSept.* Ind. Female suffrage is\\ngranted in the Madras presidency.\\nSept. Ire. The Crimes Act expires\\nboycotting and other outrages are re-\\nnewed.\\nOct. Lre. The Cork Defence Union\\nis formed by the landlords to oppose the\\nIrish National League. [The Irish De-\\nfence Union is formed to support the\\nlocal Defence Unions.]\\nOct. About 25,000 cotton- weavers at Old-\\nham strike against 10 per cent reduc-\\ntion in wages the workmen compromise\\non a 5 per cent reduction.\\nNov. 13. Ire. Moonlighters unsuccess-\\nfully attack Castle Farm, Molahiffe, to\\nobtain arms.\\nNov. The engineers at Sunderland re-\\nturn to work after having been on\\nstrike for two and a half years.\\nNov. The Selborne Society, for the\\npreservation of birds, plants, and pleas-\\nant places, is established.\\nIre. Agrarian offenses reported are\\n944.\\n1886 Jan. 6-Feb. 24. Shipwrights on\\nthe Tyne and Wear strike.\\nJan. 30. Northumberland miners strike.\\n[May 23-28. Work resumed.]\\nFeb. 9, 10. London. Riotous meet-\\nings are held in Trafalgar Square.\\n[Mar. Rioters are sentenced to various\\nterms of imprisonment.]\\nFeb. 11-16. A strike occasions rioting\\nat Leicester quelled by police.\\nMay 14-Oct. 27. Engineers at Bolton\\nstrike the trouble is settled by concili-\\nation.\\nMay Ire. Intimidation is practised\\nby the House League upon owners of\\nhouses in Kerry and elsewhere, to secure\\na reduction of rent.\\nJune 3, 13, 21. Ire. Riots occur in\\nBelfast between Catholic and Protestant\\nworkmen many lives are lost. [Aug.\\n9, 14. Rioting continues 11 killed. Aug.\\n15. Suppressed.]\\nJune* -July* Shropshire iron-workers\\nsuccessfully strike.\\nJuly 14-16. London. The British and\\nColonial Congress meets, bishop of\\nLondon, president.\\nJuly* The Woman s Suffrage Society\\nholds its annual meeting.\\nJuly Scot. Riotous resistance is made\\nto ejectments at Greenhill Farm, Isle\\nof Tiree, Hebrides. 300 men repulse 50\\npolice marines restore order. [Dec. 14.\\nSix crofters are sentenced to three\\nmonths imprisonment.]\\nAug. 19-22. About 1,000 delegates at-\\ntend a convention of the Irish Na-\\ntional League at Chicago, U. S. A.\\nJohn Fitzgerald, president.\\nSept 1\u00c2\u00b1. Ire. Occasional rioting occurs\\nat West Belfast between Protestants\\nand Catholics.\\nSept. 12. About 15,000 operatives in the\\nwrought-nail trade of South Stafford-\\nshire strike.\\nSept. 19. Riots occur at Liverpool.\\nSept. 26. Ire. Armed moonlighters\\nare captured at Castle Island, in Kerry.\\nFatal riots occur at West Belfast two\\npersons killed.\\nSept. 30. A riot occurs among coal-\\nminers at Plas-Power colliery near\\nWrexham.\\nOct. 4. Ire. Two women who refuse to\\ngive up arms are shot by moonlighters\\nnear Williamstown, in Cork.\\nNov. 9. The Distinguished Service\\nOrder is instituted.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1006.jp2"}, "1007": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1885, June 25-1886,* 995\\nDec. 8. Ire. The Fenian Brotherhood\\nexpels O Donovan Rossa.\\nDec. 23. Dublin. John Dillon and five\\nother Irish members of Parliament, and\\nWilliam O Brien, editor of United Ire-\\nland, are tried for illegal rent collect-\\ning. [1887. Jan. 11. They are commit-\\nted and bailed. Feb. 14. Trial resumed.\\nFeb. 24. Jury disagree. Apr. 1. Pro-\\nceedings withdrawn.]\\nLondon. The Socialist League is\\nformed by William Morris, John Burns,\\nH. M. Hyndman, and H. H. Champion.\\nLondon. The National Conservative\\nClub is organized.\\nSTATE.\\n1SS5 June 25. Parliament: The Re-\\ndistribution of Seats Act is passed.\\nJuly 1. Parliament: Special postal\\ntrains are established.\\nJuly 6. H. C. It refuses to permit Mr.\\nBradlaugh to take the oath. Vote, 263-\\n219.\\nAug. 14. Charles Henry, Duke of Rich-\\nmond, is appointed secretary for Scot-\\nland.\\nParliament: Lord Ashbourne s\\nAct, granting \u00c2\u00a35,000,000 for the pur-\\nchase of land in Ireland by tenants, to\\nbe paid by instalments, is passed.\\nParliament is prorogued. [Nov. 18.\\nDissolved.]\\nOct. 5. Ire. The first county conven-\\ntion is held at Wicklow under Mr.\\nParnell.\\nOct. 7. The Royal Commission for in-\\nquiry into causes of depression of\\ntrade holds its first meeting. Earls Id-\\ndesleigh and Dunraven, Mr. G. Sclater\\nBooth, Prof. Bouamy Price, and 20 others\\npresent. [1887. Feb. It reports the\\nprobable causes, overproduction, the\\nrise in the price of gold, and the fall in\\nprices.]\\nNov. 23. -Dec. 18. General election:\\n333 Liberals, 251 Conservatives, 86 Par-\\nnellites, are elected,\\nDec. Sir Henry Lopes is made a lord\\njustice.\\nLondon. John Staples is elected lord\\nmayor.\\nE.I. The British settle in Upper\\nBurmah.\\nW. Afr. Niger districts are occupied\\nby settlers.\\nIre. Population, 4,962,000.\\n1886 Jan. 12. Parliament meets.\\n[June 26. Dissolved.]\\nJan. 13. H. C. Mr. Bradlaugh takes\\nthe oath in the Commons.\\nJan. Ire. William H. Smith is chief\\nsecretary for a few days.\\nJan. 27. The Salisbury Ministry re-\\nsigns, being defeated in the Commons\\non an amendment to the address.\\nFeb. 2. Ire. John Naish is made lord\\nchancellor.\\nFeb. 5. Ire. The Earl of Aberdeen is\\nappointed lord-lieutenant.\\nFeb. 6. Sir Charles Russell becomes\\nattorney-general, and Sir Horace Davey\\nsolicitor-general.\\nLord Wolverton, George Grenfell\\nGlyn, is appointed postmaster-general.\\nSir Farrer Herschel, Lord Herschel,\\nis made lord high chancellor.\\nThe third administration of William\\nEwart Gladstone is formed.\\nW. E. Gladstone (L. Treas.), Sir Farrer\\nHerschel (L. Cham i, Karl Spencer (L. PreB.\\nCouncil), Sir William V. Harcourt (Chanc.\\nExcheq.), Huu h Culling E. Cinlders (Home\\nSec), Archibald P. Primrose, Earl of Kose-\\nbery {For. Sec), George Leveson-Gower,\\nKarl Granville (Colonial Sec), John Wode-\\nHouse, Earl of Kimherley (Sec. for India),\\nIlenrv Cainpbell-liannerman (Sec for War),\\nEarl de Gray and Ripon (L. of Adm.), An-\\nthony James Mundella (Pres. Board of\\nTrade), Joseph Chamberlain (Pres. of Local\\nGov. Board) [Mar. 27, succeeded by James\\nstansfeld], John Morlev (Sec for Ire.) [JJar.\\n24, succeeded bv John William 1 1 .unsay, Earl\\nof Dalhousie], George Otto Trevelyan (Sec\\nfor Scot.), Edward Heneage (Chanc Duchy\\nof Lancaster) [Apr., succeeded by Sir U.Kay\\nSbuttlewortb], Albert Kdimmd Parker, Earl\\nof Morley (Com. of Works) [Apr. 13, suc-\\nceeded by Victor Alexander Bruce, Earl of\\nElgin].\\nFeb. 10. London. A British Home\\nRule (for Ireland) Association is formed.\\nFeb. 15. John W. Mellor is made\\njudge-advocate-general.\\nMar. 5. H. C. The proposed abolition\\nof the hereditary principle is negatived.\\nApr. 8. H. C. Mr. Gladstone intro-\\nduces his Home-Rule Bill, to make\\nbetter provision for the government of\\nIreland.\\nIt proposes to establish a legislative body\\nin Dublin, to consist of two orders: 1 2S rep-\\nresentative peers and To members elected for\\n10 years (2) the present 103 Irish members,\\nand 101 additional the lord-lieutenant with\\na privy council to be independent of Great\\nBritain the new body empowered to enact\\nlaws, and to impose and collect taxes, except\\nthe customs, but not to interfere with the\\narmy and navy, or foreign and colonial af-\\nfairs, and not to enact any religious endow-\\nment; present legal and police arrangements\\nto remain temporarily subject to the crown\\nno Irish members to sit at Westminster.\\n[Apr. 13, 14. The bill is read a first time in\\nthe Commons. June 7, H. Its second reading\\nis rejected In the Commons. Vote, 343-313,\\nthe majority including 250 Tories and 93 Lib-\\nerals.\\nApr. 16. H. C. The sale and purchase\\nof the Land Bill (Ireland) is introduced\\nby Mr. Gladstone the issue of 50,000,000\\n3 per cent stock from 18S7-90 is proposed.\\nApr.* London. Private posting-boxes\\nare sanctioned.\\nMay 10. Lord Kedesdale, chairman of\\ncommittees since 1851, dies, and is suc-\\nceeded by the Duke of Buckingham.\\nMay 11. H. C. Proposed abolition of\\nthe punishment of death is defeated.\\nVote, 117-62.\\nMay 14,15. Meetings of Conservatives\\nand Liberals declare against Glad-\\nstone s Irish policy over 70 Liberal\\nM. P. s desert their party; they and\\ntheir followers become known as Lib-\\neral Unionists, or dissenting Liberals.\\nJune 18. Ire. Armagh and Tyrone are\\nproclaimed under the Peace Preserva-\\ntion Act.\\nJune 25. Parliament An Act is passed\\ngiving the Scotch crofters fixity of ten-\\nure, enlargement of holdings, and state\\naid to fisheries. [1888. Amended.]\\nJune 26. Parliament is dissolved.\\nJuly General election takes place on\\nthe issue of Gladstone s Irish Home\\nRule policy. [316 Tories, 191 Liberals,\\n78 Liberal Unionists, and 85 Parnellites\\n(Irish Home Rulers) are elected.]\\nJuly 20. The Gladstone administra-\\ntion resigns.\\nJuly 21. Ire. Belfast is proclaimed\\nbecause of rioting between Catholics\\nand Protestants.\\nJuly 23. The United Kingdom Home\\nRule (for Ireland) League is formed.\\nJuly 26. The second Salisbury admin-\\nistration is formed.\\nmembers: Marquis of Salisbury (Premier\\nand Treas.), Lord Halsbury (L. Chanc),\\nVise. Cranbrook (1,.1 ivs. Conned), Lord Ran-\\ndolph Henry Spent tr-CImi didl (Chanc. Ex*\\ncheq.), Henry Matthews (Home See.), Staf-\\nford Henry Nortbeote, Earl of Iddesleigli\\n(For. Sec.), Edward Stanhope (Sec. Colo-\\nnies) [later, Sir Henry Thurstan Holland],\\nSir Richard Cross Viscount Cross] (See. for\\nIndia), William Henry Smith (Sec. War\\\\,\\nLord George F rum-is Hamilton (L. Admir.)\\nEdward Gibson, Lord Ashbourne (L. Chanc.\\nof Ire.), sir Michael Edward Hicks-Beach\\n(Sec. for Ire.), Lord John Manners, Duke\\nof Rutland (Chanc. Duchy of Lancaster),\\nand Sir Frederick Stanley, Lord Stanley\\nof Preston (Pres. Board of Trade).\\nGeorge Henry Cadogan [Earl Cadogan]\\n(L. Privy Seal), Charles Stewart Vane\\nTempest Stewart, Marquis of Londonderry\\n(L. Lieut. Ire.), Arthur J. Balfour (Sec. for\\nScot.), C. T. Ritchie (Pres. of Local Gov.\\nBoard), Henry Cecil Raifees (P.M. -Gen.),\\nDavid Robert I lunket (Cum. of Works), Sir\\nRichard Kvcrard Webster (Atty.-Gen.), Sir\\nEdward Clarke (Solicitor Gen.).\\nJuly WilliamT. Marriott is made judge-\\nadvocate-general.\\nAug. 5. Parliament meets. [1892.\\nJune 28. Dissolved.]\\nAug. 27, 28. H.C. Mr. Parnell a\\namendment to the address is nega-\\ntived. Vote, 304-1S1.\\nAug. Ire. Gen. R. Buller is appointed\\nto command in Kerry, Clare, and Cork,\\nwith civil plenary powers.\\nSept. 11. H.C. Mr. Parnell introduces\\nhis Tenants Relief Bill it is rejected.\\nVote, 297-202.\\nSept. 25. Parliament is prorogued.\\nNov. 30. Ire. Sir Robert Hamilton,\\nunder secretary, resigns. [Gen. Buller\\nsucceeds him.]\\nNov.* Ind. Ocean. Socotra is acquired.\\nDec. 1. The British Home Rule\\nUnion is formed.\\nDec. IS. Ire. A proclamation is issued\\nagainst the Plan of Campaign.**\\nLondon. Reginald Hawson is elected\\nlord mayor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1885 July -Aug. Ire. Fraud is dis-\\ncovered in the MunsterBank, and pay-\\nment is stopped.\\nSept. 16. The Puritan defeats the Ge-\\nnesta in a yacht-race (p. 321).\\nSept. 18. The steamer Dolphin collides\\nwith the Brenda; eight lives lost.\\nSept.* The Merchantman is wrecked on\\nSands Head about 70 perish.\\nOct.* The Manchester Ship Canal\\nCompany is formed proposed capital,\\n\u00c2\u00a38,000,000.\\nNov.* Edinburqh. The ancient cross\\nis restored by \\\\V. E. Gladstone.\\nLord Hastings s Melton wins the Der-\\nby race. [18S6, Duke of Westminster s\\nOrmonde wins 1887, Mr. Abbington s\\nMerry Hampton; 1SS8, Duke of Port-\\nland s Ayrshire, and 1889, his Don-\\novan.]\\nDec. 23. IP A mine explosion occurs\\nat Mardy colliery, Pontypridd 200 per-\\nsons are entombed, and 81 killed.\\n1886 Apr. The permission to grow\\ntobacco is granted with conditions by\\nthe Board of Trade.\\nAug. 26. The steamer Ferntower foun-\\nders near Saigon about 50 lives are lost.\\nSept. 11. The American yacht May-\\nJloiver outsails the Galatea (p. 325).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1007.jp2"}, "1008": {"fulltext": "996 1886,** -1888, Jan. 30. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1887 Jan. 1. New array discipline reg-\\nulations are made, giving increased\\npower to officers.\\nFeb. 1. The Naval Intelligence De-\\npartment is formed.\\nMar. 10. The torpedo-cruiser Serpent is\\nlaunched at Devonport. [Apr. 9, the\\nwar-ship Victoria at Newcastle May 9,\\nthe war-ship Sans Pared at Blackwall.]\\nJuly 23. A naval review is held at\\nSpithead in honor of Queen Victoria s\\njubilee; 135 ships and over 20,000 men\\ntake part in the display.\\n*The Duke of Cambridge is made\\ncommander-in-chief by patent.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1886 The British Association meets\\nat Birmingham. [1SS7, at Manchester\\n1888, Sept. 5, at Bath 1SS9, at Newcas-\\ntle.]\\n1887 Feb.* A museum for Gen. Pitt-\\nRivers collection of ancient weapons is\\npresented to the Oxford University.\\nApr. 4. London. Anglo-Jewish an-\\ntiquities are exhibited at the Royal\\nAlbert Hall.\\nApr. 20. About \u00c2\u00a310,000 of the Jubilee\\nFund is set apart for a colossal statue\\nof Prince Albert.\\nMay 3. Tbe Royal Jubilee Exhibition\\nof manufactures, science, and art, at\\nManchester, is opened by the Prince and\\nPrincess of Wales. [Nov. 10. Closed.]\\nMay 11. The Royal Mining, Engineering,\\nand Industrial Exhibition at Newcastle,\\nis opened by the Duke of Cambridge.\\n[July 11. The Royal Agricultural Soci-\\nety s Exhibition is opened.]\\nMay 16. The Royal Jubilee Exhibi-\\ntion at Liverpool is opened by the\\nPrincess Louise.\\nLondon. A terrific storm destroys\\nlife and property.\\nSept. 26. London. An International\\nShorthand Congress is held at the\\nGeological Museum 482 systems are\\nnoticed.\\nSept. A new Art Union is established\\nby the Royal Institute of Painters in\\nWater Colors.\\nOct. 22. A statue of Samuel Morley,\\nM.P., is unveiled at Bristol.\\nOct. 31-Wov. 1. Gales occur on the\\nsouth and west coasts. [Nov. 3. An-\\nother gale on the southeast coast.^\\nDec. 16. A statue of Gen. Earle, in\\nfront of St. George s Hall, Liverpool, is\\nunveiled by Lord Wolseley. A statue\\nof the queen at the Royal Holloway Col-\\nlege is unveiled by the Princess Chris-\\ntian.\\nDec. JF. Gold is discovered in large\\nquantities in Pritchar Morgan s mines,\\nGwynfynydd, Mawddach Valley, Merio-\\nnethshire.\\nSir Arthur Sullivan composes Ruddy-\\ngore.\\nArrangements are made for transmit-\\nting telegraphic messages from rail-\\nway trains in motion without contact\\nwith the ordinary wires.\\nLondon. Josef Hofman, ten years of\\nage, plays long classical pieces from\\nmemory at St. James s Hall.\\nLondon. The Anatomical Society is\\nfounded.\\n*The symphonion, an improved mu-\\nsical box, is invented.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1887 Jan. 12- Iddesleigh, Earl of, Sir Staf-\\nford Henry Northcote, states., author, A69.\\nJan. 19. Ballantme, \\\\V illiam, lawyer, A75.\\nJan. 23. Wnitworth, Sir Joseph, mechani-\\ncal engineer, A84.\\nFeb. 5. Macgregor, Sir Charles Metcalfe,\\ngeneral, A47-\\nFeb. 8. Wood, Mrs. Henry, author, A67.\\nMar. 24. Strangford, Viscountess, Emily\\nAnne, philanthropist, A53.\\nApr. 10. Newdegate, Charles, politician,\\nA71.\\nMay 5. Grant, James, Scot, novelist, A65.\\nJuly 25. Mayhew, Henry, author, A75.\\nAug. 10. Lawson, James Anthony, jurist,\\nIreland, A70.\\nOct. 17. Hunt, Robert, scientist, A80.\\nOct. 20. Beresford-Hope, Alexander\\nJames, scholar, statesman, A67.\\nNov. 2. land, Jenny (Mrs. Otto Gold-\\nschmidt), vocalist, A66.\\nNov. 6. Wolverton, Baron, George Gren-\\nfell Glyn, statesman. A63.\\nNov. 17. Baker, Valentine (Baker Pasha),\\ncolonel, A62.\\nDec. 17. Farre, Arthur, surgeon, A76.\\nDec. 19, Stewart, Balfour, naturaliBt,\\nA58.\\n1888 Jan. 8. Priee, Bonamy, economist,\\nA80.\\nJan. 19. Garden, Robert Walter, politi-\\nn, philanthropist, A87.\\nJan. 27. Godwin, George, architect, A73.\\nJan. 29. Lear, 1-Mwanl, author, dies.\\nJan. 30. Caird, James Tennant, ship-\\nbuilder, Scotland, A71.\\nHowitt, Mary, poet, A89.\\nCHURCH.\\n1886 Bishops consecrated (Church\\nof England)\\nJohn Dowden for Edinburgh, Charles\\nGraves for Limerick, Charles Maurice Stack\\nfor Clogher, William Reeves for Down.\\nRobert B. Knox, archbishop of Armagh, E.\\nBickersteth for Japan, G. W. H. K. Bruce\\nfor Bloemfontein, South Africa, Bramsby L.\\nKey for St. Johns, South Africa, Edward T.\\nChurton for Nassau, W. I.; and James\\nMoorhouse for Manchester. [1887. W. C.\\nPinkham for Saskatchewan and Calgary, Hu-\\npertsland, J. Wareing Banlslev for Sudor\\nand Man, G. F. P. Blyth for Jerusalem, T.\\nE. Wilkinson for Central Europe, Charles\\nE. Camidge for Bafhurst, Australia, Field\\nFlowers Goe for Melbourne, Australia, and\\nHenry J. Matthew for Lahore, Ind.]\\nBishops consecrated (Roman Catho-\\nlic)\\nEdward T. O Dwyer for Limerick, Patrick\\nMcAlister for Dorm and Connor, and Pierce\\nPower for Water ford and Lismore; also Mat-\\nthew Gibney for Perth Australia.\\n1887 Aug. 9. The archbishop of Can-\\nterbury receives an address from 96\\npeers, directed against auricular con-\\nfession, priests in absolution, etc.\\nDec. 26. The British Special Mission\\npresents the queen s Jubilee gift to the\\nPope.\\nDec. The Duke of Norfolk is appointed\\nenvoy extraordinary from Victoria to\\nthe Vatican. [Dec. 17. He is received\\nby the Pope.]\\nScot. The Mission to the Chinese\\nBlind is formed by the zeal of William\\nMurray.\\nBishops consecrated (Roman Catho-\\nlic)\\nGeorge Porter for Bombay, E. I.; Francis\\nPozzi for Krishnagar, K. I. Alex. Kieeaz for\\nNagpur, E. L; Bernard Beiderlinden for\\nPoona, E. I. Ferdinand Ossi for Quilon, E.\\nI.; Jeremiah Dovle for Grafton, Australia\\nand Vincent. Flnml, bishop auxiliary for Port\\nof Spain; John J. Grimes for Christchurch,\\nAustralia.\\n1888 Jan. 25. London. The new Tere-\\ndos at St. Paul s Cathedral is unveiled.\\nJan. 30. London. A solemn office, in\\nmemory of the Young Pretender, is\\ncelebrated at All Saints, Anglican\\nChurch, Lambeth.\\n1886 The Mayor of Casterbridge, by\\nThomas Hardy, appears. [1891. Tess of\\ntlie Ubervilles.]\\nMiscellanies, by Swinburne, appears.\\nThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and\\nMr. Hyde and Kidnapped by R. L. B.\\nStevenson, appear. [1887, Undenvoods,\\nThe Merry Men, and Other Tales, and\\nMemoirs and Portraits 1889, The Master\\nof Ballantrae.]\\n1887 Jan. 29. The Selden Society,\\nfor the study of English legal history,\\nand publication of ancient MSS. and\\nbooks, is founded.\\nMar. 26. The 500th anniversary of the\\nlaying of the first stone of New College,\\nWinchester, is celebrated.\\nJune 15. The foundation of Newcastle\\nand Durham College of Physical Sci-\\nence is laid by Sir [Lord] William Arm-\\nstrong. [1888. Nov. 5. Opened.]\\nLondon. The Philological Society\\nadvocates the use of Volapiik in diplo-\\nmacy and science.\\nBooks and pamphlets published dur-\\ning the year, 4,410. [1888, 4,960; 1S89,\\n4,694; 1890,4,414.]\\nPractical Dictionary of Mechanics, by\\nEdward H. Knight, appears.\\nThe Wolfe Expedition in Asia Minor,\\nby J. R. Stillington Sterrett, appears.\\nPaleolithic Man in N. W. Middlesex,\\nby John Allen Brown, appears.\\nThe Revolutionary Movement of 1848-\\n49 in Italy, Austria, Hungary, and Ger-\\nmany, by G. Edmund Maurice, appears.\\nChristianity, Islam, and the Negro\\nRace, by Edmund \\\\V. Blyden, appears.\\nLectures on the Origin and Growth of\\nReligion, by A. H. Sayce, appears.\\nThe Mammoth and the Flood, by Henry\\nH. Howorth, appears.\\nEarly Adventures in Persia, Susiana,\\nand Babylon, by Sir Henry Layard,\\nappears.\\n1887-89 Essays, by Aubrey Thomas De\\nVere, appears.\\n1887-94 English Writers, by Henry\\nMorley, appears.\\nSpringhaven, by Richard D. Black-\\nmore, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1886 A Thimble League is patron-\\nized by the queen tbe object being to\\nprovide employment for distressed\\nneedle-women.\\nParliament The Shop Hours Reg-\\nulation Act for the protection of young\\npersons is passed.\\n*The Recreative Evening Schools\\nAssociation for boys who have left\\nschool is founded under royal patron-\\nage.\\nTitles created:\\nEarl De Montalt, Viscount Cross, and\\nBarons Hillingdon, Thring, Kensington,\\nHindlip, Stalbridge, Grinthorpe, Herschell,\\nHamilton, Brassey, and Burton. [1887, Earl\\nof Londesborongh, and Barons Addington,\\nBasing, Macnaghten, Cheylesmore, Conne-\\nmara, Monckton, Armstrong, Bowes, St.\\nLevan, Dp Ramsey, and Magherainorne; 1888,\\nMarquis of Duffern and Ava, and Barons\\nKnutsfordand Savile; 1889, Duke of Fife.]\\n1887 Jan. 29, 30. Ire. Rioting oc-\\ncurs in West Belfast.\\nFeb. 8-10. Scot. Violent riots by Lan-\\narkshire miners occur at Hamilton, Air-\\ndrie, and elsewhere 74 men are arrested.\\nFeb. 14, 15. Ire. Evictions are re-\\nsisted with arms an emergency\\nman dies of his wounds at Ballycar.\\nFeb. London. The London Postmen s\\nKest, Dover, is established by Lord\\nWolverton, late postmaster.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1008.jp2"}, "1009": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1886, -1888, Jan. 30. 997\\nMar. 8. Ire. Bloody riots occur at\\nYonghai.\\nMar. 18. Father Keller is arrested for\\ncontempt of court in refusing to give\\nevidence as a confessor in a bankruptcy\\ncase his course is approved by Arch-\\nbishop Walsh. [Mar. 19. Imprisoned.\\nMar. 29. Father Ryan is imprisoned for\\na like offense. May 21-24. Both are re-\\nleased.]\\nApr.* The National Prohibition\\nParty appears.\\nMay 9. London. The queen receives\\nthe lord mayor and others with their\\njubilee address. [May 14. She goes to\\nMile End to open the People s Palace.]\\nJune 1. The Order of the Indian Em-\\npire is enlarged.\\nJune 20+. London. Queen Victoria s\\nJubilee is celebrated.\\nA grand procession is witnessed by many\\nthousands; a solemn thanksgiving service\\nis given in Westminster Abbey, in the pres-\\nence of the queen, the royal family, the Kings\\nof Denmark, Belgium, Greece, and Saxony;\\nthe Crown Princes of iermany, Austria, Por-\\ntugal, and Sweden; the Grand Duke Sergius\\nof Russia, Amadens, Duke of Aosta, Prince\\nL ud wig of Bavaria, the Maharajah Holkar,\\nand many Indian princes, the Queen of\\nHawaii, also the dignitaries of the empire,\\nand manv persons eminent in science, art,\\nand literature. (June 22.) The women of\\nGreat Britain and Ireland make a jubilee\\noffering to the queen of \u00c2\u00a375,000. About 26,000\\nelementary school children are entertained\\nin Hyde Park, at the instance of Mr. Lawson\\nof the Daily Telegraph. (June 23.) A citi-\\nzens thanksgiving service is held at St.\\nPaul s, after a formal procession from Guild-\\nhall. (June 24.) The queen issues a letter\\nto the nation, expressing her profound grati-\\ntude for the very kind reception of the vast\\nmultitude during her progress to and return\\nfrom Westminster Abbey. (June 27.) A\\ngreat number of addresses from municipal\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2corporations, scientihc societies, and other\\nbodies are received by the queen. (June 30.)\\nEast India chiefs are received and decorated\\nat Windsor. (July 2.) The queen reviews\\n28,000 volunteers at Buckingham Palace.\\n(July 4.) She lays the foundation stone of\\nthe Imperial Institute. (July 9.) She re-\\nviews about 60,000 men at Aldersnot. (July\\n23.) The grand naval review by the queen\\ntakes place.\\nJune* Ire. Evictions at Bodyke in\\nClare, on property of Col. O Callaghan,\\nare resisted.\\nJuly 19. Ire. A great meeting is held\\nat Cork to resist the Crimes Act.\\nAug. -Sept. An unsuccessful strike\\noccurs on the Midland Railway about\\n2,713 drivers, firemen, and others go out.\\nSept. 4. Ire. Nationalists attempt to\\nhold a meeting at Ballycoree after it\\nhas been proclaimed, and are dispersed\\nby the Government.\\nSept. 9. Ire. Nationalists, led by La-\\nbouchere and Dillon, hold a meeting at\\nMitchellstown in disregard of the Gov-\\nernment s proclamation two men are\\nkilled in a conflict with the police.\\nSept. 11. Ire. Constable Whelehan is\\nkilled and three others are wounded in\\ndefending T. Sexton s house near Lis-\\ndoonvarna, against moonlighters.\\n[Dec. 10. Leary and four others are sen-\\ntenced to penal servitude for life.]\\nSept. 20. Ire. The National League\\nin Clare and several baronies, including\\n200 branches, is suppressed by procla-\\nmation.\\nSept. 24. Ire. Nationalists O Brien\\nand Mandeville are sentenced to three\\nmonths imprisonment.\\nOct. 4-7. The Amalgamated Society\\nof Railway Servants hold a Congress at\\nNewcastle-on-Tyne.\\nOct. 9. Ire. Many suppressed branches\\nof the National League hold meetings.\\nOct. 18, 19. The unemployed meet in\\nHyde Park, but are dispersed by the\\npolice after a fight.\\nOct. 29. Ire. The annual convention of\\nthe Irish National League of Great\\nBritain meets at Cardiff.\\nNov. 23. Scotland. Park and Aline\\ndeer forests in the Island of Lewis are\\nraided by 2,000 cotters.\\nDec. 2. Dublin. The Lord Mayor is\\nsentenced to imprisonment for two\\nmonths for publishing reports of sup-\\npressed meetings of the National (Irish)\\nLeague.\\nDec. 3. Shoemakers at Northampton\\nstrike. [Dec. 24. Closed by arbitra-\\ntion.]\\nDec. 19. Fr. Jem Smith and Jake Kil-\\nrain engage in a prize-fight on an island\\nbetween Paris and Rouen.\\nThe Beaconsfield Club at Salisbury\\nis opened by the Marquis of Salisbury.\\nDec. 30. The women of England send a\\nmemorial to the Queen with over 1,130,-\\n000 names, praying for sympathy with\\nthe proposal to close public-houses on\\nSunday.\\nThe per capita consumption of dis-\\ntilled spirits and wine in the United\\nKingdom is 0.93 and 0.38 gallons beer,\\n32.88 gallons per capita.\\nThe British Nurses Association is\\nfounded.\\nLondon. The National Union is or-\\nganized.\\nLondon. The Poor Children s Aid\\nSociety is established.\\n1888 Jan. 9. The remains of Napo-\\nleon TIT, are removed from Chiselhurst\\nto Farn bo rough.\\nSTATE.\\n1887 Jan. 3. Ministerial appoint-\\nments: George J. Goschen (Chanc.\\nExcheq.), William H. Smith (L. Treas.).\\n[Jan. 6. Edward Stanhope (Sec. War).\\nJan. Marq. of Salisbury (For. Sec).\\nJan. 28. Parliament assembles.\\nFeb. 1. The Naval Intelligence De-\\npartment is formed.\\nFeb. 11, 12. H.C. Mr. Parnell s\\namendment to the address is nega-\\ntived. Vote, 352-246.\\nMar. 5. Ire. Sir Michael Hicks-Beach\\nresigns the chief secretaryship. [Arthur\\nJ. Balfour succeeds him.]\\nMar. 7, 10, 14+. London. The Times\\npublishes articles entitled Pamellism,\\nand Crime, charging Mr. Parnell and\\nother Irish members with having parti-\\ncipated in or approved of crimes com-\\nmitted against the Government in Ire-\\nland and elsewhere. [Apr. IS. The Times\\npublishes the facsimile of a letter alleged\\nto be signed by Parnell (dated 1882, May\\n15), in which he is made to say, Though\\n1 regret the accident of Lord Caven-\\ndish s death, I cannot refuse to admit\\nthat Burke got no more than his deserts.\\nApr. 19. In the Commons, Parnell terms\\nthe letter an anonymous fabrication.]\\n(See 1888, Oct. 22.)\\nMar. 16. H. C. The first and chief\\nclosure rule is adopted. Vote, 220-120.\\nMar. 28. H. C. A new criminal law\\nprocedure (Coercion) Bill is introduced\\nby Mr. Balfour.\\nApr. 11. London. A great demonstra-\\ntion takes place at Hyde Park against\\nthe Irish Coercion Bill.\\nMay 4, 5. H. C. The Commons decides\\nthat an article in the Times of May 2,\\nattacking John Dillon, M.P., is not a\\nbreach of privilege. Mr. Gladstone s\\nmotion for a committee is rejected.\\nVote, 317-233.\\nMay 21. London. A Parliamentary\\ncommittee to inquire into charges of\\nspending corporation funds to oppose\\nmunicipal reform bill report the charge\\nto be partially sustained.\\nJune H. C. There is much opposition\\nto Mr. Balfour s Coercion Bill; the\\nIrish members retire from the House.\\n[July 9. It passes. July 18. It passes\\nthe Lords.]\\nJuly 23. Ire. Eighteen counties are\\nproclaimed under the Coercion Act to-\\ngether with Dublin and nine other cities.\\nJuly 29. H. C. T. M. Healy is sus-\\npended for 14 days.\\nAug. 10. Ire. The National League\\nis proclaimed.\\nAug. 23. Parliament: The new Irish\\nLand Bill is passed.\\nAug. 31. Ire. A Nationalist meeting\\nat Ballycoree, Clare, is proclaimed.\\nSept. 13 H. C. C. Graham and E. Har-\\nrington are suspended for speaking dis-\\nrespectfully of the House of Lords.\\nSept. 16. Parliament is prorogued.\\nOct. 15. Ire. Col. Sir Joseph West\\nRidgeway succeeds Sir Redvers Buller\\nas under secretary.\\nOct. 24. Paris. Conventions are\\nsigned relating to the Suez Canal and\\nthe New Hebrides.\\nDec. 8. London. A great Liberal-Union-\\nist Conference is held at Westminster\\nIron Hall.\\nLondon. PolydoredeKeyser is elected\\nlord mayor.\\n1888 Jan. 2. Dublin. Thomas Sex-\\nton becomes lord mayor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1887 Jan. 20. The Kapuvda collides\\nwith the Ada Gilmore and founders off\\nBrazil 298 lives lost.\\nFeb. 18. W. A mine explosion occurs\\nat Ynyshie colliery, Rhondda Valley 39\\nlives lost.\\nMay 6. Edinburgh. An International\\nIndustrial Exhibition is opened by\\nPrince Albert Victor. [Oct. 31. Closes\\nafter the admission of 2,740,000 visitors.]\\nMay 28. Scot. A mine explosion at\\nUdston colliery, near Glasgo\\ndeaths.\\nSept. 2. The steamer Falls of Bruar\\nsinks off Yarmouth 24 persons perish.\\nSept. 27. The American yacht Volun-\\nteer outsails the Scotch Thistle in race\\nfor America cup (p. 327).\\nNov. 11. The first sod is cut for the\\nManchester Ship Canal at Tatton.\\nDec. 6. Fire does much damage in South\\nBermondsey.\\nDec. 29. London. The Grand Theater,\\nIslington, is totally destroyed by fire.\\n1888 Jan. 4. The Royal Theater at\\nBolton is burned.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1009.jp2"}, "1010": {"fulltext": "998 1888, Jan. *-1888,\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1888 Mar. Asia. A British force\\ncaptures the fort of Lingtu in Tibet.\\n[Mar. 20. The natives hastily retire.]\\nMar. 27. The iron-clad Nile is launched\\nat Pembroke. [May 12, Scot., the cruiser\\nMagicienne at Govan June 9, the\\ncruiser Medea at Chatham.]\\nMay 23. Asia. The Tibetans attack\\nGnatong, and are defeated by Col.\\nGraham they lose 200 men.\\nJuly 3. Orders for forming 95,000 vol-\\nunteers into 19 brigades for home de-\\nfense mobilization are issued.\\nAug. 23. Scot. The cruiser Marathon\\nis launched on the Clyde.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1888 Mar. London. Otto Hegner,\\n11 years of age, musical prodigy appears.\\nApr. 11. A statue of John Bright is\\nunveiled at Birmingham.\\nMay 9. London. The new gallery for\\nexhibiting modern pictures, Regent\\nSquare, is opened by seceders from\\nGrosvenor Gallery.\\nMay 12. London. The Italian Exhibi-\\ntion at West Kensington is opened by\\nthe lord mayor.\\nMay 14. London. The Anglo-Danish\\nExhibition at South Kensington is\\nopened by the Princess of Wales.\\nJune 4. London. Lord mayors of Lon-\\ndon and Dublin open the Irish Exhibi-\\ntion at Kensington.\\nJune 5. A monument to Sir Bartle\\nFrere on the Thames embankment is\\nunveiled by the Prince of Wales.\\nJune 16. A tablet in memory of war\\ncorrespondents who died in the Soudan\\nis unveiled in St. Paul s Cathedral.\\nScot. A statue of Gen. Gordon is un-\\nveiled at Aberdeen.\\nJuly 19. Scot. A slight earthquake\\noccurs at Annandale.\\nJuly 27. London. A bronze tablet to\\nMaj.-Gen. Sir Herbert Stewart is un-\\nveiled in St. Paul s Cathedral also a\\nmedallion portrait to William E. Fore-\\nter in Westminster Abbey.\\nAug. 22. Scot. The queen opens the\\nnew Municipal Building at Glasgow.\\nSept. 12. Edinburgh. A memorial arch-\\nway to Sir G. Harrison is accepted by\\nthe town council.\\nSept. 17-22. London. An International\\nCongress of Geologists meets at Bur-\\nlington House.\\nSept. 25. London. A statue of Gen.\\nGordon is unveiled in Trafalgar Square.\\nOct. 1. A statue of Lord Shaftesbury ia\\nunveiled in Westminster Abbey.\\nNov. 5. The Durham College of Sci-\\nence at Newcastle is opened by the\\nPrincess Louise.\\nNov. 6. London. A statue of the Earl\\nof Iddesleigh is unveiled in the Central\\nHall of the House of Parliament.\\nNov. 13. London. An equestrian statue\\nof the Duke of Wellington, with the\\nfigures of four Waterloo soldiers at the\\nbase, executed by Sir J. E. Boehm, is\\nunveiled near Hyde Park Corner.\\nSir Arthur Sullivan composes Yeomen\\nof the Guard.\\nFeb. SI. Badger, George Percy, oriental-\\nist, A75.\\nFeb. 22. Kingsford, Anna, theosophist,\\nA41.\\nFeb. 36. Morison, James A. C, au., A57.\\nMar. 4. Rutland, Duke of, Charles C. J.\\nward Magannis for Kilmore, M. Comarford\\nfor Kildare, Patrick O Donnell for Raphoe,\\nJohn Lyster for Achonry.\\nThe Colonial Missionary Society is\\nformed by the Congregational Church of\\nEngland.\\nA74.\\nMar. 26. Chalmers, Robert, publisher,\\nScotland, A56.\\nMar. 27. Grey, Edmond Dwyer, journal-\\nist, Ireland, A 42.\\nApr. 15. Arnold, Matthew, poet, essay-\\nist, A65.\\nApr. 19. Crampton, Thomas Russell, en-\\ngineer, A72.\\nApr. 30. Ryder, Sir Alfred P., adm., A68.\\nMay 3. Bright, Sir Charles T., electrician,\\nA55.\\nMay 7. Levi, Leone, pol. economist, A67.\\nMay 13. Hewett, Sir William N. Wright?,\\nvice-admiral, A54.\\nJune 8, Doyle, Sir Francis Hastings,\\nscholar, author, A77.\\nJune 10. Harman, Edward R. King, col.,\\nstatesman, A 50.\\nJune 17. Creswick, William, actor, A75.\\nJune 18. Trevor, George, canon of York,\\npreacher, author, A79.\\nJuly 9. Gleig, George R., clergyman,\\nwriter, Scotland, A92.\\nAug. 21. Richard, Henry, politician, A76.\\nAug-. 33. Gosse, Philip II., naturalist, ATS.\\nAug-. 25. Rose, Sir John, diplomatist, A 68.\\nSept. 12. Proctor, Richard A., astrono-\\nmer, A54.\\nSept. 28. Parry, Thomas Ganibier, artist,\\nA72.\\nSept. 30. Palgrave, William Gifford, trav-\\neler, diplomatist, A 62.\\nOct. 1. Keating. Sir Henry S., jurist, A84.\\nOct. 6. Venal \u00c2\u00bbles, Ceorge s., jurist, A78.\\nOct. 9. Musgrave, Sir Anthony, pol., AGO.\\nOct. 16. Mount- Temple, Baron, William\\nFrancis Cowper-Temple, statesman, A76.\\nNov. 10. Lucan, Earl of, George C. Bing-\\nham, field-marshal, A38.\\nNov. 13. Baggallay, Milliard, lawyer, A72.\\nNov. 16. Duncan, Francis, col., pol., A.V2.\\nNov. 18. Devon, Earl of, William R.\\nCourtenay, A81.\\nNov. 24. O Gorman, Purcell, major, poli-\\ntician, Ireland, A69.\\nDec. 14. Redgrave, Richard, artist, A84.\\nDec. 33. Oliphant, Lawrence, traveler,\\nauthor, A59.\\nDec. 24. Bollock, Sir William Frederick,\\nauthor, A73.\\nDec. 28. Shaw-Lefevre, Charles Viscount\\nEversley, statesman, A95.\\nCameron, Sir Duncan A., general, A80.\\nKey, SirAstley coper, admiral, A66.\\nLalliany, Robert G., phys., ethnologist, A76.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1888 Feb. 3. Maine, Sir Henry James\\nSumner, jurist, author, A66.\\nFeb. 7. Johnston, Sir Win., publisher, A85.\\nFeb. 12. Walsh, John Hehrv, editor, au-\\nthor, A78.\\nFeb. 18. Peyton, Sir Thomas, major-gen-\\neral, A70.\\nCHURCH.\\n1888 Feb. 2. Southwell Collegiate\\nChurch is opened as the cathedral of\\nthe new diocese.\\nApr. 20. Ire. The Pope condemns on\\nmoral grounds tlie plan of campaign and\\nboycotting, and issues a rescript.\\nMay 20. Dublin. The Catholic mem-\\nbers of Parliament meet, and resent the\\nPope s interference in political af-\\nfairs.\\nMay* Ire. The papal rescript is ac-\\ncepted by the (Roman Catholic; bishops.\\nJune 9-19. London. A congress of\\nProtestant missions is held, Earl of\\nAberdeen, president.\\nJuly 7-28. London. The third confer-\\nence of 145 bishops is held at Lambeth.\\nJuly 21. London. The Church House\\nCorporation holds its first annual meet-\\ning.\\nJuly 24. The Wesleyan Methodist\\nConference is held at Camborn. [1889.\\nJuly 23. At London.]\\nNov. 10. The English (Roman Catholic)\\nbishops protest, in an address to the\\nPope, against Italian repressive legisla-\\ntion respecting his temporal power.\\nBishops consecrated (Roman Catho-\\nlic)\\nJan. 6. London. Archdeacon Matthew,\\nbishop of Lahore; Feb. 24, Archdeacon Earle\\nand Sir L. T. Stam.-r. bishops of Marlbor-\\nough and Shrewsbury; Nov. 30, Archdeacon\\nSumner, bishop of ;uildford; William T.\\nHarrison for Glasgow. F. Courtney for Nova\\nScotia, Thomas Hayes for Trinidad, W. I.,\\nFrancis John Javne for Chester, William\\nStubbs for Oxford, William Walsham\\nWakefield.\\nLETTERS.\\n1888 Jan. Handbook of Volapiik, by\\nC. E. Sprague, appears.\\nMay 2. London. Mr. Gladstone opens\\nthe Gladstone Library at the National\\nLiberal Club.\\nMay 15. London. The Universal He-\\nview is issued.\\nJune 23. London. A School of Handi-\\ncraft is opened by Sir W. Hart-Dyke at\\nToynbee Hall, Whitechapel.\\nA revised edition of Chambers s Ency-\\nclopaedia, appears.\\nPlain Tales from the Hills, byRudyard\\nKipling, appears. [1880, Soldiers Three,\\nStory of the iadshys. The Phantom Rick-\\nshaw, and Other Eerie Tales; 1891, The\\nLight that Failed, The Courtship of\\nDinah Shadd, Without Relief t of Clergy,\\nand Greenhow Hill.]\\nFifty Years Ago and For Faith and\\nFreedom, by Walter Besant, appear.\\nThe Strange Adventures of a House\\nBoat and In Far Lochaber, by William\\nBlack, appear. [1890. The New Prince\\nFortunatus; 1891, Donald Ross of\\nHeimra.]\\nEssays in Criticism, by Matthew Ar-\\nnold, appears.\\nRobert Elsmere, by Mrs. Humphry\\nWard, appears. [1S92, David Grieve;\\n1894, Marcel-la.]\\nThe Holy Land and the Bible, by Cun-\\nningham Geikie, appears.\\nBuilding of the British Isles, by A, J.\\nJukes-Browne, appears.\\nGreek Life and Thought, by John P.\\nMahaffy, appears.\\nA Study of Religion, by James Marti-\\nneau, appears.\\nThe Truth about Russia, hy William\\nT. Stead, appears.\\nThe English in the West Indies, by\\nEroude, appears. [1SS9, The Two Chief*\\nof Dunboy; 1890, The Earl of Beacon s-\\nJield 1891, J irorce of Catherine of Ara-\\ngon; 1S92, The Spanish Story of the\\nArmada and other Essays; 189-i, Life\\nand Letters of Erasmus.]\\nScot. Lay Sermons, by John Stuart\\nBlackie, appears. [1892, Love s Victory,\\nLyrical Poems.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1888 Jan. About \u00c2\u00a320,000 towards the\\nfoundation of the National Pension\\nPund is presented by Gibbs, Hambro,\\nJ. S. Morgan, and Rothschild.\\nFeb. 10. The Nationalists Pyne and\\nGilhooly, members of Parliament, are\\narrested at the House of Commons.\\nMar. 12. A 21 weeks strike of engi-\\nneers at Blackburn is closed by com-\\npromise.\\nApr. 12. London. A woman is mur-\\ndered and badly mutilated in the east\\nend, the first of a series. [Aug. 8, sec-\\nond Aug. 31, third Sept. 8, fourth.]\\nApr. 28. Ire. Daniel Hayes and Daniel\\nMoriarty are executed for the murder", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1010.jp2"}, "1011": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1888, Jan. -1888, 999\\nMay 7. Ire. James Kirby is executed\\nat Tralee jail for the murder of Patrick\\nQuirke, at Liscahane, Kerry, on Nov. 8,\\n1887.\\nMay A Laborers* League is estab-\\nlished to assist the laborers in the exer-\\ncise of the rights given them by the\\nLocal Government Act.\\nJune 2. London. A great demonstra-\\ntion is made in Hyde Park against com-\\npensating liquor-sellers whose licenses\\nare unrenewed.\\nJuly 5. London. Match-girls at Bry-\\nant and May s factory strike.\\nOct. 3. The mutilated remains of a\\nwoman are discovered in a vault near\\nthe embankment at Whitehall. [Nov.\\n9, another.]\\nOct. 20. The Birchfield recreation\\ngrounds and lads* club at Manchester\\nare opened by Prince Albert Victor.\\nOct. 22. About 30,000 coal-miners strike\\nin southwest Yorkshire. [Oct. 27-31. The\\ncolliers demands of 10 per cent increase\\nare generally acceded to by the owners.]\\nHov. 6. London. An International\\nTrades Union Congress is held; 79\\nEnglish and 44 foreign delegates are\\npresent.\\nNov. Ire. Edward Harrigan is fined\\n\u00c2\u00a3500 for contempt of court in an\\neditorial in the Kerry Sentinel.\\nIre. A total of 87,582 cases of drunk-\\nenness are disposed of by the police\\nduring the year one to every 54 of the\\npopulation.\\nLondon. The new Central Hospital\\nat Holloway is founded.\\n*The Band of Hope Union of the\\nUnited Kingdom, for temperance, is\\nformed.\\nSTATE.\\n1888 Feb. 9. Parliament is opened.\\nFeb. 10. E. I. Lord Dufferin resigns\\nthe vice-royalty.\\nFeb. 15. Washington, U.S.A. The Fish-\\neries Commission signs a treaty and\\nadjourns.\\nFeb. 23. H. C. Mr. ParnelFs mo-\\ntion denouncing the administration of\\nthe Crimes Act is rejected. Vote, 317-\\n229.\\nFeb. 24-28. H. C. New Rules of Pro-\\ncedure, changing the hours of session,\\nare adopted. Limits, 3 p.m. to 1 a.m.\\nThey give the power of closure to a\\nmajority in the House of 100, and pro-\\nvide for repressing disorder and waste\\nof time.\\nMar. 2. H. L. The Lunacy Acts\\nAmendment Bill is passed.\\nMar. 21. H. C. Mr. ParnelPs Arrears\\nBill, amending the Irish Land Law, is\\nrejected. Vote, 243-328.\\nMar. 23. H. C. The National Debt\\nConversion Bill is passed.\\n[Mar. 12. First reading. Mar. 16. Sec-\\nond reading. Mar. 22. Third reading.]\\nApr. 13. H. L. Lord Denman s Wo-\\nmen s Suffrage Bill is rejected.\\nApr. 18. The Deceased Wife s Sister\\nBill is passed. Vote, 239-182. [1889.\\nMay 9. H. L. Rejected.]\\nApr. 20. H. C. Mr. Ritchie s Local\\nGovernment Bill is passed. [Mar. 19.\\nIntroduced. Aug. 13. Receives royal\\nassent.]\\nIt establishes County Councils, to con-\\nsist of councilors and aldermen elected\\nfor three years by Parliamentary voters,\\nand male and female tax-payers.\\nApr. 25. H. C. The Nationalists Irish\\nGovernment Bill is rejected by a ma-\\njority of 87.\\nApr. 26. H. L. Lord Dunraven s bill\\nto reform the House of Lords is de-\\nbated the Government having an-\\nnounced its intention to introduce a\\nbill creating life peers, the bill is with-\\ndrawn.\\nApr.* Parliament: The Ministry intro-\\nduces a Local Government Bill, which\\nrecognizes a vested interest in exist-\\ning licenses by granting compensation to\\nliquor-sellers whose licenses are refused\\nby local authorities.\\nMay 2. H. C. The Early- Closing Bill\\nis defeated. Vote, 95-278.\\nMay 4. H. C. The Customs and In-\\nland Revenue Bill is passed.\\nH. C. The State purchase of the\\nrailways is negatived without a division.\\nMay 16. H. C. A Local Government\\n(Electors) Bill is passed.\\nMay 28. The Birmingham Liberal\\nUnionist Association is formed Jo-\\nseph Chamberlain elected president.\\nJune 8. H. C. It is announced that\\nthe Government proposes to allow bor-\\noughs with a population of 50,000 to be\\ntreated as counties.\\nJune 12. H. C. Mr. Ritchie announces\\nthat the Government has decided not to\\nproceed with the Licensing Clauses of\\nthe Local Government Bill. A motion\\nfor the reorganizing of public offices is\\nadopted. Vote, 113-208.\\nJune 18. H. L. Marquis of Salisbury s\\nbill for the creation of life peers, and\\nthe exclusion of those whom he termed\\nblack sheep, is introduced. [Dropped\\nsoon after.]\\nJune 22. H. C. Dr. Cameron s motion\\nfor the disestablishment and disendow-\\nment of the Church of Scotland is de-\\nfeated. Vote, 260-208. [1890. May 2.\\nAgain defeated. Vote, 256-218. 1892.\\nAgain. Vote, 265-247.]\\nJune 26. H. C. John Morley s reso-\\nlution censuring the Government ad-\\nministration of Ireland is lost. Vote,\\n273-366.\\nJuly 5. The Musical Compositions\\nCopyright Act, restricting unauthor-\\nized performances, is passed.\\nJuly 6. H. C. Mr. Parnell asserts\\nthat the letters attributed to him in\\nParnellism and Crime are forgeries, and\\nthe charges against him false.\\n[July 9. The Government refuses Mr. Par-\\nnell s request for a select committee to in-\\nvestigate the charges. July 12. A Royal\\nCommission of judges to examine the charges\\nagainst Mr. Parnell is proposed by W. H.\\nSmith. July 16-17- A bill for establishing\\na royal commission is introduced. Aug. 13.\\nPassed. Members of Commission Sir .Tames\\nHannen, president, Justice Day and Justice\\nA. L. Smith.]\\nAug. 13. Parliament adjourns. [Nov. 6.\\nReassembles.]\\nAug. 30. A treaty for the abolition of\\nsugar bounties is signed.\\nOct. 28-89 Nov. 22. London. The\\nSpecial Commission meets to investi-\\ngate the Times charges against Mr. Par-\\nnell and other Irish members of Parlia-\\nment. Sir Charles Russell and Herbert\\nH. Asquith are Parnell s chief counsel\\nSir Richard Webster, attorney-general,\\nand W. Graham are chief counsel for\\nthe. Times.\\n(Oct. 22-89, Feb. Examination of wit-\\nnesses. (1889, Feb. 14-22.) Messrs. Soamea,\\nsolicitor, MaedoiLuM, manager of the Times,\\nand Houston, to whom Richard Pigott had\\nsold the letters alleged to have heen written\\nby Parnell, are examined. Pigott, cross-ex-\\namined by Sir Charles Hussell, makes \u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0on-\\nmVting statements, tending strongly to crim-\\ninate himself. He quits the country. Feb.\\n27. His confession that he forged some of\\nthe alleged letters and had given false evi-\\ndence is read in court. Sir Uichard Webster,\\nfor the Times, apologizes lor the publication\\nof the letters. (Apxl 12.) Sir Charles Rus-\\nsell concludes a long speech in defense of\\nParnell. (Apr. 15.) Patrick IWalloy is sen-\\ntenced to six months imprisonment with\\nhard labor for perjury before the Commis-\\nsion. (Apr. 30-May 8.) Parnell gives evi-\\ndence; he denies the charges against him.\\n(Mat 8-31.) Archbishop Walsh, William\\nO Brien, and T. D. Sullivan testify. (Juke\\n18-Jult 5.) Thomas Sexton is examined.\\n(July 12.) Secretary Houston, of the Loyal\\nPatriotic Union, gives evidence. (July 15.)\\nParnell and his friends, with their counsel,\\nwithdraw from the proceedings. (Oct. 24-\\n31.) Michael havitt defends theLand League.\\n(Oct. 31-Nov. 22.) Sir Henry .lames makes\\nan address in defense of the Times. (1890,\\nFeb. 13.) The Commission makes its report\\nto Parliament.\\nNov. 29. H. C. A bill for the continu-\\nance of Lord Ashbourne s Irish Land\\nPurchase Act of 1S85 is passed.\\nDec. 6. London. The new city of London\\nCourt is opened by the lord mayor.\\nDec. 24. Parliament: A new Libel Law\\nis passed.\\nMr. Bradlaugh s Oaths Bill receives\\nthe royal assent. It substitutes an\\naffirmation for an oath.\\nLondon. James Whitehead is elected\\nlord mayor. [1S89. Sir Henry Aaron\\nIsaacs.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1888 Feb. 27. Ire. A railway built\\non the single-rail system is opened be-\\ntween Listowel and Ballybunion.\\nMay 19. Scot. The International Ex-\\nhibition at Glasgow is opened by the\\nPrince and Princess of Wales. [Nov. 11.\\nCloses with reported number of visitors,\\n5,748,379.]\\nJuly 14. The Etruria reaches Queens-\\ntown from New York in six days, four\\nhours, and 50 minutes.\\nAug. 6. Four persons are killed and 25\\ninjured in a railway accident at Hamp-\\nton Wick.\\nLondon. The L. and N. W. trains\\nrun to Edinburgh and Glasgow in eight\\nhours.\\nAug. A train on the London and North\\nWest Railroad runs 400 miles in seven\\nhours and 52 minutes speed, 50.9 miles\\nper hour, or 55.4 miles exclusive of stops.\\nAug. London. The Great Northern and\\nNortheastern Railway runs a train to\\nEdinburgh, 392.5 miles, in 7.27 hours;\\nspeed, 52.7 exclusive of stops, 57.8.\\nSept. 7. A charter is granted .to the\\nImperial British East African Com-\\npany.\\nEstimated annual consumption of\\ntobacco is 138 pounds per capita. (Beau-\\nlieu.)", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1011.jp2"}, "1012": {"fulltext": "1000 1889, Jan. 1-Nov. 1.\\nGREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1889 Apr. 6. Sir A. Hoskins is ap-\\npointed commander of the fleet in the\\nMediterranean to succeed the Duke of\\nEdinburgh.\\nJune 13. The cruiser Vulcan is\\nlaunched at Portsmouth.\\nJuly 8-20. The National Association\\nfor rifle -shooting meets at Wimble-\\ndon Private Reid, 1st Lanarkshire,\\nwins the queen s prize.\\nAug. 6. The Black Prince and Invinci-\\nble collide off Spithead both are much\\ninjured.\\nOct. 7. The gunboat Enterprise is\\nwrecked off Anglesea.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1889 Feb. 10. A slight earthquake\\noccurs in Lancashire.\\nFeb. London. An electric omnibus,\\ninvented by Radeliffe Ward, is first used.\\nMar. 8, 9. Destructive floods occur in\\nmiddle and southwest England.\\nApr. A column-printing telegraph,\\nin which messages are produced resem-\\nbling type-writing, is announced.\\nMay 8. A statue of the queen, by Sir J.\\nE. Boehm, is unveiled by the Prince of\\nWales at the University of London, Bur-\\nlington Gardens.\\nMay 22. London. Samson Fox donates\\n\u00c2\u00a345,000 to the Royal College of Music.\\nMay 24. A statue of the queen, by L.\\nJ. Williamson, is unveiled at the College\\nof Physicians, Thames embankment.\\nMay 30. An earthquake shock is felt\\nin the Channel Islands.\\nJune 1. London. The Spanish Ex-\\nhibition of Arts and Industries is in-\\nformally opened with a fine display of\\npictures.\\nJune 7. A waterspout on Batcombe\\nHills, Dorsetshire, greatly damages the\\nvillages of Chatnole, Cerne, and Mintern.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1889 Jan. 3. Halliwell-Phillipps, James\\nO., Shakespearian scholar, A69.\\nJan. 19. Hueffer, Francis, musical critic,\\nwriter, A44.\\nFeb. 24. Eastwick, William Joseph, capt.,\\ndiplomatist, A80.\\nMar. 3. Wood, John Ceo., naturalist, A62.\\nMar. 16. ;iailstont j Sir Thomas, politi-\\ncian, A85.\\nMar. 18. Hall, Samuel Carl it, author, A88.\\nMar. 26. liuekinjrhain, I Hike of, R. P. C.\\nT. N. B. C. Grenvilh statesman, A66.\\nMar. 37. Bright, John, orator, statesman,\\nA79.\\nApr. 6. Cambridge, Duchess of, Princess\\nAugusta Wilhelmiua Louisa, A92.\\nOuselev, Sir Frederick (Jure, elergviiimi,\\nmusician, A64.\\nApr. 19. De la Rue, Warren, astronomer,\\nphysicist, A74.\\nApr. 29. Crossley, John T., educator, A89.\\nMay 9. Osborne, Lord, Sidney Godolphin,\\nHoward Harris, statesman, A82.\\nMay 19. Glyn, Miss (Mrs. Isabella Dal-\\nlas), actor, A66.\\nMay 25. Sharp, Martin, journalist, A70.\\nAug. 16. Alberv, James, dramatist, A57.\\nAug. 28. Addington, Lord, John Gelli-\\nbrand Hubbard, [inamaer, A84.\\nSept. 5. Blanehard, Edward Laman, lit-\\nterateur, A69.\\nSept. 16. Mackarness, John Fielder, bp.\\nof Oxford, dies.\\nSept. 23. CollinB, Wilkie, novelist, A65.\\nSept. 24. Cook, Eliza, poet, A71.\\nOct. 11. Joule, James Prescott, natural\\nphilosopher, A61.\\nOct, 15. Gooch, Sir Daniel, engineer, A73.\\nOct. 16. Fitzgerald, Baron, John David,\\njurist, Ireland, A73.\\nOct. 21. Ball, John, explorer, Ire., A71.\\nOct. 23. Orkney, Earl of, George William\\nHamilton, Scotland, A62.\\nCHURCH.\\n1889 Jan. 10. The jubilee of Cardinal\\nManning is celebrated the Pope sends a\\ngold medal.\\nJan. 16. The Baptist Conference at\\nLeeds agrees upon a union with the Par-\\nticular Baptists.\\nFeb. 26. Scot. The Earl of Hopetoun\\nis appointed lord high commissioner of\\nthe General Assembly of the Church\\nof Scotland.\\nMay 20. Dtiblin. A meeting is held at\\nPhoenix Park to protest against inter-\\nference of the Pope in political affairs\\nof Ireland.\\nJune 3. Ire. The General Assembly\\nof the Presbyterian Church meets in\\nBelfast.\\nJune 10. London. The Conference of\\nthe !N ew Connection Methodists\\nmeets.\\nJune A guild of the King s Daugh-\\nters is formed.\\nJuly 2. London. The World s Sun-\\nday-school Convention opens.\\nJuly 31. The first Sunday newspaper\\ntrain is run in England to distribute\\nthe London edition of the New York\\nHerald which contains reports of the\\nroyal wedding.\\nAug. 16. Ire. The shrine at Knock is\\nvisited by 40,000 persons.\\nSept. 28. The Congregational ministers\\nin England form a league, National\\nPastors Koinonia.\\nLETTERS.\\n1889 Jan. 10. Edinburgh. TheHeri-\\not-Watt College is inaugurated.\\nMar. 20. London. The New Party is\\nissued. Its object is the formation of a\\nnew party devoted to the cause of social\\nreform.\\nMay 1. The queen lays the foundation-\\nstone of a new building at Eton Col-\\nlege.\\nSept. 28. The Conservatives offer to\\ngive an annual grant for higher educa-\\ntion of Roman Catholics in existing\\ncolleges in Ireland without establishing\\nany new institutions. [The offer is re-\\njected.]\\nNov. 1. London. The Saturday Review\\nis bought by Frank Harris, late editor\\nof the Fortnightly Review.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1889 Jan. 1. Ire. John Finucane, an\\nIrish IVT.P., is sentenced to four months\\nimprisonment, and J. D. Sheehan, M.P.,\\nof East Kerry, is found guilty of con-\\nspiracy.\\nJan. 10. Ire. Irish members of Parlia-\\nment ignore summons to appear in\\ncourt, and warrants are issued for their\\narrest. [Jan. 24. Warrants are issued\\nJ. L. Carew, M. P. for North Kildare,\\nand Dennis Kilbride, M.P. for South\\nKerry.]\\nFather McCarthy is arraigned for in-\\nciting a boycott at Clonakilty.\\nJan. 24\u00c2\u00b1. Ire. Two serious riots occur\\nat the trials of William O Brien and\\nFather McCarthy many persons are in-\\njured. [Jan. 25. O Brien is sentenced\\nto four months imprisonment under the\\nCrimes Act. Jan. 27. He eludes cap-\\nture, and addresses a tenants mass-\\nmeeting near Castlerea. Jan. 29. He is\\nagain arrested at a meeting at Man-\\nchester. Jan. 30. Sent to Clonmel\\nprison. Jan. 31. Refuses to wear prison\\ngarb, and is roughly treated by the\\nwarder. Feb. 11. The escort taking\\nWilliam O Brien from Clonmel to Ty-\\nrone jail is stoned by a mob. Feb. 19.\\nHe is again sentenced to six months im-\\nprisonment for violating the Crimes\\nAct.]\\nFeb. 1. Scot. At Glasgow 3,000 seamen\\nand firemen strike.\\nFeb. 2. Ire. Father Marrman is sen-\\ntenced to imprisonment for offenses\\nagainst the Crimes Act, at Castle Con-\\nnell.\\nFeb. 3. Ire. Police Inspector Martin\\nis killed at Gweedore, County of Done-\\ngal, while trying to arrest Father Mc-\\nFadden.\\nFeb. 4. Ire. Many indignation meet-\\nings are held to protest against the\\nGovernment s ill-treatment of O Brien.\\nFeb. 7. Ire. Thomas Condon, M. P. for\\nEast Tipperary, is sentenced to two\\nmonths imprisonment for inciting boy-\\ncotting.\\nFeb. 21. Ire. James Lawrence Carew\\nis sentenced to four months imprison-\\nment for violating the Crimes Act.\\nFeb. 24. Ire. Father Stephens of Fal-\\ncanagh is arrested for advising tenants\\nnot to pay their rents. [Mar. 4. Sen-\\ntenced to six months imprisonment.]\\nFeb. 28. Ire. Father Clarke is arrested\\nin Avoca, County Wicklow, for making\\nspeeches tending to incite the people to\\ncommit unlawful acts.\\nMar. 1. Richard Pigott, the forger of\\nthe so-called Parnell letter, commits\\nsuicide at a hotel in Madrid.\\nMar. 7. Ire. Dr. Tanner, M. P. for\\nCork, is sentenced to prison for three\\nmonths for violating the Crimes Act.\\nMar. 20. W. Tithe collectors are at-\\ntacked by mobs.\\nMar. 29. Ire. Thirteen tenants are\\nevicted on an Irish estate, and 12 of\\ntheir houses burned. [Many evictions.]\\nMay 7. London. The Road Woman s\\nHospital is founded by the Princess of\\nWales.\\nMay 29. A banquet to Sir Richard\\nWebster is given by 400 solicitors, who\\npresent him with a complimentary ad-\\ndress signed by 3,800 members of the\\nbar.\\nJune 6+. Scot. Dock laborers in Glas-\\ngow and Greenock, also in Belfast and\\nLondonderry, Ireland, join the strike.\\nThe stevedores; in Glasgow also strike.\\nJune 8. Ire The seamen and firemen s\\nstrike paralyzes the shipping business\\nat Belfast.\\nJune 29. Ire. Wm. O Brien and\\nothers are arrested at Cork for speaking\\nat a prohibited meeting; a riot ensues\\nin which the police fire.\\nJune 30. Ire. A mob stones the police\\nat a Nationalist meeting in Cork Wm.\\nO Brien is arrested, and Patrick O Brien,\\nM. P., seriously injured. [July 28. Wm.\\nO Brien is taken to jail to serve out his\\nsentence.]\\nJuly 10. Scot. The Clyde shipbuilders\\ngive notice of a lockout.\\nJuly 11. Ire. Matthew Harris gets\\n\u00c2\u00a31,000 libel against the Irish Times at\\nLimerick.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1012.jp2"}, "1013": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND.\\n1889, Jan. 1-Nov. 1. 1001\\nJuly 12. The seamen s strike at Liver-\\npool ends by tlie men accepting the\\nterms of the employers.\\nJuly 17. London. Alice McKenzie is\\nfound in Castle Alley, Whitechapel,\\nwith her throat cut. [Sept. 10. Another\\nvictim is found.]\\nJuly 18. London. Gen. Boulanger is\\nvisited by a body of 500 French sympa-\\nthizers.\\nJuly 21- Aug. 7. Mrs. Florence Eliz-\\nabeth Maybrick is tried before Justice\\nStephen at Liverpool, charged with\\npoisoning her husband, James May-\\nbrick, at Aigburth, on June G; she is\\nconvicted. [Aug. 22. Death sentence\\nis commuted to penal servitude for life.]\\nJuly 22. Ire. The Tenants Defense\\nLeague is declared to be formed to\\nlegally counteract landlord combina-\\ntions for extorting unjust rent and ar-\\nrears, and destroying the security of\\ntenants in their holdings.\\nJuly 25. The golden wedding of Mr.\\nand Mrs. Gladstone is celebrated, and a\\nreception given by the National Liberal\\nClub.\\nJuly 27. London. Princess Louise of\\nWales is married to the Duke of Fife\\nat Buckingham Palace by the archbishop\\nof Canterbury. The wedding presents\\nare valued at \u00c2\u00a3150,000.\\nJuly 29. Dr. Tanner, M. P., is sen-\\ntenced to one month s imprisonment\\nfor assaulting Police Inspector Steven\\nin May last, and to three months im-\\nprisonment for contempt of court.\\nAug. 1. The Emperor William of Ger-\\nmany visits England.\\nAug. 26. Ire. Nationalists O Brien\\nand Gilhooley are sentenced respec-\\ntively to two months and six weeks\\nimprisonment.\\nAug. London. The dock laborers\\nstrike for sixpence an hour and for a\\nwork-day of 12 hours. [Other trades\\njoin in the strike in sympathy. Soon\\n150,000 men are idle. Sept. 14. Cardinal\\nManning and the lord mayor, Sir John\\nLubbock, assist in bringing the strike to\\nan end the employers submit to the de-\\nmands of the workmen. Cost of strike,\\n\u00c2\u00a32,000,000.]\\nSept. 6. The shipwrights in Cumberland\\nstrike for an advance of four shillings\\nweekly.\\nSept. 8\u00c2\u00b1. Four tenants are boycotted\\nfor paying rent and although at a pub-\\nlic meeting they express contrition, the\\nmeeting refuses to remove the boycott.\\nSept. 21. Ire. William H. R. Redmond,\\nM. P. for North Fermanagh, is sen-\\ntenced to three months 1 imprisonment\\nfor offenses under the Crimes Act.\\nOct. 24. Ire. Irish Nationalists meet\\nand organize the Tenants Defense\\nLeague,\\nSTATE.\\n1889 Jan. 14. Birmingham is created\\na city.\\nFeb. 3. Sir Julian Pauncefote is ap-\\npointed minister to the United States in\\nplace of Sackville-West.\\nFeb. 21. Parliament reassembles.\\nMar. 7. Lord George Hamilton asks for\\n\u00c2\u00a321 ,000,000 to be spent on new warships.\\n[Apr. 2-4. Money is voted.]\\nMar. 8. H. C. The proposal to expunge\\nfrom the records the particulars of Mr.\\nBradlaugh s expulsion in 1SS0 is re-\\njected. Vote, 112-79.\\nMar. 21. H. C. The postmaster an-\\nnounces that the Government will lay a\\nsubmarine cable between Bermuda and\\nHalifax.\\nMar. 22. An indemnity is demanded by\\nthe Government for massacre and pil-\\nlage at Port MacKenzie factory, Cape\\nJuby. [Mar. 25. The Sultan of Morocco\\ngives satisfactory assurances to all de-\\nmands of the Government.]\\nMar. 27. H. C. A Sunday-Closing Bill\\nis read a second time. [Dropped.]\\nApr. 9. H. C. A bill to amend the\\nFisheries Act is passed.\\nApr. 13. London. The Court of Queen s\\nBench decides that women are ineli-\\ngible to membership in the London\\nCounty Council. The case of Lady Sand-\\nhurst is to be appealed, as her election\\nis declared void.\\nMay 7. London. The National Liberal\\nClub becomes practically aGladstonian\\nbody Mr. Parnell is elected a life-\\nmember.\\nMay 14. H. C. Mr. Dillwyn s motion\\nfor the disestablishment of the church\\nin Wales is defeated. Vote, 284-231.\\nMay 17, 18. H. C. A proposal to abol-\\nish the Hereditary Principle is re-\\njected. Vote, 201-100.\\nMay 20. H. C. The bill providing for\\nadditional naval expenses is passed.\\n[May 31. Receives royal assent.]\\nH. L. A bill legalizing the election\\nof two ladies for the London County\\nCouncil is rejected.\\nMay 21. Parliament: The Government\\nis authorized to purchase the sub-\\nmarine electric telegraph with\\nFrance.\\nMay 29. Ire. Lawrence Dundas, Earl\\nof Zetland, is appointed lord-lieutenant.\\n[Dec. 1-4. He enters Dublin in state.]\\nMay* Sir Nathaniel de Rothschild is\\nmade lord-lieutenant of Buckingham-\\nshire.\\nJune 19. H. C. A bill is passed pun-\\nishing parents who sendcbiklren out to\\nMar. 1. H. C. Mr. Gladstone makes\\na great speech in advocacy of home rule\\nfor Ireland.\\nbeg\\nJune 25. H. L. The Land Transfer\\nBill passes by a majority of nine.\\nJune 26. H. C. The Employment of\\nChildren s Bill is passed.\\nJune 26\u00c2\u00b1. England having declined to\\nguarantee the evacuation of Egypt at\\nthe behest of France, the Egyptian\\nConversion scheme is dead. France\\ndemands the annulment of the Anglo-\\nTurkish Convention of 1887.\\nJune 28. H. L. Lord Salisbury repu-\\ndiates all responsibility for the Turk-\\nish atrocities in Armenia.\\nJuly 13. As the Haytian ports blockade\\nis ineffective, the Government notifies\\nHayti not to molest British vessels\\nvisiting insurgent ports.\\nJuly 22. Ire. The Tenants Defense\\nLeague is declared to be formed to le-\\nfally counteract landlord combinations\\nor exhorting unjust rent and arrears,\\nand destroying the security of tenants in\\ntheir holdings.\\nH. C. The Commission on Royal\\nGrants recommends that \u00c2\u00a39,000 oe\\nadded to the quarterly grant to the\\nPrince of Wales. Mr. Labouchere\\nmoves a rejection of the report. [July\\n26. Motion rejected. Vote, 898-116. A\\nbill allowing the grant is passed.]\\nsliips has been begun during the year\u00e2\u0080\u0094 20\\nin the Government dockyards and 32 in\\nprivate yards.\\nAug. 22. H. C. The Irish law charges\\nare adopted after a protracted Parnellite\\nattack upon the coercion law. Vote,\\n103-61.\\nAug. 26. H. C. J. P. B. Robertson s\\nScotch Local Government Bill is\\npassed. [Apr. 8. Introduced.]\\nAug. 29. The proposition of the Govern-\\nment to establish and endow a new Ro-\\nman Catholic University in Ireland\\ncauses a split between the Parnellites,\\nwho favor it, and the Radicals opposing.\\nSept. 5. Henry Chaplin is appointed\\nsecretary of agriculture with a seat in\\nthe Cabinet.\\nSept. 6. Humphreys and Kierson,\\ntwo islands in the Pacific, are annexed.\\nOct. 25. Fr. The agitators Dillon and\\nO Brien sail from Havre for New York.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1889 Jan. 11. The Umbria makes the\\npassage between Sandy Hook and Brow\\nHead in six days, two hours, and 45\\nminutes.\\nFeb. 3. The steamer Nereid collides\\nwith the Scotch ship KUlochan off Dun-\\ngeness 23 lives lost.\\nFeb. 6. The British bark Largo Bay is\\ntowed into Spithead in a sinking condi-\\ntion, from colliding with an unknown\\nsteamer off Beachy Head all on board\\nthe latter sink.\\nMar. 13. An explosion occurs at Bryn-\\nally colliery, Wrexham 20 persons\\nkilled.\\nMar. 22. The losses resulting from the\\ncollapse of tbe copper ring are esti-\\nmated at $30,000,000.\\nMar. 23. London. The great free steam\\nferry between North and South Wool-\\nwich is opened by Lord Rosebery.\\nApr. 14. Dublin. A distillery syndi-\\ncate, with a capital of \u00c2\u00a31,000,000, is or-\\nganized.\\nApr. 24. The steamer City of Paris\\nreaches Queenstown from IsfewYork in\\nsix days, five hours, and 55 minutes.\\nMay 6. London. The great soap-works\\nin Milton Street, and other buildings, are\\nburned; loss, \u00c2\u00a3250,000.\\nMay 21. Ire. The new dock at Belfast\\nis opened by Prince Albert Victor of\\nWales.\\nMay 22. Ire. The foundation-stone of\\nthe Albert Bridge at Belfast is laid by\\nPrince Albert Victor.\\nJune 1. The Berry Hill coal-mine at\\nHanley caves in 100 men are entombed.\\nJune 12. Ire. Excursion-trains collide\\nnear Armagh 72 persons are killed and\\nover 100 injured. [June 21. The rail-\\nroad employees are convicted of man-\\nslaughter in accident.]\\nJune 24-29. The Royal Agricultural\\nSociety holds its jubilee show in Wind-\\nsor Park.\\nJune 26. London. Police disperse a\\nSalvation Army procession.\\nJuly 8. The Valkyrie wins in the Royal\\nClyde Yachting regatta.\\nJuly 23. The German Southwest Af-\\nrica Company negotiates for the sale\\nof all its African possessions to an Eng-\\nlish syndicate.\\nOct. 28. The British ship Bolan, to\\nLiverpool, founders; 33 lives lost.\\nNov. 1. Scot. A gable wall falls in\\nGlasgow, killing;^) girls and women in\\nTempleton s carpet factory. [Nov. 3.\\nTwenty-nine bodies are recovered.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1013.jp2"}, "1014": {"fulltext": "1002 1889, Nov. 6-1890, July 14. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1889 Nov. 6. Ire. Gen. Sir Frederick\\nRoberts takes command of the forces.\\nNov. 23. London. The cruiser Blake ia\\nlaunched.\\nJuly 12-16. The National Association\\nfor rifle-shooting meets at Bisley Com-\\nmon, Surrey. Sergt. Bates, 1st War-\\nwick, wins the queen s prize. [1S91,\\nJuly 13-24, Private Dear, Edinburgh,\\nwins 1892, July 11-23, Maj. Pollock, 3d\\nRenfrew 1893, July Serg. Davies\\n1894, July Peter Rene, 3d Lanark.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1889 Nov. 16. A statue of William of\\nOrange is unveiled at Belfast.\\nThe Royal Agricultural Society\\nmeets at Windsor the queen acts as\\npresident.\\n1890 Mar. 4. Edinburgh. The great\\ncantilever bridge across the Forth\\nRiver is opened.\\nMar. A memorial of Sir Erskine May\\nis unveiled in the House of Commons.\\nMay 7. Ire. Gold is discovered in the\\nwestern part of County Cork.\\nMay 12. The equestrian statue of\\nPrince Albert at Windsor, jubilee offer-\\ning of the women of England, is un-\\nveiled by the queen.\\nMay 17. A memorial to William E.\\nForster is unveiled at Bradford.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1889 Nov. 11. Hatch, Edwin, Bib. Bchol.,\\nA55.\\nNov. SO. Allinghaiii, William, poet, A61.\\nNov. 21. Blachford, Lord, Henry Rogers,\\nstatesman, A78.\\nNov. 29. Tupper, Martin F., poet, A79.\\nDec. 6. Plunkett, Thomas Oliver W., capt.,\\npolitician, A71.\\nDec. 19. Dunbar, Sir William, states., A76.\\nDec. 21. Lightfoot, Joseph B., bishop of\\nDurham, author, A61.\\nDec. 24. Mackav, Charles, Scotch poet,\\nA75.\\n1890 Jan. 1. Sullivan, Sir Bartholomew J.,\\nadmiral, A79.\\nJan. 4. Sladen, Sir Edwanl Iloge, col., A59.\\nTempletown, Viscount, George F. Up-\\nton, general, A87-\\nJan. 5. Murstoii, \\\\Wstlaml, ilramatist, A70.\\nJan. 1 1 Littledale, Richard Frederick,\\nclergyman, A60.\\nJan. i6. Napier of Mag-dala, Lord,\\nRobert Cornells, field-marshal, A79.\\nJan. 21. Adler, Nathan Jlarcus, chief\\nrabbi, A86.\\nJan. 31. Manisty, Sir Henry, jurist, A82.\\nFeb. 7. Baring, harles, litMit.-gen., A61.\\nFeb. 12. Frome, Edward Charles, general,\\ngovernor of Guernsey, A87.\\nFeb. 16. Mallet, Sir Louis, politician,\\nauthor, A66.\\nFeb. 19. Biggar, Joseph G., Irish politi-\\ncian, A72\\nFeb. 25. Llptroth, John, peneral, A77.\\nFeb. 26. Dacre, I .aron, Thomas Crosble,\\nW. B. Trevor, A81.\\nFeb. 27. Auckland, Lord, William G. Eden,\\ndiplomatist, AG1.\\nMar. 2. Baines, Sir Edward (Leeds Mer-\\ncury), A89.\\nMar. 5. Ingham, Sir James T., jurist, A85.\\nMackenzie, Alexander, inuj.-gen., A70.\\nMar. 8. Elphinstone, Sir Howard Craw-\\nford, maj. -gen., A 60.\\nMar. 9. Coats, Sir Peter, thread manufac-\\nturer, A81.\\nMar. 14. Jleehan, Charles P., clergyman,\\npoet, A77.\\nDowse, Richard, statesman, A65.\\nMar. 17. Herbert, John R., painter, A80.\\nMar. 19. Sweteuliain, Edmund, pol., A67.\\nMar. 21. Manchester, Duke of, William\\nD. Montagu, politician, A66.\\nMar. 24. Cowan, Sir Edward P., pol., A48.\\nApr. 3. Normanby, Marquis of, George A.\\nConstantine, statesman, A70.\\nApr. 7. Boyle, Mary LouiBa, novelist, A80.\\nApr. 8. Lloyd, Edward, publisher, A75.\\nApr. 13. Evans, Charles K. o-den, general,\\nA66.\\nApr. 23. Glasgow, Earl of, George Fred-\\nerick Boyle, statesman, A64.\\nCoSBhani, Handel, politician, A66.\\nApr. 29. Hammond, Lord, Edmund, states-\\nman, A88.\\nParish, Henry Woodbine, maj. -gen., AS9.\\nMay 2. Macaulay, Colinan P. L., pol., A41.\\nMay 7. Nasmyth, James, engineer, A82.\\nMay 19. Gordon, Sir Alexander H., gen-\\neral, A72.\\nMay 24. O Donovan, Henry W. (the\\nO Donovan), A78.\\nMay 27. Filmore, Lewis, journalist, A74.\\nMay 28. Schmitz, Leonhard, educator,\\nauthor, A 83.\\nJune 2. Burns, Sir George, shipowner, A95.\\nJune 16. Baber, Edward C, dip., A46.\\nJune 20. Brackenbury, Charles Booth,\\nmaj. -gen., A59.\\nJune 27. Magheraniorne, Lord, J. M. Hogg,\\npolitician, A67-\\nJune 28. Carnarvon, Earl of, Henry H. M.\\nHerbert, statesman, A59.\\nJuly l. Cole, Henry A., col., pol., A81.\\nCrawford, William, politician, A57.\\nJuly 3. Parker, William Kitchen, natural-\\nist, A67.\\nJuly 5. Chadwlck, Sir Edwin, sanitary re-\\nformer, A 90.\\nJuly 10. Seymour, Sir Francis, gen., A77.\\nCHURCH.\\n1889 Nov. 22. Ire. Pope Leo orders\\nthe Roman Catholic clergy of New Koss,\\nWexford, to be instructed to prohibit\\ntheir people froni attending a meeting\\nheld for the purpose of expressing con-\\nfidence in Mr. Parnell.\\nDec. 7. Ire. A letter from the arch-\\nbishops and bishops, denouncing Par-\\nnell, is read in all the (Roman Catholic)\\nchurches.\\nBishops consecrated (Church of Eng-\\nland)\\nR. J. Crosthwaite, snffragan of Beverly;\\nCharles John Corfe of Corea, Alfred George\\nEdwards of St. Asaph, J. T. Hayes of Trini-\\ndad, H. II. Montgomery of Tasmania, James\\nLeslie Kaudiill, stiff ra^an of Beading, Henry\\nWare, suffragan of Barrow-in-Furness, Ed-\\nward Ash Were, suffragan of Derby.\\n1890 Feb. 4. The trial of bishop of Lincoln\\nfor alleged violation of the ritual begins.\\n[Feb. 25. Concluded and judgment deferred.\\nNov. 21. Judgment a part of the ritualistic;\\nservices condemned as illegal. 1891. June\\n10. Appealed to the Privy Council. 1892.\\nApr. 2. Decision upheld.]\\nMay 2. Mr. Gladstone votes for dises-\\ntablishment. The Commons defeat a\\nmotion to disestablish the Scotch\\nChurch. Vote, 256-218.\\nLETTERS.\\n1889 London. The New Review is is-\\nsued.\\nThe Encyclopaedic Dictionary is com-\\npleted.\\nAppreciations, by Walter Pater, ap-\\npears. [1893. Plato and PlaioismJ]\\nAsolando, by Robert Browning, ap-\\npears.\\nWordsworth s Grave, by William Wat-\\nson, appears. [1892. Poems and Lach-\\nrymse MusarumJ]\\nDavid Livingstone, by Thomas Hughes,\\nappears.\\nNatural Inheritance, by Francis Gal-\\nton, appears.\\nPhmnicia, by George Rawlinson, ap-\\npears.\\nThe American Commonwealth, by\\nJames Bryce, appears.\\nLiterary Remains, by Percy Fitzgerald,\\nappears.\\nStudy of Ben Jonson, by Swinburne,\\nappears. [1894. Astrophet and Studies\\nin Prose and Poetry.]\\nDarwinism, by Wallace, appears.\\n1890 Jan. 4. London. The Daily\\nGraphic (illustrated) is issued also The\\nSpeaker.\\nJan. 6. London. The Review of Reviews,\\nedited by William T. Stead, is* issued.\\nApr. 25. London. Subjects of the Day,.\\na quarterly magazine, is issued.\\nMay 5. London. Henry M. Stanley\\nreceives the Royal Geographical So-\\nciety s medal at Albert Hall.\\nJune 9. Edinburgh. The library pre-\\nsented by Andrew Carnegie (TJ. S. A.)\\nis opened.\\nJuly 14. Scot. Andrew Carnegie gives\\n\u00c2\u00a310,000 for a library at Ayr.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1889 Nov. 7. Ire. A Tenants De-\\nfense Convention meets in Brogheda,\\nwith 300 delegates present, including a\\nlarge number of Roman Catholic priests.\\nNov. London. A banquet is given to\\nP. T. Barnum, the veteran American,\\nshowman. Lord Kilinorcy presides, and\\nLord Randolph Churchill Lord Charles\\nBeresford, Lord Rosebery, the Roth-\\nschilds, Sir -John Fowler, and the secre-\\ntaries of the United States Legation are\\npresent.\\nDec. 4. Ire. The publisher of the Mini-\\nsters sentenced to two months impris-\\nonment for reporting a meeting where\\nboycotting was advocated.\\nDec. 15\u00c2\u00b1. In Durham 2,000 colliers\\nstrike because of a dispute about wages.\\nDec. 23. Belg. Jem Smith and Slavin\\nhave 14 rounds in a prize-fight near\\nBruges Smith is defeated.\\nDec. 29. Wm. Gladstone receives 200-\\ntelegrams find 500 letters, congratulating\\nhim upon his 80th birthday.\\nDec. 30. W. Ten thousand miners re-\\nsume work, the masters conceding an\\nadvance of 10 per cent in wages.\\nDec. Several thousand gas-men and\\ncoal-porters in London and Manchester\\nstrike.\\nDec. A National Liberal meeting at\\nManchester declares in favor of a direct\\npopular veto of the liquor-traffic.\\nLondon. Henry Quinn bequeaths\\n\u00c2\u00a350,000 to charities.\\nLondon. The patriotic volunteer\\nfund is instituted by Lord Mayor\\nWhitehead.\\nIre. Total number of liquor-licenses\\nof all kinds. 24,574, being one to every\\n194 inhabitants of all ages and both\\nsexes.\\n1890 Jan. 1. London. HobertErown-\\ning, the poet, is buried in Westminster\\nAbbey.\\nAn anonymous donor gives \u00c2\u00a3100,000 to\\nfound a Convalescent Home in con-\\nnection with London hospitals.\\nJan. 7. London. More than 200 men em-\\nEloyed in the Fast India Dock tea ware-\\nouses strike.\\nJan. 10. The jubilee of penny postage\\nis celebrated.\\nJan. 16. The New Victoria Hospital\\nat Bournemouth is opened by the Prince\\nof Wales.\\nJan. 17. Hammond, the fugitive land-\\nlord connected with the West End scan-\\ndal, is reported to be the head of a\\nblackmailing organization to induce-\\nmen into his house, accomplices after-\\nwards acting as witnesses against them.\\nJan. 29. Liverpool dock laborers strike\\nis spreading.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1014.jp2"}, "1015": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1889, Nov. 6-1890, July 14. 1003\\nFeb. 3. London. The Times compro-\\nmises Parnell s libel suit by paying\\nhim \u00c2\u00a35,000. The paper will also pay Mr.\\nCampbell, his private secretary, \u00c2\u00a3200.\\nBoth suits are withdrawn.\\nFeb. 5. Cashier Heilton, of the Oldham\\nBranch of the Union Bank of Manches-\\nter, has absconded \u00c2\u00a310,000 are gone.\\nThe dock laborers at Newport strike,\\nand paralyze commerce.\\nFeb. 11. H. C. Lord Randolph Church-\\nill introduces a bill to regulate the\\nliquor- traffic.\\nFeb. 28. At Liverpool 2,000 dock labor-\\ners strike for higher wages. [Mar. 5.\\nTheir demands are granted, and the\\nstrike ends.]\\nMar 3. London. Ship-carpenters strike\\nfor an advance of sixpence a day.\\nMar. 9. London. Working men make a\\ngreat demonstration in Hyde Park to\\ndenounce the cruel treatment of Sibe-\\nrian exiles.\\nMar. 19. At the Armstrong Gun Works\\nat Elswick, 8,000 employees strike for\\nan eight-hour working-day.\\nMar. 25. Scot. The Glasgow dockmen s\\nstrike collapses.\\nMar. 31. London. Ten thousand shoe-\\nmakers strike to destroy sweating,\\nby compelling masters to have work\\ndone in factories.\\nApr. 7. The annual congress of the La-\\nbor Electoral Association is opened\\nat Henley.\\nApr. 14. About 2,000 grain-porters strike\\nin Liverpool for higher wages. Also\\n5,000 at Birkenhead to reduce the labor-\\nday to eight hours.\\nApr. 15. In Northeastern England, 20,-\\n000 engineers demand shorter hours.\\nApr. 17. A great parade of 30,000 dock\\nlaborers, out on a strike, takes place in\\nLiverpool.\\nApr. 17\u00c2\u00b1. The Miners Federation has\\ninaugurated a general strike through-\\nout Great Britain, owing to the masters\\nrefusal to reply to the demands for an\\nadvance in wages. Over 100,000 men are\\nout. [Apr. 19\u00c2\u00b1, Settled the mine-\\nowners agree to raise wages 10 per cent.]\\nApr. 18. London. The bootmakers\\nstrike is amicably settled.\\nApr. 20. London workmen resolve to\\ntake May 1 as their holiday.\\nApr. 22. Prince George of Wales is\\ninvested with the Order of the Black\\nEagle.\\nApr. 25. Ire. A great strike of railway\\nmen begins. [May 3. Ends.]\\nApr. 26. London. Henry M. Stanley\\narrives from Africa. [May 2. A recep-\\ntion is given him, in St. James s Hall, by\\nthe Emin Pasha Relief Committee. May\\n6. The Queen receives him at Windsor\\nCastle. May 13. The freedom of Lon-\\ndon is conferred on him.]\\nMay 4. London. An assembly of 170,000\\nworking men gather in Hyde Park, in\\nfavor of an eight-hour labor law. No\\ndisturbance occurs.\\nMay 7. London. About 6,000 tailors\\nstrike.\\nMay 23 London. A title is conferred\\non Prince Albert Victor viz., Duke\\nof Clarence and Avondale and Earl of\\nAthlone.\\nSTATE.\\n1889 Nov. 23. Ire. The Government\\nproclaims meetings in Kilkenny and\\nWaterford in honor of the Manchester\\nmartyrs. [Other meetings proclaimed.]\\nParliament The Wavy Discipline\\nAct is amended.\\n1890 Jan. England has a dispute\\nwith Portugal regarding African terri-\\ntory. [Jan. 6. Lord Salisbury sends to\\nPortugal a note threatening rupture of\\ndiplomatic relations. Jan. 9. Portugal\\nsends a conciliatory note. England re-\\nfuses to submit the question to arbitra-\\ntion. Jan. 20. The Powers having re-\\nfused to mediate, Portugal yields her\\nclaims under protest.]\\nJan. 30. The Government has assented\\nto the separate right of Canada to\\nlegislate on questions involving the\\nroyal prerogative.\\nFeb. 11. Parliament opens by Royal\\nCommission.\\nH. L. The address from the throne\\nis moved by Lord de Ramsey, and\\nseconded by Lord Stradbroke. [Feb. 12.\\nAgreed to. H. C. Mr. Gladstone moves\\na reply to the Address. Feb. 17. A Home\\nRule for Scotland Amendment is re-\\njected. Vote, 307-240. Feb. 24. Ad-\\ndress agreed to.]\\nH. C. The question of the (Parnell)\\nforged letters is raised, and a resolu-\\ntion declaring the publication of them\\nin the Times to be a breach of privilege\\nis rejected. Vote, 260-212.\\nFeb. 12. H. C. Mr. Parnell is reelected\\nchairman of the Irish Parliamentary\\nParty.\\nFeb. 13. Parliament: The Times-Par-\\nnell Special Commission issues its re-\\nport.\\nIt concludes\u00e2\u0080\u0094 That the respondent mem-\\nbers of Parliament are not guilty of conspir-\\ning for the independence of Ireland as a sep-\\narate nation, but that smne of them (Messrs.\\nM. Harris, Dillon, W. O Brien, W. Redmond,\\nO Connor, .1. Condon, and J. J. O Kelly), to-\\ngether with Michael Itavitt, established the\\nLand Lengue mainly for that purpose. That\\nthe respondents [44] did conspire to promote\\nagrarian agitation in Ireland, the non-pay-\\nment of rents, and the expulsion of the land-\\nlords. That the facsimile Parnell letter\\nprinted in the Times is a forgery. That the\\ncharges of incitement to crime, except by in-\\ntimidation, and of payments for that purpose,\\nare not proved. That t lie respondents made\\npayments to compensate persons injured in\\nthe commission of crime. That the respond-\\nents did invite and obtain the cooperation of\\nthe physical force party in America, includ-\\ning the Clan-na-dael, and did not repudiate\\nthe action of that party.\\n[Mar. 3. H. C. W. H. Smith moves the\\nadoption of the report Mr. Gladstone moves\\na condemnatory amendment. Mar. 10.\\nGladstone s amendment is rejected. Vote,\\n339-268. The report is adopted. Mar. 21.\\nH. L. .Report adopted without a division.]\\nFeb. 21. H. L. A bill is introduced to\\namend the constitution of the Councils\\nof India.\\nFeb. 27. England and Italy agree to\\na treaty providing for concerted action\\non the west coast of the Red Sea.\\nFeb. 28. H. C. Henry Labouchere ac-\\ncuses the Government of shielding the\\naccused in the Cleveland-Street scandal,\\nWest End during the discussion he\\ncalls Lord Salisbury a liar he is sus-\\npended for a week.\\nMar. 12. H. C. The Irish Tenure of\\nLand Bill is rejected. Vote, 231-179.\\nMar. 21. H. C. Henry Labouchere\\nmoves the abolition of hereditary repre-\\nsentatives in Parliament. Motion de-\\nfeated. Vote, 201-139.\\nMar. 24. H. C. Mr. Balfour introduces\\na bill to provide for the purchase of\\nland in Ireland for the improvement\\nof the poorer districts and for the estab-\\nlishment of an Irish Land Department.\\n[May 1. Second reading. Vote, 348-226.\\nNov. 29. Reintroduced. Dec, 3. Sec-\\nond reading. Vote, 26S-130. 1891. June\\n15. Read a third time and passed. July\\n14. H. L. Passed. Aug. 5. Receives\\nroyal assent.]\\nMar. 28. The Delagoa Railway claims\\nbetween Portugal on the one hand and\\nEngland and America on the other are\\nsettled.\\nApr. 14. Parliament reassembles.\\nApr. 18. H. C. Samuel Smith s motion\\nto convene an international conference\\non the bimetallic question is rejected.\\nVote, 183-87.\\nApr. 30. Afr. Treaties are made with\\nKing Mwanga.\\nMay 9. Portugal agrees to submit the\\nDelagoa Bay Railway question to arbi-\\ntration.\\nMay 14. H. C. The Agricultural La-\\nborers (Ireland) Bill is carried -without\\na division.\\nThe conversion of the Egyptian\\ndebt is completed.\\nMay 25. Delegates present a protest from\\nthe Newfoundland Government against\\nFrench encroachments.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1889 Dec. 19. The Paper Trust, with\\na capital of \u00c2\u00a31,500,000, is organized.\\nDec. 31. London. The influenza num-\\nbers Lord Salisbury and many diplo-\\nmats among its victims.\\n1890 Jan. 1. The Forest Gate Indus-\\ntrial School is burned; 26 little boys\\nare suffocated.\\nJan. 15. London. The Loan Exhibi-\\ntion of Paintings is opened by the Prin-\\ncess Louise.\\nJan. 18. A new public park at Poole\\nis opened by the Prince of Wales.\\nFeb. 6. W. An explosion occurs in the\\nLlanerch colliery, near Newport; more\\nthan 170 deaths follow.\\nFeb.* London. The closing performance\\nof Barnum s circus is largely attended\\nit has been visited by 1,500,000 people in\\nthis visit.\\nMar. 4. Scot. The Forth Bridge is\\nopened by the Prince of Wales the\\nDuke of Edinburgh and Prince George\\nof Wales are present.\\nMar. 10. TV. An explosion in the\\nMorfa coal-mine at Tarbac, Glamorgan-\\nshire, causes 88 deaths. [Mar. 11. Four\\nof the entombed miners escape. Mar.\\n12. An unlocked lamp is said to have\\ncaused the explosion.]\\nMay 1. Edinburgh. The Electric Ex-\\nhibition opens.\\nIndustrial Exhibition is opened by\\nthe Duke of Edinburgh. [Nov. 1. Closes.]\\nMay 28. London. The Royal Agricul-\\ntural Society s show in the Temple Gar-\\ndens is opened by the Prince of Wales.\\nJuly 4. The Duke of Devonshire makes\\na reduction of 15 per cent in the rentals\\non his Irish estates.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1015.jp2"}, "1016": {"fulltext": "1004 1890, July 20-1891, Apr. 6. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1890 Sept. 16. Ire. Lord Wolseley\\nbecomes commander of the forces. [Oct.\\n1. He goes to Dublin to assume com-\\nmand of the troops.]\\nOct. 13. The East Surrey Regiment\\nmutinies against going to India, but\\nfinally embarks from Guernsey.\\nNov. 10. The torpedo cruiser Serpent is\\nlost on the northwest coast of Spain\\nthree men only out of 276 are saved.\\n1891 Feb. 26. Two war-ships. Royal\\nSovereign and the Royal Arthur, are\\nlaunctied at Portsmouth.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1890 Aug. 29. Dublin. The new Sci-\\nence and Art Muse um is opened by\\nthe lord-lieutenant.\\nOct. 21. A memorial of the defeat of\\nthe Spanish Armada is unveiled at Plym-\\nouth by the Duke of Edinburgh.\\n~Nov. 24. Heavy gales along the South\\ncoast do much wreckage. [Dec. An-\\nother gale.]\\nDec. 18. A Btatue to the late Emperor\\nFrederick of Germany is unveiled by\\nthe queen at Windsor.\\nDec* The bones of a hippopotamus are\\nfound embedded in clay.\\n1891 Jan. 21. A landslide at Folkes-\\ntone kills three persons.\\nMar. 10+. The heaviest snowstorm of\\nthe centurv occurs 70 lives are lost in\\nthe blizzard.\\nMar. 17. The first conversation by tele-\\nphone between London and Paris takes\\nplace.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1890 July 20. Wallace, Sir Richard, art\\ncollector, A72.\\nDavit-s, David, philanthropist, A72.\\nAug. 12. Newman, John Henry, cardi-\\nnal, author, A 89.\\nAug. 17. Naisu, Lord, John, Irish jurist,\\nA 49.\\nSept. 1. Ward, John, diplomatist, A85.\\nSept. 3. North, ^Marianne, artist, botanist,\\nA60.\\nSept. 6. Rosslvn, Earl of, Robert Francis\\nSt. Clair Erskine, A57.\\nSept. 9. Llddon, Henry P., Canon of St.\\nPaul s, author, A61.\\nSept. 12. Hardman, Sir Wm., jurist, A62.\\nSept. IS. Boucicault, Dion, actor, dra-\\nmatist, Ireland, A68.\\nSept. 21. Mar inn, Edward P. Mulhallen,\\nIrish politician, A63.\\nSept. 24. Selons, Henry C, artist; A87.\\nSept. 25. Egertou, Alfred J. F-, pol., A36.\\nSept. 29. Barnard, George, landscape\\npainter, A83.\\nOct. 4. Booth, Catherine (Salvation Army),\\nA6I.\\nward, general, A69.\\nDumeld. Alexander.!., chemist, au., A68.\\nOct. 12. Sellar, William Young, classical\\nscholar, author, A65.\\nOct. 13. Rogers, .James E. Thorold, politi-\\ncal economist, A67.\\nOct. 20. Burton, Sir Richard Francis,\\norientalist, A69.\\nOct. 24. Scott, Wm. Bell, poet, painter, A79.\\nOct. 25. Graham, Sir Lumlev, col., A62.\\nOct. 27. Cox, John E., cl., writer, A78.\\nOct. 29. Barton, Joseph L. B., maj.-gen.,\\nA78.\\nNov. 12. O Hagan, John, Irish jurist, A68.\\nNov. 13. Davis, Sir John F., Chinese\\nscholar, diplomatist, A95.\\nNov. 15. Harris, George, jurist, au., A81.\\nNov. 27. Bell, George; publisher, A76.\\nLitton, Edwiird Falconer, Irish justice,\\nA63.\\nDec. 3. Cottesloe, Thomas Francis Fre-\\nniantle, statesman, A92.\\nPeacock, Sir Barnes, jurist, A86.\\nDec. 5. Huddleston, Baron, John Walker,\\njurist, A73.\\nDae. 9. Church, Richard William, dean of\\nSt. Paul, author, A75.\\nDec. 12. Boehm, Sir Jos. E., sculptor, A56.\\nDec. 25. Thomson, William, archbishop of\\nYork, A71.\\nGull, Sir William Witney, physician, A73.\\nLamington, Lord, Alexander D. B. Coch-\\nrane, statesman, author, A73.\\nLucas, Margaret, first president of World s\\nWoman s Christian Temperance Union,\\nA72.\\nThompson, Sir Augustus Rivers, administra-\\ntor, A61.\\n1891 Jan. 2. Kinglake, Alexander W.,\\nhistorian, A80.\\nJan. 4. Keene, Charles S., comic artist, A68.\\nJan. 20. Sinclair, James Augustus, Earl\\nof Caithness, A64.\\nJan. 22. Waring, Edward John, medical\\nauthor, A72.\\nJan. 27. Bradlaugh, Charles, states., A58.\\nFeb. 1. Plumptre, Edward Hayes, clergy-\\nman, author, A70.\\nFeb. 19. Beauchamp, Earl of, Frederic\\nLygon, politician, A61.\\nFeb. 22. Albemarle, Earl of, George\\nThomaB, general, A92.\\nFeb. 25. Green, Sir Wm. Kirby, dip., A55.\\nMar. 15. Bazalgette, Sir Joseph, civil en-\\ngineer, A72.\\nMar. 20. Quick, Robert Herbert, educator,\\nA60.\\nMar. 29. Lefroy, Edward Cracroft, clergy-\\nman, author, A36.\\nMar. 31. Granville, Earl, George Leve-\\nson-Gower, statesman, A76.\\nApr. 2. Baring, Thomas Charles, finan-\\ncier, politician, philanthropist, A60.\\nCHURCH.\\n1890 Sept. 30-Oct. 3. The Church\\nCongress is held in Hull, Bishop of\\nDurham presiding.\\nOct. 13. London. An unusual service\\nof reconciliation is held in St. Paul s\\nCathedral after its defilement by sui-\\ncide.\\nOct. 14. Peterborough Cathedral is\\nreopened after repairs.\\nOct. 17. Archdeacon Farrar accepts\\nthe chaplaincy of the House of Com-\\nmons.\\nNov. 12. Gen. Booth asks for \u00c2\u00a3100,000\\nto begin his scheme for relieving the\\npoor,\\nNov. 13. The Duke of Fife sends Gen.\\nBooth \u00c2\u00a3100 towards his poor fund of the\\nSalvation Army. [Nov. 24. The Earl of\\nDerby donates \u00c2\u00a31,000.]\\nBishops consecrated (Church of Eng-\\nland)\\nApr. 25, Edward Noel Hodges for Tra-\\nvancore and Cochin, and Alfred Robert\\nTucker for Kastern Kmiatorial Africa; May\\n15, Brooke FOBS Westcott for Durham;\\nOct. 9, J. W. Festing for St. Albans; also\\nGeorge Rodney Eden for Dover, Daniel\\nLewis Lloyd for Bangor, John .lames S.\\nPerowne for Worcester, .lames O Sullivan\\nfor Tuam, C. Julius for Christchurch, N. Z.,\\nJabez C. Whitley for Chutia Nagpur, W.\\nSfunnarez Smith for Sydney, Australia, and\\nG. H. Stanton for Newcastle, Australia.\\nBishops consecrated (Roman Catho-\\nlic)\\nJ. Keys O Doherty for Derry, T. T. McRed-\\nmond, coadjutor for Killala, and John Egan\\nfor Waterford and Lismore; also Oct. 20,\\nDenis O Connor for London, and William\\n1891 Jan. 2. The bishop of London\\nsanctions the establishment of the\\nBrotherhood of St. Paul for his dio-\\ncese it is a society of Protestant\\nmonks, .who will enter all kinds of pa-\\nrochial and mission work.\\nFeb. 8. Ire. The Catholic primate s\\nletter, condemning Mr. ParnelFs\\nconduct, is read in all the (Roman Cath-\\nolic) churches.\\nOct. 24. London. Darkest England and\\nthe Way Out is published by General\\nBooth of the Salvation Army; the first\\nedition is sold in three hours.\\nThe Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar\\nWilde, appears. [1891, The Duchess of\\nPadua; 1892, Lady Windermere s Fan;\\n1893, A Woman of No Importance and\\nSalome.\\nLight of the World, by Sir Edwin Ar-\\nnold, appears. [1892. Potiphar s Wife\\nand Other Poems.]\\nLife, Letters, and Friendships of Rich-\\nard Monckton MUnes, First Lord Hough-\\nton, appears.\\nWhen We Were Boys, by William\\nO Brien, appears.\\nThe Bondsman, by Hall Caine, ap-\\npears. [1S91, The Scapegoat; 1894, The\\nManxman.\\nThe Firm of Girdlestone, by Conan\\nDoyle, appears. [1892, Adventures of\\nSherlock Holmes.]\\nBeatrice, by Rider Haggard, appears.\\n[1891, Eric]\\nA Waif of the Plains, by Bret Harte,\\nappears.\\nKit and Kitty, by Blackmore, appears.\\nAn Ocean Tragedy and My Shipmate\\nLouise, by Clark Russell, appear. [1S92,\\nA Strange Elopement.]\\nKersteen, by Mrs. Oliphant, appears.\\nPen Drawing and Pen Draughtsmen,\\nby Joseph Pen nell, appears.\\nProblems of Greater Britain, by Sir\\nCharres Dilke, appears.\\nEssays, Speculative and Assertive, by\\nSymonds, appears. [1893, In a Key of\\nBlue.]\\nPrinciples of Economics, by Marshall,\\nappears.\\nThe Journey of Sir Walter Scott from\\nthe Original^ Manuscript at Abbotsford\\nappears.\\nIn Darkest Africa, by Henry M. Stan-\\nley, appears.\\n1891 Feb. 19\u00c2\u00b1. London. One of Aris-\\ntotle s manuscript treatises on the\\nConstitution of Athens is found in a\\ncollection of Egyptian papyrus now in\\nthe British Museum.\\nMar. 7. Dublin. The National Press is\\nissued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1890 Aug. 24. Ire. A demonstration\\nin Limerick by M0, 000 persons protests\\nagainst Bishop O Dwyer s attack upon\\nJohn Dillon. [Aug. 25. The bishop\\nwithdraws his claim of dishonesty.]\\nSept. 1. The Trade Unions Congress\\nmeets in Liverpool 500 delegates are\\npresent the announcement is made\\nthat \u00c2\u00a31,000 have been raised for the\\nAustralian strikers, and subscriptions\\nare coming. [Sept. 4. A resolution is\\npassed f;m.irhig an eight-hour working-\\nday. Sept. 6. Closes.]\\nSept. 2. London. A shipping union is\\nformed to resist the working men.\\nSept. 6. The Prince of Wales forbids\\nthe sale of alcoholic liquors on the\\nSandringham estate.\\nSept. 8. Dock laborers, porters, sailors,\\nand firemen strike. No trains pass into\\nthe docks except those carrying the\\nSept. 13. The Southampton strike is\\nended the firemen and seamen are con-\\nceded an advance in wages.\\nSept. 15. The lockout at Southampton\\nbegins work on the dock is entirely\\nsuspended.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1016.jp2"}, "1017": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1890, July 20-1891, Apr. 6. 1005\\nSept. 18. Ire. John Dillon and William\\nO Brien are arrested for making\\nspeeches at Limerick and Tipperary,\\nadvising tenants not to pay rent. [Sept.\\n19. They are released on hail. Sept.\\n23. Patrick O Brien, M.P., is also ar-\\nrested.]\\nSept. 24. Edinburgh. The Scottish\\nHome Rule Association holds a confer-\\nSept. 26. Ire. The trial of the Na-\\ntionalists, Dillon and O Brien, begins\\nat Tipperary. [Oct. 9. They forfeit their\\nbail, and sail for Cherbourg, France, to\\nescape appearance at Tipperary on the\\n10th inst. Nov. 19. They are convicted\\nof conspiracy, and sentenced to two\\nterms of bix months imprisonment.]\\nSept. 27. Edinburgh. The Annual Con-\\nvention of the Irish National League\\nof Great Britain opens.\\nSept. 28. Dock laborers, coal-porters,\\nsailors, and firemen strike in Southamp-\\nton against the employ merit of non-union\\nmen. [Sept. 29. The strikers cause a\\nriot, and in several encounters with the\\ntroops, many persons are injured.]\\nOct. 3. London. At Arm st rong ship-\\nyard 1,000 men strike.\\nOct. 4. The wool-shearers strike is de-\\nclared off.\\nOct. 8. Corn-porters strike. [Oct. 10.\\nThey resume work.]\\nOct. 10. Bradford weavers secure\\ntheir demands and resume work.\\nOct. 13. London. The funeral of Mrs.\\nWilliam Booth of the Salvation Army\\ntakes place 3(1,000 people attend.\\nOct. 22. London. The dock companies\\ngive notice that they will employ only\\nfree men, and ignore union leaders.\\nOct. 24. The laborers in the Royal Al-\\nbert Docks strike.\\nOct. 27. Ire. Moonlighters murder a\\ngirl and her mother in County Clare.\\nOct. 28. London. The dock companies\\nare notified that a strike will follow un-\\nless non-union men are discharged.\\n[Oct. 30. The dockmen order a strike.\\nNov. 3. London dockmen for the Allan\\nCompany return to their work.]\\nOct. 31. Ire. Michael Davitt s Demo-\\ncratic Labor Federation is spreading\\nthroughout the southern counties.\\nNov. 7. At Wellingborough, 3,000 shoe-\\nmakers are locked out.\\nNov. 14. At Liverpool, 500 members of\\nthe Dockers Union refuse to unload\\nthe White Star Steamer Germanic from\\nNew York.\\nDock laborers in Liverpool strike for\\nmore pay.\\nNov. 15-17. Capt. O Shea brings an\\naction for divorce against his wife,\\nnaming C. S. Parnell as corespondent\\nthe divorce is granted, and Mr. Parnell is\\nordered to pay $3,500 costs.\\nNov. 18. Dublin. The National League\\nmeets, and those present decide to stand\\nby Parnell as leader of the Nationalists.\\nNov. 19. London. Mayhew, a solicitor,\\nabsconds, leaving $650,000 liabilities\\nand $900 assets.\\nPrincess Victoria, second daughter\\nof the Emperor and Empress Frederick,\\nis married to Prince Adolphus of\\nSchaumberg-Lippe.\\nNov. 21. in Durham, 25,000 colliers\\nstrike for higher wages.\\nNov. 24. A judgment for \u00c2\u00a3160 is given\\nagainst Miss Cobden for acting as a mem-\\nber of the London County Council, for\\nwhich, being a woman, she was dis-\\nqualified.\\nNov. 26. Ire. Mayor Walsh of Wex-\\nford is sentenced to three months im-\\nprisonment under the Crimes Act for\\nDec. 6. Ire. Justin M Carthy and 44\\nother members withdraw from meetings\\nof the Irish Nationalists, and organize a\\nseparate body, with Mr. M Carthy as\\nchairman.\\nDec. 15. Dublin. The suppressed\\nUnited Ireland, a paper published by\\nthe anti-Parnellites, reappears.\\nDec. 21. Scot. The railway servants\\nat Glasgow decide to strike. [Dec. 22.\\nAbout 4,500 strike. Dec. 23. The strike\\nextends.]\\nThe title Baron Field is created. [1891,\\nBarons Hambleden, iveagh, MacDonald,\\nMasham, and Mount Stephen.]\\n1891 Jan. 8. Ire. The Balfour Irish\\nRelief Fund reaches \u00c2\u00a710,000, besides\\ncontributions of clothing.\\nJan. 14. Edinburgh. A mass-meeting\\nof railroad strikers is held. [Jan. 15.\\nThe strikers try to wreck a train near\\nGreenock, and they are riotous at Perth.\\nJan. 29. Strike is ended.]\\nJan. 30. Gen. Booth of the Salvation\\nArmy begins to carry out his plan of\\nsocial regeneration.\\nFeb. 13. London. Another White-\\nchapel outcast is murdered.\\nMar. 10. Dublin. The National Fed-\\neration Convention opens. Justin M\\nCarthy presides letters approving the\\ncourse of the M Carthvites :ire received\\nfrom Archbishop Coke and from most of\\nthe bishops of Ireland.\\nMar. 17. London. A blue book is is-\\nsued it discloses the fact that 152 peers\\nof the realm are owners of places in\\nwhich intoxicants are sold the number\\nof drink-shops owned by them is 1,539.\\nMar. 22\u00c2\u00b1. Ire. The priests still de-\\nnounce Mr. Parnell from their pulpits.\\nParnell addresses a public meeting at\\nDrogheda.\\nApr. 6. London. A sensation is caused\\nby the rumor that Parnell has been\\nprivately married since the divorce\\nproceedings, but not to Mrs. O Shea.\\n[May 26\u00c2\u00b1. The divorce is made abso-\\nlute.]\\nSTATE.\\n1890 Aug. 9. The formal transfer of\\nHelgoland to Germany is made.\\nAug. 18. Parliament is prorogued.\\nAug. 22. The convention respecting\\nEast Africa, by England and Portugal,\\nis published.\\nIt restrains the latter power from\\ntransferring African territory without\\nthe former s consent.\\nSept. 27. England offers to buy the\\nfisheries rights of France in New-\\nfoundland at a price to be fixed by a\\nboard of arbitration.\\nKing George, of the Tonga Islands,\\nis notified that his country is under\\nBritish protection.\\nSept. 29. London. Joseph Savory is\\nelected lord mayor.\\nNov. 4. An agreement with the Sultan\\nof Zanzibar, placing his dominions un-\\nder the Protectorate of England, is\\ngazetted.\\nNov. 8. Lord Salisbury accepts Portu-\\ngal s proposal for a modus vivendi in\\nregard to Africa. [Dec. 9. The modus\\nvivendi is concluded.]\\nNov. 25. Parliament reopens; the\\nqueen s speech is read in both Houses.\\nAt a meeting of the Irish Home Rule\\nmembers of Parliament, Mr. Parnell is\\nunanimously reelected chairman of the\\nIrish Parliamentary Party.\\nA letter from Mr. Gladstone is pub-\\nlished, saying that he cannot cooperate\\nwith Parnell.\\nNov. 27. Mr. Parnell issues his mani-\\nfesto to the Irish people, giving his rea-\\nsons why he should continue in the lead-\\nership of the Irish Party.\\nDec. 2. The Irish members of Parlia-\\nment hold a session to consider the re-\\nmoval of Parnell; a motion to post-\\npone the question is rejected. Vote,\\n44-29.\\nDec. 9. The Municipal Council of the\\nIrish National League formally calls\\nupon Mr. Parnell to resign.\\nDec. 20. The charter of the South\\nAfrican Company is gazetted.\\nItembraces the vast tract of Central Africa\\nnorth of the Zambesi Kiver ami west of the\\ncoast-line in Mozambique, to which it is now\\nthe policy of England to limit the Portu-\\nguese. The company is bound by the condi-\\ntions of the charter to oppose and discourage\\nthe slave-trade and the trade in ardent spirits.\\n1891 Jan. 9. An Anglo-Austrian\\nconvention is signed, allowing Austria\\nto occupy the seaport of Salonica on\\ncondition that she will support the Brit-\\nish policy in regard to Turkey, Armenia,\\nand Egypt.\\nJan. 22. Parliament reassembles Mr.\\nParnell assumes the Irish leadership.\\nJan 27. H. C. The resolution of\\n1880, forbidding Bradlaugh to take\\nthe oath or to affirm, is expunged from\\nthe House records.\\nFeb. 3. H. C. An Act for the recovery\\nof tithe-rent charge in England and\\nWales is passed. [Feb. 19. Passed.\\nMar. 26. Receives royal assent.]\\nFeb. 20. H. C. The resolution favor-\\ning the disestablishment of the Church\\nin Wales is rejected. Vote, 235-203.\\nMar. 13\u00c2\u00b1. The proposed arbitration\\nagreed on by England and France con-\\ncerning Newfoundland is limited to\\nthe lobster fisheries and canning fac-\\ntories.\\nMar. 18. H. C. The Welsh Local\\nOption Bill is passed.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1890 July 28. Scot. A railway acci-\\ndent occurs at Milngavie Junction, near\\nGlasgow about 30 persons are injured.\\nSept. Ire. The potato crop is a failure\\nin many places.\\nSept. 16. The new bridge over the\\nTaff at Cardiff is opened by the Duke of\\nClarence and Avondale.\\nNov. 4. The electric underground\\nrailway from London to Stockwell is\\ninaugurated by the Prince of Wales.\\nNov. 11. A collision occurs on the\\nGreat Western Railway at Taunton 10\\npersons killed and many injured.\\nDec. 20. London. A fire in Queen Vic-\\ntoria and Thames Streets near Black-\\nfriars Bridge causes a loss of \u00c2\u00a3-100,000.\\n*Sir J. Miller s Sainfoil wins the\\nDerby race. [1891, Sir F. Johnstone s\\nCommon; 1892, Lord Bradford s Sir\\nHugo; 1893, II. McCalmnnt s Isinglass;\\n1894, Lord Rosebery s Ladas.]\\n1891 Jan. 11. A collision in the Frith\\nof Forth results in 13 persons drowned.\\nJan. 24. The first train crosses the\\nForth Bridge with directors on board.\\nFeb. 22- 1 The great struggle between\\ncapital and labor still continues.\\nApr. 5. A big colliery trust is created\\nin Yorkshire, Lancashire, Derbyshire,\\nand Staffordshire.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1017.jp2"}, "1018": {"fulltext": "1006 1891, Apr. 10-1892, Jan. 21. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n.1891 Apr. 15. E. I. A British force\\nis advancing upon the Manipuris, who\\nare preparing to resist.\\nApr. 21. London. Part of Third Bat-\\ntalion Grenadier Guards refuse to\\nturn out for parade. [Apr. 24. Four\\nare sentenced to imprisonment for two\\nyears.]\\nMay 23. S. E. Afr. Portuguese troops\\nand the British South African Com-\\npany s expedition engage in a serious\\nconflict on the Pungwe River.\\nMay 28. S. E. Afr. British troops de-\\nfeat a Portuguese force on the banks\\nof the Bemba River. [May 30. An at-\\ntack by the Portuguese on the British\\ncamp is repulsed after a fight of two\\nhours.]\\nMay Three war-vessels and an armed\\nforce are sent to prevent the forming of\\nthe Republic of the North as contem-\\nplated by the Boers.\\nAug. 18-21. The French fleet visits\\nEnglish waters, and is received with\\ngreat ovations. [Aug. 21. The French\\nand British fleets are reviewed by the\\nqueen off Spithead.]\\nOct. 28. Another mutinous demon-\\nstration is made by the Third Battalion\\nGrenadier Guards at Windsor.\\nDec. 11. Tibet. Hunza Niger tribes-\\nmen are repulsed by native troops\\nunder British officers near Gilghit, with\\nheavy losses on both sides; the tribes-\\nmen capture Fort Chalt it is recaptured\\nby British troops. [The British advance\\non Hunza.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1891 July 8. Scot. A statue of Rob-\\nertBurnsis unveiled, with Masonic hon-\\nors, at Ayr.\\nJuly 10. London. The convention of\\nthe Theosophie Society opens, Mr.\\nOlcott presiding.\\nAug. 10. London. The International\\nCongress of Hygiene and Demography\\nis opened by the Prince of Wales. [Aug.\\n17. Closes.]\\n1892 Jan. 3. W. Gold is discovered\\nin Barmouth, Merionethshire.\\nJan. 6. London. Henry VIII. is pro-\\nduced at the Lyceum Theater by Henry\\nIrving.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1891 May 3. Sullivan, Barry, Irish trage-\\ndian, A66.\\nMay 5 Magee, William Connor, archbishop\\nof York, A70.\\nMay 6. Hare, Thomas, political wr., A85.\\nMay 8. Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna,\\nleader of Theosophists, A60.\\nMay 15. Long, Edwin, artist, A52.\\nMay 18. Cavendish, Lord Edward, politi-\\ncian, A53.\\nColquhoun, Sir Patrick, pn]., au., A76.\\nMay 22. Fowler, Sir Robert Nicholas, poli-\\ntician, A63.\\nMay 26. Wyllie, Sir William, colonel, A89.\\nJune 2. Hawkshaw, Sir John, eng., A80.\\nJune 11. Bodichon, Barbara Leigh Smith,\\nphilanthropist, A64.\\nJune 16, O Gorman Mahon, James Pat-\\nrick, colonel, politician, A91.\\nJune 20. Hewett, Sir Prescott G., surgeon,\\nA78.\\nJuly 4. Gladstone, Wm. Henry, poh, A50.\\nJuly 28. Fothergill, Jessie, novelist, A40.\\nAug. 21. Inglis, Lord, John, justice, A81.\\nCleveland, Duke of, Harry G. Powlett,\\nA88.\\nAug. 24. Raikes, Henry C, postmaster-\\ngenerai, politician, AS3.\\nAug. 26. Whicheote, George, gen., A97.\\nSept. 9. Theed, William, sculptor, A87.\\nOct. 6. Parnell, Charles Stewart, Irish\\nleader, statesman, A 45.\\nOct. 7. Hennessey, Sir John Pope, states-\\nman, author, A57.\\nOct. 15. A Becket, Arthur William, drama-\\nfor North Queensland, William Day Reeve\\nfor Mackenzie River, Can., William Walsh\\nfor Mauritius, W. H. Yeatman, suffragan for\\nSouthwark, Augustus Legge for Lichfield.\\nNov. 12. Winmichl, Lewis, author, A49\\nNov. 13. Suffleld, R. Rodolph, Unitarian\\nclergyman, A70.\\nNov. 24. Bulwer-Lytton, Edward Robert\\n(Owen Meredith), Earl of Lytton, states-\\nman, poet, author, A60.\\nNov. 25. Goodwin, Harvey, bishop of Car-\\nlisle, author, A73.\\nNov. 29. Power, Richard, pol., Ire., A40.\\nDec. 1. Thompson, Sir Matthew W., poli-\\ntician, A72.\\nDec. 5. Flannlgan, Stephen W., jurist, Ire-\\nland, A74.\\nDec. 13. Wells, William Gorman, drama-\\ntist, A 67.\\nDec. 16. Bennett, Sir James Risdon, phy-\\nsician, A82.\\nDec. 17. Browne, Edward H., bishop of\\nWinchester, author, A80.\\nDec. 19. Hareourt, Edward W., pol., A66.\\nTaylor, Peter Alfred, merchant, politi-\\ncian, A72.\\nDec. 21. Cavendish, William, Duke of\\nDevonshire, statesman, A83.\\nDec. 24. Chambers, Sir Thomas, jurist, A78.\\nDec. 28. Cellier, Alfred, composer, A47.\\nWhite, Sir William, dip., A67.\\nDec. 30. Adams, W. H. Davenport, jour-\\nnalist, author, A63.\\nDec. Grantham, Richard B., eng., A86.\\nDec* Smith, William, architect, A 74.\\nSmith, William Henry, statesman, A66.\\n1892 Jan. 1. Redhouse, Sir James, orien-\\ntalist, A81.\\nJan. 2. Airy, Sir George B., astron., A90.\\nJan. 6. Clifford, Sir Robert C. Spencer,\\ncolonel, A76.\\nJan. 10. Villiers, George, general, A44.\\nPhilpott, Henry, hji. of Worcester, A85.\\nJan. 14. Manning, Henry Edward,\\ncardinal, archbp. of Westminster, au., A83.\\nAlbert Victor Christian Edward, Duke of\\nClarence and Avondale, son of Prince of\\nWales, A28.\\nJan. 1 5 Kelly, Edward, rear-adm., A55.\\nCHURCH.\\n1891 Apr. 21. A Glasgow woman be-\\nqueaths \u00c2\u00a370,000 to Gen. Booth of the Sal-\\nvation Army. [May 8. Mr. Bell of\\nGlasgow, \u00c2\u00a360,000 for same purpose.]\\nMay 13. Ire. A priest refuses to ad-\\nminister the sacrament to Parnellites\\nat Dunmore.\\nJune 5. W. The South Wales Metho-\\ndist Conference meets at Cardiff.\\nJune 14. London. Dr. Joseph Parker\\ndelivers a sermon at the City Temple\\nin which he denounces the Prince of\\nWales (baccarat scandal).\\nJune 23. London. The Rev. Herman\\nAdler is installed chief rabbi of the\\nBritish Empire in Bayswater Synagogue.\\nJuly 2. Ire. The Irish bishops reaffirm\\ntheir declaration against Mr. Faraell\\nas unfit to be a leader of the Irish\\npeople, and unworthy the confidence of\\nRoman Catholics.\\nJuly 10. London. The Theosophie So-\\nciety meets 246 branches represented.\\nJuly 13-21. London. The Interna-\\ntional Congregational Council holds\\nits meeting.\\nAug. 15. Services in memory of James\\nRussell Lowell are held in Westmin-\\nster Abbey, led by Canon Farrar.\\nOct. 6. The archbishop of Canterbury\\nopens the Church Congress at Rhyl.\\nBishops consecrated (Church of Eng-\\nland)\\nWilliam C. Magee for York, later William\\nI). Maclagan, It. F. L. Blunt, suffragan for\\nHull, Anthony W. Thorold for Winchester,\\nHenry B. Bo wlby, suffragan for Coventry,\\nRandall Thomas Davidson for Rochester,\\nW. H. Carter for Zululand, South Africa,\\nMandell Creighton for Peterborough, John\\nGott for Truro, Christopher George Barlow\\nLETTERS.\\n1891 July 10. Dublin. TJie Nation\\nsuspends.\\nAug. 8. Scot. Andrew Carnegie lays\\nthe corner-stone of a public library at\\nPeterhead, to which he had given \u00c2\u00a31,000.\\nSept. Dub/in. The Freeman s Journal\\nand National Press are united.\\nDec. 18. Dublin. The Daily Irish In-\\ndependent (Parnellite) is issued.\\n1891-92 The Wrecker and Ballads,\\nby R. L. B. Stevenson, appear. [1893,\\nDavid Balfour, Island Nights Enter-\\ntainments, afriontt. and A Foot-mote to\\nHistory; Eight Years of Trouble in Sa-\\nmoa; 1894, Ebb-Tide.)\\nEssays on English Literature and Es-\\nsays on French Novelists, by George E.\\nB. Saintsbury, appear.\\nPeter Ibbetson, by George du Maurier,\\nappears.\\nHistory of Sicily, by Freeman, ap-\\npears.\\nMemoir of Horace Walpole, by Austin\\nDobson, appears.\\nPoems by the Way, by William Morris,\\nappears.\\nDaphne and Other Poems, by Frederick\\nTennyson, appears.\\nOne of Our Conquerors, by George\\nMeredith, appears. [1894, Lord Ormont\\nand his Aminta.]\\nThe Wages of Sin, by Lucas Malet, ap-\\npears.\\nThe Life and Letters of Robert Brown-\\ning edited by Mrs. Sutherland Orr, ap-\\npears.\\nMemoir of the Life of Laurence Oli-\\nphant and of Alice Oliphant appears.\\nLetters of Cliarles Dickens to Wilkie\\nCollins, by Laurence Hutton, appears.\\nThe Little Minister, by J. M. Barrie,\\nappears. [1893, Two of Them, An Auld\\nLicht Manse, and A Tillyloss Scandal.]\\n1892 Jan. 16. The London edition of\\nthe New York Herald is discontinued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1891 Apr. 12. Ire. ThePlanof Cam-\\npaign collapses on the Tower Hill es-\\ntates in Limerick and Glensharold, thus\\nending a seven years struggle.\\nMay 3. London. An immense labor\\nmeeting is held in Hyde Park.\\nMay 21. Queen Victorialays the corner-\\nstone of an infirmary at l erby.\\nJune 1-9. London. The Baccarat\\nScandal\\nSir William Gordon-Cumming sues Mr.\\nand Mrs. Lycett Green and others for\\nslander iu charging him with having\\ncheated at a game of baccarat in the\\nhouse of Arthur Wilson, Tranby Croft,\\nnear Doncaster, in September 1890. [June\\n4. Case is tried before Lord Coleridge of\\nthe Queen s Bench division Sir Edward\\nClarke is counsel for plaintiff June 9.\\nHe severely criticizes the Prince of\\nWales. Sir Charles Russell is counsel\\nfor defendants. The defendants are\\nacquitted.]\\nJune 8. Scot. At Clydebank, 7,000 ship-\\nworkers strike against a 5 per cent re-\\nduction in wages.\\nJune 10. Sir Wm. Gordon-Cum-\\nming, the plaintiff in the baccarat trial.\\nis married to Miss Florence Garner of\\nNew York.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1018.jp2"}, "1019": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1891, Apr. 10-1892, Jan. 21. 1007\\nJune 12. London. The omnibus strike\\nis ended the employers offer of a 12\\nhours work-day and a slight increase in\\nwages is accepted.\\nJune 14. London. The laundresses,\\nsupported hy numerous trade societies,\\nin all about 80,000 persons, hold a meet-\\ning in Hyde Park, to secure the benefits\\nof the Factory Act.\\nJune 22. London. Another murder of\\na foreign woman occurs.\\nJune 25. The marriage of Mr. Parnell\\nand Mrs. O Shea at Steyning is an-\\nnounced.\\nJune 29. The great- grand daughter of\\nthe queen, infant daughter of Duke\\nand Duchess of Fife, is christened in\\nthe Chapel Royal, St. James s Palace;\\narchbishop of Canterbury officiates.\\nJuly 4-14. Emperor William of Ger-\\nmany visits England.\\nJuly 11. The United Kingdom brewers\\nand license victualers form a strong\\ncombine to uphold their interests.\\nJuly 17. London. A meeting of Chris-\\ntian ministers is held in the City Tem-\\nple, in support of the formation of a\\nfederation of English-speaking people\\nfor international arbitration and uni-\\nversal peace.\\nJuly 20. London. The famous St. Paul s\\nCathedral reredos case, in litigation\\nsince 1888, is dismissed in the Court of\\nAppeals, with costs against the appel-\\nlants.\\nJuly 30. Ire. Nationalists Dillon and\\nO Brien are released from their six\\nmonths imprisonment.\\nJuly 31. Ire. The Freeman s Journal\\nrepudiates the leadership of Mr. Par-\\nnell, and Mr. ParnelFs suggestion to\\nDillon and O Brien for a reunion of\\ntheir forces is rejected.\\nAug. 7. London. An aged woman is\\nfatally stabbed in Whitechapel.\\nAug. 10. London. An International\\nCongress of Hygiene and Demog-\\nraphy is opened by the Prince of Wales\\nin St. James Hall.\\nAug. 15. W. About 1,000 miners strike.\\nAug. 19. The French fleet arrives off\\nCowes, and is received with honors.\\n[Aug. 20. The queen entertains Adm.\\nGervais and his officers at the Osborne\\nHouse. Aug. 26. The fleet leaves Ports-\\nmouth.]\\nSept. 1. London. The Oriental Con-\\ngress is opened. [Sept. 8. It favors an\\ninternational eight-hour law.]\\nSept. 7. The Trade-Union Congress\\nopens at Newcastle.\\nSept. 10. London. The Jewish Colo-\\nnization Association is registered un-\\nder the Companies Act with a capital\\nof \u00c2\u00a32,000,000 in \u00c2\u00a3100 shares; Baron\\nHirsch holds 19,900 shares.\\nSept. 21. London. The London and\\nWestminster Bank is robbed of bills\\nvalued at more than $750,000.\\nOct. 1. The liberal Federation Con-\\ngress opens in Newcastle 3,000 dele-\\ngates present.\\nOct. 11. Dublin. The funeral of Par-\\nnell takes place, 40,000 persons having\\nviewed the body.\\nOct. 21. An attempt is made to wreck\\nan express-train on the Great Western\\nRailway.\\nNov. 4. Ire. The Irish National Fed-\\neration is in session at Waterford\\nmobs throng the streets, and 150 persons\\nare injured.\\nDec. 9. London. Women s Labor\\nHome is opened by the Duchess of Al-\\nbany in Marylebone Road.\\nDec. 15. Ire. Election riots at Water-\\nford occur between Parnellites and\\nanti-Parnellites.\\n1892 Jan. 20. The funeral of the Duke\\nof Clarence and Avondale takes place\\nin St. George s Chapel.Windsor.\\nJan. 21. The funeral of Cardinal\\nManning takes place at Kensal Green\\nCemetery.\\nSTATE.\\n1891 Apr. 10. Queen Victoria appoints\\na Royal Labor Commission, with the\\nMarquis of Hartington at its head, to\\ninquire into the relations existing be-\\ntween capital and labor, the cause of\\nstrikes, and the best means of prevent-\\ning them.\\nApr. 13. H. C. The Intoxicating\\nLiquors Ireland Bill, providing for\\nentire Sunday closing over the whole of\\nIreland, and for earlier closing on Satur-\\nday, is read a second time. [Withdrawn\\nbecause of want of time to discuss it.]\\nApr. 22. H. C. A motion for the sec-\\nond reading of the bill to enable Dis-\\nsenters to acquire freehold rights to\\nplaces of religious worship on payment\\ntherefor, thus placing them on equal\\nfooting with the Church of England, is\\npassed. Vote, 218-110. [Dropped.]\\nApr. 23. H. C. Mr. Goschen proposes\\nan annual grant of \u00c2\u00a32,000,000 for free or\\nassisted education.\\nApr. 28. H. C. A motion to reduce\\nthe number of taverns, and to give\\nlocal authorities larger control of li-\\ncenses, provided that publicans be com-\\npensated, is passed. Vote, 182-111.\\nApr. 30. H. C. Announcement is made\\nthat in future no treaty of commerce\\nprecluding the preferential arrange-\\nments between England and the Colo-\\nnies regarding their respective products\\nwould be renewed.\\nMay 8. England has annexed a strip of\\nterritory on the western frontier of\\nBechuanaland, in order to prevent the\\nthreatened trek of Boers and Dama-\\nras. (Announced.)\\nMay 30. The Governor of the Bank\\nof England is appointed a member of\\nthe privy council.\\nJune 5. H. C. A bill (introduced May\\n29), prohibiting British subjects from\\ncatching seals in Bering Sea for a cer-\\ntain period, is passed. [June 8. H. L.\\nPassed. June 9. An amendment pro-\\nhibiting British ships from sealing in\\nthat sea for a limited period is adopted\\nby both Houses. June 11. Receives\\nroyal assent.]\\nJune 11. Port. The Anglo-Portu-\\nguese Convention, relating to the Eng-\\nlish and Portuguese possessions in South\\nAfrica, is signed at Lisbon.\\nJune 18. H. C. The Factory and\\nWorkshop Act, to improve the condi-\\ntions under which operatives work in\\nthe textile industries, is introduced. [An\\namendment prohibiting children under\\n11 years of age from working is adopted.\\nVote, 202-186 this is a Government de-\\nfeat. July 19. A motion, that after\\n1892, July 1, children under 14 years of\\nage shall not be employed except on\\nhalf time, is defeated. Vote, 164-189;\\nbill passed. July 13. H. L. Passed.\\nAug. 5. Receives royal assent.]\\nJune 22. Sir George Smj-th Baden-Pow-\\nell, M.P., and Dr. Dawson, of the Cana-\\ndian Survey Department, are appointed\\nBritish arbiters in the Bering Sea dis-\\npute Ashley Froude is appointed sec-\\nretary of the British Bering Sea Com-\\nmission.\\nJune 24. British subjects are forbidden\\nby Order in Council to catch seals in\\nBering Sea until May 1, 1892.\\nJune 25. England annexes the island of\\nSabutan, which is claimed by Spain.\\nJuly 22. H. C. Sixty thousand pounds\\nis voted for the relief of Ireland s suf-\\nfering poor.\\nAug. 5. Parliament: A new Element-\\nary Education Act, reducing or abol-\\nishing school fees, introduced June 8, is\\npassed. [Sept. 1. In operation.]\\nThe Public Health London Act,\\namending previous statutes, is passed.\\nSept. 21. Sir James Ferguson has been\\nappointed postmaster-general to succeed\\nMr. Eaikes, deceased.\\nSept. 22. The Government officially rec-\\nognizes the Provisional Government of\\nChile.\\nSept. 29. London. David Evans is\\nelected lord mayor.\\nOct, 18. Arthur J. Balfour is ap-\\npointed first lord of the treasury. [Oct.\\n25. William L. Jackson is appointed\\nchief secretary for Ireland.]\\nNov. 17. London. Lord Salisbury noti-\\nfies the Turkish ambassador that Eng-\\nland is ready to reopen negotiations for\\na convention to regulate affairs in\\nEgypt.\\nNov. 26. The Newfoundland Bait\\nAct is pronounced unconstitutional.\\nDec. 11. The Marquis of Dufferin is\\nappointed British ambassador at Paris.\\nCensus returns give population of\\nEngland and Wales, 29,001 .018 Ireland,\\n4,704,750; and Scotland, 4,033,103.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1891 May 11. A tank explodes at\\nNewport, killing eight men and injur-\\ning 25.\\nJune 24. The Irish Campaign Fund s\\naccount is reported as follows Col-\\nlected: $634,385 expended: legal ex-\\npenses, $36,100; to tenants, $382,090;\\nhousing, $68,405 building, etc. at New\\nTipperary, $147,760 total, $632,385.\\nJuly 7. The Manchester Ship Canal\\nis opened.\\nJuly 12. A dam in the Mersey, 250 feet\\nwide, collapses at the mouth of the\\nUnion Canal.\\nAug, 24. Iron-works in the Cumberland\\ndistrict shut down 6,000 men are idle.\\nSept. 4. The steamer Furst Bismarck, for\\nHamburg from New York, breaks the\\nrecord; time of passage, six days, 12\\nhours, and 58 minutes.\\nSept. 7. The steel-works at Belckow,\\nYorkshire, shut down; several thou-\\nsand men are idle.\\nNov. 5. The chemical manufactures\\nregister under the name of the United\\nAlkali Company; capital, \u00c2\u00a36,000,000.\\nNov. 14, 15. Commercial panic the\\nBank of England averts the suspension\\nof the house of Baring Brothers.\\nNov. 29. The Cotton Employers Asso-\\nciation of Oldham decides to raise\\nwages 10 per cent.\\nDec. 26. A terrible panic takes place\\nin the theater at Gateshead 10 persons\\nare crushed to death.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1019.jp2"}, "1020": {"fulltext": "1008 1892, Jan. 22 -1893, Feb. 9. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1892 Jan. 30. The cruiser Grafton is\\nlaunched at the Thames Iron Works.\\n[Feb. 27. The Hepulse at Pembroke\\ndockyard. Mar. 1. Scot. The war-ship\\nRamillies on the Clyde.]\\nApr. 2. E. I. The revolt of the Chins\\nin Upper Burmah is announced. [The\\ngovernment troops defeat and inflict\\nheavy tines upon the revolting chiefs.]\\nMay E. I. Government troops capture\\nToniataba after a brave defense by the\\nnatives.\\nSept. 26. Life-guardsmen at Windsor\\ncut their saddles as a protest against\\nexcessive drill several are arrested.\\n[A court-martial sentences one offender\\nto imprisonment for 18 months, and dis-\\nmissal from the regiment.]\\nDec. 2. Ind. The cruiser Rapid shells\\nseven villages in Solomon Islands.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1892 Feb. 12. The Naval Exhibition\\nin the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, is\\nopened by Lord George Hamilton.\\nMay 18. An earthquake shock is felt\\nat Cornwall.\\nAug. 18. Two earthquake shocks occur\\nin Wales.\\nSept. 10. London. The new Trafalgar\\nSquare Theater is opened.\\nOct. 20. Nelson, Thomas, publisher, phi-\\nlanthropist, A70.\\nNov. 9. Marlborough, Duke of, George\\nCharles Spencer-Churchill, A48.\\nNov. 11. Trollope, Thomas A., novelist,\\nhistorian, A82.\\nNov. 16. Sankey, William, general, A71.\\nDec. 15. Briggs, Willoughby L.,maj.-gen.,\\nA65.\\nDec. 17. Portarlington, Earl of, Lionel S.\\nW. Dawson Darner, Crimean vet., A60.\\nSmith, William S., admiral, A93.\\nDec. 18. Owen, Sir Richard, naturalist,\\nanatomist, A88.\\nDec. 24. Howell, Richard A., vice-adin.,\\nA76.\\nDec. 29. Black, Fram-is, Scot. pub u A61.\\n1893 Jan. 15. Kemble, Fanny (Frances\\nAnne) actor, A83.\\nJan. 23. Brooks, Phillips, churchman,\\norator, A58.\\nFeb. 6. Brabourne, Lord Edward H.\\nKnatchbull-HiiucsMen, statesman, author\\nof books for children, A63.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1892 Jan. 22. Ramsay, J. D., commander,\\nA86.\\nJan. 23.\\nJan. 25.\\ngeneral, A82.\\nbert, Sir John, Btates.,\\nA72.\\nJan. 31. Spuxgreon, Charles Had don,\\nclergyman, author, A58.\\nFeb. 3. Mackenzie, Sir Morell, physician,\\nsurgeon, A65.\\nFeb. 10. Caird, Sir James, agriculturist,\\nScotland, A76.\\nFeb. 11. Grant, James A., explorer, A64.\\nFeb. 13. Wallls, Sir Provo Wm. Parry,\\nFeb. 18. Campbell, Sir ileo., pol., 8\\nMar. 6. Gregorv, Sir Wm. Henry, pol., A75.\\nMar. lO. Denbigh, Earl of, Rudolph W. B.\\nFielding, A68.\\nMar. 16. Freeman, Edward Augustus,\\nhistorian, A69.\\nMar. 19. Russell, Sir William, lieut.-gen.,\\npolitician, A69.\\nApr. 2. Murray, John, publisher, A83.\\nApr. 5. Lei trim, fourth Earl of, A45.\\nApr. 15. Edwards, A meliaB., novelist, A61.\\nApr. 22. Pelly, Sir Lewis, gen., dip., A67.\\nMay 9. Bramwell, Baron George W. W.,\\njurist, A84.\\nMay 24. Butt, Sir Charles P., jurist, A61.\\nMay 26. Mayne, Richard Charles, rear-\\nadmiral, A57.\\nJune 18. Fytche, Albert, C- S. I., general,\\ndiplomatist, A71.\\nJune 20. Drogheda, Marquis of, Sir Henry\\nF. Seymour Moore, A67.\\nJuly 15. Cooper, Thomas, political agita-\\ntor, poet, author, A87.\\nHardinge, Sir Arthur E., general, A64.\\nJuly 16. Maegregor, John (Rob Roy), trav-\\neler, author, A67.\\nJuly 19. Cook, Thomas, excursionist, A84.\\nJuly 25. Claughton, Thomas Leigh, bishop\\nof Rochester, A84.\\nJuly 27. Sherbrooke, Viscount, Robert\\nLowe, statesman, A81.\\nAug-. 2. Van Straubenzee, Sir Charles T.,\\ngeneral, A79.\\nSept. 16. Howard, Edward, cardinal, lin-\\nguist, A63.\\nSept. 22. Sutherland, Duke of, George\\nGranville Leveson-Gower, A63.\\nSept. 27. Evans, Sir Thomas W., pol., A71.\\nOct. 5. Marriott, Haves, lieut,-gen., A 79.\\nOct. 6. Tennyson, Lord Alfred, poet. A 83.\\nElliot, Richard C, surgeon-gen., A75.\\nOct. 7. Pears, Sir Thomas Townsend, maj.-\\ngen., A82.\\nCHURCH.\\n1892 June 2. Peterborough Cathe-\\ndral is reopened by the archbishop of\\nCanterbury.\\nAug. 16. London. The pallium is con-\\nferred, for the first time since 155G, on\\nArchbishop Vaughan (Roman Catholic)\\nof Westminster.\\nOct. 4. The Church Congress meets\\nat Folkestone, archbishop of Canter-\\nbury presiding.\\nLondon. Herbert Vaughan is conse-\\ncrated (Roman Catholic) archbishop of\\nWestminster.\\nBishops consecrated (Church of Eng.):\\nNorman D. J. Straton for Sodor and Man,\\nJohn W. Bardsley (tr.) Carlisle, Wm. Edm.\\nSmyth for Lebombo, South Africa, Andrew\\nH. Dunn for Quebec, H. Tully Kingdon for\\nFredericton, New Brunswick, Alfred Clifford\\nfor Lucknow, Charles Oliver Mules for Nel-\\nson, N. Z., William Chambers for Goulburn,\\nAustralia, and Nathaniel Dawes for Rock-\\nhampton, Australia; also John Bilsborrow\\nfor Salford, Theodore Dalhoff for Bombay,\\nand N. Seluan for Cyprus.\\nBishops consecrated (Roman Catho-\\nLETTERS.\\n1892 Mar. 17. Scot. The University of\\nSt. Andrews opens the departments of\\ntheology, arts, and sciences to women.\\nOct. 1. London. The Pall Mall Gazette\\nchanges hands it will be no longer Rad-\\nical, out favor the Liberal-Unionists.\\nOct. 24. Mr. Gladstone delivers the first\\nRomanese lecture at xford University\\non Medieval Universities.\\nNov. 15. W. The new library at the\\nDec. 13. Victoria Buildings, Univer-\\nsity College, Liverpool, are opened.\\nNotes of an Englishman in Paris ap-\\npears.\\nThe Duchess of Powysland, by Grant\\nAllen, appears.\\nMan and Beast in India, by Kipling,\\nappears.\\nElements of Politics, by Henry Sedg-\\nwick, appears.\\nMarah, by Owen Meredith, appears.\\n[1893, King Poppy.]\\nFortunatus, the Pessimist, by Alfred\\nAustin, appears.\\nLife of William Cowper, by T. Wright,\\nappears.\\nConversations with Carlyle, by Sir\\nCharles Gavan Duffy, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1892 Feb. 9. London. The body of\\nRev. Charles H. Spurgeon is lying in\\nstate in his Tabernacle about 7,000 peo-\\nple pass the casket hourly.\\nFeb. 10. London. About 8,000 coal-\\nporters strike. [Feb. 12. Ends.]\\nFeb. 12. The miners in Durham strike.\\n[June 1. Ends by an agreement to 10\\nper cent reduction in wages.]\\nFeb. 16. Ire. Moonlighters make\\nraids in County Cork.\\nMar. 12. The great coal-miners strike\\nthroughout England begins. [Mar. 14.\\nAbout 350.000 miners are out, and 200,000\\nworkmen of other trades are affected.]\\nMar. 18. The miners conference de-\\ncides that hereafter men should work\\nbut five days in the week.\\nApr. 30. The Salvation Army is\\nmobbed at Eastbourne.\\nMay 6. The editor of the Commonweal\\nan Anarchist paper, is convicted of in-\\nciting to murder in his paper.\\nMay 9. A riot occurs at Castleden Col-\\nliery, near Hartlepool.\\nMay 14. Ire. Riots occur at Cork be-\\ntween Parnellites and anti-Parnellites j\\n40 persons are injured.\\nMay 22. The Khedive of Egypt is\\nmade a Knight of the Order of the Bath\\nby Queen Victoria.\\nMay 24. The queen confers the titles\\nDuke of York, Earl of Inverness, and\\nBaron Killarney on Prince George of\\nWales.\\nJune 2. Ire. Michael Davitt is severely\\nwounded in a faction fight at Navan,\\nCounty Meath.\\nJune 17. Ire. The Ulster Conven-\\ntion, in opposition to Home Rule, meets\\nat Belfast 10,000 delegates attend.\\nJune 26. Ire. Faction fights occur in\\nin Cork. [June 30. Dr. Tanner is\\nwounded in an election riot.]\\nJuly 4. Ire. An attempt is made to\\nwreck a train carrying 300 Parnellites\\nto a politic;i 1 meeting at I.isdeen, County\\nClare.\\nJuly 8. Dublin. Rioting continues; the\\nwindows of John Dillon s house are\\nsmashed, and much stone-throwing\\ntakes place. [July 10. Election riots\\noccur in many towns. Aug. 3. A fac-\\ntion fight occurs at Limerick.]\\nAug. 16. The sum of \u00c2\u00a320,700 is collected,\\nand a greater part is sent to sufferers\\nby fire at St. John s, Newfoundland.\\nSept. 14. Ire. The Irish Privy Council\\nrevokes all proclamations made under\\nthe Coercion Act.\\nSept. 20. Ire. Eviction of tenants is\\nresumed by many landlords.\\nOct. 18. Lord Kosebery is made a\\nKnight of the Garter.\\nOct. 20. London. The unemployed\\nhold a great meeting at Tower Hill.\\n[Nov. 8. After a meeting they attack\\nthe office of the St. James s Gazette.\\nNov. 3. Lancashire cotton-workers\\nstrike against a reduction of 5 per cent\\nin their wages 45,000 are out of work.\\nDec. 13. The British Union of Con-\\nservative Associations holds its an-\\nnual meeting in Sheffield.\\nDec. 23. Labor riots break out at Bris-\\ntol.\\nDec. 24. Dublin. A dynamite explo-\\nsion occurs in the detective office De-\\ntective Synnot is killed.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1020.jp2"}, "1021": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1892, Jan. 22-1893, Feb. 9. 1009\\nTitles created\\nBarons Kelvin, Cromer t Newton, Ash-\\ncombe, Play fair, Roberts, Blythswood,Craw-\\nshaw, Llangattock, Shand, Rookwood,\\nKnightley, Hood, Dunleath, and Amherst of\\nHackney, Duke of Cranbrook. Earl of An-\\ncaster, and the Marquis of Zetland.\\n1893 Jan. 1. London. A procession of\\nthe unemployed goes to St. Paul s to\\nhear tlie sermon by Canon Scott Holland.\\nJan. 2. Ire. Several houses in Kilrush\\nare wrecked by Parnellites.\\nJan. 29. Dublin. A great demonstra-\\ntion is made in approval of the release\\nof the Irish, dynamiters from prison.\\nFeb. 9. Irish pilgrims start for Rome\\nto attend tlie Pope s jubilee celebra-\\ntion.\\nSTATE.\\n1892 Feb. 1. E. Afr. Zanzibar is de-\\nclared a free port by the British agent.\\nFeb. 8. H. C. Joseph Chamberlain\\nsucceeds Lord Hartington as leader of\\nthe Liberal- Unionists.\\nFeb. 9. Parliament reassembles.\\nFeb. 12. H. C. An amendment to the\\naddress in favor of releasing treason-\\nfelony prisoners is rejected. Vote, 16S-\\n97.\\nFeb. 17. H. C. A bill to assimilate the\\nmunicipal franchise in Ireland to that\\nin England is discussed, and read a sec-\\nond time. [Dropped.]\\nFeb. 18. H. C. Arthur J. Balfour in-\\ntroduces an Irish Local Government\\nBill, which passes to its first reading.\\nHe asserts it would set up baronial and\\ncounty councils elected for three years. So\\nthat minorities might 1m protected, cumula-\\ntive voting would be adopted, and the right\\nof traverse would be preserved. As a safe-\\nguard against financial corruption or oppres-\\nsion, any 20 cess-payers should have power\\nto apply to a judge of assize for the removal\\nof a baronial or county council on the ground\\nof disobedience to t lie law, or of corruption\\nor of malversation. If the council should be\\nfound guilty, it could he removed, and the\\nlord-lieutenant would fill its place. In addi-\\ntion to that, joint committees composed of\\nseven nominees of the council, and seven\\nnominees of the grand jury, with the sheriff,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2an would be appointed, and their consent would\\nJfc be necessary for expenditure on works, etc.\\n[May 24. Second reading. June 9. With-\\ndrawn.]\\nFeb. 23. H. L. A resolution for dises-\\ntablishment of the Welsh Church is\\nrejected. Vote, 267-220. The Eight-\\nHour Bill is rejected by majority of 112.\\nMar. 1. H. C. The Evicted Tenants\\n(Ireland) Bill is rejected majority, 55.\\nMar. 3. Lord Salisbury refuses to renew\\nthe modus vivendi of last year, pending\\nthe Bering-Sea Dispute.\\nMar. 4. H. C. \u00c2\u00a320,000 is voted for the\\nMombassa Railway.\\nMar. 15. H. C. A bill to remove the\\ndisabilities imposed on Roman Cath-\\nolics by the Relief Act of 1829 is brought\\nup by Patrick O Brien. [Dropped.]\\nMar. 16. H. C. The Tenure of Land\\nWales) Bill is rejected. Vote, 234-113.\\nMar. 19. H. C. A bill to give a second\\nlegislation to Scotland is introduced.\\n[Dropped.]\\nMar. 23. H. C. The Miner s Eight-\\nHour Bill is rejected. Vote, 272-160.\\nMar. 25. H. C. The resolution in favor\\nof the payment of members of \u00c2\u00a3365 a\\nyear, offered by Mr. Fenwick, is rejected.\\nVote, 227-162.\\nMar. 29. H. C. A resolution favoring\\ngovernment working of telephone\\nlines is rejected. Vote, 205-147. The\\nbill to give Irish tenants more power to\\ncompel their landlords to sell their hold-\\nings to thein under the Land Purchase\\nAct is defeated. Vote, 177-S6.\\nApr. 27. H. C. Sir A. Rollit s Wo-\\nmen s Suffrage Bill is rejected. Vote,\\n175-152.\\nMay 7. The agreement in relation to the\\nBering-Sea question is ratified by both\\nLord Salisbury and United States Min-\\nister Lincoln.\\nMay 10. London. An order prohibiting\\nBering-Sea fishing until May, 1893, is\\ngazetted.\\nMay 12. The Government declines to\\ngive its assent to the convention between\\nthe United States and Newfound-\\nland.\\nThe Bering-Sea patrol is ordered to\\nseize all vessels found sealing.\\nJune 16. Mr. Balfour confirms the state-\\nment that the British East Africa Com-\\npany had instructed their officers to\\nabandon Uganda before the end of the\\nyear.\\nJune 27. H. C. The Small Agricultural\\nHoldings Bill, the chief aim of which is\\nto create anew the class formerly de-\\nscribed as yeomen, introduced Feb. 22,\\nThe Education and Local Taxation\\nAccount (Scotland) Act and the Irish\\nEducation Act equalizing educational\\ngrants are passed.\\nParliament is dissolved.\\nJune 29. Final returns from the elec-\\ntions give Mr. Gladstone a majority of\\n40.\\nJuly 28. Parliament The Shop-Hours\\nBill, to make permanent the Shop-Hours\\nRegulation Act of 1S86, is passed.\\nAug. 4. The new Parliament opens.\\nA. W. Peel, Speaker.\\nAug. 8. H. L. The queen s speech is\\nread.\\nAug. 11. H. C. The House votes no\\nconfidence in the Ministry. Vote, 350-\\n310.\\nAug. 15. The Ministry resigns.\\nAug. 16. Fourth Administration of\\nMr. Gladstone.\\nCabinet: W. E. Gladstone (Premier and\\nL. Treas.), Lord Herschel (L. Chanc), Earl\\nof Kimberley (Pres. of C oun. and Sec. for\\nInd.), Sir William Vernon Hareourt (Chanc.\\nExeheq.), Herbert Henry Asqulth (Home\\nSec), Earl of Kosebpiy (Foreign Sec), Mar-\\nquis of Kipon (Colonial Sec), Henry Camp-\\nbell- Jiaiineniiau (Sec. War), Sir George\\nOtto Trevelvan i See. for Scot, and keeper of\\nthe Great Seal), Earl Spencer (L. Admir.),\\nJohn Morley (Chief See. for Ireland), Arnold\\nMorley (Post master-General), Anthony John\\nMnndella (Pres. Board of Trade), Henry\\nHartley Fowler (Pres. Local Gov. Board),\\nJames B. Bryce (Chanc. Duchy of Lancas-\\nter), George John Shaw- Lefevre* (First Com-\\nmissioner of Works), Arthur Herbert Dyke\\nAcland (Vice-Pres. Coun.).\\nIre. Lord Houghton is appointed\\nlord-lieutenant and Samuel Walker lord\\nchancellor.\\nSept. 3. The Government places the Gil-\\nbert Islands, in the South Sea, under a\\nprotectorate to protect British citizens.\\nOct. 2. The Government agrees to the\\nevacuation of Uganda by the British\\nEast Africa Company in three months,\\nafter which a British commission will\\ntake charge of affairs there.\\nOct. 29. London. The Government de-\\ncides to allow public meetings at Trafal-\\ngar Square during times of political and\\nsocial crises.\\nDec. 2. London. The English plan is\\nrejected by the International Mone-\\ntary Conference Committee. Vote, 7-6.\\n1893 Jan. 18. The Khedive of Egypt\\nyields to the demand of Great Britain\\nfor the dismissal of the newly appointed\\nMinistry, and promises to appoint Riaz\\nPasha, who is known to be friendly to\\nBritish interests, as president.\\nJan, 31. Parliament is opened by royal\\ncommission.\\nFeb. 3. H. L. The queen s address is\\nagreed to. [Feb. 14. By H. C]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1892 Feb. 4. London. The foot and\\nmouth disease breaks out among im-\\nported cattle.\\nFeb. 16. Ire. Relief works are made\\nat an expense of \u00c2\u00a7802,850, of which sum\\n$228,235 is expended for wages.\\nApr. 30. Fire destroys the lace-mills at\\nNottinghamshire loss \u00c2\u00a3100,000, and 1,500\\nhands idle.\\nMay 28. German emperor s Meteor\\nwins the yacht-race from Southampton\\nto Harwich.\\nJune 8. London. The New Oriental\\nBank fails for over $36,000,000.\\nAug. 5. The emperor s yacht Meteor is\\nbeaten in the closing race at Cowes.\\nAug. 6. London. California fruit ar-\\nrives in good condition, hut brings low\\nprices.\\nAug. 24. London. Rigorous precautions\\nagainst cholera are taken. [Aug. 26.\\nTwo cases of cholera are found on a\\nHamburg steamer at Gravesend. Aug.\\n27. Scot. Two cases appear at Glas-\\ngow. Aug. 30. It appears in London\\nand Liverpool. Sept. 2. The cholera\\npanic subsides.]\\nAug. 26. W. An explosion and fire\\nin a coal-pit cause the death of about\\n150 miners. [Aug. 27. Forty-seven mi-\\nners rescued.]\\nA disastrous explosion occurs at\\nYondu colliery, near Brecon 112 per-\\nsons killed.\\nOct. 6. London. Three cases of chol-\\nera, one fatal, are reported one death\\nin Cork.\\nDec. 14. A colliery explosion in\\nWigan causes great loss of life.\\nThe Derby is won by Sir Hugo; time,\\n2.44 La Fleche is the second.\\n1893 Jan. 10. Water rushes into a\\nmine at St. Just, Cornwall, drowning 27\\nmen.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1021.jp2"}, "1022": {"fulltext": "1010 1893,Feb. 13-1894, Mar. 12. GREAT BRITAIN\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1893 Mar. 4. It is announced that the\\nDuke of Edinburgh has been made\\nadmiral of the fleet. [Aug. 24. Resigns.]\\nMar. 22. In the maneuvering of the\\nMediterranean fleet off Tripoli, the bat-\\ntle-ship Victoria is sunk in a collision\\nwith the battle-ship Camperdown; 338\\nofficers and men are drowned, including\\nVice-Adm. Sir George Tryon. [The find-\\nings of a court-martial blame Adm.\\nTryon.]\\nMar. 29. Vice-Adm. Sir Michael\\nCulme Seymour is appointed successor\\nto Vice-Adm. Tryon as commander-in-\\nchief of the Mediterranean Station.\\nJuly 29. The Volunteers Officers\\nDecoration, for officers serving 20\\nyears, is instituted by Queen Victoria.\\nNov. 25. The gunboat Dryad is\\nlaunched at Chatham.\\n1894 Jan. 13. W. Afr. The British\\ntroops in Sierra Leone defeat a force of\\n4,000 Sofas, killing 250. [Jan. 19. It\\nsurprises and defeats the Sofas, who\\nhave destroyed several native towns and\\nslaughtered the inhabitants.]\\nFeb. 23. W. Afr. An expedition of\\nmarines and bluejackets, operating\\nagainst Fodi Silah, a native chief, near\\nBathurst, fall into an ambush on their\\nreturn to the boats 13 are killed and 52\\nwounded. [May 7. They have another\\nengagement with slave-trading forces\\nunder Chief Fodi Silah; they seize and\\nburn Bamjur, in Gambia, and capture\\nBrikama, with much loss to the natives.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1893 May 2. W. An earthquake\\nJune 14. A monument to Shelley, at\\nUniversity College, Oxford, is inaug-\\nurated.\\nAug. 21. Edinburgh. A statue of Abra-\\nham Lincoln, a memorial to the Scottish-\\nAmerican soldiers of the War of the\\nRebellion (U. S. A.), is unveiled.\\nOct. 9. The South London Art Gal-\\nleries at Camberwell, the gift of Pass-\\nmore Edwards, are opened by the Prince\\nof Wales and the Duke and Duchess of\\nYork.\\nNov. 18. Disastrous floods occur 144\\nwrecks reported, and much loss of life.\\nOct. 30. The Burke memorial at Bristol\\nis unveiled.\\n1894 Mar. 6. A memorial to Phillips\\nBrooks is placed in the wall along the\\nsouth aisle of St. Margaret s Church,\\nWestminster.\\nJuly 10. Nettleship, Henry, classical\\nBcholar, author, A 54.\\nJuly 13. Lushington, Edmund L., Greek\\nprofessor, A82.\\nJuly SO. Chalmers, Charles D., maj.-gen.,\\nA56.\\nJuly 21. Rae, John, arctic explorer, A79.\\nAug. IS. Hamley, Sir Edward li.,gen., A67.\\nHorniman, John, Quaker philanthropist,\\nA89.\\nSept. 9. Parke, Thomas Heazle, African\\nexplorer, Ireland, A3 6.\\nSept. 13. Daubeny, James, general, A66.\\nSept. Moore, Albert, painter, A42.\\nOct. 7. Smith, Sir William, classical\\nscholar, author, writer, A80.\\nOct. 9. Guion, W. H. (steamship line), d.\\nOct. 16. Birch, Charles 15. A. 11. A., sculp-\\ntor, A61.\\nNov. 30. Clark, Sir Andrew, phys., A67.\\nDec. 1. Leinster, Duke of, Gerald F., A42.\\nDec. SI. Chambers, Walter, bishop, A69.\\nTucker, Miss (A. L. 0. E.), author, A72.\\nDec. 31. Vizetelly, Henry Richard, author,\\npublisher, A74.\\n1894 Jan. IS. Parkyns, Mansfield, ex-\\nplorer, A71.\\nJan. 17. Walker, Sir Charles P. Beau-\\nchamp, general, A76.\\nMar. S. McMurdo, Sir William Scott, gen-\\neral, A75.\\nMar. 5. Layard, Sir Austen Henry, archeol-\\nogist, A77.\\nMar. 12. Stephen, Sir James Fitzjanu-s,\\njurist, author, A65.\\nBalfour, Sir George, gen., states., AS4.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1893 Mar. 19. Errington, Sir John S.,\\ndiplomatist, A81.\\nMar. 33. Tryon, Sir Geo., vice-adm., A61.\\nMar. 34. Robinson, Sir Henry, states., A70.\\nApr. 19. Symonds, John Addington,\\ncritic, historian, A53.\\nApr. 31. Derby, Earl of, Edward Henry\\nSmith-Stanb-y, slaU-smau, A66.\\nApr. Crawley, Kirbanl, poet, A50.\\nMay 9. Panlet, Lord Wm., field-mar., A88.\\nMay 28. Pritelianl, Cbarb-s, ;istron., A84.\\nMay Cowper, Edward Alfred, inv., A74.\\nMay Romaine, W. G., administrator, A 68.\\nJune 3. Potter, G., trade-union leader, A61.\\nJune 33. Lockyer, Arthur, editor of the\\nGraphic, A64.\\nJune 34. Shepstone, Sir Theophilus, politi-\\ncian, A76.\\nJune Pearson, Emma Maria, phUanthro-\\npist, author, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n1893 Mar. 29. London. Rev. Thomas\\nSpurgeon is selected to succeed his\\nfather as pastor of the Tabernacle.\\nApr. 8. The 800th anniversary of the\\nconsecration of Winchester Cathedral is\\ncelebrated.\\nApr. 16. Ire. Methodist ministers sign\\nan appeal to the Methodist ministers in\\nEngland to oppose Home Rule on both\\nreligious and commercial grounds.\\nMay IS. Scot. The jubilee of the Free\\nChurch is celebrated.\\nJune 22. London. A mass-meeting is\\nheld to consider means of helping Ar-\\nmenian Christians.\\nSept. 20. Jews, numbering 5,000, meet\\nin the Assembly Hall, Mile End Koad,\\nand indulge in fasting ;uid wailing for 12\\nhours.\\nOct. 3. The Church Congress at Bir-\\nmingham is opened by the bishop of\\nWorcester. [Oct. 9. The Congress\\nmeets at Exeter, bishop of Exeter pre-\\nsiding.]\\nOct. 10. The Congregational Union\\nmeets at the City Temple, Albert\\nSpicer presiding.\\nLondon. Herbert Vaughan (Roman\\nCatholic), archbishop of Westminster, is\\nconsecrated a cardinal priest.\\nIre. Michael Logue, archbishop of\\nArmagh, is consecrated a cardinal priest.\\nBishops consecrated (Church of Eng-\\nland)\\nJohn Sheepshanks for Norwich, W. W.\\nPerrine for I .ritisli Columbia, A. H, Baynes\\nfor Natal, William Procter Swaby for Gui-\\nana, Ceorge A. Ormsby for Honduras, and\\nC. Phillips and I. Oluwole, assistant bishops\\nfor Western Equatorial Africa.\\nBishops consecrated (Roman Catho-\\nlic)\\nFrederick Richards Wynne for Killaloe,\\nIre., William Turner for Galloway, Scot.,\\nand John Carroll for Shrewsbury.\\n1894 Jan. 17. The English bishops\\nissue an address against Welsh dises-\\ntablishment.\\nLETTERS.\\n1893 Mar. 4. Central Free Library\\nfor Lambeth, at Brixton, erected by\\nHenry Tate of Streatham, is opened.\\nMay 8. Mr. Gladstone otters to make\\nJohn Ruskin poet laureate.\\nMay 10. London. The Imperial Insti-\\ntute, South Kensington, is opened by\\nthe queen.\\n1893 Oct. 25. Dublin. The junior fel-\\nlowship of Dublin University is opened\\nto female as well as to male students.\\nEssays upon some Controverted Ques-\\ntions, and Evolution and Ethics, by\\nHuxley, appear.\\nThe Foresters, Robin Hood and Maid\\nMarian, The Death of (Enone, Akbar s\\nDream, and Other Poems, by Tennyson,\\nappear.\\nThe Heavenly Tiuins, by Sarah\\nGrand, appears.\\nFleet Street Eclogues, and A Random.\\nItinerary, by John Davidson, appear.\\n[1894, Ballads and Songs.]\\nThe Life and Work of John RusJcin, by\\nW. G. Collingwood, appears.\\nThe History of Early English Litera-\\nture, by Stopford A. Brooke, appears.\\nThe Victorian Aqc of English Litera-\\nture, by Mrs. M. O. W. Olip hant and F.\\nK. Oliphant, appears.\\nThe Rebel Queen, by Walter Besant,\\nappears.\\nThe Handsome Humes and Wolfen-\\nberg, by William Black, appear.\\nThe Stickit Minister, and Some Com-\\nmon Men, by S. K. Crockett, appears.\\nMany Inventions, bv Kipling, appears.\\n[1S94, The Jungle Book.]\\nUnseen Foundations, by the Duke of\\nArgyll, appears.\\n1893 Feb. 18. The striking cotton-\\nspinners in Lancashire agree to a 24- per-\\ncent reduction in wages. [Feb. 24. Also\\nat Oldham.]\\nApr. 5. Riots occur at Hull 250 free-\\nlabor men are assailed by strikers in the\\ndocks. [Apr, 7. Police disperse rioters\\nat docks.]\\nApr. 8. London. Total abstainers,\\nwith the adversaries of the Local Veto\\nBill, make disturbances in Trafalgar\\nSquare.\\nApr. 25. Ire. Rioting occurs in Dublin\\nand Belfast. [Apr. 27. Riots at Belfast\\nsubdued by military,]\\nApr. 30. London. About 500 porters\\nand stevedores at Victoria Docks\\nstrike because one firm employs Fede-\\nration laborers.\\nMay 1. Scot. In Dundee 10,000 mill-\\nhands strike. [May 2. They are joined\\nby 19,000 striking jute-workers.]\\nMay 5. The Miners Federation and the\\nSeamen s and Firemen s Union of Great\\nBritain combine.\\nMay 7. London. Great demonstrations\\nare held in Hyde Park in favor of the\\neight-hour movement; also in many\\nother cities.\\nMay 10. Strikers at Hull attack free\\nlaborers suppressed by police.\\nMay 20. A heavy missile is thrown at\\nMr. Gladstone while in the compart-\\nment of a railway train it barely misses\\nthe Dean of Chester in the next compart-\\nment.\\nMay 21. London. About 250,000 people\\nattend a demonstration of the Irish\\nNational League in Hyde Park.\\nJune 19. At Barnsley 40,000 miners pass\\nresolutions in favor of Eight-Hour Bill.\\nJuly 4. London. Princess Christian\\nopens the Central Block of Worth Lon-\\ndon Hospital for consumptives.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1022.jp2"}, "1023": {"fulltext": "AND IRELAND. 1893, Feb. 13-1894, Mar. 12. 1011\\nJuly 6. London. The Duke of York\\nand Princess May of Teck are mar-\\nried in tlie Chapel Royal, St. James s\\nPalace. Enthusiastic crowds greet the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2wedding procession in the streets, and\\nthree persons are killed, with over 1,500\\nstreet accidents, fainting-fits, etc.\\nAug. 31. W. Over 60,000 miners in\\nMonmouthshire and South Wales return\\nto work this ends the big strike. [Sept.\\n2. About 10,000 more return to work.]\\nSept. 7. Riots among coal-miners in\\nYorkshire, near Barnsley, are quelled\\nby troops. [Sept. 22. Strikers are riot-\\nous at Hednesford, Staffordshire. Oct.\\n12. About 60,000 miners resume work at\\nthe old wages.]\\nOct. 1. The police stop an outdoor An-\\narchist meeting at Manchester.\\nOct. 5. A dispute with joiners about\\novertime causes a lockout at the Clyde\\nShipbuilders Association, which affects\\n7,000 men.\\nOct. 10. The Federation of Coal-Mine\\nOwners meets in Derby, and offers to re-\\nsume work at 15 per cent reduction in\\nwages. [Nov. 11. They propose to end\\nthe wage dispute by giving seven shil-\\nlings for staUmen and six shillings for\\nleaders, thus abolishing the contract\\nsystem. Nov. 17. The miners coal-\\nstrike is settled. Nov. 30. The Fife\\nmine-owners agree to concede 6\\\\ per\\ncent advance in wages. Dec. 6. The\\nloss from the recent coal-strike amounts\\nto \u00c2\u00a333,000,000, and more than 3,500,000\\npersons are destitute therefrom.]\\nOct. 17. Colliery riot occurs at St.\\nHelena. [Oct. 18. One at Wigan.]\\nDec. 3. London. The police prevent\\nAnarchists from holding a meeting in\\nTrafalgar Square.\\nDec. 9. The Scotch miners strike ends.\\n1894 Feb. 13. The National Liberal\\nFederation closes its conference at\\nPortsmouth.\\nFeb. 15. Martial Bourdin, a foreign\\nAnarchist, blows himself up in attempt-\\ning to wreck the Observatory at Green-\\nwich.\\nSTATE.\\nIt gives Ireland a legislative council\\nand a legislative assembly, with repre-\\nsentation in the Imperial Parliament.\\n[Feb. 17. Passes first reading. Apr. 21.\\nPasses second reading. Vote, 347-304.\\nSept. 1. Passes third reading. Vote-\\n301-267. H. L. Introduced. Sept. 8. Re-\\njected. Vote, 419-41.]\\nFeb. 27. H. C. Sir William Vernon\\nHarcourt introduces the Liquor-Traffic\\n(Local Control) Bill, to establish local\\ncontrol over the liquor-traffic. Read\\nonce and withdrawn.\\nMar. 1. H. C. The National Educa-\\ntion (Ireland) Bill is rejected. Vote,\\n247-166.\\nMar. 7. H. L. A bill relating to the\\ndistribution of real property in cases of\\nintestacy, instead of allowing it to go\\nto the eldest son as at present, is re-\\njected. Vote, 61-56.\\nMar. 10. Dublin. A Parnellite Con-\\nvention is opened.\\nMar. 15. H. C. The Liquor-Traffic Lo-\\ncal Veto (Wales) is rejected. [Intro-\\nduced Feb. 27.] Vote, 281-246.\\nMar. 16. The Ulster Defense League\\nis formed, not merely to continue the\\nstruggle for the Union, but to prepare\\nto meet any emergency.\\nMar. 21. H. C. The Local Govern-\\nment (England and Wales) Bill, to\\nestablish parish council, is introduced.\\n[Nov. 7. Read a second time.] (See\\n1S94, Jan. 12.)\\nMar. 24. H. C. A resolution to pay\\nmembers for their services ia passed.\\nVote, 276-229.\\nApr. 12, Paris. The Bering-Sea court\\nof arbitration decides not to admit the\\nBritish supplementary report as evi-\\ndence at present.\\nApr. 25. H. C. The Employers Lia-\\nbility Bill, including all workmen ex-\\ncept soldiers and sailors, is read a second\\ntime. [Nov. 23. Read a third time.\\nNov. 30. H. L. Read a second time.\\n1894. Feb. 13. Bill returned to Com-\\nmons with amendments. Feb. 20. The\\norder for the consideration of the amend-\\nments is discharged. Vote, 225-6.]\\nMay 5. H. C. It is voted to transfer\\nthe power of appointing Irish magis-\\ntrates from the lords to the lord-lieu-\\ntenants of Ireland.\\nMay 11. The Earl of Aberdeen is ap-\\npointed governor-general of Canada.\\nMay 14. H. C. An Anglo-Russian\\nsealing agreement is promulgated\\nwhich prohibits sealing within 10 miles\\nof the Russian coast, and within 30\\nmiles of Robbin Islands.\\nJune 16. H. C. A resolution is passed\\nfavoring the settlement of international\\ndisputes by arbitration.\\nJune 30. H. C. Mr. Gladstone s reso-\\nlution that the Home-Rule Bill should\\nhe reported by July 31, and should be\\nclosured in fovar sections, is adopted\\nby a majority of 32.\\nJuly 8. Parliament: Bimetallists pro-\\ntest against the closing of the Indian\\nmints to the free coinage of silver.\\nAug. 15. Bering-Sea Arbitration:\\naward in favor of England on the chief\\npoints (p. 436).\\nSept. 1. Private cards bearing an ad-\\nhesive halfpenny stamp are henceforth\\npermitted to he sent through the post.\\nSept. 6. H. C. It is voted to reduce\\nthe salaries of officers in the House of\\nLords. Vote, 103-95.\\nSept. 22. Parliament adjourns. [Nov.\\n2. Reassembles.]\\nSept. 29. London. George Robert Tyler\\nis elected lord mayor.\\nNov. 16. H. C. The Ministry is de-\\nfeated on an amendment to the Parish\\nCouncils Bill, the amendment being\\ncarried. Vote, 147-126.\\nDec. 1. Dublin. V. B. Dillon is elected\\nlord mayor.\\n1894 Jan. 12. H. C. The Parish Coun-\\ncils Bill is passed. (Introduced 1803, Mar.\\n21). [Jan. 15. B. L. Passes first read-\\ning. Jan. 25. Second reading. Feb. 13.\\nThird reading. Mar. 1. H. L. Passed.\\nMar. 5. Royal assent given.]\\nFeb. 20. H. C. Mr. Gladstone s mo-\\ntion to discharge the order of the\\nday the consideration of the amend-\\nments of the House of Lords to the Em-\\nployers Liability Bill passes. Vote,\\n225-6. The Conservatives take no part\\nin the division.\\nMar. 2. Mr. Gladstone informs the\\nqueen of his intention to resign the\\npremiership. [Mar. 3. The queen ac-\\ncepts his resignation, and offers the\\npremiership to Lord Rosebery, who ac-\\ncepts. Mar. 4. Sir William Vernon\\nHarcourt consents to serve under Lord\\nRosebery, and will he the Government\\nleader in the House of Commons. Mar.\\n5. Lord Rosebery has an audience with\\nthe queen, and several changes are made\\nin the Cabinet. Lord Rosebery formally\\ntakes his office as premier.]\\nMar. 5. Parliament is prorogued.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1893 Mar. 22. The Oxford crew wins the\\nboat-race from Putney to Mortlake\\ntime, 18 minutes, 47 seconds.\\nApr. 11. W. Fire in the Great West-\\nern Colliery, Rhondda Valley, causes 53\\ndeaths.\\nApr. 17. W. An explosion in a col-\\nliery at Pontypridd 50 lives are lost.\\nMay 1. Second-class carriages are\\nwithdrawn from the London and North-\\nwestern, the Caledonian, the Great\\nNorthern, and the Cambrian Railways.\\nMay 12. The Campania reaches Queens-\\ntown from New York in five days, 17\\nhours, and 27 minutes.\\nMay 14. The Countess Evelyn is sunk\\nthrough colliding with City of Hamburg\\noff the Cornish coast 25 lives lost.\\nJune 1. London. The vestibule train\\nis introduced for service to Penzance.\\nThe Britannia, owned by the Prince\\nof Wales, wins the Thames Yacht Club\\nRace.\\nJuly 1. London. The National Work-\\nmen s Exhibition at Agricultural Hall\\nis opened by the Prince and Princess of\\nWales.\\nJuly 4. An explosion occurs at Coombs\\ncolliery, near Dewsbury 130 lives lost.\\nJuly 12. The Britannia beats the Vigi-\\nlant on the Clyde.\\nJuly 16. The Britannia outsails the\\nVigilant in the Royal Ulster yacht race\\nregatta.\\nJuly 20. The foundation-stone of the\\nnew harbor at Dover is laid by the\\nqueen.\\nJuly 21. The Vigilant outsails the Bri-\\ntannia in the 50-mile race off Kingston.\\n[Aug. 10. The Britaimia wins the Meteor\\nchallenge shield.]\\nJuly 22. Vestibule dining-cars are in-\\ntroduced on the Great Northern Railway\\nto Scotland.\\nOct. 4. A public park at Stockton is\\nopened by the Duke and Duchess of\\nYork.\\n1894 Jan. 1. The Great Eastern and\\nTilbury, and Southend Railways abolish\\nsecond-class carriages in provinces.\\nMar. 17. Oxford wins the Univer-\\nsity boat-race by three and one-half\\nlengths time, 21 minutes, 39 seconds.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1023.jp2"}, "1024": {"fulltext": "1012 1894, Mar. 12 -Dec. 17.\\nGREAT BRITAIN.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1894 May 25. S.Cent.Afr. A British\\nforce completely defeats the slave-trad-\\ning chief Makanjira on Lake Nyassa.\\nAug. S. Pacific. The British ship Cura-\\nco and the German ship Bustard bom-\\nbard the rebel stronghold in Samoa.\\nSept. 12. S. Pacific. The Samoan chiefs\\nyield to the British demand, acknowl-\\nedge submission to King Malietoa, and\\ngive up 100 guns.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1894 June 30. London. The new\\nTower Bridge, across the Thames,\\ncosting \u00c2\u00a31,000,000, is opened by the\\nPrince and Princess of Wales.\\nJuly 11. London. The Jackson-Harms-\\nworth Polar expedition sails on the\\nsteamer Windward for Franz-Josef\\nLand.\\nAug. 8. The British Association meets\\nat Oxford Lord Salisbury presides.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1894 Mar. 19. Meade, Sir Richard, gen-\\neral, A73.\\nMar. 26. Cameron, Verney Lovett, capt.,\\nAfrican explorer, A49.\\nMar. 31. Smith, William Robertson, clergy-\\nman, orit- ntnlist, author, A48.\\nMay 20. Yates, Edmund H., journalist,\\nauthor, A63.\\nMay 26. Noel, Roden Berkeley Wrlothea-\\nley, poet, AGO.\\nMay 29. Pearson, Charles Henrv, hist., A64.\\nJune 16. Marshall, William l alder, sculp-\\ntor, A81.\\nAug-. 22. Jenkins, Robert, admiral, A68.\\nAug-. 30. Campbell, Charles W., man-gen.,\\nA58.\\nSept. 3. Veitcb, John, philos., critic, A65.\\nSept. 5. Inglefield, Sir Edward A., admiral,\\nInventor, author, A74.\\nOct. 10. Astlev, Sir. John, politician, sports-\\nman, A65.\\nNov. 3. Walter, John (London Times), A76.\\nNov. 29. Swansea, Lord, Henry H. Vivian,\\npolitician, A73.\\nDec. 3. Coleridge, Baron, John Duke,\\nchief justice, A74.\\nCHURCH.\\n1894 June 1. London. The 13th Inter-\\nnational Young Men s Christian Associ-\\nation Conference opens in Westminster\\nAbbey.\\nBishops consecrated (Church of Eng-\\nland)\\nGeorge Wyndham Kennion for Bath and\\nWells. Arthur T. Llovd, suffragan for Thet-\\nford, W. W. Elwes for Tinnevelli, Ind., Ven.\\nW. L. Williams for Waiapu, N. Z., Cecil\\nWilson for Melanesia, N. Z., Arthur Vincent\\nGreen for Grafton and Armidale, Australia,\\nA. G. S. Gibson for ape Town, South Africa,\\nH. Evington for K iushiu, South Japan, and\\nHerbert Tugwell for Western Equatorial\\nAfrica.\\nBishops consecrated (Roman Catho-\\nlic)\\nThomas Whiteside, bishop for Liverpool,\\nWilliam R. Brownlow for Clifton, Theoph.\\nMayer, biBbop auxiliary for Madras, Godfrev\\nPelckmans for Lahore, P. J. Hurth for\\nDacca, and Anthony I sse, vicar apostolic for-\\nNorth Burma.\\nBishops consecrated\\nIre. Joseph Ferguson Peacocke, bishop\\nfor Meath, and William Edward Meade for\\nCork.\\nIre. Robert Samuel Gregg is conse-\\ncrated archbishop of Armagh.\\nLETTERS.\\n1894 Under the Red Robe, by Stanley\\nJ. Weyman, appears.\\nLife s Little Ironies, by Thomas Hardy,\\nappears.\\nOdes and Other Poems, by William\\nWatson, appears.\\nEighteenth Century Vignettes, second\\nseries, by Alfred Austin, appears.\\nShips that Pass in the Night, by Bea-\\ntrice Harraden, appears.\\nThe Prisoner of Zenda, by Anthony\\nHope (Hawkins), appears.\\nThe Industrial and Commercial His-\\ntory of England, by J. E. T. Rogers, ap-\\npears.\\nThe Ascent of Man, by Henry Drum-\\nmond, appears.\\nThe Claims of Christianity, by William\\nS. Lilly, appears.\\nIf Christ Came to Chicago, by William\\nT. Stead, appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1894 Mar. IS. London. A demon-\\nstration is made in Hyde Park against\\nthe House of Lords.\\nApr. 16. London. Some 3,000 cab-drivers\\nstrike against the owners terms of hire.\\nMay 15. London. Cabmen strike.\\n[June 6. Settled by the intervention of\\nthe Home Secretary.]\\nMay 24. London. Rear- Admiral Erben,\\nCapt. Mahan (U. S. N.), and the hicago s\\nofficers are entertained at a dinner.\\n[June 18. The University of Cambridge\\nconfers the degree of LL.D. on Capt.\\nMahan. June 20. The Oxford Univer-\\nsity confers on him the degree of D.C.L.]\\nJune 5. London. The National Re-\\nform Union meets.\\nJuly 3. London. The Salvation Army\\nJubilee gathers at the Crystal Palace\\n80,000 attend.\\nJuly 28. A general strike of miners\\noccurs in the Midlands, Lancashire, and\\nNorth Wales. [Aug. 7. Miners riots\\nare suppressed.]\\nJuly 29. Emperor William arrives at\\nDover on the imperial yacht Sbhenzol-\\nlern, and is heartily welcomed. [Aug. 6.\\nArrives at Cowes.]\\nAug. 26. London. The National League\\nfor the Abolition of the House of Lords\\nmakes a demonstration in Hyde Park.\\nDec. 17. London. A mass-meeting de-\\nnounces the Armenian massacres by\\nthe Turks.\\nSTATE.\\n1894 Mar. 12. Parliament opens.\\nH. L. The address in reply to the\\nqueen s speech is moved by Lord\\nSwansea. C. Moved by Mr. Warner.\\n[Mar. 13. H. C. Henry Labouchere s\\namendment, recommending the aboli-\\ntion of the House of Lords, is carried.\\nVote, 147-145. Mar. 14. The Govern-\\nment withdraws the address as amended\\non Mr. Labouchere s motion, and the\\nCommons adopt a new address without\\ndivision.]\\nMar. 29. H. C. The bill to provide for\\nthe carrying out of the Bering-Sea de-\\ncision is introduced. [Apr. 5. Read a\\nsecond time. Apr. 9. Third reading.\\nApr. 12. II. L. Second reading. Apr.\\n16. Passed. Apr. 23. Receives royal\\nassent.]\\nApr. 3. H. C. A motion is approved to\\nestablish a legislature in Scotland for\\nScottish affairs. Vote, 180-170.\\nApr. 6. H. C. The Government is de-\\nfeated on a private bill. Vote, 228-227.\\nApr. 13. H. C. The Registration Bill,\\nenlarging the rights of British voters, is\\nintroduced. [Aug. 7. Passed. H. L.\\nDefeated. Vote, 249-30.]\\nApr. 19. H. C. The Evicted Tenants\\n(Ireland) Arbitration Bill is read for\\nthe first time. [July 19. Second read-\\ning. Vote, 259-222. Aug. 7. Passed.\\nVote, 198-167. Aug. 13. H. L. Second\\nreading. Aug. 14. Bill thrown out.\\nVote, 249-30.]\\nApr. 26. H. C. Mr. Asquith introduces\\na bill for the disestablishment of the\\nChurch in Wales. [July 18. With-\\ndrawn.]\\nJune 15. H. L. The Deceased Wife s\\nSister Bill is defeated. Vote, 129-120.\\nJune 19. W.Afr, A British Protecto-\\nrate of Uganda is announced. [Nov.\\n24. Proclaimed at Mengo.]\\nJune 20. The Anti-Lords conference\\nis opened in Leeds, and resolutions are\\nadopted demanding the abolition of the\\nveto powers of the Lords.\\nEngland s claim to the disputed\\nstrip in the African Congo State is re-\\nnounced, which settles a difficulty be-\\ntween England and Germany.\\nJuly 2. Lord (Sir Charles) Kussell of\\nKillowen is appointed lord chief jus-\\ntice.\\nJuly 17. H. L. Lord Salisbury s Alien\\nImmigrant Bill passes second reading.\\nJuly 20. Parliament The Preven-\\ntion of Cruelty to Children Act,\\namending previous statutes, is passed.\\nAug. 10. H. C. The Scotch Local Gov-\\nernment Bill is passed.\\nAug. 25. Parliament is prorogued.\\nOct. 3. London. Sir Joseph Renals is\\nelected lord mayor.\\nOct. 17. The Government sanctions the\\ncoinage of a British dollar in Bombay\\nfor circulation in the Orient.\\nNov. 10. The Cabinet decides to give the\\nanti-lords resolution the first place\\non the legislative program.\\nDec. 1. The Government warns Turkey\\nagainst violating the Berlin treaty by\\npermitting the slaughter of Arme-\\nnians.\\nDec. 9. The British and other embassies\\nin Constantinople negotiate with the\\nPorte to institute an independent in-\\nquiry into the Armenian atrocities.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1894 Mar. 17. Oxford wins the annual\\nboat-race with Cambridge by three and\\none-half lengths.\\nApr. 12. London. The Faraday sails\\nwith a new cable to be laid from Water-\\nville, Ire., to Nova Scotia; length of\\ncable, 2,000 miles. [July 8. The steamer\\nBritannia arrives at Heart s Content,\\nNewfoundland, with 190 miles of cable\\non hoard the shore end of the new\\nAnglo-American cable.]\\nApr. 20. London. The Australian Joint-\\nStock Bank fails for \u00c2\u00a313,000,000 liabili-\\nties.\\nMay 21. The Manchester Ship Canal\\nis formally opened by the queen.\\nJune 24. W. A mine explosion\\ncauses 250 lives to be lost.\\nJuly 12. The Britannia outsails the\\nVigilant for the sixth time.\\nSept. 14. Baring Brothers liabilities\\nare reduced to \u00c2\u00a34,223,001.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1024.jp2"}, "1025": {"fulltext": "GREECE.\\nc-1231\\nB. C.\\n1013\\nModern Greece is a kingdom in southeastern Europe the government is an hereditary monarchy, with the executive\\npower vested in a king and seven ministers, and the legislative power in a Chamber of Deputies called the Boule, whose members\\nare elected for four years by manhood suffrage. The common language is modern Greek, and the prevailing religion is that of\\nthe Greek church, which is the church of the state, yet all religions are tolerated. Area, 25,041 square miles; population,\\n2,187,208.\\nHistorians are not agreed concerning the date of the arrival of the members of the Aryan family who first came from their\\nPersian highlands to western Europe and poured into northern Greece.\\nKote. The period in which Greece formed a part of the Eastern Empire is treated in these pages as forming a part of the history of\\nGreece, thus making the record continuous from the beginning. The history of Macedonia is here included with Greece, although it formed\\nno part of ancient Hellas.\\nARMY NAVY.\\nMythical Period.\\nb. c. Revolt of the Titans war of\\nthe giants.\\n1383 b. c. Amphion and Zethos be-\\nsiege Thebes, and dethrone Laius.\\n1263 b. c. The Argonautic expedi-\\ntion sails to Colchis to take the Golden\\nFleece. (1225. Erastosthenes.)\\nIt consists of one ship called the Argo,\\nof 50 oars, manned by as many heroes,\\nwho are led by Jason it is the first naval\\nexpedition on record.\\n1231 b. c. The Amazons of Cau-\\ncasia are conquered by Theseus.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1764 b. c. The deluge of Ogygea\\nlays the country waste for nearly 200\\nyears.\\n1503* b. c. The deluge of Deucalion.\\n1400+. b. c. The arch appears.\\nB. c. Cleanthes of Corinth invents\\npainting.\\n1383+ *b. c. Athens. King Erech-\\ntheus teaches husbandry.\\nb. c. Ceres arrives, and teaches the\\npeople the art of making bread.\\nb. c. The Doric order of architec-\\nture is invented by the Dorians.\\n1350+ b. c. The Ionic order of ar-\\nchitecture is invented.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n16th Century, b. c. Cecrops, first King of\\nAthenB, horn.\\n1388* Helen, daughter of Jupiter and\\nbattle with the Elusi\\n1263\u00c2\u00b1 Hercules is born at Thebes.\\n1243 Musaus, Athenian poet. dies.\\n1035 wEgeus, King of Athens, father of\\n1773 b. c. Sacrifices to the gods\\nare introduced by Phoroneus, King of\\nArgos.\\n1556* b.c. Athens. An altar is\\nerected to Jupiter by Cecrops.\\n1521* *b.c. Pelasgus, King of the Ar-\\ncadians, teaches his people to feed on\\nacorns, as more nutritious than herbs,\\nfor which they honor him as a god.\\n1497 b. c. King Amphictyon is the\\nfirst [who is known] to have drawn prog-\\nnostications from omens.\\n1495+ *b. c. The worship of Mi-\\nnerva (Pallas-Athene) is introduced\\ninto Attica by Erechtheus, and its chief\\ncity named in her honor.\\n1493 b. c. Cadmus, a Pbenician,\\nintroduces the worship of Egyptian\\nPhenician deities among the Greeks.\\n1453 b. c. The Olympic games are\\ninstituted in honor of Jupiter by the\\nIdaei Dactyli [or by Pelops in 1308].\\n1406+ b. c. The Isthmian games,\\nin honor of Melicertes, a sea-god, are in-\\nstituted by Sisyphus.\\n1356+ b. c. The Eleusinian Mys-\\nteries annual secret religious cere-\\nmonies in honor of Demeter (Ceres) are\\ninstituted by Eumolpus [or Cadmus,\\n1550, or Erechtheus, 1399] any one who\\nreveals forfeits his life. [They are the\\nmost celebrated of all religious cere-\\nmonies in Greece.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1499 b. c. Cadmus, the founder of\\nCadmeia, brings the Phenician letters\\ninto Greece.\\n1383 b. c. Olen, the most ancient\\ncomposer of hymns, nourishes.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1554* *b.c. Matrimonial ceremonies\\nare ascribed to Cecrops.\\n1530 b. c. The Lyceean games are\\ninstituted in honor of Pan at Arcadia.\\n1495 b. c. Athens. The Panathe-\\nnaean games are instituted.\\n*b. c. Myths of the period, Europa,\\nMinos, Daedalus.\\n1485 b. c. Danaus, the founder of\\nArgos, arrives on the first ship ever seen\\nin Greece.\\n1453 *b. c. Olympic games. (See\\nChurch.)\\nb. c. The game of quoits is first\\nplayed at the Olympic games.\\n1425 b.c. The Feast of the Flam-\\nbeaux is instituted at Argos.\\nIt is in honor of Hypermnestra, who\\nsaved Lynceus,her husband, on his nup-\\ntial night, while her 49 sisters, at the\\ncommand of their father Danaus, sacri-\\nficed theirs.\\nb. c. The Nemean games, cele-\\nbrated in Achaia, are instituted in honor\\nof Archemorus.\\n1406\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. The Isthmian games.\\n(See Church.) [1234\u00c2\u00b1. Keinstituted in\\nhonor of Neptune by Theseus. 60. Re-\\nvised. 362 a.d. Revived.]\\n1276+ b. c. The myth of CEdipus\\nhe kills his father Laius in an affray,\\nconfirming the oracle foretelling his\\ndeath at the hands of his son.\\n1266 b. c. CEdipus, the outcast son\\nof Laius, King of Thebes, answers the\\nSphinx s riddle.\\n1263 b. c. The Pythian games are\\ninstituted by Adrastus.\\n1235 b. c. .iEgeus, grieved at the\\nsupposed loss of his son Theseus, throws\\nhimself into the sea and is drowned;\\nhence the name iEgean Sea.\\nSTATE.\\nPeriod of Fables and Heroes.\\n2080+ e. c. The kingdom of Sicyon\\nis founded. [1S5G (1711?) Argos.]\\n2042* b. c. Uranus arrives in Greece.\\n1910 b. c. Inachus is King of the\\nArgives.\\n1796* b. c. Ogyges reigns in Boeotia.\\n1710* *B. c. S. It. The colonizing of\\nCEnotria [Italy] begins under (Enotrus\\n[Magna Graecia], (See 1240.)\\n1556+ *b.c. Cecrops arrives in Attica,\\nand founds Athens with a colony from\\nAfrica. The land devastated by a deluge,\\nis repeopled by them. Cecrops becomes\\nthe founder of Athenian civilization.\\n(Hales, 1558; Clinton, 1433.)\\n1552 b. c. Triopas reigns in Argos\\nPolycaon seizes a part of the kingdom,\\nand names it after his wife, Messenia.\\n[1506. Crotopas reigns.]\\n1520+ *b. c. Ephyre [Corinth] is\\nfounded by Sisyphus.\\n1521 b. c. Pelasgus reigns in Arca-\\ndia.\\n1507* b. c. Athens. The Areopagus\\nis instituted as a tribunal of justice.\\n1497* b. c. Athens. Amphictyon\\nreigns (Hales, 149!*). [1487, Erk-hthonios;\\n1308, Erechtheus 1347, Erechtheus is\\nkilled in battle 1308, Pandion.]\\n1493 b. c. (1366 Cadmus, a Phe-\\nnician, settles in Boeotia, and builds\\nThebes.\\n1490 b. c. (1509 Sparta is founded\\nby Laceda^mon.\\n1475\u00c2\u00b1 *b. c. (1489?) Danaus, with his\\nfifty daughters, arrives from Egypt; he\\nbecomes king of Argos. [1425. He is\\ndethroned by Lynceus.]\\n1459 b. c. Hellen is King of Phthia\\n[in Thessaly].\\n1431 *b. c. (1313 or 1282?) Perseus,\\nKing of Macedon, removes from Argos,\\nand founds Mycense.\\n1406 b. c. Minos is King of Crete.\\n1350\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Corinth is founded.\\n[1259. Endemus reigns.]\\n1348* b. c. Cecrops becomes King of\\nAttica. (See 155C.) [1283, .-Egeus 1235,\\nTheseus 1205, Menestheus.]\\n1344 b. c. The kingdom of Argos is\\ndivided by the brothers Acrisius and\\nProetus.\\n1289 b. c. (1274 1258 Eurysteus\\nreigns in Mycenas.\\n1283 b. c. Pelops of Lydia, in Asia\\nMinor, settles in Southern Greece (Pel-\\noponnesus).\\n1240 b. c. S. It. Magna Grsscia is\\ncolonized by Arcadians under Evander.\\n(See 1710.)\\n1234+ b. c. Theseus collects his sub-\\njects into one city and names it Athens.\\n[1182, Demophoon reigns 1149, Oxyares\\n1143, Sylvius 1137, Aphidias 1136, Thy-\\nlnactes 1128, Melanthus.]\\n1233 b. c. CEdipus becomes King of\\nThebes. [1198, Thessander.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1025.jp2"}, "1026": {"fulltext": "1014 1228 b.c-625, b.c.\\nGREECE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1225* *b. c. First Theban War. War\\nof the Seven Captains against Thebes.\\n[1216. The Second Theban War begins.\\n[War of the Epigoni.] 1212. Thebes is\\nbesieged and taken.]\\n1224 b. c. Heracles captures and\\ndestroys Troy.\\n1193-84 b.c. AsiaM. The Trojan\\nWar.\\n[1316-07. The date given by W. E. Glad-\\nstone; 1335, Duris; 1260, Herodotus; 1209,\\nParian Marble; lls;{, Krastothcnes; 1171, So-\\nsibius; 1169, Ephorus; 1149, Clemens.]\\nAccording to Homer, the confederate\\nGreeks, consisting of 100,000 men and 1,200\\nships, are led by their king, Agamemnon,\\nKing of Mycenae; brave Achilles, wise Odys-\\nBeus, Nestor, and Ajax are conspicuous.\\nTroy is taken and destroyed by the Greeks.\\n[1178. After a war of ten years and a disas-\\ntrous voyage of nearly eight, Menelaus re-\\nturns to Sparta with his wife Helen, whose\\nabduction had caused the Trojan War.]\\n1124 b. c. IUyrians from the north-\\nwest invade Greece. [1104. The Hera-\\nclidss invade Greece and seize Sparta.]\\n1102 b. c. The Lacedaemonians in-\\nvade Arcadia, but are driven back by the\\nwomen in the absence of their husbands.\\n1056+ b. c. Athens is unsuccess-\\nfully besieged by the Dorians.\\n848 b. c. Charilaus, the Spartan,\\nbegins hostilities against Polymnestor,\\nKing of Arcadia.\\n800 b. c. Nicander, son of Chari-\\nlaus, is at war with the Argives.\\n776 b. c. History begins to be au-\\nthentic.\\n743-724 b. c. The First Messenian\\nWar is bloody and wasteful.\\nThe Spartans, under their kings, Alcame-\\nnes and Theoainia, move against .-Vndrueles\\nand Antiochus, kings of Messenia, in south-\\nwest Greece, because of violence done to\\nsome Spartan women while paying their de-\\nvotions in a temple common to both nations,\\nand the killing of the King of Sparta while\\ndefending them. [After two indecisive bat-\\ntles, the Messenians are driven to the fortress\\nIthome. 733. Ithome is taken in the third\\ngreat battle, and razed. The Messenians who\\ndo not emigrate become vassals to Sparta.\\n703 b. c. Corinth constructs her\\nfirst war-ships.\\n685-668 b.c. Second Messenian War.\\nThe Messenians revolt, and league with\\nElis, Argos,and Arcadia against Sparta,\\nbut without success (648-631?).\\n685 b. c. Messenians under Aris-\\ntomenes defeat the Spartans on the\\nPlain of Stenyclerus [and Messenia is\\nfor a time free. 670. The Spartans sur-\\nprise and capture Eira. 669. The Mes-\\nsenians defeat the Lacedaemonians in\\nseveral battles. 668. The war ends in\\nthe Messenians submitting to the Spar-\\ntans].\\n683 b. c. The Messenians are de-\\nfeated through the treachery of an ally.\\n664** b.c. TheCorcyrseansflslandof\\nCorfu) revolt; they have a naval battle\\nwith the Corinthians the first sea-\\nfight on record.\\n659* *b. c. Phigalia in Arcadia is cap-\\ntured by the Spartans.\\n637 b. c. Asia M. War between\\nTjydia and Miletus Gyges, and after-\\nward Sadyattes, lead the Lydians.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1200* *-1000 b. c. The walls of\\nTiryns and Mycenae, Gate of the\\nLions, and The Treasury, or tomb\\nof Atreus, are erected.\\n784+ b. c. (or 700). The Corinthians\\ninvent ships called triremes, having\\nthree banks of oars.\\n776 July 1. b. c. Chorcebus, the\\nwrestler, wins the prize in the [first\\nrecorded]01ympic games [observed every\\nfourth year].\\nThe Epoch of the Olympiads is estab-\\nlished, from which time is reckoned and\\ndates are fixed by the Greeks and various\\nother nations. This marks the begin-\\nning of authentic chronology.\\n700\u00c2\u00b1*\\nSamos\\n692 b. c. Glaucus is said to have dis-\\ncovered the art of welding iron.\\n662\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Terpander of Lesbos adds\\nthree strings to the lyre, giving it the\\ncompass of the octave.\\n650 B. C. Potters flourish in Corinth.\\n640+ b. c. Olympus, the Phrygian,\\nflourishes the greatest of his many\\ninventions is that of the third system of\\nmusic, the enharmonic.\\n*b. c. Phoecusof Samos invents the art\\nof casting statues in iron and bronze.\\n640+-546+. b.c. Thales of Miletus\\nmakes the primary substance to be\\nwater; teaches the spherical form of\\nthe earth.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1 1 83 Priam, King of Troy, dies.\\nAchilles (Trojan war), dies.\\n1068+ Codrus. last King of Athens, dies.\\n1044\u00c2\u00b1 Codrus Meilon, Hist an-hon, dieB.\\n907+ Homer, father of poetry, born.\\nth Century. Lycurgus, Spartan legislator, b.\\n800 Hesiod, poet, horn.\\n753 Alcamion, archon of Athens, dieB.\\nSth Century. Archius, poet, born.\\nArion, poet, musician, born.\\n714 Arrhilochus, lyric poet of Paros, born.\\n[676. Dies.]\\n680+ Terpander, poet, nius., born at Lesbos.\\n670+ Ak inan, lvrir poet of Sparta, born.\\n668+ Tyrta iis, poet, musician, dies.\\n662+ Aristomenes, Messenian warrior, pa-\\ntriot, dies.\\n660+ SitnonideB of Anmrgos, iambic poet, d,\\n650+ Pittacus of Mitvlene (Seven Sages),\\nborn. [570. Dies.]\\n7th Century. Catlinua of Ephesus, elegiac\\npoet, born.\\nDraco, Athenian legislator, born.\\n639 Thales (Seven Sages), founder Ionian\\nschool of phil., horn at Miletus. [543. D.]\\n638+ Solon. Athenian legislator (Seven\\nSages), born in Salainis. [559. Dies.]\\nCHURCH.\\n940-850 b.c. The gods of Homer\\nare human beings with greatly magni-\\nfied powers,\\nTheir prime blessing is exemption\\nfrom mortality. Sacrifice and sup-\\nplication are the chief forms of devo-\\ntion. The dead live as flitting shad-\\nows in Hades.\\n734+ b. c. Amphictyonic societies\\nexist for common worship by offering\\nof sacrifices the most common is the\\nDelphic for the worship of Apollo.\\nLETTERS.\\n1044+ b. c. The Iliad and the Odys-\\nsey of Homer appear.\\n886+ B. c. Homer s poems are in-\\ntroduced into (Greece.\\n850+ B. c. Hesiod writes Work and\\nDays and the Theogony.\\n765 b. c. Cinaethon, one of the Cy-\\nclic poets, flourishes.\\n753+* *b.c. Alcman, the greatest lyric\\npoet of Sparta, composes six books con-\\ntaining all kinds of melos, hymns, pagans,\\nprosodia, parthenia, and erotic songs.\\n741+ b.c. Eumelus of Corinth writes\\na poem on bees, also other poemB.\\n685+ b. c. Archiloeus, lyric poet of\\nParos, introduces iambic verse.\\nb. c. Tyrtaeus, an elegiac poet and\\nmusician, flourishes.\\n676+* b. c. Terpander, father of\\nGreek music, flourishes.\\n670-440 b. c. Period of lyric poetry.\\n660+ b. c. Zaleucus, the lawgiver of\\nthe Epizephyrian Loerians, compiles\\nhis code of laws. It is the first collec-\\ntion of written laws.\\nb. c. Simonides of Amorgos, an iam-\\nbic poet, flourishes.\\n659+ b. c. Epimenides, a Cretan\\npoet and prophet, flourishes.\\n656+. b. c. Lesches, one of the Cyclic\\npoets, writes the Little Iliad.\\n625+ b. c. Beautiful Sappho, the\\ntenth Muse, invents Sapphic verse.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1228 b. c. Beautiful Helen is stolen\\nby Theseus, King of Athens, but recov-\\nered by her brothers, Castor and Pollux.\\n[1226. The princes of Greece demand\\nher in marriage; she chooses Menelaus\\nof Mycenae.]\\n1225* b. c. AsiaM. Hercules arrives\\nin Phrygia, and delivers Hesione from\\nthe sea-monster.\\n1204 b. c. Paris, son of King Priam,\\ncarries off Helen, a not unwilling pris-\\noner, to Troy. [It causes the Trojan\\nWar.]\\n1201 b. c. iEgisthus of Mycenre as-\\nsassinates Atreus.\\n1183 n. c. In the absence of King\\nAgamemnon, iEgisthus lives in adultery\\nwith the Queen Clytemnestra at My-\\ncense on the return of the king, they\\nassassinate him, and iEgisthus mounts\\nthe throne. [1176. Orestes of Mycenae\\nkills bis mother and her paramour.]\\n884-50 B. c. Lycurgus establishes so-\\ncial unions or compulsory clubs, whose\\nmembers eat together.\\nb. c. Spartan children are\\nbrought up in common young Spar-\\ntan warrior nobles dwell together.\\nb. c. The Crypteia, an organized\\nguard over the Helots, is formed of\\nyoung Spartans. [The hunting of Helots\\nas an exercise is a myth.]\\nb. c. Lycurgus enacts sumptuary\\nlaws restraining excess in dress, eating,\\nfurniture, etc.\\nb. c. By the laws of, Lycurgus, the\\ncitizens exist for the state, instead of\\nthe state existing for the people.\\nEacb new-born infant is examined by a\\ncouncil of old men, who determine whether\\nit shall l e brought up or cast out to die;\\nboys at seven an- taken from home and sub-\\njected to physical and mental training, wear-\\ning the same garments in summer and winter,\\nand subsisting on a spare diet, which can be\\nenlarged hv hunting or stealing, but if caught\\nin the act of stealing, they are punished for\\nawkwardness causing detection.\\n820 b. c. The Olympic games are\\nraised to greater importance by the par-\\nticipation of the Spartans.\\n776 b. c. The first Olympiad is cele-\\nbrated at Elis. [Elean Chorcebus i3", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1026.jp2"}, "1027": {"fulltext": "GREECE.\\n1228 B.c-625** b.c. 1015\\nthe first recorded victor in the Olympic\\ngames. The official catalogues hence-\\nforth records names of victors.]\\n733 b. c. The progeny of the Par-\\ntheniae of Sparta are sons of virgins.\\n720 B. c. The Olympic games are\\nvisited by hosts of people some come\\nfrom Asia Minor to participate in the\\ncontests.\\n715 b. c. Aristoerates I., King of\\nArcadia, is put to death for offering\\nviolence to the priestess of Diana.\\n688 b. c. Boxing is added to the\\nOlympic games. [GSO. Four-horse char-\\niot races are added. They become\\nmore brilliant and attractive. A victory\\nis the highest honor known in Greece.\\n675 b. c. The Carnian festival is\\ninstituted in Sparta.\\n668 b. c. The Spartans greatly in-\\ncrease the number of their Helots by the\\nconquest of Messenia [Helots comprise\\nabout four-fifths of the inhabitants].\\n660 b. c. Egyptians educate their\\nchildren in the language and manners\\nof Greece.\\n660\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. The code of Zaleucus,\\nthe lawgiver of the Epizephyrian Locri-\\nans, ordains that no sober women shall\\ngo attended in the street by more than\\none maid, or wear either gold or em-\\nbroidered apparel.\\nSTATE.\\n1201 b. c. Agamemnon reigns in\\nMycenae. [He becomes King of Sicyon,\\nCorinth, and perhaps of Argos.]\\n1200+ b. c. The Heraclidse, the\\nmythical descendants of Hercules, are\\ndriven out of the Peloponnesus.\\n1179** B.C. Athens. A court of Ephe-\\ntse is established by Demophoon for the\\ntrial of murder. [1178. The Prianepsse\\nis instituted.]\\n1170 b. c. The first Pyrrhus (Neop-\\ntolemus) settles in Epirus.\\n1124\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Bceotia is founded by\\njEolian fugitives from Thessaly.\\n1123* B. c. Asia M. iEolian colonists\\nbuild Smyrna and other cities.\\n1120* b. c. The Thebans abolish\\nroyalty, and establish a republic. [Ages\\nof obscurity follow.]\\n1109-1103 b. c. Return of the Hera-\\nclidae, or the Dorian Migration.\\nThe Heraclidae, aided by the Dorians,\\nand led by Temenus, Cresphontes, and\\nAristodemus, invade the Peloponnesus\\nto recover the territory belonging to\\nHercules, of which he had been deprived\\nby Eurystheus they overthrow the\\nAchaian dynasties, expel or conquer the\\npeople, drive the Ionians into Attica,\\nand divide the land among themselves\\nand their allies.\\n1104* b. c. Sparta is seized by the\\nHeraclidae. [1100. The first hierarchy\\nis established Eurysthenes and Procles\\nare enthroned as joint kings by their\\nfather, Aristodemus 32 kings of Agidse\\ndynasty reign 28 kings of Proclidae\\ndynasty reign.]\\n1100+ b.c. Alliens. The mythical\\nperiod gradually closes, and authentic\\nhistory begins with the Dorian migra-\\ntion.\\n1092 b. c. Athens. Codrus becomes\\nking. [1069+. He voluntarily surrenders\\nhimself as a sacrifice for his country s\\ndeliverance from the Dorians.]\\n1070 b. c. Athens. Government by\\nnobles instead of by kings begins. The\\nAthenians choose perpetual archons\\nas their chief officers Medon is the first.\\n1050-752 b. c, Athens is governed by a\\nsuccession of archons without the name\\nor dignity of king.\\n1040+ b. c. Asia M. The Iones, a\\nPelasgic race, come from Greece, and\\nsettle in lone and the adjoining islands,\\nand found Ephesus and 12 other cities.\\n1033 b. c. Ixion reigns in Corinth.\\n[99G, Agilus; 959, Prummis; 925, Bacchus.]\\n1032 b. c. Kings of Sparta.\\nAgis I. (Agida?) and Sous (Proclidae) reign\\nat Sparta. [1028, Eehestratus (Agida:)\\nand Euripon (Proclidae.); 993, Lebotas\\n(Agidse); 975, Prytanis (Proclidae); 956,\\nDorysus 927, Agesilaus (Agidae) 926,\\nPolydectest (Proclidae-)].\\n1024* b. c. Athens. Acastus becomes\\narchon. [966, Thersippus 928, Phorbus\\n898, Megaetes SOS, IHognatus; 840, Pbe-\\nrecles 823, Ariphron 820, Thespicus\\n795, Agamestor 777, iEschylus,]\\n1000 b. c. S. It. The Grecians es-\\ntablish their first colony at Cumae on\\nthe west coast.\\n1000 b. c. S. It. A Greek colony is\\nestablished at Parthenope [Naples].\\n1000-900\u00c2\u00b1 B.C. AsiaM. Greek colonies\\nare planted along the coast and on the\\nAsiatic islands, chiefly by iEolian, Io-\\nnian, and Dorian people.\\n998 b. c. The Amphictyonic Coun-\\ncil, established at Thermopylae by King\\nAmphictyon about 500 years before, now\\nbecomes a federative tribunal for set-\\ntling Grecian interstate difficulties. It\\nis comprised of deputies who sit twice a\\nyear, in spring and harvest its decis-\\nions are final and sacred.\\n97 1 44 3 b. c. S. It. Greek colonies are\\nestablished.\\n916* b. c. The Rhodians originate\\nthe first laws of navigation.\\n889 b. c. Agelas reigns in Corinth.\\n[859, Endemis 834, Aristodemus 799,\\nAgemon 783, Alexander 753, Telestes.]\\n884 b. c. Lycurgus rules in Sparta,\\nand establishes the senate.\\nHe returns from several years of foreign\\ntravel, and enacts his singular code of laws\\nand regulations by which he molds the pe-\\nculiar character of the Spartans. He pro-\\nvides for two kings as presiding officers, the\\nCouncil of the Kldeis is elected tor life; it is\\nto discns3 everything before it is given to the\\nassembly of the people, and to have jurisdic-\\ntion over capital crimes. [Various dates are\\nassigned to the reign of the semi-mythical\\nkings.]\\n883* b. c. Archaelaus is King of Sparta\\n(Agidie). [881, Charelaus (Proclidre)\\n823, Teleclus (Agidae) 821, Nicander\\n(ProclidiPi; 733, Alcamenes (Agidae); 742,\\nPolydorus (Agidae) 770, Theopompus\\n(Proclidae).-\\n869 b. c. Phidon, tyrant of Argos,\\ncoins both gold and silver money.\\n814* b. c. (796? 748?) Caranus, the\\nfounder of the first kingdom of Mace-\\ndonia, reigns.\\n757 b. c. The Ephori is established\\nat Sparta by Theopompus it consists\\nof five magistrates appointed to check\\nthe royal power.\\n753 b. c. Athens. Alcmaeon is ar-\\nchon the last elected for life.\\n753-683 B.c. Athens. The archons are\\nelected for ten years only; the first\\nfour are from the family of Codrus.\\n752* *B.c Athens. Cherops, the first\\ndecennial archon, rules.\\n750-550 b. c. Period of colonization.\\nThe Greeks migrate in swarms to the\\ncoasts of Sicily and Southern Italy. [710.\\nCroton is founded. 708. Tarentum.]\\n747-657 b. c. The oligarchy of Bac-\\nchiadae governs at Corinth.\\n746 b. c. Aristodemenes, the last\\nking of Corinth, reigns for only one\\nyear. [For 90 following years, Corinth\\nis governed by annually elected magis-\\ntrates, who are called prytanes. Auton-\\nomes is the first.]\\n742 b. c. Athens. iEsimedes is ar-\\nchon. [732, Clidicus 722, Hippomenes\\n712, Leocrates 702, Apsandrus.]\\n735 b. c. Sicily. The Chalcidians\\ncolonize Naxos. [690 (713? 680?). Gela\\nis colonized by Rhodians and Cretans.\\nThe first Grecian settlement is\\nfounded. [599, Camarina 582, Agrigen-\\nturn.]\\n734 b. c. Sicily Corfu. The Corin-\\nthian colonies of Syracuse and Corcyra\\nare founded.\\n729 b. c. Turk. Pericles reigns in\\nMacedonia. [684. Argeans.]\\n723 b. c. The Messenians become\\nvassals of Sparta. (See Army.)\\n721 b. c. S. It. Sybaris is founded\\nby an Achaean colony. [683. Locrians\\nfound Locria Epizephyrii.]\\n720* b. c. Cyprus. The Greeks dom-\\ninate the island.\\n718* b. c. Zeuzidamus becomes King\\n(Proclidae) of Sparta. [709, Eurycrates\\n(Agidae) 6S6, Anaxidamus (Proclidae)\\n670, Anaxander (Agidae); 648, Archida-\\nmus (Proclidae) 637, Eurycrates II.\\n(Agidae).\\n714\u00c2\u00b1* b. c. Athens. Hippomenes\\nthe archon is deposed for his cruelty.\\nAll the nobility become eligible to the\\noffice. [692. Eryxias is the last decen-\\nnial archon. 684. He dies.]\\n707 b. c. The Partheniae conspire\\nwith the Helots to take Sparta\\n685 b. c. The Messenians revolt\\nElis, Argos, and Arcadia join them\\nagainst the Lacedaemonians.\\n684 b. c. Asia M. Chalcedon is\\nfounded by the Megarians.\\n683** b.c. Athens. The first reliable\\ndate of Grecian history.\\nNine archons are annually elected\\nfrom this time on they are chosen from\\nthe Eupatridae. Creon is the first.\\n681* b. c. Athens. Tlesias is archon.\\n[671, Leostratus 669. Pisistratus 668,\\nAutosthenes; 664, Miltiades 659, Milti-\\nades II. 644, Dropelus 639, Damasius\\n635, Epenetus.]\\nb. c. Aristoerates II., King of Or-\\nchomenus, is stoned, and an Arcadian\\nrepublic is founded.\\n669 b. c. Sicily. The subjugated\\nMessenians immigrate hither, and give\\ntheir own name to the town [Messina].\\n667 b. c. Constantinople. Byzan-\\ntium is colonized by Megarians under\\nByzas.\\n660 b. c. S. It. Zaleucus gives laws\\nto the Locri.\\n655 B. c. The Bacchiadae oligarchy is\\noverthrown at Corinth by Cypselus,\\nwho acquires despotic power. [627.\\nPeriander rules.]\\n654 r. c. Stagira (Abdera) and Acan-\\nthus (Lampsacus) are founded.\\n640* *b. c. (609?) Turk. Philip I.\\nreigns in Macedonia.\\n631* *b.c. Afr. Battus of Thera\\nfounds Cyrene.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1027.jp2"}, "1028": {"fulltext": "1016 625**b.c.-491\\nGREECE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n606 b. c. Athens is at war with\\nMitylene over the possession of Sigeum.\\nb. C. The Athenians under Phyrnon\\ndefeat the Mityleneans under Pitta-\\ncus hut Pittacus kills Phyrnon in sin-\\ngle combat. [The war ends by the ceding\\nof the disputed territory to Athens.]\\n602 B. c. Montenegro, ^iropus con-\\nquers the Illyrians.\\n600-590 b. c. First Sacred War\\nagainst Crissa and Cirrha, to punish the\\nrobberyof the temple of ApolloatDelphi.\\nThe Amphictyones destroy both cities\\nthe inhabitants are enslaved and their\\nlands consecrated to the Pythian Apollo.\\n560 b. c. Asia M. Croesus, King of\\nLydia, conquers in succession all the\\nGrecian cities on the Asiatic coast.\\n547 B. c. The Spartans are at war\\nwith the Argives, who seek to recover\\nterritory; a battle between 300 cham-\\npions of each nation takes place.\\n637* b. c. Pisistratusdefeats his\\nAthenian enemies.\\n513 b. c. Turk. Macedonia is con-\\nquered by the Persians.\\n510* *b. c. S. It. Kroton destroys\\nSybaris.\\n506* b. c. Sparta at war with Athens.\\nAn expedition under Cleomenes and\\nDemaratus, with Peloponnesian allies,\\nis broken up by the withdrawal of the\\nCorinthians and the disagreement of the\\ntwo kings.\\nb. c. The allies of the Spartans, the\\nBoeotians and the Chalcidians from Eu-\\nhcea, are defeated by the Athenians,\\nwho hold part of Eubcea, and divide 4,000\\npeasant holdings among Attic farmers.\\n604 b. c. JEgean Sea. Lemnos is\\ntaken by Miltia des.\\n600-449 b. c. The Persian Wars.\\n600-494 b. c. JEgean Sea. The Ionian\\nGreeks unsuccessfully revolt against\\nthe tyranny of the Persians.\\nThe Persians defeat the Ionian armies\\nand also their fleet at Lade, opposite\\nMiletus. The assistance rendered the\\nIonians by Athens and Eretria, is the im-\\nmediate cause of the Persian attempt\\nto subjugate European Greece.\\n496* b. c. Turk. Macedonia and\\nThrace are conquered by the Persians.\\n495 B. c. Persians under Artapher-\\nnes besiege Miletus. [494. Taken, its\\nmen slain, and women and children sold.]\\n493-479 b. c. First Persian invasion.\\n493 b. c. Turk. The Persian army\\nsubdues the coast of Thrace, and the\\nnavy conquers the Island of Thasos.\\n492**b.c. Turk. The Persians\\nunder Mardonius are surprised, and suf-\\nfer great loss by the Thracians.\\nb. c. The fleet of Darius ia mostly\\ndestroyed by a hurricane, and the Per-\\nsian expedition returns.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n620*\\nvas\\n601 May 28. b. c. Thales predic-\\ntion of a solar eclipse is fulfilled it\\nseparates the Medes and Persians in\\nbattle [or 603 or 585. He teaches the\\ntrue cause of lunar eclipses].\\n600+ *b. c. Thales marks out solstices\\nand equinoxes.\\n600-200 b. c. The temple of Jupiter\\nat Corinth is erected.\\n576\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Dipcenus and Scyllis\\nsculpture figures of the gods.\\n570-547 B. c. Anaximander invents the\\nsun-dial, and discovers the phases of\\nthe moon he makes a map of the\\nknown world.\\n564\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Susarion and Dolon invent\\ntheatrical exhibitions; they perform\\nthe first comedy at Athens on a wagon\\nor movable stage having four wheels.\\n560+ b. c. The Zodiac is observed\\nby Anaximander, who discovers its ob-\\nliquity, names its twelve signs, and as-\\nsigns their situations.\\n555* B. c. Pythagoras maintains that\\nthe motions of the spheres must pro-\\nduce delightful music, inaudible to\\nmortal ears, which he calls the music\\nof the spheres.\\nHe notes changes f hind ami sea,earth-\\nquakes, volcanoes, am! petrifying springs;\\nhe discovers that the earth moves, and\\nthat the morning and evening stars are\\nthe same he invents the monochord\\nhe discourses on sound-waves.\\n550* b. c. The Doric temple of\\nAthene at iEgina is erected.\\n544+ B. C. Asia M. The temple of\\nDiana at Ephesns is begun by Ctesiphon.\\n540 b. c. Callimachus invents the\\nCorinthian order of architecture.\\n536+ b. c. Thespis of Icaria, the in-\\nventor of tragedy, performs Alcestis\\nat Athens, and is rewarded with a goat.\\nHe first intersperses hymns with the\\nrecitation.\\n500 b. c. Hecatseus writes on geog-\\nraphy.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n625+ Sappho, poet, born.\\n619* .SEsop. fabulist, horn. [564. Dies.]\\n612* PiBistratus, Athenian tyrant, born.\\n[527. Dies.]\\n610+ Anaximander of MiletuB, philosopher,\\nborn. [546. DieB.]\\n686 Periander, King of Corinth (Seven\\nSages), dies.\\n583* Pythagoras, philoe., b. [500. D.]\\n663+ Anacreim, lyric poet, b. [478+. Dies.]\\n556* Siiiioiu lfs, lyric puet, horn. [467. D.]\\n6th Century. Alcsus, of Lesbos, poet, born.\\nBias (Seven Sages), born.\\nCalltnuu-lins, sculptor, architect, born.\\nChilon of Spuria (Seven Su^es), born.\\nCleobolua, King of Lindus (Seven Sages), b.\\nEphnenides, poet, prophet, born.\\nGlaucus, artist, inventor, born.\\nIbycus, lyric poet, born.\\nThespis. poet, dram., inventor of tragedy, 1..\\n625 JEschylus. tragic poet, b. [456. D,]\\n522 Pindar, greateat of lyric poets, born.\\n[443. Dies.]\\n619+ Cratlnus, comic poet, horn. [442. D.]\\n514+ Hipparcluis, Athenian tyrant, assassi-\\nnated.\\nThemistocles, general, statesman, orator,\\nborn. [460 or 447. Dies.]\\n612+ Bacchvlidcs, lyric poet, born.\\n510\u00c2\u00b1 Cimon, Athenian gen., b. [449\u00c2\u00b1. D.]\\n504+ Critias, statuary, dies.\\n500 Anaxagoras, pliilo8.,bom. [428. D.]\\n498 Phidias, greatest sculptor statuary,\\nborn. [431. Dies.]\\n496+ Sophocles, a tragic poet, b. [405. D.]\\nPericles, Athenian orator, statesman, born.\\n[429. Diea.]\\nZeno of Elea, philosopher, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n613 b. c. The Feast of Nephalia is\\ninstituted.\\nIn it are offered sacrifices of sobriety\\nusing mead instead of wine offerings\\nare made to, the sun and moon, the\\nnymphs, to Aurora, and to Venus. They\\nburned any wood but that of the vine,\\nthe fig-tree, and the mulberry-tree, the\\nesteemed symbols of drunkenness.\\n530 b. c. Anaximander of Miletus\\ndeclares air to be a self- existing deity,\\nand the first cause of created things.\\n528+ b. c. Pythagoras teaches the\\ndoctrine of metempsychosis, which as-\\nserts the transmigration of the soul from\\none body to another.\\n*b. c. The school of Athens is closed,\\nand the extinction of the Platonic\\ntheology follows.\\n500+ b. 0. Heraclitus teaches that\\nthe world was created from fire, which\\nis a god omnipotent.\\n4th Century. B.C. Plato defines vir-\\ntue in man to be resemblance to God ac-\\ncording to the measure of our ability.\\n(Fisher.)\\nAristotle in religion was a theist;\\nbut he is less spiritual in his vein of\\nthought and more reserved in his utter-\\nanceon this theme than Plato. (Fisher.)\\nLETTERS.\\n610 b. c. Anaximander, a disciple\\nof Thales, a Milesian philosopher, is\\nhorn.\\nMetaphysician, mathematician, as-\\ntronomer, and writer, he is the first to\\nwrite on geography and to prepare a\\nchart of the countries he knew.\\n600+ *b. c. Thales of Miletus founds\\nthe Ionic sect of philosophers.\\nIt delights in abstruse speculations\\namong its pupils are Anaximander, An-\\naximenes, and Anaxagoras, and Arche-\\nlaus, the master of Socrates.\\n600-564 b. c. The Fables of ^Esop ap-\\npear.\\n600+ b. c. Poems, arranged in nine\\nbooks, by Sappho, appear.\\nB. c. Alcseus, a poet of Mitylene, in\\nLesbos, nourishes.\\n*b.c. Chilo, the Spartan philosopher,\\nflourishes.\\n590+ b. c. Thales of Miletus, Solon of\\nAthens, Bias of Prienne, Chilo of Lace-\\ndremon, Pittacus of Mitylene, Cleobulus\\nof Lindus, and Periander of Corinth,\\nknown as the Seven Wise Men of\\nGreece, flourish.\\n580-500 B.C. Pythagoras teaches that\\nthe inner substance of all things is num-\\nber, and that- discipline of character is a\\nprime object he is sparing in diet, pro-\\nmotes an earnest culture in which music\\nis prominent, and gives rise to a school\\nin which moral reform and religious\\nfeeling are connected with an ascetic\\nmethod of living.\\n*b.c. Pherecydes of Syros, teacher\\nof Pythagoras, teaches the doctrine of\\nthe transmigration of souls, and main-\\ntains that there are three principles,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\naether, chaos, and time, and four ele-\\nments, fire, earth, air, and water,\\nfrom which are formed everything that\\nexists.\\n580+ b. c. Solon is the first in Greece\\nto pronounce a funeral oration.\\n570-478 b. c. Xenophanes, founder\\nof the Eleatic school of philosophy,\\nflourishes.\\nHe conceives the world as one sub-\\nstance, and that the exhibitions of natu-\\nral phenomena, in all their variety and\\nchange, are unreal.\\n570-520 B.C. Anaximander main-\\ntains that things spring out of a primi-\\ntive stuff, without definite qualities and\\nwithout bounds he makes astronomical\\ncalculations.\\n546+ b. c. Hipponax, iambic poet,\\nflourishes.\\n544+** B.C. Athens. The first public\\nlibrary is founded by Pisistratus.\\n540+ b. c. Theognis, elegiac poet,\\nflourishes.\\n530+ b. c. Anacreon, a lyric poet,\\nsings chiefly the praises of love and wine-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1028.jp2"}, "1029": {"fulltext": "GREECE.\\n625 *-491** e.c. 1017\\n.520-423 b. c. Cratinus, an Athenian\\ncomic poet, writes 21 plays, and is victor\\nnine times.\\n510\u00c2\u00b1* *b. c. Telesillaof Argos.alyric\\npoet and heroine, flourishes.\\n504-460 b. c. Parmenides, an Eleatic,\\nteaches that succession, change, the man-\\nifold form of things, is only relative to\\nourselves, being only our way of regard-\\ning the one universal essence.\\n503 b. c. Heraclitus of Ephesus, a\\nphilosopher, flourishes.\\nb. c. Lasus, a lyric poet, flourishes.\\n500+ b. c. Pindar composes Epini-\\ncia, and many other lyrics.\\nb. c. Simonides writes lyric poetry\\nunrivalled for its tenderness and grace.\\n[477. He gains his 56th prize at Athens.]\\nb. c. Hecatseus of Miletus, a geogra-\\npher and historian, writes Periegesis.\\n-500-456 b. c. .^schylus, the father\\nof Greek tragedy, produces 72 plays.\\n[Those extant are Eumenides, Prome-\\ntheus Vinctus, Agamemnon, Choephori,\\nSeven against Thebes, Persse, and tho\\nSupplices. 499. He makes his first at-\\ntempt as a tragic poet. 484. He gains\\nhis first tragic victory.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n594\u00c2\u00b1 B. C. The code of Solon pun-\\nishes an archon with a heavy fine for\\nintoxication on the first offense, and in\\ncase of relapse, by death.\\n590* b. c. The Pythian games in\\nhonor of Apollo are greatly enlarged\\n[from this time].\\n549+ B. c. Sicily. Phalaris, tyrant\\nof Agrigentum, is roasted in a brazen\\nbull which he made for other victims.\\n540-420 B.C. Period of the most dis-\\ntinguished victors in the Olympic\\ngames.\\n509* b. c. Athens, Social reforms\\nare effected under Cleisthenes, reducing\\nthe influence of the aristocracy.\\nSTATE.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0621* b. c. Athens. The Athenians de-\\nmand written laws instead of the arbi-\\ntrary will of their rulers.\\nThe nobles accede, but revenge their\\ninjured dignity by appointing Draco to\\nprepare the code. These drastic laws\\nare written in blood every offense is\\npunished with death; idleness is dealt\\nwith as severely as murder he held that\\nthe smallest transgression deserved\\ndeath, and a severer punishment could\\nnot be devised for more atrocious crimes.\\n615 b. c. Athens. Henochides is ar-\\nchon. [605, Aristocles 604, Critias 599,\\nMegacles.]\\n612+ b. c. Athens. Cylon, assisted\\nby his father-in-law, Theagenes, tyrant\\nof Megara, struggles for supreme power.\\nHe seizes the Acropolis, but is besieged\\nby Megacles, captured, and executed.\\n612 b. c. Pittacus [one of the Seven\\nSages], leader of the aristocratic party,\\noverthrows the tyrant Melanchus at\\nMitylene in Lesbos. [He is succeeded\\nby Myrsilus, Megalagyrus, the Clean-\\nactids, Alcasus, and Antimenidas.]\\n600 b. c. Fr. A Greek colony is\\nplanted at Massalia [Marseilles].\\n597+ b. c. Solon recovers Salamis,\\nwhich had revolted to Megara.\\n597 b. c. The Alcmaeonidse are\\nfound guilty of sacrilege by a tribunal\\nof 300 judges, and sentenced to banish-\\nment from Attica.\\n595 b. C, The Amphictyonic Council\\ndecides to punish Cirrhafor the robbery\\nof the temple of Apollo in Delphi.\\n*b.c. Athens. Dissatisfaction with\\nthe government of the archons in-\\ncreases.\\nThe citizens form three parties, the\\ngreat land-owners of the plain, the\\npeasants dwelling in the mountains, and\\nthe prosperous middle class dwelling by\\nthe seacoast.\\n594 b. c. Athens. Solon becomes\\narchon for life he makes a code of laws.\\nHe, being appointed to negotiate be-\\ntween the aristocracy and the people,\\ndevises the Seisaehtheia (removal of\\nburdens), whereby (mortgaged) debts are\\nreduced about 27 per cent by the intro-\\nduction of a new standard of coinage,\\npersonal security for debts is abolished,\\nand unpaid fines are remitted. The code\\nof Draco is repealed.\\nb. c. Athens. Solon levies taxes.\\nFirst-class citizens pay an Attic talent\\nof silver [$275].\\n589-579 b. c. Pittacus is tyrant at\\nMitylene in Lesbos; this just and able\\nruler prepares the way for republican\\ngovernment.\\n582 b. c. Psammetiehus is de-\\nthroned Corinth forms a republic.\\n570 b. c. Athens. Solon secures the\\noath of the people to maintain the con-\\nstitution for 10 years, and departs for\\nEgypt and Asia Minor.\\n570-554 b. c. Sicily. Phalaris, noto-\\nrious for his cruelty, reigns at Agri-\\ngentum.\\n560 b. c. The supremacy of Sparta\\nis acknowledged by the Arcadians. [550.\\nIt is the most powerful of the states of\\nGreece.]\\n560-527 B.C. Athens. Pisistratus, the\\ntyrant, a nobleman, usurps the govern-\\nment, and rules with splendid success.\\nHe so manages that the people always\\nchoose archons who suit him. [559. He is\\nexpelled by a coalition of nobles and mode-\\nrates. 553. He returns to Athens. 552. Again\\nexiled. 543+. He returns with a powerful\\narmy, lands at Marathon. The Athenians\\nsend an army ;iuaiust him; he defeats it, and\\nonce more becomes ruler.]\\n560 b. c. Solon returns.\\n560+ B. c. JSf. Afr. The colony of\\nBarca is founded.\\n546 b. c. Asia M. The Hellenic\\ncolonies are conquered by Croesus, King\\nof Lydia. [549. He is dethroned by\\nCyrus, who soon subjects the Greek\\ncities of Asia to Persian rule.]\\n544 b. c. Asia M. The contest be-\\ngins between the Greeks and Persians\\nfor possession of Asia Minor.\\n540 b. c. Turk. Amyntas I. be-\\ncomes King of Macedonia. [510. The\\nMacedonians deliver earth and water on\\nthe demand of the Persians.]\\n527-510 B. C. Athens. Hippias suc-\\nceeds Pisistratus, his father. [517+.\\nHippias sends Miltiades to take posses-\\nsion of the Thracian Chersonesus he\\nsucceeds, and rules as tyrant.]\\n520 B. c. Cleomenes (Agidfe) and\\nDemaratus (Proclidse) are kings of\\nSparta.\\n519* b. c. The Platseans secede from\\nthe Bceotian union and place themselves\\nunder the protection of Athens.\\n514* *b.c. Athens. Hipparchus, one\\nof the sons of Pisistratus, is assassinated\\nby Harmodius and Aristogiton.\\n510* b. c. Athens. Hippias is driven\\nout by the exiled nobles, aided by a Spar-\\ntan army under Cleomenes. The Pisis-\\ntratida? are all expelled. Hippias takes\\nrefuge with Darius in Persia.\\nB. c. Athens. The place of holding\\nthe popular assembly is changed from\\nthe market-place to the rocky hill of\\nthe Pyx, and the president is chosen\\ndaily by lot from among the prytany.\\nb. c. Athens. The council is in-\\ncreased from 400 to 500 members. The\\nfour old Athenian tribes are substituted\\nby ten new tribes, not having connected\\nterritory the influence of the aristoc-\\nracy is reduced.\\nB. c. Athens. Celisthenes estab-\\nlishes ostracism, by which the people\\nmay decree, by a secret ballot, the ban-\\nishment of any citizen deemed danger-\\nous to the public liberty.\\n508 b. c. Turk. Teres, King of the\\nEdrys* in Thrace, retains his indepen-\\ndence of the Persians.\\n507* *b. c. The nobles of Athens,\\nled by Isagoras, revolt against Cleis-\\nthenes they are aided by Spartans un-\\nder Cleomenes Cleisthenes is driven\\nout, and the city revolutionized.\\nb. c. A counter-revolt of the popu-\\nlace arises against Cleomenes, who\\nmakes a disgraceful capitulation, sur-\\nrendering the Spartan arms, and leaders\\nof the aristocracy, who are put to death.\\n506 b. c. Cleomenes, enraged by\\nadversity, returns to Sparta, raises a\\nlarge army, and advances against the\\nAthenians. [The Corinthians and other\\nallies refusing to assist in the restora-\\ntion of tyranny in Athens, the army\\ndisbands.]\\n502 B. c. JEgean Sea. The Island of\\nWaxos revolts; war between Greece\\nand Asia follows.\\n500* b. c. AsiaM. A democratic gov-\\nernment being established in Miletus,\\nother Greek cities in Asia openly revolt\\nagainst Persia.\\nb. c. Turk. Alexander I. reigns in\\nMacedonia.\\n499-494 b. c. The Ionians, led by\\nHistieeus of Miletus and Aristagoras, un-\\nsuccessfully revolt against Persians.\\n495-490 b. c. Sparta becomes superior\\nto Argos.\\n494 b. c. The Ionians are subdued,\\nand the Milesians forced by Darius to\\nsettle about the mouth of the Tigris.\\n492 b. c. Mardonius, the Persian\\ngeneral, invades Europe, and conquers\\nMacedonia.\\n491 b. c. The Great Persian War.\\nCause: Sardis in Lydia is burned by\\nthe Ionians in retaliating the favor\\nshown by Darius to Hippias, the ex-\\npelled Athenian tyrant, the Athenians\\nbeing their ally.\\nb. c. Heralds arrive from Darius to\\ndemand earth and water. [They are\\nmurdered by Athens and Sparta.]\\nB. c. Leonidas (Agidse) and Leoty-\\nchides (Proclidae) are kings at Sparta.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1029.jp2"}, "1030": {"fulltext": "1018 490 b. c. -450 e. c.\\nGREECE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n490 b. c. The second expedition\\nof the Persians.\\nArtaphernes, nephew of Darius, and.\\nDatis the Mede, a more experienced gen-\\neral, with 100, XH infantry and 10,000 cav-\\nalry in 600 transports, crosses the iEgean\\nSea 600 triremes reenforce the army.\\nb. c. The Persians land in Euhcea,\\nafter destroying the city of Naxos. Ere-\\ntria falls into their hands by treachery.\\nb. c. The Persians, advised by Hip-\\npias, the Athenian exile, land in the\\nvicinity of Marathon.\\nb. c. The entire military power of\\nAthens, comprising 10,000 men besides\\n1,000 Platasans, crosses the Unless us, and\\nadvances to meet the Persians.\\nb. c. The Athenians wait in in-\\ntrenched camp face to face with the\\nPersians for nine days, and cover the\\nroad to Athens.\\nSept. 12 b.c. Battle of Marathon;\\none of the decisive battles of the world.\\nAthenians under Miltiades and Aris-\\ntides defeat 100,000 Persians under Datis\\nand Artaphernes Greek loss, 192; Per-\\nsian loss, 6,400. Persians retreat to Asia.\\n489 b. c. Miltiades makes an ill-\\nconsidered attack upon Faros he is\\ncondemned to pay the costs of the expe-\\ndition, amounting to 50 talents.\\n485 b. c. The Athenians conduct\\nan unsuccessful war with .ZEgina., a\\nrival city they hire ships of Corinth.\\n483 B. c. Themistocles persuades\\nthe Athenians to construct the harbor\\nof the Piraeus.\\nb. c. A radical reform of the\\nnaval department is made.\\n481-480 b.c. Third Persian invasion.\\nIt is under Xerxes, son of Darius he\\nis accompanied by Pisistratus, son of\\nHippias, late of Athens, and by Dema-\\nratus, the deposed King of Sparta.\\n481 B. c. Turk. The Persians, aided\\nby the Thracians, open a canal at\\nAcanthus to protect their fleet in time\\nof storm. They bridge the Hellespont\\nbetween Sestos and Abydos by the labor\\nof Phenicians and Egyptians.\\nb. c. Asia M. Persian troops\\nconcentrate at Gritalla in Cappadocia.\\n480 Spring b.c. AsiaM. Xerxes de-\\nparts from Sardis, about 900,000 strong,\\nand marches through Mysia.\\nTurk. The Persians cross the\\nHellespont during seven days.\\nThey traverse Macedonia, and send a\\nfleet of more than 1 ,300 triremes, includ-\\ning 400 Grecian ships, from Asia Minor,\\nthrough the canal at Acanthus. They\\nreceive symbols of submission from\\nThessalian and Boeotian cities, only\\nPlatsea and Thespiee refusing.\\nb. c. Xerxes enters Greece with the\\ngreatest army ever placed in the field.\\nIt comprises 1,700,000 foot and 80,000\\nhorse soldiers servants, eunuchs, and\\nwomen, amounting to 5,283,220 people.\\nJuly b. c. Battle of Thermopylse.\\nThe pass is defended against an im-\\nmense number of Persians by the Spar-\\ntan king, Leonidas, with about 6,000\\nhoplites, among whom are 300 Spartans\\nand 1,000 Lacedaemonians; 1,000 Pho-\\ncians guard the footpath over (Eta. The\\nPersians are guided by the traitor Ephi-\\naltes Leonidas sends away most of his\\nforce, and perishes with 300 Spartans and\\n700 Thespians, who refuse to leave him.\\nAug.* b.c. Naval battle at Artemisium.\\nFirst day: About 280 Grecian ships under\\nEurybiades, a Spartan, indecisively engage\\nthe Persians under Aehaunenes, whose fleet\\nis much weakened by storms and also by an\\nexpedition of 200 ships.\\nSecond day: The Persians attack with their\\nentire fleet, but gain no decisive results. The\\nGrecian fleet sails away for Salaniis on re-\\nceiving news from Thermopylae.\\nb. c The Corinthians engage in\\nthe Persian war.\\nThe Peloponnesian army begins the\\nconstruction of a wall across the isth-\\nmus, instead of coming to the aid of the\\nAthenians.\\nb. c Xerxes meets with no resistance\\nin central Greece the Locrians and Do-\\nrians submit to the Persians.\\nb. c. The Persians ravage the land\\nof the Phocians a thunder-storm aids\\nin turning back a force sent to Delphi.\\nb. c. Thespiae and Plataea alone are\\ndestroyed by the Persians, in Bceotia.\\n*-b. c. Athens. The Athenians aban-\\ndon their city, and send the noncombat-\\nants, together with their personal effects,\\nto Salamis, iEgina, and Argolis j only a\\ngarrison remains in the Acropolis.\\nb. c. Athens. Xerxes takes the Acrop-\\nolis by storm the temples and the city\\nare burned he enters, after having lost\\n200,000 of his troops.\\nSept. 20 b. c. The Grecians defeat the\\nPersians in the Straits of Salamis.\\nThe Grecian fleet under Eurybiades, a\\nSpartan, numbers 378 triremes and seven\\nfifty-oared vessels the Persian fleet\\ncomprises 750 vessels the Greeks\\nlose 40 and the Persians 200 ships.\\nSicily. Gelon defeats the Cartha-\\nginians under Hamilcar at Himera.\\nb. c. Xerxes retreats, leaving Mar-\\ndonius in Thessaly with 260,000 men.\\nNov.* b.c. Xerxes retreating, ar-\\nrives at the Hellespont.\\nHe suffers great losses through hunger\\nand drought the bridge having been\\ndestroyed by a storm, his army em-\\nbarks in the fleet.\\nb. c. The Grecian fleet neglects to\\npursue the Persians, as Themistocles ad-\\nvises it unsuccessfuly besieges An-\\ndros.\\n479 b. c. The fourth Persian ex-\\npedition led by Mardonius.\\nThe Persians enter Attica, and are re-\\nenforced by troops under Artabazus,\\nand by allies from northern Greece.\\nb. c. Athens. The Athenians are\\nagain faithlessly abandoned by the\\nSpartans, who again retire.\\nB. c. The Persians retire before the\\nwhole Peloponnesian army, consisting of\\n30,000 hoplites and 60,000 light armed\\ntroops, it having crossed the isthmus,\\nand taken a strong position in Bceotia.\\nb. c The Greeks are reenforced by\\n10,000 Athenians, Platseans, and Thespi-\\nans Pausanias, the leader of the Spar-\\ntans, has a great army, but no cavalry.\\nb. c. The united fleets of the Pe-\\nloponnesians, Athenians, and Ionic\\nGreeks, conquer Byzantium, and\\nacquire rich booty,\\nSept. 22 b.c. The Persians are\\nrouted at the battle of Plataea; the\\nGreeks capture the Persian camp, and\\nkill Mardonius and a great host.\\nSept. 22 b. c AsiaM. Battle of\\nMycale.\\nThe Greeks under Leotychides the\\nSpartan, and Xanthippus the Athenian,\\ndefeat the Persians under Mardontes,\\nand burn his fleet. Two Persian armies\\nare destroyed on the same day.\\nb. c The Greeks appear before\\nThebes the leaders of the Persian\\nparty are given up and executed.\\n479-449 B. c. The Grecians conduct an\\noffensive war against the Persians in\\naid of the Ionians.\\n*b. c. Cimon, son of Miltiades, the\\nAthenian general, overruns all Thrace.\\n478 b. c. The fortifications of the\\nPiraeus are completed.\\n477 b. c. The supremacy of the al-\\nlied Hellenic fleet passes from Sparta\\nto Athens. Aristides takes command.\\n476 B. c. Aristides succeeds in his\\nfirst exploit, the capture of Eion on the\\nStrymon from the Persians, and the re-\\nduction of the pirates of Scyros.\\n472\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. The hegemony, or chief\\nconduct of the war, is transferred from\\nSparta to Athens, owing to the offensive\\nmanners of Pausanias and the winning\\nmanners of Aristides and Cimon.\\n469 b. c. Cimon, the leader of the\\nHellenic league, drives the Persians\\nfrom towns yet held by them on the\\nThracian coast. He chastises the pi-\\nrates of Scyros.\\n467* *b. c. Cimon with the confederate\\nfleet captures Naxos, which had re-\\nvolted from the League of Delos, and is\\npunished by the loss of its independence.\\n466** B.C. AsiaM. Battle of Eurym-\\nedon in Pamphylia.\\nTwo battles are fought in one day.\\nThe Greeks under Cimon with 300 gal-\\nleys defeat the Persian fleet, and then\\nattack and rout the land force.\\nb. c. Turk. The war ends.\\nCimon punishes Thasos for seceding\\nfrom the confederacy. [463. Subdued.]\\n464-456 B.C. Third Messenian War.\\nThe Spartans seek to subdue the La-\\nconians, Messenians, and Helots.\\n461 b. c. After imploring the help of\\nAthens, the suspicions Spartans send\\nback their unwelcome ally. The Athe-\\nnians take offense, and form an alli-\\nance with the Argives.\\n460 b. c. Corinth decides to engage\\nin war with Athens, having the Epi-\\ndaurians and iEginetans for allies.\\n460-455 b. c. The Athenians assist the\\nEgyptian rebels, Inarus and Amyrtseus.\\n458 b. c. The Athenians are defeated\\nat Argolis.\\nB. c. The Athenians defeat the allied\\nCorinthians, Epidaurians, and JEgine-\\ntans in the Saronic Gulf they block-\\nade iEgina and defend Megara its occu-\\npation had offended the Corinthians.\\n457 b. c. Athens. Pericles begins\\nthe third wall connecting the Pirseus\\nand Phalerum with Athens, thus enclos-\\ning the city and the ports with continu-\\nous fortifications. [456. Completed.]\\n457-451 b. c. The Spartans and Bceo-\\ntians prosecute a war of jealousy\\nagainst Athens.\\nThe Spartans as allies of the Thebans\\ndefeat the Athenians at Tanagra, in", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1030.jp2"}, "1031": {"fulltext": "GREECE.\\n490\\ns.c. -450** b.c. 1019\\nBoeotia they then conclude an armis-\\ntice, and return to Sparta.\\n456* B. c. The Athenians under\\nMyronides invade Bceotia, and defeat\\nthe Thebans at GEnophyta.\\nb. c. JEgina surrenders to the Athe-\\nnians after a long siege it gives up its\\nships-of-war and consents to pay tribute.\\n455 b. c. Egy. The Athenian fleet\\nsent to aid the rebels in Egypt is de-\\nstroyed by the Persians.\\nb. c. The Spartans subdue the Helots\\nin Ithome, and drive the Messenians out\\nof Greece.\\nb. c. The ^Jtolians join the Spar-\\ntans against Athens.\\nPericles overruns the Peloponnesus.\\n451 b. c. An expedition of 200 ships\\nunder Cimon is sent against the Persians.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n490+ b. c. /Eschylus writes the mu-\\nsic to his own tragedies.\\n485-486 b. c. Euripides paints pic-\\ntures which are preserved in Megara.\\n484* b. c. The temple on the river\\nat Ilissus is erected. [481. One at Agri-\\ngentum is begun.]\\n480* b. c. Xerxes carries from Athens\\nto Susa the bronze group by Antenor,\\nrepresenting the Tyrannicides, Harmo-\\ndius, and Aristogitdn.\\n480-330 b .c. Athens. Architecture\\nand other arts flourish.\\n473+ b. c. Athens. The temple of\\nVictory is built. [469 TheTheseum,\\nthe most perfect ancient edifice in the\\nworld.]\\n468 b.c. Sophocles gains the prize\\nover JEschylus in tragedy.\\n466 b. o. An earthquake at Sparta\\ndestroys 30,000 lives.\\n464\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Athens. Pericles and\\nCimon adorn the city. Cimon first in-\\ndicates form under drapery.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n491 Cleomenes I., King of Sparta, dies.\\nMlltiades. Athenian general, dies.\\n485* Gorgias, orator, sophist, b. [380\u00c2\u00b1. D.]\\n484 Achffius, dramatist, horn.\\nHerodotus, father of history, b. [424. I).]\\n481* Protagoras, philosopher, b. (411. D.j\\n480\u00c2\u00b1 Agatharelms, inventor of perspective\\nBcenery, born. [420i. Dies.]\\nEuripides, tragic poet, born. [406. Dies.]\\nLeonidaa I., King of Sparta, dies.\\n500+ Myron, si-nlptor, born.\\n479+ Antiphon, Athenian orator, b. [411. D.]\\n471 Thucydides. historian, b. [401. D.]\\n470+ Chcerilusof Samos, poet, b. [399. D.]\\nSocrates, Athenian phil., b. [399. Dies.]\\n468 Aristldes the Just, Athenian states-\\nman, general, dies.\\n468+ Pauaanius, Spartan general, dies.\\n460* Democritus, phil., born. [357. Dies.]\\nHippocrates, physician, father of medi-\\ncine, born. [377. Dies.]\\n458 Lysias, Athenian orator, b. [380. D.]\\n439 Andocides, Athenian orator, born.\\n455-425 b. c. Xenophon writes The\\nAnabasis, The Vyropxdia, The Hellen-\\nica, The Memorabilia, The (Economics,\\nThe Hipparchicus, The Agesilaus, The\\nHiero, The Symposium.\\n455 b. c. The Peliades, by Euripi-\\ndes, appears. [438, A/cestis; 431, Medea,\\nPhilocteles, Dictys, and Messores; 425,\\nHecuba 421, Supp/ices, Heracleidse 420-\\n417 Andromache 417, Iphigenia among\\nthe Tauri; 415, Troadrs, Alexander, Pa-\\nlamedes, and Sissyphus 414, Electra;\\n412, Helena 418, Orestes 406, Pacchse and\\nIphigenia at Aulis 392, Ecclesiazusse.]\\n5th Century b. c. Hellanicus writes a\\nHistory of Argos, a History of Attica,\\nand History of Persia.\\nSOCIETY.\\n472 b. c. The Olympic games are\\nextended to four days.\\nSTATE.\\n489* b. c. Athens. Aristides and\\nThemistocles are leading statesmen\\nThemistocles is the founder of the\\nhistoric greatness of Athens. (Fisher.)\\n[481. He urges the building of a fleet of\\n200 ships to resist the Persians.]\\n485* b. c. Sicily. Gelon usurps\\npower in Syracuse. [He develops com-\\nmerce on a grand scale.]\\n483 b. c. Athens. Aristides, the\\nsuccessful general, surnamed The\\nJust, is banished by ostracism through\\nthe influence of Themistocles, because\\nof his influence over the people. [480.\\nHe is recalled.]\\n481 b. c. The heralds of Xerxes de-\\nmand earth and water of all Grecian\\ncities except Sparta and Athens.\\n480-477 b.c. A union of the Hellenic\\ncities is founded.\\n480 b. c. Athens is burned. (See\\nArmy).\\n[391. Dies.]\\nLETTERS.\\n468-406 b.c. Sophocles produces\\nmore than 100 tragedies. [Among those\\nextant are Antigone, Electra, Maidens of\\nTrachis, (Ediptts Tyrannus, Ajax, Phil,\\noctetes, and (Edipus at Colonus.]\\n468 b. o. Sophocles defeats iEschy-\\nlus for the tragic prize. [441. He is de-\\nfeated by Euripides.]\\n466 i- B. c. Systematic rhetoric is in-\\nonto 1 by Covax of Syracuse.\\nOct. b. c. Athens. The Athenians\\nreturn to their burned city.\\n*b. c. Several of the island cities,\\nincluding Samos, Lesbos, and Chios, join\\nthe Hellenic league against the Per-\\nsians. [Later the coast towns of Asia\\nMinor join it.]\\nb. c. Athens is rebuilt and en-\\nlarged it is surrounded with strong\\nwalls, notwithstanding the objections\\nof Peloponnesians.\\n479 b. o. The Athenians refuse a\\nseparate peace with the offer of inde-\\npendence.\\n477-407 b. o. Period of Athenian as-\\ncendency in Greece.\\n477 b. c. Athens. The reforms of\\nAristides are made, and the real suprem-\\nacy of the democracy begins state\\noffices are open to all four classes alike.\\nb. c. The chief conduct of the war\\nis transferred from Sparta to Athens.\\nA Hellenic confederacy is formed with\\nAthens for its head; the smaller states\\nfurnish money only the larger ones\\nfurnish ships\\n471 b. c. Themistocles is banished\\nfor ten years by a vote of ostracism hy\\nthe Gimon party he retires to Argos.\\nb. c. Pausanias is convicted of trea-\\nson, and put to death at Sparta.\\n*b.c. Themistocles is driven from Ar-\\ngos on suspicion of treasonable intrigues,\\nand goes to Asia he is welcomed to a\\nplace in the Persian army, and receives\\na princely domain.\\n469* *b. c. Athens. Pericles first takes\\npart in public affairs.\\n468 b. c. The Argives destroy the\\nGrecian city of Mycense, and regain their\\nsuperiority.\\n467 b. c. Athens. Cimon becomes\\nthe leader of the Athenian state he be-\\ngins the two long walls, one to Piraeus\\nand the other to Phalerum.\\nb. c. Sicily. Thrasybulus succeeds\\nHeiro at Syracuse, and is a rapacious,\\ntyrannical, and cruel ruler. [466. The\\npeople revolt, and drive him out, and\\nform a democratic government.]\\n465-429 b. c. Athens. Age of Per-\\nicles, the most brilliant epoch in Athe-\\nnian history.\\n465 b. c. Thasos secedes. [463. Is\\nsubdued and made tributary.]\\n464 b. c. Revolt of the Helots.\\nb. c. Athens. Cimon, the leader\\nof the Aristocratic Party, and Pericles,\\nson of Xanthippus, the leader of the\\ndemocracy, are rivals.\\nb. c. The democratic party se-\\ncure payment for citizens serving in the\\narmy or as judges, and the bestowal of\\nalms upon the poor at festivals out of\\nthe public treasury.\\n461 b. c. Athens. Pericles secures\\nthe banishment by ostracism of Cimon,\\nhis hereditary enemy, for ten years.\\n460 b. c. Athens. The law of ephi-\\naltes, in the interest of democracy, takes\\nfrom the court of the Areopagus the\\ncensorship over the state, and restricts\\nit to judicial functions.\\n459* b. c. Athens begins to tyrannize\\nover Greece it assumes to be the\\ncapital of the Grecian states, embracing\\na great coast and many islands.\\nb.c. The treasury of the confed-\\neracy is removed from Delos to the\\nAcropolis of Athens the contributions\\nof the Hellenic League become tribute\\nto the Athenians.\\nb. c. Megara, being threatened by\\nCorinth, ^Egina, and Epidaurus, finds a\\nprotector in the Athenians, who con-\\nnect it with their port Nisa^a by walls.\\n457 b. c. The defeated Athenians\\nrecall Cimon from exile.\\n456 b. c. The Athenians replace the\\naristocratic governments in most cities\\nof Bceotia with democratic rule.\\n454 b. c. Pericles and Cimon he-\\ncome reconciled.\\n452* b. c. S.Jt. Thurii, orThurium,\\nis founded as a Greek city.\\n450-400 b. c. Turk. Greek colonies\\nare established in Thrace.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1031.jp2"}, "1032": {"fulltext": "1020 450** b. c.-410**b.c.\\nGREECE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n449 b. c. Double battle of Salamis,\\noff Cyprus.\\nThe Athenians are victorious over the\\nPhenician ami Cilieian fleets (Persian)\\nalso defeat the land force of the enemy.\\n449-448 b. c. The second Sacred War\\nin Greece.\\nThe Phocians and Delphians struggle\\nfor possession of the temple of Delphi.\\nThe war emanates from an Amphictyonic\\ndecree, and is carried on by troops of\\ndifferent states.\\n447 b. c. The presumptuous Athe-\\nnians are disastrously defeated by the\\nThebeans at Coronea.\\n446* *B. c. The Spartans aid the Eu-\\nboeans in a revolt against Athens. Peri-\\ncles secures their return by bribery, and\\nthen quickly subdues the rebels.\\n440 b. c. A revolt in Samoa is sub-\\ndued by Pericles he razes their fortifi-\\ncations, takes their fleet and hostages.\\n437 b. c. Athens. The fortifica-\\ntions are completed by a third wall, par-\\nallel with the first leading to the Pirxus.\\n435 b. c. War arises between Cor-\\ninth and its colony, Corcyra. [433. It\\nunites in an alliance against Corinth.]\\n432* b. c. The Corcyraeans, aided by\\nAthenians, defeat the Corinthians at the\\nbattle of Sybota, off the Epirus coast.\\nb. c. The Athenians under Callias\\ndefeat the Potidseans and their Pelopon-\\nnesian allies near PotidSBa, and begin\\nthe siege of the town.\\n431 b. c. Thebans make a treacher-\\nous but unsuccessful attack on Platsea.\\n431* *^404 May 4 b. c. The first\\nPeloponnesian War.\\nAthens and her allies, against Sparta and\\nher allies; it is the most famous of all the\\nwars between the (ireeian states. Remote\\ncause: the envy of the Dorian Confederacy\\nat the power of Athens, and distrust of its\\ngreat ambition, together with the discontent\\nof herallies, who had beenreduredtosubjects.\\nIts immediate cause is the interference of\\nAthens with the quarrel between Corcyra\\nand Corinth in relation to Epidamnus. The\\nmost cruel and bloody war that ever stained\\nthe earth. (Timayenis.)\\n431-425 b. c. Five invasions of Atti-\\nca by the Peloponnesians are led by the\\nSpartan King Archidamus.\\n431 b. c. The Helots are rewarded\\nwith liberty because of their bravery.\\n430 Apr. b. c. Peloponnesians, under\\nArchidamus, devastate Attica.\\nSept. b. c. Pericles, in revenge for\\nthe invasion of Attica, enters Megaris\\nwith 10,000 men, and wastes the country.\\n429 b. c. Archidamus conducts the\\n[famous] siege of Plataea, having a gar-\\nrison of 400 citizens and 80 Athenians\\nwith 110 women. [427. Taken; its 225\\nsurvivors are executed.]\\n*B. c. Two invasions of Attica.\\n*b. c. Turk. Sitalces, Kingof theOdry-\\nssein Thrace, furnishes Amyntas an army\\nof 150,000 men against PerdiccaB II. of\\nMacedonia.\\n428 b. c. Asia M. The Athenians\\nblockade Mitylene on the Island of\\nLesbos by land and by sea because of a\\nrevolt. [427. Surrenders.]\\n426 b. c. The Athenians and Acar-\\nmanians under Demosthenes severely\\ndefeat the Ambracians and Spartans\\nat CEpai and Idomene.\\nb. c. The Spartans under Agis enter\\nAttica, and lay waste the country.\\n425 b. c. Demosthenes lands in\\nMessenia, fortifies Pylus, and greatly\\nannoys the Lacedaemonians.\\nb. c. The Athenians besiege the Spar-\\ntans on the little island of Sphacteria\\nopposite Pylus, and compel them to sue\\nfor peace severe terms are rejected.\\nb. c. The Athenians attack, defeat,\\nand slaughter the Spartan faction in\\nCorcyra.\\nb. c. Cleon takes Sphacteria by storm,\\nand takes 120 Spartans among the 292\\ncaptives.\\nThe Athenians threaten to put the\\nprisoners to death whenever Attica is\\nagain invaded by the Peloponnesians.\\n424 b. c. The Athenians are utterly\\ndefeated at Deliuum by the Boeotians.\\nb. c. Turk. A Spartan land expedi-\\ntion under Brasidas invades Thrace and\\nMacedonia to overthrow Athenian rule\\nhe persuades several towns to revolt\\nagainst Athens. [Later he captures Am-\\nphipolis. The Athenian Thucydides,\\nwho lay with a squadron at Thasos,\\nis banished for neither preventing its\\ncapture nor attempting to retake it.]\\n423 Jan. b. c. Athenians and Spar-\\ntans agree to an armistice for one year.\\n422 Aug. b. c. Turk. The Athenians\\nattempt the recovery of their dependen-\\ncies, and send an army under Cleon, who\\nis disgracefully defeated by the allies\\nunder Brasidas at Amphipolis. Cleon\\nand Brasidas are killed.\\n421 Spring, b. c. The war ends in\\nthe peace of Nicias. (See State.)\\n418 B. c. The Spartans under Agis\\ninvade Arcadia, and utterly defeat a\\nlarge body of Athenians, Mantineans,\\nand Argives, near Mantinea.\\n416 b. c. The Athenians send an ex-\\npedition against the Island of Melos,\\nan ally of Sparta, and capture it its\\ncitizens are put to death, and its women\\nand children sold into slavery.\\n415-413 b.c. An expedition is con-\\nducted against Syracuse.\\nEgesta solicits help of the Athenians\\nagainst Selinus and Syracuse; Alcibiades\\nfavors the petition, and 134 triremes,\\nwith 36,000 men.iiicludingn.lOO hoplites,\\n6ail for Sicily, under Alcibiades, Nicias,\\nand Lamachus Alcibiades is recalled.\\n413-404 b. c. The Decelean war be-\\ntween Athens and Sparta a part of the\\n414* b. c. Sicily. Nicias\\nSyracuse, having already gained some\\nsuccess. Lamachus dies.\\n*b. c. Sicily. The Spartans as allies\\nof Syracuse send a small fleet under\\nGylippus.\\n413 b. c. Sicily. The Athenians\\nstorm Syracuse, but are repulsed sick-\\nness and want cause them great distress.\\nb. c. Sicily. The Athenians are reen-\\nforced by Demosthenes with 73 tri-\\nremes and 5,000 hoplites.\\nb. c. Sicily. The Athenians are de-\\nfeated in two naval battles near Syra-\\ncuse, and their fleet surrounded.\\nMar. b. c. Alcibiades having gone\\nover to the Spartans in resentment of\\npersonal injuries, invades Attica, and\\nfortifies the village of Decelea.\\nSpring, b. c. The Spartans ravage\\nall parts of Attica by forays under King\\nAgis distress prevails in Athens.\\nSept.* b.c. Sicily. The remnant of the\\nAthenian army attempts a retreat by\\nland, but it is captured. [Nicias and\\nDemosthenes are executed, and 7,000\\nprisoners are enslaved in the quarries.]\\n412 b. c. Asia M. A new Athenian\\nfleet defeats the Peloponnesian fleet\\nnear Miletus; a squadron from Syra-\\ncuse prevents the capture of Miletus.\\nb. c. Asia M. The Athenian fleet\\nis increased to 104 ships, which are off\\nSamos Athenians send 128 additional\\ntriremes at intervals to Asia Minor.\\nb. c. Asia. Alcibiades, suspected of\\ntreachery, and maligned by the Spar-\\ntans, leaves them and goes over to Tis-\\nsaphernes, the Persian satrap, whose\\ncounselor he becomes, and whom he\\nadvises to assist the Athenian fleet.\\n411 July b. c. Asia M. The Athe-\\nnian fleet under Thrasybulus and\\nThrasyllus defeats the Peloponnesians\\nand Persians under Mindarus and Phar-\\nnabazus, at Cynossema, near Abydos.\\nSept.* b.c. Alcibiades defeats the\\nPeloponnesians in a second naval battle\\nnear Abydos.\\n410 b. c. Alcibiades utterly defeats\\nthe Spartans at Cyzicus he captures\\ntheir fleet, and kills Mindarus.\\nSpring, b. c. Asia M. Alcibiades is\\ntaken prisoner by Tissaphernes, but es-\\ncapes, and rejoins the Athenian fleet.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n450\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Anaxagoras notes the na-\\nture of the sun and moon eclipses and\\nthe movements of the planets.\\nb. c. Athens. The Odeum The-\\nater is founded by Pericles. The Tem-\\nple of Neptune at Paestum is erected,\\nand the Temple of Apollo Epicurus at\\nPhigalia in Arcadia.\\n450+-438 b.c. Athens. The Parthe-\\nnon on the Acropolis is completed by\\nIctinus and Callicrates under Phidias.\\n444-440 B. c. The temple of Jupiter\\nat Olympieum is erected by Libon of\\nElis. [508^09. At ^gina.]\\n442 b. c. Athens. The burning lens\\nis used.\\n441\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. The battering-ram, in-\\nvented by Artemon(?), a Lacedaemonian,\\nis employed by Pericles.\\n438* b. c. Athens. Phidias places his\\nstatue of Minerva in the Parthenon.\\n437 b. c. Athens. The magnificent\\nPropylaea is begun on the Acropolis.\\n437-433 b. c. Phidias makes a colossal\\nstatue of Jupiter, in gold and ivorv\\n(one of the Seven Wonders of the world)\\nfor the temple of Jupiter at Olympieum.\\n436+ b. c. Polygnotus and Panse-\\nnus, eminent painters, flourish.\\nb. c. The great temple of Demeter\\nat Eleusis, that of Athene at Su\\nand of Nemesis at Rhnmmis, are I", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1032.jp2"}, "1033": {"fulltext": "GREECE.\\n450b.c.-410**b.c. 1021\\n433\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. The temple of Apollo\\nEpicurus, near Phigalia in Arcadia, is\\nerected by Ictinus. The Phigalian\\nMarbles are cut for it.\\nThese bas-reliefs represent the con-\\nflicts of the Greeks and Amazons, the\\nCentaurs and Lapitha? [and are reputed\\nto be works of the earlier school of Phid-\\nias]. [1815. A. T). Purchased for the\\nBritish Museum.]\\nb. c. Athens. The golden number is\\ndiscovered by Meton.\\n429-348 b. c. Plato teaches that ideas\\nare spiritual realities, intermediate be-\\ntween God and the world, of which all\\nvisible things are the manifestation.\\n(Fisher.)\\n428 b. c. Democritus teaches that\\nthe Milky Way consists of a profusion\\nof stars.\\n425 b. c. An earthquake separates\\nthe peninsula of Eubcea from the main-\\nland, thus forming an island.\\n424 b. c. Athens. An eclipse is ob-\\nserved.\\n422+ b. c. Hippocrates, the father\\nof medicine, flourishes.\\n420 b. c. The vise, trolley, and\\nother implements are invented by Archy-\\ntas of Tarentum. [The invention is also\\nclaimed for Archimedes, 287-212.]\\nAthens. The first Athenian theater,\\nthat of Bacchus, is built (or 340).\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n450* Alcibiades. statesman, orator, gen-\\neral, born. [-104. Dies.]\\n5th Century. Ageladas, sculptor, born.\\nAgesander, sculptor, born.\\nAnaximeneB of Miletus, philosopher, born.\\nAntisthenes, philosopher, Mr. Cvnies, born.\\nAristippusof Cyrene, philosopher, born.\\nArchelauB of Miletus, philosopher, born.\\nAspaslaof Miletus, mistress of Pericles, b.\\nChcerilus, Athenian tragic poet, born.\\nGylippus, Spartan general, born.\\nEmpedocles, philosopher, born.\\nEpicharnus, poet, born.\\nHeraclitus, naturalist, born.\\nIctinus, architect, born.\\nOcellus, Lucanus, philosopher, born.\\nParmeniiles, philosopher, born.\\nPolycletus, sculptor, born.\\nXantippe, wife of Socrates, born.\\nZeuxis, painter, born.\\n444* Agesilaus II., King of Sparta, general,\\nborn. [361. Dies.]\\nAristophanes, comic poet, dramatist, born.\\n[380. Dies.]\\n4S0\u00c2\u00b1 Apolloiiorus, Athenian painter, born.\\n436* Isoerates. orator, born. [338. Dies.]\\n430* Diuiivsius the Elder, tyrant of Syra-\\ncuse, born. [367. Dies.]\\nPlato, philosopher, born. [347. Dies.]\\nXenophon, philosopher, historian, poet,\\ngeneral, born. [357. Dies.]\\n425\u00c2\u00b1 Polygnotns, painter, A65+.\\n422 I .rasidas, Spartan general, dies.\\nCleon, Athenian orator, politician, dies.\\n420\u00c2\u00b1 Scopaa, sculptor, architect, born.\\n418* Epaminondas. Theban statesman,\\nborn. [362. Dies.]\\n418\u00c2\u00b1 Isams, orator, born. [34S+. Dies,]\\n413 Nicias, Athenian statesman, gen., a\\\\\\n413 Diogenes, cynic phil., b. [323. D.]\\nCHURCH.\\n438+ *b.c. Athens. The Parthenon\\nis dedicated as a temple and to Minerva.\\nLETTERS.\\n449-410 b. c. Eupolis produces 17\\ndramas.\\n446* b. c. Athens. Herodotus re-\\ncites portions of his historical work at\\nthe festival of the Panathenrea, and is\\nrewarded with ten talents (\u00c2\u00a768,000).\\n440 b. c. Athens. Satirical come-\\ndies are prohibited.\\n429+ b. c. The present text of the\\nIliad is written.\\n428-389 B.C. Plato, the Athenian comic\\npoet, flourishes.\\n427 b. c. The Banqueters, by Aris-\\ntophanes, appears. [426, The Bab ij lou i-\\nans; 425, Acharnians; 424. The Knights;\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0423, The Clouds; 422, The Wasps; 414,\\nThe Birds; 411, The Thesmojihoriazusm\\nand the Lusistrata; 40S, First Plutus\\n405, The Frogs.]\\n423 b. c. The Flagon, by Cratinus,\\ngains the first prize, triumphing over\\nthe Clouds, by Aristophanes.\\n421-401 b. c. History of the Peloponne-\\nsian War, by Thucydides, appears.\\n417 b. c. Agathon gains the first\\nprize in tragedy.\\nSOCIETY.\\n415 May* b. c. Athens awakes, and\\nfinds all the statues of Hermes muti-\\nlated by conspirators during the night.\\n413 Aug. 27. B.C. Sicily. The eclipse\\nof the sun terrifies the Athenians and\\ncauses their defeat at Syracuse.\\nSTATE.\\n450 b. c. Sparta enters a five years\\ntruce with Athens.\\nb. c. Athens is at the height of\\nits power and prosperity; its decline\\ncommences.\\n447 b. c. A revolt against democ-\\nracy breaks out in Bceotia; the Athe-\\nnians send an army that aids in suppress-\\ning the aristocratic party. [But it is\\ndefeated, and :i general uprising of the\\nenemies of Athens follows.]\\n446 b. c. Pericles subdues a revolt\\nin Eubcea, and then makes a second as-\\nsignment of lands to the Athenians.\\nAlso another revolt in Megara.\\n445 b. c. A 30 years truce between\\nAthens and Sparta is agreed to. The\\nPeloponnesian and Athenian leagues\\nacknowledge each other as independent\\nconfederacies.\\n444* b. c. Athens. Thucydides is\\nthe leader of the aristocratic party.\\nIt attempts to secure the banishment\\nof Pericles by ostracism, but when the\\nvotes are counted it is discovered that\\nThucydides is banished instead.\\n444-429 b. c. Pericles, soldier, orator,\\nand statesman, becomes the ruler of the\\nAthenian commonwealth.\\nThough never an archon he directs the\\nadministration of the government by\\nhis influence in the Assembly; in his\\noffice as strategus and as superintendent\\nof the finances, buildings and public\\nworks are erected.\\n443 b. c. S. It. Periclea sends out\\na colony to refound Thurii.\\n437* *b. c. Turk. Amphipolis is\\nfounded by the Athenians under Agnon.\\n432 b. c. The inhabitants of Potidaea\\nrevolt against the Athenian league, and\\nare supported by Corinth. [429, submit.]\\nb. c. A general meeting of the Pelo-\\nponnesian confederacy is held at\\nSparta, and the several states are ap-\\npeased. War against Athens is deter-\\nmined.\\n428 b. c. Asia M. All Lesbos, includ-\\ning Mitylene, revolts against Athens.\\n427* b. c. Athens. Cleon becomes\\nthe leader of the democratic party, and\\nNicias of the aristocratic.\\nB. c. It. The Athenians begin to\\nmingle in Sicilian affairs in response\\nto the entreaty of the people of Leontini,\\nwho are pressed by the Syracusans.\\nB. c. Asia M. Mitylene having sur-\\nrendered to the Athenians, the Assembly\\ndecrees that all citizens shall be put to\\ndeath the next day it decrees death to\\nthe aristocracy only, and 1,000 are killed,\\nand the city razed. All Lesbos submits.\\n425 b. c. Athens. Spartan envoys\\nmake proposals of peace, which are re-\\njected at the instigation of Cleon.\\n424 b. c. Turk. By the capture of\\nAcanthus and Amphipolis by Blasidas,\\nthe Athenian empire in Thrace is over-\\nthrown.\\nTurk. Seuthes becomes King of the\\nOdrysae in Thrace, and prospers.\\n421 b.c. Spring. The peace of\\nWicias is concluded between A thens and\\nSparta for 50 years, with a mutual resti-\\ntution of persons aud places captured,\\nand an alliance offensive and defensive\\nis formed. [War renewed in three years.]\\n420* b. c. A treaty of alliance,\\nwhich is to continue 100 years, is made\\nbetween Argos, Elis, and Mantinse.\\n417 B. c. The aristocratic party in\\nArgos makes peace with Sparta, and\\noverthrows the democracy.\\n415-413 B.C. The disastrous Syracusan\\nexpedition. (See Army.)\\n413 b. c. Turk. Archelaus, the\\nnatural son of Perdiccas II., murders\\nthe heirs, and seizes the throne of Ma-\\ncedonia. [He improves the country.]\\nb. c. Spartans distress Athens.\\nGreat difficulty arises in the finances\\nof the government the slaves become\\nfugitives, and the influence of the aristo-\\ncratic party revives. A new board often\\ncouncilors is appointed, and prepara-\\ntions are made for renewing the war.\\nB. c. Chios, Erythrse, Clazomense, and\\nMiletus revolt against the Athenians\\nthrough the influence of Alcibiades.\\n412 B. c. The Spartans propose to\\nabandon all the Grecian cities of Asia\\nMinor to the Persians, and accept a\\nsubsidy.\\n411 Mar. b. c. Athens. The aristo-\\ncratic party suddenly overthrows the\\ndemocratic constitution, and establishes\\nan oligarchy. They establish the gov-\\nernment of the council of four hun-\\ndred for four months, and negotiate\\nwith the Spartans for peace. The army\\nrefuses recognition of the revolution in\\nAthens, and elects new leaders,\\nb. c. The army recalls Alcibiades\\nto lead it, but he refuses to retire from\\nthe contest with the Peloponnesian s to\\ncoerce the oligarchs of Athens.\\nJune 30+ B.C. Athens. The Council of\\nPour Hundred goes to pieces after\\nfour months, and the old Council of\\nFive Hundred is reestablished.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1033.jp2"}, "1034": {"fulltext": "1022 410 b. c-356 b. c.\\nGREECE.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n409 b. c. Asia M. Alcibiades sub-\\ndues the coasts of the Hellespont and\\nPropontis, and captures Byzantium.\\n408* *B. c. Asia M. The Athenians\\ntake Chalcedon and Selymbria.\\n407* *b. c. Asia M. Naval battle\\nnear Notium, in the Gulf of Ephesus.\\nDuring the absence of Alcibiades, the\\nAthenian fleet is defeated by Lysander\\nthe Spartan because of this misfortune\\nAlcibiades is deposed.\\nb. c. Asia M. The Spartans under\\nCallicratidas surround the Athenian\\nfleet under Conon, at Mitylene. [The\\nAthenians soon fit out a new fleet, and\\nsend it to the assistance of Conon.]\\n406 July* B.C. Battle of Arginusse,\\nnear Lesbos.\\nThe united Athenian fleet under\\nConon completely defeats the Pelopon-\\nnesians under Callicratidas, in a terri-\\nble fight near the islands of Arginusse.\\n405 b. c. Lysander the Spartan\\nagain commands the Peloponnesian fleet,\\nthough nominally under Aracus.\\nAug.\u00c2\u00b1 B. c. The Athenian fleet under\\nConon is defeated by Lysander at\\nJEgospotamos only eight ships out of\\n180 escape 3,000 prisoners are slaugh-\\ntered, and Athens is ruined the Pelo-\\nponnesian war virtually ends.\\nNov. B. c. Lysander s whole army in-\\nvades Attica and encamps near Athens.\\n404 Apr. B. c. Athens. Lysander\\nbesieges the city by land and sea\\nbeing nearly destroyed, and starvation\\nimminent, it capitulates, and the Pelo-\\nponnesian war is ended.\\nThe walls of Piraeus and the long walls\\nare destroyed the ships-of-war, with the\\nexception of 12, are surrendered.\\n403 B. c. Thrasybulus, the Athe-\\nnian admiral, unites the democratic\\nfugitives in the Phyle, and defeats the\\ntroops of the 30 tyrants in the battle of\\nMunychia, kills Critias, seizes Piraeus.\\n401-400 B.C. AsiaM. Retreatof the\\nTen Thousand Greeks.\\nCyrus the younger revolts against his\\nbrother, Artaxerxes Mnemon, and marches\\nagainst him with 100, 0i 0 Asiatics and 12,000\\nGreeks. Artaxerxes meets him at Cunaxa\\nin Mesopotamia (401 Sept. with nearly\\n1,000,000 men. The Asiatics, under Cyras,\\nare defeated; hut the Greeks are victorious,\\nand Cyrus is killed. Artaxerxes entices the\\nGreek generals into his power and kills them.\\nThe Greeks, under Xenophon, a volunteer\\nsoldier, retreat; they arrive in Greece after\\n215 days, having marched 3,465 miles.\\n401-400 b. c. Spartans invade and de-\\nvastate Elis. [399. Elis submits.]\\n399-394 b. c. Asia M. War between\\nSparta and Persia.\\nThe Spartans come to the relief of the\\nGreek cities of Asia Minor which the Persian\\nsatrap Tissaplicnii S attempts to punish for\\naiding the expedition of the younger Cyrus.\\nThe Spartans are led successively by Thi-\\nbron, Dercyllidas, and Agesilaus. [399.\\nSpring. The remainder of the Ten Thousand\\nGreeks is incorporated in the army of Thi-\\nbron, at Pergamos.]\\n396 b. c. Asia M. Agesilaus, King\\nof Sparta, invades Asia with 10,000 men.\\n[395. He defeats the Persians under\\nTissaphernes near Sardis.]\\n395 b. c. The Athenians and their\\nallies defeat the Spartans under Ly-\\nsander at Haliartus Lysander is killed.\\n394 B. c. Spartans under Aristode-\\nmus defeat the allies near Corinth.\\nAug. b. c. Asia M. Battle of Cnidus\\nAthenians under Conon and Persians\\nunder Pharnabazus defeat the Spartan\\nfleet under Pisander, who is killed.\\nB. c. Battle of Coronea, in Bceotia\\nthe Spartans under Agesilaus severely\\ndefeat the allies.\\nB. c. Conon and Pharnabazus plun-\\nder the coasts of Laconia.\\nb. c. Asia M, The Spartan har-\\nmosts in the Grecian cities are expelled.\\n393 B. c. Athens. Conon begins to\\nrestore the long walls, also the fortifi-\\ncations of the Piraeus.\\n392 b. c. The Spartans under Agesi-\\nlaus ravage Corinthian territory.\\nb. c. A Spartan mora is cut to\\npieces by the Athenians under Iphic-\\nrates the Lacedaemonians lose 250 men.\\n[The military reputation of Sparta suf-\\nfers much by this defeat.]\\nb. c. Asia M. The Athenians un-\\nder Thrasybulus are defeated by the\\nSpartans under Telurias at Aspendos\\nThrasybulus is killed.\\n390-387 b. c. A desultory war is car-\\nried on between Athens and Sparta.\\n390* b. c. Asia M. Thibron the\\nSpartan is defeated and slain by the\\nPersian satrap S truth as the entire\\nSpartan army of 8,000 men is lost.\\nb. c. S. It. Invading Lucanians\\nseverely defeat the Thurians.\\n387 B. c. A peace ends the Pelo-\\nponnesian and Persian wars.\\n383* B. c. Spartans seize the Cadmea,\\nor Acropolis, in a time of peace, and\\nmake Thebes their subservient ally.\\n3S2-379 b. c. The Olynthiac War.\\n379-372 b. c. War between Thebes\\nand Sparta.\\nCause the occupation of the Cadmea\\nin Thebes by Phu-bidas, a Spartan, in re-\\nsponse to tlie desires l tin-, aristocratic\\nparty in Thebes. [Dec. The Theban\\nrefugee democrats from Athens, under\\nPelopidas, liberate Thebes.]\\nB. c. Spartans under Cleombrotus and\\nAgesilaus invade Bceotia, but are un-\\nsuccessful in taking Thebes.\\nB. c. Spartans unsuccessfully attempt\\nto surprise Piraeus. [War with Athens\\nfollows.]\\n376* *B. c. The Thehans enroll 300 men\\nunder Epaminondas and Pelopidas as\\na Sacred Band, and join Athens against\\nSparta. [375. Under Pelopidas it de-\\nfeats the Spartans at Tegyra.]\\nB. c. Battle of Naxos The Spartans\\nlose their maritime supremacy, their\\nfleet being totally destroyed by Timo-\\ntheus.\\n371 b. c. Peace between Sparta and\\nAthens. (See State.)\\nB. c. The Thebans under Epami-\\nnondas completely defeat the Spartans\\nat Leuctra. Cleombrotus is slain.\\nThis battle is Sparta s greatest disas-\\nter. [Epaminondas is the greatest\\ngeneral Greece ever produced, and he\\nobtains the most decisive victory in\\nGrecian history. (Thirlwall.)\\n370 B. c. The first invasion of the\\nPeloponnesus by Thebans.\\nEpaminondas and Pelopidas go to pro-\\ntect the Arcadians in their revolt from\\nSparta. [Epaminondas, with 50,000 The-\\nbans, unsuccessfully attacks Sparta.]\\n369 B. c. The Thebans ravage La-\\nconia, and proclaim the independence\\nof the Messenians. The Athenians as-\\nsist the Spartans the Thebans retire.\\nb. c. The Thebans invade the Pelo-\\nponnesus a second time. They are de-\\nfeated in an attack upon Corinth. [267.\\nA third invasion.]\\n368 b. c. The Arcadians under Ly-\\ncomedes overthrow Spartan power in\\npart of Messenia.\\nB. c. Spartans under Archidamus win\\na tearless victory over the Arca-\\ndians.\\n*B. c. The Thebans send several ex-\\npeditions against the tyrant Alexander\\nof Pherae for the release of Thessalians.\\nb. c. Sicily. Civil war follows the\\ndeath of Dionysius.\\n364 b. c. Pelopidas enters Thessaly\\nagainst Alexander, and is slain at Cynos-\\ncephalse, though his army is victorious.\\n362 b. c. The Thebans invade Pel-\\noponnesus for the fourth time to sup-\\nport the Theban party in- Arcadia.\\nJune 17. b. c. Battle of Mantinea;\\nThe Thebans under Epaminondas defeat\\nthe Spartans and Mantineans under\\nAgesilaus but Epaminondas is slain.\\nk. c. General peace. (See State.)\\n359 b. c. Turk. The Macedonian\\nphalanx is instituted during the reign\\nof Philip II. as a standing army.\\nb. c. Turk. Philip defeats the Pae-\\nonians and Illyrians, and reduces\\nthem to subjection. [358. He takes\\nAmphipolis war with Athens follows.]\\n358* b. c. Tur. Athens conquers the\\nThracian Chersonese.\\n357-355 b. c. The Social War.\\nThe Athenian league is arrayed against\\nAthens. Iphicrates and Timotheus com-\\nmand the Athenians, who are forced to\\nacknowledge the independence of their\\nformer allies, and are much exhausted\\nby the struggle.\\n356 b. c. Philip of Macedon seizes\\nPydna and Potidsea.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n410 b. c. Athens. The Erechtheum\\nis rebuilt it is an Ionic temple of the\\nAcropolis in honor of Erechtbeus.\\n400+ b. c. Eupompus paints a win-\\nner in the Olympian games.\\nb. c. The structure of the human\\nbody is first studied and becomes a\\nbranch of medical education under Hip-\\npocrates The Father of Medicine.\\n390. He separates medicine from the\\npriesthood.]\\n*b. c. S. It. The seven Eugubine\\ntablets of brass are written with inscrip-\\ntions relating to sacrifices. [1440. A. D.\\nFound at Gubbio.]\\n399* b. c. Catapultse, military ma-\\nchines for throwing arrows, javelins and\\nstones, are invented by Dionysius.\\n373 b. c. An earthquake swallows\\nup IleliceandBura in the Peloponnesus.\\n370-336 b. c. Euphranor flourishes.\\nHe executes many statues in bronze\\nand marble, and paints on the walls of\\nthe porch in the Ceramlcus at Athens\\npictures of the Twelve Gods, Theseus,\\nWith Democracy and Demos, and an En-\\nyagement at the Battle of Mantinea; also\\nseveral pictures at EpheBUS.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1034.jp2"}, "1035": {"fulltext": "GREECE.\\n410** b.c.-356**b.c. 10:\\n368 b. c. A celestial globe is intro-\\nduced from Egypt.\\n367* b. c. Athens. Aristotle becomes\\na pupil of Plato.\\n366\u00c2\u00b1 *b. c. At he n s. Antisthenes\\nthe philosopher flourishes.\\nHe founds the school of the Cynics,\\nwho looked with disdain, not only on\\nluxuries, but on the ordinary comforts\\nof life, and inured themselves to do with-\\nout them. Their manners were often as\\nsavage as their mode of living. (Fisher.)\\n360-330 b. c. Aristides of Thebes, a\\npainter, flourishes.\\n357\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Aristotle discourses on\\nthe occultation of Mars, and asserts\\nthat the earth is round.\\n356 b. c. Asia M, The temple of\\nDiana at Ephesus is burned. [It is re-\\nbuilt by Dinocrates and Scopas.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n406 Aristocrates, general, dies.\\n404* Critias, Athenian politician, tyrant, d.\\nTheramenes, Athenian politician, dies.\\n402* riuM ion, Athenian general, states-\\nman, born. [317- Dies.]\\n401 ciearrlins. Spartan general, dies.\\n5th or 4th Century. Timanthea of Cythnos,\\npainter, born.\\n396 Dionysius the Younger, tyrant of\\nSyracuse, born.\\nLysander, Spartan general, statesman, dies.\\nXenocrates, philosopher, horn. [314. Dies.]\\n392 h Conon. Athenian general, dies.\\n390* Thrasvlmlus, Athenian gen., states., d.\\n389* JEsehines, Athenian ora., b. [314. D.]\\n334* Aristotle, philosopher, founder of\\nPeripatetic school, born. [322. Dies.]\\n382* Philip II.. of Macedon, b. [336. D.]\\nAntigonus, general, born. [301. Dies.]\\n331 1 Demosthenes, Athenian orator, b.\\n[322. Dies.]\\n380* Pvrriio, philosopher, b. [270. Dies.]\\n374i Throphraslus. phil., b. [287. Dies.]\\n364 Pelopidas, Theban general, dies.\\n360* Euinenes, general under Alexander,\\nborn. [316. Dies.]\\nLvsimachus, general under Alexander, born.\\n[281. Dies.]\\n357 Chabrias, Athenian, general, dies.\\n356* Alexander the Great, Kingof ilace-\\ndon, born. [323. Dies.]\\nLETTERS.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0410-1- b.c. Antiphon, the great\\nAthenian orator and politician, dies.\\n[He is regarded as the inventor of pub-\\nlic oratory 15 of his orations are extant.]\\n408\u00c2\u00b1 B.C. The History by Herodotus\\nappears.\\n403-392 b. c. Socrates composes 60 ora-\\ntions [of which 21 are extant].\\nHe is the father of ancient moral phi-\\nlosophy, and the greatest heathen moral-\\nist that ever lived.\\n390-353 B. c. Isebus writes judicial ora-\\ntions for others. [Eleven are extant.]\\n387 b. c. The JEolposicon and Coca-\\nluSy by Araros, son of Aristophanes.\\n388 b. c. Athens. Plato founds the\\nAcademy.\\n388-347 b. c. Plato composes the dia-\\nlogues, Protagoras Phzedrus, Symposium,\\nGorgias, TJiesetetus, Republic, Timseus,\\nPhilebus, Sophist, Politicus, Parmenides,\\nCratylus, Laws, Critias, Meno, Euthy-\\nd emus, Apology, Crito, Lysis, Charmides,\\nLaches, Lesser Hippias, Euthyphro,\\nMenexenus, and Ion.\\n380 b. c. The PanegyHcus, by Isoc-\\nrates, appears. [365, The Evagoras;\\n364, The Archidamus, On the Peace, and\\nthe Aeropagiticus 353, The Antielosis;\\n346, The Philippus.]\\n366+ b. c. The Cynic school of phi-\\nlosophy is founded by Antisthenes.\\n360* b. c. Eudoxus discourses on the\\nmovements of the planets.\\nSOCIETY.\\n406 B. c. Athens. Six of the victo-\\nrious Athenian generals from the great\\nbattle of Arginuste are sentenced to\\ndeath and executed for having aban-\\ndoned shipwrecked troops in a storm, and\\nnot burying the bodies.\\n401\u00c2\u00b1 *b. c. Asia M. A fermented\\nbeverage from barley [like beer] is\\nmade by the Armenians.\\n399* b.c Athens. Socrates is accused\\nof impiety and of corrupting the Athe-\\nnian youths, and is condemned to death.\\nHe drinks a cup of hemlock, and dies in\\nthe midst of bis disciples.\\nb. c. Turk. Archelaus, the usurper\\nin Macedonia, is murdered by a favorite.\\n370 b. c. Jason, the tyrant of Pherje\\nand Tagus, Thessaly, is assassinated.\\n359+ b. c. Alexander, tyrantof Phe-\\nrae, is murdered.\\nSTATE.\\n408 b. c. Pausanias comes to the\\nthrone of Sparta.\\n407 June b. c. Athens. Alcibiades\\nreturns from exile after his brilliant\\nvictories. The Athenians repeal his\\nsentence of banishment, and give him\\nsupreme command by land and sea.\\n405 Sept. b. c. Lysander the Spar-\\ntan receives the submission of the\\nAthenian cities, and establishes oligar-\\nchical governments everywhere.\\nb. c. By the naval disaster at iEgos-\\npotami, the great military power of\\nAthens is completely destroyed.\\n*B. C. Sicily. Dionysius usurps the\\ngovernment.\\n404-371 Second period of supreme\\ncommand by Sparta.\\n404* b. c. Lycophron of Pherje makes\\nhimself master of Thessaly.\\nApr. -403 Apr. b. c. Athens. The\\nThirty Tyrants rule.\\nLysander places the government in\\nthe hands of odious and cruel men\\nall but 3,0l)(! of the citizens are disarmed\\nand disfranchised 1,500 are put to death\\nwithout trial.\\n403 Apr. -Sept. b.c. Athens. Dem-\\nocratic government is restored.\\nPatriots under Thrasybulus, with the\\nassistance of Thebes, Megara, and other\\ncities, overthrow the Thirty Tyrants.\\nB. c. Athens. The government is re-\\narranged by the revision of the laws of\\nEuclides.\\n398* b. c. Agesilaus II. succeeds Agis\\nas King of Sparta.\\n395 B. c. The Athenians, Thebans,\\nArgives, and Corinthians, influenced by\\nPersian gold, enter into a league\\nagainst Sparta. [War follows.]\\n394 b. c. Turk. Pausanias reigns\\nin Macedonia. [Amyntas reigns after\\nkilling Pausanias.]\\n392** b.c. Turk. The Illyrians enter\\nMacedonia, and expel Amyntas, and re-\\nstore the throne to Argteus, the brothers\\nof Pausanias. [390. Amyntas recovers it,]\\n387* b. c. The Peace of Antalcides\\nthe Peloponnesian and Persian wars.\\nThe weak condition of the Greeks com-\\npels them to abandon all the Greek cities\\nin Asia, together with the islands of\\nClazomense and Cyprus, to Persia the\\nother Grecian cities and states to remain\\nindependent except Lemnos,Imbros, and\\nScyros, which go to Athens.\\n386* *b. c Platsea is rebuilt, and many\\nof its former citizens brought back by\\nSparta, aiming to annoy Thebes.\\n382-379 b. c. At the request of the\\nMacedonian king, Sparta sends an army\\nwhich destroys the Olynthiac Confed-\\neracy a league of independent Mace-\\ndonian and Grecian cities.\\n382 b. c. Turk. The King of the\\nOdrysse in Thrace disputes with the\\nAthenians respecting the possession of\\nthe Thracian Chersonesus.\\n379* b. c. Thebes is freed from\\nSpartan rule by Pelopidas.\\nb. c. The Athenians enter an open\\nalliance with Thebes against Sparta.\\nB. c. Asia M. All the Greek cities\\nare oppressed by Persia.\\n378 b. c. Athens heads a confede-\\nracy [of 70 cities] against Sparta.\\n376* b. c. The Boeotian cities submit\\nto Thebes, which becomes the head of\\nthe new Boeotian League.\\n374 b. c. Jason, the tyrant of Phe-\\nrse, rules in Thessaly.\\n371 Spring. B.C. A congress in Sparta\\nforms the treaty of Callias, making\\npeace among all the states of Greece\\nexcept Thebes and Sparta.\\n371-362 b.c. Period of Theban lead-\\nership in Greece under Epaminondas.\\n370 b. c. Megalopolis in Arcadia is\\nfounded.\\n369* *b. c. Turk. Alexander II.\\nreigns in Macedonia. [367. He is assassi-\\nnated. 364. Perdiccas reigns. 359. He\\nis killed in battle.]\\nb. c. The Messenians are restored to\\nindependence by Epaminondas Mes-\\nsene is founded.\\n367* b. c. Sicily. Dionysius the\\nyounger succeeds his father in Syracuse.\\n361 b. c. General peace prevails\\nbetween Grecian states, with the excep-\\ntion of Sparta, it being unwilling to\\nacknowledge the independence of Mes-\\nsenia all parties are in the same posi-\\ntion as before the war.\\nb. c. Agesilaus the Spartan goes\\nto Egypt to assist the rebels under\\nTachos, whose fleet is commanded by\\nChabrias, an Athenian.\\n360 b. c. The Grecian republics be-\\ngin to decay.\\n359-336 b. c. Turk. Macedon rises\\nto power.\\n359** b.c. Turk. Philip II. becomes\\nKingof Macedon. [357. Founds Philippi.]\\n358* B. c. Athens. The second period\\nof Athenian greatness reaches its\\nheight.\\n357\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Chios, Cos, Rhodes, and\\nByzantium successfully revolt against\\nAthens.\\n356 b. c. Sicily. Dion is welcomed\\nto Syracuse, and Dionysius is expelled.\\n[346. Restored. 343. Exiled.]\\nb.c. Turk. Alexander [the Great]\\nis born in Macedon.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1035.jp2"}, "1036": {"fulltext": "1024 356** b. c.-311**b.c.\\nGREECE.\\nARMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NAVY.\\n356-352 b. c. Philip of Macedon con-\\nquers Thrace, Ulyria, and Thessaly.\\n355-346 B.C. The third Sacred\\nWar Phocians and Delphians contend\\nfor possession of the temple at Delphi.\\nThe Amphictyonic Council laid a\\nheavy fine on the Phocians because\\nthey cultivated land consecrated to the\\nDelphian god, and thereby devoted to\\nlie waste forever the Phocians resist\\npayment. They plunder the temple, and\\nwith its gold hire mercenary troops\\ntheir leaders are Philomelus, Onomar-\\nchus, Phayllus, and Phaliecus.\\n352 b. c. The Phocians are de-\\nfeated by Philip II. near the Gulf of\\nPassae, and Onomarchus is slain.\\n348 b. c. Turk. Philip II. captures\\nOlynthus by treachery before the arrival\\nof the Athenian allies, and sells the in-\\nhabitants. Nearly all the towns of the\\nOlyntniac confederacy are subdued.\\n346 b. c. The Sacred Wars are\\nended by Philip, who takes all the cities\\nof the Phocians, and razes their walls.\\n344 b. c. Hung. Philip of Macedon\\nconducts a successful expedition into\\nIllyria; he subdues Thessaly.\\nb. c. Philip offers to protect the\\nMessenians, Megalopolitans, and Ar-\\ngives against the Spartans.\\n344-342 b. c. Turk. Philip invades\\nThrace, and captures Cersobleptes.\\n341 b. c. War breaks out between\\nPhilip and Athens.\\n340 b. c. Turk. Philip lays siege\\ntoPerinthus and Byzantium, to close the\\nBlack Sea against the grain supply of the\\nAthenians. The fear of starvation forces\\nthe Athenians to declare war, and send a\\nfleet to relieve three cities. [339. Pho-\\ncion forces Philip to raise the siege.]\\n339-338 b.c. The fourth Holy War.\\nThe Amphictyonic Council decrees the\\npunishment of the Locrians of Amphissa\\nfor desecrating ground consecrated to\\nApollo the infliction is entrusted to\\nPhilip, who is appointed general-in-chief.\\nb. c. Athens. The Athenians, urged\\nby Demosthenes, prepare a fleet and\\narmy to resist Philip they secure The-\\nban allies.\\n338 Aug. 3 b. c. Battle of Chaer-\\nonea.\\nThe Athenians and Thebans are de-\\nfeated by Philip, whose son Alexander\\ndecides the battle by annihilating the\\nTheban Sacred Band. [This places the\\nwhole of Greece at the feet of Philip.]\\nb. c. Philip places a garrison in the\\nCadmea at Thebes.\\n335 B. c. Alexander, son of Philip,\\nsubdues the revolting Thracians also\\nthe Getse and Illyrians.\\nThe Thebans revolt on receiving a\\nfalse report of the death of Alexander.\\nHe levels Thebes to the ground, sparing\\nonly the house of Pindar, and sells the\\ninhabitants as slaves. Athens is ter-\\nrified, and submits to Alexander.\\nb. c. The Greeks appoint Alexander\\ngeneral of their armies.\\n334-331 b.c Alexander leads the\\nGreeks and Macedonians to the con-\\nquest of Persia, having 30,000 infantry\\nand 5,000 cavalry.\\n334 May 22 b. c. Asia M. Battle\\nof the Granicus; a rivulet in Troas.\\nid 20,000 horse.\\n1 b. c. Asia M. Sardis surrenders to\\nAlexander; he also takes Halicarnas-\\nbus and other cities.\\nb. c. Asia. Alexander subdues\\nAsia.\\nHe enters Babylon. [330. Spring. He\\nbegins the pursuit of Darius into Media.\\nDarius is dethroned and murdered by his\\nsatrap, Bessus. The Greek mercenaries\\nleave the Persians and join Alexander. 329.\\nBessus is taken and executed. Parthia,\\n320-317 b. c. Asia. Antigonus, the\\nally of Cassander, defeats Eumenes,\\nthe ally of Polysperchon, in several en-\\ngagements, and kills him. (316).\\n318* b. c. Polysperchon invades\\nGreece, and unsuccessfully attempts to\\ncapture Athens and Megalopolis.\\nMedia, and other countries\\nthe armies of Alexander. Thalestris, queen\\nof the Amazons, visits him. He crosses\\nthe river Jaxartes into Russia, and defeats\\nthe Scythians. He again crosses the Oxus\\ninto Turkestan, and takes the fortress, Sog-\\ndian Rock. He returns to liaetria, Afghan-\\nistan, and prepares for the invasion of India.\\nHe crosses the Indus, into India, by a bridge\\nof boats. Battle of Hydaspes; Alexander\\ndefeats and captures the India prince, Poms,\\nwho loses 12,000 killed and 9.000 prisoners.\\nNov.* Alexander begins the descent of the\\nHydaspes River to its mouth.]\\nb. c. The Spartans unsuccessfully\\nrevolt against Alexander.\\nb. c. Battle of Megalopolis Antip-\\nater, the vice-regent of Alexander, to-\\ntally defeats the 5,000 Spartans under\\ntheir king, Agis II., who is killed.\\n333 b. c. Memnon, a Greek in the\\nservice of the Persians, with a fleet of\\n300 ships, ravages the Cyclades Islands.\\nNov.* b.c. Asid M. Darius is de-\\nfeated at Issus in Cilicia.\\nDarius has 400,000 foot and 100,000\\nhorse; 6.000 infantry and 10,000 horse-\\nmen are slain, and 40,000 made prisoners.\\n332 July* b. c. Asia M. Alexander\\non his way to Egypt lays siege to Tyre.\\n[After seven months it is destroyed and\\n8,000 people massacred Damascus is\\ntaken; Gaza surrenders after a siege of\\ntwo months, and 30,000 people are sold.]\\nb. c. Palestine. Alexander marches\\non Jerusalem, and prostrates himself\\nbefore the high priest, who meets him\\nwearing the sacred breastplate.\\n331 Oct. 1 B. c. Assyria. Alexander\\ntotally defeats the Persians at Arbela.\\nTheir army of more than 1,000,000 men\\nand 40,000 cavalry is routed by Alexan-\\nder with 40.000 foot and 7,000 horse. [The\\ncapture of Susa, Perscpolis, Babylon, and\\nother important cities follows.]\\nb. c. Egypt welcomes Alexander\\naB the enemy of Persia.\\n327 t- B.C. Nearchus, Alexander s\\nadmiral, sails from the Indus to the\\nEuphrates he explores the Indian\\nOcean and the Persian Gulf.\\n326 Autumn b. c. Persia. Alexan-\\nder marches across the desert toward\\nPersepolis many soldiers perish dur-\\ning 60 days of sultry marching. [325.\\nSpring. Alexander again arrives at\\nSusa. 324. July* He quells a mutiny\\namong the Macedonians.]\\n323-222 b. c. The Lamian War.\\nThe Greek cities, under the leadership\\nof Athens, unsuccessfully attempt to\\nthrow off the Macedonian yoke (322,\\nAug. 7). Antipater, the regent, reen-\\nforced byCraterus, co-ruler, defeats the\\nrevolters near Crannon in Thessaly.\\n323-276 b. c. Wars of the succes-\\nsors of Alexander.\\n321 b. c Egy. Perdiccas, one of\\nAlexander s generals, invades Egypt\\nwith the object of dethroning Ptolemy.\\nHe is defeated in several battles, and\\nmurdered by his discontented soldiers.\\nB. c. Cassander s fleet, under Nica-\\nnor, totally defeats a fleet of Polysper-\\nchon under Clitus, in the Hellespont.\\n317* B. c. Turk. Olympias, mother\\nof Alexander, and Polysperchon un-\\nsuccessfully invade Macedon. [Olym-\\npias is captured and killed by Cassander\\nPolysperchon retires to iEtolia.]\\n*B. c. Turk. Lysimachus makes\\nhimself master of the lieutenancy of\\nThrace.\\n315-301 b. c. War of Alexander s\\ngenerals against Antigonus.\\nAntigonus attempts to bring all Asia,\\nGreece, and Egypt under his rule Ptol-\\nemy, Seleueus, Lysimachus, Cassander,\\nand the other generals oppose him.\\n311 b. c. A general peace follows\\nseveral years indeoisiveiighting between\\nthe various contestants.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n345 b. c. An earthquake buries Du-\\nras with all its inhabitants; 12 cities in\\nCampania, Italy, are also buried.\\n340\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Theophrastus studies\\nbotany.\\n336 B. c. Athens. Callippus the as-\\ntronomer first calculates eclipses.\\n335+ b. c. Encaustic painting is in-\\nvented by Gasias.\\nAthens, Aristotle returns from Mace-\\ndonia. [334 He founds the Peripatetic\\nschool of philosophy.]\\n332+ b. c. Apelles of Colophon,\\nIonia [the most celebrated of Grecian\\npainters], paints portraits of Philip V.of\\nMacedon and Alexander the Great y and\\nthe picture Venus Anadyomene.\\n330 b. c. Aristoxenus discovers the\\ndifference between major and minor\\ntones.\\n328+ b. c. Praxiteles makes silver\\nmirrors.\\n325\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Aristotle first mentions\\nthe use of diving-bells. [320+ He\\nwrites the first treatise on mechanics.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n350* Euphranor, Corinthian sculptor, d.\\n4th Century. Abasias of Ephesus, sculptor, b.\\nAnaxanhus, philosopher, born.\\nApelleB, painter, born.\\nArchytas of Tarentiim, math., gen., states., b.\\nArlstobulus, historian, born.\\nCallippus of Cyzi.-us. astronomer, born.\\nCallistratus, Athenian orator, born.\\nChares, Athenian general, born.\\nEuclid of Alexandria, geometer, born.\\nLysippus. sculptor of 1,500 statues, born.\\nNearchus, admiral, voyager, born.\\nParrhasius of Kphesus, painter, born.\\nPraxiteles, sculptor, born.\\nTheodorua of Cyrene, pbiloeopher, born.\\nZoilns, critic, grammarian, born.\\n345 Demetrius Phalereus, Athenian ora-\\ntor, statesman, born. [284. DieB.]\\n344+ Herophilus, physician, born.\\n342* Epicurus, philosopher, founder Epi-\\ncurean school, born. [270. Dies.]\\nZeno, philoa., fdr. Stoic school, b. [270.\\n341* Menander, poet, dram., b. c^O. 1\\n337* Timoleon, general, statesman, libera-\\ntor of Syracuse, dieB.\\n336 A nt i phi Ins, painter, born.\\nCrates, of Thebes, Cynic philosopher, born-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1036.jp2"}, "1037": {"fulltext": "GREECE.\\n356** b.c. -311b. c. 1025\\n335 -i: Demetrius Poliorcetes, King of Mace-\\ndon, born. [283. Dies.]\\n328 Clitus, Macedonian general, dies.\\n333 Leosthenes, Athenian general, killed.\\n321 Craterus, Macedonian general, dies.\\nPerdiccas, Macedonian general, dies.\\n319* Antipater, general, regent of Mace-\\ndonia, dies.\\n318* Denial s. Athenian orator, states,, d.\\n318\u00c2\u00b1 Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, b. [272. D.]\\n316* Arcesilaus. phil., born. [241. Dies.]\\nLETTERS.\\n355 b. c. Demosthenes delivers ora-\\ntions against Leptines and Androtion.\\n[354. He speaks against the projected ex-\\npedition to Eubcea; he also dissuades the\\nAthenians from making war on the Persians.\\n353. He writes his oration against Meidias,\\nand Pro Meanlopolittoxis, favoring the de-\\nfense of Megalopolis against the Spartans;\\nalso his speech against Aristocrates and\\nTimocrates. 352, His First Philippic, at\\nAthens, against the encroachments of Muce-\\ndon; 351, For the Rhodians auanist Midi tin\\n349, The First and Second Olvnthiac; 348,\\nThe Third Olvnthiac; 346, Sept., On the\\nPeace; 344, The Second Philippic; 343, On\\nHalonesus (oration of Hegesippus also\\nOn the Embassy; 341, The Third Philippic,\\nOn the Chersonese; 330, On the Crown.]\\n345 B. c. iEschines delivers a Speech\\nagainst Timarckus. [343, On the Em-\\nbassy; 330, Against Ctesiphon.]\\n343 b. c. Aristotle is made tutor of\\nAlexander the Great, son of Philip of\\nMacedon.\\n[334-322, He maintains a school at Athens.\\nHis collection of books is the first private\\nlibrary. He writes Topics, Analytics (Prior\\nand Posterior) Sophistical Refutations,\\nRhetoric, Metaphysics, Politics, Poetics, On\\nAnimals, On Parts of Animals, On Genera-\\ntion of Animals, On the Soul, On Locomo-\\ntion of Animals, Mi teorofoyics, Mcomachean\\nEthics.]\\n335* b. c. Alexander destroys\\nThebeB, but spares the house of Pin-\\ndar the poet.\\nSOCIETY.\\n336 b- c. Turk. Philip II., of Mace-\\ndun, is assassinated by Pausanias at\\n-Egse, during the celebration of thegames\\nin honor of his daughter s nuptials.\\n330 b. c. Alexander tortures and\\nkills Philotas, son of Parmenion. [In a\\ndrunken revel he kills with his own\\nhand his friend Clitus. 328. He marries\\nRoxana, a Bactrian of surpassing beauty.\\nCalisthenes, the historian, is put to\\ntorture for refusing to pay divine hom-\\nage to Alexander.\\n329 b. c. Alexander executes his\\nfriend Parmenion on a false charge\\nof treason.\\nb. c. Thalestris, Queen of the Ama-\\nzons, visits Alexander.\\n328 b. c. Hermolaus, Calisthenes, a\\npupil of Aristotle, and others, conspire\\nto murder Alexander. [Their plot is\\ndiscovered, and they are put to death.]\\n325\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Persia. Alexander re-\\nquires his subjects to worship him as a\\ndivinity, he being the successor of Darius,\\nthe great king.\\nb. c. Alexander marries Barsine,\\ndaughter of Darius, the late Persian\\nking.\\nEight Macedonian officers marry Per-\\nsian ladies of good families, and, stimu-\\nlated by rewards offered by Alexander,\\n10,000 Macedonians take Persian wives.\\n324-311 B.C. Turk. Horrors abound\\nevery member of the royal family of\\nAlexander perishes, mostly by murder.\\nSTATE.\\n354-330 b.c. Speeches of Demos-\\nthenes. (See Letters.)\\n354* b. c. Athens. Demosthenes, 27\\nyears of age, becomes the political coun-\\nselor of the people.\\n353 b. c. The ambitious designs of\\nPhilip LT., King of Macedon, excite the\\nattention of Greece.\\nb. c. Sicily. Dion is assassinated,\\nand succeeded by Callippus.\\n352 b. c. Turk. Philip LT. becomes\\nmaster of Thessaly by the defeat of\\nPhocians.\\nb. c. Demosthenes becomes the\\nleader of a national opposition to the\\nambition of Philip II.\\n347 b. c. Philip II. makes the whole\\nChalcidic peninsula a province of Mace-\\ndonia.\\n346 b. c. Athens. A Macedonian\\nparty is formed, with iEschines as leader\\nand the chief opponent of Demosthenes.\\nB. c. Philip LT. is elected to the\\nAmphictyonic Council in place of the\\nPhocians.\\nB. c. The Athenians make a shame-\\nful peace with Philip II., which is ne-\\ngotiated by Philocrates, and leaves all\\nconquests in the hands of the king.\\nb. c. All the cities of Phocis except\\nAbse are destroyed by Philip II.\\nb. c. Athens. Demosthenes lodges\\na complaint against ..Eschines, who is de-\\nclared not guilty.\\nb. c. Turk. Thrace is made tributary\\nto Macedon Philippopolis is founded.\\n340 b. c. War is declared against\\nPhilip II. because of his aggressions on\\nthe Bosporus.\\nb. c. Turk. Alexander, 16 years of\\nage, is regent while Philip II. is in the\\nByzantium campaign.\\n339\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Demosthenes goes to\\nThebes to form an alliance against\\nPhilip II.\\n338* *b. c. Philip II. takes from\\nSparta a large part of its territory, and\\ndistributes it among the Messenians,\\nArgives, and Arcadians.\\nb. c. Peace of Demades Philip II.\\ngrants favorable terms to Athens;\\nGreece is practically a province of\\nMacedonia.\\n337 b. c. Macedonian leadership.\\nThe National Assembly is gathered at\\nCorinth, with Spartans alone absent;\\nPhilip causes himself to be chosen leader\\nwith unlimited power to conduct the\\nGrecian forces against the Persians.\\n336 b. c. Philip LT. is assassinated\\nat JEgse by Pausanias.\\n336-323 b. c. Turk. Alexander LEI.,\\nthe Great, succeeds his father as king\\nof Macedon and ruler of Grecian states.\\nHe forces the Greeks to transfer to him\\nthe leadership of the states, and to give\\nhim command against the Persians.\\n334\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Alexander proclaims the\\nfreedom of Grecian cities in Asia Minor\\nfrom Persian rule.\\n332 b. c. Egypt. A Macedonian dy-\\nnasty rules. Alexandria is founded as\\nthe commercial exchange of the eastern\\nand western worlds (p. 651).\\n330* b. c. The Spartans revolt\\nagainst Alexander, and are put down by\\nAntipater, his vice-gerent.\\n328 b. c. Alexander adopts Orien-\\ntal clothing and customs.\\n325 b. c. Demosthenes is exiled.\\n324 Jan. b. c. Asia. Alexander re-\\nturns from India to Babylon.\\nHe discloses his great plan of uniting\\nthe victors and vanquished intoaworld-\\nwide Macedonian -Persian empire,\\nwith Babylon for its capital, and intro-\\nducing Hellenic customs into the East.\\n323 June 28 b. c. Asia. Alexander\\ndies at Babylon after a debauch,\\nb. c. The anti-Macedonian party\\ncarries all before it, seeking to restore\\nthe liberties of Greece.\\nb. c. Alexander s dominions are di-\\nvided among his generals.\\nPerdiccas receives the regency of Asia for\\nAlexander s half-brother, Philip Arrhidrous,\\nand his posthumous son by Roxana; Antip-\\nater and Craterus together receive the re-\\ngency of the west. Ptolemy receives the\\nlieutenancy of Egypt; Antigonus that of\\nPamphylia, Phrygia, and Lycia Eume-\\nnas, Alexander s secretary, that of Paph-\\nlygonia and Cappadoeia\u00e2\u0080\u0094 to be subdued;\\nCassander that of Caria in Asia Minor\\nand Leonnatus, part of Syria.\\nB. c. The Athenians and their allies\\nrise against Macedonia. Demos-\\nthenes is recalled from banishment.\\n322\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Perdiccas, who had mar-\\nried Alexander s sister, having planned\\nto make himself king, the other generals\\nform a league against him.\\n322 b. c. Alexander s remains are\\ntransported to Alexandria, and buried by\\nPtolemy Soter [King of Egypt].\\nb. c. Greece once more receives a dis-\\nastrous blow in the battle of Crannon\\nAntipater compels each state to sue\\nfor peace separately.\\nOct.* b.c. Athens. Demosthenes\\nflees to Calauria. [Oct. 7. Disdaining to\\ngive up to the tyrant, he poisons himself.]\\n321 b. c. Antipater is declared re-\\ngent after the death of Perdiccas.\\nHe retains Macedonia and Greece, and\\nmakes a new partition of the provinces,\\ngiving Babylon to Seleucus.\\n319 b. c. Polysperchon, favored by\\nAntipater, ascends the vacant throne,\\nand proclaims liberty to the Grecian\\ncities. [War follows with Cassander,\\nthe son of Antipater, over the regency.]\\n318* b. c. Athens. Cassander rules\\nas chiliarch noble Phocion is executed\\nby a mob on a false charge of treason.\\n317-307 b. c. Athens. Demetrius\\nPhalereus is governor for Cassander.\\n316* b. c. Eumenes is put to death\\nby Antigonus. (See Army.)\\n315* *b. c. Cassander rebuilds Thebes.\\n312 Oct. 1 b. c. Asia. Seleucus re-\\ncovers dominion over Babylon.\\n311 b. c. Cassander marries Thessa-\\nlonica, a half-sister of Alexander, and\\nfounds the city of Thessalonica.\\nb. c. A hollow peace is concluded.\\nThe Greek cities are to be indepen-\\ndent but each general is allowed to keep\\nwhat he has gained, and Cassander is to\\nbe regent of Macedonia till Alexander\\nIV. shall be of age.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1037.jp2"}, "1038": {"fulltext": "1026 311b.c.-179**b.c.\\nGREECE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n310-308 b. c. Ptolemy breaks the peace,\\nand unsuccessfully Invades Greece.\\n307 e. c. Antigonus sends a suc-\\ncessful expedition, under his son Deme-\\ntrius Poliorcetes, to drive Cassander and\\nPtolemy out of Greeoe. [306. He sends\\nDemetrius to seize Cyprus, who with a\\nlarge fleet and army defeats Ptolemy s\\nbrother, whom he shuts up in Salamis.]\\n306 b. c. Cyprus. Great naval bat-\\ntle of Salamis.\\nPtolemy and his allies, with 140 vessels\\nand 10,000 troops, are completely de-\\nfeated by Demetrius, losing 120 of their\\nships and 17,000 prisoners.\\n305-304 b. c. Asia M. Demetrius un-\\nsuccessfully besieges Rhodes. [303.\\nHe drives Cassander out of Greece.\\nHe is appointed general of the states\\nof Greece.]\\n301 Aug.* B.C. Asia M. Battle of\\nIpsus in Phrygia.\\nAntigonus and Demetrius, with 70,000\\nfoot, 10,000 horse, and 75 elephants, are\\ncompletely defeated by Seleucus. and\\nLysimachus, with tUji(H foot, 10.500 horse,\\n400 elephants, 120 armed chariots An-\\ntigonus is killed.\\n291 B. c. Turk. War between Pyr-\\nrhus, King of Epirus, and Demetrius.\\n287** B.C. Egy. Ptolemy sends a pow-\\nerful fleet against Greece, while Pyr-\\nrhus and Lysimachus invade Macedon.\\n281* b. c. War, occurs between Ly-\\nsimachus and Seleucus.\\nb. c. Asia M. Battle of Corupe-\\ndion in Phrygia Lysimachus is defeated\\nand killed all his Asiatic dominions are\\nseized by Seleucus.\\n280* It. Pyrrhus invades Italy with\\nan army of 26,000 men and 20 elephants\\nto assist the Tarentines against the Ro-\\nmans. He defeats the Romans under\\nLsevinus at Heraclea. [279. Again at\\nAsculum.]\\nb. c. Turk. The Gauls under Bel-\\ngius invade Macedonia, defeat and kill\\nPtolemy Ceraunus, nearly annihilating\\nhis army. [279. Sosthenes drives them\\nout.]\\n279 Spring, b.c. The Gauls, led\\nby Brennus, invade Greece with an\\narmy of 150,000 foot and 61,000 horse.\\nHe dislodges 20,000 Greeks from the\\nThermopylae Pass by following the secret\\npass over the mountain, used by the Per-\\nsians 200 years before.\\n278 b. c. Sicily. Pyrrhus assists\\nthe Syracusans against the Carthagin-\\nb. c. The Gauls, 40,000 strong, under\\nBrennuB, are defeated near Delphi by\\n4.000 Delphians, and compelled to leave\\nGreece.\\n275 b. c. It. Pyrrhus is completely\\ndefeated by the Romans at Beneven-\\ntum [and compelled to return to Greece].\\n273 b. c. Turk. Pyrrhus invades\\nMacedonia, and defeats Antigonus Go-\\nnatas. [272. He invades and ravages the\\nPeloponnesus. He is killed at Argos.]\\n*b. c. Turk. The Gauls invade Mace-\\ndonia the second time.\\nb. c. Athens. Antigonus, King of\\nMacedonia, takes Athens after a long\\nsiege.\\n263**b.c. Athens. Claucon and\\nChremonides lead the last attempt to\\nthrow off the Macedonian rule. [It fails.\\nAfter a war of three years, Athens re-\\nmains tributary to Macedonia.]\\n255 b. c. Afr. Xanthippus the Spar-\\ntan, commanding a Carthaginian army,\\ndefeats Begulus. (See Italy.)\\n243 b. c. Corinth is captured by the\\nAchaean league under Aratus.\\n229**b.c. Corfu. The Romans\\ncapture Apollonia and Epidamnus.\\n228+ B. c. Athens. The fortress of\\nthe Athenaeum is built.\\n241-225 b. c. Cleomenes HI. is at\\nwar with the Achaean League. (226.) He\\ndefeats it at Mt. Lycaeum and Leuctra.\\n[222. He takes Megalopolis.]\\n221 b. c. The Spartans under Cleo-\\nmenes are totally defeated by the AcIub-\\nans and Macedonians under Antigonus\\nDoson at Sellasia in Laconia Sparta is\\ncaptured and Spartan power is at an end.\\n219-217 b.c. The Social War. The\\nAchaeans contend with the iEtolians\\nthe Peloponnesus is horribly ravaged.\\n219* b. c. The Achreans under Aratus\\nare defeated by iEtolians at Caphyee.\\nb. c. The camp of Philip V. of\\nMacedonia is surprised by Valerius\\nand Philip is forced to burn his ships,\\nand retreat in haste.\\n215-205 b. c. First war with Rome.\\n(215.) Philip prepares a large fleet, with\\nwhich he watches the Romans. (214.) It\\nunsuccessfully besieges the Roman\\ntown of Apollonia in Illyria.\\n212* b. c. Sicily. Syracuse is cap-\\ntured by the Romans. (See Italy.)\\nb. c. The Athenians become the al-\\nlies of the iEtolians against Macedon,\\nand send to Rome for assistance. [211.\\nAthens. A Roman fleet arrives.]\\n210 b. c. The Romans capture Za-\\ncynthus, Nesos, and Cenida% Anticyra\\nin Locris, and the Island of iEgiiia, and\\npresent all to the iEtolians.\\n209* *b. c. Philopoemen, the general\\nof the A cine an League, invades Elis in\\nconcert with Philip, to keep out the Ro-\\nmans, but be is defeated by Sulpicius.\\n208 b. c. The JEtolians are defeated\\nby Philip at Zania in Elis.\\n207 b. c. Philopoemen defeats the\\nSpartans under their tyrant Machani-\\ndas, at Mantinea, leaving 4,000 dead with\\ntheir leader.\\n202 B. c. Philip wars successfully\\nagainst the Rhodians. [201 His fleet is\\nsignally defeated off Chios.]\\n200-197 b.c. Second war with Rome.\\nThe Romans declare war against Philip\\nbecause of his aggressions upon their\\nallies in Greece.\\n197 b. c. Philip is defeated by the\\nRomans under Flamininus, at Cynos-\\ncephalae, in Thessaly. [Peace between\\nPhilip and Rome follows.] (See Italy.)\\n192 b. c. The iEtolians stir up an-\\nother war with Rome, having a new\\nally in Antiochus the Great, of Syria.\\n191* *b.c. Antiochus invades Greece,\\nbut Is completely defeated at Ther-\\nmopylae by the Romans under the consul\\nGlabrio, and forced to return to Asia.\\n190 b. c. Asia M. A great battle at\\nMagnesia in Lydia proves the power of\\nRome over the iEtoliau league Anti-\\nochus is defeated by Scipio Asiaticus.\\n188* b. c. Sparta is captured by Phil-\\nopoemen to suppress insubordination to\\nthe League.\\n183 b. c. Philopoemen, the last of\\nthe Greeks, is defeated by Dinocrates,\\nKing of Messenia, and executed.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n310 Aug. 15. b. c. The eclipse of\\nAgathocles is observed.\\n308\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Athens. Zeno founds the\\nschool of the Stoics.\\nZeno teaches that man s supreme hap-\\npiness consists in living in harmony with\\nnature and agreeable to the teachings of\\nreason, that the feelings should be sub-\\njugated, and that God is the soul of the\\nworld.\\n300+ b. c. Dissection, previously\\nconfined to animals, is first applied to\\nmen by Herophilus and Erasistratus.\\n283* *b. c. Turk. A great earth-\\nquake nearly destroys Lysimachia.\\n280 b. c. Euclid discourses on light\\ntraveling in straight lines.\\n255\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Eratosthenes of Cyrene\\ninvents the armillary sphere, and at-\\ntempts to determine the length of a\\ndegree.\\n236\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. The screw- cylinder for\\nraising water is in vented by Archimedes.\\n[212\u00c2\u00b1. He demonstrates the properties\\nof the lever.]\\n230\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Eratosthenes lays down\\nthe first parallel of latitude he also\\nattempts to measure the magnitude of\\nthe earth.\\n224 b. c. The Colossus of Rhodes\\nis thrown down by an earthquake.\\n200\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Ultramarine is known.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nSOO\u00c2\u00b1 Cleanthes, Stoic, au., b. [220. Dies.]\\n3d or 4th Century. Bion, mathematician, b.\\ng97* Cassander, Macedonian prince, dies.\\n287+ Archimedes, mathematician, born.\\n[212. Dies.]\\n3811 Ptolemy Ceraunus, King of Macedon,\\ndies.\\n280 Chrysippus, Stoic phil.,b. [207. D.]\\n276* Eratostlienes, geometer, b. [196. D.]\\n271 Aratns of Sicvon, stiitesinan, general,\\nborn. [213. Dies.]\\n252* Philopoemen, general, statesman,\\nborn. [182. Dies.]\\n3d Century. Aratus of Soli, poet, born.\\nAristarchus, astronomer, mathematician,\\nphilosopher, born.\\nAristfdes of Thebes, painter, born.\\nCallimaclms, poet of Alexandria, born.\\nChareB, statuary in bronze, born.\\nCineas, Thessalian orator, negotiator, born.\\nHeron, or Hero, mathematician, writer, born.\\nTheocritus, pastoral poet, born.\\nTimanthes, painter, born.\\nZenoilotus, uraniinariaii, born.\\n235* Philip V., of Macedon, b. [179. D.]\\n225 Aristophanes of Alexandria, gramma-\\nrian, critic, born.\\n220 Cleomenes III., King of Sparta, dies.\\n213* Carneatles, philosopher, orator, f dr.\\nNew Academy, born. [129. Dies.]\\n204* Polybius. hist., born. [123. Dies.]\\n200* (or 300), Cleomenes, Athenian sculp-\\ntor, born.\\nLETTERS.\\n306 b. c. Athens. Epicurus opens\\na school. [306-270. He writes about 300\\nvolumes, only fragments are extant.]\\n300-250 B.C. Egy. The Septuagint ver-\\nsion of the Scriptures is written at\\nAlexandria.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1038.jp2"}, "1039": {"fulltext": "GREECE.\\n311b.c.-179**b.c. 1027\\n300-288 B. c. History of Plants, Ethical\\nCharacters, and other works, by Theo-\\nphrastus, appear.\\n270\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Theocritus writes 30\\npoems called Idyls.\\n233 b. c. The Athenians lend to\\nPtolemy the original manuscript of\\njEschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles, on\\na pledge of 15 talents.\\n222-205 b. c. Apollonius Pergseus\\nwrites on Conic Sections in eight books,\\nand other geometrical works.\\n198\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Asia M. Books with\\nleaves of vellum are introduced.\\n194* b. c. Apollonius of Rhodes writes\\nArgonautica and other poems.\\n2d Century B. c. The Battle of Frogs and\\nMice appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n294 b. c. Turk. Demetrius Polior-\\ncetes, son of Antigonus, murders Alex-\\nander, son of Cassander, and seizes the\\ncrown of Macedonia.\\nb. c. An agrarian agitation arises\\nat Sparta the movement is put down.\\n220 b. c. Egy. Cleomenes, King of\\nSparta, kills himself in Egypt.\\n213* *B. c. Aratus, the statesman, a\\nformer friend of Philip, is slowly pois-\\noned by order of the king at JEgium.\\nSTATE.\\n311* *b.c. Cassander kills Roxana and\\nher son, the last of Alexander s family,\\nand becomes master of Greece.\\n308** B.C. Turk. Cleopatra, the last\\nsurvivor of the royal house of Macedon,\\nis assassinated by order of Cassander.\\n307* b. c. Athens. Demetrius I.,\\nPoliorcetes, son of Antigonus, expels\\nDemetrius Phalerius, and restores to\\npower the democracy.\\n306 B. C. Antigonus and his son De-\\nmetrius assume the title of king.\\n[Their example is followed by Seleucus,\\nLysimachus, and Cassander.]\\n301 b. c. Asia M. After the battle\\nof Ipsus, a third and final division of\\nthe empire of Alexander is made.\\nSeleucus and Lysimachus share be-\\ntween them the possession of Antigo-\\nnus, who was killed at Ipsus. Demetrius\\nbecomes a fugitive.\\n296 b. c. Turk. Cassander dies,\\nand is succeeded on the throne of Mace-\\ndonia by his eldest son, Philip TV.\\n295 b. c. Epirus is ruled by Pyr-\\nrhus, the greatest soldier of his day.\\nb. c. Turk. Philip IV. dies, and his\\nbrothers, Antipater and Alexander\\nV., dispute for the throne.\\n294 b. c. Turk. Demetrius I., Po-\\nliorcetes, murders Alexander V., and\\nseizes the crown of Macedon. He also\\nreigns over the greater part of Greece.\\n[287. Forced to abandon Macedonia.]\\nb. c. Antipater II. is put to death by\\nLysimachus.\\n293* *b. c. Asia. Seleucus divides\\nhis empire, and gives his son Antiochus\\nall lying east of the Euphrates.\\n287 b. c. Turk. Pyrrhus becomes\\nKing of Macedon. [231. Ptolemy Ce-\\nraunus.\\n286* b. c. Turk. Lysimachus is\\nking of Thrace j he drives Pyrrhus out\\nof Macedonia.\\n281 b. c. The empire of Alexander\\nfor a few weeks seems about to unite\\nagain under Seleucus after the battle of\\nCorpudion.\\n280 b. c. Turk. Seleucus is assas-\\nsinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus, who\\nthereby gains Thrace and Macedonia.\\nPtolemy is killed by the Gauls.\\nb. c. The Achaean League is es-\\ntablished, or revived.\\nFour cities Dyme, Patrse, Tritsea,\\nand Pherse unite in a confederation\\nagainst Macedonian domination. [In a\\nshort time they are joined by most of\\nthe principal cities of Greece.]\\nThe JEtolian League is founded.\\niEtolians and other tribes of northern\\nGreece confederate and although their\\nobject is national unity, the League often\\ntakes sides with Macedonia or Rome,\\nagainst the Achaean League.\\n279\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Turk. Sosthenes, ruler of\\nMacedonia, dies, and anarchy follows.\\n278-246 B.C. Turk. Antigonus Gon-\\natas, son of Demetrius, gains permanent\\npossession of Macedonia.\\nB. c. The vast empire of Alexander\\nis under three governments Egypt is\\nruled by the descendants of Ptolemy\\nSoter, Asia by the Seleucidae, and Mace-\\ndonia by the Antigonidre.\\n277 b. c. A triangular league is\\nformed between Athens, Sparta, and\\nEgypt.\\n273 b. c. Pyrrhus, King of Epirus,\\nhaving defeated Antigonus the second\\ntime, is proclaimed king.\\n272 b. c. Turk. Antigonus is re-\\nstored to the throne of Macedonia.\\nb. c. Athens ceases to have any\\npolitical influence in Greece it contin-\\nues the seat of learning and culture.\\n255 b. c. Athens. Antigonus libe-\\nrates the Athenians.\\n251 b. c. Aratus liberates Sicyon.\\n250* *b. c. Asia. Arsaces revolts\\nagainst Antiochus II., King of Syria, and\\nfounds the Parthian monarchy.\\n245 b. c. Aratus of Sicyon is first\\nelected general of the Achaean League.\\n[It very soon rises to national impor-\\ntance. 243. He captures Corinth, and\\nIt immediately joins the League.]\\n244 b. c. Agis TV. attempts to re-\\nvive the laws of Lycurgus, and the\\nancient virtue in Sparta. [241. He fails,\\nand is killed.]\\n243 b. c. Leonidas H. vacates the\\nthrone of Sparta, and becomes a fugitive.\\n[241. Recalled becomes sole sovereign.]\\n241 b. c. Sicily. AU the Grecian\\ncolonies pass under Roman rule ex-\\ncept Syracuse.\\n239 b. c. Turk. Antigonus Gona-\\ntas, King of Macedon, dies. Demetrius\\nLT. is king. [229. Philip V., eight years\\nof age, succeeds his father. Antigonus\\nDoson, his uncle, is regent.]\\n236 b. c. Cleomenes HI. becomes\\nKing of Sparta. [225. He carries out\\nthe reformation attempted by Agis. 219.\\nAgesipolis and Lycurgus reign.]\\nb. c. The Athenians join the Achse-\\nan League.\\n228 b. c. Sparta and the j3ijtolian\\nLeague join forces against the Achaean\\nLeague.\\nb. c. Roman ambassadors are first\\nreceived at Athens and Corinth. [225\u00c2\u00b1.\\nA second embassy is received.]\\n225+ b. c. Antigonus Doson of\\nMacedonia is elected general of the\\nAchaean League. [221. He enters Sparta,\\nand restores the oligarchy, and forces\\nan alliance with the Achoean League.]\\n220\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Turk. Macedonians at-\\ntain supremacy in the Achaean League.\\nb. c. Antigonus dies, and his nephew,\\nPhilip V., succeeds him.\\n215 B. c. Turk. Philip V. of Mace-\\ndon concludes a treaty with Hannibal\\nagainst Rome.\\n211* b. c. The iEtolian League forms\\nan alliance with the Romans against\\nPhilip V. [198. Against the Achaeans.]\\n209 B. c. The Achoeans, being hard\\npressed by the iEtolians, call in the aid\\nof Philip V.\\n208 b. c. Philopcemen, the last of\\nthe Greeks, is elected general of the\\nAchaean League.\\n205 b. c. The Romans make peace\\nwith Philip V.\\n204 b. c. Philip V. makes a treaty\\nwith Antiochus the Great for the parti-\\ntion of the Egyptian dependencies, by\\nwhich he receives Thrace and western\\nAsia Minor. [This leads to war with\\nAttalus of Pergamus and Rhodes.]\\n198 b. c. The Achaean League enters\\nan alliance with the Romans, and de-\\nserts Philip V:\\n197 b. c. Philip V., being defeated at\\nCynoscephahe, is compelled to abandon\\nall the Greek cities which he held,\\neither in Europe or Asia, and pay a large\\nwar indemnity.\\n196 b. c. Athens. The Romans sol-\\nemnly proclaim liberty.\\n192 b. c. Sparta joins the Achsean\\n190 b. c. The entire Peloponnesus is\\nunder one government the Achsean\\nLeague. [1S3\u00c2\u00b1. Its power declines.]\\n189 b. c. The iEtolians are defeated\\nby the Romans, and obtain peace on\\nhumiliating terms their League is prac-\\ntically crushed.\\nb. c. The Romans declare the free-\\ndom of Epirus.\\n188 b. c. The laws of Lycurgus in\\nSparta are abrogated by Philopcemen.\\n183 b. c. The Messenians withdraw\\nfrom the League, and war follows.\\n179 B. c. Turk. Philip V. dies, and\\nis succeeded by his son, Perseus [the\\nlast king of Macedonia].", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1039.jp2"}, "1040": {"fulltext": "1028 171* b.c. -a. d. 394, Sept. 6. GREECE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n171-168 b. c. Turk. Third war with\\nRome.\\nCause Perseus, son of Philip V., seeks\\nrevenge, and desires to regain the former\\nboundaries of Macedonia. The war ends\\nin the destruction of the monarchy, and\\nin the annexation of Macedonia as a prov-\\nince of Rome. (168 Autumn.) Perseus\\ndefeats the Romans in Thessaly.\\n168 June 22. b. c. Turk. Battle of\\nPydna.\\nThe Romans under L. iEmilius Pau-\\nlus utterly defeat Perseus, killing 20,000\\nand capturing 11,000 Macedonians. [Im-\\nmense spoils are taken to Rome. Paulus\\nreceives a splendid triumph.]\\n148-146 Fourth war with Rome. (See\\nItaly.)\\n146 b. c. The Achaean War.\\nIt is incited by the anti-Roman party\\nthe Achaean League attacks Sparta, and\\nRomans come to its aid.\\n*b.c. Turk. The Achseans under Crito-\\nlaus are defeated by Quintus Csecilius\\nMetellus, the Roman general at Scar-\\nphea, in Locris.\\nb. c. Battle of Leucopetra.\\nDiaeus summons all on the isthmus -who\\ncan bear arms, and enlists 12,000 slaves,\\nbut he is defeated by Romans under L.\\nMummuis.\\nb. c. Corinth falls without a blow\\nits art treasures are sent to Rome, and\\nits people made slaves.\\n88 b. c. The Athenians obtain assis-\\ntance against the Romans from Mithri-\\ndates, King of Pontus Archelaus, his\\ngeneral, makes himself master of Athens.\\n86 Mar. 1. b. c. Athens, long be-\\nsieged, is forced to surrender to Sulla.\\nB. c. The Roman general Sulla, with\\n30,000 to 40,000, defeats Archelaus with\\n110,000+ at Chseronea and Orchomenos.\\n[Peace follows between Rome and Mith-\\nridates.]\\n78-67 b. c. Rome is at war with the\\npirates, who sail 1,000 ships. Crete is\\nseized as their ally.\\n72 b. c. S. It. Thurii, a Greek city,\\nis captured by Spartacus and compelled\\nto make heavy contributions.\\n42 b. c. Turk. The battle of Phil-\\nippi in Macedonia.\\nThe republicans under Brutus and Cas-\\nsius are defeated by Octavius and Mark\\nAntony the fate of the republic is here\\ndecided.\\n31 Sept. b. c. Battle of Aetium.\\nThe combined fleets of Antony and\\nCleopatra are defeated by Octavian, who\\nthereby secures supreme rule over the\\nRoman realm.\\n211-217 a. d. The Germanic troops\\ninvade Greece. [244-249. Devastating\\nhordes of Germans appear. 249-251.\\nTurk. Goths and Germans ravage\\nThrace and Mcesia.]\\n249 Turk. A great battle is fought\\nnear Philippi the city is taken, and the\\nRomans defeated by barbarians 100,000\\ninhabitants are put to death.\\n251* Bulgaria. The Romans are de-\\nfeated in a battle with the Goths, near\\nAbricium on the Danube the Emperor\\nDecius and his son are killed.\\n256* The Goths make piratical expe-\\nditions into Greece. [267, They ravage\\nsouthern Greece without hindrance, and\\n267 Two Roman armies destroy or\\nexpel the Goths.\\n269 Turk. A great host of 320,000\\nGoths invade Greece, but are defeated\\nby Claudius II. they settle in Thrace,\\nor are drafted into the Roman legions.\\n314 Indecisive hostilities occur be-\\ntween Constantine and Licinius, his col-\\nleague. Peace follows.\\n323 July 3. Turk. Constantine com-\\npletely defeats Licinius near Adriano-\\nple.\\n367 Many Goths perish in a naval\\nengagement with the Romans near the\\nHellespont.\\n378 Aug. 9. Turk. The emperor Va-\\nlens is defeated at Adrianople by the\\nGoths he and most of his generals are\\nkilled.\\n382 Turk. Theodosius enrols the\\nGoths in the Empire.\\n388 June Aust.-Hung. Theodosius\\nthe Great defeats and kills Maximus\\nMagnus, at Aquileia but nearly anni-\\nhilates his own army in the struggle.\\n394 Sept. 6. Aust. Eugenius, the\\nusurping emperor of the West, is de-\\nfeated and killed by Theodosius at Fri-\\ngidus, near Aquileia.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n160-125 b.c. Hipparchusof Nicasa, in\\nBithynia [first and greatest of Grecian\\nastronomers], flourishes.\\nHe founds scientific astronomy, cata-\\nlogues the stars, invents the planisphere,\\ncalculates eclipses, and discovers the\\neccentricity of the solar orbit, some of\\nthe inequalities of the moon s motions,\\nand the procession of the equinoxes.\\n105 B. c. (106?) Four cities in Asia,\\ntwo in Greece, and two in Galatia are\\noverturned by earthquakes.\\n22 b. c. Borne. Pantomime plays\\nare introduced on the Roman stage by\\nPylades and Bathyllus.\\n17 A. D. Asia M. Ephesus is nearly\\ndestroyed by an earthquake.\\n67 The Emperor Nero despoils Cor-\\ninth of its treasures in art he projects\\na canal across the isthmus.\\n170* Galen, an eminent surgeon,\\nflourishes.\\n262 Asia M. The hordes of Goths\\ndestroy the famous temple of Diana\\nin Ephesus, having 120 pillars and con-\\ntaining masterpieces of art, the chief\\nof which are the works of Praxiteles.\\n340 Many Grecian cities are destroyed\\nby earthquakes.\\n346-379 Athens. Hilarius, a painter,\\narrives from Bithynia.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n160 AriBtarehiis of Samothrace, gram-\\nmarian, critic, born. [88. Dies.]\\n2d Century. Apollodorus, Athenian gram-\\nmarian, born.\\nHipparchus of Nierca, founder of science of\\nastronomy, born.\\n135 Posidonius, Stoie phil.,b. [51- Dies.]\\n2d or 1st Century. Dioaeorides, phy., wr., b.\\n74 Damascenes, Nicolaus, historian, phi-\\nlosopher, born.\\n70* **DionyBius of HalicarnassuB, hist., b.\\n1st Century. Andronicus of Rhodes, Peripa-\\ntetic philosopher, born.\\nAsclepiades Hithynus, physician, born.\\nIHodorus Siculus, historian, born.\\nMenippuB, poet, Cynic philosopher, born.\\n63 Strabo, geographer, b. [24 a. d. D.j\\n4 Apollonius Tyanseus, Pythagorean phi-\\nlosopher, born. [97 a. d. Dies.]\\n46 a. d. Plutarch, biographer, philoso-\\npher, born. [120. Dies.]\\n50* Archelaus, sculptor, born. [117. Dies.]\\n1st Century. Apion, grammarian, hist., born.\\n60+ Epictetus. Stoic philosopher, born.\\n95 Dionysius the Areopagite, Christian\\nbishop, dies.\\n100 Arrian, historian, born, [170. Dies.]\\n103 Justin the Martyr, Christian Father,\\nborn. [165. Dies.]\\n104 Herodes, Tiberius Claudius Atticus,\\nAthenian orator, statesman, b. [180. D.l\\n120 Lucian. mis. wr., b. [210. Dies.]\\n129* Aristides. ora., sophist, b. [185. D.]\\n130 Iremrtis, Saint, bishopof Lyons, born.\\n[202. Dies.]\\n131 Galen, Claudius, phys., au., phil., b.\\n2d Century. JElian, Claudius, rhetorician, b.\\nAlcephron, epistolary author, born.\\nAthenaus, grammarian, born.\\nAthenagoras, philosopher, born.\\nAquila Poni ieiiB, translator, born.\\nCleomedes, astronomer, born.\\nDionysius of By/antium, poet, born.\\nHermogenes, rhetorician, born.\\nMarcion, t;reek heresiareh, born.\\nJloschus, poet, born.\\nOppian, poet, born.\\nI ausainas, traveler, writer, born.\\n155 Dion Cassias, historian, born.\\n175\u00c2\u00b1 Philostratus, biog., b. [245+. Dies.]\\n2d or 3d Century. Alexander of Aphrodiaias,\\nphilosopher, born.\\n233 Porphyry, N eoplatonic philosopher,\\nanti-Christian writer, horn. [304. Dies.]\\n3d Century. Diogenes Laertius, hist., phil., b.\\nHerodian, historian, born.\\n250 Alexander, first bp. of Cappadooia, d.\\n256+ Arius, fdr.Arianism, It. [336. D.]\\n.265 Dionysius of Alexandria, Saint, bp., d.\\n266* Eusebius. bishop of Osaria, histo-\\nrian, born. [349. Dies.]\\n272 Constantine the Great, emperor,,\\nborn. [337. Dies.]\\n273 Longiiius, IMonvhium Cassius, phil., d.\\n280 Uexippus, Publius H., hist., gen., d.\\n318 Epiphanms. bp., au., b. [403. Dies.]\\n326* liasil. Saint, a Father of the (..reek\\nChurch, born. [379. Dies.]\\n332 Gregory, Saint, bishop of Myssa,\\nGreek Father, born. [390\u00c2\u00b1. Dies.]\\n347 F.unapius, physieian, Bophiet, born.\\nChrysostom, .lohn, arehbishop of Constanti-\\nnople, writer, born. [407. Dies.]\\n4th Century. Arnobius, rhet., apologist, b.\\nIleliodorus, bp. of Kmessa, romance wr., b.\\n370* Hypatia, phil., math., b. [415. D.]\\n375 Eutyches, heresiareh of Eastern\\nChurch, born. [454. Dies.]\\n390* Marcianus, emperor, born. [457. D.]\\nTheodoret, bp. of Cyprus, hist., b. [457. D.J\\nCHURCH.\\nNote. For the list of popes see Italy.\\n52 *a.d. St. Paul visits Philippi, Thes-\\nsaloniea, Keren, also Athens and Corinth.\\n[57. He returns to Corinth. 58. He\\nvisits Philippi. 63. He visits Macedo-\\nnia. 67. He visits Kicopolis.] (See It.)\\n150+ The Christian apologists flourish.\\n312* Turk. Constantine the Great\\nprofesses the Christian religion.\\nOct. 29. Turk. Constantine, by edict,\\nrestores the civil and religious rights.\\n319+ Immersion is practised among\\nthe Eastern Christians, while sprinkling\\nis practised in the Western churches.\\nEgy. Alexander, bishox* of Alexan-\\ndria, investigates the Arian heresy.\\n[321. Arius is excommunicated. 336.\\nRecalled from exile.]\\nAthanasius defends the doctrine of\\nthe Trinity.\\n324+ Asia M. Constantine restores\\nreligious liberty to the Christians.\\n325 June 19-Aug. 25. Asia M. The\\nsecond general Council, of 318 bish-\\nops, is held at Nice, the Emperor Con-\\nstantine presiding. The Arians are con-\\ndemned.\\n328* Egy. Athanasius is made pa-\\ntriarch of Alexandria (p. 654).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1040.jp2"}, "1041": {"fulltext": "GREECE. 171** b.c.-a.d. 394, Sept. 6. 1029\\n330+ Constantinople. Constantino\\nand his court favor the condemned doc-\\ntrine of Arius. He orders the heathen\\ntemples to be destroyed.\\n341\u00c2\u00b1 Constantinople.. Macedonius,\\na semi-Arian, is made bishop of Con-\\nstantinople his followers are called\\nMacedonians much bloodshed follows\\nhis appointment. [360. He is expelled.]\\n361 Nov, 3. Julian the apostate be-\\ncomes emperor. [He opposes Chris-\\ntianity, and attempts the restoration of\\nheathen worship.]\\nAsia M. Basil the Great and\\nGregory the Theologian, two of the\\nFathers, flourish in Cappadocia.\\n370* Constantinople. Archbishop\\nEusebius (organizer of the Arians)dies,\\nand Basil succeeds him in the Metro-\\npolitan See he strongly supports the\\northodox doctrine against Arianism.\\n379 Jan. 1. Constantinople. Bishop\\nBasil dies, and is mourned by all,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\npagans, Jews, and Christians.\\n380 Constantinople. Tlieodosius, by\\nedict, proclaims the Athanasian doc-\\ntrine of the Trinity as orthodox,\\nbrands as heretics its opposers, and\\nturns over the churches of Constantino-\\nple to the exclusive use of the Trinita-\\nrian minority.\\n381 July 9. Constantinople. The\\nthird General Council is convoked by\\nTlieodosius to determine the catholic\\ndoctrine regarding the Holy Ghost.\\nIt is attended by 150 orthodox bishops\\nand 36 semi-Arians (Macedonians). The\\nMacedonians, Arians, Eunomians, Eu-\\ndoxians, and others are condemned, and\\nthe resolutions of the Council of Nice\\nare confirmed. The bishop of Constan-\\ntinople is assigned the second rank, next\\nto the bishop of Rome.\\nNectarius is elected bishop of Con-\\nstantinople.\\nLETTERS.\\n145-122 B. c. A History of Rome in 40\\nbooks is written by Polybius.\\n90i b. c. Athens. Apellicon, a\\nPeripatetic philosopher, makes a great\\ncollection of books.\\n84 b. c. Athens. The libraries are\\nremoved to Rome by Sylla the Dictator.\\n79 b. c. Athens. Cicero is a student\\nhere. [42. Horace also.]\\n58 *b. o. Andronicus, the Peripatetic\\nphilosopher of Rhodes, flourishes.\\n10 B. c. Historical Library, in 40\\nbooks, is written by Diodorus Siculus.\\n7= b. c. Dionysius of Halicarnas-\\nsus writes a history of Rome and other\\nhistorical, rhetorical, and critical works.\\n46 Plutarch, the biographer, philoso-\\npher, moralist, is born in Boeotia.\\nHe writes Parallel Lives of 60 eminent\\nGreeks and Romans [46 of which are ex-\\ntant]. Several other biographies, also\\nvarious philosophical, ethical, and other\\nworks.\\n52 St. Paul writes the First Epistle\\nto the Tkessalonians from Corinth.\\nT53. The Second Epistle to the Thessaloni-\\nans from Corinth; 57, First Epistle to the\\nCorinthians from Kphesus and the Second\\nfrom Macedonia, and Ej i. e to the Galatia/is\\nfrom Corinth; M, Epistle to the Itomarts from\\nCorinth; 62, Epistle to Philemon, Epistle to\\nthe Colossi rns, Epistle to the Phi/ippitins,\\nfrom Rome 67, First Epistle to Timothy from\\nMacedonia, and Epistle to Titus from Eplie-\\nsus; 68, Second Epistle to Timothy from\\nRome.\\n81 Dio Chrysostomus, rhetorician\\nand philosopher, writes orations. [Eighty\\nof them are extant.]\\n117 The Onomasticon, a collection of\\nvocabularies in Greek, by Julius Pollux,\\nappears.\\n140+ A History of Home, in 24 boons,\\nby Appian, appears.\\n169 Diogenes Laertius writes a his-\\ntory of philosophy in 10 books.\\n2d Century. Flavius Arrianus writes\\nLectures of Epictetas, and publishes an\\nabstract of Epictetus s philosophy, a\\nbook on Alexander s Asiatic expedition.\\nAthenaeus writes Banquet of the\\nLearned and other works.\\nLucian writes Dialogues of the Gods,\\nDialogues of the Dead, Auction of Philos-\\nophers, Timon, and Veracious History.\\n230+ Dion Cassius writes a History\\nof Rome in 80 books.\\n249+ Herodian writes a History of\\nRome (180-238).\\n3d Century. Pausanias writes Perieqesis\\nof Greece.\\n276 Porphyry writes a treatise\\nagainst the Christians, a Life of Plo-\\ntinus, A Life of Pythagoras.\\n3d Century. Dionysius Cassius Longi-\\nnus writes many critical philosophical\\nworks [now lost].\\nSOCIETY.\\n167* b. c. Rome. Perseus and his sons\\nwalk in chains before the chariot of\\n^Emilius in his triumph.\\n300* *a. n. Massacre at Thessalo-\\nnica 7,000 persons are invited into the\\ncircus and put to the sword, because of\\nsedition, by order of Theodosius.\\nSTATE.\\n168 b. c. Turk. The Macedonian\\nempire ends in the defeat of Perseus.\\n167 B. c. One thousand of the princi-\\npal Greek citizens are carried to Rome.\\n155 b. c. Diogenes, Carneades, and\\nCritolaus are sent on an embassy to\\nRome.\\n148 b. c. Turk. The insurrection\\nof Andriscus, calling himself Philip,\\nson of Perseus, is quelled.\\n147 b. c. Two Roman commis-\\nsioners are sent to Greece to settle the\\ndisputes between the states.\\n146 b. c. The Achaean League be-\\ncomes extinct after the surrender of\\nCorinth. Macedonia becomes a Roman\\nprovince.\\n145-1453. Greece is subject to Rome.\\n(See Italy.)\\n140 b. c. A Roman proconsul ar-\\nrives.\\n120 b. c. Rus. Kherson, the Do-\\nrian colony, comes under the sway of\\nMithridates, King of Pontus.\\n84 b. c. Asia M. Mithridates makes\\npeace with the Romans.\\nHe surrenders Bithynia and Cappa-\\ndocia to their former rulers, Paphla-\\ngonia and Asia Minor to the Romans,\\nand is secured in the possession of the\\nrest of his dominions.\\n67 b. c. Crete becomes a Roman\\nprovince.\\n46* b. c. Corinth is rebuilt by Julius\\nCaesar.\\nb. c. Greece is the center of con-\\ntention in the great civic wars of the\\nRomans.\\n42* *b.c. Turk. Sadales, King of the\\nOdrysse, bequeaths his territory to the\\nRomans.\\n31-14 b. c. Rome. Augustus reigns.\\n[21. He visits and favors Greece.]\\n27 b. c. Achaia and Macedonia be-\\ncome senatorial provinces of Rome\\nunder the name Achaia.\\n67 A. d. Nero visits Greece, and\\ntakes part in the Olympic games.\\n117-138 Rome. Hadrian reigns.\\nHe becomes popular at Athens because\\nof his restoration of temples, patronage\\nof art, and the granting of Roman citi-\\nzenship to Athenians. [138-161. An-\\ntoninus Pius reigns. 161-180. Marcus\\nAurelius he is deeply interested in\\nGrecian art and literature.]\\n193-211 Rome. Septimius S eve rus\\nsecures the throne in a struggle among\\nfive,claimants the cities of Greece suf-\\nfer in the contention, which shakes the\\nfoundations of the empire.\\n211-217 Rome. Caracalla reigns; he\\nis cruel and relentless. An invasion of\\nthe Germanic tribes takes place.\\n[217-218. Macrlnus. 218-222, Elaeabalus;\\n222-235, Alexander Serverus; 235-237, Maxi-\\nmums; 237, Gordianus I., Gordianus II.;\\n238, Pupienus Maximus, Balbinus; 238-24-1,\\nGordianus III.]\\n244-249 Rome. Philip the Arabian\\nreigns Germans invade northern\\nGreece.\\n249-251 Rome. Decius reigns.\\n251-253 Rome. Trebonianus Gallus\\nreigns he purchases peace with the\\nbarbarians by the payment of tribute,\\nand permitting them to carry away\\nbooty and captives.\\n253* Rome, JEmilianus reigns; ir-\\nruption of Scythians.\\n253-260 Valerian reigns.\\nThe irruption of Scythians continues\\nthey destroy temples and edifices, and\\nmurder and plunder without restraint.\\n260-268 Rome. Gallienus reigns the\\nGoths from the Black Sea come in ships\\nto invade the empire.\\n270-275 Rome. Aurelian reigns; in-\\nvasion of Goths Dacia is sacrificed in a\\ntreaty of peace.\\n276-282 Rome. Probus reigns.\\nHe cedes to the Goths vast territories\\nin Thrace after defeating them in bat-\\ntle he also admits them to the rights\\nand privileges of Roman citizens.\\n305 Galerius, one of the four Caesars,\\nrules in Illyricum, including Macedonia\\nand Greece.\\n323 Rome. Constantine is the sole\\nemperor.\\n330 May 11. Turk. Constantine dedi-\\ncates Constantinople as the new cap-\\nital of the Roman Empire, styling it\\nSecond or New Rome. [337. May 21.\\nHe dies, and is succeeded in a divided\\nempire by his three sons widespread\\nanarchy follows.]\\n364 The Roman Empire is divided\\ninto the Eastern or Grecian, and the\\nWestern Empires.\\nJune Rome. The Emperor Valentinian\\nbestows on his brother Valens the title\\nof Augustus, with the government of\\nthe East.\\n378 Aug. 9. Valens is killed in bat-\\ntle by the Goths [who overrun Thrace,\\nMacedonia, and Thessaly].\\n379 Jan. -395* Constantinople.\\nTheodosius the Great reigns in the\\nEast; he supports Christianity.\\n388 June It. Theodosius I. ipakes\\nValentinian sole emperor of tile *W** at", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1041.jp2"}, "1042": {"fulltext": "1030 395,**-711,\\nGREECE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n395\u00c2\u00b1 Alaric, King of the West Goths,\\nlays waste Macedonia, Illyria, Pelopon-\\nnesus, and other parts of Greece.\\n396 Athens is taken by Alaric, but\\nspared from slaughter.\\n398* Asia M. The Huns lay waste\\nmany provinces. [405. The Huns under\\nUldin unsuccessfully invade Thrace. J\\n419 The great walls of Constantino-\\nple are built as a protection against the\\nbarbarians by Athemius, the general of\\nTheodosius II.\\n424* Turk. Attila, the Scourge of God,\\nleads the ravaging Huns to the suburbs\\nof Constantinople. [441. He besieges\\nthe city. 445. He ravages the empire.]\\n474 Turk. Theodoric the Great,\\nchief of the East Goths, invades the\\nEastern Empire, and ravages Thrace.\\n[476. Zeno makes him his general.]\\n489 Aug. 28. Theodoric defeats\\nOdoacernear Aquileia. [Sept. 27. Again\\nnear Verona, Italy. 490. Aug. He de-\\ncisively defeats him on the banks of the\\nAdda, in Italy. 490-493. He besieges and\\ncaptures Ravenna, and subdues all Italy.\\n493. Mar. 5. He puts Odoacer to death.]\\n493 Sicily. Goths invade Sicily.\\n497 The Saracens invade the empire.\\n499-678 The Bulgarians, a Slavonic\\ntribe, harass the empire.\\n511 Constantinople. An insurrec-\\ntion resulting from the Nika squab-\\nbles occurs, 10,000 people are killed. [It\\nis suppressed by bribing the leaders.]\\n517 Turk. Illyria, Macedonia, and\\nother provinces are ravaged by the\\nGetae [from Bulgaria].\\n529 War with the Persians; Beli-\\nsarios defeats Chosroes.\\n532 Constantinople. Belisarius res-\\ncues Justinian from the insurrection of\\nthe Green circus faction 30,000 Greeks\\nare slain, and the city burned.\\n532-539 Belisarius [the greatest gen-\\neral of the Eastern Empire] commands\\nthe armies.\\n533-534 Afr. Belisarius destroys the\\nVandal power in Africa. [534. With\\n16,000 mercenaries he defeats Gelimer,\\nand takes Carthage. The first triumph\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0witnessed in Constantinople occurs on\\nhis return.]\\n535 Sicily is subjugated by Belisa-\\nrius. [536. lletakes Naples. 536-537. He\\nconquers Southern Italy. 536. He cap-\\ntures Rome and defeats the East Goths.]\\n537-538 Mar. It. Belisarius suc-\\ncessfully defends Rome against Vitiges,\\nKing of the Goths. [539. He captures\\nRavenna. 540. He takes Vitiges to\\nConstantinople.]\\n541-543 Belisarius defends the eastern\\nfrontier against the Persian king,\\nChosroes. [He is recalled through Jus-\\ntinian s jealousy of his fame.]\\n545 Belisarius is sent against the\\nGoths in Italy. [546. He quells a re-\\nvolt. 548. He is again recalled, and su-\\nperseded by Narses.]\\n551 Aust. The Slavonians ravage\\nIllyria.\\n552 It. Narses defeats and kills To-\\ntllas, King of the Goths, near Rome. [553.\\nMar. Narses utterly defeats and kills\\nTeias, the last king of the West Goths,\\non the Sarnus River, in Italy.\\n559 Constantinople. Belisarius is\\ncalled from his retirement to repel the\\nBulgarian invaders. [569. He is dis-\\ngraced and imprisoned by Justinian.]\\n563* Narses becomes disaffected\\ntowards the empire.\\n572* War with Persia. [573. AsiaM.\\nDaras, the bulwark of the empire, is\\ntaken and Syria ravaged by Chosroes.]\\n574-576 Justin II. obtains several\\nsplendid victories over the Persians\\nhe also suffers some defeats. [577+\\nMaurice conducts successful campaigns\\nagainst the Persians.]\\n590 The Avars invade the empire,\\nand spread over much of Central Europe.\\n[594-620. The Greeks have severe con-\\ntests with them.]\\n603-628 Chosroes H. wages a success-\\nful war against the Eastern Empire,\\nwhich is brought to the brink of ruin.\\n610 Constantinople. Heraclius and\\nCrispus, son-in-law of Phocas, raise an\\ninsurrection. Heraclius takes the\\ncapital, kills Phocas, and makes him-\\nself emperor.\\n614 June Asia. The Persians cap-\\nture Jerusalem.\\n619 The provinces between the Bos-\\nporus and the Danube are devastated\\nby the Bulgarians, Avars, and Slavoni-\\nans 250,000 prisoners are carried off.\\n622-628 Heraclius vanquishes the\\nPersians in five campaigns.\\n632 The Saracens invade the empire.\\n[634. They defeat Heraclius at Azna-\\ndin. 636. Again at Yermuk.]\\n641-668 The Eastern Empire suffers\\ngreat losses from the attacks of Arabs\\nand Lombards. [638. Syria is con-\\nquered by Arabs. 640. Also Alexandria\\nin Egypt. 643. The Greek provinces in\\nAfrica. 658. Cons tans purchases peace.]\\n669 Sicily. Constantine IV. quells a\\nrebellion.\\n672 Constantinople is besieged by\\nthe Saracens for five months. [They re-\\nturn for seven years in succession.]\\n677 Constantinople is again besieged.\\nCallinicus destroys their fleet with\\nGreek fire the caliph is forced to pledge\\nthe yearly payment for 30 years of 3,000\\npounds of gold as tribute to secure peace.\\n697 Asia M. The Saracen caliph,\\nAbdalmalek, subdues the provinces\\nbetween the Black and Caspian Seas.\\n698 Tunis. The Saracens raze Car-\\nthage, and subjugate the northern coast.\\n711 Turk. The Bulgarians ravage\\nthe country up to Constantinople.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n460* Constantinople. Anearthquake\\nof 40 days duration destroys the greater\\npart of the city. [557. Another destroys\\nmany building s and lives.]\\n500* .33tius, an eminent surgeon,\\nflourishes.\\n648+ Cotton paper is introduced.\\n672* AsiaM. The Colossus of Khodes\\nis broken up by the Saracens. They sell\\nthe metal, 720,900 pounds of brass, to a\\n900 camels to\\nGreek fire, a combustible compo-\\nsition to be thrown from engines, is in-\\nvented by Callinicus, an engineer of\\nHeliopolis, in Syria.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n410* Proclus, 2seoplatonic philosopher,\\nborn. [487. Dies.]\\n430 Anastasius I., emperor, b. [518. D.]\\n439 Nestorius, patriarch of Const., founder\\nof Nestorians, dies.\\n450* Justinor Justinusl.,emp.,b. [527. D.]\\n0th Century. Diophantus of Alexandria, al-\\ngebraist,, born.\\nSozomen, ecclesiastical historian, born.\\nZosimus, historian, born.\\n474 Leo II., the Younger, emperor, dies.\\n480 Daniascius. Athenian philosopher, b.\\n483 Justinian I., emperor, b. [565. D.]\\n491 Zeno, emperor, dies.\\n495* I rocopiiis, historian, b. [565. Dies.]\\n505 Belisarius, general, b. [565. D.]\\n539 Mauricius, Flavins Tib., emperor, b.\\n[602. Dies. J\\n548 Theodora, empress, I., dies.\\ntith Century. Agathias, historian, born.\\nAlexander Trallianus, medical writer, born.\\n573 Narses. general, dies.\\n575* Heraclius I., emperor, b. [641. D-]\\n610 Phocas, emperor, dies.\\n711 Justinian II., emperor, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n397 Sept. 27. Turk. Xectarius dies,\\nand is succeeded (398. Feb. 26) by John\\nChrysostom, the Golden-mouthed.\\n[\u00e2\u0096\u00a0403. He exasperates the triflers and\\nthe aspiring clergy, and is sent into exile\\nafter an ex parte trial. An exasperated\\nmob kills his enemies, recalls him he\\nis restored to the patriarchate. 404.\\nJune 10. He, having again angered the\\nEmpress Eudoxia, is exiled to Armenia.]\\n428 Apr. 10. Turk. Nestorius is\\nmade patriarch of Constantinople.\\n431 June *AsiaM. The Fourth Gen-\\neral Council is convoked at Ephesus by\\nthe Emperors Theodosius and Valentin-\\nian III., to condemn the Nestorian her-\\nesy. [Nestorius is deposed and banished.]\\n435 The Nestorian heresy prevails\\nin the East.\\n445 Turk. Flavian is patriarch of\\nConstantinople.\\n461 The Monophysite controversy\\nprevails, respecting the human and\\ndivine natures of Christ.\\nThe churches of Egypt, Syria, and\\nArmenia separate from the church of\\nConstantinople.\\n484 *A schism separates the Greek\\nand Roman Churches.\\nPope Felix II. excommunicates the\\nGreek patriarch Acacius of Constanti-\\nnople, the patriarch of Alexandria, and\\nthe emperor, because of their support of\\nthe Henoticon decree of unison. [Com-\\nmunion is interrupted until 519.]\\n492\u00c2\u00b1 Anastasius I. persecutes Cath-\\nolics, and protects the Monophysites.\\nTurk. The emperor Leo attempts to\\nprocure the assassination of the Pope,\\nwho is protected by the Romans.\\n514* Vitalianus, a Gothic prince in\\nthe service of the emperor, with a pow-\\nerful armv, besieges Constantinople, and\\nforces Anastasius to withdraw his sup-\\nport from the Monophysites.\\n518 Justin I. restores the orthodox\\nbishops to their sees. [525. The Arian\\nbishops are deposed.]\\n519 The reconciliation of the Greek\\nand Roman Churches is effected.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1042.jp2"}, "1043": {"fulltext": "GREECE.\\n395,**-71V\\n1081\\n532 Constantinople. The erection of\\nSt. Sophia is begun. [560. Dedicated.]\\n540+ The Monothelites arise they\\nteach that Jesus Christ had but one will.\\n553 Constantinople. The Sixth Gen-\\neral Council meets.\\nIt condemns the three chapters written by-\\nTheodore of JMopsuestio, and others; also\\nthe doctrines of Orii^n, Anus, the Macedo-\\nnians, and others; Violins, bishop of Rome,\\nand others protest [afterwards they assent].\\n606 Phocas is induced by Pope Boni-\\nface III. to confine the title Universal\\nBishop to the bishops of Rome.\\n622 July 16. Arabia. The flight\\n(Hegira) of Mohammed occurs he es-\\ntablishes himself as a prophet of God.\\n626 The Mohammedans have cut off\\nfrom the Christian world the churches\\nof Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch.\\n634 The Greek Church begins the\\nstruggle with the Mohammedans.\\n638 Constantinople. Heracleus issues\\nthe Ekthesis or Exposition, by\\nwhich he forbids further controversy\\nrespectingoneor two wills in JesusChrist.\\n676 It. The popes become inde-\\npendent of the Greek emperor.\\nSyria. The Maronite sect begins\\nto prevail. [Maronites are readmitted\\ninto the communion of the Roman\\nChurch in the twelfth century.]\\n681* Constantinople. The Seventh\\nGeneral Council is called by the em-\\nperor to condemn the Monothelites.\\nThe emperor presides over its delibera-\\ntions Pope Honorius and several bish-\\nops are anathematized.\\n690 Armenia. The Paulician sect is\\nseverely persecuted.\\nThey abhor the worship of images,\\nbelieve in the two original principles of\\ngood and evil, reject external forms in\\nreligion, and hold to the universal use\\nof the Scriptures.\\nLETTERS.\\n425 The Emperor Theodosius attempts\\nthe revival of learning by the establish-\\nment of public schools.\\n5th Century. Damastes of Sigeum writes\\nseveral works on the history of Greece.\\n430* *Zosimus writes a history of the\\nRoman Empire in six books.\\nfc Olimpiodorus writes a history of the\\nWestern Empire (407-425).\\n6th Century. Alexander Trallianus\\n529 The schools of Athens are sup-\\npressed because they teach anti-Chris-\\ntian doctrines in Platonic theology.\\nConstantinople The Justinian Code\\nis compiled and published by command\\nof the Emperor Justinian.\\nSOCIETY.\\n450\u00c2\u00b1 Eudocia, wife of Theodosius\\nII., is disgraced and exiled. [She goes\\nto the Holy Land, where she spends the\\nrest of her life in works of charity and\\npiety. [460+. She dies in Jerusalem.]\\n491+ Anastasius I. suppresses the\\ncruel and degrading spectacles where\\nmen fought with wild beasts. He abol-\\nishes the sale of offices.\\n498-520 Constantinople. Bloody con-\\nflicts frequently occur between the\\nBlues and Greens the circus fac-\\ntions.\\n565 Mar. 13. Belisarius, the great\\ngeneral, dies in prison.\\n641 The Emperor Constantino III.,\\nHeraclius, is poisoned by his step-\\nmother, Martina.\\n668 Constans II. is assassinated in a\\nbath.\\n695+ Justinian II., given to exac-\\ntions, cruelty, and debauchery, is\\nmutilated by Leontius, his successor.\\n698 Leontius is himself dethroned and\\nmutilated by Tiberius Absimarus.\\n704\u00c2\u00b1 The usurpers, Leontius and Ti-\\nberius, are degraded in the Hippodrome\\nand executed.\\n711 Dec* The Emperor Justinian II.\\nis murdered.\\nSTATE.\\n395-408 Constantinople. Arcadius\\nreigns.\\nGreece is absorbed in the East-\\nern or Greek Empire.\\n408-450 Constantinople. Arcadius dies,\\nand is succeeded by his son Theodosius\\nII., but seven years of age. Anthemiusis\\nhis minister. [Buys peace of the Huns.]\\n414-453 Constantinople. Pulcheria,\\nthe emperor s sister, is regent. [454. Dies.]\\n433 a. d. Constantinople. Fire de-\\nstroys a great part of the capital of the\\nGreek Empire. [532. Jan.* Nearly de-\\nstroyed by fire.]\\n438 Constantinople. The Theodo-\\nsian code of laws is promulgated.\\n450-457 Constantinople. Marcianus\\nreigns; he is a Thracian of obscure\\nfamily refuses to pay tribute to Attila.\\n453 The empire is relieved by the\\ndeath of Attila.\\n457-474 Constantinople. Leo I., a\\nThracian, reigns he is chosen by the\\nsoldiers, and crowned by the Patriarch\\nAnatotius the first so crowned.\\n461* Constantinople. Theodoric [the\\nGreat] son of Theodemir, King of the\\nEast Goths, eight years of age, is received\\nas a hostage for peace.\\n468 The principle of justice is estab-\\nlished every accused person is to be\\ntried by his peers.\\n474 Constantinople. Leo I. dies [and\\nis succeeded by his daughter s son, Leo\\nII., who lives but a short time].\\n474-491 Constantinople. Zeno, the\\nIsaurian, usurps the crown. Great dis-\\nasters are caused by intestine commo-\\ntion and foreign wars.\\n483 Constantinople. Zeno makes\\nTheodoric the Ostrogoth [the Great]\\nhis general, and appoints him consul.\\n491-518 Constantinople. Anastasiusl.,\\na native of Epirus, reigns, he having\\nmarried the widow of Zeno.\\nConstantinople. The Green and Blue\\nfactions stir up intense strife, which\\nagitates the state.\\nThe emperor s persecutors incite the\\nCatholics to rebellion.\\n518-527 Constantinople. Justinl. reigns.\\nHe rises from the ranks as a private\\nsoldier, and is illiterate and ignorant.\\n518-565 Brilliant period of the empire.\\n527-565 Constantinople. Justinian I.\\nreigns. Remarkable victories are won\\nby his generals Belisarius and Narses.\\n528 Constantinople. Justinian s\\ncode of laws is begun by compilers.\\n540 The Greek Empire is enlarged\\nby annexing the conquests of Belisarius\\nin North Africa, Corsica, and Sardinia.\\n545 The Turks are first mentioned\\nthey dwell in Central Asia.\\n553 Rome is recovered by Narses,\\nand annexed to the Eastern Empire [and\\nthe Senate abolished].\\n554-568 Italy is governed by Greek\\nexarchs, with the capital at Ravenna.\\n561 Peace is made between the Greek\\nEmpire and Chosroes, King of Persia.\\n565 Constantinople. Justin II., a\\nweak prince, reigns. [Tiberius associated\\nwith Justin. 575. The Thirty Dukes\\nrule. 578-582. Tiberius II. reigns.]\\n569 The Turks form an alliance\\nwith Justin.\\n582-602 Constantinople. Maurice, the\\nCappadocian, reigns. [Under his vigor-\\nous reign the empire is extended to\\nthe Aras and almost to the Caspian Sea.]\\n600 Avars invade the empire also\\nspread over Hungary, Poland, Prussia.\\n602-610 Constantinople. Phocas, the\\nusurper, reigns he is a centurion, noto-\\nrious for his crimes and cruelties. [610-\\n641. Heraclius I. reigns.]\\n612 Syria is ravaged by the Arabs.\\n622-628 Heraclius II. reigns he anni-\\nhilates the power of the Persians in a\\nseries of brilliant campaigns he recov-\\ners his lost territories.\\n638 Asia, M. Antioch is taken by\\nthe Arabs.\\n641 Constantinople. Herocleonas\\n(Constantine III.) reigns for a few\\nmonths. 641-668. Constans II. reigns.\\nHe loses Syria and Rhodes, which are\\ntaken by the Arabs and Northern Italy\\nis given up to the Lombards.]\\n646 Cyprus is taken by the Arabs.\\n[648. Recovered.]\\n660 Constans purchases peace with\\nthe Arabs.\\n668 Sicily. Constans is murdered by\\nrebellious subjects in Syracuse, who\\nelevate Mizizus to the throne.\\n668-685 Const an t in op le Constantine\\n(IV.), Pogonatus, reigns. He is the son\\nof Constans II. [669. He suppresses the\\nrebellion, killing Mizizus.]\\n670-676 Constantinople is besieged.\\n670-695 Constant inojyfe. Justinianll.,\\nRhinotmetus, succeeds his father.\\n678 Bulgaria. The Bulgarians set up\\na kingdom in Mcesia.\\n695 Constantinople. Justinian II. is\\ndethroned, and his nose cut off, by\\nLeontius his general, who banishes him.\\n[G95-698. Leontius reigns. 697. Deposed\\nby his general, Absimarus Tiberius. 69S-\\n704. Absimarus Tiberius H. reigns.]\\n704-711 Co7istantinop!e. Justinianll.\\nis restored, having escaped from exile.\\n711 Bulgarians invade the empire.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n542 Constantinople is plague-smit-\\nten; 5,000 to 10,000 people die daily for\\nthree months. [746-749. Greece is vis-\\nited by the plague.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1043.jp2"}, "1044": {"fulltext": "1032 711,**-1202,\\nGREECE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n713 Aug. 15-720 Aug. 15. Constan-\\ntinople is besieged by the Saracens.\\nTheir army of 120,000 men is aided by\\n1,800 ships the city is delivered by the\\nuse of Greek fire, which nearly destroys\\nthe fleet; 23,000 Arabs are killed.\\n739 Acronius defeats 90,000 Avar in-\\nvaders of the Eastern Empire.\\n746 Constantino V. defeats the Sar-\\nacens, and takes Rhodes, Cyprus, and\\nAntioch. [774. The Bulgarians.]\\n703 Turk. Thrace is ravaged by\\nSaracens.\\n811 July 28. Bulg. A Greek army is\\nannihilated, and the Emperor Nicepho-\\nrus killed, by Bulgarians under Crum.\\n821-823 Constantinople. Thomas, the\\ngeneral of the murdered Leu, attempts\\nto take the city and dethrone Michael.\\n844+ Frequent wars occur between\\nthe Greeks and Saracens.\\n864 Constantinople is unsuccess-\\nfully besieged by 22 Russian ships\\n[which are destroyed by a storm].\\n897-911 The empire is at war with the\\nBulgarians, Lombards, and Saracens.\\n904 Turk. The Saracens take Thes-\\nsalonica with great bloodshed. [911.\\nCapture a Greek fleet off Samos.]\\n941 The Russians, under Ingor, with\\n10,000 vessels, enter the Black Sea, and\\nare defeated by Romanus.\\n961 Saracens are expelled from Crete.\\n963 Asia M. Wicephorus invades\\nAsia with 80,000 men, defeats the Sara-\\ncens in several battles, and captures\\nAleppo, Antioch, and other Syrian cities.\\n964-969 The Greeks gain victories\\nover the Saracens, and bring the Mo-\\nhammedan empire near the brink of ruin.\\n970 Syria is conquered by the Fati-\\nmite caliphs. [1034. Driven out.]\\n987-1018 Turk. Basil II. subdues the\\nBulgarians, and annexes their kingdom.\\n1042 Asia M. The Seljuk Turks\\niirst invade the empire.\\n1043 Turk. Thrace is invaded by\\n100,000 Turks, who are repeatedly de-\\nfeated by the Greeks.\\n1064+ Asia M. Alp A r si an, the\\nsultan, subdues Armenia.\\n1067 Syria. The emirs of Damas-\\ncus revolt. [1071. Emirs of Aleppo.]\\n1068-71 Asia M. The Turks invade\\nthe\\nQtry.\\n1071 Aug. 26. AsiaM. Romanus IV.\\nattacks Alp Arslan at Malazkurd near\\ntheAraxes,but is defeated andcaptured.\\n1074 Asia. Melek Shah subdues\\nSyria and Palestine.\\n1080 It. The Normans conquer South\\nItaly.\\n1081-84 Turk. Alexius Comnenus\\nstruggles with the Normans under\\nRobert Guiscard, who invade the empire.\\n(1081.) Guiscard defeats Alexius at Du-\\nrazzo. (10S2.) Guiscard takes Durazzo.\\n1097 The first Crusaders invade the\\nempire. [1104. They take the city of\\nAcre in Syria. 1109, Tripolis 1111, Ber-\\nytus 1124, July 7, Tyre.]\\n1141 Asia M. Edessa is retaken by\\nthe Turks this gives rise to the Second.\\nCrusade.\\n1148 Constantinople. Normans, led\\nby Roger of Sicily, are successfully re-\\npulsed.\\n1152* The Greeks repel the invading\\nHungarians.\\n1152-55 It. Manuel unsuccessfully at-\\ntempts to conquer Italy, and master the\\nWestern Empire. [1155. Apulia and\\nCalabria are reduced. Peace is made\\nwith the Normans in Sicily.]\\n1172* The Eastern Empire wages war\\nwith the Turks and the Venetians.\\n1176 Asia M. The Turks under Az-\\ned-Deen defeat Manuel I. at Myroceph-\\nalus. [1177. Manuel defeats the Turks\\nin Lydia.]\\n11S5 Aug. 15. Turk, Thessalonica\\nis taken by the Normans from Sicily.\\n1187 Syria. Saladin captures Tyre.\\nIsaac II. refuses a passage through\\nthe empire to the armies of the Third\\nCrusade.\\n1190 May 18. Asia M. Iconium is\\ntaken by Frederick I. [Restored.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n816 Earthquakes and famine dis-\\ntress the empire. [1038. Again.]\\n936 Constantinople is overturned and\\nall Greece shaken by an earthquake.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n720 Anastasiua II., emperor, dies.\\n741 Leo III., the [saurian, emperor, dies.\\n753* Irene, empress, born. [H03. Dies.]\\n815 I hotins, putnan.-li of Constantinople,\\ncritic, author, born. [891. Dies.]\\n830 4 Basil I., emperor, born. [886. Dies.]\\nLeo V., the Armenian, emperor, dies.\\n865 Leo VI., the Philosopher, emperor,\\nborn. [911. Dies.]\\n870* Alexander, emperor, born. [912. D.]\\n905* Constantino VII., Porphyrogenitua,\\nemperor, author, born. [959. Dies.]\\n931 Christopher, emperor, dies.\\n950* Leo Diaeoints, historian, born.\\n958 Basil II., emperor, born.\\n10th Century. Siii l;is, lexicographer, gram., h.\\n1034 Romanus III., emperor, dies.\\n1048* Alexius Comnenus. emperor,\\nborn. [1118. Dies.]\\n1050 Zoe, empress, dies.\\n1070* Theophylaet, archbishop of Achris,\\nwriter, born. [1115. Dies.]\\n1083* AnnaCoranena, daughter of Alexis\\nI., historian, horn. [1148. Dies.]\\n1088* Calo-Jniumes, emp., b. [1143. D.]\\n1130* Manuel J., Comnenus, emperor,\\nborn. [1180. Dies.]\\n12th Century. Cinnamus, Joannes, hist., b.\\n1200 Eustathius, archbishop of Thessa-\\nlonica, commentator, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n726* Constantinople. Leo III. forbids\\nthe worship of images. [The Icono-\\nclast controversy follows, and hastens\\nthe separation of the Eastern and West-\\nern Churches.]\\n728 Constantinople. Leo III. orders\\nthat the Pope be arrested.\\n729 It. Pope Gregory II. excom-\\nmunicates. Leo III. this leads to the\\nseparation of the Greek and Roman\\nChurches.\\n734* Image worship is condemned by\\nthe Greek Church. [736. Images are\\ndestroyed throughout the empire by\\norder of Leo III. Also in 754.]\\n736 The monks are persecuted.\\n787 Asia M. A General Council is\\nheld at Nice (p. 664). [794. Charlemagne\\ncalls a counter synod at Frankfort.]\\n830+ Image worshipersare again per-\\nsecuted. [832. Painters and statuaries\\nare banished from the empi re by Theoph-\\nilus. 842. Image worship is restored.]\\n844 Constantinople. Ignatius is pa-\\ntriarch of Constantinople.\\nHe excommunicates Pope Stephen.\\n858. Ignatius is deposed succeeded by\\nPhotius. 867. Photi us is deposed and Ig-\\nnatius restored. 877. Photius restored.]\\n858 A quarrel between Pope Nicholas\\nand the patriarch Photius causes a tem-\\nporary separation of the Greek and\\nRoman Churches.\\n869* Constantinople. The Ninth Gen-\\neral Council; it establishes the reunion\\nof the Greek and Roman Churches.\\n879 Constantinople. A Council held\\nby Photius repeals the decisions of the\\nGeneral Council of 869. [It is held to be\\necumenical by the Greeks.]\\n886* Constantinople Photius the pa-\\ntriarch is exiled by the emperor\\nStephen is his successor; he accepts\\nthe demands of the Pope. [1043. Michael\\nCerularius. 1054. Excommunicated.]\\n1054 July The Greek Church sep-\\narates from Rome after two centuries\\nof contentions, and becomes indepen-\\ndent.\\n1058 Constantinople. The Emperor\\nIsaac exiles Cerularius, vainly seeking\\nthereby to reunite the two churches.\\n1097 Asia M. The first Crusaders\\nPope Urban holds a Council at Bari\\nin Apulia to restore the union of the\\ntwo churches.\\n1123 Borne. Church Council (p.\\n1179 Mar. 5-19. Borne. Church\\nCouncil (p. 670).\\n1201 Pope Innocent III. has a fruit-\\nless correspondence with John Loma-\\nterus, patriarch of Constantinople, re-\\nspecting a union with Rome.\\n1202 The Fourth Crusade begins.\\nLETTERS.\\n9th Century. George Syncellus writes A\\nSelect Chronicle from Adam- to Diocletian,\\n870 Photius, patriarch of Constanti-\\nnople, writes .1/ uriobibtion, extracts from\\nclassical authors, and Amphilochia.\\n10th Century. Exploits of Basil ios Digenis\\nAcritas appears [the earliest specimen\\nof modern Greek].\\n1055 Michael Constantius Psel-\\nlus, the philosopher, composes a great\\nmany works in both prose and poetry.\\n1090+ Learning somewhat revives.\\n1099+ Anna Comnena, the daugh-\\nter of the Emperor Alexis, writes Alexis.\\n800+ Constantinople. The Empress\\nIrene proposes marriage to Charle-\\nmagne.\\n802 Constantinople. [Saint] Irene is\\ndeposed and exiled because of her cru-\\nelties and murders while on the\\nthrone with her young son, whom she\\nmade sightless.\\n820 Dec. 25. Constantinople. Leo V.\\nis killed in the temple by conspirators\\nfavoring his successor.\\n842 Emperor Michael is called the\\nDrunkard. [867. Sept. 24. He is as-\\nsassinated.]\\n959* Romanus III. banishes his\\nmother and his five sisters.\\n963 Theophania, the widow of Roma-\\nnus, becomes the wife of Nicephorus II.\\n[\u00c2\u00a7m. She secures his assassination by\\nJohn Zimiscesin.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1044.jp2"}, "1045": {"fulltext": "GREECE.\\n7H,**-1202,\\n1033\\n1034* Roman us III. is poisoned by\\nZoe, his profligate wile.\\n1050 Zoe, the wife of four empe-\\nrors, and the murderess of two, finally\\ndies.\\nSTATE.\\n711-713 Constantinople. Philippicus\\nBardanes reigns. He is the son of Ni-\\ncephorus Patrieius, deposed. [712-716.\\nAnastasius II. reigns. [His fleet, sent\\nagainst the Arabs, returns in mutiny,\\nand enthrones Theodosius.]\\n716-717 Constantinople. Theodosius\\nIII. reigns he retires to a monastery.\\n717-741 Constantinople. LeoIII. reigns.\\nThe Isuarie race of emperors begins.\\nLeo exhibits great abilities the empire\\nis convulsed for many years by religious\\ncontroversies.\\n718 The edict against images occa-\\nsions the loss of the Greek possessions\\nin Italy.\\n721* Anastasius is charged with con-\\nspiracy, and put to death by Leo III.\\n741-775 Constantinople. Constantine\\nV., Copronymus, reigns.\\n741 Artavasdes, son-in-law of Con-\\nstantine, rebels he defeats and deposes\\nConstantine, and is declared emperor.\\n743 Constantine is restored, Arta-\\nvasdes having been put to death.\\n751 It. The Greek exarchate ends.\\n775-780 Constantinople. LeoIV.,Cha-\\nzarus, the Iconoclast or Image-breaker,\\nreigns. He is the son of Constantine V.,\\nand his wife is the ambitious Irene.\\n780-797 Constantinople. Constantine\\nVI. reigns.\\nHe being only nine years of age, Irene,\\nhis mother, becomes re gent she restores\\nthe worship of images. When Constan-\\ntine attains his majority, she attempts\\nto exclude him, and is imprisoned.\\n782* *Asia. The [caliph of Bagdad],\\nHarun-al-Rasehid, invades the em-\\npire. [He advances as far as the Bos-\\nporus; and the emperor is terrified into\\nmaking peace with him, stipulating an\\nannual tribute of 60,000 pieces of gold.]\\n787 Constantinople. Constantine im-\\nprisons Irene, his mother, for her\\ncruelty while regent.\\n790* Constantinople. Constantine\\nVI. takes authority alone, in conse-\\nquence of the unpopularity of his mother.\\n792* Constantinople. Irene again rules\\nwith her son.\\n797 Constantine is murdered by as-\\nsassins hired by his mother.\\n797-802 Irene reigns.\\n802-811 Nicephorus, the great treas-\\nurer, reigns.\\nHe leads a conspiracy, dethrones and\\nbanishes Irene, and assumes the govern-\\nment killed in war with the Bulgarians.\\n803-806 War breaks out with the Sara-\\ncens. Asia Minor is ravaged by Harun-\\nal-Raschid.\\n807 Nicephorus makes a disgraceful\\npeace with Harun-al-Raschid, agreeing\\nto an annual tribute of 30,000 pieces of\\ngold.\\n811* Constantino])! e. Stauracius\\nreigns. [811-813. Michael I., Rhangabe,\\nreigns. He succeeds his brother-in-law,\\nbut is soon deposed by Leo V., and retires\\nto a monastery.]\\n813-820 Constantinople. Leo V., the\\nArmenian, reigns. Supported by the\\narmy he has corrupted, he rebels, and\\nusurps the throne he is finally assas-\\nsinated by Michael the Stammerer.\\n820* Constantinople. MichaelU., the\\nStammerer, reigns. He had aided Leo\\nin deposing Michael I., and then deposes\\nLeo for his own election.\\n823 The Saracens occupy Crete [and\\nfound the city of Candia].\\n825 Asia M. The empire loses Dal-\\nmatia. [827. Sicily and Crete are lost.]\\n829-842 Constantinople. Theophilus\\nreigns. He is the son of Michael II., and\\na zealous icorioclast.\\n842-867 Michael III.,Porphyrogenitus,\\nthe Drunkard, succeeds his father at\\nthe age of three years.\\n842-1056 The Macedonian Dynasty.\\n866* Constantinople. Michael III.\\nmakes Basil the Macedonian, a person\\nof humble origin, his colleague. [S07.\\nBasil assassinates Michael.]\\n867-886 Constantinople Basil I. reigns.\\nHe restores somewhat of the departed\\nglory of the empire.\\n886-911 Constantinople. Leo VI., the\\nPhilosopher, reigns. He exiles the pa-\\ntriarch Photius, and establishes a better\\nreputation as author than as ruler.\\n890 South Italy is annexed.\\n897 Asia M. The Saracens take pos-\\nsession of the island of Samos.\\n91 1-959 Constant inople. Constantine\\nVII. reigns. He is esteemed for his hu-\\nmanity and justness, and divides the\\ngovernment with his four sons, making\\nfive emperors.\\n911* Alexander is the colleague of\\nConstantine VII., who is only six years\\nof age Zoe, his mother, is regent. [911.\\nAlexander dies.]\\n919-944 Constantinople. EomanusL,\\nLecapenus. commanding the fleet, usurps\\nthe government, and divides the author-\\nity with his three sons he rules a few\\nmonths. [020-028. Christopher, Stephen,\\nand Constantine VIII. sons of Romanus,\\nreign.]\\n928 Naples is acquired.\\n931 Constantinople. Romanus is ex-\\niled by his sons Constantine and Stephen\\n[932. The two sons are themselves ban-\\nished.]\\n944* Constantinople. Constantine\\nVIII. reigns alone.\\n959-963 Constantinople. Romanus II.\\nreigns after poisoning his father. He is\\nhimself poisoned by his wife, Theophaus.\\n960 Crete is recovered from the Sara-\\ncens by Nicephorus Phocus. [9GG. An-\\ntioch also.]\\n963-969 Constantinople. Nicephorus\\nII., Phocas, reigns. He is a successful\\ngeneral is assassinated by John Zimi-\\nces, the agent employed by the empire.\\n969-976 Constantinople. John I., Zim-\\nices reigns. He is a successful general.\\nHe divides authority with Basil II. and\\nConstantine IX., sons of Romanus II.\\nJohn is poisoned.\\n969-1026 Constantinople. Basil II.\\nreigns \u00e2\u0080\u0094seven years as colleague with\\nJohn.\\n976-1028 Constantine IX. reigns\\n46 years a colleague of Basil II.\\n970+ The empire again sinks into\\ninsignificance.\\n980 It. Apulia and Calabria are re-\\nstored to the empire.\\n1025-28 Constantinople. Constantine\\nIX. reigns as sole emperor. He dis-\\ngraces his reign by cruelty and vice.\\n1028-34 Romanus III. reigns. He is\\npoisoned by his profligate wife, Zoe.\\n1034-41 Constantinople. Michael IV.,\\nthe Paphlagonian, reigns. Having mar-\\nried Zoe, the widow of RomanuB, he\\ngains the throne.\\n1041-42 Constantinople. Michael V.,\\nCalaphates, reigns. Zoe dethrones him,\\nand has his eyesight destroyed he re-\\ntires to a monastery.\\n1042-54 Constantinople. Constantine\\nX., Monomachus, reigns. [1050. Zoe\\ndies.]\\n1054-56 Constantinople. Theodora\\nreigns. She is the widow of Constantine\\nX. the Macedonian dynasty terminates.\\n1056-57 Constantinople. Michael VI.,\\nStratioticus, reigns. He is an able gen-\\neral deposed by Isaac Comnenus, and\\nretires to a monastery.\\n1057-59 Constantinople. Isaac I., Com-\\nnenus, reigns.\\nHe is enthroned by the army; he re-\\ntires to a monastery in poor health.\\n1059-67 Constantinople. Constantine\\nXI., Ducas, reigns.\\n1067-71 Constantinople. Rom anus\\nTV., Diogenes, reigns.\\nHe marries Eudocia, the widow of Con-\\nstantine, and gains the throne by ex-\\ncluding Michael, Constantine s son.\\n1071-78 Constantinople. Michael VII.,\\nDucas, reigns.\\n1078-81 Constantinople. Nicephorus\\nIII., Botoniates, reigns.\\nHe gains the throne by leading a re-\\nvolt, and becomes an ally of Solyman_\\nthe Turk. He is overthrown by a revolt,\\nand deposed by his general, Alexius.\\n1081-1 1 18 Constantinople. Alexius\\nI., or Alexius Comnenus, reigns.\\nHe is proclaimed emperor by the sol-\\ndiers, and defends the empire against\\nthe Turks and the Normans.\\n1097* *The First Crusade occurs;\\nAlexius I. recovers Asia.\\n1099-1268 Syria. Antioch is a Chris-\\ntian principality.\\n1118-13 Constantinople. John II.,\\nComnenus, reigns.\\nBy the abilities and bravery of the\\nComneni, the empire becomes a power\\namong the states of Europe and Asia.\\n1143-81 Constantinople. Manuel I.,\\nComnenus, reigns. He permits the Cru-\\nsaders to pass through his dominions.\\n11S1-83 Constantinople. Alexius H.,\\nComnenus, reigns. The Empress Maria,\\nhis mother, is regent he is deposed and\\nstrangled by Andronicus.\\n1183-85 Constantinople. Andronicus\\nI., Comnenus, reigns.\\nHe obtains the appointment as regent\\nfor the young emperor, puts to death\\nthe prince and his mother the Empress\\nMaria, then ascends the throne, and\\nrules with great cruelty until the people\\nrise, torture, and kill him.\\n1185* *The House of Angeli is\\nfounded.\\n1185-95 Constantinople. Isaac II.,\\nAngelas Comnenus, reigns. Dethroned\\nand blinded by his brother Alexius.\\n1190* Cyprus is lost to the empire,\\nbeing taken by King Pilchard of England.\\n1195-1203 Constantinople. Alexius\\nITT., the tyrant, reigns. He is deposed\\nand blinded by the Crusaders, who re-\\nstore Isaac II. to the throne.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1045.jp2"}, "1046": {"fulltext": "1034 1203, May 9-1828, Feb. 2.\\nGREECE.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1203 May 9. Constantinople is\\ntaken by the Crusaders, ostensibly to\\nrestore Isaac II. to bis throne. [1204.\\nIt is plundered.] (See State.)\\n1205 Baldwin I. is defeated by the\\nBulgarians, and taken prisoner.\\n1235 Constantinople. Baldwin II.,\\nKing of Jerusalem, unsuccessfully be-\\nsieges the city.\\n1261 July 2 5. Constantinople is\\ncaptured by the revolting Greeks, and\\nthe Latin empire ends.\\n1291 Syria. Acre is taken by the\\nSaracens. [1294. Asia M. The Moguls\\nend the Seljuk sultanate of Iconium.j\\n1321-28 Civil War.\\nAndronicus II. and his grandson An-\\ndronicus III. struggle for the possession\\nof the throne the latter is successful.\\n1340 Asia M. Turks ravage Mysia\\nand other parts of Asia. [1345. Again.]\\n1347 Constantinople is captured by\\nJohn Cantaci\\n1357 Turk. Turks take Gallipoli.\\n1362* *The Sultan Amurath takes\\nAdrianople. [He organizes the Jani-\\nzaries, and is everywhere successful.]\\n1390 Civil war, confusion, and dis-\\ntress prevail among the Greeks. All\\ntheir Asiatic possessions are lost.\\n1395 Sept. 28. Turk. Bajazet I., Sul-\\ntan of the Turks, defeats Sigismund of\\nHungary at Nicopolis, in Epirus.\\n1422 Constantinople is unsuccess-\\nfully besieged by 200,000 Turks under\\nAmurath II.\\n1430 Turk. Thessalonica is taken\\nby Amurath. [1446. Corinth also.]\\n1453 Apr. 6. Constantinople. M o\\nhammed II. begins the siege of the\\ncity with a fleet of 300 ships and an army\\nof 300,000 men. [May 29. The city is\\ntaken the Greek empire falls.]\\n1456 The Turks under Mohammed\\nII. enter Greece, and capture Athens.\\n[1460. They capture nearly all of Greece.\\n1461. Trebi/.ond in Asia .Minor. 1470. Eubcea\\n(Negropont) on the ^Egean Sea, is captured\\nfrom the Venetians. 1478. They complete\\nthe subjugation of Albania. 1840. Take\\nOtranto, Italy. 1516. Syria and Palestine.]\\n1521 Aug. Servia. The Turks under\\nSolyman take Belgrade and annex it.\\n[1522* They take Rhodes. The Knights\\nof St. John Iosp H li,000 in. ii in its dciVnsc.\\n1540\u00c2\u00b1. They take Achaia. 1574. Cyprus. 1669.\\nThey besiege ami rapture Candia; 200,000\\npeople perish during the blockade.]\\n1685 Francesco Morosini leads the\\nVenetians and the German mercenaries\\nunder Konigsmark to the conquest of\\nMorea this marks the beginning of\\nthe rescue of Greece from the Turks.\\n1686 Argos, the most ancient city, is\\ntaken by the Venetians. [1687. Corinth\\nis taken Athens is devastated. 16S9.\\nMorea is also taken from the Turks.]\\n1715 The Venetians are driven out\\nof Morea by the Turks Corinth falls.\\n1716 The Turks are defeated by the\\nVenetians under Count J. M. Schlen-\\nburg, who holds Corfu.\\n1769 The Russians send an expedi-\\ntion under Orloff to the Peloponnesus\\nin aid of the Greeks.\\n1799 Mar. 3. Corfu captured from the\\nFrench by a Russian and Turkish fleet.\\n1803 Suliots unsuccessfully rebel.\\n1821 War for independence.\\nMar. *-June Roumania. Prince Alex-\\nander Ypsilanti leads a Grecian revolt\\nin Moldavia and Wallachia he is de-\\nfeated, and flees to Austria, and is de-\\ntained for six years. Apr.* An uprising\\nin Morea occurs. June Successful.\\nDistressing reports of Turkish cru-\\nelty to Christians in Constantinople,\\nAdrianople, and other cities are circu-\\nlated 20,000 Greeks are murdered.\\nOct. 5. Tripolitza is stormed by the\\nGreeks they commit dreadful cruelties,\\n[Nov. 21. Missolonghi is taken.]\\n1822 Jan. Turks besiege Corinth.\\nApr. 11. The Turks bombard and cap-\\nture Scio; about 40,000 peaceful inhabi-\\ntants are massacred, and others sold into\\nslavery. [Civilized Europe is thrilled\\nwith horror.]\\nJuly 13. The Greeks defeat the Turks\\nat Thermopylae.\\nCyprus. The Turks commit a ter-\\nrible massacre in suppressing an insur-\\nrection.\\nSept. 16. Corinth is taken by the\\nTurks. [1S23. Retaken by the Greeks.]\\nConstantine Canaris, a Greek ad-\\nmiral, burns a part of the Turkish fleet,\\nand puts 3,000 Turks to death.\\n1823 Apr. 20. Marco Bozzaris is\\nkilled at Carpenisi.\\nCivil war prevails among the Greek\\npartisans [for two years].\\nAthens. The Greeks unsuccessfully\\nbesiege the Turks in the fortress.\\n1824 Jan.* Lord Byron joins the\\nGreeks at Cephalonia. [Apr. 19. He\\ndies at Missolonghi.]\\nAug. 16. The Capitan Pasha is de-\\nfeated at Samos.\\nThe Turks commit terrible atroci-\\nties in the islands of Kasos and Ipsara.\\nJean Gabriel of Geneva devotes him-\\nself to the cause of Greek independence.\\nCivil war again breaks out. [Brief.]\\n1825 Mehemet Ali of Egypt, and\\nhis stepson Ibrahim, invade Greece.\\n[Apr. 27. Ibrahim begins the siege of\\nMissolonghi. May 18. He takes Nava-\\nrino. June 30. He takes Tripolitza.]\\nJune The Greek fleet defeats the Cap-\\nitan Pasha.\\n1826 Apr. 26. Ibrahim Pasha as-\\nsaults and captures Missolonghi.\\nVolunteers come from Europe and\\nAmerica in aid of the Greeks.\\nArgos devastated by the Turks. [June\\n2. Rescind Pasha takes its citadel.]\\n1827 Oct. 20. The Egypto- Turkish\\nfleet is annihilated at Navarino by the\\nunited British French and Russian\\nfleets, under Vice-Adm. Codrington.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1687 Athens. A Venetian bomb de-\\nstroys the roof and most of the walls of\\nthe Parthenon.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1204 Alexius TV., emperor, dies.\\n1220* Aern 1 .r ]it;i,Kt:ites.,liist.,l [1282. D.]\\n1224 Michael VIII., PaheologuB, em-\\nperor, born. [1282. Dies.]\\n1330 Cbumnus, Xicephorus, author, d.\\n1348 Manuel 11., Palseologus, emperor,\\nborn. [425. Died.]\\n14th Century. Nicephorus Gregoras, hist., b.\\n1390 Bessarion, John, cardinal, patriarch\\nf onstani inople, born. [1472. Dies.]\\n1400* Gaza, Theodore, scholar, b. [1478. P.]\\n1403 Constantine XIII., Paheologus, em-\\nperor, born. [1453. Dies.]\\n15th Century. I Micas, Michael, historian, b.\\n1518* Karbarossa, or Horuc, Greek-Al-\\ngerine pirate, dies.\\n1535* Larcaris, Andreas Joannes, schol., d.\\n1602 Fuca, Juan de, navigator, dies,\\n1636 Mavroeordatos, Alexander, physi-\\ncian, statesman, scholar, b. [1709. Dies.]\\n1748* Coray, Adamantios, poet, patriot,\\nborn. [1833. Dies.]\\n1768 Miaulis, A ndrcas Vokos, patriot, ad-\\nmiral, born. [1835. Dies.]\\n1770* Christopulus, Athanasios, poet,\\nborn. [1847. Dies.]\\n1776* Capo d lstria, Count John, president\\nof Greece, born. [1831. Dies.]\\n1790 Bozzaris, Marco, patriot, born.\\nCanaris, or Kanaris, Constantine, admiral,\\nstatesman, born. [1877. Dies.]\\n1791 Mavi Oi-ordatos, Alexander, states-\\nman, born. [1865. Dies.]\\n1792* Ypsilanti, Alexander, patriot, born.\\n[1827. Dies.]\\n1793 Ypsilanti, Demetrius, patriot, born.\\n[1832. Dies.]\\n1801 Bulgaria, IMmitri, statesman, born.\\n[1878 Jan. 10. Dies.]\\n1810* Kizo-Khangahe, Alexander, poet,\\norator, staesman, b. [1892. Jan. 10. D.]\\n1815**Ottho I., Otto Friedrich Ludwig,\\nking, born. [1867. July 26. Dies.]\\n1823 Apr. 20. Bozzaris, Marco, patriot, A33.\\nCHURCH.\\n1205 Roman Catholic missions in\\nGreece are opened.\\n1215* Rome. Church Council (p.\\n670).\\n1245 June 28. Church Council (p.\\n672).\\n1274 May 7-June 17. Fr. The 15th\\nChurch Council (p. 672). A temporary-\\nunion of the churches is effected.\\n1277\u00c2\u00b1 The Greek Christians are per-\\nsecuted by the Roman Catholic party.\\n1285+ *The Greek and Roman\\nChurches again divide.\\n1307+ Constantinople. The Emperor\\nAndronicus opposes union with the\\nRoman Church, and imprisons the pa-\\ntriarch for advocating it. [Andronicus\\nis excommunicated by the Pope.]\\n1311 Oct. 16+. Fr. The 16th Church\\nCouncil (p. 672).\\n1363-76 The Emperor John VI., Pahe-\\nologns, and three patriarchs reenter\\ncommunion with Home.\\n1414* Baden. The 17th Church\\nCouncil (p. 676).\\n1431 July 23. Switz. The 18th\\nChurch Council (p. 676).\\n1438* *John VIII., distressed by the\\nTurks, solicits help from Western Eu-\\nrope, and submits to the Pope.\\n1439 July 5. It. The Council of\\nFlorence having agreed to the union\\nof the Greek and Roman Churches, the\\nPope signs the decree. [Entirely repu-\\ndiated by the Greeks.]\\n1453 With the fall of Constantinople\\nevery trace of union with the Western\\nChurch disappears.\\n1456+ Mohammed grants to the Chris-\\ntians personal security, and the free ex-\\nercise of their religion.\\n1460* *The patriarchs of Jerusalem,\\nAntioch, and Alexandria declare in fa-\\nvor of union with the Roman Church.\\n[Fruitless.]\\n1628 Christianity is reestablished\\nin Greece. [1643. The Greek orthodox\\nconfession of faith appears.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1046.jp2"}, "1047": {"fulltext": "GREECE. 1203, May 9-1828, Feb. 2. 1035\\n1760i *Syria. The Albanians change\\ntheir religion, and profess Mohamme-\\ndanism.\\n1774 July 21. Peace of Kutchuki Kai-\\nnardji, between Russia and Turkey the\\nGreek Church is to be protected.\\n1819 The Ionian Bible Society is or-\\nganized at Corfu.\\nLETTERS.\\n1450-1500 On the Deeds of the Great\\nCommander of the Romans, by Georgias\\nLimenitis, appeal s.\\n16th Century. The Erotocritos, by Vin-\\ncenzo Conaro, a Cretan, appears.\\n1726 The printing-press is intro-\\nduced into Turkey from Paris.\\nISth Century. Great revival of educa-\\ntion; schools established in every city.\\n1811-21* O Adyto? Eppifc is issued at\\nVienna by Anthimos Gagi.\\n1822 A university is established at\\nCorfu for the Ionian islands.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1204 Jan. 28. Alexius IV. is murdered\\nby Alexius Ducas, the usurper.\\n1822 Apr. 11. The Turks massacre\\n40,000 people in the Greek insurrec-\\ntion on Isle of Chios [Scio].\\nSTATE.\\n1203-04 Constantinople. Alexius IV.\\nreigns for six months. He is put to\\ndeath by Alexius Ducas.\\n1204* Constantinople. Alexius IV.\\nbeing unable to fulfil a compact made\\nwith the Crusaders, to secure the union\\nof the Greek and Roman churches, be-\\nsides raising a large sum of money for\\ntheir deliverers from the Turks, the\\nCrusaders, urged by the Pope, attack\\nand capture Constantinople.\\nCrete is ceded to the Venetians.\\n1204-61 Constantinople. The French\\nor Latin emperors reign.\\nMay 9. Baldwin I., Count of Flanders,\\nis elected emperor by the Latins.\\nHe confers the kingdom of Salonika on\\nBoniface, Marquis of Montferat.]\\n1204-61 Asia M. Greek emperors reign\\nat Jtficea.\\n[1204-22. Theodore Lascaris I. reigns.\\n1222-55, John Vatatzes (son-in-law);\\n1255-59, Theodore Lascaris; 1259-60, John\\nLascaris 1260, Michael Palseologus be-\\ncomes joint emperor.]\\n1205 Athens is acquired by Otho de\\nla Roche, who makes it a dukedom.\\nWilliam of Champlitte organizes\\nAchaia (Greece) into a principality.\\n1206-16 Constantinople. Henry I. of\\nHainault reigns.\\n1208 Theodorus Angelus, Comne-\\nnus, seizes Epirus and .ZEtolia, and erects\\nthem into a kingdom. [1222-30. Em-\\nperor.]\\n1210* Geoffrey Villehardouin he-\\ncomes ruler of Achaia. [121S, Geoffrey\\nII. 1246, William, his brother.]\\n1221-28 Constantinople. Robert de\\nCourtenay, brother-in-law of Henry I.,\\nreigns.\\n1228-61 Constantinople. Baldwin II.,\\nbrother of Robert, a minor, reigns. John\\nde Brienne, of Jerusalem, becomes re-\\ngent and associate emperor.\\n1230 Theodorus is defeated, cap-\\ntured, and deprived of his eyes by the\\nBulgarians. His brother, Manuel, claims\\nthe succession; but Theodorus regains\\nhis liberty, and succeeds in deposing the\\nusurper. John, his son, succeeds.\\n1246-1430 Achaia is a fief of Naples.\\n1261 July 25. After 57 years, the\\nGreeks under Michael Pala^ologus re-\\ncover Constantinople, and put an end\\nto the Latin empire in the East.\\n1261-82 Constantinople. Michael,\\nhaving deposed John Lascarius, reigns\\nalone.\\n1268 Syria. Antioch is captured by\\nthe Sultan of Egypt.\\n1277* Isabella succeeds William,\\nPrince of Achaia. [1311. Maud, her\\ndaughter, becomes princess.]\\n1282-1328 Constantinople. Androni-\\ncus II., PalEeologus, the Elder, reigns.\\nHe is deposed by Andronicus his grand-\\nson.\\n1299 Asia M. Othman, the Turk, in-\\nvades Nicomedia, and founds the Otto-\\nman Empire.\\n1324 Maud, Princess of Achaia, after\\nbeing thrice married, is forcibly mar-\\nried to John de Gravina, and dies in\\nprison.\\n1328-41 Constantinople. Andronicus\\nIII., the Younger, reigns.\\n1330 Asia M. The Turks conquer\\nNicea. [1346. Also the Morea.]\\n1341 Constantinople. John VI., Pa-\\nlssologus, aged nine, succeeds his father,\\nwith John Gantacuzenus as guardian.\\n1342 The councilors and guardian of\\nthe young emperor quarrel, and Canta-\\ncuzenus escapes death on a charge of\\nhigh treason by declaring himself em-\\nperor, and, with the assistance of the\\nTurks, maintains his claim. [Greece is\\ndesolated by civil war for five years.]\\n1347-55 Constantinople. John V.,\\nCantacuzenus, reigns as sole emperor.\\n[Weary of the disorder of the empire,\\nabdicates, and retires to a monastery.]\\n1353* Turk. The Turks settle on\\nthe coast of Thrace.\\n1367 The Greeks are compelled to\\npay a heavy tribute to the Turks.\\n1371* The Sultan Amurath, by\\ntreaty, takes a large part of the Greek\\nemperor s territory.\\n1390 Greeks surrender Asia Minor\\nto the Turks.\\n1391-1425 Constantinople. Manuel\\nII., Paheologus, reigns. He succeeds\\nhis father, having been associate ruler\\nsince 1372.\\n1400 The emperor visits the courts\\nof England and France, and solicits aid\\nagainst the Turks.\\nDissension and civil war distress the\\nGreeks.\\n1401 Athens. A Turkish pasha is\\nestablished.\\n1402 The empire is saved from the\\nTurks by the timely invasion of Ti-\\nmur, who defeats the Sultan Bajazet at\\nAngora, takes him prisoner, and dis-\\nmembers his empire. [The Greeks be-\\ncome his allies, and pay him tribute.]\\n1403-12* *I issension among the\\nTurks prevents the fall of Constanti-\\nnople.\\n1413 Manuel II. aids Mohammed I.\\n[the Great] to become Sultan.\\n1425 Constantinople. Peace is made\\nbetween the Greeks and Turks.\\n1425-48 Constantinople. John VII.,\\nPalseologus, reigns.\\nThe throne is claimed by his three brothers\\nhe appeals to the Latins for aid against the\\nTurks, and makes a reconciliation with the\\nRoman Church to secure it.\\n1448-53 Constantinople. Constantine\\nXTTI., Palaeologus, the last emperor,,\\nreigns. The empire has been reduced\\nto a small state.\\n1453 Constantinople. The Greek\\nEmpire falls. (See Army.)\\nAll the Latin principalities in Greece\\nare swept away by the conquest of the\\nTurks.\\n1663 The Turks hold all Greece, ex-\\ncept the Ionian Islands, which are held\\nby the Venetians.\\n1685 The Venetians begin to invade\\nGreece, and overthrow the power of the\\nTurks. [1689. They take Morea. Ex-\\npelled by the Turks.]\\n1699 Jan. 26. Aust. Morea is ceded\\nto Venetians (p. 513).\\n1718 July 21. Servia. PeaceofPas-\\nsarowitz; Morea ceded to Turks (p. 513).\\n1770+ Gr\u00c2\u00ab\\n1774 Peace is made between Russia\\nand Turkey.\\n1797 Oct. 17. It. The Ionian Isl-\\nands are ceded to France (p. 519). [1799.\\nCapitulate to the Russo-Turkish fleet.]\\n1800 Mar. 21. The Ionian Islands\\nare formed into the republic of the\\nSeven United Islands, under Russia and\\nTurkey.\\n[1807. July 7. They are restored to France-\\n(p. 717). 1809. Oct. 3-12. Taken by the Eng-\\nlish. 1815. Nov. 5. Formed into an inde-\\npendent state under a. British protectorate,\\nSir Thomas .M ait-land lord hiidi eoininissioner.\\n1817. July 11. A constitution is ratified.]\\n1S03 Turk. The Suliotes unsuccess-\\nfully rebel against the Turks.\\n1815 The Hetaeria Philike is estab-\\nlished at Odessa, as a secret political\\nsociety for the liberation of Greece.\\n[1820. Glioses Prince Alexander Ypsi-\\nlanti leader.]\\n1821 Mar. Independence is de-\\nclared; Greece revolts against Turkey-\\nAlexander proclaims genera-] uprising\\nagainst the Turks. Gemarios, arch-\\nbishop of Patr;e,and Theodorus Koloko-\\ntronis are leaders of the patriots.\\n1822 Jan. 27. Independence is pro-\\nclaimed.\\n1823 Apr. 10. A National Congress\\nmeets at Argos.\\nKolokotronis is made commander in\\nthe Peloponnesus civil war prevails\\n[for two years].\\n1824 Oct. 12. A provisional govern-\\nment is set up. [1825. July It invites-\\nthe protection of England.]\\n1826 Sympathy for the Greeks is\\nwidespread in Europe.\\n1827 July 6. The powers agree in re-\\nquiring Turkey and Greece to accept\\ntheir mediation that peace may be re-\\nstored in the East (p. 943).\\n1828 Jan. IS. Count Capo d Istria\\nis elected president for seven years,\\nthrough the influence of the Russian\\nparty Greece is nominally a republic.\\nFeb. 2. The Grand Council of State\\nis established. [Feb. 14. Athens. Th\\nNational Bank is founded.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1047.jp2"}, "1048": {"fulltext": "1036 1828, June 9-1894, Dec. 15. GREECE.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1828 Oct. 6. Patrae, Navarino, and\\nModon surrender to a French force.\\nOct. 28. The Turks evacuate the Mo-\\nrea. [Tripolitza is given up to the\\nGreeks. 1S29. May 16. Also Missolonghi.]\\n1850 Jan. 18. The harbor of Piraeus\\nis blockaded by a British fleet under\\nAdm. Parker to force the Greek Gov-\\nernment to pay moneys due to British\\nsubjects, and to surrender the islands of\\nSapienza and Caprera. [Mar. 1. France\\ninterposes her good offices, and the\\nblockade is discontinued.]\\n1853 Nov. 30. The Turkish fleet of\\n11 vessels near Sinope is attacked by a\\nRussian fleet of 11 vessels under Adm.\\nNachimoff, and destroyed.\\n1877* *The Sacred Band, origi-\\nnally formed by Epaminondas in 377\\nB. c, is revived.\\n1878 Jan. 28. An insurrection\\nbreaks out in Thessaly against the\\nTurks. [Mar. 23, 29. Engagements oc-\\ncur at Macrinitza.]\\nFeb. Turk. Thessaly is occupied by\\n10,000 Greeks who have captured the\\nfrontier. [They retire at the armistice.]\\nApr. The insurgents are driven out\\nat Macrinitza by the Turks. [May 6.\\nSuppressed by British intervention.]\\n1882 Aug. 27, 28. Greek troops en-\\nter the ceded territory, and have two\\nbattles with the Turkish garrison re-\\nmaining there. [The powers procure\\nan armistice the Turks finally retire.]\\n1886 Jan. 23+. Increased warlike\\ndemonstrations are made, but interven-\\ntion is supported by the great powers.\\nMay 7, 8. The Greek troops are or-\\ndered to the front.\\nMay 8. The blockade of Greek ports\\nis enforced by the powers. [June 7.\\nRaised.]\\nMay 20, 21. Fighting occurs at the\\noutposts near Nezfres 200 arc killed and\\nwounded. [May 24. An armistice.]\\n1889 Aug. 6. A Cretan insurrection\\nis spreading.\\nGreece asks the powers to assist in re-\\nstoring order on the island.\\nAug. 7. The Greek fleet is assembling\\nin the harbor of Salamis.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1840 Oct. 30. Ionian Isles. Great\\nearthquakes occur at Zante, where\\nmany persons perish. [1853. Aug. 18.\\nThebes iB nearly destroyed by an earth-\\nquake. 1858. Feb. 21. Corinth is de-\\nstroyed. 1861. Dec. 26. The Pelopon-\\nnesus is shaken. 1867. Feb. 4. One in\\nArgostoli and Cephalonia destroys 50\\nlives. 1870. The Grecian Archipelago\\nis shaken Santorin is nearly destroyed.]\\n1874 Mar. Dr. Schliemann, by exca-\\nvating, discovers the supposed site of\\nMycenae. [Reported.]\\n1875 Oct. 4. The Germans begin ex-\\ncavations at Olympia. [Important\\ndiscoveries are made.]\\n1878 Nov. 28. Dr. Schliemann an-\\nnounces the discovery of the tomb of\\nAgamemnon and others, besides many\\ntreasures, at Mycenae.\\n1883 The foundations of the Temple\\nof Jupiter at Dodona, Epirus [with\\nother relicB], are discovered.\\n1886 Athens. A great discovery of\\nstatuary is made near the Acropolis.\\n1888 Sept.* Dr. Schliemann makes\\ndiscoveries in excavations at Myceme.\\n1889 Jan. 3. Athens. The American\\nSchool of Archeology resumes ita\\nsessions.\\nJan. 22. Earthquake shocks are felt\\nat Athens, Megara, and elsewhere.\\n[Apr. 11. In Epirus. Air;. 26. Again.]\\n1893 Jan. 19. A hurricane causes\\nmuch damage.\\nJan. 30. An earthquake occurs on the\\nisland of Zante villages are destroyed,\\nmany persons killed, and 100 injured\\n10,000 persons are homeless. [About 300\\nshocks occur within five months.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1845 Dec. 24. George I., son of Christian\\nIX. of Denmark, King of the Hellenes, b.\\n1889 Feb. 11. Prokopios, Monsignor, pa-\\nCHURCH.\\n1828 June 9. The sultan appoints a\\npatriarch whom the Greeks reject.\\nAthens. The Protestant Episcopal\\nChurch of IT. S. A. opens a mission;\\nalso the American Board (Cong.).\\n1831 The American Board (U. S. A.)\\nopens a mission at Xenos. [1834. An-\\nother at Argos. 1S37. Abandoned be-\\ncause of interference by the Govern-\\nment. One opened at Areopolis.]\\n1836 Dec. The Baptists (IT. S. A.) open\\na mission. [Abandoned by the Ameri-\\ncans after 19 years of moderate success.]\\n1S64 Nov. 16. Athens. The National\\nAssembly repeals the article of the con-\\nstitution requiring Roman Catholic\\npriests to be Hellenic subjects.\\n1867* Athens. A Danish mission is\\nopened. [1S6S. Abandoned.]\\n1868 It. The Pope invites the Greeks\\nto attend the approaching General\\nCouncil. [Declined.]\\n1871 The Baptists (U. S. A.) resume\\nmission-work after suspension for 15\\nyears. [After struggling for 16 years\\nag;i.inst the restrictions of the Govern-\\nment, it is suspended.]\\n1873* *The Southern Presbyterian\\nChurch (South, U. S. A.) assumes the\\ncare of the Greek Evangelical Church.\\n[1874. It opens a mission in Salonica.\\n1885. The native church withdraws.]\\n1S74 Prokopios, the archbishop of\\nMessenia, is elected metropolitan of\\nAttica, and president of the Holy Synod.\\n1876 The synod of the church im-\\nposes an interdiction for three years\\non the archbishops found guilty of\\nsimony. (See State.)\\nLETTERS.\\n1831 Alyivaia is issued at ^gina.\\n1833 Ipi? is issued.\\n1834 AvdoAoyia is issued at Corfu.\\nThe journal, Savior is issued.\\n1837* *The University of Athens is\\nfounded.\\n1842-55 Hellenic Antiquities, by Alex-\\nander Rizo-Khangabe, appears. [1867,\\nLiterary History of Modern Greece.]\\n1850-72 ILaMpa is issued.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1831 Oct. 9. Count Capo d Istria,\\nis assassinated by the brother and son\\nof a Mainote chief whom he had impris-\\noned. [1831. Oct. 39. The assassins are\\nimmured within brick walls closely\\nbuilt around them as high as their chins\\nhere they are fed till they die.]\\n1857 Oct. 27. The king marries the\\nGrand Duchess Olga of Russia.\\n1868 Aug. 2. Constantine, Duke of\\nSparta, heir to the crown, is born. [1869,\\nJune 25, George, Prince of Greece;\\n1870, Aug. 30, Alexandra; 1872, Feb. 9,\\nNicholas 1876 Mar. 3, Maria.]\\n1870 Apr. 11. NearXigrattionaband\\nof 20 brigands capture Lord and Lady\\nMucaster, Count de Boyl, and five other\\npersons, and hold them for a ransom\\n\u00c2\u00a325,000 the ladies are released.\\nApr. 21. The brigands, being closely\\npressed by Greek troops, murder all\\nfour of their prisoners. [Seven of the\\nbrigands are soon captured and decapi-\\ntated. Later, five more.]\\nMay+ Influential citizens are charged\\nwith connivance at brigandage.\\n1889 Oct. 27. Athens. The crown\\nprince of Greece and Princess Sophie of\\nPrussia are united in marriage.\\n1891 Apr.* -May* Anti- Jewish riots\\nbreak out in the Ionian Islands.\\nMay 1. A riotous and fatal encounter\\noccurs between Greek Christians and\\nHebrews at Zante; the Christians are\\nthe aggressors.\\nMay 12. In Corfu the Christians at-\\ntack the Jews; two are killed. [A\\nstate of siege is declared at Corfu. The\\nJews are confined within their houses\\nat Corfu for weeks, and suffer for food.]\\nMay 16. Ionian Isles. The anti-Sem-\\nitic riots break out in Corfu.\\n1894 Aug. 8. A bomb explosion in\\nCorfu City kills seven persons in the\\nHebrew quarter.\\nSept. 2. A newspaper is wrecked by\\nsoldiers for unfavorable comment on\\narmy.\\nDec. 15. Armenian refugees make\\ntheir way to Athens.\\nSTATE.,\\n1829 July 23. The National Assem-\\nbly commences its session at Argos.\\nSept. 14. Turkey acknowledges the in-\\ndependence of Greece.\\n1831 Oct. 9. President Capo d Istria\\nrules with severity, and is assassinated\\nanarchy follows.\\n*A Senatorial Commission conducts\\nthe government.\\n1832 May 7. Otto of Bavaria, son of\\nLewis, is made king of Greece. A con-\\nvention is signed by which definite\\nlimits are assigned the new kingdom\\nby the powers.\\n1834 Athens becomes the capital.\\n1835 Jan. 1.-62 Oct. 20. Otto I.\\nreigns. A regency of three Bavarians is\\nselected by his father.\\n1843 Sept. 14. Athens. The constitu-\\ntion being ignored, a new constitution is\\nestablished by a bloodless revolution\\nit provides for a responsible and repre-\\nsentative government.\\n1844 Mar. 16. King Otto dismisses\\nhis Bavarian Ministers, and accepts\\nthe new constitution.\\n1854* Greece sides with Russia\\nagainst Turkey in the Crimean War.\\nJan. The Ministry favors the insur-\\nrection in Thessaly and Epirus against\\nTurkey. [Mar. 28. Rupture of diplo-\\nmatic relations with Turkey.]\\nMay The English and French troops\\nwhich arrive at the Pirams force the\\nobservance of neutrality, and a change\\nof policy respecting additional terri-\\ntory a change of Ministry ensues.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1048.jp2"}, "1049": {"fulltext": "GREECE. 1828, June 9-1894, Dec. 15. 1037\\n1856 The three protecting powers\\nappoint a commission to investigate\\nGrecian finances. [1860. Report; their\\nmanagement is condemned.]\\n1860 Sept. 15. An assassin, Aristides\\nDosias, fails in an attempt to assassi-\\nnate the queen as a patriotic duty.\\nOct. 18. Great Britain, France, and\\nRussia remonstrate with the Greek Gov-\\nernment respecting its debts.\\n1861 Mar.* The Ionian Islands agitate\\nfor annexation to Greece the Parlia-\\nment declares in favor of it.\\n1862 Feb. 12. A mili tary revolt oc-\\ncurs against the usurpation of the king.\\nThe insurgents demand reforms and a\\nnew succession. [Apr. 20. Subdued.]\\nSept. 23. Athens. The king prorogues\\nthe Chamber he cannot silence, and con-\\ntinues an oppressive administration.\\nOct. 17. An insurrection arises at Pe-\\ntrse and Missolonghhi.\\nOct. 20. Athens. King Otto abdi-\\ncates, having lost power and influence.\\nOct. 23. A provisional government is\\nformed Demetri Bulgaris, president.\\n[It is generally accepted.]\\nA general election is held, and\\nPrince Alfred of England is chosen\\nking by 230,016 out of 241,202 votes.\\nBut the agreement entered by the\\nthree powers forbids the elevation of\\na prince of either power to the throne.\\nDec. 4. Athens. The Provisional Gov-\\nernment decrees a modification of the\\nConstitution of 1843; universal suf-\\nfrage is introduced, and the executive\\ndepartment of government reorganized.\\n1863 Feb. 21. A military revolt oc-\\ncurs against Vulgaris, president of the\\ncouncil, and Rufos, minister of finance.\\n[They resign.]\\nMar. 30. The National Assembly pro-\\nclaims George I. the king of Greece.\\n(Son of Christian IX. of Denmark.)\\nMay 27. London. Great Britain, France,\\nand Russia sign a protocol declaring the\\nthrone of Greece vacant. [June 5.\\nThey sign a treaty relative to the acces-\\ncessiou of Prince William.]\\nJuly 3. The Powers, by an identical\\nnote, inform the Assembly that they will\\nquit Greece if order is not restored.\\nJuly 9. Athens. A military revolt is\\nsuppressed.\\nOct. 18. The Ionian Parliament votes\\nthat the protectorate of England shall\\ncease immediately, and the islands be\\nforthwith annexed to Greece. [1364.\\nJune 2. The protectorate ends.]\\nOct. 31. Athens. The king takes the\\noath of fidelity to the Constitution.\\nNov. 14. The protecting powers and\\nAustria sign a treaty relative to the\\nIonian Islands.\\n1864 July 30. Athens. Ionian repre-\\nsentatives to the Assembly first arrive.\\nOct. 21. Athens. The Constitutional\\nConvention provides for a Council of\\nState.\\nThe legislative authority is vested in a\\nsingle chamber called the Boule, hav-\\ning 207 delegates elected for four years\\nby universal suffrage.\\nNov. 1. Athens. The Convention, in\\nspite of the opposition of the king, adopts\\na new Constitution. [Nov. 28. The\\nking takes the constitutional oath,\\nand the convention is dissolved Count\\nSponneck, a Dane, is his chief adviser.]\\n1865 Sept. 25. Athens. The king sur-\\nrenders one-third of his civil list to re-\\nlieve the strain on the treasury.\\nDec. 1. Count Sponneck, the Danish\\nadviser, yields to the popular opposition,\\nand retires from Greece.\\n1866 Aug\u00c2\u00b1 A popular agitation favors\\nthe Cretan insurrectionists who desire\\nannexation with Greece. [1867. Apr.\\nGreeks aid the revolting Cretans.]\\n1868 Dec. Turkey and Greece come\\nto an open rupture, caused by Grecian\\nintervention in Crete.\\n1869 Jan. 9 -Feb. 18. Pans. The\\nEuropean Conference proposes an\\namicable adjustment of Cretan difficul-\\nties acceptable to Greece and Turkey.\\n1875 The king gives great offense by\\nhis unconstitutional methods; they\\nforce a change in the ministry.\\n1876 Greece assumes neutrality in the\\nServian war.\\nSept. Great Britain unites with Turkey\\nin remonstrating with Greece for arm-\\ning against Turkey.\\n1878 Jan. 22. Athens. The popular\\ndemand for war with Turkey causes\\nthe Ministry to resign. [President Com-\\noundouros forms a new one.]\\nJan. 31. Athens. The Chamber empow-\\ners the Government to take military\\nmeasures against Turkey. Vote, 121-6.\\n[The minority proposes the armed occu-\\npation of Thessaly, Epirus, and a part of\\nMacedonia, to protect Greek citizens.]\\nJuly 24\u00c2\u00b1. The Sultan proposes the rec-\\ntification of the frontiers. [Aug. 8. The\\nclaims of Greece are rejected.]\\nAug. Athens. The Greek Government\\nrequests the powers to bring about a\\nsettlement of the Eastern Question.\\n1879 Jan.* The Turco-Grecian Com-\\nmission, appointed under the Berlin\\nTreaty to rectify the frontier boundaries\\nbetween Greece and Turkey, meets.\\n1880 June 15-f-. Berlin. A confer-\\nence of plenipotentiaries of the powers\\nunanimously agree upon a new line\\nof demarcation between Greece and\\nTurkey.\\nGreece receives 8,500 square miles,\\nand 535.000 population. Greece rejoices.\\nTurkey resists. [Unexecuted.]\\nJuly Greece prepares for war in exe-\\ncution of the Berlin Conference.\\n1881 Feb. 7- Athens, The Government\\ncalls out the National Guard, also the\\nReserve, 80,000 men.\\nFeb. Constantinople. A new line of\\ndemarcation is agreed to by the pow-\\ners Turkey accepts, Greece opposes it,\\namid intensest excitement. It cedes to\\nGreece 265 square miles.\\nApr. 7. Athens. The Ministry accepts\\nthe new line of demarcation.\\nMay 24. Constantinople. The Porte and\\nthe powers sign a convention respect-\\ning ceded territory; Thessaly is ceded\\nto Greece territory. 5,142 square miles.\\n[July 2. Signed. July 6. Effectuated.]\\nThe burdensome revenue tax of one-\\ntenth in kind of all agricultural prod-\\nucts is abolished.\\n1885 Oct. 11. Athens. A decree is\\nissued calling out the reserves; 30,000\\nfftieu are enrolled within five days.\\n1886 Jan. 11. The six great powers by\\nan identical note call on Greece, Bul-\\ngaria, and Servia to disarm.\\n[Jan. 26. A collective note declares\\nthat in absence of cause, no naval attack\\non Turkey will be permitted. Jan. 31.\\nAnother declares that the powers will\\ntake action against either state that\\nbreaks the peace.]\\nMar. 15\u00c2\u00b1. Athens. The Government\\ncalls out two more classes of reserves\\nfor the army, raising its nominal\\nstrength to 100,000 men.\\nApr. 26. A collective note conveys to\\nGreece the ultimatum of the powers\\nit demands demobilization within one\\nweek. [Apr. 29. The French Minister\\nmakes a special intervention. Greece\\nproposes a gradual disbanding.]\\nMay 6. The powers demand of Greece\\na specific statement of the time required.\\nThe representatives of the powers\\nleave Athens, and a pacific blockade of\\nthe coasts of Greece is declared.\\nMay 24. Athens. The king signs a de-\\ncree for a speedy disarmament.\\nJune 24. Athens. The Chamber passes\\nthe Electoral Reform Bill it reduces\\nthe number of deputies from 246 to 150\\nby enlarging the constituencies.\\n1889 Aug. 6. The Ministry sends a\\ncircular letter to the powers, demand-\\ning that they take action for the resto-\\nration of order in Crete.\\nOct. 27. Prince Konstantinos, Duke\\nof Sparta, heir apparent, is married to\\nPrincess Sophia of Prussia, the sister of\\nthe German emperor.\\n1890 Apr. 3. Athens. A charter is\\ngranted for the completion of the canal\\nacross the Isthmus of Corinth, its French\\npromoters having abandoned it $4,000,-\\n000 are voted for its completion.\\nOct. The Young Greek Party tri-\\numphs in the election.\\n1893 Jan. 1. The national debt is\\n569,220,353 drachmai payable in gold,\\n161,758,822 payable in paper, and 11,000,-\\n000 issued as treasury warrants.\\nNov. 26. Greece announces that she is\\ntemporarily unable to keep her finan-\\ncial engagements with foreign powers.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1869 The first railroad is opened be-\\ntween Piraeus and Phalerum, distance\\nless than one mile. [1872. The rail-\\nroad between Piraeus and Lamia is\\nbegun.]\\n1882 May 5. The cutting of a canal\\nacross the Isthmus of Corinth is begun.\\n[1893. Aug. 6. Opened.]\\n1884 May 4. A fourth railway, from\\nVolo to Larissa, is opened by the king.\\n[1885. Apr. 15. A railway is opened\\nbetween Athens and Corinth.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1049.jp2"}, "1050": {"fulltext": "1038 876, **-1774,\\nCREENLAND.\\nGreenland is a continental island, lying in the North. Polar Sea, entirely unconnected with any portion of Europe or\\nAmerica. It belongs, for the most part, to Denmark, and is ruled by a governor appointed by the crown. Estimated area,\\n512,000 square miles population in 1890, 10,500\u00c2\u00b1, chiefly Eskimos, and including about 300 Europeans.\\nCHURCH.\\n1121* *Eric Gnupsson appointed\\nbishop (p. 11). [1124 Bishop Arnold.\\n1540. The last bishop dies.]\\n1686 Jan. 31. Norway. Hans Egede,\\nthe Apostle of Greenland, is born.\\n[1721. Arrives in Greenland. 1723.\\nFounds Good Hope Mission. 1723-36.\\nConverts Eskimos. 1740. Becomes super-\\nintendentof missions. 1758. Nov. 5. D.]\\n1708* Norway. Paul Egede, author,\\nis born. [1734-40. Paul Egede, mission-\\nary superintendent. 1789. Dies.]\\n1725 Jan. 1. Frederick Christian,\\nthe first convert of the Danish mission-\\naries, is baptized [becomes a teacher].\\n1728 Godthaab becomes a Danish\\nmission-station.\\n1733 May 20. Moravian mission-\\naries from Herrnhut, Saxony, first ar-\\nrive at Godthaab. [1738. Kajarauk is\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n876* Greenland is discovered by\\nGunnbjorn. [985i. Eric Kande] (p. 11).\\n1135 Apr. Greenland is visited by\\nScandinavians.\\n1235 Colonists penetrate as far as\\n73\u00c2\u00b0 north latitude.\\n1261 Republican government is abol-\\nished, and Greenland is incorporated\\nwith Norway.\\n1342 The Eskimos appear. [1350.\\nThey distress the settlers.]\\n1393(1394?) July* Greenland is visited\\nby Nicolo Zeno, a Venetian.\\n14lh-15th Centuries. Black death, foreign\\nenemies, and the attacks of the Eskimos,\\ndecimate the settlements. [1490\u00c2\u00b1\\nColonization appears to have ceased.]\\nGreenland is neglected\u00e2\u0080\u0094 almost\\nforgotten for 200 years.\\n1396+ Antonio Zeno, a brother of\\nNicolo, explores the coast.\\n1418 Settlements of Norsemen are\\ndestroyed by natives, and the foreigners\\nreduced to slavery.\\n1578 Sir Martin Frobisher, while\\nseeking a Northwest Passage, takes pos-\\nsession of the west coast for Queen Eliz-\\nabeth, and calls it West England.\\n1733-34 Smallpox destroys many\\nthousands of people, nearly depopulat-\\ning some of the villages.\\n1750 A Greenland Danish-Latin Dic-\\ntionary, by Paul Egede, appears. 1756,\\nA Greenland Catechism; 1760, A Green-\\nland Grammar; 1766, New Testament in\\nthe Greenland tongue; 1877, a transla-\\ntion of Thomas a Kempis.]\\n1774 The Danish crown makes trade\\nwith Greenland a strict monopoly.\\nGUATEMALA.\\nGuatemala is a republic of Central America, having its executive power vested in a president, and its legislative power in a\\n^National Assembly, representing 22 political departments. The chief religion is Roman Catholic, but other faiths are tolerated.\\nArea, 46,800 square miles population in 1890, 1,460,017.\\nARMY.\\n1827* Guatemala. The Salvadoreans\\nattack the city after the assassination\\nof Vice-President Flores, and are re-\\npulsed. [1829. Apr. They attack and\\ncapture it. 1840. Mar. 18. Carrera, the\\nrevolutionist, defeats them.]\\n1851 Carrera defeats the Hondurians\\nand San Salvndorians at La Axada, near\\nChiquimula, and expels them.\\n1854-56 Filibusters. (See State.)\\n1863 June 16. The Salvadorians\\nseverely defeat the Guatemalans at\\nCoatepeque. [A truce follows. Guate-\\nmala secures Nicaragua and Costa Rica\\nas allies, and San Salvador is captured.\\nPeace follows.]\\n.1871 May* Miguel Garcia Granados\\ninvades Guatemala from Chiapas, and\\ndefeats and deposes President Cerna.\\n1876 War with Honduras and San\\nSalvador follows BarYios s attempt to\\nform a confederation of the Central\\nAmerican republics.\\n1885 Apr. 2. Barrios invades Salva-\\ndor, is defeated killed at Chalchuapa.\\n1890 July 17. A Guatemalan army\\ninvades San Salvador, but is defeated\\nwith heavy loss.\\nJuly 27+- Both Guatemala and San Sal-\\nvador mass their troops; the former\\nhas 40,000 and the latter 10,000 under\\narms. [Aug. 6. The revolutionists de-\\nfeated. Aug. 15. Hostilities resumed.]\\n1892 Feb. 23. Gen. Enriquez and\\nseveral companions are killed by a\\nGuatemalan force near Jacapa.\\nSTATE.\\n1820 Guatemala begins to shake off\\nthe Spanish yoke.\\n1821 Independence is declared.\\n1822-23 The people support the Mexi-\\ncan patriot Iturbide. [1823. Guate-\\nmala withdraws from the Mexican Con-\\nfederation.!\\n1824 A confederation of Central\\nAmerican states is formed, and a demo-\\ncratic convention established. The\\nUnited States of Central America\\nconsists of Guatemala, San Salvador,\\nHonduras, Nicaragua, aud Costa llica.\\n1826 Sept. 6. President Barrundia\\nhaving been imprisoned, Cerilo Flores\\nbecomes acting president. [Oct. 13.\\nFlores is assassinated.]\\n1829 The Salvadorians establish Gen.\\nMorazan as President. (See Army.)\\n1847 Mar. 21. A new declaration\\nof independence is made allegiance\\nto Spain is altogether withdrawn.\\n1848 Rafael Carrera is elected pres-\\nident. [Reelected for life.]\\nA new Constitution is promulgated.\\n1854-55 American filibusters under\\nKenny and William Walker make an\\nunsuccessful invasion.\\n1863 Rivalry between Carrera and\\nBarrios, the president of San Salvador,\\nleads to open war.\\n1865 May 3. Gen. Vicente Cerna is\\nmade president for four years. [1871.\\nJune 29. Deposed by Granados.]\\n1870+ The Liberal party begins to\\nrise in influence.\\n1871 The archbishop of Guatemala\\nand the Jesuits are exiled as political\\nintriguers favoring the clerical party.\\nMay -73 June 4. Granados rules as\\nprovisional president.\\n1872 Mar. An alliance is entered\\nwith Honduras against San Salvador.\\n[1873. With San Salvador.]\\nThe Jesuit order is proclaimed ex-\\ntinct and its property confiscated.\\n1873 June 4. Justo Rufino Barrios\\nis elected president. [Successively re-\\nelected till his death in 1885.]\\n1876 President Barrios invites other\\nrepublics to a Confederation Confer-\\nence. [The Conference is broken up\\nby quarrels, and war follows in which\\nGuatemala is victorious.]\\n1881 The United States of America\\nis requested to settle the disputed\\nboundaries with Mexico. [Mexico de-\\nclines the mediation. 1884. Definitely\\ntraced.]\\n1885 Feb. 28. President Barrios is-\\nsues a proclamation for the union of the\\nfive Central American republics.\\nNicaragua and Costa Kica refuse, and\\ndeclare war against Guatemala. [Hon-\\nduras alone favors the union.]\\nApr. 16. Gen. Barillas succeeds Bar-\\nrios as president. [Peace follows.]\\n1886 May 25. A law is passed pro-\\nhibiting torture as punishment.\\n1889 Oct. 30. Another revolution\\nbreaks out. [Nov.* Insurrectionists\\nattack the Mataes-ciuntla barracks, and\\nseize the arms. Nov. 3. Order prevails.]\\n1890 Mar. 27. Guatemala enters the\\nunion of the Central American States.\\nAug. 20+ Salvador and Guatemala ac-\\ncept the mediation of the United States.\\n[Aug. 21. Peace is concluded. Aug.\\n27. Signed. Nov. 16. The final treaty\\nof peace signed. 1891. July 25. Ratified.]\\nAug. 28. Gen. Martin Barrundia, the\\nrevolutionist, is shot down on board an\\nAmerican steamer.\\n1891 July 12. Disorder prevails.\\nSept.* Another revolt breaks out Gen.\\nBarillas declares himself dictator hun-\\ndreds are killed in a fight between sol-\\ndiers and insurgents in the streets.\\n1892 Jan. 16. Dr. Lainfiesa is elected\\npresident. [Over 60 persons are killed\\nand 100 wounded in election riots.]\\nFeb. A revolt headed by Gen. Enri-\\nquez is suppressed.\\n1894 Oct.* The president declares him-\\nself dictator.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1730 Guatemala. The cathedral is\\nerected.\\n1773 June 7. An earthquake de-\\nstroys Santiago and all its inhabitants.\\n1774* Old Guatemala is destroyed by\\nthe Volcan de Agua.\\n1779 Cerilo Flores, acting president,\\nborn. [1826. Oct. 13. Dies.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1050.jp2"}, "1051": {"fulltext": "GUATEMALA. 1730,* *-1893, Jan. 23. 1089\\nJose Francisco Barrundia, president,\\nborn. [1854. Aug. 4. Dies.]\\n1814 Rafael Carrera, revolutionist,\\npresident, born. [1865. Apr. 14. Dies.]\\n1824 Slavery is abolished.\\n1834+ Justo Rufino Barrios, presi-\\ndent, born. [1886. Apr. 2. Dies.]\\n1862 Dec. 19. Guatemala. An earth-\\nquake destroys 150 buildings and 14\\nchurches. [1874. Sept.* Old Guatemala\\nis much damaged.]\\n1868* A telegraph line is collected\\nfrom the capital to Amatillan.\\n1875 A railroad from San Jose to Es-\\ncuintha begun. [1380. June 18. Opened.]\\n1882 Guatemala. The Presbyterian\\nChurch, U. S. A., establishes a mission.\\n1884 Work is commenced on the In-\\nteroceanic Railroad. [1885. Dec. 27.\\nAlso on one to connect La Antigua with\\nthe Central Railroad of Guatemala.]\\n1886 Jan. 6. A telegraph line is laid\\nbetween Jocotun, Guatemala, and Santa\\nRosa, Honduras.\\n1889 Dec.* Guatemala. Cholera\\n1,200 deaths.\\nSept. 23. The Government closes the\\nports as a quarantine against cholera.\\n1893 Jan. 23. The British Legation is\\nattacked by rioters.\\nGUIANA.\\nGuiana is a country lying on tbe north coast of South America, and divided into three colonies. British Guiana, in the\\nw f est, consists of the three united British colonies of Berbice, Demerara, and Fssequibo capital, Georgetown area (claimed),\\n109,000 square miles; population in 1S91, 288,324. The people are chiefly negroes, mulattoes, East Indians, and Chinese. The\\nreligions are numerically represented in the following order Hindus, Moravians, Reformed and Lutherans, Roman Catholics,\\nMohammedans, Jews, and Buddhists. Dutch Guiana, in the center, is a colony of the Netherlands, with Paramaribo for its\\ncapital area, 46,000 square miles population in 1890, 5G,S73. French Guiana, in the east, is a colony of France, having Cay-\\nenne for its capital. The boundary on the east is in dispute with Brazil. Area (claimed), 46,858 square miles population, 25,796.\\nARMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 STATE.\\n1580 Dutch settlers appear on the\\nPomeroon.\\n1613+ G. A colony of Zealanders\\nflourishes on the banks of the Essequibo.\\n1614* *Neth. Holland grants four\\nyears monopoly to any Dutch citizen\\ndiscovering any harbor or place of com-\\nmerce in this region. [1627-67. D. G.\\nDutch colonists arrive.]\\n1626-43 D.G. French colonists settle\\non the Sinnamary and on the Surinam.\\n1630 D.G. English colonists settle\\nin Surinam. [1652. KeturntoParamaribo.]\\n1634 F.G. French traders settle in\\nCayenne. [1664. Taken by the French.]\\n1662* *Eng. Charles II. grants the\\nwhole colony to Lord Willoughby.\\n1664* *D.G. Many Jews remove from\\nCayenne to the Surinam district.\\n1666* I). G. Zealanders take the\\nEnglish settlement by storm, and 100,000\\npounds of sugar are exacted as a ransom.\\n1667 By the Peace of Breda, the\\nDutch are formally recognized as the\\nmasters of Guiana. [1674. Confirmed\\nto them by the Treaty of Westminster.]\\n1674 Dec. 21. F.G. The French at-\\ntack Cayenne. [1677. Capture it.]\\nF. G. The colony passes under the\\ndirect control of the crown.\\n1682* Neth. The Dutch West India\\nCompany receives Guiana by charter\\nfrom the States-General. [16S3. It cedes\\none-third of their territory to the city of\\nAmsterdam, another third to Cornelius\\nVac Aerssens, Lord of Sommelsdijk.]\\nNeth. The new company incorpo-\\nrate themselves as the Chartered So-\\nciety of Surinam Sommelsdijk is the\\ngovernor. [1688. He is massacred in a\\nmutiny. His claim is purchased after\\na time by Amsterdam.]\\n1712 D. G. The French under Cas-\\nsard attack the Dutch, and exact a con-\\ntribution of Paramaribo.\\n1732 B. G. Berbice receives a con-\\nstitution from Holland.\\n1760 D. G. Peace is made with tbe\\nAukan negroes. [1762. With Sara-\\nmaceans.]\\n1763 D. G. An insurrection of ne-\\ngro slaves breaks out. [Suppressed.]\\n1764 F. G. Many French colonists\\narrive.\\n1772 D. G. The Maroons, bush ne-\\ngroes, revolt. [1776. Suppressed.]\\n1776 I). G. The Bonni tribe of In-\\ndians attack the colonists.\\n1781* D. G. Adm. Rodney takes\\npossession for Great Britain. [17S3. Re-\\nstored to Holland. 1796. Regained by\\nEngland. 1820. Restored to the Dutch.]\\n1786* *D.G. Indians become pacified.\\n1795 D. G. The Chartered Society\\nis dissolved, and Surinam is committed\\nto a committee of 21 members.\\nD. G. The College of Electors com-\\nmissions some of its members to act with\\nthe court in financial matters.\\n1799 D. G. Tbe English assume a\\nprotectorate over the colony. [1815.\\nThe Dutch authority restored.]\\n1800* *F. G. Victor Hugo is appointed\\ngovernor, and the colony prospers.\\n1803 British Guiana is finally ac-\\nquired, and its separate history be-\\ngins; Sir Charles Green, governor.\\n[1814. Formally ceded by the Dutch. It\\nconsists of the three colonies, Demerara,\\nEssequibo, and Berbice. 1831. July\\nThree colonies consolidated.]\\n1809* *F.G. The Portuguese and Brit-\\nish invade the territory.\\n1814 F. G. Authority is nominally\\nrestored to the French.\\n1817 F. G. The Portuguese finally\\nrestore the country to the French.\\n1828* D. G. Surinam and the West\\nIndies are placed under a common gov-\\nernment. [1845. Separated.]\\n1848 F. G. France sends many po-\\nlitical prisoners to Cayenne.\\n1868 B. G. John Scott becomes gov-\\nernor. [1874, James Robert Longden\\n1876, G. C. H. Cortright 1*82, Sir Henry\\nT. Irving 18S7, Dec. Viscount Ger-\\nmans town.]\\n1870\u00c2\u00b1 B. G. The organized impor-\\ntation of Chinese is prohibited.\\n1891 May 13. D.G. A serious revolt\\nbreaks out.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1498 The coast is discovered by Co-\\nlumbus. [1504. Vasco Nunez lands.\\n1531. Diego de Ordas makes discoveries.]\\n1596 Sir Walter Raleigh makes ex-\\nplorations. [1G07, 1617. Explorations.]\\n1643 F. G. The Compagnie du Cap\\nNord is formed in Rouen.\\n1645 F. G. The Compagnie de la\\nFrance Equinoxiale is established. [1652.\\nThe second compagnie is established.]\\n1664 F.G. The Compagnie des Indes\\nOccidentales is chartered.\\n1683+ D.G. The canal of Sommels-\\ndijk is constructed.\\n1735+ D. G. The Moravians estab-\\nlish mission-stations at Paramaribo,\\nClevia, and other places on the Surinam.\\n1807* *D. G. Slave-trade is abolished.\\n1819 Gold is first discovered.\\n1842 B. G. Slavery is abolished;\\nbut by way of compensation to owners,\\nthe negroes are to be worked as appren-\\ntices without pay until 1863. [1863. Ac-\\ntually abolished.]\\n1852 F. G. More than 8,000 convicts\\nare sent out by France as a penal colony.\\n1870 Apr. 24. B. G. The waterfall\\nKaieteur (822 feet) is discovered.\\n1877 Dec. 31. B. G. The estates em-\\nploy 22,500 East Indian emigrants\\nworking under a five years indenture.\\n1878 B. G. The Church of Eng-\\nland claims 90,000 members.\\nB. G. The Moravians establish\\nmissions at Graham s Hall and Beter-\\nverwagtung in Demerara.\\nRoman Catholics report several\\nchurches and mission-stations.\\nHAITI.\\nHaiti is, next to Cuba, the largest of tbe West India group. It is politically divided into the Republic of Haiti in the west,\\nand the Republic of Dominica in the east. Area of the Republic of Haiti, 10,204 square miles population, 572,000, only one-\\ntenth are whites. The government is republican in form the executive branch is vested in a president elected for a term of\\nseven years the legislative branch is vested in an Assembly comprising a Senate and Chamber of Representatives. Its capital\\nis Port-Au-Prince. The popular language is debased French, and the nominal religion is Roman Catholic.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1051.jp2"}, "1052": {"fulltext": "1040 1492, Dec. 6-1894, Mar,\\nHAITI.\\nSTATE SETTLEMENT.\\n1492 Dec. 6. Columbus discovers the\\nisland (of Haiti), which he names His-\\npaniola, and lands at St. Nicolas Mole.\\n1496 Santo Domingo is settled.\\n1505 Negro slaves are introduced.\\n1517* Sp. The importation of 4,000\\nAfrican negroes yearly is authorized.\\n1632 French buccaneers arrive.\\n1674* Bertrand Denis d Ogeron de la\\nBouere, an adventurer, plants a colony.\\n1696 Sept. 30. The western part of the\\nisland is ceded to France hy the Treaty\\nof Ryswick. [1795. July ^2. By theTreaty\\nof Basel, called Saint Dominique.]\\n1722 The restrictions on trade being\\nremoved, the languishing French colony\\nbecomes prosperous.\\n1790* Vincent Oge, a mulatto, edu-\\ncated in France, having 300 followers,\\nleads a revolt. [Quickly suppressed.]\\n1791 May 15. Fr. The National Con-\\nvention gives to free-born nmlattoes\\ncitizens rights. [Sept. 24. Repealed.]\\nAug. 25. The plantation slaves rise\\nagainst the oppressive whites. [Tous-\\nsaint L Ouverture fights the Spanish\\nDominicans. Sept. 11. The whites\\nyield, and grant civil rights.]\\n1793 Aug. The abolition of slavery-\\nis proclaimed to conciliate the uncon-\\nquerable mulattoes.\\nSept. A British force invades Haiti.\\n1794 Feb. Ft. The National Con-\\nvention guarantees universal freedom\\nto all in the French colony.\\nToussaint deserts the Spanish and\\njoins the French, whereby the latter\\ngain ascendency.\\n1798 Toussaint, the leader of the\\nblacks, aiding the French, drives the\\nBritish from the island, after they had\\nconquered the whole western coast.\\n1799 Gen. Rigaud, a mulatto, fa-\\nvoring the British, is defeated by Tous-\\nsaint, who thereby acquires control of\\nthe western part of the island.\\n1801 July* Toussaint, the real ruler\\nof the entire country, adopts a constitu-\\ntional form of government, and pro-\\nclaims the independence of Haiti.\\n1802 Feb. A French army under\\nGen. Leclerc, 30,000 strong, lands to re-\\nstore slavery.\\nMay A truce is agreed to. Toussaint\\ncapitulates, and is pardoned. [Yellow\\nfever makes French army powerless.]\\nJuly Toussaint is arrested, charged\\nwith conspiracy. [Sent to France.]\\n1803 Nov. 30. The French army,\\nS,000 strong, capitulates to a British\\nsquadron under Gen. D ess alines.\\n1804 Jan. 1. The Haitians formally\\ndeclare their political independence\\nthe aboriginal name of Haiti is revived.\\nGen. Jean Jacques Dessalines, the\\nsuccessor of Toussaint, is declared gov-\\nernor for life. [1S05. June 16. He pro-\\nclaims himself emperor, and is crowned\\nwith great pomp, Jacques I. 1S06. Oct.\\n17. He is assassinated by military con-\\nspirators. Several chieftains then di-\\nvide authority, and the east part of the\\nisland is repossessed by Spain.]\\n1807 Christophe, the leader of the\\nblacks in the north, is appointed gover-\\nnor for life. [1811. He changes his title\\nfrom emperor to that of King Henry I.]\\nMar. 10. Alexander Sabes Potion be-\\ncomes governor in the southern part.,\\n[1818. May He dies. Jean Pierre\\nBoyer succeeds him.]\\n1820 Oct. Christophe commits sui-\\ncide. [Boyer becomes practical dictator\\nof the whole island.]\\n1821 Nov. 30. The Haitians in the\\nwest throw off the Spanish yoke, and\\nproclaim an independent republic.\\n1322 Boyer invades the disturbed dis-\\ntrict, annexes it, and calls the new gov-\\nernment the Republic of Haiti.\\n1825 France agrees to recognize the\\nindependence of Haiti on the payment\\nof an indemnity of 90,000 francs.\\n1842 A revolution breaks out.\\n1843 President Boyer is an exile.\\n1844 Feb. 27. The Dominican Re-\\npublic is formed in the east (p. 643).\\nApr. 9. President Herrard Riviere fails\\nto subdue the revolting Dominicans.\\n*Gen. Guerrier becomeB president.\\n[Pierrot and Gen. Riche follow. 1847.\\nFaustin Soulouque. He attempts to\\nsubdue the Dominicans in the east.]\\n1849 Apr. 21. The Dominicans un-\\nder Gen. San tana defeat the Haitians\\nat Las Carreras.\\nAug. 26. Soulouque assumes the title\\nof Faustian 1., emperor, and appoints a\\ncourt and a nobility. [1859. He flees\\nbefore an uprising of the people.]\\n1859 The Republic of Haiti is again\\nproclaimed Fabre Geffrard, president.\\n[1867 He flees before an insurrection,\\nand Sylvestre Salnave succeeds him.]\\n1868 May 10. An insurrection\\nbreaks out against President Salnave.\\n[June 3. He defeats the insurgents.\\nAug. Proclaims himself emperor. Dec.\\n18. Heisfinallydefeated,andflees. 1870.\\nJan. 15. Captured, tried, and shot.]\\n1870 Jan. It is proposed to sell Sa-\\nmana Bay to the United States. [Pro-\\nject dropped.]\\nMay 15. Gen. Nissage Saget is inaugu-\\nrated president.\\n1873 Oct. Gen. Ganier d Aton is\\nelected president. [1874. June 14. Mi-\\nchael Dominique.]\\n1876 Mar. 7\u00c2\u00b1. Louis Tanis heads an\\ninsurrection. [Apr. Dominique is\\ndefeated, and flees. July 19. Boisrond\\nCanal is elected president. 1879. July\\n17\u00c2\u00b1. Deposed, by revolutionists. Oct.\\n22. Succeeded by Gen. Salomon. 18S6.\\nJuly 14. Salomon is reelected.]\\n1883 Mar. 25. A revolution breaks\\nout. [Mar. 31. Government troops are de-\\nfeated. May Rebels blow up a bridge,\\nkilling 2,000 persons. June Insurrec-\\ntion is quelled amnesty proclaimed.]\\n1888 Aug.* Gen. Salomon is deposed\\nby a revolution. [Sept. 19. Gen. Tele-\\nmaque and 300 others are killed in an\\nattack on the Palais Kationale at Port-\\nau-Prince. Oct. Civil war prevails\\nbetween north and south Haiti.]\\nOct. 22. Gen. Legitime is elected\\npresident.\\nDec. 7. Cape Haytien is bombarded.\\n[Dec. 21. Gens. Hyppolite and Legitime\\nengage in an indecisive battle.]\\n1889 Jan. 1. President Louis Mondes-\\nlin Florvil Hyppolite is installed at\\nHaitian.\\nJan. 29. Legitime is defeated by Hyp-\\npolite. [Feb. 20. Gen. Hyppolite is de-\\nfeated. Apr.* Dessalines is captured.\\nJune 1. Gen. Legitime is defeated,\\nand Gen. Hyppolite becomes provis-\\nional president. Oct. 14. Elected pres-\\ndent. Oct. 15. Inaugurated. 1890. May\\n15. Again elected for seven years.]\\nOct. The Constitution is revised, and\\nmodeled after that of the United States.\\n1894 Mar. An insurrection breaks\\nout. [Oct. 1. Suppressed.]\\nHAWAIIAN ISLANDS.\\nThis group of islands lies in the North Pacific Ocean, and was formerly called the Sandwich Islands its government\\nrepublican in form, and Honolulu is its capital the inhabitants are chiefly Hawaiian natives, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese\\nAmericans, British, and Germans.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1789 The earliest recorded volcanic\\neruption of Kilauea occurs. [1832.\\nMauna Loa is active lava flows on\\nseveral sides. Kilauea is also in a state\\nof eruption. 1843. Mauna Loa dis-\\ncharges three great streams of lava from\\nfive to six miles wide, and moving from\\n20 to 30 miles long. 1851, 1852, 1855.\\nAgain active. 1859. Streams of lava\\nflow to the sea. 1868. More discharges,\\nwith attending earthquakes. 1877. Feb.*\\nA stream of lava flows for six hours.]\\n1894 Dec. 3. Hawaii is severely shaken\\nby an earthquake.\\nCHURCH.\\n1819-20 By a spontaneous movement\\nthe idols and temples are destroyed\\nby natives.\\n1819 The first missionaries reach\\nHonolulu the people, having already\\ncast away their idols, are ready to re-\\nceive Christian teaching.\\n1821* *Kamehameha II. abolishes\\nidolatry.\\n1820 Mar. 31. The first missionaries\\nof the American Board arrive.\\n1824 The principal chiefs agree to\\nrecognize the Sabbath, and adopt the\\nTen Commandments as the basis of\\n1827 A prefecture-apostolic (Roman\\nCatholic) is established. [1841. A vica-\\nriate -apostolic is created.]\\n1847 Oct. 31. Louis D. Maigret is conse-\\ncrated vicar- apostolic for the Islands.\\n1850 The Hawaiian Missionary So-\\nciety, composed of native Christians, is\\nformed for extending the gospel. [1851.\\nIt opens a mission in Micronesia.]\\n1852 The natives, with the aid of\\nthe American Board, take the gospel\\n3,000 miles to the Caroline, Marshall,\\nand. Gilbert Islands.\\n1853 Two native missionaries and\\ntheir wives are sent to the Marquesas\\nby the society at Hawaii.\\n1861 An English bishopric is erected.\\n1862 Aug. 18. Dr. Thomas Staley is\\nconsecrated (English^ bishop for the\\nIslands. [1870. Aug. Resigns.]\\n1863 The mission-work of the Amer-\\nican Board is transferred to the Ha-\\nwaiian Evangelical Association.\\nThe Hawaiian churches report 20.000\\ncommunicants and the islands Chris-\\ntianized.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1052.jp2"}, "1053": {"fulltext": "HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 1542,* *-1894, Aug. 8. 1041\\n1872 Feb. 2. Bug. Alfred Willis is\\nconsecrated bishop for the Islands.\\n1881 Aug. 21. Hermann Koeckmann\\nis consecrated (R. C.) vicar- apostolic.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1779 Feb. 14. Capt. Cook is mur-\\ndered by the natives.\\n1824 The king and queen visit Eng-\\nland, where both die of the measles.\\n1856* Kamehameha IV. is married\\nto Miss Emma Rooker.\\n1866 Population, 62,000. Honolulu\\nabout doubles its population during the\\nwhaling-season by the influx of transient\\nseamen, who bring many evils with them.\\n1890 The natives are steadily de-\\ncreasing in numbers, owing to the vices\\nintroduced by foreigners. It is found\\nnecessary to resume mission-work to cor-\\nrect these evils.\\nSTATE.\\n1542 Gaetano, a Spaniard, discovers\\nthese islands. [1756. Lord. Byron, Eng-\\nlish navigator. 1778. By Capt. Cook.]\\n1784-1819 Kamehameha I. reigns.\\n[1819-24. Kamehameha II.]\\n1792 Vancouver visits the islands.\\n1812+ Kamehameha I. consolidates\\nthe government of the largest islands hy\\nsubduing his rivals.\\n1822 The Hawaiian language is re-\\nduced to writing.\\n1824-54 Kamehameha III. reigns.\\n1834 Feb. 9. Kamehameha IV. (Alex-\\nander Liholiho), king, born.\\n1836 Nov. 16. KalalauaI.,king,born.\\n1840 The islands are declared an in-\\ndependent kingdom. A written con-\\nstitution recognizes hristianity as the\\nfoundation of the government.\\n1844 The independence of the isl-\\nands is guaranteed by the United States\\nof America, Great Britain, and France.\\n1852* *The Constitution is revised\\nby the king and slightly liberalized.\\n1854 Dec. 15. Kamehameha IV.\\nsucceeds his father. [Dies Nov., 1863.]\\n1864 Aug. 20-72 Kamehameha\\nV. reigns. [1S72. Dec. 11. Dies.]\\n1573 Jan. 8. Prince William C.Luna-\\nliloisking. [1874. Feb. 3. Dies.]\\n1574 Feb. 12. David Kalakaua is\\nelected king by ballot, there being no\\nheirs. Queen Emma is bis rival.\\n1875 A reciprocity treaty is made\\nwith the United States.\\n1876 Dec. The king visits the United\\nStates. [1881. July He visits Eng-\\nland. 1884. Feb. He is crowned.]\\n1882 Junell Maigret (V. A.) dies.\\nTitus Coan, missionary, dies, A82.\\nHe had received into the church 11,960\\npersons.\\n1887 June 25. The people rise against\\na corrupt ministry.\\nJuly 7. The king grants a more liberal\\nConstitution.\\n1889 Apr. 10. Father Damien, leper\\npriest of Molakai, dies at Kalawa.\\n1891 Jan. 30. Kalakaua, king, dies at\\nSau Francisco.\\nLiliuokalani becomes queen.\\nFeb. 4. A plot to capture the Govern-\\nment is discovered.\\nFeb. 28. A new cabinet is selected.\\nSept. 2. The new queen daily grows\\nmore unpopular with the natives, and\\nrepublicanism is spreading.\\n1892 July 28. The cabinet resigns.\\n[Nov. 16. A new cabinet is formed.]\\nA bill to establish a lottery in Hono-\\nlulufor 25 years, at Snou.OOn a year, is in-\\ntroduced in the legislature the lottery\\nto be exempt from taxes and license\\nfees, and to have free use of the mails.\\n1893 Jan. 15. Queen Liliuokalani at-\\ntempts to force the cabinet to ap-\\nprove a new Constitution, extending her\\npower, and limiting that of foreigners.\\nJan. 17. A Committee of public\\nSafety deposes the queen, and forms a\\nprovisional government, with Sanford\\nB. Dole as president.\\nJan. 18. The Provisional Government\\nhas a strong force of men under arms,\\nand the palace is strongly fortified.\\nJan. 28. Revolution the queen is de-\\nthroned, and the new Government seeks\\nannexation to the United States.\\nFeb. 9. The American Minister estab-\\nlishes a protectorate by proclamation.\\nJuly 4. The Hawaiian Republic is\\nproclaimed, with Sanford B. Dole as\\nfirst president.\\nJuly 21\u00c2\u00b1. The new Republic is gener-\\nally recognized by the various consuls.\\nJuly 24\u00c2\u00b1. The ex-queen sends aprotest\\nto Washington against recognition.\\nAug. 31\u00c2\u00b1. In Honolulu a royalist dy-\\nnamite plot is frustrated by Adm. Sker-\\nrett cooperating with the Provisional\\nGovernment.\\nNov. 20\u00c2\u00b1. Wash. President Cleve-\\nland (U. S. A.) takes steps for reinstat-\\ning the Queen, and condemns Minister\\nStevens, who encouraged the revolution.\\nDec. 14. The Provisional Govern-\\nment has given notice to Minister Wil-\\nlis that any attempt to restore the queen\\nwill be resisted by force.\\n1894 Aug. 8. V. S. A. President-\\nCleveland recognizes the Republic.\\nHONDURAS.\\nHonduras is a republic of Central America capital, Tegucigalpa. The executive is a president the legislative authority\\nis vested in a Congress composed of a single house; the religion is Roman Catholic. Area, 46,400 square miles population, 3S0,000\u00c2\u00b1.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1523 Conquered by the Spaniards.\\n1871 May* War with San Salvador.\\n[1872. May* Renewed.]\\n1873 Aug. 19. The British ship Niobe\\nbombards Omoa to redress injuries.\\n1890 Nov. 17. The insurgent Sanchez\\nis shot.\\n1892 June 1. Therebeltroopsoccupy\\nPuerto Cortes. [Sept. 5. The capture\\nof Gen. Miller ends the rebellion.]\\n1894 Feb. 19\u00c2\u00b1. The Honduras troops\\nare defeated in a fight with Nicaragua\\nconcerning the boundary line.\\n1502* Columbus views the high\\nmountains of Honduras. [Aug. 14. Lands\\nat Cabo de Honduras, and takes posses-\\nsion for Spain.]\\n1540 Large cities flourish.\\nAlfonso de Caceres, one of the lieu-\\ntenants of Alvarado, founds the [capital]\\ncity of Comayagua.\\n1824 Honduras throws off the Span-\\nish yoke, and joins the union of theCen-\\ntralAmerican States. [1S39. Dissolved.]\\n1825* *The Wesley an Methodists\\nopen a mission.\\n1832 The publication of papal bulls\\nis prohibited throughout Central Amer-\\nica, and religious freedom proclaimed.\\n1854 Congress proclaims religious\\nfreedom.\\n1855 President Cabanos is exiled.\\n[1856, Feb. 1, Gen. Guardiola is presi-\\ndent; 1864, Gen. J. M. Medina; 1869,\\nreelected.]\\n1856 Peace with Guatemala.\\nBy the terms of a convention, England\\nabandons her claim to a portion of the\\nMosquito Coast.\\n1859 Nov. 28. Great Britain cedes the\\nBay Islands to Honduras.\\n1862 An insurrection arises.\\n1865 A new Constitution is adopted.\\n[1870. The Constitution limits the suf-\\nfrage to those who can read or write.]\\n1872 Dec. C. Arias is provisional\\npresident. [1875, P. Leiva is president;\\n1877, May 29, M. A. Soto 1883, Nov. 27,\\nGen. Lewis Bogran 1887, reelected\\n1S91, Oct. 10, Ponciano Leiba. 1894,\\nFeb. Polycarpo Bonilla.]\\n1891 May 7. An insurrection arises.\\n[May 10. Quelled. 1892, Aug. 1 1893,\\nJune 6. Others end.]\\nSept. 18. The assassination of ex-Presi-\\ndent Bogran is reported.\\n1892 July 22. The Government closes\\nits coast to foreign commerce.\\nICELAND.\\nThis island of the North Atlantic Ocean lies 160 miles east of Greenland, and belongs to Denmark. The language is Ice-\\nlandic, and the religion Lutheran. The executive is a governor-general appointed by the king of Denmark an Assembly legis-\\nlating for local interests has two chambers. Capital, Reikiavik. Area, 39,756 square miles population in 1S90, 70,927.\\n860 Iceland is discovered (p. 11).\\n870-890 Ingolf,\\nHajng, Skalla-Grim\\nwegian noblemen, settle in the\\nwest with a colony.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1053.jp2"}, "1054": {"fulltext": "1042 875, *-1882,\\nICELAND.\\n875+ The commonwealth founded\\n(P- 11).\\n890-900 Queen Aud, widow of Olaf, the\\nking of Dublin, and many others arrive\\nfrom Ireland.\\n900-930 Another large colony arrives\\nfrom Norway.\\n930 The Althing begins (p. 11).\\n964 The reforms of Thord Gellir\\nsettle a fixed number of local moots and\\nchieftaincies, dividing the island into\\nquarters.\\n1056* Christianity introduced (p. 11).\\n11th Century. Iceland nourishes learn-\\ning (p. 13).\\n1096 Tithes are established.\\n1100 The population is 50,000.\\n1133-1296 Benedictines establish sev-\\neral religious houses.\\n1 168-1300 The Augustinians establish\\nseveral religious houses.\\n1208-22, 1226-58 Civil wars devas-\\ntate the land.\\nThey are caused by disputes about the\\njurisdiction of the clergy, and questions\\nof patronage and rights over glebe and\\nmortmainland.\\n1215+ The Heimslcring la written (p.13).\\n1241 Sept. 22. Snorro Sturleson is\\nmurdered (p. 13).\\nThe people are remarkable for their\\nmoral qualities.\\n1262-64 Iceland is conquered for the\\nKing of Norway by Gigur.\\n1264 Iceland has well-developed lit-\\nerature (p. 13).\\n1264 The republican independence is\\nlost, and Iceland becomes subject to\\nHakon, king of Norway. (1280\\n1271 The old common law is re-\\nplaced by the new Norse code,\\n1362 Iceland suffers from volcanic\\neruptions. [1389, 1783, 1S75, Mar. 29,\\nAgain.]\\n1477 Feb.* Visited by Columbus (p. 12).\\n15th Century. The period of decadence\\nbegins. Art, science, letters, and in-\\ndustry are neglected all remembrance\\nof the commonwealth utterly perishes.\\n1550 Bishop Jon Aaronson is exe-\\ncuted.\\n1579-1627 English, Gascon, and Alger-\\nine pirates cause widespread panic and\\ndevastation.\\n1707 Smallpox destroys one-third\\nof the population.\\n1721 Eggert Olaf sen, the naturalist,\\nis born. He writes An Historical Ac-\\ncount of the Nature and Consolidation of\\nIceland, and poems in Latin and Danish.\\n[1770+,Dies. A49+.]\\n1753-54 The failure of crops causes\\nfamine; thousands perish. [1759. An-\\nother occurs, causing 10,000 deaths.]\\n1872 Icelanders emigrate to West\\nCanada.\\n1874 Jan. 5. The king signs a new\\nConstitution. [Aug. 1. Effective it\\ngives home rule.]\\nAug. 1. The 1000th anniversary of\\nthe colonization of Iceland is celebrated\\nat Reikiavik.\\n1882 Iceland suffers from a terrible\\nfamine. [Relief is sent by England.]\\nINDIA.\\nThe empire of British India includes Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Sind, Aden, Assam, Berar, Ajmere, Central Provinces, Coorg,\\nNorthwest Provinces, Oudh, Punjab, Lower Burma, Upper Burma, Andamans, Quetta, and Bolan. The capital is Calcutta\\nthe administration of government is vested in a secretary of state for India with a council of 10+, all resident in England also\\na governor-general appointed by the crown, resident in India for administrative purposes India is divided into presidencies and\\nprovinces under the governor-general, governors, lieutenant-governors, and chief commissioners.\\nThree-fourths of the people are Hindus in religion, and over 50,000,000 are Mohammedans. Area, 964,992 square miles popu-\\nlation in 1S91, 221,172,952. Besides the states above mentioned, there are many feudatory states, having an area of 595,167 square\\nmiles, and a population in 1891 of 66,050,479.\\nAuthentic history begins about the middle of the 14th century.\\nThe history of the crown colony of Ceylon is here combined with that of India. It has an area of 25,3G4 square miles, and a\\npopulation in 1891 of 3,00S,466.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n625 e. c. A Scythian horde over-\\nruns India.\\n327 B. c. [The Punjab] is traversed\\nby Alexander the Great. [326. He de-\\nfeats Poms on the banks of the Jhelum)\\nHydaspes. He traverses Sind.]\\n256-150 B.C. The Greco-Bactrian kings\\nfrom the northwest send invading\\nhosts into the Punjab.\\n57\u00c2\u00b1 B. c. Vikramaditya drives the\\nScythians beyond the Indus.\\n78+* *A. D. King Salivahana rises\\nagainst the Scythians. [Indian dynas-\\nties continue the struggle for 300 years.]\\n664 The first Mohammedan inva-\\nsion.\\nHistory becomes credible.\\n1001 Mahmud, Sultan of Ghazni,\\non the first of 17 invasions, defeats the\\nrajah of Punjab. [1010. He subdues\\nGliur. 1024. On his 16th invasion he\\nconquers Gujarat.]\\n1030 The Hindus reconquer all\\nIndia except Lahore.\\n1151 The Ghuro capture Ghazni.\\n1176* Mahmud of Ghur takes Mul-\\ntan and Uchch.\\n[1186, Ghaznivides 1186, Lahore. 1191.\\nHe is routed at Thaneswar in the Pun-\\njab while advancing on Delhi. 1193. He\\nrenews the advance. 1199. Conquers Bi-\\nhar. 1203. Also lower Bengal.]\\n1219 Genghis Khan, the Mongol con-\\nqueror of Persia, invades India.\\n1284 Burma. Invading Chinese\\ndestroy the city and dynasty at Pagan.\\n1294 Ala-ud-din, makes extensive\\nconquests in Southern India.\\n[1297. He defeats Mogul invaders at\\nDelhi. 1297. Reconquers Gujarat. 1300.\\nCaptures Rintunbur from the Jaipur\\nRajputs. 1303. Takes the fort of Chittur.\\nBegins the conquest of Southern India.\\n1304-05. Defeats four Mogul invasions.]\\n1398-99 Tamerlane invades India.\\nHe takes Delhi, and massacres the\\npeople for five days desolate cities.\\n1519-26 Baber the Mogul conquers\\nIndia.\\n[1526. Apr. 21. He defeats the (Afghan)\\nsultan of Delhi at Panipat. 1527. Mar.\\n1. An army of the Rajputs of Chitor at\\nKanweh.\\n1539* Shere Shah Soor conquers\\nDelhi. [1556. Akbar dethrones him at\\nPanipat soon subdues most of India.]\\n1564 The Moguls take Agra. [1565.\\nThey sack Bijanagar.]\\n1565 Battle of Tilikot. The Hindu\\npower in South India is broken.\\nART SCIENCE LETTERS.\\n3101* B.C. (or 3348). The Hindu Era\\nbegins.\\n2000-1500 b. c. The Big-Veda, a col-\\nlection of hymns, appears.\\n1400+ B. 0. The Sama-Veda, Yajur-\\nVeda Athar-Veda, collections of sacred\\nliterature, appear.\\n244 b. c. The Tripitaka is prepared\\nby the council of Patna. These sacred\\nwritings of the Southern Buddhists con-\\nsist of Aphorisms, Discourses for the\\nLaity, Discipline for the Order, and Met-\\naphysics.\\n430+ A. d. Buddhac/hosa s Parables,\\na commentary on the Dhammapada, or\\nBuddha s Pat/is of Virtue, appears.\\n700+ Parsee priests from Persia in-\\ntroduce the Zend-Avesta [of which three\\nout of 21 are extant].\\n800+ The caves of the Ellora rock-\\ncut temples are made.\\n1206+ The Kutab minar, a lofty\\ncolumn, is erected at Delhi by the Mus-\\nsulmans in memory of their decisive\\nvictory over the Rajputs in 1193.\\n1439 The Jaya Sthamba, a tower of\\nvictory, is erected by Khumbo Rana to\\ncommemorate the defeat of Mohammed\\nof Malwa.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n250+ Kalidasa. Hindu poet, dramatist, b.\\n967 Mahmud, SuHun of (ilia/.ni, Moham-\\nmed conqueror, born. [1030. 1).]\\n1150+ Mahmud II., conqueror, b. [1206.\\nDies.]\\n1162 Genghis Khan. Mongol conqueror,\\nborn. [1227. Dies.]\\n12th Century. Chund, or Chand, Hindu poet,\\nborn.\\nJavadeva, Hindu poet, born.\\n1246* Mahmud II., Sultan of Delhi, born.\\n[1266. Dies.]\\n1316 A lah-ud-din, conqueror, dies.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1054.jp2"}, "1055": {"fulltext": "INDIA.\\n3101 b.c. -a.d. 1565, 1043\\n1333* Tamerlane (Timour), Tartar con-\\nqueror, born. [1405. Dies.]\\n1360* *Malimud IV., emperor, b. [1394. D.]\\n1406* M ah mud V., emperor, b. [1443. D.]\\nl. Hh Century- Kabir, Hindu author, born.\\n1483 Bauer, Zaheir Adin, Mohammed,\\nconqueror, born. [1530. Dies.]\\n1508* Humayun (Hoimiayoun), emperor,\\nborn. [1556. Dies.]\\n1543* Akbar, Mogul emperor, born.\\n[1605. Dies, A63.]\\nCHURCH.\\n1400+ it. c. Brahmanism is intro-\\nduced.\\n800\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Hinduism is established.\\n500\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. The Buddhist creed,\\nbased on the Brahman religion, appears.\\n543\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Gotama Buddha dies,\\naged 81.\\n[Bv the chronology of the Tibetans he\\nlived 2214 to 2134 the Japanese place\\nhis birth at 1027 European scholars,\\n624\u00c2\u00b1 to 643.]\\n244 b. c. Asoka, King of Madodha or\\nBihar, becomes a convert to Buddhism.\\nHe convenes the third Buddhist Coun-\\ncil at Patna. It adopts the Pali text\\nof the Little Vehicle, constituting the\\nBuddhist scriptures.\\n307 b. c. Ceylon becomes the seat\\nof Buddhism, where it is established by\\nMahindo as the national faith.\\ndepend on the mortification of the body,\\nthat God is to be sought amid the enjoy-\\nments of life.\\n1542 May 6. The Jesuit, Francis\\nXavier, the Apostle of India, lands\\nin Goa. [1606. A Jesuit mission is he-\\ngun in Madura.]\\nSTATE.\\n1500\u00c2\u00b1 *b. c. The Hindus, having en-\\ntered India from the northwest, settle\\nin the Valley of the Ganges.\\n543* b. c. Ceylon. Vijaya, an Indian\\nprince, lands, and becomes sole ruler.\\n315 b. c-450 a. d. The Gupta dy-\\nnasty reigns in the Valley of the Ganges.\\n[315-291. Sandrocottus is the first. 263-\\n226. Asoka, his grandson.}\\n126\u00c2\u00b1* B. c. The Su tribe of Scythians\\ndrives out the Greek dynasty from\\nBactria (Afghanistan.)\\n40* *a. n. Kanishka, the Scythian,\\nbecomes the royal founder of Northern\\nBuddhism. He convenes the fourth\\nand last great Buddhist Council of\\nElders.\\n410* Burma. Buddhist missionaries\\narrive.\\n410-430. The holy books of Buddhism\\nare rendered into Pali.\\n430* Ceylon. The Dhammapada, or\\nPath of Holiness, is written by\\nBuddhaghosa.\\n634* Siladitya convenes a general\\ncouncil for the extension of Buddhism.\\n640 The Brahmans regain power.\\nSth Century. Kumarila, the Brahman\\napostle of Berar, begins to preach.\\nSth or 9th Century. Sankara Acharya\\nfounds the philosophical Sivaite sect,\\nand popularizes the Vedanta philosophy\\ninto a national religion.\\n711* The Mohammedans, led by\\nCasin, appear in the Indus Valley.\\n800 Brahmanism gradually be-\\ncomes the ruling religion.\\n997 M a h m u d introduces Moham-\\nmedanism. [1194. Dominant.]\\n1045 The Vishnu Purana, contain-\\ning the Vishnuite doctrines and tradi-\\ntions, is written.\\n1050+ Kamanuja, a Brahman (S. Ind.),\\nappears as a Vishnuite reformer; he\\nteaches the unity of God under the title\\nof Vishnu, the Cause and Creator of all\\nthings.\\n1300-1400 Ramanand, a Vishnuite,\\nteaches the masses (N. Ind.). [1380-\\n1420. Kabir, his disciple, spreads the\\nreformed doctrine in Bengal.]\\n1487-1525 Chaitanya is the incarna-\\ntion of Vishnu; he works signs and\\nwonders in Bengal and Orissa.\\n1498 Roman Catholic missionaries\\nland at Calicut.\\n1520 Vallabha-Swami, preaching a\\nreligion of pleasure (N. Ind.), teaches\\nthat the liberation of the soul does not\\n226 a. d. The Indo-Scythic empire\\nis founded. [375. It is divided into Yeta\\n(Northern) and Indo-Scythic kingdom\\nproper (Southern.)]\\n3 19-470 The Gupta kings reign in Mag-\\nadha, and introduce an era. [465-470.\\nOverthrown by White Huns (Tartars)\\nfrom the northwest.]\\n480-772 The Valabhis dynasty reigns\\nin northwestern Bombay, Cutch, and\\nMaliva overthrown by Arab invaders.\\n524-544 The Scythians and Huns de-\\npart.\\n828 The Hindus regain power in\\nSind.\\n838 Ceylon. The Tamils establish a\\nkingdom at Taffra.\\n1001-1186 House of Ghazni; Turki.\\n[1001-24. Mahmud reigns. 1001. Annexes\\npart of Hindustan. 1024. Enthrones\\nVallabha of Gujarat. 1030, Bhoja, raja\\n1048, Mahichandra Rantore.]\\n1118-1565 Bijanagar is a Hindu king-\\ndom (S. Ind.).\\n1176-1206 Mahmud of Ghur rules the\\nfrontier. [1186. Occupies Lahore.]\\n1205 The Pathan (Afghan) kingdom\\nis founded. [1206. Falls.]\\n1206-90 The slave kings, chiefly Turki,\\nreign.\\n1206* *Kutab-ud-din, slave of Mah-\\nmud of Ghur, becomes sultan of Delhi.\\n[1211. Altmush reigns 1236, Empress\\nPazya; 1245,Nassr-ed-din 12(50, Balban;\\n1287, Kaikohad; 1290, Tallah-ud-din, a\\nruler of Khilji.]\\n1290-1320 TheHouseofKhiljireigns;\\ncapital, Delhi.\\n1205 Alla-ud-din, viceroy of Oudh,\\nobtains the throne of Delhi. [1299-1300.\\nHe reigns subdues rebellious relatives.]\\n1316-20 Khusru Khan, a low-caste\\nrenegade Hindu, is sultan.\\n1320-25 Ghiyas ud din Tughlak\\nleads a revolt, and overthrows Moham-\\nmedan rule. [1325-51. Mahmud Tughlak.]\\n1320-1414 The House of Tughlak\\nreigns, Turki capital, Delhi.\\n1338-51 The provinces revolt, and\\nthrow off the Delhi yoke.\\n1340 Lower Bengal becomes inde-\\npendent of Delhi. [1336-1573. Ruled by\\nAfghan kings.]\\nAuthentic history begins.\\n1347-57 The Alla-ud-din dynasty,\\nBahmani, reigns in the Deccan (S. Ind.).\\n[1351. Firuz Shah Tughlak reigns\\n1388, Geias-ud-din 1389, Abubekr 1390,\\nNassr-ad-din.]\\n1371* Gujarat (TV. Ind.) becomes an\\nindependent Mohammedan kingdom.\\n[1391-1575. A Mohammedan dynasty\\nreigns at Ahmadabad.]\\n1398 Tamerlane overthrows Tugh-\\nlak dynasty [hut leaves no permanent\\nresults. Anarchy prevails for 15 years].\\n1405* Mahmud Tughlak regains\\nDelhi.\\n1414-50 House of the Sayids reigns\\nthey hold Delhi and a little more.\\n(1414), Sayid Khiz Khan reigns in the\\nname of Tamerlane. (1421), Mubaric\\n(1435), Mahmud (1446), Aladdin.\\n1450-1526 House of Lodi reigns, Af-\\nghans. Its power is feeble and the inde-\\npendent states multiply.\\n1450* *Beloli reigns at Delhi; he\\nfounds Lodi, and enlarges the realm.\\n[1488. Sekander Lodi.]\\n1480 The Bahmani Empire in the\\nDeccan falls.\\n[Five independent kingdoms divide it\\nbetween them. 1484. The Imad Shahi\\ndynasty of Berar. 1489-1686. The Adil\\nShahi dynasty capital, Bijapur. 1490-\\n1636. The Nizam Shahi dynasty cap-\\ntal, Ahmadnagar. 1492+. The Barid\\nShahi dynasty; capital, Bidar.]\\n1498 Vasco da Gama discovers a pas-\\nsage to India. [1524. Returns to India.]\\n1500 The Portuguese send Pedro\\nAlvarez Cabral. [1503. Alfonso d Albu-\\nquerque sails. 1505. Dom Francisco de\\nAlmeida sails with 22 vessels and 1,500\\nmen. He lands at Colombo, Ceylon.\\n1505-09. Is Viceroy. 1509-15. Albu-\\nquerque is viceroy at Goa, conquers\\nGoa, Malabar, Ceylon, the Sunda Isl-\\nands, and Malacca. 1517. Portuguese\\nsettle in Ceylon. 1520. They discover\\nPegu, Burma.]\\n1512-1687 The Kutab Shaih dynasty,\\nfounded in the Deccan by a Turkoman\\nadventurer, reigns capital, Golgconda.\\n1517* Ibrahim Lodi reigns at Delhi.\\n1526-1857 House of Tamerlane In-\\ndia is a Mogul empire.\\n1526-30 Baber, the grandson of Tam-\\nerlane, founds the Empire; capital,\\nDelhi Kabul and Kandahar annexed.\\n[1530-56. Humayun, son of Baber.]\\n1542 Shere Shah, the Afghan gov-\\nernor of Bengal, revolts, and Humayun\\nflees to Persia. [1556. Humayun restored.]\\n1556-1605 Akbar I., the great Mogul\\nemperor, reigns.\\nHe rules a larger portion of India than\\nany one before him his reign is a series\\nof military conquests, and the divided\\ncountry becomes united.\\n1560 Akbar rejects the regency and\\nassumes authority. [1561-68. He sub-\\ndues the Hindu Rajputs.]\\n1565 The five kingdoms of the Dec-\\ncan combine, and crush the Hindu\\nkingdom of Bijanagar (S. Ind.).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1055.jp2"}, "1056": {"fulltext": "1044 1566, *-1793, Nov. 10.\\nINDIA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1566**Akbar defeats Hakim, his\\nrival brother from Kabul.\\n[1568. He conquers Ajmir. 1570.\\npossesses Oudh and Gwulior. 1572. Ex-\\npels Afghans from Bengal. 1572-73.\\nConquers the Mohammedan dynasty of\\nGujarat. 1578. He obtains Orissa. 1581.\\nKabul. 1586. Subdues the Valley of\\nKashmir. 1592. Conquers Sind and re-\\nvolting Kashmirs. 1593. Also revolt in\\nGujarat. 1594. Subdues Kandahar. 1595.\\nSends an expedition against Ahmadna-\\ngar. 1599. Captures the town, but fails\\nto subdue the people.]\\n1592 The Portuguese repulse Mizam\\nShah in Choul. [1615. They defeat the\\nEnglish off the Bombay coast.]\\n1602 Ceylon The Dutch land on\\nthe east coast. [1638-39. They raze the\\nPortuguese forts. 1644. They capture\\nNegombo. 1656. Also Colombo. 1658.\\nExpel the Portuguese.]\\n1617 Shah Jehan revolts.\\n1637 The Mahrattas at Ahmadnagar\\nrevolt against Mogul rule. [It finally\\nbreaks down the Mogul empire,]\\n1658-83 Aurungzebe s ge:\\nwar against the Hindus.\\n1662 Mir Jumla invades Assam.\\n1662-65 Sivaji rebels. [1663. Pillages\\nSurat. 1664. Defeated at Surat by Sir\\nGeorge Oxenford. 1670. Ravages Khan-\\ndesh and the Deccan. 1672. Defeats the\\nemperor s troops.]\\n1677-81 Aurungzebe unsuccessfully\\nattempts to subdue the revolting Raj-\\nput states. [1681-1707. Mahratta war.]\\n1680-89 War arises between the\\nHindus and the Portuguese settlers.\\n1686-88 The Mogul army conquers Bi-\\njapur and Golconda.\\n[1686-90. Also the Deccan. 1672-1700.\\nThe Carnatic. 1699. It defeats the\\nMahrattas, and captures Ginji. 1702.\\nAlso the forts of Satara and Mahratta.\\n1702-05. The Mahrattas recover their\\nforts. 1706. The emperor retreats. 1707.\\nHe dies.]\\n1710 Bahadur Shah crushes the re-\\nvolting Sikhs an oppressed sect of\\nHindus. 1716. The Sikhs are extermi-\\nnated.]\\n1718* Balaji enters Delhi with an\\narmy to support the two Sayids, Husain\\nAli and Adullah, the king-makers.\\n1739-61 Persian and Afghan hosts in-\\nvade the empire.\\n1739 Nadir Shah plunders Delhi of\\n\u00c2\u00a332,000,000 sterling, and massacres a\\nmultitude of people. He conquers Sind.\\n1740-49 War between the English\\nand French. [1746. Sept. 14. Madras\\nsurrenders to a French squadron under\\nAdm. Bernard Francois Mahe de La\\nBourdonnais. 1749. Restored. 1751-54.\\nAnother war. 1754. Peace.]\\n1746-48 British war in the Carnatic.\\n1747 June 16. French fleet taken\\n(p. 700).\\nShah Durani, the Afghan, invades\\nthe empire. [1751-52. Second invasion\\nconquers the Punjab. 1756. Third inva-\\nsion he sacks Delhi.]\\n1748 The French at Pondicherry re-\\npulse Adm. Boscawen and a land force\\nunder Maj. Stringer Lawrence.\\n1751 English capture Arcot (p. 700).\\n1752 Afghans conquer Kashmir.\\n1755 Clive conquers Orissa. Bengal.\\n1756 June 22. Calcutta is captured\\nby Surajah Dowlah.\\nIt is taken by an army of 70.000 and\\n400 elephants. Of the British prisoners,\\n146 are crowded into the Black Hole\\nprison, a room about 18 feet square\\nwith two small windows. Only 23 are\\nalive the next day.\\n1757 June 23. [Lord] Clive with 3,200\\nBritish defeats 50,000 natives of Ben-\\ngal at Plassey, 85 miles from Calcutta.\\n1758 Dec. 12. The French under Gen.\\nThomas Arthur de Lally besiege Madras.\\n[1759. The French lose nearly all their\\npower in India (p. 702). 1760. July 2.\\nCol. [Sir Eyre] Coote decisively defeats\\nthe French under Gen. Lally at Wan-\\ndewash, and invests Pondicherry. (1761.\\nJan. It capitulates. 1763. It is re-\\nstored. Later, the French surrender the\\nhill fortress of Ginji to Col. Coote. Brit-\\nish ascendency is confirmed.]\\n1764 Oct. 23. Maj.HeetorMunrowith\\n7,000 British totally defeats 40,000 na-\\ntives under Shah Alam at Baxar, and\\nbecomes master of Oudh. [He blows 24\\nmutineers from the cannon s mouth.]\\n1776 Wepaul is conquered by the\\nGoorkhas.\\n1778 Oct. The British take Pondi-\\ncherry from the French. [17S3. Re-\\nstored. 1793. Aug. 23. Taken by the\\nJ British. Later, restored. 1803. Again,\\nals wage 1816. Restored to the French.]\\n1779-81 First Mahratta war. (Inde-\\ncisive.)\\nCaused by the English, who attempt to\\nenthrone Kaghuba as peshwa :it Poona.\\n[1779. Mar* Gen. Arthur Wei lesley\\nmarches for Poona.]\\n1780 Sept. 10. Hyder-Ali overruns\\nthe Carnatic. [Oct. 31. He takes Arcot.]\\n1781 July 1. At Porto Novo, Sir\\nEyre Coote with 9,500\u00c2\u00b1 men defeats\\nHyder-Ali with 80,000. British loss,\\n587 Hindoo loss, 10,000+\\n1782 Feb. 18. Ceylon. The British\\nfleet defeats the French off Trineo-\\nmalee (p. 704). [Apr. 12, July 6. French\\ndefeated.]\\n1789-90 Tippoo Sahib attacks the raja\\nof Travancore, an ally of the British,\\ncausing the second Mysore war.\\n1790-92 Second Mysore war.\\n1791 Jan. 29. Lord Cornwallis assumes\\ncommand. [Mar. 21. Captures Ban-\\ngalore from Tippoo. May 15. Defeats\\nhim at AriUnra, S -ringnpatani. Dec. 21.\\nTakeSeverndroogis. 1792. Feb. 6. Corn-\\nwallis storms Seringapatam, Tippoo is\\nconquered.]\\nART SCIENCE LETTERS.\\n1600 The Portuguese introduce the\\ntobacco plant.\\n1628-58 Taj Mahal is erected at Agra\\nby Shah Jehan, in honor of his wife.\\n1737 Oct. 11. Hundreds of vessels are\\nwrecked by a storm and 30,000 people\\nperish. [1782. Apr. 22. A storm de-\\nstroys 7,000 lives in Surat.]\\n1781 Calcutta. The Calcutta Ma-\\ndrasa, or Mohammedan college, is\\nfounded. [1801. Calcutta College. [1X20.\\nBishop s College. 1824. Calcutta Col-\\nlege of Sanskrit. 1835. Calcutta College\\nof Medicine.]\\n1784* Calcutta. The Asiatic Society\\nis founded.\\n1790 The Calcutta Monthly Kefjisteris\\nissued. [1830. Calcutta Literary Gazette.\\n1844. Calcutta Literary lievieio.]\\n1791* *TheSanskrit College, Benares,\\nis founded. [1827. The Agra CoUege.]\\nThe literature of Buddhism chiefly\\ncomprisea the teachings of Gotaina, con-\\nsisting of brief aphorisms.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1618* Aurungzebe. Mogul emperor,\\nborn. [1707. Dies.]\\n1627* Sivaji, Mahratta, chief, born. [1680.\\nDies.]\\n1661 Ortvinda siuuh, chief of Sikhs, born.\\n[1708. Dies.]\\n1666 Shah-Jehan, Mogul emperor, dies.\\n1685* *Iuahnnul XIII., emperor, born.\\n[1718. Dies.]\\n1688* Nadir Shah, conq., b. [1747. D.]\\n1700* Mahmud XIV., Mogul emperor,\\nhorn. [1748. Dies.]\\n1711* Alompra, King of Burma, born.\\n[1760. Dies.]\\n1713 HuliLnlnr Shah, Mogul emperor, d.\\n1713 .b hauilrr Shah, Mogul emperor, d.\\n1718 Hyder-Ali. Sultan of Mysore, born.\\n[1782. Dies.]\\n1749 Tippoo Sahib, Sultan of Mysore,\\nborn. [1799. Dies.]\\n1757 Surajah Dowlah, Nawab of Bengal,\\ndies.\\n1773 Ahmed Shah el Abdali,conq., A50\u00c2\u00b1.\\n1774* U;imimiliim Hoy, theistical reformer,\\nborn. [1833. Dies.]\\n1780* ltunjeet Singh, Sikh conqueror,\\nborn. [1839. Dies.]\\n1783 Jeejeebboy, Sir Jamsetjee, Parsee\\nmerchant, born. [1859. Dies.]\\nCHURCH.\\n1617 Ceylon. The Portuguese intro-\\nduce Christianity.\\n1706 The Danes open a Protestant\\nmission in Tranquebar, the Bay of Ben-\\ngal, the first field for mission-work in\\nIndia. [1758. In Calcutta.]\\n1728 Gudalur, Madras, becomes a\\nHalle mission.\\n1793 Nov. 10. Calcutta. The Eng-\\nlish Baptist missionaries, William\\nCarey and John Thomas, arrive. [1800.\\nCarey baptizes his first Hindu convert.]\\nSTATE.\\n1573 Akbar annexes Gujarat (W. I.).\\n[1576. Also Lower Bengal. 1581. Gu-\\njarat revolts. 1592. He annexes Sind.\\n1593. Gujarat is subdued. 1595. He con-\\nsolidates the Mogul empire in all of\\nNorth India. 1601. Annexes Khandesh,\\nremoves capital from Delhi to Agra.]\\n1579 Thomas Stephens is the first\\nEnglishman to appear in India.\\n1600 Dec. 31. Eng. [TheEastlndia\\nCompany] chartered (p. 877).\\n[1611. It establishes an agency at Ma-\\nsulipatam. 1612-15. Also a factory at\\nAhmadnagar, Bombay, and agencies\\nat Gogra, Ahmadabad, and Cambay.\\n1612. It trades at Calcutta and Cranga-\\nnore, Madras. 1620*. Trades as far east\\nas Patna, Bengal. 1626. Opens a factory\\nat Armagaon, Coromandel Coast.]\\n1602 Mar. 20. TheDutchEastlndin\\nCompany is founded by amalgamating\\nseveral private companies. [1619. Founds\\nBatavia as a seat of government.]\\n1604 The first French East India\\nCompany is founded. [1611, the second\\n1615, the third 1642, the fourth by\\nRichelieu; 1644, the fifth by Colbert;\\n1754, Suspended. 1790. Abolished.]\\n1605-27 Akbar s son, Jahangir, is Mo-\\ngul emperor.\\n1612 The first Danish East India\\nCompany is formed.\\n[1616. Danes settle at Tranquebar and\\nSerampur, Bengal. 1845. Company ac-\\nquired by the English. 1870. The second\\nDanish Company formed.]\\n1621 The Persians wrest Kandahar.\\n[1653. Finally lost to the empire.]\\n1647 The Dutch begin trade at Sadras\\n(S. E. Ind.). [1652. Open their first fac-\\ntory in India, at Palakolla, Madras.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1056.jp2"}, "1057": {"fulltext": "INDIA.\\n1566, *-1793, Nov. 10. 1045\\n1627-80 The powerful kingdom of the\\nMahratti is formed by tlie union of the\\nHindu tribes in the Deccan under Sivaji.\\n1628-58 Shah Jehan is Mogul em-\\nperor Agra, the capital. [1657. Au-\\nrungzebe, his son, rebels.]\\nThe Golden Age of the Moguls.\\n1634 The English trade in Bengal,\\nwhere they gain the seaboard. [1640.\\nOpen a factory at Hugh. 1642. Another\\nat Balasor.l\\n1635-50 Eng. Courten s Associa-\\ntion (Assad a Merchants) is established.\\n[1650. Combined with the London Com-\\npany.]\\n1639 The English, led by Francis\\nDay, buy a site at Madaraspatam, Ma-\\ndras. [1640. Build Fort St. George,\\nfound Madras. 1563. A presidency.]\\n1645 The English obtain exclusive\\ntrade privileges.\\n1650 The great Hindu revival com-\\nmences [and develops the Mahratta\\nConfederacy it finally overthrows the\\nMogul power].\\n1657 *Bareli is founded by the Hindu\\nraja.\\n1658* Bengal is placed under the\\ngovernment of Madras. [1681. Sepa-\\nrated.]\\n*Aurungzebe deposes his father.\\n[1658-1707. He reigns. Obtains all India.]\\n1660* London. The East India\\nCompany is incorporated (p. 891).\\n1661 Bombay is ceded to England\\n(p. 891). [1665. Transferred. 1668. Ceded\\nto the East India Company for \u00c2\u00a310 paid\\nannually.]\\n1664 Sivaji, the Mahratta raja, de-\\nclares his independence of the Moguls.\\n[1665. Makes submission he escapes.]\\n1666* Sivaji revolts against the Moguls.\\n[1667. He makes peace, and obtains\\nmore territory in Southern India.]\\n1672 The French settle in Pondi-\\ncherry.\\n1674 Raja Sivaji crowns himself an\\nindependent sovereign at Raigarh.\\n1677 The Rajput states combine (N.\\nW. Ind.) against the Mogul emperor.\\n[1679. Aurungzebe s son, Akbur, rebels,\\nand joins the rebellious Mahrattas.]\\n1680 Sivaji dies his son Sambhaji\\nreigns. [1689. Executed by Aurungzebe.]\\nCalcutta is founded by the English.\\n1687 The seat of the English govern-\\nment is removed from Surat to Bom-\\nbay. [1708. Bombay is a presidency.\\n1753. It is subordinate to Calcutta.]\\n1689 Eng. The East India Company\\nresolve to make us a nation in In-\\ndia Sir John Child is appointed gov-\\nernor-general and admiral of India.\\n1692 The Mogul power is at its\\nheight; revenue, \u00c2\u00a332,000,000.\\n1695 Scot. The Scotch start an un-\\nsuccessful East India Company.\\n1698 Eng, The New East India\\nCompany is chartered (p. 901).\\n1700 Calcutta is purchased by the\\nEnglish. [1707. Made a presidency.]\\n1707 Feb. 22. Aurungzebe dies the\\nMogul power rapidly declines.\\n1707-12 Muazzim, son of Aurungzebe,\\na puppet, reigns as Bahadur Shah.\\n1709 The Sikhs in Lahore, Punjab,\\norganize as a politico-religious commu-\\nnity against the oppressionof theMoguls.\\n1712-13 Jehandar Shah is Mogul em-\\nperor capital, Delhi. He is dethroned.\\n1713-19 Farokhsir revolts against his\\nuncle, and gains the throne. He is mur-\\ndered by the two Sayids. [1719. The\\nSayids nominate two boy emperors,\\nwho soon die. 1720. Sayids overthrown,]\\n1719-48 Mahmud Shah, a boy, is Mo-\\ngul emperor capital, Delhi.\\n1719 Fr. The Company of the\\nIndies is forme d by the union of four\\ncompanies.\\nthe\\n1723 Aust. The Ostend Company\\nis formed. [1727. Charter suspended.\\n1784. Bankrupt.]\\n1730 The Mahratta families, Holkar\\nand Sindian, become important.\\n1731 June 13. Swe. The Swedish\\nCompany is chartered. [Unsuccessful.]\\n1732-42 Oudh becomes practically in-\\ndependent of Delhi.\\n1735-51 The Mogul empire declines\\nunder the invasions from without and\\nthe revolts within. [1736-48. The Dec-\\ncan is independent. 1738. Kabul. 1743.\\nMalwa ceded. 1751. Also Orissa.]\\n1740-61 Balaji Baji, peshwa of the\\nMahrattas, terrifies the Mogul empire.\\n1747 Sind is transferred to the em-\\npire of Delhi.\\n1748-54 Ahmed Shah is Mogul em-\\nperor. The emperors are only puppets.\\nThe rivalry of the French and Eng-\\nlish in India is at its height.\\n1750 Prus. An East India Company\\nis formed. [Short-lived. 1753. Another.]\\n1750+ The Mahratta power in cen-\\ntral and western India is at its height.\\n[1751-1S53. The Bhonslas dynasty reigns\\nat Nagpur (C. Ind.).]\\n1753 Burma. Rangun is founded\\nby King Alompra.\\n1754-59 Alamgir II. is Mogul emperor\\nat Delhi.\\n1756-65 The British acquire Lower\\nBengal.\\n1757 June 23. The British Empire\\nin India begins with the victory of [Lord]\\nClive at Plassey. (See Army.)\\nThe British exact compensation of\\nthe nawab of Bengal for losses, demand-\\ning \u00c2\u00a32,697,750 only one-half the demand\\ncan be satisfied. He grants the East\\nIndia Company landholders* rights\\nover 882 square miles around Calcutta.\\n[1759. He grants the land-tax to Lord\\nClive.]\\n1758-1858 British governors rule in\\nIndia under the East India Company.\\n1758-60 Col. [Lord] Clive is governor.\\n[1760. J. Z. Holwell officiates. 1765-67.\\nClive again.]\\n1759-1806 Shah Alam II., a British\\npensioner, titular emperor capital, Al-\\nlahabad. [1771. Goes over to the Mah-\\nrattas.]\\n1760-64 H. Vansittart is British gov-\\nernor. [1764. John Spencer officiating.]\\n1761-65 Fall of the Mogul Empire;\\nEuropeans become supreme.\\n1761 The British dethrone Mir Ja-\\nfar, their nawab of Murshidabad, and\\nenthrone Mir Kasim they receive\\nthereby a grant of three districts, Burd-\\nwan, Midnapur, and Chiltagong. [Mir\\nKasim revolts. 1764. They dethrone\\nKasim, restore Jafar secure donations.]\\nHyder-Ali dethrones the maharaja of\\nMysore. [1763-64. Hyder usurps author-\\nity. 1765. Subject to the British. 1766.\\nBritish-Mahratta league against him.\\n1799. The British sue for peace.]\\n1763 Ceylon. Intercourse with the\\nBritish begins.\\n1765-67 [Lord] Clive is again British\\ngovernor.\\n1765 The treaty of Allahabad is\\nsigned. Lower Bengal, Bihar, and the\\ngreater part of Orissa pass to the British.\\n*A system of dual government is\\nadopted.\\nThe English receive the revenues of\\nBengal, Bihar, aud Orissa, and under-\\ntake to maintain the army while the\\nnawab holds the criminal jurisdiction.\\n1766 Nov. 12. The British make a\\ntreaty with Nizam Ali, the usurper of\\nMysore, and obtain the Northern Circars\\n(Districts). [Feudatory to the British.]\\n1767-69 Harry Verelst is British gov-\\nernor. [1769-72. John Cartier.]\\n1771 Sept. Sir R. Hartland is gov-\\nernor of Madras. [1776. Lord Pigot;\\n1781, Lord Macartney 17 J J, Sir C. Oak-\\nley 18S0, Oct. 11, W. P. Adam; 1881,\\nJune* M. E. Grant Duff; 1886, Robert\\nBourke [Lord Connemara.]\\n1772-74 Warren Hastings is British\\ngovernorof Bengal. (Apr. 13.) Assumes\\noffice. [1774-85. Governor-general.]\\n1773 Hastings sells Allahabad and\\nKorea to the Emperor Shah Alam. He\\nrefuses \u00c2\u00a3300,000 tribute to Delhi.\\nEng. The Regulation Act is passed\\nthe governor of Bengal is raised to the\\nrank of governor-general, and with a\\ncouncil of four members controls the\\ngovernments of Madias and Bombay.\\n1779 Conflicting French and English\\nalliances, with different claimants for\\nthe office of peshwa, bring on the first\\nMahratta war with the British.\\n1782 Dec* Tippoo Sahib succeeds his\\nfather, Hvder-Ali, a Hindu rebel, as sul-\\ntan of Mysore. [1784. Mar. 11. He forces\\nthe British to sign an ignoble peace.]\\n1784* Eng. India Bill passes (p. 923).\\n1785 Feb. 1-86 Sept.* Sir John\\nMacpherson is British governor-gen-\\neral. [17S6-93. Earl Cornwallis.]\\n1786 July Straits Settlements. Capt.\\nE. Light receives Penang as the mar-\\nriage portion of his bride, the daughter\\nof the raja of Kedah he makes the\\nfirst British settlement. [1798. Sir\\nGeorge Leith purchases [Province\\nWellesley] opposite Penang for \u00c2\u00a3400.\\n1806] Penang is a British province.\\n1788 Eng. Trial of Hastings (p. 925).\\n1791* British-Ghourkhas treaty is\\nsigned at Nepaul. [1801. Another. 1779.\\nDec. 31. Treaty with Mahrattas for a pro-\\ntectorate. 1815. Dec. 2. WithNepaulese.]\\n1792 Mar. 19. The English make a\\ndefinitive treaty with Tippoo Sahib.\\nHe loses half of his dominions, and pays\\n\u00c2\u00a33,000,000 indemnity his two sons are\\nhostages. [1794. Mar. 29. Restored.]\\n1793 Oct. 28-98 Sir John Shore\\n(Lord Teignniouth) is governor-general.\\n[1798, Sir Alfred Clarke, officiating.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1770-71 A famine in the Bengal presi-\\ndency one-third of the people perish.\\n1775 May 30. Accusations are made\\nagainst Warren Hastings for receiving\\na bribe from a concubine of Mir Jaf-\\nfier. [1776. Mar. 11. Nuncomar, a Brah-\\nman, accuses him of accepting bribes.\\n1781. Sept. 19. He makes a treaty with\\nthe nawab of Oudh, and is accused of\\nreceiving a bribe of \u00c2\u00a3100,000.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1057.jp2"}, "1058": {"fulltext": "1046 1796,* *-1855, July\\nINDIA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1790 Third Mysore war. Caused\\nby Tippoo s intrigues with the French,\\nand his refusal to adhere to a new sub-\\nsidiary system.\\nApr. 5. Gen. Harris arrives before Se-\\nringapatam. [May 4. Maj.-Gen. Baird\\nstorms the palace and Tippoo Sahib is\\nkilled the city is taken, and the sultan s\\ndominions are divided among Nizam, the\\nMahrattas, and the English.]\\n1802-04 The second Mahratta war.\\nSir Arthur Wellesley commands in the\\nDeccan, and Gen. Lake in Hindustan.\\n1802 Jeswunt Rao, son of Tukaji\\nHolkar, Prince of Indore, defeats the\\nunited forces of Sindhia and the Mah-\\nratta peshwa at the battle of Poona.\\n1803 Feb. 20. Ceylon. The British\\ntake Kandy. [June 23. Disease com-\\npels the British to capitulate.]\\nApr. 19. Gen. Wellesley captures\\nPoona. [Sept. 8, Gen. Lake defeats\\nthe Mahrattas near Delhi. Sept. 23. At\\nAssaye 9.500 British under Wellesley de-\\nfeat 50,000 Mahrattas, losing 1,800 men.\\nNov. 1. Gen. Lake with 4,000 troops\\ndefeats 9,000 Mahrattas at Laswari\\nlater, he captures Delhi. The war ends.]\\n1805 Gen. Lake is repulsed at the\\nsiege of Bhartpur. [1827. Taken.]\\n1807 Nov, 21. Cumoona surrenders\\nto the British.\\n1803 July 10. Madras sepoys mu-\\ntiny at Vellore. [Suppressed after 800\\nsepoys are killed and 200 wounded.\\n1814 Nov. 1-15 Apr. 27. Warwith\\nGhurkhas of Nepaul, caused by the na-\\ntives terrorizing British subjects.\\n1817 War with the Pindaree.\\nThe Pindaree send out plundering\\nbands from Malwa; Lord Hastings col-\\nlects an army 120,000 strong, and speedily\\nsuppresses them.\\n1817-18 Third Mahratta war.\\nNov. The Mahrattas at Poona, Nag-\\npur, and Indore separately rise against\\nthe British. Nov. 26. The raja of Nag-\\npur is defeated, and Nagpur is taken by\\nthe British. Dec. 21. The Mahrattas\\nunder Holkar are completely defeated\\natMehadpur the Mahrattapmverisfor-\\never broken. [1818. Jan. Peace is con-\\ncluded.]\\nCeylon. The natives unsuccessfully\\nrevolt. [1S43, 1848. They revolt.]\\n1819 The Sikhs conquer Kashmir.\\n1824-26 First Burmese War.\\nCaused by encroachments upon British\\ndistricts in Bengal.\\n(1824 May 5.) Rangun is taken by Sir\\nArchibald Campbell. (Aug. 30.) A Bur-\\nmese attack on Rangun is repulsed with\\ngreat slaughter. (Later.) The fort and\\npagoda of Svriam are taken by the Brit-\\nish. (1825. Dec. 25.) Gen. Campbell de-\\ncisively defeats the Burmese near Prome.\\n1827 Jan. 18. Lord Combermere\\nstorms Bhartpur citadel.\\n1839-42 War with the Afghans to\\nadvance British interests (p. 4).\\n1848-49 Second Sikh war.\\nThe Sikhs assassinate two British\\nofficers at Multan a general rising in\\nthe Punjab follows.\\n(June 18.) Lieut. Edwardes joins Gen.\\nCourtland, and defeats the Sikhs under\\nMookaj. Gen. \\\\Vhish besieges Multan Ken-\\nnyree. (Sept. 2.) Compelled to raise the\\nsiege. (Dec. 3.) Gen. Thackwell attacks\\nShere Shing ill Sadoolapore. (Dec*) Mul-\\ntan is again besieged by Gen Wliish. (1849.\\nJan. 4.) Surrenders. (Jan. 13.) Gen. Gough,\\nwith 22,0)10 troops, loses _. ion in an indecisive\\nbattle at Chillianwalla. (Feb. 22.) Tlie cita-\\ndel of Multan surrenders, Gen. Gough, 25,000\\nstrong, defeats tiii.niiil Siklis at Gujarat. (Mail\\n14.) Shere Shing surrenders unconditionally.\\n1852-53 Second Burmese war.\\nIt is caused by the ill-treatment of\\nBritish merchants at Rangun, and in-\\nsults offered a British captain.\\n(Apr. 5.) Martaban is taken by the British.\\n(Apr. 14.) Gen. Godwin captures Rangun.\\n(Mat 19.) Basse in is stormed. (Ji:ne4.) Also\\nPegu. Jv ly 9. Capt. Tarleton captures\\nProme. (Nov. 21.) Pegu again captured.\\n(Dec. 21.) Annexed to the empire.\\n1855 July The Sonthals of Bengal\\nrevolt [1856. May Suppressed.]\\nART SCIENCE LETTERS.\\n1819 June 16. Earthquakes cause\\nCutch to sink, burying 2,000 persons.\\nThe Journal of Literature and Science\\nand the Oriental Magazine and Indian\\nHurhu are issued at Madras.\\n1833 The Religious and Theological\\nMagazine is issued at Colombo.\\n1836 Hoogly Madrasa is founded.\\n1847-55 Straits Settlements. The Jour-\\nnal of the Indian Archipelago is issued.\\n1854 A system of education is de-\\nveloped universities are established at\\nCalcutta, Bombay, and Madras all\\nother schools (private, government, and\\nchurch) are to be affiliated with these\\nuniversities and lead up to them.\\n1845+\\nThe first Sikh war.\\n(Dec 14.) The Sikhs, 60.000 strong, cross\\nthe Sutlej River, and attack the British at\\nFerozepur. (Dec. 18.) Sir H. Harding-\\nreaches Mudkee the Sikhs (20,000) make\\nan attack ami are defeated, losing their guns.\\n(Dec. 21.) Sir Hugh Goush defeats them\\nat Ferozeshah, in the Puniab; P-ritisli loss,\\n2,415 killed. (1846. Jan. 28.) Gen. Sir\\nHarry Smith defeats them at Aliwal. (Feb.\\n10.) At Sobraon, Gens. Smith and Gough\\ntotally defeat Them; British hiss, U.oiio killed\\nSikh loss, 13,000 killed. (Feb. 20.) Gen.\\nGough occupies the citadel of Lahore.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1815* Jung-Bahadur, NepauleBe BOldier,\\nborn. [1871. Dies.]\\n1824+ Nana-Sahib, inciter of sepoy\\nmutiny, born. [1860\u00c2\u00b1. Dies.]\\n1844 Scott-Sid dons, Mrs., actor, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1798 Calcutta. The London Mis-\\nsionary Society sends a missionary to\\nCalcutta. [He enters the interior.]\\nThe Society for the Propagation of\\nthe Gospel opens a mission in Nazareth,\\nMadras. [18*20. In Calcutta. 1829. In\\nTinnevelli, Madras.]\\n1799* *The English Baptists send\\nfour missionaries to Serampur, India,\\nWard, Grant, Hrunsdon, and Marshman.\\n[Enter 14 miles above Calcutta. 1812.\\nOpen a mission in Ceylcjn.]\\n1804 The London Society opens a\\nmission in Vizagapatam, Madras.\\n[1805, In Madras; 1809, Nagarkoil; 1810,\\nPeliary, Madras; 1815, Surat, Bombay; 1816,\\nCalcutta; 1*20, Bangalore, Mysore; and Be-\\nnares; 1821, Quilon in Travancore; 1824, Ber-\\nhampur and Salem, Madras; 1828, Neyoor in\\nTravancore; 1830, Coimhatur, Madras.]\\n1807* Burma. English Baptists\\nmake the first attempt to plant a Prot-\\nestant mission. [1808. The London So-\\nciety sends out two missionaries.]\\n1812* The Church Missionary Soci-\\nety (Eng.) opens a mission in Agra.\\n[1814, In Madras; 1815, Calcutta; 1817, By\\nDaniel Corrie in Benares; Cochim, S. Ind.\\nCottavam, Madras, also in Ceylon; 1818,\\nKandy, Ceylon; 1820, Bombay; Tinnevelli,\\nMadras; 1827, Dohnavur.]\\nFeb. 12. V. S. A. Adoniram Judaon\\nand others sail for India as missionaries\\nof the American Board. [1813. June\\n17. Arrive in Calcutta.]\\n1813 The first Christian mission is\\nopened in Bombay by Gordon Hall and\\nSamuel Nott.\\nJuly* The bishopric of Calcutta is\\nerected. [1837, Of Bombay; 1845, Of\\nColombo, Ceylon; 1877, Of Rangun,\\nBurma.]\\nJuly 13. Burma. Adoniram Judson\\nand wife, being the second time expelled\\nfrom India by the Company, arrive at\\nRangun, where they establish a mission.\\n1814* Ceylon. Five Wesleyan\\nMethodist missionaries settle at Jaffna\\nand Batticaloa for the Tamil work, and\\nat Matura and Galle for the Cingalese\\nwork. [1815. The American Board\\nsends four missionaries to the island.]\\n1816 The English Baptists open a\\nmission in Dacca, Bengal.\\n[1829. They found Serampur College.\\n1846. A college in Cuttack. 1857. Open a\\nmission in Poona, Bombay. 1868. In Natale,\\nCeylon, and in MacMillanpatna, Orissa.]\\n1817 The English Wesleyans open\\na mission at Madras.\\n1819 June* Burma. Dr. Judson bap-\\ntizes his first Burmese convert.\\nAfter three years of preparatory work,\\nDr. Judson preaches his first sermon in\\nBurmese. [1823. He is, forced to remove\\nto Ava, and suspend work at Rangun.\\n1824. Opens at Ava, hut soon suspended\\nby war. 1826. At Amherst. 1828. Mis-\\nsion opened at Tavoy by George Dana\\nBoardman and wife Dr. Judson has his\\nfirst Karen convert, Kothah-byu, who-\\nbecomes the Karen apostle.\\n1823 The Scottish Missionary So-\\nciety opens a mission in Bombay. [1835.\\nTransferred to the Free Church.]\\n1829 Dec. 4. The burning of widows\\nis prohibited by law.\\nScot. Alexander Duff departs as a\\nmissionary to India for the Established\\nChurch of Scotland.\\n[1830. July 12. Dr. Duff opens his first\\nschool in Calcutta under a banian-tree\\nwith five young men. 1834. Returns to\\nScotland. 1839. Returns to India.]\\n*A high-caste Brahman, Eammohun\\nRoy, founds a reformed Brahman mono-\\ntheistic church (Brahmo SomajJ.\\n[1842. Revived by Debendra Nath\\nTangore.]\\nBurma. The Bible is translated.\\nThe Free Church of Scotland opens\\na mission in Poona. [1845. In Nagpur.]\\n1831* Burma. American Baptists\\nopen missions in Mergui and Maulmain.\\n[1832. A Karen station in Maulmain.\\n1833. Ava reopens Rangun and Maubee.\\n1835. Mission opened in Arakan.]\\nThe American Board, U.S.A. opens\\na mission in Ahmadnagar.\\n[1834, in Madura; in Singapore, Straits Set-\\ntlements; 1844, removed) 1836, in Madras,\\nchiefly as a publishing establishment; 1853,\\nin Arcot; 1851, in Mandapasalia, Madura;\\n1864, in Manamadura, Madras; 1876, in Mo-\\nlung, Assam 1878, in Kohiiua, Assam; 1887,\\nin Myngyan and in Thayetmayo, Burma.]\\nThe Church Society (Eng.) opens a\\nmission in Krishnagar, Bengal.\\n[1832, in Benares; 1839, in Krishnagar, 900\\nconverts arc baptized in one service; 1841, in\\nTelugu; 1847, in Kotgur; 1849, in Padre-Polli;\\n1850,in Karachi, \\\\V. Ind.; lK54,in Haidarahad,\\nSindh; 1854,in .lahaljuir, Cent. Prov. also\\nKangra in the Punjab, and Kuniiankulam,\\nMadras; 1856, in Multan lsr.ii, ni Allahabad,\\nN. W. Prov.; 1860, For Kols, on the Upper\\nGodavari; 1863, in Faizabad, OudhO", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1058.jp2"}, "1059": {"fulltext": "INDIA.\\n1796,* -1855, July\\n1047\\n1834 The Evangelical Missionary\\nSociety of Basle begins mission-work\\non the west coast.\\n[1836, Opens a mission in Combaconum,\\nMadras; 1872, in Karakal, Madras. J\\n1835 Feb. 14. Mna. Rev. Dr. Corrie\\nis appointed first bishop of Madras.\\nThe Society for the Propagation of\\nthe Gospel opens a mission in Nega-\\npatam, Madras.\\n[1838, In Ceylon; 1840, Sikandarabad; 1841,\\nin Cawnpur; 1842, in Ahmadabad, Bombay;\\n1852, in Delhi; 1353, in Tungu, Burma;\\n1855, in Karnul, Madras; 1858, in Pudukat-\\ntai, Madras; 1859, in Burma and in Bom-\\nbay; 1868, in Upper Burma; 1869, receives\\nthe Chutia Nagpur mission witli 17,000 Kol\\nconverts from Pastor Gossner 1870, in\\nAhmadnagar; 1871, in Rurki, Punjab; 1878,\\nin Nangur, Madras, 1887, in Tolligunge,\\nBengal.]\\nBurma. American Baptists organ-\\nize a native missionary society in Tavoi.\\n[1836, open a mission in Assam; in Bassein,\\nBurma, among the Telugus; 1837, in Bas-\\nsein Sgau, committed Karen converts in a\\nfew days. Its 2,000 converts suffer terrible\\npersecutions without a single apostasy; 1840,\\nthey open missions English, Tamil, and\\nTelugu stations in Burma, also in Sihsa^or;\\n1841, in Nowgong, Assam; 1843, in Gauhati,\\nAssam; 1844, in Salongs, Burma; 1847, great\\ningathering of converts in Assam.]\\n1836 The Presbyterian Church\\n(North), TJ. S. A., opens a mission in Sa-\\nbathu in the Punjab.\\n[1838, in Futtehgurh; 1843, in Mynpuri;\\n1844, in Furrukhabad; 1846, in Jaliindliar;\\n1848, in Umballa; 1849, in Lahore; 1853, in\\nKothapur; 1863, in Eta vah, N. W. Prov.\\n1867, in Hoshiarpur, Cent. Prov.; 1884, in\\nSangli, Bombay.]\\nThe Reformed Presbyterian Syn-\\nod, U. S. A., opens a mission in Laha-\\nranpur.\\n1837 A bishopric is erected at Bom-\\nThe London Society opens a\\nin Mirzapur.\\n[1845, Parey-chaley; 1850, in Almora; 1852,\\nin Colombo, Cevluii ls.is, in Gooty, Madras;\\n1869,in Kanikhet, N. W. Prov.]\\n*The Free Will Baptists, U. S. A.,\\nopen a mission in Sumbalpur, Orissa.\\n[1840, in Jellasore, Bengal; 1844, in Midna-\\npur; 1865, in Santipur, Bengal; 1873, in\\nBhimpore, Bengal; 1*77, in I antoo, Bengal;\\n1886, in Vinuconda.]\\n1838 Straits Settlements. St. An-\\ndrew s (Cathedral), Singapore, is con-\\nsecrated. [1861, present building erected;\\n1870, made the cathedral.]\\n1840* Calcutta. The cathedral is\\nfounded.\\nThe Welsh Calvinistic Methodists\\nopen a mission in the Khasi Hills.\\n[1841, in Assam 1870, in Jiwai.]\\n1841 The Irish Presbyterians open\\na mission in Rajkot.\\n[1844, at Gogo; 1846, receive Surat from\\nthe London Society; 1*60, in Borsad, Bom-\\nbay; 1861, in Ahmadabad, Bombay; 1877, in\\nAnand, Bombay; 1887, in Broach, Bombay.]\\nThe Welsh Presbyterians open a\\nmission in Cherrapooujee. [1846, at\\nJiwai 1787, in Sylhet.]\\n*The Evangelical Lutherans,\\nTJ. S. A., open a mission in Guntur, also\\nPalnadu, Madras. [1849, in Palnadu\\n1861, in Samuleotta, Madras.]\\n1846* Burma. Roman Catholics open\\na mission in Rangun. [1853, in Tungu.]\\n1847 The Leipsic Evangelical Lu-\\ntherans receive the Tranquebar mission.\\n[1855, open one in Cuddalore, Madras\\n1859, in Manikraramain, Madras; 1864,\\nin Kegapatam, Madras.]\\n1849 The American Baptists open\\na Karen mission in Pwo.\\n[1852, Reopen one in Rangun, Burma; 1853,\\nin Tungu, Burma; 1854, in Prome, Burma;\\n1855, in Tbongze, Burma; 1861, Ava, Burma,\\nis abandoned; 1*H6, tor the Shans, Burma;\\n1870, in Ongole 916 converts are baptized in\\none year; mission opened in Ramapatam.\\nBengal; 1876, in Pwo Karen, Burma; 1S77,\\nin Ralimo, also in Tura, Assam; 1879, in\\nMaubiu, Burma; IhhO, in Maubin and Tha-\\ntone, Burma; 18S5, in rdayagiri, Madras;\\n1886, in Mandalay, Burma.]\\n1851 June The State allowance to the\\ntemple of Juggernaut is withdrawn.\\n*TheEvangelicalLutherans,U.S.A.,\\nreceive the North German mission in\\nRajamahendri, Madras. [1SS6, open a\\nmission in Kotapad, Cent. ind. 18S7, in\\nJeypur.]\\n1853* *The Reformed Church,\\nTJ. S. A., opens a mission in Arcot, Ma-\\ndras.\\n[1854, in Chittra, Madras; 1858, it receives\\nthe ArcotMission from tin- American Board;\\n1863, opens in Madanapalli, Madras.]\\n1854 The Associate Church, U.S.A.,\\nopens a mission in Sialkot, Punjab.\\nSTATE.\\n1796 Ceylon. The British seize the\\nDutch settlements. [1S02. The whole\\nseaboard becomes a British possession.]\\n1798 May 17-1805 The Earl of\\nMornington [Marquis AVellesley] is gov-\\nernor-general.\\n1799 June 22. Mysore is divided.\\n(See Army.)\\n1801 Treaty of Lucknow; the Mogul\\nemperor cedes more of the territories\\nof Oudh to the British.\\nThe British annex the Carnatic\\n(S. E. Ind.) by conquest.\\n1802 The Mahratta Holkar refuses\\nto receive a British force according to\\nthe treaty, and the second war follows.\\n[1805. Dec. 24. Peace is signed.]\\n1803 The Mahratta power is over-\\nthrown. [1809. Holkar signs a treaty.]\\nGwalior (Cent. Ind.) is placed under\\nBritish protection.\\n1805 July 30. Eng. Marquis Corn-\\nwallis again becomes governor-general.\\n[Oct. 5. He dies. Oct. 10-1807. Sir\\nGeorge Barlow is acting governor.\\n1807, July, 3-1S13, Lord (Earl of) Minto.]\\n1806-37 Akbar U. is Mogul emperor\\nunder British protection.\\n1813 July* Eng. The East India Com-\\npany s charter is renewed for 20 years,\\nbut its monopoly of trade is abolished.\\n[1814. Apr. 10. Operative. 1833. Re-\\nnewed for 30 years.]\\nOct. 4-23 Earl of Moira [Marquis of\\nHastings] is governor-general. [1823,\\nJohn Adam, officiating governor.]\\n1815 Mar. 2. Ceylon. By treaty with\\nthe chiefs the sovereignty of the island\\npasses to the British.\\n1819 Ghazee-ud-deen becomes the\\nking of Oudh.\\nStraits Settlements. Sir Stamford\\nRaffles founds a- British factory in Singa-\\npore. [1824. The island is purchased\\nfrom the Sultan of Johore for \u00c2\u00a313,500\\nand a life annuity of \u00e2\u0082\u00ac5,400 Malacca is\\nceded to the British by the Dutch, and\\nwith Singapore is incorporated with\\nPenang. 1S32. Singapore the capital.]\\n1820 Eng. George IV. becomes\\nking.\\n1S23 Aug. 1-28* *Lord [Earl] Am-\\nherst is governor-general. [1828, Mar.\\n18, Wni. Butterworth, officiating.]\\n1826 Feb. A treaty of peace is made\\nwith Burma.\\n1826-52 Lower Burma annexed (p. 943).\\n1828 July -4-35 Lord William Cav-\\nendish Bentinck is governor-general.\\nHe abolishes suttee (widow-burning),\\nand exterminates the roving gangs of\\ntbugs. [1835-36. Sir Charles Metcalf\\n(Lord Metcalf) is temporary governor.]\\n1829 Feb. 24. Peace is made with\\nBurma it agrees to pay an indemnity\\nof \u00c2\u00a31,000,000, and cedes a great extent of\\nterritory.\\n1830-37 Eng. William IV. king.\\nMysore is taken under British ad-\\nministration. [1734. Apr. 10. Coorg,\\nMadras, is annexed.]\\n1834 May 1. Natives are admitted to\\nthe magistracy.\\n1836 Mar. 4-42 Lord [Earl] Auck-\\nland is governor-general.\\nDec. Aden. A wrecked British ship is\\nplundered at Aden by Arabs. [The\\nsultan agrees to cede Aden to Great\\nBritain as compensation. His son hav-\\ning repudiated tbis agreement, Great\\nBritain sends an expedition. 1S39. Ta-\\nken by Capt H. Smith. Annexed.]\\n1837 Eng. Victoria becomes queen.\\n1837-42 Mahmud Ali, nawab of Oudh.\\n1837-57 Mahmud Bahadur Shah is\\ntitular Mogul emperor.\\n1839* China. Hongkong taken.\\n[1842. Aug. 29. Ceded (Pp. 616, 617).]\\n1842 Feb. 28. Lord [Earl of] Ellen-\\nborough is governor-general. [1844. July\\n23-1848, Sir Henry Hardinge.]\\n1843 Mar.* Sind is conquered and an-\\nnexed. Area, 54,12. square miles popu-\\nlation [recent], 2,542,976; Sir Charles\\nNapier, governpr.\\n1845 The English purchase the Da-\\nnish possessions.\\nA part of Lahore is annexed by con-\\nquest from the Sikhs.\\n1847-56 WaudAli Shah rules in Oudh.\\n[1856. Eeb. 7. Deposed by British, and\\nterritory annexed.]\\n1848-56 Earl [Marquis] of Dalhousie\\nis governor-general.\\n1849 Mar. 29. The Punjab is an-\\nnexed by j r x-lumation. [Satara lapses\\nto the British, it having no direct heir.\\n1853. Dec. 11. Nagpur lapses.]\\n1852 Dec. 20. Burma. Pegu and Ran-\\ngun are annexed by proclamation.\\n1853 Jan. Burma. The king of Ava\\nis deposed by his younger brut her. [June\\n20. Peace with Great Britain.]\\nLord Elpbinstone is governor of Bom-\\nbay. [I860, Sir R. G. Clerk 1862, Sir\\nHenry Bartle Frere 1866, W. R. Sey-\\nmour Fitzgerald 1872, Sir Philip Wode-\\nhouse 1880, Sir James Fergusson 1884,\\nLord Reay.]\\nStraits Settlements is made a sepa-\\nrate dependency under the governor-\\ngeneral of India. [1866. Aug. 10. Sep-\\narated made a crown colony. 1867.\\nApr. Effective. Sir Harry St. George\\nOrd, governor 1873, Sir Andrew Clarke.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1837-38 A terrible famine in north-\\nwest India destroys 800,000 lives.\\n1851* Chohan chiefs agree to resolu-\\ntions against the killing of female\\ninfants.\\n1853 Apr. 16. The first railway is\\nopened, from Bombay to Tannah dis-\\ntance about 25 miles.\\n1854 The Ganges canal is opened.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1059.jp2"}, "1060": {"fulltext": "1048 1855, *-1894, Jan. 8.\\nINDIA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1857-58 The sepoy rebellion.\\nAlleged cause requiring men to use\\ncartridges greased with lard and cow s\\ntallow, the cow being a sacred animal\\nand the hog abhorred. The native ar-\\nmies of Madras and Bombay remain loyal\\nto the British.\\n(Mab.*) The troops at Barrackpur mu-\\ntiny. (Mat 10.) At Meerut, near Delhi.\\n(May II.) The helpless Europeans at Delhi\\nblow up the magazine. Gen. Anson, com-\\nmander-in-i lijt f, marches on Delhi. (May\\n27.) He is killed. (May 30.) The sepoys\\nat Lucknow join the mutiny. Sir Henry\\nLawrence fortifies and provisions the resi-\\ndency. (June 3.) The mutiny is suppressed\\nat Benares. (June 6.) At Allahabad the\\nnative soldiers rise and massacre 17 officers\\nand all the women and children they can find.\\nNana Sahib of Cawnpurmutinies,and is pro-\\nclaimed peshwa of theMahrattas. (June 8.)\\nThe siege of Delhi begins; 30,000 men besiege\\n8,000 at the maximum. (June 27.) About\\n450 Europeans an treacherously massacred\\nby Nana Sahib, chierty women and children;\\nonly four men and 125 women escape death.\\n(JUNE*) Sir Henry Barnard succeeds Gen.\\nAnson (deceased). (July 2.) Sir Henry\\nLawrence, with a weak regiment, and the\\nEuropeans of Lucknow are besieged in the\\nresidency; he is wounded. (July 4.) He\\ndies. (July 5.) Maj.-Gen. Reid succeeds\\nSir Henry Barnard, deceased. (July 12.)\\nGen. Nicholson defeats rebels at Sealcote.\\n(July 15.) Gen. Havelock defeats Nana\\nSahib and recaptures Cawnpur. (July 18.)\\nThe mutiny is suppressed at Haidarabad.\\n(July 19.) Also at Bithoor. (July 20.) At\\nLahore. (July 22.) Sir Archdale Wil-\\nson assumes command at. Delhi. (July 27.)\\nThe mutiny breaks out at Dinapur; British\\nrepulsed at Anak. (July 29-Al o. 15.) Gen.\\nHavelock., by prodigious effort, wins many\\nvictories over the rebels, although a sufferer\\nfrom disease. (Aug. 15.) Rebels defeated\\natPandooMuddee. Gen. Nicholson defeats\\nthem at Nuguffgur. (Sept. 14.) The Brit-\\nish assault Delhi. (Sept. 20.) The entire\\ncitytaken. (Sept. 21.) The Mogul emperor\\nBahadur Shah is captured at. Delhi. (Sept.\\n23.) Col. Hodson kills with his own hand\\nthe son and grandson of Bahadur. Gen.\\nNicholson dies. (Sept. 25.) Gen. Havelock\\nrelieves the besieged residency at Lucknow.\\n(Sept. 26.) Rebels defeated at Boland-\\nshhar. (Sept. 29.) AtMolaghur. (Oct. 5.)\\nAt Aligarh. (Oct. 10.) At Agra. (Nov.\\n3.) Sir Colin Campbell [Lord Clyde], com-\\nmander-in-chief, arrives at Cawnpur. (Nov.\\n13.) Cawnpur is taken. (Nov. 16.) Camp-\\nbell takes Sikandarabad. (Nov. 18-25.)\\nHe and Gen. Havelock rescue the besieged\\nresidency at Lucknow by hard fighting.\\n(Nov. 27.) The rebels at Cawnpur repulse\\nGen. Windham. (Nov. 28.) Campbell re-\\ncaptures Cawnpur. (Dec. 6.) He defeats\\nthe Gwalior contingent. (Dec. 14, 17, 27.)\\nThe rebels are defeated at Seat on. (Dec.\\n27.) At Gorakhpur. (1858. Jan. 2.) At\\nFuttigarh. (Jan.*) The rebels still hold\\nand fortify Lucknow. (Jan. 29.) Sir Hugh\\nRose relieves Sagar. (Feb. 31.) He enters.\\n(Mar. 8.) Sir Colin Campbell besieges Lurk-\\nnow. (Mar. 19.) Lucknow surrenders; 50,\\n000 rebels hastily retire. (Mar. 30.) Gen.\\nRoberts takes Kotah. (Apr. 4.) Sir Hugh\\nRose takes dhansi. (Apr. 13.) Azimgarhis\\nrelieved bv Sir E. Lugard. (APR. 19.) Gen.\\nWhitelock takes Budaun. (May 7.) The\\nBritish recapture Bareli. (May 11.) Sir\\nHugh Rose defeats the rebels at Kooneh.\\nMay23.) Also near Kalpi. (May 13.) Sir\\nHopp Grant defeats them at Newabzunge.\\n(May 29.) Sir E. Lu*ard defeats them at\\nJuedeBpore. (June 13.) The rebels seize\\nGwalior. (June 17.) Rose again defeats\\nthem; the Rani princess Jhahsi is killed\\nwhile leading her troops. [Rose captures\\nGwalior.] (July Several rajas sur-\\nrender. (Aug. 14.) Gen. Roberts destroys\\nthe remnant of the Gwalior rebels. (Aug.\\nChiefs in Oudh surrender. (Aug. 31.)\\nA rising of dismissed soldiers at Multan ia\\nsuppressed; 300 are killed. [Later 800 more\\nkilled or captured.) (Sept. 15.) Gen. Mit-\\nchell defeats Tantia Topi near Rajghur.\\n(Nov. 24.) Lord Clyde defeats Beni Mahdo\\natDhooden Khera. (Nov. 25.) Again de-\\nfeated at Gujarat by Maj. Sutherland.\\n1859 Feb. 10. Gen. Horsford de-\\nfeats the begum of Oudh and Nana Sa-\\nhib, the rebel pesbwa.\\nApr. 2. Maun Singh surrenders to the\\nBritish. [Apr. 7. Tantia Topi is cap-\\ntured. Apr. IS. Hanged.]\\nMay 23. Sir Hope Grant defeats Nana\\nSahib in the Jorway Pass.\\n1860 July Sir Hugh Hose assumes\\nNov. The natives repulse the British at\\nSiltkim.\\n1863 Oct. *-Dec. War with the hill\\ntribes on the northwestern frontier.\\n1864 The British are at war with\\nthe Bhutanese.\\nDec. 12. The Bhutanese defeated. [1S65.\\nJan. 29. Repulsed at Dewangiri. Feb.\\nThe British evacuate. Apr. 2. Betake\\nit.]\\n1872 Jan. 15-17- An outbreak of\\nthe Kookas near Ludhiana is severely\\nsuppressed.\\n1873 Nov+. Straits Settlements. The\\nMalays revolt, besiege the residency.\\n(Nov. 6.) Capt. Inness relieves the resi-\\ndent. (Dec. 7.) Troops from Calcutta and\\nHong-kong under (Jen. Sir Francis Colborne\\ndefeat the Malays. (Dec. 22.) They de-\\nfeat them again. (Dec. 17.) The British\\ntake Kinti, the capital of Perak, and force\\nex-Sultan Ismail to retreat. (Dec 27.)\\nThe Malays are subdued at Perak. (Mak.\\n21.) Ismail surrenders to the British.\\n1878-81 Second Afghan war (p. 4).\\n1881 Jan. Sir Donald Stewart is\\nappointed commander-in-chief.\\n1885 July 30 i. Sir Frederick Rob-\\nerts is appointed commander-in-chief.\\n1885-86 War with Burma.\\n(Nov. 17.) The British capture the Bur-\\nmese forts, Minhla and Gurgyong. (Nov.\\n20.) Also Magwe. (Nov. 27.) They occupy\\nthe Ava forts. (Nov. 28.) Also Pagan and\\nMyingyan and Mandalay. (Dec. 2.) Also\\nNadan. (Dec. 29.) Maj. Williamson de-\\nfeats the Burmese at Moutshobo. (1886.\\nJan. 16.) They are defeated at Kadol.\\n(Jan. 19.) Again at Kunnah. (Jan. 27.)\\nAt Mas. (Mar. 18.) At Yindaawango,\\n(Mab. 26.) Near Zemethen. (Apr. 5.) Again\\ndefeated. (June 6,7.) Defeated at Ngape.\\n(June 19.) They repulse the British near\\nTummoo. (Oct. 21.) Gen. Sir Frederick\\nRoberts succeeds to the chief command.\\n(Nov. 18.) He arrives at Mandalay.\\n1887 Feb. Burma. Gen. Roberts re-\\ntires Gen. Arbuthnot assumes com-\\nmand.\\n1888 Mar. 20. A British force defeats\\nthe Tibetans at Lingtum.\\nTibetans have erected a fort contrary\\nto the terms of their treaty. [May 23.\\nDefeated. Sept. 25. Again at Jelapla\\nPass.]\\n1889 Jan. Afghanistan. The British\\ncomplete the fortress at Quetta; mak-\\ning it the bulwark of India.\\n1891 Mar. 30. Hostile Muneepuris,\\nafter two days fighting, massacre 400\\nGoorkhas in the British service. [Apr.\\n16\u00c2\u00b1. The Muneepuris are defeated, los-\\ning50 killed. Apr. 18+, Apr.21\u00c2\u00b1. Again\\ndefeated. Apr. 27. Iinphal is captured.]\\nART SCIENCE LETTERS.\\n1855 The Bombay Quarterly is is-\\nsued.\\n1864 Oct. 5. Calcutta. A cyclone,\\nfollowed by a storm-wave over the\\ndelta of the Ganges, destroys 45,000 lives,\\nand 100 ships.\\n15S7 Nov. 1. Calcutta. A cyclone\\nunroofs 30,000 small houses 90,000 peo-\\nple are drowned by it in Lower Bengal.\\n1871 Aug. 5. Eng. The Royal Indian\\nEngineering College, Cooper s Hill, is\\nopened.\\n1872 Dec. 14, 15. An earthquake\\ndestroys Lehree 500 people perish.\\n1874 Oct. A cyclone destroys Med-\\nnapur; 2,000 people perish.\\n1875 July A Mohammedan college\\nis established for Northwest Provinces.\\n1876 Oct. 31. A cyclone sweeps\\nsoutheast Bengal 215,000 people perish.\\n1883 The Christian College Magazine\\nis issued.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1857 Gholab Singh, maharaja, dies.\\n1881 Mar. Gliolam Hussein Khan, friend\\nof the British, dies.\\n1890 Oct. 12. Jeejeebhoy Byramjee, of\\nCHURCH.\\n1856* *The Methodist Episcopal\\nChurch, U. S. A., sends Dr. William\\nButler to open mission-work in Bareli.\\n[1858, be plants his first mission at Luck-\\nnow; 1859,in r.ndaun and Moradabad; 1K6I,\\nin Haidarabad, Sind; ln\u00c2\u00ab4, in Garhwal; 1871,\\nin Bombay; 1881, in Chandausi, N. W. Prov.]\\n1857 The Wesleyan Methodists\\n(Eng.) open a mission in Ceylon among\\nthe Veddahs in Tumkur, Madras.\\n[1863, In Karur, Madras, and Shimoga,\\nMysore; 1876, in Faizabad, Oudh.]\\n1858 Baboo Keshub Chunder Sen\\njoins the society of the Brahma Somaj.\\n[Being much opposed he forms the new\\nBrahma Somaj of India.]\\n1860 The United Presbyterians\\n(Scot.) open a mission in Bajputana.\\n[1861, in Musseerabad and Narsinhpnr.\\nMadras; 1\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00ab2, in Ajim-re, Bengal; 1863, in\\nTodgarth; ]nijH, In .Jaipur; 1871, in Deoli, N.\\nW. Prov.; 1877, in Vdaipur, also in Alwar;\\n1885, in Jodhpur.]\\n1861 The Danish Missionary So-\\nciety opens the New Tamil Mission.\\n[1881, one for the Malays in the Sjervarog\\nMountains; 1SSH, in Assampur; 1887, in Ar-\\ncot, Kanipet, and Sallasapet; 1888, in Ma-\\ndras.\\nThe Finland Missionary Society\\nopens a mission in Suoini.\\nThe Geneva Baptists open a mission\\nin Russelkonda, Madras.\\nThe Strict Baptists (Eng.) open a\\nmission in Talleygaum.\\n1863 Dec. The Government with-\\ndraws its support of the Hindu religion.\\nThe Established Church of Scot-\\nland opens a mission in Wazirabad in\\nthe Punjab. [1865, in Chuma 1869, Dar-\\njiling, Bengal 188G, in Bhutan.]\\n1864 Calcutta. The Cathedral Mis-\\nsion CoUege ia opened.\\n1866 Apr. The question respecting\\nmarriage of Hindu converts is settled.\\nThe English Friends Society sends\\nits first missionary. [1869, opens a mis-\\nsion in Benares, soon changed to Jubal-\\npur 1374, in Hoshangabad, Cent. Prov.]\\nThe United Presbyterians, U. S. A.,\\nopen a mission at Zaiarwal, Punjab.\\nThe Church Society opens a mission\\nin Lahore.\\nH878, in Mandla, Cent. Prov. 1879, one\\nfor the Gondwana, in N. Ind.; 1880, another\\nfor the Bliils, N. Ind.; 1882, in Gorakhpur,\\nN. W. Prov.; 1887, in Snkkur, Sind; 1888,\\nKuinmamett, S. Ind.; 1889, in Ceylon.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1060.jp2"}, "1061": {"fulltext": "INDIA.\\n1855,* -1894, Jan. 8. 1049\\n1870 A widespread revival oecurg\\nin Methodist missiolis and great cities,\\nunder the labors of the American evan-\\ngelist, [Bishop] William Taylor.\\n1872 July* Eng. The Christian mar-\\nriage bill is passed.\\n1875* Canadian Presbyterians open\\na mission in Madras. [1877. In Judore.]\\n1877 Jan. The South Indian Confer-\\nence (Meth. Epis.) is organized. [1886,\\nThe Bengal Conference.]\\nBurma. The bishopric of Rangun\\nis erected.\\n1877-78 During the famine about 60,-\\n000 persons in Southern India cast\\naway their idols, and seek Christian in-\\nstruction.\\n1878 June 15. InlGdaysthe American\\nBaptist Telugu missionaries baptize\\n8,691 converts, and 2,222 of them in one\\nday.\\nThe Swedish Society opens a mission\\nin Narsinhpur, Madras.\\nThe English Presbyterians open a\\nl Rampur-Beauleah, Bengal.\\n1882 The Christian Society (U.S. A.)\\nopens missions in Ilikispur, Mungeli, and\\nChapa, Cent. Prov.\\n1883 The Western Foreign Mis-\\nsionary Society (U. S. A.) opens a mis-\\nsion in Lodiana, in the Punjab.\\n1884* *The Breklum Society (Ger.)\\nopens a mission in Coropat, Madras.\\n1886 Ceylon. The Salvation Army\\narrives, and adopts the native food and\\ndress of the Hindu mendicants.\\n1889 The Protestant Missionary So-\\ncieties report 4,223 stations and out-\\nstations. Foreign mission- workers, 816,\\nordained missionaries, 69 laymen, 460\\nmissionaries wives, and 243 other women.\\nNative workers 912 ordained, 6,692\\nteachers, 8,569 other helpers. Also 2,533\\npreaching places, 1,855 churches, 222,283\\ncommunicants, 83 schools for higher edu-\\ncation, with 8,051 pupils, 6,574 common\\nschools, with 273,585 pupils; native con-\\ntributions for all purposes, $477,283.\\nSTATE.\\n1855-60 Ceylon. Sir H. Ward is gover-\\nnor. [1865, Mar. 7, Sir Hercules G.\\nRobinson 1872, Jan. 9, Wm. H. Gregory\\n1876, Nov. Sir J. R. Longden 1883,\\nFeb. Sir Arthur Gordon.]\\n1856-58 Viscount [Earl] Canning is\\nviceroy. [1858-62, Earl Canning.]\\n1857 May 11. At Meerut the sepoys\\nproclaim the king of Delhi emperor.\\n1857-58 The nizam of Haidarabad\\nsupports the British during the mutiny.\\n1858 Jan. 27-Mar. 9. The king of\\nDelhi is tried for complicity in the mu-\\ntiny, and sentenced to transportation.\\nAug. 2. London. The East India Com-\\npany s administration is transferred\\nto the crown. A secretary of state is\\nprovided for its management. [Sept. 1,\\nTransferred.]\\nNov. 1. The queen is proclaimed sover-\\neign over India.\\n1858-62 The Earl of Canning is\\nviceroy.\\n1859 Jan. 1. The Punjab becomes a\\npresidency.\\nJan. Sir Charles Trevelyan is\\nappointed governor of Madras. [1860,\\nS. Ward; Sir Wm. Denison 1866, Jan.\\n31, Lord Napier.]\\n1861 Aug. A new Indian council\\nand new high court of judicature are\\nestablished.\\n1862 Jan. 18. Calcutta. The first\\nmeeting of the new legislative council.\\nMar. 1. Calcutta. Lord Elgin, the gov-\\nernor-general, arrives. [Mar. 12. In-\\nstalled. 1863, Nov. 20. Dies. 1863, Sir\\nRobert Napier, officiating governor\\n1863-64, Sir William Denison.]\\n1S64 The Dwars is annexed.\\n1864-69 Sir John Lawrence [Lord\\nLawrence] is viceroy.\\n1866 Sept.i Burma. A rebellion\\nagainst the native king breaks out.\\n1869-72 Earl of Mayo is viceroy. [1872,\\nFeb. 23, Lord Napier, acting governor.]\\n1872-76 Lord [Earl of] Northbrook is\\nviceroy. [1872, Sir John Strachey, of-\\nficiating viceroy; later, Lord Napier.]\\n1874 Jan. 20. Straits Settlements.\\nGovernor Clarke signs a treaty at Pan-\\nkor iu the Dindings.\\nIt establishes Abdullah as sultan, and\\nprovides for a British resident with\\nplenary power at Perak. The British\\nGovernment begins to exercise super-\\nvision over the native courts through a\\nstaff of European officials. [1875. Oct.\\nSir William F. D. Jervois becomes gov-\\nernor. Nov. 1. J. W. Birch, the British\\nresident, issues a proclamation at Perak.\\nNov. 2. He is assassinated. 1877. Sir\\nW. C. F. Robinson is governor 18S0,\\nSir Frederick A. Weld 1S87, Aug. Sir\\nC. G. Smith.]\\n1875 Apr. 23. The Maharatta Gack-\\nwar of Baroda is dethroned for mis-\\ngovernment. [May 22. His eldest son\\nis appointed his successor.]\\nJune 18\u00c2\u00b1. Burma. The submission of\\nthe king to the British is announced.\\n1876-80 Lord [Earl of] Lytton is vice-\\nroy.\\n1877 Jan. 1. The viceroy proclaims\\nQueen Victoria Empress of India, with\\nmagnificent ceremonies, at Delhi.\\n1879 Feb.* Burma. Thebaw, the new\\nking, kills many members of the royal\\nfamily and their friends.\\n1880-84 Marquis of Ripon is viceroy.\\n1884 Dec. 13. Calcutta. TheEarlof\\nDufferin assumes office as viceroy.\\nMir Mahbub Ali is installed nizam\\nof Haidarabad.\\n1885 June 7. Straits Settlements. Let-\\nters patent define the Straits Settle-\\nments.\\nOct. 18\u00c2\u00b1. Burma. The British envoy\\nand his proposals are rejected. The\\nPrenchenter negotiations with the king.\\nNov. 22. A revolution occurs at Ne-\\npaul; the prime minister and son are\\nmurdered.\\nNov. Burma. The British force the\\nking to sign an agreement to settle\\ndisputes, and receive a British resident.\\nDec. Burma. King Thebaw and his\\ncourt are sent to Madras. [Dec. 18\u00c2\u00b1.\\nHis brother issues a proclamation\\nagainst British rule Mr. Bernard es-\\ntablishes a provisional government.]\\n1886 Jan. 1. Upper Burma is an-\\nnexed by proclamation.\\nMay 15. London. All Burma is in-\\ncluded in British India by a royal decree.\\nThe Keeling Islands are detached\\nfrom Ceylon and administratively placed\\nunder Straits Settlements. [1889. Jan.\\n8. Christmas Islands so placed.]\\n1887 Feb. 15, 16. Burma. The\\nQueen s Jubilee is celebrated.\\n1888* The Marquis of Lansdowne is\\nviceroy.\\n1889 Aug. 27. A native council is\\nestablished at Kashmir.\\n1890 Aug. 21. A revolution occurs\\nIn Manipur the maharajah seeks refuge\\nin the British residency. [Sept. 25.\\nSuppressed.]\\n1891 Feb. 23. A meeting of 4,000\\nHindus, held in Bombay, resolves that a\\nlaw is necessary for the protection of\\nchild-wives. [Feb. 25. Calcutta. About\\n50,000 Bengalese protest against the bill\\nfor the protection of child-wives.]\\nMay 25. The maharajah of Muneepur\\nabdicates in favor of his brother.\\nDec. 29. The Indian National Con-\\ngress opens at Nagpur. [1893. Dec. 30.\\nIt meets at Allahabad.]\\n1892 Apr. 1. Burma. The China\\nrevolt against British rule.\\nDec. 21. Nizam-ul-Mulk, son and heir\\nof the late Mehtar of Chitral, places\\nhimself and the state at the disposal of\\nthe Indian Government.\\n1893 June 26. The Government issues\\nan order suspending the free coinage\\nof silver.\\nOct. 11. London. The Earl of Elgin is\\nappointed viceroy.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1855 Calcutta. The Calcutta rail-\\nway is opened.\\n1856 Nov. 7. The first marriage of a\\nHindu widowis celebrated at Calcutta.\\nSir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, a Parsee\\nof Bombay, erects several hospitals.\\n1860-61 A famine affects northwest-\\nern India, and thousands perish.\\n1865 Mar. 1. Eng. The Indo-Euro-\\npean telegraph line is opened, and a\\ndespatch from Karachi received.\\n1866 Aug. -Nov. A terrible famine\\nafflicts Orissa, Bengal, and 1,500,000 peo-\\nple perish.\\n1867* Calcutta. Cholera destroys\\n75,000 lives.\\n1868-69 A severe famine afflicts Raj-\\nputana; 1,500,000 people die.\\n1870 Mar. The railway between Cal-\\ncutta and Bombay is completed.\\n1872 The telegraph line connecting\\nBombay and Suez is completed.\\n1875 Feb. 24. Lieut. Holcombe and a\\nsurveying party of 70 persons are mas-\\nsacred by natives in Assam.\\nNov. 8. -76 Mar. 13. The Prince of\\nWales visits India.\\n1877 Jan. 1. The Order of the Em-\\npire of India is announced.\\nMar, 1. In Nepaul several widows of\\nSir Junn Bahadoor burn themselves\\nas suttees on his funeral pyre.\\nDec. 31. The Imperial Order of the\\nCrown of India is instituted for ladies.\\n1877-78 A widespread famine has\\n6,000,000 victims. (Governmentesti-\\nmates of deaths, 1,350,000.)\\n1879 Mar. 31. Railways opened to\\ndate, 8,545 miles cost, \u00c2\u00a3120,000,000.\\n1882 Nov. 24. The Sirhind irrigating\\ncanal, 502 miles long, is opened in the\\nPunjab.\\n1883 Mar. 29. Calcutta. The Euro-\\npean and Anglo-Indian Defense Asso-\\nciation is formed.\\nDec. 4. -84 Mar. 10. Calcutta. An\\nInternational Exhibition is held.\\n1889 Feb. 27. The railway between\\nRangun and Mandalay, Burma, is\\nopened.\\nMay\u00c2\u00b1 Famine and cholera prevail in\\nGau jam, Madras deaths, 1,400 weekly.\\n1892 May 30. Cholera prevails in\\nKashmir; 1,600 deaths in one week.\\n1894 Jan. 8. Religious riots occur\\nbetween Mohammedans and Hindus at\\nYeola, 95 miles from Bombay.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1061.jp2"}, "1062": {"fulltext": "1050 1240* b.c-362* b.c.\\nITALY:\\nItaly is a kingdom of Southern Europe; capital, Rome. It comprises, besides the peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia, and some\\nsmaller islands its governmental divisions comprise 69 provinces. Its government is vested in a hereditary constitutional\\nmonarch, with a Parliament of two houses, having 390 members in the Senate and 508 deputies in the Chamber. The prevailing\\nreligion is Roman Catholic, and the language chiefly used is Italian. Its foreign possessions are Massowah and Assab on the\\nRed Sea coast, and the neighboring Dhalak Islands these possessions are officially known as Eritrea they have a population\\nestimated at 450,000. Area, 110,623 quare miles population in 1892, 30,535,848.\\nNote. The period of the early kings is highly traditional and largely mythical neither the dates, names, nor deeds recorded\\nare reliable as facts. Historical records are of an uncertain value until 265 b.c. The list of popes follows that of the Roman\\nalmanac, Gerarchia Cattolica. Roman Catholic writers disagree respecting the order, accession, and periods of the early popes.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n748 e. c. Rome taken by Sabines.\\n747 b. c. The Caenioians are de-\\nfeated, and the first triumphal proces-\\nsion is witnessed at Rome.\\n671 b. c. Zancle (Messina) is seized\\nby the Messenese.\\n669+ b. c. The rival Romans and\\nAlbans settle the contest for supremacy\\nby combat. Three Horatii, Roman\\nknights, aB champions, overcome the\\nthree Curiatii, Alba s champions.\\n665 b. c. War with the Fidenates\\nAlba Longa is destroyed.\\n616 B. c. Successful wars are waged\\nwith the Sabines, Latins, and Etruscans.\\nB. c. Wars with the Veii, near\\nRome.\\nb. c. Rome. The wall is built.\\n590 b. c. Sicily. Carthaginians in-\\nvade the island. [480. Again.]\\n509 b. c. A long- \u00e2\u0096\u00a0war follows the\\noverthrow of the monarchy.\\n508 b. c. Unsuccessful war occurs\\nwith Porsena.\\n501 b. c. The Latins and the Tar-\\nquins attack the republic. [498. The\\nTarquins are finally defeated at Lake\\nRegillus by Aulus Postumius.]\\n497 b.c. The TusculanB are totally\\ndefeated at Tusculum.\\n492 b. c. Coriolanus defeats the\\nVolsci.\\n488 b. c. Home. The banished Co-\\nriolanus, with the Volsci, besieges Rome,\\nbut withdraws when entreated by his\\nwife and his mother.\\n487 b. c. Hernici, invaders from\\nthe South, are defeated by Spurius Cas-\\nsius.\\n477 b. c. All the grown-up Fabii\\n(306) are slain from ambush by Veientes,\\nat the brook Cremera.\\n460 b. c. Rome. Herdonius and his\\npolitical refugees surprise the Capitol.\\n458 b. c. Cincinnatus defeats the\\nvEqui tribe, dwelling east of Rome.\\n[446. They reappear before Rome for\\nthe last time.]\\n449* b. c. Rome. The people revolt;\\nplebeian soldiers occupy the Aventine\\nand the Sacred Mount.\\n442\u00c2\u00b1 B. c. Romans conquer Ardea.\\n437* b. c. The Romans totally defeat\\nthe Veientes.\\n434 b. c. War with the Tuscans.\\n431 b. c. The iEqui and Volscii are\\ndefeated by Tubertus, the dictator.\\n423 b. c. Samnites capture Capua.\\n415-413 b. c. Sicily. Athenian inva-\\nsion (p. 1020).\\n406 b. c. The Roman troops first\\nreceive regular pay.\\n396 b. c. Marcus Furius Camillus\\ntakes Veii after a siege lasting 10 years.\\n390* b. o. Gauls besiege Clusium.\\nJuly 16. b. c. Defeat at Allia (p. 662).\\nb. c. Rome. The Gauls sack the\\ncity, and make an unsuccessful attempt\\nto surprise the Capitol the geese of\\nJuno alarm the guards. After a seven\\nmonths siege, the withdrawal of the\\nGauls is purchased with gold.\\n389* b. c. Rome. Camillus expels the\\nGauls (Volscii). [379. They defeat the\\nRomans. 350-345. Another war.]\\n367 b. c. Dionysius the Elder cap-\\ntures Rhegium.\\n367-349 b. c. Wars with the in-\\nvading Gauls in Central Italy.\\n362-358 i*. c. War with the Hernici\\nand the. revolted Latin cities.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n753* *b. c. The Roman calendar\\ndates from the founding of Rome. [713.\\nNuma Pompilius corrects the calendar\\nby adding two months, making 12.]\\n616 b. c. Rome. Tarquinius Priscus\\nlays the foundation of the Capitol it\\ncovers eight acres. [507. Dedicated.]\\n616-578 B. C. Rome. Tarquinius builds\\nthe city walls, and begins the temple\\nof Jupiter.\\n605-t b. c. Rome. The first circus\\nis established.\\n600-500 b. c. The temple of Minerva\\nat Syracuse is erected. Also the tem-\\nple at Paestum, the temple of Con-\\ncord, and of Juno at Agrigentum.\\n594 B. C. Rome. The temple of\\nCeres Liber and Libera are decorated\\nby Gorgasus and Damophilus.\\n534-510 B. C. Rome. Tarquinius Su-\\nperbus completes the temple of Jupiter\\nCapitolinus.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nNote. The letters b. c. are mostly omitted\\nin Births and Deaths to save space; the pe-\\nriod, however, is marked in the tirst item.\\nb. c. Romulus, legendary founder of\\nRome, born. [716. Dies.]\\nNuma Pompilius, Si-cuml kini; of Rome,\\nborn. [672. Dies.]\\n672* Tullus Hostilius, legendary hero, b.\\n[640. Dies.]\\n678 Tanpiiiiius Prisons, legendary k., d.\\n516^ Cincinnatus, Luc. Q., legendary\\nhero, born.\\n507 Brutus, Lucius Junius, fdr. of repub-\\nlic, dies.\\n489 Coriolanus, Cnseus Marcius, legendary\\nhero, dies,\\n430* Diurivsiiis the Kl-ler, tyrant of Syra-\\ncuse, born. [365. Dies.}\\n408* Dion, Syracusan statesman, born.\\n[354. Dies.]\\n396 Dionvsius the Younger, tyrant of\\nSyracuse, horn. [343. Dies.]\\nCHURCH.\\nb. c. The religion of the Romans\\nis a system of polytheism in which na-\\nture is deified. Worship consists chiefly\\nin prayers, sacrifices, and games, with\\nthe observance of strict ceremonials.\\nThe head of the state conducts public,\\nand the heads of families the domestic,\\nworship.\\nThe chief gods of the Romans are Jupiter,\\nthe god of the sky; Juno, his wife, who pre-\\nsides over maternity; Minerva, the goddess\\nof the intellect, who presides over the arts;\\nMars the god, and liellona the goddess, of\\nwar; Vesta, goddess of Roman hearths\\nSaturnus the god, and Ceres the goddess,\\npresiding over agriculture; Ops, the goddess\\nof harvest and riches; Hercules, the god of\\ngain, presiding over contracts; Mercurius, the\\ngod of traffic, and Neptune, the god of the\\nsea. There are also a great multitude of\\nlesser gods.\\n710* b. c. Numa Pompilius regulates\\nreligious ceremonies by the advice of\\nthe Camcenus (prophetess). Egira, his\\nconsort, institutes the priesthood, the\\naugurs, and vestals.\\n*b. c. Rome. The temple of\\nJanus is erected.\\nb. c. Rome. The five pontifices\\nare appointed, Pontifex Maximus being\\nthe first also the flamines, fetiales, the\\nfour augurs, and the four vestal vir-\\ngins. [Later, six.]\\n507+ B. c. Rome. The king is high\\npriest, and head of the state religion.\\n431 B. c. Rome. A temple is dedi-\\ncated to Apollo in a time of pestilence.\\n399 b. c. The Lectisternian festi-\\nval is instituted.\\nSOCIETY.\\n750\u00c2\u00b1 B. c. The Romans seize the\\nSabine women in attendance at a pub-\\nlic spectacle, and detain them for wives.\\nRomulus divides the people into\\nPatricians and Plebeians. [732. He\\nestablishes the Circensian games. 716.\\nHe is murdered by senators.]\\n616-578 b. c. Rome, Tarquin estab-\\nlishes annual games in the Circus Max-\\n578 b. c. Servius Tullius, successor\\nof Tarquinius, is the son of a slave-\\nwoman, Ocrisia, and a god, and is ad-\\nvanced because of the utterance of an\\noracle.\\n510 b. c. The overthrow of the Tar-\\nquins and the establishment of the re-\\npublic follow the rape of Lucretia,\\nwife of Tar.quinius Collatinius, by Sex-\\ntus Tarquinius; Lucre tia kills herself.\\n491 b. c. Some Plebeians, called cli-\\nents, are directly dependent on the\\ngreat Patrician families, called patrons\\nthey receive support and render service,\\nyet without actual slavery.\\nb. c. The mass of Plebeians are\\nfreemen, without political rights or bur-\\ndensome taxes, but possessed of commer-\\ncial rights. A great social gulf lies be-\\ntween the Plebeians and the Patricians.\\nSlaves from all countries are numerous\\nowners hold the power of life or death.\\n473 b. c. The male property-hold-\\ners between the ages of 17 and 60 are\\ndivided into five classes by Servius Tul-\\nlius.\\nB. c. Incessant wars prevail the\\ncondition of the poor people grows worse\\nand worse.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1062.jp2"}, "1063": {"fulltext": "ROMAN EMPIRE. 1240** bo- 362\\n1051\\n456\u00c2\u00b1**B. c. Home. The Secular\\ngames are first celebrated.\\n445 b. c. The Canuleian law is\\npassed, permitting marriages between\\nPatricians and Plebeians.\\n444* b. c. Plebeians become eligible\\nto the office of military tribunes.\\n397** B.C. Sicily. All the Carthagin-\\nians are massacred by the Romans.\\n390-376 b. c. The equalization of\\nthe old orders and the new nobility is\\noriginated in both the Patrician and Ple-\\nbeian families of office-holders.\\n367 b. c. Rome. One of the three\\ngreat colleges of priests, having charge\\nof the Sibylline books, is opened to the\\nPlebeians.\\n510 b. c. Royalty is abolished, and\\nthe consulship instituted.\\nThe overthrow of the monarchy L.\\nJunius Brutus leads the insurrection\\nthe Tarquins are expelled. (See Society.)\\n510-264 b. c. Struggles between the\\nPatricians and the Plebeians arise. Cen-\\ntral and Lower Italy are subjugated.\\n509-265 b. c. Rome is a republic es-\\ntablished by the Patricians; it is aristo-\\ncratic in its spirit.\\n509\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Junius Brutus and Lu-\\ncius Tarquinius Collatinus are the\\nfirst consuls.\\n508 b. c. Alliance with Carthage.\\n1240-5 10 Mythical Period.\\n1183* b. c. Antenor founds Padua.\\n[1050\u00c2\u00b1. C unite is founded. 1154. Naples.]\\n1182 B. c. JEneas and the Trojans\\nsettle in Latiurn [Cent. It.].\\n753-510 b.c. Mythical period of the\\nkings.\\n753-716 b. c. Romulus reigns,\\n747 *b.c. The Sabines are incorpo-\\nrated with the Romans as one double\\nstate under Romulus and Tatius.\\n742 b. c. Borne. Romulus is Bole\\nking he institutes a senate of 100 mem-\\nbers, and divides the people into tribes\\nand curiee.\\n735 b. c. Sicity. Naxos is founded.\\n[734. Also Syracuse by Corinthian\\nGreeks under Archias.]\\n730\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Leontini and Catana are\\nfounded. [721, Saberis 710, Crotona\\n690, Gela.]\\n716* b. C. Interregnum.\\n716-673 b.c. Rome. Numa Pompil-\\nius, a Sabine, is king. [673-640, Tullus\\nHostilius, a Latin.]\\n705 *B.c. Tarentum, in Southern Italy,\\nis colonized by Spartans. [It becomes\\nthe leading city of Magna Grtecia.]\\n683 B. C Locri Epizephyrii [S. It.]\\nis founded by Locrians of Greece. [648.\\nHimera, Sicily.]\\n665* b. c. Alba is conquered, and\\nannexed to Rome.\\n664* b. C. Sicily. Syracuse sends\\nout a colony, and founds Acras. L644,\\nCaBmse j 599, Camarina.]\\n640-616 B.C. Rome. Ancus Martius,\\na Sabine, reigns. [616-578. Tarquinius\\nPriscus, an Etruscan.]\\n600\u00c2\u00b1 B. c. Pisa is founded. Also\\nMilan. (Traditional.) [579. Agrigen-\\ntum, Sicily.]\\n578-534 b. c. Rome. Servius Tullius\\nreigns. He organizes the Comitia Cen-\\nturiata.]\\n578 b. c. Rome joins the Latin\\nLeague. [566. First Roman census.]\\nb. c. Lands are allotted to the Ple-\\nbeians.\\n634-510 b. c. Rome. Tarquinius Su-\\nperbus reigns. He disregards the laws\\nand the Senate, subjugates the Latin\\nLeague, and conquers Suessa Pometia.\\n520\u00c2\u00b1 B. c. The Latins become allies\\nof Rome.\\n489 b. c. Titus Lartius becomes the\\nfirst dictator he is appointed in a crisis\\nfor the expulsion of Tarquinius and his\\nallies from the Latin towns.\\n494 b. c. Rome. The oppressed Ple-\\nbeians secede. Plebeian tribuneB are\\nelected, and they return.\\n493+ b. c. Rome. The alliance with\\nthe Latin League is renewed by Spurius\\nCassius Viscellinus. [486. He proposes\\nthe first agrarian law. Patricians and\\nPlebeians quarrel respecting it.]\\n492 *b. c. Rome. The ediles (magis-\\ntrates) are first elected.\\n491 B. C. Rome. Cnasus Marcius Co-\\nriolanus, the consul, is banished for\\nattempting to bribe the Plebeians to give\\nup their political rights for grants of\\ncorn, and for contempt of court.\\n486* b. c The Hernici join the Latin\\nand Roman League.\\n485 b. c. Sicity. The oligarchy-\\nare expelled, and Gamori Gelon, ruler of\\nGela, becomes tyrant of Syracuse. [467.\\nThrasybulus. 466. Expelled (p. 1019).]\\n484* b. c. Q,uestors are appointed.\\n480 b. c. The Pabia gens secede\\nfrom Rome for political reasons.\\n471 b. c. Rome. The law of Volero\\nPublilius, giving greater authority to\\nthe Plebeians, is carried by the tribune\\nof the people.\\n462 b. c. Rome. C.Terentilius Arsa,\\nthe tribune, is opposed by the Patricians.\\nHe proposes the appointment of ten\\nmen to reduce the laws to a written\\ncode. [450. The difficulty is settled by\\ncompromise three ambassadors are sent\\nto Greece to study its laws, and codify\\nRoman laws.\\n458 b. c. Lucius Quinctius Cincin-\\nnati becomes dictator. [439. Again.]\\n457 b. c. Rome. The tribunes of\\nthe people are increased from five to ten.\\n451* b. c. Rome. The decemvirs,\\na commission of 10 men, chosen from the\\nPatricians, are in power.\\nThey formulate the code of laws defin-\\ning the rights of Plebeians. By their\\naction the Patrician administration be-\\ncomes subject to the control of public\\njudgment.\\n450 b. c. Rome. The decemvirs\\nare appointed again.\\nThree of their number being Plebeians,\\nthev add two more tables, thus forming\\nthe* laws of the 12 tables. [449. They\\nrefuse to relinquish power, and rule as\\ntyrants during another year.]\\n449* *b.c. Rome. A revolt of the\\nmoderate aristocracy, under Valerii and\\nHoratii, against the oppression of the\\ndecemvirs fails.\\nA later revolt against the tyranny of\\nthe decemvirs is hastened by the stab-\\nbing of Virginia in the Forum by Vir-\\nginius her father, to keep her from the\\npower of Appius Claudius, a decemvir.\\nThe decemvirs enter a compromise by\\nwhich they abdicate; two commit sui-\\ncide in prison, the others are banished.\\n447* *B. c. Rome. Two additional\\nquestors are appointed by the Plebeian\\ncomitia tributa they have special charge\\nof the military treasury.\\n444 b. c. Rome. Six military tri-\\nbunes, with consular power, open alike\\nto Patricians and Plebeians, are created\\nas successors of the decemvirs.\\n443 b. c. The office of censor is in-\\nstituted and two Plebeians are appointed.\\nThey supervise state revenues and ex-\\npenditures, and guard the public morals.\\n421 b. c. Rome. The first Plebeian\\nquestor is elected. [409. Three chosen.\\n410** b.c. Sicily. The Carthagin-\\nians commence their aggressions on\\nSyracuse.\\n408* *b.c. Milan is built by the Gauls.\\n405-367 b. c. Sicily. Dionysius the\\nElder rules in Syracuse as despot.\\n396 b. c. The Etruscan power be-\\ngins to decline.\\n393* *b.c The League of the Achsean\\ncities is reconstructed.\\n391 b. c. The Gauls demand the sur-\\nrender of the three ambassadors (the\\nthree Pabii) who took part in the war\\nof the Etruscans of Clusium against the\\nGauls the Senate consents, but th\u00c2\u00ab\\ncitizens refuse.\\n390\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Rome. Marcus Furius\\nCamillus, the dictator, is condemned\\nfor speculation, and exiled to Ardea.\\nb. c. Invasion of the Gauls Rome\\nis sacked and burned by Brennus.\\n388 b. c. The Latins desert the Ro-\\nmans.\\n386 b. c. M. Manlius Capitolinus,\\ncharged with aiming at royal power, is\\nthrown from the Tarpeian rock he had\\npaid the debts of bankrupt Plebeians.\\n385 b. c. A Latin colony is estab-\\nlished at Satrieum. [379, At Setia 384+\\nAntium and Tarracina.]\\n377 b. c. Rome. C. Licinius Calvus\\nStolo and Lucius Sextus, tribunes of the\\npeople, make proposals for the union\\nof, all sections of the plebs.\\n1. Consids to be elected in place of consular\\ntribunes. 2. One to be a Plebeian. 3. One-\\nhalf of the 10 members of the priestly college\\nhaving charge of the Sibylline books to be\\nPlebeians. 4. The possession of public lands\\nto be limited to 500 acres for a single citizen.\\n5. Land-owners to employ free as well as\\nslave labor. 6. Debtors to be relieved by the\\ndeduction of interest paid from the principal,\\nand the remainder to lie paid in instalments\\nwithin three years. [367. They become laws.\\n374 b. c. The other Latins harass\\nthe Tusculans because of their friend-\\nship for Rome, and take their city.\\n369 b. c. Rome. Military tribuneB\\nare abolished.\\n367 *B. c. Rome. The curule magis-\\ntrates are first appointed. [366. Lucius\\nSextus Laternaus is the first Plebeian\\nconsul, and the colleague of Licinius.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1063.jp2"}, "1064": {"fulltext": "1052 362**b.c.-218** b.c.\\nITALY\\nARMY NAVY.\\n368-351 b. c. Wars with the Etruscan\\ncities Tarquinii, Caere, and Falerii Ro-\\nmans subdue all Southern Etruria.\\n346* b. c. The consul Valerius Cor-\\nvus defeats the Volscii at Sutrium.\\n343-266 b. c. War with both the Ital-\\nian and Greek cities of Italy.\\n343-341 b. c. The first Samnite war\\nin Central Italy.\\nCaused by the demand of the Capuans\\nfor assistance against the Samnites.\\n340-338 b. c. The Great Latin War.\\nThe Latin league demands equality\\nwith the Romans its cities finally sur-\\nrender to the Romans at discretion.\\n338 b. c. Titus Manlius Imperiosus\\nTorquatus decisively defeats the united\\nLatins and Campanians near Trifanuni\\nCampania submits to Rome.\\n335* b. c. The Tiburtines are de-\\nfeated, and all Latium soon after, for\\nwhich M. Furius Camilius the younger\\nobtains a triumph and statue.\\n331 b. c. Alexander, King of Epi-\\nrus, invades South Italy. [326. He is\\ndefeated and killed at Pandosia by the\\nBruttians.]\\n326-304 b. c. Second war with the\\nSamnites and other Italians, caused by\\nan encroachment of the Romans, and\\ntheir capture of Palceopolis.\\nAlliance of the Romans with the Apu-\\nHans and Lucanians, and later with the\\nSabellian cities south of the Volturnus\\nthe Romans are successful in the early\\npart of the war.\\n321 b. c. The Samnites, under Ga-\\nyius Pontius, decisively defeat the Ro-\\nmans, under the consuls Sp. Postumius\\nand T. Veturius,in the Caudine Forks,\\nand force them to pass under the yoke.\\n320 b. c. The Romans defeat the\\nSamnites at Luceria and Fregella?,\\nand compel them to pass under the yoke.\\n313 B. c. ITola, Campania, is taken\\nby the Romans.\\n311 b. c. The Etruscan cities (Tus-\\ncany) take part in the war against Rome.\\nThey besiege the border fortress, Su-\\ntrium.\\nb. c. Sicily. The Carthaginians\\ndefeat Agathocles, the tyrant of Syra-\\ncuse, at Ecnomus.\\n311\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. A fleet is begun.\\n310* b, c. The consul Fabius Maxim us\\nRullianus decisively defeats the Etrus-\\ncans at the Vadimonian Lake, near\\nthe Tiber.\\nBecause of this defeat, the cities of\\nPerusia, Cortona, and Arretium con-\\nclude a truce with Rome.\\n309 b. c. The Romans under Lucius\\nPapirius Cursor defeat the Samnites\\nin a great battle.\\n308 b. c The Umbrians are defeated\\nby Consul Rullianus.\\nb. c. A provisional truce is declared\\nthroughout Etruria.\\nb. c. The Roman navy first appears\\nin the capture of the town of Nuceria.\\nb. c. The consul L. Postumius in-\\nvades Samnium from the Adriatic Sea.\\nb. c. Military roads are built in\\nNorth Italy.\\n305 b. c. The Romans gain a decisive\\nvictory at Bovianum the Samnites sue\\nfor peace.\\n301 b. c. The Marsi finally yield to\\nthe Romans. [300\u00c2\u00b1. Perusia reduced.]\\n300* *b.c. The Greek colony of Cumae\\n[Naples] is allied with Rome.\\n298-290 b. o. Third Samnite war.\\nIt is caused by the Samnites conclud-\\ning a league with the Lucanians, looking\\ntoward the independence of Italy. Other\\nItalians are involved.\\n297 b. c. Fabius Rullianus defeats\\nthe Samnites at Tifernum (N. It.).\\n296 b- c. The Samnites place three\\narmies in the field. Rullianus and Pub-\\nlius Decius Mus command 60,000 Romans.\\n295* *b. c. BattleofSentinum(p.662).\\n293 B. c. Lucius Papirus Cursor and\\nSpurius Carvilius defeat a strong army\\nof Samnites at Aquilouia. [292. The\\nSamnites under Gaius Pontius defeat\\nthe Romans. 290. The Samnites are\\nsubdued by M. Curius Dentatus.]\\n285-282 b. c. Rome is at war with a\\nnew coalition of Italian states.\\n284 b. c. The Celtic Senones besiege\\nArretium [Arezzo] (X. It.), because it re-\\nfuses to take part against the Romans.\\nL. Caecilius Met ell up with a relieving\\nforce is defeated he is slain with seven\\nmilitary tribunes and 1,300 men the\\nsurvivors are made prisoners.\\n283 b. c. Consul Lucius Cornelius\\nDolabella routs the Senones, and erases\\nthe tribe.\\nb. c. The Boii, a Celtic Cisalpine peo-\\nple, are defeated at the Vadimonian\\nLake. [282. At Populonia]. (P. 662.)\\n281-272 b. c. War with Tarentum.\\nCause the aggressions of the Romans\\nin sending war-ships beyond the promon-\\ntory of Lacinium contrary to treaty stip-\\nulations, also by the demagogues, who\\nurged their capture. The Tarentines se-\\ncure Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, as an ally.\\n281-275 b. c. War with Pyrrhus.\\nMilo lands in South Italy (p. 1026).\\nOne Roman army is sent to Etruria, but\\nthe main army to Lower Italy.\\n282 b. c. Sicily. The mercenary\\nBoldiers of Campania, called Mamer-\\ntines, seize Messana. [The Romans and\\nthe Carthaginians are invited by differ-\\nent parties to come to their aid. 279.\\nThe mutineers capture Rhegium. 270.\\nRetaken (p. 1026).]\\n279 b. C. Pyrrhus with 70,000 men\\nrouts an equal force of Romans at As-\\nculum; Roman loss, 6,000; allies, 3,500.\\n278 b. c. Pyrrhus, wearied with the\\nstruggle, signsa truce with the Romans,\\nand enters Sicily to aid the Greeks against\\nthe Carthaginians. [276. He takes Pa-\\nnormus [Palermo]. 275. He is defeated\\nat Beneventum (p. 1026).]\\n277 B. c. Fabricius Luscinus defeats\\nthe Samnites, the Brutians, and other\\nallies of Pyrrhus.\\n272 b. o. Tarentum is surrendered\\nto Rome with 30,000 prisoners. Milo,\\nis given a free departure to Epirus.\\nB. C. The Lucanians, Samnites, and\\nBrutians are subdued; all cede terri-\\ntory to the Romans.\\n269 b. c. Servia. Claudius II. de-\\nfeats the Goths and Scythians near\\nNaissus [Nish] 320,000 Goths are slain.\\n268 B. c. The Romans reduce Pice-\\nnum (Cent. It.), and transfer many of\\nthe Picentini to Campania. They aid\\nthe Mamertines (p. 1026).\\n266 b. c. The Sallentini in Calabria\\nare defeated; Italy is now subdued\\nfrom the Rubicon to the Marca.\\n264-241 b.c. First Punic War.\\nIt is a contest with the Punic people\\n(Carthaginians) over Sicily, caused by\\nthe rivalry between the first sea-power\\nand the first land-power of the West\\nits nominal cause is the interference of\\nthe Romans in aid of the Mamertines\\nbesieged in Sicily by Hiero II. in 282\u00c2\u00b1.\\n264* *b. c. Sicily. Roman invaders\\nare besieged at Messana [Messina] by a\\nCarthaginian fleet.\\nConsul Appius Claudius Caudex crosses\\nthe strait, and drives the Carthaginian\\ngarrison from Messana, but fails in an\\nattempt to take Syracuse.\\n263 b. c. Sicily. Two Roman ar-\\nmies arrive.\\nConsul Valerius Maximus [Messalla]\\ndefeats the combined Carthaginians and\\nSyracusans. Hiero II. deserts the Car-\\nthaginians and goes over to the Romans.\\n262** b.c. Sicily. The Romans defeat\\nHanno, who was sent to relieve Agri-\\ngentum, and then take the city.\\nb. c. The Romans build their first\\nfive-deck naval vessel.\\n260* *b.c. The Carthaginians capture\\nthe first naval expedition of the Ro-\\nmans, consisting of 17 ships under Con-\\nsul Cneius Cornelius Scipio, who is taken\\nprisoner.\\nB. c. Sicily. The Romans under\\nCaius Duilius with 120 ships win their\\nfirst naval battle near Mylse. [257.\\nAnother indecisive action occurs off the\\npromontory of Tyndaris.]\\n257 b. c. The Romans fit out a fleet\\nof 360 ships against Cartilage under\\nthe consuls Marcus Atilius Regulus and\\nL. Manlius Vulso. [256. It utterly de-\\nfeats 350 Carthiiginian ships near Ecno-\\nmus, Sicily. It then lays waste the\\nCarthaginian coasts.]\\n256 b. c. Afr. Consul Regulus re-\\nmains with 15,000 men, while Consul\\nManlius returns with half the army.\\nb. c. Afr. The defeated Carthagin-\\nians sue for peace.\\nBut they resent Regulus s humiliating\\ndemands for the cession of Sicily and\\nSardinia, the surrender of all war-ves-\\nsels except one, and the acknowledg-\\nment of the supremacy of Rome.\\nB. C. Afr. The Carthaginians pre-\\npare for a great struggle they gain\\nmany mercenaries in Greece, including\\nthe Spartan general Xanthippus.\\n255* b. c. Afr. Xanthippus routs\\nthe Romans under Regulus at Tunis,\\nand the consul is captured part of the\\narmy escapes to Culpea. [Out of 364\\nvessels, 2S4 are lost in a storm at sea.]\\nb. C. Sicily. The Carthaginians un-\\nder Hasdrubal land at Lilyba^um, and\\nrenew the war. The Romans proceed\\nto build another fleet. [254. They de-\\nfeat HaBdrubal and capture Panormus.\\n250-241. They take Lilybseum.]\\n253** B.C. Afr. The Roman fleet dev-\\nastates the coast later it is nearly de-\\nstroyed by a storm. The Senate declines\\nto continue the naval warfare.\\n249 b. c. Sicily. The Carthaginian\\nnavy under Adherbal defeats Publius\\nClaudius near Drepanum, and captures\\nthe greater part of their ships.\\nb. c. Sicily. The Romans lose two\\nor more fleets by storms on the south\\ncoast, and again abandon naval war.\\n248-242 B.C. Sicily. Many indecisive\\nbattles with the Carthaginians under\\nHamilcar occur on the south coast.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1064.jp2"}, "1065": {"fulltext": "ROMAN EMPIRE. 362**8.0.-218**6..\\n241 b. c. Sicily. A fourth Roman\\nfleet, built by private and patriotic con-\\ntributions, commanded by Consul Caius\\nLutatius Catulus, destroys the Cartha-\\nginian fleet under Hanno at the iEga-\\ntian Islands. The first Punic war ends.\\n236 b. c. Sp. Hamilcar begins the\\nconquest of Spain. [228-221. Succeeded\\nby HasdrubaL]\\n229-228 B.C. Turk. The Romans con-\\nquer the piratical Ulyrians of Scodra.\\n225 B. c. Gauls are defeated at Tel-\\namon. [222. At Clastidum.] (P. 662.)\\n225-222 B. c. The Romans conquer\\nCisalpine Gaul.\\n222 B. c. Consuls Cneius Scipio and\\nM. Claudius Marcellus capture Medio-\\nlanum [Milan], the capital of the Insu-\\nbres, and afterward take Comum.\\nB. c. The Romans erect frontier\\nfortresses at Placentia, Cremona, and\\nMutina [Modena],\\n221 b. c. Venice is conquered by\\nMarcellus, and the Gothic king is slain.\\n220 b. c. The Flaminian Way, ex-\\ntending from Rome to Ariminum, is\\nbuilt by the censor Caius Flaminius.\\n219 b. o. Sp. Hannibal ignores the\\ntreaty with Rome, besieges, conquers,\\nand destroys Saguntum.\\n218-201 b. c Second Punic war.\\nCaused by the envy of the Carthagin-\\nians at Roman prosperity and the ex-\\ntension of the power in Spain, and also\\nby the spirit of revenge.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n312-308 B. C. TheAppianWayis built\\nfrom Rome to Capua. The Appian Aque-\\nduct is commenced.\\n300+ *b. c. Caius Pictor Fabius deco-\\nrates the temple of Salus.\\n265 b. c. The solar year is found to\\ncomprise 365 days, five hours, 48 minutes,\\n51 seconds, and six decimals.\\n264 b. c. Rome. The first gladiato-\\nrial show is exhibited.\\n240 b. c. Livius Andronicus pro-\\nduces on a Roman stage a drama with a\\ndefinite plot.\\n220* b. c. Rome. Caius Flaminius\\nadds a second annual festival, called the\\nPlebeian Games, and a second circus.\\nHe builds the Flaminian Way.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n363 Curtius, Marcus, legendary hero, b.\\n3d Century. Livius, Andronicus, actor, dra-\\nmatic poet, born\\n356 Regulus, Marcus Atilius, gen., dies.\\n250 Plautus, Marcus Accius, dramatist, b.\\n[184. Dies.]\\n237 scipio, Af rieanus, the Elder, general,\\nborn. [183. Dies.]\\n234 Cato, Marcus Porcius, the Elder, pa-\\ntriot, born. [149. Dies.]\\n330 iEmilius, Paulus Lucius, consul, gen-\\neral, born. [160. Dies.]\\nCHURCH.\\n300 b. c. Rome. The colleges of\\nthe pontifices and augurs are first\\nopened to Plebeians as priests.\\n291* b. c. Rome. The worship of\\n^Jsculapius as the god of medicine is\\nintroduced.\\nLETTERS.\\n235+-205\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. The poem on the First\\nPunic War, a play. Chistidium. the first\\nfabulaprastexta, AtimoniumRomuliet\\nRemi, and a number of tragedies adapted\\nfrom the Greek, by iNaevius, appear.\\nSOCIETY.\\n300 b. c. The Patricians cease to\\nexist as a legally privileged caste, and\\ncontinue only as a social order or rank.\\nb. c. The new nobility regard\\nevery citizen who obtains office without\\nbelonging to their set as an upstart.\\n263 b. c. Gladiators exhibit at fu-\\nneral ceremonies.\\n235 b. c. Rome. Universal peace\\nSTATE,\\n356* *b. c. Sicily. Dionysius is ex-\\npelled by Dion for his debaucheries and\\ntyranny. [346. Regains power. 343-\\n337. Expelled Timoleon reigns.]\\nb. c. The Latin League is renewed.\\n356+ b. c. Venice is conquered and\\nmade a kingdom by the Gauls.\\nB. c. Rome. C. Marcius Rutilius.the\\nfirst Plebeian dictator is elected. [350.\\nThe first censor. 338. Legalized.]\\n354 b. c. The Samnites enter an alli-\\nance with the Romans.\\n351 B. c. The Romans and Etruscans\\nenter a truce for -40 years. Southern\\nEtruria [Tuscany] is annexed to Rome.\\n348 b. c. The first treaty with Car-\\nthage is entered to repress Greek piracy.\\nb. c. A new nobility is gradually\\nformed in political life from those Pa-\\ntrician and Plebeian families that have\\nretained public offices for a long time.\\nb. c. Rome. The tribunes of the\\npeople obtain seats in the Senate, also\\nthe right to convene it.\\nb. c. Rome. The Senate grows in\\nimportance it becomes the chief execu-\\ntive body in the government senators\\nare selected by vote.\\n341 b. c. A treaty ends the first\\nSamnitewar; Rome receives Capua; the\\nSamnites, Teanum and the Volseians,\\nthe upper Liris.\\n338 (339 b. c. Rome. The laws\\nof Publilius Philo, the first consul and\\ndictator, are proposed.\\nLaws passed by the comitia centuriata are\\nto apply to all citizens. Laws presented to\\nthe centuries are to lie approved beforehand\\nby the curiaa. One censor is to be a Plebeian.\\nb. c. The Latins are subjugated,\\nand incorporated with Rome. Also\\nSardinia and (338+) the Volseians.\\n337* b. c. Rome. Publius Paulus\\nbecomes a censor.\\nb. c. The pretorships are first filled\\nby Plebeians.\\n326 b. c. Neopolis [Naples] is con-\\nquered by the Romans.\\n324 b. c. An embassy is sent to\\nAlexander the Great.\\n321 b. c. Rome. The Senate refuses\\nto approve the treaty made with the\\nSamnites it delivers the consuls who\\nsigned it to the Samnites, who refuse to\\nreceive them.\\n320\u00c2\u00b1 B. c. The conquered Latin\\ntowns are settled by Roman colonists.\\n317-289 B.C. Sicily. Agathocles,\\nthe tyrant, rules in Syracuse.\\n312 b. c. Rome. Universal suf-\\nfrage is introduced. [304. Limited.]\\n312-308 b.c. Rome. Appius Clau-\\ndius is censor. [306 and 296. Consul.]\\n300 b. c. Rome. The Ogulnian\\nis passed. It opens the pontificate\\nthe augurite to the Plebeians. C6\\\\\\nsidered the establishment of the Roman.\\nConstitution.\\n295-146 b. c. Rome extends author-\\nity over the countries bordering the\\nMediterranean.\\n290 b. c. The conquered Samnites\\nsecure peace without the cession of ter-\\nritory or loss of independence. The Sa-\\nbine country is annexed.\\n286 b. c. Rome. The Hortensian\\nLaw is passed, because of a secession of\\nthe Plebeians.\\nIt is enacted that all decrees of the\\ncomitia tributa shall be binding upon all\\ncitizens, not excepting the Plebeians.\\nThis ends the long struggle between the\\norders.\\n285-283 b. c. Rome controls Central\\nItaly from sea to sea.\\n280* b. c. Rome. The Senate rejects\\nthe offer of peace made by Pyrrhus\\nthrough Cineas. Fabricius Luscinus,\\nthe incorruptible consul, is sent on an\\nembassy to Pyrrhus.\\n279 b. c. Rome and Carthage en-\\nter an offensive and defensive alliance.\\n273 b. c. A new colony is founded\\nat Psestum. [26S, At Beneventum and\\nAriminum [Rimini] 265, At ^sernia\\n264, At Firmum, Castrum, and Nuvum.]\\n270 b. c. Sicily. Hiero II. is recog-\\nnized as King of Syracuse. [264. He\\nbecomes an ally of Carthage.]\\n266 b. c. Rome is supreme in It-\\naly. The Etruscans totally lose their\\nindependence.\\n264 b. c. Afr. The Carthaginians\\ndeclare war against the Romans.\\n263 b. c. Catana submits to the Ro-\\nmans [and becomes a leading town].\\nB.C. Sicily. Syracuse becomestrib-\\nutary to Rome by conquest. Hiero II.\\nsigns a treaty [and keeps it].\\n254 b. c. Sicily. Panormus [Paler-\\nmo] is taken from* the Carthaginians.\\n250* b. c. Afr. Regulus is sent from\\nCarthage to Rome by his captors to sue\\nfor peace and an exchange of prisoners.\\n[Unsuccessful, and put to death.]\\n241 b. c. Peace between Rome and\\nCarthage.\\nCarthaginians give up Sicily, and pay a\\nwar indemnity nf ;;.jnu talents o?4.mi0,00(i in\\n10 years. Western Sicily becomes the first\\nRoman province; the smaller eastern part\\ncontinues under Syracuse, an ally of Home.\\n241\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Rome. A democratic\\nreform is made of the constitution of\\nthe centuries.\\n240 b. c. Spoletium. TJmbria, is col-\\nonized by Romans.\\n238 b. c. Afr. An insurrection of\\nthe mercenaries and Libyan subjects\\nagainst Carthage is utilized by the Ro-\\nmans to extort the cession of Sardinia\\nby the Carthaginians. [231. It becomes\\nthe second Roman province. Corsica is\\nadded.]\\n234\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Ravenna, founded by\\nGreek colonists, is annexed by Rome.\\n228 b. c. The first Roman embassy\\nis sent to Greece. C. Flaminius proposes\\nan Agrarian law. (232?)\\n220+ B. C. Romans found Placentia.\\n[219. Cremona, Lombardy, and Emilia.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1065.jp2"}, "1066": {"fulltext": "H i054 218\\nb.c-147\\nITALY\\nARMY NAVY.\\n218 b. c. Hannibal conducts a re-\\nmarkable expedition from Africa to\\nItaly through Spain.\\nHe crosses the Pyrenees with 50,000\\nfoot, 9,000 horse, and 37 elephants he\\nadvances through Gaul toward Italy,\\nHe captures Taurasia [Turin],\\nB. C. The consul Publius Cornelius\\nScipio fails to intercept Hannibal so\\nas to prevent hiB crossing the Rhone.\\nb. c. Aitst. Hannibal advances up\\nthe Rhone to Vienna, thence eastward\\nto the Alps, forcing his way by hard\\nfighting.\\nHannibal crosses the pass of Little St.\\nBernard, and finally enters the valley of\\nthe Dora Baltea, Piedmont, with about\\n26,000 soldiers and a few elephants.\\nRome can muster 700,000 men.\\nSept. b. c. Hannibal defeats Publius\\nScipio on the Ticinus, near Pavia\\nLombardy. Hannibal is reenforced by\\n60,000\u00c2\u00b1 revolting Gauls.\\nDec* B.C. Consuls Scipio and Tiberius\\nSempronius Longus are defeated by\\nHannibal at Trebia.\\n217-211 Sp. Scipio enters with the\\nmain army to expel the Carthaginians\\nremaining there. The Romans defeat\\nHasdrubal on the Iberus [Ebro].\\n217 B. C. The Romans send two new\\narmies against Hannibal one under\\nCneius Servilius advances by the Via\\nFlaminius, and the other under Caius\\nFlaminius by the Via Cassia.\\nb. c. Hannibal having released all\\nprisoners from the Roman allies without\\nransom, all Italy is incited to desert\\nRome.\\nb. c. Hannibal flanks the Romans by\\ncrossing the Apennines and entering the\\nregion of the Arno [in Tuscany] with\\nsevere fighting he himself loses an eye.\\nApr. b. c. Hannibal annihilates an\\narmy of 30,000 men at the Trasimene\\nLake; Flaminius is killed by Dusarius,\\nthe Gaulic leader, in single combat.\\n*B. c. Rome. Terror prevails be-\\ncause of the near approach of Hannibal\\nand the loss of an army. Preparations\\nare made for the defense of the city\\nthe bridges over the Tiber are destroyed.\\nHannibal fails in an attempt to sur-\\nprise Spoletium, and passes on to Pi-\\ncenum on the Adriatic, where he opens\\ncommunication with Carthage.\\nB. c. Hannibal passes through Sam-\\nniuin, thence to Arpi in Apulia, followed\\nat a discreet distance by the Roman\\narmy under Fabius Maximus, who\\navoids a pitched battle, but provokes\\nmany skirmishes.\\n*b. c. M. Minucius has a fortunate\\nskirmish with the enemy, and is given\\ncommand of half the army as a second\\ndictator, by the populace of Rome. He\\nattacks Hannibal, and is saved from an-\\nnihilation by the first dictator.\\n216* *b. c. L. iEmilius Paulus and\\nCaius Terentius Varro are elected con-\\nsuls to crush Hannibal with a force of\\n86,000 Romans and allies.\\nAug. 2. b. c. Varro s army is annihi-\\nlated by Hannibal at Cannae, with 50,000\\nmen.\\nEighty men of senatorial rank fall, also\\nthe Consul Paulus. Incompetent Varro,\\nwith only a small force, escapes. Three\\nbushels of rings are taken from the hands\\nof Roman knights and sent to Carthage.\\nHannibal s loss is 4,500 men.\\nB. C. The legion sent to Cisalpine\\nGaul ia almost entirely destroyed.\\nb. c. The Romans levy a new army\\nfrom the young and old of all classes and\\nincluding slaves. Marcus Claudius\\nMarcellus commands. The dictator\\nM. Junius is given a second army.\\nB. C. The Romans successfully de-\\nfend Naples, Cumte, and Nola.\\nb. c. Hannibal enters winter quarters\\nat Capua, Campania.\\n215* b. c. Three Roman armies are\\nled by the two consuls, Maximus and Ti-\\nberius Gracchus, and the proconsul, M.\\nClaudius Marcellus.\\nb. c Turk. Philip V. of Macedonia\\nenters an alliance with Hannibal. [214.\\nThe King of Syracuse becomes his ally.]\\n215-206 b. c. The Romans engage in\\nthe first Macedonian war (p. 1026).\\nThey prevent Philip V., an ally of Han-\\nnibal, sending reenforcements into Italy.\\nb. c. Marcellus defeats Hannibal at\\nNola but he retires to Apulia.\\n214-212 b. c. Sicily. The Romans\\ncarry the war into Sicily, and besiege\\nSyracuse. [212. Marcellus captures and\\nplunders the city after a vigorous de-\\nfense by Archimedes.]\\n214 b. c. Aust. Philip V. fails at\\nApollonia(p. 1026). [211. He is diverted\\nby Grecian complications.]\\n212 b. c. Hannibal gains Tarentum\\nthrough treachery, and besieges the cit-\\nadel.\\nb. c. Hannibal defeats two Roman\\narmies in Lucania and Apulia, and re-\\ntires to Tarentum.\\nB. c. Sp. The Carthaginians and\\ntheir ally, Masinissa of Numidia, defeat\\nand kill both of the Scipios the Ro-\\nmans retreat across the Ebro.\\n211 b. c. The Romans repulse Han-\\nnibal at Capua, Campania. Hannibal\\nmarches upon Rome, and encamps within\\na mile of the city Rome is prepared to\\nresist, and he returns.\\nb. c. Capua surrenders to the Ro-\\nmans, and is terribly punished.\\nFifty-three citizens are beheaded,\\nmany are sold into slavery, and all de-\\nnied the right of sell-government; au-\\nthority is reestablished in many cities.\\n210 b. c. Publius Cornelius Scipio, 24\\nyears of age, is sent into Spain with pro-\\nconsular powers. He captures New\\nCarthage.\\nb. c. Cneius Fulvius is defeated by\\nHannibal at Herdonia.\\nB. c. Sicily. The Romans take Agri-\\ngentum, kill the Carthaginian garrison,\\nsell the populace as slaves, and subju-\\ngate the whole island.\\n209 b. c. Hannibal defeats M. Mar-\\ncellus the next day Marcellus defeats\\nHannibal. Marcellus is killed in a\\ncavalry skirmish at Venusia [Potenza].\\n208 B. c. Sp. Scipio fights an inde-\\ncisive battle at Bsecula with Hasdru-\\nbal, who escapes across the Pyrenees to\\njoin his brother Hannibal in Italy.\\n207 B. c. N. It. Hasdrubal arrives,\\nand incites the Gauls to arms.\\nGreat endeavors are made by the\\nRomans to prevent his union with Han-\\nnibal, who advances toward him from\\nSouth Italy. The consuls, M. Livius\\nSalinator and C. Claudius Nero, are sent\\nagainst Hannibal with a great army.\\nB. c. Q. Fabius Maximus captures\\nTarentum, and sells 30,000 people as\\nslaves. Hanni bal retires to Metapontum.\\nB. c. Indecisive battle of Grumentum\\nHannibal escapes from Nero toward\\nApulia, and encamps at Canusium.\\nb. c. The two consuls decisively de-\\nfeat Hasdrubal, near the River Me-\\ntaurus, south of Rimini, and nearly\\nannihilate his army Hasdrubal is killed,\\nand his head thrown into Hannibal s\\ncamp Hannibal retires to Bruttium.\\nb. c. Sp. Scipio defeats the Car-\\nthaginians at Bsecula. He conquers\\nGades [Cadiz], and expels the Cartha-\\nginians from Spain.\\n205* *b. c. Mago, the youngest brother\\nof Hannibal, lands at Genoa.\\nHe brings from Spain the remnant of\\nthe Carthaginian army, and incites the\\nLigurians to rise against the Romans.\\nThe Romans levy three armies to defeat\\nthis cowardly commander.\\n204* b. c. Afr. Scipio crosses over\\nfrom Sicily into Africa.\\nHe has only small volunteer force, but\\nhe is joined by Masinissa, King of Nu-\\nmidia, who had been driven from his\\nthrone by the Carthaginians.\\n203 b. c. Afr. Scipio makes a suc-\\ncessful attack and threatens Carthage.\\nB. c. Scipio and Hannibal make fruit-\\nless negotiations for peace.\\nB. c. Calabria. The Carthaginians\\nrecall Hannibal and his brother Mago\\nfrom Italy to protect Carthage.\\nHannibal massacres the Italian sol-\\ndiers who refuse to go with him to Africa,\\nand embarks at Croton for Leptio.\\n202 B. c. Afr. Scipio [Africanus] an-\\nnihilates Hannibal s army at Zama,\\n85 miles from Carthage.\\n200-191 b. c. The Cisalpine Gauls and\\nLigurians are suppressed, and Upper\\nItaly is again subjugated after a ter-\\nrible struggle.\\n200-197 b. c. Second Macedonian\\nwar.\\nCaused by King Philip s interference\\nby furnishing mercenaries to fight\\nagainst the Romans at Zama; Rome is\\nalso entreated to become the ally of\\nthe King of Pergamus and the citizens\\nof Rhodes and Athens against oppres-\\nsions of Philip.\\n200 b. c. Aust. P. Sulpicius Galba\\nlands at Apollonia in Illyria. His fleet\\nguards Piraeus and threatens Euboea.\\nB. c. Via iEmilia is constructed aB\\na military road from Ariminum [Rimini]\\nto Placentia (N. It.).\\nb. c. Placentia is nearly destroyed\\nby the Gauls.\\nb. c. Gr. Philip V. is repulsed by\\nthe Romans before Athens, and driven\\nout of Central Greece.\\n199 b. c. Gr. The ^Etolians and the\\nAchseans join the Romans against the\\nMacedonians.\\n198 B. c. Gr. Flaminius takes com-\\nmand of the army and subdues Epirus.\\n197 b. c. Philip V. routed (p. 1026).\\nPhilip gives up all possessions beyond\\nMacedonia, and agrees to pay 1,000 tal-\\nents ($1,250,000) in ten years, and to limit\\nhis army to 5,000 soldiers, and to retain\\nonly five ships of war. Thereby Macedo-\\nnia is degraded to a second-rate power.\\n196 b. c. The Insubres, north of the\\nPo, are subdued.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1066.jp2"}, "1067": {"fulltext": "ROMAN EMPIRE. 218 b.c-147 b.c. 1055\\n192-189 b. c. War with Antiochus\\nHE. of Syria.\\nHe refuses to restore the Egyptian\\nprovinces to Rome. The Achaean League\\nsupports the Romans, who also hud\\nallies in the Macedonians, Eumenes II.,\\nKing of Pergamus, and in Rhodes.\\n191 b. c. Antiochus defeated (p. 102G).\\nB. c. Consul Manius Acilius Gla-\\nbrio lands in Epirus, and marches into\\nThessaly.\\nB. C. The Romans conquer the Boii,\\nof Cisalpine Gaul 32,000 are killed.\\n*b.c. Gr. The iEtolians are surprised\\nand defeated by Marcus Procius Cato in\\na mountain pass. Later besieged in\\nNaupactus [Lepanto]. Also again de-\\nfeated in a naval battle near Chios.\\n[190. They submit.]\\n190 b. c. Asia M. The Rhodian al-\\nlies defeat the fleet of Antiochus III.,\\ncommanded by Hannibal the Carthagin-\\nian, at the mouth of the Eurymedon.\\nb. c. Asia M. The combined fleets\\nof Rhodes and Koine under L. \u00c2\u00a3milius\\ndefeat the Syrian fleet commanded by\\nAntiochus III. at Myonnesus.\\nB. c. Asia M. The Romans are vic-\\ntorious at Magnesia (p. 1026).\\n171-168 b.c. Third Macedonian\\nwar (p. 102S).\\n*b. c. Turk. The Romans make three\\nunsuccessful campaigns against Per-\\nseus, son of Philip V.\\n168* B. c. Turk. Lucius /Emilias\\nPaulus obtains command, restores dis-\\ncipline, and drives back Macedonians.\\nJune 22. b.c. Battleof Pydna(p. 1028).\\nb. c. Turk. Samothrace is taken\\nby Paulus the conquest of Macedonia\\nis completed.\\nb. c. Aust. The Romans subdue\\nGenthius, King of Illyria, an ally of\\nPerseus, and divide his kingdom.\\n154\u00c2\u00a3-140\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Sp. War with the\\nLusitanians.\\n150* b. c. Asia. Demetrius Soter is\\ndefeated and slain by Alexander Balas,\\nthe usurper.\\n149-146 b. c. The third Punic war.\\nIt is caused by the Carthaginians mak-\\ning an attack on Masinissa, the King of\\nNumidia, an ally of Rome, who seized\\ntheir territory. Carthage is destroyed.\\n149 b. C. Afr. Two Roman armies\\nland at TJtica, 25 miles from Carthage.\\nThe Carthaginians deliver up their\\narms and war-ships, but refuse to aban-\\ndon their city, and establish a new town\\n10 miles from the sea. With patriotic\\nardor they proceed to manufacture arms\\nand prepare for war all ranks and ages\\nand both sexes unite in the struggle.\\nb. c. Having constructed a new fleet,\\nthey repel an attack of the Romans in\\nthe harbor. The Romans besiege Car-\\nthage.\\n148-146 b. c. Fourth Macedonian\\nwar.\\nThe Macedonians, led by Andriscus,\\nthe alleged Philippus, brother of Per-\\nseus, revolt against the Romans.\\n147-139 b. c. Sp. War in Lusitania\\nagainst the brave chief Viriathus; it\\nends in his betrayal and death.\\n147* *b. c. Afr. Publius Cornelius\\nScipio JEmilianus Africanus Minor, the\\nadopted son of P. Cornelius Scipio Afri-\\ncanus and son of jEmilius Paulus, as-\\nsumes command against Carthage. [14G.\\nCaptured and burned survivors, slaves.]\\nb. c. Asia. Alexander I. (Balas) is\\ndefeated by Ptolemy Philometor (p. 652).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n216* b. c. A water-organ is invented\\nby Archimedes.\\n212 b. c. The Liudi Apollinares are\\ninstituted as a fourth festival.\\n204 b. c. Home. A fifth festival, in\\nhonor of the Great Mother, is insti-\\ntuted.\\n173* *b.C. Rome. The games in honor\\nof Flora are instituted. (238?)\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n203 Fabius, Mazimus, Cunctator, consul,\\ndictator, general, dies.\\n186* Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, pa-\\ntriot, born. [133. Dies.]\\nScipio, P. C. S. E., Africanus Minor, gen-\\neral, born. [129. Dies.]\\nTerence, Publius Terentius Afer, comic poet,\\nborn. [159. Dies.]\\n157* Marius. Caius, gen., b. [86. Dies.]\\nLETTERS.\\n210+-184 B. c. AmphitruOy Adularia,\\nCaptivi, Mensechmi, Miles Gloriosus, lin-\\ndens, and many other comedies, and the\\nT rinummus, by Plautus, appear.\\n200+-169 B. c. Annates and a number\\nof comedies and tragedies, by Ennius,\\nappear.\\n184+-149 B. C. Be lie Rustica,the Ori-\\ng mes, and a collection of apophtbeg-\\nmata, by Cato the Censor, appear.\\n169* *B.c. Thyestes, a tragedy, by Quin-\\ntus Ennius, appears he writes the An-\\nnates.\\n167 b. c. Rome. The first library\\nis brought from Macedonia.\\n166 b. c. The Andrice, by Terence,\\nappears; also [165, the Hecyra; 163, the\\nI-Feautmi-timoroumtnos; 161, the Eunu-\\nchus and Phormio; 160, the Adeiphi.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n215\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Gladiatorial fights take\\nplace at festivals.\\n211* b. c. Gracchus massacres 2,000\\nCapuans who favor Hannibal.\\n201 b. C. Rome. Scipio Africanus\\ncelebrates his triumphs with a splendor\\nnever before seen.\\n168 b. c. The Romans plunder and\\ndestroy 70 towns in Epirus and sell as\\nslaves 150,000 of the people.\\n167 B. C. Polyhius, and 1,000 other\\nAchasans of high standing, arrive for\\nexamination [and are detained in Ital-\\nian cities under surveillance, but with-\\nout trial, for 16 years].\\nSTATE.\\n217* B. c. Rome is terrified Q. Fabius\\nMaximus is appointed dictator.\\nThe Samnites, Lucanians, and many cities\\nof lower Italy secede from Rome. [The\\nStales of Magna Ira fia are ruined by siding\\nwith Hannibal.]\\n216* B. c. Sicily. Hieronymus he-\\ncomes ruler of Syracuse [and an ally of\\nCarthage, which creates a rupture with\\nRome].\\n211 b. c. Hannibal having failed in\\nhis attacks upon Rhegium and on the\\ncitadel of Tarentum, he is abandoned\\nby his Italian allies.\\n207 B. C Hasdrubal succeeds in in-\\nciting the Cisalpine Gauls to arms\\nagainst the Romans.\\n206 b. C. Scipio, the conqueror of\\nSpain, enters a secret alliance with Mas-\\ninissa, and returns to Rome.\\n205* b. c. Scipio is elected consul,\\nand prepares an African expedition.\\n[201. He is named Africanus.]\\nb. c. Spain is regarded hereafter as\\na Roman province. [197. Two provinces\\nare made Hispania Citerior and His-\\npania Ulterior.]\\n202 b. c. Rome. The last dictator\\nis nominated for municipal business.\\n201 b. c. Carthage makes peace.\\nTerms (1) She abandons her possessions\\nin Spain and in the islands of the Mediterra-\\nnian, but retains her territory in Africa in-\\ntact; (2) transfers the kingdom held by\\nSyphax to Masinissa; (3) assumes an indem-\\nnity of 10,000 talents in 50 years (\u00c2\u00a3l 50,00iij\\n(4) surrenders all her ships but 10, and her\\nelephants; (5) is to undertake no war with-\\nout the consent of Rome.\\nThey are in part required to rede large por-\\ntions of their territory, also in part are sub-\\njugated to Rome. Eastern Sicily is united\\nwith the western part as one province.\\nb. c. Numerous Roman colonies\\nare founded in lower Italy.\\n198* *b.c. Rome. Titus Quinctius Fla-\\nminius becomes consul.\\n196 B. c. Gr. Flaminius proclaims\\nthe decree of the Senate declaring the\\nGreek states free and independent.\\n[194. Roman troops withdraw.]\\n195 B. c. Afr. A democratic reform of\\nthe Carthaginian constitution is carried out\\nthrough the influence of Hannibal, who is\\ndefamed before the Roman senate by the oli-\\ngarchs and his snrrender demanded; Hanni-\\nbal becomes a fugitive in the East.\\n192 b. c. Syria. Interference of Anti-\\nochus III. with Grecian affairs and of Ro-\\nmans in Asiatic polities causes war in Syria,\\nwhere Hannibal has been received.\\n191* b. c. Cisalpine Gaul is formed\\ninto a fifth Roman province.\\n190 **b.c. Antiochus III. makes\\npeace with Rome*\\nHe surrenders all his European territories\\nand Asia Minor as far as the Taurus; agrees\\nto pay an indemnity of 15.0011 Euha-an talents\\n(J!19,125,00t)), and to give up Hannibal to the\\nRomans; but [the Carthaginian escapes].\\n183 b. c. Matina [Modena] becomes\\na Roman colony. [177. Luca, Tuscany.]\\nISO b. c. The lex annalis of the trib-\\nune, L. Yillius, is established, a military\\nservice of 10 years is prescribed, and a\\nfixed age for all the curule officers.\\nb. c. The higher offices, especially\\nthat of senator, gradually become the\\nespecial privilege of the nobility.\\n168 b. c. Aust. Illyria is subdued\\nand divided into three tributary districts\\nwith federal constitutions. It is made\\nthe sixth Roman province.\\nb. C. Egypt formally acknowledges\\nthe suzerainty of Rome.\\n167 b. C. Asia M. The Romans pun-\\nish their unfaithful allies, Eumenes of\\nPergamus, and Rhodes, and take all their\\nterritory on the mainland (p. 1029).\\nb. c. Rome. The Senate, as guardian of\\nboth powers, interferes in a war between\\nEgypt and Syria; C. Popillius Lamas, the\\nRoman ambassador, arrogantly orders Antio-\\nchus IV., King of Syria, to abandon the march\\non Alexandria (p. 652.)\\n155 Jan. 1. b.c. Rome. Consuls\\nhenceforth enter office on this day, pay\\nsacrifice to Jupiter Olympus, afterwhich\\nthe Senate convenes in solemn session.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1067.jp2"}, "1068": {"fulltext": "1056 146 b. c.-84 b. c.\\nITALY\\nARMY -WAVY.\\n146 b. c. Turk. Metellus defeats\\nthe revolting Macedonians, led byAn-\\ndriscus, an alleged son of Perseus, in\\ntwo battles, and takes him prisoner.\\n[Twice defeated. Corinth falls.] (P. 1028.)\\nb. c. Greece is completely subju-\\n143-31 b. c. Rome. Civil wars.\\n143-33 b. c. Sp. War with the Celti-\\nberians, called Numantines it ends in\\nthe destruction of Numantia.\\n143* B. c. Sp. Q. Csecilius besieges the\\nfortified city of Numantia in vain; he\\nis succeeded by less competent generals.\\n135-132 b. c. First servile war.\\nThe terribly maltreated slaves of Sicily\\nrise against the Romans.\\n134* *b. c. Sp. Publius Cornelius\\nScipio iEmilianus Africauus Minor as-\\nsumes command of the besiegers.\\n133 b. c. Sp, Scipio starves the\\nNumantines into submission.\\n132 B. C. Sicily. Eunus, leader of\\nthe slaves, is captured, and dies in prison.\\n125-113 b. c. The Romans conquer the\\nsoutheastern portion of Transalpine\\nGanl.\\n119* B. c. Aust. The Teutones and\\nCimbri defeat the Romans in Illyria.\\n113-101 B.C. Invasion of Northern\\ntribes.\\nRomans are at war with the 300,000 in-\\nvading Cimbri, Teutones, and Gauls.\\n[113. The army of Consul Cneius Pa-\\npirius Carbo is overwhelmed and annihi-\\nlated near Noreja. 109. They defeat\\nthe Romans under M. Junius Silanus,\\nnear the Rhine.]\\n111-106 B. C. Afr. The Jugurthine\\nwar in Numidia.\\n110-109 B.C. Afr. Jugurtha, the\\nusurper, defeats a Roman army under\\nAulus Posthumius, and sends it under\\nthe yoke he dictates a peace which is\\nrejected by the Senate.\\n109 B. c. Afr. Quintus Metellus as-\\nsumes command of the Romans, and is\\nmore successful he defeats Jugurtha\\nin Numidia. 107. Again defeated.]\\n108-63 b. c. Asia M. The Mithrida-\\ntic war between Rome andMithridates,\\nKing of Pontus.\\nHe had attacked Paphlagonia, Cappa-\\ndocia, and Bithynia, which were client\\nstates of Rome, and massacred the\\npeople.\\n107 b. c. Afr. Marius conquers the\\nGaetulians in Numidia. He repulses a\\ncombined attack of Jugurtha and Boc-\\nchus, king of Mauretania, his ally, at\\nCirta. Bocchus I. treacherously deliv-\\ners Jugurtha up to Marius.\\n107 b. c. Switz. The Tigurini de-\\nfeat Consul Lucius Cassius Longinus\\non the Garonne, and destroy his army.\\n105 Oct. 6. B. c. Fr. The hordes of\\nGermans and Helvetians defeat and an-\\nnihilate two large Roman armies in\\nsouthern Gaul; one under Q. Servilius\\nCfepio and M. Mallius Maximusat Arau-\\nsic [Orange] on the Rhone.\\n104 b. c. Fr. Consul Marius reor-\\nganizes his army in the Provincia Nar-\\nbonensis [Provence], and prepares for a\\nstruggle with the barbarians.\\n103 b. C Ger. The Cimbri, with\\nthe Teutones and Helvetian tribes of\\nGermany, invade Italy in two bodies.\\n103-99 b. c. Sicily. Second servile\\ninsurrection under Tryphon and Athe-\\nnion put down by Nepos Aquillius.\\n102 b. c. Fr., Marius covers the two\\nmilitary roads (Pass of the Little St. Ber-\\nnard and the shore road).\\nb. c. Barbarians defeated (p. 662).\\nb. c. Marius crosses the Alps to reen-\\nforce Quintus Lutatius Catulus against\\nthe other band of invaders.\\n101 July 30. b.c. Battle of Vercel-\\nl\u00c2\u00a3e [Raudine Plains].\\nMarius and Catulus join their forces\\nin Lombardy, and overwhelm and anni-\\nhilate the Cimbri, who lose 90,000 killed\\nand prisoners.\\n92 B. c. Asia M. Sulla, the procon-\\nsul of Cilicia, attacks Mithridates VI.,\\nand reinstates the king of Cappadocia.\\n90-89 b. c. The Social War.\\nRome is at war with the Marsi and\\nother Italian allies in Central and South-\\nern Italy, who are denied the privileges\\nof Roman citizenship.\\n90 b. c. Marsius defeats the Marsi\\nand other Sabellians.\\nb. c. Cneius PompeiusStrabo defeats\\nthe Marsi, after first suffering defeat\\nhimself.\\n89 b. c. The Romans triumph in the\\nnorth, and the war ends Sulla succeeds\\nin the south, capturing Bovianum. [88.\\nWar nearly ends in the south.]\\n38-82 B. c. Borne. Civil war between\\nthe rivals Sulla and Marius.\\n88* *B.C Demagogues use the populace\\nto dismiss Sulla from chief command of\\nthe army, and give it to Marius.\\nSulla gathers an army in Campania of\\ndissatisfied Italians, liberated slaves,\\nand others Rome surrenders, and his\\nenemies are given up to slaughter, plun-\\nder, and outrages for live days; Marius\\nescapes to Africa.\\n88-84 b. c. First Mithridatic war.\\nIt is caused by the encroachment of\\nMithridates VI., King of Pontus, the\\nruler of Thrace, Bithynia, Macedonia,\\nand Greece, as well as by the rashness\\nof Roman officials. Pontus has an army\\nof 250,000 infant rv lo.Olio cavalry, besides\\na fleet of 400 vessels (p. 1028).\\n88 B. c. Asia M. Mithridates routs\\nNicomedes, King of Bithynia, on the\\nRiver Amnias. He defeats OppiuB, Cas-\\nsius, and Aquillius.\\n87 b. c. Sulla assumes command in\\nthe Mithridatic war.\\nb. c. Rome is besieged by four\\narmies, those of Marius, Cinna, Carbo,\\nand Sertorius, and taken by them.\\n86 b. c. Gr. Mithridates VI. de-\\nfeated (p. 1028).\\nb. c. Sulla defeats Archelaus (p. 102S).\\nB. C. Asia. The democratic party\\nsends an army to Asia under Consul\\nFlaccus it defeats the younger Mithri-\\ndates in Nicomedia. It goes over to\\nSulla.\\n85 b. c. Asia M. Sulla defeats Ar-\\nchelaus again at Orchomenus nego-\\ntiations for peace follow.\\n84 b. c. Athens. Besieged and cap-\\ntured (p. 1028).\\nb. c. Asia M. Sulla fines the Gre-\\ncian cities of Asia Minor 20.000 talents\\n^25,000,000). and leaves a force under Lu-\\ncullns to collect it he repairs to Italy.\\nb. C. The army under Marius muti-\\nnies at Ancona Marius dies.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n146 B. c. Consul L. Mummius sends\\nthe art treasures of Corinth to Rome.\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\nstates-\\n140* Crassus, Lucius Licinius,\\nman, born. [91. Dies.]\\n138* Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, dictator, b\\n[78. Dies.]\\n123 Gracchanus, M. Junius, historian, d.\\n121 Sertorius, tjuinlus, gen., b. [72. D.]\\nTerentius, author,\\nlie*\\nborn. [28. Dies.]\\n115 Crassus, Marcus Licinius, consul, d.\\n110* Lucnllus, Lucius Licinius. general,\\nborn. [57. Dies.]\\n108* Catiline, Lucius Sergins, politician,\\nconspirator, born. [62. Dies.]\\n106 Cicero. Marcus Tullius, orator, born.\\n[43. Dies.]\\nPompey. Cneius Ponipeius, general, bom.\\n[48. Dies.]\\n105* Crassus, Dives Marcus Licinius, gen-\\neral, statesman, born. [53. Dies.]\\n10O July 12. Ceesar. Julius, general, states-\\nstatesman, born. [46. Dies.]\\nLucretius, Titus Lucretius Carus, poet, born.\\n[44. Dies.]\\n86 Rail n si, Cains Cnspus, historian, born.\\n[34. Dies.]\\nCHURCH.\\n104 B. c. Home. The comitise re-\\nceive the power to elect the priests.\\n[82. The power to fill vacancies in the\\npriesthood passes to the prieBtly col-\\nLETTERS.\\n133^-102 b. c. Lucilius invents and\\ndevelops the poetic satire.\\n130\u00c2\u00b1-80zc b. c. Afranius writes come-\\ndies in imitation of Menander.\\n130+-80+ b. c. The Annals, Brutus,\\nand other dramas, by Accius, appear.\\n88\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Bhetorica, by Cicero, ap-\\npears.\\n[81, Rept. He delivers the oration, Pro-\\nQuintico; 80, Pro Sexto Bosew Amerino\\n76, Pro Q. l\\\\v. i:/u, Cviiia-do; 70, In Verrem\\n66, Pro Lege Manilla: 63, De Lege Agraria\\n62, Kov. 8- Cicero s .Speeches Against Cati-\\nline, (fiee fitate.) 59, Pro Auto LAcinio Ar-\\nchia and Pro L. Valerio Flacco; 56, Pro-\\nPublio Sextio and Pro M. Coeho Rufo 55,\\nIn L. Calpurnium Pisonem and Oratore\\nlibre tres ad Qurntiini Fratrem 54, De Re-\\npttblica and Pro Cueto Plaiicw; 53, De Legx-\\nbus; 52, Pro Tito Anmo Alilone 47, Pro L.\\nLujario and Pro M. Marcello 46, Brutus\\n45, De Fhtibits and Academica 44, De Ami-\\ncitia, Topica, De Senec/tile, T use uhin arum\\nDisputation inn, and De Natura Deorum; 44,\\nSept. -43, May* Oration es (juatuordecim\\nin M. Antomum, tlie Philippics.\\n86 b. c. Athens. The library of Ap-\\npellicon is sent to Rome by Sylla.\\nSOCIETY.\\n133* b. c. Borne. Rempronius Gracchus\\nmakes laws favorable to the poor.\\nb. c. Slaves greatly increase in con-\\nsequence of successful wars.\\n121 b. C. Borne. Three thousand\\ndemocratic prisoners are strangled.\\n105 b. c. Borne Jugurtha, the cap-\\ntured Numidian king, is led in triumph,\\nand then sent to prison to die of hunger.\\nSTATE.\\n146 b. c. Afr. Carthage with the\\nnorth coast becomes the seventh Roman\\nprovince.\\nb. c. Gr. The return of 300 prominent\\nAcheeans from Italy after a captivity of 16", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1068.jp2"}, "1069": {"fulltext": "ROMAN EMPIRE. 146* b.c-84 b.c. 1057\\nyears stirs all the citieB, and the Achaean\\nleague attacks Sparta, with whom the Ro-\\nmans take Bides.\\nb. c. Rome. Th J Senate declares the\\nAchsean league dissolved (p. 1029).\\nB. c. Gr. Corinth is in part given to\\nSicyon, and in part transformed into Ro-\\nman public land.\\nb. c. Rome. Other Greek cities retain\\ntheir own administration in subordination to\\nthe governor of Macedonia, and as tribute\\ncities to Rome.\\nb. c. Turk. Macedonia is made the\\neighth Roman province. [Greece and\\nAchaia are afterward added.]\\n143-31 b. c. The universal power of\\nRome is firmly established.\\n133* *b. c. Asia M, Attalus III. of\\nPerganius bequeaths his kingdom and\\nwealth to the Romans. (R. Province.)\\n133-121 B. c. Rome. Civil disturb-\\nances are led by the Gracchi.\\nTiberius Sempronius Gracchus and his\\nbrother. Cains Sempronius, urge political and\\nsocial reforms by revolutionary means. The\\npeasantry are crowded out of the rural dis-\\ntricts by the slave labor of the rich, who\\nchiefly monopolize the land. Rome is full of\\nan idle rabble, who live on bribes and the\\ngifts of grain. The public offices and sena-\\ntorial positions are controlled by family\\ncliques.\\nTiberius proposes the reenaetment of the\\nLicinian agrarian law, with slight changes,\\nfor the subdivision of land in favor of poor\\ntenants; the tribune, Marcus Octavius, re-\\nsists, and is deposed by an unconstitutional\\ndecree of the people. The people accept the\\nlaw, and entrust itB execution to the Gracchi\\nand Appius Claudius.\\n133* b. c. Rome. Tiberius Gracchus\\nis elected tribune of the people.\\nHe proposes, in a popular assembly, to di-\\nvide the treasures bequeathed by the King of\\nPergarnus among the new land-owners, for\\npurchasing necessary equipment; by usage\\nthe Senate has the control of such bequests.\\nB. c. Rome. Popular laws are pro-\\nposed for shortening the term of military\\nservice and extending the right of appeal.\\n133-129 B.C. The division of the pub-\\nlic lands under the agrarian laws is\\npartially carried out. The democracy\\nand optimates continue the struggle for\\nsupremacy.\\n132 b. c. Rome. Tiberius, in defi-\\nance of the Constitution, attempts to\\nsecure a reelection to the tribunate the\\nSenate violently interposes and stops\\nthe election. Tiberius and 300 followers\\nare killed by the optimates.\\nb. c. Rome. Two Plebeian consuls\\nare chosen.\\n129 e. c. Asia M. Pergarnus be-\\ncomes a Roman province called Asia.\\nB.C. The political murder of P.\\nScipio .iEmilianus, leader of the opti-\\nmates, occurs.\\n125 B. C. Rome. The Senate sends\\nthe democratic consul, M. Fulvius\\nFlaccus, to fight the Gauls, in order to\\nput him out of its way, he having pro-\\nposed to give the right of citizenship to\\nall Italians. He establishes land com-\\nmunication between Italy and Spain, and\\nlays the foundation of Roman rule in\\nTransalpine Gaul.\\n123 b. c. Fr. The proconsul Sex-\\ntius founds the colony of Aquse Sex-\\ntise [Aix].\\nB. c. Med. Sea. The Balearic Islands\\nbecome subject to Rome.\\nB. c. Caius Gracchus, the questor of\\nSardinia, openly declares himself an en-\\nemy of the Senate, and returns to Rome\\nhe is elected tribune of the people.\\nHe attempts to execute the social re-\\nforms proposed by his brother, and is\\ncharged with attempting to subvert the\\nConstitution.\\n*B. C. Rome. Jury duty is transferred\\nfrom the order of senators to that of the\\nequites, which further divides the two\\nbranches of the aristocracy.\\nb. c. Rome. Colonies are sent out\\nby the decrees of the people, instead of\\nthe decrees of the Senate.\\nB. c. Rome. The Senate favors the\\ntribune, M. Livius Drusus, to undermine\\nthe popularity of Gracchus.\\n123+ b. c. Caius Gracchus makes\\nnew roads, marked by mile-stones,\\nthroughout the empire.\\n122* b. c. Rome. C.Gracchus secures\\nhis election to the tribunate for the sec-\\nond time.\\nb. c. Rome. Roman citizenship is\\ndenied.\\nThe motion of C. Gracchus and M. Fulvius\\nFlaccus, his colleague, to grant the rights of\\ncitizenship to all Latins, and Latin rights to\\nother Italians, is defeated by the combined\\neffort of the Senate and the lower classes of\\nRome. Gracchus also fails of election as\\ntribune for the third year.\\n121 b. c. Rome. Civil war is occa-\\nsioned by political murders.\\nC. Gracchus and M. Fulvius and Beveral\\nhundred followers are killed. Power is\\nnow restored to the Senate.\\n*b.c. Rome. M. Livius Drusus removes the\\nground rent, and repeals the law prohibiting\\nthe alienation of assignments of public land,\\nwhich permits the optimates to repurchase\\ntheir confiscated lands.\\n120 b. c. Fr. Gallia Narbonensis (S.\\nand S. E. Gaul) becomes a Roman prov-\\nince.\\n116* b. c. Fr. Narbo Martins founds\\nthe colony called Gallia Narbonensis\\n[Provence]. Tolosa is also settled.\\nB. c. Afr. Jugurtha buys n peace\\nfrom the consul, L. Calpurnius Bestia,\\nbut the Senate refuses to ratify it.\\n115* *b.c. It. The people of Genua\\n[Genoa] submit to the Romans.\\nIll B.C. Afr. The Senate s com-\\nmissioners are bribed to assist Jugur-\\ntha in his struggle for the throne of\\nNumidia.\\nHe captures Cirta from his rival, and\\nputs to death the entire male population\\nincluding many Italians, which excites\\nindignation, and provokes war at Rome.\\nb. c. Rome. Agrarianism fails; a\\nlaw is passed making all land still held\\nin occupation private land.\\n107* b. c. Rome. C. Marius receives\\nthe consulate and chief command of\\nthe army, notwithstanding the opposi-\\ntion of the aristocracy. [104-100. He is\\nelected consul five times in succession.]\\n105 b. c. Rome is terrorized by the\\nannihilation of two armies in Gaul.\\nThe democratic leaders denounce the\\nincapable generals of the optimates, es-\\npecially Coepio and Maximus.\\n104 b. c. Rome. The comitise re-\\nceive the power to elect the priests.\\nb. c. Rome. A new military system\\nis adopted.\\nThe Servian military organization, making\\nmilitary service a tax on property, is abol-\\nished; a citizen levy is substituted, supple-\\nmented by a recruiting system, and reen-\\nforcements from subject ami vassal princes.\\n100* b. c. Rome. Marius is elected\\nconsul for the sixth time.\\nHe seeks to overthrow the Constitu-\\ntion, and make himself king. He joins\\nC. Servilius Glaucia, and L. Appuleius\\nSaturninus, the leaders of the people.\\nB. C. Rome. Saturninus, as tribune,\\nby violent means procures a division of\\nlands among the veterans of Marius.\\nb. C. Rome. The consul, Q. Metel-\\nlus, goes into voluntary exile. [99. Re-\\ncalled.]\\n98* *b. c. Rome. Marius loses his\\npopularity hated by both parties, he\\nretires to Asia.\\n91* b. c. Rome. Three bills are\\nbrought forward by Marcus Livius Dru-\\nsus, the tribune of the Plebeians.\\nOne is for the reform of the law courts\\nand enlarging the Senate, another for\\na new division of public lands, a third\\nbestowing the right of citizenship on\\nItalians. Drusus is assassinated.\\nb. c. The ItaHan allies revolt.\\nExcept the Latins, most of the Etrus-\\ncans, and some southern cities, because,\\nof the assassination of Drusus.\\n90* *b.c. Rome. The contending par-\\nties become reconciled in the presence\\nof danger arising from the revolt. Re-\\npeated levies are made, and citizens and\\nfreedmen are enrolled in the armies\\nthe war is popular with both parties.\\nb. c. The enfranchisement of Italy\\nbegins. The right of citizenship is\\ngranted to all the Latins, and to all who\\nhad not revolted.\\n89* b. c. Rome. Citizenship is\\ngranted to all applicants within 60 days,\\nfrom among eight tribes mentioned.\\nb. c. The municipalities of Cisal-\\npine Gaul receive Latin rights.\\n88 b. c. The political concessions\\ncause the social war in the south to end.\\nb. c. Gr. The Grecian cities revolt,\\nand join the victorious banner of Mith-\\nridates (p. 1028).\\nB. c. Rome. Sulla becomes consul.\\n88-82 b. c. Civil war. (See Army.)\\nThe tribune P. Salpicius Rufus makes\\nrevolutionary proposals respecting the\\nnew citizens, Italians and freedmen,\\nwhich are carried by violent means. (88.)\\nDemagogues precipitate a crisis. (See\\nArmy.)\\nb. c. Rome. Sulla introduces con\\nsolidated legislation restores the old\\norder of voting in the centuries, and\\ndecrees that no vote shall be taken by\\nthe people until the measure has first\\nbeen approved by the Senate.\\n87* b. c. Gr. The chief cities of\\nGreece join Archelaus against the\\nRomans.\\nb. C. Cnaeus Octavius (democrat) and\\nLucius Cornelius Cinna, a partizan of\\nMarius, are elected consuls.\\nb. c. Rome. Cinna makes a violent\\nattempt to renew the laws of Sulpicius\\nwhile Sulla is absent in the war he is\\ndriven out of the Forum by the opti-\\nmates, after a fierce struggle.\\nb. c. Cinna gathers an army under\\nMarius, and takes Rome. (See Army.)\\nb. c. Rome. A violent revolution is\\nattended by a reign of terror under Ma-\\nrius and Carbo.\\nThe optimates are slaughtered for five\\ndays by command of Marius, and their\\nproperty is confiscated plundering and\\noutrages by the armed bands follow.\\n86 b. c. Rome. Marius is elected\\nconsul for the seventh time Cuana is\\nalso elected Sulla is deposed while\\nabsent with the army.\\nb. c. Rome. On the death of Marius,\\nL. Valerius Flaccus is elected consul\\nby the democrats. Murdered by Fim-\\nbria.] Cinna rules three years. [Mur-\\ndered.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1069.jp2"}, "1070": {"fulltext": "1058 84* b.c.-49**b.c.\\nITALY:\\nARMY NAVY.\\n83 B. C. Sulla lands with 40,000 men\\nand many exiled nobles at Brundusium.\\nHe is welcomed by his partizan, Cneius\\nPompeius, 23 years of age, and three\\nlegions of volunteers, who join him after\\nbeing guaranteed their rights.\\n83-81 b. c. Second Mithridatic war.\\nMithridates fails to completely evac-\\nuate Cappadocia the propraetor Murena\\noccupies it, invades Pontus, but is forced\\nto retire.\\nB. C. Sulla conquers Xorbanus on\\nMt. Tifata, near Naples, during negotia-\\ntions. Scipio s army goes over to Sulla.\\n82* b. c. Sulla winters in Capua, then\\nmarches against the consuls (younger)\\nMarius and Carbo.\\nb. C. The Marians are defeated at\\nSpoletium by Crassus and Pompey. Sulla\\ndefeats Marius at Sacriportus.\\nB. c. Sulla advances rapidly on the\\ndemocrats under Carbo in Etruria. They\\nare defeated at Faventia. (N. It.)\\n.Nov. b. c. Home. Sulla repels an at-\\ntack of Samnites at the Coll in e Gate;\\nhe slaughters 3,000 prisoners.\\nb. c. Sp. Sertorius, a Marian com-\\nmander, is driven out by Sulla s generals.\\nb. C. Rome. Prseneste surrenders to\\nSulla s army he executes terrible ven-\\ngeance on the conquered cities and\\ntowns of Italy.\\n81 b. c. Asia. Pompey reduces Nu-\\nmidia, and obtains a triumph.\\n80-72 b. c. Sp. War against Serto-\\nrius; Q. Metellus, and later Pompey,\\nconduct operations.\\n78-67 b. c. War against pirates (p. 1028).\\n77 b. c. Home. Lepidus, at the head\\nof an army of reformers, is defeated\\nby Quintus Lutatius Catulus and Pom-\\npey on the Campus Martius again de-\\nfeated at Cosa he flees to Sardinia.\\nb. c. Marcus Junius Brutus surren-\\nders to Pompey at Mutina [Modena].\\n76* B. C. Sp. Sertorius, a partizan of\\nMarius, defeats Pompey in two bat-\\ntles, one at Sucro and the other near\\nSaguntum. [72. Murdered.]\\n75 b. c. Asia M. P. Servilius fights\\nthe pirates, and takes Isauria, Pam-\\nphylia, and Pisidia for Rome, under the\\nname of Cilicia.\\n74-63 b. c. Asia M. Third Mithri-\\ndatic war. (See State.)\\n74* *B. C. The two consuls, L. Lucullus\\nand M. Aurelius Cotta, are defeated.\\n73 B. c. Mithridates is driven out\\nof Cyzicus with great loss Lucullus is\\nvictorious in a sea-fight off Lemnos he\\ndefeats Mithridates at Cabira, driving\\nhim out of his kingdom.\\n73-71 B. c. Sicily. War of the gladi-\\nators, or third servile war.\\nSpartacus, a Thracian slave, and 70\\nothers, escape from Capua, and occupy\\nVesuvius plundering follows, and nu-\\nmerous slaves and impoverished peas-\\nants join them, until an army of 70,000 is\\nformed, which defeats four Roman ar-\\nmies in succession.\\n72 b. c. Sp. Sertorius is assassi-\\nnated by Perperna and his accomplices\\nPompey defeats and executes Perperna.\\nb. c. Spartacus threatens Borne.\\nThe legions are routed, and the city is\\nterrorized, and the chief command given\\nto the prsetor Crassus the insurgents\\nturn aside, and plunder parts of Italy.\\n72-70 b. c. Asia M. Lucius Licinius\\nLucullus captures the trading cities,\\nHeraclea, Sinope, Amisus, from Mithri-\\ndates, and occupies Armenia Minor.\\n71 b. c. Crassus defeats the insur-\\ngents at Petelia in Apulia. Pompey an-\\nnihilates their bands.\\n70 b, C. Asia M. Unauthorized by\\nthe Senate, Lucullus Invades Armenia,\\nand opens war on Tigranes, the son-\\nin-law of Mithridates, and King of Syria.\\n69 b. c. Asia M. Lucullus defeats\\nTigranes at Tigranocerta in Armenia.\\nThe Asiatics are panic-stricken and\\neasily routed, losing 100,000 infantry and\\nall the cavalry Roman loss, 105.\\n68 b. c. Asia. Lucullus crosses the\\nEuphrates, and wins another battle a\\nmutiny of his soldiers compels a retreat\\nto Mesopotamia.\\n67 b. c. Metellus subdues Crete\\nafter a prolonged effort.\\nb. c. Pompey receives unlimited\\ncommand over the Mediterranean prov-\\ninces for 50 miles inward from the coast,\\nand a fleet of 200 ships, for the suppres-\\nsion of piracy.\\nHe frees the Mediterranean from pi-\\nrates, capturing 3,000 vessels, and killing\\n10,000 pirates 20,000 more he settles in\\nthe interior of the country.\\nb. c. Asia M. Mithridates, hav-\\ning returned to Pontus, defeats a Roman\\narmy under Triarius at Zela. He rav-\\nages parts of Bithynia and Cappadocia.\\n[66. He is driven out by Pompey.]\\nb. C. Asia. Lucullus takes Nisibis.\\n66* b. c. Asia M. Pompey defeats\\nMithridates on the Lycos in Armenia.\\n[65. Pompey abandons his pursuit. 63.\\nMithridates commits suicide.]\\nb. c. Asia M. Tigranes tenders his\\nsubmission to Pompey at Artaxata.\\nHe is to retain his hereditary kingdom,\\nbut deprived of h is conquests in Syria and\\nAsia Minor, and to a fine of 6,000 talents.\\n64* b. c. Asia. Pompey reduces\\nSyria to a Roman province.\\n63 b. c. Asia. Pompey captures\\nJerusalem, and enters the sanctuary of\\nthe temple of the Jews.\\nb. c. An insurgent army is organ-\\nized in Etruria under C. Manlius, in aid\\nof the schemes of Catiline.\\nRome. b. c. Antonius is put in com-\\nmand of the army against Catiline.\\n62 b. c. Catiline s army of two le-\\ngions is defeated by the lieutenant of An-\\ntonius, commanding the army of the Sen-\\nate at Pistoria, and their leader killed.\\n61 b. c. Pompey dismisses his army\\nat Brundusium, and enters Italy as a pri-\\nvate citizen.\\n58-50 b. c. Fr. Cassar conquers Gaul.\\n[58. He defeats the invading Helvetians\\nat Bibracte. Also Ariovistus [near Mul-\\nhausen]. 57. Also the Belgii (p. 662).]\\n57 B. c. Switz. Caesar occupies Oc-\\ntodurum to secure the pass of Great St.\\nBernard. [56. He subdues the Veneti\\nin Armorica [Bretagne]. Publius Cras-\\nsus subdues the Aquitani [Guienne?].]\\nB. C. Belg.-V TheMoriniandMenapii\\nyield to the Romans. [Belgic Gaul is\\nsubdued.]\\n55* *b.c. Fr. Caesar defeats and drives\\nacross the Rhine the invading German\\ntribes of Usipetes and Tenchteri.\\nb. c. Eng. Csesar crosses the Chan-\\nnel with two legions. [They soon re-\\nturn. 54. Again with five legions and\\n2,000 Gallic cavalry].\\n53 b. c. Asia. Parthians defeat Cras-\\nsus in Mesopotamia, and destroy his army.\\nb. c. Prus. Csesar crosses the Rhine\\non a bridge of piles [between Coblenz\\nand Andernach], and recrosses 15 days\\nlater, after devastating the country.\\n*b. c. Prus. Ambiorix subdued (p. 662).\\nb. c. Fr. The Gauls revolt (p. 662).\\nB. c. Titus Labienus, Caesar s legate,\\noccupies Lutetia Parisiorum [Paris],\\nthe capital of a Gallic tribe, the Parisii.\\nb. c. Fr. Csesar besieges Gergovia,\\nsouth of Clermont-Ferrand Vercinget-\\norix, chief of the Arverni, forces him to\\nretreat, and he joins his army with that\\nof Labienus.\\n49-48 b. c. Rome. Civil war arises\\nbetween the two rivals, Caesar and\\nPompey.\\n49 b. c. Caesar, with one legion,\\ncrosses the Rubicon [near Rimini].\\nIt is a small brook marking the boun-\\ndary of his province he thus begins the\\ncivil war against the Senate.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n69* *b.c Rome. The Capitol, rebuilt by\\nSulla, is dedicated by Quintus Catulus.\\n60 b. c. Gr. Julius Caesar revives\\nthe Isthmian games.\\n58* b. c. Rome. The theater of\\njEmilius Secannus is erected.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n82 Varro, Publius Terentlus, poet, born.\\n[39. Dies.]\\n80 Brutus, Marcus Junius, conspirator,\\n[19. Dies.]\\n65 Horace, Quintus Horatius Flaccus,\\npoet, born. [8. Dies.)\\n63 Agrippa, Marcus V., states., born. [12.\\nDies.]\\nAugustus. Cains Julius -Caesar Octavius,\\nfirst emperor, born. [14 a. d. Dies.]\\n59 Livius, or Livy, Titus, historian,\\nborn. [17 a. d. Dies.]\\n1st Century. ^Esopius Clodius, tragedian, b.\\nDiodorus sieulns, historian, born.\\nLETTERS.\\n70+-55 b. c. De Rerum Natura, by Lu-\\ncretius, appears.\\n62-54 b. c. The poems of Catulus ap-\\npear.\\n51* B. c. CommeHiM.riide Hello Gallico,\\nby Caesar, appears. [47, Commentarii\\nde Bello Civili?]\\n50+-34 b. c. Helium Catilhiarum, Bel-\\nlum Jugurthinum, and Historiarum Libri\\nr., by Sallust, appear.\\nSOCIETY.\\n82\\nB. c. Sulla orders more than 3,000\\nSamnite prisoners to be slaughtered.\\nB. C. Sulla liberates 10,000 slaves be-\\nlonging to the proscribed citizens, and\\nrights of citizenship are given them.\\n(Called Cornelians.)\\n78-67 b. c. A pirate community is\\ngradually organized, with its central\\nauthority in Crete and Cilicia.\\n62 b. c. Crassus pays a part of the\\nlarge indebtedness of C. Julius Csesar.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1070.jp2"}, "1071": {"fulltext": "ROMAN EMPIRE.\\n84** b.c. -49** b.c. 1059\\n61 B. c. Rome. Pompey celebrates a\\nmagnificent triumph, lasting two days.\\n60\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Caesar s daughter, Julia,\\n23 years of age, is given to Pompey in\\nmarriage, thus uniting with family ties\\nthe two popular leaders.\\nSTATE.\\n84* b. c. Sulla makes a treaty of\\npeace with Mithridates (p. 1029).\\nb. c. Rome. Caius Papirius Carbo\\nMarius and the younger Sertorius be-\\ncome leaders of the democratic party.\\n83* B. c. Rome. Lucius Cornelius\\nScipio and Cains Norbanus, two incapa-\\nble men, are elected consuls.\\n82 b. c. Rome. Sulla causes himself\\nto be appointed dictator for an unlim-\\nited time, in order to reorganize the\\ncommonwealth.\\nAnother reig-n of terror follows; proscrip-\\ntion lists are made of the evil-minded. Sulla\\noutlaws 4,700 citizens, ;unl mntiscates their\\nproperty. Allotments of land are made to\\nhis veterans; military colonies are estab-\\nlished with full rights of citizenship among\\nthe territories dominated I iy the hostile party,\\nwhose rights of citizenship are abrogated.\\nSulla attempts a conservative aristo-\\ncratic reform of the government.\\nThe Senate is reorganized 300 addi-\\ntional members are to be chosen by the\\ncomitia tributa; 20 questors to be an-\\nnually elected by the same. The cen-\\nsor s privilege of revising the roll of the\\nSenate every five years is abolished. [72.\\nRestored.] Senators are made irremova-\\nble, and places in the juries restored\\nfrom the equites to the Senate.\\nThe power to elect the priests is with-\\ndrawn from the comitise. Sulla abol-\\nishes the Servian order of voting.\\n81* b. c. Rome. Sulla permits the\\nelection of consuls, but retains to him-\\nself the office of dictator, and conducts\\nthe government.\\n80 b. c. Rome. Sulla causes himself\\nand Quint us Csecilius Pius Metellus,one\\nof his generals, to be elected consuls.\\n[79. He voluntarily abdicates, and re-\\ntires to private life. 78. Dies.]\\n74 b. c. Asia M. Bithynia is be-\\nqueathed to the Romans by Nicomedes\\nIII. it becomes a Roman province.\\nb. c. Asia M. Mithridates VI. de-\\nclares war, because of the aggressions\\nof Tigranes of Armenia, who takes pos-\\nsession of Cappadocia and Syria also\\nbecause of the bequest of Nicomedes\\nIII., bestowing Bithynia on the Romans.\\n70* *b.c. The consuls Marcus Licinius\\nCrassus and Pompey [the Great] re-\\nstore to the tribunate the privileges\\nwithdrawn by Sulla.\\nb. c. Rome. The Sullan Constitu-\\ntion is overthrown.\\nThe Aurelian law is passed jurors\\nare no longer to be taken exclusively\\nfrom senators one-third are to be sena-\\ntors, and two-thirds men belonging to\\nthe equestrian census.\\n67 b. c. Cyrene and Crete become\\nprovinces of Rome. (74 B. c. 27 B. c.\\nUnited.)\\nb. c. Pompey naB all tl e public treasu-\\nries and the resources of all the provinces\\nand client states placed unconditionally at\\nIlls disposal, for the suppression of piracy,\\nwhich nearly paralyzes commerce.\\nB. c. Rome. Julius Caesar is questor.\\n[65, Curule edile 63, Pontifex maximus.]\\n66-62 b. c. Rome. Conspiracy of\\nCatiline.\\nThe democrats, led by M. Crassus and Caius\\nJulius Ca sar, unite with the anarchists, led\\nby Lucius Sergins Catilina an ex-pretor.\\nThe democrats urge the overthrow of the ex-\\nisting government before the return of Pom-\\npey; and the anarchists nre,ethe cancellation\\nof debts, the proscription of the wealthy, and\\nthe confiscation of their property.\\n66* b. c. Rome. Catiline s first con-\\nspiracy to murder the consuls fails\\nthrough the indecision of conspirators,\\nand because of Cicero s eloquence.\\n65 b. c. Syria. Pompey dethrones\\nKing Antiochus Asiaticus.\\n64 b. c. Rome. The conspiracy of\\nCatiline is renewed, and fails.\\nIt is proposed to defeat Cicero, and se-\\ncure the election of Catiline and Caius\\nHybrida Antonius at the consular elec-\\ntions for 63, by the influence of Caesar\\nand Crassus Antonius alone secures\\nelection, and is detached from the con-\\nspirators by Cicero, his colleague.\\n63 b. c. Rome. Cicero is elected\\nconsul by the middle class of citizens.\\nb. c. Rome. Catiline conspires\\nwith others to murder his competitors\\nat the consular election for 62, also the\\nconsul, Cicero, who would preside over it.\\nCicero is informed of the conspiracy by his\\nspies and on the day of the election exposes\\nand denounces it, before the Senate, having\\narmed guards present.\\n(Nov. 8.) Cicero delivers his first speech\\nin the Senate against the conspiracy of Cati-\\nline, who tlees in the night to the insurgent\\narmy of C. Manlius in Etruria.\\n(Nov. 9.) Cicero makes his second speech\\nagainst Catiline to the people.\\nArrest of the accomplices, Lentu-\\nlus, Cethegus, Gabinius, Statihus, and Ccepa-\\n(Dec 3.) Cicero makes his third speech\\nagainst Catiline to the people.\\n(Dec. 5.) Cicero makes his fourth speech\\nagainst Catiline in the senate. The senate\\ndecrees that the conspirators .shall be stran-\\ngled in person without trial; Caesar votes\\nagainst it; Cato s speech secures the vote.\\n[Consul Cicero executes the imprisoned con-\\nspirators, and is greeted as pater patriae.\\n*b.c. Judea is made tributary. Syria\\nand Cilicia (1023), capital, Tarsus, be-\\ncome Roman provinces. [65. Pontus.]\\n62 b. c. Rome. Julius Caesar ad-\\nministers the prEetorship.\\n*b. c. Rome. The Senate disaffects\\nPompey toward the government by re-\\nfusing to grant the allotment of lands\\nhe requests for his veterans.\\n61 b. c. Sp. C. Julius Caesar goes\\nto Hispania Ulterior as propretor.\\nHe lays the foundation of his military\\nfame, and secures much money he re-\\nfuses a triumph on his return.\\n60 b. c. Rome. The first triumvi-\\nrate is formed by Pompey, Caesar, and\\nCrassus. [59. They secure the election\\nof Ccesar as consul. The republic is\\npowerless in the hands of these citizens.]\\nE. c. Caesar receives the government\\nof Gallia Cisalpina and Illyricum by a\\npopular decree, for five years, with ex-\\ntraordinary powers. On the motion of\\nPompey the senate adds Gallia Narbo-\\nnensis [S. Fr.] to his province.\\nB. C. Rome. Aulus Gabinius (favor-\\nable to Pompey) and Lucius Calpurnius\\nPiso, the father-in-law of Caesar, are\\nelected consuls for the next year.\\n59 b. c. Rome. Caesar proposes an\\nagrarian law especially favoring Pom-\\npey s veterans.\\nIt is opposed by his colleague, M. Bibulua,\\nan optimate, and also by the Senate; thislaw\\nand the ratification of the organization of\\nAsia are both submitted to the popular as-\\n68** e.g. Rome. Publius Clodius, the\\ntribune of the people, procures the\\nabsence of Marcus Porcius Cato and\\nCicero from Rome.\\nCato is sent to possess the kingdom of Cy-\\nprus by a popular vote. Cicero is outlawed\\nfor executing a Roman wtizen without a legal\\ntrial (see 63 b. c). Clodius causes Cicero s\\nhouse to be burned, and both his Tusculan\\nand Formicean estates to be ravaged.\\n57-52 b. c. Rome. The partizans of\\nClodius and Titus Annius Milo create\\ntumults.\\n57 b. c. The recall of Cicero is pro-\\ncured by the efforts of the tribune Milo,\\nto assist in opposing Clodius (democrat).\\nCato also returns.\\n56* *b. c. Caesar, Pompey, andCrassus,\\nwith 200 senators belonging to their party,\\nmeet in Luca [in Tuscany], and renew\\nthe triangular alliance.\\nB. c, Rome. Pompey and Crassus are\\nelected consuls for the year 55 by the\\nuse of force, in harmony with the plans\\nadopted at Luca.\\n55 b. c. Rome. Democratic decrees\\nare issued.\\nThe people decree the government of both\\nSpams to Pompey tor live years, and that of\\nSyria to Crassus, and they extend Casar s\\nproconsulship in caul for five years; they\\ndecree the payment by the state of troops\\nrecruited by Caesar on his own authority.\\nThe aristocratic party are unable to resist.\\n54* b. c. Asia. Crassus, having closed\\nhis year as consul, goes to Syria as ruler.\\n52 b. c. Rome. Disorders prevail.\\nThe armed democratic bands of Clodius pa-\\ntrol the streets and forum, and are opposed by\\nthe armed bands of Milo, in the aristocratic\\nreaction. Clodius and Milo meeting in Via\\nAppia occasions a fight between their fol-\\nlowers, in which Clodius is wounded, and at\\nMilo s command put to death.\\nb. c. Fr. The Gauls revolt (p. 662).\\n[50. Suppressed.]\\n52-51 b. c. Rome. Pompey is elected\\nsole consul dictatorial power is given\\nhim to put down the unruly mobs. [51.\\nSept. 30. He enters Rome, and is given\\na third magnificent triumph.]\\nb. c. Rome. Caesar, the leader of\\nthe democracy, and Pompey, the leader\\nof the republican aristocracy, are alien-\\nated from each other.\\nPompey selects his new father-in-law, Me-\\ntellus Scipio, for his colleague in the consulate,\\nand extends his governorship in Spain for\\nfive years, claiming as a pretext the neces-\\nsity of the Parthian war (now victoriously\\nended) he weakens Ca:sar s command by\\nrecalling two legions.\\n51 b. c. The alliance of Csesar,\\nPompey, and Crassus is renewed.\\nCaused by an attempt of the republi-\\ncans in the Senate to free themselves\\nfrom the influence of their rulers, and\\nto revise the agrarian law which was\\npassed while Csesar was consul.\\nb. c. Fr. Aquitania, Gaul becomes\\na Roman province. [27 Lugdunensis.]\\n49 Jan. 1. Rome. Csesar makes his\\nlast offer of compromise with the\\nSenate.\\nThe Senate demands that he resign his\\nproconsulship, and become a private cit-\\nizen before his term expires, as the Gallic\\nwar is ended that he disband his le-\\ngions on pain of outlawry. War fol-\\nlows.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1071.jp2"}, "1072": {"fulltext": "1060 49* b.c. -17 **e.c.\\nITALY\\nARMY NAVY.\\n49 b. c. Csesar is reenforced by a\\nsecond legion.\\nThe two legions successfully march\\nthrough Umbria, Picenum, and Apulia\\nto Brundusium. Corfinium, under Do-\\nmitius, is captured while on the way.\\nb. c. Cassar, strengthened by a third\\nlegion, besieges Brundusium, and levies\\nthree new legions. The rapidity of his\\nmovements bewilders his foes.\\nB. c. Pompey escapes with his army\\nto Greece, whither Cresar is unable to\\nfollow for the lack of vessels.\\n49-44 b. c. Csesar is supreme.\\nMar. b. c. Csesar commences the con-\\nstruction of a fleet, and marches for\\nRome, he having been ordered by the\\nSenate to disband his army. He is al-\\nready the master of Italy.\\nB- C. Ft. Caius Trebnnius besieges\\naud captures Massilia [Marseilles].\\nAug. B. C. Sp. Csesar compels Afra-\\nnius and Marcus Petreius, the legates of\\nPompey, to surrender at Ilerda.\\nB. C. Sp. Most of the cities of Hispa-\\nnia Ulterior join Cassar Varro, its com-\\nmander, finally capitulates at [Cadiz].\\nb. c. Caesar marches back to Italy.\\nB. c. Sicily is subjugated by Cains\\nScribonius Curio, Caesar s legate.\\nB. c. Afr. Curio crosses the Medi-\\nterranean to Africa.\\nHe invades the Roman province, and\\ncaptures Utica. He is defeated by\\nJuba, the ally of Pompey, near the Ba-\\ngradas, where he is killed in battle.\\n48 b. c. Gr. Cassar lands a part of\\nhis army in northern Epirus at Oricum.\\nb. c. Gr. Pompey captures most\\nof Caesar s transports when returning\\nfor more of his army this delays tor\\nseveral months their embarkation under\\nAntony.\\nb. c. Turk. Caesar with his united\\narray blockades Pompey at Dvrrha-\\nchium by a chain of military posts.\\n*b.c. Turk. Pompey breaks\\nthrough Caesar s besieging line, and\\ndefeats him Caesar retires to Thessaly,\\nand is pursued by Pompey.\\nAug. 9 b. c. Gr. Decisive battle of\\nPharsalus.\\nCaesar, with about 22,000 infantry and\\n1,000 cavalry, utterly defeats Pompey,\\nhaving 47,000 infantry ;md 7,000 cavalry.\\n[Aug. 10. 24,000 Pompeyans surrender.\\n48-47 b.c. Egy. Caesar s Alexan-\\ndrine war.\\nThe Alexandrians and the Roman army\\nof occupation rise up against Csesar, and\\nbesiege him in the royal palace he nar-\\nrowly escapes (p. 652).\\n47* *b. c. Egy. Csesar fires the\\nEgyptian fleet, whereby the famous\\nAlexandrian library is also burned. He\\ndefeats the Egyptians on the Nile {p. 652).\\nB. c. Asia M. Csesar wars against\\nPharnaces, King of Bosporus, for en-\\ncroachments in occupying Pontus, Ar-\\nmenia Minor, and Cappadocia.\\nVeni, Vidi, Vici. In a campaign of\\nfive days Caesar defeats Pharnaces at\\nZela, and forces him to fly. Cassar sub-\\ndues a mutiny in the 10th legion.\\n47-46 b. c. Afr. Caesar s war in Af-\\nrica against Pompeyans.\\n46 b. c. Afr. Battle of Thapsus.\\nCaesar with a much smaller army de-\\nfeats the republican army 50,000 are\\nkilled in and after the battle by Caesar s\\ninfuriated soldiers. Scipio kills him-\\nself in his flight patriotic Cato despairs\\nfor Rome, and commits suicide in Utica\\nJuba and Petreius agree to kill each\\nother, but Juba is finished by his slave;\\nLabienus and Sextus Pompeius escape.\\n*B. c. Algeria. A part of Mauritania\\nis conquered by the Romans.\\n46-45 E. c. Caesar wars against the\\nsons of Pompey and other Pompeyans.\\n46 b. c. Sp. Caesar is repulsed be-\\nfore Corduba by Sextus Pompeius.\\n45 Mar. 17 b. c. Sp. Decisive bat-\\ntle of Munda.\\nCaesar defeats Sextus and Cnseus, two\\nsons of Pompey, in southern Spain.\\nMore than 30,000 Pompeyans are killed,\\nincluding Labienus, Varus, Cnaeus Pom-\\npeius Sextus Pompeius escapes.\\n44 Mar. 15 b. c. Caesar is assassi-\\nnated. (See Society.)\\nB. c. Caius Julius Caesar Octavian us\\n[Augustus] receives the command of\\ntwo legions.\\n44-43 b. c. War of Mutina [Modena]\\nagainst Mark Antony.\\nAntony blockades Decimus Brutus at\\nMutina, but is defeated on the arrival of\\nre enforcements.\\nb. c. Octavian, as propraetor, is sent\\nagainst Antony the usurper.\\n43 Apr. 27. b.c. Antony is defeated\\nat Mutina by the consul, Aulus Hirtius,\\nand Caius Vibius Pansa Hirtius is\\nkilled.\\nB. c. Octavian receives the sole\\ncommand of the array of the Senate.\\nHe takes the field, pretending to op-\\npose Antony, yet in fact coworking with\\nhim for secret ends.\\nB. c. Dechmis Brutus being de-\\nserted by his troops, fails to escape, and\\nis put to death by Antony.\\n43-42 b. c. Rome. War against the\\nrepublican party by the triumvirs.\\nB. c. Gr. The triumvirs, Antony\\nand Octavian, enter Greece to subdue\\nMarcus Brutus and Caius Cassius.\\n42 b. c. Battle of Philippi (p. 1028).\\nb. c. Asia M. Antony ravages the\\nprovinces of Asia and Syria.\\nb. c. Asia M. Cleopatra, Queen of\\nEgypt, meets Antony by his order at\\nTarsus he follows her to Egypt (p. 653).\\n41-40 b. c. Civil war of Perusia.\\nOctavian and Paulus iEmilius Lepidus\\noppose Lucius Antoni us, the brother, and\\nFulvia, the wife, of Mark Antony. (40\\nJan. Antony is compelled to surren-\\nder Perusia after a siege of one year.\\n41-40 b. c. Egy- Antony whiles away\\nthe winter at Alexandria with Cleopa-\\ntra.\\n39* *b. c. Asia M. Antony carries on\\nwar with the Parthians, led by Quintus\\nLabienus, through his legate, P. Ventid-\\nins Bassus. [38. Defeated again near\\nthe Euphrates Pacorus is killed.]\\n38-36 b. c. Sicily. War with Sextus\\nPompeius. (See State, 39.)\\n38 b. c. Sicily. Octavian is left to\\nconduct the war alone.\\n37 B. c. Octavian sends two legions\\nto aid Antony in the Parthian war.\\nAntony furnishes Octavian 100 ships\\nunder Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa to aid\\nbim in the Sicilian war.\\n36\\nabandoned by his soldiers, who are weary\\nof war, and surrenders to Octavian.\\n[He becomes a prisoner for life.]\\n**B. c. Sicily. Agrippa utterly de-\\nfeats Sextus Pompeius fleet off Mylse.\\n[Sept. 3. Again off Naulochus.]\\nB. c. Asia M. Antony finally con-\\nducts the war against the Parthians in\\nperson, with 1G legions and 40,000 allies.\\n[He is forced to retreat from Cazaca.]\\n35-33 b. c. Bosnia.+ The Panno-\\nnian war.\\nOctavian conducts campaigns along\\nthe line of the Save, for rectification of\\nboundaries and defense of frontiers.\\n34* *b.c. Asia M. Antony treacher-\\nously captures Artavasdes, King of Ar-\\nmenia, his lukewarm ally, and as pris-\\noner leads him in triumph at Alexandria.\\n31+ b. c. Conquest of Germany\\ntf 768).\\n31-30 b. c. Gr. War of Actium.\\n31 Sept. 2 b. c. Gr. Battle of Ac-\\ntium (p. 1028).\\n30* b. c. Syria. Octavian advances\\nthrough Syria into Egypt.\\nAntony, being deserted by his troops,\\ncommits suicide, and Cleopatra poisons\\nherself. [Oct. 1. Octavian captures Al-\\nexandria.]\\n29* *B. C. Bulgaria.+ Mcesia is sub-\\njugated.\\n27-25 b. c. Sp. Augustus leads an\\nexpedition against the Cantabri and As-\\ntures because of sickness he surrenders\\nto his legates.\\n25 b. c. The Salassi, an Alpine tribe,\\nare finally subjugated.\\nb. c. Arabian expedition (p. 483).\\n22-21 B. c. Afr. Petronius, the pre-\\nfect in Egypt, subdues the Ethiopians.\\n20 B. C. Asia. Augustus conducto a\\ncampaign against the Parthians.\\nPhraates, tbeir king, is alarmed, and\\nrestores the Rninan standards and pris-\\noners taken from Crassus (53 b. c).\\n19 b. c. Sp. The Cantabri and As-\\ntures and all Spam are finally subdued.\\nB. C. Tyrol. Raetia and Vindelicia\\nare conquered. [15. Rsetia and Nori-\\ncum are subjugated by Drusus.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n46\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Jio\\nbuildings\\n45 b. c. The Roman year is again\\ncorrected by Julius Csesar he makes\\nit 365 J days.\\n27 Feb. 14. b. c. The Augustan era\\nbegins, 727 years after the foundation\\nof Rome. [27. Pantheon built.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n43 Ovid, I uluius Ovidiua Naso, poet, born.\\n[17 or 18 A. D. Dies.]\\nCicero, Marcus Tullius, orator. A63.\\n42 Tiberius, Claudius Nc ro, emperor, born.\\n[37 a. d. Dies.]\\n38* Drusus (Icrmanicus, Claudius Nero,\\ngeneral, born. [9. Dies.]\\n34* Galba, Scrvius Sulpii Uis,enii eror,born.\\n[69 J\\nDi\\nLETTERS.\\n42-37 B. c. The Eclogues, by Vergil,\\nappear. [37-30, The Georgics; 30-19,\\nThe JEneid.}\\n35 B. c. The first book of Satires, by\\nHorace, appears. [29, second book\\n24\u00c2\u00b1, The first three books of the Odes;\\n13, fourth book also Epistles and Epis-\\ntles to the Pisos, or Ars Poetica.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1072.jp2"}, "1073": {"fulltext": "ROMAN EMPIRE.\\n49* b.c.-17**b.c. 1061\\n31 b. c.-14 a.d. Golden Period of\\nRoman literature.\\n29\u00c2\u00b1 b. c-17 A. d. Annates, by Livy,\\nin 142 books, appears.\\n25* b. c. Cynthia, by Propertius, ap-\\npears. [24+ -16\u00c2\u00b1 Syntaxis.]\\n25-24 b. c. The first book of poems by\\nTibullus appears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n46 Feb. 5. b. c. Marcus Cato kills\\nhimself.\\n45 b. c. Egy. Cleopatra marries\\nMark Antony. (Or 41.)\\n44 Mar. 15. B.C. Julius Csesar is as-\\nsassinated. (See State.)\\n40 B. c. Octaviauus Csesar, at Peru-\\nsia, orders 300 Roman senators and other\\npersons of distinction to be sacrificed\\nto the manes of Julius Caesar.\\n31* b. c. Egy. Cleopatra abandons\\nMark Antony in battle.\\n29 b. c. Octavian celebrates three\\ntriumphs in Rome.\\nb. c. Home. The temple of Janus\\nis closed for the third time in Roman\\nhistory. [25. Also for the fourth time.]\\n17 B. c. Rome. Caius Caesar and Lu-\\ncius Csesar are adopted by Augustus,\\nand designated as his successors.\\nSTATE.\\n49 Jan. b. c. Rome. The Senate de-\\nclares Cassar an enemy of the Repub-\\nlic if he fails to disband his army within\\na given time.\\n*e.c. Caesar marches toward the\\ncapital; his friends among the tribunes\\nof the people flee to him at Ravenna.\\nb. c. Rome is alarmed.\\nThe tidings of Cassar s crossing the\\nRubicon with his army, which Roman\\ngenerals were forbidden to do, is re-\\nceived. Pompey and many senators flee\\nfrom Rome to Brundusiuiu.\\nb. c. Rome. Cassar arrives, and re-\\nlieves the apprehension of cruelty by his\\nmagnanimity toward his foes.\\n48-44 b. c. Rome. Caesar is dictator.\\nHe is proclaimed dictator by the pre-\\ntor, Marcus iEmilius Lepidus, during his\\nabsence in the army.\\n48 b. c. Rome. Caesar abdicates\\nthe office of dictator after 11 days.\\nHe secures the office of consul with\\nPublius Servilius. The fugitive part of\\nthe Senate prolongs the term of Pompey\\nand of all officials of the previous year.\\nb. c. Rome. Caesar receives distin-\\nguished honors.\\nHe is given the consulate for rive years,\\nthe tribunate for life, and the dictator-\\nship for one year. He begins to bear\\nthe title of imperator.\\nb. c. Csesar visits Alexandria, and\\ndecides between the regal claims of\\nPtolemy XII. (10 years of age) and his\\nsister Cleopatra (16 years of age); this\\noccasions war with Egypt (p. 653).\\n4:6 b. c. Afr. Cresar conquers and\\nunites a part of Numidia [Algeria] as\\na -province, and gives the remainder of\\nhis conquest to Bocchus, King of Eastern\\nMauritania [Morocco].\\nb. c. Rome. Cresar returns, and is\\nhonored with four triumphs, for Gaul,\\nEgypt, Pharnaces, and Africa.\\nB. c. Cassar is appointed dictator for\\n10 years, and censor without a colleague\\nfor three years. [45. He causes the Sen-\\nate to appoint him consul for 10 years.\\n44. It appoints him dictator for life.]\\n44* b. c. Rome. The Senate again be-\\ncomes only an advisory council.\\nB. c. Caesar reorganizes the military\\nsystem also the financial system of di-\\nrect taxes, which substitute tax-farming.\\nHis veterans receive Italian lands.\\nb. c. The colonization of the prov-\\ninces is promoted, for the purpose of\\nLatinizing their populations, and reliev-\\ning Rome of some of its proletarians.\\nMar. 15. b. c. Rome. Caesar is assas-\\nsinated in the senate-house by Marcus\\nJunius Brutus, Caius Cassius Longinus,\\nand others.\\nAbout 50 republican senators are in\\nthe conspiracy, and he falls with 23\\nwounds at the foot of Pompey s statue.\\nb. c. Rovie. The Senate rewards the\\nconspirators.\\nM. Brutus receives the government of\\nMacedonia, C;issius that of Syria, Deci-\\nmus Brutus that of Gallia Cisalpina.\\nb. c. Rome. Usurpations of Mark\\nAntony.\\nAntony, one of the two consuls, obtains\\npossession of Caesar s papers and makes\\nan unscrupulous use of them, and aspires\\nto supreme power, pretending to execute\\nthe will of Cassar.\\nB. C. Antony receives from the peo-\\nple the province of Gallia Cisalpina,\\nwhich the Senate refused to give him.\\nApr. b. c. The Senate seeks to regain\\npower by entering negotiations with\\nCaius Octavius [Octavian], the grandson\\nand heir of Julius Csesar, 18 years of\\nage. [43. Antony, the usurper, is de-\\nclared an enemy of the republic]\\nSept. 2. b.c. Rome. Cicero delivers his\\nfirst philippic against Mark Antony.\\n43 B. c. Rome. Hirtius and Pansa are\\nconsuls. Hirtius is killed in the battle\\nof Mutina. Pansa dies of wounds.\\nb. c. Rome. Octavian marches to\\nRome, and compels his own election as\\nconsul, also the repeal of the amnesty\\ngranted the conspirators against Caesar,\\nand sentence for their punishment.\\nNov. b. c. The second triumvirate\\nis formed by Mark Antony, Octavian,\\nand Marcus .-Emilius Lepidus, against\\nMarcus Brutus and other republicans.\\nTheir rule is ratified for five years by\\nthe people a reign of terror follows.\\nHundreds of senators and J, 000 equites\\nare outlawed, and property confiscated.\\n[Dec. 7. Cicero is proscribed and killed.]\\n42 B. C. Rome. P. Ventidius Bassus\\nis elected consul.\\nb. o. The republicans are over-\\nthrown by the defeat at Philippi.\\n41 B. c. Octavian makes the prom-\\nised allotments to veterans in Italy, and\\nproceeds to crush Pompey. Antony re-\\nstores order in the East.\\nFeb. 5. b. c. Octavian [Augustus] is\\nsaluted by the laurel-crowned senators\\nas the father of his country.\\n40 b. c. Octavian, having obtained\\nsupreme authority in Italy, assumes the\\nadministration of Gaul and Spain, giv-\\ning Marcus ^Emilius Lepidus only the\\ngovernment of Africa. Antony ap-\\nproaches Italy to secure his rights.\\nB. c. Civil war is threatened, but\\nprevented for a time by a truce agreed\\nto at Brundusium.\\nAntony marries Octavia, the sister of\\nOctavian, Fulvia his former wife being\\ndead. Octavian governs the West, An-\\ntony the East, and Lepidus, Africa.\\n39 b. c. Sextus Pompeius, son of\\nMark Antony, having created a naval\\nempire and mastered Sicily, obstructs\\nthe grain supplies for Rome, and thereby\\ncompels the triumvirs to enter the treaty\\nof Misenmn, by which he receives Sicily,\\nSardinia, Corsica and Peloponnesus.\\nb. c. Antony goes to the East; he\\nremains chiefly with Cleopatra (p. 653).\\n38 b. C. Menas, the admiral of Sex-\\ntus, treacherously surrenders Sardinia\\nwith fleet and troops to Octavian this\\nprovokes war.\\n37 B. c. Octavian and Antony meet\\natTarentum, and settle differences the\\ntriumvirate is renewed for five years.\\nB. c. Rome. Marcus Vipsanius Agrip-\\npa is elected consul.\\n36 b. c. Lepidus is ejected from\\nthe triumvirate.\\nOctavian assumes the administration\\nof Africa, and is sole ruler of the West.\\nGreat honors are showered upon him.\\n34\u00c2\u00b1 *b.c. Egy. Antony proclaims\\nCleopatra Queen of Kings, and gives\\nto her and her sons Roman provinces\\nit is also announced that Caesar ion, her\\nnatural son by Julius Caesar, is Caesar s\\ntrue heir (p. 653).\\n31* B. c. Rome. Octavian obtains a\\ndecree from the people dismissing; An-\\ntony from his command, and declaring\\nwar on Cleopatra.\\n31 (30?)b. c 476 A. d. The Roman\\nEmpire.\\n31 b. c. -14 a. d. [Augustus] Cassar\\nOctavius rules the Roman world tbe\\nfirst of the emperors.\\n31* b. C. Octavian makes Egypt a\\nRoman province. [It becomes the\\ngranary of Rome.]\\n27 Jan. 1. b.c. Octavian restores the\\nrepublic under his own presidency.\\n[Jan. 13. The transfer of the govern-\\nment is completed. The Senate bestows\\non him the title Augustus.]\\n28* b. C. Rome. Augustus is made\\nprinceps senatus. [23. He causes the\\nSenate to give him the tribunician\\npower, and the proconsular imperium\\nfor life. 12. Becomes pontifex niaxi-\\n27-19 b. c. The Roman provinces are\\nredivided into senatorial and imperial.\\nThe senatorial provinces comprise the paci-\\nfied provinces of Africa, Asia, Achaia, Illyri-\\ncum, Macedonia, Sieilia, t reta, with Cyren-\\naica, II itliynia, Sardinia, and II ispaniaBcctica.\\nThe imperial provinces require an army to\\nsustain the legates, who govern in the name\\nof Augustus, and comprise ilispania Tarraco-\\nnensis, Lusitania; the Gaulish provinces of\\nNarbonensis, Lugdunensis, Aquitania, and\\nBelgica; Germanic Superior et Inferior, Mce-\\nsia, Syria, t ilicia, Cyprus, and /Egyptus.\\n25 b. c. Asia M. New provinces\\nestablished in Galatia and Pamphylia.\\nAfrica and Numidia are united.\\n23-13 B.C. AsiaM. M. Vipsanius\\nAgrippa commands in the East.\\n19* b. c. Spain submits.\\n18-17 b. c. Augustus makes reforms\\nin government, society, and morals.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1073.jp2"}, "1074": {"fulltext": "1062 17 b.c.-a. d. 83,\\nITALY\\nARMY WAVY.\\n16 b. c. Fr. The Siganibrians and\\nother German tribes invadeGaul, and de-\\nfeat the Romans under Marcus Lollius.\\n13-6 B. C. Ger. Claudius Nero Dru-\\nsus extends Rornan rule (p. 768).\\n12-9* b. c. Aust.+ Tiberius subju-\\ngates Pannonia. [8-7. He compels\\nsome of the Germanic tribes on the\\nright bank of the Rhine to recognize the\\nsupremacy of Rome. 5. He marches\\nagainst the Suevi.]\\n1 A. D. Asia. Caius Cassar, the pro-\\nconsul, makes peace with the Parthians.\\n6-9 Bohemia+. Tiberius attacks the\\nSuevian kingdom of Marbod.\\nHe finally subdues the revolting Illyr-\\nian and Pannonian tribes.\\n6 Ger. Quintilius Varus commands.\\n9* Ger. Roman defeat at Teutoburg.\\nThe Germans under Arminius (Her-\\nmann) [the national hero], an ex-Roman\\nsoldier, surprise and annihilate three\\nlegions of Romans in three days. Varus\\nkills himself. Rome accepts the Rhine\\nas its frontier.\\n14-16 Ger. The Romans under German-\\nicus revenge the Teutoburg disaster in\\nthree successful campaigns.\\n16 Arminius is defeated on the Cam-\\npus Idistaviso [on the Weser],\\n17* Borne. Tiberius, being jealous, re-\\ncalls Germanicus, and sends him to\\nconquer Cappadocia. [19. Germanicus\\ndefeats the Marcomanni.]\\n39-40 Fr. Caligula leads a military-\\nexpedition to the Gallic coast, which\\nends with a collection of mussels.\\n43 Eng. The conquest of Britain\\nbegins under Claudius (p. 839).\\n58-63 Asia. War with the Parthians\\nand Armenians; Artazata is taken.\\n61\\nEng. Kevolt in Britain (p. S39).\\n65-70. Judea. The Jewish war against\\nRome. [G7. Vespasian goes to suppress\\nthe revolt. 69. He transfers his com-\\nmand to Titus, his son, and returns to\\nRome.]\\n69 Discipline is restored in the army.\\nCremona, Lombardy, is destroyed by\\n69-71 Ger. Batavians revolt (p. G62),\\n70 Sept. 8. Judea. Titus takes Jeru-\\nsalem after an heroic defense.\\nThe city, ravaged by factions, pesti-\\nlence, and famine, is leveled to the\\nground. Many thousands of Jews, assem-\\nbled at the Passover, perish, and many\\nare taken captive to Rome.\\n73 Vespasian sublines Lycia, Rhodes,\\nThrace, Cilicia, Byzantium, and Samos.\\n77* Asia. The Parthians revolt.\\n78-84 Eng.-h Julius Agricola conquers\\nBritain. [83-84. Subdues the Caledo-\\nnians.] (P. 839.)\\n81-96 Ger. Domitian erects a boun-\\ndary wall (p. 768).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1 Jan. 1. A. d. The Christian era com-\\nmences with the traditional date of tbe\\nbirth of Christ. (4 e. c.)\\nTbis occurs in the middle of the fourth\\nyear of the 194th Olympiad, the 753d\\nyear from the founding of Rome, and the\\n4,717th year of the Julian period.\\nRome. Water-mills are in operation.\\nPliny, born in 23 and reputed the\\nmost learned man of his age, devotes his\\nleisure to scientific studies, and writes a\\nNatural History in 37 books [which are\\nstill extant].\\n30 Augustus becomes a patron of art.\\n38+ Seneca notices gravitation as an\\ninnate power also the attraction of\\ntides by the moon.\\n40+. Rome. Numerous male and fe-\\nmale choristers sing in the tragedies.\\n41-54 Rome. Claudius constructs his\\naqueduct, and the conduit connecting\\nthe Lake Pucinus with tbe River Laris.\\n50\u00c2\u00b1 Seneca mentions the magnifying\\npower of convex lenses also concave\\nmirrors, and the prismatic colors.\\n64\u00c2\u00b1 Rome is rebuilt on a grandscale.\\nNero erects a magnificent golden palace\\nwhich encloses green lawns.\\n694. Home. Vespasian erects the Col-\\nosseum.\\n70 Rome. Titus* Triumphal Arch\\nis erected.\\n75 Rome. Vespasian erects a temple\\nto peace.\\n79 Aug. 24. The first recorded erup-\\ntion of Vesuvius occurs the cities of\\nPompeii and Herculaneum are over-\\nwhelmed 200,000 lives are lost.\\nTheaters are found in the chief cities\\nof Italy. Glass windows are used.\\n80+ Rome. The Laocoon group is\\nproduced. Splendid paintings adorn the\\nbaths.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n13 Agrippina, mother of Caligula, born.\\n[33 a. d. Dies.]\\nlO* DrnsuB Caesar, gen., b. [23 a. d. D.]\\n4. Apollonins of Tyana, philosopher, born.\\n[97 a. D. Dies.]\\nSeneca, Lucius Anna- us, philosopher, states-\\nman, born. [65 a. d. Dies.]\\n9 a. d. Vespasian us. Titus Flavins Sabi-\\nnus, emperor, born. [70. Dies.]\\n12* Caligula. Cains /;esar, emperor, horn.\\n[41. Dies.]\\n14 Apicins, Marcus Cabins, epicure, born.\\n[37. Dies.]\\n15 Agrippina, Julia, mother of Nero, horn.\\n[59 or 60. Dies.]\\n31 Sejanus, courtier, criminal, dies.\\n32 Nerva, Marcus Cucceius, emperor, born.\\n[98. Dies.]\\nOtho, Marcus Salvius, emp., born. [69. D.J\\n34* Persius Flaecus, Aulas, satirical poet,\\nborn. [62. Dies.]\\n35 Qumtillian, Marcus Fabius, rhetori-\\ncian, born. T95. Dies.]\\n37 Agricola, Cnieius J ulius, general, born.\\n[93. Dies.]\\nJoeephus, Flavius, Jewish historian, born.\\nNero, emperor, born. [68. Dies.]\\nSeutonius Paulinus, warrior, born.\\n38 Pilate. Pontius, governor of Judea, d.\\n39* Lucan, Marcus Annams, poet, born.\\n[65. Dies.]\\n40 Juvenal, Deeimus J., satirical poet, b.\\n[125. Dies.]\\nMartial, Marcus Valerius, poet, b. [103. D.]\\nTitus, Flavius Sahinus Vespasianus, em-\\nperor, born. [81. Dies.]\\n1st Century. Asconius, Pediamus Quintus,\\ncritic, commentator, born.\\nCelsus, Aurelius Cornelius, medical writer, b.\\nClement of Rome, church father, writer, h.\\nColumella, Lucius Junius Moderatus, agri-\\ncultural writer, born.\\nCurtius, Quintus, historian, born.\\nFavorinus, rhetorician, author, born.\\nFlaccus, Caius Valerius, poet, born.\\nPhaedrus, fabulist, born.\\nValerius, Maxiuuis, historian, born.\\n51* Domitian. emperor, born. [96. Dies.]\\n53+ Trajanus, Marcus Ulpius, emp., b.\\n[117- Dies.]\\n66 Britannicus Tiberias Claudius German-\\nicus, prince, A14.\\nTacitus, Caius Cornelius, hist., b. [135. D.]\\n61 Pliny, Caius Plinius CEecilius Secun-\\nduB, author, born. [113. Dies.]\\n63 Festus, Porcius, procurator of Judea, d.\\n65 Seneca. Lucius Annseus, pliil., A68+.\\nq *Paul, the Apostle, beheaded at\\nRome.\\n72\u00c2\u00b1 Seui U! :s. nih iniliuBCaiuSjliist.j b.\\n76 Hadrian, Publius ^lius Hadrianus,\\nemperor, born. [138. Dies.]\\nCHURCH.\\n4 b. c. Judea. Jesus Christ is\\nborn (traditional date).\\n1+ a. d. Many of the deities of the\\nRomans are patterns of vice. Almost\\nuniversal corruption of morals prevails\\namong their worshipers, especially with\\nregard to licentiousness and cruelty.\\n29* Judea. Pontius Pilate, the Roman\\nprocurator, gives up Jesus of Nazareth\\nto be crucified by the Jews.\\nJudea. Strangers from Rome are\\npresent at Jerusalem at the inaugura-\\ntion of tbe Christian Church at Pente-\\ncost.\\n40\u00c2\u00b1 The Emperor Caius orders his\\nstatue to be set up in the Jewish Tem-\\nple at Jerusalem.\\nJerusalem. The Apostles* Creed\\nis formulated (traditional).\\n42 Rome. St. Peter is bishop.\\n[67, [St.] Linus; 78, [St.] Cletus; 90, [St.]\\nClement 1.; 100, [St.] Anacletus; 112, [St.]\\nEvaristes; 121, [St.] Alexander I.; 122,[St.J\\nSixtus I.; 142, [St.] Telesphorus; 154, [St.]\\nHyginus; 158, [St.] PiubL]\\n50\u00c2\u00b1 Rome. Claudius banishes the\\nJews.\\n61+ Spring. St. Paul arrives as a pris-\\noner from Judea. [63. Acquitted de-\\nparts. G8\u00c2\u00b1. Paul again arrives as a\\nprisoner. May (June). Beheaded.]\\n64 June 24. Rome. Nero begins the\\nfirst persecution of Christians. Clothed\\nin the skins of beasts, many are torn by\\ndogs, many are crucified, burned alive,\\nand tortured in many ways.\\n68\u00c2\u00b1 Christians celebrate Easter.\\n70* Titus destroys the Temple at\\nsale 1 1\\nLETTERS.\\n17* *b. c. Horace is commanded by\\nAugustus to compose the sacred hymn\\nfor the celebration of the secular games.\\n8 B. c-17 A. T The Fasti, Tristia, and\\nEx Ponto, by Ovid, appear. [2, Ars\\nAmatoria, and Remedia Amoris 8 A. D.\\nMetamorphoses.]\\n8\u00c2\u00b1* A. D. The fables of Phsedrus ap-\\npear in elegant Latin iambics.\\n20+-65 Orations, Natural es Questiones,\\nSatire on the Death of Claudius, Dia-\\nlogues, On Benefits, Letters to LucUius,\\nand several tragedies, by Seneca appear.\\n[56, De dementia ad Neronem 41-19,\\nConsolatione ad Helviam.\\n42\u00c2\u00b1 Lucius J. M. Columella writes\\nDe Re Rustica.\\n49-64 The Epistles of St. Raul are writ-\\nten. (See Turkey.)\\n41-54 Quintus Curtius writes a History\\nof Alexander the Great.\\n50+ Aurelius Cornelius Celsus writes\\nan encyclopedia of farming, medicine,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1074.jp2"}, "1075": {"fulltext": "ROMAN EMPIRE. 17 b.c.-a. d. 83, 1063\\nmilitary art, oratory, jurisprudence, and\\nphilosophy.\\n54-68 Persius writes his six Satires.\\n70-79 Caius Valerius Flaccus writes\\nArgonautica.\\n70-79 Pliny writes his Natural History.\\n83* Rome. Philosophers are expelled,\\nnd their schools suppressed, hy Domi-\\nSTATE. cessor instead of hisownsonBritannicus,\\nby Messalina, his tirst wife. [54. She\\npoisons Claudius to enthrone Nero.]\\ntian.\\nSOCIETY.\\n17* *B.C. Asia. Herod the Greatspreads\\nRoman luxury and licentiousness over\\nPalestine he claims to be a Jew.\\n10\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Julia (the elder), daughter\\nof the first emperor, is banished to Pau-\\ndataria because of her excesses.\\n5 b. c. The temple of Janus is closed\\nfor the fifth time in Roman history be-\\ncause of universal peace.\\n4(?)* b. c. Judea. Jesus Christ, the\\nPrince of Peace, is born at Bethlehem.\\n9 A. D. Julia (the younger), grand-\\ndaughter of Augustus, is banished.\\n19 Syria. Germanicus is poisoned\\nby Piso.\\n23 Rome. Sejanus poisons Drusus.\\n29 The elder Agrippina, the mother\\nof Nero, is banished.\\n32\u00c2\u00b1 Sicily. The runaway slaves\\ncaptured on the defeat of Sextius Pom-\\npeius are cruelly punished 6,000 are\\ncrucified, and 30,000 returned to their\\nmasters.\\n41 Rome. Caligula is murdered by a\\ntribune.\\nRome. Claudius is ruled by bis\\nfavorites, the freedmen Narcissus and\\nPallas, and by his sbameless wife, Messa-\\nlina, until he causes her to be killed\\nand afterward by hiB wife Agrippina, the\\nambitious and horrible mother of Nero.\\n47 Rome. The Secular games are\\ncelebrated. Claudius abolishes the fu-\\nneral games, which include horse-races,\\ndramatic representations, processions,\\nand mortal combats.\\n48 Rome. Messalina, wife of Clau-\\ndius, vicious and shameful, goes through\\nthe form of marriage with one of her\\nlovers, and is executed.\\n49 Rome. Agrippina, daughter of\\nGermanicus, is elevated to be imperial\\nconsort. [Full of intrigue and perfidy,\\nshe removes from her path all whom she\\n53 Rome. Nero marries Octavia.\\n55* Rome. Nero poisons Britannicus,\\nson of his predecessor, and step-brother\\nby adoption. He is fascinated by the\\nfreedwomanActe. [58. He is enslaved by\\nthe charms of cruel Poppsea. He vainly\\nbegs his friend Otto to divorce his young\\nwife, that he himself may have her.]\\n59 Rome. Nero orders the death of\\nAgrippina, his mother. [60. Executed.\\n62. He orders the execution of his wife\\nOctavia marries Poppa?a. 64. He ap-\\npears on the stage as an actor at Naples\\nalso as chariot-driver in the races.]\\n64 Rome. Nero burns the city to\\nthe ground, and charges the crime to the\\nChristians.\\nRome. Nero detects a conspiracy\\nagainst his life, and many eminent per-\\nsons are killed.\\n65 Seneca, the moralist and philoso-\\npher, and Lucian an eminent Christian,\\nare put to death by Nero.\\n68 Rome. The Apostle Paul is be-\\nheaded.\\n69 Dec. Aulus Vitellius is put to\\ndeath.\\n15 b. c. Raatia is made a Roman\\nprovince, together with Gallia Belgica,\\nVindelicia and Norirum. [14 AlpesMari-\\ntimae. 6+ Mcesia Superior.]\\n12 b. c. Ger. Treviri [Treves] is a\\nprosperous city in Rhenish Prussia.\\n6 b. c. Tiberius is vested with the\\ntribunician power, and sent to Armenia.\\n4 a. d. Rome. Tiberius is adopted\\nby Augustus, and invested with the im-\\nperium and tribunician power. [13. He\\nis authorized to take the census, and is\\njoint administrator in the provinces.]\\n6 Asia. Judea is made a separate\\n(Syria Palestina) province.\\n9 Ovid the poet is banished to Tomos.\\nGer. Arminius revolts (p. 7G8).\\n10 *3ung. Pannonia is made a Roman\\nprovince.\\n14-37 Tiberius (Claudius Nero Caesar)\\nreigns. Augusta, the empress-mother,\\nshares the power with her son.\\n14* Tiberius sends Germanicus. his\\nnephew, to pacify the revolting legions\\nin Germany.\\nThe laws permit the sovereign to exile\\nany person he deems dangerous to the\\nstate. Rewards are given to informers.\\nTrifling offenses are legally high treason.\\n15 The formal right of ratifying the\\nlaws is transferred from the comitix to\\nthe Senate.\\n17 Asia M. Cappadocia is made a\\nRoman province. [Ger. Also Germania\\nSuperior and Germania Inferior.]\\n23-31 Rome. Sejanus, the confidant\\nand favorite, becomes the infamous in-\\nstrument of Tiberius s cruelties. [He\\nlays the foundation of the power of the\\npretorians of later times by uniting\\ntheir cohorts in one camp near Rome.]\\n26-37 Tiberius retires to Caprese [Capri].\\nGer. The Druids appear.\\n31 Rome. Sejanus is disgraced, and\\nput to death for his cruelties. Macro, a\\nterrorizer, is in power as the favorite.\\n37-41 Caligula (Caius Caesar Germani-\\ncus) reigns. (41. Jan. 14.) He is mur-\\ndered by a tribune.\\n40 Provinces are formed in Maure-\\ntania Tingitana, and Mauretania Cassa-\\nriensis.\\n41-54 Claudius (Tiberius Claudius\\nNero) reigns. He is ruled by his favor-\\nites and wives weakness and stupidity\\nare conspicuous.\\n41* All Palestine is a dependent king-\\ndom Herod Agrippa, procurator.\\n43 South Britain and Lycia become\\nRoman provinces. [44. Judea is again a\\nprovince. 46. Thracia. 54\u00c2\u00b1 AlpesCot-\\ntise.]\\n48* Rome. The census reports a total\\npopulation of 6,944,000.\\n49 Eng. London is founded(?). [50.\\nGer. Cologne (p. 769).]\\nAgrippina rules her husband.\\nShe persuades him to adopt her son,\\nL. Domitius (Nero), and make him suc-\\n54-68 Nero (Claudius Caesar Drusus\\nGermanicus) reigns.\\nHe prospers under the good influence\\nof the prefectus praetorio, A f rani us\\nBurrus, and his teacher, L. Seneca; later,\\nbecomes a human monster.\\nA law against informers corrects\\na great abuse.\\n59 Nero murders his mother. [62.\\nAlso Octavia, his divorced wife.]\\nEng. Britons revolt (p. 839).\\n62 Tigellinus and Poppaea become the\\nadvisers of Nero.\\n63 Turk. Armenia is annexed. The\\nParthian prince, Tiridates, is placed on\\nthe dependent throne. [81\u00c2\u00b1 Moesia In-\\nferior is made a province.]\\n64 July 18 1. Rome is burned; six\\ndays the fire continues, and consumes a\\nlarge part of the city. Soon after an-\\nother fire burns for three days.\\n64-78 Rome is rebuilt.\\n65 Rome. The conspiracy of C. Cal-\\npurnius Piso, the popular patrician,\\nagainst Nero, is discovered.\\nJudea. The Jews revolt.\\nRome is smitten with pestilence. [80.\\nAnother plague 10,000 perish daily.]\\n67 Gr. Nero visits Greece (p. 1029).\\n68 Revolts break out against Nero in\\nGaul, Spain, and among the legions on\\nthe Rhine. Sulpicius Galba, governor\\nof Hispania, is proclaimed and acknowl-\\nedged imperator. [June 9. Nero es-\\ncapes execution by committing suicide.]\\n68 Fr. Galba proclaimed (p.663).\\n68 June -69 Jan. Rome. Galba\\n(Servius Sulpicius Galba) reigns. He is\\nhated for his avarice, and is assassi-\\nnated by the revolting pretorians.\\n69 Jan. -Apr. Otho (Marcus SalviuB)\\nkills Galba, and reigns. He is defeated\\nby Vitellius, and commits suicide.\\nVitellius (Aulus), elevated by bis\\narmy, reigns eight months. He is de-\\nfeated by Vespasian, and put to death.\\n69-79 Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespa-\\nsianus) reigns. The legions on the Rhine\\nproclaim as emperor their leader, an\\nable general of humble origin. He moves\\nthe frontier camps near the Danube.\\n[69-71. Ger. The Batavians revolt.\\nMost of the Gallic tribes join it p. 662.]\\n70* Vespasian visits Greece. It is\\nagain reduced to a Roman province.\\n79-81 Titus (Titus Flavius Sabinus Ves-\\npasianus), son of Vespasian, reigns. [81,\\nAssassinated.]\\n79 Pliny is appointed questor of Anda-\\nlusia, Sp. [Celer, legate in Tarragona.]\\n81-96 Domitian (Titus Flavius Domiti-\\nanus Augustus), brother of Titus, reigns.\\n(84.) Envious of Agricola s success, he\\nrecalls him from Britain. (96. Sept. 18.)\\nMurdered by Stephauus, with the ap-\\nproval of Domitia, his wife(self-defense).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1075.jp2"}, "1076": {"fulltext": "1064 83,**-237,\\nITALY\\nARMY NAVY.\\n83 Ger. The Chatti war. Domitian\\nreturns without seeing Ms powerful foe,\\nbut indulges in a triumph.\\n86-90 Transyl. r A Dacian war.\\nDomitian is defeated by king Dece-\\nbalus, who compels him to pay yearly\\ntribute.\\n101-107 TransyL*- A Dacian war.\\n(101) Trajan reduces Dacia, and forces\\nDecebalus to cede territory.\\n102 Asia. Trajan defeats the Par-\\nthians.\\n105-107 Transyl.-\\\\- A Dacian war.\\nTrajan builds a stone bridge across the\\nDanube, crosses over, and conquers the\\ncountry.\\n115-117 Asia M. A Parthian war.\\nThe Romans drive Chosroes into Ar-\\nmenia, and hold his territory.\\n116* Asia. Trajan seizes Ctesiphon,\\nafter conquering SeU-uicia; lie sails down\\nthe Tigris to the Persian Gulf.\\n118 Rus. War with the Roxolani be-\\ntween the Don and Dnieper.\\n121 Eng. Hadrian s wall is built\\n(p. 839). He also completes the defen-\\nsive wall extending from the Rhine to\\nthe Danube in Germany (p. 768).\\n132-135 Judea. The Jews revolt.\\n[135. Subdued.]\\n145 Antonius armies are victorious\\nover the Moors, Germans, and Dacians.\\n162-165 Asia. A Parthian war.\\nThe dissipated Lucius Yerus, in nomi-\\nnal command, carries on the war by his\\nlegates, who conquer Artaxata, and de-\\nstroy Seleucia and Ctesiphon by fire.\\n166 War with the confederacy of Ger-\\nman tribes.\\nMarcus Aurelius resists their attacks\\n(p. 769). They besiege Aquileia [and\\nburn Opitergium. ISO. Bought off].\\n166-167 Asia. A vidius Cass i us con-\\ncludes the Parthian war.\\nX74 The Thundering- Legion\\nmake their escape from the invading\\nMarcomanni, after prayers have been\\noffered by Christians.\\nTransyl.+ Marcus Aurelius defeats\\nthe Goths in Dacia after three great\\nbattles they sue for peace.\\n175 Rome. Aurelius subdues the re-\\nbellion under Avidius Cassius.\\n189 Asia. The Saracens are success-\\nful in the East.\\n194 Turk. Severus besieges Byzan-\\ntium; he overthrows Niger, his rival,\\nat Issus. [197. Albinus also (p. 662).]\\n197 Asia. War with the Parthians.\\n214* Bavaria. The Alemanni revolt,\\nbut are subdued by Caracalla.\\n217 Asia. Macrinus is signally de-\\nfeated by the Parthians at Nisibis. [21S.\\nJune Again near Antioeh by the par-\\ntizans of Elagabalus.]\\n226 Mutinies occur because of the\\nemperor s strictness with the soldiers.\\n230 Asia. Parthians invade Syria.\\n232 Asia. The Romans are at war\\nwith the Persians. Alexander Severus\\ndefeats their army at Palmyra.\\n236* Fr.\u00c2\u00b1 The Alemanni cross the\\nRhine. [238. They are driven back by\\nMaximinus Thrax.]\\nThe invasion of the northern barba-\\nrians begins the Goths, Vandals, Alani,\\nand Suevi attack the empire.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n84 A Roman fleet circumnavigates\\nBritain, and discovers that it is an is-\\nland.\\n114 Rome. Trajan s Pillar, 127A feet\\nhigh, is executed by Apollodorus.\\nTrajan s Arch at Beneventum is\\nerected.\\n115* Trajan builds a bridge across\\nthe Danube length, 4770 feet.\\n117-138 Rome. Adrian erects the\\ndouble temple of Venus, a temple to\\nthe goddess Roma, the Athenseum,\\nand the magnificent villa at Tibur.\\n120+ Period of the Roman mosaics.\\n140+ The Ptolemaic system of as-\\ntronomy is introduced.\\nIt fixes the earth in the center of the\\nuniverse with the heavenly bodies re-\\nvolving round it.\\n175\u00c2\u00b1 Rome. The equestrian statue\\nto Marcus Aurelius is erected.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n86* Antoninus Pius. emp.,b. [161. D.J\\n100 Clement I., bishop of Rome, dies.\\n103+ JuBtin. St., the Martyr, philoso-\\npher, born. [165. Dies.]\\n115+ Ignatius, St., Theophorus, bishop of\\nAntioeh, martyred.\\n121 Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, em-\\nperor, born. [180. Dies.]\\n136* Pertinax, lieivius, emp., b. [193. D.]\\n145 Papinian, /Emilias, lawyer, born.\\n[212. Dies.]\\n146* Severus, Liu-ius Septimus, emperor,\\nborn. [211. Dies.]\\n150* Tertullian, Quintus Septimus Flo-\\nrens, church father, author, b. [230+. D.]\\n2d Century. Cadius, Aurelianus, physician, b.\\nCelsus, 1 latoniHl. philosopher, architect, b.\\n158* Gordianus I., Marcus Antonius, em-\\nperor, born. [238. Dies.]\\n161 Commodus. Lucius JEliUB Aurelius,\\nemperor, bor-n. [192. Dies.]\\n173* Maximums, emperor, born. [238. D.]\\n175 Avidius, Cassias, general, dies.\\n188* Caracalla, Marcus Aurelius Antoni-\\nnus, emperor, born. [217- Dies.]\\n189 Get a, I uhlius Septimius, emperor, b.\\n[212. Dies.]\\n193* Gordianus II., Marcus Antonius, em-\\nperor, born. [238. Dies.]\\n200 Tacitus, Marcus Claudius, emperor,\\nborn. [276. Dies.]\\n205 Alexander Severus, Marcus Aurelius,\\nemperor, born. [235. Dies.]\\n313* Aurelian, Claudius Lucius Valerius\\nDomitius, emperor, born. [275. Dies.]\\n314 Claudius, Marcus A ureli us, emperor,\\nborn. [270. Dies.]\\n333* Cams, Marcus Aurelius, emperor,\\nborn. [283. Dies.]\\n224* Gordianus III., Marcus Antonius Pius,\\nemperor, born. [244. Dies.]\\n230 Cecilia, St., martyr, dies.\\n333* Gallienus, I uhlius Licinius, emperor,\\nborn. [26*. Dies.]\\nCHURCH.\\n95 Rome. Second persecution of\\nChristians, under Domitian. [98. Tra-\\njan prohibits their assemblies.]\\n100* Rome. Third persecution.\\nTrajan persecutes Christians under an\\nedict issued against secret societies.\\n102 Pliny the Younger, proconsul in\\nBithynia, sends Trajan an account of\\nthe Christians.\\n110+ Christians first sign with a cross\\nto distinguish believers from pagans.\\n1 18 Rome. Persecution again breaks\\nout. Hadrian continues the persecution\\nof Christians.\\n120\u00c2\u00b1 Holy water is used by Chris-\\ntians.\\n130\u00c2\u00b1 Lent is observed as a fast for\\n40 days.\\n131 Judea. The Jews, led by Baro-\\nchab, revolt against Hadrian. [132+.\\nAbout 580,000 are killed and the remain-\\nder banished.]\\n135 Pope Sixtus I. first erects altars\\nin the churches.\\n146 Rome. Antoninus introduces the\\nworship of Serapis.\\n150 Rome. Justin Martyr presents\\nhis Apology for Christians to Antoninus.\\n[152. Their persecution ceases.]\\n152+ The Canon of Holy Scripture\\nis fixed.\\n154+ Rome. Bishop Hyginus is the\\nfirst to appoint sponsors (godfathers)\\nat baptism.\\n158 The Church is agitated by violent\\ndisputes respecting the time for observ-\\ning the Easter festival.\\n161-177 The fourth persecution;\\nChristians suffer under Aurelius.\\n167* Rome. [St.] Anicetns is pope.\\n[175, [St.] Soleras; 182, [St.] Klatherius;\\n193, [St.] Victor I.; 203, [St.] Zephyrinus;\\n221, [St.] Cahxtus L; 227, [St.] Urban I. 233,\\n[StOPontianus; 2:i*,[St.J Anterius; 240,[St.]\\nFabian; 254,[St. j Cornelius; 255, [St.] Lucius\\nI.; 257, [St.] Stephen I.; 261), [St.] Sixtus II.;\\n261, [St.] Dionvsius; 272, [St.] Felix 1.; 275,\\n[St.] Kutycluaiius; 2s^, [St.] Caius.]\\n169i The festivals of the martyrs\\nare instituted.\\n171 Asia M. The heresy of Monta-\\nnus, respecting two Holy Ghosts, arises.\\nFt. Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons, re-\\nfers to each of the Gospels by name.\\n196 Rome. Severus favors the Jews.\\n197-202 Fifth persecution of Chris-\\ntians by Severus.\\n202* Afr. Tertullian, a heathen, em-\\nbraces Christianity, and becomes aMon-\\ntanist he is a prolific writer.\\nClement of Alexandria, a Chris-\\ntian father and teacher, flourishes.\\nFr. Irenaeus is martyred (p. 662).\\nRome. The authority of the bishops\\nastical orriees are instituted.\\n214+ The churching of\\ngins by returning thanks after child-\\nbirth.\\n226 Maximinus kills many Chris-\\ntians, including Leonidas, Victor, Per-\\npetua, and Fehcitas.\\n235-238 Sixth persecution of the\\nChristians, under Maximinus.\\nLETTERS.\\n93 (or 94) Antiquities of the Jews, by\\nFlavius Josephus, appears.\\n98 The Ulpean library is established.\\nEducation is diffused in Roman\\nprovinces by public schools.\\n100\u00c2\u00b1 Martial writes 14 books of epi-\\nThe Satires of Juvenal appear.\\nIgnatius, bishop of Antioeh, author\\nof epistles, flourishes.\\nLucilius writes satires.\\n130+ Papias, bishop of Hierapolis in\\nPhrygia, writes Exposition of the Ora-\\ncles of the Jsord.\\nPtolemy devises the circles and\\nepicycles that distinguish his system.\\n228+ Athena^us 1 Deipnosophistse, or\\nBanquet of the Learned, is compiled.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1076.jp2"}, "1077": {"fulltext": "ROMAN EMPIRE.\\n83,\\n-237,\\n1065\\nSOCIETY.\\n86 The Capitoline Secular games\\nare celebrated with great magnificence\\n10,000 gladiators appear in contests.\\n90\u00c2\u00b1 Rome. Domitian adds gold and\\nscarlet to the colors green, blue, red,\\nand white, which distinguish the factions\\nin the circus.\\n92 The vestal Cornelia Maximiliana\\nis charged with incontinence, andburned.\\n103* Rome. Trajan celebrates his tri-\\numph over the Dacians 1,000 gladia-\\ntors fight for 123 days.\\n105+ Rome. Trajan establishes or-\\nphan houses.\\n115 Afr. The Jews, headed by one\\nAndras, put to death 100,000 Greeks and\\nRomans in and near Cyrene.\\n175* Rome. Marcus Aurelius cele-\\nbrates a triumph.\\n176 Commodus orders his wife Cris-\\npiana to be put to death, and takes in\\nher place Marcia, a concubine. He re-\\nquires his subjects to offer homage to\\nhim as Hercules.\\n193 Pertinax is murdered, after a\\nreign of two months, by the pretorians\\nwho enthroned him.\\n212 Caracalla murders his royal as-\\nsociate and half-brother Geta in his\\nmother s arms, while she attempts to\\nsave him he also kills thousands of his\\nadherents. He massacres many citizens\\nin Egypt.\\n218+ Elagabalus surrenders himself\\nto debauchery and cruelty he is mur-\\ndered by the pretorians because of his\\nenormities.\\nSTATE.\\n90\u00c2\u00b1 Ger. The Romans are constrained\\nto pay tribute to German tribes (p. 769).\\n96-98 Nerva (Marcus Cocceius Nerva)\\nreigns by authority of the Senate he is\\nupright, but enfeebled by age (64).\\n97-117 Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Tra-\\njanus) reigns. He subdues and annexes\\nDacia. Pontus becomes a prov-\\nince. (105. Arabia- Petrse a.\\nThe empire is extended to its largest limit,\\nand comprises Arabia, Armenia, Asia mi-\\nnor, Britain, Caucasus region in part, Cor-\\nsica, Crete, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Dacia, Dal-\\nmatia, Egypt, iaul, Greece, Italy, Macedonia,\\nMauretania, Ma-sia, Nuriniiii, N uraidia, Pan-\\nnonia, Ka-tia, Sardinia, Sicily, Spain, Syria,\\nThrace, Tunis, Western Germany.\\n98 Eng. Severus is military ruler.\\n101 Trajan refuses to pay further\\ntribute to the Dacians, and war follows.\\n107 Aust.+ Dacia is made a prov-\\nince. Many Roman colonists enter [Ro-\\nmanians]. (107.\u00c2\u00b1) Pannonia divided.\\n114* Asia. Armenia is made a Roman\\nprovince. [115. Mesopotamia and As-\\nsyria.]\\n117 Trajan dies in Cilicia while re-\\nturning from the Parthian war. He is\\nsucceeded by his nephew.\\n117-138 Hadrian (Publius JSlius Ha-\\ndrian us) reigns.\\nHe spends 13 years inspecting the prov-\\ninces, reforming abuses, and rebuilding\\ncities. He abandons some of the new\\nprovinces, leaving the Euphrates as the\\neastern boundary of the empire.\\n120 Fr. Hadrian begins his progress\\nthrough the Roman provinces by visit-\\ning Gaul (p. 663).\\nRome. Salvius Julianus, the jurist,\\ncommences the collection of the edicts\\nof the pretors.\\n132 Hadrian s perpetual code is pub-\\nlished, and jurisprudence is improved.\\nRome. Hadrian adopts T. Aurelius An-\\ntoninus, subject to a condition requiring\\nAntoninus to adopt in place of a son, M.\\nAnnius Verus, under the name of Marcus\\nAurelius. and also adopt L. Commodus, son\\nof the deceased Ca sar, L. iElius Verus.\\n138-161 Antoninus Pius (Titus Aure-\\nlius Antoninus Fulvus Boionius Arrius)\\nreigns.\\n138* Scot. Lollius Urbicus is gover-\\nnor of Caledonia. [140. He enlarges\\nthe Roman dominions. 161. Culphur-\\nnius Agricola is governor. 197. Vivius\\nLupus. J\\n158 A terrible plague spreads over\\nthe known world. [165. Plague in Na-\\nples 400,000 people die within six\\nmonths. 166. Plague and famine at\\nRome. 189. Rome again smitten.]\\n160 Antoninus sends an embassy to\\nChina.\\n161-180 Marcus Aurelius (Antoninus)\\nreigns.\\nHe repels the barbarian invaders.\\nLucius Verus, his brother by adoption,\\nis coregent until 169.\\n165+ Asia. A part of Mesopota-\\nmia is again made a Roman province.\\n175 Syria. Avidius Cassius, gov-\\nernor, revolts, and claims the imperial\\nthrone.\\n180* *Aust. The virtuous Marcus Aure-\\nlius dies at Vindobona [Vienna], and is\\nsucceeded by his degenerate son.\\n180-192 Commodus (Lucius iElius Au-\\nrelius) reigns.\\nHe payB tribute to the Germans for\\npeace, and intrusts the government\\nto his favorite Perennis and others\\nhe abandons himself to dissipation.\\nAust.i- The Goths enter Dacia;\\nCommodus purchases peace.\\n181+ Aust. Aquileia is colonized by\\nthe Romans.\\n183 Rome. Oleander, the corrupt\\nprime minister, once a Phrygian slave,\\nobtains great power.\\n189 Sp. The revolution of Mater-\\nnus is defeated by Caius Pescennius\\nNiger.\\n192 Dec. 31. Rome. Commodus is\\nstrangled by the athlete Narcissus, tool\\nof Marcia, the emperor s mistress, and\\nthe favorites Laatus and Eclectus.\\n193-284 Period of the imperators,\\nwho are chiefly elevated by the soldiers,\\nand also usually killed by them.\\n193 Jan. 1.+ HelviusPertinaxreigns.\\nThis venerable soldier is proclaimed\\nby the pretorian guards. [193. Mar.\\nuy lue pi ei Ui i.m guaiu:\\n28. Murdered by them.]\\n193 Mar. -June Julianus (Didius\\nSalvius) reigns.\\nHe is opposed by the legions, but buys\\nthe empire of the pretorians. He is\\nthe highest of several bidders. Put to\\ndeath by the Senate.\\n193-211 Severus (Lucius Septimus)\\nreigns.\\nHe is favored by the Illyrian guards,\\nand is recognized by the Senate, though\\nopposed by his rivals, Caius Pescennius\\nNiger in the East, and Clodius Albinus\\nin the West (p. 663). (194.) He crushes\\nNiger. (197.) Overthrows Albinus.\\n196* Niger, the pretender, is pro-\\nclaimed emperor.\\n203 Papinianus, the pretorian pre-\\nfect, improves the administration of\\njustice.\\n208* Eng. Caracalla rules (p. 841).\\nScot. Severus extends his conquests.\\n211 Eng. Severus dies at Eboracum\\n(York), and is succeeded by his two sons.\\n211-284 The empire is disturbed 23\\nemperors come to the throne 20 of them\\ndie violent deaths at the hands of muti-\\nnous soldiers, one dies in battle, one i:i\\nprison, and another of pestilence.\\n211-217 Rome. Caracalla (Marcus Au-\\nrelius Antoninus Bassianus) reigns.\\n(211) He murders Geta, his half-brother\\nand coregent, with thousands of his\\nfriends. He inspects the provinces bor-\\ndering on the Danube. He makes the\\nvilest persons his chief magistrates.\\nRoman citizenship is conferred upon\\nthe inhabitants of all the provinces, be-\\ncause of the increased revenue arising\\nfrom higher taxation as citizens, and\\nother sources.\\n212\u00c2\u00b1 Asia. Palmyra (Tadmor) be-\\ncomes a Roman colony.\\n216\u00c2\u00b1 Asia. Caracalla leads a plun-\\ndering expedition into Parthia. [217.\\nApr. 8. Killed by one of his soldiers.]\\n217 Rome. Macrinus (Marcus Ope-\\nlius) reigns.\\nAs prefect of the guards he instigated\\nthe assassination of Caracalla, and is\\nconfirmed by the Senate he purchases\\npeace of the Parthians. [218. He is\\nkilled by his soldiers in Cappadocia.J\\n218-222 Elagabalus reigns.\\nA priest of the sun-god at Emesa in Syria^\\nand the alleged son of Caracalla (his first\\ncousin), is proclaimed imperator, when 14\\nyears of age, by the soldiers. The govern-\\nment is conducted by the emperor s mother\\nand grandmother, while be surrenders him-\\nself to infamous debauchery and cruelty.\\nMurdered by the pretorianB.\\n222-235 Alexander Severus (Marcus\\nAurelius) reigns.\\nHe rules under the excellent counsel\\nof two distinguished jurists, Domitius\\nUlpianus and Julius Paullus. (235) He\\nis assassinated by soldiers on the Rhine.\\n222 The Romans pay the Goths an\\nannual tribute for exemption from their\\nincursions.\\n235-238 Maximinus Thrax (Maximin\\nCaius Julius Verus), a Thracian, reigns.\\nHe is elevated by the soldiers, and\\nnoted for his great size and strength.\\n(238. May He is assassinated by his\\nsoldiers near Aquileia.\\n237-238 Six emperors perish during\\nthe course of a few months.\\n237* Afr. Gordianus revolts agianst\\nthe cruelty of Maximinius.\\n237-238 Rome. Gordianua I. (Marcus\\nAntonius) reigns for two months.\\nHe is proclaimed by the legions in Africa\\nin opposition to Maxiininus, ami is confirmed\\nby the Senate; he appoints his son, Marcus\\nAntonius Gordianus II., coregent. The son\\nis defeated and lulled in battle and the\\nfather commits suicide.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1077.jp2"}, "1078": {"fulltext": "1066 237,* *-312,*\\nITALY\\nARMY WAVY.\\n237 Afr. The prefect Capellianus,\\ngovernor of Mauretania, defeats Gordi-\\nanus I. and his son in battle.\\n238 Fr. The Franks ravage Gaul\\n(pp. 663, 768).\\n244 Asia. Gordianus HI. defeats\\nthe Persians under Sapor.\\n244-268 The Alemanni and Franks\\nsweep over Gauland Spain, and descend\\non the coasts of Africa (p. 76S).\\n244 Ger. The Franks are repulsed\\nat Mogautiacuin [Mentz].\\n249 Philip is defeated and killed by\\nthe revolting legions in Verona.\\n250 Goths invade the empire (p. 76S).\\n251 Turk. Decius defeats Goths.\\nWest Goths and East Goths ravage\\nGermany (p. 768). Macedonia (p. 102S).\\n253 Asia M. The Goths make more\\ndestructive raids ravage seaports.\\n254 Valerian and his son defeat the\\nFranks in Gaul, the Alemanni in North-\\nern Italy, and the Goths on the Danube.\\n260* Asia. Persians under King Sapor\\ndefeat the Romans at Edessa. Valerian\\nis taken prisoner, his body used as a\\nhorse-block. [He is flayed alive.]\\n261 Sapor captures Antioch, Tarsus,\\nand Coesarea; he penetrates Europe as\\nfar as Ravenna, Italy. [263. He is\\ndriven back by Odenathus.]\\n262 Gr. The Goths take Athens.\\n[Corinth, Argus, and Sparta are sacked.]\\nSp. Posthumus defeats the Franks.\\n267 Gr. Goths and Scythians are\\ndefeated by Cleodamus and Athenians.\\n268 Mar. 24. Claudius II. defeats the\\nAlemanni of Southwest Germany, and\\nbecomes Germanicus.\\n269 Servia. Claudius II. utterly de-\\nfeats an immense army of 320,000 Goths\\nand Alemanni at Naissus [Nish],\\nMoesia 50,000\u00c2\u00b1 Goths perish.\\nHome. Aurelian begins the erection\\nof the new wall, which includes the en-\\nlarged imperial city. [276. Completed.]\\n272 Asia. Aurelian defeats Queen\\nZenobia at Antiochia and Edessa, and\\ncarries her to Rome. [273. He conquers\\nTadmor [Palmyra], and executes Lon-\\nginus, Greek philosopher and minister to\\nZenobia. He reconquers Egypt.]\\n274 Aurelian reduces to obedience\\nFrance, Spain, and Britain. He captures\\nTetricus, the pretender and usurper in\\nChalons, France.\\n275* Asia M. Tacitus defeats the\\nAlani, invaders of Pontus.\\n276 Probus defeats Florian. He re-\\npulses a raid of Franks and Alemanni.\\n278-285 Fr. Probus conducts cam-\\npaigns against the German tribes.\\nHe kills 400,000, and recovers 70 towns.\\nHedrives hack the Franks, Burgundians,\\nAlemanni, and Vandals, across the\\nRhine he strengthens the wall between\\nthe Rhine and Danube (p. 769).\\n280* Probus enrolls many German\\nmercenaries, and employs soldiers in\\nplanting vineyards, building roads,\\ndraining marshes, and making canals.\\n283 Asia. Carus defeats the Sarma-\\ntians, and afterward captures Ctesiphon.\\n292 Egy. Achilleus leads a revolt.\\n[298. Diocletian takes Alexandria, and\\nthe revolt is subdued.]\\n296 Eng. Constantius I. defeats\\nthe Ficts, and restores Britain to Rome.\\nHe defeats the Alemanni in Germany.\\nAsia. Galerius Valerius Maximums\\nis defeated by the Persians. [297. He\\ndefeats the Persians under N arses.]\\n306 Constantine [the Great] defeats\\ninvading Franks and Bructeri. [310.\\nAgain.]\\n310 War occurs between the rival\\nemperors, Maxentius and Constantine.\\n312 Constantine defeats Maxentius\\nat Susa, Turin, and Verona.\\nOct. 27. Constantine defeats Augustus\\nMaxentius at Saxa Rubra, near Rome,\\nhaving the sign of the cross on his ban-\\nners, In hoc signo vinces.\\nThe pretorian guard is broken up\\nby Constantine because of its lawless\\nviolence and political abuses.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n280+ Diocletian builds a palace at\\nSpalatro.\\n291 Home. An eclipse of the sun\\ncauses total darkness at midday. (Livy.)\\n306 Rome. The original St. Peter s\\nChurch is erected by Constantine.\\n312 Home. The Appian Way com-\\nmenced by Appius Claudius Cseus con-\\nnects with Capua.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n245 Diocletian, Cains A ureliua Valerius,\\nemperor, born. [313. Dies.]\\n250 Constantius I., Flavius Valerius Chlo-\\nrus, emperor, burn. [306. Dies.]\\n251 Deeius, Cains Messius (juintUB Tra-\\njanus, emperor, dies.\\n253 Gallus, Caius Vibius Trebonianus,\\nemperor, dies.\\n258 Cyprian, Thascius CffiCilius, bishop\\nof Carthage, dies.\\n269 Valerian, Publius Aurelius Licinius,\\nemperor, dies.\\n272 Feb. Constantine I., the Great, Fla-\\nvius Valerius Aurelius, emperor, born.\\n[337. May 22. D.]\\n282\u00c2\u00b1 Probus, Marcus Aurelius,emperor, d.\\n296\u00c2\u00b1 Altranasius. patriarch of Alexan-\\ndria, born. [373. D.]\\n303+ Agnes, St., martyr, A 13.\\nMaximianus, Marcus Aurelius Valerius, em-\\nperor, dies.\\n311 Galerius, Caius Valerius Maximianus,\\nemperor, dies.\\n312 Constantine II., Flavius Claudius,\\nemperor, born. [340. Dies.]\\nCHURCH.\\n244\u00c2\u00b1 Dionysius, patriarch of Alex-\\nandria, is elected.\\n248* Afr. St. Cyprian is chosen\\nbishop o*f Carthage.\\n249\u00c2\u00b1 Rome. The Emperor Philippus\\nbecomes a Christian in secret.\\n249-250 The seventh persecution\\nDecius is more bloody than his prede-\\ncessors Pope Fabian is martyred.\\n250\u00c2\u00b1 Monasticism appears in the re-\\ntirement of Paul Thebias to the deserts\\nof Egypt to escape persecution.\\nThe doctrine of purgatory becomes\\nconspicuous.\\nSp. Churches are established at\\nLeon, Elvira, and other towns.\\n251 Rome. Novatian becomes the\\nfirst anti-pope.\\nHe is a strict disciplinarian, and founds\\nthe Novatians, who deny restoration to\\nbelievers who have lapsed during perse-\\ncution.\\nThe churches of Rome and Africa dis-\\npute respecting the baptism of heretics.\\n253\u00c2\u00b1* Egy. Origen, a presbyter of Al-\\nexandria, the greatest luminary of the\\nage in which he lived, is martyred.\\n257-260 Eighth persecution Valerian\\ndestroys Christians. Pope [St.] Sixtus\\nII. and [St.] Laurence suffer death.\\n260 Sabelliusof Africa is condemned\\nas a heretic.\\nHe teaches but one person in the god-\\nhead, having three different names.\\nPaul of Samasata is made bishop of\\nAntioch.\\nHis followers are called Paulians\\nthey deny the divinity of Christ and\\nthe doctrine of the Holy Trinity.\\n261 Pers. The Manieheans arise.\\nManes teaches the two principles of\\nlight and darkness, rejects the Old Tes-\\ntament, and approves dogmas taught by\\nancient fire-worshipers. [277. He is\\nburned alive by the King of Persia.]\\n270 (Feb. 14.) Rome. [St.] Valentine,\\na Roman bishop (or presbyter), is be-\\nheaded by Claudius. Noted for his love.\\n274 Ninth persecution Aurelian\\nbriefly persecutes the Church.\\n283+ Religious ceremonies in the\\nchurches increase. Many pagan rites\\nare imitated.\\n284 Aug. 29. The Age of Diocletian\\nbegins called the Era of the Martyrs.\\n286\u00c2\u00b1 The Thebean Legion, com-\\nposed of Christians under [St.] Maurice,\\nsubmits to martyrdom rather than to\\nsacrifice to the gods.\\nEgy. The heresy of Hierax pre-\\nvails his followers are called Absti-\\nnents.\\n296 Monks abound in Spain and\\nEgypt.\\nRome. [St.] Marcellinus is pope.\\n[304, [St] Marcellus I. 309, [St.] Eusebius,\\n311, [St.] Mfb-luadea; 314, [St.] Sylvester I.;\\n337, [St.] Marcus; 341, [St.] Julius I.; 352;\\n[St.] Liberius; 3i 3, St. Felix II.; 366, [St.]\\nDamasus; 3K4, [St.] Siricius; 3\u00c2\u00bb9, [St.] Anas-\\ntaaius.]\\n300 Controversies occur concerning\\nthe use of images in worship.\\nArmenia. The Greek church is es-\\ntablished.\\n302-313 The tenth and last persecu-\\ntion occurs it is the severest of all.\\nDiocletian issues an edict against\\nChristians he prohibits divine worship\\nhouses are filled with Christians and\\nburned. Many are cast into the sea.\\nAfr. Arnobius, a Latin father and\\neloquent apologist, flourishes.\\n304* *Egy. An edict is issued against\\nChristians and Jews.\\n305* Egy. [St.] Anthony is the\\nfounder of a regular monasticism.\\nMonks inhabit caves and desolate places.\\nSp. The provincial council of Elvira\\nforbids the nuptial intercourse of priests\\nafter consecration.\\n306 Constantius stops persecution.\\n311 Immersion is practised (p. 1028)..\\n311\u00c2\u00b1 Egy. Arius of Alexandria is\\nordained a priest.\\n[He becomes the founder of Arianism,.\\na heresy denying the divinity of Christ,.\\ncreating the greatest schism of the\\nChurch before the Reformation. 321.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1078.jp2"}, "1079": {"fulltext": "ROMAN EMPIRE.\\n237, **-312,\\n106T\\nExcommunicated. 325. Views condemned\\nby the Council of Nice.]\\nAfr. The Donatists arise at Carthage\\nas opposers of the extreme reverence\\npaid to the relics of martyrs they claim\\nto he the only true church.\\nLETTERS.\\n280\u00c2\u00b1 The first treatise on optics is\\nwritten by Euclid.\\n290\u00c2\u00b1 The Gregorian and Hermo-\\nginian codes are published.\\n310+ iElius Spartianus, Julius Capi-\\ntolinus,Vulcacius Gallicanus/Xrebellius\\nPollio, iElius Lampridius, and Flavius\\nVolpiscus write The Augustan History.\\nSOCIETY.\\n248 Rome. The Secular games are\\nrestored by the Emperor Pbilippus.\\n249 Philip is assassinated by his\\nown soldiers his son Philip is murdered\\nat the same time while in his mother s\\narms.\\n251 Hostillius and his son Volusianus\\nare both killed by mutinous soldiers.\\n302 Valentinian is murdered by Ar-\\nbogast, one of his officers.\\nSTATE.\\n238 Home. The Senate elects two\\nsenators, Pupienus Maximus and Caslius\\nBalbinus, as augusti in opposition to\\nMaximinus. The Senate adds soon after\\nthe young (13) grandson of Gordianus I.\\nat the demand of the people.\\n238 Home. The pretorians murder\\nthe two augusti, leaving the grandson of\\nGordianus I. to reign alone.\\n238-244 Rome. Gordianus LEI. (Mar-\\ncus Antonius Pius) reigns.\\n240 Afr. A revolt arises.\\n242 Fr. Vandals appear (p. 663).\\n243* Rome. The emperor accepts\\nPhilip the Arabian as coregent on the\\ndemand of the soldiers. [244. Gordi-\\nanus III. is murdered.]\\n244-249 Rome. Philip, the Arabian\\n(Marcus Julius Philippus), reigns.\\nPeace is made with the Persians under\\nSapor.\\n249 The army revolts against Philip.\\n249-251 Decius (Caius Messius Quintus\\nTrajanus) reigns.\\nHe is compelled by the Mcesian and\\nPannonian legions to assume the purple,\\nand march against Philip I., when sent\\nby Philip to quell their mutiny.\\n250\u00c2\u00b1 Ger. The East Goths appear\\n(p. 768.) [251. They kill Decius. 252.\\nInvade Greece.] (P. 1028.)\\n251-253 Rome. Gallus (Caius Vibius\\nTrebonianus) reigns with Hostilianus,\\nson of Decius, as his colleague. He\\ncauses the death of Hostilianus (p. 1029).\\n251 *The Huns appear near the Cas-\\npian Sea.\\n253* Rome. JEmilianus, the conqueror\\nof the Goths, deposes Gallus, reigns\\nfour months, and is killed by soldiers.\\n253-260 Rome. Valerian (Publius Au-\\nrelius Licinius Valerianus) reigns.\\nThe legions in Gaul and Germania\\nmake him emperor. (253.) He appoints\\nhis son Gallienus his colleague. (260.)\\nCaptured by the Persians. (268\u00c2\u00b1.) Exe-\\ncuted.\\n255 Prus. Gallienus holds his court\\nat Treviri [Treves].\\n259+ Fr.+- Posthumus establishes a\\nprovincial empire in Gaul. [272. Ends.]\\n260-268 Rome. Gallienus (Publius\\nLicinius Valerianus Egnatius) reigns\\nalone.\\nNumerous aspirants and many pre-\\ntenders claim the throne central au-\\nthority is paralyzed, and confusion\\nabounds in all provinces period of the\\nthirty tyrants.\\n267-274 Tetricus in Gaul and Spain\\nmaintains some pretensions to imperial\\nauthority.\\nGallienus recognizes Odenathus,\\nPrince of Palmyra, as colleague for the\\nEast, after having driven the Persians\\nout of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Asia\\nMinor.\\n266 Asia. Queen Zenobia is regent\\nin Palmyra after the murder of Odena-\\nthus, for her young son Vaballathus.\\nShe receives the province of Egypt.\\n268 Caius Aureolus, the usurper, is\\nput to death. Gallienus is murdered\\nby Claudius.\\n268-270 Rome. Claudius II. (Marcus\\nAurelius Claudius Gothieus) reigns. He\\nis enthroned by the soldiers.\\n270-275 Rome. Aurelian (Claudius\\nLucius Valerius Domitius Aurelianus)\\nreigns.\\nHe is enthroned by the army in Illyr-\\nicum Quintillus is elected emperor by\\nthe senate. The Danube becomes the\\nboundary of the empire. He is a great\\nsoldier.\\n270i Bulgaria. Roman colonists\\nof Dacia are transported to Mcesia.\\n271-274 Aurelian reconquers the\\nEast, Egypt, and subdues Gaul, Spain,\\nand Britain. The Senate calls him the\\nrestorer of the Koman Empire.\\n273* Syria. Firmus revolts, seizes\\nAlexandria, and assumes royal power.\\n275 Turk. Aurelian is murdered\\nnear Byzantium. An interregnum of\\nsix months follows.\\nSept. 25-276 Apr. 13. Rome. Tacitus\\n(Marcus Claudius) reigns. He is en-\\nthroned by the army and election of the\\nSenate. (276.) Dies at Tarsus, Cilicia.\\n276 Rome. Florian (Marcus Flori-\\nanus), the brother of Tacitus, makes a\\nfruitless effort to secure the throne he\\nis killed by his soldiers.\\n276-282 Rome. Probus (Marcus Au-\\nrelius) reigns (p. 769).\\n(282.) Killed by mutinous soldiers who\\nare required to serve as laborers (p. 1029).\\n282-283 Rome. Carus (Marcus Aure-\\nlius) reigns.\\nA prefect, enthroned by the army, ap-\\npoints his sons, Carinus and Numeri-\\nanus, cassars, and later augusti. (283.)\\nHe is billed by lightning and is suc-\\nceeded by his sons.\\n284 Rome. Marcus Aurelius Nume-\\nrianus and Marcus Aurelius Carinus\\nreign. Numerianus is an orator and a\\npoet he is murdered by his father-in-\\nlaw when returning from the East.\\nCarinus is compelled to yield to Diocle-\\ntian, who is chosen by the army in Asia.\\n284-305 Diocletian (Caius Aurelius\\nValerius Diocletianus) reigns.\\nHe establishes an oriental form of\\ngovernment, having an hereditary mon-\\narchy, and with csesars nominated as co-\\nrulers. He divides the empire into\\neastern and western. (285.) He rules\\nthe East from Nicomedia. (286.) He\\nmakes Maximian his colleague to rule\\nthe West from Mediolanum [Milan].\\n285\u00c2\u00b1 Diocletian sends ambassadors\\nto China.\\n286-305 Rome. Maximian (Marcus\\nAurelius Valerius Maximianus) Hercu-\\nlius reigns. Resigns. [306-308. Resumes.]\\n287 -r Eng. Marcus Aurelius Valerius\\nCarausius leads a successful revolt for\\nseven years.\\nBarbarians attack the empire in the\\nnorth. Tyrants usurp several of the\\nprovinces. Pranks from Thrace settle\\nin Gaul.\\n291* Fr. The Franks assume au-\\nthority in Batavia and Flanders.\\n292 Mar. 1. Partition of the empire.\\nDiocletian appoints two more colleagues as\\ncresars. (1) Cotistantius Chlorus receives\\nthe government of Gaul, Britain, and Spain;\\ncapital, Treves. (2) Maximum, his father-\\nin-law, has Italy, Africa, and Sicily; capital,\\nMilan. (3) Galerius, son-in-law of Diocle-\\ntian, receives lllyrieum and the Danubian\\ncountries, including Macedonia and Greece\\ncapital, Sirmium. (4) Diocletian has Thrace,\\nEgypt, Syria, and Asia; capital, Nicomedia.\\n293 Sp. Galerius Valerius Maximin\\nvisits Spain.\\n292 Egy. Egyptians revolt (p. 655).\\nThe Romans reconquer Armenia, Mes-\\nopotamia, and Assyria.\\n296* Eng. Britain is restored to\\nRome by Constantius.\\n297* Asia. Galerius extends the\\nboundary of the empire to the Tigris-\\n305-323 Period of internal conflict.\\n305 Diocletian compels Maximian\\nto resign he also abdicates. Constan-\\ntius and Galerius become augusti.\\nRome. Severus and Maximinus are\\nappointed to the rank of csesars the\\nfirst having Italy and Africa, and the\\nother having Syria and Egypt.\\n306 Eng. Constantius dies at York.\\n306-312 Constantine [the Great] be-\\ncomes ca9sar, having the government of\\nGaul, Spain, and Britain.\\n306-312 Rome. Maxentius (Marcus\\nAurelius Valerius) reigns.\\nHe is chosen imperator by the preto-\\nrians bis father, Maximian, reassumes\\nthe dignity of coregent or augustus.\\nThe empireis now under six rulers, three\\naugusti, Galerius, Maxentius, and Max-\\nimian, and three ca^sars, Constantine,\\nSeverus, and Maximinus.\\n307 Severus is put to death by Max-\\nentius at Ravenna.\\nGalerius appoints Licinius (Caius Fla-\\nvius Valerius Licinianus) as colleague\\nand augustus to fill the vacancy. Con-\\nstantine (Flavius Valerius Aurelius\\nConstantinus) assumes the title augus-\\ntus, making six rulers of that dignity.\\n310 The rival rulers struggle for su 7\\npremacy, and Maximian is defeated in\\nMassilia. Because of defeat in a con-\\nspiracy against Constantine his father-\\nin-law, Maximian commits suicide. [313^\\nGalerius, defeated, perishes in the flight.)", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1079.jp2"}, "1080": {"fulltext": "1068 312,**-401,\\nITALY\\nARMY NAVY.\\n314 Apr. Asia M. Licinius, the em-\\nperor of the East, decisively defeats\\nMaximin at Heraclea.\\n315 Oct. 8. Turk. Constantine defeats\\nLicinius, the rival emperor in Thrace,\\nand compels him to cede Illyricum, Ma-\\ncedonia, and Achaia to the Western Em-\\npire. [323. July 3. Again decisively\\n(p. 1024). Sept. IS. Asia M. Again de-\\nfeated at Chrysopolis. He surrenders in\\nNicomedia, and is cruelly murdered.]\\n331 Asia. Sapor II. renews the war,\\nand is defeated by Constantine.\\n334 S. Rus. The revolt of 300,000\\nSarmatian slaves is suppressed. [They\\nare scattered over the empire.]\\n340* Aust. Constantine II. is defeated\\nby Constans, and falls near Aquileia.\\n350-359 Fr. Julian conducts war in\\nGermany against the Alemanni and Ri-\\npuarian Franks (pp. 502, 662).\\n351 Aust. Constantius II. defeats\\nMagnentius, the usurper, on the Drave\\n[he escapes capture by suicide]. He also\\ncrushes Vetranio. another usurper.\\n4th Century. Apulia is conquered by the\\nRomans.\\n362-363 Asia. War with Persia.\\n(363.) Julian leads an expedition\\nagainst Sapor II., and is defeated, (June\\n26.) Killed by an arrow.\\n366 Asia. The army of Valens, led\\nby Sallust, defeats and kills Procopius,\\nhis rival.\\n367 Turk. The Goths are defeated\\nnear the Hellespont (p. 102S).\\n368-370 War with the Goths. It ends\\nin an agreement not to cross the Danube.\\n371 Ger. Valentinian I. and Severus\\ndefeat the Alemanni, and strengthen\\nthe frontier against the Huns and Alani.\\n378 Aug. 9. Turk: A horde of Goths,\\nrevolting under Frithigern, defeat Va-\\nlens. [They ravage the country, and ad-\\nvance to Constantinople.] (P. 1028).\\n382\u00c2\u00b1 Theodosius I. makes a success-\\nful campaign among the West Goths.\\n383 Fr. Maximus removes his army\\nfrom Britain to Gaul (p. 662).\\n388 June* Aust. Theodosius I. de-\\nfeats Maximus. Also Eugenius (p. 1028).\\nFr. The Franks, having utterly de-\\nfeated Quintinius, follow up their victory\\nby invading Gaul.\\n394 Alaric, King of the West Goths,\\nfirst appears in history. [395. Desolates\\nMacedonia. 396. Takes Athens. He is\\ndriven out of the Peloponnesus by Fla-\\nvius Stilicho (p. 1030).]\\nAust. Theodosiusl., aided by Alaric\\nI., defeats Arbogast and Eugenius, two\\nusurpers, at the Frigidus, near Aquileia\\nhe becomes sole emperor.\\n400 Aust. Alaric first invades\\nItaly, bringing the families, wagons, and\\ntreasures of his people. He wins a vic-\\ntory at Aquileia, and crosses the Po.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n330-900 Home. The Basilicas are\\nerected.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n320* Constans I., Flavius Julius, emperor,\\nborn. [350. Dies.]\\n321* Valentinian I.,emp.,b. [375. Dies.]\\n328* Helena, Flavia Julia, St., dies.\\nValens, Flavins, emperor, b. [378. D.]\\n330* Aminianus, Maroellinus, historian, b.\\n[375. Dies.]\\nJovianus, Flavins Claudius, emperor, born.\\n[364. Dies.]\\n340\u00c2\u00b1 Ambrose. St.. bishop of Milan, au-\\nthor, born. [397. Dies.]\\nJerome. St., church father, b. [420. D.]\\n346* Theodosius, Flavius, emperor, born\\n[395. Dies.]\\n354 Nov. 13. Augustine. St., Christian\\nfather, born. [430. Aug. 28. Dies.]\\n359* Gratian, emperor, born. [383. D.]\\n371+ Valentinian II.. einp.,b. [392. D.]\\n394 Arbogast or Arbogasles, general, d.\\n396 Aetlus, general, born. [454. Dies.]\\nCHURCH.\\n312+ Constantine [the Great] is con-\\nverted.\\nThe vision of the shining cross appears\\nIn hoc signo vinces. [He becomes the\\nprotector of Christians.]\\nEgy. The Coptic Bible is written.\\n313 Jan. Constantine and Licinius\\nstop the persecution of Christians.\\nChristianity is favored by the state at\\nthe expense of paganism. (1028.)\\n314 Constantine makes gifts of land\\nto Pope Sylvester I., laying the founda-\\ntion of the temporal power. Apoc-\\nryphal, Cyc. Bib. Literature.)\\nAsia M. The provincial synod of An-\\ncyraallows marriage to deacons (priests)\\nonly when stipulated before ordination.\\nThe bishops of York and London,\\nEngland, are appointed.\\nFr. A council of the Church meets at\\nAries to suppress the Donatists.\\nThe Donatian controversy respect-\\ning the fallibility of the Church is very\\nbitter.\\nSurplices are first worn.\\n316 Afr. Donatus is elected bishop\\nof Cartliage by the Donatists.\\n318* *The Greek Church is founded\\nin Georgia or Iberia.\\n321 Mar. 7. Constantine I. issues the\\nfirst civil law for the observance of\\nSunday, combining it with that of the\\nseventh day and other festivals.\\n325 June 19-Aug. 25. Asia M. The\\nfirst ecumenical council at Nice (p.\\n1028). The Nicene (Anti-Arian) creed is\\nadopted. The celebration of Easter is\\nordained. The title metropolitan is given\\nto certain bishops. Celibacy of priests\\nis rejected. (The latter is disputed.)\\nJudea. The Empress Helena erects\\na cruciform church at Bethlehem to\\nmark the place of the Saviour s birth.\\n328 May 28. Jerusalem. The Empress\\nHelena claims to find the true cross.\\nPilgrimages begin with her journey.\\n330 Heathen temples are destroyed\\n(p. 1028).\\n335 Council of Tyre the doctrine\\nof Athanasius is considered.\\n337 Fgy. Athanasius (Anti-Arian)\\nis restored (p. 654). 341. Again deposed,\\nhe goes to Rome. 342. Declared inno-\\ncent. 349. Restored. 353-355. Con-\\ndemned by council. 363. Restored.\\n337\u00c2\u00b1 Christians invoke saints, rever-\\nence the cross, and burn incense in wor-\\nship.\\n339* Constantinople. Eusebius, a lead-\\ning Arian, is elected bishop.\\n340* Egy. Pachronius builds a large\\nmonastery on an island in the Nile.\\n[Others soon follow.]\\n341* *Ulfilas is consecrated Arian\\nbishop of the West Goths.\\nConstantine forbids pagan sacri-\\nfices. Macedonius is elected bishop\\nbloody opposition occurs (p. 1028).\\nPublic churches are erected.\\n342* Rome. Pope Julius calls a synod,\\nand declares Athanasius innocence.\\n[Athanasius introduces monasticism.]\\n346* Abyssinia. Frumentius preaches\\nto the natives.\\n347 Asia M. The council at Sardis,\\nLydia, is attended by 370 bishops it\\ncondemns the Arians.\\n351 [St.] Cyril is chosen bishop of\\nJerusalem. [35S. Deposed. 380\u00c2\u00b1. Re-\\nstored.]\\n353 Constans persecutes the Jews.\\n355* Constantius II. enthrones Felix\\nII. as anti-pope, after having exiled\\nLiberius. [Felix restored.]\\n4th Century. The Apostles Creed is\\nformulated. The cathedral of Ravenna\\nis founded.\\nThe heated Nestorian controversy\\nrespecting the dual nature of Christ\\npushes the orthodox to increase the hon-\\nors given to the Virgin Mary.\\n356+ Rome. [St.] Hilary, bishop of\\nRome, claims preeminence for his see.\\nThe Athanasian Creed is formu-\\nlated, declaring the procession of the\\nHoly Ghost from both the Father and\\nthe Son. [Author unknown.]\\n359 The Council at Rimini, having 400\\nbishops present, adopts a new confession\\nof faith.\\nConstantinople. The [first] church of\\nSt. Sophia is dedicated.\\nJerusalem. Julian [the Apostate] fails\\nin an attempt to rebuild the temple.\\nFr. The first convent (p. 6G2).\\n361\u00c2\u00b1 The Emperor Julian renounces\\nChristianity. [3G3. He favors the\\nJews.]\\n366\u00c2\u00b1 Beads are used in reckoning\\nprayers.\\nThe emperor favors the Arians the\\northodox Christians suffer opposition.\\nRome. Ursicimas is anti-pope.\\nAgapae, or love feasts, are forbidden\\nby the Council of Laodicea because of\\ndisorderly conduct. [390. By the Coun-\\ncil of Carthage.]\\n370 Asia M. [St.] Basil [the Great]\\nis elected bishop of Caesarea.\\n372 The Bible is translated into lan-\\nguage of the Goths by Ulfilas.\\n374_397 [St.] Ambrose is archbishop\\nof Milan.\\n379* Rome. The prerogatives of the\\nHoly See are greatly enlarged.\\nTheodosius, having recovered from ill-\\nness, zealously supports the Orthodox\\nChurch.\\n380 Sp. A church council is held\\nat Saragossa.\\n381 July 9. Constantinople. Third\\ngeneral council (p. 1029).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1080.jp2"}, "1081": {"fulltext": "ROMAN EMPIRE.\\n312,\\n401,\\n1069\\n384 Home, The Senate discusses the\\ncomparative merits of Christianity and\\npaganism, aud decides in favor of the\\nformer. [St.] Ambrose pleads for Chris-\\ntianity, and Symmaehus for paganism.\\nHome. [St.] Jerome collects and\\nprepares the Vulgate Bible.\\n385 Fr. Priscillian, a Spanish eccle-\\nsiastic, founder of Priscillianists (gnos-\\nticism and Christianity), is beheaded as\\na heretic at Treves by the emperor.\\nPope Siricius uses title of pope (papa).\\nHe decides that priests are not allowed\\nto marry. Celibacy is established.\\n389* Egy. Christianity is supreme\\n(p. 654).\\nConstantinople. Theodosi us abolishes\\nthe holy Eleusinian Mysteries.\\n390i [St.] Jerome introduces the use\\nof hallelujah and amen in Christian\\nworship.\\nAugustine and Ambrose com-\\npose Te Deum as a song of praise.\\nThe Emperor Theodosius is expelled\\nfrom the church for his cruelty by Am-\\nbrose, the archbishop of Milan.\\n392 Theodosius issues an edict for the\\nsuppression of idolatry.\\n394\u00c2\u00b1 The mass is first celebrated.\\n396* Tunis. [St.] Augustine is chosen\\nbishop of Hippo, Africa.\\n397 Constantinople. [St.] Chrysos-\\ntom is chosen patriarch (p. 1030).\\n400\u00c2\u00b1 Litanies are first used in\\nprocessions.\\nRome. Pelagianism, rejecting origi-\\nnal sin and foreordination.is introduced\\nby Pelagius, a Briton. [418. Banished\\nfrom Italy.]\\nLETTERS.\\n367 Epiphanius, bishop of Constan-\\ntius in Cyprus, writes Panarium, against\\n1 Heliodorus, bishop of Tricca in\\ny, writes JZthiopica, relating to\\nthe loves of Theagenes and Charicleia.\\n[It is the first known romance.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n323* Constantinople. The splendor of\\nthe court of Constantine I. exceeds the\\ncost of the legions.\\n324* Constantine, I. puts to death\\nhis eldest son Crispus, and one of his\\nnephews thro ugh the plotting of Fausta,\\nhis wife, who is herself executed at last.\\n325 Constantine I. in the East sup-\\npresses gladiatorial combats in pub-\\nlic theaters.\\n334* *A revolt of 300,000 Sarmatian\\nslaves is suppressed.\\n362 Gr. The Emperor Julian revives\\nthe Isthmian games.\\nRome. Hospitals for travelers, the\\nindigent, and the sick, are founded hv\\nJulian.\\n364 Rome. Marriage is forbidden in\\nLent.\\n387 Rome. The Capitoline games\\nare instituted.\\n393 Polygamy is forbidden by the\\nEmperor Arcadius.\\n394* Constantinople. The festival of\\nthe Olympic games is abolished by\\nTheodosius.\\n313 Constantine and Liciniua (who\\nmarried Constantia, the emperor s sis-\\nter) enter an alliance.\\n313-323 Constantine and Liciniua\\nrule the empire the former in the East,\\nand the latter in the West.\\n323-337 Constantine sole emperor (p.\\n1029).\\n323-353 The empire is again united\\nunder a sole ruler.\\n330 May 11. Turk. Byzantium (Con-\\nstantinople) is dedicated by Constantine\\nas the new capital of the empire.\\nThe empire is rearranged, having four great\\nprefectures, Oriens, lllyricum orientate,\\nItalia, Gallia these are divided into 13 dio-\\nceses, and these again into 116 provinces.\\n337 Partition of the empire.\\nConstantino s three sons divide the\\nempire between them as augusti, and\\nhis two nephews as eassars.\\n337-340 Constantine H.(Flavius Clau-\\ndius Constantinus) reigns over Britain,\\nGallia, Spain, and a part of Africa.\\n337-350 Constans I. (Julius Flavius)\\nreigns over the prefectures of lllyricum\\norientale, Italia, and a part of Africa.\\n337-361 Constantius (Julius) reigns in\\nthe East.\\n340 Constantine II. is defeated and\\nlulled by Constans, his brother, at Acjui-\\nleia. The Eastern and Western Empires\\nare reunited under Constans.\\n350 Sp. Constans I. is killed while\\nhunting near llliheris, by emissaries of\\nMagnentius.\\n350\u00c2\u00b1 Russia. The Huns, a Mongo-\\nlian race, cross the Volga, moving west-\\nward they drive back the Goths.\\n351-361 Constantius reigns alone; the\\nunity of the empire is restored.\\n351* *Flavius Claudius Constantius\\nGallus, nephew of Constantine I., is\\nmade caesar and ruler of the East. [354.\\nExecuted for his tyranny.]\\n355* Constantius makes Julian, his\\ncousin, caasar, and sends him to rule in\\nGaul, Spain, and Britain capital, Paris.\\n361 Fr. The army in Gaul, under\\nJulian, proclaims him emperor.\\nConstantius dies, and is succeeded\\nby his\\n361-363 Julian (Flavius Claudius Juli-\\nanus), the Apostate, reigns (p. 769).\\n363 June 26. Constantinople. Julian\\nbeing killed in battle, Jovian (FlaviuB\\nClaudius Jovianus) reigns.\\nHe is enthroned by the army. He\\nbuys peace with the Persians by ceding\\nlive Roman provinces beyond the Tigris\\nto them. [364. Feb. 17. Jovian dies.]\\n364-375 Milan. Valentinian I. (Fla-\\nvius Valentinianus) reigns in the West\\ncapital, Milan.\\nHe is elected by the army at Nicsea\\nboundaries, Caledonia in the West to\\nMount Atlas in the East.\\n364-378 Constantinople. Valens reigns\\nin the East; capital, Constantinople.\\nHe is made associate emperor by Val-\\nentinian, his brother boundaries from\\nthe lower Danube to Persia (p. 1029).\\n364-394 The Roman Empire is again\\ndivided.\\n367-383 Gratian (Gratianus) reigns in\\nthe West as colleague of his father,\\nrank of augustus. (375.) He succeeds\\nhis father with Valentinian II. as joint\\naugustus.\\n369+ The West Goths are admitted\\ninto the Roman territories on condition\\nof their rendering military service.\\n370 Scot. Valentia made a province.\\n375-392 Milan. Valentinian II., son\\nof Valentinian I., only four years of age,\\nreigns in the West as joint augustus.\\n[3S3-392. As colleague of Theodosius.]\\n375 Beginning of the migration of\\nthe Teutonic tribes.\\n376 The Goths revolt.\\nThe Huns invade Pannonia [Hun-\\ngary], and expel the Goths (p. 769).\\n378-395 Constantinople. Theodosius\\n[the Great] rules in the East as joint\\naugustus by the choice of Gratian.\\n383 Aug. 25. Fr. Gratian is captured\\nby Maximus at Lyons, and killed (p. 662).\\nEng. Maximus (Magnus) is pro-\\nclaimed emperor by his army.\\n383-388 Treves. Maximus Magnus\\nClemens reigns in Gaul, Spain, and\\nBritain as colleague of Theodosius.\\n386 Maximus attempts to oust Valen-\\ntinian II. from Italy and Africa. [388.\\nTheodosius crushes Maximus.] (See\\nArmy.)\\n392 May 15. Fr. Valentinian II. is\\nstrangled (p. 663).\\nEugenius, a tyrant, is proclaimed\\nemperor by Arbogast. [394. Crushed\\nby the Theodosians.]\\n393 Sp. Theodoric establishes the\\nEast Goth kingdom in Spain.\\n394-395 Theodosius [the Great, the\\nlast] sole emperor of both the Eastern\\nand Western Empires.\\n395 Jan. 17. Theodosius dies at Milan.\\nThe empire is permanently divided\\nbetween the sons of Theodosius.\\n395-1453 The Eastern or Grecian Em-\\npire. (See Greece.)\\n395-408 Constantinople. Arcadius\\nreigns in the East.\\n395-423 Rome. Flavius Honorius, 11\\nyears of age, reigns in the West capi-\\ntal, Rome. (402.) Ravenna becomes\\nthe imperial residence. The Vandal\\nStilicho becomes the guardian and\\nchancellor of the king.\\n395* Constantinople. Rufinus is mur-\\ndered by Gainus, commander of the\\nGothic mercenaries. Eutropius becomes\\nthe guardian of Arcadius.\\n398 Gr. Servian. Alaric, King of\\nthe West Goths, is made ruler of East\\nlllyricum by Arcadius.\\n5th Century. The Western Empire is grad-\\nually disintegrated by the incursions\\nof Goths, Franks, Vandals, Burgundians,\\nAngles, and Saxons, and the Huns.\\n401\u00c2\u00b1 (402) The West Goths overrun\\nEurope under Alaric they invade Italy.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1081.jp2"}, "1082": {"fulltext": "1070 402, **-568,**\\nITALY\\nARMY NAVY.\\n402 Alaric is repulsed at Polentia\\nby Stilicho. He is compelled by disease,\\nhunger, and desertion to abandon tbe\\ninvasion of Italy.\\n404-406 German hosts under Rada-\\ngaisus invade Italy, but are defeated by\\nStilicho at Fsesulse, and tben annihilated\\nbyconstantfighting, disease, and hunger.\\n406-409 Bands of Vandals, Suevi, and\\nAlani, from the region of the Danube,\\ncross the Rhine, and successfully with-\\nstand the Franks. (409.) Invade Spain.\\n408-409 Alaric again crosses the Alps,\\nand invades Italy he is bought off with\\na ransom. [410. Aug. 24. He takes\\nRome and sacks it later dies at Cosena.]\\n410-415 Fr. Atawulf invades Gaul.\\n-410 Eng. The Romans retire (p. 840).\\n413 Heraclian unsuccessfully in-\\nvades Rome from Carthage.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2415 Sp. Atawulf, the brother-in-law\\nof Honorius, conquers Barcelona from\\nthe Vandals and Suevi.\\n418+ WaUia, Kingof the West Goths,\\nfights for the Romans.\\n420 War with Persia.\\n425 Ravenna is taken by Aspar, the\\nfirst of the Patricians, and John the\\nusurper is defeated.\\n428 Fr. Franks and Goths defeat\\nthe Roman general Ae tius (p. G62).\\n429 May Afr. Vandals under Gen-\\nseric invade Africa.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0435-55 Fr. Goths and Alemanni are\\ndefeated by Ae tius.\\n439 Oct. Afr. GenBeric captures\\nCarthage, and makes it his capital.\\n440\u00c2\u00b1 Sicily. The Vandals invade\\nthe island, and capture Palermo.\\n448 Aetius defeats the Huns he in-\\nvades and ravages Gaul.\\n451 Fr. Ae tius, aided by the West\\nGoths, defeats Attila (pp. 662, 768).\\n452 Lombardy is overrun, and Pavia\\nis taken by Attila. He threatens Rome\\nit is saved from conquest by Pope Leo.\\nAust. Attila destroys Aquileia. He\\nsacks Milan.\\n455 July 15 K Rome is taken and\\npillaged by the Vandals under Genseric\\nfor 14 days the empress and many other\\ncaptives are taken away.\\nAlsace. The Alemanni capture Ar-\\ngentoratum [Strasburg].\\n456 Romans under Ricimer defeat the\\nVandals in a naval battle off Corsica.\\n457 War with the Goths.\\n468 Rome. An expedition is sent\\nagainst the Vandals.\\n476 Rome is taken by Odoacer, leader\\nof the Heruli the city is sacked.\\nPavia, Lombardy, is taken by Odoacer.\\n4=86* *Fr. Clovis defeats Sygarius\\n(p. 662).\\n488-493 Theodoric [the Great] sub-\\ndues Italy (p. 1030).\\n533-535 Afr. Belisarius, Justinian s\\ngeneral, overthrows the Vandal power\\n(p. 1030).\\n\u00c2\u00a336-540 Belisarius defeats the East\\nGoths. [536-537. He conquers Southern\\nItaly, and delivers Rome, 540. Vitiges\\nsurrenders Ravenna.] (P. 1030.)\\n538 Invasion of Franks.\\n539 Goths destroy Milan they rav-\\nage Lombardy.\\n544-549 Belisarius returns (p. 1030).\\n543 Totila takes Naples. [552. Re-\\ntaken.]\\n546 Totila takes Rome.\\nHe plunders the city, and reconquers\\nthe greater part of Italy, while Belisa-\\nrius is fighting in Persia.\\n547 Rome is recovered, and King\\nVitiges captured. [549. Rome taken\\nby Totila. 552. Retaken by Narses.]\\n552 July Narses defeats the Goths,\\nand mortally wounds Totila in battle at\\nTadinze. [553. Defeats the Goths at\\nMons Lactarius.]\\n554 Narses defeats the Alemanni and\\nFranks at Casilinum [Capua].\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n440 Gr. The computation of Olym-\\npiads ceases with the 305th.\\n472 Vesuvius is in a state of erup-\\ntion the illumination is seen in Con-\\nstantinople.\\n493 *Theodosius introduces into Italy\\nthe superior architecture of Greece.\\n516 Dionysius Exiguus, a monk of the\\nWestern Church, introduces the chro-\\nnology of the Christian Era, by dating\\nevents from the birth of Christ. He\\nerroneously begins his dates from three\\nto six years late.\\n543 An earthquake is felt in many\\ncountries.\\n555\u00c2\u00b1 Belisarius invents water-\\nmills for grinding corn.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n408 Stilicho, Flavins, general, dies.\\n419* Valentinian III. (Flavius Placidus\\nValeiitinuuius), emperor, born. [455. D.J\\n420 Pelagrius, fdr. of Pelagianism, dies.\\n434* Odoacer, Kingof Italy, b. [493. D.]\\n455* Theodoric the Great, East-Goth,\\nKing of Italy, born. [526. Dies.]\\n468* Cassiodorus, Marcus A melius, states-\\nman, historian, born. [560. Dies.]\\n473\u00c2\u00b1 Anthemius, emperor, dies.\\n475 Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus,\\nphilosopher, born. [524. Dies.]\\n476* KoiuuluH Au.mistinius, lastemperorof\\nthe West, dies.\\n480 Benedict, St., founder Benedictine\\norder, born. [543. DieB.]\\n496* Gelasius 1., pope, dies. [498.Anasta-\\neius II. 526. John I.; 530, Felix IV.;\\n535. John II.]\\n540* Gregory I., the Great, pope, born.\\n[604. Dies.]\\nCHURCH.\\n402 Rome. [St.] Innocent I. is pope.\\n[417, [St.] Zosimus; 418, [St.] Boniface I.;\\n423, [St.] Celestine I.; 432, [St.] Sixtus III.]\\n404 Jan. 1. Rome. Telemachus, an\\nAsiatic monk, rushes into the arena and\\ntries to separate the gladiators; he is\\nstoned to death by the people. [Con-\\ntests are soon abolished.]\\n412+ Scot. [St.] Ninian founds the\\nchurch in Galloway.\\nEgy. [St.] Cyril is bishop (p. 654).\\n415 Asia M. The Council of Ephesus\\ncondemns Pelagianism. [530. Also the\\nCouncil of Carthage.]\\n420* Syria. Theodoret is chosen\\nbishop of Antioch.\\nSyria. Simeon [Stylites] becomes a\\npillar saint. He spends his last thir-\\nteen years on a pillar nearly 50 feet high.\\n431 June 22. Asia M. The general\\nCouncil of Ephesus meets.\\nIt condemns Kestorianism and Pela-\\ngianism favors the original Nicene\\nCreed, and regards the worship of the\\nVirgin as heretical (p. 1030J.\\nCrosses are used in churches and\\nchambers.\\n432* Ire. [St.] Patrick arrives (p. 840).\\n440 Rome. [St.] Leo the Great, pope.\\n[461, [St.] Hilary; 468, [St.] Simplicius;\\n483, [St.] Felix III.; 492, [St.] Gelasius; 496,\\n[St.] Anastasius II.]\\n448* Constantinople. A synod con-\\ndemns the doctrines of Eutyehes, who\\nteaches that Christ had only one nature.\\n[449. Bishop Eusebius of Dorylaeum/his\\nprosecutor, is deposed.]\\n449 Aug. 8. AsiaM. The [Robber]\\nCouncil of Ephesus meets. Dioscorus,\\nbishop of Alexandria, employs intimida-\\ntion and force many bishops are\\nwounded.\\n450+ [Aug. 6.] The Feast of the\\nTransfiguration is celebrated.\\nAsia. The Monophosyte sect is\\nfounded, and teaches the single will of\\nChrist.\\n451 Oct. 8^. AsiaM. The Fourth\\nEcumenical Council is held at Chal-\\ncedon.\\nIt declares the union of the divine and\\nhuman natures in Christ, condemns the\\nheresies of Eutyehes and the Monopho-\\nsytes, and gives the patriarch of Con-\\nstantinople equal authority, but not\\nequal honor, with the Pope at Rome.\\n457\u00c2\u00b1 The Church is dominated by an\\noligarchy of ambitious, self-seeking\\nbishops, including those of Rome, Con-\\nstantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem, and\\nAlexandria.\\n482 Constantinople. The Emperor\\nZeno issues the Henoticon, a decree of\\nunion, for merging the Monophysite\\nand orthodox bodies.\\nII.\\n484 Huneric, King of the Vandals,\\npersecutes the Christians.\\nSchism divides the Greek and Roman\\nchurches (p. 1030).\\n487 [Sept. 29]. Michaelmas, the Feast of\\nSt. Michael, the guardian of the Cath-\\nolic Church, is instituted.\\n498 St. Symmachus is pope.\\n[514, St. Hormisdas 523, St. John I. 526,\\nSt. Felix IV. 530, Boniface II., 532, John II.\\n535, St. Agapetus I.; 536, St. Sylverius; 538,\\nVigilius; 555, Pelagius I.]\\n511\u00c2\u00b1 Gcr. [St.] Fridolin, an Irish-\\nman, goes as an apostle to Germany.\\n518 Turk. Arians deposed (p. 1031).\\n529 [St.] Benedict founds the Bene-\\ndictines. (Or 615.)\\nHe establishes his first monastery at\\nMonte Casino. [541. Benedictines enter\\nSicily. 543. Enter France. Later, they\\nmonopolize nearly all the science and\\nlearning of Europe.]\\n533 Constantinople. The Greek em-\\nperor first acknowledges the Pope s su-\\npremacy.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1082.jp2"}, "1083": {"fulltext": "ROMAN EMPIRE.\\n402,\\n568,\\n1071\\n542 The Feast of the Purification, in\\nhonor of the Virgin s visit to the Temple,\\nis ordered by the Pope its procession\\nhears wax tapers (Candlemas).\\n550 The second Talmud is completed\\nby Rab Rabina, after the labors of six\\ncompilers for 123 years.\\n553 Constantinople. The sixth gen-\\neral council meets (p. 1031).\\n554 Asia. A synod of Armenian bish-\\nops at Thevin, or Tihen, called by Patri-\\narch Nierses II., separates the Arme-\\nnians from the Greek church. [629. An\\nattempt at reunion is made by the synod\\nof Garin, but they soon divide.]\\n560 John m. is pope.\\n[574, Benedict I.; 578, Pelagius II.; 590,\\nSt. Gregory I. the (Ireat; 604, Sabinianus;\\n607, Boniface IT I.; (His, St. Boniface IV.; 615,\\nSt. Adeodatusl.; tili), Bunifu.-e V.; 625, Ho-\\nnorius I.]\\nLETTERS.\\n498+ *TheGemara,orTahnudofBaby-\\nlon, is published.\\n520\u00c2\u00b1 Bcethius writes De Consolatione\\nPhilosophe.\\n529 The schools of Athens are sup-\\npressed (p. 1031).\\nSTATE.\\n404 Rome is placed under the By-\\nzantine exarch, or governor, with Ra-\\nvenna the capital of the Empire of the\\nWest [until 476].\\n406 Romans permit Vandals and\\nBurgundians to settle in Gaul and\\nSpain (p. 663).\\n408* Alaric, being refused the assign-\\nment of lands in Northern Italy for the\\npermanent settlement of Goths, marches\\non Rome [and compels the Senate to\\nappoint Flavius Priscus Attalus, the\\nprefect of the city, emperor. [410. Rome\\ntaken burned.]\\nStilicho, the guardian of Honorius,\\nis killed by Heraclian by order of the\\nemperor, to whom he had been defamed.^\\nTheodosius II. son of Arcadius,\\nseven years of age, is emperor of the\\nWest. Athenius is his minister; his\\nsister Pulcheria and his wife Eudocia\\nlargely control him.\\n410 Atawulf, a brother-in-law of Al-\\naric I., leads the West Goths into Gaul.\\n[412. He makes peace with Honorius.]\\n411 Vandals in Spain.\\nAtawulf succeeds Alaric I. he\\nevacuates Italy. [412. He conquers Aqui-\\ntania, Gaul. 414. The West Goths con-\\nquer and extirpate the Alani, and ex-\\ntend their rule into Spain] (p. 663).\\n413 Fr. The Burgundians settle on\\nthe Saone. [443. The Alemanni extend\\nover Alsace (p. 769).]\\n414 Pulcheria becomes regent.\\n415-507 Fr. The West Gothic kingdom\\nof Tolosa [Toulouse] is founded by King\\nWalja. It soon becomes independent.\\n418 Sp. The West Gothic kingdom is\\nestablished (p. 663).\\n420 Scot. The Romans withdraw.\\n423 Aug. 27. Honorius dies at Ra-\\nvenna. [John, the secretary of Hono-\\nrius, usurps the throne. He is conquered\\nby Theodosius II.]\\n425-455 Valentinianm. (Flavius Pla-\\ncidius Valentinianus), 16 years of age,\\nreigns in the West. Placidia, his mother,\\nis regent.\\n428 Afr. Count Boniface rebels in-\\nvites the Vandals to come from Spain.\\n429-439 Afr. The Vandal kingdom\\nis established by Genseric capital,\\nCarthage.\\n433 Attila, the Scourge of God, rules\\nan immense empire, extending from\\nChina to the Atlantic. [445-^50. He\\nravages the Eastern Empire. 451. He\\ninvades Italy, but soon retires.]\\n435 Afr. A treaty cedes territory to\\nthe Vandals.\\n437 The Western Empire acquires,\\nfrom the Eastern, Pannonia, Dalmatia,\\nand Noricum.\\n439+* Afr. The Vandals under Gen-\\nseric take Carthage and plunder Italy\\nby the use of their numerous fleets.\\n441 *The Huns, Persians, and Saxons\\ninvade the Roman territories from vari-\\nous directions.\\n446 Britons invoke aid against the\\nPicts (p. 840).\\n452 Venice is founded by families\\nfrom Aquileia and Padua, who flee\\nbefore Attila.\\n453 The monarchy of the Huns falls\\nwith the death of Attila the German\\ntribes and the Slavic people become free.\\n455 Pretonius Maxim us reigns a\\nshort time in the West.\\nAug. 15-456 Ravenna. Marcus\\nMsecilius Avitus, the usurper, reigns\\nin the west for 14 months. He obtains\\nthe throne by the aid of Tbeodoric II.\\n[Deposed by Ricimer, the leader of the\\nGerman mercenaries in the army.]\\nJuly 15+. Borne. Eudocia calls in the\\nVandals after the murder of her hus-\\nband, Valentin! an they plunder the city.\\n456 The Vandals take Sardinia.\\n457^461 Ravenna. Majorain (Julius\\nMajorianus) reigns in the West by the\\nappointment of Ricimer. (461.) Mur-\\ndered by the order of Ricimer.\\n461-465 Libius Severus reigns in the\\nWest by the appointment of Ricimer.\\n[465. Deposed and poisoned by Ricimer.]\\n465-467 Interregnum. Ricimer is in\\npower, and conducts the government\\nwithout even a royal figurehead.\\n467-472 Anthemius reigns in the West.\\nHe is nominated by Emperor Leo, and\\nconfirmed at Rome through the agency\\nof Ricimer.\\nTrial by peers becomes an estab-\\nlished principle in courts of justice.\\n472 Olybrius reigns in the West. He\\nis enthroned by Ricimer.\\nAug. 18. Ricimer dies. Olybrius dies.\\n473 Glycerius reigns in the West\\nhe is appointed by Leo I.\\n473-475 Julius Wepos reigns in the\\nWest he is appointed by Leo. He is\\ndeposed by his general, Orestes, to make\\nplace for Orestes son.\\n475^476 Romulus Augustulus reigns\\nin the West.\\n476 Odoacer, chief of the Heruli and\\nother German bands, captures Rome,\\nand dethrones Augustulus he rules Italy\\nas Patrician, and is nominally the vicar\\nof the Eastern Emperor Zeno. The title\\nof emperor is extinguished. [403. Mar.\\n5. Odoacer is killed by Tbeodoric]\\nAbout 1228 years after the founding of\\nRome, the empire falls in consequence\\nof domestic revolutions, and not by con-\\nquest. The provinces, long occupied by\\nbarbarians, have no tie to bind them into\\none political body.\\n489 Pavia is developed by Tbeodoric.\\n493-555 The kingdom of the East\\nGoths in Italy is founded by Tbeodoric\\nafter overthrowing Odoacer.\\n(493. Eeb. 27.) They enter a treaty\\nof peace at Ravenna. Odoacer is to be\\nonly the military subordinate of Theo-\\ndonc. 555. The East Goths as a nation\\nvanish from history.\\n526 Athalaric, grandson of Theod-\\noric, is King of the East Goths in Italy.\\n[534, Theodates 536, Vitiges 540, Hilde-\\nbald 541, Totila Eraric 552, Teias.]\\n543 Naples becomes the capital of a\\nduchy. [568(572?). It is subject to the\\nEastern Empire. 593. This is nominally\\nmuch extended.]\\n553 Rome is recovered from the\\nGoths by Narses, and annexed to the\\nEastern Empire as an exarchate.\\n553-567 Narses rules Italy as duke\\nItaly is under Greek exarchs capital,\\nRavenna. The Senate is abolished.\\n566 The Gepidas are incorporated with\\nthe Lombards.\\n568-774 The Teutonic kingdom of [Lorn-\\nbardy]. [573-774. Pavia is the capital.]\\nIt is formed by Alboin, and becomes\\nsupreme in most of North and Central\\nItaly. A part of Italy is yet attached to\\nthe Eastern Empire.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n414 Atawulf, the leader of the West\\nGoths in Gaul, marries Placidia, the\\nsister of Honorius, while held as a hos-\\ntage in Narbonne. [415. Atawulf is\\nmurdered.]\\n425 Valentinian III. is murdered at\\nthe instance of his\\n467 Anthemius, the emperor, is mur-\\ndered by Ricimer.\\n500 Gladiatorial contests are sup-\\npressed in the West by Theodoric.\\n528 Civil oaths are taken on the\\nGospel.\\n536 King Theodates is assassinated.\\n[540. Theodebald(Hildebald) is assassi-\\nnated. 573. Alboin, king of the Lom-\\nbards, is poisoned by his wife Rosa-\\nmunda, for compelling her to drink wine\\nout of a cup formed of her father s skull.\\n575. King Cleoph is assassinated. 591.\\nKing Autharis is poisoned. 625. Also\\nKing Adaload. 653. King Rodoald is\\nassassinated.]\\n539 Pestilence and famine. [558.\\nAgain. 816. Again.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1083.jp2"}, "1084": {"fulltext": "1072\\n568, ^-1028,\\nITALY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n568-774 The [Lombards] under Alboin,\\nwith. 20,000 Saxon allies, cross the Alps,\\nand enter the plain [of Lombardy].\\nPavia is taken.\\nThe Longobardi conquer and hold\\nNorthern Italy until subdued by Charle-\\nmagne. [577. They defeat the Romans\\nunder Baduarius. 591. Their king,\\nAutharis, resists the invading Greeks\\nand Franks.]\\n600 Italy ia ravaged by the Slavo-\\nnians [from Hungary].\\n712 King Llutprand (Lombard) cap-\\ntures Ravenna from the Greek exarchs.\\n[749. Aistulf captures Ravenna. 750\\nHe attempts to take Rome, but is\\ndriven away by Pepin.] (P. 664.)\\n830-878 Sicily is conquered by the\\nSaracens. [842. They settle at Bari.]\\n844 Wars with the Saracens. [SIS.\\nThey destroy the Venetian fleet at Cro-\\ntona.]\\n848-852 Rome. Pope Leo encloses and\\nfortifies the Leonine City.\\n896 Rome. Axnulf takes Rome.\\n899 Successful invasion of Huns and\\nSardinians.\\n923 July 29. P.erengar I. is decisively\\ndefeated by Rudolf at Fiorenzuola.\\n934 The invading Huns burn Pavia.\\n951* Otho invades Italy (p. 772).\\n[961-966. Again.] (Pp. 772, 774.)\\n964 Romans revolt (p. 775).\\n980-983 Wars in Italy (p. 774).\\nOtho II. claims Apulia and Calabria\\nby his marriage of Theophano, and cross-\\ning the Alps, enters Rome, and defeats\\nthe Greeks in Southern Italy.\\n1003+ Henry II. leads three expedi-\\ntions into Italy (p. 774).\\n1004-39 Civil wars respecting tenures.\\n1011-17 The Normans in South Italy\\nexpel the Saracens.\\n1026 Conrad s expedition into Italy\\n(p. 774). [1036. Another.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n650\u00c2\u00b1 The glazing of windows be-\\ncomes common.\\n800\u00c2\u00b1 Marcus Graecus makes gun-\\npowder.\\n807 Mar. 17+. A large spot on the\\nsun is observed.\\n1000+ The application of escape-\\nments to clocks is devised by Gerbert\\n(Pope Sylvester II.).\\n1022 Guidod Arezzo, a monk, invents\\nthe system of musical notes.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n573 Alboin, King of the Lombards, dies.\\nJohn III., pope, dies.\\n690* Pelaglus IL, pope, dies. [619. Adeo-\\ndatusl.; 638, HonoriusL; 64S, John IV.;\\n649. TheodorusL; 655, Martin 1. 656.\\nEugenius I.; 677, Adeortatus II.; 684.\\nLeo II.; 701. Sergius I.; 705. John VI.;\\n707. John VII.; 752, Zachary 767. Paul\\nI.; 795, Adrian I.]\\n800* Nicholas I., the Great. St., pope,\\nborn. [867. Dies.]\\n816* Leo III., pope, dies. [834, Paschal\\nI.; 827. Eugenius II., Valentine; 847.\\nSergius II].\\n9th Century. Angello, Andrea, abbot and his-\\ntorian of Ravenna, born.\\n855 Leo IV., pope, dies. [882. John\\nVIII.; 884. Martin II.; 898, Theodore\\nII.]\\n1 ith Cert hint. Maro/ia, infamous woman, ii.\\n900 John IX., pope, dies. [903, Leo V.\\n913. Anastasius III., Sergius III.; 914.\\nLando.]\\n920* Lintprand, Lombard historian, born.\\n[972. Dies.]\\n928 John X., pope, dies. [929. Leo VI.\\n936. John XL; 939,LeoVIL; 965, Leo\\nVIIL; 972, John XIII. 985. John XIV.;\\n996, John XV. and John XVI.]\\n990+ Guido d Arezzo, monk, inventor of\\ngamut of music, born. [10S0\u00c2\u00b1. Dies.]\\n998* Damiani, Pietro, card., b. [1072. D.3\\n999* John XVII., pope, dies.\\n1002* Leo IX., pope, born. [1054. Dies.]\\n1003* John XVIII., pope, dies. [1O09,\\nJohn XIX.; 1012. Sergius IV.]\\n1015* Guiscard, Robert, first Duke of\\nCalabria, born. [1085. DieB.]\\n1020 Gregory VH., St. HUdebrand,pope,\\nborn. [1085. May 25. Dies.]\\nCHURCH.\\n568 Crosaes adorn church spires.\\n572 Alleged miracles multiply.\\n590-604 [St.] Gregory the Great en-\\nthroned he takes the title of Universal\\nBishop.\\nHe is a great statesman as well as church-\\nman; be builds schools and hurt-lies, sends\\nout missionaries to many lands, increases the\\nnumbers and wealth of the Church, and lays\\nthe foundation of the great power of the\\npapacy.\\nGregory appoints Quinquag-eBima Sun-\\nday. He introduces the idea of purgatory as\\na burning away of sins, and makes it a dogma.\\nAIbo, the invocation of the Virgin Mary and\\nthe saints in worship. Also the Gregorian\\nmodes, as musical scales. He revises the\\nMissal or Mass Book.\\n590+ King Autharis accepts Chris-\\ntianity.\\n596 *The first Christian burial-\\nplace is established.\\n602 Borne. Pope Gregory introduces\\nchurch music.\\n604i Relics are common and highly\\nesteemed. Candles are burned by day\\nin worship.\\n606 Pope Boniface III. obtains the\\nexclusive title of pope (p. 1031).\\n608 Rome. The Pantheon is dedi-\\ncated as a Christian Church.\\n609* Syria. The Jews of Antioch\\nmassacre the Christians.\\n612 Arabia. The Koran appears.\\n615 Sept. 14. Asia. The Emperor\\nHeraclius defeats King Chosroes of Per-\\nsia, and recovers part of the true cross,\\nwhich the Persians had taken in plun-\\ndering Jerusalem.\\n626\u00c2\u00b1 Monks and monasteries mul-\\ntiply.\\n640 Severinus pope later, John IV.\\n[642, Theodorus I. 649, St. Martin 1. 655,\\nSt. Eugenius I.; 657, St. Vitalianus; 672,\\nAdcodatus II.; H7H, Ituiuis I.; 678, St. Aga-\\nthon; 682, St. Leo II.; 6*4, St. Benedict II.;\\n6H5, John V.; 686, C onon; 687, St. Sergius\\nI.; 701, John VI.; 7ns, Sisinnius, later, Con-\\nBtantine; 715, St. Gregory II.; 731, St. Greg-\\nory III.; 741, St. Zaeharv; 752, St. Stephen\\nn., later, Stephen III.; 757, St. Paul I.; 768,\\nStephen IV.]\\n642 Pope Theodorus assumes the title\\nSovereign Pontiff.\\nSept. 14. The festival of the exaltation\\nof the cross is established.\\n649+ Rome. Pope Martin I. ordains\\nthe celibacy of the clergy it creates\\ndisturbances.\\n649* *A Church Council is held; it\\ncondemns the mnnothelitic doctrine.\\n680-681 Constantinople. The seventh\\ngeneral council 281 bishops present.\\nThe Council of the Church in the Trullan\\npalace enacts that bishops may observe celi-\\nbacy, yet presbvters and deacons may live\\nwith their wives. Pope Honoriiis and several\\nbishops are anathematized. [Rejected by\\nRoman Catholic Church.] (p. 1031).\\n682 Rome. Pope Leo II. usurps the\\nright of investiture.\\nRome. Holy water is introduced\\ninto the churches.\\n687 Sergius I. is the first to change\\nhis name when elected pope.\\n690\u00c2\u00b1 Pope Sergius I. establishes the\\nFeast of the Nativity of the Virgin\\nMary.\\n710 Constantino introduces the cere-\\nmony of kissing the Pope s toe as a\\nsign of respect from the secular power\\nJustinian II. pays this honor.\\n715 Gregory II. sends [St.] Boniface\\nt the Germans.\\n726 Controversies concerning images\\noccur (p. 1032).\\n745 Adelbert condemned (p. 664).\\n755* *The temporal power of the\\npopes begins (p. 664).\\n761 Constantino V. forbids his sub-\\njects becoming monks. [770. He dis-\\nsolves the monasteries.]\\n771 Rome. Adrian I. becomes pope.\\n[795. [St.] Leo III.]\\n774 Charlemagne annexes the con-\\nquered kingdom of Lombardy to the\\ndominions of the Pope.\\n786 Rome. Pope Adrian I. generally\\nintroduces surplices.\\n787 Aug. 17. Asia M. Council of\\nNice (p. 664). [Sept. 24. Reconvened.\\n794. Counter synod at Frankfort, Ger.]\\n799 Rome. Leo III. is driven out\\n[and restored]. (P. 770.)\\nMasses said for money.\\n800 Leo III. becomes supreme bishop\\nof the Western Empire.\\nIt is separated from the Eastern. He\\nintroduces indulgences as an absolute\\npardon of sin, rather than a mitigation\\nof punishment.\\n813 The Feast of the Epiphany is\\nestablished to celebrate the appearance\\nof the Star of Bethlehem.\\nBishoprics and monastic institutions\\nrapidly multiply.\\n816 Stephen V. becomes pope.\\n[817, St. Paschal I.; 824, Eugenius II.; 827\\nValentius; S27, Oret;orv IV.; K44, Sergius II.;\\n847, St. Leo IV.; 855, Benedict III.; Win, Nich-\\nolas I. the Creal; W7, Adrian II.: 872, John\\nVIII.]\\n817 The college of cardinals ap-\\npears in embryo.\\n824 Mysticism introduced into Italy.\\n840 St. Mark s church at Venice is\\nerected. [902. The campanile is com-\\nmenced. 976. The basilica is rebuilt.\\n1052. The basilica is given its superb de-\\nfinitive form.]\\nGregory IV. institutes the Festival of\\nthe Holy Trinity.\\n844 Stephen V. is excommunicated\\n(p. 1032).\\n858* *Pope Nicholas I. is the first of the\\npopes to be crowned. Temporary\\nschism (p. 1032).\\n864 The Scriptures are translated\\ninto the Slavonian tongue.\\n869* Constantinople. Council (p.\\n1032).\\n882 Rome, Marinus I. becomes pope.\\n[884, Adrian III.; 885, Stephen VI.; 991,\\nForinosiis. ami S. -ruins, anti-pope; S%, Boni-\\nface VI. 897, Stephen VIII.; 898, Romanus,\\nTheodorus II., and .John IX.; 9110, LVnediet\\nIV.; 903, Leo V. and Christopher; 904, Ser-\\neins III.; 911, Anastasius III.; 913, Lando;\\n915, John X; 928, Leo VI.; 929, Stephen VII.\\n931, John XL; !)3fi, Leo VII.; 939, Stephen\\nIX.; Marinus IL; 946, Agapetus IL; 956,\\nJohn XII.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1084.jp2"}, "1085": {"fulltext": "ITALY.\\n568,** -1028,\\n1073\\n898 Saints are commonly venerated,\\nand a general passion for relics prevails.\\n963 The Romans are compelled to\\npromise never to elect another pope\\nwithout the consent of the emperor.\\n964 Pope John XII. is deposed by\\na synod for adultery and cruelty. Leo\\nVIII., the anti-pope, is elected.\\nRome. Benedict V. is elected pope by\\na council of Romans.\\n[965, John XIII. becomes pope; his crimes\\nand scandals cause bis banishment. 972,\\nBenedict VI.; 973, Donus II. j 974, Benedict\\nVII.; 984, John XIV.; 985, Boniface VII.,\\nJohn XV.; 996, John XVI., Gregory V.; 999,\\nSylvester II.; 1003, John XVII.; later, John\\nXVIII.; 1009, Sergius IV.; 1012, Benedict\\nVIII.; 1024, John XIX.; 103:], Benedict IX.,\\naged 10 years; 1044, Gregory VI.; 1046, Cle-\\nment II.; 1048, Damasus 11.; 1049, St. Leo\\nIX.; 1055, Victor 11.; 1057, Stephen X.; 1058,\\nBenedict X.; 1059, Nicholas II.]\\n993 Borne. Saints are first canon-\\nized.\\n999* *Otho III. expels Pope John\\nXVI.\\nThe papal crown is the object of\\nalmost constant contention; force,\\nfraud, and bribery are employed to gain\\nit.\\nThe doctrine of transubstantia-\\ntion, or the conversion of sacramental\\nelements into the real body of Christ, is\\ncommonly accepted.\\n1000 A wide-spread belief prevails\\nthat the end of the world is near and\\nthe kingdom of Christ to be ushered in\\nwith great glory many pilgrims visit\\nRome.\\n1009 The monasteries are reformed.\\nSimony and corruption prevail (p.\\n774).\\nRome. The confirmation of German\\nprelates becomes costly (p. 774).\\n1013 The church San Miniato al\\nMonte at Florence is rebuilt.\\n1028 The cathedral of [Fiasole] is\\nfounded.\\nLETTERS.\\n580 The Latin ceases to be a spoken\\nlanguage in Italy.\\n636 The Italian language begins to\\nassume definite form.\\nSTATE.\\n568 The Lombards overthrow the\\nmunicipal system of the Romans, and\\nthe federal system takes its place.\\nRome gradually becomes indepen-\\ndent. [600\u00c2\u00b1. At its lowest state.]\\n569 Milan is included in the kingdom\\nof the Lombards.\\n573 Cleoph, a Lombard, is King of\\nItaly. He extends the conquests of the\\nLombards in Lower Italy.\\n675 Antharis is Lombard King of Italy.\\n[580, Clutlmris; 591, Amlnlph; 615, Adaload;\\n625, Arioald; 636, liotli:ins; 652, Kodoald; 653,\\nAribertl.; 661, Bertharit and Codebert; 671,\\nBertharit restored; 6\u00c2\u00ab6, Ourril\u00c2\u00bb.;rt; 700, Luit-\\nbert;701,Ragimbert; ArihertII.,his son; 712,\\nAnsprand; Luitpranrf, a great prince, and\\nfriend of the Church.]\\n662 Grimoald, as Duke of Beneven-\\nto, violently usurps the throne, and\\ncompletes the conversion of the Lom-\\nbards.\\n700+ Rome. The Eastern empe-\\nrors cease to exercise their authority\\nthe popes become the guardians of the\\ncity. [723\u00c2\u00b1. It becomes independent.]\\n718\u00c2\u00b1 Calabria and Sicily are confis-\\ncated to the Eastern Empire by Leo\\nIII.\\n720-740 Saracens possess Sardinia.\\n737 *Orso,thedogeof Venice.is killed;\\nthe magistrate is appointed annually.\\n[742. Diodato is doge. 777. Maurizio\\nGalbaio and his son Giovanni.]\\n744 Hildebrand is King of Lombar-\\ndy, Italy; later Rachis. [749, Aistulf;\\n756, Desiderius is the last king.]\\n752 The Lombards subdue Ravenna.\\n[754, It is surrendered to Pepin, King\\nof France. 755. He gives it to Pope\\nStephen, founding the Papal States.]\\n774 Charlemagne conquers Lom-\\nbardy, and annexes it to the dominions\\nof the Pope.\\n800-1806 Period of the Holy Roman\\nEmpire.\\nIt is called holy because of the inter-\\ndependence of Church and State (p. 666).\\n800-814 Charlemagne reigns as em-\\nperor. 800. Dec. 25. Charlemagne is\\ncrowned (p. 666). [Also others at Rome\\nuntil 1452.]\\n800-887 The Carolingians rule North-\\nern Italy. The Eastern emperors rule\\nmost of Southern Italy.\\n803 The Republic of Venice is com-\\npletely founded.\\n[811. Rialto is the capital. 9th Cen-\\ntury. The first permanent settlement\\nis made on the site of Venice.]\\n814 Jan. 28. Fr. Charlemagne dies\\nhis son P\u00c2\u00a3pin is made regent of Italy,\\nwhich becomes a separate kingdom.\\n814-840 Louis I., emperor. [840-855.\\nLothaire.] (P. 667.)\\n850+ Under the aristocratic feudal\\nsystem, the hereditary nobility and the\\nclergy rule the State.\\n855-875 Louis II., son of Lothaire, is\\nking and emperor. [877-887. Charles\\nHI., the Fat. 887-899. Arnulf (Pp. 667,\\n773.)\\n884 Italy is again a part of the em-\\npire of the Franks.\\nThe barons increase in independence\\nRoman and common law are gradually\\nintroduced.\\n887 The people of Italy eagerly de-\\nsire an Italian king.\\n888-924 Berengar I. is King of Italy.\\nHe is Duke of Friuli and grandson of\\nLouis le Debonnaire. Guido, Duke of\\nSpoleto, is a rival Rudolf I. of Burgundy\\nis set up by the nobles. [S94. Berengar\\nI. and Lamlet reign. 924. Berengar is\\nassassinated.]\\n895\u00c2\u00b1 The chief towns of Lombardy\\nare fortified, and become republics.\\n896 Arnulf, King of the East Franks,\\ntakes Rome. He is crowned emperor.\\n[Anarchy for 60 years.] (P. 773.)\\n899 The Huns and Sardinians se-\\ncure the government. [They hold it for\\n30 years.]\\n901-905 Louis III, is crowned king by\\nthe barons. [905. Berengar puts out\\nLouis eyes.]\\n901 Louis I., son of the King of Aries,\\nis King of Italy.\\n910* Theodora the Younger and\\nthe profligate Marozia are in power at\\nRome.\\n915 Berengar I. is restored. [921.\\nBerengar I. and Rudolf of Burgundy\\nare kings. 926. Hugh of Provence is\\nking. 936. Hugh cedes his conquests\\nin Italy to Provence. 947. Expelled by\\nBerengar.]\\n950-61 Berengar II. and Adelbert his\\nson are kings.\\n951 Otho I., King of Germany, is\\ncrowned at Pavia as King of Lombardy.\\n[952. Berengar II. submits to Otho I.\\nas a feudatory later rebels.]\\n962 Feb. 2. The imperial office re-\\nnewed.\\nThe crown of Italy passes from the\\ndescendants of Charlemagne to the sov-\\nereigns of Germany. Otho I., the\\nGreat, is crowned emperor at Rome.\\nRome. Pope John XII. attempts to\\nfree himself from imperial protection\\nby joining Otho s foes. [Otho marches\\nagainst Rome, and the Pope flees.]\\n964 Berengar II. is deposed by Otho\\nI., who adds Italy to the German\\nEmpire (p. 773).\\n966-67 Othol. invades Italy. [973. He\\ncauses his son Otho II. to receive the im-\\nperial crown at Rome. 983. Dec. 7. Otho\\nII. dies.]\\n983-1002 Otho III. is emperor (p. 775).\\n990 Rome. Crescentius, son of Theo-\\ndora, proposes a republic. Frustrated\\nby Pope Gregory and Otho III. [1001,.\\nAnti-German revolt (p. 774+).]\\n997 Venice becomes independent\\nof the Eastern Empire the doge ac-\\nquires Dalmatia and Istria; he takes\\nthe title Duke of Dalmatia.\\n1000 Genoa becomes a free city\\nPisa is already free. [1022. The Geno-\\nese posses Sardinia.]\\n1002 Ardoin is king (p. 775).\\n1004-39 Civil war is caused by conten-\\ntions respecting tenures.\\n1005 Henry II. of Germany is King\\nof Italy. [1014. Emperor.] (P. 775.)\\n1016* Adventurous Normans first\\nsettle at Aversa, near Naples. [1036+\\nThe elder sons of Tancred de Hautville\\narrive.]\\n1026* *Conrad II. becomes king.\\n[1027. Emperor.] (Pp. 774, 775.)\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n659 The Lombards first employ trial\\nby combat.\\n8ih Century. Ignorance, poverty, and\\nprofligacy abound.\\n800+ Charlemagne encourages both\\nagriculture and horticulture.\\n808 The Lombard Jews start the first\\nbank in Italy.\\n847-855 Leo IV. founds the Leonine\\nCity.\\n1014 July 29+. The Emperor Basil II.\\nblinds 15,000 prisoners at Zelunium,\\nexcept one in a hundred, to whom he\\nleaves one eye. [Basil dies of grief.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1085.jp2"}, "1086": {"fulltext": "1074 1032,* *-1239,\\nITALY\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1036\u00c2\u00b1 The Norman colonists defeat\\nthe Greeks, and occupy Apulia.\\n1040 Sicily is temporarily taken by\\nthe Christians.\\n1046- Expeditions of Henry III,\\ninto Italy (p. 774).\\n1058-90. Sicily. Roger I., the Nor-\\nman drives out the Greeks and Saracens.\\n[1061. He takes Messina. 1090. Malta.]\\n1070-1284 Genoa has frequent wars\\nwith Pisa, her rival.\\n1070 Robert Guiscard, the Norman,\\nconquers a part of Sicily from the Sara-\\ncens he takes Bari. [1072. He takes\\nPalermo. 1077. Salerno. 10S0. Con-\\nquers South Italy. 1081. Defeats Alex-\\nander Comnenus at Durazzo, Turkey.\\n1082. Takes the city.]\\n1083 Home. Gregory VII. is he-\\nsieged (p. 776).\\n1084 Mar. Rome is taken by Henry\\nIV. after a siege lasting two years.\\n1113 The Pope confirms the organiza-\\ntion of the Knights of Malta.\\n1119-30 War between Pisa and Genoa.\\n1124* Asia. The Venetians aid in\\nthe capture of Tyre, receiving a third\\npart of the spoils. [1125. They ravage\\nthe islands of the Greek archipelago.]\\n1125\u00c2\u00b1 The Venetians obtain many\\nvictories over the Eastern emperors.\\n1135-37 The emperor Lothair conquers\\nthe Normans of South Italy.\\n1136=: Naples is taken by the Nor-\\nmans after a long siege.\\n1140+ The wars begin between the\\nGuelfs and Ghibellines. (See State.)\\n1154-77 Wars with Frederick I. (p.\\n776+).\\n1155 The Greeks subdue Apulia and\\nCalabria.\\n1176 May 29. Defeat at Legnano (p.\\n778).\\n1183 June 25. Peace of Constance\\n(p. 779).\\n1194 Henry VI. wins Sicily (p. 778).\\n1198-1215 Civil Wars prevail (p. 778).\\n1202 The Venetians supply the Cru-\\nsaders with men, horses, and ships. [Nov.\\n24. Venetians capture Zara, Dalmatia,\\nby the aid of French Crusaders.]\\n1210 First war between Genoa and\\nVenice. [1218-32. Frequent wars.]\\n1236-50 Frederick and the Lombard\\nLeague are at war; he aims to make\\nItaly and Germany one empire, and con-\\nquers Lombardy (p. 780).\\n1249-50 War with the Pope (p. 780).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n11 th Century. The cathedral of Aqui-\\nleiais founded.\\n1032* *The cathedral of Bari is\\nfounded. [Later, remodeled.]\\n1067 The cathedral at Pisa is begun.\\n1078. t Tide-mills are in use at\\nVenice.\\n1084 The cathedral of San Matteo\\nat Salernum [Salerno] is dedicated.\\n1130\u00c2\u00b1 Sicily. Silk culture is intro-\\nduced. [1146. Sicilians 6pin and weave\\nsilk.]\\n1137 Sicily. An earthquake in Ca-\\ntania destroys 15.0(H) lives.\\n12th Century. The plays of Ceres are\\ninstituted ladies clad in white hear\\ntorches as if searching for Proserpine.\\n1169 An earthquake ruina Catani.\\n1174* *The campanile of Pisa is be-\\ngun it leans 13 feet, eight inches.\\n1186 Sept. One of the cities of Cala-\\nbria is Bwallowed up in the Adriatic.\\n1220+ The four bronze horses by\\nLysippus, brought from Constantinople,\\nare placed at St. Mark s, Venice.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1033 John XX., pope, dies.\\n1036 Anseliii St., bishop of Lucca, born.\\n[1086. Dies].\\n1047 Clement II., pope, dies.\\n1066 AriaMus, archdeacon of the Church\\nof Milan, dies.\\n1090* Innocent II., pope, b. [1143. D.]\\n1096* Roger I., King of Sicily, b. [1154. D.]\\n1099 Urban II., pope, dies.\\n1100* Arnold of Brescia, religious re-\\nformer, politician, born. [1155. Dies.]\\n1105* Dandolo, Enrico, doge of Venice,\\nborn. [1205. Dies.]\\n1118* Paschal 1 1., pope, d. [1124, Calix-\\ntusll.; 1153. Eugenius III.; 1154. An-\\nastasius IV.; 1159, Adrian IV., Nicholas\\nBreakspere.]\\n1119 Gelasius II., pope. [1119. Dies.]\\nl th Cent/try. llassianus, jurist, born.\\n(iratian, canonist, born.\\n1 161 Innocent III., pope, b. [1216. D.]\\n1182* Francis of Assisi, St.. founder\\nFranciscans, born. [1226. Dies.]\\n1187* Urban III., pope, dies. [1191.\\nClement III.]\\n1195* Anthony. St.. of Padua, Francis-\\ncan monk, born. [1231. Dies.]\\n1206\u00c2\u00b1 Pisano, Niccolo, sculptor, archi-\\ntect, born. [1278. Dies.]\\n1220* Charles of A njou, King of Naples\\nand Sicily, born. [1285. Dies.]\\n1221* IWmavrntiira, St., theologian, born.\\n[1274. Dies.]\\n1324+ Aquinas, St. Thomas, theolo-\\ngian, born. [1274. Dies.]\\n1228 Boniface VIII., Cardinal Benedetto\\nGaetani, pope, born. [1303. Dies.]\\n1230* Crescenzi, Pietro de, writer, born.\\n[1307+. Dies.]\\n1231* Manfred, King of Naples, born.\\n[1266. Dies.]\\nCHURCH.\\n1038+ *A Benedictine abbey is\\nfounded by John Gualbert at Vallom-\\nbrosa, Central Italy.\\n1042* *The Emperor Henry III. ap-\\npoints three popes (p. 774).\\n1044 Rome. Pope Benedict is again\\ndethroned, and followed by Sylvester\\nIII. as anti-pope. Gregory VI. is also\\npope.\\n1046 The emperors receive the right\\nto nominate the popes (p. 774).\\n1048-49 Rome. [St.] Leo IX. is the first\\npope who provides himself with a regu-\\nlar army.\\n1048 Leo IX. reforms the Church\\nsimony and incontinence are punished\\npiety and discipline improve. (Hilde-\\nbrand is the practical ruler of the\\nChurch.)\\n1050 Rome. The cardinal bishops\\narrogate powers not previously claimed.\\n(Contested.)\\n1053 Leo IX. is defeated and taken\\nprisoner by the Normans.\\nDamasus is the first pope to wear a\\ncrown or papal cap.\\n1054 The Greek Church becomes in-\\ndependent.\\n1059 Rome. A conclave of cardi-\\nnals first elects a pope.\\nGerman emperors and popes quar-\\nrel respecting investitures and nomi-\\nnations to the papal throne. The Pope\\nclaims clerical exemption from civil ju-\\nrisdiction, and calls the emperor to ac-\\ncount (p. 774).\\n1061 The papacy is at the summit of\\nits power; it claims supreme dominion,\\ntemporal and spiritual, over every Chris-\\ntian state.\\nRome. Alexander II. is pope.\\n[1073, St. Gregory VII.; 1087, Victor III.;\\n1088, Urban II.; 1099, Paschal II.]\\n1066 The Pope deposes Harold U.,\\nKing of England, and gives the kingdom\\nto William of Normandy.\\n1073 Rome. [St.] Gregory (Hilde-\\nbrand) is elected pope he is a vigorous\\nreformer (p. 774).\\n1075 Pope Gregory sends legates to\\nthe various courts of Europe as his rep-\\nresentatives.\\n1076 The emperor s diet deposes the\\nPope; the Pope excommunicates the\\nemperor and his adherents. Henry final-\\nly submits. Quarrel renewed and pro-\\nlonged (pp. 775, 776+).\\n1077 Matilda of Tuscany, ruler of\\nthe greater part of Italy, makes the Pope\\na present of Tuscauy and Genoa (p. 776).\\n1084 Carthusians founded (p. 776).\\n1095 A Church council meets at\\n[Piacenza], North Italy. It finally es-\\ntablishes the celibacy of the clergy.\\n[1132. Another council meets.]\\n1096 Pope Urban II. restricts the\\nlaity to bread alone in the Lord s\\nSupper.\\nThe Crusade led by Peter the Her-\\nmit and Walter the Penniless is com-\\nposed of an immense rabble 300,000\\nperish before their pilgrimage begins.\\n1096-99 First Crusade (p. 668).\\n1099 The Knights of St. John are\\ninstituted.\\n1107 *The cathedral of Cremona is\\nbegun.\\n1109 Henry Y. makes the Pope a\\nprisoner.\\n1116 [St.] Bernard reforms the Ben-\\nedictine monks.\\n1118 Rome. Gelasius II. is pope.\\n[1119, Calixtus II.; 1124, Honorius II.;\\n11U0, Innocent II.; 1143, destine II.; 1144,\\nLuciusll.; 1145, Eugenius III.]\\n1123 Mar. 18-Apr. 5. Rome. First\\nLateran Council (p. 669).\\n1139 Apr. 20+. Rome. Second Lat-\\neran Council (p. 669).\\nThe recovery of the Holy Land is con-\\nsidered the preservation of ecclesiasti-\\ncal temporalities is the chief issue.\\nThe cathedral of San Sisto at [Pia-\\ncenza] is consecrated.\\n1143-55 Arnold of Bresica attempts a\\nrevolution. He preaches against clerical\\ncorruption, temporal power, and cleri-\\ncal wealth. [1146. Driven out. 1155.\\nBurned.] (P. 776.)\\n1147* Second Crusade. St. Bernard\\nleading agitator unsuccessful (p. 669).\\n12th Cent. The cathedral of Perugia is\\nerected.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1086.jp2"}, "1087": {"fulltext": "ITALY.\\n1032,**-1239,*\\n1075\\n1153 Rome. Anastasius IV. is pope.\\n[1154, Adrian IV.; 1159, Alexander III.;\\n1181, Lucius III.; 1185, Urban III.; 1187,\\nGregory VIII. later, Clement III.}\\n1155* The Emperor Frederick pays\\nreluctant homage to Pope Adrian by\\nholding his horse s stirrup while he\\nmounts, and by loading his palfrey.\\n1159** Some. Schism (p. 77G). Victor\\nIV. is anti-pope.\\nThe order of Carmelite monks is in-\\nstituted.\\n1164-88 Paschal and Calixtus are anti-\\npopes.\\n1170 Fr. The Waldenses (p. 670+).\\n1179 Mar. 5-19. Third Lateran\\nCouncil (p. 670J.\\nIt confirms the Truce of God.\\n1187 *Pope Clement III. sells indul-\\ngences for money.\\n1189-92 Third Crusade (p. 778).\\n1191 Some. Celestine III. is pope.\\n[1198. Innocent III.]\\n1199\u00c2\u00b1 Innocent III. ordains that\\nmarriages shall be celebrated in\\nchurches. [1200. He grants ecclesiasti-\\ncal dispensations.]\\n1200 Jan. Philip II. of France is ex-\\ncommunicated (p. 670).\\n1202-04 Fourth Crusade (pp. 670, 77S).\\n1204 Auricular confession is intro-\\nduced.\\n1208-29 Fr. Persecution of the Albi-\\ngenses (p. 670).\\n1210 The monastic order of Francis-\\ncan friars is instituted. (1208 or 1206?)\\nInnocent III. excommunicates the\\nEmperor Otho IV (p. 778).\\n1212 The Children s Crusade;\\nthousands of children perish or become\\n1214 Innocent III. declares King\\nJohn of England an usurper (p. 852).\\n1215 Nov. 11-30. Some. Fourth\\nLateran Council (pp. 670, 778).\\nIt accepts the term transubstantiation,\\nand tacitly adopts it. Auricular confes-\\nsion is regularly enjoined.\\nThe Dominicans are organized with\\nthe approval of Innocent III. [Char-\\ntered as an independent order by Hono-\\nrius III.]\\n1216 Some. Honorius III. is pope.\\n[1227, Gregory IX.; 1241, Celestine IV.;\\n1243, Innocent IV.]\\n1227\u00c2\u00b1 Some. Gregory IX. perfects\\nthe organization of the Holy Office [In-\\nquisition], and commits its work to the\\nDominicans.\\n1228-29 Fifth Crusade (p. 780).\\n1229 Some. Gregory decrees a bell\\nis to be rung as a signal for the people\\nto adore the host. He prohibits the\\nreading of the Scriptures by the laity.\\nFr. The Inquisition established\\n(p. 670). [1249. In Venice.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1100+ The University of Salerno,\\nNaples, is founded, as ;i school of medi-\\ncine, by Robert Guiscard, the Norman.\\n1113+ Irnerius commences his lec-\\ntures on civil law at Bologna.\\n1116* The university of Bologna is\\nfounded. [1200+. The faculties of medi-\\ncine and philosophy are formed 10,000\\nstudents are in attendance.]\\n12th Century. Ciullo d Alcamo writes\\nContrasto and other poems.\\n1145+ University degrees are insti-\\ntuted at Bologna. (Student guilds pre-\\ncede the university.)\\n1150+ Decretum Gratiani, by Gratl-\\nanus, appears.\\n1204 The University of Vicenza is\\nformed by the migration of students\\nfrom Bologna.\\n1215 Arezzo is a center for the study\\nof civil laws. [1255. It receives its first\\nstatutes. 1338. Becomes important.\\n1377. Declines. 1470+ Closes.]\\n1222 The University of Padua is\\nfounded. [1225. The University of\\nNaples. 1231. The faculty of medicine\\nis withdrawn by the emperor. 1258.\\nRestored. 122S+. The University of Ver-\\ncelli is founded. 1241 The Univer-\\nsity of Sienna is commenced. 1257. Char-\\ntered. 1408. Charter confirmed. 1248.\\nFeb. 6. The University of Piacenza is\\nchartered. 139S. Reconstructed by Ga-\\nleazzo Visconti. A brilliant period\\nfollows.]\\nSTATE.\\n1037 May 28. Milan forces Conrad\\nto acknowledge by a constitution the\\nhereditary character of all Italian fiefs.\\n1039-56 Henry III. is emperor. (1046.\\nDec. 25.) Crowned at Rome. (1046.) He\\ninvests Drogo the Norman with Apulia\\n(p. 775).\\n1050 Sardinia and Corsica are taken\\nfrom the Saracens by the Genoese and\\nPisans.\\n1054 The Normans wrest Apulia\\nand Calabria from the Pope, and form\\na duchy.\\n1057* Robert Guiscard becomes\\nleader of the Normans in Apulia. [1059.\\nThe Pope confirms his title as duke of\\nApulia and Calabria.]\\n1071-90 Roger I., the Norman, is Count\\nof Sicily and Calabria. [1101. Suc-\\nceeded by Roger II., his son.]\\n1073-85 Pope Gregory VII. (Hilde-\\nbrand) has great power in affairs of\\nstate.\\n1076-1115 Matilda reigns as countess\\nin Tuscany and other parts of northern\\nItaly. [1077. Makes revisionary grants\\nof all her vast dominions to the popes.\\n1102. Renewed.]\\n1085 The Normans are supreme in\\nall southern Italy.\\n1101* Milan becomes an independent\\nrepublic.\\n1102 Matilda bequeaths the south-\\neastern part of Tuscany to the Pope.\\n1120+ The free cities of Genoa, Ven-\\nice, and Pisa rise to importance.\\n1127 Civil law is restored. (Blair.)\\nSicily. Roger H. is king. [1130.\\nCrowned. He forms a great Italian\\ndominion. Sicily and southern Italy\\nare united.]\\n1130+ Normans under Roger II.\\nsubjugate Naples, after Lombards,\\nFranks, and Germans had failed in their\\nattempts. As first King of Naples and\\nSicily he is crowned by the anti-pope.\\nNaples becomes the capital of the\\nkingdom of Naples and the Two Sicilies.\\n1140+ *TheGuelphsandGhibellines\\narise in Germany, later in Italy (p. 777).\\n1143-55 Arnold of Brescia, a religious\\nreformer and political agitator, advo-\\ncates the deposition of the Pope, and the\\nrestitution of the ancient republic.\\n(1155.) Executed (p. 776).\\n1154-66 William, son of Roger II., is\\nKing of Naples. [116G-89, William II.\\n1189-94, Tancred 1194-97, William III.\\nsucceeded by Constance (p. 779). 1197-\\n1250, Frederick II. of Germany 1250-54,\\nConrad 1254-58, Conradin 1258-66, Man-\\nfred 1266-82, Charles of Anjou.]\\n1155 Some. Frederiekl. is crowned\\nemperor (p. 777).\\n1158+ Venice becomes a great mari-\\ntime power. [1172. The Great Council\\nis established with 450 or more members.\\n1204. Venice purchases Crete.]\\n1165 Pisa possesses Sardinia.\\n1167 Apr. 7. The Lombard League\\narises (p. 779). [Dec.l. Another league.]\\nMilan rebuilt (p. 779).\\n1177 June 23. Peace signed (p. 779).\\nThe Pope gives to Venice dominion\\nover the sea, as a wife under the do-\\nminion of her husband.\\n1183 June 25. The Peace of Con-\\nstance is signed (p. 779).\\n1191 Apr. 15. Henry VI. crowned\\nemperor. [1193. Crowned at Palermo.]\\n(P. 779.)\\n1194-1266 The German house of Ho-\\nhenstaufen rules Naples and Sicily as\\nan inheritance received by marriage of\\nConstance to Henry VI. (p. 779).\\n1196* Sp. Peter II., King of Aragon,\\nrenders his kingdom tributary to the\\nHoly See, and receives from the Pope\\nthe title of Catholic.\\n1201 Mar. 1. Some. Otho I. is ac-\\nknowledged emperor (p. 779).\\n1202 Zara, Dalmatia, revolts from\\nVenice. [Soon subdued.]\\n1204 Therepublicof Venice becomes\\none of the great commercial powers\\nGenoa is a rival city. [1238. Peace\\nmade by the mediation of the Pope.]\\n1212* *King Frederick H., anti-em-\\nperor (p. 779). [He struggles with the\\nsuccessive popes.]\\n1226 Another league of cities is\\nformed against Frederick II. (p. 780).\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1054 Godfrey the Bearded marries\\nBeatrix of Tuscany.\\n1077 Matilda of Tuscany marries\\nWelf V., son of the Duke of Bavaria.\\n1101 Venice is burned.\\n1106* The Crusaders enrich Venice,\\nGenoa, and Pisa.\\n1140 The ducat is first struck in\\nApulia.\\n1157* The Bank of Venice is founded.\\n[1407. The Bank of Genoa.]\\n1177 The doge drops a ring into the\\nsea at Venice, thereby \u00e2\u0096\u00a0wedding the\\ncity to the sea. CThe ceremony is re-\\npeated annually.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1087.jp2"}, "1088": {"fulltext": "1076 1239 **-1387,\\nITALY.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1241 Apr. Battle of Meloria (p. 7S0).\\n1258 Naval war between Venetians\\nand Genoese. [It lasts with intermis-\\nsions till 1299.]\\n1263 Gr. The Venetians defeat the\\nGenoese in the JEgean Sea, near Negro-\\npont.\\n1266 Feb. 26. Battle at Benevento\\n(p. 672).\\n1268 Aug. 23. Conradin defeated (p.\\n780).\\n1282* Sicily. Messina revolts against\\nCharles of Anjou finds an ally in Peter\\nof Aragon, whose fleet defeats the\\nFrench.\\n12S4 Aug. 6. The Genoese totally de-\\nstroy the Pisan fleet off the island of\\nMeloria. [1293-99. Venice at war with\\nGenoa. 129S. Sept. 8. The Genoese de-\\ncisively defeat the Venetian fleet in the\\nAdriatic]\\n1296 Lamba Doria, with 78 Genoese\\ngalleys, terribly defeats Andrea Dan-\\ndola, off Curzola, burning 6Q Venetian\\nvessels, and capturing 18 others with 7,000\\nprisoners.\\n1302 Matteo V i s c o n t i defeats the\\nTorriani party, and drives their leader\\nout of Milan. [1324. Galeazzo Visconti\\ndefeats a papal army aided by Crusa-\\nders at Milan.]\\n1327 Louis IV. invades Italy (p. 782).\\n1330* John of Bohemia conquers\\nLombardy.\\n1339 The Condottieri appear they\\nare bands of soldiers ready to serve\\nthose who pay the most.\\n1346 July 1. Aust. The Venetians\\ndefeat Louis of Hungary at Zara. [1348.\\nHe invades Naples (p. 506)].\\nVenice and Genoa are again at war\\nVenice has Pedro IV. of Aragon and the\\nGreek emperor as allies. [1352. Feb. 13.\\nThe Genoese defeat the allies near\\nConstantinople enormous losses on\\nboth sides.]\\n1350 Venice and Genoa at war.\\n1353 Aug. 29. The A enetians defeat\\nthe Genoese, and break their naval\\npower, off Sardinia.\\n1354 Nov. 3. The Genoese reorganized\\nnavy defeats the Venetians in the Gulf\\nof Sapienza. [1355. Peace.]\\n1356-73 Venice and Hungary at war.\\n1362 Pisa and Florence are at war.\\n1377 Venice and Genoa begin a des-\\nperate war.\\n[1378. May* The Genoese are defeated\\noff Antiuin. 1379. May 2S). The Venetians\\nare decisivelv defeated off Pola. Aug. 16.\\nThe Genoese force the port of Chioggia, thus\\nopening the canals to the city. 1380. June\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1260 The pulpit of the cathedral of\\nNiccola Pisano is erected.\\nMadonna with Angels is painted by\\nGiovanni Cimabue, at Florence. The\\nFather of Modern Painting.\\n1272 Marco Polo travels in the\\nEast as far as Peking, and adds much to\\nEuropean knowledge of the Chinese.\\n1280 Stucco-work is invented by\\nMagarHone,\\n1285+ Spectacles are invented by\\nAlexander di Spina a monk at Flor-\\nence. [1300\u00c2\u00b1. Ascribed to SalvinusAr-\\nmatus of Pisa.]\\n1288 Borne is embellished by Pope\\nNicholas IV.\\n1300\u00c2\u00b1 Looking-glasses are made\\nonly at Venice.\\n1308 Majesty is begun by Duccio di\\nBuoninsegna in Sienna.\\n1320 The Campanile at Florence is\\nbegun.\\n1338 The musical notes are per-\\nfected [and arranged as in modern use],\\n1340 A paper-mill is established\\nnear Fabriano linen paper is made.\\n1350\u00c2\u00b1 Gold wire is first made.\\n1354 The Doge s Palace in Venice\\nis begun [the present building].\\n1365 Agnolo Gaddi paints a double\\nseries of frescoes, the Virgin and the\\nSacred Girdle, at Prato.\\n1377 Home. The Pope first resides at\\nthe Vatican, a palace with 700 rooms.\\n[Finally 11,000 rooms, chapels, etc.]\\n(Originator uncertain.)\\n1243\u00c2\u00b1 Innocent TV. has a struggle\\nwith the Emperor Frederick II.\\n1245 Church council (p. 672).\\nThe sect of Flagellants appears. [1260.\\nEstablished at Perouse they lash them-\\nselves while in procession.] (P. 674.)\\n1248-50 Sixth Crusade (p. 672).\\n1250 The church of Santa Maria\\nNovella at Florence is begun.\\n1254* Home. Alexander IV. is pope.\\n[1261, Urban IV.; 1265, Clement VI.]\\nPietro de Murrone [Pope Celestine V.]\\nfounds the Celestines as a monastic\\norder.\\n1256* Home. The Augustinian\\norder of monks is established,\\nThe monastic orders secure great\\ninfluence by their wealth and rigid dis-\\ncipline, as well ;is for the assistance ren-\\ndered to the popes.\\n1265 The Pope, having obtained the\\ndominion of Italy, places Charles of An-\\njou on the throne of Naples.\\n1268+ The papal throne is vacant 33\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\npainter, born.\\n1340 Cimabue.\\n[1302. Dies.]\\n13th Century. Guido della Colonne, Sicilian\\nhistorian, born.\\n1250i: Abano, Pietro di, philosopher, b.\\n[1316. Dies.]\\nVisconti, Matteo, the Great, Lord of Milan,\\nborn. [1322. Dies.]\\n1254* *Polo, Marco. Venetian traveler,\\nborn. [1324. Dies.]\\n1264 Urban IV., pope, dies.\\n1265 Dante Alighieri. poet. h. [1321. D.J\\n1268 Clement IV., pope, dies.\\n1270 Pisano, Andrea, sculptor, horn.\\n[1349. Dies.]\\n1276* Giotto, or Giotto di I tondone, painter,\\narchitect, sculptor, born. [1337. Dies.]\\n1277 .John XXI., pope, dies.\\n1278* l- alien, Marino, doge of Venice,\\nborn. [1355. Dies.]\\n1280* Villain, Giovanni, historian, born.\\n[1348. Dies.]\\n1285 Martin IV., pope, dies.\\n1300 Gaddi, Taddru, Kloivntine architect,\\nborn. [13t5fi. Dies.]\\n1304 Petrarch. Francesco, poet, born.\\n[1374. Dies.]\\n1313* Boccaccio, Giovanni, poet, novel-\\nist, born. [1375. Dies.]\\nRienzi, Coladi, patriot, born. [1354. Dies.]\\n1314* liartnlus. jurist, born. [1357. D.]\\n1329 Orcagna (di Cioiie Andrea, painter,\\nsculptor, architect, born. [1368. Dies.]\\n1333* Gaddi, Agnolo, painter, b. [1396. D.]\\n1334* .John XX 11., pope, dies.\\n1340+* Zeno, Nicolo, Venetian navigator,\\nborn. [1395. Dies.]\\n1348 Barlaam, Bernard, monk, contro-\\nversialist, dies.\\n1352 Clement VI., pope, dies.\\n1369* Brnni, Leonardo, historian, human-\\nist, born. [1444. Dies.]\\nChrysoluras, Manuel, Greek scholar, horn.\\n[1415. Dies.]\\n1370 Urban V., pope, dies.\\n1372* Uoseaii, Kraneeseo, doge of Venice,\\nborn. [1457. Dies.]\\n1378* Kiesole, Giovanni Angelico da,\\npainter, born. [1455. Dies.]\\nGhiberti, Lorenzo, Florentine sculptor,\\npainter, born. [1456. Dies.]\\nMedici, Cosmo, or Cosimo de, the Elder,\\nbanker, statesman, born. [1464. Dies.]\\nUrban VI., pope, dies.\\n1379* Brnnelleschi, Filippo, architect,\\nsculptor, born. [1444. Dies.]\\n1386* apistiano, Giovanni da, preacher,\\nborn. [1456. Dies.]\\nDonatello, sculptor, born. [1466. Dies.]\\nCHURCH.\\n1239* *Frederick II, excommuni-\\ncated (p. 780).\\n1241 Rome. Celestine IV. dies 18\\ndays after his election and before conse-\\ncration. [Papal throne vacant 19\\nmonths.]\\nQths.\\n1270 Seventh Crusade (p. 672).\\n1271* Home. Gregory 5. is pope.\\n[1276, Innocent V., later Adrian V., later\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Toll i i Nicholas 111.; 12*1, Mar-\\ntin IV.; rj\u00c2\u00ab5, Iloiioi ius IV.; 12SR. Nicholas\\nIV.; 1294, [St.] Celestine V.; later Boniface\\nVIII.]\\nHome. The conclave for the election\\nof popes first appears.\\n1272 The cathedral of Naples is\\nbegun by Charles of Anjou.\\n1274 May 7-June 17. Fr. The union\\nCouncil of Lyons (p. 672).\\n1275 The Pope orders the knee to\\nbe bent at the mention of the name of\\nJesus.\\n1277 The Eastern and Western\\nChurches are again separated. [1235.\\nAgain.] (P. 1034.).\\n1276 Pope John XXI. encompasses\\nthe papal cap with a crown. [1295.\\nBoniface VIII. adds a second crown.\\n1335. Benedict III. adds a third.]\\n1284 The church of San Michele at\\n.Florence is begun by Arnolfo.\\n1292 Home. The Holy See is va-\\ncant 27 months. [1302. Vacant one year.\\n1304+ Two years. 1314. One year.]\\n1294 Dee. 10. The Santa Casa, the\\nveritable house of the Virgin, is alleged\\nto have been brought by angels from\\nPalestine to Dalmatia. [Later brought\\nto Loreto, and visited by pilgrims.]\\nThe church of Santa Croce at Flor-\\nence is begun by Arnolfo,\\n1296 The [present] cathedral of\\nSanta Maria del Fiore at Florence is be-\\ngun. [1420. Erected to the base of the\\ndome. 1446. The dome, 138\u00c2\u00a3 feet in di-\\nameter, completed apex, 387 feet high.]\\nThe controversy between realists\\nand nominalists agitates the Church.\\n1303 Philip IV. seizes the person of\\nthe Pope (p. 672).\\nBenedict XI. is pope.\\nrl305. Clement V.; 1316, John XXII.]\\n1307-08 Fr. The Knights Templars\\nare suppressed, (p. 672). [1312. Order\\nabolished by a Church council.]\\n1309-77 Fr. The popes reside at Avi-\\ngnon Babylonish captivity (p. 672).\\n1311-12 Council of Vienne (p. 672).\\n1313 Avignon. Clement V. offers in-\\ndulgences at public sale. [1314+ The\\nHoly See is vacant two years, the car-\\ndinals being unable to agree.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1088.jp2"}, "1089": {"fulltext": "ITALY.\\n1239,**-1387/\\n1077\\n1316* Nicholas V., the anti-pope, is\\nnominated by Louis IV., who holds his\\ncourt at Rome, where he is seized by\\nPope John and imprisoned.\\n1324* Louis IV. excommunicated (p.\\n7S2). [1328. Louis sets up as anti-pope,\\nNicholas V.]\\n1334 Rome. Benedict XTI. is pope.\\n[1342, Clement VI.; 1352, Innocent VI.;\\n1362, Urban V. 1370, Kr.-uorv XI.; 1378, Ur-\\nban VI.; 1389, Boniface IX.; 1401, Innocent\\nVII.; 1406, Gregory XII.]\\n1338 Ger. The temporal power is\\ndenied (p. 782).\\n1348 Flagellants increase.\\nFr. Avignon passes into the posses-\\nsion of the popes.\\n14th Century The cathedral of Genoa is\\nbegun. The cathedral of [Rimini] is\\nerected.\\n1372 [Nov. 21.] The Feast of the Pre-\\nsentation of the Virgin is instituted by\\nGregory XI.\\n1378-1447 The Great Schism of the\\nWest (pp. 674, 784).\\nThe anti-popes reside at Avignon the\\npopes at Rome.\\n1387 The Cathedral of Milan is be-\\ngun. [Length, 486 feet breadth, 252\\ntransept, 288 height of vaulting above\\nthe floor, 153; height of spire, 355.]\\nLETTERS.\\n23th Century. Sulla Natura d Amore, by\\nGuido Cavalcanti, appears.\\nCantico del Sole, by Francis of Assisi\\nappears.\\nDevozioni del G/oredi e Venerdi Santo,\\nappears.\\nTesoretto, by Brunetto Latiui, appears.\\nDel Reggimento e dei Costumi delle\\nDonne, anil Documenti d Jmore, by Fran-\\ncesco da Barberini, appear.\\nComposizione del Mondo, by Ristoro\\nd Arezzo, appears.\\nCento Novelle Antiche appears.\\nIntelligenza appears.\\nThe Chronicle of Dino Compagni ap-\\npears.\\nDi un Monacho die andb al servizio de\\nDio appears.\\n1264 University of Ferrara is\\nfounded. [1391. Chartered.]\\n1272 Thomas Aquinas teaches the-\\nology in the University of Naples.\\n1280-87 Guido delle Colonne, the Sici-\\nlian poet, writes Historia Destructionis\\nTrojans, and Historia de regibus et rebus\\nAnglise.\\n1300\u00c2\u00b1 The Eccerinus, by Albertino\\nMussato, appears.\\n1300+-18 Divina Commedia, by Dante,\\nappears. [1307, Vita Nuova; 1310, De\\nMonorchia; 1320, De Aqua at Terra.\\n1303 The University of Rome is\\nfounded by Boniface VIII. [1318. It is\\nrestricted to faculties in the canon and\\ncivil law. 1308. The University of\\nPerugia is chartered by Clement VIII.,\\nafter having been recognized by the\\ncivic authorities for two years. 1355.\\nReceives new privileges. 1318. The\\nUniversity of Treviso is chartered by\\nFrederick the Fair. 1326. The College\\nof Brescia is founded at Bologne, for\\npoor foreign students, by William of\\nBrescia.]\\n1327 Apr. 6. Petrarch meets Laura\\nin the Church of St. Clara of Avignon.\\n[1327-48. The sonnets of Petrarch to\\nLaura appear. 1351, Epistle to Posterity\\n1358, Remedy Against Either Extreme of\\nFortune; 1353, De Otio Religiosorum.]\\n1341+ Filcopo and Teseide, by Boccac-\\ncio, appear. [1341-44, Ameto and L A-\\nmorosa Visione; 1334\u00c2\u00b1, UAmorosa Fiam-\\nmetta; 1353, The Ihmmeron; 1363-73, De\\nGenealogia Deorum Libri.~\\\\\\nApr. 8. Petrarch, the first and greatest\\nlyric poet of Italy, is crowned.\\n1343 The University of Pisa is\\nfounded. [1348-49. All the universities\\nsuffer from the prevalence of the\\nplague. 1349. May 31. The Univer-\\nsity of Florence is chartered. 1388. Feb.\\n14. It adopts statutes. 1437. Enlarged.]\\n14th Century. Pecoroni, in imitation of\\nthe Decameron, by Ser Giovanni Fioren-\\ntino, appears.\\nFranco Sacchetti writes a large num-\\nber of sonnetti, canzoni, ballati, madri-\\ngalli, etc.\\nBindo Bonichi, Arrigo di Castruccio,\\nCecco Nuccoli, and others excel in comic\\npoetry.\\n1360 Innocent VI. recognizes the\\nUniversity of Bologna as a place of\\ntheological education for all students.\\n[1364. The Spanish College is founded.]\\n1361 The University of Pavia is\\nchartered byCharles IV. [1404\u00c2\u00b1. Trans-\\nferred to Piacenza. 1412. Oct. The\\nlectures are resumed in the University\\nof Pavia. A brilliant period follows.]\\n1364 The University of Florence\\nobtains the grant of imperial privileges\\nfrom Charles IV. [1472. The students\\nare removed to Pisa.]\\nSTATE.\\n1239 Venice forms an alliance with\\nthe remaining cities of the Lombard\\nLeague against Frederick II.\\n1254 Piacenza conies under the sway\\nof the family of the Scotti.\\n1260+ Italy is ruled by despots.\\nKing Charles of Anjou is ambitious\\nfor the sovereignty of Italy.\\n1268 Oct. 29. TheHohenstaufensin\\nItaly are overthrown in the death of\\nConradin, beheaded at Naples (p. 780).\\n1270+ The Doria and Spinola fam-\\nilies gain ascendency in Genoa.\\n1277\u00c2\u00b1 The Visconti family gain as-\\ncendency in Milan.\\n1282 Mar. 30. Sicily. Sicilian Ves-\\npers: massacre of the French (p. 673).\\nSicily revolts against the Angevins\\nthe Spanish house of Anjou holds su-\\npremacy.\\n1282-1442 Naples and Sicily are\\nseparate kingdoms. [1442-58. Reunited.\\n1458-1504. Separated. 1504-1861. Ke-\\nunited with brief interruptions.]\\n1282-85 Charles I. of Anjou is King\\nof Naples.\\n[1285-1309, Charles II. 1309-43, Robert the\\nWise; 1343-62, Joanna I. with Andrew her\\nhusband; 1343-45, with Louis of Tarento,\\nher husband 1349-82, Alone. (1382. May\\n22. She is put to death by the usurper Charles\\nIII.) 1382, Charles III.; 1385-86, Louis I.\\n1386-1414, Ladislaus; 1414-35, Joanna II.]\\n1282-85 Peter I. (HI.), of Aragon, is\\nKing of Sicily.\\n[1285-95, James I. (II.); 1295-1337, Freder-\\nick II.; 1337-42, Peter II.; 1342-55, Louis;\\n1355-76, Frederick III.; 1376-1402. Maria and\\nMartin her husband; 1402-09, Martin I. 1409-\\n10, Martin II.; 1410-16, Ferdinand I. 1416-35,\\nAlfonso I.]\\n1282 Florence adopts a new system\\nof government by members of a guild.\\n1284 Aug. 6. Pisa ceases to be a naval\\npower.\\n1288* *Matteo Visconti is chosen\\nCaptain of the People at Milan for\\nfive years. [He gains sovereign power.]\\n1288-1796 Modena is governed by the\\nHouse of Este. The last male of this\\nHouse is expelled by the French.\\n1296 Sicily is separated from Ara-\\ngon, Spain. [1412. Keunited.]\\n1298 The Great Council of Venice\\nceases to exist.\\n1302* Alberto Scotto is overcome,\\nand Placentia is united with Milan un-\\nder the sway of the Visconti.\\n1309* Robert the Wise, King of\\nNaples, aspires to the sovereignty of\\nItaly.\\n1310* Venice is governed by the\\nCouncil of Ten. [1313. By Matteo\\nVisconti. 1319. By an oligarchy.]\\n1316* Castrucio-Castracana by a\\nrevolution becomes master of Lucca and\\nPisa; he drives out the Guelphs.\\n1322 Galeazzo (I.) Visconti is lord of\\nMilan. [1329, Azzo Visconti 1339, Luc-\\ncbino Visconti 1349, Giovanni Vis-\\nconti.]\\n1328-1708 Mantua is ruled by the Gon-\\nzagas family.\\n1339 The dogate is established at\\nGenoa Simon Boccanegra is the first\\ndoge. [1344. Set aside by the nobles.\\n1356. Reappointed.]\\n1343* Venice enters a commercial\\ntreaty with the Sultan of Egypt and\\nSyria.\\n14th Century. Lombardy sides with the\\nGhibellines, and comes under the rule\\nof the Visconti.\\n1345 Sept. 18. Andrew of Hungary,\\nhusband of Joanna 1., is murdered.\\n1347 May 20. Rome. Cola di Rienzi\\nleads a revolution, overthrows the aris-\\ntocracy, reforms the government, and\\nbecomes the tribune of the people. [Be-\\ncomes arrogant and visionary. 1347.\\nDec. 15. Expelled. 1354. Oct. S. Killed\\nin a riot.]\\n1353 Rome. The dominion of the\\nPope is restored.\\nMarino Falieri becomes doge of Ven-\\nice. [1355. He is beheaded for conspir-\\ning against the republic]\\n1358 Hungary takes Istria and X)al-\\nmatia from Venice.\\n1370 Lucca becomes a:\\nrepublic.\\n1377 The Medici family in Florence\\nrise to power.\\nSylvester de Medici is chosen chief\\nmagistrate against the nobility.\\n1387 Venice acquires Corfu.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1252 Apr. 6. An accused gonfalonier\\nmurders [St. J Pietro da Verona, an in-\\nquisitor who burned heretics.\\n1282 Mar. 20. Sicily. Sicilian Ves-\\npers (p. 673). [French expelled.]\\n1312 Apr.* Rome. Pope Clement V.\\nabolishes the order of Knights Tem-\\nplars.\\n1315 The golden book of the nobil-\\nity of Venice is issued.\\n1355 Apr. 14. Marino Faliero s con-\\nspiracy to exterminate the tyrannical\\nnobility of Venice on the next day is\\ndiscovered.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1089.jp2"}, "1090": {"fulltext": "1078 1389, *-1503,*\\nITALY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1404 Venice obtains Padua and Ve-\\nrona by conquest.\\n1405-06 Florence besieges and con-\\nquers Pisa.\\n1413 Rome is sacked by Ladislas,\\nKing of Naples, who attempts to unite\\nall Italy under bis rule, but is opposed\\nby tbe Pope, whom he expels.\\n1424 Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of\\nMilan, is at war with Florence.\\n1425 Venice takes Brescia from Mi-\\nlan. [1430-36. War renewed.]\\n1463-79 Venice is at war with the\\nTurks with intermissions it loses Eu-\\nbcea, Lemnos, and Morea. [1466. The\\nVenetians take Athens. 1477. Cyprus.]\\n1492 The period of invasions begins.\\n1494 France invades Italy (p. 678).\\n1499 The Turks take Lepanto, Plos,\\nModon, and Coron from Venice.\\nThe French, aided by the Venetians,\\nBubdue the revolting Milanese, and\\ntake Duke Ludovico Sforza captive to\\nParis (p. 678).\\n1501-03 France and Spain conquer Na-\\nples and Sardinia, and then quarrel (p.\\n678).\\n1503-13 Pope Julius II. conquers\\nBomagna, Bologna, and Perugia from\\nCesare Borgia. Takes Urbino (p. 680).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1390 The Virgin and Child is painted\\nby Taddeo. [1395, The altar-piece, Ma-\\ndonna with Saints 1403, Descent of the\\nHoly Spirit.]\\n1400\u00c2\u00b1 Delftware is made by Luca\\ndella Robbia at Florence.\\n1402 Charles VI. licenses the per-\\nformance of a sacred drama.\\n1410-24 Donatello (Donato di Niccolo\\ndi Betto Banli) executes statues of the\\nCampanile at Florence.\\n1413 The Palazzo di Mendicita at\\nLucca is begun.\\n1420i Plane charts and the mariner s\\ncompass come into use.\\n1423* Rome. Gentile da Fabriano\\npaints Adoration of the Magi. [1426. A\\nfresco of the Madonna at Orvieto.]\\n1440 The Academy of Naples is es-\\ntablished.\\n1444 The seven Eugubine Tablets,\\nof brass, probably made in 400 b. C, are\\ndiscovered at Gubbio.\\nFiniguerra Masso is the first artist to\\nengrave on copper in Italy.\\n1456 Dec. 5. An earthquake at Na-\\nples destroys 40,000 lives.\\n1457 The Cambio, or Hall of the\\nMoney Changers, is built at Perugia.\\n1464 St. George and the Dragon is\\npainted by Andrea Mantegna.\\n1466 Andrea Verrocbi is tbe first to\\ntake casts from the face.\\n1472 Piero Delia Francesca paints\\nthe Duke and Duchess of Urbino.\\n1473 Antonello da Messina of Venice\\nintroduces tbe use of oil for painting.\\n1478* *Sandro fSotticelli paints Allegory\\nof Spring. [1480+, The Adoration of the\\nMagi; 1481, Coronation of the Virgin.]\\n1480\u00c2\u00b1 *Leonardo da Vinci makes\\nwater-mills and river-locks. [1483\u00c2\u00b1,\\nHe paints St. Jerome; 1484, Temptation\\nof Christ.]\\n1481 The Plazzo Vendramin-Ca-\\nlergi at Venice is built.\\n1482 The cathedral of Lucca is\\ncommenced.\\n1484 Franehino Gaf urid of Milan\\nopens the first public school of music.\\n1488-94 Michelangelo executes a bas-\\nrelief of the Battle between Hercules and\\nthe Centaurs; he paints Disposition from\\nthe Cross, and Madonna with Angels, at\\nFlorence.\\n1488 Giovanni Bellini paints Madon-\\nna and Doge Barberigo at Venice.\\n1492* Christopher Columbus, a\\nGenoese, discovers America (p. 13+).\\n1493 La Spienza, at Pisa, is com-\\nmenced.\\n1496-1500 Borne. Michelangelo\\nsculptures tbe Pietd da San Pietro.\\n[1495. An Angel for St. Dominique s altar.\\n1502-04. He paints the Holy Family at Flor-\\nence. 1504. Completes the statue of the\\ngrea.tDandoft/tc Sigtioria. 1506-07. Bronze\\nstatue of Julius II. at Rome. 1508-12. Deco-\\nrates the Sistine Chapel. 1520. Begins the\\nSacristy of San Lorenzo and the tombs of\\nGiuliano and Lorenzo Medici. 1529. Leda.\\n1535-41. He paints the Last Judgment. 1542-\\n49. He paints the frescos of the Pauline\\nChapel. 1547. Jan. 1. He is appointed ar-\\nchitect of St. Peter s.]\\n1496* *Fra Bartolommeo paints the\\nportrait of Savonarola. [loOS, Madonna\\nwith Saints; also, Cod the Father with\\nSaints; 1509\u00c2\u00b1, Holy Family 1512, Ma-\\ndonna with Saints; 1515, The Annuncia-\\ntion; 1516, The Assumption.]\\n1497 John and Sebastian Cabot,\\nVenetians, make discoveries in tbe New\\nWorld.\\n1498 Leonardo da Vinci paints The\\nLast Supper at Milan.\\n1499 Amerigo Vespucci makes dis-\\ncoveries in America.\\nFrancia paints Madonna with An-\\ngels and Saints also The Nativity.\\n1500 Lorenzo Lotto paints St. Jerome.\\nSanzio (or Santi) Raffael paints the\\nCrucifixion.\\n[1503, Coronation of the Virgin 1504, Spo-\\nsahzio 1504 r, St. G -orge and th Dragon\\nalso, The Marr/aae of the Yiraiu 1504-05\\nThe Three Graves 1506, The Holy Family of\\nthe Palm; also, The Holy Family with the\\nBeardless Joseph 1507, Holy Family Bel\\nCordero 1507-08, The Entombment 1508-11,\\nDispute of the Sacrament 1MW, Tornariva\\n[1510-15, The Cartoons in the Vatican; 1511,\\nMadonna di Foligno also, Gregory Promul-\\ngating the Decretals I. ilii, The Expulsion of\\nHeliodorus, in fresco; 1512-13, The Holy Fam-\\nily of Loreto; 1513-14, God Appearing to\\nNoah, in fresco; also. Dream- of Jacob 1514,\\nMadonna del Pesce also, Galatea, in fresco;\\n1516-17, Madonna del Sedia lull. History of\\nPsyche; also, Holy Family Bel Lagarto\\nlhYl\u00c2\u00b1,Holy Family La Perla 1517-18,\\nHoly Family 1MH, Hohi Fannin of Francis\\nI.; 1519-20, The Transfiguration The\\ngreatest pic t are m the w.nl il, I oussin) 1519,\\nMadonna di San Sisto; also, History of\\nVenus and Cupid.}\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1390-t Castagno, Andrea del, painter, b.\\n[1451. Dies.]\\nCariiiagnola, Francesco, gen., b. [1432. D.]\\n1398* Nicholas V., pope, b. [1455. Dies.]\\n1400* Robbia, Luca della, Florentine\\nsculptor, born. [1482. Dies.]\\n1401 Albiz/.i, Knrlolonnnco, Tuscan wr., d,\\nMasaccio, Tommaso Guidi, painter, born.\\n[1429. Dies.]\\nSforza, Francesco, Duke of Milan, born.\\nr 1466. Dies.]\\n1402* Lippi, Filippo, painter, b. [1469. D.]\\n1404 Alberti, Leon Battista, architect,\\nborn. [1472. Dies.]\\nBoniface IX., pope, dies.\\n1409 Barbiano, Alberico, Count, com-\\nmander, dies.\\nRene Duke of Anjou, King of Sicily, born.\\n[1480. Dies.]\\nSextus IV., pope, born. [1484. Dies.]\\n1418* Accolti, Francesco, jurist, born.\\n[1483. Dies.]\\nPaul II., pope, born. [1471. Dies.]\\n1419* John XXIII., pope, dies.\\n1430* Siena, Ouido da, painter, born. [1495.\\nDies.]\\n1437* Bellini, Gentile, painter, born. [1507.\\nDies.]\\n1438* Bellini, Giovanni, painter, born.\\n[1516. Dies.]\\n1431 Alexander VI., Rodrigo Borgia,\\npope, born. [1503. Dies.]\\nMartin V., pope, dies.\\n1433 Cadamosta, Luigi da, navigator,\\nborn. [1480. Dies.]\\nPulci, Ltiigi, Florentine poet, b. [1487. D.]\\n1433 Farcino, Marsilio, Platonic philoso-\\npher, born. [1499. Dies].\\n1435 Calepino, Ambrogio, lexicographer,\\nborn. [1511. Dies.]\\n1439* Pius III., pope, born. [1503. Dies.]\\n1443 Julius II., pope, born. [1513. D.]\\n1444* Bramante, Donato Lazzari, archi-\\ntect, born. [1514. Dies.]\\n1445 Sangallo, Giuliano da, architect,\\nborn. [1516. Dies.]\\n1446 Columbus, Christopher, discov-\\nerer of America, born. [1506. Dies.]\\nPerugino, Pietro Vanucci, painter, born.\\n[1524. Dies.]\\n1447 Botticelli, Filipepi Sandro, painter,\\nborn. [1515. Dies.]\\nEugenius IV., pope, dies.\\n1448 Medici, Lorenzo de, the Magnifi-\\ncent, Prince of Florence, b. [1492. D.]\\n1449* *Manutius, Aldus, painter, born.\\n[1515. D.]\\n1450* Francia, Francesco Raibolinl,\\npainter, born.\\n1451 Vespucci, Amerig-o, navigator, b.\\n1453 Colonna, Prospero, general, born.\\nSavonarola, Girolamo, religious reformer,\\norator, born.\\nVinci, Leonardo da, Florentine painter, b.\\n1454* Politian, Angrelo, poet, humanist,\\nborn. [1494. Dies.]\\n1458 Calixtus III., pope, dies.\\nSannazaro, Jacopo, poet, born.\\n1459 Adrian VI., pope, born.\\nCredi, Lorenzo di, painter, born.\\n1460 Agnolo, Baccio d architect, borm\\nEmilio, Paolo, historian, born.\\nOggione, .Marco, painter, born.\\n1463 Aehillini, Alessandro, physician, b..\\nPico, Giovanni, Count of Mirandola, philoso-\\npher, born. [1494. Dies.]\\n1468 Doria, Andrea, statesman, born.\\n1469 Cajetan, Tommaso de Vio, card., b.\\nMachiavelli, Niccolo, statesman, au., b.\\n1470* Benibo, [Metro, cardinal, scholar, b.\\nBibbiena, Bernardo, cardinal, born.\\nInghirami, Tonnuaso, scholar, born.\\n1473 Eliae, Levita, scholar, born.\\n1474 Albertinelli, Mariotto, painter, b.\\nAriosto, Lodovico, poet, born.\\n1475 Mar. 6. Michelangelo (Buonarrotti)\\nsculptor, painter, architect, poet, born.\\nLeo X. pope, born.\\nPainiondi, Marc Antonio, engineer, born.\\n1477 Giorgione, II Giorgia Barbarelli,\\npainter, born.\\n1478 Borgia. Cesare, cardinal, states-\\nTitian. Tiziano Vecellio. painter, born.\\n1480 Bandello, Matteo, bp., novelist, b.\\nBorgia, Lucrczia, sisier of Cesare Borgia, b.\\nPalma, Jacopo, painter, born.\\nVerrazzano, Giovanni, da, navigator, born.\\nVida, Marco Girolamo, poet, born.\\n1481 Garoialo, P.cnvenuto Tisio, paint., b.\\nPeruzzi, Baldassare, architect, born.\\n1483 Guicciardini. Francesco, states-\\nman, historian, born.\\n1483 Giovio, Paolo, historian, born.\\nEaffael, Sanzio d Urbino, painter, born.\\n1484 Bagnacavallo, Bartolommeo, paint.,\\nborn.\\nFerrari, Gandeimo, painter, born.\\nScaliger, Julius Cii snr, philosopher, born.\\n1485 l ionibo, Sebastian del, painter, b.\\nRainusio, Giovanni, author, born.\\n1486* Beccafumi, Domenico de Pace,\\npainter, born.\\nSarto, Andrea del, painter, born.\\n1487 Julius III., pope, born.\\n1490 Colle, Hall aellino dal, painter, b.\\nColonna, Vittona, poet, born.\\nPescara, Marquis of, Ferdinand Francesco\\nd* Avalos, general, born.\\n1493* Aeonzio, Giocomo, Protestant au.,b.\\nAretino, Pietro, satirist, born.\\nGiulio, Romano, pander, born.\\n1493 Firenzuola, Agnolo, poet, born.\\nTasso, Bernardo, poet, born.\\n1494* *Correggio, Antonio Allegri da,,\\npainter, born.\\nRiecio, Domenico del, painter, born.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1090.jp2"}, "1091": {"fulltext": "ITALY.\\n1389,* *-1503,\\n1079\\n1495 Alamanni, Luigi, poet, born.\\nCaldara, Polidoro, painter, born.\\n1498 Eerni, Frain-e.sco, burlesque poet, b.\\nGelli, Giovanni Battista, born.\\nSavonarola, Girolamo, religious reformer,\\npulpit orator, A46.\\n1499 Pius IV., pope, born.\\n1500 Alessi, Galeazzo, architect, born.\\nBaschl, monk, born.\\nCampi, Giulio, painter, born.\\nCastello, Giovanni Battista, painter, born.\\nCellini, Benvenuto, sculptor, born.\\nPeter Martyr, Protestant theologian, born.\\n1501 Cardan, Jerome, phys., math., b.\\n1503 Bordone, l aride, painter, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1389 The Festival of the Immacu-\\nlate Conception is appointed [for De-\\ncember 8],\\n1399 Penitents of both sexes, called\\nBianchi, travel through Italy clothed in\\nwhite. [1400. Suppressed.]\\n1409 Mar. 25. Council of Pisa (p. 784).\\nRome. Alexander V. is pope.\\n[1410, John XXIII.; 1417, Martin V.; 1431\\nEugenius IV.; 1447, Nicholas V.; 1455, Ca\\nlixtus III.; 145H, Pius II.; 14G4, Paul II\\n1471, Sixtus IV.; 1484, Innocent VIII.]\\n1414-18 Switz. Anti-Hussite Council\\nof Constance (pp. 676, 784).\\n1414 The papal throne is vacant for\\nnearly three years after two popes are\\ndeposed by the 17th Council.\\n1417* Clement VIII., anti-pope of\\nAvignon, resigns the great schism\\nends.\\n1425 The Church of San Lorenzo,\\nFlorence, is begun by Brunei leschi.\\n[Michelangelo decorates the interior.]\\n1431 Council of Basel (p. 784).\\n1436 Francis de Paula founds the\\nhermit monks Fratres Minimi.\\n1439 Feb. 9. Council of Florence.\\nIt sets forth the doctrine of purgatory\\n(pp. 785, 1034).\\n1440 June 24. Borne. Felix V. enters\\nas anti-pope. [1449. Resigns.]\\n1445 The emperor opposes reforms\\n(p. 785).\\n1446 Concordat of Vienna (p. 785).\\n1450-1626 Home. St. Peter s is\\nerected. (1506.) Active work begins.\\n1455* Ger. The Bible printed (p. 785).\\n1465 Anti-Hussite Crusade (p. 50S).\\n1466 The La Badia Monastery of\\nFiesole is built.\\n1478 Rome. The Pope s bull revives\\nthe Inquisition. [14S4. Nov. 29. In-\\nstructions promulgated.]\\n1484 Rome. Innocent VIII. issues a\\nbull against witchcraft, of which thou-\\nsands are accused and killed.\\n1488 The Conceptionists become an\\norder of nuns.\\n1492 Rome. Alexander VI. is pope.\\n[1503, Pius III.; later, Julius II.; 1513,\\nLeo X.]\\n1493 May 3, 4. Bull of demarcation\\nissued (p. 14).\\n1494+ Girolamo Savonarola leads\\nthe reformation in Italy. [1497. Excom-\\nmunicated. 1498. May 23. Strangled\\nand then burned..]\\n1496 Pope Alexander VI. revives the\\nKnights of the Holy Sepulcher.\\nLETTERS.\\n1404 The University of Turin is\\n1415 History of Florence, by Leonardo\\nBrum, appears.\\n1445 The University of Catania is\\nfounded.\\n1448 Pope Nicholas V. founds a\\nlibrary at the Vatican.\\n15th Century. Mambriano, by Francesco\\nBello of Ferrara, appears.\\nRispetti Ballate, Orfeo, and Stanze,per\\nla Giostra, by Poliziano, appear.\\nThe Sacra Rappresentazione are given\\nin Florence.\\nSan Panunzio and Abranio ed Isac\\n(drama), by Maffeo Belcari, appear.\\nSavonarola writes Italian sermons,\\nhymns (laudi), and ascetic and political\\ntreatises.\\n1460-92 San Giovanni e Paolo (drama),\\nby Lorenzo de Medici, appears.\\nAmbra, Caccia del Falcone, and Kencia\\nda Barberino, by Lorenzo de Medici, ap-\\npear at Florence.\\n1481 II Morgavde Maggiore, by Luigi\\nPulci, appears at Venice.\\n1482 The first printed edition of\\nEuclid s Elements appears at Venice.\\n[1505. The first printed translation is\\npublished at Venice by Bartholomew\\nZambert. 1569. Another translation.]\\n1485 Epistles, by Francesco Filelfo,\\nappears. [1497. Latin Odes; also La\\nSforziade.]\\nDe Re JEdijicatoria, by Leon Battista\\nAlberti, appears.\\n1495 Orlando Innamorato, by Matteo\\nMaria Boiardo, appears.\\n1500\u00c2\u00b1 Ambrose Calepini, a Venetian\\nfriar, writes in Latin [the first known]\\npolyglot dictionary.\\nSTATE.\\n1391 Pisa becomes subject to Gian\\nGaleazzo Visconti [Duke of Milan].\\n1394* Disorder abounds in Genoa;\\nmany doges are appointed. [1396. Genoa\\ncomes under the protection of France.\\n1410, Under Naples 1419, Under Milan.]\\n1395 Gian Galeazzo Visconti takes\\nthe title of Duke of Milan. [The title\\ncontinues. 1447. The Visconti line\\nends.]\\n1398 Rome. Pope Boniface IX. over-\\nthrows the republican privileges of citi-\\nzens by suppressing municipal liberties.\\n1405 The Venetians seize Padua.\\n1406 Florence rules Pisa.\\n1408 Home is ruled by Ladislaus.\\n1416 Feb. 19. Sigismund erects Savoy\\ninto a duchy Count Amadeus III. is\\nmade duke.\\n1421-1512 Genoa loses and regains\\nfreedom.\\n1421 Venice is at the height of its\\npower. Dalmatia, Greece, and the Le-\\nvant are its outlying possessions.\\n[1423-57. Francesco Foscari is doge.\\nHe enlarges Venetian territory.]\\n1431* Sigismund is King of Italy.\\n[1433, emperor 1437, deposed.] (P. 785.)\\n1434 The M edici family, led by Cos-\\nmo de Medici (elected chief ruler 1426),\\nbecomes paramount in Florence.\\n1435 Alphonso V. of Aragon seizes\\nTJaples on the death of Joanna II. she\\nhad bequeathed her dominions to Re-\\ngnier of Anjou.\\n1440 Frederick III. emperor (p. 785).\\n1442 The kingdom of the Two Sici-\\nlies is restored.\\n1447 Placentia revolts from Milan,\\nbut is subdued with great cruelty.\\n1450-1535 The duchy of Milan is ruled\\nby the House of Sforza.\\n15th Century. Count Thomas acquires\\nPiedmont.\\n1454* Three inquisitors exercise\\ngovernment with despotic power in\\nVenice.\\n1458 Genoa is ruled by the French.\\nNaples and Sicily are separated.\\n1458-79 Sicily. John of Aragon is\\nking. [1479-1503. Ferdinand the Catho-\\nlic of Spain.]\\n1458-94 Ferdinand I. is King of Na-\\nples. [1494-95. Alfonso II. He abdi-\\ncates. 1495-96. Frederick I. 1496-1501.\\nFrederick II. expelled by the French.]\\n1464-69 Piero (I.) de Medici is the un-\\ntitled chief of the Florentine republic.\\n1466-76 Galeazzo Maria Sforza is Duke\\nof Milan. [1476. Assassinated.]\\n1469-92 Francisco de Medici, The\\nMagnificent, rules.\\n[1492-1519. Alessandro de Medici rules\\nas the first duke of Florence. 1493. Ex-\\npelled. 1512. Restored. 1527. Expelled.\\n1531. Restored. 1537. Jan. 5. Assassi-\\nnated.]\\n1474 The duchy of Urbino is created.\\n[1502. Urbino, the capital, is treacher-\\nously seized by Cesare Borgia.]\\n1476i-99 Ludovico Sforza rules as\\nusurper in Milan. (1500.) The Milanese\\nrevolt (p. 679).\\n1478 Jacopo Pazzi with others forms\\na conspiracy in the name of liberty\\nagainst L. de Medici at Florence. It\\nfails.\\n1479* ILlyria. Albania Scodra [Scu-\\ntari] is taken from the Venetians by the\\nTurks.\\n1483 Venice joins the league against\\nNaples.\\n1489 Venice acquires Cyprus by the\\ngift of Catherine Cornaro, widow of\\nJames II., its last king.\\n1494-98 Florence is again a theoretical\\nrepublic under Girolamo Savonarola,\\nafter overthrowing the Medici.\\n1494 Charles VIII. of France claims\\nand enters Naples (p. 679).\\n1498* Piccolo Machiavelli is ap-\\npointed official secretary at Florence.\\n[1527. June 22. Dies.]\\nPisa becomes independent under the\\nprotection of Charles VIII. of France.\\n1499-1526 The possession of the duchy\\nof Milan is disputed with France; Louis\\nXII. claims it as an inheritance from his\\ngrandmother, Valentine Visconti.\\n1501-40 The French and Spanish con-\\ntend for power in Italy.\\n1501* *Sicily and Naples are con-\\nquered and unsuccessfully divided\\n(p. 678). [1503. Annexed to Spain.]\\n1503-16 Ferdinand in. of Spain is\\nKing of the Two Sicilies.\\n[1516-56, Charles I. (V. of Ger.) 1556-98,\\nPhilip I. (II. of Sp.); 1598-1621, Philip II.\\n(III. of Sp.); 1621-55, Philip III. (IV. of\\nSp.); 1655 I7IHI, hurl. sU. of Sp.); 1700-07,\\nPhilip IV. (V. of Sp.); 1707-13, Charles III.\\n(of Aust.).]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1446+ Christopher Columbus is\\nborn at Genoa. [1473\u00c2\u00b1. He goes to\\nPortugal.]\\n25th Century. Christians are first al-\\nlowed to receive usury, the same as\\nJews.\\n1462 Pawnbroking is introduced\\nin Perugia.\\n1497 Venice declines after the dis-\\ncovery of the passage to India, following\\nthe discovery of America. [1577. It is\\ndevastated by fire.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1091.jp2"}, "1092": {"fulltext": "1080 1503, *-1579,\\nITALY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1509 France at war -with Venice (p.\\n680).\\n1515-21 War with Cliarles V. and\\nFrancis I. (pp. 680, 7SS).\\n1522 Spaniards and Italians under\\nProspero Colonna sack Genoa. [1526.\\nSept. 29. Rome is taken by thepartizans\\nof Cardinal Colonna they plunder the\\nVatican, St. Peter s, and the Pope s min-\\nisters and servants. 1527. May. 6. Home\\nis taken.] (P. 680.)\\n1528 Second war with the Emperor\\nCharles V. (p. 680).\\n1554 Aug. 3. Battle at Marciano (p.\\n682).\\n1557 May 15. Civitella relieved (p.\\n682).\\n1559 Apr. 3. French wars end (p. 683).\\n1570 Venice at war with Turkey.\\n1571 Oct. 7. Gr. Great battle near\\nLepanto.\\nThe combined fleets of Spain, Venice,\\nand Pius V. defeat the Turks in a great\\nnaval battle. Allies force, 206 galleys\\nand 30,000 men. Turks, 250 galleys\\nthey lose 100 galleys and 30,000 men in\\nkilled and prisoners.\\nThe Turks take Cyprus.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1503-06 Marioto Albertinelli, a Floren-\\ntine, paints The Holy Family.\\n1503 *Tiziano Vecelli Titian, a\\nVenetian, paints Sacred and Profane\\nLove.\\n[1505-08, Portrait, Doge Niccolo MarceUo;\\nalso, Marcus Barberigo 1514, the Christ of\\nthe Tribute Money; 15L8, The Assumption\\n1520, Flora; 1521, Antonio Grimani, Doge,\\n1522, the altar-piece of Brescia. 1523, The\\nEntombment; also, The Annunciation and\\nBacchus and Ariadne; 1524, Andrea. Gritti,\\nDoge: 1528-30, St. Peter the Martyr; 1530,\\nThe Holy Family; 1531, St. Jerome; 1544,\\nEmpress Isabella 15-K portrait of Charles\\nV. 1554, La Gloria 1563, St. Jerome; 1565,\\nSt. James of Compostella.\\n1505 Giovanni Bellini paints the Ma-\\ndonna with Saints.\\n1506 Rome. The first stone is laid in\\nthe erection of St. Peter s Cathedral.\\n[1514. Raffael is appointed architect.\\n1547. Michelangelo, architect.]\\n1510 Marco Basaiti paints Calling of\\nJames and John.\\nLorenzo Costa paints Court of Isabella\\nD Este.\\n15 1 2 Sebastino del Piombo paints the\\nHoly Family.\\n1513 Giulio Romano paints Holy\\nFamily Del Divino Amore.\\n1513-21 Rome is embellished by\\nLeo X.\\n1514* Antonio Allegri da Correggio\\npaints the Madonna of St. Ceorqe. [1522\\nfor 1528), La Nolle 1530, Madonna della\\nScodella.]\\n1515* Rome. The first regular drama\\nacted in Europe is Sophonisba, presented\\nin the presence of Leo X.\\n1516 Fra Bartolommeo, of the Flor-\\nentine school, paints the Holy Family.\\n1521+ Andrea del SartOj a Floren-\\ntine, paints the Holy Family. [1529\u00c2\u00b1,\\nHoly Family.\\n1522\u00c2\u00b1 Rice culture is an industry\\nin Lombardy.\\n1525 The Three Graces is painted by\\nPalma Veccio.\\n1527 Girolamo Savoldo paints Holy\\nFamily,\\n1532 Etching on copper with aqua\\nfortis is invented by Parmigiano.\\n1533 Botanical gardens are estab-\\nlished at Padua.\\n1538+ N. Varoli of Bologna discovers\\noptic nerves.\\n1540 Giorgio Vasari paints Supper of\\nSt. Gregory.\\nThe Academy of Florence is estab-\\nlished.\\n1541 Daniel da Volterra paints De-\\nscent from the Cross. The third paint-\\ning in the world. Poussin.)\\n1542* Sicily. Syracuse is destroyed\\nby an earthquake. [1693. Jan.* Again\\ndestroyed. 1757. Aug. 6. Again.]\\n1543 Copernicus, canon and phy-\\nsician at Frauenberg publishes his sys-\\ntem of astronomy.\\nAndreas Vesalius publishes his\\nSeven Books on the Structure of the\\nHuman Body.\\nGaude zio Ferrari, of the Milanese\\nschool, paints the Last Supper.\\n1546-1601 Tycho Brahe s astronomi-\\ncal drawings are published.\\n1552 Marco Basaiti paints St. George\\nand the Dragon.\\n1556 Rome. San Felippo Neri intro-\\nduces the first oratorio.\\n1560\u00c2\u00b1 The camera obseura is in-\\nvented by Giambattista della Porta.\\nBartolommeo Eustachius discovers\\nthe [Eustachian] tube.\\n1564 Galileo discovers the pressure\\nof the atmosphere to be 15 pounds to the\\nsquare inch.\\n[1583. Discovers the hydrostatic balance.\\n1597. Makes a thermometer. I60y. A tele-\\nscope. 1610-i-. Discovers Jupiter s moons, and\\nnotes the sun s spots. 1616. Doctrines con-\\ndemned at Rome. 1633. Forced by inquisitors\\nto abjure the Copernican theory. 1637. Dis-\\ncovers the libration of the moon.]\\n1569 The Descent from the Cross is\\npainted by Baroccio, at Perugia.\\n1573 Paolo Veronese paints the Mar-\\ntyrdom of St. George.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nPius V., pope, born.\\n1507 Borgia. Cesare, card., Btates., A29.\\n1509 Volterra, Imniele da, painter, born.\\n1510 Sforza, Lodovico, Duke of Milan, d.\\n1511 Ammanati, Bartolommeo, architect,\\nBculptor, born.\\nGiorgione, II Giorgia Barbarelli, painter, A34.\\nMedici, Ippolitu de, card., born. [1535. Lies.]\\n15 12 Achillini, Alessandro, phil., A49.\\nVasari, Giorgio, painter, architect, born.\\nVespucci, Amerigo, navigator, A61.\\n1515 1 Albertinelli, Mariotto, painter, A41.\\nNeri, Filippo de, St., founder Priests of the\\nA46.\\n1517* Bartolommeo, Fra, painter, A42.\\nBelon, Pierre, naturalist, born.\\n1518 Francia, Francesco Raibolini,\\npainter, A68.\\nPalladio, Andrea, architect, born.\\nTintoretto, .laeopo Kohur.ti, painter, born.\\n1519 Benzoin, Geronimo, traveler, born,\\nBorgia, Lucrezia, sister of Cesare Borgia, AW.\\nMedici. Cosmo de, Grand Duke of Tus-\\ncany, born.\\nVinci, Leonardo da, painter, A67.\\n1520 Bibhiena, Bernardo, cardinal, A50.\\nRaffael Sanzio, or Santi, d TJrbino, paint.,\\nA37.\\n1521 Leo X., pope, A46.\\n1523 Adrian VI., pope, A64.\\nColonna, Prospero, general, A69.\\nFallopio, Gabriello, anatomist, born.\\n1524* Fieseu, Giovanni Luigi, Count of La-\\nvagna. conspirator, born. [1547. Dies.]\\nPalestrina, Giovanni Pierliugi da, music, b.\\n1527 Machiavelli, Niccolo, statesman,\\nauthor, A58.\\nVerrazzano, Giovanni, navigator, A47.\\n1528* Barocci, Fiori Federigo d Urbino,\\npainter, born.\\n1528 Cagliare, Paolo (Paul Veronese),\\npainter, born.\\nPalma, Jacopo, painter, A 48.\\nMuzfano, Girolamo, painter, born.\\n1529 Emilio, Paolo, historian, A69.\\n1530 John of Bologna, sculptor, born.\\nOggione, Marco, painter, AGO.\\nSahnazaro, Jacopo, poet, A72.\\n1531 Sarto, Andrea del, painter, A45.\\n1533 Ariosto, Ludovico, poet, A59.\\n1534 Cajetan, Tommasode Vio, cardinal,\\nscholar, A 65.\\nClement VII., pope, dies.\\nEaimondl, Marc Antonio, engraver, A59.\\n1535 Allori, A l.-ssandro, painter, born.\\n1536 Berni, Francesco, poet t A38.\\nPeruzzl, Baldassare, painter, architect, A55.\\n1537 Credi, Lorenzo di, painter, A78.\\nGuarlni, Giovanni Battista, poet, born,\\nMedici, Alessandro de, Duke of Florence,\\nA27.\\n1538 Baronius, Cesare, cardinal, hist., b.\\nBorromeo, Carlo, Count, cardinal, born.\\n1539 Campeggio, Lorenzo, cardinal, A65.\\nSocinus, Faustus, rationalist, born.\\n1540* Guicciardini, Francesco, states-\\nman, historian, A53.\\nColle, Ramielliiio dal, painter, A50.\\nItizzio, David, musician, born. [1566. Dies.]\\n1542* Aleandro, Girolamo, scholar, cardi-\\nnal, A 62.\\nBagnacavallo, Bartolommeo, painter, A48.\\nBellariLiino, Roberto, cardinal, author, born.\\n1543* Varoli, Costanzo, surgeon, born.\\n[1575. Dies.]\\nAgnolo, Baccio 67, engineer, architect, A83.\\nCaldara, Polidoro, painter, A48.\\nFontana, Domenicn, architect, born.\\nPorta, Ginmbaf tisia delta, physicist, born.\\n1544 Palma, Jacopo, the Younger, paint.,\\nborn.\\nTasso. Torquato, poet, born.\\n1545 Firenzuola, Aguolo, poet, A52.\\nVecellio, Marco, painter, born.\\n1546 Ferrari, Camleiizio, painter, A62.\\nRomano, Giulio, painter, A54.\\n1547* Bembo, 1 ieiro, cardinal, scholar, A77.\\nColonna, Vittoria, poet, A57.\\nFarnese, Alessandro, Duke of Parma and\\nPiacenza, general, born.\\nPiombo, Sebastiano del, painter, A62.\\n1548* Bruno, Giordano, philosopher, b.\\n1549 Elias Levita, scholar, A77.\\nPaul III., pope, dies.\\n10th Century. Giambelli, or Gianibelli, Fe-\\nderigo, military engineer, pyrotechnist, b.\\n1550 Amati, Antonio, violin maker, b.\\n1551* Beccaf umi, Domenico de Pace,\\npainter, A 65.\\n1552 Baschi, monk, founder of Capu-\\nchins, A52,\\nChiahrera, iabriello, lyric poet, born.\\nGiovio, Paolo, historian, A69.\\nPaul V., pope, born.\\nSarpi, Paolo, theologian, author, born.\\n1553* Baldi, Bernardino, scholar, math., b.\\nFracastioro, Girolamo, ast., poet,, phys., A70.\\n1554* -R a zzi, Giovanni, painter, A75.\\n1555* Caraeei, Ludovico, painter, born.\\nJulius III., pope, A68.\\n1556* Alemanni, Luigi, poet. A61.\\nCasa, Giovanni della, poet, A53.\\n1557* Aretino, Pietro, satirist, A65.\\nRanuisio, Ciovaimi Bat list a, author, A72.\\n1568* Aldobrandini, Nil vestro, jurist, A5S.\\nCaracci, Agostino, painter, born.\\nSealiger, Julius Cxsar, philosopher, A74.\\n1559 liandelli, Bac.-io, sculptor, A72.\\nGarofalo, Benvenuto Tisio, painter. A78.\\nPaul IV., pope, dies.\\n1580* Caracci, Annibale, painter, born.\\nDoria, Andrea, admiral, statesman, A92.\\n1562 Bandello, Matteo, novelist, A81.\\nCapello, Bianca, Grand Duchess of Tuscany,\\nFalloppio, Gabriello, anatomist, A38.\\nPeter Martyr, Protestant theologian, A62.\\n1564 Feb. 18. Michelangelo (Buonar-\\nrotti), sculp., painter, architect, poet, A89.\\nGalilei, Galileo, astronomer, born.\\nBorromeo, Federigo, cardinal, archbishop of\\nMilan, born.\\n1565 Cesari, Giuseppe, hist, painter, born.\\nPlus IV., pope, A66.\\n1566* Bracciolini, Francesco, poet, born.\\nRizzio, David, musician, A26.\\nVIda, Marco Girolamo, poet, A86\u00c2\u00b1-\\nVolterra, Daniele da, painter, A57.\\n1567 Riecio, Domenico del, painter, A73.\\n1568 Aloyaius, St., Jesuit, devotee, born.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1092.jp2"}, "1093": {"fulltext": "ITALY.\\n1503, *-1579,\\n1081\\n1568 Monteverdi, ClamLiu, composer, b.\\n1670* Sansovino, Jacopo Tatti, sculptor,\\narchitect, A91.\\n1571 Abbate, Niccolo, painter, dieB.\\n1573 Alessi, Galeazzo, architect, A 72.\\nPius V., pope, A68.\\n1573 BagUone, Giovanni, painter, born.\\n1574* Aleandro, Gerolanio, the Younger,\\npoet, born.\\nBrlzzi, Francesco, painter, born.\\nMamitius, Paulus, scholar, painter, A63.\\nMedici, Cosimo de, Grand l)uke of Tus-\\ncany, A55.\\nVasari, (iiorfiio, painter, A63.\\n1575* Gatti, r.ernardmo, painter, A80\u00c2\u00b1.\\nGuido, Reni, painter, born.\\n1576 Asinari, Federigo, Count of Came-\\nrano, poet, A49.\\nDavila, Enrien Catering, historian, born.\\nSpada, Lionello, painter, born.\\nTitian, Tiziano Vecellio, painter, A99.\\n1577* Allori, Christofano, p:i inter, born.\\nCastelli, Benedetto, mathematician, born.\\n1578 Albani, Francesco, painter, born.\\nFiccolomini, Alessamho, cardinal, philoso-\\npher, A70.\\n1579 Castello, Giovanni Battista, painter,\\nA79.\\nCHURCH.\\n1511 Rome. Martin Luther visits\\nthe Vatican.\\nKov. 1^. Council of Pisa. [1512. May\\n10-17. Counter Lateran Council.] (P.\\n786.)\\n1512 The Reformation in France (p.\\n680).\\n1513 The Church is corrupt (p. 786).\\n1517+ Reformation in Germany.\\n[1521. Luther excommunicated.] (P. 788.)\\n*Pope Leo X. replenishes his treasury\\nby the sale of indulgences (p. 786).\\n1521 Ger. Diet of Worms (p. 788).\\n1522 Rome. Adrian VI. is pope.\\n[1523, Clement VII.]\\n1524 June 24. The Order of Thea-\\ntines is founded by Bishop Caraffa in\\nNaples and confirmed. It aims to re-\\nvive poverty among the clergy.\\nMany \u00e2\u0096\u00a0witches** are burned in\\nthe diocese of Conio.\\n1525**Malteo di Baschi of Urbino\\nfounds [the order of Capuchins] for the\\nstrictest observance of the rule of St.\\nFrancis. [They are much persecuted by\\nthe Franciscans. 1536. Receive their\\nname.]\\n1530 Malta is given by the emperor\\nto the Knights of Malta.\\n1532* The Barnabite monks are\\nfounded by three priests in Milan they\\nadd to the three monastic tows a fourth\\nnot to seek any office or dignity.\\n1534 Aug. 13. Jesuits founded (p.\\n681).\\n[1540. Sept. 27. Plan sanctioned. 1541.\\nApr. 17. Loyola enters office as a general.\\n1557. June 19. Jacob Lainez, second general.\\n1565-72, Francia Borgia of Sp. 1572-80.\\nMercurian, a Belgian; 1581-1615. Claudius\\nAquaviva of Naples; 1615-45, Mutius Vitel-\\nleschi of Rome.]\\n1535 Nov. 25. The order of Ursuhne\\nnuns is founded at Brescia by Angela\\nMerici. [1544. June9. Order confirmed.]\\n1541 Switz. John Calvin intro-\\nduces the Reformation, (pp. 680, 790).\\n1545-63 Aust. Council of Trent (p.\\n510).\\n1546 Lselius Socinus founds a Uni-\\ntarian society at Vicenza.\\n1548* Prus. Second Council of\\nTreves 10 chapters and adecree against\\nthe concubinary clergy are published.\\n[1549. A third council.]\\nRome. Filippo de Neri institutes the\\nTrinity Fraternity.\\n1550 Rome. Julius III. is pope.\\n1551* *The church of San Gorgio\\ndegli Schiavoni is begun.\\n1557 Paul IV. publishes the first In-\\ndex Purgatorsi (forbidden books).\\nThe Bible is prohibited to lay readers\\nwith certain exceptions.\\n1566 Rome. [St.] Pius V. is pope.\\n[1572, Gregory XIII. 1585, Sixtus V. he\\ndisplays activity, and corrects abuses in\\nthe Church; 15H0, Urban VII., Gregory XIV.\\n1591, Innocent IX. reigns two months; 1592,\\nClement VIII.; 1605, Leo XI. reigns 25 days;\\nlater Paul V. (Borghese).]\\n1572 Aug.* Rome. Thanksgiving for\\nmassacre of St. Bartholomew (p. 684).\\n1575 Rome. The Brotherhood of\\nthe Oratory, founded by Filippo de\\nNeri, is regularly organized by the Pope.\\n1576 Holy Catholic League (p. 684).\\nLETTERS.\\n1503 History of Milan, by Bernardino\\nCorio, appears.\\n1504 Arcadia, by Jacopo Sannazzaro,\\nappears.\\n1513* /V/m:v/ ?.,by Maehiavelli, is com-\\npleted. [1515\u00c2\u00b1. Discorst mil primo libro\\ndelle decile de Tito Livio 1520, I sette\\nLibri dell Arte di Guerra and Vita di\\nCastrnccio 15*24, Mandraqola; 1524 h,\\nCliziaJ]\\n1516* Orlando Furioso, by Ariosto,\\nappears in 40 cantos. [1534. Complete\\nin 46 cantos.]\\nOn the Immortality of the Soul, by\\nPietro Pomponazzi, appears.\\n1518* The first Rabbinical Hebrew\\nBible, containing the Masorah,Targums,\\nand comments, is printed at Venice.\\n1519 History of the War between Fer-\\ndinand I. and the Duke of Anjou, by\\nGiovanni Pontano, appears.\\n1520 Mar. 21. Leo X. permits the\\npublication of the Complutensian Poly-\\nglot, a magnificent edition of the Bible.\\nItalia liherata dai Goti, by Gian-\\nGiorgio Trissiiio of Vicenza, appears.\\n[1524. Sofonisba.]\\n1520-23 The Talmud Babylonicum, in\\n12 volumes, and the Talmud Hierosoly-\\ntanum, in one volume, are printed at\\nVenice.\\n1525 Rosmunda, by Giovanni Rucel-\\nlai, appears. [1539. Api.}\\n1528 II Cortigtano, by Baldassare\\nCastiglione, appears.\\n1536+ The Gazetta appears at Venice.\\n1541 Francesco Berni produces a\\nmodification of Boiardo s Orlando In-\\nnamorata. [Writes also Rime Rurlesche.\\n1542 University of Pisa revived.\\n1543 Copernicus system is pub-\\nlished.\\n1547 Dialogue on the Infinity of Love,\\nby Tullia d Aragona, appears.\\n15th Century. Vitedi Uomini Ilhistri,hy\\nVespasiano da Bisticci, appears.\\nReali di Francia, by Andrea da Bar-\\nbeiino, appears.\\n1552* History of Venice, by Pietro\\nBembo, appears.\\n1554-73 Tales, by Matteo Bandello, ap-\\npears.\\n1557 Sonetti, by Benedetto Varchi,\\nappears. [1570, L Ercolano; 1721, His-\\ntory of Florence.]\\n1558* Galateo, by Giovanni dellaCasa,\\nappears.\\nExercitationes, by Julius Caasar Sca-\\nliger, appears. [1561, Poetices.]\\n1561-64 Storia d Italia, by Guicciar-\\ndini, appears.\\n1562 Rinaldo, by Torquato Tasso, ap-\\npears. [157. J, Aminta; 1574, Gfrusolvmme\\nLiherata (1580, published) 1586, Torris-\\nmondo].\\n1563+ Palestrina writes the Misra\\nPapas Marcellt at Trent.\\n1576 Giustiniani publishes a polyglot\\npsalter.\\nSTATE.\\n1503 Cesare Borgia destroys the in-\\ndependence of the republic of San Ma-\\nrino for a brief time. [1504. He receives\\nUrbino.]\\n1504 The French expelled from\\nNaples by the Spaniards. [1525. From\\nMilan.]\\n1508 Dec. 10. League of Cambray\\nrises against Venice (p. 681). [1509. Ven-\\nice despoiled of its Italian possessions.]\\n1509 Pisa, conquered by the Floren-\\ntines, loses its independence.\\n1511 Oct. 9. The Pope s League\\nrises against France (p. 681).\\n1512* *Bologna is united with the\\nStates of the Church. [1513. Piacenza\\nunited.]\\n1516* *The duchy of Urbino is given\\nto Lorenzo de Medici (Second). [1522\\nRecovered by Duke Francesco. 1621,\\nAnnexed to the Papal States.]\\n1526 Jan. 14. France resigns Milan\\nand Naples (p. 681).\\n1527 May 6. Rome is taken (p. 680).\\n1528 Andrea Doria liberates Genoa\\nfrom the French the republic is rees-\\ntablished.\\n1529+ Period of Spanish-Austrian\\nascendency.\\nAug. 5. The Ladies* Peace of Cambray\\nis signed (p. 681).\\n1531 Jan. 5. Ferdinand L, brother\\nof Charles V., is elected King of the Ro-\\nmans by the electoral college.\\n1531-37 Alessandro de Medici is duke\\nof Tuscany. [1532. Duke of Florence.\\n1537-74. Cosimo de Medici is duke of\\nTuscany.]\\n1535* Milan passes to the rule of\\nSpain. [1556. It becomes an appanage\\nof the Spanish crown. 1559. Spain is\\nsupreme in Italy.]\\n1536-62 The French occupy Turin.\\n[1562. Recovered by Savoy.]\\n1540 The Emperor Charles V. gives\\nMilan to Philip, his son (p. 791).\\n1545 Pope Paul III. gives Placentia\\n[Piacenza] with Parma as a duchy to\\nPeter Louis Farnese, and it is united\\nwith Parma.\\n1547 Jan. 2. John Lewis Fiesco,\\nleader of a conspiracy against Andrea\\nDoria at Genoa, is drowned.\\n1558 The province of Bari is an-\\nnexed to Naples.\\n1569 Tuscany becomes a grand duchy\\nin the Medici family (Cosimo de Medici,\\n1569-74) Florence is historically merged\\nwith it.\\n[1574-87, Francis I., grand duke; 1587-1608,\\nFerdinand (1.) de Medici; Hi\u00c2\u00bb.s-21, Cosimo\\nII.; 1621-70, Ferdinan il I.; HiTO-1723, Cosimo\\nIII.; 1723-37, -Tolin Caslon, lasl of In- Medici;\\n1737-65, Francis II. (later, Kinp. Ger.); 1765-\\n90, Leopold 1.; 17:u\u00c2\u00bb-Hnu, I-Vrdiu.-mdlll.; also\\n1814-24.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1093.jp2"}, "1094": {"fulltext": "1082\\n1580, *-1724,\\nITALY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1628 The death of the Duke of Man-\\ntua precipitates a general war respect-\\ning the succession.\\n1628-31 Venice. The Pope and France\\nare at war with Tuscany, Savoy, and\\nSpain. (1630.) Mantua is sacked by the\\nImperialists.\\n1640 France takes Turin (p. 6S8).\\n1645-47 The Turks conquer a part of\\nCrete. [1669. Completed.]\\n1646 The French and Spaniards are\\nexpelled from Lombardy.\\n1647 July Revolt in Naples.\\nMasaniello leads a revolt against the\\noppressive Duke of Arcos, the Spanish\\nviceroy 50,000 followers force the duke\\nto abolish an unpopular tax, and give up\\nthe charter of exemption.\\n1651* *The Venetians defeat the\\nTurks near Scio, in the iEgean Sea.\\n[1656. Again in the Dardanelles. 1661-\\n62. Other naval victories.]\\n1653-56 The Genoese conquer the\\nTurks.\\n1669* *The Turks take Crete from\\nVenice after a siege lasting 24 years.\\nThe Kioprili take Candia. [1684. Venice\\nrenews the war.]\\n1670 Genoa and Savoy are at war.\\n[1684. May* The French bombard\\nGenoa. 1690-96. War: Genoa and\\nFrance.]\\n1676* Sicily. The Dutch and Span-\\niards blockade Messina.\\n1685* Venice begins the rescue of\\nGreece (p. 1034).\\n1693 Oct. 4. Battle of Marsaglia (p.\\n694).\\n1701-14 War of the Spanish succes-\\nsion it commences in Italy (pp. 512, 694,\\n798).\\n1708 The Duke of Savoy takes Peru-\\ngia.\\nJan. 15. The British under Sir John\\nLeake and Gen. James Stanhope con-\\nquer Sardinia.\\n1714-18 Venice at war with Turkey.\\n1719 Sicily. Invaded by Spain.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1580* Monks at Pisa invent carmine.\\n1582* Rome. Gregory XIII. reforms\\nthe calendar to conform to the true\\nsolar year.\\nHe strikes out leap-year at the close of each\\ncentury, excepting every fourth century,\\nthus retrenching three days in 400 years, or\\nabout 11 minutes fur each year. Ten days\\nare dropped out of 1582. October 5 becomes\\nOctober 15.\\n1584 Bartolomeo VIvarini paints St.\\nGeorge and the Dragon.\\n1589 The Bridge of Sighs at Venice\\nie built.\\n1600 Rome. The first true oratorio,\\nEmilio del Cavaliere s Rappresentazione t\\nis presented.\\nThe opera EuritHce is publicly pre-\\nsented at Florence.\\nAn Academy of Arts is founded at\\nBologna.\\n1601 July Rubens visits Rome to\\ncopy paintings.\\n1603 Fabrigio discovers valves in\\nveins.\\n1607 Claudio Monteverde produces\\nthe opera Arianna. [1608, Orfeo.]\\n1610 Zacharia Jansen of Middleburg\\ninvents the telescope. [Disputed.]\\n1620 Testatori of Milan invents [the\\npresent form] of the violin.\\n1622 July 23. Caspar Asselli of Cre-\\nmona discovers the lacteals while dis-\\nsecting a dog.\\n1626 July 30. An earthquake in\\nNaples destroys 30 villages and 70,000\\nlives. [1638. Mar. 27. Another devas-\\ntates Calabria.]\\nNov. 18. Rome. St. Peter s is conse-\\ncrated.\\n1631 Dec. 17. An eruption of Vesu-\\nvius destroys Torre del Greco and 4,000\\nlives. [1759. Nov. 24. Another sud-\\ndenly breaks out.]\\n1641 Domenico Zampieri Domeni-\\nchino paints Communion of St. John.\\nThe second painting of the world.\\nPoussin.)\\n1643 Evaugelista Torricelli of Flor-\\nence discovers the principle of the\\nbarometer.\\n1647 Rome. Claude Lorrain paints\\nCleopatra Landing at Tarsus. [1653,\\nGolden Calf; 1007, Rape of Europa.}\\n1650 The flint-lock musket is in-\\nvented.\\n166H Marcello Malpighi [the father\\nof microscopic anatomy] discovers [the\\nMalpighiau layer] in dissecting the lungs.\\n1662 Giovanni Francesco Barbieri\\nGuercino paints Vision of St. Jerome.\\n1667 Apr. 6. An earthquake ruins\\nRagusa; 5.000 lives are lost. [1G72. Apr.\\n14. One at Rimini destroys 1,500 lives.]\\n1670+ Folding umbrellas are intro-\\nduced.\\n1680-1725 Alessandro Scarlatti writes\\nover 100 operas and 200 masses, besides\\nother works.\\n1687 Rome. The Venetians destroy\\nthe roof of the Pantheon.\\n1693 Sept. Sicily. An earthquake\\noccurs.\\nIt destroys 54 cities and towns, and 300\\nvillages; Catania is swallowed up with its\\n18,000 inhabitants; 100,000 people perish.\\n[1703. Feb. 2. Aquila, Italy, is ruined;\\n15,000 people perish. 1700. Nov. 3. Abruzzi\\nis destroyed; I ,otiO perish.]\\n1709+ Bartolomeo Christofori of Flor-\\nence makes a pianoforte.\\n1714* *An observatory is erected at\\nBologna.\\n1719 The Royal Academy of Savoy\\nis established.\\n17224: Luca Giordano paints Hercules\\nand Omphale.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1580 Agresti, Livlo, historical painter, tl.\\nAllegri, Gregorio, composer, born.\\nTremeliuB, Emmanuel, orientalist, A70.\\n1581 Badulocehio, painter, born.\\nDonienichlno, Domenico Zampieri, arch., b.\\n1583 Carissimi, Giovanni, composer, b.\\n1584* Borroineo, Carlo, count, cardinal,\\nA 46.\\nVanini, Lueilio, philosopher, born.\\n1585* Cambiaso, Luca, painter, A58.\\n1586 Allalins. Leo, scholar, born.\\nAromatari, Giuseppe degli, physician, born.\\n1587* Ceechi, iiovanni Maria, comic poet,\\nlawyer, A70.\\n1588 Bordone. Paride, painter, A78.\\nCagliari Paolo, painter, A 60.\\n1589* Ciampoli, Giovanni Battista, lyric\\npoet, horn.\\n1590* Benedetti,GiovanniBattista, mathe-\\nmatician, dies.\\nClrcignano, Nic.-olo, painter, A74.\\nCostanzo, Angelo di. historian, A84.\\nCorenzto. Belisario. painter, born.\\nUrban VII., pope, dies.\\n1591* AloysiUB, St., or Luigi Gonzaga,\\nJesuit, devotee, A23.\\n1592* Ainnianati, liartoloimneo, arch.,\\nA81.\\nBassano, Giacomo da Ponte, painter, A82.\\nFarneee. Alexander, Duke of Parma and\\nPiacenza, general, A45.\\nMuziano, Girolamo, painter, A64.\\n1594* Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da t\\ncomposer, A66.\\n1595 Pellegrini, I ellegrino, painter, archi-\\ntect, A68.\\nNeri, Filippo de, St., founder Priests of the\\nOratory, A80.\\nTasso, Torquato. poet, A51.\\n1596* *Cortona, Pietro Berrettini da,\\npainter, born.\\n1597 Barberini, Francesco, cardinal, b.\\n1598* Bernini, Giovanni, painter, sculptor.\\nCenci, Beatrice, Koinan girl famous for\\nbeauty, A19.\\n1600 Bruno, Giordano, philosopher, A52.\\nClaude Lorrain (Claude Gelee), painter, b.\\n1602 Alganli, Alessandro, sculptor, born.\\nCaracci, Agostmo, painter, A44.\\n1604 Socinus, Faustus, rationalist, A61.\\n1605 Aldrovandi, or Aldrovandus, Ulys-\\nses, naturalist, A83.\\nClement VIII., pope, dies.\\nLeo XI., pope, dies.\\n1607* Baronius, Cesare, cardinal, hist, A69.\\nFontana, Domenico, architect, A64.\\nPallavicino. Si orza, historian, born.\\n1608 Bartoli, Daniele, Jesuit historian, b.\\nBorelli, Giovanni Alfonso, philos., math., h.\\nMonteeuculi, Count Ualmondo, general, b.\\nJohn of Bologna, sculptor, A78.\\n1609 Caracci, Annih;de, painter, A49.\\nCaravaggio, Michelangelo Amerighi da,\\npainter, A 40.\\n1610* Bella, Stefano della, engraver, born.\\n161 1 Innocent XL, Benedetto Odescalchi,\\npope, born.\\n1612* Bargagli, Scipione, writer, dies.\\nBarocci, Fiori Fedengo d I rhino, painter,\\nA 85.\\nGuarini, Giovanni Battista, poet, A75.\\n1613 Poussin, Caspar, painter, born.\\n1615 Hosa, Salvalor, painter, born.\\n1616* Castiglione, Giovanni Benedetto,\\npainter, born.\\nDolci, Carlo, painter, born.\\n1617* Bahli, Beniavi lino, scholar, mathe-\\nmatician, A 64.\\n1618 Fahrctti, Barfael, antiipiary, born.\\n1619* Caracci, Ludovieo, painter, A64.\\n1621 Bellarmino. Roberto, cardinal, au-\\nthor, A 79.\\nCourtois, Jacques, painter, born.\\nPaul V., pope, A69.\\n1622* Masaniello. Tommaso Aniello, in-\\nsurgent, born. [1647. Dies.]\\nViviani, Vincenzo, mathematician, born.\\n1623 Sarpi, Paolo, historian, A71.\\n1624* Baldiniicci, Filippo, art critic, born.\\nOsuna, Duke of, Pedro Tellez y Giron, Vice-\\nroy of Naples, A45.\\n1625* Cassini, Giovanni Domenico, ast., b.\\nMaratti, Carlo, painter, born.\\n1626 Aselli, Gasparo, anatomist, A46.\\nKedi, Francesco, pod, naturalist, phys., b.\\n1628 Cignani, Carlo, painter, born.\\nMalpighi, Marcello, anatomist, born.\\nI alnia, Jacopo, the Younger, painter, A84.\\n1629* Giordano, Luca, painter, born.\\n1631* Borroineo, Fcclcrigo, cardinal, arch-\\nbishop of Milan, A67.\\nIiographer, born.\\n1635* Bahlovini, Francesco, poet, born.\\nBartoli, Pietro Santi, artist, born.\\n1637* Chiabrera, Gabriello. poet, A85.\\n1638* Carduccio, Vincenzo, painter, A70.\\n1640 Cesarl, Ciusei pc, historical painter,\\nA75.\\nMancini, Hortensia, Duchess of Mazarin, b.\\n1641 Arnaud, Henri, Waldensian clergy-\\nman, patriot, born.\\nDomenichino, Domenico Zampieri, arch. ,A60.\\n1642* Balducci, Francesco, Sicilian poet,\\ndies.\\nFilicaja, Vincenzo da. poet, born.\\nGuido, Keni, painter, A67.\\nGalilei, Galileo, astronomer, A78.\\n1643* Monteverde. Claudio. composer,A77.\\n1644 Urban VIII., pope, A76.\\n1646 Stradella, Alessandro, composer, b.\\n1647 Badaloeehio, painter, A66.\\nCavalier i, Bonaventura. mathematician, A49.\\nTorricelli, Fvangclista, physicist, A39.\\n1648 Cantarini, Simone, painter, A36.\\nFrancescbini, Marcantonio, painter, born.\\n1649 Clement XL, pope, born.\\nStradivarius, or Stradivari, Antonio, violin-\\nmaker, born.\\n17th Century. Tonti, Lorenzo, banker in\\nFrance, born.\\n1650 Coronelli, Marco Vincenzo, geog., b.\\nGuidi, Carlo Alessandro, poet, born.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1094.jp2"}, "1095": {"fulltext": "ITALY.\\n1580,**-1724,*\\n1083\\n1652 Allegri, Gregono, musician, A72.\\nClement XII., pope, born.\\nValle, Pietro della, traveler, A66.\\n1654* Algardi, Alessandro, sculptor, A52.\\n1655 Frescobaldi, Girolamo, organist,\\ncomposer, A59.\\n1658 Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinando, nat., b.\\n1659 Scarlatti, Alessandro, composer, b.\\n1660* Albani, Francesco, painter, A82.\\n1663* Bianchini, Francesco, philosopher,\\nmathematician, born.\\n1663* Crescimbeni, Giovanni Maria, poet,\\nborn.\\n1664 Bella, Stefano della, engraver, A54.\\nGravina, Giovanni Vincenzo, jurist, born.\\n1665 Crespi, Giuseppe Maria, painter, b.\\n1666 Balestra,Antonio, Veronese paint., b.\\nGuercino, Giovanni Francesco B a r b i n i,\\npainter, A76.\\nValsalva, Antonio Maria, anatomist, born.\\n1667 Pallavicmo, Sf. rz;i, historian, A60.\\nVictor Amadeus II. (I., King of Sardinia),\\nDuke of Savoy, born.\\n1668* Bentivoglio, Cornelio, cardinal, art\\npatron, born.\\n1669 Clement, IX., pope, dies.\\n1670* Castiglume, Henrietta, painter, A54.\\n1672 Muratori, Ludovico Antonio, arche-\\nologist, born.\\n1673 Rosa, Sal valor, painter, A59.\\n1675* Benedict XIV., I rospero Lamber-\\ntini, pope, born.\\nMafEei, Francesco Scipione, author, born.\\nPoussin, Caspar, painter, A63.\\n1676* Cavalli, Pietro Francesco, com-\\nposer, A77.\\nClement X,, pope, dies.\\nCourtois, Jacques, painter, A55.\\nGiannone, Pietro, historian, born.\\n1679* Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, philoso-\\npher, mathematician, A71.\\n1681 Astorga, Kmanuele d composer, b.\\nMontecuculi, Count Raimondo, general, A72.\\nStradella, Alessandro, composer, A36.\\n1682* Claude Lorrain (Claude Gelee),\\npainter, A82.\\nFacciolati, .lacopo, philologist, born.\\nMorgagni, Giovanni I .attista, anatomist, b.\\n1684 Durante, Francesco, composer, b.\\n1685 Ilartoli, Paniele, Jesuit hist., A77.\\nSalvi, Giambattista. painter, A80.\\n1686* Dolei, Carlo, Scripture painter, A70.\\nMarcello, Benedetto, composer, born.\\nPorpora, Nicolo, composer, born.\\n1688* Fonvllini, Kgidio, lexicographer,!).\\n1689 Bottari, Giovanni Gai-tano, sch., b.\\nInnocent XI., Benedetto Mcscalehi, pope,\\nA78.\\n1692* Tartini, i.iuseppe, violinist, born.\\n1693* Clement XIII., pope, born.\\n1694* Malpigln, Marcello, anatomist, A66.\\n1696* Baldinucei, Filippo, art critic, A72.\\nFoscarini, Marco, statesman, author, born.\\nLiguori, Alfonso Maria de, St., theologian,\\nfounder Kcdcinptorisis, born.\\n1698* *Metastasio (Pietro Antonio Do-\\nmenico Bonaventura Trapassi), poet, born.\\n1699* *Mancini, Hortensia, Duchess of\\nMazarin, beauty, A59.\\n1700* Bartoli, Pietro Sand, artist, A65.\\nFabretti, Kaii ael, antiojiarv, A82.\\n1703* Caffarelli, Gaetano Majorano, so-\\nprano singer, born.\\nGaluppi, Baldassare, musician, l orn.\\n1704* Bellini, Lorenzo, physician, anato-\\nmist, A61.\\nViviani, Vincenzo, mathenmlician, A86.\\n1705 Clement XIV., pope, born.\\nFarinelli, Carlo, singer, born.\\nGiordano, Luca, painter, A73.\\n1706 Cignaroli, Giovanni Bettino, paint.,\\nborn.\\nMartini, Giovanni I .attista, composer, born.\\n1707* Filieaja, Vincenzo da, Florentine\\npoet, A65.\\n1710* Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista, com-\\nposer, born.\\n1711* Bassi, Laura Maria Catarina, au., b.\\nBoscovich. Kuggiero Giuseppe, physicist, b.\\n1712* Algamtti, Francesco, author, born.\\nCassini, Giovanni Iiomenico, A87.\\nGuidi, Carlo Alessandro, lyric poet. A62.\\n1713* Gozzj, Count Gasparo. essayist, b.\\n1714* Audiffredi, Giovanni Battista, as-\\ntronomer, born.\\nJomelli, Niccolo, composer, born.\\nMagliabecchi, Antonio, bihliog., schol., A81.\\n1716 Baldovini, Francesco, poet, A81.\\n1717 Pius VI., pope, born.\\n1718 Agnesi, Maria Gaetana, math., b.\\nCoronelli, Marco Vincenzo, geographer, A68.\\n1719* Baretti, Giuseppe Marc Antonio,\\nwriter, born.\\nCignani, Carlo, Count, painter, A91.\\n1720* Carli, Giau liidaldo, antiquary, b.\\n1721 Arnaud, Henri, Waldensian clergy-\\nman, patriot, A80.\\n1721 Clement XL, pope, A72.\\n1723 Felice, Fortunato, Bartolommeo, a\\nthor, born.\\nValsalva, Antonio Maria, anatomist, A57.\\n1724* Innocent XIII., pope, A69.\\nCHURCH.\\n1580 [St.] Carlo Borromeo intro-\\nduces Sunday instruction of children at\\nMilan. (Haden.)\\n1585 Rome. Sixtus V. abolishes all\\npersecuting statutes against the Jews\\nwhich were issued by his predecessors.\\n1594* Fr. Jesuits are expelled. [1G03.\\nRecalled. 1764. Nov. 26. Expelled.]\\n1600 Feb. 9. Giordano Bruno, a\\nphilosopher, is burned at Venice as a\\nteacher of heresy.\\n1607 The Jesuits are exiled from\\nVenice as anti-republicans. [1707. Nov.\\n3. From Naples.]\\n1608 The chapel of St. Janarius at\\nNaples is erected.\\n1619* Ambassadors from Japan visit\\nthe Pope.\\n1620 July 19. Protestants are mas-\\nsacred at Valtelline, North Italy.\\n1621* Rome. Gregory XV. is pope.\\n[1623, Urban VIII.; 1644, Innocent X.;\\n1655, Alexander VII.; 1667, Clement IX.;\\n1670, Clement X.; 1676, Innocent XL; 1689,\\nAlexander VIII. 1691, Innocent XII.; 1700,\\nClement XL; 1721, Innocent XIII.; 1724,\\nBenedict XIII. 1730, Clement XII. 1740,\\nBenedict XIV.; 175*, Clement XIII.; 1769,\\nClement XIV.]\\n1622 June 22. Rome. The Congre-\\ngatio de Propaganda Fide is estab-\\nlished by Gregory XV.\\n1626 Nov. 18. Rome. St. Peter s is\\ndedicated.\\n1634 Fr. Sisters of Charity organ-\\nized (p. 6SS).\\n1682* Fr. Louis XIV. quarrels with\\nthe Pope (p. 692).\\n1699* Rome. Innocent XII. condemns\\nQuietism.\\n1713 Sept. 18. Bull Unigenitus is-\\nsued (p. 697).\\nLETTERS.\\n1582 History of the Kingdom of Na-\\nples, 1250-1489, by Angelo di Costanzo,\\nappears.\\nHistory of Florence, by Jacopi Nardi,\\nappears.\\n1583 History of His Own Times, by\\nGiovanni Battista Adriani, appears.\\n1584* Spaccio della Bestia tHonfante,\\nBella Causa, I rincipio e Uno, and Del/\\nInfinito Universo e Mondi, by Bruno,\\nappear.\\n1591 Philosophy Demonstrated by the\\nSenses, by Tominasco Campauella, ap-\\npears. [1617, Introduction to Philosophy\\n1623, Real is Philosophia Epilogistica aiid\\nCivitas Soils.)\\n1605 History of Venice, by Paolo Pa-\\nruta, appears.\\n1616 On the Admirable Secrets of Na-\\nture, the Queen and Goddess of Mortals,\\nby Lucilio Vanini, appears.\\n1622 Rape of the Bucket, by Alessan-\\ndro Tassoni, appears.\\n1623 Rome receives the famous li-\\nbrary of the Palatine at Heidelberg.\\nAd one, by Giovanni Battista Marini,\\nappears. [1633, La Strage degli Inno-\\ncenti.]\\n1627 On the Lacteal Veins, by Gas-\\nparo Aselli, appears.\\n1632 Dialogue on the Two Chief Sys-\\ntems, by Galileo, appears. [1638. Dia-\\nloghi delle Nuove Scienze.]\\n1651 Trattura Delia Pittura, by Leo-\\nnardo da Vinci, appears.\\n1653-63 Two volumes of Scritton d lta-\\nlia, by Mazzuchelli, appear.\\n1688-90 Giornale de Letterati is issued\\nby Bacchini at Parma. [1692-97. Also\\nat Modena.]\\n1690 The Academy of Arcadia is\\nfounded by Giovanni Maria Crescim-\\nbeni and Giovanni Vincenzo Gravina.\\n1696 The Galleria de Minerva is is-\\nsued at Venice.\\n1708 De ratione studiorum, by Gio-\\nvanni Battista Vico, appears. [1721, De\\nconstantia jurisprudent-is 1725, Princi-\\nple d una Scienza jS uova.}\\n1710 Giornale de Letterati, by Apos-\\ntolo Zeno, appears. [1752, Dissertazioni\\nJ^ossiani.]\\n1713* Merope, by Francesco Scipione\\nMaffei, appears. [1731, Verona Illua-\\ntrata.]\\n1716 Diario di Roma is issued.\\n1721 Gli Orti Esperidi, by Metastasio,\\nappears. [1724, Didione Abbandonata.}\\n1723-38 Rermn Ltalicarum Scriptores,\\nby Ludovico Antonio Muratori, appears.\\n[1738, Antiquitates Ltalicse Medii JEvi.~\\\\\\nSTATE.\\n1597 Ferrara is annexed to Rome.\\n1607 Venice contemptuously disre-\\ngards the Pope s interdict.\\n1618* Tbe conspiracy of Bedmar, the\\nSpanish ambassador, to deslroy the republic\\nand subjugate Venice to Spain, is suppressed\\nby banging many conspirators.\\n1631 Apr. 6. France loses and Spain\\nacquires increased influence in Italy (p.\\n689).\\n1647 July* Tomaso AnielloMasaniello\\nleads a revolt in Naples against oppres-\\nsive taxes. [Oct. Don John of Austria\\nleads a revolt.]\\n1648 Apr. Henry II., Dukeof Guise,\\nlands at Naples, and is proclaimed king.\\n[Soon imprisoned.]\\n1669* Venice surrenders Crete to the\\nTurks. Peace follows.\\n1683-99 Or. Venetian authority is\\nrestored in part of the Morea. [1715-39.\\nAgain overthrown.]\\n1684 Venice, Poland, and the Roman\\nEmpire join in an alliance against\\nTurkey.\\n1699 Jan. 26. Gr. The Morea is given\\nto Venice bv the Peace of Karlowitz (p.\\n513).\\n1707 The Austriane possess Sicily\\nand Naples.\\nThey are abandoned by Spain.\\n1708 The Emperor Joseph I. seizes\\nthe duchy of Mantua.\\n1713 Apr. 11. Sicily ceded t Savoy\\n(p. 697).\\n1714 Milan, Naples, and Sardinia are\\nceded to Austria (p. 515).\\n1718 June 22. Peace with Turkey (p.\\n515).\\n1720 Mar. Amadeus II. of Savoy ex-\\nchanges Sicily for Sardinia (p. 697), and\\nreceives the title king.\\nSardinia becomes a kingdom it\\nincludes Astoa, Montferrat, Piedmont,\\nGenoa, and Sardinia.\\n1720-30 Sardinia. Victor Amadeus\\nII.\u00e2\u0080\u009eking. [1730-73. Charles Emmanuel\\nI. (III. of Savoy), king.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1095.jp2"}, "1096": {"fulltext": "1084 1725,**-1813,\\nITALY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1734 May 25. The Spaniards under\\nGen. Montemar defeat the Austrians at\\nBitonto Spain obtains the kingdom of\\nNaples.\\nJune 29. Battle near Parma (p. 698).\\n1744* The French and Spaniards oc-\\ncupy Savoy.\\n1745 Sept.* The English bombard\\nGenoa. [They take Parma, Milan, and\\nPiacenzia. 1746. Genoa taken by Im-\\nperialists.]\\n1746 War in Italy between Spain,\\nFrance, and Austria.\\nJune 16. Battle of Piacenza (p. 700).\\nSardinia captures Savona. [Restored\\nto Genoa.]\\n1792 Fr. The French capture Nice.\\n[1814. Restored to Sardinia.]\\n1793 The lazzaroni of Naples are\\nenrolled as pikemen; several thousand\\nunite in the interest of the court party.\\n1796 Apr. 12-97 Sept. 17. Bona-\\nparte s first Italian campaign (pp. 518,\\n712).\\n*Pavia is seized by the French. [1798. Turin.\\n1799. Turin recovered l\u00c2\u00bbv Austrians. Mar.\\n28. French enter Florence. July 30. Lose\\nMantua; later, lose Milan.]\\n1800 Napoleon s second campaign\\nin Italy.\\nFrench retake Rome. Nice is taken\\nby Austrians under Michael von Melas.\\n1806 Feb. 6. A French force subdues\\nNapleB. f-Tuly 4. Defeated at Maida\\n(p. 716). 1807. The French again occupy\\nTuscany. 1808. Occupy Rome.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1726 Sept. 1. Sicily. An earthquake\\ndestroys 6,000 lives in Palermo. [1732.\\nNov. 29. Another at Naples destroys\\n1,940 lives.]\\n1760* Rome. Niccolo Piccini s La Lu-\\nona Figliuola is presented.\\n1767 Aug. 8. A destructive eruption\\nof Vesuvius occurs. [1794. June* An-\\nother destroys Torre del Greco, 5,000\\nacres of cultivated land the top of\\nVesuvius falls into the crater.]\\n1775 Cleopatra, by Alfieri, is per-\\nformed at Turin. [1782, Saut.]\\n1783 Feb. 5. An earthquake devastates\\nCalabria, and destroys towns in Sicily; 40,-\\n000 persons perish. 1789. Sept. 30. At Borgo\\ndi San Sepolcro l,lli)0 persons and houses are\\nswallowed up. 1805. July 26. In Naples;\\n20,000 persons perish. 1819. Thousands per-\\nish in Genoa, Rome, Palermo, and other\\ntowns. 1823. Another in Sicily.]\\n1789 Luigi Galvani experiments with\\nelectricity at Bologna [galvanism]. By\\nthe twitching of a frog s legs he lays the\\nfouudation of the galvanic battery.\\n1792 [Voltaic] or chemical electri-\\ncity is discovered by Alessandro Volta\\nofComo. [1S00. The Voltaic battery in-\\nvented.]\\n1801 Jan. 1. Giuseppe Piazzi discov-\\ners the planet Ceres, 160 miles in di-\\nameter.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1725* Caldani, Leopoldo Marco Antonio,\\nanatomist, born.\\nScarlatti, Alessandro, composer, founder of\\nmodern opera, A66.\\nVictor Amadeus HI. [II., King of Sar-\\ndinia], born.\\n1727 Guglielmi, Pietro, composer, born.\\n.1728 Bartolozzl, Francesco, engraver, b.\\nCreacimbeni, Giovanni Marin, poet, wr., A65.\\nFranceselnni, Marcantonio, hist, paint., A80.\\nGaliani, Fernando, political economist, born.\\nPiccini, Niccolo, composer, born.\\n1729* Abergati, Capacelli Francesco d\\ndramatist, born.\\nParini, Giuseppe, poet, born.\\n1730 Benedict XIII., pope, dies.\\nCesarotti, Melchiore,poet, born.\\nGabrielle, t atarina, singer, born.\\nMarsigli, Luigi Ferdinando, naturalist, A22.\\n1731 Denina, Giaeontaria, historian, born.\\n1732 Bentivoglio, Cornelio, cardinal, art\\npatron, A64.\\nFabroni, Angelo, biographer, born.\\nLanzi, Luigi, writer on art, born.\\nVictor Amadeus II. (I., King of Sardinia),\\nA66.\\n1733 Caprara, Giovanni Battista,card., b.\\n1736* Astorga, Emannele d composer,\\nA55.\\nBergolesi, Giovanni Battista, composer, A26.\\n1737* Galvani, Alvisio, physicist, physiol.,\\nborn.\\nStradivarius, or Stradivari, Antonio, violin-\\ndi, author, born.\\n1739* Maiveilo, Benedetto, composer, A53.\\nI ignotte, Lorenzo, fabulist, historian, born.\\n1740 Clement XII., pope, ASS.\\nMeli, Giovanni, Sicilian poet, born.\\n1741 Baisiello, Giovanni, composer, born.\\n1742 Bondi, Clemente, poet, born.\\nBins VII., pope, born.\\n1743* Cagliostro, Count Alessandro di\\n(Giuseppe Balsamo), adventurer, born.\\n1744 Vico, Giovanni Battista, p!iilos.,A56.\\n1745 Volta, Alessandro. physicist, elec-\\ntrician, born.\\n1746 Piazzi, Giuseppe, astronomer, born.\\n1747 Crcspi, Giuseppe .Maria, painter, A82.\\nScarpa, Antonio, anatomist, born.\\n1748* Breislak, Scipione, geologist, born.\\nCaraeeioli, Francesco, Briuee, admiral, born.\\nGianuone, [Metro, historian, A72.\\n1749 Alfieri, Vittorio, poet, born.\\nAzuni, Domenieo Alberto, author, born.\\nDa Ponte, Lorenzo, poet, born.\\nLamballe, .Marie There.se Louise de Savoie-\\nCarignau, Princess de, born.\\n1750 Muratori, Ludovico Antonio, arche-\\nologist, A78.\\nSalie.ri, Antonio, composer, born.\\n1751 Ferdinand 1. (IV. of Naples), King\\nof Two Sicilies, born.\\n1752 Carpani, Giuseppe, dramatic poet, b.\\nClementi, Muzio, composer, born.\\nFilangieri, Gaetano, publicist, born.\\nZingarelli, Niccolo, composer, born.\\n1753 Monti, Vincenzo, poet, born.\\n1754* Appiani, Andrea, painter, born.\\nMaistre, Joseph Mane de, statesman, born.\\n1755 Cimarosa, Domenieo, composer, b.\\nDurante, Francesco, composer, A71.\\n1756 Landi, Gasparo, painter, born.\\n1757 Canova, Antonio, sculptor, born.\\nConcalvi, Freole, cardinal, statesman, born.\\n1758* Benedict XIV., pope, A83.\\nDandola, Vincenzo, Count, chemist, born.\\nFonseca, Eleonora l iuienlel, Marchioness de,\\nheroine, martyr, born. [1799, D.]\\nMorghen, Kafl aelo S,, engraver, born.\\nRosmini, Carlo, historian, born.\\n1759* Ahamonti, Giuseppe, statesman, b.\\nVictor Emmanuel I., King of Sardinia, born.\\n1760* Cherubim, Maria Luigi Carlo Z.\\nSal vat ore, composer, born.\\nFra Diavolo (Michell Pezza), bandit, born.\\nLeo XII., pope, born.\\n1761* Bins VIII., pope, born.\\n1762 Aldini, Giovanni, natural philos., b.\\nCagnola, Luigi, Marquis, architect, born.\\nGeinmiani, Francesco, composer, A82.\\n1763 Foscarini, Marco, statesman, au-\\nthor, A67.\\n1764 Algarotti, Francesco, author, A52.\\n1766* Rassi, Luigi, singer, born.\\nBotta, Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo, hist., born.\\nI orpora, Niecola, composer, A80.\\n1767 Cicognara, Conteda, Leopoldo, anti-\\nquarian, born.\\n1768* Forcellini, Egidio, lexicographer,\\nA 80.\\n1769 Bosio, Francois Joseph, Baron,\\nsculptor, born.\\nClement XI IT., pope, A76.\\nCrescentini, Girolamo, singer, born.\\nFacclolati, Jaeopo, philologist, A77.\\n1770 Albrizzi, Isabella Teotocbi, Countess\\nof, author, born.\\nCignaroli, Giovanni Beftino, painter, A64.\\nTartini, Giuseppe, violinist, A78.\\n1771 Morgagni, Giovanni Battista, anat-\\nomist, A89.\\n1772 Inghirami, Francesco, archeol., b.\\n1774* Clement XIV., pope, A69.\\nGiordani, Pietro. critic, born.\\nJomelli, Niccolo, composer, A60.\\nMezzofanti. Giuseppe Gaspardo, cardinal,\\nlinguist, born.\\n1776 Lambrnschini, Luigi, cardinal, born.\\nRosini, Giovanni, author, born.\\n1777 Bossi, Giuseppe, painter, poet, b.\\nFoscola, Ugo, poet, born.\\n1778 Bassi, Laura Maria Caterina, au-\\nthor, A67.\\n1781 Beccaria, Giovanni Battista, physi-\\ncist, A 65.\\nBorgbesi, Bartolommeo, Count, numis., b.\\n1782 Ballu, Adnano, geographer, born.\\nFarinelli, Carlo, singer, A77.\\nMai, Angelo, cardinal, librarian, scholar, b.\\nMetastasio, Pietro Antonio Domenieo Bona-\\nventura Trapassi, poet, A84.\\n1783* Caffarelh, Gaetano Majorano, so-\\nprano singer, A80.\\nliossetti, Gabriele, poet, born.\\n1784* Amici, Giovanni Battista, optician,\\nastronomer, physician, born.\\nCastiglione, Carlo Ottavio, Count, linguist,!).\\nManzoni, Alessandro, Count, writer, born.\\nMartini, Giovanni Battista, composer, A78.\\nPaganini, Nicolo. violinist, born.\\n1785 Carafa, Michele, composer, born.\\nGaluppi, Baldassare, musician, A82.\\n1786 Gozzi, Count, Gasparo, essayist, A73.\\n1787* Boscovich, Kuggiero Giuseppe, phy-\\nsicist, A76.\\nGaliani, Ferdinando, political economist, A69.\\nLiguori, Alfonso 51 ana, St., theologian, fdr.\\nRedemptorists, A91.\\nRossi, Pellegrino Lnigi Odoardo, Count,\\nstatesman, born.\\n1788 Filangieri, Gaetano, publicist, A36.\\nBellico, Silvio, poet, born.\\n1789* Balbo, Cesare, Count, statesman,\\nwriter, born.\\nBaretti, Giuseppe Marc Antonio, writer, A70.\\nCicogna, Emmanuele Antonio, author, born.\\nFelice, Fort una to Bartolonnneo, author, A66.\\nLaugier, Comte de, Cesar de Bellecour, gen-\\neral, author, born.\\nTenerani, Pietro, sculptor, born.\\n1791 Grossi, I omniaso, poet, born.\\n1792* Codaz/.i, Agoslmo, geographer, b.\\nLamballe, Marie Therese Louise de Savoie-\\nCarnignan de. Princess, A43.\\nPiue IX.. pope, born.\\nRossini, Gioacdnno Antonio, composer, b.\\n1793* Forest 1, F. Felice, patriot, born.\\ntronomer, A80.\\nLablaehe, Luigi, singer, bom.\\n1795* C agliostro, Count Alessandrodi(Giu-\\nseppe Balsamot, adventurer, A52.\\nCarli, Gian Ridaldo, Count, antiquary, A75.\\nRubini, Giovanni Battisla, singer, born.\\n1796 Raeini, iiovanni. composer, born.\\nVictor Amadeus III. (II., King of Sar-\\ndinia), A71.\\n1797 Mercadante, Saverio, composer, b.\\nPanlzzi, Sir Anthony, bibliographer, litera-\\nteur, born.\\nRoeuiini, Serbati. Antonio, cl., philos., born.\\n1798 Berry, nichesse de, Caroline Ferdi-\\nnande Louise, of Naples, born.\\nCharles Albert, King of Sardinia, born.\\nDonizetti, Gaetano, composer, born.\\nGalvani, Alvisio, physicist, physiologist, A61.\\nLeopardi, Giacomo, Count, poet, born.\\nPasta, Giuditta, Ringer, born.\\nSclopis, Federigo, Count, historian, born.\\n1799 Agnesi, Maria Gaetana, mathema-\\ntician, A81.\\nCaraeeioli, Francesco, I rlnce, admiral, A57.\\nParini, Giuseppe, poet, A70.\\nPius VI., pope, A82.\\n1800* *Azeglio, MasBimo Taparelli d\\netatesman, born.\\nBandini, Angelo Maria, writer, A74.\\nPiccini, Niccolo, composer, A72.\\nRosellini, Ippolilo, antiquarian, born.\\n1801 Cimarosa, Domenieo, composer, A46.\\nGioberti, incenzo, philosopher, states., b.\\nMelloni, M;ic,-doiuo, savant, born.\\n1802 Bellini, Vincenzo, composer, born.\\nBrofferio, Angelo, author, born.\\nCibrario, Luigi, historian, jurist, born.\\nCalamatta, Luigi, engraver, born.\\nMamiani, Terenzio della R., philosopher, b.\\n1803 Alfleri, Count, Vittorio, dram., A54.\\nFabroni, Angelo, biographer, A7L\\n1804 Caetani, Michelangelo artist, au., b.\\nGuglielmi, Pietro, composer, A77.\\nManin, Daniele, patriot, statesman, born.\\n1805 Cantu, Cesare, nov., poet, hist., b.\\nGuerrazi, Francesco omenico, pol., an., b,\\nMarochetti, Carlo, Baron, sculptor, born.\\n1806 Amari, Michele, historian, states., b.\\nAntonelli, Giacomo, cardinal, states., b.\\nFiorentmo, IMer Angelo, author, l orn.\\nFra Diavolo (Michele IVzza), bandit, A37.\\nGozzi, Carlo, Count, dramatist, A86.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1096.jp2"}, "1097": {"fulltext": "ITALY.\\n1725,**-1813,\\n1085\\nRicasoli, Uettiiin, Huron, statesman, born.\\n1810* Capraia, Giovanni lialtista, cardi-\\nnal, A77.\\nGavour, Count di, Camillio Benso, states-\\nman, born.\\nCosta, Sir Michael, composer, born.\\nRattazzi, Urbane., statesman, born.\\nCurci, Carlo Maria, theologian, born.\\nFerrari, Luigi, sculptor, born.\\nLanzi, Luigi, writer on art, A78.\\nLeo XXXI., pope, born.\\nMario, Giuseppe, singer, born.\\n1811* Cialdlni, Enrico, Duke of Gaeta,\\ngeneral, diplomatist, born.\\nFerrari, Giuseppe, philosopher, born.\\n1812 Andrea, Utmlauio u cardinal, born.\\nGiudtci, I aolo Emiliain, author, born.\\nMatteucci, Carlo, physiologist, born.\\nPignotti, Lorenzo, fabulist, historian, A73.\\n1813* Bartolozzi, Francesco, engrav., A85.\\nCaldani, Leopoldo Marco Antonio, anato-\\nmist, A88.\\nDenina, Giacomaria Carlo, historian, A88.\\nDepretis, Agosiinu, statesman, born.\\nLagrange, Joseph Louis, mathematician, A77.\\nCHURCH.\\n1732* *The Eedemptorists are\\nfounded by Alfonso Maria di Liguori in\\nScala. [1749. Feb. 25. Approved.]\\n1739 Jan. 14. The Pope interdicts as-\\nsemblies of Freemasons under penalty\\nof rack and condemnation to the galleys.\\n1757 June 13. Pope Benedict XIY.\\nissues a decree prohibiting the use of\\nof any version of the Bible in the com-\\nmon language of the people.\\n1759 Feb. 28. Pope Clement XIII.\\npermits the Bible to be translated into\\nall the languages of the Catholic states.\\n1773 July 21. Rome. Jesuits abol-\\nished (p. 804). [Aug. 16. The bull an-\\nnounced.]\\nRome. Clement XIV. abolishes the\\nceremony of kissing the Pope s toe.\\n1775-99 Rome. Pius VI. is pope. [1800-\\n23, Pius VII.]\\n1781 Tolerance granted by the em-\\nperor (p. 805).\\n1787 The Inquisition is abolished\\nin Lombardy and Tuscany.\\n1798 Feb. 20. Rome. Pius VI., 80\\nyears of age, is forced by the French to\\nretire, stripped of his temporal posses-\\nsions. [He is conveyed to Florence.]\\n1801 July 15. Home is restored to\\nPius VII. (p. 715).\\n1809 May 17. Fr. Napoleon abol-\\nishes the temporal power.\\n[June 10. Pius VII. excommunicateB\\nNapoleon and his abetters. July* -1814.\\nThe Pope is deposed and held a captive.]\\n(P. 719.)\\nLETTERS.\\n1734 Belisario, by Carlo Goldoni, ap-\\npears. [1761, Una del Sere di Carnevale.]\\n1 740-70 The Novelle Letterarie is issued\\nby Lami.\\n1750 The Booh of_ the Mazorah, the\\nHedge of the Law, is first printed at\\nFlorence.\\n1761 Amove delle Ire Melarance, by\\nCarlo Gozzi, appears. [1768, Osservatore\\nVeneto.]\\n1763 II Mattino, by Giuseppe Parini,\\nappears. [1765.7/ Mezzogiorno 1797\u00c2\u00b1, II\\nVespro, and La Notte.]\\n1763-65 Frastra Letteraria is issued at\\nVenice.\\n1764 Frattato die Deilttl e delle Pene,\\nby Cesare Beccaria, appears.\\n1771 A Giomale is issued at Pisa.\\n1780* The first volume of Scienza della\\nLegislazione, by Gaetano Filangieri, ap-\\npears.\\n1785 Arhtodemo, by Vineenzo Monti,\\nappears. [1793, Lassevilliana.]\\n1797 Tleste, by Ugo Foscolo, appears.\\n[1800+ Latere de Jacopo Ortis; 1807,\\nSepolcrl; 1S26, Discourse on the Text of\\nDante.}\\n1806 Giomale Enciclopedico is issued\\nat Naples.\\n1806-09 Vocabolario della Crusca, ed-\\nited by Antonio Cesari, appears.\\n1809* Guerra dell Indipendenza Ame-\\nricana, by Carlo Botta, appears. [1824,\\nHistory of Italy 1789 to 2814.]\\n1811 Poligrafo is issued at Milan.\\nSTATE.\\n1730 Corsica revolts against Genoa.\\n[1735. Independent.]\\nVictor Amadeug abdicates the throne of\\nSardinia m favor of ins son. Charles Emman-\\nuel (III. of Savoy). [1732. He fails in an\\nattempt to recover it, and is imprisoned.]\\n1734+ Spain rules Sicily and Naples\\nby conquest.\\n1735-59 CharlesIV.ail. of Sp.)is King\\nof the Two .Sicilies. [175; -1S0o. Ferdinand\\nIV-]\\n1736 Sardinia acquires territory from\\nMilan.\\n1738 Nov. 18. Tuscany is ceded to\\nFrancis, Duke of Lorraine Milan and\\nMantua to Austria, the Two Sicilies to\\nSpain (p. 701).\\n1739* San Marino becomes subject to\\nthe Pope.\\n1748 Oct. 7- Austria cedes to Spain\\nParma, Piacenza, and Gustalla (p. 515).\\n[1748-97. Austria rules Lombardy.]\\n1754 Corsica revolts against Genoa\\nit is led by Pasquale di Paoli. [1768.\\nCeded to France by Genoa. 1794. To\\nEngland by Paoli.]\\n1773-96 Sardinia. Victor Amadeus\\nII. is king. [1796-1802. Charles Emman-\\nuel II. 179S-1S14. Kings reside in Sar-\\ndinia.]\\n1790 Leopold I., Grand Duke of\\nTuscany, becomes emperor (Leopold II.)\\nof the Holy Roman Empire.\\n1792* Fr. TTice is seized, and annexed\\nto France. [1814. Ceded to Sardinia.]\\n1796 Bonaparte forms the Trans-\\npadane republic (Lombardy).\\nMay Savoy and Nice ceded to France\\n(p. 713).\\nJune 30. Milan is seized by the French.\\n[1796. Genoa is transformed into the\\nLigurian republic]\\n1797 Feb. 19. The Pope cedes terri-\\ntory to France (p. 713).\\nMay Bonaparte forms the Cisalpine\\nrepublic, with French control.\\nIt includes the possessions of Milan,\\nMantua, Modena, Bergamo, Ferrara,\\nBologna, Ravenna capital, Milan. It\\nabsorbs the Cispadane and Transpadane\\nrepublics. [1798. Sept. It receives a\\nnew constitution. 1799. Abolished. 1800.\\nRestored.]\\nOct. 17- Venice and Venetia are ceded\\nto Austria (p. 519).\\n1798 Feb. 15. Rome. Insurrectionists\\nproclaim a republic [They adopt a\\nconstitution imitating that of France.\\n1799. Nov. Suppressed by the allies\\nand the Neapolitans, and the Pope re-\\nstored.]\\nMar. 20. Rome. The French enter,\\nand proclaim the Roman Republic re-\\nvived. [1799. Sept. 30. The Neapoli-\\ntans recover the city. 1801. Restored to\\nthe Pope.]\\n1799 Jan. 1. The French take pos-\\nsession of Turin and the strong places\\nin Piedmont, and force the king tc\\nremove with his family to Sardinia.\\nJan. 23. The French establish the Par-\\nthenopian Republic at Naples. [June\\nOverthrown.]\\n1800 The French expel the grand\\nduke, Ferdinand III., from Tuscany.\\nThey organize Mont Blanc (Savoy) as a\\ndepartment.\\n1801 Feb. Napoleon dispossesses the\\ngrand duke of Tuscany, and forms the\\nkingdom of Etruria (Tuscany), and\\nmakes Louis I., Duke of Parma, its king.\\n[1803. Louis II. king.]\\n1802 Jan.* The Italian Republic is\\nformed (p. 715).\\nMay 31. The French regain Milan.\\n1802-05 Victor Emmanuel I. is king\\nof Sardinia. [1802. June 4. He abdi-\\ncates. 1814-21. Restored. 1821. Mar. 13.\\nAbdicates.]\\n1805 Mar. 18. The Cisalpine Republic-\\nis merged into the kingdom of Italy.\\nIt comprises the Cisalpine Republic,.\\nVenetia, Valtelline, the bishopric of\\nTrent, and the march of Ancona capi-\\ntal, Milan. Napoleon I. is proclaimed\\nking. [May 26. Crowned at Milan, the\\ncapital. 1S14. Abdicated.]\\nJune 4. Genoa is incorporated with\\nFrance.\\nNapoleon makes Eugene Eeauhar-\\nnias his viceroy of Italy.\\nDec 26. Venice ceded to Italy by Aus-\\ntria (p. 519). [1806. Jan. 1. Ratified.]\\n1806 The kingdoms of Naples and\\nSicily are separated.\\nFeb. 6. Joseph Bonaparte is crowned\\nKing of Naples l.s n;-08, p. 717). [1808.\\nJune Abdicates for the crown of Spain.\\nJuly 1-1S15. Joachim Murat is king.]\\n1806-15 Ferdinand TV. (restored) is\\nKing of Sicily. Sicily is practically a\\nseparate kingdom under British protec-\\ntion.\\nAug. 6. The Holy Roman Empire\\nends (p. 717).\\n1808 May Napoleon annexes Rome\\nto the kingdom of Italy as the second\\ncity of the empire. [1808-14. Rome\\nannexed to France.]\\nNapoleon annexes to France the\\ngrand duchy of Tuscany, and gives it\\nto his sister Eliza. [1314. Restored to\\nthe Hapsburgs.]\\n1810 Feb. 17. The States of the\\nChurch are annexed to France. [Gov-\\nerned by a commission.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1724-30 Rome. Benedict XIII. pro-\\nhibits lotteries. [1730-40. Sanctioned\\nby Clement XII.]\\n1799 June 29. Adm. Prince Caracciolo\\nis executed by order of Adm. Nelson.\\n1805 May 26. Napol eon Bonaparte\\ninstitutes the order of the Iron Cross,\\nof Italy. [1814. Abolished. 1816. Feb.\\n12. Revived by the Emperor of Austria.],", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1097.jp2"}, "1098": {"fulltext": "1086 1813, 1855, Oct. 28.\\nITALY.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1814 Feb. 8. The French win on the\\nMincio (p. 720).\\nApr. 14. Genoa surrenders to the Eng-\\nlish and Sicilians.\\n1815 Apr. 11. Joachim Murat, in-\\nvading Modena, is defeated.\\n[May 3. Austrians win at Tolentino\\n(p. 722). May 22. Naples taken. June\\n17. It surrenders to the British fleet.\\nOct. 13. Murat is executed.]\\n1821 Mar.* Austrians subdue Na-\\nples (p. 520).\\n1828 Mar. 7. Austrians defeat revo-\\nlutionists in Naples under Gen. Gugli-\\nelmo Pepe.\\nAug. The Austrians suppress an upris-\\ning of the Carbonari, a secret society of\\nRepublicans in Naples.\\n1831 Austrians aid in suppressing the\\nuprising of the Young Italy party in\\nBologna; also other insurrections. [1832.\\nJan. Papal troops enter Bologna (p.\\n520).]\\n1847 Mar. 23. Sardinians enter Mi-\\nlan (p. 520).\\n1848 May 15. The royal troops, aided\\nby lazzaroni, nearly annihilate a force\\nof Liberals and the National Guard at\\nNaples.\\n1848-49 War between Austria and Sar-\\ndinia (p. 520).\\n1849 Apr. 3. Insurrectionists seize\\nGenoa, driving out the garrison.\\nApr. 6. Sicily. The Neapolitans take\\nCatania by assault. [Apr. 23. Syracuse\\nsurrenders to them. May 15. Palermo.]\\nApr. 30. Rome. The French expedition\\nto restore the Pope arrives. [Repulsed,\\nreenforced. July 2. Rome surrenders.\\nJuly 4. The French enter.] (P. 730.)\\nMay 19. Garibaldi defeats the Neapol-\\nitans at Velletri. [Aug. 2. He escapes\\nwith 300 men on fishing-vessels.]\\n1855 May Gen. Alfonso Ferrero La\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1813 Mar. 13, 14. Red snow and\\nhail with red dust fall in Tuscany, [Apr.\\n15. Red snow falls on Tonal and other\\nmountains.]\\nGioachino Antonio Rossini writes the\\nopera// Tancredi. [1323. He has writ-\\nten 20 operas. 1829. G-uillaume Tell.}\\n1826 Leopoldo Nobili demonstrates\\nanimal electricity.\\n1829 1 *The accordion is invented at\\n1834 Mar. 9. Rome is visited hy a\\nsnowfall, the first in 240 years.\\n1835 Apr. 29. Many villages in Cala-\\nbria and 1,000 lives are destroyed by an\\nearthquake.\\n[1851. Aug. 14. Another in South Italy\\ndestroys 14,000 lives. 1857. Ifec. 16. In Ca-\\nlabria several towns and Hi, 000 lives are\\ndestroved. 1870. Oct. Several villages are\\ndestroyed. 1873. June 29. One in North\\nItaly. 1881. Mar. 4. One in South Italv;\\nloss, 289 houses and 114 lives. Mar. 15. An-\\nother. 1887. Feb. 23, 24. Destructive shocks.\\n1883. July- Aug. Shocks in Casamicciola\\ndestroy several villages and 1,990 lives. 1891.\\nJune Northern Italy. J\\n1837 The Italian Association for\\nthe advancement of science first meets\\nat Pisa.\\n1841 Feb. 22. A landslide in the com-\\nmune of Gregans destroys 113 lives.\\n1843-74 Giuseppe Verdi writes many\\noperas.\\n1849 Apr. 12. A. de Gasparis of Naples\\ndiscovers the asteroid Hygeia. [1850, May 11,\\nParthenope Nov. 2, Egena 1851, July 29,\\nEunomia; 1852, Mar. 17, Psyche; Sept. 19,\\nMassalia; 1853, Apr. 5, Themis; 1861, Feb.\\n10, Ausonia; Apr. 29, Sesperia 1865, Apr.\\n26, Beatnx.)\\n1855 May A great eruption of Vesuvius\\noccurs. [1858, May -June destructive\\neruption; 1861, Dec* another; 1865, Feb.\\nanother; 1867, Nov. 12-68, Mar. another;\\n1868, Oct. 8, another; 1872, Apr. 23-May 3+,\\nanother; 60 persons perish. 1876 another\\neruption. 1878. Sept. 30i. Another begins.\\n1892, June t-* Another.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1814 Verdi, Giuseppe, composer, born.\\n1815 BoBsi, Giuseppe, painter, poet, A38.\\nFan fani, Pietro, philologist, born.\\nLanza, Giovanni, statesman, born.\\nMeli, Giovanni, poet, A75.\\nPrati, Giovanni, poet, senator, born.\\n1816 Paisiello, Giovanni, composer, A75.\\n1817 Bandiera, Attilio, patriot, born.\\nMancini, Pasquale, statesman, born.\\nSanctis, Francesco de, author, statesman, b.\\nVera. Angusto, philosopher, born.\\n1818 Atiamonti, Giuseppe, states., A59.\\nAppiani, Andrea, painter, A64.\\nGiuliani, Gianbattista, scholar, born.\\nMinghetti, Marco, statesman, born.\\nSeech i, Pietro Angelo, el., astronomer, b.\\nVisconti, Emiro Quiriim, areheologist, A67.\\n1819* Bandiera, Emilio, patriot, born.\\nDandolo, Vincenzo, Count, chemist, A67.\\nFagnani, Giuseppe, portrait painter, born.\\nOrsini, Feliei, eoiiepiralor, born.\\n1820 Mar. 14. Victor Emmanuel (II. of\\nSardinia), King of Italy, born.\\n1821 Boudi, t lemente, poet, A79.\\nFranchi, Ansonio (Cristoforo Bonavino), phi-\\nlosopher, horn.\\nMaistre, Joseph Marie de, Count, states., A67.\\nRistori, Adelaide, Marchioness del Grillo,\\nactor, born.\\n1822 Arditi, Luigi, actor, born.\\nCanova, Antonio, sculptor, A65.\\nFarini, Carlo Luigi, statesman, author, born.\\nRossi, Giovanni I5attista de, areheologist, b.\\nPeruzzi, Ubalilino, staiesnian, born.\\n1823* Album, Marietta, singer, born.\\nBelzoni, Giovanni Battista, traveler, A45.\\nPius VIL, pope, A65.\\n1824* Consalvi, Krcole, cardinal, states-\\nman, A67.\\nVictor Emmanuel I., King of Sardinia, A 65.\\n1825 Ferdinand I. (IV. of Naples), King\\nof the Two Sicilies, A74.\\nPepoli, Gioachino, Marnuis, politician, born.\\nSalieri, Antonio, composer, A75.\\nNcliiaparelli, Giovanni Virgmio, astron., b.\\n1826* Breislak, Scipione, geologist, A78.\\nDonati, Giovanni Battista, astronomer, b.\\nPiazzi, Giuseppe, astronomer, A80.\\n1827 Azuni, Domenico Alberto, am, A78.\\nFoscolo, IV, poet, dram., essayist, A50.\\nRosmini Carlo de, historian, A69.\\nVolta. AlesBandro, physicist, A82.\\n1828 Cesari, Antonio, critic, trans., A78.\\nMonti, Vincenzo, poet, A75.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Nieutera, Giovanni, Baron, politician, horn.\\n1829 Gioja, Melelnorre, economist, A62.\\nGraziani, Francesco, violinist, born.\\nLeo XII., pope, A69.\\nRossi, Ernesto, actor, born.\\n1830 Borghi-Mamio, Adelaide, contralto\\nsinger, born.\\nLandi, Gasparo, painter, A74.\\nPius VIII. pope, A69.\\nSalvtni. Tommaso. tragedian, born.\\n1831* Longhi, Giuseppe, engraver, A65.\\n1832 Clementi, Muzio, composer, A80.\\nScarpa, Antonio, anatomist, A85.\\n1833 Bartoli, Adolfo, critic, historian, b.\\nCagnola, Luigi, architect, A71.\\nMorglien, Kali aello S., engraver, A75.\\n1834* Aldini, Giovanni, natural philoso-\\npher, A 72.\\nCicognara, da, route, Leopoldo antiquarian,\\nA67.\\n1835 Bellini, Vincenzo, composer, A32.\\n1836* Albriz/i, Isabella Teotochi, Countess\\nof, author, A66.\\nFrancis II., Maria Leopoldo, King of the\\nTwo Sicilies, born.\\n1837 Botta, Carlo, Giuseppe Guglielmo,\\nhistorian, A7I.\\nLeopardi, Giacomo, Count, poet, A39.\\nZingarelli, Niccolo, composer, A85.\\n1838* Da Ponte, Lorenzo, poet, dram., A89.\\n1839 Gioja, Melehoir, economist, A72.\\n1840 Pag-anini, Nicolo. violinist, A56.\\n1842* Cherubini, Maria Luigi Carlo Z. S.,\\ncomposer, A82.\\n1843 Patti, Adelina Maria Clonnda, so-\\nprano singer, born.\\nRosellini, Ippolito, antiquarian, A43.\\n1844* Mar. 14. Humbert, King, born.\\nBandiera, Attilio, patriot, A27.\\nBandiera, EmUio, patriot, A25.\\n1845 Bosio, Francis Joseph, Baron, sculp-\\ntor, A76.\\n1846 Campanini, Italo, singer, born.\\nCrescentini, Girolamo, singer, A77.\\nGregory XVI., pope, A81.\\nInghirami, Francesco, areheologist, A74.\\n1848* Balbi, Adriano, geographer, A66.\\nDonizetti, Gactano, composer, A50.\\nGiordani, Pietro, critic, A74.\\nRossi, Pellegrino Luigi Odoardo, statesman,\\nA61.\\n1849 July 28. Charles Albert (Carlo Al-\\nberto Amadeo), King of Sardinia, A51.\\nCatalani, Angelica, singer, A70.\\nMezzofanti, Giuseppe Gaspardo, cardi-\\nnal, linguist, A75.\\nRamorino, Girolamo Giovanni Pietro, A57.\\nVaccai, or Vaccaj, Nicolo, composer, A58.\\n1850 Gitisti, Giuseppe, satirical poet, A41.\\n1851 Spontini, Gasparo Luigi Paciflco,\\ncomposer, A77.\\n1852* Gioberti,Vincenzo,phil.,states.,A51.\\n1853* Balbo, Cesare, Count, statesman,\\nwriter, A64.\\nGrossi, Tommaso, poet, A62.\\n1854* Lambruse.hinl, Luigi, cardinal, A78.\\nMai, Angelo, cardinal, librarian, A72.\\nMelloni, Maeedonio, savant, A53.\\nPellico, Silvio, poet, A 66.\\nPepe, Guglielmo, general, A75.\\nRubini, Giovanni Battista, singer, A59.\\nRossetti, Gabriele, poet, artist, critic, A7I.\\nCHURCH.\\n1814 May 24. Rome. Pius VII. makes\\na grand public entry, and is welcomed\\nto the papal throne. [Aug. 2. He rees-\\ntablishes the Inquisition. Aug. 7. Re-\\nstores the Jesuits. Sept. 25. Prohibits\\nsecret societies (Freemasons).]\\n1815-17 Rome. Pius VII. annuls all\\ninnovations, and arouses great opposi-\\ntion,\\n1816 June 29. Some. Pius VII. issues\\nan edict against all Bible societies.\\n1823-29 Some. Leo XII. is pope.\\n[1829-30,Pius VIII. 18 31-46, Gregory XVI.\\n1846-78, Pius IX.]\\n1830 Dec* Some. Gregory XVI. issues\\na bull against the slave trade.\\n1838 The Campo Santo of Genoa as\\na place of burial is begun.\\nAug. 10. Some. Gregory XVI., by a\\ndecree, forbids the introduction of in-\\nfant schools into the Papal States.\\n1847 Some. The Knights of the\\nHoly Sepulcher are revived. [1868.\\nReorganized.]\\nRome. Pius IX. attemtps to reform\\nthe discipline of the religious bodies.\\n1848 Rome. Pius IX. creates a high\\ncouncil and a chamber of deputies for\\nlimited legislation; he retains a full\\nveto power. [Apr. 29. He announces a\\nreturn to illiberal methods.]\\nThe Jesuits are expelled from Sar-\\ndinia. [1860. From Sicily and Naples.\\n1873. From Italy.]\\n1849 Feb. 8. Rome. The temporal\\npower is abolished. (See State.)\\nJuly 15. Rome. The reestablishment of\\npapal authority is proclaimed. [Nov.\\n29. The Pope escapes in disguise. (See\\nState.) 1850. Apr. 13. Returns.]\\n1850 Sept. 24. Rome. Pius IX. estab-\\nlishes a hierarchy in England.\\nRome. The Southern Baptists (U. S.\\nA.) open a mission.\\n1854 Dec. 8. Rome. Pius IX. decrees\\nthe doctrine of the Immaculate Con-\\nception of the Virgin Mary.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1098.jp2"}, "1099": {"fulltext": "ITALY.\\n1813,** -1855, Oct. 28. 1087\\nLETTERS.\\n1816-40 Biblioteca Italiana is issued at\\nMilan.\\n1818-20 Conciliator is issued at Milan.\\n1819 Giornale Arcadico is issued at\\nKoine.\\n1826 II Conte di Carmagnola, by Ales-\\nsandro Manzoui, appears. [1S27, pro-\\nmessi Sposi.]\\n1827 Operette moral i, by Giacomo Leo-\\npard!, appears. [1831, C dntL]\\nAntonio Foscarini, by Niccolini, ap-\\npears. [1830, Giovanni da Procida; 1847,\\nFilippo Strozzi.]\\n1828 La Battaglice di Benevento, by\\nFrancesco D. G-uerrazzi, appears. [1851,\\nApologia; 1854, Beatrice Cenci.]\\n1833-48 Progresso del Science is issued\\nat Naples.\\n1834 Giornale di Statistica is issued\\nat Palermo.\\nStoria del Reame di Xeapoli dal 1734\\nal 1825, by Pietro Colletta, appears.\\n1835 On the Death of Francis I., by\\nGiuseppe Giusti, appears.\\n1837 Margherita Pusterla and Storia\\nUniversale, by Cesare Gantu, appears.\\n[1854, Storia degli Italiani.]\\n1S30 Politecnico is issued at Milan.\\n1842 Archivio Storico is issued.\\n1843 Del primato morale e civile degli\\nItaliana, by Vincenzo Gioberti, appears.\\nSperanze d Italia, by Cesare Balbo,\\nappears.\\n1847 Dee. 26. L Opinion is issued at\\nTurin.\\nII Risorgimento is issued by Cavour.\\n1S50 Revista Contemporanea is issued\\nat Turin.\\nRome. Civilta Cattolicais issued.\\n1851 The Florence Dritto is issued.\\nStoria dei comuni Italiani, by Paolo\\nEmiliani Guidici, appears. [1855, Storia\\ndelta Letteratura Italiana.]\\n1852 Revista Conte in j wane a is issued.\\n1853 May 10, The Pope prohibits the\\ncirculation of Uncle Tom s Cabin in the\\npapal dominions.\\nII Politecno is issued.\\nSTATE.\\n1814 Jan. Murat, King of Naples,\\nenters an alliance with Austria.\\nJan. 23. The Italian kingdom ceases\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0with the overthrow of Napoleon au-\\nthority is restored to the Pope, who\\nreturns to receive it.-\\n1814-15 The Congress of Vienna.\\nIt gives the duchies of Parma, Pia-\\ncenza, and Gustalla to the ex-empress,\\nMaria Louisa. The old dynasties are\\nrestored in Italy on the downfall of\\nNapoleon. Piedmont, Nice, and Turin\\nare restored by France to Sardinia. The\\nLombard-Venetian kingdom is given to\\nAustria as a recompense for the loss of\\nher Flemish possessions (p, 721).\\n1S14-46 Francis IV. is grand-duke of\\nModena.\\n1815-25 Naples and Sicily are united.\\nFerdinand 1. (formerly Ferdinand IV.)\\nis King of the Two Sicilies.\\n1815 May 15. Joachim Murat, King\\nof Naples, declares war against Austria.\\n[Oct. 15. Murat is executed.]\\nGenoa is made a duchy, and annexed\\nto Sardinia.\\n1815-17 Rome. The papal government\\nattempts to annul all innovations.\\nIt thereby provokes strong opposition.\\n[The Carbonari, favoring liberal govern-\\nment, rapidly increase.]\\n1817 San Marino is confirmed to the\\nPope.\\n1820 Sicily. A revolution in Pa-\\nlermo is suppressed.\\nJuly 15. The Carbonari, led by Gen.\\nPepe, rise in Naples, and compel the\\ntyrannical king to promise a liberal\\nconstitution. [Sept. 1G. Suppressed.\\n1S21. Mar. 23. Constitutional govern-\\nment is overthrown.]\\n1821-31 Charles Felix is King of Sar-\\ndinia. (1821.) An insurrection is sup-\\npressed by the aid of Austria.\\n1824 June 18-59 July 21. Leopold\\nII. is grand duke of Tuscany.\\n1825-30 Francis I. is King of the Two\\nSicilies. [1830-59. Ferdinand II.]\\n1830 Jan. 24. Venice is declared a\\nfree port.\\n1831* Francis IV., Grand Duke of\\nParma, is expelled by his subjects. [Soon\\nrestored by the Austrians. 184G. Jan.\\n21. Francis V. becomes grand duke.]\\n1832\u00c2\u00b1 Giuseppe Mazzini founds the\\nYoung Italy Party, having for its ob-\\nject the unification of all Italy under\\nRepublican rule. [1833. It rises in re-\\nvolt at Bologna soon suppressed.]\\n1832-38 The French hold Ancona.\\n1837 The King of Sardinia promul-\\ngates a new code.\\n1844 July 25. The two patriots, At-\\ntilio and Emilio Bandiero, with 18 others,\\nare shot for attempting an insurrection\\nin Calabria.\\n1846 Rome. Pope Pius IX. ascends\\nthe throne.\\nHe institutes political reform, and aims\\nat the unification of Italy under papal\\nsupremacy.\\n1847-48 Rome. Cardinal Giacomo An-\\ntonelli is president of the ministry for\\nthe Pope. [1850-t-. Secretary of foreigu\\naffairs.]\\n1847* Lucca is united to Tuscany.\\nRome. The Pope proclaims amnesty,\\nauthorizes a national guard, and the es-\\ntablishment of municipal institutions.\\n1848 Jan. 12. Sicily. A provisional in-\\ndependent government is proclaimed.\\nThe oppressed people rise against\\nthe king in Palermo. [Jan. 27. Also in\\nNaples.]\\nJan. 29. The King of the Two Sicilies\\ngrants a liberal constitution, and ap-\\npoints a liberal ministry.\\nFeb. 7. Sicily. An insurrection in\\nMessina is subdued. [Apr. 13. The\\nBourbon family is excluded by a decree.]\\nFeb. 15. The grand duke of Tuscany\\ngrants a new constitution.\\nMar. 22. Anti- Austrian insurrections\\nbreak out in Lombardy and Venice [hav-\\ning the favor of the Pope and of the King\\nof Sardinia]. Milan revolts.\\nMar. The Republic of Venice is pro-\\nclaimed by Daniele Manin, its provis-\\nional president.\\nMay 1. Rome. An insurrection is\\ncaused by a refusal to declare war against\\nAustria. [June 12-15. Quelled by a\\nbombardment.]\\nJune 28. Lombardy is incorporated\\nwith Sardinia. [July 4. Venice also.]\\nNov. 15, Rome. A republican insur-\\nrection breaks out.\\nThe Pope having pronounced against the\\nAustrian war ami the Italian alliance, his\\nminister, mint Pellegrini, is assassinated.\\n[The Pope escapes from the Republicans in\\nNov. 20. Rome. A free constitution\\nis proclaimed. [Nov. 28. A provisional\\ngovernment is formed, notwithstanding\\nthe protests of the Pope.]\\n1849 Feb. 5. Rome. A constituent Na-\\ntional Assembly meets.\\n[Feb. 8. It deprives the Pope of temporal\\npower, adopts a republican form of govern-\\nment, and [appoints a triumvirate to conduct\\nit, consisting of Giuseppe Mazzini, Armellini,\\nand Sam].\\nFeb. 9. Rome. The downfall of the\\ntemporal power and the establishment\\nof the new republic are proclaimed.\\n[Feb. 18. The Pope appeals to the Cath-\\nolic powers. The republic of France\\nundertakes to restore the Pope.]\\nThe grand duke of Tuscany flees from\\nhis people a provisional government is\\nestablished. [1850. July* Restored by\\nthe Austrians.]\\nFeb. 11. Insurrectionists proclaim a\\nrepublic in Florence the grand duke\\nescapes.\\nAn insurrection breaks out in Genoa.\\nMar. 23. The defeated Charles Al-\\nbert, King of Sardinia, abdicates in\\nfavor of his son, Victor Emmanuel.\\nJuly 4. Rome. The National Assem-\\nbly is dissolved.\\nRome is restored to Pins IX. by the French;\\na French orhVer presents the keys. [July 15.\\nThe Pope s authority is proclaimed. Aug. 3.\\nThe Pope s commissioners assume the gov-\\nernment relinquished by the French army.]\\nAug. The Lombard- Venetian king-\\ndom is again subject to Austria.\\nAug. 9. Austria and Sardinia sign the\\nPeace of Milan.\\n1850 Apr. 9. Sardinia adopts a law\\nabolishing ecclesiastical jiirisdictions.\\n1852 Count Cavour becomes prime\\nminister of Sardinia.\\n1853 Feb. 6. 4- A revolt occurs at Mi-\\nlan the revolutionists are suppressed\\nand severely punished. [Aug. 13. Con-\\nspiracy at Rome 146 arrests are made.]\\n1855 Mar. 2. Sardinia passes a bill for\\nthe suppression of convents, and with-\\ndrawing state support from the clergy.\\nOct. 28. The English and French am-\\nbassadors withdraw from Naples be-\\ncause of their unheeded \u00e2\u0080\u00a2protests against\\nthe tyranny of the king. [1859. June*\\nDiplomatic relations resumed.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1815 Nov. 16-June Naples suffers\\nby the plague.\\n1816 Aug. 8. The King of Naples pro-\\nhibits Freemason and other secret so-\\ncities.\\n1820 A Frenchman commits suicide\\nby throwing himself into the crater of\\nVesuvius.\\n1837 The cities of Italy suffer by the\\ncholera. [1854. Again. 1865. Again.\\n1S66. At Naples. 1867. In Italian cities.]\\n1S48 Nov. 15. Rome. Count Rossi,\\nthe Pope s minister of justice, is assas-\\nsinated.\\n1852 May The Grand Duke of Tus-\\ncany inflicts rigorous imprisonment on\\nRosa and Frau Madiai for reading the\\nBible.\\n1854 Mar. 27. An assassin stabs\\nCharles III. at Parma.\\nMay The railway from Lusa to Turin is\\nopened. [1862. Nov. Between Rome\\nand Naples. 1864. Nov. 4. Between\\nTurin and Florence-!", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1099.jp2"}, "1100": {"fulltext": "1088 1855,* *-1878, Dec. 28.\\nITALY.\\nARMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NAVY.\\n1859 Apr. July War France and\\nSardinia with Austria (pp. 524+, 734).\\n1860-61 Revolution; the beginning of\\nUnited Italy (p. 734).\\n1860 Garibaldi s campaign for the\\nliberation of Italy from the King of\\nNaples.\\n[May 11. Garibaldi lands with a email\\narmy at Marsala, Sicilv. May 14. Abandons\\nhis ships. May 15. With 2,000 men defeats\\nGen. Landi with 3,(500 at Calataflmi. May\\n27- Storms Palermo. May 31. Armistice.\\nJune 6. Palermo evacuated. July 20, 21.\\nWins atMelazzo. .July 21. Enters Messina.\\nAug. 18. Lands at Melito on the main land.\\nAug. 21. Takes Keggio. Sept. 11. Gives up\\nthe captured Neapolitan fleet to Sardinia.\\nSept. 19, 21, Oct. 1. Wins at Volturno, near\\nCapua. Nov. 18. Garibaldi retires from the\\nSard ii\\nMay French troops leave Italy.\\nSept. 7. An insurrection breaks out in\\nthe Papal States.\\nSept. 11. Sardinian troops under Gens.\\nEnrico Cialdini and Manfredo Fanti en-\\nter the Papal States.\\n[Sept. 12. Gen. Fanti takes Pesaro. Sept.\\n14. Also Perugia, with UiOO prisoners. Sept.\\n15. (it ll. Cialdini defeat a papal troops under\\nMarshal Lamorioiere at asteltidardo. Sept.\\n29. Ancona is taken. Oct. 4. Victor Emman-\\nuel assumes command of the army. Sardin-\\nians enter Naples. Oct. 17. Win at Isernia.\\nNov. 2. Take Capua. Nov. 3. Win at Ga-\\nrigliano. Also besiege Gaeta. 1*61. Feb. 13.\\nIt surrenders. Mar. 14. CivatelladelTronto,\\nthe last of the Ilourhon fortresses, surren-\\nders.]\\n1861 Feb. 28. Sicily. Gen. Cialdini\\nblockades the citadel of Messina. [Mar.\\n13. It surrenders.]\\nSept. 15. Jose Borges lands in Cala-\\nbria, but fails to rouse a liourbonist re-\\naction in favor of Francis II. pec. 8.\\nTaken and shot.]\\nOct.+ Skirmishes with brigands and\\nreactionists occur in South Italy.\\n1862 Aug. Garibaldi attempts to se-\\ncure the freedom of Rome -without the\\napproval of the king.\\nHe embarks at Catania with aforce of\\nvolunteers, lands at Melito, Calabria.\\n[Aug. 29. Wounded and taken prisoner\\nin a skirmish with royal troops.]\\n1863 Oct. The army of Italy, 250,000\\nstrong, is organized.\\n1865 Nov.* A part of the French\\nforce guarding the Pope leaves his do-\\nminions. [1866. Dec. 2-12. More leave\\nRome.]\\n1866 June 16- July 22. Austro-\\nPrussian war: Italy is an ally of Prus-\\nsia (p. 8*22-*-).\\nSept. 21. Sicily. Italian troops sup-\\npress an insurrection in Palermo.\\n1867 Garibaldi makes another [un-\\nsuccessful] attempt to liberate Rome.\\n[Sept.-Oct. GaribaMian bands invade pa-\\npal territories. Oct. 22. Rome. An insurrec-\\ntion is suppressed. Zouave barracks are\\nblown up. A state of siece is proclaimed.\\nOct. 25. Garibaldi is defeated at Viterbo.\\nOct. 26. Defeats Papal troops at Monte Ko-\\ntondo. Oct. 28. A French army arrives at\\nthe port of Rome. Nov. 3. Garibaldi is de-\\nfeated at Men tana by papal and French\\ntroops. Nov. 4. Retreats into Italy. Nov.\\n25k. He is sent to Caprera.\\n1870 Aug. 8. Rome is entirely evacu-\\nated by the French troops in conse-\\nquence of the disastrous war with Ger-\\nmany.\\n[Sept. 12. Italian troops enter the Papal\\nStates. Sept. 15+-. Thev occupy Civita Vec-\\nchia, the seaport of Rome. Sept. 17. The\\nPapal Zouaves in Rome refuse to surrender.\\nSept. 20. The Zouaves make only a brief\\nresistance by order of the Pope the Italians\\nbreach the walls and enter Home, with a loss\\nof 22\u00c2\u00b1 killed and 117 wounded; the Papal\\ntroops lose 55 killed and wounded. J\\n1876 May 8. The ironclad Dailio is\\nlaunched.\\n[1S76, July 10, The Dandolo; 1880, Sept.\\n29, The Italia; 1883, Mar. 17, The Le-\\npanto; 1887, Jan. 25, The Casfefridardo;\\nJuly 30, The Francisco Morosihi; 1888,\\nOct. 16, The Re L mberto.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1857 Aug. 31. The Mont Cenis\\nT unn el is commenced. [1870. Dec. 2.\\nCompleted. Length, 7\u00c2\u00a3 miles cost,\\n$13,000,000.]\\n1858 June 2. Dr. Giovanni Battista\\nDonati discovers [Donati s magnificent]\\n1870 Dec. 27+. Great overflow of the\\nTiber.\\n1873 Nov. 8. A monument to Ca-\\nvour is inaugurated at Turin.\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n1855 Rosini, Giovanni, poet, novelist, A79.\\nRosmini-Serbati, Antonio, el., philos., A58.\\n1856* Cesare, Giuseppe. Cavaliere di, his-\\ntorian, A73.\\n1857* Manin, I anie!e, statesman, patriot,\\nA53.\\n1858 Foresti, E. Feline, patriot, A65.\\nLablanche, Luigi, singer, A67.\\nOrsini, Felice, ennspirator, A37.\\n1859* Codazzi, Agostino, explorer, geog-\\nrapher, A67.\\n1860 Borgheai, IJartolommeo, Count, nu-\\nmismatist, A79.\\n1861 Cavour, Count di, Camillo Benao,\\nstatesman, A 51.\\n1863 Ainici, Giovanni Battista, physicist,\\nA79.\\n1864 Florentine,, Pier A ngelo, author, A58.\\n1865 Pasla, Giuditta, singer, A67.\\n1866* Azeulio, M.issimo japaielli d states-\\nman, A 66.\\nr.rotlerio, Augelo, author, A64.\\n1867* Pacini, iiovauni, composer, A71.\\n1868* Andrea, (.iirolamod cardinal, A56.\\nC ierogna, F.mmanurle Antonio, author, A79.\\nMaoehetti, Carlo, sculptor, A63.\\niWatteucci, Carlo, physiologist, A57.\\nRossini, Gioacchimt A ntonio. composer, A76.\\n1869 Nov. 11. Victor Emmanuel, Ferdi-\\nnand, son of Prince Humbert, born.\\n1870 Berry, Ihichesse de, Caroline Ferdl-\\nnande Louise, of Naples, A72.\\nCibrario, Luigl, historian, A68.\\nMercadante, Saverio, composer, A73.\\n1871* Belgiojoso, Princess of, Christina\\ndi Trivulzio, patriot, author, A63.\\nLaugier, Comte de Cesar de Bellecour, gen-\\neral, author, A82.\\n1873* Giudici, Paolo Emiliano, hist., A60.\\nMazzini, Giuseppe, patriot, A64.\\n1873* Donati, Giovanni Battista, astrono-\\nmer, A47.\\nFagimni, Giuseppe, portrait painter, A 54.\\nGuerrazzi, Francesco Domenieo, politician,\\nauthor, A68.\\nManzoni, Alessandro, Count, writer, A 89.\\nlialtazzi, I rbano, statesman, A63.\\n1876* Antonelli, Giacomo, cardinal,\\nstatesman, A86.\\nFerrari, Giuseppe, philosopher, A65.\\n1878 Jan. 9. Victor Emmanuel (II. Of\\nSardinia), first King of Italy, A58.\\nPlus IX., pope, A86.\\nSecchi, Pietro A ngelo, cl., astronomer, AGO.\\nCHURCH.\\n1860 Mar. 26. Home. Pius IX. ex-\\ncommunicates all abetting the rebel-\\nlion of the Papal States. [1861. June 9.\\nIssues a severe allocution against the\\nItalians.]\\nHome. Methodist mission opened.\\n1862 A declaration against temporal\\npower is signed by 2,000+ priests.\\n1864 Dec. 8. Pius IX. issues a sylla-\\nbus censuring 80 errors in religion, phi-\\nlosophy, and politics. [1865. Sept. 30.\\nAlso an allocution condemning secret\\nsocieties.]\\n1866 Mar. 19. Protestants are mas-\\nsacred at Barletta, Naples.\\nJuly 7. A bill to suppress monasteries\\nand confiscate certain Church properties\\nis passed.\\n1867 June 26. The canonization of\\n25 martyrs is attended by 599 bishops\\nand thousands of priests.\\n*The Presbyterian Church South,\\nV. S. A., opens a mission in Naples.\\n1869 Apr. 11. Rome. Pius IX. cele-\\nbrates a jubilee.\\n1869-70 Borne. The Vatican Council.\\n(Dec. 8.) It opens: present, 6 archbish-\\nop-princes, 49 cardinals, 11 patriarchs, 68D\\narchbishops and bishops, abbots, 29 gene-\\nrals of orders. Total. 803. (1870. Apr. 24.)\\nNew canons are issued. (July 18.) The\\ninfallibility of the 1 ope is promulgated as a\\ndoctrine of the Church.\\n1870 Jan. 12. Rome Pius IX. by de-\\ncree condemns the Fenians. [Sept. 11.\\nHe refuses the proffered sovereignty of\\nthe Leonine City as a compromise.\\nNov. 23. He excommunicates all per-\\nsons who have aided in the annexation\\nof Rome to Italy.]\\n1871 June 25. Rome. The Pope s\\njubilee is celebrated after 25 years of\\ndominion.\\n1873 Jan. 25. Rome. The American\\nProtestant Church is dedicated. [Oct.\\n25. An Anglican Church.]\\nThe Methodist Episcopal Church\\n(U. S. A.) opens a mission in Bologna.\\nAlso in Florence. [1874, in Milan 1875,\\nin Perugia Lee, in Rome.]\\n1875 Feb. 9. Rome. Pius IX. again\\nappears at St. Peter s after an absence\\nof four years.\\nThe First Synod of theltalian Catho-\\nlic Church meets at Naples.\\n1877 Feb. 20. Rome. Leo XXTI. is\\nelected pope. [1878. Mar. 3. Crowned.]\\n1878 Dec. 28. Rome. Leo XIII. issues\\nan encyclical condemning communism,\\nsocialism, and nihilism as fruits of the\\nReformation.\\nLETTERS.\\n1855 Gazelta del Popolo is issued at\\nTurin.\\n1857 Rome. The ancient Vatican\\nCodex of the Old and J\\\\ ew Testament in\\nGreek is published.\\n1866 Nuova Antologia is issued.\\n1867 Annali di Mathematica is issued\\n1869 Nuova Giornale Botanico issued.\\n1871 Archivio Veneto is issued.\\n1874 Jan. The Academy of San Luca\\nis replaced by a new academy.\\nArchivio Storico Lombard o is issued.\\n1876 II Filangioni is issued.\\nAnnali di Statiscica is issued.\\nSTATE.\\n1857 Apr.* Rupture between Auttria\\nand Sardinia. [War follows.] (P. 525.)\\n1859 Apr. 27. Peaceful revolution\\nat Florence.\\nA provisional government is formed in Tus-\\ncany, with the King of Sardinia dictator, in", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1100.jp2"}, "1101": {"fulltext": "ITALY.\\n1855, *-1878, Dec. 28. 1089\\nconsequence of the grand duke s refusal of\\nan alliance with Sardinia. [Apr. 30. Dicta-\\ntorship declined; command of the Tuscan\\narmy accepted. July 21. The grand duke\\nabdicates.]\\nMay 3. Peaceful revolution at Parma.\\n[June 15. At Modena. June* Insur-\\nrections break out in Romagna, at Bo-\\nlogna, Ferrara, and Modena.]\\nMay 22-60 Sept. 6. Francis II. is\\nKing of tlieTwo Sicilies. [18G0. Deposed.]\\nJune 11. The fugitive, Francis V. of\\nModena, establishes a regency at Ve-\\nrona. [June 13. Abolished, and a pro-\\nvisional government is set up.]\\nJuly 12. Rome. The Pope appeals to\\nEurope against Sardinia.\\nPreliminaries of peace are signed with\\nAustria (p. 525). Sardinia gains Lonibar-\\ndian territory. [The cities of Italy are\\ngreatly agitated by the terms of the\\npeace, which restore Austrian author-\\nity.]\\nJuly 21. Ferdinand IV. becomes\\ngrand duke of Tuscany.\\nJuly Marchese Alfonso Ferrero di La\\nMarmora is prime minister. [1S64^GG-\\nAgain.]\\nThe states of Tuscany, Modena, and\\nParma, with the papal state of Ko-\\nmagna, implore Victor Emmanuel to an-\\nnex them to his kingdom. Opposed by\\nthe Pope.\\nNov. 10. Switz. Peace of Zurich\\nsigned (p. 525).\\nDec. 7. A new constitution for Sardinia\\nis proclaimed.\\nDec. 24. The province of JEmilia is\\nformed by uniting Iiwinagna, Modena,\\nand Parma. [1860. Mar. 14. They vote\\nby universal suffrage for union with\\nSardinia.]\\nMar. 16. Tuscany votes for union with\\nSardinia. [Mar. 22. Decreed.]\\n1860 Mar. 24. Nice and Savoy an-\\nnexed to France (p. 735).\\nMar. 28. Rome. The Pope excommu-\\nnicates all concerned in the rebellion of\\nhis states.\\nApr. Sicily. Insurrections against\\noppressive government break out in Pa-\\nlermo, Messina, and Catania.\\nMay 18. The Sardinian government pro-\\nfesses disapproval of Garibaldi s ex-\\npedition for the deliverance of Sicily.\\n[June 3. A provisional government is\\nformed at Palermo.]\\nJune 26. Francis II. of Naples,\\nalarmed by the revolutionists, proclaims\\namnesty and promises a liberal minis-\\ntry. [July 2. Proclaims the reestab-\\nlishment of the constitution of 1848.]\\nJuly 30. The Neapolitans agree to\\nevacuate Sicily, only retaining the for-\\ntress of Messina.\\nAug. 3. Sicily. A new constitution is\\nproclaimed.\\nSept. 6. Francis II., the last King of\\nNaples and Sicily, is deposed.\\n[Sept. 8. Garibaldi assumes the dicta-\\ntorship. Oct. 21. The Two Sicilies by\\nuniversal suffrage vote for union with\\nSardinia. Vote, 432,054-667. Nov. 7. Vic-\\ntor Emmanuel enters Naples as king.]\\nSept. 7. The people of Fossombrone ap-\\npeal to Sardinia for relief from the\\npapal troops, by whom they have been\\nsubdued.\\nSept. 28. Rome. The Pope issues an\\nallocution against France and Sardinia,\\nand appeals to Europe for prelection.\\nNov. The Marches vote for annexation\\nto Sardinia.\\nUrbino, Bologna, and Ravenna are\\nunited to the kingdom of Italy.\\n1861 Feb. 18. The first Italian Parli-\\nament meets.\\n[Mar. 17. It confers the title King of\\nItaly on Victor Emmanuel, King of Sar-\\ndinia. Apr. 15. The Pope protests\\nagainst the kingdom.]\\nMar. 31. England recognizes the\\nkingdom of Italy. [June 24. Recog-\\nnized by France. Oct. 1. By Portugal.\\n1862. Mar. 1. By Prussia. July 3. By\\nRussia. 1865. June* By Spain.]\\nOct. 13. The Italian kingdom is divided\\ninto 59 prefectures.\\n1S62 July 19. Sicily. Garibaldi calls\\nfor volunteers under the watch-cry,\\nRome or death.\\nAug. 19. Sicily. Garibaldi organizes\\na provisional government in Catania,\\nalthough opposed by the king.\\n[Sept. 28. Garibaldi appeals to the\\nEnglish people for aid, in the name of\\nliberty. Oct. 5. Amnesty is granted to\\nhim and his followers.]\\n1863 Mar. 24-64 Sept. Marco Min-\\nghetti is prime minister. [1873-76.\\nAgain.]\\n1864 Jan. The moderate party are\\nvictorious in the general election.\\nSept. 15. France agrees to withdraw\\nher troops from Rome (p. 737).\\nDec. 11. Florence is decreed to be the\\ncapital of Italy. [Temporary.]\\n1865 Nov. 7. The Bank of Italy is\\nestablished.\\nNov. 18. The new Parliament meets\\nin Florence.\\nDec* -66 Jan.* Rupture with\\nRussia.\\n1S66 May 12. An alliance is entered\\nwith Prussia.\\nJune 18. War is declared against\\nAustria (p. 526).\\nJuly 3. Austria cedes Venetia to\\nFrance.\\n[Oct. 11. Transferred by France to\\nItaly. Oct. 21. Plebiscitum, 641,758 votes\\nfor annexation, 60 against it.]\\nOct. 3. Aust. Italy and Austria sign\\nthe Peace of Vienna. [Oct. 12. Rati-\\nfied.]\\nOct. 11. Austria restores Mantua to\\nItaly.\\nNov. 7. The king enters Venice.\\n1867 May-b The kingdom suffers\\nfinancial embarrassment; the king\\nsurrenders a part of his civil list for its\\nrelief.\\nOct. 27. Florence. The king issues a\\nproclamation against the Garibaldian\\ninvasion of the Papal States. Riots\\nbreak out in many cities. [Oct. 30. The\\nrevolution is suppressed. Dec. 5. Am-\\nnesty proclaimed at Florence.]\\n1868 Apr. 4. Florence. The Deputies\\nadopt the grist-tax after a debate last-\\ning 21 days. [June Adopted by the\\nSenate.]\\n1870 Mar. 24+. Republican upris-\\nings in Pavia and other towns are sup-\\npressed.\\nJuly 18. Florence. Neutrality in the\\nFranco-Prussian war is proclaimed.\\nSept. 11. The Pope refuses to com-\\npromise.\\nThe king offers the Holy See the sov-\\nereignty of the Leonine City, containing\\nthe Vatican, the Castle of St. Angelo, and\\nthe Borgo district, with the retention of\\nhis income.\\nSept. 26. Rome. Cardinal Antonelli is-\\nsues a protest against the Italian occu-\\npation of the Holy City.\\nSept. 22. Rome. A provisional gov-\\nernment is formed by 10,000 people\\nassembled in the Colosseum.\\nOct. 2. Plebiscite of the Papal States\\n133,G81 votes for union with Italy, 1,507\\nagainst it.\\nOct. 9. United Italy is accomplished\\nRome and its territories are united to\\nthe kingdom. [Oct. 19. Decree issued.]\\nDec. 5. Rome. The Parliament meets;\\nRome is declared the capital city. [1871.\\nJuly 1. The government is removed\\nto Rome. July 3. Inaugurated.]\\n1872 Mar. 27. San Marino enters a\\nconvention with Italy.\\n1876 Mar.* -79 Agostino Depretis\\nis prime minister. [1881-86. Again.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1859 Jan. 30. Prince Napoleon\\nJerome marries the Princess Clotilde.\\nMar. 7. Poerio and 66 companions rise\\nwhen being conveyed as exiles to North\\nAmerica, seize the vessel, and sail for\\nCork, Ireland. [The English subscribe\\n\u00c2\u00a310,000 in their aid.]\\n1860 Sicily. Secret terrorists called\\nMafia commit many murders the so-\\nciety becomes prominent.\\n1862 Mar.-Apr.* Garibaldi makes a\\ntriumphant progress through Italy; he\\nestablishes many rifle-clubs.\\nSept. 27- The Princess Maria Pia by\\nproxy is married to the King of Por-\\ntugal.\\n1865 May 14. A Dante festival is\\nopened at Florence by the king.\\n1865 June 21. A cable telegraph line\\nis opened between Marsala, Sicily, and\\nLa Calle, Algeria.\\n1S68 Feb. 20. The order of the Crown\\nof Italy is instituted.\\nApr. 22. Prince Humbert is married\\nto his cousin, Margherita at Turin.\\nApr.+ Brigands abound in South Italy.\\n[1872. Revived.]\\nJune 15. The railway over Mont Cenis\\nis opened length, 48 miles. [1871. Oct.\\n16. Opened for traffic.]\\n1870 Dec. 31. Much suffering is caused\\nby an inundation of the Tiber. [1872.\\nAlso by the inundation of the Po.]\\n1874-75 The Government makes vigor-\\nous efforts to suppress the disorderly\\nMafia and their enemies, the Ca-\\nmorra. [1875. Oct. 2. Capraro, the\\nchief of brigands, is killed.]\\n1877 Mar. The work of improving\\nthe Tiber and making a new port is\\ncommenced.\\nJune -Nov. The brigands are nearly\\nexterminated. [1878. Revived in South\\nItaly. 1\\n1878 May 31. The draining and plant-\\ning of the Campagna is authorized.\\nNov. 17. Giovanni Passanante, an in-\\nternationalist, attempts to assassinate\\nthe king, whom he wounds.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1101.jp2"}, "1102": {"fulltext": "1090 1879, *-1894, Dec. 27.\\nITALY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1887-94 War with Abyssinia (p. 2).\\n1890 Sept. 20. A new ironclad\\nlaunched, the largest in the navy.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1883 Jan. 21. Rome. An International\\nExhibition of Fine Arts opens. [1887.\\nMay 2. Another at Venice.]\\n1889 June 9. A statue of Giordano\\nBruno (burned in 1600) is unveiled in\\nVenice.\\n1890 Sept. 20. A statue of Victor\\nEmmanuel is unveiled at Florence.\\n1892 Sept. 28. A statue of Mazzini is\\nunveiled at Carrara.\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n1879 Fanfanl, Pietro, philologist, A64.\\n1880 Ricasoli, Bettino, Baron, statesman,\\nA71.\\n1881* Pepoli, (iioachino, MarquiB, politi-\\ncian, A56.\\n1882 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, patriot, Alh.\\nLanza, Giovanni, statesman, A61.\\n1883* Mario, Giuseppe, singer, A73.\\nGiuliani, Giauibattista, srholar, A66.\\n1885 Mamiani, Terenzio della Rovere,\\nCount, philosopher, A83.\\nVera, AuRusto, philosopher, A68.\\n1886 -Minchetli, Marm, statesman, A68.\\n1887 July 29. Depretis, Agosto, prime\\nminister, A79.\\n1889 Amari, MU-hele, historian, A83.\\nPatti, Carlotta. singer, A49.\\nTamberlik, Enrico, singer, A 69.\\n1891 June lO. Curci, Carlo Maria, theolo-\\ngian, A81.\\nSept. 9. Peruzzi, UbaMino, statesman, A70.\\n1892 Jan. 14. Simeoni, Giovanni, cardi-\\nnal, statesman, A76.\\nSept. 8. CiaUlini, Enrico, Duke of Gaeta,\\ngeneral, diplomatist, A81.\\nDec. 27. Francis II., last King of Naples,\\nor the Two Sicilies, A48.\\nAlboni, Marietta, Binger, A71.\\nCHURCH.\\n1888 Jan. 1-5. Rome. The Pope s\\ngrand jubilee is celebrated by masses\\nat St. Peter s present, 48 cardinals, 233\\narchbishops and bishops, and 30,000+\\nlaymen.\\n1891* *The Evangelical Alliance\\nholds its ninth anniversary in Florence.\\n1892 Jan. 4, Leo XIII. accepts the\\nterms proposed by France for concilia-\\ntion between the Vatican and the king-\\ndom.\\n1894 Dec. 17. Rome. Leo XIII. cele-\\nbrates mass 15,000 persons present.\\nLETTERS.\\n1879 Nuova Revista inter yiazionale is\\nissued.\\n1880 Jan. 1. Rome. Aurora, a papal\\ndaily newspaper is issued.\\nJune New Italy and old Zealots, by\\nRev. Carlo Maria Curci, appears.\\n1881 La Ressagna Italiana is issued.\\n1882 Archivio Trentico is issued.\\n1883 Giomale storio della Letter atur a\\nItaliana is issued.\\nGiornale degli Eruditi is issued.\\nAnnuario di Giurisprudenza is issued.\\nRevue Internationale is issued.\\n1884 Revista storica Italiana is issued.\\nLa Natura is issued.\\nSTATE.\\n1881 Dec. The suffrage is extended\\nto all who can read and write minority\\nrepresentation is provided for.\\n1884 Nov. 28. Twenty-one new mem-\\nbers are added to the Senate.\\n1887 Mar. 13. A treaty of alliance for\\ndefense is signed with Austria-Hungary\\nand Germany (DreibunU).\\nAug. -91 Feb. 1. Francesco Crispi\\nis prime minister.\\n1888 June Capital punishment is\\nabolished by the Chambers.\\n1889 May 8. A treaty is signed with\\nAbyssinia (p. 2). [Nov. 11. A protecto-\\nrate is declared (p. 3)].\\n1890 May 5. The Senate passes the\\nCharities Bill, providing for church ex-\\npenses, and averts the resignation of the\\nMinistry.\\nNov. 30. Rome. A general amnesty is\\npromulgated.\\n1891 Feb. 2-92 May 6. Marquis\\nA. di Hudini is premier.\\nMar. 15. Rome. The Baron de Fava,\\nminister to Washington, is instructed to\\nearnestly protest against the action of\\nthe anti-Italian mob in New Orleans.\\n[Mar. 16. President Harrison s regrets\\nare received.]\\nJune 29. The Triple Alliance (Drei-\\nbund) is renewed for six years it guar-\\nantees the integrity of each nation.\\n1892 Apr. 16. Baron de Fava is or-\\ndered to resume his diplomatic post at\\nWashington.\\nMay 10. Signor Giollitti is premier.\\n1893 Jan. 20. Rome. Premier Giol-\\nlitti presents a report to the chamber of\\nDeputies respecting the bank scandal.\\n[1894. Flees to escape arrest.]\\nNov. 23. Many prominent men are in-\\nvolved in the bank scandal, which is re-\\nported to the Assembly by a commission.\\n[Nov. 25. The bank scandal causes the\\nresignation of the Cabinet.]\\nDec. 15+. Rome. Francesco Crispi is\\npremier.\\n1894 Jan. 4. A state of siege is de-\\nclared in Sicily because of the anti-tax\\nagitation. [Jan. 17. Also in Carrara\\nand Mussa de Carrara.]\\nFeb. 18. Rome. A democratic con-\\ngress meets, having 67 delegates, who\\noppose governmental despotism.\\nJuly 11. Rome. The Chamber passes a\\nbill to suppress theoretical propaganda\\nof anarchy. [July 16. The Senate.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1881 Mar. 23. A fire panic occurs in\\nthe opera-house at Nice 70\u00c2\u00b1 lives are\\nlost.\\n1882 May 21, 22. The St. Gothard\\nrailway,between Lucerne and Milan, is\\nopened.\\n1883 Jan. 31. Rome. An international\\nFine Arts Exhibition ia opened.\\n1884. Jan. 5. Rome. Victor Emman-\\nuel s body is removed to the Pantheon.\\nThe Asiatic cholera appears in Italy.\\n[1S86. Again. 1893. Again.]\\n1889 Feb. 8+. Rome. Hioters destroy\\nan immense amount of property 30 per-\\nsons are injured.\\n1890 Apr. 18. The Italian East Africa\\nCompany is organized.\\n1891 Mar. 17. The Utopia sinks after\\na collision in Gibraltar Bay 500 Italians\\nare drowned.\\nMay\u00c2\u00b1 Testimony in a trial at Bari\\nshows that the Mala Vita brigands sen-\\ntence persons to death and execute them.\\nMay 15. The police arrest 16 anar-\\nchists, having plans for the pillage and\\ndestruction of banks and other proper-\\nties.\\nMay 31\u00c2\u00b1. The International Peace\\nCongress meets at Milan. [1892. Nov.\\n3. At Rome.]\\n1893 Jan. 19. Rome. Dynamiters\\ntwice attempt to blow up a hotel crowded\\nwith people, causing only slight damages.\\nApr. 22. Rome. The 25th anniversary\\nof the king s marriage is celebrated with\\ngeneral festivity.\\nJuly 12. Over 200 Senators and Deputies\\nare charged with complicity in the Banca\\nRomana scandal.\\n[Oct. 23. An investigating committee\\nreports to the Deputies, and criticizes\\nmany prominent men 13 nobles and 30\\nDeputies arc implicated, also Premier\\nGiollitti. 1894. May 2. Trial begins.]\\nOct. Sicily. The Government declares\\nmartial law for extermination of bri-\\nNov. 30. Rome. The Credit Mobilier\\nsuspends payments; a panic follows.\\n[Dec. 13. The Banca Bomana suspends.]\\nDec. 18. Sicily. Anti-tax riots break\\nout. [Dec. 24. 1894. Jan. 3+. Again.]\\n1894 Mar. 8. Rome. A bomb explo-\\nsion injures eight persons.\\nJune 16. Rome. An anarchist fires two\\nbullets at Premier Crispi while riding,\\nboth missing the mark.\\nJuly 20. The prisons are full of anar-\\nchists awaiting trial.\\nJAPAN.\\nThe empire of Japan consists chiefly of four islands, Honshu, Yesso, Shikoku, and Kiushiu, with about 4,000 near-by islands,\\nand the mere remote Liukiu and Kurile and Bonin groups capital, Tokyo. The government is a limited monarchy, with the\\nlegislative power lodged in a Parliament composed of two houses, a House of Peers and a House of Representatives. Shinto\\nand Buddhism are the chief religions. Area, 147,655 square miles. Population in 1891, 40,453,461.\\nARMY NAVY. civil war. [1156-59. War for the posses-\\nsion of the emperor s person.]\\n1150-85 a. d. The Minamoto clans 1274-81 Mongols attempt to conquer\\nnearly annihilate the Taira clans in a Japan.\\n(1274.) A Chinese expedition of 10,000\\nnen is repulsed.\\n(1281.) An expedition of 100,000 Chi-\\nlese and Koreans i", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1102.jp2"}, "1103": {"fulltext": "JAPAN. 660**b.c.-a.d. 1853, July 7. 1091\\n1331 A revolt, caused by the ill-treat-\\nment of the mikado by the Hojd it is\\nled by Kusunoki-Masashige and Nitta\\nYoshisada, descendants of the Mina-\\nmoto clan. [1336. Kioty is taken.]\\n1333 Nitta Toshisada attacks and de-\\nstroys Kamakura.\\n1560 Ota Nobunaga defeats Yoshi-\\nmoto in a feudal war.\\n1570 The united forces of Nobunaga,\\nSokugawa, Iyeyasu, and Yoshiaki defeat\\nYoshikage at the battle of Anagawa.\\n1592 The Koreans utterly defeat a\\nJapanese invasion. [1597. Another in-\\nvasion defeats a Chinese fleet, but soon\\nevacuates Korea.] (P. 614+ See Korea.)\\n1600 Battle of Sekigahara Iyeyasu\\ndecisively defeats and subdues his ene-\\nmies.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1108* *Isono Zenji, the mother of\\nthe drama, flourishes. [1624. The first\\ntheater in Japan is opened at Yeddo.]\\n1703 Yeddo is almost ruined by an\\nearthquake; 200,000 lives lost. [1855.\\nNov. 11. Again.]\\nCHURCH.\\n552 Buddhism is introduced from\\nKorea.\\n1549 Francis Xavier carries the gos-\\npel to Japan. [1553. More Roman Catho-\\nlic missionaries arrive. 1582. Perse-\\ncution begins.]\\n1582 Japanese Christians number\\n200,000, with three baptized daimios.\\n1585 Tbe Japanese Christians send a\\nmission to the Papal See, headed by\\nthree noblemen. [1590. General perse-\\ncution of Christians begins. Four\\nFranciscan monks arrive.]\\n1593 Hideyoshi seizes nine mission-\\naries, and burns them at Nagasaki.\\n[1597. Feb. 5. Six Franciscans, three\\nJesuits, and 17 other Christians are cru-\\ncified. 1598. Christianshavearespite.\\n1600. Iyeyasu decrees the expulsion\\nof foreigners. 1610, 200 missionaries\\nand 2,000,000 converts are reported.]\\n1611* *Persecution again begins\\nChristians exalt their religion by their\\nfortitude princess, nobles, men, women,\\nand children suffer heroically.\\n1614* Thousands of native Christiana\\nflee to China and Formosa.\\n1624 Father Sotelo, papal legate, is\\nput to death.\\n1637 Revolt at Shimabara.\\nThousands of Christians and others\\nseize and repair an old castle in Kiushiu,\\nand there withstand the siege of the\\narmies during two months; 27,000\\nprisoners surrender, most of whom are\\nsent into exile, but many hundreds are\\nexecuted by decapitation and drowning.\\nSOCIETY MISCELLANEOUS.\\n1280* *a. d. Japan is visited by Marco\\nPolo, the Venetian traveler.\\n1533* Ota Nobunaga, nobleman, war-\\nrior, born.\\n1535* Japan is visited by Mendez\\nPinto, a Portuguese. [His countrymen\\nsoon obtain permission to make a set-\\ntlement.]\\n1600* *The Dutch first trade with\\nJapan. [1612. The English come. 1690.\\nEngelbertKampfer, the German trav-\\neler, comes.]\\n1717-44 During the reign of Yoshimune,\\na free hospital is established at Yeddo.\\nThe sugar-cane is introduced.\\n1805* *Takato Ogi, minister, born.\\n[1877. Dies.]\\n1829 Juzammi T. Okubo, statesman,\\nborn.\\nSTATE,\\n660-585 B.C. JimmuTenno, the first\\nmikado, reigns he leads hither invaders\\nfrom Asia, and establishes a dynasty\\n[which continues till now].\\n97-30 B.C. Sujin, the 10th mikado,\\nreigns. He promotes civilization, and\\nopens intercourse with Korea.\\n71-130 A. r Keiko reigns.\\n131* Yamato-Dake reigns; annexes\\nKoanto.\\n201* *Chinai, the 14th mikado, dies,\\nand is succeeded by his wife, Jingu-Kog\\nShe subdues Korea, and enters diplo-\\nmatic relations with China.\\n270-310 Ojin, a warlike mikado, reigns.\\n500+ History becomes authentic.\\n603 The government is divided into\\neight great administrative departments\\nand a number of smaller ones. [The\\ncourt nobility conduct the departments.]\\nThe people are divided into two\\nclasses, the agricultural and the military.\\nThe Fujiwara nobility gradually\\nacquire all the civil offices the Hei and.\\nGen families (Taira or Minamoto) fill the\\nmilitary offices.\\n8th-12th Century. The Taira and Mina-\\nmoto clans struggle for supremacy the\\nemperors are puppets of the dominant\\nfaction.\\n794 Kyoto becomes the capital.\\n1160-81 Taira no Kiyomori is prime\\nminister.\\n1160\u00c2\u00b1 *The exiled Minamoto estab-\\nlish a realm under Yoritomo and Yoshit-\\nsune in the Koanto plain Kamakura,\\ncapital.\\n1181* Kiyomori dies; the rival clans\\nrenew civil war.\\n1185-1219 Minamoto supremacy.\\n1192* The Mikado Takahira appoints\\nYoritoma generalissimo of the empire.\\nHe extends the realm by conquests,\\nand makes Kamakura the metropolitan\\ncity [and later the capital].\\n1199 Yoritomo dies, and is succeeded\\nby his sons, Yoriiye~ and Sanetomo.\\n[1219. The death of Sanetomo closes the\\nmain line of the Minamoto family.]\\n1225-1575 The Hojo family, favoring\\nthe Minamoto line, hold the military\\nadministration the office of shogun,\\nor general, is conferred on various mem-\\nbers of the Fujiwara family.\\n1250+ *The shoguns become the\\nMayors of the Palace, who conduct\\nthe military and civil government, while\\nthe mikado serves in spiritual functions.\\n1319-38 The Mikado Go-Daigo reigns.\\n1331-92 Two rival courts, the northern\\nand southern, dispute the succession.\\n(See Army.) It is settled by an agree-\\nment that the mikados shall be taken\\nalternately from each house. [The north-\\nbranch at Kyoto survives only a few\\n1336-1573 The Ashikaga shoguns rule\\nJapan.\\n15th Century. Civil wars devastate\\nJapan.\\n1510+ *The Later Hojd family rule\\nfor four generations; capital, Odawara.\\n1558-88 Oki-Machi reigns as mikado\\nNobunaga,Hideyo8hi,andTogugawariae\\nto power as great men.\\n1560+ Yoshiake is shogun. [Dis-\\npossessed by Yoshikage. Reinstated by\\nNobunaga.]\\n1573-82 Nobunaga is shogun.\\nHe favors Christianity and opposes\\nBuddhists, capturing their fortified\\ntemples. (1582.) Revolt. Nabunaga com-\\nmits suicide.\\n1582-92 Hideyoshi, the shogun,\\nsubdues the revolt.\\n[1582-98. He is shogun. 1588. He de-\\ncrees the expulsion of the Jesuits (inop-\\nerative).]\\n1598* Hideyoshi dies; Tokugawa\\nIyeyasu is regent for his infant son.\\n[1603. Iyeyasu becomes shogun. He\\nfavors education and foreign intercourse,\\nand removes the capital from Kamakura\\nto Yeddo. 1614. He decrees the isola-\\ntion of Japan from the world.]\\n1603-68 The Tokugawa shoguns rule.\\n[Some of the shoguns assume the title\\nTai-kun, or Tycoon, High Prince.\\n1605 Iyeyasu resigns his title to his\\nson Hidetada [but retains power till\\ndeath, in 1616. He leaves a code of laws].\\n1620 Hidetada sends a messenger to\\nEurope to study Christianity. [The sho-\\ngun opposes his favorable report of it,\\nand forbids its introduction.]\\n1630^43 Too-Fuku-no-in, daughter of\\nthe Mikado Go-mino-o, and the daughter\\nof the shogun Hidetada, succeed to the\\nthrone as Miosho-Tenno.\\n1653 Iyemitsu becomes shogun.\\nHe opposes Christians and closes Japan\\nagainst foreigners only the Chinese and\\nthe Dutch are allowed to trade at Na-\\ngasaki. [1649. He dies.]\\n1637 The Christians at Shimabara\\nrevolt. (See Church.)\\n1650-81 Iyetsuna is shogun. Yeddo in-\\ncreases in importance.\\n1681-1708 Tsunayoski is shogun. He\\nis a scholar, and favors learning.\\n1717-44 Yoshimune is shogun, and\\nrules with great ability. The criminal\\ncode is revised. Hygienic information\\nis distributed throughout the empire.\\n1744 Population, 26,080,000 people.\\n1763-70 An empress is on the mikado s\\nthrone.\\n1763-86 Iyeharu is shogun.\\n1780-1816 Kohaku is mikado.\\nThe Dutch gain great commercial in-\\nfluence j the Russians fail in attempting\\nto gain intercourse.\\n1787-1838 lyenori is shogun. [1838-53,\\nIyeyoshi 1853-59, lyesada. 1859. Sept.\\n16. Dies.]\\n1817^16 Ninko is mikado. [1846-66,\\nKomei-Tenno.]\\n1853 July 7. Com. Perry, U.S.N.,\\nenters the harbor of Yeddo with four\\nvessels, and is favorably received after\\nusing his big guns.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1103.jp2"}, "1104": {"fulltext": "1092 1859, July *-1894, Dec. 20.\\nJAPAN.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1863 July 15-19. Some English,\\nFrench., and American vessels bombard\\nthe forts and ships of the Prince of\\nNegato, in retaliating an attack on Nov.\\n15-19, 1862.\\n1868 -69 June War between the\\nmikado and Keiki, the ex-shogun.\\n(1868. Jan. 26-30.) Rebels defeated.\\n(May 10-17.) Rebels victorious at Fu-\\nshimo, near Yeddo.\\n1883 July 23. Korea. Anti-Japanese\\nriots (p. 1094).\\n1894 Feb. -Apr. The anti-Korea\\nparty makeB an unsuccessful insurrec-\\ntion.\\nAug. 2-95 Mar. War with China\\n(p. 626).\\nJuly 23. Korea. The Chinese faction\\nfire on the Japanese guards at the capi-\\ntal the Japanese occupy the palace\\nand oust their enemies.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1888 July 15-18. A volcanic erup-\\ntion destroys 400 lives at Sho-Bandai-\\nSan. [1889. Apr. 13-14. Another oc-\\ncurs on Ishima Island: 170 persons are\\nkilled.]\\n1889 June 2. Chang Ping and Ping\\nYueng districts are flooded by a water-\\nspout 6,000 lives are lost.\\nAug. The town of Kumamoto is de-\\nstroyed by an earthquake nearly 38,000\\nlives are lost.\\nAug. 19. The Kinogawa River bursts\\nits banks in the province of Kii 15,000\\nlives are lost.\\nAug. 30. Floods in Wahayama destroy\\n10,000 lives.\\nSept. 11. Besides terrible floods and\\nlandslides, a typhoon sweeps over Yoko-\\nhama.\\nIn Wakayaina alone 1,238 lives are\\nlost: 82,777 persons are immediately de-\\npendent on charity.\\n1891 Oct. 28. An earthquake on the\\nNippon islands kills 10,000 people. [Dee,.\\n6. Several rivers are choked by land-\\nslides caused by an earthquake.]\\n1893 Nov. 13. Floods drown 1,500 per-\\nsons.\\n1894 Oct. 22. Several villages are de-\\nstroyed by lava from the volcano of\\nGaloengong, in the Preang district.\\nCHURCH.\\n1859 Nov.* Presbyterians S. A.) open\\namission at Kanagawa, near Yokohama.\\n[1862. Removed to Yokohama. 1869. One\\nat Kanagawa.}\\nDec. 29. The Reformed (U. S. A.) mission-\\naries arrive. [1872. Organize a church at\\nKaigan.]\\n1860 Apr. 1. American Baptists arrive.\\n[1872. At Yokohama open a mission. 1873.\\nOrganize a church there. 1874. Open at\\nTokyo. 1876. Organize a \u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0hureh there. 1881.\\nOpen at Kobe. 1**4, At Sendai; 1886, At\\nShhnonoseke; 18H7, At Merioka.]\\n1861 The London Society open a hospi-\\ntal at Nagarkoil.\\n1869 Nov. 29. Missionaries of the Amer-\\nican Board arrive. [Open work at Kohe.\\n1872. Mar. 10. There forma church; open\\nin Yokohama. 1873. Formfhurehesat Kobe\\nand Osaka. 1875. Nov.* At Kiota. 1883.\\nOpen at Niigata.)\\nTokol Heishiro. counselor of the mikado,\\nis suspected of holding evil opinions\\n(Christianity), and assassinated.\\nMissionaries of the (Eng.) Church Society\\nthe Bible in Japanese. [1880. The New\\nTestament. 1884. The entire Japanese\\nversion of the Bible appears.]\\n1872* The Government abolishes the de-\\npartment of religion having Shinto as its\\nespecial care.\\n1873* The Methodist Episcopal Church\\n(U. S. A.) begins mission-work. [1874, at\\nHirosaki; 1H76, at Nagasaki; 1884. Bible wo-\\nmen s training-school, Yokohama, founded,\\n1885. Philander Smith s Biblical Institute\\nand Theological School at Tokyo founded.]\\nTokyo. The first native church is formed.\\nThe Methodist Church of Canada opens\\nwork at Shidzuoka.\\nThe Society for the Propagation of the\\nGospel opens work at Tokyo.\\n1874 The United Church of Christ in\\nJapan is formed by the union of the United\\nPresbyterian Church of Scotland, the Pres-\\nbyterian Church (North) U. S. A., with the\\nKeformed Church of Japan.\\nThe United Presbyterian Church of\\nScotland opens a mission at Tokyo.\\nThe Chinese Missionary Society opens\\na mission at Hokodato.\\n1876 The Evangelical Association (U.\\nS. A.) opens mission- work.\\n1877* The Cumberland Presbyterians\\n(U.S.A.) begin mission-work. 1887. Open\\na mission at Nagoya.\\nThe Society for the Promotion of Female\\nEducation in the East enters Japan.\\n1879* English Baptists send missionaries\\nto Japan.\\nThe Reformed (German) Church (TJ. S. A.)\\nsends missionaries to Japan. [1884. May\\nForma chureh at Nihon liashi. 1885. Open\\nat Sendai.]\\n1880 The Methodist Protestant Church\\n(U. S. A.) sends missionaries to .Japan. [18K3.\\nAlso the Disciples of Christ. The Christian\\nSociety open at Akita and Sponai.]\\n1884 Aug. 11. The Government disestab-\\nlishes the national religion promises tol-\\neration for all religions.\\n1885 The Society of Friends begin mis-\\nsion-work. Also the Southern Presbyterians\\n(U. S. A.). [1887. They open at Kochi and\\nNagoya.]\\nGerman pastorB arrive to preach liberal\\ntheology.\\n1886 The Southern Methodlsts(U. S. A.)\\nopen at Kobe.\\n1887* The Christian Church (U. S. A.)\\nopens missions at Tokyo, Ishinomoki, and\\nIchisokaki.\\n1888 The Wyclif College mission of\\nCanada opens. The American Unitarians\\nbegin work.\\n1889 The Roman Catholics at Kiushiu\\nnumber 40,538.\\nSOCIETY MISCELLANEOUS.\\n1859 July Certain ports are opened\\nto foreigners.\\nYokohama is an insignificant fishing-\\nplace.\\n1862 June 27. Foreign Ministers\\ntransfer their residence from Yeddo\\nto Yokohama.\\n1866 Nov. 26. Yokohama and much\\nof the European settlement are de-\\nstroyed by fire.\\n1867 Apr. 25. TheGovernment opens\\nYeddo and other places to trade.\\n1872 June 12. The first railway is\\nopened it connects Yokokama with\\nTokyo. [Oct.* Extended to Shinogawa.]\\nA public library is founded at Tokyo.\\n1873 The University of Tokyo is es-\\ntablished.\\n1874 Jan. 1. The Gregorian calen-\\ndar is adopted.\\n1S78 May 17- Okubo, the Minister of\\nthe Interior, is killed by six men who are\\nactuated by political motives.\\n1880 One year s production of alco-\\nholic liquids ordinary sake, 200,603,360\\ngallons turbid sake, 2,519,760 gallons\\nwhite sake, 60,000 gallons sweet sake\\nfor corking, 1,542,760 gallons liquor,\\n144,600 gallons spirits, 3,348,320 gallons.\\n1882 The Government has established\\n53,760 primary schools; compulsory\\neducation has been established.\\n1884 Jan. Sept. Cholera causes\\n37,000 deaths.\\nSept. A new order of hereditary no-\\nbility is instituted.\\n1885 A Japanese dictionary in Ro-\\nman characters appears.\\nAlphabetical writing in place of ideo-\\ngraphic is adopted through the agency\\nof the Roma-ji-Rai, or Roman Alphabet\\nAssociation.\\n1887 Dec. 6. Shimadju Saburo, ex-\\nPrince of Satsuma, dies.\\n1889 Apr. The mikado opens the In-\\nternational Exhibition at Yokohama.\\n1887 Western dress and habits are\\nintroduced by the Count Ito, the prime\\nminister.\\n1S89 Feb. 14. Viscount Arm or i,\\nMinister of Education, is assassinated\\nat Tokyo by a fanatic.\\n1890 May The mikado institutes the\\nOrder of theOolden Falcon, in commem-\\noration of the 2555th coronation of J mi-\\nni u Tenno.\\nJune* The failure of the rice crop\\ncauses thousands of people in Tokyo and\\nother large cities in Japan to suffer for\\nthe want of food. One nobleman is feed-\\ning 1,000 people a day at his own expense.\\n1891 May 11. At a resort near Kyoto\\nthe Czarewitch of Russia is attacked\\nby a native with a sword and slightly\\ninjured.\\n1894 Mar. The Japanese begin to re-\\ngard Sunday as a day of rest. The clos-\\ning of government establishments inau-\\ngurates the custom in Japan. Business\\nis nearly suspended in Tokyo on the\\nSabbath.\\nDec. 14. Four hundred dynamite bombs\\nare seized at the homes of three alleged\\nrebels, arrested at Kyoto.\\nSTATE.\\n1854 Mar. 31. A treaty is made with\\nthe United States (p. 175). [Oct. 14. An-\\nother with Great Britain. 1855. Jan.\\n26. With Russia and France. 1858.\\nAug. 19. Another for unrestricted com-\\nmerce with Russia.]\\n1859 A reaction occurs against the\\ntreaties made with foreigners the court\\nat Tokyo and the mikado oppose them\\nthe shogun is assassinated.\\n1859-66 Iyemochi is shogun. [1866. Sept.\\nDies.]\\n1860 May 14 An embassy visits the\\nUnited States. [1862. Apr. 13+. An-\\nother visits Paris and London.]\\n1863 June 24. It is announced that the\\nports opened according to treaty terms\\nwill be closed.\\nAug. Japan isforced to pay $100,000in-\\ndemnity for outrages committed by na-\\ntives on foreigners.\\n1864 Sept. 4-6. The combined Amer-\\nican, Dutch, and French fleets make a\\nsuccessful naval demonstration to\\nforce Japan to abide by the treaties.\\n[Japan pays an indemnity to the foreign\\npowers amounting to S3,O()0. )0(), of which\\n;785,0()0 goes to the United Slates. 1883.\\nFeb.* U.S.A. The House of Represen-\\ntatives votes to repay the indemnity.]\\n1865 Nov. 25. Japan ratifies treaties\\nwith England, France, United States,\\nand other powers.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1104.jp2"}, "1105": {"fulltext": "JAPAN.\\n1859, July *-1894, Dec. 20. 1093\\n1866-68 Keiki is [the last] shogun.\\n[1868. Nov. 19. He resigns.]\\n1867 Feb. 13. Mutsu Hito succeeds\\nhis father as mikado.\\nTreaty with China.\\n1868 Jan. 1. Osaka and Niogo are\\nopened to commerce.\\nJan. 3. The dual government by mi-\\nkado and shogun is ended by a procla-\\nmation the mikado resumes entire au-\\nthority. [A prolonged rebellion follows.]\\n1869 Nov. The capital is transferred\\nfrom Kyoto to Yeddo, and the name of\\nthe city changed from Yeddo to Tokyo.\\n1870* Mutsu Hito welcomes for-\\neigners to Japan.\\n1871 Feudalism is abolished.\\nThe titled nobility become private cit-\\nizens, a code of criminal law is issued,\\npostal service established [and railroads\\nand telegraphs follow].\\nEmbassies are sent to the United\\nStates and to Europe.\\n1874 Aug. 18. China demands that\\nthe Japanese withdraw from Formosa,\\nand threatens war. [Japanese with-\\ndraw under British persuasion. Oct. 31.\\nA treaty is signed.]\\nJapan annexes the Liukiu Islands.\\n1875 Apr. 14. The mikado decrees a\\nnew constitution, providing for two\\nchambers and other reforms. [June 20.\\nHe opens a parliament of state officials,\\nnominated by himself.]\\n1877 Feb. -Oct. Rebellion of the\\nSatsuma clans.\\nThe daimios are effectually over-\\nthrown. Money is provided by the issue\\nof irredeemable paper currency.\\n1878 Local elective government is\\nextended. The elective franchise is ex-\\ntended to all male citizens 21 years of\\nage who pay a land tax of $5.00.\\n1881 Japan negotiates with treaty\\npowers to secure a higher tariff and the\\nabolition of the privilege afforded for-\\neigners of living under the jurisdiction\\nof courts of their own countries.\\n1883 Japan decides to open all its\\nports to foreign trade, with mixed tri-\\nbunals.\\n1889 Feb. 11. The mikado promul-\\ngates a new constitution.\\nIt provides for a House of Peers and a\\nHouse of Commons of 300 members. Suf-\\nfrage is limited to men 25 years of age\\nwho pay $25 in taxes. Liberty in religion\\nand freedom of speech are provided.\\nJune 6. Japan enters atreaty with Mex-\\nico. [Aug. 8. With Russia.]\\nOct. 9. Nine non-treaty ports are opened\\nto commerce.\\n1890 Apr. 21. A new civil code is\\nformulated.\\nJuly 9. First election for the House of\\nPeers 22 farmers, 15 merchants, and\\nonly one noble are elected.\\nNov. 29. Tokyo. The first Japanese Par-\\nliament opens.\\n1891 Dec. 29. Tokyo. An imperial de-\\ncree dissolves the Parliament because\\nof Its opposition. [1892. May 6. Anew-\\none meets. 1803. Dec. 31. Dissolved by\\ndecree.]\\n1893 Apr. 11. Spain is excited over\\nthe seizure of the Pelew Islands by\\nJapan.\\n1894 Aug. 3. War is declared against\\nChina.\\nIt grows out of the occupancy of Korea\\nby both parties the Chinese faction op-\\npose the introduction of reforms in\\nKorea.\\nAug. 25. Japan ratifies a new treaty\\nwith Great Britain. [Sept. 11. It signs\\na treaty of alliance with Korea.]\\nOct. 19. Parliament meets in special\\nsession to consider the war question.\\n[Oct. 21. One hundred million yen are\\nappropriated for the war.]\\nNov. 22. A new treaty is made with the\\nUnited States.\\nNov. 29. Japan declines to receive any\\nChinese envoy, except one directly\\ncredited by the government.\\nDec. 20. China sends an envoy to Japan\\nto sue for peace. Japan demands the\\ncession of the conquered territory and\\nfour hundred million yen.\\nKONGO FREE STATE.\\nThis State lies chiefly in the interior of Africa, but connects with the coast by a strip of country on the left hank of the\\nKongo. All nations and religions have equal privileges. An administrator at Boma conducts the government for the King of\\nBelgium, who is the sovereign of Kongo State. Estimated area, 900,000 square miles estimated population, 14,000,000.\\nSTATE -MISCELLANEOUS.\\n1816* James H. Tuckey s English expedi-\\ntion explores the Zaire River [Kongo] as far\\nas the highest rapids. [1826. Capt. Owen s\\nEnglish expedition surveys 25 miles of the\\n[Kongo]. 1841. The Portuguese discover\\nthe mouths of (he Kimtjo. ami iaim the terri-\\ntory. 1857. Dr. Adolf Bastian, a German,\\nreaches Sao Salvador Capt. Hunt ascends\\nthe [Kongo] as far as the cataracts. 1863.\\nSir Richard F. Burton reaches the cataracts,\\nand advances to Banza Noki.]\\n1837-29 Jean Baptiste Douville, a French-\\nman, dwells in [Kongo].\\n1873-73 Vernon L. Cameron (Eng.) is the\\nfirst to cross the continent from east to west,\\narriving at Loanda.\\n1873 Mar.* Lieut. Grady s Livingstone re-\\nlief expedition leaves Amhriz. [Mar. 23. Ar-\\nrives at Benibe. Way 15. Arrives at Kongo.\\nIt ascends the Kon^o a distance., and returns\\nwith tidings of Livingstone s death.]\\n1875 Capt. Yon Homeyer s German expe-\\ndition explores the lower Kongo.\\n1876-77 Henry M. Stanley reports the\\nsurvey of Lake Tanganyika he identi-\\nfies theLualaba, and descends it, finally\\nreaching the Atlantic.\\nBelg. Leopold II., King of Belgium,\\nassembles a Congress of African ex-\\nplorers. [It proposes the regeneration\\nof Africa.]\\n1879-80 Stanley explores the Kongo\\nbasin under the auspices of the Interna-\\ntional African Association. He lays the\\nfoundation of the Kongo Free State.\\n1881 Stanley founds Leopoldville,\\nand places a steamer on the Upper\\nKongo. [1882. Aug. 14. He opens a\\ntrade route with four stations on the\\ngreat river.]\\n1883 Jan. By the disinterested benev-\\nolence of the King of Belgium, settle-\\nments have been planted in Kongo.\\nGreat Britain becomes jealous, and\\npartly recognizes Portuguese rights\\nto the territory. [Later, modifies the\\nrecognition.]\\nCapt. Wissmann with a Belgian ex-\\npedition visits Lubuku founds Lulu-\\nburg and Luebo.\\nSummer. Sir P. Goldsmid s (Expedi-\\ntion) African Association starts for the\\ninterior.\\nJuly 12. Stanley reports 12 stations\\nformed, and 4,500 miles of navigation\\nopened in the development of Kongo.\\n!Nov. 5. Portugal claims the mouths\\nof the Kongo. [1885. Jan. 15. Occupies\\nthem.]\\n1884 Apr. 9. The International Afri-\\ncan Association reports 30 stations\\nformed Capt. Strauch, the president,\\nsuppresses the slave-trade. [June\\nFrancis de Winters is appointed admin-\\nistrator-general.]\\nMay June Kongo is formed into a\\nfederal state.\\nJXTov. 15+. Berlin. A conference of\\nthe nations of Christendom meets under\\nthe presidency of Bismarck to form the\\nKongo Free State. It provides for free\\ntrade.\\n1885 Aug. 6\u00c2\u00b1. King Leopold II.\\ntakes the title of independent sover-\\neign of the Kongo State.\\n1886 Apr.* Berlin. An International\\nConference is held.\\n1889 May 25\u00c2\u00b1. A Portugal-Kongo\\ntreaty is signed. Portugal receives new\\nterritory on the west coast most of the\\nKongo State claims are allowed.\\nAug. 2. Belg. King Leopold II. be-\\nqueaths to Belgium all his sovereign\\nrights. [1890. July 3. He gives to Bel-\\ngium the right to annex Kongo State at\\nany time within ten years.]\\n1890 Jan.\u00c2\u00b1 Work begins on the\\nKongo railway for passing the rapids.\\n[1893. Dec. 4. Opened for 24 miles. 1898.\\nFully opened.]\\nJuly 27- Portugal notifies the powers\\nof her exclusive rights over the mouths\\nof the Kongo.\\nAug. 9. The Kongo State annexes a\\nlarge southern district. [Eleven prov-\\ninces are laid out.]\\n1892* Arabs on the Upper Kongo rise,\\nand massacre the government troops.\\n[1894. The slave traders are crushed.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1105.jp2"}, "1106": {"fulltext": "1094 1877,**-1890,\\nKONGO FREE STATE.\\nCHURCH.\\n1877 The English Baptists establish mis-\\nsions on the Upper and Lower Kongo. [1878.\\nMission opened at Sao Salvador. 1888. Eight\\nstations and 24 workers reported.]\\nThe London Society opens a mission on\\nLake Tanganyika ami at Fwamboon on the\\nmainland. Steamer Good News is launched. J\\n1878* The Livingstone Inland mission\\n(English) opens a station at Banana. [1881.\\nThe steamer Liviiiystvtit is launched. 1883.\\nOpens at Leopoldville; opens a station at\\nEquator. 1884. Sept. 9. Its seven stations\\nand 25 missionaries are transferred to the\\nAmerican Baptists.]\\n1884* American Baptists begin mission-\\nwork. (See item above.) [Nov. 24. Launch\\nsteamer Henry Reid.\\n1885 The Baptist General Association\\n(colored; U. S. A.) opens a mission on the\\nKongo.\\n1888* Frederick S. Arnot opens hie mis-\\nsion in the southeast.\\n1890* The Presbyterian Church South (U.\\nS. A.) prospects tor a mission-site.\\nThe Roman Catholics report a mission at\\nBoma and Banana.\\nKOREA.\\nKokea is a peninsular kingdom of Eastern Asia, bordering China on the northeast. The government is an absolute monarchy,\\nand formerly tributary to China. The chief religions are Buddhism and Confucianism. Estimated area, 82,000 square miles\\nestimated population, 10,500,000.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n109* a. d. The Chinese conquer\\nnorthern Korea.\\n201-269 Reign of Jingu-Kogo in Japan;\\nshe leads an army which subdues the\\nKoreans.\\n1597 The Japanese Emperor Taiko-\\nSama invades Korea with 163,000 men.\\nAlthough supported by two Chinese\\nkings, with 100,oi)0 horsemen, the Kore-\\nans are repeatedly defeated, and three-\\nfourths of their country is occupied.\\n[1598. Evacuated.] (P. 614.)\\n1867 The United States sends Com.\\nSchufeldt to remonstrate because of the\\nburning of American vessels he obtains\\nno satisfaction.\\n1870* Adm. Rogers, U.S. N., ascends\\nthe river, silences the forts, but fails to\\ncommunicate directly with the govern-\\nment, and retires.\\n1875:t The Koreans attack the Jap-\\nanese gunboat in violation of treaty.\\n1888 A fanatical outbreak against\\nforeigners occurs at the capital, Seoul.\\n1890 July 15. Rear-Adm. Belknap\\n(U. S. N.) withdraws the protecting ma-\\nrines from the king s palace at Seoul.\\n1894 July* -95 Mar.* War between\\nChina and Japan caused by the ques-\\ntion of suzerainty over Korea (p. G26).\\nCHURCH.\\n1784* Ni-tek-tso, aroused by a Chinese\\nwork on the Christian religion, sends an\\nembassy to China for more information. A\\nCatholic mission is established. [1831. A\\nYicar apostolic arrives.]\\n1868* All the missionaries, with other\\nEuropeans, are expelled.\\n1884* Dr. R. S. Maclay, of the Japan\\nMethodist Episcopal i!ference, opens a mis-\\nsion. [Dr. H. N. Allen hecomes the first\\nresident Protestant missionary. The Ameri-\\ncan Presbyterians open a mission at Seoul.]\\n1886* Persecutions begin; nine French\\nand a number of native Christians are be-\\nheaded.\\n1888* The Society for the Evangelization\\nof Korea, of Toronto, Can., opens a mission.\\nThe Government issues an edict forbid-\\nding the teaching or preaching of Christian-\\nity. [Unenforced.]\\n1889 The Society for the Propagation of\\nthe Gospel opens a mission.\\nSTATE MISCELLANEOUS.\\n1122* b. c. Korea appears for the\\nfirst time in Chinese history Viscount\\nKe seeks asylum here.\\n67-30 b. c. The Japanese open inter-\\ncourse with Korea.\\n1392 a. d. A revolution is caused\\nby the fall of the Mongolian dynasty in\\nChina Tai-tso, or Li-tan, becomes ruler\\nof the country [and founds the dynasty\\nof Tsi-tsien].\\n1506-44 Siong-Siong rules. He carries\\non a successful war with Japan.\\n1615* A treaty of peace is signed with\\nJapan.\\nKorea is to pay a tribute, and the Jap-\\nanese are to retain the fort of Kusan-\\nkai the Korean king must send an em-\\nbassy to China to announce his accession.\\n1636 The Koreans adopt the policy of\\ncomplete isolation.\\n1874 Oct. 31. A convention is arranged\\nwith the Japanese.\\n1876\u00c2\u00b1 Treaty with Japan.\\nJapan acknowledges the independence\\nof Korea, which agrees to allow a Jap-\\nanese resident at the capital three ports\\nare opened to Japanese trade.\\n1882 May 7. Four ports are opened\\nto commerce by treaty with the United\\nStates and China.\\nSept.i The king is reinstated.\\n1883 A treaty is signed with the\\nUnited States. [Nov. 26. Another with\\nGreat Britain. 1884. Treaties made\\nwith Great Britain, Germany, Italy, and\\nRussia are ratified.]\\nJuly 23. An insurrection breaks out\\nagainst the foreigners, and 11 of the\\nJapanese legation are killed.\\n1884 Feb. 28. Telegraphic cable line\\nis opened from Nagasaki to Fusan and\\nthe rest of the world.\\nDec. 1. An attempt is made to assassi-\\nnate the king a riot is in progress and\\na battle ensues.\\nDec. 4-6. An anti-foreigner insurrec-\\ntion of Koreans and Chinese arises the\\nking is attacked, and his Ministry mas-\\nsacred.\\nDec. 13\u00c2\u00b1. Japan intervenes, and peace\\nis restored.\\n1885 Feb. Japan and China accept\\nforeign mediation.\\nMay 7. A treaty is signed by which the\\ntroops of Japan and China are with-\\n1886 A treaty is made with France.\\nCholera becomes epidemic 1,000 per-\\nsons are carried off daily.\\n1887 Dec. China issues a proclama-\\ntion reasserting her claims to Korea.\\n1888 May Korea attempts to estab-\\nlish independent diplomatic relations\\nwith foreign countries. [Aug. 8. A\\ntreaty is entered with Russia.]\\n1889 Jan. 5. China claims supremacy.\\nJune 23. Russians occupy Dear Island\\nas a coaling and naval depot.\\nMADAGASCAR.\\nMadagascar is a large island in the Indian Ocean; capital Antananarivo. The government is administered by the French,\\nthe language, Malagasy, and the state religion, Christianity. The Hovas are the leading tribe. Area, 228,500 square miles;\\nestimated population, 3,500,000.\\n1818* The London Society opens a mis-\\nsion. [1863, Ieandra opened; 1867, lsotrv;\\n1868, Isovina and Faravohitra; 186ft, lllan-\\nginaand Imandandriana.}\\n1835 Feb. 6. Nntittf-ation is given tliat re-\\nligious meetings are prohibited among the\\nnatives. [Mar. 1. Native Christians are ter-\\nrorized. 1837. More than 1,000 Christians\\nhave been martyred. 1839-42. Astonishing\\naccession of converts amid persecutions.\\n1849. Persecutors kill 2,000 Christians. 1857.\\nPersecution renewed with great terror.]\\n1864* The Society for the Propagation of\\nthe GoBpel (Eng.) sends out missionaries.\\n[1884. Mahanoro opened.]\\n1866 Norwegian missionaries arrive at\\nAntananarivo. [1870, Menandona opened;\\n1878, Fianarantsoa.]\\n1872 Dec. Eng. Henry Rowley is conse-\\ncrated bishop Of Madagascar. [1874. R.\\nKestell-Cornish.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1106.jp2"}, "1107": {"fulltext": "MADAGASCAR. 1506, *-1885, Dee. 20. 1095\\nSTATE MISCELLANEOUS.\\n1506 The Portuguese make explora-\\ntions. [Settle.]\\n1548 Natives massacre the Portu-\\nguese. [1615. Again.]\\n1642 The French plant a colony.\\n[1669. They destroy a Portuguese settle-\\nment. 1754. Another French settle-\\nment, soon broken up by a massacre.\\n1774. They settle at Antongel Bay.]\\n1810 Young Radma becomes king.\\n[1817. Feb. 4. Makes a treaty with the\\nEnglish, and agrees to abolish export\\nslavery.]\\n2818 The French cede their settle-\\nments to him.\\n1828 Raboda, one of the king s wives,\\nusurps the throne as Ranavalona I.\\nThe queen kills all her near relatives\\nas rivals. [1S31-34. She kills 25,000 sub-\\njects, and sells 50,000 women and youth\\nas slaves.]\\n1845 June A French and English\\nexpedition makes an unsuccessful at-\\ntack on Tamatave. [1855. Oct. 19. The\\nFrench try again and fail.]\\n1861 Aug. 18. Prince Rakoto is en-\\nthroned on the death of his mother he\\nproclaims equal protection and religious\\ntoleration.\\n1862 Sept. 12. Treaties signed with\\nGreat Britain and France. [1SG5. Again\\nwith Great Britain.]\\n1863 May* Revolution: The king and\\nhis ministers are assassinated, and Ra-\\nsoherina reigns.\\n1867 Apr. 1. Ranavalona H. reigns.\\n1873 Slavery is prohibited. [1877.\\nAgain.]\\n1879 Land disputes occur with the\\nFrench.\\n1882 July Aug. France claims a\\nprotectorate over the northwest, by vir-\\ntue of a treaty made with a rebel chief\\nin 1S40-41. [Dec. 23. An embassy visits\\nParis, but accomplishes nothing.]\\n1883 Mar. 14 Treaty with the\\nUnited States. [May 15. Another with\\nGermany.]\\nMay 24. The French bombard and capture\\nilajunga. [June 11. bombard Tamatave.\\nJune 13. Taken. French ultimatum rejected.\\nJune Tenniirinn destroyed. Sept. 22. Ma-\\nhanoro bombarded, sept. Hovas retake\\nFrench posts except Najunsa. Dec. 2. Ho-\\nvas severely defeated. Sept. 28\u00c2\u00b1. Indecisive\\nbattle.]\\nJuly 13. Razafindrahety reigns as Ra-\\nnavalona III.\\n1885 Dee. 20. A treaty with France\\nis signed. It concedes partial French\\ncontrol of foreign affairs and \u00c2\u00a3400,000\\nindemnity.\\nMEXICO.\\nMexico is a federal republic in the southern part of North America capital, Mexico. It comprises 27 states, one federal\\ndistrict, and two territories. The chief executive is a President, and the legislative authority is lodged in a Congress, having 54\\nmembers in the Senate, and 227 in the House of Representatives. The popular language is Spanish, and the chief religion is\\nRoman Catholic. Area, 757,760 square miles estimated population in 1893, 11,984,483.\\nNote. For the earliest history and the conquest by Cortez, see America.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1810-11 First war of the revolution\\nagainst Spain, led by Miguel Hidalgo y\\nCostilla.\\n(Oct. 30.) Hidalgo defeats the Span-\\niards at TruxiHo. (Nov. 7.) He is de-\\nfeated by Felix Maria Calieja del Rey\\nnearQueretaro. (1811. Jan. 17.) Again\\nat the Bridge of Calderon. (Jan.\\nHidalgo resigns and retires to the United\\nStates. (Mar. 21.) Captured. (July27.)\\nTried, and shot.\\n1811-13 Jose Maria Morelosy Pavon,\\na priest, continues the revolt.\\n(Fee. 17-May 2.) Morelos is besieged\\nby Calieja at Cuautla, but finally escapes\\nwith his army. (1813.) He is repeatedly\\ndefeated. [1815. Nov. 15. Captured.\\nDec. 22. Shot.]\\n1817 Apr. Francisco Javier Mina\\nlands a foreign expedition at Tamau-\\nlipas in aid of the patriots. [Oct. 27. He\\nis surprised, captured, and shot, after\\nmany successes.]\\n1817-21 The patriots continue a guer-\\nrilla war against the Spanish.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\nEarly history, see America.\\n1500+ fxtlilxoi hitl, chief of Tezcuco, b.\\n1568+ Ixtlilxochitl, Ferdinand de Alva\\nCortes, historian, born. [1648. Dies.]\\n1600?* Alarcon y Mendoza, Don Juan\\nRuiz de, poet, born. [1639. Dies,]\\n1651 Cruz, Juana Ines de la, poet, born\\n[1695. Dies.]\\n1620* Clavigero, Francisco Xavier (Si\\nverio), historian, born. [1787. Dies.]\\n1731* Landiver, Rafael, poet, b. [1793. D.\\n1750* Calieja del Rev, Felix Maria, gen\\neral,-born. [1820. Dies.]\\n1753* Hidalgo y Costella, Miguel, revolu-\\ntionist, born. [1811. Dies.]\\n1755* O Donoju, Juan, general, viceroy,\\nborn. [1821. Dies.]\\n1765 Morelosy Pavon, Jose Maria, clergy-\\nman, patriot, born. [1815. Dies.]\\n1774 Bustamente, Carlos Maria de, states-\\nman, historian, born. [1848. Dies.]\\n1780* Alvarez, Juan, general, president,\\nborn. [1867. Dies.]\\nBustamente, Anastusio, general, president,\\nborn. [1855. Dies.]\\n1783* Guerrero, Vicente, gen., b. [1831. D.]\\nI turbide, Augustin.de, emperor, b. [1824. D.]\\n1789* liarragiin, .Mien el, General, presi-\\ndent, born. [1835. Dies.]\\nMina, Francisco Javier, patriot, general,\\nborn. [1817- Dies.]\\nVictoria, Cuadalupe (Juan Felix Fernandez),\\ngeneral, president, horn. [1843. Dies.]\\n1790* Bravo, N u-olas, gen., b. [1854. D.]\\nParedes y Arrillajn, Mariano, general,\\npresident, born. [1849. Dies.]\\n1793* Herrera, .lose Joaquin de, general,\\npresident, born. [1854. Dies.]\\n1795 Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, presi-\\ndent, general, born. [1876. Dies.]\\n1801* King, Austin A., govrmorof Mexico,\\nborn. [1870. Dies.]\\n1802 Arista, Mariano, general, president,\\nborn. [1855. Dies.]\\n1806* Juarez. Benito Pablo, president,\\nborn. [1872. Dies.]\\n1811 onion fort, Iunario. president, born.\\n[1863. Dies.]\\n1812* Almonte, Juan Nepomuceno, gen-\\neral, born. [1869. Dies.]\\nMejici, Tonras, Indian general, born.\\n[1867. Dies.]\\n1814 Lerdo de Tejada, Miguel, politician,\\nauthor, born. [1861. Dies.]\\nMejia, Ignacio, statesman, born.\\n1816* Orozeo v I .erra, Manuel, publicist,\\nauthor, born. [1881. Dies.]\\n1830 Marquez, Leonardo, general, horn.\\n1823* Iglesias, Jose Maria, politician,\\nlawyer, author, born. [1867. Dies.]\\nSTATE.\\nFor the early history, see America\\n(p. 11).\\n1375 The Aztecs elect Acamapiehtli,\\nchief of men. [He becomes the\\nfounder of the Mexican Empire.]\\n1403 The Aztecs enthrone Huitzili-\\nhuitl. [1414, Chimalpopoca 1427, Izco-\\natzin 14-10 t Montezumal. 1477,Tizoc\\n1486, Ahuizotl 1502, Montezuma II.]\\n1521 Aug. 13. Cortez makes Mexico\\na Spanish province (p. 19).\\n1535 Oct. -49 Antonio de Men-\\ndoza is the first viceroy of New Spain\\n(Mexico).\\n1789 Oct. 17-94 May 15. Guemez\\nPacheco de Padilla Horcasitas, Count of\\nRevillagigedo, is viceroy. The colony\\nhas great prosperity.\\n1810 Sept. 16. Miguel Hidalgo y Cos-\\ntilla, a patriotic priest, proclaims a re-\\nvolt against Spanish authority.\\n1810-11 First struggle for indepen-\\ndence.\\n1813 Yucatan declares for indepen-\\ndence.\\nMar. 4-16 Sept. 19. Felix Maria Cal-\\nieja del Rey is viceroy.\\n1821 Feb. 24. Augustin de Iturbide\\nissues the manifesto, Plan of Iguala,\\nproposing the independence of Mexico\\nunder a Spanish Bourbon prince. [Sev-\\neral rebel leaders acquiesce, and force\\nthe viceroy to resign.]\\nAug. 24. Juan O Donoju, acting viceroy,\\nsigns a treaty with Iturbide, virtually\\naccepting the Plan.\\n1822 May IS. Ferdinand VII. having\\nrefused the crown of Mexico, Iturbide\\nproclaims himself emperor. [July 21.\\nCrowned.]\\n1823* Santa Anna proclaims a repub-\\nlic at Vera Cruz. [Iturbide is over-\\nthrown.]\\n1824 Apr. -Oct. A provisional gov-\\nernment rules.\\nCalifornia becomes a part of Mexico.\\nOct. 4. Mexico. A federal republic is\\nproclaimed. [Oct. 10. Guadalupe Vic-\\ntoria is elected president.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1790 An immense stone is found, en-\\ngraved with the astronomical cycle of\\nthe Aztecs.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1107.jp2"}, "1108": {"fulltext": "1096 1825, *-1894, Dec. 14.\\nMEXICO.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1829 Sept.* A Spanish expedition\\nsurrenders to the patriots.\\n1838 Mar. 31. The French demand\\nreparation for injuries inflicted on\\nFrench citizens, and are refused. [A\\nblockade follows. Dec. An attack on\\nVera Cruz is repulsed.]\\n1845-47 War with the United States\\n(p. 158 f).\\n1858-60 Civil war between the Liberals\\nand the Clerical Party.\\n1860 Mar. 5. President Miramon bom-\\nbards Vera Cruz. [Mar. 12. Forced to\\nraise the siege. Aug. 10. Defeated by\\nLiberals. Dec. 22. Utterly defeated at\\nColpualpatn by Benito Pablo Juarez.]\\n1861 Dec. 17- Vera Cruz surrenders\\nto a Spanish force sent by the allies.\\n[1862, Jan. Invested by Mexicans.]\\n1862 Mar. Revolt: Jose Amaldo\\nMarques rises against Juarez in favor\\nof the Spanish. Juarez puts Mexico in\\na state of siege.\\nMay The Comte de Lorencez commands\\na French force of invaders.\\n[May 5. Repulsed near Puebla. May\\n18. Defeated at Orizaba. June 13, 14.\\nMexicans are defeated near Orizaba.\\nAug. 28. 2,500 more French under Gen.\\nForney arrive. 1863. Jan. 13. The\\nFrench evacuate Tampico. Feb. 24.\\nAdvance on Mexico. May IS. Puebla\\nsurrenders. JuneS. Mexico is occupied\\nby Gen. Bazaine. Aug. 11. Reoccupy\\nTampico. Oct. 1. He becomes com-\\nmander-in-chief. Dec. 24. San LuisPo-\\ntosi is occupied by Imperialists. 1S64.\\nDec. 17. They are defeated ;it SanPredo.\\n1865. Feb. 9. Take Oaxaca. Apr. 2.\\nGen. Diaz takes Puebla. Oct. 16. Im-\\nperialists shout Juarist generals held as\\nprisoners. 1866. Jan. 4, 5. Americans\\nfavoring Juarez cross the RioGrandeand\\noccupy Bagdad. Mar.* -May* Juarez\\nkeeps up a guerrilla warfare. June 23,\\n24. Gen. Kscobedo captures Matamoras\\nfor Liberals. Aug. 1. Juarez takes Tam-\\npico. 1867. Jan. -Mar.* The French sail\\nfor France.]\\n1867 Feb. 19. Maximilian, arrives\\nwith an army at Queretaro.\\n[May 15. Captured in Queretaro. June\\n19. Maximilian and his generals, Miguel\\nMiramon and Tomas Mejia, are shot.\\nJune 21. Juarez takes Mexico City after\\na siege lasting 67 days. June 25. Vera\\nCruz is surrendered.]\\n1871 Apr. 12\u00c2\u00b1. Mexicans kill 40\u00c2\u00b1\\nAmericans who have crossed the boun-\\ndary line in pursuit of Indian depre-\\ndators.\\n1872 Apr. -June Civil war, caused\\nby the anti-Juarez party, led by Porflrio\\nDiaz.\\n(May 29). Insurgents are defeated at\\nOaxaca. (June*) Again at Quinretaro.\\n[1867. Nov.12. Diaz victorious atTekoar.\\n1877. Feb. He defeats Jose Maria\\nIglesias. 1879. June 16+. He suppresses\\nan insurrection led by Gen. Negrete.]\\n1885 Dec. An insurrection in Nuevo\\nLeon is suppressed. [1886. July An-\\nother suppressed.]\\n1891 Sept. 20. Revolutionists under\\nGen. Catarina Garcia are defeated near\\nMier. [Many small encounters follow.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1825 Lerdo de Tejada y Correal, Sebas-\\ntian, president, born. [1889. Dies.]\\n1827 Escoledo, Mariano, general, politi-\\n1 Garcia C ubas, Antonio, mathemati-\\ncian, geographer, born.\\nMaximilian, emperor, born. [1867. Dies.]\\nCHURCH.\\n1856 Mar. 31. Church property is\\nsequestrated. [1859. July 13. Confis-\\ncated.]\\n1857 A reformed church i6 begun.\\n1861 Abbeys are suppressed.\\nThe Southern Methodists (U. S. A.)\\nopen a mission on the Kio Grande. [1874.\\nAt Monterey also the Border Mission.\\n1883. At Guadalajara. 1886. The Cen-\\ntral Mission Conference is organized.]\\n1872* The American Board (U.S.A.)\\nopens a mission at Guadalajara. [1873.\\nJan.* At Mexico City; 1874, at Mata-\\nmoras; 1882, at Chihuahua; 1883, at\\nParral 1886, at Sonora; 1887, at Zita-\\neuaro 1888, at Cosihuiriachic]\\n1873 The Methodists (North) U. S. A.\\nopen amission in Mexico City, under i.\\nWin. Butler.\\nThe Southern Presbyterians (IT. S.\\nA.) open a mission at San Luis Potosi.\\n[1881, Tampico.]\\nPresbyterians (IT. S. A.) open a mis-\\nsion at Zacateeas and San Luis Potosi.\\n[1876, San Miguel del Mezquital; 1884, at\\nGuerrero and at Saltillo.]\\n1873-75 Roman Catholics persecute\\nProtestants; some are murdered.\\n1886 The Cumberland Presbyte-\\nrians (U. S. A.) begin mission-work.\\n[1888. Open a mission at Aguas Ca-\\nlientes.]\\nSTATE.\\n1828 Manuel Gomez Pedraza is\\nelected president. [Annulled. 1832, Dec.\\n26-33 Apr. 1. Again president.]\\n1829 Jan. 12. Vicente Guerrero is\\nelected president. [Dec. 23. Deposed by\\nGen. Santa Anna.]\\nMar. The expulsion of the Spaniards\\nis decreed.\\nDec. 4. A revolution arises. Anastasio\\nBustamente becomes acting president.\\n[1833. Banished.]\\n1832 Santa Anna overthrows Busta-\\nmente.\\n1835 Santa Anna makes himself dic-\\ntator.\\n1836 Dec. 28. Spain recognizes the\\nindependence of Mexico.\\n1837-41 Bustamente is again president-\\n[1841. Oct. Forced to resign.]\\n1841 Oct. -45 Santa Anna is pres-\\nident. [1845. Deposed and exiled. 1846.\\nDec. Reinstated.]\\n1843 June 12. A new constitution is\\nproclaimed; Santa Anna is practically\\ndictator.\\n1846 May* A boundary dispute\\ncauses war with the United States (p.\\n163).\\n1851 Jan. 15-53 Jan. 6. Mariano\\nArista is president. [Resigns.]\\n1853 Apr. -55 Jan.* Santa Anna\\nis again elected president. [He assumes\\ndictatorial powers. Abdicates.]\\n1855 Jan.* -55 Dec* Gen. Carer a\\nis president. [1855. Dec. Juan Al-\\nvarez; later, Ignacio Comonfort.]\\n1857 Feb. 5. A new constitution is\\nproclaimed.\\n1858 Jan. 11. The church party over-\\nthrows the constitution, and forces\\nPresident Comonfort to retire.\\nJan. 21-26. Gen. Zuloaga, a reactionist,\\nassumes authority. [1859. Feb. 2. Abdi-\\ncates.]\\nFeb. 11. Benito Pablo Juarez, presi-\\ndent of the Supreme Court, is declared\\npresident by succession.\\n1858-60 Civil war.\\n1859 Feb. 2. Gen. Miguel Miramon\\nis declared president by the reactionist\\nfaction. [Apr. 10. He obtains posses-\\nsion of the capital. I860. May 1. De-\\nposed by Zuloaga, who assumes the office\\nhimself. May 9. Arrested by Miramon.\\nSept. His injustice and tyranny cause\\nforeign Ministers to retire.]\\n1861 Jan. 19-65 Nov. 30. Juarez is\\npresident. [June 30. Dictator by author-\\nity of Congress. Dec. 15. Receives full\\npowers.]\\nOct. 31. The British, French, and Span-\\nish governments agree to a convention\\nfor intervention in Mexico for the re-\\ndress of outrages and the payment of\\nbondholders.\\n1862 Feb. The British and Spanish\\ngovernments disapprove of aproject for\\nestablishing Maximilian of Austria on\\nthe throne of Mexico.\\nApr. 16. France declares war against\\n1S63 May 31. The republican capital\\nis removed to San Luis Potosi. [1864,\\nApr. 3. To Monterey.]\\nJuly An imperial government is\\nformed by the opponents of Juarez.\\nJuly 6-10. An assembly of notables un-\\nder French influence agree to offer the\\ncrown to Maximilian. [1864. Apr. 10.\\nHe accepts it. June 2. Arrives at Mex-\\nico.]\\n1864 Feb. 27. Gen. Santa Anna re-\\nturns from exile and accepts the empire.\\n[Mar. 2. Dismissed by the French.]\\n1865 Apr. 10. A new constitution is\\npromulgated.\\nOct. 2. Maximihan decrees that all re-\\nsisting the empire shall be taken as ban-\\ndits and shot. [Very unpopular.]\\nNov. -Dec. The United States, evolv-\\ning from the Civil War, protests against\\nthe French occupation of Mexico.\\n[1866. Feb. 12. It demands the with-\\ndrawal of French troops. Apr. Napo-\\nleon III. assents.]\\n1866 July 30. Maximihan, by a con-\\nvention, agrees to transfer the receipts\\nof custom to France.\\nSept. -Oct. Three rival presidents,\\nJuarez, Ortega, and Santa Anna, are\\nsupported by their factions. [1867.\\nThree rivals again.]\\n1867 June 19. Maximilian is shot.\\n(See Army.)\\nJune 21. The Republic is reestab-\\nlished. [Juarez acts as provisional\\npresident.]\\nDec. 25\u00c2\u00b1. Mexico. Juarez, being elected\\npresident, is inaugurated. [1871. Oct.\\nReelected.]\\n1868 Jan. -Feb. Yucatan and other\\nprovinces revolt against Juarez. [1869.\\nAt Puebla; suppressed.]\\n1871 Aug. -Oct. Insurrections.\\n1872 July 18. Juarez dies. Sebastian\\nLerdo di Tejaday, president of the Su-\\npreme Court, succeeds to the presidency.\\n[1876. Dec. Retires.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1108.jp2"}, "1109": {"fulltext": "MEXICO.\\n1825,**-1894, Dec. 14.\\n1097\\n1876 Mar. Gen. Diaz leads an insur-\\nrection. [Nov. 20. Assumes office as\\nprovisional president. 1877. Feb. IS.\\nGen. Iglesias makes rival claims.]\\n1877 Feb. 18. Gen. Porfirio Diaz is\\nelected president. [May 5-80 Dec. 1.\\nRides. 1884-88. Again. 1888-92. Re-\\nelected rules.]\\n1880 Dee. 1-84 Dec. 1. Manuel\\nGonzalez is president.\\n1884 Oct. A federal constitution is\\nadopted.\\n1892 Feb.i Gen. Garcia revolts.\\n1894 Dec. 14. The Government adopts\\nsevere measures against dueling.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1865 Emperor Maximilian institutes\\nthe order of the Mexican Eagle.\\n1873 July 23. A railway connecting\\nMexico and Vera Cruz is opened.\\n1886 Jan. 23. A. K. Cuthing, a Texan\\neditor, is imprisoned for libel. [Aug. 23.\\nReleased.]\\n1889 Apr. Mexican women at Socono\\norganize a branch of the Woman s Chris-\\ntian Temperance Union.\\nMay The ruins of a great city are found\\nin the forest near Palenque buildings\\nfive stories high are well preserved.\\nJune 6. Cave-dwellers are found in\\nChihuahua having stone hatchets.\\nMexico. Street-cars introduced.\\n1890 Apr. 12. Four men are shot for\\nattempting to kill President Diaz.\\nA great influx of Chinese alarms labor-\\ning men.\\n1891 Feb. 8. Tin ore is found.\\nOct. 10. A concession is granted for a\\nrailway connecting Mexico with the\\nPacific coast.\\n1893 Coal is discovered in three\\nstates.\\nDec. 31. Popocatepetl is in violent\\neruption.\\nMONTENEGRO.\\nMontenegro is a principality of Southern Europe, slightly bordering the Adriatic Se\\nhereditary prince, who is practically absolute. The religion is that of the Greek Churcl\\npopulation, 200,000\u00c2\u00b1.\\nCapital, Cettinje.\\nEstimated area, 3,(\\nt is ruled by an\\nsquare miles\\n1467* Invasion of Turks. [1623. Again.\\n1714. Again the country wasted. 17GS.\\nAgain.]\\n1516* *A theocratic government is\\nestablished under a prinee-hishopelected\\nby the people. [1697. Ends.]\\n1697* Petrovicht Nyegush is en-\\nthroned to nominate his successor,\\nsubject to popular approval.\\n1796 The Turks are defeated, and\\nMontenegrin independence is virtually\\nestablished under Pietro I. [1830. Oct.*\\nPietro II. rules. 1851, Danilo 1; 1860,\\nNov. 8, Nicolas.]\\n1820* Invasion of Turks. [1832.\\nAgain. 185 2. Distracting skirmishes.]\\n1834 The press is introduced. [1870.\\nThe first newspaper issued.]\\n1851 Only one school in Montenegro.\\n1852-53 War with Turkey (p. 000).\\n[185S. War renewed.]\\n1S53 Feb. 15. Peace by mediation.\\n1S76-78 Russo-Turkish war.\\n1878 Mar. 3. Independence by\\ntreaty. (See Turkey.)\\nJuly 13. Montenegro made indepen-\\ndent. A seaport given by Treaty of\\nBerlin p. S31.)\\nMOROCCO.\\nn Africa, having capitals at Fez, Morocco, and Mequinez. The government is absolute,\\nEstimated area, 219,000 square miles the estimates of population vary from 3,000,000\\nMorocco is a country in Northweste\\nand the religion is chiefly Mohammedan,\\nto 9,400,000.\\n429 The country is conquered by the\\nVandals. [533-534. By Belisarius.\\n1051. By the Almoravides for Egypt.\\n1269. By the Beni-Merin princes.]\\n670+ Moosa etablishes Mohammed-\\nism. The Arabs first appear.\\n105O\u00c2\u00b1 The Almoravides dynasty.\\n[1121-h, the Amohades 1270+ the Meri-\\nnites; 1510+ the Sherifs; 1G50\u00c2\u00b1, the\\nAlides.]\\n1091-1102 The Moors conquer Spain.\\n[1492. Overthrown.]\\n1436 Portugal sends an expedition\\nagainst Tangier. [1437. Defeated. 1871.\\nAlfonzo V. succeeds.]\\n1459 Alcacer Seguir is captured.\\n[1632. Sallee, a pirates port, captured.\\n1GS7. Larish captured from Spaniards.]\\n1578 Aug. 4. The Portuguese are de-\\nfeated at Alcacer Quibir, and King\\nSebastian killed.\\n1661* Tangier is ceded to England.\\n[1684. Abandoned.]\\n1664-72 Arshid reigns the first as\\nsultan. [1672-1727. Ishmael. 1727-30.\\nDisputed succession. 1757-89. Moham-\\nmed. 1794-1822. Soliman he abolishes\\nChristian slavery.]\\n1727 Timbuctoo becomes partially\\niudependent.\\n1780 The Dutch trade at Agadir.\\n1799 The plague in Barbary 3,000\\ndie daily.\\n1844 Aug. Algeria. The Moors at-\\ntack the French and are defeated (p. 8).\\n1859 Oct. 22. Spain declares war\\nagainst the pirates. [1800. Feb. 4. Span-\\niards decisively defeat the Moors at\\nCastillejos.]\\n1859-73 Sidi Mohammed reigns. [1873-\\n94. Muley Hassan.]\\n1889 Sept. 17. Biffian pirates ran-\\nsack a Spanish vessel near the coast,\\nand take away several persons. [Sept.\\n22. A Spanish squadron arrives at Tan-\\ngier. Sept. 29. Prisoners released in-\\ndemnity promised.]\\n1890 Feb. An alarming rebellion\\narises. [Aug. 29. Another. Sept. 26.\\nRebels are defeated at Ait Spokhman.\\n1891. Aug. 8. Rebels victorious near\\nTangier. 1892. Many indecisive con-\\nflicts with rebels.]\\n1893 Oct. 2. At Melilla 6,000 Moors\\nattack the Spanish garrison. [Hostili-\\nties active for several weeks.]\\nDee. 13. The sultan accedes to the de-\\nmand of Spain. [The Spanish expedi-\\ntion withdraws.]\\n1894 Jan. 20. Spainclaimsanindem-\\nnity of 20,000,000 francs for the attack at\\nMelilla.\\nJune 11. Abdul Azziz is proclaimed\\nsultan at Fez.\\nNETHERLANDS.\\nThe Netherlands are a kingdom of Western Europe bordering the North Sea, having two capitals, Amsterdam and The Hague.\\nIt comprises 11 provinces, and the executive government is lodged with an hereditary constitutional monarchy; the legislative\\npower is with the States-General, having 50 members in the Upper Chamber, and 100 in the Lower. The popular language is Dutch,\\nand the chief religions are the Dutch Reformed and Roman Catholic. Area, 12,648 square miles population, in 1891, 33,000,000+\\nARMY NAVY.\\nc Charles Martel routs the\\nCHURCH.\\n622-632 The first Christian church is\\n755 St. Boniface, the apostle to the\\nGermans, preaches to the heathen in\\nFriesland, and is martyred at Dokkum.\\nSTATE.\\n28-47 The Romans in a long struggle\\nfinally subdue the Friesians.\\nfounded at Utrecht. [695. Made the seat 2 00\u00c2\u00b1 The Franks appear. [481. Clovis\\nof an independent see.] masters most of the country.]\\n5th Century The Saxons and Friesians\\nstruggle against Frankish conquest for\\n400 years.\\n800 Charlemagne is supreme ruler.\\n[843-8G9. The country is included in\\nLotharingia. 869-870. Under French\\nlordship. S70-S79. Rule divided be-\\ntween French and Germans. S79-91 J.\\nGermans rule.]\\n879 The feudal system prevails.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1109.jp2"}, "1110": {"fulltext": "1098 925,**-1600,**\\nNETHERLANDS.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n984 The French take Luxemburg.\\n[1443, 1479, 1542-43. Taken again. 1544.\\nTaken by tbe Spanish.]\\n1047 Dirk IV. attacks the Emperor\\nHenry s fleet, defeats his army, and dic-\\ntates the terms of peace.\\n1071 Bobert the Friesian defeats\\nPhilip of France at Cassel.\\n1100* Amsterdam. The castle of Am-\\nstel is begun.\\n1304 The Flemings are driven out\\nof Holland.\\n1350* Civil war; the nobles adhering\\nto Margaret, Countess of Holland, con-\\ntend with those adhering to her son and\\nrival, Count William V.\\n1351* William defeats the Hooks\\nand the English at Vlaardingen this\\nruins Margaret s cause.\\n1417 Civil war between those who\\nfavor and those who oppose a female\\nsovereign.\\nBread and Cheese War; it is\\ncaused by a famine in the northern\\nprovinces.\\n1543* Charles V. besieges Venlo; it\\ncapitulates. [1568. Taken by The Neth-\\nerlands and the Duke of Parma. 1632.\\nBy Prince Henry of Orange.]\\n1567 The War of the Bevolution\\nbegins between the Reformers and the\\nSpanish Court.\\nThe Duke of Egmont and others cut to\\npieces a rabble of colonists who attempt\\nto raise the siege of Valenciennes. The\\nDuke of Alva is given command of 20,000\\nmercenaries, with unlimited powers.\\n[Louis of Nassau and William of Orange\\nlead the revolutionists. Sieges rather\\nthan battles ensue.]\\n1570* William s navy vexes the\\nSpaniards by taking many rich prizes.\\n1572 The Spaniards take Rotterdam\\nby strategy, and cruelly afflict the inhab-\\nitants.\\nApr. 1. The Water Beggars seize\\nBriel, and make it a port of refuge they\\nalso take Flushing.\\nAdm. Dirkson defeats Alva s fleet.\\nDec. The Spaniards invest Haarlem.\\n[1573. July It surrenders Spaniards\\nloss, 12,000 troops; the Duke of Alva\\nviolates the capitulation by butchering\\none-half of the inhabitants.]\\n1573 Oct. 31-74 Oct. 3. The Span-\\niards twice besiege Leyden after 6,000\\ninhabitants have died of famine and\\npestilence, it is relieved by a fleet.\\n1574 Jan. The Dutch take Middel-\\nburg, and the Spanish thereby lose their\\nlast hold on Zealand.\\nJan. 4. The Duke of Alva retires from\\nthe task of subduing the revolution he\\nhad caused.\\n1584* The Duke of Parma besieges\\nAntwerp. [1585. Taken.]\\n1585 The Spaniards take Nimeguen.\\n[1591. Retaken by the Dutch. 1672,\\n1694. Taken by the French.]\\n1586* *Sir Philip Sidney invades\\nFlanders in aid of the Dutch. [Sept. 22.\\nHe is mortally wounded before Zutphen.]\\n1588 The English and Dutch repulse\\nthe Duke of Parma from the walls of\\nBergen-op-Zoom.\\n1590-1609 War with Spain.\\n1591 Maurice of Nassau takes sev-\\neral cities, and all Gelderland submits to\\nhim.\\n[1593. He takes Geertruidenberg. 1594.\\nAlso Groningen, the last Spanish strong-\\nhold in the Seven Provinces.]\\n1596 The Spanish recover Hulst, and\\nthe Dutch destroy Cadiz, also the Span-\\nish fleet.\\n1598 The Dutch are aided by 70,000\\nvolunteers from England, who man\\ntheir ships.\\n1599-1604 Campaigns of Maurice\\nagainst the Spanish under Ambrosio di\\nSpinola.\\n(1604. July 2.) Maurice invades Flan-\\nders and utterly defeats the Archduke\\nAlbert at Nieuwpoort. (1604.) Maurice\\ntakes Sluis.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1 150\u00c2\u00b1 Windmills are in general use.\\n1200\u00c2\u00b1 Beer-brewing is known in Bra-\\nbrant.\\n1360 Limburg-Maestricht Passover\\nPlay appears.\\n1400 Our Lord *s Resurrection is per-\\nformed at The Hague.\\n1415+ John Van Eyck and his brother\\nHubert of Bruges found the Flemish\\nschool of painting in oil.\\n1440\u00c2\u00b1 Laurens Janszoon Coster in-\\nvents the art of printing with movable\\ntypes.\\nThe herring fisheries make Hol-\\nland rich by the discovery of the curing\\nprocess the foundation of Amster-\\ndam is laid in herring-bones.\\n1452 Our Lady the Virgin is per-\\nformed at Arnheim.\\n1500 Mystery of the Holy Sacrament\\nis performed at Breda.\\n1590\u00c2\u00b1 The microscope is invented\\nby ZacharJas Jansen at Middelburg.\\n[1621+. Or by Drebbel.]\\n1597 Christ Bearing the Cross is\\npainted by Frans Francken. [1608.\\nWorks of Mercy 1616, Adoration of\\nChrist and the Virgin.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n988* Dirk II., Count, dieB. [1039, Dirk III.;\\n1049, Dirk IV.; 1061, Floris I.; 1091, Dirk\\nV.; 1122, Floris II.; 1157, Dirk VI.; 1190,\\nFloris III.; 1203, Dirk VI I. 1224, William\\nI.; 1235, Floris IV.; 1304, John III.; 1337,\\nWilliam III.; 1345, William IV.; 1354, Lord\\nMargaret; 1356, William V.; 1404, Albert;\\n1417, William VI.]\\n1370\u00c2\u00b1 Coster (Roster), I, anrons Janszoon,\\nprinter, born. [1440\u00c2\u00b1. Dies.]\\n1386 Eyck, Jan van, painter, born.\\n[1440. Dies.]\\n1436 Lord .lacoba, dies.\\n1443 Aurisola, IMdulpli Itoelof Huysman,\\nborn. [1485. Dies.]\\n1446 ilargaret, Duchess of Burgundy,\\nborn. [1503. Dies.]\\n1460 Bosch (Bos j. or Boseo, Hieronymus,\\npainter, born. [1530+. Dies.]\\n1465 Oct. 38. Erasmus, Dcsiderius,\\nscholar, satirist, born. [1536. July 12. D.]\\n1468* Kngelbree.hlsen, Cornelius, painter,\\nborn. [1533. Dies.]\\n1480* *]\\\\Iargaret of Austria, regent, born.\\n[1530. Dies.]\\n1492 Menno Simons, reformer, born.\\n[1559. Dies.]\\n1494* Levden, Luens van, painter, born.\\n[1533. Dies.]\\n1498* Heemskerk, Martin, painter, born.\\n[1574. Dies.]\\n1507* Ayta, Ulric van Zuicnen Vigilius,\\nstatesman, born. [1577. Dies.]\\n1513* Mereator, Cerard, geographer, born.\\n[1594. Dies.]\\n1514 Vesalius, Andreas, anatomist, born.\\n[1564. Dies.]\\n1530* Baeker, Jakob van, painter, born.\\n[1560. Dies.]\\n1533* Orange, William, Prince of, fdr.\\nof republic, born. [1684. Dies.]\\n1538 Nassau- Dill en burg. Count Louis of,\\nborn. [1606. Dies.]\\n1549\u00c2\u00b1 Barnevehi, Jan van Olden, states-\\nman, born. [1619. Dies.]\\n1560* Arminius, Jacobus, theologian,\\ndiplomatist,\\n[1651. Dies.]\\n1572* Aarssens, Frans\\nborn. [1641. Dies.]\\n1575* Elzevir, Joost, printer, b. [1617. D-]\\n1577* Cats, Jakob, states., b. [1660. D.]\\n1581* Hooft,JP. C.,poet,hist.,b. [1647. D.]\\n1583 Kl/evir, Bona venture, printer, born.\\n[1652. Dies.]\\nKpisenpins, Simon, theol., b. [1643. Dies.]\\n1585* Jansen, Cornelius, founder of\\nJansenists, born. [1638. Dies.]\\n1587 Vondel, JoobI van den, poet, born.\\n[1679. Dies.]\\n1588* Zyll, Otho van, poet, b. [1656. D.]\\n1590* Mytens, Daniel, painter, b. [1662+.\\nDies.]\\n1591 Ryekaert, Martin, landscape painter,\\nborn. [1636. Dies.]\\n1592 Elzevir, Abraham, printer, born.\\n1593* Dieman, Anthony van, admiral.\\nborn. [1645. Dies.]\\n1597 Baventz, Willem, arctic navigator, d.\\nTromp, Marten Harpertzoon van, admiral,.\\nborn. [1653. Dies.]\\n1599* Vandyke, Sir Anthony, painter,\\nborn. [1641. Dies.]\\n1600* Wynants, Jan, painter, b. [1678. D-]\\nCHURCH.\\n1430 The Church is enriched and\\ncorrupted by Philip the Good.\\n1510 Many Anabaptists fleeing from\\npersecution come to The Netherlands.\\n[1539. Baptists are persecuted 31 refu-\\ngees from England are put to death.]\\n1562 The Reformation is estab-\\nlished.\\nGranvella becomes the first arch-\\nbishop of Mechlin.\\n1565 Sp, Philip determines to en-\\nforce the decrees of the Council of\\nTrent.\\n1566 Philip II. establishes the Inqui-\\nsition for the suppression of reformed\\ndoctrines the nobles form the Confed-\\neracy of Guex (Beggars) against it.\\nJan. The nobles, led by Count Brede-\\nrode, sign [the famous] Compro-\\nmise with which the rebellion be-\\ngins.\\nOpen-air preachings are guarded by\\narmed men throughout the provinces.\\nIconoclastic tumults give excuse for\\nmilitary interference in religion.\\nWilliam of Orange declares his\\nconversion to Calvinism. [1568. He re-\\nenters The Netherlands at the head of\\nan army.]\\n1567 Sp. Philip II. decides on se-\\nverer measures to suppress Protestant-\\nism, and sends the Duke of Alva to be\\nhis bloody tool.\\n1574 William undertakes to protect\\nCalvinism, and to suppress all reli-\\ngion at variance with the gospel.\\nLETTERS.\\n1250\u00c2\u00b1 Floris et Blanchejleur, by the\\nFlemish minstrel, Diderik van Assenede,\\nappears.\\n1263+ Flowers of Nature, by Jakob\\nvan Maerlant, appears. [l J70\u00c2\u00b1, Rijin-\\nbijhel; 1284+, Spieyhcl Jlistoriael.]\\n1280 Roman de la Rose is translated\\nintotheDutch by He in van Aken. [1310+,\\nHenrico en MargrieteJ]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1110.jp2"}, "1111": {"fulltext": "NETHERLANDS.\\n925,** -1600,**.\\n1099\\n1300\u00c2\u00b1 A Life of Jesus appears.\\n1315* Brabant sche 1 eesten, by J an van\\nBoendale, appears.\\n1398* The Alpha and Omega is\\nestablished at Ypres. It is the earliest\\nChamber of Khetoric.\\n14th Century. Het Daghet in den Oosten\\nappears.\\nEijinkronils, by Melis Stoke, appears.\\n1496 The Eglantine is established\\nat Amsterdam.\\n1528-67 Poems, by Anna Bijus, appears.\\n1540 Sonter-Liedel sms [the earliest\\nprinted collection of the Psalms] appears.\\n1544 The earliest collection of Dutch\\nfolk-songs appears.\\n1550\u00c2\u00b1 Dutch scholars distinguish J\\nfrom I. [The letter is introduced by\\nGiles Beys at Paris.]\\n1568 Wilhelmu sited, by Filips van\\nMariux, appears. [1569, Biencorf.}\\n1585-90 Zedehunst, by Direk Coorn-\\nhert, appears.\\n1588 Gensen Lieden Ztoec:c/.*e?i appears.\\n1598 Achilles and Polyxena, by Pieter\\nCornelissen liooft, appears. [1605, Gra-\\nnida; 1626, Life of Henry the Great; 162S-\\n42, History of Holland.]\\nS0CIKTY MISCELLANEOUS.\\n1203 Amsterdam is founded.\\n1328 Edward HI. of England weds\\nthe third daughter of William III.\\n1496 Count Philip weds Joanna of\\nAragon, daughter of Ferdinand and Isa-\\nbella of Spain [heiress of the new mon-\\narchy].\\n1509 The commerce of Antwerp is\\ntransferred to Holland.\\n1530 The dikes fail to withstand the\\nsea 72 villages and 100,000 people lost\\nat Dort.\\n1581\u00c2\u00b1 Spain offers, by proclamation,\\nrewards and honors to any ruffian who\\nwould murder William of Orange.\\n1039, Dirk III. 103S)-4fl. Count Dirk IV.\\nrules. lie begins a strife, lasting 400 years,\\nwith the Count of Flanders. 1047. He con-\\nquers territory from the emperor. 1049-61.\\nCount Floris I. rules. 1061-91, the (child)\\nCount Dirk V.; lnDi-U JL Flnris II.; 1122-\\n57, regency and Dirk VI.; 1157-90, Floris\\nIII.; 1190-1206, Dirk VII.; 1206!-, William\\n1.; 1224-35, Floris IV.; 1235-50, William II.]\\n993 The true history of Holland be-\\ngins with Dirk III., whose realm lies\\nalong the Rhine and Meuse. He sub-\\ndues the Friesians.\\n1206+ William I. gives liberal char-\\nters to cities.\\n1225+ Holland prospers; the Frie-\\nsian Ostergrow and Westergrow are an-\\nnexed [and soon lost].\\n1248 William LT. is crowned King\\nof the Romans. [1245-56. He rules a\\nlarge part of Germany.]\\n1250-96 Count Floris V. rules. [1296-99.\\nJohn I.]\\n1299-1433 House of Hainaut.\\n1399-1304 John of Avennes rules as count.\\n[1301. lie forces IMreelit into an alliance.\\n1304-37. William III. 1323. Hemakespeaee\\nwith Flanders. 1337-45. William IV., killed\\nin battle.]\\n1345 Margaret, sister of William\\nIV., claims lordship in the absence of\\nheirs her son William is a rival claim-\\nant.\\n1347 The country is agitated by two\\nparties the Hooks favoring the female\\nclaimant, and the Codfish party fa-\\nvoring the male. [A long civil war en-\\nsues.]\\n1349 Margaret resigns the lordship\\nin favor of William (V.). [1350. Re-\\nsumes it.]\\n1358-1404 Count Albert of Bavaria,\\nWilliam s younger brother, rules.\\n1477-84 The White Hats struggle\\nwith the Count of Flanders for suprem-\\nacy.\\n1404-17 The Hooks maintain William\\nVI., son of Albert. [1417. Jacoba,\\ndaughter of William VI., claims the\\nlordship, and bitter contention follows.\\n1433. She is forced to cede four counties\\nto her uncle, Philip the Good, of\\nBurgundy.]\\n1436-77 House of Burgundy.\\n1436* Philip annexes Holland. [1464.\\nHe summons the States-General to\\ntheir first meeting.]\\n1464-82 Mary of Burgundy, succeed-\\ning her father, rules. [1477. Mar.* She\\ngrants the Great Privileges, recog-\\nnizing the power of cities and provinces\\nto hold diets, and terminating arbitrary\\ngovernment.]\\n1477 The Netherlands are annexed\\nto Austria by the marriage of Mary to\\nthe Archduke Maximilian.\\n1477-1502 House of Hapsburg.\\n1482-94 Maximilian of Austria rules\\nas regent for his son Philip. [1494-1502.\\nCount Philip the Handsome.]\\n1502-1795 House of Orange.\\nHolland is ruled by princes of Orange\\nas stadholders.\\n1502-30 Philibert de Chalons, Prince\\nof Orange, is stadholder. [1515-321.\\nCharles II. (V. as emperor). 1524. He\\nannexes Friesland by purchase. 152S.\\nHe acquires temporalities in Utrecht,\\nand rules over 17 provinces, having four\\nduchies, seven counties, one margra-\\nviate, and five lordships.]\\n1530-44 B6ne de Nassau, nephew of\\nCharles, rules. [1532\u00c2\u00b1. Charles appoints\\nMary of Hungary regent. 153D. Holland\\nis agitated by Mary s demand of ahearth-\\ntax; refused.]\\n1544-84 William of Nassau, cousin\\nof T 6n6, rules.\\n1555 Oct. 25. Sp. Philip U. succeeds\\nto The Netherlands by the abdication of\\nhis father, Charles V.\\n1555-80 Philip U. of Spain rules.\\n(1559). He appoints Margaret of\\nParma, a natural daughter of Charles\\nV., regent during his absence in Spain\\n4,000 foreign troops remain to enforce\\nauthority. Cardinal Perrenot [Gran-\\nvella], chief of the Council of Three, is\\nthe actual ruler of The Netherlands.\\n1559 William of Nassau recovers\\nthe principality of Orange (p. 541).\\n1561 William of Nassau and Count\\nHoorn withdraw from the Council of\\nThree because they are powerless\\nagainst the tyranny of Granvella [who,\\n1563, withdraws into Burgundy].\\nWilliam and Counts Hoorn and Eg-\\nmont resist the introduction of the In-\\nquisition.\\n1566 Apr. 5. Compromise of Breda.\\nCount Brederode with 300 nobles\\nunited in this league (signed in January),\\nin opposition to the 1 nquisition, present\\n;i petition to Margaret the regent against\\nit. They are refused and called Guex\\n(Beggars), and assume the name (p. 541).\\nAug. 14i. A Protestant insurrection\\nin Flanders damages churches and mon-\\nasteries for a fortnight.\\nMargaret attempts to capture the\\nchief men.\\nWilliam of Orange retires to Nassau,\\nbecause of personal peril. [He is out-\\nlawed because of his refusal to appear\\nbefore the Council of Blood.\\n1567 Sept. 9. Counts Egmont and\\nHoorn are treacherously seized by the\\nDuke of Alva. [1568. June 5. Beheaded\\nat Brussels.]\\nRevolution under William of Orange.\\n1567 Margaret resigns, and the Duke\\nof Alva becomes regent for Philip II.\\nThe country suffers from his tyranny,\\nand are appalled by his bloodthirsty\\nferocity.\\n1572 The provinces revolt against\\nAlva (p. 541.)\\nThe people are treated as rebels, and\\ntheir property is plundered everywhere.\\n[1573. He is recalled successor ap-\\npointed.] (P. 541.)\\n1573* *Bequisens is viceroy. [1577, Don\\nJohn 1578, Farnese.] (P. 541.)\\n1574 Nov. William of Orange is\\nproclaimed governor by the States\\n(p. 540+).\\n1576 Oct.* Belg. Pacification of\\nGhent (p. 541).\\n1577 Jan.* The Union of Brus-\\nsels is proclaimed.\\nIt engages signers to assist in ejecting\\nforeign troops, in executing the Pacifi-\\ncation, in maintaining the Catholic\\nfaith, and to recognize the sovereignty\\nof Philip II.\\nFeb. 17. The Perpetual Edict is\\nsigned it ratifies the Pacification,\\n1578 Amsterdam is recovered.\\n1579 Jan. 23. Union of Utrecht\\n(p. 541).\\n1580 Sept. 29. The Hague. The Seven\\nUnited Provinces declare their inde-\\npendence Of Spain. [1581. July 26.\\nThey issue a declaration of indepen-\\ndence.]\\n1582 Aug. William of Orange ac-\\ncepts the title of count. [1584. July 10.\\nMurdered by Balthasar, a fanatic]\\n1584 Maurice of Nassau is stad-\\nholder. He is son of William, and only\\n17 years of age.\\n1585 The 10 southern provinces are\\nsubdued by the Prince of Alva.\\nEng. Elizabeth is offered the sov-\\nereignty (p. 875).\\n1591 Maurice subdues all Gelder-\\nland.\\n1598* Sp. Philip III. cedes The\\nNetherlands to Albert of Austria and\\nto the Infanta Isabella.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1111.jp2"}, "1112": {"fulltext": "1100 1600, *-1795, May 9. NETHERLANDS.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1601 July* -04 Sept. Belg. The\\nArchduke Albert besieges Ostend; it\\nfinally accepts l-nmorable terms or capit-\\nulation.\\n1604 War on land languishes, but it\\nis vigorously and successfully pursued\\non the sea.\\n1607 Sp. The Dutch ruin the Span-\\nish fleet at Gibraltar, and become the\\nlords of the sea.\\n1609 Mar. 29. Spain and the United\\nProvinces conclude tbe Truce of Ant-\\nwerp for 12 years.\\n1621 The war with Spain, is renewed;\\nMaurice saves Bergen-op-Zoom. [1623.\\nHe captures Maestricht by a masterly\\nsiege.]\\n1623 The Dutch attack Peru, con-\\nquer San Salvador and a large part of\\nBrazil, all belonging to Spain.\\nSeveral Spanish galleons are taken,\\nvalued at \u00c2\u00a320,000,000 sterling.\\n1625 *Spinola takes Breda. [1637. It\\nis taken by Henry of Orange.]\\n163S The war is favorable to Spain.\\n1639 The remarkable victories of\\nAdms. Van Tromp and De Witt turn\\nthe scale in favor of the Dutch.\\nSept. 16-Oct. 21. Eng. Adm. Van\\nTromp takes two Spanish fleets off the\\nDowns.\\n1652-53 War with England under\\nCromwell (p. 8S8).\\n(1652. Sept. 23.) Defeat in the Chan-\\nnel (p. 888). (Oct. 22.) De Ruyter is de-\\nfeated by the English under Blake.\\n(Nov. 30.) Victory in the Downs. Van\\nTromp sails thmugli the Channel with a\\nbroom fastened to the masthead. (1653.\\nJuly 31.) Van Tromp defeated (p. 8SS).\\n1659* War with Sweden; Holland\\nis victorious, and saves the Danes from\\nCharles Gustavus.\\n1665-67 War with England (p. 892).\\n(June 1^1.) Indecisive naval engage-\\nments occur. (July 25.) De Ruyter is\\ndefeated by Monk, and the British be-\\ncome masters of the sea.\\n1667-68 First French war of conquest\\n(p. 690).\\n1670 War with France and England.\\nCharles II. of England deserts Holland\\nand joins France.\\n1671 Holland is overrun by the\\nFrench.\\nThe French are repelled by the sluices\\nbeing opened to let in the sea and drown\\nthe land.\\n1672-7S Second war with France (pp.\\n540, 692, 892).\\n1673 Aug. 11. An indecisive naval\\nengagement (p. 892).\\n1673-77 Indecisive fighting continues.\\n16S4 The French take Luxemburg.\\n[1G97. Restored to Spain. 1701. Taken\\nagain by the French.]\\n1688 Oct. 19. The invasion of Eng-\\nland fails (p. 896). [Nov. 1. Succeeds.]\\n1689-96 War with France.\\n1690 June 30. Belg. The allies are\\ndefeated at Fleurus (p. 542). (July 1.)\\n1701 Feb.* The French take the bar-\\nrier fortresses (p. 902).\\n1702-13 War with France and Spain.\\n1702 Sept. 19. The French surrender\\nVenlo (p. 902). 1747. July 2. Also\\nRaucoux (pp. 700, 912).\\n1706 June 6. Antwerp surrenders\\nafter the fall of Ramillies (p. 542).\\n1746 Feb. 16. Marshal Saxe takeB\\nBrussels. [May 9. Takes Antwerp.]\\n(P. 700.)\\n1781-83 Holland loses her colonies\\nin a war with England for naval suprem-\\nacy.\\n1787-89 The Low Countries are in a\\nstate of civil war.\\nThe Prince of Prussia invades Hol-\\nland in favor of the stadholder, and\\nAmsterdam is surrendered to the king.\\nMay 9. Utrecht is surrendered to the\\nPrussians.\\n1792-93 The French occupy Antwerp.\\n[1814. Recovered from France.]\\n1793 The people of Holland declare\\nin favor of the French republican\\ninvaders.\\nDumouriez takes Breda.\\n1794 The Duke of York makes un-\\nsuccessful campaigns in Holland.\\nThe French under Gen. Pichegru con-\\nquer The Netherlands (p. 710).\\n1795 Jan. 18. Amsterdam. Entered\\nby the French (p. 710). [Jan. 19. They\\ntake possession of The Hague and the\\npeople declare in their favor the stad-\\nholder and his family flee to England.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1600\u00c2\u00b1 Christ and the Adulteress,\\nRaising of Jaims s Daughter, and Christ\\non the Mount of Olives, painted by Am-\\nbrosiua Francken.\\n1601 Amsterdam. William Blaue im-\\nproves the first printing-press.\\n1620 The submarine ship is invented\\nby Drebbel.\\n1624\u00c2\u00b1 Willebrord Snell discovers the\\nlaw of refraction.\\n1627 The Rape of Proserpine and Jo-\\nseph are painted by Rembrandt.\\n[1G30-;:1, Old man with Gospel and Tur-\\nban; 1631, Presentation in- the Temple;\\n1632, Lesson in Anatomy; 1633, Portrait\\nof Sashia ran Ulenbureh and Susanna\\n1634, Descent from the Cross and the In-\\ncredulity of St. Thomas; 1037, The Re-\\nturn of the Prodigal Son; 1645, The Holy\\nFamily; 1648, Supper at Emmaus and\\nChrist nt Emmaus; 1653, The Xa thrift/;\\n1656, The Blessing of Jacob: 3657, The\\nJewish Bride; 1662-G4, Rembrandt and\\nFamily.]\\n1628* Magdalen Washing Christ s Feet\\nis painted by Frans Francken. [1634.\\nFeeding the Five Thousand.]\\n1634 Amsterdam. The Exchange is\\nbuilt. [1G48. The Stadhouse, costing\\n3,000,000 guilders, is built on 13,659 piles.]\\n1637 Cornelius Drebbel invents the\\nthermometer.\\n1651 Dog Derovr niq (lame is painted\\nby Jan Fyt. [1661, Fancy Birds.]\\n1654 Huygens completes the discov-\\nery of Saturn s ring. [1655. He deter-\\nmines the annular form of Saturn. Mar.\\n25. He discovers one of its satellites.]\\nPendulum clocks are invented by\\nHuygens.\\n1658* The cannel engine for raising\\nships is invented by Baker.\\n1659i Fromantil improves the pen-\\ndulum.\\n1670 Christian Huygens introduces\\nthe theory of oscillation.\\n1672 Hose for fire-engines are in-\\nvented by Van der Heyde.\\n1677* Leemvenhoek discovers ani-\\nmalcules.\\n1678 Huygens proposes the modu-\\nlatory theory of light and the law of\\ndouble refraction.\\n1701 Boerhaave founds organic\\nchemistry.\\n1745+ Kleist, Mussehenbroeck, and\\nothers invent the Leyden jar.\\n1785 An electric machine is con-\\nstructed at Haarlem by Van Mar urn.\\nBIRTHS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DEATHS.\\n1603 en H-pins, Johannes, clergyman, bib-\\nlical critic, born. [1669. Dies.]\\n1604* Elzevir, Louis, printer, b. [1670. D.]\\nNassau- Siege n, Count of, Joan Mauzitv,\\nMaurice of Nassau. b. [1679. D.]\\n1607 Heemskerk, Jacob, admiral, dies.\\nRembrandt, Harmanzoon van Ryn, painter,\\nborn. [1669. Dies.]\\nRuyter. Michael Adiiaanzoon de, admiral\\nborn. [1676. Dies.]\\n1608 Brauwer, Adrian, painter, born.\\n[1640. Dies.]\\n1610\u00c2\u00b1 Dekker(Van Decker), Jeremiasde,\\npoet, born. [1666. Dies.]\\nVandervelde, Willem, the elder, painter,\\nborn. [1693. Dies.]\\n1612 Boxborn, Parous Zuerius, critic,\\nhistorian, born. [1653. Dies.]\\n1615* Metzu, Gabriel, painter, b. [1658. D.]\\nRyckaert, David, painter, b. [1677. Dies.]\\n1616* Lcinaire, Jacijues, navigator, dies.\\n1631 Eeckhout, Gerbrant van der,\\npainter, born. [1674. Dies.]\\n1624* Berghem, Nikolaas van Harlaem,\\npainter, born. [1683. Dies.]\\nLeusden, Jan, philologist, born. [1669. D.]\\n1625* De Witt, John, states., b. [1673. D.]\\nWouvermans, Peter, printer, b. [1683. D.]\\n1626* Elzevir, Daniel, printer, b. [1680. D.]\\n1627* Van der Meer, Jan, painter, born.\\n[1685. Dies.J\\n1628 Graat, Barnet, painter, b. [1709. D.]\\nHuygens. Christian, natural philosopher,\\nborn. [1695. Dies.]\\n1629* Tromp, Cornelius van, admiral,\\nborn. [1691. Dies.]\\n1630* Ginkd, Gudurd van, Earl of Athlow,\\ngeneral, born. [1703. Dies.]\\n1632 LiH-uwenhuek, Antonius van, nat-\\nuralist, bom. [1723. Dies.]\\nMaas, Nikolaas, painter, burn. [1693. Dies.]\\nSpinoza. Baruch. philos., b. [1677. Dies.]\\n1633* Baan, Jan van, portrait painter,\\nborn. [1702. Dies.]\\nLiniborch, Philippus, theol.,au.,b. [1712. D.]\\nVandervelde, Willem, the younger, uainter,\\nborn. [1707. Dies.]\\nMiens, Frans, painter, horn. [1681. Dies.]\\n1636 Wii/ius, Hermann, theologian, born.\\n[1708. Dies.]. _\\n1641 Coehorn, Menno van, Baron, en-\\ngineer, born. [1704. Dies.]\\nGraaf, Kegnier van, pbysiol., b. [1673. D.]\\nHeiiisins, Anltmiua, stales., b. [1720. Dies.]\\n1644 Weeninx, Jan, the younger, painter,\\nborn. [1719. Dies.]\\n1647* Goes, Jobann Antonides van der,\\npoet, born. [1684. Dies.]\\nVaart, Jan van der, painter, b. [1721. D.]\\n1649* Bentinck, William, Earl of Port-\\nland, statesman, born. [1709. Dies.]\\n1650* Bloeh, Joanna Koerten, artist, born.\\n[1715. Dies.]\\nWilliam III., William Henry of Nassau,\\nPrince of Orange, King of Eng., b. [1702. D.]\\nTasman, Abel, navigator, dies.\\n1654* Nieuwentvl, I .eiuardus, philosopher,\\nborn. [1718. Dies.]\\n1656* Eeckhout, painter, born. [1695. D.J\\n1657* Bvshraeck, 1 ietei, landscape painter,\\nborn. [1716. Dies.]\\n1659 Van der Werf, Adriaan, painter,\\nborn. [1722. Dies.]\\n1668* Boerhaave, Hermann, physician,\\nphilosopher, born. [1738. DieB.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1112.jp2"}, "1113": {"fulltext": "NETHERLANDS. 1600,* *-1795,May 9. 1101\\n1069* Albemarle, Karl of, Arnold van\\nKeppel, courtier, born. [1718. Dies.]\\n1682* Huysum, Jan van, painter, born.\\n[1749. Dies.]\\n1684 Effen, Justus van, litterateur, born.\\n[1735. Dies.]\\n1687* Hoogvliet, Arnold, poet, b. [1763. D.]\\n1688* Gravesande, Willem Jakob van S.,\\nphilosopher, born. [1742. Dies.]\\n1692* Musschenbroek, Pieter von, mathe-\\nmatician, born. [1761. Dies.]\\n1694* Feit inui, Sibrand,poet, b. [1758. D.]\\n1700* Swieten, Gerard van, physii-inn,\\nborn. [1772. Dies.]\\n1702 Chauffepie, Jacques George de,\\nclergyman, author, born. [1786. Dies.]\\n1713* *Haren, Willem van, poet, b.[1768. D.]\\n1720* Hemsterhuva, Frans, philosopher,\\nborn. [1790. Dies.]\\n1722* Camper, Pieter, anatomist, natural-\\nist, born. [1789. Dies.]\\n1724* Lennep, .Ian Daniel, linguist, critic,\\nborn. [1771. Dies.]\\n1738 Bekker, Elizabeth, novelist, poet,\\nborn. [1804. Dies.]\\nLannoy, BaroneBS of, Juliana Cornelia, poet,\\nborn. [1782. Dies.]\\n1741* Deken, Aagjen, au., b. [1804.\\n1748* Eynden, Roland van, artist, histo-\\nrian, born. [1819. Dies.]\\n1750 Marum, Martin van, physicist,\\nborn. [1837. Dies.]\\n1756* Bilderdijk (Bilderdyk), Willem,\\npoet, born. [1831. Dies.]\\n1757* Bellamy, Jacobus, poet,b. [1785. D.]\\n1760* Verhuel, Carel Hendrik, admiral,\\nborn. [1845. Dies.]\\n1765 Chasse, David Heindrick, baron, gen-\\neral, born. [1849. Dies.]\\n1767 Helmero, Jan Frederick, poet, born.\\n[1813. Dies.]\\n1770\u00c2\u00b1 Temininck, C. J,, naturalist, born.\\n[1858. Dies.]\\n1772 Aug. 24. William I., Frederick\\nWilhelm, king, born. [1843. Dies.]\\n1774* Lennep, David Jacob van, jurist,\\npoet, horn. [1853. Dies.]\\n1776 Kampen, Nikolaus Godfried van,\\nhistorian, born. [1839. Dies.]\\n1778* Bonaparte, Louie, king, born.\\n[1846. Dies.]\\n1784* Kessels, Matthias, sculptor, born.\\n[1836. Dies.]\\n1791 Aa, Christian Peter Robide van der,\\npoet, born. [1851. Dies.]\\n1792 Dec. 6. William H., king, born.\\n[1849, Mar. 17. Dies.]\\n1793 Eeckhout, Jacob J., painter, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1603 Arminius assails t\\nCalvinistic theology while professor of\\ntheology at Leyden. The upper classes\\nembrace Arminianism. The hulk of\\nthe clergy, peasantry, town populace,\\nand army, with. Maurice at their head,\\nsupport Calvinism vigorously.\\nJews are favored.\\n1607 An English Baptist Church\\nis formed by John Smyth. [The first\\nrecorded for fear of discovery their\\nmeetings have been held in private\\nhouses.]\\n1610* The Remonstrants (Armenians)\\nformulate their creed in five articles.\\n1610-19 Dissensions occur between\\nthe Arminian and Gomorist parties.\\n1618 The Synod of Dort favors the\\nCalvinists the persecution of Ar-\\nminians follows. [1621. They fly to\\nHolstein and elsewhere.]\\n1640 Cornelius Jansen, bishop of\\nYpres, intensifies controversy by the\\npublication of Augustinus he advocates\\nfree grace. [1642. It is condemned by\\nthe Pope.]\\n1708 The Jesuits are expelled.\\nLETTERS.\\n1609-21 Gafathea, the Maechdenplicht,\\nand Sinne en Minne Beelden, by Jakob\\nCats, appears.\\n1611 Roderickand Alphonsus, drama-\\ntized by Gerbrand Adriaanssen Bre-\\nderroo, appears. [1615\u00c2\u00b1, Farce of the\\ni^ow; 1618\u00c2\u00b1, Jerolimo, the Spanish Bra-\\nbanter.\\n1612 Fenwis the Boor, by Dr. Samuel\\nCoster, appears.\\n1620 Jerusalem laid Desolate, by\\nJoost van der Vondel, appears. [1625,\\nPalamedes, or Mun/cred Innocence; 1638,\\nJan. 3, The tragedy, (hishrvqht van Aems-\\nUlJ]\\n1621 Batava Tempe, by Sir Constan-\\ntijn Huygens, appears.\\n1625 Friesche Lustliof, by J a.n Janssen\\nStarter, appears.\\nOtiorum Libri Sex, by Huygens, ap-\\npears.\\n1637 Batavicin Arcadia, by Johan van\\nHeemskerk, appears.\\n1639 Rooselijus Cochjens Ontleed, by\\nJan Luiken, appears.\\n1641 Aaron and Titus, by Jan Vos,\\nappears. [1665, Medea.]\\n1647 Oogentroost, by Huygens, ap-\\npears.\\n1648 Johanna Cray, by Joachim Ou-\\ndaen, appears.\\n1654 The tragedy Bucifer, by Von-\\ndel, appears.\\n1671* Ijstroom, by Johan Antonides\\nvan der Goes, appears.\\n1675\u00c2\u00b1 Mirandos, by Nikolaes Hein-\\nsius, appears.\\n1677 The Art of Poetry Expounded,\\nby Andries Pels, appears.\\n1691-93 Betoverde Wereld, by Balthasar\\nBekker, appears.\\n1692-1708 Boekzaal van Europa is is-\\nsued. [Also 1715^18.]\\n1697-1702 Thesaurus Antiquitatum\\nGrsecorum, by J. Gronovius, appears.\\n17th Century. Masquer of the World, by\\nAdriaen Poirters, appears.\\n1710-48 BepublijJc der Geleerden is is-\\nsued.\\n1711-12 Misanthrope is issued.\\n1728 Falkener s Journal appears.\\n1731-35 Hollandsche Spectatoris issued.\\n1741* Gevallen van Friso, by Willem\\nvan Haren, appears.\\n1761 Vaderlandsche Letteroefeni7igen\\nis issued.\\n1780+ Letters on Divers Subjects, by\\nBetjen Wolff and Aagjen Deken, ap-\\npears.\\n1782 Sara Burgerhart, by the ladies\\nWolff and Deken, appears: [1785, Wil-\\nlem Leevend; 1792, Cornelia U ildschut.]\\n1783* Julia, by Rhijnvis Feith, ap-\\npears.\\n1786* Elias, by Willem Bilderdijk,\\nappears.\\n1788 A/gemeene Kumsi en Letterbode is\\nissued.\\n1792 The Grave, by Rhijnvis Feith,\\nappears.\\nSOCIETY MISCELLANEOUS.\\nJ.602 The Dutch East India Com-\\npany is formed. [1607. The Dutch are\\nthe leading traders of the world.]\\n1607 The Bank of Amsterdam is\\nfounded. [1635. Bank of Rotterdam.]\\n1619 May 13. Maurice stains his bril-\\nliant record by the infamous trial and\\nexecution of the illustrious statesman,\\nJan van Olden Barneveld, a Remon-\\nstrant, 70 years of age.\\n1648 The imposition of toll on the\\nMUnster greatly injures the trade of\\nAmsterdam.\\n1672 Aug. 20. John and Cornelius De\\nWitt are torn in pieces by a mob.\\n1699 Two-thirds of the population\\nof Leyden perish by fever.\\nSTATE.\\n1609 Apr. 9. Spain acknowledges the\\nindependence of the United Provinces,\\nand signs a truce (p. 541).\\n1616 Maurice favors the Calvinists,\\nand aims at kingly power. [1618. He\\nbecomes Prince of Orange. 1623. His\\ntyranny provokes a conspiracy 16 per-\\nsons are executed.]\\nE. Tnd. The Dutch rule is estab-\\nlished.\\n1625-47 Frederick Henry, a brother,\\nsucceeds Maurice.\\n1635 Holland enters an alliance with\\nFrance (p. 689).\\n1647-72 WiUiam II. becomes stad-\\nholder.\\n1648 Oct. 24. The independence, is\\nrecognized by Europe (pp. 541, 689).\\n17th Century. Period of greatest pros-\\nperity.\\n1651 Oct. 9. Eng. Anti-Dutch Navi-\\ngation Act passes (p. 889).\\n1653-58 Jan De Witt is grand pension-\\nary of Holland. [1658-63, 1663-68, Re-\\nelected.]\\n1654 Apr. 5. Peace with England.\\n1659 May 21. Treaty of The Hague.\\nEngland, France, and Holland unite in\\nan alliance to preserve the equilibrium\\nof the North.\\n1665 Eng. The Navigation Act is\\nrenewed against Dutch commerce war\\nfollows. [1665. Treaty of peace.]\\n1667 The Perpetual Edict is passed\\nit is averse to the House of Orange.\\n1668 Jan. 23. Triple alliance against\\nFrance (p. 691).\\n1672-1702 William III., Prince of\\nOrange, is stadholder.\\n[1677. He marries Mary of England,\\ndaughter of the Duke of York, later\\nJames II. 16S9-1702. He is King of\\nEngland.]\\n1686 July 9. Ger. League of Augs-\\nburg (p. 799). William III. heads the\\nauti-France movement.\\n1689-1702 The Netherlands are allied\\nwith England as a part of the realm of\\nWilliam III.\\n1697 Sept. 20. Peace of Kyswick\\n(p. 695).\\n1702-47 John Willialm, nephew of\\nWilliam III., is stadholder.\\n1713 Apr. 11. Peace of Utrecht;\\nthe Spanish Netherlands are united to\\nthe United Provinces (p. 697).\\n1715 Nov. 16. Barrier treaty (p. 543).\\nHolland is of small importance in\\nEuropean politics.\\n1747-61 William Henry is stadholder.\\n1748 Oct. 18. Peace of Aix-Ia-Cha-\\npelle (p. 515).\\n1793 Holland joins the first coali-\\ntion against France (p. 709).\\n1794-95 Frenchconquerorsrule(p.710).\\n1795-1806 The Netherlands are formed\\nby France into the Batavian Kepublic.\\n[1805. Apr. 26. The republic receives a\\nnew constitution.]\\n1795 May 9. Utrecht is annexed to\\nFrance.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1113.jp2"}, "1114": {"fulltext": "1102 1795, July *-1893, Jan. 20. NETHERLANDS.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1795 July* Luxemburg is surrendered\\nto the French, after a siege of seven\\nmonths. [1814. May Retaken by the\\nallies.]\\n1797 Oct. 11. Defeat at Camper-\\ndown (p. 928).\\n1799 Aug. 30. The British take the\\nDutch fleet (p. 928).\\nSept. 9. Sir Ralph Abercromby repulses\\nthe French under Brune at Zuyper\\nSlays. [Sept. 19. Allies defeated.] (P.\\n712.)\\n1804 July 28.-Dee. 23. The Wa-\\ntcheren British expedition against the\\nFrench. (Aug. It takes Flushing,\\nfails to take Antwerp, and retires.\\n1813 Nov, The Hague. Evacuated\\nby the French.\\n1830 Oct. 27. The Belgian troops en-\\nter Antwerp, and a dreadful conflict\\nensues with the Dutch garrison (p. 542).\\n1832 Dec. 4. The French bombard the\\ncitadel at Antwerp. [Dec. 23. It is\\nsurrendered by Gen. Chasse\\\\]\\n1838 Aug. 3. Holland declares war\\nwith Belgium.\\n1873 Apr.* -79 Mar. Sumatra. Suc-\\ncessful war with the Achinese. [1882.\\nA second war Dutch victorious.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1844\u00c2\u00b1 Gerard Andreas Mulder intro-\\nduces the term protein for the basis of\\nalbumen, tibrin, and casein.\\n1879 May 6. The Willem Barentz sails\\nfor arctic explorations.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1798* Da Costa, Izaak, poet, b. [1860. D.]\\nThorbecke, Jan Rudolph, states., b. [1872. D.]\\n1802 Lennep, Jacobus van, novelist, born.\\n[1868. Dies.]\\n1803* Koekkoek, Bernard Cornelius,\\npainter, born. [1862. Dies.]\\n1808* Pottfieter, Kwrliunl Johannes, poet,\\ncritic, born. [1875. Dies.]\\n1809* Hammerieli, Freilrrik lie der Adolf,\\nauthor, born. [1877. Dies.]\\n1811 Scholten, Johannes Heiulrik, clergy-\\nman, author, born. [1885. Dies.]\\n1812 Toussaint, Anna Luize Geertrinde.\\nnovelist, born. [1886. Dies.]\\n1817 Feb. 19. William UX, king, born.\\n[1890, Nov. 23. Dies.]\\n1821 Ppzoomer, Carolus Wilhelmus, phi-\\nlosopher, born. [1892, Aug. 23. Dies.]\\n1826 aland, Pieter, engineer, born.\\n1829* Genestet, Peter Anton de, poet, born.\\n[1861. Dies.]\\n1832* De Haas, Maurice F. H., painter,\\nborn. [1880. Dies.]\\n1877 June 3. Sophia, queen, dies.\\n1879 Jan. 13. Henry, prince, brother of\\nWilliam III., A58.\\n1880 Aug. 31. Wilhelmina, queen, born.\\n1797 The Netherlands Missionary Society\\nis organized at Rotterdam.\\n1815 The Netherlands Bible Society is or-\\n1839 The Christian Reformed Missionary\\nSociety is organized at Leyden.\\n1840* Amsterdam. The Mennonite Mis-\\nsionary Society is founded.\\n1853 Mar.* The Roman Catholic\\nhierarchy is reestablished.\\n1856 Pastor Witteveen founds the Ermelo\\nMissionary Society at Ermelo.\\n1859 The Utrecht Missionary Society is\\nfounded.\\nAmsterdam. The Dutch Reform Mission-\\nary Society is founded for the conversion of\\nthe Jews in heathen countries.\\n1861 Amsterdam. The Netherland So-\\nciety of Israel is formed by a union of two\\nsocieties in Amsterdam and The Hague.\\n1875 The Christian Reformed Mission\\namong the Jews is founded by the Free\\nChurch of Holland.\\n1891 July 24. Amsterdam. A memo-\\nrial tablet in honor of the Pastor John\\nRobinson, of the Pilgrim Fathers, is\\nunveiled in St. Peter s Church.\\nAug. 12. Amsterdam. The 12th Inter-\\nnational Convention of the Young\\nMen s Christian Association opens\\nwith 300 delegates.\\nLETTERS.\\n1800\u00c2\u00b1 Charlotte van Bourbon, by\\nAdriaan Loosjes, appears.\\n1803 Becensent is issued.\\n1807 The Disease of the Learned, by\\nBilderdijk, appears.\\n1812 The Dutch Nation, by Helmero,\\nappears.\\n1816 Gedenkschrift van Nederlands\\nHerstelling by Johannes Henricus van\\nder Palm, appears.\\n1818 July 11. The use of the French\\nlanguage in judicial proceedings is abol-\\nished with a proviso.\\n1819 A Winter in Nova Zembla, by\\nHendri Tollens, appears.\\n1820 Ondergang der eerste Wereld, by\\nBilderdijk, appears.\\nPoems, by Antoni Christian Winand\\nStaring, appears.\\n1835 Jochebed, by Adrianus Bogaers,\\nis printed. (It had been in existence for\\nmore than thirteen years.)\\nNederlandsch Museum is issued.\\n1836 Voyage of Heemskerk to Gibral-\\ntar, by Adrianus Bogaers, appears. [1846.\\nRomances and Ballads.]\\nCamera Obscura, by Nicolaes Beets,\\nappears.\\n1837 The Gids is issued.\\n1840 Truth and Dreams, by Johannes\\nPieter Hasebreek, appears.\\n1848 Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch\\nIndie is issued.\\n1855 Nederlandsch Spectator is is-\\nsued.\\n1857 The Tijdstroom is issued.\\n1867 Theologisch Tijdschrift is issued.\\n1877 Amsterdam. A new university\\nis opened.\\n1889 Dec. 6. Free State education\\nis abolished except for paupers grants\\nin aid of denominational schoola substi-\\ntute free schools.\\nSOCIETY MISCELLANEOUS.\\n1815+ The Society of Beneficence for\\ncolonizing indigent people is unsuc-\\ncessful.\\n1825 The North Holland canal, con-\\nnecting Amsterdam and the Helder, is\\nopened; length 51 miles.\\n1849-51 Haarlam Lake is drained.\\n1854* Amsterdam. A society is formed\\nfor advancing the welfare of working-\\npeople.\\n1859 Free and penal colonies are\\nformed\\n1865+ *A canal is dug connecting\\nAmsterdam with the North Sea. [1876.\\nNov. 1. Opened.]\\n1873 Sept. 8. A new port at Flush-\\ning is opened.\\n1879 Jan. 23. The 300th anniver-\\nsary of the union of the Seven United\\nProvinces is celebrated at Utrecht.\\n1883 May 1. Amsterdam. An inter-\\nnational exhibition is opened.\\n1889 Sept. Bock laborers at Rotter-\\ndam strike. [Oct. 2. Compromised.]\\n1892 Aug. 4. The canal connecting\\nAmsterdam and tbe Rhine is opened.\\nSept. 26. Tlie Hague. Cholera appears.\\n1S93 Jan. 20. Amsterdam. The un-\\nemployed become riotous.\\nSTATE.\\n1806 June 5. Holland is made a king-\\ndom under the rule of Louis Bona-\\nparte. [1810. July 1. Abdicates.]\\n1810 Apr. 9. Annexed to France\\n(p. 543). [1813. Nov. 17. Restored to\\nthe House of Orange.]\\n1815 Mar. 23. Holland and Belgium\\nunited to form the kingdom of The\\nNetherlands (p. 543). [Dec. 6. Luxem-\\nburg annexed. 1830. Part given to Bel-\\ngium.]\\n1815-40 William I. is king.\\n1830 Oct. 4. Revolution: Belgium\\nseparates (p. 542, 543).\\n1831 June 18. William [III.] weds So-\\nphia of Wiirtemberg.\\n1839 Apr. 19. Treaty with Belgium\\nsigned (p. 545).\\n1840-49 William II. reigns.\\n1848 Apr. 17. William grants a con-\\nstitution.\\n1849-89 WiUiam III. reigns. [1879.\\nJan. 7. Weds Emma of Waldeck-Pyr-\\nmont.]\\n1853 Sept. 8. The Lower Chamber en-\\nacts religious liberty. Vote, 22-16.\\n1863 May. 12. A treaty is signed for\\ncapitalizing the Scheldt dues.\\n1867 May 7+. Luxemburg Confer-\\nence (p. 971).\\n1870 Capital punishment is abol-\\nished.\\n1871 July 7. The Chambers vote to\\ncede Dutch possession in Guinea to\\nGreat Britain.\\n1875 Aug. A new penal code is pro-\\nmulgated.\\n1887 Nov. 30. The revised constitu-\\ntion is promulgated.\\n1889 Mar. 25. The queen becomes\\ntemporary regent, the king being inca-\\npacitated. [Apr. 3. The regency is es-\\ntablished by the Parliament. May 5.\\nThe king resumes the government.]\\n1889+* Wilhelmina, daughter of\\nWilliam III., reigns.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1114.jp2"}, "1115": {"fulltext": "NEWFOUNDLAND. 1347, 18 9 3, Dec. 10. 1103\\nNewfoundland is a large island in the Atlantic Ocean, nearly opposite the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. It is a crown\\ncolony of Great Britain capital, St. John s. The government is conducted l y a governor, Executive Council, Legislative Coun-\\ncil, and a House of Assembly. Area, 42,200\u00c2\u00b1 square miles population, in 1891, 197,934.\\n1347 Norwegian sailors arrive (p. 12).\\n1497 June 25. John Cabot arrives in\\nthe harbor of St. John s (p. 14).\\n1500\u00c2\u00b1 Cod-fishing begins.\\n1577 The fisheries have become im-\\nportant to the Catholic countries of Eu-\\nrope hundreds of fishing-vessels arrive.\\n1616 Lord Baltimore plants a col-\\nony on the southern peninsula. [He is\\ndriven away by the French.]\\n1621 The English make the first im-\\nportant settlement under Sir George\\nCalvert in Avalon. [1633. It is removed\\nto Maryland.]\\nKing Charles makes a grant to Sir\\nDavid Kirke, who establishes himself\\non the island.\\n1625 Pish are taken in great quan-\\ntities to the markets of Spain, Portugal,\\nand Italy. [1674. Nearly 11,000 English\\nseamen are employed.]\\n1697 Peace of Ryswick the French\\nare to occupy certain parts of the coast,\\nwith Placentia for a capital (p. 695).\\n1702 The French possess almost the\\nentire island.\\n1713* Treaty of Utrecht; the island\\ngoes to England (p. 59).\\n1832 Representative government\\nby a legislature is granted by the crown.\\n[1855. Responsible government estab-\\nlished. 1894. Still in force.]\\n1852* *The Newfoundland Electric\\nTelegraph Company is chartered. [1858.\\nAug. 5. Atlantic Cable laid (p. 185).]\\n1857 Jan. 14. French fishery privi-\\nleges are exchanged for others. [Much\\ndissatisfaction follows.]\\n1869 Newfoundland declines to enter\\nthe union with Canada.\\n1870 Sir Stephen J. Hill is governor.\\n[1883. Sir John H. Glover. 1886. Sir\\nG. Wm. des Voeux.]\\n1877 Jan. 13. Nets of United States\\nfishermen are fixed at Fortune Bay,\\ncontrary to local regulations, and forci-\\nbly removed. [An international dispute\\nfollows. \u00c2\u00a315,000 compensation awarded\\nby arbitrators.]\\nNov. 23. Halifax Fishery Commis-\\nsion award (p. 297+).\\n1882 Sept. 9. The French flag is run\\nup at Cumberland Stage.\\n1886 Feb.* The long dispute with\\nFrance respecting the fisheries is set-\\ntled. [1SS8. Again revived.]\\n1889 Jan. 25. Claims for damages are\\npresented to the Government because of\\ndamage done to nets in St. George Bay\\nby the French.\\nMar. 4. American fishermen are de-\\nnied the right to buy bait.\\n1890 Apr. 28. The Bait Law vexes\\nAmerican fishermen on the Banks.\\nMay 29\u00c2\u00b1. French marines land, and\\ndestroy nets the people refuse to pay\\ntaxes without protection.\\n1891 Mar. 12. A new modus vivendi is\\ndecided on for Newfoundland.\\nApr. 20. The enforcement of the Bait\\nLaw provokes a riot at Fortune Bay.\\nDec. 9. Retaliation duties are levied\\non Canadian goods.\\n1892 July 8. St. John s is nearly de-\\nstroyed by fire loss, $20,000,000+. [The\\nBritish Government bestows \u00c2\u00a314,400 to\\nsufferers.]\\n1893 Dec. 10. A financial crisis oc-\\ncurs at St. John s. [Great destitution.]\\nNEW ZEALAND.\\nNew Zealand is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, the largest two being North Island and South Island. It is a Brit-\\nish colony of nine provincial districts, with Wellington for a capital. The government is conducted by a crown governor and\\na General Assembly of two houses, the Legislative Council and the House of Representatives. Area, 104,471 square miles popu-\\nlation in 1891, 668,651, including 41,993 natives.\\n1642 Dec. Discovered by Abel Jans-\\nzen Tasman, a Dutch navigator, and\\nnamed Van Diemen s Land.\\n1814 A missionary settlement is\\nmade. [1822. Wesleyan mission opened.]\\n1839* Eng. The New Zealand Com-\\npany is organized it founds a settle-\\nat Wellington.\\n1840 Auckland is founded. [Later\\nit has a college and a cathedral. 1841.\\nNelson is founded also New Plymouth.\\n1848. Otago. 1850. Canterbury.]\\n1852 Representative government\\nis established.\\n1893 Sept. 8. The Legislative Council\\npasses a bill granting the franchise to\\nwomen.\\n1894 Oct. 28. The steamer Wairarapu\\nis wrecked on the coast 134 lives\\nare lost. [Nov. 1. Another wreck 78\\nlives lost.\\nNICARAGUA.\\nNicaragua is one of the Central American States capital, Managua. The chief executive authority is lodged with a presi-\\ndent elected for nine years, and the legislative authority with a Congress of two houses estimated area, 40,000 square miles\\nestimated population in 1894, 360,000.\\n1502* Columbus views the coast.\\n[1521-22. Gil Gonzalez Davila first ex-\\nplores the country from the Pacific\\ncoast.]\\n1524-25 Francisco Hernandez de Cor-\\ndova founds Granada. [The country\\nbecomes a province of Guatemala dur-\\ning the Spanish colonial history.]\\n1550 A revolt against Spain fails.\\n1610* *Leon is founded. [Later, a\\ncathedral city. 1685. Sacked by William\\nDampier, the English freebooter.]\\n1821 Sept. 21. A declaration of in-\\ndependence is issued.\\n1824-39 A State of the Central Amer-\\nican Federation.\\n1826 A ship canal route is partly\\nsurveyed. [1837-38. Again. 1872-73.\\nAgain, by the U. S. Government.]\\n1840-94 Period of Revolutions.\\n.1847 Dec. Great Britain seizes San\\nJuan del Norte, the only seaport on the\\nAtlantic coast. [1848. Jan. The Brit-\\nish guard at San Juan are dispersed\\nrestored by war-vessels.]\\n1847-48 Boundary dispute with Great\\nBritain.\\n1848 Moravian missionaries arrive.\\n[1849. Mission at Bluefields 1853, atMag-\\ndala 1860, at Ephrata 1889, at Kama.]\\n1849 Concessions made to Americans\\nfor the construction of a ship canal.\\n[1880. Again. 1858. To a Frenchman.]\\n1850 Apr. The United States and\\nGreat Britain mutually agree not to\\nenter or interfere in Central America.\\n1855 The country is divided chiefly\\nby two parties, who engage in civil war.\\n[the democrats invite the aid of William\\nWalker (American filibuster). Oct. 13.\\nHe takes Granada. 1856. July* Forced\\nout; he burns the city. 1857. May 1.\\nThe united armies of the Confederated\\nStates of Central America drive Walker\\nout of the country.]\\n1856 Feb. 10. President Rivas decrees\\nthe annexation of the entire Mosquito\\nCoast. (Claimed by Great Britain.)\\nJuly Dissensions enable Walker to se-\\ncure his election as president.\\n1858 May 1. Nicaragua and Porto\\nRico appeal to Europe for protection.\\n1859 T. Martinez is elected president.\\n[1863. Reelected. 1867, Mar. 1, Fer-\\nnando Guzman 1871, Feb. 1, Vincenti\\nQuadra; 1875, Feb. 1, Pedro Joaquin\\nChamorro 1879, Mar. 1, Joaquin Zavala;\\n1883, Jan.* Dr. Adam Cardenas; 1886,\\nDec. 16, Sefior Carazo 1889, Dr. Roberto\\nSacaza ad interim; 1890, Nov. Again.]\\n1860 England cedes the protectorate\\nof the Mosquito Coast to Nicaragua,\\nwhich agrees to pay \u00c2\u00a31,000 yearly for\\nten years to its chief. [1864. Refuses\\nto recognize the succeeding chief.]\\n1885 A. G. Menocal surveys a ship-\\ncanal route connecting the two oceans,\\nfor the United States Government.\\n1887 Concessions for 100 years are\\ngranted to the Nicaragua Canal Com-\\npany. [Transferred to the Maritime\\nCanal Company.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1115.jp2"}, "1116": {"fulltext": "1104 1889, May 4-1894, July 5. NICARAGUA.\\n1889 May 4. The Maritime Canal\\nCompany is organized U. S. A.). Route\\nselected, length 169 miles (excavations\\n27 miles). [1889. June 3. Work begun.\\n1892. Dec. 3. Stopped by exhaustion of\\nfunds. 1893. Aug. 30. The Maritime\\nConstruction Company passes into the\\nhands of a receiver.]\\n1892 Feb. 23. A perpetual charter is\\ngranted to the Louisiana Lottery Com-\\npany.\\n1893 May President Sacaza is over-\\nthrown by revolutionists. [May 31.\\nHe signs a treaty of peace. A provis-\\nional government assumes office at\\nManagua. Aug. 23. Sacaza arrests and\\nexiles his prominent opponents rioting\\nfollows.]\\n1894 Feb. 24. Honduras is surren-\\ndered to Nicaragua troops.\\nJuly 5. Mosquito chiefs revolt and cap-\\nture Bluefields. [July 10. Chief Clar-\\nence proclaimed. Nov. 2S. Andrew\\nHendy elected.]\\nNORWAY.\\nNorway is a country of northwestern Europe capital, Christiania. The government is a limited monarchy; and it is united\\nwith Sweden under one king and diplomatic authority, but with its own parliament, or Storthing. The popular language is Norwe-\\ngian, and the state religion is Lutheran. Area, 124,495 square miles population in 1891, 2,001,000+.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n872 Harold I. defeats his enemies in\\na sea-fight at Hafsfiord. [He subdues\\nthe petty kings and their freebooting\\nexpeditions many migrate to Iceland\\nand Normandy.]\\n1000 Olaf the Lap, defeats Olaf,\\nKing of Sweden, in the battle of Svold.\\n1028* Canute II., King of England,\\nconquers Norway.\\n1060 Enq. Harold LTI., Hardrada,\\ninvades England (p. 846).\\n1096-1103 Magnus m. invades the\\nOrkneys, Scotland, and Ireland killed\\nbefore Dublin.\\n1136 Civil war.\\n1186 Magnus V. is defeated by Swer-\\nro, an adventurer.\\n1261 Scot. Hakon I. invades Scot-\\nland. [Killed.]\\n1814 July 16. Swedes invade Nor-\\nway.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n863 Halfdan, king, drowned.\\n934 Harold Harfager, king, dies.\\n963* Hakim the (Jootl, king, dies.\\n977 Harold II., king, dies.\\n1000 Olaf I., king, slain in battle.\\n1030* Olaf II., king, slain in battle.\\n1047 Magnus I., king, dies.\\n1202 Swerro, adventurer, dies.\\n1263 Hakon v., king, dies.\\n1280* Magnus VII., king, dies.\\n1622 Adelaar, Curt Sivertften, naval com-\\nmander, born. [1675. Dies.]\\n1756* Pram, Christian Henriksen, jour-\\nnalist, poet, born. [1821. Dies.]\\n1784* Hansteen, Cliriwtofler, astronomer,\\nborn. [1873. Dies.]\\n1800* Lassen, Christian, orientalist, born.\\n[1876. Dies.]\\n1802 i Abel, II if Is Ilenrik, mathematician,\\nborn. [1829. Died.]\\n1805* Sars, Michel, zoologist, h. [1869. D.]\\n1808* Wergeland, Henrik Arnold, poet,\\nborn. [1845. Dies.]\\n1810* Hull, Ole P.ornemann, violinist,\\ncomposer, born. [1880. Dies.]\\nMunch, Peder Andreas, hist., b. [1863. D.]\\n1813 AaBen, Ivar Andreas, botanist, poet,\\nMoe, .lorgen, poet, bishop, b. [1882. Dies.]\\n1814* Colbun, Marie, novelist, poet, born.\\n1832 Iijornson, P.jornstjern, author, b.\\nNordenskjbld, Baron Nils Adolph Erik,\\narctic explorer, born.\\n1834 Dietricbson, Lorentz H. S., poet, b.\\n1841 .lanson, Krist offer N., poet, au., b.\\n1861 Nansen, Fridtjot, artie explorer, b.\\nLETTERS.\\n1643 The first book printed in Nor-\\nway is an almanac, by Tyge Neilsen, a\\nwandering printer.\\n1651 Cliristianiae Stads Beskrifuelse,\\nby Stephensen Bang, appears.\\n1656 A small glossary or gtosebog of\\nthe local dialects, by Christen Jensen,\\n1679 Presbyterologia Norwegica, by\\nGerhard Milzow, appears.\\n1719 Norriges Kongers Historic, by\\nJonas Ramus, appears. [1735, Norriges\\nBeskrivelse.]\\n1760-61 Ugentlige korte Afhandlinger is\\nissued.\\n1762 Maanedlige Afhandlinger is is-\\nsued.\\n1763 Intelligentssedler is issued at\\nChristiania.\\n1765 Adressecontors Efterretniger is\\nissued at Bergen.\\n1767 Beskrivelse over Finwarkens\\nLapper, by Knud Leem, appears.\\n1772 The Norwegian poets in Copen-\\nhagen organize a Norske Selskah, and\\ninfluence Danish letters to a large\\ndegree.\\n1807-10 Politik og Historic is issued.\\n1811 The University of Christiania\\nis founded.\\n1813 Smaadigte, one of the first pub-\\nlications of liberated Norway, by the\\nTrefoils, Bjerregaard, Hansen, and\\nSchwach, appears.\\n1816 Poems, by Mauritz Christopher\\nHansen, appears. [1S19, Ottar de Bre-\\ntagne.]\\n1816-20 Saga is issued.\\n1817-21 Den Norsk Tilshneris issued at\\nBergen.\\n1819 The Morgenblad is issued.\\n1821-27 Hermoder is issued.\\n1822-23 Iduna is issued.\\n1828 Sinclair s Heath, by Henrik\\nArnold Wergeland, appears. [1829,\\nA volume of lyrical a nil patriotic poems\\n1830, Skabelsen, Memieskrt oq Mesias\\n1837, Campbellem (The Campbells) 1840,\\nJan Van Haysums lihmisterstykke; 1841,\\nSvalen; 1842, Joden 1843. Venettanernc\\n1844, Jodinden and Hen Engelske Lods.]\\nFjeldeventyret^hy Henrik Anker Bjer-\\nregaard, appears.\\n1832 Henrik Wergeland s Poetry, by\\nJohann S. C. Welhaven, appears. [1834,\\nNorges Dmmring 1854, Hot berg 18G3,\\nEcdld and the Norwegian.]\\n1832-34 Vidar is issued.\\n1835 Skilling Magazin is issued.\\n1837 Kong Srerres Ungdom, by An-\\ndreas Munch, appears. [1S4S, Poems New\\nand Old; 1854, Sohunon de Cans; 1857,\\nLord William Russell 1861, Kongedat-\\ntereus Brudefort.]\\n1838 Nor, by Peter Christen Asbjorn-\\nsen, appears. [1842, Norsk? Fol ke event yr\\n1845, Huldreeventyr.]\\n1847-55 Norsk Tidsslvift for Videnskab\\nog Litteratur is issued.\\n1850 Catilina, by Henrik Ibsen, ap-\\npears (his first tragedy). [1856, Gildet\\npaa Solhauq 1857, Fru Tnger til 6s-\\ntraat 1S5S. Ihermsi iidt-nvpaa Helge/and\\n1862, Kjierfiqhedrvs h omt di 1863, Knngs-\\nFmnerne; 1866, Brand 1S67, Peer Gynt\\n1869, He Unges Forbund; 1871, Lyrical\\nPoems; 1873, Kejser q Galileeer; 1877,\\nSam fund, Is Sloth -r 1ST!), El Dukkehji-m\\n1881, Gjengangere 1883, En Folkejiende.]\\n1850-53 Poems, by Jb rgen Moe, appear.\\n1851-66 Illuslreret Ny hedsbl ad is issued.\\n1852 En Fjeldbygd (A Mountain Par-\\nish), by Nicolai Kamm Ostgaard, appears.\\n1853 Norske Folkeviser, or Norwegian\\nfolk-songs, by Magnus Brostrup Land-\\nstadt, appears.\\n1855 Amtmandens Dbttre {The Gov-\\nernor s Daughters), by Jacobine Camilla\\nCollet, appears.\\nTidsnorn erne by Henrik Hermann\\nFoss, appears (The Noras of the Age).\\n1856-60 Norsk Maanedsskrift is issued.\\n1857 Eii Erindr ing, by Peter Andreas\\nJensen, appears.\\nSynnove Solbakken, by Bjornstjern\\nBjornson, appears. [1358, Ante and\\nHalle Hulda 1859, Mel Inn Slaqene; 1861,\\nKonq S verve 1862. Sigurd S/e mbe 1863,\\nMaria Stuart i Skat/and; 1865, He Ay-\\ngifte; 1868, Fiskerjenten 1873, Brudes-\\nt da-ten and Siqurd dorsal far 1875, He-\\ndaktoren and En Fall it) 1877, Kongen\\nand Maqnhild 1879, fh-t Nye System and\\nLeonardo; 1883, Over uEvnes and En\\nHanske.)\\n1865* Fraa Byqdmn, bv Kristoffer\\nJanson, appears. [1867,./ m Arason; 1872,\\nTorgriw 1875, Era Dansketide; 1878,\\nHan og Ho 1879, En Kvindeskjebne and\\nAustavfyer Sol og Vestanfyre Maane.]\\n1866 Storequt (Big Lad), by Aasmund\\nOlafsen Vinje, appears.\\nNorden is issued.\\n1870 Hen Fremsynte, by Jonas Lie,\\nappears. [1872, Tniiuistereh Fremtiden;\\n1874, Losdm oq lions I/uslru; 187S,77n)m 73\\nJioss; 1879, Adam Schroder; 1880, Rut-\\nland 1883, Livs-Slaven.]\\n1879 Garman og Norse, by Alexander\\nKielland, appears. [1880, Arbeidsfolk.]\\nSTATE.\\nPetty kings rule.\\n630+ Olaf Trselilia, the last of the\\npontifical kings of the race of Odin,\\ndriven out of Sweden, settles with others\\nin Vermeland. [640. Killed by his peo-\\nple.]\\n640-700 Halfdan I. reigns. [730-784.\\nHalfdan II; 7*4-824, Gudrod; 824, Geir-\\nstade and Halfdan III. 866-930, Harold\\nI-]\\n863-t The chiefs successfully revolt\\nduring the youth of Harold I. [Sub-\\ndued.]\\n872 Harold I. consolidates his king-\\ndom. [8S5. Makes conquests. (See\\nArmy.) 930. He divides his kingdom\\namong his sons, making the oldest, Eric\\nBlodoxe, overlord.]\\n934-940 Eric I., son of Harold I. reigns.\\n[940-963, Hakon the Good; 963-977, Har-\\nold II., Graafeld.]\\n977* *Hakon Jarl governs several\\nprovinces by the appointment of Harold", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1116.jp2"}, "1117": {"fulltext": "NORWAY.\\n630, *-1893, Apr. 30. 1105\\n995-1000 Olaf Trygvesson reigns.\\n1000 Norway is divided among the\\nvictors of the battle of Svold.\\n1015-30 Olaf the Saint rules he con-\\nsolidates the kingdom. [1030. Returns\\nfrom exile killed in battle.]\\n1035+-46 Magnus I. reigns. [1046-66,\\nHarold III., Hardrada; 1060-69, Harold s\\ntwo sons. Olaf III., the Quiet, and Mag-\\nnus II.; 1069-93, Olaf III, alone; 1093-\\n1103, Magnus III., Harford 1103-22, Mag-\\nnus three sons, Sigurd I., Eystein 11.,\\nand Olaf IV.; 1122-30, Sigurd alone;\\n1130-34, Magnus IV. and Harold IV.]\\n1103 Gr. Brit. Magnus HE. makes\\nconquests.\\n1134* Magnus IV. is dethroned.\\n[1136. Harold IV. is murdered.]\\n1136-62 Sigurd and other sons of Har-\\nold reign, and fight each other, besides\\npretenders and other competitors.\\n1162-86 Magnus V., son of Erling\\nSkakke, makes pledges to the church,\\nand is crowned by an archbishop.\\n1186-1202 Magnus V. is overthrown by\\nSwerro, an adventurer, who succeeds\\nhim. [1202-04, Hakon III. 1204-05, Guth-\\nrum 1205-07, Inge II. 1207-63, Hakon\\nIV. 1263-80. Magnus VI. 1280-99. Eric II.\\nfather of the Maid of Norway. 1299-1319,\\nHakon V. He abolishes the Lendermenn,\\nand establishes the Storthing at Bergen.\\n1319-43, Magnus VII. (III. of Sweden)\\n1343-80, Hakon VI. 13S0-87, Olaf V.\\n(II., of Denmark).]\\n1286 Eric II. marries Margaret of\\nScotland (p. 855).\\n1397-1524 Union of Sweden, Norway,\\nand Denmark.\\n1397 July 20. An assembly at Calmar\\nunites three kingdoms (p. 637).\\n1448-50 Sweden and Norway separated\\nfrom Denmark.\\n1468* *The Orkney and Shetland\\nIslands pass to the Scottish crown.\\n1523-1814 Denmark and Norway\\nunited; Sweden separated.\\n1624* Christian IV- founds Chris-\\ntiania as the capital.\\n1814 Jan. 14. Norway is ceded to\\nSweden (p. 639). [May. 17. Norwegians\\ndeclare their independence. Oct.* Claim\\nabandoned.] (For rulers, see Sweden.)\\n1S21 The nobility is abolished.\\n1847 King Oscar I. founds the order\\nof St. Olaf.\\n1883 June* CJrrisfiania. The Storthing\\nimpeaches Christian Selmer and ten\\nother Ministers for advising the king to\\nveto a reform bill for Ministerial re-\\nsponsibility. [Tried and condemned.]\\n1884 Mar. 19. The Crown Prince of\\nSweden is appointed viceroy.\\n1891 Feb. 25. Christiania. The majority\\nof the Storthing demands the control of\\nNorwegian foreign affairs. [1893. Mar. 17.\\nIt passes a resolution asserting the right of\\nNorway to a separate consular service\\nabroad, and complete autonomy at home.\\nVote 64-50.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n998* Olaf establishes Christianity by\\nforce. He makes it unsafe to be pagans.\\n1018-21 Olaf H., the Saint, promotes\\nChristianity in Norway and Iceland.\\n1152* Nicholas Hr -:ikspeare [Pope Adrian\\nIV-3 arrives from Koine, and founds the\\nbishopric of Drontheiin.\\n1530 The tirst sawmill is erected.\\n1816 The Norwegian Bible Society is or-\\nganized. [T\u00c2\u00ab28. The Stavenger Bible So\\nciety. 1842. Aug. 8. Norwegian Mission So-\\nciety by consolidation, IBIJ4. Aug. 31. Sea\\nmen Society. 1876. Methodist Kpiscopa;\\nConference (U. S. A.). 1890. The Pentecost\\nBand opens a mission. J\\n1842 Christiania. The Storthing en-\\nacts a law prohibiting the manufacture,\\nsale, or importation of distilled liquors.\\n[1848. It passes a virtual license law.\\n1871. It adopts the Bolag or Sarnlag\\nsystem of license, eliminating personal\\ngain from the liquor-traffic]\\n1853 July 4. The first railroad is\\nopened it extends to Copenhagen.\\n1872 Apr.* An Arctic expedition\\nsails under Prof. Nordenskjold. [1873.\\nReturns. 1879. Sept. 2. He arrives at Yo-\\nkohoma, having accomplished the north-\\neast passage. 1893. rJ une 24. Fridtjof Nan-\\nsen s arctic expedition sails in theJFram\\n(enters the drift ice hoping to drift across\\nthe Pole and arrive at Greenland).]\\nJuly 18. The millenial anniversary\\nof the establishment of the kingdom is\\nobserved.\\n1890 Christiania. A fire destroj S\\nproperty valued at $3,500,000.\\n1893 Jan. 28. A fishing fleet is\\nwrecked off the Lofoden Isles 130 lives\\nare lost.\\nApr. 30. The viking ship for the\\nWorld s Fair sails from Bergen. [June\\n17. Arrives at New York.]\\nORANGE FREE STATE.\\nObajtoe Free State is a South African republic; capital, Bloemfontein. The executive is a president, and the legislature\\nis called the Volksraad. Area, 4S.325 square miles j population in 1890, 207,503, more than half of whom are whites.\\n1824 Nomad farmers from Cape Col-\\nony cross the Orange River, seeking pas-\\nturage for their flocks.\\n1834* The Berlin Missionary Society\\nopens a mission at Bethany. [1845, at\\nPniel. at Adamshoop, founded by\\nthe wealthy son of aislave.]\\n1835-36 Large bodies of Dutch Boer\\nemigrants arrive from Cape Colony,\\nwhich they leave to escape British con-\\ntrol. They form a rude.republican gov-\\nernment.\\nThe Boers collide with the Cape\\nColony authorities by attempting to dic-\\ntate to the Griquas, who claim British\\nprotection.\\n1837* *The Paris Evangelical Mission-\\nary Society opens a mission at Thaba-\\nBosiou. [1857. At Leribe. 1883. At\\nMafube. At Smithfield.]\\n1841 A Paris missionary opens amis-\\nsion at Mamusa. [Later adopted by the\\nLondon Society.]\\n1845 Sir P. Maitland, Governor of\\nCape Colony, assists the Griquas with\\nan armed force.\\nA British resident is appointed to\\nprotect the wards of Great Britain.\\n1S48 Feb. 3. Governor Sir H. Smith\\nof Cape Colony visits this territory, and\\nproclaims the authority of Great Brit-\\nain over it.\\n*The Boers, led by Pretorius, re-\\nsent the British claim of authority, rise\\nagainst the magistrates, and drive them\\nout of the country.\\n1851 Mar.* A British force under\\nSir H. Smith defeats the Boers at Boom-\\nplaats, reestablishes British authority,\\nand annexes the territory to England as\\nthe Orange River Territory.\\n1852 The British Governor Cathcart\\npunishes the Basutos for outrages com-\\nmitted. [Battle of Berea; the Basutos\\nsurrender.]\\n1854 Jan. 30. The British agree to\\nabandon the territory on condition that\\nslavery be abolished. [Mar. 29. The au-\\nthority is transferred to a provisional\\ngovernment.]\\nMar.\u00c2\u00b1 A free state is formed, having\\na Volksraad for making laws, and a gov-\\nernor as chief executive. [Apr. 10. Con-\\nstitution proclaimed. 1866. It is revised.\\n1879. Again revised.]\\nThe Society for the Propagation of\\nthe Gospel opens a mission at Thlotse\\nHeights. Also at Bloemfontein.\\n1863 Sir John Henry Brand is elected\\npresident. [1888. July 14. Dies.]\\n1868 Disputes with Great Britain re-\\nspecting the diamond fields.\\n1875 *The German Lutherans open a\\nmission at Bloemfontein.\\n1880 Mar. 13. The Republic enters a\\ndefensive treaty with the South African\\nRepublic. [May 25. Ratified.]\\n1889 Jan. 11. F. W. Reitz is inaugu-\\nrated president. [1893. Reelected.]\\nPARAGUAY.\\nParaguay is a republic of the interior of South America capital, Asuncion. The executive government is lodged with a\\npresident quadrennially elected, and the legislative power with a Congress having two houses. Language Spanish, or a corrupted\\nnative dialect religion chiefly Roman Catholic. Area, 92,000+ square miles population in 18S6, 329,645 (perhaps greater), besides\\n100,000+ Indians.\\n1528 Discovered by Sebastian Cabot.\\n[1535. Conquered by Alvarez NuSez.\\n1536. Settled bv Spain. 1537. Asuncion\\nfounded (p. 21).]\\n1540-60 The Franciscans, Armenta, Le-\\nbron, Solano [the Apostle of Paraguay\\nand Bolanos, introduce Christianity.\\n[1605. Jesuits arrive (p. 26). 1608. Jes-\\nuit missionaries arrive.]\\n1620 [Buenos Ayres] is separated.\\n1629 Spaniards become slave raiders\\n(P. 32).\\n1735 The anti-Jesuits and quasi-na-\\ntional party is crushed.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1117.jp2"}, "1118": {"fulltext": "1106 1750,**-1891, Oct. 22.\\nPARAGUAY.\\n1750 Ferdinand VI. cedes a large\\ntract to the Portuguese in exchange for\\nColinia del Sacramento. [1761. Treaty\\nrevoked.]\\nThe Jesuits resist the transfer of\\ntheir reductions they are finally de-\\nfeated, after several engagements, by the\\ncombined Spanish and Portuguese forces.\\n[1767. The Jesuits are expelled.]\\n1776 Rio-de-la-Plata is erected into\\na vice-royalty, with its jurisdiction ex-\\ntending over Paraguay.\\n1811 Independence is declared.\\n1813^0 Dr. Jose G. R. Francia is elected\\ndictator. [1S40-62. Carlos A. Lopez.\\n1862-70. F. L. Lopez.]\\n1814* Foreigners are excluded. [1844.\\nTolerated.]\\nThe Methodist Episcopal Church\\n(U. S. A.) opens a mission in Asunsion.\\n1864-70 War with Brazil. It impov-\\nerishes and nearly ruins the nation (p.\\n556).\\n1869 Aug. 17. A provisional govern-\\nment is formed. Gen. Lopez is pro-\\nclaimed an outlaw.\\n1870 June 20. Peace is signed with\\nBrazil and Argentine Republic.\\n1871 Dec. 12. Salvador Jovellanos is\\nelected president for three years.\\n1872 A treaty of peace $200,000 in-\\ndemnity is to be paid Brazil $35,000 to\\nArgentine $1,000,000 to Uruguay the\\ndebt averages $680 to each person in P*-\\nraguay.\\n1873 An attempted English colony\\nfails.\\n1874 Nov. 25. Juan Bautista Gill is\\nelected president. [1877, Apr. 12, Higinio\\nUriarte 1878, Nov. 25, Candido Bareiro\\n1882, Nov. 25, B. Caballero 1886, Sept.\\n25, Gen. Escobar 1890, Sept. 25, Juan\\nG. Gonzalez.]\\n1878 Paraguay is awarded the dis-\\nputed country to the west, by President\\nHarrison, U. S. A., the arbitrator.\\n1879 Germans settle at San Bernar-\\ndino.\\n1891 Oct. 22\u00c2\u00b1. A revolt is suppressed\\nby the troops.\\nPERSIA.\\nPersia is a country of southwestern Asia; capital, Teheran. The government is an hereditary absolute monarchy, con-\\nducted by a shah. The prevailing religion is Mohammedanism of the Shiite sect. Area, 628,000 square miles estimated popu-\\nlation in 1891, 9,000,000.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n549 e. o. Cyrus the Great conquers\\nall of Asia Minor. [538. He takes Baby-\\nlon.]\\n529 b. c. War with the Massageta?\\nCyrus is killed.\\n527* *b.c. Cambyses conquers Egypt\\n(p. 650).\\n512 b. c. The Babylonians revolt,\\nbut are subdued.\\n500-449 b. c. Wars with the Greeks.\\n498 b. c. Ionians revolt (p. 1017).\\n(For Greco-Persian wars, see Greece.)\\n493+* b. c. Four grand expeditions\\nare sent against the Grecians. (See\\nGr\\n486 b. c. The Egyptians are sub-\\ndued (p. 651).\\n334 b. c. Alexander the Great be-\\ngins his conquests in Asia (p. 1024).\\n250+ b. o. Persia is partly recon-\\nquered from the Greeks by the Par-\\nthians.\\n260+ a. d. Sapor conquers Grecian\\ncities, captures Valerian, and enters\\nItaly (p. 10G6).\\n277 Varanes H. is defeated by the\\nRoman Emperor Probus peace follows.\\n283* The Roman Emperor. Carus in-\\nvades Persia he conquers Seleucia and\\nCtesiphon.\\n298 The Emperor Galerius conquers\\nMesopotamia (p. 1067).\\n327-360 Sapor H. successfully con-\\ntends with Rome for the lost provinces\\nof Mesopotamia and Assyria.\\n362-363 War with Julian (p. 1068).\\nThe Emperor Jovian purchases a re-\\ntreat for the Romans by surrendering\\nprovinces.\\n412 Yezdejird I. conquers Armenia.\\n[421. Varanes V. conquers Arabia Fe-\\nlix.]\\n430-32 War with the Huns and also\\nwith the Turks.\\n458-476 Civil war prevails.\\n531-580+ Wars with the Romans with\\nvarying fortunes.\\n540 Chosroes devastates Syria the\\nEmperor Justinian pays him to obtain\\npeace.\\n541-542 Belisarius conducts his suc-\\ncessful campaigns.\\n590 Civil war follows the attempt to\\ndegrade Baharam, a general who de-\\n591 Chosroes II. renews the war with\\nthe Romans, and cuts to pieces an\\narmy of 50,000 men. [614-616. He sub-\\ndues Asia Minor. 627. He is utterly\\nvanquished by the invading Emperor\\nHeraclius.]\\n642 Arabs subdue Persia (p. 484).\\n1256 Hulaku, the grandson of Gen-\\nghis Khan, invades Persia. [1258. Feb.\\nHe takes Bagdad.]\\n1380 Tamerlane the Tartar invades\\nPersia. [1384. Takes Ispahan. Finally\\nconquers the country.]\\n1519 Ismail (Ishmael) conquers Geor-\\ngia.\\n1739 Nadir Shah conquers India.\\n1795* *Agha Mahmoud captures\\nKerman, and massacres or enslaves the\\npeople.\\n1826-29 War with Russia.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\ne. c. Zoroaster, philosopher, religious\\nteacher, born, dies.\\n600+ Roustam,or Koustem, hero, born, d.\\n559 Cyrus the elder, founder of Persian\\nEmpire, born. [529. Dies.]\\ntith Century. Asfundivar, liem, horn, dies.\\n533 Smerdis (the Kales) is killed.\\n521 Cambyses. King of Persia, dies.\\n519* Xerxes the Great, king, b. [465. D.]\\n485 Darius llystaspes I., king, dies.\\n479 Mardonius. Persian gen. in Greece, d.\\n425 Artaxerxes I.. Longimanue (Ahas-\\nuerus), king, dies.\\n400\u00c2\u00b1 Cyrus the younger, king, dies.\\n362 Artaxerxes II., Memnon, king, dies.\\nDatamrs, general, dies.\\n339 Artaxerxes III., king, murdered.\\n336 Arses, king, murdered.\\nBagoas, minister, killed.\\n330 Darius III. killed.\\n240+ Ardeshir Hahegan, king, flourishes.\\n.id Century. Arsaces, founder of kingdom of\\nParthia, born, dies.\\n272 Sapor I., king, assassinated.\\n478 Narses, general of .Justinian I., born.\\n[573. Dies.]\\n679 Chosnit-s I., Sassanide, king, dies.\\n628* Chosroes 1 1., king, dies.\\n652* Yezdegerd III., king, dies.\\n837 Bahek, Al Khorremi, impostor, dies.\\nloth Centum. Koodakee, blind poet, born d.\\n940\u00c2\u00b1 Firdusi, Firdousi, or Firdausi A bill\\nCasim Mansur, poet, born. [1020+,D.]\\n1058 Abu Hamed Mohammed, writer and\\nteacher, born.\\n1119* Attar-Ferid-ed-I in, poet, born. [1221.\\nDies.]\\n1125* Iiiiad-edlhn, Mohammed Al-Kateb.\\npoet, born. [1201. Dies.]\\n1165 Abd-el-Kader- ;iiilanee. religious\\nwriter, dies.\\n1190 Sadi, poet, born. [1191. Dies.]\\n1200+ Amvari, lyric poet, dies.\\n1201 Nassir-ed-Din, astronomer, born.\\n[1274. Dies.]\\n1282 Ahaka Khan, Mongol king, dies.\\n1300+ Harlz, Mohammed Shems-ed-Din,\\npoet, born. [1390+. Dies.]\\n1414* .laiiiec. poet, horn. [1492. Dies.]\\n1433* .Mirkliond, historian, b. [1498. D.]\\n1557* A bhas the Great, king, b. [1628. D.]\\n1560+ I Vnahtah Mohammed-Kasha, his-\\ntorian, born. [1626+. Dies.]\\n1688* Nadir Shah, or Kuli Khan, born.\\n[1747. Dies.]\\n1711* Althen,,fehan,orJean,b. [1774. D.]\\n1785+ Abbas Mirza, shah, b. [1833. D.]\\n1831 Xassr-ed-Din, shah, born.\\nCHURCH.\\n1000+ *b.c. Zarathushtra, or Zoroas-\\nter, a philosopher, becomes the founder\\nof the order of priests called Magi.\\nThey worship an invisible God, and re-\\ngard fire as the emblem of his power\\nand purity. (Date conjectural.)\\n1+ A. d. Buddhism is introduced in\\nCashmere, Persia.\\n90i Christianity is introduced.\\n227 The new government restores the\\nold religion of Zoroaster, and perecutes\\nChristians.\\n272 Hormisdas I. favors the Mani-\\nchees.\\n273 Varanes I. persecutes both the\\nManichees and the Christians.\\n326 Sapor II. proscribes the Chris-\\ntian religion. [330-60. Terrible perse-\\ncution of Christians continues 250\\nclergy, and 16,000 others suffer martyr-\\ndom.]\\n410* *TheCouncilofSeleuciainChal-\\ndea meets to reestablish ecclesiastical\\ndiscipline in Persia and Mesopotamia.\\n418-468 Christians are persecuted.\\n421 Christians are persecuted under\\nVaranes V.\\n638 The Parsees, followers of Zo-\\nroaster, are driven out of Persia into\\nIndia by the Arabs.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1118.jp2"}, "1119": {"fulltext": "PERSIA. 1000** B.c- a. d. 1845, Dec*. 1107\\n652 The religion of the Magi is super-\\nseded by Mohammedanism.\\n661 *TheShiiteorFatimite Mohamme-\\ndans make Persia the seat of their power.\\nChristians are persecuted, and many\\nare driven into exile, while the great\\nmass of the people apostatize to the\\nMohammedan faith.\\n1811* Henry Martyn attempts to\\ncarry the gospel to Persia. [1812. J une\\nHe completes his Persian translation of\\nthe Testament.]\\n1838* *Rev. William Glenn, D.D., a\\nScotch missionary, enters Persia.\\n1844 The American Board opens a\\nmission at Tabriz.\\n1845 Dec. 19. A Christian revival be-\\ngins in Urumiah.\\nMirza Ali Mahmoud, an enthusiastic\\nyouth of Shiraz, announces a new revela-\\ntion and himself the Bab (Door) of true\\nreligion. Hence the sect called Bahi or\\nBabist have their origin.\\n1845-46 Persia. Revivals prevail in the\\nmissions of the American Board to the\\nNestorians. [1849. Again. 1871. The\\nmissions are transferred to the care of\\nthe American Presbyterians.]\\nSTATE.\\n1000\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Zoroaster, king of\\nBactria Western Persia), reigns.\\n600 B. c. The ancient Persians come\\nfrom Par sua. [549. They overthrow As-\\n538-529 b. c. Cyrusthe Great reigns.\\n[538. He overthrows the Medo-Baby-\\nlonian empire, and annexes it. [536. He\\nsubdues all the East.]\\n529-521 b. c. Cambyses, son of Cy-\\nrus, reigns. [521-485, Darius Hys-\\ntaspes; 485-465, Xerxes; 465-425, Ar-\\ntaxerxes Longimanus 425, Xerxes\\nII. after a few months he is assassi-\\nnated by Sogdianus, his half-brother, a\\nusurper, who is deposed by Ochus Da-\\nrius II., Nothus. 405, Artaxerxes II.,\\nMemnon 359, Artaxerxes III. kills all\\nhis relatives. 338. Arses, sou of Arta-\\nxerxes III., is placed on the throne by\\nBagoas, the king s murderer. 336. Ba-\\ngoas kills Arses, and enthrones Darius\\nIII., Codomanus.]\\n328+ b. c. Alexander the Great\\nfounds the Greco-Persian monarchy.\\n312-306+ b.c. Seleucus Nicator reigns\\nin the provinces east of the Euphrates.\\n250 b. c.-250\u00c2\u00b1 a. d. Persia is partly\\ntaken from the Greeks, and is ruled by\\nthe Partbians, who establish a mon-\\narchy.\\n(226) Artaxerxes, a common soldier,\\nraises himself to eminence, revolts, de-\\nfeats and kills Arsaces XXVIII. (Arta-\\nbanus IV.), King of Parthia he annexes\\nParthia to Persia.\\nSapor I. reigns. [258. He recovers\\nArmenia by conquest. 260. He repels\\nthe Romans, and kills the Emperor Va-\\nlerian.]\\n272* *Hormizdasreigns. [273, Varanes\\nI. (Bahram) 277, Varanes n.; 293, Va-\\nranes III. 294, Narses he resumes the\\nwar with the Romans.]\\n293+ VaraneB HI. is successful, and\\nresists the Romans for a time, but is de-\\nfeated by Galerius, who destroys his\\narmy, and oonquers Mesopotamia, As-\\nsyria. Peace follows.\\n301** or 303. Hormizdas reigns. [310-\\n380 (381?) Sapor II. he is brutal and\\nproud. 363. The Romans surrender the\\ncaptured provinces to Sapor. 365. Sapor\\nannexes Armenia. 366. He annexes\\nIberia. 372. He makes peace with the\\nRomans.]\\n303\u00c2\u00b1 Ormuz, on the Gulf, is founded.\\n380\u00c2\u00b1 Artaxerxes II. reigns. [384-\\n389. Sapor III.]\\n386 Armenia and Iberia become in-\\ndependent. [428. Armenia is again\\nannexed.]\\n390* Varanes IV. reigns. [404. Yezde-\\ngerd I. he concludes a peace of 100 years\\nwith the Romans. 420, Varanes V. 440,\\nYezdegerd II. 457, Hormizdas III. 458,\\nFeroze; 484, Pallas; 486, Kobad 497,\\nKobad again 497, Jamaspes.]\\n458-684 Civil war.\\n531\u00c2\u00b1 Chosroes I., the Great, reigns.\\nHe engages in long wars with the Ro-\\nmans.\\n590\u00c2\u00b1 Hormizdas IV. reigns. [591.\\nChosroes II. he renews the Roman war\\nwith success. 614-616. He subdues Egypt\\nand Asia Minor.]\\n629 Artaxerxes III. reigns. [630,\\nPurandokt, the daughter of Chosroes\\n631, Shenendeh, her lover; 631, Arzem-\\ndokt, her sister; 631, Kersa 632, Fe-\\nrokhdad; 632, Yezdegerd III.]\\n642* Arabs rule.\\n651 The last of the Sassanides dies.\\n661 Persia becomes the seat of the\\nSmite or Fatimite sect of Mohamme-\\ndans.\\n813-S72 The Mohammedans set up the\\nTaherite dynasty. [872-902. The Sof-\\nfaride. 902-999. The Samanide.]\\n1037-50 Togrul Beg and the Seljuk\\nTurks subdue and rule Persia. [1194.\\nDriven out by the Kharesmians.]\\n1194-1220 The Kharesmians reign.\\n1220* *The Mongol Tartars, under\\nGenghis Khan, subdue Persia. [125S.\\nOccupy Bagdad. 1345. Make it the\\ncapital.]\\n1387 Tamerlane ravages Persia.\\n1468* *The Turkomans conquer\\nPersia.\\n1499* The Shiite Mohammedans\\ndrive out the Turkomans, and set up the\\nSufi dynasty under Ismail.\\n1499-1796 The Suffavean dynasty.\\n1499-1536 Ismail I., Sufi, reigns as shah.\\n[1576-77, Ismail II., Meerza; 1577-86, Mo-\\nliammed Meerza; civil strife abounds. 1586-\\n1623. Abbas I., the Great; he has a glorious\\nreign. 1628. Jan. 27. He dies. 1628-41. Shall\\nSufi; he is barbarous. 1641-68. Abbas II.,\\nson of Sufi; he is tolerant of all religions,\\nbut a drunkard. 166R-94. Shah Sufi II.\\n(Sulaiman) succeeds his father. 1694-1722.\\nHusein; he prohibits the use of wine; de-\\nposed by his\\n1590 Ispahan becomes the capital.\\n[1796. Teheran.]\\n1722-25 Mahmoud, the Afghan, gains the\\nthrone by conquest, and reigns like a savage.\\n[1725-30. Ashraff, the cousin of Mahmoud,\\nthe usurper, reigns. 1730-32. Tahmasp II.\\ndefeats the usurper and recovers the throne.\\n1732-36. Abbas III., infant son of Tahmasp\\nII; Nadir Kuli is regent. 1736. The regent\\ncauses himself to be proclaimed as Shah\\nNadir. 1736-47. Nadir Shah. 1737. Subdues\\nAfghans. 1747. Assassinated at Khorassan.]\\n1747-73 Afghanistan. Ahmed Khan\\nthrows off the Persian yoke, and sets\\nup the kingdom of Afghanistan. H\u00c2\u00a9\\nfounds the kingdom of Candalahar.\\n1747-51 Shah Rukh reigns. [1751. Inter-\\nregnum; anarchy prevails. 1759-79. Karim\\nKhan; three rivals contest for supreme\\npower. 1779-94. Many rivals claim the throne,\\nand assassinate their enemies and devastate\\nthe land.\\n1783* Georgia revolts, and is an-\\nnexed to Russia.\\n1795+ Kajar dynasty.\\nAga-Mahmoud I. obtains sole au-\\nthority, and founds the Turkoman dy-\\nnasty; capital, Teheran. [1797. He is\\nassassinated. 1798-1834. Fatah Ali\\nShah; rebellions are subdued. 1834-48.\\nMahumud Shah, grandson of Fatah two\\nrivals are subdued.]\\n1827 Russia annexes Persian Ar-\\nmenia by conquest.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n465 b. c. Xerxes is murdered in his\\nbed by Artabanus. [425. Xerxes H.\\nby Sogdianus.]\\n359 b. c. Artaxerxes III. kills all\\nhis relations when he becomes king.\\n[338. He is assassinated by Bagoas, his\\nminister.]\\n336 b. c. Arses, the king, is mur-\\n1 dered by his father s murderer.\\nB. c. Bagoas, the minister and mur-\\nderer of two kings, is himself murdered.\\n330 July b. c. Darius III. is assas-\\nsinated by Bess us (who is torn in\\npieces).\\n312 Oct. b. c. The Seleucidan Era\\nbegins its chronology dates from the\\nrecovery of Babylonia from Antigonus.\\n[At one time in general use in the coun-\\ntries of Central and Western Asia.]\\n260 Sapor I. flays alive the Roman\\nEmperor Valerian, his prisoner.\\n628 Chosroes II., the Great, is put\\nto death by his son Siroes. The fratri-\\ncide also murders his brothers.\\n632 June 26. The beginning of the\\nYezdegerd or Persian Elra, with the\\nelection of King Yezdegerd III. [For-\\nmerly of universal use in Persia, and\\nnow used by the Parsees in India.]\\n1079 Mar. 15. The Persian Calendar\\nis reformed by a conference of Eastern\\nastronomers, and called the Gelalean\\nEra.\\n1747 June 20. Persia. Nadir Shah\\nis assassinated by the meli whom he de-\\nsigned to assassinate the next day.\\n1755 June 7. An earthquake in Ka-\\nschan destroys 40,000 lives. [1784. An-\\nother near Ezeroum buries 5,000 people.\\n1893. Nov. 26. Another at Kushan kills\\n1,200 people.]\\n1795* *Agha Mahmoud massacres\\ncaptured people in Karman 70,000 eyes\\nare brought to him on platters.\\n1804 June 4. Vaccination for the\\ncowpox is successfully introduced.\\n1840 The printing-press is set up in\\nUrumiah by the missionaries.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1119.jp2"}, "1120": {"fulltext": "1108 1856, *-1891, Nov. 9.\\nPERSIA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1856-57 War with India.\\n1S56 Nov. 1. England declares war\\nagainst Persia for taking Herat (p. 5).\\n[1S57. Gen. Sir James Outram defeats\\nthe Persians at Kooshab. Mar. 26. Cap-\\ntures Mohammerah.]\\n1880 Oct.* Savage tribes of Kurds\\nravage Persia, [Nov. Subdued.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1891 Nov. 9. Khain, Ameer of Khorassan,\\nCHURCH.\\n1848 Sept. 10. Nassr-ed-Din, son oi\\nMabmoud Shab, is enthroned; be sub\\ndues two insurrections. [1873, 1878, 1879\\nHe visits Europe.]\\n1856 The English Church Society\\nopens a mission at Julfa (Ispahan).\\n1862 The Westorians and the mis-\\nsionaries meet in their first church\\ncouncil.\\n1869 Dr. Bruce opens a Church of\\nEngland mission. [1875. Mission adopted\\nby the Church of England Society. 1871.\\nDr. Bruce distributes \u00c2\u00a316,000 among the\\nstarving Persians.]\\n1872* The American Presbyterians\\nopen a mission at Teheran. [1873, at\\nTabriz; 1881, at Hamadan 1886, at\\nSalinas.]\\n1885 The celebration of the jubilee\\nof Persian missions is followed by re-\\nvivals.\\n1889* The Reformed Evangelical\\nChurch reports many missions.\\nSTATE.\\n1853 Sept. 9. The government is reor-\\nganized.\\n1857 Apr. 14. Teheran. Peace with\\nGreat Britain is ratified.\\nJuly 27. Persia gives up Herat to Af-\\nghanistan.\\n1881 Dec. 22. The shah signs a treaty\\nwith Russia.\\n1888 Sept. 9. The shah issues a de-\\ncree opening the river Karun to the\\ncommerce of all nations.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1865 Railways are begun. [1873.\\nSept. 11. Opened at Resht. 1888. June\\n25. Opened between Teheran and Shah-\\nAbdul- A zim.J\\n1867* Electric telegraph is intro-\\nduced.\\nPERU.\\nPeru is a republic of western South America capital, Lima. It is politically divided into 18 departments. The chief exec-\\nutive is a president, and the Congress is composed of two houses. The common language is Spanish, and the chief religion is\\nRoman Catholic. Area, 463,747+ square miles population, 3,000,000\u00c2\u00b1.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1533-34 Spanish conquest (p. 18-(-).\\n1775 Peru assumes its modern limits\\n(p. 489).\\n1815 Mar. 12. First struggle for inde-\\npendence. The Spaniards defeat the\\npatriots at Umaehiri.\\n1817-24 War for independence.\\n1817 Jan. 17. Gen. San Martin, with\\n4,000 men, starts for the coast be crosses\\nthe Andes 12,300 feet high. [Feb. 12.\\nDefeats the Spaniards at Chacabuco.\\n1818 Feb. 19. Defeats Cancha Rayada.\\nApr. 5. Expels the Spaniards from Chile.\\n1821. July 9. Occupies Lima.]\\n1824 Aug. 6. The Peruvians defeat the\\nSpanish at Junin.\\nDec. 9. The patriots utterly defeat the\\nSpanish army at Ayacucho, and liberate\\nPeru and Chile.\\n1827 Mar. The Colombian troops\\nleave Peru.\\n1829 Disastrous warwith Colombia.\\n1855 Civil war for six months.\\n1856 Dec. -58 Mar. Gen. Vivanco s\\ninsurrection is subdued.\\n1865 Feb. 28. A formidable revolt\\narises against President Pezet. [Oct.*\\nThe insurgents declare war against\\nSpain.]\\n1866 War with Spain Peru and Chile\\nare allies.\\nMay 2. Adm. Nunez attempts to bom-\\nbard Callao, and is repulsed. [May 10.\\nThe Spanish squadron withdraws from\\nPeruvian waters.]\\n1874 Dec. 3. Insurrectionists led by\\nNicolas de Pierola are defeated by Presi-\\ndent Prado at Sorota, nearTarata. [1876.\\nOct. Pierola rises again.]\\n1879-83 War of the Pacific. Chile\\ndefeats Peru and Bolivia (p. 550, 606).\\n(1879. Sept. 1). The allies capture\\nCalama. (Sept. 19.) Peruvians are de-\\nfeated at San Francisco, Peru. (1881.\\nJan. 17.) Chileans enter Lima. (Oct.\\n23.) Evacuated. 0882. Feb. 20\u00c2\u00b1.) Pe-\\nruvians burn Pasco on the coast; many\\npeople are killed. (1883. Oct. 20.) Peace.\\n1885 MaySi. The Governmentdefeatsln-\\nsurrectionists at Ayacucho. [May 28+.\\nInsurgents defeated ;it Iluaneayo, Oct. 16.\\nAgain defeated. Nov. 19+. Again at Jania.\\nDec. 2. Victorious at Lima, defeating Presi-\\ndent Iglesias.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1054 Manco Capac, founder of Peru,\\ndies.\\n1471 Pizarro, Francisco, discoverer, born.\\n[1541. June 26. Assassinated.]\\n1583 Henriquez, the viceroy, dies.\\n1797* Castilla, Don Ramon, pres., born.\\n[1867. Dies.]\\n1826* Prado, Mariano Ignacio, Peruvian\\npresident, born.\\n1836* Ilerniudez, Cen. Ramijio Morales,\\npresident, born. [18i)3. Apr.l. Dies.]\\n1839* Pierola, Js iculasde, Peruvian soldier,\\nSTATE.\\n470\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. The Pirua dynasty be-\\ngins. (For early history, see p. 184.)\\n1533 a. d. Spanish rule begins.\\n1780 Nov. Tupac Amaru, apretended\\nInca, leads a rebellion for the redress of\\ninjuries. [1781 Mar. HLs 00,000 followers\\nare suppressed. The Spaniards proceed\\nto exterminate the Indians 80,000 per-\\nish.]\\n1814 Aug. 3. Chief Mateo Garcia Pa-\\nmacagua leads a rebellion of Indians.\\n1821 July 28. Gen. Jose de San Martin\\nproclaims the independence of Peru.\\n1823 Sept. 1. BolivargoestoPeru,and\\nis made dictator. [1826. Sept. 3. Be-\\njected leaves the country.]\\n1824 Nov. 38. Gen. Mariano Prado is\\nchosen president. [1845, Kamon Castilla;\\n1851, Apr. 20, Jose Rutino Eehenique; 185-1,\\nJune 1, Castilla auam pmvisiunal president\\nin Southern Peru, 1855, July 14, ret ularpn-si-\\ndent again 1862, Oct. 24, Marshal San Ro-\\nroon; 1863, Aug. 5, (Jen. .1 nan Antonio Pezet;\\n1866, Aug. 2, Mariano Ignacio Prado; 1867,\\nGen. La Puerta, a few months; 1868, Aug. 2,\\nJose Balta; 1872, Aug. 2, Manuel Pardo; 1876,\\nMariana I. Prado; 1879, Dec. 23, Nicolas de Pi-\\nerola, dictator 1881, Mar.* Francisco Gnu-ia\\ndeCalderon, provisional president. 1882. Adm.\\nLizardo Montero assumes (lie presidenev,\\nCalderon being held by Chileans. 1883. Mi-\\nguel Iglesias does the same. 1886, July 3,\\nAndres Avelino Careres; IWM), Aug. 8, Re-\\nmijio Morales Bermudez; 1894, May 10, Gen.\\nA. Caceres again.\\n1828 Mar. 21. A new constitution is\\napproved. [1856. Another. 1860. Modi-\\nfied.]\\n1829 Feb. 28. Peace is signed with\\nColombia.\\n1853* Revolt against Eehenique.\\n[1855 Jan. Defeated by Castilla and\\nexiled.]\\n1864 Apr. 14. Spain seizes guano\\nIsles to force a settlement of claims.\\n[1865. Chincha Isles restored.]\\n1S65 Jan. 27. Pezet agrees to the\\nSpanish claims for indemnity.\\nRevolt against Pezet because of his\\ntemporizing with Spain. [Oct. Insur-\\ngents assume authority, and declare war\\nagainst Spain.]\\n1866 Feb. Peru joins Chile, and de-\\nclares war against Spain.\\n1867 Jan. Insurrectionists force\\nPrado to resign. [1872 July Tom as\\nGutierrez raises an insurrection against\\nBalta. July 26. Hanged to a lamp-post\\nby the people. 1874. Another revolt\\nagainst Prado.]\\n1879 Apr. 2. Peru joins Bolivia in de-\\nclaring war against Chile.\\nDec. 22. Lima. Revolution. [1881 Apr.\\nAnarchy.]\\n1883 Oct. 20. Iglesias signs a peace\\nwith the Chileans, ceding valuable terri-\\ntories. [Oct. 26. Arequipa is surren-\\ndered, also Arica and Tacna till 1893.\\n1884. Mar. Ratified by the Senate.]\\nDec. 11. Treaty with Chile and Bo-\\nlivia all the coasts of Bolivia and Tara-\\npaca in Peru are surrendered to Chile.\\n1893 Oct. 24. The Lower Rouse pro-\\nvides that only Peruvian silver coin\\nwill be legal tender.\\n1894 Aug. 24. The President is clothed\\nwith dictatorial power.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1598 The University of San Antonio\\nAbad is founded at Cuzco.\\n1791 The Mercurio Peruana begun at\\nLima. [It was completed in 11 voIumeB\\nin 1891, and contains many valuable ar-\\nticles on scientific subjects. 1792. A\\nmedical school is established. 1794. a\\nnautical school at Lima. 1862, Gcof/rajra\\ndel Peru, by Dr. Don Mariano Felipe\\nPaz Soldan, appears. 1868, Historia del", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1120.jp2"}, "1121": {"fulltext": "PERU.\\n47 0, b. c-1894, Aug. 24. 1109\\nPeru Independiente, by Dr. Don Mariano 1867 Apr. 15. Lima. Religious tole- 1871 Oct.* Gold is discovered at Hu\\nFelipe Paz Soldan 1877, BiccionaHo ration Provokes riots.\\ngeografico estadistico del Peril, by Dr. 1868 Aug. 13-15. Eartbquakescause 1892 Sept. 10\\nin w i? v t n. 1 the loss of 25,000 lives and $300,000,000; two accomplici\\nDon Mariano Felipe Paz Soldan.]\\n1846 Guano is first exported.\\nlAma. A priest and\\ni are sentenced to long\\nprisonments for burning to death an\\nIndian girl charged with witchcraft.\\nPORTUGAL.\\nPortugal is a kingdom in southwestern Europe; capital, Lisbon. It is politically divided into eight provinces, and gov-\\nerned by a constitutional hereditary monarchy, with the legislative power vested in a Cortes comprising a Senate and Chamber of\\nRepresentatives. The language is Portuguese, and the prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. Area, 38,034 square miles popula-\\ntion in 1881, 4,708,178. Its foreign possessions have 704,718 square miles, and a population of 4,985,200\u00c2\u00b1.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n713 The Moors conquer the Alains\\nand West Goths.\\n716 The Saracens capture Lisbon.\\n[900. The kings of Asturias subdue some\\nof the Saracens.]\\n1095 (1094?) Portugal is connected\\nwith Castile as a feudatory countsliip.\\n1139 July 26. Alfonso [I.], Count of\\nPortugal, defeats five Moorish kings\\nat Ourique the country is thereafter\\ncalled the kingdom of Portugal. [1147.\\nOct. 25. Aided by Crusaders he takes\\nLisbon.]\\n1189* *Sancho I. takes a part of Al-\\ngrave from the Moors.\\n1415 John I. invades Africa to fight\\nthe Moors.\\nART SCIENCE LETTERS.\\n1200 Concordantise Morales and In-\\nterpretatio Mistica, by St. Anthony of\\nLisbon, appear.\\n13th Century. Loenda de Santa Iria and\\nthe Cancao do Figueiral appear.\\n1290 The University of Coimbra is\\nfounded. [1309. Receives its charter.\\n1537. Permanently attached to Coimbra.]\\n1400+ Amadis de Gaul turned into\\nprose by Vasco de Lobeira.\\n1419-30 Many maritime discoveries are\\nmade.\\n1425 A code of laws is digested.\\n1448 The Azores are discovered.\\n15th Century. Dom Eurives and Branccu-\\nFlor appear.\\nSatyra da felice e infelice Vida ap-\\npears.\\nVisao, by Duarte de Brito, appears.\\nFingimento de Amore, by Fernao\\nBrandao, appears.\\nBook of the Chase, written for John I. f\\nappears.\\nChronicles of Fernao Lopes appears.\\n1460 The Cape de Verd Islands are\\ndiscovered.\\n1497 Nov. 20. Vasco da Gama makes\\nthe first passage to the East Indies by\\nrounding the Cape of Good Hope.\\n1499 Discovery of the Brazils (p. 15).\\n1500 Inez Periera, by Gil Vicente,\\nappears.\\n1533 The University of Evora Is\\nfounded (or 1451).\\n16th Century. Eufrosina, by Jorge Ferri-\\nera, appears.\\nPalmeirim d Inglaterra appears.\\nThe Eclogues of Bernadin Ribeiro ap-\\npears.\\nCancioneiro Geral, by Garcia de Re-\\nsende, appears.\\nConquest of the Indies, by Joao de\\nBarros, appears.\\nFabulas de Narciso and Fenix Renas-\\ncida, by Jacinto Freire de Andrade, ap-\\npears.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1350+ Almeida Ilrites, d Joan of Arc,\\nborn. [1386. Dies.]\\n1355 Castro Inez,de, wife of crown prince\\n;*edro, a\\n[1433. Dies.]\\n1360* Lobeira Vasco, de author, born.\\n[1403. Dies.]\\n1394 Henry the Navigator, b. [1460. D.]\\n14=37 Abrabanel, Isaac, Rabbi, born.\\n[1508. Dies.]\\n1445* Diaz Bartolomeu, navigator, born.\\n[1500. Dies.]\\n1446\u00c2\u00b1 Fernandez, Diniz, navigator, b. D.\\n1450 Cortreal, Gaspar. navigator, born.\\n[1501. Dies.]\\nCovilhao, or Covilham, Pedro da, explorer,\\nborn. [1540. Dies.]\\nGama. Vasco da, navigator, born.\\n[1524. Dies.]\\n1453 Albuquerque. Alfonso de, Albo\\nde, conqueror of India, born. [1515. I\\n15th Century. Cam, Diogo, navigator, born,\\n1460* Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, navigator,\\nborn. [1526. Dies.]\\n1469* Emmanuel Manoel, king, born.\\n[1521. Dies.]\\n1470+ *Gil Vicente, dramatist, born.\\n[1557. Dies.]\\n1480+ Alvarez, Francisco, traveler, born.\\n[1545+. Dies.]\\nMagellan, Fernando, navigator, born.\\n[1521. Dies.]\\n1492 Nuiiez, Pedro, mathematician, boru.\\n[1577. Dies.]\\n1496* Barros, Joao de, hist., b. [1570. D.]\\n1500* C:ist.:uibeil;i, Fernao Lopez de, his-\\ntorian, born. [1559. Dies.]\\nCastro, Joao de, navigator, b. [1548. Dies.]\\n1503 Galvao, or Galvan, Antonio, mili-\\ntary captain, writer, born. [1557. Dies.]\\n1505 Gouvea, Antonio de, jurist, born.\\n[1565. Dies.]\\n1510+ Pinto, Fernao Mendez, traveler,\\nborn. [1583. Dies.]\\n1530* Cambens, Luis de, poet, b. [1580. D.]\\nAlonteniavor, .lorge de, poet, novelist, born.\\n[1561. Dies.]\\n1525 Gomez, Estevan, explorer, dies.\\n1528* Andrada, Diogo Payva d clergy-\\nman, born. [1575. Dies.]\\nFerreira, Antonio, poet, born. [1569. Dies.]\\n1554* Sebastian, king, born. [1578. D.]\\n1560 Queiros, Pedro Fernandez de, navi-\\ngator, born. [1614. Dies.]\\nSTATE.\\nThe country is inhabited by Celtic\\ntribes. [140. Finally subjugated by the\\nRomans.]\\n5th-Rth Centuries. Country is overrun by\\nWest Goths. [713. By the Moors.\\n8th-llth Centuries. They hold it.]\\n900 The kings of Asturias subdue the\\nSaracens in part.\\n1095 Alfonso gives a part of the coun-\\ntry to Henry of Burgundy as a mar-\\nriage portion with his daughter Theresa.\\n1095-1112 Henry, Count of Portugal,\\nreigns. [1112-85, Alfonso I. (son);\\nTheresa, queen 1128, Alfonso I, alone.]\\n1139 July 25-85* Alfonso [I.]\\nHenriquez, Duke of Portugal, having\\ndefeated the Saracens, is proclaimed\\nking by his army.\\nDominion of Moors overthrown.\\nJuly 27. A monarchy is established.\\n1175 Portugal a fief of the Holy See.\\n1185-1212 Sanchol., son of Alfonso, is\\nking he extends the area and enlarges\\nprosperity. [1212-23, Alfonso II. (Cras-\\nsus); 1223-45, Sancho II.; 1245, deposed\\nby the Pope 124S-79, Alfonso III.]\\n1279-1325 Dionysius I., father of his\\ncountry, reigns he builds 44 cities or\\ntowns. [1325-57, Alfonso IV. 1357-67,\\nPedro 1367-85, Ferdinand I.]\\n1385-1433 John I., the Great, the ille-\\ngitimate son of Pedro I., reigns he re-\\npels the invading Castilians, and invades\\nBarbary, and (1420) acquires Madeira\\nand (1432) the Azores. [1433-38, Edward\\nreigns; 1438-81, Alfonso V.; 14S1-95, John\\nII., the Great 1495-1521, Emmanuel.]\\n1420 Madeira. The grape-vine and\\nsugar-cane are planted.\\n1433+ Lisbon becomes the capital.\\n1521-57 John HI. reigns. He makes\\ngreat efforts for the colonization of\\nBrazil.\\n1542 A commercial treaty is made\\nwith Japan. Commerce with the East\\nIndies and South America is very pros-\\nperous. LiBbon is the chief market of\\nthe world.\\n1557-78 Sebastian reigns. He becomes\\nking when only three years of age, and\\nis trained by the Jesuits. He leads\\nquixotic expeditions against the Moors.\\nDies without heirs. [1578-80. Henry the\\ncardinal (uncle) reigns. 1580. Anthony,\\nprior of Crato.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n900* *AlonzoIII. establishes bishops.\\n1481 The Kongo and Angola slave-\\ntrade begins.\\n1493 *Jew8 numbering 150,000 ar\u00c2\u00ab\\nbanished.\\n1519* Ferdinand Magellan sails\\naround South America (p. 18).\\n1526 The Inquisition is established.\\n1531 Feb. 36. Lisbon. An earthquake\\ndestroys 1,500 bouses and kills 30,000 persons;\\nBeveral neighboring towns are engulfed.\\n[1755. Nov. 1. Another occurs; in eight\\nmonths 50,000 people are engulfed. The cities\\nof Coimbra, Oporto, and Braga Buffer, and\\nSt. Ubes is wholly overturned. The earth-\\nquake extends a distance of 5,000 miles.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1121.jp2"}, "1122": {"fulltext": "1110 1569,* -1894, April 27. PORTUGAL.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1578 Aug. 4. Dom Sebastian invades\\nMorocco, and is killed at the battle of\\nAlcazar Kebir (Al-Kasr-al Kebir).\\n1580 Philip II. of Spain conquers\\nPortugal.\\n1640 Revolution.\\n1665 The invading Spaniards are de-\\nfeated at Villa Viciosa; a long war\\nterminates.\\n1704 Mar. 7. Lisbon. An English\\narmy, 10,000 strong, arrives under Lord\\nGalway and the Archduke Charles.\\n1717 *Thekingsendsafleet againtthe\\nTurks, at the bidding of the Pope.\\n1762-63 The Spaniards and French\\ninvade Portugal Braganea and Almeida\\nare taken England aids in their ex-\\npulsion.\\n1801 Mar. 3. War with Spain.\\n1807* France invades Portugal. [Nov.\\n30. Marshal Junot enters Lisbon Eng-\\nland aids in its liberation (p. 934).]\\n1808-14 The Peninsula War (pp. 718,\\n934).\\n1820 Revolutionary outbreak.\\n1832 July* -33* Dom Pedro arrives\\nfrom Brazil with 7,500 men, and besieges\\nOporto. [Oct. 11. Count Sartorius de-\\nfeats the fleet of Dom Miguel.]\\nSept. 19. Dom Miguel s forces are re-\\npulsed at Oporto. [1833. July 24. They\\nevacuate Lisbon.]\\n1833 July 5. Adm. Napier captures\\nMiguel s squadron off Cape St. Vincent.\\n[1834. May 26. Miguel capitulates.]\\n1846 Dec. 22. The Marquis of Sal-\\ndanha with a Pedro force defeats Count\\nBonfinn at Torres Vedras.\\n1847 June 26. The junta at Oporto\\ncapitulates to the Pedro army.\\n1890 Apr. 13 A force is ordered to\\nbe sent to the Shire district, East Af-\\nrica. [1891 Jan. 31. More troops sail.]\\n1891 Jan. 31. The regiments at Oporto\\nrevolt and proclaim the republic; sup-\\npressed by loyal troops.\\nART SCIENCE LETTERS.\\n1569 Creacaode Homen, by Andre Fal-\\ncao, appears.\\n1572 The great epic poem, Lusiad, by\\nImiz de Camoens, appears.\\n1600 Monorchia Lusitana, by Ber-\\nnardo de Brito, appears.\\n1650 Palmeirin de Oliva, by Francisco\\nde Morales, appears.\\nLife of D. Joao de Castro, by Jacinto\\nFreire de Andrade, appears.\\n1700 An adaptation of Pilgrim s Prog-\\nress appears in the Portuguese.\\n18th Century. Hyssope, by Antonio Diniz\\nda Cruz e Silva, appears.\\n1772 The University of Coimbra iB\\nentirely reconstituted.\\n1779-1806 Jornal Enciclopedico is is-\\nsued.\\n1800 Researches in Portuguese Chro-\\nnology, by Joao Pedro Ribeiro, appears.\\n1812-20 Jornal de Coimbra is issued.\\n1814* Oriente, by Jose Agostino de\\nMacedo, appears.\\n1836-57 The Panorama is issued.\\n1841-53 Revista Universal Lisbonense\\nis issued.\\n1853 Institute is issued.\\n1868 Voz Femenina is issued (con-\\nducted by women).\\n1869 *Jardimdo Ceo, by EloideSaSoto-\\nmaior, appears.\\n1880 Sept. 20. Lisbon, The Interna-\\ntional Literary Association meets.\\n1889 82 per cent (including infants)\\nof the population are illiterate.\\n1890 Mar. The Government, by a de-\\ncree, restricts the liberty of the press.\\nApr. 7. A special Ministry of Education\\nis created to watch over and restrict\\npublic meetings and entertainments.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1 590 Faria-v-Sousa, Manvel de, historian,\\npoet, born. C1649. Dies.]\\n1591* Ai-osta, rrk l, author, b. [1647. D.]\\n1593* I.oho, Jeroniino, miss., b. [1678. D.]\\n1595 IVlliv., lialtlui/.ar, historian, horn.\\n1611 Melo, Francisco de ^lanuel, author,\\nborn. [1666. Dies.]\\n1699* Pomhal, Sebastiao de, Marquis,\\nstatesman, born. [1782. Dies.]\\n1708* Aveiro, Don .lose de Mascarenhas,\\nDuke of, born. [1759. Dies.]\\n1724+ Garcao, or Garcam, Pedro Anto-\\nnio Correa, lyric poet, born. [1772. Dies.]\\n1734* Manuel, or Manoel, Francisco, poet,\\nhorn. [1819. Dies.]\\n1745 Almeida, Nicolao Tolentino, poet,\\nborn. [1811. Dies.]\\n1750* Correa de Serra, Jos6 Francisco,\\nbotanist, horn. [1823. Dies.]\\n1754* Araujo d Azevedo, Antonio, states-\\nman, born. [1817. Dies.]\\n1765* Itoccaiie, Manuel Muria liarbosa du,\\npoet, born. [1805. Dies.]\\n1769* John [VI]., king, born. [1823, Mar.\\n10. Dies.]\\n1784* Abrantes, JoBe, Marquis of, born.\\n[1827. Dies.]\\n1786 Pedro de. Souza-Holstein, Duke of\\nPalmella, prime minister, born. [1864,\\nApr. 2. Dies.]\\n1791* Saldanha, Oliveria e Daun, born.\\n[1876. Dies.]\\n1792* Sousa, Antonio Jose: de, Duke of\\nTerceira, born. [1860. Dies.]\\n1798* Dom Pedro, king s brother, horn.\\n[1834, Sept. 24. Dies.]\\n1799* Alnieida-Carrett, Joao Baptista\\nLeitao de, born. [1854. Dies.]\\n1802 Miguel, Dom Maria Evariato, rival\\nof Don Carlos, prince, b. [1866, Nov. 16. D.]\\n1803* Costa Cabral, Antonio Bernardo,\\nDuke of Thomar, states., h. [1889. D.]\\n1819 Maria II., queen, born. [1853. D.]\\n1837* Pedro V., king, born. [1861. D.]\\n1838 Louis, king, b. [1889, Oct. 19. D.]\\n1846* Srrpa -I mto, Alexander A. daRocha,\\nexplorer, born. [1811. Dies.]\\n1863 Sept. 28. Dom Carlos, heir to the\\nthe throne, born.\\n1885 Dec. 15. Ferdinand, queen s con-\\nsort, A69.\\n1887 Mar. 21. Louis Philippa, prince, b.\\nSTATE.\\n1580 Philip II. of Spain seizes Por-\\ntugal it is also claimed by the Prince\\nof Parma and the Duchess of Braganea.\\n1580-1640 Portugal is annexed to\\nSpain.\\nA disastrous period. The Dutch, Eng-\\nlish, and French prey on the colonial\\npossessions.\\n1598-1621 Philip III. reigns over Spain\\nand Portugal. [1621-40. Philip IV.]\\n1602-20 The Dutch seize the Portu-\\nguese possessions.\\n1640 Independence of Spain.\\nHouse of Braganea.\\nDec. 1. The Portuguese throw off the\\noppressive yoke of Spain, and make\\nJohn, Duke of Braganea, king it\\nproves a bloodless revolution. [Dec. 18.\\nCrowned at Lisbon.]\\n1640-56 John IV. reigns. [1556-57. Al-\\nfonso VI., a hoy; his mother is regent.\\n1662. He suddenly declares himself of\\nthe government. 1667-\\n83. Pedro, the brother, is regent. 1683-\\n1706. Pedro II. reigns as king.]\\n1697-1828 The Cortes does not meet.\\n1703 Dee. 27. Lisbon. The [famous]\\nMethuen treaty is signed, relating to\\nEnglish, importations.\\n1706-50 John V. reigns. A long peace\\nensues.\\n1737 Amicable relations are restored\\nbetween Spain and Portugal.\\n1750-77 Joseph Emmanuel reigns.\\nAfter marriage with his niece, Donna\\nMaria, they reign jointly as Maria I. and\\nPedro III. Many claimants afflict Por-\\ntugal. The Marquis of Pombal, prime\\nminister, institutes social and agricultu-\\nral reforms. [1777. Maria I. reigns alone.\\n1792. Insane.]\\n1763 Feb. 10. Peace is made with\\nSpain.\\n1793-1816 John [VI.] son of Maria I.,\\nis regent he joins the first coalition\\nagainst France.\\n1800 France insists on Portugal s\\nabandonment of the English alliance,\\nand the closing of its ports toEnglandand\\nthe opening of tbem to France, and a\\ncession of a part of Portugal to France.\\n[Kejected.]\\n1804 Napoleon insists on Portugal s\\ndeclaring war against England. [1807.\\nHe aims to annihilate Portugal.]\\n1807 Nov. 27- The French conquer\\nPortugal. [Owing to the French inva-\\nsion of Portugal, John withdraws to his\\nBrazilian dominions, leaving Portugal\\nin care of a council of regents.]\\nNov. 29. A treaty is signed between\\nFrance and Spain for the conquest and\\ndivision of Portugal into three parts.\\n1807-21 Brazil. The royal house re-\\nsides at Rio de Janeiro.\\n1808 Hise of the Portuguese. They\\nwelcome the invading French republi-\\ncans.\\nFeb. 1. Marshal Junot proclaims that\\nthe house of Braganea has ceased to\\nreign.\\n1814* Portugal cedes Guiana to\\nFrance.\\n1815-22 Portugal and Brazil are one\\nempire.\\n1816-26 John VI., the ex-regent f\\nreigns.\\n1820 Aug. 29. The revolution be-\\ngins in Oporto the people, wearied by\\nthe absence of the court, rise almost\\nunanimously and without bloodshed.\\n[Oct. 1. The constitutional junta is\\nestablished.]\\n1821* *A liberal constitution is\\nadopted. [1823. June 5. The king amends\\nthe constitution.]\\n1822 Oct. 12. Brazil. Independence\\nof Brazil; the prince regent, John VI..\\nis proclaimed emperor, and the two\\ncountries are separated.\\n1824 May 1-9. Lisbon. Disturbances\\narise Dom Miguel, head of the absolu-\\ntist party, is expelled. [1828. Feb. 22.\\nHe becomes regent. 1828-34. Usurper.\\n1834. May 26. Deposed.]\\n1825 Aug. 29. A treaty is made with\\nBrazil.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1122.jp2"}, "1123": {"fulltext": "PORTUGAL. 1569, *-1894, April 27. 1111\\n1826 Pedro IV. reigns. [May 2. He\\ngrants a constitutional charter contain-\\ning the basis of moderate parliamentary\\ngovernment. He abdicates the regency\\nin favor of the Infanta Isabel Maria,\\nseven years of age, who becomes queen,\\nand retains the throne of Brazil.]\\n1826-5 1 The darkest period disorders\\nabound.\\n1826-28 Maria U. [da Gloria] reignB.\\n1826 Dec. 2. Portugal solicits aid of\\nGreat Britain against disorders.\\n1828 Apr. 28. The British force\\nleaves Portugal. [May 3. The foreign\\nMinisters also withdraw.]\\nJuly 4. The regent Dom Miguel assumes\\nthe title of king. [July 12. He dis-\\nsolves the three estates of the realm,\\nand civil contentions increase.]\\n1830 Mar. The Duke of Palmella,\\na parliamentarian, is appointed regent.\\n1832 Apr. 2. Dom Pedro proclaims\\nhimself regent at Terceira.\\n1833 The constitutional monarchy\\nis restored.\\nJuly 24. Lisbon. Maria II. is pro-\\nclaimed queen. [Sept. 22. She arrives.\\n1834. Sept. 18. The Cortes declare her\\nof age (15 years). Party struggles con-\\ntinue.]\\n1836 Jan. Maria II. weds Prince Fer-\\ndinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, nephew\\nof Leopold of Belgium.\\nAug. 9. Lisbon. Revolution.\\n[Sept.* The reestublishinenfc of the\\nconstitution of 1822 is proclaimed. Nov.\\n8. Another uprising.]\\n1837 Aug. 18. The Duke of Terceira\\nsuccessfully proclaims the restoration\\nof Pedro s charter.\\n1846 Apr. 20\u00c2\u00b1. The northern province\\nrevolts, caused by the unpopularity of\\nthe ministry of Costa Cabral, Duke of\\nThorn ar.\\nOct. 31. The Duke of Palmella, one\\nof the commanders of the constitutional\\narmy, resigns. [Nov. 26. Banished.]\\n1847 May 21. London conference;\\nEngland, France, and Spain agree to as-\\nsist Queen Maria II. to terminate the\\ncivil war.\\nJune 11. Sa da Bandiera, a partizan of\\nDom Pedro, submits.\\n1850 June 22. An American squad-\\nron arrives in the Tagus to enforce\\nclaims for damages in the war of 1S12.\\nJuly War claims of the United States\\nare refused the minister (TJ. S. A.)\\nleaves.\\n1851 Apr. Insurgents in Oporto de-\\nclare for the fugitive Duke of Saldanha.\\n[Apr. 29. Arrives at Oporto. May 23.\\nMade prime minister.]\\n1852 The charter, modified by the\\nCortes, is sanctioned by the queen.\\n1853 Dec. 19. The king-consort, Dom\\nFerdinand II., assumes the regencyfor\\nhis son, Dom Pedro.\\n1853-61 Pedro V. reigns. [1855. Sept.\\n16. Inaugurated.]\\n1857 The king weds the Princess So-\\nphia Stephanie of Hohenzollem.\\nOct. 13. Napoleon IH. sends an ulti-\\nmatum.\\nHe demands compensation for the con-\\nfiscation of the French slave-ship, Charles\\net Georges, and the imprisonment of its\\ncaptain in Mozambique. [185S. Oct. 13.\\nRestored.]\\n1861 Nov. 11. Pedro V. dies of the\\ncholera plague succeeded by Dom Luis,\\nDuke of Oporto.\\n1861-69 Luis I. (brother) reigns.\\n1862-65 Ministry of the Due de\\nLouie\\n1862 Jan. 3. The succession is\\nchanged to favor the king s sisters.\\nOct. 6. Lisbon. The king by proxy weds\\nPrincess Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter\\nof Victor Emmanuel.\\n1865-69 Ministry of the Marquis Sa\\nda Bandiera. Constitutional privi-\\nleges granted to the colonies.\\n1867 An extradition treaty is made\\nwith Spain.\\n1868 Complete amnesty is granted\\nto all political offenders.\\n1870 Insurrection.\\nMay 19. The Duke of Saldanha heads\\na coup d tat, seizes the royal palace,\\nand forms a new Ministry.\\n1871 Sept. 13. Fontes Pereira de\\nMello, the leader of the regenerador\\nparty, forms a new Ministry. [1871-77.\\nPrime minister. 1S78-83+. Again.]\\n1878 The House of Peers is changed\\nfrom a hereditary assembly to one of\\nlife peers.\\n1883 Oct. A circular to the powers is\\nissued defining Portuguese rights over\\nthe Kongo coast district.\\n1884 Feb. 8. Lisbon. The Govern-\\nment Bill for reform of constitution is\\nadopted by the deputies.\\n1889 July 27. The king dies.\\nOct. 19. Carlos I. (Duke of Braganca)\\nassumes the government. [Dec. 28, 29.\\nProclaimed at Lisbon.]\\n1890 Jan. 19. Portugal demands Ger-\\nman mediation in the African dispute\\nwith England.\\nMay 2. Portugal accepts arbitration in\\nthe Delagoa Bay question, provided that\\nsome impartial nation shall first affirm\\nthat that is a proper question for arbi-\\ntration. [Affirmed.]\\nJune 14. Lisbon. The Cortes formally\\ndeclares the king s son, Louis Philippe\\nheir to the throne of Portugal.\\nAug. 29. Portugal protests against the\\nincorporation of the Lunda and the\\nMuatayamoo territories by the Kongo\\nState.\\nSept. 17. The Portuguese Cabinet re-\\nsigns, owing to the popular dissatisfac-\\ntion over the African treaty with Eng-\\nland.\\n1894 Apr. 16. Portugal asks Eng-\\nland s good offices in bringing about a\\nreconciliation with Brazil.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1647 The first fleet of the Brazil\\nCompany sails (pp. 61, 71).\\n1714* Lisbon. The Royal Academy\\nof Sciences is founded.\\n1736 Dom Guzman first makes a bal-\\nloon inflated with hot air.\\n1758* Joseph I. tortures to death\\nsome of the first families, in order to dis-\\ncover and punish would-be assassins.\\n1759 The Jesuits are expelled,\\n1760 Joseph I. obtains a papal dispen-\\nsation, permitting his daughter to marry\\nher uncle.\\n1761 Lisbon. Gabriel Malagrida, a\\nJesuit, is burned at the stake by inquis-\\nitors.\\n1776 Trial by torture is abolished.\\n1777 Prince John of Brazil marries\\nMaria Franeesca, his aunt.\\n1809 Methodism is introduced.\\n1S34 June 9. Massacres occur.\\nAbbeys are suppressed and Jesuits\\nexpelled.\\nThe Oporto Wine Company is abol-\\nished. [1838. Apr. 7. Reestablished.]\\n1836 Dee. 10. The queen of Por-\\ntugal decrees the abolishment of the\\nslave-trade in her realm.\\n1854 Dec. 30. The slaves on the royal\\ndomains are emancipated.\\n1856 Oct. 26. The first railway is\\nopened it connects Lisbon and Santa-\\nrem. [1881. Oct. 8. Another connecting\\nLisbon and Madrid.]\\n1862 California grape-vines are in-\\ntroduced.\\n1865 Sept. 18. An International Ex-\\nhibition opens at Oporto.\\n1867 Capital punishment is abol-\\nished.\\n1872 June 13. Lisbon. Great fire.\\n1876 Aug. 19-24. Financial crisis.\\n1887 About one-half of the vineyards\\nsuffer from phylloxera.\\n1889 Mar. 24. The Portuguese Anti-\\nSlavery Society is founded.\\nJune 17. Parliament presents the king\\nwith $750,000, as a token of loyalty and\\nlove.\\n1890 Jan. 24. Lisbon. A NationalDe-\\nfense Fund is started the king sub-\\nscribes $45,000; thequeen$20,000,andthe\\nqueen dowagerthesame. Feelingtoward\\nGreat Britain is very bitter because of\\nBritish action in tin Portuguese dispute.\\n[Sept. 15. Englishmen are mobbed in\\nLisbon.]\\n1891 Jan. 22. The Mozambique Com-\\npany is authorized to extend its terri-\\ntory from Sabi to the Zambesi.\\nMay 11+. Financial panic; the Gov-\\nernment grants 00 d:tys delay in paying\\nobligations. Gold disappears from circu-\\nlation.\\n1893 Aug. 27- A new cable, connect-\\ning with the Azores, is opened for busi-\\nness between Portugal and the AzoreB.\\n1894 Apr. 27. Cholera is prevalent.\\nPORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA (MOZAMBIQUE).\\nThis dependency of Portugal was formerly known as Mozambique, and now called Estado d Africa Oriental capital Mozam-\\nbique. The government is administered by a Portuguese commissioner. Area, 201,700 square miles population, 1,500,000.\\n1498 Vasco da Gama arrives at the 1842 Missionaries introduce Chris- 1883\\nisland. [1560. Conquered by Tristan da tianity into Gallaland.\\nCunhaand Albuquerque. 1508. Settled.]\\nThe American Board opens a\\nmission at Inhambane. [Also at Kam-\\nbini and at Makodweni.J", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1123.jp2"}, "1124": {"fulltext": "1112 1498,* -1892, Mar. 3. PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA.\\n1886 Oct.* The natives revolt; sub-\\ndued. [1887. Feb. War with Zanzi-\\nbar over territory. Feb. 16. Portuguese\\nstorm Tungi. Mar. War ends.]\\n1889 Jan. Bonga revolts subdued.\\nMay 21 The Portuguese cease to ob-\\nstruct the passage of British mission-\\naries en route for Lake Nyassa.\\nJune Work is commenced on the Dela-\\ngoaBayrailway by the English. Portu-\\nguese stop the work, claim, and forcibly\\noccupy the port of Tungi.J\\nAug. 19. The government decrees the\\nformatibn of a Roman Catholic coloniza-\\ntion mission at Mponda, Lake Nyassa.\\nDee. 5. Portuguese officers haul down\\nthe British flag at the headquarters of\\nthe British South African Company.\\n[1890. Mar. 14. Capture their steamer,\\nDee. 14\u00c2\u00b1. Maj. Serpa Pinto attacks\\nand partly subdues the Makoiolo people.\\nThe government makes a contract for\\nthe completion of the Delagoa Bay\\nRailway to the frontier lines. England\\ncontests the Portuguese rights in the\\nShire River valley.\\nA line of trade steamers is organized\\nfor the Shire and Zambesi rivers.\\nThe Primitive Methodists (Eng.) open\\na mission on the Zambesi River. [The\\nUniversities Mission opens a mission ou\\nthe east shore of Lake Nyassa at Chitesi.]\\n1890 Mar. 17. The British consul\\nraises a British flag in the Shire dis-\\ntrict. [Diplomatic complications with\\nPortugal follow.]\\nAug. 20. The Anglo-Portuguese\\nagreement is signed.\\nThe Portuguese to hold the territory of An-\\ngola hinterland from ll\u00c2\u00a3 degrees south to the\\nGerman sphere on the north; Great Britain\\nwestward from Lake Nyassa, witJi free pas-\\nsage between its northern and southern\\ncolonies.\\nOct. 8. British gunboats enter the\\nZambesi Kiver in spite of Portuguese\\nprotests.\\n1891 Apr. 20. The Portuguese fire on\\na British steamer ascending thePungwe\\nRiver with the Willoughby expedition.\\nJune 11+. A native chief and 4,000 fol-\\nlowers revolt against the Portuguese,\\nand go over to the British.\\n1892 Mar. 3. Quilimane is besieged\\nby 6,000 natives.\\nRUMANIA.\\nRrjKLANiA is a kingdom of southeastern Europe, formed by the union of Wallachia, Moldavia, and Dobrudja capital, Bucha-\\nrest. The government is a constitutional monarchy under a king and a Legislature of two chambers. Rumanian is the common\\nlanguage, and the dominant religion is Greek Catholic, but Jews and Roman Catholics are numerous. Area, 48,307 square miles\\npopulation in 1S92, 5,500,000\u00c2\u00b1.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1397 Turks under Bajazet lay waste\\nWallachia. [1402. Timour captures Ba-\\njazet.]\\nInternecine strife of the sons of\\nBajazet.\\n1475 Jan. 17. Stephen the Great de-\\nfeats 120,000 Turks at Lake Rakovietz,\\nwith great slaughter.\\n1476 A Turkish army fails to regain\\nprestige in Moldavia.\\n1484 Stephen withdraws before Ba-\\njazet, and saves his army.\\n1487 Stephen repels an invasion of\\n80,000 Poles.\\n1522 The Wallachiaus, with allies, de-\\nfeat Mohammed Bey at Grumatz.\\n1594-97 War against Turkey.\\n(1594. Nov. 13.) The Wallachians and\\nMoldavians suddenly rise and mas-\\nsacre the Turkish guards. (1595.) Mi-\\nchael the Brave wins a great victory\\nover the Turks at Man tin their army is\\nannihilated.\\nThe sultan sends 100,000 men to in-\\nvade Wallachia, and the patriots retire\\nto the mountains.\\nThe Wallachians assume the offensive,\\nstorm Bucharest, cut to pieces the sul-\\ntan s rear guard, and capture enormous\\nbooty.\\n1599* Michael the Brave, in league\\nwith an imperial force, defeats Andreas\\nBathori in Transylvania, and seizes the\\nreins of government.\\n1824 The Turks evacuate Wallachia\\nand Moldavia.\\n1885 Sept. 3. Rumanian troops invade\\nSilistria, and seize territory.\\nSTATE.\\n1330* Wallachia. Hungarian su-\\npremacy is broken. [1344. Restored.\\n1367. Again temporarily broken.]\\n1383-1419 Wallachia. Mircea reigns.\\n1458 Moldavia. Stephen the Great\\ndevelops a formidable principality.\\n[1504. He dies.]\\n1504* Moldavia. Bogdan (son) reigns\\nhe pays increased tribute to Turkey.\\n1512 Wallachia. Nagul Bessaraba\\nreigns. [1521. It sinks into a Turkish\\npashalic]\\n1524* Wallachia. The sultan is forced\\nto recognize Iiadul as prince.\\n1561* ^Moldavia. The impostor Jacob\\nBasilicus succeeds in seizing the gov-\\nernment. [1563. The people rise, and\\nmurder Basilicus.]\\n1591 Wallachia. Alexander ob-\\ntains the government by purchase from\\nthe Turks.\\n1593-1601 Wallachia. Michael the\\nBrave becomes the deliverer from the\\noppressive Turks.\\n1597* The sultan submits to the\\nchoice of the Wallachians, and appoints\\nthe victorious Michael as prince.\\n1599 Michael, by conquest, obtains\\nTransylvania.\\n1600 Michael annexes Moldavia to\\nhis Grand Dacian realm. [1601. He\\ndies.]\\nWallachia. A succession of princes\\nbuy their appointment of the Turks.\\n1618* Moldavia. The sultan recov-\\ners Moldavia.\\n1G33 Comparative prosperity re-\\nturns under the rule of Mathias Bessa-\\nraba.\\n1634 Moldavia. Vasilje Lupul rules\\nwith ability and success.\\nWallachia. Serban Cantacuzene\\nbecomes prince. [1688. He dies.]\\n1688+ Wallachia. Constantine\\nBrancovan is elected prince, and his\\ncoronation constitutes an historical\\nlandmark. [1714. Apr. 4. The sultan\\nproclaims his deposition. Beheaded\\nsoon after.]\\n1711* Moldavia. Demetria Cante-\\nmir, rendered desperate by Turkish ex-\\nactions, agrees to become the vassal of\\nRussia. [The arrangement miscarries.]\\nThe office of waywode, or hospodar,\\nis sold by the sultan to the highest\\nbidder.\\n1747* Constantine Mavrocordato\\ndecrees the manumission of the serfs.\\n1769 Wallachia. The bishops and\\nthe clergy take an oath of fidelity to\\nthe Empress Catherine of Russia, when\\noverawed by a Russian army.\\n1774* Treaty of Kutchuk-Kai-\\nnardji; Russia returns Wallachia and\\nMoldavia to Turkey, but guaranteeing a\\nlarge measure of liberty. [1783. Russia\\nsecures a new agreement defining the\\nliberties of Moldavia and Wallachia.]\\n1777* Moldavia. The province of\\nBukowina is ceded to Austria by the\\nSultan.\\nThe Porte disregards its agreement\\nand governs arbitrarily exciting revolt.\\n1802* Russia forces the sultan to\\nagree to a veiled protectorate of the\\nczar over the principalities.\\n1808 Bussia is at war with Turkey,\\nand occupies the principalities and\\nforms a government. [1812. Restored\\nunder liberal conditions.]\\n1821 Moldavia. Unsuccessful revoltof\\nthe Hetserists is followed by Turkish oc-\\ncupation. [1822. Withdrawn by influ-\\nence of the powers.]\\n1829 The sultan having confirmed\\nthe privileges of Moldavia and Walla-\\nchia, Russia guarantees them by the\\nPeace of Adrianople. [1834. The Porte\\nratifies the peace Russians evacuate\\nthe two principalities.]\\n1S39 Prince Charles [I.] is born.\\n1848 Moldavia. A revolutionary\\nmovement occurs.\\n1849 A joint Russo-Turkish dic-\\ntatorship restores the organic law, and\\nappoints Barbii Stirbeifl as prince of\\nWallachia, and Gregoria ihika for Mol-\\ndavia.\\n1853-54 Russian and Austrian occu-\\npation the hospodars flee to Vienna.\\n[1854. The Russians withdraw.]\\n1857 Sept. The representative coun-\\ncils of Wallachia and Moldavia vote to\\nunite the principalities under the\\nname of Rumania. [1858. The powers\\nobject, and provide a central commis-\\nsion. 1S62. Abolished.]\\n1859 Jan. Alexander John Cuza is\\nchosen prince.\\nA new conference at Paris ratifies\\nthe election.\\n1861 Dec. 23. The union of the two\\nprincipalities under the name of Ru-\\nmania is proclaimed at Jassy and Bu-\\ncharest.\\n1862 Feb. 5. A single assembly and a\\nsingle ministry are formed to meet in\\nBucharest.\\n1864 May 2. Difficulties between the\\nGovernment and the aristocrats of the\\nGeneral Assembly cause its dissolu-\\ntion by Cuza and a new constitution is\\nsubmitted to universal suffrage, grant-\\ning greater authority to the prince, and\\ncreating a Chamber of Senators, besides 1\\nthe Deputies. [May 28. It is adopted.]\\nAug.* A law is passed enabling peas-\\nants to own land.\\nCapital punishment is abolished.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1124.jp2"}, "1125": {"fulltext": "RUMANIA.\\n1330, *-1892, Dec. 27. 1113\\n1865 Aug. The people of Bucharest\\nrevolt. [Aug. 15. Suppressed.]\\n1866 Feb. 22. Revolution at Bucha-\\nrest. The vices of Alexander are so\\noffensive he is forced to abdicate. A\\nprovisional government is estab-\\nlished.\\nApr. 20. Prince Charles of Hohen-\\nzollern-Sigmaringen is elected Prince\\nof Rumania by a popular vote. [May 22.\\nHe is welcomed at Bucharest. Oct.\\nHe is recognized hereditary hospodar\\nby the sultan.]\\n1877 May 21. The Senate approves a\\ndeclaration of independence, and de-\\nclares war with Turkey.\\n1877-78 Rumania is an ally of Russia\\nin the war with Turkey.\\n1878 Mar. 3. Rumania is declared in-\\ndependent by the Treaty of San Stefano.\\nJune 13- July 13. The Treaty of Ber-\\nlin declares Rumania independent, it\\nreceiving Dobrudja in return for ceding\\nBessarabia to Russia,\\n1881 Mar. 26. Charles I. is nomi-\\nnated king. [May 13. Charles I. and\\nQueen Elizabeth are crowned.]\\n1889 Mar. 26. Prince Ferdinand, King\\nCharles s nephew, is proclaimed crown\\nprince.\\nJune 11. The gold standard of cur-\\nrency is approved by the Chamber of\\nDeputies.\\nJune 6. The czar protests against the\\nRumanian Government erecting forti-\\nfications.\\n1891 May 16. Jean Bratiano, the\\nstatesman, dies.\\n1892 Dec. 27. The Senate adopts com-\\nmercial convention with Great Britain.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1680 The first printing-press is set\\nup at Bucharest.\\n1775+ *An evangelical church is\\nerected at Jassy.\\n1840 The Uacia Liter aria is issued.\\n[1841, Archiva Pomanesca 1S45, Maga-\\nsinal istorica peutru Dacia.]\\n1862 June 20. M. Catargi, President\\nof the Ministerial Council, is assassi-\\nnated near the Chamber of Deputies.\\n1866 July\u00c2\u00b1 The Jews are persecuted\\nat Bucharest.\\n1890 The Society for the Propagation\\nof the Gospel (Eng.J opens a mission in\\nBucharest.\\n1891 Aug. 14+. A cordon of troopB\\nlines the frontier to keep out Jews\\nexiled from Russia.\\nRUSSIA.\\nRussia is an empire of eastern Europe, having vast possessions in northern and central Asia, and two capitals, St. Peters-\\nburg and Moscow, the latter being the coronation city. The empire is politically divided into 68 governments, or provinces,\\nbesides the Asiatic departments.\\nThe government is vested in the czar as an hereditary absolute monarch he is assisted in its administration by the Council of\\nthe Empire, the Senate, the Holy Synod, and the Imperial Ministry. The chief language is Russian, and the state religion is that\\nof the Greek Church. Area of European Russia, 1,902,092 square miles and the population, 88,665,796. Including Russian Poland\\nand the Duchy of Finland, the area is 2,095,504 square miles and the population, 99,531,929. Area of the entire empire, 8,660,282\\nsquare miles population, 117,561,S74.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n376 Invasion of Huns.\\n707* Arabs subjugate Samarcand.\\n[1220. Taken by Ghengis Khan.]\\n883 Oleg, the regent, takes Smolensk.\\n[907. He invades Constantinople.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n3d Century. Florian, patron saint of Poland,\\n552 Totila, King of the Ostrogoths, dies.\\n7th Century. Demidoff, Nikita, serf, capital-\\nist, born.\\n879 Rurlk, founderof Russian Empire, d.\\n969+ Olga, Saint, wife of Igor, Prince of\\nKieff, dies.\\n1015 Vladimir, Saint, the Great, Grand\\nDiscourse to the Brethren is written\\nby Luke Zhidiata, bishop of Novgorod.\\nPouckenia (Instructions) are written\\nby Theodosius.\\nThe Chronicle of Nestor is written.\\nBishop Cyril of Turoff writes Sermons.\\nCHURCH.\\n850 Cyrillus, the apostle of Thaza-\\nria [the Crimea], preaches Christianity.\\n884 Christianity is tolerated. [940\u00c2\u00b1.\\nSviatoslaf introduces Christianity.]\\n955+ Constantinople. Olga, widow\\nof Duke Igor, is baptized, and lays the\\nfoundation of the Russian Church.\\n965 Poland. Mieeislas I. becomes a\\nChristian. [980. He establishes Chris-\\ntianity by law. 986. Vladimir I., the\\nGreat, is baptized.]\\n1114 The Jews suffer persecution.\\nLETTERS.\\n1018-54 Russkvaia Pravda, a codifica-\\ntion of Russian laws, is written by Ya-\\nroslav.\\n1056-57 The Ostromir Codex, a Russian\\nrecension of the Slavonic Gospels, is\\nwritten.\\n1073-76 The Izbomik (Miscellany) of\\nSviatoslaf appears.\\n12th Century. Discourse concerning the\\nOld and Neio Testament is written by\\nBishop Ilarim, of Kieff.\\nSOCIETY.\\n988 Vladimir the Great marries\\nAnne, sister of the Emperor Basil II.\\n1079* Poland. Boleslas II. murders\\nSt. Stanislaus, bishop of Cracow, with\\nhis own hands. [1174. Andrew I. is\\nmurdered. 1296, Premislas 1598, Feo-\\ndor I.]\\nSTATE.\\n500\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. The Crimea is colonized\\nby the Greeks.\\n469i b. c. Tiflis is built by Vakh-\\ntang.\\n476 a. d. Slavs and Wends occupy\\nthe northeast of Europe. [500. They\\nspread from the Vistula to the Dnieper.]\\n550 Poland becomes a duchy under\\nLechus, or Lesko, I.\\n600 Obotrittii, Wilze, and Pomerani-\\nans inhabit the shores of the Baltic Sea.\\n680 Kahazarenes subdue the Bulgari-\\nans and Hungarians westward to the\\nTheiss.\\n700* Poland. Crascusl. is duke. [Later\\nLechus II., deposed 750, Vendal, who\\ndrowns herself 760, Premislaus, named\\nLescus, or Less; 810, Lechus III.; 815,\\nPopiel I. 830, Popiel II.]\\n826* Normans and Danes inhabit the\\nWest. The Swedes conquer the Slavs,\\namong whom they settle.\\n842\u00c2\u00b1 Poland. Piastus, a peasant, is\\nelected duke. [861, Ziemovitus, son of Pi-\\nastus, is duke 892, Leskoor, or Lechus,\\nIV. 913, Ziemomislas, son of Lechus\\n965, Mieeislas I.; he becomes a Chris-\\ntian.]\\n862 Rurik, the leader of the northern\\npirates, being invited by the Novgorodi-\\nans to help them, founds the Russian\\nmonarchy by becoming grand duke of\\nKieff. [879. He is succeeded by Oleg.]\\n869 Oleg is grand duke of Kieff. [913,\\nIgor; 945, Olga, widow, is regent; 955,\\nSvaitoslaf.]\\n970 Svaitoslaf divides the kingdom\\namong his three sons. [973. Jaropolk I.\\nis duke. 980. He seizes Novgorod.]\\n*Vladimir I., the Great, becomes\\ngrand duke. [1015, Swiatopolk 1018,\\nJaraslaw I. 1054, Isialaw I.]\\n992* Poland, Boleslas I. becomes\\nduke. He obtains the title of king from\\nthe emperor Otho III. [He is succeeded\\nby Mieeislas II.]\\n1034 Poland. Richense, consort of\\nBoleslas I., is regent she is driven from\\nthe government. [1037. Anarchy pre-\\nvails.]\\n1041* Poland. Casimir I. is en-\\nthroned. [1058, Boleslas II. 1059. Red\\nRussia is added to Poland. 1081. Ladis-\\nlaus I.]\\n1072 Wsewolod drives Isialaw from\\nKieff; he solicits aid of Henry IV. of\\nGermany.\\n1078* Wsewolod I. is duke. [1093. Swi-\\natopolk II.]\\n1102* Poland. Boleslas III. is en-\\nthroned. [1138, Ladislaus, his son 1146,\\nBoleslas IV.; 1173, Mieeislas III., de-\\nposed 1177, Casimir II. 1194, Lechus V.,\\nabdicated 1200, Mieeislas IV.]\\n1 1 13 Vladimir becomes duke of Kieff.\\n[1125, Mitislaw 1132, Jaropolk II. 1138,\\nWiatschelaw; 1139, Wsewolod II. 1146,\\nIsialaw II. and Igor II. 1149, Jurie, or\\nGeorge, I. 1153, Rostislaw.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1125.jp2"}, "1126": {"fulltext": "1114 1156,* *-1760,*\\nRUSSIA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1223+ The Golden Horde of Tartars\\nmakes extensive conquests.\\n1237 The Polowzes and Petchingans\\nare exterminated.\\nBaty, the grandson of Ghengis, invades\\nBulgaria and Russia. [1240. He burns\\nKieff.]\\n1240 Mongols sack Kieff.\\n1241 Tartars invade Poland.\\n1380* War with the Tartars. Dimitry\\ndefeats Mamai the Don.\\n1382 Tamerlane plunders and burns\\nMoscow. [1451-77. Plundered by Tar-\\ntars.]\\n1449 The Moscow princes renounce\\ntheir claims to Smolensk. [Yet Moscow\\nand Lithuania constantly contend for\\nits possession. 1514. Russians dominate\\nit. 1G11. Sigismund III. of Poland holds\\nit. 1G54. Russians retake it. 1686. Rus-\\nsians definitely annex it.]\\n1470* Ivan takes Kasan, and subju-\\ngates Novgorod.\\n1479 Hosts of Tartars invade the\\ncountry.\\n[1481. Ivan s general, Svenigorod,\\nbreaks their power. 1482. Lithuania is\\ninvaded, also Poland. 1541. Another\\ninvasion.]\\n1505-23 Russia wages a successful war\\nwith Poland.\\n1521 Tartars capture Moscow soon\\nexpelled. [161 1. Ravaged by Ladislaus\\nof Poland.]\\n1531 The Poles drive out the Walla-\\nchian invaders.\\n1544 Ivan conquers Kasan.\\n1568 The Strelitz is organized as a\\nroyal body guard. [1704. Abolished.]\\n1571 May 15. Moscow is burned by\\nthe Tartars.\\n1575 Stephen organizes Cossacksinto\\na militia. [1671. Cossacks subjugated.]\\n1656 July 28-30. The Swedes defeat\\nthe Poles at Warsaw.\\n1700 Nov. 30. Charles XII. of Sweden\\n(20,000) totally defeats Peter the Great\\n(60,000) at Narva; 18,000 Russians are\\nkilled and 30,000 taken prisoners. [1703.\\nWarsaw surrenders to Charles. May 1.\\nHe defeats Augustus II. at Pultusk (p.\\n1134).]\\n1705 Sept. 4. Russians take Mitau.\\n1709 July 8. Defeat of Charles at Pul-\\ntowa (p. 1134).\\nWar with Turkey. [1773-74. Again.]\\n1711 June* Peter crosses the Pruth,\\nand is surrounded by the Turks. The\\nRussians escape after hard fighting with\\ngreat difficulty Catherine obtains a\\ntruce.\\n1741-43 War with Sweden.\\n1748 The Swedes commence the for-\\ntifications of Sweaborg.\\n1757 Aug. 13. The Russians are de-\\nfeated at Norkitten. [1758. Allies of\\nAustria (p. 516).]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1367 The Kremlin is founded at\\nMoscow. [1816. Rebuilt.]\\n1690 Kamchatka is discovered by\\nMorosco, a Cossack chief.\\n1697 Peter the Great visits Holland\\nand England, and works in the dockyard\\nat Deptford, Eng., to learn the art of\\nshipbuilding.\\n1725* St. Petersburg. The Observa-\\ntory is erected.\\n1736 *Thegreatbellof Moscowismade;\\nweight, 25 tons.\\n1756* St. Petersburg. The first theater\\nis built.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1 3 1 9 Alexander Nevski, hero, saint, born.\\n[12K3. Dies.]\\n1233* Kadlubek, Vincent, bishop of Cra-\\ncow, historian, dies.\\n1260* Ladislaus I., King of Poland, born.\\n[1333. Dies.]\\n1 309 Casimlr III. the Great, King of Po-\\nland, born. [1370. Dies.]\\n1326* Ivan II., Grand Duke of Moscow,\\nborn. [1359. Dies.]\\n1340 Mar. 31. Ivan I., Kalita, Grand Duke\\nof Moscow, dies.\\n1348* Ladislaus II., King of Poland, born.\\n[1434. Dies.]\\n1424 Ladislaus III., King of Poland,\\nborn. [1444. Dies.]\\n1473 Copernicus. Nicholas. Polish as-\\ntronomer, born. [1543. Dies.]\\n1488 Tarnowski, Jan, Polish general,\\nborn. [1561. Dies.]\\n1495* liitlski, Man-in, Polish historian,\\nborn. [1576. Dies,]\\n1499 Alasco, John, Polish reformer, born.\\n[1560. Dies.]\\n1505 Oct. 27. Ivan m., the Great, Grand\\nDuke of Moscow, dies.\\n1530 Aug. 25. Ivan IV., the Terrible, czar,\\nborn. [1584. Mar. 18. Dies.]\\n1532* Iialhon, Stephen, King of Poland,\\nborn. [1586. Dies.]\\n1541 Zamoiski, Jan, Polish statesman,\\ngeneral, born. [1605. Dies.]\\n1552* Gudoonof, lioria, czar, b. [1605. D.]\\n1557 Feodor I., czar, b. [1598. Dies.]\\n1567* Bzowski K/.ovius), Abraham, Polish\\ntheologian, born. [1637. Dies.]\\n1593 Ohmielnirki, Bogdan, Cossack chief,\\nborn. [1657. Dies.]\\n1595* Ladislaus IV., King of Poland,\\nborn. [1648. Dies.]\\n1606 May 17. Demetrius I., usurper, dies.\\n1610 Dec. 11. Demetrius I L, usurper, d.\\n1611* Hcvclius (Hewel), Johannes, Polish\\nastronomer, born. [1687. Dies.]\\n1635\u00c2\u00b1* Sobieski, John III., King of Po-\\nland, born. [16%. Dies.]\\n1628* Polotzki, Suiieon, poet, author, born.\\n[1680. Dies.]\\n1639* Alexis, Michaelovitch, czar, bom.\\n[1675. Dies.]\\n1633 GalliUin, Vasslli, prince, siaiesman,\\nborn. [1713. Dies.]\\n1644* Mazeppa, Ivan, adventurer, born.\\n[1709. Dies.]\\n1645* Romanof, Michael, czar, founder of\\nreigning Russian dynasty, dies.\\n1656* Lefort, Kran ;oiB, Swiss general in\\nRussia, born. [1699. Dies.]\\n1657 Cruys, Cornelis, naval officer, born.\\n[1727. Dies.]\\n1660* Pat kul, Johann Reinhold, Livonian\\npatriot, born. [1707. Oct. 10. Dies.]\\n1661 Burlier, Claude, grammarian, phi-\\nlosopher, author, born. [1737. Dies.]\\n1666 Aug. 27. Ivan V., czar, bora. [1696.\\nJan. 29. Dies.]\\n1667* Dolgornki, Vassili Vladimirovitch,\\nfield-marshal, born. 1746. Dies.\\n1670* Augustus L, Frederick, Elector of\\nSaxony, King of Poland, b. [1733. Dies.]\\n1672 June 9. Peter I., Alexievitch, the\\nGreat, czar, born. [1725. Jan. 28. Dies.]\\nMenscbikov, Prince Alexander Danilovitch,\\ngeneral, statesman, born. [1730. Dies.]\\n1673* Cantemir, Demetrius, historian,\\norientalist, born. [1723. Dies.]\\n1674* Gallitzin, Mikhail Mikhailovitch,\\ngeneral, born. [1730. Dies.]\\n1677* Stanislaus I., Leszcynski, King of\\nPoland, born. [1766. Dies.]\\n1683 Feodor II., czar, dies.\\n1685\u00c2\u00b1 Catherine I., empress, wife of\\nPeter I., born. [1727- Dies.]\\n1690* Alexis, Petroviteh, prince, son of\\nPeter I., born. [1718. Dies.]\\n1693* Nestushefi-Riumtn, Alexis Petro-\\nviteh, count, diplomatist, b. [1766. Dies.]\\n1701* *Zaluski, Josef Andrew, Polish\\nbishop, bibliophile, born. [1774. Dies.]\\n1705 Midler, Gerhard Frederick, histo-\\nrian, born. [1783. Dies.]\\n1709* Cantemir (Kantemir), Antioclms,\\nprince, poet, diplomatist, born. [1744. D.]\\nElisabeth-Petrovna, empress, b. [1762. D.J\\n1711 LomonoHMif, m ddia.il, poet, gramma-\\nrian, born. [1765. Dies.]\\nRichmann, Georg Wilhelm, naturalist, born.\\n[1753. Dies.]\\n1714 Peter II., czar, born. [1730. Dies.]\\n1716\u00c2\u00b1 Zamoiski, Androej, count, Polish\\nBtatesman, born. [1792. Dies.]\\n1718* *Khilkof, Andrei Vakof Levitch,\\nprince, historian, die6.\\n1727* Sumarokoff, Alexander, dramatist,\\nborn. [1777. Dies.]\\n1738* Peter III., czar, born. [1762. Dies.]\\n1729* Catherine II,. empress, wife of\\nPeter III., born. [1796. Dies.]\\nSuvarov, Alexei Vasilievitcb, count, field-\\nmarshal, born. [1800. Dies.]\\n1732* Stanislaus, Augustus, king of Po-\\nland, born. [1798. Dies.]\\n1733 Kheraskoff, Mikhail, poet, born.\\n[1806. Dies.]\\n.Naruszewirz, Adam Ktanislaw, Polish histo-\\nrian, poet, born. [1796. Dies.]\\n1734* Krasicki, Ignatius, Polish poet, born.\\n[1801. Dies.]\\nOrloff, Grigori, gen., pol., b. [1783. Dies.]\\n1736+ *Potemkin, Gregori, A., field-mar-\\nshal, born. [1791. Dies.]\\n1737 Platon, Lefsbin (Leffschin) arch-\\nbishop of Moscow, author, b. [1812. D.]\\nOrloff, Alexei, count, admiral, horn.\\n1739 Nov. 6. Dolgoruki, Ivan Alexeio-\\nvitch, nobleman, executed.\\n1740 Aug.24. Ivan VI., czar, born. [1764.\\nDec. 5. Dies.]\\nDec. 29. Ann, czarina, dies.\\n1743* Bou danovilrb, Ippolit F., lyric poet,\\nborn. [1803. Dies.]\\nDerzhavin, cabriel R., poet, states., born.\\n1744* DashkoH, Yekaterina, Romanova,\\nprincess, born. [1810. Dies.]\\nNovikoflf, Nikolai Ivanovitch, author, born.\\n1745 Benningsen, Levin, general, born.\\nCbemnitzer, Ivan Ivanovitch, fabulist, born.\\n[1784. Dies.]\\nKutuzoff, Mikhail, general, born.\\n1746* Kosciusko, Thaddeus. Polish pa-\\ntriot, born.\\n1747* Pulaski, Casimir, count, Polish pa-\\ntriot, born. [1779. Dies.]\\n1754 Paul I., czar, born.\\n1755 Barclay de Tolly, Michael, gen., b.\\nDombrowski, Jan llenryk, Polish gen., born.\\n1757 NeiiH-Pwic/., .Julian Ursin, au., b.\\n1760* Dmitrief, Ivan Ivanovitch, poet,\\npolitician, born.\\nMartos, Ivan P., sculptor, born.\\n1157 Henry, bishop of Upsala, an\\nEnglishman, introduces Christianity\\ninto Finland.\\n1326 The Cathedral of Assumption\\nat Moscow is built. [1328. The Cathe-\\ndral of the Transfiguration.]\\n1563 Poland. The Socinians estab-\\nlish a church at Rakow, and make pros-\\nelytes in Tr an syl vania. [1574. The\\nRakovian Catechism is published.]\\n1582 The patriarchate of Moscow is\\nestablished. [1762. Suppressed.]\\n1643 A Confession of Faith is com-\\nposed by Mogila, metropolitan of Kieff.\\n[This is the present standard of the\\nRusso-Greek church.]\\n1654* *The cruelties of the Patriarch\\nNicon cause a revolt and a schism.\\n[The revoltefs, calling themselves* Old\\nBelievers, profess to adhere to the old\\nreading of the Slavonian sacred books.\\n1G58. They are expelled from Poland.]\\n1718* The Jesuits are expelled.\\n1724 Poland. The Protestants are\\npersecuted at Thorn.\\nLETTERS.\\n1200+ The Expedition of Igor against\\nPolotzk appears.\\n1497 Sudebnik, a code of laws, is is-\\nsued by Ivan III. [1550. Another by\\nIvan IV.]\\n1533-84 The Domostroi (Book of House-\\nhold Management), by Sylvester, and\\nChetii-Minei (Book of Monthly Read-\\nings), by Macarius, appear.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1126.jp2"}, "1127": {"fulltext": "RUSSIA.\\n1156,** -1760,\\n1115\\n1553 A printing-press is set up at\\nMoscow. [1564. The first book, Apostol,\\nis printed.]\\n16th Century. Stepennaya Kniqa (Book\\nof Degrees) appears also the Life of the\\nCzar Feodor Ivanovitck, by the patriarch\\nJob.\\n1581* *The first Slavonic Bible is\\nprinted at Ostrog in Volhynia.\\n1596 Slavic Grammar, by Tzitzania,\\nappears.\\n1610+ Chronograph, by Sergius Ku-\\nbasoff, appears.\\n1632 The University of Dorpat is\\nfounded by Gustavus Adolphus. [1802.\\nReconstituted by the Czar.]\\n1640 Finland. The University of\\nHelsingfors is founded at Abo. [182G.\\nRemoved to Helsingfors.]\\n1670\u00c2\u00b1 Vienetz Vieri (The Garland of\\nFaith), The Prodigal Son, Nebuchadnez-\\nzar, and other works, by Simeon Polot-\\nzki, appear.\\n1700-18 History of Russia, by Andrei\\nYukof Levitch, appears.\\n1702 Dec. 16. Moskovskia Wiedomosti\\nis issued at Moscow.\\n1714 St. Petersburg. The Imperial\\nLibrary, principally consisting of spoils\\nof Poland, is founded.\\n1725 The Russian Academy of Sci-\\nence is opened by Catherine I.\\n1739 Ode on the Taking of Khotin\\nfrom the Turks, by Mikhail Vasilievitch\\nLomondsoff. [Later, the Petriade.]\\n1755 The University of Moscow is\\nfounded.\\n1755-64 Yejem yesyatrhnuja Sotchine-\\nnuja, (Monthly Works) are issued by\\nMuller.\\n1759* Trudolyubivaya Ptcheld (Indus-\\ntrious Bee) is issued by Smnarakoff.\\nSOCIETY.\\n13th Century. Poland. The custom of\\nkilling old men when unable to labor,\\nand such children as are born imperfect,\\nis practised.\\n1498 Poland. The Wallachian inva-\\nders capture 100,000 Poles, and sell\\nthem to the Turks as slaves.\\n1605 June 13. The czar is overthrown\\nin a riot in Moscow [and murdered].\\n1606 Otrefief a young Polish monk\\nand impostor, gains the throne. [May\\n2. Exposed and killed, with his adhe-\\nrents. Matins of Moscow.\\n1718 July 7. Prince Alexis, son of\\nPeter the Great, charged with rebellion,\\nis found dead in prison.\\nSTATE.\\n1156 Apr. 30. Moscow is founded by\\nDuke George I. [12th Century. Vladi-\\nmir founded.]\\n1157 Andrew I. becomes first grand\\nduke of Vladimir. [1175. Michael I.\\n1177, Wsewolod III.; 1213, Juri, or\\nGeorge, II. 1217-18, Constantine.]\\n1157-1328 Vladimir is the capital of a\\ngrand duchy.\\n1193* The Genoese settle in the\\nCrimea.\\n1202* Poland. Ladislaus III. is en-\\nthroned retired. [1206, Lesko V., re-\\nstored, assassinated; 1227, Boleslas V.,\\nan infant 1279, Lesko VI.]\\n1206-27 Tartary is held by Genghis\\nKhan.\\n1223 The Golden Horde of Tar-\\ntars conquers extensive territories.\\n1235 Moscow becomes the capital on\\nthe occupation of South Russia by the\\nTartars. [1237. They invade Novgorod.]\\n1238 Jaraslaw III. becomes grand\\nduke of Vladimir. [1245, Alexander\\nNevski; he pays tribute to the Mon-\\ngols. 1252. He becomes the grand duke\\nof Russia.]\\n1242+ *TheempireoftheKhanofKapt-\\nsehak is established by the Tartars.\\n1263 Jaraslaw II. is enthroned grand\\nduke of Russia. [1270. Vasilii 1., or\\nBasil I. 1275, Dimitri I. 1821, Andrew\\nII.; 1294, Daniel Alexandrovitch is\\ngrand duke; 1303, June, or George, III.,\\ndeposed; 1305, Michael 111. 1320. Vasilii,\\nor Basil, II. 1325, Jurie, or George, III.,\\nrestored 1327, Alexander II.]\\n1289 Poland. Anarchy prevails.\\n1295* Poland. Premislas is enthroned\\nas king assasinated. [1296, Ladislaus\\nIII. (IV.) reigns 1300, Wenceslaus, King\\nof Bohemia, abandons Poland 1304,\\nLadislaus IV., the Short.]\\n1328 Ivan I., or John 1., is enthroned\\nas the first grand duke of Moscow.\\n[1340, Simon is duke 1353, Ivan, or John,\\nII. 1359, Dmitri IL, prince of Susdal\\n1382, Dmitri III. (Douskoi) 1389, Vasilii\\nIII., or Basil III. (Tenmoi); 1425, Vasilii\\nIV., or Basil IV. 1433. He is banished,\\nbut soon returns to the throne.]\\n1333* Poland. Casimir III., the\\nGreat, is enthroned he amends the laws.\\n[1370, Louis, King of Hungary 1382,\\nMaria and 1384, Hedwige, daughters of\\nLouis, together with the latter s consort\\nJagello, Duke of Lithuania, styled Lad-\\nislaus V.; 1399, Ladislaus II. (V.) alone;\\nhe annexes Lithuania 1434, Ladislaus\\nIII. (VI.), son. 1440. Succeeds a king of\\nHungary. 1444. Short interregnum, fol-\\nlowed by accession of Casimir IV.]\\n1462 Ivan Basilovitz, or John III., is\\nenthroned as grand duke of Moscow.\\n[1478. He conquers Novgorod. 14S0. He\\nfrees himself from the suzerainty of the\\nTartars. 1482. He takes the title of\\nCzar of Muscovy.]\\n1474* *The Crim Tartars expel the\\nGenoese from the Crimea.\\n1492 Poland. John (Albert) I. is en-\\nthroned. [1501, Alexander, prince of\\nLivonia 1506, Sigismund the Great\\n154S, Sigismund II. Augustus s son he\\nannexes Livonia.]\\n1505 Vasilii, or Basil, V. is enthroned\\nas Czar of Muscovy he receives the title\\nof emperor from Maximilian I.\\n[1533, Ivan TV. 1584, Feodor, or Theo-\\ndor, L, and his son Dmitri, both mur-\\ndered by the successor. 1598. Throne\\nusurped by Boris-Godonof\\n1566 Poland. The diet is removed\\nfrom Cracow to Warsaw.\\n1569 Poland. Lithuania is annexed.\\n1573 Poland. Henry de Valois, duke\\nof Anjou, brother to the King of France,\\nis the first elected monarch.\\n[Later he ascends the French throne.\\n1575, Stephen Bathori, prince of Tran-\\nsylvania; he establishes the Cossacks as\\na militia. 1586. Interregnum. 1587. Si-\\ngismund LTI., son of the King of Sweden,\\nis elected in exclusion of Maximilian of\\nAustria.]\\n1581 Siberia is conquered by the Rus-\\n1606 Dmitri (Otrefief), the impostor,\\nclaims to be the murdered Prince Dmi-\\ntri, and is made czar. Vasilii Choniski,\\nor Zouinski, succeeds. [1610, Ladislaus\\nof Poland 1613, Michael-Feodorovitch\\nof the house of Romanoff.]\\n1617 Mar. 9. Gustavus Adolphus\\ncompels Russia to cede to him Kexholm,\\nKarelia, and Ingermanland.\\n1632 Poland. Ladislaus IV. (VII.),\\nA r asa, son of Sigismund III., is en-\\nthroned. [1648, John II., or Casimir V.]\\n1645 Alexis, Father of his Coun-\\ntry, is enthroned as czar. [1676, Feo-\\ndor, or Theodor, II. 1682, Ivan V. and\\nPeter 1., brothers of Feodor; 1689,\\nPeter I. [the Great] alone.]\\n1655* Poland is conquered by the\\nSwedes. [1660. Independence recovered.]\\n1668* Poland. John Casimir abdi-\\ncates, and retires to France. [1672. He\\ndies. An interregnum follows. 1669. Mi-\\nchael Koributh-Wiesnowiski in thiB\\nreign the Cossacks join the Turks, and\\nravage Poland. 1674. John III., So-\\nbieski, the last independent king he\\nwins great victories over the Cossack\\nTurks and Tartars. j\\n1672 Poland cedes to the Cossacks\\nthe vast fertile plain of Ukraine. [1682.\\nTransferred to Russia.]\\n1683 Mar. 31. The alliance of War-\\nsaw is entered by Austria and Poland\\nagainst Turkey.\\n1689 Poland. Warsaw becomes the\\ncapital.\\n1697 Poland. Interregnum. Frede-\\nrick Augustus I., son of John George,\\nelector of Saxony, Is enthroned. [1704.\\nDeprived of his crown; Stanislaus I.,\\nLeszcynski he is deposed in 1709, and\\nFrederick Augustus restored.]\\n1698 Peter is recalled from England\\nby a rebellion of the Strelitz, which he\\ncruelly punishes 2,000 are tortured, and\\nkilled.\\n1700 Jan. 1. This date begins the new\\nyear, but the old style is retained.\\n1703 Mar. 27. Peter the Great founds\\nSt. Petersburg. [1711. Becomes the\\ncapital.]\\n1715 Peter travels in Germany, Hol-\\nland, and France.\\n1721 Oct. 22. Peter I. [the Great] as-\\nsumes the title of emperor.\\n1725 Catherine I., wife of Peter I.,\\nis enthroned. [1727, Peter II., grand-\\nson of Peter I., deposed; 1730, Anne,\\nDuchess of Courland, daughter of Ivan\\nV. 1740, Ivan VI., an infant, grand-\\nnephew of Peter the Great, imprisoned\\nin a dungeon for 18 years (1764, mur-\\ndered); 1741, Elizabeth, daughter of\\nPeter the Great she reigns during\\nIvan s captivity.]\\n1733-63 Poland. Frederick Augustus\\nIL, son of Frederick Augustus I., reigns.\\n174 8 Russia becomes the ally of Aus-\\ntria and France against Prussia.\\n1759 The Baltic Sea is declared neu-\\ntral for commerce by a treaty with Swe-\\nden.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1699 Peter the Great reopens the an-\\ncient gold-mines.\\n1736 St. Petersburg. A fire destroys\\n2,000 houses. [1780. Another destroys\\n11,000 houses. 1837. Dec. 29. The Win-\\nter Palace is burned.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1127.jp2"}, "1128": {"fulltext": "1116 1762, Jan. 5-1846, Nov. 16.\\nRUSSIA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1769-84 Russia successfully invades the\\nCrimea.\\n17 74-75 A rebellion of Cossacks under\\nPugatcheff is suppressed.\\n1787-92 War with Turkey.\\n1787 Count Suvarov defeats the Turks\\nat TCinhnrn. [1789. At Fokshani and\\nRymnik. 1790. Dec. 22. He takes Is-\\nmail by storm, and puts the garrison (30,-\\n000) to death 6,000 women are massacred\\nRussian loss, 20,000.]\\n1794 Apr. 17. The Russian garrison is\\nexpelled from Warsaw with the loss of\\n2,000 killed, 500 wounded, and 36 cannon.\\nOct. 10. Poland. After many successes,\\nKosciusko is finally defeated and cap-\\ntured by the Russians at Maciejovice.\\n[1796. Dec. 25. Released.]\\nNov. 4. Count Suvarov defeats the\\nPoles at Prague near Warsaw 30,000\\nPoles are killed, and the town is sacked.\\n[Warsaw is also taken.]\\n1797 *The Poles enter the French\\narmy.\\n1799 Count Suvarov helps the Aus-\\ntrians to check the French in Italy.\\n1806 Dec. 26. Napoleon wins at Pul-\\ntusk (p. 716).\\n1809 Sept. 26. Bulgaria. The Turks\\ndefeat the Russians near Silistria.\\n1812 June War with France (p. 718).\\n1826 War against Persia.\\n1828-33 War with Turkey (p. 000).\\n(1S28. Apr. 26.) War is declared.\\nJuly 15. Turk. Russians under Paske-\\nvitch take Kars.\\nAug. 24. Battle of Akhalzikh in the\\nCaucasian region.\\n1829 June 11. The Russians defeat\\nthe Turks at Kuleftseha. [June 30.\\nSilistria surrenders to the Russians. July\\n2. Armenia. Gen. Paskevitch takes\\nErzerum. Aug. 20. Russians advance\\non Adrianople. Aug. 29. Armistice.]\\n1830 Nov. 29. The Poles rise against\\nRussia for independence.\\n1831 Feb. 5. Russians (160,000) enter\\nPoland at several points.\\n[Feb. 19-20. The Poles (45,000) are victo-\\nrious at Grochow, near Prague Russian\\n(70,000) loss, 7,000; Polish, 2,000. Feb.\\n25. Gen. Giemsar is defeated at Prague\\nby the Poles Russian loss, 4,000 killed,\\n6,000 prisoners, and 12 cannon. Mar. 31.\\nThe Poles under Skrzynecki decisively\\ndefeat the Russians at Warsaw Russian\\nloss, 12,000 killed and wounded, and 2,000\\nprisoners; Polish loss, small. Apr. 10.\\nThe Poles are victorious at Seidlice, tak-\\ning 4,000 prisoners. May 26. The Poles\\nretain the field after a bloody battle at\\nOstrolenka, Poland. June 19. The Poles\\nare defeated at Wilna, Poland. Sept. 6,\\n7. Russians capture Warsaw after two\\ndays fighting. The insurrection is sup-\\nd.]\\n1846 War with Hungary.\\nFeb. 23. Poland. Insurrectionists (40,-\\n000) march on Cracow, but are defeated.\\n[Nov. 16. Austria seizes Cracow, and\\nits independence ends.]\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1799 Siberia. An entire mammoth,\\nwith flesh and bones intact, is discov-\\nered.\\n1811 St. Petersburg. Sugar is made\\nfrom starch by Kischof.\\n1828* Von Baer s law of embryo-\\nlogical development appears.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1763* Poniatowski, Joseph Anthony, Po-\\nlish general, born.\\n1764* PozzodiBorgo Carlo, Andrea, dip., b.\\nDolgoruki, Ivan Mikhail ovitch, poet, born.\\n[1823. Dies.]\\n1765 Bagration, Peter, prince, general, b.\\nKaramsin, .Nikolai, historian, born.\\nRostoptchin, Feodor, count, general, born.\\n1766 Storch, Heinrich Friedrich von, po-\\nlitical economist, born.\\n1768 Randtke, Samuel, Polish hist., born.\\nKriloff, Ivan Anclrievitch, fabulist, born.\\n1770* Czartoryski, Adam Jerzy, prince,\\nPolish statesman, born.\\nGallitsin, Dimitri Augustine, miss., born.\\nKrusentern, Adam Johann von, navigator,\\nadmiral, born.\\n1771 Fischer, Gotthelf, naturalist, born,\\nLnxle, Samuel Bogumil, lexicographer, born.\\n1772 Chlnpicki, Joseph, Polish general, b.\\nNperanski, Mikhail, count, statesman, born.\\n1774\u00c2\u00b1 Cancrin, Georg, count, Btates., b.\\n1776* Golovnin, Yasili, navigator, born.\\n1777 Alexander I., Pavlovitch, czar, b.\\n1779* *Constantine, Pavlovitch, grand\\nduke, born.\\n1780+ Krasinski, Waleryan, count, Po-\\nlish author, born.\\nNesselrode, Karl Robert, count.diplo., b.\\n1782* Grabowski, Ambrose, Polish arche-\\nologist, born.\\nPaskevitch, Ivan Feodorovitch, general, b.\\nVorontzof, Mikhail, prince, field-marshal, b.\\n1783* Zhookovsky, Vasilii Andreievitch,\\npoet, born.\\n1785* *Bludoff, Count, Dmitri Nikolaye-\\nvitch, statesman, diplomatist, born.\\nDiebitseh, Hans Karl F. A., marshal, born,\\n1785 J- Lieven, Dorothea, princess, dip.,b.\\n1786 Lelewvl, Joachim, historian, born.\\n1787 Batuskof, Cunstantine, critic, born.\\nKotzebue, Otto von, navigator, born.\\nOrloff, Alexei, count, general, diplomatist, b.\\n1788 Glinka, Keodur, poet, born.\\n1789 Menschikov, Alexander Sergel-\\nvitch, prince, general, born.\\nZagoskin, Mikhail, novelist, born.\\n1790* lierg, Fried rich Wilhelm Rembert,\\ncount, field-marshal, diplomatist, born.\\nButurlin, Dmitri Petrovitch, general, born.\\n1791 Bern, Jozef, Polish general, Turkish\\npasha, born.\\nDembinski, Henryk, Polish general, born.\\n1793 Adlerberg, Vladimir, count, general,\\nstatesman, born.\\nMooravief, Mikhail, general, born.\\n1794* Griboiedoff, Alexander, poet, born.\\n[1829. Dies.]\\nSjogren, Andreas Johann, Finnish philolo-\\ngist, born.\\n1795\u00c2\u00b1 Bestusheff, Alexander Alexandro-\\nvitch, novelist, born.\\nChoris, Louis, painter, born.\\nEichwald, Edward, naturalist, born.\\nGortsehakotf, Michael, prince, general, born.\\nWrangell, Ferdinand von, explorer, born.\\n1796* Nicholas I., czar, born.\\nPolevoi, Nikolai, author, born.\\n1797 Brunnow, Philipp von, count, diplo-\\nmatist, born.\\n1798 Gortschakoff, Alexander, prince,\\nstatesman, born.\\nMickiewicz, Adam, poet, born.\\n1799 Pushkin, Alexander, poet, born.\\nWysockl, Peter, patriot, born.\\n1800 Baratynski, Eugenij, poet, born.\\nChodzko, Leonard Jacob, Polish hist., born.\\nPogodin, Mikhail, historian, born.\\n1801 Paul I., czar, A47.\\n1802 Dahl, Vladimir I vanovitch, novel., b.\\nLonnrot (Loennrot), EliaB, Finnish philol.,b.\\nZaleski, Bohdan Joseph, Polish poet, born.\\n1804 Chodzko, Alexander, Polish poet, b-\\n1805 Gurowski, Adam, count, Polish pa-\\ntriot, author, born.\\n1806 Garczvnski, Stephen, Polish poet,b.\\nIvanoff, Alexander Andreyevitch, painter, b.\\n1807* Dolgoruki, Peter Vladimirovitch,\\nauthor, born.\\nLibelt, Karol, Polish author, born.\\n1808* Czajkowski, Michael, novelist, gen-\\neral, born.\\nOrloff, Alexei, count, admiral, A7I.\\nTrentowski, Ferdinand B., Polish phil., b.\\n1809 Gogol, Nikolai, author, born.\\nWysocki, Joseph, Polish patriot, born.\\n18lO* Chopin, Frederic F., Polish pianiat,\\nmusical composer, born.\\nPirogof, Nicholas, surgeon, born.\\n1812 Bagration, Peter, prince, gen., A47\u00c2\u00b1.\\nHertzen, Alexander, political agitator, au-\\nthor, born.\\n1813 Castren, Matthias Alexander, Fin-\\nnish philologist, born.\\nKutuzoff, Mikhail, general, A67.\\nPoniatowski, Joseph Anthony, Polish gen-\\neral, A 52.\\n1814 Bakunin, Mikhail, nihdist, born.\\nGagarin, Ivan, Jesuit, author, born.\\nLermontofT, Mikhail Yurievitch, poet, born.\\nMieroslaw ski, Ludwig, Polish revolut., b.\\n1815 Bielnskl, critic, journalist, born.\\n[1848. Dies.]\\n1816 Derzhavin, Gabriel, poet, A73.\\n1817* Kosciusko, Thaddeus, Polish pa-\\ntriot, A71.\\nKostomaroff, Nicholas I vanovitch, fiisto-\\nTolsto i, Count, Alexis Konstantin ovitch,\\nnovelist, dramatist, born.\\n1818 Alexander II., Nicolaevitch, czar,\\nBarclay de Tolly, Michael, general, A63.\\nDawison, Bogumil, Polish actor, born.\\nDombrowski, Jan Henryk, Polish gen., A63.\\nKaufmann, Konstantin Petrovitch, gen., b.\\nNovikoff, Nikolai I vanovitch, author, A74.\\nTodlenen, Franz Eduard, military eng., b.\\nTopelius, Zacharias, Finnish novelist, born.\\nTurgeneff, Ivan, novelist, poet, born.\\n1319 Struve, otio tt ilhelm, astron., b.\\n1820* Chw olson, Daniel, antiquary, born.\\n1821 Nekrasoif, Nikolai, poet, born.\\n1822* Dosluyefsky, Feodor, novelist, b.\\nGrigoroviich, Nicholas, novelist, born.\\nJackmann. Edouard K. E., admiral, born.\\nLedochowski, Mieci.sias Ilalka, cardinal, b.\\n1823 Tolstoi, Count Dmitri, politician, b.\\n1824* Fadeyev, Paliskiv, general, au., b.\\n1825 Dec. 1. Alexander 1., Pavlovitch,\\nczar, A 48.\\n1826 Benningsen, Levin August Theopml,\\ncount, general, A80.\\nKaramsin, Nikolai, historian, A61.\\nLoris-Melikuh, Mikhail Tarielovitch Tainow,\\ncount, genera!, statesman, born.\\nEostoptchin, Feodor, count, general, A61.\\n1827* Constantine, Nikolayevitch, grand\\nduke, born.\\nSboovalof, Peter, count, statesman, born.\\n1828 Aug- 28. Tolstoi, Lyeff, or Lyofl,\\nNikolaievich, novelist, born.\\nChoris, Louis, painter, A33.\\nGourko, JoBeph Vladimirovitch, count, gen-\\neral, born.\\nTchernyslievsky, Nikolai, novelist, born.\\n1830* Rubinstein, Anton, composer,\\npianist, born.\\n1831* Constantine, Pavlovitch, grand\\nduke, A52.\\nDlebitsch, Hans Anton, count, fleld-marahal,\\nA 46.\\nNicholas, grand duke, general, born.\\n1822* Golovnin, Vassili Mikhailovttch,\\nnavigator, A 56.\\nTgnatieff, Nikolai Pavlovich, diplomatist, b.\\n1833 Garczynski, Stephen, Polish poet,\\nA27.\\nMartos, Ivan P., sculptor, A75.\\n1835 Bandtke, Jerzy Samuel, Polish his-\\ntorian, A67.\\nStorch, Heinrich Friedrich von, political\\neconomist, A69.\\n1837* Bestuscheff, Alexander, novelist,\\nA42.\\nPushkin, Alexander Sergeievich, poet, A38.\\nDmitrieff, Ivan Ivanovitch, poet, pol., A77.\\nWysocki, Peter, Polish patriot, A38.\\n1839+ Speranski, MikhaU, count, states-\\nman, A67\u00c2\u00b1.\\n1840 Gallitsin, Dimitri Augustine, mis-\\nsionary, A 70.\\n1841 Niemcewicz, Julian Ursin, Polish\\nauthor, A84.\\n1842 Vereschagin, Basil, painter, born.\\nZukertort, Johannes Hermann, chess-player,\\n1844 Baratynski, Eugenij, poet, A44.\\nFedchenko, Alexis, explorer, born.\\nKriloff, Ivan Andrievitch, fabulist, A76.\\nModjeska, Helena, Polish actress, born.\\n1845 Mar. 10. Alexander III., czar, b.\\nCancrin, Georg, count, statesman, A71.\\nSkobeleff, Mikhail Dimitryevitch, gen., b.\\nCHURCH.\\n1812 The Finnish Bible Society Is or-\\nganized at Abo. Also the Russian Bible", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1128.jp2"}, "1129": {"fulltext": "RUSSIA. 1762, Jan. 5-1846, Nov. 16. 1117\\nSociety at St. Petersburg. [1826. The\\nKussian Bible Society suspends its work\\nby an imperial ukase.]\\n1819 Siberia. Selinginsk becomes a\\nmission-station of the London Society.\\n[1841. Suppressed. 1869. Resumed.]\\n1821 The Evangelical Missionary So-\\ncietyat Basel sends missionaries to south-\\nern Russia.\\n1831 *The Russian Evangelical Bible\\nSociety is organized at St. Petersburg.\\n1832 July 31. Many convents are\\nabolished.\\n1835 Aug. 23. The German mission-\\nwork is suspended by an imperial ukase.\\n1838 July 24. St. Saviour s Cathe-\\ndral, built in Moscow to commemorate\\nthe retreat of the French in 1812, is\\nfounded by Nicholas I. [1883. June 7.\\nConsecrated.]\\n1839 The czar issues a ukase permit-\\nting the title of citizen of the first class\\nto be held by worthy Jews.\\nLETTERS.\\n1766 Wiedomosti is issued at Moscow.\\n1784 Ode to God, by Gabriel Romano-\\nvitch Derzhavin, appears.\\n1802* St. Petersburg. Courrier de V Eu-\\nrope is issued.\\nV yestnik Evropi is issued by Karam-\\nein.\\nA translation of Gray s Elegy in a\\nCountry Churchyard, by Vasilii Andrei-\\nevitch Zhookovsky, appears. [Later, The\\nPoet in the Camp of the Russian War-\\nriors.\\n1803* *The University of Kieff is\\nfounded at Vilna. [1833. Removed to\\nKieff.]\\n1804 The University of Kazan is\\nfounded. A lso the University of Khar-\\nkov.\\n1808 Russkoi Vyestnik is issued.\\n1809-11-16 Fables, by Ivan Andrie-\\nvitch Kriloff, appears.\\n1812 Sin Otc/ -husfra is issued.\\n1815 Invalide Russe is issued.\\n1816-19 History of the Russian Empire,\\nby Nikolai Mikhailovitch Karamsin,\\nappears.\\n1819 St. Petersburg. The university\\nis founded.\\n1821 Ruslan and Liudm da, by Alex-\\nander Sergeievieh Pushkin, appears.\\n[1822. Prisoner of the Caucasus 1824,\\nThe Fountain of Bakhtchisarai. Later,\\nEugene Onegin, the Gypsies, Poltava,\\nBoris Godoonof, and History of the Iron\\nMask.]\\n1822 Severnoi Arkhiv is issued.\\n1829 The Young Muscovite, by Mi-\\nkhail Zagoskin, appears.\\n1830 Poland. Pamietnik Uarszawski\\nis issued.\\n1834 Biblioteka dVya Ichtemia (Li-\\nbrary of Reading) is issued.\\n1837 On the Death of Pushkin, by Mi-\\nkhail Ivanovitch Lermontoff, appears.\\n[Later, The Demon, The Novice, and\\nHadjii Abrek 1840, A Hero of Our\\nTime.]\\n1840 Dreams and Elves, by Nikolai\\nAlexievitch Nekrasoff, appears. [1R63.\\nRed-nosed Frost; later, Russian\\nWomen.}\\n1841* Finland. Suomi is issued (writ-\\nten in Swedish).\\n1842 Dead Souls, by Nikolai Vasilie-\\nvitch Gogol, appears.\\n1843 Life of Peter the Great, by Niko-\\nlai Polevoi, appears.\\n1845-57 Memoirs of a Sportsman, by\\nIvan Sergyevitch Turgeneff, appears.\\n[1855, Rudine 1858, A Nest of Nobles\\n1876, Virgin Soil later, Poetry in Prose,\\nand Clara Milich.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1767 Catherine II. abolishes capital\\npunishment, except for treason. [1796.\\nShe abolishes the torture of criminals.]\\n1775 Jan. 17. Poland. Nine old women\\nare burned as witches, charged with\\nmaking lands of Kalisk unfruitful.\\n1801 Mar. 24. Paul, son of Catherine\\nthe Great, is murdered.\\n1831 July 19. Alexander II. murders\\nthe Princess Dolgoruki.\\n1841 Apr. 29. Alexander II. marries\\nMary, Princess of Hesse.\\n1842 Nicholas I. abolishes slavery\\nin the imperial dominions.\\nSTATE.\\n1762 Jan. 5. Peter HI. Duke of Hol-\\nstcin-Gottorn reigns. [July 9. Deposed\\nby his wife, Catherine, Princess of An-\\nhalt-Zerbst, and soon after murdered.\\nShe is enthroned as Catherine II.]\\nMay 5. The Peace of St. Petersburg be-\\ntween Russia and Prussia (p. 517).\\n1764* Poland. Stanislaus IT., Augus-\\ntus Poniatowski, is enthroned.\\n1766\u00c2\u00b1 Poland. Equal rights with the\\nRoman Catholics are granted, at the re-\\nquest of Russia and Prussia, to the\\ndissenters, adherents of the Greek\\nChurch, and Protestants. [The oppo-\\nnents of tliis measure form the Con-\\nfederacy of Bar, which fails in an\\nattempt to abduct the king. Civil war\\nfollows. 1768. Feb. 24. Russia signs a\\ntreaty at Warsaw, agreeing to support\\nPoland against the confederacy. The\\nTurks are allies of the confederacy. The\\nRussians are successful.]\\n1772 Poland. Civil war so weakens\\nthe kingdom that it falls an easy prey to\\nRussia, Austria, and Prussia.\\nJuly 25. Poland. First partition\\ntreaty. [Aug. 5. The public partition\\ntreaty is signed. Sept. 18. Enforced.]\\n(P. 803.)\\n1774 July The treaty of Kutchuk\\nIvainardji is signed; the independence\\nof the Crimea and the freedom of the\\nBlack Sea are secured to Russia. [1791.\\nFurther secured.]\\n1780 Feb. 14. A manifesto is issued\\nannouncing armed neutrality, on\\nthe basis that free trade makes free\\n1791 May 3. Poland. Anewconsti-\\ntution is granted by the king.\\n1792 Poland. The Russians enter\\nthe kingdom on various pretexts.\\n1793 Poland. The second partition\\ntreaty is signed (p. 807).\\nJuly 17. Poland. The crown revenue\\nis sequestered by order of the Russian\\nambassador.\\n1794 Mar.* Poland. An insurrection\\nunder Thaddeus Kosciusko breaks\\nout.\\n1795 Nov. 25. Poland. Stanislaus\\nresigns his crown at Grodno the third\\npartition (p. 807).\\n1796 Nov. 17. Catherine dies. She is\\nsucceeded by her son.\\n1796-1801 Paul I. reigns. [1800. He\\nbecomes insane. 1801. Mar. 24. Assassi-\\nnated.]\\n1799-1800 Russia joins the coalition\\nagainst France (p. 713).\\n1801-25 Alexander I. reigns.\\n1801 June 17. A treaty with England\\n(p. 931).\\nTiflis is made the capital of the Trana-\\ncaucasian provinces.\\nGeorgia is annexed.\\n1805 Sept. 8. Coalition against\\nFrance (p. 715).\\n1807 Mar. 8. Russia declares war\\nagainst England because of its attack\\non Copenhagen (p. 933).\\nJuly 7. Treaty with France (p. 717).\\n1812 Mar. 24. St. Petersburg. A\\ntreaty of alliance is signed by Berna-\\ndotte, prince royal of Sweden, and Alex-\\nander I. the former becomes an ally\\nagainst France, in return for which\\nSweden is to receive Norway.\\nJune Poland. A general diet is held\\nat Warsaw.\\n1813* Russians overrun Warsaw; a\\nRussian viceroy makes it Ms residence.\\nJuly 8. Coalition of Russia and Prus-\\nsia against France (pp. 521, 811).\\n1815 Apr. 30. Poland. The central\\nprovinces are united to form the king-\\ndom of Poland, with Alexander I. ns\\nking.\\nThe Holy Alliance against France is\\nformed (pp. 521, 721).\\n1820 Sept. Poland. The Diet is\\nopened.\\n1822 Jan. 26. The Grand Duke Con-\\nstantino renounces the right of succes-\\n1825 Dec. 1. Alexander I. dies, and is\\nsucceeded by his brother.\\n1825-55 Nicholas I. reigns. (1826.\\nSept. 3.) Crowned at Moscow.\\nDec. 26-29. Pestal s conspiracy against\\nNicholas I. is detected and punished,\\nand an insurrection of troops at Moscow\\nis suppressed.\\n1828 Feb. 22. Peace with Persia.\\n1829 Sept. 14. Peace of Adrianople\\n(See Turkey.)\\n1830 Nov. 29. Poland. A revolu-\\ntion at Warsaw breaks out the army\\nfavors the people.\\n[1831. Jan. 25. The Diet deposes the\\nemperor as king. Apr. 3. An insurrec-\\ntion occurs in Wilna and Volhynia. Oct.\\n5. Suppressed. 1332. Feb. 26. A ukase\\nissued by Nicholas I. reduces Poland to\\na province of the empire. 1847. May\\nDeclared a province.]\\n1848 Feb. 22-27. An unsuccessful\\nrevolution occurs in Austrian Poland.\\nNov. 16. Poland is blotted from the\\nmap of nations (p. 521).\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1770 Poland. Pestilence destroys\\n250,000 lives.\\n1796 June Firedestroys a large mag-\\nazine of naval stores and 100 vessels.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1129.jp2"}, "1130": {"fulltext": "1118 1846,* *-1879, Apr.*\\nRUSSIA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1850 Aug. Seven men in each thou-\\nsand of the population of Western .Russia\\nare enrolled in the army by an imperial\\ndecree, adding 180,000 men.\\n1853 War with Turkey respecting\\npossession of the holy places in Pales-\\ntine.\\n(June 13.) Asia M. The English and\\nFrench fleets, sent for observation, arrive\\nin Besika Bay. (Sept. 14.) Enter the\\nDardanelles. (Nov. 2.) Enter the Bos-\\nporus. (July 2.) Rumania. Russians\\nunder Gen. Luders enter Moldavia. (Oct.\\n8.) Turk. The Sultan declares war\\nagainst Russia. (Oct. 23.) The fortress\\nof Issaktocha opens fire on a Russian\\nflotilla\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the first act of war. (Oct. 28-\\nNov. 3.) The Turks cross the Danube\\nfrom Widdin and enter Kalafat. (Nov.\\n2, 3.) Rumania. Osman Pasha occupies\\nOltenitz the Russians are repulsed with\\nthe loss of 9,000 men. (Nov. 4-14.) Asia.\\nThe Turk? are defeated at Bayandur,\\nAtskur, and Aehaltzik. (Nov. 30.) A\\nTurkish fleet is destroyed at Sinope,\\non the Black Sea.\\n1854-56 Crimean war (p. 958\u00c2\u00b1).\\n1861 May* Poland. The presence of\\n80,000 Russian soldiers causes a reign of\\nterror in Warsaw.\\n1863 Jan. 14. Poland. A severe mili-\\ntary conscription is ordered without\\nnotice. [Jan. 22-24. This causes the\\nbreaking out of an insurrection.]\\n[Feb. 23. Louis Mieroslawaki s band\\nie defeated and dispersed. Mar. -Apr.\\nThe Poles conduct a successful guerrilla\\nwarfare. July 1. The Poles make an\\nunsuccessful invasion of Volhynia under\\nWysocki and Horodycki. 1S64 Jan.*\\n-Apr. Numerous skirmishes and many\\nexecutions of Poles occur the insurrec-\\ntion is subdued.]\\nMar. 31. The Russians win a great vic-\\ntory over the revolting Oubykhs in the\\nCaucasus. [Apr. Many tribes emigrate\\nto Turkey.]\\nMay -Nov. War with Bokhara in-\\ndecisive conflicts. [18G8. May 26. Rus-\\nsians are victorious, ami occupy Samar-\\ncand.]\\n1870 Nov. 16+ The reorganization of\\nmilitary reserves is decreed. [1871.\\nJan. The reorganization of the army.]\\n1872 Apr.* Cent. Asia. .Russians at-\\ntack Dzoungaria. [July 4. The Sultan\\nAbel Oghlan is compelled to surrender\\nto Gen. Kolpakoviski.]\\nAug. The ironclad Peter the Great is\\nlaunched at St. Petersburg.\\n1873 Feb.* Russian expeditionis sent\\nto Khiva, seeking redress for outrages.\\n[June 10. Khiva surrenders uncondi-\\ntionally.]\\nJuly 25-27. The Jumuden Turkomans\\nare defeated at Tsychandyr.\\n1875 Sept. 4-Oct. Asia. War with\\nKhokand.\\n(Sept. 4.) Gen. Kaufmann defeats 30,-\\n000 men, and advances on Khokand.\\n(Sept. 21.) He defeats a force of 5,000.\\n(Nov. 28\u00c2\u00b1.) The people massacre the\\nRussian garrison. (1876 Jan. 30.) Thev\\nare totally defeated at Assake, and the\\nrevolt is subdued.]\\n1877 Apr. -78 Mar. Turko-Rus-\\nsian war (pp. 565, 566.)\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1846 Kotzebue, Otto von, navigator, A59.\\nKrusenstern, Adam Johann von, navigator,\\nadmiral, A76.\\nMiehlueho-Maelay, Nikolas, explorer, born.\\nPolevoi, Nikolai, author, A50.\\n1847 Linde, Samuel Bogumil, Polish lexi-\\ncographer, A 76.\\n1849* Chopin. Frederic Francois, Po-\\nlish\\nA39.\\n1850 Bern, Joaef, Polish general, Turkish\\npasha, A 55.\\nButurlin, Dmitri Petrovitch, general, A60.\\n1852 astren. Matthias Alexander, Fin-\\nnish philologist, A38.\\nGogol, Nikolai, author, A43.\\nZa.^skin, Mikhail, novelist, A63.\\nZhookovskv, Yasilii, poet, A69.\\n1853* Fischer, Cutthelf, naturalist, A82.\\n1854* Chlopicki, J., Polish general, dic-\\ntator, A82.\\nBatiuskof, Constautine, critic, poet, A68.\\n1855 Mar. S. NicholaBl.. czar, A59.\\nKrasinski, Waleryan, count, author, A75.\\nMickiewicz, Adam, Polish poet, A57.\\nSjogren, Andreas J., Finnish philologist, A61.\\n1856* Paskevitch, Ivan F., general, A74.\\nVorontzo, Mikhail Seminovitch, prince, fleld-\\nmarshal, A74.\\n1 85 7 L i e v e n, Princess of, Dorothea,\\ndiplomatist, A72\u00c2\u00b1.\\n1858 Ivanoff, Alexander Andreyevitch,\\npainter, A52.\\n1861 C/.artoryski, Adam J., prince, Po-\\nlish statesman, A9I.\\ndortscliakolf, Mikhail, prince, general, A66.\\nLelewel, Joachim, Polish historian, A75.\\nOrloff, Alexci, count, cencral, iliplu., A74.\\n1862* *Nesselrode, Karl ltobert, von,\\ncount, diplomatist, A 82.\\n1864* *Bludoff, Dmitri Nikolayevitch,\\nstatesman, diplomatist, A79.\\nDembinski, Henryk, Polish general, A73.\\n1865 Apr. 24. Nicholas, ezam\\\\vitch,dies.\\n1866* Gurowski, Adam, count, Polish pa-\\ntriot, A61.\\nMooravieff, Mikhail, general, A72.\\n1868* Dolgoruki, Peter Vladimirovitch,\\nauthor, A61.\\nGrahowski, Ambrose, Polish archeol., A 86.\\nPirogof, Nicholas, surgeon, A58\u00c2\u00b1.\\n1869 Menschikov, Alexander Sergeie-\\nvitch, prince, general, A80.\\nTrentowski, Ferdinand B., Polish phil., A61.\\n1870* Hertzen, Alexander, political agita-\\ntor, author, A58.\\nWranu cll, Ferdinand von, navigator, A75.\\n1871 Chodzko, Leonard .Jacoh, Polish his-\\ntorian, A71.\\nShamyl, Caucasian leader, A74.\\n1872* Dald, Vladimir, novelist, A70.\\nDawison, Bogumil, Polish actor, A54.\\nFedchenko, Alexis, explorer, A29.\\n1874* Berg, Friedrich Wilhelm Remhert,\\ncount, lield-niarshal, diplomatist, A84.\\nWysocki, Joseph, Polish patriot, A65.\\n1875 Bronnow, Philipp von, count, diplo-\\nmatist, A78.\\nPogodin, Mikhail, historian, A75.\\nTolstoi, Alexis Konstantinovitch, count,\\nnoveliBt, dramatist, A58.\\n1876* F.iehwuM, Edward, naturalist, A81.\\n1877 Nekrasoil, Nikolai, poet, A56.\\nLilielt, Karol, Polish author, A70.\\n1878* Bakunin, Mikhail, nihilist, A64.\\nMieroslawski, Ludwig, Polish revolutionist,\\nA64.\\nCHURCH.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1861 May* InundationsoccuratKieff,\\nMoscow; 615 houses are submerged.\\n-1871 Nov. An electric telegraph be-\\ntween St. Petersburg and Nagasaki,\\nJapan, is completed.\\n1854 Apr. 23. The czar issues a mani-\\nfesto declaring that lie will combat only\\nfor the faith and Christianity.\\n1857 June 18. Finland celebrates the\\n700th anniversary of the introduction of\\nChristianity.\\n1859* *Finland Mission Society is\\nfounded.\\n1861 Oct. 17. Poland. Military ar-\\nrests occur in the churches of Warsaw\\nthe priests close the doors. [Dec. IS.\\nArchbishop BialobzesUi is tried and sen-\\ntenced to death as a rebel for closing the\\nchurches he soon dies.]\\n1862 Jan. 26. Increased political priv-\\nileges are granted to the Jews. [June\\nAlso in Poland.]\\nFeb. 15. Poland. The new Archbishop\\nFelinskiof Warsaw exhorts the Poles to\\nsubmission to Russia. [1863. July* He\\nis banished. 1\\n1863 Dec. 28. Poland. The Abb 6\\nMachiewicz, a patriotic priest venerated\\nas a martyr, is hanged by the Govern-\\nment.\\n1864 July 30. Poland. The Pope\\npromulgates an encyclical letter ad-\\ndressed to the Polish church.\\nNov. Many Roman Catholic convents\\nare abolished for participating in the\\ninsurrection.\\n1865 May 23. Poland. The Abbe*\\nStanislas Bioski and his lieutenant are\\ncaptured and executed.\\n1866 Jan. 9. Poland. The Govern-\\nment appropriates the church property\\nand provides for the pay of the clergy.\\nJan. -Feb. A rupture occurs with the\\nPope, who resents severity to the Polish\\nclergy.\\n1867 Aug. 2. St. Petersburg. A Ro-\\nmanist college, to replace the authority\\nof the Pope, is established.\\n1868* St. Petersburg. The Imperial\\nRussian Bible Society is organized.\\nLETTERS.\\n1846-54 History of Russia till the Inva-\\nsion of the Mongols, by Mikhail Petro-\\nvitch Pogodin, appears.\\n1846 The Village, by Grigorovitch,\\nappears. [Later, The Fisherman and\\nThe Emigrants.]\\nPoor People, by Dostoyefsky, appears.\\n[1858. Letters from the Bouse of the\\nDead.}\\n1847 Suometar is issued at Helsing-\\nfors.\\nWhose Fault, by Alexander Hertzen,\\nappears. [1856. He publishes in Lon-\\ndon, Eng., the newspaper Kolokol (The\\nBell).]\\n1853-55 Sevastopol, by Count Lyeff\\nW. Tolstoi api iears. 1 \u00c2\u00ab(i r \u00c2\u00bb-68, War\\nand Peace 1875-78, Anna Karenina\\n1886, The Cossacks, Ivan Ihjltch; 1885,\\nTwo Pilr/rims Chih/hood, Pot/hood, and\\nYouth; My Religion; 1890, My Confes-\\nsion; A Commentary on the Gospel;\\nLife; The Kreufzer Sonata; 1892, War.)\\n1861 Oct. 6-9. The University of St.\\nPetersburg is closed because of the stu-\\ndent riots. [Oct. 24. Reopened.]\\nPrince Seribrany, by Count A. K. Tol-\\nstoi, appears. [1807. Death of Ivan the\\nTerrible; 1S68, Czar Feodor 1870, Czar\\nBoris.]\\n1861-66 Dictionary of the Living Rus-\\nsian Tongue, by Vladimir Ivanovitch,\\nappears.\\n1862 June* The Government sup-\\npresses many educational institutions.\\n1863 The statutes of all the univer-\\nsities are remodeled.\\n1864 Sept. 11. Poland. A decree is\\nissued for recognizing education at War-\\nsaw it provides for a university. [1865.\\nThe University of Odessa is founded.]\\n1865 Sept. 13 The censorship of the\\npress is relaxed.\\n1867 July 7. A decree orders the use\\nof the Russian language in the Baltic\\nprovinces. [1868. July Polish lan-\\nguages interdicted in public places.\\n1876. June Prohibited generally in\\ncourts of law and public offices.]\\n1869 Jan. 13. St. Petersburg. The\\nGovernment Messenger, an official jour-\\nnal, is issued.\\n1870 Jan. The Government detects a\\nsecret conspiracy among Socialist stu-\\ndents; it is led by Sergius Netshajew.\\nThe informer is assassinated.\\n1872 The Great Russian Encyclope-\\ndia is undertaken by Prof. Beresina.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1130.jp2"}, "1131": {"fulltext": "RUSSIA.\\n1846, *-1879, Apr. 1119\\n1878 Dec. St. Petersburg. College\\nstudents present an address to the czare-\\nvitch concerning grievances. [Dec. 11.\\nThey are attacked and punished by the\\npolice and Cossacks.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1858 July 2. The czar decrees the par-\\ntial emancipation of the serfs on the\\nimperial domains. [1861. Mar. 3. He\\ndecrees the total emancipation of all the\\n23,000,000 serfs throughout the empire.\\n1862. Feb. 19. Becomes effective.]\\nApr. 8. Poland. A great meeting is\\nheld at Warsaw to protest against abol-\\nishing the Agricultural Society. The\\nmilitary charges the crowd, killing or\\nwounding 100 people.\\nMay -June An impostor in South\\nRussia asserts himself to be a descen-\\ndant of Peter III. Many peasants who\\nengage in disturbances are shot or\\nJuly Poland. The Government issues\\noppressive regulations respecting dress.\\n[1863. Oct. 27. The Poles at Warsaw-\\nare forbidden to wear mourning. Nov.\\n3. Forty-one ladies are arrested at night\\nfor wearing it.]\\nOct. 25. Poland. General Gerstenzweig,\\nthe military governor, is killed by an\\n1862 Sept. 20. The 1000th anniversary\\nof the foundation vf the empire by Duke\\nRurik is celebrated at Novgorod.\\n1864 Sept. 28. The Czarevitch, Alex-\\nander IIJ., is betrothed to the Princess\\nDagmar [Mary] of Denmark. [1866. Nov.\\n9. Married.]\\nDec. Serfdom is abolished in the Trans-\\ncaucasian provinces.\\n1866 Apr. 16. Karakozow attempts to\\nassassinate the czar. [Sept. 15. He is\\nexecuted. 1867. June 6. Paris. The czar\\nagain escapes from Berezowski.]\\nNov. 11. All state serfs in Poland who\\nhad not participated in the rebellion are\\nemancipated.\\n1867 Sept. St. Petersburg. Many So-\\ncialists, implicated in a conspiracy, are\\ncondemned to imprisonment.\\n1874 Jan. 23. The Grand Duchess Ma-\\nrie is married to the Duke of Edinburgh.\\nNov. Mitrophania, the mother abbess\\nof Serpouchow, Moscow, is tried, con-\\nvicted, and sentenced to exile for 14\\nyears, for fabricating commercial bills.\\n1877 Oct. 31. Nihilists are tried for\\npropagandism. [1878. Feb. 9\u00c2\u00b1. About\\n160 are sentenced to hard labor about\\n90 acquitted.]\\n1878 Apr. 12. The young Vera La-\\nsulitch (or Sassulitch) is acquitted by a\\njury of firing at Gen. Trepoff, prefect of\\nSt. Petersburg, on Feb. 5, for outrages\\ninflicted on prisoners, although she had\\nacknowledged the offense.\\nAug. 5. Riots follow the conviction of\\nNihilists at Odessa.\\nAug. 16. St. Petersburg. General de\\nMesentzoff, chief of police, is assassi-\\nnated by Nihilists in the street.\\n1879 Feb. 21\u00c2\u00b1. Prince Demetrius\\nKrapotkin is assassinated at Kharkov.\\nMar. 25. Alexander Solovieff, a school-\\nmaster, attempts to assassinate the czar\\nat Drentelen. [June 7. Solovieff is con-\\ndemned. June 9. Executed.]\\nSTATE.\\n1853 Mar. 9. Palestine. Rival claims\\nfor the holy places. (See Turkey.) [War\\nfollows.]\\nOct. 5. Turkey declares war. (See\\nTurkey.)\\nDec. 5. Peace with Turkey (p. 959).\\n1854-56 The Western powers unite\\nagainst Russia (p. 525).\\nThe war is caused by Nicholas I., who\\nrevives old Russian plans of conquest in\\nexpectation of an effective alliance with\\nAustria and Prussia, and believing it im-\\npossible that England and France could\\nunite as allies against him. He proposes\\nRussian protection for several of the\\nsmaller states of Europe, which should\\nhe independent, and also to occupy Con-\\nstantinople provisionally with Russian\\ntroops while Crete and Egypt were prizes\\nawaiting England.\\n1854 Feb. 27. The ultimatum of\\nFrance and Great Britain is sent to the\\nCzar (p. 959).\\nApr. 20. A treaty is made between\\nAustria and Prussia.\\nThey declare the passage of the Bal-\\nkans by the Russians an act ot war, and\\nsoon require them to evacuate the prin-\\ncipalities (p. 525).\\n1855 Mar. 2. The Emperor Nicholas\\ndies, and is succeeded by his son.\\n1855-81 Alexander II. reigns. (1856.\\nSept. 5.) Crowned at Moscow.\\nApr. 29. Alexander Gortschakoff is\\nappointed foreign minister.\\nDec. 12. Austria makes proposals of\\npeace which are sent to St. Petersburg.\\n1856 Feb. 25. An armistice till Mar.\\n31 is agreed to.\\nMar. 30. The Peace of Paris is agreed\\nto (p. 733).\\n1861 Apr. 7. Poland. The Govern-\\nment arrests agitation by promising\\ncertain reforms and the reestablishment\\nof Poland as a separate kingdom.\\nNov. The nobles petition the Govern-\\nment for a political constitution.\\nJune Poland. A new 7 administrative\\ncouncil is appointed.\\nOct. Poland. Fresh disturbances\\nbreak out; Warsaw is put in a state\\nof siege by the Government.\\n1862 Apr. 29. Poland. The Govern-\\nment grants amnesty to 89 political\\nprisoners.\\nSept. 20. The 1000th anniversary of\\nthe founding of the Russian monarchy\\nat Novgorod is publicly observed.\\nSept. Poland. Count Zamoyski, a\\nloyal Pole, is exiled by the Government\\nfor presenting the report of a meeting of\\nthe nobles at Warsaw.\\nOct. 14. The Government decrees the\\nreorganization of the department of jus-\\ntice trial by juries is promised. [186G.\\nAug. 8. Begun.]\\n1863 Jan. 22-24. Poland. An insur-\\nrection breaks out.\\nThe Poles kill many Russians Poland\\nis put in a state of siege. [Feb. The\\ninsurrection spreads landowners favor\\nit. Mar. IS. Margan Langiewicz be-\\ncomes the dictator of Poland. Mar.\\nThe secret central committee assumes\\nsupreme authority. Apr. 12. Poles re-\\nject offers of amnesty.]\\nFeb. 2. Poland. The secret provisional\\ngovernment issues its first proclama-\\ntion.\\nJune Poland. European powers make\\na fruitless attempt at intervention.\\nOct. Poland. Russia executes many\\nprominent Poles. [The Government\\ngrows more rigorous.]\\n1863-82 Prince Alexander Gortschakoff\\nis chancellor.\\n1864 Aug. 5. Poland. Bomuald\\nTraugott, formerly a Russian colonel\\nand late head of the provisional govern-\\nment, and five others, are hanged.\\nSept. 21. Poland. The secret provis-\\nional government announces that 50,-\\n000 Poles have been killed and 100,000\\nexiled to Siberia, yet summons the pa-\\ntriots to enter a national war.\\nDec. A new judicial system is promul-\\ngated.\\n1865 Jan. 24. The nobles unite in a\\nrequest that the czar establish two\\nhouses of representatives. [He refuses.]\\nFeb. 14. Cent. Asia. The province of\\nTurkestan is formed.\\n1866 July -Nov. The Polish exiles\\nin Siberia revolt. [Suppressed; many\\nare put to death.]\\n1867 Jan. 1. Three decrees are issued\\nwhich completely abolish the remains of\\nPolish nationality.\\nMar. 30. Russian America is sold to\\nthe United States. [May 15. Ratified.]\\n(P. 257.)\\nMay 5. A congress of Slavs meets at\\nMoscow.\\nMay 31. Poland. The Government pro-\\nclaims amnesty for political offenses.\\n[1867. Jan. 6. Again. 1868. Jan.\\nPoland is named the Vistula province.]\\n1871 Jan. 17. London. A conference\\nof the Powers meets to consider the\\nRussian claims respecting the Black\\nSea. [Mar. 13. The Black Sea clauses\\nof the treaty of March 30, 1856, are abro-\\ngated.]\\n1873-74 Khivans revolt against Rus-\\nsian aggressions.\\n1873 Oct. 13. Part of Khiva is an-\\n1876 Jan. 29. The Baltic provinces\\nare incorporated with the empire.\\nFeb. 29, Cent. Asia. Khokand is an-\\nnexed as Ferghana.\\n1877 Apr. 24. War is declared against\\nTurkey (pp. 565, 566).\\n1878 Mar. 3. Treaty of San Stefano\\n(p. 566).\\nJune 13-July 13. Berlin Congress\\nheld (pp. 566, 831).\\n1879 Apr. A ukase is issued abolish-\\ning the poll-tax.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1851 Sept. 1. The railway from St.\\nPetersburg to Moscow is opened.\\n[1851. The St. Petersburg and Warsaw\\nRailway is begun by the Government.\\n1856. Ceded to Great Russian Railway\\nCompany. 1862. May 5. The railway\\nto Berlin is opened. 1888. May The\\nCentral Asian (Transcaspian) Railway\\nis opened.]\\n1862 Sept. 20. The czar inaugurates a\\nnational monument at Novgorod.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1131.jp2"}, "1132": {"fulltext": "1120 1879, Apr. *-1891, Jan. 22.\\nRUSSIA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1880 Dec. 24. Gen. Skobeleff leads an\\nexpedition into Central Asia to subdue\\nmarauders. [Jan. 14. He has conflicts\\nwith the Tekke Turkomans. Jan. 24\\nHe captures Geok Tepe, and subdues the\\ncountry.]\\n1882 Gen. Tchernaieff is appointed\\nto command in Central Asia.\\n1884 Feb. 14\u00c2\u00b1. Vent. Asia. The sur-\\nrender of Merv to Russia is effected by\\nGen. Komaroff.\\n1886 May 18. The ironclad Tckesme is\\nlaunched at Sebastopol.\\n1889 Jan. 7. A flotilla of war- vessels\\nis placed on the Vistula River.\\nNov. 9. The Lebel rifle and smokeless\\npowder are adopted for the army.\\n1890 Jan. 14. Several officers of the\\nczar s body-guard kill themselves.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1884 May 4. St. Petersburg. Produc-\\ntive gold-fields are discovered in the\\nvalley of the Djolgute River. [1889. Feb.\\n28. Siberia. A peasant discovers gold\\nnear Irkutsk.]\\nJuly 12. Djarkend is half destroyed by\\nan earthquake. [Aug. 28. An earth-\\nquake buries 129 people alive.]\\n1890 May* Troopsareordered to Trans-\\ncaucasia to fight the swarms of ravaging\\ngrasshoppers.\\nJune 5. A silver lode is discovered in\\nsouthern Russia.\\nSept. 30. An expedition is organized\\nto explore the desert of Gobi, in Central\\nAsia.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1880 Glinka, Feodor, poet, A92.\\nMary of Ilessr, czarina, dies.\\n1881 Mar. 13. Alexander U., czar, A63.\\nDostoyefsky, Fedor, novelist, A69.\\n1882* Kaufmann, Konstantin FetroYitch,\\ngeneral, A64.\\nLutke, Ffiiur i etrov.tdi, traveler, A85.\\nSkobeleff, Mikhail Pimitryevitch, gen., A37.\\n1888 Gagarin, Ivan, Jesuit, author, AG8.\\nGortschakoff, Alexamlt-r, prince, states., A85.\\nTurgeneff, Ivan Sergyevitch, novelist, poet,\\nA65.\\n1884 Adlerberg, Vladimir, count, general,\\nstatesman, A^i.\\nLonnrot (Loennrot), Elias, Finnish philol.,\\nA82.\\nTodleben, Franz Fduu.nl, military eng., A66.\\n1885 Kostomaroff, Nicolas Ivanovitch,\\nhistorian, A68.\\nOrloff, Nicholas, prince, diplomatist, A58.\\n1886 Zaleski, Bo^han Joseph, Polish poet,\\nA84.\\n1888 June 20. Zukertort, Johannes Her*\\nmann, chess-player, A 46.\\nLoris-Melikoff, Mikhail Tarielowitch Tainoff,\\ncount, general, statesman, A62.\\nNichailovitch, Nicolai, explorer, A49.\\n1889 Mar. 22. Schoiivalntr, ountPeter, d.\\nMay 7. Tolstoi, Count, Dimitri,polit., A66.\\nOct. 29. Tehernyshcvsky, -Nikolai, au., A61.\\nDec. 28. Karageor^cvitcli, prince, dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n1879 The Stundists, a puritan sect\\nin South Russia, suffer cruel persecu-\\ntions from the bigoted peasantry of\\nVossnessensk in Kherson.\\n1880 Finland. The Swedish Mission\\nUnion begins its work. The Finland\\nSeamen s Mission Society at Finska is\\norganized.\\n1881 May* The Jews are severely\\npersecuted in South Russia. [1882. In\\nSt. Petersburg and other towns. 1884.\\nContinued. 1888. Apr. The Govern-\\nment decrees the expulsion of Jews from\\nOdessa and Finland.]\\n1883 Oct. 16. St. Petersburg. A me-\\nmorial church is founded by the czar at\\nthe place where Alexander II. was as-\\nsassinated.\\n18S4 The Government prohibits the\\ncirculation of many religious books.\\n1SS6 A Seventh-day Baptist Church\\nis organized in the Crimea.\\n1889 Jan. Bishop Alban Dunajewski\\nis made a prince of the empire and pri-\\nmate of Poland.\\nSept. 9\u00c2\u00b1. At Yilna 8,000 Czechs leave\\nthe Roman Catholic Church, and join\\nthe Greek Church.\\nOct. 10. A convention with the Vati-\\ncan is signed, whereby the Propaganda\\nappoints five Russian bishops.\\nDec. 17. The governor of Kieff closes\\n20 Roman Catholic churches.\\n1890 Mar.* The Minister of the Interior\\nassumes the right to dismiss Lutheran\\npastors and to control pastoral confer-\\nences.\\nJuly 27. The Minister of the Interior\\norders the prevention of foreign mis-\\nsionaries from working among the Jews\\nto the detriment of the exclusive right\\nof conversion possessed by the orthodox\\nchurch.\\nJuly 30. The Government decides to\\nenforce the edicts of 1S82 against the\\nJews.\\n[Aug. 9. The czar orders the applica-\\ntion of the anti-Jewish laws to be post-\\nponed for one year. Aug. Many emi-\\ngrate to Brazil and Jerusalem. Sept. 1.\\nThe government of the Transcaspian\\nterritories orders all Jews to quit the\\ncountry within a month. Sept. -Nov.\\nAbout 300,000 Polish Jews emigrate to\\nBrazil. Dec. 13\u00c2\u00b1. The Government in-\\ncreases its energy in persecuting the\\nJews, as a defiant response to the pro-\\ntests of opinion outside of Russia. A\\nnew edict forbids the flews buying or\\nholding mortgages, or taking in pledge\\nany landed property. Dec. 15. Stringent\\norders are sent to the officials in the Cau-\\ncasus for the expulsion of all Jews not\\nauthorized to live there.]\\nAug. 9. Fin/and. The authorities for-\\nbid the Salvation Army carrying on its\\npropaganda work in this country. [1891.\\nNov. 9. Stringent measures are adopted\\nat Helsingfors.]\\nOct. 31. The Procurator of the Holy\\nSynod advises the czar to suppress all\\nforeign worship except in the Baltic\\nprovinces, where Lutheranism will be\\nbarely tolerated.\\n1891 Jan. 9. The Minister of the Inte-\\nrior orders the expulsion of all Jews\\nin the Terek regions of tbe Caucasus.\\n[Jan. 24\u00c2\u00b1. The Senate decides that He-\\nbrews are not entitled to acquire or\\nhold real estate beyond five versts from\\nthe district or provincial courts. Feb. 6.\\nThe Minister of Finance obtains a sus-\\npension of further repressive measures\\nagainst the Hebrews. Mar. 10\u00c2\u00b1. The\\nanti-Jewish penal laws are enforced\\nwith increased severity because of this\\n100,000 of the poorest Hebrews profess\\nRussian orthodoxy. Apr. 14. Another\\nukase against the Hebrews is issued\\nwhich will expel 14,000 from Moscow.\\nApr. 29. A decree is issued to enforce\\nthe expulsion of Hebrews from St. Pe-\\ntersburg. May 6. It is suspended. May\\n17. The Government orders immediate\\nsteps to be taken in all the provinces to\\ncompel the removal of Hebrews to the\\nquarters in which they are permitted to\\nlive. May The Government suspends\\nthe expulsion of the Jews long enough\\nto allow one year s grace to Jews who\\ndo not own real property, and two years\\ngrace to those who do.]\\nJan. 21\u00c2\u00b1. Roman Catholic churches\\nare being closed, despite earnest pro-\\ntests. [Dec. 26. Ordered closed in Vol-\\nd is lav and Buzski.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1879 Apr. Land and Liberty, a Nihil-\\nist newspaper, is freely yet surrepti-\\ntiously circulated.\\nNov. -Dec. Will of the People, a rev-\\nolutionary paper, is freely circulated.\\nHistory of Russia, by SergiusSolovieff,\\nappears.\\n1880 Oct.* Russia, a new national daily\\npaper, is issued.\\n1884 Oct. 27+ The NihiliBt journal\\nXarodnaia Volia reappears.\\n1887 Nov. The czar accepts Baron\\nHirsch s offer of \u00c2\u00a32.000,000 for the estab-\\nlishment of primary Jewish schools.\\nNov. *-Dee. Governmental restrictions\\non the courses of study cause rebellion\\nof students. The universities of Mos-\\ncow, St. Petersburg, Odessa, and many\\nother institutions are closed. [1888.\\nFeb. Many are reopened. 1889. June\\n10. Forty-one students of the Cracow\\nUniversity are sentenced to three days\\nimprisonment and to pay a fine of 500\\nflorins for singing Polish songs while on\\nTransportable schools in railway-cars\\ntarry at stations in Central Asia to fur.\\nnish instruction in destitute villages.\\nDec. 22. St. Petersburg. The Imperial\\nAcademy of Arts decides to exclude\\nJews from membership.\\nNumber of books ptiblished during the\\nyear, 8699.\\n1890 Mar. The students in Moscow,\\nKieff, and St. Petersburg engage in riot-\\nous demonstrations which are suppressed\\nby the police. The university and the Col-\\nlege of Husbandry at Moscow are closed\\nby the Government on account of these\\ndisorders. [Apr. 2. Stringent measures\\nare adopted to suppress student agita-\\ntion. Apr. 4. The czar resolves to\\nclose the universities. Apr. 8. Twenty-\\neight students are expelled from St.\\nPetersburg for rioting. Apr. 11. Scores\\nof students are sent home or expelled\\nfrom the universities.]\\nMay* Finland. The use of the Russian\\nlanguage in the schools has been made\\ncompulsory.\\nNov. 24. The authorities forbid news-\\npapers publishing a petition asking that\\nJews be placed on a civil equality with\\nother classes in Russia.\\nNumber of periodicals issued, 694.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1879 May -Aug. There are many\\nconvictions and executions of Nihilist s\\nat Kieff and Odessa.\\nNov. 27, 28. Leon Mirsky is sentenced\\nto die for attempting to assassinate Gen.\\nDrentelen, chief of police.\\nDec. 1. An unsuccessful attempt to as-\\nsassinate the czar by wrecking a train is\\nmade near Moscow. [Dec. 12. St. Peters-\\nburg. A Nihilists plot to blow up the\\nWinter Palace is frustrated.]\\n1S80 Feb. 17. St. Petersburg. Nihil-\\nists explode dynamite and gun-cotton\\nunder the dining-room window of the\\nWinter Palace; the czar and family es-\\ncape through being delayed in coming\\nto dinner; 11 soldiers art; killed and 47\\nwounded. [Nov. 10. Kviatofski and four\\nothers are condemned to death, eight\\nmen and three women to imprisonment.\\nNov. 16 Kviatofski and Priessnakoff are\\nhanged.]\\nMar. 4. Hippolyte Molodzoff a converted\\nJew, attempts to shoot Gen. Loris-Mel-\\nikoff. [Mar. 5. Hanged.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1132.jp2"}, "1133": {"fulltext": "RUSSIA.\\n1879, Apr.*-1891, Jan. 22. 1121\\nAug. 7\u00c2\u00b1. At Kieff 21 extreme Nihilists\\nare convicted. [Capital sentences are\\nremitted.]\\nOct. The czar s marriage to the Prin-\\ncess Dolgoruki is announced.\\n1881 Mar. 13. A Nihilist assassinates\\nthe czar (Alexander II.) by throwing a\\nbomb at him while sleigh-riding.\\n[Mar. 15\u00c2\u00b1. A mine of the Nihilists is\\ndiscovered in the center of St. Peters-\\nburg. Mar. 23. Sophie Peroffskaja and\\nother Nihilists are arrested. Apr. 8.\\nRisakoff, Sophie Peroffskaja, Jelaboff,\\nJessie Heljmann, Kibaichick, and Mi-\\nchailoff are condemned to death, Apr.\\n15. Risakoff and others are hanged, and\\nHeljmann is reprieved. 1882. Peb. 28.\\nSt. Petersburg. Ten Nihilists are sen-\\ntenced to death. Mar. Commuted to\\npenal servitude.]\\nMay A supplementary ukase for eman-\\ncipating serfs and remitting payments\\nto many peasant proprietors is issued.\\nJune The czar is closely guarded by\\narmed men he lives in close seclusion.\\n1882 Mar. 30. Gen. Strelnikoff, the\\npublic prosecutor, is assassinated at\\nOdessa by two Nihilist students. [Apr.\\n3. Executed.]\\nApr. 15 A Nihilists mine is discov-\\nered under the cathedral at Moscow 80\\nworkmen are arrested. [1883. Mar. 20\u00c2\u00b1.\\nSt. Petersburg. Arrest of 200 Nihilists.\\nApr. 19\u00c2\u00b1. Tried; sentenced. Oct. 19\u00c2\u00b1.\\nsixty-four are sentenced to Siberia. Dec.\\n28, 29. Lieut. Sudeikin, the chief of the\\nsecret police, and his nephew, M. Sa-\\ndovsky, are assassinated by Nihilists.\\nOct 11. A secret court-martial convicts\\n14 Nihilists eight aresentenced to death.\\nOct. 18. Two men are executed.]\\n1884 Jan. Thirty-seven students at\\nMoscow are arrested.\\nSept. 11+. Maria WassilieonaKaliouch-\\nnaia is tried at Odessa, and sentenced to\\n20 years hard labor, for attempting to\\nshoot Col. Katensky.\\n1886 Apr. Military officers are ar-\\nrested for plotting against the life of the\\nczar.\\n1887 Mar. 13. Students are detected\\nwith, dynamite and other explosives in a\\nplot against the czar 200 are arrested.\\n[Mar. 31. Three are executed. May 1.\\nSeven are sentenced to death, and the\\nrest to imprisonment. May 16. More\\narrests five executions.]\\n1839 Jan. 19. The czarina is insane.\\nFeb. 7. Polish tradespeople are forced\\nby the Palm Vitua to sign a declaration\\nthat they will not speak Polish among\\nthemselves or their customers.\\nMar. 27. Several persons are arrested\\nfor complicity in a plot against the czar s\\nlife.\\nApr. 3. Poland. An extensive Nihilist\\nprinting establishment is discovered in\\nWarsaw, and many persons arrested.\\nApr. 19. A Nihilist plot to blow up the\\nczar with dynamite is discovered sev-\\neral arrests are made. [May 27. Two\\nenormous bombs are found beneath\\nstreets of Odessa which royal visitors\\ntraverse on their way to the palace. [Aug.\\n5. Eighty Nihilists are arrested at Khar-\\nkov. Sept. 24. St. Petersburg. A box\\nof dynamite explodes at the station just\\nprevious to the czar s departure for Co-\\npenhagen. Dec. 13. Several arrests are\\nmade for plotting to kill the czar. Dec.\\n31. Another Nihilist plot against the\\nczar is discovered. 1890. Jan. 10. M.\\nSalotouchine, chief of the secret police,\\nis shot and killed by a woman, while\\nraiding a Nihilist club the woman com-\\nmits suicide. Mar. 2. Another Nihilist\\nplot is discovered, with headquarters at\\nBasil Island.]\\nMay 12. St. Petersburg. A conspiracy\\nto assassinate the czar is discovered\\namong military officers.\\nJune 16. The Grand Duke Paul Alexan-\\ndrovitch is married to Princess Alex-\\nandra of Greece at St. Petersburg.\\nSept. 10. All the judges in the District\\nand Circuit Courts at .Riga are under\\narrest for using the German language,\\nafter having been ordered to use the\\nRussian.\\n1890 Feb. 11. Outrages in Siberia on\\nRussian exiles continue.\\nMar. A noble Russian lady is exiled to\\nSiberia for sending the czar a petition\\nfor liberty, justice, and redress of wrongs\\nfor the Russian people.\\nApr. 14. A grand duke is arrested\\nfor being connected with revolutionary\\nprogaganda.\\nApr. 19. An artillery staff-officer com-\\nmits suicide on account of a plot to se-\\ncure plans of the fortresses.\\nApr. 21. Anti-Jewish riots in Bessa-\\nrabia are suppressed by the authorities.\\n[June 14. Also in Lithuania atLohojsk.]\\nMay Petitions are pouring in upon the\\nczar from England, Prance, America,\\nGermany, and other countries, asking\\nfor reforms in the treatment of Siberian\\nexiles. [June 1. The- czar promises a\\nstrict inquiry into Siberian scandals.]\\nJune 16. The imperial palace at Gats-\\nchina is undermined a widespread con-\\nspiracy against the czar s life is discov-\\nered, and several arrests are made. [Aug.\\n1. St. Petersburg. Another Nihilistic\\nplot against the czar is discovered two\\nRussian officers of high rank commit\\nsuicide. Sept. 27. The governor-general\\nof Nijni-Novgorod is shot at by a young\\nman, who is at once arrested. Oct. 27.\\nAnother attempt is made to kill the\\nczar Nihilists wreck a train on which.\\nhe is supposed to be traveling.]\\nSept. 25. Solitary confinement is substi-\\ntuted for corporal punishment for female\\nprisoners in Siberia.\\nSept. A band of political exiles on the\\nway to Siberia revolt against their\\nguards 20 of the prisoners are killed\\nand 12 wounded.\\nOct. 12. The Grand Duke Nicholas be-\\ncomes insane. [Nov. 2. Becomes para-\\nlyzed.]\\nOct.\u00c2\u00b1 Anumberof educatedand wealthy\\nRussians found a colony at Vishni Vo-\\nlotchok, intending to practise the doc-\\ntrines of Tolstoi.\\nDec. 9. St. Petersburg. The body of the\\ncaptain of the secret police is found\\nstripped, mutilated, and tied to a tree\\nin the forest near Sharnoff.\\nDec. 13. Madame Kartner is found in\\nher elegant Moscow residence with her\\nhead nearly separated from her body.\\nDec. 17. Another plot is discovered to\\nkill the czar. [1891. July 29. St. Peters-\\nburg. Another plot is discovered seven\\nNihilists are killed in an attempt to ar-\\nrest them.]\\nDec. It is announced that 3Q0 persons\\nhave been transported to Siberia during\\nthe year.\\n1891 Jan. 22. The first strike is or-\\ndered 2,000 miners at Sosnowice go out.\\n1879 Apr. 17. Martial law is de-\\nclared for the provinces of St. Peters-\\nburg, Moscow, Kieff, Odessa, and War-\\nsaw.\\n1880 Feb.* Nihilists terrorize the gov-\\nernment. Melikoff becomes practical\\ndictator of all Russia.\\nAug. 18. Count Loris-Melikoff be-\\ncomes minister of the interior.\\nOct. 25\u00c2\u00b1. Melikoff s scheme for admin-\\nistrative reform is adopted.\\n1881 Mar. 13. Alexander m. suc-\\nceeds his father.\\nMar. 22. Nihilists by manifesto offer\\npeace to the Czar if he grants a legisla-\\ntive assembly, universal suffrage, and a\\nfree press.\\nMar. 31\u00c2\u00b1. A representative council\\nfor St. Petersburg is elected.\\nApr. A treaty of peace is made with\\nChina.\\n1882 June The gradual abolition of\\nthe poll-tax, imposed by Peter the\\nGreat, begins. [1883. June 8. The tax\\nis abolished for the poorest. 1884. Jan.\\n1. It is reduced for others.]\\nJune 12\u00c2\u00b1. Gen. Nikolai Pavlovitch Ig-\\nnatieff, Minister of the Interior, resigns,\\nand is succeeded by Count Dimitri Tol-\\nstoi. [1889. May 11\u00c2\u00b1. M. Durnova he\\nopposes the reforms.]\\n1883 May 27. The czar and czarina\\nare crowned at Moscow.\\n1885 Feb.* The Russian advances\\ntoward Herat cause a diplomatic dis-\\ncussion with England respecting the\\nAfghan boundaries. [1885. Sept. 10.\\nSettled.]\\n1886 July Russia declares Batum\\nnot to be a free port, in opposition to\\nthe terms of the Treaty of Berlin.\\nSept. -Dec. Russian interference in\\nBulgaria (p. 567).\\n1889 June 22. The law forbidding\\nheirs to the throne contracting mar-\\nriages with persons not members of the\\nGreek Church is again enacted.\\nOct.\u00c2\u00b1 The Government abolishes the\\nProvincial Council of Nobles of the\\nBaltic provinces, and substitutes ordi-\\nnary assemblies, colleges, and private\\ncommittees, whereby the independent\\naristocracy will be suppressed.\\n1890 Jan. The Government decides\\nto abolish the autonomy of Finland.\\nApr. 4. Payment of war indemnity ia\\npressed on Turkey. [May 18. Renewed.\\nThe Porte makes no response.]\\nMay 15. Owing to the refusal of the\\nRothschilds to negotiate the Russian\\nloan, orders are issued to enforce the\\nanti-Hebrew laws.\\nSept. 15. The Government makes apro-\\nvision of 22,000,000 roubles for the relief\\nof the distress occasioned by the failure\\nof the crops.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1885 Feb. The ship-canal connecting\\nSt. Petersburg and Cronstadt is com-\\npleted. [May 27. Opened.]\\n1888 Estimated annual consumption\\nof tobacco per capita is 182 pounds.\\n(Beaulieu.)\\n1889 Feb. 12. The Government grants\\na concession for 81 years to a company\\nhaving 85,000,000 francs capital, which\\nproposes to join the Black Sea and the\\nSea of Azov by a canal 72 miles long.\\nDec. 5-9. Influenza appears at St.\\nPetersburg. [1891. Aug. 8. It reappears\\nin Moscow.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1133.jp2"}, "1134": {"fulltext": "1122 1891, Mar, 10-1894, Dec.\\nRUSSIA.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1891 Oct. 19. The Government is for-\\ntifying Vladivostok, on the Pacific,\\nexpending 7,000,000 roubles to make it\\nalmost invulnerable.\\nNov. 19. RussiantroopsenterthePamir\\nterritory at two points.\\nGovernment orders 40,000 soldiers\\nto the Polish frontier.\\nNov. 20. Three new war-ships are\\nlaunched.\\n1892 Mar. 9. An ironclad of 9,000\\ntons is launched at Sevastopol.\\n1893 Sept. 25. The Russian monitor\\nRoosalka, with all on board, is lost in\\nthe Gulf of Finland. Also 60 lives lost\\nby the burning of the steamer Alphonse\\nZeevecke.\\nOct. 29. The recent annual conscrip-\\ntion adds 252,592 men to the army, of\\nwhich 70,948 are married and the He-\\nbrew recruits equal one in sixteen.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1891 Sept. 5. Immense coal-oil fields\\nare discovered in the region of the Cas-\\npian Sea.\\n1892 Mar. 22. An enormous aerolite\\nfalls near the peninsula of Apsheron, in\\nthe Caspian Sea.\\n1893 Jan. 29. Five villages are de-\\nstroyed by earthquake in Transcaucasia.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n189 1 Apr. 24. Nicholas, grand duke,\\nfield-marshal, A60.\\nJuly 2. Dolgoroukoff, prince, governor of\\nMoscow, A80.\\n1892 Jan. 25. Constantino, Nikolayevitch,\\ngrand duke, A64.\\nFeb. 13. Junker, Wilhelm, explorer, A51.\\nMay 11. Grosser, general, prefect of St.\\nPetersburg, A59.\\n1 893 Apr. 3 1 Alexeieff M. Vassili, mayor\\nof Moscow, assassinated.\\n1894 Yadrintsef, Nikolai M., author, pub-\\nlicist, dies.\\nNov. 1. Alexander HI., czar, A49.\\nNov. 20. Rubinstein, Anton Gregor,\\npianist, A63.\\nCHURCH.\\n1891 Apr. 25. Protestant religious\\nservices are invaded, and the worship-\\ners persecuted.\\nJune 5. The Chief of the Holy Synod\\nissues regulations providing that stu-\\ndents of all religious denominations\\nmust attend lessons in the orthodox\\ncatechism.\\nJuly 7. Hebrews leave Lithuania in\\npreference to joining the Greek Church,\\nas they are commanded to do if they\\nremain.\\n[July 19. St. Petersburg. Harsh meas-\\nures toward the Jews arerelaxed. Sept.\\n22. An order is issued at Odessa prohib-\\niting Jews from giving Christian names\\nto their children. Oct. 24. Peasants at-\\ntack Hebrew residents of Starodreb, pil-\\nlaging and burning their houses and\\nshops. 1892. May 30. The Cabinet de-\\ncides that Hebrews, desirous of emigrat-\\ning, shall be provided with permits free\\nof charge, and be relieved of military\\nservice. Dec. 17. The Senate promul-\\ngates a law that Jewish artisans shall\\nonly reside in places where official boards\\nof trade exist, of which there are only\\n10 in Russia.]\\nSept. 8\u00c2\u00b1. The Holy Synod claims to\\nhave possession of the holy coat in the\\ncathedral at Moscow, and says that it is\\nthe genuine garment, and that the coat\\nat Treves is a spurious copy of it.\\nDec. 3. The czar urges vigorous action\\nagainst the Stundists, a Protestant sect\\nnumbering over 1,000,000 members, who\\nare alleged to be injuring more and more\\nthe faith of our fathers.\\n1892 Jan. 6. Numerous Methodists\\ncross the Prussian frontier, intending to\\nmake their homes in America.\\n1893 May 19. A new ukase is issued\\nexpelling the Hebrews from the Asiatic\\nprovinces. [1S94. July 4. The Govern-\\nment orders closed all Hebrew syna-\\ngogues near Russian churches in War-\\nsaw.]\\nNov. 30. Twenty persons are killed and\\n100 wounded in a Roman Catholic church\\nin Krosche by troops sent to close the\\nchurch.\\n1894 Jan. 1. The czar, responding to\\nPope Leo s autograph letter, promises\\nthat peace shall be observed toward\\nCatholics throughout the empire.\\nLETTERS.\\n1891 June 27. The Government noti-\\nfies all teachers in German schools that\\nunless they pass an examination in the\\nRussian language by September, they\\nwill be suspended. [Oct. 10. The Gov-\\nernment closes the University of Kieff,\\nand arrests 500 students.]\\nSOCIETY.\\n1891 Mar. 10. The anti- Jewish penal\\nlaws are being enforced with increased\\nseverity. [June 28. Serious anti-Semitic\\nriots occur at Kherson. 1S91. Aug. 5.\\nAlso at Yelizavetgrad, in which some are\\nkilled, their dwellings looted, and the au-\\nthorities doing nothing to defend them.]\\nAug. 28. Hungry peasants revolt at\\nVitebsk, attack the Hebrew grain-deal-\\ners, also the railroad officials, and are\\nfired upon by troops, several being killed.\\nThe peasants of Central Russia emigrate\\nin large numbers. [Sept. 10. Distress\\nleads to disorder jails are crowded with\\nprisoners who commit crime to escape\\nstarvation. Oct. 15. The czarina gives\\n20,000,000 roubles from the privy purse\\nfor the relief of the destitute.]\\nSept. 26\u00c2\u00b1. Seven thousand Jews leave\\nBerditcheff for the Argentine Republic.\\nThe exodus continues from Odessa,\\nKieff, and Kishineff.\\nOct. 12. A conspiracy against the\\nczar s life is discovered in Kieff; many\\narrests are made. [Nov. 2. St. Peters-\\nburg. A new Nihilist society is discov-\\nered with branches in Kharkoff and\\nOdessa.]\\nOct. 22. Owing to peculation, it is dis-\\ncovered that there is no reserve grain\\nwith which to supply the starving and\\ndestitute people; many prosperous peo-\\nple are found receiving help, while those\\nneeding it most are unsupplied. Dec. 3.\\nA number of grain-dealers in Riazan and\\nKazan mix fine earth with thin flour,\\nand then sell it to the poor; each is\\nsentenced to one week s imprisonment.\\n1892. Jan. 3\u00c2\u00b1. The sufferings of the\\npeasant* in the famine districts increase,\\nnotwithstanding the measures taken to\\nafford relief. Jan. 26. Thousands of\\nstarving peasants in Siberian towns are\\nhuddled in rough sheds without fires to\\nprotect them from the cold, and without\\nhelp in prospect.]\\nNov. 13. Sixty persons are arrested,\\ncharged with complicity in a plot for\\nthe establishment of a representative\\nassembly.\\nNov. 16. St. Petersburg. A central\\ncommittee is appointed to supervise\\nthe entire machinery for the relief of the\\nfamine sufferers.\\n1892 Jan. 25. The centenary of the\\npartition of Poland is celebrated by\\ntotal abstention from pleasurable resorts\\nat Warsaw. [Feb. 16. For this offense\\nmany are sent to Siberia without trial.]\\nMar. 4. The Council of the Empire orders\\nthat two grain-depots shall be established\\nto every 300 peasant-huts, from which\\nseed-corn shall be distributed in the\\nspring.\\nMar. 16. The famine relief steamer\\nIndiana, from Philadelphia, U. S. A.,\\nreaches Libau.\\nMar. 18. Another plot against the czar s\\nlife is discovered. [May 15. St. Peters-\\nburg. Another plot is discovered against\\nthe czar mines are found under the\\nGaschina palace. Dec. 27. A wide-spread\\nconspiracy against the czar is discovered;\\nmany arrests.]\\nJune 12. Poultney Bigelow, an Amer-\\nican traveler and writer, is expelled from\\nRussia.\\nSept. 7. A dynamite bomb explodes in\\nan orthodox Greek church in Warsaw,\\nkilling the man who threw it.\\nDec. 4. Twenty-three persons, concerned\\nin the cholera riots in Saraloff are sen-\\ntenced to death.\\nDec. 29. The Russian Minister of Jus-\\ntice decides to stop flogging; women\\nconvicts in Siberia.\\nHebrew persecutions continue.\\n[1893. Mayl9\u00c2\u00b1. A ukase expels the He-\\nbrews from Russian Asiatic provinces.]\\n1893 Jan. 20. The centennial of the\\nsecond partition of Poland is ordered\\nto be celebrated, and leading Polish\\nnobles are commanded to attend a ball\\ngiven in honor of the occasion. Several\\nPoles are arrested for singing patriotic\\nhymns.\\nJune 2. Two princes are killed in a duel\\nin Pultava.\\nJune 4. Valuable plate and money are\\nstolen from the Chudov Monastery in\\nthe Kremlin, Moscow loss estimated at\\n2,750,000 roubles.\\nSept. 16. An imperial ukase, abolishing\\nthe use of the knout by Russian police,\\nis issued.\\nNov. 20. Poland. Eighty anarchists\\nare arrested in Warsaw.\\n1894 Jan. 12. A Nihilist plot is dis-\\ncovered against the czar. [Apr. 10. St.\\nPetersburg. Bombs are found near the\\nimperial palace, and many arrests are\\nmade. May 11. Many Nihilists are ar-\\nrested the prisoners belong to the\\nhigher classes. May 13. A large num-\\nber of students are arrested. May 18.\\nFour bombs are found near the imperial\\npalace, and many arrests are made.]\\nFeb. 13. Col. Gregorioff is hanged at\\nOdessa for betraying military secrets to\\nAustria, receiving from that power 25,000\\nfrancs annually for his services.\\nJuly 25. A riot occurs at Scharnow\\nover an attempt to bury persons, dying\\nof cholera, in the town cemetery.\\nAug. 6. Grand Duchess Xenia is mar-\\nried to Grand Duke Alexander Michail-\\novitch in the imperial palace at Peterkof\\nSTATE.\\n1892 Jan. 12. The Russian treasury\\nappropriates 65,000,000 roubles for the\\nrelief of famine sufferers.\\nJune 16. The attempt to establish a\\nzollverein between Russia and Finland\\nfails.\\nJuly 23. The czar personally receives\\nDr. Talmage of U. S. A., and through", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1134.jp2"}, "1135": {"fulltext": "RUSSIA.\\n1891, Mar. 10-1894, Dec.\\n1123\\nhim extends thanks to the American\\npeople for their aid to the famine suf-\\nferers.\\nOct. 15. China. A telegraphic treaty\\nbetween Kussia and China is signed at\\nPeking.\\n1893 Mar. 23. The coinage of silver\\nroubles is suspended.\\nJune 13. The authorities enact a law to\\nmore severely punish sealing poachers\\nin Bering Sea 16 months* imprison-\\nment and confiscation of vessels with\\ncargo and tackle.\\n1894 Feb. 13. A widespread conspir-\\nacy to accomplish the freedom of Po-\\nland is discovered by the police.\\nAug. 7. Russia threatens to interfere in\\nthe Japan-Chinese war if her trade\\nsuffers too severely.\\nNov. 2. Nicholas U. is proclaimed Em-\\nperor of Kussia, Czar of Poland, and\\nGrand Duke of Finland.\\nDec. Paris. The Rothschilds receive\\nsubscriptions to the new Russian loan of\\n$75,000,000.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1891 June 1. The czarevitch opens a\\npart of the Trans-Siberian Railroad, and\\nlays a memorial tablet.\\nAug. 25. Peasants in the province of\\nKazen are starving. The destitution is\\nwide-spread.\\nSept. 15. The crops in thirteen prov-\\ninces are reported complete failures,\\nand partial failures in eight the dis-\\ntress is intense.\\nNov. 3. St. Petersburg. A great rye\\ncorner is forcing up prices.\\n1892 Jan. 26. In one Siberian town\\nthere are 14,000 peasants fever-stricken\\nand starving.\\nApr. 3. The steamer Missouri, bearing\\nfood from New York to starving Rus-\\nsians, is welcomed at Libau.\\nJuly 10. Cholera is spreading. [July\\n17-21, 14,839 cases, 2,590 deaths Aug. 9,\\n4,000 are dying daily Aug. 22, 3,313\\ndeaths Sept. 1,4,.s59(mh* s, 2,529 deatlm\\nSept. 2, total number of deaths, 150,000\\nSept. 10, 4,679 new cases, 2,358 deaths\\nSept. 6, St. Petersburg reports 103 new\\ncases, 39 deaths; Sept. 11, 2,337 new\\ncases, 1,869 deaths Sept. 28, St. Peters-\\nburg reports 18 new cases and three\\ndeaths Oct. 12, 14 cases and two deaths\\nOct. 19, 13 cases, five deaths.]\\n1893 Jan. 30\u00c2\u00b1. Cholera still rages.\\n[Mar. 17\u00c2\u00b1. 305 cases in the province of\\nPodolia. Aug. 27. Several thousand\\ncases, 1,750 deaths. Aug. -Dec. The\\nepidemic increases.]\\nSALVADOR.\\nSalvador is a centralized republic of Central America, bordering the Pacific Ocean on the south coast capital San Salvador.\\nThe government is vested in a president, and a Congress of a single house. The common language is Spanish, and the dominant\\nreligion is Roman Catholic. Area, 7,255 square miles; estimated population in 1S91, 777,895.\\n1524-26 Pedro de Alvarado conquers\\nthe country for Spain. [1528. Conquests\\nmade by Jorge de Alvarado.]\\n1821 Independence of Spain is pro-\\nclaimed. [1842. Independence consum-\\nmated.]\\n1822 Dec. 2. Congress decrees the an-\\nnexation of San Salvador to the United\\nStates, to escape annexation to Mexico\\nby reactionists. [Iturbide of Mexico\\nfalls before acceptance, and the state is\\nrestored to the Central American\\nUnion.]\\n1824-39 A state of the Central Amer-\\nican Union till it is dissolved.\\n1S53 *A constitution is adopted.\\n[1S59. Jan. 24. Established.\\n1854 Apr. 16. San Salvador is de-\\nstroyed by an earthquake. [1873. Mar.\\n10. Nearly destroyed 50 lives are lost.\\n1891. Sept. 9\u00c2\u00b1. Towns destroyed.]\\n1856 The title of republic is assumed.\\nGen. Santin del Castillo president. [1858.\\nCompelled to abdicate by Gen. Gerardo\\nBarrios.]\\n1860 Feb. 1. Gen. Barrios is appointed\\npresident. [1863. Oct. 1. Forced to flee\\nthe country 1865, Apr. Gen. Duenas,\\npresident 1872, Feb. 1, Gen. Gonzalez\\n1876, May R. Zaldivar 1885, June\\nGen, Francisco Menendez 1887, Mar. 1,\\nMenendez reelected 1S90, Sept. 11, Gen.\\nCarlos Ezeta; 1894, June 5, Gen. Gu-\\ntierrez.]\\n1865 Aug. Nicaragua surrenders ex-\\nPresident Barrios, and he is tried and\\nexecuted.\\n1887 Sept. 6-10. Revolutionists rise\\nand are suppressed. [1890. Jan. 1\u00c2\u00b1.\\nAgain. June 22. Successful revolution\\nMenendez is deposed Ezeta is provis-\\nional president. July 31. Gen. Jose\\nMaria Rivas rises. Aug, 1. Captured,\\nshot.]\\n1890 July 20. San Salvadorians under\\nGen. Antonio Ezeta defeat Guatema-\\nlans in battle. [Sept. 22. Peace with\\nGuatemala ratified.]\\n1894 June 3. Rebellion Gen. Ezeta\\nand Government troops are utterly de-\\nfeated. [June 26. A provisional gov-\\nernment is formed.]\\nSERVIA.\\nServia is a kingdom of southeastern Europe capital, Belgrad. The chief authority\\nking, and the legislative power in the Skupshtina. The common language is Servian, o\\nGreek Catholic. Area, 19,050 square miles population in 1891, 2,162,759.\\ns vested in a constitutional hereditary\\nIllyrian, and the dominant religion is\\n640+ Christianity is introduced.\\n7th Century. The Serbs, or Croats, drive\\nout the Avars, and occupy the land.\\n1150\u00c2\u00b1 *The Greek Emperor Manuel\\nsubdues the Serbs. [1180. Independence\\n1334+-56 Stephen Dushan enlarges\\nthe realm by annexing Macedonia, Al-\\nbania, and other territory. He assumes\\nthe title of emperor.\\n1389 Aug. 27. Turk. The Turks un-\\nder Amurath I. defeat and overthrow\\nthe Servians and their allies under King\\nLazarus. The authority of the sultan\\nis established.\\n1442* *Amurath besieges Belgrad.\\n[1456. Again besieged by Mohammed II.\\n1521. Again by Solyman II., who takes\\nand annexes it. 1688. Besieged and\\ntaken from the Turks by the elector of\\nBavaria. 1690. Besieged and taken by\\nthe Turks. 1717. Also by Prince Eugene.\\n1789. Also by Austrians. 1791. Restored\\nto the Turks.]\\n145\u00c2\u00bb+ Servia is subdued by Moham-\\nmed II. and annexed.\\n1718-39 Austria annexes the greater\\npart of Servia. [1739. Sept. Restored\\nto the Turks by the Peace of Belgrad.]\\n1788-90 Servians aid Austria in the\\nwar with Turkey.\\n1804 George Czerny (Kara George)\\nleads an uprising which expels the\\nTurks.\\n1807-11 George Czerny, aided by\\nRussia, establishes a government. [1813.\\nexpelled. 1817. July* Murdered.]\\n1813 Reconquered by Turks.\\n1817 Milosch Obrenovitch, an in-\\nsurgent peasant, having gained several\\nvictories over the Turks, is elected ruler.\\n[1827. He becomes prince. 1829. Aug.\\n15. Recognized by the sultan. 1839.\\nJune 13. Oppressive, and forced to ab-\\ndicate.]\\n1839-40 Michael II. (son) reigns. [1840-\\n42, Michael III. 1842-59, Alexander, son\\nof George Czerny; 1859-60, Milosch Obre-\\nnovitch again; 1860-68, Michael IV.\\n(son); June 20, Assassinated; 1868-89,\\nMilan IV. (nephew) 1877, Bee. 22, De-\\nposed by the sultan.]\\n1860\u00c2\u00b1 The struggle against Turkey\\nfor independence begins.\\n1862 Oct. 7. Concessions made by the\\nsultan, under the pressure of the powers,\\nare accepted. [1867. Mar. Turkish\\ngarrisons evacuate.]\\n1875 Oct. 17. Prince Milan weds Na-\\ntalie Keshko. [1888. July 18. She dis-\\nagrees gives up the crown: separates.\\nOct. Divorced against her protest.]\\n1876-77 Unsuccessful war with Tur-\\nkey. [Dec. 24\u00c2\u00b1. Complete subjection\\naverted by the powers meeting at Con-\\nstantinople.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1135.jp2"}, "1136": {"fulltext": "1124 1877, *-1894,\\nSERVIA.\\n1877-78 Servia sides with Russia in\\nthe Turko-Kussian war. (1878. Mar. 3.)\\nAbsolute independence acquired by\\nthe Treaty of San Stefano (p. 566).\\n(Aug. 28.) Independence proclaimed.\\n1882-89 Milan I., King of Servia. [1SS2.\\nMar. 6\u00c2\u00b1. Proclaimed by the Assembly.]\\n1885 Nov. -Dec. Unsuccessful war\\nwith Bulgaria (p. 566).\\n1889 Jan. 2. A new constitution is\\nenacted. Vote, 494-73.\\nMar. 6. Milan I. abdicates in favor of\\nhisyoungson. [1S91. Nov. 16. Renounces\\nall his legal and constitutional rights in\\nServia.]\\nAlexander I. reigns by regents.\\n[1891. Mar. 7. Officially proclaimed.]\\n1891 May 5. Ex-Queen Natalie (pro-\\nRussian) is expelled. [1892. Jan. 20.\\nReconciled with Milan. Feb. 2. Divorce\\npronounced void. 1894. Mar. 8. An-\\nnulled by the Synod at Belgrad.J\\n1893-94 The government is reaction-\\nary in spirit.\\n(1894. Apr. 14.) The king arrests the\\nregent and ministers at a banquet, and\\nassumes the government. (Apr. 21.) He\\noverturns the constitution, and revives\\none approved 25 years ago. (May 21.)\\nHe executes another coup d itat, restor-\\ning the old constitution, thereby abol-\\nishing the secret ballot, freedom of the\\npress, the right of public meetings, and\\nthe electoral system of scrutin de liste.\\nSI AM.\\nSiam is a kingdom of southeastern Asia capital, Bangkok. A king and council conduct the government. Buddhism pre-\\nvails. Area, 200,000\u00c2\u00b1 square miles population, 5,000,000+.\\n1340 The Siamese invade Cambodia,\\ntake Angkor, and secure 90,000 captives.\\n1350 Ayuthia is made the capital.\\n[1555. Taken by the Burmese and Pe-\\nguans. 1782. Sacked by the Burmese\\ncapital removed to Bangkok.]\\n34th and 15th Centuries. Frequent inva-\\nsions of Burmese and Peguans. (1555.)\\nSubject to Burma. (1590\u00c2\u00b1.) Recovers\\nindependence.\\n1511\u00c2\u00b1 The Portuguese rediscover\\nSiam establish intercourse. [1604.\\nThe Dutch. 1612. The English first\\nappear.]\\n1560\u00c2\u00b1 FhraNaret, the national hero,\\ndelivers Ayuthia, and invades Pegu.\\n1580\u00c2\u00b1 France begins intercourse\\nreceives a Siamese envoy. [1585. Inter-\\ncourse stopped.]\\n1592-1632 Japanese traders and set-\\ntlers arrive. [1632. Massacred through\\njealousy of their thrift survivors ex-\\npelled.]\\n1683* Constantine Phaulcon, a\\nCephalonian Greek adventurer, becomes\\nforeign minister, and opens communica-\\ntions with France.\\n1685 Louis XIV. sends\\n[The French Jesuits introduce Chris-\\ntianity, and intrigue for a French pro-\\ntectorate, which arouses persecution.]\\n1687 France sends another embassy,\\nalso 500 soldiers, who occupy the fortress\\nof Bangkok. [1690. Expelled.]\\nAgents of the East India Company\\nattack the Siamese for employing Eng-\\nlishmen who are not connected with its\\nservice. [1719. Attacked by the British\\ngovernor of Madras.]\\n1731 Gold is discovered in Malacca.\\n1745 Dutch and English traders\\ncease their visits.\\n1760 The Burmese waste the coun-\\ntry.\\n1764* The Siamese take Mergui and\\nTavoy.\\n1782 [The present] dynasty is founded\\nby Phaya Chakkri.\\n1786 The British occupy Penang.\\n1811\u00c2\u00b1 The Siamese twins are born.\\n[Exhibited in Europe and America.]\\n1822 A treaty is made with the East\\nIndia Company. [1825. Another. 1833.\\nWith United States of America. 1855.\\nWith England.]\\n1828 Protestant missions are intro-\\nduced. [1833. Established.]\\n1831 The American Baptists open a\\nmission under John T.Jones. [1833. To\\nthe Chinese mission removed to Bang-\\nkok. 1836. At Macao. 1882. Among\\nthe Karens in Northern Siam. 1885. At\\nLakawn. 18S9. At Bangkok.]\\n*The AmerieanBoardopensamission\\nat Bangkok. [1S50. Efforts relinquished\\nbecause of difficulties.)\\n1840 The American Presbyterians\\nopen a mission at Bangkok. [1867-68. At\\nChung-Mai, Laos.]\\n1851 Two kings are enthroned.\\n1857 Ambassadors are sent to Eu-\\nrope. [1861. Again.]\\n1868 Oct. 1-K Khoulalonkornl.\\nreigns.\\n1873 Nov. 16. Aconstitutionde-\\ncreed.\\n1883 July 14. A telegraph line to\\nFrance is opened.\\n1887 Jan. The inferior king dies, and\\nthe office is abolished.\\n1893 July 19. France sends an ulti-\\nmatum in resentment for alleged out-\\nrages (p. 765).\\nSOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC.\\nThe Republic is a country of South Africa; capital, Pretoria. It is politically divided into 18 districts, and the govern-\\nment is republican in form, and administered by a president and ministerial council the legislative power is held by the two\\nVolksraden, each having 24 members. The chief religion is Dutch Reformed. Great Britain holds a nominal suzerainty over\\nthe republic. Area, 113,642 square miles estimated population is 487,457, including 368,329\u00c2\u00b1 natives.\\n1836 June 15. The American Board\\nopens a mission at Mosiga [Pretoria].\\nDisaffected Boers begin to immi-\\ngrate from Cape Colony.\\n1852 Jan. 17. Independence is de-\\nclared. [1848. Feb. 13. A constitu-\\ntion is proclaimed.]\\n1857 The Herrmansburg Society\\n(Ger.) opens a mission at Bethanien.\\n[1889,AtEntombeandRamaliane\\nat Cana, Harmshope, Hebron, Ebenezer,\\nEkombela, Emoyati, Mahunaim, Manu-\\nane, Melorane, Mosetta.]\\n1864 The Berlin Evangelical Lu-\\ntherans open a mission at Makhabertf.\\n[1861, at Khalatlolu; 1865, at Ga Mat-\\nlale 1866, at Leydenburg and at Pre-\\ntoria; 1867. at Mo\u00c2\u00ablinM lle,or Waterberg,\\nand at Malokong; 1869, at Walmanns-\\nthal 1873, at New Halle 1874, at Tsa\\nKoinaj 1875, at Heidelberg; 1877, at\\nGeorgenholz, at Lobethal 1880, at Taba\\nMossegu 1881, at Medingin 1884, at\\nWoyenthin.]\\n1870* The Finns send 10 missionaries\\nto Oden. [1879. At Elim.]\\n*The Wesleyan Methodists (Eng.)\\nopen missions at Bloemhof, Klerksdorp,\\nPolfontein, Pretoria, Waterberg, Zoul-\\npansburg.\\nThe London Society opens a mis-\\nsion at Molepolole.\\n1875 The Free Church of French\\nSwitzerland opens a mission among the\\nGwamba negroes.\\n1876 July -79* The Boers and\\nKafirs, under King Secocoeni, are at\\nwar. The Amazwasirs aid in repulsing\\nthe Kafirs. (1878. Nov. 28.) Sir Gar-\\nnet Wolseley captures the Kafirs strong-\\nhold. (Dec. 2.) Their king surrenders.\\n1877 Apr. 12. Sir Theophilus Shep-\\nstone proclaims a state of anarchy, and\\nthe country is annexed to Great Brit-\\nain for protection. [May 30. He takes\\nthe oath as administrator. 1889. Mar.\\nSir William Owen Lanyon, British gover-\\nnor. 1879. May Sir G. Wolseley.]\\n1879 Dec* The Transvaal is pro-\\nclaimed a British crown colony.\\nDec. 30. The Boers issue a declaration\\nof independence [three signers are ar-\\nrested by the BritishJ.\\n1880 Dec. 17. The Boers establish the\\nSouth African Republic with S. J.\\nPaul Kruger, president. [Dec. 30. The\\nRepublic is proclaimed.]\\nThe Society for the Propagation of\\nthe Gospel (Eng.) opens a mission at\\nWakkerstroom. [1887, at Heidelberg;\\nat Wakkersoom.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1136.jp2"}, "1137": {"fulltext": "SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC. 1836,* -1890,* 1125\\nDeo. 20-81 Mar. 14. War with the\\nBritish. [Mar. 21. Boers accept Brit-\\nish terms of peace,]\\n1881 Aug. 8. Convention agreed to\\nself-government is restored. The\\nterritory is given up to The Transvaal 1884 British control is restricted.\\nState, subject to British suzerainty. 1890 Small portions of Swaziland\\n1883 May 9-88 Apr. 30. Stephen and Amatongaland are annexed by\\nJ. Paul Kriiger, president. [1888, May agreement.\\n8-1893, May 12, again 1893, May 12+.]\\nSPAIN.\\nSpain is a kingdom of southwestern Europe capital, Madrid. It is politically divided into 47 mainland provinces, and two\\ninsular, the Canaries and Balearic Islands. The government is an hereditary monarchy, having the legislative power vested in\\nthe Cortes, which comprises a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. Its foreign possessions since 1S98, have been limited to the\\nCarolines, Ladrones, and some other islands, and small possessions in Western Africa. The common language is Spanish, and the\\nprevailing religion is Roman Catholic. Area, 197,670 square miles population in 1887, 17,550,246.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n238 B. c. Hamilcar, the Carthagin-\\nian, leaves Africa and invades Spain. [219.\\nTakes Saguntum because of this the\\nRomans declare war against Carthage.\\n218. Hannibal enters Italy (p. 1054).]\\n218+- 212 B. c. Scipio carries the war\\ninto Spain. (210.) Romans drive out\\nthe Carthaginians (p. 1054).\\n154+-140+ b. c. Romans are at war\\nwith the Lusitanians (p. 1055).\\n143-133 b.c. JKTumantine war (p. 1056).\\n105 b. c. The Cimbri invasion.\\n97* *b. c. The Celtiberians under Ser-\\ntorious revolt. [72. Subdued by Pompey.]\\n61 b. 0. Julius Caesar makes con-\\nquests (p. 1058). [46-45. He defeats the\\nsons of Pompey (p. 1060).]\\n27-25 B.C. Augustus retires (p. 1060).\\n262 a. d. Posthumous defeats the\\nFranks.\\n395* West Goth invasion. [416. Goths\\nexpel the Alani.]\\n415 Atawulf takes Barcelona (p. 1071).\\n419 Vandals conquer Galicia. [470l\\nGoths take Saragossa. 572. Cordova.]\\n528 War with Childebert.\\n586 Recared I. expels the Franks.\\n[588. War renewed.]\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00ac56 Recesuinto subdues the Basques.\\n675 Wamba, the West Goth, defeats\\nthe invading Saracens.\\n710 The Saracens invade Spain.\\n711 July 26. At Jerez de la Frontera\\nthe Saracens under Tarik and Muza\\nutterly defeat the West Goths under\\nRoderic. [712. Capture Gibraltar. 712-\\n713. Subdue the country.]\\n777-778 Charlemagne s campaign (p.\\n664). [800. He defeats the Saracens.]\\n787 Hixem proclaims a holy war.\\n[812. Truce with Charlemagne.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n38 Jan. 1. B.C. The Spanish era\\ncommences this is the next year after\\nthe conquest of Spain by Augustus.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n5th Century, a. d. Orosius, Paulus, presbyter,\\nhistorian, born, dies.\\n560+ Isidorus Hispalensis (Isidore of Se-\\nville), bishop, author, born. [636. Dies.]\\n711* Rodme, \\\\V s! Cothic king, dies.\\n757 Pelayo, first king of Astiirias, dies.\\n788 Abd-er-Rahnian I Ommeyade sultan,\\ndies.\\nCHURCH.\\n69 a. d. Jews settle at Merida.\\n250 Christian churches are estab-\\nlished at Leon, Elvira, and other towns.\\n305 A church council meets at Elvira.\\n372\u00c2\u00b1 The Priscillianists arise.\\n589 Council of Toledo the West\\nGoths accept the Catholic faith.\\n275 Jews are expelled. [1492. Perse-\\ncuted.]\\n786 The Great Mosque [church] of\\nCordova is founded by Abd-er- Rahman.\\n800\u00c2\u00b1 The Western bishops are author-\\nized to punish spiritual offenders with\\ndeath; auto-da-fS, or an act of faith, is\\nintroduced. [1484. The first at Seville.]\\nLETTERS.\\n471* *The laws of Hispania are first\\nwritten.\\n588 The Latin language displaces\\nthe Gothic.\\n773-j. Abd-er^Rahman I. founds acade-\\nmies.\\nSTATE.\\n1000\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. The Phenecians found\\nCadiz. [800. The Rhodians plant colo-\\nnies in Catalonia.]\\n480 b. c. Carthaginians are at-\\ntracted by the rich silver mines. [360.\\nThey settle in Spain 242, Found New\\nCarthage (Cartagena).]\\n238-233 e. c. Hamilcar of Carthage\\nextends his dominion into Spain.\\n205 b. c. Scipio Africanus annexes\\nNew Carthage to Rome. [206. All\\nSpain is under the Romans.]\\n142 b. c. Fabius Servilianus makes\\npeace with the Celtiberians and Lusi-\\ntanians. [152. Romans found Cordova.]\\n78-72 b. c. Sertorius revolts; subdued\\nby Pompey (p. 1058). [67. By Julius\\nCaesar.]\\n60-50 b, c. Pompey is governor.\\n48-47 d. c. The rapacity of Crassus\\nincites a revolt.\\n38 Jan. 1. b. c. The conquest by Au-\\ngustus begins.\\n27 b. c. Csesarea Augusta (Salduba)\\n[Saragossa] is founded.\\n256 a. d. The Pranks ravage the\\ncountry.\\n256-409 Roman governors rule.\\n409+ The Vandals, Alani, and Suevi\\noverthrow Roman rule.\\n409-425 Vandals rule: Gunderic and\\nGenseric. [427. Genseric with his peo-\\nple pass over into Africa.]\\n411-415 Atawulf rules the West Goths.\\n418-711 The West Goths rule (p. 663).\\n[420-451. Theodoric reigns 451-452,\\nThorrismund 452-466, Theodoric II.\\n466-483, Euric, the first monarch of all\\nSpain. The Gothic power reaches its\\nhighest point. 483-506, Alaric II. 506-\\n511, Gesalric 511-531, Amalaric 531-548,\\nTheudis; 548-549, Theudisela 549-554,\\nAgita 554-567, Atanagildo. He makes\\nToledo his capital. 567-568, Liuva I.\\n568-586, Leuvigildo, co-ruler; 572, sole\\nking; 586-601, Recared I. 587. He expels\\nthe Franks. 601-603, Liuva II. 603-310,\\nVitericus 610-612, Gundemar 612-621,\\nSisebut 621, Recared II. 621-631, Suin-\\ntila 631-636, Sisenando 636-640, Chin-\\ntella 640-642, Tulga 642-649, Cindasu-\\ninto 649-672, Recesuinto, coruler 653,\\nsole king 672-682, Wamba 680-687, Er-\\nvigius 687-698, Egrica 698-710, Witiza,\\ncoruler 701, sole king.]\\n710\u00c2\u00b1 *Roderic becomes the [last]\\nking of the West Goths in Spain. The\\npeople, oppressed by his cruelty, invite\\nthe Arabs to enter Spain.\\n711-712 The Saracens are established\\nat Cordova, Toledo, and Saragossa [and\\nall over Spain. 713. They subdue Murcia].\\n714-1238 Mohammedans rule.\\n714-755 Emirs rule in Cordova; Abd-el-\\nAziz is the first; Yussuf-el-Tehri, the\\nlast.\\n718-737 Pelayo reigns in Asturias and\\nLeon.\\nHe is the founder of the monarchy of\\nAsturias first sovereign of Christian\\nSpain he overthrows the Moors, and\\nchecks their conquests. [737-739, Astu-\\nrias and Leon. Favila reigns 739-757,\\nAlfonso the Catholic 757-768, Froila I.\\n768-774, Aurelius 774-788, Mauregato,\\nthe Usurper; 7SS-791, Veremundo (Ber-\\nmuda); 791-842, Alfonso II., the Chaste;\\n842-850, Ramiro I. 850-866, Ordofio II.\\nS66-910, Alfonso III., the Great.\\n755-1238 Cordova is the capital of\\nMohammedan Spain, Abd-er-Rahman I.\\nis the first king, and Abu Ali the last.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1137.jp2"}, "1138": {"fulltext": "1126 844,**-1513,**\\nSPAIN.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n844 Danish invasion.\\n845 Ramiro kills70,000 Saracens in one\\nbattle.\\n861 Salamanca is taken from the Sar-\\nacens. [913. Talavera taken.\\n866-910 Alfonso conquers the Moors.\\n(901.) At Zamora.\\n938 Aug. 6. The Spaniards defeat the\\nMoors at Sunincas.\\n1060 Mohammed Almuatid conquers\\nCordova.\\n1070-90 The Cid Rodrigohas engage-\\nments with the Moors.\\n1085 Mar. 25. Alfonso VI. captures\\nToledo.\\n1091 The Saracens are aided by\\nthe Moors in resisting the aggressions\\nof the Christians. [1095. Henry of Be-\\nsancon defeats the Saracens.]\\n1109 Urraca of Castile attacks her\\nsister Theresa, Countess of Portugal.\\n1126* Alfonso VII. of Leon captures\\nSaragossa. [1144. Defeats the Moors in\\nseveral battles.]\\n1162* Alfonso of Aragon conquers\\nProvence.\\n1184* Port. The Almohades besiege\\nSantarem defeated.\\n1190 The Moors sack Madrid.\\n1195* The Moors defeat the Castil-\\nians at Alarcon. [1197. Take Madrid.]\\n1212 July 16. The allied Christian\\nforces of Spain win a great victory over\\nthe Almohades under Mohammed at\\nIsTavas de Tolosa (S. Sp.). [The break-\\ning up of the Moorish empire follows.]\\n1229 James I. of Aragon takes Ma-\\njorca from the Moors. [Minorca, Va-\\nlencia, Murcia, also taken,]\\n1233-48 Ferdinand of Castile and Leon\\ntakes away from the Moors Cordova,\\nToledo, Seville, and Santiago de Com-\\npostela. [1240. Also Murcia.]\\n1247 The first Spanish war-fleet ap-\\npears at the conquest of Seville.\\n1278 Alfonso is defeated at Algeci-\\nras. [1344. Taken from the Moors\\nby Alfonso XL of Castile.]\\n1282 Peter III. conquers and an-\\nnexes Sicily.\\n1285 Sancho TV., the Brave, defeats\\nthe Moors at Tarifa.\\n1308 Ferdinand takes Gibraltar from\\nthe Jews. [1332. Taken by the Moors.\\n1462. Taken from Moors by Guzman.]\\n1327 The King of Granada is aided by\\n200,000 Moors. [1340. Alfonso XL de-\\nfeats, with great slaughter, the Moors\\nunder Abool-Hassan at Tarifa.]\\n1369 The Moors assist Pedro the\\nCruel against the invading Henry II. of\\nCastile. [Mar. 14. Pedro is defeated\\nand captured at Montiel by his brother\\nHenry of Tastamare. Mar. 23. Killed.]\\n1381 John I. of Castile invades Por-\\ntugal.\\n1395 Martin, King of Aragon, defeats\\nthe Genoese.\\n1410 War: Castile against Aragon.\\n1492 Jan. 2. Gonzalvo Hernandez de\\nCordova, the Great Captain, takes\\nGranada, and breaks the power of the\\nMoors.\\n1512 Navarre. Ferdinand II. con-\\nquers and annexes the greater part.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n920+ A medical school is founded\\nat Cordova.\\n1150+ The Moors introduce the study\\nof chemistry.\\n13th Century. The Moorish kings found\\nthe Alhambra, above Granada.\\n1200+ The Moors introduce astron-\\nomy into Europe.\\n1253\u00c2\u00b1 The Alphonsine astronomical\\ntables are composed.\\n1486-1512 Discoveries of Columbus\\nand Vespucci (p. 12+).\\n1499+ Vincent Pinzon and Alonzo de\\nOjeda make discoveries [Brazil], (P. 15.)\\n1500 Kodrigo Bastides and Juan de\\nla Cosa make discoveries (p. 15).\\n1513 Balboa discovers the Pacific\\nOcean (p. 16).\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n9th Cen tu-ry. Bernardo del Carpio, hero, b., d.\\n852 A bd-er- Rahman II., sultan of Cor-\\ndova, dies.\\n913 Abdallah-Ibn-Mohammed, sultan of\\nCordova, dies.\\n913 Alhakem II., calif of Cordova, born.\\n[976. Dies.]\\n939 Al-Mansur, Spanish-Moorish states-\\nman, born. [1002. Dies.]\\n958* Garria, Kintf of Navarre, b. [1001. D.]\\n961 Abd-er-Rabman III., calif of Cordova,\\ndies.\\nlOOO? Ferdinand I., tbe Great, King of Cas-\\ntile, Leon, and Galicia, born. [1065. Dies.]\\n1016 Abbad II., King of Seville, born.\\n[1069. Dies.]\\n1035 Cid, hi Campeador, Rudriffo or Ruy\\nDiaz, Castilian bero, born. [1099. Dies.]\\n1039* Abbad III., King of Seville, born.\\n[1095. Dies.]\\n1043* Abbad I., Moorish Kingof Seville, d.\\n1092 Aben-Kzra, Abraham, Jewish com-\\nmentator, born. [1167. Dies.]\\n1105 Abdallah- lbnool- llijaree, Spanish-\\nMoorish lii.stL.rian, born. [1195. Dies.]\\n1109 Alfonso I., King of Castile, dies.\\n1110+ Abool-1-Kasim, Spanish- Arabian\\nsurgeon, author, dies.\\n1135 Mannonides, Moses, Jewish rabbi,\\nphilosopher, writer, born. [1204. Dies.]\\n1143+ Aboo- 1 K usi in, Spanish -Moorish\\nauthor, born. [1194. Dies.]\\n1157 Alfonso II., King of Castile, dies.\\n1160* Aboo-Voosuf-Yakoub, Moorish sul-\\ntan, born. [1198. Dies.]\\n1170* Dominic de Guzman, St., founder\\nof Dominicans, born. [1221. Dies.].\\n1314* Alfonso VIII., Kingof Castile, d.\\n1331* Alfonso X., King of Leon, born.\\n[1284. Dies.]\\n1335* Lully, Raymond, phil.,b. [1315. D.]\\n13th Century. Esclol, Denial,, Catalan chroni-\\ncler, born, dies.\\n1356* Abuo-ilavvan, Spanish-Moorish au-\\nthor, born. [1344. Dies.]\\n1358* Guzman, Alfonso Perez de, com-\\nmander, bom. [1309. Dies.]\\n1300 Albornoz, Gil Alvarez Carilla, arch-\\nbishop of Toledo, card. states., b. [1367. D.\\n1304* *Ba too tab, lbn, Spanish-Moorish\\ntraveler, born. [1378. Dies.]\\n1311 Alfonso XI., King of Castile, born.\\n[1350. Dies.]\\n1333* Ayala, Pedro Lopez de, historian,\\npoet, born. [1407. Dies.]\\n1334 Pedro tbe Cruel, King of Castile,\\nborn. [1369. Dies.]\\n1396 Alfonso of Cartagena, historian, b.\\n[1456. Dies.]\\n1411 Mena, Juan de, poet, b. [1456. D.]\\n1420* Tonpieinada, Tomas de, inquisitor-\\ngeneral, born. [1498. Dies.]\\n1428 Albo, Jose rabbi, writer, dies.\\nMendoza, Pedro Gonzales de, the grand\\ncardinal, statesman, born. [1495. Dies.]\\n1435 Columbus, Christopher, discoverer,\\nborn in Genoa, It. [1506. Dies.\\n1436 Ximenes, Francisco, cardinal and\\nstatesman, born. [1517. Dies.]\\n1441 Pinzon, Martin Alonzo, navigator,\\nborn. [1493. Dies.]\\n1443 Cordova. Gonsalvo Hernandez\\nde, the great captain, gen., b. [1515. D.]\\n1451 Apr. 23. Isabella, the Catholic,\\nqueen, patron of Columbus, born. [1504,\\nJSov. 24. Dies.]\\n1453 Mar. lO. Ferdinand V., King, tbe\\nCatholic, born. [1516. Jan. 23. Dies.]\\n1460 Pinzon, Vincente Yanez, navigator,\\nborn. [1524. Dies.]\\nPonce de Leon, J uan, discoverer of Florida,\\nborn. [1521. Dies.]\\n1464\u00c2\u00b1 Carvajal, Francisco de, com-\\nmander, born. [1548. Dies.]\\n1465+ Ojeda, Alonzo de, adventurer with\\nColumbus, born.\\n1471\u00c2\u00b1 Pizarro. Francisco, conqueror of\\nPeru, born. [1541. Dies.]\\n1474 Casus, Burlolome de las, missionary,\\nborn. [1566. Dies.]\\n1475 Almagro, Diego, adventurer in\\nPern, born. [1538. Dies.]\\nBalboa, Vasco Nunez de, adventurer, born.\\n[1517. Dies.]\\nCordova, Francisco Hernandezde,explorer r\\nborn. [1526. Dies.]\\n1478 Oviedo, or Oviedo y V aide s, Gonzalo\\nFernandez de, historian, b. [1557. Dies.]\\nPhilip, King of Castile, born. [1506. Dies.]\\n1480* Narvaez, I amnlo de, commander,\\nborn. [1528. Dies.]\\n1483* Catherine of Aragon, Queen of\\nHenry VIII. of England, b. [1536. Dies.]\\n1484 Toledo, Pedro de, viceroy of Naples,\\nborn. .[1553. Dies.]\\n1485 Alvarado, Pedro de, explorer, born.\\n[1541. Dies.]\\nCortez, Hernando, or Fernando, conqueror\\nof Mexico, born. [1547. Dies.]\\nLeo AfrK unus, A 1- Hassan lbn M., Moor-\\nish traveler, born. [1526\u00c2\u00b1. Dies.]\\n1487 Mendoza, Don Pedro de, discoverer,\\nborn. [1536 Dies.]\\n1490+ Nunez, Alvar,explor.,b. [1564. D.]\\nOrellana, Francisco de, explorer of the Ama-\\nzon, born. [1546. Dies.]\\nPadilla, Don Juan Lopez de, patriot, born.\\n[1521. Dies.]\\n1491* Loyola, Ignatius de, founder of\\nJesuits, born. [1556, July 31. Dies.]\\n1493 Vives, Juan Louis, scholar, writer,\\nborn. [1540. Dies.]\\n1495+ Alvarado, Pedro, adventurer in\\nMexico, born. [1541. Dies.]\\nContreras, Rodrigo de, explorer, b. [1557- D.]\\n1496 Boseah Almogaver, Juan, poet, b.\\n[1544. Dies.]\\nDe Soto, Fernando, explorer, discoverer of\\nMississippi River, born. [1542. Dies.]\\n1498+ Diaz del Castillo, Bernal, soldier,.\\nauthor, born. [1593. Dies.]\\n1500+ Feb. 24. Charles I. (V.),K. of Sp.,\\nEmp. of Ger., born. [1558, Sept. 21. Dies.]\\nAlarcon, Hernando de, explorer, born.\\nCoronado, Francisco Vasquez de, soldier,.\\nborn. [1542+. Dies.]\\n1502+ Bobadilla, Francisco de, political\\nadministrator, dies.\\nEspinosa, Don Diego de, cardinal, statesman,\\nborn. [1572. Dies.]\\nVargas, Luis de, painter, born. [1568. Dies.]\\n1503* Carranza, Bartolome de, archbishop.\\nof Toledo, writer, born. [1576. Dies.]\\n1503+ Gaivduso de la Vega, poet, b. [1536.\\nDies.]\\nMendoza, Hurt ado Die no de, author, diploma-\\ntist, born. [1576. Dies.]\\n1506* Xavier, St. Francis, missionary,\\nborn. [1552. Dies.]\\n1508* Alva, Duke of, Fernando Alvarez,\\ngeneral, born. [1582. Dies.]\\n1509 Servetus, Michael, theologian, born.\\n[1553. Dies.]\\n1510i; Valdivia, Don Pedro de, conqueror\\nof Chile, born. [1559. Dies.]\\nCHURCH.\\n1088 The archbishop of Toledo is\\nmade the primate of Spain.\\n1170\u00c2\u00b1 The Order of Santiago, or St.\\nJames, is founded. [1223. An Order of\\nMercy.\\n1202i* The rosary is invented.\\n1280 The Holy Office (Inquisition) is\\nreestablished.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1138.jp2"}, "1139": {"fulltext": "SPAIN.\\n844/\\n1513,\\n1127\\n1485-93 Columbus and Church (p. 14-f-).\\n1499-1502 Mohammedans persecuted\\nLETTERS.\\n1150+ Mystery of the Alagian Kings\\nappears.\\n12th Century. Pvema del Cid and the\\nCrdnica runada del Cid appear.\\n1200 Jiasos de Trobar, by Ramon Vi-\\ndal, appears.\\n1209\u00c2\u00b1 The University of Valencia is\\nfounded. [1239. Removed to Salamanca.\\n1254. The University of Seville.]\\n1250\u00c2\u00b1 Euganos Assay amientos de las\\nMugeres (the Seven Sages) appears.\\nKalila and Dimna, translated from\\nthe Arabic, appears.\\n1250-95 Libro de tos Castigos y Docu-\\nmentos of King Sancho IV. appears.\\n13th Century. Los Siete Partidos appears.\\nAlso Libros de Astronomica Historia de\\nEspana; Appolonio; Miracles, by Gon-\\nzalo de Berceo, appears also Praises of\\nthe Virgin. Alexandra appears. A\\\\so Life\\nof St. Mary the Egyptian Lapadario.\\n1300+ Lo Desconort, by Raymond\\nLully, appears.\\nThe University of Lerida is\\nfounded. [1346. University of Valla-\\ndolid. 1354. University of Huesca.]\\n1300-50 Libro de las Cantigas, or de los\\nCantares, by Juan Manuel, appears.\\nAlso El Conde Lucanor, and Libro de los\\n1320-50 A poem on buen amor, by Juan\\nRuiz, appears.\\n1350+ Amadis de Gaula appears.\\n1350-69 Proverbs Morales, by the Jew\\nSantob, appears.\\n14th Century. Facetus appears. Also De-\\nbate between Soul and Body; General\\nDance of Death; Grant Crdnica de Es-\\npana and Grant Crdnica de los Conqueri-\\ndores Crdnica General de Espaiia.\\n1400+ Rimado de Palacio, by Pedro\\nLopez de Ayala, appears.\\n1415 The University of Salamanca\\nis founded. [1450. The University of\\nBarcelona.]\\n1438 Histories Conquestes del Re-\\nyolme d Arago, by Pere Tomich, appears.\\n1440-50 A cancionero, compiled by Al-\\nfonso de Baena.\\n15th Century. Libre de les Danes, by\\nJamne Roig, appears. Also Leys d Amor,\\nby Gillaume Moliner. Adoration of the\\nThree Kings Crdnica General Chro-\\nnicle of Pedro Nina, by Gutierre Diez de\\nGamez; El Labarinta and other poems,\\nby Juan de Mena Corbacho, by the arch-\\npriest of Talavera Trabajos de Hercules.\\n1480-90+ Carcel de Amor, by Diego de\\nSan Pedro, appears.\\n1483-84 Crestid, by Francesco Ximenes,\\nappears.\\n1490 Tirant lo Blanche appears at\\nValencia.\\n1492 La Celestini appears.\\n1499 Oliveros y Artus appears.\\nThe University of Toledo is founded.\\n1502-14 The Complutensian Polygot, in\\nsix vols., is printed at Alcala (Com-\\nplutensis). [1522. The first edition costs\\n250,000 ducats.]\\n1511 Cancionero General appears at\\nValencia.\\nSOCIETY MISCELLANEOUS.\\n1337 a. d. Private revenge is pro-\\nhibited in Castile.\\n1401* *The Barcelona bank is\\nfounded. [Now existing.]\\n1481 In Andalusia 3,000 persons are\\nburned, and 17,000 are otherwise pun-\\nished, by the Inquisition.\\n1498 Black substitutes white as the\\ncolor for mourning.\\n1504+ Isabella of Castile founds a\\nhospital for lepers.\\nSTATE.\\n873* Navarre. The kingdom is\\nfounded by Sancho IHigo. [873-8S5, He\\nreigns; 885-905, Garcia I.; 905-924, San-\\ncho Garcia I.; 924-970, Garcia II., the\\nTrembler; 970-1035, Sancho II., the\\nGreat. 1026. He becomes King of Cas-\\ntile through his wife,]\\n910-914 Asturias Leon. Garcia\\nreigns. [914-923, Ordofio II.; he recov-\\ners Valladolid from the Saracens 923-\\n925, Froila II.; 925-930, Alfonso IV., the\\nMonk of Leon 5)30-!)r 0, Kamiro II. 950-\\n955, Ordofio III.; 955-956, Ordofio IV.;\\n950-967, Sancho I., the Fat 967-983, Ra-\\nmiro III.; 9S3-999, Veremundo II. (Ber-\\nmuda), the Gouty 999-1027. Alfonso V.\\n1027-1035, Veremundo III. (Bermuda).]\\n1000 Valencia becomes the capital\\nof a Moorish kingdom.\\n1035-54 Navarre. Garcia III. reigns.\\n[1054-76, Sancho III.; 1076-94, Sancho\\nIV. 1094-1104, Peter of Aragon.]\\n1035-65 Aragon. Ramiro I. reigns.\\n[1065-94. Sancho Ramirez (IV. of Na-\\nvarre); 1094-1134, Alfonso I., the War-\\nrior, King of Navarre.]\\n1035-65 Leon Castile. Ferdinand the\\nGreat reigns. [1065-72, Sancho II., the\\nStrong, son of Ferdinand Alfonso in\\nLeon and Asturias. and Garcia in Gali-\\ncia 1072-1109, Alfonso VI., the Valiant,\\nKing of Leon.]\\n1037 Leon and Asturias are united\\nto Castile.\\n1090 Abdallah-Ibn-Balkeen, the last\\nsultan of Granada, is dethroned.\\n1091+ The Saracens, being unable\\nto resist the Christians, invite the aid\\nof the Moors from Africa, who seize\\nthe dominions they came to protect,\\nand subdue the Saracens.\\n1094-1144 Cordova. The dynasty of\\nthe Almoravides reigns.\\n1104-34 Navan-e. Alfonso I. reigns.\\n[1134-50. Garcia IV., Ramirez; 1150-94,\\nSancho V., the Wise 1194-1234, San-\\ncho VI., the Infirm.\\n1109-26 Leon Castile. Uraca and Al-\\nfonso VII. reign.\\n1226* Galicia\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Castile. Alfonso,\\nKing of Galicia, defends Uraca, his dis-\\nsolute mother, against her husband, Al-\\nfonso VII. he acquires Castile on her\\ndeath the two kingdoms are united.\\n1126-57 Castile. Alfonso VII., Ray-\\nmond, reigns. [1157-5S, Sancho III.\\n1158-8S, Alfonso VIII. 1183-1214, Al-\\nfonso IX.]\\n1134-37 Aragon. Ramiro II., the Monk,\\nreigns. [1137-63, Petronilla and Ray-\\nmond, Count of Barcelona.\\n1144-1225 Cordova. The dynasty of\\nthe Almohades reigns.\\nIt takes its name from the North Afri-\\ncan Almoahedun sect.\\n1157-88 Leon is separated from Cas-\\ntile under Ferdinand II.\\n1163-96 Aragon. Alfonso II. reigns.\\n[1196-1213, Peter II. 1213-76, James I.\\n1276-85, Peter III. 1285-91, Alfonso III.,\\nthe Beneficent 1291-1327, James II., the\\nJust.]\\n1214-17 Castile. Henry I. reigns. [1217-\\n52, Ferdinand III., the Saint. Leon and\\nCastile are permanently united by him.\\n1252-84, Alfonso X., the Wise; 12S4-95,\\nSancho IV., the Brave 1295-1312, Fer-\\ndinand IV.]\\n1233-48 Cordova, Toledo, and Seville are\\nannexed by Ferdinand III.\\n1234-53 Navarre. Theobald I., third\\nCount of Champagne, reigns 1253-70\\nTheobald II. 1270-74, Henry Crassus\\n1274r-1305, Joanna, she marries Philip the\\nFair, of France.]\\n1238* Granada. The Moors begin\\nthe kingdom it is their last refuge from\\nthe aggressive Christians.\\n1240 Murcia is subdued by Ferdi-\\nnand of Castile. [1305. Divided between\\nCastile and Aragon.]\\n1274 Navarre. The crown passes to\\nthe royal family of France.\\n1305-16 Navarre. Louis Hutin reigns.\\n[131 6, John 1316-22, Philip V. the Long,\\nof France; 1322-28, Charles I., the IV.\\nof France; 1328-43, Joanna II., and\\nPhilip, Count d Evreux 1343-49, Joanna\\nalone; 1349-87, Charles II., the Bad;\\n1387-1425, Charles III., the Noble.]\\n1312-50 Leon\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Castile. Alfonso XI.\\nreigns. [1350-69, Pedro the Cruel. He\\nis deposed, but reinstated by his ally,\\nEdward, the Black Prince, of England\\nkilled by his natural brother and suc-\\ncessor. 1369-79, Henry II., the Gracious.\\nPoisoned by a monk. 1379-90, John I.\\nHe unites Biscay to Castile. 1390-1406,\\nHenry III., the Sickly 1406-54, John II.\\n1454-74, Henry IV., the Impotent; 1474-\\n1504, Isabella.]\\n1327-36 Alfonso IV. reigns. [1336-87.\\nPeter TV., the Ceremonious; 1387-95,\\nJohn I. 1395-1410, Martin 1410-12, in-\\nterregnum.]\\n1412-16 Aragon Sicily. Ferdinand,\\nthe Just, reigns. [1416-58, Alfonso V.,\\nthe Wise; 1458-79, John II., King of\\nNavarre, brother of Alfonso.]\\n1425-79 Navarre. Blanche and her\\nhusband, John II. (King of Aragon),\\nreign. [1479, Eleanor: 1479-83, Francis\\nPhcebus de Foix 1483-1512, Catherine\\nand John d Albret.]\\n1469 Oct. 18. Ferdinand [II. of Ara-\\ngon] marries Isabella, of Castile.\\n1479-1504 Aragon\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Castile. Ferdi-\\nnand II. and IsabeUa reign. [1492. He\\nannihilates the power of the Moors.]\\n1504 Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand\\nII. and Isabella, and Philip I. of Austria,\\nrule jointly in Castile. [1506. Philip\\ndying, and Joanna becoming imbecile,\\nFerdinand II. reigns as regent in Cas-\\ntile he unites Castile with Aragon.]\\n1512 Ferdinand II. becomes Ferdi-\\nnand V., the Catholic he conquers Na-\\nvarre and Granada, and becomes king\\nof all Spain.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1139.jp2"}, "1140": {"fulltext": "1128 1513,**-X766/\\nSPAIN.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1521-30 War with France (p. 680).\\n[1556-59. Again (p. 682+). 1635-59. Again.]\\n1538 U.S. A. Conquest of Florida.\\n1564^1648 2Teth. The Netherlands\\nthrow off the yoke (p. 540+).\\n1571 Oct. 7. Victory at Lepanto (p.\\n1080).\\n1588 Philip II. prepares the Invin-\\ncible Armada for the conquest of\\nEngland. It is destroyed (p. 876).\\n1589 Adm. Drake and Sir John Mor-\\nris attack and burn Vigo. [1596. Sept.\\n15. Cadiz burned (p. 876).]\\n1607 Apr. 25. The Dutch defeat the\\nSpaniards in the Bay of Gibraltar. [1640.\\nAgain in the Downs fleet destroyed.]\\n1640 Port. The Portuguese revolt.\\n1643 May 19. Fr. Defeat at Hocroi\\n(p. 688).\\n1650-59 War with France (p. 690, 691).\\n[1673-78. Another (p. 693).]\\n1663 Defeated by Portuguese at Es-\\ntremoz. [1665. Again at Villaviciosa\\nby Gen. Schomberg.]\\n1673-78 War with France (p. 540, 541).\\n1691 The French invade Aragon.\\n[1694. They besiege Barcelona; it is\\nrelieved by Adin. Kussell (Eng.).]\\n1697 The French pillage Cartha-\\ngena. (Value of treasure, \u00c2\u00a76,000,000.)\\n1701-14 War of the Spanish succes-\\nsion; it aims to prevent the union of the\\ncrowns of Prance and Spain (p. 694+).\\n1704\u00c2\u00b1 *TheBritishoccupyTarragona\\nas a naval station.\\n1705 The allies unsuccessfully be-\\nsiege Badajoz.\\n1710 Aug. 20. Charles III. (VI). takes\\nSaragossa [and marches to Madrid].\\nDec. 10. Gen. Ven do me defeats the Aus-\\ntrian Marshal Starhemberg at Villa-\\nviciosa; this decides the struggle for\\nthe Spanish crown in favor of Philip V.\\n1714* *The Duke of Berwick (Ft.)\\nstorms and captures Barcelona.\\n1719* War with France.\\nLord Cobham (Eng.) takes Vigo. [Re-\\nleased by contributions. Aug. 19. St.\\nSebastian taken (p. 698).]\\n1734-35 It. Campaign of Charles, son\\nof Philip he defeats Austria, and sub-\\ndues Naples and Sicily.\\n1739-48 War with Great Britain (p.\\n910). 1762-63, again 179G, again (p. 927)\\n1S04, again (p. 933).\\n1740* Colombia. Victory at Cartagena\\n(p. 910).\\n1756 July* Minorca taken (p. 912).\\n[1763. .Restored. 1782. Taken from the\\nBritish. 1798. Nov. 15. Taken by Gen.\\nSt. Stuart without losing a man.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1516 Diego Miruelo makes discover-\\nies (p. 17).\\n1517 Fernando de Cordova discovers\\nYucatan (p. 17).\\n1520 The Spaniards bring chocolate\\nfrom Mexico.\\n1553 Michael Servetus makes public\\nthe discovery of the circulation of the\\nblood through the lungs.\\n1557* Madrid. Philip II. lays the\\nfoundation of the Escurial.\\n1558 Tobacco is introduced by Her-\\nnandez.\\n1600i: Merino sheep are introduced.\\n1617 A flood in Catalonia drowns\\n50,000 people.\\n1629+ Los Borrachos is painted by\\nVelasquez. [1644, Queen Isabel of Bour-\\nbon 1649, The portrait of Innocent X.\\n1656, Las Meninas and Las Hilanderas.]\\n1655 St. Isidoro is painted by Murillo.\\n[1670, Holy Family.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1513* Morales, Ambroeio de, historian,\\nborn. [1591. Dies.]\\nToledo, Francisco de, administrator, born.\\n[1584. Dies.]\\n1615* Theresa, St., nun, mystic writer,\\nborn. [1582. Dies.]\\n1516\u00c2\u00b1* Solis, Juan Diaz de, navigator, d.\\n1517* Oranvelle, Cardinal de, Antoine de\\nPerrenot, statesman, born. [1586. Dies.]\\n1520\u00c2\u00b1 Becerra, Gasparu, painter, sculptor,\\nborn. [1550. Dies.]\\nMoya y Contreras, Pedro de, archbishop\\nof Mexico, administrator, b. [1591. D.]\\nChacon, Pedro, elerg., scholar, b. [1607. D.]\\n1525* Coronado, .Uian Vasquez de, admin-\\nistrator, born. [1565. Dies.]\\nHenrique/, Almansa Martin de, administra-\\ntor, born. [1583. Dies.]\\n1526* Ayllon, Lucas Vasquez de, compan-\\nion of Cortez, dies.\\nCano, Juan Sebastian del, navigator, d.\\n1527 May 27. Philip II., king, bora.\\n[1598, Sept. 13. Dies.]\\nGrijalva, -Juan de, navigator, born.\\n1528 Jeanne d Albret, or Juan, Queen of\\nNavarre, born. [1572. Dies.]\\nPonce de Leon, Luis, lyric poet, b. [1591. D.]\\nde, cardinal,\\n1532* Toledo, Fr\\nstatesman, born. [1596. Di\\n1533* Ereilla y Zuniga, Alonzo de, poet,\\nborn. [1594. Dies.]\\n1535* Molina, Luis, Jesuit, theologian,\\nborn. [1600\u00c2\u00b1. Dies.]\\n1536\u00c2\u00b1* Boabdil, last Moorish king of\\nGranada, dies.\\nMariana, Juan de, historian, born. [1623. D.]\\n1538\u00c2\u00b1 Fernandez, Juan, navigator, bom.\\n[1602+. Dies.]\\n1539 Aoosla, J us\u00c2\u00abd\\\\ Jesuit, author, born.\\n[1600. Dies.]\\n1540\u00c2\u00b1 Figuema, Francisco de, poet, born.\\n[1620+. Dies.]\\nPerez, Antonio, courtier, b. [1611. D.]\\nTJHoa, Francesco de, discoverer of Cab,d.\\nVega, Gareilaso inea de la, historian, born.\\n[1616. Dies.]\\n1647 Oct. 9. Cervantes Saavedra, Mi-\\nguel de, poet, novelist, 1). [1616, Apr. 23. D.]\\n1548* Kuarez, Francisco, Jesuit, theolo-\\ngian, born. [1617. Dies.]\\n1549 Galvez de Montalvo, Luis, poet,\\nborn. [1610. Dies.]\\nHerrera y Tordesillas, Antonio, historian,\\nborn. [1625. Dies.]\\n1550\u00c2\u00b1 Alderete, Bernardo de, linguist, b.\\nEspinel, Vicente, poet, novelist, b. [1634. D.]\\nVictoria Yiloiia), Francisco, theolo., d.\\n1556* Calasanzio, Jose St. de, founder of\\nPauline Congregation of the Mother of\\nGod, born. [1648. Dies.]\\n1558 Castro, Vaea de, magistrate, dies.\\n1560\u00c2\u00b1 Cerda, Juan Luis de la, Jesuit,\\ncritic, born. [1643. Dies.]\\nFuentes, Pedro Henriquez d Azevedo, count,\\ngeneral, born. [1643. Dies.]\\n1561* Gnngora v Argote, Luis, poet, born.\\n[1627. Dies.]\\n1562* Lope de Vega Carpio, Felix, poet,\\ndramatist, born. [1635. Dies.]\\n1563\u00c2\u00b1 Argensola, Lupercio Leonardo de,\\nlyric poet, born. [1613. Dies.]\\nGuevara, Luis Velcz, painter, dies.\\n1566* Argensola, Bartolomeo, poet, his-\\ntorian, born. [1631. Dies.]\\n1569 Castro, (.luilleni de, dramatist, born.\\n[1631. Dies.]\\nSpinola, Ambrosio de, marquis, general,\\nborn. [1630. Dies.]\\n1570\u00c2\u00b1 Aduarte, Diego, historian, born.\\n[1637. Dies.]\\nTellez, Ga I. riel, dramatist, b. [1648. D.]\\n1571 Pacheco, Francisco, painter, writer\\non art, born. [1654. Dies.]\\n1574 Guevara, Luis Velez, novelist, born.\\n[1646. Dies.]\\n1576* Chinchon, Countess of, Ana, intro-\\nducer of Peruvian bark, born. [1638. D.]\\nHerrera, Francisco de, the Elder, painter,\\nborn. [1656. Dies.]\\n1577+ A vila, Gil Gonzalez de, clergyman,\\nhistorian, born. [1658. Dies.]\\n1578* Philip III., king, born. [1621. D.]\\n1580* Quevedo y Villegas, Francisco de,\\nsatirist, humorist, novelist, b. [1645. D.]\\ndramatic poet, born. [1639. Dies.]\\nSpagnoletto, painter, born. [1656. D.]\\n1589* Kscohar v Mcndoza, Antonio, casu-\\nist, born. [1669. Dies.]\\n1596* Villegas, Fslcban Manuel de, lyric\\npoet, born. [1669. Dies.]\\n1598* Zurharan, Francisco, painter, born.\\n[1662. Dies.]\\n1599 Velasquez, Diego Eod. de Sivay,\\npainter, born. [1660. Dies.]\\n1600* Calderon de la Barca. Pedro,\\ndramatist, born. [1681. Dies.]\\n1601 Cano, Alonzo, painter, h. [1664. D.]\\n1602* Montalvan, Juan Perez de, drama-\\ntist, born. [1638. Dies.]\\n1605 Apr. Philip IV., king, born. [1665,\\nSept. Dies.]\\n1610* Aleman, Mateo, novelist, dies.\\nHenriquez de Rivera, Payo, archbishop of\\nMexico, administrator, born. [1684. D.]\\nSolis, Antonio de, hist., dram., b. [1686. D.]\\n1614* Carreno de Miranda, Don Juan,\\nhistorical painter, born. [1685. Dies.]\\n1615i: Vizcaino, Sebastian, navigator, d.\\n1617* *Antonio, Nicolas, bibliographer,\\ncritic, born. [1684. Dies.]\\n1618* Moivio y Cabana, Don, dram., born.\\n[1669. Dies.]\\nMurillo, I .artolonie Fsteban, painter, born.\\n[1682. Dies.]\\n1620* Iriarte, I gnacio, painter, b. [1685. D.]\\n1621 Coello, Claudio, painter, born.\\n[1693. Dies.]\\n1627* Moloms, Miguel de, mystic, born.\\n[1695. Dies.]\\n17th Century. Atondo y Antillon, Don Isi-\\ndoro, admiral, explorer of Lower Cab, b.,d.\\nBonet, Juan Pablo, teacher of deaf mutes,\\nborn, dies.\\nContreras, Hieronimo de, poet, hist., b., d.\\nEnrique/,, (iuinez Antonio, poet, born, dies.\\n1653* *Palomino de Velasco, Acislo,\\npainter, born. [1726. Dies.]\\n1660\u00c2\u00b1 Abarca, Maria de, portrait painter,\\ndies.\\n1664* Alberoni, Guilio, cardinal, states-\\nman, born. [1752. Dies.]\\n1683 Dec. 19. Philip V., king, born. [1746,\\n[1773. Dies.]\\n1702* Luzan, Don Ignacio, poet, critic,\\nborn. [1754. Dies.]\\n1707* Qmroga, Jose, Jesuit, explorer, born.\\n[1784. Dies.]\\n1716* I lloa, Antonio de, scientist, naval\\nofficer, born. [1795. Dies.]\\n1718 Aranda, Count of, Don Pedro Pablo\\nAbarca y Bolea, dip., states., b. [1799+. D.]\\n1720* Campoman e s, Pedro Rodriguez,\\ncount, states., author, born. [1802. D.]\\nClavigero, Francisco, historian of Mexico,\\nborn. [1793. Dies.]\\n1728* Florida, Blanca, Count of, Jose\\nMofiino, statesman, born. [1808. Dies.]\\n1741 Cadalso, Jose de, painter, satirist,\\nborn. [1782. Dies.]\\n1742 Capmany, Montpalan y Antonio de,\\nphilologist, historian, born. [1813. D.]\\n1743* *Abascal, Jose Fernando, com-\\nmander, born. [1821. Dies.]\\n1744* Jovellanos, Gaspar Melcbior de,\\npoet, born. [1811. Dies.]\\n1745 Cavanilles, Antonio Jose clergy-\\nman, botanist, born. [1804. Dies.]\\n1746* Azanza, Miguel Jose de, states., b.\\n[1826. Dies.]\\nAzara, Don Felix de, nat., born. [1811. D.]\\n1749 Cean-Berniudez, Juan Angustin,\\nwriter, born. [1830. Dies.]\\n1750* Ainat, Felix, clergyman, historian,\\nborn. [1824. Dies.]\\nIriarte Yriarlc), Toinas de, poet, b.[1791. D.]\\nMiranda, Francis, revolutionary general,\\nborn. [1816. Dies.]\\n1753* *Carvajal, Tomas Jose Gonzales,\\nauthor, born. [1834. Dies.]\\n1754* Martini, Vincenzo, musical com-\\nposer, born. [1810. Dies.]\\nMelendez-Yaldez, Juan Antonio, poet, born.\\n[1817. Dies.]\\n1755* Castafios, Francisco de, Duke of\\nBaylen, general, born. [1852. Dies.]\\n1756* Llorente, Don Juan Antonio, his-\\ntorian, born. [1823. Dies.]\\n1757 Villaneuva, Joaquin Lorenzo de, au-\\nthor, born. [1837. Dies.]\\n1760* Moratin, Leandro Fernandez de,\\ndramatist, born. [1828. Dies.]\\n1764* Cevallos, Pedro, dip., b. [1828. D-]\\nCient uegos, Nicasio Alvarez de, poet, born.\\n[1809. Dies.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1140.jp2"}, "1141": {"fulltext": "SPAIN.\\n1513,**-1766,** 1129\\n1 765 Clemenein, Diego, statesman, author,\\nborn. [1834. Dies. J\\n\u00c2\u00b1Conde, Jose Antonio, orient., l [1820. D.]\\nNavarrete, M. FenKui Lezde,hist.,b.[1844. D.J\\n1766 liadia y Leblicn, Domingo (Ali Bey),\\ntraveler, born. [1818. Dies.]\\nCHURCH.\\n1550\u00c2\u00b1 The Penitents organize.\\n1565 An edict is issued against Ana-\\n1561+ Philip II. bitterly persecutes\\nProtestants.\\n1575+ *The Ilium in ata, or Alombra-\\ndos, arise.\\n1662+ Penitents of Orvieto organize\\nas an order of nuns.\\n1669 Nitard the Jesuit is expelled.\\n[1765. Mar. 31. The order is expelled.\\n1820. Again expelled.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1515 La Demanda del Sancto Grail\\n1517 Propaladia, by Naharro, appears\\nat Naples.\\n1524 Claros Varones de Esparla, by\\nFernando del Pulgar, appears.\\n1528+ Dialog o de Mercurio y Caron,\\nby Juan de Valdes, appears.\\n1530 Anales de la Corona de Aragon,\\nby Gerdniino de Zurita, appears.\\n1553 The works of Garcilaso de la\\nVega appear.\\nLazarillo de Tormes, by Diego de\\nMendoza, appears.\\n16th Century. El Convidado, El Rufian\\nCobarde, Las Accitunas, by Lope de liu-\\neda, appear.\\n1556 Felix Marte de Hyrcania, by\\nMelchor Ortega, appears.\\nGuia de Pecadores, by Fr. Luis de\\nGranada, appears. [1566. Memorial of\\nthe Christian Life.],\\n1559 The first part of Atalaya de la\\nVida Humana, by Mateo Alernan, ap-\\npears. [1599. La Vida y Lechos del\\npicaro Guzman de Alfarache.]\\n1566 Historia de las Indias, by Bar-\\ntolome de las Casas, appears.\\n1577 La Crdtiica general Espana, by\\nAmbrosio de Morales, appears.\\n1582 The poems of Fernando Herrera\\nappear.\\n1583 La Perfecta Casada, by Fray\\nLuis de Leon, appears.\\n1584* Galatea, by Cervantes, ap-\\npears. [1585\u00c2\u00b1, JS umancia and Tratos de\\nArgel.]\\n1592 Obras poeticas, by Gregorio Sil-\\nvestre, appears.\\nHistory of Spain, by Juan de Mariana,\\nappears.\\n1595-1619 Guerras de Granada, by\\nGines Perez de Hita, appears.\\n1598 Arcadia, by Lope de Vega, ap-\\npears. [1599, Isidro; 1602, La Dragon-\\ntea and La Hermosura de Angelica; i.604,\\nPeregrino en Su Patria; 1609, Jerusalem\\nConquistada and Arte Nuevo de Haser\\nComedias en este Tiempo.\\n1600 The works of Cristoval Castil-\\nlego appear at Madrid.\\n1600-48 El Burlador de Sevilla, El Ver-\\ngonzosa en Palaccio, Don Gil de las Cal-\\nzas Verdes,Marta la Ptardnsa, and other\\ndramas, by Gabriel Tellez, appear.\\n1601-09 Historia de Espana, by Juan\\nde Mariana, appears.\\n1605 La Picara Just tna, by Francisco\\nLopez de Ubeda, appears.\\nThe first part of Don Quixote, by Cer-\\nvantes, appears at Madrid. [1613, Nove-\\nlas Exemplaires 1614, Viage at Par-\\nnaso; 1615, Second part of Don Quixote;\\n1617 Per shies y Sigismunda.]\\n1610 Guerra de Granada, by Diego\\nde Mendoza, appears (incomplete)\\nalso Poems.\\n1611-20 La Politica de Dios Gobierno\\nde Cristo, by Inevedo Villegas, appears.\\n[1626, Historia y Vida ad Gran Tacailo\\nPablo de Segovia: 1631, The Constancy\\nand Patience of Job 1649, Sueilos.\\n1612 Pastores de Belen, by Lope de\\nVega, appears. [1621, La FUomena\\n1624, La Circe; 1627, Corona Trigica;\\n1630, Laurel de Apolo; 1632, La Dorotea;\\n1634, Gatomaquia.]\\n1614 Segundo Tomo del ingenioso Hi-\\ndalgo Don Quixote, by Alonzo Fernan-\\ndez Avellaneda, appears.\\n1617 Amatorias, by Estervan Manuel\\nde Villegas, appears.\\n1618 Relacion de la Vida y Adventxo-\\nras del Escndero Marcos de Obregon, by\\nVincente Espinel, appears.\\n1619 The works of Jean de la Cruz\\nappear.\\n1622-81 Barca de la Calderon\\nwrites about 200 dramas and poems.\\n1625 Las Guerras de los Estados\\nBaxos, by Carlos Coloma, appears.\\n1627 The poems of Luis de Gongora\\nappear.\\n1628* Comedies by Juan Ruiz de Alar-\\ncon appears. [1634, Second volume.]\\n1630 El ffiroe, by Baltasar Gracian,\\nappears. [164S, La Agudeza y Arte de\\nIngenio.]\\n1631* Obras propria s y trad ucciones of\\nFray Luis de Leon appears.\\n1634 Garduna de Sevilla, by Alonzo\\nde Castillo Solorzano, appears.\\n1636 Montalban, in his Fama Post-\\nkuma, sets down the total of Lope de\\nVega s dramatic productions at 1800\\ncomedies and 400 antos sacramentales.\\n1637 Novelas, by Maria de Zayas, ap-\\npears.\\n1640 Idea de un Principe Ckristiano,\\nby Diego de Saavedra Faxardo, appears.\\n1641 Diablo Cojuelo, by Luis Velez de\\nGuevara, appears.\\n1645 Historia de los Novimientos y\\nSeparacion, etc., de Cataluna, by Fran-\\ncisco de Mello, appears.\\n1646 La Vida y Hecuos de Estebanillo\\nGonzales appears.\\n1650+ Garciadel Castanar,El Desden\\nvengado, l)el Rey abajo ningnno, Progue\\ny F ilomena, and other dramas, by Fran-\\ncisco de Kojas, appear.\\nEl valiente Justiciero, El Lindo Don\\nDiego, Derdencon el Desden, and other\\ndramas, by Augustin Moreto, appear.\\n1684 Conquista de Mejico, by Antonio\\nde Solis, appears.\\n1714 La Keal Academia\\ncreated.\\n1726-39 Teatro Critico is issued by\\nFrancisco Benito Jeronimo Feyjoo y\\nMontenegro. [173S-46. Teatro critico\\nsobre los Errorescomunes. 1742-60. Cartas\\nErudhtas.]\\n1737 Xa Poetica o Reglas de la Poesia\\nen general, by Don Ignacio de Luzan,\\nappears.\\n1737-42 Diario de los Liter atos is issued.\\n1738 Mercurio is issued.\\n1742 Granada issues a newspaper.\\n1757 Retdrica, by Gregoria Mayans\\ny Siscar, appears.\\n1758 Historia del Fainosa Predicador\\nFray Gemndio de Campazas, by Jose*\\nFrancisco de Isla, appears.\\n1758-81 Diario Noticioso is issued. [1762-\\n67, El Pensador; 1765, El Belianis Lite-\\nrario; 1778-91, Semanario Erudito; 1781,\\nEl Censor; 1781-82, El Correo Literario\\nde la Europa; 1784-1808, Memorial Lite-\\nrario; 1786-91, El Correo Literario.]\\nSOCIETY MISCELLANEOUS.\\n1536+ *Auto-da-f6 bull-fights be-\\ncome popular.\\n1570 Pedro de Leon makes the first\\nsystematic attempt to instruct the deaf\\nand dumb.\\nSTATE.\\n1516 Jan. 23 Ferdinand dies.\\nIn his will he recognizes Joanna as his\\nheiress in Aragon, and his grandson\\nCharles as the regent in both kingdoms.\\n1516-56 Castile Aragon. Charles I.,\\nson of Joanna of Castile and Philip of\\nAustria, reigns. [1516-17. Cardinal\\nFrancisco Ximenes is regent.]\\n1519 June 18. Charles I. is elected\\nEmperor of Germany (p. 6S1).\\n1520-21 An insurrection in Castile is\\nsuppressed.\\n1521 Mexico becomes aprovince.\\n1526 Jan. 14. Treaty of Madrid, signed\\nby Charles V. and Francis I. (p. 681).\\n1554 July 25. Philip, son of Charles\\nI., is married to Queen Mary of England\\n(p. S71). [He becomes King of .Naples\\nand Sicily.]\\n1556 Aug. 27. Charles abdicates (p.\\n793).\\n1556-98 Philip II. reigns. [1560. He\\nmakes Madrid the capital.]\\n1567-70 The Moriscoes (Moors) re-\\nvolt; suppressed.\\n1579 Neth. Holland revolts. [1584.\\nBecomes independent (p. 540-I-).]\\n1580* Port. Philip II. conquers\\nPortugal. [1581. Annexes it as an in-\\nheritance by the right of his mother.]\\n1598-1621 Philip III., son of Philip\\nII., reigns. [1609. He drives out the\\nMoors, numbering 900,000.]\\n1621-65 Philip IV., son of Philip III.,\\nreigns.\\n1640 Portugal revolts, and becomes\\na separate nation.\\n1659 Nov. 7. The Peace of the Pyre-\\nnees with France (p. 691).\\n1665-1700 Charles H., son of Philip\\nIV., last of the Austrian line, reigns.\\n1668 Peace is made with Portugal.\\n1689* Spain joins the Grand Alli-\\nance (p. 695).\\n1700-46 Philip V., Duke of Anjou,\\ngrandson of Louis XIV. of France,\\nreigns. His accession precipitates the\\nWar of the Succession (p. 695).\\n1713 Apr. 11. Treaty of Utrecht\\nends the war, and secures the throne to\\nPhilip (p. 697).\\n1714 Mar.-!-* Peace of Radstatt, Spain,\\nloses much territory (p. 697).\\nRevolting Catalonia is deprived of its\\npeculiar privileges.\\n1715-20 The government administered\\nby Cardinal Alberoni he raises Spain\\nto the rank of a first power.\\n1724 Philip V. resigns the throne\\nhis son, Louis I., reigns but a few\\nmonths Philip resumes the crown.\\n1725 Apr. 30. Treaty of Vienna (p.\\n515).\\n1746-59 Ferdinand VI., the Wise, son\\nof Philip V., reigns.\\n1748 Oct. 17. Treaty of Aix-la-Cha-\\npeUe (p. 515).\\n1759-88 Ferdinand s brother, Charles\\nIII., King of the Two Sicilies, reigns.\\n1761 Aug. 15. The Family Com-\\npact with France (p. 703).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1141.jp2"}, "1142": {"fulltext": "1130 1768,* *-1868, Oct. 5.\\nSPAIN.\\nARMY WAVY.\\n1797 Feb. 14. Defeat off Cape St. Vin-\\ncent by the British (p. 712).\\nJuly* The British bombard Cadiz. [1797-\\n99. Blockaded by Lord St. Vincent. 1800.\\nOct. Again bombarded.]\\n1801 War with Portugal.\\n1805 Oct. 21. Defeat off Trafalgar.\\n[1807. Mar.* France invades Spain (p.\\n716).]\\n1819 An insurrection in Valencia is\\nsuppressed. [1820. Apr. 9, 10. Another\\nat Cadiz.]\\n1823 War with France (p. 724).\\n1833 Civil war. [Oct. 27. Royalist\\nvolunteers disarmed at Madrid.]\\n1835 A British legion is raised by\\nSir de Lacy Evans, to aid in suppressing\\nthe Carlists.\\nGen. Carregui, the rebel leader, is\\ntilled at Bilbao.\\n1836 May 5. Gen. Evans defeats the\\nCarlists at Vigo. [Oct. 1. Defeated at\\nSt. Sebastian. Dec. 25. By Gen. Espar-\\ntero at Bilbao.]\\n1837 May 17. Gen. Evans takes Trun.\\n[1838. June 22. The Carlists are defeated\\nat Pennecerrada.]\\n1840 July 7. Gen. Cabrera abandons\\nthe contest for Don Carlos, and retires\\nto France.\\n1841 Oct. 2. Gens. O Donnell and\\nConcha lead a Christina uprising in\\nPampeluna. [Oct. 21. O Donnell retires\\nto France.]\\nOct. 7. Madrid. The Queen s Guard re-\\npel the attack of Don Diego Leon on\\nthe palace. [Oct. 15. He is shot.]\\nOct. 21. Gen. Martin Zurbano captures\\nBilbao for Christina.\\n1842 Nov. 13. An insurrection! at\\nBarcelona joined by the National Guard.\\n[Nov. 15. Bitter fight the Guard retire\\nto the citadel. Dec. 24. Bombarded by\\nGen. Espartero surrender.]\\n1843 July 15. Madrid. Gen.Narvaez\\ncompels the surrender of the city to\\nChristina.\\n1844 Nov. 12. Gen. Zurbano revolts.\\n[1845. Jan. 21. Betrayed and shot.]\\n1854 June 28. Madrid. Gen.O Donnell\\nleads a military revolt near the city.\\n1856 Apr. 6. An insurrection occurs\\nat Valencia. [July 14. Another at Madrid\\nis suppressed by Gen. O Donnell.]\\nJuly 15, 16. The National Guard is\\ndisbanded.\\nJuly 15-23. Gen. O Donnell as dictator\\nquells uprisings at Barcelona and Sara-\\ngossa.\\n1857 June -July An uprising in\\nAndalusia is suppressed 98 shot.\\n1858 Dec. France and Spain send a\\nnaval expedition to Cochin-China.\\nApr. 3 Gen. Ortega lands near Tortosa\\nwith 3,000 men to lead an uprising in\\nfavorof Conde de Montemolin as Charles\\nVI. His troops resist, and he is captured.\\n[Apr. 19. Shot.]\\n1859 Nov. -Dec. War with Mo-\\nrocco. [Feb. 4. Gen. O Donnell takes\\nTetuan. Mar. 26. Tetuan held to secure\\npayment of 400,000,000 reals indemnity.]\\n1861 July An uprising at Loja, Gra-\\nnada, is suppressed.\\n1863 Sept. W. I. Insurrection in\\nSanto Domingo.\\n1865 Nov. 26. Capt. Williams for\\nChile captures the Covadonga.\\n1866 Jan. 3. Gen. Prim heads an un-\\nsuccessful revolt at Aranjuez. [Jan.\\n20. He retires to Portugal.]\\nJune 22-26. Madrid. About 2,000 sol-\\ndiers revolt in favor of Gen. Prim they\\nare subdued, and 211 prisoners are shot.\\nJune 23. Several militaryrevoltsoccur.\\nJuly -Sept. Insurrections in Catalo-\\nnia, Aragon, and other parts of Spain,\\nare suppressed.\\n1868 Sept. 18. An insurrection arises\\nin the fleet at Cadiz. [It spreads through\\nnearly all Spain.]\\nSept. 27. The insurgents under Gen.\\nSerrano defeat Gen. Vevaliches at Al-\\ncolla. [Sept. 28. Royalists surrender.]\\nSept. 30. National Guard organized.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1826 May 15-17. An earthquake in\\nGranada destroys many buildings. [1S54.\\nJan. 13. Another at Fiana crumbles\\ndown a large part of the Alcazaba castle.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1768* Alvarez, Jose sculptor, b. [1827. D.]\\nCienfuegos y Jovellnnns, ,losi- mineral, born.\\n[1825. Dies.]\\n1769 O Donnell, Henry Joseph, Count of\\nAbisbal, general, born. [1834. Dies.]\\n1770 Arriaza, Juan Battista, poet, born.\\n[1837. Dies.]\\n1771 Alava, Miguel Ricardo de, politi-\\ncian, general, born. [1843. Dies.]\\n1772* Quintana, Manuel Jose de, poet,\\nhistorian, born. [1857. Dies.]\\n1773 Colomarde, Fnuu-isro Tades, states-\\nman, born. [1842. Dies.]\\n1775 Argiielles, Augustin, statesman,\\nborn. [1844. Dies.]\\nGarcia, Manuel de Populo Vicente, com-\\nposer, vocalist, born. [1832. Dies.]\\n1777* Almodovar, Count of, Ildefonso\\nDiaz de Ribeni, states., b. [1846. Dies.]\\n1780\u00c2\u00b1 Abarca, Don Joaquin, bishop of\\nLeon, politician, born. [1844. Dies.]\\nPalafox y Melzi, Josi- de, Duke of SaragosBa,\\ngeneral, born. [1847. Dies.]\\n1784 Oct. 14. Ferdinand VII., king, born.\\n[1833. Sept. 22. Dies.]\\n1785 Andrevi, Francisco, musician, born.\\n[1844. Dies.]\\nTapia, Don Eugenio de, jurist, litterateur,\\nhorn. [1860. Dies.]\\n1786* *Toreno, Jose Maria Queypo de\\nLlano Ruiz de Savaria, statesman, histo-\\nrian, horn. [1843. Dies.]\\n1788 Mar. 39. Carlos V., pretender, born.\\n[1855. Mar. 19. Dies. J\\n1789 Duran, Augustin, critic, litterateur,\\nborn. [1862. Dies.]\\nGaliano, Antonio Alcala, writer, orator,\\nborn. [1865. Dies.]\\nMartinez de la Rosa, Francisco, statesman,\\nauthor, born. [1862. Dies.]\\n1790* Isturiz, Francisco Xavier de, states-\\nman, born. [1871. Dies.]\\n1791 Saavedia, Angel de, Duke of Rivas,\\npoet, politician, dip., b. [1865. Dies.]\\n1792* Cordova, Fernandez de, general,\\nborn. [1883. Dies.]\\nEspartero, Baldomero, Duke of Vittoria,\\ngeneral, statesman, born. [1879. Dies.]\\nMiraflores, Manuel de Pando, statesman, b.\\n[1872. Dies.]\\n1793 Gil y Zarate, Don Antonio, drama-\\ntist, born. [1861. Dies.]\\n1800* Caballero, Firmin Agosto, journal-\\nist, statesman, born. [1876. Dies.]\\nHerreros, Manuel Breton de los, poet, drama-\\ntist, born. [1873. Dies.]\\nNarvaez, Ramon Maria, Duke of Valencia,\\nstatesman, born. [1868. Dies.]\\n1801* Calderon, Seratin, poet, h. [1867. D-]\\n1802* Orense, Jose Marie de Albaida,\\nstatesman, born.\\n1803+ Olozaga, Don Salustiano, states-\\nman, born. [1873. Dies.]\\n1805* Garcia, Manuel, music-teacher,\\nborn. [1879. Dies.]\\n1806* Hartzenbusch, Juan, poet, born,\\n[1880. Dies.]\\nLa Fuente, ModeBto, hist., b. [1866. DieB.]\\nMadoz, Paseuale, statesman, author, born.\\n[1870. Dies.]\\nMaria Christina, queen dowager, born at\\nNaples.\\n1807* Escosura, Patricio de la, novelist,\\npoet, born. [1878. Dies.]\\n1809* Concha, Jose Gutierrez de la, gen-\\nGayangos, Pascual de, hist., orientalist, b.\\nO Donnell, Leopold, Count of Lucena and\\nDuke of Tetuan, marshal, b. [1867. D.]\\n1810 Balmez, Jaime L., politician, theolo-\\ngian, philosopher, born. [1848. Dies.]\\nCabrera, Don Ramon, guerrilla chief, born.\\n[1877. Dies.]\\nEspronceda, Jose de, poet, b. [1842. Dies.]\\nSerrano y Dominquez, Francisco, Duke de\\nla Torre, general, statesman, b. 1885. D.}\\n1814* Prim, Juan, Count of Reus and\\nMarquis de los Castillejos, general, states-\\nman, born. [1870. Dies.]\\n1816* Avellaneda, Gertrudis de, poet, born,\\n[1864. Dies.]\\n1818* Zorrilla y Moral, Jos\u00c2\u00a3, poet, born.\\n[1893. Dies.]\\n1819 Figueras y Moracas, Estanislao,\\nstatesman, born. [1882. Dies.]\\n1820* Acevedo, Felix Alvarez, insurgent\\nleader, dies.\\n1822 Cauete, Manuel, poet, dramatist, b,\\n1824* Ualaguer, Vittorio, poet, born.\\n1825* Fernandez de Castro, Manuel, geol-\\nogist, born.\\n1827* Sagasta, Praxedes Mateo, states-\\nman, born.\\n1829 Barrantes, Vicente, author, born.\\n1830* Isabella II., queen, born.\\n1832 Castelar, Kiniliu, statesman, au., b.\\n1834 Zorilla, Manuel Ruiz, statesman, b.\\n1837* Zamacois, Eduardo, painter, born.\\n[1871. Dies.)\\n1839 Foitnnv, Mariano, painter, born.\\n[1874. Dies.]\\n1843 Patti, Adelina, singer, b. in Madrid.\\n1845 Perez Galdos, Uenito, novelist, b.\\n1848 Mar. 30. Carlos VII., legitimist pre-\\ntender, born.\\n1857 Nov. 12. Alfonso VII., king, born.\\n1861 Jan. 14. Carlos VI., legitimist pre-\\ntender (Conde de Montemolin), dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n1781 Nov. 7. The inquisitors burn\\ntheir last victim a woman. [1808.\\nDec. 4. Napoleon suppresses the In-\\nquisition. 1813. Feb. 3. Abolished by\\nthe Cortes. 1814. July 21. Reestab-\\nlished by Ferdinand. 1820. Again abol-\\nished by the Cortes.]\\n1809 Methodism is introduced.\\n1835 Aug. 4. Confiscation of Jesuits\\nproperty approved 900 convents sold\\nmoney used to pay the debts of the state.\\n1837 Abbeys and monasteries are\\nsuppressed.\\n1862 Oct. 14. Jose Alhama and Ma-\\nnuel Matamorasaresentenced to lOy ears\\nimprisonment as Protestant propagan-\\ndists.\\n1868 June 2. Education is committed\\nby law to the priests. [Oct. 12, 13. Law\\nannulled, religiousorders are suppressed,\\nand religions toleration decreed.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1771 Gramatica de la Lengua Castel-\\nlana, drawn up by the Academy, appears.\\n1776-79 Collection de las obras sueltasi\\nassi en prosa como en verso of Lope de\\nVega appears.\\n1779 La Musica, by Tomas de Iriarte,.\\nappears. [1782, Fabulas Literarias.\\n1787 Adventures of Gil Bias, stolen\\nfrom Spai7i, adopted in France by Le\\nSage, and restored to his Native Country\\nand Language by Jose Francisco de Isla\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nappears.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1142.jp2"}, "1143": {"fulltext": "SPAIN.\\n1768,**-1868, Oct. 5. 1131\\n1790 El Viejo y la Nina, by Leandro\\nFernandez de Moratin, appears.\\n[1791+, La Mogigates; 1792, El Caff, or\\nLa Comedia Nueva; 1798, Translation of\\nHamlet 1803, El Baron; 1806, El Si de\\nlas Ninas; 1812, Escuela de los Maridos;\\n1814, El Medico a Paris.]\\n1792-98 El Correo Mercantil is issued.\\n[1797-1805, El Semanario tic Agricultura\\n1803-05, Variedades de Czencias, Litera-\\nturay Artes; 1808-11, Semanario Patrio-\\ntico at Cadiz 1S12-13, Aurora Mallor-\\nquina at Palraa 1S17-20, Crdnica cien-\\ntifica y literaria.]\\n1793 *-1803 Treatise on the Cliurch\\nof Jesus Christ, by Felix Amat, appears.\\n1801* El Duque de Viso, by Manuel\\nJose Quintana, appears. [1805, Pelayo\\n1807, Vida$ de Espnnoles Celebres 180S,\\nOdas a Espana libre.]\\n1819 Vida de Cervantes, by Martin\\nFerdinandez de Navarrete, appears.\\n[1825-37. Coleccion de los Viajes y Des-\\ncumbrimienlos que hicieron por Mar los\\nEspanotes.]\\nMisceldueatle Comerciois issued. [1820-\\n23, El Censor; 1824-28, Misctdanea His-\\npano- America no 1832, artas EspaTwlas;\\n1832-30, changed to Rev is fa Espanola;\\n1838, called the Revista Madrid.]\\n1832 El Conde de Candespina, by Don\\nPatricio de la Escosura, appears. [1835,\\nNi Rey ni Roque 1843, Manual of My-\\nthology.]\\nEl Pabrecito Huhlador is issued by\\nDon Mariano Jos6 de Larra.\\n1833 Las Poesias del Solitario, by Se-\\nrafin Calderon, appears.\\n1834* El Moro Exposito, by Angel de\\nSaavedra, appears. [1835, Von Alvarv.]\\nEl Trovador, by Garcia Gutierrez, ap-\\npears.\\n1835 Panorama Mairiteuse, by Ramon\\nMesonero Romanos, appears.\\n1836 Los Amantes de Teruel, by Juan\\nEugenio Hartzenbusch, appears.\\n1836-57 Semanario p mforesco Espaiiol\\nis issued. [1839-11, El Panorama; 1857-\\n70, La America 1861-63, Revista Ib rica.]\\n1840 The poetical works of Jose 1 de\\nEspronceda appear.\\nThe Shoemaker and the King and Don\\nJuan Tenario, by Don Jose Zorrilla y\\nMoral, appear; 1S41, Songs of the Trou-\\nbadours; 1S53, Granada, an Original\\nPoem, with the Legend of Al-Hamar.]\\n1842-44 El Protestantisimo compo\\nranda, etc., by Jaime Balmez, appears.\\n1843-48 History of Granada, by Modesto\\nLafuente, appears.\\n1866 Oct.* Public instruction is placed\\nunder the clergy.\\nSOCIETY MISCELLANEOUS.\\n1781 Nov. 7. At Seville a woman is\\nburned; she is charged by the inquisi-\\ntors with making a contract with the\\ndevil.\\n1802 Apr. 14. Lorca, in Murcia, is in-\\nundated by a bursting reservoir; 1,000\\npersons are drowned.\\n1803 Sept.* The yellow fever appears.\\n[1814. Again at Gibraltar. 1819. Again\\nat Cadiz.]\\n1817 The slave-trade is abolished.\\n1851 Feb. 9. The Madrid-Aranjuez\\nrailway is opened for traffic.\\n1854 Mar. 31. At Barcelona 15,000 ar-\\ntisans demand that the authorities re-\\nduce the price of provisions and increase\\n1863 Dec. 8. During the celebration\\nof a feast the illuminated church of\\nthe Campania, at Santiago, burns down,\\nand 2,000 worshipers lose their lives.\\n1865 Apr. 10. Madrid. Student riots\\ncause the death of several persona.\\nSTATE.\\n1782 Mar. 24. Spain acknowledges\\nthe independence of the United States.\\n1783 Sept. 3. Treaty of Paris (p. 97).\\n1793 Spain joins the first coalition\\nagainst France (p. 709).\\n1802 Mar. 27- Minorca restored (p.\\n715).\\n1807 July 25. The Prince of Asturias\\nconspires against his father.\\nOct. 27. Treatyof Fontainebleau(p.717).\\n1808 Mar. 19. Charles IV., spurred by\\na revolution, abdicates in favor of his\\nson. [May 6. He is forced to renounce his\\nthrone in favor of Napoleon. 1808-13.\\nFerdinand is imprisoned in France.]\\n180S-33 Ferdinand VII. reigns.\\nMay 2. Madrid. Popular revolution;\\nthe French are massacred. [May 3.\\nAsturias revolts. May 25. Napoleon\\nmeets the notables at Bayonne.]\\nJuly 12. Madrid receives Joseph Bo-\\nnaparte as King of Spain. [July 29. He\\nretires.]\\n1812 May 8. The Cortes grants adem-\\nocratic constitution. [Abolished by\\nFerdinand VII.]\\n1813 Dec. 8. Fr. Treaty of Valen-\\ncay.\\nNapoleon restores Ferdinand VII., un-\\nder an agreement to preserve the integ-\\nrity of the kingdom.\\n1817 Spain abolishes the slave-trade\\nfor a compensation.\\n1819 Feb. 22. Spain cedes Florida to\\nthe United States (p. 127).\\n1820 Jan. 1. Rafael del Riego y Nufiez\\nleads a revolution for the restoration\\nof the constitution of 1S12. [Mar. 29.\\nRestored.]\\n1S23 Mar. The Cortes removes the\\nking to Seville. [Later to Cadiz. Oct.\\nThe king again becomes despotic. Nov.\\n7. Riego executed. The constitu-\\ntion is abolished again by French inter-\\nvention.]\\n1828 Dec. 11. Ferdinand VII. marries\\nMaria Christina of Naples.\\n1830 Mar. 29. The Salic law of 1700\\nis abolished. [Carlist and Christina\\nparties are formed.J\\n1832 Oct. 25. The queen is appointed\\nregent during the illness of the king.\\n1833 Apr. 29. Don Carlos declares\\nhimself successor to the king.\\nSept. 29. King Ferdinand VII. dies\\nMaria reigns as governing queen dur-\\ning the minority of her daughter, Isa-\\nbella II. Don Carlos is proclaimed\\nking by the Absolutist party.\\n1833-70 Isabella H. reigns.\\n1834 Apr. 25. The anti-Carlist treaty\\n(p. 727).\\nJune 4. Don Carlos leaves for England.\\n[July 10. He returns to Spain. Aug. 30.\\nThe peers vote his exclusion. 1839.\\nSept. 14. He seeks refuge in France.\\n1845. May 18. Resigns in favor of his\\nson, Don Carlos.]\\n1841 Apr. 12-43* BaldomeroEspar-\\ntero is regent.\\n1843 June 11. The revolutionary\\njunta assumes power again at Barcelona.\\nNov. 8. The Cortes declares Isabella\\nH., 13 years old, to be of age.\\n1845 The Cortes adopts a reaction-\\nary constitution.\\n1846 Oct. 10. Queen Isabella is mar-\\nried to Don Francisco d Assisi,Duke of\\nCadiz.\\n1851 Dec. 11. The queen pardons the\\nAmerican filibusters taken in a descent\\nupon Cuba (p. 632).\\n1852 Aug. 28. Troops escort Dofia\\nMaria Christina, the queen mother, to\\nPortugal, much against the will of the\\npeople. [1S54. Aug. 28. She is im-\\npeached. 18G4. Sept. 26. She returns.]\\n1853 Jan. 2. A stringent law is passed\\nto restrain the press. [Jan. Ex-Pre-\\nmier Ramon Maria Narvaez is exiled.]\\n1854 June 28. A military insurrec-\\ntion breaks out near Madrid Gen. Es-\\npartero is leader of the movement. Bar-\\ncelona and Madrid favor it.\\nJuly 19. Madrid. Baldcmero Espar-\\ntero is welcomed with great enthusiasm\\non his return as premier.\\nJuly 31. Madrid. The queen presents\\nherself on a balcony while 3,000 revolu-\\ntionists from the barricades defile before\\nthe palace.\\n1855 Jan. 13. A new constitution is\\nproclaimed.\\n1861 May 19. The annexation of Santo\\nDomingo is ratified.\\nDec. 8. Spain intervenes in Mexico.\\n1863 Jan. 8. Don Juan de Bourbon\\nrenounces his claim to the throne.\\n1864 Apr. A rupture occurs with\\nPeru. (See Peru.) [Dispute with Chili\\n(p. 607). 1865. Jan. 27. Peru pays in-\\ndemnity peace.]\\nAug. 13. Gen. Juan Prim is exiled as\\na conspirator.\\n1865 May 5. Santo Domingo is relin-\\nquished by a decree.\\nJune 10. A conspiracy formed at Va-\\nlencia, to reunite Spain and Portugal, is\\nsuppressed.\\n1866 Jan. 3. Gen. Prim leads an in-\\nsurrection at Aranjuez.\\nAug.+ Freedom of the press is abol-\\nished.\\nDec. Taxes for 1867 are collected in\\nadvance.\\n1868 Jan. 23. A general amnesty is\\nproclaimed.\\nJuly 6, The Duke and Duchess of Mont-\\npensier are arrested. [Exiled. July\\n10. Also Marshal Serrano, Gen. Dolce,\\nand others.]\\nSept. 17. Gen. Prim, leader of the\\nProgressist party, arrives at Cadiz in-\\nsurgents rise for the overthrow of the,\\ngovernment.\\nSept. 19. Gen. Prim announces a pro-\\nvisional government. [The Ministry\\nresign. Isabella II. is deposed and ban-\\nished. Sept. 29. Madrid favors the pro-\\nvisional government. The queen leaves\\nin haste. She is declared deposed.]\\nEmilio Castelar becomes a republi-\\ncan leader.\\nOct. 3. Don Juan, son of Don Carlos,\\nrenounces his hereditary claim to the\\ncrown in favor of his son Carlos.\\nOct. 5. Madrid. Gen. Francisco Ser-\\nrano y Dominguez, Gen. Prim, and Sa-\\nlustiano de Olozaga assume the govern-\\nment.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1143.jp2"}, "1144": {"fulltext": "1132 1868, Oct. 13-1894, Dec. 17.\\nSPAIN.\\nARMY WAVY.\\nDec. 5. Cadiz revolts. [Dec. 12. Sur-\\nrenders to Gen. Caballero de K-oda.]\\nDec. 31. Uprising at Malaga. [Insur-\\nrectionists subdued with cruelty.]\\n1S69 Mar. 16. Anti-conscription riots.\\nSept. The military suppresses republi-\\ncan uprisings iu many places. [Oct. 4.\\nRepublicans defeated at Reus. Oct. 16.\\nThey surrender Valencia.]\\n1870 Aug. 27, 28. Carlists unsuccess-\\nfully invade Navarre. The Basque prov-\\ninces are declared in a state of siege.\\n1872 Carlist uprisings occur in Na-\\nvarre, Leon, and other parts. [May 2.\\nMarshal Serrano, witli 40,000 men, enters\\nNavarre Don Carlos enters. May 4.\\nUtterly defeated at Oroquieta by Gen.\\nMoriones with 2,000 men. May 13-20.\\nCarlists suffer several defeats.]\\nOct. 11. A Republican uprising occurs\\nat Ferrol. [Oct. 17. Defeated insurgents\\ndisperse or surrender.]\\n1873 Feb. 22, 23. Carlists appear,\\nand hold part of Catalonia. [Mar.\\n-Apr. Many conflicts with Carlists oc-\\ncur in the provinces.]\\nApr. 23. Don Alfonso de Bourbon re-\\ntires to France.\\nJune 7. Carlists besiege Iran, near the\\nFrench line. [June 26. Defeated at Cas-\\ntanon. July 11. Don Alfonso takes Igua-\\nlada in Catalonia.]\\n1873-74 Insurrection of the radical\\nparty, called Intransigentists.\\nJuly 11\u00c2\u00b1. Internationalists rise at\\nAlcoy, and kill the mayor and others.\\nJuly 26- Aug. 8. TheGovernment troops\\ntake Valencia. [Aug. 4. Cadiz sur-\\nrenders to Gen. Pavia. Aug. 10. Insur-\\ngents advancing on Madrid are defeated\\nat Chinchilla. Nov. 22. Cartagena is\\nbesieged by the Government troops.]\\nAug. 25. Carlists take Estella. [Sept.\\n19. Repulsed at Solosa. Sept. 27. De-\\nfeated in Navarre.]\\nSept. 26. Germans surrender the Span-\\nish ironclads Almanza and Vittoria,\\ntaken from the rebels. [Sept. 28. The\\nintransigentists bombard Alicante with\\ntheir ironclads Numancia and Mendez\\nNunez.\\nOct. 6. Republicans and Carlists fight\\nan indecisive battle at Puenta de la\\nReyna, in Navarre. [Oct. 8\u00c2\u00b1. Carlists\\nare repulsed at La Junquera, Catalonia.]\\nOct. 11. The Intransigentists vessels\\nare repulsed in attempting to break\\nthe blockade at Escombrera Bay.\\nOct. 21. The insurgents are repulsed in\\na sortie at Cartagena. [Oct. 25. Carlists\\ndefeated at Salamanca. Nov. Cartagena\\nis bombarded. 1874. Jan. 12. Captured].\\n1874 Jan. 31. The Government an-\\nnounces the blockade of the coast. [Mar.\\n2. Raised.]\\nMar. 8\u00c2\u00b1. Marshal Serrano assumes\\ncommand of the Government forces.\\nMar. 15. The Carlists claim a victory at\\nSan Felice in Burgos, f Mar. 25-27. Defeated\\nat Somorrostro, near Bilbao. May 2. Fight-\\ning renewed Carlists retreat. May 20. Re-\\npulsed at Ramales. June 6i. At Gondesa.\\nJune 25-27. Repulse KrpuUi.-an.s at Estella.\\nVictorious at Pefia Mura. July 13. Tate\\nCuenca. July 17. Massacre 86 Republican\\nprisoners at Valfogona, Aug. 12. Defeated\\nat Oteiza. Aug. -Sept. Besiege Puy-\\ncerda. Sept. 9\u00c2\u00b1. Defeated near Mora. Sept.\\n25+. Also near Tafalla. Oct. 11\u00c2\u00b1. Defeated\\nat Fortuna in Murcia. Dec. 7, 8. Re-\\npulse Republicans near Tolosa. 1875. Feb.\\n3. Defeat Royalists at Lucar. July 31. De-\\nfeated. Aug. 26. Surrender the citadel at\\nUrgel. 1876. Jan.* The stronghold at Tolosa\\nis surrendered by Carlists. Feb. Defeated\\nat Estella, Vera, and Tolosa. Feb. 18. Car-\\nlists surrender Estella. Feb. 27. Don Carlos\\nand five batalions surrender at St. Jean Pied\\nde Port.]\\n1878 Feb. 21. W. I The end of the\\ninsurrection in Cuba is announced.\\n1883 Aug. 4-6. A military insurrec-\\ntion occurs at Badajoz in favor of Re-\\npublicans insurgents retire to Portugal.\\n1885 Nov. 4, 5. A military insurrec-\\ntion at Cartagena is suppressed. [18S6.\\nJan. 10, 11. Another.]\\n1886 Sept. 9. Madrid. The garrison\\n(300) revolt; suppressed.\\n1892 June 12. A state of siege is pro-\\nclaimed at Barcelona.\\n1893 Morocco. Troops are sent to\\nMelilla to dislodge the hostile tribes-\\nmen. [1894. Jan. 2+. Rapidly withdrawn.]\\n1894 Jan. 8. Santiago is declared in a\\nstate of siege.\\nJuly 22. Philippine Isles. Battle with\\nMalays at Mindanao; Spanish loss, 14\\nkilled, 47 wounded; Malays U ave27dead.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1869* The Spanish M irri\u00c2\u00abge painted\\nby Fortuny. [1871. Snake Charmer.}\\n1874 July 22. A landslide at Azagra\\nkills 200 people.\\n1878 Oct. 16, 17. Inundations in\\nMurcia, Andalusia, Alicante, Almeria,\\nand Malaga 2,000 people perish.\\n1879 Oct. 13-17. Tbe Segura over-\\nflows, and 1,000 people perish.\\n1884 Dec. 25-31. Earthquakes in\\nAndalusia ami Malaga kill 266 people.\\n[Dec. 26, 27. In Albania, Granada, an-\\nother; man v perish; 900 killed in Periana.\\n1885. Feb. 28. In Granada 690 perish.]\\n1886 May 12. Madrid. A hurricane\\ndestroys 32 lives and injures manypeople.\\n1891 Sept. 16i. Inundations cause\\n2,000 deaths.\\n1893 Sept. 15. A cloudburst at Villa-\\nCaOos, in Toledo, drowns 60 people.\\n1894 June 2. A flood in Lerida drowns\\n15 persons.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1876 Nov. 8. Maria Vittoria, duchess of\\nAosta, A 28.\\n1878 June 36. Queen Mercedes dies.\\n1880 Sept. 1 1. Maria, Mm-eiles Isabella, it.\\n1884* Fon1:in:ils, Manuvls Mi lav, wr., d.\\n1886 May 17. Alfonso XIII., born.\\n1889 Sept. 7. Molin, Marquis de, politi-\\ncian, litterateur, dies.\\n1890 Jan. 2. Gavarre, Julian, tenor, A 40.\\nJan. 18. Aosta, Duke of, Amadeus Ferdi-\\nnand Maria, ex-king, A44.\\n1891 Feb. S2. Alvarez, L. H. Pinzon y,\\nadmiral, dies.\\nJuly 20. Alarcon, Pedro A., de, poet, poli-\\ntician, A58.\\n1893 May lO. Lono, Gomez y, adra., d.\\n1894 Apr. 5. Dushet, Cardinal, arch-\\nbishop of Catania, A76.\\nJune Madrazo, Don Federieo, painter, A79.\\nCHURCH.\\n1868 Oct. Jews are permitted to re-\\nturn.\\n1869 May 28. Madrid. Spanish Prot-\\nestants hold service of worship. [1S70.\\nAug. Services adopted by American\\nBaptists. Religious liberty in the\\nnew constitution.]\\n1872 Barcelona and Santander be-\\ncome missions of the American Board,\\nV S. A. [1873. Barcelona is abandoned.\\n1875. Saragossa becomes a mission.]\\n1873 Sept. 13\u00c2\u00b1. The papal nuncio op-\\nposes toleration.\\n1876 Sept. The public worship by\\nProtestants is repressed.\\n1889 Apr. 14. Madrid. A Bom an\\nCatholic congress meets. [Apr. 29. It\\ndemands the restoration of temporal\\npower to the papacy.]\\n1892 Oct. 2. Father Martin is elected\\ngeneral of the Society of Jesus.\\n1893 Mar. 18. Madrid. A Protestant\\nchurch is opened.\\n1894 Sept. 23. Rev. SeBor Cabrera con-\\nsecrated Protestant bishop of Madrid.\\nLETTERS.\\n1871* La Fontana de Oro, by Perez\\nGaldos, appears. [1873-75, Batten; 1S74,\\nCadiz.]\\n1874 El Sombrero de tres Picos, by\\nPedro Antonio de Alarcon, appears. [1875.\\nAmores y Amorios and El Escdndalo.\\n1800. El Nino de la Bola.]\\n1875 Gritos del Combat, by Gaspar\\nNunez de Aree, appears. [1S80, La Vi-\\nsion de Fray Martin.}\\n1884-86 Historia de las Ideas Esteticas\\nen Espauo, by Mendenez Pelayo, appears.\\n1884 ~Nov.* Madrid. Theprofessorsand\\nstudents are expelled from the univer-\\nsity by the illiberal government.\\n1887 Oct. 8. The International Lit-\\nerary Association meets.\\n1889 May Don Jose Zorrilla is called\\nto be crowned poet laureate.\\nSOCIETY MISCELLANEOUS.\\n1870 Mar, 12. The Due de Montpen-\\nsier kills Don Enrique de Bourbon,\\nbrother of the ex-king, in a duel.\\nMar.* Queen Isabella is separated\\nfrom her husband.\\nDec. 28. Madrid. Marshal Prim is\\nshot by night in the streets the assas-\\nsin escapes.\\n1872 July 19. Fifteen men attempt to\\nassassinate the king; one assassin is\\nkilled and two are captured.\\n1873 Mar. 23. Slavery in Porto Rico\\nis aboUshed.\\n1875 Jan. The orders of knighthood\\nare reestablished.\\n1S78 Oct. 25. An unsuccessful attempt\\nis made to kill the king. [1S79. Dec. 30.\\nAnother.]\\n1880 Feb. 18. The order for the grad-\\nual abolition of slavery in Cuba is pro-\\nmulgated.\\n1881 Oct. 8. The railway between\\nMadrid and Lisbon is opened.\\n1883 Feb. Socialists and anarchists\\ncreate disturbances at Seville.\\n1885 May* -Sept.* Cholera breaks\\nout in Granada, Malaga, Valencia, and\\nMurcia; 91,000 deaths occur.\\n1887 Jan. 9, 10. The Alcazar, an an-\\ncient Moorish palace, occupied by the\\nEmperor Charles V., is burned.\\n18S8 May 20. An international ex-\\nhibition is opened at Barcelona.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1144.jp2"}, "1145": {"fulltext": "SPAIN.\\n1868, Oct 13 -1894, Dec. 17. 1133\\n1890 May 3. Strikers become rioters\\nat Barcelona. [Oct. Cholera breaks\\nout.]\\nJune July Cholera ravages Valencia.\\nJuly 31. Socialists cause disturbances\\nat Barcelona, Malaga, and Valencia a\\nstate of siege is declared.\\nDec. 7. A bomb-thrower damages the\\nresidence of the archbishop of Valencia.\\n1891 Jan. 29. Election riots occur.\\nMar. 25. Madrid. A workmen s con-\\ngress favors a general strike throughout\\nSpain to secure the eight-hour system.\\nMay 31. Cavalry disperse riotous stri-\\nkers at Bilbao.\\n1892 Jan. 9. Anarchists attack Xe-\\nres repulsed by troops. [Jan. 15. They\\nattack another town.]\\nApr. 4. Madrid. A Frenchman and a\\nPortuguese are arrested for attempting\\nto blow up the Cortes with dynamite.\\nApr. 20. Anarchists cause explosions\\nin three towns.\\nJuly 31. The 400th anniversary of the\\ndeparture of Columbus is celebrated at\\nHuelva. The discovery of America by\\nColumbus is celebrated at Cadiz. [Aug.\\n3. At Palos. Oct. 10. At Huelva.]\\nAug. 8. The caravel Santa Maria sails\\nfrom Palos with its escort.\\nAug. 31. Moorish pirates board the Ja-\\ncob, secure 400 bales of wool, and 11 of\\nthe 16 members of the crew.\\nSept. 24. Madrid. Two bombs are\\nthrown at Capt.-Gen. Martinez Campos\\nwhile reviewing troops at Barcelona\\nhe and others are wounded, and one sol-\\ndier is killed.\\nNov. 3. A steamer loaded with dyna-\\nmite blows up at Santander, killing 200\\npeople and destroying a great part of\\nthe town.\\nNov. 8. Anarchists throw a dynamite\\nbomb into a theater at Barcelona, kill-\\ning 30 people and injuring 80 others.\\n1894 Jan. 13. Madrid. A bomb with\\nlighted fuse is found on the staircase of\\nthe palace of the Marquis de Olivas.\\nMar. 27. Unemployed men at San Lu-\\ncar de Barrameda plunder shops.\\nApr. 2. Bread riots break out in Anda-\\nlusia.\\nSTATE.\\n1868 Oct. 13. The United States of\\nAmerica recognizes the provisional gov-\\nernment. [Oct. 25. England, France,\\nand Prussia.]\\nOct. 26. The Government issues a man-\\nifesto favoring freedom of the press, uni-\\nversal suffrage, and popular education.\\n1869 Jan. 23. Borne. The special\\nenvoy is not received.\\nFeb. Cubans rise for independence.\\nMay 21. The Cortes votes for a mo-\\nnarchical government. Vote, 214-17.\\n[June 15. Marshal Serrano is elected\\nregent. Unionists advocate the Due de\\nMontpensier as king.]\\nJune 6. New constitution promulgated.\\n1870 May Gen. Espartero declines\\nthe proffered crown.\\nJune 25. Isabella H. abdicates in\\nfavor of her eldest son [Alfonso XII.].\\nOct. 20. Amadeus, Duke of Aosta, sec-\\nond son of Victor Immanuel, accepts the\\ncandidature for the vacant throne. [Nov.\\n16. Elected by the Cortes. Vote, Ama-\\ndeus, 191 Montpensier, 27 63 for a re-\\npublic. Nov. 17. Proclaimed king.]\\n1870-73 Amadeus reigns.\\n1871 Jan. 2. The king takes the con-\\nstitutional oath. [Jan. 21. He enters\\nMadrid.]\\n1872 Jan.* Baldomero Espartero, Duke\\nof Vittoria, is created Prince of Vergara.\\nSpain is much disturbed by Carlists\\nand Republicans.\\n1873 Feb. 11. King Amadeus resigns\\nbecause of persistent contentions.\\nThe two chambers of the Cortes unite\\nand vote for a republic. Vote, 136-32.\\nApr. 26. Madrid. The Permanent\\nCommittee is dissolved; the new gov-\\nernment becomes operative.\\nJune 8. The newly elected Cortes votes\\nfor a republic. Vote, 210-2.\\nJuly 13. Don Carlos enters Spain as\\nCarlos VII. [July 31. Enters Biscay.]\\nSept. -73 Jan.* Emilio Castelar is\\npresident of the executive.\\n1874 Jan. 2, 3. Castelar resigns,\\nbeing denied a vote of confidence in the\\nCortes Capt.-Gen. Pavia forcibly dis-\\nsolves the Cortes.\\nFeb. 28. Marshal Serrano becomes\\nchief executive.\\nDec. 29. Gen. Martinez Campos pro-\\nclaims Alfonso king, after he has\\nbeen approved by the army in Murvie-\\ndro. [Dec. 31. Proclaimed king by Gen.\\nPrimo de Ilivera at Madrid.]\\n1874-85 Alfonso XH. reigns.\\n1875 Jan. 22. Alfonso enters Madrid.\\n1876 Mar. 20. Madrid. Alfonso XII.\\nmakes a triumphal entry.\\nJuly 21. The Cortes approves a new\\nconstitution.\\n1877 Apr. A general amnesty is of-\\nfered to Carlists who lay down arms.\\n1878 Jan. 23. Alfonso XII. is mar-\\nried to his cousin, Mercedes, daughter\\nof Due de Montpensier. [1S7S. De-\\nceased. 1S79. Nov. 29. He marries Arch-\\nduchess Maria Christina of Austria.]\\n1885 Sept. 4-6. Madrid. Rioters at-\\ntack the German legation because the\\nGermans have occupied the island of\\nYap, one of the Caroline Islands. [Sept.\\n26. Apology made. Mediation of the\\nPope.]\\nNov. 25. Alfonso XII. dies.\\n1886 May 17. Alfonso XIH. born,\\nand proclaimed king on the same day.\\nHis mother, Maria Christina, regent.\\n1888 Feb. 27. The Senate introduces\\ntrial by jury. [1SS9. May 20. Opera-\\ntive at Madrid.]\\n1889 Jan. 23. A decree of amnesty is\\nissued for the benefit of mutinous sol-\\ndiers, press and political offenders.\\n1890 Apr. 30. The Senate approves of\\nuniversal suffrage.\\n1891 Feb. 3. The election returns\\nshow 314 Government candidates, GO Lib-\\nerals, 35 Republicans, and 7 Carlists.\\nMay 31. Premier Canovas del Castillo\\nannounces a convention concluded\\nwith the United States.\\nJune 26. A reciprocity treaty with the\\nUnited States of America is promul-\\ngated.\\n1893 Jan. 26. The Infanta Eulalia\\nand her husband, Prince Antoine, are\\nappointed to represent the queen regent\\nat the World s Fair in Chicago.\\nMar. 12. Election returns 322 Govern-\\nment deputies and 92 opposition.\\nMay 11. Madrid. Troops guard the\\nCortes while Carlists and Republicans\\nfight a government bill. Great excite-\\nment prevails. [May 12. A session of\\n54 hours ends.]\\nNov. 10. Martial law is proclaimed at\\nBarcelona to subdue a revolutionary\\noutbreak.\\n1894 Feb. 23\u00c2\u00b1. The Sultan of Mo-\\nrocco makes a satisfactory settlement\\nof Spanish claims against the Riffians.\\nApr. 10\u00c2\u00b1. Emilio Castelar leaves the\\nRepublican party and joins the mon-\\narchists.\\nApr. 28. The United States claims a\\nlarge sum as reimbursement for duties\\nimproperly collected in Cuba.\\nDec. 17. Spain grants partial rule to\\nCuba.\\nSWEDEN.\\nSweden is a kingdom of northwestern Europe capital, Stockholm. The government is a hereditary constitutional mon-\\narchy, with the legislative power vested in the king and a Riksdag, of two houses. Norway is under the same king, and united\\nwith Sweden in the same foreign and diplomatic relations. The chief religion is Protestant. Area, 170,979 square miles popu-\\nlation, in 1891, 4,802,751.\\nCHURCH,\\nSTATE.\\n829-31 [St.] Ansgar introduces Chris- 40-950 The Skioldungs rule,\\ntianity. [Or 1000+ by Olaf Skotkon- 980\u00c2\u00b1 Eric the Victory-Blest reigns,\\nung.] 993-1026 Olaf reins.\\n[1026-51, Edmund Colbrenner 1051-56,\\nEdmund Slemme 1056-66. Stenkil 1066-\\n90, Halstan; 1090-1112, Ingo 1.; 1112-18,\\nPhilip 1118-35, Ingo II. 1135-55, Swer-\\nker Karlsson.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1145.jp2"}, "1146": {"fulltext": "1134 1056,**-1803,**\\nSWEDEN.\\nARMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NAVY.\\n1770 Karl Wilhelm Scheele discovers\\ntartaric acid. [1775. Also oxygen also\\nbleaching with chlorin. 1779. Glycer-\\nin. 1782. Prussic acid.]\\nJ.306 Civil war the king against his\\nbrothers, who are imprisoned and\\nstarved.\\n1361 Waldemar IV., of Denmark,\\nravages Gothland.\\n:1363 War with the nobles (p. 636).\\nThe king is defeated at Enkdping, and\\nmade a prisoner. [1389. Again at Fal-\\nkoping (p. 636).]\\n1496 Kin g Hans of Denmark and\\nNorway defeats Sten Sture.\\n1500* The Ditmarshes defeat the\\nDanes.\\n1523 Gustavus I. rebels against the\\nDanes, and takes the fortresses of Ves-\\nteras and Upsala.\\n1563-70 War with Norway and Den-\\nmark.\\nCause Eric XIV. claims the right to\\nput three crowns on his eoat-of-arnia.\\n1594-95 War with Prussia.\\n1598 Sigismund LEI. is defeated by\\nDuke Charles near Linkbping.\\n1621* Gustavus II. defeats Sigis-\\nmund III. in many battles. [1630-32.\\nHe takes part in the Thirty Years\\nWar.]\\n1643-45 War with Denmark (p. 636).\\n1656 Charles X. defeats tbe Poles\\nnear Warsaw. [1658. He invades Den-\\nmark (p. 636). 1660. He overruns Poland.]\\n1674 Charles XI. aids the Germans.\\nHe defeats the Danes.\\n1700 Charles XII. invades Denmark\\n(p. 638).\\nNov. 30. Bus. Charles XII. with 8,400\u00c2\u00b1\\nSwedes defeats 40,000\u00c2\u00b1 Russians under\\nDue de Croy at Narva.\\nCharles XII. compels Augustus II. of\\nSaxony to raise the siege of Riga.\\n[1703. May 1. Bus. He defeats him at\\nPultusk.]\\n1709 July 8. (n. s.) Hits. Peter the\\nGreat with 70,000\u00c2\u00b1 Russians completely\\ndefeats Charles XII. and 25,000\u00c2\u00b1 Swedes\\nat Pultowa. [He sends 14,000 prisoners\\nto Siberia.]\\n1718 Dec. 11. Nor. Charles XH. is\\nkilled at the siege of Frederickshald.\\n1741-43 War with Russia. [1788-90.\\nAgain Gustavus fails to recover Rus-\\nsian conquests in Finland and Livonia.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1575 Tycho Brahe erects an obser-\\nvatory. [Also founds the Tychonic sys-\\ntem of astronomy.]\\n1649 CHaus Rudbeck discovers the\\nlymphatics.\\n1719 A snow-storm causes 7,000 sol-\\ndiers to perish on the mountains.\\n1725-68 Carl von Linnaeus founds the\\nartificial system in botany. [1741.\\nGarden at Upsala is established.]\\n1733 Georg Brandt discovers cobalt.\\n1751\u00c2\u00b1 Axel Frederick Cronstedt dis-\\ncovers nickel.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1128* Absalon, Norse bishop of Lund,\\nborn. [1201. DieB.]\\n1470* Charles VIII.. king, dies.\\n1483 Andrea, Laurentius, reformer, cl.,b.\\n[1552. Dies.]\\n1496* Gustavus I.. king, b. [1560. Dies.]\\n1503 Sten Sture, protestor, dies.\\n1533 Eric XIV.. king, born. [1577. D.]\\n1550 Charles IX., king, b. [1611. D.]\\n1594 Gustavus II., Adolphus, king, born.\\n[1632. Dies.]\\nHorn, Gustaf, count, general, b. [1659. D.]\\n1695* Uaner (liiiiiier), Johan G., general,\\nborn. [1641. Dies.]\\n1598* Lilja, Guran (Georg Stjernhjelm),\\nfather of Swedish poetry, b. [1672. D.]\\n1603 Torstenson, Lennart, Count of Or-\\ntala, general, born. [1651. Dies.]\\n1613* Wrangel, Karl Gustaf von, high\\nadmiral, born. [1676. Dies.]\\n1626* Christina, queen, born. [1689. D.]\\n1645 Spegel. Haquin, archbishop of Up-\\nsala, author, born. [1714. Dies.]\\n1660 Feb. 3. Charles X., king, dies.\\n1670* Celsius, Glaus, botanist, orientalist,\\nborn. [1756. Dies.]\\n1675 Benzel, Eric, archbishop of Upsala,\\nauthor, born. [1743. DieB.]\\n1682* Charles XII., king, b. [1718. D.]\\n1688* Swedenborg, Emanuel, theologian,\\nphilosopher, born. [1772. Dies.]\\n1694* Brandt, Georq, chemist, b. [1768. D.]\\n1701* Celsius. Anders, astro., b. [1744. D.]\\n1 705 A t e r d i, Peter, naturalist, born.\\n[1735. Dies.]\\n1707* P.rowal, Julian, clergyman, natural-\\nist, born. [1755. Dies.]\\nLinna-us, Carl von, naturalist, b. [1778. D.]\\n1710* Ehrensward, Count of, August, field-\\nmarshal, born. [1783. Dies.]\\n1722 Cronstedt, Axel Fredrick, mineralo-\\ngist, born. [1765. Dies.]\\nllassehiuist, Fredrick, naturalist,b. [1752. D.]\\n1735 Bergman, Torbern Olof, chemist,\\nnaturalist, born. [1784. Dies.]\\n1736* *Alstrdmer, Klaudius, naturalist,\\nborn. [1796. Dies.]\\nSulander, Daniel. Charles, naturalist, born.\\n[1782. Dies.]\\n1740* Bellman, Karl Mikael, poet, born.\\n[1795. Dies.]\\n1742* Scheele. Karl Wilhelm. chemist,\\nborn. [1786. Dies.]\\n1743* Ferber, Johan Jacob, mineralogist,\\nborn. [1790. Dies.]\\nThunherK, Karl l ctcr, botanist, b. [1828. D.]\\n1746* Gustavus III., king, b. [1792. D.]\\nTroil, Uno, archbishop of Upsala, author,\\nborn. [1803. Dies.]\\n1748* Charles XIII., king, b. [1818. D.]\\n1750* *Afzellus, Adam, botanist, born.\\n[1836\u00c2\u00b1. Dies.]\\n1755* Essen, Hans Henrik, count, field-\\nmarshal, born. [1824. Dies.]\\nFersen, Axel von, count, field-marshal, born.\\n[1810. Dies.]\\n1757* Archarius, Erik, botanist, born.\\n[1819. Dies.]\\nArmfelt, Gustaf Mauritz, courtier, lieuten-\\nant-general, born. [1814. Dies.]\\n1767 Hoijer, Benjamin Karl Henrik, phi-\\nlosopher, born. [1812. Dies.]\\n1776* Gustavus IV., Adolphus, king, born.\\n[1837. Dies.]\\nLing, Feter H., physiol., poet, b. [1839. D.]\\n1779 Berzelius. Jons Jakob, baron,\\nchemist, born. [1848. Dies.]\\n1782* Teener. Esaias, poet, b. [1846. D.]\\n1783 Bvstrom, Julian Nils, sculptor, boru.\\n[1848. Dies.]\\nGeijer (Geyer). Erik Gustaf. historian,\\npoet, born. [1847. Dies.]\\n1785 Agardh, Karl Adolf, botanist, born.\\n[1859. Dies.]\\nHammarskjold, Lars, critic, author, born.\\n[1827. Dies.]\\nZettersedt, Johan W., naturalist, b. [1874. D.]\\n1787+ Fogelberg, Bengt Erland, sculptor,\\nborn. [1854. Dies.]\\nNilsson, Sven, zoologist, born. [1883. Dies.]\\n1788* Palniblad, Vilhelm Fredrik, author,\\nborn. [1852. Dies.]\\n1790* Atterbom, Feter Daniel Amadeus,\\npoet, born. 1 855. DieB.\\n1791 Dahlgren, Karl Johan, poet, novel-\\nist, born. [1844. Dies.]\\n1795 Crusenstolpe, Magnus Jakob, novel-\\nist, political writer, born. [1865. Dies.]\\nFryxel, Anders, historian, born. [1881. D.]\\n1802 Bremer, Fredrika, novelist, born.\\n[1865. DieB.]\\nLbnnrot, Elias, FinniBh philologist, born.\\n[1884. Dies. J\\nCHURCH.\\n1150+ King Swerker petitions tbe\\nPope to send the Swedes a bishop and a\\nprimate. [1163, The archbishopric of\\nUpsala is established.]\\n1152 The synod at Linkbping decides\\nto enforce clerical celibacy, and to send\\nyearly contributions to the Pope.\\n1160+ Eric I. attempts to force Chris-\\ntianity on the Finns.\\n1527 Gustavus is authorized to reor-\\nganize the church. [152S. He estab-\\nlishes Lutheranism, and confiscates cler-\\nical properties.]\\n1568+ John III. attempts to make\\nthe Swedes Catholics. Protestants\\nresent his proselyting. Home condemns\\nhis indecision.\\n1593 A great assembly accepts the\\nAugsburg Confession. [1601- Sweden\\njoins the general Protestant movement.]\\n1743 Emanuel Swedenborg, foun-\\nder of the New Jerusalem, begins to\\nhave visions.\\nLETTERS.\\n1230+ Elder West Gota Law, by Es-\\nkil, appears.\\n1303 Queen Eupkemia s Songs are\\nwritten.\\n1320 Erikskronikan, a chronicle in\\nrhyme, appears.\\n1325+ On the Conduct of Kings and\\nPrinces is written.\\n1347 General Common Law, by Mag-\\nnus Ericsson, appears.\\n1350-1484 The Bible is translated.\\n1440\u00c2\u00b1 Karl skronikan is written.\\n1476 The University of Upsala Is\\nfounded by Sten Sture. [1477. Sept. 21.\\nOpened.]\\n1495 The first book printed in the\\nSwedish language appears.\\n1500\u00c2\u00b1 Sture kronikorna is written.\\n1530 Certain Divine Songs, by Olaufl\\nPetri, appear. [He writes also a Chron-\\nicle, and a mystery play, Tobie Comedia,\\nthe first Swedish drama.]\\n1610 Tisbe, the first comedy in Swe-\\ndish, by Magnus Olai Asteropherus, ap-\\npears.\\n1611-32 Gustavus Adolphus endows\\nthe University of Upsala, and founds\\nthe University of Dorpat and many\\nschools and colleges.\\n1643 A Swedish Dictionary is pub-\\nlished.\\nOrdinaire Post-Tidende is issued at\\nStockholm.\\n1649* Cupid Caught and The Birth of\\nPeace, by Georg Stjernhjelm, appear.\\n[1651, Parnassus Triumphans 1653, Her-\\ncules.]\\n1658 Complaint of the Swedish Lan-\\nguage, by Gustaf Rosenhane, appears.\\n[1680, Venerid; 1682, Eighty Songs.]\\n1668 The University of Lund is\\nfounded.\\n1675-83 Svensk Mercurius is issued.\\n1675-98 Atlantica, by Olaus Rudbeck,\\nappears. [1701, Elysian Fields.]\\n1682-1701 Belationes Curiosse is issued\\nin Latin.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1146.jp2"}, "1147": {"fulltext": "SWEDEN.\\n1056,**-1803,** 1135\\n1708 History of the Swedish Church,\\nby Haquin Spegel, appears. [Later,\\nGod s Labor and Rest.]\\n3.733-34 Swedish Argus, by Olaus von\\nDalin, appears. [1736, Thoughts about\\nCritics; 1742, Sivedish Freedom.]\\n1739 Sine lair svisa, by Anders Odel,\\nappears.\\n1741* The Royal Academy is founded\\nby Linnaeus.\\n1742 Tidningar om den Lardas Arbe-\\nten is issued.\\n1742-45 Adalrik och Gothitda, by Jakob\\nHenrikMbrk, appears. [1749-53, Thecla.]\\n1743 The Sorrowing Turtledove, by\\nHedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht, appears.\\n1749-56 Arcana C lestia, by Emanuel\\nSwedenborg, appears.\\n1755-89 Swenska Mercurius is issued.\\n1760 The Moon, by Karl Mikael Bell-\\nman, appears. [1765-90, Fredman s Epis-\\ntles and Fredman s Songs.]\\n1772 Mercure de Suede is issued.\\n1785 The Expedition Across the Belt,\\nby Gustaf Frederik Gyllenborg, appears.\\n1786 The Swedish Academy, with IS\\nmembers, is created by Gustavus III.\\n1796 Samlade Skrifters, by Johan\\nHenrik Kellgren, appears.\\n1803 The Vitterheteus Vanner, a lit-\\nerary society, is founded at Upsala by\\nLars Hammarskold. [1807. Aurora\\nForbundet, established by Peter Daniel\\nAmadeus Atterbom and Vilhelm Fred-\\nrick Palmblad.j\\nSOCIETY.\\n1520 Christian II. orders the princi-\\npal nobles to a feast, where, they are\\nmassacred.\\n1622* Gustavus Adolphus prohibits\\nthe drinking of whisky.\\n[1698. Charles XII. prohibits its man-\\nufacture. 1718. Its manufacture is lim-\\nited to four distilleries. 1756. The party\\ncalled Hats secure by enactment the\\nprohibition of the sale of whisky. 1771.\\nGustavus III. prohibits it. 1774. Repeals\\nthe prohibition, and licenses the sale for\\nthe revenue; crown stills are estab-\\nlished. 1787. Leasehold stills are in-\\ntroduced. 1809. Domestic stills are in-\\ntroduced. 1855. Licenses are enacted,\\nand domestic stills abolished. 1865. The\\nGothenburg system of regulating the\\ntraffic is introduced.]\\n1772 The Order of the Sword is\\ninstituted.\\n.1792 Mar. 16. Count Ankerstrbm\\nshoots Gustavus III. at a masquer-\\nade.\\nSTATE.\\n1155 The Swedes choose [St.] Eric\\nIX. j Edwardson he is opposed by the\\nGoths. [The Goths and Swedes each\\nchoose their own king, and fight each\\nother for 100\u00c2\u00b1 years.]\\n1161-67 Charles VII. reigns. [1167-99,\\nCanute Erickson 1199-1210, Swerker II.\\n1210-16, Erie II. 1216-22, John I. 1222-\\n50, Eric III.; 1250-66, Birger Jarl, re-\\ngent.]\\n1260 Stockholm is founded.\\n1266-75 Waldemar V. reigns. He\\nfortifies Stockholm, and subdues the\\nFinnish pirates.\\n1275-90 Magnus I., Ladulses, reigns.\\n[1279. He organizes the government in\\nregular form.]\\n.1290-1319 Birger II., nine years of\\nage Torkel Knutsson, regent. [1295.\\nThe code of laws are accepted by the\\nGreat Thing Savolax and Carelia are\\nannexed. 1306. The king beheads\\nKnutsson.]\\n1319-63 Young Magnus II. .Smsek, reigns;\\nMats Ketilmundsson, successful regent.\\n[1365, Deposed, imprisoned; 1371, Re-\\nleased, and goes to Norway.]\\n1319 The crown is made elective.\\n1336* On the death of Mats the Danes\\nrecover conquered territory.\\n1363-89 Albert, Count of Mecklenburg,\\nreigns. He is elected king by the disaf-\\nfected nobles [and later by the Great\\nThing].\\nHaco VIII., king of Norway, Albert s\\nson, marries Margaret of Denmark.\\n[1389. She sends an army to aid the no-\\nbles, and subdues most of the country.]\\n1389-1412 Margaret of Denmark\\nreigns.\\n1397 July 20. Three kingdoms are\\nunited in the Union of Calmar (p. 637).\\n1412-39 Eric VH. reigns.\\n(1413.) He declares the duchy of Schles-\\nwig a forfeited fief, and fights [20 years]\\nto possess it. (1434.) The oppressed peas-\\nants of Dulecarlia rebel. (1436.) The no-\\nbles pacify the peasants by promising to\\ndethrone Eric hut they reestablish\\nhim. (1439.) Finally dethroned.\\n1440-48 Christopher HI. reigns.\\n1448 Christian I. is elected king by\\nthe Danes (p. 637). Sweden secedes, and\\nthe kingdoms are separated.\\n1448-57 Charles VIH. (Knutsson) is\\nelected king by the Swedes. (1457.) His\\nenemies in both the spiritual and the\\ntemporal aristocracy drive him out, and\\nelect Christian I.\\n1457-64 Christian I., of Denmark,\\nreigns, but is unable to dominate the\\nentire country.\\n1464-71\u00c2\u00b1 Charles VTTT. again reigns.\\n(1465.) Dethroned for a short time by\\nthe nobles. Almost continuous wars\\nwith the Danes.\\n1471-83 Interregnum; Sten Sture, the\\nelder, rules as protector.\\n1483-1502 John H. (I. of Denmark)\\nreigns.\\n1502 Interregnum.\\n1503-12 Svante Nilsson Sture, protec-\\ntor. [1512-20. Sten Sture, the younger.]\\n1520-23 Christian II. of Denmark, the\\nferocious conqueror, reigns.\\nHe massacres 90 prominent men, and\\nis expelled by an uprising under Gusta-\\nvus Ericsson [Vasa], who overthrows the\\nDanish power.\\n1523-60 Gustavus I., Vasa, is elected\\nking on June 6th by a diet, which repu-\\ndiates the union of Calmar. Sweden\\nis independent (p. 637). (1544.) He\\nmakes the crown hereditary; he is\\npopular with his subjects.\\n1560-69 Eric IV. reigns. Deposed and\\nimprisoned by his brother, who succeeds\\nhim.\\n1569-92 John HI. reigns. (1570). The\\nPeace of Stettin (Prus.) ends the Danish\\n1592-1604 Sigismund HI. of Poland,\\nson of John III., reigns.\\nAs an ardent Catholic he provokes op-\\nposition, and finally makes his uncle,\\nDuke Charles [IX.], regent, and returns\\nto Poland. (1600.) Dethroned.\\n1595 Peace with Russia.\\n1604-11 Charles IX. reigns by the\\nelection of the Diet. Many wars fol-\\nlow.\\n1611-32 GustavusII., Adolphus, reigns\\nwith distinguished success.\\n1613 June 29. Treaty of Knared.\\nDenmark returns all conquered terri-\\ntory to Sweden, and receives one million\\nthalers.\\n1617 Mar. 9. Gustavus forces Russia\\nto cede Kexholm, Karelia, and Inger-\\nmanland, at Stobowa.\\n1629 Sept. 16. Poland signs an armis-\\ntice for six years.\\n1631 Jan. 25. Treaty with Prance (p.\\n689).\\n1632-54 Christina reigns. (1644.) As-\\nsumes the crown on her 18th birthday.\\n(1654. June 16). Abdicates in favor of\\nher cousin, Charles Gustavus.\\n1648* ^Denmark cedes Rugen to\\nSweden,\\n1654-60 Charles X., Gustavus, reigns.\\n1660-97 Charles XI. reigns. (1672.) As-\\nsumes the government 16 years of age.\\nTaxation crushes the people. (1680.)\\nReforms are made. One-fourth of the\\ncrown lands held by nobles are restored.\\nMany families are ruined. The crown\\nbecomes independent of the nobles it\\nholds ten counties as crown lands.\\n1697-1718 Charles XII. reigns, the\\nmadman of the North 15 years of age.\\n(1699.) He abolishes the Senate, and\\nbecomes an absolute ruler. (1700.) Po-\\nland, Kussia, and Denmark unite in an\\nalliance against Sweden to recover lost\\nterritories. Denmark is soon alarmed,\\nand withdraws from the alliance. (1706.)\\nPoland makes peace at Altranstadt.\\n(1709.) Charles XII. flees into Turkey.\\n(1714.) He returns.\\nNumerous wars the nobles re-\\ncover their power.\\n1700-1800 Sweden is one of the great-\\nest powers of Europe.\\n1718-^11 (51) Ulrika Eleonora and her\\nconsort, Frederick I landgrave of\\nHesse-Cassel, reign. (1741.) She abdi-\\ncates he reigns alone.\\n1719* Despotism is abolished; the\\npowers of the Diet are restored.\\nSweden cedes Bremen and Verden to\\nHanover. [1720. Surrenders Stettin and\\npart of Western Pomerania to Prussia.\\n1721. Livonia, Esthonia, Ingermanland,\\nand part of Viborg Jim, go to Russia.\\n1743. Russia gets Eastern Finland by\\nthe Peace of Arho.]\\n1738-57 The French party called\\nHats and the Russian party called\\nCaps disturb the country. [1770.\\nGustavus III. subdues them.]\\n1741-51 Frederick I. reigns.\\n1751-71 Adolphus Frederick of Hol-\\nstein-Gottorp reigns.\\n1756 A conspiracy of the nobles de-\\ntected.\\n1771-92 Gustavus HI., Adolphus,\\nreigns. (1772. Aug. 12.) By a coup d tat\\nhe reduces the advisory council to a\\nmere advisory board.\\n1792-1809 Gustavus IV. reigns. He is\\ndeposed by a military conspiracy, and\\nsucceeded by his uncle Charles, the Duke\\nof Sudermania.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1147.jp2"}, "1148": {"fulltext": "1136\\n1803, -1893, July 22.\\nSWEDEN.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1803 Jons Jakob Berzelius discovers\\ncerium. [1817, also selenium 1818,\\nsilicon 1824, tantalum columbium 1828,\\nthorinum 1844, zirconium.]\\n1817+ Arfwedson discovers lithium.\\n1872 July 21. Nils Adolf Erik Nor-\\ndenskjold sails on an Arctic expedi-\\ntion. [1S75. Another. 1S78-79. He ac-\\ncomplishes the Northeast Passage.]\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1803* Ericsson. John, engineer, inven-\\ntor, born. [1889. Dies.]\\n1804* Hunelieri, Julian Ludvig, poet, b.\\nTaglioni, .Marie, opera daneer,b. [1884. D.]\\n1806* Dahlbom, Anders G., entomologist,\\nborn. [1859. Dies.]\\n1807 arh-n. Knulia Smith Flvgare, novel-\\nist, born. [1892. Dies.]\\n1808 Chapman, Fredrik Henrlk af, ad-\\nmiral, dies.\\n1813* Castn -n, Matthias Alexander, phi-\\nlologist, born. [1852. Dies.]\\nMellm.Custaf Henrik, novelist, b. [1876. D.]\\n1819 Schwartz, .Mane Sophie, author, b.\\n1831 Andersson, Nils Johan, botanist,\\nborn. [1880. Dies.]\\nLind, Jenny (Mrs. Goldschmidt), vocalist,\\nborn. [1887. Dies.]\\n1836 May 3. Charles XV., king, born.\\n[1872, Sept. 18. Dies.]\\n1827* Andersson, Carl Johan, explorer,\\nborn. [1867. Dies.]\\n1839 Jan. 21. Oscar II., born.\\nRydberu Abraham Victor, novelist, born.\\n1832 Nordenskjold, Adolf Erik, arctic ex-\\nplorer, born.\\n1843 Nilsson, Christine, singer, born.\\n1858 June 16. Prince Gustavus, born.\\n1877 Runeberg. Johann Ludvig, poet,\\nA73.\\nCHURCH.\\n1809 The Swedish Bible Society is or-\\nganized. [1829. The first missionary so-\\nciety, at Goteborg. 1835. Jan. 6. Also\\nthe Swedish Missionary Society. 1845.\\nThe Mission Society of Lund. 1855. It\\nis absorbed by the Swedish Society.\\n1S77. The Mission Union for the Jews\\nis formed. 1880. Mar. 17. The Friends\\nof the Finns Society is organized.]\\n1834 American Baptists begin mis-\\nsion-work in Sweden. [1852. Rev. An-\\ndreas Wiberg, an eminent scholar, be-\\ncomes a Baptist, and founds the Baptist\\nchurch of Sweden. 1872. The Baptist\\nConference organizes a missionary soci-\\nety. 1886. Mar. 17. The work is adopted\\nby the American Baptists.]\\n1856 The Evangelical National Insti-\\ntution is organized.\\n1857 The banishment of Roman\\nCatholic converts from Lutheranism\\nis decreed.\\n1860* Religious toleration is ex-\\ntended.\\n1865 Methodists enter from Norway.\\n[1868. Mission organized. 1874. Theo-\\nlogical School opened at Upsala. 1876.\\nA conference is organized.]\\n1878 Aug. 2. The Swedish Mission\\nUnion is formed.\\nLETTERS.\\n1808 War Song for the Militia of\\nScania, by Esaias Tegne appears.\\n[1811, Svea; 1820, The Children of the\\nLord s Supper; 1822, Axel; 1825, Frith-\\njofs Saga.\\n1810-13 Phosphorus is issued.\\n1810-12 Polyfem is issued.\\n1813 Poems, by Lars Hammarskold,\\nappears. [1817, Hellvin och Elvina\\n1818, Swedish Literature; 1821, Histori-\\ncal Remarks on the Progress and Develop-\\nment of Philosophic Studies in Sweden.]\\n1819 National Hymn-booh of Stveden,\\nby Johan Olof Wallin, appears.\\n1820 Poems, by Erik Sjoberg, ap-\\npears.\\nPoems, by Adolf Iwar Arwidsson, ap-\\npears.\\nThe Argus is issued by Johannson.\\nPoems, by Julia Christina Nyberg, ap-\\npears.\\n1823-79 Narratives from Swedish\\nHistory, by Anders Fry xell, appears.\\n1829 Book of the Thorn Pose, by Karl\\nJonas Ludwig Almqvist, appears. [Later,\\nGabriele Mini an so, Amalie Hillner, Ara\\nMinta May, Kolumbine, and Marjam.]\\n1830* Poems, by Johan Ludvig\\nRuneberg, appears, [1S32, The Elk\\nHunters 1X38, More Poems; 1S36, Hanna;\\n1841, Christmas Eve 1843, More Poems;\\n1844, King Fjalar 1848-60, Ensign St l s\\nStories; 1853, Minor Writings.]\\nFaderneslandbladet is issued by Cru-\\nsenstolpe.\\nAftonbladet is issued by Hjerta.\\n1831 Columbus and the Discovery of\\nAmerica, by Frans Michel Franzen, ap-\\npears.\\n1832 History of the Swedish Nation,\\nby Eric Gustaf Geijer, appears. [1834,\\nPeyniniscences; 1X3*1, sketch of the Condi-\\ntion of Sweden; 1844, Life of Charles\\nXIV.]\\n1833 History of Swedish Literature,\\nby Peter Wieselgren, appears.\\n1833-37 Skandia is issued.\\n1833-34 Swenska Argus is issued.\\n1834 History of Stveden, by Anders\\nMagnus Strinnho lm, appears.\\nStatistics of Sweden, by Karl Gustaf\\naf Forsell, appears.\\n1835-57 Biographical Dictionary of Em-\\ninent Swedes, by Vilhelm Fredrick Palm-\\nblad, appears. [1846, Aurora Konigs-\\nmarlc]\\n1837 The First Years of Gustavus\\nIY., by Magnus Jakob Crusenstolpe, ap-\\npears. [1838^10, Positions and Relations\\n1840-44, Morianen.]\\n1838-40 Literaturbladet is issued.\\n1840\u00c2\u00b1 The Neighbors, by Fredrika\\nBremer, appears. [1843, TheHome; later,\\nThe President s Daughters, The Diary,\\nThe H. Family, Strife and Peace, Nina,\\nand Brothers and Sisters; 1853, The\\nHomes of the New World; 1856, Hertha.]\\n1841 The Seers and Poets of Stoeden,\\nby Peter Daniel Atterbom, appears.\\nWaldemar Klein, by Emilia Flygare\\nCarl^n, appears. [1844, The Professor\\nand Thistle Island; 1850, Home in the\\nValley.]\\n1846 Erik XIV., by Johan Borjesson,\\nappears.\\n1850* TidsskriftforLitteratnrisissued.\\n1852 Norsk Tidsskrift is issued.\\n1856 Poems, by Karl Vilhelm Botti-\\nger, appears.\\n1858 The Man of Family and the\\nMan from the People, by Maria Sophie\\nSchwartz, appears. [1859, Work En-\\nnobles a Man 1860, The Nobleman s\\nDaughter; 1863, The Organ-Grinder s\\nSon and Gold and Name 1873, A Child\\nof the Time.]\\nRevue Su6doise is issued.\\n1859 The Last of the Athenians, by\\nAbraham Victor Rydberg, appears.\\n1861 Little Poems, by Carl Johan\\nSnoilsky, appears. [1862, 1869, More\\npoems 1871, Sonnets; 1881, Neio Poems.)\\n1876 Poems, by Karl David Wirse n,\\nappears.\\nSOCIETY.\\n1847 Oct. 9. Sweden abolishes sla-\\nvery in its dependencies.\\n1855 The police arrest 11 persons for\\nevery 100 of the population. [1886. Aver-\\nage annual consumption of distilled\\nspirits, 2.47 gallons.]\\n1857 June 6. Oscar H. is married to\\nthe Princess Sophia of Nassau.\\n1869 July 28. The Princess Louisa\\nis married to Frederick, Crown Prince\\nof Denmark.\\n1881 Sept. 20. Prince Gustavus is\\nmarried to Victoria of Baden.\\n1888 Mar. 15. Prince Oscar is mar-\\nried to Ebba Munck of England.\\nSTATE.\\n1809-18 Charles XLTI. reigns.\\n(1S09. June 7.) He decrees a repre-\\nsentative constitution. (Sept. 17.) Fin-\\nland is ceded to Russia. (1812. Jan. 9.)\\nNapoleon I. seizes Swedish Pomerania.\\n(1813. Mar. 13.) Joins the alliance\\nagainst Napoleon I. (p. 521).\\n1814 Jan. 14. Denmark cedes Nor-\\nway to Sweden by the treaty of Kiel\\n(p. 639). [Nov. Transferred.)\\n1815 Prussia obtains Stralsund and\\nthe Island of Rugen.\\n1818-44 Charles XTV. (Jean Baptiste\\nJules Bernadotte, and crown prince),\\nformerly a French general, reigns.\\n1844-59 Oscar I., son of Berdanotte,\\nreigns.\\n1859-72 Charles XV. reigns.\\n1864 Jan. 1. Free trade begins.\\nDec. 4-8. The Chambers adopt a new\\nconstitution.\\nDec. Stockholm. The National Scan-\\ndinavian Society is formed to advance\\nthe confederation of the three kingdoms,\\nSweden, Denmark, and Norway.\\n1870 Aug. 4. Neutrality in the\\nFranco-Prussian war is announced by\\nproclamation.\\n1872 Sept. 8. Oscar H. succeeds his\\nbrother. [1873. May 12. The king and\\nqueen are crowned. 1884. Mar. 10. The\\ncrown prince is made viceroy of Nor-\\nway.]\\n1893 July 22. The Storthing reduces\\nthe king s aUowance from 336,000 to\\n256,000 kroner.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1148.jp2"}, "1149": {"fulltext": "SWITZERLAND.\\n643,**-1781,**. 1137\\nSwitzerland is a federal republic of central Europe capital, Bern. It contains 22 confederated cantons, which are largely\\nindependent in local government. The legislative power is vested in an Assembly of two chambers, the State Council having two\\nmembers from each canton, and the Chamber of Representatives having 147 Deputies. The joint session of both constitutes the\\nFederal Assembly, which elects the executives of the Federal Council and its president, who is also the president of the Swiss\\nConfederation for a term of one year. The principle of the referendum is also employed in legislation. Religion, three-fifths\\nProtestant, two-fifths Roman Catholic; language, German, French, Italian, and Romansch. Area, 15,976 square miles popula-\\ntion, 2,933,334.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1315-1446 Important Battles.\\n(1315. Nov. 15.) Morgarten (p. 504).\\n(1386. July 9.) Sempach (p.7S4). (13SS.\\nApr. 9.) Nafels(p. 784). (1444. Aug. 26.)\\nSt. Jacob (p. 7S4). (1446 Ragaz (p.\\n784).\\n1386-89 War with Austria, caused by\\nits oppressive rule. [1394+ Another\\nwar. 1412-62. Another.]\\n1436-50 Civil war between Zurich and\\nSchwyz, caused by territorial disputes.\\n(1443.) Zurich troops are defeated at St.\\nJacob on the Sihl. (1444.) Zurich is\\n1440-46 War with Frederick III. of\\nAustria (p. 784).\\n1458 War with Sigismund.\\n1476 Mar. 3. Battle at Granson (p.\\n786). [June 22. At Morat (p. 786). 1477.\\nJan. 5. At Nancy (p. 786).]\\n1512 The Swiss in Milan (p. 7S6).\\n1513 June 6. JV. It. The Swiss defeat\\nthe French at Navara (p. 680).\\n1515 Sept. 13, 14. It. The Swiss\\npower is broken by the defeat at Mele-\\ngnano (p. 680). [1516. Peace follows.]\\n1529-31 Wars of Kappel.\\nProtestant and Roman Catholic can-\\ntons in conflict. [1531. Oct 11. The\\nProtestants are defeated at Kappel;\\nZwingli, their leader, is killed.]\\n1602 The escalade; Charles Eman-\\nuel of Savoy is repulsed at Geneva, after\\nscaling the walls and entering the town.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\nLETTERS.\\n1459 Nov. 12. The University of\\nBasel is founded by a papal charter.-\\n1557 The Geneva Bible, printed by\\nRowland Hart, appears.\\n1565\u00c2\u00b1 Gesner writes a History of An-\\nimals; makes a classification of plants.\\n1621 A Lexicon Hebraicum, by Johann\\nBuxtorf appears.\\n1667 The Universal Lexicon, by Jo-\\nhann J. Hoffman, appears.\\n1696 Ars Critica, by Jean le Clerc,\\nappears.\\n1703-15 Nova Literaria Helvetica is is-\\nsued at Zurich.\\n1728-34 Bibliotheqne Italique is issued.\\n1752 The screw ship-engine is in-\\nvented by Daniel Bernoulli.\\n1758 The Death of Abel is painted by\\nSalomon Gessner.\\n1770 The Lover s Present is painted\\nby Sigmund Frendenberger.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n14th Century. Tell, William, legendary pa-\\ntriot, born.\\n1386 Winkelried, Arnold von, patriot, d.\\n1484* Zwin.gli, ULric, reformer, born.\\n1647* Merian, Maria Sjhvlla, artist, nat-\\nuralist, born. [1717. Dies.]\\n1654* Bernoulli, .facqiies, mathematician,\\nborn. [1705. Dies.}\\n1657* Le Clerc, Jean, clergyman, critic,\\nborn. [1756. Dies.]\\n1667 Bernoulli, Jean, mathematician,\\nborn. [1748. Dies.]\\n1671 Turretini, Jean Alphonse, theolo-\\ngian, born. [1737. Dies.]\\n1694 liurlaniaqui, Jean Jacques, jurist,\\nborn. [1748. Dies.]\\n1698* I .oilnier. Johann Jakob, journalist,\\nborn. [1783. Dies.]\\n1700* Bernoulli, Daniel, mathematician,\\nphysicist, born. [1782. Dies.]\\n1707* *Euler, Leonhard, math.,b. [1783. D.]\\n1708* Haller, Albrecht yon, physiologist,\\nborn. [1777. Dies.]\\n1714 Vattel, KimmTic de, publicist, born.\\n[1767. Dies.]\\n1720* Bonnet, diaries, naturalist, philoso-\\npher, born. [1793. Dies.]\\n1727* Berthoud, Ferdinand, inventor of\\nmarine clocks, born. [1807. Dies.]\\nDeluc, Jean Andre, geologist, b. [1817. D.]\\n1728* *Tissot, Simon Andre, physician,\\nborn. [1797. Dies.]\\nZimmermann, Johann von, physician, born.\\n[1795. Dies.]\\n1735* Claviere, Etienne, financier, born.\\n[1793. Dies.]\\n1 740 *Delolme, Jean Louis, political\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0writer, born. [1806. Dies.]\\nSaussure, Horace Benedict de, naturalist,\\nborn. [1799. Dies.]\\n1741* Hess, Johann Jakob, Protestant\\ntheologian, born. [1828. Dies.]\\nKauffmann, Maria A., painter, b. [1807. D.]\\nLavater, John Caspar, Protestant clergy-\\nman, physiognomist, born. [1801. D.]\\n1746* Festulozzi, Johann Heinrich, edu-\\ncator, born. [1327- Dies.]\\n1750* Huber, Francois, naturalist, born.\\n[1831. Dies.]\\nISth Century. Arsjand, Aime\\\\ chemist, inven-\\ntor, born. [1805. Dies.]\\n1759* *Dumont, Pierre Etienne Louis,\\nscholar, author, born. [1829. Dies.]\\n1771* Felh-nbcru, Philippe von, education-\\nist, born. [1844. Dies.]\\n1778* Candollt Augustin P. de, botanist,\\nborn. [1841. Dies.]\\nCHURCH.\\n643* Irish missionaries introduce\\nChristianity.\\n1431 Council of Basel (p. 784).\\n1519 Ulric Zwingli begins the Ref-\\normation at Basel.\\n1523* The Anabaptists appear. [1525.\\nFined by the Senate. 1526. Decree of death\\npassed by the Senate. 1527. Felix Mantz\\nexecuted by drowning. 1529. Become numer-\\nous. 1671. 700 expelled from Bern.]\\n1536 John Calvin, from France, set-\\ntles in Geneva.\\n1553 May 27. Michael Servetus hav-\\ning denied in print the divinity of Christ,\\nand condemned, is burned in Geneva.\\n1586 Oct. 5. The seven Roman Catho-\\nlic cantons of the Confederation form\\nthe Golden League for the maintenance\\nof their faith in these cantons.\\n1231* Henry, son of Frederick II.,\\ngrants a charter to Uri. [1240. Freder-\\nick II. grants one to Schwyz. 1297.\\nAdolf confirms both.]\\n1275 The Landsgemeinde of Uri\\nfirst meets. [1294. That of Schwyz.\\n1309. June 3. Henry VII. confirms the\\ncharters of both cantons.]\\n1291 Aug. 1. The Swiss confedera-\\ntion begins in the Everlasting League\\nfor self-defense, formed by the cantons\\nof Uri, Schwyz, and Nidwalden [TJnter-\\nwalden]. [1315. Dec. 9. Renewed at\\nBrunnen. 1316, Confirmed by Louis IV.]\\n1309 Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden\\nform a confederation. [1315. The con-\\nfederates conclude alliances with Glaus,\\nUrseren, Art, and Interlaken for protec-\\ntion against Austria.]\\n1332* Lucerne joins the League. [1351,\\nalso Zurich 1352, Glarus and Zug 1353,\\nBern.]\\n1386-89 Lucerne revolts against the\\noppression of Austria. [1389. A seven\\nyears peace is signed. 1394. July 16.\\nExtended for 20 years 1412, for 50 years.]\\n1400-19 The Caddee, or League of\\nGod s House, unites the Grisons to resist\\ndomestic tyranny. \u00c2\u00a31424. A second\\nleague. 1436. League of the Ten Juris-\\ndictions.]\\n1410-26 N. It. Much territory is ac-\\nquired by conquest.\\n1440-46 Zurich an ally of Austria.\\n1446* Peace with France. [1450. Zu-\\nrich makes peace with the Confederates.\\n1452. Alliance with France.]\\n1474 Mar. 30. The Everlasting Com-\\npact is signed at Constance Sigismund\\nrenounces all Austrian claims on Con-\\nfederates lands.\\n1481 Dec. *The Compact of Stanz\\nis formed. Freiburg and Solothurn join\\nthe Confederation. [1501. Basel and\\nSchaffhausen join. 1515. Appenzell.]\\n1516* The Confederacy is acknowl-\\nedged by several powers peace with\\nFrance.\\n1531 Nov. The warring Protestants\\nand Catholics make a peace; neither to\\nattempt to convert the other by whole-\\nsale.\\n1544 The Grisons leagues become\\nConfederate allies. [1584. Also Geneva.]\\n1648* Treaty of Westphalia; inde-\\npendence recognized (p. 797).\\n1712 Aug.* The religious wars end in\\nthe Peace of Aargau.\\n1781 The aristocratic and democratic\\nparties in Geneva quarrel until France\\ninterferes.\\nthor, born. [1575. Dies.]\\n1541* Bauhin, .fean,hotanist, b. [1613. D.]\\n1620* Hottinger, Johann H., orientalist,\\ntheologian, born. [1667. Dies.]\\n1623* Turretini, Francois, theologian,\\nborn. [1687. Dies.]\\n1032 Helvetia is subject to the Ge\\n1171 Freiburg is founded.\\n1191* *Bem is founded. [1218. B\\ncomes an imperial city.]\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1345* *TheBankof Genevaisfounded.\\n1515 In three months 500+ persons are\\nburned in Geneva as witches.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1149.jp2"}, "1150": {"fulltext": "1138 1787, *-1894, July 9. SWITZERLAND.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1799-1802 Switzerland is the seat of\\nthe war between the Second Coalition\\nand Napoleon I.\\n1811 Aug. 24. Switzerland furnishes\\n6,000 men in aid of France.\\n1847 Nov. Civil war begins.\\n1871 Feb. 1. The French are driven\\nby the Germans across the line (p. 744).\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1787* Diifoivr, Guillaume Henri, general,\\nborn. [1875. Dies.]\\nOrelli, Kaspar, philologist, born. [1849. D-]\\n1794* Merle d Anbigne, Jean Henri, his-\\ntorian, born. [1872. Dies.]\\n1797* Vinot, Alexandre Kodolpbe, author,\\nborn. [1847. Dies.]\\n1801 De La Kive, Ausjuste, natural phi-\\nlosopher, born. [1873. Dies.]\\n1810* *Calame, Alexandre, artist, born.\\n[1864. Dies.]\\n1811 *pesor, Edouard, scientist, born.\\n[1882. Dies.]\\n1812* Thalbcrg, Sigismnnd, pianist, born.\\n[1871. Dies.]\\n1820* Tschudi, Friedrich von, zoologist,\\nborn. [188G. Dieo.I\\n1822* luiba, .Jaltob, states., b. [1819. D.l\\n1829* Vautier, Henhunin, painter, born.\\n1889 Feb. 33. Mermillod, Gaspar, cardi-\\nnal, A(i8.\\n1893 Apr. 4. Candolle, Alphonse L. P. P.,\\nbotanist, A87.\\nAug. 14, Ruchonnet, M. L., statesman, d.\\n1894 Feb. 2. Ilerzog, Hans, general, A76.\\n1806 Sept. 2. A landslide on the Ross-\\nberg Mountain causes SOO deaths.\\n1816* Blblinthvque Universelle issued.\\n1824 Auguste de la Rive invents a\\ngalvanometer. [1843. Advances the\\nprincipal of the telephone.]\\n1830 Education is made independent\\nof the clergy by law.\\n1838 Revue Suisse is issued.\\n1839 Christian F. Schonbein discov-\\ners ozone at Basel. [1845. Guncotton\\nand collodion.]\\n1848 Oct. 7. The attempted introduc-\\ntion of Jesuit teachers in the Catholic\\ncantons leads to a revolution.\\n1853 Lake dwellings of a prehistoric\\nrace are discovered. [1882. Mar. At\\nConstance.]\\n1857 Aug. 31. The Mont Cenistun-\\nnel is begun (p. 1088).\\n1872 Prof. Kopp of Lucerne demon-\\nstrates that the popular stories concern-\\ning William TeU are myths. [1890.\\nAug. Ordered by Government to be\\nexpunged from school-books.]\\n1889 Oct. 6. The Council of State for\\nFreiburg votes $2,250,000 to found a Ro-\\nman Catholic University.\\n1891 July 11. An avalanche on the\\nwest side of Mont Blanc causes a flood\\nnearly 200 lives are lost.\\n1893 Sept. 13. The erection of an ob-\\nservatory on Mont Blanc is completed.\\nCHURCH.\\n1804-19 Bible societies are organized.\\n(1804.) The Basel. (1812.) The Zurich.\\n(1813.) The Coire. (1814.) The Lausanne\\nand the Geneva. (181G.) The Neuchatel.\\n(1819.) The Glarus.\\n1830 The Society of Israel s Friends is\\norganized at Basel.\\n1839* Methodism is introduced.\\n[1849. American Methodists introduce\\namission. 1886. Conference organized.]\\n1S40-I- The Protestants and Catholics\\nstruggle with the education question.\\n[1846. A league of cantons is formed to\\nsupport education by Jesuits. 1847.\\nSept. 3. -The Diet orders the expulsion\\nof the Jesuits civil war follows.]\\n1847 Nov. 29. The Jeusits expelled,\\nand the monastic property confiscated.\\n1861* *The Evangelical Alliance\\nmeets in Geneva. [1872. Sept. 23-2S.\\nAgain. 1878. Sept. 2. At Basel.]\\n1872 Feb. 17. Consignor llermlllod, the\\npapal nuncio, refusing to submit to the civil\\nauthorities, is expelled. [1874. Sept. 5.\\nThe Government deprives l!) Koman Catholic\\npriests of .heir parishes because they will not\\ntake the constitutional oath.]\\n1874 June* The Swiss National\\nChurch is organized.\\n1879 Aug. 17. Old Catholics meet\\nat Bern. [1880. May 23. At Geneva.]\\n1883 The Salvation Army begins\\nwork. [1884. Sept. 2-r. Persecuted by\\nauthorities at Bern. 1890. Jan. 28.\\nThe Bundesrath decides the Army is en-\\ntitled to state protection.]\\nSTATE.\\n1794 July 19. A revolution breaks\\nout at Geneva it is led by two resident\\ncommissioners of the French revolution.\\n1798 Mar. The French occupy Swit-\\nzerland; the Confederation is dissolved.\\n[Mar. 29. The Helvetic republic is\\nproclaimed. Apr. 12. Geneva is an-\\nnexed by France (p. 713). Uric and Vaud\\nsecede from the republic]\\n1803 Feb. 19. The Confederation is\\nrestored- by the Act of Mediation.\\nThe cantons of St. Gall, Grisons, Aar-\\ngau, Thurgau, Ticino, and Vaud join it.\\n[1813. Dec. 30. Also Geneva, Valais, and\\nNeuchatel.]\\n1806 Neuchatel is ceded to France.\\n1815 Aug. 1. A new constitution is\\nadopted. [1839. Those of the cantons\\nare revised.]\\n1847 The Diet is at war with the\\nSonderbund on the Jesuit education\\nquestion.\\n1848 The new constitution central-\\nizes the government more than the old\\none. [1874. It is revised.]\\n1857 Neuchatel is freed from Prus-\\nsian claims.\\n1891 July 6. A plebiscite favors a new-\\nlaw empowering 50,000 citizens to sub-\\nmit the text of bills to the Chambers, and\\ncompelling their consideration.\\n1894 July 9. A referendum defeatB\\na proposal to insert in the constitution a\\ndeclaration of the right of every male\\ncitizen to labor.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1787 A savings-bank is opened at\\nBern, the first one established. [1792.\\nAnother at Basel.]\\n1845 Dec. 5. The Fraternal Order of\\nTemplars of Honor and Temperance is\\norganized.\\n1S61 May 3. Glarus is destroyed by\\nfire.\\n1CG7 Sept. 2. The Workmen s Inter-\\nnational Congress opens at Lausanne.\\nSept. 9-12. An International Arbitra-\\ntion and Peace Congress is in session\\nat Geneva.\\n1868 June 15. Mont Cenis tunnel\\nopened (pp. 1088, 1089).\\nSept. 9-12. An International Peace and\\nLiberty Congress opens at Geneva.\\n[Sept. 22-26. At Bern.]\\n1871 Dec. 18. The Alabama Claims\\nArbitration Commission meets at Ge-\\nneva (pp. 275, 279).\\n1872 The St. Gothard tunnel is be-\\ngun, 9J miles long (p. 1090).\\nAug. 18. The ex-Duke of Brunswick\\ndies, bequeathing \u00c2\u00a3764,000+ to the city\\nof Geneva.\\n1874 Capital punishment is abol-\\nished by referendum, 17 out of 21 cantons\\nfavor. [1879. May Restored. Vote,\\n191,197-177,263.]\\n1S75 May 23. The civil marriage and\\nregistration law is approved by a referen-\\ndum. Vote, 212,854-204,700.\\n1887 May 16. By a two-thirds vote of\\nthe people, the manufacture, importa-\\ntion, and sale of spirits becomes a gov-\\nernment monopoly.\\n1891 June 14. A broken bridge on a\\nrailway causes 150\u00c2\u00b1 deaths.\\n1892 Aug. 22. Bern. An International\\nPeace Congress opens.\\n1893 Aug. 1. The 600th anniversary of\\nthe Swiss nationality is celebrated.\\nTRIPOLI.\\nTripoli is a vilayet of the Turkish Empire, on the northern coast of Africa capital, Tripoli. Area, including its dependen-\\ncies, Fezzan and Barca, 144,500+ square miles population, 1,000,000+.\\n7th Century. Conquered by Arabs.\\n1146* Tripoli is taken by Sicilians\\n[1184. Retaken by Yakoub. 1510. Ta-\\nken from Tunis by Ferdinand of Spain.\\n1551. Sultan Solyman takes the citadel,\\nand annexes Tripoli to Turkey.]\\n1551 The Turks make Dragut the\\nfirst governor. [1553. Corsairs Dragut\\nand Sinan expel the Knights of St. John.\\nThe pirates terrorize seamen.]\\n1683* The French bombard Tripoli to\\nsuppress piracy the pasha professes\\nsubmission.\\n1714* *The Moors successfully rebel\\nagainst the Turks, and acquire indepen-\\ndence. Ahmed Caramanti is the first\\npasha elected by the people.\\n1801-05 War with the United States\\n(p. 110). Peace (p. 113).\\n1813* Mohammed el-Senusi comes\\nfrom Algiers. [His austere doctrines\\nare enthusiastically received and many\\nthousand adherents gained.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1150.jp2"}, "1151": {"fulltext": "TRIPOLI.\\n1146, *-1889, July 4. 1139\\n1816 The British force the bey to 1881 Nov.\\nrenounce piracy (p. 938).\\n1835 Tripoli reconquered by Turkey.\\n-t- Ahmed Kassini is pasha. 1889 July 4. A decree is issued abol-\\nA mission opened at Tripoli. ishing the slave-trade.\\nTUNIS.\\nTunis is a French protectorate in Northern Africa capital, Tunis. The government is nominally conducted by a native hey,\\nwho is controlled by a French resident. The Mohammedan religion prevails. Area, 45,000 square miles population, 1,500,000\u00c2\u00b1.\\n509 b. c. Carthage makes a treaty\\nwith Rome. [348. b. c. Utica is an\\nally of Carthage.]\\n264-242 b. c. Carthage at war with\\nRome (p. 1052-1053, 1055).\\n247 b. c. Hannibal, general, born.\\n[183. b. c. Dies.]\\n229 b. c. Hamilcar, general, dies.\\n29 b. c. Carthage is recognized as a\\nRoman city by Augustus.\\n200 a. d. Carthage is a Christian\\nbishopric. [218\u00c2\u00b1, 251, 252 and 253, 254,\\n255 and 256, 330, 397-398, 401, 408, 411 or\\n412, 416, 418, church councils are held.]\\n258 Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, dies.\\n439\u00c2\u00b1 Conquered by Vandals. [7th\\nCentury. By Arabs.]\\n533 *Belisarius takes Carthage for the\\nGreek emperor. [697. Carthage is de-\\nstroyed by Saracens.]\\n700+ Utica flourishes greatly.\\n1050+ The Fatimites send hordes of\\nBedouins from Upper Egypt to ravage\\nTunis.\\n1148 The Zihite dynasty is extin-\\nguished by Roger I. of Sicily Norman\\nauthority is established. [1160. The\\nAlmohade Caliph Abd-al-Mu min ends\\ntheir rule in the capture of Mahdiya.]\\n1267-70 Crusade of Louis IS. of France\\nagainst the Moslems (p. 672+).\\n1336* Abu Zakariya, Prince of Tunis,\\nproclaims independence of the Almo-\\nhades decayed rule founds a dynasty.\\n1390* The Duke of Bourbon conducts\\nan expedition to Tunis.\\n1525* Disputed succession; Khair-ed-\\nDin Barbarossa, urging a pretext, claims\\nit for the sultan of Constantinople. [1536.\\nBarbarossa talces Tunis for the Sultan\\nSolyman.]\\n1537* The expedition of the Emperor\\nCharles V. conquers Tunis, and releases\\nall Christian slaves.\\n1570 Algerines under Ali Pasha take\\nTunis. [1573. By Don Juan of Spain.\\n1575. Talten by the army o^ the Sultan\\nSelim II. he appoints the first bey, who\\nrules as a.Ti kish province it becomes\\na piratical state, and a terror to seamen.]\\n1603-1702 The office of bey is heredi-\\ntary in the house of Murad.\\n1655 Adna. Blake reduces Tunis for\\nrefusing to surrender British captives.\\n1702-05 Ibrahim reigns, the last of the\\nbeys.\\n1705+ The Hussein dynasty reigns.\\n1813 collective note from the pow-\\ners causes the abandonment of piracy.\\n1856 The bey promises constitutional\\nreforms. [1859. Mohammed-es-Sadok,\\ntakes the constitutional oath.]\\n1871 Oct. 25. The sultan decrees that\\nTunis is a part of the Turkish Empire.\\n1879 Jan.* Dispute with France;\\n[settled by the bey (p. 10).\\n1881 Apr. 30. A French force bom-\\nbards and captures Eizerta in redressing\\nalleged predatory incursions into Alge-\\nria. [Oct. 10. The French occupy Tunis.\\nNov. The French army, 20,000 strong,\\nsuppresses resistance.]\\nMay 12. The French sign a treaty with\\nthe bey, which guarantees his security\\nof person and dynasty but virtually an-\\nnexes Tunis to France (p. 753).\\nMay The Sultan protests. [1884. Jan.\\n1. French courts of law set up.]\\n1882 Oct. 28+. Sidi Ali Pasha is bey.\\n1884* Tunis. The North African Mis-\\nsion (Eng.) opens a mission.\\n1889 May 27. Cardinal Lavigerie\\nlays the foundation of pro-cathedral.\\nTURKEY.\\nTurkey is an empire having territory on three continents, southeastern Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa capi-\\ntal, Constantinople. The government is an absolute monarchy under a sultan, and administered by a grand vizier and cabinet.\\nThe population comprises Turks, Greeks, Armenians, Syrians, Bulgarians, Albanians, Jews, Egyptians, and Arabs. The chief\\nreligion is Mohammedanism, but many others are tolerated. Total estimated area, 1,147,578 square miles population, 27,698,000+.\\nTurkey in Europe, area, 126,013 square miles population, 8,987,000+.\\nNote. Dates of Biblical events marked by an S follow McClintock and Strong by W, follow Prof. Owen C. Whitehouee by a star, fol-\\nlow Conybeare and Howson. No attempt has been made to harmonize the contradictory ancient dates assigned by the various authors whose\\nworks have been used in this compilation.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n3750+ e. c. Babylonia. Sargon is a\\nfighter he attacks Elam, conquers the\\nwestland, also the four regions.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\nb. c. Armenia. Adam is a hor-\\nticulturist in Eden. (4004, Usher.)\\n[3875+. Abel a shepherd; Cain is an\\nagriculturist.]\\nb, c. Lameeh is the head of a fam-\\nily of inventors. [Tubal, his son, in-\\nvents wind and stringed instruments of\\nmusic. The father of all such as han-\\ndle the harp and the organ. Tubal-\\nCain invents a method of forging iron\\nand brass weapons. Jabal is the first\\nto erect a tent, and to possess cattle as\\nproperty.] (3875, Usher.)\\n3761 b. c. The era of the Jews\\nbegins.\\n3750 Babylonia. Sargon is a great\\nbuilder. [3700+ Naram-sin, his son,\\nbuilds a temple to the sun at Sippar,\\ncontaining records found 550 B. C. by\\nNarbonidus.]\\nCHURCH.\\nB. c. Armenia. Adam created\\nthe church a theocracy. Fall of Adam\\nand Eve Saviour promised. (4004, U.)\\nb. c. Animals are offered in sacri-\\nfice by Abel the fruit of the ground\\nis offered by Cain. (3875, Usher.)\\nB. C. Seth becomes the preserver\\nof true religion. (3874, Usher.)\\nB. c. Enoch is translated at the age\\nof 365 years. (3185, S. 3017, Usher.)\\nB. C. Because of the wickedness of\\nthe antediluvians, the Deluge is sent\\nfor their destruction, and continues 377\\ndays. (3154, Hales 2516-2515, S.; 2348, U.)\\nSOCIETY MISCELLANEOUS.\\nB. C. Asia. The family is insti-\\ntuted. (4004, Usher.)\\nfc b. c. Asia. Polygamy is intro-\\nduced by Lameeh, who takes two wives.\\n(3130, Usher.)\\nSTATE.\\nb. c. Theocracy in Eden Adam\\nand Eve. (4004, Usher.)\\nb. c. Cain builds Enoch, the first\\ncity. (3875, Usher.)\\n3750 b. c. Babylonia. Sargon, the\\nfirst historic king, reigns in the north.\\n[3700+. Naram-sin reigns. 2200. Ur-Bahu\\nconsolidates the kingdom. 2287-32. Ham-\\nmurab, the sixth king, reigns. 2232-2 I 1)7.\\nSamsu-Iluna reigns.]\\n2700 (or 2800) Babylonia. Ur is an\\nimportant ruling city. (The oldest kings\\nof Ur, Ur-Gur and Dungi, are mentioned\\nas kings of Sbumer (Shinar) in the South,\\nand Akkad (Accad) in the North. 2400.\\nGungunum is King of Ur, and thefounder\\nof the second dynasty. 2300. Nur-\\nKamman and Sin-ldinnam are kings of\\nLarsam in South Babylon.)\\n2400* Babylonia. Sumu-Abi founds\\nthe first dynasty in the list of Babylonian\\nkings.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1151.jp2"}, "1152": {"fulltext": "1140\\nb.c. -1350\u00c2\u00b1\\nTURKEY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n2280\u00c2\u00b1**b. c. Babylonia. Elamite\\ninvasion from the east. Babylon, the\\ncapital, is conquered.\\n2250 B. c. Babylonia. Hammurabi\\ndefeats Rim Sin.\\n2000+ b.c. Asia Minor is the bat-\\ntle-field of the world.\\n*b.c. Assyr. Chedorlaomer, King\\nof Elam, and allied kings capture the\\ncities of the plain of Sodom Lot is\\ntaken. Abraham defeats the four kings\\nand rescues Lot. (1912, Usher.)\\nb. c. Pal. Ishmael becomes an\\narcher. (1892, Usher.)\\n1600+ B. c. Pal. The Hittites are\\ndefeated by the Egyptians at Megiddo\\n(p. 648). [1300+ Barneses II. defeats\\nthem at Kadesh on the Orontes.]\\nb. c. Pal. Moses sends 12 spies to\\nCanaan. (1490, Usher.)\\nB. c. Pal. The Israelites defeat the\\nAmmonites under King Sihon and take\\nthree cities. Joshua defeats the Midi-\\nanites, exterminates the women, and\\ntakes great booty. (1452, Usher.) [He\\ndefeats the second confederacy of Ca-\\nnaanite kings and their allies. Rahab\\nreceives Joshua s spies at Jericho. He\\nkills the King of Jerusalem. Israelites\\ndefeat Og, King of Bashan capture\\nJericho. Defeat men of Ai. Also de-\\nfeat confederacy of kings. (1451, Usher.)\\nThe Canaanites use cavalry in battle.\\n(1450, Usher.)]\\nB. c. Pal. Israel nearly extermi-\\nnates Benjamin. (1406, Usher.)\\nb. c. Pal. Deborah, the proph-\\netess, and Barak, the captain, defeat\\nSisera, and deliver Israelites from their\\nthird bondage. (1396, Usher.)\\nb. c. Pal. Othniel delivers Israel-\\nites from rule of Cushan-Kishathaim.\\n(1567, S.; 1394, Usher.)\\nB. c. Pal. The Israelites are de-\\nfeated, and serve Eglon, king of Moab.\\n[Ehud delivers Israel; 10,000 Moabites\\narekilled. 133G, I sher.)] l- .09, S. 1354,\\nUsher.)\\n1350\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. The Assyrians are gen-\\nerally victorious in many battles with\\nBabylonians. [1300\u00c2\u00b1 Bel Kudur-uzur\\ngains much land from the Assyrians.\\nAssyrians under Tukulti-Adar conquer\\nBabylon. 1153 Askur. Dan I. of As-\\nsyria defeats the Babylonian king Za-\\nmama-sum-iddina.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\nb. c. Armenia. The Ark is com-\\nmenced by Noah. (2468, Usher.)\\nThe cubit is used for measurements. Calk-\\ning with pit oil employed, and doors and win-\\ndowsused. [234M. Ark is completed. Length\\nabout 540, breadth 90, and height 54 feet.\\n(Murphy.)]\\n2349 Dec. 7. b. c. Armenia. The\\nDNToachian deluge begins.\\nIt continues 377 days. (Blair.) [2348. May\\n6. Noah s art rests on one of (he mountains\\nof Ararat. (Blair.) Dec. 18. Noah and fam-\\nily leave the Ark.]\\nb. c. Armenia. Noah plants a\\nvineyard, and drinks of the wine and is\\ndrunken. (2347, Usher.)\\n2287-2232 b.c. Hammurabi builds the\\ngreat canal and many temples.\\n2286 b. o. Chaldea. King Urukh\\nbuilds numerous temples.\\n*b. c. Babylon. Tower of Babel is\\nbuilt, of bricks and mortar, as a means\\nof escape in time of flood. (2247, U.)\\n2234* b. c. Babylon. Astronomical\\nobservations are made by the Chal-\\ndeans. [Calisthenes, the Greek philos-\\nopher, is present when Alexander the\\nGreat takes Babylon he finds in the\\ntower of Babel calculations of eclipses\\nfor 1,903 years preceding.]\\n2232-2197 b. c. Samsu-iluna builds a\\ngreat canal.\\nb. c. Pal. Oil lamps are used in\\nthe days of Abraham. (1921, Usher.)\\n*b. c. Pal. Wells are dug by Abra-\\nham. (1892, Usher.) [By Isaac. (1894,\\nUsher.)]\\n1700 b. c. Phenicia. Alphabetical\\nwriting is discovered.\\n1494* b. c. Europe. Writing is taught\\nto the Latins by Europa, daughter of\\nAgenor, King of Phenicia. (Thucydides.)\\nb. c. Arabia. Manna is sent for\\nthe sustenance of the Israelites while\\njourneying through the wilderness. Ar-\\ntisans are inspired for the production of\\nthe Tabernacle. (1491, U.) LBezaleel\\nand Aholiab build the Tabernacle of\\nMoses in the wilderness, and make all\\nthe vessels and ornaments.]\\nfc b. c. Joshua commands the sun and\\nthe moon to stand still while he fights\\nthe Canaanite confederacy. (1451, U.)\\nfe b. c. The plow is in use. Thou\\nshalt not plow with an ox and an ass\\ntogether.\\nb. c. The sling is used in battle\\nwith great skill by the Benjamite\\nBlingers. (1406, Usher.)\\nCHURCH.\\nfc *B.c. Noah erects an altar the first\\nmentioned in history. (2347, Usher.)\\nfc B. c. Armenia. Abram departs\\nfrom Haran. (20SS, S. 1921, Usher.)\\nfc B. c. Pal. Abram receives the bless-\\ning of Melchizedek, after delivering\\nLot from the four kings.\\nb b. c. Abram sends away Ishmael\\nand Hagar the concubine. [Ishmael be-\\ncomes the progenitor of the Arabs.]\\n(1913, Usher.)\\nb. c. Pal. The rite of circum-\\ncision is instituted as the seal of God s\\ncovenant with Abraham. (2064, S. 189S,\\nUsher.)\\n1 b. c. Pal. The cities of Sodom and\\nGomorrah are destroyed by fire the\\nvale of Sodom becomes a part of the\\nDead Sea.\\nB. c. Judea. Abraham intention-\\nally offers up his son Isaac. (1872, U.)\\nB. C. Judea. Esau sells his birth-\\nright to Jacob for a mess of pottage.\\n(1805, Usher.)\\n*B.c. Judea. Jacob flees from home;\\nhas a ladder-vision in Bethel. (1927, S.\\n1760, Usher.)\\nB. c. Armenia. Jacob departs from\\nLaban. He wrestles with the angel for\\na blessing. His name is changed. (1907,\\nS. 1739, Usher.)\\nc *b. c. Job, the patriarch, flourishes.\\n(1520+ 720+ 1730, Usher.)\\n1 b. c. Judea. Joseph is sold by\\nhis brothers. (1395, S. 1729, U.) [He in-\\nterprets the Egyptian prisoners dreams.\\n(1885, S. 1718, U.) He becomes gover-\\nnor of Egypt under Pharaoh. (1883, S.\\n1715, U.) The sons of Jacob visit Egypt,\\nseeking food. (1875, S. 1707, U.) Jacob s\\nfamily migrates to Egypt by the invita-\\nion of Joseph and Pharaoh. (1750, W.\\n1784, S. 1706, U.)]\\nB. c. Egy. The Israelites are per-\\nsecuted by Barneses II. Miamum. (1573,\\nU.) Their male children are cast\\ninto the Nile. 1571, Usher (p. 648).]\\nB. c. Egy. Moses, the Hebrew\\nchild, is adopted into the royal family.\\n(1571, Usher.)\\nr* He renounces Pharaoh s court,\\nkills an Egyptian oppressor, and flees\\nfor his life toMidian in Arabia. (1698, S.\\n1531, Usher.) He beholds the burning\\nhush in the wilderness near Sinai, and\\nreceives his commission to deliver Israel.\\n(1491, Usher).]\\n*B. c. Egy. The ten plagues. The\\nriver is changed to blood frogs lice\\nflies murrain of cattle; boils and blains;\\nhail; locusts darkness death of the\\nfirst-born. (1491, Usher.)\\nr *B. c. Egy. The Passover, the most\\nsolemn festival of the Jews, is instituted\\nto commemorate their escape from the\\nland of bondage the destroying angel\\npassed over their homes. (1491, U.)\\nB. c. Egy. The Exodus. (1320,\\nW.) [A pillar of cloud by day and a\\npillar of fire by night lead Israel all\\nthe way from Egypt to Canaan. Pharaoh\\nand the Egyptians drown in the Red\\nB. c. Arabia. Israelites mu\\nbecause the waters of Marah are hit-\\nter. (1491, Usher.)\\nB. c. Arabia. The Sabbath is sanc-\\ntified in the omission of the fall of manna.\\nWater issues from the rock of Horeb\\nwhen Moses smites it with a rod. Moses\\nand Aaron are forbidden admission to\\nCanaan for speaking unadvisedly. The\\nglory of God seen on Sinai; 50 days\\nafter leaving Egypt, it is displayed to\\nthe eyes of men. The voice of God ut-\\nters the Ten Commandments in hear-\\ning of all the people at Sinai. Moses and\\n70 elders ascend Sinai to meet God\\nMoses remains 40 days. The Israelites\\nworship the golden calf 3.000 idolaters\\nare killed. Moses breaks the two tables\\nof stone in his indignation he mediates\\nfor Israel; beholds the glory of God from\\na cleft in the rock he spends another\\n40 days with God on Sinai returns\\nwith new tables of stone. Contributions\\nare made for the erection of the Taber-\\nnacle at Sinai. (1658, S.) Israelites de-\\nsire flesh food. Quails are sent in over-\\nabundance, and the plague follows. El-\\ndad and Medad prophesy in the camp,\\nunforbidden by Moses. The Tabernacle\\nat Sinai is dedicated. (1657, S.) Aaron\\nand his sons are consecrated for the\\npriesthood. Wadab and Abihu offer\\nstrange fire. Animals are separated into\\nclean and unclean classes. Laws of\\npurification after childbirth and sani-\\ntary laws are given. The yearly day of\\natonement is instituted at Sinai. Pro-\\nhibitions are announced. The Sanhe-\\ndrin is instituted as the highest council\\nof jurisdiction. Pal. The Israelites ar-\\nrive at Kadesh, murmur, and are sent\\nhack to wander in the wilderness.] (1490,\\nUsher.)\\nB. c. Korah and his rebellious com-\\npany of 250 chief men are swallowed by\\nan earthquake. Aaron s rod buds and\\nblossoms. (1471, Usher.)\\nB. c. Aaron dies Eleazar suc-\\nceeds his father in the office of high\\npriest. (1619, S. 1452, U.) The brazen\\nserpent is set up. Balaam, the sooth-\\nsayer, attempts to curse Israel, and\\nblesses them instead he is reproved by\\nan ass.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1152.jp2"}, "1153": {"fulltext": "TURKEY.\\nb.c. -1350\\n1141\\n*b.c. Pal. The Jordan is divided\\nIsrael passes over dry shod, and enters\\nthe land of Canaan. The manna ceases.\\n(1618, S.) The captain of the Lord s host\\nappears unto Joshua in Canaan. Cir-\\ncumcision is renewed after a lapse of 40\\nyears. Jericho is destroyed R-ahab is\\npreserved. Joshua commands the sun\\nand moon to stay their course while he\\nfights the Canaanite kings. Achan sins\\nin taking of the accursed thing.\\nMoses prays that he may enter the\\npromised land, hut is denied. He writes\\nthe Pentateuch. He dies. (1451, U.)\\nB. c. Pal. Forty-eight cities are as-\\nsigned to the Levites. The Tabernacle\\nis established in Canaan at Shiloh [near\\nJerusalem]. The Israelites erect an al-\\ntar west of the Jordan. The land of\\nCanaan is divided by casting lots.\\n(1444, U.)\\nB. c. Pal. The Israelites worship\\nBaal also Ashtoreth, a Phenician god-\\ndess of the Venus type. (1406, S. 1425, U.)\\nb. c. Judea. The Benjamites are\\nnearly destroyed by their brethren.\\nMicah, the Danite, has a Levite for a\\npriest also household gods. Eleazar,\\nthe high priest, dies Phineas is his suc-\\ncessor. (1406, U.) [Abishua; *Bukki;\\n1255. Uzzi.]\\n1402-1095 b. c. Pal. Judges rule Is-\\nrael. (1567-1093, S. 1425-1095, Usher.)\\nLETTERS.\\n*B.O. A Speech of Lamech [the old-\\nest poetry extant.] (3874, Usher.)\\nB. c. A confusion of tongues oc-\\ncurs at the Tower of Babel. (2347, Usher.)\\n1700 b. c. Accadian or Chaldean li-\\nbraries are formed.\\nB. c. The song of deliverance and\\nthe passage through the Bed Sea is writ-\\nten. The Ten Commandments were\\nwritten on two tables of stone. (1491, U.)\\nb. c. An Amorite poem is written.\\n(Num. xxii.) (1452, Usher.)\\nB. c. The Israelites commanded to\\nset up great stones, with the words of\\nthe law written upon them. (1451, Usher.)\\nb. c. The Song of Moses is written.\\n(Deut. xxx.) (1451, Usher.)\\nSOCIETY MISCELLANEOUS.\\n*b.c. Asia. Licentiousness and\\nviolence precede the Deluge. (2468, U.)\\nB. C. Armenia. Noah, a vineyard-\\nist, becomes intoxicated. (2347, Usher.)\\n2007 B. c. Assyr. Eunuchs are\\nmentioned Queen Semiramis employs\\nthem.\\nb. c. Pal. Gold and silver money\\nare first mentioned; Abraham buys a\\nburial-place. (1920, Usher.)\\nb. c. Jerusalem. Salem is first\\nmentioned. (1913, Usher.)\\n*b.c. Pal. Civil oaths are taken\\nby Abraham. (1892, Usher.)\\nB. c. Judea. Esau grieves his par-\\nents by marrying two Hittite wives.\\n(1796, Usher.)\\n*B.c. Judea. Jacob uses a base\\nstratagem to secure his aged father s\\nblessing, and then flees for his life from\\nEsau, his wronged brother. (1767, U.)\\nB. C. Armenia. Jacob marries his\\ntwo cousins, Leah and Rachel, for\\nwhom he serves 14 years. (1760, Usher.)\\nb. C. Judea. The 10 sons of Jacob\\nsell young Joseph, their brother, the\\nfavorite of their father, to the Ishmael-\\nites as a slave. (1729, Usher.)\\nB. C. Egy. Joseph s property is\\ndistributed by a last will. (1689, U.)\\nb. c. Arabia. Moses accepts the\\ncounsels of Jethro, his father-in-law.\\nMiriam and Aaron murmur against\\nMoses because of his Ethiopian wife.\\n(1491, Usher.)\\nb. c. Pal. Usury from strangers is\\npermitted, but forbidden of brethren.\\nJewish law requires a man s brother\\nto marry his widow, if she is without\\nchildren. The Jews are forbidden to\\nmar their beards. Criminals are com-\\nmonly stoned. Adultery is punishable\\nwith death. The year of Jewish Ju-\\nbilee is appointed. Lands revert to ori-\\nginal owners the land rests bondsmen\\nare set free.\\nb. C. Pal. Phineas the priest\\nthrusts a man and woman through.\\nIsraelites destroy the Midianites on the\\nplains of Moab, but spare the licentious\\nwomen. (1452, Usher.)\\nB. C. Arabia. Jews are forbidden\\nto wear garments of wool and cotton\\nmixed together, or those of the oppo-\\nsite sex. Elogging is limited to forty\\nstripes. Wilful murder is punishable\\nwith death accidental homicide is not,\\nbut the killer may abide in one of the\\ncities of refuge until the high priest dies.\\nKing Og, a giant, has a bedstead nine\\ncubits long (13\u00c2\u00a3 feet). (1451, Usher.)\\n1433 B. c. Babylon. Atossa, daugh-\\nter of Belochus, introduces the custom\\nof selling marriageable females annu-\\nally to the highest bidder.\\nb. c. Pal. The tribe of Benjamin\\nis nearly annihilated for defending\\nbeastly criminals, (1390, Usher.)\\nSTATE.\\n2287-2232 B.C. Babylonia. Hammu-\\nrabi reigns he drives out the last of the\\nElamitic invaders, restores the union of\\nSimmer and Akkad, and makes Babylon\\nthe capital city. [The kingdom lasts\\n2,000 years.] He saves the land from de-\\nvastating floods by a regular system of\\nirrigation and a wall along the Tigris.\\nHe built the great Hammurabi -Canal.\\n2250+ b. c. Phenicia. Tyre is built.\\n2232-2197 B. C. Babylonia. Samsu-\\niluna reigns he is son of Hammurabi.\\nb. c. Dispersion of Noah s\\ngrandsons. (2247, Usher.)\\nSons of Shem: Elam to Persia; Ashur to\\nAssyria; Arphaitad, ancestor of the Jews;\\nLud to Lydia; Aram to Syria.\\nSons of Ham: Cush to Babylon; Misraim\\nto Egypt; Phutto Libya; Canaan to Phenicia.\\nSons of Japheth: Gomer, the Indo-Ger-\\nmanic races; Magog to northern Asia; Madai\\nto Media; Javan to the land of the Greets or\\nlonians, France, Home, Spain, etc. Tubal to\\nTartary; Meshech to Muscovy Tiraa to\\nThrace.\\nb. c. Armenia. Haik, a fugitive from\\nAssyria, arrives, ami becomes ruler. [1827.\\nAram reigns, and founds [Cffisarea] in Cap-\\npadocia. 1715. Ruled by Assyria.]\\n2094-1726 Babylonia. First dynasty.\\n[1700\u00c2\u00b1. The Kossaic invasion occurs, and\\nthe invaders are absorbed without in-\\njury to the Semitic character and civili-\\nzation.]\\nJ2048 b. c. Ire. Partholani lands, and\\nfounds a Phenician colony.\\n2000 b. c. The Assyrians have\\nbecome a people separate from the\\nBabylonians.\\nb. c. Armenia. Abraham leaves\\nPadan-Aram for Canaan. (1921, Usher.)\\n[1918. He visits Egypt.] (2S76\u00c2\u00b1, Wilkin-\\nson.)\\nb. c. Syria. Damascus is already\\na city. (1913, Usher.) [1702. Altades\\nreigns.]\\nb. c. Jerusalem. Salem founded.\\n(1913, Usher.)\\n1840\u00c2\u00b1-70\u00c2\u00b1 B.C. Assyr. Ismi-dagon reigns.\\n1726-1150 Babylonia. Second dynasty.\\nKings are mostly Kossaic. An indepen-\\ndent Assyrian kingdom is founded dur-\\ning this dynasty.\\n1723 b. c. Babylonia. Dynasty of\\nAssyrians. (Kawiinson.)\\nb. C. Egy. Joseph, the ex-slave,\\nis governor. (1715, Usher.) [1706.\\nHis father and brethren migrate to\\nEgypt-]\\nb. c. Egy. Sesostris (Hameses\\nII. King of Thebes, extends his do-\\nminions by the conquest of Arabia, Per-\\nsia, India, and Asia Minor.\\n*B. c. Egy. Moses, the Hebrew, is\\nadopted into the royal family by Pha-\\nraoh s daughter. (1531, Usher.)\\n1518-1273 B.C. Babylon. Dynasty of\\nthe Arabs. (Rawlinson.)\\n*b. c. Egy. The Exodus; 600,000\\nIsraelites, besides the children, escape.\\n(1491, Usher.)\\nb. c. Pal. The 12 spies report gi-\\nants in Canaan (1490, Usher) the Isra-\\nelites rebel [and wander 38 years in the\\nB. c. Pal. Korah, Dathan, and\\nAbiram mutiny against Moses. (1471, U.)\\nb. c. Pal. Reuben and Gad so-\\nlicit an inheritance east of the Jordan.\\nBalak, King of the Moabites, is intimi-\\ndated. (1452, Usher.)\\nb. c. Pal. Joshua succeeds Moses,\\n(1451, U.) [He leads Israel into Canaan,\\nwhere the journey of 40 years ends.]\\n*b. c. Pal. The Gibeonites deceive\\nJoshua, and obtain a treaty of peace.\\nHe makes them hewers of wood and\\ndrawers of water. [Joshua partly di-\\nvides the land of Canaan among the\\ntribes of Israel. (1445, Usher.) He dies,\\nand the elders of the people rule Israel.]\\n(1593, S. 1443, Usher.)\\n1480 b. c. Chaldea. Kara-in-das reigns.\\n[1445, Purna-puriyas; 1405, Kara-Khar-das;\\n1401, Nayibugas; 1400, Kurri-Galzu; 1300,\\nTiglathinin.]\\nB. c. First bondage of the Israel-\\nites, under the King of Mesopotamia.\\n(1575, S. 1402, Usher.)\\nB. c. Othniel judges Israel. (1567,\\nS. 1394-54, Usher.) [Ehud (1509, S.;\\n1336, Usher) Shamgar (1429, S.) Debo-\\nrah and Barak (1409, S. 1296, Usher),]\\n1374* B. c. Mysia. Tros reigns in H-\\nlium [Troy] Phrygia. [1260 Leomedon.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1153.jp2"}, "1154": {"fulltext": "1142 1345\u00c2\u00b1 b.c.-888\u00c2\u00b1** b.c. TURKEY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n*b. c. Pat. Shamgar kills 600 Phil-\\nistines with an ox-goad. (1320, Usher.)\\nb. c. Pal. Deborah and Barak de-\\nfeat Sisera and deliver Israel. (1409, S.\\n1296, Usher.)\\n*B.c. Pal. Gideon and 300 men sur-\\nprise the vast camp of Midianites in the\\nnight, and create a panic hy torches and\\ntrumpets. (1262, S. 1249, Usher.)\\n1240 b. c. Mysia. The Argonauts\\ncapture Troy. [1194-1183. Siege of Troy.]\\n(P. 1014.)\\n1200-1150 Assyr. Asur-dan I. conquers\\nmany cities.\\nb. c. Pal. Jephthah defeats the\\nAmmonites. (1143, Usher.)\\nB. c. Pal. Samson slays a thou-\\nsand Philistines with the jawbone of an\\nass. (1185, S. 1140, Usher.)\\nB. c. Pal. Samuel defeats the\\nPhilistines at Mizpeh. (1121, Usher.)\\n1120 B. c. Babylonia. Nebuchad-\\nnezzar is defeated in a campaign against\\nAshur-res-isi. [Nebuchadnezzar becomes\\nfamous as a warrior he conducts a cam-\\npaign against the Elamites conquers\\nthe Kulubaer, the westland, and the\\ncountry north and east of Babylon.]\\n1120-1100 b. c. Assyr. Tiglath-Pile-\\nser I. is a warlike king he fought 42\\ncountries and their kings.\\nAssyr. Tiglath-Pileser I. conquers\\nMusku (O. T., Mesech) and Babylon he\\nconquers and attaches 42 lands.\\nB. C. Pal. Saul delivers Jabesh-\\nGilead from the Ammonites. (1084, S.\\n1037, W. 1095, Usher.)\\nb. c. Pal. Saul forms a standing\\narmy; Jonathan defeats the Philis-\\ntines. (1077, S.; 1093, Usher.) [Jonathan\\nwith his armor-bearer smites the Philis-\\ntines. (1087, Usher.)]\\nb. c. Pal. Saul with 200,000 men\\ndefeats the Amalekites, and disobedi-\\nently spares King Agag and the spoil.\\n(1070, S. 1079, Usher.)\\nb. c. Pal. David kills Goliath, the\\nPhilistine giant. King Saul defeats the\\nAmalekites in South Palestine. The\\nIsraelites rout the Philistines at Ephes-\\ndammin. (1063, S. Usher.)\\nB. c. Pal. David defeats the Amal-\\nekites after they have taken Ziklag and\\nmuch spoil. (1056, Usher.)\\n*b. c. Pal. The Philistines defeat\\nKing Saul at Mount Gilboa he com-\\nmits suicide. (1055, Usher.)\\nb. c. Pal. Jerusalem is taken by\\nDavid. (1044, S. 1048, Usher.)\\nb. c. Pal. David subdues the Phil-\\nistines in two pitched battles. (1045, S.\\n1044, Usher.) [The Ammonites and the\\nSyrians. (1043, Usher.) He subdues the\\nMoabites. (1040, Usher.)]\\n*b. c. Syria. Damascus is taken by\\nDavid, but soon surrendered. (1040, U.)\\nb. c. Judea. Absalom rebels\\nagainst David his father. [Defeated in\\nthe woods of Ephraim by Joab being\\ncaught in a tree, he is killed. (1023, S.\\n1023, Usher.)]\\n966+ b. c. Judea. Invasion of Shi-\\nshak, King of Egypt he captures Je-\\nrusalem, and plunders the Temple. (969,\\nUsher 932, Kent.)\\nb. c. Pal. Abijah defeats Jero-\\nboam, who loses 500,000 men. (958, U.)\\n932* b. C. Judea. Invasion of Zerah,\\nKing of Ethiopia, with a million men\\nhe is defeated at Mareshak by King Asa.\\n(941, Usher.)\\nb. c. Samaria. Benhadadl., King\\nof Syria, besieges Samaria, but is re-\\npulsed by Ahab aided by Jehoshaphat.\\n(901, Usher.) [He defeats the allies at\\nRamoth Gilead. (853, W. 897, U.)]\\n900+ b. c. Judea. Asa establishes a\\nstanding army. (955, Usher.)\\nb. c. Judea. The Moabites, Am-\\nmonites, and other invaders through\\ndissensions destroy each other great\\nspoil is taken by the tribe of Judah.\\n(896, Usher.)\\nb. c. Pal. Jehoshaphat, with al-\\nlies, invades Moab; its king offers the\\nheir-apparent in sacrifice. (895, Usher.)\\nb. c. Pal. Samaria besieged and\\ndelivered from Syrians. (891, Usher.)\\nART\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1120-1100 b. c. Tiglath-Pileser is a\\ngreat builder.\\n1100+ b. c. Phenecia. Architec-\\nture is cultivated hy the Tyrians. The\\nPhenicians trade [with England] for tin.\\n*b. c. Judea. Files are used. (1093,\\nUsher.) Armor is used in battle\\nby Goliath. (1063, Usher.)]\\n*B. c. Pal. David commands the\\nuse of the bow to be taught to the He-\\nbrews. (1055, Usher.)\\n1011-978 B. c. Jerusalem. David s\\nhouse of cedar is built by me-\\nchanics sent from Tyre.\\n978-938 B.C. Jerusalem. Natural his-\\ntory is studied by Solomon.\\n975 b. c. Jerusalem. Solomon com-\\nmences the erection of the first Tem-\\nple. [Completed in seven and a half\\nyears, and dedicated by a layman the\\nking. 588. Summer. Burned by Nebu-\\nchadnezzar].\\n937 b. c. Breastplates are invented\\nby Jason.\\n890 *b. c. Pal. Year of the Moabite\\nstone.\\nCHURCH.\\nb. c. Ruth and Naomi dwell to-\\ngether. (1312, Usher.) [Deborah is\\nprophetess. (1296, Usher.)]\\nb. c. Pal. Gideon overturns the\\naltar of Baal built by his father. The\\nIsraelites lapse into idolatry after his\\ndeath. (1362, S. 1249, Usher.)\\n1171 b. c. Pal. Eh becomes high\\npriest of Israel. [His wicked sons min-\\nister in the priest s office. (1165, U.)]\\nb. c. Pal. Jephthah makes a vow\\nand devotes his daughter. (1143, Usher.)\\nb. c. Pal. The child Samuel is\\ncalled. (1171, Usher.) [The Israelites are\\ndistressed in battle with the Philistines,\\nand bring the Ark of God into the camp\\nand lose it 30,000 Israelites are killed\\nEli is shocked by the tidings, and dies.\\n(1125, S. 1141, Usher.) The god Dagon\\nfalls before the Ark of God 50,000 Phil-\\nistines are smitten with a plague.]\\nB. C. Pal. Beth-shemeshites are\\nsmitten of God for looking into the\\nArk. It is taken to Kirjath. (1140,\\nUsher.) [Returned, drawn by two fresh\\nmilk cows.]\\n*b. c. Pal. The Israelites repent at\\nMizpeh; they are delivered from the\\nPhilistines. (1105, S. 1120, Usher.)\\nb. c. Pal. King Saul offers the\\nburnt offering in the absence of Samuel.\\nRejected as king. (1093, Usher.)\\n*b.c. Pal. Ahitubl.ishighpriestof\\nthe Israelites. 1125-1085, S. 109*3, U.)\\n1037\u00c2\u00b1**b. c. Pal. Saul spares Agag\\nand the best of the spoil. (1070, S. 1079,\\nUsher.)\\n1014+ *b.c. Jerusalem. David brings\\nup the ark with great joy 30,000 men\\naccompany it, singing the 68th Psalm.\\nThe Ark of God is placed in the taberna-\\ncle of David, after resting 98 years in\\nGibeah. Uzzah is smitten with death\\nfor laying hands on the ark it rests\\nwith Obed-Edom. (1043, S. 1042, Usher.)\\n1012+ *b.c. Pal. Nathan is prophet\\nin Israel he prophesies of the Messiah\\nas the Son of David. (1042, Usher.)\\n1005\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Judea. David sins with\\nBathsheba her husband is killed. (1035,\\nS. Usher.) [9S7. He sins in numbering\\nthe people pestilence follows. (1023, U.)]\\n975 b. c. Jerusalem. The Temple.\\n(See Art.) [967+ Dedicated with great\\nmagnificence.] (1003, S.)\\n950+ b. c. Jerusalem. Solomon is\\nseduced into idolatry by his heathen\\nwives. He builds temples for profane\\nrites on the Mount of Corruption. (985,\\nUsher.)\\n*b. c. Ahijah is prophet in Israel.\\n(980, Usher.) [Hanani; Azariah in Ju-\\ndah. (941, Usher.)]\\n937 b. c. Samaria. Jeroboam I. sets\\nup two golden calves, and establishes\\nidolatry as the state religion of the ten\\ntribes of Israel.\\n932 b. c. Judea. Shishak captures\\nJerusalem, and carries the sacred ves-\\nsels of the Temple to Egypt.\\n917+** B.C. Judea. Asa reforms reli-\\ngion, and rebukes the idolaters. (953, S.)\\n[941+ Asa imprisons Hanani, the re-\\nproving seer.]\\n900+ *B.c. Samaria. Jehuis prophet\\nin Israel. (930, Usher.)\\nLETTERS.\\nb. c. Deborah s song of triumph\\nover Sisera is written. (1296, Usher.)\\nB. c. Parable of the ambitious\\nbramble, by Jotham the Israelite the\\noldest fable extant, as beautiful as any\\nmade since. (Addison.) (1209, Usher.)\\nB. c. The first enigma; Samson s\\nriddle. (1141, Usher.)\\n1060+ B. c. The Psalms are writ-\\nten.\\n990+ b. c. Nathan s fable of the\\npoor man is declared.\\n977+ B. c. The Book of Ecclesiastes\\nis written. (200?)\\n960+ B. c. The Song of Solomon is\\nwritten. (586-520\\n950+ b. \u00e2\u0080\u009ec. Solomon collects the\\nPsalms of David. [Others are added\\nlater.]\\nb. c. The Book of Proverbs is com-\\npiled or written by Solomon.\\nSOCIETY MISCELLANEOUS.\\nb. c. Judea. Ruth, the Moabitess,\\nis married to Boaz, the Bethlehemite.\\nBoaz gives his reapers vinegar to drink.\\n(1312, Usher.)\\nb. c. Pal. Abimelech kills his 70\\nbrothers. (1236, Usher.)\\nB. C. Judea. Samson destroys the\\nvineyardsof thePhilistines. [1120. He\\nis ensnared by Delilah. He is the first\\nJewish suicide. (1195, Usher.)]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1154.jp2"}, "1155": {"fulltext": "TURKEY. 1345 b. c. -888 b. c. 1143\\n1143 b. c. Lydia. The temple of\\nDiana at Ephesus is burned by Amazons.\\nb. c. Judea. Samuel s degenerate\\nsons become corrupt judges. (1120, U.)\\n1020\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Judea. David becomes\\na courtier; be plays tbe harp.\\nb. C. Judea. David marries Michal,\\ndaughter of King Saul. [1017\u00c2\u00b1. He mar-\\nries Abigail, the widow of Nabal the\\nCarmelite. Also Ahinoam of Jezreel.\\n992\u00c2\u00b1. Also Bath-sheba, the widow of\\nUriah.]\\nb. c. King Saul consults the witch\\nof Endor. (1056, Usher.)\\n1020+ *b.c. Judea. David hides in the\\ncave of Adullam. Every one that was\\nin distress, in debt, and dis-\\ncontented, gathered themselves unto\\nhim.\\n980+ B. c. Judea. Absalom causes\\nAmnon, his half-brother, to be assassin-\\nated because of his incest with Tamar.\\n970\u00c2\u00b1 *b.c. Judea. Rizpahwatch.es\\nby the bodies of the seven sons of Saul,\\nwho have been slain by the Gibeonites.\\n960\u00c2\u00b1(?)* *b.c. Judea. Solomon mar-\\nries the daughter of the King of Egypt.\\n888+ b. c. Samaria,. Zimri assassin-\\nates King Elah while [the king was]\\ndrinking himself drunk.\\nSTATE.\\nb. c. Pal. Second bondage of\\nIsraelites, under Eglon. (1527, S. 1354-\\n36, Usher.) [Ehud delivers Israel by as-\\nsassinating Eglon.]\\n1345+ Assyr. Ramman-Ni rari I.\\nreigns. 911-890. Ramman-Ni rari II.\\nreigns.\\nb. c. Pal. The Israelites third\\nbondage, under Jabin. (1429, S. 1316-\\n1296, Usher). Delivered by Deborah\\nand Barak.]\\n1306 b c. Pal.+ The Hittites are\\na powerful people.\\n1302+ B. c. Assyr. Tukulti Adar\\nI. reigns. He makes conquests in the\\nnorthwest, and brings Babylonia alto-\\ngether under Assyrian rule.\\n1300+ B. c. Assyr. The kingdom\\nrises. (Rawlinson.) (1330). Shalman-\\neser I. reigns. [He builds (modern)\\nNimrud. He plants an Assyrian colony\\nabout 45 miles west of Nineveh. He\\nbrings the Lulumi and the Musri under\\nhis rule.]\\n1298 B. c. Babylonia. The Assyr-\\nian dynasty of which little is known.\\n1270-625 b. c. Babylon is obscured\\nby Assyria; its political life is sus-\\n1257 B. c. Phenicia. Tyre is built\\nthe second time.\\nb. c. Pal. Fourth bondage of\\nIsraelites, under Midianites. (1369, S.\\n1256-49, Usher.) [Delivered by Gideon.\\n(1362, S.)]\\nb. c. Pal. Gideon judges Israel.\\n(1249-09, Usher.) [Abimelech usurps the\\ngovernment. (1209-06, Usher.) Tola,\\n(1206-1183, Usher); Jair (12S3+, Usher.)]\\n1224* b. c. Mysia. Priam, the laBt,\\nreigns in Troy. [1084, Dercyius.]\\n1221-716 B.C. Lydia. The Heraclidee\\ndynasty reigns. Heracles is founder.\\n(Partly fabulous.) [1223. Argon reigns.]\\n1220-930 b. c. Assyr. Again indepen-\\ndent.\\n(1210.) Bel-kudur-ujur reigns; (1205.)\\nAdarpalesara. (1200-1150.) Asur-dau I.\\nreigns.\\n1182* *b. c. It. tineas the Trojan\\nlands in Italy, and founds Livinium.\\n(Legendary.)\\nb. c. Pal. The fifth bondage of\\nIsraelites, under Ammonites. (1274, S.\\n1161-43, Usher.) Sixth bondage, under\\nPhilistines. (1225, S.; 1161-21, U.) Deliv-\\nered by Samuel at Mizpeh. (1105, S.)]\\nb. c. Pal. Jephthah breaks the\\nyoke of the Ammonites, and judges a\\na part of Israel. (1135-37, Usher.) EH\\njudges a part of Israel. (1181-41, Usher.)\\n[Ibzan, (1137-30, Usher); Elon, (1130-20,\\nUsher); Abdon, (1120-12, Usher).]\\n1140-1120 Assyria. Ashur-res-isi\\nb. c. Pal. Samson judges part of\\nIsrael. (1136-20, Usher.) Samuel. (1120-\\n1080, Usher.)\\n1120-1100 b. c. Assyr. Tiglath-Pile-\\nser I. reigns he conquers territory\\nfrom Mt. Zagros to Syria.\\n1115-06* b. c. Babylonia. Marduk-\\nnadin-achi reigns.\\n1100+-850 b. c. Assyr. Carehemish,\\nthe capital of the Hittites, is a city of\\ngreat splendor. [850. Subjected by\\nShalmaneser II. 717. By Sargon, and\\nplaced under a governor.]\\n1050 b. c. Phenicia. Tyre becomes\\npreeminent.\\n1050+ b. c. Babylonia. Eourth dy-\\nnasty ends.\\n1043+ b. c. Lydia. Ephesus is\\nfounded by Ionians.\\n1040+ b. c. Aegean Sea. Ionia and\\nadjacent isles are colonized by the\\nIonians.\\n1037-937 b. c. Pal. The undivided\\nHebrew monarchy erected.\\n1037-17 b. c. Pal. Saul is the first\\nking of the Israelites the government is\\nchanged from a theocracy to a mon-\\narchy to assuage popular discontent.\\n1011 *b. c. Phenicia. Hiram of\\nTyre is king. [991, Baleazar 984, Ab-\\ndastartus 63, Arstartus.]\\n1010-977 b. c. Pal. David succeeds\\nSaul as King of Israel. (1010-1003, he is\\nKing of Judah 1003-977, King of Israel\\nand Judah (1053, W. S.) Ishbosheth,\\nthe son of Saul, is proclaimed king by\\nAbner, and reigns over a part of the Is-\\nraelites about seven years.\\n1004+ b. c. Pal. David flees from\\nSaul s court. [1003+. Saul hunts for\\nDavid. David spares Saul. 1000+. David\\nfinds refuge from Saul among the Philis-\\ntines, and dwells at Ziklag.]\\n1003* *b.c. Pal. David anointed king\\nthe third time, to rule all the tribes of\\nIsrael. (1046, S.)^ He makes Jerusalem\\nhis capital, City of David. (1044, S.)\\n[He subdues the surrounding nations.\\nThe kingdom is at its maximum, extend-\\ning from the Red Sea to Lebanon on the\\nnorth, and to the Euphrates on the east.]\\n995+ b. c. Syria. Damascus is an-\\nnexed to Israel.\\n978+ b. c. Judea. Absalom rebels\\nagainst David, liis father is proclaimed\\nking at Hebron, and supported by a great\\nmultitude. David flees from Jerusalem.\\n(1023, S.)\\n977+ *b. c. Jerusalem. Sheba, a\\nman of Belial, leads a second rebellion\\nagainst David. [940. Adonijah com-\\npetes for the crown.]\\n977-937 b. c. Solomon reigns over all\\nthe tribes of Israel.\\nb. c. Pal. Solomon prosecutes ex-\\ntensive schemes of commercial policy,\\nsends a navy to the east, and founds\\nPalmyra. (995+, Usher.)\\n980 b. c. Syria. Liberated from\\nPersia by Rezin I. [who is succeeded by\\nHezion, Tabrimmon. 910-870. Benha-\\ndad I. and II. reign].\\n966+ B. c. Judea. Invasion of Shi-\\nshak. (See Army.)\\n960* B. c. Assyr. Anaku-Merodach\\nreigns. [955, Ophratseus 950+-930,\\nTiglath-Pileser II.\\n951* B. c. Phenicia. Aserymus\\nreigns. [912, Phales.]\\n941 B. c. Judea. The invasion of\\nZerah, the Cushite (Osarkon), is re-\\npelled.\\n937 b. c. Pal. Solomon dies, and the\\nkingdom is divided. Two tribes, Ju-\\ndah and Benjamin, form the Kingdom\\nof Judah the 10 remaining tribes se-\\ncede, and form the kingdom of Israel.\\n937-915 b. c. Israel. Jeroboam I.\\nreigns.\\n937-920 b.c. Judea. Behoboam\\nreigns.\\n934* b. c. Assyr. Ephecheres reigns.\\n[930-911, Asur-dan II., Ophratseus.\\n930+-626+. Brilliant epoch. 911-890,\\nRamman-Nirari II. reigns 890-884, Tik-\\nlat-Adar II.]\\n920-917 b. c. Judah. Abijah reigns.\\n[917-876. Asa. He makes a league with\\nBenhadad I. of Syria.]\\n920-880 b. c. Pal. International\\nwar between Judah and Israel.\\n916\u00c2\u00b1 B. c. Rhodes. The island is\\npeopled from Crete. [The Khodians\\nare great navigators.]\\n915-914 b. c. Israel. TJadab reigns.\\n[914-890, Baasha (914-901, W.) S90, Elah\\n(901-900, W.) 889, Zimri 889-887, Omri\\n(900-875, W.), the chief captain, and\\nTibni, rival kings. 885. Tibni is killed.]\\n910+ b. c. Syria. Damascus is the\\ncapital under Benhadad and his succes-\\nsors.\\n889* b. c. Israel. Zimri conspires,\\nand assassinates Elah, and obtains the\\nthrone for seven days. (900, W.)\\n889+ b. c. Pal. Samaria is built by\\nOmri it becomes the capital of Israel.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1155.jp2"}, "1156": {"fulltext": "1144 887\u00c2\u00b1**b.c.-626,\\nTURKEY.\\nARMY WAVY.\\nb. c. Judea. Invaded by Philis-\\ntines and Arabians Jerusalem is plun-\\ndered. (888, Usher.)\\n886 b. c. Syria. Phenicia is con-\\nquered by Sardanapalus. [His military\\nexpeditions visit Zagros, Armenia, and\\n(860) Babylonia, as well as Syria.]\\nb. c. Samaria. Jehu revolts, and\\nsubverts to himself the throne of Is-\\nrael. (.884, U.) [Subjugated by Shalman-\\neser II., who also defeats Hazael (842,\\nUsher.)]\\n854 b. c. Syria. Invaded by Assyr-\\nians. [850, 847, 842, 839, again invaded.]\\n853 b. c. Shalmaneser U. defeats a\\nconfederacy of western kings at Karkar\\non the Orontes (854, Kent). Ahab, King\\nof Israel, and Beiili;nl;nl, King of Syria,\\nwere among the defeated. [852. He in-\\nvades Babylon, and kills King Marduk-\\nbel-usati.]\\nB. c. Judea. Hazael is diverted\\nfrom an invasion by the gift of the sa-\\ncred utensils and treasures of the\\nTemple. Invaded by Syrians, who are\\ndefeated three times by Joash. (840, U.)\\n839 B. C. Shalmanezer H. enters Da-\\nmascus, conquers four cities, which are\\nforced to pay tribute.\\nb. c. Jerusalem. Captured by Is-\\nrael under Joash. (S26, Usher.)\\n*B. C. Pal. Idumeans i\\ndefeated by Amaziah. (827, Usher.)\\nb. c. Pal. Jeroboam H. recovers\\nmost of the territory lost by former\\nkings he captures Damascus, and sub-\\ndues the coasts of Syria. (825, Usher.)\\n813 B. C. Assyr. Samsi Ttamman II.\\npunishes the king of Chaldse as an ene-\\nmy of Babylonia. [814. Babylonians,\\nElamites, and Chalda^ic tribes are allied\\nagainst Assyria, but are defeated.]\\n811-782 Assyr. Ramman Nirari con-\\nducts 18 campaigns he subdues a Baby-\\nlonian uprising for independence he\\nalso captures many cities.\\n803 b. c. Syria. Ramman-nirari III.,\\nKing of Assyria, defeats Benhadad\\nTTT .j King of Damascus. (797, Kent.)\\n782-772 Assyr. Shalmaneser HI. con-\\nducts six campaigns against Armenia.\\n(773.) One against Damascus (772) One\\nagainst Chatarika (O. T. Hadrach).\\n745-727 b. c. Assyr. Tiglath-Pi-\\nleser TTT (Phul) invades Israel, but\\ndeparts without fighting. [744-737. He\\ninvades Elam. 743-735. He makes sev-\\neral expeditions to Babylonia against\\nKing Urartu. 741. Captures Arpad near\\nAleppo. (740.) He takes Damascus, but\\nis forced to return to establish his rule.\\n(738.) Subdues part of Hamath.]\\n742 b. c. Judea. Eezin H. t King of\\nSyria,. harasses Judah.\\n741* b. C. Jerusalem. Besieged by\\nPekah 120,000 men of Judah are killed\\nin one day.\\n740* b. c. Judea. Uzziah is defeated\\nby the Assyrians.\\n735 B. C. Pal. Pekah and Rezin,\\nKings of Damascus and Syria, unite\\nagainst Ahaz, King of Judah. [734-\\n732. Tiglath-Pileser HI., the ally of\\nAhaz, overthrows them near the Eu-\\nphrates many captives are taken from\\nSamaria and Damascus to Assyria.]\\n730-721 b. c. Pal. Hosea solicits Sha-\\nbak, King of Egypt, to assist him against\\nthe Assyrian oppression.\\n727-722 B.C. Syria. Shalmaneser\\nIV., King of Assyria, again subdues a\\nrevolt.\\n723* *B.c. Samaria. Shalmaneser IV.\\nbesieges Samaria for three years. [722.\\nIt is captured by Sargon, the successor\\nof Shalmaneser, who takes away many\\ncaptives.]\\n720 B. c. Assyr. Sargon sends an ex-\\npedition against Hamath. [717, against\\nthe Hittites, and takes Carchemish their\\ncapital 711, against Ashdod.]\\nB. C. Sabaco, King of Egypt, defeats\\nSargon, King of Assyria (p. 651).\\nB. c. Syria. Siege of Tyre. [712.\\nShalmaneser abandons the siege.]\\n712 B. c. Judea. Invasion by Sen-\\nnacherib his army of 185,000 is de-\\nstroyed by pestilence. (701, W. Peck.)\\n702 B. c. Judea. King Sennacherib\\ntakes Ashdod.\\n702+ *b. c. Assyr. Tirhakah of\\nEthiopia defeated by Sennacherib (p.\\n650).\\n701 b. c. Babylonia. Sennacherib\\nconducts his great western campaign.\\n[689. He captures and destroys Babylon.\\n691. Defeats Elam at Halule. 681. In-\\nvades kingdom of Judah.]\\n685-668 b. c. Greece. The second Mes-\\nsenian war.\\n680-631 b. c. Lydia. Sardis is taken\\nby the Cimmerians during the reign of\\nArdys. [503. It is burned by the Athe-\\n671* *b. c. Egy. Esarhaddon makes\\nconquests in Egypt, and defeats Tarku\\n(Tirhakah) at Memphis. [653. Egypt\\nsuccessfully revolts under Psarnmetic us.]\\n662 b. c. Egy. Invasion of Ashur-\\nbanipal.\\n647 b. c. Phraortes subdues Persia\\nand Armenia.\\n637** B.C. Lydia. War with Miletus.\\n[635. The Cimbri besiege Sardis.]\\n633 b. c. Assyr. Cyaxares, King of\\nMedia, attacks Nineveh.\\n632+ b. c. Media. The Scythians\\nrepel an attack by the Medes.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n875-853 B. c. Pal. Ahab, King of Is-\\nrael, builds a house of ivory at Jez-\\nreel [Samaria].\\n810+ b. c. Pal. Angling is prac-\\ntised (Amos iv. 2).\\n781 b. c. Greek exact chronology\\nbegins with the first Olympiad of 776 B. c.\\n763 June 15. b. c. Nineveh. Eclipse\\nis recorded on tablets, (Rawlinson.)\\n721 Mar. 9. b. c. The Chaldeans at\\nBabylon record the eclipse of the\\nmoon.\\n668-626 b. c. Assyr. Assyrian art is\\nat its height.\\nCHURCH.\\n887+ b. c. Samaria. Ahab practises\\nidolatry. (918+ Usher.)\\n880+-860\u00c2\u00b1 B. c. Samaria. Elijah is\\nprophet and reformer in Israel. (910-\\n896, Usher.) (876\u00c2\u00b1.) He foretells afamine.\\n(872+.) Prayer test on Mount Carmel.\\n(860\u00c2\u00b1 Translated.\\n876+ b. c. Judea. Jehoshaphat sends\\nprinces, priests, and Levites to teach the\\npeople. (915, Usher.)\\n862+ B. c. Sidon. Miraculous in-\\ncrease of the widow s oil, enabling her\\nto redeem her children. [Elisha raises\\nto life the Shunamite s dead child.\\n(895, Usher.)]\\n860+-790+ b. c. Samaria. Elisha is a\\nprophet in Israel. (852-842, W. 896-838,\\nUsher.)\\n858\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Samaria. Naaman, the\\nSyrian captain, comes to Elisha to be\\nhealed of leprosy. (894, Usher.)\\n855* *b. c. Samaria. Micaiah is\\nprophet in Israel.\\n842 b. c. Jehu exterminates idol-\\natry in Israel by a conspiracy. Jeze-\\nbel, the widow of Ahab, who perverted\\nthe religion of Israel, is thrown over the\\nwalls of Jezreel.\\n814* *b. c. Judea. Athaliah, the idol-\\natrous mother of Ahaziah, endeavors to\\nextirpate the race of David, and usurp\\nthe throne of Judah. (8S4, Usher.)\\n810 b. c. Samaria. Jehoahaz, hav-\\ning forsaken God, is subdued by Hazael,\\nKing of Syria. (849, Usher.)\\n810-760 b. c. Judea. Joel is a prophet\\nof Judah. (800+ Usher.) [764+-742+.\\nAmos. (787, Usher.) 760+-738+, Hosea.\\n(7S5-725, Usher.) 736+-6S3+, Isaiah.\\n(760-798, Usher.) 720+-680+, Mi can.\\n(750-710, Usher.)]\\n801+ b. c. Jerusalem. The Temple\\nis despoiled to purchase peace with Ha-\\nzael. Jehoash falls into idolatry, and\\nkills Zechariah the priest for reproving\\nhim. (S40, Usher.)\\nb. c. Samaria. Another corpse re-\\nvives when thrust into the sepulcher of\\nElisha. (838, Usher.)\\n791 b. c. Jehoiada is high priest in\\nIsrael. (878, Usher.)\\n791+** b.c Jerusalem. Jehoash re-\\npairs the Temple, which had been dam-\\naged by the sons of Athaliah. (S56, U.)\\n775+-745+ b. c. Samaria. Jonah is\\nprophet in Israel. The Ninevites re-\\npent at the preaching of Jonah. (825-\\n785, W. 862, Usher.)\\n735-f* b. c. Jerusalem. Ahaz profanes\\nthe Temple he introduces an altar after a\\nDamascus pattern, and remodels the furni-\\nture; he maki s liin son pass through the fire\\nlike the heathen. (739, Usher.)\\n722 b. c. Babylon. Tiglath-Pileser\\ntakes many Jews into captivity.\\n715+ *b.c. Jerusalem. Hezekiah\\ncleanses the Temple he restores the\\nworship of God, and destroys idolatry\\nkeeps the feast of the Passover with\\nunusual solemnity. A Jewish revival\\nfollows.\\n687\u00c2\u00b1* *b. c. The Boole of Esther is\\nwritten.\\n686-641 b. c. Judea. Manasseh,\\nthe wicked son of good Hezekiah, sur-\\npasses all his predecessors in evil doing\\nhe restores idolatry, and persecutes the\\nfaithful.\\n650+-630+ b. c Samaria. Nahum\\nis a prophet of Israel. (713, Usher.)\\nB. c. Samaria. The Israelites cause\\ntheir sons and daughters to pass through\\nthe fire like the idolaters. (721, Usher.)\\n638+-603+ *b.c, Judea. Habakkuk\\nis a prophet.\\n635+-612+ b. c. Judea. Zephaniah is\\na prophet in Judah.\\nSOCIETY MISCELLANEOUS.\\n875+* *b.c. Samaria. Israel suffers by\\ndrought and famine as predicted by\\nElijah. [850+. Another famine deliv-\\nerance by four lepers.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1156.jp2"}, "1157": {"fulltext": "TURKEY.\\n887\u00c2\u00b1**b.c.-626,**b.c. 1145\\n796\u00c2\u00b1 *b.c. Judea. Amaziah avenges\\nhis father s death.\\n*I37\u00c2\u00b1 B. c. Samaria. Shallum, the con-\\nspirator, murders Zachariah. Menahem\\nmurders Shallum.\\n733\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Samaria. Pekah murders\\nKing Pekahiah.\\n700\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Babylon. Egibe s bank\\nia mentioned.\\n639\u00c2\u00b1 *b.c. Judea. King Amon is mur-\\ndered in his own house.\\nSTATE.\\n887-884 b. c. Israel. Ahab ia viceroy.\\n[884-855. Ahah reigns prosperously a8\\nking. (875-853, W.)]\\n884-860 B. c. Assyr. Ashumazirpal\\nreigns. [860-824, Shalmaneser H.\\n854-842. Syrian invasions. 824-811. Sham-\\nshi-E-arnman II., who had overthrown a\\nrevolt. 811-782, Ramman-Nirari III. he\\ncaptures Damascus, and enforces tribute\\nfrom Samaria and Philistia, Tyre, Sidon,\\nand from Jehu, King of Israel. His wife\\nis Semiramis.]\\nS76-S51 b. c. Judea. Jehoshaphat\\nreigns. (875-852, W.) [853. Jehoram\\nis first appointed viceroy. 852, Second\\nappointment. 851-843. He reigns.]\\nB. C. Judea. The Philistines and\\nArabians pay tribute to Jehoshaphat.\\n876-848 b. c. Media. Arbaces, the\\nfounder of the Median empire, gov-\\nerns without the title of king. (747\\n876 b. c. Israel and Judah unite in\\nan alliance against Syria.\\n871-824 B. c. Pkenicia. Pygmalion\\nreigns. [850. Phenicia is conquered by\\nSyria.]\\n860\u00c2\u00b1**b.c. Samaria. Hazael, King\\nof Syria, oppresses Israel.\\n860\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Syria. King Benhadad\\nII. ia sick, and Hazael, his minister,\\nhastens his death and ascends the throne.\\n855-854 b. c. Israel. Ahaziah reigns.\\n[854-842, Joram 842-814, Jehu 814-791,\\nJehoahaz.]\\n854 b. c. Idumea. The Idumeans\\nrevolt against Ahaziah.\\n852-840 B.C. Babylonia. Marduk-\\nnadin-strum reigns.\\n842* *b.c. Judea. Ahaziah H. reigns.\\n(S43-842, W.) [842-836. Athaliah usurps\\nthe government. 836-796, Jehoash, or\\nJoash, reigns.]\\n839 b. c. Assyr. Tyre, Sidon, and\\nByblos are forced to pay tribute.\\nS27 B. c. Assyr. Shalmanezer s old-\\nest son leads a revolt 27 cities join the\\nrebellion. [Subdued after six years.]\\n821* b. c. Media Assyr. Arbaces\\nreigns after taking Nineveh.\\n800\u00c2\u00b1 *b. c. Syria. Benhadad HI.\\nreigns, [770\u00c2\u00b1. Damascus recovered by\\nJeroboam II. 754. Syria is annexed to\\nAssyTia.]\\n796-782 b. c. Judea. Amaziah reigns\\nover Judah. (797-777, W.) [782-737,\\nUzziah (Azariah) 751-737, Jotham as\\nregent 737-735, Jotham as king 751-735,\\nAhaz as regent 735-715, Ahaz as king\\n735-726, W.).]\\n791-781 b. c. Samaria. Jehoash reigns\\nover Israel (798-782, W.). [781-740, Jero-\\nboam II. is regent and later king 740,\\nZachariah; Shallum; 740-737, Mena-\\nhem 737-735, Pekahiah 735-733, Pe-\\nkah.]\\n782-772 b. c. Assyr. Shalmaneser\\nIH. reigna. [772-754, Asurdan III. 754-\\n745, Asur-nirari.]\\n747 Feb. 26-733 B.C. Babylonia. Na-\\nbonassar reigns, and the Nabonassa-\\nrian Era begins, a period of native\\nrulers. The second empire of Babylon\\nis commenced. [733,Nadius; 731, Porus\\n(Chinzirus) 726, Jugasus 721-705, Sargon,\\nor Merodach-Baladan II. (Berodach-Bal-\\nadan The Tartar usurps the throne\\nof Assyria, and consolidates the empire\\nthe Babylonians revolt.]\\n745-727 b. c. Assyr. Tiglath-Pileser\\nHI. (Phul) the usurper, reigns. (738.)\\nHe dominates 19 districts of Hamath.\\nThe Assyrian empire is divided into\\nthe Assyrian, Babylonian, and Median\\nkingdoms. (741.) Judah becomes trib-\\nutary. (740+.) Syria. (736.) He invades\\nand subdues Israel. (735\u00c2\u00b1.) He aids\\nAhaz, King of Judah, against the Edo-\\nmites.\\n744* *b.c. Cappadocia. Pharnaces\\nfounds the kingdom.\\n743 b. c. Phenicia. King Aram re-\\nvolts from Assyria.\\nB. c. Armenia. Baroir achieves in-\\ndependence of Assyria.\\n735* *B.c. Lydia. Candaules(orMyr-\\neilus) reigns.\\n733-722 b. c. Samaria. Hoshea reigna\\nover Israel. The kingdom of the ten\\ntribes of Israel ends by the captivity\\nShalmaneser TV., King of Assyria, sub-\\ndues Israel, and removes the king and\\nprincipal inhabitants, soldiers, and ar-\\ntisans (27,290 people) to the River Cha-\\nboras (Chebar) in Assyria. A colony of\\nCutheans and others is planted in de-\\npopulated Samaria.\\n729* b. C. Babylonia. Independence\\nof Assyria achieved.\\n727-722 b. c. Assyr. Shalmaneser\\nIV. reigns he subdues the revolting cit-\\nies of Phenicia, and subjugates the King\\nof Israel. [722-705. Sargina (Sargon)\\nreigns. He builds Khorsavad, and re-\\nceives tribute from Arabia, Egypt, and\\nthe Island of Cyprus.]\\n727* b. c. Phenicia. Elultrous revolts\\nagainst Assyria.\\n726 b. c. Samaria. Hoshea rebels\\nagainst Assyria. [725. He is imprisoned.\\n724. Again revolts.]\\n720\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Lydia. The Lydians dis-\\npossess the Ma?onians.\\n717 b. c. Sargon, King of Assyria,\\nends the independence of the Hittites\\ntakes Ashdod from Judah. [711. Sends\\nan embassy to Hezekiah at Jerusalem.\\n710. Subdues a revolt in Babylonia and\\nannexes it.]\\n716-546 B.C. Lydia. Lydian Empire\\nfounded Mermnadse dynasty reigns\\nperiod of greatest prosperity.\\n716-678 B.C. Lydia. Gyges.thefounder,\\nkills Candaules, marries his queen, and\\nusurps the throne, and makes great con-\\nquests. [678-629, Ardys reigns 629-617,\\nSadyattes.]\\n715-686 b.c. Judea. Hezekiah reigns\\nover Judah. (726-697, W\\n710**b.c. Media. Dejoces revolts\\nagainst Assyria the war of indepen-\\ndence follows. [The Medes subdue Asia\\nMinor several tribes are under self-\\ngovernment for seven years. 709+-656.\\nDejoces reigns.]\\n709* b. c. Babylonia. Archianes.\\nbrother of Esarhaddon, reigns. [702. Be\\nlibus reigns. 704. Hagisa reigns 30 days,\\nafter killing the preceding Assyrian vice-\\nroy. Marmaduk reigns for six months\\nInterregnum. 699. Apronadius reigns\\nBabylon is again subdued to Assyria.]\\n701-681 b.c. Assyr. Sennacherib\\nreigns at Nineveh. [681-668. Esarhad-\\ndon reigns. He builds the southwest\\npalace at Nimrud.]\\n701+ b. c. Judea. Invasion of Sen-\\nnacherib.\\n693* B. c. Babylonia. Regibulus\\nreigns. [692, Mesesimordacus 688, a\\nsecond interregnum.]\\n686-641 b. c. Judea. Manasseh\\nreigns. (697-641, W.) [641-639, Amon\\n639-609, Josiah.]\\n686 b. c. Bithynia. Chalcedon is\\nfounded by Megariana from Central\\nGreece.\\n681-668 B. c. Babylon Nineveh. Ruled\\nby Esarhaddon the Assyrian. (676.) He\\ndestroys Sidon invades Judea. (673.)\\nHe subdues the Kings of Tyre, Judah,\\nEdom, and Moab. (671.) He conquers\\nand practically annexes Egypt and\\nEthiopia.\\n680-668 B. C. Syria. Baal is King of\\nTyre he revolts from Sardanapalus.\\n680 B. c. Phenicia. Abdi-Milkut,\\nKing of Sidon, revolts from Esarhaddon.\\nb. c. Assyr. The empire is at its\\nzenith. Esarhaddon plants colonies in\\nBabylon, Cuthah, Ava, Sepharvin, and\\nthe cities of Samaria. [671. Egypt re-\\nvolts. 668-626. Asurbanipal (Sardanap-\\nalus EL), O. T. as Asenapper. 662.\\nEgypt invaded 660. Thebes falls.]\\n667 B. c. Babylon. Samas-sumu-\\nkin reigns. [626-607, Nabopolassar as\\nviceroy. He founds the new Babylonian\\nempire. (Chaldse.)]\\n658 b. c. Turk. E. Byzantium is\\nfounded by the Argives.\\n656-635 B.c. Media. Phraortes reigns.\\nHe conquers Armenia, subdues Persia\\nand other neighboring countries, and\\ninvades Assyria, where he is slain. [640\\n(or650\u00c2\u00b1). Media revolts. 635-584. The\\nwarlike Cyaxares I. He is the founder\\nof Media s greatness.]\\n626* B. c. Assyr. Asur-etil-ilani-\\nukinni. [Sin-shar-ishkun or Sarcos of\\nthe Greeks. He builds the south-east\\npalace at Nimrud.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1157.jp2"}, "1158": {"fulltext": "1146 625,**b.c.-331 i **b.c.\\nTURKEY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n615-610 b. c. Lydia. War with Media.\\n609 b. c. Judea. Pharaoh-Necho,\\nKing of Egypt, defeats and kills King\\nJosiah in the battle of Megiddo the\\nfirst captivity follows. He makes con-\\nquests in Phenicia (p. 650).\\n607 b. c. Assyr. Cyaxares, King of\\nMedia, in alliance with Nabopolassar,\\nViceroy of Babylon, captures Nineveh,\\nand overthrows the Assyrian Em-\\npire.\\n605 b. c. Syria. Nebuchadnezzar\\ninvades Syria. [59S. He captures Jeru-\\nsalem, and carries away many captives\\nto Babylon. 5S6. Again conquered. It\\nis the beginning of the captivity-\\nproper.]\\n605 b. c. Pharaoh-rTecho defeated\\nat Carchemish (604, Peck). (P. 650.)\\n604+ *b.c. Assyr. Nabopolassar the\\nusurper, being defeated, burns himself\\nin his palace.\\n589-588 b. c. Jerusalem. Besieged.\\n(588-587.) The Babylonian army is be-\\nfore Jerusalem. (587.) City taken and\\ndestroyed, the people massacred, the\\nTemple burned, and the walls razed.\\nThe survivors are carried into captivity.\\n586 b. c. Asia M. Crcesus conquers\\nextensive territory.\\n585-573 b. c. Syria. Nebuchadnezzar\\nbesieges and takes Tyre.\\n681-568 b. c. Egy. Nebuchadnezzar\\ninvades and conquers Egypt.\\n559 b. c. Media. Cyrus [the Great]\\ncommands the Medes against the Per-\\nsians. [548. He defeats the confederate\\narmy aiding Croasus at Tliymbra. 546.\\nLydia. He takes Sardis. 548\u00c2\u00b1. He con-\\nquers Ionia. 544. Ephesus. 638. He\\ntakes Babylon after a siege of two years.\\n537. He conquers Syria.]\\n546* b. c. Lydia. Harpagus takes\\nXanthus for Cyrus. The inhabitants\\nburied themselves in the ruins.\\n544 b. c. The contest between Greeks\\nand Persians for possession of Asia\\nMinor begins.\\n518**b.c. Babylonia. A revolt is sub-\\ndued by Darius.\\n508 b. c. Turk. E. Darius crosses\\nthe Bosporus.\\n504 B. c. Lydia. The Greeks take\\nand burn Sardis this occasions a Per-\\nsian invasion.\\n602-470B. c. Persian wars with\\nGreece.\\n499\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. hydia. The Ionians re-\\nvolt; Sardis burned.\\n498* b. c. Lydia. Cyrus conquers\\nIonia Miletus desjfoyed.\\n466 b. c. Pamphylia. Battle of Eu-\\nrymedon (p. 1018).\\n440-430 B. c. Bithynia. Dydalsus re-\\nvolts, and reigns in Bithynia.\\n363 b. c. Pontics. Ariobarzanes II.\\ninvades Pontus.\\n351* b. c. Syria. Phenicians revolt\\nagainst Persia. Ochus, Artaserxes III.,\\nbesieges and destroys Sidon.\\n350 B. c. Pal. Ochus takes Jericho,\\nand carries many Jews into captivity.\\n334\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Musia. Alexander [the\\nGreat] near the (Jranicus fp. 1024). [331.\\nBattle of Arbela (p. 1024). Alexander\\nbesieges Tyre, and marches on Jerusa-\\nlem.]\\n331* *b. c. Syria. Alexander mas-\\nBacres 8,000 Tynans, and crucifies 2,000\\nmore for refusing to surrender Tyre.\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n600\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Chaldea. A chart of the\\nheavens is made, in which 1,400 stars\\nare correctly described.\\n585 May 28. B.C. Almost total eclipse\\nof the sun occurs, which had been pre-\\ndicted long before by Thales of Miletus\\nit interrupts a battle on the river Halys\\n(Asia Minor).\\n570\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Babylon. The hanging\\ngardens and many beautiful works of\\nart are constructed by Nebuchadnezzar.\\n544 b. c. Lydia. The temple of Di-\\nana at Ephesus [built seven times] is\\nplanned by Ctesiphon.\\n534 Spring, b. c. Jerusalem. The sec-\\nond Temple is commenced by Jews\\nunder thepatronitge of Cyrus Phenician\\nworkmen are employed. [516. Winter.\\nCompleted; 37 walls are injured when\\nthe city is stormed by Herod the Great.]\\n500 b. c. Afr. Phenician sailors\\nround the Cape of Good Hope.\\n413* b. c. A total eclipse of the moon\\nis observed at Sardis. (Thucydides.)\\n376-335 B.C. Pergamus. KingAttalus\\noffers 100 talents for the Dionysius of\\nAristides.\\n356 b. c. The temple of Diana at\\nEphesus is set on fire by an obscure in-\\ndividual named Hertostratus, who con-\\nfesses on the rack that the sole motive\\nwas the desire of transmitting his name\\nto future ages.\\n353 b. c. The Mausoleum at Hali-\\ncarnassus is erected.\\n345 b. c. Circa Ephorus of Ephesus\\nis the first master of Apelles.\\n336 b. c. The temple of Diana at\\nEphesus is re-erected.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n661 b. c. Nebuchadnezzar, Chaldean\\nKing of Babylon, dies.\\n638 b. c. Darius, tlie Mede, dies.\\n486* b. c. Darius Hystaspes, King of\\nMedo-Persia, dies.\\n480+ b. c. Artemisia, Queen of Halicar-\\nnassus, born. Dies.\\n365 B. c. Callisthenes, Thracian histo-\\nrian, rhetorician, born. [328. Dies.]\\n350\u00c2\u00b1 B. c. Artemisia, consort of Manso-\\nlus of Caria, nourished.\\nCHURCH.\\n624* b. c. Judea. Huldah the proph-\\netess foretells the destruction of Jeru-\\nsalem.\\n623 b. c. Jerusalem. Josiah keeps\\nthe feast of the Passover with unusual\\nsolemnity Jewish revival attends it.\\n622\u00c2\u00b1-530\u00c2\u00b1 B. c. Judea. Jeremiah\\nis a prophet.\\n621 B. c. Jerusalem. King Josiah\\nrepairs the Temple, destroys idols, and\\nburns dead men s bones on their altars.\\nThe original Book of the Law is dis-\\ncovered by Hilkiah, the high priest\\nJosiah reads it to all the people a great\\nreform begins.\\n605 B. c. Jerusalem. Daniel, a He-\\nbrew youth of rank, is taken to Babylon\\nas a captive. [600-535. He prophesies,\\nand is made president of the kingdom\\nof Babylon. 602. He interprets Nebu-\\nchadnezzar s dream of the golden-headed\\nimage.]\\n594 July* B.C. Ind. Gotama Sid-\\ndartha, having retired from the world\\ndisgusted with Brahminism, begins to\\npreach a new and better religion\\n(Buddhism).\\n586* *b. c. Jerusalem. Ezekiel, a He-\\nbrew youth, is taken to Babylon as a\\ncaptive. [586\u00c2\u00b1-540\u00c2\u00b1. He prophesies.]\\nB. c. Jerusalem. Taken by Babyloni-\\nnlans city destroyed.\\n685-570\u00c2\u00b1B. c. Judea. Obadiah prophe-\\nsies.\\n*B. C. Babylon. Shadrach, Meshach,\\nand Abed-nego, the Hebrew youths,\\nare cast into a fiery furnace. (587, U.)\\n*b. c. Babylon. Daniel interprets\\nNebuchadnezzar s second dream the\\nking loses his reason. (569, TL) [He re-\\ncovers. (562, U.) Vision of the ram. (558,\\nUsher.) Vision of the four kingdoms.\\n(555, Usher.)]\\n570-540* *b. c. Deuteronomy writ-\\nten.\\n660* *b. c. Gr. Temples are first\\nerected.\\nb. c. Babylon. Daniel is cast into\\nthe lions den. (537, Usher.) [536. King\\nCyrus issues an edict in favor of the\\nJews. He returns the holy vessels which\\nwere taken from the Temple by Nebu-\\nchadnezzar. Many Jews return.]\\n534 b. c. Jerusalem. The building\\nof the Temple begins at the command\\nof Cyrus. [522. The building stayed on\\nthe appeal of the hostile Samaritans.]\\n636-456 b. c. The Booh of Ezra is\\nwritten.\\n530\u00c2\u00b1-520\u00c2\u00b1* *b. c. Pal. Haggai proph-\\nesies. 530\u00c2\u00b1-510\u00c2\u00b1. Zechariah prophesies.\\n521 b. c. Jerusalem. Haggai and\\nZechariah obtain permission to com-\\nplete the rebuilding of the Temple.\\n[515. Completed.]\\n517* *B. c. Jerusalem. Dedication of\\nthe second Temple. [515. Apr. 18. The\\nPassover celebrated.]\\n494* b. c. Jerusalem. Joachim is the\\nhigh priest of the Jews.\\n480-460 B.C. Jerusalem. The prophecy\\nof Malachi is uttered (440\\n463 b. c. Jerusalem. Eliashib is high\\npriest.\\n459 B. c. Babylon. Ezra the priest\\nleads back to Palestine the second expe-\\ndition of 6,000 Jews. [446. He surren-\\nders his commission to Nehemiah.]\\n452 b. c. Persia. Haaman aims to\\ndestroy all the Jews defeated by Esther.\\n446-434+ b. c. Book of Nehemiah\\nwritten.\\n433* *b. c. Babylon. Nehemiah, the\\ncourtier, is commissioned by Artaxerxes\\nto return to Jerusalem, and rebuild its\\nwalls. [425. He is strongly opposed by\\nSanbaUat the Arabian he corrects\\nabuses, and restores the observance of\\nthe Sabbath. He returns to Persia. 422.\\nHe returns to Jerusalem.]\\nb. c. Ezra the priest writes the Books\\nof Chronicles.\\n419* b. c. Jerusalem. Jehoida is high\\nprie3t. [382, Johanan 351, Jaddua; 321,\\nOnias I. 314, Simon I., the Just.]\\n412 b. c. Samaria. The Samaritan\\nTemple is erected at Gerizim.\\n382\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Jerusalem. Jeshua, the\\nhigh priest, is killed in the inner court\\nof the temple by Johanan a heavy fine\\nis therefore laid on the daily sacrifices.\\n[Remitted by Ochus.]\\n373+* b. c. Jerusalem. The govern-\\nment of Jewish affairs is committed to the\\nhigh priest by the governors of Syria, after\\nthe death of Nehemiah ambitious and ava-\\nricious men disgrace the office, and bring\\ndisaster to their nation.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1158.jp2"}, "1159": {"fulltext": "TURKEY.\\n625, B.c.** -331,** b.c. 1147\\n333 b. c. Jerusalem. Alexander the\\nGreat is informed of the prophecies of\\nDaniel.\\n332 e. c. Jerusalem. Alexander is\\ndeterred from destroying the city he\\nsacrifices in the Temple he grants great\\nprivileges to the Jews.\\nLETTERS.\\n662 b. c. Lydia. The wise men of\\nGreece resort to the court of Croesus.\\nSOCIETY MISCELLANEOUS.\\n669\u00c2\u00b1 B. c. Babylon. Nebuchadnez-\\nzar is troubled because of a dream.\\n[568. Second dream.]\\n499 b. c. Lydia. Sardis is burned.\\n377 b. c. Carta. Artemisia marries\\nher own brother, Mausolus.\\n356 June 6. b. c. Lydia. Herostra-\\ntus fires the great temple of Diana at\\nEphesus, for the purpose of immortaliz-\\ning his name.\\nSTATE.\\n625* B. C. Lydia. Alyattes expels the\\ninvading Cimmerians; they settle in\\nGalatia. [624. Scythian invasion. 620.\\nThey invade Media. 612. Expelled.]\\n617-560 B.C. Lydia. Alyattes II.\\nreigns. [560^-546. Crcesus. He con-\\nquers Asia Minor.]\\n609* b. c. Judea. Jehoahaz II.\\nreigns. [609-597. Jehoiakim. 598. Je-\\nchonia or Jehoiachin, as vassal of Baby-\\nlon hereigns three months and 10 days.]\\n608 b. c. Syria. Phenicia is sub-\\ndued by Pharaoh Necho (p. 651). [605.\\nAnnexed to Babylon.]\\n607 b. c. Assyr. Nineveh is taken\\nand destroyed by the Medes and Babylo-\\n607-562 b. c. Babylon. Nebuchad-\\nnezzar, son of Nabopolassar, reigns.\\n(607.) He returns with captives and the\\nspoils of Jerusalem. (602.) Palestine is\\ncoerced. (600.) Babylon is rebuilt.\\n605* b. c. Nebuchadnezzar as viceroy\\nannihilates Egyptian power in Asia (p.\\n650). He invades Judea, and exacts\\ntribute.\\n606-538 b. c. Babylon. The new em-\\npire. Babylon and Media are the rival\\nnations of the East.\\n598 b. c. Judea. First general de-\\nparture of Jews.\\nKing Jehoiakim revolts, and is sent to\\nBabylon with 10,000+: captives, and the spoils\\nof palace and Temple. Daniel [the prophet]\\nis among the captives. The Euphrates di-\\nvides Assyria between the Medes and Baby-\\nlonians.\\n597-586 B.C. Judea. Zedekiah reigns\\nas vassal. [587. He revolts, and makes\\nan alliance with the King of Egypt. Neb-\\nuchadnezzar again takes Jerusalem.\\nZedekiah is blinded, and taken to Baby-\\nlon in the second deportation of cap-\\ntives to Babylon. The kingdom of\\nJudah falls.]\\n596* *B. c. Media. The Scythians are\\nexpelled. [595. Astyages reigns.]\\n589-536 b. c. Judea. A province of\\nBabylon.\\n586-536 Pal. Period of Babylonian\\nexile.\\n585* *E.c. Judea. Gedaliah is appointed\\ngovernor.\\n582* b. c. Judea. Third general de-\\nportation of captives to Babylon.\\n670* *b.c. Judea. Idumeans join the\\nChaldeans against Judah. (See Psalm\\n137.)\\n565 B. c. Armenia. Tigranes reigns,\\nand restores the prestige of Armenia.\\nb. c. Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar\\nrecovers his reason and his throne, and\\nthen imprisons his son, Evil-Mero-dach,\\nfor maladministration during his illness.\\n(563, Usher.)\\n562-560 b. c. Babylon. Evil-Mero-\\ndach reigns. He releases King Jehoia-\\nchin. [Killed. 560-556 Nerigissar Na-\\nbonidus.]\\n558-529 b. c. Pers. Cyrus reigns.\\n[525-521. Cambyses III. 521-486. Da-\\nrius I. 487^166 Xerxes I. 479. Esther\\nbecomes queen consort. 474. Mordecai\\nis advanced to honor and power in the\\ncourt. Haman plots against the Jews.]\\n556-538 b. c. Afedia. Cyaxares II.,\\nor Darius, reigns.\\n553* b. c. Babylon. Labynetus (Bel-\\nshazzar) reigns. [First as viceroy under\\nDarius, and later as an independent\\nprince.]\\n551* *b. c. Media. Conquered by\\nCyrus, and its king deposed. [546. He\\nforms the great Medo-Persian empire.\\n544. He subdues Asia Minor.]\\n546 B. c. Lydia. Conquered and made\\na province of the Persian empire.\\n544 b. c. Asia M. The contest for\\npossession begins between the Greeks\\nand Persians.\\n539 b. c. Ft. Phenicians colonize\\nMassilia [Marseilles] in Gaul.\\n538 b. c. Babylon. Laborosarchad,\\nthe Belshazzar of Daniel, reigns nine\\nmonths, and dies at his feast.\\n538-311 b. c. The Babylonian empire\\nends. Babylon is taken by Cyrus. [538-\\n333 b. c. Persian rule in Palestine.]\\n537 b. c. Phenicia. Conquered by\\nCyrus.\\n536 B. c. Pal. The first caravan of\\nJews (42,300 in all) returns under Zer-\\nubbabel from Babylonian captivity.\\n525 b. c. Egy. Conquered by Per-\\nsians, and annexed as a province for 100\\nyears. (527\\n518* b. c. Babylon. Kevolt against\\nPersia it is taken by Darius Hystaspes.\\n515 b. c. Cappadocia. Invaded by\\nthe Huns.\\n504 b. c. Aegean Sea. The Ionians\\nrevolt, and are subdued by the Persians.\\n502* *b. c. Bosporus. The kingdom is\\nfounded.\\n501 b. c. Lydia. Ephesus revolts\\nagainst Persia.\\n494 b. c. Judea. The High PrieBts\\nbecome subrulers. (See Chronicle.)\\n487 b. c. Pontus. Artabazus is en-\\nthroned by Darius Hystaspes.\\n466-425 b. c. Persia. Artaxerxes\\nLongimanus reigns. [425. Xerxes II.\\nSogdianus.]\\n459 B. c. Babylonia. A second de-\\ncree is issued for the return of the\\nJews Ezra arrives at Jerusalem with\\n6,000 Jews.\\n449* *b. c. Armenia. Divided by\\ntreaty between Pome and Persia.\\n446 b. c. Persia. Nehemiah goes\\nto Jerusalem and views the ruins. [435.\\nReturns to Persia. He is sent to Judea\\nas governor. Proceeds to rebuild the\\nwalls.]\\n438-431 B.C. Bosporus [Circassia].\\nSpartacus I. dispossesses the Archea-\\nnactidse from power, and reigns. [431-\\n407. Seleucus reigns. 407-353, Satyrus\\n353-348, Spartacus II. 348-304, Pary-\\nsades 304-286, Eumelus.]\\n425-406 B.C. Persia. Darius XT., No-\\nthus, holds sovereignty over Palestine.\\n[406-359, Artaxerxes II., Ochus 401, Cy-\\nrus the Younger revolts. 359-338, Ar-\\ntaxerxes III. 338-336, Arses 336-330,\\nDarius III.]\\n419 Pal. Menasseh withdraws to\\nSamaria.\\n408* *b. c. Rhodes. City founded.\\n400\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Pontus. Ariobarzanes\\nis betrayed by his son Mithridates to the\\nPersians. [383. Mithridates I. reigns.]\\n387 b. c. Aegean Sea. Ionia again\\nbecomes subject to Persia. The Greek\\ncities of Asia Minor pay tribute to the\\nPersians.\\n378 b. c. Bithynia. Botyras reigns.\\n[376, Bas, or Bias.]\\n363-337 b. c. Pontus. Ariobarzanes\\nH. reigns. He is the real founder of the\\nkingdom. [362. He revolts from Arta-\\nxerxes. 337-302, Mithridates II. 302-266,\\nMithridates III. 266-240\u00c2\u00b1, Ariobarzanes\\nIII. 240+-190, Mithridates IV.]\\n362 B. c. Asia M. The Persian gov-\\nernor of Asia Minor revolts.\\n360 b. c. Sp. The Phenician colo-\\nnies are successfully planted on the coast.\\n334 b. c. Asia M. Alexander [the\\nGreat] declares the Grecian cities free\\nfrom Persian rule. [333. He annexes\\nSyriaand Phenicia. He advances through\\nPalestine into Egypt without opposition.\\n332. Lydia and Assyria are conquered.\\n(Alexander in Asia, p. 1024).]\\n333 b. c. Egy. Many Jews settle\\nin Alexandria.\\nb. c. Syria. The Greeks receive\\nDamascus from the Persians.\\n331* b. c. Babylonia. Mesopotamia\\nand, later, Babylonia are traversed by\\nAlexander.\\nOct. 1. b. c. Persia, Revolution de-\\nstruction of the Persian empire by Alex-\\nander. (Battle of Arbela, p. 1024.) [He\\nis proclaimed master of Asia.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1159.jp2"}, "1160": {"fulltext": "1148 330,\\nB.c.-13(V\\nTURKEY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n.328 B. C. Bithynia. King Bas, or\\nBias, repulses the Greeks. [223. Pru-\\nBias defeats the Gauls, and takes many\\ncities.]\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2322* b. c. Cappadocia. Conquered by\\nPerdiccas. [291. Conquered byMithri-\\ndates.]\\n320 b. c. Turk. E. Antigonus de-\\nfeats Eumenes in Thrace.\\nb. c. Judea. Ptolemy Soter Lagus\\ncaptures Jerusalem, and takes 100,000\\nJews to Egypt.\\n312 b. c. Babylonia. Seleucus Ni-\\ncator retakes Babylon.\\n301 b. c. Syria. Battle of Ipsus\\n(p. 1026). [275. Antiochus I. defeats\\nthe Gauls. 262. The Gauls defeat him\\nin Lydia.]\\n281* b. c. Phrygia. Lysimachus,\\nKing of Thrace and Bithynia, is de-\\nfeated and killed at Cyropedium\\n(Corns).\\n252* B. c. Pontus. The Gauls besiege\\nMithridates IV. in his capital. [219.\\nMithridates attacks Sinope, but is\\nobliged to raise the siege by the Bho-\\ndians.]\\n247 b. c. Asia M. Ptolemy Euer-\\ngetes III., King of Egypt, makes many\\nconquests.\\n219* b. c. Syria. Antiochus HI.\\nsubdues Palestine.\\n517* *B.c. Pal. Antiochus III., King\\nof Syria, conquers Palestine, but is to-\\ntally defeated at Raphia bv Ptolemy\\nPhilopator(p. 652). (219, Peck.) [205. He\\nreturns from his eastern expedition. 198.\\nThe Jews assist him in expelling Scopas\\nand the Egyptian allies from Jerusalem.\\nHe conquers Palestine and Ccele-Syria.]\\n192 b. c. The ^tolians invite Anti-\\nochus III, of Syria to join them and\\nthe King of Maeedon against the Ro-\\nmans. [Defeated (p. 1026). 190. At Eu-\\nrymedon and .Myonessus (p. 1055).]\\n187 B. C. Bithynia. King Prusias\\nemploys the fugitive Hannibal as gen-\\neral.\\n183 b. c. Pontus. Parnaces I. sub-\\ndues Sinope. [131-129. Mithridates V.\\nassists the Romans in the third Punic\\nwar.]\\n172 b. c. Judea. Antiochus IH.\\nsacks Jerusalem he plunders and pro-\\nfanes the Temple. [167. The aged Mat-\\ntathias leads a revolt.]\\n166* b. c. Syria. Judas Macca-\\nbeus routs the army of Apollonius at\\nBeth-horon; he succe ssfully wars against\\nSyria.\\n166** B.C. Syria. Battle of Ashdod;\\nthe Jews rout the army of Gorgias.\\n165* b. c. Armenia. Antiochus\\nEpiphanes invades Armenia.\\n163 b. c. Lysias besieges Bethsura\\nwith 100,000 men. [162. Judas defeats\\nNicanor at Capharsalama. 161. Nica-\\nnor is defeated and killed in Adasa.\\nBattle of Eleasa Judas is defeated and\\nkilled.]\\n159 b. c. Syria. Jonathan Macca-\\nbeus, son of Judas, conducts the war.\\n[147. He defeats Apollonius, governor\\nof Coele Syria, at Azotus.]\\n153 b. c. Syria. Alexander Balas\\ndefeats and kills Demetrius.\\n137 b. c. Judea. Simon offers to aid\\nAntiochus VII. against the usurper Try-\\nphon, but his offer is declined war with\\nSyria follows. Simon s sons, Judas and\\nJohn, defeat the Syrians at Jamnia.\\n.135* b. c. Jerusalem,. Antiochus VII.\\nbesieges the city. [133. Captured.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n283 b. c. Pergamus. Philetaerus is\\na noted patron of art.\\n227\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. An earthquake occurB\\nat Rhodes. The Colossus is thrown\\ndown.\\n219* b. c. A total eclipse of the moon\\nis observed in Asia Minor. (Polybius.)\\n198 b. c. Attalus, founder of the\\nmonarchy of Pergamus, invents parch-\\nment.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n323 b. c. Alexander the Great dies at\\nBabylon.\\n320 b. c. Athemon, Thracian encaustic\\nlosopher, born. [207. Dies.]\\nSeleucus I., Nicator, King of Syria, dies.\\n3d Century, b. c. Erasistratus, Syrian phy-\\nsician, born. Dies.\\n237\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. AntiochuB the Great, King of\\nSyria, born. [150. Dies.]\\n166 b. c. JIattatliias, dies.\\n164 b. c. Anti H hus Epiphanes mur-\\ndered.\\n160 b. c. Judas Maccabeus, patriot, d.\\nEumenes II., King of Pergamus,\\n150*\\ndies.\\nHipparchus. Bithynian founder of\\n299 B. c. Jerusalem. Simon the Just\\nrepairs the Temple, and encloses it\\nwith a double wall.\\n291 b. c. Jerusalem. Eleazar is high\\npriest. (292, W.) [276. ManasBeh. (292,\\nW.) 250. Onias n. (292, W.) He refuses\\nto pay tribute to Ptolemy III. 219. Simon\\nn. (240, W.)]\\n284 B. c. Jerusalem. The sect of the\\nSadducees begins to appear.\\n283-274 b.c. Egy. The Septuagint is\\nwritten (p. 652).\\n237 B. c. Jerusalem. Ptolemy Phil-\\nopator, King of Egypt, attempts to enter\\nthe Most Holy Place in the Temple, but\\nis prevented. He cruelly requires the\\nJews to renounce their religion, but\\nthey refuse. He kills 40,000 at Alexan-\\ndria.\\n199 b. c. Jerusalem. Onias HI. is high\\npriest. (198, VV.) [175. Onias is banished,\\nand Jason purchases tlitMiilH t- for 350 talents.\\nThe gymnasium is erected for young Jews.\\n172. He is defeated by Menelaus, who out-\\nbids and supplants him.]\\n198* B. c. Jerusalem. The Jewish\\nSanhedrin is first mentioned.\\n175 B. c. Jerusalem. Heliodorus ar-\\nrives to obtain the Temple treasures.\\n172 b. c. Judea. Menelaus sells the\\nTemple vessels to the Tyrians in order\\nto bribe Andronicus, governor at Anti-\\noch. Onias, his accuser, is murdered.\\n[168. Deposed by Jason.]\\n170* *B. c. Jerusalem. Antiochus\\nEpiphanes plunders and defiles the\\nTemple. He attempts to abolish the\\nJewish religion, and kills 40,000 inhab-\\nitants 40,000 more he sells as slaves.\\n[He sets up an altar to Jupiter in the\\nTemple, and compels the Jewish priests\\nto immolate swine. [168. He takes Je-\\nrusalem again and persecutes the Jews.]\\n167 b. c. Jerusalem. Matthias is high\\npriest. He rises against the Syrians who sup-\\nplant the worship of Jehovah in the Temple.\\n164 b. c. Jerusalem. Judas Macca-\\nbeus purifies the Temple, and restores\\nthe recaptured holy vessels and the Jew-\\nish worship after expelling the Syrians.\\nThe Temple is rededicated, and the\\nFeast of the Dedication established.\\n(166, W.)\\n161 b. c. Jerusalem. Alcimus is high\\npriest. (162, W.)\\nB. c. Judas kills Nicanor, who is\\nsucceeded by Jonathan. [153. He es-\\ntablishes the line of Asmonean priest-\\nprinces.]\\nb. c. Jerusalem. Judas Maccabeus\\nfalls in battle while rescuing the Tem-\\nple from Antiochus Epiphanes.\\n159* b. c. Jerusalem. Alcimus orders\\na profane alteration in the Temple.\\n[154. Jonathan Maccabeus is his suc-\\ncessor. 143, Simon Maccabeus; 131,\\nJohn Hyrcanus. (133, W.) He quarrels\\nand turns Sadducee. 107, Judas (Aris-\\ntobulus I., usurper, W.) 106, Alexander\\nJannaeus; 78, Hyrcanus H.]\\n142 b. c. Jerusalem. The Tower is\\npurified and entered.\\nLETTERS.\\n298 b. c. The Septuagint transla-\\ntion is made.\\n233 b. c. Pergamus. The library at\\nthe death of Attalus III. comes into the\\npossession of the Romans.\\n197\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Smyrna. Eumenes II.\\ncollects a great library.\\n180\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Ecclesiastes is written\\nby Jesus Sirachides. (Or 977\u00c2\u00b1).\\nSOCIETY MISCELLANEOUS.\\n320* b. c. Pal. Ptolemy conveys\\n100,000 Jews to Egypt.\\n309* b. c. Bosporus. Eumelus kills\\nall his relatives.\\n300-200 b. o. Bhodes is a flourishing\\ncity.\\n297 b. c. Syria. King Seleucus di-\\nvorces his queen, Stratonice, in order\\nthat his love-sick son may marry her.\\n162 b. c. Syria. Demetrius Soter\\nmurders Antiochus IV., and seizes th\u00c2\u00a9\\nthrone.\\nSTATE.\\n330 b. c. Persia. Alexander is en-\\nthroned, and the empire is annexed to\\nMaeedon Susa, the capital.\\n323 June 28. b. c. Babylonia. Alex-\\nander dies- at Susa; the capital.\\nb. c. Armenia. A Greek governor\\nrules. [317. Ardoates breaks the Gre-\\ncian yoke.]\\nb. c. Caria. Cassander rules. Al-\\nexander s empire is divided among his\\ngenerals (p. 1025).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1160.jp2"}, "1161": {"fulltext": "TURKEY.\\n330,** b.c. -130,\\nB.C.\\n1149\\nb. c. Judea becomes a province of\\nSyria.\\n324* b. c. Jerusalem. Onias the high\\npriest issubrulerunderPtolemy I. [310.\\nSimon I.]\\n323-247 b. c. Egy. Many Jews mi-\\ngrate to Alexandria and receive unusual\\nfavors.\\n322* b. c. Judea. Jerusalem is taken\\nby Ptolemy I., Lagi Judea is subjected\\nto Egypt. [322-142. Subject to the Greek-\\nEgyptian and Greek-Syrian monar-\\nchies.]\\nb. c. Cappadocia. Subdued by Per-\\ndiccas, regent of Macedon. [315. Inde-\\npendent. 315-322, Ariaratb.es II. reigns.\\n*AriarathesIII. 220-162, Ariarathes\\nIV. 162-130, Ariarathes V. 15S. Holo-\\nf ernes. 155-130. Ariarathes regains the\\nthrone. 130-96. Ariarathes VI. reigns\\nsuccessfully.]\\n321 B. c. Babylon, Given to the sa-\\ntrap Seleucus by Antipater.\\n*b. c. Asia. Antipater succeeds Per-\\ndiccas (murdered) as regent of the Mace-\\ndonian empire. [319. Dies.]\\n317 b. c. Armenia. Revolt against\\nMacedon Ardvates elected king.\\n314 B. c. Pal. Wrested from Egypt\\nby Antigonus. [310. Again subdued by\\nPtolemy.]\\n312* *B.c. Syria. The Syrian (Seleu-\\ncidse) monarchy is founded by Seleucus\\nI., Nicator Seleucia, the capital. [312-\\n280. He reigns 300+ A part of Syria is\\nerected into a kingdom by Seleucus An-\\ntioch, the capital.]\\n310-219 b. c. Pal, Egyptian rule.\\n309 B. c. Bosporus. Prytanis reigns\\nsoon murdered by his brother, Eumelua,\\nwho succeeds him. [304. He is killed.]\\n301* B.C. Phrygia. Antigonus falls\\nin the battle of Ipsus, and his son De-\\nmetrius becomes a fugitive and a pi-\\nrate.\\n300\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Asia M. Seleucus I., Ni-\\ncator, Grecian king of Persia, builds\\nAntioch, Edessa, and Laodicea.\\n295 b. c. Cyprus. Taken by Egypt\\n(p. 653).\\n291 b. c. Jerusalem. Eleazar is the\\nJewish high priest. [276, Manasses;\\n250, Onias H.]\\n286* b. c. Bithynia. Ruled by Lysim-\\nachus Thrace also.\\n285 b. c. Bosporus. Conquered by\\nScythians.\\n283 b. c. Lydia. Annexed to Per-\\n280\u00c2\u00b1 B. c. Pergamus. The kingdom\\nis founded by Philetcerus. [280-263. He\\nreigns. 263-241, Eumenes I. 241-197, At-\\ntalus I.]\\nb. c. Babylon. Seleucus Nicator\\ndies, after transferring the government\\nfrom Babylon to Seleucia, Syria.\\n280-261 b.c. Syria. Antiochus I.,\\nSoter, reigns. This king of Upper Asia\\nsucceeds Nicator, and rules the East.\\n[261-246, Antiochus U.,Theos. 246-226,\\nSeleucus Callinicus 226-224, Seleucus\\nCeraunus.]\\n279\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Galatia. Swarms of Gal-\\nlic invaders who settle here give the\\nname.\\n278 b. c. Bithynia. Zipastes dies\\nMicomedial., the eldest son, succeeds\\nhis father. [He invites the Gauls into\\nAsia. 250+. Zelas reigns. 228-180, Pru-\\nsias I. 180-149, Prusias II.]\\n264-1- b. c. Palestine is the battle-\\nground between Egypt and Syria.\\n261-264 b. c. Syria. Antiochus II. is\\nunable to hold the provinces in subjec-\\ntion. The Parthian and Bactrian\\nkingdoms begin.\\n241-197 b. c. Pergamus. Attalus I.\\nreigns over a powerful state.\\n224-187 B.C. Syria Baby Ionia Me-\\ndia. Antiochus III., the Great, reigns.\\n[218. He seizes most of Palestine. 217.\\nHe is forced to cede Ccele-Syria, Pheni-\\ncia, and Palestine to Ptolemy Philopa-\\ntor. 187-175. Seleucus IV., Philopator.]\\n219* B. c. Jerusalem. Simon II., the\\nJust, is high priest and subruler.\\n202* *b. c. Syria\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Judea. Taken by\\nAntiochus HI. [193. He gives Pales-\\ntine to Ptolemy V.]\\n199 b. c. Jerusalem. Onias HI. is\\nJewish high priest.\\nNote. Dates respecting the high priests be-\\ncome more trustworthy.\\nPal. Egyptians are supreme. [198.\\nThe Jews, aided by the Seleucid*, throw\\noff the yoke of Egypt, and become sub-\\nject to Syria.]\\n197-159 b. c. Pergamus. Eumenes II.\\nreigns. [159-138. Attalus II., Philadel-\\nphus. Philadelphia is founded. 138-133.\\nAttalus III., Philometor.]\\n190\u00c2\u00b1 b. c. Pontus. Pharnaces I.\\nreigns. [183. He makes Sinope his capi-\\ntal. 156\u00c2\u00b1-120. Mithridates V- 120-163.\\nMithridates VI., the Great. The kingdom\\nhas its greatest power. War with the\\nRomans.]\\nb. c. Asia M. The Greek kings dom-\\ninate after the defeat of Antiochus the\\nGreat by the Romans (p. 1055) Ar-\\nmenia is divided into Major and Minor.\\nArtaxius, the Roman governor, pro-\\nclaims Armenia Major independent.\\nb. c. Pergamus. Attains its largest\\nextent, and includes Mysia, Phrygia,\\nLydia, Laconia, Pisidia, and Pamphylia.\\n188 b. c. Asia M. Surrendered by\\nAntiochus III. to the Romans (p. 1055).\\n176 b. c. Pal. Again becomes a Syr-\\nian province.\\n175* b. c. Jerusalem. Jason pur-\\nchases the office of high priest. [172.\\nMenelaus buys it.]\\n175-164 b. c. Sijria. Antiochus IV.,\\nEpiphanes, reigns. Romans interfere (p.\\n1055). 172. Devastates Jerusalem. [164-\\n162, Antiochus V., Eupator; 162-153,\\nDemetrius Soter.]\\n167-63 b. c. Jerusalem. The Jewish\\nprinces called Maccabees rise, and de-\\nliver their country.\\n167 b. c. Jerusalem. Mattathias,\\nthe founder of the Maccabees, rises\\nagainst the Syrians who profane the\\nTemple. [166. Judas succeeds.]\\n163* b. c. Eleazar Maccabeus is\\nkilled in battle. [160. John is killed\\nby Arabs.]\\nb. c. Judea. Antiochus V. acknowl-\\nedges the independence of the Jews.\\nb. c. Syria. Antiochus V. is mur-\\ndered by Demetrius Soter, who usurps\\nthe throne.\\nb. c. Jerusalem. Alcimus is rejected\\nby the Jews as high priest, because\\nof his perfidy; the Syrians invade Ju-\\ndea in consequence. [161. Reinstated\\nby force.]\\n161** b.c. Pal. The Jews make their\\nfirst recorded treaty with the Romans.\\n160-143 b. c. Jerusalem. Jonathan\\nMaccabeus succeeds his brother Judas\\nas Jewish ruler his stronghold at seat\\nof power is at Michmash. (153.) He in-\\naugurates the line of Asmonean priest-\\nprinces. The Jews are partizans of\\nAlexander Balas, and reject the over-\\ntures of Demetrius Soter.\\n159+ *b. c. For Rulers of Judea, see\\nhigh priests.\\n158* b. c. Judea. Peace is made with\\nSyria.\\n153 Jerusalem. Jonathan Macca-\\nbeus is nominated Jewish high priest.\\n[147. He resists Demetrius. 145. He\\ngoes over to him. 144. Declares for An-\\ntiochus. 143. He is decoyed into captiv-\\nity by the usurper, Tryphon, and killed.\\n143-135. Simon Maccabeus succeeds\\nhim as prince. He rules the country\\nfrom Tyre to the Egyptian border. 135-\\n103. John Hyrcanus, the Maccabee.]\\n153 b. c. Syria. Alexander Balas\\nusurps the throne. He is favored by the\\nJews. [146. Killed in battle. Deme-\\ntrius H., Nicator, reigns. Becomes a\\ncaptive. 144-142. Antiochus VI., The-\\nos, after overthrowing Demetrius by\\nthe aid of Tryphon. 142-138. Diodotus;\\nTryphon kills Antiochus, and succeeds\\nhim. 138-128. Antiochus VII., Sidetes.]\\n149 b. c. Armenia. Valarsaces, or\\nWagharshag I., establishes the dynasty\\nof the Arsacidae. [127, Arsaces lH t\\nArtaxes.]\\n144* b. c. Judea. Antiochus VI.,\\nTheos, confirms Jonathan in his au-\\nthority. [143. Jewish embassy sent to-\\nRome.]\\n142 b. c. Judea. The Jews are freed\\nfrom paying tribute by Demetrius.\\n[141. The Jews confirm the rule of Simon\\nIII., and enjoy a period of prosperity\\nand peace.]\\n135 B. c. Ptolemy treacherously as-\\nsassinates Simon and his two sons, Judas\\nand Mattathias.\\n133 b. c. Ionia. Annexed to Rome.\\nb. c. Pergamus. Bequeathed to the\\nRomans (p. 1057).\\nb. c. Syria. Antiochus VI. grants\\npeace to the subdued Jews, and placates\\nthe Romans.\\n130 b. c. Judea. John Hyrcanus,\\nthe high priest, completely delivers\\nJudea from Syria, and subdues Idumea.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1161.jp2"}, "1162": {"fulltext": "1150 130, b. c.-26, a. d.\\nTURKEY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n130 B. c. Persia. Antiochus VU.\\nis defeated iu Parthia. [129. He invades\\nParthia subdues and incorporates Idu-\\n111* *b. c. Pontus. Mithridates\\nmakes extensive conquests in Scythia,\\nBosporus, Colchis. [108-63. Mithrida-\\ntic war (p. 1056).]\\n108 b. c. Pal. Hyrcanus destroys\\nSamaria.\\n97 b. c. Cappadocia. Mithridates\\nenters Cappadocia. Gaza, in Judea, is\\ncaptured.\\n04 b. c. Syria. Antiochus is de-\\nfeated by Seleucus. Moab and Amnion\\nare subdued.\\n88-84 b. c. Mithridatic war (pp. 1028,\\n1056). [83-81, second 74-63, third.] (P.\\n1058).\\n80 b. c. Pontus. Mithridates VI.\\nconquers Bosporus.\\n73 b. c. Pontus. The fleet of Mithri-\\ndates VI. defeats the Romans under\\nLueullus in two battles. [68. He de-\\nfeats Fabius. SG. Defeated by Pom-\\npey (p. 1058).]\\n70 B. c. Judea. Aristobulus II. de-\\nfeats Hyrcanus II., the rival king, and\\ncaptures Jerusalem. [69. The king of\\nthe Nabatheuns .supports Hyrcanus with\\n50,000 men. defeats Aristobulus, and be-\\nsieges him in the Temple at Jerusalem.]\\n69* b. c. Armenia. Lueullus defeats\\nTigranes, at Tigranocerta, and takes the\\ncity (p. 1058).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n65 b. c. Bosporus. An earthquake\\ndestroys several towns.\\n63 b. c. Syria. Scaurus, the Roman\\nprefect, builds a marble theater of\\ngreat magnificence capacity, 30,000 peo-\\nple.\\n60* *B. c. -24* *A. D. Strabo dis-\\ncourses on earthquakes and volcanoes.\\n21* B. c. Jerusalem. Herod the Great\\ncommences the third Temple, the sec-\\nond yet standing. [Finished in one and\\na half years by an army of workmen.\\nEntirely completed eight years later.\\nAdditions and changes follow for many\\nyears.]\\n17 a. d. Devastating earthquakes\\n17. Ephesus and 1 1 other cities. 19. In Syria\\n115, 341 458, 707, 708, 325, 326, in A ntioch, Syria\\n115, Nicomedia, 1L 6, Nicomedia, Nicea, and\\nCa suroa. 157. In Asia, Pontus, and Macedo-\\nnia, 150 towns and cities. 341, In Syria; 25H,\\nMii omedia, inhabitants buried in ruins. 55S,\\n936, 1509. In Constantinople. 566. Beyrout\\ndestroyed. 742. Syria, Palestine, and Asia\\nMinor shaken. 1114. Antioch and many\\ntowns. 1158. Syria (2,000 lives). 1268. In\\nCilicia (60,000 lives). 1688. July 10. In\\nSmyrna. 1752. July 29. Adrianople isnearly\\ndestroyed. 1759. Oct. 30. In Syria (20,000\\nlives). 1778. July 3. In Smyrna. 1784.\\nJuly 23. In Armenia (5,000 lives).\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n72 B. c. Herod the Great, King of Judea,\\nb. [4 a. D. D.]\\nSO b. c. Philo Juda-us, Greek philoso-\\npher, born. [50 a. d. Dies.]\\n5 b. c. John the Baptist, born. [30\\na. d. Dies.]\\n1* a. r HerodAgrippal... King of Judea,\\nborn. [44. Dies.]\\n10 Paul, St., Apostle of the Gentiles,\\nborn. [66(?) Dies.]\\n67 b. c. Judea. Hyrcanus, the de-\\nposed high-priest, appeals to Pompey,\\nwho takes Jerusalem and restores him.\\n65* b. c. Armenia. Tigranes sub-\\nmits to Pompey, who enters Syria, and\\ndethrones Antiochus XI.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a063 B. c. Judea. Aristobulus finally\\nsurrenders Jerusalem to Pompey, but\\nthe Temple continues resistance for three\\nmonths longer, till 12,000 Jews are killed\\n(p. 1058).\\n48 b. c. Armenia. Artivosd.es as-\\nsists Pompey against Julius Caesar.\\nPompey is killed. [36. He assists the\\nParthians against Mark Antony. 34.\\nThe king is taken and sent to Egypt\\n(p. 1069).\\n47 b. c. Bosporus. Julius Cassar\\ndefeats Pharnaces II. (p. 1060).\\n42 b. c. Gr. Battle of Philippi\\n(p. 1028). Antony ravages Asia; Cleopa-\\ntra meets him (pp. 653, 1060). [36. Par-\\nthian war.]\\n40 B. c. Jerusalem. Taken by Par-\\nthians.\\n37 b. c. Judea. Herod [the Great]\\ntakes Jerusalem, after a siege of six\\nmonths and killing a great number of\\nJews.\\nBosporus. Conquered by\\nL8 a. d. Armenia. Reconquered by\\nGermanicus, son of Augustus. [58.\\nWar.] (P. 1062.)\\nCHURCH.\\n130 B. c. Samaria. The Samaritan\\nTemple is destroyed by Hyrcanus. He\\nbuilds the tower [of Antonia] at Jeru-\\nsalem. (109 W.)\\n86 b. c. Jerusalem. Alexander Jan-\\nnaaus cruelly suppresses a rebellion of\\nPharisees.\\n70 Sept. 8. b. c. Jerusalem is lev-\\neled to the ground by Titus, a Roman.\\n69 B. C Jerusalem. Aristobulus II. de-\\nposes his brother, and enters the high priest-\\nhood himself. [65. Pompey restores Hyr-\\ncanus to the throne of Judea, and carries\\nKing Aristobulus II. captive to Rome. 63.\\nPompey enters the Holy oi Holies.]\\n54* *B. c. Jerusalem. Crassus plunders\\nthe Temple of 10,000 talents.\\n41* b. c. Jerusalem. Antigonus is high\\npriest. [37, Ananeel 35, Aristobulus later,\\nJesus I. 23, Simon IV. (22, W.) 5 Mat-\\nthias; 4 b. C.-4a. D. Jozar.]\\n17-11 B. c. Jerusalem. Herod, son of\\nAntipater, rebuilds the Temple.\\n5 Feb. b. c. Judea. Birth of John\\nthe Baptist.\\n4 Aug. b. c. Judea. Birth of\\nJesus Christ at Bethlehem, four years\\nbefore the vulgar era. (6 b. c, Strong\\n5 B. C., Kent; 4 B. c.,W., and commonly\\naccepted date.)\\nSept. B. c. Jerusalem. The infant\\nChrist presented in the Temple, to be\\nlegally redeemed.\\nB. c. Jerusalem. Two leading rabbis\\nare burned alive for hostility to the\\nRoman eagle, which had been placed\\nover the Temple gate.\\n3 July B.C. Judea. The Magi visit\\nChrist at Bethlehem. Joseph flees with\\nthe babe and Mary into Egypt.\\nAug. b. c. Herod massacres the\\nBethlehem infants.\\n1 Apr. a. d. Galilee. Joseph re-\\nturns from Egypt, and fixes his home\\nin Nazareth.\\nIshmael I. (15, W.); 22, Eleazar III. (16,\\nKent); 23, Simon V. (16, W.; 17, Kent); 25,\\nJoseph I., Caiphas (17, W.; 26, Kent).]\\n8 Apr. 9. Jerusalem. The boy Jesus,\\n14 years of age, first visits the Temple\\nwith Joseph, in the celebration of the\\nPassover he is accompanied by his\\nmother.\\n26 Judea. John the Baptist begins\\nto preach. [29. Beheaded by Herod.]\\nAug. Judea. Christ is baptized by\\nJohn in the river Jordan. (27, W. 26\\nor 27, Kent.)\\n26 -30 Pal. Period of the Minis-\\ntry of Jesus Christ.\\nSept. -Oct. Christ s tempta-\\ntion in the wilderness.\\nSOCIETY MISCELLANEOUS.\\n130* b. c. Cappadocia. Queen Laodice\\npoisons five of her sons.\\n124 B. c. Syria. Queen Cleopatra\\nmurders her son Seleucus with her own\\nhand. [12S. She is poisoned.]\\n123 b, c. Pontus. King Mithridates\\nV. is assassinated in the midst of bis\\ncourt.\\n115 B. c. Lydia. King Mithridates\\nmarries Laodice, his own sister. [112.\\nShe attempts to poison him, and is\\nkilled.]\\n88 B. c. Asia M. The Roman men,\\nwomen, and children throughout Asia\\nare murdered by order of King Mithri-\\ndates.\\n43 b. 0. Judea. Antipater is poi-\\nsoned.\\n26 B. c. Jerusalem. Herod builds a\\ntheater [also an amphitheater at Jeri-\\ncho. Games are appointed in honor of\\nthe Emperor Augustus],\\nSTATE.\\n129 b. c. Syria. Demetrius IX, Ni-\\ncator, returns from captivity, and recon-\\nquers Syria.\\n128 b. c. Syria. Antiochus VT. is\\ndefeated and slain in Parthia. The Jews\\nrecover independence of Syria.\\n128-122 b. c. Syria. Alexander II.,\\nthe Pretender, is set up. [125-96. An-\\ntiochus VHI., Grypus, son of Cleopa-\\ntra, reigns. 114. Damascus becomes a\\nseparate kingdom. 112. The kingdom\\nis divided between the two brothers\\nGrypus and Cyzicenus. 112-96. Antio-\\nchus IX., Cyzicenus, reigns over Ca^le-\\nSyriaandPhenicia; capital, Damascus.]\\n125* *b. c. Pal. John Hyrcanus\\nsubjugates the country east of the Jor-\\ndan, and endeavors to incorporate the\\npeople with the Jews.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1162.jp2"}, "1163": {"fulltext": "TURKEY.\\n130,** B.C.-26,**A.D.\\n1151\\n108 ii. c. Pal. Samaria is destroyed\\nby Hyrcanus. [25. Rebuilt.]\\n107-105 b. c. Judea. Aristobulus I.\\n(J udas Hyrcanus), high priestof the Jews,\\nassumes the title of king. [104-78. Alex-\\nander Jannseus. 92. The Pharisees re-\\nbel, and drive him out of Jerusalem, but\\nhe soon returns in triumph.]\\n97 b. c. Cappadocia. Conquered\\nby Mithridates VII. He sets up various\\npretenders. [92-63. Ariobarzanes I.\\nreigns by the favor of the Romans. 63.\\nAriobarzanes II., Philopator, reigns. 51.\\nAriobarzanes III., Eusebes.]\\n96-94 B.C. Syria. Antiochus X., Euse-\\nbes, succeeds Antiochus Cyzicunes. [94-\\n86. Demetrius Eucerus. S6-S3. Anti-\\nochus XI., Dionysius. Deposed by Pom-\\npey. 70. Possessed by the Romans.]\\n91-74 B. C. Bithynia. Nicomedes III.,\\nPhilopator, reigns. 91. Expelled by\\nMithridates. 90. Restored by the Ro-\\nmans. 88. Expelled by Mithridates.\\n84. Restored. 75. He bequeaths his\\nkingdom to Rome. War follows (p.\\n1059).\\n89 b. c. Pontus. Mithridates VI.\\nalso reigns over Thrace, Bithynia, Mace-\\ndonia, and Greece (p. 1059). [63. Phar-\\nnaces II. he revolts against tbe Ro-\\nmans, but is subdued by Csesar. 39.\\nDarius reigns. 36. Polemon, son of\\nZeno.]\\nb. C. Armenia. Tigranes I. reigns. [55.\\nArtavasdes reigns with his father. 36.\\nAlone. 30. Artaxes II. 20. Tigranes\\nII.].\\n84 b. C. Pontus. Peace with the Ro-\\nmans (p. 1029).\\n83-69 b. c. Syria. Tigranea I. an-\\nnexes Syria to Armenia by the gift of\\nAntiochus XII. [69. Conquered by-\\nRomans (p. 1058).]\\n79 b. c. Judea. Alexandra, the\\nwidow of Janna^us, governs.\\n75\u00c2\u00b1 b. c Syria. Antiochus XIII.\\nsolicits aid of the Romans. [69. They\\nset him up as king. 57. Gabinus is\\nproconsul.]\\n69* *B. c. Jerusalem. Aristobulus H.,\\nson of Alexander, reigns as king and\\nhigh priest. [65. Hyrcanus II., his\\nbrother, is a rival claimant, supported\\nby the Pharisees. 30. Executed by\\nHerod.]\\n66* b. c. Pontus. Mithridates VI., de-\\nfeated by Pompey (p. 1058). [65. Pontus\\nbecomes a Roman province. 63. Phar-\\nnaces reigns reduced by Pompey to the\\nformer limits.]\\n64 b. c. Syria. A Roman province\\nis formed after the victories of Marcus\\nScaurus, Pompey s lieutenant, who de-\\nposes Antiochus XIII. [Damascus is\\nalso annexed. 64. Pompey establishes\\nhis court at Damascus. Hyrcanus is sup-\\nported by more than 1,000 Jews, who\\nhave been bribed by Antipater. Pompey\\nfinally favors him, but Aristobulus re-\\nsists at Jerusalem. Hyrcanus is restored\\nto nominal authority. 62. Marcus Scau-\\nrus is the Roman prefect.]\\nB. C. Armenia Minor. Seized by Dei-\\notarus, King of Galatia.\\n63 B. c. Judea. Pompey forces the\\nJews to pay tribute to Rome. His vic-\\ntories make Judea a Roman province.\\n56* *b. c, Judea. Divided into five\\ndistricts; its government is an aristoc-\\nracy. [49. Caesar releases Aristobulus\\nII., who is murdered by the partizans of\\nPompey. 47. Csesar appoints Antipater\\nthe Idumean, and father of Herod the\\nGreat, his lieutenant, having aided Cae-\\nsar in his Egyptian war. Hyrcanus is\\nappointed ethnarch.]\\n54* b. c. Syria. Crassus becomes\\nproconsul. [53. He is overthrown by\\nthe Parthians (p. 105S).]\\nb. c. Armenia. Artabarzes reigns.\\nHe deals treacherous] y with the Romans.\\n47 b. c. Bosporus. Asander is ap-\\npointed governor by Pharnasus. The\\nRomans give the throne to Mithridates\\nof Pergamus. [He usurps the crown\\nconfirmed by Augustus.]\\nb. c. Jerusalem. Hyrcanus is re-\\nstored to power, and the aristocratic\\ngovernment ended.\\n46* b. C. Pal. Antipater appoints his\\nson, Herod [the Great], governor of\\nGalilee. [42. Herod marries Mariamne,\\na granddaughter of Hyrcanus, the high\\npriest, and daughter of Alexandra. An-\\ntipater appoints Phasel, another son,\\ngovernor of Jerusalem.]\\n43 b. c. Syria. Casius Longinus\\nis proconsul. [Proconsuls are succeeded\\nby legati as rulers.]\\n40 b. c. Judea. The Parthians take\\nSyria; capture Jerusalem, and enthrone\\nAntigonus, the last of the Asmoneans,\\nas king and priest.\\n37* *b. c. Pome. Herod [the Great]\\nis appointed king of Judea by a decree\\nof the senate, and inaugurated in the\\ncapital. He is promoted by the favor\\nof Octavian and Antony.\\nb. c. Jerusalem. Ananel is high\\npriest. [33. Jesus, and later Simon.]\\n36 b. c. Antony grants Phenicia,\\nCyrene, and Cyprus to Cleopatra.\\n34* b. c. Armenia. Made a Roman\\nprovince by the victories of Ptolemy.\\n[30. Artaxes II. revolts, expels the Ro-\\nmans, and rules as king. 20. Put to death\\nby Armenians. 27. Syria a province,\\nruled by a prefect as legatus Csesaris.}\\n30* B. C. Judea. Octavian establishes\\nHerod in his kingdom. [29. Herod puts\\nMariamne to death.]\\n27 b. c.-14 a. n. Pome. Augustus Oc-\\ntavianus emperor.\\n25 b. c. Pal. Samaria is rebuilt by\\nHerod the Great.\\n23 b. c. Jerusalem. Walls are re-\\nbuilt by Antipater.\\n22 b. c. Pal. Csesarea Philippi is\\nrebuilt or enlarged by Philip the te-\\ntrarch.\\n21 b. c. Asia M. Augustus makes\\na visit. [20. Meets Herod in Syria. 16.\\nAgrippa is again legatus.]\\n20 b. c. Syria. Tigranes II. is en-\\nthroned by the Romans. He governs\\nSyria also, later Tigranes III. [6. Ar-\\ntavasdes. 5, Tigranes restored; 12,\\nQueen Erato.]\\n18 b. c. Judea. Herod [the Great]\\nvisits Rome and brings back his two sons,\\nAlexander and Aristobulus, who had\\nbeen sent there six years before. [16.\\nHe invites Agrippa into Judea. 11. He\\naccuses Alexander and Aristobulus be-\\nfore Augustus, but becomes reconciled.\\n6. The two sons are condemned by the\\nCouncil, and strangled. Antipater en-\\nters into a conspiracy against Herod, and\\ngoes to Rome. 4. Herod orders his ex-\\necution.]\\n14 b. c. Turk. E. A rebellion of the\\nVologams in Thrace is quelled.\\n9-8* *b. c. Syria. C. Sentius Satur-\\nnius is legatus.\\n7 b. c. Pal. The Romans take a cen-\\nsus.\\n6-2 b. c. Rhodes. Residence of Tibe-\\nrius.\\n5 B. c. Jerusalem. Matthias is high\\npriest.\\nb. c. Judea. Taxes are levied by\\nCyrenius the governor.\\nB. c. Syria. Varrus is appointed\\ngovernor. [4 A. D. Volusius Saturninus,\\nlegate; 5, Sulpicius Quirinius; ll,Aulus\\nCreticus Silanus.]\\n4 Mar.* b.c. Herod the Great dies\\nfrom a loathsome disease after suicidal\\nattempts. His dominions are distributed\\nby Augustus Cresar among his three sons.\\n[3\u00c2\u00b1 B. c-7 A. d. Archelaus has Judea,\\nSamaria, and Idumea. He bears the ti-\\ntle of ethnarch. 6 A. d. He is banished\\nto Gaul for misrule. 4 B. C.-34A. D.\\nPhilip rules as tetrarch of Iturea and\\nTrochonitis (N. E. Palestine). 4 B. c-\\n39 A. n. Herod Antipas rules Galilee\\nand Persea as tetrarch. 39. Exiled to\\nSpain.]\\n2 A. D. Armenia. Ariobarzanes, a\\nParthian, is enthroned by the Romans.\\n[4. Artavasdes III. 5. Queen Erato.\\nInterregnum.]\\n6 Judea. Augustus banishes Arche-\\nlaus. Judea a province (p. 1063). Copo-\\nnius is procurator. [9. M. Ambivius\\n12, Annius Rufus 15, Valerius Gratus.]\\n11 Rome. Tiberius is associate em-\\nperor. [14-37. Sole emperor.]\\n16* Armenia. Subject to Parthia;\\nVenones, a Parthian, is king. [17. In-\\nterregnum. 18. Zeno of Pontus (Artax-\\nias) Tigranes IV- 35, Arsaces II.\\nMithridates of Iberia; 51, Rhamdam-\\nistus.]\\n17 Cappadocia, A Roman province\\n[47\u00c2\u00b1. Thrace also.]\\nSyria. Cn. Calpurnius Piso is gov-\\nernor. \\\\W, Sexlns Snturnimis; 20, ^Elius\\nLammia; 34, Vitellius rules as legatus.\\n39. P. Petronius.]\\n26-36 Judea. Pontius Pilate is procu-\\nrator. [36. Deposed, and succeeded by\\nMarcellus. 41. The Jews have the right\\nof Roman citizenship.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1163.jp2"}, "1164": {"fulltext": "1152\\n27, Mar. 22-246,\\nTURKEY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n47 Jerusalem. The walls are rebuilt.\\n65 Judea. The Jewish wars begin\\n(p. 1062).\\n70 Sept. 8. Jerusalem. Titus takes\\nthe city, sacks and burns the Temple\\n1,100,000 Jews perish (p. 1062).\\n71* Rhodes. Taken by Vespasian.\\n116* Syria. Trajan takes Seleucia.\\n[162. Parthian invasion.] (P. 1064.)\\n194* *AsiaM. Battle of Issus (p. 1064).\\n217 Syria. Parthian war (p. 1064).\\n246 Syria. Persian invasion. [397.\\nInvaded by Saracens. 502. Again.\\n629. Again. 607. Invaded by the Per-\\nsians. 609. They conquer Asia Minor.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n33 Mar. 19. Pal. A general eclipse\\nof the sun is observed. (Seyffarth.)\\n190\u00c2\u00b1 Carta. Eunielus flourishes his\\npicture of Helen adorns the Roman\\nForum.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n37 Herod Agrrippa, Syrian king, born.\\n[100. Dies.}\\n28 Berenice, Jewish queen, favorite of\\nTitus, born. [70+. Dies.]\\n36+: Stephen, St.. first Christian martyr,\\nstoned.\\n37* Josephus. hist., warrior, b. [95. D.]\\n1st Century. Cerinthus, Syrian heresiarch,\\nfounder of Cerinthians, born. Dies.\\nHerod Antipas. tetrarch of Galilee, b. D.\\nShammi, Jewish ilodor, born. Dies.\\n1st, 2d Century. Hyrcanus 1-, II., high priests,\\nborn. Die.\\n100* John, the Kvan^clist, born. DieB.\\n107 Ignatius. St., bishop of Antioch, d.\\n115 Gamaliel, tin- younger, dies.\\n136* Bareoehba, Jewish impostor, dies.\\n2d Century. Akiba Ben Joseph, Jewish in-\\nstructor, born. Dies.\\n168 Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, dies.\\n232+ Afrieanus, Sextus Julius, Christian\\nhistorian, dies.\\n233 Porphyry, Syrian Neo-Platonic phi-\\nlosopher, born. [304. Dies.]\\n245\u00c2\u00b1 Famphilus, St., Syrian martyr, born.\\n[309. Dies.]\\nCHURCH.\\n27 Mar. 22. Christ attends his first\\nPassover (27, W.; 27, Apr. Kent), and\\nexpels traders from the Temple.\\nMar.* John s testimony of Jesus;\\nChrist obtains his first disciples, John\\nand Andrew he performs his first\\nmiracle, water is changed into wine\\nhe visits Capernaum.\\nThe first year of Christ s more pub-\\nlic ministry begins.\\nMar. 22-28. Interviewed by Wicode-\\nmus.\\nSummer. Engages in public work west\\nof the Jordan.\\nOct. 26. John the Baptist reproves\\nHerod, and is cast into prison.\\nDec. Christ converts the Samaritan\\nwoman at Jacob s well. Teaches in\\nGalilee.\\n28 Jan. He heals the nobleman s\\nson. He is rejected at Nazareth, and\\nmakes Capernaum his residence. He\\nmakes a miraculous draught of fishes,\\nand calls into his ministry Peter and\\nAndrew, and James and John. He re-\\nstores a demoniac at Capernaum.\\nCures Peter s mother-in-law.\\n.Feb. *-Mar. Makes a preaching tour\\nof Galilee. Heals a leper.\\nMar. Cures a paralytic.\\nApr. Calls Matthew.\\nThe second year of his ministry.\\nApr. 12. Attends his second Pass-\\nover. Cures an invalid at the Pool of\\nBethesda.\\nApr. 26. He cures a withered hand.\\nMay He chooses his 12 apostles.\\nMay He preaches the Sermon on\\nthe Mount. Cures the centurion s\\nservant. Restores the widow s son to\\nlife.\\nJune Receives a message from John\\nthe Baptist. Receives the kind offices\\nof a woman at a Pharisee s house.\\nJune -Sept. Makes a second tour\\nof Galilee [32].\\nOct. Restores a demoniac, and is\\nslandered. Teaches the multitudes.\\nStills the tempest on the sea. Cures\\ntwo demoniacs.\\nNov. Attends a feast at Matthew s\\nhouse in Capernaum. Resuscitates\\nJairus s daughter. Cures two blind\\nmen and a dumb demoniac.\\nDec. Is rejected the second time at\\nNazareth.\\n29 Jan. -Mar. He makes a third\\ntour of Galilee, and sends forth his dis-\\nciples.\\nMar. John is beheaded by Herod at\\nMachserus.\\nMar. 25. Christ feeds the 5,000.\\nMar. 25, 26. Meets his disciples by\\nwalking on the water.\\nThe third year of Christ s ministry.\\nMar. 28. He avoids attending the third\\nPassover.\\nApr. Cures the demoniac daughter\\nof a Syro-Phenician woman.\\nMay He feeds over 4,000 people.\\nCures a blind man. He predicts to his\\ndisciples his passion. He is transfig-\\nured on the mount Moses and Elijah\\nvisit him.\\nJune Again predicts his passion.\\nProvides a sacred half-shekel from a\\nfish s mouth.\\nSept. Gives the seventy disciples\\ntheir mission. He takes his final de-\\nparture from Galilee for Jerusalem.\\nSept. 21-28. Attends the Feast of\\nTabernacles at Jerusalem.\\nSept. 29. Pardons an adulteress.\\nOct. The Seventy return, and report\\nwith rejoicing.\\nOct. He defines love to one s neigh-\\nbor for a lawyer.\\nNov. He visits Mary and Martha.\\nNov. 27. He cures a blind man at Je-\\nrusalem.\\nNov. 28. The Sanhedrin investigate\\nthe cure of the blind man.\\nNov. 30-Dec.7. He discourses in the\\nTemple at the Festival of the Dedica-\\ntion. (29, Dec. TV.)\\nDec. He returns to East Bethany.\\n30 Jan. He restores Lazarus. The\\nSanhedrin decide to kill him.\\nJan. -Feb. He retires beyond the\\nJordan.\\nFeb. He cures a female of spinal\\nparalysis. Teaches in Perea, and jour-\\nneys slowly toward Jerusalem.\\nMar. He is visited by a rich young\\nruler.\\nMar. ll.(?) He predicts his passion the\\nthird time.\\nMar. James and John make an ambi-\\ntious request.\\nMar. Two blind men are cured at\\nJericho.\\nMar. 12. Zaccheus entertains Christ\\nas a guest.\\nMar. 13. Christ arrives at Bethany.\\n(Mar. 30, W.) Crowds come to see Laz-\\nMar. 14. Heleaves Bethany, and makes\\na public entrance into Jerusalem, rid-\\ning on an ass over a road bedecked with\\npalm-leaves. He sheds tears over Je-\\nrusalem. He enters the Temple, and\\nexpels the tradespeople from the Gen-\\ntiles court.\\nMar. 15. He curses the barren fig-tree\\nwhen returning to Jerusalem from Beth-\\nany.\\nMar. 16. Again returns from Bethany,\\nand teaches in the women s court of\\nthe Temple. He is questioned respect-\\ning tribute money, the resurrection,\\nrelative importance of the command-\\nments, discusses the paternity of the\\nMessiah, denounces hypocrisy, prefers\\na widow s mite. Withdraws from the\\nTemple, and prem onishes the catas-\\ntrophe of Jerusalem.\\nMar. 17. The Sanhedrin plot against\\nthe life of Christ. Judas purposes to\\nbetray him. He eats his last Passover,\\nwhich closes with a hymn. He retires\\nto the Mount of Olives enters the\\nGarden of G-ethsemane, offers three\\nprayers, agonizes, is betrayed, and ar-\\nrested.\\nMar. 18. [Friday. He is brought be-\\nfore the ex high priest Peter denies\\nhis Master is questioned by Hananiah.\\nIs arraigned before the Sanhedrin in\\nCaiaphas s palace. Accused before Pi-\\nlate. Tried by Herod uncondemned.\\nBefore Pilate again is declared inno-\\ncent, yet sentence of death is extorted.\\nJudas commits suicide. Christ is cru-\\ncified in Golgotha. Buried in Joseph s\\ntomb. (30, Apr. 6, W.)\\nMar. 19. [Sabbath.] His tomb guarded.\\nMar. 20. [Sunday.] (30, Apr. 8, W.) He\\nrises from the tomb meets his disciples.\\nBlesses bread at Emmaus. Salutes ten\\napostles in the evening.\\nMar. 27. Salutes eleven apostles.\\nThomas is present.\\nMar. 31. Commissions his apostles.\\nApr. 28. Ascends from near Bethany.\\n(May 17, W.)\\nMay 9. Jerusalem. The baptism of\\nthe Holy Ghost falls on 120 disciples.\\nDec. 29. Jerusalem. St. Stephen suf-\\nfers martyrdom. (36, W. 34, Kent.)\\n31 May Damascus. Saul the per-\\nsecutor becomes a Christian. (37, W.\\n35, Kent.) [He returns to Jerusalem.\\n(40, W.)]\\n31 Jerusalem. Christian church\\ngreatly prospers.\\n31 St. Matthew writes his Gospel.\\n32 St. Peter baptizes Cornelius\\nand family at Cassarea. (40, W. Kent.)\\nPhilip preaches in Samaria.\\nJudea. The high priests purchase\\ntheir places by bribes or services, and\\nare commonly flagitious in their conduct.\\n36 Jerusalem. Jonathan, son of An-\\nanus, becomes Jewish high priest.\\n[37, Theophilus, bis brother; 42, Simon\\nCantlieras; 43, Matthias, son of Ananus (42,\\nW.) 44, Elionams, son of Cantlieras (43,TV.)\\n48, Joseph, son of Kami (45, W.) later Ana-\\nnias, son of Nebedrcus (49, TV.); 55, Ismael,\\nBon of Fabi 59, W.); 67, Theophilus; later,\\nPannius.J\\n37* Jerusalem. St. Peter restores Tab-\\nitha. The Emperor Caligula endeavors", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1164.jp2"}, "1165": {"fulltext": "TURKEY.\\n27, Mar. 22-246,\\n1153\\nto place his statue in the Temple. The\\nJews are persecuted for refusing to\\nworship him.\\n41* Cyprus. Simon Magus founds the\\nSimouians, the first society of heretics.\\n42 Syria. The disciples are first\\ncalled Christians at Antioch. (38,\\nButler 40, Tacitus 41, W. 60, some\\nothers.)\\n44 Paul and Barnabas visit Cyprus.\\n[45. They visit Antioch in Pisidia, Ico-\\nnium, Lystra, Derbe, Pamphylia, and\\nPerga, in Asia Minor.] (45, W.)\\n45 Assumption of the Virgin (as-\\ncent into heaven) [according to the\\nLatin and Greek churches].\\n48-49 St. Paul s first missionary tour.\\n(45-43, Kent.)\\n50 Spring. Jerusalem. The Council\\nof Apostles is held. Gentile Christians\\nare freed from the yoke of the Mosaic\\nobservances. (48, W. 51, Kent.)\\n51-54 St. Paul s second missionary\\ntour. (49-50, W. 54, Kent.)\\n52 St. Paul writes the First Epistle to\\nthe Tkessalonians. (52, W.)\\nHe visits Antioch in Syria, Tarsus,\\nDerbe, Lystra, towns in Phrygia and\\nGalatia, Pergamos and Troas in Asia\\nMinor. (51, W.) He is called by a vis-\\nion into Europe, and visits Philippi,\\nBerea,Thessalonica, Athens, and 5 W.)\\nCorinth. He returns to Asia, visits Ephe-\\nsus, and returns to Jerusalem.\\n53 St. Paul writes the Second Epistle to\\nthe Tkessalonians. (52, W.)\\n54-58 St. Paul s third missionary tour.\\n(54-55, W.; 55-59, Kent.)\\n56 St. Luke writes his Gospel.\\n57 St. Paul writes the Epistle to the\\nGalatians. (52, W., or 57.) St. Paul\\nwrites the First (57, W.) and Second\\nEpistles (57, W.) to the Corinthians. He\\nis a prisoner, and pleads before Clau-\\ndius Felix, governor of Judea and Csesa-\\nrea. (60, Kent.) [60. He is sent to Rome\\nfor trial. 61. Spring. Arrives.]\\nHe visits Ephesus (56-57, W.), Macedo-\\nnia, Corinth, Philippi, and Miletus.\\n58 Epistle to the Hebrews is written.\\nSt. Paul writes the Epistle to the Ro-\\nmans from Corinth. (58, W.) The Book\\noftheActs is written by St. Luke. (63, W),\\n60 St. Paul is shipwrecked at Malta\\n61-63 Home. St. Paul s first imprison\\nment. [He is acquitted (p. 1062).]\\n62 Rome. St. Paul writes the Epistles\\nto Philemon, the Colossians, Ephesians,\\nand Philippians.\\nSt. James writes his Epistle. (62-\\n63, W.)\\nRome. St. Peter is bishop of Rome.\\n[He is crucified head downward St.\\nLinus is his successor.] (Roman Catholic\\nauthorities.)\\nJerusalem. Herod s persecution. St.\\nJames beheaded St. Peter arrested\\nand imprisoned.\\nThe apostles separate, and go into\\ndifferent parts of the world to preach\\nthe gospel.\\n64-65 Sp. St. Paul visits Spain. (65,\\nW.)\\n64-68 First general persecution of\\nChristians by pagans (p. 1062).\\n64\u00c2\u00b1 St. Peter writes his first Epistle.\\n[65. His second Epistle.]\\n67 St. Paul writes the First Epistle\\nto Timothy from Macedonia, and the\\nEpistle to Titus from Ephesus. He\\nwrites the Second Epistle to Timothy\\nfrom Rome.\\nSt. Mark writes his Gospel.\\n68 Asia M. St. Paul is arrested at\\nNicopolis as a conspicuous leader of\\nChristians, and sent to Rome as a victim\\nof Nero s persecution. [May (or June).\\nHe is beheaded.]\\n69 Nov. 30. Gr. The Apostle An-\\ndrew, having refused to offer sacrifices\\nto idols, is crucified on [St. Andrew s\\n(X)] cross at Patrse.\\n70 Jerusalem. The Temple is\\nburned by the Romans.\\n90 St. John s Gospel is written.\\n[A little later his two Epistles and\\nthe Apocalypse.]\\n95 Persecutions (p. 1064).\\nJEgean Sea. St. John is exiled to\\nPatmos.\\n97 Timothy is stoned.\\nSt. John returns to Ephesus from\\nPatmos.\\nThe Christian Church advances.\\n(See Italy for later development.)\\n100 Persecution (p. 1064).\\n100-300 Armenia receives Christianity.\\n130 Jerusalem. Adrian builds a tem-\\nple of Jupiter on Mount Calvary, also a\\ntemple of Adonis over the manger at\\nBethlehem.\\n132 Judea. Adrian has slain 580,000\\nrebellious Jews, and banishes the sur-\\nvivors.\\n135* Asia M. Polycarp becomes\\nbishop of Smyrna. [167\u00c2\u00b1. Burned at\\nthe stake.]\\n150+ Syria. Septimius Severus builds\\na temple to the sun at Baalbec.\\n230* A. d. The Mischna, called the Je-\\nrusalem Talmud, is compiled by Jehuda\\nHanassi, and written at Tiberias.\\nSOCIETY MISCELLANEOUS.\\n70 A. D. Jerusalem. A multitude of\\nJews destroy themselves after Titus\\ntakes the city.\\n165* Syria. Cassius, a Roman general,\\nputs to death 300,000 inhabitants of\\nSeleucia.\\nSTATE.\\n33 Bosporus (Circassia). Polemon II.\\nreigns. [41. Mithridates II. 49. He is\\ntaken to Rome as a prisoner. Cotys\\nreigns.]\\n37-41 Rome. Caligula is emperor. [41-54.\\nClaudius; 54-68, Nero.]\\n38-44 Pal. Herod Agrippa I., grand-\\nson of Herod the Great, is tetrarch of\\nAbilene, Balansea, Trachonitis, and Au-\\nranitis (N. E. of Palestine and Syria).\\n[41-44. Judea and Samaria are annexed\\nto his dominions. All Palestine his\\nindependent kingdom.]\\n40 Rome. A Jewish embassy visits\\nCaligula.\\n44* Judea. Again a Roman province,\\n45-47 Judea. Cusplus Fadus is procura-\\ntor. (44, W.) [47-4U, Tiberina Alexander.\\n(46, AY.); 4!l-S;i, Ventidius Onmanus (48.\\nW.); 53-55, Antonitis Felix (51, W.); 55-62,\\nForcius Festns (60, AV. 62-65, Albinus; 65-\\nGessius Florus (62, W.)\\n45 Judea. Theudas leads a revolt,\\nand is killed. [51. Quadratus, the le-\\ngatus of Syria, deposes Cumanus, and\\nsends Ananias, the high priest, in bonds\\nto Rome to answer for quarrels with the\\nSamaritans.]\\n48 Herod Agrippa II., son of Herod\\nAgrippa I., is made prince of Chalcis.\\n[52-91 (93). He is king of Northern Pal-\\nestine. (52.) He pleads at Rome for the\\nJews.]\\n58\u00c2\u00b1 Armenia. Erovant, a usurper,\\nrules the kingdom.\\n63 Armenia. Annexed to Rome. [65.\\nTiridates II. reigns.]\\n65 Judea. Revolt against the Ro-\\nmans. [68. Invasion by Vespasian.]\\n68* Rome. Galba is emperor. [69, Otho;\\n69 Jerusalem. Three Jewish parties\\ncontend for supremacy. [70. Destroyed.\\n(See Army.) The Jewish policy and\\nnation terminate.]\\n71* Judea. The Romans put Basseua\\nin charge.\\n93\u00c2\u00b1 Syria. Chalcis is annexed,\\nAgrippa II. (deceased) having sided\\nagainst the Romans. [105. Arabia Pe-\\ntrtea, a Roman province. 114. Armenia.\\n115. Mesopotamia and Assyria.]\\n112 Bithynia. Pliny, the younger, is\\nimperial legate. [124. Nicomedia is\\nrestored by Adrian.]\\n115 Armenia. Trajan expels the Par-\\nthian conqueror, and annexes the coun-\\ntry. [117. Adrian relinquishes authority.]\\n117 Cyprus. The Jews revolt. [132-\\n135. Again.]\\n132 Jerusalem. Revived by Adrian\\nafter being almost uninhabited for 50+\\nyears he plants a Roman colony, and\\nnames it JElia. [The name Jerusalem\\nis dropped for 200\u00c2\u00b1 years. The history\\nis almost a blank until the era of Con-\\nstantine.]\\n132-135 Jerusalem. Rebellion of Bar-\\ncochba, the pretended Messiah he\\ndefeats the Romans.\\n135-136 Judea. Desolated by the Syri-\\nans. [175. Revolt against Rome.] (P. 1065.)\\n166* Armenia. M. Aurelius breaks\\nthe power of Parthia, and reigns as king.\\n[199. Julius Severus makes Vologarses\\nIII., the Parthian, king of part of Ar-\\nmenia. 232. Armenia becomes subject\\nto the Persian empire. 2S6. Tiridates,\\nthe Parthian king, is enthroned by Dio-\\ncletian. 294. Expelled by Narses. 298.\\nRestored by Galerius. 342. Persians rule.]\\n212 Palmyra becomes a Roman col-\\nony. [272. Conquered.] (P. 1066.)", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1165.jp2"}, "1166": {"fulltext": "1154 255,**-1375,\\nTURKEY.\\nARMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NAVY.\\n255 Thrace. Invasion by the Goths\\n(pp. 1066-1068) [395. Ravaged by Alaric.\\nBy Attila.]\\n261 Asia M. Sapor s conquests (p.\\n1066).\\n314* Asia M. Constantine defeats\\nLicinius three times (p. 1028).\\n365 Constantinople. Procopius seizes\\nthe city.\\n369 Armenia, Conquered by the Per-\\nsians. [577-6S7. Conquered and recon-\\nquered by the Greeks and Persians.]\\n603 Medea. War with the Lydians.\\n614* Jerusalem. Taken by Chosroes.\\n[Itetaken by the Emperor Heraclius.\\n637. Taken by the Saracens.]\\n633 Pal. Calif Omar takes Joppa.\\n[637. He takes Jerusalem. 638. Takes\\nSyria.]\\n637 Armenia. Mohammedan inva-\\nsion. [830. Invaded by the Emperor\\nTheophilus. 914. Ravaged by Moham-\\nmedans.]\\n646 Cyprus. Seized by Arabs.\\n672-718* Constantinople. Saracens\\nresisted (p. 1030).\\n693-1067 Armenia. Conquered and\\nreconquered by the Greeks and Mo-\\nhammedans.\\n717 Cappadocia. Invaded by the\\nSaracens. [876. The Emperor Basil\\nrecovers it. 1074. Captured by the\\nTurks under Solyman.]\\n864 Constantinople. Resists the Rus-\\nsians (p. 1032). [904. Again. 941. Again.\\n1043. Again.]\\n933* Arabia. Al Mutassem, a Sara-\\ncen calif, organizes a body-guard of\\nTurkish prisoners. [903. Saracens and\\nEastern empire (p. 1032).]\\n970 Syria. Conquered by Fatimite\\nCalifs. [1034. Expelled. 1007. Revolt\\n(p. 1032). 10GS+-. Turkish invasion (p.\\n1032). 1075. Turks take Damascus.]\\n1071* Armenia. Arslan captures Ro-\\nmanus IV. (p. 1032).\\n1074 Jerusalem. Taken by the Arabs\\n(p. 487).\\n1074-84* *AsiaM. Conquered by the\\nTurks.\\n1078 Bithi/nia. rJicomedia surren-\\nders to the Seljukan Turks.\\n1081 Norman invaders (p. 1032).\\n1097 Turk. E. Crusaders invasion\\n(p. 1032).\\n1099 June 9. Jerusalem. Crusaders\\nbesiege the city. [June 12. Assault the\\ncity. July 15. Take it 70,000 infidels\\nare put to the sword and anew kingdom\\nis founded. 1099. They capture Joppa.\\n1124. Take Tyre.]\\n1150+1271* Pal. Almost continuous\\nwars with. Christians.\\n1166* Syria. Conquered by Sultan\\nNoureddin.\\n1187 July 3, 4. Pal. Saladin defeats\\nGuy de Lusignan, King of Jerusalem,\\nnear Tiberias. [Oct. 2. Captures Jeru-\\nsalem. 1193. Takes Jaffa.]\\n1203 May 9. Constantinople. Taken\\nby Latins (p. 1034).\\n1204 Constantinople. Taken by the\\nCrusaders, and Emperor Mourzoune\\nput to death.\\n1217* Jerusalem. Taken by the\\nTurks, and Saracens driven out. [1228.\\nSurrenders to Frederick II. by treaty.]\\n1235* Armenia. Overrun by Mongols\\n[for several years].\\n1243 Jerusalem. Captured by Cru-\\nsaders. [1244. Taken by Mohamme-\\ndans.]\\n1252 Pal. Louis IX. of France cap-\\ntures Jaffa.\\n1259\\n*Syr\\nOverrun by Tartars.\\n1291* Jerusalem. Taken. [Sultan of\\nEgypt expels Christians from Syria.]\\n1299 Bithynia. Othman invades\\nNicomedia. [1338. It surrenders to Or-\\nchan and the Ottoman Turks.]\\n1330 The Ottoman Turks capture\\nNicsea.\\n1341-53 Turk. E. Thrace is conquered\\nby Turks. [First war with Venetians.]\\n1346 Gr. Morea is conquered by\\nTurks. [1355. Gallipoli, It.]\\n1361 Turk. E. Turks enter Thrace,\\nand take Adrianople.\\n1362 Amurath I. organizes Jani-\\nzaries. [HeconquersTlira.ee, and makes\\nAdrianople his capital (p. 1034). 1363.\\nHe captures Philippopolis.]\\n1364 Crete. Rebellion subdued.\\n1373 Armenia. Overrun by Tamer-\\nlane. [1400. He sacks lleliopolis over-\\nruns Syria. 1401. Jan. Destroys Da-\\nmascus 1402. Invades Asia Minor,\\nsacks Smyrna, destroys Sardis. Turks\\ndefeated.] (P. 1035.)\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n330-390 Syria. Gregory N\\nthe history of the Passion to dramatic\\nmusic.\\n401 The Black Sea is frozen over for\\n20 days. 763, Oct. -764. Feb. Frozen\\n100 miles from the shore.]\\n406* Pat. Swarms of locusts darken\\nthe air, and breed pestilence from their\\nputrid bodies.\\n705 Syria. The mosque at Damas-\\ncus is erected.\\n1191 June 22. Syria. A remarkable\\neclipse of the sun is observed.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n266\u00c2\u00b1 Eusebius. Syrian church historian,\\nborn. [342\u00c2\u00b1. Dies.]\\nS76\u00c2\u00b1 Zenobia. Qiiffii of Palmyra, dies.\\n300+ Hilarion, St., born. [372. Dies.]\\n300* Eueebius, bishop of Eniisa, Syria,\\nborn. [360. Dies.]\\n310 Meletius, St., bishop of Antioch,\\nborn. [381. Dies.]\\n315\u00c2\u00b1 Cyril. St.. of Jerusalem, archbishop,\\nauthor, horn. [386\u00c2\u00b1. Dies.]\\n325+* Gregory Nazianzen, St., bishop\\nof Constantinople, born. [390+. Dies.]\\n340 Asterins, bp. of Amuse of Pontus, b.\\nEusebius, Patriarch of Constantinople, b.\\nNicholas, St., bishop of Myra, guardian of\\nchildren, dies.\\n350+ Chry sostom, John, Syrian-\\nGreek church lather, born. [407. Dies.]\\n353 Ashi, Rah., Jewish savant, author of\\nBab. Talmud, born. [477. Dies.]\\n362 Apollinaris, the younger, bishop of\\nLaodicea, born. Dies.\\n3904;* Simeon Stvlites, Syrian ascetic,\\nborn. [460. Dies.]\\nTheodoret, Syrian bishop, church historian,\\nborn. [457. Dies.]\\n440+ Nestoriue, Syrian bishop, dies.\\n449 Flavian ub, bp. of Constantinople, d.\\nG18 Flavianus, bishop of Antioch, dies.\\n565 Belisarius. general, dies in prison.\\n581 Omar I., calif, captor of Jerusalem,\\nborn. [644. Dies.]\\n610* Moawiyah, Ommiad calif, born.\\n[680. Dies.]\\n611* Aysheah, favorite wife of Moham-\\nmed, bom. [677. Dies.]\\n700 Damascene, John, governor of\\nDamascus, horn. [760. Dies.]\\n720 AbU-1-Abbas-Abdallah, Abbassid\\ncalif, born. [754. Dies.]\\n786* Mamoun, or Al. Mamun, Ab\\ncalif of Bagdad, born. [833. Dies.]\\n10th Century. Genesius, Josephus, Byzan-\\ntine historian, born. Dies.\\n954 Anastasius, St., patriarch of Antioch,\\nborn. [1044. Dies.]\\n980 Avicenna, Mohammedan physician,\\nphilosopher, born. [1037. Dies.]\\n1030 Alp-Arslan, Seljuk sultan, born.\\n[1072. Dies.]\\n1058* Abu-Hamid-Alghazalee, Moslem\\nclergyman, born. [111. DieB.]\\nBaldwin I., King of Jerusalem, born.\\nGazzoli, Abu H., Mohammedan, b. [118. D.]\\n1116* Nur-ed-din, Sultan of Syria and\\nEgypt, born. [1173. Dies.]\\n1130* Baldwin III., King of Jerusalem,\\nborn. [1163. Dies.]\\n1131* Baldwin II., King of Jerusalem, d.\\n1135* Amaury I., King of Jerusalem,\\nborn. [1173. Dies.]\\nMaimonidt S. Moses, rabbi, horn. [1204. D.]\\n1137* Saladin the Great, sultan, born.\\nC1193, Mar. 4. Dies.]\\n1160* Baldwin IV., King of Jerusalem,\\nborn. [1186. Dies.]\\n1205 Amaury II., King of Jerusalem, d.\\n1226 Abulfaraj, Gregorius, Armenian\\nbishop, historian, horn. [1286. Dies.]\\n1259* Othman, or Osman, I., founder of\\nOttoman empire, born. [1326. Dies.]\\n1273* AhultVda, geographer,!). [1331. D.]\\n1288* Ertoghrul dies.\\n1347 Bajazet, Ottoman sultan, born.\\n[1403. Dies.]\\n14th Century. Aladdin, organizer of Janiza-\\nries, born. Dies.\\nCHURCH.\\n276 Armenia. St. Gregory converts\\nTridates II., and Christianity is adopted\\nas the national religion.\\n314+ Asia M. A church council is\\nheld at Ancyra.\\n325 Council of Nice (pp. 1028, 1068).\\n370 Asia M. Gratian massacres 80\\nChristian Fathers at Nicomedia; they\\nare put on board a ship, which is set on\\ntire and driven to sea.\\n381 Constantinople. Council (p.\\n1092).\\n398 Feb. 26. Constantinople. Chrys-\\nostom is elected bishop (p. 1030).\\n428-431 rTestorians arise (p. 1030).\\n431 June 22. Council of Ephesus (p.\\n1030).\\n5th Century. Syria. Maronites arise.\\n[676+. They begin to prevail.]\\n461 The Churches of Egypt, Syria, and\\nArmenia separate from the Church of\\nConstantinople because of the Monoph-\\nysite controversy (p. 1030).\\n532 Constantinople. Justinian founds\\nthe second St. Sophia. [537 and 560.\\nDedicated.]\\n533 Syria. The sect of Zanzalians\\narises. Water baptism is rejected, and bap-\\ntism by tiir is applied with a red-hot iron.\\n553 Constantinople. Church coun-\\ncil. [681. Another.] (P. 1031.)\\n554 Asia. Greeks and Armenians\\nseparate (p. i071).\\n634 Asia M. Mohammedanism ad-\\nvances (p. 1031).\\n637 Jerusalem. The Mosque of\\nOmar is founded.\\nArmenia. Mohammedan invaders at-\\ntempt to abolish Christianity.\\n690 Armenia. Paulicians persecuted\\n(p. 1031).\\n726+ The iconoclastic controversy\\nbegins (p. 1032).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1166.jp2"}, "1167": {"fulltext": "TURKEY.\\n255,**-1375,**. 1155\\nSth Century. The Karaites, or Readers, led\\nby Anan-iien-David form a sect of reformers\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0who adhere to the Scriptures, and reject the\\nTalmud and traditions.\\n787 Council of Nice (pp. 664, 1072).\\n856 Armenia. Mohammedans mar-\\ntyr King Semprad at Bagdad.\\n869 Constantinople. Council (p. 1032).\\n1054 The Greek Church becomes\\nindependent (pp. 1032, 1034).\\n1056 The Teaching of the Twelve\\nApostles is written. [1873. Discovered.]\\n1156+ Syria. The Carmelites, or\\nWhite Friars of Mount Carmel, are\\nfounded by Berthold.\\n1182* Syria. The Maronites join the\\nRoman Church.\\n1329 Constantinople. Christian\\nslaves are organized as Janizaries.\\n1330* Armenia. The Church is recon-\\nciled to Rome.\\nLETTERS.\\nS55\u00c2\u00b1 Constantinople. A library is\\nfounded by Constantine.\\n1100 The Assize of Jerusalem, a\\ncode of laws, is established by Godfrey\\nof Bouillon, King of Jerusalem.\\nSOCIETY MISCELLANEOUS.\\n532 Constantinople suffers from the\\ndissensions of religious parties.\\nConstantinople is splendidly rebuilt\\nby Justinian. [740-749. Deflated by the\\nplague; 200,000 victims.]\\ndesolated by the\\n1112 Jerusalem. The Knights of St.\\nJohn erect a hospital for travelers; it\\nprovides for 2,000 guests, also an infir-\\nmary for the sick.\\n1148* Cyprus. The sugar-cane is in-\\ntroduced from Syria.\\n1184* Constantinople. Andronicus or-\\nders the massacre of the Latins.\\nSTATE.\\n284\u00c2\u00b1 Bithynia. Diocletian makes\\nUicomedia the capital of the Eastern\\nEmpire.\\n328 Constantine removes the seat of\\nthe Eastern Empire to Constantinople.\\n[330. Dedicated.] (P. 1069.) (See Greece.)\\n334-376 Turk. E. Thrace is settled by\\nSarmatians.\\n4th Century. Cent. Asia. Turkish power\\nis established in the Altai Mountains.\\n584* Armenia. Made neutral by Rome\\nand Persia. [442, Persian invasion 515,\\nPourzan reigns the Huns ravage the\\ncountry. 637. By Arabs under Ab-der-\\nRaham. 830. By Emperor Theophilus.]\\n560 The Turks become allies of the\\nGreek empire in the Persian war. [580.\\nWithdraw.]\\n614* Jerusalem. Ruled by the Persian\\nconquerors.\\n\u00c2\u00ab625 Asia M. Smyrna is rebuilt by\\nAntigonus and Lysimachus.\\n636 Seleucia. The Arabs unite it\\nwith Ctesiphon (Mesopotamia). [Syria,\\nAntioch, Cyprus, etc., are taken.] (Pp.\\n1031, 1033.)\\n637* Jerusalem. Surrendered to Mos-\\nlems under Calif Omar. [637-1000i.\\nUnder Moslen rule.]\\n717 Cappadocia. Invaded by the Sar-\\nacens.\\n739 Greek Empire. Arab invasion\\n(p. 1032).\\n859-1045 Armenia. The dynasty of the\\nBagratides; Aschod 1. reigns under the\\nArab title Prince of Princes. (914.) Rav-\\naged by Mahommedans.\\n860 Cent. Asia. The Turks migrate\\nto Turkomania.\\n874 Asia M. Basil I. partly over-\\nthrows the Arabs. [876. Cappadocia re-\\ncovered.]\\n905 Egy. The Abbassids overthrow\\nthe Tooloonide dynasty.\\n\u00c2\u00a960 Pal. Passes from the califs of\\nBagdad to the rule of the Fatimite\\ncalifs of Egypt. [1073. Dispossessed\\nby the Turkomans later recovered by\\nEgyptians.]\\n997-1030 Afgh. The Ghazni dynasty\\nof Seljuk Turks is established at Ghazni\\nby Mahmud.\\nA Seljuk leads the Turks from the Cas-\\npian Sea region into Bokhara, Central\\nAsia.\\n1006* Syria.. The Turks take Damas-\\ncus from the Saracens. [1667. The emirs\\nof Damascus revolt. 106S. Also emirs\\nof Aleppo.]\\n1037 Togrul Beg, the grandson of\\nSeljuk, is made sultan by election.\\n1045 Armenia. Constantine XII. ac-\\nquires territory.\\n1063 Alp-Arslan, the nephew of\\nTogrul, rules between the Gihon River,\\nin Central Asia, and the Tigris he takes\\nSyria and Palestine from Egypt.\\n1071 The Emperor Romanus Diogenes\\npurchases peace with Alp-Arslan by\\nceding the greater part of Asia Minor.\\n1072-92 MalekShah succeeds Alp-\\nArslan, his father he has dominion\\nfrom China to Constantinople the Sel-\\nj ukian Turks have complete supremacy.\\n1097 Asia M. Iconium becomes the\\ncapital of the Seljuk sultanate.\\n1092* Asia. The Seljuk dynasty is\\ndivided into Persian, Kerman, Damas-\\ncus, and Iconium.\\n1099-1187 Pal. A Christian govern-\\nment rules Godfrey of Bouillon, Ba-\\nron of the Holy Sepulchre, is the first\\nking. [1100+-18, Baldwin I. 1118-31,\\nBaldwin II.; 1131-42, Fulc of Anjou;\\n1143-62, Baldwin III. 1162-73, Amaury\\nI. 1173-83, Baldwin IV. 1183-85, Bald-\\nwin V. 11S6-S9, Guy de Lusignan 1192,\\nConrad de Montferrat, appointed by\\nRichard of England. (Assassinated.)\\n1198-1205, Amaury de Lusignan 1210-26,\\nJohn de Brienne (crowned at Acre);\\n1229-39, Frederick II. of Germany.]\\n1150 The Seljuk dynasty of Turks\\nat Iconium becomes dominant.\\nAsia M. The Turkish Empire is con-\\nsolidated.\\n1171 Syria. Saladin overthrows the\\nFatimite dynasty.\\n1192* Mohammed II. rules the Kha-\\nrismian Turks.\\nCyprus. Richardl. of England gives\\nCyprus to Guy de Lusignan.\\n1198+ Jerusalem. King Amaury de\\nLusignan is unable to resist the Sara-\\ncens.\\n1204-1461 Trebizond becomes the seat\\nof an empire near the Black Sea, on the\\nsurrender of Constantinople to the\\nLatins.\\n1206-61 Bithynia. After capturing Con-\\nstantinople, the Crusaders establish a\\nLatin empire at Nice.\\n1224* Armenia. David II. recovers\\npart of the territory from the Turks.\\n1228 Jerusalem. Surrendered to the\\nEmperor-Frederick II. by treaty with\\nthe Saracens. [1243. Again surrendered\\nto the Crusaders.]\\n1231* Bithynia. The Oghusian Tartars\\narrive in force. [1234. They overrun\\nArmenia.]\\n13th Century AsiaM. The Turks, being\\nharassed by other Tartar tribes, return\\nto Asia Minor. [1250+. Salman Shah,\\nchief of the Oghusian Turks, leads his\\ntribes westward from Khorassan they\\nenter the service of Aladdin, sultan of\\nof Iconium.]\\n1261 Constantinople. The capital of\\nthe Greek Empire is moved here from\\nNice.\\n1280+-88 Ertoghrul, son of Salman,\\nand Sultan Aladdin, unite in the country\\nnear the EuxineSea. [1288. Drowned.]\\n1288* Othman I., son of Ertoghrul,\\nbecomes chief of the Turko-Ottoman\\nEmpire.\\n1299-1326 Bithynia. Othman I., the\\nfounder, reigns in the Ottoman Empire.\\nHe holds the title emir, but rules des-\\npotically and successfully.\\n1309-1522 Rhodes. Rhodes is held by\\nthe Knights Hospitallers.\\n1326* Lydia. Ancient Lydia be-\\ncomes a part of the Turkish empire.\\n1326-59 Ottoman Emp. Orkhan, son\\nof Othman, reigns as sultan over the\\nOttomans. (1327.) He takes Prusa, and\\nmakes it the capital [until Constanti-\\nnople is taken].\\n1336 Asia M. The Turks become\\nthe allies of France.\\n1359-89 Ottoman Emp. Sultan Amu-\\nrath I., son of Orkhan, reigns. (1360.)\\nHe occupies Adrianople he is the first\\nsultan to cross into Europe. He an-\\nnexes Cappadocia. (1382.) Also Ana-\\ntolia in the interior of Asia Minor.\\n(1386) He appoints the first grand vizier.\\n1375 Armenia. Taken by the Manie-.\\nlukes. Leon VI., the last king, is taken\\nprisoner, and carried to Egypt. The\\nkingdom becomes extinct. [Partitioned\\nbetween Persia, Turkey, and Russia.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1167.jp2"}, "1168": {"fulltext": "1156 1389, *-1854, Jan. 14.\\nTURKEY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1389 Bajazet I. overruns the prov-\\ninces, and takes the Greek possessions\\nin Asia. [1390. Destroys Philadelphia.\\n1395. Invests Constantinople. 1396. De-\\nfeats Sigisniund of Hungary at Nicop-\\nolis.]\\n1410* Constantinople. Attackedby\\nMusa Chelebi.\\n1415* Bosnia. Conquered by Moham-\\nmed I. [1418. He conquers Wallachia.]\\n1422* Constantinople. Besieged by\\nAmurath I.\\n1424* *AsiaM. The Turks capture\\nSmyrna.\\n1443* Joannes Hunlades defeats Am-\\nurath II. at Nish. [1444. Amurath n.\\ndefeats and kills Ladislaus of Hungary\\n(p. 565). 144S. Defeats Huniades at Kos-\\nsova (p. 508).]\\n1453 Constantinople. Conquered by\\nMohammed H. This ends the East-\\nern Empire.\\n1460+ Gr. Conquest completed (p.\\n1034).\\n1461* Asia M. Mohammed EC. takes\\nTrebizond, etc. (p. 1034). [1467. Turks\\ndefeat Bey Seanderbeg. 1480. Otranto,\\nIt.]\\n1493 War with Egypt. [1505. War\\nwith Persia. 1514. Persians defeated\\nat Kalderoon.]\\n1516 Egy. Gained by the defeat of\\nMamelukes.\\nArmenia. Overrun by Turks. [They\\ntake Jerusalem. 1516-17. They con-\\nquer Syria and Egypt.]\\n1521 Aug. Solyman takes Belgrade.\\n[1522. Dec* Captures Rhodes (p. 1034).\\n1526. Aug.* Defeats the Hungarians at\\nMohaes (p. 508). 1529. Oct. He is re-\\npulsed before Vienna (p. 510). Also other\\ncities (p. 1034).]\\n1534 Armenia. Overrun by Persians.\\n1547 The Turks defeat the Austri-\\nans.\\n1565 Malta. Besieged by Turks.\\n1569 First war with Russia.\\n1571* Gr. Defeat at Lepanto (p. 1080).\\n1574* Cyprus. Taken from the Vene-\\ntians by the Turks.\\n1583* Armenia. Overrun by the\\nTurks. [1604. Subdued by Persians led\\nby Shah Abbas.]\\n1585* Persia. Shah Abbas drives out\\nthe Turks.\\n1590 The Janizaries revolt.\\n1596 The Turks defeat the Austri-\\nans at Cerestes.\\n1601-18 Disastrous war with Persia.\\n1606 The Persians defeat the Turks\\nat Basra. [1621 Turks defeated by the\\nPoles.]\\n1638 Arabia. The Turks defeat the\\nPersians, and capture Bagdad.\\n1659 The Dardanelles are fortified.\\n1661-64 War with Germany (p. 513).\\n[1682-99. Again (pp. 512, 798).]\\n1664 Switz. Turks defeated at St.\\nGothard (p. 512).\\n1669 Crete. The Turks take Candia\\nfrom Venice after a siege of 24 years.\\n1672 Pus. Kamienic is taken from\\nthe Poles.\\n1696 Pus. Peter the Great defeats\\nthe Turks and subdues Azov. [1711. lie-\\nconquered by Turks.]\\n1709 War with Russia (p. 1114).\\n1714-18 War with Venice (pp. 514, 1034).\\n1734-35 Persia. The Turks lose their\\npossessions.\\n1736-39 War with Hungary (p. 514).\\n1738-39 War with Germany; Russia\\naids Turkey (p. 514).\\n1739 Servia. Turks take Belgrade\\nfrom Austria.\\n1745 Bus. The Turks are defeated at\\nEars.\\n1749 Arabia. Insurrection of the\\nWahabis.\\n1764* Cyprus. Insurrection sup-\\npressed.\\n1770 Mgean Sea. The Russian and\\nEnglish fleets defeat the Turks near\\nScio.\\n1787-92 War with Russia (p. 1116).\\n1788-91 Disastrous war with Austria\\nand Russia (p. 516).\\n1799 Syria. Napoleon s battles (p.\\n712).\\n1807 Jan. 7. War declared against\\nRussia and England (p. 932).\\n1809 Sept. 26. Bulgaria. Turks de-\\nfeat the Russians at Silistria. [1811.\\nTurks defeated at Rustchuk.]\\n1821-29 Gr. War with Greece (p.\\n1034).\\n1821 Mar. 6. Rumania. Moldavia and\\nWallachia revolt.\\n1822 Apr. 11. ^Egean Sea. Massacre\\nat Scio (p. 1034).\\n1823* Cyprus. The Greeks revolt;\\nsuppressed by a terrible massacre.\\n1824 Oct. 6. JEgean Sea. The Turks\\nare defeated in a naval battle near Mit-\\nylene.\\n1826 May 29. A new Mohammedan\\narmy is organized.\\nJune 14-16. Constantinople. TheJani-\\nzaries revolt, and are massacred.\\n1828-29 Unsuccessful war with Russia\\n(p. 1116).\\n1828 Armenia. Overrun by Russians.\\nOct. 11. Bulgaria. Varna surrenders\\nto Russia.\\n1831-32 Syria. Mehemet Ali rebellion\\n(p. 656). [1833. May 6. The powers inter-\\nvene. 1S39. He again revolts (p. 656).]\\n1634* Cara-Mustapha, grand vizier, born.\\n[1683. Dies.]\\n1639 Mustapha I., sultan of Turkev, d.\\n1658* Hadji Khalfa (Mustapha Ben Ab-\\ndallah), historian, dies.\\n1664* Ecchellensis, Abraham, Maronite\\norientalist, dies.\\n1673* Ahmed, or Achmet, III., emperor,\\nborn. [1739. Dies.]\\n1676 Mekhitar, Peter, Armenian monk,\\nborn. [1749. Dies.]\\n1686 Asscmain. Giuseppe Simone, Syrian\\norientalist, born. [1768. Dies.]\\n1696 Mahmoud, or Mahmud, I., sultan of\\nTurkey, born. [1754. Dies.]\\n1735 Abdul-Hamid I., sultan, b. [1789. D.]\\n1740* Mouradgea D Ohason, Armenian\\nhistorian, born. [1807. Dies.]\\n1761* Selim III., sultan, born. [1808. D.]\\n1769 Mohammed Ali, Pasha of Egypt,\\nborn. [1849. Dies.]\\n1785 Mahmoud, or Mahmud, II., sultan,\\nborn. 1839. Dies.]\\n1789 Ibrahim Pasha, viceroy of Egypt,\\nborn. [1848. Dies.]\\n1802 IVsh.-ril Pasha. Mustapha M., states-\\nman, born. [1858. Dies.]\\n1805 Omar Pasha, general, b. [1871. D.]\\n1814* Fund Pasha, states., b. [1869. D.]\\n1815 Ali Pasha, states., b. [1871. D.]\\n1817* Dervish Pasha, soldier, states., b.\\n1822* Hobart I asha, admiral, born. [1886,.\\nJune 19. Dies.]\\nMidhat Pasha, states., b. [1884, May 8. D.]\\nSaid Pasha Mohammed, viceroy of Egypt,\\nborn. [1863. Dies.]\\n1823* Abdul Meiid, sultan, b. [1861. D.],\\n1830* Abdul-Aziz, sultan, b. [1876. D.]\\n1843 Abdul-Hamid II., sultan, born.\\n1533\u00c2\u00b1 Constantinople. Andrew\\nPalasologus becomes a Mohammedan.\\n1853 War with Russia (p. 1118).\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1800+ Destructive earthquakes\\nSept. 26. At Constantinople and Roma-\\nnia. 1822. Aug. -Sept. Aleppo destroyed\\n(20,000 lives). 1837. Jan. 22. In Southern\\nSyria (13,000 in Jaffa). 1840. July 27. In\\nArmenia. 1855. P.roussa (Tur.) destroyed.\\n1856. Oct. 12. Candia (odd lives); Rhodes\\n(lOOlives). 1859. June2-July 17. In Erze-\\nrum (Asia M.). 1863. Apr. 22. At Rhodes\\n(300 lives). 1875. Mav 12. In Syria (2,000\\nlives). 1880. Julv2!i, 30. In Smyrna. 1881.\\nApr. 3. In Scio 1 411(10 lives). 1883. Oct. 16\u00c2\u00b1.\\nAntalia; Isehesne i mo lives). 1894. July 11+.\\nConstantinople (200 lives).\\n1839+ Assyr. Sir Austen Henry Lay-\\nard and others make discoveries on the\\nsite of Nineveh. [1854. Hormusd Kas-\\nsam discovers an ancient palace. 1866.\\nGeorge Smith studies ancient inscrip-\\ntions.\\n1845 Assyr. Paul Emile Botta and\\nLayard discover ruins of cities.\\nBIRTHS DEATHS.\\n1389* Amurath I., sultan, dies.\\n1393 Leon VI., King of Armenia, dies.\\n1404 Seuudei beg, Geo. Castriot, Albanian\\nchief, born. [1467. Dies.]\\n1467* Selim I., sultan, born. [1520. D.]\\n1496 Solyman II.. sultan, b. [1566. D.]\\n1545 Amurath III., sultan, b. [1595. D.]\\n1586 Courcelles, Etienne de, Armenian\\nclergyman, eritir, burn. [1660. Dies.]\\n1610* Amurath IV., sultan, b. [1640. D.]\\n1625 The Sultan Amurath IV. pro-\\nhibits smoking as unnatural and irre-\\nligious, and affixes the penalty of death-\\n1757 Jerusalem. The Greeks are\\nexcluded from the care of the sacred\\nbuildings.\\n1808* Jerusalem. The Holy Sepul-\\ncher is partly burned it is rebuilt by\\nthe Greeks.\\n1815 The Church of Engrland opens a\\nmission to the Mohammedans. [1841. At\\nJerusalem. 1878. At Gaza.]\\n[1823. Reopened by three\\nlater merged with Syrian miss\\n1844. Abandoned because of the opposition\\nof the government. Opened at Beirut. 1828.\\nAbandoned. 1831. Opened at Constantino-\\nple by Dr. Goodsell. 1839. At Mardin; at\\nErzerum. 1840. At Nicomedia. W. Turk.\\n1848. At Salonica. 1856. Abandoned. 1850-\\nMar. 20. At Aleppo, N. Syria., where in 1851\\na church is formed. 1854. At Ca?sarea. 1855.\\nAt Marash, Sivas, and Harpoot, Armenia.\\n1872. At Van.\\nApr. 23. Constantinople. Greek Chris-\\ntians are persecuted, and their patri-\\narch killed.\\n1832* Constantinople. The Ladies Society\\nof Boston (U. S. A.) opens a mission to the\\nJews.\\n1837 Crete becomes a mission-field of the\\nProtestant Episcopal Church (U. S. A.).\\n[1839. Moved to Constantinople.]\\n1839 Mar. 3. A patriarchal bull prohibits\\nthe reading of books published by missiona-\\nries. [The disobedient are sent into exile.\\nApr. 28. One anathematizes all who hold in-\\ntercourse with missionaries.]\\n1839 Armenia. Persecution against mis-\\nsionaries rages. [1840. Favorable reaction.\\n1847. Mission opened at Aintab; grows vig-\\norously. 1852. At Marsovan.]\\n1841 Sept. 7. Jerusalem. A Protestant\\nbishopric is erected by treaty. [Nov. 7-\\nS. M. S. Alexander eonseerah-d bishop. 1842.\\nJan. 28. The erection of the Anglican ca-\\nthedral is begun. 1846. .Samuel Groat conse-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1168.jp2"}, "1169": {"fulltext": "TURKEY.\\n1389, *-1854, Jan. 14. 1157\\ncrated bishop. 1878. July 25. Joseph Bar-\\nclay. 1887. Apr. G. F.l .Blythe appointed\\nby the Archbishop of Canterbury. 1887. Aug.\\n18. Formal announcement is made that the\\nbishopric is dissolved.]\\n1842 Smyrna becomes a mission-field of\\nthe Danes. [1847. Abandoned.]\\n1846* Cojistantii Ojih Persecution forces\\nthe evangelical Armenians to organize a\\nchurch. [Three others are soon formed].\\n1849 June Christians are admitted\\nto office.\\n1850 Oct. 16. Syria. Mohammedans\\nmassacre thousands of Christians with-\\nout interference from the pasha the\\nproperty destroyed is worth millions of\\ndollars.\\nThe Catholics and Greeks hotly press\\ntheir rival claims to the Holy Sepul-\\ncher a mixed commission is appointed\\nto settle the dispute. [1852. Mar. 9. A\\nfirman supports the claims of the Greeks.\\n1353. France and Russia favor the Cath-\\nolics.]\\n1853 A firman declares that Chris-\\ntians and Mohammedans are equal be-\\nfore the law.\\nLETTERS.\\n1825 Smyrna. Spectator de l Orient\\nis issued.\\n1831 Constantinople. Monitextr Otto-\\nman is issued.\\n1838* Smyrna. Echo de I Orient is\\nissued.\\n1848-53 Layard s Discoveries in Assyria\\nis published.\\n1853 Le Spectator de I Orient is issued in\\nFrench.\\nSOCIETY MISCELLANEOUS.\\n1554 Constantinople. Coffee-houses\\nare first opened. [1606. A great fire oc-\\ncurs. 1611. The plague destroys 200,000\\nlives.]\\n1678 E. Syria. Englishmen discover\\nthe magnificent ruins of Palmyra.\\n1760 Syria is visited by a terrible\\nplague.\\n1810* *Lord Byron swims across the\\nHellespont.\\n1822* Albania. Ali Pasha and his two\\nsons are executed, after surrendering\\nunder a promise of safety.\\n1826 June 14. Constantinople. The\\nsultan provokes a revolt of the Janiza-\\nries, and massacres many thousands\\nthe organization is abolished.\\nAug. 30. Constantinople. Fire destroys\\n600 houses.\\n1852 Aug. Constantinople. The Im-\\nperial Order of Medjidi is instituted\\nby the Sultan.\\n1854 Jan. 14. Turkey is designated as\\nThe Sick Man by Czar Nicholas.\\nSTATE.\\n1389-1403 Ottoman Emp. Sultan Ba-\\njazet I., Ilderim, reigns. Son of Amu-\\nrath I. He conquers extensive territory\\nin southeastern Europe and in Asia\\nMinor (p. 1034h).\\n1403+-13\u00c2\u00b1 Ottoman Emp. Anarchy.\\n1403+-10+ Asia M. Solyman, eldest\\nson of Bajazet I., is an independent\\nruler in Adrianople killed in battle.\\n1413-21 Ottoman Emp. Sultan Mo-\\nhammed I., brother of Bajazet, reigns.\\nHis brother Moosa contests the throne,\\nand is killed in battle. [1421-51. Amu-\\nrath II., son of Mohammed I., reigns.\\nHe annexes Macedonia, and subdues the\\nKorea.]\\n1443-67 Albania revolts against the\\nTurks. [1478. Subdued.]\\n1451-81 Ottoman Emp. Sultan Mo-\\nhammed H. son of Am urath II\\nreigns. He restores the empire, takes\\nthe Morea, Albania, Bosnia, Wallachia,\\nand the Crimea (p. 1034+). Disputes\\nwith the Venetians the rule of the sea.\\n1453 May 29. Constantinople. Mo-\\nhammed II. takes the capital, and ends\\nthe Eastern Roman Empire (p. 1034+).\\n1456+ The Turks subdue all Greece\\n(p. 1034+). [1463. Bosnia is annexed.]\\n1481-1512 Constantinople. Sultan Ba-\\njazet II., son of Mohammed II., reigns.\\nHe is the first of the unwarlike sultans.\\n(1459-66.) Servia and Albania are an-\\nnexed. (1475.) Crimea also. (1466.) Epirus.\\n1489 Cyprus. Catherine de Cornaro\\nsells the island to Venice.\\n1503* Peace is made with Venice.\\n[1533. With Austria.]\\n1512-20 Constantinople. Sultan Selim\\nI. reigns by favor of the Janizaries,\\nafter deposing Bajazet his father. (1516.)\\nHe annexes Phenicia, Syria, and Pales-\\ntine later, Egypt also.\\n1520-26 Sultan Solyman I., The Mag-\\nnificent, son of Selim I., reigns.\\nThe empire reaches its zenith. He annexes\\nMosul, Bagdad, and part of Armenia, and a\\ngreat part, of Hungary and Transylvania (p.\\n508). The Uarbary States submit. (1520.)\\nBosnia annexed.\\n1566-74 Constantinople. Sultan Selim\\nU., son of Solyman I., reigns. (1571.)\\nHe conquers Cyprus.\\n1574-94 Constantinople. Sultan Amu-\\nrath IH., son of Selim II., reigns; he\\nmurders his five brothers. [1588, Turks\\noverrun Armenia.]\\n1595-1603 Constantinople. Sultan Mo-\\nhammed III., son of Amurath III.,\\nreigns. [1603-17, Achmet I., son of Mo-\\nhammed III. 1618-2-2, Otbman II., son of\\nAchmet is strangled by the Janizaries\\n1622-23, Mustapha I., brother of Achmet\\nI. deposed l v dnnizark-s 1623-40, Amu-\\nrath IV.; 1640-4S, Ibrahim II., brother\\nof Mohammed IV. 1G91-95, Achmet II.\\n1695-1703, Mustapha II.]\\n1637 Mils. The Cossacks take Azov.\\n1656* Mehemet Koprili becomes grand\\nvizier. [16S9, Mustapba Koprili 1691 Ko-\\nprili- Fasil- A hrned.\\n1669 Crete. Annexed by conquest.\\n1696 fins. Peter the Great takes\\nAzov from the Turks.\\n1699 Jan. 26. Peace of Karlowitz (p.\\n513).\\n*The Turkish power declines.\\n1703-30 Constantinople. Sultan Ach-\\nmet IH. reigns. [1730-54, Mahinud I.\\n1754-57, Othman III. 1757-73, Mustapha\\nIII.; 1774, Jan. 21-89, Apr. 7, Abd-ul-\\nHamid I. 1789-1807, Selim III.]\\n1716 July 23. Bus. Peace of Pruth.\\nA treaty is signed with Russia. Azov is\\nceded to Turkey Russian army relieved.\\n1718 July 21. Peace of Passarowitz\\n(p. 515).\\n1718-39 Servia. Belgrade is held by\\nAustria.\\n1739 Sept. 18. Servia. Peace of Bel-\\ngrade (p. 515).\\n1764 Cyprus. Insurrection arises.\\n[1823. Insurrection against the Turks,\\nsubdued by a massacre.]\\n1774 Russia gains territory on the\\nBlack Sea by the Treaty of Kainarjii.\\n1784 Jan. Turkey cedes the Crimea\\nto Russia.\\n1788 Albania. Ali becomes pasha of\\nJanina. [1803. He subdues the Suliotes.\\n1322. Feb. 5. Assassinated.]\\n1789 Turkey enters an anti-France\\nleague with England and Russia.\\n1791 Aug. 4. Oczacow ceded (p. 519).\\n1799* Syria. Taken by the French.\\n1807-08 Constantinople. Sultan Mus-\\ntapha IV., son of Abd-ul-Hamid, reigns.\\n[1808-39. Mahmud II.]\\n1812 May 28. Bumania. Treaty of\\nBucharest. It establishes the Lower\\nDanube as the boundary between\\nRussia and Turkey.\\n1818 Ibrahim Pasha overthrows the\\nWahabis. [They expand in Arabia.]\\n1823 The empire is apparently on the\\nverge of ruin.\\n1829 Sept. 14. Turk. E. Treaty of\\nAdrianople.\\nRussia abandons almost all her conquests\\nin Turkey Turkey cedes territory and for-\\ntresseson (lie seacoast, tree trade to Russians,\\nand free navigation of the Black Sea, Dar-\\ndanelles, and Danube, with control of apart\\nof the left bank, and recognizes the inde-\\npendence of Greece. [1830. Apr.* Acknowl-\\nedged.]\\n1830-40 Crete. Ceded and ruled by\\nEgypt. [1840. Restored. 1S41. Insur-\\nrections suppressed. 1858. Again by con-\\nciliation.]\\n1831-41 Mehemet Ali of Egypt re-\\nvolts. Syria is conquered and held (p.\\n656-r).\\n1833 May 14. Treaty with Egypt (p.\\n657.)\\nJuly 8. Turkey enters a treaty of alli-\\nance with Russia.\\n1838 Mar. 30. The office of grand\\nis abolished.\\n1839 July 1-61 June 25. Constanti-\\nnople. Abd-ul-Medjid, son of Mahmud\\nII., 16 years of age, reigns. He is pro-\\ntected by the great powers from Me-\\nhemet Ali.\\nEgypt refuses tribute war follows\\nEgypt is victorious.\\nNov. 3. Constantinople. The hatti-sherif\\nof Giilhane, an organic statue for the refor-\\nmation of government, and guaranteeing se-\\ncurity of life and property, is issued. [1840.\\nJan. 6. Again issued at Rhodes. 1844. Again\\nissued.]\\n1841* *The Dardanelles is closed\\nagainst foreign war-vessels by stipula-\\ntions.\\nJuly 15. Syria. Restored (p. 657).\\n1849 Bosnia. A rebellion against\\nTurkey is quelled. [1851. Quelled by\\nOmar Pasha.]\\n1852 Feb. 13. Turkey enters a treaty\\nrespecting places in the Holy Land.\\n1853 Feb. 28. Russia makes demands\\nrespecting the liberties of Greek Chris-\\ntians. [Oct. 5. The sultan declares war.\\nNov. 1. Russia also. 1854-56. War fol-\\nlows.] (P. 1118.)\\nJune 26. Russia issues a manifesto\\nagainst Turkey. [1S54. Mar. 28. Greece\\nsides with Russia, and diplomatic rela-\\ntions are ruptured.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1169.jp2"}, "1170": {"fulltext": "1158 1854, *-1894, Dec. 15.\\nTURKEY.\\nARMY NAVY.\\n1854-55 Russia. Crimean War. The\\nWestern Powers and Turkey united\\nagainst Russia (p. 95S+).\\n1857 Circassians revolt; subdued.\\n1858 War with Montenegro.\\n1860* Syria. War between the Druses\\nand Maronites. Subdued by the French\\nand Turks.\\n1865 Dec. 30. Syria. The Maronites,\\nled by Joseph Karam, rebel. [1866.\\nMar. Suppressed. 1867. Jan. 31. Re-\\nnewed for a short time.]\\n1866-68 Crete rebels. [1869. Sup-\\npressed.]\\n1871* Arabia. Yemenrevolts. [May\\nSuppressed.]\\n1875 May 1+. Bulgaria. A revolt is\\nbloodily suppressed by the bashi-ba-\\nzouks, who burn 65 villages and kill\\n15,000 people.\\n1876-78 War with Montenegro.\\n1876 July 1. Servia declares war\\nagainst Turkey. [July 2. Montenegro\\ndoes the same.]\\n1877 Apr.* -78 Mar.* Turko-Rus-\\nsian war.\\n1877. Apr. War declared. June 22. Rus-\\nsians cross the Danube. .June 27. Their main\\narmy crosses at Shistova. July 17-19. Their\\nadvance takes the Shipka Pass. July 15.\\nTley take Nicopoli. July 20, 30. Thev are\\nrepulsed near Plevna. Aug. 23, Sept. 17. Su-\\nleiman Pasha is repulsed at Shipka Pass.\\nSept. 7-12. Russians unsuccessfully storm\\nPlevna and commence a sietje. Dec. 10. Cap-\\ntured; Osman Pasha and 40,000 men surren-\\nder. Dec. 1879. Jan.* Russians occupy\\nSophia. Jan. 16, 17. The Turks are defeated\\nand Adrianople taken. Jan. 20- Occupied.\\nIn Asia. 1877. May Russians invest\\nKars. Nov. 8. Storm and take Kars. Jan.\\n31. Turkey asks lor peace.\\n1879 Aug. The Russians complete\\nthe evacuation of Turkey.\\n1881 Albania. A rebellion is sub-\\ndued.\\n1889 Crete. Another rebellion.\\n1889 July 22. Cretan insurgents seize\\nVarnes and Cydonia, drive out the au-\\nthorities, and burn the archives. [Desul-\\ntory fighting continues. Aug. 30. A\\nTurkish army occupies the island.]\\nART SCIENCE NATURE.\\n1866 Cyprus. Gen. di Cesnola, the\\nAmerican consul, discovers many an-\\ncient ornaments. [In New York Mu-\\nseum.]\\n1867-70 Jerusalem. [Sir] Charles Warren\\nmakes excavations.\\n1868* Pal. The Moabite stone, hav-\\ning Hebrew-Phenirian characters of 900\\nB.C., relating to Mesha, King of Moab,\\nis discovered.\\n1870-82 Heinrich Schliemann (Ger.) ex-\\nplores the site of ancient Troy. [1876.\\nExplores MycenaB.]\\n1872-77 Pal. A systematic trigonomet-\\nrical survey is made by Capt. Stewart,\\nEng., and Lieuts. Conder and Kitchener.\\n1873-74 Assyr. Geo. Smith of Eng.\\nmakes explorations. [1875-76. Again.]\\n1887 Feb. 26. Capt. Conder discovers\\nthe key to the Hittite inscriptions.\\nCHURCH.\\n1854* Assyr. The church at Diarbekir is\\nreorganized and prospers. [1858. May*\\nAt Bitis and Mardin.]\\n1856 Feb. 18. Afirman authorizes the\\nfree exercise of religion.\\n1858 June 15. Mohammedans mas-\\nsacre Christians at Jedda.\\n1860 The Druses and Maronites en-\\ngage in bitter dissensions. [May 29-July\\n1. The Druses kill 1000\u00c2\u00b1 Maronites.]\\nCrete. Christians are persecuted by\\nMohammedans.\\nJuly 9-11. Massacre at Damascus.\\nMohammedans and Maronites massacre\\n3,000\u00c2\u00b1 Christians in consequence of a dis-\\npute between the Druses and Maronites;\\nAbd-el-Kader, who held the citadel, rescues\\na great number from death. [Execution of\\n167 Moslems.]\\nSyria. Reformed Presbyterians (IT. S.\\nA.) open a mission at Latakia. [1867, at\\nAleppo; 1875, at Suadea; 1882, at Tarsus,\\nMersina, and Syria.\\n1862 Sept. 5. Russia, France, and Tur-\\nkey sign a convention for the preserva-\\ntion of the Holy Sepulcher.\\nConstantinople. Robert College, the\\nmother of ni:iny others, is opened by the\\nAmerican Board. [1866. The Syria Protes-\\ntant College.]\\n1863 Oct. 3\u00c2\u00b1. Constantinople. The patri-\\narch declines the Pope s invitation to attend\\nan ecumenical council in 1869.]\\n1869 The American Board founds a theo-\\nlogical school at Abeih. [1874. Transferred\\nto Beirut.]\\n1870* Syria. The American Board mis-\\nsions are transferred to the care of the Amer-\\nican Presbyterian Church.\\n1872* The American College for Girls is\\nestablished at Scutari, Constantinople.\\n1875 The Russian and British ambassa-\\ndors remonstrate against the ill-treatment of\\nChristians.\\nSyria. The Reformed Presbyterian Church\\nof Scotland npcns a mission at Antioch. [1884.\\nAt Idlib, Syria.]\\n1879* Constantinople. The Christian So-\\nciety (U. S. A.) opens a mission.\\n1881* Constantinople. The Friends open\\na medical mission.\\n1882 Feb. 5. Constantinople. The new\\nchurch of St. Sophia is consecrated.\\n1884* Syria. The Scotland Jewish So-\\nciety opens a mission station at Tiberias.\\nOct. 13. Constantinople. Archbishop Dercos\\nis elected Civek patriarch. [He is known\\nas Joachim IV. 1886. Nov. Resigns.]\\n1887 Feb. 4. The bishop of Adrianople is\\nelected patriarch.\\n1889 Apr. 4, American pilgrims arrive at\\nJaffa on their way to Jerusalem.\\n1890 Jan. 28. The Porte orders the Ar-\\nmenian patriarch to dissolve the provincial\\ncouncil of Van, and depose the bishop of\\nFeb. 28. The Armenian patriarch demands\\nthe immediate restoration of rights to the\\nArmenian Church, and the execution of the\\nreforms promised in the Berlin Treaty.\\nJuly 2. Constantinople. Turkish soldiers\\nabuse Armenians. [July 29. Armenians as-\\nsault their patriarch Armenians and Turk-\\nish soldiers have a severe light; four soldiers\\nand three rioters are killed. Aug. 1. The\\npatriarch resigns. Recalled when the Porte\\nconcedes his demands.]\\nAug-. 2. Jerusalem. The Franciscan Fathers\\nare expelled.\\nAug-. 3. Turks abuse and torture Christians\\nin Alassona and Anaselitza to obtain their\\nmoney. [Aug. 14. Armenia. The Christians\\nare panic-stricken. Massacre at Moosh.J\\nAug. 14. Constantinople. The Armenian pa-\\ntriarch again resigns. [Aug. 16. The presi-\\ndents of the two councils also resign.]\\nOct. 10. Constantinople. The Greek patri-\\narch orders all the Greek chinches in Tur-\\nkey closed.\\nNov. 6. The Porte, by order, forbids the\\nholding of any meetings bv the Armenians.\\n[Dec. 14. The trouble is settled.]\\nLETTERS.\\n1869 Oct.* Constantinople. A system\\nof compulsory education promulgated.\\n1890 Jan.* The Porte prohibits the use\\nof the Greek language in the Cretan\\ncourts; neither lawyers nor judges can\\nunderstand the Turkish language.\\nSept. 24. Turkish newspapers are offi-\\ncially forbidden to comment upon the\\naffairs of the Orthodox and Armenian\\nChurches.\\nSOCIETY MISCELLANEOUS.\\n1854-55 Albania. Florence Nightin-\\ngale of England with a band of nurses\\nalleviates the sufferings of the Anglo-\\nFrench army at Scutari.\\n1855 Feb. 28. Turk. A. Br us a is\\nnearly destroyed by an earthquake.\\n1858 Sept. 19. Turk. A. The first\\nTurkish railway is opened from Aidin\\nto Smyrna. [1859. May Telegraph\\nline opened between Aden and Suez.]\\n1860 Syria. Mohammedans massa-\\ncre many Christians.\\n1861 Sept. The Imperial Order of\\nOsmani6 is founded it includes both\\ncivil and military persons.\\n1865 Aug.+ Constantinople. Cholera\\nrages. [Sept. 6. Fire consumes 2,500\\nhouses. 1870. July 11. Fire consumes\\n1,500 houses. 1871. June 7. Another\\nttre.]\\nSyria is visited by a plague of locusts,\\nalso by cholera.\\n1866 Feb. 13. Constantinople. An\\ninternational conference meets to con-\\nsider the cholera question.\\n1869 Ttfov. 9. Jerusalem. Visited by\\nthe Emperor of Austria.\\n1870* Railway and telegraph lines\\nare rapidly promoted.\\n1873 June 17. Turk. E. The Rume-\\nlia railway is opened between Con-\\nstantinople and Adrianople.\\nAug. 19. Constantinople. The Shah of\\nPersia arrives.\\n1874-75 Asia M. Famine.\\n1875* Jerusalem. Sir Moses Haim\\nMontefiore, an English Jew, greatly\\nbenefits the city, and aids the Jews.\\n1876 June 4. Constantinople. The\\nSultan Abdul-Aziz is murdered. [Mur-\\nderers convicted, sentenced, and re-\\nprieved.]\\nJune 15. Constantinople. Hassan, a\\ndisgraced officer, assassinates Hussein\\nAvni, the war minister, Kaschid Pasha,\\nthe foreign minister, and others. [June\\n17. Hanged.]\\nAug. 9\u00c2\u00b1. Bulgaria. Turkish barbarities\\nand massacres occur.\\nSyria. American colonists establish\\nthemselves at Jaffa. [Little by little it\\ndiminishes finally the remnant returns\\nto America\\n1878 Sept. 6. Albania. Mehemet Ali\\nPasha is murdered near Scutari by ri-\\noters.\\n1883 Sept. 14. The sultan is made knight\\nof St. Michael and St. George.\\nOct. 5. Constantinople. A Are consumes\\nmany homes.\\n1888 Aug. 12-14. Direct railway and\\nsteamer connection is made between\\nConstantinople and London via Calais,\\nFt. time, 94 hours.\\n1889 July 19. The sultan contributes #500\\nto Johnstown (U.S.A.) relief fund.\\nDec. 12. Constantinople. Moussa Bey,\\nlate governor of Armenia, a Kurdish\\nrobber, is exiled to Syria.\\n1890 Apr. 4. Pal. Work is com-\\nmenced on the railway between Jaffa\\nand Jerusalem. [1892. Sept. 13. Com-\\npleted.]", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1170.jp2"}, "1171": {"fulltext": "TURKEY.\\n1891, *-1894, Dec. 15. 1159\\n1891 Aug.* Brigands abound, and\\nmilitary escorts are needed between\\nConstantinople and Adrianople.\\n1893 Feb. 16. Asia AT. A Moslem mob\\ndestroys the American Girls College at\\nMarsivan, without hindrance from the gov-\\nApr. 14. Syria. A Moslem mob terror-\\nizes Csesarea, robbing hundreds of Ar-\\nmenians, and killing many.\\nMay 10. The Turks have imprisoned\\nabout 2,000 Armenians on suspicion of\\nseditious conduct.\\n1894 Nov. 25+. Asia M. The sultan\\ndecorates the Mufti of Moosh, an offi-\\ncial implicated in the outrages against\\nArmenians.\\nDec. 15. Asia AT. Many new outrages\\nagainst Armenians are reported.\\n1856 Mar. 30. Peace with Russia (p.\\n733). The integrity of Turkey is guar-\\nanteed (p. 525).\\n1858 Nov. 8. Montenegrine bounda-\\nries are determined bv the powers. [War\\n1862. Sept. 23. Peace.]\\n1860 Aug. 3. Paris. England and\\nFrance by convention agree to intervene\\nin behalf of persecuted Christians in\\nTurkey. [1861. June 5. French occupa-\\ntion of Syria ceases.]\\nAug. 20+. Syria. Fuad Pasha executes\\n160 persecutors at Damascus, including\\nthe governor 11,000 are forced into the\\narmy.\\n1861 June 25\u00c2\u00b1-76 May 29+ Con-\\nstantinople* Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz, sec-\\nond son of Mahmud II., reigns.\\nHe attempts to introduce Western civiliza-\\ntion, which awakens dissatisfaction, and pro-\\nduces his deposition.\\n1861 Constantinople. Fuad Pasha is\\nmade president of the council. [Nov. 22.\\nGrand vizier.]\\nDec. Montenegro rises against Turkey.\\n1866 June 5. Mohammed Ali Ruchdi\\nsupersedes Fuad Pasha as grand vizier.\\n[1867. Feb. 11. Ali Pasha.]\\nRumania, A revolution breaks out\\nin Bucharest.\\nSept. 2. Crete. The General Assembly\\nabolishes Turkish authority, and de-\\nclares for union with Greece.\\n1867 Mar. 31. Turkey declines to give\\nup Crete, as recommended by the powers.\\n[Sept. 4. Declines an international com-\\nmission proposed by Russia. Dec. 11. The\\nvizier grants the demands of Cretan\\ndelegates.]\\n1868 Constantinople. An insurrec-\\ntion by the Young Turkey Party fails.\\nCrete. The Christians rise against\\nTurkey. Greece intervenes (p. 1037).\\nDec. 30. The provisional government sur-\\nrenders to Turkey.\\n1869 Dec. Egy. The khedive ac-\\nknowledges the Sultan of Turkey as his\\nsovereign. [1876. The Bey of Tunis\\ndoes the same Tunis annexed.]\\n1871 Sept. Mahmud grand vizier.\\n[1872. July 30\u00c2\u00b1. Midhat Pacha. Dis-\\nmissed for favoring Austria. Oct. 19.\\nMohammed Ruchdi again. 1873. Feb.\\n15. Essad Pasha. 1874. Feb. Hussein\\nAvni.]\\n1875-76 Herzegovina. Insurrection\\nagainst the Turks, and for freedom.\\n1875 Aug. 25. Mahmud Pasha grand\\nvizier. [1876. May 10.\u00c2\u00b1 Mohammed\\nRuchdi.]\\n1876 Feb. 10. The joint note of the\\npowers respecting reforms is agreed to.\\nMay -Sept. Bulgaria. Insurrection\\ncruelly suppressed.\\nMay 29. The Ministers depose the sul-\\ntan because he refuses to give up some\\nof his treasure to save the nation.\\nMay 30-Aug.31. Constantinople. Amu-\\nrath V., nephew of Abd-ul-Aziz, is Sul-\\ntan. Deposed because of ill health.\\nAug. 31. Constantinople. Sultan Abd-\\nul-Hamid II. second son of Abd-ul-\\nMedjid, reigns.\\nDec. 23+. Conference of the powers\\n(p. 566).\\n1877 Jan. 22. Constantinople. The\\nNational Council rejects propositions\\nmade by a conference of the powers re-\\nspecting Servia and Montenegro.\\nFeb. 5+. Edhem Pasha is grand vizier\\nhe was educated in Paris, and favors re-\\nforms.\\nMar. 19. Constantinople. The first\\nTurkish Parliament opens, with 30\\nSenators and 90 Deputies.\\nApr. 24. Russia declares war against\\nTurkey.\\nDec. 20\u00c2\u00b1. Crete. Insurrection; pro-\\nvisional government formed. [1878. Feb.\\n11. Decrees union with Greece. Oct.\\nPacified by Turkish concession of self-\\ngovernment.]\\n1878 Mar. 3. Peace of San Stefano\\n(p. 566).\\nPeace follows the Turko-RuBsian war.\\nRussia receives extensive territory in the Cau-\\ncasian region, including Dobrudja, Kara,\\nBatum. Rumania, Servia, and Montenegro\\ndeclared independent. [1878. Revised by the\\ncongress of Berlin.]\\nJune 4. Cyprus. Given up to the ad-\\nministration of England. [July 3.\\nCeded. July 12. Possession taken.]\\nJuly 13. Berlineonference(pp.529,566,\\n831). Turkey loses much territory, both\\nin Europe and Asia. It cedes Kars, Ar-\\ndahan, and Batum to Russia.\\nHerzegovina is occupied by Austria.\\nOct. Macedonia. Insurrection. [1879.\\nJan. 3. Suppressed.]\\nNov. 11\u00c2\u00b1. Syria. Midhat Pasha is ap-\\npointed governor to institute reforms.\\nOf the Berlin (Juiileience.\\nSept. 15\u00c2\u00b1. The powers send a final collec-\\ntive note demanding the rt ssion of Mulcigno\\nand territory to Montenegro. [Sept. Pow-\\ners war-vessels assemble at Ragusa. Nov.\\n26. Effected.]\\n1881 Rumania is made a kingdom.\\nMar* -Apr. Constantinople. Conference\\nof ambassadors; Turkey yields, and decides\\nto transfer to (Jreere nmst of the territory in-\\ndicated by the Berlin Conference.\\nMay 24. Turkey cedes Thessaly to\\nGreece (p. 1037).\\n1882 June 23. Constantinople. A con-\\nference of the powers meets to consider\\nthe Egyptian question.\\nDec. 3. Said Pasha is made grand vizier.\\n1884 Feb. 8. Crete. Religious diffi-\\nculties cause an insurrection. [Mar.\\n1. Christians appeal to the sultan for a\\nChristian governor, and to the powers\\nfor mediation.]\\n1885 Sept. 18. Rumelia. A bloodless\\nrevolution occurs at Philippopolis, and\\nreunion with Bulgaria is proclaimed.\\n[Oct. 14. Condemned by a conference of\\nambassadors.]\\nSept. 2 4. Kiamil Pasha, grand vizier.\\n1889 May 37. Crete. The Assembly votes\\nIn favor of annexation to Greece. [Aug.\\n1. Anarchy prevails. Sept. 15. Martial law\\nproclaimed. Sept. Greece aids insurgents.\\nHbv. 11. Amnesty granted.]\\n1890 Jan. 26. Asia M. Erzerum re-\\nvolts. Armenians are killed.\\nJuly 8. Turkey, by a note, demands of\\nGreat Britain ;i fixed date for the evac-\\nuation of Egypt.\\nJuly 19. The Porte ignores the wrongs\\nsuffered by Armenians, and two Min-\\nisters resign their offices.\\nOct. 4. Constantinople. An Armenian\\nrevolutionary manifesto urges the op-\\npressed people to light the Turkish\\ntyrants.\\nAug. 12. Kurds raid Armenia.\\n1891 Sept. 4. The sultan dismisses the\\nMinistry hecause of its inefficiency in deal-\\ning with brigandage.\\n1894 Nov. 11\u00c2\u00b1. The British ambassa-\\ndor investigates the reported massacre\\nof 8,000 Armenians by Turkish troops.\\nDec. 7. The Government explains the\\nmassacre of Armenians by alleging an\\nuprising which was subdued by the\\ntroops.\\n[Dec. 10. Diplomatic investigations are\\nsuspended pending an exchange of views by\\nthe treaty powers relative to joint action.\\nDec. 14\u00c2\u00b1. The Porte consents that the con-\\nsuls of Great Britain, Itussia, and France\\nmay sit with the investigation commission.\\nDec. 24. The commission starts for Cassoon.]\\nURUGUAY.\\nUruguay is a republic of southeastern South America capital, Montevideo. It is politically divided into 19 departments,\\nand has a president for chief executive. The legislative power is vested in a Senate and Chamber of Representatives. The chief\\nreligion is Roman Catholic, and the language Spanish. Area, 72,172 square miles population in 1892, 728,447.\\n1512* Arrival of Juan Diaz de Solis 17th Century. The Jesuit missionaries 1729* Gen. Zavala establishes a Span-\\nf \u00e2\u0084\u00a2F? ?P ai 5 5 he e nt r s the Parana-guazu. begill the rea i conquest of the country. ish military settlement at Montevideo.\\n[Military and commercial settlements of [1750. A provisional government.]\\n[1515-16. Second visit killed.]\\n1603 Indians destroy a Spanish force\\nunder Gen. Saavedra. 1603-53. Three the Portuguese follow the missionaries, 1777* Spaniards destroy the Portu-\\nattempts to subdue the Indians fail.] and later those of the Spanish follow.] guese settlement at Colonia.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1171.jp2"}, "1172": {"fulltext": "1160 1807, Feb. 3-1891, Oct. 12. URUGUAY.\\n1807 Feb. 3. Montevideo is taken by\\nthe British. [July 7. Repulsed at Buenos\\nAyres, they evacuate Montevideo.]\\n1814 Gen. Alvear takes Montevideo\\nfor Buenos Ayres.\\n1817+ *The territory is joined to\\nBrazil. War with Buenos Ayres fol-\\nlows. [1821. Brazilians occupy the\\ncountry. 1825. Aug. 25. Uruguay re-\\nvolts, and declares its independence of\\nthe vice-royalty of Buenos Ayres. 1828.\\nOct. 4. Independence recognized.\\nMontevideo becomes the capital.]\\n1826-28 War between Brazil and\\nBuenos Ayres for the possession of Uru-\\nguay.\\n1830 July 18. The constitution ia\\npromulgated.\\n1838* The University of Montevideo\\nis founded.\\n1842-51 Gen. Juan Manuel Bosas, dic-\\ntator of Buenos Ayres, and Gen. Oribe\\nand his native partizans besiege Mon-\\ntevideo. [1S45. It is blockaded by Eng-\\nland and France.]\\n1842 Gold is discovered in Tacua-\\nrembo.\\n1851 The Argentine provinces of Cor-\\nrientes and Entre Rios join President\\nRosas he defeats Gen. Oribe.\\n1854-55 Gen. Venancio Flores is presi-\\ndent. [1S56-60, G. A. Pereyra 1860-S4,\\nBernardo Prudencio Berro 1864-65, Gen.\\nAguirre 1865-66, Flores again (as pro-\\nvisional president) 1866-68, F. A. Vidal\\n186S-72, Gen. Lorenzo Battle 1872-75,\\nGen. Ellazio 1875-76, Pedro Varela (as\\nprovisional president) 1876-80, Col. L.\\nLalorre 1880, F. A. Vidal again (dies\\nMar. 17); 1882-86, Gen. J. Maximo San-\\ntas 1886-90, Gen. Maximo Tages 1890-\\n94, Dr. Julio Herreray Obes 1894+\\nSenhor Idiarte Borda.]\\n1863-65 Gen. Flores creates civil war.\\n[1868-72. The Blanco party revolts.\\n1880-86. Gen. Arredondo revolts.]\\nThe American Methodists (North)\\nopen a mission and plant stations at\\nMontevideo, Colonia, Tacuarembo, and\\nTrinidad.\\n1891 Oct. 12. Montevideo. A revolt\\n[Oct. 13. Suppressed.]\\nVENEZUELA.\\nVenezuela is a republic of South. America, bordering the Caribbean Sea capital, Caracas.\\nThe chief executive is a president the legislative power is vested in a Congress comprising a Senate and a Chamber of Depu-\\nties. Language, Spanish. Religion, Roman Catholic, yet all religions arc tolerated. Area, 597,960 square miles are claimed pop-\\nulation, 2,323,526.\\n1498 Aug. 1. Beheld by Columbus\\n(p. 14). [1-499. Visited by Ojeda (p. 15),\\nand named Terra Firma.]\\n1520 Spaniards settle at Caraana.\\n[1527, at Coro 1545, at Tocuyo 1552, at\\nBarquisimeto 1555, at Valencia 1567,\\nat Caracas.]\\n1515 The captain-generalcy of Cara-\\ncas is erected.\\n1783 July 24. Simon Bolivar,\\nFather of his Country, is born. [1S30.\\nDec. 17. Dies.]\\n1810 The colony sides with the old\\nSpanish dynasty, and against Joseph\\nBonaparte as king.\\n1811 July 14. Seven disaffected prov-\\ninces revolt, and declare for indepen-\\ndence. [1812-13. Partly suppressed.]\\n1812* Treaty j3f Victoria; the colony\\nrenews its allegiance to Spain.\\nMar. 26. An earthquake at Caracas\\ndestroys nearly 12,000 lives. [1S94, May 9.\\nTwo cities, several villages, destroyed.]\\n1813-23 A T enezuela revolts under Boli-\\nvar the war for independence follows.\\n[1813. Aug. 4. He captures Caracas.]\\n1814 Bolivar, having defeated the\\nroyalists, is made dictator, but is driven\\nout of the state. [1816. Returns, and\\nraises another army. 1817. July De-\\nfeats Spaniards under Gen. Morillo at\\nAngostura. 1821. June 24. Royalists\\nare defeated at Carabobo (p. 628).\\n1819 Feb. Bolivar resigns. [Dec. 17.\\nHe is elected president (p. 628).]\\n1829 Nov. Venezuela withdraws\\nfrom Colombia (p. 628).\\n1831-35 Gen. Jose 1 Antonio Paez. [1835-\\n36, Dr. Jose Maria Vargaz, resigns\\n1336-39, Carlos Soubletfe 1339-43, Paez\\nagain; 1843-47, S-mblette again 1S47-51,\\nJose Tadeo Monagas 1851-55, rinse Gre-\\ngorio Monagas 1355-58, Gen. J. T. Mo-\\nnagas again 1858-59, Don -lose Castro,\\nforced to resign; 1859-61, Dr. Pedro\\nGual (ad interim) 1861-63, Gen. Jose\\nAntonio Paez, dictator, chosen by the\\narmy, resigns 1863-07, Juan Crisostomo\\nFalcon driven out by revolutionists.\\n186S. J. T. Monagas elected again he\\ndies before he is sworn in. 1868-70. Gen.\\nPulger (provisional). 1870-77, Gen. An-\\ntonio Guzman Blanco elected. 1S77-79,\\nF. L. Alcantara; 1879-82, Guzman Blanco\\nagain 1882-S6, Gen. Joaquin Crespo\\n1S88-90, Dr. J. Pablo Rojas Paul; 1890-\\n94, Dr. Raimundo Andrezia Palacio\\n1S94, Mar. 14+-, Gen. Crespo again.]\\n1845 Spain recognizes the indepen-\\ndence of Venezuela.\\n1846-70 Revolutions and wars with\\nintermissions.\\n1S54 Mar. 24. The emancipation of\\nslaves is enacted.\\n1864 Mar. 28. Federal constitution\\nprepared.\\n1874 The Church bitterly opposes\\nthe action of the Government in legaliz-\\ning civil marriages.\\n1892 Apr. 1-Aug. Rebellion under\\nGen. Crespo.\\n1890 May* A dispute arises with Great\\nBritain respecting the old boundary\\nquestion.\\nWEST COAST OF AFRICA.\\nAngola is a Portuguese possession lying south of the equator; capital, St. Paul de Loanda. Area, 490,000 square miles\\npopulation, 2,000,000+ of these 6,000+ are whites. Ashanti is a nation on the Gold Coast capital, Kumassi. Dahomey is a\\nkingdom on the Slave Coast capital Abomey. Area, 4,000 square miles population, 600,000+. French Kongo (Gabun) com-\\nprises territory between the Kongo River and the Atlantic capital, Libreville. Area, 267,000 square miles population, 3,000,000+.\\nGold Coast is a British crown colony; capital, Akkra. Area, 15,000 square miles; population, 1,905,000+. Kaiherun is a\\nGerman colonial possession lying a little north of the equator. Area, 130,000 square miles population, 2,000,000+. Lagos is\\na British settlement and island. Area, 1,071 square miles population, 100,000+. Liberia is a negro republic capital, Mon-\\nrovia. Area, 14,360+ square miles population, 1,068,000+. Senegal is a French colony on the Senegal River capital, St. Louis.\\nSierra Leone is a British colony capital, Freetown. Area, 15,000+ square miles population, 180,000+. Togoland is a German\\nprotectorate on the Slave Coast capital, Little Popo. Area, 16,000+ square miles population, 500,000+. Yarriba is a kingdom\\non the Slave Coast, included in the British sphere of influence capital, Oyo.\\n1446 The Portuguese discover the\\nWest Coast.\\n1450+ The Moors begin the African\\nslave-trade.\\n1460 Sierra Leone is discovered.\\n[1786. Dec. 9. An unsuccessful com-\\npany of 400 negroes and 60 whites, chiefly\\ndisreputable in character, sail from Lon-\\ndon. 1787. They Bettle at Freetown.\\n1791. A successful colony is planted un-\\nder the influence of Wilberforce and\\nothers. 1794. Sept. Attacked by the\\nFrench. 1802. Feb. Attacked by na-\\ntives. 1807. It becomes a crown colony,\\n1S14. The Christian Institution is\\nfounded on Leicester Mountain for the\\neducation of freed slave-children. 1827.\\nFourah Bay College is founded by the\\nChurch Society.]\\n1804. The Church of England opens a mis-\\nsion on the liio Pongas. [1808. It becomes\\neffective. 1815, at Gammer; 1816, at Free-\\ntown; at Sierra Leone 1840, at Port Lokkoh\\n(1850, closed; 1*75, resumed). 1843. Samuel\\nWeslevans open a mission. 1879. at Fo\\nriah near Kapto. 1842. The Union M\\nary Society (U. S. A.) opens i\\nMendi. 1883. Transferred to the United\\nBrethren in Christ. 1855. The Codrington\\nThe African Methodists\\n(U.S.A.) open a mission in Freetown. 1887.\\nAlso one by the American Wesleyans.]\\n1480 Angola. Discovered by Diego\\nCam, a Portuguese.\\n[He also discovers the Kongo River.\\n1484+. Portuguese settle. 1578. They", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1172.jp2"}, "1173": {"fulltext": "WEST COAST OF AFRICA. 1446,* *-1890, Mar. 3. 1161\\nfound Loando. 1617. Manoel Cerveira\\n(Port.) founds St. Felipe de Benguela.\\n1640-48. The Dutch attempt to expel\\nthe Portuguese from Angola. 1641. They\\nsucceed in occupying Loando. 1855. The\\nPortuguese establish a settlement at\\nAmbriz. 1858. Feb. The English ap-\\npoint David Livingstone consul for the\\nPortuguese settlements in Africa. 1877.\\nNov. A water supply canal, 43 miles\\nlong, is contracted for the supply of\\nLoando.]\\n1490 Fr. Kongo. Gonzalo de Sousa,\\nwith an embassy from Portugal, arrives.\\n[1758. The Portuguese settle Encoye.\\n1S39. France authorizes Capt. Bouet to\\nsettle on the left bank of the Gabun.\\n1842. He establishes better positions on\\nthe right bank at Louis and Quaben.\\n1845. The French found their chief set-\\ntlement, Libreville, and name it Le Pla-\\nteau. 1862. The French extend their\\nauthority southward to the Ogowe River.\\n1871. They practically abandon Gabun\\nbecause of the war with Germany.]\\n1842 The American Board opens a mission\\non the Gabun River. [1343. At Corisco.\\n1850. The American Presbyterians open a\\nmission at Corisco. 1870. Missions trans-\\nferred to American Presbyterians North.]\\n1643 Gold Coast. The Dutch capture\\nCape Coast Castle from the Portuguese.\\n[1637. The Dutch capture Elmina.\\n1661. Castle demolished by the British\\nAdm. Holmes. 1C64. Taken by the Eng-\\nlish. 1850. The Danes transfer their\\nsettlements to the English, 1S72. The\\nDutch cede Elmina and other posses-\\nsions to the British. 1874. Dec. 17. Gov.\\nStrahan proclaims the slave-trade of the\\nGold Coast abolished.]\\n1808* The Danes send out missionaries.\\n[1822. The missionaries join the Basel So-\\nciety. 1828. Germans open a mission. 1843.\\nThe British Wesleyans open a mission at\\nLagos. 1852. Also the Church Society (Eng.).\\n1855. Also the Southern Baptists (U. S. A.).]\\n17th Century. Senegal becomes a French\\ncolony. [1854-K Much extended and\\ndeveloped.]\\n18th Century. Dahomey is first visited.\\n[1732\u00c2\u00b1. Trudo Audati reigns with\\ngreat ability. Later, a succession of\\ncruel kings foster the slave-trade. 1825.\\nRefugees from towns ruined by slave-\\nhunters establish an important town at\\nAbbeokuta. 1829. It has become a\\nstrong walled town, inhabited by free\\nnegroes, and independent of the king.\\n1864. Mar. 16. The king is repulsed in\\nan attack on Abbeokuta, and many Am-\\nazons are killed. 1885. Oct. 7. Da-\\niiomey is placed under the protection of\\nPortugal by request of the king. 1890.\\nFeb. The French repulse an attack of\\nthekingatKotonou. 1890. Feb.* -Oct. 5.\\nWar with France (p. 758, 761). Mar. 18.\\nThe garrison is relieved by reenforce-\\nments. Apr. France blockades the\\ncoast. Aug. 4. France demands the ces-\\nsion of Kotonou and Whydah in an ulti-\\nmatum. Oct, 5. Treaty refused (p. 761).\\n1S91. Sept. Second French expedition\\n(p. 762). Later, King Behanzin is de-\\nfeated, but not subdued. 1892. Jan. 2.\\nKing Behanzin surrenders to Col.\\nDodds. Mar. 10. The king appeals to the\\ncivilized world against his treatment by\\nFrance. May 2. He submits. Sept.\\nCol. Dodds leads a third expedition.\\nNov. 21. Enters Abomey.]\\n1807 Ashantee. The warlike Ashan-\\ntees conquer the Fantee district, which\\nincludes British Coast Castle.\\n[1831. Apr. 29. The British recognize\\nby treaty the independence of the Fan-\\ntees. 1864. Sickness defeats the British\\ntroops. 1S73-74. War with England\\nSir Garnet Wolseley in command he\\ntakes and burns Kuruasi, but fails to\\noccupy the territory.]\\n1816 Liberia, Henry Clay and other\\nAmericans establish the American Col-\\nonization Society (U. S. A.) for the\\ncolonization of negroes.\\n[1822. A colony of emancipated slaves\\nfrom America found the Republic of\\nLiberia, with Monrovia for its capital.\\n1S26. Feb. 16. The Liberia Herald is\\nfirst issued- 1S47. Becomes a republic,\\nwith a President, Senate, and House of\\nRepresentatives. Aug. 24. Its inde-\\npendence proclaimed. 1859. The Liberia\\nConference Seminary opened. 1861. Rec-\\nognized by the United States. 1875. War\\nwith the aborigines at Cape Palmas.]\\n1844 The Basel Society opens a mis-\\nsion at Akropong.\\n1847-94 Presidents 1847-57, J. J. Rob-\\nerts 1864-68, Daniel B. Warner 1868-\\n70, James S. Payne; 1870-71, E. J. Roy,\\n1871, Oct., deposed; 1872-74, J. J. Rob-\\nerts again 1876-79, A. W. Gardner\\n1878-83, A. J. Russell 1883-84, H. R. W.\\nJohnson 1884-88, H. R. W. Johnson\\n1888-92, Dr. Blyden 1892, Jan. 7+, J. J.\\nCheesman.\\n1880 Feb. The kingdom of Medina is\\npeaceably annexed.\\n1832 Danes open a mission at TJsu.\\n1820 American Presbyterians open amis-\\nsion. [1833. At Monrovia. 1848. They con-\\nstitute the Synod of West Africa. 1889. Open\\nat Brewerville. 1821. American\\nopen a mission; Lot Cary, a slave\\nwho bought his own liberty, is the first mis-\\nsionary. 1856. Mission suspended. 1884.\\nOne opened at Vey. 1820. American Meth-\\nodists open a mission at Sherbro. 1833,\\nMar. 7. Melville B. Cox, their first foreign\\nmissionary, arrives. 1834. The Liberia Con-\\nference is organized. 1884. William Taylor\\nis elected (U.S.A.) missionary bishop. He\\nproceeds to organize self-supporting missions.\\n1827-28. The Basel Society opens a mission.\\n1830. Also the American Episcopalians in\\nMonrovia. 1857. The Cumberland Presby-\\nterians (U. S. A.) open\\nThe American Board opens a\\nCape Palmas 1844, removed to the Gabun\\nRiver. 1860. Also the Evangelical Luther-\\nans (TL S. A.) at Muhlenberg. 1889. The\\nPentecost Band (U. S. A.) in Monrovia.]\\n1759 Aug. 19. Yarriba. The British\\nfleet under Adm. Boscawen defeat the\\nFrench fleet (p. 914).\\n[1848. The Egba chiefs send thanks\\nto Queen Victoria for rescuing many of\\ntheir people from slavery. 1849. May*\\nA great gathering of people receive\\npresents from the queen. 1851-76. The\\nKing of Dahomey makes seven inva-\\nsions. 1851. The British capture Lagos.\\n1861. Annex it. 1862. Dahomeans en-\\ntirely destroy the town of Ishaga, and\\ncrucify the Christians at Egba.]\\n1850** The Southern Baptists U.S.A.)\\nopen a mission at Ogobomoshaw.\\n1841 Aug. 20. Eng. The great colo-\\nnizing expedition sails for the Niger.\\n[Sept. 28. At Iddah, 320 miles from the\\ncoast, it fails because of fevers.]\\n1857* Niger River. The Church of Eng-\\nland opens a mission on the Niger at Onicha.\\n[1862. Destroyed by civil war. 1866, at\\nBonny; 1868, at Braso, in the delta; 1878, at\\nAenso; 1884, at Okrika.]\\n1844=* Calabar. The United Presbyteri-\\nans open a mission at Creektown, Old Cala-\\nbar. [1875. The Church of England opens a\\nmission at New Calabar. 1888. One at Old\\nCalabar by the United Scotch Church\\n(U.S.A.).]\\n1866* Senegambia. An English settle-\\nment is made at St. Mary s.\\n1881 Kamerun is made a German pro-\\ntectorate. [1S84, Aug. Dr, Kachtigal\\nfounds a colony. Oct. Recognized.]\\n1858 English Baptists open a mission at\\nVictoria they had been driven out of Fer-\\nnando Po by Spanish persecution. [1886.\\nMissions transferred to the Basel Society.]\\nDutch Protestants open a mission.]\\n1884 Great JS r amaqualand and Dama-\\nraland are made a German dependency,\\nand called Southwest Africa. [1889.\\nOct. The head chief of Damaraland\\norders all Germans to depart he seizes\\nthe missionaries.]\\n1885 Fr. Kongo. The Berlin Confer-\\nence recognizes the French territorial\\nclaims (p. 1093).\\n1890 Mar. 3. Germany and France\\nsign an agreement for a uniform tariff.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1173.jp2"}, "1174": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1174.jp2"}, "1175": {"fulltext": "INDEX AND APPENDIX\\n1163", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1175.jp2"}, "1176": {"fulltext": "EXPLANATORY NOTES.\\nThe index lias been prepared with uncommon fullness of detail, so as to aid those persons who may turn in haste to find\\ndesired information also to give necessary information to those having none of the clews which a general historical knowledge\\naffords. But it is anticipated that many readers who are familiar with the general trend of the history will commonly ignore\\nthe index altogether and turn at once to the text, where their search will be facilitated by its topical classification; then by\\nglancing at the dates and the helpful locality words, which stand as double guide-posts before each item, they will speedily\\nfind the desired information.\\nThe index also contains some items which were omitted from the text. These are limited almost entirely to dates,\\n-which are always enclosed in parentheses so that they can be distinguished from page numerals.\\nThe following rules which have been observed in preparing the index may aid the reader in its practical use.\\nAbbreviations. Only a few arbitrary abbreviations have been used. See the full list facing page 1.\\nBooks. The titles of books are not indexed, but may be found by following the references under the author s name.\\nCoDeges. The larger American and British colleges are indexed twice; once under the name of the city, and more fully\\nunder the name of the college or university. The smaller colleges and many foreign universities are only indexed under the name\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0of the city of their location. Colleges connected with universities are only referred to under the name of the university to which\\nthey are attached, as, Christ s College is indexed under Oxford University.\\nConventions. Commercial, political, and other conventions are indexed under the name of the body convened, and not\\nunder the name of the city. Exception national conventions of political parties are important items in the history of cities, and\\nthey are indexed under the names of the cities where convened, as well as under the party name.\\nCountries. Each country appears in the text as an abbreviated history, therefore it is not again abbreviated in the index.\\nBut items in foreign countries are cross-indexed under the name of the country to which they relate, to give a fuller history;\\nif the items are duplicates of others, they are omitted in the index.\\nItalics. Italics are used in the index as in the text, for the titles of books, magazines, and newspapers; also for titles of\\npaintings, names of vessels and horses, and names of planetary bodies.\\nLegislation. Acts of State legislation are indexed under the names of States those of the National Congress under the\\ntitles of the Acts.\\nLocal Events. Events of only local interest are indexed under the names of the towns or cities in which they occur, and also\\nunder the names of the persons directly connected with each occurrence.\\nNames. The name of every town and city is indexed in its alphabetical order; every personal name is also indexed except\\nthose remotely or perfunctorily connected with an event.\\nNewspapers, etc. The names of newspapers are commonly indexed under the name of the place of publication the denomi-\\nnational papers are indexed under the names of the denominations who publish them some others appear under their own\\nname.\\nPersonal Names. Full personal names are commonly given in the index, but often abbreviated in the text, especially those\\nof Europeans, Asiatics, and South Americans. Members of the British peerage are commonly indexed under their family names,\\nthese are often less familiar than the title name; but the former may be readily found by following the references given under\\nthe title name, as under Palmerston, Viscount, may be found See Temple, John Henry.\\nReligious Assemblies. These are commonly indexed under the denominational name, as General Assembly under\\nPresbyterians. Church councils of world-wide interest are indexed under councils some unusual or very important national\\ngatherings are indexed under their proper titles.\\nReligious Denominations. Various religious denominations having a common family name are grouped in the index;\\nunder the general name, as Cumberland Presbyterians follow Presbyterians.\\nStates. States forming a component part of a country as Virginia, or Hungary, are quite fully indexed, thereby forming a\\nskeletonized State history. These references may be much extended at the option of the reader, by turning to the references\\nfound under the names of important cities, as Albany, Buffalo, and New York City to obtain a fuller history of New York State.\\n1164", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1176.jp2"}, "1177": {"fulltext": "INDEX AND APPENDIX.\\nNote. The numerals enclosed with parentheses are year-dates; the ahbreviations are chiefly those in familiar use, but a full\\nlist may be found on the opposite page. Text figures denote page superior figures indicate column.\\nAa, Charlemagne s victory at, 770\\nChristian Peter Kol.i. ie van der, b.-d.,\\n110-1\\nAachen. See Aix-la-Chapelle, 773 1\\nAagaard, Niels, b.-d., 6362.\\nAagesen, Svend, b. 635 1\\nAahmes I.,b., 6503 patron of art, 6462-3\\nreigns marries war Hyksos, 649\\nAangeleken mission. 601\\nAarestrup, Carl Ludwig Emil, b., 6382 d.,\\n6403.\\nAargau canton, joins Act Mediation, 113S2.\\npeace of, 11373.\\nAaron, consecrated, 11403 rod of, 11403\\nforbidden Canaan d., 11403.\\nSamuel, b. (1800) d., 347 1\\nAaronson, Bp. Jon, executed, 232, 10423.\\nAarssens, Frans van, b.-d. 10983.\\nAasen, Ivar Andreas, b., 1104\\nAba or Owen, king, 5032.\\nSamuel, d., 5022.\\nAbaka Khan, emperor, d. 1106 3\\nAbamonti, Giuseppe, b., 10842 d., 10862.\\nAbancourt, Charles Xavier Joseph Fran-\\nqueville, b., 7023 d., 7082.\\nAbano, Pietro di, b.-d., 10762.\\nAbanzit, Firmin, b., 6923 d., 703\\nAbarca, Don Joaquin, b.-d., 1130 2\\nMaria de, d., 11283.\\nAbascal, Jose Fernando, b.-d., 11283.\\nAbbad I., d., 11262.\\nII., b.-d., 11272.\\nIII., b.-d., 11262.\\nAbbadie, Antoine Thomson d b., 719\\nArnaud Michel d\\\\ b., 7222.\\nJacques, b., 6902 christian Rtliqion,\\n6903 d., 6982.\\nAbbas the Great, b.-d., 11063 reigns, 11072.\\nII., reigns, 11072 d. (1666).\\nIII., reigns, 11072 d. (1736).\\nMirsa, b.-d., 11063.\\nPasha, b.-d., 6563 reigns, 6573, 6613.\\nAbbassides, dynasty, 4853, 6552.\\nAbbassids, overthrow Tooloonide dynasty,\\n11552.\\nAbbate, Niccolo de, II., b. (1512) d. 1081\\nAbbatucci, Giacomo Pietro, b., 6982 d.,\\n7192.\\nJacques Pierre Charles, born, 7082\\nd., 7322.\\nAbbe, Cleveland, b., 1482.\\nAbbendon, Edmund de archbp., 8522.\\nAbbeokuta, settled, 11612.\\nAbbett, Leon, b. (1836) gov., 375 inaug.\\ngov., 3193; nom.for.gov., 345 d.,470\\nAbbeville redeemed, 679 monument of\\nCourbet, 760\\nAbbey Craig, Wallace monument at, 972\\nEdwin Austin, b., 170\\nFonthill, erected, 9262.\\nAbbeys suppressed in Mexico, 10962 in\\nPort., 11113 in Spain, 11303.\\nAbbo Cernuus, b., 6662 d. (923).\\nFloriacensis, b.-d., 666 z\\nAbbot, Benjamin, b., 723 d., 166\\nGeorge, b., 872 Archbp. Canter-\\nbury, 8782 d. 8822.\\nH. (Almy), kills Miss Warden,\\n3882; hanged, 4303.\\nGorham D., b., 114 d., 2842.\\nAbbots executed, 8683.\\nAbbotsford Club founded, 949\\nAbbott, Benjamin, b., 62 d., 106\\nCharles, b. (1757) speaker, 9313\\nd. (1829).\\nL. Colchester, b.,9143 d., 946\\nBaron Tenterden, b., 9162\\nchief justice, 9393 d. (1832).\\nEdwin Abbott, 9482.\\nEmma, b. (1850 d., 3742.\\nEvelyn, b., 9522.\\nEzra, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 128 d., 3162.\\nAbbott, Henry L., b., 1382 Col., 322\\nJacob, b., 110= d., 3022.\\nJo., M. C, b. 152\\nJoel, d., 134\\nJohn Joseph Caldwell, b. (1811) new\\nMinistry, 5 J2 3 Premier, 593 resigns,\\n595 d., 596.\\nStephens Cabot, b., 1122 works,\\n277 2842 d., 2942.\\nT., envoy, 3513.\\nJoseph G. .electoral commission, 295\\nLyman, b., 144 works, 2643 2412\\n26S3 2803 3163 3503 4203 438 in\\nPlymouth Church, 3463, 3521\\nSamuel, b., 62 d., 1182.\\nAbbt, Thomas, b., 8002 d., 8023.\\nAbdallah, revolts, 4852 ruler, 4882 d.,\\n488\\nben Abd-el Mottalib, d. 483\\nebn Zobeyr, slain, 4853.\\nIbn-Balkeen, dethroned, 11272;\\nd. (1073)*.\\nMohammed, d., 11262.\\nYasim, b., 9 founds Morabites,\\n9 d.,4863.\\nIbnool Hijaree, b.-d., 11262.\\nAbdalmelek, b. (645) reigns, 655 2 in Asia\\nM., 10302 d., 4842.\\nAbd-al-Mu min, in Tunis, 11392.\\nAbdastartus, king, 11432.\\nAbd-el-Aziz, first emir, 11253.\\nAzziz, sultan, 4873 d., 4863.\\nKader, b., 9 revolts, 82; sub-\\nmits, 83 at Mecca, 9 in Fr., 93 res-\\ncues Christians, 1158 2 pilgrimage, 488 3\\nbanished, 728 released, 7332 d.,4863.\\nGhilanee, d., 11063.\\nWahab, b.-d., founds Wahabis,\\n4863.\\nAbd-er-Rahman, califate est., 4853 de-\\nfeated by Charles Martel, 485 664\\nd. (732).\\nI., b.-d., 11252 King of\\nSpain, 11253 founds academies, founds\\nMosque, 1125 2\\nII., d., 11262.\\nIII., b. (891) calif, d., 11262.\\nravages Armenia, 1155\\npoet, 53.\\nKhan, b., defeats Shere Ali,\\n43 rebels, 52 in Kandahar, in Herat,\\n6 2 resists Russians, 6 3 Ameer, sole\\nruler, 7 reorganizes government at\\nKabub, 72.\\nAbdi-Milkut, revolts, 11453.\\nAbdon, judges Israel, 11432.\\nAbdoola Jan, the heir, 53 d., 43.\\nAbdul-Assiz, b.-d., 11563 reigns, 1159\\nmurdered, 1158 3\\nHamid I., b.-d., 11563 reigns, 11572.\\nII., b., 11563 reigns, 11592.\\nAbdul, Latif, died, 4863.\\nMajid, b.-d., 11563 reigns, 11573.\\nAbdullah, sultan, 10492.\\nCollege, 549\\nAbdv, John Thomas, b., 9403.\\nA Becket, Arthur William, b. (1837); d.,\\n10062.\\nGilbert Abbott, b., 935 Punch, or\\nLondon Charivari; d. (1856).\\nThomas, b.-d., 8482 chanc, opposes\\nk.,851 ambassador to Fr., 6712; Archbp.\\nCanterbury, 8502 flees to Fr., reconciled\\nto k.,851 2 -returns, murdered, 8512 can-\\nonized, 8502 a rebel, bones burned,\\n8683.\\nAbed-nego, fiery furnace, 1146 3\\nAbeel, David, b., 112 miss., 1363 d. (1846).\\nGustavus, president synod, 170 2\\nAbeih, Theological School est., 11582.\\nAbeille, M., shot, 7623.\\nAbel, reigns, 637 claims Schleswig;\\n1165\\nagainst archbp., 636 assassinates Eric-\\nkilled, 637\\nAbel, shepherd, 1139 sacrifice, 11392.\\nJoseph, b., 5463 l., 5202.\\nNiels Henrik, b.-d., 1104\\nOuglan surrenders, 1118\\nAbelard, Pierre, h.-d.,6(W3 heresies, 6683\\ncondemned, G69 Introductions, 669\\nAbell, G. W., d.,458\\nAbenezra, Abraham (Abraham ben Meir\\nibn Ezra), b.-d., 11262.\\nAbensberg, Austrians defeated, 5183.\\nAbercorn, Earl of, title created, 877 2 Mar-\\nquis of, title created, 9252 Duke of,\\ntitle created, 967 (See Hamilton.)\\nAticrrmnttii, lost at sea, 951 3\\nAbercrombie, Baron, title created, 931\\nJames, b., 562 at New York, at Al-\\nbany, 70 commander leaves Ticon-\\nderoga, 702 d., 9222.\\nJohn, b., 9203 d., 9522.\\nJos., b. (1802) d. 294\\nb. (1S02) at Martinsburg,\\n1962 d. (1887).\\nAbercromby, James, Lord Dunfermline,\\nb., 9203 speaker, 9473 d. (1858).\\nPatrick, b. (1656) d., 9062.\\nSir Ralph, b., 90x2 at Aboukir, at\\nAlexandria, 656 714 at Zuyper Slays,\\n1102 d., 9303.\\nAberdare, Baron, title created, 975\\nAberdeen fnd., 8452 burned, 858 King s\\nColl. fnd., university fnd., 8663, 877 see\\nfnd. ,9063; Aberdeen Jmirnal issued, 913\\nSpalding Club fnd., 949 Social Science\\nAssociation meets, 974 Bp. Douglas\\ncons., 9862; Brit. Asso. sits,988 statue\\nof General Gordon, 998\\nCountess, gift, 6003.\\nEarl, title, 8932. (See Gordon.)\\nAbergale, W., railroad accident, 9733.\\nCapacelli Francesco d b. f\\nAbergavenny, Marquis of, title created\\n(Neville), 975\\nAlnTt/arenni/ wrecked, 9333.\\nAbernettry, G., governor, 161\\nJohn, b. in Ire., 8942 d., 9103.\\nb. in Eng., 9162 d.. 9442.\\nAbert, John James, b. (1788) d., 2272.\\nAberystwith College founded, 9763 li-\\nbrary opened, 10082.\\nAbich, Wilhelm, b., 808= d., 832\\nAbigail, marries David, 1143\\nAbihu, otters strange fire, 11403.\\nAbijah, reigns, 11433.\\ndefeats Jeroboam, 1142\\nAbildgaard, Nikolai Abraham, b., 638 d. t\\n6382.\\nPeter Christian, b.-d., 638 2.\\nAbilene, Kan., capital removed, 3333.\\nAbimelech, usurps government, 1143 J\\nkills brothers, 11423.\\nAbingdon Presbyterv formed, 982.\\nDel., Cokesburv Coll. opens, 99\\n111., Hedding Coll. fnd., 1782.\\nVa., action at, 2383.\\nEarl, title created (Bertie Willough-\\nby), 8932.\\nAbinger, Baron, title created, 945\\nAbiram, mutinies against Moses, 11413.\\nAbishua, high-priest, 1141\\nAb.iuration Bill disputed, 957\\nAb kar Khan rules Afghan, 52.\\nAblancourt, Nicholas-Perrot d b., 6862;\\nd., 6903.\\nAbney, Capt., photographs disk, 988\\nAbo, Univ. Helsingfors fnd., rem., 1115 1\\nAbolition: Soc. organized, 141 by con-\\nstitutional amendment defeated, 2293\\n2352.\\nAbolition office destroyed, 147", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1177.jp2"}, "1178": {"fulltext": "1166\\nText Figures denote Page. lVi DxLy\\\\.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nAbol-Addi.\\nAbolitionists org. Liberty Party, 1512; in-\\ncense the Whigs, 1531 vote defeats\\nClay, 1573; coalesce, 165 divided, 159\\n(See Liberty Party, Anti-Slavery.)\\nAbomey, entered by Gen. Dodds, 1161 2\\nAboo-Hayyan, b.-d., 11 26 2\\nKerkas mission, 6571\\nAbool, Fowaris, reigns, 6552.\\nHassan, at Tarifa, 1126 1\\nKasira, b.-d., 11262.\\nreigns, 6552.\\nAbooteeg mission, 6571\\nAboo-Yoosuf-Y ak..ob, b.-d., 11262.\\nAboukir captured by French, 6561 Turks\\ndefeated, 7123; captured, 7141\\nAbout, Edmond Francois Valentin, b.,\\n7243; d.,7542.\\nAboville, Francois SI., b., 69S3; d., 7222.\\nA. B. Plot culminates, 1331\\nAbrabanel, Isaac, rabbi, b.-d., 1109 2\\nAbraha defeated, 4831\\nAbraham departs from Haran, 1140 2 visits\\nEgypt, 6463; 11412; rescues Lot, 11401;\\nreceives blessing; sends Hagar away;\\nsacrificeof Isaac; digs wells, 11402; takes\\ncivil oaths bins burial-place, 11411.\\nA. Sancta-Clara, b., 7963; d., 79S3.\\nJarvis, consecrated bp., 10S 2\\nAbrahams, Simeon, d., 2561\\nAbrahnmson, Werner Hans Friedericb,\\nb., 6381; a., 6382.\\nAbrantes, Jose, Marquis of, b.-d., 1110 2\\nAbranvi, Herr, resigns, 5351\\nAbrial,. Jos. Andre, (J, .mtc.l,., 7003 ;d.,7243.\\nAbricium, battle near, 1028 2\\nAbruzzi destroyed, 10822.\\nAbsalom, causes assassination, 11431.\\nrebels against David. 11433; defeated\\nby Joab; killed, 11421.\\nAbsalon, or Axel, archbishop, b.-d., 6351\\nconquers Wends, 635 2\\nAbsimarus Tiberius II., reigns, 10313; d.,\\n(698).\\nAbsolon, John, b., 9363.\\nAbstinents, origin of, 10663.\\nAbt, Franz, b.,8122; d., 8302; monument,\\n8341.\\nAbu, Abdallah Mohammed, d., 4863.\\nAli, king Spain, 11253.\\nBekr, b.-d., 4931 reigns, 10433, 4851\\nel Ala, d.,4862.\\nFazl, d., 4863.\\nFeda, d., 4863.\\nKasim, d., 4863.\\nFaras, d., 4862.\\nHamed Mohammed, b., 11063.\\nHayyan Athir-el-Dur, d., 4863.\\nKlea-Wells, defeat at, 6602.\\nAbul-Abbas-Abdallab, b.-d., 11542.\\nAbul Abbas, calif, 4KT.3, 552.\\nDavid, missionary, 6163.\\nAbulfaraj, Gregorius, b.-d., 11543.\\nAbulfeda, b.-d., 11543.\\nAbu-Moslem, d., 4842.\\nSotiaii defeats Mohammed, 4841\\nTeman. d.,4862.\\nAhuitdantia discovered, 52S 2\\nAbu-Y r amid-A!ghazalee, b.-d., 11543.\\nZakariva, founds dvnasty, 11392.\\nAbydos, battle near, 10203.\\nAbyssinia. (Sec text, pp. 1-3.) War with\\nGreat Britain, 9701\\nAcademic Legion opposed, 5223.\\nAcademies founded in Spain, 11252.\\nAcademy of Arts ami Sciences flld. (U. S.\\nA.), 1081 of Music, N.Y., opened, 1761\\nburned, 2333; of Design, Brooklyn, 2541\\nof Medicine,!;, .mi., org., 290 of Natural\\nScience, Phila., org., 1182, 2901; of Sci-\\nence,Phila.,fnd..l2\u00c2\u00abl;ofScience(Aust.),\\n5202; of Belles-L.-ttres (I5elg.),5423; for\\nPainting (Fr.), 6762; \u00e2\u0080\u009ef Fine Arts, 6881\\nof Sciences of Belles-Lettres, Paris,\\n6901 f Architecture, Paris, 6922; of\\nSurgery, 69S1 of Natural Philosophy,\\n7102. direction transferred, 6922, 7243; of\\nSciences unites with University (Ger.),\\n8132; of Science opnd. (Bus.), 11151 An-\\ncient, of Music, inst. (G. B.), 9041 of\\nArt, opnd. (G. B.), 9061 ,,f Music, fnd.,\\n9641; of Naples, est., 107X1; of Florence,\\nest., 10802; of Arts fnd. at Bologna, 10821\\nof Arcadia (It.), fnd.; of San Luca, re-\\nplaced, 10883. (See National Academy.)\\nAcadia arrives, 1533.\\nAcadia. (See Nova Scotia.)\\nAcadian libraries formed, 1141\\nAcaniapiehtli, chief of men, 10952; d.,\\n(1420).\\nAcanthus fnd., 10153; canal opnd., 1018\\nAcasius, patriarch, excommunicated,\\n10303; excommunicates Felix II., 10703.\\nAccius, b. (70 B. c); dramas of, 10563.\\nAccolti, Francesco, b.-d., 10783.\\nAccordion invented, 1086\\nAccrington riots, 983\\nAccum, Friedrich, b., 803 d., 8143.\\nAcevedo, Felix Alvarez, d., 11303.\\nAcha, Jose Maria, b. (1805) pres., 550\\n5511 d., (1868).\\nAchaean League, est., 10272; rules Pelopo-\\nnesus; alliance with Romans, 10273; war,\\n10281 extinct, 1029 2 reconstructed,\\n10513; supports Koine, 10551; dissolved,\\n10571.\\nAcha-ans join Rome against Macedonia,\\n10543 detained, 10552 return, 10563.\\nAchasmenes at Artiuiisium, 10182.\\nAchasus, b., 10191.\\nAchaia, senatorial province, 10293; taken,\\n10341 principality org.; Yillihardouin\\nobtains, 6713; rulers, 1035 fief of Naples,\\n10352; K. province, 10571; ceded, 10681.\\nAchaltzik, action at, 11181\\nAchan sins, 1141 1\\nAchard, Franz IC, b.,8022 d., 8122.\\nLouis Amedee Eugene, b. (1814);\\nworks, 7303 d. (1875).\\nAchates, naval action, 9361\\nAcheiibueh, Andreas, b., 8103.\\nAclienwall, Gottfried, h.,7983 d., 8031.\\nAchilles, Tatius, b., 6542.\\nin Trojan War, 1014 d., 10142 statue,\\n9402.\\nAchilleus, Lucius Klpi.iius, leads revolt,\\n1066 becomes enip., 6551 killed, 6541\\nAchillini, Alessandro, b., 10783; d., 10802.\\nAchinese, war with Sumatra. 11021.\\nAchniet Bev defeats French, 7261.\\nElMahdi, d., 661\\nI., b. (1589) reigns, 11572; d. (1607).\\nII., b. (1042); reigns, 11572 .1. (1695).\\nIII., b.-d., 11563 reigns, 11572.\\nAchonry, Ire., see erected, 8403 joins\\nTuani,9462; John Lyster, cons. bp., 9983.\\nAchoris reigns (Egy.), 6513.\\nAcidalius, Valens, b.-d., 7922.\\nAckerinann, Joliann Christian Gottlieb,\\nb., 8023; d., 807\\nJohannes, work, 7851\\nAckland, John Dyke, d., 9203.\\nAcland, Arthur Herbert Dyke, minister,\\n10092.\\nAconzio, Giocomo, b., 10783 d. (1566).\\nAcorns as food, 10131\\nAcosta, Jose d\\\\ b.-d., 11282.\\nSantos, prov. pres., 629 2\\nTomas de, Gov., 6303.\\nUriel, b.-d., 11102.\\nAcquia Creek, army base, 2151\\nAera- founded, 10511\\nAcre, siege of 6541-2,7122; taken, 4872-3;\\n6562-3,6701, 10321, 10341.\\nAcrelius, Israel, b., 581 d., 1082.\\nAcrisius divides kingdom, 10133.\\nAcronius defeats Arabs, 10321\\nAcropolis taken. 10182 seized, 10222.\\nAcropolita, b.-d., 10342.\\nAcs, battle at, 5222.\\nAct of Grace, 8993; passes, 9072.\\nof Mediation passed, 11382.\\nof Settlement passed, 9031\\nOf Supremacy passed, 8682, 8692.\\nActinometer invented, 9421\\nAetium, battle of, 10281.\\nwar of, 10603.\\nActive takes ships, 9342,\\nActon, Baron, title created, 9651\\nActors Fund est. 313 1 fan- receipts, 4063\\nstatistics, 4311\\nLord Admiral s Company, 876 2\\nActresses dominate king, 8931.\\nActa, Bank of, written, 11531.\\nof Parliament printed, 8663. (See\\nTitles of Acts.)\\nActuarial Soc. meets, 3563; fnd., Eng.,\\n9541.\\nAcuna, Juan de, viceroy, 612.\\nAda Gilmorc, collision, 9973.\\nAdaiiylohn.b., 722; gov.Ky., 1292; d., 1511\\nSir Robert, b., 9162 d., 9603.\\nstation robbed, 4223.\\nAdairsville, Confederate, defeated, 2331.\\nAdalbert, archbp., b.-d., 7742 against re-\\ngent seclusion, 775 3\\nSt., Bp. of Prague, b.-d., 5022 miss.\\nto Pruss. murdered; bones, 7742.\\nArchbp. of Mentz, d., 7762.\\nAdaload, K. of It., 10731 poisoned, 10713.\\nAdalulf executed, 7712.\\nAdam, written, 6711\\ncreated, 11392 horticulturalist fall,\\n11391.\\nAdolphe Charles, b., 7143 d., 7322.\\nAlbreeht, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 8013 d., 8202.\\nAlex., b., 9103 d., 9343.\\nJohn, b. (1779) gov. Ind., 10472\\nd. (1825).\\nLambert Sigisbert, b.,6943 d., 7023.\\nMelchior, b. (1551) d., 7943.\\nRobert, b., 9081 d., 9262.\\nWm, b., 9123 d., 9482.\\nWm. Patrick, b. (1823) gov. Madras,\\n10453 d. (1881).\\nof Bremen, d., 7742.\\nduelist, 9212, 9292.\\nAdams ordered to Samoa, 3381\\ninventor, sewing-machine, 126\\nAbigail, b., 662 d., 1262.\\nAlva, gov. Colo., 3292.\\nAlvin, express, 1533 d. (1882).\\nAndrew Leith, b., 9422.\\nCharles Baker, b., 123 d., 1722.\\nFrancis, b., 1141 nominated for\\nvice-pres., 165 electoral vote, 165 2 on\\nCommittee of 33, 189 in Alabama Ar-\\nbitration, 2752; d., 3242.\\nKendall, b., 1441 leaves Cornell\\nUniversity Pres. University Wis., 4221\\nworks, 2871, 478\\nDaniel, b. (1773) d., 2351\\nHannah, b., 71 d., 1401\\nHenry, b. (183S) works, 3123, 3502,\\n3962, 3743.\\ndeposed, 434 1\\n.Herbert Baxter, b. 168 World s\\nFair, 388\\nJames Hopkins, b. (1811+]; gov. S. C,\\n1772 d. (1861).\\nJames H., Conf. Commissioner, 189 2\\nJewett W., gov. Nev., 3153.\\nJohn, b., 622 graduates, 712 mar-\\nries, 74 Circular Letter, 763 n Inde-\\npendence prediction committee, 83 3\\nwith Howe, 853 ambassador to Fr.,\\n892; commissioner, 892, 952; in Paris,\\ntreaty with Holland minister to Hol-\\nland, 953 minister to England, 973 de-\\nmands frontier posts, 991 recalled, 993;\\nelectoral vote; vice-pres., 1012; electoral\\nvote, 1032 re-elected vice-pres. leads\\nFederalists, 103 3 vice-pres., 1051; elec-\\ntoral vote inaugurated pres., 1073; elec-\\ntoral vote, 1112; presidential candidate\\ninternal improvements, 1332; d., 1341.\\nMaj.-Gen., b. (1825) near Jas-\\nper, 2083 d. (1864).\\nCouch, b., 9383 d. (1892).\\nJ. G. B., commander G. A. R., 436 3\\nQuincy, b., 741 works, 1043\\n108 3 marries; minister to Plus., 1091 to\\nFrance, 1093 prof, at Harvard, 1143\\nTreaty of Ghent, 1233 See. State, 1233;\\nvote, 1292; 1332; 1372; inaugurated pres.,\\n1333; pres. candidate, 1371 enters Cong.,\\n1392 signs Delavan s declaration, 145\\noration .organizes House, 151 2 carries\\nmotion, 1591 appearance in Cong.,165 2\\nhonored, 1632 et, 1641\\ndeclines 110111. for pres. ,279 2\\nd. 4681.\\nj^_ d. 2542.\\nJulius Walker, b. (1S12) d., 2482.\\nNehemiah, b., 1122 d., 2982.\\nRobert, envoy, 3513.\\nSamuel, b., 601 on taxation, 743\\ntown meeting, 773 pardon withheld,\\n813 gov. Mass., 1052 electoral vote for\\npres., 1073 d., 1102.\\ngov. Ark., 159\\nSilas, b., 1502.\\nAdams, William, b., 114 moderator,\\n1722; d., 3041.\\nForbes, b. (1833) bp., 2882.\\nHenry Davenport, d., 10062.\\nTaylor, b., 1301\\nGen. Wirt, takes Montgomery, 246 1\\nAdanishoop, mission at, 11051\\nAdans le Roi (Adenet) La, cn/ances Ogier,\\nEcrte avx qrana Pica, 6731.\\nAdans.m, Michel, b., 6982 d., 7163.\\nAdarpnlesara, reigns, 1143 2\\nAduelah, occupied, 833 2\\nAdderiy, Mr., Birmingham Park, 9602.\\nA.ldiiigton, Baron, title created, 9963.\\nHenry, Yiseount Sidmouth, b., 9143\\n9253 prime minister, 931 2 j", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1178.jp2"}, "1179": {"fulltext": "Addi-Agri.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1167\\nresigns, 9332 Green Bag Inquiry; cir-\\ncular letter, 9293 d., 9522.\\n9312; resigns, 9332; Green Bag Inquiry,\\ncircular letter, 9293; d.,9522.\\nAddington, Lord. (See Hubbard.)\\nAddison, David, b., 1342.\\nJosepb, b., 8922; works, 9023, 9043;\\nminister, 9072; d., 9062.\\nAdditional Curates Society, fnd., 9483.\\nAddled Parliament meets, 8811\\nAdd-Bau Christian Univ. fnd., 2823.\\nAddyman, John, work in Canada, 578 3\\nAdee, Alvey A., in State Dept., 359 4472.\\nAdelaar (Cort Sivertsen), b., G362; d., 6363.\\nAdelaide, fnd., 4952; bishopric est., 9543;\\nlibrary fnd., 4942; Methodist mission,\\n4962; gold income, 4973; Parliament\\nopens, 561 Bp. Kennion cons., 9862.\\nEugene Louise, b., 7043; d. 730\\nqueen, b., 9262; marries Otho; army\\nof deliverance, 773 d., 9542.\\nAdelbero of Eppenstein, duke, 5032.\\nAdelbert, King of Italy, 10733.\\nSt., murder avenged, 775 2 con-\\ndemned, 10723.\\npretender, 6643.\\nCollege. (See Western Reserve Col-\\nlege.)\\nAdelgreif, Johann Albert, d., 7963.\\nAdelheld, Queen, regent, 775 2\\nAdeline sinks Lottery, 120\\nAdelmus, b. (656); teaches Latin in Eng.\\n843 d. (709).\\nAdelon.Ni. ..las Philil.ert,b., 705 ;d., 7342.\\nAdelung, Friedrich, von, b., 803 d. 8162.\\nJohann Christian, b., 8002 a., S082.\\nAden, Br. possession. 48S 2 949 3 mission,\\n661 seizure at, 5632; Brit, ship plun-\\ndered expedition against annexed,\\n10473; telegraph to Suez, 11583.\\nAdeodatus I., St., pope, 1071 d., 1072\\nII., pope, 10722 d., 1072\\nAdeona, asteroid, discovered, 288\\nAder, Michael (Wandering flew), in Paris,\\n6892.\\nAdet, Pierre Auguste, b., 703 d., 726\\nAdger College, S. C, organized, 2963.\\nAdhahahebi, b. d., 4863.\\nAdhemar, Giraud, rules Orange, 671 2\\nAdherbal, naval command., 10523; d. (112).\\nAdil Shahi, dynasty reigns, 10433.\\nAdjudication of Claims Bill, 379\\nAdler, Dr., fined as anarchist, 833\\nFelix, b. (1851) on Ethical Culture,\\n3723.\\nGeorge J., b., 130 d., 2622.\\nHerman, chief rabbi, 10062.\\nJakob Georg, b., 638 d., 6382.\\nNathan Marcus, b. (1803) d. 1002\\nAdler wrecked, 832\\n^Idlerberg, Vladimir, b., 11162; d., 1120\\nAdmella lost, 4973.\\nAdministration 1st TJ. S. A. 1012. (See\\nquadrenniums ending as, 1801-5-9-13-17-\\n21, etc.)\\nAdministrative Tariff Bill passes, 353\\nAdmiral, ranking officer, 256 rank abol-\\nished, 280\\nAdmiralty Board abolition, 9652.\\nAdneh ceded, 6572.\\nAdolf (Adolphus) of Nassau, b., 7802 en-\\nthroned, 5052; in Meissen, 782 king,\\nconflict with Albert I. killed, 7823.\\nthe Young, receives Holstein, 635 3\\nAdolphus, Count of Holstein, b.-d., 7762\\ncaptured, 635 released, 6353.\\nDuke of Cambridge, d., 9562.\\nFrederick of IIolstein-Gottorp, reigns,\\n11353.\\nGeorge, Prince, married, 8343 1005\\nd., 836\\nJohn, b., 9163 d., 9522.\\nAdolphustown, L. Cecil drowned, 5882.\\nAdonijah competes for crown, 11433.\\nAdonis, temple built, 11532.\\nAdores, asteroid, discovered, 748\\nAdrets, Francois de Beaumont, b., 6802\\nd., 6842.\\nAdria, asteroid, discovered, 5282.\\nAdrian College, Mich., org., 1843.\\nRobert, refuses credentials, 449\\nGarnett B., d., 2982.\\nAdriani, Giovanni Hattista, History, 10832.\\nAdrianople, action at, 102S2; taken, 1034\\nRussians advance, 1116 Peace of, 11173\\n11123; earthquake, 11502; capital, 11542\\ntaken by Turks, 11542 occupied, 11553\\ntaken, 1158 R. R. opened, 11583.\\n-Adriatic, asteroid, discovered, 960 2\\nAdriatic, launched, 1793.\\nAdullah, supported, 1044\\nAdullam, cave of, 11433.\\nAdulteration of food prohibited, 855\\nAdultery, death penalty, 41\\nAdurate, Diego, b.-d., 11282.\\nAdvance, for Arctic Sea, 166 with Kane s\\nexpedition, 173 deserted, 176\\nAdventists, U. S. A., Battle Creek Coll.\\nest., 2863; favor temr erance, 333 Gen.\\nConvention, Mich., 354\\nAdventists, Seventh Day, theory, 8822.\\n(See Baptists.)\\nAdvertisements, duty abolished, 9592.\\njEgean Sea named, 10132.\\n-^geus, King, 10133; drowned, 1013 2.\\niEgldius, King, 6633.\\nJ- .gila, major-domo murdered, 771\\njEgiua, temple of Athene, 10162 block-\\naded, 10183 surrenders, 1019 temple\\nof Jupiter, 10203 captured, 10262.\\nJEgina, asteroid, discovered, 736\\njEgisthus, paramour of Clytemnestra as-\\nsassinates Atreus, 10143.\\nJEgle, asteroid, discovered, 7382.\\njEgospotamos, action at, 1022 10232.\\n.Elfric, b. (955 works, 8463.\\nSociety founded, 9523.\\n,9Elia, colony in Jerusalem, 11533.\\n^Elian, Claudius, b., 10283.\\niElla in Sussex, 8412.\\nJ 3Emilia, province formed, 1089\\nJSmilianus, C. Julius, reigns, 10293, 1067\\niEmilius, Marcus, regent of Egypt, 653\\nPaulus, contest with Ger., 768\\nLucius (Maeedoni us), b.-d., 1053\\nat Pydna, 1028 triumph, 10292.\\niEneas, settles in Latium, 1051\\nthe Trojan, in It., 11432.\\nJEncas founders, 9333.\\nsEuehl, trans, by Thomas Phaer, 873\\nJEnso, mission at, 11613.\\niEolpile, constructed, 652\\n.Dpinus, Franz Maria Ulrich Theodor\\nHock, b., 8002; d., 807\\n^qui defeated, 1050\\nJEnolite, in Cal.,. Kan., 426 near Ap-\\nsheron, 1122\\niEropus, conquers Illyrians, 1016\\njEschines, b.-d., 1023 acquitted, 10252;\\norations, 1025 leader Macedonian\\nparty, 10252.\\njEschylus, b.-d., 10162; works, 1017\\nwrites music, 1019 manuscript, 1027\\niEsculapius, worshiped, 1053\\n.Esernia, colony at, 10533.\\njEsop, b., 10162 Fables appear, 10163\\nprinted, 8643.\\n.Esopius, Clo.lius, b., 10583.\\nJEthelwold, Rule of Monastic Life, 8443.\\nJEthra asteroid discovered, 280\\njEtius, b.-d., 10682 at Lutchia (Paris),\\n6622; expels Franks, 6633; defeats Attila,\\n768 1070\\nsurgeon, flourishes, 10302.\\n^Etolia, against Athens, 1019 seized,\\n1035\\niEtolian League, fnd., 1027 2 against\\nPhilip V. against Achaean League\\ncrushed, 10273.\\n^tolians, against Macedonia, 10543; de-\\nfeated in Greece, 1055\\nAffirmation Bill introduced, 9912.\\nAffre, Denis Auguste, b., 70S 2 archbp.;\\nkilled, 7312; d., 7302.\\nAfghanistan, kingdom set up, 1107 3\\npartly annexed to Persia, 11072; bound-\\naries discussion, 11212. (See text, p. 4.)\\nAfghans invade India expelled 1044\\nwar with, 1046 war second, 10482.\\nAfranius, Lucius, writes comedies, 1056 3\\nNepos surrenders at Ilerda,\\n1060\\nAfrica, Greek provinces conquered, 1030 2\\ncoast devastated, 10523; Caesar s war\\nagainst, 1060 united to Numidia, 1061 3\\nliquor traffic, 5463; Ger. expedition;\\nGer. obtains coasting trade, 8352, 8382\\nGer. possessions sold, 8363; F r expedi-\\ntion, 753 reenforcement funds, 767 2\\nBy. Smythies cons., 9862\\nAfrican Association formed, 924 Co.\\nchartered, Eng., 8773; A. excitement,\\nEng., 8622; A. expedition of Mungo\\nPark by Henry Salt, 9322; A. and East\\nIndia Co. incor., 9013; A. Institution\\nfnd., 9352; A. exploration Fund (Eng.),\\n982 expeditions. (See Kongo Free\\nState, p. 1093-1094.)\\nAfrican Meth. Epis. Ch. (See Methodist.)\\nTravelers Congress, 544\\nAfricanus, Sextus Julius, d., 1152\\nAfro.-Am. League org., 359 convention,\\n351 at Knoxville, 3872.\\nAl /.i lius, Adam, b.-d., 11342.\\nAfzul, Khan, Brit, resident, 7\\nAgadir, Dutch trade at, 1097 2\\nAgag, King, spared, 1142 2.\\nAga-.Mahmaoud I., reigns; assassinated,\\n11073.\\nAgamemnon. King, in Trojan War, 1014\\nreigns, 1015 assassinated, 10143.\\nAtmiuemium. launched, 9S4 lays cable,\\n1833.\\nAgapetus I., St., Pope, 10703; d. (536).\\nII., Pope, 10723; ,1. (956).\\nAgar, Jean Antoine Michel, d., 7283.\\nAgardh, Karl Adolf, b.-d., 11342.\\nAgasias of Ephesus, b., 10243.\\nAgassiz, Louis Jean Rodolphe, b., 114\\nscientific expedition, 55(12; on glacial\\nperiod, 814 on fishes, 814 d. 282\\nAgatharchus, b.-d., 1019\\nAgathias, b., 10303; d. (582).\\nAgathoeles, eclipse, 10263; at Ecnomus,\\n1052 rules, 10532.\\nAgathon, b. (447 prize in tragedy, 10212.\\nSt., Pope, 10722.\\nAgeladas, b., 1021 d. (460\\nAgesander, b., 10211\\nAgesilaus II., b.-d., 10211; invades Asia;\\nleader, 10221; ravages Corinthian ter.\\ninvades Bceotis, 10222; at Mantinea,\\n10223; reigns, 10232; in Egypt, 10233.\\nAgesipolis III., reigns, 10273; a. (219 B.C.).\\nAgliadoe, bishopric est., 8403.\\nAgha Mahmoud, captures Kerman, 1106 2\\nmassacres captives, 11073.\\nAghrim, battle of, 898\\nAgidic, dynastv, kings, 10151.\\nAgicr Pierre Jean, 70(13; u., 7242.\\nAgilulph, King of It., 10731.\\nAgincourt, battle, 676\\nAgis II., iu Attica, 10202, 3; d. (398 B.C.).\\nIII., killed, 10242.\\nIV., reforms, 10272; d. (240 B.C.).\\nAgita, reigns, 11253.\\nAgliardi, M., internuncio, 6242.\\nAgnadello, battle, 680\\nAgnes, of Poitou, Empress; regent, 7753;\\nresigns, 7753; d. (1077).\\nSt., d., 10662.\\nAgnesi, Maria Gietana, b., 1083 d., 10843.\\nAgnew, Cornelius Rea, b., 138 d., 330\\nDavid Hayes, b., 1262; d., 402\\nAgnolo, Baccio d b., 10783; d., 10803.\\nAgobard, Archbp. of Lyons, b.-d., 6642, 3\\nAgoult, Marie de Flavigny d b., 7142\\nd., 750\\nAgra, taken, 10422; Taj Mahal erected,\\n10442; mission, 10462; rebellion, 1048\\nAgram University, opd., 528 3 sovereign s\\nvisit, 529 lives lost, 530 Croatian\\nDiet, 5312.\\nAgrarian Law, proposed, 10533; reenact-\\nment, 1057 effective in Rome, 1057\\nfails, 10572; Cicsar s, 10592.\\nAgresti, Liviodo Forti, d., 10822.\\nAgricius, Bp. of Treves, 7682.\\nAgricola, Cnasius Julius, b.-d., 10622;\\ncommands Romans, builds forts at\\nGrampians, 839 in Britain, 1062\\nrules, 8393; recalled f rom Britain, 10633.\\nGeorg, b., 7862; mineral system of,\\n790 surveying, 7922; d., 792\\nJohann, b., 7S62; works, 791 d.,\\n7922.\\nAgricultural College Act, 2093; 3631 3721\\nColleges est. Pa., 211 Ky., 2423; est.\\nMd.,Kv.,2f, 2, 3; Mass., 2583; Me., N.H.,\\nOre., 2623; la., 2662; Mo., 2733; Ala.,\\n2782; O., Tex., 2(122; Miss., Ky., 3042;\\nS. Dak., 3183; R.I., 3323; N.j., 3542;\\nUtah, 3662; N. Dak., 3742; Okla., 3962.\\nCongress, at Vienna, Aust., 3543; at\\nIndianapolis, 2833.\\nexhibition, 1173.\\nexperiment stations, 338 2\\nHoldings Act passes, 9812, 9932.\\nInstitute, Belg., est., 5441\\nLaborers Bill passes, 1003 3\\nAgriculture, Chilean, 605 1\\ndepartment fnd. ,2073; executive, 331\\nin president ial succession, 440 3\\nAgrigentum, fnd., 1051 temple, 1019\\nTemple of Juno, 10502; taken, 10542.\\nAgrippa, Heinrich C, b., 7862; j,. 7902.\\nMarcus Vipsanius, b.-d., 10583; con-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1179.jp2"}, "1180": {"fulltext": "1168\\nText Figures denote Page. IN L) it, ./v. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nAgri-Alar.\\nsul, 10613; commander, 10602; defeats\\nSextus Pompeius, 10603; commands in\\nEast pontifexmaximus, 1061 3 legatus,\\n11512.\\nAgrippina, Julia, b.-d., 10622; -wife of\\nClaudius, 1063*; rules Claudius, 10632;\\nbanished; executed, 10631.\\nAgrisola, Rudolph Roel, of Huysman, b.-\\nd., 10982.\\nAguado, Juan, interviews Columbus, 153.\\nAguas, Calientes, mission at, 10962.\\nAguero, Joaquin de, b. (1816) leads revolt,\\n6323 d. (1S51).\\nAguesseau, Henri Francois d b., 6903\\nwork, 7032; d., 7011.\\nAguila, Don Juan del, in Ire., 8761\\nAguilar, Grace, b., 9382 d. (1847).\\n,Manuel, pres., b. (1800 6303; d.(1846).\\nAguirre, Gen., Pres. Uruguay, 1160 2\\nLope de, b. (1508) in Colombia, 223\\nd. (1561).\\nAhab, defeats Benliadad I., 11421; de-\\nfeated, 11441 idolatry; builds house of\\nivory, 11142 viceroy reigns, 11451.\\nAhaz, alliance against, 11441 profanes\\ntemple, 1144 3; reigns, 11452.\\nAhaziah, reigns revolt against, 11451\\nII., reigns, 1145 1\\nAhem, Simon J., sentence, 4143.\\nAliijah, prophet, 11423.\\nAhinoam, marries David, 11431.\\nAhitub I., high-priest, 11422.\\nAhlwardt, Christian Wilhelm, b., 8023\\nd., 8142.\\nTheodor Wilhelm, b., 8141\\nAhmadabad, E. I. Co. agency, 10443\\nmission, 10471, 10481.\\nAhmadnagar, Mohammedan dynasty,\\n10433 j Mahrattas revolt expedition\\nagainst captured, 10441 factory at,\\n10443 mission, 10463, 10471.\\nAhmed Caramanti, elected pasha, 1138 3\\nEbn Saood, dynasty, 487 3\\nIbn y Tooloon, reigns, 6552 d., 6542.\\nKhel, attacked, 61\\nRassim, pasha, 11392.\\nRitshdi Pasha, cruelty, 488 1\\nel Abdali Shah, reigns, 10452, 51\\nloses Herat, 42 poet, 5 3 throws off\\nPersian yoke, 11073 d., 43.\\nin power, 4871,\\nAhmes. (See Aahmes.)\\nAhn, Johann Franz, b., 8062; d., 8222.\\nAhnoob, mission, 6571\\nAholiah, builds tabernacle, 11402.\\nAhrens, Heinrich, b., 8083 d., 8281\\nAliuizotl, d., 16i king dedicates temple,\\n122 enthroned, 10952.\\nAi, defeated, 11401.\\nAibek-Azad-ed-Din, d., 6542.\\nAidan, St., Bp. Lindisfarne, 8422 d., 8421\\nAidin, railway to Smyrna, 115S 3\\nAieuebelle, Paul Alex, Neuve d b., 7261\\nd., 7501\\nAiguebere, John Dumas, b., 6942 d., 7022.\\nAigues-Mortes, riot, 7651\\nAiguillon, Due, d (Armand Vignerot Du-\\nplessis Richelieu), b., 6982 a., 7062.\\nDuchess of, fnds. Hotel Dieu, 5731\\nAiken, S. C, cavalry action, 2422 j race\\nwar, 2923.\\nJudge, limited divorces, 3891\\nWm., b., 1122 gov. S. C, 1592 d.\\n(1887, Sept. 7).\\nAikenhead, Thomas, executed, 9002.\\nAiken, Anna Letitia, b. (1781) Poems,\\n9192 d. (1864).\\nJohn, b., 9122 d., 9403.\\nAikms, James Cox, b. (1823) gov., 5833.\\nAillebout, M. d gov. Can., 5732.\\nAilly, Pierre d b.-d., 6742.\\nAilsa, Marquis of, title created, 9451.\\nAilsbury, Marquis of, title created, 9372.\\nAime-Martin, Louis, d., 7301.\\nAinmuller, Maximilian, b., 8083 d., 8262.\\nAinsley, John, lord mayor London, 9333.\\nAinslie, Hew, b., 1022 d., (1878).\\nAinsworth, F. C, com. col., 4001\\nHenry, b.(1571) Communion of Saints,\\n8803 d. (1622).\\nRobert, b., 8902 d., 9103.\\nWm. Harrison, b., 9323 d. (1882).\\nAintab, mission at, 11563.\\nAir, experiments by Boyle Hooke, use\\nof, 8921\\nbrakes, Westinghouse, 2641\\ngun, invented, 7842, 7921\\npump, invented, 7962.\\nsnip, Prof. Campbell s, 3421; model\\nCompany\\npres., 9761\\nexhibited, 3661 travels, 3901\\norganized, 3841.\\nAirdrie, miners riots, 99G3.\\nAire, gains territory, 6933.\\nAirlie, E. of, title created, 883\\nAiry, George Biddel, b., 9303\\nd., 10062.\\nAistulf, K. of Lombardy, 10732 captures\\nRavenna, 1027 1\\nAit Spokhman, action at, 1097 2\\nAiteliison, missionary, 6191.\\nAitken, David D., b., 174i\\nAiton, William, b., 90S2 d., 9262.\\nAix, colony at, 10571 archbp. fined, 7622\\nUniv. fnd., 6763.\\nla-Chapelle, a capital, 665 3 sacred\\nrelics, 7323 crowning place, 7731 Con-\\ngress at, 8133 treaty of, 433, 5153, 6913.\\nAiyonsh mission, 5842.\\nAizpuru, arrested, 3201\\nAjax, in Trojan war, 10141\\nAjnaere mission, 10483.\\nAjmir conquered, 10441\\nAkaba, Moslem treaty, 4851\\nAkbar, Mogul emp., b.-d., 10431 reigns,\\n10433, 10443 defeats Hakim, 10441 an-\\nnexes Gujarat, 10443.\\nII., Mogul emp., 10472.\\nKhan revolts, 41 51 rules, 5 2\\nAkbert, Archduke, at Mortara, 5222.\\nAken, Hein van, works, 10983.\\nAkenside, Mark, b., 9062 w0 rk, 9111 d.,\\n9183.\\nAkerheilm, Baron, resigns, 6423.\\nAkerman, AniosTappan, resigns, 2752 d.,\\n3043.\\nAkers, Benj. Paul, b., 1322 Pearl Diver,\\n1781; d., 1943.\\nAkhalzikh, battle of, 11161\\nAkhmeem, mission, 6563.\\nAkiba, Ben Joseph, b.-d., 11521\\nAkita, mission at, 10922.\\nAkron, O., Buchtel Coll. org., 2782 stan-\\ndard Oil Co. s purchase, 3833.\\nAkropong, mission at, 11612.\\nAlabama, De Soto visits, 21 1 first settle-\\nment^ 2 French expedition, 621 641\\nceded to G. B., 733 wa r with Sp., 902\\nSpaniards take Mobile, 901; ceded to\\nU.S.A. ,971 treaty with theChiekasaws,\\n991 ;Sp. evacuates Yazoo, HUM Miss. Ter.\\norg., 1092; AV. Sargent, gov., 1093; W.C.C.\\nClaiborne, gov. (Ter. lSDD;Ga. cedes Ter.\\nto U. S., 1113 R. Williams, gov. (Ter.),\\n1133; first Bapt. church, 1143; D.Holmes\\n(Ter.) gov., 1172; Spaniard* surrender\\nFt. Charlotte to Gen. Wilkinson (1813,\\nApr. 13) West Fla. occupied by IT. S.\\n(1812-13; Creek war, 1203 first action on\\nBurnt Corn Creek (1813, July 27) Creeks\\ntake Ft. Mims, 1203 defeated at Tal-\\nluschatches, Talladega, Autosse, 1203\\natEmucfau, at Horse-shoe, 1221 British\\nat Ft. Boycr, 1222; Indians cede ter. (1814,\\nAug. 9) treaty with Indians, 1252 Ala.\\nter. org., 1253 Jackson subdues Semi-\\nnoles, 1261 Wm. W. Bibb, gov., first ter.\\nlegislature meets(18]8, Jan. ID); State ad-\\nmitted yellow fever, 1273 Thos. Bibb,\\ngov., 1292 first gen. assembly meets\\n(1825, Oct. 19) Cahaba, capital bank\\n(1820); Israel Pickens, gov., 1293 John\\nMurphy, gov., 1333 Tuscalossa capital,\\nProt. Epis. diocese org., 1363, 1382 Ga-\\nbriel Moore, gov., 137 3 Spring Hill Coll.\\nfnd., 1383; Univ. of Ala. org., 139 1;\\nSam. B. Moore, gov. (1831, Mar .-Nov.)\\nJohn Gayle, gov., 13! 1 2 first cotton fac-\\ntory at Mail ison (1832); reeks cede lands\\nC[832) Meth. Epis. Conf. org., 1402\\nCherokees and Seminoles cede lands,\\n1453 Clement C. Clay, gov., 1453 Hugh\\nMcVay, gov. (1837, July-Nov.) settlers\\nleave, 1471 Arthur P. Bagby, gov., 149 2\\nHoward Coll. org., 1543 Benj. Fitzpat-\\nrick, gov., 1552 Joshua L. Martin, gov.,\\n1611 Montgomery the capital, 1613; Reu-\\nben Chapman, gov., 1633 Henry W.Col-\\nlier, gov., 1671 John A. Winston, gov.,\\n1743 Southern Uuiv. chartered, 1802\\nrailroad lands granted, 181 3 Ala. Fe-\\nmale Coll. fnd., 1822; Andrew B. Moore,\\ngov., 1832 Ala. Medical Coll. fnd. at\\nMobile (1859) Federal forts seized, 11HH\\nState conven. for secession, 1903, 191 1;\\nsecedes, 1911 senators withdraw, 1912\\nConfederate Congress in, 191 3 (see Con-\\nfederacy) civil war items (see Text)\\nConfederate capital removed to Va.,\\n1973 435,132 slaves emancipated (1863,\\nJan.), 2192 John G. Shorter, gov., 2032\\nThomas H. Watts, gov., 2293 Mobile\\nsurrenders, 246i; governmental inter-\\nregnum of two months (1865) Lewis E.\\nParsons, prov. gov., 2483 secession, war\\ndebt, and slavery abolished, 249 1 Con-\\nstitution ratified; ratifies 13th Amend-\\nment 2492 Robert M. Patton, gov. ,2511\\nMeth. Epis. Conf. fnd., 2602; readmis-\\nsion Bill ratifies 14th Amendment, 2633\\nannexation to, 2692; civil authorities\\ngovern (1868, July 14) North Ala. Meth.\\nEpis. Conf. fnd., 2702 Wm. H. Smith,\\ngov., 2652 Immigration Convention,\\n266 2 political contest Robert B. Lind-\\nsay, gov., 2732 Polytechnic Coll. org.,\\nUniv. of Ala. reorg., 2742 new election\\nlaw, 2773 Agricultural Coll. chartered,\\n2782; Birmingham fnd. (1871); Geo. Gold-\\nthwaite, senator (1870, Dec. 7); qualified\\n(1872, Jan. 15) election returns disputed,\\ntwo legislatures David B. Lewis de-\\nclared gov., 2793 Normal Coll. at Flor-\\nence, 2822 Labor Convention, 2831; Geo.\\nS. Houston, gov., 2873 Constitutional\\nConvention Constitution ratified, 2892\\nCongregational Association org., 2903\\nState debt fund, 2912 public school\\nsystem est., 2922 biennial sessions est.,.\\n2932 Senator J. T. Morgaii presents cre-\\ndentials (1877, Feb. 27); Selma Univ.\\nfnd., 3002 Rufus W. Cobb, inaug. gov.,\\n301 2 Pension Act Passed, 3031 Senator\\nGeo. S. Houston qualities (1879, Mar. 18\\nd. Dec. 31) Senator Luke Pryor quali-\\nfies (1880, Jan. 15) Senator James L.\\nPugh (1880, Dec. 6) Treas. Vincent ab-\\nsconds, 313 1 State Normal School opd.\\nat Tuskegee, 3082; Edward A. O Neal\\ninaug. gov., 3132 Normal Coll. forGirls\\nest. 3142; Normal Colleges atLivingstone\\nand Jackson, opd., 3142 Agricultural\\nDept. est., 3153 Congress grants land for\\nUniv., 3162 Soldiers Monument, 3222\\nThomas Seay, gov., 3252, 3332 Normal\\nSchool at Tn \u00c2\u00bbv,3282 S. uithern Interstate\\nConven., 3313 Academy for Blind, 3333\\nMardi Gras, Good Friday, and Apr. 26\\nmade holidays (1888-89) cyclone, 3361,\\n3561; Mormons whipped, 35S 3 injustice\\nto negroes coal miners strike, 3651 co-\\noperative farm, 3703 Marshal Nickerson\\nkilled, 3723; Thomas g. Jones.gov., 3751\\nterritorial gov. solicited, 395 2 Harvey\\nHintonlynelied,. 5!i!)i train rohbery,417i\\npension fund, 4211; negroes disfran-\\nchised, 4251 white caps, 440 2 negro\\nconference, 4521 miners riot, 4583\\nDemocrats elect, 4691 race fight, 4751;\\nWm. C. Oates, gov., 4793.\\nAlabama launched, 2081 sails, 2102 preys\\non commerce, 2143 eludes tn Jacinto,\\n2161; captures Ariel, 2162; sinks Mat-\\nteras, 2181; destroyed, 2342.\\nclaims urged, 2453 transmitted to\\nEng., 2552 commission fruitless, 2652\\ntreaty rejected, 2652, 2672 convention\\nsigned, 973 2 commission org., 275 2 cor-\\nrespondence published, 2692 treaty,\\n2751 excitement in Eng., 2773; tribunal\\nsittings, 2791 decision, J792; overcharges,\\n2813; Eng. pays, 2832 adjustment, 2853,\\n2932 commissioners provided, 2852 j at\\nGeneva, 11383.\\nletter, Clay s, 1572.\\nUniv., grant, .3163 reorg., 2742.\\nAlacoque, Marguerite, b., 6883 d. 6942.\\nAladdin, b.-d., 11543 reigns, 10433.\\nAlagoas mission, 5563.\\nAlams conquered, 11091\\nAlajuela R.R. opened, 6313.\\nAlam II., Shah, defeat, 10442 emp., 10452.\\nAlamanni, Luigi, b., 10791\\nAlamanon, Bertram! d work, 6711\\nAlamayou, Prince, in Eng., 32 d., 33.\\nAlamgir II., emperor, 1045 2\\nAl Amin, calif, 4863.\\nAlan, Count, fights Northmen, 6661\\nAlani invade Roman Empire, 10641; in-\\nvade Sp., 10701 11053 expelled, 11251\\nAlarcon, Castilians defeated, 11261.\\nAlarcon, Hernando de, b., 11263 j explorer,\\n211.\\nPedro Antonio de, works, d., 11322.\\ny Mendoza, Don Juan Ruiz de, b.-d.,\\n11283.\\nAlard, Francis, d., 5403.\\nAlaric I., first appearance desolates Ma-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1180.jp2"}, "1181": {"fulltext": "Alar-Aler.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDrLX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1169\\ncedonia takes Athens overthrown; in-\\nvades It., 10681, 1030 1070; rules East\\nIllyrium, 10093; Rome, 1071 ravages\\nThrace, 1154 takes Home d., 1070\\nAlaric II., reigns, 11253 at Vougel, GG4\\nking, 7692 3. (507).\\nAlasco, John, b.-d., 11142.\\nAlaska, missionaries in, 2542; Purchase\\nTreaty signed, 257 2 ,3 transferred to\\nU. S., 2592 ter. org., 2633 reservation,\\n267 missions planted, 2903, :\u00c2\u00ab)82; liquor\\ntraffic prohibited, 317 Moravian mis-\\nsionaries, 3202 Carmel fnd., 3223; fish-\\ning prohibited, 337 in Congress, 3473\\nLymanE Knapp, gov.,349 2 expedition\\nto explore, 356 glaeier (lis., 368 Govt.\\nBill, 4213; La Grippe rages, 4413; bound-\\nary line, 5872 J. Sheakley, gov., 4793.\\nseal fisheries set apart, 297 Cong.\\ndebates, 351 3\\nAlaska, speed, 9893.\\nAlaskan, accident, 3412.\\nAlassona, Christians persecuted, 11582.\\nAla-ud-din, conquests in India, 10422.\\nAlava, Miguel Ricardo de, b.-d., 11302.\\nAdm., in b. Trafalgar, 716\\nAlba, conquered annexed, 1051\\nLonga, destroyed, 1050\\nAlban, St., beheaded, 8402.\\nAlbani, Francesco, b., 1081 d., 1083\\nAlbauiasuhjugatcd. lo:{4 annexed Turk.,\\n11572; revolts, 11572; rebellions, 1158\\nMehemet Ali Pasha murdered, 11583\\nMohammedism proposed, 1035 Ali\\nPasha executed, 1157\\nN. J., named, 432.\\nScodra. (See Scutari.)\\nAlbans, St. John of, d., 8542.\\nAlbany, Can., mission, 5842.\\nMo., Anderson killed, 2382.\\nN. Y., Dutch build Ft. Orange, 292,\\n31 ,2; Reformed religion est., 32 Dutch\\nChurch begun, 40 named, 43 Eng.\\npossession, 8932 treaty with Indians,\\n45 3 512, renewed, 532/552, 591 peace\\nat, 493 incorporated, 50 3 expedition\\nleaves, 562 population, 573 Reformed\\nChurch built, 582, 4021 Colonial Con-\\ngress, 672, 693 first theatrical perform-\\nance, 76 Alban// Gazette, 77 Shakers\\nin, 78 2 bank discounts. 1033 the capital;\\nemigrants rush through, 1073 Foster\\neffigy burned, 1172 Albany Argus, 1212;\\ncarriages manf d, 123 State Library,\\nfnd., 127 Albany Inst, org., 136 Al-\\nbany Evening Journal, 139 railroad\\nopened, 139 3 cholera at, 1413; Liberty\\nParty, National Conven. meets, 1513\\nConstitutional Conven., 1612 recon-\\nvenes, 465 2 Roman Catholic diocese\\nest., 1623; fi re 1653, 11173, 47:13 gale, 174\\nDudley Observatory est,. 180 funeral of\\nLincoln, 247 2 new enpitol begun, 2593,\\n2673, 274 2753; opened. 3013; cost, 3273,\\n4493; bridge completed, 2613; prot. Epis.\\ndiocese est., 2642 Lowenstein hanged,\\n2843; Whitney defalcations, 3583 ;S!\u00c2\u00bbMrf ty\\nTelegram, 3242; International Congress\\ndelegates visit, 3472 r. r, wreckers,\\n3662; Univ. convocation, 3862, 464 Mrs.\\nL. Stanford s gift, 391 train robbers,\\n393 Univ. extension fnd., 396 Cornell\\nportrait, 442 illegal registration, 4422;\\npolice arrested. 4443; ClufHing shot, 4682.\\nD. of regent in Scot., S613; regent,\\n8673; invades England, 866\\nWis., pearls found, 344\\nAlbany, U. S. sloop, sails lost, 176\\nand Susquehanna V- It. opnd., 2653.\\nAlbardas, Pr. of Wales plundered, 5543.\\nAlbategnius, Mohammed Ben Jabir, b.,\\n(850+) d.,4862.\\nAlliaugh, John W., b., 148\\nAlbemarle, N. G, Assembly meets, 45\\nAlbemarle, defeats Federal boats, 232 de-\\nfeated by Sassaens, 2322; blown up, 239\\nE. of, at b. of Standard, 848\\nLord (Geo. Monck), b. (1608) gov.,\\n672 d. (1670) D. of, title created, 899\\n(See Kepple.)\\nAiber, Erasmus, d., 7922.\\nAlberoni, Giulio, b.-d., 11283; Card., ad-\\nministers govt., 11293 dismissal, 6993.\\nAlbers, Johann F. H., b., 8082 d., 8243.\\nAlbert, wrecked, 952\\nAlbert I., Margrave of Anst., 5032.\\nI., b. (1250 sole Duke of Aust., 5052,\\n7813; displaced, 5052; against Adolf; de-\\nfeats electors, 782 ,3; king, 7823; em-\\nperor Ger., 782 alliance with Fr., 783\\nin Thuringia, 782 assassinated, 5053,\\nAlbert II., b. (1298) Margrave of Aust.,\\n504\u00c2\u00bb duke, 507 ruler, 5072 d., 5062.\\nIII., b. (1348) Count of Tyrol, 5052\\nDuke of Aust., 5072 d., 5062.\\nIV., b. (1377) pilgrimage, 5062; duke,\\n5073 d., 5062.\\nV., b. (1397) Duke of Aust. mar-\\nriage possessions, 5(173; K., emp., 509\\nd., 5082, 509 (See Albert II. of Ger.)\\nVI., b. (1418); Duke of Aust., 5073\\nclaims dukedom, 5092; d., 5082.\\n1., the Bear, Margrave of Branden-\\nburg, b.-d., 7762 invested Mark, 7772\\nrules Saxony, 7772 abdicates, 7773\\nfounds Berlin, 7783.\\nII., emp. of Ger., reigns; d., 785 3\\n(See Albert V. of Aust.)\\nof Brandenburg, first D. of Prus., b.,\\n786 2 frees Prus., 7893 embraces Lu-\\ntheranism, 789 d.,7922.\\nArchduke (Sp. Neth.), b. (1559); be-\\nsieges Ostend, 1100 defeated, 10982;\\nd., 5413.\\nIII. (Saxonv), Ascanian line, 785 3\\nII., D. of Bavaria, 7872.\\nIII., D. of Bavaria, 793\\nI., D. of Bohemia, 7853.\\nCharles d b., 6842 d., 6863.\\nEdward, Prince of Wales, b. (1841)\\nmarries, 967 tour in U. S. A., 1SS2 in\\nCan., U. S. A., 5S1 5S23; in Egy. (1862);\\ninlnd., 10493; lavs first stone of Grimsby\\ndocks, 9542; Knight St. Patrick, 971\\ngift to Zoological Society, 9813; grand\\nmaster of Mark Masons, 9923 opens\\nSion s Coll. and Hospital, 9942; statue,\\n986 Royal grant, 10012.\\nPrince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, b.,\\n9383 (Albert Francis Augustus Charles\\nEmmanuel) marries Yietoria,9512; opens\\nHort. Gardens, 9663 d., 9142 buried,\\n9653; statue, 956 966 2, 968 996\\n1002\\nVictor Christian Edward, Duke of\\nClarence and Avondale, b., 9672; peerage\\nconferred, 1003 in Can., 5823; d., 10062.\\nJean Louis, b., 703\\n,Archbp. Magdeburg, b.,7862; d.,7902.\\nArchduke, commander, 822\\nCount, rules lower Bavaria, 10992\\nd., 10982.\\nCount of Mecklenburg, reigns\\n(Sweden), 11352; captured, 036 d.(1412).\\nElector of Brandenburg, b.-d.,|7842\\nMargrave, 7872.\\nCollege, Can., founded, 579\\nInstitute inaug., 984\\nNyanza, discovered, 562 9662.\\nof Orlamund receives Holstein, 6353.\\nof Saxony, b., 814 king, 8292.\\nAlberti, Leon Battista, b.-d., 10782; work,\\n10792.\\nSolomon, b., 7902 d., 7922.\\nAlbertinelli, Mariotto, b., 10783; d., 10802;\\npainting, 1080\\nAlbertini, Johann B. von, b., 803 d., 8142.\\nAlbertinus, Aegidius, b., 7922; d., 7943.\\nAlbertus Magnus, b.-d., 7782.\\nAlbery, James, d., 1000\\nAlbigenses, persecution, 6682, 670\\nAlbinus, Bernard S., b., 7982; d.,803\\nprocurator, Judea, 11533.\\nDecimus Clodius, emperor, 6632\\noverthrown, 1064 d., 6623.\\nAlbion, captured, recaptured, 120\\nColl., Mich., organized, 199\\nAlius, burned, 742\\nAlbitti, Antoine Louis, d., 7192.\\nAlbizzi, Bartolommeo, d., 10782.\\nAlbo, Jose, d., 11262.\\nAlboin, conquers Po country, 7703 in\\nLombardy, takes Pavia, d., 1072 poi-\\nsoned, 10713.\\nAlboni, Marietta, b., 10S62 arrives, 170\\nd., 1090\\nAlbornoz, Gil Alvarez Carilla, b.-d., 11262.\\nAlbrecht, Frederick Rudolph, b., 5202\\nmarriage, 5362.\\nTiturel, 7803.\\nProf., dismissed, 8152.\\nAlbret, Henry d rules Lower Navarre,\\n6812 d. (1555).\\nJeanne d rules in Lower Navarre,\\n6832; d. (1572).\\nAlbright, Jacob, b. (1759) begins in Pa.,\\n1023 Evan. Meth., 1103; d., 116\\nAlbrizzi, Isabella Teotochi, Countess of,\\nb., 10842; d., 10862.\\nAlbuera, battle of, 7182, 9342.\\nAlbumazar, astronomer, b. (805 1); d.,4862.\\nAlbuquerque, University at, 3502.\\nAlfonso d\\\\ the Great, b.-d., 11092;\\nsails for India, 10433 conquers Mozam-\\nbique, 1111\\nAlcacer Quibir, action at, 1097\\nAlcsemon, archon, KH5 2 d., 10142.\\nAlcsemonida banished, 1017 2.\\nAlcaius of Lesbos, b., 10162; poet, flour-\\nishes, 10163; d. (580i B. a).\\nAlcala, Conplutensian Polyglot, 1127\\nAleainenes, in Messenian war, 1014\\nAlcamo, Ciulo d Contrasto, poems, 10752.\\nAlcantara, F. L., pres. Venezuela, 11603.\\nAlcazar, burned, 11323.\\nKebir, battle of, 1110\\nAlceste, asteroid, discovered, 278\\nAlceste, in naval warfare, 9342.\\nAlcester, Baron, title created, 987\\nAlchemists, forbidden, 8602.\\nAlcibiades, b.-d., 1021 at Cyzicus in-\\nvades Attica goes to Persian ruler\\nprisoner, 10203 against Athens re-\\ncalled, 10213; captures Byzantium; de-\\nposed, 1022 returns, 10232.\\nAlcide taken, 912\\nAleimus, high priest, 11483; rejected, 11493.\\nAlciphron, b., 10283.\\nAlcman, b., 10142; works, 10143.\\nAlcmene, captured, 936\\nAlcoek, John, b., 9042; d., 9323.\\nSir Rutherford, b. (1808) Minister,\\n6213.\\nAlcohol, school instruction, 325 3263;\\ncrime, 8:543; production, 10923.\\nAlcolla, action at, 11302.\\nAlcorn, James L., b. (1816) gov. Miss.,\\n2732 d., 478\\nUniversity org.. Miss., 2763.\\nAleott, Amos Broiison.b., 1082; work, 2963.\\nLouisa May, b., 142 works, 1783,\\n2272, 2643, 2683, 277 2802, 2943, 2963,\\n3003,3143,3243; d., 328\\nWm. A., b., 108 d., 1842.\\nAlcoy, Internationalists rise, 1132\\nAlcuin, Flaccus A., b.-d., 8422, 843 in\\nFr.; at Tours, 665 at Court, 7703.\\nAldegonde. Phillippe van Marnix, b-d.,\\n5403.\\nAlden,Chas. H., commissioned col., 400\\nJohn, b. (1599) d., 502.\\nJoseph, b., 114 d., 3202.\\nTimothy, b., 762; d. (1481).\\nAlderete, Bernardo de, b., 11282.\\nAlderley, Baron of, title created, 945\\nAldermen, life system (Eng.), 861 2\\nAlderson, J. D., b., 174\\nAldeste, discovered, 278\\nAldhelm, b. (040\u00c2\u00b1); works, 843 d., 8422.\\nAldie, Va.,Confeds. defeated, 219 action\\nAldi ni, Giovanni, b., 10842 d., 10862.\\nAldobrandini, Silvestro, b. (1499); d., 10803.\\nAldrich, Henry, b., 8862; d., 9042.\\nJ. Frank, b., 1722.\\nLouis, b., 156\\nNelson Wilmarth, b., 1522 closure\\nrule, 3733, 3763,377\\nThomas Bailev, b., 146 works, 20*3,\\n2S23. 278 2:i23, 2963, 3063, :;143, 3902.\\nAldridge, Ira, b., 1162; d., 2582.\\nAldringer, Johann, d.,5123.\\nCount, leader, 7942.\\nAldrovandi, Ulisse, b. (1522) d., 10823.\\nAleandro, Gerolamo, b., 1081 d., 10803.\\nAlegre, d Tves, Marq., b., 6902; d., 6762.\\nAlebayras revolt, 7\\nAlellaneda, Alonza Fernandez, works,\\n11292.\\nAleman, Louis, b.-d., 6762.\\nMateo, works, 1129 d., 11283.\\nAlemanni, in Roman provinces, 7693; de-\\nfeated, 768 ,770 revolt, 1064 1\\nLuigi, b. (1495); d., 10803.\\nAlembert, Jean le Bond d b., 697 works,\\n7012, 7032; d.,705\\nAlembert, d\\\\ correspondence of, 7582.\\nAlemida recaptured, 718 2\\nAlencon united to France, 6792.\\nFrancois, Due d b. (1554) at Ant-\\nwerp, 540 684 joins Huguenots,685 2\\nd. (1584.)\\nAleppo, war with Tartars, 6542; Emirs re-\\nvolt; captured, 1032 earthquake, 1156 2\\nmission, 11562,3.\\nAleria, Fr., founded, 6613.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1181.jp2"}, "1182": {"fulltext": "1170\\nText Figures denote Page. iJMJD-h/X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nAler-Alha.\\nAlert encounters Essex, 118 Arctic expe-\\ndition. 980 returns to Brit, gov., 3212\\nat Samoa, 338 wrecked, 9413.\\nAles, or Alane, Alex., b. (1500) d., 8722.\\nAlessandria, Fr., expelled, 7123; besieged,\\n778 built, 779\\nAlessi, Galeazzo, b., 1079 d. 1081\\nAlctheia, asteroid, discovered, 324\\nAlexander, Bp. of Cappadoeia, d., 10283.\\nBp. of Constantinople, investigates\\nArian heresy, 102S 3\\nBp. of Lincoln, chanc, (1123) ar-\\nrested, 8493; d. ai47).\\nemp., b.-d., 10322; colleague of Con-\\nstantine VII., 10332.\\n1, reigns in Macedonia, 10173.\\nII., reigns in .Macedonia, 10233; d. (367\\nB.O.).\\nthe Great, b.-d., 1023 pupil of Aris-\\ntotle, 1025 regent, 10252; ;l t Ohseronea,\\n1024 reigns, 10252; subdues Thracians\\ngeneral of Greeks conquest of Per-\\nsia; at b. Granicus, 1024 in Russia;\\nin Turkestan; in Egv., 651 3 conquests\\nin Asia, 10242; in Mvsia, 1146 in India,\\n10242, 1042 at Jerusalem, 10242; sacri-\\nfices in Temple, 1147 in Mesopotamia,\\n11473; frees Grecian cities from Persia,\\n11473; conquests, 11473; at Arbella, 10242;\\nmarries Barsine marries Roxana plot\\nagainst, 1025 customs adopted, 10253;\\nworship required, 1025 reigns in Pers.,\\n11483; social cruelties, 1(125 fnds. Greco-\\nPersian dynasty, 1107 returns from In-\\ndia, 10252; Roman embassy to, 1053 2\\ngreatplan; d., 114X2; dominions divided\\nburied in Egy., 10253, 6513; wars of suc-\\ncessors, 10242; family murdered, 1025\\nthird division of empire, 1027 empire\\nseems to unite, 10272.\\nIV. mider regent, 10253.\\nV., Gr., tights for throne mur., 1027\\nI., b. (107S\u00c2\u00b1); reigns in Scot., 8492;\\nd. (1124), 8493.\\nII., b. (1198) K. of Scot., 8532, expe-\\ndition against Argyle, S54 d. (1249).\\nIII., b. (1241) K. of Scot. at Large,\\n854 855 married, 855 sovereignty of\\nW. Isle, 8552; killed, 8553.\\n1., Joseph, Pr. of Bulgaria, b., 5652;\\nd.,568 elected, 5663; ruler, 5672; arbi-\\ntrary, 567 abdicates; expelled, 567 2\\nestates, 5092; pensioned, 5693.\\nI. reigns (Servia). 11233, 11242.\\nII. set up Syria, 11503.\\n1., St., bp. Rome, 10623. ,1. (117).\\nII., pope, 10742; d. (1073).\\nIII., pope, 1075 revolts against Fred-\\nerick I., 778 d. (1181).\\nIV., pope, 10763; ,1. (1261).\\nV., pope, 1079 declared pope, 7843;\\nd. (1410).\\nVI., Rodrigo Borgia, b.-d., 10783; di-\\nvides lands, 14 pope, 1079\\nVII. b. (1599); pope, 10S32; d. (1667).\\nVIII., b. (1610) pope, 10832; d. (1691).\\n1., Balas, Egy., usurper, 652 de-\\nfeated defeats li.-metrius Soter, 1055\\nkills Demetrius, 1148 favored by Jews\\non throne of Syria killed, 11493.\\n1., Pavloviteh, Czar, b., 11162; reigns\\nK. of Poland, 11173; meets Napoleon;\\ncompact with Prussian K 8093; in Lon-\\ndon, 8112; treaty with Bernadotte d.,\\n11163, 11173.\\nII., Nichohevitch, Czar, b., 11163;\\nreigns, 11192; kills D.ilgoruki; marries\\nMary, 11172; at Brussels, 545 in Aust.,\\n5252; congratulated by U.S., 2632; anni-\\nversary of assassination. 3543; d. 1120\\nin., b., 11163; betrothed to Mary;\\nmarried, 1119 1642 crowned at Mos-\\ncow, 11213; conspiracy against, 11212,\\n11222; at Kremsier, 5312; war against\\nTurkey, 528 refuses House of Repre-\\nsentatives, 11193; marries Dolgoruki,\\n1121 memorial ch., 11202; gift to Leland\\nStanford Univ., 384 guarded petitions\\nfrom foreign powers, 11212; reply to\\nPope s letter, 11222; thanks Americans,\\n1123 d. 1122\\nKing of Epirus, invades S. It.; k.,\\n1052\\nArchibald, b., 762; moderator, 1142;\\nProf, at Princeton, lilt Moral Science,\\n173 d., 1682.\\nBarton Stone, b., 128 d., 300\\ndeBernay, Alixonrlre, 671\\nEben, minister, 4473.\\nAlexander, Hieronvinus, suggestion con-\\ndemned, 7883.\\nJames Waddel, b., 112 d., 1842.\\nJannreus, high priest, 114S 3 1151\\nsuppresses Pharisees. 11502; triumph of,\\nJerusalem, 11503.\\nJohn H., b., 1182; d. 256\\nJos. Addison, b., 116 d., 186\\nMichailovitcb, G. Duke, mar., 11222.\\nNathaniel, d., 114\\nNevski, b.-d., 11142; Grand Duke of\\nRussia, 11152.\\nSarah, murdered, 2912.\\nSeverus, b., (205=) reigns, 10293; d.\\n(235).\\nS. D., d., 474\\nS. M. S-, consecrated bishop of Jeru-\\nsalem, 11563.\\nStephen, b. (,1800); zodiacal theory\\n288 d. (1883).\\nStephen, b., 1123; d. (18S3).\\nSyndeham, Baron, b., 152\\nTrallianus, b., 1030 3 medical works,\\n1031\\nWin., h. (1S24) cons, bp., 9663.\\nb., 602; d.,961.\\nEarl of Stirling, 8742; grant of\\nAcadia, 8812; obtains patent, 303, 5713;\\nin Canada, 31i; sells patent, 332; d.,\\n8842.\\nW. P., reply to Blount, 4451\\nof Aphrodisias, b., 1028 3\\n,Pr.of Livonia, reigns in Poland, 1115 2\\nof Wallaeia, purchases government,\\n11122.\\nof Hesse, Pr., commander, 824\\nof Phera 1 expedition against, 10223;\\nmurdered, 10232.\\nRomance of, 8543.\\nAlexandra. Princess (Den.), b. (1844) mar-\\nries, 641 967\\nPrincess, of Greece, marries, 11212.\\ngoverns Judea, 1151\\nro/o/cr, asteroid, discovered, 732\\nAlexandria, Egy., fnd., 6513, 10252; areo-\\nmeter used library museum fnd. first\\nobservatory, 6502 academy fnd., 6503\\nbuildings erected, 6522; Jew s migrate to,\\n1149 besieged, 652 ai-t center burned,\\n6523, 1060 library fnd., 6523; restored,\\n6533; youth massacred, 653 ch. councils\\nat, 6523; taken by Firmus, 10672; taken,\\n654 religious feuds library destroyed,\\n655 persecution of Jews, 6543; taken by\\nSaracens, 484 conquered, 10502; taken,\\n7122, G56 battle of, 930 conven. of,\\n6572; work on port begun, 6593; obelisk\\nshipped (N.Y.), 304 riots, 988 foreign\\nwar vessels, 6592; massacre, 658 3; up-\\nrising against Europeans, 6592; bom-\\nbarded, 658 fire tower collapses, 6613.\\nAust., Colonial Bank suspends,\\n5013; R. c. diocese est., 590\\nLa., Gen. Banks, arrives at, 222 ,2303.\\nVa., ransomed, 1222; Federals occupy,\\n1943; McClellan arrives, 2122; opened,\\n2263; Confed. Soldiers monument, 340\\nAlexandria launched, 974\\nAlexandrian Codex presented, 8823.\\nAlexandrina,dr.Pr. AlfredErnest, b.,983 2\\nAlexandrine war, 1060\\nAlexeictf, M. Vassili, k., 1122\\nAlexis, Grand Duke, in New York, 2743;\\nin Paris, 7623.\\nWilibald (Wilhelm Uaring), b., 8063;\\nWalladmor, 8132; d., 8262.\\nAlexis, Michaslovitch, b.-d., 11142; en-\\nthroned, 11153.\\nPetrovitch, b.-d., 11142, 1115\\nI., Comnenus, emp., b.-d., 10322;\\nreigns, 1033 3 against Normans, 1032\\nrecovers Asia poisoned, 10333.\\nII., b. (1168=) reigns, 10353; d. (11831.\\nIII., reigns deposed blinded, 10333;\\nd. (1210).\\nIV., d., 10342; reigns k., 1035\\nDucas, usurper, 1035 d. (1204).\\nAlfarabius, scientist, 486 d., 4862.\\nAlfaro, Gen., dictator, Ecuador, 6443.\\nJose Maria, President, 631\\nAlfieri, Vittorio, Count, b., 10842; Cleopa-\\ntra Saul, 1085 d., 10843.\\nAlhnger, Ambrosio de, in Venezuela, 203;\\nd. (1532).\\nAlfonso I. of Aragon (VII. of Leon and\\nCastile), conquers Provence, 1120 King\\nof Navarre, 11272.\\nII., b. (1152), reigns in Aragon, 11273;\\nd. (1196).\\nAlfonso III., b. (1265); in Aragon, 11273 d.\\n(1291).\\nIV., b. (1299) in Aragon, 11273 d. (1336).\\nV., b. (15X5) in Aragon, 11273; King of\\nSicily (Alfonso I.), 10772; seizes Naples,\\n10792; d. (1458).\\nI., King of Asturias and Leon, b. (639),\\n11253; d. (757).\\nII., in Asturias, 11253; d. (842).\\nIII., b. (848) in Asturias and Leon,\\n11253 conquers Moors at Zomora, 1126\\nd. (912).\\nIV., in Asturias reigns in Leon and\\nAsturias, 11272; d. (933).\\nV., b. (994) reigns in Asturias, 11272.\\nI., II., III. of Leon. (See Alfonso of\\nAsturias).\\nIV. of Leon, reigns, 11272; d. (933+).\\nV.of Leon and Castile, b. (994), 11272;\\nd. (1027).\\nVI. of Leon, b., 11262, 11272; as Alfonso\\nI. of Castile, 11272; conquers Toledo,\\n1126 d., 11262.\\nVII. of Leon. (See Alfonso I. of Ara-\\ngon.) Captures Saragossa, 11262; in Leon\\nand Castile, 11272.\\nVIII. of Leon, as Alfonso II. or III. of\\nCastile;! (1106) reigns, 11272; d., 11262.\\nIX. of Leon, 11272.\\nIX. of Castile (or VIII. or III.), b.\\n(1155) 11272; d. (1214).\\nX. of Leon anil Castile, b.-d., 11262\\nreigns, 7812, H273; at Algeciras, 1126\\nanil Castile, b.-d., 11262;\\nat Tarifa at Algeciras,\\nXI., of Le\\nrules, 11273\\n1126\\nXII. of Sp., b.. 11303; reigns, 11332;\\ntakes Igualada. 1132 reigns in Madrid,\\n11332; marriages in Paris, 7543; d., 11333;\\nXIII., of Sp., b., reigns, 11333.\\nII., King of Naples. 10793.\\n1., b.-d. reigns in Port. conquests,\\n1109 2, 3.\\nII. (Crassus), b. (1185) reigns in Port.,\\n11093; d. (1223).\\nIII., b. (1210) reigns in Port., 11093;\\nd. (1279).\\nIV., b. (12)il)i reigns, 11093; d. (1357).\\nV., b. (1432) reigns, 11093; d. (1481).\\nVI., I). (Kel.!) in Port., 11102; d. (1683).\\nde Cartagena, b.-d., 11262.\\nde Galieia defends Uraca, 1127 2\\nAlford, battle at, 886\\nHenry, 935 d. (1871).\\nAlfred taken, 882.\\nAlfred, Ernest Albert. D. of Edinburgh,\\nb., 9522; marries Marie, 979 in Cape\\nColony, 59112; in Australia, 4982; elected\\nK. of Greece, 1037 rules Saxe-Cobnrg\\nGotha, 837 Annuity Bill for, 9773; com-\\nmands in Mediterranean, 994 Admiral\\nof fleet, 1010\\nthe Great, King, b.-d., 8442; Order\\nof Round Table, 841 laws est., 843\\n8443; naval engagement, 844 invents\\nlanterns, 8442; fairs and wakes; flour-\\nishes; fnds. Univ. of Oxford, 8443; de-\\nserted, 845 2; king, 8452; trial by jury,\\n8453; rest. .res Oxford, 8463\\nson of Pr. Alfred Ernest, b., 9793.\\nUniv., Alfred, N. Y., est., 1463.\\nAlfred D. Snow, wrecked, 3293.\\nAlgardi, Alessandro, b., 10823; d., 1083\\nAlgarotti, Count Francesco, b., 1083 d.,\\n10842.\\nAlgazel,AbuIIamidMohammed,b.-d.,4863.\\nAliicmcene Kumsteu Letterbode, 11012.\\nAlger College organized, 296 3\\n.Russell Alex., l..(lS5( ,);gov.Mich.3233.\\nWilliam Rounsevillc, b., 130 2 works,\\n1802, 199 3082.\\nAlgeria, Roman conquests, 10622; takes\\nTunis, 11392. (See text, pp. 8-10.)\\nAlgerine war, 104 124\\nAlgerines seize Am. vessels, 104 peace\\nwith America war, 1193; sign American\\ntreaty, 125\\nAlgiers, La., united with N. Orleans, 273\\nAfr. (See text, pp. 8-10.)\\nAlgoma, Can., Bp. Sullivan eons., 9862.\\nA/fjoma, founders, 585 3\\nAlgonquin. (See Indians.)\\nAlgrave, taken bv Sancho I., 1109\\nAl Hadi, calif of Bagdad, 4863.\\nAl-Hakem II., b.-d., 11262; favors learn-\\ning, 486 d. (976).\\nIbn Atta (Almokenna), d., 4862.\\nAlbania, Jose, sentenced, 1130 3\\nAlhambra founded, 11263.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1182.jp2"}, "1183": {"fulltext": "Alha-Alth.\\nText Figures denote Page. YrWjlLjL. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1171\\nAlhazen, optics, 48(12 d., 4863.\\nAli Bey, Mameluke, b. (1728) in Arabia\\nand Syria, 050 promoted, 6571 d.,6563.\\nBin Said, d., 5642.\\ncalif, b. (600+) killed, 4S52.\\nAlian de Lille, b.-d., 6683.\\nAlibert, Jean Louis, b. (1766) d., 7262.\\nAlibund, Louis, assassinated, 7272.\\nAlicante, bombarded, 11321\\nAlice goes ashore, 423 3\\nAlice Mary, Princess, b., 9912.\\nMaud Mary, Princess, b., 9522 mar-\\nriage, 9652, 967\\nAlicliur Pamir, skirmish, 63.\\nAlides, dynasty reigns, 1097\\nAlien Act passes, Eng., 9273.\\nand Sedition Laws pass, 109 2\\nImmigrant Bill, Eng., 10123.\\nLand Law Bill tabled, 3672.\\nLandlord s Bill passes, 325 2\\npriories seized. Eng., 8542.\\nAliens in U. S. A. to report, 1212.\\nAligarh, Sepoy rebellion, 10481.\\nAli-Ibn-Abi-Talib, b.-d., 4842; calif, 6552.\\nIbn ul Albus, d., 4862.\\nAlikhanoff, Gen., b. (1846) arrested, 72.\\nAlio Masjidshelled, 43.\\nAli Pasha, b.-d., 11563 grandvizier, 11591\\nof Janina, 11573 subdues Suli-\\notes assassinated, 11571 ,3.\\nAlison, Archibald, b., 9143 work, 9251;\\nd., 94S2.\\nSir Archibald, historian, b., 9262\\nHistory of Europe, !J4C 3; d., 9701\\nb. (1826); captures Ramleh,\\n6581.\\nWm, Pulteney, b., 9243. d. (1859).\\nAliwal, action at, 10461\\nAlizais attack the British, 61\\nAl Kabitz, philosopher, 4862.\\nKader, calif, 487 d. (1031).\\nKaher Billah, calif, 4871\\nKaim, calif, 4S7 2\\nKindi, d., 4862.\\nAlkindius, astronomy, medicine, 4861.\\nAlkmar, Henry von, b.-d., 7863.\\nAllallabad, Bp. Pesci cons.,986 2 capital,\\n10452; sold to Shah Alain; treaty of,\\n10453 mission, 10463 Sepoy rebellion,\\n104S1 Indian mail congress, 10493.\\nAllain-Targe, Francois Bene, b. (1832)\\nminister, 7532, 7552.\\nAllainval, Leonor J. C. S. d b., 6943 d.,\\n7011.\\nAllan, David, b., 9103 d., 9283.\\nSir Hugh, b. (1810) money rec d,\\n5833; d. (1882).\\nThomas, d., 9462.\\nWilliam, b. (1782); Army of H. Vir-\\nginia, 4442 d. (1850).\\nWilliam, b., 1)223 d., 9562.\\nAllart, Mary Gay, b., 7003; d., 7223.\\nAllatius, Leone, b., 10S22; d. (1669).\\nAllatoona, Ga., abandoned, 2341\\nPass, Johnston occupies, 2331 battle\\nOf, 2383.\\nAlla-ud-din, dynasty, 10433 viceroy, 10432;\\nd., 10423.\\nAllectus rules, 8411 slain, 8401\\nAlleghanies, forest fires, 3833.\\nAlleghany, N. Y., Benaventura College\\norg., 1863.\\nCamp, W. Va., action, 2011\\nAllegheny, Pa., Western Theological Sem-\\ninary est., 1351 cemetery est., 1593\\ncures at St. Anthony s Church, 3403\\nfire, 3452; Carnegie Library dedicated,\\n3522; grip, 381 3 Hastings embezzles\\nstrikes, 4002; Wynian s extortion, 4003\\nvisitors to F. Mollinger, 408 Jennie\\nBuchanan killed, 4583 Armstrong Bri-\\nbery, 4722.\\nCollege organized, 1251\\nAllegri, Gregorio, b., 10822; d., 10831.\\nAllein, Joseph, b., 8822; d. (1668).\\nBichard, b., 8782; d. (1681).\\nAlleinet, Joseph, Sabbath instructor, 9151.\\nAllemard, Zacharie Jacques Theodore,\\nComte, b., 7023; d., 7242.\\nAllen, Bp., founds life assurance, 9022.\\nDavid O., b., 1082; d.,2251.\\nD. H., moderator, 1723.\\nEthan, b., 642; a t Ticonderoga, 801\\nat Montreal, 803; in army,892; d., 100 1.\\nGrant, (Chas. Grant Blairfinde), b.,\\n5801 Duchess, 10082.\\nG. W., World s Fair Com., 3633.\\nHenry F., resigns, 2473; d., 2521\\nH. N., missionary Korea, 10941.\\nAllen, Horatio, d., 3481\\nIra, b., 683; d., 1231.\\nJohn, politician, b., 9183.\\nJohn, patriot, b., 66=; d., 1122.\\nJohn B., b., 1581 senator, 4271\\nJohnM., b., 1622.\\nJoseph H., b. (1820) work, 4782.\\nLee, captured, 3703.\\nPhilip, b. (1785) gov., 1692; d. (1865).\\nEalph, b.(1694) est. cross posts, 9073;\\nd. (1764).\\nBichard, ordained, 1083; bp., 1251;\\nd., 1382.\\nSolomon, b., 683; d., 1301\\nStephen, mayor New York, 1293.\\nThomas, b., 642; d., 1162.\\nb., 8682 d., 8822.\\nC, History V. S., 4782.\\nWilliam, writer, b., 96 1 d., 2622.\\nchemist, d., 9522.\\nb. (1806) gov. O., 2873 candi-\\ndate for pres., 2931 d., 3022.\\nFrancis, b. (18:50) Iloman people,\\n3743 d. (1889 Dec).\\nFerneley, lord mayor, 9691.\\nV., b., 1622 long speech, 4411\\nbond issue, 449 2\\nHenry, b., 961 d., 1211\\nBev., duelist, 9231\\nAllentowu, N.J., Sober Society find., 1131\\nbank robbery, 4183.\\nPa., Muhlenberg College org., 2583;\\nfire, 4413.\\nAllerheim, battle, 6361, 7961.\\nAlley, J. B., currency resolution, 2493.\\nAlleyn, Edward, b., 8722; d., 8821\\nAlliance, It. and Prus. against Aust., 5271\\nIt. with Ger., 5312; Fr. and Milan against\\nVenice, 6793; F r and Sp. with Noyon,\\n6812; Fr. with Sp. and Sard., 6993; Aust.\\nand Prus. against Fr., 7091; Fr. with\\nBus., Aust., and Swed.; Eng. with Prus.,\\n8032; Ger. with Aust. and Italy; Eng.\\nwith Ger., 8332; Eng. with Fr., 8763,\\n8792; G. B. with Bus. and Aust., 9272\\nHolland witli Fr. against Eng., Bus., and\\nAust., 9273; G. B., Bus., and Fr. against\\nTurkey, 9432.\\nAlliance, built, 90) mutiny, 901 941\\nAlliance, O., Mt. Union Coll., fnd., 1843.\\nAllibone, Samuel Austin, b., 1242; work,\\n2771 d. (1888).\\nAllier, Louis, b., 7031 d., 7242.\\nAllington, William, b., 9423; d., 10021.\\nAllioli, Joseph Franz, b., 8062; d., 8281.\\nAllison, A., Chancellor, killed, 4763.\\nWilliam B.,b., 1362; Monetary Conf.,\\n4132; Bland Uill, 4533; speech, 4552.\\nAllix, Pierre, b., 6883 d., 6971\\nAirman, Geo. James, b., 9362.\\nAllom, Thomas, b., 9323 d. (1872).\\nAllori, Alessandro, b., 10803; d. (1607).\\nChristofano, b., 1081 1 d. (1620).\\nAllouez, Claude Jean, b., 202; in Canada,\\n422; in Montreal, 5722,3; with Indians\\nvisits Catholic missions, 443; d., 502.\\nAll Souls College fnd., 8623.\\nAllston, Joseph, b., 912; gov S. C, 1193\\nd., 1242.\\nBohert Francis Withers, b., 1101 gov.\\nS. C, 1812; d., 2312.\\nWashington, b., 912 works, 1101\\n1182, 1212, 1281 1683 d., 1561\\nAllyn, Jack, Johuathan Continent, 350 2\\nAlma, battle of, 9581\\nColl. est. at Alma, Mich. (1887).\\nAlinagro, Diego, b.-d., 11263; in Peru, 201\\nattacked, 202; governor, 213, 6051; in-\\nvades Chile, 6041 executed, 202, 213.\\nAl Mahdi Billah, calif, 4853 d. (785).\\nAl-Mahmun, b. (789); favors literature,\\n4861; calif, 4863; d. (833).\\nAlmanac stamps abolished, 947 3\\nAl-Mansur (Abn Jaffar Abdallah), b.-d.,\\n1126 2 calif founds Bagdad favors\\nlearning, 4853; d. (775).\\nAlnrauza, surrendered to Spain, 11321.\\nAlraanza, battle at, 6961\\nAlma-Tadema, Laurence, b., 5442.\\nAlmeida, captured, 9342 taken, 11101.\\nDr. d gutta-percha, 9521.\\nBrittesd Joan of Arc, b.-d., 11092.\\nFrancisco de, sails for India, 10433\\nd. (1500).\\nGarrett, Joao Baptista Leitao d\\nb.-d., 11102.\\nNieolao Tolentino, b.-d., 11102.\\nAlmenara, battle at, 6962.\\nAlmeras, Louis, b., 7032; d., 7242.\\nAlmira College founded, 111., 1782.\\nAlmodovar, Count of, Ildefonso Diaz de\\nBibera, b.-d., 11302.\\nAlmohades, dynasty, 92, 11272 besiege\\nSantarem, 11261\\nAl Moktader, calif, 4871 d. (931).\\nAl Moktadi, calif, 487 ,2; d. (870).\\nAl Moktafi, calif, 4871 ,2; d. (90S).\\nAlmon, John, b., 9102; d. (1805).\\nAlmonte, Juan Nepomuceno, b.-d., 10952.\\nOut., Gazette issued, 5823.\\nAl Mootenabbee, d., 4862.\\nAlmora mission, 10471\\nAlmoravides. dynasty fnd., 92, 10971 ,11262;\\nconquer Morocco, 10971\\nAl Mortader, calif, 4872.\\nMostadhi, calif, 4872.\\nMostain, calif, 4871\\nMostakfi, calif, 4871\\nMostanjed, calif, 4872.\\nMostanser, calif, 4871,3.\\nMostarshed, calif, 4872.\\nMotadhed. calif, 4871.\\nMotaki, calif, 4871\\nMotamed, calif, 4871\\nMotasseni, calif, 4871 ,3.\\nMotawakkel, calif, 4871\\nMotaz, calif, 4871\\nMoti, calif, 4871\\nAlmquist, Karl Jonas Ludwig, b.-d., 11342;\\nworks of, 11362.\\nAlms Knights est., 8731\\nAl Munsur. reigns (Egy.), 6552.\\nMutasem.org. bodvof Turk, prisoners,\\n11541.\\nAlmy, Frank. (See G. H. Abbott.)\\nAINaser, calif, 4872.\\nAlnwick, action at, 8501\\nAlompra, K. of Burma, b.-d., 10443; fnds.\\nKangun, 10452.\\nAloysius, St., or Luigi Gonzaga, b., 1080 3\\nd., 10822.\\nAlp-Arslan, h.-d., 11543; castle besieged,\\n8481 rules; takes Syria. Palestine, 11552;\\nsubdues Armenia, 10321\\nAlpena lost, 3053.\\nAlpes, Cottiie, Bom. province, 10632.\\nMaritinne, Bom. province, 10632.\\nMaritimes, ceded to Italy, 7352.\\nAlpha Delphini, sextuple, 2S61\\nAlphege, St., b. (954); Bp. of Winchester,\\nkilled, 6352,3, 8462.\\nAlphonse, Sister, decision sustained, 348 2\\nopposed, Fr., 6702.\\nAlphonse Zeececke burned, 11221\\nAlphonsine tables composed, 4862, 11262.\\nAlpine, Tex., cloud-burst, 4141\\nKing, reigns, 8332; beheaded, 8451\\nAlps, Bonaparte crosses, 518 2\\nAlRadhi, calif, 4871.\\nAl Bagel, philosophers, 4862.\\nAl Baschid, calif, d., 4872.\\nAlsace, battle in, 6621 united to Fr., 6893;\\nBismarck-Bohlen, gov., 7411; ceded to\\nGer., 745 merged in Ger. Emp., 7751;\\nseized by Fr.. 71)63; guilds in govt., 7832;\\ntaken, 7973; annexation to Ger. opposed,\\n8272; annexed; Option day, 8273.\\nAlsace Chronicle appears, 8322.\\nLorraine, laws abolished, 8371 pass-\\nports, 8352.\\nAlsen, Prussia, Danes enter bombarded,\\n6402.\\nAlsina, Valentine, gov., 491 1 ,2.\\nAlsop, Bichard, b.,723; d.,1241.\\nAlsted, Johanii H.,b.,7922; Encyclopedia,\\n7951 d., 7963.\\nAistett s frauds, 9311.\\nAlstromer, Klaudius, b.-d., 11342.\\nAltades reigns, 11413.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Altai) ualpa, d., 202.\\nAl Tai, calif, 4871\\nAltai Mts., Turkish power est., 11551.\\nAltaroche, Marie Michel, b., 7191 d.,7541.\\nAltdorf, Univ. of, 7892, 7931, 7951, 7991\\nunites with Erlangen, 8091\\nAltdorfer, Albrecht, b., 7862; d., 7902.\\nAltenburg, Saxony holds, 7833 assigned\\nto Ernestine line, 7913 independent,\\n7933; divided, 7973 assigned to Saxe-\\nAltenburg, 8133.\\nAltenkirchen, Austrians defeated French\\ndefeated, 7121.\\nAltgeld, John B., nom. for gov., 405 3 in-\\naug., 4471 protest against troops, 465 2\\nAltham, John, E. C. Church, 322; d. (1641).\\nAlthammer, Andreas, b., 7863; d., 7922.\\nAlthen, Jehan, or Jean, b.-d., 1106 3\\nAlthing begins, 10421", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1183.jp2"}, "1184": {"fulltext": "1172\\nText Figures denote Page. INJ_)Ji.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. Alth\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AlUCr,\\nAlthorp, Viscount. (See Spencer.)\\nAlting, Heinrich, b., 7922 d., 7963.\\nJacob, b., 7943 d., 7971\\nAltmeyer, Jean Jacques, b., 5423 d.,\\n5442.\\nAltmush reigns, 10432.\\nAlton, Can., inundated, 5893.\\n111., collision, 4233 Lovejoy Day\\ncelebrated, 4322 R. C. diocese, 1802.\\nAltona, Prus., a city, 7973 burned, 7981\\nSaxons enter, 6413; occupation protested,\\n8223.\\nAltoona, Pa., Gardner absconds, 4682.\\nAltranasius, b.-d., 10662.\\nAlva, Duke of, Fernando Alvarez de To-\\nledo, b.-d., 11263 in Belgium, 5401 541 1\\nrecalled,5412; persecution of tradesmen,\\n8733; fleet defeated; violates capitula-\\ntion, 10981 tool of Philip II., 10983 re-\\ngent tyranny, 10993 retires, 10981.\\nAlva sinks, 4133.\\nAlvanley, Lord Richard P., b., 9103.\\nAlvarado surrendered, 1621.\\nAlonzo de, b. (1490) in Peru, 232\\nd. (1556).\\nGeorge (Jor^e) de, subdues Indians,\\n212; conquests in Salvador, 11231.\\nJuan Bautista, gov. Cal., 147 2\\nPedro de, b.-d., 11263 gov. invades\\nGuatemala, 182 conquers Salvador,\\n11231 to Quito, 201 against Quito, 6441\\nAlvarez, Diego, governor, 17 3 ship-\\nwrecked, 5532 d. (1540).\\nFrancisco, b.-d., 11092; in Abys-\\nsinia, 1 1\\nJos\u00c2\u00a3, b.-d., 11302.\\nJuan, Gen., b.-d., 10952 at Molino\\ndel Key, 1622; at Montevideo, 11601;\\npresident, 10962.\\nL. H. Pinzon y, d., 11322.\\nAlvensdorf, Herr von, nominated, 835 1\\nAlvinczy or Alvinzi, -Joseph von, Baron,\\nb., 5143 first coalition, 5182 d., 5202.\\nAlvord, Lieut. -Gov., Constitu. Conv. ,4593.\\nAlwar mission, 10483.\\nAl Wathek. calif, 4871 d. (847).\\nAlyattes expels Cimmerians, 11471.\\nII., reigns, 11471.\\nAlydan, defeat at, 42.\\nAl Zaher, calif, 4873.\\nAlzerreca, Gen., at Concon, 6063.\\nAmadeus Ferdinand Maria, Duke of\\nAosta, b. (1845) d., 11322.\\nD. of Aosta, proclaimed king re-\\nsigns, 11332.\\nII. (Victor) of Savoy, exchanges ter-\\nritory receives title. 10833 reigns; ab-\\ndicates, 10852 d. (1080+).\\nIII., D. of Savoy, 10792 d. (1148).\\nAmadis de Gaula appears, 11271.\\nAinalaric, of Jerusalem, reigns, 11253 at\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0war, 6541\\nAmalric of Bene, d., 6702.\\nAmalgam introduced, 9122.\\nAmalgamated Association fmd., 3603,4611\\nSociety of R. R. Servants, Congress,\\n9971.\\nAmalgamation of races, Brazil, 5543.\\nAmalia discovered, 7561\\nAmalie, Anna, Duchess of Saxe- W eimar,\\nb., 8002 d. 8083.\\nAmaliensrein mission, 5983.\\nAmanda wrecked, 9513.\\nAmari, Michele, b., 10843 d., 10901\\nAmasis II., or Aahmes, b., 6503 reigns,\\n6512 erects Grecian buildings, 6502 d.\\n(525 B.C.?).\\nAmat, Felix, b.-d., 11283 Church, 11311\\nManuel de, b. (1705 1 governor, 6053\\nd. (17S0\u00c2\u00b1).\\nAmateur Mechanical Soc. fmd.,9721 Am-\\nateur photographers meet, 3723.\\nAmati, Antonio, b., 10803.\\nAjnatongaland annexed, 11253.\\nAinaury I., b.-d., 11543 K. of Palestine,\\n11552 defeated by Saracens, 11553.\\nII., King, b.-d., 11543.\\nAmaxosa, prophet, 5993.\\nAmaziah, reigns, 1145 in Palestine, 11441\\navenges father s death, 11451.\\nAmazon destroyed, 9342.\\nAmazon burned, 9573.\\nAmazons conquered. 10131.\\nAmberg, battle at, 5181\\nAmbergris found, 3421 2.\\nAmberkeletus, King, assassinated, 8431\\nAmbivius, rules in Judea, 1151 3\\nAmbler, Jacob, tariff commissioner, 3111.\\nAmboise, Georges, de, b.-d., 6782.\\nAmboyna Island massacre, 8813.\\nAmbringen, Catholic leader, 5122.\\nAmbrister, Robert C, hanged, 1261\\nAmbriz settled, 1161 1\\nAmbroise, peace of, 682i plot of, 6833,\\nAmbros, August Wilhelm, b., 5202 d.,\\n5282.\\nAmbrose, St., b.-d., 10682; Archbp. of Milan,\\n10683; composes Te Deum; pleads for\\nChristianity, 10691.\\nAmbrosia discovered, 750 1\\nAmbrosius, King of Brit., 8412 d. (508).\\nAmeilhon, Hubert Pascal, b., 6983 d.,\\n7191.\\nAmelia, naval engagement, 936 1\\nDuchess of Saxony, b., 8062 d., 8262.\\nPrincess, d., 9351\\nAmelia Court-House, Sheridan at, 2451.\\nAmelia Thompson wrecked, 9533.\\nAmelot, de la Houssaye, Abraham Nicolas,\\nb., 6882 d., 6962.\\nAmendment, Constitutional (U. S. A.), 1-10\\npassed, 1012; llth rat hied, 10G2; r2th sub-\\nmitted, 1131; ratified, 1132 r*13th pry-\\nslavery proposed.1923, 1931 ratified by\\n111., 2032 13th Anti-Slavery A. intro-\\nduced, 2293, Cong, action, 2352, 2431, ap-\\nproved, 2313, l.ith Anti-Slaverv A. intro-\\nduced, 2413; ,-ati tied by R. I., Mich., N.Y.,\\nMd.,Mass.,Pa.,W.Va., Kan., Me., Minn.,\\nVa., Ind., Nev., Wis., Miss., Vt., Ark.,\\nConn., N. H., Ivy., 2432, Tenn., 2453, 111.,\\n2511, la., 2512, rejected by N. J., 2433,\\neffective, 2493 14th, Civil Eights A.,\\nsubmitted to States, 2523, 2531, ratified\\nby 111., Ind., Kan., Kv., La., Mass.,\\nMe., Mich., Minn., Md., Mo., Miss., Nev.,\\nN. Y., O., Pa., R. I., Wis., W. Va., 2572,\\nVt., 2592, la., 2013, Fla., Ga., N. C, Ala.,\\nLa., becomes la w. 2633 by Tex., 2711;\\nratification rejected, 1ST. C., 2552, Va.,\\n2572, Miss.. 2(51 1 ratification withdrawn\\nby N. J., 2612, o., 2633, p re s. Johnson s\\nobjections, 353 1 15th A. resolution, 2653\\napproved, rejected, 2653, passed, ratified\\nby Nev., La., 2663, Mass., 111., W. Va.,\\nKy., Conn., S. C, 2671 Ind., Fla., N. H.,\\nVt., 2672, Va., Ga., Mo., R. I., la., Minn.,\\nNeb., Tex., Kan., Tenn., 2693, becomes\\nlaw, 2711 Ore. ratifies, 2811 N. J. with-\\ndraws^ ratification, 2711, also Ga., 2692,\\ndebated, passed, House passes, submitted\\nto States, 2531, States approve, 253 2\\n15th passes, 2653, rejected, 3103, Bill,\\n3251, resolution, 4103.\\nAmen-em-hat I., reigns in Egypt, 6471, 2.\\nIII., reigns, 6472 engineer-\\ning works, 6462.\\nAmen-hotep, I. (Amenophis), reigns, 6491.\\nII., reigns, 6492 takes Nineveh,\\n6481.\\nIII., reigns, 649 2 favors art,\\n648 1 feminine influence, 6482.\\nIV., reigns; a heretic; intro-\\nduces Semitic religion, 6482.\\nAmen-meri-Pai-net em II., reigns, 6503.\\nPa-inai, reigns, 651 1\\nPata-se-Bast, reigns, 6511.\\nse-Bast-Shashanq, reigns, 6511\\nAmeniritis, Queen, reigns, 6511.\\nAm-en-set, regent (Kgy.), 6491.\\nAmerica built, 94 1 launched, 943 defeats\\nTitania; wins Cup of All Nations,\\n1693, 9573; Perpetual Challenge Cup;\\nwitb N. Y. Yacht Club, 1833; Dunraven s\\nchallenge, 3393.\\nAmerica, discoveries. (See text, p. 11 4-.)\\npapal benediction upon, 3502.\\nAmerican founders, 3052.\\nAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences\\nfnd., 931\\nAcademy of Medicine org., 2901\\nAcademy of Political and Social Sci-\\nence fnd., 3481 incorp.,3781 meets, 4221\\nAntiquarian Soc. Library fnd., 1191\\nArt Association buys Angelus, 3422.\\nArt Union incorporated, 3121\\nAsso. for the Advancement of Sci-\\nence, 1521 f m d., 1581 l(i22; inN.Y.,2441\\n3261; in St. Louis, 2981 in Toronto, 3442,\\n5881; in Wash., 3901; in Rochester, 4122;\\nin Madison, 436i in Brooklyn, 4681\\nAsso. for Deaf Mutes, 3862, 4102.\\nAsso., cure of Inebriates, org., 2731\\nAsso. Medical College org., 2901.\\nAssociation Professional Base Ball\\nClubs fmd., 3091.\\nAssociation of Colonists, 792.\\nAuthors Guild, 4751\\nAmerican Bankers Association meets*.\\n3453, 3663, 3943, 4403, 4743.\\nBaptist Publication Societyfmd., 1311^\\nBible Department, 3102.\\nBar Association org., 3011; meets,\\n3662, 3903, 3963, 4142, 4362, 4091 4702.\\n.Base Ball Association fmd., 3133.\\nBible Soc. org., 1243 Baptists with-\\ndraw, 1462; anniversary, 1523, 3822;\\nerects Bible house, 1713 annual meet-\\ning, 3403 income, 3542 volumes, 3742.\\nBible Union fmd., 1662.\\nBimetallic League Conven., 4343.\\nBoard of Commissioners of F. M. ger-\\nminates, 1142 constituted, 1163; mission\\nschool, 1263 2 r 0societies,13()3 reports,\\n1343; Indian missions, 1343, 1351, 1353\\n1402, 1442, 1443, 1862; confined to Con-\\ngregational Ch.,2722 anniversary, 3462.\\n3701; petitions Cong., 3702 meets, 4161;\\nBuenos Ayres, 489 1 52.H3; withdraws,\\n5523; eh. census, 598 2 India missions,\\n10463.\\nCatholic Church fmd, 470\\nCatholic Clerical Union org., 3622.\\nCath. Quarterly appears, 2922.\\nCath. Quarterly Jieview, 3562.\\ncattle embargo, Ger., 475 3\\nCereal Company organizes, 3853.\\nChemical Society org., 2961; session,\\n4683,4781.\\nChurch Building Fund, est., 3042.\\nChurch Jit vie m appears, 1642.\\nclaims in Switz., 2752.\\nClimatological Association org., 3141.\\nColl. and Education Soc. fmd., 2863.\\nColl. of Musicians incor., 3241\\ncolonies, Porto Bello named, 162 j\\nNata, Panama, fnd.., 173 Panama fnd.,\\n193 orthodoxy enforced, 28 2 Pilgrims\\nin Mass., 293 popular govt, in Va., 293\\nduel in, 3112 anti-emigration, 351 civil\\ngovt, in Conn., 3T 3 commerce restricted,\\n391 413, 423 Commissioners visit, 392;\\n753; commerce monopolized, 431 restric-\\ntions relaxed, 432 postal system, 473\\nFr. colonists in, 482 rivalry of Fr. ana\\nEng.; treaty of neutrality consolidated;\\nroyal dependence, 503 first Cong.; Ger.\\nrefugees, 513 Post route est., 533 or-\\nthodoxy protested, 543 population, 553.\\npitch-pine tree, for navy, 572 official\\ncorruption, 592 potatoes intro., 592\\nmanufactures restricted, 593; protection,\\n60i; govt., 611; freedom of commerce,\\n652 prosperity, 653 suppressed by\\nPari. protection emigration, 673\\nCong, at Albany, 672. 693 religion, 691\\narbitrary instruction depots for home\\nproducts, 692 population, 693 Ger. of-\\nficers assist, 70i; discontent, 712; Gov-\\nernors Congress, 71 3, 5733 boundaries\\ndefined Eng. occupy Fr. posts taxa-\\ntion, 733 population, 732 vessels con-\\nfiscated taxation, 743 first Colonial\\nCong., 752 manufactures checked; irri-\\ntation Custom House, 753 Contraven-\\ntion Act resented, 77 1 tax on tea trade\\ncrippled, 772 no govt., 773 port Bill\\nfast day, 783 first Post Office est., 813\\ntroops mutiny at Pompton, N.J., 923;\\nPeace with Eng.,951, 3. (See text, p.l4\u00c2\u00b1.)\\nColonists Congress, R. I., 5733. (See\\nCongress.)\\nColonization Society fnd., 1251.\\nConstitutional Union meets, 2832.\\nCopyright League celebrates, 3803.\\nCotton-Mill celebration, 3693.\\nDaughters of Revolution org., 93 3\\nDerma tological Assoc iati* ui org., 290*.\\nDist. Telegraph Co. org., 2813.\\ndollar standard est., 973.\\nEconomic Asso. Conv., 3731 4792.\\nElec. Light Asso. at Niagara, 5893.\\nembargo on pork removed, Ger.,385 3\\nEncyclopedia begun, 2291\\nexhibit at Paris Exposition, 7593,\\nFarmer issued, 1271.\\nFederation of Labor, fmd,, 3251; at\\nDetroit, conv., 3723 at Birmingham,\\n3971 at Phila., 4191; anti-strike, 4191;\\nmeeting, 4462 at Denver, 4763.\\nFederation Women s Clubs, 4063\\nsession, 8453.\\nFine Art Society find., 3501\\nFisheries Society Conv., 4071 ,4601.\\nFisheries, treaty. 3293 Eng. assents,.\\n3311 in Senate, 3312. (See Fisheries.)\\nfishermen, privileges, 5923.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1184.jp2"}, "1185": {"fulltext": "Amer-An.\\nText Figures denote Page. INUlliX.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1173\\nAmerican Folk-lore Society, 4211\\nand Foreign Bible Society org., 1463.\\nForestry Assoeiationmeers, 3971, 4691\\nGas Investment Co. at Trenton, 3033.\\nGeological Soc. meets, 3481 3731 3991\\ngrain, duty removed, 3933.\\nGynecological Society org., 200 1\\nHebrew Rabbis, Cont 3X02, 4101, 4181.\\nHistorical Soc. meets, 3482, 3731 ,3971\\nHistory Magazine appears, 2963.\\nHome Missionary Society, N. S. Pres-\\nbyterians, withdraw. 2023; Educational\\nDepartment added, 3062; meets in N.Y.,\\n3403.\\nHumane Soc. meets, 3703, 3931 4723.\\nIndependence, struggle for. (See text,\\npp. 783 to 972.)\\nInstitute of Architects, est., 260 1\\nconv. begins, 3703.\\nInstitute Christian Philos., 3642, 4102.\\nInstitute Electrical Engineers meets,\\n4082.\\nInstitute of Homeopathy meets, 408i\\nInstituteof Instruction meets, Narra-\\ngansett Pier, R. I., 4101 4642.\\nInst, of Mining Engineers meets, 3681\\nInternational Conference, 347 1\\nJewish Historical Soc. find., 4081\\nJournal of Science and Arts, 1271\\nKnights Sons of Liberty org., 239 2\\nKnights Supreme council meets, 340 2\\nLadies Asso. collects funds, 1503.\\nLaryngological Asso. meets, 3581\\nLegion of Honor founded, 3011\\nLibrary Association meets, 303 2 4042.\\nMagazine published Phila., Boston,\\n651; at Phila., 712, 763.\\nMechanics, flags on schools, 3543.\\nMedical Asso., anniversary, 3401 con-\\nvention, 4621.\\nMedical College Asso. org., 290 1\\nMedico-Psychological Asso., 4601\\nMeteorological Soc. Conv., 4561\\nMiss. Asso. find., 1603 Chinese mis-\\nsions, 1722; in 1350, 1S02; leaves north-\\nwest, 1862; opens day-school for f reed-\\nmen, 2023; opens Avery Inst., 24S 3\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0opens colored Normal Inst., 2543; opens\\nTalladega Coll.; opens Emerson Inst.,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a03583; opens Burrill School, 2623; org.,\\nDorchester Acad., 2763; receives Indian\\nMissions, 3122, 3142; org. Bureau of\\nWoman s Work, 3142 conv., 3462, 4741\\nMonthly Magazine est., 67i appears,\\n1271, 1423, 1443.\\nMoslem Inst., repudiates Webb, 476i\\nMuseum published, 1003.\\nMuseum of Natural History est.\\n(1869) new wing opened, 416* Sunday\\nopening, 4141\\nNaturalist Magazine appears, 258 3\\nNeurological Asso. org., 2901.\\nNewspaper Publishers Asso. Conven.,\\n33G2, 3523, 3731 4003, 4242.\\nOrder United Workmen excludes sa-\\nloonists, 3831\\nOriental Soc. Columbia Coll., 3471\\nOrtological Society organized, 2643.\\nPaper Manufs. Asso. meets, 3891.\\n-Party rises, 1743; National Conven.,\\n1772; Phila., 1792; slavery splits, 1772\\nconv. in Cincinnati, 177 2\\nPatriotic League meets, 360 3\\nPhilological Asso. Conv., 3431, 3622,\\n3862.\\nPhilosophical Soc. fnd., 65 1 671 pub-\\nlications, 76 1 anniversary, 1541\\nPhysicians and Surgeons Congress,\\n3923,4601.\\npilgrims to Home, 2842, 3362.\\npork admitted in Austria, 535 2 im-\\nportation, 6423, 7631 8352,3.\\nPress, incorporated, 427 3\\nprisoners aided, 89 1; k. at Dartmoor,\\n1231.\\nProgressive Party org., 4631\\nProtective League address, 4443.\\nProtective Asso., 4501 4751\\nProtestant Asso. meets, 385 2\\nProt. Church in Rome, 10883.\\nPsychological Asso. meets, 4781 4792.\\nPublic Health Asso. fnid., 2811\\nQuarterly Register appears, 1371.\\nRailway Union, men dismissed, 4662.\\nregistry denied the Chinese, 4113.\\nReview and Literary Journal, llli.\\nReview of History and Politics, 1191.\\nRevolution begins, 73 2\\nriflemen at Bremenhafen, 8343.\\n4441.\\nSaint Cecilia Society meets, 3642.\\nsalted meat in Italy, 3951\\nSeaman s Friend Soc. org., 1351\\nsends missionaries, 1363.\\nSecular Union, World s Fair, 4022.\\nShipping and Industrial League\\nmeets, 353 1\\nSocial Science Asso. fnd., 250i conv.,\\n3441,3901,3,4142,4703.\\nSociety Authors organized, 3802.\\nSoc. Civil Eng. org., 171 1 meets, 3762.\\nSoc. Compar. Religions meets, 4601\\nSoc. Electrical Engineers org., 3192.\\nSoc. of Mechanical Engineers org.,\\n2743, 3071 meets, 3852, 3951 4002.\\nSoc. Microscopists meets, 3881\\nSoc. of Naturalists meets, 3481 4461\\nSoc. Prevention of Cruelty org., 2522.\\nSoc. Promotion of Temperance, 135 2\\nSoc. Railway Supts. meets, 393 2\\nSociety Religious Education, 456 2\\nSons of the Revolution meet, 4322.\\nStave and Cooperage Co. find., 4273.\\nSteam Engineers oppose strikes, 4602.\\nStrawboard Company formed, 3433.\\nStreet Railway Asso. meeets, 4171\\nStreet Railway Convention, 4171\\nSugar Refining Co. answers, 4621\\nSunday-School Union formed, 1323.\\nTemp. Univ. est., Harriman (1892).\\nTheosophists meet, 3383.\\nTract Society org. 1333 named, 131 1\\ncolportage intro., 1542; American Mes-\\nsenger issued, 1631 Child s Paper, 1723.\\nUnitarian Asso. (See Unitarians.)\\nUniversity of Wash, chartered, 3843.\\nvessel around world, 993.\\nWheelman s League org., 3043\\nWhig Review appears, 160 3\\nWhigs named, 77 2\\nWhist Congress, 3883.\\nWoman s Suffrage Asso. org., 2692;\\nmeets, 3991,4222.\\nAmericanists conf. in Paris, 371 1, 7603.\\nAmericus Club org., 256 2\\nAmerikanische Christliche Saengerbund\\nmeets, 4122.\\nAmerling, Frederick, b., 5191 d.,530 2\\nAmes, Adelbert, b., 144 1 Maj.-Gen. appt.;\\nprov. Gov. of Miss., 2632; commands 4th\\ndist.;266i; gov., 2873; resigns, 2913.\\nEdward Raymond, b., 1122 bp., 1702;\\nd., 3002.\\nFisher, b., 711; speech, Jay treaty,\\n1072; d., 1141.\\nJoseph, b. (1619); d., 2781\\nMary Clemmer, b., 1502; d., 3162.\\nOakes, b. (1804); Credit Mobilier con-\\ntract, 2593; censured, 2812; d., 2802.\\nOliver, gov. Mass., 3293.\\nSamuel, b. (1S06); d., 24S 2\\nla., Agricultural Coll. opnd., 2662.\\nAmesbury, Mass., flannel mfd., 1321.\\nAmfrye, Guillaume, EpUres, 695 2\\nAmharic dictionary compiled, l 2\\nAmherst, Earl, title created, 941 2 Baron,\\n10091.\\nLord Jeffrey, b., 906 2 atLouisbnrg,\\n702; commander-in-general, 703; at Mon-\\ntreal, 5743; gov.-gen., 10473; d., 9283.\\nWilliam Pitt, Earl, b., 9183; dis-\\nmissed, 617 2 gov.-gen. India, 9413; d.,\\n962 2\\nAgricultural College opened, 25S 3\\nMass., Amherst Coll. fnd., 1311;\\nlibrary fnd. ,1181 Merrill E. Gates, pres.,\\n364 2 3862; gelatinous matter, 1261.\\nAmherstburg, Can., The Eeha, 5823.\\nAmhurst, Nicholas, b. (1697) d., 9103.\\nAmicable Fire Insurance est., 90-33.\\nAmici, Giovanni Battista, b., 10843 d.,\\n1088 2\\nAmidas, Philip, b., 8701 d. (1618+).\\nAmiens, Peace of, 5973, 715 2 redeemed,\\n6791; taken, 6841; Germans repulsed;\\nsurrendered, 742.\\nAmiot. or Am yot, Joseph, b., 6981; d.,\\n7102.\\nAmisus captured, 1058 2\\nAmity College org., 182 2\\nAmman, Paul, b., 7943; d., 798 2\\nAmmanati, Bartolommeo, b., 10802; d.,\\n1082 2\\nAmmianus, Marcellinus, b.-d., 10682.\\nAmmon, temple of, at Karnak, 6462; wor-\\nship of, 6463.\\nAmmon, Christoph F. von, b., 8023 d 8122.\\nR., robbed, 4343.\\nAmmonites defeated, 11401; destroyed,\\n11422; subdued, 11501.\\nAmmonius, Lithotoniuc, d., 6522.\\nSaccas, b. (170\u00c2\u00b1) d., 652 2\\nAmnesty, Cong, opposes, 225 2 excep-\\ntional; proclaimed, 2473; second procla-\\nmation, 2491 proclaimed, 253 general,\\n203 2 extended, L!f 32 unconditional, 2591,\\n265 2 Bill, Universal, fails, 291 2 to se-\\ncret societies, N. C, 283 1 Fr., granted,\\n7273 to prisoners, 7332 granted, 7333;\\n7352; Bill, 7512, 7513; favoted, 7511;\\ngranted, 753 granted refused commu-\\nnists, 7531 granted, 7:^2; defeated, 2!j9 2\\nto strikers, 7611; refused rioters, 7633\\nGer., granted, 7953; treaty, 819 2 in\\nPrus., 827 2 G. B., in Eng., 8912; in i re\\n9293; to political exiles, 961 2\\npromulgated (It.), 1090 2 to political\\noffenders (Port.), 11112 to prisoners\\n(Rus.), 11182; to Pules (Rus.), 11192; pro-\\nclaimed (Sp. 1, 11313; deeree issued (Sp.);\\nto Carlists (Sp.) 11333.\\nAmnon, assassinated, 11431.\\nAmohades dynasty, reigns, 10971.\\nAnion reigns, 11453; murdered, 11451.\\nAmontons, Guillaume, b., 690 3 system of\\ntelegraphy, 6942; d., 6962.\\nAmorite poem, written, 11411\\nAmory, Col., at Trenton Bridge, 207 2\\nAmos, prophet, 11443.\\nAmours, tribe rebels, 101\\nAmoy, flag fired on taken, 6161; mission,\\n617 i 6183, 6191 6223; riots, 6251\\nAmpella, asteroid, discovered, 748 1\\nAmpere, Andre Marie, b., 7043; applies\\nelectro-magnetism, 722 2 d., 7262.\\nJean Jacques, b., 714 2 Literary\\nHist, of France, 7283; d., 7362.\\nAmpling, battle of, 5041 7821\\nAmphictyon League rule prognostica-\\ntions, 10131.\\nAmphictyonic Council, est. at Thermo-\\npylae, 10152 flnes Phocians punishes\\nLocrians, 10241\\nsocieties flourish, 1014 2\\nAmphion, besieges Thebes, 10131\\nAmphipolis fnd., 10212 taken, 1020 2\\n10223.\\nAmphitheater, Astley s, reopened, 952i\\nAmphitrite lost, 947 3\\nAmphitrite, asteroid, discovered, 9582.\\nAmpthill, Baron, title created, 9571\\n(See Russell.)\\nAmpudia, Pedro de, at Monterey, 1601\\nAmras, murderer, arrested, 538 2\\nAnir-Ibn-El-As, invades Syria, 6551; d.\\n(663).\\nAmru-ben-el-Ass, b.(663i_-); at Alexandria,\\n4841; Mussulman; d., 4842,\\nel-Kais, d., 4842.\\nAmsdorf, Nikolaus von, b., 7S62; d.,7922.\\nAmsler, Samuel, b., 8043; d., 8182.\\nAmsterdam, Neth., Amstel Castle begun,\\n10981; founded; Eglantine est., 10991;\\nrecovered. 10993; Prussians enter, 11002;\\nFr. enter, 7101 Exchange and Stadhouse\\nbuilt surrendered to king, 11002; trade\\ninjured; bank fnd., 11012; Evan. Alli-\\nance held, 2602 Univ. opened Interna-\\ntional Conven. Y.M.C. A.,; memorial to\\nPastor John Robinson, 11022; unem-\\nloyed riotous, 11023; soc. for working-\\npeople fnid. International exhibition\\nopened, 11023.\\nIsland, French possess, 7633.\\nNetherlands Line est. in N.Y., 2873.\\nAmurath I., b. (1319) in Servia, 11231\\nreigns, 1155 3 besieges Constantinople,\\n11561 org. Janizaries conquers Thrace\\ncaptures Philippopolis, 10341 1154 2\\ntakes Greek territory, 10352; d., 11562.\\nII., b.-d., 11562; at Nish, 11561; reigns,\\n11572; at Verna, 5651.\\nIII., b.-d., 11562; reigns, 11572.\\nIV., b.-d., 11562; reigns, 11572; sultan\\nprohibits smoking, 11563.\\n(Murad) V., b. (1840) armistice, 5281\\nreigns deposed, 11592.\\nAmusements forbidden in Va., 283.\\nAmyntas I., king of Macedonia, 1017 2\\nreigns expelled, 10232.\\nAmyot, Jaques, b., 6802 d., 6842.\\nAmyraut, Morse, 1)., 6842; d.,690 3\\nAmyrtaeus (Egy.), rebel, 10183.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1185.jp2"}, "1186": {"fulltext": "1174\\nText Figures denote Page. INJDiiyC. Superior Figures indicate Column. Anah\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A Ti g] r\\nAnabaptists, death penalty for, 789 in\\nN.J., 502; i u Neth., 10983; insurrection\\nincited, 7872; active, 7891 est. theocracy,\\n7903; at Swikau, 789 1 in Switz., 1372; in\\nHesse; beheaded, 7902; seize Munster,\\n7901 edict against, Ger. tortured, 7903;\\nedict against, Sp., 11291; burned, 8743;\\nin London, 8902.\\nAnacletus, St.,Bp. at Koine, 10(523; d. (912).\\nAnacreon, b.-d., 10162; poet, 10163.\\nAnagawa, battle of, 10911\\nAnahita, discovered, 326*.\\nAnahuac, Aztecs, Chichimes enter, 132.\\nAnak Sepoy rebellion, 1048 1\\nAnaku-Merodach, reigns, 11433.\\nAnalytical Ma(/ar.ine issued, 1212.\\nAiian-ben-David, leader Karaites, 11543.\\nAnand, Bombay mission, 10481.\\nAnaneel, high priest, 11502, 11512.\\nAnanias, son of Xebedams, high priest,\\n11523; in bonds, 11533.\\nAnaquito, battle of, 221\\nAnarchiad Papers published, 99 1\\nAnarchism in army, 8361\\nAnarchists, Aust., 5332, 5351, 5362; Arg.\\nRep., in Buenos Ayres, 4933; munitions\\nof war, 5482; at Seraing, 5471 Belg., in\\nLiege, 5481 F r insurrection, 7533; dem-\\nonstration, Paris, 7552; fight Com-\\nmunists, 756 3 arrested at St. Denis,\\nParis, 7603; plot, Paris rout Boulan-\\ngists, 7611 dynamite explosion in Paris,\\n7623; convicted at Liege, 763 1 League\\nagainst, 7671 expelled, 7662, 3; in Mar-\\nseilles, 7671; Ger., arrested, 8362; op-\\nposition to, 8372; it., arrested; fire at\\nPremier Crispi suppression movement,\\n10903; g. B., meeting stopped, 1011 1;\\nawait trial, 10903; Sp., active, 11331;\\nU.S.A., sentenced in Chicago, 3243; sen-\\ntenced, 3272; plot in Chicago, 3591 cele-\\nbration, 3711 demonstration, 3943; fined,\\n3951 Chicago May-day parade, 4063;\\nmonument in Chicago, 4161 memorial\\nservice, N.Y., 4183; meeting, 4331; Clans\\nTimmerman sentenced, 4381 memorial,\\n4423; arrested, 4502; deportation of, 4691\\nmonument, 432 pardoned, 4323.\\nAnarchy in India, 10433; in Transvaal,\\n6013; in Fr., 7523, G752; treaty for sup-\\npression, 7611 League against anarchy,\\n7662; suppression treaty, 8352; in Per-\\nsia, 11073; in Peru, 11083; in Poland,\\n11133, 11152.\\nAnaselitza, Christians persecuted, 1158 2\\nAnastasius, St., Pope, 10G63.\\nII., St., Pope, 10703; d., 10702.\\nIII., Pope, 10723; 10721\\nIV., Pope, 10751 d., 10742.\\nSt., b.-d., 11542.\\nI., emp., b.-d.; persecutes Catholics\\nwithdraws protection, 10303.\\nI., reigns, 1031 2 corrects abuses,\\n10311 conspiracy charges killed, 1033 1\\nII., reigns, 10331 j d., 10322.\\nAnastatic printing invented, S16 1 9481\\nAnatoli, annexed to Ottoman emp., 1155 3\\nAnatomical Society, find., London, 9961\\nAnatotius, patriarch, crowns Leo I.,\\n10312.\\nAnaxagoras, b.-d., 10162; notes eclipses,\\n10203.\\nAnaxarchus, b., 10243.\\nAnaximander, b.-d. theory of air, 10162;\\nastronomical calculations, 10163; ob-\\nserves Zodiac, 10162.\\nAnaximenes, b., 10211\\nAncaster, Earl of, title created, 11103.\\nAncelot, Marguerite Virginia Chardon,\\nb., 7082; d., 7501.\\nJacques Arsene Franeoise Polycarpe,\\nb., 7102; d., 7302.\\nAncenis, treaty signed, 6792.\\nAnchor Line of steamships est., 1713.\\nAnchorage, Ivy. Keform School, 2783.\\nAnchorena, Tomas, foreign minister, 4923.\\nAncient Academy of Music find., 904*\\nOrder of Foresters, statistics, 4462.\\nOrder of Hibernians find., 147i con-\\nvention, 4621\\nOrder of United Workmen, 4463.\\nSociety of Germany, 7683.\\nAncients, Council of. (See Paris.)\\nAncillon, Johann P., b., 8023; d., 8143.\\nAnckarstrom, Count, shoots Gustavus\\nIII., 11351\\nAncon, treaty signed, 6073.\\nAncona, Marins army mutinies, 1056 2\\ncaptured, 6351 taken, 7801 capitulates,\\n7121 Fr. occupy, 7261 10S72; taken, It.,\\n5222; taken, 10881.\\nAncre, Marquis d\\\\ Baron de Lusigny Con-\\ncinio Coneini, people against, 6872; d.,\\n6862, 6873.\\nAncus, Martius, reigns, 10511\\nAncyra, church council at, 11543.\\nAndalusia, Inquisition in, 11272; upris-\\ning, 11301 bread riots, 11331\\nAnderida. (See Pevensey, 8401\\nAnderlues, colliery explosion, 5473.\\nAndernach, battle, 772 1.\\nAndersen, Hans Christian, b., 6382; works,\\n9392; d., 6421.\\nAnderson, Adam, b., 9001\\nAlexander, b., 823; d., 2682.\\nAlexander, l 8742; d., 8802.\\nA. A., Mrs., gift, 4183.\\nAndrew, books, S971\\nBill, at Centralia, 2382.\\nCarl Johan, b.-d., 11361\\nCapt., inS.C, 901.\\nCapt., captured in China, 6201;\\nknighted, 969i.\\nCharles, gov. of Ohio., 2511\\nCol. C. D., at Fort Gains, 2371\\nDavid, Washingtonian, 1511.\\nE. Ellery, K.K. director, 4473.\\nGeo. B., b. (1831) d., 2172.\\nHugh J., gov. of Me., 1592.\\nIsaac, b., 931 d., 180*\\nJames, b., 9103; d., 9343.\\nJohn, gov. of N.J., 632, 633.\\nJohn, editor, issues Constitutional\\nGazette, 831.\\nJohn, Sir, b. (1314) d., 9941\\nJoseph, b. (1757); pres. senate, 113 2\\nd. (1837).\\nJ. P., governor of Wash., 1832.\\nMary Antoinette (Mrs. Navarro), b.,\\n1842.\\nPercy, Sir, signs Agreement, 8352.\\nRichard C, b. (1750+) delegate,\\n1352; d. (1826).\\nRichard Henry, Gen., b. (1816) at\\nSanta Rosa Island, 2001 at Kinderhook,\\n2103; at Cold Harbor, 2341; at Gettys-\\nburg, 2241 at Fort Harrison, 2382; reen-\\nforces Lee, 2382; d., 3002.\\nRobert, b., 1122; at Charleston, 1881;\\nat Sumter, 1901 in Ky., 1993; d., 2741\\nRuf us, b., 1061 d., 3041\\nThomas, M., made col., 3221\\nAnderson, Ind., mills closed, 4642.\\nAnderson s Univ., founded, Glasgow, 9271\\nAndersonville, Ga., Feds, imprisoned,\\n2302; prison, a park, 2733.\\nAnderssen, Adolph, b., 8122; d., 8301.\\nAndcrsson, Nils Johan, b.-d., 11361.\\nAndilly, Robert d\\\\ b., 6842; d., 6922.\\nAndlan, Count imprisoned, 7562.\\nAndover, N.Y., oil discovered, 3381.\\nTheological Seminary organized,\\nMass., 1143; Andover Case, 370\\nAndrada, Diego Payva d\\\\ b.-d., 1109 2\\nGomez Freire-de, b.-d., 5542.\\nMachado e Silva Antonio Carlos\\nRibeiro de, b.-d., 5542.\\ne Silva, Jose Bonifacio de, b.-d., 5542;\\ndismissal opposed, exiled. 555 2\\nSp. Gen., at Seminara, 6782.\\nAndrade, Ferd. Perez D\\\\ Canton River,\\nexecuted, 615 2\\nJacinto Freire de, b. (1597) works,\\n11092, 1H02; d. (1657).\\nNeves, Jose Joaquim de, b.-d., 5542.\\nAndral, Gabriel, b., 7123; d., 7501.\\nAndrassy, Gyula (Julius), b., 5202; at\\nCongress of Berlin, 831 1 premier, 527 3\\nresigns, 5311 minister, 5292; represen-\\ntative, 5293; d., 5322; exiled, 5552.\\nAndre, Father, at Lake Huron, 442.\\nJohn, Maj., Brit, spy, b. (1751) lands,\\n921 hanged, 92 1 931 remains exhumed,\\n1293; monument, 3021\\nSt. Jacques d Albon, killed, 6821.\\nAndrea, Girolamo d b., 10851 d., 10882.\\nJakob, b., 7902; d., 7922.\\nJohann von, b., 7922; d., 7963.\\nLaurentius, b.-d.., 11342.\\nAndreas, Valentine, Rosea- Crucis, 7951\\nAndree, Karl T., b., 8083; d., 8281\\nAndreossi, Antoine Francois, b., 7023 d.,\\n7243.\\nAndrew the Apostle, called, 11521; cruci-\\nfied, 11532.\\nI., Hung. K.; assassinated, 5022, 3.\\nII., Hung. K., b.-d. fifth crusade,\\n5042; King, 5051.\\nAndrew III., Hung. King, 5052; d., 5042.\\nL, grand duke of Vladimir, 11151,\\nmurdered, 11132.\\nII., reigns in Russia, 11152.\\nof Hungary, murdered, 10773.\\nJames Osgood, b., 1042; ordained bp.\\n1402; suspended, 1563; d. (1871, Mar.).\\nJohn, b., 662.\\nAlbion, b., 1262; gov., 2032; calls\\nfor troops, 1953; d., 2582.\\nPalseologos becomes Mohammedan,\\n11563.\\nAndrews, ozone theory, 9641\\nA. T., World s Fail- Com., 3633.\\nCarrie, shot, 4502.\\nChas. B., gov. of Conn., 3012, 3033.\\nBr., Dublin Observatory, 9222.\\nE. B., Pres. Brown Univ., 3411; de-\\nclines Chicago Univ., 4482; Monetary\\nConference, 4132; in Brussels, 5491\\nEdward Gayer, b., 1322; consecrated\\nbishop, 2763.\\nEthan Allen, b., 981 d., 1841\\nGeo. L., Col. b. (1S28) at Laurel Hill,\\nW. Va., 1962.\\nJedediah, Bapt. minister, 542.\\nJudson B., b. (1834) d., 4661\\nLorrin, b. (1795) d., 2622.\\nmissionary, 571 9191\\nraiders, monument, 3841\\nStephen Pearl, b., 1182; d., 3222.\\nW. S., bribery, 4531\\nAndrevi, Francisco, b.-d., 11302.\\nAndrieux, Francois Guillaume Jean Stan-\\nislaus, b. 11759] JCtmmlis, 70G3; d. (1833).\\nM., Panama Canal scandal, 7642, 3;\\nduel, 7643.\\nAndriscus, insurrection of, 1029 2 leader\\nMacedonians, 10551.\\nAndrocides, b.-d., 1019 1\\nAndrocles, in Messenian war, 10141, d.\\n(740 B.C.).\\nAndromache, asteroid, discovered, 2961\\nAndromache captures La Trove, 9361.\\nAndronicus of Rhodes, b. ,10282; flourishes,\\n10291.\\nI., Comnenus, b. (1110+) reigns,\\n1033 3 orders massacre Latins, 11551;\\nd. (1185).\\nII., b. (1259) struggle, 10341 reigns;\\ndeposed, 1035 2 opposes church union,\\nexcommunicated, 10343 d. (1332).\\nIII., d. 1290) struggle, 10341 reigns,\\n10352 d. (1341).\\nAndros, besieged, 10182.\\nEdmund, Sir, b., 341 g0 v., 453 est.\\nauthority, 461 at Boston gov. Am\\ncolony, 50 3 t Hartford gov .-gen. Brit.\\nAm. in R. I. N.J. submits tyranny of,\\n511 recall in prison, 512; g uV Ya.,532 t\\nd.,581.\\nAnegenqe appears, 7783.\\nAnesthetics (U.S.A.), introduced, 1622.\\nAnethan, Julius Joseph, Baron d 1\\n(1803) ministry resigns, 5452.\\nAngeli, House of, reigns, 10333.\\nAngelina discovered, 7342.\\nAn gell,JamesBurrill,b.(182IH; treaty ,6232.\\nJoseph Kinnicut, b., 1042; d., (1857).\\nAngelo, Andrea, b., 10721\\nAngels, Reliefs of, executed, 8541\\nAngelus, exhibited in Fr. bought by Am.\\nArt Asso. in N.Y., 3422; in Chicago,\\n3521 S old, 3701 i n Canada, 5901\\nAngers, A. R., Minister of Agr., 595 2\\nUniversity founded, 6723.\\nAngevin line of counts est., 673 2\\nAngibert, St., b. (740+) d., 6662.\\nAngkor, taken, 11241.\\nAngles, settle in Scot., 7712; enter Eng.,\\n8401,3, S412; restore arts, letters, 8431.\\nAnglesey, E. of, minister, 8933.\\nMarquis of, title created, 9372. (See\\nPaget, Henry William.)\\nAnglican Church, est.. 8723; in Md., 542;\\nin Rome, 10SS3; service; music, 8701.\\nChurch Quarterly Jterieu; est., 9803.\\nclergy, restricted, 8883.\\nCreed, articles, 8723.\\nAngling, practised, 11442.\\nAnglo-American Telegraph Co. org., 2533.\\nAustrian con ven signed, 1005 3\\nContinental Society formed, 9583.\\nDanish exhibition in London, 9981\\nFr. agreement with Africa, 7611\\nGer. agreement, 8352, 5613, 5633.\\nJewish Society incorporated, 9751\\nMexican treaty, accepted, 5011\\nNorman, bursts boilers, 169 2", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1186.jp2"}, "1187": {"fulltext": "Angl-Anti.\\ntext Figures denote Page. lrsijh.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1175\\nAnglo-Portuguese Congress, 10072 agree-\\nment signed, 11123.\\nSaxon wrecked, 9673.\\nSaxons advance civilization, 843 1\\nTurkish Conven. annulment, 1001 2\\nAngola discovered, 11611,\\nAngora, action at, 1035 2\\nAngostura, action at, 1160 2\\nAngouleme, Cathedral erected, 6691;\\nHouse of, enthroned, 6793.\\nDue d Chas. de Valois, b., 6922 d.\\n(1650).\\nDue d Louis Antoine de Bourbon, b.\\n(1775) enters Sp., 7241 d. (1844).\\nDuchess l\\\\ Marie Therese Charlotte,\\nh., 7043 d. (1851).\\nAnguilla, W.I., settled, S932.\\nAngus, E. oi. (See Douglas, Archibald.)\\nSamuel, b. (1784) d., 1521\\nAnhalt, belongs to Saxony, 7791 inde-\\npendent, 7803 duchy, 8223,\\nAnheim surrenders, 6921\\nAnhoui, famine in, 6253.\\nAnicet-Bourgeois, Auguste, b., 7163 d.\\n(1871).\\nAnicetus, St., Pope, 10643 d. (162\u00c2\u00b1).\\nAnimal magnetism, practised, 516 3\\nAnimalcules discovered, 11003.\\nAnimals, remains of extinct, 9421; Soc.\\nPrevention of Cruelty to, 2522.\\ncruelty in passage, 2851\\nAnisansel, Col. H., near Sutton, 2021\\nAnilin, invented, 8141\\nAnjou, united to France, 679 2 surren-\\ndered, 8632.\\nDuke of, regent, 6753.\\nAnlaf (See Olaf\\nA. iV. Johnson explodes boiler, 1633.\\nAnn, Czarina, d., 11143.\\nAnna Comnena, b.-d., 10322 Alexis, 10323.\\nAnnates des Travaux Piibliques issued,\\n5443.\\nPolitique*, I ivilcs, et Lit/eraires, 70S 2\\nAnnul i di Math mat tea issued, 1088 3\\ndi Statist ica issued, 10883.\\nAnnaly, Baron, title created, 9651\\nAnnam, provinces annexed to Fr., 7373.\\n(See text, pp. 480-483.)\\nAnnandale, Scot., earthquake, 9981\\nVa., bat., 2183 Coll. org., 1863.\\nAnnapolis, capital Md., 533 Washington\\nsurrenders command, 961; Cont. Cong,\\nmeets, 972; State Library fnd., 135i;\\nGen. Butler commands, 1942 Naval\\nAcademy org., 158 3 opnd., 3501 hazing\\nprohibited, 2841 constitutional conven.\\nmeets, 2333,2573 earthquake, 3321 ex-\\nplorers monument, 3701 bicentennial\\ncelebrated, 4533.\\nAnn Arbor, Locomotive Brotherhood in-\\njunction, 427 2\\nAnnas, high-priest, 11503.\\nAnne, Duchess of Courland, reigns, 11153.\\nHyde, marries, 891 2\\nof Austria, b., 6S6 2 marries Louis\\nXIII., 6873; regent; at St. Germain,\\n6S93; d., 6903.\\nof Beaujeu, b. (1462) regent, 679 2\\n681 2 d. (1522) est. maids of honor, 679 1\\nvanquishes princes, 6781 2\\nof Bohemia, b. (1366); marries, 8611;\\nd. (13940\\nof Brittany, b. (1476); black for\\nmourning, 679 espoused; marries, 6793;\\nd. (1514).\\nof Denmark, b. 1574 queen d., 8801\\nof Eng., b., 890 2 Queen, 903 2 cures\\nfor scrofula, 9052 d.,905i; statue, 904\\n9941.\\nof Russia marries Henry I., 6691\\nof Sweden, marries, 8773.\\nof York, marries George, 897 2 de-\\nserts father, 8973.\\nAnnenkoff, Gen., Rus., director, 73.\\nAnnesley, Arthur, b., 8801 d., 986 2\\nEarl, title created, 9231\\nSusannah, marries, 8991\\nAnni Franc i sc in arum issued, 7972.\\nAnnibile, G. d\\\\ cons. Cardinal priest, 7582.\\nAnnie E. Hall, loss, 3353.\\nJane, wrecked, 9593.\\nJ. Pardee, wrecked, 4773.\\nAnniston, Ala., R. R. accident, 4733.\\nAnnius Rufus rules in Judea, 11513,\\nAnno, Archbp., abducts K., 7753 d. (1075).\\nAnnodine, attacked, 823.\\nAnnuario di (?iur/x/ nidenza issued, 1090 2\\nAnnuity Bill, D. of Edinburgh, 9773.\\nTax Abolition Act passes, 975 2\\nAnnville, Lebanon Valley Coll. org., 2583.\\nAnointing at coronations, G. B.,S442,845 2\\nAnquetil-Duperron, Abraham Hyacinthe,\\nb., 6983 d., 7163.\\nAnscarius, or Ansgar, b. (801) mission to\\nDanes, 6351 introduces Christianity,\\n11333 d. (865).\\nAnseline de Leon, b.-d., 668 2\\nAnselm, St., Archbp. of Canterbury, b.-d.,\\n8462 in monastery, 6682, 8463 conse-\\ncrated archbishop, 8483.\\nAnselme, Antoine, b., 6902 d., 6983.\\nAnselmo, St., Bp. of Lucca, b.-d., 10742.\\nAnson wrecked, 3813, 9321\\nAnson, A. I. R., cons, bishop., 9922.\\nGen. George, b. (1797) Sepoy rebel-\\nlion, 10481 d. (1857).\\nLord George, b., 900 2 captures Fr.\\nfleet off Finisterre, 700 i; admiralty,\\n9133 d., 916 2\\nAnsonia, library dedicated, 4081.\\nAnsorge, Charles, b. (1817); d. 2541\\nAusprand, King of Italy, 10731.\\nAnster, John, b., 926.2 d. (1867).\\nAntalcides, Peace of, 10232.\\nAntalia, earthquake, 11562.\\nAntananarivo, mission at, 10942.\\nAntar, warrior, poet, 4831 d., 484 2\\nAntarctic Continent discovered, 1501.\\nexpedition sails, 1481\\nAntenor, bronze group, 10191; founds\\nPadua, 10511.\\nAnterius, St., Pope, 10643.\\nAnthemius, reigns, 1071 2 seizes Constanti-\\nnople, 11541 murdered, 10713 d., 10702.\\nAuthon, Chas., b., 1062; Classical Diction-\\nary, 1543; d., 2582.\\ntranslates Horace, 1391\\nAnthony, Clement, King, 815 2\\nGeo. T., gov. Kan., 2973.\\nHenry Bowen, b., 1241 gov. R. I.,\\n1671 Pres. Senate, 2671 2711 2733, 2753,\\n2773, 2792 d. (1884.)\\nSt., b., 6522; fnds. monastieism,\\n10663 d., 6542.\\nof Lisbon works, 11091\\nof Padua, b.-d., 10742.\\nPrior of Crato, rules, 11093.\\nCol. at Kansas, Mo., 2003.\\nSusan Brownell, b., 1282 woman s\\nsuffrage, 2592 votes, 2783.\\nUlric, Duke of Brunswick, 7992.\\nYiscount Falkland, lord admiralty,\\n8992.\\nAnthropological Institute fnd., 9741.\\nSociety org., 966 1\\nAnti-Amusement Act passes, 8811.\\nAnarchists Bill, passes S., 4692; H.\\nnon-concurring, 4692 Ger. Bill, 8372.\\nLaw, Fr., 7671; hill passes in\\nFrance, 7673.\\nmanifesto issued, Fr., 7642.\\nAntiburghers, reunite with Burghers, 9403.\\nAnti-Catholic schools established, 8963.\\nChinese Bill passes S., 405i vetoed\\nsecond bill passes, 3111\\nriots in California, 2971\\nAntichrist, drama, appears, 7763.\\nAnti-Convict Society, Cape Colony,fmd.,\\n5991 Labor Bill intro., 3491 passed, 3692.\\nCorn Law League, find., 9493 reor-\\nganized, 9573.\\nAnticyra captured, 10262.\\nAnti-dancing socials, 9531\\nDebris Convention, Cal., 3113.\\nDutch Navigation Act, 8S91 11013.\\nDynamite Bill, Fr., passes, 7633.\\nEffeminacy Act passed, 8772.\\nEpiscopacy Bill, Eng., 8851\\nAntietam, Battle of, Md., 2131; National\\nCemetery dedicated, 2593.\\nAnti-Export Law passes, Eng., 9032.\\nGambling Association, fmd., 4731\\nAntigone presented, 3801\\nasteroid, discovered, 2801\\nAntigonidas rule Macedonia, 10272.\\nAntigonish, Can., Casket, 5803.\\nAntigonus, b.-d., 10231 regency, 1025 3\\nkills Eumenes war against, 10243 k. at\\nIpsus, 10261.\\nDoson, at Sellasia, 10262 regent gen-\\neral Achsean League dies, 1027 3\\nGonatus, against Gr. takes Athens,\\n10261 title of king, 10271 restored to\\nMacedon liberates Athenians, 1027 2\\ngains Macedonia, 1027 2; in Thrace, 11481\\ntakes Palestine, 11491 d., 10272.\\nAntigonus, high priest, 1150 2 enthroned\\nin Syria, 1151 2 rebuilds Smyrna, 11551\\nAntigua discovered, 142 ceded to Eng-\\nland, 433, 8932; bishopric est., 9483;\\nBishop Jackson consecrated, 9862.\\nAnti-Hazing Bill, N. Y., signed, 4562.\\nHeretics Law passes, Eng., 8602.\\nHussite Crusade, 10791.\\nInternational Society Bill passed,\\nFr., 7471 manifesto issued, 7642; law\\nabolished, 8343.\\nKellogg Convention at N. O., 2832.\\nKuklux Act, enforcement, 2751\\nAntillia settled, 113 found on maps, 123.\\nAnti-Liquor Bill, 9092.\\nlords resolution, first, 10123.\\nLottery Bill, U. S., passed, 3671 3691\\nconstitutional, 401 2 violated, 376 2 4451\\nLottery League org., La., 3523, 3863.\\nMinor laws, G. B., 9471\\nStamp Act, Congress meets, 75 2\\nAntisthenes,b.(444 B.C.); flourishes, 10231\\nfnds. Cynic school, 10232 d. (371 B.C.).\\nAnti-Tammany, woman s movement, 4731\\nTax insurrection, Eng., 8661 riots\\nbreak out, 10903.\\nTobacco Crusade, fnd., G. B., 9591\\nTrust Bill introduced, U. S. A., 3483,\\n4272; passes, 3571,3591.\\nUnion Society meetings prohibited,\\nAntioch built, 11491 capital, 11491 earth-\\nquakes, 115(12; action at, 10641 captured,\\n10661; Christians massacred, 10722;\\ntaken, 10313, 10321, 10352, 11552; Chris-\\ntian principality, 10333 mission, 11582.\\nCollege org., 1723.\\nAntiochus, K. of Messenia, in war, 10141\\n1., b. (323 B.C.) enlarges territory.\\n10271 reigns, 11491 defeats Gauls, 114S1\\nd. (261 B.C.).\\nII., Theos, b. (300\u00c2\u00b1 B.C.); reigns, 11491\\npeace with Egy., 6521 d. (246 B.C.).\\nIII., the Great, b.-d., 11482 reigns,\\n11492 invades Greece aids iEtolians\\ndefeats Asiaticus at Magnesia, 1026 2\\nwar with Rome; fleet defeated, 10551;\\nfever, 10553 subdues Palestine; at Ra-\\nphia; sacks Jerusalem, 114S 1 takes Syria\\nand Judea defeated by Romans, 11402\\ndefeated in Palestine, 6531.\\nIV., Epiphanes, b. (200\u00c2\u00b1 B.C.), invades\\nArmenia, 11481; plunders Temple; cru-\\nelty sins war with Egy., 6521 reigns,\\n11492 murdered, 114S 2 3.\\nV., Eupator, reigns, 11492 indepen-\\ndence of Jews murdered, 11493.\\nVI., Theos, reigns confirms Jona-\\nthan Maccabeus grants peace to Jews,\\n11493 s lain in Parthia, 11503.\\nVII., Sidetes, reigns, 11493 besieges\\nJerusalem, 11481; defeated in Parthia,\\n11501\\nVIII., Grypus, reigns, 11503 invades\\nArmenia in Syria, 11501\\nIX., Cyzicenus reigns, 11503.\\nX., Eusebus, reigns, 11511\\nXI., Dionysius, dethroned, 11501;\\nreigns deposed, 11511.\\nXIII., King of Syria; defeated by\\nRomans, 11511 dethroned, 10592.\\nAnti-Option Bill passes S., 4213, 4232 dis-\\ncussed in S., 4223 put down, 4251 re-\\ncalendared, 411 2 laid over, 4131 killed,\\n425 2 debate, 453 2 substitute, 4632.\\nAntioquia, federal state, 6291\\nAnti-Papist laws, Eng., 881 2\\nAntipater J., of Macedon, at Crannon at\\nB. Megalopolis, 10242; compels peace;\\nregent conquers Spartans territory,\\n10253 d., 10251\\nappointed lieutenant rebuilds walls\\nof Jerusalem, 1151 2 conspires against\\nHerod, 11513 poisoned, 11503.\\nfights for throne k., 10271\\nof Tarsus, d., 1148 2\\nAntiphilus, b., 10243.\\nAntiphon, b., 10191 d., 10231.\\nAnti-Polygamy Bill, constitutional, 3212\\napproved, 327 2\\nPooling Bill passes, 4772.\\nAnti-popery Association, Eng., 9682.\\npoverty meetings opposed, 376 2\\npress law, Belg., 5432.\\nAntiquarian Society fmd., suspended,874l.\\nSociety established, 936 2\\nAntiquaries, revived, London, 9022,\\nAntiquary Magazine issued, 986 2\\nAnti-racing law, Eng., 911 2\\nrenters in ST. Y., 1571 1591\\nRevolutionist Bill, Ger., 8372.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1187.jp2"}, "1188": {"fulltext": "1176\\nText Figures denote Page. IJNJJrlyC. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nAnti-Arch.\\nAnti-saloon League, Boston, 4042.\\nsaloon Republicans, national conv.,\\n3252.\\nAntiseptic surgery introduced, 9741\\nAnti-slavery decision, G. B., 9192; ques-\\ntion, G. B., 9332; Bill passes, Eng., 9333;\\nAct, 947 2 conference at Paris, 7603; at\\nBrussels; expedition, 5463; Act, 5472.\\nslavery movement opposed, 583.\\nslavery Society fnd., U. S., 1431\\nslavery Society in Port, find., 11113.\\nslave trade efforts, Eng., 9231\\nsorcery law, Eng., S79 1\\nTrust Bill passed, 3591\\nAntium, Latin colony at, 1051 3 action\\nnear, 10761\\nAntofagasta, Bolivia, occupied, 6961.\\nAntoine do Bourbon, b. (1518) in Navarre,\\n6832; d. (1652).\\nJacques Denis, b., 6983; d., 7143.\\nAntonella, da Messina, b. (1414+) intro-\\nduced oil in painting, 10781 d. (1493).\\nAntonelli, Giacomo, b., 10843 cardinal\\n(1847); pres. ministry, 10872; against oc-\\ncupation Holy City, 10893; d., 10882.\\nAntonia discovered, 7561\\nAntonia, Tower of, built, 11502.\\nAntoninus, Marcus Aurelius, b.-d., 10642\\nreigns, 10292, 10652 victories, 10641\\nintro. worship of Serapis, 10643 eel.\\ntriumph, 1065 1 embassy to China repels\\ninvaders, 10652; persecutes Christians,\\n10643; statue, 10642.\\nPius (Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius\\nAxrius), b.-d., 10642; wall of, 8393; in\\nBritain, 839 2 adopted by Hadrian;\\nreigns, 10652; d., 6522.\\nAntonio, Nicolas, b.-d., 11283.\\nAntonius, Felix, procurator, 11533.\\nGaius, commands army, 10582 in\\nconspiracy of Catiline consul, 10592.\\nLucius, war against, 1060 2\\nAntony, Mark (Marcus Antonius), b., 10642;\\n1st triumvirate, 10592; usurpations of,\\n10612; at Mutina, 10602; 2d triumvirate,\\n10612; in Greece; in Asia, 10602; restores\\norder in East, 10612; meets and marries\\nCleopatra, 10611, 6532; marries Octavia;\\nwarwithParthians, 10602; j n East, 10613;\\naidsOctavian, 10002; defeated, 052 1 ,0533;\\nreplaces library in Alexandria, 6523; dis-\\nmissed, 10613; suicide, 10603.\\nAntozone discovered, 8201\\nAntrim, Earl, title created, 9231\\nAntwerp, Northmen take in Holy Roman\\nEmpire tournament celebration re-\\nturned to Brabant prosperous, 5393\\nSt. James Church erected, 5401 com-\\nmerce transferred, 10991; Notre Dame\\nCathedral completed the Exchange\\nbuilt, 5402,; 5441 Spanish take, 5401; de-\\nclines, 5413; besieged, 1098 attempt to\\nseize, 6841; truce of; concluded, llOOi;\\nsurrenders taken occupied by French,\\n11002 capital, 5432 annexation, 5432\\nNapoleon visits, 5433; occupied by Fr.,\\n5421,2; Belg. troops enter, 1102 stokers\\nstrike, 546 2 besieged, 544 Bible Soc,\\nfnd., 5442; Precaniear issued, 5443; Ex-\\nchange is burned, 5453; fortilications are\\nejected, 5441 fortifications destroyed\\nNapoleon wharf burned, 5453; Fine Arts\\nFete, 5441 opening port, 5442; Leopold s\\nstatue, 5441 Due de Bordeaux arrives,\\n5452; religious riots, 5442; centenary of\\nRubens s birth, 545 Plantin Mauretus\\nMuseum, 5441 Exhibition opened, 5473;\\nriots,547i Temperance Cong., 546 2 dyna-\\nmite explosion influenza first-class\\nport, 5473; cholera, 5491 ,2; riots, 5481 in-\\nsurance swindle, 5482; Jesuit College\\nburned World s Exhibition opens fire,\\n5493.\\nAnville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d\\nb., 6943; d.,7051.\\nAnwari, d., 11063.\\nAnzin, Fr., coal-mines opened, 6993.\\nApache Indians driven into Mexico, 3041\\nApaehme Apophis, reigns (Egypt), 647 3\\nApaczai, Joannes, d., 5123.\\nApalachicola, Fla., arsenal seized, 1911;\\nsurrendered, 2061\\nAparicio, Gen., at battle of Galte, 6432.\\nApelles of Colophon, paintings, 10243.\\nAphidias reigns in Athens, 10133.\\nApicius, Marcus Gabius, b.-d., 10621.\\nApinn, Peter, b., 7862; d., 7922.\\nApion, b., 10283.\\nApollinaris, b.-d., 11542.\\nApollo worship of 10142; robbery of Tem-\\nple, 10161 Temple dedicated, 10503.\\nEpicurus, Temple of, 10203; elected,\\n10211.\\nApollodorus, painter, b., 10211; executes\\nTrajan s Pillar, 10642.\\ngrammarian, b., 10282.\\nApolfonia, besieged; captured, 1026 2\\nApollonius Pergieus, geom. works, 10271.\\ngov., Syr. at Beth-boron; at Azotus,\\n11481\\nof Rhodes, Argonautica, poems, 1027 1\\nof Tyana, b.-d., 10622.\\nTyrannous, b.-d., 10283.\\nAponte, Gabriel Cano de, governor, 605 3\\nApostles Creed, formulated, 10623, 10683\\ntranslated, 7702.\\nApostlestrasse missions, 6583.\\nApothecaries exempt, 905i\\nApparel, statute of, 8651\\nAppellants, appeal of, 6991\\nAppellicon, library, 10291; sent to Rome,\\n10563.\\nAppian, Hist or 11 of Home, 10292.\\nWay, built, 10531 Capua, 10662.\\nAppiani, Andrea, b., 10842; d., 10862.\\nApp ms and Virginias issued, 8731\\nAppledor, action at, 8441\\nApplegath, Augustus, b., 9242; d. (1871).\\nAppleton, Daniel, publisher, b., 962.\\ncolonel 7th Reg., 342i\\nS., b. (1814) d., 3701\\nGeorge Swett, b. (1821) d., 2982.\\nJane Means, marries Pierce, 1451.\\nJesse, b., 762; d., 1281\\nJohn, b., 1241 d., 2373.\\nSamuel, b., 741 d., 1722.\\nThomas Gold, b., 1182; d., 3162.\\n,Wm, H., d., 2052.\\nWis., Lawrence Univ. org., 1632.\\nAppletoifs Xnr Am. Cyc. begun, 2291 Cyc.\\nof Am. Biography 3502.\\nAppo, George, throat of, cut, 4722.\\nAppomattox Court House, Va., Lee sur-\\nrenders light at, 2401 burned, 4013.\\nStation, Va., Confeds. expelled, 2452.\\nApponyi, Count, Antoine-Rodolphe, criti-\\ncises emperor, 5371\\nApportionment Bill passes Senate, 3771\\nApprentice Law in Transvaal, 599 1\\nLibrary founded, 129 1\\nAppropriation Bills. (See text U. S. A.)\\nAppropriations for war, U. S. A., 161 1.\\nApraxin, Steven-Feodorovitch, Gen. Ste-\\nfan, leader, 516 1 d. (1758).\\nApries (Pharaoh Hophra) reigns war\\nwith Babylon, 6512; attacks Syria, 6501\\ndefeated dethroned captured, 6502.\\nApronadius reigns, 11453.\\nAfisltvron, Asia, aerolite falls, 11221.\\nApsley, Lewis D., b., 1701\\nApula, reduced, 10:122 restored to Greece,\\n10333; conquered by Romans, 10681 oc-\\ncupied; subdued, 10741 taken from Pope;\\nducat struck, 10753.\\nAquae Sextaj, battle at, 6621 (See Aix.)\\nAquatinta invented, 6901 improved, 7022.\\nAquaviva, Claudius, Jesuit gen., 1081 1.\\nAqueduct, water introduced, Boston, 1113;\\nCroton,N.y.,completed,1493, 1553, 1653;\\nWashington begun, 1733 Ellesmere\\nCanal opened, 9322.\\nAquia Creek, Va., McClellan arrives Rey-\\nnolds reaches, 2121\\nAquidaban sunk, 5601.\\nAquila, ruined by earthquake, 10822.\\nCaspar, b., 7862; d., 7922.\\nPonticus, b., 10283.\\nAquileia, besieged, 10641 colonized, 1065 2\\nchurch council at, 5022 destroyed,\\n10701; refugees in Venice, 10712; Cathe-\\ndral fnd., 10741 unites with Aust., 5072.\\nAquilius, Nepos, subdues Sicily. 10562.\\nAquilonia, action at, 10522.\\nAquinas, St. Thomas, b.-d., 10742 doc-\\ntrines, 8542; teaches, 10771\\nArab, coin issued, 0553; horses to Queen\\nVictoria, 4833 insurrection, 101 tribes,\\nallegiance, 4873.\\nArab, trotting record, 3273.\\nArabia Felix, conquered, 11061\\n(Moslems.) (See text, pp. 483-488.)\\nPetrtea, Rom. prov., 10G62, 11533.\\nArabi Pasha, at Alexandria; rebels against\\nFr.,658i; conspiracy against decorated\\nby sultan declares war, 6583; secretary\\nof war; conspiracy; rebellion of, 6592\\ntrial and sentence, 0583,6593; resigns;\\nrestored, 6592; wa r with Eng., 9881\\nArabic Bible, prepared, 4842.\\nArabic speed, 3113.\\nArabs, cultivate sciences Ahyssinians\\npersecute, 4842; heroic period, 4841;\\nconquer Bokhara, 5491; in Egy., 5541;\\nexplore Atlantic, 112 defeated on the\\nIsly, 83; subdued, 101 starving in Alex-\\nandria, 6593; in Turkish army, 4881;\\naccept amnesty, 8382; dynasty of, 1101 1\\nin Eastern Empire, 10302 subdue Per-\\nsia, 11062 rule Persia, 11072 ravage\\nSyria, 10313; inMorocco, 10971 in Tunis,\\n11391; enter Spain, 11253; massacre in\\nKongo, 10933.\\nArad, battle of, 5223; executions, 5233.\\nArago, Dominique F.,b.,70Gi magnetizes\\nneedle, 7222; d., 7322; statue of, 7641\\nEtienne, b., 7143; mayor of Paris,\\n7412; d., 7621.\\nFrancois J. D., Annates de Chimie,\\n7231 experiments in steam, 7222.\\nFrancois Victor Emmanuel, b., 7192;\\nd. (1855).\\nJacques Etienne Victor, b., 7062; d.,\\n7322.\\nAragon, French expelled, 6881 war\\nagainst Castile, 11261 united with Cas-\\ntile, 11273 conquers Sardinia, 10773\\nKings of Aragon, 11272 invaded by\\nFrench, 11281 insurrections, 11302.\\nAragone, war with, ends, 6721\\nArakan mission, 10463.\\nAram, rules, 11413; revolts, 1145 2\\nEugene, executed, 9152.\\nAranda, Count of, Don Pedro Pablo Ab\\narea y Bolea, b.-d., 11283.\\nAranjuez, insurrection at, 11313.\\nrevolt at, 11302.\\nArany, Jomos, b., 520 2\\nAraros, AZo/posicon and Cocalus, 10231.\\nAratusofSi -yon, b.-d., 10263; Gen. Achaean\\nLeague, 10272 liberates Sicyon, 10272;\\ncaptures Corinth. 10262; poisoned, 10271\\nof Soli, b., 10263.\\nAraucanians, assaults of, 22i war with,\\n6041 treaty with Spain, 6052.\\nAraucano in navy, 606 1\\nAraivjo d Azevedo, Antonio, b.-d., 11102.\\nLima, Pedro de, b. (1793); regent, 5553\\nd. (1870.)\\nArbaces, governs Media reigns, 11451\\nArbela, battle at, 10242.\\nArbitration Court, Fr,, 4311; Brazil and\\nArgentine Republic, 451 2\\nCongress of, 4763 Newfoundland dis-\\npute, 7612; clause adopted, 6581 E. Af.\\nclaims, 5632; A. and Peace Cong., at\\nGeneva at Bern, 1138 3 A. of labor\\ntroubles, Aust., 5062 Boards of, Fr.,\\n7551 Board of, G. B., 9403; Act passes,\\n977i, 9793; ministers meeting, 10071;\\nfavored, 10112; Delagoa Bay, 11112.\\nof American boundaries, 1353; treaty\\nsigned, 357 2 Sherman resolution, 3491\\n4033; ratified, 405i Bering Sea commis-\\nsioners, 4251 decision, 4361\\nArblay, Madame d\\\\ Frances Burney, b.,\\n9123 works, 9211,9291; d., 9483.\\nArbo, Peace of 11353.\\nArbogast, Louis Francoise Antoine, b.\\n7023; d., 7143.\\nor Arbogastes, murders Valentian,\\n10671; d., 10682.\\nArboleda, Julio, b. (1817) alliance assas-\\nsinated, 6291.\\nArbor Day. (See Am. States.)\\nArbueklei James, b., 9002; d., 9082.\\nMts., Indian Territory ,gold discovered,\\n3701.\\nArbuthnot, Adra. Marriot, b. (1711) de-\\nfeats Fr. fleet, 941 d. (1794).\\nAlexander, hanged, 1261.\\nViscount of, title created, 8851\\nJohn, b., 8922; John Bull, 9051 d.,\\n9082.\\nGen., in Burmese war, 10482.\\nArc, emigrants on, land in Md. 322.\\nArc, Joan of. (See Joan.)\\nArcadia, invaded, 10202; acad. fnd., 10833.\\nArcadians oppose liberty of press, 7391.\\nArcadius, b. (383 or 377?); emp., 7693;\\nreigns, 10312, 10693; appoints Alaric,\\n10693; forbids polygamy, 10791 d., 10312.\\nArce, Aiceto, Pres., 5512; k., 5503.\\nGaspar Nunez de, works, 11323.\\nL. F. de Cordova y, governor, 605 2\\nArcesilaus, b.-d., 10251.\\nArch, used, 648 1 appears, 10131.\\nArcharius, Erick, b.-d., 11342.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1188.jp2"}, "1189": {"fulltext": "Arch-Arka.\\nText Figures denote Page. l-NDrLyC. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1177\\nArehdale, Gov. John, protects Indians,\\n531, 533; favors moderate party, 533;\\nrefuses official oath, 901 1\\nArchelaus, rules Pal. banished, 11513.\\nb.-d., 10283; rules Macedonia, 10213;\\nmurdered, 10232.\\nof Cappadocia, against Rome, 10573;\\nmasters Athens defeated, 10281\\nArchemorus, games to, 10132.\\nArchenholz, Johann W., b., 8003; Seven\\nYears War, 807*; d., 8102.\\nArcheological Institute in Athens, 3442.\\nArcher captures Caleb Cushing, 3232.\\nArcher City, Tex., fire court house, 3793.\\nFrederick James, d., 9941\\nScott, dis. collodion process in\\nphotography, 9562; d. (1857).\\nStevenson, State-treas., shortage,\\n3553; sentenced, 3543.\\nArchianes, reigns, 11453.\\nArchias fnds. Syracuse, 1051 1\\nArchibald, Adams George, b. (1814) gov-\\nernor, 5832; lieut-gov., 5833; d. (1892).\\nWm, E. of Eglington, lord-lieut., 9573.\\nArchidamus II., King, invades Attica,\\n10201 defeats Arcadians, 10223.\\nArchidockus, b.-d., 10142; iambic verse,\\n10143.\\nArchimedes, b.-d., 10261 screw cylinder,\\n10263; defense of Syracuse, 10542; in-\\nvents water-organ, 1055 2\\nArchipelago, freedom of trade, 5522.\\nArchitecture, early, of G.B., 842 Gothic\\nappears, 84S2, 854 1, 8582, 8662; revived,\\n9421 Grecian revived, 8801 cultivated,\\n11422; Royal School of Naval, est., 9671\\nIonic Doric appears, 10131 Corinthian\\norder invented, 10162. (See Cathedral.)\\nArchius, b., 10142.\\nArchiva Eomanesca issued, 11133.\\nArchlvio Storico issued, 10871\\nStorico Lombardo issued, 10S8 3\\nTrentico issued, 10902.\\nVeneto issued, 10883.\\nArchone, early, govern, 10151, 2.\\nArchytas of Tarentum, b., 10343; invents\\ncarpenters tools, 10211.\\nAreola, battle at, 5182.\\nArcon, Jean Claude Eleonore leMichaud,\\nd b.,6983; d., 7142.\\nArcot, E. I., captured, 7001; taken, 7031,\\n9141 ,10441 ,2; mission, 10463, 10472, 10483.\\nArctic collides with Vesta, 1773.\\nArctic Expedition, Cabot s Thorpe, 8662;\\nExpedition, 870i Frobisher s 8741\\nKnight s Muscovy Co., 8781 Weymouth\\nand Knight; Sir Thomas Mutton, 878\\nBylot s and Baffin s, H80 Luke Foxe s,\\n822 Morris and Smith, sails, 9121\\nleaves Phila., 683; Hearne s, 918 Capt.\\nDuncan s; Mackenzie s, 9242; Captain\\nDavid Buchan s Sir John Franklin s,\\n9381 Liddon s Parry s Franklin s sec-\\nond, 9382; Capt. Parry s Capt. Lyon s,\\n940i Capt. George Francis Lyon s Sir\\nJohn Franklin s, 9421 Sir William Ed-\\nward Parry, 9422; return of Capt. John\\nRoss, 946 Sir James Ross, 9541 Capt.\\nFitzjames Sir John Franklin s Capt.\\nCrozier s, 9522 Sir John Franklin s,\\n9541 Kane s sails, 172 1 Kane s 2d sails,\\n1731 Hartstcin sails, 17G Hall s sails,\\n2351 returns, 266i f 1VM1 y^i sails\\nfrom Norway, 11053; Lieut. Greely s\\nExpedition starts, 306i penetrates, 310 1\\nJeannette exp., 310 Peary Relief, 402\\nArctic sails to search for Kane, 1761 re-\\nturns, 1781 sunk, 1673.\\nArcturus appears, 1523.\\nArdagb, bishopric est., 8403; see with Kel-\\nmore, 9462; Bp. Woodlock cons., 9S23.\\nArdahan ceded to Russia, 11592.\\nArdea conquered, 1050\\nArden, Edward, b. (1531) executed, 8752.\\nArdent burned, 926\\nArdeshir Babegan flourishes, 11062.\\nArdfelt, bishopric established, 8403.\\nArdilaun, Baron, title created, 987\\nArditi, Luigi, b., 10862.\\nArdoates breaks Grecian yoke, 11483.\\nArdoin, or Arduin, King of Italy, 7752,\\n10733; resists Henry II., 7752; defeated,\\n7741 resigns, 7752; d. (1015).\\nArdvates, reigns, Armenia, 1149\\nArdys, reigns, 11453.\\nArendtschildt, Gen., atLangensalza,824\\nArene, Jean Paul de Rome, b. (1689) Le\\nChcvre d Or, 7582; d. (1769).\\nAreometer invented, 6502; used, 792\\nAreopagus instituted at Athens, 10133.\\nArequipa surrendered, 1108 3\\nArete discovered, 5282.\\nArethusa in St. Lawrence, 594\\nAretin, Baron Johann Christopher Anton\\nMaria von, b., 8041 d., 8123.\\nAretino, Pietro, b., 10783; d., 10803.\\nArezzo, study of civil laws, 1075 2\\n(See Guido d Arezzo.)\\nRistoro d Ccmposizione del Monde,\\n10771.\\nArfastus, Bp. chaplain, 8473; d. (1084).\\nArfwedson, John A., dis. lithium, 11361\\nArgseus, reigns in Maeedon, 10232.\\nArgall, Capt. Samuel, b. (1572\u00c2\u00b1), at Mt.\\nDesert Island, 28 1; in Jamestown; de-\\nstroys colonies, governor, 292 d. (1626).\\nArgand, Aime, b.-d., 11372; lamp, 9222.\\nArgeans, reigns, 10153.\\nArgelander, Friedrich W. A. t b., 8063; d.,\\n828\\nArgens, M. Jean Baptiste de Boyer, b.,\\n6962; d. (1773).\\nArgensola, Bartolomeo Leonardo de, b.-d.;\\n11282.\\nLupercio Leonardo de, b.-d., 11282.\\nArgenson, M. d governor, 5732.\\nRene Louis Voyer, M. d\\\\ b. (1694)\\nGouvernement de la France, 7033; d.\\n(1757).\\nArgentine Republic. (See text, pp.489-493.)\\nArginusse, battle of, 1022\\nArgives at war with Spartans, 1016 de-\\nstroy Mycenae, 10193.\\nArgolis, action at, 10183.\\nArgon, reigns, 11432,\\nArgonautic expedition, Golden Fleece,\\n10131\\nArgonauts in Troy, 11421\\nArgos, kingdom founded Feast of Flam-\\nbeaux, 10132; kingdom divided, 10133;\\npeace with Sparta democratic party\\noverthrown, 10213; pillaged, 10282;\\ntaken, 10341; devastated, 10342.\\nArgout,AntoineM.A.d ,b.,705i; d., 7342.\\nArguedas, Gen., at Viacha, 550\\nArguelles, Augustin, b.-d., 11302.\\nArguello, Jose\\\\ governor Cal., 1233.\\nLuis Antonio, b. (1784); gov. Cal., 1313.\\nd. (1830).\\nArgus captured by Pelican, 1203.\\nArgus sacked, 1066\\nArgyle seized, 6173.\\nArgyll, sep of, erected, 852 bishopric\\nest., 9543; Bp. Macdonald cons., 984\\nBishop Chinnery-Haldane consecrated,\\n9862.\\nD. of, title created, 903 (See\\nCampbell.)\\nArgyllshire, Scot., ravaged, 8842,\\nAriadne against Alfred, 882.\\nArialdus, d., 10742.\\nArianismfnd., 10663; controversy disturbs,\\n6623, 8402; in New England, 643.\\nArians favored, 10683 bps. deposed, 10303\\ncondemned, 1029 10683.\\nAriarathes II., Ariarathes III., Ariara-\\nthes IV., Ariarathes V., reign, 1149\\nArias, C, president, 10413.\\nGen. A. R., commander, 6343.\\nAribert I., King of Italy, 1073\\nII., King of Italy, 1073\\nArica, Peruvians arrive naval battle,\\n6O62 ceded, 6073 surrendered, 11083.\\nArichat, N. S., diocese est., 5783 changed,\\n5843.\\nAriel captured, 2162.\\nArikera, action at, 10442.\\nAriminum, colony at, 10533; British bps.\\nat Council, 8402.\\nArioald, King of Italy, 1073\\nAriobarzanes I., reigns, 1151 enthroned\\nin Armenia, 11513; betrayed, 11473.\\nII., reigns, 11473, 11511 invades Pon-\\ntus, 1146\\nIII., reigns, 11473, 11511.\\nArion, b., 10142.\\nArion trots at Stockton, 3953.\\nAriosto, Lodovico, b., 10783; Orlando Fit-\\nrioso, 10812; d.. 10803.\\nAriovistus in Gaul, 6621 6632.\\nArista, Mariano, b.-d., 1095 2 at Palo Alto,\\n160 president resigns, 10962.\\nAristarchus, b., 10263.\\nof Samothrace, b.-d., 10282.\\nAristides, commander, 10183; atMarathon;\\nat Pharos, 1018 leading statesman re-\\nforms, banished; recalled, 10192; d.,\\n1019\\nAristides, orator, b.-d., 10283.\\nof Thebes, b., 10263; flourishes, 1023\\nAristippus, b., 1021\\nAristobulus, philosopher, b., 6522.\\nGen., b., 10243.\\n.high priest, 1150 2 surrenders Jeru-\\nsalem, 11501 King, 11511\\nII., captures Jerusalem, 1150 King\\nof -Jerusalem, 1151 priesthood captive,\\n11502; released murdered, 11512.\\nAristocracy, British, 841\\nAristocrates I., killed, 1015\\nII., stoned, 10153.\\nAristodemenes, last king., 10153.\\nAristodemus, leader, 1015 at Corinth.\\n10222; d., 10231.\\nAristogoras, Ionian leader, 10173.\\nAristoraenes, Roman regent Egy.), 653\\nMessenian gen., d., 10142.\\nAristophanes, b.-d., 10211 works of, 10212.\\nof Alexandria, b., 10263.\\nAristotelian Society, fnd., 9843.\\nAristotle, b.-d., 1023 religious belief,\\n10163 manuscript in London, 10043;\\npupil of Plato astronomical discourses,\\n10231 fnds. peripatetic school; on me-\\nchanics, 10243; royal tutor first private\\nlibrary, 10251 constitution, 3S02; trans-\\nlated, 486\\nArius, b., 6522; d., 6542; priest, 10663;\\ndoctrine condemned, 5022, investigated\\nexiled recalled d., 10283, 10671\\nAristoxenus, major and minor tones, 10243.\\nArizona, U. S. A., territory fmd., 2193\\nJohn A. Gurley, gov., 2173 org. gov.,\\n2292; John A. Goodwin, gov., 2293; R.\\nC. M Cormack, gov., 2553; A. P. K. Saf-\\nford, gov., 2692; Indian war ends, 286\\nJohn P. Hoyt, gov., 2973; John C. Fre-\\nmont, gov., 3012; pres. proclamation,\\n311 Frederick A. Tuttle, gov., 3132;\\nIndians trouble, 320 1 Train Robbery\\nBill passed, 3.J62; _\\\\ Meyer Zulick, gov.,\\n3252; Admission Bill, 3371,4032; 4091,\\n4471 Lewis AVolfley, gov., 349 2 dam\\nbursts, 3533; gold found, 3561 cloud-\\nbursts, 364 troops overawe Indians,\\n3861; new constitution, 3971; Harqua\\nHala, mine, gold-brick, 4073; Indian\\nuprising, 418 N. O. Murphy, gov., 4212;\\nLouis C. Hughes, gov., 447 1 stage rob-\\nbery, 4703; robbers sentenced, 4763; Az-\\ntec city dis. ,4021 troops withdrawn,468i.\\nArizona speed record, 9913.\\nArk begun by Noah, 1140\\nof Tabernacle; journey of lost, 11422.\\nArkansas, U.S.A., La Salle in, 49\\nJames Miller, gov., 1273; Arkansas Ga-\\nzette, 129 Geo. Izzard, gov., 1333; John\\nPope, gov., 1373; Wm. S. Fulton, gov.,\\n145 3 admitted James S. Conway, gov.,\\n1472; Archibald Yell, gov., 153 Thos.\\nS. Drew, gov.; Samuel Adams, gov., 159\\nElias S. Conway, gov., 1712; Eldership\\nof the Ch. of God org., 1822; Henry M.\\nRector, gov., 1903; gov. refuses troops\\nfor Lincoln, 195 secedes, 1952; senators\\nSebastian and Mitchell expelled, 1973;\\nbattle of Pea Ridge, 204 2 action near\\nSearcy,208 military canal, 2o )2; Mound\\nCity burned, 2182; Confeds. defeated at\\nArkadelphia, 2183; Free-State governor\\ninaugurated, 2292; free labor State, 2311\\nconstitution ratified, 2313; senators not\\nadmitted, 2353; Isaac Murphy, gov., 2412;\\nratifies 13th Amendment, 2432; Home-\\nstead Bill disposes land, 253 new con-\\nstitution ratified, 2613; Readmission\\nBill, 263 2; martial law; Powell Clay-\\nton, gov., 265 2 Prot. Epis. diocese fmd.,\\n276 2 Arkansas College org. Industrial\\nUniv. org., 2763; Orzo A. Hadley, gov.,\\n2772; Elisha Baxter, gov., 281 disor-\\nderly bands proclaimed; constitutional\\nconvention, 2852; constitution ratified,\\n2853; A. H. Garland, gov., 2912; gold dis.,\\n3361; Thomas J. Churchill, gov., 3093,\\nJames H. Berry, gov., 3152; Simon P.\\nHughes, gov., 3233; election riot; sher-\\niff killed, 3391 James P. Eagle, gov.,\\n3492; Wm. R. Miller, gov., 2H73; reform\\nballot law passes, :W72; White Caps,\\n3562; World s Fair ignored, 377 3813;\\ngov. manages election, 379 negroes\\nlynched, 393 1 J. P. Eagle, gov., 3991;\\nnatural gas dis., 4021 crops swept away\\ngold found, 406i. Wm. M. Fishback,\\ngov., 4471 negro burned, 4583; counter-\\nfeiters, 4702; democrats elect, 4711.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1189.jp2"}, "1190": {"fulltext": "1178\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN DJiX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Alka\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ArH.0,\\nArkansas ascends Miss., 210 1 fired, 210 3\\nCity flooded, 3561\\nCollege org., 2763.\\nIndustrial Univ. org., 2763.\\nPost, Vicksburg Expedition at, 2182;\\ncaptured, 2181\\nArklow, Ire., action at, 928 1-.\\nArkwright, Sir Richard, b., 9082; spinning-\\nwheel patent, 9143; water-power spin-\\nning, 9181; d., 9262.\\nArlanges, Marshal d defeated, S 2\\nAxles, taken, 6622; church couueil at, 6623;\\n8402; annexed to Fr., 6732.\\nArleux, Marlborough enters, 6962.\\nArlincourt, Charles Victor Prevot,Vicomte\\nd\\\\ b., 7062; d., 7322.\\nArlington, Mass., library, 3482.\\nBaron, title created, 975\\nEarl of, minister tea importer, 8933.\\n(See Bennet, Henry.)\\nHeights, Va., Federals occupy, 1943\\ncontraband village, 2292.\\nMaj., at Corinth, Miss., 2071\\nArmagaon, factory at, 10443.\\nArmagh, bishopric est. cathedral built,\\n8403 ravaged, 8441 archbishopric est.,\\n8502 Orange lodge, 0272; Prot. alliance\\nat, 9523 Bp. Logua cons., 9823 pro-\\nclaimed, 9952; Archbp. Knox cons., 9962;\\nR. R. accident, 10013.\\nEarl of, title created, 9252.\\nArmagnac, Oomte d Bernard, b.-d., 6742;\\nhead of Fr. party, 6772.\\nArmagnacs, army of, 6763, 6771 ,2,3.\\nArmathwaite, rioting at, 975 1\\nArmatus, Salvinus, invents spectacles,\\n10672.\\nArmed neutrality, U. S., accepted, 933;\\nfmd., 9213, 9312; dissolved, 9312.\\nArmenia, subdued, 11442, 10321; ruled by\\nGreek gov., 11483; revolt against Mace-\\ndon, 11491 divided, 11473,11492; Bulga-\\nrian refugees, 5653 reconquered by Ger-\\nmanicus, 11501 Roman province, 10651,\\n11512, 11533; invaded, 10582, 11501; re-\\nceives Christianity, 11532; ruled by Ero-\\nvant; annexed to Rome, 11533; subject\\ntoPersia,115;i3; subject to Parthia, 11513;\\nwar with Rome, 1062 Romans conquer,\\n10673; Greek Church est., 10663; neutral,\\n11551 conquered by Persians conquered\\nby Greeks, 11541 independence of,\\n11071 ,2; recovered, 11071 conquered,\\n11061 annexed to Persia, 11072; Moham-\\nmedans invade, 11541 Mohammedans\\nagainst Christianity Christianity as\\nnat l religion, 11543 overrun by Mongols,\\n11541; church reconciled to Rome, 11551\\nkingdom extinct taken by Mamelukes\\noverrun by Tartars, 11553; conquered by\\nPersians; overrun by Turks, 11561 1157 2\\nearthquake, 1150 2 1156 2 overrun by\\nRussians, 1156 2 annexed to Rus., 11073;\\nmissionaries persecuted, 11563; partly\\nannexed to Turk., 1157 2 M. Aurelius\\nreigns, 11533; raided by Kurds, 11593.\\nMinor occupied, 1058 2\\nArmenians, 10232; protest, 4122; appeal\\nfor aid, 4762; Investigating Commission,\\n4771,3; mass-meeting for, 10102; massa-\\ncres denounced, 10122 3 make fermented\\nbeverage church, at Constantinoi.il e,\\n11571 separated from Gr. Church, 10711\\nrestoration of church rights; persecuted,\\n11582; imprisoned, 11591.\\nArmenta, missionary in Paraguay, 11051\\nArmfelt, Gustaf Manritz, b.-d., 11342.\\nArmidale, diocese, 4981 Elzear Torregiani,\\nbp., 9803.\\nArmide captures Ft. ships, 9341\\nArminianism, supported, 1101 1.\\nArminians, called Remonstrants; creed of\\npersecuted dissension with Gomorists,\\n11011.\\nArminius, at Teutoburg defeated on\\nWeser, 10621 revolts, 10632; chief, 769 1;\\nassassinated, 7691 statue, 7681 8281\\nJacobus, b.-d., 109S3; assails Calvin-\\nism, 11011; d., 5403.\\nArminius, Music Festival, 3921\\nArmistead, Gen. Lewis Addison, b. (1S17):\\nat Malvern Hill, 2092; d., 2251\\nGen. Walker Keith, b.(1785\u00c2\u00b1); in In-\\ndian wars, 1521 d. (1845).\\nArrhitage, Edward, b., 9382.\\nThos., Bapt. cl., b., 1281\\n,Wm. Edmond.b. (1830); cons.bp., 2542.\\nArmond, David A. de, b., 1562.\\nArmor used in battle, 11422.\\nArmori, Viscount, assassinated, 10923.\\nArmor-plates tested, 394 1 fraud charges,\\n4572; investigation, 4623, 4633,4672;4711\\nArmory, Thomas, b., 9002.\\nArmour Inst, of Technicology, org. (1893).\\nArmstrong, Baron, title created, 9962.\\nDavid Hartley, b. (1812) d., 4261\\nF., moderator, 1123.\\nJames, Gen., electoral vote, 101 2 d.,\\n1042.\\nJames, Com., b. (1794); yields navy-\\nyard, 1901; avenges outrage, 6182; d.,\\n2622.\\nJ. F., murdered, 301 1\\nJane, suicide, 536i\\nJohn, poet, b., 9042; d. (1779).\\nauthor, b., 71 1; sec. war, 1213;\\nd., 1561\\nLawrence, Col., gov. Can., 575 2\\nRobert, b., 1022; d. (1854).\\nbribery, 4722.\\nSamuel C, b., 1502; d., 4282.\\nT., b. (1784); gov. Mass., 1453;\\nd. (1850).\\nS. T-, applies gutta-percha to wires,\\n1641.\\nWilliam George, b., 9351 hydro-elec-\\ntric machine invented, 9501 hydraulic\\ncrane patented, 954 1 foundation Coll. of\\nPhysical Science, 9963; knighted, 9631\\nd. (1868).\\nH., against liquor traffic, 1823.\\nJoseph, b. (171)6) d., 1602.\\nCol., b. in Pa., 701.\\nGen., at Bolivar, 2122.\\nArmy, U.S.A., Continental army, adopted;\\ncensus, 802; uniforms for, 842; milk for\\nsoldiers, 81 2 Congress votes to create\\narmy, 81 2 foreign engineers employed,\\n81 3 bad condition, SO 1 Board of War,\\n892; revolt hi Phila., 96* disbanded,\\n971; etiquette in, 933; mutiny in, 921\\nregular est., 1013; in 1789, 1001 in 1790,\\n1021 in 1792; in 1794, 1041 Militia Act\\npasses Congress, 105 1 provisional raised,\\n106 1 War Department, navy separated\\nfrom, 1092; addition to, 1192; rations,\\n1511; occupation of Rio Grande, 160 1\\nf ade of lieut.-general revived, 1772;\\nill fails, 1811; strength in 1855, 178 1,\\nin 1860,1861; Department of the Ohio;\\n1942; army m 1864,2321; in May, 1865,\\n2463; Western Department under Gen.\\nFremont, 1962; Department of Ohio\\nunder Gen. Rosecrans, 1903; Department\\nof Washington and N. E. Va. under Mc-\\nClellan, 1981 army of the Potomac un-\\nder McClellan, 1981, 2001,2,3; enlist-\\nment three years, 2031 strength, 2062.3,\\n2071, 20S2, 2091; on James River, 2101;\\nchanges base, 205 1 ,2102, 3; strength, 2103,\\n2131, 2141; in 1861, 1921, i%2; in 1862,\\n2021, 2003; call for 300,000 men, 211 1;\\ndraft of 300,000, 2113; at Aquia Creek,\\n2121; enters Va., 2143; McClellan re-\\nlieved, 2151; Depts. of Gulf and South\\ncreated, 2051; reorganized, 2052; Dept.\\nof Rappahannock find., 2061 of Tenn.,\\nreorganized, 2i)i 3; Pope commands, 2102;\\nnegroes enlisted, 2103, 215 1 medals for\\nsoldiers, 2112; suspicious conduct in,\\n2192 Monongahela department fmd.,\\n2222; Sheridan commands cavalry, 2311\\nmarch on Richmond, 2322; Burnside s\\ncorps incorporated, 2332; Comtede Paris\\nwith, 3703; 100,000 men called, 2233; draft\\nof 300,000 men, 2253; army threatens\\nFr. in Mex., 225 2; 300,000 volunteers\\ncalled out, 2273; negroes in, 2293; grade\\nof lieut.-gen. revived, 2302; 500,000 men\\ncalled out, 2312; draft of 200,000 men,\\n2313 army of Cumberland, Thomas\\ncommands, 2322; 500,000 men called out,\\n2373 army of the James, Butler com-\\nmands, 2322 army of Ohio, Schofield,\\ncommands, 2322 army of Tenn., Mc-\\npherson commands, 2322; Department\\nof South, Maj.-Gen. Foster commands,\\n2341 Gen. O. O. Howard commands,\\n236 3 Shenandoah army, Sheridan to\\ncommand, 2371; bounty granted, 2S6i\\n300,000 more men called, 2413; reviewed\\nat Washington, 2463 Sunday parades\\nforbidden by President Harrison, 3401;\\nrecruiting stopped, 2462 drafting sus-\\npended, 2472; statistics of Civil War,\\n2463; discontinuance of corps reduced,\\n2481 peace establishment increased,\\n253 2 officers* pay increased, 2561 peace\\nfooting reduced, 271 2 headquarters at\\nSt. Louis, 2861 j restricted use of, 2992\\nBrevet Promotion Bill, 352 1 ,3541 ;nurse s\\npension bill passed, 3651; census, 444 1,\\nexpenses reduced, 4573; concentrated,\\n4701 army bill for enforcing laws fails\\n1811. (See Pension.)\\nArmy of France, est., 6762; leaves Naples,\\n6802 Turkish cavalry in army, 7261\\nArmy Bill passes, 7381 ,7391 armiesunite,\\n7401,7571,7591; strength, 7661\\nof Germany, reserves formed, 7402;\\nfirst armed, 7861 weakened. 8191 budget\\nagitation, 8231; service in, 8261, 8273,\\n8371; commission reduced, 8341; peace\\neffective; strength, 8361; Bill rejected,\\n8371 passed, 833i.\\nof Great Britain, first standing, 8441\\nstrength, S863 army vs. Pari., 8861\\n8871,2,88!) authority of maj .-gen., 8892;\\ndisbanded, X .H 2.,x .H) i Grenadiers; North-\\numberland Fusileers(Fifth); King s Own\\nRegiment (Fourth) raised, 8961 Camero-\\nnian regiment find., 8981 reduced, 9013;\\nHussars enrolled, 9141 artillery car-\\nbine used percussion-musket used, 9501\\nrifle musket, 956 1 foreigners in, 9592;\\nflogging restricted, 9621 abolished, 9861\\nstrength, 10881; re-organized., 11181;\\ndeath-rate reduced, 974 1 abolishing pur-\\nchase, 9753; organization lawmade, 11193;\\nIrish Arms Bill passes; assent, 9872;\\nconscription, 11221.\\nworm hi Wisconsin, 4661\\nArnaud, Francois T. M. de Baculard d\\\\\\nb., 6981; d., 7163.\\nGen., murdered by mob, 7432.\\nHenri, b., 6883; d., 6982.\\nArnauld, Angeliijue, b.,6863; reforms Port\\nRoyal des Champs, 687 1 d., 6923.\\nAntoine, orator, b., 6822; d., 6863.\\npliil., b., 6862; works, 6911; d.,\\n6943.\\nArnault, Vincent Antoine, b., 7031 d.,7262.\\nArnd, Johann, b., 7922 works, 7931 d. r\\n7943.\\nAmdt, Ernst Moritz, b.,8031 works, S083,\\n8103; d.,8202.\\nArne, Thomas Augustine, b.,9042; Arta-\\nxerxes, 9161 d., 9203.\\nArnheim, The Tiro in performed at, 10982.\\nJohann G. von, b., 7922; d., 7962.\\nArnim, Elizabeth von Bettina, b., 8042;\\nd., 8202.\\nHarry Karl Kurt Eduard von, Count,\\nb., 8123; arrested trial sentence, 8291\\nQuid Faciamus nos, 8303; against papal\\ninfallibility, 8262; d.,8301.\\nJohan Georg von, b. (1581); at Prague,\\n7942 d. (1641).\\nLudwig Joachim (Achim) von, b.,\\n8042; works, 8103; d., 8142.\\nArnohius, b., 9i 10283; nourishes, 10663.\\nArnold of Brescia, Archbp., b.-d., 10742\\npreaches, 7763; revolution of, 10743; agi-\\ntator, 10753; condemned, 6691; burned,\\n7763.\\nbp., cons., 122; d., 10381.\\nAbraham K., commis. col., 3741\\nBenedict, b.(1615); gov. R.I.. 412,451\\n473; d. (1678).\\nGen., b., 642 m Can., 803 a t\\nQuebec, 803; captures Cedars, 822; on\\nLake Champlain at Crown Point, 842;\\ncommissioned maj. -gen., 86 2 quarrel-\\nsome at Fort Sehuvler, S7 1 at Saratoga\\nbattle, 872; commands in Phila., 883;\\ncharges against, 901 court-martialed,\\n911; resigns; treasonable correspond-\\nence, 90 2 acquitted, 911 at West Point,\\n92i; treason, 921,2; n Vulture, 922;\\nsentenced, 2482; treason of; address,\\n933 commander-in-chief at Peters-\\nburg, 94i jn Brit, army at Richmond,\\nVa.,923; d., 1101.\\nEdwin, Sir, b. (1831); works, 10043\\nin New York, 3942, 3933; d., 99S2.\\nGeorge, b. (1834); Jefferson Davis,\\n2503 d., 2482.\\nJames, embezzler, 4502,\\nJohn, b., 9103; d. (1799).\\nLemuel H., b. (1762) gov. R.I., 1393;\\nd. (1852).\\nMarshall, b., 1581.\\nMatthew, b., 9403 works, 9551 9643,\\n-9783, 9842, 9983 d., 9982.\\nSamuel, plan to assassinate Lincoln,\\n243i; arrested, 2471.\\ncomposer, b., 9103 d., 9303.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1190.jp2"}, "1191": {"fulltext": "Arno-Assa.\\nText Figures denote Page. INJJiLX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1179\\nd.\\nHung.,\\n(See\\nArnold, Samuel, Green, b., 1301 a. (1880).\\nThomas, b., 9263 d., 9502.\\nK., b., 9302 History of Rome,\\n9491; d. 9582.\\nArnoldus, Villa Nova de, b.-d., 670 2\\nArnolfo di Cambio or di Lapo, b. (1232)\\nbegins San Miehele and Santa Croee at\\nFlorence, 10763 d. (1300).\\nArnot, Frederick S., missionary, 10942.\\nArnott, Neil, b., 9242; ventilator work,\\n9482; d., 9781.\\nArnoul, bp., d., 6702.\\nArnould, Ambrose Marie, b., 7003; d.,719i.\\nArnuf, Count, reikis (Neth.i, 10991.\\nArnulf, b. S50.-,) takes Rome, 7721 10721;\\ndefeats Northmen, 7721; reigns, 7732;\\ncrowned Emp., 10732 d. (899).\\nArny, F. N., Wm., gov., 2593.\\nArogie, battle of (Abys.), 21\\nAromatari, Giuseppe degli, b.,\\n(1660).\\nAronson, Louis, petitions, 5S8 2\\nArpad, b.-d., 5022 conquests i\\n5031; dynasty expires, 5053.\\ncaptured, 11441.\\nArquebus comes into use, 678 z\\nAxques, battle at, 6841\\nArran, Earl, title created, 913 2\\nHamilton.)\\nArras, Fr., peace congress treaty of, 677 3\\n6792 acquired by Aust., 6793 Metho-\\ndists, est., 717 1 battle at, OHO 1 Congress\\nof, 8632.\\nGautier d\\\\ [lie et (lafernn, 6711\\nArrears of Rent Bill, in H. C, 9893 re-\\njected, 9991; passed, 9992.\\nArreboe, Anders, b.-d., 630 2 Hexsemeron,\\n6371.\\nArredondo, Gen., revolts, 11603; captured,\\n4902.\\nArrest for debt abolished, 9731\\nHeinrieh Ludwig d\\\\ b.,S122 discov-\\ners Freia, 6403 d., 828 1\\nAi-rests, French, annulled by Pari., 7022.\\nArretium, battle of, 662 1 besieged truce\\nwith Koine, 10521\\nArrian (Flavius Arrianus), b.-d., 10283.\\nArrighi, Jean, Due de Padoue, b. (1778)\\nd., 7322.\\nArrillaga, Jos\u00c2\u00a3 J. de, gov., 105i z mi\\nArrington, Alfred W., b. (1810) d., 2582.\\nArrogante sinks, 7501\\nArrow seized, 6182.\\nArrowrock, Ark., gold discovered, 3361.\\nArrowsmith, Aaron, b., 9122 d., 9403.\\nJohn, geog., b., 9243 d., 9781\\ncl., b. (1602) d. 8902.\\nArsa, C. Terentilius, opposed, 10512.\\nArsaces, b.-d., 11062 revolts, 10272.\\n1., reigns, Armenia, 11493.\\nII., King of Armenia, 1151 2\\nXXVIII., d. (226\u00c2\u00b1). (See Artabanus\\nIV.)\\nArses, reigns, 11071 murdered, 11062,11073.\\nArshid, reigns, 1097 2\\nArsinoe II., b., 6503 married k., 6523.\\nArslan, captures Eomanus IV., 11541\\nArson as high treason, 8632.\\nArstartus, King, 11432.\\nArt Amateur issued, 3023.\\nArt Academy, at Berlin, 8321\\nAssociation est., Brooklyn, 190 2\\nfirst exhibition, 9142.\\nPoetique appears, 6931\\nSoc. Am. Fine, find., 3501\\nUnion,fmd.,948i IndemnityAct,9532.\\nAm., est., 3121\\nArtabanus IV., killed, 11071.\\nHyrcanian, murders Xerxes, 1107 3\\nArtabarzes, reigns, 1151 2\\nArtabazus, reigns, 11472; Pers. war, 10181.\\nArtaguette, d Fr. leader, defeated, 621;\\nk. (1736).\\nArtaphernes, crosses -Fgean; at Marathon,\\n10181.\\nArtaud, Nicolas Louis, b., 7102 d.7343.\\nArtavasdes I., reigns, Armenia, 11511;\\ncaptured, 10603.\\nIII., rules in Armenia, 11513.\\ngov. Syria, 11513.\\nor Artabastus, rebels, 10331 d. (743).\\nArtaxata conquered, 10641\\nArtaxerxes I., Longimanus, reigns, 11071\\nd., 11062.\\nII., Memnon, reigns, 11473, 11071, 2;\\nrevolt against, 10221 d., 1106 t\\nIII., reigns, 11071,2, 6513; destroys\\nSidon takes Jericho, 11461 kills rela-\\ntives, 11073 k., 11062.\\nArtaxerxes, revolts; kills Arsaces; reigns;\\nannexes Parthia, 11071 killed, 11073.\\nArtaxes, reigns, Armenia, 11493.\\nII., reigns, Armenia, 11511, 2\\nArtazata taken, 10621.\\nArtemis, asteroid, discovered, 188 1.\\nArtemisia, yueen, b.-d., 1146 2 marries\\nMausolus, 11471 flourishes, 11462.\\nArtemisium, naval battle at, 1018 2\\nArtemon invents battering-ram, 10203.\\nArtenay, Bavarians defeat Fr., 7421.\\nArteta, Pedro Jose de, in Ecu., 6442.\\nArtevelde, Philip van, b.-d., 5392.\\nArthur, Chieftain King, S412, 3 atMons\\nBadonieus, 7701 840 killed, 8402.\\nP. of W., b. (I486); marriage, 868 1\\nd. (1502).\\nDuke of Brittany, b. (13H3); claims\\nEng. throne, 670 1 supported for Eng.\\nthrone, 6713 ou Fr. throne, 8531 k., 8531\\nArthur- William-Patrick-Albert, b.,\\n9562 title of, 9793 marries, 9843 pre-\\nsented to Grant, 2691\\nChester Alan, b., 1381; graduates,\\n1643 vote for, 3051 pr es. vote, 3072\\ninaug., 307 2 3092 renomination vote,\\n3173 d., 3242.\\nFrederick, Prince, b., 991 2\\nGeorge, Sir, b. (1784) gov., 5773 d.\\n(1854).\\nLillie, Moilern Aft/sties, 4782,\\nArticles of Confederation set aside, 69 3\\nof Religion, S682 signed, 8703.\\nof Union, Eng., 9033.\\nArtillery first used, 6122.\\nArtists Widows Society est., 9431\\nArtists wives, gift of, 7073.\\nArtivosdes against -Julius Cresar against\\nMark Antony, 11501\\nArtois annexed to France, 6712 Louis re-\\nceives, 6792 dispute, 7913.\\nComte d J (Charles X.), duel, 7053 in\\nParis regent, 7213 King, 7252.\\nArts, Association of Fine, formed, 9461\\nimprove, Fr., 6721\\nrevolution of peaceful, 9142.\\nRoyal Academy of, instituted, 916 2\\nand Sciences, Am. Aacdemy, find. ,931\\nScotch Academy of, organized, 9421\\nSociety of, est. (London), 9122.\\nSociety of, fnd. (Kdmbuigh), 9401\\nArundel, Earl of, Thomas Howard, b.\\n(1353), arrested, S612 d. (1413).\\nEarl of, minister, 8712.\\nE. of, Tho. Howard, b.,8762 d.,8862.\\nHenry, Lord, liberated, 8972; d. (1694).\\nSociety formed, 9541\\nYacht Club formed, 9491\\nArvieux, Laurent d\\\\ b. 6882 d., 6962.\\nArwidsson, Adolf Iwar, b. (1791) Poems,\\n11362 d. (1858).\\nArzemodkt, Queen, reigns, 11072 d. (632).\\nAsa, reigns rebukes idolatry, 11423 est.\\narmy, 11422 at Mareshak, 11421\\nAsaker, reigns (EgyO, 655 2\\nAsander, governor, Bosporus, 1151 2\\nAsbestos used for paper, 7982.\\nAsbjdrnsen, Peter Christen, b. (1812)\\nworks, 11042 d. (1885).\\nAsboth, Alex. Sandor, b., 1162 at Pea\\nRidge, 20-12; captures conscripts, 2362\\nd., 2601.\\nAsbury, Francis, b., 662 j n Phila., 763\\ngeneral assistant, 763 fined, 831 stops\\npreaching, 87 1 supt. Methodism, 932;\\nordained bp., 963, 121 1 last sermon,\\n1243 d., 1242.\\nPark, baby parade, 3891, 4343 gam-\\nbling-house, 4691 Italians aroused, 406 3\\nAscalon, action at, 8501 j Crusaders victo-\\nrious, 6541\\nAscension Island occupied, 939 2\\nAs chaff enburg, action at, 526 1 concordat\\nof, 7851.\\nAscham, Roger, b.(1515); Toxophilus,869i\\nSchoolmaster, 8731 d., 8722.\\nSociety formed, 986 2\\nAschera discovered, 528 2\\nAschod I., reigns, Armenia, 1155 2\\nAsclepiades of Bithynia, b., 10282.\\nAsclepiodotus, Roman consul, 8401\\nAsconius, Pediainus Quintus, b., 10622;\\nd. (88+).\\nAscot, races at (Eng.), 9091\\nAsculum, action at, 10261\\nAselli, Gasparo, Lacteal Veins, 10832\\nd., 10823.\\nAserymus, reigns, 11433.\\nAsgill, Charles, Sir, b., 9162 d., 9403.\\nAsgill, John, b. (1659); d., 9102 expelled\\nfrom seat, 9031.\\nAshantees, conquered, 11612 war with\\nEngland, 9661 sign treaty, 9792.\\nAshbourne, Baron, title, 9871 (SeeGibson.)\\nAshbrook, Viscount, title created, 9132.\\nAshbrooke, Abigail, refuses taxes, 4223.\\nAshburu, George W., d., 260 2\\nAshburner, Charles Albert, b., 1741.\\nAshburnham, E. of, title created, 9051.\\nAshburton Treaty signed, 5793.\\nAshby, Turner, b., 1321 d., 2092.\\nAshhyville, Ky., Confeds. defeated, 240 3\\nAshcled, see Dublin, 8393.\\nAshcombe, Baron, title created, 100S 3\\nAshdod besieged, 650 1 expedition against\\ntaken, 11442, 11452 battle of, 11481\\nAshe, John, b. (1720) d., 931\\nSamuel, b. (1725) at Brier Creek,\\n902 gov. S. C, 1072 d. (1813).\\nAsheville Coll., N. C, org. (1S42).\\nAsh Grove, Mo., Ash* irovu Coll. fnd., 3143.\\nAshi, Rab., b.-d., 11542.\\nAshikaga shoguns, rule Japan, 10913.\\nAshland, O., Ashland College org., 2883.\\nCollege, Ger. B., org., 3003.\\nKy., Agricultural College, 250 3\\nCollege, Ore., org., 3023.\\nVa., Randolph-IWacon college organ-\\nized, 1403.\\nWis., strike, 3551\\nAshley, Pa., earthquake, 3321; mine acci-\\ndent, 3593.\\nUtah, ice-cave discovered, 3442.\\nJames Monroe, b. (1S24) prohibi-\\ntion of slavery, 2292 introduces 13th\\nAmendment, 2413 intro. impeachment,\\n_ 2253 accuses Johnson, 2553; in im-\\npeachment investigation, 257 2\\nAshley, Lord. (See Shaftesbury.)\\nAshmead, Isaac, b. (1790) d., 2701\\nAshmole, Elias. b. 8801 d. (1692).\\nAshmolean Museum, fnd., 8941.\\nSociety, xford, fnd., 9431\\nAshmun, Jeorge, I (1804) d., 2702.\\nJehudi, b., 1042 d., 1361.\\nJohn Hooker, b. (1801) d., 1421\\nAslmeh mission, 6571\\nAshpitel, Arthur, b., 9331 d., 9722.\\nAshraif, reigns, 1107 2\\nAshrof Khaleel, takes Acre, 6542.\\nAshtabula Bridge, O., falls, 2933.\\nAshton, John, tried executed, 8993.\\nRobt. de, Sir, gov., 8593 d. (1834).\\nAshtoreth, worship of, 11411.\\nAshtown, Baron, title created, 9311\\nAshurnazirpal, reigns, 11451 invasion of,\\n11442.\\nAsia Minor, possession contested, 1017 2\\ncities abandoned, 10213 retreat of ten\\nthousand, 10221; subdued, 10242; earth-\\nquakes, 1028 2 surrendered to Rome,\\n10292 subdued, 11062 11072 Greeks\\nsurrender, 10352; conquered, 1106 1;\\nworld s battlefield, 11401 conquered by\\nTurks, 11541.\\nAsia founders, 585 3\\nAsia discovered, 9641\\nAsinari, Federigo, b. (1527); d., 10811.\\nAsinje Aziz Pasha killed, 565 2\\nAskabad, Russians at, 71\\nAske, Robt., executed, 8681\\nAskew, Anne, b. (1521) burned, 8691\\nAsoka, a Buddhist, 10431 reigns, 10432.\\nAspar takes Ravenna, 10701\\nAspasia, captured by Volontaire, 1231.\\nAspendos, action at, 10222.\\nAspern, battle of, 5183.\\nAsphalt discovered, 3441 3442.\\nAspinwall, Wm. H., fnds. Aspinwall, 6293.\\nfnd., fire yellow fever, 6293.\\nAspy Bay, steamer wrecked, 5873.\\nAsqnith, Herbert Henry, Parnell s coun-\\nsel, 9993 minister, 10092.\\nAssake, defeat of garrison, 11181\\nAssam acquired Eng. acquires, 9432\\nmission, 10471 surveyors massacred,\\n10493; invaded, 10441.\\nAssampur mission, 10483.\\nAssas, Chevalier d\\\\ Nicolas, d., 7023.\\nAssassination, Lincoln s, 2482, 3.\\nPlot, Eng., 9011.\\nAssassinations, Abdul-Aziz, Sultan, 11833;\\nAfire, Dennis, Archbp., 7312; Albert I.,\\nEmp.,7S23. Artaxerxes III., 11062, 11073;\\nBeaton, Cardinal, 8692; Becket, Thomas\\na 8512; Berry, Charles F., Due de,7233;\\nCapo d Istria, Count, 10362; Cassar, Ju-\\nlius, 10612; Carnot, Pres., 7663. Charles", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1191.jp2"}, "1192": {"fulltext": "1180\\nText Figures denote Page. IN L)Ji,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nAssa-Atla.\\nIII. of Parma, 10873; Clayton, J. M.,\\ncandidate for Cong n-ss.:;:u 3; Darius III.,\\n11073 Edmond, K., 815 Edward K.,\\n8463; Edward II., Edward V., 8563;\\nFisk, James. Jr., shot by E. S. Stokes,\\n2772; Garfield, Pres., 3072; Gustavus HI.,\\n1135 Harrison, Carter H., shot by Pen-\\ndergast, 442 Hennessy, D. C, shot by\\nItalians, 3703; Henry, Duke of Guise,\\n685 Henry III. of Fr., 6853; Henry IV.\\nof Fr., 0872; James I. of Scot., 8632;\\nJames III. of Scot., 8672; John the Fear-\\nless, 6773; Kotzebu, August F. F. von,\\n8132; Louis of Valois, D. of Orleans,\\n6763; Louis of Guise, 685 Lincoln,\\nPres., 247 2482, 3 .Michael IV. of Ser-\\nvia, 11233 Marat, by Charlotte Corday,\\n7083; Murray, James, regent, 873 3 Paul\\nI., Czar, 11173; Philip II., 1025 Perce-\\nval, Spencer, 937 2 Prim, Marshal,\\n11323; Richard, Earl of Mayo, 977\\nRossi, Count Pellegrino, 10x73 Strelin-\\nkoff, Gen., 1121 Villiers, George, D. of\\nBuckingham, 883 William, Prince of\\nOrange, 541 (See the names of other\\nvictims in their alphabetical place.)\\nAssaye, action at, 1046\\nAsseli, Caspar, discovers lacteals, 10822.\\nAssemani, Giuseppe Simone, b.-d., 11563.\\nAssenede, Diderik van, Floris et Blanche-\\nfleur, 10983.\\nAsser, d., 8442.\\nAssignatis issued, Fr., 7073, 7112.\\nAssiout, mission station, 657 1\\nAssis, reigns (Egy.), 6473.\\nAssisi, Don Francis, D\\\\ marries, 7292.\\nAssisi, Francisco d., marries, 11313.\\nAssize of Arms, Eim., 850\\nAssociate Reformed Church, Gen. Synod\\nfmd. (1802); partial union with Presb.\\nChurch fmd., 95 secession, 142 2 mis-\\nsion (1821); unites in forming United\\nPresb. Church, 1842; work, 1403; Erskine\\nCollege est., 151 Geneva College est.,\\n1642; begins mission work, 290 2\\nAssociated Loyalists, Board of, 933.\\nPress organized, 1643.\\nAssociation, the, 18110, 1882.\\nBill discussed, Fr., 7632.\\n(See International.)\\nfor Free distribution of Scriptures,\\n9803.\\nfor Oral Instruction opd., 9763.\\nfor Prevention Poverty find., 973\\nfor Protection of Insane fnd., 307\\nfor Relief of Widows established, 911 2\\nof Am. Authors, 4042.\\nof Fine Arts founded, 946\\nof Lay Helpers org., 9682.\\nof Medical Sup. for Insane org., 273\\nof Nobles, Ger., 7852.\\nof Railroads formed, 3893.\\nAssociations wrecked, 9021.\\nAssouan mission, 657 occupied, 660\\nAssurance Societies established, 11272.\\nAssyria, Rom. province, 1065 conquered,\\n10673, 11072; kingdom rises, 1143 inde-\\npendent, 11432, 11452; empire at zenith,\\n11453; in Egy., fortifications; war in Egy.,\\n650 empire overthrown, 1146 divided,\\n1147\\nAst, George Anton Fried., b., 8042; d. ,816\\nAstbury, John, b., 9892; d., 9103.\\nAstell, Mary, b., 8922; d., 9082.\\nAsterius, b., 11542.\\nAsterodt, George A., plan to assassinate\\nLincoln, 243 sentenced, 24S 2\\nAsteropherus, Magnus Olai Tlsbe, 11343.\\nAstle, Thomas, 90X2; d., 9322.\\nAstley, John, Sir, d., 1012\\nPhilip, b. (1742) amphitheater, 9182;\\nd., 9363.\\nAstolphns, cession to Pope, 7713.\\nAston, Arthur, Sir, massacred, 886 2\\nAstor, John Jacob, b., 723; fnds. Astoria,\\n1173; fnds. library, 1663; opd., 174n; d.,\\n164\\nd., 3521 will probated, 3533\\nlibrary, 3542; library improvements,\\n3023; bronze church doors, 356 2\\nWm., estate bequeathed, 4073.\\nWm. Backhouse, b. (1792) gift to\\nAstor Library (1859) d., 2S8\\nPlace, riot, 1643.\\nAstorga, Emamiele d\\\\ b., 1083 d., 10842.\\nAstoria, Ore., fnd., 1173; settled, 1192;\\nsold, 1213.\\nAstrolabe adapted, 12\\nAstrological Society founded, Eng., 984\\nAstronomer, royal, James Bradley, 9102;\\nJohn Flamsteed, 894 Edmund Halley,\\n906 Nath. Bliss, 9111 Nevil Maskeline\\n(1765) John Pond. 9343; George Biddell\\nAiry (1835) Wm. H. M. Christie (1881).\\nAstronomical Congress in Paris, 756\\nSociety of Fr., inaug., 7561\\nAstronomy, early study of, 11461 Ptole-\\nmaic system, 10642; studied in Egypt,\\n6522; introduced: Alphonsine tables\\ncomposed, 112G 2 Coperniean system of,\\n7902, 10S02; spectrum analvsis, 9642.\\nAstrue, Jean, b., 6923; d., 7031\\nAsturias, monarchy fnd., 11253; united to\\nCastile, 11272.\\nAstyages, reigns, 11471 overthrown, 11071\\nrulers of Ast arias-Leon, 11253, 11272.\\nAsuncion fnd., 1105 1 4892; abandoned,\\n5561 mission in, 11062.\\nAshur-res-isi, reigns, 11432.\\nAsurdan I., reigns, 11432; conquests, 11421\\n-II., reigns, 11433.\\nIII., reigns, 11452.\\nAsur-etil-ilani-ukinni, reigns, 1145 3\\nnirari, reigns, 11452.\\nAta, reigns (Egypt), 6453.\\nAtahualpa, b., 6443; rules Ecu. and Peru,\\n6431; 6441; usurper, 212, 644 meets\\nPizarro, 644 captured, killed, 20\\nAtala discovered, 748\\nAtalanta discovered, 7481.\\nAtalanta loses race, 3093.\\nAtalanta lost, 984\\nAtanagildo, reigns, 11253.\\nAtawulf, King, in Gaul, 6633; reigns,\\n1071 marries Placidia, 10713; takes\\nBarcelona, 1125 rules West Goths,\\n11253; invades Gaul murdered, 10713.\\nAtchinoff manifesto, Fr., 7563.\\nAtchison, Kan., St. Benedict s Coll. org.,\\n1822; Soldiers Orphans Home opd., 327\\nR. R.; train robbers, 4163.\\nDavid R., b. (1807) pres. S., 1612, 3,\\n1632,1712,1732; leaves Kan., 181 d.,3222.\\nGen., Mormons surrender to, 148\\nAte discovered, 2701.\\nAterdi, Peter, b.-d., 11342.\\nAtet, reigns (Egypt), 6453.\\nAtf -Haider mission, 6571\\nAthabasca, Bp. Young cons., 992 2\\nRiver, petroleum, 590\\nMackenzie, vicariate, 5802.\\nAthalarie, King of E. Goths, 10713 d. (534).\\nAthaliah, usurps govt., 1145 against\\nJudah, 11443.\\nAthanasian Creed formulated, 10G83;\\nmodifications defeated, 9762.\\nAthanasius, Saint, b., 0042, 10283; defends\\nTrinity, 10283; doctrine, 10682; deposed\\nat Rome restored, 10682; innocent est.\\nmonasticism, 10683; archbishop, 6543;\\nexiled, 6543; d., 6542.\\nAthelstan, b. (895); invades Scot., 8442;\\nking of Wessex; mint regulations; league\\nagainst, 8453; protector of princes; en-\\ncourages commerce, 845 killed, 8442.\\nAthemon, d., 11482.\\nAthenamm, Rome, erected, 1064 2\\nAthriiivum Helffe, issued, 5443.\\nClub founded, 187 941\\nAthemeus, b., 102X3; ISanqiut, 10643.\\nAthenagoras, b., 10283.\\nAthenas, Pierre Louis, b., 701 d., 7243.\\nAthene, Temple of, 10102; begun, 10203.\\nAthenion, insurrectionist, Sicily, 1056 2\\nAthens, Ala., skirmish near, 207 Fed-\\nerals defeated, 238 2\\nGr. fnd., Areopagus instituted, 10133;\\nPrianepsa-, 11(15 ;b \u00e2\u0096\u00a0sieged, 1014 ;archons\\nelected, 10152; war with Mitylene, 1016\\nwritten laws demanded early archons,\\n1017 architecture nourishes, 1019\\nascendency period of, 1019 2; war against,\\n10183 Parthenon completed, 10203,\\ndedicated, 1021 theater of Bacchus\\nbuilt; first theater, 11201; war with\\nSparta, 10222; league against, 10223;\\ntaken by Alaric, 1030 Athens cap-\\ntured, 10562; libraries removed, 1029\\nsurrenders to Sulla, 1028 Romans pro-\\nclaim liberty, 10273; Romans aid, 10262;\\nRoman ambassadors received, 10273;\\nfortress of Athenreum built, 10262; in\\nAchaean League, 10273; liberated, 10272;\\npillaged, 10282; Athens taken, 1066\\nattempt to throw off Macedonian rule,\\n10262; no political influence, 10272;\\ntaken, 1026 in Triangular League\\n1027 2 democracy restored, 1027 school\\nof Stoics fnd., 10263; surrenders, 10243;\\nsubmits to Alexander, 1024 Academy\\nfnd., 1023 height of greatness confed-\\neration against Sparta, 10233; restora-\\ntions begun, 10222; taken by Alaric,\\n1068 rule of Thirty Tyrants rear-\\nranged; democratic govt, restored, 10232;\\nbesieged walls of Piraeus destroyed,\\n10221; power destroyed, 10232; Erech-\\ntheum fnd., 10223; council of Four Hun-\\ndred; council of Five Hundred reest.\\noligarchy est., 10213; fleet increased,\\n10203; distressed by Spartans, 10213;\\nprisoners in Sicily, 1020 3 terrified by\\neclipse; Hermes statues mutilated, 10212\\nbuilds walls Constantinople, 1030 ar-\\nmistice -with Sparta, 10202; in Sicily af-\\nfairs, 10213; war against, 10212; golden\\nnumber discovered, 1021 Propylssa be-\\ngun, 10203; fortifications completed,\\n1020 satirical comedies prohibited,\\n1021 2; Athenian league independent,\\n10212; revolt against, 1020 10202;\\nheight of power, 1021 2 Odeum Theater\\nfnd., 10203; fleet destroyed, 1019 long\\nwalls begun, 10183; tyrannizes Greece\\ntreasury in Acropolis law of ephialtes\\ndemocratic rule, 10193; Theseurn built,\\n1019 hegemony transferred to, 10183;\\nTemple of Victory built, 1019 suprem-\\nacy of Hellenic fleet, 10183; heads Hel-\\nlenic confederacy, 10192; abandoned;\\nburned, 10182; burned rebuilt reinhab-\\nited, 10192; war against -Kgina military\\npower against Persia, 101S1 nobles re-\\nvolt nobles murdered, 10173 social\\nreform, 1017 1 ostracism est. political\\nchanges, 10173; public library (first),\\nest. by Pisistratus, 10163 schools\\nof suppressed, 10311 first comedy at,\\n10162; taxes levied dissatisfaction with\\ngovt. parties formed, 10172; victorious,\\n1016 archons of authentic dates, 10153\\nauthentic history court of Ephetae\\nest., 1015 acquired; dukedom, 1035\\nTurkish Pasha, 10353; captured, 10341\\ntaken, 1078 devastated, 1034 Parthe-\\nnon destroyed; Turks besieged, 10342;\\nbank fnd., 10353 British School of\\nArcheology opened, 9942.\\nAthens, O., Univ. org., 113 troops, 4603.\\nTenn., East Tennessee and Wes-\\nleyan University organized, 260 2\\nAtherstone, trains collide, 9653.\\nAtherton, Alice, b., 1741\\nCharles Gordon, b. (1804) 3d Gag-\\nLaw, 1493; d. (1853).\\nJohn, b. (1598) bp., d., 8823.\\nAthlumney, Baron, title created, 9671.\\nAthol, asteroid, discovered, 2901\\nDuke of, title created, 9031\\nEarl of, executed, 8632.\\nAthothis, King, on anatomy, 6452.\\nAtkins, Hiram, d., 416\\nJohn, lord-mayor, London, 9393.\\nAtkinson, private, wins rifle prize, 974\\nA. M., pres. convention, 420 2\\nEdward, b., 1342.\\nGen. Henry, b. (1782) against Black\\nHawks, 140 d. (1842).\\nThomas.b. (1807) cons. P. E. bp., 1723\\nd. (1882).\\nThomas Wm., b., 9283; d., 9642.\\nW. Y., nom. for gov., 4672.\\nRailroad Bill, 2732.\\nAtkinson s Casket appears, 131\\nAtlanta, Ga., campaign, Sherman begins,\\n2322, 2363; Confed. conscripts flee to\\nFeds 2343 battle at, 236 1 ,2, 3 Sherman\\nat Atlanta, 2363; burns. 2401 besieged,\\n2371 2381 Kilpatriek sent on raid, 2372;\\nHood evacuates, 2381; Sherman burns\\npart of, 2401 constitutional conv. meets,\\n2593 made capital of, 261 1 Methodist\\nAdvocate, 2621 Atlanta Constitution\\nissued, 262 Clark Univ. org., 2S63,\\n2962; Southern Medical Coll. opd., 3023;\\nInter. Cotton Exposition held, 3093;\\nGammon Theological School fnd., 3143;\\nSouthern Church Conf., 3163; Techno-\\nlogical School opd., 3303; capitol com-\\npleted, 3553; Nothern Soc. org., 3563;\\nprotests against Federal Election Bill,\\n3643; Direct Trade Conv. org., 3693;\\nGrady monument. 394 ;fire,3953; Scotch-\\nIrish Conv., 40112; mavor vetoes licenses,\\n3863; H. C. Brown arrested, 3883; bomb\\nexplosion, 461 Sherman leaves, 240\\nAtlanta captured, 2223.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1192.jp2"}, "1193": {"fulltext": "Atla-Aust.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column,\\n1181\\nAtlanta sails, 3341 42S1\\nAtlanta Univ. (non-sect.) org. (1S69).\\nAtlantic balloon voyage, 2821\\nAtlantic burns off Halifax, 2813.\\nAtlantic collides witb Ogdensburg, 1713.\\nAtlantic, explored, 112.\\nand Pacific E. R., chartered, 2533.\\nand St. Lawrence R. R., opd., 175 2\\nCable Co.; org., 1753; laying begun,\\n1831, 3; laying of, 5833; breaks, 1833;\\nlaid, 9602, 9621 2d laying begins breaks,\\n2493 laying begun third completed\\nreorganized message from Victoria,\\n2533 ends at Brest, 7382 laid, 2833\\n6th laid, 2853 N. T. to Ire., and New-\\nfoundland, 2393 Anglo-Amer. and Anglo-\\nFrench Co. unite, 2693 break in, 3453\\nFr. Atlantic cable, 7533 new laid, 9893.\\ncable. (See Anglo-Am. Tel. Co.)\\nAtlantic Magazine issued, 1323.\\n(Sea) Hotel, corner-stone, 4633.\\nwrecks, 9793\\nAtlay, James, cons, bishop, 9663.\\nAtmospheric pressure, experiments, 9501\\nwave discovered, 2781\\nAtomic theory announced, 9322.\\nAton, Gen. G-anier d president, 10403.\\nAtondo y Antillon,DonIsidoro,b.-d., 11283.\\nAtossa, introduces sales of women, 11412.\\nAtreus, assassinated. 10143.\\nAtskur, action at, 11181\\nAttalia Co., Miss., mob, 3951.\\nMo., cyclone, 4793.\\nAttalus, King, offer for Dionysius, 11462\\ninvents parchment, 11482.\\nI., reigns in Pergamus, 11491 ,2.\\nII., reigns, 11492.\\nIII., Philometor, reigns, 11492.\\nIII., of Pergamus, bequeaths kingdom\\nto Rome, 10571.\\nFlavins Priscus, Emperor, 1071 1\\nAttar-Ferid-ed-Din, b.-d., 11063.\\nAtterbom, Peter Daniel Amadeus, b.-d.,\\n11342 works, 11362 fnds. Aurora For-\\nbundet, 11351.\\nAtterbury, Francis, b., 8902; arrested, 9062\\ncondemned, 9073 d., 9082.\\nAttica, entered, 10182 invasions, 10201 ,2,\\n10221 -ravaged, 10203.\\nAttila, King of Huns, 6793 in it., 10701\\nempire of, 5023, 5031, 6622, 10712 rav-\\nages Thrace, 11541 invades Gaul, 7681\\nplunders Worms, 7693 destroys Aqui-\\nliea; sacks Milan, 10701; besieges Con-\\nstantinople, 10301 tributeref used, 1031 2\\nsuffocated, 5033, 5021\\nAttleboro, Mass., bicentennial, 4733.\\nAttucks, Crispus, d., 761\\nAttwood, T-, forms Political Union, 9452.\\nAtwill, Edwin R., cons. P. E. bp. Mo. ,3701.\\nAtwood, George, b., 9122.\\nAtyens, ally of Argives, 10183.\\nAubanel, Joseph Marie Jean-Baptiste\\nTheodore, Half Open Pomegranate, 7351\\nAube, Adm., minister, 7552,3.\\nAuber, Daniel Francois Esprit, b., 7061\\nMuelte di Portici, 7241 d., 7461\\nAuberlin, Jean Louis, b., 69S3 d., 7211\\nKarl A., b., 8123 d., 8221.\\nThomas, on St. Lawrence, 163, 5711.\\nAubert, du, Bayet, Jean-Baptiste Annibal,\\nb., 7023 d., 7123.\\nAubertin, Edmond, b., 6842 d., 6902.\\nAuberville,F.L.dePounoyde 1 cons., 5751\\nAubery, Antoine, b., 6862 d., 6943.\\nLouis, Sieur du Maurier, d., 6942.\\nAubigne\\\\ Theodore Agrippa d 6822\\nworks, 6843, 6871 d., 6882.\\nAublet, Jean-Baptiste Christophe F., b.,\\n6982 d., 7043.\\nAubrey, John, b., 8821 d., 9002.\\nAubry, Claude Charles, Comte d b., 7042\\nd., 7203.\\nGen. d at Seminara, 6782.\\nFrancois, b., 7003 d., 7142.\\nAuburn, Ala., Polytechnic College org.,\\n2742 Agricultural College opened, 2782,\\nMe., labor riot, 4383.\\nN. Y., prison opd., 1272 Theological\\nSem. org., 1283 first electrocution, 3651\\ncentennial, 433 3\\nAnburndale, Mass., LaselleSem.org., 2412.\\nAuburn Park, 111., R. R. accident, 3453.\\nAubusson, Pierre d b.-d., 6762.\\nAuchmuty, Richard T., d., 4341\\nSamuel, b., 601 d., 891\\nSamuel, Sir, b., 9143 Montevideo,\\n4891; d., 9403.\\nAuckland, N.Z.,fnd.,11032 see est., 9722;\\nBp. Luek cons., 9862 Lord, gov. -gen.,\\n9492, 10473.\\nAuckland, Baron, title created, 9231 9252.\\n(See Eden.)\\nAuction sale, Eng., 901 3\\nAud, Queen, arrives, 10421.\\nAuilati, Trudo, reigns, 11611.\\nAudebert, Jean B., b., 7023 d., 7142.\\nAudefroi, de Bastard, Belle Idione, 6711.\\nAudenaerde, Robert van, b.-d., 5411.\\nAudenreid, Pa., Molly Maguires, 2292.\\nAudiffredi, Giovanni Battista, b., 10831\\nd., 10843.\\nAudiil ret, Marquis d C. L. Gaston, b.,\\n7062 d., 7502.\\nPasquier (Edme Arinand Gaston),\\nDue d b. (1823) Pres. Nat l Assem.\\nlife senator, 7493 pres. Senate, 751 1\\nMe~moires, 7641\\nAudiguier, Vital, b., 6823 d., 6882.\\nAudiphone, invented, R. G. Rhodes, 3061.\\nAudley, Thomas, b., 8661 at Blore Heath,\\nS62i keeper, 8692 minister, 8693 d.,\\n8682.\\nAudouin, Jean Victor, b., 7123 d., 7282.\\nAudran, Gerard, b., 6883 d. (1703).\\nJean, b., 6903 d., 7022.\\nAudrein, Yves Marie, d., 7142.\\nAudubon, John James, b., 931 works,\\n1391, 1403, 1441, 1523, 1603, 1863; d.,\\n1682 monument, 4281\\nAuenbrugger, Auenbrug Leopold, b.\\n(1722) d., 5192.\\nAuer, Anton, b., 8042 d., 8102.\\nJohn Gottleib, cons. miss, bp., 2802.\\nAuerbacll, Berthold, b., 8102 works, 8152,\\n8263 d., 8302.\\nAuersperg, Adolf, b. (1821) d., 5302.\\nPrince Karl William, b. (1814) new\\nministry, 5292 resigns, 531 1 m\\nAuerstadt, battle of, 7161 ,8081.\\nAuerswald, Gen. Hans Adolf Erdmann\\nvon, b. (1792) killed, 8171\\nAuffenberg, Joseph von, b., 8063 d. 8201.\\nAuger,L Abl e,Athanase, b.,6983; d.,70S2.\\nHippolyte Nicolas Just, b., 7123 d.,\\n7522.\\nLouis Simon, b., 7042 d., 7243.\\nAugereau, Pierre, Due de Castiglioue, b.,\\n7022 at Areola, 5182 d., 7222.\\nAugier, Guillaume, Victor Emile, b., 7223\\nworks, 7303, 7333, 7502 d., 7582.\\nAugsburg, Theological Sem. opd., 2663.\\nGer., fnd., 7091 Ger. defeated, 5021\\npeace of, 5103 ceded, 5193 breweries,\\n7782; Diet of, 7813; ribbon-workers est.,\\n7S42 Diet at, 7902, 7912,3 Interim of,\\n7913 edict revoked, 7912 captured,\\n7921 peace of, agreed, 7923 League of,\\n7992 annexed, 809 2 prime ministers\\nmeet, 8232 Confed. Diet retires to, 8251\\nDiet dissolved, 8252 Diet, religious dis-\\nputes settled, 5102 Confession, 11343.\\nAuguis, Pierre Jean B., b., 7003 d., 7191\\nAugur, Christopher Colon, b., 1301 de-\\nfends R. R., 2391 against Indians, 2581.\\nHezekiah, b. (1791) sculptor, 1281\\nd., 1841.\\nAugurs est., 10503.\\nAugust Flower lost, 3353.\\nAugusta in collision, 1893.\\nAugusta marries William I., 8152.\\nPrincess, d., 6421\\nrules with Tiberius, 10632.\\nVictoria, b. (1858) marries, 8203.\\nGa., fnd., 633 fort built, 621 taken,\\n901 besieged captured, 942 burned,\\n1373 arsenal seized. 1901 capital moved\\nfrom, 2611; soldiers monument inaug.,\\n2982 fire, 4133 Exposition opd., 4433\\nPress Associations unite, 4453 Immi-\\ngration Congress, 4603.\\nGer. (See Augsburg, 7691\\nKy., Confed. capture, 2141.\\nMe., State Library org., 1403.\\nAugustan lira begins, 10603.\\nAugustana College organized, 1863.\\nAuguste, Alexandre, leader, 7432.\\nAugusti, Christian J. W., b., 8031 d., 8161\\nAugustin, Jean-Baptiste Jacques, b., 7023;\\nd., 7201.\\nAugustin-Thierry, Gilbert, works, 7641\\nAugustine, St., b.-d., 106S2 composes Te\\nDeum; Bishop of Hippo, 10691.\\nSt., b., 91 in Britain, 8422 archbp.,\\n8422 d., 8421\\nAugustine s Oak, bishops meet, 8422,\\nAugustines, arrive in Chili, 6051\\nAugustinian age of literature, 6551\\nAugustinian order of monks est., 10763.\\nAugustulus, Romulus, reigns, 10713.\\nAugustus I., Frederick, K. of Poland, b.,.\\n7963 d., 8002.\\nI., Frederick, b.-d., 11142.\\nII., at Pultusk, 11141\\nIII., election inherit., 5151 ,2.\\nPrince, married, 5381\\nCaius Julius Ciesar Octavius, b.-d,\\n10583 fails in Ger., 7691 against An-\\ntonius command of legions against\\nAntony commands arm\\\\ 111602 Senate\\nnegotiates with, 1061 2 in second trium-\\nvirate, 10602 in Greece, 10602 consul r\\naction for Ctesar allotmentstoveterans\\nagainst Pompey father of country su-\\npreme in It.; govemsGaulandSp., 10612\\ngoverns West, 10613 orders for sacri-\\nfices, 10611; in Sicily, 1060 2; conquest\\nbegins, 11252 sends legions to Antony,\\n10602 receives Sardinia meets Antony,\\n10613 campaigns along Save, 10603\\nreigns, 10613 inEgy. captures Alexan-\\ndria, 10603 natron of art, 10622; cam-\\npaign against Parthians, 10603 cele-\\nbrates triumphs, 1061 1 games in honor\\nof, 11503 title bestowed, 10613 retires,\\nCorvianus, in Syria, 11512.\\n11251 in Sp., 10G03 reforms, 10613.\\nD. of Brunswick, b. (KillO), 7953.\\nD. of Grafton. (See Fitzroy.)\\nD. of Oldenburg, b. (1783); 8152.\\nelector, b. (1526), 7932 d. (1586).\\nFrederick, D. of Sussex, Pres. Royal\\nAcademy, 9441 d. (1843).\\nFriedrich, b. (1773) d., 8162.\\nFriedrich Wilhelni Hcinrich, Prince\\nof Prussia, b., 8042 d., 8162.\\nWilhelm, Pr., b., 8002 d., 8023.\\nWilliam, D. of Brunswick, 7992.\\nAuk wrecked, 9933.\\nAuldearn, action at, 8842.\\nAulich, Louis, b., 5191 d., 5223.\\nAulick, John H., b. (1789) d., 2802.\\nAulnaye, Francois Henri Stanislaus de P.,\\nb., 7002; d., 7261.\\nAulnoy, or Aunoy, Comtesse d Marie\\nCatherine (Jumelle de Berneville), b.,\\n6883 works, 6951 d., 6962.\\nAulus Postumius, at Lake Regillus, 10501\\ncommands, 10561\\nAumale, Due d (Charles de Lorraine),\\nb. (1556) d., 6882.\\nDue d (Claude II.), b., 6803; d.,\\n6841.\\nDue d Henri Eugene Philippe Louis\\nd Orleans, b., 7241 in Algeria, 83\\nletter to Nap., 7.353 j n Nat l Assem.,\\n7433; manifesto, 74 1 in Assem., 7453\\ncouncil, 7472; exiled, 7. r r,3; revoked, 7572.\\nAumont, Jean d b., 6S03 d., 6842.\\nAurania and Alaska race, 4133.\\nAuray, battle of. 6741\\nAurelian (Claudius Lucius Valerius Ddmi-\\ntius Aurelianus), b.-d., 10642 Emperor,\\ndefeats Franks, 6622 defeats Zenobia,\\n6521 6533 reconquers East Egypt; sub-\\ndues Gaul. Spain, and Britain; mur-\\ndered, 10661, 1067 2 persecutes Chris-\\ntians, 10363 abandons Dacia, 7692.\\nlaw, passed, 10591\\nAurelius Ambrosius, monument, 8402.\\nreigns in Asturias, 1125 3\\n(See Marcus Aurelius.)\\nAurellede Pa la dines, Claude Michel Louis,\\nb., 7151 d., 7502.\\nAuresperg, Coimt Anton A. von, b. 808 2\\nd., 8282.\\nAuricular confession, intro., 10751; pro-\\ntested, 9822.\\nAuriesville, pilgrimage to, 3902, 4141 1 4681\\nAurifaber, Andreas G., b., 7863 d., 7922.\\nJohann, b., 7882.\\nAurora, N. Y., Wells College fnd., 2623.\\nAurora wrecked, 9333.\\nborealis display, 1441 1431 2761 3101\\n4001 4521 8741 alarming, 9042.\\nForbundet fnd., IIS51\\nAurungzebe, b.-d., 10443 generals subdue\\nRajput states, 10441 j reigns rebels d.,\\n10451.\\nAusoulta Fili, burned, 6733.\\nAusonia, asteroid, discovered, 10862.\\nAusonius, Decimus Magnus, h. (310\u00c2\u00b1)\\nworks, 6631 d. (394+).\\nAustell, Ga., R. R. collision, 3213.\\nAusten, Jane, b.,919 1 works,9352 d., 9382.\\nAusterlitz, battle of, 7161\\nColl. org., Sherman, Tex. (1849).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1193.jp2"}, "1194": {"fulltext": "1182\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nAust-Baca\\nAustin, Alfred, b.(1835); works, 9783, 9882,\\n10082, 10122.\\nHorace, gov. Minn., 3732.\\nJane Goodwin, b. (1831); Betty Alden,\\n3982 d 454\\nSarah Tayior, b., 9262 d., 9701.\\nStephen Fuller, b. (1793) grant of\\nTexas, 1313 d., 1401.\\nMiss., race riot, 2843.\\nTex., M. E. eonf. fmd., 2903 legis-\\nlature meets, 161 1 State convention\\nmeets, 2513, 2032, 2X!)2 State University\\norg., 308 3143 Normal School opd.,\\n3082 dam, 4313 train robbery, 445\\nAustralia, bishopric est., 947 3 gold, 9573.\\n(See text, pp. 493-501.)\\nAustralian voting system, 3332, 3363,\\n337 2, 339 2, 3492, 399 2.\\nAustrea, satellite, discovered, 5282.\\nAustria. (Seetext,pp.502^53S.) I launibal in,\\n1054 Romans subdue, 1055 Romans\\ndefeated, 1056 peace with Turk., 11572\\nRoman rule, 1062 (Joths invade, 10652;\\nsigns Peace of Vienna, 1089 2 Duchy\\nreest., 7733 separated from Bavaria,\\n7773 acquires Tyrol, 7883 war with\\nSwitz., 1137 annexes Neth., 10992; Max-\\nimilian I. possesses lands, 7X72, 3; defeated\\nbyTurks, 1156 peasant uprisings, 7893;\\nannexes Tyrol, 7973; war with Fr., 7962;\\nPeace of Radstadt. 6973 annexes Ser-\\nvia, 11232 war of Successi n, X00 envy\\nof Prus.,8013 Seven Tears War, 8032\\nalliance with Prus., S072 war of Suc-\\ncession, 910 peace of Leoben, 7132\\nempire find., 809 war against Fr., 8093,\\n8112, 7212 treaty with Eng., 9373 Lai-\\nbach conference meets, 9412 compen-\\nsation, 941 3 war with Hung. war with\\nSardinia, 816 Slavonic Congress meets,\\n8172; revolts; Diet at ICremsier, 8173; in-\\nfluence, 81X3; against Prus. alliance,819\\ndisagrees with Prus.; old Confederation\\ncalled; ultimatum, 8192 absolute govt,\\nclaimed treaty with Prus., 819 3 alli-\\nance against Rus.; signs concordat, 821\\nemperor crowned; liberal constitution,\\n8212 federal reform, 8213 proposal re-\\njected, 8222 secedes from protocol\\nmanifestoes issued, 8233 Austro-Prus.\\ncontroversy, 8232, 3 Austro-Prus. war,\\n822 1088 allies named declines\\nmediation; withdraws from Oxer., 825\\nallies join Ger. Confederation, 825 2 em-\\nperor in Berlin, 8263 treaty with It.,\\n10902 treaty with Prus., 11193 Austro-\\nGer. treaty, 8353.\\nAustria burned 963 3\\nAutenrieth, Johann H. F. von, b., 803\\nd., 8143.\\nAutharis, King of Longobards, 1072 King\\nof It., 1073 Christian, 19722; d., 10713.\\nAuthors, Am. Soc. org., 3802, 475\\nmemorial to U. S. Congress, 147\\nAuthors Club, Carnegie gift, 3562.\\nAn/oh /oara/iki/ Mirhrlst, 7582.\\nAuto-da-fe, 11252; bull-fights, 11293; in Pe-\\nru; inMex., 242.\\nAutosse, Ala., battle of, 1203.\\nAutran, Joseph, b., 7192 works, 7272,\\n7303 d., 7502.\\nAuvelais cholera, 5493.\\nAuvergne, Fr., mummy found, 7022.\\nLauranguais, Pr. de la Tour, 7392\\nforeign minister, 7392, 3.\\nPierre, b.-d., 6702.\\nStephen, est. Grandmoiitines, 6683.\\nAuvigny, Jean du Castre, d b., 6963 d.,\\n7002.\\nAuvray, Felix, b., 7142 d., 7262.\\nAuvrigny, Hvacinthe Robillard, d b.,\\n6923 d., 698\\nAuzout, Adrien, b., 6882 d., 6942.\\nAuzoux, Theodore Louis, b.,7123; d.,7522.\\nAva. Burmah mission, 1047 2 forts occu-\\npied, 10482.\\ncolony planted, 1145 3\\nAvalanche, Burke, Ida., 352 GreatNorth-\\nern R.R., 420 Rocky Mts., 448 St.\\nGervais-les-Bains, 762 Mont Blanc,\\n11382 Alps, 534 in Colo., 334\\nAvalanche collides with Portland, 9833.\\nAvalon Coll., Trenton, Mo., org. (1869).\\nAvars, in Gaul, 664 in Hung., 503 in-\\nvade Thuringia, 770 defeated, 502\\nexpelled from Servia, 1123 devastate\\nOr., 10302, 10312, 1032 subdued, 7713.\\nAvaugour, M. de, gov. Can., 5732.\\nAvaux, Comte d Claude de Mesmes, b.,\\n6842 d., 6883.\\nAveiro, Duke of (Jose de Mascarenhas),\\nd.-d., 11102.\\nAvellanda, Nicolas, b. (1836) pres., 4912\\nd. (1885).\\nAvellaneda, Ger. Gomez de, b.-d., 11303.\\nAvempace, d., 4863.\\nAvenar s, John E., Hebraicum, 793\\nAvenger lost, 954\\nAvensoar, d., 4863.\\nAventinus, Johannes, b., 786 2 d., 7902.\\nAverell, Gen. Win. Woods, b. (1832) raids\\nW. Va., 2262; raid, 228 3; at Droop\\nMountain, 228 near Wytheville, 2323\\nat Lynchburg, 2343 at Stephenson s De-\\npot, 2362 at Hancock, 2363 at Moore-\\nfield, 237 at Berryville, 238\\nAverroes, Ibn Roshd, d., 4863.\\nAversa, It., Normans settle, 10733.\\nAvery, John, b., 146\\nSamuel P., library gift, 3622.\\nWaightstill, b., 662 d., 130\\nAveryon, mine explosion, 7573.\\nAverysboro, N.C., Confeds. defeated, 244\\nAvic ebron. (See Salomon.)\\nAvicenna, b.-d., 11543.\\nAvidius, Cassias, prefect of Egy., 653 3\\nrevolts, 10652 d., 10642.\\nAvignon, besieged, 6702 University rec-\\nognized, 673 Holy See est., 6723; pope s\\nresidence, 7822, 8562 possession of\\nPopes, 1077 papal residence, 10763\\nseized, 690 annexed, 709\\nAvila, Gil Gonzalez de, b.-d., 11282 in\\nCosta Rica, 630\\nPedro Arias de, b. (1442) at Chira,\\n630 founds Panama, l\u00c2\u00bba d. (1531).\\nAviler, Augustin Chas., b., 6902; d., 6943.\\nAvilez, v del Ficrro Gabriel de, b. (1745\u00c2\u00b1);\\ngovernor, 6053 d. (1810).\\nAvitus, Alcim.-Ecdicius, b., 6623 d., 6642.\\nMarcus M;ecilius, reigns deposed,\\n10712 d. (456).\\nAvizard, Gen., governor Algeria, 92.\\nAvon-by-the-Sea, N. J. Assembly, 3862.\\nAvondale coal mine, fire, 2673.\\nAvonmore, Viscount of, title created, 933\\nAvricourt, Balny D\\\\ at Hanoi, 480 2.\\nAvrigny, Charles Joseph Loeuillard d\\nb., 7023 d., 7242.\\nAvril, Jean Jacques, b., 7003 d., 726\\nAxavcatl, leader, 12 enthroned, 132, 3\\nd., 122.\\nAxes are manufactured, Conn., 134\\nAxtell, Samuel B., b. (1819) gov. N. Mex.\\n(Ter.), 295 d.,388\\nAyaeueho, Spaniards defeated, 490 bat-\\ntle of, 550 643\\nAyala, Balthasar de, b.-d., 5403.\\nJuan de Dios de, gov., 6303.\\nPedro Lopez de, b.-d., 11202 Rimado\\nde Palacio, 11271.\\nAyesha, b. (611 i) slain, 4841\\nAylesford, E. of, title created, 9051\\nAyllon, Lucas V.de, b.(1475-) expedition,\\n191 catches slaves, 192, 3 d., 112S2.\\nAylmer, Baron, title created, 9051\\nLord, gov.-gen., 579 2\\nAvmar, Jacques, b., 6902 d., 6971.\\nAyolas, Juan de, in Parag., 213 d. (1538).\\nAyoob Khan, in Afg., 61,2,71.\\nAyrault, Pierre, b. 6803 d., 6S62.\\nAyrenhoff, Cornelius Hermann, b. (1733)\\nDer Postzug, 8032 d. (1819).\\nAyrer, or Ayer, Jacob, d., 7923.\\nAyres, Romeyn Beck, Gen., b. (1825) at\\nBoydton at Five Forks, 2443.\\nAyseue, Sir George, d., 8923.\\nAvsheah, b.-d., 11542.\\nAytoun, William E., b., 9363 d., 9681\\nAyiithia, capital Siani taken, 11241\\nAzaimeh mission, 657\\nAzais, Pierre Hyacinthe, b.,703 d.,7283.\\nAzan bin Gheo, killed, 4883.\\nAzanza, Miguel -lose de, b.-d., 11283.\\nAzara, Don Felix de, b.-d., 11283.\\nAzariah. (See Uzziah) prophet, 11423.\\nAzeglio, Massimo Taparelli d b., 10843\\nd., 10882.\\nAzi, Pasha, killed, 5652.\\nAziin, in Afg., 43, 52.\\nAzli Pasha, eommand, 566\\nAzores,_14 Columbus voyage, 141 2.\\nAzores cable to Portugal, llll 3\\nAzotus, action at, 11481\\nAzov, canal, 11213 taken, 11572.\\nAztec Club formed, 1632.\\nAxtecs migration, Chicomoztoc, 112 ar-\\nrive in Anahuac, Mex.; new cycle mi-\\ngration of 132 ferocious, 121 language,\\n151 spread, 172 city in Driz. dis., 402\\nAzuni, Domenico Alberto, b., 10842 d.,\\n10862.\\nAzzarkal, math., astron, 486 d., 4862,\\nBaader, Franz X. von, b., 8023 d., 816\\nBaal, worship of, 1141\\nKing of Tyre revolts, 11453.\\nBaalbec, Temple to Sun built, 11532.\\nBaan, Jan van, b.-d., 11003.\\nBaaslia, reigns, 11433.\\nBaba-Ali, d., 91.\\nl .abbage, Charles, b., 9262 d. (1871).\\nBabbitt, Isaac, b. (1799) d., 2092.\\nBabcock, John, vaccination lymph, 950\\nJoseph W., b., 168\\nOrville E., Gen., b. (1835) in whisky\\nfrauds, 2912 d. (1884).\\nThomas S., Speaker Confed., 2393.\\nBabek, Al Khorremi, d., 11062.\\nBabel, Tower of, built, 1140 confusion\\nof tongues, 1141\\nBab-el-Moluk, tomb excavated, 648\\nBabenburg, House est.,503 2 extinct, 505\\nBaber, the Mogul, b., 43 conquers India,\\n4 finis. Finpire, KH33 reigns, 5 takes\\nKabul, 4 d., 43.\\nEdward C, d., 10022.\\nZaheir Adin, b.-d., 1043\\nBabeuf, Francois Noel, b., 703 leader,\\n713 d., 7123.\\nBahinet, Jacques, b., 7102 d., 746\\nBabington, Anthony, b. (1561) conspiracy,\\n8752, 3 d. (1586).\\nBabo, Franz M. von, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 8023 d., 8122.\\nBaboo Keshub Chtnalcr Sen, tins. Brahma\\nSomaj, 10483.\\nBabylon, capital, 11412; conquered, 1140\\n1142 destroyed, 11442 colony planted,\\n11453; rebuilt; new empire, 1147 em-\\npire ends, 6:512,11472; siege, taken, 1106\\n1146 11472 revolt, given to Seleucus,\\n10253, 1149 retaken. 652 11481; war\\nwith Egy., 6501 captured, 0521 10242.\\nBabylonia, dynasties of, 11413, 11431 pays\\ntribute to Egy., 6492 under Assyria,\\n11431 annexed to Assyria, 1145 2\\nBaccarat .scandal, 592 2, 10063.\\nBacchante launched, 9801\\nBaechini, b. (1651), 10833 d. (1721).\\nBacchyliees, b., 10162.\\nBaccioccbi, Felice Pasquale, b. (1762); d.\\n7282.\\nBach, Johann Christian, b., 7963 d.,7983.\\nJohann Christoph Friedrich, b.,8002:\\nd., 8063.\\nJohann Sebastian, b., 7982 d., 8022.\\nKail Philippe Emanuel, b., 7983; d.,\\n8043.\\nWilh. Friedniann, b., 7983 d., 8042.\\nBache, Alexander Dallas, b., 1122 Sani-\\ntary Conimissioncr, 1971; d.,256\\nFranklin, b. (1792) d., 2312.\\nGeorge M., b., 1521\\nHartman, d., 2781\\nSarah, b., 662 d., 114\\nBachelet, Jean Louis Theodore, b., 7223.\\nBaehniaier, .Anton, dictionary, 825 1\\nBachman, John, b., 1022 d., 284\\nBack, Sir George, b., 9283 Arctic expedi-\\ntion, 946 on Wager River, 918 on\\nBlack River, 578 d., 9822.\\nBacker, A., arrested, 3892.\\nBackus, Azel, b., 74 d., 1242.\\nCharles, b., 662 d., 1102.\\nIsaac, b., 602 at Middleborough,\\n71 d., 1122.\\nJay S., b., 1162.\\nJ. Chester, moderator, 197\\nJ. T., moderator, 2702.\\nWilliam W., will, 4103.\\nBac-Ninh, Chinese defeated, 482\\nBacon, Alice Mable, Japanese, 3963.\\nDavid F., d.,2423.\\nDavid W., d., 286\\nEzekiel, b. (1776) d., 272\\nFrancis, Lord Verulam, b., 873\\nworks, 877 8783, 8803 king s sergeant,\\n8792 heat as motion, 8x01 character,\\n881 titles bribery, 8812 d., 882\\nloelS., b. 110\\nJohn, b., 9103 Mars, 918 d., 9283.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1194.jp2"}, "1195": {"fulltext": "Baco-Bald.\\nText Figures denote Page. IJMJ-)JiX.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1183\\nBacon, Leonard, b., 110 d., 3082.\\nWoolsey, b., 138 works, 2803,\\n3123.\\nNathaniel, b., 361 rebellion, 462,\\n47 2; traitor, 47 sustained, 472; d., 462.\\nBacon, Nicholas, Sir, b., 866 chanc; min-\\nister, 8732, 8753 baron, 879 d., (1579).\\nRoger, b.-d., 852 telescope, magic\\nlantern, camera, spectacles. NT,! works,\\n854 3 in p r 8543 gunpowder, 8562.\\nSociety fnd., 9942.\\nBacone, Indian University fnd., 3043.\\nBactria, Scythians expelled, 1043 2\\nBactrian kingdom fnd., 11492.\\nBadajoz, Sp., taken, 7182,9342 besieged,\\n1128 insurrection, 11322.\\nHernan Sanchez de, fnd., 630\\nBadalocchio, b., 10822 d., 10S23.\\nBad-Axe River, Indian wars, 140\\nBad-Debt Agency swindlers, 4522.\\nBaden, explosion on, 836\\nBaden-Baden, margrave of, Ludwig W.,\\nb., 6902 d., 6963 bridge blown up, 738\\nLindolf D. Swabia, 7733 Ernst, D.\\nSwabia, 7752 Charles William, mar-\\ngrave, 7973 treaty, 7993 Charles Fred-\\nerick, margrave, 8012 acquired, 8033\\nreceives territory, 809 2 Charles Fred-\\nerick, grand D.f territory added, grand\\nduchy, 809 3 Charles Lewis Frederick,\\nD., 8111; constitutional monarchy, 811\\nleaves Confederation, 8112 new consti-\\ntutions, 8113 Louis William Leopold,\\ngrand D., 8133 press suppressed, 815\\nLiberals demands, 817 invaded, 818\\nrepublican insurrection, 817 2 autonomy\\ngranted, 820 2 political offenses, 821\\nconcordat with pope ecclesiastical law,\\n8212; civil marriage, S25 peace with\\nPrus., 8252 joins Tariff Union, 8253\\nuniversal suffrage, 827 joins North\\nGer. Confederation, 827 2 gambling-\\nJacob, b., 638 d., 6382.\\nHill, Saxons defeated, 840\\nPowell, George, Sir, b. (1S47) arrives,\\n387\\nGeorge Smyth, Sir, arbiter, 10073\\ncommissioner, 593\\nBadens, Col., at Nam-Dinh, 4802.\\nBadger, George, Edmund, b. (1795) Sec.\\nNavy, 1532 d. (1866).\\nPercy, d., 9982.\\nJoseph, b., 71 d., 1602.\\nOscar C, b., 1302.\\nWm, b. (1779) gov., 1452 d. (1852).\\nBadia y Leblich, Domingo (Ali Bey), b.-d.,\\n1129\\nBadius, Jodocus, b.-d., 540 2\\nBad Lands, S. Dak., lighting, 372\\nBaduaris, commands Romans, 1072\\nBaeda. (See Bede.)\\nBaeker, Jacob van, b.-d., 10982.\\nBaena, Alfonso de, Cancionen), 1127\\nBa-en-neter, reigns, Egy., 645 3\\nBaer, Ernst von, on mammals, 814 law\\nof, 11162.\\nBaert, Baron, Alexandre Balthasar Fran-\\ncois de Paule, b., 7003 d., 7242.\\nBaez, Buenaventura, b. (1810) pres. Dom.\\nRep., 6432 overthrown, 6433 d. (1884).\\nBaffin, William, b., 8742 arctic expedi-\\ntion, 28 SS0 570= d., 8802.\\nBay, dis., 570 2 3 monument, 123.\\nBafnnland, communion in, 570 3\\nBafoulahe, fort at, 753\\nBagaces, burned, 6302.\\nBagagem mission, 5563.\\nBagamoyo, massacre burned, 5623 Stan-\\nley s supplies, 563 war, 8383.\\nBag as, Karl, d., 820\\nBagby, Arthur Pendleton, b. (1794) gov.,\\n1492 d. (1858).\\nBagdad, King Semprad martyred, 1155\\nfnd., 4853 apothecary s shop, 4873; cap-\\nital, 487 books burned, 4862; calif ate\\nended, 4873; Tartars take, 486 taken,\\n1106 2 1155 occupied, 11072 annexed\\nto Tur., 11572.\\nMex., occupied by Am., 1096\\nSalerno, medical schools, 4842.\\nBage rebellion, 560\\nBagehot, Walter, b., 9422 d., 9822.\\nBaggalley, Sir Richard, b. (1816) lord jus-\\ntice, 9812 d., 9982.\\nBaggesen, Jens Immanuel, b., 638 Comi-\\ncal Tales Aluenlied; Labyrinth, 639\\nd., 6382.\\nBagioli, Antonio, b. (1795) d., 272\\nBagley, John J., b. (1832); gov. Mich.,\\n285 d. (1881).\\nBaglione, Giovanni, b., 1081 d. (1650).\\nBagnacavallo, Bartolommeo, b., 10783 d.,\\n10803.\\nBagnal, Lieut., in duel, 9372.\\nEdward, Sir, at Blackwater, 876\\nBagneux, attacked, 742\\nBagoas, assassinates Artaxerxes HI.,\\n11073 killed, 11062, 11073.\\nBagore, mission, 6571.\\nBagot, Baron, title created, 9212.\\nSir Charles, b., 9222; gov.-gen., 5793\\nd. (1843).\\nP. auratides, dynasty of, 1155 2\\nBagration, Pr. Peter, b., 11162 a t Moho-\\nlow, 7162 at Smolensk, 7182 d., 11163.\\nBagshawe, Edward G., cons. R. C. bp., 9742.\\nBagshot, Royal Albert Orphan Asy., 9672.\\nBahadur Shah, b. 1642 crushes Sikhs,\\n1044 reigns, 1045 d., 10443.\\nkilled, 1048\\nBahama wrecked, 3113.\\nBahamas, W.I., granted to S. C, 433 see\\nof, est., 9583.\\nBahia discovered, 14 2 Portuguese colony\\n5532 Alvarez, gov. of, 173 gold, 5522\\nJesuits, 5531; colony plundered, 241\\ntaken, 301 army reembarks revolu-\\ntion, 554 royalty arrives, 555 Florida\\nseized, 556 mission, 5562; boycotting\\nleagues, 5583, 2383.\\nHahiuani Empire falls, 10433.\\nBahnsen, Julius Fred. Augustus, d., 830\\nBahr, Johann Chris.Felix, b.,8063; d.,828\\nBahrdt, Karl Friedrich, b., 8003 d., 8062.\\nBaie, St. Paul, typhoid fever, 5872.\\nChaleurs R. R. Co. investiga., 593\\nBarf, Jean Antoine de, b., 6S0 3 Mimes,\\n685 d., 6842.\\nBaihaut, M., minister, 755 2 Panama\\nCanal Scandal, 7643.\\nBaikie, William B., b., 9402 d., 968\\nBail, Charles Joseph, b. (1777) d., 7243.\\nBennett G., surrendered, 242\\nGamaliel, b., 114 d., 1842.\\nJacob Whitman, b., 1162 d., 180\\nJames Roosevelt, b., 123\\nJoseph, Lieut.-col., at Falls of Alex-\\nandria, 232 d., 256\\nJoseph C, com. colonel, 400\\nJoseph W., b., 229\\nPhilip James, b., 9382 works, 9503,\\n9603.\\nSamuel, d., 9742.\\nSilas, b., 116 d., 2842.\\nTheodoras, 1122 d., 2941.\\ninformer, murdered, 989\\nBaillargeon, Charles Francis, cons., 582 ,2.\\nBaillet, Adrien, b., 6883 d., 6962.\\nBaillie, Joanna, b., 9162 d., 9562.\\nMatthew, b., 915 d., 9403.\\nRobert, b., 8762 d., 8902.\\nBaillot, Pierre Marie Fram;ois de Sales,\\nb., 7042 d., 7282.\\nBaillou, Guillaume de, b., 6803 d., 6862.\\nBailly, leader of Feuillants, 707\\nAntoine, d., 7302.\\nM., works, 7292.\\nJean Sylvain, b., 6983 d., 7082.\\nBaily, Edward Hodges, b., 9242 paints,\\n9343,940 d. (1867).\\nFrancis, b., 9183 red flame, 9502\\nd., 9522.\\nBain, Alexander, b.,9382 electric clocks,\\n948 d., 9822.\\nFrancis, d., 596\\nBainbridge, William, b., 78 at Tripoli,\\n110 captures Java, 118 2 captured,\\n122 d., 142\\nBarnes, Edward, jour., b., 9183 d., 1002\\npolit., b., 9302 d. (1890).\\nMatthew Talbot, b., 9283 d. (1860).\\nBains, Albert, moderator, 170 2\\nBaird, Absalom, b., 132\\nCharles Washington, b., 136\\nDavid, Sir, b., 9143 at Seringapatam,\\n1046 at Cape Town, 697 d. (1829).\\nGeorge A., d., 426\\nHenry Martyn, b., 140\\nSpencer Ful lerton, b., 1302 d. (1887).\\nBait Act, unenforced, 591 2\\nBaius, Michael, b.-d., 5402.\\nBajada del Parana, capital, 5911\\nBajazet I., conquers Bulgaria, 565 an-\\nnexes, 565 3 defeats Sigismund, 11341\\nHderim, b.-d., 11543 reigns, 11571\\noverruns Turkey, 11561 in Wallachia\\nstrife of sons, 11121 defeated, 10352.\\nBajazet II., defeats Hung., 5081 against\\nTurks, 6542 reigns deposed, 11572.\\nBaji Rao, reigns, 10452.\\nBaker, Albert S., promoted captain, 3981\\nConrad, gov. Ind., 2593 mobs, 2752.\\nDavid S., nom. for gov. R. I., 4272.\\nEdward Dickinson, b., 11102 speech,\\n18S3, 1991 at Ball s Bluff, d., 200\\nFrederick S., drowned, 4762.\\nG. F., Metropolitan Museum, 368\\nGen., in Afg., 6\\nHarriett. Newall Woods, b., 1262.\\nHenry, b., 9002 d. (1779).\\nHenry M., b., 1522.\\nJacob, d., 2742.\\nJohn Gilbert, b., 9462.\\nJohn R., accused, 3723.\\nJoshua, gov. La., 2652.\\nLafayette C, d., 262\\nLewis, minister, 4473.\\nNathaniel Bradley, b. (1818) gov.\\nN. H., 1772 d. (1876).\\nOsmon C., b. (1812) ord. M. E. bp.,\\n1702 d., 2742.\\nPeter, b., 870\\nSam. White, Sir, b., 9403 discovers\\nlake, 9662 in Afr., 5603 expedition\\ncourse, 658 in Egy., 6583; expedition\\nto Nile, 973 d. (1893).\\nValentine (Baker Pasha), b. (1825);\\ndefeated near Tokar, 0f s2 d., 996 2\\nWilliam, b., 1382.\\nWm. Mumford, b., 1311 d., 3142.\\nW. T., World s Fair, 4053.\\ninvents canal engine, 11002.\\nCity, Ore., robbery, 4762.\\nUniv., Kan., fnd., 1822.\\nBakersfleld, Cal., fire, 3433.\\nBaki Mehemet Khan, rules Bokhara, 5492.\\nBakunin, Mikhail, b., 11163 d., 11182.\\nlialaam curses Israel, 11403.\\nBalahanow in England, 566 2\\nBalnguer, Vittorio, b., 11303.\\nBalaji enters Delhi, 1044 terrifies, 10452.\\nBalak intimidated, 11413.\\nBalaklava, occupied battle, 9581 9601\\nBalambangan, English possess, 5111\\nBalance wheel movement dis., 888 2\\nBalard, Antoine J., b., 7143 d., 7501\\nBalasor factory opened, 10451.\\nBalban, reigns, 10432; d. (1286).\\nBalbi, Adriano, b., 10843; d., 10863.\\nBalbimonus, Decimus Cselius elected,\\naugustus, 10671; k. (238).\\nBalbin, Jose Antonio Lacayode, gov., 6302.\\nLorenzo Antonio de Granda y, gov.,\\n6302.\\nBalbo, Cesare, Count, b., 10843 Speranze\\nd Jtalia, 10871; d., 10863.\\nPietro hanged, 3043.\\nBalboa, Vasco Nunez de, b.-d., 11263\\nlands, 10393 in Guiana; discovers Pa-\\ncific, 163 beheaded, 173.\\nBalearres, Earl of, title created, 8851.\\nBalch, George B., b., 1301\\nBalchen, Sir John, S922 lost, 9101.\\nBalde, Jacob, b., 7923; works, 7971; d\\n7963.\\nBalderlc, Bishop, b.-d., 6683.\\nBaldermus inv. anastatic printing, 8161\\nBaldi, Bernardino, b., 10833 d., 10823.\\nBaldinger Ernst Gottfried, b., 8002 d.,\\n8082.\\nBaldinucci, Filippo, b., 10833 d., 10831\\nBald Knob terrorists hanged, 3303 re-\\nvenge, 3311 robbed hanged, 3391\\nBaldovini, Francesco, b., 10823 d., 10831\\nBahlucci, Francesco, d., 10823.\\nBaldung, Hans, b., 7862 d., 792\\nBaldwin I., Count of Flanders, d., 6662.\\nII., Count of Flanders, founds Dun-\\nkirk, 6673 Fourth Crusade, 6703.\\nI., b. (1171) defeated prisoner, 1034\\nEmp. of Constantinople, 1035\\nV., of Flanders, regent, 6692.\\n1., b. (1058) King of Jerusalem,\\n11552 d. (1118).\\nII., K. of Jems., 11552 Emp., 1035\\nbesieges Constantinople, 10341 d., 11543.\\nin., b.-d., 11543 King of Jerusalem,\\n11552.\\nIV., b.-d., 11543 King of Jerusalem,\\n11552.\\nV., King of Jerusalem, 11552.\\nheir of Philip of Flanders, b., 5442.\\nAbraham, h. (1754) pres. senate,\\n1112 d. (1807).\\nE. P., Treasury Dept., 4472.\\nHenry, b., 912 d. (1844).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1195.jp2"}, "1196": {"fulltext": "1184\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN DxLJK.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nBald-Bank.\\nBaldwin, Henry Porter, b. (1814); gov.\\nMich., 2692.\\nJohn Dennison, b., 11G d., 3141\\nMatthias Wm, b., 1061 d., 2541\\nMelvin R., b., 1482.\\nM. S., cons, bp., 9922.\\nRoger Sherman, b. (1793); gov. Conn.,\\n1591; d. (1863).\\nStephen L., missionary, 6203.\\nTheoron, b. (1801) d., 2702.\\nThomas, b., 683 d., 1322.\\nFla., captured, 2302.\\nKan., Baker Univ. fnd., 1822.\\nTenn., Beauregard at, 208 2\\nBale,Jobn,l .(14!6) W/Vr.svS71i d.,8721.\\nBalearic Islands under Rome, 10571\\nBaleazar, King, 11432.\\nBalechou, Jean Jos. Nich.,b.,697i d.,7031\\nBalen, Hendrik van, b.-d., 5403.\\nBales, Peter, b. (1547) stenography, 8771\\nd. (1610).\\nBalestier, Charles Wohott, b. (1861) VaM-\\nlahka, 4203 d. (1891).\\nBalestra, Antonio, 1083 d. (1740).\\nBalfe, Michael William, b., 9343 d., 9742.\\nBalfour, Arthur James, b. (July 25, 1848)\\nminister, 9933, 9953, .)72; Land Purchase\\nBill passes, 10033; Irish Relief Fund,\\n10052; Irish Local Govt. Bill, 10001;\\nlord treasurer, 10073.\\nBaron, title created, 8772.\\nGeorge, Sir, d., 10102.\\nJames, Sir, d., 8742.\\nJohn, leader, 8943.\\nHattou, b., 9343 d. (1884).\\nBalinhard, Baron, title created, 9651\\nBaliol, Edward de, K. of Scot., 8573 de-\\nfeated, 858 1 in Eng.; made King, 859\\nsells right, to throne, 8592; d. (1363).\\nJohn of, King, b.-d., 8542; contests\\ncrown, 855 3 reigns, X5i;3 surrenders\\ncrown; prisoner, 8571 d. (1269).\\nBalize, Spaniards routed, 5641.\\nBalkans, mission, 5652- earthquakes, 5693.\\nBalkh, held by Shere AH, 52.\\nBall, Ephraim, b., 1182; d. (1872).\\nHannah, est. Sunday-school, 9191.\\nJohn, preaches, S58 2 insurrection-\\nist, 8611; d. (1381).\\nJohn, explorer, d., 10001\\nX., lord chancellor, 9793.\\nThomas, b., 1281\\nBallads, popular, 8623.\\nBallanche, Pierre Simon, b., 7043 d., 7301\\nBallantine, William, b., 9362 d., 9962.\\nBallantyiie, James, b., 9183 d., 9462.\\nJames Kob., I). (1813) d., 9681.\\nBallarat, gold fields, 4961 insurgent mi-\\nners, 4972 l ;uik robbery; riots, 4963; dio-\\ncese, 4982; see f, est., 9722 Bp. Thorn-\\nton elected, 9803; Bp. Moore cons., 9862;\\nHome-rule meetings, 500 2\\nBallard, David W., gov. Ida. Ter., 2553.\\nJohn, in conspiracy, 875 3\\nBalliiiahineli, action at, 9281\\nBalhnamuck, Fr. defeated, 7122.\\nBallivian, Adolfo, b. (1831) pres., 5512 d.\\n(1874).\\nJose, b. (1804;; pres.,6503- d. (1852).\\nBalloon ascension, Prof. Wise, 841 at\\nPhila., 1041; in army, 1993; in Boston,\\n4093; Atlantic voyage, 282 tirst made,\\n9222; first in Fr., 704 ascensions, 7433;\\nhot air invented, 11113.\\nSociety fnd., 9861\\nBallot, first used, 302; i n N. Y., 3552.\\nBill passed, Fr., 7572.\\nbox stuffed, Jersey City, 3591; of-\\nfenders released, 421 1\\nrejected, G. B., 9613.\\nBallou, Hosea, b., 762; a. (1852).\\nb., 1061; Unitarian, 1062; views\\nannounced, 108 3 d., 1701.\\nBalls, masked, prohibited, 1171.\\nBall s Bluff, Va., battle, 2001 Cong., 2013.\\nBallybay, Ire., riot at, 9432.\\nBallyeastle, coal mine discovered, 9181\\nBalinaeeda, Jose Manuel, b. (1842) pres.,\\n607 3 persecuting; bomb for, 6083; re-\\nvolt against, 60.sl manifesto; dictator,\\n6091 risings suicide, 6092.\\nBalmerino, Arthur Elphinstone, Lord, b.\\n(1688); executed, 9112.\\nBalmez, Jaime L., b.-d., 11303; El Protes-\\ntantisimo comparanda, 11311.\\nBalo, invaded; punished, 6 3\\nBalolo, mission at, 10943.\\nBalonya riot, 5343.\\nBaloza settlement threatened, 5642.\\nBaloze mission, 5643.\\nBalta, Jose, b. (1816) pres.,11082; d.(1872).\\nBaltard, Victor, d., 748.\\nBaltcheff, M., shot., 5682, 5693.\\nBalthasar murders Wm. of Orange, 10993.\\nTheodor, b., 7983.\\nBaltic, vessels pay dues, 6373 frozen, 6362\\nneutral for commerce, 6392, 11153 Ger-\\nman ports blockaded, 7401\\nCanal opened, 6393.\\nfleet, Queen reviews, 9581\\nIre., fishing-school est., 9961\\nprovinces incor. with Rus., 1119 3\\n(See Calvert.)\\nBaltimore, Md. founded, 632 first Epis.\\nChurch, 643; Meth. Conf. at, 932, 951;\\numbrellas intro., 771 first theater, 891\\n98i; streets lighted, 953; first Bapt. Ch.,\\n982; R. C. see erected, 1002; St. Mary s\\nSem. fnd.; Baltimore Daily Repository;\\nFirst Gen. Conf., M.E., meets, 1023; cen-\\nsus; center of population, U. S., 1033;\\nConstellation launched, 1061; mob, 1191;\\nBritish attack, 1222 Tract Society org.;\\nPortico issued, 1251 American Farmer,\\n1271 yellow fever First Savings Bank\\nest., 127 3 Wm.Ellery Channingpreaches,\\n1282; Meth. reformers meet, 1322; fire-\\nbrick mfg., 1341 public school est., 1371\\nMeth. Prot. Ch. org., 1382 locomotive\\nmfg. 1381 ;Nat. Republican Party meets;\\nAnti-Masons meet, 1392; 1st Nat. Demo-\\ncratic Conven. meets, 1411 Bank of Md.,\\nriot, 1452 Baltimore Transcript, 1463\\nBaltimore Snn issued, 1471 Mercantile\\nLibrary Asso. fnd.; City Coll. fnd., 1503;\\nDem. Nat. Conven. meets, 1513, 1572,1651\\n1711,1882; 2792; Green Mount Cemetery\\ndedicated, 151 3; telegraph to Wash. ,1561\\nWhigNat.Conyrn. meets, 1572, 1711, 1812;\\nM d. Historical Library find., 15S3; Ladies\\nChina Miss. Soc. org., 1642; Dem. Nat.\\nConven., 1651 1711 Whig Nat. Conven.,\\n1711; R. R. collision, 1753; o. S. Pres.,\\nsynod org., 1763; Know-Nothings riot;\\nRip Raps and Wampanags riot,\\n1803; Whig. Nat. Conven., 1812; R. R, to\\nSt. Louis, 1833; Plug Uglies rule,\\n1832; streetcars run, 1873; acquires Druid\\nHill Park, 1902; secession mob; Mass. 6th\\nRegt. mobbed, 1941; troops again pass;\\nButler occupies, 1942 secession flag, 1943\\ntroops excluded, 1951 John Merryman\\narrested; disloyalty in, 195 3 troops pass,\\n3031 martial law, 2232; Early moves on,\\n2351 Republican Nat. Conven. meets,\\n235 2 Rieketls arrives; Farly approaches,\\n2361 First Nat. LaborCong. meets, 2413;\\nLincoln obsequies, 2472; hail-storm,\\n2521 Peabody lust, fnd.; Centenary Bib-\\nlical Inst, org.; Morgan Coll. and Dela-\\nware Conf. Acad, org., 2543; negroes cel-\\n15th Amendment, 2703; Coll. of Phys.\\nand Surgeons. 2782; Nat. Dem. Conven.,\\n2792; fire, 2833 Morning Herald, 2883\\nJohns Hopkins Hospital, 2913; Johns\\nHopkins Univ., 2922; IVabody Inst. Li-\\nbrary fnd., 2922; Methodists unite, 2942;\\nPresbyterian Hospital opd.; mob stones\\ntroops, 2971 W. C. T. U., Nat. Conven.\\n3011; anniversary of founding, 3053;\\nCharity organization Soc. fnd., 3071;\\naqueduct opd., 3093; G. A. it. meets, 3103;\\npier gives way, 315 3 R. C. Plenary Coun-\\ncil, 3182; Public Library opd., 3231; Wo-\\nmen s Meth. Coll. fnd., 3332; Sub-Treas.\\nthief dis., 3333; R. c. clergyholdservices,\\n3382; Sweet Potato Trust fmd., 3433; R.\\nC. high-license mass-meeting; Archbp.\\nSatolli arrives; Cong. R. C. laymenopens,\\n3463; Catholic Young Men s Soc. org.,\\n3482; Morgan Coll. org., 3543; fire, Ma-\\nsonic Temple, 3733; Corpus Christi\\nChurch con., 3742; highlicenselaw,375i\\nMass. Volunteers entertained. 3821 fire,\\n3853,4193; Sunday closing, 3931 Detroit\\nlaunched, 3941 Montoomen/ launched,\\n3961; Nat. Prison Reform Asso., 4183;\\ndistillery seized, 4263; anniversary of\\nStamp Act, 4403 Southern Immigration\\nLand Co., 4613.\\nand Ohio R.R., corner-stone, 1353; opd.,\\n1373, 1752; strikes, 1823; strike begins,\\n2963; extended. 3533; Co. circular, 361 1\\nand Susquehanna Railroad opd., 1393.\\nand Washington R. R.opd., 145 3\\nand Wilmington R. R., opd., 1493.\\nLord. (See Calvert, Cecil.)\\nBaltimore, Pres. Harrison received on\\nboard, 366 resails for Sweden, 3661 a t\\nSan Francisco, 3981 to recapture Itata,\\n3821 sailors outrage, 3951 3981 3992,3,\\n4003, 4011, 4021; sails from Valparaiso,\\n4181; to Korea, 4601 ordered to Taku,\\n4761.\\nBalton, Baron, title created, 925 2\\nEnsign de, in duel, 9352.\\nBaltzer, Johann B., b., 8082 d., 8262.\\nWilhelm E., b., 8102 d., 8321\\nBaluc, Jean de la, b., 6762 d., 6783.\\nBaluchi population religion\\ntranslated, 5393.\\nBaluze, Etienne, b., 6882 d., 6981\\nBalzac, Jean Louis Guez de, b., 6842\\nworks, 6872, 0891 6903 d., 6902.\\nHonore de, b., 7142 works, 7252,\\n7271 72S3, 7303 d., 7302.\\nBamberg, Peace of, 7853.\\nbishopric, 7742 Diet of, 7791 taken,\\n7942 Univ. opd., 7971 faculty theology,\\n8011; Faculty of Medicine, 8032; sus-\\npends, 8091.\\nBamberger, Ludwig, b., 8122.\\nBamjur, (i:iinKi;i, liurned, 10101\\nBampton Theological Lectures, 921 1\\nBan of Croatia at Velencze, 5221\\nBanana mission, 10943.\\nBanat ceded, 615 1.\\nBanbarre, Livingstone reaches, 5611\\nBancaRomana suspends payments, 10903.\\nBancroft, Aaron, b., 711 d., 1502.\\nGeorge, b., 1082 works, 1322, 1443\\nest. Annapolis Naval School, 1581 Sec-\\nretary Navy, 1592 d., 3761\\nHubert Howe, b., 1401 Utah, 3502.\\nJohn Chandler, b., 1301\\nRichard, b. (1544) archbp. Canter-\\nbury, 8782 d. (161Q).\\nBancroft launched, 4061\\nBand, Eng., permanent military, 8661\\nof Hope (Temp.), fmd., 9551 9611\\nof Hope Union formed, 9991\\nBandel, Ernst von, b., 8063 statue of Her-\\nmann, 8281 d., 8282.\\nBandello, Matteo, b., 10783 Tales, 1081 2 j\\nd., 10803.\\nBandelli, Baccio, b. (1488) d., 10803.\\nBandiera, Attilio, 1.., 10862 shot, 10872.\\nEmilio, b., 10862 d., 00863, 10872.\\nSada, submits, 1111 1 minister, 11112.\\nBandini, Angelo Maria, b. (1726) d., 10843.\\nBandmann, Daniel Edward, b., 8143.\\nBandits in Chile, 60S3 at Nfmes,7221 re-\\nlease prisoners (Cuba), 6342.\\nBandon, Earl, title created, 9311.\\nBaiultke, Samuel, b., 11162.\\nJerzy Samuel, b. (1768) d., 11163.\\nBane, Donald. (See Donald VII.)\\nBaneda, Fr., Sanchez de la, gov., 6053.\\nBaner (Banier), Johan G., b.-d., 11342\\nmarshal at Wittstock, 5121\\nBanffy, Baron, new ministry, 5383.\\nBang, Peder Georg, b., 6382 d., 6403.\\nStephenson, Cliristianhe titan s Bes~\\nl.rifnelse, 11041\\nBangal Afghans expelled, 10441\\nBangalore taken, 9241 captured, 10442\\nMusore mission, 10462.\\nBangeolo, Lake, discovered, 5611 6003.\\nBangkok, capital Siam, 11241 Fr. troops\\nin, 11242 mission, 11243, 6163.\\nBangor see erected, 8403.\\nViscount, title created, 9231\\nCal., hotel fire, 4093.\\nEng. monastery burned, 8422.\\nMe., Theological Sem. cpd., 1243 j\\nDemocrat destroyed, 1991; mob, 1991;\\nReform Club, 2851.\\nN. W., Univ. College fnd., 9923.\\nBangs, Francis C, b., 1461\\nHeman, b. (1790) d., 2681\\nNathan, b., 912 d., 2072.\\nBanim, John, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 9283 d., 9502.\\nBanionenvo, Fr., Fernando, bp., 6051\\nBan Jellachich, gov. of Hungary, 5213.\\nBanjermassin, settlement at Sultan of\\nappeal, 5512.\\nBank, opened for patriotic gifts, 932 first\\nin Am., 952, 3 2d est., 973 first U. S.\\nenactment, 1032 second (1816-1836) it\\ndiscounts, 1033; recharter vetoed, 1233.\\n1252, 1411; Jackson against, 1372; re-\\nchartered, 1411 vetoed, 1411; removal\\nof deposits, 1432; not rechartered, 1433;\\nincorporated at Phila., 1473, suspends,\\n1493 fails, 1613, 1553.\\nFiscal Bill, 1532; passes vetoed, 1532;.\\nsecond bill passed vetoed, 1532, 3.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1196.jp2"}, "1197": {"fulltext": "Bank-Bapt.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1185\\nBank, Australian Joint-Stock fails, 10123.\\nCharitable, 6211.\\nfirst in It., 10733 of It., est., 10892.\\nfnd. at Barcelona, 1127 1\\nnotes; Tax Repeal Bill debate, 4G1 3\\nsuspended rejected, 4631\\nof Amsterdam fnd., 1101 2\\nof Copenhagen formed, 6393.\\nof France established, 7153.\\nof Eng., est., 9012 first stone, 9093\\nsuspends cash payments, .)2!)2, 3 contri-\\nbution to govt., 9293 Alstett s frauds,\\n9311; forged notes on, 9392 specie for\\nnotes, 9393; completed, 9401 specie pay-\\nments, 9412 diminishes circulation\\nmonopoly broken, 9482 loss by forgery,\\n9451 rechartered,9472; Bill for renewal,\\n9532 gov. in privy council, 1007 2\\nof Geneva founded, 11373.\\nof Genoa founded, 10753.\\nof Ireland instituted, 9233.\\nof Rotterdam, 1101 2\\nof St. Petersburg founded, 11172.\\nof Scotland founded, 9012.\\nof Venice founded, 10753.\\nrobbery, U. S. 3783, 4163, 4171 4183,\\n4222, 4443, 4542, 4602, 4603, 4702, 4723,\\n4743, 4762, 479I; at Balarat, Australia,\\n4963.\\nBankers drafts stamped. G. B., 9632.\\nimprisoned, Ger., 8271\\nsave national credit, 1S93 loan U. S.\\nmoney, 1992 loyalty, 1952.\\nBankke ad, John II., b., 1541\\nJohn P., b., 1301.\\nBanking bills pass, 2333.\\nBankrupt Act passes G. B., 9373, 9732.\\nBankruptcy Bill passes, 153 2 repealed,\\n1553, 2992; Bill, 3491, 3652, 4431, 4452;\\nGer., 8033.\\nBank scandal, Italian statesmen in, 1090 2\\nBanks, Cape Town, suspend, 6033.\\nEng., est., 9483 suspend, 9433.\\nState, New York, est. Portsmouth,\\n1033 in Cincinnati, 1133 suspend, 1233;\\nin Windsor, Vt., 1273 Savings, at Balti-\\nmore, 1273 of Md., riot, 1452 est. at\\nChicago, 1453 in N. Y., resume, 1493\\nWild Cat currency issue, 1413 specie\\npayment suspended, 1-173 general bank-\\ning law passed, N. Y., 1492 Cal. B s. sus-\\npend, 1773 Boston est. clearing-house,\\n1793 State B. abolishment, 2013.\\nNational, system approved, 2173 Na-\\ntional B. Bill intro., 2192; currency dis-\\ncredited, 2293 Bills pass, 2333 tax of,\\ndefeated local taxation enacted, 2333\\nTax Bill approved, 2352 National org,\\nin Phila., 2373 State Bs. taxed, 2433\\nFirst National, est. at Portland, 2493\\nloans prohibited, 2053 circulation lim-\\nited, 2712; must restore capital, 2851;\\nOwego suspends, 3593 Chicago Park B.\\nsuspends, 3013 ..Hirers, jury duty, N.Y.,\\n3511; Western banks suspend, 4293,4333;\\nresume, 4353; suspend, 4332; at St. Paul,\\nMinn., 4353; time limit rule, 4353 re-\\nsume, 4373 Southern close, 4333 Circu-\\nlation Bill, Amendment, 437 1 swindle,\\nChicago, 4503 Bs. org. in 1863, 2293.\\nJoseph, Sir, b., 9103 pres. Boyal\\nSociety,9182 African Association, 9241\\nd., 9402.\\nNathaniel P., b., 1242; M. C. speaker,\\n1791 condidate for v.-pres., gov., 1803\\nvote for v.-pres., 1812 Mass., 185=; in\\nthe Shenandoah, 1981 2051 crosses po-\\ntomac, 2041 in army of Potomac, 2043\\nin Va., 2052; at Woodstock, 2052,3; near\\nWinchester, 208 2 at Cedar Mountain,\\n2103; supersedes Butler, 2151 2162; sails\\nfor New Orleans, 216 2 attempt to assas-\\nsinate, 2183 starts for Fort De Bussey,\\n2202; captures Opel ntsas, 2203 arrives at\\nAlexandria, 2221 at Port Hudson, 2222;\\nretakes Brashear City, La., 2231 takes\\nPort Hudson, 2242; at Sabine Pass, 2262;\\nat Brazos Island, 227 1 at Alexandria,\\n2303 leaves Natchitoches at Pleasant\\nHill at Grand (Score, 2313 at Mata-\\ngorda at Cane River Ferry to abandon\\nRed River Expedition, 2321 succeeded\\nby Canby, 2332; enrolls negroes, 2371;\\nnominated for governor, 437 2 d., 4701\\nThomas, b., 90.K2; 9323.\\nBannatyiie, George, b., 8681 d. (1608).\\nBanneker, Benj., b., G2i d., 1122.\\nBannerman, Sir A., governor, 5792.\\nBanner of Light issued, 1823.\\nBannister, Henry, d., 1183.\\nBaiinoekburn, action at, 7561.\\nBanquo, Thane, d., 8462.\\nBantry Bay, lighthouse destroyed, 9893.\\nBanu Nadir, expelled, 4843.\\nBanville, Theodore Faullain de, b., 7242;\\nworks, 7291 ,2, 7331 7363, 7371 7523; d.,\\n7601.\\nBaptism (Infant), upheld, 3G3; inconsis-\\ntent with slavery, 57i anc. Gr., 10283.\\nBaptists, in Am.; first Bapt. in Am., 262;\\nin B. I., 262; church in Providence\\nWilliams a non-Baptist, 343; church at\\nNewport; as heretics; church divided,\\n383; miscellaneous, 382, 422, 603, 742;\\nfine, 763, 811,823; in Mass., banished,\\n342; persecuted, 303, 3S3, 102; tirstchureh,\\n422; miscellaneous, 522, 712,742,912,\\n1102, 1142, 1183; inN.Y., 402, 1023, 1251,\\n1281, loss, 3122; six Principle B. secede,\\n402, 763; in Va., 403, 422, 582, 663, 7S2,\\n823, 1143, 1511, 1523,. 3143, 3383; in Bos ton,\\n422, 482, 582, 651 742, 732, 4261 Seventh\\nDay org.,422; in Me., 422, 1291 in S. C,\\n422,3, 542, 543, 023, 091, 1723, 1763; in\\nN. J., 502, 571 711 i\u00e2\u0080\u009e phila., 523, 542,\\n503, 603; i\u00e2\u0080\u009e if. Y. City, 571, 5S3, 002,\\n723, 1232, 1542, 3022, 3\u00c2\u00ab 42; in Pa., 582,\\n1631 1663, 2623; in Conn., 563, 571 623;\\nin N. H., 5S3, 603, 932; i\u00e2\u0080\u009e if. C, 603,\\n711 742, 1423, 1783, 1843, 2503, 3322; Gen.\\n(Arminian), B., org., 603; in Md., 651,\\n663, 982; in Tenn., 742, 1443, 1043, 1003,\\n1703, 1723, 2803; Brown Univ. est., 742;\\nin Vt., 762; j\u00e2\u0080\u009e Miss., 932, 1123, 1703,\\n2023, 2063; Free Will, org., 932 in Ky.,\\n951, 1391, 1762; number inU.S., 963, 1843,\\n2G23, 2823; Separate and Regular unite,\\n9S3; against slavery, 1002; i\u00e2\u0080\u009e m. 1062,\\n1351, 1782, 2863; i n Ind., 1083, 1431;\\nBake Missionary Society find., 1142;\\nIndian Missions, 1142, 1263; 1282, 1303,\\n1311, 1323, 1343, 1351, 1402,3, 1423, 1542,\\n1642, 1722, 1S43, 2452, 29S3; in Ala., 1143,\\n1543, 1822; in La., 1191 1731 2703; mis-\\nsionary funds, 121 1 National For. Mis-\\nsionary Soc. find.; Woman s Missionary\\nSoc. find.; Triennial Convention fmd.,\\n1232; Madison Univ. est., 1251 Christian\\nWatchman, 1271 only For. Missions,\\n128 3 Hamilton Theological Institute;\\nColby Univ., Colgate Univ., 1291; Mrs.\\nJudson returns Publication Soc, 1311\\nNewton Theo. Inst., 1323; Cnnipbellites\\ndisfellowshipped, 1343 Shurtleff Coll.,\\n1351 Judson s gift; ZioiCs Advocate,\\n1363; GeorgotownColl.,1391 Home Miss.\\nSoc. org., 1402; iicnnison Univ.; Baptist\\nWeekly Journal, 1403; i n O., 1403, 32S3;\\nJournal a ltd JIisseu /er, 140 3 ;in Chicago,\\n1422, 3403; Mercer Univ.; Kalamazoo\\nColl.; Wake Forrest Coll., 1423; i n\\nMich., 1423, 1783; in Ga., 1423, 1662;\\n1782,2962; Franklin Coll., 1431 i n la.,\\n1441 1703, 1731 2502 Christian Review;\\nThe Baptist, 1443 Bapt. Banner, 1451\\nleave Am. Bible Soc., 1463; org. Am.\\nand Foreign Bible Soc., 14G 2 Examiner,\\n1503; Bapt. Artvneate, 1503; Rector Coll.,\\n1.311; Consolidated Missionary Conven-\\ntion, 1522; Bapt. ll n-kli/, 1523; in Tex.,\\n1522, 1631, 1642, 1783, 2982, 3082; Eich-\\nmondColl., 1523; Tract and Book Soc,\\norg., 1542; Howard Coll., 1543; in Ore.,\\n15S3, 1863, 3322; Mich. Christian Herald,\\n1571 divided by slavery; Southern Bapt.\\nsecede; Providence Conven., 158 2 Dr.\\nJudson s visit Am. Bapt. Miss. Union\\nfmd., 1003; Bu.-knrllAcad., Baylor Univ.;\\n1631; Lewisburg |Bucknelf] ijniv., 1663;\\nin Wis., 1482, 1031 defeat revision; Am.\\nBible Union find., William Jewell Coll.,\\n1662; Mary Sharp Fern. Coll.; Browns-\\nville Fein. Coll.; Mississippi Coll.; Bur-\\nlington Coll., 1703; Monroe Fem. Coll.,\\n1G62; in Mo., 1662, 1083, 1802, 1843, ;;ik)3,\\n3063; Carson-Newman Coll., 1003; Grand\\nRiver Coll.; Univ. of Rochester, 1683;\\nHistoricalSoc. fmd., Furman Univ., 1723;\\nCentral Univ.; Mt. Lebanon Univ., 1731\\nBethel Coll., 17G2; Kalamazoo Coll.;\\nBapt. Fein. Coll., 1783; Stephen s Coll.,\\n1802; McMinnville Coll., 1863; Cedar\\nValley Sem., 2111; Des Moines Coll.,\\n2502; Shaw Univ.; National rtapt.,2503;\\nOttawa Univ., 2543; Quarter!// Review,\\n2583; i n Kan., 2,543; Richmond Theo.\\nSem., 2603; Blandville Coll.; Concord\\nColl.; Monongahela Coll., 2623; Leland\\nUniv., 2733; Woman s Bapt. For. Mis-\\nsionary org., 2702; Judson Univ., 2763;\\nin Ark., 2703; ISroadusOoll., 2771 ,2963;\\nBenedict Inst, fnd., 2771; i n \\\\V. Va.,\\n2771 State Univ., Ky. (colored) ;BlueMt.\\nFein. Coll., 2822; F.wingOoll.; Southwest-\\nern Univ., 2803, 21I03; Shorter Coll., 2962;\\nEastern Conveu. fmd.; Women s Bapt.,\\nHome Missionary Soc. org. ,2982; Chinese\\nwork; withdrawals, 3002 South West\\nBapt. Coll.; Jiapt. Quarterly; Bapt. Re-\\nview, 3003; Jackson Coll. (colored), 3023;\\nShuqualak Fem. Coll.; Pierce City Coll.,\\n3063; Bishop Coll. (colored), 3083; Min-\\nister s Home est.; Miss. Union and Pub.\\nSoc org., 3122; stetson Univ.; Sioux\\nFalls Univ.; Hartshorn Memorial Coll.,\\nS. W. Va. Inst., 3143; i n Fla.,3143; in\\nS. Dak., 3143; plan of Cooperation fnid.,\\n3202; first Chinese Church, 3263; Los\\nAngeles Univ., 3282; in Cal., 3282; Shep-\\nherdson Coll., 3283; High Point Fem.\\nColl., 3322; Chicago Univ. endowment,\\n3403, 3522,3022, 30S2, 4202, 4221 4401 Dr.\\nBridgeman leaves, 3842; Young People s\\nUnion, 1st conven., 4101 conven., 4341,\\n4661; Annual Meetings held in Cin-\\ncinnati, 1031 Troy, 1 042 Phila.; Buffalo,\\n1002; Pittsburg; Albany, 1722,3; Phila.,\\n1762; Chicago. 1782; N. Y.,1802; Boston,\\n1S21 Phila., 1843 N.Y., 1802 Cincinnati,\\n1902; Brooklyn, 2023; Providence, 2191\\nCleveland, 2272; Phila., 2411 St. Louis,\\n2502; Boston, 2542; Chicago, 2582; N.Y.,\\n2042; Boston, 2082; Phila., 2722; Chicago,\\n2762; N. Y.,2802; Albany, 2822; Wash.,\\n2S62; Phila., 2902; Buffalo, 2942; Provi-\\ndence, 2982; Cleveland, 301)2; Saratoga,\\n3023, 3062; Indianapolis, 30.82; N. Y.,\\n3122; Saratoga, 3142; Detroit, 3182 Sar-\\natoga, 3222; Asbury Park, 3242; Minne-\\napolis, 3282; Wash., 3332; Boston, 3402;\\nBoston, 5501; New Haven, 8702; Cincin-\\nnati, 3981; Phila., 4081; Detroit, 4742;\\nTriennial meetings held; at Phila.,\\n1282,1203, 1283; Wash., 1303; N. Y., 1343;\\nPhila., 1363; N. Y., 1402; Richmond,\\n1402 N. Y., 1483 Baltimore, 1542 Phila.,\\n158 2 Brooklyn; changed to Am. Bapt.\\nUnion, 1603.\\nBaptists, Can.; inN.S. ,5763, 5771 hiP.Q.;\\n5703,5782,5882; in Ontario, 5782; 5882,\\nin N. B., 5751, 5782, 5801, 5S02; Indian\\n.Missions, 5783; Foreign .Missions, 57S 3\\n5S22; Bapt. Miss/auanf ManaSine, 578 3\\nUnion fmd., 5783; in p. E. I., 5822;\\nWoman s Boards fmd., 5842.\\nFree Communion, org. conf., 98 2\\nunity with Freewill Bapt., 1543; Hills-\\ndale Coll. est., 1782.\\nFreewill, U. S. A., org., 932; Groton\\nConf. org., 982; i s t meeting, 1042; Gen.\\nConf., 1343, 1383; For. Miss. Soc. org.,\\n1402; Free Communion Bapt. unite, 1543;\\nFemale Miss. So,-., 103 Riilgville Coll.,\\nMd., org., 2583; ~w. Va. Coll.,, 2643;\\nWoman s Miss. Soc, 2842; Rio Grande\\nColl., O., 2922.\\nGerman, Dunkers (Mennonites),\\nU. S. A., inPa., 482 arrive, 582 org., 003\\nmonastic est., 022; Sunday School, 643;\\nIndian Missions, 1103,3002; Bates Coll.,\\n2232; Orphans Home, 2803; Miss. Soc.\\nfind., 2842; begins For. Miss, work, 2902;\\nAshland Coll., 3003; National Conf.;\\nremove from Ky., 3342 anti-tobacco,\\n3403; in Md., 3842.\\nSeventh Day, Church org., 422 se-\\ncede, 443; at Ephrata, 622; in New Eng-\\nland, 742; Alfred Univ. est., 1463; Miss.\\nSoc. fmd., 1543; Tract Soc, 1563; Five\\nAsso. fmd., 1003; Education Soc fmd.,\\n1782; Milton Coll., Wis., 2003; Woman s\\nExecutive Board, 3182.\\nSix Principle, secede, 402; yearly\\nmeetings, 622; secede, 762.\\nSouthern, secede; Augusta conven.,\\n1582; conven. meets in Tex., 1642, 2602,\\n3042; Union Coll., 1643; Monroe Fem.\\nColl., 1662; Soule Coll., 1703; Furman\\nUniv., 1723; Greenville Fem. Coll., 1763;\\nNew Ebenezer Coll. est., 178 2 Thomas-\\nville Fem. Coll. est.; Fem. Coll. at Bel-\\nton, 1783; Indian Missions, 1822; j n\\nMont.; Ala. Fem. Coll. est., 1822; South-\\nern Theo. Sem. est., 1843; Judson Coll.;\\nLa Grange Coll., 1843; Trinity Coll., 1863;\\nCane Coll., 2663 Women s Miss. Soc;\\nDoyle Coll., 3183; Ouachita Coll., Ark.\u00e2\u0080\u009e", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1197.jp2"}, "1198": {"fulltext": "1186\\nText Figures denote Page. IJN[JDJc-X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nBapt-Baro.\\n3242; conv., Memphis, favors prohibi-\\ntion, 3402; Missionary Union meets,\\n350 2 National Asso. Colored Bapt.,\\n3442; Woman s Miss. Union org., 3502.\\nBaptists in Eng., doctrine condemned, 8683;\\nopposed, 868 3 congregation in London,\\n8743; Associations fmd., 8S8 2 confession\\nof faith; accept Unitarian views. 8983;\\nformNew Connection: TheologicalSemi-\\nnary at Bristol, 919 coll. fnd., 9352;\\nMissionary Asso. fnd., 9263; Missionary\\nSoc. fnd., 9383; Young Men s Missionary\\nAsso. fmd., 9543; Ladies Asso. for Ind.\\nfrad., 970 2 Conference at Leeds; unite\\nwith Particular B., 10002; Church org.\\nat Edinburgh, Scot., 916 3 New Connec-\\ntion Bapts. fmd., 919 Eng. Church\\nfmd. inNeth.,1101 persecuted in Neth.,\\n10983; services in Madrid. 11322; in Swe.,\\n1136 Seventh Day Baptists, org., Eng.,\\n8863; in Crimea, 11202; Strict Bapt. Mis-\\nsion org., Eng., 9642; Particular Bapt.\\nChurch fmd., 8822.\\nin Fr., Am. mission, 7263; missions,\\n7323; Am. missionaries in Ger., 8143;\\nTriennial Conven., 818 2 Am. missions,\\nIndia, 10463, 1047 m Mex., 10962; Eng.\\nB. missions in India, 10462; found Ser-\\nampur Coll., 10463.\\nUnited Churches of Christ fmd., 983.\\nBaptista, Pres., assumes office, 5513.\\nBaquedano, Manuel, b.-d., 6063; elected;\\nat Arica, 6062.\\nBar Association, N. Y., instituted, 269\\nmass-meeting, 442\\nBara, M., opposes ministry, 5452.\\nMakdi is defeated, 658\\nBarach, Moritz, b., 5202.\\nBaraeoa, settlement at, 6313.\\nBaradeus, .Jacob, founds Jacobites, 10703;\\nd. (588).\\nBaraga, Frederick, b., 1062; d., 260\\nBaraguey d Hilliers, Achille, b., 7102; d.,\\n7502.\\nBarail, Gen. du, minister, 7473.\\nBarak, judges Israel, 11413 delivers Israel,\\n1143 defeats Sisera, 1140 1141\\nBarallis, Gen., dictator, 10383.\\nBarancas, Fla., reduced, 126\\nBarante, Claude Ignace, Baron de,Aimable\\nGuillaume Prosper Brugiere, b., 705\\nworks. 717 725 d., 7362.\\nBaratier, Johann P., b., 7983; d., S002.\\nBaratynski, Eugenij, b., 11162; d., 11163.\\nBarba does, .Moravian missionaries, 742;\\nEng. settlers, 8792; Codrington College\\nfnd., 583; bishopric est., 937 Bp. Bree\\ncons., 9S62.\\nBarbara, asteroid, discovered, 314\\nBarbarossa, or Home, pirate, d., 10343.\\nHadher-ed-Din, in Algiers, 8 93;\\ntakes Tunis, 11392; d., 9\\nBarbarous, Charles Jean Marie, b., 703\\nd., 7102.\\nBarbary, plague at, 10:172; invaded, ]lu: 3;\\npirates, 8 690 submit to Turk. 11572;\\nwire trust fmd., 4013.\\npirates, 8 Fr. fleet against, 690\\nBarbastro, Louis Cancer de, in Fla., 222,\\n232.\\nBarbauld, Anna Letitia, b., 9102; d. (1845).\\nBarbazan, Arnauld Guilhelm cle, d., 6762.\\nEtienne, Fables of the French Poets,\\n7032; d. (1770).\\nBarbe, M., minister, 7563.\\nBarber, Francis, b., 683; d., 96\\nEdward Altee, pottery and porcelain,\\n4783.\\nJohn Warner, b., 108 d., 3202.\\nJonathan, missionary, 622.\\nBarberini, Francesco, b., 10823; works,\\n1077 d. (1348).\\nBarber ino, Andrea da, Reali di Francia,\\n10812.\\nBarbers and surgeons unite, 868 corpo-\\nrations, 9102.\\nBarbes, Armand, leader, 7293; b. (18C9)\\nd. (1870).\\nBarbeu-Dubourg, Jacques,!.. (1709); d.,7043.\\nBarbey, M., minister, 7563,761\\nBill in Assembly, 7543.\\nBarbeyrae, Charles, b., 686; d., 6943.\\njean, b., 6922; d., 7003.\\nBarbiano, Alberico, Count, d., 10782.\\nBarbier, Antoine A., b., 703 d.,7242.\\nCharles, invents raised printing, 726\\nd. (1830 k).\\n,HenryAuguste, b., 71G3; Iambes, 727\\nd., 7522.\\nBarbier, Paul Jules, b., 724\\nBarbour, James, b., 823; gov. Va., 1193;\\npres. Senate, 1272; Sec. of War, 1333;\\nd., 154\\nJohn, b., 8562; The Bruce, d.,-8602.\\nS., b. (1790) d., 406\\nPhilip Pendleton, b., 96 speaker,\\n129 justice, 1472; d., 1522.\\nBarbourville, Ky., Union Coll. fnd., 32S2.\\nW. Va., action at, 1962.\\nBarbusse, Henri, Pleureuses, 766 2\\nBarca, North Africa, founded, 10172.\\nBarcelona. Sp., taken, 1125 Univ. of fnd.,\\n1127 treaty at, 6793; surrenders, 696\\nsiege of, 902 captured, 1128 insurrec-\\ntions, 1130 Progressist outbreak, 1131 2\\nrevolutionary junta in power, 11313; ar-\\ntisans demands, 1131 mission exhibi-\\ntion opens, 11323; besieged, 11322; Anar-\\nchists disturb bomb in theater, 1133\\nmartial law proclaimed, 11333; strikers\\nriots, 1133\\nBarchou de Penhoen, Baron Auguste T.\\nH., b.,7143; d., 7322.\\nBarclay, Alexander, b.,8642; Ship of Fools,\\n8663; d., 870\\nGeorge, Sir, org. Assassination Plot,\\n901\\nJean, b., 6842; a., 6863.\\nJohn, Com. on Lake Erie, 1203.\\nJohn, b., 9082; d. 9283.\\nJos., cons. Bp. of Jerusalem, 1157\\nRobert, d., 50 2 gov., 49 2 Quaker\\nleader, 8863; d., 8982.\\ndeTolIv. Michael, b., 11143; d., 11163.\\nWilliam, b., 86S2; d., 878\\nBarcochba, rebellion, 1153 3 impostor, d.,\\n1152 11533.\\nBares, Martin de, b., 6862; d., 6923.\\nBard, Samuel, b., 642; d., 130\\nBardeu-Dubourg, Jacques, b., 696 3\\nBardili, Christoph G., h., S023 d., 8083.\\nBardolf, Lord, at Bramham Moor, 860\\nBardou, Joseph L., cons. R. C. bp., 9742.\\nBardoux, Agenor, b. (1829) minister, 751 2\\nBardsley, John, embezzler, 385 387 2 ju-\\nrisdiction, 3952; sentenced, 387\\nJ. Wareing, cons, bp., 9962, 10082.\\nBardstown, Kv., raiders, 2143; outrage,\\n4423.\\nR. C. see erected, 1143.\\nBardwell, Ky., lynching, 433\\nBarebone s Parliament assembles, 889\\nBareiro, Can. lido, ele.-ted president, 1106 3\\nBareli, fnd., 1045 Brit, capture, 1048\\nmission, 1048 3\\nBarentz, Willem, explorer, 243; d., 10983.\\nBarere de Vieuzac, Bertrand, b.,7022; d.,\\n(1841).\\nBaretti, Giuseppe Marc Antonio, b., 1083\\nd., 10843.\\nBarfield, Capt., at Merriwether s Landing,\\n2103.\\nBarford, Paul Frederik, b., 6382.\\nBar^agli, Scipione, d., 10823.\\nBarges, Jean Joseph, Lean.lre, b., 719\\nP.arLdiasb rules Zanzibar, 5613.\\nBargiel, Woldemar, b., 814\\nBarbara, Lord, lord admiralty, 9332.\\nRichard Harris, b., 9242;\\nLet/ends, 9503; d., 9542.\\nBar Harbor. Me., indictments, 3942.\\nBari, Saracens settle, 1072 Cathedral\\nfnd.; taken, 1074 annexed to Naples,\\n10S13.\\nleader, killed, 6833.\\nBarillas, Gen., president, 10383.\\nBaring, Lord Alexander Ashburton, b.,\\n9183; signs treaty, 5793; d., 9542.\\nBrothers suspensions, 1007 3 liabil-\\nities, 10123.\\nChas., b. (1S07) bp., 95S3 d., 1002\\nEvelyn, Sir, b. (1841) comptroller-\\ngeneral, 6592.\\nFrancis, Sir, b., 9103; d., 935\\nF. Thornhill, Sir. b. (1796) minister,\\n9492; lord admiralty, 9552: d. (1866).\\nGould, Sabine, b., 9462.\\nThomas Charles, d., 10042.\\nGeorge, minister, 9852. (Earl of\\nNorthbrook.)\\nBarker, Fordyce, b., 128 d., 3842.\\nGeorge Frederick, b., 44\\nMrs., pres. W. C. T. U., 283\\nThomas Jones, b., 9363 d., (1882).\\nWilliam Morris, Bp. Colo., 422\\nBarkhusen, Hermann, works, 787\\nBarklv, Henry. Sir, I. .(1815); gov., 4972,601\\nBarlaam. Bernard, d., 10762.\\nBar-le-Due, Prus. headquarters, 740\\nBarlee, F. P., governor. 5643.\\nBarletta, Protestant massacre, 10883.\\nBarlow, Allan, endowment, 4702.\\nChris. Geo., cons, bp., 10062.\\nC. G., installed, 5002.\\nexplorer, 5743.\\nGen. Francis Charming, b., 1422\\nnear Rapidan, 232\\nGen. Geo., gov.-gen. Ind., 1042, 9332.\\nJoel, b., 683; works, 1003, H03 1143;\\nd., 1183.\\nJohn W., commissioned col. ,458\\nPeter, b., 9203 invents clocks and\\nwatches, 894 deviation of compass,\\n940 d., 9662.\\nSamuel Latham, b. (1826) library,\\n3542 d., 3422.\\nWm., compass box, 878 d. (1625).\\nBarmouth, gold discovered, 1006\\nBarnabas, events of life, 1153\\nBarnabite M.mks fnd., 1081\\nBarnard, Lady Anne, b., 9122 d., 9422.\\nBaron, title created, 899\\nof Ascania, Duke, 799\\nCharles, b., 144\\nDaniel Dewey, b., 1062 d., 1943.\\nD. M., d., 468\\nEdward Emerson, b. (1857) discovers\\ncomet, 326 330 414\\nF. A. P., will made public, 3443.\\nFrederick Augustus P., b., 116 d.,\\n3381,2; will, 3443.\\nGeorge, d., 1004\\nC., degraded, 2783.\\nHenry, Sir, Sepoy rebellion, 1048\\nb., 1162 com., 2562.\\nJohn Gross, b., 1241 d., 3102.\\nJudge, N. Y., decision ignored, 395 2\\nelection case, 445\\nBarnard s comet visible, 994\\nBarnave, Antoine Pierre J. M., b., 7023\\nd., 7082.\\nBarnburners withdraw, 165 Dem. con-\\nven., nom. Van Buren for Pres., 165\\nBarnegat Inlet, men drowned, 4233.\\nBarnes, Albert, b., 108 d., 272\\nJanies/b.(1809 -I; in Va.,2132; d. (1869).\\nJoseph K., b., 126 d., 3122.\\nLyman E., b., 176\\nThomas, b., 9242 d. (1841).\\nWilliam, b., 9302 d. (1886).\\nBarnesboro, miners riot, 4682.\\nBarnet, battle of, 864\\nBarnett, Chas. R., commissioned major,\\n450\\nJohn,b. (1S02); Mountain ,SV\u00c2\u00bb7i,946i\\nd., (1890).\\nBarneveld, Jan van Olden, b.-d., 10983,\\n11012.\\nBarney, Joshua, b., 722 d., 1262.\\nBarntiel.l. Richard, b., 8742 d. (1627).\\nBarnham, Gen., k. at Fort Harrison, 238 2\\nBarnier, Vicomte Henri de, academician,\\n756\\nBarnsleyR. R. collision, 9753; coal miners\\nstrike, 993\\nBarnum,HenryA., pensioned, 369 d.,400\\nPhineasT.,b., 1162; museum burned,.\\n2493, 2613,3273; purchases Jumbo, 9893;\\nbanquet to, 10023 d., 380\\nWilliam H., b. (1818) d., 3382.\\nZenas, b. (1818); d., 2452.\\nBarnwell, S. C, lynchers in, 351\\nCol. Robert, b. (1762); at New Berne.\\nN. C, 58 d., (1814).\\nRobert Woodward, b. (1801) commis-\\nsioner S.O., 1892 d. (1882).\\nBarocci,Fiori Federigo d Urbine, b.,1080 3\\nDescent fn mi Cross, 10802; d., 10823.\\nBarochba leader of Jews, 10643; 11533.\\nBaroche, Pierre Jules, b. (1S02); minister\\nof justice, 737 d. (1870).\\nBaroir, independence of Assyr., 11452.\\nBarometer invented, 7962, 10822.\\nBaron, Felix Platel, d., 7562.\\nH. F. von Stein, fnds. Society Ger.\\nHistory, 813\\nLaudon, Aust. leader, 516 2\\nPierre, d., 686\\nVincent, b., 6862; d., 6922.\\nBaronets, hereditary, est., Eng., 879\\nBaronius, Cesare, b., 10803 d., 10823.\\nBarondess, Joseph, sentence, 4072.\\nBarons, rule Fr., 6673 war Fr., 675\\ncreated, Eng., 8482 .\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ensured, 8522 pos-\\nsessions limited, 85:13 rule, 855 2 refuse\\nking s demands, 857 rebellion, 857 2\\nindependent, 10732.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1198.jp2"}, "1199": {"fulltext": "Baro-Bath.\\nText Figures denote Page, INJD1I.X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1187\\nBarosa, battle at, 718\\nBaross, Herr, minister, 5332.\\nBarquisiineto, Venez,, fnd., 232; settled,\\n1160\\nBarr, Matthias, b., 9442.\\nBarraband, Pierre Paul, d., 719\\nBarrackpur, troops rebel, 1048\\nBarragan, Miguel, b.-d., 1095 2\\nBarrande, Joachim, b., 7142 d., 754\\nBarranquilla, insurrection, 628\\nBan-antes, Vicente, b., 11303.\\nBarras, Count de (Louis), arrives in Am.,\\n94 puts to sea, 942.\\nPaul Jean Francois Nicolas de, b.,\\n7022 commander in Paris, 7113; d.,7243.\\nBarre, Antoine le Fevre de la, b. (1605\u00c2\u00b1)\\ngov. Canada, 5733 at Niagara, 48 d.\\n(1688).\\nCol. Isaac, b. (1726) d., 9303.\\nBarretter, Jacques, b., 6S62 d., 6922.\\nBarreme, M., assassinated, 7543.\\nBarres, Maurice, Le Citlte du Moi, 7622.\\nBarret, Michael, convicted, 971\\nBarrett, Capt., takes prisoners, 9342.\\nCol., defeated at Palo Pinto, 2463.\\nElizabeth. (See Browning, 949\\nJames, convicted of murder, 9903.\\nLawrence, b., 1482 d., 380\\nBarrias, Felix Joseph, b. 724\\nBarrie, Capt., burns French ships, 9342.\\nJames Matthews, b. (1860) works.\\n10063.\\nBarrier treaty, 515 543 signed, 11013.\\nBarringer, John Walker, b. (1832) com-\\nmissioned colonel, 470\\nBarrington, Viscount of, title created, 905\\nDalnes, b., 90S d., 9302.\\nGeorge, b., 9123 transported, 9252\\nd., 9502.\\nHenry St. John, Viscount, b., 8942.\\nJonah, Sir, b., 9163 d., 9462.\\nWin. Wildman, Lord, b. 9042 d. (1793).\\nBarrios, Gen. Gerrado, b. (1810\u00c2\u00b1)j over-\\nthrows Pres. Castillo, 11232 appointed\\npres.; confederation; invades Salvador,\\n1038 rivalry, 10382 killed, 1038\\nJusto Ruhno, b.-d., 1039 president,\\n10382.\\nBarristers, Eng., appointed, 8563.\\nBarron, Charles, b., 1522.\\nElwyn Alfred, The Viking, 3323.\\nJames, b., 76 Com.; kills Decatur,\\n129 d., 1682.\\nBarros, Joao de, b.-d., 1109 2 Conquest of\\nthe Indie*, 1109 captaincy, 5532.\\nBarrosa, battle of, 9342.\\nBarrot, Camille Hvacinthe Odillon, b.,\\n7082 excluded, 7293 d. (1873), 746\\nBarrow, Capt., massacre of, 604\\nFrances Elizabeth (Aunt Fanny), b.\\n(1822) d., 458\\nin-Furness, Bp. Ware cons., 10022.\\nIsaac, b. 8822 d., 8942.\\nJohn, Sir, b., 9162 d., 9542.\\nWashington, d., 254\\nBarrowe, Henry, executed, 8763.\\nBarrundia, Jose Francisco, b.-d., 1039\\nGen. Martin, shot, 3773; investiga-\\ntion, 369 widow s claim, 3793.\\nimprisoned, 1038 2\\nBarry, Alfred, bishop, 4982.\\nBeekman Du, War Dept., 3512.\\nDue de, assassinated, 7232.\\nCharles, Sir, b., 9263 d., 9642.\\nEdward Middleton, b., 9442 d., 9S6\\nJames, b., 9103 d., 9323.\\n(Jeanne Becu), Comtesse du b. (1746\\nor 1743) influence, 7052 d. (1793).\\nJohn, b., 662 captures Edward, 862.\\nd., 1102.\\nS.,b. (1785); gov. Mich. ,1572, 1692.\\nMartin, b., 9322 d., (1885).\\n.William Fiirquhar, b., 13\u00c2\u00ab2 d.,3022.\\nTaylor, P.M. Gen., b. (17S5\\\\ 1372;\\nd. (1835).\\nJudge, report on country, 987\\nBarrymore, Maurice, b., 9542.\\nBarsine, marries Alexander the Great,\\n1025\\nBarstow, William, d., 2482.\\nA., b. (1811) gov. Wis., 175\\nJohn L., gov. Wis., 313 2\\nBar-sur-Aube, battle of, 7203.\\nBart, Jean, b., 6902; d., 6962.\\nBartas, Guillaume de Salluste du, b., 6803;\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0works, 6843, 877 d., 6842.\\nBartelot, Maj., assassinated, 562\\nEarth, Heinrich, b., 8122 d., 8222.\\nBarthelemon, Francois H., b., 7002; de-\\nposed, 7132; d., 7163.\\nBarthelemy, M-, Aran! la /lasti/le, 754 2\\nAuguste .Marseille, b., 7123; d., 7362.\\nJean J., b., 697 Anarcharsis, 7063\\nd., 7102.\\nSt. Hilare, Jules, b., 7163; minister,\\n7532.\\nBarthema, Lildovico, in Borneo, 551\\nBarthez, Paul Joseph, b., 09X3; d., 7163.\\nBarthold, Friedrich Wilhelm, b., 8063;\\nd.,820\\nBartholdi, Frederic Auguste, b., 7262;\\nStatue of Liberty, 754\\nBartholdt, B., b., 1722.\\nBartholdy, Jakob Salomon, b., 8042; d.,\\n8123.\\nBartholin, Kaspar, b., 6362; d., 6363.\\nThomas, b., 030 2 disc, lymphatics;\\ndouble refraction, (it;tJ2; d., 6363.\\nBartholomew, Edward Sheffield, b., 130\\nd., 184\\nBartholow, Boberts, b., 1382.\\nBarthou, M., minister, 7672.\\nBartine, David W., b.. 114\\nBartlett.Chas. G., commissioned col., 356\\nFranklin, b., 1622.\\nJohn Bussell, b., 1122 g0 v., 2032\\nd. (1886).\\nR., commissioned captain, U.S.A.,\\n398\\nSherren, b., 1022 d. (1S63).\\n,iJosiah,b.,6l 2; gov.N.H., 105 ;d.,106\\nSidney, d., 336\\nWash. A., b. (1820\u00c2\u00b1); gov., Cal., 3292;\\nd. (18S7).\\nWm., Francis, b., 152 d., 292\\nH., b., 9343; d., 9582.\\nH. C, b., 116\\nBartley, Mordecai, b. (17S3); gov. O., 1592;\\nd., 2702.\\nThomas W., gov. O., 1592.\\nBartol, Cyrus Augustus, b., 121\\nBartoli, Adolfo, b., 10862.\\nDaniele, b., 10823; d., 1083\\nPietro Santi, b., 10823; d., 1086\\nBartolommeo, Fra., b. (1475); d., 10802;\\npaintings, 10782, 1080\\nTiartolozzi, Francesco, b., 1084 d., 1085\\nBartolus, b.-d., 10762.\\nBarton, religious troubles, 5083.\\nBenjamin Smith, b., 74 d., 154\\nBernard, b., 9233; d., 9542.\\nClara, b. (1830); pres. Bed Cross Asso-\\nciation, 4242.\\nJoseph L. B., d., 1004\\nWilliam, b. (1748); d., 1382.\\nPaul Crillon, b., 98 d., 178\\nBartram, John, b., 54 botanist, 65 d.,\\n89\\nWilliam, b., 642; d., 1302.\\nBartseh.JohannA.I!.von,b.,! 143;il.,5202.\\nKarl F., b., 8142; d., 832\\nBarye, Antoine Louis, b., 7102; d., 750\\nBas, reigns, 11473; repulses Greeks, 1148\\nBasaiti, Marco, paintings, 1080 2\\nBasan, Pierre Francois born, 698 2 died,\\n7113.\\nBaschi, Malteo di, b., 1079 founds Order\\nCapuchins, 1081 d., 10803.\\nBascoin, John, b., 1342 works, 211 2683,\\n303 30X3 323\\nHenryBiddleman, b., 106 bp., 1683;\\nd., 168\\nClay, nom. for pres., 4092.\\nBascon, Badenese troops defeated, 7422.\\nBaseball, curve patching intro., 2693; Pro-\\nfessional clubs, find., 309 Am. Asso.\\nfnid., 3133.\\nBasedow, Johann Berend, b., 8002; Orbis\\nPictus, 80S d., 8043.\\nBasel, Switz., Church Council at, 676 3\\npeace of, 7113; Univ. fnd., 1137 Refor-\\nmation at, 11372; ozone discovered, 1138\\nSavings Bank opened, 11383; Society of\\nIsrael s Friends org., 11382.\\nBashford, Coles, gov. of Wis., 1792; d.,\\n2982.\\nBasil, Saint, b.-d., 10283.\\nheretic, 565 2\\n1., Emperor, b.-d., 10322 kills Michael\\nIII., 10332; overthrows Arabs, 11552; re-\\nconquers Cappadocia, 1154\\nII., Emperor, 10322; subdues Bulg.,\\n1032 defeats Bulg.,. r i(S ,3 reigns, 10332;\\nblinds prisoners, 10733; d. (1025).\\nthe Great, bp. of Caesarea, 10683; suc-\\nceeds Eusebius d., 1029\\nBasilicas erected, 106S\\nBasilicus, Jacob, impostor, k., 11122.\\nBasin, Thomas, b.-d., 6762.\\nBasing, Baron, title created, 9963.\\nBasket ville, John, b., 9022; d., 919\\nBaskewill, makes papier-mache, 910 2\\nBaskin, Alonzo P., nom. for gov. Fla.,4113.\\nBasking Ridge, N. J.; Lee captured, 843.\\nBasnage dc lioauval, Henri, b., 6902; d.,\\n6963.\\nJacques, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 6902; d., 6982.\\nBasque Provinces subdued, 1125 siege of,\\n1132\\nBasra, action tit, 1156\\nBass, Edward, b., 602; bishop Vt., 1043;\\nof Mass., 1063; d., 1102.\\nGeorge, surveyor, 494 d. (1812).\\nStraits discovered, 494\\nBassano, French victory, 7121.\\nGiacomo da Ponte, d., 10822.\\nBassanville, Comtesse de Ana is (Lebrun),\\nb., 7163.\\nBasse, Jeremiah, governor, 55\\nBassein stormed, 1U402; mission, 1047\\nBasseliu, olivie, b.-d., 6742.\\nBassett, Richard, gov. Del., 1093; d. (1S15).\\nBasseus, in charge of Judea, 11533.\\nBassi, Laura .Maria Catarina, b., 1083\\nd., 10843.\\nLuigi, b., 10842 d. (1825).\\nBassiantts, Joannes, b., 10742.\\nBassini, Carlo, d., 272\\nBassompierre, Francois, b., 6842; d,, 6SS3.\\nBassus, Publius Ventidius, legate for An-\\ntony, 10602; consul, 10612.\\nBast, Friedrich J., b., 803 d., 8102.\\nBastian, Adolph, b., 8123 a t San Salvador,\\n1093\\nHenry Charlton, b. (1837); Beqiuninqa\\nof Life, 9763.\\nBastiat, Frederic, b., 7143; works, 7303;\\nd., 7302.\\nBastidas, Rodrigo, in Venez., 15 New\\nGranada, 162; discoveries, 11262; visits\\nColombia, 162.\\nBastide, Jules, b., 7142; d. (1879).\\nBastie, M. de la, tempering glass, 748 d.,\\n752\\nBastien-Lepage, Jules, b., 7302; Joan of\\nArc, 73\u00c2\u00abi paintings, 7361 7501 d., 7541\\nBastile, fall celebrated, 3643. (See Paris.)\\nBastwiek, Robert, fitted, 8831.\\nBasutoland, war in, 5S93, 6021 under Brit.,\\n5992; annexed, 6011; armistice, 6021;\\nconflict of chiefs, 6022; peace; self-govt.,\\n603 punished, 11052.\\nBatang Lupar, pirates, 552\\nBatavia, seat of govt., 10443; Franks ex-\\npelled, 10673.\\nN. Y., Rowell acquitted, 315 Hoi.\\npurchase commemorated, 4733.\\nBatavian Republic fnd., 5432, 11013; rec-\\nognized, 5193; alliance, 7113; revolt,\\n768 10633.\\nBatbie, Ansclm Polycarpe, b. (1828); min-\\nister, 7473; d. (1887).\\nBatchelder, Brig.-Cen. Richard N., in War\\nDepartment, 4472, ;si3, 3621\\nBatchelor, John, Aim of Japan, 446\\nBatehford, Samuel, moderator, 1212.\\nBate, William B., gov., 3153; speech, 4392.\\nBateinan, Baron, title created, 945\\nIsabel, b., 174\\nJohn, settlement, 4953.\\nKate Josephine, b. (1S42); appears,\\n9662.\\nBates, Almena, fnd. Soldier s Relief, 1923.\\nEdward, b., 1042; sustains Lincoln,\\n197 3 Atty.Gen., 193 sustains habeas\\ncorpus, 2112; d.,266i.\\nFrederick, gov. Mo., 1332.\\nGen., at Murfreesboro, 240 2\\nHenry Walter, b., 9422; d. (1892).\\nJohn C, com. colonel, 400\\nJoshua, b., 85 d., 174\\nb. (1864); d., 2392.\\nJune, missionary, 5822.\\nSamuel Penniman, b., 1342.\\nSergeant, arrives in London, 2793;\\nwins rifle prize, 1002\\nWin., b. (1625); d., 9002.\\nW., 1 reas. Dept., 3512.\\nW. M., lynched, 4083.\\nCollege organized, 2232.\\nBatesville, Ark., Coll. organized, 2763.\\nBath, Eng., burned, 8493; Church Cong.,\\n9742; r. r. collision, 9813; Brit. Asso.\\nmeets, 996 Bp. Kennion cons., 1012\\nMe., squadron at, 364 Are, 451 3\\nsteel ship launched, 451 3\\nN. Y., centennial, 4313; Soldiers\\nHome, 2923; Soldiers Monument, 466", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1199.jp2"}, "1200": {"fulltext": "1188\\nText Figures denote Page. J.JN Ull .X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nBeli-Beat\\nBatli, W. Va., Federals retire, 2021\\nE. of, minister, 8972. (See Pulteney.)\\nManilas of, title created, 9232.\\nand West of Eng. Soo. fnd., 9212.\\nBeach, Dr. McUlynil s mass at, 4341.\\nBathori, Andreas, defeated, 11121\\nStephen, b.-d., 1114=; Pr. of Transyl-\\nvania; reigns in Poland, 1115 2\\nBaths and Wash-house nuisance Act, 9552.\\nBathsheba marries David, 11431\\nBathurst, Earl of, title created, 915 2\\nEarl, Allen, b., 9S62; d., 9191\\nEarl, Henry, b. (1762); minister, 9433\\nd. (1834).\\nb. (1714); lord chancellor, 9193;\\nd. (1794).\\nRalph, b., 8802; d., 9022.\\nAustralia, see established, 9722.\\npastures, 4941; diocese, 4981; gold\\ndisc, 4942; Bp. Camidge cons., 996 2\\nWest Africa, action at, 10101\\nBathyllus, introduces pantomime, 102S 2\\nBatiuskof, Constantino Nieolacaviteh, b.,\\n(1787), d., 11182.\\nBatoche, defenses carried, 584 1\\nBaton Rouge, La., Louisiana Univ. org.,\\n186 3 action at, 2103; Federals evacuate,\\n2111; Grover sent to capture, 2163 dis-\\ncordant Repub. meet. 2791 capital, 301 3\\nBatootah, Ibn, b.-d., 11262.\\nBatory, Chi istopher, grand prince, 511 2\\njSigismund, grandpr., 5112,3; d. (1613).\\nStephen, b. (15J2i; Hungarian leader,\\n5081 d. (1586).\\nBatseh, Admiral, sentenced, 8281\\nBattalian, 91st org. in Can., 5881\\nBattard, Victor, b., 7163.\\nBattering-ram used, 10203.\\nBattersea, London, Eng., Royal Masonic\\nInstitute fnd., 9252; Training-school fnd.,\\n9503; Baron, title created, 9591\\nBattery, electric, first constructed; nitric\\nacid, constructed, 950i\\nBatteux, Charles, b., 6963; d. (1780).\\nBatthyanyi, Pr. Karl von, b. (1697); leader,\\n5142; d. (1772).\\nKasimir, b., 5191 d., 5242.\\nLouis, Ct.,b.(1809); gov., 5231 d.,5233.\\nBatti, see created, S4S 3\\nBattle, Lorenzo, Pres. Uruguay, 11603.\\nCreek, Mich., Adventists Conven.,\\n3541; R. R. accident, 4413, 4651; street\\nfight, 3641 B. C. College fnd., 2S63.\\nBattlefotd, besieged, 5sii Indians hanged,\\n5851.\\nBattle of Frogs and .Vice appears, 10271\\nBattles partial list of famous [see others\\nin alphabetical place, naval battles are\\nmarked with a dagger] Actium,-) 10281\\nArbela, 10242; Agincourt, 676 1 Antie-\\ntam, 2131 Atlanta, 2302 Auerstadt\\nAusterlitz, 7161 Beaehy Headf, 6941\\nBenevento, 672 1; Blenheim, 6961; Bon-\\nliomme Richard captures the Scra.pis,\\\\\\n903; Borodino, Rus., 7181; Bosworth\\nField, 8661 Boyne. Ire., 898 1 Bull Run,\\nVa. (1st), 1963; (2d), 2122; Bunker Hill,\\n802; Canme, 10541 Carthagena, Sp.,t\\n6942; Cedar Creek, 2391; Chalons. 6622;\\nChampion sHill, 2221 Chancellorsville,\\n2211; Chattanooga, 2282; Chesapeake\\ncaptures Sloni, n~ 1202; Chiekamauga,\\n2263; Cold Harbor, 2341 Copenhagen.t\\n6381 Corinth, 2061 Crecy, 6741 Fon-\\ntenoy, 7001 Franklin, Tenn., 2402; Get-\\ntysburg, 2241 Cravelotte (Rezonville),\\n7401 Gnerrier, i Brit, i taken by Ymstitu-\\ntion} (Am.} 1181; Hastings, s4i ,i Holland\\nCoast, Monk s Victorv.t 8921 Hornet de-\\nfeats PeacockJ 1201; Issus, 10242; Java\\ntaken by the Constitution^ 1182; j e\\ninappes,518i Kearsarqe sinks Alabama ,t\\n2343; Koniggratz, Bohemia, 8242; Leip-\\nsic, 7942; Lepanto.t 1080 1 Lexington,\\n801 Lutzen, 5121 Magenta, 5241 Mal-\\nplaquet,696i Marathon, loisi Marengo,\\n7141; Marston Moor, 8842; Mobile Bav,t\\n2371 Monitor and-b r emm\u00c2\u00abW, .1 2043 Miin-\\nda, 10602; Murfreesboro (Stone River),\\n2171 Naseby, ssf2 Nashville, 2402; New\\nOrleans, 1223; Orleans, Fr., relieved by\\nJoan, 6721 Peacock (Brit.) taken by\\nHornet (Am.),t 1201 Pharsalus, 10601\\nPhilippi, 10281 Pittsburg Landing, Tenn.,\\n2061; Plattsburg, N. Y., 1222; Plevna,\\n5652; Poitiers, Fr., 6741 off Portland,\\nEng.,f S881 Prague, Bohemia, 5161 p u l-\\ntowa, Rus., 11341 Ramillies, Belg.,5421\\nRezonville, 7401 Rossbach, 7021 Sala-\\nmis, Gr.,t 101S2; Salamis.Cvprus.t 10261\\nSaratoga, 872; Sedan, 7381; Shannon\\n(Brit.) captures Cltesapeake (Am.),t\\n120 2 Solferino, 5241; Spanish Armada\\ndestroyed,! 8761; Spottsylvania, 2323;\\nTeutoburg Forest, 10621; Torgau, 5162\\nTrenton, 851 Valmy, 7081 Wagiam,\\n51S3; Waterloo, Belg. 5421; Wilderness,\\n2322; Worcester, Eng., 8881 Yorktown,\\n943; Zama, 10543.\\nBatnrn, free port, 11213; ceded to Russia,\\n11592.\\nBatuskof, Constantine, b., 11162.\\nBaty invades Bulgaria and Russia, 11141.\\nBaucis discovered, 7481\\nBaudelaire, Charles, b., 7223; Flowers of\\nEvil, 7331 d., 7362.\\nBaudin des Ardennes, Charles, b., 7061;\\nVice-admiral d., 7322; body in Pan-\\ntheon, 7593.\\nBaudouin, Prince, funeral, 5471\\nde Sebourg appears, 6731\\nBaudre, M., stone pianoforte, 7361.\\nBaudrillart, Henri Joseph Leon, b., 7223\\nd., 7621\\nJacques Joseph, b. (1774) d., 7261\\nBaudry, Paul Jacques Ainie, b., 7243 d.,\\n7542.\\nBauer, Bruno, b., S0S3; d., 8302.\\nDaniel, indictment, 43S 3\\nFerdinand, b., 8003; d,, 8123.\\nGeorg L., b., 8022 d., 8082.\\nHenry, indictment, 4143.\\nWillielm, b.,8122; d., 8281.\\nBaugher, Henry L., b. (1S05\u00c2\u00b1) d., 2602.\\nBauhin, Gaspard, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 6822; d., 6863.\\nJean, b., 6803; d., 6862.\\nb.-d., 11371.\\nBauldeloeqne. Jean Louis.b.. 7003 d.,7191.\\nBaum, Friedrich, Col., at Bennington, 871\\nd. (1777).\\nBaume, Antoine, b., 69S2; d., 7151.\\nNicolas A. de la, b., 6SS2; d., 6971\\nBaumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb, b.,7983;\\nworks, 801i; d., 8023.\\nSigisniund Jakob, b., 7983; d., 8023.\\nCrusius, Ludwig Friedrich Otto, b.,\\n8043; d., 8162.\\nHermann, b., 8123.\\nBaumgartner, Karl Heinrich, b., 80G3.\\nBaumstark, Reiiihold Ludwig, b., 8142.\\nBaunbargar, Albert, murderer, 4331\\nBaur, Ferdinand C, b., 8062; d., 8202.\\nBausset, Louis Francois de, b., 7003; d.,\\n7242.\\nBautain, Louis E. M., b., 7123; d., 7362.\\nBautzen, Battle of, 7201\\nBauvais, A., governor La., 1873.\\nBavaillac, Francois, b., 6842.\\nBavaria, Ger., anti-Rom. revolt, 10641 at-\\ntacked, 5021 dispute settled, 5173; added\\ntoAust. revolt, 5031; i\u00e2\u0080\u009e Moravia,5032;\\nPr. Elector dies, 5033; unites with Aust.,\\n5043; attempt to reconquer, 5041 Tilly\\nwounded, 5121; conquered, 5142 sur-\\nrenders claim, 5153 conquests restored,\\n5153; Austrians invade, 5182; new con-\\nstitution, 81 13; constitutional monarchy;\\nLouis I., King, 8133 enlarged, 5193\\nlotteries abolished, 8103; Louis 1. abdi-\\ncates, 8171; Landtag find., 8171; Maxi-\\nmilian LL, King, 8171; Maximilian Jo-\\nseph II., King, 8173; Imperial Constitu-\\ntion signs treaty, 8191 5233; commerce\\nconf., 8211 Louis II. King, 8231 ce des\\nterritory to Prus., 8252; Ministry resigns.\\n8271 truce joins N. Ger. Confed., 8272;\\nPopular Cath. Party find., 8293; centen-\\nary, S303; queen, d., 8321 King drowns,\\n8322; Luitpold, regent, 8331; labor dis-\\nturbances, 8:543; emperor visits, 5362; K.\\nOtho opposed Luitpold supported, 837 2\\nBavaria, infernal machine in, 9871\\nEvan. Luth. Asso. formed, 818 2\\nProtestant Inst, org., 8131\\nVolkesfest opened, 3663; king, ally of\\nFrance, 7202; govt, of, 7712; margravaie\\nest., 7713; loses Carinthia East Mark\\ngiven to Luitpold restored to Henry,\\nI Hike of Bav.uia.7751 restored to Henry\\nthe Lion, 7773; taken from Henry, 7791\\nFrench invade, 7961 allies expelled,\\n8001 succession; war in Ger., 8041 Aust.\\nin, 8081 Aust. expelled, 8081 new con-\\nstitution, 811 3 constitutional charter,\\n8133; clergy readmitted, 8322.\\nBaxter, Andrew, b., 9862; d. (1750).\\nDavid, Sir, b. (17S1.ii; Park opud., 9662;\\nUniversity fnd., Dundee, 9902.\\nBaxter, Elisha, 1 (1827) gov. Ark., 2811;\\nrecognized gov. Kan., 2S5 2\\nGeorge W-, nominated gov., 3671\\nJames P., library, 3362.\\nJedediah H., d., 372i.\\nRichard, b., 8301 works, 8803; re-\\nfuses indulgence, 81163 imprisoned, 8971\\nd., 8982; statue unveiled, 9802.\\nBaxter s Springs, action. 2263.\\nBav, J. L., Ark., defaulter, 3902.\\nCity, Mich., fire, 4133.\\nBayaino, taken, 6321.\\nBayandur, action at, 11181\\nBayard, Chevalier de (Pierre du Terrail),\\nb.-d., 6782; slain, 680 1\\nGeorge D., b., 1441 at Dranesville,\\nVa., 2003; d., 2172.\\nJames Ashton, b., 741 Treaty of\\nGhent, 1233; d., 1241.\\nNicholas, b. (1644=) mayor N. Y.,\\n503; d. (1707).\\nStephen, mayor N. Y., 653.\\nThos. Francis, b., 1361 ambassador,\\n4473; candidate for Pres. nomination,\\n2931, 3051, 3173; Committee of Seven,.\\n2933; Electoral Commission, 2951 pres.\\nSenate, 3092; minister, 3211\\nTruman H., b., 1441\\nBayazid, occupied, 5651\\nBayer, Adolf, b.,S143.\\nGottlieb Siegfried, b., 7982; d., 8002.\\nJohann, b., 7922; d., 7963.\\nBayeux, captured, 6761\\nBayle, Pierre, b., 6883 Nowvelles de la.\\nllepuMU/ue, 6932; d., 6963.\\nBaylen, battle of, 7162.\\nBavlev, Lieut., killed, 9392.\\nJames Roosevelt, b. (1814); d., 2961.\\nBaylor, John R., at Fort Fillmore, 1981\\nRobert Euimett Bledsoe, b. (1793)\\nfounder of univ. d., 2841\\nUniversity org., 1631\\nBayly, Thomas Havnes, b.,9283; d., (1839).\\nBaynan, William, b., 662.\\nffm, d., 1231.\\nBaynes, A. H., eons, bishop, 10102.\\nThomas Spencer, b., 9403; d. (1S87).\\nBayonet invented, 688 2\\nring adopted, 9001\\nBavomie Decree issued, 115 2\\nN. J., fire, 3693.\\nBayou Cache, Ark., defeat Confed., 2101\\nChico, La., Bapt. church org., 1191\\nCoteau, La., action, 2281\\nTeche, La., action, 2203.\\nBay Psalm Honk published, 371\\nBayview, Wis., work resumed, 439 3\\nBazaine, Francois Achille, b., 7191; at\\nMetz, 7381 at Vionville atb. of Grave-\\nlotte,740i atColoinbey-Nouilly,army of\\nRhine, 740 1 at Noisseville, 7402; surren-\\nders Metz, 7423; army of Loire defeated.\\n7422; letter of, 7433; trial. 7481 d., 7562.\\nBazalgette, Joseph, Sir, d., 10042.\\nBazar issued, Ger., 8202.\\nBazotee, sect war with, 10482.\\nBeach, Moses S., b. (1S26) d., 4122.\\nBeaehy Head, naval battle, 6941, 8981.\\nBeacon Light strikes iceberg, 3593.\\nBeaconsfield mission, 5982.\\n(See Disraeli.)\\nClub opened, 9972.\\nBeads used ill prayers, 10683.\\nBeale, Edward F., b. (1822) d.,42S1.\\nBeall, John Y., b. (1835) hanged, 2422.\\nBeams ville Auxiliary.\\nBean, John Wm., threatens Oueen, 9511.\\nTarlton Hoffman, b., 1602.\\nBean s Station, Tenn., repulse, 2283 raid\\nfrom, 2402.\\nBear ordered north, 4041\\nbaiting prohibited, G. B., 9471\\nBeard, George Miller, b., 1502; d., 3121\\nJames Henry, b. (1814) in Nat. Acad-\\nemy Design, 2801\\nWm. Holbrook, b., 1321; in Nat.\\nAcademy Design, 217 1\\nBeardsley, Eben Edwards, b., 1141 d.\\n(1891).\\nLester A., b., 1461\\nNelson, b. (1808) d., 4481.\\nBeaslev, Frederick, b., 891 d., 1581.\\nBeath, Robt. B., commander, G.A.R.,3151\\nBeaton, David, b., 8662; d., 8701.\\nJames, Card., b. (1494) assassinated,\\n8691,2.\\nBeatrice, Neb., Inst, for feeble-m., 3271\\nPrincess, b., 993 2 marries Prince\\nHenry, 9942.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1200.jp2"}, "1201": {"fulltext": "Beat-Belg\\\\\\nText Figures denote Page. liNI DJl,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column\\n1189\\nBeatrix, asteroid, discovered, 10SG2.\\nof Tuscany, marries Godfrey, 10753;\\nd. (1076).\\nBeattie, James, b.,908 2 works, 917 d.,\\n9322.\\nBeatty, Pa., St. Vincent s Coll. org., 2722.\\nChas. C., moderator, 2172.\\nJohn, b., 1361\\nE. J., guilty, 4223.\\nD. of, title created, 9372.\\nBeauehamp, Alphouse de, 7031 d., 7261\\nEarl of, Frederick Lvgou, d., 10042.\\nRich., E. of Warwick, Gen., b., S602\\nd (1439).\\nBeaucharmais, Dctix Amis, 705 2\\nBeauelerk, Topbam, b., 9103; d. (1780).\\nBeaufort, Baron, title created, 8932.\\nHenry, b., 8382; cardinal d., 8633.\\nD., Duke of Somerset, prisoner,\\n8633; beheaded, 8641\\nJane, marriage, 8632.\\nLouis de, d., 7103.\\nN C, Xaslicillr escapes, 2042; taken,\\n2052.\\nBeaugency, taken, 7423.\\nBeauharnais. Eugene de, b., 705 Viceroy\\nof It., 7153; at Miiekern, 7183; defeats\\nAust. on Mincio, 7202; d., 7242.\\nHortense Eugenie, 1)., 705 1 d., 7202.\\nBeauharnois, P. Q., rebellion, 5781.\\nCharles de la Boisehe de, b. (1670\u00c2\u00b1)\\nCan. gov., 5752; d. (1749).\\nBeaulieu, Capt. Morel, protection, 480 2\\nBeaumanoir, Philippe de, b. (1250\u00c2\u00b1) d.,\\n6722.\\nBeaumarchais, Pierre Auguste Caron de,\\nb.,6983; works, 7033, 7052,7003; agent in\\nAm., 833; d.,7142.\\nBeaumelle, Laurent Angliviel de la, b.,\\n6982 d. (1773).\\nBeaumont, Fr., Erench defeated, 7402.\\nBaron, title created, 8551.\\nBasil, b., S922; d. (1703).\\nChristophedc, Arclilip., b. (1763) per-\\nsecutes Jansenisls, 7011 d. (17S1).\\nFrancis, b., S762; works of, 87S3; d.,\\n8801.\\nde la Bonniere, Gustave Auguste de,\\nb., 7143; d.,7362.\\nJos., b. (1015) Psi/rhe, 8863; d. (1699).\\nJohn G., b., 1301 d. (1882).\\nfm, b., 1061 d. (1853).\\n-Vassy, Vicomte de, Edouard F. de la\\nBonniere, b., 7222; d., 7501\\nMr., operates railway, 8781.\\nBeaunais and Binet, work, 7661\\nBeaune, Elorimond, de, b., 6862; d., 6902.\\nBeaune-la-lvolandc, Loiret, battle, 7423.\\nBeaunus, St., bp., Banffshire, S46 2\\nBeauplan, Guillaume Levasseur de, d.,\\n6922.\\nBeaupres, Abbey of, bull banged, 6791.\\nBeauregard. Chas. Victor, b., 7031 a., 7191\\nPierre Gustave Toutant, b., 126 2 at\\nCharleston, 1921; proclamation, 1961;\\ncommands Confeds., 19I 1 2012; at Bull\\nRun, Va., 1963; inTenn.,2051 at Shiloh,\\n12061 evacuates Corinth at Baldwin and\\nOkolona, 2082; ,.,t Charleston, 2182, 2261\\nat Drury s Bluff, 2331 at Petersburg,\\n2343; at. Columbia, 2422; council with\\nDavis, 2461; d., 4241.\\nMiss., cyclone, 3121\\nBeaurepaire, Nicolas Joseph, b. (1740)\\nGen., executes ladies, N072; d. (1792).\\nEoban, Henri de, b., 7223.\\nBeausobre, Isaac de, b., 6902; d., 700 2\\nBeautemps-Beaupre, Charles Francois,\\nb. (1766) d., 7322.\\nBeauvais, siege. i ,7si taken, 7403.\\nCharles Theodore, b., 7042; d., 7261.\\nBeauzee, Nicolas, b., 6971 d., 7062.\\nBeaver, James Adams, gov. Perm., b.\\n(1837); 3293; Log College celeb., 3443;\\nship canal commission, 3473.\\nDam Creek, Va., repulse, 2092.\\nFalls, Geneva Coll., org., 1643.\\nPa., Coll. and Musical Inst. Ind., 1731\\nBebar, riots, 5351.\\nBebb, fm., gov., 1613.\\nBel.ee, Geo. Si., gov., 2032.\\nBeber, falls, 6601\\nBeccafuini, Domenieo de Pace, b., 1078 3\\nd., 10803.\\nBeccaria, Cesare Bonesana, Marquis di,\\nb., 10842; work, 10852.\\nGiovanni Battista, d., 10843.\\nBeeerra, Diego, explorer, 203; d. (1533).\\nGasparo, b.-d., 11282.\\nBecher, Johann J., b., 7943; pit-coal tar,\\n9221 d., 7982.\\nBechstein, Johann M., b., 8023; d., 8122.\\nBechuanaland, missionaries enter, 5972;\\nfreebooters, 6022; physical tests; mis-\\nsionaries change society, 6023; Brit, pro-\\ntectorate military govt. est. annexa-\\ntion opposed, 6032; Customs Union,\\n6043; settled, 9951 annexed, 10072.\\nBeehuanas, physique, 0023.\\nBeck, Christian D., b., 8023; d., 8142.\\nJames Burnie, b. (1822) d., 3581\\ncongressional obsequies, 3592.\\nJohann T., b., 8082; d., 8282.\\nJohn Broadhead, b., 1042; d., 1CS2.\\nLewis 0., 1081 b.-d., 1722.\\nQueen, assaults George 111., 9212.\\nTheodric Komeyn, b., 1022; d., 1761.\\nThomas, wins rifle prize, 9S21\\nBecker, August, b., 8141\\nErnst Albert, b., 8142.\\nGeorges, b., 7283.\\nJean, b., 8142.\\nKarl Ferdinand, b., 80S 2 d., 8282.\\nNikolaus, b., 8121; works, 8152; d.,\\nS162.\\nThomas A., cons. E. C. bp., 266 2\\ntransferred to Savannah, 3223.\\nattempts to assassinate king, 8203.\\nBeckford, William, b., 9143; d., 9522.\\nBeekuiann, Johann, b., 8002; ,1., 810 2\\nBeckwitb, A. C, senator, 4252.\\nJohn Watrous, b. (1831) cons, bp.,\\n2602; d., 3721.\\nBeekwith s Farm, Mo., action at, 2001\\nBecquerel, Alexandre Edmond, b., 7223;\\nd., 7602.\\nAntoine Cesar, b., 7062; d., 7502.\\nBective, Countess of, woolen mfg.,9883.\\nUed.Ioes, Thomas, b., 9143; d., 9343.\\nThomas Lovell, b., 9322; WO rks, 9411\\n9563; d. (1849).\\nBede, Venerable, b.-d., 8421 History, 8431\\nBedel, Timothy, b. (1740) d., 98 1\\nBedell, Gregory Thurston, b., 1261; con-\\nsecrated bp., 18G2; d., 4021\\nTownsend, b., 1042; d., 1422.\\nBedford, Bunyan statue unveiled, 9781\\nD. of, title created, 8991 (See Plan-\\ntagenet, Eussell.)\\nD. of, statue, erected, 9343.\\nGardner thank-offering, 4242.\\nGunning, b. (1747) gov. Pa., 1073; d.,\\n2702.\\nBedingfield, V. L., robbed, 4282.\\nBedle, Joseph D., gov. N.J., 2912; d., 4741.\\nBedmar, Alfonso de la Cueva, b. (1572)\\nconspiracy of, 10373; d. (1655).\\nBedouins, ravage Tunis, 11391\\nBeilr battle of, 4841.\\nBee, Bernard E., b., 1321 d. (1861).\\nGen. H. P., at Cane River Ferry, 2321\\nBeecber, invents padlock, 7902.\\nCatherine Esther, b., 1082; d., 29S2.\\nChas., b., 1241\\nEdward, b., 1102.\\nHenry Ward, b., 1211 lectures, 15S3;\\nworks, 17.S3, isiis, -2,503. -jiU3, -_ i;83, o 77 i.\\nspeaks in Eng., 2272; pres. Woman s\\nSuffrage, 2692; introduces Pere Hya-\\ncinthe, 269 1 demands investigation,\\n2843; scandal charges, 287 2 country\\nplace, 3493; d., 3261.\\nLyman, b., 823; graduates, 10S3; or-\\ndained, 10S3; installed, 3103; at Hanover\\nSt. Church, 1342; pres. Lane Sem., 1403;\\nd., 2191.\\nThomas Kinnicut, b., 1321.\\nBeechey, Frederick Win., b., 9283; d., 9G03.\\nWilliam, Sir, b., 9123; d., 9482.\\nBeef-cattle, exported to Eng., 2833.\\nsteak Club fmd., London, 9092.\\nBeekman, Gerardus, gov., 593.\\nWm., gov. Pa. in (1658).\\nBeer, brewing known, luos 2 from barley,\\n6462; tax restored, 2313.\\nAdolf, b., 5202.\\nMichael, b., 8063; d., 8142.\\nBeers, W.H.,b., 1302; Life Insurance Co.,\\n4003; d.,4441.\\nBees, introduced in N. Eng., 441\\nBeethoven. Ludwig van, b., 8031 works,\\n5191; funeral eel., 5311; d., 8123; bust,\\n3181.\\nBeethoven s Conserv. est., St. Louis, 2761\\nBeet-sugar, produced, 8002; free admis-\\nsion, 3933.\\nBeets, Nicolaes, b. (1814) Camera Ob-\\nscura, 11022.\\nBeezadeeza mission, 6571.\\nBegas, Karl, b., 806 2 d. (1854).\\nBegasces, pirates sack, 6302.\\nBeggars, Eng. law against, 8583.\\nJlnjijar s Hush produced, 891\\nOpera produced, 9081\\nBeggs, John F., discharged, 3482.\\nBegin, L. N., cons. R. C. bp., 5861\\nliogole, .losiab W., gov. Mich., 3152.\\nBegon, Michel, b., 68S 2 d., 6963.\\nBeguine Order of Nuns est., 539 2\\nliehaes taken, 5281\\nBehaim, Martin, b., 784 2 improbable\\nvoyage, 143; d., 7863.\\nBehani, Bartholoiuaus, b., 7863; d., 790 2\\nHans S., b., 7863; d., 7921\\nBehanzin, King, surrenders, 7661; de-\\nfeated, 11612; surrenders, H612.\\nBebar, under British rule, 9173.\\nBeheram Khan, rebellion, 5391\\nBehic, M., minister, 7371\\nBehm, Ernst, b., 8142; d., 8302.\\nBehmes, William, d., 9681\\nBehn, Aphra, b., S84 2 Oroonoko, 8883\\nd., 8982.\\nBehring, Vitus, poet, b., 6362; d\u00e2\u0080\u009e 6363.\\nb., 6363; navigator d., 6381\\nBeiderlinden, Bernard, cons. bp. E. C,\\n9962.\\nBeirut, mission at, 11563; Theo. School,\\n11582.\\nBeissel, Johann Conrad, b., 50 2 d., 761\\nBeke, Charles Tilestone, b. (1800); disc,\\n48S1 d. (1874).\\nBekker, Balthasar, b. (1634) Betoverde,\\n11012; d. (1698).\\nElizabeth, b.-d., 11011\\nImmanuel, b., 804 2 d,, 8262.\\nBela I., king, 5033 d., 5022.\\nII. eiitlironed eves put out, 5043;\\nenemies slain, 5043; d. (1141).\\nIII., enthroned marriage intro-\\nduces Greek civilization into Hungary,\\n5043.\\nIV. defeats Frederick II. defeated at\\nMoravia, 5041 enthroned, 5051 d. (1270).\\nB. Edward, b., 1101\\nBelalcazar, at Bogota, 213.\\nBelasyse, Lord, liberated, 897 2; lordtreas.,\\n8973.\\nBelcari, Maffeo, works, 10792; d. (1454).\\nBelcher, Sir Edward, b., 9283; d., 9S2 2\\nJonathan, b. (1CS1) gov., 63 2 672,\\n5753; d. (1877).\\nJoseph, b. (1794) d., 184 2\\nBelckow, steel works closed, 10073.\\nBelcredi, Richard von, b. (1823) ministry\\nest., 8231 resigns, 5272.\\nBelden, Chas., shoots four persons, 4383.\\nJames J., b., 1322 offers library,\\n3843.\\nBelem, Braz., founded, 292.\\nBeletre, Mich., surrenders, 721\\nBelfast, Ire., royal grant. 8793 bridge\\nbuilt, 8961; Castle burned, 9033; /l.Xeirs\\nLetter issued, 909 1 Bank est., 9253; Me-\\nchanics Inst, est., 9421 eholera in, 9453\\nQueen s Bridge- built, 9501 BritishAsso.\\nmeets, 9541, 9741 religious riots, 9571,\\n9603,9023; National Social Science Asso.\\nmeets, 9641 2, 9002 Orangemen riots,\\n9671, 2; election riots, 9083; religious\\nriots, 9771.9803,9943 proclaimed, 9953\\nstrike, 10003 Albert Bridge fnd. new\\ndock opnd., 10013 statue of Wm. of Or-\\nange. 10021 Ulster Cornell, meets, 10083;\\nriots, 10103; Pan-Presby. Conf., 318 2\\n,Me.,fire,2833.\\nBelfort annexed to Fr., 6893 besieged,\\n7422 bombarded sorties from, 7423\\nbattle of, 7441 capitulates, 7441 retro-\\nceded to Fr., 7471 Ger. victory, S261\\non Haut-Rhin fmd., 7473.\\nBelgic Gaul, Belgium, subdued,6G22, 10582.\\nBelgiojoso, Princess of, Christina di Tri-\\nvulzio, d., 10S82.\\nBelgium (see text, pp. 539-549), revolt\\nagainst Fr. gov., 0721 Louis deM ale ex-\\npelled. 0753 first war of Conquest, 6901\\nBarrier Treaty signed, 9053 annexed to\\nFrance, 7093 crown of, refused, 727 3\\nneutrality declared proposals for an-\\nnexation, 7393; war with Holl., 11021;\\ntreaty with Neth. separates from Neth.-\\n11023.\\nBelgius invades Macedonia, 10261.\\nBelgrade besieged, 11231 taken, 508 2 514\\n11561 2 ceded, 5151 restored to Porte,\\ntreaty of, 515 2 Austrians capture, 516 3", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1201.jp2"}, "1202": {"fulltext": "1190\\nText Figures denote Page. lriDiLjC. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nBelh-Bent.\\nBelhaven, Baron, title created, 8851\\nBelibns, reigns, 1145 3\\nBelisarius, Gen., b.-d., 10803 overthrows\\nVandals, 10701 conquests, Si command\\nof army, 10301; remarkable victories;\\nconquests, 10313 conducts campaigns,\\n11061; invents water-mills for corn,\\n10702; imprisoned, 10302 d., 11542.\\nBelknap, George E., b., 1401 commands\\nfleet, 3361; eommodore, 3361 withdraws\\nmarines, 10941\\nJeremy, b., 662 d., 1081\\nWin. G., b., 1042 d., 1682.\\nWorth, b., 1362 Sec. of War,\\n2692 minister, 2813 bribery impeach-\\nments, 2912 conviction fails, 293 2 d.,\\n3701.\\nBel-kudur-ujur, reigns, 1143 2\\nuzur Lfnins land, 11401.\\nBell, Alex. Graham, b. (1847) telephone,\\n2841, 2901, 2941, 9821; invents photo-\\nphone, 29S 2 sound by electricity, 3081\\ninvents graphophone. 32Si gift to Deaf-\\nMute Association, 3781\\nAndrew, b., 9123 d., 9461\\nChas. Henry, b. (1823) gov. N. H.,\\n3093 d., 2861\\nK., b., 1722.\\nGeorge, d., 10041\\nHenry, b., 1 707 1 steam passage boat,\\n9313 d. (1830).\\nHaywood, b. (1808); d., 2601\\nJohn, b., 1062 gov., 1373 Speaker,\\n1433 Sec. War, 1532 for Pres., 1S72\\nvote, 1883, 1913 d., 2662.\\nb., 9162 d., 9422.\\nLouis, d., 2423.\\nLowire, P. O. Dept., 3512.\\nPatrick. Rev., reaping machine, 9701\\nP. Hansborough. gov. Tex., 1671.\\nRobert, b., 9302 d., 9701\\nSam., b. (1770) gov. N. H., 1273\\nd. (1850).\\nThomas, b., 9262 d. (1S80).\\ngift, 10062.\\nColumbian Liberty, east, 4332, 4373.\\nringing, signal for worship, 10751\\nRock Lighthouse erected, 9322.\\nBeliary, Madras, mission, 10462.\\nBelidor, Bernard Forest de, b., 6942 d.,\\n7023.\\nBelisana, discovered, 52S 3\\nBella, Stefano della, b., 10823 d., 10831\\nBellamont, Richard Coote, Lord, gov., 533,\\n551 commission, 55 1\\nLord, in duel, 9192.\\nBellamy, Edward, 1081 N. Nation, 37S 1\\nJacobus, b.-d., 1101 1\\nJoseph, b., 5S2 d., 1022.\\nBellarmino, Roberto, b., 10S03 d., 108 23.\\nBellay, Joachim du, b., 6831 works, 6S31\\nd., 6822.\\nBelleau, Narcisse Fortunate, Sir, gov-\\nernor, 5832 d., 5941\\nRemi b., 6803; works, 6S31 d., 0S4i\\nBelle Fontaine established, 1673.\\nBellefonte, Pa., Agr. Coll., fnd., 2111\\nBelle Isle, Can., Montreal wrecked, 5893.\\nMarshal, at Prague Fr. fleet\\ncaptured, 7001 captured, 7021\\nPlain, la., lire, 4673.\\nPoule captured, 7041 remains of Na-\\npoleon, 7292.\\nZane capsizes, 1593.\\nBellenden, John, d., 8701\\nBelleroplam launched, 9681.\\nBelleville, Frederick de, b., 72S3.\\nCan., Ontario; Intelligencer; Albert\\nCollege, 5791 tires, 5S73 leg jam, 5892.\\n111., convent burned, 3173 R, c. dio-\\ncese organized, 3282.\\nParis, mission, 7462.\\nBellevue Med. Hospital, N. Y., opd., 1091.\\nBellew, Baron, title created, 9531\\nBelliard, Comte, Augustin Daniel, b., 7042;\\nd. (1862).\\nBellingham, Sir Edward, deputy, 8712\\nd. (1549).\\n.Richard, 1 (1592?); gov. Mass., 372,\\n393,422, 3 d. (1672).\\nBellini, Gentile, b.-d., 10783.\\nGiovanni, b.-d., 10783 paintings,\\n10782,10801.\\nLorenzo, d., 10S31\\nVineenzo, b. (1802); d., 10862.\\nBellman, Karl Mikael, b.-d., 11342 works,\\n11351.\\nBello, Francesco, Mambrlauo, 1070 2\\nBellona, worshiped, 10503.\\nBellot, Joseph Rene, b., 7242 d., 7322.\\ninvents pereiission-eaps, 7222.\\nBellova-Vakarel 11. R., possession, 5682.\\nBellows, Albert F., b. (1*30); paintings.\\n2601 3001 3081 3161 d. (1883).\\nHenry W., b., 1231 sanitary commis-\\nsioner, 197i; d., 3101.\\nBelloy, Pierre Laurent Byrette de, b.\\n(1727) Siege de t aleiis, 7033 d. (1775).\\nBellport, L.I., train-wreck, 4002 schooner\\nashore, 4453.\\nBells introduced, France, 6642.\\nBellwear, George, confesses, 4643,\\nBelmont, Mo., battle of, 2002.\\nAugust, b., 1252 d., 3721\\nBelmore, Earl, title created, 925 2\\nEarl of, gov., N. S. W., 4982.\\nBeloit College, Wis., organized, 1631.\\nBeloli reigns, 10433.\\nBelon, Pierre, b., 10802 d., 6S42.\\nBelot, Adolphe, b. (1S29) works, 7343,\\n7371 7432 d., 7601\\nBelper, Baron, title created, 9591\\nBelsham, Thomas, I)., 9122 d., 9441\\nBelshazzar reigns, 1147 2\\nBelton,Tex.,Bapt. Female Coll. fnd., 1783.\\nBelts, The, frozen over, 6362.\\nBeltzhover, Frank E., b., 1522.\\nBe/ridere, Eng., appears, 8772.\\nBelzoni, Giovanni Battista, b. (1778) ex-\\nplorer in Egypt, 6563 d., 10862.\\nBelzu, Gen., presiilent, 5503.\\nBern, Jozef, b., 11162 at Ilermannstadt,\\n5221; to Turkey. 5233; ,1., 5223.\\nBenian, Nathaniel Sydney Smith, b., 962\\nmoderator, 1402 j d. (1871).\\nBembo, Livingstone s letter, 5011.\\nPietro, b., 10783 Venice, 10812 d.,\\n10803.\\nBemis Heights, X. Y., fortified, 871\\nBenanger coast line ceded 5631\\nBenares. Sanskrit Coll. fnd. Agra Coll.\\nfnd., 10442; mission, 10402,3, 10483;\\nmutiny suppressed, 10481.\\nBenavid es, Ambrosio de, governor, 6053.\\nBenbow, John, b., 888 2 at Cartagena,\\n6942 d.. 9022.\\nBenbow launched, 9921\\nBenburb, battle of, 8861\\nBencoolen wrecked, 9G73.\\nBendermann, Ednard, b., 810 2 Jeremiah,\\n82S1; d.,8321.\\nBenedek, Ludwig von, b., 5191; com-\\nmander, 8221 d., 5302.\\nBenedetti, Giovanni Battista, d., 10821.\\nVincent, request to William I., 7393.\\nBenedict Institute fnd. at Columbia, 2771.\\nSt., b.-d., 1070 2 j fnds. Benedictines,\\n10703.\\nL, Pope, 10711.\\nII., St., Pope, 10722.\\nIII., Pope, 107 J3 ad.ls crown, 10763.\\nIV., Pope, 10723.\\nV., Pope. 10731 deposed, 7722.\\nVI., Pope, 10731\\nVII., Pope, 10731.\\nVIII., Pope, 10731.\\nIX., Pope, 10731 simony, 7743; de-\\nthroned, 10742.\\nX., Pope, 10731\\nXI., Pope, 10763 d. (1304).\\nXIX, Pope, 10771 d., 7832.\\nXIII., Pope, KK12; prohibits lotteries,\\n10853; deposed, 7843; d., 10842.\\nXIV., Prospero Lambertini, Pope, b.,\\n10831; edict against Bible, 10851; d.,\\n10842.\\nJulius, Sir, b., 8082 d., 8302.\\nT. E., gov t printer, 4473.\\nVoyat/e tie /Irene/an, 6691.\\nMd., British land at, 1222.\\nBenedictines fnd. influence in Europe,\\n10703 begin Hhtoire lie la France, 0992;\\nexpelled front Fr., 7522 in Great Brit.,\\n8422.\\nBeneficent Asso. (Eng.) founded, 9671\\nBenefices, quarrel respecting, 8543 for-\\nbidden ebrgv l F.ng.), S602.\\nBenefit of clerg\\\\ abolished (G. B,) 9432.\\nBeneke, Friedrieh, b., 8063 d., 8201.\\nBenet, Stephen V., War Dept, 3512.\\nBenevento, battle of, 6721\\nBeneventmn, action at, 102G1 colony at,\\n10533 Trajan s Arch erected, 10642.\\nBenevolences extorted (Eng.), 8603.\\nBenevolent Asso. commenced, 929 3\\nFraternity organized, 1442.\\nOrder Elks statistics, 4463.\\nBenezet, Anthony, b., 6963; d., 706\\nBenfey, Theodor, b., 8083 d., 8301\\nBengal G. B. rules, 9173 Relief Fund\\nstarted, 9791 conquered, 10421 inde-\\npendent, 10432 annexed, 10443; English\\ntrade, 1045 1 Brit, acquire Lower, 10452;\\nunder Madras, 1045 famine, 10453;\\ncyclone, 10483.\\nBengel, .lohann A., b., 7992; d., 8022.\\nBen-IIabib, condemned, 4S62.\\nBenhadad I., at Ratnoth Gilead, 11421 be-\\nsieges Samaria, 11421\\nLI. reigns, 11433; king of Damascus,\\n11451 d., 11451.\\nin. reigns, 11451 defeated, 11441.\\nBenham, Gen. Henry W.. b. (1817) at Mc-\\nCoy s Mill, W. Va., 2003; at Secession-\\nvil le, 2091 d. (1884).\\nCom. Andrew E. K., b. (1832) rear-\\nadm., 3641 course approved, 4511 gold\\nmedal, 4721 retired, 456\\nBeni-Adi mission, 657\\nBenicia, Cal., St. Augustine s College or-\\nanized, 2583.\\nBeni-IInssan, art patron, 6462.\\nMahdo, Sepoy rebellion, 1048\\nMerin pr. conquers Morocco, 1097\\nBeniowsky, Moritz A., b., 5143; d., 5163.\\nBeniscouf mission, 657\\nBenjamin, Judah Philip, b. (1811) Atty.-\\nGen., 1913; Senator withdraws, 1913; d.,\\n3162.\\nPark, b. (1809) d., 2392.\\nFranklin, excursion boat, 1373.\\nBenjamites, nearly destroyed, 1140 1141\\nBennet, Justice, names Quakers, 8S63.\\nA., b. (1750) Gold leaf electrometer,\\n9242 j d. (1799).\\nHenry, E. of Arlington, b. (1618) in\\nVa., 452; surrenders interest, 493.\\nCaleb P., governor Del., 1433.\\nCollege founded, 2823.\\nChas. Wesley, b., 136 d. (1891).\\nJames Gordon, b., 106 New York\\nHerald, 14113; sends Stanley to Afr.,270\\nAfr. expedition starts, 272 d., 278\\nJr., b. (1841) sends Arctic\\nexpedition, 302 d. (1879).\\nRisdon, Sir, b., 9343; ,1., 10062.\\nJesse L., in Virginia City, 2822.\\nJohn, Sir, rejected by Aldermen,\\n9832.\\nRichard, governor Va., 393.\\nThos. W., Col., b. (1831) at Gallatin,\\n2141 gov. Idaho, 2772.\\ngovernor S. C, 1292.\\nWill. Stemdale, b. (1810) d., 9802.\\nSir, b., 9382.\\nW. W., Sergeant-at-arms, 4593.\\nLaw, against, 3582 divided by Rep.,\\n3602; rescinded, 3703 indorsed by Welsh\\nPresb., 3602.\\nBennett s Mills, action at, 1982.\\nBenneville, George de, introduces Univer-\\nsalism, 651.\\nBenningseii, Levin August Theophil, b.,\\n11143 Gen. Fr. campaign in Plus., 7161\\nat battle Pultusk, 710 in Plus. ,7201 at\\nHeilesburg, 8081 d., 11163.\\nBennington, battle of. S7 1 steel squares\\nnianf., 128 Soldiers Home. 32G3; anni-\\nversary, 2973, 3002; monument, 3901.\\nBenninq tem launched, 3001; ordered to\\nBraz., 446\\nBenoit, Rene, b., 6803; d., 6862.\\ninvents miner s safety lamp, 7342.\\nBenserade, Isaac de, b., 6862; Job, 6S9\\nd., 6942.\\nBen Sherrod, burns, 1473.\\nKensington, action at, 842\\nBenson, Egbert, b., 002; d., 142\\nHenry Roxby, d., 1008\\nKy., mail withdraws, 2743.\\nBent, Governor Charles, killed, 1632.\\nBentham, Jeremy, b., 9122; works, 725\\n9211,925 d.,946\\nWm., Sir, d., 9582.\\nBentinck, Geo. A. F. Cavendish, judge-\\nadvocate-general, 9812.\\nLord Wm. Cavendish, b. (1774) gov.-\\ngen., 10473; d., 9482.\\nEarl of Portland, b.-d., 11003.\\nGeo. Fred. Cavendish (L. Geo,\\nBentinck), b., 9303; d.,9542; statue, 954\\nHenry Cavendish, D. of Port-\\nland, b., 91H3; minister, 9432,3; Premier,\\n9333 ,1 9343\\nBentivogiio, Cornelio, b., 1083 d., 10842.\\nBentlev, Richard, b., 8902; work, 9003;\\nd., 9103.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1202.jp2"}, "1203": {"fulltext": "Bent-Berr\\nText Figures denote Page. IDi DiLX.. Superior Figures indicate Column\\n1191\\nBenton, Nathaniel S., b. (1792) d., 2662.\\nThomas Hart, b., 95 d., 184 mon-\\nument, 2621\\nBentonville, battle of, 2441\\nBentzon, Th., Jacqueline, 7641\\nBenzel, Erie, b.-d., 11342.\\nBenzin discovered, 9421\\nBenzoni, Geronimo, b., 10802.\\nBenzonia, Grand Traverse College organ-\\nized, 2232; B. Coll. org. (1891).\\nBeon, reigns (Egypt), 6473.\\nBequeathment law est., England, 849 2\\nBeranger, Pierre Jean de, b., 7051 So7igs,\\n7231; punished, 7252; d., 7322.\\nBerard, Auguste, b., 7143 d., 7233.\\nAuguste Simon Louis, b., 7051; d.\\n(1859).\\nPierre Honore, b., 7123; d., 7342.\\nBerardi, M., elected bp., 9803.\\nBerbice, British Guiana, capitulates, 9313\\nconstitution, 10392.\\nBerceo, Gonzalo de, works, 11271\\nBerchem, Nicholas, l (1 ;l 4) d., 5403.\\nBerchoux, Joseph, b., 703i d., 728 2\\nBerchtesgaden, ceded, 519 3\\nBere, John Baghot de la, decision against,\\n9862.\\nBerea, Africa, battle of, 10052.\\nO., Baldwin Univ. org., ISO 2 German\\nWallace Coll. org., 2352.\\nBerengaria, marries Richard I., 8513.\\nBerengar I., King, of It., 10732; defeated at\\nFiorenzuola, 10721 restored, 10733; re-\\nsigns; assassinated, 10732.\\nII., rebels, in battle Fiorenzuola, 7722;\\nKing of It. submits to Otho, I. de-\\nposed, 10733. accepts suzerain, 7733.\\nBerenger, Alphonse H. M. F., b., 7061 d.,\\n7362.\\nde Tours, b.-d., 6662.\\nBerenice II., Queen; regal style; killed,\\n6523.\\nin., reigns (Egy.), 6532.\\nTV., reigns (Egy.), 6532; d., 6532.\\nJewish queen, b.-d., 11521\\nBeresford, Capt., at Lewiston, Del., 1201\\nCharles, Lord, at Barnum s banquet,\\n10023.\\nGen., at Buenos Ayres, 9321 at battle\\nAlbuera, 7182.\\nViscount Win. Carr, b.,9163 d., 9582.\\nHope, Alex. James, b. (1820); d., 9962.\\nBeresina, France, passage of, 71S3.\\nProf., Bus. Encyclopedia, 11183.\\nBerezowski attempts assassination* 7371\\nBerg, Albert W., b., 1322.\\nFriedrich Wilhelm Rembert, b.,\\n11162; d., 11182.\\nJoachim von, b., 7882 d., 7922.\\nM., sentence of, 6423.\\nBergasse, Nicolas, b., 7011 d., 7262.\\nBergen, N. J., Dutch settle, 292 settled,\\n412; G. Du Bois installed, 71 1\\nNeth., allies defeated, 7123; Adres-\\nsecontors Eftirntuit/er, 11042; en Norsk\\nTilshher, 11042; Viking ship sails. 11053.\\nPrussia, skirmish at, S021\\nop-Zoom (Neth.), taken, 7001; action\\nat, 10981; saved, 1100 1.\\nBergenroth, Gustav, b., 8102; d., 8262.\\nBerger, Jean Jacques, b., 7062; d., 7342.\\nJohann Eric, b.-d., 6383.\\nLudwig, b., 8042; d., 8162.\\nBergerac, Peace of, signed, 685 z\\nSavinien Cyrano de, b., Q 6^ works,\\n6891 d., 6902.\\nBergeret, Gaston, Cousin Baby las, 7582.\\nBergh, Henry, b., 1302; pres. S. P. C. A.,\\n2522; statue, 3823; d., 3282.\\nBerghaus, Heinrich, b., S063; d., 8302.\\nBerghem, Nikolaas van Haarlaem, b.-d.,\\n11003.\\nBergman, Torbern Olof, b.-d., 11342; ex-\\nperiments with air, 11341\\nBergnis Dictionnaire, 7231\\nBergsoe, Wilhelm Jorgen, b., 638 3\\nBerhampur mission, 10462.\\nBerhtuald, archbp. Canterbury, S423.\\nBering Sea, decision seal killing, 3412\\npoachers punished, 11231\\nexp.,5762 speeches, 5872 Cong.\\naction, 3363, 3633, 3753, 3803, 4552, 4593,\\n4772 sealers seized sealing persisted\\nin, 5892; poachers, 5913; closed by proc-\\nlamation, 3391 vessels numerous, 591 3\\njurisdiction in, 591 1 arbitration session,\\n4272; Blaine s letter, 3832; controversy,\\n4031; Brit, vessels prohibited, 10072;\\nBrit, restricted, 10072,3; Brit, agents ar-\\nrive, 5932; complaints, 5933; districted,\\n389 2 commissioners meet, 389 2 negoti-\\nations Salisbury s communication, 3803\\nproclamation issued, 381 2 Pres. procla-\\nmation, 385 3 sealing season, 387 2 Su-\\npreme Court, 3753; treaty agreement,\\n3952; committee visit Alas., 3873; Atty.-\\nGen. Miller s decision, 3771 arbitrators\\nappointed, 4012; arbitration treaty, 4031\\n4051; controversy, 4031; arbitrators\\nnamed, 407 2 ;eoiiespomlencepublic, 4031\\ncourt of arbitration, 7643; fisheries pro-\\nhibited, 10092; Lord Salisbury s note,\\n403 3 modus vivendi approved, 405 2, 3;\\npatrolled, 4041 10092; seal question dis-\\nagreement, 4031 commissioners meet,\\n4252; Court of Arbitration argues, 4272,\\n4292, 4311,7653; court s decision, 4363,\\n4371, 447i, 4571, 4771,2, 10122; arbitra-\\ntion refuses Brit, report award Eng.,\\n10112; Cong, approves award, 455 2 fleet\\nsails, 4573 illegal sealing prevented,\\n457 2 Russian treaty ratified, 4593; offi-\\ncers report seals, 4693; vessels confis-\\ncated, 4612.\\nStrait, voyage, 9202.\\nVitus. (See Behring.)\\nBeriot, Charles Auguste de, b., 5423; d.,\\nBerkeley, CaL, Univ.of Cal. org.,2623, 2822.\\nBaron, title created, 8623.\\nDuke of, title created, 8932.\\nGeorge, in R. I., 613.\\nb., S962; works, 9043,9091, 9112;\\nd., 9123.\\nJames, Earl of, L. admiralty, 9031.\\nJohn, Lord, committed, 8851; lord\\nlieutenant, 8932.\\nWilliam, Sir, b., 281 gov. Va., 372;\\ncommission, 39 2 purchases land, 43 1\\nopposes education, 443 unequal taxa-\\ntional d.,463.\\nBerkman, Frick s assailant, sentenced,\\n4103.\\nBerkshire, Earl of, title created, 8772.\\nconquered, 8401\\nand Columbia Miss. Soc. find., 1083.\\nBerlepsch, Baron von, minister, 8372.\\nBerliehingen, Gotz, or Gottfried von, b.,\\n7862; d., 7922.\\nBerlin, Conn., tinware rafg.,761.\\nGer., fnd., 7783; Academy of Sciences\\nest. observatory erected, 7982; districts\\nunited, 7993; peace of, 8001,8013; burned\\nby Russians, 5162; captured; burned,\\n8021,2; bank est., 8053; Berlin Monat-\\nschrift, 8052; French enter, 7161, sosi\\nconven. of, 9353; Berlin decree issued,\\n1151, 1172, 7172, 9332; Napoleon enters,\\nBerlin decree issued, 809 2 Berlin decree\\nopposed, 9333 conven. signed, 8093\\nUniv. est., 8103; Missionary Soc. find.,\\n8131 Literarisrhi Z ifinui, 815 1 Russian\\ntroops enter, 7183 first Gen. Estates\\nmeet, 8171 truce of, signed, 6401 steam\\nrailroad opened siege of, 8I61 Work-\\ningmen s Union, 8163 Woman s Mis-\\nsionary Soc. find., 8162; besieged, 8173;\\ninsurrection, 8163 anarchy prevails\\nstudents insurrection; troopsleave,8l71\\nGer. Princes Congress, 5223, 8191 truce\\nof, 8181 Industrial Exhibition, 8183\\npeaceful measures supported, 819 2\\nDemocratic conspiracy, 8193 Evang,\\nAlliance meets, 8202; military disagree-\\nments, 8213; R. R. opened, 11193; peace\\nmeeting, 8232 Berliner Bevue, 8202;\\nPrussians enter, 8243 synagogue cons.\\nWorkmen s Congress, 8251 rejoicing,\\n8271 disarmament refused, 8271 armies\\nenter, 826 1 Emp. of Aust. arrives, 8263;\\nsovereigns meet, 8273 chancellors meet,\\n8292; Monument of Victory, 8281 Swe-\\nden s K. and Q. visit, 8291 Imperial\\nBank opens Anti-Socialism Bill re-\\njected, 8293 Berlin Congress meets,\\n9832 treaty of, 11131 treaty debated,\\n9832; treaty signed, 5293; electric rail-\\nway; new I :u l lament House, 8301 Cong,\\nof, called, 8311 conf. held, 8312; treaty\\nratified, 831 Hygienic Conf. (Internat.),\\n8313; conf., 10933; Internat. Art Exhi-\\nbition, 8321; VoH:*-Ztilun i suppressed,\\n8322; masons strike, 8323; Court of Ap-\\npeals created, 8333; Samoan Conf., 3392;\\nschools opened for training .socialistic\\nlaborers, 8342 influenza, 8333 8353, 8373\\nart exhibition, 8341 cholera, 8353; Em-\\nperor William on educational system;\\nJews excluded from schools, 8342; alco-\\nholism and crime socialists meetings,\\n8343; univ. refuses American diplomas,\\n8322; treatyrefoiinstoArnienian Church,\\n11582; Deutsche Bank loss, 8351 Kaiser\\nWilhelm Memorial Chapel, 8342; wom-\\nen s rights refused, 8343 rye prohibited,\\n8353; strikes occur, S343; Arbeiter Zei-\\ntung suppressed, 8362 exposition, non-\\nsupported,8372; cholera; Are long ride,\\n8373; Schultz Bank fails, 8373; military\\nride to Vienna, 5373; infernal machines,\\n8363; longitudinal standard, 8361; Sun-\\nday closing enforced, 8363.\\nBerlin, N. Y., R. R. wreck, 4373.\\nOnt., town bell rings, 5863.\\nBerliner, Eniilie, invents gramophone,\\n3281\\nGern\\n,8561;\\nBerlingske Tidende issued\\n6383.\\nBerlioz, Hector, b., 7143; d., 7382.\\nBermingham, Sir John de, at Taghe\\ngov., 857 2\\nWalter de, gov., 8592.\\nBermuda, cable laid to (Jan., 5913.\\nHundred, Va., Butler at, 2322; skir-\\nmish, 2341 Feds, captured, 2401\\nBermudas, disc, 191 Eng. colony, 879 3\\nBermudez, Gen. Raiuijio Morales, pres.\\nPeru; b.-d., 11082.\\nquarrels in Abyssinia, 11\\nBern, Switz., fnd., 11372; independent,\\n7793; peace Cong., savings bank opd.;\\npeace and liberty Cong., 11383.\\nJosef, d., 11182.\\nBemadotte. (See Charles XIV. of Swe.)\\nJohan. (See Charles XIV.)\\nBernard, governs Lippe, 777 2\\nAuguste Simon Louis, b. (1783) d.,\\n7342.\\nCharles de, works, 7272.\\nClaude, b., 7203; d., 7502.\\nC. B., cons, bp., 9663.\\ndeMenthoii, Saint, b.-d., 6662.\\nDuke of Carinthia, 5051\\nEdward, b., 8822.\\nFrancis, Sir, b., 562; d., 912 gov.,\\n713; sails for Europe, 772.\\nPaul, anarchist leader, 7663.\\nSaint, b.-d., 068 3 founds monastery,\\n668 s reforms Benedictine monks; in\\nSecond Crusade, 10743; canonized, 6702.\\nVIII., Pope, in Reformation, 7923.\\nBernardin, de Saint Pierre, Jacques Henri,\\nb., 6991 works, 7052, 7063; d., 7211\\nBernardo del Carpio, b.-d., 11262.\\nBernardow, V. F., cons, cardinal priest,\\n7542.\\nDei nays, Wilhelm, murder of ,5461\\nBerneart, Auguste, premier Relief Bill,\\n5472.\\nBerner, Win., convicted of murder, 3171\\nBerners, Juliana, b. (1388); works, 8642.\\nBernhard, revolts, 6671\\nKarl, b., 7923; at Rheinfelden, 7961\\nThirty Years War, 7942.\\nKarl, b.,\u00c2\u00ab382; ,1., 6421.\\nBemhardi, August F., b., 8031 d., 8122.\\nBernhardt, Sarah, b., 72S3; in N. Y., 3041\\nie\u00c2\u00abo,758i passion play prohibited, 7581\\nBerni, Francesco, b., 10791 works, 10812\\nd., 10803.\\nBernier Francois, b., 0sn2; d., 6942.\\nBernini, Giovanni, b., 10823; d. (1680).\\nBernoulli, Daniel, b.-d., 11372; invents\\nscrew engine, 11371\\nJacques, b.-d., 1137 2\\nBernstein, Georg H., b., 8043; d., 8202.\\nBernstorff, Andreas Peter von, b. (1735);\\nMinister in Den., 6392; d. (1797).\\nJohann Hartwig Ernst yon, b., 6381\\nd., 6382.\\nBernv/ald, treaty concluded, 6892.\\nBerquin, Arnaud, b., 7003; d., 7082.\\nBerrien, John McPherson, b., 931; atty.-\\ngen., 1372; d., 1781.\\nBerro, Benrardo Prudencio, Pres. Uru-\\nguay, 11602.\\nBerry, Capt., authority of, 452.\\nDue de, Chas. F. d Artois, b., 7043;\\nd., 7223.\\nDuchesse de, Caroline Ferdinande\\nLouise of Naples, b. 10S43 in Fr. society,\\n6972; scandal, 727 2 attempts rebellion,\\n7273; sent from Fr., 7273; d., 10882.\\nGraham, premier, protectionist, 4991\\nministry, 4991 ,2 Bills rejected, 4991\\nHiram Geo., b. (1824); d., 2212.\\nJames J., b., 1522.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1203.jp2"}, "1204": {"fulltext": "1192\\nText Figures denote Page. iri DhtX*. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nBerr-Bicy.\\nBerry, Jas. H., gov., Ark., 315 2\\nL. W.,d.,1842.\\n,Nath. Springer, b. (1790); gov., N. H.,\\n2032.\\nBerryer, Antoine Pierre, b., 7002; d.,7382.\\nBerry ville, Va., Con feds, defeat, lire 237\\nBersier, M., pres., 7482.\\nBert, Andrew S.. commissioned col., 4001\\nPaul, b. (1833) Fr. resident, 4833\\nminister, 7532; d.,4833.\\nBertaut, Jean, b., 0823; d., 6802.\\nBertha, asteroid, discovered.\\nQueen, imprisoned, 009 2\\nBertharit, King of Italy, 1073\\nBerthaut, M., minister, 751\\nBertlielot, M., minister, 7553.\\nBerthet, Elie Bertram!, b., 7222; d., 700\\nBerthezene, Pierre, Gen., b. (1775); in Al-\\ngiers, 82.\\nBerthier, Louis Alexandre, Pr. of Wagram,\\nb., 701 Pr. of Neuchatel,7172; d.,7222.\\nBerthold, fnds. Carmellites, 1155\\nArnold Adolf, b., 8082; d., S202.\\nBp. of Bulg., scandal life, 5042.\\nDuke, 5033.\\nBerthollet, Comte Claude Louis, b., 7003;\\nworks, 7052, 7063,715 fulminating sil-\\nver dis.; muriatic powder, 7oi;i d.,724\\nBertlioud, Ferdinand, b.-d., 11372.\\nBertin, Eilouard Francois, b., 7123; d.,746\\nJean Louis, b., 7013; d., 72S2.\\nLouis Francois, b., 703 d., 7282.\\nLouis Marie Armand,b., 7143; d., 7322.\\nLouise Aiigeliquo, b., 7103; d., 7502.\\nBertini, Henri Jerome, b., 713 d., 750\\nBertrand, Mo., action at, 201\\nConite de, Henri Gratien, b., 7043;\\nat battle Wartenlicrg, 7202; d., 7283.\\nde Gonrdon, kills Richard, 853\\nJoseph Louis Francois, b. (1822)\\nAcademician, 752\\nde Molicville, Marquis de, Antoine\\nFrancois, b., 7003; d., 7223.\\nBertrande de Montfort, elopes, 0092.\\nBertuch, Friedrich J., b., S003; d., 8122.\\nBertun, Geo., Meuloitte Ltttnltttl/e, 764\\nBerulle, Pierre, b., 684 d., 6863.\\nBerwick, Baron, title created, 923\\nDuke of. (See Fitzjames.)\\nBay, La., defeat at, 220 223 cap-\\ntured, 856 S5S surrender attempted,\\n8652.\\nBerwin, Colo,, cloud-burst, 4673.\\nBerytus, taken, 1032\\nBerzelius, Jons Jakob b.-d. 11342 dis-\\ncovers minerals, 1136\\nBesancon, free city, 6712 ceded to Spain,\\n6893.\\nBesant, Annie. Dos ton, iiiakes:iddress,3S 22.\\nWalter, Sir, b. (1S38); works, 9703,\\n9902,9983, 10103.\\nBescherelle, Louis Nicolas, b., 7143 ;d., 754\\nBeshaine, Pigneauxde, Bishop, in Annam,\\n480 d., 4813.\\nBesika Bay, fleets arrive, 1118\\nBesley, Ro bert, lord mayor, 909\\nBessaraba, Nagul, reigns, 1112\\nConstantine Drancovan, beheaded,\\n11122.\\nMathias, reigns, 11122.\\nBesarabia, ceded to Bus., 11132; Anti-\\nJewish riots, 11212.\\nBessarion, John, b.-d., 10343.\\nBe^sborough, E. of. title created, 9112.\\nBessel, Friedrich W., b., 8042; parallax of\\nstar, 814 8102.\\nBessemer, Henry, b., 936 3 process mfg.,\\nsteel, ISO 204 9602.\\nBesser, Johann von, b. (1634); works, 799\\nd. (1729).\\nBessie Jforns wrecked, 5S7 3\\nBessieres, Jean Baptiste, Due d Istria, b.,\\n7023; at Medina de Bio Seco, 7102; d.,\\n7203.\\nBessus, taken, 10212; murders Darius III.,\\n11073.\\nBestiara, written, .8523.\\nBesUisheff, Alexander Alexandrovitch,\\nb., 11102; d., 11103.\\nBiumin, Alexis Petrovitch, b.-d.,\\n11142; works, 1119\\nBetanzos, Fra Pedro Alonzo de, in Amer-\\nica, 6301\\nBeth Israel Hospital opened, 3832.\\nBethan, William, Sir, b., 9203.\\nBethanien, mission at, 11241.\\nBethany College org., W. Ya., 1543.\\nmission at, 1105 1\\nUnion Society organized, 93S 3\\nBethel, Alaska, mission, 3202, 3742.\\nRichard, Lord Westbury, b. (1800)\\nlord Chan.-., 11653; resigns, 9791 ,1.(1873).\\nBethel, Union org., N.Y., 1283; Eng., 9383.\\nBethell, Christopher, elected bishop, 9383;\\nfor Exeter, 9423.\\nBethencourt, Jean de, d., 6762,\\nBethlehem, Jesus Christ, born, 10631 Tem-\\nple of Adonis built, 11532; ceded to Cru-\\nsaders, 055 2\\nEng., asylum cruelties, 9391\\nN.H., Inst, of Instruction, 4042.\\nPa., mission, 043 ;f nd., 651 ,2; sheet zinc\\nmfd., 2452; Lehigh Univ. org., 2543; Mo-\\nravian service, 3801 Limlennan Library,\\n3082; tornado, 4061 cloudburst, 4701.\\nW. I., abandoned, 17 2\\nBethlen, Gabriel, b. (1580) invades Hun-\\ngary, 5101 d. (1629).\\nBethnal Green, market opened, 9733.\\nBethsura besieged, 11481\\nBethune, Geo. W., b., 1122; President Re-\\nformed synod, 150 3 d., 207 2\\nMaximilien de, Memoires, 689\\nBetislav I., Duke, 5032.\\nBeltcrton, Thomas, b., 8822; d., 9042.\\nBetting suppressed, Fr., 7003; regulated,\\nFr., 7612; suppressed, Eng., 959\\nBetts, Beverly R., b., 1342.\\nE. C, Agri. commissioner, 3153.\\nBetty, William Henry West, b. (1791) ap-\\npears, 9302.\\nBeudant, Francois Sulpice, b., 706 2 d.,\\n732\\nBengnot, de, Arthur A., work, 727\\nBeule, Charles Ernest, b., 7242; d., 74S2.\\nBeurnonville, Marquis de, Pierre de Ruel,\\nb., 701 d., 7223.\\nBeust, Baron Friedrich F. von, b., S083;\\nminister, 527 2 Pres., 527 3 Premier,\\n5272 call for array, 52S 1 dismissed,\\n5292; d., 5302.\\nBeveridge, J. T., arrested, 4723.\\nJohn L., b. (1824) gov. 111., 285\\nBeverly, Alfred of, d., 8482.\\nRobert, Virqinia, 57 d. (1716).\\nEng., Bp. Crosthwaite cons., 10022.\\nFord, action at, 2223.\\nMass., first cotton mill, 9S 2\\nW. Va., action at, 1962; Feds, de-\\nfeated, 2203; Confcds. occupy, 2403.\\nBewick, John, b., 9143; d. (1795).\\nThomas, b., 9123; wood engraving\\nimp., 9242; works, 925 d., 9423.\\nBexley. (See Vansittart.)\\nISevle, Mario Henri, b., 705 works, 723\\n7251,7263, 7283; d., 72S2.\\nBeyrout bombarded, 0503, 950 earth-\\nquake, 11502.\\nBcvs subdued, 6562.\\nGiles, intro. letter, 1099 d. (1593).\\nBeza, Theodore, b. (1519) d., 6802.\\nBezaleel, builds Tabernacle, 11402.\\nBeze, Theodore de, b., 6802; works, 683\\nd. (1605).\\nBeziers captured, 670\\nBezout, Etienne, b., 0983 d., 705\\nBhamo mission, 6223.\\nBhurtpur, siege, 104(1 stormed, 1046\\nliliils mission, 10483.\\nBhimpore mission, 1047\\nI .hoja reigns, 10433.\\nBhonslas dynasty, reigns, 1045 2\\nBhutan mission, 10482.\\nBhutanese war with British, 10482.\\nBiala, Anti-Semitic riots, 533\\nBialobzeski, Arehbp., arrested, 11182,\\nBianca discovered, 5282.\\nBianehi, in Italy, The, 1079\\nBianchini, Francesco, b., 10831 d. (1729).\\nBianci, General, at Tolentino, 5201\\nBiard, Francois Auguste, b., 7142 d.,\\n7522.\\nBiarritz, Napoleon meets Bismarck, S232.\\nBiart, Father, in Canada, 5703,\\nBias, b., 10162; one of Seven Sages,\\n10103.\\nBibb County, Alabama, cyclone, 3361\\nThomas, governor, Alabama, 129 2\\nWm. Wyatt, b. (1780) governor, Ala-\\nbama, 1273; d. (1820).\\nBibbiena, Bernardo, b., 10783; d., 10802.\\nBiberach, battle of, 7121 8002.\\nBihle.Septuagiht version written, 10203; in\\nEthiopic, 11; Coptic written, 10082;\\nGothic, 10G83; Vulgate prepared, 10091;\\nprohibited; permission to translate, 10851\\nSlavonic printed, 7051 ,11151 divided into\\nchapters and verses; Pope forbids, 8522;\\nfirst concordance of, 6723; translation by\\nWyelif, 8602, 8563; printed in Ger., 7871\\n10791; flrst Rabbinical Hebrew, 10812;\\nTyndale s trans., 8663; Coverdale s read\\nin churches, Eng.; petition for general\\nreading, 8082; prohibited laymen, It.,\\n10812; Matthew s in English, 8683; read-\\ning, permitted some, 8092; Taverner s\\nCromwell s (great Bible); Cranmer s\\nforbidden to women, Eng., 8683; Danish\\npublished, 0371 Welsh; used inchurches,\\n8723; decreed in churches, 8743; decreed\\nin houses, 8753; King James s trans.,\\n8782, 3; Rouse s trans ordered read in\\nchurches, 8843; Eliot s Indian, 403; flrst\\nin Ire., 9023; G e r. edition in Am., 652;\\nfirst Am. publication, 95 2 in Amharie,\\n0503; translated into Burmese, 10403;\\nin raised characters, 9543; readers im-\\nprisoned, 10873; gift at Paris exposition,\\n73S 2 convocation for revision, 9742;\\ntrans, into Japanese, 10922; old Testa-\\nment revised and pub., 3203; Pope en-\\njoins B. study, 4441 banished from\\nschools, Providence, 3582 Conf. at\\nNorthfleld, Mass., 3042, 4341 school for\\nscientific study, 3702 school use uncon-\\nstitutional, Tex., 3923.\\nBible Association of Friends org., 1383.\\nand Common Prayer Book Soc. orga-\\nnized, 1542.\\nChristian Soc, fnd., 9271 Christian\\nForeign Miss. Soc. organized, 941\\nSocieties fnd. (chronological order):\\nFirst, Eng., 9002; Fr,. 7083; Naval and\\nMilitary London, 921 for Wales, 9303;\\nBrit. aridFor.. 993 Basel, Switz., 11382;\\nBerlin Prussian Centra], 8083, 8103; Nu-\\nremberg, 8083; Hibernian. 9331 Norway,\\n11301; Finnish, 9331; Russian, 11103, it\\nsuspends, 11171 ;Berg, Ger., 8103; Zurich,\\n11382; Netherlands, 11021 Wurtemberg\\nSaxon Hanover Hamburg Altona\\nLiibeck; Coire Lausanne; Geneva,\\n11382; Sehleswig-Holstein Brunswick;\\nBremen, S103; Danish, 6383; Lauenburg-\\nRatzeburg; Lippe-Detmold Rostock;\\nWaldeek Frankfort Strashurg Hesse-\\nDarmstadt Eutin Pyrmout, 8123\\nAmerican, 1243; Marine, 125 Neu-\\nchatel, 1)382; Waldcnsian at Paris, 723\\nMarburg, 5203; Ionian, 1035 Eisenach;\\nMiilhausen; Hesse-Cassel; Colinar, 8123;\\nGbttingen Hanau 8123; Glarus, 11382;\\nBaden Anhalt Bernburg, Weimar;\\n8123; Bavarian, S13 Trinitarian, 9442;\\n9922; French and Foreign, 721)3; Staven-\\nger, 11053; Russian Evong. Soc, 1117\\nAntwerp Belgian Ghent, 5442; Anhalt-\\nDessau, 815 American and Foreign,\\n1403, Bible House built, 1713 ;Altenburg,\\n8182; Am. Bible Union, 1002; National\\nfor Scot., 9042; of France, 7302; Imperial\\nRussia, 11183; Am. Baptist, 3102; Eng.\\nAuxiliary in Australia, 9303; societies\\nprohibited, Hung., 520 3\\nBiblical Archeology Society fnd., 9702.\\nInst. Baldwin University, 1802.\\nRepositorif and Blbllotkeea Sacra es-\\ntablished, 1703.\\nRepertory anil Princeton Review, 133\\nl ,il lioteL-a tl t/tt lehteinia issued, 1117\\nBlbllttlheett, Xoeissitna established, 799\\nWashi/ttj/onletti est., 3502.\\nBifi/intlteh tier scl/bnrn IVlsst itschtiflen,\\n803\\nBib/iotheque Cl/nisie issued, 697\\nAncientie et Mtttlerne issued, 6972.\\nAnglais issued, 16972.\\nBritaniiii/ite issued, 0992, 113S\\nlie I Kettle ties Charier issued, 7283.\\nties Scienees, etc., issued, 703 2\\nGermaniqite-, 699\\nHistoric issued, 723\\nIlalique issued, 1137\\nBaisonne e, etc., est., 699 2\\nUniverselle issued, 1138\\nUniverselle et Hlslorlque, 695\\nBibracte, action at, 105S 2\\nBichat, Marie Francois Xavier, b. (1777)\\nworks, 713 d., 7143.\\nBickerstaff, Isaac, b., 9082; d., 9242.\\nBiekersteth, Edward, b., 9242; d., 9562.\\nF., appointed bp. for Japan, 9902.\\nEdw. Hen., b. (1825) cons, bp., 9922.\\nBicocca, Swiss defeat. 080 battle of, 788\\nBicycle clubs find., Eng., 981\\nintro., 2973 pneumatic tires, 374\\nR. R. Co., L. I., est., 3853.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1204.jp2"}, "1205": {"fulltext": "Bicy-Bixa.\\nText Figures denote Page. 1 JNI L) Jl, A. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1193\\nBicycle relay race, 406 4693.\\nBiddle, James, b., 961 on Hornet, 1231\\nd., 164\\ncommissioned col., 3S4i\\nJohn, b., 8801 d., 8902.\\nNicholas, financier, b., 981 d., 1562.\\nnaval officer, d., 912.\\nUniv. org., 2583 chartered, 2963.\\nBidwell, Daniel D., Gen., b. (1816\u00c2\u00b1); skir-\\nmish with Early, 236i d., 2392.\\nJohn, nom. for pres., 4092 popular\\nvote, 4192 electoral vote, 4243.\\nShelf ord, phonograph, 302 1 tele-\\nphotography invented, 9881.\\nBiela taken, 5651\\nWilhelm von, b., 8042 d., 8201\\nBiela s comet discovered, 520 s\\nBielnski, critic, b.-d., 1116 3\\nBielski, Marcin, b.-d., 11142.\\nBiencourt, de, in Canada, 5703.\\nBienville, de, Jean Baptislo Lemoine, b.,\\n481 in La. on Red River commands,\\n55 2 fnds. New Orleans gov.-gen.,592\\nagainst Chickasaws, 621 commission\\nfrom king, 633 d. (1768).\\nBierstadt, Albert, b., 138 1 Academy De-\\nsign, 1902; paintings, 2023, 2291, 2541,\\n2721,3161,3131.\\nBiezwaag, famine, 5333.\\nBigamy, disfranchised by, 2971 statute\\nof, passed, Eng., 8552.\\nBig Bear captured escapes, 5841\\nBig Bethel, Va., Federals repulsed, 1961;\\noccupied, 2021.\\nBig Blue, Mo., Trice defeated, 2392.\\nBigelow, Allen Oilman, d., 3881\\nErastus Brigham, b., 1231 d., 3022.\\nHobart B., governor, 3093 d., 3922.\\nJacob, b. (1787) d., 3001\\nJohn, b., 1261 works, 1802, 2643, 3323,\\n3982.\\nPoultney, German Emperor appears,\\n3502 expelled from Puis., 11223.\\nBig Foot., Ind., at Wounded Knee, 3741\\nBiggar, Joseph Gillis, b. (1828) reporters\\nexclusion, 9772 d., 10021\\nBigger, Samuel, gov., Ind., 1531\\nBiggs. Bouj. T.. gov. Del., 3293.\\nBig Horn Mts. Mont., Sioux (let 2581 ,2921\\nBig Hurricane Creek, Mo., defeat at, 2001\\nBigler, John, b. (1804) gov., 1712 d. (1871).\\nWilliam, 1). (1813) d., 3041\\nb.. 78i gov. Pa., 1712 on Com-\\nmittee of 13, 1892.\\nBiglow, William, b. (1773) d., 1562.\\nBignon, Louis Pierre Edouard, b., 7042\\nd., 7282.\\nBig River Bridge, Mo., action, 2001\\nBig Rock, Minn., log-jam, 3452.\\nBig Springs, Kan., Free-State Conv., 1772.\\nBig Water Lake, Taylor s victory, 1461\\nBihar, Ind., conquered, 10421.\\nBiheron, Marie C, b., 6981 d.. 7061.\\nBijanagar, sacked. 10422 Hindu king-\\ndom, 10432 crushed, 10433, 10441\\nBijus, Anna, Poems, 10991\\nBilaspur mission, 1049 1\\nBilbao captured, 11301 strikers, 11331.\\nBilderdijk, Willem, d.-d., 11011 works,\\n11012, 11022.\\nBiltinger, Georg Bernhard, b., 7982 d.,\\n8022.\\nBillard, Charles Michel, b., 7142 d., 7262.\\nBillaud-Varennes, Jean Nicolas, b. (1756);\\nd.,7223.\\nBillault, Allgusto Adolpho Marie, b.,7163;\\nd., 7361.\\nGustave, minister, 7371 d., 7371\\nBill of indemnity, royal assent, 9613.\\nof Rights, passed, Eng., 8993.\\nBille, Steen Andersen, b., 0382 d., 6421.\\nBilling, House of, rules, 7732.\\nBillings, Jesse, Jr., acquitted, 2991\\nEdward C, d., 4441\\nJohn Shaw, b. (ix:;s) work, 4462.\\nJosh. (See H. W. Shaw.)\\nWm., b., 662 music for schools, 761\\nd., 1082.\\nBillion Dollar Congress ends, 3793.\\nBillot, Gen., minister, 753 2 3.\\nBillroth, Theodore, b. (1*29) d., 8361\\nBills. (See Titles of Bills.)\\nBiloxi, Miss., fortified, 5141; captured,\\n2021; fire, 4733.\\nBilsborrow, John, cons, bishop, 10082.\\nBirnbia, Ger. colony founded, 8313.\\nBimeni settled, 173.\\nBimetallic league conven., 4343 motion\\nlost, G. B., 10033.\\nBimetallic Convention, Pan-Am., 4402.\\nHinders, automatic, introduced, 2761.\\nBinding-twine, free list, 5931.\\nBinet, Jacques, b., 7061 d., 7322.\\nBing, Jost., inv. measuring-conipass, 7921\\nBingham, George C, E. of Lucan, d., 998 2\\nHenry H, b., 1522.\\nHiram, missionary, 1263.\\nJohn A., b. (1815); Com. of Recon-\\nstruction, 2493 on impeachment, 2612.\\nJudson B., commis. col., 3141\\nKinsley S., b. (1808); gov. Mich., 1792;\\nd. (1861).\\nMary A., Pres. Mt. Holyoke, 3383.\\nWm., b. (1752) pres. Senate, 1073\\nd. (1804).\\nBinghampton, N. Y., Asylum for Inebri-\\nates opd., 2412 Ruled hanged, 2742\\ntraining-school, 4702 Commercial Trav-\\nelers Home Association, 4723.\\nBinney, Amos, b., 1102 d., 1622.\\nHerbert, b., 5781.\\nHorace, b., 931 d., 28S1\\nllioi/rajth/e i T ji werselle de Musicians, 5443.\\nBion, b., 10263.\\nBioski, Stanislaus, executed, 11183.\\nBiot, Jean, b., 7043; ascension, 7142; d.,7342.\\nBirague, Rene de, b., 6802 d., 6842.\\nBirch, Charles B. A. R. A., d., 10102.\\nJ. C, on Com 33, 1891\\nJ. W., proclamation, 10492.\\nSamuel, b., 5363.\\nLord-Mayor London, 935 3\\nThomas, b., 9022 d., 9162.\\nCreek reservoir destroyed, 1763.\\nBirehall, Reginald, trial of 5903, 5912.\\nBirck, Sixt, Susanna, 7911.\\nBird, Chancellor, opinion, 3642.\\nChas. W., gov., O., 1113.\\nFrederick Mayer, b., 1482.\\nGolding, b., 9363 d., 9582.\\nIsabella, Trarks In Japan, 9863.\\nRobert Montgomery, b., 1102 works,\\n1443, 1451; d., 1741.\\nBirde, William, b., 8682 d. (1623).\\nBirdie, Non Xab/s Domhte, 8803.\\nBirds Protection Act passes, 977 2\\nBire, Edrnond, J irtor Huqn, 1X52, 7641.\\nBirger II., b. (1281); reigns, 11351 d. (1324).\\nJarl, regent, 11351.\\nBirkenberg mines burned, 5351 fire, 5353.\\nBirkenfebf added to Oldenburg, 8113.\\nBirkenhead, Eng., docks, 962 1 street rail-\\nways opd., 9641 religious riots, 9671\\nBirkenhead sinks, 5981\\nBirmingham, Ala. 7 fnd., 2973 Howard\\nColl. org., 1543; Aqa Heratil, 3 2S2; strike,\\n3523 Real Estate Cong, meets, 3803\\nexplosion, Pratt mines, 3853 Federa-\\ntion of Labor Conv., 3971 train derailed,\\n4382 govt, defrauded, 4522 fire, 1673.\\nConn., solid head pins, 1501\\nEng., small town, 845 2 grammar\\nschool fnd., 8711 besieged, S84i button\\nmanufactories. 8941 cotton mill erected,\\n9102; Aris s Gavtte, 9111; Soho Works\\nest., 9173; Dr. Ash s hospital fnd.; musi-\\ncal festival held, 917 2 Lunar Soc. org.,\\n9212; anti-Dissenters riots. 92~.2; Asylum\\nfor Deaf and Dumb, 9391 theaterburned,\\n9413; borough, 9453; town hall built, 9461\\nB. and Liverpool railway opd., 9481\\nBrit. Asso. meeting, 94S2, 9541, 9662;\\nincorporated; police act passes, 9493;\\nQueen s Coll. incor., 9523, 95S3 Inst, of\\nMechanical Engineers find., 9541; Corn\\nExchange, 9553 B. and Midland Inst,\\nincor., 959i Music Hall opd., 9602 Na-\\ntional Social Science Asso. fmd.j park\\nopd.; public park opd., 9602; post issued,\\n9623; Free Li hraryopd., 96-13; almshouses\\nerected, 9(13 1 Social Science Asso. meets,\\n96G2, 9881 Shakespeare Library fnd.,\\n9671; Reform meeting, 9691; Exchange\\nopd. ,969 3 anti-popery riots, 9703; horse\\nshow, 9713; first house Erdington Or-\\nphan Houses est., 9731 explosion in Lud-\\nlow s factory, 9753; Royal Horticultural\\nExhibition opd., 9761 Joseph Priestley\\nstatue, 9781; Josiali Mason s Coll. est.,\\n9791; Philosophical Soc. fnd., 9801 Lib-\\neral Federation fmd., 9823 Bp. Isley\\ncons., 9822; statue of Queen, 9921 riots,\\nreform demonstration, 99:;i Brit. Asso.\\nmeets, 9961 statue of John Bright, 9981\\nLiberal Unionist Asso. fmd., 9992 cre-\\nated city, 1001 1\\nBirney, David Bell, b., 1322 near Rapi-\\ndan, 2321; d., 2392.\\nBirney, James Gillespie, b., 1022 Abolition\\ndestroyed, 147 1; nominated for pres.;\\ndeclines, 151 3 vote, 1531; pres. candi-\\ndate, 1571 renominated, 1573; vote, 1572;\\nelectoral vote, 1592 d., 1801\\nBiron, Armand Louis de Gontaut, Due de\\nLauzun, b., 7003 d., 7082.\\nBirot, Jean B., works, 7171 7231\\nBirths taxed, 9003 9231\\nBiscay, united to Castile, 11273.\\nBiscayans discover America, 123.\\nBischoff, Theodor Ludwig Wilhelm, b.,\\n8083.\\nBiscop, Benedict, imports glass, 842 1 fnds.\\nmonasteries, 8423 fnds. Wearmouth Li-\\nbrary Jarrow Library, 8431 d. (690).\\nBishop, Bridget, convicted, 531\\nEdward, imprisoned, 523.\\nHenry Row-ley, Sir, b., 9242 organ\\npedal, 9343 regulator, 9402 d., 9603.\\nRichard M., pres. conven., 2682,2722,\\n2762, 2802, 2S-J2, e 8( ;2 gov., 3012; d.,4241.\\nWashington Irving, mind reader,\\nlibel suit, 9931 d., 3382 autopsy, 3412.\\n.William Henry, works, 3031, 3163\\n3183, 3263, 4482.\\nBishoprics multiply, It., 10723 Ger.,\\ntithes to Fr., 781*3 given away, Eng.,\\n8483 act passes, 9S22, 9832.\\nBishop s College, Knoxville, 5791\\nBishops dispute, Can., 5991.\\nconsecrated (see personal names)\\nexcommunication opposed (Ger.), 8273;\\nelecting (Eng)., 8543; married, deprived\\nof office, S703 war, in Scot., 8821 ex-\\ncluded from voting, 8S23 excluded from\\nHouse, 8852 order abolished, 8863 fn\\nH. L., S90 2 restored, 8912; refuse oaths,\\n898 2 deprived of office, 8983 number\\nreduced, 9462 Resignation Act, 9722,\\n9802 Conference 9982 est. in Port.,\\n11093 absolute power, 11252.\\nBiskupitz, cruelty, 5362.\\nBisland, Mary, world tour, 3533, 3593.\\nBismarck, N. Dak., settled, 2793; capital,\\n2972,3, 3451 first legislature, 3483.\\nBismarck-Bohlen, Ct.,gov. of Alsace, 7411\\nCount Herbert, minister resigns,\\n8351 married, 8362.\\nPrince Otto Eduard Leopold, b.,\\n8103; at Univ. of Gottingen, S151 mar-\\nries, 8163; in Landtag, 819 i Confed.Diet;\\nenvoy to Aust., 8193; in St. Petersburg,\\nS21 1 in Paris in Chamber Deputies\\nminister sustained, 8213; escapes assas-\\nsination; offends deputies, 822 2 Dukeof\\nLauenburg, 8251 premier, 8232; quarrels\\nwith Aust.; new constitution, 8232,3;\\nretires chancellor circular letter, 825 a\\n8272; -war declaration; created prince,\\nS271,2; negotiations with Favre, 8272;\\ncircular letters, 7412,3; meets Jules\\nFavre, 7412; deniandsof Fr.,7413; replyto\\nBrit. Govt., 7432; armistice to Fr., 7433;\\nfirst chancellor, 8273; life threatened,\\n8291; resigns presidency, 8292 Eastern\\npolicy, 8293; birthday eel. at Berlin\\nCong., 8311; alliance with Aust.; and\\nPope; disclaims Liberals; meets Jaeob-\\nini; resigns, .831 2; defeated Germanizes\\nPosen colonization, 8313, S332; statue\\nat Stuttgart, S32i premiership eel., 8322;\\nresigns, 8333; on over-education, 8342;\\nbirthday refuses dukedom press utter-\\nances, 8343,4351 leaves Berlin in Reich-\\nstag, 8353; honored, 8363.\\nSchierstein, Count yon, Friedrich Au-\\ngust Ludwig, d., 8361\\nCount William, presi. Landtag, S332.\\nBissell, Clark, b. (1782i; gov., 1633; d. (1857).\\nJosiali Wolcott, Col., b. (1818) boats\\nunder Island No. 10 in Mo., 2052.\\nWilliam H., b. (1811) gov. 111., 1832;\\nd. (1860).\\nHenry Augustus, b. (1S14) cons.\\nbishop, 2622; d., 4301.\\nWilson S., P. M. General, 4271\\nBisticci, Vespasiano da, Vite di Uomini\\nIHustri, 10812.\\nBistritz, famine, 5333.\\nBithoor, Sepoy rebellion, 10481\\nBithynia surrendered, 10292; bequeathed\\nto Romans, 10591; ruled by Lysimachus,\\n11491 overrun by Tartars, 1155 3\\nBitis church reorganized, 11581\\nBitonto, action at, 10841\\nBittenfeld, Gen., commander, 8221\\nBitto ministry formed, 5292.\\nBixa appears, 5553.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1205.jp2"}, "1206": {"fulltext": "1194\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nBize-Bloo.\\nBizerta captured, 11393.\\nBjerregaard, Henrik Anker, b. (1792)\\nworks, 11042; d. (1842).\\nBjornson, Bjbrnstjern, b., 1104 works,\\n11043.\\nBlackford, Lord, Henry Rogers, d., 10021\\nBlack, Baron, title created, 975\\nFrancis, b. (1782) chief justice, 9532,\\n9573; lord chanc, 9092; d., 10082.\\nJames, pies, candidate, 277 3 popular\\nvote, 2792; d., 446\\nC. C, b., 154\\nJeremiah Sullivan, b., 1162; Atty.-\\nGen., 183 strengthens Buchanan, 1893;\\ntreasurer. 1892; d., 314\\nJohn C., b., 1502; speecb, 4392.\\nJoseph, b., 90S dis., 9142; d., 9283.\\nC. S., b., 1482; amendment, 4403.\\nLuke P., inaug. gov., 3033.\\nSamuel W., governor, 187\\n-,Wm.,b.(lS41) works, 9723, 9882,10103.\\n1... 9502; works, 91183, 10103.\\nBall Line established, 1273.\\nBartholomew s Day, Eug., 8903.\\nCaps at Kingston. (Jan., 58G 3\\nCrook at Niblo s Garden, 258\\nDeath prevails, 5073; appears, 9693; in\\nGreat Britain, 85113; Germany, 7822,3.\\nDiamond, seizure of, 589 reported,\\n5892; Victoria harbor, 5893.\\nEagle conspiracy formed, 633\\nFlags, Tongking, 4802; F r protecto-\\nrate, 481 2 Fr. defeat, 482 massacre,\\n4823.\\nFriday occurs, 2673.\\nHawk, b., 74 in Wis., 140 d., 1482.\\nHawk explodes, 149 3\\nHawk War reunion, 3903.\\nHills, S. Dak., silver copper dis. ,254\\nProhibition Law opposed, 36S 2 gold\\nfound, 370\\nColl. org. at Hot Springs, 3233.\\nHole tragedy, 914\\nJoke attacked, 616\\nMonday, 111., massacre, 8523.\\nPrince. (See Edward.)\\nPrince in collision, 1000\\nRiver, Miss., defeat at, 222\\nMo., action at, 1982.\\nRock, N. Y., action at, 120 burned\\nby British, 121\\nSea storm, 9582; free, 11172 Rus-\\nsian claims. 11193; canal to sea of Azov,\\n11213; frozen, 1154\\nstone, 4863.\\nvomit plague, 6743.\\nWalnut Creek, Mo., action at, 2003.\\nWarrior seized, 1753.\\nBlack s Run, Fa., dynamite explosion, 4553.\\nBlackburn riots, 983 cotton-miners\\nstrike, 9813; strike closes, 9983.\\nBlackburn s Ford, Va., battle, 1563.\\nUniv., org. at Carlinville, 111. (1859).\\nBlackfan, Joseph II., commissioner, 2732.\\nBlackfeet Mission, 1822.\\nBlackford, A. L., missionary, 556 2\\nBlackheath, Eug., action at, 866 Tunnel,\\ncollision, 9673.\\nBlackie, George S., b., 1422.\\nJohn Stuart, b., 9343; many works,\\n9623, 979 1,9983.\\nBlacking, ox v muriatic used, 924\\nBlackman, Geo. Curtis, b., 128 d. (1S71).\\nBlackmore, Richard Doddridge, b. (1825);\\nworks, 9723, ;)7i;3, ]K Kj3, 10043.\\nBlackshear, Ga., R.R. accident, 3293; anti-\\nnegro mob, 387\\nBlackstock, N. 0., battle at, 923.\\nBlackstone, William, Sir, b., 9062; Com-\\nmentaries, 9171 d., 9203.\\nCanal opened, 1373.\\nBlackwall, Eng., railway opened, 950i\\nBenbow launched, 992 Sans Pareil\\nlaunched, 9961.\\nBlackwater, battle of, 876\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Bank; Pomona wrecked, 1853.\\nBlackwell, A. J., tortured by Indians, 4762,\\nAntoinette Brown, b., 1322.\\nElizabeth, b., 1301 M. D., 1663.\\nJohn, gov. Pa. (1688).\\nLucy Stone. (See Stone, Lucy.)\\nSamuel, Interior Dept., 4472.\\nBlackwell s Is. Bridge Bill passed, 3592.\\nBlackwood, William, b.,9203; d.,9462.\\nFrederick T., E. of Dulferin, b., 9422;\\ngov. -gen. Can., 5833 gov.-gen. of East\\nIndia, 9932; Brit.- Ambassador, 10073;\\nviceroy, 10492; Ameer meets, 71 resigns,\\nBladen, Thomas, governor Md., 65 3\\nBladcnsburg, battle of, 1222.\\nBlaidsdell, Henry G., gov. Nev.(Ter.), 2ii^.\\nBlaine, James Gillespie, b., 1381; amend-\\nment to Constitution, 251 2 encounter\\nwith Conkling, 2523; speaker, 267 2733,\\n283 2 calls for investigation, 2793; candi-\\ndate for speaker, defeated, 2893; nom.\\nfor pres. contest, 293 3043; vote for,\\n3043,3051 Sec. Stale, 3072,3372; resigns,\\n3092; eulogy on Garfield, 3111 nom. for\\npres., 3172; popular vote, 3192; electoral\\nvote, 3211 withdraws from candidacy,\\n3311; presidency declined, 401 2 405 3\\nnom. for pres. resigns, 4091 proclama-\\ntion, 4231 d.,422i funeral services, 423 3\\nand Sherman men unite, 3051\\nJames, Jr., marriage, 4022.\\nBlainville, Henri Marie Ducrotay de, b.,\\n7043; d., 7302.\\nBlair, Austin, b. (1S18) gov. Mich., 2032;\\nd., 4681.\\nDavid, Sabbath instructor, 915\\nFrancis Preston, b., 1022; d., 2921\\nb., 1301 offer to Lee, 1941\\natTuscumhia.2271 reenforces Sherman,\\n2342, 2363; before Atlanta, 2363; nom.\\nfor Vice-Pres., 2633; vote for, 2653 d.,\\n2881.\\nHenry W., b., 1422; prohibitionist,\\n2923; in Senate, 329 Educational Bill,\\n3233, 353 3542,3552.\\nHugh, b., 9062; Sermons; Rhetoric,\\n921 professor, 9152; d., 9303.\\nJames, b. (1656); commissary, 483;\\npres. college, 523; d., 642.\\nJohn, b., 62i lieut.-governor Va.,\\n772; justice, S. C, 1012; d. (1800).\\nMontgomery, b., 121 1 P. M. Gen.,\\n1931; d., 3141.\\n.Robert, d.,9122.\\nBlake, Edward, b. (1833) premier, 5833.\\nHenry Arthur, Sir, governor, 5003.\\nJohn Henry, shot, 9891\\nL., b., 1001 d., 180\\nJoseph, b. (1020r-); governor South\\nCarolina, 533; d. (1700).\\nRobert, admiral, b., 8762; battle in\\nChannel in Downs destroys Sp. fleet\\nreduces Tunis, 11392; punishes pirates;\\ndefeats Dutch, 1100 1 d., S882.\\nRufus, b., 1122; d., 2212.\\nWilliam, b., 9143; works, 9231 9271\\nd., 9422.\\nWilliam Phipps, b., 1341\\nBlake launched, London, 1002\\nBlakely, Capt. Johnston, b. (1781); cap-\\ntures Reindeer, 122 d. (1814).\\nBlakeman, B., d., 472\\nBlakey, Robert, b., 9263; d. (1878).\\nBlanc, Auguste Alexandre Philippe\\nCharles, b., 7222; d., 7522.\\nDr., in Abyssinia, 3\\nJean Joseph Charles Louis, b., 7203\\nworks, 7291 7302; organization of labor,\\n7311 {n Paris, 7412, 7451 d., 7522.\\nBlanchard, Ed. Laman, b. (1820) d.,10001.\\nFrancois, b., 700 2 ascension, 1041;\\nparachute; velocipede, 7041; d., 7191.\\nJonathan, d., 4061\\nLaman, b., 9322; d., 9522.\\nNewton C, b., 1661\\nThomas, b., 1001 d., 2332.\\nBlanche, reigns in Navarre, 11273.\\nBlanche wrecked, 932\\nBlanco Encalada captured, 6082.\\nparty in Uruguay, 1160 3\\nAntonio Guzman, pres., 1160 3\\nBland, Richard, b., 144 Silver Coinage\\nBill, 4532. (See Silver Bill.)\\nBlandville College founded, Ky., 2623.\\nBlankenburg, Froebel s kindergarten\\nopens, 815 2.\\nBlankets first made, 858 2\\nBlanqui, Jerome Adolphe, b., 713 Politi-\\ncal Econmmi, 7272; d., 7332.\\n,Louis Auguste. b.,71\u00c2\u00ab3; leader, 7432;\\ninsurrectionist, 745 sentenced, 7463;\\nelected, 753 in Assembly, 7523; d.,7522.\\nBlanshard, R., gov., Canada, 581 2\\nBlanton, Licut.-Col., Lancaster, Va.,2003.\\nBlantyre, Earl of, title created, 8772.\\nmission, 6003.\\nBlarpiire, Baron De, title created, 931\\nBlashtield, Edwin H., b. (1848); Academy\\nof Design, 3321.\\nBlasphemies suppressed, England, S87 2\\nBlatchford, Samuel, b., 1282; justice of\\nSupreme Court. 3132; d., 4321\\nBlaue, William, printing-press, 11002.\\nBlauvelt, C. F., in Acad, of Design, 186\\nBiavatskv, Madame (Helena Petrovna\\nHahn-Hahn), theosophist. 2902; d., 1006\\nBleaching works established, Ger., 7842.\\nBleeding Kansas, 179 182\\nBleecker, Ann Eliza, b., 683; d. (1783).\\nBleek, William Heinrich Immanuel, b.,\\n5973 d. (1875).\\nBledsoe, Albert Taylor, b., 116 d.,2962.\\nBleichfeld, battle at, 776\\nBleking annexed, 637 2\\nBlemco, Gen. revolutionary leader, 5503.\\nBleneau, Royalists defeated, 690\\nBlenheim lost, 932\\n.battle of, 696\\nBlervie Castle wrecked, 9633.\\nBlessing of the Bay built, 32\\nBlcssin gton. Countess of, Margaret Power,\\nb.,9243; d.,9542.\\nViscount, lord keeper, 9013.\\nBlicher, Steen Steenson, b., 6382; d., 6403.\\nBligh, William, b., 9123; d. (1817).\\nCapt., William, b. (1753) botanist,\\n494 gov.; deposed, 495 d. (1817).\\nBlignieres, M. de., Minister Egy., comp-\\ntroller-general, 659 resigns, 6592.\\nBlind, Karl, b., 8122.\\nJohn, elected king, 5053; k., 506\\nprinting for, commenced, 9422.\\nBlisdell, Henry G., governor, 2413.\\nBliss, Frederick J, dm. Muni/ ities, 478\\nNathaniel, b.(1700j; astronomer royal,\\n9161 d. (1764)\\nPhilip Paul, b. (1838); d., 292\\nPorter Cornelius, b., 164 d. (18S5).\\nWillard, b., 1322.\\nWilliam Root, Colonial Times, 3323.\\nZenas R., commis. colonel, 322\\nBlissot, Jean, b., 7022.\\nBlizard, Sir William, b., 9103.\\nBlizzard, Okla., I. T., 450 in Eastern\\nStates, 328 S. Dak., 356 in Neb.; in\\nWyoming, 454\\nBloch, Joanna Koerten, b.-d., 11003.\\nMarkus E., b., 8002 d., 8063.\\nBlocher, John, gift, 3943.\\nBlock Island, It. I., Indians annoy, 34\\nAdriaen, iiuilds Onrust explores\\nSound, 28 in Conn., 292.\\nVictor, forms Missionary Soc, 640 3\\nprinting, invented, 6122.\\nBlockade of Am. by G. B., 1193, 1213 of\\nDelaware River, 120 of Charleston,\\n1942 of Confed. ports, 194 in N. C. and\\nVa., 1942; proclaimed, 195 Confed.\\nStates removed, 2483 Sp. causes, 5522.\\nBlockholt, John, Anabaptists theocracy,\\n7903.\\nBlodget, missionary, 619\\nBlodgett claim, decision against, 4753.\\nHenry W., arbitrator, 425 2\\nLeonard, criminal, 471\\nRufus, b., 1422.\\nBlodoxe, Eric, over-lord, 11043.\\nBloeman, John Francis van, b., 541 d.,\\n5422.\\nBloemeart, Abraham, b.-d., 10983.\\nBloemfontein, Bruce cons, bp., 996 2\\nO., Free State, mission, 11053.\\nBloemhof, mission, 11242.\\nBlois, ceded to crown, 6713 treaty, 6793\\nalliance signed at, 6812 States-General\\nmeets, 6852 Germans occupy, 743\\nBlomticld, Chillies James, bishop of Lon-\\ndon, b., 924 d.,970\\nBlommaert, Samuel, resident. 551\\nBlonde], Francois, b., 6862; d., 6942.\\nBlondin, Charles Emile Gravele, b. (1824)\\ncrosses Niagara, 185 3\\nBlood, Col. Thomas, b. (161S) abuses Or-\\nmonde theft, 893 d. (1680).\\ncirculation discovered, 882\\nBloodgood, Sam. DeWitt. b. (1799) d.,252\\nBloody Brook, Mass., battle at, 46\\nPond, N. Y., massacre at, 702.\\nBloomer, Mrs. (Amelia Jenks), b. (1818)\\ncostume, 166 3\\nBloomtield, Conn., tramp murder, 3903.\\nInd., bank robbers, 4723.\\nN. J. Then. School opd., 2663.\\nJoseph, d., 1302.\\nRobert, b., 9163 d. (1823).\\nBlooming Gap, Va., action, 204\\nBlooniington, 111., Wesleyan Univ., org.,\\n173 Hiram Buck s gift, 3923; mercury\\nrises, 33S2; Schureman, embezzler, 4303.\\nIndiana Univ. org., 1363.\\nTenn., Bloomington Coll., fnd., 3183.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1206.jp2"}, "1207": {"fulltext": "Bloo-Bois.\\nText Figures denote Page. 1 JN L/Jc, .X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1195\\nBloornsburv, England, Working Women s\\nCollege begun, 9682.\\nBlooniville, U., temperance crusade, 3803.\\nBlore Heath, battle of, 8621\\nBlouet,Paul (Max 0 Rell),b. (1848); Brother\\nJonathan, 3503.\\nBlount, Alfred, lynchers, 430 3\\nCharles, b., 8882 d., 9001\\nJames H., minister, 4272, 4292.\\nWin., b. (1744*); gov. Tenn., 1032;\\n1172 d. (1S00).\\nBlow, Henry T., b. (1817) Com. of Recon-\\nstruction, 2493 d. (1875).\\nBlow-pipe, compound, invented, 110*.\\nBloxham, Wm. D., gov. Fla., 3093.\\nBloxland, explorer, 4941\\nBliicher, Marshal Gebhard Leberecht,\\nh., 80Q3 in Dresden, 7183 commands\\nSilesian army, 7201 at Brienne; at\\nMockern,7202 in Prus. campaign, 7203\\ncampaign in Belg., 722 1 Pr. of Wahl-\\nstatt, 8111; d. (1819i; monument, 8361;\\nd., 8122.\\nBludoff, Count, Dmitri Xikolayevitch, b.,\\n11162; d., 11182.\\nBlue and Gray reunion, Champion Hill;\\nat Port Gibson, 3591.\\nnine Cross Society established, 54G 2\\nBlue Gap, West Ya., action at, 2021\\nSpring, Mo., Fed. defeated near, 2201\\nLicks, battle, anniversary, 3113.\\nMills Landing, Mo., battle at, 1983.\\nMountain, Miss., Female Coll., 2822.\\nUniversity organized, 2922.\\nLaws published, 95 2\\nRibbon movement, London, 9831 be-\\ngins, 9231 prominent, 9903.\\nRidge bursts boilers, 1633.\\nBlueneliis, Nicaragua, mission, 11032 cap-\\ntured, 11043 report, 455 1\\nBluhme, or Blume, Friedrich, b., 8063\\nd.,828i.\\nBlum, Robert, Nat. Acad, of Design, 4461\\nRobert, b., 80S3 d., 8162, 8173.\\nBlumaner, Aloys, b., 8022 d., 8063.\\nBlumdell, Lieutenant, killed, 9372.\\nBlumenau, battle, 8242.\\nBlumenbach, JohamiF.,b.,8022; d.,8143.\\nBlumenthal, Oscar, Das Z. Gesichf, 83G 2\\nBlumhardt, C. H., missionary in Abys., 12.\\nBlunt, Edmund March, b., 761 d., 2023.\\nGen., b. (1826); in Ind. Ter., 2101 at\\nCane Hill, 216 1 at Prairie Grove, 2162\\nat Honey Springs at Elk s Spring, 225 1\\nMatthew M., commis. colonel, 3141\\nR. F. L., consecrated bishop, 10062.\\nBly, Nellie. (See Bisland, Mary.)\\nBlyden, Edmund W., works, 9963 presi-\\ndent west coast Africa, 11612.\\nBlyth, G. F. P., consecrated bishop, 9962.\\nBlythe, James, b. (1765) moderator, 1243;\\nd. (1842).\\nBlythswood, Baron, title created, 10091\\nB nai B rith, I. O., statistics, 4463.\\nBoabdil, Moorish king, d., 11282.\\nBoades, Bernat, Fry ft d Amies, 11271.\\nBoadirea lost, 9381\\nBoadicea, Queen of Iceni,S39i 3 d., 8392.\\nBoard of Commissioners, Eng., est., 917 3\\nof Health: N. Y., est., 2511; inMich.,\\n2S31 in N. J., 2972 j n Ky., in R. I.; in\\nMass., 3011 3251 in la., 3071 in W.Ya.,\\n3072 inMo.,3151 inMe.,323i Nat., ap-\\npointed, 3013 ;Gen. Board of Health est.,\\nEng., 9552 B. of H. convention, 4263.\\nof Trade for American colonies, 53 3\\n(See also large cities.)\\nof Trade and Plantations, England,\\nestablished, 8892 ah. dished, 9231\\nBoardman, Captain, killed, 9352.\\nGeorge Dana, b., 110 1 missionary,\\n10463; d.,1382.\\nHenry Augustus, b. 1. 1808) moder-\\nator, 1762 d. (1880).\\nRichard, b., 642 in Philadelphia, 762;\\nmissionary, 919 1\\nBoat, submarine, tried, 918 2\\nBoatner, Charles J., b., 1661.\\nBoaz marries Ruth, 11423.\\nBobadilla, Francisco de, b. (1502) impris-\\nons Columbus, 152 g0T 153 d., 11263.\\nBobbin lace, machine for, 9343\\nBoblingen, battle at, 7881\\nBoccaccio, Giovanni, b.-d., 1076 2 works,\\n10772.\\nBoccage, Manoel Maria Barbosa du, b.-d.,\\n11102.\\nMarie Anne le Page du, b,, 6963 d.,\\n7143.\\nBoccanegra, Simon, 1 (1300) first doge of\\nGenoa, 10773 d. (1363).\\nBocchoris reigns, 6511\\nBoeehus 1., treachery, 1056 1\\nBochart, Samuel, b., 6861 d., 6903.\\nBockh, August, b., 9042 -works, 8131 z\\nd., 8243.\\nBocock, Thos. S., speaker, Confed. House;\\n2393; d., 3881.\\nBocskai, Stephen. Protestant leader, 5101\\n5113 prince, 5113 d. (1606).\\nBode, Johann Ehlert, b., 8003 d., S123.\\nBodel, Jean, works, 6711\\nBodenstedt, Friedrich, b., 8122 d., 8361\\nBodenstein, Andrew, b. (1480) friend of\\nLuther, 7883 d. (1541).\\nBodichon, Barbara Leigh Smith, d., 10061\\nBodin, Jean,b., 68 )3 I!, uMiaue ,d.,6843.\\nBodleian Library founded, 877 2\\nBodley, Sir Thomas, b., 8682 d. 87S2.\\nBodmer, Johann Jakob, b.-d., 1137 2\\nBodyke, Ire., evictions resisted, 9971.\\nBoece, Hector, b. (1465) History of Scots,\\n8671; d. (1536).\\nBcehm, Henry, b. (1775) centenarian, d.,\\n2902.\\nJos. Edgar, statue of Darwin, 9921 of\\nWellesley,!)98i of Queen,1000i d.,10042.\\nBoehme, Jacob, Aurora, 7931\\nBoekzaal van Europa issued, 1101 2\\nBoemia, George, anathema against, 5083.\\nBoen, Baldor E., b., 1682.\\nBoendale, Jan van, b. (12S0) Brabantsche\\nYeesten, 10991; d. (1365).\\nBosotia, fnd., 1015 1 Ogyges reigns, 10133\\ninvaded, 10191, 10222 revolt, 10212.\\nBoerhaaveJIermaan, b.-d.; founds organic\\nchemistry, 1100 3\\nBoers, disaffected, new settlements, 599 2\\ndefeat Zulus, D9S1 in Orange Free State,\\n11051,2; demand independence, 9861;\\nsuppressed, 6032; leave Cape Colony,\\n11241 W ar with Kaffirs, 11242 declara-\\ntion of independence, 11243; formation\\ndisbanded, 10062.\\nButt hi us written, 666 3\\nAniens Maul ius Sever inus, b.-d., 1070 2\\nDe Consolatione Philosophe, 10711\\nor Boec, Hector, b., 8641 d., 8681\\nBoetie, Etienne de la, b., 6S03 contre un,\\n6812; d., 6822.\\nBoetler, Alex. R., Tariif f ommiss., 3111\\nBoettcher, Herr von, Black Eagle, 8342.\\nliog-aers, Adrianus, b. (1795) works, 11022;\\nd. (1S70).\\nBogardus, Everardus, letter, 343; d.,381\\nJames, b., 1082; d., 2S42.\\nBogatzky, Karl II., b., 7982; d., 8041.\\nBogdan reigns in Moldavia, 11121\\nBondanoviteh, Ippolit F., b.-d., 11143.\\nBogn-s. Charles Stuart, h., 1162.\\n,LiburnN.,b. (1798); gov. ,1472;d.(lS61).\\nBogota, Colombia. Belalcazar at capital,\\n6283; mission, 6293; captured, 6281 riot-\\ning, 62S2 Cong, meets, 6291\\nB :j;i-an, Gun. Lewis, president, 10413.\\nBogue, David, b. (1750) d., 9422.\\nforts, taken, 6161 destroyed, 6162.\\nBoliemia, Slavs revolt, 7712; invaded,\\n5021 premysl rules Prague fnd. Bor-\\nzivoj, D. dukes rule, 5031 Christianity\\nin, 5022 Spitchney I., D., 5031 Vratis-\\nlav, D., 5032 Christianity abounds,\\n7723 St. Ludmila murdered, 5023; Yac-\\nslav, D. Boleslav, D. tribute resists\\nPoland; Jaromir,D.,5032 surrendered,\\n7741 Oldric, D., 5032 Betislav I. con-\\nquers, 502 1 conquered; Spitelmev II.,\\nD. Yrastislav II., D., 5033 Ger. influ-\\nence in, 7781 Yesovici massacred, 5023\\nBorzivoj, D. Vladislav or Ladislaus\\nI., D. Sobieslaus L, D. Emperor\\nresigns Yladislav II., D., 5033 Silesia\\nrestored kings rule Sobieslaus II.\\nreigns Yladislav abdicates, 5051 bp.,of\\nPrague rebels, 5042; KonradOtho reigns;\\nPremysl Ottocar, 505 1 monks schools,\\n5042; royal title; WenceslausI.,D., 505 1\\nPremysl Ottocar II. reigns acquires\\nAustria, Styria, Carinthia 505 2 Ottocar\\nagainst Prus., 5041; truce; Wenceslaus\\nII. reigns, 5052 Puknpis Kralndworsky,\\nwritten, 5043 Wenceslaus possessions,\\n5041 Wenceslaus III. reigns Rudolf\\nreigns Henry reigns Blind John king,\\n505 3 reign divided Charles I. reigns\\nannexes Silesia and Lusatia Wences-\\nlaus, K., 507 2 Albert V- insurrection,\\n507 3 Hussites ravage, 5063 Sigismund\\nreigns Hussite uprising, 5073 Ger. re-\\npulsed; Hussite conquests; Sigismund\\nrepulsed, 5061 John of Prague attacked,\\n5062 Taborites annihilated, 5071 Com-\\npactata accepted, 5073 Albert I., D.,\\n5091, 7853; oivil law, 7841; Ladislaus,\\nK., 5092 Ladislaus III., K., 5091 elects\\nnative kings, 7872; Moravian brothers\\nappear, 50H2 printing introduced; tol-\\neration, 5083 Pj diebrad rules, 5091, 2\\nHungarian war ends invaded Victo-\\nrin invades Aust., 5081 oppression, 5092;\\nserfs of soil; Albert X. reigns, 5091;\\nMatthias acquires, 5092 literature flour-\\nishes, 5111 Louis, K. independent\\nrepresentative system, 5093; under Haps-\\nburg rule, 7893; persecutions, 5103; Max-\\nimilian, K.,5112; Sacramental cup sanc-\\ntioned, 5103; Rudolph II. drowned,5112;\\nMatthias, K.; ceded Diet org., 511 3 arts\\nand science cultivated, 5111; adminis-\\ntration changes Protestants revolt,\\n7951; Thirty Years War ,511 1 Ferdinand\\nII. crowned deposed Protestants re-\\nvolt,5113; subdued, 510 1 becomesCath-\\nolic, 7952 Protestantism extirpated,\\n7943 Catholic invasion, 5101 subdued,\\nbooks destroyed Ferdinand persecutes,\\n5131 leaders exeeuted,5U 2; war against\\nanti-Protestants, 5101 Benedictines im-\\nported, 513i Catholicism restored, 5123;\\nnew constitution, 5132 persecutions,\\n5123 Protestants awed, 5132 Saxons in-\\nvade, 7942; Saxons driven out, 5121;\\nPeace of Prague, 5132 plague, 7961\\nSwedes leave, 796 1 Wr angel departs,\\n5122; Aust. secures, 5132; allied army in-\\nvades, 5141; Pragmatic Sanction, 5151;\\ntaken by Charles Albert Maria Theresa,\\nQueen, 515 2 tillies driven out Frederick\\nII. invades, 5142 Ger. in schools, 5171\\npeasantry revolt, 5172 Frederick in-\\nvades, 516 2 Diet curtailed, 5173 peace\\nnegotiations at, 7211 Slavonic Cong.\\nCzechs rise, 5231 Prus. enter, 5261 evac-\\nuated, 8243; Moravian Mission,52S2; self-\\ngovernment, 5291 floods, 5321 strikes,\\n5323, 5331 2; German-Czech Conf., 5333;\\nfloods waterspouts, 534 1 emancipation\\ndemanded, 5352; Czechs oppose Ger.; dis-\\norder, 5362, 5371 collision in Landtag,\\n5371 tribute to Otho, 7733 conquered,\\n7741 struggle for independence, 7753 j\\nroyal charter granted, 793 3 arrested;\\nexecuted; refuses allegiance to Emp.,\\n7952 religious liberty, 7923.\\nBohemia, cholera aboard, 415 3\\nBohemian brothers banished, 5123.\\nsoldiers monument, Chicago, 4061.\\nBohemond I., b.-d., 0682; Crusade, 6683.\\nBohlen, Henry, h. (1810) d., 2132.\\nPeter von, b., 8063; d., 8143.\\nBohler, Peter, b. (1712) d., 823.\\nBohm, Johann, b., 7963.\\nTheobald, b., 8082 d. (1881).\\nBohme,or Bohm, Jakob, b., 7922; tf., 7943.\\nBohmisch-Brod, battle of, 7841.\\nBonn, Henry George, b., 9283; work, 9611\\n9902 d., 9922.\\nJohann, b. (1640) Prorerbs, 9623; d.,\\n7983.\\nBohnenberger invents electroscope, 8121\\nBoiardo,MaU;eo Maria, b. (1434) Orlando\\nJnnamorafn, 10792; 10S12; d. (1494).\\nBoieldieu, Francois Adrien, b., 7043 cl.,\\n7262.\\nBoies, Henry M., Prisoners, Paupers, 44.62,\\nHorace, nom. for gov., 3451 ;gov.,375i\\n3S72, 4212, 4371 nom. for pres., 4092.\\nBoileau-Despreaux, Nicolas, b., 6882\\nworks, 6911, 2,0931,6952; historiograph-\\ners-royal, 6932 d., 6963.\\nBoiler manfs., meeting, New York, 3623.\\nBois, R. M., liuhin I) ty, 1511.\\nB isbaudron, Paul E. F. Lecoq de, works,\\n7483.\\nBoisgobey, Fortune Abraham, Du, h.\\n(1821) works, 7482, 7502, 7523, 7542 a.,\\n7601\\nBois-le-Duc. (See Hertogenbosch.)\\nBoisrnbert, Francois le Metal de, b., 6842\\nd., 6902.\\nBoissard, Jean Jacques, b., 6803 d., 6862.\\nBoisseree, Sulpice, b., 8042 d., 8201\\nBoissieu,Jean Jacques de,b., 6982; d., 7191\\nBoissonade, Jean F., b., 7043; a., 7322.\\nBoissy, Louis de, b., 6943 d., 7023.\\nd Anglas, Francois Antoine, b. (1756)\\nd., 7242.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1207.jp2"}, "1208": {"fulltext": "1196\\nText Figures denote Page. IJND.C.X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nBois-Bord.\\nBoiste, Pierre Claude Victoire, b.(1765) d.,\\n7242.\\nBoivin,MarieA.V.G.,b., 7042; d.,7382.\\nBoker, George Henry, b., 1302 d., 3501\\nBokhara, Turks invade, 1155 2 conquered,\\n549 war of succession Mesdjidi Mogak\\nbuilt, 5492 W ar, 1118 Komaroff in, 62.\\nBolan Pass, British loss at, 4\\nBolan founders, 10013.\\nBolandshahr, Sepoy rebellion, 104S\\nBoles, Arkansas, cyclone destroys, 42S 1\\nJohn, missionary, 24 2\\nBoleslas I., becomes D. of Poland, 1113 3\\nwar with Henry II., 774 d. (J025).\\nII., b. (10-10) murders St. Stanislaus,\\n11132 K. of Poland, 11133 d. (1090\u00c2\u00b1).\\nin., reigns in Pol., 11133 d. (U38).\\nIV., reigns in Pol., 11133 d. (1173).\\nV., Duke of Pol., 1115 d. (1279).\\nBoleslav, of Bohemia, war with, 7722\\nvassal of Germany, 7733.\\nof Prus. avenges St. Adalbert, 7752;\\ndefeats Henry V., 776 d. (1025).\\nII., duke, 5032 d., 5022.\\nBoleyn, Anne, b., 866 marriage be-\\nheaded, 839\\nBolingbroke, Viscount, title created, 905\\nVis. Henry St. John, b. (1078) in-\\ntrigues, 9052 impeached, 11053 intro.\\nSchism Act, 9043 d., 9123.\\nBolivar, Mo., Southwest Bapt. Coll., 3003.\\nTenn., action at, 2122, 2183.\\nSimon, b.-d., 1160 forms Repub-\\nlic; dictator, 6283, 11082 resigns, 6283;\\naids Ecuador, 643 statue of, 318\\nBolivia. (See Text, pp. 550, 551.)\\nBolles, It., Aust. troops cuter. 520 siege\\nof, 5222;siego raised, liSO Univ. of, fnd.;\\nIrnerius lectures, 1075 Univ. degrees\\ninst., 10752; Coll. of Brescia fnd., 1077\\nUniv. of theological education, 10772;\\nconquered, 1078 united with States of\\nChurch, 10813; Acad, of Arts Cud., 10S2\\nobservatory erected at, 10822 uprising,\\n1086 insurrection in, 10872, 1089\\nunited to Italy, 10892; mission in, 10883.\\nFrank, d., 448\\nLucius, b. (1779) d., 1562.\\nGiovanna de, Bologna, b.-d., 5403.\\nBolton, Eng., miners strike, 031 cotton\\nworkers strike, 9823; engineers strike,\\n9913.\\nMiss., action at, 2242, 230\\nAlderman, bribery trial, 417 1\\nDuke of, lord-lieutenant, 9072.\\nBoma, Roman Catholic mission, 10943.\\nBomarsuud, fort captured, 958\\nBombay, ceded to Eng. govt, seat pres-\\nidency, 1045 mission, 10402, 3, 1047\\n10483 bishopric erected, io47 first rail-\\nway opd., 10473 univ. est., 10462 hospi-\\ntals erected railway completed, 10493\\ntelegraph line completed, 10193 Bp.\\nMylne elected, 9803 Bp. Porter cons. li.\\nC. bp., 9962 Bp. Dalhoff cons., 10082\\nBritish dollar coined, 10123.\\nLondon, telegraph line opd., 9693.\\nBombay burned, 9673.\\nBombay collides with Oneida, 2693.\\nBomford, James V., b. (1811) d., 398\\nBompard, Mile., sentenced, 760 3\\nBompas, \\\\V. C, elected bishop, 9742.\\nBon, Mayer, a Jew, burned, 7822.\\nBonacum, Thomas, cons. R. C. bp., 3282.\\nBonald, Louise Gabriel Ambroice de, b.\\n(1754) works, 7133, 7151 d. (1840).\\nBonaparte, Charles, b. (1746) d., 707\\nLucien Jules Laurent, b., 7143\\nd., 7322.\\nJerdme, b., 706 marries, 7152, 717\\nK. of Westphalia, 7172 king, 8093 flees\\nfrom Cassel, 7212 returns, 7293; d., 7342.\\nsuit of rights, 735\\nJoseph, b., 7032 R. of Naples, 7172,\\n10S53; of Sp. retires from Sp., 7173,\\n11312; at Talavera de la Reina, 718\\nevacuates Madrid,7182 at battle of Vit-\\ntoria, 936 Venezuela opposes, 1160\\nd., 7283.\\nLetizia, b., 701 d., 7282.\\nLouis, b., 7043 K. of Holland, 7172,\\n11023 abdicates, 7193 d., 7283.\\nLucien, Pr. de Canino, b., 7043; d.,\\n7232.\\nMarianne, d., 7602.\\nNapoleon. (See Napoleon I.)\\nIV., Eugene Louis -lean Jos.,b.,\\n7322; of age,74S3;k., 752 ,3; statue, 986\\nJoseph Charles Paul, Pr. Napo-\\nle on, b., 724 minister. 93 marries Clo-\\ntilde, 735 expelled, 7463, 7472; imperial\\nPr., policy a Rep., 7483 leader, 753\\nmanifesto, 7533; d., 7602, 7612.\\nBonaparte, Napoleon, Pr. Louis, head of\\nBonaparte house. 7612.\\nVictor, Pr., b., 721\\nPierre, kills Victor Noir, 7383 ac-\\nquitted, 739\\nBonaparte s Expulsion Bill, Fr., 7553.\\nBonaveiitura, St., b.-d., 10742.\\nGiovanni di Fidenza, b. (1221) inter-\\ndicts Bacon s lectures, 8543 d. (1274).\\nBonaventure, Jean, work, 681\\nBonchamp, Marquis, Charles Melchoir\\nArtus, b., 7023 d., 7082.\\nBonchor, Maurice, Michel Lando, 7623.\\nBon de Saint-liilaire, Francois Xavier, b.,\\n6923 d., 7023.\\nBond, George Phillips, b., 134 dis. Hy-\\nperion, 164 satellite of Saturn, 954\\nSaturn s inner ring, 956 receives gold\\nmedal; d., 2423.\\nHugh L., d., 440\\nJ. W., shoots Mayor Harinan, 4743.\\nShadraeh, governor Illinois, 127 2\\n.Thomas Emerson, b.,95 d., 178\\nWilliam B., elected bishop, 9803.\\nCranch, b., 100 d., 1842.\\nissue, letter denounced subscrip-\\ntion, 449 2 awarded; upheld, 451 cir-\\ncular bids, 4752 Stewart Syndicate,\\n477 circular for bids, 4772.\\nBondholders, agitation against, 299\\nBondi, Clemente, b., 1084=; d., 10S62.\\nJonas, b. (1804) d., 284\\nBonds U. S., slow sale, 1882 s issued,\\n1913; authorized, 2013, 2313; sale of U. S.,\\n197 issue, 2193; issue authorized, 2313,\\n2353, 2433, 2753; low interest, 3033; re-\\ndemption, 3712; redeemed, 3853; syndi-\\ncate bids, 4772; Can. guaranteed, 5912.\\nBone, Henry, b., 9123 d. (1834).\\nBone-dust fertilizer, 80S\\nBoner, Ulrich, Jewel, 7823.\\nBone-setting practised. England, 880\\nBonet, Juan Pablo, b.-d., 11283.\\nRonfiim, Count, at Torres Vedras, 1110\\nBonga revolts, 1112\\nBonham, G., Sir, to Nanking, 6193.\\nJohn M., Secularism, 4783.\\nMilledge L., b., 124 governor South\\nCarolina, 2173.\\nBonheur, Rosalie, b., 724 Horse Fair,\\n732 Lion at Home, 752\\nBonhomme, Jacques, leader, 074 3\\nHnuhomuw llirl/aril. battle with, 902.\\nBonichi, Bindo, poetry, 10772 d. (1337).\\nBoniface I., St.. Pope; 10702; d, (422).\\nII., Pope, 10703; d. (532).\\nIII., Pope, 1071 confines title to\\nbishops of Rome, 1031 d. (607).\\nIV., St., Pope, 1071 d. (615).\\nV., Pope, 10711 d. (624).\\nVI., Pope, 10723; ,1. (895).\\nVII., Pope, 10731 d. (985).\\nVIII., Cardinal Benedetto Gaetani,\\nb.-d., 10742 Pope, 10763 anathema\\nagainst IC. 6722; seized, 6733; adds crown\\nto cap, 10763; Cuds. University of Rome,\\n10771\\nIX., Pope, 10771; opposes municipal\\nliberties, 10792 d., 10782.\\nGeorge C, b., 1401.\\nJoseph Xavier, St., b.,7131 Picciola,\\n7271; d., 7362.\\nMarquis of Monferrat, crusade, 6703,\\nkingdom of Salonika, 10351.\\nof Savoy, archbp., 8522 d. (1270).\\n,Winfred, St., b., 7702; priest; archbp.;\\nmissionary, 8423; cons, archbp.; burned,\\n7702, 10723.\\n.Count, rebels, 10712; d. (432).\\nBonilla, Polyearpo. pres. Honduras, 10-113.\\nBonin, Adolf von, b. (1803); Gen. at Hold-\\ning, 6401 d. (1872).\\nBonjean. Christopher, cons, bishop, 96S\\nPresident, executed, 7453.\\nBonn, Prussia, taken, 692 902 Univer-\\nsity founded, 813\\nBonnard, Communist, shot, 7483.\\nBonnechose, Francois Paul Emile Bois-\\nnormand de, b., 7143 d., 750\\nBonner, Edmund, 866 bp. of London;\\nminister, 8713 d., 8722.\\n.Robert, b., 132 Ledr/er, 1583; Scotch-\\nIrish Cong., 4302 trotter ,s \u00c2\u00abnoZ, 3473.\\nBonnet, Charles, b.-d., 11372.\\nMine., spy, sentenced, 7603.\\nBonneval, Claude Alexandre, Comte de,\\nb., 6923; d., 7003.\\nBonneville, Benj. L. E\u00e2\u0080\u009e b., 106 d., 2982.\\nBonney, explorer, Stanley meets, 562\\nSamuel W., d., 6202.\\nBonnia, Leopold chums, 513 3\\nBonnier, Gen., killed, 10\\nBonn Island, Jesuit mission, 5703.\\nBonnivard, Fran v ois de, b.-d., 11371.\\nBonnivert, Seigneur de, leader, 7881.\\nBonny, mission at, 11613.\\nl; lycastle, John, d., 9403,\\nBonpland, Aime, b., 7042 explorer, 8062;\\nd., 7342.\\nBonvouloir, M. de, sounds Congress, 813.\\nBoocock, Murray, canoe journey, 593 a\\nBoodle s Cluii established, 9171\\nBook, first, in England, 8642\\nfirst printed in Ire., 871 1\\nBookof Common T ruiii /Americanized, 1002;\\nused, 1022 enriched. :;l ;2 first Eng.;\\n8702 in churches, 8722 revised, 8903\\nalterations considered, 9762 Reforma-\\ntion League, 9623.\\nof Discipline, first in England, 8722,\\nof Homilies published, Fug., 8702,\\nof Mormon translated, 1391.\\nof Psalms published, 6371.\\nof Sports published, 88O2 burned,\\n8843 clergy refuse to read, 8823.\\nof the Chase written, IIO91.\\nof the Dead, 0453 copies, 6483.\\nof the Law, original, 11463.\\nBook s. (See publications.) Amer. publi-\\ncations yearly. 3283, ;!322, 3502, 3743;\\ncostly, England. 8583 infected; magic,\\n8711; patents for, S771 auction sale,\\n8971 religious, prohibited, 11563.\\nBooksellers, first, 8503 convention, 4683.\\nBoomers driven out, Okla., 3361.\\nBoone, Col., at Van Buren, 2143.\\nDaniel, b., 622 settles Ivy., 693, 761\\nexplorations, 772, 791 builds fort, 802\\ncaptured, SS 2 repels Indians, 883 d.,\\n1282.\\nThomas, governor N. J., 732,\\nWni. J., missionary, d., 6242.\\nJones, cons, bp., 1563 d., 6202.\\nCourt House, Va., action at, 19S2.\\nN. C, captured, 2442.\\nBoonesboi-o. Ky., Indians attack, 862.\\nBoonsborough, Cane Hill Coll. org., 1703.\\nBoonville, Mo., action at, 1961 1982, 2101\\nBooi-man, .lames, b. (1783) d., 2501.\\nBooth, Agnes, b., 4973.\\nBarton, b., 8942 d., 9082.\\nCatherine, d., 10041.\\nClifford, Sirs., arrives, 3941.\\nEdwin, b., 1421 in Boston, 1661 in\\nN.Y., 2411 in London, 2541 ,2581 theater\\nopd., 2641 birthday, 3712 d., 4301\\nGeorge, Sir, insurrectionist, 8S81;\\nRoyalist leader, S893.\\nG. Sclater, Royal Commission, 9951.\\nJohn Wilkes, b., 1502 plan to assas-\\nsinate Lincoln, 2431 ,2471; arrives at Dr.\\nMudd s, 2471; shot, 2472.\\n.Junius Brutus, b., 9283; appears, 9381\\nin America, 1281; d., 9582.\\nMajor, at Fort Pillow, 2311\\nMary L., b., 13S2 d., 3361\\nNewton, b. (1825); gov. Cal., 281 1; nom.\\nfor president, 2931 d., 410\\nSamuel, d., 4741\\nWin., Gen., b. (1829); fnds. Salvation\\nArmy, 9682 fund for poor, 11)042 Dark-\\nest England and the Way Out, 10043\\nsocial regeneration, 10052 renounced\\nby Am. Sal. army, 334 arrives, 474\\nWilliam, Mrs., funeral of, 1005\\nBoothbay, schooner seized, 337 2\\nBoothia, explored, 5802.\\nFelix, discovered, 944\\nBoots and shoes, mfg. machine, 924 2.\\nBopp, Franz, 9043 works, S13 d., S243.\\nBora, Katharina von, weds Luther, 789\\nBorbetomanus. (See Worms.)\\nBorda, Jean Charles, b., 69S3 d.. 7142.\\nSenhor Idiarte, pres. Uruguay, 11603.\\nBorde, Andrew, b. (1500 named. 871\\nBordeaux, Fr., held by Eng. king, G712\\ncapitulates; occupied, 678 univ fnd.,\\n6783; revolts, 6882, 7112; strike, 7603\\noccupied, 7203,7.18 banner raised, 7212.\\nLine, steamers established, 3073.\\nBorden, Andrew J., murdered, 4123.\\nGail, b.( 1801); invents condensed milk,\\n166 meat biscuit. 168 d. (1870).\\nLizzie, acquitted, 429", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1208.jp2"}, "1209": {"fulltext": "Bord-Bost.\\nText Figures denote Page. Lis D.fc.X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1197\\nBorden, Simeon, b., lOSt d., 1731\\nBordentown, N.J., Female Coll. opened,\\n1703; monument, 392 1\\nBorder Mission in Mexico, 10962.\\nState Convention, 195 2 1971\\nBordes, Borgnis de, defeats pirates, 4S23.\\nBordeu, Theophile de, b., 6982 d. 7043.\\nBordone, Paride, b., 10791 d., 10822.\\nBoreas, wrecked, 932 1.\\nBorel, Jean Louis, b. (1819) minister, 7512;\\nd. (1884).\\nBorelli, Giovanni Alfonso, b.,10S23; dis-\\ncovers planets, 7301 7481 d., 10S31\\nBoreman, Arthur Ingraham, guv., 2293.\\nBorges, Jose, in Calabria shot, 10881\\nBorghesi, Bartolommeo, Count, b., 10843\\nd., 10882.\\nBorghi-Mamio, Adelaide, b., 10862.\\nBorgia, Cesare, b., 10783 loses provinces,\\n10781 subjects San .Marino; receives Ur-\\nbino, 10813 d., 10802.\\nFrancis, (1510 1) Jesuit gen., 10811;\\nd. (1572).\\nLucrezia, b., 10783 d., 10802.\\nBorgne, Lake, La., Brit, fleet enters, 1223.\\nBorgo de San Sepolero, earthquake, 10S41\\nBorgono, Sefior, premier, 6093.\\nBorica, Diego de, governor, 1053.\\nBorie, Adolph E., b. (1S10+); sec. navy,\\n2671 resigns, 2672 d., 3022.\\nBorinage district, strike, 5463.\\nBoris introduces Christianity, 565 2\\nGodonof, usurps throne, Rus., 1115 2\\nBorivoy, Christian prince, 5022.\\nBorjesson, Johan, b. (1790) Erik XIV.,\\n11362 d. (1866).\\nBorland, Solon, gov. N. Mex., 1743 d., 2312.\\nBorn, Ignaz von, b., 5143 d., 5191\\nBorna, prince of Croatia, 5031\\nBorne, Ludwig, b., 8043 Writings, 8151\\nd., 8143.\\nBorneo, dis., 5511 Christianity repelled;\\nSpaniards favored Dutch, trade fac-\\ntories, 5513; insurrection disturbances\\nDutch in piracy, 551 2 Dutch protecto-\\nrate, 5521 Spanish ter., 5522 Brit, pro-\\ntectorate fmd., 5523 civil administra-\\ntion Brit. ter. enlarged, 5522.\\nBornhoeved, battle of, 6351 77S2.\\nBornu troops in Sudan, 6611.\\nBorodino, battle of, 7182.\\nBoron, Robert de, Saint Groal,8503.\\nBoroughbridge, action at, S56i\\nBoroughs treated as counties, G-. B., 9992.\\nBorreo, Dr., president Kc.uador, 6443.\\nBorromeo, Carlo, b., 10803 Sunday in-\\nstruction of children, 10832 d., 10822.\\nFederigo, b., 10803 d., 10S23.\\nBorrow, George, b., 323 d., 9882.\\nBorsad, Bombay, mission, 10471.\\nBort de Teisserenc, Pierre, minister, 7512\\nd., 7G21.\\nBortel, English defeat, 7101\\nBorthwick, Baron, title created, S63 1\\nBorup, Capt. Henry, accomplice, 7631.\\nBorussia conquers Yenedi, 7683.\\nBorussia.., sinks 5853.\\nBorut, prince, 5031\\nBory de Saint Vincent, Jean Baptiste\\nGeorge Marie, b., 7051 d., 7283.\\nBorzivoj, duke, 5031 3.\\nBosanquet, commissioner, 9473.\\nBosboom, Mine. (Aimii Luize Geertruide\\nToussaint), b.-d., 11021\\nBoscan, Almogaver, Juan, b.-d., 11263.\\nBoscawen, Edward, b., 9042 Adm., takes\\nFr. ships, 9121 n battle, 9141 at Yarri-\\nba, 11613 at Pondicherry, 10441 d., 9151\\nBosch, or Bosco, Hieronymus, b.-d., 10982.\\nBoscobel, Beecher s country place, 3493.\\nBoscovicli, Ruggiero Giuseppe, b., 10831;\\nd., 10843.\\nBose, Col., at Mupng, 4823.\\nBosio, Francois Joseph, Baron, b., 10S42\\nd., 10863.\\nBoskowitz, lightning kills persons, 5321\\nBosnia, kingdom Pannonian War, 10603\\nking defeated, 5072 joins Turkey, 5092\\nconquered by Mohammed I., 11561 capi-\\ntal founded,*5093 Turks conquer, 511 2\\nceded, 515 1 rebellion quelled, 5243;\\nHerzegovinians revolt, 5262 rebellion,\\n5232 Austrians enter, 5281 5293 Turks\\naid, 5281 against Turks revolts revolt\\nsubdued to Aust., 529 3; war ends, 5301\\noccupied quiet, 5311 j insurrection,\\n5312; avalanche, 534i annexed, 5352.\\nBoso, Duke of Burgundy revolts, 6672.\\nBosporus, kingdom fnd., 11472 Eumelus\\nkills relatives, 11483 Scythians conquer,\\n11491 conquered, 11501.\\nBosporus, earthquake, 1150 2\\nentered, 11181.\\nBosquet, Pierre Joseph Francois, b., 719i\\nd., 7342.\\nBosquillion, Edouard F.M.,b,,7003; d.,7222.\\nBosse, Dr. von, minister, 8363.\\nF. X., prefect, 5842.\\nBossi, Giuseppe, b., 10843 d., 10862.\\nBossuet, Jacques B.,h.,6863; works, 6931 2,\\n6951; d., 6962.\\nBossut, Charles, b., 09S3 d., 7211\\nBoston, Trimountain, fnd.; gen. court held,\\n331 first church, 322 school est., 343\\ncommissioners opposed, 43 1 training-\\ndays, 441 secession church, 442 print-\\ning-press, 443 Castle destroyed, 453\\nslave traffic, 471 Savoy confession ap-\\nproved, 463 church quarrel, 482 char-\\nter expires, 493 l nguenot fresh, church,\\nKing s Chapel erected, 50 2 capital of\\nseaboard, 51i; Eng. revolution known,\\n512 Public Off urrenees suppressed, 503;\\nBr. fleet arrives, 521 disease decimates,\\n533 Manifesto church est., 542 ;fire,473;\\npopulation, 553, 633 antislavery, 551\\nQueen Anne proclaimed, 553; News-Let-\\nter, 571 great fire, 573 Bank of Credit,\\n593 deep snow, 58 1 sale of books, 583\\nBoston Gazette pub., 5S 3 New Eng.\\nCourant, 603 inoculation controversy,\\n611; smallpox scourge, 613, 693; first\\nFreemasons, 031 stage line, !33; Weekly\\nMuseum; Christian History, 051; seamen\\nimpressed, 67 1 King s Chapel built, 661\\ntheatrical exhibitions, f 7 1 eong. of govs.,\\n713 smallpox, 093; Xviv Eng. Magazine,\\n792; fire, 733 taxation resisted; stamp\\nagent resigns, 75 1 Liberty Tree, 75 3\\nRoyal artillery in Bomney irritates, 741\\nBrit, officers impeded vexes Brit, sol-\\ndiers; citizens board schooner, 77 1 Gage\\ninvades, 76i riot, 743 Brit, troops in\\nnon-importation, 77i massacre; troops\\nwithdrawn, 76* conven. of delegates\\nCastle William delivered; liberty pole\\ncut, 773; Tea Party; Port Bill, 782, 791\\n9193; funds for poor, 783; illuminated,\\n793. period of Revolution siege of,\\n801 ,2 buildings for fuel, 813 delivers\\nguns, etc.; blockaded, 80 1 conflicts in\\nharbor, 802; The Neck fortified, 801\\nPutnam on Hog Island invaded, SO 2\\nattack pushed, 811; storm favors Am.;\\nBrit, bombarded evacuated cannons\\nprotect, 821; churches destroyed, 851;\\nconven. troops, 88 1 Constitutional Con-\\nven. at, 933 Am. Academy Arts and\\nSciences, 931 Mass. Sentinel; Republi-\\ncan Journal, 90 3 slavery decision, 97 2\\nFirst church organ, 982 tire, 99 3; mass\\nsaid, 1001; Washington arrives, 101 3\\nfirst theater, 1021; census, 1033; prices-\\nCurrent and Marine Inteli u/eneer issued,\\n1043 Mass. Magazine, 1003 Meth.\\nchurch opd., 106 2 Constitution launched,\\n1061 aqueduct water, 111 2 Female\\nSoc. org., 1102 sheet copper mfd., lid\\nDaniel Webster arrives ice-trade be-\\ngins, 1133 Library, Athemeum fnd.; R.\\nC. see, 1143 Park St. Church erected\\nMrs. Duff appears, 1161 Evan. Tract Soc.\\norg., 11S3 Monthly Anthology, 1123\\nhristian Disciple Daily Advertiser,\\n1212 Linnean Soc. org., 1231 corset pa-\\ntented, 1241 B. Handel and Haydn So-\\nciety org., 1241 B. Soc. org., 1243 Meth-\\nodist Magazine, 1251 Handel s Messiah\\nHaydn s Creation, 1261 Christian Exam-\\niner, 1273, 1323; Christian Register, 1291\\nB. Courier, 1312 gas used, 1313; Lyman\\nBeeeher pastor, 1342 State Library fnd.,\\n1351 lithographs made, 1353; tempera-\\nture in, 1361 Benjamin Franklin, the first\\nsteamboat, 1373; Seaman s Friend Soc.\\norg., 1362; Ladies Magazine, 1363 asy-\\nlum for blind Globe, 1371 Daily Morn-\\ning Post; Liberator, 1391 Mount Auburn\\nCemetery dedicated, 1393 B. and Wor-\\ncester R .R., 1413, 1471; B. Daily Jour-\\nnal; New Eng. Magazine, 1423 Benevo-\\nlent Fraternity org 1442 Select Journal\\nof Literature, 1423 indignation meeting,\\n1432; ice exported, 1433 Charlotte Cush-\\nman appears, 144 1 B. Providence\\nR.R. opd., 1453 Christian Review, 1443\\nB. Lowell R.R. opd., 1453 Transcen-\\ndental Club fmd., 1471 B. Quarterly Re-\\nview eat., 14X3; Wendell Phillips appears,\\n1491; singing in schools, 1481; dis. of\\nprinting eel., 1511; iron front building\\nerected, 152 1 Dial, 1523 S.S. Union dis-\\nsolved City Mission Soc. org., 1542 B.\\nand Maine R.R. 1573; Littell s Living\\nAge; New Eng. Hist. Soc. library fnd.,\\n1583; Ainevirau Messent/ r B. Univ. fnd.,\\n1631; -water intro.; Forest Hills Ceme-\\ntery est., 1653 Edwin Booth appears,\\n1661; cholera at, 1673; Y.M.C.A. org.,\\n1683 Woodlawn Cemetery est., 171 2\\nNew Eng. Hist. and GeneoJot/ical Register\\nlibrary fnd., 1703 Treniont Temple\\nburned, 1712; telegraphic fire alarm,\\n1713 Congregational Library fnd., 1731\\nrescue of Anthony Burns, 1742; B., Con-\\ncord, and Montreal R.R., opened, 1752\\nPublic Library erected, 1782 clearing\\nhouse est.; B. and Cambridge Street R.R.\\nopd., 1793 fire at; industrial exhibition\\nopens, 1813 Dr. Hayes sails, 1881 New-\\nton Cemetery opd., 1893. Civil War\\nPeriod: Oth Regt. leaves, 1941; troops\\non Common, 1953 tirst colored troops,\\n1961 Review, 199 1 Mason and Slidell ar-\\nrive, 2003. 2012 City I -I; iillslonelaid,2173;\\nB. Coll.org.; Union Cluborg., 2642 54th\\nRegt. leaves, 2222 non-union mob, 2253;\\nSomh End City Hospital, 2333; Horticul-\\ntural Hall, 2493; Mass. Inst, of Technol-\\nogy opd.; Young Women s Christian\\nAsso., 2502; Masonic Temple, 2573; New\\nEng. Conservatory of M usie est.; statue\\nof Edward Everett, 258 1 Roxbury an-\\nnexed, 261 3 Board of Missions fmd.,\\n2642; Women s Club org., 2651 Univ. and\\nColl. of Liberal Arts fnd., 266 2 school\\nfordeat ,2603 Congregational Cluborg.,\\n26S2; B. Univ. opd., 2763. Peace Peri-\\nod World s Peace Jubilee eel., 266 1\\n2781,3; G A^/,2782; great lire, 2793, 2883;\\nSunday reading-room, 2S1 1 Mass. Nor-\\nmal Art School fmd.; Beethoven Quintet\\nClub find., 2821 enlarged, 2882; R. C.\\narchdiocese, 2862; anniversary of Bunker\\nHill; aqueduct built, 2893 Jesse Pom-\\neroy arrested Winshiu forgeries, 2911\\nR.R. engineers strike, 2943; MarcellaSt.\\nHome opd., 2971 Back Bay Park system\\nest., 2973 Dorchester annexed, 2693\\nMuseum of Fine Arts, 2701 3542 New\\nEng. Conservatory of Music meorp.,270 1\\nLiterary World Old and New est.,270 3\\nChinese school org.; Wide Awake, 2922\\nProt.Epis. Church Cony., 2962,4761 first\\ntelephone, 2941 library repts., 2962\\nDaily Evening Record o(.)03 Associated\\nCharities org., 3011; settlement eel.,\\n3053; Symphony Soc. est., 3061; Nat.\\nConven. W. C. T. U., 3071 Law and Or-\\nder League org., 310 3 Unit. Ministers-\\nMonday Club org. 3142; Foreign Expo-\\nsition opens. 3153; Algonquin Club org.,\\n3231; statue of Win. L. Garrison un-\\nveiled, 3241; Chamiing Club org., 3262;\\nUnit. Nat. Bureau of Unity Clubs org.,\\n3262 R.R. accident, 3273 State House\\nenlarged, 3333 liquor licenses raised,\\n3362 schools and politics, 3423; Nat,\\nGuild Unit. Alliance org.. 3403; school\\nhistory trouble, 3463; A m. flag on schools,\\n3471 Maritime Exhibition opens, 3473\\nsquadron of evolution, 34S 1 cong. of\\nchurches, 3482; T. H. Hart reelected,\\n3491 fire, 3492 first electric street rail-\\nroad, 3513 Art and Science Inst, pro-\\njected Brewers Syndicate, 3553 brick-\\nlayers agreement, 3563 carpenters\\nstrike, 3583 Ancient and Honorable\\nArtillery eel., 3601, 3.351 Bunker Hill\\nanniversary, 3611; monument to Count\\nSchwab, 3641; Meth. centennial, 3642,\\n3701; emancipation eel., 3683; Journal,\\nchange, 3862 Irish members of Parlia-\\nnienfin, 371 1 Nathan Matthews mayor,\\n3732 free coinage protest. 3763 strike,\\n3782 Xew Nation appears. 3781 Naval\\nOrder U. S. est., 387 Ucpubliean Press\\nClub org., 3883 Kindling Wood Trust\\nfind., 3893; temperance petition, 3931;\\nW. C. T. U. conven., 3943 Confed. bat-\\ntle-flag returned, 4001; fire, 3933, 4213.\\n4273,4613; bank swindle, 3943 Burn-\\nham s gift, 3951 run on savings bank,\\n3953 New Chamber of Commerce, 4013\\nMaverick Bank directors indicted, 4023\\nnegroes mass meeting, 4082 balloon ac-\\ncident, 4093 banquet to Dr. E. E. Hale,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1209.jp2"}, "1210": {"fulltext": "1198\\nText Figures denote Page. IlSl DKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nBost-Boyl.\\n4042; World Magazine, 1(\\\\2; Anti-saloon\\nLeague fmd., 4042 Columbus statue,\\n4161, 4461 carriage-makers strike, 4263;\\nTremout Temple burned, 4261 petitions\\nSenate, 4411; trainmen attacked, 4442;\\nlow wages protested, 4432 lizard orna-\\nments, 4513; laborers demand work,4521\\nPatriots Day, 457 1 jail-delivery, 4643\\nElevated U.K. Bill. 4673 garment-work-\\ners strike, 4722 E. U. Curtis, mayor\\n477 2 Public Library Building, 478 1\\nDennison Mfg. Co. anniversary, 4793.\\n(See Massachusetts.)\\nBoston, damaged, 3421\\nBoston, B. of, title created, 0152.\\nThomas, b., 8942 d. (1732).\\nBostrom, Baron, Minister of State, 6423.\\nBoswell, James, b.,9103 Life of Johnson,\\n9251 d., 9263.\\nT.W.,surety for Jefferson Davis, 2563.\\nBosworth Field, brittle of, 8661.\\nJoseph, b., 9243 d., 9802.\\nSoc., Royal, org., 9482.\\nBotany Bay, felons transported to, 9251\\nsettled, 9252.\\nGardens, Kciv, 9541 Oxford, 8801\\nBotanists, journeys of, 8902.\\nBotetourt, Lord Norbonne Berkeley, b.,\\n(1734+) gov.; dissolves Assembly, 77 2\\nd. (1770).\\nBothwell, Earl. (See Hepburn, James.)\\nBridge, action, 8941\\nBotiller, Edmund le, viceroy, 8572.\\nBotreaux, Baron, title created, 8591.\\nBotta, Carlo Giuseppe Gugliel mo, b.,10S42;\\nworks, 10852; d., 10862.\\nPaul Emile, b., 7142 explorations,\\n7281; Monuments of Ninereh, 7302; dig-\\ncovers ruins of Assyria, 11562 d., 7382.\\nBottari, Giovanni Gaetano, b., 10S31 d.,\\n10843.\\nBottcher, Johann Friedrich, b. (1681)\\nDresden China, 7982 d. (1719).\\nBottger invents matches, 8161.\\nBotticelli, Filipepi Sandro, b.-d., 10783\\nworks, 10781.\\nIb .ttiger, Karl A., b., 8023 d., 8143.\\nVilhelm, b. (1807) Poems, 11363\\nd. (1878).\\nBotts, John Minor, b., 1101 surety for\\nJefferson Davis, 2563 d., 2641\\nBotume, Elizabeth EC., Contrabands, 446 2\\nBotyras reigns, 11473.\\nBou Ameema, leader, 10 1\\nBouchain, Fr. gains, 6933 captured, 6962.\\nBouchardon, Iidme, b., 0943 d.,7033.\\nBoucher, Jonathan, b., 9102 d.,9323.\\nde Perthes, Jacques, b., 7062 d., 7382.\\nBoucherville, M. de, minister, 593 2\\nBouchet, Claude Antoine, b., 7061; d.,7282.\\nBouchier, Thomas, Archbishop of Canter-\\nbury, 8682 d. (1486).\\nBoncicanlt, Dion, b., 9403 d., 10041.\\nBouck, William C, b. (1786) governor New\\nYork, 1553 d. (1859).\\nBoudet, Paul, (1800) minister, 737\\nBoudinot, Elias, b. (1740) d., 1301\\nBouet invents pastel painting, 6861\\nCapt., on West Coast of Afr., 11611\\nGen., at Hanoi, 4802 Black Flags,\\n4803 at Sontay, 4821\\nBoutliers, Due de, Louis Francois, b., 6883;\\nd., 6963.\\nBougainville, Louis Antoine de, b., 69S 3\\nAround the ll ur/d, 7052 d. (1814).\\nBoughton, Geo. Henry, b. (1836) in Nat.\\nAcademy, 2761\\nBouguer, Pierre, b., 6943 to Peru, 6981 he-\\nliometer earth s density, 700 2 d., 7023.\\nBouguereau, William Adolphe, b. (1825)\\nHomer, 7481\\nBouhours, Dominique, b., 6863 works,\\n6931 d., 6932.\\nBouille, Francois Claude Amour, Marquis\\nde, b., 7002 d., 7142.\\nBouillerie, M. de la, minister, 7473.\\nBouillon, Godfrey de, b.-d., 5392 Assises\\nde Jerusalem, 6691\\nHenri de la Tour d Auvergne, b., 6S22;\\nd., 6863.\\nBoulainvilliers, Comte Henri de, b., 6902\\nworks, 6992, 7013 d., 6982.\\nBoulanger, Georges Ernest Jean Marie, b.,\\n(1837); inTunis,754i minister, 7652,3; life\\nexposed pronunciamento duel ar-\\nrested, 7563, 7571 dismissed; trial, 7561\\nInvasion, No. 1, 7562 dispute in Cham-\\nbers, 7571 demonstrations favor, 7572\\ngreeting; indictment; manifesto; leaves\\nParis name erased, 75S 3 treason in-\\ndictment prosecution of warrants for;\\ntrial, 7591 demands court-martial; man-\\nifesto sentence, 751)2; defeated; pub.\\nletter, 7611 suicide, 747 visitors, 1001 1\\nBoulanger, Bernet, minister, 767 z\\nBoulder, Colo., Univ. College org., 2962.\\nBoule, M., minister, 7473.\\nBoullougne, Bon. 1)., 6883 d. (1717), 6971\\nBoulogne, Fr., taken, 6SO2 edict of, 6843;\\nencampment at, 7141 pilgrimages to,\\n7342; captured, 8681 surrendered, 80113.\\nBoulton, Matthew, b., 9081 est. Soho\\nworks, 9173 with J. Watt, 918i d., 9343.\\nBou Ma za, Si Mohammed, b., 4882.\\nBoundbrook, N. J., action at, 86 2\\nllouutii, crew mutinies, 9241.\\nBounty, drafted men s, U. S. A., 2361.\\nBouquet, Henry, b. (1719) at Fort Du\\n(..mesne, 702; against Indians, 741; d.,\\n(1766).\\nBourbaki, Charles Denis Ranter, b., 7222\\nat Nancy, 7381 arnivof Nortli; atTours,\\n7421 commands, 7423 at Dijon, 7431\\nat Belfort in Switzerland, 7441\\nBourbeau, Louis Olivier, b. (1811) minis-\\nter, 7392.\\nBourbon, Ind., church wrecked, 3903.\\nAlfonso de, retires to Fr., 11321\\nCardinal de, proclaimed K., 6853.\\nCharles, b.-d., 6783,\\nDukeof, Prime Minister; dismissed,\\n6993 banishment, 7092.\\nDuke of, in Tunis, 11392.\\nfamily enthroned, 6853 reconciled,\\n7333; dethroned, 7172; from Sicily, 10872;\\nrestored, 7213, 7232.\\nFrancois de Paule de, d., 7621\\nJacques do, leadsagainst Pope; killed,\\n6801.\\nJuan de, renounces claim, 11313.\\nBourbonnais, St. Viateur s College (R. C.)\\norganized, 2863.\\nBoureet, Pierre Joseph, 6943 d., 7051.\\nBourdaloue, Louis, b., 0882 d., 6962.\\nBounleilles, Pierre liarntome lie, b. (1540);\\nworks, 6851 d. (1614).\\nBourdin, Martial, blows up, 10111.\\nBourdon, Isidore, b., 7123 d., 7342.\\nLouis Pierre Marie, b., 7142 d., 7322.\\nSebastien, b., 6862 d., 6922.\\nBonrdonnaise, Adm. B. F. Make de la, b.,\\n(1699) commander, 10441 d. (1775).\\nBourgade, P., eons. R. C. bishop, 3202.\\nBourgainville, Louis Antoine de, d., 7211.\\nBourgas, insurrection, 5673.\\nBourgeois, Auguste, d., 746 7471\\nLeon, minister, 7611, 7632, 7651,2;\\nresigns, 7652.\\nBourges Church Council, 6703 Univer-\\nsity of, founded, 6783.\\nBourget, Paul, Academician, 7561 works,\\n7602.\\nBourguet, Louis, b., 6923 d., 7002.\\nBoungnon, Antoinette, b., 540 3 founder,\\n6903 d., 5422.\\nBourke, Capt., J. G., killed, 4183.\\nRichard, Sir, b. (1777); governor Aus-\\ntralia, 4952 d. (1885).\\nSouthwell, E. of Mayo, assassi-\\nnated, 977\\nRobert L. Connemara, gov., 1045 3\\nWalter, shot, 989\\nBourmof, M., president, 5663.\\nBourmont, Comte Louis Auguste Victor,\\nb., 7042 in Algiers, 82, 92 d., 7283.\\nBourn, Augustus O., gov. R. I., 3153.\\nBourne, Stuigvs, b. (176 minister, 9432;\\nd. (1845).\\nVincent, b., 1698+) d., 7003.\\nWilliam, mentions log, 874\\nBournemouth, convent opened, 980 2 New\\nVictoria Hospital opened, 10023.\\nBournet, J.C. Ernest, cardinal priest, 7622.\\nBourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de,\\nb. (1769); d., 7262.\\nBoursault, Edme, b. (1638); works, 6911,\\n6932 d. (1701).\\nBourse Taxation Bill passes, Ger., 837 2\\nBoustield, Henry B., elected bishop, 9803.\\nBousmard, Henri J. B. de, b., 7003 d., 7163.\\nBousquet, M-, minister, 7563.\\nBoussingault, Jean B. J. D., b., 7143 d.,\\n7561.\\nBouteler, Alex. R., Com tee of 33, 1891\\nBoutelle, Charles A., b., 1502; onHawaiian\\nquestion, 4471 resolution, 4491\\nBolltenvek, Friedricll, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 8023; d.,8141.\\nBouton invents diorama, 7241\\nBoutwell, Geo. Sewall, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 1262; gov., 1692;\\nReconstruction Com., 2493 impeach-\\nment manager, 2612 gee. treas., 267\\nBouvain, Fr. Damien s monmnent, 5493.\\nBouvart, Alexis, b., 703 d., 7282.\\nBouvianum, action, 1052 captured, 10562.\\nBouvier, Hannah M., b., 1162.\\nJohn, b., 981 d., 1682.\\nBouvines, battle of, 6701 8521\\nBow, use of, 11422.\\nBowden, Lemuel Jackson, b. (1815); d., 2311\\nBowditch, Nathaniel, b., 781 works, llli,\\n1371 d., 1482.\\nThos. Edward, b., 9243 d., 9422.\\nBowdoin Coll. fn.l.. 1063; Library est., Ill\\nboat-race, 3173, 32)3, 3-53, 3273; centen-\\nnial, 464\\nJames, b., 602 d. (1811).\\nb. t 6S 3 Articles of Confedera-\\ntion, 973 governor, 991 d., 1022.\\nBowdon, Ga., B. College organized, 1822.\\nBowell, Sir Mackenzie, Min. Customs,\\n5931 Commerce, 5952 Premier, 5963.\\nBowel) mission, 5001.\\nChas., Sir, S. C, lord justice, 9912.\\nFrancis, b., 1162 Lowell lectures,\\n1663 Modern /7/ 7o\u00c2\u00aby)//.i/, 2903 d. (1S90).\\nGeorge Fergusson, Sir, b. (1821) gov-\\nernor Australia, 4972, 49S3.\\nHenry, d.,3162.\\nJohn S., b. (1829) Gen. at Salem, Mo.,\\n2003 at Port Gibson, 2211 d. (1863).\\nNathaniel, b.,912 consecrated Prot.\\nEpis. bishop, 1263 d., 1502.\\nBower, Hubert, consecrated bishop, 3022.\\nWilliam H., b., 1681\\nBowers, Mrs. D. P., b., 1381\\nTheo. S., b., 140\\nWilliam W., b., 1422;\\nBowes, Baron, title created, 9963.\\nLord, lord chancellor, 9153.\\nBowlby, Henry B., cons, bishop, 10062.\\nBowler, R. B., Treasury Department, 4472.\\nBowles, Sam., b., 134 work, 2083; d.,2982.\\nWilliam Lisle, b., 9162 d., 9562.\\nBowlesby, Alice A., murdered, 2783.\\nBowling Green, Ky., occupied, 1983; Con-\\nfed, capital, 2012 Ogden Coll.org., 2963.\\nBowman, Samuel, b., 10S2 cons. Prot.\\nEpis. bishop, 1842 d., 1983.\\nThomas, b., 126 eons, bishop, 2763.\\nBowne, Anthony, lord may or London, 941 3.\\nWalter, mayor New York, 1372.\\nBowring, James, b., 926 2\\nDr. John, b. (1792) British ntinister,\\n6193 d. (1872).\\nBowyer, George, Sir, b., 935 d. (1883).\\nBox, copper-plate mill, 8761.\\nBoxer, surrenders, 1203.\\nBoxer, life-saving rocket, 982\\nBoxhorn, Marcus Zuerius, b.-d., 11003.\\nBoyce, mowing-machine, 9282.\\nJames P., b., 1342.\\nW. W., on Committee of 33, 189\\nBoycott, Capt., besieged, 9863.\\nof merchants, 4602 paper mills, 4662\\nBritish goods, 55S3.\\nBoycotting; brew erics, Chicago, 3003; legal\\ndecision, 4271, 2,4352 illegal, 4793; con-\\ndemned, 5002; advocated, Eng., 9863;\\nincreases, 9883 tenants, 1001 1\\nBoyd, Andrew K. H., b., 1322 d., 2482.\\nCapt., killed, 9352.\\nCharles, killed, 9851\\nJames, ineligible, 3832 governor\\nNeb., 3991 decision, 4012.\\nJohn Parker; b., 70 first. Presbvteri-\\nan.563 at Chrvst let s Field, 1203 k., 90\\nLinn, b. (1800); speaker, 1692, 1732;\\nd. (1859).\\nThomas, attacked, 985\\nVincent, consecrated bishop, 3342.\\n.William, Lord Kilmarnock, executed,\\n9112.\\nBoydell, John, b., 9062 Shakespeare s\\nWorks, 931 d.,9323.\\nBoyden,Seth,b., 11)01 patent loather,126i\\nmalleable castings, 136 d., 270\\nBoydtonandWhitcl lak Koads,battle,2443.\\nBoyer, Abel, b., 6903; d., 6983.\\nBaron Alexis, b., 7022 d., 7262.\\nGen., meets Bismarck, 742\\nJean Pierre, b., 85 succeeds Petion\\npractical dictator exile invades dis-\\nturbed dis. annexes, 10402 d. (1850).\\nBoyesen, Hjalmar iljorth, b. (1848) Gun-\\nliar, 2823 works, 2823, 2903, KD23, 3003,\\n3083,3123,3163.\\nBoyle, Baron, title created, 903", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1210.jp2"}, "1211": {"fulltext": "Boyl-Braz.\\nText Figures denote Page. I IN D Ji, -A. Superior Figures indicate Column*\\n1199\\nBoyle, Bernardo, vicar W. I., 142.\\nCharles, b., 8942 d., 9082.\\nFather, sentenced, 5S91\\nGeorge Fred., E. of Glasgow, d., 10022.\\nHenry, minister, 9032, 3 d. (1725).\\nMary Louisa, d., 10022.\\nRichard, E. of (Jerk, l..(tr,5G); d.,8843.\\nGreat Earl, b., S722 d. (1643 or\\n1644).\\nRobert, b., SS2 1 experiments on air,\\n8921 electrical, 8941 institutes lectures,\\n8983 d. (1691).\\nRoger, b., 8S02 d., S942.\\nBoylston, Nicholas, b., 5Si d., 762.\\nZaodiel, b., 481 d., 741\\nBoyne, battle of, S J81 anniver., 3643, 5922.\\nViscount of, title created, 9051\\nBozeman, capital of Montana, 3432.\\nBozman, Johu Leeds, b. (1757) d., 1302.\\nBozzaris, Marco, b.-d., 10343; killed, 10342.\\nBrabant, taken from Sp.,0972; beer-brew-\\ning known, 10082; William of Orange en-\\nters, 5401\\nBrabazon, Capt., captured, 6201\\nWilliam, Sir, deputy, 8712.\\nBrabourne, Baron, title created, 9871.\\n(See Knatehbull-H ugessen.)\\nTheophilus, ou Seventh Day, 8822.\\nBraccioliui, Francesco, b., 10803.\\nBrace, Charles Boring, 1341 Unknown\\nGod, 3743 arrested, 5243 d. (1890).\\nJulia, b., 1122 d. (1884).\\nMemorial Farm School opd., 4761\\nBraeepeth, Baron, title created, 965 1\\nBrachvogel, Albert Emil, b., S123;d. (1878).\\nBrackel, Ferdinande von, b., S143.\\nBrackenbury, Charles Booth, d., 10022.\\nBrackenridge, Henry M., b. (17S6) Voyage\\nto South America. 12S3; d. (1871).\\nHugh Henry, b. (1748) Modern Chiv-\\nalry, 603; d. (1816).\\nBracket, Albert, Gallatin, b., 1362; col.,\\nnear Village Creek, 2091.\\nBracket*, J. Q. A., gov. Mass., 3692, 3751\\nBrackettville, Tex., silver mine, 4141.\\nBradburn, Mrs. Sainual, est. S. S., 9223.\\nBraddell, John, shot, 9671\\nBraddock, Pa., steel works reopen, 463 3\\nEdward, b., 9042 leaves lid., 681 in\\nVa., 681 2 effect of defeat at Fort Du\\nQuesne, 68 2 on colonial taxation, 69 3\\nd., 9123.\\nBraddon, Mary Elizabeth, b., 9482.\\nBraden, John, b., 1341\\nBradenburg conquered, 5121\\nBradfield, reservoir breaks, 9673.\\nBradford, Eng., Nat. Asso. for Social Sci-\\nence meets, 9621 Br. Asso. meets, 9741\\nmemorial to W. F. Forster, 10021 weav-\\ners strike ends, I1H151 cholera, 10113.\\nAlex. Wartield, b., 1211 d., 2582.\\nAndrew, b., 642 publisher, 583 d.\\n(1742).\\nDuke of, title created, 937 2\\nJohn, d., 8702.\\nN\u00e2\u0080\u009e pres. Synod, 1232, 1263.\\nJoseph M., b., 1321 d. (1872).\\nMai., at Fort Pillow, 2311\\nWilliam, b. (15S8) governor Mass.,\\n303,352,3,373; d. (1657).\\nprinter, b., 421 523.; issues al-\\nmanac, 483; Xew York Gazette, GO 3 d.,\\n683.\\natty.-gen., b. (1755) d., 1061\\nb., (1729) pres. Senate, 1091 d.\\n(1808).\\nb., 1342; paintings, 2901, 3021,\\n3121,3161,3181; d., 4041.\\n,H.,b. (1800); d.,2023.\\nPa., fire, 4273, 4613.\\nBradlaugh, Charles, b., 9102 loses elec-\\ntion, 9792 refuses oath, 98.52 affirms;\\nrefuses to withdraw, 935 3 reelected\\nexpelled, 9872; police interference, 9873;\\ndenied in H.C., is: 1 2 refused oath, 9912;\\narrested. 9913; administers oath to him-\\nself; trial, 9932 oath H. C. refused\\noath, 9951 Oaths Bill, 9993 expulsion\\nrecords, 10012 oaths resolution ex-\\npunged, 10053 d 10042.\\nBradley, Edward, b., 9422 light of stars\\nvariation of axis, 90Si astronomer,\\n9102 d., 9162.\\nG. M., Koch s remedy, 3773.\\nJames, b., 9001 d. (1762).\\nJoseph P., b., 1211 associate justice,\\n2731 Electoral! ommission,295l d.,4001\\nLouis R., gov. Nevada, 277 2\\nMartin, Miss, weds, 4283.\\nBradley,StephenR.,pres.Senate,1113,1153.\\nThomas, explorer, 151\\nshoots Mathes, 4423.\\nWarren Ives, b. (1847) d., 2621\\nBradshaw, John, b., 8781 pres. council,\\nSS73; d., S9I12; disentombed, 8911.\\nMts., Ariz., cliff-dwellers, 4761\\nBradstreet, Anne, b., 261 Poems, 391 d.,\\n442.\\nJohn, b., 562 at Fort Frontenac,\\n5743 d., 662.\\nCol. John, b. (1711) campaigns on\\nGreat Lakes, 741 d. (1744).\\nSimon, b., 26 2 governor, 47 3 re-\\nstored to power, 512 d. (1697).\\nBradstreet s issued, 3023.\\nBradwardine, Thomas, Archbp. Canter-\\nbury, b.-d., -.12; works, 8533.\\nBrady, James T., b., 1241 d., 2641\\nJohn, cons, bp., 3981 d., 380i\\nJoseph, convicted, 9911.\\nMeziere, b. (1796) L. chancellor, 9533\\n9632 chief justice, 9573.\\nMichael, dismissed, 4643.\\nNicholas, Psalms, 900 3\\nPatrick, murderer, 393\\nT., street-ear robber, 4743.\\nThomas A., resigns, 3073.\\nJ., indictments, 3103; acquitted,\\n3132\\nWm. V., mayor N. V. City, 1632.\\nBradyville, Tenn., action at, 2191\\nBraga, earthquake, 1109 3\\nBraganea taken, 1110 1 House est. Duch-\\ness claims Port. 11102 House ceases,\\n11103.\\nBrueg, Braxton, b., 12G1 commands Con-\\nfeds., 1931 enters Ky., 2121 a t Frank-\\nfort, 2142 at Munilordville, 2131 2163\\nat Murfreesboro, 217 1 in Tenn. at Shel-\\nbyville, 2231 pursued bv Kosecrans at\\nLookout Mt.,2262; atOhicauiauga, 22C3;\\nat Chattanooga at Missionary Ridge at\\nTunnel Hill, 2282 Hardee supersedes,\\n2283; at Kinston, 2303, 2441 d., 2921\\nThomas, b. (1810) gov. N.C., 1792\\nsenator, expelled, 1973.\\nWalter L., Interstate Commissioner,\\n3512; d\u00e2\u0080\u009e 3902.,\\nBraliam, John, b., 91S 3 first apj earance,\\n9241 d. (1856).\\nBrahe, Tycho, b.-d. astronomical discov-\\neries, 636 2 invents sextant, 7921 erects\\nobservatory system of astronomy,\\n11341 drawings, 10S02.\\nBrahma Soma] of India formed, 10483.\\nBrahmanism in India ruling religion\\nreformers arise, 10431\\nBrahmans regain power, 10431\\nBrahms. Johannes, b., 8142.\\nBraid, Spencer Fullerton, d., 3262.\\nBraidwood, Thomas, opens Asylum for\\nDeaf and Dumb, 9352; 9391.\\n111., striking miners, 3401\\nBraine, Daniel Lawrence, b. (1829) pro-\\nmoted rear-admiral, 3261\\nBrainard, David, b., 58 1 d. (1747).\\nBrainerd, John, b. (1720) missionary, 663;\\nd., 662.\\nGardiner Calkins, b., 1061 d.,\\n1361.\\nThos., b. (1S04) moderator, 2411 d.,\\n2521.\\nBraithwaite, John, steam fire-engine, 9441\\nBramah, Joseph, h., 9122 safety-lock,\\n920 2 hydraulic press., 9222; planing\\nmachine, 9302 d., 9363.\\nBramante, Donate Lazzari, b.-d., 10783.\\nBramlette, Thomas E., b. (1817) vote for\\nvice-pres., 2812 gov., 2293; d. (1875).\\nBramham Moor, battle, 8601\\nBrainpston, John, Sir, b. (1576) chief jus-\\ntice, 8833 d. (1654).\\nBraniwell, Baron George William Wil-\\nshire, b. (180S) d., 1008\\nBranra Flor appears, 1109\\nBranch, John, b. (1782) sec. navy, 1372\\nobjects to defense of Wash. .1923; d., 2191\\nGen. Lawrence O Brien, b. (1820) at\\nNew Berne, 2051 d. (1862).\\nWilliam A. B., b., 1622.\\nBrand, Henry Wm. Bouverie, Sir, b. (1814)\\nViscount Hampden, Speaker H. C.,9772.\\nJohn Henry, Sir, pres., d., 1105 3\\nBrandao, Fernao, work, 11091\\nBrande, William Thomas, b., 9242; d., 970\\nBrandenburg, bishopric, 7723. 7741 est.,\\n7772; mark of, attacked, 782 Louis,\\nmargrave, 7831 margravate sold, 7853\\nAlbert III,, margrave John III., 7S7 2\\nincorporates Teutonic knights, 7892\\nJoachim II., 7913; dukedom of Prus.\\nannexed, 793 3 7951 Joachim Frederick,\\nmargrave John Sigismund, elector,\\n7933; invaded, 7942; Frederick III., elec-\\ntor king powerful, 797 2 annexations\\nannexes Magdeburg. 7973; sovereigns at,\\n8192 Herr, minister, 8353.\\nBrandenburg, O., Morgan raids, 2242.\\nBrandes, George Morris Cohen, b., 6403.\\nOtto, mobbed, 7642.\\nBrandiez, battle of, 796\\nBrandis, Christian A ugust,b.,8043; d.,8243\\nBrandon, Can., Sun, 5S43.\\nMiss., meteor falls, 4321\\nBaron, title created, 9031\\nGerard C, gov. Mississippi, 135 3\\nBrandreth, Jeremiah, insurrection, 939 3\\nBrandt, Carl L., mem. Acad. Design, 2801\\nCount, beheaded, 6392.\\nIsabella, marries Rubens, 5411\\nGeorg, b.-d., 11342; discovers phos-\\nphorus, 7902; cobalt, 1134\\nBrandy Co., Cal., org., 3433.\\nStation, tight at, 2223, 2303.\\nBrandywine, battle of, 87\\nBrandywine bums, 1413.\\nBrann au, John M., b., 128 at Pocotaligo,\\n2143; d., 418\\nBrant, Joseph, b., 642; Indian chief at\\nFort Schuyler, 87 raids N. Y., 883; in\\nN. Y., 903; d., 114\\nSebastian, b., 7862 Ship of Fools,\\n787 d., 7882.\\nBrantford, Can., Weekly\\nCongregational Union 5S82.\\nBrantly.Wm. Theophilus. b., 1242; d. (1845).\\nBrantc mie, Pierre de Bourdeilles, b., 6803;\\nd., 6862.\\nBrascassat, Jacques Raymond, b., 716 3\\nBrashear City, La., captured, 223\\nBrasidas, commander k., 10202; d., 1021\\nBrasilia discovered, 1060\\nBraso, mission at, 11613.\\nBrass mfg. from copper and zinc, 7902.\\nBrasseur de Bourbourg, Charles Etieune,\\nb., 721 d., 7482.\\nBrassey, Baron, title created, 996 3\\nBrasso, action at, 5222.\\nBratiano, Jean, d., 1113 2\\nBratton, Robert F., b., 158\\nBraun, August E., b., 8083; d #J 820\\nKarl, invents nephoseope, 7382.\\nBrauwer, Adrian, b.-d., 11003 makes broad-\\ncloth, 892\\nBravais, Auguste, b., 719 d., 736\\nBravalle, battle of, 634 6353.\\nBravo, Gen. Nicolas, b.-d., 10952; at Cha-\\npultepec, 1622.\\nBray, Mrs. (Ann Eliza Kempe),b.,9302; d.,\\n9922.\\nRev. Dr., deposed, 3382.\\nBraybrooke, Baron, title created, 9232.\\nLord, experiment succeeds, 9392.\\nBrayman, Mason, b. (1813); gov. Ida., 295\\nBrayr, Baron, title created, 867 2\\nBrawley, William H., b., 1522.\\nBrazen, wrecked, 930\\nBrazil. (See Text, pp. 552-560.) Cabral pos-\\nsesses, 14 2 discovered; Amazon River\\ndis., 15 navigated, 21 Rio de Janeiro\\nBay dis. Ojeda s second voyage, 162\\ncolony at All Saints, 172; colonized, 173,\\n11093; divided, 212; gold dis., 22 232\\nbp. arrives first Plot, mission Jesuits\\narrive, 222; est. coll., 223; Jewish refu-\\ngees, 222; important. 282; Prot. colony ar-\\nrives, 232,3; colony divided; Veiga, gov.\\nProt. return to Fr. under Sp., 252; com-\\nmunism Jesuits in, 291 invaded, 312\\nraids for slaves, 322; marriage with na-\\ntives toleration, 323; govt, est., 332; in-\\nsurrection, 361; slaves, 37 1; Port, pos-\\nsess, 372, 393, 11103; insurrection; war\\nof colonists, 38 against missionaries,\\n40 gold mining, 533 diamonds dis.,\\n573, 613, 653, 5541,2; Jesuits expelled,\\n723; Rio de la. Plata dis., 163; naval bat-\\ntle, 1182, 1231 King of Port, in, 11103\\nseparated from Port. independence,\\n11103 war with Buenos Ayres, 11601\\nFlorida captured, 2383; representatives\\nwelcomed, 3531 miners out of work,\\n4273 Amnesty Bill passes, 5593 ac-\\ncepted, 5lil 3 Republic recognized, 6423;\\ndispute with G. Br., 9672; war with Pa-\\nraguay peace indemnity, 11062; recon-\\nciliation of Port., 11113", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1211.jp2"}, "1212": {"fulltext": "1200\\nText Figures denote Page. INDH.X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nBraz-Brik.\\nBrazil Company, Port., abolished, 61\\nInd., strike, 317\\nBrazilian wood introduced, S74\\nBrazos Island, Banks lands, 227 French\\nsteamers arrive, 2281\\nSantiago, Tex., Federals occupy, 216\\nGen. Dana at, 227\\nBread and Cheese War, Neth., 1098\\nmaking invented, 1013\\nriots, in Versailles, 7073; Eng., 9272.\\nBreadalbane, E. of, title created, 893 2\\nMarquis, title created, 9S7\\nBreaker Island, N.Y., Are, 3S33.\\nBreakspeare, Nicholas, fnds. bishopric of\\nDrontheim arrives from Home, 1105 3\\nPope Adrian IV. d., 10742.\\nBreamore, England, It. It. accident near,\\n9933.\\nBreathitt, John, b. (1789) goy. Ky., 1412\\nd. (1831).\\nBrebeuf Jean de, b. (1598) in Can., 302\\ntortured, 3S2.\\nGuillaume de, b. (161S) Pkarsalia,\\n6903 d. (1661).\\nBrechin, see of, erected, 850 2 90S 3\\nBreck, Samuel, commissioned col., 436\\nBreckenridge, W. C. P., b., 148 Pollard\\nCase, 4562; contest hitter, 4703.\\nBreckinridge, Clifton It., b., 1602; speech,\\n4392; minister, 4473.\\nDesha, stahs Livingstone, 4722.\\nHenry M., b., 98\\nJames, b., 723; d., 142\\nJohn, d., 1522.\\nor Breckenridge, John Cabell. b.,130\\nnom. for vice-pres., 18IJ3, 1823 vote, 1812;\\nnom. for pres., 1SS2; vote for, 1883, 1: 13;\\ndisloyal speecli, 109 joins Confed., 1993;\\nexpelled, 201 3 at Baton Rouge, 2103; at\\nMurfreeslioro,217 atNe\\\\vMarket,233\\nat Bull s Gap, 240 driven back, 2402;\\nd.,2881.\\nJoseph C, brig.-gen., U. S. A., 334\\nN., in War Dept., 3512, 4472.\\nRobert J., b., 1082; moderator, 1542\\nChairman Hep. Convention, 23.52 ;d., 2742.\\nWilliam L., moderator, 1863.\\nBreda, treaty of, 433; declaration of, 891\\nMi/sttrtl performed, 10982 compromise\\nof, 10993; taken, 1100 2.\\nBrederode, Hendrik, b.-d., 5403; compro-\\nmise, 10983; petition to Margaret, 10993.\\nBrederroo. Gerbrand Adriaanssen,b.(15S5);\\nworks, 1101 2 d. (1618).\\nBrcdow, Gabriel G., b., 804 d., 8102.\\nBree, Herbert, consecrated bishop, 9862.\\nBreech-loaders in Brit, army, 974\\nBreese, Kidder Randolph, b., 1382; d.\\n(1881).\\nBreffitt, Edgar, elected alderman, 9832.\\nBregeuze, league formed at, 8192.\\nBrehm, Alfred Edmund, b. (1829) d.,8302.\\nBreislak, Scipione, b.,10S42; d., 10862.\\nBreitenfeld, Catholics defeated, 512\\nBreithaupt, Johann A., b., 8043; d., 828\\nBreitkopf, Johann Gottlob Emmanuel,\\nb., 7982; musical notes, S022; d., 8002.\\nBrember, Nicolas, executed, 8603.\\nBremen, fud., 7713 bishopric, 7703 free\\ncity, 7972 Danish rule, 7993 taken,\\n802 sold to Hanover, 8012; independ-\\nence of, 8112; restored, 8113; new con-\\nstitution, 819 Agr. Exhibition, 8293;\\nPolish Jews in, 8:i5 3 statue of Einp.,\\n836 strikers, 835 cholera, 8373; ceded\\nto Eng., 9072; ceded to Hanover, 11353.\\nBremenliafen, Am. riflemen at, 8343.\\nBremer,Fredrika,b.-d., 11343; works, 11302.\\nGordon, Sir, in Opium War, 616\\nBrviifla collides villi IM/ji/i /n, 905 3\\nBrendel, Karl F., b., 8102 d., 8243.\\nBrenham, Tex., lynching, 395\\nBreiman, W. I., trade tribunal, 410 3\\nT. F., consecrated bishop, 398 2\\nThomas, arrested, 985 Phoenix Park\\nmurders, 991\\nBrenner, Adolph, attempts murder, 4603.\\nBrenneville, battle of, 668\\nBrennus, invades Greece defeats Gauls,\\n1026 sacks Rome, 10513.\\nBrentano, Clemens, b., 8042; works, 813\\nd., 8162.\\nBrentford, England, inundated, 950\\nBrentius, founds Ubiquarians, 7903.\\nBrenton, Samuel, b. (1810) d., 180\\nWm., gov. R. I., 412, 433; d. (1674).\\nBrentwood, Tenn., action at, 220\\nBreogwine, Archbishop Canterbury, 843\\nBrescia, stormed, 680 taken,5222; battle\\nof, 784 coll. fnd., 1077 conquered,\\n1078\\nBreslau, fnd., 7732; bishopric, 7743; capi-\\ntal, 7783 burned, 780 Bohemia an-\\nnexes, 7832; univ. fnd., 508 3 captured;\\npeaceof ,800 1 conquered, S012; battleof,\\n516 808 recov., 802 sur., 8112; univ.\\nunite, 5203, 809 meat famine, 8353.\\nBressani, Francis Joseph, captured, 363.\\nBresse surrendered, 6973.\\nBrest, Fr., cable laid, 2673; revolts, 712\\n/Si-etar/tie, gold shipment, 423 3\\nBrete uil taken, 742\\nBrethren sect appears, 9442; schools sup-\\npressed, 743\\nBretigny, peace of, 6753.\\nBretislav, conquests (Bohemia), 502\\nBreton, E., bomb-thrower, 7663.\\nFrancois Pierre 11 ippolyte Ernest, b.,\\n7192\\n750\\nJules Adolphe Aime Louis, h., 7243.\\nLily le. (See Langtry.)\\nmissionary at, 72S3.\\nBretsehneider. llerr, lined, 833\\nKarl G., b., 804 d., S102.\\nBrett, Jacob, Atlantic cable planned. 9522.\\nJ. Watkins, Atlantic cable, 9522.\\nPhilip M., d., 186\\nSergeant, killed, 971\\nBretwahia L, leader of Saxons, 8413; con-\\nverted L 8422.\\nH., King, 8413.\\nIV., christianized, 8422.\\nBretz, John L., b., 170\\nBreughel, Abraham, b., 541 d. (1690).\\nJan, b.-d., 5403.\\nBrevet, promotion IT. S. A., 352\\nBrevoort, J. K., Nat. Acad. Design, 229\\nBrewer, David Josiah, b., 1482; \\\\lecision,\\n3232 Associate Justice, 3433, 3513.\\nLeigh Richmond, b. (1S39) cons.\\nbishop, 3042.\\nThomas Mayo, b. (1814) d., 3022.\\nBreweries, Eng. syndicates purchase, 3333,\\n3393, 3473, 3S33.\\nBrewers Association fmd., 2152, 297 fa-\\nvors political action, 2503 session in\\nWash., 3593; in Boston, 407 coll., 3983.\\nCong, opposes Woman Suffrage, 309\\nand Maltsters Association define\\ntrade, 3163 conven.,407\\nBrewerville, mission at, 11612.\\nBrewster, Abraham, b. (1797) lord chan-\\ncellor, 9712.\\nBenjamin Harrison, b. (1810) ap-\\npointed attorney-general, 3092.\\nDaniel, b., 9222 suggests kaleido-\\nscope, 936 2 E Jiithuriili Eiti y,, 935 2\\nspectrum analysis, 9402 inv. stereo-\\nscope, 9602 lit hoscope, 9662 d. (1868),\\nJames, b. (1788); d., 254\\nO. H., speaker La. House, 2772.\\nBreusters, N. Y., P. O. robbery, 4743.\\nBrialmont, Alexis Henri, b., 5423.\\nBrian-Boroihme, King, at Clontarf, 846\\nassassinated, 8463.\\nBriand, John Olivier, cons, bishop, 5763,\\nBribers punished, U. S. A., 3362.\\nBribery, remonstrance against, 57 2 Thos.\\nde Weyland punished, 855 Wm. de\\nThorpe, hanged, 859 in Eng. Pari.,\\n889 in H. C., 693 political, prevails,\\n9153 in Legislative Union of Ire., 9293;\\nMr. Swan, M. P., and Sir M. Lopez fined\\nand imprisoned for, 9392 vitiates elec-\\ntions in Derby, 9592; Yarmouth disfran-\\nchised for, 9703; of Emp. Frederick III.,\\n7872; New York aldermen punished,\\n3232\u00c2\u00b1 Jacob Sharp, convicted 327\\nBrice, Benjamin W., b. (1809) d., 418\\nCalvin S., b., 158 chairman Dem.\\nNational Convention, 3412.\\nW. F., embezzler, 4763.\\nBrice s Cross Roads, Miss., action at, 2342.\\nBriceville, Term., miners uprising, 388\\nconvict labor, 3882, 391\\nBrick, Mfgs. Association tight, 3G63.\\nBrickner, Geo. H., b., 1422.\\nBricks, manufacture of, 28 first made in\\nN. Y., 40 made by slaves, 6483.\\nBr i da inc. Jacques, b., 6943 d., 703\\nBridewell Prison. (See London.)\\nBridge, Horatio, Natli. I law! home. 4783.\\nBridgeport, Cal., Indians murder, 385 2\\nChinese-Indian feud, 387\\nConn., soldiers relief, 1923 strike,\\n4323, 4483; menagerie burned, 3273.\\nTenn., Hooker at. 227 Sherman s\\nadvance at, 228\\nBridges, Mr., killed, 981\\nRohL S., Overheard in Arcady, 4782.\\nBridges Bridge of Sighs built, 1082 Bri-\\ntannia Tubular, 954 2; Caesar s over\\nRhine, 10582 East River B., 268 3122,\\n3133, 316 3833, 3873; East River, New\\nB.,450 Essex B., Dublin, 894 Foyle\\nB., 982 Fourth B., 10021 Hungerford\\nsuspension bridge opened, 9521, 9662;\\nKelso B., 9282 Lambeth anil Westmins-\\nter, 9661 London B., stone. 8502, 9441\\nLong B., Belfast, 8961 Menai chain sus-\\npension bridge elected, 9421; Minneapo-\\nlis, 1761 .Memphis B., 4073 New Bruns-\\nwick Bridge built, 940i Niagara Suspen-\\nsion, 1761; Niagara Cantilever, 315 3\\nNiagara International, 2833 Queen s\\nB., Dublin, 9172, 9501 Severn iron\\nerected, 9202, :i2(;2 St. Louis Tubular,\\n2841 TayB.,9741 Tower Bridge opened,\\n10121 Trajan s, 10641 first chain over\\nTweed, 9401 Tyne B., 9741 Vauxhall,\\n9343; Victoria Tubular, Can., 5813; Wa-\\nterloo, 9343, 9382 Westminster, 9102,\\n9122, 9661; Wire bridges inv., 9642;\\nXerxes, boats, 1018\\nBill intro., N. Y., 4012 passes, 4573.\\nBridgewater canal opened, 9143.\\n(See Egerton.)\\nEng., surrendered, S86\\nMass., Indians attack, 462.\\nTreatises, 9443.\\nBridginan, Rev. D., enters P. E. eh., 3842.\\n.Elijah C, miss., 1363, 6103 d., 6202.\\nFrederick Arthur, b., 1622 in Na-\\ntional Academy of Design, 3081\\nLaura Dewey, blind-deaf-mute, b.,\\n1362 d., 3401\\nOrlando, Sir, keeper, 8932 d. (1674).\\nWilliam M made captain, 3981\\n.School est., 6211.\\nBridie, Benjamin C, Sir, d., 9662.\\nBridport, Baron, title created, 925 s vis-\\ncount, title created, 9051 (See Hood.)\\nBrie, taken, 7423.\\nMatthaeus Z. van, h.,5422 d., 5442.\\nPhilip Jacob van, b., 5422 d., 5442.\\nBriel, Neth., seized, 10981\\nBrienne, Fr. Archbp. de, minister, 7071\\nGen. Bliieher repulsed, 720 2\\nBrier Creek, battle of, 902.\\nBrigandage of barons suppressed, JETr.,\\n6683 extermination of, 10903.\\nBrigandet, Paul A., cons, bishop, 9603.\\nBrigands in It. ,10881 10893; inTurk., 11591\\nBriggs, Mr., murdered, 967\\nAnsel, gov. la., 161 3\\nDr. Charles Augustus, b. (1841); in-\\nstalled prof., 376 pr \u00c2\u00bbtest to Presbytery,\\n3S22 sends statement, 3842; replies to\\ncharges trial, 3923 rase appealed, 3942\\ntrial for heresy, 4062, 4162; suspended,\\n4302; case reopened, 4321 case in Pres-\\nbytery, 4321 charges dismissed, 4401\\nGeorge Nixon, b., 1061 gov. Mass.,\\n1611; d. (1S61).\\nHenry, b., 8721; completes loga-\\nrithms, 8801; d.,8822.\\nJohn, d., 531\\nWilliam, d., 5782.\\nWilloughby L., d., IOO82.\\nBrigham, Charles Henry, b., 1282; d. (1879).\\nJ. C, missionary, 489\\nYoung College opened, 3003.\\nBright, Charles T., Sir, d., 9982.\\nJacob, M. P., 9711.\\nJesse D., pres. senate, 177 1792;\\nexpelled, 2033.\\nJohn, b., 935 leader anti-corn\\nlaw league, 9493 in Pari., 9613, 9633\\nminister, 973 9752, 9852; resigns as\\nchanc.,9893 statue, 998 d., 1000\\nRichard, b., 9243.\\nTimothy, works, 8763.\\nBrighton, Colo., Coxeyites drowned, 4633.\\nEng., chain pier completed, 940 2 rail-\\nway opened, 9501 pavilion sold, 9553\\nsecond pier erected, 9093 Hastings rail-\\nway collision, 9533; ,.)iiv falls, 9333; rail-\\nway collision, 9053 Brit. Asso. meets,\\n9741 Social Science Asso. meets, 9741\\nchurch eong. at, 974 2 aquarium opd.,\\ninaugurated, 976 free library museum,\\npicture gallery opd., 977J; Burrows\\nstatue, 982 Hove Town Hall opened,\\n9913 Preston Park opd., 992\\nMass., archbp. holds meeting, 3642;\\nSt. John s B. E. Sem. org., 3183.\\nBrikaina captured, 1010", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1212.jp2"}, "1213": {"fulltext": "Bril-Broo.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1201\\nBril, Paulaus, b.-d., 5403.\\nBrille captured, 540 1\\nBrilliant, explodes, 1713.\\nBrindley, James, b., 906 2 improves canal\\nwalls, 9143 builds tunnel, 9161 d.,9183.\\nBrinton, Daniel Garrison, b., 1422; Races\\nand People, 3962.\\nBrinvilliers, Marquise (Mario d Aubray),\\nb. (1630?) executed, 6932.\\nBrisacb, revolts, 6792.\\nBrisay, Calbeck de, gov. Can., 577\\nCol. J. F. W. de., gov. Can., 577\\nBrisbane, Charles, Si renins Curaeoa,9321\\nd. (1829).\\n.Thomas MacDougal, Sir, b., 9183;\\ngov. Can., 4951 d., 9642.\\nfnd., 4951 bishopric, 4962 first pari.,\\n4972 floods, 5001 Arcbbp. Dunne cons.,\\n9862 Bp. Webber cons., 9922.\\nRiver explored, 4941 t\\nBrisbin, James S., d., 3981\\nBrisson, Barnabe, b., 6803 d., 6842.\\nHenri, pres.; resigns, 7552.\\nMathurin Jacques, 1.., 6982 d., 7163.\\nM., pres. Chamber, 753 2\\nBrissot de Marville, Jean P., b., 7022 d.,\\n7082.\\nBristed, Charles A., b., 1282 d., 2841\\nBristol, Conn., nickel-in-slot machines,\\n4631.\\nEng., J. Cabot sails, 143; taken, 84S1\\nSt. Mary s church built, 8502 rights\\nf ranted, 8593 see erected, 8683 sassa-\\nras expedition leaves, 8793 Bapt. Ch.\\nbuilt, 8823; surrenders, S841, 8S61 hos-\\npital fnd., 9031; Bristol Times issued,\\n9043 rechartered, 9(152 new exchange\\nbuilt, 9113; bread riots, 9132; bridge\\nbuilt, 9153; Bapt. Theological Sem., 9191\\nriot, 927i 945i locks built, 9322 orphan\\nhouses est., 9491 railway opd., 9501\\nCholera appears, 9693 Brit. Asso. meets,\\n9741; University Coll. opd., 9811; tire,\\n9813 Avonmouth Dock opd., 9833 Mor-\\nley statue unveiled, 996i; labor riots,\\n10083 Burke memorial, 10101\\nMarquis of, title created, 9412.\\nR. I., fired upon, 803 burned, 3333\\nState Soldiers Home opened, 3851\\nTenn., Confed. captured, 2402 King\\nColl. org., 2602 R. R. wreck, 4733.\\nVa., Confeds. captured, 2402.\\nBristow, Benj. H, h., 1401 sec. of treas.,\\n2852, 2931 investigates whisky ring,2S92.\\nresigns nom. for pres. contest, 2931\\nF. M., on Committee of 33, 1S91\\nGeorge F., b., 1322.\\nBristow s Station, Va., Confederates re-\\npulsed, 2271\\nBritain, invaded by Romans, 8391 popu-\\nlation, 8392 an island, 8392. KK 42 Ro-\\nmans rule, 8393 ior,7 2 restored to Rome,\\n10673. (See Text, p. 849\u00c2\u00b1).\\nBritannia, Canard steamer, 951 3\\nwins race, 4673, 4693; against Vigilant;\\nbeaten Meteor challenge won wins\\nYacht Club race, 10113 Vigilant beaten\\noutsails Vigilant, 10123.\\ncable ship, 10123.\\nTubular Suspension Bridge, first loco-\\nmotive passes, 9542.\\nBritannicus Tiberius Claudius Germani-\\ncus, b. (42+) set aside for Nero, 10633\\nd., 10622.\\nBritish Admiral, wrecked, 9793.\\nandForeiguAnti-SlavervSoe.cst.,9511\\nand Foreign Bible Society fnd., 9331\\nreport, 5322 penny Testament, 9922.\\nBritish Archadogicai Society find., 9521\\nArmy, Royal Dragoon Guards fmd.,\\n8961 death-rate reduced, 974i mobili-\\nzation, 9981\\nAssociation org., 9441; meetings,\\n9461 9482, ft-,21 9541 gc,()2, 9661 3, 9741\\n9881 9961 10041 10121 presented with\\nKew Observatory, 9501\\nBorneo Co., gazetted, 5522.\\nCentral Air. Protectorate fmd., 6043.\\nclaims, message, 267 2.\\nColumbia, Vancouver Is., dis.; settled;\\nSpaniards seize; Geo. Vancouver in, 5772\\ncolony est., 9632 Victoria capital, 5793;\\ngold dis.; diocese est., 580i Metlakahtla\\nest.,5802;ro/ \u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00bb7.s7 issued, 5811 ;Vancouver\\ngranted; Douglas, gov.; Kennedy, gov.;\\n5812 Bp. Durien cons., 5823 province\\nfmd. ,5831 added to Can.; San Juan settle-\\nment, 5S32; Truteh, gov.; Richards, gov.;\\nCornwall, gov.; federal relation to, 5833;\\nDuncan, miss.; missions, 5x42; mineexp.,\\n5853 coal mines close, 5872 for reci-\\nprocity, 5892 sealers arrive, 5S93, 5913,\\n5933; salmon pack, 5913; Chinese re-\\nstrictions, 5923 R.R. strike, 5943 Scot-\\ntish crofters in, 5951; Majestic arrives,\\n5953; floods, 5961,3; see of, est., 9583,\\n9803 Bp. Perrine consecrated, 10102.\\nBritish Commerce collides sinks, 9913.\\nBritish Commercial Geog. Soc. fnd., 9922.\\nEast Africa, imperial decrees re-\\nvived, 5603 coast blockaded, 5622.\\nEast India. (See Burma.)\\nEast India Co. formed, 9033.\\nForeign Temperance Soc. fnd., 9431.\\nGourkhas treaty signed, 1045 3\\nGuiana. (See Text, p. 1039.; Bishop-\\nric est., 9483.\\nHome Rule Association fmd. 995 2\\nUnion formed, 995 3\\nHonduras acquired, 8932.\\nInstitution for Artists fnd., 9322.\\nJews, Congregation formed, 9502.\\nMagazine issued, 946 3\\nMedical Asso. org., 9461\\nMineralogical Society est., 9201\\nMuseum founded, 9122; lottery, 9132;\\nopened, 9142 Phigalian marbles, 9381\\nNavy, strength of, 9721\\nNorth Am. Act passes, 5831 ,2.\\nNorth Borneo ceded, 983 2\\nNurses Association founded, 997 2\\nOrphan Asylum established, 9432.\\nOpium trade destroyed, 6161\\nOrchestral Society formed, 9761\\nQuarterly Berie/e issued, 9531\\nRoyal Meteorological Soc. org., 9561\\nSettlement Act passed, 500 3\\nSoc. Propagation of Gospel fmd., 9503.\\nSouth Africa Co. chartered, 6033.\\nSpoliations, Am. indemnification, 1352.\\nWomen s Temperance Asso. fmd. ,9811\\nBrito, Bernardo de, h. (1569) Monorchia\\nlAisitania, 11101 d. (1617).\\nDuarte de, I imo, 11091.\\nRichard, kills Becket, 8512.\\nBritons, repel invaders, 7693 war with\\nRomans, 8391 aid of Romans, S401 Ro-\\nmans retire, 841 1 embassy to Rome,\\n8412 revolt, 10633.\\nBrittain, Nathan, d., 2761.\\nBrittany, Independent, 6672 Duke of, re-\\nvolts; secured to French crown, 6793.\\nBritton, John, b., 9183.\\nBritton s Lane, Confeds. defeated, 2122.\\nBrixton, Central Free Library opd., 10103.\\nBrizeux, Julien Auguste Pelage, b. (1806)\\nMarie, 7271 d. (1856).\\nBrizzi, Francesco, b., 10S11 d. (1623).\\nBroach, Bombay, mission, 10471.\\nBroad-Bottom admin, formed, Eng., 911 3\\nChurch School, prominent, 94S3.\\nBroadcloth made, Eng., 8SO1 dyed, 8921\\nBroadhead, Jacob, pres. of synod, 1323.\\nJames O., minister, 447 3\\nBroadus, John Albert, b., 1342.\\nBroadway Magazine, Eng., issued, 9702.\\nBrock, Isaac Sir, b. (1769) gov. Canada,\\n5772 killed at Queeiistowu, 1182.\\nBrockes, Barthold Heinrich, b. (1680);\\nworks, 7991.\\nBrockhaus. Friedrich A., b., 8031 Conver-\\nsations Lexicon, 8131 d., 8122.\\nBrocklesby, Richard, b., 9062 d. (1797).\\nBrockport, N. Y., Normal Schools, 2603.\\nBrockton, Mass., strike, 3211.\\nBrockway, Supt., charges against, 4343\\ncase dismissed, 4483.\\nBi-octon, N. Y., Socialists community\\nfounded, 2583.\\nBroderland, issued, 5443.\\nBroderick, Baron, title created, 925 z\\nCase, b., 1502.\\nDavid Colhreth, b. 1282; senator Cal.;\\nd., 1871 monument restored, 3421\\nBrodhead, Col. Daniel, b. (1736) against\\nIndians, 903 d. (1809).\\nJacob, b. (1782); pres., 1242 d. (1S55).\\nJohn Romeyn. b. (1814) d., 2802.\\nBrodie, Benjamin Collins, Sir, b., 9223 d.\\n(1802); pres. Roval Society, 9621\\nBrodribb, J. H. See Henry Irving, 9482.\\nBrodrick, Alan, Viscount Middleton, chief\\njustice, 9952 lord chancellor, 9053.\\nBrody, raft capsizes, 5353.\\nBroen, Miss de, mission Paris, 7462, 7482.\\nBrofferio, Angelo, b., 10843; d., 10882.\\nBrogden, Curtis H, b. (1815*) gov., 2873.\\nBrogham, L. Henry. (See Hobhouse.)\\nBroglie, Due de, Achille Charles L^once\\nVictor, b., 701)1 ministry, 7253, 7273; d.,\\n7382.\\nDue de, Jacques Victor Albert, b.,\\n7223; academician. 7321 minister, 7473,\\n7511; p r Talleyrand, 7602 d., 7501.\\nMarshal Claude Victor Marie, b.,\\n(1757) to supersede Washington, 851\\nexecuted (1794).\\nBrohm, Albert E., b., 8142 d. (1884).\\nBroiham, Cord, invents beer, 788 2\\nBroke, Capt., b. (1763) at Burlington\\nHeights at (Jape Ann, 1202 d. (1851).\\nBaron Willoughby de, title, 8671\\nBromin discovered, 7241\\nBromley, Isaac Hill, h., 1421.\\nThomas Sir, b. 15:10 1; lord chancellor:\\nminister, 8753; d. (1587).\\nBromoy, Pierre, d., 6942.\\nBrompton, Eng., Consumption Hospital\\nfnd., 9511 Cancer Hospital fnd., 9571\\nF., manager, d., 5801\\nBromsebro. peace of, 6373.\\nBrondel, John D., cons. R. C. bishop, 3022.\\nBrondon. Silas, founds library, 2703.\\nBrondsted, Peter Olaf, b., U3S2 d., 6403.\\nBrongniart, A lolphe Theophile, b. (1801)\\nd.,7501.\\nAlexander, b. (1770) d., 7301\\nBronk, Robert, pres. rcf. synod, 1442.\\nBronnow, Philipp von, d., 111S2.\\nBronte, Anne, b. (1820) Wildfeld Hall,\\n9551 d. (1849).\\nCharlotte, b., 9382; works, 9543, 9623;\\nd., 9603.\\nEmily, b. (1819) Wuthering Heights,\\n9543 d. (1848).\\nBrooke, Earl of, title created, 9112.\\nFrancis lv., bishop Okla., 4202.\\nHenry, h\u00e2\u0080\u009e 9022; work, 9171 d., 9223.\\nHenry, L. Cobham, conspirator, 879 2\\nJame s, Sir, b., 9323 appeal, 5522; ap-\\npointment at Sarawak gov. Bolivia,\\nin Eng.; treaty, 5521; defeats pirates,\\n5522; 5., 5523.\\nJohn R., military gov. La., 2872\\ncom. brig, gen., 328 1 at Pine Badge, 3741\\nStopfonl Augustus, b., 9462; Early\\nEnglish Literature, 10103.\\nBrookhaven, Miss, White Caps, 4281\\nBrookings, Agricultural Coll. opd., 318 3\\nBrooklyn, N. Y., first birth, 303; chartered,\\n391 first church, 422; Brooklun Hall Su-\\nper-Extra Gazette, 952: Sands St. Meth.\\nEpis. Ch.org., 1062; navy-yard est., 1101\\nfirst steam terry, 1213, 1333; brick house\\nerected, 1313; Mission and Tract Soc.org.,\\n1363 Youmi Misses Magazine, 1443\\nBrooklyn and Jamaica R. R.,1473 Green-\\nwood Cemetery incorp., 151 3 E(tijle is-\\nsued, 1523 gas intro.; Are, 1653, 3773,\\n3953, 4033, 4073, 4173, 4233 dry dock;\\nEvergreen Cemetery dedicated, 1673\\nopd., 1712; R. c. diocese est., 1723; street\\npreaching riot, 1742 cholera; street cars\\nrun, 1753; Hartstein s expedition sails,\\n1761 Polytechnic Inst, org., 1762 en-\\nlarged, 177 3 river frozen, 1781, 3573;\\naqueduct water intro., 185 3 Art Asso.\\nest., 1902. Civil war Period Woman s\\nRelief Asso. org., 2192; Long Is. Hist.\\nSoc. incor., 2213,3012; draft riots, 2253;\\nPark Theateropd., 2291 Standard Union,\\n2412,3562. Peace Period Acad, of De-\\nsign est., 2541 East River Bridge begun,\\n26S1 St. John Baptist s Coll. org., 2722;\\nProspect Park completed, 277 3 Taber-\\nnacle burned, 2793; new Tabernacle Ch.\\nded., 2.842 new charter, 2S51 Home for\\nAged fnd., 2911; theater burns, 2933;\\nBureau of Charities fmd., 2991 Foreign\\nS. S. Asso. fnd.,3002; St. Mary s Hos-\\npital opd.. 3103; C;ccilia Ladies Vocal\\nSoc. org., 3141; Elevated R.R. opd., 3213;\\nB. Inst, opens training-school, 3223; Cit-\\n;;.c/Mssued,t !242; Mission org. by Woman s\\nAuxiliary, 3202; Pratt s Inst, org., 3283;\\nMeth. Epis. Home for the Aged ded.,\\n3402. 3SS3; air-ship. 3421 Memorial Arch,\\n32S1 3422, 3461 Lyman Abbot, pastor,\\n3463, 3521 schools presented with tlags,\\n3403 -Adelphi Acad, burned, 3482; Art and\\nScience lust, projected, 3541 Dr. Cuyler\\nreceives .830,000 Murat Hal stead ed.,\\nstandard Union, 3562; carpenters strike,\\n358 3 elevated roads sold, 3613; arrears\\nof taxes, syndicate formed, 365 3 An-\\narchists meeting forbidden, 3683; Bp.\\nLoughlin s Golden Jubilee, 370i woman", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1213.jp2"}, "1214": {"fulltext": "1202\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN JD.C..X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nBroo-BrtUL\\nrobbed, 3802 Memorial Hospital opd.;\\nmemorial fur Gen. Sherman. 383 bridge\\nEromenade free, 3833; Froebel Soc. est.;\\ntranahan statue. S41 Pratt s gift to\\nInstitute, 3843; Beecber statue, 3861;\\nMazzini s birtbday eel., 3863; medical\\nattendance free, 387 Bridge funds for\\nboth cities, 3S7 3 boy convict; female\\nburglar, 3S92; chinamen ill-treated,:;:!:\\nplans for dry-dock, navy-yard, 396 1\\nmany licences, 4022; Larsen o utrage, 404 2\\nExcise Enforcement League find., 4083\\nyoutbful burglars; railway franchise pro-\\ntests, 4103; How, defaulter, 4123; fran-\\nchise veto, 4133; shoemakers strike, 4142;\\nColumbianeelehrationovereharges,4183;\\n4211, 4222, 4451, 4573- Dr. McGlynn s\\novation, 4201 B. Institute, Raymond s\\ngift, 4202 navy-yard land sale Hebrew\\nOrphan Asylum ded.; Traction Co. lease\\nR. R., 4213 overcharges legalized, 4223\\nanti-personal taxation organization,\\n4242; Bryce A. White embezzles, 4262;\\nChinamen ostracized, 4263 free trol-\\nley franchises, 4271; burglaries, 4282;\\nHebrew Charitable Soe. est., 4322; ex-\\ncise moneys spent, 4342, 4.102; explosion,\\n4352; ice cream poisoning, 4:;. 3; Howloek\\nsuicide, 4362; Independent Com. of 100\\nmeets, 4392; Hamilton statue, 4401\\nBeecher anniversary; bridge surveys,\\n459i counterfeiters; McKane trial (see\\nMcKane, J. Y.); brewers investments,\\n4522; boxing stopped; Irish liag not on\\nCity Hall, 4531 ,4542, 4553; Anti-Compul-\\nsory Vaccination League, 4571 ;house .col-\\nlapses,!.^; Talmagepastoratecel.,458\\nbankwreckers indie ted, 45X2; Tabernacle\\nburned, 4601 4613; anarchist murderer\\nSutherland sentenced; street railway\\nstrike, 4603; Japanese Soc. fmd., ,461 1\\nG-essner murder, 4642; Orangemen s\\nparade forbidden, 4643; illicit still cap-\\ntured, 46S 2 home for epileptics opd.;\\nHuber suicide, 470 2 Standard Oil con-\\ntrols Gas Companies, 4713; German Hos-\\npital, 4742; Law Enforcement League\\norg., 4751 Cath. Hist. Soe. est., 4761;\\nthieves raid, 47G2; Kurth and Deterling\\nbribery; consolidation carried, 4772;\\nstarvation; wharfage trust, 4773.\\nBrooklyn Bridge. (See East River Bridge.)\\nlirookhm blockades New Orleans, 2021\\nBrooks, Charles T., b. (1813) d., 3122.\\nDavid, d., 3842.\\nErastus, b., 1241 d., 3242.\\nJas., b., 1162; nom. for speaker, 2492\\nprotest, 2572 censured, 2x12 d., 2802.\\nJohn,b.(1752 ;gnv. Mass. ,1252;|d., 1322.\\nA., nom. for vice-pres., 3311\\nMaria Gowen, b., 106 works, 129\\n1331; d., 1581.\\nST. M., in P. O. Department, 4472.\\nPeter Chardon, b., 74\\nPhillips, b., 144 p. E. bp., 3822,\\n3923; d., 422 memorial service, 4242;\\nin Westminster, 1010\\nPreston Smith, b. (1819) assaults\\nSumner, 179 indicted, 1803; d. (1857).\\nWm. Keith, b., 164 The Oyster, 3963.\\nW. R., discovers comets, 3222, 330\\n334 342 994\\nWin. Thomas Harbaugh, b., 1282\\ndismissed, 2182 d., 2702.\\nBrookshire, Elijah V., d., 178\\nBroome, James E., gov. Florida, 1743.\\nJohnL., b., 132\\nNapier, Sir, gov. Australia, 499 2\\nBrooms, broom-corn mfd., 102\\nBrorson, Hans Adol, Psalm Hook, 6383.\\nBrosius, Marriot, b., 156\\nBrosses, Charles de, b., 6963; d. (1777).\\nBrotas, mission, 5562.\\nBrother Jonathan issued, 1212.\\nBrotherhood of Locomotive Engineers at\\nNew Haven, 359 at Jersey City, 3923.\\nLocomotive Firemen, strikes, 469\\nof Philip and Andrew conven., 446\\nof Railway Trainmen founded, 317 1\\nconvention, 37113 statistics, 4463.\\nof St. Paul established, 10042.\\nof the Oratory org., 1081 2\\nBrothers of the Cross org., 7602.\\nBrotier, Gabriel, b., 6982 d., 7062.\\nBrough, John, governor Oliio, 2413.\\nBrougham, John, b., 1162 d. (1880).\\nBroughton, Bishop, arrival, 4942\\n,Rhoda, b., 9502.\\nT., gov. S. C, 633.\\nBrouncker, Lord, pres. Royal Soc, 890\\nBroussa, earthquake, 11562.\\nBroussa is, Franyois Joseph Victor, b., 704 2\\nd., 728\\nBroussel arrested, 6893.\\nBroussonnet, Pierre Auguste, b., 7023; d.,\\n7163.\\nBrowal, Johan, b.-d., 11342.\\nBrown, Aaron F., P.-M. General, 183\\nV enable, b. (1795); governor Ten-\\nnessee, 161 d. (1859).\\nAlbert G., 1572.\\nBenjamin Gratz, b., 134 gov. Mo.,\\n2772 Liberal Rep. nominee for vice-\\npres., 3783, 3792 vote, 2812.\\nBlower, champion pedestrian, 985 3\\nBrothers expelled, 32\\nCaptain, at Arkadelphia, 2183.\\nCharles Brockden, b., 762 W orks,\\n1063, 1091,1103, 1111,113 d.,1162.\\nD. Russell, nominated for gov. R. I.,\\n4032, 4272, 4533 inaugurated, 4793.\\nEthan A., b. (1776) governor Ohio,\\n1272 d. (1852).\\nFord Madox, b., 9403 d. (1893).\\nFrank, inaug. gov. Md., 4212.\\nFrederick, killed, 181\\nGeneral, at Springfield, Mo., 218\\nGeorge Loring, 1 (1814) Bay of New\\nYork, 1902; c 7 7 SUOi Venice, 3121 d.,\\n3402.\\nGeorge, Captain, promoted, 3261.\\nGeorge, Sir, b. (1790); d., 9681.\\nP., absconds, 3543.\\nGoold, b. (1791); d., 180\\nHarvey, b. (1795); d., 284\\nH. C, arrested, 3883.\\nHenry B., b., 146 justice, 3513, 3733.\\nKirk, b., 123 statues, 1521 1581\\n1871 Washington, 1581 d., 3241\\nHorace, Col., on Lake George, 871\\nJ. A., works, 2901 3081\\nJacob, b., 823 defends Ogdensburg,\\n1182; Gen. at Sackett s Harbor, 1202;\\nat Williamsburg, 1203; at Chippewa; at\\nFort Erie at Lundy s Lane burns\\nSackett s Harbor, 122 major-general;\\ncommander of army, 124 d., 136\\nJames M., at Garfield Park, 4143.\\nJason B., b., 1502.\\nJohn and Samuel, est. Episcopal\\nworship, 302.\\nb., 1082; at Osawatomie, 180 in\\nVa., 186 seizes Harper s Ferry; con-\\nvicted, 187- d., 1842, 1S63 monument,\\n296\\nb. (1757) president Senate,\\n1131 2 d. (1837).\\nclergy, b. (1784) d., 9622.\\nEng. el., b., 9042 d. (1766).\\nmoderator, 2942.\\nphysician, b., 90S2 d., 9243.\\nScot, 1:,., 9062 d., 9242.\\nAllen, b.,93l paints Sprine/litne,\\n318 Paleolithic Man, 9963 d., 27S2.\\nCalvin, b. (1827) governor Ten-\\nnessee, 2772; d. (1889).\\nG., moderator, 2S62.\\nGeorge, b. (1831) member Na-\\ntional Academy Design, 229\\nHenry Hobart, b. (1831); cons.\\nP. E. bp., 2882; d., 330\\nMason, lleyinninys of Ky., 3743.\\nY., governor Kentucky, 399\\nMrs. John Crosby, gift to Museum,\\n338\\nJoseph Emmerson.b. (1821); gov. Ga.,\\n1832; calls out militia, 236 withdraws\\ntroops, 238 d., 476\\nMorris, bp. African M. E. Ch., 1363.\\nNeil S., gov. Term., 1633 d. (1886).\\nNicholas, b., 70 d., 1522.\\nRobert, b., 870 1 conforms to estab-\\nlished church, 8743 d., 8822.\\nbotanist, b., 918 3\\nSamuel, b., 9382 d., 9603.\\nSusan, gift to Princeton, 3602.\\nThomas, governor Florida, 167\\nb., 9203 ruling-machine, 9302\\nd., 9402.\\nwriter, b., 8902; d. (1704).\\nThompson S., d., 176\\nCounty of Indiana, gold (lis., 344\\nUniv.,fnd., 742; boat-race, 3213; E B.\\nAndrews, president, 341\\nBrowne, Baron, title created, 947\\nBordon P., Phil, of Theism, 3323.\\nChas. Fa rranAi tenius Ward), b., 1422;\\nArtemus Ward, His Book, 211 d., 256\\nBrowne, Edward Harold, b. (1811) elected\\nbishop, 9742; d., 10062.\\nFelicia Dorothea, work, 937\\nGeorge, archbp., in Reformation, 868 2\\nHorace, Col., at Manwyne retreats\\nto Rangoon, 622\\nIsaac Hawkins, b., 9022; d. (1760).\\nJames, b., 9262 consecrated Bp.\\nFerns, 9922 d. (1841).\\nJ. Mills, Navy Department, 3512.\\nJohn M., d., 476\\nJohn Ross, b., 1262 d., 288\\nMaximilian Ulysses, b., 5123; in Sax-\\nony, 5142 wounded, 516 d., 5143.\\nThos., Sir, b., 878 works, 8S51 ;d.,8962,\\nThomas M., d., 3881\\nWm., b. (1590) works, SS03 d. (1645).\\nBrownell, Henry Howard, b. 1282; d., 2781\\nThomas Church, b., 912 cons, bp.,\\n127 invited to Ala., 1383; d., 2422.\\nBrowning, Abraham, Bp. of Ussory, 9922.\\nDaniel M., in Int. Dept., 4472.\\nElizabeth Barrett, b., 9343 works,\\n943 ,949 9611; d., 9462.\\nOrville Hickman, b. (1810); secretary\\nof interior, 2532; d. (1881).\\nRobert, b., 9362 works, 9463, 9603,\\n96S2, 9S43, 10022; d., 1002 buried, 10023.\\nSociety founded, London, 9882.\\nBrownlee, John T., moderator, 3242.\\nWm. Craig, b. (1784); president synod,\\n1502; d. (1S60).\\nBrownlow, Duke of, title created, 937 2\\nWm. Gaimaway, b. (1805); gov. Tenn.,\\n251 Unionist. 2253; proclaims martial\\nlaw, 2653,; d. (1877).\\nWm. R., cons. R. C. bp., 1012\\nBrown-Sequard Edouard, b., 7223; elixir\\ntested, 342 3441 d., 7661.\\nBrown s Ferry, Confeds. defeated, 2271\\nBrownson, Orestes Auguste, b., HO 2 est.\\nBoston Quarterly Periew, 1482 d., 290\\nBrownstown, Mich., Indian victory, 118\\nBrownsville, Kentucky, action at, 201\\nTennessee, Female College founded,\\n1703; action at, 2102.\\nTex., occupied, 192 216 22S R, C.\\nvicarate erected, 2862; raids of bandits,\\n390\\nBruce, Blanche K., b. (1841V colored sen-\\nator, 3012.\\nDavid, returns to Scot., 8592; d., 414\\nDr., mission in Persia, 1108 2\\nEdward, crowned, 8572; invades Ire-\\nland defeated; killed, 856 8562.\\nFrederick, Sir, b. (1814); English am-\\nbassador, 6213; d. (1867).\\nGeorge, b. H7S1) d., 252\\nG. W. H. K., cons, bishop, 9962.\\nHenry, General Houston, 3982.\\nAustin, minister, 973\\nJames, b., 9082; in Abyssinia, 12,3\\nfired on, 620 on Nile, 9162; d.,9263.\\nE. of Elgin, b., 6763; gov.-gen.,\\n5812, 10492; viceroy, 01X2, t ,212, 10493;\\nsigns conven., 6212; Elgin marbles, 9302;\\nembassy to China, 9613; at Peking, 9652;\\nd., 5801\\nmoderator, 4461\\nJ. W., nom. for gov. N. Y., 3912.\\nMichael, b., 9122; d., 9163.\\nRobert, contests crown, 855 3 at\\nLoudon Hill; conquests, 8561; King of\\nScotland defeated dees. 857 1 murders\\nComyn, 8563, 571 d., 8573.\\nThos., E. of Elgin, b., 9163; d., 9502.\\nVictor Alexander, minister, 995 2\\nWilliam, moderator, 3023.\\nBruoke, Ernest W., d., 5342.\\nBruckner, Johann, b., 7922; d., 803\\nBrudenell, James Thomas, Earl of Cardi-\\ngan, b.,9283; d., 9722.\\nBruenn, anarchists arrested, 5362.\\nBrueys, David Augustine de, Grondeur,\\n695 Acoea/ Pathelin, G97\\nAdmiral Francois Paul, b., 701 k.,\\n7122; d., 713\\nBruges, John, b.-d., 5392.\\nBrugsch, Bey Heinrich K., b., 814 d.,\\n661\\nBruinsburg, Miss.. McClernand at, 221\\nBruiser, collides, 9693.\\nBrumidi, Constantine, b. (1805) frescoes\\ndome of U. S. capitol, 250 d. (1880).\\nBrummell, George Bryan (Beau), b.,9203;\\nd.,9502.\\nBrumov, Pierre, b. (1688) d., 7003.\\nBrun, Charles Marie, minister, 7543.\\nBrunanburh, battle of, 844 2", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1214.jp2"}, "1215": {"fulltext": "Brun-Buff.\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN D.C.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1203\\nBruiick, Richard Francois Philippe, b.,\\n6983; d., 7143.\\nBrundisium seized, 1060 1\\nBrundow, Baron, leaves England, 959 2\\nBrune, Guillauine Marie Anna, b., 703*;\\ngeneral, 5182; at Bergen, 7123; d., 7222.\\nBruneau, Abbe\\\\ guillotined, 676 1\\nBruneliilde, or Brunehaut, marries cruel-\\nty prisoner revenge on nobles flees\\nforsaken punished, 7711 d., 6651\\nBrunei, Sultan dethroned, 5511; treaty\\nwith, 551 2 Portuguese trade, 5513;\\nagreement, 552 1 settlement at, 9993.\\nBrunei, Marc Isambard, Sir, b., 91S2 d.,\\n9542.\\n,Isambard Kingdom, Ik, 9323; Thames\\ntunnel, 942 1 Great Eastern, 9G02 d.,\\n9622.\\nBrunelleschi, Filippo, b.-d., 10762; church\\nof San Lorenzo, 10791\\nBrunei*, Deputy marshal, killed, 4223.\\nBrunet, Gilbert, b., 9042.\\nJacques Charles, b., 7051 d., 7362.\\nM., minister, 7511 liquidator of Pa-\\nnama Canal Company, 7573, 7593.-\\nBrunetiere, Marie Ferdinand, b. (1849)\\nAcademician, 756 1\\nBrunhilda, asteroid, discovered, 2781\\nBruni, Leonardo, b.-d., 10762 Florence,\\n10792.\\nBrunn, siege abandoned 5122; Prussians\\nenter, 526 1, strikers resume, 5323 siege\\nof, 7961 occupied, 8242.\\nHenry, b. (1822) d., 8361\\nBrunnow, Philipp von, b., 11162 d. (1S75).\\nBruno, Saint, b.-d., 6681\\nGiordano, b., 10803; works, 10832;\\nburned, 10823, i0S32; statue, 1090\\nThe Great, arohbp., counselor, 7733.\\nBruns, archbp., founds Brunswick, 7732.\\nBrunswick, D. of (Charles Frederick Wil-\\nliam), b. (1735); at Yalmy withdraws\\nfrom Ft., 70Si manifesto, 7091 at Pir-\\nmasens, 710 1 at Auerstadt, 7161; op-\\nposed, 8113; ,1. (1806); monument, 5461.\\nDuke of, Ferdinand, b., 7983; d.,80G2.\\nex-duke, gift to Geneva, 1138 3\\nG-a., captured, 2042; mo b lynches ne-\\ngroes, 3782; cloud-burst, 4141; people\\nleave, 4373; yellow fever, 4393.\\nGer., fnd., 7732; nourishes, 7773; for-\\ntified, 7791 Otho.tirst duke, 781 1; Henry\\nI., D. William I., D.; Henry II., D., 7853\\nFrederick William II. Henry III.\\nEric, 7872 Henry IV., 7873 Julius;\\nHenry Julius, 7933 Frederick TJlric,\\n7951 Augustus, 7953; Danish kings de-\\nfeated, 5121; Rudolph Augustus, 7973;\\nAugustus William, D. Lewis Budolf\\nCharles, 7992; Ferdinand Albert, 8012;\\nSeven Years War effects, 803 2 Charles\\nWilliam Ferdinand, 8053 taken, 8081\\nWilliam Frederick annexed to West-\\nphalia, 8093; independence, S112; insur-\\nrection, 8133; tariff convention, 8251.\\nMe., Bowdoin College fnd., 1063.\\nHouse of, 9053.\\njubilee, Great Britain, 9372.\\nBrunswiek-Bevern, Anton Ulrich, D., b.\\n(1714) captured, 5161 d. (1714).\\nBrunton, Mary Balfour, b., 9203; d., 9382.\\nBruselas founded, 630 1\\nBrush, Charles Francis, b. (1849) invents\\ndynamo and lamp, 2901\\nG. K., d., 4761\\nMary, patent for corset, 1241\\nRun Church, Disciples, org., 1163.\\nBrusquet, b., 6S02 d., 6822.\\nBrussels, Belg., St. GuduleCathed., 5392\\ncapital; Prots. executed, 5412; Union pro-\\nclaimed, 10993; convent fnd.; Courrier\\nV ritable dr* Pa}/x-Eas,~ lli bombarded,\\n5421; taken by Fr., 5431,11002; upris-\\ning, 5421 taken, 7081 Gen. Boulanger\\nInternational Penal Law Congress Afr.\\nConf. Shah visits, 5462 Anti-Slavery\\nConf. Cafe populaire Miners Conf.\\nLeopold rs. S tat 1 1 ey 5463 dynamite car-\\ntridge, 547J outbreak Nat. Cong.\\nmeets, 5433; National\\ntroops enter; Leopold enters, 5433 riots;\\nObsercafeitr; Philanthropic Conf., 5443\\nCzar visits, 545 1 Maritime Conf., 5453\\nstatistical Cong., International Society\\nScience Asso., 544 1 Cong, of Workmen,\\n5471 Royal Botanical Garden, 5441 ,5451\\nInternational Conf. held; Industrial Ex-\\nhibition, 5453; Health Conf., 5451 elec-\\ntion riots, 5442; vaccine used, 5441 in-\\ndependent issued, 5443; Artistic Conven.\\npatriotic fete temperance discussed,\\n5461; Petition of Radical Asso., 5463;\\nCommercial Museum opnd. Inter. Rail-\\nway Conf. Palace of Justiee opnd., 5473;\\nriots, 5471 Suffrage Conf., 5463; Bou-\\nlangists warned Constitution revision,\\n5472; strikers, 5471 dock improvements\\nfire, 5473; treaty rejected, 3793 ratified,\\n3992; Monetary Cong., 549 1 riots; So-\\ncialists riot cashier Ins. Co. absconds,\\n54S1 Fr. delegates expelled; Miners\\nCong. mayor beaten, 5482 military\\ndisperse crowds, 548i Pr. Charles mar-\\nried; strikes, 54S 2\\nBrute, Simon Gabriel, b., 912 d., 1502.\\nBrutians subdued, 10522.\\nBrutus, Decimus, at Mutina, 1060 2 re-\\nceives Gallia Cisalpina, 1061 2 killed,\\n10602.\\nLucius Junius, leader insurrection,\\none of the first consuls, 10512; d., 10502.\\nMarcus Junius, b.-d, 10583; surren-\\nders at Modena, 10581 triumvirs against,\\n10602; receives Macedonia assassinates\\nCaesar, 10612; at Philippi, 10281\\nBr uy fere, Jeande la, b., 6883 Caracteres,\\n6951.\\nBruys, Pierre de, burned, 6G)i d., 6943.\\nBryan, Francis, Sir, deputy, 8712 i rd\\nmarshal, 8712; d. (1550).\\nWm. Jennings, b. 1861 for Free Wool\\nBill, 403 2 against, silver repeal, 436 3\\nBryant, Henry G., Arctic exped n., 4621\\nJacob, b., 9042 d., 9323.\\nWm. Cullen, b., 1042; works, 1271,\\n1311,2723 d., 29S2.\\nBryantown, Va., assassins in, 2471\\nBryant s Station attacked, 943.\\nBrydges, Sir Sam.Egerton, b., 9162; d.,9482.\\nBrydon, Dr., wounded, 5 2\\nBrydone, Patrick, b. (1741+) d., 9383.\\nISubastis, Egv., capital, 6511.\\nBube, Adolph, b., 8082; d., 8281.\\nBubna, Littz, Ferd., Ct., b., 5163 d., 5202.\\nBuccaneers, in Haiti, 10401.\\nBuccleuch, D. of, title created, 8932.\\nD. of, d., 9922.\\nBuch, Leopold von, b., 8041 d., 8201.\\nBuchan, David, Polar exped., 9381\\nE. of, title created, 8643.\\n.William, d., 9323.\\nBuchanan, Claudius, d., 9363.\\nGeorge, b., 8662 d., 8742.\\naddress on slavery, 1031\\nJames, b., 1022; ni ni for Pres., 1803;\\nelected; vote, 181 2 inaug., 1823; message,\\n1S33; financial message, 1 85 2; first cable-\\ngram, 1853; resents inquiry, 1872; vetoes\\nPreemption Bill, 1882; m .ii-coercive pol-\\nicy, 1883; declines to reinforce Sumter\\nappoints day of prayer, 1892 refuses to\\nsurrender Sumter; receives Confed. Com-\\nmissioners unofficially drops vacillating\\npolicy, 1893 Confed. Commissioners ig-\\nnored decides to reinf .ree Sumter, 1903\\npatriotic message, 1911 d., 2621\\nJennie killed, 4583.\\nJohn P., gov. Tenn., 399:\\neffigy, 4123.\\nMclvean, actor, d.. 2762.\\n,Robt.C., succeeds* ;en. Hancock, 2601.\\nW., Scotch poet, d., 950*.\\nf arrested. 4(182, 4283.\\nDr., sells false diplomas, 3071\\nBiicher, Lothar, d., 3361\\nBiichner, Friedrich, K. C. L., b., 8123.\\nBiH keley, Morgan G., gov. Conn., 3492.\\nBuckingham, Dukes of. (See Stafford,\\nVilliers, and Grenville.)\\nJames Silk, b., 9242 d., 9603.\\nLady, plays faro, fined, 9292.\\nWilliam A., gov. Conn., 1852; memo-\\nrial unveiled, 3161\\nBuckinghamshire, Eton Coll. est., 8623.\\nEarl of. (See Sheffield, John.)\\nBuckland, Frank Trevelyan, b., 9422.\\nWilliam, b., 9223.\\nBuekland s Mills, Va., action at, 2271.\\nBuckle, Henry Thos., b., 9463; d., 9662.\\nBuckley, Arabella. Burton, b. (1840) Moral\\nTeachings of Science, 4203.\\nD. J., convicted, 4503.\\nSamuel, Botsford, b., 1161 d. (1884).\\nWilliam, assassinated, 4323.\\nBuckminster, Joseph, b. (1751) d., 1183.\\nJoseph S., b., 96i d. (1812).\\nBucknell Univ. fnd., 1631; observatory\\nest., 3281.\\nhanged in\\nBucknell, Simon Bolivar, b., 1302; orders\\nState, Guards, Ivy., 1902 a t Bowling\\nGreen, 19S3; address in Ky., 1993; at Fort\\nDonelson, 2041 evacuates Knoxville\\nand Kingston, 2l!G2 gov Ky., 3293.\\nBuckner, James F., d., 3422.\\nSimoii B., against Lincoln, 1993; sur-\\nrenders, 2041 gov. Ky., 3293.\\nJudge against lottery, 3771.\\nBueknill. A. C, works, 9583.\\nBucquio.Chas.de L.,Ct., b.,5102; d.,5123.\\nBuckstone, John Baldwin, b., 9303 ap-\\npears in N. Y., 1521 d., 9841\\nBuda, Synod of, 5042; Univ. (Of en) char-\\ntered, 5071; captured, 50S2; library est.,\\n5083; retaken, 5122; Catholics treaty,\\n5641; stormed, 798i; Turks lose, 7992.\\nBudapest, Univ., fnd., 5131 steamboats,\\n5212; taken, 522i; Austrians recover\\ncaptured, 52^2; execution of Batthyani,\\n5233; Francis crowned, 5253; emperor\\nwelcomed, 5263; crowned, 5273; stormed,\\n52S2 capital, 5292; R. R. accident, 5293\\nSocialists arrested, 5312; duel; Shah of\\nPersia visits students arrested, 5323\\nanarchists; royal eel., 5351 Szapary\\nshot; Honved monument Kossuth s\\nbirthday eel., 5361 embezzlement, 5362;\\nMarriage Bill mobs of students riots\\nhonors Kossuth, 5363, 5373 delegates\\nmeet, 5371 cholera Hygienic Congress,\\n5381; Religious Freedom Bill, 5382; Hy-\\ngienic Cong, opd., 5383. (See Pesth.)\\nJSitdaj/csfi Szrnilr at Hung., 5^12,\\nBudaun taken, 1048 1\\nBudd, James H., election contested, 477\\nWilliam, b., 9351\\nBuddacus, Johann, b., 7963 d., 8002.\\nBuddha, Gotama, b.-d., 10421, 3; fnds.\\nBuddhism, 11462 bone of, 6123.\\nBuddhaghosa writes Ijliamnwjiada, 10431.\\nBuddhism fnd., 11462 Annam, 4S23;intro.\\nin China, 6103; abolished, 6122; i u Tibet,\\n6123 favored, 6132 6142 prohibited,\\n6143; Pali text adopted, 10431 intro. in\\nJapan, 10911; opposed, 10913 intro. in\\nPersia, 11063.\\nBuddhist creed in India Council at Patni;\\nmissionaries in Burma, 10431.\\nBuddhists banished, 6123; massacre, 6203.\\nBude, Guillaume, b.-d., 6782.\\nBudgell, Eustace, b., 8962 The Bee, 9091\\nBudington, Wm. Ives, b.,1241 d., 602, 3022.\\nBuduan mission, 1048 3\\nBudweis, R. R. connections, 5213.\\nBueil, Honorat de, The Bergeries, 6872.\\nBuel, Jesse, b., 912 d., 1502.\\nBuell, Don Carlos, b., 1262 at Nashville,\\n2042 at Pittsburg Landing, 2061 at\\nLouisville, 2141 at Perryville, 3142.\\nBuena Vista, battle, 1621\\nBuenos Ayres, fnd., 201 destroyed, 231\\nreestablished, 23 1 colonized, 252 pros-\\nperous, 253 bishopric, 2S2 gov., 293\\ncapt tired, 9321 Spaniards attack taken;\\nre-taken, 4891 Brit, repulsed, 11601 aid\\nto Chileans, 600 1 separated, 11052; Con-\\nstitution decreed, 4903 W ar against,\\n5541 mission, 4902; burned, 4892; block-\\nade; blockade raised; capitulates; in-\\nvaded; Urqruza, 4901; Presb. mission,\\n4902; secedes refugees enter, 4911 civil\\nwar, 490 2 National Cong., 4912 mob,\\nJesuits, Coll. burned, 4913 separated\\nfrom Peru, 4893 Bank closed Govt,\\nexhibit amnesty bill, 4913; Theological\\nInst., 4903 bank deposits suspended;\\nCustom House defalcations, 4922 con-\\nspiracy, 4921 ,3 financial panic immi-\\ngrants, -19-J3; legations abolished panic,\\n4922; revolution, 4921.\\nBuffalo.N.Y., laid out, 1113 burned, 1211\\nLibrary fnd., 1463 R.R. to Rochester,\\n1553; gale, 156i; Nat. Liberty Conven.,\\n1571; 0. S. Pres. Synod org., i563; R. C.\\ndiocese est-, 1623 Free Soil Convention,\\n1651; cholera, 1673 Forest Lawn Ceme-\\ntery, 1693; street-preaching riot, 1742; St.\\nJoseph s Coll. opd., 199 1? Society Nat.\\nSciences org., 201 1 Academy Fine Arts\\nincorp., 2171; Historical Society org.,\\n2191 Lincoln obsequies, 2472 Fenians\\ngather, 2522 Orpheus Singing Society\\norg., 2681; Canisius Coll. org 2722; park\\nsvstem begun, 2761 Normal school est.,\\n2763; Insane Asylum, 2783; Interna-\\ntional Bridge, 2821 G pd., 2833 Evening\\nNews, 2823; tornadoes, 3321; fire, 3353,\\n3773 Free kindergartens est. ,3803 Army", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1215.jp2"}, "1216": {"fulltext": "1204\\nText Figures denote Page. INDJc^.X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nBuff-Burn.\\nOf Potomac reunion, 3871 lithographers\\nstrike, 393 Home for Aged Men, 3943\\nDem. mass-meeting. 405 Father Dent,\\nBp. Ryan slander-suit, 41102 Nat; Bank\\nfails, 3083; strike; U. S. troops, 4121\\n414 R. R. open, 4133 State Arbitrators\\nat, 4142 K.B. blockade, 4153 riot, 4163.\\nSchool Protection League fmd., 4182\\nelection frauds, 4192, 4423; Police Bill\\nprotest, 4282, 4092 tire, 4292, 4332, 4372;\\n4573,4773, 4793 largest elevator, 4433\\nfresliet,446 li.lt. men strike,4643; Wm,\\nGipps, murderer, 4743.\\nBuffalo Mills, Mo., action at, 200\\nBuffet, Louis Joseph, minister finance;\\nresigns, 739 2 pres. Nat. Assem., 747 3\\n749 minister, 749 2 resigns, 751 1\\nBurlier, Claude, b.-d., 11142.\\nBuffingt. m, AdelbertR., b. (1837); ordnance\\ndept.,334\\nIsland, O., raiders captured, 225\\nBuffon, Comte de, Georges Louis Leclerc\\nb.,6962 Natural History, 7(102 d.,7062.\\nBuffum, Arnold, pres. Abolition Soc, 141\\nBuford, Col., massacred, 92\\nJohn, b., 134 Col. in Kan., 1792.\\nb. (1825) Brig.-Gen. in court\\nmartial, 216 at Beverly Ford, 2223 d.,\\n229\\nNapoleonBonaparte,b.,114i d.(1883).\\nThomas, Col., acquitted, 303\\nBugeaud de la Pieonnerie, Thomas, Due\\nde Tolly, b., 70G in Algeria, 82, 93,\\n728 d., 7302.\\nBugenhagell, Joliann, b. (14S5) d., 7922.\\nBugge, Thomas, b., 038 d., 6382.\\nBuhle, Johann G., b., 8023 d., 8122.\\nBuilder issued, 9503.\\nBukki, higli-priest, 1141\\nBukowina, Galieia acquires, 517 2\\nprovince, ceded to Aust., 11122.\\nBulak,Egy., mission, (Ml .Museum, 6563.\\nBulgaria, Romans in, 1028 invaded by\\nGr., 10321 ;est. kingdom in Moesia, 10313;\\nChristian powers defeated, 5061 Leopold\\nclaims, 5133 insurrection suppressed,\\n11592 Turkish barbarities, 11583 Rus-\\nsian interference, 11213 reconciled to\\nFt., 7632. (See Text, pp. 5(15-570.)\\nBulgarians, invade empire, 1030 devas-\\ntate Greece, 10302 invade Gr.; kingdom\\nin Moesia, 10313 annihilate Gr. army;\\nat war with Gr., 1032\\nBulgaria, Dimitri, b.-d., 10343.\\nBulger, Capt. A., gov. in Can., 5773.\\nBulkelev, M. J., gov. Conn., proclamation,\\n3763 refuses to resign, 3853 lawful ex-\\necutive, 3992- gov., 399\\nBull Auseulta Fili, burned, 6733.\\nEdward, kills wife, 4603.\\nHenry, b. (1609); gov. R. I., 493, 5]3\\nd. (1693).\\nJohn, b. (1563) God Save the King,\\n8783 a. (1625).\\n01eBornemann,b.-d., 1104 appears,\\n156 at Peace Jubilee, 266 d. (1881).\\nWm., b. (1710); gov. S. C, 653, 732 d.\\n(1791).\\nCol., burns Inverness, 821\\nof Demarcation, 153.\\nUnam Sanctum issued, 6733.\\nUnigenitus, dispute, 699 issued,\\n697 10832; elorgv forced to accept, 701\\nBullant, Jean, b., 6803 d., 6842.\\nBullark.lt uf us B., director U. P. R.R. ,3512.\\nBullen.Maj. J. at Donaldsonville,2232.\\nBuller, Charles, b., 9323 d. (1848).\\nGen. R., commander in Pre., 995 3\\nBulletin de V Industrie issued, 5443.\\nBullets as currency, 352.\\nBullhouse Bridge, R. R. accident, 9933.\\nBulli collierv explosion 4993.\\nBullinger, Heinrich, b.-d., 1137\\nBullions, Peter, b., 1023 moderator, 1862\\nd., 2312.\\nBullock, Alex. Hamilton, b. (1816); gov.\\nArchibald, b. (1730\u00c2\u00b1) gov. Ga., 853\\nd. (1777).\\nRuf us Brown, b. (1S34); gov. Ga., 2652;\\naccused of fraud leaves. 2752 d., 310\\nWilliam, murdered, 2772.\\nWm. b. (1813) web-perfecting\\npress, 2212; do 2561.\\nBull Hun, Va., first battle, 1963; 2d, 2122.\\nBull s Ferry, Va., skirmish at, 921\\nGap, Tenn., Federal defeat, 2401\\nBuhner, Gippsland mission, 4963.\\nSergt., wins rifle prize, 9941\\nBulnes, Gen., b. (1799) president, 6072\\nd. (1866).\\nBulow, Count Friedrieb Wilbelm von, b.,\\n8022; at b. Dennehitz; at b., Gross-\\nbeeren, 7201; d., 8121.\\nHans Guido von, b., 8142 at Kolding,\\n8181; d.,8361.\\nBultbaup, H., Eine Xene Welt, 8362.\\nBuluwayo, captured, 6041\\nBulwer, Sir H. E. G., gov. of Natal, 6013.\\nWilliam Henry Lytton, Earle, b.,\\n9323 d., 976\\nClayton treaty, 1672.\\nE.G.E.L.. (See Lytton.)\\nJiunce, Francis M., b., 1461\\nBundy, Jonas M., d., 3902.\\nBungay, George W., d. 4101.\\nBunker Hill, Mass., battle of, 802; monu-\\nment, 132 completed, dedicated, 1541;\\nanniversaries of, 28111 3611; 432\\nW. Va., occupied vacated, 1963\\nEarly at, 237 2,3.\\nBun-Lan, b., 4813.\\nBunn, Benj. H., b., 1562.\\nWm. N., inaug. gov. Ida., 3193.\\nBunsen, Chevalier hristian K. J. von, b.,\\n8043 made life-peer, 8203 d\u00e2\u0080\u009e 8202.\\nRobt. W. E., carbon battery, 816\\nBunting, Jabez, b., 9203 d., 9022.\\nBunyan, John, 8822; converted; preaches,\\n8882; in Bedford jail; refuses to conform,\\n8902 released, 8923, 8932 Pilgrim s\\nProgress: Ilulti War, 8943 refuses indul-\\ngence, S963 d\u00e2\u0080\u009e 8982 statue, 978\\nBuoi-Schauelisteili, Karl F. von, b., 519\\nd., 5262.\\nBuoniiisegna, Duccio di, Majesty, 1076 2\\nBura destroyed, 10223.\\nBurbage, Richard, Lord Chamberlain s\\ncompany, 876 2\\nBurbank, John A., gov. Dak., 2692.\\nBurbeck, Henry, b., 683 d., 104\\nBurbridge, Gen., at Bayou Coteau,228 at\\nCythiana; at Mount Stirling, 2342; at\\nAbingdon, 2383; at Bristol atKingsport,\\n2402 relieved, 2422.\\nStephen Gano, b., 138 2\\nBurcbard. Dr. Samuel Dickinson, alliter-\\nation, 3192 d., 3932.\\nBurckhardt, Johann K., b., 804 d., 8123.\\nBurdeau, Auguste, minister, 763 3 765\\n767 d.,766\\nBni dell, Dr. Harvey, murdered, 1803.\\nBurden, Henry, b., 1022 d., 272\\nBurdett, Robert Jones, b., 1562.\\nSir Francis, b., 9183 in duel, 9332\\nin Tower, 9353 radical, 9393 d\u00e2\u0080\u009e 9522.\\nBaroness, Angela Georgina, b.,\\n9363; made burghess, 9772.\\nCoutts, Baron, title created, 975\\nBnrdelte, S. S., com. G. A. R., 3203.\\nBurdon, J. Shaw, elected bp., 9742.\\nBurdwan, grant of, 10452.\\nBurger, Gottfried A., b., 8003; works, 8052;\\nd., 8062.\\nBurgess, Alex., b. (1819); cons, bp., 2983.\\nEdward, b. (1848) d. 386\\nGeorge, b., 116 cons.Prot. Epis. bp.,\\n1263: d. (1866).\\nJohn William, b., 1562.\\nNeil, b., 166\\nThomas, b., 9143; elected bp., 9423\\nbp. of Salisbury d., 9482.\\nTristam, b., 762; d., 1732.\\nBurgh, Hubert de, regent, deprived of of-\\nfice, 8533; defeats Fr. fleet, 670 con-\\nquers Galwav, 852 d. (1243).\\nWalter de, Earl of Ulster, 8552 d.\\n(1271).\\nBurghers, reunite with Antiburghers, 9403.\\nBurgkmair, Hans, b., 7862; d., 7922.\\nBurglary, capital crime, 9443.\\nBurgo, Wm. Fitzalden de, viceroy, 8512.\\nBurgos, Castle besieged, 936\\nBurgoyne, John Gen., b., 9082 arrives in\\nAm., 80 blockades Boston,823; inCan.,\\nS6 in N.Y.; at Crown Point, 862; at\\nFort Edward; at Hubbardtown meets\\nSix Nations; takes Fort Ticonderoga\\nproclamation at Whitehall. 863 leaves\\nFort Edward, 87 inN.Y., 872 surren-\\nders at Saratoga, 88 1 army detained,\\n882; defence in Pari., S93, 9213; army in\\nVa., 901 controversy, 913 d., 9262.\\nSir John Fox, b., 9223 d.,9761.\\nBurgundians in Germany, 6662; settle near\\nWorms, 7693 subdued, 7712.\\nBurgundionuiu Burgundy), est., 6633.\\nBurgundy, kingdom est., 5212, 6633, 7093\\nMaximilian acquires. 5092 conquered;\\ntributary, 6652 p r acquires, 6732; occu-\\npied, 6753 united to Fr. crown, 6792\\noccupied, 6913 united to Ger., 7313\\nfief of empire, 7733 acquired by Ger.\\nEmp., 7872.\\nBurgundy, House of, reigns, 1099 2 pos-\\nsessions, 541 1\\nLouis, Duke of, b. (1682) at Ouden-\\narde, 6961; d. (1712).\\nBurial Act passes, 986 Fr., 759\\nBurials Bill rejected, 9783, 9803.\\nBuridan, Jean, d., 6722.\\nBurigny, Jean Levesque de, b., 6942 j d.,\\n7061.\\nBurke, Ida., avalanches destroy, 3521\\nN. Y., caterpillar plague, 3861\\nAndrew H., gov. N. Dak., 3992.\\nDaniel W., commissioned major ,4561\\nEdmund, b., 9082 agent of N. Y.,\\n773, 9193 famous speech, 791 works,\\n9151 9191 9291 against Anier. taxation,\\n919 3 minister, 9232 moves Hastings s\\nimpeachment, 9233 Dagger Scene in\\nH. C, 9272; d., 9283 memorial, 1010\\nSir John Bernard, b. 9363; d. (1892).\\nMartin, arrested, 5863 committed,\\n58S3 sentence. 3482, 5891\\nM. F., cons. It. C. bp., 3262.\\nRichard, convicted, 9723.\\nRobert O Hara, b., 940 3 explorer,\\n4962.\\nT. H., stabbed, 989\\nThomas, M. A., bp. of Albany, 4641\\nN., b., 944 d. (1883).\\n(Fenian), sentenced, 9703.\\nmurderer, executed, 9443.\\nBurkersdorf, defeat at, 5162.\\nBurkesville, Ky., Morgan s raid, 2242.\\nBurkujanna, mission, 5002.\\nBurlamaqui, Jean Jacques, b.-d., 11372.\\nBurleigh, Edwin C, gov. Me., 3991 3492.\\nLord William Cecil, b., 866 d., 8762.\\nVa., Bapt. church fmd., 582.\\nBurlingame, Anson, b., 130 special am-\\nbassador, 2613 at San Francisco, 2613\\nChinese representative, 6213 treaty,\\n2633,2653 d., 2701.\\nBurlington, Ind., masked men, 4582.\\nla., Coll. fnd., 170 3 Association of\\nUnitarian church org., 2942 tire, 4293.\\nN. J., Quakers meet, 48 2 Epis.\\nchurch erected, 563; AVtr Jcrsei/ Gazette,\\n851; coll. fnd., 103 It. It. accident, 1773.\\nPa., air-ship Co. organized, 384\\nVt., university fnd., 1023; northern\\narmy at, 1182; It. C. diocese est., 1723;\\nLouis DeGoesbri and cons. bp., 1723,3642;\\nSt. Joseph s College est., 3183; home est.\\nfor children, 2552.\\nHeights Can., Brit, repulsed, 1202.\\nBurma, conquered, 614 invaded, 616\\n942 tribute mission, 625 2 province\\nfmd., 9672 mission, 10462, 1047 treaty\\nwith king of Ava deposed peace\\nLower annexed, 10473; war; Queen s Ju-\\nbilee, 10482; Brit., envoy rejected; Upper\\nannexed submission natives rebel in\\nBrit. India provisional govt, est., 1049 2\\nrailway opd. Chins revolt, 1008 10493.\\nBurinaiiiius, P., works, 8003.\\nBurinudez, Edward E., b. (1832); d., 414\\nBurmeister, Hermann, b., 8083 d. (1891).\\nBurmese, in Siam, 11242; treaty withG.B.,\\n9432; war, 1046 second war, 10462.\\nBurn, John, patents machine, 9343.\\nBurnap, George Wash., b. (1802); d., 1842.\\nBurnand, Francis Cowley, b., 9482.\\nBurnes, Alex., b., 9323; in Afghan., 5 at\\nKabul, 9493 d.,9502.\\nDaniel D., b., 1682.\\nJames X., eulogized in Cong., 337\\nLd.Monboddo,b.,9(H2; d.,9283.\\nBurnet, David G., b. (1789); pres. Tex.,\\n1472, 153 d. (1870).\\nD. S., moderator, 2642.\\nGilbert, b., 8843; works, 8943, 907\\nd. (1715).\\nThomas, b., 8822; work; 8943; d.,9042.\\nWilliam, b. (1688); gov. N.Y., trans-\\nferred Mass., 613; d. (1729).\\nBurnett Creek, Indians assault, 116\\nFrancis Eliza Hodgson, b., 1661;\\nworks, 2903, 2923, 3003, 3063, 3131 3243.\\nH. G, obstructionist, 2031.\\nPeter Hardeman,!). (1807); gov., 1671.\\nMr., bequests of, 9231\\nBumev, Charles, composer, b., 9063.\\nauth., b., 9143; d., 9303.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1216.jp2"}, "1217": {"fulltext": "Burn-Cabr.\\nText Figures denote Page. lNJJllX. Superior Figures indicate Colu\\n1205\\nBurnham, Carrie, admitted to bar, 3523.\\nJames C, b. (1820+); d., 254 1\\nS. W., on Alpha Delphiiii, 286 an-\\nnounces eclipse, 5501 resigns, 4081.\\nT. O. H. P., gift, 395\\nBurning lens used at Athens, 10203.\\nBurnington, Geo., gov., N. C, 63 2\\nBurnley, riots, 983\\nBurnouf, Eugene, b., 7143; works, 727\\n7292,7363; d., 732\\nBurns, Anthony, 1 (1830\u00c2\u00b1); rescue, 1742.\\nFrancis, b., 116 bp., 1843 d., 2213.\\nGeorge, Sir, d., 10022.\\nJohn, arrives, 4762; in Socialist\\nLeague, 995\\nRobert, b., 9143; jm: ms, 925 d.,92S3;\\nstatue, 3001 982 ISG1 902 1006\\nBurnside, Ambrose Fverett, b.,132 com-\\nmands in N. C, 202 Hatteras expedi-\\ntion, 2022; takes Koanoke Is.. 204 at\\nNew Berne, 205 takes Fort Macon,2063;\\nrecalled, 210 2 at Antietain, 213 suc-\\nceeds MeOlellan; changes base, 215 at\\nFredericksburg, 2162; relieved, 2182;\\narmy of O., 220 issues order No. 38,\\n2202; arrests Vallamligham, 2212; sup-\\npresses Chicago Times, 2222; declares\\nmartial law in Ky.; leaves Camp Nelson;\\nleaves Crab Orchard, 226 at Cumber-\\nland Gap; at Knoxville; crosses to Term.,\\n2263; at Phila., Tenu., 227 at Knox-\\nville, 2281.2; defeats Longstreet, 2282;\\nnorth of Rapidan, 232 at Spottsylvania,\\n2323; corps incorp. A. of Potomac, 233 2\\ngov., R. I., 2553; commander G. A. R.,\\n2743,281 d., 308\\nBurr, Aaron, b., 71 electoral vote, 1033,\\n1073, iii2; becomes V. Pres., 1112; chal-\\nlenges Hamilton, 113 treasonable, con-\\nspiracy, 1133; arrested, 115 d., 146\\nEnoch Fitch, b., 1262.\\nBurra Burra mines opened, 496\\nBurrill, Alex. M., b. (1807); d., 264\\nBurrill, James, b., 762; d., 12S2.\\nBurrill School, Ala., opened, 2623.\\nBurrington, Geo., gov. N. C, 612.\\nBurritt College, Teun., org., Ifi43.\\nElihu, b., 4162; d., 3002.\\nBurroughs, A. J., murder of, 255\\nG. S., pres. Wabash College, 4162.\\nJohn, b., 1482 Locusts, 303\\nBurrow, James, Pres. Royal Acad., 916 2\\nRoyal Society, 9182.\\nBurrows, Sir John Cordy, statue, 982\\nJulius C, b., 1482 motion, 4052\\namendment, 4492.\\nGen., in Afg., 6 at Maiwand, 61\\nBurrus, Afranius, influence over Nero,\\n10633 d., 62\u00c2\u00b1.\\nBurscough Junction, R. R. accident, 985 3\\nBurt, Francis, gov., 1771\\nBurton, Asa, b., 683 d., 1462.\\nF. N., Sir, gov. Can., 5773.\\nHutehins G., gov. N. C, 1332.\\nJohn Hill, b., 9343; d., 98S2.\\nMary F., police judge, 3833.\\nRichard Francis, Sir, b., 9403; as-\\ncends Kongo River, 10931 explores Ara-\\nbia, 4S83 dis. gold, 4981; d., 10041.\\nRobert, b., 8742; fined, 8831; d.,8822.\\nWilliam, gov. Del., 187\\nb. (1575) work, 8803; d. (1645).\\nEng., bridge built, 850\\ntitle created, 9963.\\nBurtsell, Richard Lalor, papal approval,\\n352 farewell at Roundout, N. Y., 3642.\\nBurwell, Lewis, gov. Va., 672.\\nBury, Eng., action at, 8442.\\nBusaco, battle of, 718\\nBusaney, regiment destroyed, 7402.\\nBusbecq, Angier Uhisleu. b., 5402; d.,5403.\\nBusby, Richard, b. (1606) d., 9002.\\nBusching, Anton F., b., 8002; d., 8062.\\nBuschmann, Johann Karl Eduard.b., 808\\nBusenibaum, Hermann, b., 7922; d.,7963.\\nBush, George, b., 106 d., 1842.\\nBushe, Charles Kendal, b. (1767) chief jus-\\ntice, 9413; d. (1843).\\nBushey, dynamite on R. R., 986 3\\nBushire, captured, 960\\nBushiri, det wated at Zanzibar, 563\\n.Arabian commander, 8381 ,2; d. (1889).\\nBushmen, mission, 5971 habitation, 6023.\\nBushnell, David, invents torpedoes, 9201\\n.Horace, b., 110 works, 1663, 1843,\\n2643, 2683 d., 2902.\\nBushenhagen. Henrv, murdered, 3903.\\nBushrangers Act, N. S. W., 4952, 4903.\\nBushville, Ind., license refused, 4723.\\nBushville, N. Y., Jacob Moore murdered,\\n4542.\\nBushwiek, consolidated, 177 3\\nBushy Run, battle of, 741\\nBusiel, Chas. A., nom. for gov. N. H., 4712.\\nBusiness Education Asso. Conven., 364 2\\nfailures, U. S., 4333 in 1838, 1493.\\nMen s Protective Asso., N. Y., 3691\\nBusra, mission, 6571\\nBussey, Benj., 1541 Harvard gift, 2761\\nCyrus, in Interior Dept., 3512.\\nBussv-ltubutin, Roger, Comtc de, b., 686 2\\nd., 6942.\\nBustamente, Anastasio, b.-d., 1095 2 acting\\npres. banished, 10962.\\nCarlos Maria de, b.-d., 10951 over-\\nthrown president resigns, 10962.\\nPedro Ruiz de, gov., 630 2\\nBustard, bombards Samoa, 10121\\nBute, Earl of. (See Sir John Stuart.)\\nMarquis of, title created, 9252.\\nButler, missionary opposed, 1383.\\nMo., action near, 2143.\\nN. J., St. Anthony s shrine, 4361\\noil-well burns, 3941\\nAlban, b., 9042; d., 9183.\\nAndrew Pickens, b. (1796); d., 1S01\\nSumner on, 1792.\\nBenjamin Franklin, b. (1795) Atty.-\\nGen., 1392, 1473; resigns, 1512; ,1. (1858).\\nb., 1262; commands at An-\\nnapolis occupies Baltimore seizes Re-\\nlay House, 1942 at Fortress Monroe,\\n1943; slaves declared contraband, 1961\\n1971, in Hatteras expedition, 1981; in\\nGulf, 205 2 invests Ft. Jackson and St.\\nPhilip lowers Confed. Hag, 2063 order\\nNo. 15, 2072 arrests officials N. Orleans,\\n2081 aversion against, 2083 Baton\\nRouge evacuated, 2111 in N. C-, 2142\\nsuperseded, 2151 proclamation against,\\n2173; sails for Bermuda Hundred, 2322,\\n2401 at Drewry s Bluff, 233 ,3; fails at\\nPetersburg, 234 2 ;digs I hitch Gap Canal\\non James River, 239 command of New\\nYork, 2392; leaves Hampton Roads, 2402;\\nat Fort Fisher removed from command,\\n2403; impeachment manager, 2612; opens\\ncase; against Pres., 2613; jnaug. gov.\\nMass., 3132; declared disorderly, 3823;\\nnom. for president, 3172; popular vote,\\n3192; Aut\u00e2\u0080\u009el\u00e2\u0080\u009e,\u00e2\u0080\u009eirai,liii,i-H)2; ,1., 422\\nCharles, h., 9122; J. (1832).\\ngift accepted, 3582.\\nDavid, gov. Neb., 2553, 2593.\\nP., impeached, 275\\nEzra, b. (1763) gov. 1352 d. (1S38).\\nGeo. B., Academy Design, 284\\nJames, gov., 8593; Duke of Ormonde,\\n8631; lord lieut., 8951,9032.\\nDuke of Ormonde, b., 8782; gov.,\\n8.853; surrenders Dublin, 886 lord lieut.,\\n8873, S913; wounded, 893 d., 8782.\\nb. (1665) D. of Ormonde lord\\nlieut., 9052; impeached, 91153; d. (1748).\\nJohn, d., 1042.\\nJoseph, bp., b., 900 Analogy of Be-\\nlir/ion, 909 d.,9123.\\nMatthew C, b., 1462; Negro Emigra-\\ntion Bill, 3491 speech, 4403.\\nPierce M., b., 1081 gov. S. C, 1472\\nd., 1622.\\nd., 2582.\\nRichard, d., 1022.\\nSam., b., 8782; //\u00e2\u0080\u009e,W,ras,891 d.,8942.\\nThomas, E. of Ossory, b. (10)34); tea\\nimporter, 8933 in Eng. Channel, 8921\\ncaptures Dutch ships, 8933; d. (1680).\\ndeputy, 8613.\\nWin, missionary, 10483, 10962.\\nWilliam Allen, b., 1322.\\nOrlando, b., 1042; succeeds Gen.\\nScott, 1622; nom. for Vice-pres., 1651\\nvote, 1652; d., 3041\\nUniversity. Ind.. org., 1782.\\nButt, Sir Charles P., d., 100S2.\\nIsaac, b. (1813) M. P., 9753; d. (1879).\\nJohn, cons, bp., 9922.\\nButte, Mont., tire, 4293; Penrose shot, 3852.\\na4a- Rose La, captured, 220 3\\nButter, Nathaniel, Xcirs from Sj ain, 8783.\\nButterfield Claim arbitrated, 6423.\\nDaniel, G en., b.( 1851); presents medal,\\n3411 entertains Rus. officers, 4342.\\nJohn, b. (1783) d., 26S1\\nRalph, gift, 4261\\nodometers, 8941\\nButterworth, William, gov., 10473.\\nmission, 597 2\\nButtman, Philipp K., b., 8023 d., 8142.\\nButton, Sir Thomas, at Port Nelson, 5702;\\nArctic voyage, 8781 d. (1634).\\nButt,, ns manufactured, 8941.\\nButurlin, Dmitri Pelrovitch, b., 11162; d r\\n11182.\\nBuxar, action at, 9161\\nBuxton, Jedediah, b., 9022 d., 9183.\\nThomas Fowell,Sir,b.,9242; d.,9522.\\nBuxtorf, Johann, 1). 7922 Lexicon Hebrai-\\ncum, 11371; d. 7943.\\nBuyide dynasty founded, 487\\nI .u zacott, Aaron, b. (1800) d., 4973.\\nBuzzard s Roost, skirmish at, 2323.\\nByblis, asteroid, discovered, 302\\nByhlos, tribute to Assyr., 1145\\nByford, Wm. Heath, b., 126\\nByland, Aim., action with Fieldin, 920\\nBvles, Mather, b., 562; d., 100\\nBylot, Robert, explorer. 28 5702.\\nByng, Viscount, John, b., 9022; s hot, 912\\nd., 9143.\\nByng. (See Torrington.)\\nB ynuni, William D., b., 152\\nByrd, Gov., reelected, 367\\nByme.Chas. Albert, Drum.XetrsinA., 2863.\\nFrank, leaves Dublin, 991\\nByrnes, Thomas, appointed Police Supt.,\\n405 3 charges against Parklmrst, 419\\nBvron, George Noel Gordon, Lord, b., 9243;\\nin duel, 917 works, 933 937 941\\njoins Greeks, 10842 swims Hellespont,\\n1157 d., 9122 statue, 984\\nHenry James, b., 9462; d. (1884).\\nJohn, h. (1692) d., 9162.\\nAdm., b.. 906 2 commands Br.\\nfleet, 883; d., 9242.\\nstenography, 9162.\\nBaron, title eroded, 883\\nLord, in Civil War, Eng., 884\\nBystrom, John Nils, b.-d., 11342.\\nBywell Castle collides Princess Alice, 903$.\\nByzantine rule, revolt against, 565 3\\nByzantium, colonized, 10153; conquered,\\n101S2 captured, 10221; revolts against\\nAthens, 10233 siege, 10241 subdued,\\n10621 seized, 10041 capital empire, 10692.\\nBzowski (Bzovius), Abraham, b.-d., 11142.\\nCaamans, Jose Maria Plaeido, b. (1838)\\nPres. Ecua., 6443.\\nCabal Ministry fmd., 8932.\\nCabnllero, B., elected pres., 11062,3.\\nFirm in Agosto, b.-d., 11302.\\nCabanel, Alexandre, b., 7241 d., 7562.\\nCabanis, Pierre Jean George, b., 7022\\nBapports tin physii/ue, 7151 d., 7163.\\nCahannes, sentenced, S332.\\nCabanos, Pres., exiled. 10412.\\nCabarrus, Francois, b., 701 d., 719\\nCabat, Nicolas Louise, b., 7192.\\nCabell, Wm. H., gov. Va., 1133.\\nGen., at. Mine Creek, 239\\nCabet, Etienne, b., 7062 Icaria, 729 d.,\\n7322.\\nCabin Creek, Kan., Confeds. at, 2382.\\nCabinet officers, first, 1012, and see U.S.A.,\\nMar. 4 in following quadrennial years\\nopponents excluded, 1112; p. O. Gen.,\\npartof, 1372; quarrels in. 1392; Tyler s re-\\nsigns, 1533 in Tenureof Office Bill, 2563.\\nCabira, action at, 1058\\nCable, Geo. Washington, b., 1502 works,\\n303 3003, 3191 323 3323. 3503, 3743.\\nCable Bermuda and Halifax purchase of\\nFr., 10012; between Eng. and Fr., 956\\nCan., 5893. (See Atlantic Telegraph.) Red\\nSea, accelerates telegrams, 9622; to Ft.\\nMonroe, 2033.\\nCaboche, Simon, leader, 6763, 6772.\\nCabot, John, Arctic expedition, 8662 dis-\\ncoveries, 8662, 10782, 1103 commission\\nat Cape Breton sails for Am., 143.\\nSebastian, b., 8042 settlement, 4892;\\nin Davis Strait, 570 discoveries, 570\\n5711 ,8662, 141 ,3, 11051 Sp. service, 163\\nin Can., 171; explorations, 19 builds\\nfort, 193; d., 8721.\\nCabot, attacked by Brit, sloop, 822.\\n,Geo., b., 683; se c. navy, 1092; d. (1S23).\\nCabral, Pedro Alvarez, b.-d., 11092; in\\nBrazil, 142, 151 erects cross, 5523; sails\\nfor India, 10433; d., 5523.\\nCabrera, Antonio de Acuna y, gov., 605 2\\nDon Ramon, b.-d., 11303; Gen. re-\\ntires to Fr., 11301.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1217.jp2"}, "1218": {"fulltext": "1206\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN JL/X^-X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nCabr-Cali.\\nCabrera, Senor, Bp. of Madrid, 11323.\\nCabrillo, Juan, explorer, 223; d. (1543).\\nCaceres, Alfonso de, fnds. capital, 10412.\\nAndres, Avelino, in 1838); pres., 11082.\\nCachoeira, mission, 5563.\\nCadallac, Sieur de la Motte, at Detroit,\\n552; d. (1720).\\nCadalso, Jose de, b.-d., 11283.\\nOadamosta, Luigi da, b.-d., 10783.\\nCaddee, formed, 1137 3\\nCade, John, insurrection, 8G2 1 at Seven-\\noaks in London killed, 7621 8622.\\nCadell, Francis, explorer, 4981.\\nCadet de Gassicourt, Charles L., b., 7042\\nd., 7223.\\nLouis Claude, b., G9S3 d., 7142.\\nCadillac, Antoiue de la Mothe, b.,i)203; d.,\\n6971.\\nCadiz, fnd., 11252; conquered, 10543 Co-\\nlumbus lands. 143; destroyed, 109S 2 ta-\\nken, 8761 burned, 11281 attacked, 696\\nbombarded, 11301 yellow fever, 1131\\ninsurrection, 11301 ,2; surrendered, 724\\nrevolts, 11321 ce l. dis. Am., 1133\\nCadiz, wrecked, 9793.\\nCadmus, Cornelius A., b., 156 2\\nPhenician writer, 10132; worship of\\nBgyptian-Phen. deities, 10131; builds\\nThebes, 10133; picture of, 10263.\\nCadmus, takes Fr. ships, 9341\\nCadogan, D. of, title created, 9311\\nGeo. Henry, b. (1840) minister, 9953.\\nCadoudal, Georges, b., 7042; d., 7151\\nCadwallader, D. Colden, mayor N. Y., 1272.\\nJohn, b.,642; fights duel, 892; d.,981\\nCadwallon, in Britain, 8421\\nCadwell s Manor, church find., 5763.\\nCady, Ernest, nom. for gov. Conn., 4731\\nCieeilian Musical Society fnd., 9222.\\nCsecilius, Q., besieges ISTumantia, 10561\\nCaedmon flourishes, 8431 d., 8421\\nCoadonian monarchy revived, 8412.\\nCselius, Aureliauus, b., 10642.\\nCsscillia discovered, 760 1\\nCaen, Fr., Trinity Ch. fnd., 6683; captured,\\n6761; Univ. fnd., 8763 retaken, 878\\nCge u inians, defeated at. Rome, 10501.\\nCaapio, Q. Servilius, in South Gaul, 10561\\ndenounced, 1057 2\\nCassalpinus, elassilies plants, 10821\\nCaesar, Julius, b.-d., 10563; in conspiracy\\nof Catiline, 10591; indebtedness, 105S3\\npretorship, 10592 propretor in His-\\npania Ulterior first triumvirate agra-\\nrian law consul, 1059 2 commander,\\n6631 conquers Gauls, etc., 10582, 11251\\nproconsul, 6632; subdues Sertorius,\\n11252; in Belgium, 539 in Brittany;\\nGaul, 6621 triangular alliance, 1059 3\\ninvades Britain, 839 proconsulship ex-\\ntended alienated from Pompey, 10593\\nworks; crosses Rubicon, 10583; compro-\\nmise, 10593 war with Pompey, 10583\\nreinforced, 1060 at Brindisium su-\\npreme ruler fleet against Pompey up-\\nheld by Sp. in It. army in Epirus\\ntransports captured at Dyrrhachiurn\\nretires to Thessaly defeats Pompey at\\nPharsalus Alexandrine War fires\\nEgyptian fleet against Pharnaces at\\nZela; warinAfr.; at Thapsus, 1060 at\\nCorduba at Munda, 10602 declared\\nenemy marches toward Rome as dic-\\ntator abdicates at Alexandria con-\\nquers Numidia triumphs offices govt.\\nreforms, 1061 2; at Alexandria, 652\\nrebuilds Corinth, 10292 corrects calen-\\ndar, 10603; assassinated, 1060\\nCaius, adopted by Augustus, 1061\\npeace with Parthians, 1062\\nLucius, adopted by Augustus, 1061\\nCsesarea, fnd., 11413 earthquakes, 11502\\nrebuilt, 1151 2 captured, 1066 mission\\nof Am. Bible Soc, 11563 mob, 11591\\nCaasarion, Caesar s true heir, 10613.\\nCietani, b., 10843.\\nCaffarel, Gen., scandal, 7563.\\nCaffarelli, Gietano Majorano, b., 10831 d.,\\n10843.\\nCattery, Donelson, b., 1442; speech, 4372.\\nCaflieri, Jean Jacques, b., 6982; d., 708 2\\nCaffrey, Thomas, executed, 9911\\nCagliari, Paulo. (See Veronese.)\\nCagliostro, Alessandro di (Giuseppe Bal-\\nsamo), Count, b., 10842; d., 10843.\\nCagnola, Luigi, Marq., b., 10842; d., 10862.\\nCaliirciveen, Ire., attack collapses, 970 3\\nFenian outbreaks, 9712.\\nCahours, Auguste, b., 7203.\\nCahors, annexed, 6732; Univ. fnd., 6743;\\nstatue of G. imbetta, 7541 seized, 684\\nCaigniez, Louis Charles, b.,7023 d.,7282.\\nCailan, St., Bp. of Down, 8403.\\nCaillaux, II., minister, 749 3, 751\\nCaille, L Abbe, Nicolas L. de la, b., 6963\\nd., 7023.\\nCaille, or Caillie, Rene, b., 7142; d., 728\\nCaillet, Guillaunie, named Boiihomnie, b.,\\n6743; d., 6742.\\nCailliand, Frederic, b., 7062; d., 7382.\\nCain, builds Enoch, 1139 3 agriculturist,\\n1139 offers fruit as sacritice, 1139 2\\nAuguste, d., 766\\nCaine, Hall, works, 10043.\\nCainsville, Term., action at, 218 3\\nCaird, Sir James, b., 9382 d., 1008\\nJames Xennant, d., 9962.\\nCairnes, John Elliott, b., 9403 d., 9802.\\nCairns, Earl of, title created, 975\\nHugh MacCalmont, Lord, b., 93S3;\\nlord justice, 9693 l,,rd clianc, 9713;\\nLand Transfer Bill, 9773; p. minister,\\n9792; lord chanc, 985 d., 994\\nWilliam W., gov. Australia, 4983,\\n499 ,5643.\\nCairn, blown up, 2162.\\nCairo, disappears, 9832.\\n,Egy..fiid.,054 ;eapitalFatimites,487\\n6552; taken; earthquake, 6542, 6563;\\nMosque Amro Mosque Tooloon, 6542\\nUniv. fnd., 6551; taken, 6553, 6561 m is-\\nsion school lor Copts and Moliam., 6563;\\nrailroad opnd., 6573; Brit, occupy, 65S 2\\nNile bridged, 6593; palace burned, 6613;\\nrevolt in, 7122; jy. capitulate, 7141\\n111., levee breaks, 1841 occupied,\\n1941 Grant expedition, 1982, 20(12,2022\\nStonewall burned. 2693 tish fall, 3681.\\nKy., Grant leaves, 2022.\\nCaithness, see erected, 850 2 tithe rebel-\\nlion, 852\\nEarl of, title created, 863\\nEarl of, invents steam road-carriage,\\n964\\nCaius, Cies.ar Gernianieus. See Caligula.\\nSt., pope, 10643.\\nAureolas, put to death, 10672.\\nCaixias, Duke de, pres. Brazil, 557 2\\nCajetan, Tommaso de Yio, b., 1078 3 in-\\nterviews Luther, 7SS2; d., 10803.\\nCalabar, Afr. See text, p. 1161.\\nCalabria, b.-d., 10722.\\nreduced, 10322 restored to Gr.,\\n10332; confiscated by Leo III., 10732;\\nsubdued, 1074 cities destroyed, 10742\\ntaken from Pope, 1075 2 earthquake,\\n10822,10861 devastated, 1084 insurrec-\\ntion fails, 10872.\\nCalais, capitulates, 674 taken, G75 Eng.\\ntroops at, 6802; Eng. loses, 6832; taken,\\n682 Sp. possession, 6S5 3 new harbor,\\n7593; strike, 7603; Eng. surrenders, 8733.\\nand Dover steamboats est., 9413.\\nCalama, battle at, 606 2 captured, 1108\\nCalame, Alexandre, b.-d., 1138\\nCalamy, Edmund, b., 8922; d., 8962.\\nCalamattn, Luigi, b., 10843; d. (1869).\\nCaland, Pieter, b., 1102\\nCalas, Jean, b. (1698) executed, 7033.\\nCalasanzio, Jose St., de, b.-d., 11282,\\nCalatanmi, action at, 1088\\nCalcinate, Imperialists routed, 696\\nCalcutta, Black Hole tragedy taken,\\n914 bishopric est., 937 Bp. Goethals\\neons., 9822; captured, 1044 Asiatic Soc.\\nfnd., 10442 Bp. Johnson elected, 9803\\nLiterary Gazette est. Literary Review\\nest. C. Mohammedan Coll. Bishops C.\\nColl.; C. Coll. of Sanscrit; C. Coll. of\\nMedicine, fnd. Monthly Register est.,\\n10442 E. I. Co. agency, 10443 London\\nmissionary in, 10462; mission opd., 10443;\\nBp. cons., 5523 fnd. purchased, 1045\\nmission; univ. est., 10402; bishopric\\nerected, 10463 Cathedral fnd., 1047\\nCath. Mission Coll. opd., 10483; cyclone,\\n10482,3; legislative council, 10492 chol-\\nera Defense Asso. f md. Intemat. Exhi-\\nbition marriage of Hindoo widow eel.\\nrailway completed, 10493.\\nCaldani, Leopoldo, Marco Antonio, b.,\\n1084 d., 1085\\nCaldara, Polidoro, b., 1079 d., 10803.\\nCaldas, Francisco Jose, b., 762.\\nCaldecott, Randolph, d., 994\\nCaldeira, founds Ilelem, 29 2\\nCalder, Sir Robert, b., 9103; ta\\n932 d. (1818).\\nCaldera, battle at, 60x2 reopened, 630 2\\nCalderon, Bridge of, battle, 1095\\nde laBarca, Pedro, b.-d., 11283 works,\\n11292.\\nFrancisco Gracia de, pres. Peru, 11082.\\nSerafin, work, 1131 b.-d., 11302.\\nCalderwood, Henry, b., 9442.\\nCaldiero, battle, 5182, 3.\\nCaldini, Gen., at Castelfldado, d., 734\\nCaldwald, James, b., 622; d. (1781).\\nCaldwell, Charles, b., 762; d., 1722.\\nJohn C, b. (1831), at Florida, 2102.\\nJoseph, b., 78 d., 1442.\\nMarv B., marriage, 361\\nTod R., gov. N.C., 2772.\\nJudge, decision, 4503.\\nMa] gov. Can., 5773.\\nCaleb, conquers Arabia, 1 king, 13;\\nkingdom, 4833.\\nCaleb Ciis/iuifi, captured, 2232.\\nGrimshaw burns, 1673.\\nCaledon, E. of title created, 931\\nCaledonia recaptures Albion, 120\\nCaledonians, repelled, 839 in Scot., 8401\\nCalef, Robert, d.,60\\nCalendar, changed, Am., 692 in Braz.,\\n5573; in Fr., 6S52; 70S reformed, G. B.,\\n8742; Gregorian adopted, G.B.,9122; New\\nStyle used, It Eng., 913 3 Gregorian\\nregulated, 10821\\nCalepino. Ambrogio, b.-d., 10783 polyglot\\ndictionary, 10792.\\nCalf Rock Lighthouse, destroyed, 9893.\\nCalgary.N.W. Ter., The Herald, 5843; The\\nTribune, 5851\\nCalhoun, John Caldwell, b., 951 leader in\\nCong., 1173; slavery agitation, 1291 Sec.\\nWar, 1253; ri!i2; vote for V. Pres., 1332,\\n3; 1372; inaugurated, 1333, 1372; opposes\\nJackson, 1373; resigns; senator; on re-\\nmoval of funds, 1412 nullification de-\\nbate, 1413 see. State, 157 2 favors Texas,\\n1591 gov. S.C., 1692; d., 1681\\nGa., Moonshiners, 456 3\\nCalico imported, 8S33 prohibited, 901 1\\nprinting begun, 9102,\\nCalicut, f mi. missionaries at, 10431\\nCalieja at Cuantla, 1095\\nCalifornia, dis., 191 203 Lower Cal. set-\\ntled, 213; Jesuits land grant. 542; Diego\\nde Borica, gov., 105 3 Presidios est., 791\\nPhilippe deNeve.gov., 79 1 Missions est.,\\n963, 1083 Pedro Fajes, gov., 953 JosS\\nA. Roman, gov., 103 2 Dominican mis-\\nsions est., 1123 Jose J. de Arrillaga,\\nllli Pablo V. de Sola, gov., 1252; 1312;\\na part of Mex., 10953; Luis Arguello,\\ngov., 1313; J. M. de Echeandia, gov.,\\n1333 Jose Figueroa, gov., 1433 inde-\\npendence proclaimed, 1472, 1612; Mari-\\nana Chico, gov., 147 2 JuanB. Alvarado,\\ngov., 1472; Rio Pico, gov., 1412, 1611;\\nManual Jlicheltorena, gov., 1553 Com.\\nJ. D. Sloat, gov., 1613; Am. flag raised,\\n1612; Military govt, est., 101 2 indepen-\\ndent of Mex., 1612; Mormon Missiona-\\nries, 1623; annexation proclaimed, 1632;\\nannexed U.S., 1632, 3 immigration to,\\n1652; gold dis., 1622; Mex. attempts tore-\\ngain, 1602; (J. and Ore. Meth. Epis. conf.\\nf md., 1642 u. S. troops occupy, 1602\\nTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo John\\nC. Fremont Gen. S. W. Kearny Col.\\nR. B. Mason govs., 163 3 Gold excite-\\nment, 165 2 Constitution adopted, 167\\nadmission recommended State consti-\\ntution fmd., 1671 ^admitted, 1672; p r ot.\\nEpis. diocese org., 1682 State Library\\nfnd., 168 3 Cliris/ian Adrocate, est., 1691\\nP. H. Burnett, gov., 167 reprieved\\nprisoner hanged, 169 John M Dougall,\\ngov., 1692 Vigilance Committee org.,\\n1703 179 1803; C. Meth. E.Conf. meets,\\n1722 telegraph line est., 1733; Gen. B.\\nRiley gov., 1671 banks suspend, 1773\\nJohn Bigler gov., 1712 R. R. opened,\\n179 3 Insurrection in San Francisco, 180 3\\nCong. Conference org., 1822 N. S. Pres-\\nbyterian synod org. 1821 J.Neely John-\\nson gov., 1812; Judge Terry kills Brod-\\nerick, 1871 John B. Weller gov., 1852\\nJapanese embassy, 1872; List, for Deaf\\nMutes, 1903; John G. Downey gov., 1903;\\nPony express est., 1933; daily mail route\\nest., 1973; floods, 2011; becomes Rep.,\\n2012 convicts escape, 2113 Leland\\nStanford, gov., 2173 M. S. Latham, gov.,\\n1903; ratifies Kith amend., 2492 Conf.\\nAfr. M.E.Ch. fmd., 2502; silk worm In-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1218.jp2"}, "1219": {"fulltext": "Cali-Came.\\nText Figures denote Page. IjN-D.ti.-X. Superior Figures indicate Column\\n1207\\ndustry, 260 t Chinese missions find., 2612,\\n2722; [Juiv. org., 2023; Fred. F. Low, gov.,\\n2293 Southern R. E. chartered, 2693\\nearthquakes, 276 Henry Haight, gov.,\\n2652 Univ., located, 2822 Compulsory\\nEducational law passed, 2863 death pen-\\nalty, 2871; Newton Booth, gov., 281\\nSouthern Meth. Epis. Oonf. find., 2903\\nR. R. commissioners, 2913 O Connor\\nlaw passes, 2913 Soc. for Prev. Cruelty\\nto Children, 2923 Workingman s Party\\norg., 2972; Constitutional conven. meets,\\n2992; Dennis Kearnev, political orator,\\n2992; new Constitution effective, 3032;\\nWm. Irwin.gov., 29f2 Geo. C. Perkins,\\ngov., 3033 Southern California Univ.\\nopened., 3012 Big Bend mining Tunnel,\\n3113; EreeiIeth.Conf.org., 3122; Norm.\\nSchool opd., 3123; Wash. Coll., Irvine,\\nfnd., 3143; G. Stonemau, gov.,315 Lick\\nObservatorycomplered,318i Pacific Uni-\\ntarian conf.; Arbor Day est. ,3251 women\\nvote for sch. commissioners, 3362 Con-\\ngregational Gen. Asso. S. Cal. org., 3262;\\nUniv., State tax, 3282; W. Bartlett, gov.;\\nH. H. Markman, gov., 3292; 3671 3991\\nLick observatorv erected, 3301; earth-\\nquake, 3321, 3521, 3711; women voting,\\n3362 Anti-Insurance Trust Bill, 337.1\\nBrandy Countyorg.,3123; gold inFeather\\nRiver, 316 1 Veterans Home, 350 3\\nPreston School of Industry fnd., 3503\\nfilibustering, 3591 train talis, 3593; Fire\\nin grain-fields, 3613; 10th anniversary\\neel., 3683; Big Trees Park, 3691 asylum\\nfor insane, 3723 Canneries organize,\\n3773; fires, 3933; World s Fair exhibit\\nfund, 3791 Anti-Chinese Bill, 3811 De-\\nsert Lake appears, 386 1 earthquake and\\ntidal wave, 3881 lull 4501 bush fires,\\n3873, 3973, 4.H3 Scotchmen swindled,\\n3913;YumaIndianssentenced,395i fires,\\n3973; meteorite found, 4001 flour trust,\\n4133; admission anniversary, 4153; prize-\\nfights prohib., 4262; Parole Bill; convicts\\nrelease, 1263 Chinese immigration regis-\\nter test, 1291; outlaws encounter, 4322\\nGeo. C. Perkins, senator, 425 1 Curtis ac-\\nguitted, 436 2 troops for Chinamen, 4363\\nhinese registration begins outlaw\\nEvans sentenced, 4451; train robbery,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0450 3 six companies register, 451 3 wheat\\ncorner, 455 3 Chinese and Japanese\\nhouses looted, 4563; M. W. Estee nom.\\nfor gov., 163 2 labor outrages, 4563; Ital-\\nian distilleries, 1623 free silver, female\\nsuffrage, 163 2 Cannery Co. formed, 463 a\\nstrikerssubdued, 1612, 465 2 meteor, 4661\\nstage robbery, 470 3 1723 mammoth cav-\\nerns dis., 4721 j. h. Budd, election con-\\ntested, 4771 Coll. est. at Oakland (1872);\\nPeninsula dis., 203; 213.\\nCaligula, Caius Ca?sar, b.-d., 10622 emp.,\\n7691; expedition, 8391, 6622, 10621;\\nstatue in Temple, 10623 visited by Jew-\\nish embassy, 11533 reigns, murdered,\\n10632.\\nCalixtus, Georgius, b., 7922 d., 7963.\\nI., St., pope, 10643 d. (223).\\nII., pope, 10743 d., 10742.\\nIII., pope, 10791 d., 10783.\\nanti-pope, 10751.\\nCalkins, W. H., d.,4501.\\nCall, Richard Keith, b. (1757) at Wahoo\\nSwamp,146 ;gov.Fla.,1472,1552;d.(1792).\\nWilkinson, b., 1422 senator, 3972\\nspeech, 4403.\\nCallahan, John T., bribery, 4622.\\nCallan, riots, 9831\\nCallanan, James Joseph, d., 9441\\nCallao, Peru, destroyed; earthquake, 502,\\n661 bombarded, 11081 blockaded, 6062;\\ntaken, 6063 occupied, 6073.\\nCallaway, G., patents steam plow, 9541.\\nCallcott, Sir Augustus Wall, b., 9203 d.\\n(1844), 9522.\\nJohn Wall, b., 9163 d., 9403.\\nMaria Graham, b., 9242.\\nCalleja, Gen. E., captain-general, 6343.\\ndel Rey, Felix Maria, b.-d., 10951;\\nviceroy, 10953.\\nCallendar, Elisha, ordained, 5S 2\\nEllis, pastor, 542.\\nCallet, Jean Francois, b., 7003; d., 713i\\nCallias, commander, 10201 treaty of, 10233.\\nCallicratidas at Mitylene, 10221\\nCallieres, Francois de, b., 6883 d., 697\\nBonnevue, Louis Hector, b. (1639)\\ngov. Can., 5752 d. (1703).\\nCallimachus, poet, b., 10263 lives, 6523.\\nb., 10162; invents architecture, 10162.\\nCallinicus conquers Saracens, 10302; in-\\nvents Greek tire, 10333.\\nCallinus, b., 10142.\\nCallippusofCyzic us, b.; calculates eclipses,\\n10243.\\nof Syracuse reigns, 1025 2\\nCallisen, AdolfIvaiiPader,b., 6382; d., 642\\nHendrik, b., 6381 d., 6382.\\nCallisthenes, b.-d., 11162; dis. in Tower of\\nBabel, 1140 killed, 1025\\nCallisto, asteroid, discovered, 52S 2\\nCallistratus, b., 10243.\\nCallot, Jacques, b., 6S42 d., 6882.\\nCalmar, assembly at, 1105 2\\nUnionof Norway, Sw., and Den., 6372;\\ndissolved, 6373.\\nCalmels, Antoine Celestin, b., 724\\nCalmet, Augustine, b., 6922 d., 7022.\\nDom Augustine, works, 6972, 6991\\nCalmon, Marc Antoine, b., 7222, 760\\nCalo-Joannes, emp., b.-d., 10322.\\nCalonne, Charles Alexandre de, b. (1734)\\ncomptroller, dismissed, 707 d. (1802).\\nCaloric ship on Potomac, at N. Y., 172\\nengine, Ericsson s, 180\\nCalov, Abraham, b., 7923; d., 7982.\\nCalprenede, Seigneur de la, Gautier de\\nCostes, b. (1610) d., 6903.\\nCalpurnius Agrieola, gov., 10652.\\nCalpurnius, Bestia L., sells peace, 10572.\\nCalthorpe, Baron, title created, 9252.\\nCalumet. Mich., mine accident, 431 2\\nCalverly, Walter, executed (1605), 879\\nCalvert, Benedict C, renounces faith, 58 2\\nhereditary rights, 59 gov. Md., 61 a\\nCecil, b. 1 lik.15) l;mdgraut,333; plants\\ncolonies, 1103 d., 463.\\nSir Charles, confirmed, 413; L.Balti-\\nmore, b. (1629); proprietor, 47 gov. Md.,\\n593; d. (1714).\\nDionisi, b.-d., 5403.\\nSir Geo., b. (1580) in N. F., 1103\\nd. (1632).\\nGeorge Henry, b., 1102; d. (1889).\\nLeonard, b., 26 2 sails, 333 gov.,\\n36 resigns, 373; d., 38 monument,\\n3841.\\nPhilip, gov. Md., 412.\\nCalvin, John, b., 6802 preaches, 6803\\ndrivenoutof Fr. ;works,681 in Geneva;\\nexiled, 7903; d.,6822.\\nCalvinism, est., protected, 1098 3 assailed,\\n11011.\\nCalvisius, Sethus, b., 7922 d., 7943.\\nCam,Diego,b.-d.,11092; dis., Angoa, 11611.\\nCamacho, Gen., stops revolt, 550 2\\nCamagiiey, armistice agreed to, 6321.\\nCamafia, Spaniards settle, 11601\\nCamargo, Alonzo de, in Peru, 21 1\\nCamarina, fnded., 10153.\\nCambaceres, Due de, Jean Jacques Regis\\nde, b. (1753); consul, 7133; d., 7242.\\nCambahee River, S. C, raid, 2241\\nCambellsburg, Ky., Home Coll. fnd., 3143.\\nCambert, Robert, b., 6863; works, 6901,\\n6922; d., 6923.\\nCambiaso, Luca, d., 10822.\\nCambio, built at Perugia, 10781\\nCamboa, Alonso de Anguciana de, gov-\\nernor, 6301\\nCambodia, invaded, 11241; Christianity,\\n4803; foreigners; Dutch in, 4813 Phara-\\nNorodom king, 481 2 Fr. protectorate,\\n4831,7373; rebels, 4833.\\nCamborn, Jules, governor Algiers, 10\\nCamborne, anti-Irish riot, 991\\nMethodist Conf. held, 9982.\\nCambrai, League of, find., 6SI2 with-\\ndrawal, 7872 Ladies Peace, 6813 cap-\\ntured, 6921 Fr. gains, 6933 Fr. defeat,\\n7301 bombarded, 7441\\nCambreleng, Churchill, b., 981 d., 2073.\\nCambrensis, Giraldus, works; d., 8523.\\nCambria, races, 2713.\\nsteamer, founders, 9753.\\nCambrian Archaeological Ass. find., 9541\\nCambrics first worn, 875 3\\nCambridge, Eng., burned, 8441 8461 plun-\\ndered, 848 imniicle issued, 9111 statue\\nof Newton, 9122 railway to London\\nopd., 9522 Clarkson statue, 988\\nHeath, Eng., Fem. Refuge est., 9443.\\nMass., Congregational Synod, fmd.,\\n342; printing-press est., 343; general as-\\nsembly meets, 35 3 gen. synod meets, 38\\nprinting-presses limited, 422; 432; gen.\\ncourt at, 77 2 provincial cong. at, 793;\\nUnion flag. 82 Literary Miscellany est.,\\n113 General Repertory and Review est.,\\n119 sewing-machine inv., 154 com-\\nmemoration day eel., 248 2 Washington\\ncentennial eel., 2893; John Harvard\\nstatue, 318 no license adopted, 3723;\\nL. Wetherell, burglar, 385 great lens,\\n47S (See Harvard University.)\\nCambridge University fnd. ,843 restored,\\n8443; Franciscan teachers, 8523; Domin-\\nican teachers, 8543, s.,03, s ;03; Peter-\\nhouse Coll.; Baliol oil., fnd., S543 rec-\\nords burned, 8543, 8003 discipline re-\\nformed, 8543 Triuilv Hall fnd.; Pem-\\nbroke Hall Coll., fnd., 8583, 881 King s\\nScholars fnd.; Michael house Coll., fnd.;\\nKing s Hall fnd., 8503; Clare Coll., fnd.,\\n8.583; King s Coll.; Christ s Coll., fnd.,\\nS623; Univ. library, fnd.; St. Catherine s\\nColl. fnd., 8642; Divinity professorship,\\nfnd. Christ s Coll. endowed, S663 St.\\nJohn s Coll. endowed, 867 professor-\\nships est., 8691; Trinity Coll. endowed,\\n8703; chartered. 8723; Gonville and Caius\\nColl. enlarged. 8723; Emmanuel Coll. en-\\ndowed, 8751; Sidney-Sussex Coll. fnd.;\\nPilgrimage ta J ftr/taxsus Return to Par-\\nnassus, acted, 8771,2; pari, represen-\\ntatives, 8792 Arabic prof., 8823 Luca-\\nsian prof, est., 8903 music prof., 8961;\\nagainst king, 8903 chemistry prof. as-\\ntronomy prof., 9023, yi ji anatomy prof,\\nest., 903 receives books, 9043; Downing\\nColl. fnd., 9063 9303 Thos., D. of New-\\ncastle, chancellor, 913 mathematical\\ntripods inst., 912 Augustus Henry, D. of\\nGrafton, chancellor of, 917 philosophy\\nprof. fnd. 923 mineralogy prof., fnd.,\\n935 philosophical soc. est., 93S2,939\\nobservatory erected, U42 polit. econ.\\nprof, est., 913 9663 Fitzwilliam Mu-\\nseumest.,951 eominissionersuppointed,\\n961 ;newstatuteseoiiiirined,9032;Newn-\\nham Coll. opd., 9S03 Cavendish Coll.\\nest., 981 Ridley Hall est., 9S12; Selwyn\\nColl. fnd., 9863; museum, Classical Art\\nand Archaeology opd., 992\\nplatform submitted, 382; adopted, 833.\\nAdolphus Frederick, Duke of, b.,\\n919 viceroy of Hanover, S113; d. (1850).\\nAugusta Wilhelmina Louisa, Duchess\\nof, Princess, d., 1000\\nGeorgeWilliamFrcderiekCharles, b.,\\n(1819); commander-in-chief, 960 9961;\\nfield-marshal, 9661\\nCambridgeport, Mass., Congregational,\\nconf. org., 2512.\\nCambriels, Albert, at Chatillon le Due,\\n7422; d., 7621.\\nCambronne, Baron de Pierre J. Etiemue,\\nb., 7012; d.,7282.\\nCambvses, conquers Egy., 11061; reigns,\\n11071 d., 11062.\\nIII., reigns, 11172; disasters, 6502;\\ncruelty, 6oti3; conquests, 651 2\\nCamden, collides -witli Diane, 9933.\\nCamden, Australia, sheep-farming, 4951\\nComer, N. C, Bapt. church est., 60s.\\nInd., oil-well, 4181\\nLa., action at, 231 1\\nMe., fire, 4193.\\nN. C, confeds. defeated at, 2062.\\nN. H., public library opd., 336 2\\nN. J., steam ferry, 1213; burns, 1793;\\nmurderer punished, 3011; library opd.,\\n3362;abduction,:;S83; riot, 1423; suicide,\\n4623; collision, 4713.\\nS. C, evacuated, 941.\\nHistorical society, fnd., G. B.,949i.\\nTown, Loud., rebuilt, 9253; Veterinary\\ncoll. est., 9261 Cob-den statue. 9721\\nE. of. See Pratt, Charles.\\nJohnson N., d., 1361 speech, 4392.\\nMarquise of, title created, 937 2\\nWilliam, b. (1551); BrUammia, 875\\nd.,8802.\\nand Amboy Railroad opd., 1433; train\\nderailed, 1773; surrenders rights, 2673.\\nCamelon, builds castle. 8393; taken, 8441,\\n845\\nCamera lucida invented, 854 9342.\\nobscura invented, 10802.\\nCamerarius, Joachim, b., 786 3 d., 7922.\\nbotanist, b., 7902; d., 7922.\\nRudolf J., b., 7963; d., 7983.\\nCameron, Mo., action at, 200 Wesleyan\\nUniv., fnd., 3283.\\nAngus, wins prize, 966\\nDr., for disestablishment, 9992.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1219.jp2"}, "1220": {"fulltext": "12C\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Came-CanU.\\nCameron, Sir Duncan A., b. (1S0S); d.,9982.\\nJames Donald, b., 1421 committee\\nForeign Relations, 2733; speech, 4392.\\nS., pres. synod, 1282.\\nJohn, b., 8742; d., 8802.\\ncons, bp., N. S., 5S22.\\nRichard, d., 8942.\\nSimon, b., 1082; nom. for president,\\n1873; S ec. war, 193 vs. R. E. Lee, 1941\\nresigns, 2032; d., 3402.\\nVerney Lovett, d., 1012 in Kongo,\\n1093\\nWilliam E., gov. Va., 3132.\\nCameroon, Afr. Sec Ivaiuerun, text, p. 1161.\\nCamidge, Chas. E., cons, bp., 9962.\\nCamilla, asteroid, discovered, 9662.\\nCamillus, Marcus Furius, takes Veil, 1050\\nexpels Gauls from Rome, 10502; exiled,\\n1051 3 celebrates triumph, 1052\\nCaminetti, Anthony, b., 174\\nCamisards, suppressed, 696 revolt, 697\\nCamoens, Luis de, b.-d., 11092; Lusiad,\\n1110\\nCamons, M., minister, 749\\nCamoys, Baron, title created, 859\\nCamp, Maxiine du, Academician, 752\\nCampagna, draining begun, 10893.\\nCampanile de 1S70, 7432.\\nCamp Alleghany, W. Va., action at, 201\\nCampan, JeannieLouiseUenrietteGeneste,\\nb.,701 work, 7243; d., 734\\nCampanella, Toininasco, b. (156S); many\\nworks, 10832; d. (1639).\\nCainpanha, Braz., church org., 5563.\\nCampania, suluuits to Itome, 1052\\nCampania, record, 4353,4432,4392,4692,\\n4713, 10113.\\nCampanini, Italo, b,, 10S63; appears, 314\\nCampbell, Pa., R. R. accident at, 1S1 3\\nA. J.,d.,476\\n.Sir Alex., coin iiiissioner.f 8o 2 ;d., 594\\nfnder., b., 100 immersed, 1183\\nest. Christian Baptist, 1312; expelled,\\n1343; moderator, 16S2\u00c2\u00b1; d., 970\\n.Allen, d.,454\\nArchibald, E. of Argyll, treason,8953\\nexpedition sails; beheaded, 896\\nE. of Argyll, in civil war, S842;\\nbeheaded, 8913.\\nSir, Gen., b. (1739); gov., N. B.,\\n5773 invades Burma, 941 1046\\nArthur, Col., b. (1742); at Augusta,\\nSavannah, 90 King s Mountain, 922;\\nd. (1815.)\\nWashingtonian, 151\\nBannerinan, Henry, chief secretary,\\n9932; minister, 9952; 1009\\nBartley, b., 156 d. (1888).\\nCharles W., d., 1012\\nC. L., address, 4703.\\nCleveland, J., b. (1836) d. 248\\nSir Colin, Lord Clyde, b., 9262 gov.\\nN. S., 5792 in Sepoy rebellion, 1048\\nd.,9662; statue, 972\\nDavid, gov. Va., 1492.\\nDonald, Sir, gov. (Ian., 5792.\\nDouglas, Puritans, 4203;\\n,Geo., D. of Argyll, b., 9403;\\nminister, 9593, 9633, 969 973 9852,\\n9873; works, 9702, lohjs.\\nDuncan, R., b. (1814); d., 248\\nSir George, d., 1008\\nb., 91)62 Jlhetoric, 921 d., 9283.\\nHelen Stuart, Anne Bradstreet, 3962.\\nJabez Pitt, b., 124 d. (1891).\\nJames, b. (1812) P. M.-Gen., 1732\\nd.,422\\nC, elected bp., 9583.\\nE., gov. O., 345 375 3873; nom.\\nfor Pres., 4092.\\nJohn, D. of Argyle, b., S942; d., 9103.\\nBaron, b., 9203 lord chancel-\\nlor, 9512 d., 9642.\\nb., (1653); editor, 57 d. (1728).\\nRev., trial of, 5942.\\nArchibald, b., 1162; justice, 1743;\\nin Coufed., 1952 peace commissioner,\\n243 paroled, 2491 d., 3382.\\nNicholson, b. (1798); d., 2312.\\nJ. H., on Com. of 33, 189\\nNiel, Lord, gov. N. J., 503.\\niN.\\n,84\\nThomas, b., 9203 works, 9292, 9352\\nd., 9522 statue, 982\\nb. (1763) seceder, 1143 im-\\nmersed, 1183 d. (1854).\\nCockburn, Sir, d., 5013.\\nAY., consecrated bp., 3842.\\nTimothy J., b., 1522.\\nCampbell, Walter G., swims Niagara, 3453.\\nWilliam, gov.S.C.,813, 83 d.(1778).\\nHenry, b. (1S0S); pres.synod, 1603.\\nW., disappearance, 4482.\\nW., Lord, gov. N. S., 5753.\\nPoneii, b.(lS07);gov. Tenn.,1692;\\nd. (1867).\\nW. J., Nat. Republican Com., 4092.\\nAdjt., statue erected, 3861\\nCol., at Williamsburg, 2123 near\\nFranklin, 221\\nMajor, in duel, 9452.\\nMr., libel suit, 1003\\nProf., air-ship fails, 342\\nCauipbellites I lisciples of Christ) expelled\\nby Baptists, 1343.\\nCampbell s Station, Tenn., action at, 228\\nCamp Creek, Ga., skirmishes near, 233\\nDick Robinson, Ky., org., 19S 2\\nDouglas, conspiracy, 2413, 242\\nJackson, Mo., Capt. Lyon at, 1942.\\nCamp-meetings, many, U. S., 3423.\\nCampe, Joachim Heinrich,b.,S003; d.,8122.\\nCampeachy wood introduced, 874\\nCampeggio, Lorenzo, b. (1472) d., 10803.\\nCampeiion, Francis Nicolas Vincent, b.,\\n7042 d., 7282.\\nJ. B. iM. E., Gen., minister, 7532, 755\\nresigns. 7552 d., 760\\nCamper, Pieter, b.-d., 1101\\nCainpordown, E. of, title created, 945\\nNeth., naval battle, 92S\\nCamperdovm launched, 992 collision,\\n10101.\\nCanvpero, Marcico, b. (1815) Pres., 5512.\\nCamphausen, Ludolf b., S0S2 minister\\nresigns, 8293 d. (1848).\\nmine explosion, 8313.\\nCampi, Giulio, b., 1079 d. (1572).\\nCampinas, boarding-school, 5562.\\nCampistron, Jean Galbert de, b., 6902\\nworks, 695 d., 6982.\\nCampo, Francisco, minister, 6443.\\nCampobello, Me., Fenians gather, 2522.\\nCampo-Forniio, peace of. u43 2 ,7132; treaty,\\n5182.\\nCampomancs, Pedro Rodriguez, b.-d. ,11283.\\nCampos, Gen. Martinez de, sent to Cuba;\\npeace negotiations, 0321; commander;\\nin Havana ;gov.-gcii.,i;3:i2; bombs, 11331\\nBraz., revolt, 5.581 5592.\\nCampra, Andre, l 6902 d. (1744).\\nCampuzano, Diego de Herrera, gov., 6302.\\nCamus, Armand Gaston, b., 7002 d., 715\\nChas. Etienne Louis, b., 0943; d., 7032.\\nCana, Cal., mission, 1124\\nCanaan, land divided, 11413.\\nCanada: see text, pp. 70-59G surrendered\\nto British, 7033; Brit, colony, 9153 ac-\\nquires Vancouver s Is., 923 3 divided,\\n9253 Lower C. rebels, 9492 Britannia\\nTubular Suspension Bridge, 9.542 govt,\\ntroops for, 9653; Dominion find., 971 2\\nlegislative freedom, 10032; N. F. declines\\nalliance, UO32. (See New France.)\\nCanada, launched, 986\\nCanadian, wrecked, 9U5 3\\nCanadian Pacific It. It., 5873; strike, 5942.\\nCanajobarie, N. Y., burned, 92\\nCanal, first great. opd.,Eug.,9143; great ca-\\nnal tunnel opd., 9182 Dismal Swamp\\nCanal destroyed, 2063; EricC.opd., 1273;\\nBridgewater opd., 9143 Gloucester and\\nBerkeley, 942 water-tight walls, 9143.\\n(See Panama Canal Suez Canal.)\\nBoisrond, president deposed, 1040 3\\nconservative leader, Colombia, 629\\ndeHaro, international boundary, 2792.\\ndu Midi, Fr., completed, 7353.\\nCanals in 1831, U. S., 1413.\\nCanandaigua, N. Y., burned, 90 3\\nCanaris, or Kanaris, Constantine, b.-d.,\\n10343 burns Turkish fleet, 10342.\\nCanary Isles, naval battle, 118 2\\nCanas, Juan Manuel de, gov., 6303.\\nCanby. Edward Itichard Sprigg, b.,128 at\\nVal verde, 2042 at Fort Fillmore, 2103\\nat Dumfries, 2163; succeeds Banks, 2.132;\\nenrolls citizens, 2363 besieges Mobile,\\n2442; at Spanish Fort and Fort Blakcly,\\n2422, 2452 2d military district, 258\\n266 military gov., Va., 2672 massa-\\ncred, 2801 2.\\nFr. vessels in, 7021\\niticrial, appears, 1109\\nla defeated, 1108\\nnrral, appears. 1127\\ng, b., 11162 d., 11163.\\nen, invades Egy., 653\\nlie Ba\\nCandahar, kingdom fnd., 11073.\\nCandaules, reigns, 1145 2\\nCandia, city fnd., 10332; taken, 1034\\n1082 earthquake, 11562.\\nCandlemas instituted. 1071\\nCandle molds made, 8022.\\nCandles devised, 8442; tallow used, 854\\nwax, 8563 in worship, 10722.\\nCandlesticks used, 8442.\\nCandolle, Augustin P. de, b.-d., 11372.\\nCandor, N. Dak.,Kreeders murdered, 4331\\nCane College, Mo., fnd., 2663.\\nHill, Ark., Confederates defeated,\\n2161 c. H. Coll., org., 1703.\\nRiver, La., Confeds. defeated, 2311\\nFerry, La., action, 2322.\\nCanesteo, N. Y., natural gas dis., 3382.\\nCaiiete, Manuel, b., 11303.\\nCanisius College, N. Y., org., 2722.\\nCanmore, Malcolm, rebuilds castle, 849\\nCannae, action at, 1054\\nCannel engine invented, 11002.\\nCannes. Dom Pedro arrives at, 557\\nCanning, Chas. John, Earl, b., 936 2 minis-\\nter, 9592 viceroy, Ind., 1049 d. (1862).\\nGeorge, b., 9183 enters H. C, 9273\\nminister, 9332,3, 9412,3,8432; wounded,\\n9352 flees, 9432 d., 9422.\\nSamuel, knighted, 969\\nStratford de Redcliffe, Viscount, b..\\n9242 d. (1S80).\\nCannon, Henry W., Monetary Confer-\\nences. 4132.\\nJames Spencer, b. (1776); pres. Synod,\\n1212 d., (1852).\\nJos. G., b. 146 2 on committee, 349\\nMarion, b., 1422.\\nNewton, b. (1781) gov. 1453; d. (1842).\\nWin., b.( 1809); gov. Del. ,2293; d. (1865).\\nCannons invented. 7821 8G81 brass made,\\nSS2 from church bells, 7433 colonial\\nfactory, Phila., 8.33 plantat West Troy,\\n350 leathern fired, 9241 breech-load-\\ning, orders for, 984\\nCano, Alonzo, b.-d., 11283.\\nJuan Sebastian del, b. (1460); d.,1128i.\\nCanog, Alexis, cons, bp., 954\\nCanon City, Colo., water-spout, 410\\nCanonbury, collision in Tunnel, 9893.\\nCanonicut Island, destroyed, 81\\nCanoonan, Australia, gold dis., 496\\nCanopus, Nathaniel, intro. coffee, S853.\\nCanova, Antonio, b., 10842 d., 10862.\\nCanrobert, Fninvois Certain, b., 719 com-\\nmander, 95S1 at Chalons at Nancy, 738\\ncouncil of war, 7472.\\nCausey, Peter F., gov. Del., 179\\nCanso, Me., fort destroyed, 64 5742.\\nStrait of, new seaport, 5913.\\nCanstein, Baron Carl Hilderbrand von, b.,\\n7963 d., 7983.\\nCantarini, Simone, b. (1612) d., 10823.\\nCantemir, Antiochus, b.-d., 11142.\\nDemetrius, b.-d., 11142 becomes vas-\\nsal of Rus., 11122.\\nCanterbury, Eng., Cathedral fnd.; arch-\\nbishopric est.; first choir service, 8422;\\nchurchbuilt,,S423; taken, 844 ,846 early\\nbps., 8442,3, 84C2. 84,s3; archbps.of,8503,\\n8562 school by Theodore, 843 commis-\\nsion for Am., 3*33; Cathedral begun, 8502.\\nN. Z., fnd., 11033;\\nArchbp., peers address, 9963.\\nViscount of, title created, 945\\n(See Chas. Sutton.)\\nCanton, Ala.. Feds, capture, 2442.\\nChina, fnd., 6113; Europeans in; Eng.\\nfactory, 6153 military expedition, 616\\nBrit, withdraw; earthquakes flood; for-\\neigners leave; ransomed, 6162; Napier ar-\\nrives, 617 2 convention signed; tire; open\\nto Brit. opium fired. 6173 bombarded;\\nrebellion; siege of, 618 2; blockaded;\\nforts taken, 6IS2 mission, 6183, 619\\n6203, 623 bombarded; robbers executed;\\nmassacre mob, 6192 restored to Chi-\\nnese,0213 anti-foreign excitement, 6232;\\ngold, 624 coll. started, 6243 tire, 6273.\\nMo., Christian Univ. fnd., 173\\nN. Y., St. Lawrence Univ. org., 1802.\\nRiver overflows, 624\\nJohn, b., 9062; introduces amalgam,\\n9122 d., 91S3.\\nCantu, Cesare, b., 10843 works, 1087\\nCanuleian law, passed, 1051\\nCanusium, Hannibal s camp, 10543.\\nCanute the Great, b.-d. conquers Norway,\\n6351,2; K. of Eng., 6352,3; pilgrimage,\\n6352 advances into Scot. battles with", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1220.jp2"}, "1221": {"fulltext": "Canu-Carl.\\nText Figures denote Page. Lr% Dh,\\\\. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1209\\nEdraundII.,8461 Christianized patron\\nof church., 8402 banishes Jews, S463\\nprohibits slavery; reigns, 8471; holds\\ncouncil, 8472 killed, 8472, 8481\\nCanute II., elected, 6352.\\nIII., enthroned, 6352 Canute IV.,\\nCanute V., Canute VI., enthroned, 6353.\\nErikson, reigns, 1135*.\\nCanveau, Pierre J. 0., b., 5781\\nCanz, Israel G,, b., 7982 d., S022.\\nCaonabo captured, 141\\nCapac, Huayna, reigns, 13 3 d M 182.\\nInca Mayta, reigns, 13 2\\nTupac, reigns, 133.\\nCape Ann, Mass., settled, 312 j naval bat-\\ntle near, 1202.\\nBreton, Am. continent dis., 143 fish-\\neries, colony, 571t; restored, to Fr.,\\n5722 Eng. settlement, 5732 Eng. pos-\\nsesses, 5743, 5753 restored to Fr., 5753;\\nHighlanders in, 577 3 5792; reannexed,\\n5792; fires, 5941; coal-mines syndicate,\\nWhitnev syndicate, 5952.\\nCoast Castle, Air., taken, 8913, 1161 1\\nCod, Mass., Indians drive off Fr., 272;\\nPilgrims at, 293 colony, 31 2 Jason\\nwrecked, 4453.\\nColony. (See Text, pp. 597-604.)\\ndeVerd Islands dis., 11091.\\nFear River, N. C. colonists, 431 block-\\nade-runners 2421\\nFinisterre, Fr. fleet taken, 7001\\nGirardeau, Mo., St.VincenfsColl.org.,\\n1583 collision, 1633 action, 2121 2203.\\nHatteras, Monitor founders off, 2171;\\nGeneral Lyon burned, 2443.\\nHenry, Constellation ashore, 3401\\nLookout, lighthouse blown up, 231 1\\nMay, N. J., purchased, 332 against\\ncigarettes, 371 1; President at, 3871;\\nwhales stranded, 4432.\\nof Good I I pe, Phenieians round, 11462;\\ndisc, 5973; taken, 9273; Eng. acquires,\\n9332; ceded, 9373; action at, 956 1 Par-\\nliament opens, 6043.\\nPalrnas, war, 1161 2 mission, 1161 3\\nRace, Va., naval encounter, 681\\nSt. Roque, Vespucci at, 5531.\\nSt. Vincent, battle off, 1231\\nTown, colony captured Royal Ob-\\nservatory, 597 1 bishopric, 5972 Moffat\\nin, 5971, 2; fnd., 5973 library inaug.\\nSo. African Coll. storm, 5981 bp. ap-\\npointed, 5 l JS 2 representative govt. est.\\nfirst R. R., 5993; Cetewayo in; P. O.\\nrobbery, 601 2 Confederation debate\\nresponsible govt, est., 601 2 exhibition,\\nfirst telegram harbor inaug.; R. R. ap-\\npropriations telegraph open, G013; dele-\\ngates conference refused, 6031 ministe-\\nrial crisis Natal s offer declined, 603 2\\nBank suspends Conference for Customs\\nUnion, 6033 Brit, influence defined,\\n6033; Bp. Gibson cons., 10121.\\nYork, explorers, 4961\\nCapefigue,-Te:tn UaptisteHonoreRaymond,\\nb., 7143; d., 7461.\\nCapehart, James, b., 1623.\\nCapel, Arthur, E. of Essex, b., 8822 lord\\nlieut., Ire., 893 2 conspiracy, 8971; d.\\n(1683).\\nSir Henry, lord of admiralty, 8933\\nlord lieutenant, Ire., 9012.\\nCapell, Edward, b., 9042 d., 9222.\\nCapellen, TUeodorus Fredrik, b. (1760+)\\nbombards Algiers, S2 d. (1S24).\\nCapellianus, defeats Gordianus, 1066 1\\nCapellu, Adm., defeats Algerines, 8 1\\nBianca, b., 10S03 d. (15S7).\\nCapers, Ellison, eons. bp. (S. C), 4341\\nWilliam, b., 1022 bp., 1603 d., 1761\\nCapet, Hugh, b.-d., 6662.\\nCapetian dynasty reigns, 6673.\\nCapes, Aust., gossips arrested, 5311\\nCaphyse, battle at, 10262.\\nCapil las, Francis de, beheaded, 6I8 3\\nCapistrano, Giovanni da, b.-d., 10762.\\nCapital, issued, 2662.\\nCapital punishment, abolished, 111., 2591;\\nin N, Y., 4682 for train robbers, Ariz.,\\n3362; re-est. in Maine, 3292; abolishment\\nopposed, Belg., 5451 restored Fr., 7333;\\nabolished, Gcr., 8173; within Prisons I Jill,\\nG.B.,9731 abolished, Neth., 11023; abol-\\nished inlt., 1090 2 abolished, Roumania,\\n11123; abolished. Port,. 11113; abolished,\\nRus., 11172; abolished, Switz., 11383; Bill\\nrejected, Fr., 7672.\\nCapital Univ., Columbus, O., fnd., 1683\\nCapitan Pasha defeated at Samos, 10342.\\nCapitation tax, Aus., 5133.\\nCapito, Wolfgang F., b., 7862; d., 7902.\\napitoline games eel., 10691.\\nCapitolinus, Julius, Augustan Hist., 10671\\nCapinany, Montpalan y Antonio de, b.-d.,\\n11283.\\nCapo d Istria, Count John, b.-d., 10343\\nelected pres. Gr., 1035 3\\nCappa, Charles Albert, b. (1834) d., 4201\\nCappadocia subdued, 1149 1 conquered,\\n11481 ,11511 independent, 11491 ravaged,\\n11501 surrendered, 10292; Rom. province,\\n10632 annexed, 11553; Huns in, 11472,\\n11541 Saracens in, 1 1552; recovered, 1155 2\\nCappel, Louis, b., 6S42; d., 6902.\\nCappcronnier, Claude, b., 6922; d., 7003.\\nCaprara, Giovanni Battista, b., 10842; d.,\\n10851.\\nCapraro, chief of brigands, killed, 10893.\\nCaprivi, de Caprara de Monteeueoli, Georg\\nLeo von, b., 8142; order of Black Eagle,\\n8342; chancellor, 835 1 Anglo-Ger. agree-\\nment, 835 2 decorations; defeated; in-\\nfernal machine, 8363 gold standard\\nresigns, 8371.\\nCaprotti, Peter, cons. R. C. bp., 9S62.\\nCaps, disturb country, 11353.\\nCaptain, lost, 9741\\nCaptaincies, power revoked, Braz., 5533.\\nCapua, diet, at, 781 1 ;taken, 10501 Romans\\nannex, 1053 2 action; llaniiibalin, surren-\\nders, 10542 action, 10702 taken, 10881\\nCapuchins sail for Am., 3462 released\\nfrom vows, 7522; order fnd., 10811 C. of\\nHasbrouck, order dissolved, 7353.\\nCapus, Alfred, Annies d Adventures, 7662.\\nCaque, Peru, Pizarro plunders, 201\\nCarabobo, Venez., royalists defeated, 6281\\naction at, 1160 2\\nCaracalla, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus,\\nb.-d., 10642 massacre at Alexandria.\\n6531 rules in Brit., 8411 reigns, 10293\\nsubdues Alemanni, 10641 murders rela-\\ntives, 10651; cruelty; Parthian expedi-\\ntion, killed, 10653.\\nCaracas, Venez., Audiencia in, 233; fnd.,\\n251 settled, earthquake, 1160 1 capt.-\\ngeneralcy, 1160 1\\nCaracas, steamship affair, 4151.\\nCaracci, Agostino, b., 10803; d., 10S23.\\nAnnibale, b., 10803 d., 10323.\\nLudovico, b., 10803; d., 10S23.\\nCaraccioli, Francesco, Pi\\\\, b., 10S42; exe-\\ncuted, 10S53.\\nCaraetacus, King, prisoner, S391; leads\\nBritons, 8393.\\nCarafa, Michele, b. T 10S43; d. (1872).\\nCaraffa, archbp., fnds, Theatines, 1081 1.\\nCara-Mustapha, b.-d., 11563.\\nCaranus reigns in Maeedon, 10152.\\nCaratheodori, Pasha Alex., at Berlin, 8311\\nCarausius, Marcus Aurelius Valerius,\\nreigns, 10673 j Saxons aid 7692 rules\\nBritain, 8411 d., 8402.\\nCaravaggio, Michaelangelo Amerighi da,\\nb. (1569); d., 10823.\\nCarazo, Seuor, pres. Nicaragua, 1103 3\\nCarbery, John, Earl, pres. R. Soc, 8961\\nBaron, title created, 9051\\nCarbo, Cneius Papirius, army lost, 10561\\nterrorizes Rome,1057 3 in Etruria, 10581\\nd. (119).\\nPapirius Marias, leads Dem. party,\\n10591 besieges Rome, 10562 d. (82 B.C.).\\nCarbon Hill, Ala., race riot, 3761 2.\\nbattery invented, S16i\\nCarbonari revolt, 10861,10872 increased,\\n10871.\\nCarbondale, 111., Normal Univ. opd., 2S63.\\nPa., miners rescued, 4733.\\nand Honesdale R. R. trip, 1373.\\nCarcassone, Fr., taken, 6701 sacked, 6741\\nbp. of, salary stopped, 7622.\\nCarchemish, history of, 1143 2 battle of,\\n6501; taken, 11442.\\nCar-couplerand butler, Miller patent, 2291\\nBill passes, 4243.\\nCardan, Jerome, b., 10791 d. (1576).\\nCarden, Robert W., Lord mayor, 9612.\\nWalter, d., 9962\\nCardenas, Adam, pres. Nicaragua, 1103 3\\nCuba, Lopez lands, 032 1 Cubans\\nland, 6322 sugar refinery, 6333.\\nCardiff, W., Univ. Coll., fnd., 9923 bridge\\nopd., 10053 Meth. Conf. at, 10062.\\nCardillac, Antoine de la Mott, b., 621 in\\nDetroit, 54i 552.\\nCard-making machines invented, 7002.\\nCardonne, Dennis Dominique, b., 6982\\nd., 705i.\\nCardoso, Francisco, kidnapped, 6342.\\nCardova, R. C. missionary, 6143.\\nCardoza, F. L., ex-treas., convicted, 2971\\nCar dross, Lord, in Port Royal, S. C, 493.\\nCards invented, 6762.\\nCarduccio, Vincenzo, b. (1568) d., 10823.\\nCardwell, Edward, Viscount, minister, b.\\n(1813), 9633, 9692, 9731; n vivisection,\\n9812; d.,994i.\\nCareil, Comte, Louis S. F., d., 7601\\nCarelia, annexed to Sweden, 11351,2.\\nCareme, Marie Aaitoine A., b., 7061 d.,\\n7262.\\nCarera, Gen., pres. Mex., 10962,\\nCarew, Baron, title created, Eng., 9451;\\nIre., 9471.\\nBamfylde Moore, king of beggars,\\nb., 9001 d. (1770).\\nSir Benj. Hallowell, b., 9143 d. (1S34).\\nSir Geo.,b. (1555); besioge-s Spaniards,\\n8761; d. (1629).\\nJ. L., warrant for, 1000 2 sentenced,\\n10003.\\nThomas, b., 8762 works, SS3i 8S43\\nd., 8822.\\nSir, opposes royal treaty, 8713.\\nCarey, Eleanor, b., 6063.\\nHenry, work, 9071 d. (1743).\\nChas. b., 1042; d., 3022.\\nJames, b. (1S45) confesses crimes,\\nshot, 991 1\\nJ. Brenton at Imbabani, 6002 sen-\\ntence quashed, 601 1\\nJos. M., b., 15\u00c2\u00bbi Wyo. Bill, 3491\\nMatthew, b., 722; d., 1502.\\nSamuel F., electoral vote, 2952.\\nThos., gov., 572 trial rebels, 573.\\nWin., b., 9151 fnds. Baptist Miss.\\nAsso.; miss., 9263.\\nbp. for Exeter, 9383 in Calcutta,\\n10443 J., 9462.\\nCarford, Britons defeated, S401\\nCarhart, Jeremiah, b. (1813); d., 2622.\\nCaribbee Islands, discoveries in, 142.\\nCariboo Fly, explorations, 5861\\nCarignan, Fr. repulsed, 7402.\\nCarinthia, Aust-Hung., early princes and\\ndukes, 5031 ,3; Frederick II. receives;\\nPremysl Ottocar, D., 5051 Albert I., D.\\nImperial tief Menhardt Il..,D.;Rudolph,\\nII., D. Ulrich III., D.,5052; inherited,\\n5072; Turks invade, 5081, 2 earthquakes,\\n5302, 5321 railway accident, 5341 made\\nduchy, 7751.\\nCarinus, Marcus Aurelius, appointed Au-\\ngustus, 1067 2 reigns; subdued d, (285).\\nCarissiini, Giovanni, b., 10822.\\nCarlen, Emilia Smith Flygare, b.-d., 11361\\nworks, 11362.\\nCarleton, Baron, title created, 9232.\\nSir Guy, b., 9062 gov., 772, 992; in\\nCan., 821 842 on Lake Champlain,\\n842; in n. York, 943; peace negotiations,\\n95 3 expels Americans, 5761 gov.-gen.,\\n5771 2; L. Dorchester (1797) d. 9343.\\nG. W., Our Artist in Peru, 2551\\nHenry, b. (1785) d., 2213.\\nThos., b. (1736) gov., 5772 d. (1S17).\\nWill, b., 1581 works, 2S23, 2903, 2942,\\n3143, 3231 ;_;r,n3; ,i., 9283, 9702.\\nColl. est. at Northneld, Minn., 2722.\\nCarli, Gian Ridaldo, Count, b., 10831; d.,\\n10S43.\\nCarlin, Thos., b. (1791) gov., 1512 d. (1852).\\nWilliam Passmore, b. (1829); pro-\\nmoted brig. -gen., 4301\\nCarling, John, b. (1828); minister Can.,\\n5931,5952.\\nCarlinglord, Baron, title created, 9751.\\nCarlingford, L. (See S. Fortescue.)\\nCarlisle, Eng., built, S49 2 see erected,\\n8483; surrenders. 886 1 taken, 9101 Bp.\\nBardsley cons., 10082.\\nPa., Dickinson Coll. fnd., 963.\\nSchool fnd., 1323 Gen. Ewell at, 2232\\ncavalry at, 224 1.\\nSir Anthony, b., 9163 voltaic bat-\\ntery, 930 1 d.,9502.\\nE. of, title created, 891 1 (See How-\\nard.)\\nJohn Griffin, b., 1442; speaker, 3152,\\n3212, 3292; nom. for president, 4092; see.\\ntreas., 42 1 423 1 bankers confer, 4292.\\nLord, minister, 9113.\\nCarlists put down, 7273; defeated, 11301;\\npartyfmd., 11312; many conflicts, 11321,\\n2; amnesty offered, 11333.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1221.jp2"}, "1222": {"fulltext": "1210\\nText Figures denote Page. IJNlJJJiJv. Superioy Figures indicate Column.\\nCarl-Case.\\nCarloman I., king, in r\\nfeats Saxons, 771\\n6642.\\nII.. emp., d., 6672.\\nCarlos I. (D. of Braganza), reigns, 11112.\\nV., b.-d., 11302.\\nVI., d., 11303.\\n-VII., b., 11303.\\nDon, b., 11102; claims succession,\\nin Eng., excluded from Sp., retires, pro-\\nclaimed K., 11312; in Navarre, 11321;\\nsurrenders enters Sp., 11332.\\nCarlovingian, or Carolingian, dynasty\\nreigns, 6653, 7712 kings reign 607\\n773 10732.\\nCarlow, Eng., castle erected, S50 insur-\\ngents routed, 92S 1\\nCarlowitz, Baronne Aloise Christine, b.,\\n7123; d., 736\\nCarlsbad, Hoods, 534 sovereigns at, S223.\\nCarlstadt, Andreas, 1)., 7862 J., 7902.\\nCarlton, Caleb H., commis. col., 400\\nCarlvle, Jos. Dacre, b., 9143; d., 9323.\\nThomas, 9203 works, 9423, 94G3,\\n9563,9882; .1., statue, 990\\nSociety fnd., 9843.\\nCarmagiiobt, Francesco, b.-d., 10782.\\nCarman, Albeit, b. (1833) bp. Can., 5823.\\nCarmaox, Fr., strike, 763\\nCarmel Mission, fnd. by Moravians, 3223.\\nMt., Pal., prayer test, 11442.\\nCarmelite monks, order fnd., 1075 1155\\nexpelled from Fr., 7522 convent in\\nLondon, 9822.\\nCar m ine, color produced, 1082\\nCarmontelle, Louis Carrogis, 697 d.,\\n7163.\\nCarmoucbe, Pierre Frederic Adolphe, b.,\\n7123; d., 7382.\\nCarnahan, James, b. (1775) d., 1842.\\nCarnarvon, Wales, besieged, 860\\nD. of, title created, 9252.\\nE. of. (See Herbert.)\\nCarnatic, Brit, war in conquered, 1044\\nannexed, 10472.\\nCarnbome, Viscount, minister, 9633.\\nCarneades, b.-d., 10263.\\nCarnedes, Roman embassy, 10292.\\nCarnegie, Andrew, b, (1835) rebuilds\\nJohnstown library, 3443, 401! Pittsburg\\nlibrary, 3403, ;;,-,-2 3..1X3; gift to Authors\\nClub, 3562 GosjkI of Utalth, 4002 H.\\nbrarygift, Ayr, library opd., 10023,\\nMrs., library at Peterhead, 10063 at\\nMusic Hall, 3583.\\nPhipps and Co., navy contract, 3773.\\nCarney, Thos., gov. Kan., 2032,\\nCarnian festival instituted, 1015\\nOarnefax Ferry, W. Va., battle, 1982.\\nCarniola, Aust.-Hung., to Frederick II.,\\n505 imperial th-f, r 05 2 Turks invade,\\n508 2, 510 peasant war, 5082 Ameri-\\ncan s suicide, 536\\nCarnochan, John M., b., 126 d., 3262.\\n0arnot,lazareHippolyte,b.,7143 d.,7562.\\nNicolas Marguerite, b., 701\\ndeposed, 7132; d., 724\\nMarie-Francois Sadi, b., 7262; min-\\nister, 7532, 7552 Pies, of Fr., 757 as-\\nsassinated, 7591 ,71)63, 7072; inPautheon,\\n7593; funeral, 7663.\\nCarnwath, E. of, title created, 883\\nCaro, Venez., German settlement, 193.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094j Miguel A., pres. Colombia, 629 2 de\\nclines honors, 6292.\\nCaroline, steamboat, attacked, 148\\nCaroline, Immaculata, married, 538\\nof Saxe-Meiningeii, marries, 9392.\\nPrincess Amelia Eliz., weds, 927 2 3\\ninvestigation, 9332 acquittal, 941 re-\\nturns riots divorce refused; trial, 9412;\\nclaim rejected, 9413; d., 9413.\\nIsles, gospel received, 10403.\\nCaron, Sir Adolphe, petitionsagainst, 5923\\nminister, 593 corruption, 5942, post-\\nmaster, 5952.\\nFrancois, d., 6922.\\nRene Edouard, b., 5762 gov. Can.,\\n5832; d.,584\\nCarondArt passes Island No. 10, 206\\nMo., annexed to St. Louis, 2613.\\nCarpani, Giuseppe, b., 10842; d. (1825).\\nCarpenter, Chas. C, Rear-Adm., 448\\nCyrus C, gov., la., 281\\nG. E., sentenced, 4083.\\nGilbert S., commissioned maj., 450\\nL. L., pres. convention, 3223.\\nMatthew Hale, b. 1824) pres.\\n2813, 2832, 2873; d. (1881).\\nCarpenter, Peter, explorer, 493\\nWm, Benj., b. 9363; d. (1885).\\nBoyd, cons, bp., 9922.\\nCarpentier, Pierre, b., 0943; d., 703\\nCarpet, machinery for, 158\\nCarpet Baggers, corruption, 2652; nick-\\nnamed, 2772.\\nCarpi, Lombardy, French defeat, 694\\nCarpzov, Benedict, b., 7922; d., 7963.\\nCarr, Caleb, gov. R.I. (1695).\\nElias, inaug. gov. (N.C.); 4472.\\nEugene A., Gen., b. (1830) near St.\\nCharles, 235\\nRobt., b. (1589) made!), of Somerset,\\nminister, S79 3 condemned, 879 d.\\n(1645).\\nSir, gov. Pa., 423; d., 422.\\nRobt. James, elected bp., 9423.\\nR. S., gov. of W. Va., 3372.\\nThomas, eons. R. C. bp., 9862.\\nOarranza, Bartolome de, b.-d., 11263.\\nBruno, pres. Costa Rica, 631\\nCarrara, It., Mazzini statue, lotto siege,\\n10902.\\nCarrasco, Fr. Antonio, gov. Chili, 6053.\\nCarre, Michel, b., 7223; d., 7461\\nCarregui, lien., killed, 1130\\nCarrel, Nicolas Armand, b., 7142; d.,7262.\\nCarrell, Geo. Aloysius, 1 (1803) d., 264\\nCarreno de Miranda, Juan, b.-d., 1128 3\\nCarrera, Rafael, b.-d., 1039 defeats Sal-\\nvadoriaus vs. Revolutionists, 1038\\nBarrios rival; pres. Guatemala, 1038 2\\nCarrere, Jos. B. F., b., 7002; d., 7143.\\nCarriages mfg. in Am., 123 intro in Ger.,\\n771 used in Fug., 872 8733.\\nCarrick, E. of, title created, 9112.\\nCarrick s Ford, W. Va., battle of, 1962.\\nCarrier, Jean Baptiste, b., 7022; d., 7102.\\nCarriere, Moritz, b., 812 work, 8342.\\nCarillo, Braulio, pres. Costa Rica, 630 3\\nCiirrington, Baron, title created, 925 2\\nCol., at Mafeling, 602\\nLord, gov. Australia, 4993.\\nCarrion, Geronimo, Pres. Ecu., reelected\\nresigns, 6442.\\nCarroll, Charles, b., 642 d., 140\\nSir George, L. Mayor London, 9492.\\nJohn, b. (1735) cons, bp., 1002; Pre-\\nfect Apostolic, 903 d. (1S15).\\ncons, bishop Shrewsbury, 10102.\\nD., b., 622 d., 124\\nLee, Pres. Sons of Revol n, 3563.\\nWm., b. (1788) gov. Tenn., 1293, 1373;\\nd. (1844).\\nStation, Teim., action at, 2382.\\nCarrollton, Ga., White Caps, 4283.\\nMiss., annexed to New Orleans, 2873;\\nnegroes killed, 3232.\\nCarron, Scot., sinelting-works est., 9142.\\nGuy Toussaint Julieii, b., 7023\\nd., 7223.\\nCan s Rock, R. R, accident at, 2613.\\nCarskadon, T. R., nom. for vice-pres., 4093.\\nCarslake, Lieut., wins prize, 966\\nCarson City, Nev., capital, 2013; State Con-\\nvention, 235 3 Orphans Home, 269\\ncapitol opd., 2753.\\nNewman Coll., Tenn., fnd., 1663.\\nValley, Nev., Sutro Tunnel opd., 3033.\\nChristopher (Kit), b., 116 explores,\\n154 d., 262\\nJohn, death, 399\\nW. David, moderator, 3082.\\nCarstares, Wm., b., 8862 d., 9042.\\nCarstens, Asmus Jakob, b., 638 d., 6382.\\nCarstenz, explorer, 493\\nCarthagena, Colombia. (See Cartagena.)\\nCartagena, Afr., fnd. annexed to Rome,\\n11252; pillaged, 1128 besieged, 1132\\ninsurrection, 11322.\\nColom., taken, 24 ,028 naval battle,\\n6942; expedition, 64 910 secedes, 029\\nCartago, Costa Rica, convent, 030 earth-\\nquake, 6313.\\nCartas Espaholax issued, 1131\\nCarte-de-visite taken, 732\\nCartcUior, Pierre, b., 7022 d.,7261.\\nCarter, Eliz., b., 9062 d., 9323.\\nE. It., defalcation, 4792.\\nFranklin, b. (1837) M. Hopkins, 4203.\\nGeo. W., speaker, 2772.\\nH.(?),Col.,al Cumberland Mts., 205\\nH., Gen., at Monticello, Ky., 221\\nJames, Lord .Mayor London, 9612.\\nCoolidge, b. (1827) in Arbitra-\\ntion Court, 4272, 4292; resigns, 449\\nPres. American Bar Association, 4702.\\nJosiah Mason, b. (1813) d., 2602.\\nCarter, Martha, accused, 531\\nRobt., gov. Va., 613.\\nSamuel Powhatan, d., 3842.\\nThos. H., Nat, Rep. Committee, 4112.\\nWilliam, hanged, 8743.\\nW. M., cons, bishop, 10062.\\nCarteret, Sir Geo., b. (1680); purchase,\\n43 grant confirmed, 45 a minister,\\n8933 d. (1680).\\nJohn, Lord Granville, b., 8982 lord\\nlieut., 9073; minister, 9113.\\nPhilip, gov. N. J., 43 returns, 453\\ndeposed, 45 2 arrested, 473.\\nvoyage, 910 4932; d. (1796).\\nCarthage, Afr., alliance with Home, 10512,\\n10532; naval expedition captured, 10523;\\npeace with Rome, 10533, 1055 3 war\\nagainst, 1125 attacked, 10543 besieged\\ncaptured; burned, 1055 Roman prov-\\nince, 10503; Rom. city Christian bishop-\\nric, 1139 Vandal capital, 10712; cap-\\ntured, 1071 ,2, 1030 razed, 103IJ2, 1139\\nCouncil .s. Pehtgianisin, 10702.\\nCollege, 111., org., 2703; anti-Mormon\\nmob, 1563.\\nMo., battle of, 1962.\\nTenn., storm ruined, 136\\nCarthaginians in Sicily, 1050 at Syra-\\ncuse, 10513; massacred, 1051 in Spain,\\n11252 sue for peace, 10523 against\\nRome, 10533 expelled from Sp., 10543,\\n1125 constitution reformed, 10553; est.\\nnew town, 1055\\nCartheuser, Johann F., b., 7983 d., S042.\\nCarthusian Monks, .order fnd., 7762.\\nCartier, Sir Geo. Etienne, h.,5763; min-\\nistry defeated, 581 2 d., 582\\nCartouche, Louis D., b., 6942 d., 6982.\\nCartwright, G, president N. C., 453.\\nEdmund, b., 9103 invents power-\\nloom, 9222; J-, ij\u00e2\u0080\u009e. machine, !)20l d., 9403.\\nMaj., John, b., 9103; Radical, 9393\\nd., 9422 statuej 944\\nPeter, b., 962 d., 278\\nSir Richard, treaty-making, 587 on\\nreciprocity, 593\\nSamuel, gov. N. C. (1674).\\n.Thomas, b., 868 opposes Epis. in-\\ntolerance, 8742 d., 878\\nCarus, Karl G., b., 8043 d., 8202.\\nMarcus Aurelius, b.-d., 10642 de\\nfeats Saiiiurtiaiis, 1004 invades Persia,\\n1106 reigns killed, 10672.\\nVictor Julius, b., 8122.\\nCaruth, Asher G., b., 1562.\\nGeorge W., U. S. minister, 4473.\\nCarvajal, Cardinal, at Prague, 508 2\\nFrancisco de, b.-d., 11263.\\nTomas Jose Gonzales, b.-d., 11283.\\nCarver, John, b. (1590 gov., 293 d., 301\\ntraveler, b., 62 d., 93\\nJonathan, b. (1732) d., 93\\nCarvilius, Spurius, at Aquilonia, 10522.\\nCary, Alice, b., 12S.2 works, 1802, 2551\\nd.,272\\nGeo. W., Committee of Seven, 2933.\\nHenry Francis, b., 9183 d., 9502.\\nLot, missionary, 11612.\\nLucius, Viscount Falkland, b., 8782\\nadministrator, 885 k., 884 ,3.\\nPhoebe, b., 132 works, 1763, 2643;\\nd.,274\\nSamuel Fenton, b. (1814) nom. for\\nVice-pres., 293\\nCasa, Giovanni della, b. (1503) Gaiateo,\\n10812 d., 10803.\\nMore, Count de, funeral, 6343.\\nCasabianoa, Louis, b., 7022 d., 713\\nCasanate, Pedro Portale, governor, 6052.\\nCasus, Bartolome ile las, b.-d., 11203 work,\\n1129 sails with Columbus; friend of\\nslaves priest, 10 protector of Indians,\\n173, 212; Dominican; on Pearl Coast,\\n183 hi Guatemala, 203 bp. of Cbiapa\\nresigns, 222 d., 242.\\nLas, Capt,-Gen. Cuba, 6323.\\nCasat i, Capt,, leaves for Rome, 5632.\\nCasaubon, Isaac, b., 6822; d., 6862.\\nCasco, Me., destroyed, 50\\nBay devastated, 572\\nCase, Augustus Ludlow, b., 1382.\\nSchool Applied Science est. in Cleve-\\nland, 0. (1880).\\nCaselius, Johannes, b., 7902 d., 7943.\\nCaseneuve, Pierre de, b., 6842 d., 6902.\\nCaserio, Santo, stabs Pres. Carnot, 7663\\ntrial executed, 767 ,3.\\nCasey, James P., kills James King, 179", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1222.jp2"}, "1223": {"fulltext": "Case-Cava.\\nText Figures denote Page. IN DKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1211\\nCasey, Lieut., at Wounded Knee, 3741\\nLyman L., b., 1482.\\nSilas, b., 1141; at Fair Oaks, 2082\\ncourt, 2161 d. (1882).\\nb. (1841) Capt. U.S.N., 3341\\nT. A., Vicar-Gen., d., 4501\\nThomas L., commis. brig. -gen., 3281\\nin war dept., 3512, 4472.\\nCasbel, see erected, 8443 archbishopric\\nest., 8502 Bp. Day cons., 9742.\\nOasilear, John W., b. (1811) in Nat. Acad.\\nDesign, 1701 paintings, 264 1 2761 2901\\n2941 2981 3001 3101 3141 d. (1893).\\nCasilla, Alonso de Guzman y, gov. Costa\\nRica, 6302.\\nCasimir I., K. of Poland, 11133 d., 11131\\nII., b. (1138) K. of P., 11133 d. (1194).\\nIII., the Great, b.-d., 11142 King of\\nPoland, 11152 f n ds. Univ., 5071.\\nIV., b. (1427) K. of Poland, 11152\\naids Prus. 7842 against Teutonic\\nKnights, 7853 d. (1492).\\nPerier, minister, 7471 ,3 resigns, 7471\\nfor Republic, 7491 ,2 pres. Chamber,\\n7652, 7672; forms ministry, 767 1 Pres.\\nFrance pardons prisoners, 767 2\\nCasin, Mohammedan leader, 10431\\nCaslon, makes llrst cast types, 9061.\\nGasman founded, 10511\\nCaso/iis, ysl: :hi MiKt itm. issued, 5203.\\nCaspari, Karl Paul, b., 8102.\\nCasper, Johann, b., 8063 d., 8221\\nCass Co., Ariz., cyclone, 3641\\nPa., Molly Maguires operate, 2172.\\nLewis, b., 951 se c. war, 1392 nom.\\nfor Pres., 1651 vote, 1652 at Dem.\\nConven., 1711 pres. Senate, 1771 candi-\\ndate for Pres., 1803 s ec. state, 1S23\\nresigns, 1892 d.,252i.\\nGassagnac, Paul Granier de, b. (1843)\\nduel, 7383, 7463; lined, 7503.\\nCassander, b. (354 B. c.) at Athens, 10243;\\nmarries Thessalonica, 1025 3 rebuilds\\nThebes; marries; fnds. Thessalonica,\\n1025 3 rules Caria, 11483 regent rules\\nwar with Polysperehou expelled from\\nGr., 10261 kills lloxana; master of Gr.,\\n10271 d., 10263.\\nCassandra, asteroid, discovered, 2742.\\nCassano, It., Imperialists defeat, 6961\\naction at, 5182.\\nCassard, Capt., attacks Dutch, 10391.\\nCassas, Louis Francois, b., 7022 d., 7243.\\nCassel, Prussians enter, 5233 royal defeat,\\n6921 Fr. gains, 09:13 observatory, 7921\\nCongress meets, 8192; action, 18091.\\nJohann P., b., 7983 d., S042.\\nCassianus, Johannes Massiliensis, or Jo-\\nanesEremita,b.(3\u00c2\u00abt) works, 0131 d.(433).\\nCassidy, G. W., b. (1836) d., 40S1\\nCassilis, Bai-on, title created, 867 1\\nCassin, John, b., 1211 d., 2641\\nCassini, Cesar Francois de Thury, b., 6963\\ndraws the meridian line, 1901 d., 7061\\nGiovanni Domenico, b., 10S2 3 disc.\\nsatellites, 6922 chart of moon, 6942 d.,\\n10831\\nJacques, b., 6923 d., 7022.\\nJean Dominique, b., 6863 d., 6963.\\nCassiodorus, Marcus Aurelius, statesman,\\nb.-d., 10702.\\nCassius, Andreas, gold purple for making\\nred glass, 7982.\\nAvidius, in Parthian war, 10641\\nrebel, 10641\\nLonginus Caius, triumvirs against,\\n10602; assassinates Caesar; rules Syria,\\n10612, 11512; massacre in Seleueia,\\n11532 at Philippi, 10281 d. (42 B. c).\\nLonginus Lucius, destroyed, 10561.\\nSpurius Viscellinus, defeats Hernici,\\n10501 Latin alliance, 10512.\\nCassivelaunus against C;esar, 8391, 8403.\\nCastagno, Andrea del, b.-d., 1078 2\\nCastalio, Sebastien, b., 6802; d., 6822.\\nCastalla, Sp., contest at, 7183.\\nCastanheda, Fernao Lopez de, b.-d., 11092.\\nCastanon, action at, 11321.\\nGonzalo, murdered, 6323.\\nCastafios, Francisco Xavier de, D. of Bay-\\nlen, b.-d., 11283; at Baylen, 7162.\\nCastel, Louis Bertrand, b., 6942; d., 7022.\\nRene Richard Louis, b. (1758); works,\\n713i; d. (1832).\\nCastelar, Emilio, b., 11303; repub. leader,\\n11313; pres. executive; resigns, 11332;\\na monarchist, 1133 3\\nCastelbon, M., canal scandal, 7642,3.\\nCastelfidardo, launched, 10882.\\nCastelfidardo, It., Papal army defeated,\\n734i.\\nCastell, Edmund, b., 8781 Lexicon Hepto-\\nglotton, 8931 ;d., 9862.\\nCastellan, Antoine Louis, b., 7042; d.,7281.\\nCastelli, Benedetto, b., 1081 1 d., 1644.\\nIgnaz F., b., 8042; d., 8202.\\nCastello, Giovanni liatlista, b., 10791; d.,\\n10811.\\nCastelnau, de la Mauvissiere, Michel, b.,\\n6803; d., 6842.\\nCastelnaudary, Fr., battle at, 6881.\\nCastelnuovo, Aust., Aust. defeated, 7121\\nCnstig.-ui, John, minister, Can., 5931\\nCasriglione, It., battle, 5181.\\nBaldassare, b. (1478); 11 Cortigiano,\\n10812; d. (1529).\\nCarlo, Ottavio, Ct., b., 10843; d.(1849).\\nGiovanni, Benedetto, b., 10823 d.,\\n10S31.\\nCastile, Sp., connected with Portugal,\\n11091 against Aragon, 11261 no private\\nrevenge, 11271 united with Galicia,\\n11272; with Aragon, 11273; insurrection,\\n11293; rulers of. See text, pp., 1125-1173.\\nCastilla, Ramon, b.-d.; chosen pres., 1108 2\\nCastille, Chas. ilippolyte, h.,7223; d.,7542.\\nCastillego, Cristoval, b. (1494); works,\\n11291 d. (1556).\\nCastillejos, Morocco, action at, 1097 2\\nCastillion, siege of, 6781\\nCastillo, Canovas del, convention, 11333.\\nIgnacio .Maria capt. -gen., frees slaves,\\n6333; in Cuba, 6332.\\nSantin del, pres., San Salvador, 11232.\\nCastine, Me., captured, 412, 441 ,462; Brit,\\noccupy, 402.\\nCast-iron mfg., Eng., 868 1 malleable, pre-\\nmium for, 1361 rails for railroads, 9162.\\nSee Iron.\\nCastle, Nicholas, elected bp., 298 3\\nGarden, N.Y., erected, 1021 perform-\\nances at, 1761 receiving station, 1793;\\nclosed, 3573.\\nIsland, Ire., moonlighters, 9943.\\nCastlebar, Ire., occupied, 7133.\\nCastlemain, Lord, ainbas., 897 3 d. (1705).\\nCastlemaine, Baron, title created, 9372.\\nLady, presented, 8911.\\nCastle-Pollard, Ire., riots, 9451\\nCastles, Fr. demolition, 687 3\\nCastleshock, Ire., police resisted, 9451\\nCastle-Stuart, Earl, title created, 9311\\nCastleton, Baron, title created, 9651.\\nVt., normal school opd., 260 3\\nCastle William, Brit, hold, 77 3\\nCast mirrors invented, 6942.\\nCastor and Pollux, recover Helen, 1014 3\\nCastren, Matthias Alex., b., 11163 ;d.,11182.\\nCastro, Guillem de, b.-d., 11282.\\nInez de, assassinated, 11092.\\nJose Maria, b. (1818); pres., 6311 re-\\nsigns, 11G02.\\nLope Garcia de, gov. Peru, 251\\nVaca de, inspector, 213; d., 11282.\\nCastruccio, Arrigo di, comic poet, 10772.\\nCastruecio-Castraeana, b. (1282); power in\\nIt., 1077 3 d. (1328).\\nCastrum, colony at, 1053 3\\nCast steel, first made, 9481\\nCaswell, Alexis, b.,1082 d., 2941.\\nRichard, b. (1729); gov. N. C, 85 3\\n973; d. (1789).\\nCatalani, Angelica, b. (1779) d., 10863.\\nCatalonia, Sp. plants colonies in, 11252\\nflood, 1128 1 conquered, 11293; insurrec-\\ntions, 11302; Carlists hold, 11321.\\nCatalpa, Fenians escape in, 981 1\\nCatamarea, Argentine, insurgents, 4922.\\nCatana (Catania), fnd., 10511 Romans rule,\\n1053 3 taken, 1086 1 earthquake, 10741;\\nuniv. fnd., 10792; destroyed, 10822; in-\\nsurrection, 10891.\\nCatapnlta) invented, 10223.\\nCatargi, M., assassinated, 11133.\\nCatawba coll., est. at Newton, N. C. (1851).\\nCatchings, Thos. C, b., 1623.\\nCatel, Charles Simon, b., 704=; d., 7261\\nCatelier, Jean Baptiste, d., 6942.\\nCaterham Junction, railway ace, 9693.\\nCaterpillar plague, U. S., 3861\\nCatesby, Mark, b., 8942; d., 9122.\\nRobt., gunpowder plot, 8792; d. (1605).\\nCathcart, Baron, title created, 8631.\\nD. of, title created, 9372.\\nSir George, Earl of, b., 9263; takes\\nDanish vessels, 6381 gov. -gen., Can.,\\n5793; Kafir war, 5981 defeats Basutos,\\n11052; d., 9582.\\nCathedrals, Aquileia, 10741 Assumption\\nat Moscow, 11143, Bari, 10741 Cremona\\n10743; Lucca, 11178 Milan, 10771; Mo\\ndena, 10751 Naples, 1O703; Niccola Pisa-\\nno pulpit erected, 11)761 Perugia, 10743;\\nPisa, 10741; Salisbury, 8521; San Sisito,\\nfnd., 10743; Transliguration, 11143. (See\\nCologne; St. Paul s St. Peter s; Stras-\\nburg.)\\nCatherine, Queen, Eng., crowned, 8631;\\nex-queen, d., 9033.\\n1., emp. Bus., b.-d., 11142; Acad. Sci-\\nence, III51 enthroned, 11153.\\nn., emp., Bus., b.-d., 11143 enthroned,\\nreforms, 11172; d., 11173.\\nAdamson, wrecked, 4973.\\nof Aragon, b.-d., 11263; marries Henry,\\n8663, 8672,3.\\nof Braganza. 1). (1638); marries, 8913\\nd., 1705.\\nde Cornaro, sells Cyprus, 11572.\\nof Medici, b., 081)2; marries Henry,\\n6813; calls Poissy Conf., 6823; power in\\nFr.; regent, 0833; tl., 6842.\\nParr. (See Par.)\\nofWiirteinlierg, weds Bonaparte, 7171\\nPrincess, b. (1401); weds Henry V. of\\nEng., 6773: d. (1458).\\nSaint, d., 6542.\\nCatherwood, Mary Hartwell, Tonty, 3743.\\nCatholic Univ. of Am. org., 3282; Mc-\\nMahon Hall of Philosophy erected, 4042.\\n(See Roman Catholic.)\\nCatiline, Lucius Sergius, d., 10563; at\\nPistoria, 10582; conspiracy, 10591; fails,\\n10592; renewed, 10592.\\nCatinat, Nicolas de, b., 68S 2 at Carpi at\\nMarsaglia; at Nice, 0941; d., 6963.\\nCatlett s Station, Va., Confeds. take, 2121\\nCatlin, George, b., 1061 d., 2782.\\nS. P., money found, 4313.\\nCatlyn, Robt., Sir, chief justice, 8732.\\nt uro wrecked, 9221.\\nMarcus Porcius, (Elder), b.-d., 10531\\ndefeats iUtolians, 10551 works, 10552.\\nPorcius (Younger), b.-d against\\nCyprus, 10.7.13; suicide, 10602, 10611.\\nCatron, John. b.,98i justice, 1492; d.(1865).\\nCats, Jakob, b.-d., 10983; works, 11011.\\nCattell, Alex. Gillmore,b.(1816) civil ser-\\nvice commissioner, 2732.\\nWm. C, b., 1343.\\nCattermole, George, b.,9302; d., 9722.\\nCattle, intro. New Eng., 31 2 live, exported,\\n2833; Ger. prohibition of, 4751 8363;\\nacclimated. 495 3 diseased, 9102, 9753.\\nplague, Hung., 5153; Eng., 9691.\\nthieves in Wash., 3S02.\\nCatullus, Caius Valerius, b.,87B.C; poems\\nof, 10583; d., 54 B.C.\\nCatulus, Lutatius, b. (152 B. a); de-\\nstroys Carthaginian licet, 10531.\\nQ. Lutatius, b. (152 B. c.) reenforced\\nby Marius, 10562; on Campus Martius,\\n10581 dedicates capitol, 10583; d. (60 B.C.)\\nCaub, monument to Von Bliicher, 8361\\nCaucasia, Amazons conquered, 10131\\nCaucasus, Russian victories, 11181\\nCauchon, Joseph Edward, b. (1816); gov.,\\n5833; d. (1885).\\nPierre, d., 6782.\\nCauchy, Augustin L., h., 7062; d., 7322.\\nCaucuses. Congressional, held, 107 2\\nCaudaules, killed, 11453.\\nCaudine Forks, It., Roman defeat, 10521\\nCaulaincourt, Armand A. L., de, Due de\\nVincenza, b., 7042; d., 7243.\\nCaulfield, Sir Geo., chief justice, 9133.\\nCaumont, Arcisse de, b., 7143; d., 7461\\nCaus, Salomon de, b., 0841 invents steam\\napparatus, 6861 d., 6863.\\nCausey, John W., b., 1522.\\nCaussin. Nicholas, b., 6842; d., 6902.\\nPereival de, Armand Pierre, b., 7102;\\nd., 7461\\nCautley, Sir Proby Thos., b.,9303; d.,9761\\nCavaignae, Eleonore Louis Godefroy, b.,\\n7143 resigns, 7633 d., 7283.\\nJean Baptiste, b. 7023 d., 7243.\\nLouis Eugene, b., 7143 gov. Alger.,\\n93 dictator pres. of council, 7312\\nminister, 7632 d., 7322.\\nCavalcanti, Guido, b., (1240); d. (1300);\\nwork, 10771.\\nCavalier, Jean, b., 6933 d., 7002.\\nCavaliere, Emilio del, oratorio, 10821.\\nCavalieri, Bonaventura, d., 10823.\\nCavaliers org., Eng., 8852.\\nCavalli, Pietro Francesco, b., 10823 d.,\\n10831.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1223.jp2"}, "1224": {"fulltext": "1212\\nText Figures denote Page. ljNJjlLyC. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nCava-Chai.\\nCavallon, Juan de, gov. Costa Rica, 6301\\nCavalry, first used, 11401\\nCavau, E. of, title created, SS1 i\\nCavanagh, Maurice, murderer, 8663.\\nCavanilles, Antonio Jose, b.-d., 11283.\\nCavazza, Elizabeth, Penelope, 3323.\\nCave, Edward, b.,8982 Gentleman s Mag-\\nozine,909i d., 9123.\\nStephen, in Egy., 659 judge-advo-\\ncate-gen., 9792.\\nWilliam, b., S322 d., 9042.\\nCavelier, Pierre Jules, b., 721\\nCaven, J. B., shot, 4722.\\nCavendish. Lord Edward, d., 1006\\nLord Frederick Charles, b. (1836) in\\nIre., 9892 stabbed, 9S9 1 conspirators,\\n991 reward ottered, 9892.\\nGeorge, Life of Wooheit, 871\\nHenry, b., 908 2 hydrogen gas, 916\\nelectricity, 918 2 water composition\\ngases. *.)22i nitric acid. 9222 water elec-\\ntricity, 924 d.,935\\nJudge de, beheaded, S603.\\nor Candisb, Thomas, b., 8722 com-\\nmander, 605 at Sao Vicente, 5521 d.,\\n8762.\\nDuke of Newcastle, b., 8762\\nd., 8942.\\nWin., Duke of Devonshire, b. (1610)\\nminister, 8992 lord lieut., 9093 d.,\\n10062.\\nE. of Harrington, b. (1720) lord-\\nlieut., 9133 d. (1747).\\nHenry, forms ministry, 9232\\ndismissed, 9233.\\nSir, b., 8662 d. (1557).\\nSpencer Compton, Marquis Harting-\\nton, b. (1833) minister, J7:;i 9852, 9912\\nLiberal leader, 9793 on Labor Commis-\\nsion, 10072.\\nSociety founded, 9543.\\nCaventou, Joseph B., b., 7103 discovers\\nquinine, 7222 d., 7502.\\nCavill, Mr., swims Fug. Channel, 9833.\\nCavour, Camillio Bens. Count di, b. 1085\\n11 JRisorgimento, 1087 prime minister,\\n10873 d.; monument, 10882.\\nCawdor, Earl of, title created, 9412.\\nCawein, Madison Curtis, Aecolon, 3502.\\nCawnpur mission, 1047 captured, 1048\\nCaxamarea, Peru, entered, 20\\nCaxtou, Wm., b., 8022 first: printing-press,\\n8642 works, 8642, 3, S663; d., 866\\nSociety formed, 952\\nCayenne, Guiana, attacked, 1039 French\\ntraders, 1039\\nCaiflerseille, Kv., conflict, 421\\nCayley, Sir George, b. (1773) hot-air en-\\ngine 9342 d. (1857).\\nCaylus, Comte de, Anne Claude Philippe\\nde Tubieres, b., 6942 encaustic paint-\\ning, 7002 d. (1765).\\nMarquise de, Marthe Marguerite de\\nVillette de Murcay, b. (1673) d., 6983.\\nCaynal, David, minister of interior affairs,\\nFrance, 767\\nCayuga and Seneca Canal completed, 1373.\\nIndians sell lands, 101\\nCayvan, Georgia, b., 184\\nCazales, Jacques Antoine Marie de, b.,\\n7023 d. 7163.\\nCazauran, Augustus R., d., 334\\nCazotte, Jacques, b. (1719) Diable Amou-\\nreux, 7052 a. (1792).\\nCean-Bermudez, Juan Augnstin, b.-d.,\\n11283.\\nCeara, Braz., republic, 5552; missions, 5563;\\ninsurrections, 558 gov. deposed, 5592.\\nCeawlin at Wimbledon, 840 d. (593).\\nCecchi, Giovanni Maria, d., 10822.\\nCecil, Lord A. P., drowned, 5882 d.,588\\nRobt., Earl of Salisbury, b., 872\\nminister, 8773, 879 2 d., 8792.\\n(See Salisbury.)\\nWm., Sir [Lord Burleigh], b. (1520);\\nminister, 8712, X732, 8753, S 77a d. (1598).\\nLieut., in duel, 9372.\\nCecilia, St., d., 10642.\\nCecilian Coll., Ky., org., 1863,2583.\\nCecrops, king, b.; erected altar to Jupiter,\\n1013 est. matrimonial ceremony, 10132;\\nin Attica; king; fnd. civilization, 10133.\\nCedar Bridge, Va., encounter, 803.\\nCreek, Va., battle of, 239\\nFalls, Tex., Normal School opd., 2923.\\nHill Cemetery laid out, 2513.\\nKeys, Fla., captured, 2022 Mayor\\nCottrell threatens life, 3583.\\nMountain, Va., battle, 2103.\\nCedar Valley Seminary find., 211\\nCedars, The^ Can., captured, 822.\\nCeillier, Remi, b., 0942; d., 7083.\\nCelakowsky, Frantisck Ladislav, b., 519\\nd. (1852).\\nCeler, legate in Tarragona, 10633.\\nCelestial globe iutro., 1023\\nmaps issued, 820\\nCelestine 1., St., pope, 10702 d. (432).\\nII., pope, 10743; d. (1144).\\nIII., b. (11061 pope, 1075 d. (1198).\\nIV., pope, 1075 fnds.Celestines, 10763;\\nd., 10762.\\nV., b. (1215) pope, 10763.\\nCelestines, monastic order fnd., 1076 3\\nCelibacy of clergy imposed, Aust., 5042;\\nin It., 10119 10722; in Ger., 10743; en-\\nforced, 7743; inSwe., 11343; in Fr., 7512.\\nCellarius, Christoph, h., 7963 d., 7983.\\nCellier, Alfred, d., 10062.\\nCellini Benvenuto, b., 1079 d. (1570).\\nCelman. (Sec Juarez Celnian.)\\nCelsius, Anders, b.-d., 11342.\\nOlaus, b.-d., 11342;\\nCelsus, Aurelius Cornelius, b., 10622; En-\\ncyclopaedia, 10623.\\nPlatonist, b., 10642.\\nCeltes, Conrad, b., 7862; d., 7863.\\nCeltibei-ians revolt, 1125\\nCeltic Society nourishes, 9532.\\ntribes, Belgium, 5393.\\nCeltis, Konrad, b. (1459); Amoves, 7S7\\nd. (1508).\\nCeluta, asteroid, discovered, 748\\nCemeteries, Nat. Congress provides, 257\\nGettysburg soldiers ^dedicated, 2293.\\nCemetery Ridge, battle for, 224\\nCenci, Beatrice, b. (1577); d., 10823.\\nCenidse, captured, 10262.\\nCensure of govt, punishable, Fr., 735 3\\nCensus, U. S. A., first taken, 1033; decen-\\nnially taken, 1293, 1893. 2713, 3l 3, 3613,\\n3633, 3723, 373 3S23; Investigating Com-\\nmittee resolution, 399 3\\nEng., 9132, 9652.\\nfinancial census, 273 3\\nCentaur, sinks, 922\\nCentenary Biblical Inst, org., Bait., 2543.\\nColl., La., est., 1323.\\nCentennial, Johnson s voyage in, 2933.\\nCentennial Day, Y. P. S. C. E., 3862.\\nExhibition, Phila., 2732, 0773, 2852,3,\\n2901,2,3, 2933, 7493.\\nLoan Exhibition opens in N. Y., 333\\nof First Republic, Fr., 763\\nWashington s inauguration, N. Y.,\\n338\\n,3392\\nCenteno, Diego de, 1). (1505) Lake Titicaca,\\n22 d. (1549).\\nCenterburg, O., fire, 4393.\\nCenterville, Dak., coal discovered, 332\\nMich., tobacco mnf., 146\\nMd., negro lynched, 3832.\\nVa., McDowell reaches, 1963; occu-\\npied, 2043 Confeds. driven west, 2122\\nevacuated, 2123; Meade advances, 228\\nCentlivre, Susannah, b., 9062; d., 8922.\\nCento Xoeelle Autielte appears, 1077\\nCentral Africa, liquor traffic petitions,\\n3972. (See Congo Free State Ger. East\\nAfrica British East Africa.)\\nCentral Agency for For. Miss, est., 990 2\\nCentral America,, wrecked, 1833.\\nCentral America, Toltecs enter, 113; semi-\\ncivilized, 14 Federation fmd., 6303;\\nNicaragua enters, 1103 States dissolve\\nunion, 6303 Republics treaty; Union,\\nresolutions 6312 non-interference of\\nPowers, 11032.\\nInter-Ocean Canal, Bulwer-Clay-\\nton treaty, 1672.\\nAsia, to explore, 760 R.R., opd., 11193.\\nChina Mission est., 621\\nCity, Neb., Central Coll. opd., 3223.\\nW. Va., explosion, 3993.\\nColl., fnd. at Enterprise, Kan., 3962.\\nLafayette, Mo., org., 1823.\\nFalls, R. I., figured muslin in, 136\\nLabor Union, Anti-militia, 414 2\\nN. Y., Conf. Meth. Epis., 2762.\\nOhio College, fnd., 3123.\\nPacific R. R. ground broken, 2193;\\nconnects with U. Pacific R. R., 2673;\\ntrain robbers. 3932.\\nPark suggested, 170 begun, 182\\nMorse statue, 2741 Fitz-GreeneHalleck\\nstatue, 2941; Egyptian obelisk; Burns\\nstatue; Thomas Moore statue, 3061 lo-\\ncusts in, 3422; obelisk deteriorates, 3501\\nCentral Pennsylvania Coll. org. at New\\nBerlin (1855).\\nR. R., Ky., train robbery, 111., 4423.\\nTennessee Coll. chart, 2522.\\nUniv., la., org., 1731\\nKy. (S. l res.), org., 2863.\\nWeslevan Coll., Mo., fnd., 2412.\\nCentralia, Mo., Bill Anderson at, 2382.\\nCentre College, Ky., org., 1271.\\nCepeda, Argentine, Urquiza in, 4902.\\nCephalonia, Byron joins Greeks, 10342.\\nCephren, Egy. pyramid opened, 6563.\\nCeracchi, Giuseppe, b. (1760); busts by,\\n1021 d. (1800).\\nCerbere, captured, 9301\\nCerberus, escapes, 920 takes ships, 9343.\\nCerceau, Jean-Antoine du, b., 6922; d.,\\n6983.\\nCerda, Chris, de hi, gov. Chili, 6052.\\nJuan Luis de la, b.-d., 11282.\\nFernandez Salinas y. -^ov., 6302.\\nCerdagne, Sp., acquired, 67i)i restored,\\n6793.\\nCerdic, settles in Eng., 7693 at Carford,\\nS40i fnds. Wessex, 8413.\\nCeres, asteroid, discovered, 10841\\ncaptured, 9361\\ntakes Alfred, 882.\\nwrecked, Ire., 9693.\\nLiber Temple decorated, 10502.\\nplays introduced, 10742.\\nteaches bread-making, 1013 wor-\\nshiped, 10503.\\nCerestes, action at, 11561\\nCerignola, It., battle at, 6782.\\nCerinthus, b.-d., 11521\\nCerisier, Antoine Marie, b., 7003 d., 7243.\\nCerisoles, It., battle at, 6802\\nCerium discovered, 11361\\nCerna, Gen. Vicente, pres. Guatemala,\\n10382; defeated, 10381\\nCerne, Eng., waterspout damages, 10001\\nCerro Blanco, mines, N. Mex., 3493.\\nGordo, Mex., battle, 1621\\nCersoblcptes captured, 10241.\\nCerton, Salomon, b., 6822 d., 6S62.\\nCervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, b.-d.,\\n11282 works, 11291.\\nCerveira, Manoel, fnds. St. Felipe, 1161 1\\nCervolle, Arnaud, de, b.-d., 673 2\\nCesari, Antonio, b., (1760) work, 10852\\nd., 10S02.\\nGiuseppe, painter, b., 10S03 ;d., 10823.\\nGiuseppe Cavaliere di, b. (1570) d.,\\n10882.\\nCesarotti, Melchiore, b., 10842 d., 10851\\nCesnola, di Luigi Palnia, b., 1401; discov-\\neries in Cyprus, 11581.\\nCespedes, Carlos Manuel, b.-d., 6322\\nfights for life, 6321 at Yara insurrec-\\ntionist, 633 leader, 032 deposed, 6332.\\nCetewayo, chief; conflict; death, 600 ,2,3.\\nCethegu s, conspirator, 1059 2\\nCevallos. Pedro, b.-d., 11283.\\nCeylon, Eng. takes, 9273 9392 bishopric\\nest., 94S3 seat of Buddhism, 1043 con-\\nquered Portuguese in, 10433; Dutch in,\\n10441 Christianity intro., 10443; Brit. in,\\n10453; revolt, 10461; mission, 10462,3;\\n10471, 10483; Brit, control; Brit, set-\\ntlements seized, 10472.\\nCliabannes, Antoine de, b.-d., 6762.\\nChabanon, Michel Paul Guy de, b.,6983\\nd., 7082.\\nChabas, Franc Joseph, b., 7222.\\nChahert, Jos. B. de, b., 0982 d., 7163.\\nChabot, Philippe de, b. (1480) d., 6803.\\nObservatory, Oakland, Cal.,324\\nChabrias in Eg\\\\pt, 10233 d., 1023\\nChabrillan, Celeste Vernard de, Comtesse\\nde Moreton, b., 7242.\\nChabrol, de Volvie, Gilbert J. G., b., 7042\\nd.,7283.\\nChabrouillaud, editor in duel, 7563.\\nChaeabueo. Spaniards defeated, 606\\nChacon, Pedro, b.-d., 11282.\\nChacornac, Jean, b. (1823) discovers plan-\\nets, 732 d. (1873).\\nChadbourne, Paul Ansel, b., 1302; d.(1883).\\nChaddock Coll., fnd. at Quincy, 111.. 2SS3.\\nChadonine, M., expelled from Bulg., 7632.\\nChadwick, Edwin, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 9303 d., 10022.\\nF. E., Com., in navy dept., 447 2\\nS. F., gov. Ore., 2973.\\nChseronea, Gr., Philip defeats Athenians\\nand Thebans, 10241 Sulla defeats Arche-\\nlaus; Mithridates makes peace, 10281.\\nChain, Gunter s, made, 8781\\nbridge, first, Eng., 9401", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1224.jp2"}, "1225": {"fulltext": "Chai-Char.\\nText Figures denote Page, IJND-hL-X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1213\\nChain Pier completed, Eng., 9402.\\nChaitanya, incarnation of Vishnu, 10431\\nChaix d Est Ange, Gustavo Louis Adolphe\\nVictor Charles, b., 7142 d., 750\\nChaka, king, 5973 assassinated, 5992.\\nChalcedon, fnd.; 10153 taken, 1022 Ecu-\\nmenical Council, 6543, 10703.\\nChalchuapa, Barrios killed, 1038\\nChalcis, annexed to Syria, 11533.\\nChalgrin, Jean F. T., b., 7002 fl., 7191\\nChalk Bluff, Ark., Gen. Jeff Thompson\\nsurrenders at, 2463.\\nChallemel-Lacour, Pierre Marie Paul\\nAinand, b. (1827) minister, 7543 Pres.\\nSenate, 7652.\\nChallenger, life-boat, patented, 9562.\\nChallis, Thomas, lord mayor London, 9572.\\nChalloner, Richard, b., 8982 bp. of Lon-\\ndon; d., 9222.\\nChalmers, Alex., b., 9143 d., 9462.\\nCharles, D., d., 10102.\\nGeorge, b., 9103 d., 9422.\\nRobert, d., 9982.\\nThos., b., 9203; works, 937 9543;\\nd., 9542 statue 982\\nChalons, House of, in Orange, 6813.\\ntaken, 7203, 743 Republican out-\\nbreak, 735\\nsur-Marne, occupied, 740\\nChamapier, Symphoren, b.-d., 6782.\\nChamberlain, Dan. H., goY. S. C, 2912,\\n2932 withdraws claim, 295 3\\nE. T., in treas. dept., 4472.\\nJoseph, b. (1S.)6 banquet, 3272; at\\nWash., D. C, 3273, 4402; minister, 9852,\\n9952; prest. Unionist. 9992; leader, 1009\\nJoshua Lawrence, b., 136\\nJ. L., gov. Me., 2593.\\nChamberlayue, makes iron pens, 8962.\\nChambers, B. J., nom. 305 vote, 3072.\\nEphraim, b., 8942; a., 9103.\\nJames R., nom. for gov., 345 2\\nJohn, gov. La., 155 2\\nRobert, publisher, b., 9303; d., 976\\npublisher, d. 9982.\\nSir Thomas, d., 10062-\\nWalter, d., 10102.\\nSir Win. ,\\\\b., 9063; builds Richmond\\nobservatory, 918 d. (1796).\\nb., 9302; d., 9922.\\ncons, bp., 10082.\\nChambers s Edinburgh Journal, 9463.\\nChambers s Eurgelopwdia, 9983.\\nChambers, of Reunion est., Fr., 693 3\\nChambersburg, Pa., raided by Confeds.,\\n2223; Lee enters, 223 burned, 2363.\\nChambly, N. T., captured, 802.\\nChainbon de Montaux, Nicolas, b., 7003;\\nd., 7242.\\nChambord, Comte de, Henri C. F. M. D.\\nd Artois, b., 7223 protests, 7332 head\\nof Bourbons, 7473; manifesto, 7492; d.,\\n754\\nChambray, Marquis de, Georges, b., 705\\nd., 7302.\\nChamfort, Sebastien RochXicolas.b., 7002;\\nd., 7102.\\nChamier, Daniel, b., 6823; d., 6863.\\nChamillard, Michel, b., 6902; d., 6982.\\nChamilly, Marquis de, Noel Bouton, b.,\\n6882; d., 697\\nChamisso, Adelbert von, b., 8042 work,\\n8103; d., 8143.\\nChamorro, Pedro Joaquin, pres., 11033.\\nChamousset, Chevalier de, Claude Hum-\\nbert Piarron, b., 697 d., 7042.\\nChampagne, PhiUijjpede, b., 5403; d., 541\\nChampaign, 111., Univ., org., 2583.\\nChampaubert, allies defeated, 7202.\\nChampe, John, b., 683; d., 108\\nChampeaux.Guillauino de, b.-d., 668 2 ;fnds.\\nUniv. of Fr., 671\\nChampfleury, Jules Fleury-Husson, b.\\n(1821); works, 7302, 7323,7363,7502; d.,\\n(1889).\\nChampigny, Fr., taken, 7423.\\nChampiilion, Jean Francois, b., 708 2\\nChampion, Edmund, tortured, 8743.\\nH. H., in Socialist League, 995\\nJim, lynched, 3782.\\nChampionnet, Jean E., b., 7023; d., 7142.\\nChampion s Hill, Miss., battle, 222 Blue\\nand Gray at, 359\\nChamplain, Samuel de, b.-d., 5703; inCan.,\\n26 073, 5713; Des Salvages, 571 on\\nLake Champlain, 26 explorer, 5713,\\nvoyages, 571 battle with Indians; on\\nLake Huron, 28 gov., 31 5731; re-\\npulses Kirk, 5721 at Quebec, 301\\nChamplain, Canal navig.,1273; eel., 1331 ,3.\\nLake, discovered, 261\\nValley, Indians in, 923.\\nChamplin, E. T., speaker, Minn., 3752.\\nJohn Donison, b. (1834) work, 3502.\\nStephen Gardner, b. (1827); d., 2312.\\nChampmesle, Marie Desmares, b., 6883\\nd., 6943.\\nChampney, Benjamin, b., 1261.\\nJames Wells, b., 1561\\nChainpollion, Jean Francois, b. (1778)\\nworks of, 7211 7251 7271 d., 7262.\\nFigeac, Jacques Joseph, b. (1778) d.,\\n7362.\\nChamps de Mars, Fr., attack in, 7091.\\n(See Paris.)\\nattacked, 2322 Battle-Field Asso., 2921\\nChancery and Common-Law-Offices Act\\npasses, 3712,\\nChan-Chia-wan, Chinese defeat, 620\\nChanch Rayada, battle of, 6061\\nChandausi mission, 1048 3\\nChandler, Okla., bandits attack bank, 4663.\\nAbiel, b., 891 d., 1682.\\nAmelie Rices, works, 3331\\nCharles Frederick, b., 1462.\\nEdward Barron, b. (1S00) gov. N. B.,\\n5831 d. (1880).\\nGeorge, in interior dept., 351 2\\nJohn G., comniis. colonel, 4001\\nRichard, b., 9102 d., 9351\\nSamuel, b. (1794) d., 2582.\\nS. C, Scientific Soc; dis., 3942.\\nWilliam Eaton, b., 1442 niinister to\\nRus. sec. navy, 3111; Hawaii resolu-\\ntions, 4232; Roach investigation, 4291\\ninvestigation resolution, 4672.\\nZachariab, b. (1813) sec. interior,\\n2892 war investigation, 203 d., 3022.\\nChanfrau. Frank S-. b., 1482 produces\\nMose; Bowery Bog, 1641 d. (1884).\\nChang, enthroned, 0122; dynasty; rules,\\n6111 overthrown, 6112.\\nand Eng, twins, d., 2841\\nKeo, defeated, 612 controls, 6123.\\nPing, waterspout, 624 flooded, 10921\\nChangarnier, Nicolas A. T., b., 70S 2 de-\\nprived of command, 730 7313 military\\ndemonstration, 730 d., 7502.\\nChangchow taken, 6203.\\nChangsunehi, patrojtess of letters, 6122.\\nChangtl I., enthroned, 0113.\\nII., enthroned, 6113.\\nChang-wang, executed, 6202.\\nYin Huan, power to make peace, 627\\n(Mian-King port opened, 6253.\\nChannel, Eng., naval battle in, S8S 9261\\nIslands, earthquake, 10001\\nChanning, Edward. Eni/lish History, 44S2.\\nEdward Tyrrel, b. (1790) d., 1781.\\nWillianr Ellery, b., 93 1 works, 1271\\n1371 preaches, 1282 d.,1541; birth cel-\\nebrated, 3042.\\nChanson de Roland, written, 6691\\nbausons in Fr. literature, 672 671\\nChantal, Jean F. F. de, b., 6823 d., 6883.\\nChantillv. Va., action at, 2122.\\nChantry Sir Francis Legatt, b., 9222 d.,\\n9502.\\nChanzy, Antoine E. A., b.,7241 gov., 102;\\nat Bazoche des Hautes, 7423 at Dijon\\nle Mans, 743i at siege of Le Mans de-\\nfeated, 7441 S26i d.,7541.\\nCliao dynasty, 6112.\\nChaohow, enthroned, 611 1\\nChaoti, enthroned, 6113.\\nChaou Kwang-yin, Avar with Tartars, 6121\\nWang, enthroned, 611 2\\nOhaoyang, insurgents defeated, 6261\\nChapa mission, 10491.\\nCbapelain, Jean, b., 6S42 Pucelle, 6911;\\nd.,6922.\\nChapel Hill, University N. C, org., 1063.\\nVa., action at, 2191\\nChapelle, Claude, E. L.. b., 6863 d., 6942.\\nChapin, Edwin H., b., 1231 d., 3042.\\nMayor, reviews Italians, 386 3\\nChaplains tirst appointed. Eng., S802.\\nChapleau, Jos. A., scandal, 5922 sec.\\nstate, 593 1 resigns, all:: 2 minister, 5943.\\nChaplin, Henry, minister, 9933, 10013.\\nChapman, Alvan Wentwortb, b., 1161.\\nFredrik Heurik af b. (1721) d.,\\n11361.\\nGeorge, b., 8721 works, 8772, SSO 3\\n8771, 8783,8883; d., 8822.\\nNathaniel, b., 931 d., 1722.\\nChapman, Orlow W., in justice dept., 3512.\\nReuben, b. (1799) gov., 1633; d. (1S82).\\nMaj. Wm., b. (1810) near Pooles-\\nville, Md., 2123.\\nCliapmansville, W. Va., action, 1983.\\nChapone, Hester, b. (1727) d., 9303.\\nChapoo, attacked, 616 2\\nChappaqua, N.Y., lire, 3553.\\nChappe, Claude, b., 7031; first telegraph;\\noptical telegraph, 706 7082; d., 7163.\\nChapsal, Chas. Pierre, b., 7062 d.,7342.\\nChaptal, Jean Antoine, Comte de Chante-\\nloupe, b. (1756) d., 7262.\\nChapu, Henri M. A., d., 7602.\\nChapultepec, Hex., battle of, 1622.\\nCharas, Mol se, b., 6863; d., 6943.\\nChar-asiab, battle of, 6\\nCharcot, Jean Martin, d., 764\\nChardin, Jean, b., 6883; d., 6963.\\nChardjin, Ivomarotl Gen., arrives, 62.\\nChardon de la Rochette, Simon, b.,701\\nd., 7211.\\nCharenton, Fr., battle, 6882; collision, 7533.\\nChares, Gen., b., 10243.\\nbronze statuary, b., 10263.\\nCharibert, king, 0052; d., 6652.\\nCharilaus, hostilities, 10141.\\nCharitable Relief Society, org. Eng., 9731\\nCharities and Correction Conf., 3583.\\nCharity Schools, est., S903; fnd., 9043.\\nSociety, Mass., find., 991\\nCharlemagne. (See Charles the Great.)\\nCharlemagne, published, 8483.\\nCharlemo nt, Vise, title creat., 8911 9051\\nCharlemont Packet, wrecked, 925 3\\nCharleroi, riots, 5462 mine explosion,\\n5473; miners strike, 5482.\\nCharles I. of Anjou, b. -d., 10742 king of Na-\\nples, 10153, 10763 struggles tor It., 10772.\\nin. of Aust., k. of Two Sicilies, 10793.\\nI. of Bohemia, reigns, 5072.\\nI., K. of Eng., b.,iS762 reigns mar-\\nries dissolves Pari. dismisses Queen s\\nservants, 8S13 aids Wahlenses, 8822;\\nexacts war loan; in Edinburgh, 8831;\\nSecond Book of Sports, 888 rules with-\\nout Pari. crowned in Scot., 8832; levies\\nship-money impost agrees with Scots\\nmeets Covenanters favors Episcopacy,\\n8833; in Civil War, SSI in Edinburgh,\\n885 at Hull; distrusted; retires to\\nYork, 8852 defeated at Chester sur-\\nrenders, 886 rejects terms struggle\\nwith Pari., 8871 agreement with Scot.,\\n8872 in Isle of Wight, 8872; trial be-\\nheaded, 8873; d.,S862 executioners pun-\\nished, 8912; statue, 894\\nII., b. (1630) king of Eng., 8873 in\\nScot., S802 invades Eng. at Worces-\\nter; raises regiment in Belg., 8SS proc-\\nlamation against Cromwell, 8892; healer;\\nproclamation, 891 tonnage and pound-\\nage grant income abolition est. coun-\\ncils; proclaimed king. 8912; king Va., 412;\\nrestoration crowned dowry, 8913; pre-\\nsents Lady Castlemaine, 891 marries,\\n891 3 grants Guiana, 1039 promises,\\n891 intro. racing, 893 deserts Hol-\\nland, 1100 closes exchequer, 8932; first\\nlord of admiralty, 8933, S972 gift from\\nFr., 8951; peace with Holland, 6933;\\ntreaty with Fr. 8953 Winchester palace,\\n8961 d., 8972.\\nI., the Great, or Charlemagne, b.-d.,\\n6642; revives learning, 7703; reign, 7713,\\n7722; controls freemen, 7703; defeats Sax-\\nons, 770 description of, 6651 rebellion\\nagainst, 771 3 subdues Saxons, 6641; de-\\nstroys Lombard kingdom, 7713, 10733;\\nconquers Desiderius, 6641 king of N.\\nItaly, 7713; enlarges kingdom of Pope,\\n10723; convenes synod supports Christi-\\nanity, 6643 at war with Sp., 7701; im-\\nposes tithes, 7702 in Westphalia, 770i\\npunishes idolaters, 7702; est. school, 6651\\ninPannonia, 6641 est. free schools, 6651\\nat Frankfort, 7713 war with Avars,\\n7701 Frankfort council, 10322 delivers\\nAust., 5031 naval expedition. 7701 shel-\\nters and restores Pope, 7703,7713; favors\\narts and sciences, 0001 patronizes learn-\\ning, 6662; crowned, 6663, 7713, 10733; re-\\nforms church, 6662; intro. heraldry, 7702;\\nunites It. and (ier. distributes adminis-\\ntration, 7731 Homilarium, 7703 against\\nDanes, 7731; d., 6671; canonized, 7782;\\nmonument, 5441\\nII., the Bald, b.-d., 6662; oath, 666 3 at\\nFontenay, 7721 king reigns, 6671 ,7731 f", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1225.jp2"}, "1226": {"fulltext": "1214\\nText Figures denote Page. IJN Di^ysl. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nChar-Chas.\\nat Andernaeh, 7721 treaty with North-\\nmen emp. of Romans 667 2 invades It.\\ncrowned poisoned, 773 2 d., 6672.\\nCharles II., the Bad, of Fr., revolutionist,\\n6752; rules in Navarre, 11273.\\nthe Boldof Fr.,b.-d.,6762 atMontlhery,\\nat Liege, 678 D. of Burgundy, 6792; a t\\nBeauvais war on Swiss, 678* war \\\\vith,\\n786 11373 at Granson; at Morat at\\nNancy killed, 6781 7861\\nH. or III., the Fat of Fr., b.-d., 6662;\\nking, 6672, 7732, 10732; deposed; abdi-\\ncates Ger. empire united, 7732; deposed,\\n6672.\\nIII., the Simple, Fr., reigns; d., 6672.\\nIV., the Fair, of Fr., b.-d.,6722; reigns,\\n6751,11273; d.,6751.\\nV., the Wise, Fr., b.-d., 6742; refuses\\ncurrency; reigns, 6753; war in Low\\nCountries, 6SO1 invades Provence, 680 2\\nin Tunis, 11392; d., 6753.\\nVI., Fr., at Roosebeke, 674 2 governs,\\n6752,6772; reigns, 6753; licenses drama,\\n107S1 marries Isabelle insane, 677 2\\nd., 6773.\\nVII., the Victorious, Fr., b.-d., 6762;\\nreigns, 6773; est. standing army, 6762;\\nsiege of Metz, 7841 at Rouen, 6781 d.,\\n6791.\\nVIII. the Affable, Fr., conquers Italy,\\ngoes to Fr., 6782; reigns, 6792; marries\\nAnne; in Italy, 6793; in Naples, 10793,\\n6793; d., 6793.\\n-IX., Fr., b., 6822; reigns, 6833; d.,\\n6853.\\nX., Fr., b., 7023; crosses the Belts,\\n6362; king, 6353, 7253; abdicates in\\nEng.; sustains, dismisses ministers, 725 3\\nleaves Eng., 7272; family banished,7273\\nd., 7262.\\nIV., Emp., b.,504 2; reigns, 5072, 7832;\\nat Rome, 7821 fnds. Univ. of Prague,\\n5071 rebuilds Prague; issues Golden lint I,\\n7833 receives Brandenburg, 7833 di-\\nvides lands, 7852; d., 7852.\\nV., Emp., (Charles I. of Sp.) b., 7863;\\nking of Two Sicilies, 10i;i3 k. f Sp.,\\n11293; war with Rome, 10801 elected\\nemp., 7892, 11293; emp. in Ger.; Diet at\\nWorms; treaty with pope, 7892,3; war\\nwith Fr.,7SSi marries, alliance against,\\n7893; crowned, 7913, 5093; against Prot-\\nestants; war withFrancis; religious war;\\ndecree, 7913; besieges Venlo, 10981; in\\nFr., 6832; divides kingdom abdicates\\nresigns Neth.; resigns empire; in monas-\\ntery; d., 7922, 7932.\\nVI., Emp. H. R. emp., 5143, 7993\\ntreaty of Vienna, 515 1,2; issues Prag-\\nmatic Sanction, 79!l3; d., 5143, 3012.\\nVII., -Charles Albert, b., 7982; emp.,\\n8012; refugee, 5152; d., 8003, 8013.\\nII., king of Naples, 10772.\\n1., of Roumauia, b., 11123; elected Pr.,\\n11131; king, 11132.\\n1, of Sp. (Carlos), (V. of Ger.), b.-d.,\\n11263; reigns, 11293. (See Charles V.)\\nII., Sp., reigus, 11293.\\nIII., Archduke of Aust., pretender,\\nreigns in Sp., 6972, 9031 in Eng., 9031\\nin Sicily, 10793 takes Saragossa, 11281\\nleaves Sp., 9041\\nIII., of Sp., b. (1716) king of Sicilies,\\n10852 reigns in Sp., 11293 d. (1788).\\nIV., of Sp., b. (1748) reigns abdi-\\ncates, 11312 d. (1819).\\nI. or VII., of S\\\\v., reigns, 11351\\nVIII., of Sw. (Knutsson), b. (1409);\\nreigns dethroned, 11352 d., 11342.\\nIX., of Sw., b.-d., 11342; regent reigns,\\n11353.\\nX., Gustavus, of Sw., b. (1622); defeats\\nPoles; invades Den.; in Poland, 11341,\\n6362 reigns, 11353 d., 11342.\\nXL, of Sw., b. (1655) aids Ger. de-\\nfeats Danes, 11341 reigns; reforms, 11353;\\nd. (1697).\\nXII., of Sw., b.-d., 11342 in Holstein,\\n6362 prohibition of whisky, 11351 in-\\nvades t)en.; at Narva at Riga at Pul-\\ntusk against Peter in Warsaw, 11141\\ndespot; flees to Tur., 11353; k., 11341.\\nXIII., of Sw., b.-d., 11342 reigns\\nagainst Napoleon I., 11363.\\nXIV., of Sw., Jean Baptiste Jules Ber-\\nnadotte reigns as, 11363 treaty with\\nAlex. I. ,11171 at Mohrungen, 716i com-\\nmands army in Pomerania, 7201 re-\\ngains Hanover, 811 2.\\nCharles XV., of Sw., b.-d., 11361 reigns,\\n11363.\\n1., of Bohemia, enthroned, 5072; d.,\\n5062. (See Charles IV.)\\nV., of Aust., D. of Lorraine, b. (1643);\\nImperialist gen., 5122 d. (1690).\\n1., of Wiirtemberg, b., 8122 king,\\n8231; d., 8361.\\nArchduke Aust., b., 5163 Fr. War\\nCoalition, 5181 takes bank of Rhine,\\n8073 at Zurich, 7122 d., 5203.\\nArchduke, in Port., 1110 1\\nDue d Orleans, b.-d., 6762.\\nDuke of Brunswick, 7992.\\nDuke of Grafton, lord lieut., 9073.\\nIII., Duke of Parma (1849, Mar. 14)\\nstabbed, 10873.\\nDuke of Kiehiin mil, postmaster, 945 2\\nDuke of Rutland, d., 9242.\\nPrince of Aust., possessions, 5112.\\nPrince of Bavaria, in army, 5261\\nPrince of Ger., married, 548 2\\nPrince of Orleans, works, 676 3\\nof Anjou, war with Pedro at Bene-\\nvento, 6721; ic. Two Sicilies, 6732, f\\nNaples, 7803, 7813, of Sicily, 7S13.\\nof Bavaria, gen. of Confederation, 824 1\\nof Blois, at Auray, 6741 contends for\\ndukedom, 6751\\nof Bourbon, married, 5363.\\nof Burgundy, killed unites with Ed-\\nward of Eng., 6792.\\nof Lorraine, Silesian Wars, 5141, 2.\\nof Luxemburg, ami-king, 7832.\\nAlbert (Carlo Alberto Ainadeo), of\\nSardinia, b., 10813 aided by Fr., 7013\\nD. of Bavaria, 8012; archduke; king;\\nemp., S01 2 515 2 Aust. inheritance, 5152;\\nenters Milan, 520 abdicates, 10873 d.,\\n10863.\\nAlexander, D. of Wiirtemberg, 8012.\\nAlex., grand D. of Saxc-Weim. ir, 8193.\\nAnthony, Pr., resigns, 8191 d., 8302.\\nAugustus, invades Denmark, 6361.\\n-Edward, Louis Philip Casimir (Young\\nPretender), b. (1720) in So it., 9101 9113;\\nescapes to Fr., 9101 d. (1788).\\nEmmanuel I. (III. of Savoy), king,\\n10833, 10852 at Geneva, 11371 d., 6882.\\nEugene, Duke of Wiirtemberg, 8012.\\nFelix, king of Sardinia, 10872.\\nF. M., cons, cardinal priest, 5322.\\nFrederick, margrave, 801 2 acquires\\nBaden-Baden, ,s(i:;3; Grand 8093, 8152.\\nWrn., Duke of Brunswick, 8113;\\nassumes gov t Brunswick, 8133.\\nJacques Alex. Cesar, b.,7003; d., 7241\\nJoseph, d., 7262.\\nLewis Frederick, Grand Duke, 8111.\\nLouis, heir Aust., 531 3 putative re-\\ngent, 5332,\\nMartel, Duke of Austrasia, b.-d., 7702.\\nRobert, king of Hungary, 505 3\\nTheodore, elector, 8013 claims of\\nAust. duke of Bavaria, 8053.\\nWilliam, margrave, 7973.\\nWin. Ferd., duke of Brunswick, 8053.\\nCharles If Wetmnre, sails, 3853.\\nCharlesbourg,Can.,fortr. at,23i ;fnd.,5712.\\nCharleston, cruiser, 3381,3441,3821,3901.\\nInd., Baptist Church, at, 1083.\\nMo., action at, 1981\\nN. C, Saran/ath escapes, 1961.\\nS. C, fnd., 45i Baptist Ch. est., 482,\\n522,542; Episcopal Ch. est., 482; capital,\\n491 settlements, 493; Huguenot Presb.\\nCh., 502; custom officer, est., 503; Fr.\\ndefeated, 56 1 massacre, 581; printing-\\npress, 623; s.f. Gavtte, 623 st. Michael s\\nch. built, 683 Bap. Asso. fmd., 691\\nJewish congregati 74 2 theater opd.,\\n781; 981; Brit, fleet off, 822; Lafayette\\nat, 862; attacked; invaded, 911 bom-\\nbarded; taken by Brit., 921; evacuated,\\n941; p r ot. Epis. Conven., 982; Ed. C.\\nGenet at, 1051 fire, 1073, 1493,2013;\\nMonthly Register, 1131 earthquake, 1241\\nyellow fever, 1273; R. c. diocese est.,\\n1283 night or Sunday schools prohib-\\nited for slaves, 131 2 Howard monument,\\n1361 Southern Aarieultiirnlistest.; South-\\nern Review est., 1371 Railroad to Ham-\\nburg, 1393; army at, 1412; proslavery\\nmob, 1452; Southern Quarterly Review,\\nest., 1551 Elliot Nat. Hist. Soc. org.,\\n1721; fire, 1793; Russell s Magazine est.,\\n1823; Echo arrives, 1851 Maj. Anderson\\nat arsenal seized flag removed; State\\nseizes the forts, IS81 excited by election;\\nwar meeting, 1883; State Conven. at,189 z\\nunder Gen. Beauregard, 1921; forces un-\\nder Confederacy, 1931 blockaded, 1942,\\n2021, 2033; blockade run, 2001, 2002, 2021,\\n2072 harbor obstructed, 2022; harbor\\nattacked, 2182 fired on, 226 1 Weehawken\\nsinks, 228 3 Housatonic destroyed, 2302;\\nPatapsco blown up, 2421 Confeds. retire,\\n2422 martial law, 2422 Fed. flag at,2432;\\nmass meeting, 247 1 Freedmen s conven.,\\n248 3 new constitution State Conven.\\nmeets, 261i; H. P. Northrop cons, bp.,\\n3102; H.D.Howren, preaches, 3383; Mil-\\nitary Acad., reopd., 3102; cyclone, 3201\\nearthquakes, 3241,3741; longshore-men\\n(white) secede, 3543; gala week, 417 1\\nliquor stores raided, 450 2 chamber of\\ncommerce eel., 4503; c. Coll. org. (1785).\\nCharleston, Tenn., Confeds. defeated, 2283.\\nW. Va., retreat to, 1963; action near,\\n2142, 2161 Constitutional Conven., 2772;\\ncapital, 2972.\\nCharlestown, Mass., fnd., 31 3 Court of\\nAssistants, 331; paper-mill, 601 arsenal\\nemptied, 781; tea arrives, 78 3 burnt,\\n802 troops disheartened, 821 Howard,\\n1432.\\nCharlet, Nicolas Toussaint, b., 7082; d.,\\nmonument, 1361 Cath. persecuted, 728 a\\nCharlevoix, Can., landslide, 5961\\nPierre Francois Xavier de, b,, 481 d.,\\n6923; in Can., 5751 New France ascends\\nMississippi, 5752; d., 7523.\\nCharlois, disc, planets, 6601,7561.\\nCharlotte, N. C, Brit, enter, 922; branch\\nmint est., 145 2 mint .seized, 1951 Davis\\narrives, 2462; Bi.t.ileriiiv.org.,2583.-j:ir,3.\\nAugusta, Princess, b. (1796) d., 9382.\\nCountess of Derby, defense, 8841\\nEmpress of Mexico, in Paris, 7371;\\nmission to Fr., 7372.\\nPrincess, b.. 9283; weds, 9391.\\nSophia, b. (1744); weds, 9153; d. (1818).\\nCharlottenl 1 urg, Ger., statue William, 8321\\nCharlottesville, Va., Sheridan in, 2423; ob-\\nservatory est., 3201\\nCharlottetown, Can., diocese est., 5782\\nbattery s prize, 5881 Examiner and\\nIsland Arms, 5803.\\nCharlton, Sir John, gov. Ire., 8573.\\nCharnier, Adm., in Fr. Coeh.-China, 4801\\nCharnock, Robt., executed, 9011\\nCharost, Armand Joseph de Bethune de,\\nb., 6982; d., 7142.\\nCharpentier, Francois, b., 6863; d., 6962.\\nCharras, Jean Baptiste A., b., 7191; d.,\\n7362.\\nCharriere, Madame de St. Hyacinthe de,\\nIsabelle Agnes Van Tuyll, b., 7002 d.,\\n7163.\\nCharron, Pierre, b., 6803; work, 6871; d.,\\n6862.\\nCharter Oak, Conn., biding, 51 1; blown\\ndown, 1813.\\nof Liberties passed, 492, 8492, 8571\\nschools est., Ire., 9091\\nCharters, Can., revoked, 5731\\nChartier, Alain, b.-d., 6763; works, 6763.\\nChartists org., G.B.; Asso. est., 9472; meet-\\ning, 9492; petition of, 9493; demonstra-\\ntion occurs, 9552.\\nCharton, Ednuard, b., 7163; d.,7502.\\nChartres, Fr., Northmen routed, 6661;\\nceded to Crown, 6713; taken, 7421; an-\\nnexed to Crown, 6732; treaty, 6772.\\nDue de, Robert Philippe Louis Eugene\\nFerdinand d Orleans, pr., b., 7282 in\\nU. S. Army, 1983. (See Robert Philippe.)\\nChase, Carleton, b., 1042; cons. P.E.bp.,\\n1563; d., 2682.\\nIra J., b., 1042; gov. Ind., 3952, 4092;\\nd.,2392.\\nPhilander, b., 823; cons. bp. of 111.,\\n1263, 1443; d., 1701.\\nSalmon Portland, b., 1142; pres.Free\\nSoil conven., 1651; g0 v. O., 1812; Sec.\\nTreas., 193 1 Nat. Banking system, 2013;\\nresigns, 2353; d., 2.S02 bust, 2852.\\nSamuel, b., 642; justice, 1073, 1132;\\nd., 1162.\\nWm. F., b., 1661\\nChaska, Minn., accident, 4722.\\nChasles, Michel, b., 70S 2 d., 7522.\\nVictor E. Philarete, b., 7142; d.,7461\\nChasse, David Heindrick, b.-d., 11011 sur-\\nrenders Antwerp, 11021\\nChasseloup-Lauhat, Marquis, Justin Na-\\npoleon Samuel Prosper, b. (1805); pres.\\nstate council, 7392; d. (1873).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1226.jp2"}, "1227": {"fulltext": "Chas-Chic.\\nText Figures denote Page. lJNJDii.A.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1215\\nChassepot, Antoine Alphonse, b., 726 2\\nrifle, adopted by Fr., 7361\\nChastelain, Georges, b.-d.,539 3\\nOhastelard, Pierre Boscoseel de, b., 680=\\nd., 6822.\\nChasteleer, Marchioness de, k., 5462.\\nChasteler, Jean du, b., 5163 d., 5202.\\nCbastelet, Uabrielle, Marquis du, b.,6963;\\nd., 7003.\\nChastellaine, Georges, b. (1405\u00c2\u00b1) Jacques\\nde Lalaing, 6783 d. (1475).\\nChastellux, Francois Jean, Marquis de,\\nb., 6983 d., 7062.\\nChatard, Francis Silas, b. (1883) cons. E.\\nC. bishop, 2983.\\nChateaubriand, Francois Rene\\\\ Vicomte\\nde, b., 7042; visits U. S., 1051; works,\\n7131,7151,7251; d., 730=.\\nChateau-Cambresis, treaty, 6832,8732.\\nChateau (Jailbird, Fr., captured, 6701\\nChateaudun, Fr., massacre, 6712 stormed,\\n7421 recaptured, 7422.\\nChateauroux, Marquis de, b. (1717) guides\\nLouis XV., 7013 d. (1744).\\nChatel, Abbe\\\\ fails in estab. church, 7263.\\nJean, b., 684 1 assassin fails, 6851;\\nd., 6842.\\nChatham, Can., R.C. diocese est. ,5802; The\\nWorld issued, 5843.\\nEng., vessels launched, 9661 9701\\n(See names of vessels.)\\nEarl of. See Pitt, fm.\\nChatillon-sur-Seine, Fr., Congress, 7212.\\nChatillon le Due, attacked, 7422.\\nChatnole, Eng., water-spout at, 10001.\\nChatrain, Alexandre, b., 7242 d., 7601.\\nChatsworth, 111., E. E. accident, 3273.\\nChattahoochee, Confeds. burn, 2462.\\nChattanooga, Tenn., Eosecrans at, 2262;\\nsiege of, 2262,3; Sherman tights battles,\\n2282, 2322 Johnston at,280T; survivors\\nreunion, 3441 tj. S. Grant Univ. org.,\\n2543 Confed. reunion, 3623 fire, 3833,\\n3933 raiders monument, 3841 negro\\ntrial, 4082; lynching, 4303 Wertsshot,\\n4502.\\nChatterton, Thos., b., 9123 Poems, 9163\\nd.,91S3.\\nChatti War, 10641.\\nChaucer, Geoffrey, b.-d., 8562 -works,\\n8583, 8603.\\nChaudet, Antoine Denis, b., 7031 d.,719i\\nChaudiere Valley, Can., inundated, 5921\\nChauffepie, Jacques George, b.-d., 11011.\\nChau-Kia-Keo mission, 6242.\\nChaulieu, Guillaume, Amfrye de, b., 68S2\\nd., 6982.\\nChaul-Mong, emp. of Annam, 4382.\\nChaumette, Pierre Gaspard, b., 7031 d.,\\n7102.\\nChaumonot, treaty of, 937 3 allies at, 811 2\\nPierre Marie Joseph, b. (1611) mis-\\nsionary, 401 d. (1693).\\nM. J., b., 6862 d.. 6942.\\nChauncey, Isaac, b., 762 d., 1521\\nJohn S., Commodore, d., 2741\\nCbauncy, or Chauncey, Charles, b., 56 2\\nPres. of Harvard, 391 d., 442.\\nCharles, lawyer, b., 891 d., 1661\\nChaussard, Pierre Jean Baptiste, b., 7031\\nd., 7241.\\nChaussee, Pierre Claude Nivelle de la, b.,\\n6942 works, 6992 d., 7022.\\nChaussier, Francois, b., 7003 d., 7243.\\nChautauqua, N.Y., Chautauqua Coll. est.,\\n2823 first Assembly, 2843 College of\\nLiberal Arts opd., 4102 c. Literary\\nand Scientific Circle org., 3003 w. E.\\nHarper at, 3423.\\nChauvelin, Francois Bernard de, b., 7031\\nd., 7262.\\nGermaine Louis de, b., 6923 d., 7023.\\nChauvenet, Wm., b., 1282 d.,2721.\\nChauTin, Can., colony of, 571 3\\nEtienne, b., 6883 d., 6982.\\nChauz, Fray Fuan de, gov. Costa Eica, 6302.\\nChavee\\\\ Honore Jos., b., 5423 d. (1877).\\nChaves, Juan de, gov. Costa Eica, 6302.\\nChavigny, Theodore, d., 7042.\\nChaworth, Baron, title created, 9451\\nChazal, Antoine, b., 7082 d., 7322.\\nChazelles, Jean Mathieu de, b., 6902 d.,\\n6963.\\nCheat Mt., W. Va., battle. 1982.\\nCheatham, Benjamin Franklin, b. (1820);\\nat Murfreesboro, 2171 d. (1886).\\nChedel, Quentin Pierre, b., S962 d., 7023.\\nChedorlaomer, in Assyria, 11401\\nChee-Foo, famine, persecution, 6251\\nCheesman, J. J., pres. Liberia, 11612.\\nCheetham College founded, 8883.\\nCheever, Ezekiel, b., 261 d., 562.\\nGeo. B., b., 1141 d. (1890).\\nChefket Pasha, at Plevna, 5652.\\nChefu, mission, 6203, 6222,3 rioters, 6243;\\nfleet returns, 6261 Russians at, 6263\\nconvention signed, 9812.\\nCheke, Sir J. din, b. (ir\u00c2\u00bb14) d., 8721\\nCheliemen, Mongol leader, 6151.\\nChelius, Maximilian J., b., 8062; d., 8282.\\nChelmsford, Lug., St. Mary s Church built,\\n9293.\\nBaron, title created, 9591. (See\\nThesiger.)\\nChelsea Hospital fnd., S951 waterworks\\nbuilt, 9073; Carlyle statue. 9901 Chem-\\nical Industrial Society fnd., 3061 9881\\nchemical rays dis., 8O62.\\nChemical innf. at Salem, Mass., 1182.\\nSociety formed, 9501 9881\\nAm., 2961 4613, 4781\\nChemistry, system fnd., 8001 Moors intro-\\nduce, 11262.\\nChemnitz, Johann, b., 8002 d., 8063.\\nMartin, b., 7882 d., 7922.\\nChemnitzer, Ivan Ivanovitch, b.-d., 11143.\\nChe-nan-foo mission, 6222.\\nChenango Canal, N. Y., completed, 149 3\\nCbenavard, Paul Joseph, b., 7163.\\nCheiiedoMr, Charles .lulieu I ioult dr.\\n7042; Genius of Man, 7171 d., 7262.\\nChenevix, Richard, b.,9191; d., 9442.\\nCheney, Benj., gives Webster statue, 3222.\\nCharles Edward, b., 1462 cons. Ee-\\nformed Episcopal bishop, 2822.\\nJohn, racing calendar, 9071.\\nPerson C, governor N. H., 2912.\\nCheng Ku, mission, 6243.\\nChenier, Andre Marie de, b., 7031 works,\\n7063 d., 7102.\\nChenier, Louis de, b., 6982 d. (1796).\\nMarie Joseph de, b., 7031 works,\\n7063, 7171 d., 7191.\\nChenot, Claude Bernard Adrien, b., 7143\\nd., 7322.\\nChentu fu mission, 6231\\nChenu, Jean Charles, b., 7163 d., 7521\\nChen-Yeun, sunk, 02t;i damaged, 6272.\\nCherasco, treaty of, 6892.\\nCheraw, S. C, Confeds. defeated, 2423.\\nCherbourg, Fr., captured, 67t; 6791 for-\\ntifications razed. 7021, 0141 Alabama\\ndestroyed off, 2343 Brit, fleet at, 7371\\noccupied, 743 1 torpedo boat sinks, 7581\\n7601.\\nCherbuliez, Charles Victor, b.,7262; works,\\n7351 ,7383, 74x2, 7,322, 7562; Academician,\\n7522.\\nCheri, Eose Marie Cizos, b., 7242; d., 7342.\\nClierif Pasha, minister, 6592.\\nCherino, Diego de Artieda, fnd., Esparza\\ngov., Costa Eica, 6301\\nCherizy, attack repulsed, 7421.\\nChermside, Col., in Sudan, 6603.\\nCherokee I. Per., boomers expelled, 3541\\nCounty, Kan., lead discovered, 2961\\nStrip, Okla., 3553, 3363; settlers;\\nboomers, 4893, 8382; white Caps terror-\\nize, 4442; bonds bid, 4331.\\nCherokees, at Fort Loudon, war with,\\n721 treaty, 1072; mission, 1103, 1243,\\n1263,1303,1322; expelled, 127 1 alpha-\\nbet invented, 1331 seminary for girls,\\n3423.\\nCheron, Elizabeth S., b., 6883; d., 6963.\\nCherops rules Gr., 10152.\\nCherrapooujee mission, 1047 1\\nCherry Valley, N. Y., Indian massacre, 901\\nPhilippe, b., 7023; d., 7281\\ntrees, Eng., protected, 9051\\nCherub, captures Essex, 1221\\nCherubini, Maria Luigi Carlo Z. Salvatore,\\nb., 10S42; /,orfn; s /.T(,9242; d., 10862.\\nChervreuse, Duchesse de, b., 6861\\nChesapeake, attacked by Leopard, 1141\\n1173; takes prizes; captured, 120 2 933 3\\nand Ohio E. E., op., 2853.\\ncanal, completed, 1533.\\nBay, Va., explored, 243; Brit, in, 902;\\nAm. vessels in, 942; blockaded, 1201\\nChcsebro, Caroline, b., 1361 d., 2802.\\nCheseldon, William, b., 8982; d., 9123.\\nCheshain, Baron, title created, 9591.\\nCheshire, inundated. 8402; Royalist rising,\\n8893.\\nJoseph B., Jr., cons. bp. N. C, 4401\\nC lieshunt College, W., opened, 9171.\\nChess-player, mechanical automaton, 9181\\nChester, Eng., battle, 8421, 886 1 walls\\nbuilt, 8453; ravaged, 8461; mysteries\\nperformed, 8541; fi re 8653; se e erected,\\n8683; practical technical school, imd.,\\n9503; Fenians attack, 9703, 9712; town\\nhall opd., 9733; cathedral opd., 9762,\\n9803; Bp. Jayne cons., 9983.\\nMass., E. R. accident, 4373.\\nN. S., Bapt. miss. soc. org. 5783.\\nPa., colonists, conven., 492; Progres-\\nsive Friends, org.. 1723; explosion, 3113;\\nsyndicate, 8683; leprosy in, 3713; largest\\nsteel plate, 470 1.\\nJohn, moderator, 1311.\\nJoseph L., b., 1301 d., 3102.\\nWm. Bennett, cons, bp., 9922.\\nChesterfield, Duke of, title created, 8831\\nSee Stanhope.\\nChestertown, Md., Wash. coll. org., 952.\\nChestnut James, b. (1815) senator, ex-\\npelled, 1973.\\nRidge, Md., Bpt. church built, 651\\nChesub Chunder Sen., in London, 9742.\\nChetham, James, buys papers, 1103.\\nChetwynd, Viscount of, title created, 9051\\nCheu Kin Lung, captured, 6251\\nChevalier, Antoine de Rodolphe, b., 67S3;\\nd., 6823.\\nMichael, b., 7163 Material Interests,\\n7272; d., 7521.\\nSulpice G. P., b., 7143; d., 7362.\\nChevallier, -lean, Baptistie Alphonse, b.,\\n7082; d., 7521.\\nChevereau, M.. minister interior. 7393.\\nChevreau, Urbain, b., 6862 d., 6943.\\nChevreul, Michel Eugene, b., 7061 work,\\n7251; d., 7581.\\nChevreuse, Duchesse de, Marie de Rohan,\\nb. (1600); d., 6923.\\nCheverus, Jean L \u00e2\u0096\u00a0uis Anne Madeleine Le-\\nfebre de, b., 7032 cardinal, 7262 d.\\n(1836).\\nCheverus, John, missionary, 982.\\nCheves, Langdon, b., 851 speaker, 1232;\\nd., 1801.\\nCheyenne, Colo., riot, 4163.\\nGuiana, Fr., settlements, 333.\\nWis grasshoppers, 4701\\nWyo., C. Evening Leader, est., 2582\\nE. C. dio. est. deaf and dumb school,\\n3342; constitutional conven. 3451 first\\nstate legislature 3713 Mormons church\\nest., 3622.\\nCheylesmore, Baron, title created, 9963.\\nChezy, AntoineLeon.de, b., 7042; d., 7262.\\nChlabrera, Gabriello, b., 10803; d., 10823.\\nChiapas, Garcia Granados invades, 10381.\\nChiang Chin mission, 620 3\\nChiari, Lombardy, French defeat, 6941\\nChiaroscuro engraving invented, 7862.\\nChicago, wrecked, 4113.\\nFort Dearborn est., 1133 McCormick\\ntheological seminary est., 1383; lots sold;\\nsurveyed, 1893; on frontier; a steamboat\\narrives, 1413 Baptist church org., 1422\\nThe Democrat est., 1423; bank est.; mail\\nin 1834, 1453 incorporated, 1473 water\\nsupplied, 1533 E. C. see erected, 1581\\ntheater opd., 1622 Chicago Tribuneest.,\\n1631; River and Harbor Conven. meets,\\n1633 cholera, 1673, 1753 nullifies Fu-\\ngitive Slave Law, 169 1 Board of Trade\\norg.; gas in, 1693 through train arrives,\\n1713; K. R. collision; Galena and Chicago\\nUnion E. R. opd., 1733; Masonic Temple;\\nwater-works, 175 3 license riot, 1763\\nwooden pavement, 1813 Theolog. Sem.\\nopd., 1822; first street-cars; Rose Hill\\ncemetery est., 1873 charter amended,\\n1931 Board of Public Works org., 1953\\nGraceland cemetery est., 2083 Chicago\\nTimes suppressed, 2052, 2222 Dearborn\\nObservatory fnd., 2171 Branch Sanitary\\nCommission org., 2172 Sanitary Fair\\nopd., 2273, 2472 water-works tunnel,\\n2313, 2553, 2573 Democratic National\\nConven., 2393; Confed. prisoners near;\\nOakwood Cemetery est., 2413 funeral\\nof Lincoln Union Stock Y ards opd.,\\n2493 Ger. Mannerchor org., 2501 Cook\\nCounty Hospital, est.,250 3 Crosby Opera\\nHouse lottery, 2.3.31 Douglas monument,\\n2553 burned, 2613 Republican Nat.\\nConven., 2631 Der Nordamerikanische\\nSangebund org., 2641 Wash. St. tunnel\\nopd. ,2653; Lake Side Montltly est.; St.\\nIgnatius Coll. est., 2662 Nat. Temper-\\nance Conven., meets, 2663 West Side\\nPark Commission org., 2672, 3 ji a t. Pro-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1227.jp2"}, "1228": {"fulltext": "1216\\nText Figures denote Page. 1-ND.lL.X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nChic-Chin r\\nhibition Party org.; Irish Nat. Conven.\\nmeets, 267 2 parks laid out; Douglas\\nPark Lincoln Park Humboldt Park\\nGarfield Park Jackson Park, 2693\\nPublic Library est., 2822; Grand Pacific\\nHotel opd. Palmer House opd., 2833\\ncirculating library opd., 2843 C. Daily\\nNews est., 2S83 Union Sional est., 2863\\n0. Club find., 2691; Foundling s Home\\nopd., 2733; Apollo Musical Club, org.,\\n2741; aid to sufferers, 2743 great fire;\\nLa Salle St. Tunnel opd., 2753 Jnter-\\nOcean est., 2771; Exposition Park pur-\\nchased, 2773 day schools for deaf, 2911\\nHorn. Med. Coll. opd., 2922 Red flag in,\\n2943 Socialists discouraged W. C. T.\\nU. Nat. Conven., 2971; Citizens League\\nfmd., 2972; Calumet Club fmd.; Hliuois\\nClub fmd. Union Club fmd., 2991 Ex-\\nposition opd., 2993; Academy of Fine Arts\\nincor., 3001 Central Music Hall opd.,\\n3021 j Graph i est., 3023 Rep. Nat. Con-\\nven. held, 3043 Govt, buildings com-\\npleted, 3053 Herald est., 3081 Home\\nProtection Party org., 311 2 cable rail-\\nway opd., 311 3 Coll. of Phys. and Sur-\\ngeons opd., 3123 j Charity Organization\\nSoe.fmd.,3131; bricklayers strike,3132;\\ntelegraph to N. Y. 3133 Washington\\nPark Club org. Voice and. Hearing Sell.\\nest., 315 1 Epliphatha Seh. for Deaf opd.,\\n3191 public buildings opd., 3193 Opera\\nHouse opd., 3201 M. E. Training School\\nfnd. Church Extension Society fnd.,\\n3203 anarchists riot lumber-shovers\\nstrike, 3232 Board of Trade building\\n22 anarchists indicted, 3233, sentenced,\\n3243 Western Unitarian Association\\norg., 3242 meat-packers strike, 3243\\npork-packers strike, 3251 Lincoln statue,\\n3281; Burlington and Quincy strike,\\n3291 gas di.s.,332 ,Saturda i Blade est.,\\n3322; Wesley Methodist Hospital est.,\\n3331 p. H. Cronin suspected, 3391 De\\nwitt C. Cregier mayor, 3392 fire, 3393\\nDrainage Bill passes, 341 1 0. Hincke-\\nley s Univ. gift, 3411 wind-storms, 3421\\nfire; second city in U. S., 343 2 La Salle\\nstatue, 3461 Crerar Library fnd. (see\\nCrerar)j 3471 horse show opens, 3473\\nPatti sings, 3481 Clan-na-Gael conspi-\\nrators sentenced, 3482 (see Cronin) J.\\nF. Beggs discharged, 3483 influenza in,\\n3501; Afro-Am. League Conven., 3511;\\nAngelas exhibited, 352i P. B. Hutchin-\\nson robbed, 3522 J. j. West sentenced,\\n3523 Lieut. Schwatka in, 3533 Grant\\nMonument, 3561 bucket shops attacked;\\ncarpenters strike; plumbers sir ike, 356 2\\nstrikers active, 3563, :r S2,3 Daily News;\\nexpose; eight-hour movement, 3563; Pub-\\nlic School Protectors org., 376 2 finan-\\ncial panic ice-dealers trust World s\\nFair incorporated, 3573; (see Columbian\\nExposition); Lakeview Cemetery; Gar-\\nfield Memorial dedicated, 358 1; anar-\\nchists fail Cronin monument dynamite\\nbomb found waiters strike, 3591 Pres.\\nGarfield buried, 3593; Garfield Memo-\\nrial, 360 1 Irish boycott breweries, 360 3\\nBunker Hill anniversary, 361 1 Park\\nNat. Bank closes, 3613 j Chicago Univ.\\nincorp., 3622 se e below); World s Fair\\nCommission org. {see Columbian Expo-\\nsition) explosion on Tiago, 3633 new\\narmory; meteor seen, 3641 j Switchmen s\\nstrike off, 3663 M Vicker s theater\\nburned, 3673 leg-vaccination forbidden,\\n3683; fire, 3693, 3713, 3313, 4293; Woman s\\nTemple begun, 3701 Archbp. Feehan s\\nsilver jubilee, 370 2 Harry Varnell\\nraided, 4711 anarchists eel., 3711 area\\nincreased; Irish delegates welcomed,\\n3723 Rolling Stock Co. assign Window\\nGlass Trust, 3733 Bureau of Justice\\norg., 375i; air-ship model exhib., 376 1\\nG. J. Gibson accused, 3781 j Italians vs.\\nUnion men, 3782 Carter Harrison for\\nmayor, 3811 five candidates for mayor,\\n3812; Grip doubles death-rate sash and\\ndoor combination, 381 3 gambling houses\\nclosed marble cutters strike, 3823 la-\\nbor unionists boycott molders strike\\nPr. George of Gr. in, 3863 R. R. strikers\\nfined, 3891 Nat. Building and LoanAsso.\\nswindle, 389 2 cabinetmakers strike,\\n3903; Dittlinger defalcation, 391 1 wheat\\nadvanced, 3913 Grant statue, 3921 ca-\\nble-loop ordinances U. S. Warehouse-\\nmen s Asso. org., 3932 j women register,\\n3942; anarchists, 3943, 3951; union men,\\nvandals, 3951; land syndicate; railway\\naccident, 3953 mail-wagon robbed, 397 1\\nBrewer s Coll. est., 3983 j Crerar s Li-\\nbrary Fund, 4001 school furniture trust\\n4013; World s Fair Sunday closing op-\\nposed, 403 2 S ee World s Columbian Ex-\\nposition) boodle aldermen, 4023\\nbrewers trust, 4033, 413 3 colored mass-\\nmeeting, 4042 relay bicycle despatch\\nsoldiers monument, 4061; anarchist\\nflags Conven. Federation of Women s\\nClubs, 4063 corn drops elevated R. It.\\nopd.; Wergeland arrives, 4073; Demo-\\ncratic Nat. Conven., 4092 forged deeds,\\n4123 trotting record broken, 413 3 Gar-\\nfield Park raid, 4143 j anarchists mon-\\nument, 4161 liverymen s trust, 417 2\\nAsso. Press org., 4182 j Williams, em-\\nbezzler Kean indicted jurymen sen-\\ntenced, 4183 Conven. Nat. Farmers\\nAlliance, 4222, 423 stockyards syndi-\\ncate, 4232; strikers wreck train, 4242;\\npolice blackjtia.il Spiritualism decision,\\n4263 Carter Harrison mayor hotels ex-\\norbitant strike at World s Fair, 4271;\\nbankers offer gold, 4273 anti-treaty\\nmass-meeting, 42S2 Duke of Veragua\\nin; Pres. Cleveland in, 429 1 banks sus-\\npend Richter statue, 4301 World s\\nTemperance Cong., 431 1; Exposition\\nFlyer time, 4313 anarchists monu-\\nment, 4321; pardoned; gambling-house\\ninvestigation, 4323; riots feared, 4331;\\nAmmon robbery, 4343 masked robbers,\\n4343; excursion rales; fireworks explode,\\n4352 fire, 4353, 4373, 4513, 4533 finan-\\ncial depression, 4353; Jewish Cong.; R.C.\\nCong., 4361; laborers violent; meetings\\nfor unemployed, 436= Theosophisis,\\n4363 trainmen armed World s Pari,\\nof Religions, 4381 shooting in Board of\\nTrade, 4383; Evang. Alliance Cong.; Y.\\nM. C. A. Cong., 4401; Chicago day at\\nFair, 4402; World s Agricultural Cong.,\\n4413; Mayor Harrison assassinated, 442 1\\nbody in state, 443 2 anarchists demon-\\nstration; Prunty outrage, 4423; G. B.\\nSwift mayor, 4431,4452; Columbian Me-\\nmorial Museum, 4432; collision, 4433;\\ncriminals vanish, 4442; registry fraud,\\n4443; j, p. Hopkins nom. for mayor;\\nunemployed relief fund; .stamps-depart-\\nment robbery, 445 1 Hopkins mayor,\\n4471 Campbell defalcation gambling\\nhouses closed, 448 2 Alderman Muivihill\\nwounded, 450 2 bank swindle, 450 3\\nCoughlin acquitted, 4522 Chinamen\\nsmuggled, 454 2; W.L.Clitl ord shot, 4543;\\npainters strike, 4562; r ;is trust illegal,\\n4582; Pullman strike, i-,s3,459i Liberal\\nReligious Cong., 4602; Field Columbian\\nMuseum dedicated, 4601; Viking ship\\ndonated; Fr. republic law suit; popu-\\nlation, 4613; female inspector; J. Cane\\nattempts murder, 4622; labor coalition;\\nmoney for Home Rule, 4623 Simrott\\nabsconds, 463 1 Prendergast sentenced,\\n4643; injunction against strikers, 4651\\ngas trust dissolved, 4653; Eugene Debs\\nheld, 4662, 4691; postal clerk Tufts ar-\\nrested, 466 3 troops to remain, 4671 Uni-\\nversal Gas Co. contract, 467 2 Pullman\\nshops open rioters damage Park, 4673;\\nPullman charter test stockyard strike\\nends; Sunday baseball opposed, 468 2\\ninfernal machine counterfeiters ar-\\nrested train- wreckers arrested, 468 3\\nFr. exhibitors damage suit; Pullman\\nstrikers resume, 4693; Nat. Labor Com-\\nmission, 470 2 R. R. officers cases, 4703;\\ngamblers resist, 4711 whisky trust ille-\\ngal, 4722; lottery scheme, 4723 Anti-\\ngambling Asso., 473i Pullman Co. tax-\\nation W. C. T. V., fountain, 4733; Rus-\\nsian emigrant trouble; train attacked,\\n4742; election riot; jewelry stolen; trouble\\nat polls street-ear robbery, 4743; R, R.\\nofficials indicted, 4751 Merchants Asso.\\norg., 475 2 employees colonize, 475 3 E.P.\\nHilliard,k.,4762; civil service resolut ns,\\n4763 cable-car collision, 4773 Pres.\\nPurinton disappears, 479 1 switchmen s\\nwages, 4873; q Burlington, and Quincy\\nR.R.; C. and Fort Wayne R.R., 1813; C.,\\nMilwaukee, and St. Paul R.R.,2853 C.\\nand Mobile R. It. grant, 1691 R. R. acci-\\ndent, 3613 j C. and Rock Island R.R. opd.,\\n1713, 1753, 1813; R. r. accident, 1773; O\\nand St. Louis R. R., 1833; C. Theological\\nSeminary org., 1822.\\nChicago University, Bapt. Theolog. Semi-\\nnary opd., 1822; 0. Hinckeley s gift,341i r\\nMarshal Field s gift, 3522; hicorp., 3622;\\nWm. R. Harper pres., 3682; Rockefeller s\\ngift, 3682; 3102,3, 4421 buildings, 3862;\\nopening ceremonies, 4162; purchase of\\nlenses, 41S 2 campus fund, 4221.\\nChicha, ruins Peru, 152.\\nChichele, Henry, b.-d., 8582; archbp. Can-\\nterbury, 8622.\\nChicheley, Sir Henry, gov. Va., 473.\\nSir Thomas, minister, 897 3\\nChichester, bp. Durnford cons., 9742.\\nSir Arthur, lord deputy b. (1563),\\n8793; d. (1625).\\nD. of, title created, 9311\\nE. of. (See Pelham, Thomas.)\\nChichimecs migrate, 111 invasion, 112; in\\nMex., 132; converted, 133.\\nChicahominy, Va., battles, 2092.- Johnston\\ncrosses, 2072; Grant crosses, 2342.\\nChicamauga, Ga., battle, 2263 Nat. Park\\nest., 3673.\\nChickamaitga, preys, 2202; blown up, 2421\\nChickasaw Bayou, Miss., action, 2171.\\nNation, silver dis., 3461\\nChickasaws, defeatFr.,621 missionaries\\nto, 1273,1351.\\nChickering, Chas. A., b., 1561\\nJonas, b., 1062; d., 1722.\\nChico, Cal., Normal School opd., 3482.\\nMariana, gov. Cal., 1472.\\nChicot, b., 6822\u00c2\u00b1 d., 6842.\\nChicoutimi, Can., R. C. diocese est., 5S42.\\nChiffiet, Jean Jacques, b., 6842; d., 6902.\\nChihuahua, Mex., mission, 10962 cave\\ndwellers fnd., 10973.\\nChild, Francis James, b., 1322.\\nSir John, gov.-gen. India, 10451\\nSir Josiah, b., 8822; d., 9002.\\nLydia Maria, b., 1101 d., 3041.\\nMr., opens Homestead, 4103.\\nChildebert, I., b. (495); king, aG ^2 j -war\\nwith Sp., 11251; d., 6642.\\nII., b.-d., 6642.\\nIII., b.-d., 6642.\\nChilderic L, takes Lutchia [Paris], 6622;.\\nking of Franks, 66,7.3; d., 6623.\\nII., b.-d., 6642; assassinated, 6651.\\nIII., king, 6653.\\nChilders, Hugh (lulling Eardley, b. (1827);\\nminister, 9731, 9352, 9912, 9952; Lond.\\nConference, 993 2\\nChildersburg, Ala., negro lynched, 3931\\nChiblevert, Pr., saved, 7711.\\nChild labor, regulated, Fr., 7633.\\nChildren in mines, G.B., 9511.\\ncruelty to, bill, 10012.\\nJohn Geo., b., 9203; d., 9582.\\nChildren s Crusade, 10751\\nSpecial Service Mission org., 9702.\\nChildress, Sarah, weds Pres. Polk, 1331.\\nChihls, Col., besieged, 1622.\\nGeorge Wm., b., 1362 birthday, 3832;\\nd.,450i.\\nHenry H., phys. (b. 17S3) d., 2602.\\nRobert A., b., 1581\\nChild s Paper, issued, 1723.\\nChile. (See Text, pp. 604-609.)\\nChilliamvalla, battle at, 10462.\\nChillicothe,0., fnd., 1073; Brit. officers im-\\nprisoned, 1221 The Recorder, 1232; cen-\\nter of population, 187 3 relics of mound-\\nbuilders, 3961 R. R. wreck, 4633,\\nChillingworth, Win., b., 87S1 works, 8831\\nd.,8843.\\nChilmead, Edmund, b., 8782; d. (1653).\\nChiloof Laeeda-inon, philosopher, 10163.\\nChilon of Sparta, b., 10162.\\nChilperic I., b.; king, 6652; d., 6642 mar-\\nries, 665 1 771 1 assassinated, 6651.\\nII., b. king, 6653; d., 6642.\\nChiltagong, India, grant of, 10452.\\nChilton, Wis., pearl clams found, 3681\\nHorace, b., 1722.\\nChimalpopoea, enthroned, 1095 2\\nChimay, Belg., fire, 5473.\\nPr. Jos. de, b. (180S) d., 5481\\nPrincesse de, Jeanne Marie Ignace\\nTherese, de Cabarrus, b., 7043; d., 7262.\\nChimney orner, fnd. by Leslie, 2503.\\nChimney tax imposed, 891 3\\nChimneys introduced, G. Brit., 8521.\\nChin dynasty, rules Egy., 613i\\nChina, ashore, 3492; breaks record, 3553.\\nChina, see text, pp. 610-627, treaty with-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1228.jp2"}, "1229": {"fulltext": "Ciun-Chri.\\nText Figures denote Page. IlN DJiX^. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1217\\nU. S., 1572 gospel promulgated, 9562\\nFr.and Eng. expedition, 7341 Am. treaty\\nsigned, 185 French ambassador turned\\nback, 7352 Com. Tattnall assists Eng.,\\n184 Gen. Ward not admitted, 1853; Bur-\\nlingame treaty, Am., 2033 treaty with\\nJapan, 1093 treaty with Rus., 11213\\nally of Annam, 4813 conquers, rules,\\nabandons Annam, S40 1 4811,2; war,\\n4821 peace with France, 755 2 suprem-\\nacy in Korea, 10943 minister in Am.,\\n4311,2; envoy refused, 10933; treaty dis-\\ncussed, U. S., 4351 4592 ratified, 4692,\\n4771 war with Japan, 10933.\\nChi-Nan-Fu, mission, 6223, 6243.\\nChincha Isles, restored to Peru, 11083.\\nChinchilla, Sp., action at, 11321\\nJ., Gen., capt.-gen. Cuba, 6343.\\nChinchon, Countess of, Ana, b.-d., 11282.\\nChinese, embassy arrives U. S. A., 2611 ,3,\\n2992; immigration opposed, citizenship\\nrefused, 2712; grievances, 291 3 on re-\\nstriction bill vetoed, 3012 mission be-\\ngun, 2962; SundnySchool lor, 3092; treaty\\nwith U. S.,3052 continued, 3073; exclu-\\nsion operative, 3112 attacked in Wyo.,\\n3203, protected, 3212 indemnity bill,\\n3252; labor forbidden, immigration pro-\\nhibited 20 yrs., 3293, :m 2; approved,3312;\\nvalid, 3411 Charitable and Benevolent\\nAsso., N. Y\\\\, 3:541 schooner seized for\\nsmuggling, 3613 -Indian feud, 3871 ab-\\nduction Am., 3SS3 ill-treated, 3931 de-\\nnied Am. registry, 4113 sailors forbid-\\nden, 4132 Civil Rights League, 4163\\nsmuggled, 434 2 protected by troops,\\n4363 mob, violence to Chinese, 4383\\nsix companies register, 4493 conquer\\nBokara, 5491 immigration to Borneo,\\n5511 rise in Borneo, 5522; executions of,\\nBraz., 5523 punishment of, Can., 5922\\nimmigration of, Chile, 607 1 smuggling\\nof, 5953 mission to Blind, Eng., 9962\\nimmigrants excluded, Australia, 4982,\\n4992; m Korea, 10941 great influx, Mex.,\\n10973.\\nEnumeration Bill, protest, 3542; re-\\njected, 3571.\\nRegistration Law, 426 3\\nExclusion Act, correspondence, 3531.\\nExclusion Bill, 405 2, 4071 2, 4162,\\n4273, 4292, 4311, 2, 4332, 4351 4371, 2,\\n4383, 4431.\\nrestriction Bill, N. S. Wales, 5003.\\nChing Cho Fu, mission, 6222.\\nKiang-Fu, rioters, 6251\\nChiugti, enthroned, 3131 6H3.\\nChingting Wang, enthroned, 6112.\\nChiugtsong, d., 6142.\\nChing Wang, destruction of books im-\\nprovements, 6102 reformer, 6103 en-\\nthroned, 6112; d., 6103.\\nCbinbai, attacked taken, 616 2 bom-\\nbarded, 6241 mission, 6242.\\nCh in ing Chow, mission, 6243.\\nChiniquy, ex-priest, lectures prohib.,389\\nChin Kang, in embassy, 6213.\\nKeang, taken, 6162.\\nChinkiang, mission, 623\\nChing-king, mission, 6203.\\nChinnery-Haldantj, James R. A., cons, bp.,\\n9862.\\nChinsurab, Dutch capitulate, 9141.\\nChinten Wang, enthroned, 611 2.\\nChintella, reigns, 11253.\\nOhioggia, port forced, 1076\\nChios revolts against Athens, 10213,10233;\\nnaval battle near, 10551\\nChipman, J. Logan, d., 4361\\nNathaniel, b., 683; u 156\\nChippenham, Eng., taken, 8441\\nChippewa, battle of, 1221\\nChira, Isle of, possession of, 6301.\\nChisholm, Caroline, b. (1810) Home est.,\\n4963; d. (1877).\\nChiswiok Horticultural Garden, 9402.\\nChitachuan, Ariz., intrenched, 3381\\nChitchze Tzeng, d., 6242.\\nChitesi, mission, 11122.\\nChiti, enthroned, 6113.\\nChitsou, expedition, 614\\nChittenden, Martin, b. (1776), gov., 1213.\\nSimeon B., d. (1840) 3382.\\nThos.,gov.,b. (730), 913, 1032;d. (1797).\\nChittra mission, 10472.\\nChittur, fort, taken, 10422.\\nChitty, Joseph, b., 9203; d., 9502.\\nThomas, b., 9303 d. (1878).\\nChivalry, rise of, Fr., 665 in Ger., 7763;\\nin Eng., 849 859\\nChivington, Col., attacks Indians, 240\\nChladni, Ernst F. F., b., 8023 d., 814\\nChladnitz invents glass harnionia, 804\\nClllopicki, JOS., 1.., 11162 d., 11182.\\nChloral discovered, 814\\nChlorin bleaching, discovered, 11342,\\nChloroform dis. used, 140 814\\nClirael, Joseph, b., 519 d., 5242.\\nChiniemicki, Bogdan, b.-d., 11142.\\nClioate, Joseph Hodges, b. (1832), pres.\\nconven., 459 3\\nRufus, Capt., b. (1834) d., 250\\nsenator, b., 1082; d., 1842.\\nChocolate intro., Eng. 8S73 in Sp., 1128\\nChoctaw, mission est., 1263, 1283, 1343,\\n135 Am. Board, LSIJ2; Christ ians, 1802.\\nChodowiechi, Dan. N., b., 8002; d., 807\\nChodzko, Alexander, b., 11162.\\nLeonard Jacob, b., 11162; d., 11182.\\nChoerilus, b.-d., 1019\\nChoir service, first in G. B., 8422.\\nChoiseul, Due de, Etienne Francois, b.,\\n698 dismissed, 7053; d., 706\\nGoufiier, Comte de, Marie Gabriel\\nF. A., b., 701 d.,7222.\\nChoisy, Francois Timolton, de, b., 6883\\nd., 69S2.\\nChoisy-le-Roi, statue of Rouget, 7621\\nChokang, enthroned, 611\\nChokier, Surlat de, regent, Belg., 5433.\\nCholera, Asiatic, appears in U.S.A., 1413\\nin New York, 1453,1673 in Jersey City,\\nN.J., 4373; in Rus., 4413; i\u00e2\u0080\u009e Belg., 549 ,2;\\nin Jiddah, 4883 in Galicia, 5373, 5383\\nin Quebec, 5793 in Egy., 6613 in Fr.,\\n7373, 7553 in Ger., 8141 8373 in Eng.,\\n9453, 9553, 9693, 10903, 10923 i n Korea,\\n10943 ;rnIt.,10S73;inPort., 11113; inRus.,\\n11233 in Sp., 11323 in Valencia, 1133\\nCholmely, Sir Roger, chief justice, 8712.\\nCholmondeley, Viscount of, title created,\\n8911; Marquis, 9372.\\nChomel, Auguste Francoise, b., 7062 d.,\\n7342.\\nChoo, against Mongols, 6141.\\nYuen-Chang, Duke of Woo, 6152.\\nImpart, Francois, h., 7011; d., 7102.\\nChopin, Frederic F., b., 11163 d., 11182.\\nOhoroebus, Elean, first victor, 10142,3,\\nChoron, Alexandre Etienne, b., 7042 d.j\\n7262.\\nChorrillos, Peru, battle of, 6063.\\nChosen .Friends Order, statistics, 4463.\\nChosroes I., the Great, reigns, 11072 in\\nArabia, 11, 4833; expedition, 4831; de-\\nfeated, 1030 put to death, 11062, 11072.\\nII., against Eastern Emp., 10302\\npeace with Gr., 1031 3 devastates Syria,\\n1106 takes Jerusalem, 1154 war with\\nRomans, 11062 frees Armenia, 1107\\nreigns, 11072.\\n111., captures Alexandria, 654 driven\\ninto Armenia, 1064\\nChotiinir, Prince of Carinthia, 503\\nChotusitz, Moravia, battle of, 800\\nChou, enthroned, 611\\nChoulaut, Ludwig, b., 8043 d., 8202.\\nChoules, Jolm Overton, b., 9303 d. (1856).\\nChousin, enthroned, China, 6112.\\nChowmodo, China, battle at, 616\\nChow Ping, mission, 6243.\\nSiang, enthroned, 6112.\\nWang, d., 6103.\\nChremonides, leader in Athens, 10262.\\nChretien de Troyes, b.-d., 6683; Chritien\\nBeige at Citinti founded, 5443.\\nChrestien, Florent, b., 6803 d., 6842.\\nChrist, Jesus, b., 10623 events, 1152 ,2,3.\\nChrist on the Cross, painted, 78627\\nChristian I., b.-d., 6362 K. of Den., 6373\\nandSwe., 11352; cedes Isles to Scot., 65\\nII., b.-d., 6362; k. of Den. and Swe.,\\n637 2 executions, 637 reigns, expelled,\\n1135 2 massacre of nobles, 1135 de-\\nposed, 637 ,3.\\nIII., Den., b.-d., 6362 a t Copenhagen,\\n636 annexes church lands establishes\\nLutheranism, 636 3 fnds. Library, 637\\nenthroned, 6373.\\nrv., Den., b.-d., 6362; aids Ger. Prot-\\ntestants, 512 6363 K. of Nor. andDen.,\\n6373 fnds. Christiania, 11052; leads\\nProt. League, 6373, 7952; in Thirty Years\\nWar, 794 receives lands peace with\\nWallenstein prom, to Ger. Emp., 7953.\\nV., Den., b., 6362; enthroned, 6373\\nd., 6363.\\nChristian VII., Den., b.,638 reigns, abol-\\nishes shivery, 6392 d., 6382.\\nVIII. Den., b., 6382 reigns, 6393\\nSchleswig-Hol. Union, 041 i,817i;d., 6403.\\nIX., Den.,b., 6382 weds, 0411 reigns,\\n6412; proclamation, 6413; Crown Pr. b.\\nin Iceland, 6421 golden wedding, 6422.\\nI., elector of Saxony, 7933.\\nII., elector of Saxony, 7933.\\n.David, d.,638i.\\nErnest, est. order of Concord, 7972.\\nFrederick, first convert, Greenland,\\n1038 baptized, 602.\\nPr. of Anhalt-Bernburg, b., 7922\\nunder ban., 5123 d., 7943.\\nPr. of Schlesw ig-1 1 1 .lstein, weds, 9692.\\nChristian I III., tired at, 818\\nAlliance Association formed, 9523.\\napologists nourish, 1028 3\\nBrothers Coll., Mo., org., 1782 in\\nTenn., 2782.\\nburial-place, first, 10722.\\nCollege, Ky., established, 3163.\\nMo., established, 1683.\\nOre., established, 2543.\\nCommission, org., 201 meets, D. C,\\n396\\nCommunity, Eng., founded, 8962.\\nChurch divided, 6543.\\nStudents Conference, 3622.\\nEndeavor, Young Peoples Society of,\\nfirst soc. org., 3062 U. S. census, 3302\\nSoc. in Am., 3423 9th interna t. conven.,\\n3601 conven. inK.Y.,410 World sFair\\naction, 429 census, 438 1 Cleveland con-\\nven. ,4641; Montreal conven., 5942 del-\\negates mobbed, Can., 5943.\\nera commences, 10021 inGr. B.,8442;\\nrestored, Fr., 7172.\\nEvidence Society organized, 9742.\\nFaith Society formed, 8983.\\ninstitution founded, Africa, 11602,\\nKnowledge Society, organized 9002.\\nMarriage Bill passes, 10491\\nPhilosophy, Amer. Inst., 3643, 4102.\\nReformed Mission Society org., 11022.\\nSocial Purity League est., 3803.\\nRemembrancer est., 9391\\nrepublic, plan for, 6863.\\nScientists org., 3222 meet, 3602.\\nSocialism est., 9603.\\nTeacher, established, 9471\\nUnity Association formed, 960 3\\nUniversity founded, Mo., 1731\\nVernacular Educ. Society fnd., 9622.\\nWorkers Conven., Hartford, 370 2 in\\nBoston, 4181.\\nChristiania, Nor., fnd., 11052; fire, 11053\\nUniv. fnd. hiieWaji ii/sted/tr est. ,11042;\\nliquors prohibited, 11053; parties, 1131 2\\nPa., antislaverv riot, 1691.\\nChristiancy, Isaac P., d., 3681\\nChristianenburg, mission, 5983.\\nChristianity intro. in Den., 635 in Fr.,\\n6662; Ger., 76S2, 7711, 7843; in G. B.,\\n8402 (2d) in Gr., 10343; in Hung., 5022\\nin India, 10443 i\u00e2\u0080\u009e Japan, 10911; in Pa-\\nraguay, 11052 in Gullaland, 11112; in\\nRus., 11131 in Finland, 11143, 11343; in\\nServia, I1231 in Siam, 11242; i n Swe.,\\n11333; inSwitz., 11372; banished in Fr.,\\n6103; proscribed, 7111; reest., 7151;\\nspreads iuG.B.,S4 _ 2; exterminated, S403;\\ninaug. in It., 10623; sign of cross, 10642\\nrenounced, 10683; merits discussed; su-\\npreme in Egy., 1009 prohibited in Mad-\\nagascar, 10942 in Paraguay, 11052.\\nChristians of Early Church. (See Text,\\nTurkey, and Italy.)\\norigin of name, 1153 freed from\\nobservances, 1153 equal with Moham-\\nmedans, 1157 Fr. and Eng. intervene\\nfor, 1159 war with pagans, 8402; vene-\\nration of saints, 8443 persecuted 1st\\ngen., 10621 2d, 3d, 4th,5th, 6th, 10641 ,2;\\n7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 10661,2; Apostolic\\nchurch, 11523 inAfr.; in Antioch, 10722;\\nin Croatia, 11563 in Fr., 6623, 6631 in\\nGer., 7682. 7S2 in Japan, 10911 in Jedda,\\n11581,3; in Korea, 10942; in Persia, 11063;\\n11071 in Syria, 11571 in Turkey, 10342;\\nagainst Saracens, 11261 celebrate Eas-\\nter, 10623 use holy water, 10642 tol-\\nerated worship of, 10682; allowed usury,\\n10793.\\n(Denomination) in Am., Abingdon\\nColl., est., 17S2 Eminence Coll. est.,\\n1822 Hesperian Coll., Cal.,2622 Pierce\\nC. Coll., Cal., 2763 S. Ky. Coll., 3082", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1229.jp2"}, "1230": {"fulltext": "1218\\nText Figures denote Page. iJND.c,.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nChri-Cinc.\\nChristian Coll., Ky., 3123 For. Miss.\\nSociety organized, 3262.\\nChristie, Alex., gov., 577 3\\nSamuel Hunter, b., 9223 d.,968i.\\nChristina, queen, b.-d., 11342 reigns in\\nSweden; abdicates, 11353.\\nChristine, Buntzen, b., 6382 d., 6403.\\ndePisan, b.-d., 6742; song, 6763.\\nChristlieh. Theodor, b.,8142.\\nChristman, Chris., murderers, 4182.\\nChristmas, a fast day, 8343.\\nIslands annexed to G-. B., 1001 1 under\\nSraits Settlements, 10492.\\nSoc. org., 39(13 gifts, 4211\\nChristotie, Charles, b., 7163 a., 7361.\\nChristofori, Bartoloineo, makes piano,\\n10822.\\nChristophe, Henri, b. (17G7) gov. Haiti\\ncommits suicide, 10402.\\nChristopher, pope, 10723.\\nemp., 10332 d., 10322.\\n1., Den., b., 6362; reigns; poisoned,\\n637i.\\nII., b.-d., 6362; reign*; dethroned, 6372.\\nIII., king Nor., Swe., and Den., 6372,\\n11352.\\nEdward R., embezzler, 4631\\nthe Pacific, D. of Wurtemberg, 7931\\nChristopolus, Athanasios, b.-d., 10343.\\nChromium discovered, 7123.\\nChromolithograph y intro., 1641\\nChronirle, bv E. of Simeon, ends, Eng.\\n.of Worcester, ends, Eng., 8433.\\nLondon, issued, 970 2\\nof Dino Compagni, est., 10771.\\nChronicles of England, 8643.\\nof Eng Scot., and Ire., compiled, 8751\\n,Books of, written, 11463.\\nChronique de Reims, appears, 673 1\\nChrysander, Friedrieh, b., 8123; d.,2862.\\nChryseis, asteroid, discovered, 3021.\\nChryseus, Johaim, l-Iofteufel, 7911.\\nChrysippus, b.-d., 10263.\\nChrysoloras, Manuel, b.-d., 10762.\\nChrysopolis, action at, 10681.\\nChrysostom, John, St., b.-d., 10283; patri-\\narch, 1069 1 elected bp. Constantinople,\\n11543; exiled, 10303.\\n-Dio, writes orations, 10291.\\nChrvstler s Field, Can., action, 1203.\\nChubb, Thomas, b., 8942; d.,9122,\\nChu Chia Tsui, mission, 6211.\\nChudov Monastery, robbery, 11223.\\nChuhsien, escapes, 624 1\\nChuiua mission, 10483.\\nChumnus Nieephorus, d., 10.343.\\nChun, drainage, 6113; reigns, 6111.\\nPr., dictator, 6233; d., 6242.\\nChund, or Chand, b.-d., 10423.\\nChung-Ho, battle at, 6262.\\nChung-How, cashiered signs treaty, 6232.\\nChungkang, enthroned, 611 1\\nChung-king, mission, assaulted, 6243.\\nChung-Mai, Laos, mission at, 11243.\\nChungti, enthroned, 6113.\\nChungtiug, enthroned, 6112.\\nChungtsong, poisoned, 6123.\\nChung Tsun, mission, 6203.\\nChung Wang, leader, 62Q1 d., 6202.\\nChun-king, mission, 622 1\\nChuntche, mathematician, 615 3 d., 6142.\\nChunti, reigns, 6113, 6152; flees, 6152.\\nChupas, battle of, 221\\nChuquiugua, battle at, 221.\\nChuquisaca, Independence of, 5503.\\nChurch vs. State, Ger., 8282\u00c2\u00b1 Fr., 7622.\\nand State separated, U. S. A., 933.\\ncommunicauts in 1870, U. S. A., num-\\nber, 2722, 3062.\\nAntislavery Soc, fmd., 1S62.\\narmy constituted, London, 9902.\\ncouncils. (See councils.)\\nof England, payments to Rome pro-\\nhibited, 8552 form of ordination, 870 2\\nEnglish church services decreed, 8722\\nretains former creeds, 870 3 est., 8723;\\nattendance decreed, 8743; law est., 8782;\\nsuppressed, 8863 Am. colonists resist,\\n57i Low Church party, formed., 9023\\nChurches Act passed, 9042; unites with\\nIre., 9303; c. Missionary Soc, est., 9363;\\nC. Building Soc. est.; C. donations, 93S3;\\nC. Building Act passes, 9451 C. Inquiry\\nCommission, 9462; c. Penitentiary Asso-\\nciation, fmd., 9571 C. Discipline Act\\npasses, 9502 ;C. Union, est.; divided, 9642;\\nC. Cong., Cambridge, Manchester, Bris-\\ntol, Norwich, York, Wolverhampton,\\nDublin, Liverpool, 9643 at Wakefield,\\nWolverhampton, Manchester, 9942\\nHull, 10042, Birmingham, Exeter, 10102;\\nEducational Soc, fnd., 9681 as so. against\\npopery; readers permitted; union of\\nEng and Or. churches, 9682; disest. of\\nIrish C, 9702; c. Reform Soc, org.; C. of\\nIre., convention. 9722; Cong., Swansea;\\nAthanasian Creed, 9742; resolution for\\ndisest., 9743; against Romanists, 9762;\\nTemperance Soc, fnd., 9762; Cong, in\\nScot, (first), 9782; Workingmen s Soc,\\nest. Lambeth conf ,9803 Book Soc org.\\nritualism, 98G 2 conferences; Leicester,\\nNewcastle-on-Tyne, Derby, Reading,\\nCarlisle, Portsmouth, 9862 Catholic\\nLeague, fmd. ,988 2 C. Army, constituted,\\n9902; purity Soc, fnd.; School Co., fmd.,\\n9922; House of Laymen meets; C. Pat-\\nronage Bill, intro., 9942; Conf of Bish-\\nops, 8982; Conf. at Folkestone, 10082.\\nChurch of Eng., in Can., missions bishop-\\nric of Can. fmd.; bp. of Que. appd.,5763;\\nCathedral at Que., 5771; Education and\\nHome Mission Soc, find., 57S2; in Ont.,\\n5783, 5361, 5S82; in Br. Col., 5801 5842;\\ninP. Q., 5302, 5 S61 5SS2; missions, Br.\\nCol., 5782; Woman s Board For. Mis-\\nsions, find., 5822; Domestic and For. Mis.\\nSoc, fmd., 5342; hi Man., 58S2.\\nFree, Epis., secession, 9822.\\nof God, in Am., org., 13S2; inPa., 1383,\\n1582; iuO., 14G2; Miss. Hoc. org.; in Ind.,\\n1603,1821,2; in la., 1642; in 111. ,1741 ,3463;\\nin Tex.; in Ark., 1802; in Ind. Ter., 1822;\\nGerman Eldership, 1762; Triennial Gen.\\nEldership meets, 2522; in Kan.; in Mo.,\\n2762; m MxL; in Va., 2802, 31S2; temper-\\nance movement, 3271 in Neb., 2882 in\\nMe., 3002; conf. in Chicago, 3463.\\nof Ire., disestablished, 9722.\\nof Scotland, patronage condemned,\\n9503, and abolished, 9732; disestablish-\\nment, 9992, 10022.\\nof Wales, disest., 10012, 10123.\\nproperty confiscated, Mex., 10962.\\nand State Bill, Fr., intro., 7622.\\nBeni., b., 341 traitor, 812; d., 581\\nFred. Edwin, b., 1341 Nat. Acad. De-\\nsign, 1661 3221 paintings in Lond.,2501\\nStuart, paintings, 30^2,3061,3181,\\n3221.\\nJohn, arrested, false charges, 9843.\\nAdams, b., 1561\\nLevi Ruggles, d., 5941\\nLouis K., gov. Dak., 3252.\\nPharcellus, b., HOi d. (1886).\\nRichard William, d., 10042.\\nSanford Elias, b. (1813) d., 3041\\nChurches, public, erected, 10683.\\nEastern and Western, separated, rec-\\nonciled, 10303; separated, 10322,3,10343.\\nof Christ. (See Disciples of Christ.)\\nChurchill, Baron, title created, 937 2\\nChas., b., 9082; works, 9152 d., 9162.\\nHenry Adrian, d., 9941.\\nJohn, D. of Marlborough, b., SSS2\\njoins Wm. of Orange, 8973 dismissed,\\nrestored, 8993; letter, 9012; embarks for\\nIre., 8981; wa r of Sp. succession, 6961;\\nenvoy, 9032; takes Yenlo inNeth., 9021\\ncreated D., 9032; at Blenheim, 696 1 at\\nGhent, 542i dismissed from army, 9041\\nappointed capt-gen., 904 1 takes Bou-\\nchain, 904i minister, 9053; d., 9062.\\n--Spencer. George Charles, D. of Marl-\\nborough, d., 10082.\\n.Lord Randolph Henry, b. (1849)\\nminister, 9933, 9953; liquor traffic at\\nBarnum s banquet, 10023; bill, 10031.\\nSylvester, b., 961 at Arkansas Post,\\n218i; d.,2172.\\nThomas J., gov. Ark., 3093.\\nChurton, Edward T., cons, bp., 9962.\\nChurubusco, battle of, 1621\\nChusan, evacuated, G1C taken, 616 2\\nChutia Nagpur, Bp. Whitley cons., 10042;\\nconverts in, 10471\\nCliwangSiaiig Wang reigns, 611 2 d.,6103.\\nWang enthroned, 6112.\\nChwenhio enthroned, 611 1\\nChwolson, Daniel, b., 11163.\\nClivtraus. David K., b., 7902; d., 7922.\\nCialdini. Enrico, D. of Gaeta, b., 10S51 at\\nCastelridardo, 10831; ;it Messina, 10881;\\nd., 10901.\\nCiampoli, Giovanni Battista, b., 10S22.\\nCibber, Cains Gabriel, b., 6362; d., 6381\\nColley, b., 8922; p\u00e2\u0080\u009eet laureate, 9091\\nd.,9143.\\nCibola, Mex., wonders of, 203.\\nCibrario, Luigi, b., 10843; d., 10882.\\nCicero, Marcus Tullius, b.-d., 10563; stu-\\ndent, 10291 orations, 10563; consul;\\nagainst Catiline speeches, 1059 2 10612;\\nexiled; recalled; house burned, 10593;\\nproscribed; k., 10603, 106I2\\nCicogna,Emmanuele Antonio.b., 10843; d.,\\n10882.\\nCieognara, Conte da Leopoldo, b., 10842;\\nd., 10862.\\nCid, The El Campeador, Rodrigo or Ruy\\nDiaz, b.-d., 11262; against Moors, 11261\\nCidonia, seized, 11581\\nCider first made, 8533.\\nCienfuegos, Kicasio Alvarez de, b.-d.,\\n11283.\\nCienfuegos yJovellanos, Jose, b.-d., 11302.\\nCigarette Manufacturers Trust, 3533; li-\\ncensed, Ind., 376 2\\nCigarniakers Internat. Union org., 2412.\\nCignani, Carlo, b., 10823; d., 10831\\nCignaroli, Giovanni Bettino, b., 10S31 d.,\\n10842.\\nCilicia, capital, 10592; subdued, 10621;\\nRome takes, 10581; pirates org., 10583\\nearthquakes, 11502.\\nCilley, Jonathan, killed, 1491\\nCimabue, Giovanni, b.-d., 10762; Madonna\\nwith Angels, 10761\\nCimarosa, Domenico, b., 10842; d., 10843.\\nCimarron, Kan., train robbers, 4322.\\nCimbri, invasion, 10561,2, 11251, 662 1 mi-\\ngration, 7691; defeat Romans; over-\\nwhelmed, 10562.\\nCimburg, Citbor de, political works, 5083.\\nCimon, b.-d., 10162; in Thrace; expels\\nPersians, 101S* 3 1019 1 form under dra-\\npery rival of Pericles banished re-\\ncalled leader; reconciled, 10193.\\nCinasthon, poet, flourishes, 10143.\\nCincinnati, sinks, 2063; lost, 2222.\\ncruiser, launched, 4181\\n0.,fnd., 933; laid out, 1013; firstbank;\\n1133; wine mfg., 1301 Commercial Reg-\\nister est., 1351 Lane Theological Semi-\\nnary opd.; Western Heritic est., 1371;\\nOhio River rises, 1401; St. Xavier, Coll.\\nfnd., 1403, 1423, 1523; R. C., archbishop-\\nric created, 1422; Mercantile Library\\nfnd., 1443; Philanthropist destroyed,\\n1463; Abolition office destroyed, 1471;\\nanti-abolition riot, 1531 observatory\\nerected, 154 1 Wesleyan Coll. fnd., 155i\\nSpring Grove Cemetery incorp., 1593;\\nsteam fire engine mfg., 1721; Know-\\nNothings meet, 177 2 Democratic Nat.\\nConvention at, 18n3; saved from Confed-\\nerates, 2123; Kirby Smith threatens;\\nmartial law, 2VJ.3, 2243; Soldiers Monu-\\nment, 2411 Pike s Opera House burned,\\n2533;Public Librarvfnd., 2583 musical\\nfestivals est., 2641 Hospital opd., 2651\\nHarmonic Society org., 268 1 encamp-\\nment of G. A. R.,2691 St. Mary s Hos-\\npitalest., 209 1 Univ. incorp., 2702; opd.,\\n2722 Industrial Exposition, Southern\\nConven 2713; Sunday reading rooms,\\nopened, 2731 annexations, 27, 3; Tyler-\\nDavidson fountain est. ,2741 Unionstock\\nYards Co. fmd. Cotton Exchange est.,\\n2773 Liberal Republican Convention,\\n2783; Eden Park, Burnett Wood laid\\nout, 2801 St. Joseph s Coll. org., 2823;\\nLeague of Rep. Clubs, 3832; biennial\\nmusical festivals, 2841; Univ. org., 2863;\\nQueen City Club, org., 2872; Hebrew\\nUnion Coll., org., 2883; Kat. Repository\\nest., 2922; Republican Nat. Conven. ,2931\\nColl. of Music est., 3001; Widows and\\nOld Men s Home est. Associated Chari-\\nties org., 3031 Museum est., 3061 Daily\\nPost est., 3063; Ohio River rises, 312 1\\nflood, 316i Kirk murdered riots, 3171\\nChurch Extension Soc. org., 3282 Cen-\\ntennial Exhibition fire, 331 3 reform\\nticket, 3363; fire, 3533, 3373; Carpenters\\nstrike, 3G03, ;;6( 3; soap-works, capital-\\nized, 3633; explosion, 3653 J ollcsfreund\\nis seized, 3683 League of Rep. Clubs\\nmeets, 38:; 2 Nat. Union Conf., fnds.\\nPeople s Partv, 385 2 German Teachers\\nAsso., 3S62; water bonds issued, 405 1\\nProhibition Nat. Conven., 4092; Rev. H.\\nP. Smith s trial, 4181 ice-gorge, 4201\\nCathedral mortgaged, 4202 Herr von\\nKoutsky disappears, 4222; iron and steel\\nsyndicate, 427 3 Baur-Bribery, 4383 anti-\\nnegro mob, 448 3 union men refuse work,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1230.jp2"}, "1231": {"fulltext": "Cinc-Clau.\\nText Figures denote Page. IN DJlfX!. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1219\\n4493; jealous priest, 4581 Music festival,\\n460 E. R. wreck, 4673 adulterated\\ndrugs, 4723.\\nCinoinnatus, Lucinius Quiutus,b. (519 B.C.),\\n10502 defeats JSqui, 1050 dictator,\\n10512.\\nCindasuinto, reigns, 11253.\\nCineas, b., 10263; d. (277).\\nCinua, Lucius Cornelius, besieges Rome,\\n10562; consul; driven from Forum; gath-\\ners arnry; takes Home; rules; k., 10573.\\nCinnamus, Joannes, b., 10322.\\nCinnebar, prepared, 79S2.\\nCinq-Mars (Henri) Cottier de Ruze^ Mar-\\nquis de, b., 6863; beheaded, 6892.\\nCintra, Convention of, 7173.\\nCipher telegrams, investigation, 3012.\\nCiquard, missionary, 9S2.\\nCirca Epborus, master of Apelles, 11462.\\nCireassia, Polemon II., Mithridates II.,\\nCotys reign, 1153 2\\nCircassians, revolt, 1158\\nCirce, asteroid, discovered, 7321\\nCircensian games est., 10503.\\nCircignano, Niceolo, b. (1516); d., 10822.\\nCircles, Germany, divided into, 5093.\\nCircuit court districts, Eng., S51 2\\nCircular saw, invented, 804\\nCircumcision, rite instituted, 1140 2\\nCircus, first, 1050 2 faction colors, 1065 1\\nCirencester, Richard of, d., 8602.\\nCirrha, destroyed, 1016 punished, 10172.\\nCirta, captured, 10572.\\nCisalpine Republic, est., 7132, 10S52; recog-\\nnized, 5193.\\nGaul, conquered, 1053 Rom. prov-\\nince, 1055 3 Latin rights, 10573.\\nCisco, Tex., cyclone, 428 4293.\\nCisneros, Salvador, (Jnl)an pres., 633 z\\nCisplatina, rebellion, 5552.\\nCissa, in Sussex, 8412; K., S. Saxons, 8413.\\nCissey, Ernest Louis Octave Courtot de,\\nb., 7192; minister, 7473,7491,7493,751\\ndismissed, 751 d., 7522.\\nCistercian monks est., 6683; in Eng., 8483.\\nCities chartered, Fr.; become communes,\\n6693 defection of Ger., 7S13 misruled,\\nU.S., 1832.\\nCitizens disfranchised, Fr., 749\\nCitizens Soldiers and Sailors Conven.,\\n2252.\\nCitizen s Union org., in Mich., 329\\nrights, born abroad, 1772; naturalized,\\nprotected, 2633.\\nCitronelle, Ala., confeds. surrender, 246 2\\nMy of Alexandria, burned at sea, 443 2\\nCity of Atlanta, burned, 4232.\\nCity of Boston, wreckage; Cornwall, 2713.\\nCity of Bristol, wrecked, 9513.\\nCity of Columbus, wrecked, 317 3\\nCity of Glasf/o/r, first trip, 16113; lost, 9593.\\nCity ofHamlnirij, collides, 10113.\\nCity of Mont/tal, burns, 3273.\\nCity of New York, in trans-ocean race,\\n3452; speed, 3453; ashore, 4432.\\nCity of Para, Kearsarqc crew on, 6293.\\nCity of Paris, speed, 3433,4133,4173, 10013.\\nCity of Rome, on Fastnet Koeks, 3613.\\nCity of Vera Cruz, founders, 3053.\\nCity of Waco, burns, 2893.\\nCity Point, Va., Butler takes, 2322 gun\\nexplodes, 2371 Sheridan arrives, 2442.\\nCiudad Rodrigo, captured, 718 ,2.\\nCiviale, Jean, b., 7082; operations in lith-\\notrity, 724 d., 7362.\\nCivil disabilities of Jews removed, 945 2\\nEngineers Society org., 9381\\nAm., org., 1711 meets, 2762.\\ngov., in Conn., 353.\\nMarriages Bill passes royal assent,\\n529i; opposed, 5361,2,3; passes; sub-\\nmitted, 5372; supplement; passes, 53S2, 3.\\npasses, Ger., 8292,3; church\\nopposes, Uruguay, 11603; approved,\\nSwitz., 11383.\\noaths taken, 11411 on Gospel, 10713.\\noffice, Iron Clad Oath for, 2112.\\nRights Act, amendment, 2891 decis-\\nion, 3152.\\nBill passes. 2512, 2791; vetoed;\\noverrides veto, 2.323; amendment, 2891\\nService Bill introduced, 2493, 2563.\\nExam. Bill passes senate, 4243.\\nReform, first step, 2493 2732 Bill\\nintro., 2563; commissioners meet, 2751\\nrules enforced, 2953; reforms, opposed\\nin Congress, 2973.\\nAsso., 3052; resolution, 347 2\\nmeets, 35S3; conven., 3923; regulations,\\n4763; Bill passed, 3112, 3132; rulesvio-\\nlated, 3112; repeal postponed, 3251 pro-\\nmoted, 3252; custom-house censured,\\n3412; Commission es. N. Y. P. O., 3432;\\nmail service, under, 3392; appropriation\\ndenied, 3783; extended, 413 internal\\nRevenue Office under, 4752; el assitied ser-\\nvice; examination system intro., 9752.\\nCivil War, U. S. A. (1860 1SS media-\\ntion urged, 165 ends, 2463, 2523. See S.\\nConfederacy.\\nFr., 666 676 678 6822, 684\\nin England, 8841\\nCivilis, Claudius, b.-d., 7681 leader, 6622.\\nCivilization laws, Gr., 10143.\\nCivilized state, China, 6123.\\nCivita Vecchia, occupied, IO8S1\\nCivitella, siege raised. 6821 relieved, 10801\\nClaassen, Peter J., arrested, 3522,3802.\\nCladel, Leon, b., 7262.\\nClaflin, Horace Brignam.h. (1811) d., 3202.\\nLee, b. (1791) d., 272\\nWilliam, b. (1818) gov., Mass., 2092.\\nUniv., org. at Orangeburg, S.C. (1869).\\nClaggert, Thos. John, b., 642; cons., 1023.\\nClague, John J., commissioned maj., 4561\\nClaiborne, Wm., settles Kent Island, 333\\narmed boats dispossessed, 34 pinnace\\nseized, 351 rebel, 361\\nCharles Cole, b. (1775) gov.,\\n1132; d. (1S17).\\nClairaut, Alexis Claude, b., 6963; d.,7031.\\nClairon, Claire Joscphe Levees de laTude,\\nb., 6982; d., 7143.\\nClairvaux, monastery at, 6683.\\nClair ville, Louis Francois Nieolaie,b.,719l\\nd., 7521\\nClajus, Johannes,!). (1533); !rammar,7931\\nd. (1592).\\nClainageran, M., minister, 755 2\\nClamenges, Matheiu M. de, b.-d., 6742.\\nClou Macduff, founders, 9S93.\\nClanbrasil, Baron, title created, 9372.\\nClanearty, Earl, title created, 9311 vis-\\ncoiuit, 9412.\\nClanConal, Baron, title created, 9531.\\nClancy, John M., b., 1482.\\nClanmorris, Baron, title created, 931\\nClan-na-Gael, condemns Dr. Cronin,338i\\narchbp. denounces, 3403 in Parnell\\nforgery, 10032 secret soc, find., 9871\\nClanriea rde, Marquis, title created, 9412.\\nClanton,. Gen., at Pine Barren Creek, 2442.\\nClanwilliam, Earl, title created, 9172;\\nBaron, 9412.\\nClap, Roger, b., 262; d. (1691).\\nThos., b., 541 pres. Yale, 651 d.,74\\nClapp, Col. W. W., Boston Journal, 3862.\\nClapisson, Louis, b., 719 d., 7362.\\nClapperton, Hugh, b., 9243 crosses Sahara,\\n9402; d., 9422.\\nClare, John, b., 9262; d. (1864).\\nRichard de (Strongbow), E. of Pem-\\nbroke, d., S502; in Ire., 8501\\nClarence, Chief, proclaimed, 11043.\\nDuke of, b., 5393.\\nD. of, minister, 9432; funeral, 11072.\\nE. of, in duel, 941\\nEarl of, on Ala. Claims, 2652.\\nClarendon, Ark., action at, 2103.\\nN. C, colony abandoned, 43 3\\nD., title created, 9212.\\nEarls of. See Hyde and Yilliers.\\nconstitutions, Eng., adopted, 8512.\\nClaretie, Jules Arsene Amaud, b., 7282;\\nAcademician, 7561\\nCb, ridge, Richard, b., 8862; d. (1723).\\nClarina, Baron, title created, 9311\\nCtariuila, asteroid, discovered, 7561.\\nClarionet, invented, 7982.\\nClarissa, asteroid, discovered, 7601\\nClark, Aaron, mayor New York. 1492.\\nAlvan, b., 1121 dis. Companion of Si-\\nrius, 2191 equatorial at Princeton, 3141\\nlens for Chicago Univ., 478 d., 3262.\\nSir Andrew, b., 9422; d. (1893).\\nBilly James, b. (1788) org. first tem-\\nperance society, 115 d., 256\\nChamp, b., 1681\\nCharles, paroled, 2491.\\nDaniel, pres. senate, 2292, 2332.\\nmurdered, 9152.\\nDavis, Wasgatt, b., 1183; ord. bp.,\\n2332; d., 2741.\\nEdward, gov. Tex., 203 2 proclama-\\ntion, 1972.\\nEmmons, Col., brig.-gen., 342\\nFrancis E. organizer of Christian En-\\ndeavor Society, 306 2\\nClark, George Rogers, b. 6S3 in Ky.,793;\\nin Ohio, 883; at St. Vincent, Ky.; at Vin-\\neennes, Ind., 901 Miami Indians at\\nDetroit, 943; d., 1263.\\nHenry T., gov. N. C, 2032.\\nJames, b. (1779),; gov. Ky., 1472, 1613;\\nd. (1839).\\nJohn B., moderator, 250 2\\nJoseph, moderator, 110 2\\nJ. T., shoots Dr. Jlolfett, 4183.\\nLaban, b. (1778); d., 2641\\nLewis Gay lord, b. (1810) Kn icker-\\nbocker Magazine est., 1403; d., 2S2\\nMary Ann, mistress of Duke of York,\\nMyron Holley, b. (1806); gov. N. Y.,\\n1792; d., 4141.\\nThos., memorial obelisk, 9841\\nMarch, b., 1183; cons, bp., 1762.\\nW. H., shoots Randolph, 3511.\\nWm., b.,762; inPacific, 1121 ;d., 1482.\\nWm. Travis, b., 1362.\\nWillis Gaylord, b., 1162; d., 1522.\\nCapt., explores Bering St., 5762.\\nMr., kills George Payne, 935 2\\nUniv., Ga., org.; 2803 2962; Gammon\\nTheo. School fnd., 3143 Chrisman Hall\\ndedicated, 418 2\\nUniv., Worcester, Mass., ded., 3463.\\nClarke, Neb., wife murder, 3782.\\nAdam, b., 915 d. (1832).\\nAlured, b. (1745) at Cape Town,\\n5971; d. (1832).\\nSir Alfred, gov.-gen., India, 10453.\\nSir Andrew, gov., 10473 treaty at\\nPankor, 10492; d., 10102.\\nCharles, gov., 2413; arrested, 2503.\\nCowden, b.,9242; d. (1877).\\nEdward, in Interior Dept., 3512.\\nSir minister, 9953; counsel, 10063.\\nDan., b., 9182; d., 9403.\\nE. S., Rock Fountain mission, 6011.\\nGeorge, gov. N. Y., 633; d. (1763).\\nHenry, b., 9363; a. (1818).\\nJames Freeman, b., 1162; d. (1888).\\nJeremiah, b., 8922; d. (1707).\\nJohn, b., 262; at Newport, 353; pun-\\nished, 383; d.,463.\\nSleeper, b., 1442.\\n,Mary Victoria Cowden, b., 9343; Con-\\ncordance to Shakespeare, 9531\\nRichard H., b., 1561\\nSamuel, b., 894 d., 9082.\\nWalter, gov. R. I., 47 1 503, 533.\\nWilliam. (See Clark.)\\nClarkesville, Term., surrendered, 2121\\n2181.\\nCol., at Mafeling, 602\\nFather, arrested, 10003.\\nClarkson, James S., in P. O. Dept., 351 2\\nretirement, 3611 President Republican\\nLeague, 3832.\\nLloyd, d., 4481\\nRobert Harper, b. (1826); cons. P. E.\\nbp., 2482; d. (1884).\\nThos., b., 9151 philanthropy, 9232;\\nd., 9522; statue, 9881.\\nClarksville, Ga., lynching, 4063.\\nSouthwestern Univ., Tenn., org., 2903.\\nW. Va., Broaddus Coll. chartered,\\n2963 org., 277\\nClarksriile, burns, 1653.\\nClassen, P. J., arrested, 3522.\\nClastidum, battle of, 6621\\nClauberg, .loliann, b., 7943; d., 7963.\\nClaucon, leader in Athens, 10262.\\nClaude, Jean, b., 6863; d., 6942.\\nLorrain, b. 6862; paintings, 10822; d.,\\n6922.\\nClaudia, discovered, 7601\\nClaudius, Marcus Aurelius, b.-d., 10642;\\nnearNaissus, 10522; defeats Goths, 10282;\\nconquests in Ger., named Germanicus,\\n10661; reigns, 10672, 11532.\\n,Agrippa, plants colony, emp.,769\\nAppius Claudius Crassus Sabinus Re-\\ngillensis, designs against Virginia, 10513.\\nC. Caudex, in Sicily, 10523.\\nCiecus, censor, consul, 10532.\\n(Pulcber), power at Rome, 1057\\nMathias, b., 8003; d., 8103.\\nPublius, near Drepanum, 10523.\\nTiberius Claudius Nero, proscribes\\nDruids, 6623; in Britain, 8391 aqueduct\\nand conduit, 10622; banishes Jews, 10623;\\nruled by favorites, 10631 reigns, 10682;\\npoisoned, 10633.\\nClaughton, Thos. Legh, b. (1808); elected\\nbp.,9803; d., 10081.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1231.jp2"}, "1232": {"fulltext": "1220\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nClau-Clin.\\nClaus, Karl Friedrieh Wilhelm, b., 8143.\\nClausel, Bertrand, b. (1772) in Algeria,\\n82,92,3; d. (1842).\\nClausen, HeurikNicolai.b., 6382; d.,642\\nClausenitz, Karl von, Prus. Geru, b., 8042;\\nd., 8142.\\nClausius, Rudolf J. E., b., 8122; d., 8321\\nClaussen, Peder, lieimskriniita, 6371.\\nClaverhouse. See Graham, John.\\nClaviere, Etienne, b.-d., 11372.\\nClavigero, Francisco, b.-d., 11283.\\nXavier, b.-d., 10951\\nClavius, Christoph, b., 7902; d., 7923.\\nClay burned, 1713.\\nCo., Ala., outrage, 3583; Mormon el-\\nders whipped, 3583.\\nCreek, S. Dak., Indian outbreak, 3741\\nCassius Marcellus, b., 1163.\\nClement Claiborne, b., 1001 gov.\\nAla., 1453; captured, 2473; d. (1882).\\nHenry, b., 89i; at Fort Meigs, 1202;\\npeace commission, 123 3 Speaker, 1173,\\n1252, 1273, 1313; leader of Democracy,\\n1233; Treatyof Ghent, 1213; Colonization\\nSoc. fnd., 125i; slavery agitation, 1291\\npresidential vote, 1332, 1392, 1412, 1572;\\nvote in House, 133 3 welcomes Lafayette,\\n1332; S ec. of state, 1333; duel, 1352; re-\\nmoval of funds, 1412; Compromise Tar-\\niff, 1413; censuring Jacksou, 143 3 re-\\nsigns in Senate, 1552; Alabama letter,\\n1572; withdraws from campaign, 165 1\\ncompromise slavery bill, 1671, 167 2\\nmedal, 1712; d., 1701; obsequies, 1711;\\nstatue, 1601\\nJr., b. (1811); d., 1623.\\nClayborne, William. (See Claiborne.)\\nW. C. C, gov. la., 1193.\\nClayton, Abner, b., 622.\\nJohn, b., 8962; d., 781.\\nMiddleton, b., 1061 sec. state,\\n1653; treaty, 1793; d., 1781\\nJoshua, gov. Del., 1013; d. (1798).\\nPowell, b. (1833); gov. Ark., 2652; de-\\nclares martial law, 2652.\\nDr., gas-lights, 9102.\\nBulwer Treaty, 1793 resolution, 455 2\\nTunnel, Eng., collision, 965 3\\nClavijo, Kuy Gonzalez de, in Bokhara,\\n5491 d. (1412).\\nClaxton, Kate, b., 1641\\nClazomente revolts against Athens, 10213.\\nCleander, prime minister, 1065 2 d. (ISO).\\nCleanthes, b.-d., 1026 3 invents painting,\\n10131\\nClearchus, d., 10231.\\nClear Creek, Colo., miners est., 185 3\\nClearing-house est. in Boston, 1793; assists\\nbanks, 371 3 certificates, 3733.\\nCleary, James V., cons. bp.,5842; archbp.;\\ndenies absolution, 5901\\nWin. C, reward lor capture, 247 3\\nOleaveland, John, b., 8801 d. (1659).\\nParker, b., 931 d., 1841\\nCleaves, Henry B., Me., 4092, 4471 4631.\\nCleburne, Pat. E., b. (1828); at Ringgold,\\n2282; k., 2402, 2411.\\nCleef, Henry van, b., 5402; d., 5403.\\nJan van, b., 5403; d., 5422.\\nor Cleve, Joost van, b.-d., 5402.\\nCleisthenes, social reforms, 1017 1 est. os-\\ntracism, expelled, 10173.\\nClemenceau, Eugene, b., 72S2; duel, 7042,\\n7671 Panama Canal scandal, 7642.\\nClemens, Archie, desperado, 2562.\\nJeremiah, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 1231 d. (1865).\\nSamuel Langhorne (Mark Twain), b.\\n(1835); works, 2\u00c2\u00ab)3.2683, 2782; 2823,2863,\\n2942, 3063, 3123, 3163, 3183, 3503, 4781\\nClement I., St., bp. at R., 10623 d., 10642.\\nII., pope, 10731\\nIII., pope sells indulgences, 10751\\nd. (1047), 10742.\\nIT. rules, 7803; d., 10762.\\nV., b. (1264) pope offers indulgences,\\n10763; abolishes Knights-Templar, 10773;\\nd. (1314).\\nVI., b. (1292); pope, 10763,10771; d.,\\n10762.\\nVII., b. (1342) pope, 7842,10811; im-\\nprisoned, 6801 escapes, 6802 d., 10803.\\nVIII., antipope, resigns, 10791; pope,\\n10812 charters Univ., 10771 d., 10823.\\nIX., b. (1600) pope, 5723, 10832 d.,\\n10831.\\nX y b. (1590) pope, 10832 d., 10831\\nXI., b., 10823 pope, 10832 decision,\\n6163 d., 10832.\\nXII., b., 10831 pope, 1083^\\nlotteries, 10853 d., 10842.\\nClement XIII., b., 10831 pope, 10832 fa-\\nvors translation of Bible,1085i d., 10842.\\nXTV., b., 10S31; pope, 10832; pope s\\ntoe, 10851; d., 10842.\\nJacques, assassin, b. (1565), 6S5 3 d.\\n(1589).\\nJoseph, planes iron, 9421.\\nMinister, Bulg., 5672.\\nof Alexandria, b., 6522; liyes, 10643.\\nClement, Ambroise, b., 7163 d., 7342.\\nFelix, b., 7241; d.,7542.\\nFrancois, b., 6963 d., 7082.\\nClementi, Munzio, b., 10842 d., 10862.\\nClementina, jisteroid, discovered, 7481.\\nClements, Baron, title created, 9451.\\nJudson C, Commerce Com., 4473,\\nClemincin, Diego, b.-d., 11291\\nClendennin, D. B., Lieut.-Col., raids, 2341\\ncommissioner, 247 2\\nCleobulus, K., b., 10162 sage, 10163.\\nCleodamus, deteats Goths, 10661.\\nCleombrotus invades Ba otia slain, 10222.\\nCleomedes, b., 10283.\\nCleomenes I., against Athenians capitu-\\nlation expels Hippias, 10173 d., 10191\\nIII., b., 10263 war with Achasan\\nLeague, 1026 2 K. of Sparta, 10273 d.,\\n10263, 10271.\\nCleon, leads democrats, 10212 refuses\\npeace, 10213 at Amphipolis takes\\nSpacteria, 10311 killed, 10202, 10211.\\npaints Cadmus, 10263.\\nCleopatra, asteroid, discovered, 7501\\nCleopatra, sails for Cuba seized, 1693.\\nCleopatra, b., 6522 seeks throne mar-\\nried, 6521,2; poisons brother, 6531, 2\\nand Antony; expelled; reigns, Egy,\\nvisits Antony, 6532 at Tarsus, 10602\\nterritory by Antony, 1151 2 marrie\\nabandons Antony, 10611 war on; Queen\\nof Kings, 1061 3 murders Seleueus,\\n11503 5., 6522, 10003 tomb dis., 6611\\n[II.], regent, Egy., 6531 reigns as\\nqueen, 6532.\\nV., reigns, Egy., 6532.\\nVI., war with Ptolemy, 6521\\nof Macedon assassin., 10271 (308 B.C.).\\nCleoph, K. of It., 10731 assassinated, 10713.\\nClerc, Jean le, Ars Critica, 11371\\nLaurent, b., 7061 d., 73S2.\\nNicolas Gabriel, b., 69S2 d., 7131\\nClerfayt, Francois Sebastian Charles de\\nCroix, b., 5143; at Hockst,518i at Wat-\\ntignies, 7101; d.,5191.\\nClergy, Hung., corrupt, 5042 power op-\\nposed, Belg., 5423; property confiscated,\\nFr. renounce privileges, 7062 sup-\\nported by state, 7073 power limited,\\n7011; under surveillance, 7091; ex-\\ncluded in education, 7551 7552,3 to re-\\nspect Republic, Fr., 7622 political activ-\\nity, Fr., 76:12 Reserves, Can., 5762, 5772,\\n5S82, 5891; Govt, dispute, Ger., S2S2\\nfined, 8283 subordinate to State, Set) 2\\ndrunkenness, G. B.,S43i disputes, 8443;\\ndegraded, 8503; orders forbidden, 8541\\nincomes demanded, 8562; opposed, 8571\\nexempt from arrest education confined\\nto, 8582,3 vices, 8431.\\nClerical Fund Bill passes, 8352; forbidden\\nPari.; regulations, S0S3; restrictions re-\\nmoved, 8,02; absolved, 8703; forbidden\\ncivil office, SS52 persecuted, 8963 re-\\nstricted in State affairs, 9043 corrup-\\ntions, 9093; against inoculation, 9142;\\nIncapacitation Act, 9303 property con-\\nfiscated, 11343.\\nClerieix Laji-os issued, 6733.\\nClerk, Sir R. G., gov. Bombay, 10473.\\nClermont, Australia, strikers, 5002.\\nClermont, s.ails from New York, 1141.\\nClermont, on Seine River, 7142.\\nClermont, Baron, title created, 9591\\nComte de, b. (1709) commander, 5161\\nat Krefeld, 7021 d. (1770).\\nTonnerre, Comte de Stanislaus, b.,\\n7003 d., 7082.\\nFr. ch. council at, 66S 3 subdued, 7403\\nCleron, Othenin Paul de, Comte d Hauson-\\nville, Academician, 7561\\nClesinger, J. B. Auguste, b., 721 1 d., 7541\\nClesse, Antoine, b., 5423 d., 5461\\nCletus, St., bp. at Rome, 10623.\\nCleveland, O., fnd., 1063, 1073; mob, 1711\\nfire, 177 3 Perryinenunieiit.l.ssi Lincoln\\nobsequies, 247 2 Soldiers and Sailors\\nmeet, 225 2 Historical Soc. org., 2583\\nPublic School Library fnd., 2623 Nat.\\nTemperance Conven., 2631 Bessemer\\nsteel mfd., 2641 standard Oil Co. fmd.,\\n2653 Evening Neivs and Herald est.,\\n2663 Woman s Suffrage Conven., 2691\\nLake View Cemetery est., 2733; Vocal\\nSoc. org., 2801; Lake View Park est.,\\n2853; w. C. T. U. org., 2862; Cong. Club\\nfmd., 2902; Bach Soc. org., 3001 South\\nSide Park est., 3033- Democratic Nat.\\nConven.; Prohibition Nat. Conven., 3051\\nSoc. for Organization Charities, 3071\\nSchool of Science opd., 3081 strike, 3103\\nAdelbert Coll., 3123; electric cars, 3173\\nstrike in rolling-mills, 3203 Union Gos-\\npel News est., 3322; Epworth League\\norg., 3402, 4321 Dr. Quigley suspended,\\n3423; ut is Steel Co. purchased, 3433; Bp.\\nGilmour investigation, 3461 Cleveland\\nDaily World est. ,3502; breweries pur-\\nchased, 3533; Garfield .Memorial, 3581\\nPres. Garfield buried, 3503 switchmen s\\nstrike, 3611 Gallery of Arts est., 3721\\nMacQueary s trial, 3742 street-car\\nstrikers, 408 3 Epworth League Conf.,\\n4321; Saengerlumd festival, 4342; dyna-\\nmiter, 4423; K. R. clerks arrested, 4443\\nmobs, 4582 Soldiers Monument, 4641\\nChristian Endeavor Conven., 4641 J. B.\\nCavenshot, 4722; C. Robinson confesses,\\n4731 W. 0. T. U. Conven., 4743; w. H.\\nPrice killed, 4763.\\nCleveland, Chas. Dexter, b., 1101 d., 2662.\\nGrover, b., 14S 2 elected gov. N. Y.,\\n3112 inaug., 3153 nom. for pres., 3173;\\npopular vote, 3192- resigns governorship,\\n3193 message to Cong, electoral vote\\ninaug., 3211 proclamation, 3212 decis-\\nion, Pacific Islands, 3213; married, 3233;\\nrenom. for pres., 3311; popular vote,\\n3312; arbitrator, 3353 in Tammany Soc,\\n3372; at Centennial, 3523; practice in Su-\\npreme Ct., 3582; denial, 3791; daughter\\nb., 3931 address Univ. Mich., 4021 nom.\\nfor pres., 4092, 4113 acceptance; World s\\nFair dedication, 4171 popular vote, 4191\\nelectoral vote, 4243 inaug. arrival,\\n4253 reviews ships, 4283 Sultan s pres-\\nent, 4331 Esther b., 4381 intercedes for\\nHawaiian queen recognizes Hawaii,\\n10413; ridiculed, 4391,2; arbitrator, 4512;\\nagainst rioters action in strike, 4652,3;\\namnesty, 4731\\nCleves, O., railway wreck, 4073.\\nJulicb, quarrel settled, 7973.\\nClevia, mission established, 10393.\\nClifden, Viscount of, title created, 9231\\nCliff-dwellers dis., 3341, 3481; traces in\\nAriz., 4761.\\nClifford, Alfred, cons, bishop, 10082.\\nAnne, Countess of Pembroke, b.,\\n7862 d., 8942.\\nBaron, title created, 8932.\\nJohn Henry, b. (1809) gov. Mass.,\\n1743 d., 2902.\\nNathan, b., 1102 articles of peace,\\n1651 justice U. S. S. Court, 1852; Elec-\\ntoral Commission, 2951 d. (1881).\\nSir Robert C. Spencer, d., 10062.\\nRosamond, poisoned, 8511\\nSir Thomas, minister, 8932,3; resigns,\\n8933.\\nLord, in Parliament, 9452.\\nClitlin, Eng., action at, 9101; Suspension\\nBridge, 9662.\\nAaron B., d.,3501.\\nBaron, title created, 8772.\\nWilliam, cons, bishop, 9603.\\nClifton, captured, 2262.\\nClifton Junction, R. R. accident, 9773.\\nSprings, N. Y., Miss. Union, 3602.\\nCliuiatologieal Asso., fmd., Am., 3141\\nClinch County, Ga., fight, 3983.\\nDuncan Lamont, b. (1787) defeats\\nSeminoles, 1441; aids Gaines, 1461; d.,\\n(1849).\\nClinchamp, Francois E. V., b., 706 2 d.,\\n7522.\\nCline, James C, assassinated, 2772.\\nClingman, Thomas Lanier, b. (1812) sen-\\nator, expelled, 1973.\\nClinical Soc. org., 9641\\nClinton, Ky., Cedar Valley Seminary fmd.,\\n2111 tornado, 3501.\\nMass., factory burned, 4293.\\nMiss., College org., 1703; Confeds. re-\\npulsed, 2301 riots, 2891\\nN.Y., Hamilton College org., 1191\\nCharles, b., 9892 d. (1773).\\nDe Witt, b., 761; duel, l lli; mayor\\nN.Y., 1132, 1153, 1192 electoral vote,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1232.jp2"}, "1233": {"fulltext": "Clin-Cohn.\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN UrLA.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1221\\n1212 gov. N. Y., 1332 anti-Mason ex-\\ncitement, 1352 d., 136\\nClinton, Edward Finnes de. Lord, b. (1512);\\nminister, 8732, 8753 d. (1585).\\nGeorge, b., 6242 g0 v. N.Y 653 de-\\nmands royal revenue, 67 2 commissioned\\ngen., 86 gov., 892 defeated, 1033\\nelectoral vote, 1012,1033,1073, 1132,1153;\\nvice-president, 1132 1171 d., 1183.\\nSir Henry, b., 0102; arrives, 80 at\\nCharleston, 822; in N.Y., 84 ascends\\nHudson River captures furls, 872 com-\\nmander, 882; leaves 14.1., 903; In S. C;\\nin Savannah, 91 returns to N.Y., 92\\nwith reeiiforeements, 943; d., 9263.\\nFynes, b., 9222 d., 95S2.\\nJames, b., 622 d., 1183.\\nJoseph J., b., 1302.\\nBaron, title created, 8563.\\nClisson, Olivier de, b. (1332) in Brittany,\\n6742; d. (1407).\\nClitus in Hellespont, 10243 d., 1025\\nClive, Caroline, b., 9303 k. (1785).\\nRobt., Lord, b., 9062 at Trichinopli,\\n700 conquers Orissa, 912 created\\nbaron, 9132; at Chinsurah takes Cal-\\ncutta, 914 ami Orissa, 1044 1 at Plassey,\\n10442 gov. India, 10452, 3 d., 919\\nClock, sent to Fi\\\\, 6642 first striking, Ger.,\\ngift to Charlemagne, 7722 electro-mag-\\nnetic telegraph, 950 astronomical, at\\nStrasburg, 816 striking, in London,\\n85S2 electric, illuminated. 056 2 hltro.,\\n593 mnf. in Conn., 104 by electricity,\\n94S revolutionized, 14S magnetic\\ninv., 164 inv., 666 first in Eng., 8833;\\ninv., 666 894 pendulum inv., 11002.\\nClodion, conquers Gaul, 6622 king of\\nSalic Pranks, 6133.\\nClodius Publicus, partisans riotous\\nagainst Cato and Cicero d., 1059 3\\nClodomir, king, 6652; d. (524).\\nClogher, bishopric est., 840 3\\nBp. Stack cons., 9962.\\nClokey, Joseph, moderator, 1903.\\nClonbrock, Baron, title created, 9252.\\nCloncurry, Baron, title created, 923 945\\nClonfert, Bp. Duggan cons., 9762 Bp.\\nHealy, coadjutor, 9922.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Clonmacnois, Ire. see erected, 8403.\\nClonmel, Ire., surrenders, 8862.\\n,Earl, title created, 925 2\\nEarl of. (See John Scott.)\\nClootz, Baron Jean Baptiste (Anacharsis),\\nb.,8023; d.,8062.\\nClorinde, captured, 936\\nClosson, Henry W., a colonel, 330\\nClosure Resolution, intro., 3763 unfin-\\nished, 377\\nnew rules passed, G. B., 9872 rule\\nadopted, 9912. 9:172 applied, 9933.\\nClot, Antoine Barthelemy (Clot-Bey), b.,\\n7103; d., 7382.\\nClotaire I., b.-d., 6623 king, kingdom\\ndivided, 665 2 condemns son, 665 pun-\\nishes Brunehilde, 771\\nII., b.-d., 6642 king, 6652 executes\\nBrnnehaut, 665 holds Pari.; 6652.\\nIV., d., 6642.\\nCloth mfg. improved, G. B., 8982 mfg.,\\n9222,9582; encouraged, G.B., 904\\nworkers, settled, G. B., 8562.\\nClotho, asteroid, discovered, 7342.\\nClotilde, St., b.-d., 6623; we ds Clovis,6632.\\nmarries Pr. Napoleon, 735\\nCloture. (See Closure.)\\nCloquet, Bar. Jules Germain, b., 7062\\nd., 754\\nClouet, Peter, b., 5403; d., 5422.\\nClough, Arthur Hugh, b., 9383 works,\\n9543; d., 9642.\\nCloute, Adm. minister, 753 2\\nClover Hill, Va., action at, 246\\nCloverport, asphalt deposits discovered,\\nClovio, Giulio, b., 5082; d., 5102.\\nClovis I., b., 6623 at Tolbiacum power in\\nGaul, 6622; baptized, 613 weds Clotilda,\\n6632; a Christian; K. of Franks, 6633; at\\nAries, at Vougle, 664 conquests king-\\ndom divided treaty with Theodoric\\npatrician, 6652; defeats Alemanni, 768\\nrebuilds Worms sole ruler, 7693 d.,\\n6652, 7712.\\nIL. b.-d., 6642 king, 6653.\\nIII., b.-d., 6642; king, 6653.\\nCloyd s Mountain, (loafed, defeat, 2323.\\nCloyne, see est., 8403; united, 8622; 9462.\\nClue, Adm. de la, in naval battle, 914\\nCluke, Col., at Mount Sterling, 220\\nCluseret, Gustavo Paul, b., 7242 near\\nWinchester, 2082; signs manifesto, 7413;\\nflees, 7413.\\nClusium (Chiusi), besieged, 1050\\nClut, J., cons., 5822.\\nClutharis, king of Itally, 1073\\nCluver, Philip, b., 7022; Germania An-\\ntigua, 795 d.,7943.\\nClyde, steam-vessel son, 9362; strike, 9823;\\n10023; lockout, 10003.\\nBaron. (See Colin Campbell.)\\nClydebank, Scot., strike, 10063.\\nClymene, asteroid, discovered, 7342.\\nClymer, Christopher P., b., 121\\nGeorge, b., 642; d. (1813).\\nHiester, vote for speaker, 2832.\\nMr., Columbian printing-press, 0362.\\nClyteinnestra, y., cruelty, 10143; k., 10143.\\nCh/ti illiU Strrt, asteroid, discovered, 296\\nClytia, asteroid, discovered, 2072.\\nC. M. Palmer collides with Liulmurth, 9333.\\nCnidus, battle of, 10222.\\nCoachmakers licensed, G. B., 9222.\\nCoadon, John, cons. R. C. bp., 9862.\\nCoal, dis. in Pa., 102 mined, 11l 3; in mfg.\\niron, 126 150 anthracite marketed,\\n1293 use, 146 in dwellings, 132 on\\nR. R., 1473 dis. Indiana, 278 dis. in\\nDak., 332 exportation stopped, Belg.,\\n5472; dis. in Ijraz., 5542; dis. Can., 588\\ndis. G. B., S52 918 use opposed, 8363;\\nmarketed Eng., 8613 used, 8813 dis.\\nMex., 10973; gas from, G. B., 9102.\\nand coke, substitute charcoal, 924\\ncombine, decision against, 4142.\\nCreek, Tenn., convict miners trouble,\\n3983; strikers, 404 ,412 ,413 434 ,424\\n4343,4493.\\ngas, experiment, 926\\nlands, great sale, 285\\nminers strike. (See strike.)\\nstations, established, 4462.\\ntar colors, invented, 814\\nCoalition, first, against Fr., 81172, 3, 9272\\nsecond, 7133, 8073 war of, S0U2, s.073\\nthird, 7153, S093, 9332 fourth, 7172\\nfifth, 71S 7193; sixth, 7212.\\nCoan, Titus, b., 110 d., 3102.\\nCoast defenses and fortifications, 399 3\\nCoastwise slave-trade bill, approved, 2353.\\nCoatepeque, Guatemalans defeated, 1038\\nCoatlan, Mex., temple dedicated, 162.\\nCobalt discovered, 1134 312\\nCobb, Col., at Moore s Mills, 2102.\\nGeo. T., b. (1S13) d., 2702.\\nHowell, b., 1242; speaker, 167 gov.\\nGa., 1692; sec. treas., 1823; resigns, IS)\\nchairman Confed. Cong., 1913; d.,2622.\\nJames E., b., 1442.\\nSeth W., b., 1482.\\nThomas R. R., b. (1857) d., 2172.\\nW., b., 96 d., 138\\nCobbe, Fiances Power, b., 9403, 4732.\\nCobbett, Win., b., 9163; in Phila., 1051;\\nworks, 93H, 9;j!) 1 radical, 9393; d.,9462.\\nCobbs, Nicholas Maimer, b. (1796); con.s.\\nP.E. bp., 1563; d., 1902.\\nCobden, Miss., action against. 1005\\nRichard, b., 9323 treaty with Fr.,\\n7352; testimonial, 9333; censured, 9612;\\nleader Anti-Corn Law League, 949 3 d.,\\n968 statue, 972\\nCobham, Viscount, title created, 905\\nLord. (See Brooke, Henry.)\\ntakes Vigo, 112S\\nCobiago, Cal., petroleum oil dis., 390\\nCobourg, Can., Sentinel Star, 5783 Vic-\\ntoria Univ. fnd. 579\\nCoburg, Pr. of, at Wattignies, 710\\nCoburn, Abner, gov. Me., 2293.\\nCol., near Franklin, 220\\nCocaine, as anesthetic, 3181.\\nCocarde forgeries, Paris, 765 documents\\npub., 7653.\\nCocceius, Johannes, b.-d., 11003; est. Coc-\\nceians, 797\\nCoccius, Ernst Adolf, b., 8123.\\nCoeheco, -Me., Indians defeated, 462.\\nCochecto, N. Y., R. R. wreck, 4133.\\nCoeherel, battle of, Fr., 674\\nCochery, M., minister, 7532, 7543.\\nCochet, L Abbe\\\\ Jean Baptiste Desire b.,\\n7192, d., 7501\\nCochin, Chas. Nicolas, b., 6971 d., 7062.\\nChina, won, 6141; annexed; rebels,\\n6152; Fr. conquest, 6193; see est., 9S03;\\nmission, 10462; naval expedition, 11301.\\nCochlaus, Johann, b., 7862; d., 792\\nCochran, Ga., New Ebenezer Coll. fnd.,\\n1782.\\nJohn P., gov. Del., 2912.\\nMelville A., commissioned col., 3642.\\nWilliam, b., 9102; d. (1785).\\nCochrane, Alexander D. B., Ld. Laming-\\nton, d., 10042.\\nSir Alex. Inglis, b. (1758); squadron,\\n554 destroys frigates, 9341 d, (1832).\\nJohn, Gen., b. (1813); nom. for vice-\\npres.,2352; pres. Soc. Cincinnati, 4642.\\nThomas, Earl of Dundonald, b.,919\\nd., 9642.\\nE. of Mar, murdered, 8643.\\nLord, Radical, 9393.\\nCochren, Henry S., takes gold, 4382.\\nCock, Thomas, d., 2662.\\nCockburn, Sir Alex. James Edmund, b.,\\n9303; Alabama arbitration, 2752; d., 9861\\nMrs. Alison, b., 9042; d. (1794).\\nSir George, b., 918 3 burns Am.\\ntowns, 1202; d., 9582.\\nLord Henry Thos., b., 9203; d., 9582.\\nCocker, Edward b., 8822; Arithmetic, 8943\\nd., 8941.\\nCockerell, Chas. Robert, b., 9243; d., 9662.\\nb. (17S8); d., 9722.\\nJohn A., Pres. of Press Club, 3482;\\nMorniiif/ Adeertiser, 3962.\\nMr., St. Paul s repaired, 9402.\\nCockerill, Francis Marion, b. (1834); Gen.,\\nnear Butler, Mo., 2143.\\nCock-lighting prohibited, Gr. Br., 889\\nCockin s Sound, N. Am., entered, 5702.\\nCochran, P. E. (Nelly Bly), tour, 3533.\\nW. Bourke, b., 174 nom. for vice-\\npres., 4092; speech, 437\\nCockrell, Francis M.,b., 1422; speech, 441\\nJeremiah V., b., 142\\nCockrill, John, editor, acquitted, 3103.\\nCodazzi, Agostino, b., 10843; d., 10882.\\nCoddington, Win., b., 262; at Newport,\\n353; gov. R. I., 392, 453; d., 463.\\nJr., gov. R. 1., 492.\\nCode Napoleon promulgated, 7153.\\nCodex Alexandrian, presented, 8823.\\nSinaiticux, discovered, 8162, 488\\nCod-fishing in Newfoundland, 1103\\nCod-liver oil a remedy, 922\\nCodl ington Coll., W. l., founded, 583.\\nSir Edward, b., 9183; vice-admiral;\\noff Navarino. 724 10342; d., 9562.\\nSir Wm. John, b., 9302; d. (1884).\\nCodrus, king, d., 10142, 1015\\nMedon, first arcbon, 1015 d., 10142.\\nCody, Wm. Frederick, b., 1581\\nCoe, James, moderator, 1623.\\nColl.(Presb.) org. at Cedar Rapids, la.,\\n(1881).\\nCoehorn, Menno van, b.-d., 11003.\\nCade-Syria, ceded to Ptolemy, 11492.\\nCoelho, Goncalo, s.ails with Vespucci, 162.\\nCoello, Claudio, b.-d., 11283.\\nCieparius, conspirator, 10592.\\nCoercion Act for Ire., 9472, 9872,9973, 9892,\\n9972.\\nCoetus formed, N. Y., 663.\\nCceur, Jacques, b.-d., 6762.\\nd Alene mining tr. mble, 4112.\\nCoffee introduced, Arabia, 4873; in G. B.,\\nCoffee-house in Eng., 8883, 8903.\\nplant intro., Borneo, 5541; in Costa\\nRica, 6313.\\nCoffee, Col., at Lone Jack, 211\\nJohn, b., 1421 fights Indians, 1203.\\nCoffeeu, Henry A., b., 1522.\\nCotfeeville, Miss., action at, 2162.\\nCoffeyville, Kan., bank robbers, 4163.\\nCoffin, Chas. Carleton, b., 1301 work, 3962.\\nGeo. AV.,b., 1581 promotedeapt.,420\\nSir Isaac, b., 9143; d., 9482.\\nJames Henry, b., 2802; d. (1873).\\nJoshua, b. (1792); d., 235\\nO. Vincent, 110111. gov. Conn., 473\\nCojran, Thomas, b., 9082; d. (1818).\\nCoggeshall, John gov. R. I., 39\\nCoggia, 31., discovers asteroids, 7382, 750\\ndis. comet, 748 760\\nCognac alliance against emp.,7893.\\nCogswell, Joseph Greene, b., 98 New\\nYork Review, 149 d., 2742.\\nWilliam, b., 1482; d. (1850).\\nPolytechnic Coll., Cal., opd., 3322.\\nCohansey, Mass., Bapt. church est., 522.\\nCohen, Carl, to assassinate Bismarck, 8222.\\nJacob Da Silva Solis, b., 1482.\\nConn, Ferdinand, b., 814\\nCohnneini, Julius F., b., 8143; d. 8302.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1233.jp2"}, "1234": {"fulltext": "1222\\nText Figures denote Page, IN D1L.X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nCoho-Colo.\\nCohoes, N. Y., hosiery manufactured, 140 1\\nstrike, 3103; assessors indicted, 4063,\\nCoignv, I uc de, Francois de Franquetot,\\nb., 6922; d., 7023.\\nCoillard, Mr., mission, 6022,3.\\nCoiuibatore, Bp. Bardou, cons., 9742.\\nCoimbatur mission, 10462.\\nCoimbra, Port., earthquake, 11093; Univ.\\nest., 1109 11101.\\nCoin, Eng., debased interest, 8693; clip-\\nping, 9003.\\nand Currency Bill passes S.. 3753, 3763.\\nCoinage, silver, authorized, 2931 Brit, dol-\\nlar,10123; silver dollar, U.S., 3193; three-\\ncent discontinued, 3092; silver dollars,\\n4671 souvenir half-dollars coined, 4193;\\nSp. driven out, 1793 20-cent pieces, 2891\\nsame suspended, 299 1 (See Silver.)\\nCoit., Irene W., admitted to Yale, 3862.\\nJ. C, nom. lieut. gov., 355 2\\nStanton, Ethical Culture, 3723.\\nThomas Winthrop, b., 1102 d., 3202.\\nCoke archbp., letters conv., 10052.\\nSir Edward, b., 8701 speaker, 8773;\\nchf. just. ,8793; imprisoned,SS13;d.,8822.\\nLevi, indictment, 4222.\\nRichard, b. ,1362 gov. Tex. 2873 vote\\nfor, 2832; speech, 4372.\\nTho., b., 662; bp., 963; 9223; jn Am.,\\n963; a t Baltimore, 1062; d., 1231.\\nand coal, substitute charcoal, 9241\\nworkers, Pa., mob, 3803.\\nCokesbury Coll., Del., opens, 991\\nColani, Timothee, b., 7242; d., 7562.\\nColban, Marie Adoltine Schmidt, b., 11041\\nColberg, Prus., Russians take, 5162.\\nColbert, Jean Baptiste, b., 6863; est. Acad,\\nof Sciences, of Belles-Lettres, 6901 C on-\\ntroller,6913; JIarq.de Seigue lay; d.,6923.\\nColborne, Can., grip rages, 5913.\\nSir Francis, in India, 10482.\\nSir John, b. (1778) gov., 5773, 5792\\nleaves Can., 5793; d. (1863).\\nColbrenner, Edmund, reigns in Swe.,1133 3\\nColbum, Warren, b., 1042; d., 1421.\\nZerah, b., 1121 d., 1521\\nColbv, Anthony, b. (1792) gov. N. H.,\\n1613; d. (1873).\\nC. C, pres. of council, 5892.\\nGeorge, d., 3721\\nThomas, b., 9223; d., 9582.\\nUniversity, Jle., fnd., 1291\\nColchester, Eng., surrenders, 8862; cong.\\nof cyclists, 9943.\\nColchester, lost, 9101.\\nBaron, title created, 9372.\\nLord, postmaster-general, 9632.\\n(See Abbott, Charles.)\\nColchis, Argonautie expedition, 10131.\\nColcomb, Col. ile. in Algeria, S3.\\nColcord, Ross K., gov. Nev., 3991\\nCold, in New Eng., lSOi northwest, 3981\\nin Eng., 9061, 9161, 9262, 9641. (See\\nFrost.)\\nColdbath Fields, London, cruelties, .9312.\\nColden, Cadwallader, b. (1688) gov. N.Y.,\\n732; d. (1770).\\nDavid, b. (1769) mayor N. Y.,\\n1272; d. (1S34).\\nMr., stereotyping, 911.\\nCold Harbor, Va., battle of, 2341.\\nColdingham, convent est., 8423.\\nCold Knob Mountain, Va., defeat, 2161\\nSprings, O., explosion, 4133.\\nColdstream Guards, Eng., instituted, 8901\\nColdwater, Jiiss., action near, 2131 Con-\\nfeds, defeated, 2183.\\nTenn.,Oonfeds. defeated, 2203.\\nColebrook, William, Sir, gov., 5792.\\nColebrooke, Henry Tin is., h., 9162 d. (1837).\\nColebrookdale, Iron railway, 9241 9253.\\nColechurch, Peter, Thames bridge, 8461\\nCole City, Ga., jail delivery, 3863.\\nPr., occupied, 7422.\\nAsahel N., d., 3422.\\nHenry A., d., 10022.\\nThonias, b., 110i works, 1361 1381,\\n1401, 1421, 1541; d., 1641.\\nCapt., at Winchester, 2043.\\nDean, fnds. St. Paul s School, 8671\\nColehour, 111., R.R. collision, 4392.\\nColeman, Tex., train robbery, 4303.\\nGeorge, b., 9162.\\nJames D., pres. Cath. Knights, 3402.\\nLeighton, b., 1502 cons, bp., 3302.\\nSamuel, in Nat. Acad. Design, 2171.\\nWilliam T., d., 4441\\nSec, executed, 8951.\\nColenso, John Win, b. (1814) bp. Penta-\\nteuch, 5983, 9663; work condemned, 59S3;\\ndeposed; excommunicated, 5991; in\\nEng., 6003 d., 6033.\\nColeridge. Baron, title created, 9751.\\nJohn Duke, b. (1821) Lord Justice,\\n9872; visits Am., 3151 ,1., 10121\\nHartley, b., 9283; works, 9483, 9563;\\nSamuel Taylor, b., 9183 works, 9271\\n9291,9352,9431; d.,9462.\\nSarah, b., 9323; d. (1S52).\\nColes, Col., captures Suffolk, 2303.\\nEdward, b. (1786); gov., 1312; d.,2622.\\nElizabeth, will, 3991\\nColet, Louise (Revoil), h., 7191 d., 7501\\nColfax, Schuyler, b., 1302; speaker. 2292,\\n2492,2572,21113; resigns, 2071; nom. for\\nvice-pres., 2631; vote, 2653, 2791; inau-\\ngurated, 267i; d., 3182.\\nColgan, John, cons. R.C. bp., 9S62.\\nColgate, James B., Univ. gift, 3383, 3843.\\nSamuel, b. (1822) d., 4241\\nUniv., Madison Univ. name changed,\\n34H Colgate s gift, 3843.\\nColhonn, Edmund R., b., 1301.\\nColigni, Gaspard de, b., 0802; est. colony,\\n222, 5531 at Jarnac, 6822 Prot. leader,\\n6833; d., 6823; statue, 7581.\\nColin, Alexander, b., 54(13; d., 5403.\\nHeinrich J., works, 8072.\\nCollamer, Jacob, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 1022; P.JI.-Gen., 1653;\\non com. of 13, 1892; d., 2482.\\nColle, Charles, b., 6903; d., 7051.\\nColle, Rattaellino dal, b., 10783; d., 10803.\\nCollege, Stephen, executed, S953.\\nof cardinals, appears, 10723.\\nof City N. Y. org., (1S47).\\nof Emporia (Pres.), Kan., org. (1882).\\nof Jlontana org., 3143.\\n-of St. Joseph org. JIo. (1869).\\nPark, Cal., University of the Pacific\\nfnd., 1702.\\nstudents Conf., Northfield, 3622;\\ngrievances of Rus., 1119 1\\nSprings, la., Amity Coll. org., 1822.\\nColleges, Europe, etc. (See under respec-\\ntive names in alphabetical place.)\\nof U. S. A. (Those having thirty or\\nless instructors may he found in their\\nalphabetical place.) Adelphi, Brook-\\nlyn, org. (1896) Armour Institute of\\nTechnology, Chicago, org. (1S93) Bar-\\nnard, for women, New York, founded,\\n3443; org. (1889) I .en-a, Berea, Ky.,org.\\n(1855) Bryn Mawr, Bryn Mawr, Pa. org.,\\n3223; Central Tennessee, Nashville,\\nTenn., chartered, 2522; College of the\\nCity of New York, org., 1642; Colorado,\\nColorado Springs, fnd., 2863; Cornell,\\nMt. Vernon, la., fnd., 1822; Dartmouth,\\nHanover, N. H., fnd., 763; Coll. Agri-\\nculture and Jleehanies est., 2623, W.J.\\nTucker, pres., 4022; Cirard, Phila.,opd.,\\n1632; Hampton Institute. Hampton, Va.,\\norg., 2643; iowa.Grinnell, la., org., 1631\\nIowa State. Agricultural, 2662 Knox,\\nGalesburg, 111., 1483; Jlass. Institute of\\nTechnology opd., 2522; Jlich. Agricul-\\ntural, Landsing, org. (1857) Jlouht Hol-\\nyoke, South Hadlev. Jlass., org., (1837),\\nM. A. Bingham, pres., 33S3, E. S. B.\\nMead, pres., 3562; Mount St. Mary s,\\nErnni its burg, Md., fnd., 1143; Oberlin,\\nOberlin, O., fnd., 143 1 Penn. State, at\\nState College. 1823; Polytechnic Insti-\\ntute, Brooklyn, N. Y., org., 1762 Pratt\\nInstitute, Brooklyn, N. Y., org., 3283,\\nendowment, 3843; Kadcliffe, Cambridge,\\nMass., fnd., 3023, est., 4441 ,2, A. Irwin,\\ndean, 4602 St. Francis Xavier, New\\nYork, org., 1631 Smith, Northampton,\\nMass., org., 2883, observatory erected,\\n3241 Teachers New York, chartered.\\n3342, renamed, 4182, gift for, 4202, opd.,\\n4742; Tufts, Jlass., org., 1703; U. S. Mil-\\nitary Acadeiuv, West Point, N. Y., est.,\\n1101, 1111, Library fnd., 1191, observa-\\ntory erected, 15()i. admission limited,\\n2521,4621; U. S. Naval Academy, Anna-\\npolis, Md., org., 1583, opd., 3501 hazing\\nprohibited, 2841 Vassar, Poughkeepsie.\\nN. Y., fnd., 1991, name changed, 2562,\\nobservatory erected, 3001 JVellesley,\\nWellesley, Jlass., org., 2883, Jiartineau\\nstatue, 3241, Stetson gift. :\u00c2\u00ab62, School\\nof Art dedicated, 3471. (See those of\\nother countries under their names.)\\n.grant reduced. Can.. 5883; anti-reli-\\ngious, 691 Am. below Gel 8322.\\nCollet, Philibet, b., 6883; d., 6981\\n(Jolletet, Guillaume, b., 6861 d., 6902.\\nColleton, James, gov.. 503; banished, 513.\\nColletta, Pietro, b. (1775) work, 10871 d.\\n(1833).\\nColley, Clara B., reception, N. Y., 3802.\\nSir Geo. Poinerov, gov., 6011 k.,6031.\\nColli, Gen., b. (1760); at Mondovi, 7121 d.\\n(1812).\\nCollier, Alfred, Mountebanks, 4161\\nArthur, b., 8942; d., 9082.\\nSir George, d.,9263.\\nHenry W., b. (1801); gov. Ala., 1671\\nd. (1855).\\nJeremy, h., 8882; works,9003; d.(1726).\\nJohn Payne, b., 9243; d., 9922.\\n.Robert Laird, b. (1837); d., 3641.\\nColliersville, Tenn., action at, 2263.\\nCollin, Heinrich J. von, b., 8031 d., 8102.\\nd Harleville, -lean F., works, 7063.\\nCollingwood, Lord Cuthbert, b., 9122 at-\\ntacks Fr. fleet, 934 1 d., 9351\\nCollins, Anthony, b., 8942; d., 9082.\\nJohn, b., 5S1 gov. R. 1., 992, 1293;\\nd. (1795).\\nH. J. F., defaulter, 4382.\\nJ. W., suicide, 4022.\\nNapoleon, Com., b. (1814) captures\\nFlorida, 2383; d. (1875).\\nWilliam, b., 9062; works, 913 9481\\nd., 9143.\\nb., 9243; d., 9542.\\nWilkie b., 9422; works, 9623;\\nd. (1889).\\nLine, Washington sails, 1633.\\nPres., commits suicide, Cal., 4022.\\nCollinson, Peter, b.,900i expedition, 9542.\\nCollinsville, Tenn., Confed. defeat, 2281\\nCollis, Cal., train robbery, 4123.\\nCollisions (see Railroads) at Sea (see dis-\\nasters), Bill to prevent, 363 2\\nCollodion, asteroid discovered, 11381.\\nCollombet, Franc. Zenon, b., 7163; d., 7322.\\nCollot d Herbois, Jean Marie, b., 7011 d.,\\n7123.\\nCollyer, Bohert, b., 1302.\\nColman, George, b., 9082; d.,9263.\\nColmar, Gcr., occupied, 7402.\\nCologne, Ger., fnd., 7691 invaded, 6792;\\nbishopric fnd., 7682; imperial city, 7733;\\nUniv. est., 7851 it suspends, 8072; peace\\nwith, Soest, 7853; Jews expelled, 7863;\\nDiet of, 7873; Protestants expelled, 7943;\\noccupied, 7981 taken, 8061 archbishop-\\nric secularized, 8071; musical festival,\\n8121 archl.].. confined, 8151 ;stoned,8322;\\nriots, 8163, 817 1; archbp. dispute, exhi-\\nbition 8222.\\nCathedral, commenced, 7802; work\\nsuspended, 7862 collections, S103 re-\\npaired, 8102; opd., S101,3; completed,\\n8301 opd., 8302; Bp. McCarthy cons.,\\n9782.\\nColoiua, Carlos, Las Guerras, 11292.\\nColoman, King, takes Dahnntia, 5021\\nColomarde, Francisco Tades, b.-d., 11302.\\nColombia, S. Am., see Text, pp. 628-629;\\nkingdom of Granada, est.. 652; Republic\\nfind., 6442 treaty with U. S., 1333, 3073.\\nColombo, Ceylon, bishopricest. ,9483,10463;\\ncaptured, 10441 mission, 10471.\\nColombo, It. and T. Magazine, 10462.\\nColon. (See Aspinwall.)\\nColonia, Uru., settlement destroyed, 11593;\\nmission, 11603.\\nColonial Branch Army Act passes, 9712.\\nand Brit. Congress meets, 9943.\\nClergy Act passes. 9793.\\nand Continental Ch. Soc, find., 9642.\\nInstitute fnd., 9721 ,2.\\nMissionary Societv org., 998 3\\nNaval Act, G. B., 9691\\noffice, G. B., created, 4972; recon-\\nstructed, 4951.\\nOrder incorporated U. S., 400 2\\nSociety meets, 9731\\ntreaties, Eng., 1O072.\\nColonna, Prospero, b., 10783; at Bicocca,\\n6801; at Genoa; at Rome, 1080 1 d., 10802.\\nVittoria, b., 10783; d., 10803.\\nColonne, Guido delle, works, 10771.\\nColorado, gold (lis., 1841 settled, 1852\\nTer. org., 1933; first legislature, 2031;\\nConfederates t liken, 2051 J. Evans, gov.,\\n2173; severe winter, 2293; bill for state,\\n2313 Jleth. Epis. Conf., 2332 Indian\\ncamp attacked, 2401 Alex. Cummings,\\ngov., 2511; Cong, admits, 2531; read-\\nmitted, 2553; ter. enlarged, 2611; A. C.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1234.jp2"}, "1235": {"fulltext": "Colo-Cone.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDJliX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1223\\nHunt, gov., 2593; Denver, capital, 2652;\\nE. M. M Cook, gov., 2692; narrow-gauge\\nR. R., 27113; Territory org. constitution\\nratified, 289 1 Sam. A. Elbert, gov., 2851\\nJ. L. Kouatt, gov., 291 2, 2951, 399 1 Univ.\\norg., 2962; gold and silver, 2992; silver\\ndis.; Indians troublesome, 3021, 303 1\\nF. W. Pitkin, gov., 3033 Denver City\\ncapital, 3093; Labor Day legalized, 313 1\\nJ. B. Grant, gov., 3152; B. H. Eaton,\\ngov., 3233, 3563.; Prot. Epis. diocese est.,\\n3282; avalanches, 3341 river rises, 3422;\\nJob A. Cooper, gov., 3492; Soldiers and\\nSailors Home est., 3503; prairie fires,\\n3553; cloud-bursts, 3641 snow falls, 366 1\\nIndians dis., 3662; collision, 3693; police\\nkilled, 3751 legislative factions, 3753\\ntrain robbers, 3903; silver mines closed,\\n4053 timberland burned, 4152 R. R.\\nstrike, 4171; desert crossed mine expe-\\ndition, 4233 silver mines closed, 4333\\nstrikers, 4343 Free Coinage of Silver\\nappeal, 435 1; Nat. banks close, 4352;\\nminers resume work, 4382 frauds in\\nland-grants, 4383; extra Legislature ses-\\nsion, 449 gold dis., 442 Woman Suf-\\nfrage granted, 445 2 snowfall, 4521 de-\\ncision against governor, 4551 cloud-\\nburst, 4601, 4673; militia for strikers,\\n4651 stage robbery, 4663 H. W. Mcln-\\ntyre, nom. for gov., 4712.\\nColorado Beetle, in N. Y., 2833; in G. B.,\\n9833.\\nCanon, Maj. Powel descends, 2661\\nSprings, Col. Coll. fnd., 2863; Childs-\\nDrexel Home est., 3712; dedicated, 4063;\\nTarsney outraged, 4631\\nColor caste in government, 2112.\\nprinting invented, 3121\\nColored cotton-pickers organize, 3911\\nEducational Conven., 289 1\\nlabor, protest, Austral., 5003.\\nlawyers, Bar Asso., .Miss., 3783.\\nMen s Conven. in D. C, 3523.\\nPeople Conv., 2653, 2963, 2971, 3322,\\n3523, 3591 4042.\\nColosseum erected, 10622.\\nColossi, San and Abydos, 6462.\\nColossiatis, Ki istk S to, written, 11531.\\nColossus thrown down, 10263 ;broken,10333.\\nColossus, launched, 986 1\\nColquhoun, Patrick, b. (1745); d.,9402.\\nColquitt, Alfred Holt, b., 1321; vote in\\nconven. for pres., 281 2 gov., 2973; sen-\\nator (1883-94); paralytic stroke, 4542;\\nd., 4541 funeral memorial, 455 2\\nWalter T., b., 1082; d., 1761\\nColston, Edward, b. (1636) hospital fnd.,\\n9031; d. (1721).\\nColt, Samuel, b., 1231 patents revolving\\npistol, 144i; d., 2023.\\nColtman, Robert, Jr., The Chinese, 4202.\\nColton, Calvin, b. (1789) d., 1801\\nGardner Quincy, b., 1231.\\nGeorge Hooker, b. (1818) American\\nReview, 1583 d. (1847).\\nJohn, gov., Ire., 8611\\nWalter, b., 1062 a., 1682.\\nColumban, Saint, b.-d.,8402; expelled from\\nGer., 7711 f n ds. Iona, 8403.\\nColumbia, cruiser, launched, 4121 j speed,\\n4441 sails, 4661.\\nColumbia, steamship record, 3613.\\nwins race, 2753.\\nasteroid, discovered, 760 1\\nCity, Ind., defalcation, 4502.\\nKy., Christian college fnd., 3123.\\nMo., University org., 1543; Stephens\\nCollege fnd., 1802; fire, 3993.\\nS. C, coll. org., 1111; theological\\nseminary est., 140 3 state conven., 141 2\\nsmall-pox, 1392; action, 2401; Schofield\\nreaches, 2401; fire at, 2422; Gen. Sher-\\nman reaches, 2422; secession repealed,\\n2491; takes military district, 257 2 tax-\\npayers conven. ,2742; Normal school est.,\\n2843; Winthrop Teachers Training\\nschool opd., 3242; negroes State Fair,\\n3513 Farmers State conven., 3552 Afro-\\nAm. League org.; negroes assemble, 359 1\\nTenn.,0out ed. cavalry defeated, 2281\\nColumbia, Va., Sheridan arrives, 2441.\\nCollege (King s coll.), N. Y., est., 543;\\nBill intro., 671,691; King s Coll. char-\\ntered; opens; S. Johnson, first pres.;\\ngifts to, 691; corner-stone, 712; Myles\\nCooper, pres., 731 Benj. Moore, pres.,\\n831; military hospital, S51 Columbia\\nColl. sonamed,97i receives library,2622,\\n42S2; Sain. Johnson, pres., 991 incorpo-\\nrated, 1002; Dr. Moore, pres. of; Dr.\\nWharton, pres. of, 1111 new site, 1731\\n1822, 4021; boat-race, 3113, 3173, 3213,\\n3253, 3073, 3313, 3422; animal meeting\\nheld, 3261; Barnard s gift, 3443; Scth\\nLow,pres., r 3463, 3512; library gift, 3622;\\nAristotle s constitution, 3.S0 2 library,\\nEmanu-El Theo. Sem.,4042.\\nColumbia Kiver discovered, 1021\\nColumbian caravels, at Montreal, 595 3\\ncelebration, U.S.A., 4113, 4132, 4162,3,\\n4171; frauds, 421 1 foreign ships, 426 1\\nnaval officers International flotilla\\nSp. squadron, 42S 1 legal holiday, 4283.\\n(See World s Fair.)\\nUniv. of Wash, org., 1311\\nLeagues, fmd., 4583.\\nColumbian ,\\\\f i t izinc, Phila., est., 991.\\nOre., est., 1533.\\nColumbian Museum Fund, gift, 4433.\\nprinting-press produced, 936 2\\nuniv. fnd., Wash., 131 1\\nColumbus, Ga., Federals capture, 246 2\\nKy., state guards at, 1962; occupied,\\n1982; evacuated, 2042.\\nMiss., Industrial Institute and Col-\\nlege opened, 3203.\\nO., laid out; capital, 1193; state li-\\nbrary fnd., 1251 Capital Univ. fnd., 16S3;\\nState House burned, 171 2 two regiments\\nfor Wash., 1941 Crisis wrecked, 2213;\\nMorgan escapes, 2233; Lincoln funeral,\\n2472; State Cmv., 2323; Agricultural and\\nMechanical Coll. opd., 2922; Trades\\nUnions Cong., 325 1; gas explosion, 3523;\\nstrike, 361 1 41*2, 41^2, m ine workers of\\nAm. meet, 3763; Elliott convicted, 3383;\\nleather trust, 4393; McDonald indicted,\\n4402; miners conf., 462 2 3; commission-\\ners indicted, 4723; Winthrop Teachers*\\ntraining-school opd., 324 2\\nColumbus, attacked by Br. sloops, 822.\\nBartholomew, Indians shipped, 15 2\\nsea-charts intro., S663; d. (1514).\\nChristopher, b.-d., 10783; many events,\\n122\u00c2\u00b1; dis. Cuba, 631 2 Haiti, 10401;\\nsigns document, 631 2 dis. Guiana coast,\\n10393; dis. Costa Rica, 6301 Views Hon-\\nduras, 10411; and Tenez., 11601; and Ni-\\ncaragua, 11031; remains removed, 6433,\\n6343; canonization desired letters fnd.,\\n10392,3; statues, 4101 4161, 446 1 4601.\\nbefore Isabella, group in capitol, 320 1\\nDiego, governor, 173.\\nColumella, Lucius Junius Moderatus, b.,\\n1062 2 TJe-Re-I!usti :a, 10623.\\nColve, Anthony, gov., N. Y., 441 453.\\nColver, Nathaniel, b. (1794) d., 2721.\\nColville, Baron, title created, S77 2\\nof Culross, Baron, title created, 987\\nColvin, Sir Auckland, adviser, 659 a\\nVerplanck, surveyor, 2813.\\nColvocoresses, Geo. M., b. (1816) d., 2781\\nComana, A enez., settled, 19 2\\nComarford, M., cons K. C. bishop, 9983.\\nComayagua, founded, 10412.\\nCoinbaconum, Madras, mission, 10471.\\nCombahee, last bat tie of Kev., 943.\\nCombat, trial by, 8491 forbidden, SS31\\nCombe, Andrew, b., 9283 d. (1S47).\\nGeorge, b., 9243 d., 9622.\\nCombermere, Vise, title created, 9412.\\n(See Cotton Stapleton.)\\nCombes, Edmond, b., 7193; l, 7461\\nComegys, Cornelius Parsons, b. (1S13)\\ngov. Del., 1492.\\nJoseph P., d., 4221\\nComenius, John Amos, b., 510 2 works,\\n5131 d., 5123 eel., 4041 412 2 5351\\nComet, disappears, 36i visible, 421,463,\\n481; discovered, 2092, 211 1, 2941, 2981,\\n3101, 3121, 3141, 32OV. 3341, 3481,3421,\\n3461, 5001, 0003, 6022, S421, 808 1, 8902,\\n8941 S9G1 9022, OKI 2 0343, ;)021 9641\\nComedians, English, in Ger., 7921.\\nComfort, George Fisk, b., 1421\\nComines, Philippe de, b., 6782 Memoins\\net Lettres, 67S3 d., 6S02.\\nCommentry, dynamite explosion, 7631.\\nCommerce, vexed, U. S., 115 2 3 restric-\\ntions removed, 1173 open to Brit., 1393.\\nearly, Great Britain, 8411\\nCommercial Conven. at Keokuk, la., 2673;\\nat Louisville, Ky., 2693; a t Cincinnati,\\n2711 at Kansas City, :.W2 2 3x33 at New\\nYork, 4383.\\nCong. (International), 7583.\\ndepression, Fr., 7553; Eng., 9353,9513.\\nCommercial panic, Eng.,927 2 ,3,9533,9553\\n9613. (See panic.)\\nTemperance League org., 3251.\\nTravellers Bill, 4031\\nCoininerson, Philibert, b., 698 2 d., 7043.\\nCommissioners for peace, Va., 1912 Eng.\\nBoardfor Am., 753; office abolished, 947 1\\nCommittee of Five appointed on traitors,\\n1911 of 13 on concession, members, 1892,\\nreports, 1S93; of 33, on pacification, 1891\\nreport, 1912 on Public Safety, Fr., 7093.\\nConnnodus, Lucius iElius Aurelius, b.-d.,\\n10642; reigns tribute to Ger. govt, of\\nGer. conduct executes Crispiana,\\n10651; strangled, 10652.\\nCommon wins the Derby, 10053.\\nCommon, Ainslie, telescope, 9841\\nCommonus, peace with Romans, 7691\\nCommon/real, Anarchist paper, 10083.\\nCommonwealth est., Eng. seal of, 8873.\\nCommon Carriers Contract Bill, 4232, 4252.\\nPrayer Book, first, 8702 outvoted,\\n8843 pp sed, 8863 a do] .1 ed 9042 issued\\nin Am., 294 2 reformation league, 9623.\\n(See Book of C. Prayer.)\\nPrayer Book and Tract Soc. org., 1243.\\nCommons, House of, Eng. (See text.)\\nCommons suppressed, Fr., 6663,\\nCommune est., Fr., 7083. (See Paris.)\\nCommunication of Houses, G. B., 9612.\\nCommunion sanctioned, Ger., 7843.\\nservice instituted, Eng., 8702.\\nCommunists flag in Chicago, 2923. (See\\nAnarchists.)\\nCommutation Act passes, 9233.\\nConmenus, Alex., at Durazzo, 10741\\nComo, Colo., mine explosion, 423 2\\nComonfort, Ignaeio, b.-d., 10952; president;\\nforced to retire, 1096 2\\nComorn, earthquake, 5163.\\nCompact Law subscribed to, C. Rica, 6303.\\nof Stanz formed, 11373.\\nCompagnie de la France Equinoxiale est.\\ndes Indes Ocuidental.es est., 10393.\\nCompanion of Siritts discovered, 2023,\\nCompass used, ll 1 theory published, 9401 j\\nvarious forms, 9441 box invented, 8781\\nmariner s used, 10781.\\nCompensation Bill intro., Eng., 8983;\\npasses; rejected, 9853.\\nCompiegne, siege of, 676 2\\nComptett Library issued, 9002,\\nComplutciisian l J t lt/ t printed, 11271.\\nCompromise Bill intro., 1671; referred to\\ncommittee, 1672.\\nCompromise Tariff passes, U. S., 143 2\\nComptoir d Escompte, fails, 7573; in finan-\\ncial panic, 7593.\\nCompton, Alwyne, Lord, bp., 9663, 9922.\\nBarnes W., b., 1381\\nChas. E., commissioned colonel, 3261\\nHenry, b., SS2 2 .suspended, 8963 d.\\n(1713).\\nCompton s Ferry, Mo., Confcds. defeated,\\n2103.\\nCompulsory Act passes, G. B., 9512.\\nAttendance Bill rejected, 9793.\\nEducation. (See Education.)\\nComstock, Anthony, b., 1562; arrests, 4691\\nCyrus B., commissioned col., 3301\\nJohn Lee, b., 1001 d., 1841\\nJ. M., in treasury dept., 4472.\\nTunnel Co. incorporated, 3452.\\nComte, Isidore Auguste Francois Xavier,\\nb., 7131; -works, 7251, 7291, 7303, 7323;\\nd., 7322.\\nComudett, Deputy, duel, 7563.\\nComum, captured, 10531\\nComyn, John, defeats Eng., 8561; mur-\\ndered, 8563, 8571.\\nbailiff, 8712.\\nConant, Edwin, gift to Harvard, 3781\\nHannah O Brien Chaplin, b. (1809):\\nd., 2423.\\nRoger, b. (1593) d., 463.\\nThomas Jefferson, b., 1101 d., 3821.\\nConaro, Vinccnzo, Erotocritos, 1035 1\\nConcalvi, Ercole, b., 10842.\\nConcepcion, Chile, earthquake, 6051 6063;\\nfnd.; destroyed, 605 2 mission, 6071\\nConceptionists, order founded, 10791.\\nConcertina invented, 942 1\\nConcert-room est., Eng., 9441.\\nConcerts, ancient; king s concerts begin\\nsubscriptions est., 9202.\\nConcha, Jose Gutierrez de la, b., 1130 3 in\\nPampeluna, 11301 antislave trade, 6323.\\nJose de Santiago, gov. Chile, 605 3\\nConciliatory Bills in Pari., 893, 9213.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1235.jp2"}, "1236": {"fulltext": "1224\\nText Figures denote Page. INJDJiX. Superior Figures indicate Column. COllC\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cong.\\nConcino Concini. (See Ancre, Marquis d\\nConcon, battle of, 60S3,\\nConconully, Wash., cloud-burst, 4641\\nConcord, Mass., founded, 352; battle of,\\n80t; centennial, 2893.\\nN. H., railroad to Nashua opd., 1553;\\nBoston Univ. fnd., 1631 fire, 1673, 2013;\\nfirst regiment leaves, 1043; pierce speaks,\\n2253; Mrs. M. H. Woodworth elected,\\n357 1 Webster statue, 322 1 Stark statue,\\n3701; Hale statue, 412 1 granite cutters\\nindependence, 4143 Abbot hanged, 4303.\\nCollege, Ky., org., 2623.\\nand Nashua R. It. opened, 1553.\\nOrder of, instituted, Fr., 7972.\\nTemple of, built, 10502.\\nConcordat signed, 52,31; observed, 527 3\\non infallibility, 528 2 suspended, 5291;\\nbill to abolish, 521)2; of Asehaffenberg,\\nsigned, 7851; with Pope, Belg., 5423; Fr.,\\nsigned, with pope, 0812; tV r religion, Fr.,\\n7151 ,2; new, Fr., 721 1 7231 Fr. govt, sup-\\nports, 7631 at Worms disputes compro-\\nmised, 7763; settles papal dispute, 7772\\nof Vienna concluded, 785 1\\nConcordia, Kan., Ft. C. diocese org., 3282.\\nMiss., Federals burn, 2162.\\nColl. fnd. at Fort Green, 1503.\\nCondamine, Charles Marie de la, b., 6943\\nto Peru, 6981; a. (1774).\\nConde, trotting record, 3273.\\nConde\\\\ Henry I. de Bourbon, Prince de, b.,\\nat Jarnac, 6822; d., 6842.\\nJose Antonio, b.-d., 11291\\nLouis I. de Bourbon, Prince de, b.,\\n6303; Huguenot leader d., 6823.\\nLouis II. deBourbonPr.de, Due d En-\\nghien, b., 6863; viceroy, 29 1 imprisoned,\\n6373 arrested, 6893 i u Guienne in\\nSp.;liberated.69l2; ,t b.Allerheini, 7961\\npardoned, 6913 in Belg., 6921 d., 6942.\\nFr. gains, 6933.\\nCondensation, Eng. method of, 9161.\\nConder, Lieut., survey of Palestine; Hit-\\ntite inscriptions, 115S1.\\nCondict, John, b. (1S34) d., 1422.\\nCondillac, Etieime Bonnot de, b., 6971;\\nworks, 7012, 7032, 7102 d.,705*.\\nCondit, J. B., moderator, 2023.\\nCondon, Thomas, imprisoned, 10003.\\nCondorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas\\nCaritat, Marquis de, b., 700 2 Muman\\nJ\\\\r d, 7103 d., 7102.\\nCondottieri appear, It., 10761.\\nCone, Snencer Houghton, b. (1785); d.,1761.\\nConecte, Thomas, b.(1434) preacher, 677 1\\nburned (1434).\\nConemaugh A r alley, Johnstown relief\\nfund, religious meeting, 3403.\\nConestoga, N.Y., Indian Conference, 61 1.\\nConey Island, N. Y., assault, 4563.\\nConfederate laws, Ger., new, 8153.\\nStates of America. (See Southern\\nConfederacy.)\\nConfederacy of the Bar, Pol., find., 11172.\\nof Guex, find., 10983.\\nConfederation, Ger., of Rhine, 7172; treaty\\nfor revision, 819 Diet of; rt-t urn; restora-\\ntion considered, 819 2 dissolved, 8251\\nConfederations, German, free, 7712.\\nConference of Ref. Dutch church, 71 1\\nConfexsi-o Amantis, issued, 8643.\\nConfession, auricular, opposed, Eng., 9622.\\nConfession of --luf/shurq, read, 7903.\\nof Faith, adopted Rimini, 10683.\\nlioseze Cruris, appears, 7951\\nConfiscated estates, disposal of, Ger.,795 3\\nConfiscating Act, (Am.) Eng., 9193.\\nConfiscation Act, (Jon fed. property, 1953,\\n1992, 2013 j passes, 2112.\\nConfiscations, royal, 8693.\\nConflans, Comte de, b. (1690); off Belle\\nIsle, 7021; d. (1777).\\nConformity Act passed, Eng., 8763.\\nConfucius, b.-d., OI02 disappointed, 6103.\\nCongaree Creek, S. C. Co nfed. repulse, 2422.\\nCongdon, Cbas. Taber, b. (1821) d., 3761.\\nCongleton, Baron, title created, 951 1 (See\\nParnell.)\\nCongregational Church, Can.; Theological\\nColl. fnd., 5791 Conf.; Miss. Soc. fmd.,\\n5802; i n jr. S.,580i Union at Brantford,\\n5882; Woman s Board of Miss, org., 5942.\\nG. B.; Ch. fmd., 8763; a t South-\\nward 8782; Fund Board est., 9002; C.\\nUnion org. (Scot.), 9363; Union of Eng.\\nand W. org., 9442; dissenters, pub. dec-\\nlaration, 94i53; Hoard of Education org.,\\n9523; Memorial Hall, London, 9782; Co-\\nlonial Miss. Soc. org., 9983; Nat. Pas-\\ntors Koinoinia, 1000 2 Intvrnat. Council,\\nLondon, 10062; Union in London meets,\\n10102.\\nCongregationalists in Am.; first in Am.,\\n282; i n Mass., 282; 2d church, 302;\\ntaxes; intolerance, 321 1st church in\\nBoston; election sermons begin, 322;\\nThomas Hooker arrives Anne Hutchin-\\nson vexes; 1st. Gen. Synod, 342; Har-\\nvard Coll. projected; pillory for the het-\\nerodox,362; 2d Gen. Synod, 381 missions,\\n3S 2 organized, 382, 3; Half-way Cove-\\nnant, 3S3; yd Church, Boston, 442; Savoy\\nConfession, 463; State support, 522;\\nManifesto Church, 542; Old S. Church,\\n603; Edwards s great awakening, 623;\\ninstrumental music, Boston, 982; mis-\\ncellaneous, 111)2,3, H43, 1311,1713, 1881,\\n2542, 2682, 2802, 2S62, 2882, 3122, 3142,\\n3162,3262, 3462, 502; i n N H., 322; m\\nDover, 342; Dartmouth Coll. est., 763;\\nGen. Asso.org., 1163; in Mil., 322; j n\\nConn., toleration enacted, 443; Yale\\nColl. est., 543; absentees punished Say-\\nbrook Platform union with Presbyteri-\\nans, 563; Gen. Asso. org., 571 partial\\ntoleration; New Lights vs. Old Lights,\\n651; unite with Presbyterians, 742; Ly-\\nman Beecher iu, 1163; miscellaneous,\\n1431, 2962, 3162, 31S2. Indian Missions,\\n3S2,3, 4-02,3, 422,442,3, 023, 043, 663, 6S3,\\n1263, 1283, 1363, 1382, 1402, 1442,3, 1S62,3;\\nJohnEHot, a missionary, 382,3; Jona-\\nthan Edwards with Indians, 663; Ed-\\nwards at Stockbridge, 691; unite with\\nPresbyterians, 742, 1062, 1102, 1163, 1171\\n11S3, 1463, 1722; in Vt., 1062,3322; in\\nOhio, 1062, 1431, 1702,2742,2902,3502,\\n3742; in Me., 1063,1243,1341,2832,3022,\\n3062. Bowdoin Coll., 1003 Lyman\\nBeecher in N. Y., 1083; Mass. mission-\\nary Soc, 10S3; Boston Female Soc. org.,\\n1103; Am. Board Missions, 1142, HG3,\\n1171, 1183, 1503, 3142; Conn. Religious\\nTract Soc. org., 1142; Andover Sem. opd.,\\n1143; in R. I., 1163,3502; in N. H.,1163.\\nDisrupted in N. Lug., 1171 1243; Female\\nForeign Miss. Soc. org., 1191; Bangor\\nTheo. School opd., 1243; mission school,\\n1261; Amherst Coll. est., 1311 in Midi.,\\n1343, 1543, 2232, 3282,3502; in HI., 13S2,\\n1562,3,1822,1863. Wabash Coll., 1403;\\nin N. Y., 1423, 3022, 3162, 3322, 3463,\\n3521 Hartford Theo, Sem. est., 1431\\nOberlin Coll. est., 1431, 1443; Marietta\\nColl. est., 1443; union with Presb. ends,\\n1463; in Wis., 1522. 1G3 3:122; in la.,\\n1522, 1631 3502, 3742. Colt. Soc. fmd.,\\n1571; Beloit Coll., Wis., est.; la. Coll.,\\nest., 1631; in Ore., 1642, 1723; inMinn.,\\n1702, 1S01 3002. 3d Conven., 1722; C. li-\\nbrary fnd., 1731; in Kan., 1762, 2502;\\nin Neb., 1522, 1822, 2782, 3123, 3162; in\\nCal., 1822, 2762, 2882, 3162, 3262, 3502.\\nChicago Then. Sem., 1822; j n Chicajro,\\n1822;in Did.; Triennial Conven. of N.W.,\\n1842; Wheaton Coll. est., 1863; Grand\\nTraverse Coll. est., 2232; National Conf.,\\n2452; in Mo., \u00c2\u00a3182, 2502; 2.^23,31x2,3262.\\n4th Gen. Synod; Washburn Coll. est.,\\n2502;Tabor(*oll.,2543;Gen.Conf.ofConn.\\norg., 2582; Fiske Cniv., 2602; in Tenn.,\\n2602,2742;inN.J.,2662. Straight Univ.,\\n2662; in La., 2662, 2683; in Tex., 2742.\\nNational Council find., 2742; meets, 2362,\\n2962, 3062, 3p;2; at Worcester, 3462; i\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nS. Dak., 2762; i n n. Dak., 2763, 3142.\\nFargo Coll., 2763; Doane Coll., 2782;\\nDrury Coll., Mo., 2823; in Colo., 2863,\\n3262, 3322. Colorado Coll., 2863; Am.\\nColl. and Education Soc. org., 2863; in\\nAla., 2903. New West Educational\\nCommission, 2983 i n o a 3002 3722 in\\nN. C.,3002. First T. P. Soc. Christian\\nEndeavor, 3062; in Utah, 3102; j n Miss.,\\n3122. Gates Col I., 3123; i n Fla., 3142,\\n3223. Ind. Missions tranferred, 3142\\nDeclaration of Faith, 3102; i n Mont.;\\nin Ariz.; in N. Mex., 3163; in D. C.\\nKollins Coll., 3223; i n Pa., 3242; i n\\nArk., 3263; j n Wash., 3502. On Sun-\\nday closing, 3701; Am. Board meets,\\n3701 416I\\nCoHj/rrss, bombards Guayamas, 1622.\\nColonial; 1st Am., 513; at Albany,\\n673 at Alexandria, 693 at Boston,\\n713; at New York, 752; first Continental,\\n792; second, 793, 812; votes for army ,802,\\n813; issues manifesto; issues bills of\\ncredit, 813 loan proposed, 833 creates\\nnaval captains, 842; third C. Cong., 852\\nabolishes troop distinctions, 862; fourth-\\nsixth C. Cong., 873 the agent of the\\nStates, 892; seventh C. Cong. 893; meets\\nat Phila., 893 f Revolution closed of\\nConfederation eighth C. Cong, opens,\\n933; ninth to fourteenth, 971,993; dies,\\n1011; intimidation proposed, 95 T five\\ncommissioners, 952; Ordinance of 1787\\npasses requisitions of, 992; ratifies con-\\nstitution; first Federal opens, 101 1; J.\\nLangdon, pres. pro tern; F. A. Mtihlen-\\nburg, speaker; removed from New York\\nto Phila. jfounds nat. bank three execu-\\ntive depart, org., 101 2 J. Trumbull,\\nspeaker, 1032; opens (see Dec. every odd\\nyear following), 101 1 acceptsN.C. lands;\\nfunds the war debts of States, 103 1\\npasses Fugitive Slave Act; organizes\\nmilitia, 105 1 favors discriminating du-\\nties open doors embargo law provides\\nfor a navy, 1052; Neutrality Act, 1053;\\nratifies Jay s treaty, 107 1 Washington s\\nfarewell special session, 1073; organ-\\nizes Mississippi Territory, 1092; also In-\\ndiana Territory, 1093; passes Alien Act,\\n1092; capital transferred to Washington,\\n1093; establishes West Point Academy;\\nabolishes internal revenue, 1112; makes\\nLouisiana purchase, 1113; submits 12th\\nAmendment, 1131 forms Michigan Terri-\\ntory impeachment of Chase (senate),\\n1132; prohibits British manufactures,\\n1133; prohibits importation of slaves;\\nprohibits coasting by foreigners, 1152;\\nforms Illinois Territory, 1153; extra ses-\\nsion, 1172; Temperance Society org.,\\n1551 annexation of Tex.; denies right\\nof petition, 159 1; reduces postage, 1592;\\nWilmot s proviso, 1593; admits Fla.; first\\noverrides veto fixes elections on uni-\\nform day, 159 2 Library burned; end-\\ning hour fixed, 1692; new library fnd.,\\n1731 Banks s speakership struggle, 179 1\\ninvestigate Kan. polities, 1792, 1812;\\nCom. of Five, 181 1 1911 called to pass\\nArmy Bill, 181 1 representatives enter\\nnew hall, 1S8 2 Southern Senators in,\\n1833; Long contest for Speaker; on\\nBrown s raid, 187 1 Committee of thir-\\nteen, 1S9H-, it reports, 191 2; loan of S10,-\\n000,000; promotes secession, 1^92; South-\\nern members withdraw, 18934 nat. vote\\non secession proposed, 1903; confiscates\\nslaves, 1991 Jef. Davis on secession,\\n1911,2; counts vote; Lincoln elected;\\n5-20 bonds, 1913; admits merchandise to\\nmail passes Thirteenth Amendment;\\ndefense of Wash, opposed authorizes\\nloan, 1923 ;Senate passes aThirteenthPro-\\nslavery Amend., 1931 slaves as contra-\\nbands, 196i Army Act admits Senators\\nfrom W.Va.; expels ten Conlrd. Senators;\\nWar loan passes H., 1973, 1992 confis-\\ncates Confed. property, 1992,ii013; eman-\\ncipation in D. C, 1993 slavery divides,\\n2013 Committee on Conduct of War,\\n2013,2031 bonds authorized; Ball s Bluff\\ninvestigation; thanks Capt Wilkes, 2013;\\nopposes slavery; increases duties; Yal-\\nlandigham obstructs, 2031 early peace\\npredicted; Senator Bright expelled, 2033;\\ndemand notes increased certificates of\\nindebtedness A. Johnson resigns fu-\\ngitive slaves in army, 2053; abolishes\\nslavery, 2072,3; Grant defended by\\nWashburn; appoints sanitary inspectors,\\n2073; excludes slavery from territories;\\npasses Agrieul. Coll. Act., 2093 admits\\nW. Va.; passes Tariff Act reorganizes\\nnavy passes Confiscation Act forbids\\npolygamy; passes Oath of Office Bill;\\nprovides medals for soldiers passes In-\\nternal Revenue Law, 2112; postage\\nstamps legal tender, 2113; thanks Gen.\\nGrant and army, 2283; slavery prohibi-\\ntion amendment authorizes enlist-\\nment of negroes, 229 3 grants freedom,\\n2302,2313; authorizes bonds, 2313, 2353;\\nrepresentation refused to Ark., 235 3\\nthanks Sherman, 2403; abolishes slavery,\\n2431; salaries increased, 2433; constitu-\\ntional amendment proposed, 249 2 251 2\\nexcludes Southerners, 2493; disagree-\\nment with Pres. Johnson, 2511 ,2, 2611\\nmore radical, 251 1 fails to override veto,\\n2513; thanksGen.Hancock,252i Amend-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1236.jp2"}, "1237": {"fulltext": "Cong-Cons.\\nText Figures denote Page, IJN Dll-X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1225\\nment Bill passes, 2531; Reconstruction\\nCoin, reports, 253 1 suffrage for negroes,\\nrepeals Amnesty Act, 2552; Temperance\\nSociety revived honors Cyrus W. Field,\\n2562; terms begin .March 4, 2563; eighty\\nmembers absent, 2372; Credit Mobuier,\\nstockin,2593; approves Sheridan s course,\\n261 1 resolves to impeach Johnson (See\\nA.Johnson); congratulates limp, of Rus.,\\n2632; removes disabilities, 2092; South-\\nern states all represented, 271 1 depart-\\nment of justice provided, 27L2; increases\\nsalaries, 2312; Senate and Pres. in con-\\ntroversy, 3233; House favors commercial\\nunion with Can.; Elections Bill in Sen-\\nate, 3371 approves Indian contract\\nschools, 3423; Alaska demands repre-\\nsentation, 3473; enfranchisement of\\nwomen, 3593; eighty-live members ex-\\ncluded, 3493; committee on works of\\nart restored, 3601; two sessions of H.\\nsame day, 379 1 Code of Rules; H.\\nadopts, 437 2 bribery investigation,\\n4572,3, 4631 closure defeated in S., 4772;\\nfavored, 4792.\\nCongress of churches, Boston, 34S2.\\nof Cyclists, Colchester, 9943.\\nof Indian National, at Nagpur, 10493.\\nof Liberal Religions, 4602.\\nof Orientalists, London, 1007 1\\nof Rastadt, fails, 7132.\\nCongreve, William, b., S922; works, 9002,3;\\nd., 9032.\\nSir Wm., b., 9183 military rockets,\\n9322; color-printing, 9402; d., 9423.\\nConham, Eleanor, marriage, 8623.\\nConkling, Roscoe, b., 1362 aids recon-\\nstruction, 249 3 proposes amendment,\\n251 2 legislative encounter with Blaine,\\n2523; conven. contest; candidate for\\npres., 2931; leader of Stalwarts, 3043;\\nopposes civil service reforms, 297 3 re-\\nsigns, 3073; d., 3301.\\nConmy, John, cons. R. C.bp., 100S2.\\nConnaught, D. of, tour in Can., 5903; at\\nAlexandria, 6581 marries, 830.3.\\nConneau, Henri, b., 7143; d., 7502.\\nConnecticut, U.S., settled, 292; land grant,\\n332; Dutch traders in; valley, emigra-\\ntion, 333; Indian outrage. 32 1 Saybrooke\\nFt.built,3ii Winthrop, gov., 35i Dutch\\nexpelled; Hooker migrates; war against\\nPequots, 352; colony formed, 353; Bible\\nfor a constitution, 343; civil govt.; Col.\\nHaynes, gov. New Haven colony est.\\nT. Eaton, gov., 353 E. Hopkins, gov.,\\n372,3 Republic of N. Haven Say-\\nbrooke named; G. Wyllys, gov., 373;\\nT. Welles, gov.; boundary; John Web-\\nster, gov., 41 F. Newman, gov.; T.\\nWelles, gov.; J. Winthrop, gov., 412,\\n432; Wm. Leete, governor, 413; intem-\\nperance punished, 41 1 chartered, 413;\\nsurrenders claim, 43 1; J. Haynes, gov-\\nernor, 373; county courts, 433 claim\\nfor Duke of York, 47 1; R. Treat, gov-\\nernor, 492, 513; writs against, 503; char-\\nters rescinded, 511 gov t resumed, 512;\\nroyal power over militia resumes char-\\nter, 532; Assembly divides; Fitz-John\\nWinthrop, gov., 55 1 Yale Coll. com-\\nmenced,^; gov t meets, 552; Saybrooke\\nPlatform adopted church delinquents\\nfined ministers exempt from taxes, 563;\\nSoc. of Cong. Ministers org. tolera-\\ntion of dissenters, 57 1, 65 1 G-. Salton-\\nstall, gov.,572; election sermon, 563; J.\\nTalcott,gov.,612; English laws enforced,\\n613; Baptist yearly meetings, 622; N. Y.\\nboundary settled, 632; Indian church\\nsuccessful, 623; Jonathan Law, gov., 653;\\nR. Wolcott, gov., 673; T. Pitch, gov., 693;\\nin Wyoming Valley, 733; colonists vs.\\nStamp Act, 743; Wm. Pitkins, gov., 753;\\nJ.Trumbull, gov., 77 2 1092; copper-mine\\nas prison; Indian population, 793; dis-\\ncomfort in churches, 823; Conn. Journal,\\n743; Declaration of Independence, 833;\\noffers lands, 933; Blue Laws, 952; cedes\\nwestern claims, 992; ratines constitution,\\n1011 farmers combine, 1003; alienates\\nWestern Reserve, 107 1 S. Hunting-\\nton, gov., 991 O. Wolcott, gov., 1073,\\n1272; Missionary Society of, fnd., 1083;\\nbrilliant meteor, 1141; Conn. Religious\\nTract Society organized, 1142; Lyman\\nBeecher installed, 1163 J. Treadwell,\\nfov., 1172; R. Griswold, gov., 1192; j. c.\\nmith, gov., 1213; Brit, surprise Say-\\nbrooke, 1221; Trinity Coll. org., 1312;\\nHistorical Soc. Library org., 1323; Gr.\\nTomlinson, gov., 1353; J. S. Peters, gov.,\\n1392; H. W. Edwards, gov., 1433, 1453;\\nS. S. Foote, gov., 1452; liquor license\\noptional, 151 1 Wm. W. Ellsworth, gov.,\\n1512; C. F. Cleveland, gov., 1553; The\\nNew Eng lander est., 1563; R,, s. Baldwin,\\ngov., 1591; I. Toucey, gov., 1613; c. Bis-\\nsell, gov., 1633; J. Trumbull, gov., 1671\\nT. H. Seymour, gov., 169 1; drawbridge\\ndisaster, 1733; Moods, 1741 Emigrant\\nAid Asso. incorp., 1742; prohibitory law\\npassed, 1742, repealed, 2803; H. Dutton,\\ngov., 1771 W. T. Minor, gov., 1791 A. H.\\nHolley, gov., 1832; W. A. Buckingham,\\ngov., 1852; leads in soldiers relief 1923;\\nratifies 13th amendment, 2432; ratifies\\n14thamendmeiit,253i J.R.Hawley,gov.,\\n2553; J. E. English, gov., 2593, 2732. 2973;\\nratifies 15th amendment, 2671 M.Jewell,\\ngov., 2692, 2772; election returns exam-\\nined, 2751 Constitution amended, 2832;\\nChas. R. Ingersoll, gov., 2851 Constitu-\\ntion ratified^ 2*92; new eapitul opd.,2991\\nelection fails, 299 2 U.B.Andrews elected\\ngov., 3012, 3033; H. B. Bigelow, gov.,\\n3093; T. M.Waller, gov., 3151 H. B. Har-\\nrison, gov., 3233; P. C. Lounsbury, gov.,\\n3293; Secret Ballot Bill passes, 3412;\\nOleomargarine Bill passes, 3431; M. G.\\nBuckeley,gov., 3492, 3853, 3991 restricts\\nsale of tobacco, 3363; female suffrage\\ndefeated, 341 1 earthquakes, 3741 4501\\nDem. candidates sworn in, 3753; Rep.\\nofficers in Sunn te, 3763; canvass of votes,\\n3772; Judson Bill passes H., 381*; gov.\\nclaimants, 3932 largest tobacco crop,\\n3933; World s Fair Fund meeting, 4012,\\n4033; G-en. Merwin nominated for gov.,\\n4151; Republicans win election case,\\n4172; gambling prohibited, 4282; Anti-\\nOleomargarine Bill, 4312; elections, no-\\nlicense, 4422; L. B. Morris, inaug., 4471\\nE. Uady nominated for gov., 4731 O. V.\\nCoffin nominated gov., 4731. (See New\\nEngland.)\\nConnecticut Farms, N. J., burned, 921\\nUoiinellsville, Pa., collision, 3173; strike,\\n3763; mob, 3803; attack deputies, 3822.\\nConnelly, captured, 803.\\nConnemara, Baron, title created, 9963.\\nLord. (See Robt. Bourke.)\\nConner s Crossing, Pa., explosion, 4193.\\nConnet, Capt., near Athens, 2071\\nConnolly, Henry, gov. N. Mex., 2032.\\nConnor, Ire., bishopric est., 8403.\\nConnor, David, Com., b. (1792); occupies\\nTampico, 1602; bombards Vera Cruz,\\n1621; d., (1856).\\nSelden, gov. Me., 2951\\nConnors, John, suicide, 4682.\\nConolly, John, b., 9263; d., 9701.\\nConon at Mitvlene. 10221 Athens restora-\\ntions, 10222; d., 10231.\\npope, 10722.\\nCononcallv, Wash., fire, 4152,\\nConover, Thomas A., b. (1794); d., 2392.\\nCoiii] iii-rot-, launched, 986 lost, 9142.\\nwrecked, 9533; i\u00c2\u00ab,st, 9641.\\nConrad I., is warlike, 7721 elected K.; re-\\nsisted, 7732; d.,7722.\\nII., attacks Hungarians, 7741; con-\\nquers Provence, 6692; restores pope,\\n7743; expedition to It., 7741; K. of It.,\\n10733; einp., 7752; returns from It.; d.,\\n7753.\\nIII., b.-d., 7762; at Weinsberg joins\\nCrusade, 7761 in Second Crusade, 7763,\\n7773; king; emp. puts Henry under\\nban; gives Saxony, 7772; d., 7772.\\nIV., emp. of Ger., K. of It., b.-d., 7802;\\nreigns defeated, 780 1 d., 7812.\\nIII., duke of Carinthia, 5033.\\nson of Fred II., king, 7811 crowned,\\n7771.\\nson of Henry TV., rebels, 7771\\nde Montferrat, K. of Pal.; k., 11552.\\nRolandslied, 7763.\\nking of Naples, 10753.\\nthe Red, rules Lotharingia, 7733\\nrebels, 7733.\\nI. of Wormsfeld, duke, 5032.\\nChas. M., b. (1804+); sec. war., 1672;\\nd. (1878).\\nHolmes, in dept. of just., 4473.\\nRobert Taylor, b. (1809); Aylmere,\\n1731; cL, 1841.\\nTimothy Abbott, b. (1803); d., 2961\\nConradin, b. (1252); king of Sicily, 7813; of\\nNaples. 10752; defeated; beheaded, 7802,\\n7813, 10772.\\nConsalvi, Ercole, b. (1757); d., 10862.\\nConsarbruck, ien., defeats Fr,, 7962.\\nConscience, Hendrik, b., 5423; d., 5461.\\nConscription Bill passes Cong., 2193.\\nConseils de Prudhouimes, organized, 7171.\\nUonsidei-ent, Victor, b., 7163.\\nConsistory, first, est., Oct., 7911\\nConspiracy of Catiline fails, renewed,\\n10592; of Aaron Burr, 1133; against Ed-\\nward II., 8573, punished, 8612; against\\nHenry V. fmd., 8631; to Murder Bill,\\nEng., 9832; against D. of Orleans, 6992\\nagainst emp., 7372, arrested; of Lincoln s\\nassassins, 2432 political in Rus., 11222\\nof nobles detected, Swe., 11353. (See\\nLincoln assassination. See Gunpowder\\nPlot.)\\nConspirators punished, Fr., 7391.\\nConstable, Archibald, b., 9191 d., 9422.\\nJohn, b., 9203; work, 9441 d., 9482.\\nConstan, JVL. minister, 7531 7572, 7611 re-\\nsigns receives explosives, 7611\\nConstance, Council of, 7S43, 30791; lake\\ndwellings, 113si papal conven., 7773.\\nConstans I., Flavius Julius, b.-d., 10682;\\nreigns, 10692; persecutes Jews, 10683;\\ndefeats Constantine II., 10081 k., 10692.\\nII., reigns peace with Arabs, 10313;\\npurchases peace, 10302; k., 10312,3.\\nConstant Warwick, built, 8821.\\nConstant, Benjamin, d., 5583.\\nde Rebeeque, Henri Benj., b., 7031\\nd., 7261.\\nConstantine, Algeria, taken by Fr., 83.\\n1., the Great, Flavius Valerius Aure-\\nlius, b.-d., 10662; emp. Gaul, 6633; de-\\nfeats Franks, etc. ,10002; becomes Caasar,\\n10673; erects St. Peter s Church, 10662;\\nat Susa, Turin, and Verona at Saxa\\nRubra dissolves Pretoriau guards a\\nChristian, 10283; favors church, 6543,\\n10283, iQi\u00c2\u00bb)i founds papal power, 10682;\\ndefeats Licinius, 10282; 1068 1 alliance\\nwith Licinius, co-rulers emp., 10692\\nfnds. library, 11551. enacts Sunday ob-\\nservance, 10682; sole ruler, 10293, 10673;\\nsplendor of court, 1069 1 sons divide em-\\npire, 10692.\\nII. (Caius Flavius Valerius Aurelius\\nClaudius Constantinus), b.-d., 10662;\\nreigns, 1061)2; defeated, 1068 k., 10692.\\n111., Heraclius, poisoned, 10312.\\nIV. (Pogonatus), b. (905); quells re-\\nbellion, 10302; reigns, 10313, 10,331 mur-\\ndered, 10331.\\nV., Copronymus, b. (719); reigns, 10331\\ndefeats Saracens, 1032 1 sends organ to\\nFr.,6642; forbids monks, 10723; deposed,\\n10331 d. (775).\\nVII., b.-d., 10322; reigns; banished,\\n10332.\\nVIII., b. (1394); reigns, 10332; d.(1453).\\nIX., reigns, 10332,3.\\nX., reigns, 10333.\\nXI., reigns, 10333.\\nXII., acquires territory, 11552.\\nXIII.,PalseologiLs, b.-d 10343; reigns,\\n10353.\\n1, of Scot., reigns, 8412; k. 8411\\nII. of Scot., reigns, S452 beheaded,\\nIV. of Scot., reigns, S47i slain, 8463.\\npope, 10722; intro. kissing of pope s\\ntoe, 10723.\\nGeo. A., Marquis of Normandy, d.,\\n10022.\\ngrand duke of Vladimir, 11151 re-\\nnounces succession, 11173.\\nNikolayevitch, b., 11163; d., 11221.\\nPavlovitch, b., 11162; d., 11163.\\nConstantinople, capital, 1 155 1 10203, 10692;\\nlibrary fnd., 11551; council of, 10201;\\nProcopius seizes, 11541 |)p. second to\\nRome, 10291; walls built, 10301; earth-\\nquake, 10302; Green and Blue factions,\\n10301,10311,2; Nika squabbles; second\\nSt. Sophia fnd., 10303, 11543 burned re-\\nligiousdissensions;rebuilt, 11551 plague-\\nsmitten, 10313; council meets, 10711 be-\\nsieged, 10302, 10313, 10321 invasion, 4842;\\nChurch Council, 10722 earthquake, 10322,\\n11502, U562 oth Council at, 10323 in-\\nvaded, 11131 taken, plundered, 10341;\\nfall, 5092; Latin emperors reign, 10351;\\nrecovered by Greeks,- 10352 action at,\\n10761; invested; besieged, 11561; peace", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1237.jp2"}, "1238": {"fulltext": "1226\\nText Figures denote Page. IN DjiX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nCons-Cork\\nof Greeks and Turks, 10353; fell pre-\\nvented, 5212; attacked, 6562; conquered,\\n11561 coffee-houses opd., 11571 fire,\\n1157 11583; plague, 1157 Christians\\npersecuted, 1150 3 mission, 11563, 11582;\\nMoniteur Ottoman issued; Armenian\\nCh. org., 1157 alliance with Eng.,9592;\\ntelegraph with Lond.,963 3 Robert Coll.\\nopd., 11582; cholera rages, 11583; com-\\npulsory education, 1158 2 Shah of Per-\\nsia visits railway to Adrianople, 11583;\\nfirst Turkish Parliament, 11592; Conf.\\non Turkish rule, 5662; Conf. of Ambas-\\nsadors, 11593 St. Sophia Ch. cons., 11582\\nConf. of powers, 6592; Anglo-Turkish\\nConven. meets, 5672, 6612; first express\\nfrom Paris, 7573 steamer to London,\\n11583; manifesto against Turkey, 1159 3\\nGreek churches closed religious riots,\\n1158 2 brigands abound cholera, 1159\\nConstantius I., Flavins Valerius Chlorus,\\nb.-d., 1066 2 receives Caul, Britain, and\\nSp., 1067 3 overthrows Allectus, 841\\nrestores Britain to Rome elected Au-\\ngustus, 10673 defeats Franks, 6622;\\nChristians rest, 10663.\\nII., Flavius Julius, b.-d., 10682; de-\\nfeats Magnentius, crushes Vetranio,\\n1068 exiles Liberius, 1U683; reigns,\\n10692.\\nConstellation, launched, 106 takes Vln-\\nsurqent, 108 Brit, barges, 118 to\\nNorfolk, 120 ashore, 340\\ncargo of provisions, 985\\nConstituent Assembly convoked, Fr., 7412.\\nConstitution, launched, 106 takes Java,\\n118 2 Ghierriere, US Ci/ane aud Le-\\nvant, 123 out of commission, 308\\nConstitution Crimina/is Theresiana pub-\\nlished, 517\\nConstitution, Federal, U. S. A., plan for,\\n693; signed, 9! 3 religious amendment,\\n1002; Congress ratifies; enforced, 101\\nStates ratify, 101 ,3, 1023, 1032. (See\\nAmendments id Constitution.)\\nFr., (dein.) adopted immolation of,\\n7073; accepted, 709 new, 709 3 7153;\\nratified, 713 3 proclaimed, 7213; n ew\\n7312, 7332, 7473, 7493; govt, by C. intro.;\\nmodified, 7392 amended, 7492; Consti-\\ntution Revision Bill, 7572.\\nGer., revised, S183; considered, 8192;\\nnew, 8233; adapted, 8272,3.\\nNetli., granted, 11023.\\n(See under several American States.)\\nConstitutional Union Party, Nat. Conven.,\\n1872.\\nAmerica, meets, 2832.\\nConstitutions, Am. States adopt new, 853.\\nConsulate governs Fr., 713 3\\nConsumers League fmd., 3603.\\nContagious Disease Act passes, Eng., 971\\nprevention, Am., 299 3\\nConte, Nicolas Jacques, b., 7022; d., 714 3\\nContemporaire, issued, 732 3\\nConteras, battle of, 162\\nConti, Prince of, Francis Louis de Bour-\\nbon, b.,C90 3 d., 6963.\\nContinual Council appointed, Eng. dis-\\nmissed, 861\\nContreras, Francisco Antonio de Rivas,\\ngov., 6302.\\nHernando de, b.-d., 11282.\\nHioronimo de, b.-d., 11283.\\nRodrigo de, b.-d., 11263.\\nConventicle Act passes, 8903, 891 3 892 3\\nConvention, Fr., with U. S., 1392; Fr.-\\nSwitz., 7372; Fr. with Ger., 747 7472;\\nFr. with Nor. and Sue., 711.12; (J. B. with\\nU. S. A., 1272; Eng. with Fr., 757 3 G. B.\\nwith U. S. A., 1272, 1352, 9432.\\nNat. Association of Publishers and\\nBooksellers, 408 3\\nConvents abolished, 1117\\nConverse, Julius, gov. Vt., 281\\nConveyancing Act passes, 9793.\\nConvict Labor Bill, U. S., 3672, 369\\n3732; opposed, 471\\nConvicts, transportation abolished, 973\\ncensus of U. S. A. ,375 (See Australia.)\\nConvocation of clergy, Eng., S782; graded,\\n8982; meetings cease, 9063\\nConvulsionaires, excesses, Fr., 699\\nConway Tubal a r Bridge, YV\\\\, erected, 954\\nBaron, title created, 905\\nSir Edward, minister. .8812, 8832.\\nElias S., gov. Ark., 1712.\\nFrederick B. b. (1819) appears, 166\\nd. (1874).\\nConway, Henry Seymour, b., 9062; minis-\\nter, 9173; commander, 922 d. (1795).\\nHugh, eons, bp., 9762.\\nJames S., gov. Ark., 1472.\\nMoncure Daniel, b., 140 works,\\n3962; 4202.\\nThomas, Count de, b., 62 Am. brig.-\\ngen., 86 duel Cabal exposed, 892; mo-\\ntion approved, 953 d. (1800+).\\nWm. Martin. Jlimalai/as, 4782.\\nConybeare, Wm. Daniel, 9242; d., 9622.\\nConyers, Baron, title created, 867 2\\nConynham, Marquis of, title created, 9372.\\nCouyngham, Capt., sent out, 862.\\nConze, Alex. Christian Leopold, b., 8142.\\nCoode, John, leader, 51 2\\nCook Arctic Expedition, N. Sydney, 470\\nClarence, b., 136 d., 184\\nEliza, b. 9382; d., 1000\\nF. C, S/teeilcer s Commentary, 976 3\\nHenry F., d., 2272.\\nJames, b., 90S explorer, 4932, 5762,\\n5772,9162, 9182,9202; transit of Venus,\\n4932; d., 9203; monument, 498\\nJohn, b., 1322; near Warsaw, 19G\\nJoseph, b., 1482; works, 28S3, 2963,\\n3003, 303 3063, 31S3, 3243.\\nPerry, captured, 4722.\\nRussell S., b. (1811); d., 2392.\\nThomas, excursionist, d., 1008\\nCooke, Edward William, b.,935 d. (1880).\\nEdwin F.. d., 2582.\\n,Geo. Frederick,!.. (175G); Richard HI.,\\n116 d. (1811).\\nJay, b., 130 panic, 2S3 3\\nJohn Esten, b., 138 works, 176 3\\n1802, 255 260 3 268 3 2722, 277 282 3\\n3143,323 d., 3242.\\nJosiah Parsons, b., 1342.\\nNicholas, b., 58 gov. R. I., 813, 83\\nd. (1782).\\nParsons, b. (1800); d., 2312.\\nRose Terry, b., 1342; works, 188\\n2903, 3083, 3982; d.; 410\\nWm. Fothergill, b. (180H); telegraph,\\n948 d. (1879).\\nCookman, Alfred, b., 136 d., 2742.\\nGeo. G., b. (1800) d., 1522.\\nInstitute established, Fla., 2922.\\nCooley, Thos. Mclntyre, b., 132 Inter-\\nstate Commission, 3512; Ainer. Bar As-\\nsociation, 4362.\\nCoolgardie. Australia, gold disc, 500\\nCoolidge, Carlos, b, (1792); gov. Vt., 167\\nd. (1866).\\nSusan. (See Woolsey, Sarah.)\\nCoombe, William, b., 910 3 d., 9403.\\nCoombs, William J., b., 142\\nCoon River Crossing, Wis., wreck, 3S6 3\\nCooper, Anthony, E. of Shaftesbury, b.,\\n8922 d., 9042.\\nAshley, b., 880 2 attacks govt.,\\n8S9 3 lord chancellor, leader against\\ncourt, S93 3 deposed, 8952; committed,\\nreleased, d., 895 3 8963; statute, 994\\n998\\nE. of Shaftesbury, b., 9303\\nprovides playgrounds, d., 9941\\nSir AstlcyPaxton, b., 9163; d. (1841).\\nCharles M., d., 1781\\nConstance Fenimore, works, 3123,\\n3163.\\nEdward b. (1824); mayor N. Y., 3033.\\nGeorge Henry, b. (1821); d., 3941.\\nGeorge W., b., 1682.\\nJames, b., 1 1(12 at Elk s Spring, 2251\\nd. (1863).\\nJames Fenimore, b., 1001 works,\\n129 131 ,2, 135 137 1403, 145 149\\n151 1523, 154 3 155 158 3 164 3 168 3\\nd., 1682.\\nJob A., gov. Colo., 3492.\\nJoseph moderator, 2172.\\nJulia D., d., 2602.\\nMiles, b., 622 pres. King s Coll., 73\\nmob annoys, 81\\nPeter, b., 1022; mnf. locomotive, 138\\norg. Cable Co., 1753 nom. for pres., 293\\nvote, 2932; d., 3122.\\nPhillip H., b. (1844) captain, 448\\nSamuel, b., 602; d., 96\\nb., 8782; d. (1672).\\nS. B., b., 168\\nThomas, scientist, b., 722; d.,1521.\\npoet, d., 10081\\nS.,b.,9323; d.,9522.\\nT. C, first appearance, 1061\\nWm. B., gov. Del., 153\\nWilliannR., b., 9522 d. (1878).\\nCooper, Lieut., killed, 5623.\\nLimestone, List, f ml., 308 3\\nHuddleston Coll. org. at Daleville,\\nMiss. (1865). (Addenda.)\\nCooperative industry, steel company, 3703.\\nCooper sHill, Civil EngiiieeringColl., opd.,\\n104S 3\\nCoorg, Madias, annexed, 1047 3\\nCoornhert, Dirk Volkerszoon, b. (1522)\\nZedekunst, 1099 d. (1590).\\nCoosa Kiver, Gen. Hood crosses, 238 3\\nCoote, Sir Eyre, b., 906 3 d., 922 3 at\\nWandewash, 10442; at Porto Novo, 10442.\\nRichard, b. (1(13(1); gov.. 552; d. (1701).\\nThomas, lord keeper. 9013.\\nCope, Charles West, b., 935 d. (1890).\\nEdward Drinker, b., 152\\nSir John, at Prestonpans, 910 d.\\n(1760).\\nThos. Pym, b. (1768) d., 174\\nCopeland, Wm. Taylor, lord mayor, 9453.\\nCopenhagen, Den., built, 635 3 attacked;\\ncaptured against Frederick I. yields\\nto Christian III., 636 astronomical\\ntower blockade siege invested, 636 2\\nUniv. fnd. first press. (13(13 royal library\\nfnd., 637 capital, 11372; treaty, 637 3\\nbombarded, 638 college of Missions,\\nopens Univ. reopened, (138 3 bank fnd.;\\npalace bums tire; G393; tire. 6413; con-\\nquered, 782 bombarded, 9333; Norske\\nSelskahor, 11042 mission school, 6403\\ntheater fnd., Frederick VII. s statue,\\ntheological school, 642 Scandinavian\\nExhibition, 642 3 fortification decreed,\\n821 treaty signed, 9(113 railroad opd.,\\n11053.\\nFields, Loudon, cattle market, 9613.\\nCopernicus, Nicholas, b., 7862; describes\\nattraction, 7882; system of astronomy\\npub. meridional instrument, 7902 j\\nHenrenlq Bodies, 7912; d., 7902.\\nCopiah Co., Miss.. White Caps, 426 3\\nCopland, W. II., shoots, 4563.\\nCopleston, Edward, bp. of Llandaff, b.,\\n920 3 d. 9542.\\nR. S. elected bp., 9803.\\nCopley, John, b., 9082 sieqe of Gibraltar,\\n9242.\\nJohn Singleton, Baron, Lvndhurst,b.,\\n9183; minister, 9433, 9473, 9512; ,1., 9662.\\nb.,G42; works, 722, 9202; d. t\\n1242.\\nb. (1772) minister, 9433; d.\\n(1863).\\nSir Lionel, gov. Md., 513, 532.\\nCoponius, procurator, 1151 3\\nCoppee, Francois Edouard Joachim, b.,\\n7282; works, 7363. 7502, 7523, 7582; Aca-\\ndemician, 752\\nHenry, b., 130\\nCopper engraving, used, 1078\\netching, invented, 10S02.\\nplate Mill, invented, 876\\nengraving known. Ger., 7842,\\nring collapse, Eng., 10013.\\nRiver, S. C, Baptist Church, 483.\\nCopperamahu mission, 498 z\\nCopperhead, anti-war Democrats, 2292.\\nCoppinger, John J., a colonel, 374\\nCoptic alphabet, invented, 6533.\\nBible written, 655\\nCopying machine invented; d., 9202.\\nCopyright, 30 years, Fr., 729 Agreement\\nwith Ger., signed. 405 2 Ass. .elation, U.S.\\nCongress memorialized, 147 Interna-\\ntional meeting held, 333 League, offi-\\ncered, 3712; eel. ,3803; Bill, International,\\nU.S., 3731, 3302, 3721, 3781,2, 3791,2;\\nHarrison s proclamation. 3802, 9512; ben-\\nefits extended, 4172; Law amended Act\\npassed, Eng., 9052 Bill passes, 1553.\\nCoquelin, llenoit Constant, b., 7282.\\nCoquerel, Athanase Josue, b., 7223; works,\\n7863; d., 7501.\\nLaurent Chas., b., 710 2 works,\\n7272 d., 7382.\\nCoques, Gonzales, b., 5403; d., 5422.\\nCoquillart, Guillaume, works, 6783 J.\\n(1490).\\nCoquimbo, Chile, troops defeated, 608\\nCoral Miss. Magazine and Fund, 948 3\\nCoram, Capt. Thos.,b. (1668) est. hospital,\\n9112; d. (1751).\\nCorax, rhetorician, 10191.\\nCoray, Adamantios, b.-d., 10343.\\nCorbet, Richard, b., 8742; d. (1635).\\nCorbett, James J., pugilist, 414 3 4153,\\n4462,4482,3.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1238.jp2"}, "1239": {"fulltext": "Corb-Cost.\\nText Figures denote Page. I-NDJLX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n122T\\nCorbett, Thomas, cooking estab., 9643.\\nCorbie, Fr., surrenders, 6881.\\nCorbiesdale, action at, 8862.\\nCorbit, fm. P., b., 1262.\\nCorbould, Edward Henry, b.,9363.\\nGorbulo, Doinitius, in Armenia, 10621\\nCorcoran Gallery of Art, est., 2701\\nMichael, b., 1342; at Suffolk, 2181 at\\nDeserted House, 21S2 d., 2291\\nWin. Wilson, b. (179S) deeds Art\\nGallery, 2621 2701 gift to Univ. of Va.,\\n2922,3; d. (1888).\\nCorcyra (Corfu) fnd., 10153 revolt, 10141\\nSpartans defeated, 10202.\\nCordage trust, 593 3\\nCorday, Marie Anne Charlotte d Annans,\\nb., 7032 stabs Marat, 7083, 7093 exe-\\ncuted, 7093;\\nCordeliers, rise of club, 7071\\nCordera, Pres. of Ecuador, 6443.\\nCardial, Caxton finishes, S642.\\nCordier, Pierre Louis A., b., 7043; d., 7342.\\nCordova, Argentine Republic, fnd., 4892\\nmission, 4903 plot, 4931 R. R. tracks\\ndemolished, 4933.\\nSp., taken, 11251 capital, 11253; Cali-\\nfate, 4853 Great Mosque fnd., 11252\\nmed. school fd., 11262; free schools ,486 2;\\nconquered, 11261 annexed Sp., 11273.\\nFernandez de, b.-d., 11302 discov-\\neries in Sp., 11281\\nFernando de, in Yucatan, 17 1 slave\\nships, 172; beheaded, 193.\\nFrancisco Hernandez de, b.-d., 11263;\\nfounds Granada, 11031\\nGonzales de, commander, 5401\\nGonsalvo Hernandez de, b.-d., 11263;\\ntakes Granada, 11262; at .Stnigiiola, 67S2.\\nJorge, Pres. Bolivia, 5502, 5511 ex-\\niled, 5511.\\nCorduba, Caesar, repulsed, 10602.\\nCorenzio, Belisario, b., 10822; d. (1643).\\nCorey, Charles, d., 4561\\nCorfe, Chas. John, cons, bp., 10022.\\nCorhnium, It., captured, 10601.\\nCorfu, captured, 10342; mi i T est., 10351\\nRoman conquests in, 10262 acquired,\\n10773. (See Corcyra.)\\nCorinth, Greece, fnd., 1013 3 first warships,\\n10141 potters nourish, 10142 early\\nkings, 10152; BacchiaiLe obligarchy gov-\\nerns, overthrown gov. by prytaues,\\n10153 legends on vases, 10161 Temple of\\nJupiter erected, 10162 forms republic,\\n10172 in Persian war, 10182 war with\\nAthens, 10183; war with Corcyra, 10201;\\narchitecture! uven ted. 101 1) 2 action near,\\n10222; taken. 10262; captured, in Achaean\\nLeague, 10272 Roman ambassadors at,\\n10273; falls, 10281; despoiled, 10282; re-\\nbuilt, 10292 taken, 10341,2; besieged,\\n10342; falls, 10561 divided, 10571 sacked,\\n10661.\\nMiss., Confederates unite, 2051 Fed-\\nerals defeated, 2071, 2162; action near,\\n2081, 2, 2141; evacuated, 2082; Feds,\\nevacuate, 230 1\\nCorinthians, Epistles to, written, 11531\\nCorio, Bernardino, b. (1459) History of\\nynian, 10812 d. (1519).\\nSannazzaro, Jacopo, Arcadia, 1081 2\\nCoriolanus, Cnceus Marcius, defeats Vol-\\nsci; at Rome, 10501 banished, 1051 2 d.,\\n10502.\\nCorisco mission, 1161 1\\nCork, Ire., chartered, 8513; Sp. invasion,\\n8761 see erected, 8403, 8622; garrisoned,\\n8501 burned, 8813; S ee separated, 8942;\\ntaken, 8981 se e unites, 940 2 cathedral\\nbuilt, 9063; National Exhibition, 9573;\\nFenians arrested, 9l,! 2; British Asso. in,\\n9521; railroad est., 9561; Fenians rise,\\n9703, 9711; Tenants Conf., 9732; mayor\\nresigns, 9732 Cathedral cons., 9742;\\nconstabulary differences, 990 3 Bp. Greg\\nelected, 9803; arms stolon, 9863; riots,\\n9871 Industrial Exhibition opens, 9913;\\nBp. O Callaghan cons., 9922 Defense\\nUnion find., 9943; anti-Parnellite riots,\\n10003, 10083 faction tights, 10083 Chi-\\ncago, wrecked, 4113.\\nEarl of, created, 881 1.\\nCorkey, W., wins championship, 983 3\\nCorliss, Charles G., shot, 1552.\\nCormac, Ulf ada, king, 841 1\\nCormenin, Vicomte de, Louis Marie de la\\nHaye, 7062; d., 7382.\\nF., duty on corn, 7672.\\nCornbury. (See Hyde.)\\n,6891\\n923.\\nworks, 6911,6952;\\nThomas, b.,\\nd., 6963.\\nCornelia Maximiliana, burned, 10651.\\nCornelius, baptized d., 1152 2\\nSt., pope, 10643.\\nPeter von, b., 8043; d., 8243.\\nCornelius Hari/reares, collides, 3713.\\nCornell, Alonzo B., b., 1401 gov. N.Y.,\\n3052; portrait, at Capitol, 4421.\\n-Univ., opened; Library fnd., 2623;\\nboat-races, 3153, 3173, 3213, 3273, 3432,\\n3623; Fisk will, 35S2 library building,\\n3423, 3023; defeats Harvard and Yale,\\n3623; Aristotle s Constitution ree d, 3802;\\nPres. Adams resigns Prof. Schurman\\npres., 4042.\\nCollege, la., fnd., 1822.\\nEzra, b. (1807) d., 2861\\nWm. A., makes galvai leter, 3201.\\nW., b. (1823) d., 2701\\nporters strike, Eng., 10051.\\nCornet, Cointe de, Mathieu Augustin, b.,\\n701i; d. 7262.\\nCornish, George H., b., 5782.\\nJohnston, b., 1842.\\nCorn-Laws repealed, G. B., 9532.\\nCorntliwaitc, Robert, cons, bp.,960 3\\nCornu, Sebastien Melehior, 7151 d., 7382.\\nmeasures light, 7481\\nCornwall, sehoolship est., 9631.\\nCornwall, Can., Freeholder, 5S03 strike,\\n5862,3; earthquake, 5941.\\nEng., action at, 8441 refuge for\\ncriminals see created, 8443; see unites,\\n8463; duchy of, 8591; given to Robert,\\nS491 earthquake, 594 1 9622, 10081\\nC. F., gov. Can., 5933.\\nLord Charles, lord admiralty, 8992.\\nCornwallis, Charles, Earl and Marq. of,\\nb., 9102; gov. Can., 5752; crosses Hudson\\nRiver, 843 at Boundbrook, S6 Z ma-\\nneuvers, 863 at Charleston, 91 1 at Sand-\\ners Creek, 922; evaded by Greene, 923;\\nIn S. C, 923 at Guilford Court House,\\n941 at Wilmington, N. C. conquest of\\nVa.,94i at Petersburg, attack ordered,\\nblockaded evacuates Williamsburg\\nevacuates Richmond contemns Arnold,\\n942; surrenders, 943, 9202; command in\\nE. I.; 9241; conquests in India, 10442;\\ngov-gen. India, 10453, 10472; at Ballina-\\nmuck, 7122; lord.-lieut., 9293; ,1., 9323.\\nFalliott H., elected bp., 9303.\\nFred., urehhp. Canterbury, 9151\\nCoro, Venez., settled, 11601\\nCoron, taken by Turks, 10781\\nCorona, boiler explodes, 3473.\\nCorona, variable star, seen, 2521.\\nCoronado, Francisco Vasquez de, b.-d.,\\n11263; explorer, 211; atZuni,21i; turns\\nback, 223.\\nGonzalo Vasquez de, gov. Costa Rica,\\n6301.\\nJuan Vasquez de, b.-d., 112S 2 mayor,\\n6301 gov. C. R., 6301 d. (1565).\\nCoronation, founders, 8981\\nCoronea, action at, 10201\\nCoronel, surrenders, 6081\\nCoronelli, Marco Vincenzo, b., 10823, d.,\\n1083L\\nCoronet, defeats Dauntless, 3293.\\nCoropat mission, 1049 1\\nCorous murdered, 771 2\\nCorporation Act, Eng., passes, 891 3 re-\\npealed, 9253.\\nand Test Acts repealed, 9423, 9433.\\nCorpsey, J. F., Old Church, 3061\\nCorpus Christi Ch., consecrated, 3742.\\nfestival inst., 8542.\\nPass, Tex., taken, 2281\\nCorrea de Serra, Jose Francisco, b.-d.,\\n11102.\\nCorroggio, Antonio Allegri da, b., 10783;\\nworks, 10801.\\nCorreo Literario, issued, 6063.\\nCorreoso, Pres., Colombia, 6281 6292.\\nCorrespondence LiUeraire Secrete, 705 2\\nCorresponding Soc. of London, fmd., 9271\\ntreason of, 9271\\nCorrie, Daniel, fnds. Benares mission,\\n10462; bp. Madras, 10471\\nCorrientes, war at, 4902; rebellion, 4921;\\njoins Pres. Rosas, 11602.\\nCorrigan, J. H., d., 3721.\\n.Michael Augustine, h. (1839) assist-\\nant at Pontifical Throne, 3262; archbp.\\nOf N.Y.,3203; circular letter, 3342; sails,\\n3521 call for conf., 3761 M Glynn s re-\\nstoration, 3942 approves Satolli s deci-\\nsion, 4662.\\nCorrigan, Patrick, accused, 3642; trial, 4182.\\nCorruption, official, prosecuted, Fr., 7652.\\nCorry, Pa., R. R. wreck, 2793.\\nHenry Lowry, lord admiralty, 9712.\\nSamuel, gov. Me., 2413.\\nCorryville, annexed to Cincinnati, 273 3\\nCorse, John Murray, b. (1835) at Alla-\\ntoona Pass, 2383; d., 42Si\\nCorsica,Rom. province, 10533; taken, 1031 3\\n10752; Carthaginians expelled, 6621 van-\\ndals possess, 6622 conquered, 6661\\nunder Genoa, 6833; revolts, 10852; revo-\\nlution, 6993; sold to Fr., 7033; ceded to\\nFr., 10852; revolt in; unites with Gt.\\nBrit., 7112 ceded to Eng., 10853 Eng.\\nparliament opens, 7113; revolts, 7121\\nBrit, leaves, 7132; annexed, 7211 927 3\\nCort, Henry, b. (1740) puddling iron, 9221\\nd. (1800).\\nCortenuova, battle of, 7801.\\nCortereal, Gaspar, b.-d., 11092 in New-\\nfoundland, 123; explorer, 151 takes In-\\ndians, 171 in Can., 57H lost, 162.\\nMiguel, lost, 162, 171\\nCortez, Hernando, or Fernando, b.-d.,\\n1126 3 in San Domingo, 172; in New-\\nWorld, 173; in Mex., 161 1S1 conquers\\nNarvaez elected gen., captures Hon-\\nduras, 182; exploring Meet, 191 letters\\nof explorations, 192; in Sp., 193, 213; at\\nVera Cruz, 212 d., 221\\nCorti, Count, in Cong, of Berlin, 8311.\\nCortland, Ala., burglars, 4483.\\nCortlandt, Jacobus van. mayor, 573, 593.\\nS. van, mayor N. Y., 473, 511\\nCortona, It., truce with Rome, 10521.\\nPietro Berrettini da, b., 10823 d.\\n(1669).\\nCortone, Domenico da, builds Hotel de\\nVille, 6802.\\nCortot, Jean Pierre, b., 7062; d., 7283.\\nCortright, G. C. H., gov. Guiana, 10393.\\nCoruniba, taken, 5561\\nCorundum wheel-makers combine, 4232.\\nCorunna, Sp., battle at, 716 2\\nCorupedion, battle of, 10261.\\nCorvallis, Ore., Agricul. oil. opened, 2623.\\nCorvino, John de Monte, miss., 6143.\\nCorvinus, Matthias I., b.,5082; conquests,\\n5081; king, 5081, 5092; invasions, 8081;\\nexpels Fred. III. from Hung., 7S61 at-\\ntacks Podiebrad, 5092; d., 5082.\\nCorvus, Valerius, defeats Volscii, 10521.\\nCvrwin, sails, 4441\\nCorwin, Thomas, b., 1042; gov. 0., 1531\\nsec. treas., 167 2 on Committee of 33,\\n1891 d., 2482.\\nCorwyn, Col., at Tupelo, 2212.\\nCory, Giles, executed, 53\\nIsaac, in duel, 9292.\\nCoryatt, Thomas, b., 8742; d., S801\\nCos, revolts against Athens, 10233.\\nCosa, action at, 10581\\nJuan de la, expedition Venez., 151\\nS. Am. voyages, 163 discoveries, 1126 2\\nmakes map, 171 d. (1509).\\nCosihuiriachic, mission at, 10962.\\nCosimo I., Duke of Tuscany, 1081 1\\nII., Duke of Tuscany, 10S13.\\nIII., Duke of Tuscanv, 10813.\\nCosin, John, bp., b., 8762; Cosin Hall fnd.,\\n9563 d. (1072).\\nCosme, Jean Baseihac, b.,0962 d., 705\\nCosnac, Daniel de, b., 0882 d., 6963.\\nCospatrick, takes fire, 9793\\nCossacks in militia, subjugated, 1114 re-\\n-bel, 1116 take Azov, 11572.\\nCosse, Charles de, b., 6783 d., 6822.\\nCossham, Handel, d., 10022.\\nCossignv, de I ahna, ,los. Francois Char-\\npentier, b., 0983 d., 7191.\\nCosta Rica (see pp. (!30-631), dis\u00e2\u0080\u009e 162; re-\\nnamed, 233 Sp.; massacre, 561 Cahlera\\nopd., 633 dispute with Nicaragua, 3353.\\nCabral, Antonio Bernardo, D. of\\nThomar, b.-d., 11102.\\nCabral, D. of Thomar, b. (1803) un-\\npopular, 11111; d. (1889).\\nDuarte da, Capt.-Gen., 23 2\\nde, gov.-gen. Brazil, 553 2\\nLorenzo, b. (1450) paints Court of\\nIsabella D Este, 10S0 d. (1530).\\nSir Michael, b., 1085 d. (1884).\\nCostanzo, Angelo di, b. (1507) History of\\nNaples, 10832 d., 10822.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1239.jp2"}, "1240": {"fulltext": "1228\\nText Figures denote Page. LN L)h.2\\\\.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nCost-Crab.\\nCoste, Jean Francois, b., 7002 d., 7223.\\nCosts, Jean Jacques Cypricn Victor, b.,\\n7163 d., 7461.\\nCostello, Dudley, b., 9323 d., 968\\nCoster, Joseph Francois, b., 0;)S3; d., 7203.\\nLaurens Janszoon, b.-d. movable\\ntypes, 10982.\\nSamuel, Fenwis the Boor, 11012.\\nCostes, Gautier de, works, 6891\\nCostigan, John,. see. state, 5952; minister,\\n5963.\\nCostlogon, Col., in Sudan, 6582.\\nCosway, Kiehard, b., 9103 d., 9423.\\nCoteau Landing, Can., bridge opd., 5913\\ncanal, 593 2\\nCotelier, Jean Baptiste, 1)., 6803; d. (1686).\\nCotes, Eoger, b. (16S2) d., 9062.\\nCothell, Capt., captures Kiitaus, 1181.\\nCotner, Univ. (Christ) org., Lincoln, Neb.,\\n(1889).\\nCotopaxi, Mount, eruptions, 6432.\\nCotta, BemUard, 80X3 work, 815 d.,\\n830\\nCotta, M., Panama Canal scandal, 7642.\\nMarcus A melius, defeated, 105S\\nCottage City, Mass., Soldiers mon t.,388\\nCottayam, Madras, mission, 10462.\\nCottenham, Earl of, title created, 951\\n(See Pepys.)\\nCotter, Joseph B., cons, bishop, 34S2; Presi-\\ndent of Union, 389\\nPatrick, b. giant, 9153.\\nCottesloe. (See Ffeiuantle, Thomas F.\\nCottin, Sophie Kistand, b., 7043 Eliza-\\nbeth, 717^; d., 7163.\\nCottington, Lord, minister, 8S33.\\nCotton destroyed, 218\\ncultivation in Am.. 31 ;lirstmill,98\\nexportation of, 993; factory, R. I., 1021\\n-yarns ninf., 104 mill at New Ipswich,\\n112 print goods infg., 1173; mill at Fall\\nRiver, 1182; export of ninf., 1353; power\\nmill erected, 123 stripper exhibited,\\n172 Cottonis King, 1833; price rises,\\n1913,2033;2113, 2153; burned bvConfeds.,\\n2063; sold in N. Y., 2433; in South, 2553;\\nnot taxed, 261 crop in 1869, 268 anni-\\nversary eel., 3693 crop increased, 3913\\ncultivation increased, (1573 lirst imported\\nin Eng., 922 2, 9413 price, 9493; picker,\\nmechanical, 392 paper made, 610 2\\n1030 2 supply ceases, 9653; worm ravag-\\ning. Fgy.,(jljl3; spinning machinery used,\\n706 famine causes distress, Fr., 7373\\nstockings made, Eng., 908 first mill in\\nEng., 9102 goods exported, Eng., 9153\\nbounty, 922 duty reduced, Eng., 9472\\ndistricts distressed, 967\\ncrop in Egypt, 6613.\\nCharles, b., 8822 d., 9862.\\nS., promoted captain, 398\\nSir Henry, chief justice, 983 2\\nJohn, b. (1585) election-day services,\\n322; in Mass., 422 d.,38\\nB., in justice department, 351 2\\n.Pierre, b., 6822 d., 6863.\\nStapleton, Yise.Combermere, b.,9183;\\nat Lilerena, 7182 storms citadel of\\nBhartpur, 1046 d., 968\\nWm. James Richmond, Lord mayor,\\n9812; hiring, poultry market, 9813.\\nCottrell, W. W., violent, 3582 k.,371\\nCotys reigns in Thrace, 11533.\\nCouch, Darius Nash, b. (1822); gen., at\\nMalvern Hill, 2092 at Fredericksburg,\\n2162; at Uhancellorsville, 221 at Kins-\\nton, N.C., 244\\nW. L., at Stillwater, 319\\nCoucy, Robert de, d., 6722.\\nCouder, Lonis Charles Auguste, b., 7062\\nd.,746\\nCoudert, F. R., anti-Maynard. 4023 May-\\nnard investigation, 405 in Arbitration\\nCourt, 4252, 4293.\\nCoues, Elliot, b., 154\\nOoughlan, Lawrence, d., 5782.\\nCoughlin, Daniel, sentenced, 3482 new\\ntrial, 4422 acquitted, 4522.\\nJohn, infernal machine, 4683.\\nCoulanges, Marquis de, Philippe Emman-\\nuel, b., 6882 d., 697\\nNuma, Denis Fustel de, b. (1830) d.,\\n758\\nCoulomb, Charles Augustin de, b., 6983\\nd., 7163.\\nCoulter, Thomas B., in treas. dept., 3512.\\nCouncil Bluffs, la., Army of Tenn., 4723\\ninspectors injured, 479\\nChurch, at Ariminum, 840 2 at Aries,\\n6623 at Basel. Switz., 6763, 784V at\\nBourges, 6703; at Chalce.lon, 10703,1071\\nat Clermont, 6683 at Constance, Swita.\\n6762; at Constantinople. 1029 1031\\n10323, 10722 rit Elvira, 11252 at Ephe-\\nsus, 10303, 10702 nt Frankfort, 7703 at\\nFerrara-Florence, 785 at Lyons, 6722;\\nat Nice, Asia M., 6643, 10283, 10683 at\\nNice, Fr., 7913 at Soissons, 6643, 6683;\\nat Piacenza, 10743; at Pisa, 1079 1081\\nat Rome, 669 0702,3 at Saragossa\\natSardis, 10683; of Sutri, 7743; of Toledo,\\n11252; at Tours, 6S12 at Trent, 5102,3,\\n681 at Treves, 76S2, 7843, 1081 at\\nTyre, 10682 at Vienna, 6723 Vatican\\nheld, 10S83.\\nCouncil of Ancients dissolved, 7133.\\nEcclesiastical, at Whitby, S423.\\nGrand, of state, est., Gr., 10353.\\nof Nobles abol., 11213.\\nof Sixteen find., Fr., 6852.\\nof State revived, Ger., 8313.\\nState, Montenegro, 10973.\\nof Ten governs Venice ceases to ex-\\nist, 10773.\\nof Thirty, Eng., S952.\\nat Wash., 3292.\\nof War, Fr., 7472.\\nof Women, Paris, 7583.\\nCouncils of Conciliation Aid passes, 970 3\\nof India Amendment Bill, 10032.\\nCount Belt/io.io, wrecked, 9233.\\nCount Jtudof, issued, 7783.\\nCounterfeiters, hanged, 8493.\\nCountess Evelyn, wrecked, 10113.\\nof Carnarvon, captured, 11122.\\nof Dull; -rin, loses Am. cup, 2933.\\nof Flanders, collision, 5473.\\nCountry Party formed, Eng., 8812,9023.\\nCounty assessments, 8613.\\nCouncils est., G. B., 9992.\\nOfficers and Court, Act passes, 983 2\\nCounty of Aberdeen, collides, 9913.\\nCoupd E tat. (See Paris.)\\nCou/rageux, yvrecked, 928\\nCourayer, Pierre Francois le, b., 6923 d.,\\n7043.\\nCourbet, Adni., captures Hue, 4S0 3 at\\nSontay forts, 4821 at Fuchau, 022 mon-\\nument of, 760\\nGustave, b., 7223 d., 7502.\\nCource, Baron de, arbitrator, 4252.\\nCourcel, M. de, minister, 757 z\\nCourcelles, battle of, 740\\nEtienne de, b.-d., 11562.\\nM. de, gov., 423, 432.\\nCourcy, Gen. de, in Aunam, 4822.\\nJohn de, E. of Ulster, S512.\\nCournot, Antoine Augustin, b., 7143 d.,\\n7502.\\nCourrier, issued, 927\\nCourrier de Mere, Paul Louis, b., 7042\\nPamphlet iles I amiililets.Tlol d.,7242.\\nCourrier de la Mode, issued, 703 2\\nCourt of Chancery hist., Eng., S432, 8453\\nrefounded, 8473.\\nCombining Bill passes Asso., 4033.\\nof Exchequer est.. 8492.\\nde Gebelin, Antoine, b., 6982; d.,706\\nof Justice in Senate, Fr., 758 3\\nofficers tirst appear, Ger., 7733.\\nParty fmd., Eng., 8812.\\nof Referees est., 969\\nSupreme, anniv., 3523.\\nCourt of Love, issued, 8642.\\nCourtenay, John, b., 9103 d., 9382.\\nCourteney, Wm. R., E. of Lucan, d., 9982.\\nWm. R., E. of Devon, d., 9982.\\nCourten s -Association founded, 1045\\nCourtland, Gen., in Sikh war, 10462.\\nCourtney, F., consecrated bishop, 9983.\\nPhilip, governor, 861\\nCourtois, Guillaume, b., 6.863; d., 6923.\\nJacques, b., 6862 d., 6922.\\nM. de, discovers iodine, 719\\nCourtown, Earl, title created, 925 2\\nCourtrai.Belg., bat tie of. 672 surrenders,\\n6SS1, 6922.\\nCourts, not guilty, 9432 supremacy of,\\nupheld, 2591.\\nCourvi isier -lean Joseph Antoine, b., 7043\\nd., 7262.\\nCousin, Jean, b.,67S3 d., 6842.\\nLouis, b., 6863 d\u00e2\u0080\u009e 6963.\\nMontauban, Gen., minister, 7393.\\non S. American coast, 131\\n.Victor, b., 7082; works, 725 7272,\\n7292,7323 d.,7362.\\nCousins, Robert G., b., 1842.\\nCoustou, Guillaume, sculptor, b., 6923\\nd., 7003.\\nsculptor, b., 697 d., 7043.\\nNicolas, b., 6902 d., 69S3.\\nCoutances, Fr., captured, 676\\nCoutinho, Francisco i eriera, captain, 5532.\\nVaseo Fernandes, failure, 5532.\\nCoutras, Fr., brittle at, 684\\nCouture, Thomas, b., 7222 d., 752\\nCnvadonqa-, captured, 11302; blown up, 606 2\\nCove Creek, N.C., Confed. defeat, 216\\nCovenant, Scotch, first second signed,\\nS722 illegal, 8913.\\nCovenanters, meet, 8942; persecuted, 8943.\\nCovent Garden Theater, 90S\\nCoventry, strike, 9643; Pari., lawyers ex-\\ncluded, 8613.\\nEarl of, title created, 899\\nHenrv, minister, 8933.\\nSir Thomas, b. (1578) keeper, 8813\\nminister, 8832 d. (1640).\\nCoverdale, Miles, b., 866 Bible transla-\\ntion, S6S3 d. (156S).\\nCovert, James W., b., 154\\nCovilhao, or Covilham, Pedro da, b.-d.\\n11092 in Abyssinia, 13.\\nCovington, hid.. Normal Coll. opd., 3242\\nKy., diocese est., 1723 Gen. Heth\\narrives, 2123 Suspension Bridge com-\\npleted, 2553 White aps raid, 3543.\\nTenn., Confeds. defeated, 220 earth-\\nquake, 332\\nCovode resolution adopted Cong., 1872.\\nCowan, Sir Edward P., d., 1002\\nSir John, Lord mayor London, 9492.\\nCowan s Ford, S. C. skirmish at, 91 93\\nCowdry, Eobt. H., vote for Pres., 3312.\\nCowes, Eng., Henrietta arrives, 2553.\\nCowie, William G., cons, bp., 9663.\\nCowles, S. P.. accused of murder, 3782.\\nTobacco Tax Bill, in Cong., 337\\nCowley, Earl, title created, 959\\nE. of. (See Wellesley, H. R. C.)\\nAbraham, b., 880 works, 8863,\\n8923; d.,8922.\\nCowpens, S. C, battle of, 923; eel., 3073.\\nCowper, Archdeacon, d., 4963.\\nEarl, title created, 905\\nlord lieut., 9S52 resigns, 9892\\nminister, 9053; d. 9062.\\nWilliam, b., 8902 keeper, 9033.\\nEdward Alfred, d., 1010\\nTemple, Wm. Francis, Baron\\nMount-Temple, d., 9982.\\nWm., anatomist, b., 8922; d., 9042.\\npoet, b., 9082; works, 921 ,9263;\\nd., 9302.\\nCox, Christine, hanged, 3043.\\nDavid, b., 9062; d. (1859).\\nC, commissioner, 2732.\\nGeorge William, b., 9422.\\nHenry G., b. (1819); d., 252\\nJacob Poison, b. (1827); at Princeton,\\nW. Va., 208 at Town Creek at Kins-\\nton, 2303, 244 near Goldsboro, 244\\ngov. O., 2553; see. int., 207 resigns, 273\\nJohn Edmund, b. (1812); d., 1004\\nMelville B., missionary, 1613.\\nNicholas, b., 1482.\\nSir Richard, b. (1500); L. chancellor,\\n903 chief justice, 9052; ,1.(1581).\\nSamuel Hanson, b., 1042; moderator,\\n1623; d.,308\\nSullivan, b., 132 vote for\\nSpeaker, 2832; irlii/ ll e Laui/h, 2943; d.,\\n3442; statue, 386\\nDetect ive, killed, 9903.\\nCoxcie. Michael, b.-d., 5402.\\nCoxe, Arthur Cleveland, b., 1262; eons,\\nbp., 2412.\\nBrinton, Judicial Power, 4783.\\nDaniel, interest in N. J., 51\\nWilliam, b., 9122; d., 9423.\\nCoxey, J. S., proclamation against, 457\\nresolution opposed. 4592 Army of the\\nCommonwealth, 4543, 4582.3, 4593, 4612,\\n4622.4633, 4682; home burned, 4743.\\nCoypel, Antoine. 1 6902; d., 6982.\\nCoysevox, Antoine, b., 6883; d., 6982.\\nCozzens, Frederick Swartwout, b., 126 2\\nd., 268\\nWm. B., b. (17S7); d., 2312.\\nCole, b.dslll; Gov., 2293; d.(lS76).\\nCpo, Andrea Arias JIal.Mtre.; gov., 6302.\\nCrab Orchard. Ky.. Burnside leaves, 2261\\nCrabb, Gen., at Springlield, 2181\\nGeorge, b., 9203; d., 9562.\\nCrabbe, Geo., b., 9123 works, 9231 9331\\n9383, 9391; d.,9461.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1240.jp2"}, "1241": {"fulltext": "Crab-Croe.\\nText Figures denote Page. lJNi_)iSA.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n122\\nCrabbe, Thomas, b. (17S8); d. 278\\nCrabtree, Lotta, b., 1623.\\nCracow, Aust.-Hung., capital, 5053 s tu-\\ndium general; Univ. fnd.; Univ. recon-\\nstructed, 507 given to Aust.,5192; in-\\nsurrection, 5201 Univ. opd., 5203; free\\nrepublic, 5212,3; annexation objected to,\\n5213 fire, 5233 insurrection seized,\\n1116\\nCraddock, Charles Egbert. (See Murfree,\\nMary Noalles.)\\nCradi, Juan Fernandez de Bovadilla y,\\ngov., 6303.\\nCrafts, Samuel Chandler, b. (1768) gov.\\nVt., 1372; d. (1853).\\nCraggs, James, sec. war, 0072; d. (1720).\\nCragier, mayor, renominated, 381\\nCragsford, Baron, title created, 9311.\\nCraig, A. K., Congressman, d., 4121\\nSir James H., gov.-gen. Can., 5773.\\nJohn, b. 8061 d., S762.\\nOscar, d., 4481\\nSir Thomas, b. 8682; d., S781\\nW. G., moderator, 4301\\nCraige, Kerr, in P. O. Dept., 4472.\\nCraighill, William P., corps of engineers,\\n3261.\\nCraigie, Capt., in Afgan., 42.\\nCraik, Mrs. (Dinah Maria Mulock), b.,\\n9422 works, 9611 d. (18S7).\\nGeorge Lillie, b., 9283; d., 9701\\nJames, b., 621 d., 1231\\nCrain, William H., b., 1641.\\nCramer, Johann A., b., 800=; d., 8043.\\nCrampton, Sir John Fiennes Twisleton,\\nb. (1807); minister; 1703; d. (1S86).\\nThomas Russell, d., 9982.\\nCranach, Lucas von, b., 786 2 encaustic\\npainting, 7882; d., 7922.\\nCranbrooke, D. of, title created, 10091.\\n(See Hardy, Gathorne.)\\nCranburne, Charles, executed, 9011.\\nCranch, Christopher Pearse. b.( 1S13); mem-\\nber Nat. Acad. Design, 2411 d., 3981\\nWilliam, b., 761 d. (1855).\\nCrane, Sir Francis, tapestry making, 8801\\nJonathan T., b. 1281 d. (1SS0).\\nWm. Carey, b., 1242; d. (1885).\\nWilliam H., b., 1581\\nCranfleld, Edward, gov., 473; d. (1704).\\nCranftll, James B., nom. for vice-pres.,\\n4093; vote, 4192; electoral vote, 4243.\\nCranford, N. J., train-robbers, 4682.\\nCranganore, E. I. Co. agency, 10443.\\nCranmer, Thomas, b., 8662; archbp. Can-\\nterbury, S682, 8692; revision of Bible;\\ndecree against Baptists, S6S3; minister,\\n8712; burned, 8722.\\nCrannon, battle of, 10253.\\nCranston, Henry Y., d 2312.\\nJohn, gov. R. I., 473; d. (1680).\\nSam., gov. R.I., 551 d. (1727).\\nCranworth. (See Rolfe.)\\nCranz, David, b., 8002; d., 8042.\\nCraonne, Fr., allies checked, 7203.\\nCrapo, Henry H., gov. Midi, 2511 d., 268\\nCrasa burned, 7843.\\nCrascus I., Duke of Poland, 11132.\\nCrashaw, Richard, b., 87S1 Steps to Tem-\\nple, 8863; d., 8882.\\nCrassus Dives, Marcus Licinius, b.-d.,\\n1056 3 in conspiracy restores tribunate,\\n10591 triangular alliance. 10592, 3; rules\\nSyria, 10593, 11512; plunders temple at\\nJerusalem, 11502; renews alliance; con-\\nsul, 10593 rapacity incites revolt, 11252.\\nLucius Licinius, b.-d., 10563.\\nPublius, at Rome at Spoletium,\\n1058 in Apulia subdues the Aquitani,\\n10582 in Mesopotamia pays Caesar s\\ndebts, 10583.\\nCraterus, reenforces Antipater, 10242; ter-\\nritory, 10253; d., 1025\\nCrates of Thebes, b., 10243.\\nCratinus b.-d., 10102; comic poet, 1017\\nFlagon, gains prize, 10212.\\nCravant, battle of, 6761\\nCraven, Eng., zinc-mine discovered, 9343.\\nBraxton, b., 1302.\\nChas., gov. N. C, 591 d. (1754).\\n.Pauline, b. (1K20); works, 7363, 7482;\\nd. (1891).\\nThos. T., b., 1142; captures Georgia,\\n2372.\\nTunis Augustus M., d., 2373.\\nCol., at Fayetteville, 2143.\\nD. of, title created, 931\\nEarl of, wedding, 4283.\\nCrawfis, ex-treas., embezzling, 4443.\\nCrawford, Francis Marion, b., 158 works,\\n3123, 3143, 3183, 3243, 32S3, 333 3502,\\n3743, 3962, 39S2, 4462, 4783.\\nGeo. W., b., 10S1 gov. Ga., 1611 sec.\\nwar, 1653.\\nJohn, gov., 5832.\\nMartin Jenkins, b., 128 2 commis-\\nsioner, 1931; d. (1883).\\nNathaniel Macon, b., 1162; d., 2741\\nSamuel J., gov, Kan., 251\\nWylie, b., 1362; takes Orange\\nCourt House, 2102; Ciril War, 3323.\\nThomas, b., 121 works, 152 166\\n108 d., 180\\nCol. Wm., against Indians, 943.\\nb. (1676); d., 10022.\\nHarris, b., 762; leader in Cong.,\\n1173; pres. senate, 1192; sec. treas.,1253,\\n1292; presidential candidate; charges\\nagainst; vote, 1332; d., 1422.\\nT.,b., 178\\nCapt., killed, 3221.\\nE. of, title created, 8603.\\nCrawfordsville, Ga., Stephens monument,\\n4301.\\nInd., Wabash Coll. fnd. at,1403; Pres.\\nBurroughs accepts, 4162.\\nCrawley. Richard, d., 1010\\nThomas, lord justice, S631\\nCrawshaw, Baron, title created, 10091.\\nCrayer, Gaspard, b., 5403; d. (1669).\\nCraysfort, Earl, title created, 9231\\nCreasy, Sir Edward Shepherd, b., 9362\\nDecisive Battles, 9563 d., 9822.\\nCrebillon, Prosper Jolyot de, b., 6922\\nworks, 6971,2; 6992 d., 7023.\\nCrecy, Fr., battle of, 6741 cannon first\\nused, 6742.\\nCredi, Lorenzo di, b., 10783 d., 10803.\\nCredit Mobilier of Am. incor., 2453 char-\\nter purchased, 2573 contracts Pacific\\nRailroad; stock distributed, 2593; scan-\\ndal, 2792,3 exposed, 2803 investiga-\\ntion, 2S12 senator expelled, stock\\nowned by Congressmen, 2813.\\nFr., formed, 7333; fails, 7373;\\ndirectors held liable, 7383.\\nCreditors, Northern, unpaid, 1971.\\nCredulity, religious, Eng., 8582.\\nCreed, phonograph projected, 912\\nCreeden, police capt., fund raised, 453\\nrestored to office, 479\\nCreedmoor, N.Y., rifle match, 2923.\\nCreek Indians, warriors, 541 defeated,\\n1001 treaty, 1031 1072 war with, 1203;\\nin Fla., 1261; mission, 1311; land con-\\ntroversy, 1333.\\nCreektown, mission at, 11613.\\nCrefeld, battle of, 516i transferred to\\nPrus., 7992 house falls, 8353.\\nOroighton, Mandell, cons, op., 10062.\\nRobert, b., 8822 d., 90S2.\\nWilliam, b. (1795) d., 2471\\nUniv., Omaha, Neb., org., 3003.\\nCrcil, Fr., explosion of bridge, 7402.\\nCrelle, August L., b., 8042 d., 820\\nCrema, It. 7 attacked, 776 taken, 778\\nCremation legalized, 993 3; societies in\\nLondon, 9792.\\nCremieux, Gaston, executed, 747\\nHector J., d., 7621\\nIsaac Adolphe, b., 7123 minister jus-\\ntice, 7412 in govt, delegation minister\\nof war, 7413 d., 7522.\\nCremona, It., Diet of, 7802 fortress\\nerected, 1053 destroyed, 10H2 fnd. by\\nRomans, 10533 Cathedral of, 10743.\\nCreole, slaves uprise 011, 153 dispute, 155 2\\nCreoles defeat Spaniards, 632 insurrec-\\ntion, 633 ,2 plot discovered, 6332.\\nCreon, elected archon, 10153.\\nCrequi, Francois de Bonne de,Duc de Les-\\ndiguieres, b., 6863 at Luxemburg, 6922;\\ndefeated (Ger.), 7962 d., 6942.\\nCrerar, John, founds library, 3471,4001;\\nmil, 4322.\\nCrexrnit it//, Spaniards board, 171\\nCreseentini, Girolamo, b., 10842 d., 10863\\nCresecntius, defeated, 774 proposes re-\\npublic, 10733.\\nCrescenzi, Pietro de, b.-d., 10742.\\nCrescimbeni, Giovanni Maria, b., 1083\\nfnds. Academy, 10833 d., 1084\\nCresco, 111., fire, 3453.\\nJoaquin, pres. rebellion, 1160 3\\nCresphontes, leader, 1015\\nCrespi, Giuseppe Maria, b., 10831 d., 1084\\nCrespy, peace of, 7913.\\nCrested Butte, miners, conflict, 396 397\\nCreswell, John A. J., b. (1828) P. M. Gen.,\\n267 2813 resigns, 2852 d., 3961\\nCreswick, William, d.,9982.\\nCrete, seized, 10281; pirates org., 10583;\\nRoman province, 1029 2 subdued, 10582;\\nGreeks lose, occupied, taken from Sar-\\nacens, 10332 Saracens expelled, 10321\\nceded to Venetians, 10351 purchased,\\n10753 rebels subdued, 1 15-12; conquered,\\n10821; surrender, 10833; annexed by\\nTurk., 11572; under Egypt, 11573 against\\nTurk,, 11501; mission, 11563 Christians\\npersecuted, 115S 2 Turk, rule abolished,\\n11591 rebellion in, 115S insurrection,\\n11593; Gr. language forbidden, 115S2.\\nNeb., Doane College founded, 2782.\\nCretin, Guillaume, chronicle, 681 1\\nor direst in, de Troyes, works, 671\\nCreusen, battle of, 774\\nCreuze de Lesser, Auguste Francois, b.*\\n7042; d.,7282.\\nCrouzer, Ceorg F., b., 803 d.,820\\nCreveco ur, Hector St. Jean dc, b., 6983\\nd., 7203.\\nCrevier, Jean Bapt. Louis, b., 6942; d.,7031\\nCrew, Sir Benjamin, d., 9462.\\nCrewe, Sir Randolph, chief justice, 8813.\\nCrew s Farm, Va., battle of, 2092.\\nCreuzot, strike, 7383.\\nCrickets, plague of, 10 3\\nCridge, Edward, cons, bishop, 2921\\nCrillon, Louis des Balhes de Berton de,Duo\\ndeQuiers, b., 6803; Minorca,704i d.,6862.\\nCrime, Eng., 8731 statistics, 9571 9651\\nCrimea, Rus., allied armies in, 9581 ceded\\nto Rus., 11573; annexed Turk., 11572; in-\\nvestigation committee, 9592; evacuated,\\n9321,960 colonized by Gr., 11132; Gen-\\noese expelled, 11152; invaded, 1116 in-\\ndependence of, 11172.\\nCrimean War, 7321 9581 war ends, 9601\\nCrimes Act expires, 9943.\\nnotable. (See Assassination, murder,,\\ntrials, etc.)\\nCriminal Justice Act, G. B., 9572.\\nCriminals, Fr., execution of, 7672 be-\\nheaded, Eng., 8491; transported, 8811;\\nphotographed, 977\\nCriminal Law Amend. Act opposed, 9772.\\nCrinoline skirt introduced, 1773.\\nCripple Creek, Colo., troops leave, 4553\\nstriking miners, 4581 4611\\nCrisp, Chas. Frederick, b., 158 speaker,\\n3972,4351; reply, 4253; senator, 4552.\\nCrispi, Francesco, b. (1819) premier, 10902;\\nfired at, 10903.\\nCrispiana, executed, 10651.\\nCrispin, St., patron of shoemakers, 66\\nCrispus, Flavius Julius, in insurrection,\\n10302 executed, 10691\\nCrissa destroyed, 10161\\nCritalla, Pers. troops concentrated, 1018\\nCritclilow.Svl vest er, trial, 411 4183.\\nCritias killed, 1022 1023\\nstatuary, d., 10162.\\nCriticism legalized. Eng., 927\\nCritolus, leader, 1028 K. embassy, 10292.\\nCrittenden County, Ky., mob, 4743.\\nA. P., murderer of, 2742.\\nGeo. B., b. (1812) d., 3042.\\nJohn Jordon, b., 98 senator, re-\\nsigns, 1273 atty.-gen., 1532, 1672 gov.\\nKy., 1652; plan of concession, on Com-\\nmittee of 13, 1892 vote on secession, 1903\\nCompromise, 1903, 1912, 193 ;M.C, 1972;\\nresolution, 1973 d., 2272.\\nThomas Leonidas, b. (1S19) at Mur-\\nfreesboro, 217 in Chattanooga, 2262\\natChicamauga relieved, 2263; d., (1893).\\nT., gov. Mo., 3093.\\nCroasdale, Samuel, d., 2133.\\nCroatia, Aust.-Hung., conquered, 502\\nearly princes, 503 Stephen I., king\\nearly kings, 5032,3 united to Hung.,\\n5033; unites with Aust., 5111 Pragmatic\\nSanction, 5151 massacre of Christians,\\n11563 Diet abolished amnesty, 5253\\nDiet dissolved protests, 5273 Turks re-\\nvolt, 1156 2 union with Hung. deputies\\nin Reichstag, 5291; taxes, 5292; insur-\\nrection, 5301 anti-Jewish riots, 5303\\nDietopens, dissolved, 5312; Croatian-Sla-\\nvonic Diet, 5223 against Hung., 5312.\\nCroats, drive Avars from Servia, 1123\\nCrockett, David, b., 98 d., 1462 birth\\ncelebrated, 3662.\\nS. R., works, 10103.\\nCroes, John, b. (1762) cons, bishop, 1243\\nd. (1832).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1241.jp2"}, "1242": {"fulltext": "1230\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. CrCES-CuMl.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Croesus reigns, 11471; conquers cities,\\n1016 court, 11471; dethroned, 10172.\\nCroft, Elizabeth, seditious speeches, 8711\\nWilliam, b., 8942 d. (1727).\\nCrofton, Baron, title created, 9252.\\nRobert E. A., commissioned col., 3221\\nCroghan, Col. George, b. (1791); at Fort\\nStephenson, 1203 in O., 673 assaults\\nMackinaw, 1222 d. (1849).\\nCroke, Thos. W., cons, bp., 96Si censures\\nLand League, 9982.\\nCroker, John Wilson, b., 9203 d., 9622.\\nRichard, resignation, 4593, frorn Man-\\nhattan Club, 4623.\\nThos. Crofton, b., 9283 d. (1854).\\nCroly, David Goodman, b. (1S39) d., 3382.\\nGeorge, b., 9223 works, 9391, 943i;\\nd. (1860).\\nMrs. Jane Cunningham (Jenny June),\\nb. (1831) work, 3982 pres. clubs, 4751\\nCromer, telegraph line, 8201.\\nBaron, title created, 10083.\\nCrouipton, Samuel, b. (1753) spinning-\\njenny, 9182 d. (1S27).\\nCromwell, Bartlett J., capt. U.S.N., 3221\\n3361.\\nHenry, b. (162S) gov., 8893; d. (1674).\\nOliver, Gen., b., 8762 Puritan, 35i;\\nagainst N. Scotia, to rejected in Va.,\\n392,3 against Fr., 5721 j n H. C, 8832;\\nlieut.-gen., 8842 in civil war, 8841 S861\\nin Dublin leaves Ire. in Scot., 8862\\nescapes enemies, 887 1; in Ire.; lord\\nlieut. aids Waldeuses, 8873; attempt to\\nkill partisans dissolves Rump Pari.\\nlord protector, 8891; proclamation\\nagainst excludes members from Pari.,\\n8892 refuses title of king organizes\\nH. Lords; d., 8893 disentombed, 891\\nstatue, 980\\nRichard, b., 8822 protector dissolves\\nPari., 8893 resigns; d., 9042.\\nThomas, b.,866 vicar-general, 8682;\\nRoyal [iijiuirlimix, .S69 minister, 869 2\\nprivy seal E. of Essex, executed, 8693\\nd., 8682.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Croniea cieiiHjica, lUteraria issued, 1131\\nGenera! de Espaloi, appears, 1127\\nrima del Chi, appears, 1127\\nCronin, Patrick Henry, suspected treach-\\nery, 339 funeral, 3412 murderers sen-\\ntenced, 348 2 Asso. monument, 359\\nCronstadt, ship-canal opened, 11213.\\nCronstedt, Axel Frederick, b.-d., 11342\\ndiscovers nickel, 1134\\n-Cronuse, Lorenzo, nom. for gov. Neb., 4132.\\nCrook, George, b., 1361 at Lewisburg,\\n208i at Cloyd s Mountain and New\\nRiver Bridge, 2323 in Shenandoah Val-\\nley,2322; at Lynchburg, 2343; atKearns-\\ntown, 23(13 Army of Shenandoah, 2371\\ncommands Dept. W. Va., 2381 reen-\\nforces Meade, 2403; captured, 2422; sur-\\nrenders, 2.S01 against Indians, 3121, 3201\\nsucceeded, 322 1 3541 d., 3541\\nCrooked Run. Ya.,(Jonfeds. repulsed, 2372.\\nCrookes, William, b. (1832) investigates\\nSpiritualism, 9761\\nCrooks, Geo. Rich., b. (1822); Simpson, 3743.\\nCropredy Bridge, action at, 8841.\\nCropsey, Jasper Frank, b., 1302 paintings,\\n1622, 1701, 1821, 2171, 2721, 3021,3031,\\n3161 ,3181 322 Xat. Acad. Design, 1701\\nCrosbie, Thomas, Bar. Daere, d., 10021\\nCrosby, Alpheus, b., 1162.\\nEdward, killed, 4683.\\nErnest H, bill, 3372; judge, 3412.\\n.Howard, b., 1341; moderator, 2822\\nChairman conf., 3702 asserts official\\nbribery, 3711; d., 3801.\\nJohn Schuyler, b. (1839) gov., 3132.\\nLord Mayor, in Tower, 9193.\\nWilliam, gov. N. Y., 632.\\nB., d., 2452.\\nGeorge, b. (1806) gov. Me., 1743\\nd. (1881).\\nCrosland, Newton, Mrs., Landmarks, 478 3\\nCross Keys, Va., battle, 208 3\\nLanes, Federal defeat, 1981.\\nposts est., Eng., 9073.\\nDelia, made capt., 3623.\\nEdward, est. Zoo. Gardens, 9441\\nMrs. (Mary Ann, or Marian, Evans),\\nGeorge Eliot, b.,9383; works, 9623, 9763;\\nd., 9861\\nSir Richard Assheton, b. (1823)\\nminister, 9933, 9953.\\nViscount, title created, 996 2\\nCrosse, Andrew, I)., 9223; d., 9603.\\nCrosses in churches, 10703; on spires, 10722.\\nCrossley, John T., d., 10001\\nCrosswell, Charles M., b. (1825) gov.\\nMich., 2973; d. (1886).\\nCrosthwaite, H. J., cons, bp., 10022.\\nOroswell, Edwin, b. (1797) d., 2741.\\nCroton (Crotona), It., fnd., 10151, 2;\\nVenetians defeated, 10722.\\nCrotopas, reigns, 10133.\\nCroven, Gadred, takes Isle of Man, 8481.\\nCrow Indians code land, 3733.\\nCrowder, Thos., b., 1561.\\nCrowe, B. W., negro school question, 4262.\\nCrown, ecclesiastical power, Eng., 872; offi-\\ncers, H. C, 9153 imperial state, G. B.,\\n9493; c. elective, 11352.\\njewels sold, Fr., 7523.\\nLand Sales Act, passages, Eng., 4971.\\nof It., order instituted, 10S93\\nPoint, N.Y., fortress est., 5741; sur-\\nrendered, 70 3 occupied, 721 expedition\\nagainst, 6Si; taken, 801 Carleton oc-\\ncupies, 842; Burgoyne advances, 5761.\\nCrowninshield, Arrant Schuyler, b., 1561\\npromoted capt., 4481\\nBenj. Williams, b. (1772) sec. navy,\\n1253; d. (1851).\\nJacob, b. (1770); sec. N., 1132; d.(1808).\\nCrowther, John, hydraulic crane, 9421.\\nSamuel, takes orders, 11603.\\nAdiai, cons, bp., 96S ;d. (1891).\\nCroxton, John T., d., 2842.\\nCroydon, Church Congress at, 9742 j iron\\ntramroad, 9301\\nCrozat, Anth., trade monopoly, 591 5752.\\nCrozier, Francis Kawdon Moira, capt., b.\\n(1795) attacks rebels, 5841 Arctic expe-\\ndition, 9522.\\nJudge, decision, 3592.\\nCruden, Alexander, b., 9022; Concordance,\\n9091; d., 9183.\\nCruelty to Animals Act, G. B., 9471\\nto animals in transit, law, 2851\\nCruger, John, b., 562; mayor, N. Y., 652,\\n713; d., 1022.\\nCruikshank, George, b., 9262; d. (1878).\\nWin., b., 910 3 water gas, patented,\\n9501 d., 9302.\\nCruin, leads Bulgarians, 10321.\\nCrump, W. W., surety tor J. Davis, 256 3\\nCrusade of persecution in Fr., 670.\\nChildren s, 10751.\\nCrusades, first, 7761, 848 crosses Hung.,\\n5023; cause of, 4872; papal favor, 668 1;\\nproclaimed, 6683 i n Gr., 1032 in Asia\\nM., 10323; conquests, 4872; take Jerusa-\\nlem, 4872, 654 desolate Syria, 1155\\nsecond, 669 2 776 3 cause, 1032 awaken\\nGer. intellect, 777 third (Ger.), 7782,\\n5042, 6701, 3,7792, S501, 10322; Fourth,\\n6703, 7732, 10323 at Constantinople,\\n10351; Fifth, 5042, 6703; Sixth, 6721, 2,\\n6.S02; Seventh, 6722; results of, 6731.\\nCrusaders attack Prague, 7843.\\nCrusenstolpe, Magnus Jakob, b.-d., 11343;\\nworks, 11362.\\nCrusius, Christian A., b., 7983; d., 8041.\\nCruys, Cornells, b.-d., 11142.\\nCruz, Gaspar da, introduces Christianity,\\n4803; d. (1570).\\nJean de la, works of, 11292.\\nJose Maria de la, b. (1801) leader,\\n6061, 6072; d., 6063.\\nJuana Inez de la, b.-d., 10951\\nCrypteia, Gr., formed, 10143.\\nCserhalom, battle of, Aust., 5021\\nCsokonai, Vitez Mihalv, b.,5163; d.,5192.\\nCsomade Koros, Sandor, b.,5163; d., 5203.\\nCtesiphon, plans, erects Temple of Diana,\\n10162, 11461.\\nAsia, seized, burned, 10641 con-\\nquered, 11061.\\nCuadra, Antonio Vasquez de la, gov.\\nCosta Rica, 6302.\\nCuba, see Text, pp. 631-635, Columbus\\nreaches, 122; visited, 142; tobacco known,\\n151 Columbus signs document, 143; cir-\\ncumnavigated, 163 conquered, 161 173;\\nBaracoa settled Havana settled, 173\\nnegroes for, 212; De Soto gov., 213; Ha-\\nyana, capital, 23 2 Indians gone, 231\\nEng. colonists attack, 641; Havana re-\\nstored, 733 cyclone, 76 1 port opened,\\n773 U. S. offers to buy, 1652; Lopez in-\\nvades, 1063; and defeated, 168 he again\\nlands, 1691 filibusters denounced, 6331\\nOstend Manifesto, 177 bill to purchase,\\nin Cong., 185 2 Thomas Jordan, filibuster,\\nlands, 266 3 massacre of Americans, 2833\\ninsurrection ended, 11322 slavery pro-\\nhibited, 11323 commercial duties with\\nAm., 4631, 6333; colonies eel.. 3702; Reci-\\nprocity Treaty, U. S., 377 U. S. claims\\nfor duties, 4631, 11333; for independence,\\n11332 partial home rule granted, 11333.\\n(See Havana.)\\nCuban League find, in U. S., 6332.\\nCubitt, Sir Wm., b., 9223 invents tread-\\nmill, 9381 Lord mayor, 9652; d., 9642.\\nCuckoo and X ujhtinaalc, issued, 8603.\\nCudahy, John, pork conspiracy, 416 3\\nCuddalore mission, 10472.\\nCudden, Dr., drowned, 8322.\\nCud-worth, Ralph, b., 890 works, 8943,\\n9091 ;d., 8982.\\nCuenca, Sp., taken, 11321.\\nCuesta, Gregorio Garcia, Gen., b. (1740)\\nat Talavera, 7181 d. (1812).\\nCueva, Fernando de la, gov. C. R., 6301\\nCuffee, Paul, b. (1759) d., 1262.\\nCujas, Jacques, 1... 6SU3; d., 6842.\\nCulberson, David B., b., 1381.\\nCulbertson, Chas. A., nom for gov., 4692.\\nMatthew Simpson, b. (1818) d., 6202.\\nCullen, Scot., action at, 8461\\nKing, murdered, 8463.\\nPaul, b., 9323 cons, archbp., 9562\\nd., 9S22.\\nWilliam, b., 9043; d., 9243.\\nCullman, Ala., fire, 4533.\\nCulloden, Scot., battle of, 9101\\nCullom, Shelby Moore, b., 1362 speech,\\n4372.\\nCullum, Geo. W., b. (1809) Sanitary Com-\\nmissioner, 1971 will, 4023; d., 4021\\nCulpepper, Va., Lee s army at, 2222 ac-\\ntion, 2263; winter quartets, 2283; Grant s\\nheadquarters, 2303.\\nJohn, Pres. N. C, 473.\\nLord Thomas, land grant, 39 2 gov.\\nVa., 453, 472, 3; in y a 453; d., 582.\\nCultivation of Oysters Act, G. B., 9693.\\nCimiacho, Gen., defeated, 5513.\\nCumffi. (See Naples.)\\nCumans, defeated, 5021\\nCumberland, sunk, 2043.\\npurchased, 6061\\nCumberland, Eng., fief to Malcolm, 8453;\\nstrike, 1001 1 works close, 10073.\\nFord, Ky., occupied, 1982.\\nGap, Term., works seized, 2091 Con-\\nfeds, defeated, 2123; evacuated, 2132.\\nVa., Confeds. defeated, 2262.\\nIslands discovered, 5712.\\nMd., Confeds. defeated, 237 miners\\nstrike, 4622.\\nMountains, Confeds. defeated, 2051\\nR. I., cold-cut nails, 891\\nStage, N. V., Fr., flag at, 11032.\\nW. Va., Federals captured, 2422.\\nDuke of, marries, 6422.\\nRichard, phil., b., 8822 a., g 62.\\ndramatist, b., 9082; d., 9351\\nWilliam Augustus, Duke of, b., 9062;\\nCapt. -gen., 9101; Royalist commander,\\n9101 d. (1765) statue, 9181\\nArmy of, moves southward, 2261\\nGen. Thomas commands, 2322.\\nand Oxford Canal completed, 1373.\\nUniv. org., Term., 1551\\nVise, of, title created, 9252.\\nCuming, T. B., gov., 1772.\\ndimming, Alfred, b. (1802\u00c2\u00b1) gov., 1832\\npeace est., 1841; resigns, 1971; d. (1873)\\nRonaleyn Geo. Gordon, b. (1820)\\nHunter s Life, 9563; d. (1866).\\nCummings, Alex., gov. Colo., 2511.\\nAmos Jay, b., 1522.\\nArthur, intro. curve pitching, 2693.\\nThomas Seir.b. (1804); in Nat. Acad,\\nof Design, 1341\\nCummins, Geo. David, b., 1301 cons. bp.\\n2542; presiding bp., 2822; deposed, 2842;\\nd., 2921.\\nMaria S., b., 1342; d., 2541.\\nCummiskey, M. T. G., defaulter, 4071\\nCumoona surrenders, 10461\\nCunagheen, Ire., R. R. collision, 9833.\\nCanard, Samuel, Sir, b.,9242; linesteamers\\nest., 1533; d., 9681\\nCunaxa, Asia, action at, 10221.\\nCundell, Wm., beheaded, 9352.\\nCufiha, Tristan da, in Mozambique, 11111\\nCunningham, Allan, b., 9223; .Poems,9352;\\nd., 9502.\\nbotanist, 4941\\nGeorge, killed, 4222.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1242.jp2"}, "1243": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0082\u00acunn-Dahl.\\nText Figures denote Page, IN DiL2\\\\.. Superior Figures indicate Colun\\n1231\\nCunningham, Haines W., ed. of Press, 3471\\nThomas, d., 3341\\nCapt., at Sturgeon, 2141\\nMrs., trial in N. Y., 1S03.\\nCuraco, bombards Samoa, 10121.\\nCura coa, W. I., surrendered, 9321\\nCuraudau, Francois Ken. b., 7031 ;d.,720 3\\nCurbellis, William de, archbp., 8483.\\nCurei, Carlo Maria, b., 10851 works d.,\\nloaoi\\nCurfew, sinks in Suez Canal, 6613.\\nCurfew bell rings, Eng., 8491\\nCuriatii, champions, 10501.\\nCurieuse Blbliothek, issued, 7991.\\nCurio, Caius Soribouius, in Sicily in Afr.,\\ndefeated by Juba, k., 10601\\nCurius Dentatus Manlius against Sam-\\nnites, 10522.\\nCurley, Daniel, convicted executed, 991 1\\nCurr, John, iron railway, 920 2\\nCurran, J. J., solicitor gen., Can., 595 2\\nJohn Philpot, b., 9122; in duel, 9252;\\nd., 9382.\\nCurrency, Am.,tobacco,302; wampum, 313,\\n413;hullcrs.:: 2 province bills inflated,\\n591 issue prohibited, 59 3 hemp and flax,\\n611; tobacco, 632; paper depreciated,\\n861, 933, issue restrained, 65 3 paper\\nredeemed, 672; inConn.,79 3 scarce, 91 3\\nWild Cat Banks, 1413; contracted by\\nSpecie circular, 147 2 specie payment\\nsuspended, 2032; postage stamps, 2113;\\nC. Bureau opd.,2352; vast paper in 1865,\\n2492; contraction begun, 2493, 2511;\\nSchenck Bill, reduction forbidden, 259 2\\nreduction prohib., 2611 Greenback\\nagitation, 2652 provision against con-\\ntraction, 379 2 silver dollar unminted\\ntrade dollar coined, 281 2 expansion bill\\npasses, 285 2 legal-tenderf orbidden, 299 2\\nno premium, 4373; taxes in, 4411 imita-\\ntion unindicted,4752; imitators arrested,\\n4703; Carlisle C.Bill substituted; reform,\\ndebate, 4793; depreciated, Argen., 4913;\\nissue, 4922 copper money, Ecu., 6443\\nnationalization of silver, Fr.,765 3 con-\\nven. in Ger., 8211 uniform, G. B., 9432;\\ngold standard, Rumania, 11132 silver\\nroubles, coinage suspended, Rus., 11231.\\nCurrent Island, fisheries fail, 5893.\\nCurribert, king of Italy, 10731\\nCurrie, James, b., 9143 hydropathy re-\\nvived, 9282; d.,9323.\\nCurrier, Moody, gov. N. BL, 3233.\\nCurry, Daniel, b., 1161 d. (1887).\\nGeo. Law, b. (1820) gov. Ore., 1743\\nd. (1878).\\nJabez Lamar Monroe, b., 1322,\\nCursor Mundi, issued, 8563.\\nCursus, asteroid, discovered, 9061\\nCurthose, Robt builds Newcastle, 8481\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Curtin, Andrew Gregg, b. (1817) prepares\\nfor war, 1952; gov. Pa., 2032; calls for\\nmen, 2131,2223; d.,4721.\\nCurtis, Alfred A., b. (1S33I cons, bp.,3242.\\nBenj. K., b., 116i justice, 1692 i n\\nimpeachment trial, 2612,3; d., 2861\\nCharles M., b., 1861\\nEdwin U., mayor Boston, 4772.\\nGeorge Ticknor, b. (1812); d., 4541\\nWin., b. 1321 works, 1703, 1731\\n180 2 ,396 2 Civil Service Commissioner,\\n2732, 2751 pres. of Civil Service Reform,\\n3472,3703; chancellor of Regents, 3522;\\npresides at Convocation, 3862; d., 4141\\nJames L., vote for pres., 3312.\\nHarvey, shoots Philip Moran, 4623.\\nM. B., acquitted, 4362.\\nNewton Martin, b., 1442 appeals,\\n3112.\\nSamuel E., b. (1S07\u00c2\u00b1) on Com. of\\n33, 1891 commands in Mo., 2021 a t p e a\\nRidge, 2042 at Little Rock, 2091 at\\nHelena, 2121 rules Dept. of Mo., 2132;\\nrelieved, 2222; at Mine Creek; at Little\\nBlue, 2391 carries Fort Fisher, 2421 d.\\n(1866).\\nWni. E., in treas. dept., 4472 d., 3041\\nCurtls s Botanical Magazine, issued, 9251\\nCurtius, Georg, b., 8122; d., 8302.\\nRufus Quintus, b., 10622; Alexander\\nthe Great, 10623.\\nErnst, b., 8102; works, 8163.\\nMarcus, b., 10531\\nCurule officers, age proscribed, 10553.\\nCurupaiti, Brazil, attack on, 5561\\nCururuyuqui, Bolivia, battle at, 550 2\\nCurwen, John, b. (1816); tonic sol-fa sys-\\ntem, 9521; d. (1880).\\nCusack, Thos., mayor, 8613.\\nCushlnf/, lirst topedo boat, 3521 specd,360 2\\nCushing, Caleb, b. (1800) China treaty,\\n1592, 6192; atty.-gen., 1732; conciliator,\\n1892; d., 3001.\\nThomas, b., 602; d., 1001.\\nWm., b., 621 justice 1012; d. (1810).\\nLieut. W. B., b. (1842\u00c2\u00b1); blows up Al-\\nbemarle, 2391; d., 2861.\\nCushman, Charlotte Saunders, b. 1242; in\\nBoston, 1441 in N. Y., 1481 d., 2902.\\nPauline, sentenced, 225 3\\nRobert, b. (1580); d., 301\\nThos., b. (160S); elder, 382; d. (1691).\\nCuspius Fadus, procurator, 11533.\\nCuster, Geo. Armstrong, b., 150 2 near\\nWaynesboro, 2422; ;L t Appomattox Sta-\\ntion, 2452 against Indians, 2561 2641\\n2841, 2921; d., 2921.\\nCustine, Cointe de, Adam Philippe, b.,\\n7002 conquests 7081 guillotined, 7093.\\nCustis, Martha, marrics^YVashiiigton, 712.\\nCustom-House, Eng., est., 9173.\\nCustoms Adminisl ration Bill, U.S., passes,\\n3591 C. Bureau Bill, U.S. ,4531 c.and In-\\nland Revenue Bill, G. B., 10033 C. and\\nInternal Revenue Bill, 9992 ;t nun Ls.Eng.,\\n9092;C. League, fmd., Ger., 8353; C. Pari.,\\nfirst, Ger., 8253 C. Union, Pan-Am.\\nCong. 3613 C. Unions est., Ger., 8153.\\nCustozza, battle at, 816 1; 8241.\\nCutemi, Prince, k., 9 2\\nCuthah, colony planted, 11453.\\nCuthbert, Capt., in duel, 9271\\nSt., archbp. Canterbury, 8431 d.,8421\\nCuthbertson, Rev,, in Pa., 691\\nCuthing, A. K., libel, 10972.\\nCutler, Nathan, gov. Me., 1373.\\nTimothy, b. (1684) rector Yale, 583\\nd. (1765).\\nCutlery, table, mnf. in Am., 1421\\nCuttae k, India, Bapt. Coll. fmd., 1421.\\nCutter, Gen., near Mattapony River, 2103.\\nGeo. W., b. (1814) d., 2482.\\nCutting, Francis Brockholst, b. (1805) d.,\\n2702.\\nCutts, John, gov. N. H., 473.\\nCuvier, Baron, Georges Chretien Leopold\\nFrederic Dagobert, b., 7042; anatomical\\nclassification, 7123 anatomy, 7142 pe-\\nriods of life, works, 7191 7221 d., 7262.\\nFredenc, b., 7043; d., 7281\\nCuyaba, Borneo, gold-mines, 5523.\\nCuyler, Cornelius C, b. (1783) pres. Re-\\nformed synod, 1343, 1351 d. (1850).\\nTheo. Ledyard, b. (1822) Total Absti-\\nnence, 2771 retires, 3562; president Nat.\\nTemperance Soc, 3831.\\nCuza, Alex., John, pr. of Roumania, 11123.\\nCuzco, Peru, besieged, 20 2 monastery,\\n203; earthquake, 6281 Univ. fnd., 11083.\\nCyane captured, 1231 bombards San Juan\\nde Nicaragua, 1741 bombards Grey town,\\n1773.\\nCyaxares, attacks Nineveh, 11442; in Me-\\ndia, 1145 3 captures Nineveh, 11461\\nII. (Darius), reigns, 11472; d., 11462.\\nCyclists, cong. of, 9943; Touring Club,\\nfnd., 9843.\\nCyclopedia written, Arabia, 4862.\\nCyclops launched, 9741\\nCygni, distance from earth, 8141\\nCylinder carding machine invented, 9161\\nCylon seizes Acropolis; executed, 10171\\nCymry, war against, 8421\\nCynewulf, works, 843 1\\nCynics school founded, 10231.\\nCynoscephabe, Pelopidas, slain at, 10223\\nbattle of, 10262.\\nCynossema, action near, 1020 3\\nCynric, in Eng., 7693; conquers Berkshire,\\n8401 fnds. Wessex, 8413.\\nCynthia, in collision, 5873.\\nC vnthiana, Kv., attack on, 2101 Federals\\ndefeat, 2342; meteor falls, 2941\\nCyprian, bp. of Carthage, 10662; d., 11391\\nThascius Ca-cilius, d., 10662.\\nCyprus, granted to Cleopatra, 11512; bat-\\ntle of Salamis, 10261 war with Egy.,\\n6502; Egv. loses, 0513; Ptolemy holds,\\n6531; a kingdom, 6532; taken, 542, (1552;\\nCato in, 10593; ceded to Eng., 9S51 Gre-\\ncians rule, 1015 3 conquers Gr. cities,\\n10172; surrendered, 10212; Jews revolt,\\n11533; taken, 10313, 10321, 10341; seized\\nby Arabs, 11541 Gr. reigns, 10153; sugar-\\ncane, intro., 11551 Or. loses. 1033 3 given\\ntoGuy del. usigmm, 11553; Order of Sword\\nest., 11551 taken by Venetians, 1078 1\\n10793,11572; conquered, 11572; taken by\\nTurks, 10801 H561 insurrection, 11573;\\nmassacre, 10342; Gr. revolt, 11562; orna-\\nments disc, 11581\\nCyrene, asteroid discovered, 2801\\nCyrene, given to Euergetes, 6521; fnd.,\\n10153 massacre, 10651 granted to Cleo-\\npatra, 11512.\\nCvrenius, levies taxes, 11513.\\nCyril, b.-d., 6542; bp. of Alexandria, 6543;\\nof Jerusalem deposed, restored, 10683;\\nSermons, 1113 2\\nSt., miss, to Slavs to Moravians,\\n5022; adopts Gr. alphabet, 5023; preaches\\nChristianity, 11131.\\nCvropediiun, action at, 11481.\\nCyrus the Great, b.-d., 11002; reigns, 11071\\n1147 2 conquers Asia M., takes Babylon,\\n11061; aids Temple, 11462, 11463; con-\\nquests, 11461; in Media; in Phenicia,\\n11472; k., 11061.\\nthe Younger, revolts, 10221 d., 11062.\\nCzajkowski, Michael, b., 11162.\\nwrecked, 9633.\\nCzarewitch, attacked in Japan, 10923.\\nCzartoryski, Adam Jerzy, b., 1116 2 d.,\\n11182.\\nCzaslau, Boh., Austrians defeated, 5142.\\nCzechic literature, golden age, 5083.\\nCzechs, in Hung., 5031; in Moravia, 5032;\\nuprising, 5231; emperor, king of; sep-\\narate govt., 527 3 reconciled to Ger.,\\n5331 oppose Ger., 5362; in Landtag, 5371.\\nCzeruiak, Johann Nepomuk, b., 5202; d.,\\n5282.\\nCzernowitz, Univ. est., 5131 5283.\\nCzerny, Geo., b. (1766); expels Turks est.\\ngovernment killed, 1123 2\\nKarl, b., 5191 d., 5242.\\nCzuczor, Gergely, b., 5191 d., 5262.\\nDabentone, Jean, d., 6742.\\nDablon, Claude, b. (1618) missionary, 401\\n442,3 d. (1697).\\nDabney, Chas. W., Jr., in agri. dept., 4473.\\nDabnev s Mills, Ya., Confeds. retire, 2421.\\nDaboll Nathan, b., 662, 1262.\\nWilliam S., d., 4141\\nDacca, Bengal mission, 10463.\\nDacia, conquered by Romans, 5023; Rom.\\nprovince, 7691 f 1065 1 sacrificed by Rome,\\n10293; Goths in, 10652; Romans trans-\\nported, 10672; abandoned, 7692; war in\\nTranslyvania, 10641.\\nTiacia Lileraria, issued, 11133.\\nDaeians, revolt, 7691\\nDacier, Andre, b., 6002; d., G982,\\nDa Costa, Isaak, b.-d., 11021.\\nDacre, Baron. (See Crosbie, Thomas.)\\nDacres, Capt., surrenders Guerriere, 1181;\\ncommands Tiber, 1231\\nD. Adam*, confiscated, 589 2\\nDade, Francis Langhorne, in Seminole In-\\ndian war, 1531 killed (1835).\\nDasdalus, myth, 10132.\\nDa gsastan, battle at, S421\\nDael, Jan Franz Van, b., 5422; d., 5442.\\nDaendels, Hermann Willem, b. (1762);\\ncommander, 551 2 d. (1818).\\nDagger scene in H. C, 9272.\\nDaggett, David, b., 741 d., 1682.\\nNaphtali, b. (1727); pres. Yale Coll.,\\n743; d. (1780).\\nD Agincourt, Jean Baptiste Louis George\\nSeroux, b., 6983; d., 7211.\\nDagobert I., b. (602); patronizes clergy;\\nbuilds St.. Denis, 6642; mistresses, 6551\\nking, 6652; d. (638).\\nII., king, 7712; d. (679).\\nIII., king, 6653; d. (715).\\nDagoli, action at, 22.\\nDagon, falls, 11422.\\nDaguerre, Louis Jacques Mande, b., 7062;\\ninvents diorama, 7241 invents daguerre-\\notype, 7222, 7281 d., 7302.\\nDaguerreotypes, made in America, 1521\\nD Aguesseau. (See Aguesseau.)\\nDalil, Vladimir Ivanovitch, b., 11162; d.,\\n11182.\\nDablbom, Anders Gustaf, b.-d., 11361.\\nDahlgren, John Adolf, b., 1161 at Freder-\\nicksburg, 2151; at Charleston, 2242; at\\nFt. Wagner, 2251 at Ft. Sumter, 2261 at\\nFt. Wagner, 2262; ,1., 2702\\nKa rT Johaii, h!-d! 11342.\\nUlric, b. (1842) d., 2312,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1243.jp2"}, "1244": {"fulltext": "1232\\nText Figures denote Page. IND.C..X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nDahl-Dari.\\nDahlmann, Friedrich Christoph, b., 8042\\nworks, 815 2, 8163; d., S202.\\nDahlonega, Ga., branch mint, est., 145 2\\nDalln, Felix, b. (1834) works, 8203, 829\\n8342; poems, 8203.\\nDahomey, W. Africa, first visited, 1161\\nunder Port. ,1101 2 natives repulsed,762\\n(See text p. 1161.)\\nDailbo, launched, 10882.\\nDaille, Jean, b., 6842; d., 6922.\\nDain, Olivier le, b.-d., 6762.\\nDaireaux, M., Life on La Plata, 755 3\\nDairymen, convention in Can., 5863.\\nDakin, Thos., L. mayor of London, 975 3\\nDakka, Afghan. Baker, occupies, 61.\\nDakoof, mission, 657\\nDalayrac, Nicolas, b., 701 d., 719\\nDalberg, Karl Theodor Anton Maria von,\\nb., 8003; grant of Frankfort, 8092; Duke\\nof Hesse, 811 d., 812\\nDale, Richard, b., 71 d., 134\\nSir Thomas, b. (1619); enforces ortho-\\ndoxy, 28 2 inVa., 29 gov.; resigns, 29 2\\nd.,282.\\nDalechamps, Jacques, b., 6802; d., 6842.\\nD Alembert. (See Alembert.)\\nD Alencon. (See Alencon.)\\nDales, John B., moderator, 260 2\\nW., lynched, 3803.\\nDalga run. George, b., 882 d., 8962.\\nDalholl Theodore, eons, bp., 10082.\\nDalhousie, founders, 9593.\\nwrecked, 9673.\\nE. of, title created, 883\\nMarquis of. (See Ramsey, James.)\\nCollege, corner-stone, 5783.\\nDalimil, Rhvmiug hrnnicler of Boh. ,5043.\\nDalin, Olaus von, b. (170S) works, 1135\\nd. (1763).\\nDallas, Ga., action at, 233 Sherman near,\\n2332.\\nTex., Buckner Orphans Homefnd.,\\n269 Walton absconds, 3523; Tom James\\nkilled, 3543; tire, 3X93; E. M. Tate shot,\\n3912; archbishopric created, 416 Capt.\\nVial shot, 417 hurricane, 448\\nAlex. James, b., 722; d., 126\\nGeorge Mifflin, b., 1022; nom., 1572;\\nvice-president, 1592; d\u00e2\u0080\u009e 241\\nIsabella. (See Glyn.)\\nDalles, Ore., Indian mission, 1483, 163\\nrobbery, 473\\nDalmatia, taken by Vdoman, 502 Roman\\nprovince, 5023; eeded.5192; insurrection,\\n529 ,531 2; disturbances, 550 coast, ship\\ncapsizes, 5353; i; r i ose 10332; acquired,\\n10712,10733; captured, 10741,10773.\\nDalong, Pierre Louis, steam experiments,\\n7222.\\nDalrvmple, Sir David, Lord Hailes, b.,\\n9063; d., 9262.\\nJames, b., 8S0 d., 9002.\\nJohn, B. of Stair, b. (1673) at\\nDettingen, 700 commander-in-chief,\\n910 d. (1747).\\nDalston, Eng., Ger. Hospital, fnd., 953\\nDalton. Ga., Johnston at, 2322; Confeds.\\nevacuate, 233 Confeds. defeated, 2372;\\nFederals surrender, 2383.\\nO., tornado, 450 fire, 4713.\\nJohn, b., 9163; works, 927 9322; d.,\\nCall, b., 1322; a., 334\\nDaly, Fenian leader, killed, 9703.\\nAugustin.b., 1482; theater, 268\\nSir Dominick, gov. Australia, 4972,\\n5792; d.,4993.\\nM. B., lieut.-gov., N. S., 5912.\\nThos. M. .minister Can., 5952, 5963.\\nDalzell, John, b., 158\\nDalziel, Gen., defeats Covenanters, 892\\nDam, Rip van, gov., N. Y., 632.\\nDamad Ali, defeated, 514\\nDaman, Christian, b., 798 3\\nDamaraland, missionaries, 5982; a Ger-\\nman dependency, 11613.\\nDamas, Francois Etienne, b., 703 d.,\\n7243.\\nDamascene, John, b.-d., 11542.\\nDamascenus, Nicolaus, h., 10282.\\nDamascius, philosopher, b., 1030 3\\nDamascus, city, 11413; taken, 1142 1154\\n10242; annexed to Israel, capital, 11433\\ncaptured, 1144 1155 recovered, 1145\\ngiven to Greeks, 11473; separate king-\\ndom, divided, 1150 3 annexed to Rome,\\n1151 emirs revolt, 1032 destroyed by\\nTamerlane, 11542; mosque erected, 1154\\nemirs revolt; taken by Turks, 11552;\\nroyal residence, 4X52; Saracens capture,\\n484 mission, 1157 massacre, 11582;\\npersecutors executed, 1159\\nDamastes of Sigeum, history of Gr.,1031\\nDamasus, St., pope, 10663.\\nII., pope, 10731 wears papal cap, 10742.\\nDarner, Lionel S. W. Dawson, Earl of Por-\\ntarlington d., 10082.\\nDamiani, Pietro, b.-d., 10722.\\nDamianics, Janos, b., 519 at Szolnok,\\n5222; d. (1849).\\nDamien, Father, b. (1840) d., 10412; monu-\\nment, 5493.\\nDamiens, Robt. Francois, b., 696 3 at-\\ntempted regicide, 7033; trial; punished,\\n7033; d. (1757).\\nDamietta, Egv., captured, 654 6561 chol-\\nera, 6593; restored to Turks, 6721.\\nDaminhoor, mission, 6571\\nDamiron, Jean P., b., 7102; works, 7261,\\n7292; d., 7342.\\nDamjanies, Janos. (See Damianics.)\\nDamm, Chris. Tobias, b. (1699) d., 8042.\\nDamnnnii, descent of, S393.\\nDamont, Charles Albert Eugene Auguste,\\nd., 7541.\\nDamnphilus decorates temples, 10502.\\nDainpier, Win., b., SSX2; explorer, 4932;\\nsacks Leou, Nic, 11031 d., 9042.\\nDampierre, Marquis de, Auguste Henri\\nMarie Picot, b., 7022; d., 7082.\\nDamreinont. (See Danremont.)\\nDamroseh, Walter J., b., 8202.\\nDan I. defeats Babylonians, 1140\\nDana, Chas. Anderson, b., 12S Am. Cy-\\nclopedia, 2S23; minister to Eng., ap-\\npointment rejected, 2913.\\nFrancis, b 64 2; minis! or, 933 d., 1162.\\nJames Dwight, b., 121 works, 1843,\\n2272, 2803.\\nJohn Winchester, b. (1808); gov. Me.,\\n1633; d. (1867).\\nNapoleon Jackson Tecumseh, b.,\\n130 occupies Brazos, Santiago, and\\nBrownsville, 2161,227 2281.\\nNathan, d., 1442.\\nRichard Henry, b., 981 works, 1311\\n1351; d.,3002.\\nJr., b., 1242; 1523; d. (1882).\\nSamuel Luther, b., lOGi d., 2602.\\nT., bank swindler, 3943.\\nWilliam Parsons, b. (1833) National\\nAcad. Design, 2291.\\nWilliam Star, Wild Flowers, 4462.\\nDanse, asteroid, discovered, 7321.\\nDanaus, arrives king, dethroned, 10132,3.\\nDanbury, Conn., raided, 862; fire, 3533; re-\\nlief fund, 4443 strike, 4502.\\nDanby, Francis, h., 92i;2; d., 9642.\\nDance, Polka, in N. Y., 1571\\nDancing, intro. in Eng., 8681.\\nDnnekers in New York, 463.\\nDancourt (Florent Carton), b., 6902\\nworks, 6951,2; d., 6982.\\nDandolo, launched, 10892.\\nEnrico, b.-d., 10742.\\nVincenzo, count, b., 10842; d., 10862.\\nDandridge, Tenn., Fed. defeat near, 230\\nDane, Nathan, b. (1752); draws up ordi-\\nnance, 992; d. (1835).\\nDanegelt abolished, 8473 revived, 8491.\\nDanenhower, John Wilson, b., 1661 d.\\n(1887).\\nDanes, terrorize nations, 6352; invade Gt.\\nBrit., 8441; wa r with, 770 7722; de-\\nfeated, 7721 in Rus., 11132; invade Sp.,\\n11261; emigrate to Eng., 6352; in East\\nAnglia, 845 2 destroy schools, 8443;\\nChristianized, 8443; invade Fr.; attack\\nIt., 6351; last invasions, 8461; rebel, 7741\\ntreaty with Normandy paid to depart,\\n8471,2; masters of Eng., 8472; dynasty,\\nends in Eng., 6352; tribute from Eng.,\\n6353; in Ger., 6351 demand toll, 6372;\\nlose territory, 7803; recover territory,\\n11352; expelled from Aust., 7961 est.\\nEast India Co., 6373; settle at Tranque-\\nbar, 10443; defeated, 11341 Wallenstein\\nscatters, 6361 mission work, 10443; fleet\\nsurrenders, 6381,6393; possessions pur-\\nchased, 10473; subscription for, 16411;\\ndriven from Prus., 5261 political pro-\\nject, 8211.\\nD Anethan, Baron. (See Anethan.)\\nDanewerk, Den., Austrians advance, 5261\\ndefeat at, 6401 defended, abandoned,\\n6402 battle at, 8161\\nDanforth, Thos., b. (1622); gov., Mass.,\\n513; d. (1699).\\nDangan, D. R. pres. conven., 3142.\\nDang -rlield, Lord, imprisoned, 8952.\\nDanham, Sir John, d., 8922.\\nDanican, Francois Andre, b., 6982; works,\\n7053; d., 7102.\\nDaniel, written, 671\\ncaptive, prophesies, rules, 11462 in\\nlions den interprets dreams, 11463.\\nAlexandroviteh, reigns, 11152.\\nAnthony, b. (1601); in Can., 302; joins\\nHurons, 341; killed, 382, 5723.\\nGabriel, b., 6883; F r t 6972; d., 6982.\\nHermann Adalbert, b., 8102; d., 828\\n.John W., b., 1542; oration, 3201;\\nspeech, 439 defense, 451 3\\nPeter Vivian, b., 962; justice U. S. 3.\\nCt., 1552; d. (1860).\\nRobert.gov. N. C, 572, 592.\\nSam., b.,872 ;works, 877 8772, 8783;\\npoet laureate, pensioned, 8803; d., 8801\\nWm., b. (1806) nominated for vice-\\npresident, 3173; d. (1873).\\nDaniell, John Frederick, b.,9243; pyrom-\\neter, 9401 d., 9522.\\nThomas, b., 9122 d. (1840).\\nWilliam, b., 9182 d., 9482.\\nDaniels, Charles, b., 1341 speech, 4382.\\nDanllo I. rules, 10972.\\nDanish affairs, conference on, 6413.\\nChurch org. in America, 2S02.\\nLanguage Society fnd., 638 3\\nMissionary Society find., 6383; mis-\\nsions, 6403, 6421.\\nDanmark, rescued by Missouri, 3393; sinks,\\n6423.\\nDann, Edward S., defaulter, 4083.\\nDannecker, Johann H., h., 8023; d., 816\\nD Annibile, G. (See Annibile.)\\nDanremont, Chas. Marie Denis, k., 83.\\nDansk Maandesskrift, issued, 6403.\\nDanske Meraci/nx, issued, 6371.\\nDantan, Jean Pierre, b., 7142; d., 7382.\\nDantas, Manuel Pinto de Souza, b. (1825)\\npolicy supported, resigns, 5572.\\nDante Alighieri. b.-d., 107IJ2: works, 7063,\\n1077 statue, 10882.\\nDanton, George Jacques, b., 7023; leader\\nof Cordeliers, 7071 guillntined,7r03,71H.\\nDantoo mission, 10471\\nDantz, Johann A., b., 7963 d., 8002.\\nDantzic, fnd., 773 3 captured, 7162; free,\\n7172; allies possess, 7212; ruled by Teu-\\ntonic Knights, 7831 ceded to Poland,\\n7S72; taken, 8001 8101 battle, 8081 re-\\ntaken, 8101 inundated, 8141 riots, 8362;\\nDantzy, Edward, deputy, 8631\\nDanube, sealer. arrives, v 5933.\\nDanube, fleeton, 5122; navigation of, 5213;\\nrocks removed, 5253; inundation, 5262;\\nnew channel, 5273, 5293 frozen, 5302;\\noverflows, 534 1 2; 5342; passage of, 5651.\\nDanubian provinces, troops recalled, 524\\noccupied. 525 conference on, 7351\\nDanvers, ill., natural gas dis., 4021.\\nMass., Whittier s birthday eel., 373\\nDanville, la., 5251 Bapt. Church org., 1442.\\nJunction, 111., non-unionist shot, 4662.\\nKy., Center Coll. org., 1271; Theo-\\nlogical Seminary est., 1731\\nN. C, J. Davis s address, 2453.\\nVa., race riot, 3151\\nVt., library gift, 3443.\\nDaphne, launched, 9913.\\nasteroid, discovered, 732\\nproduced, 7943.\\nDa Ponte, Lorenzo, b., 10842; d., 10862.\\nDaran, Jacques, b., 6942, 706\\nDaras taken, 10302.\\nD Arblay, Mme. (Frances Burney). See\\nArblay.\\nDarboy, Georges, b.,7203; arrested, exe-\\ncuted, 7443 d., 746 assassins con-\\ndemned, 7463.\\nDarby, Abraham, bridge builder, 9202.\\nDarbytown Road, Va., action on, 2383.\\nDarcare sentenced, 7623.\\nDarcet, Jean, b., 6982; d., 7143.\\nDarcey, John S., b. (1788) d., 2272.\\nDarey, Lord, executed, 868\\nD Arcy, Sir John, gov. Ire., 8573.\\nSir Roger, gov. Ire., 8592.\\nDardanelles, fortified, 1156 closed, 11573;\\nBrit, fleets sail for, 9592, enter, 1118\\nArk., Price crosses at, 238\\nDare, Virginia, b., 25 3\\nDar-es-Salaam attacked, 838 2.\\nDarien, Colombia, dis., 163 company to\\ncolonize, 533 Scotch colony est. sur-\\nrenders to Spain, 6283.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1244.jp2"}, "1245": {"fulltext": "Bari-Davo.\\nText Figures denote Page. I N.L).tLf.X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1233\\nDarien, Ga., Feds, destroy, 2223.\\nGulf of, explored, 1623.\\nDaries, Joachim G., b., 7983; d., 8043.\\nDarius I., reigns, 11472; subdues revolt in\\nBabylonia, 1037*, 11461; crosses Bos-\\nporus, 114G 1 fleet destroyed, 10161 con-\\nquers Milesians sends heralds to Gr.,\\n10173 takes Babylon, 11472 d., 11062.\\nII., deposes Sogdianus reigns, 1107\\nrules Palestine, 11473.\\nIII., Codomanus reigns, 11473; de-\\nfeated at Issus, 10242; enthroned, 1107\\ndethroned; murdered, 10242, 11073.\\nreigns over Pontus, 1151\\nDarjiling mission, 10483.\\nDark Ages, period of, 663\\nDay in New England, 93\\nDarkness, phenomena, Can., 5762.\\nremarkable, in Eng., 894\\nD Arlanges, Marshall. (See Arlanges.)\\nDarley, Felix Octavius Carr, b., 130 d.,\\n3282.\\nDarling, Australia, floods, 500\\nSir Charles, gov. Austral., 4973.\\nGrace, b., 9363; saves lives, 9493; d.,\\n9502.\\nHenry, b. (1824) moderator, 3082; d.,\\nSir Kalph, gov. Austral., 495 4952.\\nLady, gift to, 4973; objections, 4983.\\nDarlington, Eug., strike, 9883.\\nWilliam, b., 95 d. (1863).\\nDarmeister, James, d., 766\\nDarmstadt, Ger., Prussians occupy, 526\\nPolytechnic schools est., 815\\nDarnford, Capt., at Mobile, 91\\nDarnley, E. of, title created, 9072.\\nHenry Stuart, Lord, b., S70 mur-\\nders Rizzio, 873 married, killed, 8733.\\nDarrah, Lydia, informs Washington, 88\\nD Arras, Gautier. (See Arras.)\\nD Arrest, H. L. (See Arrest.)\\nD Artaguette. (See Artaguette.)\\nDartford, Eng., first paper-mills, 8742.\\nDartmoor, Eng., Am. prisoners k., 123\\ntaken, 886 riot, 9372.\\nDartmouth, Can., Davis sails, 5702; drown-\\ning disaster, 5913.\\nDartmouth, cargo of tea, 782.\\nE. of, title created, 903\\nEarls of. (See Legge.)\\nN. H., Coll. fnd.. 763; Coll. of Agri-\\nculture and Mechanics est., 2623; Win.\\nJ. Tucker, president, 4022, 4 \u00c2\u00bb1 Butter-\\nfield collection, 426\\nD Artois, Comte. (See Artois.)\\nDartrey, Earl of, title created, 965\\nDaru, Napoleon, Comte, b. (1807) minister,\\nresigns, 7392; d., 7582.\\nPierre Antoine Noel Bruno, Comte,\\nb., 703 d., 7243.\\nDarvall, William, mayor New York, 47\\nDarwin, Charles Robert, b., 9343; works,\\n9503, 962 2, 963 9763, 9882 d., 990\\nstatue. 992\\nErasmus, b., 90S 2 in Lunar Society,\\n9212; d. (1802).\\nDasent, Sir Georgi Webbe, author, lawyer,\\nb., 9402.\\nDas Ibid, ihernisejir Jnhrl uch., issued, -SOU\\nDashiel, Robert L., b., 134\\nDashkoff, Yekaterina Romanova, b.-d.,\\n11143.\\nDat.han, mutinies against Moses, 11413.\\nDathe, Johann A., b., 8002; d., 8043.\\nDatis commands at Marathon, 1018\\nDaub, Karl, b., 8023 d., 8143.\\nDaubenton, Louis Jean Marie, b., 697\\nAnatomy, 7002 d., 7142.\\nDauheny, Charles Giles Bridle, b., 9263\\nd.,970\\nJames, d., 10102.\\nD Aubigne, T. Agrippa. (See Aubigne\\\\)\\nDanbigny.Chas. Fr:iiH;ois,b.,7222; d.,7502.\\nD Aubry, Gen. (See Aubry.)\\nDaudet, Alphonse, b. (1840) works, 7383,\\n7482, 7503, 7542.\\nLeon, Les Morticoles, 766 2\\nDaudin, Francois .Marie, b., 7043; d., 715\\nDaughter of Joints, painted, 820\\nDaughters College. Ivy., fnd., 1802.\\nDaughters of Liberty org., 93 2 at Water-\\nbury, Conn., 3903 Nat. Council, 469\\nof the Revolution, Am., org., 93 3\\n3662 plant liberty tree, 4573.\\nDaujoutin, Fr., stormed, 743\\nD Aulnoy, Marie C. (See Aulnoy.)\\nDaumas.Melchior Joseph Eugene, b., 7143\\nd., 746\\nDaumer, Georg F., b., 8063 d., 8282.\\nDauiiiesnil, Pierre, b., 7043 d.,7262.\\nDaun, Leopold Joseph Maria von, b., 5123;\\nat Koiin,516 Fink surrenders to, 516 2\\nd., 5163.\\nDaunou, Pierre C. F., h., 7023 d., 7282.\\nDauntless, loses race, 2713 wins ocean-\\nrace, defeated, 3293.\\nDauphin, H. Albert, minister, 755 3\\nDauphine, province, sold, 675\\nDautresme, Lucien, minister, 757\\nD Auvergne. (See Auvergne.)\\nDauvray, Helen, b., 184\\nDavatsi subdued, 616\\nDavenport, la., first house, 1413; incorp.,\\n1712 Griswold Coll. org., 1843 Home\\nfor Children, 2192 R.C. diocese est., 3082.\\n111., cyclone, 174\\nEdward L., b., 123 d., 296\\nFanny Lily Cipsey, b., 166\\n.Henry Ivailock, b. (1820) d.,278\\nIsaac, surety for Davis, 256 3\\nJohn, b. (1598) in Mass., 343; Puri-\\ntan, 353 d., 442.\\nI., naturalization frauds, 409\\nNicholas T., b. (1831) d., 2582.\\nFemale College N. C, fnd., 1823.\\nDavenant, Sir William, b., 878 Gondibert,\\n8883 intro. operas, 896 d., 8922.\\nDavey, Sir Horace, solicitor gen., 995\\nRobert C, b., 1722.\\nDavid, K. of Israel, kills Goliath, 1142\\na courtier in cave Adullam marriages,\\n1143 flees from Saul, 11432 defeats\\nAmalekites, 11421 anointed king, 11432;\\ntakes Jerusalem, 11421 brings Ark to\\nOhed-Edom, 11432; house of cedar, 11422;\\nconquers Ammonites, Syrians. Moabites,\\ntakes Damascus, 11421 sins, 11423 re-\\nhellions against liees from Absalom,\\n11433 Psalms of, collected, 11423.\\n1., K. of Scot., 819 2; improves churches,\\n84S3 sole K. est. feudal barons, 8493\\nd. (1153).\\nII., b. (1324) K. of Scot., 573 impris-\\noned, ransomed, 8592 d. (1371).\\nII. in Armenia, 1155 3\\nFelicien Cfear, 7191 d., 7501\\nGeorge, fanatic, d., 541\\nHoratio, Oath f tin- llaratii, 706\\nJacques Louis, b., 7003; d., 7242.\\nJerome, Baron, minister, 7393.\\nPierre Jean, b., 7062 d., 7322.\\nSaint, d., 842\\nDavid Croeheft, seized, 3693.\\nDavid J. Attains, seized, 5852.\\nDavidson, George, b., 9422.\\nJohn, works, 10103.\\nW., b. (1824) Hoc 11I surrenders to,\\n2463; d. (1881).\\nLucretia M., b., 114= d., 1322.\\nMargaret Miller, b., 1302 d., 1482.\\nRandall T., cons, bp.,9862, 10062.\\nRobert, moderator, 1063.\\nWarner, comet, 5001\\nWm., Lieut.-Col., b. (1786) k., 931\\nCollege, N. C, org., 149\\nDavie, Margaret, executed, 8692.\\nWm. Richardson, b. (1756) gov. N.C.,\\n10:13\\nd.. 1282.\\n1162.\\nDaviel, Jacques, b., 6943; d., 7023.\\nDavies, Chas., b., 108 d., 292\\nDavid, d., 1004\\nEnoch, shot, 471\\nHenry Eugene, b., 1402 d. (1881).\\nSir John, b., 8722 d. (1626).\\nSamuel, b., 602 d., 723.\\nThomas F., bp. of Mich., 3462.\\nSergt., wins rifle prize, 1002\\nDaviess, Jos., Hamilton, h., 78\\nDavila, Enrico Caterino, b., 1081\\n10823.\\nGil Gonzalez, explorer, 19 founds\\nGranada, 193 in Nicaragua, 1103\\nDavis Mills, Miss., Confed. defeat, 2163.\\nAnd. Jackson, spiritualist, b., 134\\nA. J., at Murfreesboro, 217\\nCharles Augustus, b. (1795) d., 256\\nHenry, b. (1807) succeeds Foote,\\n207 d., 294\\nCushman Kellogg, b., 1482 gov.\\nMinn., 2873 Pension Hill intro., 3483.\\nDaniel F., gov. Me., 30:13, 3052.\\nDavid, h., 1242 justice, 2173 pres-\\nidential candidate, 2773 declines nom.,\\n2791 vote, 2812; senator, 2951; pres.\\nSenate, 3092 d.,3241.\\nEdmund J., gov. Tex., 2732, 2832.\\nEmerson, b. (1798) d., 252\\nG. S., Arctic Seas, 421 1\\nW., commissioned major, 456\\nHenry G., in America s Cong., 3451.\\nWinter, b., 126 on Committee\\nof 33, 189 d., 2501.\\nJefferson, b., 1142 graduates, 1341\\nBlack Hawk War, 1381 against Paw-\\nnees, 142 resigns, marries, 145 2 be-\\ngins in politics, 1572; in electoral coll.,\\n1573; marries, 159 Member of Cong.,\\n1593 resigns, 1613 Col., charges Fort\\nTeneria, 1601 idol of army, 1602; Gen.\\nTaylor compliments, 162 appointed\\nsenator, 1632 opposes Taylor, 1643\\nelected senator, 1652 against free Pa-\\ncific coast, 167 2 in State R.gncs Party\\nresigns senator-ship, 1692; 1,0m. gov. of\\nMiss., defeated, 1692; Sec. War, 1732\\nsends expedition to Pacific, 1713; second\\nterm in Senate, 1831 Dem. leader, 187\\nproslavery resolutions, 187 2 speech on\\nUnion, 189 on Com. of 13, I892 justi-\\nfies secession, 191 defends State sov-\\nereignty, 1912 pres. Confederacy, 1913,\\n1923; calls for troops, 192 letters of\\nmarque, 194 calls for men, 1942; coun-\\nteracting proclamation, 1943; lyt inaug-\\nural, 2d inaugural, threatens retaliation,\\n1973, 2152, 2163 2173 elected Pres. Con-\\nfederacy, 2012 inaugurated, 2053; proc-\\nlamation against Butler, 2173 annual\\nmessage; on Lincoln s emancipation,\\n2192 conscription proclamation, 2253\\nfunding of the finances, 22y2; visits\\nHood s army. 23X2; message, 2^92 pro-\\nclaims fast day, 2423 appoints Peace\\nCommissioners, 243 last message; ad-\\ndress to Southerners flees from Rich-\\nmond, 2453 council of war, 246 at\\nCharlotte, N. G, 2462 changes route,\\n2463 captured, 24G3, 2473 at Fortress\\nMonroe, 2472; Miss, petitions forpardon,\\n249 trial deferred. 2492; indicted for\\ntreason, 253 admitted to bail, 2563\\nreleased on bail, 2573 in Can. returns\\nto Richmond trial adjourned, 2592; am-\\nnesty for treason case trial abandoned,\\n2653; seat in Senate occupied, 267 am-\\nnesty granted, 2912; refused, 2913; ac-\\ncepts gift, 303 2 Rise and Fall of the\\nConfederate Government, 3083 ovation\\nto, 3232 lays Confed. monument, 3222\\nd., 34S memory in the Southern So-\\nciety, 351 birthday a legal holiday,\\n4082; entombed in Vs., 4313.\\nC, b. (1828); at Chapmansville,\\n1983; at Milford, Mo., 201 at Pea\\nRidge, 2042; takes .Memphis, 2083; at\\nHelena, 212 Brig.-Gen., shoots Maj.-\\nGen. Nelson, 2133; at Rome, 233 at\\nJonesboro,238 d. (1879).\\nJohn, b. (1530) explorer, 243 e x-\\nplorer,57()2; in Labrador, 5712 d., 878\\nCapt., plunders St. Augustine.\\n42\\nb., 134 gov., Mass., 98 1452\\ndefeats Wilinot proviso, 161 2 d., 174\\nA., accounts short, 3543 par-\\ndoned, 397\\nSir Francis, b., 9263 Napier s\\nassistant, supt. trade, 6172 minister,\\n6192; d., 1004\\nLee, b. (1825) d., 3361\\nW., gov. R. I., 3293 again, 3751\\nDr. J. W., killed, 4683.\\nb. (1799); speaker, 1593;\\ngov. Ore., 1772 d., 1842.\\nMrs., gift to Johns Hopkins, 3702.\\nNoah, b., 1262.\\nN. S., pres, Medical Congress, 38S 2\\nRebecca Harding, b. (ls40 works,\\n2011 26(13. ai43, 2803, 4203.\\nReuben, b. (1813) on Committee of\\n33, 189\\nThos. E., nom. for gov. W. Va., 4132.\\nFred., b. (1804); bp., 1723; d. (1871).\\nmeasuring-angles invents quadrant,\\n8762.\\nDavison, John R., judge adv. -gen., 989\\nDavis s Strait discovered, 243.\\nDavitt, Michael, b., 9522 for treason fel-\\nony, 975i; released, 983 1 forms Land\\nLeague, 985 2 arrested, 987 released,\\n989 elected M. P., election annulled,\\n9892 seditions speeches, 991 Dem.\\nLabor Federation. 1005 w ded, 10083.\\nDavoust, Louis Nicolas, Pr. d Eckinuhl,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1245.jp2"}, "1246": {"fulltext": "1234\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN DiS-A.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nDavy-Dela.\\nDue d Auerstadt, b., 7042; at Auerstadt,\\n7161 at Eckmiihl, 718 invades Swe.\\nPomerania, 7182; i u Hamburg, 7201 d.,\\n7241.\\nDavy, Sir Humphry, b., 9203; electroliza-\\ntion; ice melted by friction, 9282; elec-\\ntricity; gas, 9301 photographs produced,\\n930 2 electrolysis; galvanic current;\\nsciences, 9322 magnesium obtained,\\n9343 voltaic arc, 9362 safety lamp,\\n9381 pres. Royal Soc, 9401 d., 9441\\nDavys, George, elected bishop, 9523.\\nDawbarn, Dr., vertebral operation, 4441\\nDawes, James W., b. (1845) gov., 3152.\\nNathaniel, cons, bishop, 10082.\\nWilliam Rutter, b. (1709); dis. Saturn s\\ninner ring, 9561 d. (1868).\\nDawison, Bogumil, b., 11163 d., 11182.\\nDawkins, Capt., court-martialed, 9801.\\nDawson, Col., at Ripley, 2181 at Trenton,\\n2182.\\nDr., B. Sea arbiter, 10073 sails, 5931\\nHenry Barton, b., 1301\\nJohn Littleton, b. (1813) declines\\ngovernorship of Ivans., 1772 d., 2703.\\nSir John William, b., 5781; works,\\n5803,5811,5823, 5843.\\nLieut., leads expedition, 5611.\\nWilliam, b. (1798) d., 1781\\nDay, Benj. P., made (Japt., 3841 d., 3481\\nFrancis, fouuds Madras, 8833 ex-\\nplorer, 10451\\nHannibal, b. (1S02\u00c2\u00b1) d., 3801\\nHorace Hollister, b. (1813) d., 2982.\\nJames R., chancellor Univ., 4421\\nJeremiah, b., 781 pres. Tale, 1271\\nd., 2582.\\nMaurice Fitzgerald, elected bp.,9742.\\nStephen, h., 878 2 types imported,\\n343 d., 8922.\\nJustice, on Parnell Oommis., 9992.\\nDays of June, Fr., 7312.\\nDayton, 0.,laid out, 105 3 G. A. R. meets,\\n3043 Farmer s linn,- est., 3063.\\nCapt., near Grafton, 1981.\\nJonathan, b., 722 speaker, 1072,3\\nd., 1321.\\nWin. Lewis, b., 1141 nom. for viee-\\npres., 1803 electoral vote, 181 2 nom.\\npres., 1873; d., 2411.\\nDaza, Hilarion, Gen., b. (1838) pres., 551 2\\nd. (1894).\\nDe Acha ends rebellion dictator, 5511\\nDeacon, Edwin Parker, kills M. Abeille,\\ndivorce, 7623.\\nDeaconess, conven., 3423 Inst, est., 9642.\\nDead Rabbits control New York, 1832.\\nDeadwood, S. Dak., gold dis., 2841 laid\\nout, 295 3 prohibition opposed, 3682.\\nDeadv, Matthew P., d., 4261\\nDeaf Mutes, Am. Asso. of, 3S02, 4102\\nBell s gift, 3781.\\nDeak, Francis, b., 519i leader, 5263; sus-\\ntained, 5272 d., 5282 statue, 5302.\\nDeal Beach, N. J., Windermere aground,\\n4033.\\nDean Richmond lost, 4413.\\nDean, Amos, b. (1803) d., 2601\\nGilbert A., State senator d., 3952.\\nHenry, Lord-lieut., 8672; d. (1503).\\nDeane, Charles, b. t 181.!) d., 3461\\nJames, miss., b., 662 d., 1302.\\nphys., b., 110i d., 1841\\nSamuel, b., 62 1 d., 123\\nSilas, b., 642 Commissioner, 83 in\\nFr., 833, 7053 recalled, 892 d., 100\\nDear, Private, wins rifle prize, 1002\\nDearborn, Henry, b., 683; sec. war., 1112;\\ncommands army, 118 in winter quar-\\nters, 118 2 Army of Center, 1201; takes\\nFt. George, 1202; d., 1362.\\nObservatory fnd., 2171\\nDear Island occupied, 10943.\\nDease, Peter, explorations, 578\\nDeath penalty abolished in la., 2803, 301\\nCal., optional, 2871 abolished in Me.,\\n2923; restored in Me., 3151, abolished\\n3292 abolished Braz., 5552 abolished\\nEng., 9352, 9431, 9651, 9731; abolition\\nbill rejected 9772, 9952 abolition pro-\\nposed, 983 1, 9873.\\nDehate Soul awl Body appears, 1127\\nDebeb defeated, 22; aims for power, 33.\\nDebendra Nath Tangore revives Brahman\\nChurch, 10463.\\nDeberdt, Dennis, Mass., agent, 752.\\nDebidour, M., History Europe, 7602.\\nDeborah, defeats Sisera, 1140 1141\\njudges Israel, 11413 prophetess, 11422 j\\nsong of triumph, 11423; delivers Israel,\\n1143\\nDe Bow, James Dunwoody Brownson, b.,\\n1282; Z)t Bote s Commercial Itecietc est.,\\n161 d. (1867).\\nDebreczian, Hung., Protestant Coll. fnd.,\\n511\\nDebris Relief Bill passed, 3052.\\nDebrosse, Jacques, builds the Luxem-\\nbourg, 686\\nDebs, Eugene Y., endorsed, 4643; indict-\\nment ordered, 4652; trial, 469 stay\\ngranted, 479\\nDebt, imprisonment for, Am., 139 abol-\\nished Fr., 7373; G. B., 949 state as-\\nsumed by nation, 103\\nnational of U S. 97 2 1031 (See Text\\nin following years, .Ian. 1); extinguished,\\n1473; certificates issued, 2053 exchanged,\\n2572 at close of civil -war, 2491 pay-\\nment pledged, 2492, 265 2 payment iu\\ncoin, 2663; becomes law, 2671; refunded,\\n2712; reduced, 3552, 3573; f G. B., 8651\\n8993, 9032, 9073, 9233, 9392, 9492 new\\nform, 9592.\\nDebtors Act passes, F.ng., 975 2\\nDecamps, Alex. Gabriel, b.,7143; d.,7342.\\nDecauville K.lt. opens, 6253.\\nDecatur, Ala., Cooled, defeat, 2102; battle,\\n2362, 2392; strikers quelled, 4363.\\nGa., Gen. Rousseau leaves, 236\\n111., Grand Army Republic post org.,\\n2522; Nat. Mem. Hall Asso. find., 3883.\\nStephen, b., 912; in Algiers, 82; burns\\nPhiladelphia. 112 takes Macedonia,\\n1182; surrender of Algiers, 1223 sails\\nfor Algiers, 1211 negotiates treaty, 1251\\nk., 1291 d., 1282.\\nJr., b., 682; d., 1142.\\nDecazes, Louis Charles Elie Ananieu, b.\\n(1819); minister; 7233, 7491, 7493, 7511;\\nd. (1886).\\nElie, Due, b., 7051 d., 7342.\\nDeccan, India, ravaged, conquered, 10441\\nindependent, 10452.\\nDeceased Wife s Sister Bill, 999 10123.\\nDecebalus defeats Doniitian, 10642; de-\\npendent prince, 769\\nDecelean War, 10203.\\nDecemvirs, in power; revolt against, 1051 2\\noverthrown, 10513.\\nDecer, John de, hrst provost, Ire., 8572.\\nDechen, Ernest H. C, b., 8063; d., 832\\nDecies, Baron, title created, 9372.\\nDecimal system iuv., 7862 adoption de-\\nfeated, 9872.\\nCoinage Act passed, Australia, 501\\nDecius, Cants Messius Quintus Trajanus,\\nb.(200) against Goths, 1066 persecutes\\nChristians, 1(161.2; reigns, against Philip\\nI.; killed, 10671, 10662.\\n,MusPublius, commander, 6621,10522.\\nDeclaration of Independence, 1351\\nof Indulgence, Eng., 8933.\\nof Rights, Am., adopted, 752, 792.\\nDeclaratory Act passes Pari., 752, 9173;\\nintroduced, 9253.\\nDe Clifford, Baron, title created, 8551.\\nDecoration Day instituted, 2621 cel.N.Y.,\\n2631; a holiday, 3503; Confed., 3551\\nDecree of sovereignty, Eng., 8773.\\nIhdolus captures La Pendente, 928 2\\nDedekind, Friedrich, Grobianus, 7923.\\nDedham, Mass.. hats, bonnets manf., 1081\\nDee, John, b. (1527) d., 8781\\nDeems, Chas. Force, b., 1282 Pres. Am.\\nInst. Christian Philos.. 4102; d., 4441\\nDeeming, F. B., guilty, 5003.\\nDeep Bottom Ran, Va., action, 2372.\\nHarbor Conven., Topeka, Kan., 3453.\\nWater Conven. at, Detroit, 3973 it\\nappeals to Congress, 397 3\\nDeer Creek, Miss., Federals raid, 2203.\\nDeerfleld, 111., detective shot, 4702.\\nMass., purchased, 432 Indians at-\\ntack, 461 5i;i train derailed, 3233.\\nDeer Lodge, Coll. of Montana opd., 3143.\\nDe Failly, Gen., at Bitsch, 7381\\nDefence, lost, 9342.\\nDefense fund, Fr., 757\\ngovt, of, 7411,7433.\\nof Property in Ire., Fund est., 9891\\nDeffand, Marquise du, Marie de Vichy-\\nChamrond, b., 0943 d., 705\\nDeffenbach, Johann F., d., 8162.\\nDefiance College, m m-sectarian, organized\\nat Defiance, O. (1884).\\nO., Saner embezzlement, 453 cen-\\ntennial eel., 4713; D. Coll. org. (1884).\\nDefloss, M., on Fishery Commission, 5852.\\nDe Foe, Daniel, b.,8902; works, 9023, 9063;\\ncondemned, 903 d., 9082.\\nDe Forest, John William, b., 134\\nCol., at Warrenton Junction.\\n2212; works, 1683, 1823, 1S43, 1863, 2603,\\n277 2803, 2843, 2903.\\nR. E., b., 1581.\\nFortou, duel, 7503.\\nDeFreyne, Baron, title created, 951\\nDeGann, Policeman, testimony, 4523.\\nDegerando, Jos. Marie, b. (1772*) d., 7282.\\nDegrees, measured, 8821\\nDeguerry, L Abbe, executed, 7453.\\nDehon,Theo.,b. (177G) bp.,119 ;d. (1817).\\nDeinhard, Adm., at Saadani, 5631\\nDeiopeia, asteroid, discovered, 528 2\\nDeiotarus seizes Armenia Minor, 11512.\\nDeir, Aboo-11 innis, mission, 6571.\\nBirsha, mission, 6571\\nEl-jenadily mission, 657\\nDeism, Eng., react ion against, 9243; litera-\\nture of, 9163.\\nllejau /ra, asteroid, discovered, 748\\nDejazet, Marie Yirginie, b.,7123; d.,750\\nDcjoces reigns, 1145 3\\nDejoux, Claude, b., 6933; d., 7222.\\nDe Kalb, Baron John, b., 60 sent to\\nAm., 77 joins Washington, 863 at\\nSaunders Creek, 1)22; d., 93\\nDe Kay, James Ellsworth, b., 1023 d.,\\n1682.\\nDeken, Aajen, b.-d., 1101 works, 11012.\\nDekker, Jeremias de, b.-d., 11003.\\nThomas, h., 8742; works, 8772 883\\nd., 8S42.\\nDe Koven, James, b., 1382; d., 3002.\\nReginald, composer, 416\\nDe la Barre. (See Barre.)\\nlaBeche, Sir Henry Thomas, b., 9283;\\nd.,9603.\\nLacy, Ex-Alderman, returns, 359\\nDelacroix, Ferdinand Yictor Eugene, b.,\\n7142; d., 7362.\\nDelafield, Edward, d., 286\\nDelagoa Bay, Afr., goes to Portugal, 6012;\\narbitration, 11112; Railway claims set-\\ntled, 10033 completed, 11122.\\nDe la Graviere, J. B. E. Jurien, d., 792\\nDelalande, Pierre Antoine, b., 7062 d.,\\n7241.\\nDelamater, George W., nom. for gov.,\\n3631 embezzler, 375\\nDelambre, Jean B;iptiste Joseph, b., 7003;\\nd., 7241\\nDelainere, Baron, title created, 9372.\\nDe la Mere, Lord, minister, 8992.\\nDe Lancy, James, b., 541\\nWin., lleiilhcote, b., 1062; d., 2452.\\nDeland, Flu., Stetson Univ. fnd., 3143.\\nMargaret, John Ward, Preacher, 3323.\\nDelaney, Patrick assault by, 9903; con-\\nvicted, executed, 991\\nDelano, Amasa, b., 723 agent in Cuba,\\n633 d., 1302.\\nColumbus, b. (1809) minister, 2313.\\nWm. H., resigns, 2892; outrage 3032.\\nDe la Ramee, Louise (Ouida), b., 950 2\\nworks, 9803.\\nDe la Rive. (See Rive, de la.)\\nDelaroche, Paul (Hyppolyte), b., 7123\\nworks, 724 7201, 7281, 7301, 730,. d.,\\n7322.\\nDe la Rosa, Signor. signs peace, 165\\nDe La Rue. Warren, b. (1815) d., 1000\\nDe Launay murdered, 7072.\\nDelaunay, Chas. Eug., b., 7222; d., 746\\nDelavall, Thos., mayor N.Y., 433,452,473.\\nDe la Valette, Marquis, d\u00e2\u0080\u009e 762\\nDelavan, Edward Cornelius, b. (1793);\\ndeclaration, 1451 d. (1871).\\nDe Laveaucoupet, M., 7621\\nDelavigne, Jean Francois Casimir, b.,\\n7082; works, 7232, 7251 727 d., 7283.\\nDelaware, wrecked, 9773.\\nDelaware, U. S. A., bay dis., 28 Swedes\\nsettle, 353, 362; Luth.worship.342; Peter\\nMinuet, gov., 353 Johan Printz, gov.\\n(1643); Peter Hollander, gov., 372; toler-\\nation granted, 382; .bihan C. Rising, gov.,\\n393 purchased by Netherlands, 41\\nBritish supremacy, 42 sold to Amster-\\ndam, 423 invaded, 44 Quaker meet-\\nings, 463; grants to Perm., 49 seceded,\\n513 under N. Y., 53 3 separate from\\nPa. in part, 553 Henry Ellis, gov.,\\n713 John Mclvinley, gov., 853 ratifies\\nFederation Constitution, 1003 Joshua\\nClayton, gov., 1013 Dan. Rogers, gov..", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1246.jp2"}, "1247": {"fulltext": "Dela-Depe.\\nText Figures denote Page. INI31i.X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1235\\n1091 Richard Bassett, gov., 1093\\nJames Sykes, gov., 1112 David Hall,\\ngov., Nathan Mitchell, gov., 1133;\\nGeo. Truett, gov., 1153 Jos. Haslett,\\ngov., 1192; Lewiston bombarded, 1202;\\nDan. Rodney, gov., 1233; John Collins,\\ngov., 1293; Jacob Stout, gov., 1292; Caleb\\nRodney, gov., 1312; Jos. Haslett, gov.,\\n1313 Sam. Paynter, gov., 1332 Geo.\\nPoindexter.gov., 1353; David Hazzard.\\ngov., 1392; Caleb P. Bennett, gov., 1433;\\nCornelius P. Comegys, gov., 1492; \\\\Ym.\\nB. Cooper, gov., 1531 Thos. Stockton,\\ngov., 1591 ,|,,s. Maul, gov.; Win. Temple,\\ngov.; Win. Thorp.gov., 1613; Peter F.\\nCansey, gov., 1791 refuses to secede,\\n1903 loyal 1933 Peace Convention\\nmeets, 19*72 Wm. Cannon, gov., 2293\\nMeth-Epis.Conf.org., 2332; Grove Sauls-\\nbury, gov., 251i; rejects 14th amend.,\\n2573 James Ponder, gov., 2i\u00c2\u00ab2; eel. 15th\\namend., 2703 John P. Cochran, gov.,\\n2912; John W.Hall, gov., 3033; torchlight\\nparades forbidden, 3t :)i Chas. C. Stock-\\nley, gov., 3152; Benj. T. Biggs, gov., 3293\\nearthquake, 332 1; Rodney monument,\\n3461 whipping of criminals, 3583; R. J.\\nReynolds, gov., 367i, 3991; Treas. Her-\\nbert, defaulter, 3782 Free School Bill\\npasses, 3812 Local Option Bill passes,\\n3831 Delinquent Law reenacted, 4263.\\nDelaware and Chesapeake Can: ilopd., 137 3\\nand Hudson Canal opd., 1373.\\nand Lackawanna Railway, men dis-\\ncharged; wreck, 3783, 4043.\\nCollege, Del., fnd., 2583; 2703.\\nEarl of, title created, 9152.\\nEarl of. (See West.)\\nRiver blockaded, 120 1\\nDelbriick, Martin Frlederieh Rudolf, b.,\\n8121.\\nDelcasse, Theophile, minister, 7671 7672.\\nDelegate gov t, transferred, Fr., 7433.\\nDelescluze, Louis Chas., b. (1809) dele-\\ngate of war, 7453 d. (1871).\\nDelessert, Benjamin, b., 7043 d. 7301\\nDelfosse, Maurice, on Fishery Commis-\\nsion, 2972; dispute, 2992.\\nDelft, The Three Khu/s performed, 10982.\\nDelftware invented, 10781\\nDelhi, massacre, conquered, 10422; Kutab\\nminar erected, 10423 capital, 10432;\\nsacked; massacre, 10441 captured, 10461\\nmission, 10471; siege, 1048 1 king sen-\\ntenced, 10491.\\nDelille, L Abbe, Jacques, b., 700 2 works,\\n7051, 2, 7151; d., 7203.\\nDelilah ensnares Samson, 11423.\\nDelisle, Guillaume, b., 6923; d. (1726).\\nJos. Nicolas, b., 6942 measuring\\nsun s distance, 7022 d., 7032.\\nDelitzsch, Franz, b.; 8102; d., 83*1.\\nFriedrich, b., 8181\\nDeliuin, action at, 10202.\\nDelius, Nikolaus, b., 8102; d., 8321.\\nDeliverance Society org., 3862.\\nDelolme, Jean Louis, b.-d., 11372.\\nDeLoug, Geo. Wash., b., 1562; on Arctic\\nexpedition, 3021 d., 3082; body fnd., 3101\\nDelorme, Philibert, b., 6802; d., 6841\\nDelpech, Jacques Matthieu, b. (1775) d.,\\n7262.\\nDelphi, Temple plundered, 10241\\naction near, 10261\\nexcavation fund, Fr., 7601\\nDelpit, Albert, b. (1849) Passionnfynent,\\n7582; d., 7641.\\nDelsarte, Francois A. N. C, b., 7191; d.,\\n7461.\\nDeluc, Jean Andre, b.-d., 11372.\\nDeluge occurs, 11392, 11401\\nDemades, Peace of, 10252.\\norator, d., 10251\\nDe Mantel at Schenectady, 5721\\nDe Mauley, Baron, title created, 9451\\nDembinski, Henryk, b., 11162; at Kapolna,\\n5221 at Szorek, 5222; d., 11182.\\nDembowska, asteroid, discovered, 7601.\\nDemenhoor, battle at, 6561\\nDemerara, Br. Guiana, acquired, 9313\\nmissions est., 10393.\\nDemeratus in Persian army, 1018 1\\nDeMesy, gov. Can., 5732.\\nDemeter, temple of, begun, 10203.\\nZvonimir, king, 5033.\\nDemetria, written, 121 2.\\nDemetrius I., D. of Russia, reigns, 1115 s\\nd., 11142.\\nII., D. of Moscow, reigns, 11152.\\nDemetrius III., D. of Mose w, reigns, 1115 2\\nII., king of Macedonia, 10272.\\nIII., Eucerus, reigns, 11511\\nII., Nicator, reigns overthrown a\\ncaptive, 11493; released, 11503; war with\\nEgy., 6522.\\nPhalereus, b.-d., 10243; g0 v., 10253;\\nexpelled, 10271\\nPoliocretes, b.-d., 10251 i n Gr.; in\\nCyprus war with Pyrrhus gen. of\\nStates, 10261 expels Demetrius Phale-\\nrius murders Alexander V. seizes\\nMacedon a fugitive, 10271\\nSoter, king, b.-d., 1148 2 seizes Syria,\\n11483; reigns, 11492; war with Egy., 6522;\\nfrees Jews from tribute; overthrown,\\n11493; defeated; killed, 10551\\nValerius, librarian, 6523.\\nDemetz, Frederic Auguste, b., 7123; d.,\\n7461.\\nDemidoff, Nikita, b., 11131 d. (1720+).\\nDeinilier, Father, missionary, 140 2\\nDe Mille, James, b., 5782; works, 5811\\n5S23; d., 5841.\\nDeming, Henry C, d., 2781.\\nDemocracy, new, Henry Clay, leader, 123 3\\nDemocratic Party, U. S. A.; national con-\\nventions 1st nominating at Bait., 1411\\n3d at Bait., 1513; 4thatBalt.; two-thirds\\nrule adopted, 1st division Tyler con-\\nvention at Bait., 1572; 5th at Bait.;\\nwithdrawals, 1651; 6th at Bait., 1712;\\n7th at Cincinnati, 1S03; 8th at Charles-\\nton; divides on slavery, 1872; seceders\\nmeet at Richmond, 1873, 1882; and at\\nWilmington reassembles at Bait.; se-\\nceders reassemble at Bait., 18S2; 9th,\\ndate changed at Chicago, 2392; 10th, at\\nNew York, 2633; 11th at Bait., 2792; 12th\\nat St. Louis, 3931 13th at Cleveland,\\n3051 14th at Chicago, 3173; at St. Louis,\\n3311 15th at Chicago, 4092.\\ndecrees, Rome, 10593.\\nDemocratic-Republicans elect J. Madison,\\n1193; elect J. Monroe, 1292, 1371.\\nDemocrats, U. S. A., oppose internal im-\\nprovements, 1232; Locofocos appear,\\n1452; party split by slavery, 1572,1651,\\n167 2 long rule broken, 1532; decline in\\nnumbers, 1613; and the Army, 163 3 sup-\\nport Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1751 anti-\\nslavery, coalesce with Whigs, 1771 enact\\nprohibition in Me., 1783; white men s\\ngovt.; against freeing negroes, 2112;\\nalienated from Lincoln by slavery, 2113;\\nassail Lincoln win elections, 2153; anti-\\nwar against Lincoln, 2213 sympathy\\nfor VaTlandigham, 2233; called Copper-\\nheads, 229 2 resist negro enlistments,\\n2293; divided by war, 2393; in elections\\nof 1867, 2592.\\nsocial rule election in Ger., 8371\\nDemoeritus, b.-d., 10191; on Milky Way,\\n10211.\\nDemoivre, Abraham, b., 6903; d., 7022.\\nDemole, Chas. Etienne, minister, 755 2\\nDemophoon reigns, 10133.\\nDemorest, W. Jennings, for pres., 4092.\\nDe Morgan, Augustus, b., 9323; d., 9761\\nDemosthenes, commander, 10201 aids\\nAthenians; in Messenia, 10202; executed,\\n10203.\\norator, b.-d., 10231 against Philip,\\n10241,10252,3; orations, 10251,2; politi-\\ncal position complaint against iEehines,\\n1025 2 exiled; returns; flees; poisons\\nhimself, 10253.\\nDemme, Hermann, Christoph Gottfried,\\nb., 8023; d., 8122.\\nDeinniin, August Friedrich, b., 8122.\\nDempsev, Hugh F., guilty, 4222.\\nDempster, John, b., 1042; d., 2291.\\nDenain, Fr., battle of, 6962, 7981\\nDenant, Pierre, cons, bp., 5763.\\nDenayrouze, M. aerophone successful, 9781\\nDenbigh, E. of, title created, 881 1\\nDenby, Charles, minister, 3513, 4473; re-\\nturn ordered, 4672.\\nDenderah, Temple of Athor, Egy., 6461\\nDene, Henry, arebbp. Canterbury, 8622.\\nDenelle, Jean Paul, minister, 7553.\\nDenham, Dixon, b. (1786) crosses Sahara,\\n9402; d. (1628).\\nSir John, b., 880 1 Cooper s Hill,\\n8951 d. (1668).\\nDenifle, Friedrich, HeinrichSuso, b., 5203.\\nDenina, Giaeomaria Carlo, b., 10842; d.,\\n10851.\\nDenis, Saint, b.-d., 6623.\\nDenison, Tex., four women shot, 4063.\\nEdmund, elected bp., 9423.\\nJohn Evelyn, b., 9302; speaker, 9613,\\n9633; d. (1873).\\nSir Win., gov., Madras, 10491,2.\\nSir Wm. T., gov., New South W.,\\n4972; pari, at Sydney, 4972.\\nUniversity, org., 1403.\\nMfg. Co., gift, 4793.\\nIleiinian, Karon, title created, 9451.\\nThomas, b., 9082; d., 9382.\\nBaron, b., 9203; chief justice,\\n9472; d., 9582.\\nDenmark (See text, pp., 634-642), Feu-\\ndal system; quarrel with Fr., 6353;\\nunites with Norway and Swe., 11051\\nwrecks plundered, 6371; Oldenburg an-\\nnexed, 785 3 free preaching est., 6363;\\nwar with Swe., 7961 returns conquered\\nterritory, 1135 3 Europai.sehe Zeitnnq\\nest., 6871; armed neutrality, 9312; E n g.\\ndemands the fleet, 9333; alliance with\\nFr.,7173; [exchange of provinces, 5211;\\nindemnity treaty with U. S., 1372; new\\nconstitution, 8191,3; war resumed with\\nPrus., 5222; Sound dues refused by U.S.,\\n175 2 integrity guaranteed, 9571 treaty\\nwith Prus., 8192; royal manifesto, 8193;\\nwar with Aust.,5261 Eider Danish proc-\\nlamation Schleswig annexed, 8222\\nSchleswig incorporation bill, 8223; Bis-\\nmarck s quarrel with, 8232; treaty for\\nsale of W. I. Isles, 2592 mission, 2902.\\nDenner, Balthasar, b., 7982; d., 8003.\\nJohann Christoph. b. (16,(5) invents\\nclarionet, 7982; d. (1707).\\nDennewitz, Prus., battle of, 7201\\nDennie, Joseph, b., 76i Portfolio, llli;\\nd. (1812).\\nDenning s comet appears, 9881\\nDennis, John, b., 8882; d., 9082.\\nDennison, Wm., b. (1815); gov. O., 1903;\\nresigns as P. M.-Gen., 2532; d.,3102.\\nDenny, W., gov. Pa., 713.\\nDenon, Dominique Vivant.b., 7003; d.,7242.\\nDenonville, Jacques Rene de Bresay at-\\ntacks Indians, 501 gov. Can., 503.\\nDennriseh, deserters gather, 5681\\nDens, Peter, b.-d., 5422.\\nDenson, Wm. H., b., 1602.\\nDent, Alfred, charter Braz., 5522.\\nDennis, d., I861\\nFather, against Bp. Ryan, 4062.\\nFrederick Tracy, b. (1820) d., 4201.\\nGeorge, b. (1760 speaker, 1092.\\nJohn Charles, b.(1841); Canada, 5843;\\nRebellion, 5851; d. (1888).\\nHerbert, b. (1782); d., 1302.\\nJulia T., marries V. S. Grant, 1643.\\nDenton, Richard, b. (1586); Presbyterian\\nservices, 321 d. (1662).\\nDent s company, in Archipelago, 5522.\\nDenver, Colo., legislature at, 2031; Uni-\\nversity of Denver org., 2093; floods at,\\n2332 Republican est., 2543 vicarate\\napostolic est., 267 2 made capital, 2652,\\n3093; R. R. to Pueblo, 2793; breweries\\npurchased, 3433; Rocky Mts. Conference\\norg., 358 2 Nat. Republican League C011-\\nven., 4633; no mayor, 3813; Trans.-Mis-\\nsis*dppi Coim.. 385i,3; silver men de-\\nfeated, 3853; Nat. Mining Cong., 3953;\\nDr. Graves trial. 3971; Meth. Hospital\\nand Home fnd., 3983; Bob Ford killed,\\n4082; talcose silica deposits, 4161; fire,\\n4213; dynamite explosion, 4352; troops\\nwithdrawn, 454 1 State and City conflict,\\n4542; Police Board trouble, 4551,2;\\nUnion Depot burns, 4553; Irrigation\\nConven., 4713; woman strangled, 47G3.\\nJames W.,b., 1202; gov.lS52; d.,4101.\\nMeth. E. Conf., org., 2842.\\nPacific R. K., partly completed, 2713.\\nand R. G. R. R. train robbers, 3903.\\nUniversity org., 2093 Mary Lowe\\nDickinson, Prof, at, 3383.\\nDeoli mission, 10483.\\nDeorham, Eng., British defeated, 8401.\\nDeparcieux, Antoine, b., 6962; d., 7041.\\nDePauw College fnd., Ind., 2543; School\\nof Theology, org., 3183.\\nDependent Pension Bill vetoed, 3272; Bill\\nintro.,3483; passes, 3552, 3571,3,3612,\\n4072, 4092.\\nDePere, Wis., Deliverance Society organ-\\nized, 386 2 coronation of statue, 4062.\\nDepew, Chauncey .Mitchell, b., 1422; M.C.,\\n228 3 pres. Union League, 3511; a*\\nto Engineers, 3591 address, 4041", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1247.jp2"}, "1248": {"fulltext": "1236\\nText Figures denote Page. l.NDJi..X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nDepe-Diaz.\\nDepeyre, M., minister, 7491.\\nDe Peyster, Abraham, b., 401 d., 602.\\nJohn Watts, b., 1301\\nDepoele, Van, Charles, J., d., 4021.\\nDeportation Bill, Fr., 7552.\\nDepping, George B., b., 8042; d., 8201\\nDepretis, Agostino, b., 1085 1 minister,\\n10893; d., 10901.\\nDeputy speaker appointed. G. B., 9592.\\nDe Quineev, Thomas, b., 9223; works, 9411\\n9551; d., 9622.\\niDeramore, Baron, title created, 9871.\\nDerbingy, Pierre Auguste Charles Bouris-\\ngay, b. (1829) gov. La., 1372.\\nDerby, silk-throwing mill est., 9041 bri-\\nbery in elections, 9591 Bp. Ware cons.,\\n10022; infirmary est., 10073; Federation\\nof coal-mine owners, 10111\\nEarl of, title created, 8643.\\nEarl of. (See Stanley, Lord.)\\nGeorge H., b., 1302; d., 1943.\\nraces; winners, 9213, 9813, 9833,9853,\\n9873,9953, 10053.\\nDerbyshire, Eng., insurrection, 9393.\\nDercos, Archbp., elected Gr., patriarch,\\n(Joachim IV.), 11582.\\nDercyllidas, leader, 10221.\\nDerelicts, bill for destruction, 4412,4431.\\nDereveeyah, Wahabis surrender, 4881\\nDer Ereisrhiitz appears, 8121.\\nDerglotz, Adm. Von, chief admiral, S321.\\nDerham, William, b., 8882 d., 9082.\\nDermatological Asso., Am., org., 2901\\nDermbach, Ger., battle at, 8242.\\nDermody, Thomas, b., 9191 d., 9303.\\nDerniot, King of Leinster, d., S46 2\\nDer musika/is -he Patriot, issued, 800 3\\nDerosne, Chas.,b. (1780) discovers narco-\\ntin, 7142; d. (1846).\\nDeroulede, duel, 7642.\\nDer Patriot est., S003.\\nDer patrintixrh, Meilikus est., 8011.\\nDerqui, Dr. S., b. (1810); pres., Argen., 4912;\\nd. (1863).\\nDerry, Ire., see erected, 8422; granted to\\ncompanies, 8S1 2\\nDer Vaderlander est. at Ghent, 5423.\\nDer Vermin f tter, first Ger. paper est., 7991\\nDervish Pasha, b., 11563.\\nDerwent, Baron, title created, 9871.\\nDer JVinsbecke est., 7823,\\nDerzhavin, Gabriel Romanovitch, b.,\\n11143; Ode to God, 11171 d., 11163.\\nDesaix de Veygoux, Louis Charles An-\\ntoine, b., 7041; d., 7142.\\nDesArc.Ark., taken, 2182; moneyf d,4313.\\nDesart, Earl, title created, 9252.\\nDesault, Pierre Joseph, b., 7003; d.\\nDes Bordes, Gen., murdered, 4833.\\nDescamps sentenced, 7623.\\nDescartes, Rene, b., 6842; works\\nsioned, 6891; d., 6883.\\nDeschamps, Cardinal, d., 546 1\\nAugustin E-tienne Martin, b. (1819)\\nworks, 7231 7251 7333.\\nEustaehe i. Morel), works, 6763.\\nDeschanel, Emile Augustin Etienne Mar-\\ntin, b. (1819) duel, 767 1 Lamartine, 764 1\\nDescharges devises port-holes, 67S 2\\nDeseret, State find., 1792; Univ. org., 2662.\\nDeseronto, Q/tinte burns, 589 3\\nDesert Land Law, Bill passes, 3233.\\nDeserted House, Va., action at, 218 2\\nDesfontaines, Pierre Francois Guyot, b.,\\n6923; d.,7003.\\nBene Louiche, b. (1750) Flora Atlan-\\ntica,713i; d. (1833).\\nDesford, Eng., li. R. collision, 9893.\\nDesforges, Louis O., indicted, 4602.\\nDesha, Jos., b. (1768) gov., 1332; d. (1842).\\nDeshoulieres, Antoinette, b., 6882; Gen-\\nsiric, 6932; d., 6943.\\nDesiderius, king of Lombardy, 10732.\\nbp.. stoned to death, 7711\\nDesjardins, Jean, d., 6822.\\nMarie Catherine, b., 6883; d., 6923.\\nDes Landes, Andre Francois Boureau, b.\\n(1690) Belle Mainan, 7581 d. (1757).\\nDesmaiseaux, Pierre, b., 6903 d., 7003.\\nDesmarets, Jean. Chris l r isionnaires,69V\\nDe Smet, Peter John, b., 5423; d., 5442.\\nDesmichels, Gen. Louis Alexis, b. (1779)\\ngov., 93; d. (1845).\\nDes Moines, la., Mormon missionaries,\\n2562 capital built, 2753 bridge de-\\nstroyed, 2973; Drake Univ. fnd., 3082;\\nsyndicate, 3533; Gen. Kelley stays, 4582;\\nCollege of Iowa, org., 2502 training-\\nschool opened, 3123,\\n7102.\\npen-\\nDes Moines Rapids, canal opened, 2973.\\nMeth. Epis. Conf. org., 2332.\\nDesmond, killed, 8741\\nEarl of, title created, 881 1\\nDesmoulins, Camille, b., 7023 leads Cor-\\ndeliers, 7071 executed, 7111.\\nDesnoyers, Baron, Auguste Gaspard Louis\\nBoucher, b., 7043; d., 7322.\\nDesor, Edouard, b.-d., 11381.\\nDespatch^ U. S. steamer, wrecked, 3933,\\nDesportes, Philippe, b., 6803; d., 6862.\\nDespres, Josquin, b. (1450\u00c2\u00b1); d., 5402.\\nDespretz, Cesar Mansuete, b., 7082; d.,\\n7362.\\nDesprez, Julien Florian Felix, b. (1807)\\ncons, cardinal priest, 7502.\\nDessalines, Jean Jacques, b., 722 gov.\\nsucceeds Toussaint crowned captured,\\n10403; assassinated, 10402.\\nDessau, Bridge of, Ger., battle at, 794i.\\nDesseilligny, M., ministry, 7472.\\nDessoles-Dccazes, ministry of, 7233.\\nD Ksterre, Mr., killed in duel, 9372.\\nDesterro, surrenders, 5582; revolts, 559 2\\nDestitute Children s Dinner Soc. est., 9711\\nDestouehes, Philippe, Nerieault, b., 6923;\\nworks, 6972, 6992; d., 7022.\\nDe Tabley, Baron, title created; 9412.\\nDetmold, Hermann J. b., 8083; d., 8201\\nDetro, Thomas E., assassinated, 277 2\\nDetroit, Mich., settled, 39 1 552; occupied,\\n541, 552; besieged, 562, 722; Beletre\\nsurrenders at; conspiracy, 72 1; de-\\nstroyed, 1133; surrendered; 1181; R. C.\\ndiocese, n-g., 1422; St, Philip s Coll. fnd.,\\n1503; fire, 1653; anti-Nebraska conven-\\ntion held, 1752; Meth. Epis. conf. org.,\\n1782; R. R. completed to Toledo, 1S3~3;\\nPr. of Wales at, 18S2; Harper Hospital\\nopd., 2392; Confeds. plot, 2402; Public\\nLibrary fnd., 2502; Daily Post est., 2522;\\nWoodmere Cemetery est., J(i;i3 soldiers\\nmonument unveiled, 276 1 Ereninq Xews\\nest., 2S22; Michigan Coll., org., 1 2963\\nAsso. of Charities org., 3032; Michigan\\nColl. of Physicians and Surgeons opens,\\n3223; bishop confirmed, 336 1 street-car\\nstrikes, 3823; G.A. R meets, 389i street\\nrailways sold, 3S9 3 R. C. teachers ex-\\ncluded, 4162; fire, 4432, 4453, 4733; labor\\nconflict, 4571 arbitration of strike, 4643;\\nbribery of school-board, 470 2\\nRiver, Mich., tunnel abandoned, 2833.\\nToledo R. R. opened, 1833.\\nDetroit, launched, 3941\\nDettingen, Bavaria, battle of, 514 2\\nDeucalion, deluge of, 10131.\\nDeusdedit, archbp. Canterbury, 8423.\\nIn nti ronomu, written, 11463.\\nDeutsch, Emanuel O. M.,b.,S142 d.,8281.\\nDeutsch-Brod, Bohemia, battle of, 7841.\\nDeutsche Allqemeine Zei/ung, est,, 8152.\\nDeutsche Zeitung, est., 8163.\\nJhaitsche Museum-, est., 818 3\\nDeutsche Rundschau, est., 8291.\\nDevastation (Fr.), launched, 7521\\nDevastation (Eng.), launched, 9741.\\nI eveaux Neck, action at, 240 2\\nDevelle, M., minister, 7553, 7G1 1 7632,\\n7651, 2.\\nDevens, Charles, b., 12S2 commander-in-\\nchief, 2831 2872; minister, 2953; d., 3742.\\nDeventer, Neth., surrenders, 6921.\\nDe Vere, Aubrey, Sir, b., 9243 d., 9522.\\nThomas, b., 9363; -works,\\n8873,9503,9963.\\nMaximilian Scheie, b., 1282.\\nDevereaux, Capt., kills Wallenstein, 7953.\\nRobert, Earl of Essex, courtier, gen.,\\nb.-d.,S722; minister, 8753, 8772; attempts\\ninsurrection in Sp. takes Cadiz, 8761\\nlord.-lieut., S773 d. (1601).\\nEarl of Essex, parliamentary\\ngen., b., 8762; i n civil war, 8841; es-\\ncapes, 8842 d., 8862.\\nWalter, Earl of Kssex, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 8681 polit-\\nical conspiracv, 897 1 d. (1576).\\nDevery, W. G., Capt., indicted, 4443. (See\\nNew York.)\\nDeves, M., minister. 7532, 3.\\nDeville, Henri Etienne St.-Claire,b., 7223;\\nd., 7522.\\nDevil s Bridge, Mass., vessel wrecked,\\n3173.\\nLake, N. Dak., school for deaf mutes,\\n3731.\\nDevizes, Eng., surrender, 8861.\\nDevon, Earl of, title created, 8711\\nand Exeter Institution est., 9321\\nDevonport, Eng., Icarus launched, 9921\\nSerpent, launched, 996 1.\\nDevonshire, Eng., see united, 8463 title\\ncreated, 899 1 Duke of, minister, 915 2\\nreduces rents, 10033.\\nDevozioni del Giovedi e Venerdi Santo,\\n10771.\\nDevrient, Gustav E., b., 8082 d., 82fii.\\nKarl A., b., 8063 d., 8281\\nLudwig, b., 8042 d., 8142.\\nPhilipp E., b., 8071 d., 8282.\\nDe Vries, David Pieterssen, est. Lewiston\\nsettlement, 332 on Staten Island, 372.\\nDew, remarkable, 9001.\\nDewangiri, action at, 10482.\\nDewdney, Edgar, min. of interior, Can..\\n5931.\\nDe Wette, Wilhelm M. L., b.,8042; d.,\\n8181\\nDewey, Chester, b., 961 d., 2582.\\nGeo., b. in Vt. (1837) apt. cadet (Sept.\\n23, 1S54); in Naval Acad. (1854-58); on\\nWahasii in Mediterranean squadron\\n(1858-59) on Mississippi, West Gulf\\nsquadron (1861-63) at capture of New\\nOrleans (Mar., 1S62) at Port Hudson\\n(Mar., 1SC3) in action below Donaldson-\\nville, La. (July, 1863) commis. lieut.\\n(Apr. 19, 1861) on gunboat Agaivam, N.\\nAtlantic blockading squadron (1864-65)\\nin two attacks on Ft. Fisher (Dec, 1864,\\nJan.; 1865) commis. Lieut.-Commander\\n(Mar. 3, 1865) on steamer Kearsarge,\\nEuropean squadron (1866) on Colorado,\\nflag-ship of European squadron (1S67)\\nin Naval Acad. (1SG8-69) commanding\\nNarragansct, in special service (1870-71)\\non Torpedo Stat i m (1872) commissioned\\nCommander (Apr., 13, 1872) command-\\ning Narraaanset, Pacific Survey (1872-\\n75) Light House Inspector (1876-77)\\nsec. Light House Board (1877-82) com-\\nmanding Juniata, Asiatic Station (1SS2-\\n85); promoted captain (Sept., 1884);\\ncommanding Dolphin (i8S4i coramand-\\nmg Pensaca/a, rhm-Mnpof European Sta-\\ntion (1885-88) chief of Bureau of Equip-\\nment and Recruiting; rank of commo-\\ndore, 2512 in Light lh u e Board (1893-\\n96).\\nNelson, gov. Wis., 1652.\\nOrville, issues Christian Examiner,\\n1271; d., 3101.\\nDewing, Thomas W., National Academy\\nof Design, 3321.\\nDe Witt, Cornelius, Adm., b. (1623) in\\nchannel, 8S81 victories, 1100 1 torn in\\npieces, 11012.\\nJohn, b.-d., 1100 3 pensionary of\\nHoll., 11013 torn to pieces, 11012.\\nThomas, pres. Reformed Synod,\\n1322, 1342 d., 2842.\\nDe Witt s land explored, 4931\\nDewsbery, William, b., 8802 d. (1688).\\nDewsbury, colliery explosion, 10113.\\nDexippus, Publius H., d., 10283.\\nDexter, la., Dexter Normal Coll. opd., 3043.\\nHenry Martyn, b., 1301 d., 3701\\nJ. Gregory, governor Providence and\\nWarwick (1653).\\nSamuel, b., 723 d., 1242,\\nDe Young, shoots Mayor Kalloch, 3031.\\nM. H., World s Fair, 3633.\\nDhammapatia, written, 10431.\\nDharmapala assails Christianity, 4381\\nDhooden Khera in Sepoy rebellion, 10481\\nDhvus in battle at Leueopetra, 10281.\\nDial, appears, 1523.\\nDialectic Soe. fnd.. London, 9783; Eng. D.\\nSoc. in 1867.\\nDiamagnetic polarity proven, 9602.\\nDiamond-cutting est. in Nuremburg, 7842.\\nNecklace scandal, 707 1\\nthief captured, 3871\\nDiamonds dis. in Brazil, 573, 5541 2 in\\nTransvaal, 5981; hi Cape Colony, 5981,\\n6002,3, G001,3; artificially made, 7521;\\npresented to Queen, VO0 3 .Star of the\\nSouth, 9602.\\nDiana, Temple erected, 9162 burned\\nrebuilt, 10231.\\nDiane de Poitiers, b., 6783 mistress of\\nHenry LT., 6813 d., 6833.\\nDiarbekir, church reorganized, 1158 1\\nDiario lt fas Literates, issued, 11292,\\ndi Roma, issued, 10833.\\nNoticioso, issued, 11292,\\nDiaz, Bartolommeu, b.-d., 11092 j discov-\\nerer, 5973.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1248.jp2"}, "1249": {"fulltext": "Diaz-Disa.\\nText Figures denote Page. IND1I.X.. Superior Figures indicate Colu\\n1237\\nDiaz, Bishop, beheaded, 4803.\\nM., murder in China, 480\\nPorfirio, b.; leads war, 10961; leads\\ninsurrection pres.; reelected, 1097 at-\\ntempt to kill, 10973.\\ndel Castillo, Bernel, b.-d., 112G3.\\nDibble, Samuel, contested election, 311\\nDibdin, Charles, b., 9103 d., 9363.\\nThomas Frognall, b., 919 d., 9542.\\nDicey, Edward, b.,9461.\\nDick, James T., b., 1422 d., 260\\nThomas, b., 919 d. (1857).\\nDickens, Charles, b., 9302 visits U. S.,\\n155 2 Pres. Johnson receives in New\\nTork, 2G1 works, 9483, agca, 903 9682;\\nd., 9742.\\nDickerson, Mahlon, b. (1770) gov. N. J.,\\n1252 j sec. navy, 1473 resigns, 1492 d.\\n(1853).\\nPhilemon, b. (1788) gov. N. J., 1472;\\nd. (1862).\\nDickey, Miss., White Caps, 422 negroes\\nlynched, 424\\nJ. J., office dynamited, 431\\nDickeys, Capt., at Mumfordville, 2163.\\nDickie, A. R., minister militia, Can., 5963.\\nDickinson, Anna Elizabeth, b., 1542\\nWhat Answer, 2643.\\nBaxter, b. (1795) moderator, 1503\\nd. (1875).\\nDaniel Stevens, b. (1800) d., 252\\nDon M., chairman Democratic Cam-\\npaign Committee, 4113 4132.\\nEdward, d., 2842.\\nJohn, b., 62 Liberty Song, 762 pe-\\ntition, 792 pres. Council, 9:53 d., 1142.\\nbishop of United Breth., 2682.\\nT., World s Fair, 3633.\\nJonathan, b., 502 d., 662.\\nMary Lowe, Prof, at Denver, 33S3.\\nCapt., commands Pem/uiii, 123\\nCollege, Carlisle, Pa., 963.\\nDickma, Herr, arrested, 823\\nDickson, Sheriff A., shot, 4503.\\nDictator, first Plebeian elected, 10533; last\\nnominated, 10553.\\nDictionaries, Eng.; Johnson s, 9133 Web-\\nster s,1363, 1523, 2412; Worcester s (1860),\\n(1888); Murray s (begun), 9923; Webster s\\nInternational, 3722 standard, 4782.\\nDictum de Kenilworth, England, 855 2\\nDiderot, Denis, b., 6963; works, 7012,3,\\n7032,7052; d., 706\\nDido, asteroid, discovered, 302\\nDidon, Pere, Life of Jesus, 7602.\\nDidot, Ambroise Firntin, b.,7062; d., ?50\\nFirrnin, b., 703 d., 7262.\\nFrancois A., b., 6983; d., 715\\nDidron, Adolphe Nap., b., 7163; d., 7362.\\nDidymus, grammarian, d., 6532.\\nthe Blind, b.-d., 6342.\\nDiebitsch, Hans Karl Friedrich Anton\\nvon, b., 11162; d., 11163.\\nDiedenhofer, Ger., Diet of, 773\\nDie Discurse der Midler, issued, 799\\nDie Einsiedlerzeitung, issued, 809\\nDiefenbach.Lorenz, b., 8082 Lexicon, 8163;\\nd., 8302.\\nDie Gegenwart, issued, 829\\nDielman, Frederick, b., 1623 j member\\nNat. Academy, 314\\nDieman, Anthony van, b.-d., 10983.\\nDie Matrone, issued, 801\\nDie Meistcrsinger, appears, 8243.\\nDieppe, bombarded, 694 occupied, 743\\nDiescach, discovers prussic acid, 7982.\\nDieschone Maejebyne, appears, 791\\nDiesterweg, Friedrich Adolf Wilhelm, b.,\\n8043; d., 8243.\\nDiet of Estates, France, 6722.\\nDietenberger, Johann, trans. Bible, 791\\nDietrich, Christian Wilhelm Ernst, b.,\\n7983; d., 804\\nJohann C, b., 7923; d., 7963.\\nDietrichson, Lorentz Henrik Segelcke, b.,\\n1104\\nDieterici, Friedrich, b., 8122.\\nKarl F. W., b., 8043; d., 8202.\\nDietrick, Viola, sentenced, 4442.\\nDietz, Samuel, monument gift, 406\\nDie Zauberlb de, appears, 804\\nDiez, Friedrich C, b., 8062; d., 8282.\\nJohn, sells absolutions, 7863.\\nDiffenbach, Johann P., b., 8062.\\nDifferential calculus disc, 8902.\\nDigby, N. S., vessel seized, 585 2\\nBaron, title created, 881\\nSir Everard, b. (1578) gunpowder\\nplot, 8792 d. (1606).\\nDigbv, Sir Kenelm, b. (1603) d., 8922.\\nHenry, b., 9302; d. (1880).\\nLord, administrator, 885\\nDigges, Sir Dudley, b., 8742; imprisoned,\\n8813; d. (1639).\\n,Edward,b.(U ,2ll);gov.,41t,433;d.(1675).\\nLeonard, glass lenses, 8741.\\nDigliton, John, executes princes, 8653.\\nDijon, Fr., battle, 6622 acquired, 6732;\\nbombarded, 7422; evacuated, 7431 occu-\\npied, 744\\nle Mans, engagement at, 743\\nDike, asteroid, discovered, 736\\nDikes fail, Neth., 1099\\nDilettanti, society est., London, 908\\nDiligence, wrecked, 9493.\\nDilke,AshtonW., for decimal system, 987 2\\nCharles Wentworth, b., 9243; d., %8\\nb., 935 d., 9722.\\nSir, b., 9522 expenditure\\nmotion, 9772; a republican, 9772; Greater\\nBritain, 10043.\\nDillingen, Ger., Univ. suspends, 809\\nDillingham, Paul, gov. Vt., 2512; d., 388\\nWm. P., gov. Vt., 3332.\\nDillman, Christian Frederick August, b.,\\n8122; d., 836\\nDillon, Viscount, title created, 881\\nCount Arthur, b. (1750); erased leaves,\\n7583; sentenced, 759 2; d. (1794).\\nJohn, b., 95G2; address, 5002; M. P.,\\narrested, 987 Irish agitator, 9883\\nTimes attacks, 9973; S ;iils for New York,\\n10013, 3711; arrested; trial, 1005 re-\\nleased, 1007 outrage against, 100S 3\\nLouise, b., 180\\nSydney, will, 4083; d., 408\\nV. B., lord mayor, London, 10112.\\nWentworth, Earl of Roscommon, b.,\\n8822; d., 8962.\\nMr., killed, 735\\nDills College, at Piketon, 215\\nDillwyn, Mr., for disest. Ch., Wales, 10012.\\nDilolo, Lake, discovered, 560 2\\nDiman, Jeremiah Lewis, b. 1382; d., 3062.\\nDiraitri I., Duke of .Moscow, 1115 2\\nD. of Russia, 11152.\\nIT. rules Moscow, 11152.\\n(Otretief), impostor reigns, 1115 ,2.\\nIII., defeats Mai the Don, 1114\\nrules Moscow, 1115 2\\nDimmock, Chas., b. (1800); d., 2272.\\nDiinond, Francis M., gov. R. I., 1753.\\nDinapur, Sepoy rebellion, 1048\\n1 indorf, Wilhelm, b., 8082; d., 8302.\\nDingaan, defeated, 598 massacres Boers,\\n598 treachery, 5982; killed, 5992.\\nDingelstedt, Baron Franz von, b., 8102; d.,\\n380\\nI ringhein, Mrs., linen starching, 870\\nDingledek, John, convicted, 4503.\\nDingley, Nelson, Jr., b., 140 gov. Me.,\\n2873; Worsted Bill passes, 3592; Bill in\\nSupreme Court, 403\\nDingwell, Baron, title created, 8772.\\nDiniz I., king, b.-d., 11092.\\nDinizulu, revolt of; surrenders, 6022+;\\ncrowned disturbances submits, 6032.\\nDinocrates rebuilds Temple of Diana,\\n1023 defeats Philopcemen, 10263.\\nDinsmore, Hugh A., b., 168\\nSamuel, b. (1766); gov., 1393 d., 1442.\\nb. (1799) gov., 1671 d., 2641\\nDinter, Gustav Flic. irieli.ii., 8023; d.,8142.\\nDinwiddie Ct. -House, Sheridan at, 2442,3.\\n.Robert, b.,522; gov. Va.,692; d.,762.\\nDioceses established. (See Roman Cath-\\nolic and Protestant Episcopal churches\\nalso names in alphabetical place for\\nthose in Great Britain and Colonies.)\\nDiocletian, Cains Aurelius Valerius, b.-d.,\\n10662 against Christians, 0523; takes\\nAlexandria, 6541, 10661 builds palace,\\n106G 2 age of; cruelty, 10663; reigns;\\nest. govt. divides empire sends ambas-\\nsadors to China against Maximian ab-\\ndicates, 10672,3.\\nDiodato, doge of Venice, 10732.\\nDiodorusSiculus, b., 10282; Library, 1029 1\\nDiogenes, b.-d., 10211.\\nLaertius, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 10283; History of Phi-\\nlosophi/, 10292; Roman embassy, 10292.\\nDiomed, wins Derby, 9213.\\nDion, statesman, b.-d., 10502; welcomedin\\nSyracuse, 10233; k., 10252.\\n,Cassius,b. 10283 Rome, 10292 d. (230+).\\nDione, sinks, 9933.\\nDionis du S6jour, Achille P., b., 6983; d.,\\n7102.\\nDionysius, the Elder, b.-d., 10502; invents\\ncatapulta?, 10223; usurps govt., 10232;\\ncaptures Rhegiurn, 10502 rules Syra-\\ncuse, 10513.\\nthe Younger, b.-d., 10502; reigns\\nexpelled, 10233.\\nCassias Loiiginus, works, 10292.\\nExiguus, Christian era, 1070 2\\n1., Portugal, reigns, 11093.\\nof Byzantium, b., 10283.\\nof Halicarnassus, b., 10282; History of\\nRome, 10291.\\nSt., pope, 10643; patriarch, 10662; d.,\\n10283.\\nthe Areopagite, d., 10283.\\nDiophantus of Alexandria, b., 10303.\\nDiorama invented, 724\\nDioscorides, b., 10282.\\nDioscorus, bp. at Ephesus, 10703.\\nDiphtheria bacillus found, 4693.\\nDiplomatic Correspond. of Tall, grand, 7582.\\nReview, Fug., issued, 961\\nDipoenus sculptor, 10162.\\nDirectory est., Fr., 7113 conspir. against,\\n713 elections hostile, 7l:ia. (See Paris.)\\nof worship approved, Eng., 8843.\\nDirect Tax. (See Tax.)\\nDiriohlet, Peter G., b., 8082; d., 8202.\\nDirk I., reigns, 1099\\nII., reigns, 1099 d., 10982.\\nIII., reigns makes history; subdues\\nFriesians, 1099 d., 10982.\\nIV. rules, 10991 attacks fleet, 1098\\nV., Count, rules, 10991\\nVI., rules, 10991.\\nVII., rules, 10991 d., 10982.\\nDirkson, Adin., defeats Alva s fleet, 10981\\nDisability Pension Bill. (See Pensions.)\\nDisabling Act passed, Eng., 8951\\nDisarmament in America, 3592.\\nDisasters, marine, collisions, Am.: near\\nCape Girardeau, 50 deaths, 1633; Arctic\\nwith iceberg, 300 d. 1073 Ogilensburg and\\nAtlantic, 100 d., 1713 Arctic with Vesta,\\noff Cape Race, 323 d. 1773 John Rutledge\\nwith iceberg, 156 d., 1793; La Lgounaise,\\non sea with^sailing vessel, 116 d. Ocean\\nWave with Brit, vessel, 77 d., 1813 West\\nPoint with a steamer, 75 d., 2113 Metis\\nwith a schooner, 50 d., 2793; Pomerania\\nwith a bark, 48 d., 2993 Narrayaiisett\\nwdth. sailing-vessel, 27 d. Mamie with\\nGarland, 16 d., 3053 Sciota on Ohio, 57\\nd., 3113 State of Fhrula with Pomena,\\n123+ d.,3173; Oregon with schooner, 3233;\\nlieacon Light with iceberg, 3593 C. H.\\nNorthern with Continental, 3 ft3; Viscaya\\nwithCornelius Hargvares. t ud., 3713; Uto-\\npia with Anson, 574 d., 3813 Alva with\\nH. F. Dimock, 4133 Aztec with Sam\\nSloan, 4053; Dorian with Clara E.Simp-\\nson, 3d., 4773.\\nCan. Cynthia with Poly-\\nnesia, 8d., 5873.\\nFrench Ville de Havre,\\n226 d., 7493.\\nGreat Brit -.Josephine Willis\\nwith Mangerton, 70 d. ,901a Bruiser -with\\nJlasu-cl!.l~ .H .t3-, J\\\\ nrwati /i/\\\\\\\\ith Mary,\\n34d.,9733; Northlhet, 300d..9773; Strath-\\nclgde with Franconia, 17 d., 9813 Ava-\\nIclnche with Forest, 12 saved Knapton\\nHall with Lochfyne, 9 d. C. M. Palmer\\nwith Ladworth, 14 d. Princess Alice\\nwitliBywe/l Castle, 90O_;_ d,; Fanny with\\nHelvetia, 17 d.; Mizpah, d., 9833 Brit.\\nCommerce with Ouutu of Aberdeen, 1 d.,\\n9913 Dione with Camden, 17+ d., 9933\\nDolphin with Breitda, S d., 9953 Eap-\\nunda with Ada. Gilmore, 298 d., 9973\\nNereid-with Killocheen, 23 d. Largo Bay,\\n10013 Countess Evelyn with City of\\nHamburg, 25 d., 10113.\\nwrecks, etc., A in.: Monitor fndrs.;\\nFulton, blows up, 1373; J-Io/ne, wrecked;\\nBlackHairk, explodes Moselle, explodes,\\n1493; Lexington, burns, 1513 President,\\nlost, fate unknown Peacock, wrecked\\nErie, burns, 1533 Malora, explodes,\\n1553 Missouri, burns Shepherdess,\\nsinks Lucy Walker, explodes, 157 3\\nBelle Zone, sinks Marquette, explodes,\\n1593 Somers, capsizes, 1613 phamix,\\nburns; A. V. Johnson, explodes; Blue\\nRidge, explodes, 1633; Clarksville, tmrns;\\nEdward Bates, explodes; Ocean Mon-\\narch, burns, 1053; Caleb Grim s haw, burns\\nat sea Louisiana, explodes Gri.ll/th,\\nburns, 167 3 Anglo-Norman, explodes,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1249.jp2"}, "1250": {"fulltext": "1238\\nText Figures denote Page. IND.E.X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nDisa-Dodg\\n169 2 John Adams, sinks Oregon, ex-\\nplodes, 1693 Brilliant, explodes, 1712\\nGlencoe, Saluda, St, James, explode\\nHenry Clay, burns Franklin, collapses\\nReindeer, explodes, 1713 Independence,\\nwrecked, Cal. Jenny Lind, explodes\\nOcean Ware, Great liepulilic, burn, 1733;\\nSecretary, explodes; I oirhattan, wrecked\\non L. Island, 1753 Lexington, explodes\\nPacific, fate unknown New Jersey,\\nferry-boat, burns, 1793; Northern Indi-\\nana, John Jay, burn Northern Belle,\\nwrecked, 1813 Central America, sinks\\nat sea, 1833 Pennsylvania, Princess,\\nexplode Austria, burns atsea Pomona,\\nwrecked, 1853 Luna, wrecked, 1873\\nGolden Gate, burns North America,\\nfounders atsea, 2113 Monitor, founders,\\n2171; Gen. Lyon, burns at sea, 2453\\nMiami, explodes, 2513 Evening Star,\\nfounders at sea, 2553 Magnolia, ex-\\nplodes; Sea Bird, burns, 2613 H. E.\\nArthur, explodes, 2733 iv, st field, ferry-\\nboat, explodes Garni Ware, explodes.\\n2753; Oceanus, explodes, 2773; Henry A.\\nJones, burns Atlantic, wrecked, 2813\\nWawasset, burns; Virginius, founders,\\n2833; Pat Rogers, burns, 2S53 Pacific,\\nfounders City of Waco, burns, 2893\\nSt. Clair, burns, 2933; L Ameriqite, runs\\nashore, 295 3 Metropolis, wrecked, 2993;\\nAmerican, rounders; Seaacanhetka, burns,\\nCity of Vera Cruz, founders, 305 3 Asia,\\nwrecked West Point, burns, 3093 Ba-\\nhama, founders Golden City, Robert E.\\nLee, burn Gold Dust, explodes Malle-\\nville, Wambe, wrecked, 3113 Yazoo,\\nsinks Grappler. burns, 313 3 City of Co-\\nlumbus, wrecked, 3173 La Mas cotte,\\nburns; Flying Scud, lost, 3253 W. H.\\nGardner, City of Montreal, burn Mys-\\ntery, capsizes, 3273 Alfred D. Snow,\\nwrecked Juliet, explodes, 3293 Snow\\nBird, wrecked; Kate A/lams, John H.\\nHannah, burn, 3313; Bristol, burns, 3333;\\nPettinqill, wrecked, 3373 Danmark,\\n3393, 6423; Alaskan, founders, 3412;\\nCorona, explodes, 3473 Germania,\\nwrecked, 3492 City of Rome, ashore,\\n3613; Tioga, explodes, 3033 Sea Wing,\\ncapsizes; William Rice, founders, 3653;\\nElizabeth, wrecked, 37:)3 Stralhairlif,\\nwrecked, 3813; Despatch, wrecked, 3933;\\nOliver Bierne. burns, 3953 Nicaragua,\\nwrecked, 3973 Venezuela, Polynesia.\\nwrecked, 4013; Windermere, 4033 Flor-\\nida, ashore, 4073 Chicago, wrecked,\\n4113 Western Reserve, breaks, 415 2\\nCity of Atlanta, burns, 4233 Neronic,\\nlost, 4273 City of New York, wrecked,\\nCity of Alexandria, burns, 4432; Jason,\\nwrecked, 4453 La Champagne, ashore,\\n4593; Plymouth, ashore; James D. Nich-\\noll, sinks, 41133 Massasoil. wrecked, 4753\\nOzama, wrecked, 477 2 Annie J. Pardee,\\nwrecked, 4773.\\nDisasters, marine, wrecks, collisions, etc.,\\nCanadian Borussia, founders, 10 d.,\\n5853 Uicron rt, upset, several hundred d.;\\nAsia, founders, 98 d. Algoma founders,\\n5853 Shiloh, wrecked, 14 d., 5873 St.\\nLawrence, wrecked, 5892 Montreal,\\nwrecked; Quinte. burnt, 5893; Georgiana,\\ncapsizes, 17 d., 5933 Loodiana, burns,\\ncrew d., 5953.\\nSt. George, Ont.,Can., 10k.,\\n5873; at Stuttgart, Ger., 10k., 8333; G.B.,\\nMary Rose, 8693 Haddington, lost, 253 k.,\\n9133 Meua.i, 60 d., 9233 HJswell, 3863\\nCharlemant Packet, 104 d.,9253 Queen,\\n369 d., 9293 yEneas, 340 d. Aurora, 300\\nd.; King George, 125 d.; Prince of Wales,\\nRochdale, 300 d., 9333 William and\\nMary, 60 d.,9393; Alert, 70d.,9413; Lady\\nSherbrooke, 273 d., 9453; Hibernia, 150 d.\\nAinphitrite, 128 d. Lady Monro, 70 d.,\\n9473 Forfarshire, 38 d. Diligence, 56 d.;\\nWin. Huskisson; Ld. Wm. Beutiuck, 85\\nd. Ld. Castlcreagh, many lost; City of\\nBristol, 35 d.; Gov. Earner, 122 d. Wm.\\nBrowne, many d. Amanda, 41 d.; James\\nCooke, Abercrnmbie, liatiinson, Waterloo.\\nmany d. Reliance, 109 d., 951 3 Con-\\nqueror, many d. Jesse Logan, many d.\\nSolway, many d. Amelia Thompson,\\nmany d. Pegasus, 52 d. Manchester, 30\\nd., 9533 Exmouth, 230\u00c2\u00b1 d. Ocean Mon-\\narch, burns; Royal Adelaide, 400 d.\\nOrion, 50 d., 9553 Edmund, 100d.; Ama-\\nzon, burns, 102 d. Victoria, 9573 St.\\nGeorge, 51 d. Q. Victoria, 67 d.; Tay/eur,\\n380 d. City of Glasgow, 480 d. Wile-\\nChester, mairyd.; Annie Jane, 348 d.; Dal-\\nhousie founders, 60 d. Prince, 144 d.\\nNile, all d. Geo. Canning, 96 d. Will\\no the Wisp, IS d., 9593 Morna, 21 d.\\nJohn, WO A.; Pallas, 72 d. Violet, many\\nd. Dunbar, 121 d.,9613; Austria, burns,\\n471 d. India, 27 d.; Blervie. Castle, 57 d.,\\n9633; GnH\u00c2\u00ab/\u00c2\u00ab !H,3r d.,9(i53; Mars, 50 el.;\\nBencoolen, 26 d. Life Guard, fate un-\\nknown Ang/o-Setxon, 237 d. Stanley,\\nFriendship. Dalhousie, 34 d. lUnnbay,\\nburns, 91 k.,9673; Eagle Speed, 205 d.\\nIbis, 15 d. London, 220 d. Gen. Grant,\\n85+ d. Ceres, 36 d., 9693 Hibernia,\\nmanyd. Italian, 26+ d.,9733 Cambria,\\n170d.,9753; Gennau ue. li- d.; Delaware,\\n45 d., 9773; Q. Elizabeth, 20 d.; Atlantic,\\n560 d. Brit. Adm., 80 d. Cospatriek,\\nburns, 470+ d. La Plata, S7 d. Cadiz,\\n62+ d. Great Queensland, fate un-\\nknown, 569 d., 9813 Eurydice, found-\\ners, 300 d., 9S2i Cairo, disappears\\nMesopotamia. 8 d., 9833 Valentine, 16 d.;\\nVingorla, 06 d., 9S53 Teuton, 200+ d.\\nClan Macduff, 32 d. Bahama, 20 d.\\nLivadia, 23 d. Kosmos, 21 d.,9S93 Pan-\\nama, 20 d. Winton, 24 d. St. George,\\n11 d Langrigg Hall, 24 d. Raunure\\nCastle, 30 d., 9913; Navarre, 745+ d.\\nDunstaffnage, 23 d. Wykeham, 22 d.\\nGrappler, burns, 70+ d. Daphne, heels\\nover, 124 d., 9913 Iris, 35 d. Auk, 22 d.,\\n9933 Merchantman. 70 -_ d. Frentoive.r,\\n50+ d., 9953 Monarch, 11 d. Falls of\\nBrucr, 24 d., 9973 Bolau, 33 d., 10013\\nThracian, 23 d., 10093 Triuacria, 31 d.,\\n10113.\\nDisciples of Christ, (Campbellites), T.\\nCampbell, 1143; lu Pa., 1163, 1183, 1343;\\nChristian Bap/ist, 1312. Church of\\nChrist org., 1343 Ky. Univ. est., 1463\\nin Ky., 1463, 1802, 3123, 3143. Beth-\\nany Coll., 1563; Barritt Coll.. 1643; Chris-\\ntian Coll., Mo., 1683 Christian Univ.,\\n173 Eureka Coll., 1782; in III., 1762.\\nButler Univ., in Ind., 1782. Daugh-\\nters Coll., 1802; (Jskaloosa Coll., 2093;\\nin la., 2093, 2083. Christian Coll.,\\nOre., 2543; in Ore., 2543. Hiram Coll.,\\nO., est., 2583; in O., 2583. Add-Bau.\\nUniv., Tex.; in Tex.. 2823. Christian\\nWomen s Board of .Missions, org., 2862\\nFor. Missionary Soc, org., 2S82 Drake\\nUniver., 3082; central hio Coll.; Chris-\\ntian Coll., Ky., 3122 Washington Coll.,\\nCal.; Home Coll., Ky.; Ash Grove Coll.,\\nMo. ,3143; inCal.,in Mo., 3143. Gar-\\nfield Univ., Kan.; for Temperance, 3242;\\nin Kan., 3243. For annual conven-\\ntions, see Text in each year.\\nDiscovery Harbor, Lieut. Greely at, 308 1\\nDiscovery, arctic expedition, 980\\nDisease, prevention of, Act, 9612.\\nDisestablishment, Irish, protested, 9702;\\nresolutions, 9713; f Scotch Church de-\\nfeated, 10022 Act, Ch. of W., 10053.\\nDisfranchisement Hill, Pitt s, 9233.\\nDisloyalty in New England, 1233.\\nDismal Swamp Canal destroyed, 2063.\\nDisraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaeonsfield,\\nb., 9323; minister, 9572, 9632, 9692; pro-\\ntectionist niotioti.957 2 inCong.of Berlin,\\n831 Eeform Bill, 9633 ministry, 9712\\nresigns,973 works, 943 ,9.i. ;i ,9703,;is63;\\nministry, 9792; d.,9882; statue, 990\\nD Israeli, Isaac, b., 9163; works, 927 937\\n9503; d.,9542.\\nDissection of human body, 5402.\\nDissen, Georg L., b., 8042; d., 8143.\\nDissenters, Eng., favor colonists, 823;\\nabound, 8723; named, 8903; toleration\\ngranted, 9063; Society for Religious Lib\\nerty, 9523; trial of, 9043; eligible, 9433;\\nministers resign allowance, 9803; ad-\\nmitted to university honors, 9463; union\\nwith, favored, 9782; Equality Bill, 10072.\\nDistaff spinning introduced, 8662.\\nDistemper, horses affected, 2793.\\nDistinguished Sin-vice Order, inst., 994 ,3.\\nDistrict of Columbia, org., 1032; Brit, ap-\\nproach; cabinet flees, 1233; slavery\\nabolished; reconsidered, 1052; slavery\\npreserved, 1672; Japanese embassy in,\\n1873; slavery abolished, 2013; emanci-\\npation in, 2073; negroes vote, 225 2 259\\ncontraband village in, 2292; elective\\nfranchise in, 256 3 real estate taxed,\\n2713; govt, granted. 2732; Alex. E. Shep-\\nherd, gov., 283 2 Territorial govt, abol-\\nished commissioners appointed, 2852,\\n3012; Zoological Park, est., 340 (See\\nWashington City.)\\nDistrict Churches Act passes, 9722.\\nTelegraph Co. org., America, 2813.\\nDistricts, Eng., divided into, 8892.\\nDitniarshes, Ger.,war with Denmark, 786\\nDittees, Friedrich, b., 8142.\\nDittlinger, P. W., defaulter, 391\\nDitton, Humphrey, b., 894 d., 9042.\\nDi un Monacho che, etc., appears, 1077\\nDiurnal Occurrences, appears, 8843.\\nDiving-bell, first, 10243 used, 892\\nDivorce, absolute decision, 347 2\\nand Matrimonial Clauses Act, 963\\nBill passes, Fr., 7532.\\nfrequent, Fr., 7103.\\nDiwer, Patrick, testimony against, 4522;\\nresumes place, 4543 charges, 476\\nDix, Dorothea Lynde, b., 110 Bill for\\ninsane, 175\\nJohn Adams, b., 108 see. treas.\\nFlag order, 191 at Fortress Monroe,\\n2083; to St. Albans raiders, 239 582\\nincendiaries at N. Y., 240 gov. N. Y.,\\n285 d., 3002.\\nMorgan, b. (1827), 1342; p re s. of Dep-\\nuties, 346\\nDixey, Henry E., b., I6S2.\\nDixmude, Bel., captured, 6922.\\nDixon, County. Tenn., lynching, 465\\n111., iron bridge falls, 2813.\\nArchibald, b. (1S02); repeal Mis-\\nsouri Compromise, 175 d. (1876).\\nJohn, b. (1799); d., 2802.\\nJoseph, d., 2662..\\nS. J., at Niagara Falls, 3673.\\nThomas, denounces Tammany, 4062.\\nWm. Hepworth, b. (1821); New Amer-\\nican, 2603; d. (1879).\\nDixon s Compulsory Education Bill, 9812.\\nDixyvell, John, b. (1608); refugee, 413; d.,\\n(16S9).\\nDjarkend, destructive earthquake, 1120\\nDmitrief, Ivan Ivanovitch, b., 11143; d.,\\n11163.\\nDoane Coll. fnd. at Crete, Neb., 2782.\\nGeo. Washington, b., 1082; cons, bp.,\\n1402; trial begins, 1662; d., 1842.\\nJ. W., Govt. U.K. director, 4473.\\nWilliam Croswell, b. (1832), cons, bp.,\\n2642j regent univ., 4002; speech, 4022,3.\\nDobbin, James Cochrane, b. (1814); sec.\\nnavy, 1733.\\nDobbs, Ferry, N. Y., monument, 462\\nArthur, b. (17S4) gov., 693 d. (1765).\\nDobell, Sydney Thompson, b.,9422; works,\\n9563; d. (1874).\\nDober, O Leonard, missionary, 622.\\nDobrentei, Gabor, b., 5163; d.,524\\nDobrowski, Josef, b., 5143; d., 5202.\\nDobrudja, ceded to Rumania, 11132; an-\\nnexed to Turkey, 11592.\\nDobson, Austin, b. (1S40); Horace Walpole,\\n10063.\\nWm.,b., 8782; a. (1646).\\nDockers Union, laborers strike, 1005\\nDockery, Alex. M., b., 158\\nCommission Bill passes, 4592.\\nDoctor of music, first in Eng., 864\\nDoctors, feyv in Eng., 8662.\\nDoezi, Lajos, b., 5203.\\nDod, Daniel, b. (1788); d., 1302.\\nDo-dar Island, occupied, 6182.\\nDodd, Mr., builds steam vessel, 928\\n.William., b. 1729i; convicted, 9212;\\nd., 9203.\\nDaldiugton, lost, 9133.\\nDoddridge, Philip, b.,9022; d., 9123.\\nDodds, Gen., in Dahomey, 764 against\\nKing Bohanzin, 1161 2\\nDoderlein, Ludwig, b., 8043; d., 822\\nDodge, Grenville Mellen, b. (1831) Gen.,\\nnear La Vergne, 216 at Pulaski, 2283;\\nbefore Atlanta, 2363; Pres. Society\\nArmy Tenn., 393 4723.\\nHenry, b. (1782); gov. Wis., 1472,\\n161 d., 256\\nJames Mapes, invents sewing-ma-\\nchine, 126\\nJoshua E., in dept. of justice, 4473.\\nMarv Abigail (Gail Hamilton), b.,\\n138 works, 2133, 2043, 2723, 2842, 3223;\\nWashing!. in Bible Class, 3962.\\nMary Mapes, works, 2943, 303 3143.\\nNath. Shatswell, b. (1810) d., 284", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1250.jp2"}, "1251": {"fulltext": "Dodg-Doug.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDIRA.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1239\\nDodge, Theodore Ayrault, b. (1S42); Hanni-\\nbal, 3963.\\nWilliam Earl, b., 1122; pres. Evan.\\nAlliance, 2562; d., 312 statue, 3221\\npres. Evan. Alliance, 3183.\\nDodington, George Bubli, b., 8082, d. (1762).\\nDodaley, Robert, b., 9022; a (1764).\\nDodson, John George, minister, 985 2\\nchancellor, 9S93.\\nDodwell, Edward, b., 9163; d. (1832).\\nDodworth, Harvey B., d., 3761\\nDoe, Joseph B., in war dept., 4472.\\nDoebereimer, Johann W., b., 9042 d.,\\n818\\nDoeiteh Election Bill passed, 3392.\\nDot/all protects, 558\\nDogate, at Venice, 1073 at Genoa, 10773.\\nDoggett, David Seth,b., 1162; ord. bishop,\\n2522; d., 304\\nDoherty, Police capt., dismissed, 4662.\\nDohnavur, mission, 10462.\\nDohrn, Anton, b., 8143.\\nHeinrich, b., 8143.\\nDoivan surrenders, 4823.\\nDolabella, Lucius Cornelius, routs Sen-\\nones, 10522.\\n,Publins Cornelius, b. (70 B.C.); Roman\\ncommander, 662 d. (43 B.C.).\\nDolaro, Selina, d., 334\\nDolbear, Amos Emerson, b., 14S 2 system\\nof telephone, 30S\\nDolce, Gen., exiled, 11313.\\nDolci, Carlo, b., 10823 d., 1083\\nDole, Sanford B., pres., 10413; reply, 451\\n4412,4673; meets minister Willis. 10413.\\nDoles, George Pierce, b. (1830) d., 235\\nDolet, Etienne, b., 6802; burned, 6S12; d.,\\n6803.\\nDolgeville, N. Y., Koelzler murder, 4522.\\nDolgoroukoff, Prince, d., 1122\\nDolgoruki, Ivan Alexeioviteh, d., 11143.\\nMikhailovitch, b.-d., 11162.\\nPeter Vladimirovitch, b., 11162 d.,\\n11182.\\nmurdered, 11172.\\nVassili Vladimirovitch, b.-d., 11142.\\nPrincess, marriage, 1121\\nDollars, gold, coined, U. S., 1673.\\nDollin, Capt., at Brownsville, Tenn., 2102\\nDollinger, Johann Joseph Ignaz, b., 8063\\nworks, 815 ,820 3 excommunicated, 8262\\nrectorof Munich Univ. advocates union,\\n8263; receives delegates, i)2S3; d.,832\\nDolliver, Jonathan P., b., 184\\nDollond, George, d., 9582.\\nJohn, b (1706) r telescope aberration\\nof light, 9142; d. (1761).\\nDolly s Brae, Orangemen riot, 955\\nDolomieu, Dedodat Guy Svl vain Tancrede\\nGratet de, b., 701 d.. 7143.\\nDolon, inv. theatrical exhibitions, 10162.\\nDolores, Chile, troops defeated, 608\\nDoloughty, John, murder of, 9903.\\nDolph, Joseph Norton, b., 1442; Dolph\\nBill passes, 363 ,367 Chinese Bill,437\\nspeech, 4383, 439 2 resolution, 4552.\\nDolphin arrives, 428\\ncollides with Brenda, 9953.\\nDoman, dvnamite explosion, 5333.\\nDomat, Jean, b., 6863; d., 6943.\\nDomazlice, Imperial army defeated, 506\\nDombey, Joseph, b., 7002; d., 7123.\\nDombrowski, Jan Henryk, b., 11143 d.,\\n11163.\\nDomenichino, Domenico Zampieri, b.,\\npaints St. John, 10822 d., 10823.\\nDomesday Book completed, 8492.\\nDomestic animals sent to America, 173.\\nand For. Miss. Soc. org., 5842.\\ncomforts introduced, Fr., 6692.\\nimprovements, Fr., 6712.\\nDomett, Alfred, b., 935 d. (1887).\\nDom Eurives appears, 1109\\nDominic de Guzman, St., b.-d., 11262.\\nDominican Republic, W. I. (See text, p.\\n643.) Ceded to Fr., 7113 Fr. army ca-\\npitulates, 714 revolt in, 714 ,11302 Sp.\\nannexes Sp. relinquishes, 11313 Am.\\nannexation treaty, 2692 rejected, 2712,\\n2733; commission; report, 275\\nDominicans org., 1075 missions reduced,\\n1523 revolt against, 172 from Pearl\\nCoast; inNew World, 183; in Fla.; labor,\\nAla.; in Ala., 222; in Chile, 605\\nDomingo, Santa Maria, pres. Chile, 6073.\\nDominique, Jean A., work, 719\\nBaron Louis, d., 7263.\\nMichael, defeated and flees presi-\\ndent, Haiti, 10403.\\nDominis, Marco Antonio de, b., 510 2 d.,\\n5123.\\nDoniitanus, takes Alexandria, 655\\nDomitian (Titus Flavins Domitianus Au-\\ngustus), b.-d.,10622 reigns.10633; against\\neducators, 1063 erects wall in Ger.,\\n1062 persecutes, 10042; murdered,10633.\\nDomitius, L. (See Nero.)\\nDomville, Sir William, lord mayor, 9353.\\nDonaghadee, telegraph completed. 9593.\\nDonald V. dethroned suicide, 845\\nVII. reigns, 8492 dethroned, S49 2;\\nblinded, 849\\nE. F., unseated, 3592.\\nLord of the Isles, at Harlaw, 860\\nDonaldson, Mormon bp., under arrest,36S 3\\nEdward, b., 1242.\\nJames Lowry, b., 123 d. (1885).\\nJohn N., b., 935\\nWilliam, b., 9362; d. (1861).\\nWashington H., balloon ascension,\\n2893.\\nDonaldsonville, La., action, 2143, 223 ,2\\nFederals defeated, 2243.\\nDonar, Ger., gen., 7682.\\nDonatello, b.-d., 10762; statues, 1078\\nDonati, Giovanni Battista, b., 1086 2 dis-\\ncovers comets d., 1088 2\\nDonation Bill passes, Fr., 7312.\\ncontroversy bitter, 1068 2\\nDonatists at Carthage, 1067 council\\nagainst controversy elect Donatus,\\n10682.\\nDonatus, b., 9 elected bishop, 10682.\\nDonauworth, Fr., defeat, 696\\nDoncaster, Earl of, title created, 891\\nAre, 9593.\\nDoneau, Hughes, b., 6S03; d., 6842.\\nDonegal, Ire., distress, 9903.\\nMarquis of, title created, 9252.\\nDonelson, Andrew Jackson, b. (1800); nom.\\nvice-pres., 1792 TO te, 1812 d. (1871).\\nJohn L., nom. for vice-pres., 1792.\\nDoneraile, Viscount, title created, 923\\nDongan, Thomas, b., 34 gov. N. Y., 482,\\n492; charter bv, 503; protects Five Na-\\ntions, 51 d., 58\\nDon Gioniuni appears, 804\\nDongola, Egy., evacuated, 6602.\\nDong-Song, Fr., captured evacuated, 4822.\\nDonington, Baron, title created, 987\\nDoniphan, Kan., farmers feud, 2903.\\nMo., Federals defeated, 2222.\\nAlex. Wm.,b. (1808) marches to Sal-\\ntillo, 1002; at Sacramento, 162 d.(1887).\\nDonis, Nicholas, map, 12\\nDonizetti, Gaetano, b., 10843 d., 10863.\\nDon Juan, in Tunis, 11392.\\nDonn, Bp. McAlister cons., R. C, 9962.\\nDonne, John, b., 8742 works, 877 881\\nd., 8822.\\nMaria Dalle, d., 1542.\\nDonnellan, Nehemiah, lord keeper, 901 3\\nDonnelly, Ignatius, b., 1382; Great Cryp-\\ntogram, 3283 nom. for gov., 4112.\\nJames, cons, bishop, 968\\nDonnier, Col., Chinese defeated, 482\\nDonop, Carl Emil Kurt von, Count, b.\\n(1740) at Red Bank, SS d. (1777).\\nDonoso Cortes, Juan, Francisco Maria de\\nla Salud, b.-d., 11303.\\nDonoughmore, Earl, title created, 931\\nDonovan, Capt., killed, 600\\nCaroline, gift to Hopkins Univ., 347\\nEdward, b., 0283 d., 9482.\\nJohn, b., 9343.\\nMr., in duel, 9212.\\nDonus I., pope, 10722.\\nII., pope, 1073\\nDoo, George Thomas, b., 9302 d. (1886).\\nDoolittle, James Rood, b., 1242 on Com.\\n13, 1892; pres. Conven., 2533, 2792.\\nW. H., b., 168\\nDooly, John Mitchell, b., 762 d., 1342.\\nDoran, John, b., 933 Fenian, sentenced,\\n9703; d.,9822.\\nBp. See of Leighlin murdered, 8663.\\nDorat, Claude Joseph, b., 6983; Mte de la\\npoksie allemande, 7032 d., 705\\nJean, b., 6783; d. (1588).\\nDorchester, Eng., unites with Sidnacester,\\n8483; destroyed by Are, 8793.\\nMass., fnd., 33 Heights taken, 82\\nannexed to Boston, 269 r\\nopened, 2763.\\nBaron, title created, 9232.\\nBaron. (See Carleton, Guy.)\\nDore, Paul Gustave, b., 7262; d., 754\\nDoremus, Robert Ogden, b., 132\\nDorfingen, Ger., battle of, 784\\nDoria, familv in ascendancy, 1077 2\\nAndrea, b., 10783; frees Genoa, 10813;\\nd., 10803.\\nLamba, defeats Dandola, 1076\\nDorian, M., minister, 7412.\\nDorians besiege Athens, 1014 migration,\\n1015\\nDoric architecture, 1013\\nDorigny, Louis, b., 6902 k., 7002.\\nSir Nicolas, b., 6902; d., 7003.\\nDorion, Sir A. A., d., 592\\nDoris, asteroid, discovered, 732\\nDormer, Baron, title created, 881\\nLord, in Parliament, 9452.\\nDorner, Isaac A., b., 8083; d., 8302.\\nDorpat, Rus., Univ. founded, 1115\\nDorr, Julian Caroline Ripley, b., 1322.\\nThomas Wilson, b., 1122 leads Suf-\\nfrage party; rebellion, 155 2 tried, 1572;\\nreleased, 1592; d. (1854).\\nDorrego, Manuel, Pres., b. (1787) shot,\\n490 3; captured. 4903.\\nDorset, Earl of, minister, 879 8833, 8992.\\nDorsetshire, waterspout, 1000\\nDorsey, George W. E., Bank Bill, 394\\nJames Owen, b., 164\\nJohn Syng, b., 96 d., 1262.\\nW., indictments, 3103, 3132.\\nStephen W., b. (1842) indictments\\nagainst, 3103,3132.\\nMrs., bequest to J. Davis, 3032.\\nDort, Neth., villages lost, 1099 synod\\nfavors Calvinists, 1101\\nDortmund, Prus., miners dispersed, 833\\nDosquet, P. H., consecrated, 575\\nDost Mohammed Khan, b., 43; surrenders\\nto Brit., 4 takes Herat; forms regu-\\nlar army, 42 ally of British sent to\\nIndia; restored, 52; d., 43.\\nDostoyefsky, Fedor Mikhailovitch, b.,\\n11163; works, 11183; d., 1120\\nDosza, Kuruc, crusader, 5082 tortured,\\n509\\nDoterel, destroyed, 986\\nDoty, James Duane, b. (1799) gov. Wis.,\\n1552,2413; d. (1865).\\nDouai, Fr., annexed to Burgundy, 677 2\\npart of Sp. Neth., 0792; Univ. fnd., 6832;\\nBible printed, 087 annexed, 6973.\\nDouay, Charles Abel, b., 719 d., 7382.\\nFelix Charles, b., 7223 at Belfort\\nfalls, 738 defeats Commune, 7443; d.,\\n752\\nDouble Island, mission, 620 3\\nrefraction explained, 636 2\\nDoubledav, Abner, b., 1282; ,1., 422\\nThomas Donnelly, b. (1810) d., 2332.\\nDouboussat, Numa, bribery, 4702.\\nDouce, Francis, b., 9162 d., 9462.\\nDoucet, Charles Camille, b. (1892) in\\nAcademy, 732\\nDouck-Hanb, crowned d., 4S33.\\nDougherty, Col., at Charleston, Mo., 198\\nDaniel, b. (1820) address to Congress,\\n3463 d., 414\\nDoughty, Francis, banished. 342; in N.Y.,\\n363.\\nRichard, Presbyterian pastor, 36 3\\nThomas, b., 1042; d., 178\\nDouglas, Sir Archibald, at Annan, 858\\nd., 866\\nEarl of Angus, usurps power\\nbanished, 8673.\\nA. G., cons, bishop, 9S62.\\nBaron, title created, 975\\nDavid, b., 9283 d. (1834).\\nGawin, or Gavin, b., 8642; works,\\n8663, 867 d., 8663.\\nGeorge, b., 578\\nGen. Howard, b (1776) gov. N. B.,\\n5773; d., 9642.\\nEarl of, at Homildon Hill at Nesbitj\\nMuir, 860\\nJames, Earl of Morton, regent re-\\nsigns, 8753; d., 8742.\\ngovernor Vancouver, 5812,\\nSir invades Eng., 856\\nJohn Hancock, b. (1824) d., 416\\nRobert Kennaway, b., 9482.\\n.Stephen Arnold, b., 121 debates\\nwith Lincoln, 158 in senate, 1632;\\nprominent at Nat. Conven., 171 intro.\\nKansas-Nebraska Bill; senate agrees,\\n175 Lincoln challenges to debate, 177\\ncandidate for nom. for vice-pres., 1803\\nproposes Committee of Five, 181 not\\nelected senator, 181 2 opposes Lecomp-\\nton Constitution, 1832; joint debate with", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1251.jp2"}, "1252": {"fulltext": "1240\\nText Figures denote Page. IN lJlt,X. Superior Figures indicate Column. DoUgf\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dubl.\\nLincoln, 185 nominated forpres., 1882;\\non Committee of 33, 1892; vote, 1883,\\n1913 aids Lincoln, 1953 d., 1963 death\\nmourned, 197 monument, 2553.\\nDouglas, Wm, Earl of, murdered, 8633.\\nMr., builds New York theater, 713.\\nDouglass, Frederick, b., 126 pres. of\\nconvention, 2653, 2773.\\nDounay, Maurice, work, 7662.\\nDour, Belg., mine explosion, 5473.\\nDouro, Spain, battle of, 718\\nDouville, Jean Baptiste, b. (1794) dwells\\nin Kongo, 1093\\nDouzy, Fr., Germans attack, 7402.\\nDove, emigrant ship, 322.\\nDove, Heinrich W., b., S082 d., 830\\nRichard Wilhelin, b., 8142 d. (1879).\\nDover, Del., Epis. ch. erected, 57 peace\\nconven., 1972 Rodney monument, 346\\nEng., resists Fr., 670 steamboats to\\nCalais, 9413 admiralty pier, 9533 tele-\\ngraph with slend, 9593 and Deal R.R.\\nopd.,9873; Municipal huildings and park\\nopd., 9913 Bp. Eden rous., 1U042 har-\\nbor works, 1011 3 cliff falls, 9582.\\nMe., earthquake, 3521.\\nN. H., settlement, 31 2, 3; Cong.\\nChurch org., 342; Indians attack, 50\\nAgricultural Coll., 3542; Hitchcock Me-\\nmorial Hospital, dedicated, 429\\nO., railway accident, 3873.\\nTerm., Confederates defeated, 2182.\\nand Chatham Co., amalgamates, 9832.\\nCollege, Eng., established, 9743.\\nDow, Lorenzo, b., 89 d., 1422.\\nNeal, b., 112 bill becomes Maine\\nlaw, 169 calls out militia, 1763 nom.\\nforpres. vote, 305\\nDowden, Edward b., 9522.\\nJohn, cons, bishop, 9962.\\nDower, missionary, retained, 6003.\\nDowler, Bennet, b., 1062 d. (1879).\\nDowling, Thomas J., cons, bishop, 5843.\\nIrish agitator, wounded, 9903.\\nDown, Ire., bishopric est., 3403 j see unites.\\n8622 Bp. Reeves cons., 9962; Cathedral\\nrededicated, 8503.\\nDowne, Viscount of, title created, S943.\\nCom. John, b. (1784 captures At-\\nlanta, 2223 d., 176\\nWm., lord chief justice, 9313.\\nDowney, John G-.,gov.Cal., 1903; d., 452\\nCol., at Moorefleld, W. Va., 208\\nDownie, George, Adin., at Plattsburg, 1222;\\nd. (1814).\\nDowning, Andrew J., b., 1242 suggests\\nCentral Park d., 170\\nJohn, killed, 9863.\\nS. B., nom. for governor, 345\\nDowns, Spanish defeat, i 90 naval battle,\\n888 892\\nDownshire, Marquis of, title created, 923\\nDowse, Richard, d., 10022.\\nThomas, b., 762 d., 178\\nDowze, Judge, reports on country, 987\\nDoyle, A. Conail, works, 10043.\\nSir O.H.,lieut.-gov.N.S., 5792,583 2.\\nSir Francis Hastings, d., 9982.\\nJeremiah, cons. R. C. bishop, 9962.\\nRichard, b., 9422.\\nCollege, founded, Tenn., 3183.\\nDraco, b., 10142 laws, 10171.\\nDraft, ordered, U. S., 2113 in S. Confed.,\\n2253, 2301,3, 2312; riot, N. Y., 2252;\\nstopped, 2472.\\nDragali, capture of, 5301\\nDragoman Pass, Bulgaria, defended, 5061\\nBulgaria wins, 5662.\\nDragoon Guards, formed, Eng., 8961.\\nDragut, gov. of Tripoli, 1138 d. (1565).\\nDrain, Ore., Normal School est., 3223.\\nDrake, wrecked, 940\\nDrake, Benjamin, b. (1794) d., 186\\nCol., at Pine Bluff, 232\\nDaniel, b., 962 d., 170\\nE. L., finds petroleum, 1853.\\nF. M., president, 3242.\\nSir Francis, b., 8682; marauder, 24\\nexplorer, 243\u00c2\u00b1; on Pacific coast, 630\\nintro. potatoes, 8733 in?W. I. voyage,\\n874 Arctic expedition, 8742; commands\\nEng. fleet, 876 intro. tobacco, 8772\\nattacks Vigo, 1128 d., 8762 memorial,\\nSamuel, b., 136 d., 320\\nFriedrich, b., 8082 d., 8302.\\nJohn A., robbed, 4423.\\nJoseph Rodman, b., 106 works,\\n763, 1283, 1443 d., 1282.\\nDrake, Samuel Adams, b. (1833) work,\\n3962.\\nSamuel Gardner, b., 108 d. (1875).\\nUniversity founded, la., 3082.\\nDrama, Eng., sacred; first comedy, 870\\nforbidden, 885 females in, 8881 890\\nindecency prevails correction of, 901\\nPlay License Act, 9093 theatrical fund\\nest., 915 2 in Rome, 1053 sacred, li-\\ncensed, Fr., 1078 first in Europe at\\nRome, 10S0 (See Theater.)\\nDrauesville, Va., action at, 2003 Confeds.\\ndefeated, 202 Federals defeated near,\\n2202, 2302.\\nDraper, Alonzo Granville, b.(1835);d., 248\\nHenry, b., 1482 photographs nebu-\\nlas, 308 d., 3102.\\nJohn Christopher, b., 1442 d.,3202.\\nW., b., 935\\nWm., b., 1162; makes daguerreo-\\ntypes, 152 Ciril War, 2003; d., 310\\nF., b., 1542.\\nSir spectra, of stars, 2S0\\nDrasa, Peter R. Kendrick, bishop, 1542.\\nDrave River overflows, 534\\nDrayton, Henry, b., 152\\nJohn, governor S. C, 1112, 1153.\\nMichael, b., 872 works, 877 8802\\nd. (1631).\\nPercival, b. (1812) d., 248\\nWilliam Henry, b., 642 d., 912.\\nDreadnought, built, 984\\nDrebbel, Cornells Van, b. (1572); inv. al-\\ncohol thermometer, 880 microscope,\\n10982 thermometer submarine ship,\\n11002 d. (1634).\\nDred Scott Case decision rendered free-\\ndom unconstitutional, 183 reacts, 183 2\\nDreher, Virginia, b., 184\\nDrelincourt, Charles, b., 6842 d., 6903.\\nDrentelen, Gen., attempt to assass., 11203.\\nDrepanius, Latimus, d., 6623.\\nDrepanum (Trapani), action near, 10523.\\nDresden, Saxony, fnd., 7812 capital city,\\n7913; alliance find. ,7993 peace of, 8013;\\nbombarded captured, 892 held by\\nAust., 8093; battle of; retaken, 810\\nNapoleon enters, 811 siege of, 520\\noccupied, 7183, 822 taken, 7202 con-\\nferences, S192 insurrection, 8183 Prus-\\nsians in, 526 Art Academy opd., 832\\nchina first made, 7982.\\nDressed Beef Law unconstitutional, 3592.\\nDreux, Fr., Protestants defeated, 682\\nFr. army repulsed, 7423.\\nDrevet, Pierre, b., 6943; d., 7002.\\nDrew, Daniel, b. (1788) d., 3022.\\nGeorge F., gov. Fla., 2973.\\nJohn, b., 1722; d. (1862).\\nMrs. John (Louisa Lane), b., 9382.\\nSamuel, b., 9162; 9462.\\nThos. S., gov. Ark., 159\\nTheological Seminary fnd., 254 3\\nDrexel, Anthony Joseph, b. (1826) est.\\nD. Indus. Coll., 3362; d. (1893) will, 4341\\nMrs. Joseph, gift, 3341\\nKate, Sister of Mercy, 3383 takes\\nblack veil, 3522.\\nIndustrial College, fnd., 3362.\\nInstitute, Phila., ded., 3961\\nDreyfus, Albert, duelist, 7593; charged with\\ntreason, sentenced, and degraded, 7671\\nchief rabbi of Fr., 7622.\\nDreyschock, Alexander, b., 8122; d. (1869).\\nDreyse, Johann N. von, b., 8043; invents\\nneedle-gun, 8141; d., 8243.\\nDrobudsha occupied, 5651\\nDrogheda, Ire., taken, 8862 Fenian up-\\nrising, 9703; for Home Rule, 9792; Ten-\\nants Defense, 10023.\\nE. of, title created, 8911\\nMarquis of. (See Seymour, Sir\\nHenry F.)\\nDrogo, duke of Apulia, 775 3\\nDromore, Ire., see erected, 8403.\\nDrontheim, or Trondhjem, Nor., bishopric\\nfnd., 11053 polar expedition 5301\\nDroop Mountain, Confed. defeat, 2281.\\nDrouais, Jean Germain, b., 7031 d., 7062.\\nDrouet d Erlon, Gen. Jean Baptiste,\\nb. (1765) gov., 93; d. (1844).\\nDrouyn de Lliuvs, Edouard, b., 7163; on\\nmediation, 2153; d., 7522.\\nDrowne, Deacon Shem, vanes, 662.\\nDroysen, Johann G., b., 8083; works, 8151\\n8182,8203; d., 8302.\\nDroz, Antoine Gustave, b., 7262; works,\\n7363, 73S3, 7483, 7S42.\\n7043; d., 7302.\\nDruell, Judge, decides governorship, 2793\\nDruids, religion proscribed, 6623 in Brit-\\nain sacrifice criminals power, 8392; in\\nGer., 10632.\\nDruillettes, Gabriel, missionary, 38 at\\nSault St. Marie, 442.\\nDrum, Gen. Richard Coulter, b. (1825)\\nsucceeded by Kelton, 3401\\nDrumclog, Scot., action at, 8941\\nDrumgoole, John C, b. (1828) d. (1888)\\nstatue, 4561\\nDrummond, Gen. Sir Gordon, b. (1771)\\nbesieges Ft. Erie, 1222; at Lundy s Lane,\\n1222; gov. Can., 5773; d. (1854).\\nHenry, b. (1851) Ascentof Man,Vmz.\\nThomas, b.,92s3 no* luces limelight,\\n9421; light mT 8602; d., 9502.\\n.William, gov. N. C.,393, 423; hanged,\\n472.\\nof Hawthornden, b., 8742; works,\\n8802, 3; d.,8862.\\nDrunkenness, death penalty, Scot., 8451.\\n(See Temperance.)\\nDrury College, Mo., fnd., 2823.\\nDrury s Bluff, Va., Butler at, 233\\nDruse, Roxalana, murderer, hanged, 3263.\\nDruses, fnd., 6552; Maronite war, 11581 2.\\nDrusus, Csesar, b.-d., 10622.\\nGermanicus Claudius Nero, b.-d.,\\n1003; ha Ger., 7681 extends Roman rule,\\n10621; poisoned, 10631.\\nMarcus Livius, changes land laws\\ntribune, 1057 2 bills of assassinated,\\n10573.\\nDryad, in naval engagement, 9361.\\nlaunched, 1010 1.\\nDryden, John, b., 8822; works, 8883, 8903,\\n8911,8931,8943,8963,8983,9003; d.,9022.\\nDrysdale, Hugh, gov. Va., 613.\\nDrzislav, Pr. of Croatia, 5031\\nDuane, James, b., 621 mayor, N. Y.,973.\\nWilliam, b., 722; d., 1442.\\nJohn, b., 931 refuses to remove\\nfunds, 1432; dismissed, 1433; d., 2481.\\nDuba, Baron Andreas de, constitution\\nfor Bohemia, 5071\\nDubarry, Q. M., com. brig.-gen., 364\\nDu Bellay. (See Bellay.)\\nDublin, Ire., built, ,s;(93; Christianity est.,\\n8403; St. Patrick s Cathedral est., 8403,\\n8503; captured, 8441 partly built walls\\nbuilt by Danes, 8452; Battle of Contarf,\\n8461; Christ s Church built, 8463, 8522;\\nnamed, 8471 archbp. cons. ,8483; Strong-\\nbow takes, sr.ni archbishopric est., 8502;\\nchartered, 8512, and by James II. (1609)\\nBlack Monday massacre citizens ex-\\ncommunicated ,852 2 Castle built,princes\\ndo homage to K. John, 8531 De Decer\\nfirst provost, 857 2 mayor s privileges;\\nThos. Cusack, first mayor, 8613; plague,\\n8653; Christ s Church Deanery, 8683; St.\\nPatrick s Cathedral desecrated, 8691\\ncathedral restored, 8703; trial by com-\\nbat, 8711; Celtic printing intro., 8743;\\nTrinity Coll. fnd., 877i and chartered,\\n8783, 8831 articles of religion est., 8802;\\nWerburg Street Theater est., 8821 sur-\\nrendered to Parliamentarians, 8861 be-\\nsieged by Irish Royalists, 6862; Orange\\nStreet Theater est.; 8901 Coll. of Physi-\\ncians fnd., 8923 Cromwell in (1649 ,Aug.);\\nblue-coat hospital, S031; Essex Bridge\\nest., 8941; Royal Hospital fud., 8943;\\nQueen s Bridge built (1684) Dublin\\nNews Letter est., 8963; earthquake, 8982;\\nD. Intelligencer est.; Trinity Coll. bar-\\nrack, 8983 James II. arrives Irish Pari,\\nmeets, 8983, 8992 Ptie s Occurances\\nest., 9003; laws against Catholics, 9012;\\nlamp-lighted (f698) ;D. Gazette. est., 9043;\\nAungier St. Theater est., 9081 Crow St.\\nMusic Hall est. Royal D. Soc. fmd., 9081\\nineorp. (1749) D. Coll. Library est. 909 1\\nInfirmary fnd., 9092; Linen Hall opd.;\\nPari. House begun, 9093; Chapel Street\\nTheater est., 9102; Fishamble Music\\nHall est., 9102 Foundling Hosp. est.\\nEsdaUe s Xewx-Letter changed to Saun-\\nder s Literary Journal est. Lying-in\\nHospital fnd., 9112 St. Patrick s spire\\nerected, 9131 Crow Street Theater\\nRoyal, est., 9142, 9401 Trinity Coll.\\nerected, 9152; Queen s Bridge destroyed,\\n9173, and rebuilt, 9162; Freeman s Jour-\\nnal issued, 9163 Hibernian Soc. org.\\nMarine Soc. est., 9172; Royal Exchange\\nbegun, 9181 General PavingAct passes\\npenny post est., 9193 state lottery", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1252.jp2"}, "1253": {"fulltext": "Dubl-Duhr.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1241\\ndrawn, 9212; custom house built, 9212;\\nKnights of St. Patrick org., 923 1 ob-\\nservatory est., 9222; Bank of Ireland\\nest., 9233; inundated, 924 1 police est.\\n(1786) Royal Irish Acad. est. Surgeons\\nSoc. fnd. ,9241 D. Library inst.; D. Royal\\nColl. of Surgeons est., 925 1 police stat-\\nute, 9203; first steam-engine iu, 926 1\\nMaynooth Coll. fnd., 9271 Carlisle\\nBridge opd. (1794) The Press; est. sup-\\npressed, 9291; City Armed Asso. find.,\\n3292 insurrection L. Fitzgerald ar-\\nrested; union with Eng. voted, 9293;\\nEmmett s insurrection, :);.;oi Lift ey Val-\\nley inundated, 9302; j_ institution fnd.\\ntheater riots, 9372, 9392, 9412 Clare-\\nmont Deaf and Dumb Asy. est., 9392;\\nHawkins Street Theater opd., 9401;\\nGeorge IV. visits; bottle riot, 9412;\\ngas intro.,9433; Irish nat. school-system\\nest., 9443; Brit. Asso. meets, 9461; D.\\nRoyal Soc. org. (1831) Hibernian Acad,\\nfnd., 9411 .ja. Whately.archb.,9442; rail-\\nway to Kingston opd, Zoological Gar-\\ndens opd., 9461 D. University Maya::ine\\nest., 9463; destructive storm, 94S2 D.\\nReview est., 9483; Mt. Jerome Cemetery\\ncons., 9493 Irish Archaeological Soc.\\nfind., 9501 Queen s Theater, Brunswick\\nSt., est., 9521 Maynooth Coll. endowed,\\n9523 O Connell s arrest, 9532 J. Mit-\\nchell s and O Brien s arrest, 9552 Irish\\nFelon suppressed Nation suppressed,\\n9543 Fenian funeral demonstrations\\nFenians shoot policemen Weekly News\\nlibel Kildare annexed, 9551 Queen\\nvisits, 9553 Great Aggregate meeting,\\nSoS^-Jrish Quarterly Ih rieu: est.; Queen s\\nUniv. est., 9563 (see Royal Univ. of Ire.)\\nElectric telegraph to London Royal\\nExchange est., 9573 Nat. Gallery est.,\\n9582 Industrial Expos, opd.; Queen\\nvisits, 9593 British Association meets,\\n9602 riots, 9631 Fine Arts Exhibition,\\n9641 Queen visits, 9651 Maynooth Coll.\\nenlarged, 9643; o CouncH s statue; Gold-\\nsmith s statue, 9662, 3; R. C. Trench,\\narchbp., 9663 religious riots, 9672 in-\\ndustrial Exhibition opd., 9673 Irish\\nPeople seized Queen s Univ. chartered\\nSt. Patrick s Cathedral restored, 9682\\nFenian disturbances, 9683 and trials,\\n9691 proclaimed, 9692; lnt.u-nationalEx-\\nhibition opd.; 9693 Conf. of Bps., 9702;\\nIrish Coll. of Science est., 9701, 2 Fenian\\nuprising Liverpool Fenians arrested,\\n9703; two policemen shot Pr. of Wales,\\nwelcome; Irishman, prosecuted, 9711;\\nSmith O Brien statue British Asso.\\nmeets, 9741 Home Government Asso.\\nmeets, 9752 Brown Hospital endowed,\\n9771 Fine Arts and Industrial Exhibi-\\ntion opd. Spencer Dock inaug., 9773\\nCath. Union re-org., 9782 Roman Cath.\\nColl. proposal rejected, 9733 Grattan\\nstatue, 9801; Christ Church cathedral\\nreopened, 9822 Archbp. McCabe cons.,\\n9S23 anti-land league pastoral, 9842;\\nMoore centenary eel., 9843 Home Rule\\nmeetings, 9851 Royal Theater burned,\\n98. 3; Queen s Univ. dissolved into Royal\\nUniv., 9862 United Ireland, est., 9S63\\nproclaimed agitators in jail, 9871\\nHawkins Street Tbeater burned pro-\\nclaimed, 9873 Social Science Asso.\\nmeets, 9881 Parnell imprisoned Irish\\nInvincibles org. riots HomeJJUile\\nmeeting, 98S3 Phoenix Park murders\\n(see Phoenix Park) arms prohibited,\\n9S91 O Connell statue Orange St. The-\\nater opd., 8901 plot against govt, mem-\\nbers detectives assaulted martial\\nlaw; police difficulties constabulary;\\nsettled, 9903 Vigilance murder organi-\\nzation, 9911 j Exhibition Irish Arts,\\n9913 Museum of Science and Art est.,\\n9921; Archbp. Walsh cons.; Archbp.\\nPlunkett cons., 9922; p r of Wales visit,\\n9931 Lord Mayor imprisoned; deer\\nforests raided, 9972; Pope s interference\\nresented, 9983, 10002 distillery syndi-\\ncate, 10013 Science and Art Museum\\nopd. 10041 National Press est., 10043;\\nIrish Nat. League meets, 1005 1 Nat.\\nFederation Conv. opens United Ireland\\nreappeais, 1005 2 Daily Irish Indepen-\\ndent est.; Nation suspends; Freeman s\\nJournal and Nat. Press united, 10063\\ndynamite explosion, 10083 rioting, 10083,\\n10103; demonstration, 10091 riots, 10103;\\nParnellite Conven. meets, 1011 1; V. B.\\nDillon, lord mayor, 10112. (See Phoenix\\nPark see Trinity College.)\\nDublin Castle, burned, 8973.\\nUniversity, females admitted, 10103.\\nBill, rejected, 9773.\\nDubois, Fred. T., b., 1682; Senator, 3972.\\nGuillaume, b., 6902; d., 6982.\\nDu Bois, Gualterus, b. (1666) pastor Ref.\\nDutch Church, 711 d. (1752).\\nRaymond E. H., b., 8122.\\nWin. Ewing, b.,1162; d., 3081.\\nDubois-Pigalle, Paul, b., 7243,\\nDubos, Jean Baptiste, b., 0922; -works,\\n6991,2; d., 7002.\\nDuboscq, Jules, b. (1817) improves sac-\\ncharometer, 7301 electric light, 7321.\\nDubost, M., minister, 7671.\\nDubravka, Princess, Christian e!forts,5022.\\nDubs, Jakob, b.-d., 1138 1.\\nDubufe, Claude Marie, b., 7062; d., 7362.\\nEdouard, b., 7223; d., 7541.\\nDubuque, la., R. C. diocese est., 1483; St.\\nJoseph s Coll. est., 2822; School for Deaf\\nopd., 3191 lead-mine discovered, 3541\\nI u Camp, Maxime, b., 724i d., 7661\\nDu Cange, Charles du Fresne, b., 6862;\\nd., 6942.\\nDucarel, Andre Coltee, b., 6963; d., 7061.\\nDucas, Michael, b., 10343.\\nDucasse, Capt. Jean Baptiste, b. (1640)\\nat Cartagena, 6942; d. (1715).\\nDucat, struck in Venice, 10753.\\nDue d Aquitaine, lost, 9142.\\nDuchachet, Henry, b.(1796); d., 24S2.\\nDu Chaiilu, Paul Belloni, b., 7262; works,\\n1802, 1991, o 60 3, 2651, 2771, 3503, 47s 1\\nexhibits at Royal Inst., 9G82.\\nDuchatel, Charles Marie Tanneguy, b.,\\n7143; d., 7362.\\nPierre, d., G822.\\nDuche, Jacob, b.. 642; chaplain of Con-\\ngress, 782, 792, d., 1081\\nDucbesne, Andre, b.,6342; d., 6883.\\nCol., defeats Chinese, 4822.\\nproposal, protested, 5453.\\nDucie, Earl of, title created, 9451\\nDucis, Jean Francois, b., 69S3; works,\\n7051,2, 7063, 7083; d., 7222.\\nDuckiug-stool set up, N. Y., 531.\\nDuckworth, Sir John Thomas, b., 9122;\\nat Constantinople, 9321; in Dardanelles,\\n9321; d., 9382.\\nDuclerc, Charles Theodore Eugene, b.\\n(1812); pres., 6533; ministry, resigns,\\n7533; d. (1888).\\nDuclos, Charles Pinean, b., 696 2 works,\\n7012, 7083; d., 7042.\\nDucos, Robert, in Prairial revolution, 7133.\\nDucret, Edouard, sentenced, 7651\\nDucrot, Auguste Alexandre, b., 7222; dis-\\nmissed, 7501 at Metz, 8261 d., 7522.\\nDudik, Beda Franz, b.(1815), 5202; d. (1890).\\nDudith, Andrew, b.-d., 5102.\\nDudley, Earl of title created, 9651.\\nBenjamin Winslow, b., 962; d., 2682.\\nCharles Edward, b., 931 d. (1841).\\nEdward Bishop, b. (1787) gov. N. 0.,\\n1492; d. (1855).\\nJohn, Earl of Warwick, b., 866 2 pro-\\ntector, 8712; minister, 8713; executed,\\n8702.\\nJoseph, b., 381 defends charter, 49 1\\ngov. Mass., 493, 503, 553, 592; trouble\\nwith Court, 553; conspiracy, 57 2 d., 58 2\\nLord. (See John button.)\\nLucillia Y., sboots at liossa, 320 3\\nPaul, b., 463; d., 683.\\nRobert, E. of Leicester, b. (1532+)\\nminister, 8732, 8753 forms Nat. Asso.,\\n8752; at Zutphen, 8741.\\nThomas, b (1576); gov. Mass., 333,\\n372,392; d. (1652).\\nb. (1837) cons. P. E. Bp., 2362.\\nViscount, minister, 9432,3.\\nWilliam, gift to Birmingham, 9751\\nW., lynched, Ky., 3903.\\nCol., resigns, 3892.\\nObservatory est., 1801; new comet\\ndiscovered, 3101.\\nDuel, first in New England, 302.\\nDuels, noted. (Others may be found un-\\nder the names of the participants in\\nalphabetical places.) Adams, wounds\\nChas. James Fox, 9212; Artois, Comte\\nd\\\\ wounded by Due de Bourbon, 7053\\nBarron, Com., kills Com. Decatur, 1291\\nBoulanger, Gen., wounded by M. Flo-\\nquet, 7563; Broderiek, Senator, is killed\\nby Judge Terry, 187 Burr, Aaron, kills\\nAlexander Hamilton, 7383 Byron, Lord\\n(poet sgreat uncle), kills Chaworth,917i\\nCassagnac, Paul de, wounds Lissagaray,\\n7383 wounded by Kane. 7463 Chaworth,\\nkilled by Lord Byron, 917 1; Clare, Earl\\nof with Henry Grattan, 9411; Clay,\\nHenry, wounds Humphry Marshall(1809);\\nfights with John Randolph, 1352; Corry,\\nIsaac, wounded by Henry Grattan, 9292;\\nDecatur, Com., kills Com. Barron, 1201\\nHamilton, Duke of, kills Lord Mohun,\\n905i Henry, Prince (Don Enrique),\\nkilled by Duke of Montpensier, 739i\\nFloquet, M., wounds Gen. Boulanger,\\n7563 Fourier, Capt., wounds Henri\\nRochefort, 7543 Fox, Charles James,\\nwounded by Adams, 9212 Grattan,\\nHenry, wounds Corry, 9292 fights Earl\\nof Clare, 941 1; Jackson, Andrew, kills\\nCharles Dickinson (180G, May 30) Len-\\nnox, Col. (D. of Richmond), with D. of\\nYork, 9252; Lissagaray, M., wounded by\\nPaul de Cassagnac, 7383 Mohun, Lord,\\nkilled by D. of Hamilton, 9051 Mont-\\npensier, Due de, kills Pr. Henry (Don\\nEnrique) 7391 Rochef ort,Henri, wounds\\nCapt. Fourier, 7541; Soutza, Pr., kills\\nGhilka, 74S3 Terry, Judge, kills Sena-\\ntor Broderiek, 1871; York, D. of fights\\nCol. Lennox (D. of Richmond), 9251\\nDuelling, Brit, code of, pub., 943i; for-\\nbidden, Fr., 6731 in Eng., 8943 prohib-\\nited in army, Ger.,8341 in army checked,\\nEng., 9271 discouraged, 949 1 prohib-\\nited, 10971.\\nDuenas, Gen., pres. San Salvador, 11232.\\nDuer, John, b., 95 1\\nWilliam Alexander, b., 931 d., 1841\\nDue West, S. C, Erskine Coll., org., 1511\\nDufaure, Jules Armand Stanislas, b.\\n(1798); minister, 7451, 7493, premier,\\n7511,2; resigns, 7513 d. (1881).\\nDufay, Charles Fram/ois de Cisternay, b.,\\n6943; on electricity, 69S1 d., 7002.\\nDuif,Alexander,b.,9323; visits U.S., 1762;\\nmiss, sails; wrecked, 9442; missions,\\n9483; declines professorship, 9542; mod-\\nerator, 9782 miss., 10463 d., 9822.\\nKing, murdered, 8463.\\nM. E. Grant, gov. Madras, 10453.\\nMountstuart EJphinstone Grant, b.,\\n9441.\\nRobert W., gov. Australia, 5012.\\nMrs., as Juliet, 116i\\nDuiferin, N. S., sale of gold-mine, 5873.\\nBaron, title created, 9311\\nE. of. (See F. T. H. Blackwood.)\\nMarquis, title created, 9963.\\nDufheld, Alexander J., d., 10041\\nGeorge, b. (1816) moderator, 2172\\nd. (1888).\\nDuffy, Sir Charles Gavan, b., 9382; colony\\nfederation, 4972; premier, resigns, 498 3\\nworks, 9863, 10082.\\nFrank, murderer, 4222.\\nDufour, Aries, St. Simonian, d., 746\\nGuillaume Henri, b.-d., 1138\\nL Abbe V., works, 7523.\\nDufrenoy, Adelaide Gillette Billet, b.,\\n7031; d., 7242.\\nPierre Amand, b., 7082 d., 7322.\\nDufresnoy, Charles Alphonse, b., 6862\\nd., 6903.\\nDufresny, Charles Riviere, b., 6S83; works,\\n6952 d., 6982.\\nDugas-Montbell, Jean Baptiste, b., 7043;\\nd., 7262.\\nDugdale, Sir William, b. (1605) d., 9862.\\nDugenne, Col., occupies Langson, 4821.\\nDuggan, Patrick, cons. bp. Clonfert, 9762;\\nacquitted, 9782.\\nDugliet, Gaspard, b., 6862 d.,6923.\\nDug Spring, Mo., battle of, 1981\\nDuguay-Tfouin, Rene, b., 6922; Adm. at\\nRio de Janeiro, 5541 requires capitula-\\ntion, 555 1 d., 6983.\\nDuguesclin, Bertrand, b.-d., 6722; at Au-\\nray defeated captured in Navarre\\nin Spain, 6741 constable of Ft. in Brit-\\ntany regains territory, 6742; takes Fr.\\nterritory, 6753.\\nDulialde, Jean Baptiste, b., 6922; d., 7002.\\nDuhamel, Joseph Thomas, b. (1841) cons.\\nbp.,5822; cons, archbp., 5843.\\nde Monceau, Henri Louis, b., 6943;\\nd., 7051\\nDiihring, Eugen Karl, b., 8142.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1253.jp2"}, "1254": {"fulltext": "1242\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nDuil-Dush.\\nDuilius, Cains, naval commander, 10523.\\nDuisburg, Prus.,Univ. suspends, 801)1\\nDuke, Gen., defeated at Kingsport, 2402.\\nSir .John, lord mayor, London, 9492.\\nDukes, N. L., acquitted, 313\\nDuke s Laws enacted, 433.\\nDulaney, Lloyd, duel, 9231\\nDulaure, Jacques Antoine, b., 7022; d.,\\n7262.\\nDuller, Eduard, b., 8083; d., 8201\\nDuloz, M-, disappears, 7651\\nDuluth, Minn., canal dug, 2733; coal-dock\\nstrike, 3332; p. c. Prentice against\\nMayor Beaser, 3432 Clias. W. Wetmore\\n(whaleback) sails, 3S53 lire, 3933 first\\nwhalebacks,394 State Turnfest resolu-\\ntions, 4102; strike, 4642.\\nDulwich College, Surrey, fnd., 8803.\\nDumas, Alexandre, pere, b.,7143; -works,\\n7272, 7291 7303, 7323, 7;\u00c2\u00ab;3; d., 7382.\\nAlexandre, tils, b., 7242 works, 7302,\\n7323, 7462, 7523; Fr. Academy, 7321\\nC. W. F., U. S. agent, 913.\\nJean Baptiste Andre\\\\ b., 7142 d.,\\n7541.\\nM., safety miner s lamp, 7342.\\nComte Mathieu, b., 7011 d., 7262.\\nDu Maurier, George Louis Palmella Bus-\\nson, b., 9462.\\nDumblane, D. of, title created, 8932.\\nbattle of, 9041\\nDumeril, Aedre Marie Constant, b., 7043\\nd., 7342.\\nAuguste Henri Andre^ b., 7191; d.,\\nEdelestand Pontas, b., 7143; d., 7461\\nDumfries, Scot., It. 11. accident, 975 3\\nVa., Conferates routed, 216 3\\nDumichen, Johannes, b., 8142.\\nDnmmer, Jeremiah, b. (1680 defends\\ncharters, 61 1; Indian treaty, 61 2 d.\\n(1739).\\nWm., b. (1677) gov., 612,3; d. (1761).\\nDummler, Ernst Ludwig, b., 8142.\\nDumont, Augnstin Alexandre, b., 714 3 d.,\\nCharles Alb. Eug. Auguste, b., 7282.\\nEbenezer, b., 1242; d., 2721\\nGabriel, b. (1680) stirs up Indians,\\n5863; pardoned, 5871 d. (1748).\\nJames A., in treas. dept., 3512, 4472.\\nJean, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 6883 d., 6982.\\n.Pierre Etienne Louis, b. -d., 11372;\\nworks, 7152, 7192.\\nd Urville, Jules Sebastian Cesar, b.,\\n7062 d., 7282.\\nDumoulin, Charles, b., 6783; d., 6823.\\nDumouriez, Charles Francois, b., 7002;\\nat Neerwinden, 5181 at Brussels at\\nValmy, 7081 takes Breda, 11002; d., 7242.\\nDun, Edwin, minister, 447 3\\nDunajewsky,A.,cons. cardinal priest, 5322;\\nprimate of Poland, 11202.\\nDunalley, Baron, title created, 9311.\\nDunbar, Pa., explosion, 3613.\\nSoot., action at, 8.862 taken, 8561\\nCol., in Phila., 682.\\nDunbar, wrecked, 9613.\\nSir William, d., 10021\\nb., 8641 works, 8663; d., 8681\\nDunboyh, Baron, title created, 8551\\nDuncan I. reigns, 8472; assassinated, 8471\\nII., usurper, S4 ,l2; murdered, 8491\\nViscount, Adam b.,908 2 at Camper-\\ndown, 9281 d., 9323.\\nE. H., elected bp., 3223.\\nFrancis, d., 9982.\\nHenry, lynched, 4211\\nb. (1770) est. Friendly Society,\\n9352; d. (1846).\\nJ. H., des. Grant s Monument, 3681.\\nJohn, sewing-machine, 9322.\\nJoseph, b. (1789) gov., 1452 d. (1844).\\nSara Jeannette, in London, 396 2\\nWilliam, b. (1772); d., 2312.\\nW., in Alaska, 58-12; est. village, 3282.\\n0., b., 1321 d., 2332.\\nCapt., at Harper s Ferry, 2131 at\\nHuntsville, 2151.\\nCapt., polar voyage, 9242,\\nDuncker, Maximilian W., b., 8102; d., 8321\\nDuncombe, Parmelee Dubois, b., 1381\\nDundas, Gen., b. (1735) at Kilcullen,928i\\nSir David, commander-in-chief, 9341\\nGeorge, gov. Can., 5792.\\nHenrv, Viscount Melville, b., 9103;\\nacquitted; lord admiralty, 9332, 9433;\\nminister, 9433; d., 9351\\ns, b. (1788) d., 2481\\nDundas, Lawrence, E. of Zetland, lord-\\nlieut., 1O012.\\nDundee, Scot; -Mccr/iserest.,9303; burned,\\n8601 Baxter Park opd. British Asso.\\nmeets, 9662 Albert Institution opd.,\\n978i; Victoria Wet Dock opd., 9813;\\nBurns statue, 980 1 mill-hands strike,\\n10103 Univ. fnd., 9902 Elder Profes-\\nsorship endowed, 9923.\\nViscount. (See Grahame.)\\nDundonald, E.of (See Cochrane, Thomas.)\\nDundy, E. S-, restores wages, 4573.\\nDunedin, N. Z., see of, est., 9583; bp. No-\\nvell cons., 9742.\\nDunellen, Fla., phosphate rock dis., 3421.\\nDunes, Fr., battle of, 8881\\nDunfermline, Scot., burned, 860 1.\\n(See Abercromby.)\\nTemperance Asso~ fmd., 9451.\\nI human Hill, battle at, 8861\\nDungannon, Ire., riots, 9863.\\nDnngarven, Ire., election riots, 9691.\\nDungeuess, Wash., highwaymen, 4191.\\nDungi, king of Akkad, 11393.\\nDunglison, Robley, b., 10S1 d., 2661\\nDunk, Geo. M., E. Halifax, Id. adm., 9133.\\nW. McK., on committee of 33, 1891\\nDunkers. (See Baptists, German.)\\nDunkfeld, see of, erected, 8483.\\nDunkirk, Fr., fnd., 6673; burned, 6761;\\ntaken, 6S81 surrenders, 6901, 7101\\nceded to Eng., 6912; sold to Fr., 6913;\\nbombarded, 694 1 siege of, 710 1\\nN. Y., Dean Richmond lost, 4413\\nstrikers resume, 422 2 oil dis., 468i\\nK. R. accident, 4473.\\nDunklin, Daniel, gov. Mo., 1412.\\nDunksburg, Mo., action at, 2003.\\nDunlap, Robert Piiiekney, b. (1796); gov.\\nMe., 1452; d. (1859).\\n.William, b., 741; works, 1301, 131 1\\nd., 1502.\\nDunleath, Baron, title created, 10091.\\nDunlop, George Kelly, b. (1830) cons, bp.,\\n3042; d. (1888).\\nDunmore, Baron, title created, 9451\\nEarl of, 8971.\\nJohn Murray, b., 621; gov. N. Y., 773;\\nVa., 783; at Norfolk, \u00c2\u00bb2 retires, 833;\\nin N. Y., 841 d. (1809).\\nsee unites, 9462.\\nDunn, Andrew H., cons, bp., 10082.\\nJohn, chief, 6013; revolt, 6021.\\nOscar, leader, 2752 d., 2742.\\nDunne, Robert, cons, bp., 9862.\\nDunnell Reapportionment Bill, 3771.\\nDunning, Albert E., work, 4782.\\nJohn, Baron Ashburton, b., 9082; d.\\n(1783).\\nParis C, gov. Ind., 1652.\\nBaron, title created, 9651.\\nCol., at Blue Gap, W. Va., 2021\\nDunois, Jean, b.-d., 676 2 at Bordeaux,\\n6781.\\nDunphy, Edward J., d., 1781\\nDunraven, Earl, title created, 9412.\\nEarl, Royal Commission, 9951.\\nLord, challenge, 3393 arrives in\\nN. Y., 4382; yacht race, 4413.\\nDunsandle, Baron, title created, 9531.\\nDunsany, Baron, title created, 8623.\\nDunse, Scot., Pacification of, 8821\\nDunsmir, Cal., J. W. Smith lynched, 4163.\\nRobert, d., 5861\\nDuns Scotus, John, b. (1265+) writes\\ntreatises, 8503; doctrines, 8542; d., 8562.\\nDunstable, Hug., miracle-play, 8482.\\nl)intx/\u00c2\u00abll ti (i wrecked, 9913.\\nDunstan, St., b.-d., 8442; works; abbot, of\\nGlastonbury, 8443; banished, 8451, 3;\\nfavorite recalled archbp. Canterbury,\\n8453.\\nDunster, Henry, b. (1612) Pres. Harvard\\nColl., 371; arraigned, 402; d., 401.\\nDupanloup, Felix Antoine Philibert b.,\\n7143; d., 7502.\\nDupaty, Louis M. C. H. M., b., 7042 d.,\\n7242.\\nDuperrey, Louis Isailor, b., 7061 d.,7362.\\nDivperroh, Jacques Davy, 1)., 0822; d\u00e2\u0080\u009e 6862.\\nDupetit-Thouars, Adm. Abel Aubert, b.\\n(1793); in Marquesas Island, 7281; d.,\\n7362.\\nDupin, Andr\u00c2\u00a3 Marie Jean Jacques, b.,\\n7051 d., 7362.\\nBaron, Francois Pierre Charles, b.,\\n7061; d., 7461.\\nLouis Kllics, b., 6902; d., 6981\\nDupleix, Marquis Joseph, b. 6943 d. 703 1\\nDuponceau, Peter Stephen, b.,722; d., 1562.\\nDupont, Henrique N., d., 7621.\\nHenry, d., 3442.\\nPierre, Gen., b. (1765) at Baylen,\\n7162 d. (1838).\\nb- (1821) Two Angels, 7291 d.\\n(1870).\\nSamuel, b., 642; d., 1261\\nSamuel Francis, b., 1102; Port Royal\\nexpedition, 2002, 2043 attempts Charles-\\nton, 2202; d., 2481.\\nDu Portail, Louis Leb^que, b. (1736); en-\\ngineer engaged, 861 d. (1802).\\nDiippel, redoubts stormed, 6401 siege,\\n6402 attacked, 5261 6402.\\nDupplin Moor, action at, 8573, 858\\nItuprat. Antoine, b.-d., 6782.\\nDupre\\\\ Giovanni, b., 7222; d., 7522.\\nJacques, gov. La., 1392.\\nJules, b. (1811) d., 7581\\nDuprez, Guilbert Louis, b., 7163.\\nDupuis, Chas. Francois, b., 7002 d., 7191\\nFelix, killed, 7562.\\nM., at Hanoi on Red River, 4801\\nDupuy, Clias., forms ministry, 7652 pres.\\nChamber, 7671 ministry premier, 7672.\\nLouis, b., 6963 d., 7102.\\nDupuytren, Baron, Guillaume, b., 7043\\nd., 7262.\\nDuquesne, Pa., TJ. S. troops at, 4121,\\nMills, strikers resume, 4103.\\nAbraham, b.,6862; in Mediterranean\\nat Algiers, 81 6921 d., 6942.\\nDuquesnoy, Francois, b.-d, 5403,\\nDuquet, Alfred, works, 7661\\nDuran, Augustin, b.-d., 11302.\\nDurana, Fr., canal to Marseilles, 7293.\\nDurand, Asher Brown, b.,1061 paintings,\\n2601, 2681, 2721, 276 2841, 2S61, 294\\nd., 324 (1866).\\nCyrus, b., 981 d. (1868).\\nGuillaume de, St., b.-d., 6722.\\nJean Nicolas Louis, b., 7023; d., 7262.\\nSir Mortimer, at Kabul, 72.\\nDurango, Colo., fire, 3432.\\nDurani, Shall, invades India, 1044\\nDurant, Henry Towle, b., 1302 d., 3081\\nThomas, connects railway, 2673.\\nDurante, Francesco, b., 10831 d., 10842.\\nDuras, earthquake, 10243.\\nDurazzo, Turk., taken, 10321 1074\\nCharles, assassinated, 5072.\\nDurban, Natal. John Mercer arrives, 6032.\\nDurbin, John Price, b., 1082 d. (1876).\\nDurBorow, Allen C, Jr., b., 1801\\nDurer, Albert, b.; first studies paintings,\\n7862 court painter, 5082 pensioned,\\n7862 d., 7902.\\nDuret, Francisque, b., 7151 d., 7362.\\nD Urf 5, HonorC. (See Urfe, d\\nDurfee, Job, b., 1022 d. (1847).\\nDurfort, Louis, E. of Feversham, b.; com-\\nmands royal army at Sedgemoor, 8961\\nD Urfrey, Thomas, b., 8822 d., 9062.\\nDurham. Kuc, see erected, 8462 ravaged,\\n848 Bp. Lightfoot elected, 9S03 coal-\\nminers strike, 9N-13, KIU23, 1 1 Kir, 1,10083;\\ncolliery explosion 9873, 9893; Bp. West-\\ncott eons., 10042.\\nN. C, Trinity Coll. org., 1863.\\nStation, Johnston surrenders, 2462.\\nE. of, title created, 945\\nJoseph, statue Prince Albert, 966\\nLord. (See Lambton.)\\nUniv., fnd., 7883,8883, 483 collapses,\\n8883; fnd., 9463, 9473, 941N lip. Hatfield s\\nHall fnd., 953 Bp. Cosin s Hall fnd.,\\n9563 College of Science opd., 998\\nDurhamville, Tenn., action near, 2132.\\nDurien, Paul, cons. bp. Can., 5823.\\nDurier, Anthony, b. (1833); cons, bp.,3202.\\nDurin, Father, org. Deliverance Soc, 3862.\\nDuringsfeld, Ida von, b., 8103 d., 8282.\\nDurkee, Charles, b. (1807) gov. Utah, 2512;\\nd., 268\\nDurnford, Richard, elected bp., 9742.\\nDurnova, M-, minister, 11213.\\nDuroc, Gerard Christophe Michel, Due de\\nFriuli b., 7042 killed, 720 ,3.\\nDurouf, M., in post-balloon, 7413.\\nDuruy, Jean Victor, b., 7191 works, 7291\\n7323 minister, 737i Academician, 7521\\nd., 7661.\\nDuryea, Abram, b. (1815) d., 368i\\nDu Ryer, Pierre, b. (1605) Alcyonie Sci-\\nvole, 6891 d. (1658).\\nDusarius kills Flaminius, 10541\\nDusch, Johann J., b., 8002 d., 8043.\\nDushet, Cardinal, d., 11322.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1254.jp2"}, "1255": {"fulltext": "Duso-Eato.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1243\\nDu Somrnerard, Alexandre, b., 7043; d,,\\n72S2.\\nDusseldorf, Prus., battle at, 51Si allies\\nrepulsed, 7102; town, 7813; Adolf at, 785 2\\nart scbool est., 8022 bombarded, S06\\ncapital, 8092 mine explosion, 835 3\\nDussingdale, action at, 870 1\\nDust and disease controversy, 9721\\nDustin, Hannah, b., 401 captured, 522\\nescapes, 531\\nDutch, seize Port, possessions, 1110 2 de-\\nfeat Spaniards, 11281\\nBoers, in Orange Free State, 11051\\nEast India Co., fnd., 10443, 11012.\\nFlanders, France owns, 543 2\\nDutch Folic Songs appears, 10991\\nDutch Gap, Va., canal dug, 2391\\nGuinea, see test p. 1C39 acquired,\\n9772 canal constructed slave-trade\\nabolished gold discovered, 10393.\\npolar expedition sails, 11021.\\nReformed Church. (See Eeformed\\nChurch.)\\nTom Gulch, Wyo., gold, 4621\\nW. I. Co., fnd., 453.\\nDutchess County Presbytery org., 723.\\nElection. 3952.3, \u00c2\u00a317*2. 3, 3992,4312.\\nDutens, Joseph Michel, b., 7031 d., 7302.\\nDuties, enacted by Parliament, 753 in-\\ncreased in Am. ,203 increased, Fr., 7553;\\ncorn reduced, Fr. silk est., Fr., 7613\\non liquor, Fr., 7633 octroi abolished, Fr.,\\n765 2 heavy, Eng., 8792 withdrawn,\\nEng., 9652. (See Tariff.)\\nDutroebet, Rene Joachim Henri, b. (1776);\\nd., 7301.\\nDuttlingen, battle, allies defeated, 6361\\nDutton, Arthur Henrv, b. (1S38); d., 2352.\\nHenry, b. (1796) gov., 1771 d., 2661\\nHill, Ky., Confeds. defeated, 2202.\\nDuty on grains, Fr., 755 2 on corn, 7613,\\n7672; salted meats, 7631 on wheat, 7672;\\non tea est., Eng., 9173; Eng. in Am.,7S3.\\nDuvair, Guillaume, b., 6822; works, 6851\\nd., 6863.\\nDuval, Alexandre Vincent Pineu, b., 7031\\nd., 7282.\\n.Claude, b. (1643); executed, 8931; d.\\n(1070).\\n.Gabriel, b., 6S3 justice, 1192; d.\\n(1S44).\\nValentin Jameray, b., 6943 d., 7043.\\nWm.P., b. (1784) gov., 1312 d. (1854).\\nGen., shot, 7442.\\nDuvall s Bluff, Ark., skirmish,210i taken,\\n2182; Feds, captured, 2372.\\nDuvaucel, Alfred, b., 7082 d., 7242.\\nDuvaux, M., minister, 753 3\\nDuverdier, Bonnet, arrested, 7512.\\nDuvergier, Jean Baptiste .Marie, minister\\nof justice, 7392 d. (1877).\\nde Hauraune, Jean, b., 6842; d., 6902.\\nProsper, b., 7131 d., 7522.\\nDuvernois, Clement, b. (1836) minister,\\nagri., 7393 sentenced, 7483 ,1. (1S79).\\nDuvernoy, Georges Louis, b., 7043; d. 7322.\\nDuveyrier, Henri Darinv, b., 72S2; d., 7621\\nDuvoisin, Jeau Baptiste, b., 7203 d., 7003.\\nDuwai, camp attacked, 61\\nDux, Bohemia, explosion, 5373.\\nDuxbury, Mass., cable laid, 2673.\\nDuyckinck, Evert Augustus, b., 1242; d.,\\n2982.\\nGeorge Long, b., 1302 d., 2212.\\nDuyse, Prudens van, b., 5423 d., 5442.\\nDwars, annexed, 10492.\\nDweir, mission, 6571\\nDwellings of ancient Ger., 7683.\\nDwenger, Jos., cons. Bp. Fort Wayne, 2763.\\nDwight, John Sullivan, b., 1211\\nM. D., president synod, 1582.\\nSereno Edwards, b., 9Si d. (1850).\\nTheodore, b. (1796); d., 2541.\\nWm., b., 1302 d., 4081\\n.Timothy, b., 683; works, 991, 1063,\\n1271, 1311; p r es. Yale, 1063; org. Reli-\\ngious Tract Society, 1142 d., 1261\\nb., 1361\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2William T., d., 2482.\\nDyce, Alexander, b., 9283 edits Shake-\\nspeare s Works, 9623.\\nWilliam, b.. 9323 d. (1864).\\nDyckman, Garrett W., d., 2621\\nDydalsus revolts reigns, 11461\\nDye, Joseph, lynched, 4023.\\nDyer, soda-ammonia process inv., 9482.\\nGen. Alex. Brvdie, h. (1815) d., 2842.\\nCharles VolneV, b. (1808) d., 2982.\\nElisha, governor H. I., 1832.\\nDyer, George, b., 9123 d., 9502.\\nJohn, b., 9002 d., 9143.\\nMary, d., 401, 3.\\nWilliam, mayor New York, 491\\nDyers Guild, first established, 7722.\\nDyman, Byron, governor R. I., 1613.\\nDyine, in Achaean League, 10272.\\nDijnamene, asteroid, discovered, 3021\\nDynamite losses, Fr. fund for, 7633 ex-\\nplosion, H. C, 9933 bombs seized, 10923.\\nDynamometer used, 1481\\nDynevor, Baron, title created, 9212.\\nDyrenforth, R. G., rain experiments, 3901\\nDyrrhachium.Pompey blockaded at, 10601.\\nDysart, Earl of, title created, 8S51\\nDzoungaria, attacked, 11181 annexed,\\n11193.\\nE.\\nEadburga, murderess, 8451\\nEadie, Johu, b., 9363 d.,9802.\\nKadtner, or Edmer, d., 8482.\\nEads, James Buchanan, b., 1282 creates\\ngunboat fleet, 1962 Sural 1), fence, 2651\\ntubular bridge, 2841 on Mississippi\\nRiver, 2913 jetties, 2993 d., 3261\\nEagle, James P., gov. Ark., 3492, 3991.\\nEagle Speed, wrecked, 9693.\\nE ding, comet, observed, 9901\\nEarner, Sir John, lord mayor, 9312.\\nEarldoms created, Eng., 8472.\\nEarle, Archdeacon, cons, bishop, 9983.\\nPliny, b., 723 d., 1401\\nThos., b. (1796) nom. for viee-pres.,\\n1513 electoral vote. 1531, 2 d. (1845).\\nGen. Wm., b. (1S33) in Sudan, 660\u00c2\u00b1\\nd. (1885) statue, 9961\\nEarleham College, Richmond, Ind., org.,\\n1843 (or 1847).\\nEarlswood, Eng., Idiot Asylum est., 9551.\\nEarly, John, b. (1785) bp., 1762 d., 2821\\nJubal Anderson, b., 1242 at Antie-\\ntam, 2131; at Fredericksburg, 2162; at\\nGettysburg, 2241 at Moorelield, 2301\\nin Washington campaign near Balti-\\nmore, 2351, 2361; at Fort Stevens; on\\ntheMonooaey at South Mountain; skir-\\nmish with Bidwell, 23lii recrosses Poto-\\nmac, 2362 at Strasburg; at Kearns-\\ntown, 2363 recrosses Potomac, 2371 at\\nBunker Hill, 2372,3 abandons Shenan-\\ndoah Valley; at Fisher s Hill; at Win-\\nchester, 2382 at Cedar Creek, 2391 at\\nBeverly, 2403 near Waynesboro, 2422\\nd., 4521.\\nPeter, b. (1773) gov. 1213 d. (1817).\\nClosing Bill defeated, Eng., 9992.\\nEarly European- Friends of America, 1271\\nEarnshaw, Win., eom der-in-chief, 3032.\\nEarth, shape of, 11 1 121; expeditions to\\nmeasure, 6981; density measured, 9182\\nmagnetism of, 8741 axis; variation of,\\ndiscovered, 9081\\nEarthquakes in U. S. in New England,\\n341, 601. 631, 703, 723, 1701 in West\\nand South, 3741; Oal., 2761, 3521 San\\nFrancisco and Ore., 2481 3741 Los\\nAngeles, Cal., 3321; in Conn.,3741; in\\nDel., 3321; Macon, 1741; Ind., 3321 3521\\nin Farmington, Me., 3321 Dover in\\nMontana, 3521; inN.Y.,426i; New York\\nCity, 152 Adirondacks, N. Y., 3321 in\\nMohawk Valley, 3521 i n Toledo, O.,\\n3621, 3741 in Ore., 2481, 3521, 4041; in\\nPa; in Phila.; 1182; Ashley, Pa.; in\\nPittstown, Wilkesbarre, 3321 in S. C,\\nCharleston, 3241 in Tex., 3741 in Va.,\\nRichmond, 2881 in W. Va., 4501\\nin Argentine Republic, 4913, 5321.\\nin Aust.-Hung.,534l, 5361.\\nin Can., 5821 5861 5901 5961\\nin Chile, 6063.\\nin China, 6142, 6162, 6271\\nin Colombia, 623 2.\\nin Costa Rica, 6313.\\nin Cuba Santiago, 6322, 6341\\nin Ecuador, 11092, 6281 6432\u00c2\u00b1.\\nin Egypt at Cairo, 6563.\\nin Franc, 0(161 736 1 7561 7531\\nin Great P.ri tain, X4S2, 8.541 8562,8741\\n9121, 9662, 9741,9921; in Lincoln, 8501\\nHerefordshire, 8741 in Dublin, 8982\\nInverary, 9861 Yorkshire, 9921 at\\nAnandale, 9981 Channel Islands Lan-\\ncashire, 10001; Cornwall, Wales, 1008 1\\n10101.\\nin Ger., 6661.\\nin Greece 10282, 10312, 10322, 10383\\nat Sparta, 10191 Peloponnesus, 10223\\nDuras, 10243 destroys Lysimachia,\\n10263.\\nEarthquakes in Guatemala, 78 1 10391 de-\\nstroys Santiago, 10383.\\nin Hawaii, 10401\\nin India, 10462, 10483,\\nin Italy, 606 IOS61 in Rome, 10702\\nin Catania, 1074 1 Naples, 10781,10841;\\nSyracuse, 10802 Naples and Calabria\\nRimini and Ragnsa Sicily, 10822 Pa-\\nlermo, 10841.\\nin Japan, 10911 10921\\nin Peru, 11092; at Lima, 242, 321 ,501\\nin Portugal, 11093.\\nin Persia, 11073, 11562.\\nin Russia, 11201 11221\\nin Spain, 11302, 11322.\\nin Turkey, 10282, 11481, 11502, 11562,\\n11582.\\nin Venezuela. 11601\\nin W.I. in Jamaica; Port Royal, 26 1\\n532 in Martinique, 741 in St. Domingo,\\n662 in Salvador, 11232.\\nEast African Co., expenses, 5642.\\nAnglia, see erected, 8422.\\nBoston, Great Republic launched, 1733.\\nCape Colony, Bp. Kicards cons., 9742.\\nFrancia, Ger. many called, 7732.\\nGalicia, Austria secures, 5172, 5193,\\nGoths, kingdom fnd., 5023, 10713\\ntreaty invade Gr. in Ger., 10671 van-\\nish from history, 10713.\\nHampton, L. I., Lyman Beecher or-\\ndained, 1083; sperm whale killed, 3813.\\nIndia, Dutch rule est., 11013 war with\\nEng., 7001 Hyder AH defeated, 9202\\nterritory surrendered, 9313.\\nCompany (new), chartered, 8773,\\n8912,9013; charter renewed. 9472, 10472;\\nimports tea, 8933 trade with, 6153\\ntreaty with Siam, 11242; incorporated,\\n10451 landholders rights in Calcutta,\\n10452; attack Siamese, 11242 monopo-\\nlies end, 6173 administration trans-\\nferred, 10491 (See India, text pp. 1042-\\n1049.)\\nFrench, formed, 6913.\\nDocks opened, 9322.\\nIndian Archipelago, British posses-\\nsion, 4992.\\nJordan, Mich., explosion, 4033.\\nLiberty, Central Ohio Coll. fnd., 3123.\\nLondon, Cape Colony, incor., 5993.\\nRumelia. See text p. 5662+.\\nMississippi, Female Coll. opd., 2782.\\nNorthfield, Mass., Young Woman s\\nConference, 4631.\\nPierre, S. Dak., Pierre Univ.org., 3143.\\nRiver, N. Y., frozen, 1701\\nBridge, survey, 2681 work be-\\ngun, 2681 opened, 3121, 3133 accident,\\n3133 description. 3161\\nBridges Bill, 3773, 3972.\\nSaginaw, Mich., fire, 3653.\\nSt. Louis, Frye s Army leaves, 4563.\\nSomerset, Cape C, mission, 6003.\\nTenn., Land Co. organized, 3493.\\nWesleyan University org., 2602.\\nVa., and Ga. R. R. robbery, 4171\\nEastburn, Manton, b., 1101 bishop, 1543\\nd.,2781.\\nEaster festival celebrated. 10623 con-\\ntroversy, 8402, 10643 eel. of, 10682.\\nEastern Empire. See Greece, pp. 1030t\\nends, 11561.\\nLiterary Institution. Eng., fnd., 9423.\\nEastlake, Sir Charles Locke, b., 9262;\\npres. Royal Society, 9561 d., 9681.\\nEastman, Anna F., sermon, 4222.\\nHarvey Gridley, b. (1832) d., 2982.\\nMary Henderson, b., 1262.\\nRobert Langdon, b. (1840+) d.,2482.\\nEaston, Pa., Lafayette College org., 1403 j\\nfirst centenary, 3593.\\nEastport, Me., British take, 1221 burned,\\n1513 Fenian raid, 3522.\\nN. Y., steamer ashore, 4593.\\nEastward IFa, written, 8783.\\nEastwick, William Joseph, d., 1000\\nEaton, Amos, b., 851 d., 1542.\\nArthur Wentworth, Heart of Creeds,\\n3321.\\nBeebe, b. (1806) d., 294L\\nDaniel Cady, b., 1422.\\nGeorge B., b., 1121\\nWashington, b., 1121 d., 2781\\nHorace, b. (1804) gov., 1613; d. (1855),\\nJohn, gov. R. I., 513.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1255.jp2"}, "1256": {"fulltext": "1244\\nText Figures denote Page. IJN L)ll,yC. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nEato-Educ.\\nEaton, John, Henry, b. (1790) sec. of war,\\n1372 gov. Fla., 145= d. (1856).\\nS., moderator, 2802.\\nNicholas, b. (1593) gov. E. I., 392,\\n452, 51? d. (1675).\\nTheophilus, b. (1591+) Puritan gov-\\nernor, 353 d. (1658).\\nWin., b., 74 in Egypt, 112 d., 1162.\\nEau G-allie, State Univ. removed, 3143.\\nEbbw Vale W., colliery explosion, 9833.\\nEbel, Johann G., b., 18023 d., 8142.\\nEbeling, Ohristoph D., b., 8003 d., 8121.\\nEbelman, Jacques Joseph, b.,720 1 d., 7321.\\nEbelsberg, Austrians defeated, 7181.\\nEoenezer, Ga., fud., 633 Lutherans Bet-\\ntie, 622 College founded, 1782.\\nChurch, Ala., defeat at, 2451\\nMission, Australia, 4962, 5001 in\\nSiam, 11241\\nEber, Paul, b., 7863 d., 7922.\\nEoerhard I., b. (1445) Duke of Wiirtem-\\nberg, 7873 d. (1496).\\nII., Duke of Wurtemberg, 7873.\\nIII., Duke of Wurtemberg, 7952.\\ninv. etching on metal, 8121\\nJohaun A., b., 8002 d., 8083.\\nKonrad, b., 8031 d., 8202.\\nLouis, Duke of Wurtemberg, 797 3\\nEbers, Georg, b., 8143 works, 8222, 8322\\n8291 8303.\\nEbert, Friedrich Adolph, b.,8043 d.,8142.\\nKarl Egon, b., 5191 d. (1882).\\nEble, Jean Baptiste, b., 7023 d., 7192.\\nEbo preaches in Denmark, 6351\\nEbu Juuis, astronomical tables, 4862.\\nEbner-Eschenbach, Marie von, CJnsehn-\\nbar, 8342.\\nEbrard, Johann Heinrich Auguste, b.,\\n8122 d., 8321.\\nEbulkher Khan, fnds. dynasty, 5491\\nEbury, Baron, title created, 9591\\nEcchellensis, Abraham, d., 11563.\\nEcclesiastes, written, 11423.\\nEcclesiastical Commission est., 9463.\\nlaws, opposed, Aust., 5292 pro mul-\\ngated, Ger., 8202 published, 8283.\\nproperty confiscated, Fr., 7073.\\nreservation disputes, Ger., 7923.\\nstatutes confirmed, Eng., 8592.\\nTitles Act passed, 9.372; repealed, 9572,\\n9743 protest against, 9562.\\ntribunal, Ger., 8292.\\nEcclesiastics, marriage of, G363 removed\\nfrom parliament, Fr., 6733.\\nEcclesiological Society org., London, 948 2\\nE^cleston, James C, b., 1482.\\nEcheandia, J. M. de.gov. Cal., 1333.\\nEchenique, Jose Rutino, b. (1808); pres.,\\n11082 revolt against, 11083 d. (1879).\\nEcho, seized, 1351\\nde V Orient, issued, 11571\\nEchols, Ma]. John, at Droop Mt., 2281\\nEchuuga, Australia, gold found, 4961.\\nEck, Johann, b., 7862 Bible trans., 7911\\nLuther controversy, 7882, 3 d., 7902.\\nEckels, James N., in treas. dept., 4472.\\nEckenrode Mills, Pa., trains collide, 4153.\\nEckermanu, Johann Peter, b., 8062 d.,\\n8201.\\nEckernfforde, Ger., taken, 6402.\\nEckersberg, Christoph Wiluelra, b., 6382\\nd., 6403.\\nEckford, Henry, b., 823 d., 1401\\nEckhart, Johann Georg vou, b., 796 3 d.,\\n8002.\\nMeister, b.-d., 7802.\\nEckhel, Jos. Hilary, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 5143 d. (1798).\\nEckhof, Conrad, b., 7933 d., 8042.\\nEckmiihl, battle at, 5183.\\nEclectic EiuiIiaIi, in ag.izine, appears, 2663.\\nMagazine, N. Y., 1583.\\nReview, issued, 9371\\nEclectic Society, instituted, 9231\\nEclipse, solar, 1121; observed, 1161, 1381,\\n1481, 3321, 3501, 6083, 6102, 6681, 8062,\\n8501,2,8562,8883, 9041, 9401, 9502, 10161.\\nEcnomus, Sicily, action at, 10521 3.\\nEcob, Rev. James, withdrawal, 430 2\\nEconomic Asso. Conven., Am., 3731, 4792.\\nEconomite Society escheated, 424 2\\nEcouis, fight at, 7421\\nEcuador (see text, pp. 643-644), Quito an-\\nnexed, 592 war with Bolivia, 5502 re-\\nfuses Union, 6281 declines to join Conf.\\nindependence maintained, 6291.\\nEcumenical Council. (SeeCouncil, Church.)\\nEddy, Ansel Doan, b. (1798) moderator,\\n1542, 1563 d. (1875).\\nMrs. M. B. G., leader, 3222.\\nEddy, Norman, d., 2761\\nThomas M., b., 1302 d., 2861\\nEddystone lighthouse, erected, 9013 de-\\nstroyed rebuilt, 9022 burns, 9133 re-\\nbuilt, 9133, 9142 opened, 9893.\\nEdelinck, Gerard, b., 6883 d., 6963.\\nEden, theocracy in, 11393.\\nCharles, b. (1673) gov., 591 d. (1722).\\nSir Fred. Morton, b. (1766) d., 9343.\\nGeorge, L. Auckland, b. (1784) Lord\\nadm., 9472 minister, 9473 gov.-gen.,\\n9492 minister, 9523 yields Benjdeh,52.\\nRodney, cons, bishop, 10042.\\nRobert, gov. Mil., 772 d. (1786).\\nWm. L Auckland, b., 9363 d., 10021\\nEdes, Benjamin, b., 621 d., 11102.\\nEdessa, built, 11491; action at, 1066 1;\\ntaken, 10321.\\nEdfos, mission, 6571.\\nEdgar, blows up, 9041\\nEdg;ar, King, penance, 8443 on Dee\\nkills Athelwold, 845 1; lord of ocean,\\n8461; dethrones Donald Bane, 8491;\\nreigns in Scotland, 8492 d., 8462.\\nF. E., defaulter, 4543.\\nJohn Todd, b. (1793) moderator,\\n1543 d. (1860).\\nEdgcumbe, Earl of, title created, 9232.\\nEdgefield Junction, Tenn., action, 2121.\\nEdgehill, Eng., battle at, 8841\\nEdgerton, female officials resign, 3583.\\nSidney, gov. Montana, 2413.\\nThomas, killed, 4763.\\nEdgewater, N. J., fire, 3453.\\nEdgeworth, Maria, b., 9163; works, 9303,\\n9371,9463 d., 9542.\\nRichard Lovell, b., 9103; d., 9382.\\nEdliem Pasha, grand vizier, 11592.\\nEdict of Restitution issued, 5123.\\nof Tolerance, Ger., 8053.\\nof Worms prohib. new doctrines, 508 3\\nEdiles elected, 10512.\\nEdinburgh. Mo., G. River Coll. fnd., 1683.\\nScot., fnd., 8393 St. Giles Church\\nfnd., 8483 fortified, 8491 castle de-\\nfended, 8512 taken by Eng. burned,\\n8561 Peace with Eng., 8573; surrenders,\\n8581 burned, 860 New Coll. chartered\\nSt.Giles Church destroyed rebuilt, 8602.\\nColl. of St. Salvntor s fud. St. Andrew s\\nUniv. fnd., 8623 capital, 8632 annual\\nfair; chartered, .sii;i3, 868 1 first printing-\\npress Royal Coll. of Surgeons incor.,\\n8663; High School fnd., 807 1 burned,\\n8681 first covenant signed, 8722 High-\\ngate School fnd., 8731 E. Coll. char-\\ntered, 8751; see erected, 8823; violence\\nin St. Giles Church, 8831 pari. House\\ncomplete, 8851 Pari, disturbances, 8911\\nTheater of Music, 8922 Advocates Li-\\nbrary coffee-houses opd. Coll. of Phy-\\nsicians incorporated women insult\\ngovt., 8943; Merchants Co. incorp.,8953;\\nGazette, est... 9003 Bank of Scot., est.,\\n9012; E. Courant, est., 9023; E. Flying\\nPost, est.; Union riots, 9031 E. Mercury,\\nest.; gen. assembly of Kirk; see fnd.,\\n9063; broad swords prohibited, t(07\\nRoyal Bank fnd., 9073; Medical Society\\nfnd. stereotyping Allan Ramsey s\\ntheater, est.; thresh ing-niaehine inv.,\\n9081 Porteous riots Royal Infirmary\\nincorporated, 9092; Board of Trade est.\\ncity fined, 9093, Royal Society est.. 9102,\\n9221 E. Weekly Journal, est., 0112\\ngold chains to magistrates, 9133; Pres-\\nbytery formed, 9151 Hugh Blair, a\\nprofessor, 9152 Royal Exchange com-\\nplete, 9153 Baptist Church org., 9163\\nNorth Bridge fnd., 9173; Theater Royal\\nest., 9181 e. Magazine and Review, est.;\\nDeaf and Dumb Academy opd., 9122\\nRegister office est., 9193; So.-, of Anti-\\nquaries find.. 9203; Calton Hill Observa-\\ntory, est., 9202; action against R. Cath-\\nolics South Bridge erected, 9233; first\\npanorama; leathern cannon; KoyalColl.\\nof Surgeons, est.. 9241 931 1 9321 Univ.,\\nstone laid, 9251 Bridewell erected, 9293\\nE. Farmer s Magazine, est., 9303; E. Re-\\nview, est.. 9311 Asylum for Deaf and\\nDumb JC. Encyclnjnmlia, appears, 9352\\nSavings institution opd., 9373 Nelson s\\nmonument, 938 Victoria Theater opd.,\\n9382; Scotsman: Blackwood s Magazine,\\nest., 9383; Scot s Magazine changed to E.\\nMagazine, 939 cas pany est. water\\ncompany est., 9393; Caledonian Theater\\nfnd. Soc. of Arts fnd., 9401; Bannatyne\\nClub fnd., 9412; Waverley Novels by\\nScott; North Brit. Aden-User, est., 9431\\ncholera appears Royal Exchange opd.,\\n9453; Asso. Fine Arts fmd. Brit. Asso.\\nmeets, 9461, 9541, 9741 statue George\\nIV., 9461 Tait sE. Magazine est. Cham-\\nbers s E. Journal, est., 9463 Edinburgh\\nand Geaton railway begun, 9481 Abbots-\\nford Club fnd., 9491 Scott s monument,\\n9501 Medical Miss. Soc. fmd., 9503\\nNew Coll. fnd., 9503; Wodrow Soc. fnd.,\\n9511 monument to martyrs, 9521 Spot-\\ntiswood Soc, 9531 E. Philosophical\\nAsso. est., 9543; Nat. Gallery opd., 9561\\nScottish Review, est., 9583 Scottish\\nrights meeting, 9591 Nat. Social Science\\nAsso. meets, 9641, 2, 966 1 Industrial\\nMuseum est, Post-Ofiiee erected House\\nf alls, 9653; Nat. Museum opd., 9681; Post-\\nOflice opd., 9093; St. Giles Cathedral\\nrestored, 9762, 9902 St. Mary s Epis.\\nCathedral fnd., 97S2, 9862; Albert Me-\\nmorial Nat. Training School Music est.;\\nstatue of Livingstone, 9801 statue of\\nChalmers, 9S2 1 Pan-Presbyterian Con-\\nference held, 29(i 2 9822; Academy of\\nMusic fnd., 9901 Theater Royal burned,\\n9913 Scottish Geographical Soc. est.,\\n9923 ancient cross restored, 9953 Bp.\\nDowden cons.. 996 2 Industrial Exhibi-\\ntion. 9973; Harrison memorial archway,\\n9981; Heriot-Watt Coll., est., 10002;\\nAndrew Carnegie library opd., 10023;\\nElectric Exhibition, 10033 Industrial\\nExhibition Irish Nat. League conven.,\\n10051 10033 R. R. men strike, 1C052\\nstatue of Abraham Lincoln, 10101\\nEdinburgh, launched., 986 1\\nCastle, held against Fr.. 8512; surren-\\nders, 8862; attempted siege, 9041.\\nand Dalkeith Railway opd., 9441\\nand Geaton Railway begun, 9481\\nEdington, action at, 8441\\nEdison, Thomas Alva, b., 1623; transmis-\\nsion of speech, 2881; fnv. microphone,\\ntelephone, 2941 j nv phonograph, 2961\\nexperiment with platinum, 2981 tele-\\nphone in England, 9821 inv. microtasi-\\nmeter subdivides electric current inv.\\nelectric pen; inv. megaphone, 2981, 2;\\nexhibits vacuum lamps, 3021 phono-\\ngraph, 3261 improves phonograph, 3301\\nheliograph, 3641 adapts phonograph to\\nwater-motor, 3741 inv. electric street-\\ncar motor, 3921 gift to Paris poor ban-\\nquet to, 7583.\\n,Thoma.s-IIoustoii-,consolidation,4ul3.\\nEdisto island, S. C, skirmish, 2062.\\nEdith Bourn, collides, 9853.\\nEditorial Asso. convention Am.,365 1\\nEdmonds, Francis W.,b. (1806); pain tings,\\n1501 1501 1602, 1801 1841 d. (1863).\\nJohn Worth, b., 1082; a., 2842.\\nNewton, gov. Dak., 2293.\\nEdmonton, Can., The Bulletin, 5843.\\nEdmund, wrecked, 957 a\\nI., king, killed, 8453.\\nII. battles with Canute, 8461\\nIronsides, king, murdered, 8472.\\nking of Sicily, 7812.\\nSt., king, killed, 8452.\\narchbp. of Canterbury, b.-d.,\\n8502.\\nEdmunds, George F., b., 1361 senator,\\n2523; on Committee of Seven, 2933; Elec-\\ntoral Commission, 2951 pres. Senate,\\n315 2 vote for pres. nominee, 3173; Nat l.\\nUniv. Bill, 3582, 3592 made LL.D.,\\n3622 resigns, 3812 Anti-polygamy Bill\\npasses, 3111, 3233; Canadian Fisheries\\nBill passes, 3272.\\nPaul C, b., 1462.\\nEdmundson, Wm., among Friends, 443.\\nKdonton, N. C, founded, 591.\\nEdred, king, d., 8442.\\nEdrisi, b. (1099\u00c2\u00b1) d., 4863.\\nEdson, Franklin, mayor New York, 3152.\\nEducation, U. S.: Alcohol, school instruc-\\ntion, 11693; Bennett School law; (see\\nsame); census of 1880,3071 Compulsory,\\nGrant recommends, 2S92 bill revised,\\nN. Y., 3403 passes Senate, 4051; re-\\npealed, 111., 3752 in Conn. colonists,\\n1543 general, 723 lands for, 1063 for\\ndeaf mutes, 1251 Department, at Wash.,\\nest., 2511, 2562, 2623 En};-, language in\\nschools; (see Bennett law); in Ga., ne-\\nglected, 723 denied to Indians, 1371\\nof Indians by colonies, 63 1 651 67 1 de-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1256.jp2"}, "1257": {"fulltext": "Educ-Elco.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDIiX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n124S\\nnied to, Ga., 137 common, Ga., 139\\nin Mass. colonists, 323, 371 public scliools\\nest., 371 general, 723; h, Md. neglected,\\n723; first public school, 1371; in N. Y.\\ncolonists, 342, 543, 571 non-sectarian\\nstruggle, 69 free scliools for negroes,\\n983; indifference to public, 1023; law for\\npublic, 1063 iii pa., colonists, 523; Prot-\\nestant conf on, 3702 in S. C, colonists\\nneglected, 723 denied to negroes, 131\\nin Southern States, advancing, 3423 in\\nVa., colonists, opposed, 443 activity in,\\n723; E. and Home Mission Soc. est. ,5732\\nshorter College course, 3722 Webster s\\nspelling book, 963 Dictionary, 1363.\\nEducation in Brazil, early, 223.\\nin Canada, 342, 35\\nin Fr., Bill in Assembly, 7492, 753\\ncompulsory E. Mill, 7513,7542 Ministry\\nof Education fmd., Ger.,813 1 statecon-\\ntrol, 8263 Sectarian Bill opposed, Ger.,\\n8363. (See May laws.)\\nin Great Britain, restricted, 8483 in\\nthree languages,. S5o 3 confined to clergy,\\n8583; Trust Fund est., 9543; mixed, con-\\ndemned, 9702, 9802 school fees in ad-\\nvance, 9873 grant proposal, 1007 and\\nLocal Taxation Act, Eng., 1009 2 Society\\nfmd., 9802.\\nin Iceland, 132.\\nMexico, Aztecs, 15 Univ., 223, 331\\nminister for, appointed, Port., 11102;\\nindependent of clergy, Switz., 1138 1\\nStruggle of denominations, 1138 2\\nNeth., Free State, limited, 11022.\\nin Peru, early, 222, 243, 283.\\nin Roman provinces, diffused, 10643.\\nSp., committed to priests, 11303.\\nTurk., in Constantinople, 115S2.\\nEducational Bill, U. S. A., Blair, 31G3,\\n3233, 353 3542, 4512.\\nBelg., adopted; royal assent,\\nConference, Friends, N. T., 378\\nConvention at Louisville, Ky., 281\\nInternational Congress held, 2922.\\nUnion, Catholic, 3562.\\ninstitutions suppressed. Rus., 11183.\\nEdward, Arctic expedition, 870\\nBates, accident, 1653.\\ncaptured, 862.\\nEdward, martyr, assassinated, 846 3\\nreigns, Port., 11093.\\nI., Longshanks, K. of Eng., b.-d.,\\n8521; defeats Barous, S54 in 8th Cru-\\nsade, 854 855 z reigns treaty with\\nFlemings in Eng. conquest of Wales in\\nIsle of Man, S54 expels Jews, 854 ,S5r 3\\ncrowned; Welsh conquests, 855 2 pun-\\nishes bribery mandate against wolves,\\n8553 defeats Wallace recovers Gas-\\ncony takes Sterling, 856 subdues,\\nrules Scotland marries Margaret, 857\\nagainst clergy, S562, 857 renounces ar-\\nbitrary taxation, 857 d., 8572.\\nII., K. of Eng., b.-d., 8542; reigns,\\nmarries Isabella, S572; rebellion against,\\ninvades Scot., S56 tournaments, 8563\\ndefeats Barons Scots invade, 856\\ntruce with Bruce, 857 2 surrenders, im-\\nprisoned deposed, 8573 murdered, 8563.\\nIII., K. of Eng., li.,S553; reigns; assumes\\ngovt., 8573; marries, 1099 claims Scot,\\nthrone, 859 claims crown of Fr., 674\\n675 homage to Philip VI., 075 invades\\nScot.; atlialidon Hill, 858 claims the\\ncrown of Fr., 075 859 loses battle of\\nSluis, 674 defeats Fr. navy, 85S in\\nBrittany, 674 grants first patents of\\nnobility charters Oxford, 858 3 atd eey,\\ninvades Normandy, 674 est. Order of\\nSt. George[Garteii, {)i declines crown\\nof Ger., 7833, 8592; defeats Sp. ships,\\n853 reerects Windsor Castle, S532; ally\\nof Fr., 675 2 ravages Scot.; takes Calais,\\n674 858 buys Baliol s claims, 8592;\\nFr. partly ceded, 6572 invades F.,85S\\nrenounces Fr. claims, 6753; est. Maun-\\nday Thurs. alms, 859 orders Eng. lan-\\nguage in law, 8593 summoned to Fr.,\\n675 3 loses Fr. possessions, 6752, 8593;\\nd.,S582,8603.\\nIV., K. of Eng., b., 8622; defeats Lan-\\ncastrians; enters London, 804 reigns;\\nsecret marriage, 865 insurrection\\nprisoner; flees to Holland, 8652; at Ra-\\nvenspur, 864 agrees to conquer Fr.,\\n679 2 intrigues for Fr. crown, 8652 at\\nCalais, 678 d., 8653.\\nV., K. of Eng., b., 8642; prisoner in\\nTower murdered, 8653.\\nEdward VI., Eng., b., 8682 reigns, 8712\\nest. Protestantism, N702 d., 8712.\\nPr. of W., Black Prince, b.-d., 8562\\naids Pedro, 1127 3 at Limoges, at Poi-\\ntiers, 674 extorts money from Fr., 6753.\\n,Pr. of W., b.,8i::i3; beheaded, 864 ,3.\\nthe Confessor, K. of Eng., b.-d., 8462;\\nreigns, makes laws, Normans at court,\\n8472; bones enshrined, 8553.\\nthe Elder, b.-d., against Danes, 8443\\nLord of Britain, 8453.\\nthe Martyr, king of Eng., 847\\nEarl of Derby, minister, 9912; statue,\\n978\\nof Worcester, minister, 8812.\\nof Meath, lord keeper, 9013.\\nof St. Germain, postmaster, 955\\nPlaiitagenet, E. of Warwick, b. (1475)\\nin tower, 8672; d. (1499).\\nEdwardes, Sir Herbert Benjamin, b.,9383\\nin Sikh war, 10462 d., 9722.\\nEdwards Ferry, Va., Confederate re-\\npulse, 2123.\\nAlfred Geo., cons, bp., 10022.\\nAmelia Blandford, b., 9442 d., 1008\\nBryan, b., 9103 d. (1800).\\nGeorge, b., 9002 d. (1773).\\nGuillaume Frederic,!}. 7043; d., 7282.\\nHenry W., gov. Conn., 1433; d., 1623.\\nJonathan, b., 54 at Northampton,\\n623; missionary, 663; at Stockbridge,\\n69 d., 71\\nb., 662; pres. Princeton Coll.,\\n712; works, 67 712, 732, 1003; d., 110\\nJohn C, gov. Mo., 1592.\\nNinian,b. (1775) gov. 111., 1172, 1352;\\ncharges against Crawford, 1332; d., 142\\nPassmore, gilt of, 1010\\nPatrick, Whitt. Caps punish, 463\\nRich., b. (15231 works, 873 d. (1566).\\nSamuel, decision on election, 3473.\\nTyron, b., 116\\nEdwardsville, 111., fire, 3492.\\nPa.,fire, 3S33.\\nEdwin, King, b., 842 Christianized, 8422;\\nkilled, 842\\nEdwy, or Eadwig, King, d., 8442.\\nEeckhout, Gerbiant. van der, b.-d., 11003.\\nJacob J., b., 1101\\nEels, James, moderator, 296 2\\nEenal, sidtan, 6553.\\nEffen, Justus Van, b.-d., 1101\\nEffingham, E. of, title created, 945\\nEgait, James Francis, arrested, 903 2.\\nJohn, cons. R. C. bp., 10042.\\nJudge, dismisses prisoners, 4272.\\nPatrick, demands reparation, recog-\\nnizes govt., 6092 house guarded, 609 3\\nleaves Ire., 991 envoy of U. S., 3513.\\nEgba, Christians crucified, 11613.\\nEgbert, conquest of, S44 K. of Eng. K.\\nof Wessex, 845 d., 8442.\\nKing, b. (775\u00c2\u00b1) d., 777\\narchbp., est. school and library, 843\\nEgede, Hans, b., 6363; miss., 583; Green-\\nland s Conversion, 6383; d., 638\\nPaul, b., missionary, 1038 works,\\n10383; d., 1038\\nEgelbert, Margrave, duke, 5033.\\nEger, council at, 7852.\\nEgeria, asteroid, discovered, IO862.\\nEgersseg, Anti-Jewish riot, 5303.\\nEgerton, Baron, title created, 959\\nAlfred J. F., d., 1004\\nE. of Bridgewater, b., 9082 d.\\n(1853).\\nHenry, E. of Bridgewater, b.,\\n9143; d. (1829).\\nLeveson Gower, E. of Ellsinere,\\nb., 9302; d.,9622.\\nThomas, Lord Ellsmere, b., 8682\\nhigh chancellor, minister, 8773, 8793,\\n881 lord chancellor, 8792; d., 880\\nEgesta solicits help, 1020 2\\nEgfrid, in Ireland, 842\\nEgg, Augustus Leopold, b. (1S16) d.,\\n9662.\\nEgglcston, Edward, b. (1S37) works, 277\\n2803, 2823, 2S63, 3003, 3143, 3283, 3982.\\nEggo, Life of Christ, 775\\nEgibe s bank mentioned, 1145\\nE^inhard, b.-d., 6642 with Charlemagne,\\n6663.\\nEginton, Francis, b., 9083; d. (1805).\\nEgira, institutes priesthood, augurs, and\\nvestals, 10503.\\nEgleston, Thomas, b., 140\\nEglinton, E. of, title created, 867\\nE. of. (See Archibald, William\\nMontgomerie.)\\nEglon, subdues Israelites, 1140 assas-\\nsinated, 1143\\nEgmont, Count, b.(1522) at b. Gravelines,\\n872 seized, 10993; d. (1568).\\nE. of, lord admiralty, 9133.\\nE. of, title created, 9072.\\nLamoral, b.-d., 5403.\\nEgreinont, Lord, minister, 9153,9172.\\nEgrica, reigns, 11253.\\nEgypt. (See Text, pp. 645-061.) Chil-\\ndren receive Gr. education, 1015 Alex-\\nandrine war, 10G01 edict against Chris-\\ntians and Jews, 10603 Chosrocs subdues,\\n11072; war with Turk., 1156 11573;\\nEsarhaddon invades, 11442 revolts\\nagainst Assyria, 11453 Athenian fleet\\ndestroyed, 1019 reconquered, Achil-\\nleus revolts, 1066 in Triangular League,\\n10272 acknowledges suzerainty to.\\nRome, 10553; supremacy of Turk., 11592;\\nobelisk given to Eng., 982 9833 evac-\\nuation demanded, 11593; Eng. declines to\\nevacuate, 10012 Khedive, in Order of\\nBath, 10083 London Conference, 9932\\nDebt Conversion scheme, Fr. govt, re-\\nfuses, 759 scheme, dead, 10012, 10033.\\nEgyptian Refugee Fund, 991\\nSociety founded, Eng., 939\\nEhlers, Lieut., in East Africa, 8382.\\nEhlobaue, mission, 6023.\\nEhrenberg, Christian G.,b., 8063; d.,8282.\\nPass, Maurice forces, 792\\nEhrensward, Ct. of, August, b.-d., 11342.\\nEhud delivers Israel, 1140 1143 judges\\nIsrael, 11413.\\nEichberg, Julius, b. (1824) d., 422\\nEichhorn, Karl F., b.,8042; works, 809\\nd., 820\\nEichendorf, Baron Joseph von, b., 8043;\\nworks, 811 8132; d., 820\\nEichhorn, Johann G., b., 8022; d., 814\\nEichstadt, ceded, 5193.\\nEichthal, Eugene d works, 766\\nEiehwald, Edward, b., 11162; d., 11182.\\nEider boundary, Ger. and Denmark, 775 2\\nEiffel, Gustav, engineer, b. (1S43) Panama\\nCanal scandal, sentence withdrawn, 7643.\\nTower, opd., struck by lightning,\\n7593; reopened, 7613.\\nEight-hour labor day, Kansas City, 357\\nHour Labor Bill, in Cong., 3772, 3792.\\nBill rejected, Eng., 1009\\nEimmart, Georg C, b., 7963; d., 7983.\\nEinhard, or Eginhard, b.-d., 8422 secre-\\ntary to Charlemagne, 770 3\\nEion, captured, 10183.\\nEira, polar expedition, 984 986\\ncaptured, 1014\\nEisenach, annexed to Saxe-Weimar, 7972.\\nEisenhart, Johann F., b., 7983; d., 8042.\\nEkombela, mission at, 1124\\nEkowe, siege, 600\\nEkron, Egyptians defeated, 650\\nEl Adiel, defeats Crusaders, 654 sultan,\\n6552.\\nElagabalus, b. (205) reigns, 10653; a t An-\\ntioch, 1064 conduct, murdered, 1065\\nElah, reigns, killed, 11433.\\nElam, attacked, 1139 invaded, 1144 at\\nHalule, 11442.\\nEl Ameen, reigns, Egypt, 6552\\nEl Amer, calif, 6552.\\nEbonites in Babylonia, 1140\\nEl Arisch, Morocco, taken, 7132.\\nEl Ashraf Bursabey, sultan, 6553.\\nEl Ashraf Shahan, reigns, 655 3\\nEl Ashrof Khaleel, sultan, 6553.\\nKaiutbey, sultan, 6553.\\nToman Bey, reigns, Egy., 655 3\\nElatherius, St., pope, 10643.\\nElAzeez, calif, 655 2 patron of letters,\\n655\\nElba, captured, 926 Napoleon at, 7213.\\nEl Bardoese Pasha, d., 6562.\\nEl Bayadeeyya mission, 65G 3\\nEl Beliani.i Literario, est., 11292.\\nElberon, N. J., Pres. Garfield, dies, 3092.\\nElbert, Samuel, b., 642; d., 100\\nH., gov. Colorado, 285\\nElbogen, A., kidnapper, 385\\nElbroiu, palace-mayor, 6653.\\nEl Censor, issued, Sp., 11293, 1131\\nElcho Challenge Shield, contests, 966\\n978 992\\nElchungen, Austrians defeated, 714\\nEl Correo Literario de la Eur. issued, 11293.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1257.jp2"}, "1258": {"fulltext": "1246\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nEleo-Elna.\\nEl Correo Mi rrantil. issued, 11211\\nEldad, a prophet, 11403.\\nElder, John, professorship endowed, 9923.\\n,\u00c2\u00a5m, Henry, 1 (1819) eons.R. C. bp.,\\n182 bp. of Cincinnati, 3142.\\nEldership. (See Church of God.)\\nEl Dhafer, calif, 6552.\\nEldon, D. of, title created, 9372.\\nEarl of. (See John Scott.)\\nEldorado County, Cal., forest fires, 3933.\\nEl Dorado, enters Panama Canal, 6293.\\nEldridge, Alice B.. gymnasium gift, 4102.\\nEleanor, Queen, b. (1122r) marries Henry\\nII., divorced, 6712 poisons Rosamond,\\n8511 coronation eel., 8523 refounds\\nhospital, 855 crosses in honor, 8563;\\nd. (1204).\\nreigns in Navarre, 11273.\\nEleasa, battle of, 11481.\\nEleatic school est., Gr., 10163.\\nEleazar, high-priest, 11403, 11482, 1149\\nd., 11411.\\nII., high priest, 11503.\\nIII., high priest, 11503.\\nElection, Am., presidential, 101 1 Follow-\\ning elections, see quadrenniums ending\\nin Nov., 1800-4-8-12-16-20-24 etc. M. C.\\ncaucus abandoned, 1332 nominating\\nconventions intro., 1433; excitement,\\n1531,2932; uniform day for, 1592; rule\\nfor electoral vote, 2433 bitterness in\\ncounting, close, disputed, 2932 electo-\\nral commission bill, 295 investigation,\\naward, repudiated, 295 2 investigation\\nof frauds. -H9 2 bribery exposed, cipher\\ndespatches, 3012; direct vote resolution,\\n399 3 frauds in Lansingburg, N.Y.,426 2\\nbishops in, 7622, 7631\\nEng., restricted, 8632 bribery in,\\n8953; bill passses, 9773.\\nfirst agitation in U. S., 993.\\n.French, 7273, 7332, 737 739 7413,\\n747 ,7492, 751 ,2, 759 7633 frauds, laws\\nchanged, 7252; new law, 749 ,3; bill, 755 2.\\nGer., general, mobs, 8333.\\nNational, in Austria, 5292.\\nSouthern, discussed, 337 elections\\nbill in Congress, 373 ,2, 375 ,3, 3763.\\nElectoral college appears, Ger., 781 2\\nHesse, invaded, 527 for Prus., 5272.\\nvote, Am., 1012. (See quadrenniums\\nending in Feb. 1802-6-10-14-18-22-26, etc.)\\nElectra, asteroid, discovered, 280\\nElectric capal-boat test, 4453.\\ncars in Boston, 351 3\\nexhibition, Edinburgh, 10033.\\ngen.-machine at Niagara Falls, 5892.\\nLight Asso., Am., at Niagara, 5893.\\nlight, carbon, 410\\nLighting Act. passes, 991 2\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094lighting, Westinghouse system, 348\\nmachine, constructed, 11003.\\nmotor for street car, Edison, 392\\nomnibus, London, 1000\\npoles, removed, Arn., 3293.\\npower, Albany syndicate, 4312.\\nElectrical Engineers, Am. Society org.,\\n3192; conven., Buffalo; 4022; Amer. Inst,\\nsession, 4082.\\ncong. in Paris, 752 ,3, 7542, 7583.\\nfigures produced, Ger., 804\\nmachine constructed (first), 7692.\\nSoc. fmd., London, 948\\ntramway in Paris, 752\\nElectricity, Am. exhibition of, 66 Frank-\\nlin experiments, 703; first electrocution,\\n365 induction coil made, 148 incan-\\ndescent light, 158 vs. gas, 2993; pro-\\nduced by Bell, produced by Tainter, 3081\\nlights on cruiser, 3121 discussed by Du\\nFay, Ft., 6981 Gilbert experiments, G.\\nB.,8762, 4941 glass for generating, 8041\\nphenomena dis., 906 apparatus, glass\\ncylinder, 9102; transmission of, 912\\nglass machine invented, 916 investi-\\ngated, 9182 light, 930 telegraph dis.,\\nsecondary currents, 948 magneto-elec-\\ntricity applied to electroplating, 9502.\\n.galvanic battery, It.; experiments,\\nvoltaic battery, 1084 animal, 1086\\nElectrocution law, consti l, 3492, 355 2\\nElectro-galvanic experiments, 926\\nElectrolyzation discovered, 9282.\\nElectromagnetic apparatus constructed,\\n948 rotation described, 9402.\\nElectro-magnetism experiments, 940\\nElectrometer, induction invented, 81G\\n9182; Lane s, completed, 9162; gold-leaf\\ninvented, 9242.\\nElectrophone inv. and exhibited, 9662.\\nElectrophorus, invention improved, 922\\nElectroscope invented, 812\\nEl-elf ee Bey, d., 6562.\\nElementary Education Act, 9733, 9772,\\n9812, 10073,\\nElements, four named, 10163.\\nElephant, first, in Eng., 8533.\\nEleusinian Mysteries, instituted, 10132;\\nabolished, 1069\\nEleusis, Temple of Demeter begun, 10203.\\nElevated roads. (See Brooklyn, Chicago,\\nNew York City.)\\nEl Fayoom, mission, 651\\nEl Fiygez, calif, 6552.\\nEl Glioree Kansooh, reigns, Egy., 655 3\\nElgin, Baron, title created, 951\\nE.of, title created, 883 (See Elgin,\\nVictor A.)\\nEarl. (See Bruce, James.)\\nmarbles, 9302; purchased, 938\\nElgiva, Queen, cruelty to, 845 exiled,\\n8453.\\nEl Hafus, calif, 6552.\\nEl Hakin, calif, 6552.\\nEli, high priest, 11422; judges Israel,\\n11432; d., 11422.\\nElias, Levita, b., 10783; d., 10803.\\nEliashib, high priest, 11463.\\nElibank, Baron, title created, 8851.\\nElijah, prophet, 11442.\\nElim, mission, 5972, 11242.\\nElionareus, high priest, 11523.\\nEliot, Charles William, b., 1422.\\nGeorge. (See Cross, Mrs.)\\nAugustus. Baron Heathfield of\\nGibraltar, b. (1717); d., 9243.\\nJohn, b., 262; in Boston, 321 Psalm\\nBook, 371 missionary, 382 among In-\\ndians, 402,3; New Testament in Indian\\nlaiiguaae,403;ind.Bible, 403, 422; edition\\nof Bible, 483; d., 502.\\nSir John, b., 8762;\\nresolutions in H. C,\\nd., 8832.\\nSamuel, b., 1301\\nThomas Dawes, b. (1808); d., 2702.\\nEli. .11, Gilbert, Sir, in Corsica, 7113.\\nElis devastated, 10221.\\nElisha, prophet, miracles of, 11442,3.\\nElizabeth, wrecked, San Francisco, 3793.\\nCan., Brit., surprised at, 1201\\nN. J., purchased, 431 colony at,\\n431,2; Pros, church fmd., 422; assembly\\nmeets, 433; evacuated, 861 Brit, in, 921\\nSinger works burned, 3593; fire, 3813;\\nBancroft launched, 4061\\ncrowned in Rumania, 11133.\\nof Bavaria, married, 5243 crowned\\nEmpress, 5273.\\nof Prussia, d., 8033.\\nof Russia, ally of Austria, 5153 reigns,\\n11153.\\nPetrovna, empress, b.-d., 11142.\\nPrincess, of Aust.,b., 5102; rules, 5091.\\nQueen of Eng., b., 8681 imprisoned\\nwhen princess, released, 8713 reigns,\\nmotto, 8732 head of church, 8722 silk\\nstockings given to, 8731 excommuni-\\ncated, 8723; opposes Puritans, 8743 de-\\nclines sovereignty of Neth., 8753; sends\\naid to Fr., 8761 Lambeth articles op-\\nposed, 8763; d., 878 879 statue, 8761.\\nSaint, b.-d., 5042.\\nStuart, princess, b. (1592); marriage,\\n8791 d. (1662).\\nWoodville, queen, b. (1437\u00c2\u00b1) mar-\\nried, 8651 d. (1492).\\nMine., guillotined, 7103.\\nCity,N.C.,taken,204 NormalSchool\\nest., 3962.\\nElizabethan Gothic architecture intro.,\\nEng., 8662.\\nstatutes, enforced, 8782.\\nElizabethtown. Ky., first Bapt. church,95i\\nEl-Jawily, mission, 657 1\\nEl Kaber, reigns, Egy., 6552.\\nEl Kernel, treaty with, 7811.\\nElk Fork, Ark., Confeds. defeated, 2171\\nElkhorn. (See Pea Ridge.)\\nElkin, Brig.-Gen. J. A., commission, 2472.\\nElko, Nevada State University, org., 2863.\\nEl Komr El Akbdar, mission, 6571\\nElk s Spring, Confeds. defeated, 225\\nEll, 1 A. report, 3353.\\nEllazio, Gen., Pres. Uruguay, 11603.\\nEllenborough, Lord. (See Law, Sir\\nEdward.)\\nEllcnsburg, Wash., fire, 3433.\\nEllenville, N. B., bigamist, 3883.\\nEllerslie, N. Y., fire, 4353.\\nEllery, William, b., 602 d. (1820).\\nEllesmere, E. of, title created, 951\\nL. (See Egerton, Sir Thomas.)\\nEllet, Charles, Jr., b., 1162 commands\\nQueen of the West, 2183 d., 2092.\\nElizabeth F., b., 1262 d., 2942.\\nEllicott City, Ind., Eock Hill Coll. org.,\\n1822.\\nAndrew b., 682; d., 1282.\\nChas. John, b. (1819) elected, bp.,\\n9583.\\nE. L., Civil Service Commiss., 2732.\\nEllinge, W-, pres. Reformed synod, 1363.\\nEllington, C. H., Pres. Nat. Conv., 4111\\nElliot, Capt., Supt. trade, 6172.\\nGeorge Henry, becomes colonel, 4301\\nH. B., dis. Madonna, 350\\nRichard C, d., 10081\\nStephen, cons. bp. of Ga., 1523.\\nNat, History Society, org., 1721.\\nElliotson, John, b., 9242; d., 9722.\\nElliott, Charles, b. (1792) d., 2641\\nLoring, b., 1183; d. (1S6S).\\nDavid, b. (1787) moderator, 1463 d.\\n(1S74).\\nEbenezer, b., 9222; works, 9291 ,9443;\\nd., 9542.\\nEzekiel Brown, b., 1302; d. (1888).\\nGeo. F., pres. league, 475\\nJesse Duncan, b. 95 on Lake Erie,\\n1182; truce with Keshen, 6161 d., 158\\nRobert Woodward Barnwell, b.\\n(1840) cons, bp., 2842; d., 3262.\\nb. (1806) bp., 1523; d., 254\\nConf ed. Gen., d., 252\\nWilliam, b. (1788) d., 219\\nW. E., murderer, 3883.\\nElliott s Mills, Sid., college fnd., 113\\nEllis Island, N. Y., inspection, 431\\n.Alexander John, b. (1814); Musical\\nPitch, 9843 d. (1890).\\nEdward, b., 123\\nGeorge, b., 9103; d., 9363.\\nG. F., wounded, 4722.\\nSir Henry, b., 9203; d., 9722.\\nb. (1721) gov., 713; d. (1806).\\nJohn Willis, b. (1820) gov. N. C,\\n187 restores Fed. forts, 1901; d. (1861).\\nWhittaker, lord mayor, 9891\\nSarah Stickney, b., 9362; d. (1872).\\nWilliam, b., 92 63 d., 9761\\nR., b., 1681.\\nT., b., 1581.\\nEllis s Chapel, Vu., Meth. conference, 951\\nEllmaker, Amos, b. (17S7) electoral vote,\\n1413; d. (1851).\\nEllsler, Erne, b., 184lT~\\nEllsworth, Ephraim Elmer, b. (1837)\\nkilled, 1943.\\nHenry L., d., 1841\\nOliver, b., 662 justice, vote for\\nPres., 1073; d., 114\\nT. G., invents telephone, 3201\\nWm. Wolcott, b. (1791) gov. Conn.,\\n1512 d. (1868).\\nEl Madgy, calif at Mecca, 4842.\\nEl Mamoon, patron of literature, 655\\nreigns Egy., 6552.\\nEl Mansoor, persecutes Christians, 6543\\npatron of literature, 6551 sultan, 6553.\\nKalaoon, takes Tripoli, 6542;\\nsultan, 655 3\\nLageen defeats rebels, 6542.\\nMohammed, reigns, 6553.\\nEl Mantussin, reigns, Egy., 6552.\\nEl Mantuz, reigns, Egy., 6552.\\nElmes, Harvey Lonsdale, b., 9363; d.,9542.\\nJames, b., 9223; d. (1862).\\nElmhurst, 111., Evang. Sem. opd., 2703.\\nElmina, acquired, 9772; captured, 1161\\nElmira, N. Y., Elmira Coll. org., 1783\\nTelet/ram, issued, 3023; Steele Memorial\\nLibrary Association, 438 (See Brock-\\nway, Supt.)\\nEl Moaiyud, sultan, 6553.\\nElMoez,fnds. dynasty, 0553; sultan, 16553.\\nElmore, Frank. Harper, b. (1799) j d., 163\\nKl Mostain, reigns, Egy., 6552.\\nElMotamekkei, reigns, Kgy., 6552.\\nEl Mozuffer, sultan, 6553.\\nBavleurs, sultan, 6553.\\nElmsley, Peter, b., 9183; d., 9422.\\nEl Muritusser, reigns, 655 2\\nEl Mustalee, calif, 6552.\\nEl Mustansir, calif, 6552.\\nElmwood Cemetery. Memphis, est., 1713,\\nEl Nasr Mohammed, abdicates, 655 3", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1258.jp2"}, "1259": {"fulltext": "Eloi-Epes.\\nText Figures denote Page. lJN.Uli.-X.. Superior Figures indicate Column,\\n1247\\nEloi, St., patron of smiths and artists,\\n6042 works in metals, 66*1.\\nElon, judges Israel, 11432.\\nColl. N. C. (Christian) org. (1S90).\\nEloy, or Eligius, b.-d., 6642.\\nEl Panorama, issued, 11311.\\nEl Paso, Tex., Southwest Silver Conven.,\\n3971 smugglers caught, 4522.\\nEl Pensador, issued, 11292.\\nElphin, Ire., bishopric est., S403 see\\nunites with Kelmore, 9462.\\nElphinston, James, b. (1721) d v 9343.\\nElphinstone, Baron, title created, 8671,\\nSir George Keith, b. (1746) at Cape\\nTown, 5971 d. (1823).\\nSir Howard Crawford, d., 10021\\nLord, gov. of Bombay, 10473.\\nMountstuart, b., 9203; d., 9622.\\nWilliam, ,802.2; d., S661\\nGen. William Keith, b. (1782) in\\nAfghanistan, 42, 53; d. (1842).\\nEl Kadee reigns, Egy., 6552.\\nElsa, asteroid, discovered, 5282.\\nEl Semanariode A iricultnra, issued, 11311\\nElsheiiner, Adam, b., 7922; d., 7043.\\nElsinore, Den., conquered, 7821.\\nElson, Louis C, Iteotm of Music, 4462.\\nElssler, Fanny, b. (1810) in N. Y., 1521\\nd. (1884).\\nElswick, Eng., gun-works, strike, 10031\\nElsworth, Win. Wolcott, b. (1791) d., 2601\\nEl-Teb, Sudan, battle of, 6601\\nElton, Borneo, b. (1790) d., 2682.\\nEl Trifuno, suspension sentence, 6333.\\nElultasus revolts, 11452.\\nElvira, church est. at, 10662, 11252.\\nElvira, asteroid, discovered, 756i\\nElwes, W. W., cons, op., 10121\\nEly, Eng., Bp. Compton cons., 9922.\\nAlfred, b. (1815) d., 4061\\nEzraStiles, h. (1780); moderator, 1363;\\nd. (1861).\\nMarquise of, title created, 9311\\nR. S-, bequests, 4542.\\nBichard Theodore, b., 1741\\nSmith, mayor of New York 2972.\\nProf., trial as socialist, 4691\\nElyot, Sir Thomas, b., 8661 works, 8691\\nd,,870i.\\nElzevir, Abraham, b., 10983; d. (1652).\\nBonaventure, b.-d., 10983.\\nDaniel, b.-d., 11003.\\nJoost, b.-d., 10983.\\nLouis, b.-d., 11003.\\nElzey, Arnold, b. (1815) d., 2721\\nEmancipation by Fremont, 1981, 1992;\\ngradual urged by Lincoln, 2052; military\\nby Gen. Hunter, 2071 military counter-\\nmanded, 2081; urged by Lincoln, 2112;\\nalienates Democrats, 2113; approved by\\ngovernors, 2133 monitory proclamation,\\n215 2 retaliated; Lincoln s message, 2173;\\nLincoln proclaims, 2181, 2192; compen-\\nsated, defeated, 2192,3; by enlistment\\nby amend., 2313 eel., Richmond, 3703.\\nBill, rejected, Brazil, 5572.\\npasses, Cuba, 6332,\\nEmails, Storm, trial, N. Y., 3992.\\nEmanuel, David, gov. Ga., 1112.\\nP. A., aluminum process, 3741.\\nEmanu-El Theol. Sem., library, gift, 4042.\\nEmbargo Actpassed, 1052; 2dAct passed,\\n1152,3; removed, 1172 expires, 1181 3d\\nAct passed, 1192; 4th Act Am., 1213; re-\\npealed, 1232 foreign, Gt. Britain, 9312.\\nEmblem, John, in Boston, 482.\\nEmbroidery machine invented, 9321; by\\nSidonians, 11402.\\nEmbury, Emma Cath., b. (1S06); d., 2191.\\nPhilip, b., 602 m N. Y., 723 lirst\\nMeth. pastor, 742 in John St. church,\\n762; d., 823.\\nEniden, telegraph line, 8201\\nEmeric, Hung., leader, 7973 enthroned,\\n5051.\\nDavid, Toussaint Bernard, b. (1755)\\nd., 7282.\\nEmerson Inst., Ala., opened, 2583.\\nGeo. Barren, b., 1062 d., 3062.\\nRalph Waldo, b., 1102 works, 1463,\\n1523, 1543, 1583, 1683, 1802, 1803, 2603,\\n2723,2903 d., 3101.\\nEmery, George W., gov. U., 2912.\\nEmid Said Khan rules Bokhara, 5492.\\nEmigrant Aid Asso incorporated, 1742.\\nEmigrants going west, 107 3 to Ore., 1573;\\ninFr., 6323; deprived of property, 7091\\nEmigration to Am., 493 Chinese, 6193,\\n6233; prohibited inFr., 7413; forbidden,\\nGer., 8292 increases, 8311 license im-\\nposed, Eng., 8S31\\nEiuile-Brugsch-Bey, antiquities, 3681\\nEmilia, asteroid, discovered, 7481\\nEmilia, It., fnd. by Romans, 10533.\\nEmilio, Paolo, b., 10783 d., 10803.\\nEmington, 111., dynamite explosion, 4413,\\nEmin Pasha, injured, 5032; j u Sudan, 0003;\\nleaves equatorial provinces, 0012; deco-\\nration, 8321 in Afr. in Zanzibar, S382.\\nEminence Coll., Ky., org., 1822.\\nEmir of Bokhara meets Afghans, 63.\\nEmirs rule in Cordova, 11253.\\nEmly, Baron, title created, 9751\\nEmma, asteroid, discovered, 7561\\nloss of life on, 3353.\\nEmma Mine frauds, Gen, Schenck ac-\\ncused, 2913.\\nof Waldeek-Pyrmont marries, 11023.\\nEmmanuel I., b., 6S22\\nManoel, b.-d., 11092 reigns, 11093.\\nPhilibert, b. (1528) at St. Quentin,\\n6821; d. (1580).\\nQueen Kalakaua s rival, 10412; re-\\ngent, 11023.\\nVictor, struggle in It., 7353; body re-\\nmoved, 10903.\\nEmmaus, mission, 59S 2 ,3.\\nEmmerton, James A., b., 1422.\\nEmmet, Robert, b., 9203: insurrection,\\n9301,9313; d.,9323.\\nThomas A., b., 741 d., 1342.\\nAddis, b., 9102; d., 9422.\\nEmmett, Joseph K., d., 3S42.\\nEmmmittsburg, Md., Motmt St. Mary s\\nColl. fnd., 1143.\\nEmmons, Ebenezer, b. (1799) d., 2272.\\nSamuel Franklin, b., 1522.\\nEmory, John, b., 1001 bp., 1402; ,1. (1S35).\\nWilliam H., b. (1S12) Gen. at Pleas-\\nant Hill, 2311 arm v of Shenandoah, 2371\\nchecks Carterites, 2772; d. (1887).\\nH., b., 1162.\\nand Henry College, Ya., org., 1491\\nColl. chartered, Ga., 1471.\\nEmoyafi, misssion at, 11241.\\nEmpedocles, b., 10211; establishes four\\nelements, 10203.\\nEmperor Nicltolas I. in N. Y., 4352.\\nEmperors nominate popes, 10742.\\nEmpire City, Kan., lead discovered, 2961\\nOrder of Mutual Aid, Buffalo, 4073.\\nUmpire State, explodes, 1S13.\\nState Express, lirst, 3953; time, 4312.\\nEmployers Liability Act, 9872, 10112.\\nanil Workmen s Act passes, i)Sl 1\\nEmployment of Children s Hill, 10012.\\nEmporia, Kau., Norm. Sc. [Coll.], est.,219 2\\nEms, Prus., false telegram from, 8271.\\nEmser, Hieronvmus, b. (1477); work, 7892;\\nd. (1527).\\nEmucfau, Ala., battle of, 122i\\nEnazuris, Federico, pres., 6072.\\nEncaustic painting invented, 10243; intro.,\\n7882; revived, 9222.\\nEncke, Johann F., b., 8043; d., 8222.\\ncomet discovered, 7221 visible, 9742.\\nEnclosure, Copyhold, and Tithes Commis-\\nsions united, 993 2\\nEncoye settled, 1161 1\\nEncumbered Estates Act, passes, 9553.\\nEncyclopedia Mctropolitana, Eng., 9391.\\nEw ticinini ilf Dictionary, Eng., 10022.\\nEncyclop;e lic AtUjeineine, published, 8322.\\nEndemus, king, 10133.\\nEndicott, John, b. (1589) in Mass., 313;\\nagainst Indians, 341 j gov., 411 d., 422.\\nWm. Crowninshield, b. (1827) minis-\\nter, 3211.\\nEndlieher, Stephan Ladislaus, b., 5191;\\nd.,5223.\\nEndres, Matthias, Excise Bill, 4011\\nEndymion, captures President, 1223.\\nEiiiantin, Barthelemy Prosper, b., 7123\\nd.,7362.\\nEnfranchisement of It., 10573. (See Suf-\\nfrage, Female.)\\nKngau, Johann R., b., 7983; d., 8023.\\nEngel, Ernst, b., 8122.\\nGeorge, executed, 3272.\\nJohann J., b., 8003 Lorenz Start,\\nS072; d., 8082.\\nEngelbert, d., 5062.\\nSt., archbp. of Cologne, royal adviser,\\n7793; murdered, 7802,3.\\nEngelbreehtsen, Cornelius, b.-d., 10982.\\nEngelmaiin, Godefroy, b., 7002; d., 7282.\\nEngelstoft, Christian Thorning, b., 6382.\\nEngeman, G. H., imprisoned, 376 2\\nEngen, A ust., defeat at, 8062.\\nEnghien, Due D Louis Antoine Henri de\\nBourbon-Conde, b. (1772) in Fr. army,\\n6S81 executed, 7153.\\nDue D commander, 7961\\nEngines, for plowing iuv., 8801 hydraulic,\\n8941; heal, .Kid 1 11,(12, iir,-|2; atmospheric,\\n9041,9422; expansion. 9202; double, 9221\\nrotary, lirst used, 9241 cylinder expan-\\nsion, 9322. (See Steam-engine.)\\nEngineers. (See Locomotive Engineers.)\\nEngland. (See Text, Great Britain, pp.\\n839-1013. Items without preceding local-\\nity words relate to England). Cffisar\\ncrosses Channel, 10583 visited by Ro-\\nmans, 10673 rule of Caracalla, 10653\\nclaims Am. continent, 173; emigration\\nrestrained, 353; truce with Fr., 562 of-\\nfended with U. S., 2013 summons for\\npeace, 2012; declines mediation, 2153; re-\\nscinds recognition of Confed., 2473; sov-\\nereign, value est., 2851; peace with Fr.\\nexcludes Protestants, 6S73 restored to\\nRome, 10002 surrenders possessions,\\n7152; hostilities with Scot., 7021; reve-\\nnues in India, 10453 Indo-European tele-\\ngraph line opened, 104113; aid to Dutch,\\n10982 war with Neth., 1100 1 war with\\nPersia, 11081.\\nJohn, bp., b., 981 d., 1542.\\nEngland s Helicon Em/laud s Parnassus,\\nissued, 8772.\\nEngles, Wm. Morrison, b. (1797); d., 2582.\\nEnglewood, 111., Voice and Hearing School\\nest., 3151\\nN. J., Daisy Fields Home, est., 4502.\\nEnglis, Wm. M., moderator, 1523.\\nEnglish in Japan, 10911 origin of, 8471\\nE.James, gov. Conn., 2593, 2732 2973;\\nvotes, 2751.\\nThomas Dunn, b., 1281\\nWilliam H., nom., 3051 votes, 3072.\\nHistorical Society Est., 9491.\\nEnglish Jieeieic, issued 9231.\\nUniversities, modern history, 9071\\nZenana Missionary Soe. org., 9862.\\nEngolini, mission, 5983.\\nEngraving on glass inv., 7061; electro-\\nfaced, 9621\\nmachine, copper plate 930 2\\nEnidiseni, mission, 5991\\nEnigma, lirst, 11423.\\nEnkoping, action at, 11341.\\nEnloe, Benj. A., b., 1641\\nEn Nasi Eareg, sultan, 6553.\\nEnneking, John Joseph, b., 1522.\\nEnnemoser, Joseph, b., 8043; d., 8201.\\nKiiiiiskillen, Ire., resists Eng., 8981.\\nEarl of, title created, 9231\\nEnnius, Quintus, b. (239 B.C.) works,\\n10552; d. (169 B.C.).\\nEnoch, first city built, 11393.\\ntranslated, 11392.\\nEnochs, William H., d., 4341\\nEnon, mission, 5972.\\nEnrique de Bourbon, Don, killed, 11323.\\nEnriquez, (Jen., suppresses revolt, 10383;\\nkilled, 10381\\nGomez Antonio, d., 112S3.\\nEnsilage used, 6521\\nEnterprise, Kan., Central Coll. fnd., 3962.\\nEnterprise, captures Boxer, 1203.\\nfirst steamer to India, 9433.\\npolar expedition, sails, 9542,\\nwrecked, 10001\\nEntombe, mission at, 11241\\nEntomological Society, org., 9461.\\nEntrecasteaux, Joseph Autoine Brunid\\nb., 7002; d., 7082.\\nEntre Rios, civil war at, 4902 joins Pres.\\nRosas, 11602.\\nEntzheim, Imperialists defeated, 6921.\\nEnzio, King, b. (1225); captured, 7801;\\nprisoner, 7803; at Ancona, at Meloria,\\n7801 d. (1272).\\nEolian harp, invented, 7962.\\nEon de Beaumont, Charles Genevieve\\nLouis Auguste Andre Timothee d b.,\\n6982; d., 7191.\\nEotvos, Josef, b., 5202 Jews Congress,\\n5291; d., 5282.\\nEpamfnondas, b.-d., 10211; leads Sacred\\nBand, greatest Gr. gen., 10222, 3 at\\n,Mantines, k., 10223.\\nEpee, Charles Michel de 1 b.,6963; d.,\\n7062.\\nEpervier, captured, 1221\\nEpes, James F., b., 1542.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1259.jp2"}, "1260": {"fulltext": "1248\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Epke-Esta,\\nEphecheres reigns, 11435.\\nF.j lo inerides dn iloiien, issued, 7033.\\nEpheiio rirl, Li/terarix, issued, 7991.\\nEphesdammin, action at, 1421.\\nEphesians, Epistles to, written, 11531\\nEphesus, Asia Minor, fnd., 10152; Temple\\nof Diana erected, 10162 burned, 10231\\ndestroyed, 10282 church council, 10703\\nconquered, 11461 revolts, 11472 earth-\\nquakes, 11502 falls, 11551.\\nEphetre, Gr., court of, established, 10151\\nEphrata, Ga., early Sunday school, 643.\\nNicaragua, mission, 1103 2\\nEphyre. (See Corinth.)\\nEpieharnus, b., 10211\\nEpictetus, b., 10283.\\nEpicurus, b., 10243 opens school at\\nAthens, 10263; d. (270 B.C.).\\nEpidamnus, Turk., captured, 10262.\\nEpidemiological Society, find., 9561.\\nEpigenesis, theory advanced, 8022.\\nEpileptics, colony for, N. Y., 4592.\\nEpimeuides, b., 10162; nourishes, 10143.\\nEpinal, Fr., captured, 7421\\nfipiuay, Louise d b., 6982; d., 7051\\nEpiphanius, bp., b.-d., 10283, Panarium,\\n10691.\\nEpiphany, Feast, est., 10723.\\nEpirus, Gr., freedom declared, 10273\\nseized, 10351 subdued, 10543 Romans\\nplunder, 10552; Cajsar s army iu, 10601\\nannexed Turk., 11572.\\nEpiscopacy, Mug., abolished, 8703; in Scot.,\\n87S2; rejected Scot., 8823; revived Eng.,\\n8902 restored in Scot, and In Eng.,\\n8903; abolished in Scot., 8983; tolerated\\nin Scot., 9042; in Mass., 282.\\nEpiscopius, Simon, b.-d., 10983.\\nEpistolte Obscurorinii, issued, 7892.\\nEpping Forest, Eng., dedicated, 967\\nEppstein, Capt., 1982.\\nEpsom, Eng., races at, 9053; Royal Medi-\\ncal Benevolent College est., 9611\\nEpworth League org., O., 3402; reports,\\n39S2; Cleveland Couf., 4321; withdraws\\nexhibit, 4323; report, 4461\\nEqual Rights Association answered, 5891.\\nEquator, Kongo, mission at, 10942.\\nEquestrian Order, Gt. Brit, est., 8392.\\nEquitable Aid Union, org., 3032.\\nstatistics, 4463.\\nMortgage Co. fail, 4373.\\nEra, Christian, restored in Fr., 7172.\\nCommon (Usher) (4004 B.C.).\\nJewish, begins, 3761 B.C.\\nof Alexander begins, 10603.\\nof Constantinople ..,os, Sept. 1,B.C).\\nof Martyrs, begins, 100(53.\\nof Mohammedans begun, 4842.\\nof Nabonassar begins (Feb. 26,\\n747 B.C.).\\nRevolutionary, Fr., 7092, 7111\\nRoman, begins, 10502.\\nEraclius, Etnp., defeats Chosroes, 11062.\\nEralo, asteroid, discovered, 8201.\\nErarie, reigns, 10713; d. (541).\\nErasistratus, b.-d., 1148 2 applies dissec-\\ntion, 10263.\\nErasmus, Desiderius, b.-d., 10982.\\nErato, Queen, rules in Armenia gov.\\nSyria, 11513.\\nEratosthenes, b.-d., 10263 invents armil-\\nlary sphere lays down parallel, 10263.\\nErben, Henry, rear-adm., in Brooklyn\\nNavy Yard, 3841 hi London, 10122.\\nErchenwin, King, 8413.\\nErcilla y Zuniga, Alonzo de, b.-d., 11282.\\nErckiuann, Emile (Erckmann-Chatrian),\\nb., 7242; works, 7343, 7363.\\nErdman, Constantine J., b., 1602.\\nErdmann, Johann Eduard, b., 8082.\\nOtto Linne, b., 8082; d., 8262.\\nErechtheus (Erichthonius), King, wor-\\nship of Minerva, 10131 reigns, k., 10133.\\nErechtheum, Athens, fnd., 10223.\\nEresburg, captured, 7701\\nEretria, Gr., Persia holds, 10181\\nErfurt, Prussia acquires, 8091 Napoleon\\nmeets princes, 7173 musical festival,\\n810i pari, opd., 5233; diet at, 5243.\\nLeague, dissolution demanded, 5233.\\nUniversity of fnd. afresh, chartered,\\n7851; suspends, 8131.\\nErie I., Den., 6352.\\nIX, Den., enthroned, 6352.\\nIII., Den., enthroned, 6353.\\nIV., Den., 6371.\\nV;, Den., reigns, 6371\\nVI., Den., reigns, 6271.\\nEric VII., Den. reigns, 6372.\\nL, Nor., reigns, 11043.\\nII., Nor., reigns, 6372; marries Mar-\\ngaret of Scot., 1105 1\\nthe Victory-Blest, Swe., reigns, 11332.\\n(IX.), Swe., chosen king, 1135 1; con-\\nverting Finns, 11343.\\nII. (X.), Swe., reigns, 11351\\nIII. (XI.), Swe., reigns, 11351\\nIV., Swe., reigns, 11352.\\nVII., Swe.. reigns oppressions of\\ndethroned, 11352.\\nXIV., Swe., b.-d., 11342; coat of arms,\\n11341 introduces titles, 11351\\nDuke of Brunswick, 7872.\\nEigodl., Den., 6353.\\nErich, Duke, storms camp of Avars, 7701\\nErichthonius. (See Erichtheus.)\\nEricsson, tried on Potomac, 1721.\\nlaunched, 4601\\nEricsson, John, b., 11361 report on sun s\\ndiameter, 2801; atmospheric engine,\\n9422; screw propellers, 1481,9481; calo-\\nric engine, 9.542; arrives in Am., 1501\\nheat motor, 1721 patents caloric engine,\\n1801 solar rays, 2641 solar engine, 3381\\nd., 3361 memorial services, 3663 j body\\ntransferred, 3683; statue, 4281.\\nLief, explorations, killed, 112.\\nMagnus, amnion Lair appears, 11343.\\nErie, Pa., women violent, 1742; bank rob-\\nbery, 4163.\\ncanal, enactment, 1173; bill for, 1251\\nopd., 1273 toll collected, 1293 nrs t boat\\nthrough, 1313; completion celebrated,\\n1331 finally completed, 2173 electric\\ncanal boat, 445 3\\nErie, burned, 1533.\\nLake, naval battle, 1203.\\nMeth. Epis. Conference find., 1462.\\nRing Panic occurs, 267 3\\nR.R. commenced, 1453 opd., 1G93 ter-\\nminus in Jersey City, 1733; wreck, 4002;\\nseeks Albany and Susquehanna, 267 3\\ntriangle, purchased, 1051.\\nErigena, Johannes Scotus,b.(S00\u00c2\u00b1); works,\\n6663; d., 8442.\\nErigone, asteroid, discovered, 7481\\nEr tkskroniL-un, appears, 11343.\\nErlach, Jean Louis d b., 6S42; d., 6902.\\niiiiandsen, Jacob, archbishop, 636 1\\nErlangen, Ger., Univ., chartered, 8011;\\nuniversity T unites with Altdorf, 8091\\nBaron Emile D\\\\ concession to, 739 3\\nErlanifer L/leratiir:ei/iua/, issued, 807 2\\nMichael, d., 7621\\nErlau, Hung., Turks besiege, 5101\\nErlautertes I rensten, issued, 8003.\\nEi-man, Gustav A., b.,8082; d., 8282.\\nPaul, b., 8023; d., 818\\nErmelo Missionary Society, fmd., 11021.\\nErment mission, 6571\\nErminie, first sung in U. S., 3241\\nErne, Earl of, title created, 9231\\nErnest I., resigns Saaltield, 8133.\\nIII., reigning D., 8092 deposed, 8093.\\nAug. A. II., D. of Cumberl d, b., 9522.\\nDuke of Bavaria, 7852.\\nFred. I., Saxe-Gotha, reigns, 8023.\\nAugust, D. of Cumberland, b., 9183\\nK. of Hanover, 8153. 8311; grants elec-\\ntoral rights, 8173 d., 8182.\\nDuke of Saxe-Coburg, b. (1818) d.,\\n8361 8371\\nDuke of Styria, 5073.\\nthe Valiant, margrave, 5033.\\nErnesti, Johann A., b., 7983 d., 8042.\\nErnley, Sir John, minister, 897 2\\nErnoul, M., minister, 747 s\\nErnst, Heinrich W., b., 8102; d., 8222.\\nOswald Hubert, b., 1542.\\nof Swabia, revolts, killed, 7752.\\nErovant, usurper, rules Armenia, 11533.\\nErrard, Charles, b., 6862; d., 6942.\\nErrett, Isaac, b. (1820) president conven-\\ntion, 2882, 2942 d. (1888).\\nErrington, Sir John S., d. 10101\\nErrol, Earl of, title created, 8631\\nErsoh, Johann S., b., 8023 d., 8141.\\nErskine, Baron, title created, 9311\\nDavid Montagu, b. (1776) Brit, min-\\nister, 1172 d. (1855).\\nEbene/er, b., 8942; forms Presbytery,\\n9083; followers divided, d., 9123.\\nJohn, b., 9002 d. (1768).\\nJohn, Earl of Mar, b., 8941 d., 9082.\\nRalph, b., 9862 d., 9123.\\nRobert Francis St. Clair, Earl of Ross-\\nlyn, d., 10041\\nErskine, Lord Thomas, b., 9122; lord\\nchancellor, 9332 d., 9403.\\nCollege, S. C, org., 1511\\nErtoghrul, unites with Aladdin; drowned,\\n11543, 11553.\\nErvigius reigns, 11253.\\nErving, John, b., 621 d. (1786).\\nErwin, Alex. R., b., 1S61 d. (I860).\\nvon Steinbach, d., 7822.\\nErxleben, Johann C. P., b. 8003; d., 8042.\\nErythrasa, revolts against Athens, 10213.\\nEryxias, last archon, 1015 3\\nErzerum, Turk., action at, 11073, 1116 1\\nearthquake, 115G2 revolts, 11593 mis-\\nsion est., 11563.\\nErzeroum, or Erzerum, Turk., earthquake\\nat, 11073.\\nEsahaddon, in Egypt, 6512, 11442; reigns,\\ninvades Judea, 1145 3\\nEsau, sells birthright, 11402 marriages\\nof, 1141 1\\nEscala, at Pisaqua, 6062.\\nKseanaba, .Mich., disturbance, 3891.\\nEschenbach, Wolfram von, works, 7783\\nd., 7782.\\nEschenburg, Johann J., b., S003 d., 8122.\\nEschenmayer, Karl A., b., 8031 u 8201\\nEschscholtz, Johann F., b., 8002; d., 8142.\\nEsclot, Bernat,b.-d., 11262.\\nEscobar, Gen., elected pres., 11063.\\nMarie de, reaps wheat, 233; d. (1560\u00c2\u00b1).\\ny Memloza, Antonio, b.-d., 11283.\\nEscoledo, Mariano, b., 10961\\nEscombrera Bay, action in, 11321\\nEscosura, Patricio de la, b.-d., 11303 r\\nworks, 11311.\\nEscurial. (See Madrid.)\\nEsgdis, Louis Philippe Mariaucheau d\\nb. (1710) cons, bp., 5763 d. (1788).\\nEsher, Baron, title created, 9871.\\nEsher, Bp. J. J., guilty, 3542.\\nEskil, Elder West (lota Law, 11343.\\nEskimos disturb in Greenland, 133.\\nEsmarch.JohannesFried. August, b., 8122.\\nEsmenard, Jos.Alphonse, b., 7042; d.(l.sll).\\nEsmeralda, at Acapttlco, crew killed, 6082.\\nEspagne, Jean d b., 6S42; d., 6902.\\nEsparto ro, Baldomero,D. of Vittoria,b.-d.,\\n11302 at Barcelona, bombards Seville,\\ndefeats Carlists, 11301; expels nuncio,\\ninsurrectionist, premier, regent, 11313\\nPr. of Vergara, declines crown, 11332.\\nEsparza, founded, 6301\\nKspejio, Antonio de, at Santa Fe, 252.\\nEsper, Eugen Johann Christoph, b., 8003;\\nd. 8102.\\nEspieijte. gold shipped on. 6092.\\nEspin a, Col., senteneed, 493 3\\nEsplnel, Vicente, b.-d., 11282; works, 11292.\\nEspinosa, l on Diego de, b.-d., 11263.\\nXavier, b. (1815); elected president,\\n6443; d. (1870).\\nexplorer 163; in Costa Rica, 183.\\nEsproneeda, Jose lie, b.-d., 11303; works,\\n11311.\\nEsproneda, released, 297 1\\nEspy, James Pollard, b., 962; d.,1861.\\nEsquimau, Br. Colour., defenses of, 5951\\nEsquimaux Point fisheries tailed. 5893.\\nEsquirol, Jean Etienne Dominique, b.\\n(1772) d., 7282.\\nEsquiros, Henri Alphonse, b., 7211 d.\\n(1876).\\nEsquivel, Ancieto, pros.. 6311.\\nEss, Karl Van, b., 8031 d., 8123.\\nLeander van, b., 8031 d. 8162.\\nEssad Pasha, grand vizier, 11592.\\nEs Salah, sultan, 6553; takes Jerusalem,\\n6562.\\nEssek, fortress, taken, 5221\\nEssen, Prus.. cast steel factory est., 8101\\nCount Hans Henrik, b.-d., 11342 in\\nPoland, 7162.\\nEssequibo, Br. Guiana, acquired, 9313.\\nEssex attacks Alert.- cruises. 1181; cap-\\ntures Norton. 1182; captured, 1202, 1221.\\nEssex, Eng., Fair lop Oak, blown down,\\n9401; electric tramway cars, 9881\\nCounty. Mass., Natural Hist. Soc.\\norg., 1421 Institute Library, fnd.. 1642\\ntelephone exhibit ion. 2941 Conf. Liberal\\nChurches, org., 2542.\\nEarl of, title created, 891 (See\\nDevereux, Robert Devereux, Walter.)\\nLord, resigns from council, 8952.\\nEssling, Aust., battle of. 5183.\\nEsslingen, Ger.. under Baden, 7S72; Swa-\\nbian League, find., 7873.\\nEstaing, Comte d Chas. Hector, b., 6983;", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1260.jp2"}, "1261": {"fulltext": "Este-Evan.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDIlX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1249\\nin R. I. commands Fr. licet. S83; leaves\\nBoston for W. I., 891 in Ga., 903 d., 7102.\\nEste, House of, power at Modena, 10773.\\nEstee, M. W., noin. for gov. Cal., 463\\nEstella. Sp., action at taken. 11321,2.\\nEstero Velhaeo. battle at, 5561\\nEsther, Bool; of written, 11443.\\nEsther, Queen consort. 11472.\\nEstlionia, annexed toRus., 11153; ceded to\\nRus., 11353.\\nEstienne, Henry, b. (1503) works, 6832\\n6843; d. (1559).\\nEstrades, Conite d Godefroi, b., 6862; d.,\\n6942.\\nEstrees, Gabrielle d b., 6823; d. 6S61\\nJean, b. (1624) Fr. Marshal at Has-\\ntenbeck, 5161; d. (1707).\\nDue d Victor Marie, b., 6902; at\\nSouthwold, 6921 d., 6983.\\nEstremoz, Port., action at, 11281\\nEstridsen, House of, reigns, 6352.\\nEstrup, Premier, resides Den., 6423.\\nEtaples, treaty of, 6793\\nEtawah, mission, 10471\\nEtching, invented, 7862.\\nClub, find., 9481\\nEtex Antoine, b., 7163; d., 7562.\\nEtkalion, wrecked, 9282.\\nEtlielbald. marries Judith, S451 d., 8442.\\nEthelbert, at Wimbledon. 840 1 laws, 8411\\nking of Kent, 8413; d.,8421.\\nking of W. Saxons. 8452; d., 8442.\\nEthelfleda, conquests, 8442; d. (918\u00c2\u00b1).\\nFthelfrid. massacre of monks. 8422.\\nEthelfrith, warrior, S42i killed (617).\\nEthelheard, archbp. Canterbury, 8431\\nEthelnoth, refuses to cons, king, 8472.\\nEthelred, massacres Danes, S463; in Nor-\\nmandy d., 8472.\\nII., music for, 8462 king, 847 1; d.,\\n8462.\\nEthelreda, takes the veil, 8423.\\nEthelwolf. defeated defeats Danes, 8441\\nmarries Judith, 8451 pilgrimage; d.,8442;\\nEther, as anesthetic, 1602.\\nEtherege, Sir George, b., 8822 Man of\\nMode, 8943; d., 8982.\\nEthical Culture Societies, conven., 3721\\nEthiopian dynasty, est. expelled, 6511.\\nEthnological Society, find.. Loud., 9521.\\nEthus, king, d., 8451.\\nEtienne, Chas.Guillaume.b..7043; d., 7283.\\nHenry, printer, b.-d., 678 2\\nprinter, b., 6803; d., 6861\\nRobert, b. (1503); d., 6822.\\nEtiquette, majestic, Fr., 6912.\\nEton Coll., Eng., commissioners for, 9611\\nfnd., 8622, 10002; completed. 8623.\\nEtowah, Ga., armies cross, 2331, 2.\\nElruria, speed, 3313, 9993.\\nEtruria, Southern, subdued; truce of\\ncities, 10521 kingdom find., 10853.\\nEtruscans, against Rome, 10501 10521\\npower declines, 10513 truce with Ro-\\nmans, 10.332; lose independence, 10533\\nEttmuller, Ernst M. L., b., 8082; d., 8282.\\nEttrick, Baron, title created, 9751\\nEtty, Win., b., 9242 Cleopatra s Arrival,\\n9401 d. (1849).\\nEu, Comte d Louis Philippe Marie Fer-\\ndinand Gaston d Orleans, b., 5542; mar-\\nries, 5563 emperor. 5593 beheaded, 6752.\\nEubcea, island, 10211; captured, 10341;\\nVenice loses, 10781\\nEuclid of Alexandria, b.. 10243; citizen,\\n6502; mathematician, 0523; works, 8743;\\n9023; laws revised, 10232; on light, 10263;\\non optics, 10671\\nEudes, reigns, 6672; d. (898).\\nEudocia, b. (393\u00c2\u00b1) exiled, 10311; calls in\\nVandals, 10712 d. (460+).\\nEudora, asteroid, discovered, 5282,\\nEudoxians, condemned, 10291.\\nEudoxus, discourses on planets, 10232.\\nEuaauos e .\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Is^ii/am/nitos, etc., 11271.\\nEugene, Francois Eugene de Savoie-\\nCarignan, Savoy, b. in Aust., 5123\\nat Peterwarden takes Belgrade, 5141\\natRaab, 5183; at Luzzara, 7981 war of\\nSpanish succession, 6941; 6961; at Mar-\\naaglia, 6941 at Blenheim, 6961 joins al-\\nlies of Fr., 6972; d., 6983.\\nPrince. (See Beauharnais.)\\nCity, Ore., Univ. opd., 2922.\\nEugenie, Empress, b., 7242; gifts to Paris,\\n7533; crinoline skirt, 1773.\\nEugenius I., king, 8412.\\nII., invades Britain, 8401.\\nVIII., assassinated, 8432.\\nFu genius, proclaimed em p.. 10693\\nI., St., pope, 10722; d., 10721\\nII., pope, 10723; d., 10721\\nIII., pope, 10743; d., 10742.\\nIV., pope, d., 10783; deposed, 7843.\\nEugubine tablets written, 10223; dis., 10781.\\nEuhrussi, M., wins lottery prize. 7563.\\nEulalie. Infanta, visits U. S., 4303, 4311\\n4322 4342, 11333.\\nEulchi Hwangti, enthroned, 6113.\\nEulenberg, Count, resigns, 8312 decora-\\ntions premier, 8363; minister, S372.\\nEuler, Leonhard, b.-d., 11372.\\nEumelus, of Corinth, poems, 10143.\\nreigns Bosporus, 11473, 11491 kills\\nrelatives, 114S3.\\npaints Helen, 11521\\nEumenes^ Gen., b.-d., 1023 1; regency,\\n10253; in Thrace, 11481 executed, 10243,\\n10253.\\nI., of Perganms. reigns, 11491.\\nII., of Pergamus, aids Romans, pun-\\nished, 10551, 3; reigns, 1149 2 collects\\nlibrary, 11483; d., 11482.\\nEunapius, b., 10283.\\nEunike, asteroid, discovered, 2981.\\nEunomia, asteroid, discovered, 1862, 7301.\\nEunomians, condemned, 10291.\\nEunuchs, intrigue, 6132; mentioned, 11411\\nEunus, captured, dies, 10561.\\nEuphranor, paintings, 10223; d., 10243.\\nEuphrosyuc, asteroid, discovered. 1761.\\nEupolis, b. (449 B.C.) produces dramas,\\n10211; d. (410 B.C.).\\nEupompus, painter, 10223.\\nEureka, 111., college fnd., 1762.\\nMo., Feds, take, 2131 collision, 2713.\\nNev., waterspout, 2S5 3\\nEuric, king, 6633; reigns, 11253 ;d.(4S4or4.S. r o.\\nEuripides, b.; pictures tragedv prize,\\n10191; works, 10192; manuscript, 10271\\nEuropa, myth, 10132 teaches writing,\\n11402.\\nEuropean Magazine, issued, 9231\\nEnrotos. in naval engagement, 9361\\nEuryalus, launched, 9S01\\nEui vbiades at Artemisium in straits of\\nSalamis, 10182.\\nEurijdice, lost, 9821\\nasteroid, discovered, 2152.\\nEunildeia, asteroid, discovered, 5282.\\nEuryinedon, Asia Minor, battle of, 10183;\\nfleet defeated, 10551\\nEurysteus, reigns, 1013 3\\nEurysthenes, enthroned, 10151\\nEusden, Laurence, poet laureate, 9063.\\nEusebius. archbp., elected bp., 10683 d..\\n10291.\\nbp. of Csesarea, b.-d., 10283.\\nbp. of Doi-yla-uni, deposed, 10703,\\nbp. of Emisa, b.-d., 11542.\\nhistorian, b.-d., 11542.\\npatriarch, b., 11542.\\nSt., pope, 10663.\\nEustachius, Bartolonimeo, discovers Eu-\\nstachian tube, 10802; d., (1574).\\nF.uslathius, d., 10322.\\nEustis, James B., ambassador, 4473.\\nWilliam, b., 683 S ec. war., 1171\\ngov., 1313 d., 1322.\\nEutaw Springs. S. C, battle at, 942.\\nEutropius, guardian of Arcadius, 10693,\\nEntyches, b.-d., 10283 condemned, 10703.\\nEutychianus, St., pope, 10643.\\nEva, asteroid, discovered, 7481.\\nEcu Dow/lots, yellow fever on, 4133.\\nEvald, Johannes, b., 6381 d., 6382.\\nEvauder, colonizes Magna GiTeeia, 10133.\\nEvangelical Alliance, New York branch,\\norg., 2562; meets in Neth., 2602; in N.Y.,\\n2822; Wm. E. Dodge, pres. U. S. branch,\\n3183; in Boston, 3481 eong. in Chicago.\\n4401 m Copenhagen, 6421 ha Paris,\\n7323; in Berlin, 8202; find. 9523; i n Ge-\\nneva Brighton Oxford Constanti-\\nnople Southport Basel Edinburgh,\\n9762 in Norwich Copenhagen Brigh-\\nton Glasgow; Ryde Plymouth, 9882;\\nin Hull Bath Amsterdam Derby,\\n9682; in Florence 10901\\nAssociation, U. S., J. Albright\\npreaches, 1023 org., 1103 Tract Soc.\\norg., 1183; Women sMiss. Soc. org., 1502;\\nNorthwestern Coll. est., 1991 Woman s\\nBoard 3163; bps. guilty, 3542; New Evan-\\ngelical Church org. 4742.\\nchurch basis, Hung., 5103.\\nChurch of Ger., find., 8123; conven-\\ntion in Berlin, 8263.\\nk. 10282. Evangelical Continental Society, formed,\\n9523.\\nEducational Society, org., 215 2\\nLutheran Church, U. S. A. (Ger. Luth-\\nerans), est. in Iceland, 222 in N.Y.,\\n301, 582, 443, 543, 9S2, 1243, 1583, 2802.\\nFirst minister ord. ,552 Palatines arrive,\\n571 many immigrants, 5X2, fjo3; in Del.,\\n343. Indian missions. 362; party tole-\\nrated; J. Fabricius preaches. 422 min-\\nisters in W. I., 622; i n Ga., 622 1903,\\n2023; in va., 623, 1283, 1563, 1731 New\\nEra, Muhlenberg arrives, 651; first sy-\\nnod, org., 663 est. theological sem.,\\n742; N. Y. synod find., 9S2; in Pa., 651,\\n742, 1003. 1023, 1403, 1603, 1782, 2542,\\n2583, 2602. Franklin Coll. est., 1003\\nLand grant to, 1023; j\u00e2\u0080\u009e N.C., 1123, 1802,\\n1862. Hartwiek Sem. est., 1243; in O.,\\n1282, 1462, 1582, 3, 1023. 1631, 1683, 1822,\\n2902. Gen. synod find., in Md., 1283.\\nUnited Synod South find., 1283, 1383; 2d.\\ngen. synod, 131 1 in S.C., 1323 Penn.\\nColl. est., 1403; Ger. Foreign Miss. Soc,\\norg., 1463; Women s Foreign Miss. Soc,\\norg. Concordia Coll., est., 1503; i n ru\\n1503, 1702, 1821, 1863, 1991, 2582, 2703.\\nWittenberg Coll. est., 1583; Hanges Nor-\\nwegian Synod org., 1623 j n Mo., 1631\\n3322,3643; inlnrt., 1642,1782,2542. 2762.\\nSynodical conf. org. Capital Univ.,\\n1683 in Tex., 1702, 2023. Norwegian\\nsynod, 1723 Roanoke Coll. est., 1731\\nin la., 1762, 1782. Ger. eldership find.,\\n1762 i n Miss. United Synod South\\norg., 1782 Newberry Coll. est., 1S02\\nN. C. Coll., est., 1862; Augustana Coll.\\nest., 1863; i\u00e2\u0080\u009e Mich., 1902; j n Minn.,\\n1902. Norwegian Univ. est., 1991;\\nSouthern gen. synod secedes. 2023 Pa.\\nsynod withdraws, 2412 Northwestern\\nUniv., 2503 Convention at Reading\\ngen. synod Pa. synod withdraws, 2542\\n1st gen. council 111. Gen. Synod, org.,\\n2582 Muhlenberg Coll., 2583 Pa. Gen.\\nSynod org.. 2602 begins foreign mis-\\nsion work. 2682 Carthage Coll. ,2703; in\\nNeb., 2762, 3982. Danish Church in\\nAm., org., 2802 in N. J., 2S02. Ger.\\nAugsburg Synod, org., 2902; Synod of\\nWartburg.2942; inTenn.,3002. Wom-\\nen s Home and For. Miss. Society org.,\\n3023; Bethany Coll..Kan.,3082; in Kan.,\\n3082. Danish Asso., org. 3182; Iceland-\\ners Synod, 3223 in Wis., 3223. Im-\\nmanuel Ger. Synod, org.. 3262; Finnish\\nSuomi Synod, org.. 3502 against com-\\npulsory education law 3602 in Cal.,\\n3981. Eng. Synod, Rocky Mts., 3982\\nUnited Ger. Cynod, .Mich., Minn., Wis.,\\norg., 4202; Slavonian Synod org. 4781\\nLutherans, Can., in Out., 5882.\\nMeetings of Gen. Synod, meet at\\nFrederick, 1303, 1311 1323, 1383; Gettys-\\nburg, 1343; llagerstown. 1363, 1483; Bal-\\ntimore, 1422, 1542, 1563, 2902; Chambers-\\nburg, 1503; Phi la., 1603; New York; 1642;\\nCharleston, 1682 Winchester, 1723\\nHeading, 1822 Pittsburg, 1862, 2542,\\n3403; Lancaster, 2191 York, 1443, 2411\\nHarrisburg, 2642, 3223 Washington,\\n2682 Dayton. 2762 Canton, 2822 Car-\\nthage, 2962 Wooster, 3023 Altoona,\\n3082; Springfield, 3142; Omaha, 3282;\\nAllegheny, 3463; Lebanon, 3982; Ottawa;\\n5882.\\nMission Society, Ger., find., 8131\\nMission, Cent., Asso., org., 8262.\\nMagazine, issued, Eng., 9271.\\nMiss. Society. Mass., org., 1142.\\nIndia, missions, 10471.\\nenters Rus., 11171\\nNat., Institution, org., 11361.\\nparty, Church Eng., appears, 9211.\\nSociety (Fr.), formed, 7243.\\nTract Society, org., Am., 1183.\\nEvangelista Island, discovered, 143.\\nEvans. Augusta. (See Wilson, Mrs.)\\nCharles R. Ogden, d., 10022.\\nChris, sentence, 4451\\nDavid, Lord Mayor, London, 10073.\\nEdward Pavsom b., 1421.\\nFred. Wm., b., 1142; a.. 4241\\nGeorge, b. (1797) d.. 2561\\nSir, De Lacy, b., 9242; takes\\nTrum. 11301 commander in Sp., 11301\\nd.,9742.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1261.jp2"}, "1262": {"fulltext": "1250\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nEvan-Fair.\\nEvans, John, gov. Col., 2173.\\nGary, gov. S. C, 4731 4793.\\nH. Clay. Horn, for gov. Tenn., 4692.\\nMary Ann (George Eliot). (See\\nCross, Mrs.)\\nCol. Nathan Geo., b. (1828) at Ball s\\nBluff, Va., 2001 a t Kinston, 2162 d.,\\n(1868).\\nOliver, b., 711 patents steam-wagon,\\n951; d., 1281.\\nRobley D., promoted capt., 4201\\nThomas, b., 1081 d., 2621.\\nSir Thomas W., d., 10081\\nLieut., removed from command, 9S01\\nEvanston, 111.. Northwestern Univ. org.,\\n1703, 1782 Swedish Theol. Sem. fn3.,\\n2703; Garrett Biblical Inst, opd., 1802.\\nWyo., Insane Asylum opd., 3391.\\nEvansville, Ind., school for deaf, 3251\\nChas. Ritter, defaulter, 3782 Natural\\nWaterways Convcn., 3932; Am. Humane\\nAsso., session, 4723; it. K. strike, 4603.\\nEvaristes, St., bp. at Rome, 10623.\\nEvarts. Jeremiah, b. (1781) d., 1382.\\nWm. Maxwell, b., 1262 Johnson s\\ncounsel, 2612; atty-gen., 2633; pre s. Bar\\nAsso., 2691 minister, 2953.\\nEve, Paul Fitzsimmons. b. (1806) d.,2961.\\nstatue executed, 1501.\\ntemptation of, 11391\\nEvelyn, John, b., 8802 Diary. 8851 d.,\\n9022.\\nEvening prayer, reading of, Eng., 8702.\\nEren/ng Star, founders, 2553.\\nEverest, Chas. B., dis. rock salt, 2981\\nSir George, b., 9243; d. (1866).\\nEverett, Alex. Hill, b., 1022; d. (1847).\\nCharles Carroll, b., 1502.\\nEdward, b., 1042; Orations, 1463; gov.\\nMass., 1472; pres. Harvard, 1611; for\\nvice-pres. 1 872 vote, 1883, 1913 at\\nSeneca Palls, 1961 d., 2422; statue, 2581\\nWilliam, b., 1502.\\nEvergreen Cemetery, dedicated, 1673\\nopd., 1712.\\nEverhard, Sir Richard, gov. of N. C, 612.\\nEverlasting Compact, signed, 11383.\\nEvers, Carl, b., 8122.\\nEversley, Vise. (See Lefevre, C. S. 9493.)\\nEverts, Win. Wallace, b., 123 1 d. (1890).\\nEvesham, Eng., battle of, 8541.\\nEvicted Tenants Arbitration Bill, 10091,\\n10123.\\nEvil-mero-dach, impris. reigns, 11472.\\nEvington, H., cons, bp., 10121\\nEvolution, doctrine advanced, 9521.\\nsquadron of, at Genoa, 3541\\nEvora, University of, fnd., 11091.\\nEvreux, Fr., captured, 6761 Germans re-\\npulsed, 7423; Germans occupy, 7431\\nEwald, Georg Heinrich August, b., 8082\\ndismissed from univ., 8152 d., 8283.\\nJohannes, b. (1743) works, 6383, 6391\\nd. (1781).\\nEwell, Richard Stoddard, b., 1261 at\\nFront Royal, 2081 a t Chantilly, 2122\\nat Winchester, 2223 at Carlisle, 2232\\nat Gettysburg, 2241 at Spottsylvania,\\n2323 south of Rapidau, 2321 at Sailor s\\nCreek, 2451; d., 2761.\\nEwen, Mary Cecillia, b. (1836); d.,2541.\\nEwer, F. C, defalcation, 4043.\\nFerd. Cartwright, b., 1341 d., 3142.\\nEwing, And., at Ironton, 2381 d., 2351\\nD. R., president convention, 3981.\\nFinis, b. (1773) d., 1522.\\nJames S., 4473.\\nRobert E., moderator, 2962.\\nThomas, b. (1789) sec. treas,, 1532\\nsec. interior, 1653 S ec. war, 2612 d.,\\n2741.\\nWm. Bellford, b. (1776) d., 2521\\nCollege i Baptist), 111., founded, 2863.\\nExchange, at Antwerp, 5402 at Amster-\\ndam, 11002.\\nExchequer, consolidated, G. B., 9393.\\nExcise Bill, opposed, Eng., 9092 intro.\\npetition against, 9093.\\nReform Association, incor., 385 1\\nsystem established, Eng., 8853.\\nExclusion Bill, passed, Eng., 8952.\\nExcommunication, threatened, Ger., 7751\\nacts disapproved, 8262.\\nExecution Bills, Fr., 7552.\\nExedia, Manoel Godinho De, dis., 4931.\\nExeter, Eng., taken, 8441 besieged castle\\nsurrenders, 8481 nunnery fmd., 8522; Ed-\\nward at. .8591; annual festival est., 8711\\ntaken, 884t canal at, 8953 water-works\\nerected, 9013 Ex. Mercury, Protestant,\\nMercury, Postmaster, or Loyal Mercury,\\nissued, 9003 Sessions HoWe built, 9193;\\nnew bridge, 9213 E. Theater erected,\\n9221 lunatic asylum fnd., 9272; Inst, of\\nScience est., 9321 subscription library\\nfnd., 9331; gates removed, 9393 public\\nbaths erected, 9412; Mechanics Institu-\\ntion opd., 9421 British Asso. meets,\\n9662; Albert Memorial Museum given,\\n9741; bread and meat riots, 9711; Bp.\\nBiekersteth cons., 9922.\\nExeter, N. H., Are, 4273.\\nCollege, Eng.. founded, 8563 William\\nGrocyn, teacher, 866 3\\nExeter Codex, compiled, 8483.\\nMarquis of, title created, 9311.\\nExile, sovereign power to, 10632.\\nExilles, battle at, 7001\\nExmouth, wrecked, 9553.\\nExmouth, Viscount of, title created, 937 2\\n(See. Edward Pellew.)\\nExodus, 11413.\\nof Israelites, 11403.\\nExpedition fund, Fr., 7633.\\nsecond, to Italy, 7722.\\nthird, to Italy, 7741\\npolar, Dutch. sails, 11021 (See Arc-\\ntic.)\\nExpedition of Igor, appears, 11143.\\nExploits of Basilios D. Acritas, appears,\\n10322.\\nExplosions, U.S.A. Birmingham, Ala.,\\n3853 west Berkeley, Cal., 4113 dyna-\\nmite, Denver, Colo., 4352 mine, Cdino,\\n4232; Wilmington, Del., 1753,3713; bomb,\\nAtlanta, Ga., 4611 Chicago, 111., picnic,\\n4352; Litchfield; Geneva, 4312; Eming-\\nton, 4413; at Maysville, Ky., 1773 in\\nHoosac tunnel. Mass., 2593; Worcester,\\n4233; at White Pigeon, Mich., 3913; East\\nJordan, 4033 at Syracuse, N.Y., 1533\\nstreet, in N. Y. City, 1673, 4432 Brook-\\nlyn; Columbus, O., 3533; at.Findlav, 3773;\\nCold Springs, 4133 f powder, 3653\\nsaw-mill at Thila., Pa., 2573; mine, 3353;\\nmine, Ashley, 3593; gas, Pittsburg, 4213;\\ndynamite, at Black Run, 4553; Sliamo-\\nkm, 4273, 4733; mine, Wilkesbarre, 4393;\\nTracy City, Tenn., 4662 dynamite, Tex.,\\n4493; at Midlothian, Va., 1773; Spokane\\nFalls, Wash., 3693, 4413 Central City,\\npowder-mill, W. Va., 3993 Hurley,\\nWis., 3553; bomb, Milwaukee, 4211; of\\nPeacemaker, 1561 f Lucy Walker, 1573;\\nof Marquette, 1593.\\n,Bulli colliery. Austral., 4993 Doman,\\nAustro-Hung., 5333; Trieste Somerein\\nGalicia, 5353 Mobacs, 5362 Hung.\\nDux, 5373; bomb, Pilsen, 538 1 Karwin,\\n5383 Ganshoren, Belg., 5462; Liege and\\nMons, 5471 mine, Mons dynamite,\\nmine, Dour Anderlues colliery; Charle-\\nroi, 5473; dynamite, Ostend dynamite,\\nSeraing dynamite-, Liege, 5481 ,2; Turk-\\nish monitor, Bulg.,5661 mine, Nanaimo\\ndynamite. Quel ice, 5,8.53; Quebec Spring\\nHill, N. S., 5932 Staples, Out., 5953;\\nMontreal, 5962 p a Chow, China, 6253\\nat Laon, Fr., 7402 mine, Ger., 8373\\nWales, 9973, 10033 Scot., 9973. (See\\nAnarchists and Dynamite.)\\nExportation, restricted, Eng., 8591.\\nExports, value of, Am., 10 3\\nExpress, business intro., Am. ,1513; Adams\\nfounded, 1533.\\nExpress attacks Prometheus, 9572.\\nExpulsion Bill, Fr., adopted, 7533.\\nExtradition treaty, with Eng., 3491 3552\\nwith Fr., 4051.\\nBill, Can., 5873, 5903.\\nExurna, asteroid, discovered, 142.\\nEyb, Albrecht von, b. (1420); Menclia-mi\\nand Haccides, trans., 7,871 d. (1478).\\nEybek, sultan, 0553; killed, 6551.\\nEyck, Hubert van, b.-d., 5392.\\nJan van, b,-d., 5392.\\nEye, Johann L. A., b., 8123.\\nEyers, Nicholas, Bapt. preaching, 571\\nlicensed, 583 pastor, 602.\\nEykens, or Eyekens, Pieter, b.-d., 5403.\\nEylau, Prus., battle of, 7162.\\nEynden, Roland van. b.-d., 11011\\nEyraud, arrested, 7603.\\nEyre, Charles, b. (1817) cons, bishop, 9682.\\nEdward John, b., 9363; journey, 4942.\\nJohn, transported for theft, 9192.\\nEysehen, Kerr, order of Red .Eagle, 8331\\nEystein II., reigns, 11051\\nEytinge, Rose, b., 1482.\\nEzekiel, captive, prophesies, 11462.\\nMoses Jacob, b., 1562.\\nEzeta, ex-president, in Panama, 6282.\\nGen. Carlos, pres. San Salvador,\\n11232 leader, 10381, 11233.\\nEzra, Book written leads expedition,\\n11403; in Jerusalem, 11473.\\nEz Zahir, calif, 6552.\\nF.\\nFa, emperor, enthroned, 6111\\nFaber, Basil, b., 7882 d., 7922.\\nFrederick Wm., b., 9363 in Fathers\\nof Oratory, 9543 d. (1863).\\nGeorge Stanley, 9183 d., 9582.\\nJacobus, b.-d., 67S2.\\nJohann, b., 7862 d., 7902.\\nFabiagens secede, 10512.\\nFabian, Robert, b. (145\u00c2\u00b1) Concordance,\\n8643 d. (1512).\\nSt., pope, 10643.\\nFabii, slain, 10501 three surrendered,\\n10513.\\nFabinyi, Herr, resigns, 533 2\\nFabius, Caius Pictor, decorates temple,\\n10531.\\nMaximus Cuntator, d., 10552.\\nRullianus Quintus, against Han-\\nnibal, 10541 Roman commander, 6621\\ncaptures Tarentum, 10543; dictator,\\n10552 defeats L mbrians at Vadimon-\\nian Lake, 10521; at Tifemum, 10522;\\nd. (290\u00c2\u00b1).\\nServilianus, peace with invaders,\\n11252.\\ndefeated by Mithridates VI., 11501\\nFabliaux productions, 5711; works, 670 3\\n6711; F. period, 6803.\\nFabre, Antoine F. H., b., 7123 d., 7322.\\nEdward Charles, eons, bp., 5822; arch-\\nbp., 5842; forbids papers read, 5941 cen-\\nsor, 5962.\\nFerdinand, b. (1830) Ma Vocation,\\n7582.\\nJean, b., 6982 d., 7123.\\nM. F., Xaviitre, 7602.\\nd Eglantine, Philippe Francois Ja-\\ncobin, b., 7022 d., 7102.\\nFabrctti, Raffael, b., 10823 d., 10831.\\nFabriano, It., paper-mill at, 10762.\\nGentile da, b. (1370) paints Adora-\\ntion of Magi, also Madonna, 10781 d.\\n(1450).\\nFabricius, Jacob, in New York, 422.\\nJohann C, b., 8003 d., 8083.\\nLuscinus, visits Pyrrhus, 10533.\\nFabrigio, discovers vein valves, 10821.\\nEabroni, Angelo, b., 10842 d., 10843.\\nFabry, comet visible, 9941\\nFabyan, N. H., American Library Associ-\\nation Conference, 3682.\\nRobert, b., 8622 d., 8661\\nFacciolati, Jacopo, b., 10831 d., 10842.\\nFacetus, appears, 11271\\nFacilidas, reigns in Abyssinia, 13.\\nFactory and Workshop Act, passes, G. B.,\\nIOO72.\\nFadeyev, RatslavAndrieyevitch, b.,1116 3\\ndinger, leads revolt, 5121\\nFaed, John, b., 9402 works, 9541 9601\\nFagan, Michael, convicted executed,\\nFagius, Paul, b., 7863 d., 7921\\nFagnani, Giuseppe, b., 10862 d., 10882.\\nJoseph, b. (1819) d., 2821\\nFahrenheit, Gabriel, b., 7982 thermom-\\neter, 8001 d., 8002.\\nFahta, mission, 6571\\nFaidherbe, Louis Leon Cesar, b., 7223\\nGen. at St. Quentin, 7441; at Pont-\\nNoyelles, 7431; d., 7581\\nFail, Noel du, works, 6811 6851\\nFailey, Harriet, b., 1623.\\nNoahL.,b. i 1362.\\nFaillon, Michel F.tienne, b., 5762; d., 5821\\nFailly, Pierre Louis Charles Achille de,\\nb.,7191 at Beaumont, 7402 jatMentana,\\n7361 d., 7621\\nFair, Laura D., trial acquitted, 2742.\\nJames Graham, b. (1831) senator\\nrestores monument, 3421 d., 4781\\nFairbairn, Sir William, b., 9243 d. (1874).\\nFairbanks, Erastus, b., 1022 gov. Vt.,\\n1712,1903; d.,241l.\\n.Horace, b. (1820); gov. Vt.,296 d.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1262.jp2"}, "1263": {"fulltext": "Fair-Favr.\\nText Figures denote Page. UNUrLA.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1251\\nFairehild, Cassius, b. (1828) d., 2622.\\nClias. Stebbins, b. (1842) sec. treas.,\\n3272.\\nJames Harris, b., 126\\nLucius, b., 1382 gov. Wis., 2553\\ncommander-in-chief, 3243.\\nFairfax, Baron, title created, 881 1\\nBryan L., b., 621\\nDonald McNeill, b. (1S22) d., 448\\nEdward, Jerusalem Delivered, 8772\\nd., 8822.\\nLord Thomas, b., 8782 commander,\\n8842 in civil war takes Manchester,\\n884 d., 8922.\\nCourt House, Va., action, 2041,2123,\\n220\\nFairfield, Conn., burned, 902.\\nla., Parson s College org., 2922.\\nTex., lynching, 4723.\\nVt., Fenians invade Canada, 2703.\\nJohn, b. (1797) gov. Me., 1512, 1552;\\nd. (1847).\\nFair Garden, Tenn., Confeds. defeat, 230\\nHaven, Conn., town hall, 453 3\\nMass., burned, 89 library, 4182.\\nFairlop Oak. (See Essex, Eng.)\\nFairmount, W. Va., Normal Schools\\nopened, 2603.\\nFair Oaks, Va., battle of, 2083.\\nFair Play, captured, 212\\nFairport, la., silver found, 376\\nFairs, introduced, in Eng., 8453; It., 10713.\\nFairview Pipe-Line, incorporated, 2853.\\nFaithorne, William, b., 880 d., 9892.\\nFaizabad, mission, 10463, 10483.\\nFajes, Pedro, gov. Cal., 95 3\\nFakhr-ed-Din, Ad-Razi, I.. (1150) d.,4863.\\nFalaise, Fr., captured, 676\\nFalcSo, Andre, Creacaade I/omen, 1110\\nFalck, Dr., double acting engine, 9202.\\nFalcon, sails, 432 returns, 470 594\\nFalcon, Juan Crisostomo, president, 1160 2\\nFalconer, Hugh, b., 9343 d. (1865).\\nWilliam, b., 9082; Shipwreck, 9163\\nd., 9182.\\nFalerii, war with, 1052\\nFales, Alden, convicted, 408 2\\nFalieri, Marino, b.-d., 10762; doge of Ven-\\nice; conspiracy of beheaded, 1077 3\\nFalk, Andrew J., gov. Dak., 2553.\\nHenry, confesses, 4423.\\nJohann F. G., b., 8122 d., 8282.\\nPaul Ludwig Adelbert, b., 814 min-\\nister, 8263, 8273 May Laws, 8282; laws;\\nresignation, 8302, 8312.\\nFalkenstein, Vogel von, in Austro-Prus.\\nwar; at Frankfort, 824 2\\nFalkirk, Scot., battle of, 856\\nMoor, Scot., action at, 910\\nFalkland Islands, occupied, 9472; ceded to\\nGreat Britain, 9193.\\nViscount of, title created, 881\\n(See Cary, Lucius.)\\ngov. Nova Scotia, 5792.\\nFalkner, John Pascoe, Melbourne, 4953.\\nFalkoping, Sue., battle of, 636\\nFallangia, mission at, 1161\\nFallieres, M., minister, 7533, 7563,757 2,\\n761\\nFalling Waters, Va., Confederates de-\\nfeated, 2243.\\nFallopio, Gabriello, b., 10802 d., 10803.\\nFalloux, Vicomte de, Frederick Alfred\\nPierre, b., 719 d., 7542.\\nFallows, Samuel, b., 1442.\\nFall River, Mass., cotton-mill, 1182 mills\\nburned, 2873; strike, 289 spinners\\nstrike, 317 Borden murder, 4123+\\nmills close, 4353 Amalgamated Associ-\\nation, 461 strike, 473\\nFalls of Alexandria, La., dam, 232\\nFalls of Bruar, sinks, 9973.\\nof St. Anthony, Indian massacre, 151\\nFalmouth, Me., burned, S03; Indian treaty,\\n613; Falmouth Gazette, issued, 983; City\\nof Bath aX, 3093.\\nDuke of, title created, 905\\nFalquieres, statue of Gambetta, 754\\nFa Men, mission, 621\\nFamily Compact, signed, Fr., 7033.\\nFamily atari/ Paper: established. 2823.\\nFamine, China, 6153, 6233 charged to\\nmissionaries, 6163 in Egypt, 645 6553,\\n6613; inEng.,S473. 8513,8573,8593,8633,\\n9133, 9273, 9313, 9413, 9533, 9552 i n Eu-\\nrope, 775 in Fr., demoralizes, 669\\nsuffering, 6712, 6732, 677 6973, 7073; in\\nGer., 8033; in Gr., 10322; in Great Brit.,\\n8453; hi Hung., 5333; in Ire., 9113, 9553,\\n985 collections for Tre., 372 King s\\nDaughters relieve, 4063; in Labrador,\\n5853 aid, 5903 of corn, Neb., 3733\\nOkla., 3693 in Eus., 11223, 11232 in\\nVa., 29 cattle die, W. Va., 3593 in\\nZululand, 6033\\nFanatic, imitates Abraham, 301\\nFaneourt, Samuel, b. (1678) ti -st circulat-\\ning library, 911 d. (176S).\\nFane, Julian! :has. Henry, b..94 .3; d.(1870).\\nFaneuil, Peter, b., 54 builds Faneuil\\nHall, 64 d., 642.\\nHall, Boston, built, 66^ indignation\\nmeeting, 1432.\\nFanfani, l ietro, b., 10862 d., 1090\\nFanham, Ralph, d., 2023.\\nFannie Chase, finds ambergris, 3422.\\nFanniere, Francois Auguste, b., 7223.\\nJoseph, b., 7242.\\nFanning, David, b. (1756) d., 1322.\\nGeorge E., gov. Pr. E. Is., 577\\nJohn Thomas, b., 1482.\\nFanny, collides with Helvetia, 9833.\\nFanshawe, Sir Richard, b., 8782 d. (1666).\\nFanti, Gen. Manfredo, b. (1S08) atPesaro,\\n1088 d. (1865).\\nFaraday, cable ship, 10123 lands direct\\ncable, 2853 lays Atlantic cable, 753 3\\n7893.\\nMichael, b., 9243 electro-magnetism,\\n940 electro-magnetic rotation lique-\\nfaction of gases, 9402; discovers benzine,\\n942 Chemical Manipulation, 943 vol-\\ntaic electricity, 944 Researches in Elec-\\ntricity ,\\\\)b \u00c2\u00b13 suggests mitt a-pereha, 954\\nd.,970\\nFaraud, Henri-Joseph, cons, bishop, 582\\nFaravohitra. Madagascar, mission, 1094\\nFareino, Marsilio, b.-d., 10783.\\nFarebother, Chas., lord mayor Lond.,945 3\\nFarel, Guillaume, b., 6783 d., 6823.\\nFarewell, Lieut., settlement Cape Colony,\\n5973.\\nFargo, N. Dak., Agricultural College es-\\ntablished, 3742 Are, 4313.\\nWilliam George, b. (ISIS) d., 308\\nCollege, N. Dak., org., 2763 opened,\\n3283.\\nFargus, Frederick John, b., 9542.\\nFaria y Sousa, Manvel de, b.-d., 11102.\\nFaribault, Minn., deaf mutes, school est.,\\n2292 sc. for feeble-minded opd., 3032.\\nPlan, defeated, 4162; Archbishop Ire-\\nland denies failure, 438\\nFarinclli, Carlo, b., 1083 d., 10843.\\nFarini, Carlo Luigi, b., 10802 d. (1866).\\nFarjeon, Benjamin Leopold, b., 946 2\\nFarley, publishes Am. Chronicle, 723.\\nPatrick, indictment dismissed, 359\\nSamuel, editor, 723.\\nFarlow, Win. Gilson, b., 1562.\\nFarmMortgage Census Bill. passed, 353 ,2.\\nFarmer, Hugh, b., 9042; d., 9242.\\nJohn, b., 100 d., 1482.\\nin Phila., 523.\\nMoses F., incandescent light, 290\\nFarmers combine, 1003.\\nAlliance Conven., at Atlanta, 327 a\\nCal., 43\u00c2\u00ab2; Chicago, 2831 4222, 4231 Col-\\numbia, S. C.,2552; Indianapolis, 3951 2;\\nin Kansas legislature. 3713 Memphis,\\n4183, 4193 meets Ocala, 3723 Wash.,\\nD. C, 3772; Catholic opposition, 3522;\\nNat. organization, fmd., 3071 supreme\\ncouncil meets, 3951 unite with K. of L.,\\n3551.\\nAssociation, at Raleigh, N. C, 3313.\\nCollege, org., O., 1631\\nCongress, at Topeka, 3313.\\nFarmer s JIame, issued, 3063.\\nMutual Benefit Asso., meeting, 3592.\\nFarmington, Conn., Am. Board fmd.,\\n1163; canal opened, 1373.\\nMe., earthquake, 332\\nMiss., Confederate defeat, 2063; ac-\\ntion at, 207\\nTenn., action at, 2263.\\nFarmville, Va., repulse at, 245\\nFarncombe, Thos.. lord mayor, 949 2\\nFarnese, Alessandro. b., 10803; gov. Neth.,\\n5413; viceroy, 10993; d., 10823.\\nPeter L., rules Placentia, 10813.\\nFarnbam, Eng., action at, 844\\nEliza W., b., 1242; d., 241\\nRoswell. inaug. gov., 305 2\\nThomas Jefferson, b., 112 d., 164\\nBaron, title created, 913 2\\nFarochon, Jean Baptiste Eugene, b., 7163;\\nd., 746\\nFarokhsir revolts, 10452.\\nFarqubar, George, b., 8942 works, 9003\\nd., 9022.\\nNorman H., naval capt., 322 in\\nnavy dept., 3512.\\nFarr, J. P., shot, 3903.\\nWilliam, b. (1S07); d., 9922.\\nFarragut, David Glascoe (or Clasgow), b.,\\n110 appt. to West Gulf, 204 on the\\nMiss. River, 2062; passes Fort Jackson,\\netc., New Orleans surrenders, 2063; at\\nVicksburg, 208 2092; at Port Hudson,\\n220 bombards Fort Powell, 2302 in\\nMobile Bay, 237 attacks ports, 237 2;\\nmadeviee-admiral,24( 3; appointedadm.,\\n252 d., 2702; statue, 306 432\\nFarrah, Afgh., depopulated, 53.\\nFarrand, Com. F., at Citronelle, 2462.\\nFarrar, Bp., burned, Wales, 8703.\\nEliza Ware, b. (1792) d., 270\\nFrederick Wm., b., 9442; chaplain in\\nH. C, 10042; works, 979\\nJohn, b., 912; d., 1722.\\nTimothy, b., 662; d., 166\\nFarre, Arthur, d., 9962.\\nFarren, Elizabeth (Nellie), appears, 918 2\\nFarrer, Henry, b., 156\\nThos. Charles, b., 1482.\\nFarris, Isaac, d., 282\\nFarrow, T. Stobo, in treas. dept., 447 2\\nFarthing tokens, issued, Eng., 8793.\\nFaiwell, Leonard J., gov. Wis., 169 2\\nFasquelle, Jean Louis, b., 1142; d., 2172.\\nFassett, J.Sloat, protests, Gov. J ones, 3392;\\nnom. for gov. N. Y., 3912.\\nFast ordered, Eng., 8862.\\nFast-day, nat., observed, 1233 in 1861, If 92 j\\nby Confeds., 197 1983; on death of\\nLincoln, 247 in Mass., N. H.,3S03,404\\ncolored people observe, 4062; abolished\\nin Mass., 4542.\\nFastnet, Ire., City of Rome, aground, 3613.\\nFatah Ali Shahi b (1762) reigns, 11073;\\nd. (1834).\\nFatamites, in Egypt, 487 dynasty over-\\nthrown, 11553.\\nFathers of the Oratory, est., 9543.\\nFatima, marriage, 4853; d., 484 2\\nFatteh Khan, murdered, 5\\nFauche, Hippolyte, b., 7123; d., 7382.\\nFau-Cheng, mission, 6223.\\nFaucher, Leon, b., 7143; d., 7322.\\nFauchet, Claude, b. (1530); works, 6843,\\n685 d. (1601).\\nJean Antoine Joseph, b. (1763)\\nenvoy, despatch, 1053.\\nFaugere, Armand Prosper, b., 719 d.,\\n756\\nFaulkner, Charles .lames, b., 1623; speech,\\n4383: amendment, 439 d. (1884).\\nGeorge, est., Faulkner s Journal, Ire.,\\n909\\nLieut.-Col., at Durhamville, 2132.\\nFaunce, Daniel Worcester, b. (1829) elder\\nof Mass., 402.\\nFauntleroy s forgeries, 945\\nFauquier, Francis, b. (1720+) gov. Va.,\\n713; d. (1768).\\nFaure, Constance Caroline Lefebvre, b.,\\n7243.\\nFelix, minister, 7672.\\nJean Baptiste, b., 726\\nM., electric accumulator. 752\\nFauriel, Claude Charles, b., 7042; History,\\n7292; d., 7283.\\nFaust, Johann, b., 7862; d., 7902. (See\\nPrinting.)\\nFaust, appears, 812\\nFausta, Cornelia, b. (S8\u00c2\u00b1 B.C.) plotting\\nof executed, 10691\\nFauveau, Felicie de, b., 7143.\\nFauvelet, Jean Baptiste, b., 7242.\\nFava, Baron de, ambassador, 431 2; Blaine,\\ncorrespondence recalled, 381 2 pro-\\ntest resumes post, 10902.\\nFavart, Charles Simon, b., 6963; d., 7082.\\nMarie, b., 7262.\\nJustin Benoite, b.,6982; d.,7042.\\nFaventia (Faenza), action at, 10581.\\nFavier, Jean Louis, b., 6982; d., 7061\\nFavila, reigns in Asturias, 11253; d. (739).\\nFaville, Oran. b. (1817) d., 278\\nFavorinus, b., 10622.\\nFavre, Jules Gabriel Claude, b., 719 at-\\ntacks ministrv, 73ii2 proposes uprising,\\n741 calls on U. S. A., 7412; meets Bis-\\nmarck minister, 7412, 745 issues\\ncircular, 7412. 7432, 3 reports Bis-\\nmarck s demands 741 3 imp eached, 745 2", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1263.jp2"}, "1264": {"fulltext": "1252\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nFavr-Ferg.\\nresigns, 7463; negotiates with Bismarck,\\n8272; d., 7522.\\nFavre, Pierre Etienne Lazare, b., 7192.\\nFawcett, Edgar, b., 1623; works, 3183,\\n3263, 3283, 3323.\\nHenry, b., 9462; in parliament, 969\\nopposes Princess s dowry, 975 3 post-\\nmaster-gen., 9852; d. (1884).\\nMillieent, b., 9542; ,1. (1777).\\nFawkes, Francis, d., 9002.\\nGuy, b., 8742; gunpowder plot, 8792;\\nd., 878\\nFaxardo. (See Saavedra.)\\nFay, Andreas, b., 5163; d., 5262.\\nJonas, b. (1737) d\u00e2\u0080\u009e 1262.\\nTheodore Sedgwick, 114\\nFaye, Etienne Leopold, minister, 757 2.\\nHerve Auguste Etienne Albans, b.,\\n721\\nFayerweather, Daniel B., bequest, 3722,\\n4042, 471)3; contests end, 3782.\\nFayette, la., Upper Iowa Univer. founded,\\nMo., Central College org., 1823.\\nFayetteville, Ark., captured, 2042 Con-\\nfederate defeat, 210 2143.\\nIndustrial Univer. org., 2763.\\nN. C, fire, 1393; arsenal taken, 194\\nSherman takes, 244 colored normal\\nschool opd., 2963.\\nVa., Federal defeat, 213 Confeder-\\nate defeat, 2143; 215\\nFayne, Frank L., b., 1462.\\nFa voile. Francois Joseph Marie, b. (1774);\\nd., 732\\nFayrer, Sir Joseph, b., 9422.\\nFavssoux, Peter, cons. K. Epis. bp., 3022.\\nFearne, Charles, b., 9122; d., 9263.\\nFeast of Epiphany, est.; of the Nativity of\\nVirgin est., 10723; of Nophalia, 10162; f\\nPresentation of Virgin est., 1077 of the\\nPurification eel., 1071 of Transfigura-\\ntion eel., 10703; of Roses, painted, 7802.\\nFeatherstonehaugh, J. P., shot, 971\\nGeorge W., b., 93 d. (1866).\\nFebiger, John Carson, b., 130\\nFecbner, Gustav T., b., 807 d., 832\\nFedchenko, Alexis, b., 11163; d., 11182.\\nFederal Congress, meets, Argentine, 491\\nCouncil, Australia, 4972; est., 4993.\\nDemocratic Government, est., 993.\\nDiet, in Prus. alliance, 821\\nElection Bill, 349 353 3613, 363\\n3643 307 373 2 3703 421 439 4403\\n4411,4452,4491,2,4512, 477\\nlosses in civil war, 238\\nofficers, indicted, 4522.\\nreforms, considered, Ger., 8192.\\nstate, Ger., 7733.\\nSupervision Bill, debated on, 373\\nFederalist party destroyed, 123 3\\nFederation of Women s Clubs, state, 475\\nof Labor, Am. (See Am. Federation.)\\nFederman. Nicholas, b. (1501) at Bogota,\\n213; d. (1543).\\nFee, Antoine Laurent Apollinaire, b.,\\n7062; d.,7482.\\nFeehan, Patrick A. (1865) cons. bp. of\\nNashville; (1880) archbp. of Chicago;\\nopposes the Clan-na-Gael, 3403; silver\\njubilee, 3702.\\nFehrbellin, Prus., bath at, 7962.\\nFeijoo, Diego Antonio, regent, 555 3\\nFeissenhainer, Jacob A., b., 1522.\\nFeitama, Sibrand, b.-d., 1101\\nFeith, llhijnvis, b. (17531 works, 11012; d.\\n(1824).\\nFejer, Gyorgy, b., 5163; d., 524\\nFeke, Robt., b. dsoii) painter, 66\\nFeldman. Leopold, b., 8082; d., 8302.\\nFelibien, Andre, b., 6803 d., 6942.\\nFelice, Fortunato, Bartolomineo, b., 10832,\\nd., 10843.\\nFelicia, asteroid, discovered, 760\\nFrlirilas, asteroid, discovered, 268\\nkilled, 10643.\\nFelinski, archbp., exhorts Poles ban-\\nished, 11182.\\nFelix, lost, 932\\nI., St., pope, 10643.\\nII., pope, 10663 anti-pope, 10683 ex-\\ncommunicates patriarch, 1030 3 excom-\\nmunicated, 10703; d. (492).\\nHI., St., pope, 10703.\\nIV., St., pope, 10703; d., 10702.\\nV., anti-pope, 1079\\nFelix, Celestin Joseph, b., 719 d., 7602.\\nFelix Furlti/ s Journal, issued, 9043.\\nof Valois, Saint, b.-d., 6683.\\nFellenberg, Philippe von, b.-d., 11372.\\nFeller, Francois X. de, b.-d., 5422.\\nHenrietta, b., 5762 d., 582\\nFellows, Sir Charles, b., 9283; d., 9642.\\nJohn, b., 621 d. (1844).\\nE., b., 140 trial, 4751\\nSamuel, cons. R. Epis. bp., 292\\nFelons, transported, Eng., 9251\\nCouncil Bill, passes, 9492.\\nFelsing, Jakob, b.. si)S2 d., 8302.\\nFelt, Joseph Barlow, b., 1001 d., 2662.\\ncloth manufactured, 1461\\nFeltham, Owen, b., 8782; d. (1668).\\nFeltner, A. M., murdered, 4263.\\nFelton, Cornelius Conway, b., 1141 works,\\n1431 1523, 1632. 2003; d., 2052.\\nSamuel Morse, b. (1S09) d., 3341\\nFemale Education Society, org., 9463.\\ninf antic ide prohibited 023 punished,\\n6251.\\niufluence in Egypt, 6483.\\nlabor regulated, Fr.. 7633; labor pro-\\nhibited in mines, G. B., 9511\\nMiss. Soc. of N. Haven, org., 1191\\nrulers forbidden, Fr., 6733.\\nSuffrage. Women s Campaign, Kan.,\\n2592, 2053, Am. Women s Suffrage Asso-\\nciation 2692 in Utah, 271 defeated i n\\nMich., 2S72; in Mich. School Board, 2892;\\nin Wyo., 297 3293, 4452; in Ore., 3052,\\n307 317 in Me., 307 in Kan., 3272,\\n425 3 defeated, Conn., 341 for schools,\\n357 petition for,N. Y., 4612; rejected,\\n4683 rejected, Austral., 5003 rejected,\\n5012; defeated, Can., 5922; illegal, G.B.,\\n973 meeting for, 985 in Madras, 9942;\\nBill rejected, 9712. (See Woman.)\\nFen countries deluged, 9382.\\nriots, G. B., 9392.\\nFenr u/ff Mas/er, first production, 416\\nFerulail, Josias, arrested, 41\\nPhilip Kicard, b. (1794); d.,2602.\\nFendler, August, b., 8102, d., 8302.\\nFenelon, Francois de Salignac lie la Mothe\\nde, b., 6902; works, 0932, 0951,2, 6972;\\ncondemned by pope, 6951 d., 6971\\nMarquis de la Mothe, d., 6842.\\nFeneon, Felix, suspected anarchist, 7663.\\nFeng-Huang, defeat at. 6263, 6271.\\nFenians, meet at Phila., 2483; James Ste-\\nphens arrested arms seized, 2522; raid\\nin Can., 2522,2703; proclamation against,\\n2531 ,2711 invasion, Can., 5821 expenses\\nclaimed, 5831 org., Ire., 8392 Conven-\\ntion in U. S.; appear in Ire., 9672, 9683;\\ntrial of; in prison, 9691; sent to Am.,\\n9703; released, 9831.\\nFenimore, Constance, Jupiter Lights, 3503.\\nCooper. (See Cooper.)\\nFenner, Arthur, b. (1745) gov. R. I., 1032;\\nd. (1805).\\nJames, b. (1771) gov. E.I., 1152, 1572;\\nd. (1846).\\nC, gov. E. I., 1332.\\nFenton, Elijah, 1.., 9st ,2; d., 9082.\\nReuben Eaton, b., 1281 gov. N.Y.,\\n2511; proposed for vice-pres., 263 1 d.,\\n3202.\\nFenwick, George, b., 262; d., 401\\nJohn, b. (1618) buys part of N. J.,\\n452; colony at Salem, 47 d. (1683).\\nSir John, executed, 9011.\\nFeodor I., or Theodore, b.-d., 11142; reigns\\nas Czar murdered, 11132, 11152.\\nII., b. (1589) enthroned, 11153 d.,\\n11142.\\nFeodore, first great-grandchild of Victo-\\nria, b., 9851.\\nFeramoz Khan, assassinated, 52.\\nFerber, Johan Jacob, b.-d., 11342.\\nFerchard, king, prisoner, 8431\\nFerdinand I., Einp. of Aust., reigns, 5212\\nat Innsbruck, 5223; abdicates; abdica-\\ntion refused, 5232; d.,5282.\\n1., Emp., 8153.\\nII. of Aragon, regent in Castile mar-\\nries Isabella of Castile becomes V., the\\nCatholic, 11273; annexes Navarre, 11262;\\nconquests, king of Sp., 11273 takes\\nTripoli, 11381 d., 11293.\\nVII., Fr., liberated, 7252.\\n1., Ger., b., 7863; king, 5093, 7932,\\n10813; emp.; tribute, 5112 d., 7922.\\nII., Hung., b., 7922 declared king\\ncrowned emp., Ger., deposed, restored,\\n5111; protests against Protestantism;\\nleague with Maximilian league with\\nSpain league with Lutheran Elector of\\nSaxony issues edict Eestitution, 795 z\\npeace of Eatisbon, 7953. (See p. 5113,\\n5131 d., 7963.)\\nFerdinand ILL, K. of Hung., 5132 emp.\\nGer., 5132, 7972; d., 5123, 7973.\\nIV., K. of Hung., 5132; d., 5123.\\nI. (IV. of Naples), b., 10842 king of\\nNaples, 10793; d., 10862.\\n1, (formerly IV. of Naples), king of\\nSicilies, 10871.\\nI., Port., reigns, 11093.\\nII., Port., reigns as regent, 11111 d.,\\n11102.\\nI., King of Sicily, 10772.\\nIV., King of Sicily, 10853.\\nII., King of Two Sicilies, 10872.\\nIII. (of Sp.), K. of Two Sicilies, 10793.\\nIV., King of Two Sicilies, 10852.\\nI. (the Great), Sp., b.-d., 11262 reigns,\\n11272.\\nII., Sp., separates Leon from Castile,\\n11273 conquests, 1126\\nIII., Sp., reigns in Castile; annexes\\nprovinces, 11273.\\nIV., Sp., reigns in Castile, 11273.\\nV., King, Sp., b.-d., 11263.\\nthe Catholic, king, Sp., 10793.\\nVI., enthroned, 6053, H293; cedes\\ntract to Portuguese, 1106\\nVII., Sp., King, b.-d., 11302 reigns,\\n6053, 11312 abdicates for Napoleon,\\n11313; restored, 11312.\\nVII., Sp., reigns, 11312; refuses Mex.\\ncrown, 10953; marries Maria Christina,\\n11312.\\nArchduke, Aus., defeated, 5113; per-\\nsecutes Bohemians, 5123 commander,\\n8081.\\nof Aust., king, 5093; possessions, 5112.\\nof Aust., condemns Eeformation\\nopposes Ana baptists. 789 marries Anne;\\nenters religious alliance, 7893; K. of Bo-\\nmans, 7912; agreement with Protestants,\\n7913.\\nof Bavaria, archbp., b., 7922; d., 7963.\\nof Brunswick, drives Fr. back, 516\\nof Brunswick, at Krefeld at War-\\nburg, 7021\\nI., D. of Tuscany, 10813.\\n11., D. of Tuscany, 10813.\\n-^IIL, D. of Tuscany, 10813; expelled,\\n10853.\\nIV., Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1089\\nPr. of Bulg., marriage abandoned\\nbirthday eel. assassination plot dis.,\\n5682,3; threatened; marries, 6683 at\\nSofia; remits injustice; authority ille-\\ngal at Philippopolis elected Pr. pro-\\nclamation, 569 anniversary eel. Eus-\\nsia refuses recognition, 5693 conspiracy\\nagainst, 5702.\\nPrinee,of Ger. visits Aust. ,5352; mar-\\nries, 8362.\\nPrince, weds Maria II. of Port., 1111 1\\nPr., crown prince of Rumania, 11132.\\nAlbert, Duke of Brunswick, 8012,\\ncommander, 8021\\ndeffalavera, b. (1445); opposes Colum-\\nbus, 121; d. (1507).\\nFrancis, Aust., b., 5262.\\nMary, rules Bavaria, 7972.\\nPhilippe, Due d Orleans, b., 719\\n7282\\nd..\\nthe Just, reigns, 11273.\\nFernando Po, W. Afr., Bapt. expelled,\\n11613.\\nFere Champenoise, Fr., allies victorious,\\n7203.\\nFerelo, Bartolome, explorer, 223.\\nFerghana. (See Khokand.)\\nFergus I., founds monarchy of Scot., 839\\nd.,8402.\\nII., revives monarchy, 8412; d., 8402.\\nIII., assassinated, 843 d., 8422.\\nFalls, Minn., Insane Asylum est.,\\n325\\nFerguson, Adam, b., 9062; Moral Philoso-\\nphy, 9192; d., 9382.\\nAlex., wins rifle prize, 982\\nDonald, b. (1839); minister, 6963\\nJames, b. (1797) discovers Euphro-\\nsyne, 176 Virginia, 182 Echo, 188\\nd. (1867).\\nJohn, mayor N. T., 1252.\\nL., embezzler, 397\\nMayor Patrick, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 9103 at King s\\nMountain, 922 d., 931\\nRobert, b. (1820); Poems, 9192.\\nSir Samuel, b. (1810) works, 9683,\\n9863 d. (1886).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1264.jp2"}, "1265": {"fulltext": "Ferg-Fire.\\nText Figures denote Page. INUJiX. Superior Figures indicate Column,\\n1253\\nFerguson, Thos. B., minister to Den., 4473.\\nFergusson, James, b. (1710) Parthenon,\\n9923 d. (1776).\\nSir James, b., 9462; postmaster, 1007 3\\ngov., 10473 d. (1886).\\nFerishtah, Mohauimed-Kasin, b.-d., 11063.\\nFerland, Jean Baptiste Antoine, b., 576 3\\nwork, 581 d. (1864).\\nFerles, Casbier, suicide, 5362.\\nFermanagh, Baron, title created, 975\\nFermat, Pierre de, b., 6862 d., 6903.\\nFermor, Count, b. (1704); commander, 802\\nd. (1771).\\nFermoy, Baron, title created, 959\\nFern, Fanny. (See Parton, Mrs. Sarah.)\\nFernald, James C.,New Womanhood, 3982.\\nFernandez, Juan, b.-d., 11282.\\nde Castro, Manuel, b., 11303.\\nDiego de la Haya y, gov., 6302.\\nDiniz, b.-d., 11092.\\nProspero, pres., 6312 d., 6313.\\nFernandina, Fla., taken, 2043.\\nFernel, Jean, b.-d., 6783.\\nFernkorn, Anton D., b., 8102 d., 8282.\\nFerns, see erected, 8403 unites with Oa-\\nsory, 9462.\\nFemtower, founders, 9953.\\nFerokhdad, reigns, 11072.\\nFeronia, asteroid, discovered, 1963.\\nFeroze, reigns, 11072.\\nFerozepur Sikhs, attack Brit., 1046\\nFerrand Count Antoine Francois Claude,\\nb., 701 d., 7242.\\ncontractor, fined, 748 3\\nFerrara, It., annexed to Rome, 10833 in-\\nsurrection, 1089\\nuniversity chartered, 1077\\nFlorence, council, 785\\nFerrard, Vise, of, title created, 891 9252.\\nFerrari, Gaudenzio, b., 1078 3 paints Last\\nSupper, 10802 d., 10803.\\nGiuseppe, b., 10S5 d., 10882.\\nLuigi, b., 1085\\nFerraris, Count of, at Valenciennes, 708\\nFerre, Theophile Charles, b. (1845) shot,\\n747 Commune leader, 746 2\\nFerreira, Antonio, b.-d., 1109 2\\nJorge, Eltfrosina, 1109\\nFerrers, Duke of, title created, 903\\nFerrier, James Frederick, 9343 d., 968\\nM., carte de visits, 732\\nFerriere, Claude de, b., 6882 d., 6963.\\nFerrieres, Fr., German headquarters, 7403.\\nFerris, Isaac, b. (1798) pres. Reformed\\nSynod, 1402 d. (1873).\\nFerrol, Sp., uprising, 1132\\nFerron, Gen., minister, 7563.\\nFerrouillat, M., minister, 757 resigns,\\n7572.\\nFerry, Elisha P., gov. Wash., 281 nom-\\ninated for governor, 345\\nJules, b.,7262; anti-clergy bills, 7502;\\neducational bills, 751 3 minister, 753 2\\n7543; premier, 7532, 7543; resigns, 7552\\nlife endangered, 757 pres. senate, 7652;\\nd., 764 state funeral, 7643.\\nOrris Sanford, b., 302 on com. 33,\\n189 d., (1875).\\nThomas White, b. (1827) acting vice-\\npres., U.S., 2892; pres. senate, 2972,299\\nBill passes, Fr., 753\\nFersen, Count Axel von, b.-d., 11342.\\nFesca, Friedrich E., b., 8043 d., 8123.\\nFesch, Joseph, b., 703 d., 7282.\\nFesh, mission, 657\\nFessel, Prof., invents gyroscope, 818\\nFessenden, Samuel, b. (1784) d., 266\\nThomas Amory Debois b. (1826) d.,\\n2622.\\nGreen, b., 762 d., 1482.\\nWilliam Pitt, b., 1122 sec. treas.,\\n2373 on committee of 15 on reconstruc-\\ntion, 2493 d., 2662.\\nFessler, Ignaz Aurelius, b., 5143 d.,6203.\\nFesting, 3. W., cons, bp., 10042.\\nFestitich, Count, sues for separation, 5323.\\nFestival, Eng., inaug., 9072.\\nof Fools, celebrated in Paris, 6712.\\nof Holy Trinity, inst., 10723.\\nof Immaculate Conception, app., 1079\\nFestus, Porcius, d., 10623.\\nFetis, Francois Joseph, b., 5422 d., 5442.\\nFeud, Georgetown, Ky., 3903.\\nFeudalism, abolished in Aust., 5172 in-\\ntro.inEng.,849 barons est., Eng., 8493;\\nin Fr., 6652 strength increases, 6673\\nedict against, 6713 suppression of; ju-\\nrisdiction limited, 673 2 revolt against,\\n7072 rights surrendered, 7073 growth\\nin Ger., 7723; develops in Ger., 7753 in\\nIt., 10732 i n Neth., 10973 abolished in\\nJapan, 1093 height of reaction against,\\nGer., 821\\nFeudatories, excesses of, 677\\nFeuerbach, Ludwig A., b., 8082 d., 828\\nPaul Johann Anselm, b.,804 d.,8142.\\nFeuillants, Les, rise of club, 707\\nFeuille, Felix Martin, minister, 7543.\\nFeuillet, Louis, b., 6902 d., 6983.\\nOctave, b., 7192; WO rks, 734 737\\n7462 d., 760\\nFeure, Eaoule le, work, 8642.\\nFeval, Paul Henri Corentin, 7222 works\\nof, 729 7343, 7482 d., 7562.\\nFevershani, Earl of, title created, 965\\nEarl of. (See Durfort, de, Louis).\\nFew, William, b., 662 d., 1362.\\nFeydeau, Ernest Aime, b., 7223 works,\\n7343, 7383; d., 746\\nFeyjoo, Francisco Benito Jeronimo, works,\\n11292 d. (1873).\\nFeysal, d., 4882.\\nFiana, earthquakes at, 1130 2\\nFianarantsoa. Madagascar mission, 10942.\\nFichte, Immanuel H., b., 8063 d., 830\\nJohann G., b., 8023 works, 807 d.,\\n8102.\\nFick, Adolf, b., 8142.\\nFidenates, war with, 1050\\nFiegenbaum, Chas., kills Hoffman, 4702.\\nField, Baron, title created, 1005 2\\nBarron, judge, Australia, 495\\nCharles W., Darby road, 23S3; d., 404\\nCyrus West, b., 128 org. Atlantic\\nCable Co., 1753; gold medal, 2562; dinner\\nin London, 263 lays Atlantic cable,\\n2533; monument to .Ylaj. Andre, 302 d.,\\n410\\nDavid Dudley, b. (1781) d 256\\nb., 1122 Bar Association\\nMedal, 3903; d., 4562.\\nE. M., arrested insane, 397 jury\\ndisagree, 4022.\\nEugene, Holy Cross, 479\\nHenry Martyn, b., 1302.\\nHerbert, murderer, 2743.\\nJames Gaven, b. (1826) nom. for vice-\\npres., 401 415 2 popular vote, 4192;\\nelectoral vote, 4243.\\nJohn, b., 9223; d., 9482.\\nKate, b. (1S40\u00c2\u00b1) works, 2643, 2842.\\nMarshal, gifts to Baptist Univ., 3522,\\nRichard Stockton, b., 1102; d. (1870).\\nStephen Johnson, b., 1242 justice\\nU. S. S. Ct., 2292; Electoral Commission,\\n295 vote, 305\\nThomas, b., 9422.\\nMr., stabbed 9903.\\nField Lane Refuge opd., Eng., 969\\nof the. Cloth of Gold, 6813.\\nFielden, sentenced, 3272.\\nFielder, George R-, b., 1542.\\nFielding, Copley Vandyke, b., 9242 d.,\\n9603.\\nHenry, b. 9022; works, 909 911\\nd., 9123.\\nRudolph W. B., E. of Denbigh, d.,\\n1008\\nAdm., opposes Adm. Byland, 920\\nFields, James Thomas, b.,* 126 works,\\n1663, 2803, 2923 d. (1881).\\nFiemin, Thomas, scheme for poor, 901\\nFiennes, William, Lord Saye and Sele, b.,\\n8742 d., 8902.\\nFiersbras, issued, 791\\nFieschi, Joseph Marie, b., 706 2 assassina-\\ntion of king, 7272; d., 7262.\\nFiesco, Giovanni Luigi, b.-d., 10802.\\nJohn Lewis, drowned, 1081 3\\nFiesole, It., Cathedral fnd., 1073 La\\nBadia Monastery built, 1079\\nGiovanni Angelieo da, b.-d., 1076 2\\nFievee, Joseph, b. (1767) works, 713 d.,\\n7282.\\nFife, Earl of, title created, 9132; Duke of,\\n9963.\\nD. of, marries Princess Louise, 1001\\nFifer, Joseph W., gov. 111., 3492.\\nFifth Muiarehv Ilen,uprisiug,ssi:3,.s912,3.\\nFifty-four, Forty, or Fight, 1573.\\nFigueiredo, Jorge de, captaincy, 553 2\\nFigueras y Moracas, Estanislao, b.-d.,\\n11303.\\nFirrueroa, Francisco de, b.-d., 1128 2\\nJose, gov. Cal., 1433.\\nFiguerva, Aloiiso de Cordova v. gov., 605 2\\nFiguier, Guillaume Louis, b., 7223; d., 766\\nFigyelmezo, issued, 6392.\\nFiji, ceded to G. B., 9793.\\nFilangieri, Gaetano, b., 10842 -works,\\n10852 d., 10843.\\nFile cutting, first known, 7842.\\nFilelfo, Francesco, b. (1398) work, 10792;\\nd. (1481).\\nFiles, Israelites used, 11422.\\nFilibustering, proclamation against 1692\\nCuban expedition, 188 fails, 632 2;\\nfrom Los Angeles, Cal., 359\\nin Senate, 1612.\\nFilicaja, Vincenzo da, b., 10823; d., 1083\\nFirmer, Sir Robert, I atrtarcha, 8943 d.\\n(1688V\\nFilipoff, forbidden to lecture, 5323.\\nFilippovic, Gen., at Han Belalovich, 528\\nFilletrault, A., accusations, 594\\nFillmore, Lewis, d., 10022.\\nMillard, b., 1082 marries, 1352\\nsigns Delavan s declaration, 145 nom.\\nfor vice-pres., 165 electoral vote; in-\\naug., 165 2 inaug. Pres. slavery com-\\npromise, 167 2 signs Fugitive Slave Bill,\\n1673 at opening Erie R. R., 1693 at\\nWhig Nat. Conven., 171 nom. for Pres.,\\n1792 vote, 1812 Pres. Commercial Con-\\nvention, 26113; declines opposing China,\\n633 d.,284\\nFinance Bill, in Senate, 3752.\\nFinances, Roller! Morris, supt. of, 933.\\nFinancial crisis in 1836, 1473 relief for,\\n1493; in Ger., 8373; in Port., 11113.\\nFinch, Daniel, E. of Nottingham, b. (1647);\\nminister, 8933, s.972, 8992,3, 11032, 9053;\\nd. (1730).\\nSir Heneage, b., SS02; keeper of seal,\\n8933; lord chancellor, 895 d., 9862.\\nJohn, Sir, minister, SS33; lord chan-\\ncellor, 885\\nBird, b. (1852) d., 3262.\\nFinck, Henry Theophilus, b. (1854) Spain\\nand Morocco, 3963.\\nFincuane, John, imprisonment, 1000 2\\nFinderne, N. J., oil-well, 470\\nFindlay. O., gas explosion, 3773.\\nColl. (Ch. of God), org. (1888).\\nFindley, James, b. (1775\u00c2\u00b1) d., 1442.\\nFine, Oronce, b.-d., C7N3; planetary clock,\\n6822.\\nArts, American Society org., 300\\nFine Arts Quarter/// Jitrittc, issued, 966 3\\nFinegan, Gen. Joseph, defeats Fla. expedi-\\ntion, 2302.\\nFineux, John, chief-justice, 8673.\\nFingal, Legendary Prince of Morven, Cal-\\nedonia, b., 8402.\\nFingall, Baron, 945\\nEarl of, title created, 881\\nFingoland annexed. Cape Colony, 6012.\\nFink, Albert, b., 1342.\\n.Friedrich August von, b., 7983; d.,\\n8023.\\nLouis M.. cons, bp., 2742 opposes\\nFarmers Alliance, 3522.\\nFinland, annexed to Bus., 11153 Suomi,\\nissued in Swedish, 1117 celebrates es-\\ntablishment of Christianity Mission\\nSoc. fnd., 1118 2 mission work; Seamen s\\nMission Society org., 1120 Russian lan-\\nguage in schools, 11203; autonomy abol-\\nished, 11213; ceded toliussia, 11353, 11363.\\nFinlay, George, b., 9283; d., 9802.\\nFinlayson, Duncan, gov. Red River S.,\\n5773.\\nFinley, James Bradley, b. (1781) Indian\\nmission, 1282 d. (1856).\\nRobert, b., 762; d., 126\\nSam., b., 58 on baptism, 663; d.,74\\nFinn, Henry J., b., 962; d., 152\\nPatrick J., P. O. robber, 45H\\nFinnbogi, in Mass.; murdered, 112.\\nFinney, Chas. Grandison, b., 1022 d., 288\\nJames B., d., 178\\nFinnis, Thos. Quested, lord mayor Lon-\\ndon, 9612.\\nFinsbury, Technical Coll. opd., 9902.\\nFiona, fires on Fr. vessel, 761\\nFiorentino, It., Ser Giovanni, Pecoroni,\\n10772.\\nFiorenzuola, battle of, 7722 action at,\\n1072\\nAgnolo, b., 10783; d., 10803.\\nFiorillo, Johann Dominicus, b. (1748) d.,\\n8122.\\nFirdusi, Fii-doiisi, or Firdausi, AbulCasim\\nMansur, b.-d., 11062.\\nFire, U. S. losses by, 3033.\\nannibilator invented, 9542.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1265.jp2"}, "1266": {"fulltext": "1254\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nFire-Flet.\\nFire -engine, steam, made at Cincinnati,\\n1721 constructed, 944 first made, Ger.,\\n7882.\\nEngineers, meet at Springfield, 3892.\\nFirefly, locomotive, 9461\\nFire Island, N. Y., purchased, 4271 quar-\\nantine station, 4141 3, 4151 1 3.\\nFireside Companion, est., 1881.\\nFireworks explode, Eng., 9033.\\nFirmin, Thomas, b., S822.\\nFirmus, revolts, reigns, 10672.\\nFirth, Mark, opens Firth Park, 9801\\nColl., Sheffield, endowed, 9842.\\nFirnum, colony at, 10533.\\nFiruz Shah Tughlak reigns, 10433.\\nFiscal Corporation Bill, Tyler vetoes, 1533.\\nyear changed, U. S. govt., 1553.\\nFisch, George, b., 7211 d., 7522.\\nFischart, Johann, b., 7902 works, 7931\\nd., 7922.\\nFischer, Adolf, executed, 3272.\\nErnst Kuno Berthold, b., 8123.\\nGeo. Jackson, b., 1322.\\nGotthelf, b., 11162; d., 111S2.\\nvon Erlach, Baron Johann B b. 7963\\nd., 8002.\\nFish Creek, Can., battle at, 5841\\nDam Creek, N. C, action at, 923.\\nHamilton, b., 1142; g0 v, N. Y., 1671\\nSec. State,267 1,281 3; on Alabama claims,\\n2692; on Joint Commission, 2732; minis-\\nter, 2813; d., 4361.\\nHenry, d., 2961\\nNicholas, b. (1758) d., 1421\\nCan., duty on, 5932 duty revoked,\\n5751.\\nfall of, at Cairo, 111., 3681\\nFishback, William M., gov. Ark., 4471\\nFishburn, William, b, (1760) d., 1281\\nFisher, Charles, b. (1816) d., 3842.\\nElwood, d., 2172.\\nGeorge H., pres. Ref. Synod, 1662.\\nBark, b., 1342 Colonial Era,\\n4203; in treas. dept., 3512.\\nJohn, bp., b., 8641 executed, 8682.\\nb. (1748) elected bp., 9303 C ons.\\nbp., 9291; d. (1825).\\nSamuel, sentenced, 3803.\\nW., moderator, Assembly, 1502,\\n1822.\\nFisheries, in Can., 571 1 Fr. struggle over,\\n913; convention U. S., G. B., 1272; Am.\\ndispute with Eng., 171 2; treaty with U.S.,\\n1752, 9592; Commission created, 2631,\\n2732 awards to Can., 2972, 3011 diffi-\\nculties, 3252; correspondence demanded,\\n2991,2; Retaliation Bill passed, 3272\\nJoint Commission meets, 3272 signed,\\n3293 Eng. assents, 3311 senate disap-\\nproves, 3312 convention, 579i tempo-\\nrary use, 5831; dispute limited, 5832;\\nCommission at Halifax, 5851 regula-\\ntions enforced, 585 2 Bill, passes Con-\\ngress, 5852; joint commission appointed\\ntreaty Senate disapproves, 5863 an-\\nnual report, 5863.\\nAct Amendment passes, Can., 5872\\ntreaty enforced, 5912 Fisheries Act\\npasses, 9831.\\nRights, N. F., 10052.\\nSoe. Conven., Am., 4071 4601\\nFishermen, privileges, Am., 5923.\\nFisher s Hill, Va.,Confeds. defeated, 2383.\\nIsland Sound, whale caught, 4773.\\nFisherwick, Baron, title created, 9252.\\nFishing-Creek, S. C, skirmish, 922.\\nvessels lost, Fr., 759 3\\nFisk, Clinton Bowen, b., 1362; Pres. East\\nTerm. Land Co., 3493 nom. for pres.,\\n3311 pop. vote, 3312 d., 3621\\nEzra, b. (1785) moderator, 13S3 d.,\\n(1883).\\nJames, Jr., and Erie Ring Panic, 2673.\\nk.,2772.\\nMary H., d., 3341.\\nPliny, b., 1022; miss., 1263; d., 1322.\\nSamuel, b., 1362; d., 2373.\\nWilbur, b., 1022 d., 1502.\\nUniv. org., Tenn., 2602; Jubilee Sing-\\ners, campaign, 2782.\\nwill ease derided, N. T., 3582.\\nFiske, John, b., 1542 works, 2643, 2803,\\n2871, 2943, 3143, 31S3, 3231, 3303, 3502,\\n3743,4203, 4782.\\nFiskville, R. I., reservoir bursts, 345 2\\nFitch, Ashbel P., b., 1641\\nC. E., clerk Const. Conv., 4593.\\nJohn, b., 642 experiments, 961 j\\nsteamboat trip, 1021 d., 1081\\nFitch, Leroy, b., 1442 d., 2881\\nThos., b. (1699) gov. Conn., 693 d.\\n(1774).\\nSilk Ribbon Bill passes, 3531\\nFitchburg, Mass., Parochial School, 3942\\nMayor Graves guilty, 4042 R.R. acci-\\ndent, 4153.\\nFithian, G. W., b., 1741.\\nFitson, John, b., 662.\\nFitz-Alwyn, Henry, mayor Lond., 8513\\nd. (1212).\\nFitzgerald, CatherineM., shoots Mrs. Pear-\\nsail, 43S3 acquitted, 4603.\\nEdward, b. (1833) cons, bp., 2562.\\nLord Edward, b., 9162; arrested, 9293;\\nd., 92S3.\\nFrancis, murdered, 9671.\\nJames N., elected M. E. bp., 3302.\\nJohn, Pres. Irish Natl. League, 9943.\\nd.,4781.\\nBaron John David, d., 1000 1\\nMam-ice, viceroy, 8532.\\nOscar P., elected bp., 3531\\nPercy, Literary Remains, 10022.\\nRobert, patent granted, 8961\\nThomas, gov., 8572.\\nWilliam, b. (1814) cons. Rom. Cath.\\nbp., 9822 d. (1883).\\nW. R. Seymour, gov., 10473.\\nJudge, report on country, 9871\\nFitzgibbon, John, b. (1749) lord chancel-\\nlor, 9253 d. (1802).\\nFitzhenry, Meyler, viceroy, 8531\\nFitzherbert, Maria Anne Smy the, b., 9143;\\nmarries Prince of Wales, 9252 d. (1837).\\nFitzhugh, William E., d., 3422.\\nFitzjames, James, D. of Berwick, b., 8922;\\nwar of Span, succession, 696i invades\\nSp.; killed. 698 3.\\nCapt., Arctic Expedition, 9522.\\nFitzmauriee, Gerald, gov., 859 3\\nJames, leads Desmond revolt, 8741\\nmurderers punished, 9983.\\nWm. Petty, Marquis of Landsdowne,\\nb., 9083 minister, 9432 d., 9323.\\nFitzosbern, Rodger, revolts, 8481\\nFitzpatriek, Bemj., b., 1101 gov. Ala., 1552;\\npres. Senate, 1831, 1S51,2 d. (1869).\\nMayor, impeachment suit, 4703.\\nFitz-Peter, Geoffrey, administrator, 8513.\\nFitzroy, Augustus Henry, D. of Grafton,\\nb. (1735); chanc, 9171; d. (1811); asst.\\nprime minister, 9173 resigns, 919 3\\nSir Charles, gov. N. S. Wales, 4971\\nretires, 4972.\\nSir C. A., gov. P. E. I., 5792.\\nHenry, b. (1663) lord lieut., 8692.\\nD. of Grafton, aids William of\\nOrange, 8973 killed, 8981\\nRobert, b., 9323 d., 9681\\nFitzsimmons, Thomas, b., 642.\\nb. (1741) niaj near Trenton, 208 1 J\\nd. (1811).\\nFitz-Stephen, invades Ire., 8501\\nFitzurse, Reginald, kills Becket, 8512.\\nFitzwalter, Kobt., marshal, 852 in Lond.,\\n8532; tenure of Manor, 8543; d. (1225).\\nFitzwilliam, K. of, title created, 9051 ,9112.\\nWilliam Wentworth, b. (1748) lord-\\nlieut., 9273 d. (1833).\\nFive Forks, Va., Sheridan approaches,\\n2442 battle, 2443.\\nMile Act passed, Eng., 8923, 8932.\\nNations, peace with Fr., 421 treaty\\nwith, 432 Fr. at war with, 48 1 protec-\\ntion of, 51 1 ,523, 5721,2.\\nYear Benefit Order, decision, 4211\\nFizeau, Hippolyte Louis, b. 7223 meas-\\nures velocity of light, 7401 photogra-\\npher, 7801\\nFlaccus, Caius Valerius, b. 10622 Argo-\\nnautica, 10631\\nL. Valerius, commands army in Asia,\\n10562; consul, murdered, 10573.\\nM. Fulvins, sent away, 10571 favors\\ncitizenship, 10572.\\nMatthias (lllyricus),b., 7882; d.,7922.\\nFlack, James A., resigns from Tammany,\\n3451 trial, 3543 sentence, 3552 new\\ntrial, 3753.\\nWilliam L., at father s trial, 3543.\\nFlacour, Etienne de, b., 686= d., 6902.\\nFlad, Mr. in Eng., 31, 2.\\nFlag Am. Union, first unfurled, 821 U.S.\\nadopted, 1272 Gen. Dix s order, 1912\\nat Monterey, 1612; forced display, 2021\\npresentation to schools, 3601 at Charles-\\nton, S. C, 2432, 3403 half-mast, 3203;\\nfrom Boston schools, 3471; New York,\\n4253 Flag day eel., 4322 Bill for Am.\\nflag vetoed, N.Y., 4612 on public build\\nings,471i Ger. raised in Afr., 8382; E ng\\nNat., 8792; Gt. Brit., new flag, 9312.\\nFlagellants, conspicuous, 506 2 in France*\\n6743; in Ger., 7802; abuse, 7823; appear,\\nIt., 10763 increase, 10771\\nFlagg, Azariah Cutting, b. (1790); d. 2821\\n.Edmund, b., 1242.\\n.George Whiting, b. (1816); in Nat.\\nAcademy Design, 1701\\nJared B., in Nat. Acad. Design, 1661\\nWilson, b., 1122 d. (1884).\\nFlagler, Daniel W., brig.-gen., 3761 in\\nwar dept., 4472.\\nH. M., requisition for, 4793.\\nFlags, Confederate, not restored, 3272 de-\\nnationalized, Fr., 7193.\\nFlahaut, de la Billarderie, Comte de, An-\\nguste Charles Joseph, b., 7061 d., 7382.\\nFlambard, Ralph, minister, 8492 d.(1128).\\nFlambeaux, Feast of, instituted, 10132.\\nFlamel, Nicolas, b.-d., 6742.\\nFlaminian Way, built, 10531\\nFlaminius, Caius, builds Flaminian Way r\\ninst., Plebeian games, 10531 proposes\\nAgrarian law, 10533 against Hannibal,.\\n10541 commands; subdues Epirus,10543;\\nkilled, 10541\\nTitus Quinctius, consul, freedom of\\nGreek states, 10553.\\nFlammarion, Camille, b., 7282.\\nFlammock, Thos., tax insurrection, 866 1\\nFlamsteed, John, b., 8862 astronomer\\nroyal, 8941 catalogues stars, 8982 His-\\ntoric Cailestis, 9071; d., 9062.\\nFlanders, Belg., conquered, 5391; manu-\\nfactures, 6661 invaded, 6722 severe cold,\\n5401,2; revolt; independence, 673 3 rav-\\naged, 6742; trade flourishes, 5413; lettuce\\nintro., 8662; ceded, 6813; possession dis-\\nputed, 7913; invaded, 10981,2; Protes-\\ntant insurrection, 10993 alliance for\\npartition, 689 2 Louis claims, 6913 Fr.\\nconquer, 5401 Fr. enter, 5181\\nAlvin, gov. Wash., 2693.\\nBenjamin Franklin, b. (1816) gov. of\\nLa., 2573,2593.\\nPhilip, Count of, b., 5442 struggles,\\n10992.\\nFlandin, EugeneNapoleon,b.,719i d.750i\\nFlandrin, Jean II ippohte, b.,7191 ;d., 7362.\\nFlannary, Michael, cons, bp., 9583.\\nFlannel, manufacture of, 1321\\nFlannigan, Stephen W., d., 10062.\\nFlasch, Killan C, cons, bp., 308 2\\nFlatbush, N. Y., settled, 393 Ref. Dutch\\nChurch est., 383 Bedingfield robbed,\\n4282 part of Brooklyn, 4592.\\nFlat Lick Ford, Ky., action at, 2041\\nFlatmaii, Thomas, b., 8822 d. (1688).\\nFlaubert, Gustave, b., 7223 works, 7343\\n7351,7383, 7502 d.,7522.\\nFlaurenc, Francois Fleming, works, 7541\\nFlavian, patriarch Constantinople, 10303\\nd., 11542.\\nFl. ivianus, bp. of Antioch, d., 1154 2\\nFlavin, Miss., exiles a leper, 3382.\\nFlavius Arrianus, works of, 10292.\\nFlaxman, John, b. (1755) d., 9422.\\nFlayers appear, Pi-., 677i\\nFleas, remarkable, 9022.\\nFleohier, Esprit, b., 6882 d., 6963.\\nFleet, German, sold at auction, 8193.\\nFleetwing on ocean race, 255 3\\nFleetwood, Wm.,bp.of Ely ,b. 8882; d.,9062.\\nFleischer, Heinrich L., b.,807i d., 8321\\nFleix, treaty of, 6841 6852.\\nFleming Co., Ky., Confed. defeated, 2223.\\nA. B., contest for gov., 3491, 3532;\\ngov. W. Va.,375i.\\nFrancis P., gov. Fla., 3492 address,\\n3511.\\nJohn, b. 9223 d., 9622.\\nFlemings, defeated, 639 1 expelled from\\nHolland, 10981 improve manufacture,\\n8982 tradesmen in Eng., 8733.\\nFlemington, W. Va., college opd., 2643.\\nFlemming, Paul, b., 7923; Poems, 7971 d.,\\n7963.\\nSir Thomas, chief justice, 8792.\\nWalter M., b., 1482.\\nWilliam 1.. (1734) d., 1321\\nFlemsburg, Ger., occupied, 6402 rebels\\ndefeated, 6401 battle at, 816 1\\nFletcher, Andrew, b., 8882; d., 9062.\\nBenjamin, gov. N. Y. commands\\nConn, militia, 521 532 intolerance\\nforced, 522; gifts from pirates, 531", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1266.jp2"}, "1267": {"fulltext": "Flet-Font\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1255\\nFletcher, G.,b.,S762; works, 8783; d.,8802.\\nJames Coolev, b. (1823) miss., 5542.\\nJ. M., nom. gov. N. H., 369\\nJohn, b., 8742; works, 8783, 8S03, 8S1\\nd., 8802.\\nLoren, b., 1421.\\nPhineas,b.,8742; Purple /stand, 883\\nd., 8882.\\nRyland, gov. Vt., 1812.\\nThomas Clement, b. (1827) gov. Mo.,\\n2413.\\nFleur-de-lis as emblem, Fr., 663\\nFleurieu, Comte de, Charles Pierre Claret,\\nb., 7002; d., 719\\nFleurus, Belg., battles of, 518 540 694\\n806 Waldeek defeated, 542 action at,\\n1100\\nFleury, Andre Hercule de, b., 6902; prime\\nminister, 6993; d., 7003.\\nClaude, b., 6883 works, 6932, 6952;\\nd., 6982.\\nEmile F., b., 7222; d., 754\\nFlevee, Joseph, b., 703\\nFliedner, Theodor, b., 807 d., 8222.\\nFlinders, Matthew, b. (1774) surveyors,\\n494 d. (1814).\\nFlinn, Andrew, b. (1773) moderator, 119\\nd. (1820).\\nFlint, Austin, b., 1183; d. (1886).\\nAustin, Jr., b., 1462.\\nChas. R., delegate Americas Con-\\nHenry Martyn, b. (1829) d., 264\\nRobert, Philoso/ihg \u00e2\u0080\u009ef History, 479\\nTimothy, b. (1780) d., 152\\nCastle, destroyed, 854\\nRiver, Ala., Baptist church org., 1443.\\ntools, discovered, Eng., 942\\nFloating Island at Henry Lake, 334\\nFlodden Field, Eng., battle of, 866\\nFloki, in Iceland, 11\\nFlood, Henry, b., 9082; d., 9243.\\nJames 0., d., 336\\nVincent, cons. bp. auxiliary, 9962.\\n.Warden, chief justice, 9153.\\nFloods in Conn. Valley, 174 at Denver,\\nColo., 2332 in Mohawk Valley Poto-\\nmac, 342 at Los Angeles, 350 in Illi-\\nnois Valley, 406 Indiana, 508 sub-\\nside N. Y., Pa., 460 in Queensland,\\nAustral. Brisbane Darling, 500 in\\nBohemia, ,32 in Galicia, 5373; in Eng.,\\n878 1000 in Fr., 756 Japan, 1092\\n(See China.)\\nFloquet, Charles, Expulsion Bill of, 7533\\nduel, 756 3 minister, 757 pres. chamber,\\n7592, 7612, 7632.\\nFlor, Juan Lopez de la, governor, 6302.\\nFlora, seized, 5933.\\ngames in honor of, 10552.\\nFloral and Horticultural Soc, est., 9402.\\nFloras, Gen., leads refugees, 491\\nFlore Co., Miss., race war, 344\\nFlorena, Thos. B., b., 1183.\\nFlorence, goes ashore, 407 3\\nFlorence, Ala., Gen. Hood, approaches,\\n240 Normal College est., 2822.\\nColo., railway accident, 3693.\\nIt., San Miniato al Monte, rebuilt,\\n1073 Santa Croce begun Santa Maria\\ndel Fiore built San Michele begun\\nSanta Maria Novella begun, 10763\\nadopts new govt., 10772 Academic in-\\nstruction given, 1077 Campanile be-\\ngun, 10762; war with Pisa, 1076 Univ.\\nchartered grant, 1077 2 Medici in power,\\n10773, 10972 conquers Pisa, 1078 San\\nLorenzo begun, 1079 Council of, 1079\\nSacra Rapitreseittariione, 10792 conspir-\\nacy against de Medici theoretical\\nrepublic, 10793 treaty with Fr., 6793\\nacademy est., 1080 2 merged with Tus-\\ncany, 1081 3 Euritlir-e presented, 1082\\nBooh of the Majtrah; Hedge of the Law,\\n1085 Fr., enter, 1084 peace of, 7152;\\nRepublic proclaimed, 10S7 3 Florence\\nDritto, 1087 R. R. to Turin est., 10873;\\nrevolution in, 108X3; capital of It., 10892;\\nDante festival, 10893 Pari, meets in\\nriots grist-tax adopted neutrality pro-\\nclaimed, 10892 p r ot. mission, 10883;\\nstatue Victor Emmanuel, 1090\\nS. C, state dispensary seized, 4543.\\nThomas Birch, b. (18i2) d., 288\\nWm. James, b. (1831) appears, 152\\nd., 394\\nMrs. Wm. Jernvyn, b., 1602.\\nFlorentine), Pier Angelo, b., 10843 d.,\\n10882.\\nFlores, Ccrilo, b.-d., 10383 k., 1038\\nGen. Venancio, Pres. Uruguay, 1160 2\\ncreates civil war, 11603.\\nFlorescence, phenomenon, dis., 958 2\\nFlorez, Enrique, b.-d., 11283.\\nJuan, gov Costa Rica, 630 3\\nGen. Juan Jose, 1 (1800) in Ecuador,\\n643 pres. Ecu., 6442 leaves country,\\nG442 d. (1864).\\nFlorian, St., b., 1113\\nJean Pierre Claris de, b., 7022; works,\\n7063, 7083; d., 7103.\\n(Marcus Florianus), claims throne\\nk., 10672.\\nFlorida, sails from Eng., 210 at sea, 212\\nescapes, 218 2 captures Joeoh Bell, 2183;\\ncaptured, 2383.\\ncollides with Poneina, 3173.\\nFlorida, Am., redis., 163; Sp. claims, 17 3\\n1128 missionaries perish, 203 Jesuit\\nmission, 222; Dominicans in, 232; Hugue-\\nnots massacred, 243; piracy, 25 expe-\\ndition against, 54 Gov. Moore in, 56\\nEng. claims, 572; slaves welcomed, 632;\\nFranciscan reports, 723 ceded to Gt.\\nBrit., 733 Pensacola taken, 952; ceded\\nto Sp., 97 R. C. bishop appt., 1043; oc-\\ncupied, 1173; Sp. cedes East F. to U.\\nS. A., 1272 invaded by Jackson St.,\\nMarks taken Pensacola taken Baran-\\ncas reduced, 126 surrendered, 1292;\\nAndrew Jackson, gov., 1293; territorial\\ngov. for Win. P. Duval, gov., 1312; land\\nvoted to Lafayette, 133 John H. Eaton,\\ngov., 1452; Indian war, 146 Richard K.\\nall gov., 1472, i-,52; p,\u00e2\u0080\u009e t Epis. dio. est.,\\n1483 capture of Indians, 150 Robert\\nR. Reid gov., 1512; Meth. Epis. Conf.\\nfind., 1563. 2763; Branch John gov., 159\\nState admitted into Union, 1592; Wm.\\nD. Moseley gov., 161 Thomas Brown\\ngov., 167 James E. Broome gov., 1743;\\nMadison S. Perry gov., 1832 Federal\\nforts seized Ft. Taylor held Pensa-\\ncola Navy Yard seized, 190 arsenal\\nseized Pensacola for secessionists\\nState Conven. meets; secedes, 191 sen-\\nators withdraw, 1912 Cedar Keys cap-\\ntured, 2022 John Milton gov., 2032\\nJacksonville surrendered; Ft. Church\\nand Fernandina taken St. Augustine\\nsurrendered, 2043 Appalachiola sur-\\nrendered, 206 Federal expedition to,\\n230 annuls secession adopts new con-\\nstitution, 249 William Marvin gov.,\\n249 251 David S. Walker gov., 2553\\nHomestead Dill disposes of land, 253\\nAfrican M. E. Conference org., 2562\\nConstitutional Union party org., 259\\nconstitutional convention meets, 261\\nadopts new constitution, 2612 read-\\nmitted, 2632 civil authorities rule,\\n263 3 ratines new constitution adopts\\n14th amendment, 2t!32 Harrison Reed\\ngov., 2632,2652; ratifies 15th amendment,\\n2672 annexation with Ala. favored,\\n2692 George F. Drew gov., 2973 o. B.\\nHart gov., 285 M.L. Stearns gov., 2873;\\nConstitution, Amendments ratified, 289\\nthree sets electoral votes, 2932, 3 J 2953\\nState prison made insane asylum, 2943\\nelection frauds investigated, 2992, 3012\\ngovt, lands conveyed, 3073 Wm. D.\\nBloxham gov. syndicate purchases\\nlands, 3093 Gen. Congregational Asso.\\norg., 3142 State Univ. removed, 3143\\nprospers, 3153; Institution for deaf est.,\\n319 Rollins (loll. org. at Winter Park,\\n3223; Edward A. Perry gov., 3233 Con-\\nstitution ratified, 3252; phosphate rock\\ndis., 342 Canal Co. find., 3453 Asso-\\nciated Land Dept. find., 3473 Francis\\nP. Fleming gov., 3492 Subtropical Ex-\\nhibition opd., 351 3; rolling-mill strike,\\n3523; Univ. of F. fnd., 35X2; election day\\nchanged, 373 Bulldozer fined, 3782;\\nillicit stills destroyed, 37X3; liquor trade\\ncondemned, 385 race conflicts, 397\\nRepublicans make in nominations, 4052;\\nyellow fever vessel, 4133 cyclone, 472\\ncigar-makers strike, 473 frost, 4793.\\nMo., Federals defeated at, 2102.\\nBlanca, Count of, Jose Monino, b.,\\n11283.\\nFlorillo, Johann D., b., 8003.\\nFlorine. Tex., Insaue Asylum opd., 397\\nFlorio, John, b. (1553); trans. Essays, 8783;\\nd., 8802.\\nFloris I., Count, rules, 1099 d., 10982.\\nFloris II., rules, 11199 d., 10982.\\nIII., rules, 1099 d., 10982.\\nIV., rules, 1099 d., 10982.\\nV., Count, rules, 1099\\nFrans, b., 5402; d., 5403.\\nFloris, issued, 7783.\\nFlotow, Friedrich von, b., 8102 d., 830*.\\nFlour, price falls, 1293.\\nFlourens, Gustave, leader, 7432, 7442\\ndefense committee, 743 3\\nLeopold Emile, b. (1841) minister,\\n7553, 7563, 757\\nMarie, insurrectionist, 7452.\\nJean Pierre, b., 7102 d., 7362.\\nFlovard, b.-d., 6662.\\nFlower, Benjamin, fined imprisoned, 929\\nFlower Leaf, issued, 9603.\\nRoswell Pettiboue, b. (1835) gov.\\nN.Y., 3912, 1212; charges against, 4653.\\nFloyd, John, b. (1770) gov. V a., 139 2; popu-\\nlar VOte, 1412, 3; d., 1482.\\nBuchanan, b., 114 gov. Va.,\\n1672; S ec. war, 1823; sends guns South\\nresigns war dept., 1893 scatters the\\narmy, 190 in W. Va., 1982; at Carni-\\nfex, 1983; at McCoy s Mill, 2003; at Fort\\nDonelson, 204 d., 2272.\\nWilliam, b., 622; d., 130\\nFlugel, Gustav L., b., 8082; d., 8262.\\nJohann G., b., 8043 d., 820\\nFluoric acid, used, 7963.\\nFlushing, N. Y., Baptist converts, 402; Gil-\\nman defaulter, 3823 Citizens League\\norg., 3823.\\nIsle of Walcheren I ibarded, 934\\nNeth., taken, 1098 1102 new port\\nopd., 11023.\\nFluxions, Rittenhouse dis. method, 682.\\nFly shuttle used, 912\\nFlying Childers (race-horse), dies, 9113.\\nFlying Fish, sails in exploring exp., 148\\nF/ f/in y Send, disappears, 3253.\\nFlvnri, Michael, convicted, 9903.\\nFodi Silah, chief, 1010\\nFoeldvar, riots, 531\\nFoerster, Wilhelm, b., 8142.\\nFog; at Salem, Mass., 308\\nFi.grlberg, ISengl Erland, b.-d., 11342.\\nFoggia, It., battle of, 7S0\\nFohi, art of writing, 610 intro. marriage,\\n6103; mythical founder of Empire, 611\\nFoix, Fr., annexed, 6732.\\nGaston de, b. (1489); DM wits de la\\nChasse, C763; at Ccrignola, 6782; relieves\\nBologna; takes Brescia; k., 680\\nPaul de, b., 6803; d., 6842.\\nFokshani, action at, 1116\\nFolard, Jean Chas. de, b., 6903; d., 701\\nFolentino, treaty signed by pope, 7132.\\nFoley, Baron, title created, 9212.\\nJohn Henry, b., 9383; d., 97S2.\\nJ., cons. Rom. Cath. bp., 3302.\\nMaj., at Elk Fork, 217\\nSamuel J., Liquor-dealers Bill, 401*\\nSir Thomas, b., 9143; d., 9462.\\nFolger, Charles James, b. (1818) sec.\\ntreas., 3092; loses governorship, 3112;\\nd.,3162.\\nWilliam M., in navy dept., 3512.\\nFolkes, Martin, b. (1690) pres. Royal So-\\nciety, 9102; d. (1754).\\nFolk-Lore Society est., 9S3 in Am., org.,\\n(1878) meets, 421\\nFolkstone, first convent, 8422 landslide,\\n1004\\nFollen, August, b., 8062.\\nCharles Theodore Christian, b., 8063;\\nd., 8143.\\nFolsom, George, b. (1S02) d.,266\\nJos. L., b. (1817) d., 176\\nNathaniel, 6(12; d. (1790).\\nFolz, or Volz, Hans, b., 7862.\\nFonblanque, Albany W., b.,9262; d.,976\\nFonda, Jesse, pres. Reformed synod, 131\\nFonfrede, Jean Baptists Boyer, b., 703\\nd., 7082.\\nFonseca, Eleonora Piiiiental, Marchioness,\\nde, b.-d., 10842.\\nJuan Kodriquez de, bp., b. (1441) In-\\ndian affairs, 153; d. (1524).\\nManuel Deodoroda, b., 5542; pres.\\nBrazil, 5352, 5572, 559 signs constitu-\\ntion, 558 congratulations. 5583; dicta-\\ntor, 559 deposed resigns, 5592; d.,5583.\\nFontaine, Alexis, b., 6962; d., 7042.\\nPierre Francois Leonard, b., 7023\\nd., 7322.\\nM., Panama Canal scandal, 7642\\nsentence withdrawn, 7643.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1267.jp2"}, "1268": {"fulltext": "1256\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nFont-Fort.\\nFontana, Domenico, b., 10803; d., 10823.\\nFontanais, Manuels Milay, b.-d, 11322.\\nFontainebleau, Fr., treaty of, 733, 6933,\\n7173; pope s residence, 7192.\\nFontaine-Franyaise, battle of, 684\\nFontanes, Marquis de, Louis, b., 7022;\\nworks, 7052 d.,7223.\\nFontarabia, or Fuenterrabia, capitulates,\\n6981.\\nFontenay, Fr., battle of, 772\\nFrancois, confession, 4263.\\nJean Baptiste Blain de, b., 6902 d.,\\n697\\nFontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de, b., 6902;\\nworks, 6932, 0972 d., 7022.\\nFontenoy, Belg., battle at, 542 700 800\\nFontleroy, in Am. colonies, 75\\nFood, Fr., exportation forbidden, 741\\ntax, Eng., 8853.\\nFools, Eng., law for natural, 8563.\\nFoord, John, b., 1542.\\nFoot, Solomon, b. 1802) pres. Senate, 1973,\\n2032, 2053 resigns, 207 pres. Senate,\\n2093, 2193, 2213, 2313 d. (1866).\\nFoote, Andrew, Hull, b., 1122 leaves\\nCairo takes Fort Henry, 2022 at Fort\\nDonelson, 204 in Tenn., 205 at Island\\nNo. 10, 2052, 206 d., 2232.\\nHenry Stuart, b., 1082 defeats J.\\nDavis, 169 2 gov. Miss., 1712 peace\\nresolutions, 2033; d., 304\\nJosiah Ives, b. (1796); d., 152\\nMary Hall. irk; fit,, sen fallen, 4462.\\nSamuel, b., 9062; d., 9203.\\nAugustus, b. (1780) gov. Conn.,\\n1452 d., 1602.\\nFoquet, Nicola, b., 6S62.\\nForaker, Joseph Benson, b. (1846) gov.\\nO., 3252 nom. for gov., 3412.\\nForbach, Ger., battle of Germans occupy,\\n738\\nForbes, Baron, title created, 8623.\\nCharles S.,b., 944\\nDuncan, b., 8962 d., 9122.\\nEdward, b., 9363 d. (1854).\\nFrancis, U. S. minister, 3552.\\nJames David, 9343 d., 970\\nMaj. John, b. (1710) attacked, 6043\\nd. (1759).\\nSir John, b., 9242 d., 9642.\\nJohn M.,b., 114\\nForbin, Claude, b., 6902 d., 6983.\\nForbonnais, Francois Veron de, b., 6982\\nd., 7142.\\nForcade-Laroquette, Jean, LL.D. de, b.,\\n7223 d., 7482.\\nForce Bill, passes Cong., 1413, 1432 de-\\nclared void in S. C, 1432 passed by\\nCong., 275\\nPeter, b., 1022 d., 260\\nForcellini, Egidio, b., 1083 d., 10842.\\nForchhanimer, Johann, h., 0382 d., 642\\nForckenbeck, Von, resigns, 8312.\\nFord, Kau., natural irrigation, 4493.\\nEarl of Tankerville, commissioner of\\nTreasury, 9013.\\nBob, killed, 4082.\\nJohn, b.,S702 works, 8823; d.,8822.\\nBruce, d., 474\\nRichard, b. (1796) d., 9622.\\nSeabury, b. (1801); gov. O., 167 d.\\n(1855).\\nThos., gov. 111., 1553 d. (1851).\\nFordham, N. Y., St. John s Coll. org., 1543\\nHughes statue, 386\\nForeign Christian Missionary Soc. org.,\\n2882.\\nEnlistment Act, passes, 9752.\\nEvangelization Society org., 9742.\\nExposition, in Boston, 3153.\\nIndian School Mission, 1802.\\nSunday School Asso. fnd., 3002.\\nForeign Quarter!// lierietc, issued, 943\\nand Colonial Quart: rli/ Review, est.,\\n9523.\\nForeigners banished, Eng., 850\\ndecree against, Braz., 5573.\\nmust register, Fr., 765\\nTax Bill passes, Fr., 7592.\\nForepaugh, Adam, d., 352\\nForest Charter confirmed, Eng., 857\\nGate, Industrial School burns, 10033.\\nHill Cemetery, est., 1653.\\nForester, Baron, title created, 9372 title\\nof Earl, 883\\nForesters parade, New York, 389 2 meet\\nin London, Can., 5883.\\nForesti, E. Felice, b., 10843; d., 10882.\\nForestry Asso., meets, Am., 397 4691\\nForestry Congress at Albany, 4533.\\nForey, Elie Frederic, b., 715 at Monte-\\nbello, 524 d., 7461\\nForfarshire, lost, 9493.\\nForgery, punished, 8731 death for, Eng.,\\n883 1 907 1 death penalty abolished, 947 1\\nremarkable, 3832.\\nForget, A. J., testimony, 4523.\\nForkel, JohannNikolaus,b.,8003; d. (1818).\\nForlaequier, annexed, 673 2\\nForman, William S., b., 1623.\\nFormerie, Prussian, repulsed, 7422.\\nFormes, Carl (Charles John), b. (1810) d.,\\n3481.\\nKarl, b., 8121 d., 8321\\nFormigny, Fr., English defeated, 6781.\\nFormosa, annexed to China, 0153; mission,\\n6203, 6211 6222, 6242 bombarded, 6221\\nJapanese massacre, 623 2 It. R. plant\\nest., 6233 evacuated subdued, 6241\\nChina and Japan agree regarding, 625 2\\ndecree against Japanese, 10931\\nFormosus, pope, 10723.\\nForney, John Weiss, b., 1261 d., 3082.\\nFomovo, It battle of, 6782.\\nForrest, Edwin, b., 1122; appears in New\\nYork, 1341; in London, 1461; in Astor\\nPlace riot, 1643 as Virginius, 219 d.,\\n2782.\\nHenry de, editor, 67 1\\nMiles, executes princes, 8653.\\nNathan Bedford, b., 1301 a t Ready-\\nville, 2122; strikes .rant s line, 2163 at\\nParker s Cross Roads, 217 near Lexing-\\nton, 2181; at Fort Donelson, 2183; at\\nBrentwoody,220l; at Pulaski, 2283; near\\nWest Point, 23U2 demands Padueah\\nraids into Kv., 2303; attacks Kort Pillow,\\n231 1 at Brice s Cross Roads, 2342 be-\\ntween Pontotoc and Tupelo, 2362 at\\nMurfreesboro, 2402,3; at Ebenezer Ch.,\\n2451 d., 2542.\\nForsell, Karl Gustaf af, b. (1783) Statis-\\ntics, 11362 d. (1848).\\nForster, Ernst J., b., 8071 d. (1885).\\nHeinrich, Pr., bishop of Breslau, b.,\\n8071 deposed, 8283 .1., 8301.\\nJohann G. A., b., 8022 d., 8062.\\nR., b., 8002 d., 8063.\\nJohn, b. (1812) works, 9551 9763 d.\\n(1876).\\nMurphy J., governor La., 4212.\\n.William Edward, b., 9383 Element-\\nary Education Bill, 973 3 intro. Coer-\\ncion Bill, 9S72 resigns, 9892 d. (1886)\\nportrait, 9981 memorial, 10021\\nForsyth, Ga., Monroe Female Coll., 1662.\\nMo., action at, 1963.\\nMont., Industrial Army at, 458 2\\nCapl. Benjamin, at Elizabeth, 1201\\nd. (1814).\\nCol. Geo. A., tights Indians, 262\\nJames W., b. (1835:-) commissioned\\ncol., 3221 exonerated, 3781; com. brig.-\\ngen. in California, 4741\\nJohn, b., 931 gov. Ga., 1353 sec.\\nstate, 1473 d., 1522.\\nb. (1813) Confed. commissioner,\\n1931 d. (1879).\\nForsythe, Rev. Mr., ignites gunpowder by\\npercussion, 9322.\\nGen., explores N. Dak., 2881\\nFort Abercrombie, N. Dak., Sioux against,\\n2141.\\nAbraliam Lincoln, expedition leaves,\\n2841.\\nAdams, Miss., steamboat accident,\\n3733.\\nAlexander, Alas., missionaries, 2542.\\nAmsterdam, N. Y., begun, 321\\nAnderson, N. C, Porter attacks. 2302;\\nGen. Forrest abandons, 2311; Federals\\ncapture, 2422.\\nAndros, Me., built, 50\\nAnn, N. Y., battle of burned, 863.\\nArmstrong, captured, 9561\\nAugustine, Fla., seized, 1901.\\nBeau Sejour, N. S., surrenders, 68 2\\nBerthold, mission transferred, 3142.\\nBlakely, Ala., Gen. Steele arrives\\ninvested Miltraukee blown up, 2442\\nItotlolpll sunk 2443 Federals take, 2452.\\nBoyer, Ala., attacked by British, 1222\\nsurrenders, 1223.\\nBrown, Tex., bombarded, 1601 occu-\\npied, 1921.\\nCarleto, Can., burned, 5841\\nCarolina, Fla., built, 251; stormed,\\n241\\nFort Casimir, Del., built Dutch expelled,\\nCaswell, N. 0., seized, 1901; 1922;\\nblown up, 2421\\nCharles, S. C, erected, 233.\\nChartress, O., Engish hold, 74\\nChippewyan, Mackenzie returns, 5762.\\nChristina, Del., Epis. service, 343.\\nChurch, Fla., taken, 2043.\\nClark, N. C, bombarded, 1981 cap-\\ntured, 2122.\\nClinton, N. Y., captured, 87 2\\nCrevecceur, 111., built, 462.\\nCumberland, N. S., defended, 5761\\nDarling, Va., naval battle, 2081 Gen.\\nButler at, 2331.\\nDauphin, Madagascar, taken, 10951\\nDearborn, erected, 1133 Indians mas-\\nsacre, 1181.\\nDefiance, O., built, 1041\\nDenonville, taken, 60 retaken, 5741\\nde Russy, captured, 230 2 Federals\\nblow up, 2303.\\nDodge, la., saloons exposed, 4303.\\nDonelson, Tenn., invested, 2042; Con-\\nfeds, repulsed. 212 taken, 2183.\\nDummer, Vt., built, 612.\\nDu Quesne, Pa., built, 681 5742 ex-\\nlie, lition against, 6S1 Braddock de-\\nfeated, 682 burned, 703.\\nEdward, N. Y., erected, 682.\\nErie, Can. .surrenders, 122 assaulted;\\nbesieged Brit, retire, 1222 Americans\\nevacuate, 1223.\\nEsperanza, Tex., Federals occupy,\\n2282.\\nFillmore, Tenn., Confeds. defeated,\\n2103.\\nFilmore, N. Mex., surrendered, 1981\\nFisher, N. C, expedition for, 2402;\\nblow up powder-boat bombarded Fed-\\nerals capture, 2403, 2421 magazine ex-\\nplodes, 2421\\nFrontenac, Can., built, 5721; La\\nSalle s manor, 5733 La Salle returns to,\\n5743 taken, 702.\\nGaines, Ala., seized, 1901 Gen. Gran-\\nger at attacked surrendered, 2371\\nGarry, Can., Wolseley at, 5821\\nGaspereau, N. S., surrenders, 682.\\nGeorge, Can., abandoned, 1203 Gen.\\nVincent at, 120 taken, 1202.\\nN.Y., erected Fr. repulsed, 682;\\nAbercrombie at, 702.\\nGower, Va., militia patriotic, 793.\\nGranhv, taken by Col. Lee, 942.\\nGreenville, O.,bu ilt,104i treaty, 1071\\nGregg, Va., Federals capture, 2443.\\nHalifax, Me., built, 68\\nHamilton, N. Y., Cunningham killed,\\n4222.\\nHare, action at, 956\\nHarmar, O., built, 98 Indian treaty\\nat, 101\\nHarrison, Va., Confeds. repulsed\\nFederals capture, 2382.\\nHatteras, N. C, bombarded, 198\\ncaptured, 2122.\\nHenry, Ky., taken, 2022.\\nHill, Miss., Porter attacks, 2222.\\nHuachuca, Ariz., soldiers ambushed,\\n346\\nHuger, Ala., Federals take, 246\\nJackson, Ga., seized, 190\\nJackson, La., seized, 190 bombarded,\\n2062 invested Farragut passes, 2063\\nofficials imprisoned at, 208\\nJefferson on Mississippi, built, 92\\nJohnson, S. C, taken, 803 seized,\\n190\\nJohnston, N. C, seized, 1922.\\nKing, Fla., Seminole Indians at, 144\\nLafayette, N. Y., Beall hanged, 242:\\nKennedy hanged, 2442 political pris-\\noners discharged, 2452 burned, 2653\\ntorpedo-gun mounted, 320\\nLaramie, Wyo., Fremont arrives, 154\\njury of both sexes, 2703.\\nLeavenworth, Kan., negroes enlist,\\n2103.\\nLee, N. J., threatened, 843.\\nLoudon, Tenn., garrison massacred,\\n72\\nMacKenzie, factory massacre at,\\n10012.\\nMackinaw, Mich., taken, 722.\\nMacom, N. C, taken, 2063.\\nMaiden, Can., attemptedcapture,1182.\\nMarion, Fla., seized, 190", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1268.jp2"}, "1269": {"fulltext": "Fort-Foxe.\\nText Figures denote Page. UNL/Jc-X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1257\\nFort Masagran, defended by French, 83.\\nMassachusetts, Mass., taken, 66 1\\nMcAllister, Ga., Federals bombard,\\n2182 attacked, 2191 Federals capture,\\n2402.\\nMcHenry, Md., bombarded by Brit.,\\n1222.\\nMeigs, O., British besiege, 1202; again\\nbesieged, 1203.\\nMercer, N. J., British take, 188\\nMifflin, Pa., taken, 88\\nMims, Ala., surrendered, 1203.\\nMontgomery, N. Y., captured, 87 2\\nMorgan, Ala., seized, 100 attacked,\\n237 surrendered, 2372.\\nMoultrie, S. C, surrendered, 921\\nNassau, N. J., built, 30 31\\nN. Y., built 2S destroyed, 292.\\nNecessity, Pa., defense of, 681\\nNiagara, N. Y., built, 60i expedition\\nagainst, 6Si capitulates, 703 taken, by\\nBrit.,121 rebuilt,. .74i capitulates,5743.\\nNinety-Six, S. 0., Indians attack, 72 1\\nOntario, N. Y., siege of, 70\\nOrange, N. Y., built, 30 31 Wal-\\nloons at, 312 Bef. Dutch worship est.,\\n321 surrenders, 42 43\\nPhilip Kearney, Indian massacre at,\\n254\\nPickens, Fla., held, 1901 truce, 1902;\\nreinforced, 1941 attacked, 2001 3.\\nPillow, Tenn., attack, 207i action at,\\n2083 Coufeds. defeated, 2303 Forrest\\nattacks, 2311.\\nPitt, Can., attack on, 5S41 epidemic,\\n5872.\\nPa., built, 703.\\nPlain, N. Y., confidence men, 4SS3.\\nPowell, Ala., bombarded, 2302 blown\\nup, 237\\nPownall, Me., built, 72\\nPulaski, Ga., seized, 189 190 191\\nfired on, 2001 prisoners exchanged, 2401\\nRecovery, O., built, 1041\\nRendsburg, seized, 6401\\nRidgely, Minn., Indians besiege, 2121\\nRinggold, Tex., Garza s attacks, 3971.\\nRouille, Toronto, built, 5742.\\nSanders, Tenn., Longstreet assaults,\\n2282.\\nSandusky, O., taken, 722.\\nSchuyler, N. Y., battle of, 871\\nScott, Kan., ice-dam gives way, 3421\\nhotel collapses, 4333.\\nSedgwick, Va., Confeds defeated,\\n2392.\\nSmith, Ark., murders near, 3723.\\nStanwix, N. Y., built, 702 treaty\\nwith Indians, 77 attacked, 87 Indians\\nsurrender lands, 972.\\nSt. Diego, Fla., taken, 64\\nSteadman, Va., assaulted, 244 2\\nStephenson, O., Brit, assault, 120 3\\nStevens, D. 0., Early at, 236\\nSt. George, Me., built, 58\\nbuilt, 10451\\nSt. Louis, 111., founded, 481\\nSt. Nicholas, Bulg., taken, 5652.\\nSt. Philip, La., seized, 1901; bom-\\nbarded, 20G2, 3 Farragut passes, 2063.\\nSully Missions, transferred, 3142.\\nSumter, S.G., occupied, 1881 demands\\nto be defended, 1803 reinforcements\\nfor, S. C. demands, 1903 relief expedi-\\ntion for. 1901 191 1 unrelieved, 190 re-\\nfused S. C, 1013; divides cabinet, 1932;\\nattacked, 2202 siege, 225 bombarded,\\n226 flag restored, 2462.\\nSunbury, taken, 90\\nTaylor, Fla., garrisoned, 190\\nTex,, Mexicans bombard, 160\\nTeneria, Mex., Jef. Davis charges,\\n1601.\\nTiconderoga, N. Y., French retreat,\\n703 Brit, take, 863.\\nTracy, Ala., Federals take, 2461\\nValley, Ga., Conf. veterans meet,\\n3421.\\nWagner, S. C, assaulted, 2243 2251\\nevacuated, 2202,\\nWarren, Mason and Slidell im-\\nprisoned in, 2003, 2012.\\nWashington, N. Y., attacked, 843.\\nWatson, S. C, taken, 94\\nWayne, Ind., Concordia Coll. fnd.,\\n1503; Fort Wayne Coll., org., 161 R. C.\\ndio. est., 1821 Taylor Univ. fnd., 3742;\\nClub officers indicted, 4443 school for\\nfeeble-minded est.. 329 tire, 3313.\\nFort Wayne.Tex., Spring Palace, opd., 3413.\\nRailroad, opd., 187 3 collision on,\\n4172; accident, 4413.\\nWhite, action at, 9561\\nWilliam, Can., fire, 5913 R. R, acci-\\ndent, 5963.\\nGa., attacked, 641\\nHenry, Me., erected taken, 52\\nN. Y., erected; besieged, 70\\nsurrenders, 70 2\\nW. Va., attacked, 87\\nWitworth, Ya., Feds, capture, 2443.\\nWorth, Tex., Hubbell Smith, ar-\\nrested, 4702.\\nUniv. (Meth. Epis.), org. (1881).\\nWrangel, Alas., mission, 2922, 2962.\\nWright, Ark., attacked, 2062. 207\\nlevee cut, 20G 2\\nFortainps, Belg., bank embezzler, 5451\\nFortescue, Earl of, title created, 9112.\\nChichester .Samuel, minister, 9731;\\npres. council, 991 2\\nGeorge Franklin, b. (1809) gov. N.J.,\\n1692 d., 2762.\\nSir John, b., 8602 works, 8643 d.,\\n8642.\\nForth Bridge, train crosses, 10053.\\nand Clyde canal, steamboats in, 9242.\\nFortier, Alcee, Louisiana Studies, 4783.\\nFortifications, App. Bill, 3W2, ;i012, 3732,\\n377 2, 409 4H2, 4213, 4232, 4532,4652.\\nFortoul, Hippolyte Nicolas Honore, b.,\\n7192 minister, 7473 d., 7322.\\nFortress Monroe, Va., Butler in command,\\n1943 slaves contraband, 196 Gen.\\nWool commands, 19Si Hatteras expedi-\\ntion sails, 1981 U022 Port Royal expedi-\\ntion sails, 2U02 McOlellan arrives Mc-\\nClellan leaves, 206 Butler returns,\\nGen. Terry leaves, 2403 Confed. com-\\nmissioners reach, 243 Jefferson Davis\\nat, 2463, 2471.\\nFortuna, action at, 11322.\\nFortunatus, Bp. of Poitiers, writes Poems,\\n6643.\\nFortune, Indian trader, 29 1 returns, 303.\\nFortune Bay, settlements, 311 2 U. S.\\nfishermen at, 11032 Bait Law riots,\\n11033.\\nRobert, b., 9363 d., 9861\\nFortuny, Mariano, b.-d., 11303.\\nForward, Walter, b. (1786) sec. treas.,\\n1533 d. (1852).\\nFosbroke, Thomas Dudley, b., 9183 d.,\\n9502.\\nFoscari, Francesco, b.-d., 10762.\\nFoscarini, Marco, b., 10831 d., 10842.\\nFoscola, Ugo, b., 10843; works, 10852; d.,\\n10SG2.\\nFoss, Cyrus David, b., 1422; cons., bp., 3042.\\nHenrik Hermann, Tidsnornerne,\\n11043.\\nFossalta, It., battle at, 7801\\nFosses, Castonnet des, work, 7602.\\nFossombrone, It., appeals to Sardinia,\\n10891.\\nFoster Abby Kelley, b., 1162; d. (1887).\\nAugustus J., cili^v burned, 117 2\\nCharles, b., 1362 gov. O., 3052 sec.\\ntreas., 379\\nJ. Ellen, b. (1840) org. Woman s\\nRepublican League, 331\\nGeo.Eulas.,b.(1847 minister finance,\\n593 595 2 596 3\\nHenry, kills J. B. Morgan, 4083.\\nJohn, b., 9183; works, 993 941 d.,\\n9502.\\nsets up press, 443.\\nd.,2842.\\n(tray, b. (1S23) at New Berne,\\n205 at Somerville Heights, 207 at\\nLone Jack, 211 near Slaughterville\\nat Washington, N. C, 2123; in Webster\\nCo., 215 at Kinston, 2162 in East\\nTenn., 2283; commands Dept. of South,\\n234 d. (1874).\\nWells, b., 1242; Prehistoric Races,\\n2823; see. state 4092; replies to Canada,\\n419 2 to Minister Stevens, 425 arbi-\\ntrator, 4252; d. (1873).\\nLafayette Sabine, b. (1806) d., 304\\nM. M., discovers Brah, 820\\nRandolph Sinks, b., 1282; cons, bp.,\\n2763.\\nSir Robert, chief justice, 8912.\\nR. S., Gen. at New Berne, 230 at\\nHoney Hill, 2402; at Charleston, 2422;\\ncaptures Forts Gregg and Witworth,\\n244-3; military commissioner, 2472.\\nFoster, Stephen, b. (1798) d., 1442.\\nCollins, b., 134 d., 231\\nWm., hanged, 2S1\\nFostoria Fields, O., oil-well, 452\\nFothergill, Jessie, b. 1C50I d., 1006\\nJohn, b., 9042; d., 921\\nFoucault, Leon, b., 722 3 invents side-\\nrests d., 7382.\\nFouche, Joseph, Due d Otrante, b., 703\\nd., 7223.\\nFoucher, Paul, b. (1704) works, 7602 d.,\\n(1778).\\nVictor A., b., 7143; d., 7362.\\nFould, Achille, b., 7142; minister, 7313;\\nd.,7362.\\nFoulis, Andrew, b., 9042; d., 919\\nRobert, b., 9022; d., 9203.\\nFoulke, Wm. Dudley, Pres. College, 3722.\\nFoulon, J. A., cons, cardinal priest, 7582.\\nJoseph Francois, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 097 d., 7062.\\nFoulques de Neuilly, d., 0702.\\nFountain of Youth, search for, 17\\nFouque, Friedrich, Baron de la Motte, b.,\\n8042; works, 809 8132; d., 8162.\\nFouque, Henri. Baron lie la Mutte,b.,7982;\\ngen., d.,S04\\nFouquet, Jehan, b.-d., 6762.\\nNicolas, Marquis de Belle-Isle, b.\\n01615) d., 6923.\\nFouquier, Deputy, duel, 7583.\\nTinville, Antoine (.Hientin, b., 7003;\\nprosecutor, 711 guillotined, 7102, 7112,\\nFour, Aries du, appeal to Ct. Brit., 7432.\\nFour Bills, rejected. Eng., SS72.\\nFouracariah. mission at, 11603.\\nFourah Bay Coll., fnded., 11602.\\nFourcroy, Antoine Francois de, b., 7022;\\nwater electricity, 924 d., 719\\nFourdrinier, Henry, b. (1766) paper-\\nmaking machine inv. (1807) used in\\nAm., 138\\nFourichon, Martin, b. (1809) minister\\nnavy, 7412; d. (1884).\\nFourier, Francois Charles Marie, b., 7042;\\nworks, 717 725 7291 d\u00e2\u0080\u009e 7262.\\nBaron Jean Baptiste Joseph, b., 7042;\\nd., 7261\\nPierre, b., 6823; d., 6S83.\\nFonrmont, Etienne, b., 0923; d., 7003.\\nFournet, Victor, b., 7143; d., 7382.\\nFourneyron, Benoit, b., 7143 turbine,\\n7241; d., 7362.\\nFournier, Capt., signs treaty, 6233 duel,\\nEdouard, b., 7223 d., 7522.\\nJuliette, suicide, 4693.\\nPierre Simon, b., 6963; d. (1768).\\nFourtou, M., minister, 7473, 7491 7511\\nFowle, Dan. G., gov. N. C, 3492; d.,3801.\\nFowler, electro-galvanic experiments,\\n9261.\\nSir Chas., lord mayor, London, 9333.\\nCharles Henry, b., 1482 elected\\nM. E. bp., 3163.\\nHenry Hartley, minister, 1009 2\\nSir John, at Barnum banquet, 10023.\\nJoseph Smith, b., 1302.\\nOrson Squire, b., 116 d. (1887).\\nPhilemon Halsted, moderator, 266 2\\nd., 3022.\\nSir Robert Nicholas, lord mayor Lon-\\ndon, 9932, 3; d., 1006\\nFox Channel, discovered, 5722.\\nSir Charles, b., 935 d. (1874).\\nCharles James, b., 9122 minister,\\n9173 gambles, 91:12; opposition lord\\ntreas., 9193; in duel, 9212, 9292 leads\\nopposition, 9213 minister, 9232, 9332\\ndupe of Pr. of Wales, 925 struck off\\nlist, 9292; d., 9323; statue, 938\\nCommodore, captures Fr. W. I. fleet,\\n7001,912\\nGeorge, b., 8802 among Quakers,\\n443, 8863 preaches, 8S63 order for\\narrest, 8931 Journal, 8983; d., 89S2.\\nL., b. (1825) appears as Bottom,\\n260 d. (1877).\\nCapt., Gustavus Vasa, b. (1821), and\\nCapt. Sumter expedition, 192 d. (1883).\\nHenry Richard Yassall, third Baron,\\nHolland, b., 9183; d. (1840).\\nD., Spiritualist, 1032.\\nLuke, b. (1586) Arctic expedition,\\n5722 d. (1635).\\nMargaret, b. (1S36) d., 4261\\nSamson, gift to (loll, of Music, 1000 1\\nReformBill, Eng., 9233.\\nFoxe,Johnb.(1517i f Martyrs, 873 j\\nd., 8762,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1269.jp2"}, "1270": {"fulltext": "1258\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nFoxf-Fran r\\nFoxford, Baron, title created, 9372.\\nFoy, Maximilieii Sebastien, b., 7043 j d.,\\n7242.\\nFoye, W. H., seized, 5873.\\nFracastioro, Girolamo, d., 10803.\\nFraDiavolo (Michell Pezza), b., 10842,3.\\nFragonard, Jean Honore, b. (1732) Jero-\\nboam, 7002; d. (1806).\\nFra Marcos, explorer, 21 1\\nFram, Arctic expedition, 11053.\\nFranc, Gen., in Ecuador, 6431\\nFrancais, Cape, naval battle at, 9141\\nFrance, see text, pp. 661-767 Roman\\narmies defeated, 10561, 10621; invaded\\nby Ger. tribes Caligula s expedition,\\n10621; Alemanni cross Rhine, 10641;\\nprovincial Rom. emp. est., 10672; cam-\\npaigns against Ger. tribes, 10661 in-\\nvaded by Franks, 10681 Burgundians\\nand Alemanni settle, 10711 invaded by\\nAtawulf Goths and Alemanni defeated,\\n10701 reconquered by Eng., 8481 calls\\nSwitz. against allies, 7841 invades It.,\\n7881 army expelled from It. by plague,\\n7901 j intercourse with Siain, 11241 j colo-\\nnizes N. S., 5712, 3 Conde viceroy Fr.\\nempire in Am., 571 1 colonizes Me., 5713\\nfleet captures Algerines, 81 colony\\ndestroyed in Can., 5713; settle in Can.;\\nFr. empire in Am. ruled by Hundred\\nAssociates, 573 loses all Can., 5721;\\nCan. restored, 573 2 colonies in Mada-\\ngascar, 10951; Can. a Royal Province,\\n5732; suppresses piracy in Tripoli, 11382;\\nKing William s War against the Fr. in\\nAm., 5721 possess Newfoundland, 11031\\nGrand Alliance against, 5431; honors\\nEng. flag, !in:j2; aggressions in Am., 692;\\nally of Aust., 8032; French and Indian\\nWar, Am., 68i k; supremacy in New\\nWorld, 702 Fr. loses the greater part\\nof Am., 5743; aids Am. revolutionists,\\n832, 861, S92 expedition against Egy.,\\n6561; annexes Nice; alliance against,\\n5181; cedes Nice, 10852 army in South\\nGer.,806i ;invaders captured, \\\\Vales,928i\\ninvades It., 10853; invades Port., 11101 ,3;\\nannexes grand duchy Tuscany regains\\nMilan, 10x52; annexes States of the\\nChurch, 10853; aids Belgium, 5441 Pres.\\nJackson collects claims, 145 2 conquers\\nAlgeria, 83 demands reparation from\\nMex., 101)61 Hi-public congratulated by\\nU. S., 165 intervention in Mex. f 10963;\\nfishery privileges exchanged, 11032; pro-\\nposes mediation in U. S., 2153, 2192;\\nwar against Mex.; withdraws from Mex.,\\n10963; irritated bv Ger. .827 1 agreement\\nwith Ger., 8273 annexes Tunis, 11393\\nprotectorate in Madagascar, treaty with\\nMadagascar, 101)53; rescinds recognition\\nof Coirfed., 2473 Bulg. ref uses Fr. de-\\nmaud, 5693 commercial treaty favored\\nCan., 5963. (See Franks.)\\nCollege of, fnd., 681 1\\n.University of, fnd., 6711; receives\\nstatutes, 6711 (See French.)\\nFrance, Jacques Anatole Thibault, b.\\n(1844) Le Lys Rouge, 7662.\\nFraneesehini, Mareantouio, b., 10823; d.,\\n10841.\\nFrancesca, Piero Delia, b. (1420) paints\\nDuke and Duchess, 10781 d. (1492).\\nFranche-Comt^, conquered, 6901 subdued,\\n6921 gains, 6933.\\nFranchi, Ansonio (Cristoforo Bonavino),\\nb., 10862.\\nFranchise, color restrictions abolished,\\n2912; elective extended, Japan, 1093 2\\nextended to women, 11033.\\nBill passes, G. B., 9572.\\nlaw passed, Am., 2563.\\nFrancia, Francesco Raibolini, b., 10783;\\npaints Madonna; Nativity, 1078 2 d.,\\n10802.\\nBr. Jose 1 Gaspar Rodrique, b. (1761)\\nelected dictator, 11061 d. (1840).\\nFrancis I., Hung. (Stephen); b., 5142; D.\\nof Tuscany, 10813; co-regent; marries\\nMaria Theresa, 515 2 emperor, 5153,\\n8013; d., 5163.\\nI.,Fr Count of Angouleme, b.,6783\\nreigns enters Milan, 680i thwarted,\\n6812; W ar with Ger., 788 1, 7901 signs\\nConcordat, 6803 builds palaces, 6802\\ncompetes for empire, 7802; prisoner at\\nPavia, 6801.\\n1., of Fr., challenges Charles V.,\\n6812; renews war with Charles, 7893;\\nalliance with Sultan builds captivity\\nat Madrid war against Sp.; d., 6813.\\nFrancis II., Fr., marries Mary, Q. of Scots,\\n6832; reigns, 6833; ,1., 8733.\\nI. (II. of Ger.), Emp. Aust., b., 5163\\nemp., 5192, 3 8072, 8092 resigns, 5193;\\nd., 8153.\\nIV., D. of Parma, expelled, 10872.\\nV., D. of Parma, 10872.\\nI., D. of Tuscany, 10813.\\nI., K. of Two Sicilies, 10872.\\nII., Maria Leopoldo, b., 10861 K. of\\nTwo Sicilies; proclaims amnesty de-\\nposed, 10891; d., 10901.\\nIV., Grand-Duke of Modena, 10871\\nV., of Modena, regent, 10891\\nCharles, Aust., b. (1802) d., 5282.\\nConvers, b. (1795;; d., 2212.\\nDavid R., gov. Mo., 3492.\\nde Sales, St., b., 6823 d., 6863.\\nDue D Alencon, dies, 6852.\\nDuke of Guise, assassinated, 6833.\\nE. of Longford, lord keeper, 9013.\\nFrederick Anthony, Duke, 8073.\\nJ. A., defaulter, 4743.\\nJassens, promoted \u00e2\u0080\u00a2arehbp., 3062.\\nJohn, tires at Queen Victoria, 9511\\nB., b., 1302; gov. R. I., 3433 d.,\\n2373.\\nWakefield, b., 1001 d., 1902.\\nJoseph, b., 1101 receives medal, 356\\nd.,428i.\\nemp. of Aust., b., 5202 reigns,\\n5232; marries; revokes constitution, 5243;\\nreply to Napoleon, 5252; coronation gift,\\n5262; appeals to Fr., 527 crowned, 5273\\nattempt to assassinate, 5303 thanks,\\n5322; memorialized, 5342 at Prague\\nlife threatened, 5343 opposes Marriage\\nBill, 5363; Inter. Exhibition, 5373; meets\\nKing William, 8223.\\nde Paula, b. (1416) founds hermit\\nmonks, 10791; d. (1507).\\nMarquis of Conynham, postmaster,\\n9473.\\nof Assisi, St., b.-d., 10742; Cantico\\ndel Sole, 1077 1.\\nof France, title conferred, S732.\\nSir Philip, b., 9103; Letters, 9191 d.,\\n9343.\\nPhoebus de Foix, reigns, 11273.\\nFranciscan Fathers, expelled from Jerusa-\\nlem, 1158 2 monastic order, 10751 monks\\nin Fla., 183 mission, N. Mexico, 243,\\n302; in Can., 5703,5711; in Japan, 10911\\nin Haiti, 16i in Acadia., 282 in Chile,\\n6051; crucified, 1091 1.\\nFranciscans, Indian mission, 1343.\\nFrancis -o Morosini launched, 10882.\\nFrancisco d Assiz, Don, marries Q. Isabel-\\nla, 11313.\\nMiranda, b., 662.\\nFranck, Adolphe, b., 719i\\nf Sebastian, b. (1500.!;); works, 791*;\\nd. (1545).\\nFrancke, August Hermann, b., 7963 est.\\norphan tropheon, 7982 d., 8002.\\nFranckean, N. Y., Evangelical Lutheran\\nGeneral Synod org., 1483.\\nFrancken, Ambrosius, paintings, 11002.\\nFrans, paintings, 1098 2\\nFranco, General, pies. Ecuador, 6442.\\nAmerican cable laid, 2673.\\nexpedition, treaty signed, 405\\nor Francon, b.-d., 7742.\\nof Cologne, musician, 7762.\\nPrussian war, 738\u00c2\u00b1, 826+ Austria\\nneutral, 521)1 Eng. neutral, 9752; Sweden\\nneutral, 11363; u. S. neutral 2772. (See\\ntext, France (1870-71), pp. 738-745; Ger-\\nmany (1870-71), pp. 826-827.)\\nRussian convention decreed, 7653.\\nSiamese agreement, 7653.\\nFrancceur, Louis Benj., b., 7043 d., 7302.\\nFrancois, Louise von, Letzte Rottenburgen,\\ndeNeufchateau,N.L.,b.,701i;d.,7243.\\nFran conia collides with S t rut hmore, 9813.\\ninternecine lends, 772 seat of war,\\n7771; Nora Lltteraria, issued, 8003 oc-\\ncupied, 8242.\\nHouse of, reigns, 7752.\\nMountain, N. II. State park, 3521.\\nFrank, Johann P., b., 8003 d., 8122.\\nRoyal T., commissioned col., 4701\\npledge revived, Eng., 8512.\\nFrankenstein, Gen., advance on Frank-\\nfort, 8251\\nFrankfort, Viscount, title created, 637 2\\nFrankfort, Ger., synod of, 10723 capital\\ncity, 7731 diet of, 7811 7822, 7332 im-\\nperial city, 781 1 revolt, 7813; league at,\\n7851 imperial chamber est., 7873 union\\nof, 8013 captured, 8061 grand duchy,\\n8111; Hots, 8152, 8163, 817 students*\\ninsurrection, 8153 National Assembly\\nmeets; central govt, convened, 8172; die-\\nsolved, 8173 removed, 8172; Pari. ,5233;\\nNat. Assembly fails, 8183 Diet of Con-\\nfederation meets, 5243, 819 1 Confeder-\\nate Cong, meets, 8191; p rus leaves As-\\nsembly, 819 1 parliament convenes Ger.\\nsovereigns meet, 8192 Cong, of Ger.\\nprinces, 8223 Cong, at, 5263 Confed-\\neration Diet re-est., 8193; peace Cong.\\nmeets, 8203; Prussians enter, 5261 Diet\\ndecrees, 527 1; deputies refuse war ex-\\npenses, 8231; electric telephone, 5441;\\npeace of, 8261 entered held, 8242.\\nFrankfort, John Rodgers, shot, 4531\\nKy., State library fnd., 1311 Border\\nState Conven., 1971 Legislature re-\\nmoved, 2122; Bragg joins Smith, 2142;\\nConfed. State govt, org.; capital, 2153\\nConfeds. defeated, 2161; Secessionists\\nconven., 2193; Texan legion surrenders,\\n2203 Morgan invests, 2342 Farmers 1\\nconven. meets, 2513 white man freed,\\n273 1; Constitutional conven., 3691 Edu-\\ncation conven., 3131\\non-the-Main, Prus., captured, 7021 f\\n802i; geat of elections, 7833; grant of,\\n8092 free city, 8113 annexed to Prus.,\\n8252.\\non-the-Oder, N. Ger., univ. chartered,\\n7871; captured, 7941; university unites\\nwithBreslau, 809 1.\\nFranking privilege, granted Mrs. Lincoln,\\n2511 privilege withdrawn, 2812.\\n,M. P. relinquish privilege, G.B., 951 2.\\nFrankfurter Journal issued, 7951\\nOber postants Zeitung issued, 7951.\\ngelehrte Zvitunq issued, 801 1.\\nFrankl.Ludu ig August, b., 8102 d. (1894).\\nFrankland, Edward, b., 9422.\\nFrank Leslie s Illustrated founded, 1731;\\nFrankLcs/iis III us/rirtc Zeitioaj founded,\\n1783.\\nFranklin, in the St. Lawrence, 803.\\naccident on, 1713.\\nFranklin, Pa., tornado, 3581\\nPark, N.Y., fire, 417 3 negroes ejected,\\n4562.\\nState of, plans fail, 993.\\nTerm., action at, 2162 Federals oc-\\ncupy, 2182 are defeated, 2201 ,2; action,\\n2211; battle of, 2402.\\nW. Va., Confederates defeated, 2161.\\nBenjamin, b., 562,3 in Boston, 603\\nin Phila., 611 introduces paper money,\\n612; in Europe: onPct. Gazette, 61*; est.\\nPhila. library, Poor h irhan/ s Almanac,\\n623; student, 631 clerk of Assembly, 633;\\npublisher; institutes library, 65i; pro-\\njector of Pa. Univ., 671 lightning con-\\nductors; Arctic expedition instigated,\\n683; at Colonial Cong., 693 electricity\\nexperiments, 661 68 3 703; ambassador,\\n71 3 on independence returns from\\nEng., 732; in Eng., 751 in House of Com-\\nmons, 752, 9173; suggests phonography,\\n763; before privy council, 791 dismissal\\nas P. M., 791; confers with Howes, 793;\\npres. Abolition Soc, 81 1 leaves London;\\nin Phila., 812; plan of consolidation;\\npostmaster, 813 on Committee of Decla-\\nration of Independence, 833, 842; am-\\nbassador to Fr., 842, 853 confers with\\nHowe, 853; in Paris, 7053 _ oni. f Safety;\\ntreaty with Sp.,853; minister toFr.,893;\\ntreaty commissioner, !)52 investigates\\nmesmerism, 96 1 in Phila., 97 3 pres. su-\\npreme council, 99 1 d.,1022; statue, 2801\\nJames, New England Cowramt; im-\\nprisoned, 603.\\nLady Jane, b. (1792) aids polar ex-\\npedition, 9801 d. (1875).\\nJesse, b. (1760) gov. N. C, 1292 a.,\\n(1823).\\nSir John, b., 9242; expedition, 9381;\\nsecond expedition, 9382 Arctic expedi-\\ntion, 9522, \u00c2\u00bbi54.l expedition, 9421, 578 1;\\nrelief exped., 954 1 ;d.,9542; relief exped.,\\n9542, 956 9582; relies of, 9622, 3021;\\nHall s exped. sails, 1861; search for,964l.\\nWilliam, b., 602; gov. N.C., 733 d.,\\n1211.\\nWm, Buel, b., 1302; with McClellan,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1270.jp2"}, "1271": {"fulltext": "Fran-Free\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN LJlLJ^.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1259\\n206 at West Point, Va., 207 in Seven\\nDays battles, 209 at Antietam,213 at\\nFredericksburg, 2102 dismissed, 2182\\nat Sabine Pass, 2262.\\nFranklin College, Pa., est., 1003.\\nFranklin, Ind., organized, 143\\nO., org., 133\\nFranklin Co., \\\\a., gold discovered, 336\\nFranklin and Marshall College, Pa., org.,\\n1463; two colleges united, 173 S.Stahr,\\npres., 3682.\\nFranks, in Neth., 10072 iirst mentioned,\\n6632; invade Gaul, 6622,3, 7U8 10673,\\n1068 confederacy find., 70.02; in Sp.,\\n11253 expelled from Batavia, 10673\\nkingdom est., 6033; supreme, 6033, 064\\nfound German and Fr. kingdoms, 7693;\\npossess Strasburg, 7003 kingdom re-\\nunited, 7712 expelled from Sp., 1125\\nkingdom divided, 771 2 invade Bohemia,\\n502 invade Italy, 10702.\\nFranz, Gen., Austrian leader, 524\\nRobert, b., 8103; a. (1892).\\nFranzen, Frans .Michel, b. (1772); Colum-\\nbus, 11362 d. (1847).\\nFranz-Ferdinand, archduke, arrives, 4402.\\nFraser River, Can., gold discovered, 580\\nfloods, 596 3.\\nAlexander Campbell, h., 9383.\\nCharles, b., 95 d., 180\\nJames, cons, bp., 0603; Bp. Manches-\\nter, d., 994\\nJames Baillie, b., 9223 d., 9003.\\nSimon, b. (1729) d., 89\\nLord Simon Lovat, b., 8922 be-\\nheaded, 9122.\\nFraser s Ma(ja-. nte founded, 9443.\\nFraternal Mystic Circle org., 3192 statis-\\ntics, 4463.\\nOrder of Templars of Honor and\\nTemperance, org., 11383.\\nFraternity of Modern Woodmen, fnd., 317\\nPhi Gamma Delta session, 4742.\\nFratres Minimi, fnd., 1079\\nFratricelli, condemned, 6723.\\nFrauenburg, Prus., besieged, 788\\nFrauenlob, Heinrich von Meissen, b.(1260);\\nd., 7822.\\nFrauenstadt, Christian, M. J., b., 8102\\nd.,830\\nFrauna, German goddess, 7682.\\nFraunhofer, Joseph von, b., 8043; improves\\ntelescopes, 80S spectrum discovered,\\n80S 810 d., 8123.\\nFrayser s Farm, Va., battle, 2092.\\nFrazee, John, b. (1700) executes busts,\\n128 d. (1852).\\nFrazer, General, at Alexandria, 6562.\\nFrazer s Island, mission, 498\\nFrazier, Gen., at Cumberland Gap, 226 2\\nFrechette, Louis Honore, b., 57S 2 works,\\n5823, 5843, 5862 crowned poet, 5843.\\nFredegaire, b.-d., 6042; Gregory, 6643.\\nFredegonde, b.-d., 6642,661 marries, 665\\n771 beauty and ferocity; holds Brune-\\nhilde prisoner, 771\\nFrederic, Harold, Seth s Brother s Wife,\\n329 Copperhead, 4783.\\nFredericia, Jutland, captured, 816 sortie\\nat, 818 siege of, 640 2.\\nFrederick, Crown Prince of Den., marries\\nLouisa, 11363.\\n1., Barbarossa, emp. (Holy Roman)\\nb.-d., 7762 wars in It. against Poles\\nsubdues Milan attacks Creina, 776 in-\\ntroduces heraldry, 7702; king, 7773; wars\\nagainst nobility expeditions into It..\\n7773, 779 ,2 conven. with Papal See, at\\nDiet of Ratisbon; crowns Ladislaus, 777 3\\ncaptures Rome, 778 under ban, 77S3\\njoins crusade, r,ll42. 778 2, 850 in third\\ncrusade, 7792; takes Iconium, 10322; pays\\nhomage to pope, 1075 K. of Naples,\\ncrowned at Rome. 10753 drowned, 7702.\\nII., emp. (Holy Roman), K. of Naples,\\nand Sicily, b.-d., 77S 2 cedes conquests\\nto Waldemar II., 0353 quarrels with\\npope; in Sicily, 7782; promises crusade,\\n7783 anti-emp. elected K. of Ger.\\ncrowned gives Swabia leaves Ger.\\nemp. at Rome marries lolanthe for su-\\npremacy of church under ban lays\\nban on Lombard cities, 7793 expels\\npapal troops; attacks popes; besieges\\nParma, 780 defeats Lombards, 780\\n1074 in crusade. 780 781 excom-\\nmunicated, 7802 diet at Cremona, 7803\\ncodes opposed by pope cedes Holy\\nLand to Christians. 781 K. of Jerusa-\\nlem, 7812, 11552 draws constitution of\\nMelfi represses feudal system] raises\\nimperial power elects Conrad king ex-\\ncommunicated deposed life endan-\\ngered possesses six crowns; d., 7812.\\nFrederick III. (IV.?), claims to be D. of\\nAust.; unites empire, 5092; nees5093; K.\\nof Ger. emp. reigns, weak ruler, 7S53;\\nwar with Albert, 780 gives up lands,\\n7872; d.,5082, 7872.\\nIII., emp. of Ger., b., 8142 marries\\nVictoria of Eug., 8203 reigns d., 8332.\\nIII., K. of Ger.. assassinated, 7852.\\nI., of Den., at Copenhagen, 636 Prot-\\nestant, 6363; K. of Nor., 6373.\\nII., of Den. and Nor., 6373 marries,\\n641 divorced, 6302,641\\nIII., of Den., b.-d., 6362 enthroned\\nchanges constitution, 6373.\\nIV., of Den., b., 6362; invades Hol-\\nstein, 6362, 6373 enthroned, 6373 con-\\nquests, 638 plans Protestant mission,\\n7083 d., 638\\nV\u00e2\u0080\u009e of Den., b., 638 K. of Nor. mar-\\nries, 6302; d.,6382\\nVI., of Den., enthroned, 6303.\\nVII., of Den., b., 6382 throne dis-\\nputed, 640 enthroned, 6411; d., 6403;\\nstatue, 642\\nthe Fair, It., est. Univ., 1077\\nT., K. of Naples, 10793.\\nII., K. of Naples, 10793.\\n1., K. of Prus., b., 7963; elector of\\nBrandenburg, is crowned as Frederick\\nI., K. of Prus., 7092 abolishes serfdom,\\n799 seizes Swiss terri., 7993 d.,7983.\\nII., the Great, K. of Prus., b., 7983\\nreigns, 8012, invades Saxony, 802 Sile-\\nsian wars, 514 2, 516 2; at Breslau,\\n800 ,2; withdraws from alliance; de-\\nclares war, 8013 defeats Aust., 5142;\\nalliance with Charles VII., 5153, 8013\\nin Saxony and Bohemia, 800 in Silesia,\\n8021,2; war with Empire, 5101; charge\\nof treason, 8032; at Rossbach, 7021 sub-\\nsidies fail, Eng. endeavors to restore\\nprosperity, 8033 in Bavaria, 8041 Ger.\\nprinces union proposed, 5173 works,\\n8011 803 8051 d., 8053 statue, 8181\\nII., King of Sicily, 10772.\\nIII., King of Sici ly, 10772.\\nI., elector, Palatine, (1451-76), at Pfed-\\ndersheim, 7801\\n11., elector, Palatine (1544-56).\\nIII., elector, Palatine (1559-76).\\nTV., elector, Palatine (1592-1010)\\nleader, 7933.\\nV., elector, Palatine (1610-20) K.\\nhead of Protestant Union accepts crown\\nof Bohemia; loses Bohemia under ban;\\nlands confiscated arrests Bohemians,\\n7952; marries, 8791; flees to Holland,\\n5102.\\nAugustus I., elector of Saxony, b.\\n(1750) war with Hung., 5081 K. of Po-\\nland, 7992; deposed, 11153; d. (1827).\\nII., elector of Saxony, king, 801 2\\n11153.\\nIII., elector of Saxony, 8033.\\nIII., elector of Saxony, b. (1463) D.\\nelector champion of Reformation, 7S73;\\nd., 7882.\\n1, of Hesse-Cassel, reigns, Sweden,\\n11353,\\nI., of Nuremburg, elector, 7S53.\\nof Schleswig-Ilolstein, b., 6403.\\nPrince, regent. 0302,3 d., 6403.\\nPr., D. of Schleswig-Ilolstein, sus-\\ntained, 8223\\nI., Austria, duke, 505\\nI., son of Albert, duke, 5053.\\nII., duke; d.,505\\nIII., of Ilapsburg.D. of Aust., elected\\nK. reigns, 7831 K. of Ger K. of Ba-\\nvaria opposes Louis, 5053 captured,\\n5041,7881; prisoner; released, 5053; d.,\\n5071,7833.\\ntrib-\\nII., the Fighter, b., 5ft\\nute claim, 505i killed, 504\\nDuke of Brunswick, 7872.\\nFrancis I., grand I), of Mecklenburg\\n8113.\\nII., D. of Mecklenburg, 817\\nIV., D. of Tyrol and Aust., 5073\\n509\\nd.,\\nI., Duke of YVTirtemberg, 8073.\\nII., D. of Wurteiuberg, marries Eng.\\nprincess, 8073; elector Germany, 809\\nbecomes king as Frederick I., 8092.\\nFrederick Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of\\nAust., commands army, 534\\nDuke of Stvria, king, 7853.\\nDuke of York and Albany, b., 9162\\nd., 9423.\\nfalse king of Prussia, 7813.\\nCharles, pr. of Prus., b., 814 at Ech-\\nernforde,OW)2; at Vionville, 740 com-\\nmands, 7403 field-marshal, 7422, 822\\natLoiret, 7423; at Dijon le Mans, 743\\n826 siege of Le Mans, 744 d., 8302.\\npr. of Hesse, marries, 8363.\\nFerdinand, Crown Prince of Den.,\\nmarries, 642\\nWilliam, crown prince, b., 8203; mar-\\nries Victoria, 0032; commander, 822\\nemp., K. of Prus., 8332 ill, 8322 diary\\npublished, S322 d., 832 8333.\\nGeorge William, Earl of Clarendon,\\nlord-lieutenant, 955 2\\nHenry (Neth.), succeeds Maurice,\\n11013.\\nof Hohenstaufen, has Swabia, 777\\nJohn, founds university, 793\\nLeopold marries, 833\\nLouis, Pr. of Wales, b. (1707) marries,\\n9093 d. (1751).\\nf. of George III., d., 0123.\\nRoger, elected emp. Ger., 7792,\\nUlric, Duke of Brunswick, 795\\nWilliam, Great Elector of Bran-\\ndenburg, b., 7943 K. of Prus., 7972\\npeace with Fr., 7973; at Fchrbel ]n,7962;\\nd., 7982.\\nI., Prus., king, 7093; d., 8012.\\nII., Prus., b., 8003; king, 8053; in-\\nvades Fr., 800 d., 8073.\\nIII., Prus., b., 803 pope visits,.\\n805 K.,8073; at AuerstadI ,710 ;meets\\nrulers grant to Fr., 8003 appeals for\\nvolunteers, 810 811 est. Iron Cross,\\n810 in London, 8112 grants constitu-\\ntional law, 8113 d., 8143 statue, 830\\nIV., Prus., b., 8063 elector, mar-\\nried, 963 alliance with Holland treaty\\nwith Fr. peace of Vossem, 7973 con-\\ncessions to church, 815 K.,8153; assas-\\nsination attempted liberty of press\\nliberal measures resisted; Federal Union\\ndecree amnesty reconciliation of Ger.\\nempire, 817 ,2,3; Schleswig-Holstein\\nclaims, 8103 declines Ger. crown, 820\\n2, 3; diss.. Ives Assembly, 8173 d., 8202\\nstatue, 826\\nI., elector of Hesse-Cassel, 817\\nopposes union, 5233.\\nCity, fnd., 072 Frederick Coll. org.,.\\n73 Confederates in. 2123.\\nand Richmond R. R. completed, 1493.\\nFredericksburg, Va., fnd.,61 2 movement\\non, 2062 action at, 215 battle; occu-\\npied, 2162 Confed. soldiers monument,\\n384 monument to Mrs. Washington,\\n458\\nFrederickshald, or Frederickshall, Nor.,\\nsiege of, 1134 action at, 526\\nFrederieton, N. B., capital, 5772 King s\\nCollege fnd., 57.83 and re-named, 5803\\nfire, 5813 The Globe, 502 bishopric est.,\\n9483 Royal Gazelle Reporter and Ad-\\nvertiser, 570 Relif/ious Intelligencer,\\n5803; Bishop Kingdoiiconseerated.lOlO 2\\nFredericktown, Mo., Confeds. defeated,\\n200\\nFredonia, N. Y., W. C. T. U., germ, 283\\nFree and Open Church Asso. fnd., 9682.\\nBinding Twine Bill, in Congress, 403\\n407\\nChurch, formed, Eng., 9523.\\nof Holland, founds Christian Re-\\nformed Mission, 11023.\\nSociety founded, 9622.\\nCoinage Bill, in Congress, 3233, 3613,\\n3631,3752,3 3773,4012,4032,4072.\\nAssociation organized, 433\\nCommunion Baptists. See Baptists.\\nMethodists. (See Methodists.)\\nPress, colonists secure, Can., 597\\nschool system est., Can., 4943.\\nSilver Coinage. (See Free Coinage and\\nSilver.)\\nSoil Party meets, 165 1712; holds\\npolitical balance, 167 meets at Topeka,\\n1791.\\nState fight. (See Kansas.)\\nSuffrage, bitterness against, 2772.\\nSugar Law, effective, 3812.\\ntrade, prohibited, 31 abolished, 453\\nSp. permits, 793 conven. meets, U. S. f", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1271.jp2"}, "1272": {"fulltext": "1260\\nText Figures denote Page. UNU-tLyC. Superior Figures indicate Colu\\nFree-Fron.\\n1392; doctrines popular, 2692; Fr. unionFremont d Ablancourt, Nicolas, b., 6862\\nfmd., 7612; Pitt s Bill, 9233; in Argen- d., 6943.\\ntine settlements, 4892; budget, Austral., Freiuy, Edmond, b., 721 d., 7502.\\n4983; rejected, 499 proclaimed in Bo- Edward, manufactures steel, 9642.\\nlivia, 551 policy est., Fr., 7352 agita- French, Augustus C, gov. 111., 1613.\\ntion in Fr., 7392 est. in Swe., 11363. J. H., bank swindler, 3943.\\nFree University, est. at Brussels, 5443. Philip, mayor N. Y., 553.\\nWool Bill in Congress, 403i,2, 405 1 ,2. Gen. Samuel G., at Kelley s Ford,\\nFreedtnen, first dav-sohool for, opd., 2023 228 at Alatoona Pass, 2383.\\nLegislative exclusion illegal, 2792; rights Win. H., moderator, 3182.\\nlimited, 293\\nFreedrnen s Aid Society org., 2543.\\nBoard, Presb. Church, org., 2502.\\nBureau, established, 2433.\\nAct, 243 2312,3, 2532, 2633.\\nConvention, at Charleston, 2483.\\nSavings and Trust Co. est., 2513.\\nFreedom, Congressional struggle for,aban-\\ndoned, 1912.\\nConvention held in Ivy., 2313.\\nof press, favored, Sp., 11332.\\nof speech restricted, 109 2\\nFreehold, X. J., Scotch meeting-house est.,\\n522 Presbytery meets, 563 incendi-\\naries, 479\\nFreeland, Pa., Ursinus College organized,\\n2722; not, 4603.\\nFreeman, Edward Augustus, b., 9403\\nworks, 9702, 10063 d., 1008\\nGeorge Washington, b. (1789) cons.\\nbishop, 1563 d. (1858).\\nJames, b. (1759) changes Prayer\\nBook, 962; changes liturgy, 9.S2; d. (1835).\\nwife murderer, 397\\nLucian, matricide, 5883.\\nPatrick A., arcllbp. of Chicago, 3042.\\nRichard, lord chancellor, 9033.\\nWm. Grigsby, b. (1815) d., 254\\nCol., at Salem, Mo., 2003.\\nFreeinautle, settlement of, 495 2\\nThomas Francis, Baron Cottesloe, b.\\n(1798); d., 1004\\nFreemasons, recognized, Aust., 5172\\nG. B., 843 first lodge, Am., 63\\nPhila., 63 abduction of Morga\\n,423\\nSee text, pp. 1161 treaty\\nunites\\nCochin-China insurrectiou,480 ,4812.\\nSee Annam.\\nMd., burned by British, 1202.\\nEversole, feud, Ky., 330\\nAcademy, founded, 686\\nAssociation for Advancement Science\\nestablished, 746\\nAtlantic Telegraph Co., formed, 7393.\\nCreek, Can., Americans embark, 1203.\\nGuiana, captured, 5541 j convicts sent\\nout, 10393.\\nexpedition in Am., 62 64\\nExtradition Treaty in Congres\\n4232.\\nKongo.\\nsigned, 767 3\\nand Indian War (Am.).\\ncolonies, 71= closes, 5743.\\nlanguage enjoined, 681\\nlanguage in Eng., 8463; use abolished,\\nEng., 8592, 11022.\\nlock, invented, 800\\nMills, Gen. Wilkinson at, 122\\nNational Society org. in London, 7523.\\nProtestant Coll. Mass., deil., 347\\nRelief Fund established, 975\\nRomance becomes known, Eng., 84(13.\\nSpoliation claims, submitted, 3193\\npasses Congress, 3793.\\nFrenchto\\\\vn, Mich., taken, 120 retaken,\\nby British, 120\\nFrendenberger, Sigmund, paints Lover s\\nm Present, 1137\\nat Freneau, Philip, b., 6S2 d., 140\\nanti- Frenzel, K., Wahrneit, 834 2\\nmasonry politics, 135 2 national ticket Frere, Chas. Theodore, b., 7222 d., 7562.\\nagainst, 1392 Grand Lodge of Xev. org., John Hookkam, b., 9182 d., 9522.\\n2423; statistics, 4463; in Commune, Pierre Edouard, b., 7223 d., 7542.\\n7443; against lloulanger, 7563; first\\ngrand lodge in Eng., 907 in Ire., 9092\\nexcommunicated, 909 Pr. of Wales as\\npatron, 975 interdicted, 1085 pro-\\nhibited in Naples, 10873.\\nFreeport, Pa., bank robbery, 3783.\\nFreetown, W. Afr., settlement at, 11602\\nmission, 11603.\\nFreewill Baptists. (See Baptist.)\\nFregellae, action at, 1052\\nFreia, asteroid, discovered, 6403.\\nFreiberg, or Fribourg, Switz., Bavarians Freron, Elie Catherine, b.,\\ndefeated, 688 captured, 692 6962; 7012 d., 7013.\\nrevolts, 7*13 Austrian* defeat ed, 5102 l.i.uis Stanislas, b.,703 d.,7143.\\nUniversity established, 787 Frescobaldi, Girolamo, b. (15SS) d.,1083\\nFreidauk, Bescteidenheit, 7803. Fresenius, Karl Remigius, b., 8122.\\nFreilinghuysen, Frederick Theodore, b., Fresnaye, Jean Vauquelin de la, b. (1536)\\n126 on electoral commission, 295 on works, 6843 d. (1606).\\ncommittee of seven, 2933; sec. state, Fresnel, Augustin Jean, b., 7062 d., 7243.\\n3092; d., 3202; statue, 468 Fresno, Cal., first raisins shipped, 3913;\\nTheodore, b., 98 nom. vice-pres., L. B. McWhirter shot, 414\\n-Orban, Herbert Joseph Walther, b.\\n(1812) ministry resigns, 545 2 new\\nministry, 5453.\\nFrere Town, Afr., mission station, 5612.\\nSir Henry Bartle Edward, b., 9363\\nexpedition, 561 gov. Ind., 10473 gov.\\nCape Colony, 601 2 ultimatum; opens\\nexhibition queen s telegram, 6013 re-\\ncalled, 603 d. (1884); monument, 998\\nFreret, Nicolas, b., 6942 d., 7003.\\nFrerichs,.l riedrich Theodor, b., 8122.\\nworks,\\n1572 electoral vote, 1592\\nTheodorus Jacobus, b. (1691); inN. J.,\\n583; d. (1747).\\nFreiligrath, Ferdinand, b., Sl()2 d., 8282.\\nFreind, John, b., 894 d., 9081\\nFreinsheim, Johann, b. (1008) d., 7963.\\nFresnoy, Lenglet du, works, 699 2\\nFreteau de Saint-Just, Emmanuel Marie\\nMichel Philippe, b., 7003 d., 7102.\\nFreteval, battle at, 6701 taken, 743\\nFreund, Wilhelm, b., 8082.\\nFrey, Jacob, L arriar/c-Jlook, 7923.\\nFreising, Bp. Otto von, works, 7763 hjtro- Freya. (See Frauna.)\\nduces peripatetic philosophy, 7763\\nFreiteh.Capt. A. goes to Queens town,4693\\nFreuiiet, Emmanuel, b., 7242.\\nFreminet, Martin de, b., 6822 d. (1619).\\nFremont, John Chas., b., 121 explora\\ntions 2d trip, 154 sights Pike s Peak\\nreturns, 156 raises Am. flag in Cal. Freydis, explores Mass., II 2\\ncaptures Sonoma, 160 declares hide- Freytag, invents French lock, 800\\nFreyeinet, Chas. Louis de, b. (1828) min-\\nister, 7512, 3, 7552, 757 2, 7611 7632\\nforms ministry, 7531 premier; resigns,\\n7532; shot, 7543.\\nLouis Claude Desaulses de, b., 7043\\nd., 728-\\npoiideneeof Cal., 1612 proclaims annex.\\nation, 1632 gov. Cal., 1633 4th explor-\\ning expedition, 1641 nom. for pres.,\\n1803 vote, 1S1 2 commissioned niajor-\\ngen., 1962 commands Western Dept.,\\n1963; commands in Mo., 198 3 emanci-\\npation in Mo., 19S 2 manumits slaves,\\n1991 declares martial law, 1992 sur-\\nrenders command, 2001\\nmountain dept., 2043\\nGeorg Wilhelm Friedrich, b., 8043\\nworks, 8151 8163, 8203 d., 8202.\\nGustav, b., 8121\\nFrezier, Amedee Francois, b., 6923 d.\\n(1773).\\nFria, German goddess, 7682.\\nFrias, Thomas, b. (1805); pres. Bolivia,\\n5512 d. (1884).\\ncommands Fribourg. (See Freiburg.)\\n2052 Frick, H. C, of Homestead, shot, 4103.\\novertakes Jacks. n, 2083; at Cross Keys Fridav, worship dav, 4843.\\nenters Strasburg, 2083 nom. for pres., Friebiug, Ger., R. C. Univ. fnd., 1138\\n2352 withdraws camlidacv, 2393 gov. Fiiedemanu, Friedrich Traugott, b. 8062\\nAriz., 3012 d., 3641 widow pensioned, d., 820\\n3652. Friedewald, Prus., treaty of, 793\\nFriedland, battle of, 7162.\\nDuke of, prince of empire, 7952.\\nValentin, b., 7862 d.,7922.\\nFriedlingen, (iermans defeated, 694\\nFriedman College at Fairfax Court House.\\n204\\nFriedmann. (See Friedemann.)\\nFridolin, St., apostle to Germany, 10703,\\nFriedriehshall, Prussia, victory, 8242.\\nFriedrichstad, bombarded, 6401.\\nFrienbach, battle of, 784\\nFriend of the Clergy, organized, 955\\nSir John, executed, 901\\nFriends, in Am., Quakers opposed to, 322;\\nexcluded, Mass., 40 2; from New Eng.\\npersecuted, 40 2 3 excluded from Va.;\\nhanged in Mass. 1st yearly meeting, 403\\npenal laws suspended, 413 j iu N. C.\\nGeo. Fox in Am., 443 inDel.; oppressed\\nin Mass., 463 in N. J., 473 increase in\\nAm., 481; gen. meeting in N. J. A 48 2\\nyearly meeting est. in R. I., 542; prevail\\nin Pa., 571 arrested in Pa., 863; Indian\\nmissions, 106 2 1142 antislavery peti-\\ntion, 1072; Hicksite secession, 134 3 Bible\\nAsso. fmd., 1382 Haverford Coll. est.,\\n1423 Progressive Friends org., 1722, 3\\nEarlham Coll. est., 1843 j Swarthmore\\nColl., Pa., 21163; Miami Valley Coll. O.,\\n277i Perm Coll., la., 2S22 Wilmington\\nColl., O., 28S3 Bryn Mawr Coll., Pa.,\\n3223 meeting, N. Y., 3403 Home and\\nFor. Miss. Union org., 3742; Educational\\nConf., 3781 missions in Mex., 10962.\\nappear in Eng. origin of name, 8863\\nin Ire., 8S83 released, 8962 meeting-\\nhouse opd., 9U02; affirm oaths, 901 3 So-\\nciety revived, 9123 marriage legalized,\\n9052 Syrian mission org., 9782 miss. to\\nIndia, 10483.\\nof Finns, Society org., 11361.\\nof Order, fired on Fr., 745 2\\nFriendship, seamen s prayer-meeting, es-\\ntablished, 9371.\\nwrecked, 9673.\\nFriensheim, Johann, b., 7923,\\nFries, Elias Magnus, b.-d., 11343.\\nJacob F., b., 8041 d., 8I62.\\nJohn, b. (1764\u00c2\u00b1) insurrection leader,\\n1093 d. (1S35+).\\nFriesians, subdued, 10972, 10991 in Neth.,\\n10973; Stedingers attacked, 780\\nFriesbmd, Eastern, submits, 7892 ceded\\nto Prus., 8013; annexed to Neth., 1099 2.\\nFrieze, Ann E., murder of, 3011\\nFrio, Cape, Braz., fort at, 5532.\\nFrioul, betrayed, 771\\nFripp, E. T. R., in Havana, 6323.\\nFrisch, Johann Leonhard, b.,7963 d.,8003.\\nFrischlin, Nicodemus, b., 7902 works,\\n793 d., 7922.\\nFrisco, Mo., robbery, 417\\nFrissell, H. B., in Normal Institute, 4302.\\nFrith, Mr., intro. Municipality Bill, 9853.\\nof Forth, collision, 10053.\\nFrivaldskv, Enrich, b., 519\\nFrizell, William, postmaster, 8832.\\nFro, god of ancient Germans, 7682.\\nFroben, Johann, 7862 d., 7882.\\nFrobisher, Sir Martin, b., 8682 explorer,\\n243 Arctic expedition, 5702, 874 third\\nvoyage, 5712 in Greenland, 10383 d.,\\n8762.\\nFrobisber s Straits, dis. communion cele-\\nbrated, 242.\\nFrochot, Comte Nicolas Therese Benoit,\\nb., 7022 d., 7243.\\nFroebel, Friedrich, b., 8042 works, 8132\\nopens kindergarten, 8152 d., 818\\nJulius, b., 8082 d (1893).\\nSociety incorporated, Am., 384\\nFrogmore, Eng., Mausoleum built, 966\\nFrogs, shower at Jamestown, 3382.\\nplague of, Minn., 414\\nFroila I., reigns (Sp.), 11253.\\nII., reigns, 11272.\\nFroissart,John,b.-d.,6742; Chrouicles,6763.\\nFrolic, captured, 1182, 122\\nFromantil, improves pendulum, 11003.\\nFrome, Edward Charles, d., 1002\\nFromentin, Eugene, b., 7223; d.,750\\nFronde, Civil War of (See Paris), 6893.\\nFrontenac, Louis tie Buadc, Comte de, b.,\\n6863 in Quebec, 452 gov. ,5733 recalled,\\n492; attack on colonists, 50 against\\nIndians; in New York, 52 against Mo-\\nhawks against Iroquois, 574 d., 6943,\\nFront Royal, Va., action at, 208 ,2 Con-\\nfeds, defeated, 240", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1272.jp2"}, "1273": {"fulltext": "Fron-Gali.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1261\\nFrontier regulated, Fr., 7371\\nFrossard, Charles Auguste, b., 7163 at\\nForbacb, 7381 d. (1875).\\nFrost, midsummer, Eng., 8402 prevails,\\n8961 summer, Mass., 1661\\nGen., at Prairie Grove, 2162.\\nJohn, transported, 9511\\nb. (1800) d\u00e2\u0080\u009e 1842.\\nRuf us Smith, b. (1826) d., 4521\\nFrostburg, Md., miners strike, 4622.\\nFrothingfiam, Ellen, b., 1442.\\nNathaniel L., b., J104 2 d., 2701\\nOctavius Brooks, b., 1302 works,\\n2803,3031,3743, 3982.\\nFroude, James Anthony, b., 9383 works,\\n9611 9783, J882, 0383 d. (1894).\\nFrumentius, in Abys., 11 1068 3\\nFry, Benj. St. James, b., 1321\\nCary Harrison, b. (1813) d., 2821\\nSir Edward, lord justice, 9912.\\n(nee Gurney), Elizabeth, b., 9211 d.,\\n9522.\\nJames Barnet, b., 1342 d., 4641\\nWilliam Henry, b., 1242 d., 2411\\nFrye, Thomas, b. (1710) paints porcelain,\\n9121 d. (1762).\\n-.William P., b., 1382; resolution, 449 1.\\nFryxel, Anders, b.-d., 11343 Swedish His-\\ntory, 11362.\\nFuad Pasha, b.-d., 11563 executes perse-\\ncutors; pres. council; grand vizier, 11591\\nFuca, Junade, in (Jan., 243; explorer ,571 2\\nd., 10343.\\nFuchau mission, 1,183, G191, 2, 6203,6211,\\n6242; JVI. E. Church erected, 6191, 2;\\nprinting-press, 6203 persecution, 621 1\\nbombarded; Adm. Oourbet at. 6221 Bib-\\nlical Institute fnd., 6222 mob Meth.\\nConference find., 6223; Anglo-Chinese\\nColl.; Female Coll. org., 6231 treaty-\\nport closed, 0263; occupied, 6271.\\nFuchs, Johann von, b.,8041 invents water-\\nglass, 8121 stereochromy, 8141 d., 8201\\nor Fuchsius, Leonhaid von, b., 7S63;\\nd., 7922.\\nFucinus, Lacus, conduit from, 10622.\\nFuenta, Luis Merlo de la, gov., 605 2\\nFuentes, Pedro Henriquez d Azevedo,\\nCount, b.-d., 11282.\\n-de-Onoro, Messana checked, 7182.\\nFuere, Gen., pres. Chile, 6071\\nFuetiers, Antoine, b., 6862.\\nFugitive Slave Act passed, 1051; violated,\\n1663; passes H., 1672; signed, 1673; Chi-\\ncago council annuls, 1691; Know Noth-\\nings approve, 1793; repeal of, 235 2 3.\\nFuhkien. (See Fukien.)\\nFuiiwara nobility reign, 10912.\\nFukien mission, 6191; province, rebels,\\n6241; riots, 6251,2.\\nFulc of Anjou, king of Palestine, 11552.\\nFulda Monastery, best school in Ger.,7723.\\nFuller, Andrew, b., 9123; d., 9363.\\nGeorge, b., 1302; d., 3162.\\n.Levi K., nom. for gov. Vt., 409 2\\ngov., 4212.\\nMargaret Ossoli, b. (1810) works,\\n1583, 1631.\\nMelville Weston, b., 1421 u. S. Su-\\npreme Court, 3332; oration, 3491\\nSarah Margaret, b., 1162; d., 1681\\nThomas, b., 8782; works, 8851, 8883;\\nd., 8902.\\nTimothy, b. (1778); d., 1442.\\nWilliam, commissioner, 393.\\nFullerton, Col., in duel, 9212.\\nrLady Georgians,, b., 9362; J. (1885).\\nWilliam, b. 1262.\\nFulton, Mo., Westminster Coll. org., 1783;\\nFemale Coll. op., 278 2 miners fire\\nshafts, 4663.\\nFulton, launched, 1222; blows up, 1373.\\nFulton, Justin, b. (1828); denounces Ro-\\nmanism, 5922.\\nPrivate, wins ritle prize, 9941.\\nRobert, b., 741 invents submarine\\ntorpedo, 1121 Clermont, 1141; Clermont\\non Seine, 7142; d., 1242.\\nWm.S., b. (1795);.gov. Ark., 1453; d.,\\n1562.\\nFulvia, wife of Antony, 1O0O2; d. (40 B.C.).\\nFulvius, Cneius, at Herdonia, 10542,\\nM., killed, 10572.\\nFundamental Law, Transvaal, 5992.\\nFunding Act vetoed, 3072.\\nbill, cong.,2513,2523; approved, 2523.\\nFunds, removed by Jackson, 1432; oppo-\\nsition, 1412.\\nFuneral oration, first, 10163.\\nFuneral tax, Eng., 9273.\\nFunfkirchen Univ. fnd., 5071.\\nFungche, d., 6232.\\nFung-tseung Foo, Mongols take, 6141.\\nFunk, Benjamin F., b.; 1482.\\nIsaac K., b., 1502; Standard Diction-\\nary, 4783.\\nFunstou, Edward H., b., 1402.\\nFurantuen, Japanese advance, 6271.\\nFuretiere, Antoine, b. (1620); works, 6911,\\n6951; d., 6923.\\nFurgler, Francis, recluse, 891.\\nFurkus mission, 6571\\nFurman, James Clement, h. 1809) d., 3781\\nUniversity, S. C, org., 1723,\\nFurnaces inv. for glass-work, 9642.\\nFurneaux, Capt., explorer, 4932.\\nFurness, Eobt. W., gov. Neb., 2851\\nWm. Henry, b., 1102.\\nFurniture Manuf s Conv. meets, 3353.\\nFur-Protection Bill passes S., 4223.\\nFurrukhabad mission, 10471.\\nFiirst Bismarck breaks record, 1C073.\\nJulius, b., 8082; d., 8281.\\nFiirsteuberg, F. Von., b. (1812); conse-\\ncrated, 5302; d., 5342.\\nBaron Friedrich W. F., b., 8902; d.,\\n8102.\\nFurstenwalde, Prus., Treaty of, 7832.\\nFurtado, Francois Jose, b. (1818); forms\\nministry, 5571; d. (1870).\\nFusan, telegraph opd., 10943.\\nFushimo, action at, 10921\\nFusion, Fr., legislative, 7492.\\nFiissen, Bavaria, peace of, 5153.\\nFust, or Faust, Johann, work, 7852, 7871\\nest. printing office, 7852; d., 7862.\\nFustians and jeans, manufactured, 951\\nFutrer, Ulrich, Bnrli der Abenteuer, 7871\\nFuttehabad, action near, 61.\\nFuttehgurh mission, 10471\\nFuttigarh Sepov Rebellion, 10181.\\nFutvoye, Geo., d., 5921.\\nFwambo, or Fwamboon, mission, 8383\\n10941.\\nFyt, or Feyt, Jan, b., 5403; works, 11002;\\nd. (1671+).\\nFytche, Albert, C. S. I., d., 10081\\nGabelentz, Hans C. von der, b., 8083; d.,\\n8281.\\nGabelle tax enforced, Fr., 6751\\nGabelsberger, Frank, b. (1789); stenogra-\\nphy, 8121 d. (1849).\\nGabinius, Aulus, conspirator; elected con-\\nsul, 10592; proconsul, 11511; d. (48 B.C.).\\nGablenz, Anton von, gov. of Ho!stein,8232;\\nmediation declined holds assembly\\nprotests invasion of Hoist ein, 8233.\\nGabler, Johann P., b., 8022; d., 8123.\\nGablonz, Bohemia, strikers riot, 5331.\\nGaboriau, Emile, b., 7262; works, 7351,\\n7371; d., 7461.\\nGabourd, Amedee, b. 7163; d., 7362.\\nGabriel, Indian, b., 3541\\nI., prince, 5113.\\nII., grandprince king, 5113.\\nJacques Ange, b., 6963; d., 7051\\nJean, Greek independence, 10342.\\nThomas, Lord Mayor, 9691 receives\\nBelgians, 5451.\\nGabrielle, Catarina, b., 10842; d. (1796).\\nGabriels, Henry, consecrated bp., 4062.\\nGabun, abandoned mission, 11611, 3.\\nG-achard, Louis Prosper, b.,5432; d.(1885).\\nGackwar of Baroda, dethroned, 10492.\\nGacon, Francois, b. (1667); d., 6982.\\nGad, inheritance, 11413.\\nGadban, Effendi, in Bulg., 5673.\\nGaddi, Agnolo, b.-d.; frescoes at Prato.\\n10762.\\nTaddeo, b.-d,, 10762.\\nGade, Niels Wilhelm, b., 6382; d., 6421\\nGades. (See Cadiz.)\\nGadsden, Ga., Gen. Hood arrives, 2391.\\nChristopher, b. (1724); d., 1122.\\nEdwards, bp., b., 902; d., 1701\\nEdward M., in P. O. Dept., 4472.\\nJames, b., 1001 d., 1841\\nPurchase, 173.2\\nGaelic Society org. in Am., 3032; in Lon-\\ndon fnd., 9212.\\nGaen, Fr., St. Etienne Church fnd., 6683.\\nGreta, fortress surrendered by Fr., 6782;\\nbesieged, 1087 1.\\nGaetano, discoveries, 10411.\\nGaf urid, Franchino, teaches music, 1078 2\\nGagarin, Ivan, b., 11163; d., 11201\\nGage, Baron, title created, 925 2 Viscount,\\ntitle created, 9051.\\nFrancis Dana, b., 1142; d. (1884).\\nThomas, b., 9062; commander, 722;\\nsent to Boston, 761 fortifies The Neck,\\n783, 801 in Salem, 782; g OT Mass.: sup-\\npresses liberty, 79 1 offers pardon, 812;\\nseizes stores, 801 d., 9242.\\nGagelen, Francis, strangled, 4803.\\nGagern, Gen. Frederick von, pres. Nat l\\nAssembly; shot, 8172.\\nBaron lleinrich Wilhelm August, b.,\\n8063; pres. Nat l Assemblv, 5231 d., 8301\\nGagging Bill enacted, 9272.\\nGagi, Anthimos, issues newspaper, 10351\\nGag Law, on slavery, 1471, 1492, 3; pro-\\nslavery, 1531.\\nGagnier, Jean, b., 6922; d., 7003.\\nb., 8922; d., 9103.\\nGahagan, Usher, executed, 9132.\\nGai, Ljudevit, b., 5192; d., 5282.\\nGail, Jean Baptiste, b., 7022; d., 7243.\\nGailen, Joseph, d., 7051\\nGaillard, Edwin S., b., 1342.\\nGabriel Henri, b., 6982; d., 7163.\\nJohn, pres. senate, 1172, 1232, 1272,\\n1291, 1312, 3, 1332.\\nGailor, W. H., indicted for extortion,\\n4043.\\nGaine. Hugh, publisher, 691.\\nGaines, Edward Pendleton, b., 891 at Fort\\nErie, 1222; attacked by Seminoles, 1461\\nd., 1661\\nJohn P., gov. Ore., 1671 d. (1858).\\nMyra Clark, b. (1805); d., 3182; suit\\nof heirs, 3411.\\nMill, Va., battle of, 2092.\\nGainesville, Fla., Confeds. routed, 2301;\\noutlaws lynched, 3782.\\nVa., lynching, 4023.\\nGainsborough, Earl of, title created, 9511\\nThomas, b., 9081; works, 9162, 9182;\\nd.,9243.\\nGainsford, Thomas, b., 9203; d. (1855).\\nGaiti, enthroned, 6113, 6131.\\nGalapagos Archipelago, colonists expedi-\\ntion, 6443.\\nGalas defeats Swedes, 7961\\nGalaswintha murdered, 7711\\nGalatea loses yacht race, 3253. 9953.\\nGalatea, asteroid, discovered, 2661.\\nGalatia, Asia Mine r. settled, named, 11492.\\nnew provinces, 10613.\\nGalatians, Epistle written, 11531\\nGalaton, artist of Alexandria, 6522.\\nGalaxy Magazine appears, 2543.\\nGalba, P. Snlpicius, b. (24 B.C.); in Illyria,\\n10543.\\nServius Snlpicius, b.-d.. 10603 emp.,\\n6633; proclaimed emp., 10623, 6632.\\nGalba), imperator; reigns;\\nassassinated, 10633.\\nGalbaio, Giovanni, doge at Venice, 10732.\\nMaurizio, doge at Venice, 10732.\\nGaldan, rules Cent. Asia; checked, 6142;\\nat Chowmodo, 6161\\nGaldos, Peres, b. (1845); works, 11323.\\nGale Coll. (Presbt.) org. at Galesville,\\nWis., (1856).\\nN.B., will, 4792.\\nTheophilus, b. (1628); gift, 443; d.\\n(1678).\\nWm., walking record, 9S33.\\nGalekas, defeated, 600 1\\nGalen, Christopher B. von, prince, bp. of\\nMunster, b., 7922; d., 7962.\\nClaudius, b., 10283; nourishes, 10282.\\nGalena, reenforced by Atlantic, 3341 at\\nNavassa Island, 3441; at Baltimore,\\n3461 stranded, 3801\\nHI., Gen. Grant a citizen, 1753, 1S71\\nGer.-Eng. Coll. fnd., \u00c2\u00bb2623; statue of\\nGrant, 3841.\\nKan., prosperous, 2961\\nand Chicago Union R. R. opd., 1693,\\n1733.\\nGalerius, Caius Valerius Maximianus,\\nextends empire to the river Tigris\\ngov. Illyricum, Macedonia, and Greece,\\n10673; visits Sp.; conquers Mesopotamia,\\n11061; restores King Tiridates, 11533;\\ndefeats Varanes III., 11072; d., 10673.\\nGales, Joseph, b., 981 d. (1860).\\nGalesburg, 111., Knox Coll. fnd., 1483;\\nLombard University org., 1703.\\nGalgacus, in battle of Grampians, 8391\\nGaliani, Fernando, b., 10841 d., 10843.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1273.jp2"}, "1274": {"fulltext": "1262\\nText Figures denote Page. IJNIDiiX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nGali-Gari.\\nGaliano, Antonio Alcala, b.-d., 11303.\\nGaliber, Adm., minister, 7552.\\nGalicia, Aust.-Hung., Stephen II. in, 5021\\nCracow capital. 5053; Leinberg Univ.\\nfnd., 5171 acquires Buckawini; oatli of\\nallegiance, 517 2 insurrection, 5213; abol-\\nishments, 5291 troops keep peace, 5321\\nhurricane, 5341 Anti-Semitic riot; Jew-\\nesses school; custom frauds, 5343; Polish\\nboc., 5351; mine explosion, 5353; snow,\\n5361; cholera; floods, 5373, 5383.\\nSp.,Brit. armyin, 710 2 insurrections,\\n8171 conquered, 11251 united with Gas-\\ntile, 11272.\\nGalien, Joseph, b., 6943; d. (1782).\\nGaligai, Leonora de, assassinated, 6872.\\nGalilei, Galileo, b., 10803; works, 10802,\\n10832; d., 10823.\\nGalimard, Nicolas Auguste, b., 7203; d.,\\n7522.\\nGalin, Pierre, b., 7061 d., 7242.\\nGall, Saint, b.-d., 8402.\\nFranz J., b., 8023; phrenology, 5191\\nwork, 5203; d., 8141.\\nGalla, Afr., tribes enter Abys., I 3 mis-\\nsion field, 5612.\\nGallagher, Nicholas Aloysius, cons. K. C.\\nbp., 3102; b. (1846).\\nWm. Davis, b., 1142.\\nGallait, Jean Pierre, b., 7022; d., 7223.\\nLouis, b., 5423 d., 5461\\nGallaland, (Christianity in, 11112.\\nGalland, Antoine, b., 6883; trans. Arabian\\nNights: d., 6971.\\nGallant, Private, wins rifle prize, 9821\\nGallas, Matthies von, b., 5102; defeats\\nSwedes, 7961 d., 5123.\\nGallatin, U. S. revenue cutter, ashore, 3981.\\nGallatin, British warship, launched, 9701.\\nTeun., Federals defeated, 2103; cap-\\ntured, 2121 Oonfeds. defeated, 2141\\nAlbert, b., 723 sec. treasury, 1112,\\n1171, 1213; Treaty of Ghent, 1233 d.,\\n1661.\\nGallaudet, Edw. Miner, b., 1482.\\nThomas, b., 1302.\\n-Hopkins, b.,981 opens deaf mute\\nschool, 1251 d., 1682.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Galle, Johann Gottfried, b., 8102; dis.\\nNeptune, 8161, 7281.\\nGallegos, Jose Rafael de, pres., 6303.\\nGalleher, John Nicolas, b. (1839) cons.\\nP. E. bp.,3023.\\nGalli, M., French Army in Germany, 7582.\\nGallia, asteroid, discovered, 748 1.\\noarries members of Kristhena So-\\nciety to India, 3342.\\nBelgia, a Roman province, 10G3 2\\nGisalpina, Roman ally, 6612.\\nNarbonensis, a Roman province, 10591\\n(See Narbonensis.)\\nGallic nations against Romans, 6632.\\nGallicauus, Vulcacius, Auaustan History,\\n10671.\\nGallienus reigns, 10293.\\nPublius Licinius Valerianus, b.-d.,\\n10342; appointed; reigns; at Treves,\\n10672.\\nGallinger, Jacob H., b., 1801; Sanitarium\\nBill, 4052.\\nGallipoli taken, 10341\\nGallissonniere, Roland Michel Barrin,\\nMarquis de la, b. (1693) gov. Can., 5753;\\nd. (1756).\\nGallitsin, Dimitri Augustine, b., 11162; d.,\\n11163.\\nGallitzin, Mikhail Mikhailovitch, b.-d.,\\n11142,\\nVassili, b.-d., 11142.\\nGallo, Pedro, insurrectionist, 6061\\nGallois, Jean, b., 6882 d., 6963.\\nGallos Island wreck, 5873.\\nGalloway, E. of, title created, 881*.\\nScot., see erected, 8403; bp. of, 8783;\\nBp. MaLachlan cons., 9841 church fnd.,\\n10702.\\nCharles B.,b. (1849 r); elected bp.3223.\\nJoseph, b. (1730); plans rejected, 792;\\nexamined, 913; d., 1102.\\nSamuel, b. (1811) d., 2762.\\nGallup, Col., at Half Mountain, 2321\\nGallus, Caius Vibius Trebonianus, b.\\n(205\u00c2\u00b1); reigns; deposed, 10671\\nC. Elius, expedition, 4831.\\nCornelius, b. (66 E. a); gov. Egypt,\\n6533; d. (25\u00c2\u00b1 B. a).\\nFlavius Claudius Constantius,b. (205);\\nmade Caesar; rules in East; executed,\\n10692.\\nGaloengong, volcano eruption, 10921\\nGalois, Evariste, b., 7192 d., 7262.\\nGalphinton, Ga., Indian treaty, 991.\\nGait, Sir Alexander Tilloeh, b., 5763; Fish-\\nery Commission, 5852 d., 5941\\nJohn, b., 9203 works, 9411 d.,9483.\\nGalte, battle at, 6432.\\nGalton, Francis, b.,9403 Natural Inheri-\\ntance, 10022.\\nGaluppi, Baldassare, b., 10831 d., 10843.\\nGalusha, Jonas, gov. Vt., 1172, 1252.\\nGalvani, Alvisio, b., 10842 d., 10843.\\nLuigi, b, (1737) scientific researches,\\n9242; experiments, 10841.\\nGalvanic battery invented, 10841.\\ncurrent separates potassium, sodium,\\netc., 9322.\\nGalvanometer invented, 3201, 11381.\\nGalvano-plastik process invented, 8101.\\nGalvao, or Galvan, Antonio, b.-d., 11092.\\nGalvarino, in Chilean navy, 6061\\nGalveston, Tex., St. Mary s Univ. org.,\\n1783 Federals take, 2142 recaptured\\nFederals defeated. 2181 blockade re-\\nmoved, 2183 harbor improvements en-\\nacted, 3693 Rosenberg bequests, 4303\\nHenry HI, Jones, burns, 2S1 3 storm in-\\njures, 2881\\nGalvez, Bernardo de, b. (1756) at Mobile,\\n91i; d. (1794).\\nde Montalvo, Luis, b.-d., 11282.\\nGalvin s Industrial Army seize train, 4582.\\nGalway, Ire., conquered, 8521 capitulates,\\n8981; mail packets sail. 9633; Bp. Mac-\\nCormack cons., 9762 riots, 9851.\\nViscount of, title created, 9902.\\nLord Henry, b. (1647) at Almanza,\\n6961 takes Madrid, 11281 in Lisbon,\\n11101 d. (1720).\\nand North Am. steamship service,\\n9653.\\nGama, Christopher de, in Abyssinia, 11.\\nStephen de, in Abyssinia, 11\\nVasco da, b.-d., 11092 a royalist\\nmanifesto, 5593 Brazilian revolt, 5601\\nexplorer, 5973 discovery, 10433 first\\npassage to Indies, 1 11)! 1 at Mozambique,\\n11111.\\nGamaliel, the Younger, d., 11521\\nGa Matlale, mission, 11241\\nGambalat, sultan, 6553.\\nGambetta, Leon Michel, b., 7282; minister\\nof interior, 7412 virtual dictator of Fr.\\nescapes in balloon, 7413 proclamation,\\n7432 circular letter, 7433; disavows ar-\\nmistice, 7451 censured, 7472 duel con-\\nvicted sentence, 750 3 favors parlia-\\nmentary govt., 7511; pres. Chamber.\\n7513 premier resigns, 753 2 shot, 7533;\\nd., 7522; statue, 7541; monument, 7561,\\n7581.\\nGambia, W. Afr., Eng. factory est., 8S12\\nEng. colony est., 8832.\\nGambier, O., Kenyon Coll. org., 1331.\\nW. Afr., mission, 11603.\\nLord James, b., 9043 destroys Fr.\\nships, 9341 takes Danish vessels 6381\\nd. (1833).\\nGamble, Hamilton Bowan, b. (179S) gov.\\nMo., 1991 2032 protection offered, 1992;\\nd., 2312.\\nGamboa, Martin Ruiz, gov. Chile, 6052.\\nGambrell, Roderick Dhu, murdered. 3271\\nGame and I lat/c of Cl/exse, trans., 8642.\\nGames, Gr., 10131 Eoman, 10503+.\\nGamez, Gutierre Diaz de, works, 11271.\\nGamjarn, Madras, famine and cholera pre-\\nvail, 10493.\\nGamme], William, b., 1183; d. (1889).\\nGammer Girrfnn s Nredle, issued, 8751.\\nGammon Theolog. School, Ga., fnd., 3143.\\nGamper, J. U., socialist leader, 404 3\\nGandamak, Afg., treaty signed, 6 3 9851\\nGanges, Mich., infernal machine in mail,\\n4483.\\nGanglbauer, Celestine, consecrated, 5302.\\nGan-hwuy, mission, 6212.\\nGanilh, Chas., b., 7023; d., 7262.\\nGannett, Ezra Stiles, b. (1801) d., 2741.\\nGannon, Mary, b. (1829) d., 2603.\\nM. V., resigns presidency, 440 2\\nGano, Jose de. gov. Chile, 605 3\\nGans, Eduard, b., 8003; d., 8143.\\nGansbacher, Johann, b. (1778) d., 5203.\\nGansevoort, Peter, li\u00e2\u0080\u009e 062; at Fort Schuy-\\nler, 871; d., 1183.\\nGanshoren, dynamite explosion, 5462.\\nGanti. enthroned, 6113, 6131.\\nGan Wang, enthroned, 611 2\\nGarardin, Emile de, d., 7522.\\nGarat, Dominique Jos., b., 7003; d., 7262.\\nGaray, Francisco de, explorer, 183 d. (1524).\\nHenry Peters, d., 1781\\nJanos, b., 5202; d., 5242.\\nJuan de, b. (1541 i at Santa Fe, 252\\nlieut.-gov. Argentine. 4N92; expedition,\\n4892 d. (1584).\\nGarber, Silas, gov. Neb., 2912.\\nGarbett, James, b., 9303; d. (1879).\\nGarcao, or Garcam, Pedro Antonio Correa,\\nb.-d., 11102.\\nGarcelon, Alonzo, gov. Me., 3033.\\nGarchus in Italy, 7862.\\nGarcia I., of Navarre, b.-d., 11262 reigns\\nin Galicia, 11272.\\nII., of Navarre, reigns, 1127 2\\nIII., of Navarre, reigns, 11272.\\nIV., Bamirez, of Navarre, reigns,\\n11272.\\nof Asturias, reigns, 1127 2\\nCubas Antonio, b., 10961\\nGen. Calixto. commander, 6321 dis-\\nembarks, 6322 band in Cuba, 6342.\\nGen. Catarina, defeated, 10961 re-\\nvolts, 10971.\\nEugene E., embezzler, 3942.\\nManuel, b.-d., 1130 2 larvygoscope\\ninvented, 9602.\\nManuel de Popnlo Vicente, b.-d.,\\n11302.\\nMoreno Gabriel, b. (1821) Pres. Ecu.,\\n6442; resigns, 6442 revolutionist, 6443\\nassassinated, 6443\\nSimon, search by troops, 3901\\nGarcilaso de la Vega,*b.-d., 11263.\\nGarczvnski, Stephen, b., 11162 d., 11163.\\nGard, U. S. Marshal, on ltata, 3861 en-\\nforces Geary Act, 43S3.\\nGarden issued, Eng., 9763.\\nGarden City, N. Y., Cathedral, gift, 3842\\nschool teachers strike. 4191\\nGardener s Chronicle issued, 9503.\\nGardening, ornamental, intro., Eng., 8662.\\nGardiner, Capt. Allen, b. (1742) Ooshooia\\nmission; starvation, 4902; treaty signed,\\n5992 d. (1809).\\nJohn S., b., 741\\nRobert Halliwell.b. (1782+) d.,2312.\\nSamuel liawson, b..944i works, 9902.\\nStephen, bp.,of Winchester, b., 8642;\\nminister, 8693, 8713 high chancellor,\\n8713 d., 8702.\\nSylvester, b., 581 d., 98\\nGardner takes fire, 3273.\\nGardner, August K., b., 1183.\\nA. W., pres. Liberia, 11612.\\nBaron, title created, 9311.\\nG. W., charges, 4191 agent, 4242.\\nGen., surrenders Port Hudson, 2242\\nat Salisbury, 2461\\nH. A., absconds, 4682.\\nHenry J., governor Mass., 1792 d.,\\n4101.\\nJohn J., b., 1581.\\nDr. Joseph, gift, 4242.\\nGarenganze, mission, 6022.\\nGaresehe, Julius P., d., 217 2\\nGarfield, James Abram,b., 138 2 on canal,\\n1643; father dies, 1431; enters Coll., 1763;\\ngraduates, 1802,3; marries. 1851 at Mid-\\ndle Creek, Ky., 2022 at Pound Gap,\\n2042 in court, 2161 speaker, 2932, 2973;\\n3013; electoral commission, 2951 presi-\\ndential candidate vote, 3043, 3051 ,3072;\\ninaug. President shot, 3072, 3092 re-\\nmoved to Elberon, 3083; d., 3081 3092\\ngrief over. 3083; action in Eng. buried,\\n3091 3593 eulogy, 3111 Great Britain\\nin mourning for, 9SS3 murderer sen-\\ntenced, 3102; memorial, 3581, 31302;\\nburied, 3593.\\nMrs., fund presented, 3091 franking\\nprivilege granted, 3092; pensioned, 3111\\nUniv., org. at Wichita, Kan., 3242.\\nGarhwai mission, 10483.\\nGaribaldi, Giuseppe, b., 10851 repulses\\nFr. at Rome, 7301 struggle in It., 7353\\nat Mentana, 7361 in command at\\nTours, 7421 proclamation, 7422; gen. -in-\\nchief, 7452; monument, 7021; London\\nriots; in Southampton, London, 9671;\\nat Velletri, 10S61 in Rome; campaign\\nin It., 10881; calls for volunteers; m Ca-\\ntania appealstoEng.; amnesty, granted.\\n10892; course disapproved dictator of\\nNaples, 10891; proclamation against,\\n10892; in Italv, 10893; d., 10901 statue,\\n2641,3321.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1274.jp2"}, "1275": {"fulltext": "Gari-Gene.\\nText Figures denote Page, 1JN J-JliX.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1263\\nGarigliano, action at, 10881\\nGarissoles, Antoine, d., 690 2\\nGarland collides with Mamie, 3053.\\nAugustus Hill, b., 1401; gov. Ark.,\\n2912; minister, 3212.\\nAustin M., tariff commissioner, 3111.\\nJames A., University gift, 4441\\nJohn, b. (1792) d., 1963.\\nLandon Cabell, b., 116 2\\nGarneau, Francois Xavier, b., 5763 Can-\\nada, 5791; d., 5821.\\nGarner, Florence, marries Sir W. Gordon-\\nOumming, 10063\\nPeter M., b. (1809) d., 2621\\nR. L., Speech of Monkeys, 4203.\\nGarnerin, Andre Jacques, b. (1769) in\\nparachute, 7142 d. (1823).\\nGarnet, Henry, b. (15. .5) Gunpowder Plot,\\n8792; d. (1606).\\nGamett, Richard Brooke, b.(1841) d., 2251\\nRobert Selden, b., 130 at Laurel\\nHill; at Carrick s Ford, 1962 d.,1963.\\nGamier, Adolphe, b., 7143; d., 7362.\\nFrancis, on Red River at Hanoi,\\n4801; k., 4802.\\nJean L. 0., b., 7242; erects Grand\\nOpera House, Paris, 7361\\nMarie Joseph Francois Auguste, b.,\\n7282; d., 7461.\\nPages, Louis Antoine, b., 7143 con-\\nvicted, 7372 d.,7502.\\nRobert, b., 6803 works, 6832, 6843\\nd., 6842.\\nGarofalo, Benvenuto Tisio, b., 10783; d.,\\n10803.\\nGaronne, Fr., action on, 10561 j overflows,\\n7493.\\nGarrard, Col., at Rogersville, 2281\\nJames,b.(1749); gov.Ky.,1073; d.,1302.\\nKenner, b., 1381 d., 3002.\\nGarretson, Freeborn, b., 682; d., 1302.\\nGarretsville, O,, explosion in church, 3032.\\nGarrett, Alex. Charles, b. (1832) cons.\\nP. E. bp., 2862.\\nCol., at Plymouth, 2122.\\nMary E., gift, 3702, 4202.\\nBiblical Institute opd., 111., 1802.\\nGarrick, David, b., 9062; Lethe performed,\\n683; appears, 9102, 9132; d., 9203.\\nGarrison, J. H., pres. convention, 3322.\\nWin. Lloyd, b., 1121 Liberator, 1391\\naddresses at Charleston, 247 1 reception\\nin London, 2563; d., 3002; statue, 3241\\nGarrissoles, Antoine, b., 6842.\\nGarside, William B., b., 1442.\\nGarter, Order of, instituted, 8591 reinsti-\\ntuted, 9331\\nGarth, Sir Samuel, b., 8902; d., 9062.\\nGartland, R. C, d., 1741.\\nGarumna, asteroid, discovered, 748\\nGarvagh, Baron, title created, 937 2\\nGarza, Catarino, released, 2971 rebel\\ncamp, 3861 a t Ft. Ringgold, 3971 de-\\nfeated, 3981 enters Mex., 4001 4191.\\nGas illuminating dis., 8102; experiments,\\n9061 from coal theory explained, 910 2\\nused extensively. J2X2 intro. London,\\n9342, 9362, 9401 from water, 9501\\nused in Boston, 1313 St. Louis\\nlighted Brooklyn, 165 3 Nashville\\nLowell Chicago, 1693.\\nnatural, as fuel, 3181 3321 dis. N.Y.;\\nChicago in S. Dak., 350 in Pittsburg,\\n3561 p a 3721 at Kingsville, Can., 5861\\nat Kingston, Can., 5901\\nnitrous oxide, discovered, 9202.\\nGasea, Pedro de la, b. (14S5) possesses\\nfleet in Peru, 221 secures peace sails\\nfor Sp., 232 dis. Davis strait, 243\\nd. (1561).\\nGascoigne, Caroline Leigh, b., 9363.\\nGeorge, b., 86S1 works, 8731 8743\\nd. (1577).\\nSir William, jurist, d., 8622.\\ninventor, b., 8782; d., 8843.\\nGascon, Francois, b., 6903.\\nGascony, Fr., invaded, 688 1 recovered,\\n6791 8561 homage to Eng., 8533.\\nGascoyne-Cecil, Robt. Arthur Talbot,\\nforms ministry, 993 3\\nGases, compression of, 8901 liquefaction\\ndiscovered, 9402.\\nGasias, encaustic painting, 10243.\\nGaskel, Mrs. Elizabeth Clegliorn Steven-\\nson, b., 9351 works, 9543, 9702 d., 9681\\nGasman, John, pres. reformed synod, 1383.\\nGasparin, Comte Adrien Etienne Pierre\\nde, b., 7051 d., 7342.\\nAgenor Eti. de, b., 7191 d., 746 1\\nGasparis, A. de, dis. asteroids, 7301 10862.\\nGaspee burned, 761 773.\\nGasport, N. Y., Are, 4593.\\nGass, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Joa-\\nchim, b., 8102; d. (1889).\\nGassendl, Pierre, b., 6842 works, 6872,\\n6903; astronomer, 6882; d., 6902.\\nGasser, Valhorn Joseph, b., 5202; d., 5282.\\nGassion, Comte de, Jean, b., 6862; d., 6883.\\nGassiot, J. P., gift of, 9761\\nGastein, Aust., sovereigns meet, 8223.\\ntreaty of, 5263; broken, 8233.\\nGaster, chief of police, fined, 4222.\\nGaston, B. F., killed, 4703.\\nWilliam, b., 912; d., 1562.\\nL., b., 1282; gov. Mass., 2873; d.,\\n4481.\\nGatchell, Joseph, arraigned, 482.\\nGate of Lions erected, 10142.\\nGates, Horatio, b., 602 commander, 823\\nat Ticonderoga, 842 at Bemis Heights\\ninN. Y., 871 ,2; in South, 92 1 at Sander s\\nCreek, 922; d., 1122.\\nMerrill Edwards, b. (1848) pres. of\\nAmherst College, 3622, 3642, 3862.\\nThomas, b., 582; gov. Va., 291\\nCollege, Neligh, opened, 3123.\\nGateshead, explosion fire panic in thea-\\nter, 10073.\\nGathorne-Hardy, Gathorne, minister, 9933.\\nGatling, Richard Jordan, b., 1262; inventB\\nGatlinggun, 2011.\\nGatschet, Albert Samuel, b., 1401\\nGatschina, palace undermined, 11212.\\nGatteaux, Jacques Edouard, b., 706 2 d.,\\n7522.\\nGatterer, Johann C, b., 8002; d,, 8063.\\nGatti, Bernardino, d., 10811\\nGau, Franz C.,b., 8043; d.,820\\nGauchos, massacre, 4913.\\nGauden, John, b., 8781 d., 8902.\\nGaudens, Ger., resist Fr., 7162.\\nAugustus, of Nat. Academy of De-\\nsign, 3501\\nGaudin, Marc Antoine, sapphires, 7342.\\nGauhati mission, 10471\\nGaul, settled, 6621 Romans defeated,\\n10561 Ger. invade, 6621 a Roman prov-\\nince, 10593 Trans. Alpine, divided, 6632;\\nsubdued by Rome, 1067 2 Ger. expelled,\\n7692 Christianity in, 6623 tribes mi-\\ngrate to, 7693 Brit, colony in, 8412\\ncivilization in, 6623 ravaged, 663 2 Sara-\\ncens defeated, 4S42 Moslems invade,\\n4853; museum est., 7521 (See also text\\nunder France.)\\nGaul, Gilbert Spencer, b., 1781 in Nat.\\nAcademy, 3121\\nGauley, W. Va., property burned, 2131\\nGauls invade Gr.; detent Romans in Rome,\\n6621 dwellings, 6622 arts, 6623 dress,\\n6631 appearance, fiiie 2 leave Macedonia,\\n10261; at Olusiuin, 10501 in Central It.;\\natRome, 1050 2 build Milan burn Rome,\\n10513; aid Hannibal, 10541; revolt, 10593;\\nin Asia, 11492.\\nGaultier, Leonhard, b., 7921\\nGaunt, Elizabeth, burned, 8971\\nJohn of, D. of Lancaster, b.-d., 8582.\\nGauntlett, Henry John, b., 9323 d. (1876).\\nGausbacher, Johann, b., 5163.\\nGauss, Karl F., b., 8042; Arithmetical Dis-\\nquisitions, 8072; d., 8201.\\nGautier de Metz, writings of, 6723.\\nJudith, b., 7302.\\nTheophile, b., 7192; works, 7271 7291\\n7331 d., 746\\nGavazzi, Alessandro, b. (1809) lectures,\\nGaveston, Piers, minister, opposed vice-\\nroy, 8572; executed, 8563, 8572.\\nGavitt, Maj., at Black River, Mo., 1982\\nat Ironton, 200\\nGawler, Mr., in duel, 9272.\\nGay, Claude, b., 7142; d., 7461\\nEbenezer, b. (1696) Unitarian\\npreacher, 582; d. (1787).\\nJohn, b., 8962; works, 9043, 908\\nd., 9082.\\nMarie F. S. N. de Lavalette, b., 7043;\\nd., 7322.\\nMr., at Concepcion Bay, 291\\nSydney Howard, b., 1231 d. (1888).\\nGayangos, Pascual de, b., 1130 3\\nGayarre, Chas. Etienne Arthur, b., 1122.\\nJulian, d., 11322.\\nGayle, John, b. (1792) gov. Ala., 1392; d.,\\n1842.\\nGayler, Chas., b., 1282; work, 2011.\\nGayler, Sir John, escapes from Lions, 8822,\\nGaylor, Thomas F., cons, bp., 434\\nGay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, b., 7043 bal-\\nloon ascensions, 7142; works, 7192, 7231\\ninvents psychrometer, 726 d., 7302.\\nGaynor, W. J., in McKane case, 4422\\ndecision on betting, 4702.\\nGaza, Syria, battle, 6562 surrenders,\\n10242, 11501 mission, 11563.\\nTheodore, b.-d., 10343.\\nGazan, battle at, 6262.\\nGazetta del Popolo issued, 10883.\\nGazette de France issued, 701 3\\ndes Beaux Arts issued, 7343.\\nExtraord maris osttijdinghen issued,\\n5411.\\nFraneaise de Stockholm issued, 1135\\nLitte raire issued 703 3\\nof Fashion founded, Am., 1762.\\nGazzoli, Abu H., b.-d., 11543.\\nGear, John Henry, b., 1322.\\nGeary, John White, b., 12S1 gov. of Kan.,\\n1811, 2 j 2593; at Lawrence; reports\\npeace; resigns, 1812; proclamation, 1811\\nnear Chariest. m, 216 d., 2802.\\nThos. J., b., 1741.\\nGeber, Abu Musa Jaffaral-Sofi, chemist,\\n4861 d., 4842.\\nGed, William, b., 8982 stereotypes, 9081\\nd., 9122.\\nGedaliah, gov. of Judea, 11472.\\nGeddes, Alexander, b., 9083; d., 9303.\\nJohn, b. (1773\u00c2\u00b1) gov., 1272 d. (1828).\\nGeddie, John, d., 4981\\nGcefs, Willem, b., 5423; d., 5461\\nGeelong, settled, 495 2\\nGeert, in Denmark, 6361\\nGeertruidenberg, Neth., retaken, 10982.\\nGeerts, Charles Henri, b., 5423; d. (1855).\\nGeffrard, Fabre, b. (1806) pres. Haiti,\\n10403; d. (1879).\\nGetion captured, 6401\\nGegenbaur, Karl, b., 8123.\\nGeias-ud-din reigns, 1043 a\\nGeibel, Emmanuel, b., 8103; d., 8302.\\nGeiger, Lazarus, b., 8142; d., 8262.\\nLudwig, d., 8162.\\nGeijer (Geyer), Erik Gustaf b.-d., 11342\\nworks, 11362.\\nGeikie, Cunningham, b. (1826) works,\\n9983.\\nWalter, b., 9263; d. (1837).\\nGeinitz, Johann Bruno, b., 810 2\\nGeiqua Town, Afr., Moffat leaves, 5972.\\nGeirstade reigns, 11043.\\nGeisenhainer, F. W., patents hot-air blast\\nmnf., 138L\\nGeiser collides with Thingvalla, 8323.\\nGeismayer, Michael, in Peasants War,\\n788\\nGeissen, Fr. and Swede armies unite, 796\\nGeissler, Heinrich, b., 8102; d. (1879).\\nGeiza I., enthroned, 503 2\\nII., enthroned, 5043.\\nGekenkirchener, Prus., explosion, 8333.\\nGekmeh, sultan, 6553.\\nGela, Sicily, colonized, 10153; fnd., 10511\\nunder Gelon, 10512.\\nGelusius, St., pope, 10703; d., 10702.\\nII., pope, 10743 d., 10742.\\nGelcenkirchen, explosion, 8353,\\nGelderland, Neth., seized by Prus., 7992;\\nceded, 7993; submits, 10982, 10993.\\nGelehrtc Zeituntj issued, 801\\nGelehrtes Prenssetr issued, 8003.\\nGelimer, Vandal kine, defeated, 1030\\nGell, Frederick, elected bp., 9583.\\nSir William, b., 9203 d., 9482.\\nGellert, Christian Furchtegott, b., 7983;\\nworks, 801 d., 803\\nGelli, Giovanni Battista, b., 1079 d.(1563).\\nGellir, Thord, divides island, 10421\\nGelon, Gamori, at Himera, 10182 usurper,\\n10192; rules Gela, tyrant, 10512.\\nGemara published, 1071\\nGembloux, Agricultural Inst, est., 544\\nGeminiani, Francesco, d., 10842.\\nGenealogical Soc, org., London, 962\\nGeneral Armstrong, escapes, 120 in New\\nYork, 122\\nGrant wrecked, 9693.\\nLyon burns, 2443, 2453.\\nParkhill captured, 1942.\\nAmnesty Hill passes, 275\\nAward Bill passes, 3111\\nBankrupt Law passed, 1532.\\nCongress revives grade, 2532.\\nDeficiency Appropriation Bill, Cong.,\\n3652, 3671 ,2, 3792, 4092, 4112, 4633, 4672.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1275.jp2"}, "1276": {"fulltext": "1264\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nGene-Gerb.\\nGeneral Estates, first meeting, Ger., 8171\\nLicensing Act, passed G. B., 945 1 9772,\\nMagazine published, 651\\nTheo. Sem. (Prut. Epis.), org. in Man-\\nhattan, N. Y. (1817).\\nUniversity, Fr., est., 717 2\\nGenesee, N.V., Normal school opd., 2763.\\nConf. Meth. Epis., fmd., 117\\nGeneseric in N. Africa, 81\\nGenesis and Exodus, poem, written, 8543.\\nGenesius, Josephus, b.-d., 11542.\\nGenesta defeated by Puritan, 3213, 9953.\\nGenestet, Peter Anton de, b.-d., 11021\\nGenet, Edmond Chas., b.,703 1 at Charles-\\nton, 1051 j at Phila. appeals to people\\npresents papers recall asked, 1052\\nd., 7262.\\nGeneva County, Ala., tornado, 3561.\\n111., explosion, 4312.\\nN.Y., Hobart Free College, fnd., 1331\\nSmith Observatory, 3321\\nSwitz., annexed to Fr., 7133; witches\\nburned; party quarrels; bank fnd. ,11373;\\nUniv. of, fnd., 11381 revolt joins in Act\\nof Mediation, 11382 Peace and Liberty\\nCongress gift from ex-Duke of Bruns-\\nwick; Alabama Cla,i ins Arbitration; Ar-\\nbitration ami Peace Cong., 11383.\\nColl., Beaver Falls, Pa., org., 1643.\\nGenevieve, Saint, b.-d., 6623.\\nGenghis Khan, b.-d., 10423 j n N. China;\\nin W.Asia, 4i rules Arabia, 4873; in\\nBokhara, 5491; at Peking; devastates\\ncountry in Hea in Tibet, 6121 in In-\\ndia, 10422; i n Persia, 11072; takes Sa-\\nmarcand, 11131; holds Tartary, 11151.\\nGenius of America., statue executed, 1681.\\nGenlis, Comtesse de, Stephanie Felicity,\\nb.,7003; Adele vt Theodon 7052 works,\\n7052,7151,7251; d., 7261\\nGenoa, It. free city, 10733 wars with Pisa;\\nwar with Venice, 1074 important, 10752;\\nenriched, 10753 yields to Rome, 1057 2\\ncommercial power; bank fnd., 10753; war\\nwith Venice, 10761; cathedral begun,\\n10771; Dogate est., 10773; disorders; for-\\neign powers rule freedom of, 10792\\nruled by Fr., 10793; sacked, 10,801 liber-\\nated from Fr., 10813; bombarded, 10821\\n10841; war with Savoy, 10821; taken,\\n10S41 earthquake, 10S5~i revolution in,\\n6993; surrendered, 7Hi; trans, into Li-\\ngurian Republic, 10852 incor. with Fr.,\\n10853 Campo Santo est,, 108G3; seized;\\nsurrenders to Eng., 10861; annexed to\\nSardinia; made a duchy, 10871; insur-\\nrection, 10373.\\nDuke of, at Mortara, 5222.\\nGenoese, reject Columbus, 123 war with\\nGr., 10341; conquer Turks, 10821; in\\nCrimea, 11151 defeated, 11261.\\nGenoude, Antoine Eugene, b. 7082; d., 7302.\\nGenouihy, Adm. Rigault de, off Saigon;\\noff Touron, 4801 minister, 7373, 7392, a.\\nGensen Lieden Boec.eken appears, 10991.\\nGenseric captures Carthage invades Af-\\nrica takes Rome, 10701 est. Vandal\\nkingdom, 10712; i n Sp.; in Africa, 11253;\\nd., 7681.\\nGensonne, Armand, b., 7023 d., 70S2.\\nGenssen, Poland, archbishopric fmd., 7742.\\nGenthius, K. of lllyria, subdued, 10551.\\nGentleman Journal issued, Eng,, 8983.\\nMagazine, Am., appears, 1491\\nGentz, Fred, von, b. 8023 a., 8142.\\nGenua. (See Genoa.)\\nGeoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, b.\\n(1113); at Varaville, 6681; marries Ma-\\ntilda; receives Normandy, 6693; d. (1150).\\nde Mariscis, viceroy, 8532.\\nof Monmouth, b. (1100 t); Hist, of Brit-\\nish Kings, 8491 d., 8502.\\nGeoffroi, de Villehardouin, ConquUe de\\nConstantinople, 671 1\\nGeotfroy, Julien Louis, b., 7003 d., 721 1\\nSaint Hilaire, Etienne, b., 7042; zool-\\nogist, 7142 work, 7231 d., 7283.\\nGeographers Congress, at Antwerp, 5441\\nat Paris, 7481 at Bordeaux, 7521\\nGeographical Society, Royal, org., 9441\\nGeography, discourses on, 6522 j first\\ncharts, 10163.\\nfirst published, 1023.\\nGeological map of Eng., 9291\\nSoc, org., Eng., 9342; inst.,9481.\\nAm., meets, 3481, 3731, 3991.\\nGeologists Congress, London, 9981\\nGeorge I., Eng., b.(1660); reigns, 9053; pur-\\nchases library, 9043 escapes assassina-\\ntion, 907i d., 9073 statue, 9061\\nGeorge II., Eng., b., 8962; p r of Wales,\\nunder arrest, 9072; enthroned, 9073; a t\\nDettingen, 7001, 9101 endows Univ. of\\nGottingen, 8011; marries, 9032; d.,9143,\\n9153.\\nIII., Eng., b. (1738) reigns marries,\\n9153 j K. of Corsica, 7112 peace with\\nU. S., 952 est. Knights of St. Patrick,\\n9231 ratines treaty, 972; statue, 773,\\n9241 9343, 94S1 insane, 9253,9332, 9353;\\nseizes neutral vessels, 1052; stoned, 927 2\\nassassins plot, 9311; drops title, K. of\\nFr., 9313 golden jubilee, 9352 library\\npresented, 941 1 d., 9412.\\nIV., Eng., b. (1702); reigns, 9412; K.of\\nHanover, S133 Pr. of Wales; marries\\nMrs.Fitzherbert,92o2; marries Caroline,\\n9272; mobbed, 9272; in Ire.; in Scot.,\\n9412,3 crowned, 9413 d.,9452; statue,\\n9461.\\nV., K. of Hanover, b., 8122; reigns in\\nHanover, 8193; d., 8282.\\nI., duke, founds Moscow, 11151\\nDuke of Argyll, P.-M. general, 9612.\\nDuke of Clarence, L. Lieut., S651\\nexecuted, S652.\\nEarl of Carlisle, L. Lieut., 9612.\\nEarl of Macclesfield, .President Royal\\nSociety, 9122.\\nElector of Saxony, 7873.\\nking of Tonga Islands, 10052.\\nMarquis of Halifax, minister, 8992.\\nof Cappadoeia, archbp., killed, 6453,\\n8403.\\nof Podiebrad, rules Bohemia, 5091\\nof Spires, search of, 203.\\nPi-, of Den., marries, S972; Lord Ad-\\nmiralty, 9031\\nPrince of Greece, in Chicago, 3863.\\nPr. of Wales, Order Black Eagle,\\n10031 titles conferred, 100S3.\\nson of Pr. of Wales, b., 9691\\nWilliam, Duke of Prussia, 7952.\\nFrederick Charles, Duke of Cam-\\nbridge, b., 9383.\\nCanning wrecked, 9593.\\nDavid, est. Family of Love, 8711\\nEnoch, b., 741; cons, bp., 1243; d.,\\n1362.\\nGrisvold arrives in England, 2192.\\nHenry, b., 1502 nationalizing of\\nland, 309*i; standard AU*; works, 303\\n4052.\\nJames Zach., b., 1341 speech, 4391\\nLittle captured by Grauicus, 1223.\\nWilliam S., b., 1322.\\nGeorgenholz, mission, 11242.\\nGeorges guillotined, 7152.\\nGeorgetown, Can., White Caps in, 5S6 3\\nD. C, settled, 692; Academy org.,\\n1003; agricultural exhibition, 1173; Oak\\nHill Cemetery est., 1673.\\nCollege [Univ.], D. C, est., 1043.\\nKy., lynching; feud, 3903; College\\n(Bapt org. (1829).\\nMass., Forger Vining confesses, 4222.\\nTex., Southwestern Univ. opd., 2*23.\\nGeorgia, Asia, annexed to Russia, 11073,\\n11173.\\nU. S. A., Sp. arrive, 223 gold mines,\\n433 Ger. Luth. settle, 622 Moravians,\\n623 colony org. liquor prohibited\\nslavery forbidden, 631 granted by king,\\n632 Scotch Highlanders, 633 Sp. de-\\nfeated, 641 rum necessary, 652 lands\\nin fee simple, 053; charter surrendered\\nfinancial failure Capt. John Reynolds,\\ngov., 69 2 ,3; liquor licenses limited, 71 2\\ndivided, 71 3 paper money issued J.\\nWright, gov., 732; land ceded to K.,793;\\njoins Am. colonies, 81 3 A. Bullock,\\ngov., 852 invaded, 883 Tories annihi-\\nlated, 901 D Estaing in, 90s Brit, suc-\\nceed in South, 911; royal govt, reest.,\\n913 Indian wars, 961; univ. org., 983\\nCreeks defeated cedes lands to Fed-\\neral govt. ratifies constitution, 1011\\nGeo. Walton, gov., 1013 Ed. Telfair,\\ngov., 1032; cotton-gin invented, 1041;\\nGeo. Matthews, gov.,105 2 Jared Irwin,\\ngov., 1073, 1151 James Jackson, gov.,\\n1093; David Emanuel, gov.; Jos. Tatt-\\nnall, gov., 1112 John Milledge, gov.,\\n1113; David B. Mitchell, gov., 1172, 1252;\\nPresb. Synod org., 1212 Peter Early,\\ngov., 1213 Cherokees expelled, 1271;\\nMatthew Talbot, gov., 1273 Prot. Epis.\\ndiocese est., 1303 m. Troup, gov.,\\n1313; treatv with Indians, 1332 Indian\\nland controversy, 133 3 John Forsyth,\\ngov., 1353; Geo. R. Gilmer, gov., 1373,\\n1492; missionaries opposed, 1383; Wilson\\nLumpkin, gov., 1392 local option law\\npassed, 143 1 Wm. Schley, gov. Indian\\nlands ceded, 1453; Emory Coll. est. set-\\ntlers leave, 147 1 Universalists State\\nconvention organized, 14S3 j Chas. J.\\nMcDonald, gov., 1513 Southern Coll.\\norg., 1571 Georgia road completed, 1573;\\nPresbyterian synod, O. S., organized,\\n1583; Geo. W. Crawford, gov., 101 1 Geo.\\nW. B. Towns, gov., 1032 Howell Cobb,\\ngov., 1692 Jos. E. Brown, gov., 1S32\\nlegislature arms the state, 1S8 3 Federal\\nforts seized, 1901 senator withdraws\\nsecession conven.; state secedes, 1912\\nJustice Campbell resigns, joins Confed-\\neracy, 1952 Gen. Johnston commands\\nConfederates, 22S3 militia called out,\\n2361 Stonenian s raid, 2303; Kilpatrick s\\nraid, 2372 Wheeler s raid, 2381 Hood\\ntears np R. R., 238 3 James Johnson\\nappt. provisional gov., 2431 ^483 proc-\\nlamation for reconstruction, 2482 an-\\nnuls secession ordinance passes 13th\\nAmendment, 2491; adopts revised con-\\nstitution war debt void ratifies 13th\\nAmendment, 249 2 Chas. J. Jenkins,\\ngov. James Johnson, gov., 251 1 Meth.\\nEpis. conferences (North and South),\\nfmd., 2522 Afr. Meth. Epis. conf. org.,\\n256 2 Cong, rejects new constitution,\\n2572 Conservative Party fmd., 259 2\\nConstitutional conven. meets T. H.\\nRuger, gov., 2593; Meth. Epis. conf. fmd.;\\n2602 capital changed to Atlanta, 2611\\nnew constitution ralified, 2612; readmit-\\nting bill, 2032; ratifies 14th Amendment,\\n2633; Rufus B. Bullock, gov. ,2652; Gen.\\nTerry s military dist., *J07i negroes eligi-\\nble to office, 2672 Cong, declares exclu-\\nsion of freedmen from legislature illegal,\\n2692 negroes enter legislature, 2693\\nreconstruction comp 1 eted refuses to\\nratify 15th Amendment, 2692; later rati-\\nfies it, 2693 j negroes excluded from of-\\nfice, 2692; public school system est.,\\n2703; act for readmission, 2712; Cong.\\ndisapproves constitution, 277 2 James\\nMilton Smith, gov., 281 1 Alf H. Col-\\nquitt, gov., 2973; G. Congregational Asso.\\nfmd., 3002; Macon and Brunswick R. R.\\nsold, 3033 tornadoes, 3121 Alex. H.\\nStephens, gov., 3132; Henry D.M Daniel,\\ngov., 3152; local option law passed, 3211\\nJohn B. Gordon, gov., 325 2 prohibition\\ndefeated, 329 1 Technological school\\nopd., 3303; thst friendly union of veter-\\nans, 3421 Northern Soc. org., 356 3 race\\nwar at Star s mill, 3023; National Park\\nest., 3673 negroes lynched, 3782 gen.\\nconven. Congregatioiuilists, find., 3722\\npartial prohibition, 3.S92 Confed. pen-\\nsions, 3911; Confed Veterans Home de-\\nclined, 3912 mechanical cotton-picker,\\n3921 Wm. J. Northen gov., 4212; White\\nCaps, 4263, 4423, 457 cyclone, 4301 ,4401\\nyellow-fever, 436 2 Alex. Stephens mon-\\nument, 3401 state militia bills, 4511 C.\\nF. Crisp, senator, declined Patrick\\nWalsh, senator, 455 z mob cruelty, 4623;\\nrace war, 479 1\\nGeorgia destroys commerce, 2202 cap-\\ntured, 2372.\\nGeorgians captures Essex, l^ 2\\nwrecked, 5933.\\nGephhe, incorporated with Lombards,\\n10713.\\nGerando, Joseph Marie de, b., 7042 d.,\\n7282.\\nGerard, Balthazar, kills William of\\nOrange, 5411; d. (1584).\\nBaron, title created, 9751\\nConrad Alexandre, ambassador, 893;\\nd. (1790).\\nEarl of Kildare, lord justice, 8613\\ndeputy, 8672, 3.\\nEtienne Maurice, b., 7043 at An-\\ntwerp, 7261 minister, 7273; d., 7321\\nFrancois Pascal Simon, Baron, b.,\\n7042 Entry of Henri /T.,672i d., 7263.\\nJeanlguaee Isidore, b., 7143; d., 7301.\\nJules, b., 7222 d., 7362.\\nMarc-Antoine de, Mois-Sauvt 6892.\\nNerval (Gerard Labrunie), b. (1808)\\nworks, 7353 d. (1855).\\nGerbert. (Sen Pope Sylvester II.)\\nAbbC, makes wheel-clocks, 666L", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1276.jp2"}, "1277": {"fulltext": "Gird-Gild.\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN J-)li.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1265\\nGerda, asteroid, discovered, 278*\\nGergard, Edward, b., 8063 d., 8243.\\nGerhardt, Chas. Fred.,b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 7222 d.,7322.\\nPaul, b., 7923; Hymns, 7971 d.,7963.\\nGericault, Jeau Louis Theodore Andre, b.,\\n7062 d., 7242.\\nGerizira, Palestine, temple at, 1146 3\\nGerlache, Etienne Constantine, b., 5422.\\nGermain, St., b.-d., 0623; in Wales founds\\nschools, 8403.\\nGermaine, George. Viscount Sackville, b.,\\n9062; trial, 9142; se e. state, 9212; d. (1785).\\nGerman-American Union, purification\\nplans, 4443.\\nBaptists. (See Baptists.)\\nBook, first, appears, 7723.\\nCatholic armies, 5121\\nCatholics, secede, 1623; society org.\\nagainst Bennett Law, 3582; against com-\\npulsory education law, 3602; Cong, meets,\\n3661, 3652, 3922 parade, 3922 pilgrims\\nat Rome, 8361 Central Soc. Conven.,\\n4142 Cent. Verein session, 4701 school\\nresolutions, 4721 societies in conference\\nat Danzig, 8342.\\nChristian Society organized, 8003.\\nCollege est. at Mt. Pleasant, 2822.\\nEast Africa. (See text, p. 838.)\\nCompany, agent recalled,\\n5631 lease of coast, S381\\nEnglish College, founded, 111., 2622.\\nFlats, N. Y., attacked, 702.\\nForeign Miss. Society, org., 1463,\\nlanguage, in Russia, 11212.\\nLutherans arrive, N. Y., 363 lose\\nchurch, 443; in Ga., 622; attack educa-\\ntion law, 360 2 (See Lutherans.)\\nMannerchor, organized, 2501\\nNational Federal Association meets;\\ngovernment formed, 8213.\\nOcean, naval battle, 9202.\\nphilologists, congress of, 8291\\nReformed Church, Am., pioneer min-\\nister, 603; coll. at Mercersburg.Pa., 1463\\nMiss. Board org., 1483; Theol. school at\\nCarlisle, 1323 Franklin ami Marshall\\nColl., 1463, 1731 Heidelberg Univ., 1683;\\ngen. synod org., 229 1 German erased,\\n268 2 union proposed, 3601 temperance\\nmovement, 3271.\\nSouthwest Africa. (See text, p. 838.)\\nCo., negotiates sale, 1001 3\\nUnion of Natural Phil, fnd., 8132.\\nunity, facilitated, 8272.\\nWallace College, O., org., 2352.\\nGermania (Ger.) wrecked off N. J., 3492.\\nArctic expedition sails, 8261 8301\\nmail-steamer, wrecked, 9773.\\nGermania, Inferior, Rom. province, 1063 2\\nSuperior, a Roman province, 19633.\\nGermanic Confederation, or union, fmd.,\\n5233,8053 supersedes Rhine Confedera-\\ntion; first Diet of, XI [3; extension of, 8192;\\ndecree executed, 5262 falls, 5271; anni-\\nversary, 8222 dissolved, 8233.\\nGermanicus, Cassar, in Ger., 10632 re-\\ncalled revenges Teutoburg disaster,\\n10621 in Armenia, 11501 poisoned, 10631\\nGermantown, Pa., Mennonites at, 48 2\\nsettled, 493 first paper-mill, 50 2 Ger.\\npaper issued, 631 Washington at, 863\\nGer. Bible, 652 battle, 872 Brit, en-\\ncamp, at, 872; Nugent s Home fnd., 3332.\\nRailroad, Pa., opened, 1413.\\nGermany. (See text, pp. 768-837.)? Chatti\\nwar, 10641 Franks repulsed, 10661 Ale-\\nmanni defeated, 10681 frontier restored,\\n5151 Fr. driven out, 5181 mercenaries\\nagainst Americans, 803 treaty with\\nMadagascar, 10953 treaty with Italy,\\n10902 treaty with Korea, 10943 Afr.\\npossessions sold, S38 3\\nGerrnon, Effie, b., 1581\\nGero, Margrave, com der, 7722 d., (965).\\nGerobeea, mission, 6571\\nGeroldseck, Bishop, defeated, 7801.\\nGerome, Jean Leon, b., 7242.\\nGeromino, Mexican, killed, 3852.\\nGerona, Spain, capitulates, 6721\\nGerry, Elbridge, b., 662; gov. Mass., 1173;\\nelectoral vote, 1212; vice-president, 1213;\\nd., 1231.\\nGerscheim, Prussian victory, 8243.\\nGerson, John Gharlier de, b.-d., 6742.\\nGerstacker, Friedricb, b., 1242 works,\\n8163,8202 d. (1872).\\nGerstenberg, Hemrich Wilhelm, b. (1737)\\nworks, 8031 d. (1823).\\nGerstenwieg, Gen., killed, 11191\\nGeruzey, Eugene, b., 7142 Literary His-\\ntory, ,7323; d.,7362.\\nGervais, Adm., entertained by Q., 10071.\\nPaul, b., 7222 d., 7521\\nGervinus, invents circular saw, 8041\\nGeorg Gottfried, b.,8082; dismissed\\nfrom university, 8152 works, 8152, 8182;\\ntreason, 8183 d.,8262.\\nGesalric, reigns, 11253.\\nGesenius, Frtedrieh II cinrich Wilhelm, b.,\\n8043 d., 8162.\\nGesner, Johann Matthias, b., 7982; d., 8023.\\nKonrad von, b. (1516) History of An-\\nimals, 11371; d. (1565).\\nGessi, Lieut. Romolo, b. (1831) in the\\nSoudan, 6581 d. (1881).\\nGessius Florus, procurator, 11533.\\nGessler, Swiss tyrant, shot, 7831\\nGessner, M., suicide, 4642.\\nSalomon, b. (1730) paints Death of\\nAbel, 11371; d. (1788).\\nGester invents air-gun, 7842.\\nGeta, Publius Septimius, b.-d., 10642\\nmurdered, 1065 3\\nGetse, subdued, 10241 ravage Gr., 10301\\nGetty, George Washington, b., 1281 N. of\\nRapidan. 232 1 on military board, 3221\\nGettysburg, Pa., Coll. fnd., 1403; battleof,\\n2241; Lincoln 8 announcement, 2253;\\nNat. Cemetery cons., 2282, 2293; monu-\\nments dedicated, 3741, 3981,4081, 4201,\\n4321,4331,4461.\\nTrolley road motion, 4612.\\nGeurrazzi, Francesco D., works, 10871.\\nGewissas in Gwent, 8401\\nGeyer, Florian, leader, killed, 7881\\nOhazni, Afg., est., 4871 a fine city, 53;\\nMohammed Jan, seizes, 61 enriched,\\n4871 decline; falls, 4872; captured, 10421\\nGhazni, house of, reigns, 10432.\\nGhaznivides, taken, 10421\\nGhbzee-ud-deen, king of Oudh, 1047 2\\nGhent, Belg., besieged, 672i rebels, 5401\\npacification of, 5412 Gazette van Ghent,\\nissued, 5411; Leopold II. visits, 5451;\\ntaken, 540 1 542 peace signed, 1223;\\ntreaty of, 5773 uniy. fnd., 5423 Jlessayer\\ndes Sciences historiqiies, 5443 socialism\\nin, 5451,5481.\\nGherardi, Bancroft, rear-adm. (U. S. N.),\\n3261 commands N. Atlantic squadron,\\n3341 flag-ship, 3941 squadron sails,\\n4261 retired, 4741\\nGhibellines, war against Guelfs,776i con-\\ntention for crown, 7773.\\nGhiberti, Lorenzo, b.-d., 10762.\\nGhika, Gregoria, pr. of Moldavia, 11123.\\nGhilka, N., killed, 7483.\\nGhilzais help Ayoob attack Stewart, 61\\ndefeat Ameers defeated; victors, 6 2\\nGhiyas-ud-din-Tughlak leads revolt, 10432.\\nGholab Singh d., 10483.\\nGholam Hussein Khan, gov., 63 at Kot\\ntadab, 62 d., 10483.\\nHyder, commander reenforced, 6 2\\ngov., 71\\nGliur, Afghanistan,. subdued, 10421.\\nIhurkhas, war with, 10461\\nGiambelli. or Cianil idli.I r e(lerigo,b., 10803.\\nGiannoue, Pietro, b., 10831 d., 10842.\\nGiants, Battle of the, 6801\\nGibbes, Robert, governors. C, 573.\\nWilson, b., 1161 d. (1866).\\nGibbets cut down, Eng., 9171 as land-\\nmarks, 8933.\\nGibbon, Edward, b., 9083 Decline and\\nFall of Roman Empire, 9211 d., 9263.\\nJohn, b., 1341 near Mattaponv\\nRiver, 2103 north of Rapidan, 2321\\nGibbons, Gringling, b., S861-; d., 9062.\\nJames, b., 1422 cons, archbp., 2622\\na cardinal, 3223 circular letter, 3382\\ninvestigation, 3461 favors high license,\\n3463; suit against Kingrose, 3702 cons,\\nchurch, 3742 against women in politics,\\n3782; ordains colored priest, 8961 Colum-\\nbus proclamation, 4141 in Parliament\\nof Religions, 438 1\\nGibbons, Orlando, b., 8742 music, 8701\\nd. (1685).\\nSills John, lord mayor London, 975 3\\nGibbs, Alfred, d., 2641\\nIsaac L., governor Idaho, 2593.\\nJames, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 8923 d. (1754).\\nJosiah Willard, b., 1022 d., 1922.\\nMichael, lord mayor London, 9492.\\nMontgomery, murdered, 4731\\nGibbs, Oliver Wolcott, b., 1302.\\nSir Samuel, k. at New Orleans, 1223.\\nWilliam C, governor R. I., 1293.\\nGibeonites deceive Joshua, 11413.\\nGib-lam, destroyed, 4S02.\\nLong, dethroned d.,4811.\\nGibney, Matthew, cons. R. C. bp., 9962.\\nGibraltar, Saracens capture (712); taken\\nfrom Jews taken by Moors Moors\\nlose, 11201 Sp. fleet ruined, 11001 Brit.\\ntake, 6961; Sp. attacks, 9001; besieged,\\n7041,9221; Brit, defeat Sp. and Fr. fleets,\\n7041 yellow fever, 11311 bishopric est.,\\n9483; Bishop Sanford consecrated, 9742.\\nGibson, Ga.. Morn 1011 elder assaulted, 3611\\nN. B., fire, 5953.\\nA. G. S., cons, bishop, 10121\\nAlex., nom. for gov. R. I., 4011\\nCharles B., d., 2471\\nH., b., 1542.\\nEdmund, b., 8982 d. (1748).\\nEdward, Baron Ashbourne, b. (1837)\\nminister 9933, 9953 i, or d Ashbourne s\\nAct passes, 9951\\nGeo J., arrested, 3781.\\nHenry, lynched, 4723,\\nJohn, b. (1740) gov., 1192 d. (1822).\\nb., 9243 w ork, 9002 d., 9701\\nM. M., moderator, 3282.\\nOtis, fds. Chinese missions, 2642.\\nRandall Lee, b., 1401; near Orange\\nCourt House, 2102 d., 4181\\nThomas Milner, b., 9331 censure mo-\\ntion, 9632 minister, 9033,9692 d.(1884).\\nWilliam Hamilton, b., 16S1.\\nH., agent, murdered, 2751\\nGiddings, Joshua Reed, b., 1061 anti-\\nslavery resolutions, 1552 d., 2351\\nMarsh, gov. N. Mex., 2772.\\nGidel, Charles Antoine, b., 7343.\\nGideon, defeats Midianitcs, 11421; over-\\nthrows altar, 11422 judges Israel de-\\nlivers Israel, 11431\\nGirls issued, 11022.\\nGieseler, Johann Karl Ludwig, b., 80G 2\\nd., 8201.\\nGiessen, University of; chartered, 793i\\ntransferred; removed, 7951 7971\\nGiffard, steam-injector, 9622.\\nSir Geo. M., Lord justice, 9733.\\nSir Hardinge, minister, 9933, 9953.\\nGilford, Baron, title created, 9412.\\nRobert Swain, b., 1522 member\\nAcademy Arts, 3001\\nSanford Robinson, b., 1302 subjects,\\n1811,2681,2801,3001,3061; d.,3041.\\nWilliam, b., 9143; works, 927 1;d., 9422.\\nGlgault, Eniile de la Bedolliere, d., 7541\\nGiger, Geo. Musgrave, b. (1822) d., 2481\\nGignoux, Franvois Regis, b., 7222 d.,7522.\\nGigoux, Jean Francois, b., 7191 d., 7661\\nGigur, conquers Iceland, 10422.\\nGil Vicente, b.-d., 11092.\\nGilbert Islands, Brit, protectorate, 10092\\ngospel received, 10403.\\nDavies, b. (1767) pres. Royal Soc,\\n9422 d. (1839).\\nde Clare, in Barons war, 853 3\\nde la Porree, b.-d., 6682.\\nGeorge, miser d., 3682.\\nMrs. George II., b., 9402.\\nSir Humphrey, b., 8682 work, 8751\\nvoyage, 243, 252 in N. F., 243, 5712\\ncharter, 571 2 expedition of colonists,\\n252 shipwrecked, 253 d., 8742.\\nSir John, b., 9382.\\nJohn Gibbs, b. (1810) d., 3402.\\nJoseph Henry, b., 9382.\\nJosiah, b., 9363.\\n,MahlonNorris,b.(1848);cons.bp.,3242.\\nMarie Dolores Eliza Rosanna Lola\\nMontez, b. (1818) in N.Y., 1681 d. (1861).\\nMotier, d.,7262.\\nNicolas Joseph L., b., 7011; work,\\n7052 d., 7051\\nRaleigh, colony in Me., 272.\\nRufus Henry, I). (1832) d., 3202.\\nWilliam, b.,8GS2 earth s magnetism,\\n8741 electricity, 8702 d. (1603).\\nSchwenck, b., 9482 composes\\nMountebanks; 4161 Pinafore, 9841 pa-\\ntience, 988 1 lolnntlic, 9901\\nGilberton, Pa., R.R. light, 4362.\\nGilboa, Mt., Saul defeated, 11421\\nGildas, De E.vci li liritannice, 8403.\\nGilder, Richard Watson, b., 1562 works,\\n2903, 3003,4442.\\nWilliam H., b., 1183.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1277.jp2"}, "1278": {"fulltext": "1266\\nText Bigures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nGild-Glov.\\nGilder, Wm Henry, b., 148 2 Pclar expedi-\\ntion starts, 324 returns, 326 d., 2312.\\nGildersleeve, Basil Launeau, b., 1382.\\nGiles, Chauncey, b., 121\\nHenry, b., 116 d., 3102.\\nWilliam, Branch, b., 733; gov. Va.,\\n1533 d., 1381\\nGilnllan, James, b. (1829) d., 478\\nGilhoolv, Nationalist, arrested, 1)983,1001\\nGilkesoh, Benj. L., in treas. dept., 3512.\\nGill, John, b., 9002 d., 9183.\\nJuan Bautista, pres., 11063.\\nMoses, gov. Mass., 1093.\\nTheodore Nicholas, b., 1482.\\nThoinas P., arrives in Am., 3703.\\nWilliam, d., 9822.\\nW. J., guilty of bribery, 4182.\\nGillain, Zaeharia, builds fort, 5732.\\nGillem, Gen. Alvan Cullem, b. (1830); at\\nGreenville, 238 at Carroll Station, 2382.\\nat Morristowii, 239 at Bull s Gap, 240\\ninMiss., 2.381 4th Military District, 262\\nremoved, 266 d. (1875).\\nGilles, Pierre, b.-d., 6783.\\nGillespie, Geo. de Normandie, b. (1819)\\neons. P. E. bp., 2863.\\nThos..b. (17(1X1 deposed,913i;d.(1774).\\nWin. .Mitchell, b. (1816); d., 260\\nGillet, Charles W., b., 152\\nGillett, Fred. H., b., 16S2.\\nGillette, Wyo., raid, 419\\nGilliams, Jacob, b. (1784) d., 260\\nGilling, monastery erected, 8423.\\nGillis, Charles H., commodore, 326\\nDuncan, forms ministry, 4993.\\nJames Melville, b., 1162 d., 2423.\\nJohn Pritchet, b. (1803) d., 2S22.\\nGillmore, Quincy Adams, b., 1322 at Ft.\\nPulaski, 206 near Somerset, 2202; com-\\nmands Dept. South, 2222 at Morris\\nIsland, 2242 besieges Ft. Sumter, 225\\n226 takes Fort Wagner and Battery\\nGregg, 2262 d., 330\\nGillooly, Lawrence, cons, bp., 9583.\\nGilman, murdered, 333 2\\nArthur, b., 1482 d. (1882).\\nC, defaulter, 3823.\\nDaniel Coit, b., 1382 Pres. Johns\\nHopkins University, 291\\nJohn Taylor, b., 722 gov. N.H. 1053,\\n1213 d. (1828).\\nNicholas, b. (1814) d. 123\\nN. Paine, works, 3503, 3982.\\nSamuel, b. (1791) d., 184\\nGilmer, George Rockingham, b. (1790) gov.\\nGa., 1373, 1492 d. (1859).\\nThomas Walker, gov., 153 k., 156\\nGilmor, Harry, b., 14S 2 at Mooretield,\\n242 d. (1883).\\nGilmore, James Roberts, b., 130 2\\nJoseph Albree, b. (1S11); gov. N. H.,\\ni2293 d., 256\\nPatrick Sarsiiehl, b. (1S29) at Peace\\nJubilee, 266 1 278 d., 4161\\nGilmour, Richard, b. (1824); eons, bp.,2762\\nsuspends Dr. Quigley,3423 in Cleveland,\\n3461; d., 3801.\\nGilpin, archdeacon, dean, 5862.\\nHenry D., b. (1S01) Atty-Gen., 1531\\nd. (18G0).\\nGilroy, Thoinas F., mayor of N. Y., 4212.\\nGil y Zarate, Antonio, b.-d., 11302.\\nGindely, Anton, b., 5202 d. (1892).\\nGinghilovo, battle at, 6001\\nGinguene, Pierre Louis, b., 7053 d., 7222.\\nGinji, India, taken, 10441,2.\\nGinkel, Godard van, b.-d., 11003.\\nGin-law enacted, Eng., 9092.\\nGioberti, Vincenzo, b., 10843 work, 10S71\\nd., 10863.\\nGloja, Melchoir, b. (1767); d., 10862.\\nGiollitti.Siguor, premier; on bank scandal,\\n10902.\\nGiordani, Pietro, b., 10842 d., 10863.\\nGiordano, Luca, b., 10823 paints Hercu-\\nles, 10822 d\u00e2\u0080\u009e 10831\\nGiorgione, Giorgia Barbarelli, b., 10783\\nd., 10802.\\nGiornale d r/li Eruditi, issued, 10902.\\nslorio dt/la L tttratura, 1O90 2\\nGiotto, or Giotto di Bondone, b.-d., 10762.\\nGiovio, Paolo, b., 10783 d., 10803.\\nGipps, Sir George, gov., 4953.\\nWilliam, murderer, 4743.\\nGippsland, mission, 4963.\\nGipsies, in Fr.,677i prohibited, Eng., 8692.\\nGipsy moth, in Mass., 3553.\\nGiraldus Cambrensis, b.-d., 8502.\\nGirard, Charles, b., 1302.\\nGirard, Gabriel, b., 6923 d., 7003.\\nPhilippe H.. spinning-iiiachine, 5202.\\nStephen, fud., b.,662; Coll. endowed,\\n1632 d., 1382.\\nCollege opened, 1632.\\nGirardin, Madame de Delphine Gay, b.,\\n7151 works, 7251 7271 d. 7322.\\nEmllede, b.,7163; libel, 7371; d. (1881).\\nGirardon, Francois, b., 6SG3 d., 6971\\nGiraud, Charles, d., 7621\\nJos. Bartlielemi, b.,7143; d., 7522.\\nGirls Friendly Society, find, in Am., 2983\\nin Eng., 983\\nGirodet-Trioson, Anne L.,b., 7031 d.,7242.\\nGiron, Francisco Hernandez, b. (1505) at\\nChuquingua at Pucara at Lima, 22 1\\nleader, 232 executed, 221 232 d. (1554).\\nGirondists, conspicuous, 7083 n power,\\n709 fall of, 7093 beheaded, 7111\\nGirton College, Eng., opd., 9783.\\nGlsborne, Fred. New ton, b., (1824); d.,594\\nGisela, princess, b., 5242.\\nGiskra, Karl, b. (1S70) d., 5302.\\nGisors, Fr., Battle of, 8501\\nGist, Christopher, in Q.,673.\\nWm. H., gov. S. C, 1S52.\\nGitschin, Bohemia, battle at, 8241.\\nGiudiei, Paolo Emiliani.b., 10851 d.,10SS2.\\nGiuliani, Gianbattista. 1... 10X62; d., 10901\\nGiulio, Romano, b., 10783 paints Jlohi\\nFamily, 10801 d., 10803.\\nGiusti, Giuseppe, b., 10S51; work, 10871;\\nd., 10S63.\\nGi List iniani, Agostino Pantaleone,b. (1470)\\npolyglot psalter, 10813 d. (1536).\\nGizeh, Egy., Aahnies mummy in, 6491.\\nGjellerup, Karl Adolf, b., 6403.\\nGiabrio, Manias Acilius, in Epirus, 1055\\nGlaciers, discovered by Mark Kerr by\\nProf. Russell, 368 field discovered in\\nIda., 4122 period discourse, 8141\\nGladden, Washington, b., 1462 Plain\\nThoughts, 2643.\\nGlade Springs, Southwest Va. Inst, fnd.,\\n3143.\\nGladiators, first show, 10531; at funerals,\\n10532; combats suppressed, 10691,10713.\\nGladsden, Chris. Edwards, cons, bp., 1503.\\nGladstone, Sir Thoinas, d., 10001\\nWilliam Ewart, b., 9343 in Pari.,\\n9472; minister, 9512, 9533, 9591,\\n9593,9633,9691; resigns, 9611 works,\\n9623,9723, 9762, 9791,9811, 9843, 10083;\\nReform bill, 9692 purl. Representation\\nBill, 9712 prime minister ministry,\\n9731 Liberal leader resigns, 9773, 9792;\\nBerlin Treaty, 9832 premier, 9852 to\\naffirm oaths, 9853 procedure rules, 9891\\nintro. New Reform Bill, 9932 ministry,\\nresigns, 9933, 9952 Home Rule Bill\\nIrishPolicy disapproved; ministry, 9952;\\nrestores ancient cross, Edinburgh, 9953\\nmotion rejected, 9973 G. Library opd.,\\n9983 Home Rule speech golden wed-\\nding, 10011; favors disest. Scotch Ch.,\\n10022 birthday eel., 10023 motion on\\naddress, 10032 against Parnell, 10053\\nlecture at Oxford Univ., IOO82 adminis-\\ntration; electoral majority, 1009 2 life\\nendangered, 10103 Home Rule Bill in-\\ntro., 10111; resigns, 10112 declines to\\nvisit U. S. A., 4673 statue, 4321\\nWilliam Henry, d., 10061\\nGlaire, Jean Baptists, b., 713 d., 752\\nGlaisher, James, b., 9402.\\nGlaneur Misx tonuairt: issued, 5443.\\nGlanvill, Joseph, b., 8822 d., 8942.\\nRanulf de, d., 8502.\\nGlarus, Switz., Are, 11383.\\nGlas, John, b., 9002 fnds.Glassites,9083;\\nd., 9183.\\nGlasyow, attacks Com. Hopkins squadron,\\n822 captured, 842.\\nScot., see erected, 8403, 8642, 9083\\ninundated, 842 Cathedral begun, 8503;\\na borough, 8512; Univ. fnd., 8623 char-\\ntered, 8633, .8751 library fnd., 8642 Fac-\\nultyofPhysici:ms and Surgeons, 8762; bp.\\ncons., 878 3 independence, X793 royal\\nburgh, SS33; fire, 8893; G. Courant, 9043;\\ncalico printing, 9102 plundered, 9112\\nmathematical instruments 9142 thea.\\nter opd., 917i G. Herald, 923i Cham-\\nber of Commerce fnd., 9233; Walter Stir-\\nling s library, fnd., 9251 intro. of spin-\\nning machinery, 9262; Anderson s Univ-\\nfnd., 9271 Trades Hall built, 9273\\nG. Philosophical Soc. fnd., 9302; theater\\nburned, 9453 last lottery drawn strike,\\n947i Maitland Club fud., 9491 Father\\nMathew visits, 951 1 telegraph in, 9513:\\nstatue of Wellington, 9521; Bible in\\nraised characters North British l)aily\\nMail, 9543; fire-alarm panic, 9553; Loch\\nKatrine water-works opd., 963 3 statue\\nof Pr. Albert, 96S1 Industrial Exposi-\\ntion opd. ,9693; buildingsest.,9722; Tech-\\nnical Coll. est., 9743; Albert Bridge begun,\\nNelson launched, 9801 Campbell statue;\\nNew Stock Exchange opened Burns\\nstatue, 9821; colliery explosion, 9833,\\n9973 freedom to Gen. Grant new\\nQueen s Dock opd., 9833 J. Hannay\\nmakes diamonds, 9S4i Theater Royal\\nburned, 985 3 improvements, 9931 panic\\nin theater, 9933 new municipal build-\\nings opd., 9981 Bp. Harrison cons., 9983;\\nInter. Exhibition opd., 9993 strike,\\n10003 factory wall falls, 10013 dock\\nlaborers strike, 10031 R. R. meu strike,\\n10052 b. R. accident, 10053 cholera\\npanic, 10093.\\nGlasgow, Mo., Lewis Coll. opd., 2543\\nMorrison observatory fnd., 2861.\\nE. of, title created, 903\\nGlass, Commander Henry, promoted capt.,\\n4481.\\nused by Chinese, 6462 used in Eng.,\\n3502; manufactured in Eng., 8721 elec-\\ntrical machine invented, 9161 windows,\\n10622, 8421; first factory in Am., 931;\\ngenerating electricity, 8941 harmonia\\ninv.,8041 lenses arranged, 8741 puiuting\\non, in Ger., 7742 plate-g., made, 8922.\\nGlassblowers conven. leave Knights of\\nLabor, 3882.\\nU. S., Company founded, 3893.\\ncutters, in Ger., 7762.\\nGlassites fnded., 9083.\\nGlastonbury Abbey built rebuilt, 8423\\ndestroyed, 854 1.\\nGlatz, Prus., ceded, 515 2 taken, 8021.\\nGlauber, Johann R., b., 7923; d., 7963.\\nGlaucia, C. Servilius, leader. 10573.\\nGlaueus, b., 10162; w-elds iron, 10142.\\nGlaudi, Bernard, convicted, 3831.\\nGlavalicero, insurrection, 5301\\nGleason, Patrick, mayor, sentenced, 3703.\\nGleditseh, Johann G., b., 7983; d., 8043.\\nGlcir/tiuit suppressed, 5322.\\nGleig, George, b., 9123 d. (1839).\\nRobert, b., 9283; d., 9982.\\nGleim, Johann Wilhelni I.udwig, b. (1719)\\nworks, 80H S031 8051 d. (1803).\\nGlencoe, massacre of, 9003.\\nGlencoe explodes, 171 a\\nGlen Cove, N. Y., P. O. robbery, 4663.\\nEcho, Nat. Chautauqua opens, 3849.\\nJames, gov. S. C, 653.\\nGlendale -Mills burned, Mass., 3953.\\nVa., battle of, 2092.\\nGlendalough, see of, erected, 8422.\\nGlendower, Owen, b. d.,8582; rebellion of,\\n8001 8613; treaty with Fr., 8613.\\nGlenn, Wm., miss, to Persia, 11071\\nGlens Falls Paper Co., stock, 4332 Whlt-\\ntemore outrage, 471 1\\nGlenthorn, mission, 598 2\\nGlenville, W. Va., Normal Sc. opd., 2823.\\nGleyre, Gabriel, Illusions Lost, 7281\\nGli hezari, Heinrich der, poem, 7783.\\nGlick, Geo. W., gov. Kan., 3152.\\nGliddon, Geo. Robbins, b., 1161; d., 180\\nGlinka, Feodor, b., 11162 d., 11201.\\nGlisson, Francis, b., 8762; d. (1677), 8942.\\nOliver S., b., 1161 d., 3721\\nGlobe Tavern, Va., action at, 2372.\\nGlogau, Silesia, captured, 5141 8001.\\nGloiieux, A. J., cons. R. C. bp., 3202.\\nGloriosa Island, Fr. possess, 7633.\\nGloucester, Eng., Romans in, 8391 Abbey\\nfnd., 8423 Abbey burned, 8473 pari.\\nmeets, 8611; see erected, 8683; besieged,\\n8841 -wall demolished, 8901 Cathedral\\nmusicrendered,9Ui;i li 1st Sunday school,\\n9223.\\nand Berkeley canal, Eng., 9421.\\nD. of, d., 9013. (See Humphrey and\\nWoodstock, Thomas.)\\nEarl of. (See Robert.)\\nMass., first Univ. Ch., 932; fishing\\nschooners lost, 3213 anniversary, 415 2\\nGlover, John, at Mount Zion, Mo., 2021\\nbrig.-gen., b. (1732) commis-\\nsioned, 861 d. (1797).\\nSir John Hawley, b. (1829) gov. N.\\nF., 11032; d.,5841.\\nRichard, b., 9042; d., 9223.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1278.jp2"}, "1279": {"fulltext": "Glov-Goor.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDrL\u00c2\u00abX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1267\\nGloversville, N. Y., strike, 3231\\nGluck, Johann Christoph von, b., 7983\\nOrfeo ed Euridicc, 517 Iphit/e/iie en Tan-\\nride, 7052, inv. harmonica, 1)102; d.,8043.\\nGluoksburg, House of (Den.), reigns, 6412.\\nGlundubh, king Niall, defeated, 8442.\\nGlycerine discovered, 11342.\\nGlycerius reigns, 10712.\\nGlyn, Geo. Grenfell, Baron Wolverton,\\npostmaster-gen., 9951; Postman s Best,\\n9963; d.,9962.\\nMiss.d., 10001.\\nGlvnne, Sir John, chief justice, 8892.\\nGmelin, Johann (1., b., 798=; d.,8023.\\nSamuel G., b., 8003; d., 804i.\\nGnadendal, mission, 597 1\\nGnatohg, Asia, attacked, 9981.\\nGnauth, Gustav A., b., 8143.\\nGneisenau, Ct. August Xeithardt, von,b.,\\n8023; d., 8142.\\nGneist, Rudolph, b., 8121\\nGnupsson, Erie, bishop, 111, 10381; seekB\\nVinland, 122.\\nGoa, India, conquered, 10433.\\nGoats, Angora, Alpaca, raising, fails, 2601\\nGobat, Samuel, b. (1799) missionary in\\nAbyssinia, 12 d. (1879).\\nGobazye, Abyssinia, defeated, 21\\nGobelin, Jean, tapestry, (SHU d. (1476).\\nGohcrta, asteroid, discovered, 7601.\\nGobi, China, exploring expedition, 11201\\nGoblet, Bene, minister, 7532, 7552,3, 7571\\nGod bless the Kiiuj, vocalized, 8781\\nGo-Daigo, reigns, 10912.\\nGod Sore the kin;/, composed, 8783.\\nGoddard, Bouverie, d., 9941\\nGodebert, king of Italy, 10731.\\nGodefroi, Denis, b., 6822; d., 6863.\\nGodefroy, Frederic, b., 7242.\\nGoderich, Viscount. (Sec Robinson.)\\nGodey, Louis Antoiue, b. (1804) d., 2982.\\nGodfrey, the Bearded, marries, 1075 3 in\\nwar of succession, 7742.\\nde Bouillon, b.-d., 1st crusade, 6683\\nK. of Jerusalem, 0i)!j2. 11552; est. Assize\\nof Jerusalem, 1155 1\\nSir Edmundbury, murdered, 8943.\\nThomas, b., 0112 reflecting quadrant,\\n631 Prince Pnrthia, 741 d., 662.\\nGodjani, Abyssinia, rebels, 3 2\\nGodkin, Edwin Laurence,!}.. 1382; arrested,\\n3562 libel suit, 4023.\\nGodman, John D., b. (1794) d., 1381\\nGodollo, Hung., battle at, 5222.\\nGodolphin, Earl of, b.,8822; council, 8952;\\nminister, 8992 ministry, 9032.\\nGodongwana, celibate army, 5971\\nGodoonof, Boris, b.-d., 11142.\\nGodthaab, mission station, 10381\\nGodwin, E. of Wessex, 8472; rebels, exiled,\\nreturns d., 83G2.\\nGeorge, d., 9962.\\nGen., Sir Henry Thomas, b. (1784);\\nin Burmese war, 10462; d. (1853).\\nMrs., Marv Wollstonecraft, b., 9143\\nworks, 9263; d., 9283.\\nParke, b., 1242; works, 1703, 20H\\n.William, b., 9143; works, 9271,9423;\\nd., 9462.\\nGodyn, Samuel, Indian purchase, 331\\nGoe, Field Flowers, cons, bp., 9962.\\nGoeben, Gen. von, at b. of Forbach, 738 1\\nnearBapaume, 7431 at St.Quentin, 7441\\nGoederwacht, mission, 6023.\\nGoes, Hugo van der, b.-d., 5392.\\nJohaun Antonides van der, b.-d.,\\n11003; Ijstroom, 11012.\\nPedro de, captaincy, 5532.\\nGoesbriand, Louis De, cons. R.C. bp., 1723;\\ngolden jubilee eel., 3642.\\nGoethals, Hendrik, b.-d., 5392.\\nPaul, cons, archbp., 9822.\\nGoethe, Johann Wolfgang von, b., 8003\\nworks, 8041 8051 8071 8091 8111 1 8132,\\n8151; d. (1832), 8142.\\nGoetwater, John E., New Amsterdan,402.\\nGoff, John W., fined, 4242 Counsel for\\nLexow Com., 4523; recorder, 4732.\\nNathan, b. (1843) sec. navy, 3072\\ngov. W. Va., 3372, 3492; majority, 3531\\nGoffe, Win., h. (1605) in Boston, 41i refu-\\ngee, 413, 423; defends Ha. 1 lev, Mass., 461\\nd. (1679).\\nGogo, E. Afr., mission, 10471.\\nGogol, Nikolai Vasilievitch, b., 11163\\nDead Souls, 11171 d., 11182.\\nGogra, E. I. Co. agency, 10443.\\nGohier, Louis Jerome, b. (1746) Revolu-\\ntion of 30th Prairial, 7133 d. (1830).\\nGohlson, R. D., gov. Wash., 2032.\\nGoito, Italy, battle, 5221\\nGolconda, India, conquered, 10441.\\nGold-beating invented, 7762.\\nCoast, W. Afr. (see text p. 1161),\\nsettled, 8812; acquired, 9773.\\ndiscovered in Arrowrock, Ark., 3361\\n4061 in Ariz., 3561 4093; at Bahia, 221\\n233 in Brazil, 232, 533 in Cal., 2681,\\n3461 in Colo., 1841 -2993, 4001 4421 in\\nDak. ,2541; in Ecuador, 6433; inGa.,433,\\n3022 in Haiti, 141 153 in Iowa, 4781\\nin Ind., 3441, 4501 in Ind. Ter., 3361,\\n3481,3701; In Kan., 4021; in Labrador,\\n242; in Mich., 3641 4241 in N. J., 3361\\nin N. Mex., 4501 in Ore., 1713; in R. I.,\\n4181 in S. Dak., 2841 3681 3701 in\\nTenn.,430i in Tex., 3921 in Utah, 4541\\nnVenez.,202; in Wvo.,2601, 3361,4621;\\nn Va., 3361 dis. in Australia, 4942, 4973,\\n4981; in Canoonan, 4961 in Echunga\\nin Melbourne in Meroo Creek in\\nN. S. Wales in Summerhill Creek, 4901\\nin Bendigo Fields; in Tatutpa, 4981,\\nin Coolgardie, 5001 at Bahia, Braz.,\\n5522 duties on, 558 3 in Minas, Goyaz,\\nand Cuyaba, 5523 in Brit. Columbia,\\n5801 diggers Brit. Am., 5813 in Nova\\nScotia, 581 3 Princess Ledge, Can., 5881;\\nHastings Co., Can., 5821 in Cape Colony,\\n5981 hi Iquique, 6063; in Canton, 624*\\nin Ire., 10021 in Wales, 10061 in Peru,\\n11093; in Port., 11113; in Malacca, 11242;\\nin Uruguay, 11602.\\ndis. in coal, 1622 deposited in mint,\\n1653 dollars are coined, 1673 produc-\\ntion in 1849, 1673 s tock Co. org., 2593\\npremium for, 207 3 2373 price rises in\\npanic, 2673 payments, to bondholders,\\n2991 without premium, 3013 shipment\\nrefused, 381 1 through train with, 4133\\nEuropean shipments 4233; reserve bonds\\nfor, 4251 reserve low, 4273, 4412, 4613,\\n4633, 4671 shipment to Eur., 4313, 4773;\\ncertificates suspended, 4292,3 offer of\\nBaltimore Bank, 4292; reserve increased,\\n4353 receipts large payments pre-\\nmium, 4372 export conf., 4633 bonds\\npurchased, 475 2 at premium, 477 2 de-\\nposit in suh-treas., 4773 G e r. standard.\\n8371; coin appears in Eng., 8551; pre-\\nmium Argentine, 4923 prosperity by,\\nBraz., 5533 revenue, Aust., 4972.\\nDust, explosion on, 3113.\\nfulminating, discovered, 7842.\\nwire made, 10762.\\nGoldbeck, Anna M., b., 1421\\nGolden City, Colo., Indus. School est.,309i\\nCity, burned, 3113.\\nGate, Cal., improved, 2733; City of New\\nYork ashore, 4432 Park, Key s monu-\\nment, 3321 needy men, 3543.\\nGolden Age, Chinese, 6111 6122, 6I31\\nGate, burned, 2113.\\nBull, issued, 7833.\\nChain Order; statistics, 4463.\\nFleece, order of, est., 6771\\nHorde of Tartars conquests in Rus.,\\n11141, 11151.\\nLeague, formed, 11372.\\nnumber discovered, 1021 1\\nperiod, Saracenic empire, 4853 of\\nRome, 10611.\\nRule, issued, Boston, 2883.\\nGoldfish brought to Eng., 8993.\\nGoldman, Emma, arrested, 4362.\\nGoldoni, Carlo, b. (1707) works, 10851 d.,\\n10843.\\nGoldsborough, N. C, action at, 2163; Gen.\\nSehoiield occupies, 2303 Confeds. re-\\npulsed; Federals occupy, 2441 Sherman\\nat, 2442, 3; asylum for insane opd., 3071\\ncolored normal school opd., 3283.\\nGoldsborough, Lewis M., b., 1122 Hat-\\nteras expedition. 2022; takes Roanoke\\nIsland, 2041; d.,294i.\\nGoldschmidt, Hermann, b., 8082 dis.\\nplanets, 7321 d., 8243.\\nLevin, b., 8142.\\nMeyer Aaron, b., 6382 d., 6421\\nMadame. (See Lind, jenny.)\\nGoldsmid, Sir F., explorer, 10932.\\nSir Francis H., lawyer, 9471; fnds.\\nJewish Infant School, 9503.\\nIsaac Lvon, made baronet, 9512.\\nGoldsmith. Oliver, b., 908 1 works, 9163,\\n9192; d., 9191 statue, 9662.\\nGoldsmiths Co. formed, London, 8573.\\nGoldstucker, Theodor, b., 8122; d., 8281\\nGoldsworthy, Roger T., gov., 5643.\\nGoldzier, Julius, b., 1741\\nGolembeski, Jean, d., 7302.\\nGoliath of Gatli killed by David, 11421.\\nGollhein, battle of, 7821\\nGolovnin, Vasilli Mikhailovitch, b., 11162;\\nd., 11163.\\nGoltmark, Karl, b., 5202.\\nGoltz, Hermann von der, b., 8143.\\nGoluchowiski, gov. of Galicia, 5272.\\nGomarios, leader Gr. insurrection, 10353.\\nGomarus, Francis, b.-d., 10983.\\nGombauld, Jean O., b., 6823; works, 6872;\\nd., 6903.\\nGomberville, Marin le Roy de, b. (1600)\\nworks, 6872, 0903; d. (1674).\\nGomez, Estevan, b.-d., 11092 explorer,\\n191,5701.\\nLorenzo de, discoverer, 551 1\\nGomorists, dissensions with Arminians,\\n11011.\\nGomorrah and Sodom, destroyed, 1140 2\\nGomot, M., minister, 755 2\\nGompers, Sam.,Pres. Am. Fed. Labor,4462.\\nGomperz, Theodor, b., 8142.\\nGoncalvez Diaz, Antonio, b.-d., 5542.\\nGoncourt, de, French Society, 758 2\\nGonda Gouddi, battle, 21\\nGondesa, action at, 11321\\nGondicar, converted to Christianity, 663\\nGondola. Giovanna, a., 5102; d., 5123.\\nGongaza, Eleonora de, Star of Cross, 513 1\\nGongora, Luis de, Comedies, 11292.\\ny Argote, Luis, b.-d., 11282.\\nGondi, Jean Francois I aul de (Cardinal\\nde Retz), b. (1614) works, G911 6883; d.\\n(1679).\\nGondwana mission, 104S3.\\nGonin, Joachim H., cons, bp., 9603.\\nGonjon, Jean, b., 6802.\\nGontault, Charles de, conspires against\\nHenry IV. of Fr.; tried, sentenced, 6873.\\nGonthier, Johann, b., 7862; d., 7922.\\nGontran, ot Burgundy, d., 6642.\\nGonville Hall College, fnd., 8583 en-\\nGonzaga, Antonio de Guill y, gov., 6053.\\nGen. Ferdinand, b. (1506) at For-\\nnova, 6782; d. (1557).\\nThomas Antonio, b.-d., 5542.\\nGonzagas family rules in Mantua, 10773.\\nGonzago College, Ky., org., 1311\\nGonzalez, Juan G., elected pres., 11603.\\nGen., pres. San Salvador, 11232.\\nGen. Ramon, defeats Indians, 5502.\\n.Manuel, b.-d., 109(12; president, 10971.\\nGooch, Daniel, b. (1810); knighted, 9691;\\nd., 10001.\\nSir W., b. (1681) gov., 613; d. (1751).\\nGood Xeirs launched. 10941.\\nGood, John Mason, b., 9162; d., 9423.\\n-==-Government Conference, Phila.,4502.\\nParliament rules, Eng., 8593.\\nRoads Conven., Asbury Park, 4642.\\nTemplars. (See Independent Order of.)\\nGoodall, Frederick, b., 9403.\\nGoode, Bernard, in P. Dept., 4472.\\nGeorge Brown, b., 1682\\nWilliam, b. (1800); d., 2561\\nGoodel, William, b., 1362; d. (1867).\\nGoodell, David H., gov. N. H., 3492.\\nLavinia, rejected Wis. Bar, 2911.\\nGooderham, Wm, d., 5893.\\nGoodnight, Isaac H., b., 166\\nGoodrich, Chauncey Allen, b., 1022 re-\\nvises Webster s Die, 1863; d., 1861.\\nclergyman, d., 260 2\\nEliztir, b., 622; d. (1797).\\nSam. Griswold, b., 1042; d. (1860).\\nThomas, b. (1480); keeper of seal;\\nhigh chancellor, 8712; d. (1554).\\nGoodsel, Daniel A., elected bp., 3302.\\nDr., mission at Constantinople, 11563.\\nGoodwin, Harvey, cons. bp.,9G63 d., 10062.\\nIchabod, b (1796) gov. N. H., 187\\nd. 1882).\\nJohn A., gov. Ariz., 2292.\\nNat. C, b., 1801\\nThomas, b., 8762; d., 9842.\\nWilliam Watson, b., 1382.\\nGoodwood, Eng., races started, 9313.\\nGoodyear, Chas., b., 10S 2 patents vul-\\ncanized rubber, .1501 d., 1902.\\nW. H., Roman and Medieval Art,\\n4783.\\nGookin, Charles, gov. Pa., 573.\\nDaniel, b. (1612) in Worcester, Mass.,\\n433; d. (1687).\\nGoorkhas, war against, 6161 9361", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1279.jp2"}, "1280": {"fulltext": "1268\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN DJc,X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nGoor-Grah.\\nGoorneh, mission, 657\\nGoossens, archbp., cons, cardinal, 5461.\\nGooty, Madras mission, 10471.\\nGoppert, Heinrich R., b., 807 d., 8302.\\nGorakhpur, Sepoy rebellion, 1048 mis-\\nsion, 10483.\\nGorboduo, first tragedy, 8721.\\nGorce, M. de la, Second Empire, 766\\nGordianus I., Marcus Antonius, b.-d. t\\n10642; revolts, 10653; reigns, 10293, 10653;\\ncommits suicide, 10653,\\nII., Marcus Antonius, b.-d., 10642\\nreigns, 10293 appointed coregent\\nkilled, 10653.\\nIII., Marcus Antonius Pius, b.-d.,\\n10642; reigns, 10293,1067 defeats Per-\\nsians, 10661.\\nGordon, Sir Alexander H., d., 10022.\\nAndrew, electrical cylinder, 9102.\\nArthur Hamilton, b. (1829) gov.\\nCan., 5792 gov. India, 10491\\nCharles George, b., 9462; org. Chinese\\narmy, 620 2 meets Li Hung Chang, 6221\\natKintang Sooshoo Chahgchow Nan-\\nking, 6202; resigns, 6021 in Sudan, 6582,\\n6593, 6G01 gov. in Kgv., 651H killed, 6602,\\n994\u00c2\u00bb; statues, 9981.\\nCol., in duel, 9231.\\nDavidS., commissioned colonel, 4001\\nDuke of, title created, S93 2\\nGeorge, Lord, b., 9122 fanatic in\\nH. C, 9213; riots prisoner, d.,9212.\\nHamilton, E. of Aberdeen, b.,\\n9223 minister, 9433, 9473, 9512; admin-\\nistration, 9591 d., 9642.\\nHenry, b., 1322 south of Rapi-\\ndan, 2321 captures Fort Si adman, 2442;\\nat Petersburg, 2443 at Amelia Court-\\nHouse, 245i\\nN (See Byron, Lord.)\\nGen., killed at Yellow Tavern, 2331\\nkilled at Winchester, 23S 2\\nJ. E. H., dynamo machine, 9901\\nJ. H., memorial to, 600 3\\nJohn B., b., 1401 gov. Ga,, 3252.\\nCampbell Hamilton, E. of Aber-\\ndeen, b. (1847) lord-lieut., 995 1 gov.-\\ngen. Can., 5952, 10112.\\nJulien, Successful Man, 3962.\\nJ. Wright, gov Mich., 1552.\\nLord, created peer for life, 9813.\\nNathaniel, slaver, hanged, 2052.\\nPatrick, b. (1635) gov., 613 d. (1699).\\nWin., cons. R. C. bp., 10042.\\nViscount of, title created, 937 2\\nCuinming. Constance F., b., 9482.\\nSir Win., Chief, Highland Asso.,\\n3883 married baearat scandal, 10063.\\nGordonia, asteroid, discovered, 7601.\\nGore, Catherine Grace Frances Moody,\\nb., 9283; d., 9642.\\nChristopher, b. (1758), gov. Mass.,\\n1172; d. (1827).\\nFrancis, gov. Can., 5772, 3.\\nJohn, chief justice, 9172.\\nGoree recovered by Fr., 7053.\\nGorgas, Josiah, h.\\\\ 1262; d. (1883).\\neditor, 1422.\\nGorgasus decorates temples, 10502.\\nGori/enus r d/rri/ of Gallant In rentions, 75*.\\nGorges, Sir Ferdinando, b. (1565+) effort\\nin Mass., 292; in N.H., 311 gov., 352; d.\\n(1647).\\nGorgey, Arthur, b., 5202; at Gtidiillo, 5222;\\nsurrenders, 5223; treachery, 5232.\\nGorgias, b.-d., 10191 at Ashdod, 11481\\nGorm the Old, persecutes Christians en-\\nthroned enlarges kingdom, 6352.\\nGorman, Arthur P.,b., 1502; attacks pres.,\\n4671 nominated for pres., 409 2 resolu-\\ntion, 4271\\nJohn Berry, b. (1793); d., 2411\\nJ. S., b., 1681.\\nWillis Arnold, b. (1814); gov. Minn.,\\n1751; d. (1876).\\nGormanston, Baron, title created, 9651\\nGormanstown, Vise, gov. Guiana, 10393.\\nGornij Dubnik, battle at, 5661\\nGbrres, Jakob Joseph von, b., 8041 work,\\nd., 8162.\\nGorringe, Henry Honeychurch, b. (1841);\\nd., 3202.\\nGorsianus I., defeated, 10661\\nGorst, John E., minister, 9933.\\nGort, Viscount, title created, 9372.\\nGortmanston, Vise, of, title created, 8643.\\nGorton, David Allyn, Monism of Men, 4783.\\nSamuel, b., 262 heretic, 342 ex-\\npelled, 362 gov. R.I., 392 d., 463.\\nGortschakoff, Alexander, b., 11162 at\\nCong, of Berlin, 8311; prime minister,\\n11192 chancellor, 11193 d., 11201.\\nMichael, b., 11162 d., 11182.\\nGoschen, George Joachim, b., 9442 min-\\nister, 9731 9972 education grant, 10072;\\nprotection scheme, 6591 L admiralty,\\n9753; on Grand Commission 9912\\nGosf ord, Earl, title created, 931 1\\nEarl of, gov. -gen.; offers reward, 579 2.\\nGoshen, Lnd., train robbers, 4443.\\nmission, Cape Colony, 59S3.\\nGosnold, Barth., in Mass., 26 271 d., 262.\\nGospel Magazine, London, issued, 9171\\nGosport, Va., navy-yard burned, 902, 2071\\nGoss, Wm. H., B.C. archbp., Ore., 3202.\\nW. S., murder of, 2871\\nGosse, Edmund William, b., 9542.\\nPhilip Henry b. (1810) d., 9982.\\nGossler, von, minister, hospital gift, 8343;\\nanti-clerical, 8351 resigns, 8353.\\nGossner Miss. Society, confirmed, 8162.\\nGosson.Step., b.(1554); work, 875 1 d. (16231.\\nGot, Francois Jules Edmond, b., 7242.\\nGoteborg, missionary soc. org., 11361.\\nGotefend, George F., d., 8201\\nGothic architecture in England, S392, 8442,\\n8462, 8541\\nlanguage displaced, 11252.\\nSoc. of Stockholm, fnd., 11362.\\nGoths, war with Romans, 5021 in Dacia,\\n10641 10652 Romans pay tribute, 10653;\\ninvade Roman empire, KilUi 10661 rav-\\nage Ger.; in Asia M., 10661 invade Ger.,\\n7681 destroy Greece, 1U282; takeAthens,\\n10661, 10293; defeated at Naissus, 10522;\\nin Greece, 10281 2; defeat Valens, 10282;\\nIioni. citizens, 10_ 113 peace with Rinnans;\\nwar with Rome, 1068 1, 10701; m Sp.,\\n11251,3; settle in Mcesia, 7692; revolt,\\n10693 female contempt for men, 7703\\nrevolt; defeat Aetius; defeated, 10701\\nexpelled, Hung. ,5031 West Goths, under\\nWitterie.Guiideinar. 7712; invade Sicily,\\n10301 in Italy, 10693 destroy Milan\\nNarses defeats, 10702 East kingdom\\nfalls against Swedes, 11341 11351\\nGott, John, consecrated bp., 1006 2\\nGottfried of Ghemen, collection of prov-\\nerbs, sets up press, 6363.\\nof Strasburg, Tristan and Isolde, 778 3\\nGottingen, Prus., Zeitungen con gelehrte\\nSachsen, issued, 801 1 1st telegraph, 8141\\nUniv. of, est., 801 1 Bismarck a stu-\\ndent, 8151 banishes professors, S152.\\nGottschalk, the monk, b.-d., 772 2 con-\\ndemned, 6662.\\nLouis Moreau, b., 1362 d., 2681\\nGottschall, Rudolph, b., 8122; works, 8163,\\n8183, 8303, 8362.\\nGottsched, Johann, b., 7983 works, koos,\\n8011; d., 8023.\\nGotz, Hermann, b., 8143 d., 82S2.\\nJohann Nieolaus, b. (1721) translates\\nAnacreon, 801 1 d. (1781).\\nGouffe, murderer, confesses, 7603.\\nGougeard, M., minister, 7532.\\nGougli, Viscount, title created, 9511.\\nViscount Hugh, b., 9203 at Jelala-\\nbad, 61 defeats Sikhs, 10461 2 a t Can-\\nton, 6162 d., 9722.\\nJohn Bartholomew, b.,126 2 reforms,\\n1551 lectures, 157 ,9831 ensnared, 4591\\nin Eng., 9591 d., 3222.\\nGoujon, John, b. (1515\u00c2\u00b1); d., 6823.\\nGourko, Joseph Vladimirovitcli, b., 11163.\\nGoulard, de M., minister, 7471 ,3.\\nGoulburn, Australia, diocese est,, 4963.\\nN. S. W., see est., 9583.\\nBp. Chambers eons., 10082.\\nHenry, b. (1784) minister, 9433 d.\\n(1856).\\nGould, Augustus A., b., 1122 d., 2541\\nBenjamin Aptborp, b., 981 d., 1842.\\nJr., b. 1321\\nEdwin, money demanded from, 4422.\\nGeorge M., works, 4482, 4782.\\nHannah Flagg, b., 1001 d., 2481\\nHelen, arrest for annoying, 3983.\\nJay, b., 146 2 and Erie Ring panic,\\n2673 settles with Erie Co., 2793 jury\\nduty, 3611; life threatened, 3983; d.,\\n4181 will, 4191 inheritance tax, 4323\\nestate taxed, 4753.\\nJohn, b., 9323 Birds, 9663 d., 9882.\\nGoulding, Wm., land grant in N. J., 43 2\\nGounod, Charles Francois, b., 7223 Faust\\nplayed, 7342; d.,7661.\\nGoupil, M., system of photogravure, 7541\\nGourgaud, Baron Gaspard, b., 7051; d.,\\n7322.\\nGourgues, Dominic Chevalier de, b. (1530);\\nvengeance, 24i 251 d. (1593).\\nGourko, Gen. Vladimirovitcb, b. (1828) in\\nRumelia; atTirnova,505i at Sofia, 5661\\nGournay, Maria le Jars de,b., 6822; d.,6883.\\nGousla, Peter de, fnds. monastery, 8502.\\nGout, Ralph, Pedometer, 9282.\\nGouvea, Antonio de, b.-d., 1109 2\\nGouvion-Saint-Cyr, Laurent, in Naples,\\n7141.\\nGouvy, Theodore, b., 7242.\\nGou Wang, enthroned, 6131\\nGovan, Scot,, Miujic u cue launched, 9981\\nGovernment Land Loan Bill, 4003.\\nGovernor Fenner run down, 951 3\\nGovernors of U. S. A. (See each State, at\\nthe close of each year.)\\nCongress of Colonial, 713.\\nin convention, D. C, 3491\\nmeeting of loyal, 2133.\\nwar, of U. S. A., 2032.\\nGovinda. Singh, b.-d., 10443.\\nGowan, O. B., b., 9302.\\nGowen, Maria. (See Brooks.)\\nGower, Earl, minister, 9233.\\nJohn, b., 8502; works, 8603; d., 8602.\\nGowrie, E. of. (See Ruthven, William,\\nand Ruthven, John.)\\nGoyaz, gold-mines, 5523.\\nGoycticche, Gen, Jose Manuel, b. (1775)\\ndefeated, 5501 d. (1846).\\nGozlan, Leon, b.,7163; d., 7362.\\nGozo, Bp. Pace cons., 9822.\\nGozzi, Carlo, works, 10851 d., 10843.\\nCount Gasparo, b., 10831 d. (1786).\\nGraaf, Reguier van, b.-d., 11003.\\nReinet, mission, 5982.\\nGraat, Barnet, b.-d., 11003.\\nGrabbe, Christian Dietrich, b. (1801);\\nworks, 8151 d. (1836).\\nGrab Bill, passes, 2812 repealed, 2851\\nGrabowski, Ambrose, b., 11163; d., 11182.\\nGracchanus, M. Jurnus, d., 10563.\\nGracchus, Cains, against senate; tribune,\\n10571 ue w roads second election f\\nvors citizenship of Rome; killed, 1057\\nTiberius Sempronius, b.-d., 10552\\ncommander, 10542; murders Capuans,\\n10552; laws for poor, 10563; tribune,\\nleads disturbances reelection, 1057 1\\nGrace, Edict of, 6892.\\nof God, Eng. king assumes, 8622.\\nWm. R., mayor N. Y., 3092, 3212.\\nGracian.Baltasar, b.-d. ,11283; works,10572.\\nGrady, Benjamin F., b., 1382.\\nHenry Woodfen.b. (1851); Xeic Smith,\\n3503; illness, 2482; d.,3481; mon t,394i.\\nGriecus, Marcus, makes gunpowder, 10721\\nGrrevius Johann Georg, b. (1632); works,\\n7991,8003; d. (1703).\\nGrafe, Albrecht von, b., 1362; d., 8262.\\nKarl F. von, h., 8043; d., 8143.\\nGrafenberg, Wheat von, works, 7783.\\nGrafton, N. S. W., diocese est., 4981.\\nW- Va., Federals enter, 1961 action\\nnear, 1981\\nGrafton launched, 10081\\nBp. Doyle cons., 9962.\\nBp. Green cons., 10121.\\nCharles G, cons. P. E. Bp., 3383.\\nD. of, title created, 8932.\\nD. of. (See Fitzroy, Henry, and Fitz-\\nroy, Augustus Henry.)\\nGragn, Mohammed, shot, 11.\\nGraham, Dr., murders Col. Loring, 1743.\\nE. of, title created, 9051\\nA., discovers planet, 9541.\\nC, suspended, 9973.\\nCarlisle IX, in Niagara Rapids, 3253.\\nChas. Kinnaird, b. (1824); d., 1321.\\nGen. Gerard, in Sudan, 6582, 6601 at\\nEl-Teb; at Tamanieb, 660 1 at Barosa,\\n7181 at San Sebastian, 7201 a t Gna-\\ntong, Asia, 9981.\\nGeorge, b., 8941; pendulum clock,\\n90G1; deadbeat escapements watches,\\n9001; d. (1751).\\nR., b. (1813) publisher, d., 4641\\nJames Robert George, Sir, b. (1792)\\nminister, 9452, 9512, 9592 Labor Hours\\nBill, 9532 resigns, 9611 d. (1861).\\nMarquis of Montrose, b., 8782;\\norg. army; ravages Scot. retreats, 8842;\\nplot, 8852 captured executed, 887 3\\nJohn, Vis., b., 8843; at Drumclog,\\n8941; at Killiecrankie, 8981; for James\\nII., 8993; d., 8982.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1280.jp2"}, "1281": {"fulltext": "Grah-Grav.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDIlX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nJ 269\\nGraham, John H., b., 1442; d., 4562.\\nSir Luniley, d., 1004 1\\nSir Robert, executed, 8632.\\nSylvester, b., 1042; d., 16S2.\\nThomas, b., 93 23; d., 0722.\\nW., counsel for Times, 999a.\\nWilliam Alex., b., 1121; gov. N. C,\\n161 1 sec. navy, 1672; nom. for vice-\\npres., 1711 vote, 1732; d., 28S1\\nM., commissioned col., 3S41.\\nGrahame, James, b., 9162; d., 9351\\nGraham s Town, G. Colony, attacked,597i\\nravaged; mission coll., 5981; s. Af. Ju-\\nbilee exhibition, 6033; bishopric est.,\\n9543; Bp. Webb cons., 9862.\\nGraham s Magazine, appears, 1543.\\nGrain, binders, reward for, 3481; crops\\nlarge, 3033; Ger. duty removed, 3933.\\ndrill, patented, 1521\\nelevator companies combine, 3393.\\nGraindor, de Douai, La Chanson, 67V\\nGraitis receives Christian baptism, 7682.\\nGram, Johan, or Hans, b., 6363; d., 638i\\nBr., homeopath ist, 132i\\nJudge, arbitrator, 4252, 7612.\\nGramatica de la Lenyua Castelana ap-\\npears, 11303.\\nGramble, Eliza Burt, work, 4791\\nGrammatieus, Gall ridus, work, 8623.\\nSaxo, Gesta Danorum, 6363.\\nGrammont, Belg., riots, 5481.\\nComtede, Philibert.b., 6S63; d.,6963.\\nDue de, Antoine Agenor Alfred, b.,\\n7223; at Dettingen, 700 1 kills Dillon,\\n7351 foreign minister, 7392,3; d., 7522.\\nGramophone invention announced, 3281.\\nGrampians, battle of, 8391\\nGran, Hungary, action at, 5222.\\nDaniel, d.,5143.\\nLuis de, arrival, 5531\\nGranada, Nicaragua, fnd., 6283; 11031;\\ntaken, 11032.\\nSp., taken, 11262; conquered, 11273;\\nnewspaper in, 11292; treaty at, 6793;\\nearthquakes. 11302; cholera, 11323.\\nLuis de, works, 11291\\nGranadine Confederation, find., 6291.\\nGranados, Garcia, invades Gaut., 103i 3.\\nGranard, Baron, title created, 9311 E. of,\\ntitle created, 8943.\\nGranby, Marquis of (See Manners, John.)\\nGrand Canon, Ariz., gold found, 3561\\nCoteau, La., St. Charles Coll. est., 1483.\\nEcore, La., Gen. Banks at, 231 1 Por-\\nter joins Banks, fleet imperiled, 2321\\nForks, N. Dak., Pacific R. R. begun,\\n2773; Univ. of North Dak. org., 3183.\\nGulf, Miss., naval battle, 221 1; evac-\\nuated, 2212; confeds. defeated, 2362.\\nHaven, Mich., Sunday closing, 4723.\\nIsland, Neb., Soldiers Home opd.,\\n3303; R. R. wreck, 4173, 4193.\\nGrand Junction, Colo., gas-well, 4401\\nTenn., Grant s army at, 2151\\nLake, La., boats destroyed, 2363.\\nMetis, earthquake, 5861\\nPrairie, Mo., action at, 2143.\\n-Pre, N. S., Col. Noble at, 661\\nRapids., Mich., R.C. diocese est., 3102;\\nSoldiers Home est., 3251; fire, 3593;\\nriotous strikers, 385 2 3863\\nGaston le, duel, 7603.\\nPierre, Jean Henry, b., 7142; d., 74S2.\\nSarah, ffearenh/ Ttrins, 10103.\\nAlliance, find., 5133, 6952. 1129a;\\nSecond fmd., 6953, 9032.\\nArmy of the Republic, first post org.,\\n2522; institutes Decoration Day, 262 1;\\nencampment meets, 2523 .255 1 ,2653 209 1\\n2723, 2743, 2811, 2831, 2872, 2883, 2943,\\n2972, 3011, 3032, 3043, 3072, 3103, 3151,\\n3172, 3203, 3243, 3271, 3303, 3662, 3891,\\n4143,4363, 4703; flags for schools, 3463,\\n3601 app. amendment, 4052.\\nChancellor, office restored, Ger., 781 1\\nCommittee, G. B., first meeting, 9912.\\nCouncil of Eunuchs created, 6152.\\nJunction Canal England, commenced,\\n9173.\\nRemonstrance, Eng., 8852.\\nRiver Coll., Mo., fnd., 1683.\\nTraverse Coll., Mich., org., 2232.\\nTrunk R. R., commenced; opd., 581 3\\nSunday freight, 5873.\\nGrandin^ Vitalis J., cons, bp., 5002, 5822.\\nGrandison, Viscount of, title created,881i\\nGrandmoutines established, 6683.\\nGranet, Etienne A. F., minister, 755, 2,3,\\nGrange. (See National Grange.)\\nGranger, Francis, b.(17S7); electoral votes,\\n1472; p. m. gen., 1532; d., 2622.\\nGideon, b., 741 p. m. gen., 1112,\\n1171; d., 1302.\\n.Gordon, b. (1821); at Shepherdsville,\\n2132; at Franklin, 2202; a t Ft. Gaines,\\n2371; at Ft. Morgan, 2372 Mobile sur-\\nrenders to, 2461 d., 2902.\\nGrauirus captures Geotye Little, 1223.\\nbattle of, 10241\\nGranier de Cassagnac, Adolphe Bernard,\\nb., 7163; d., 7522.\\nPaul Adolphe Marie Prosper de,\\nb., 7283.\\nGranite veins experimented on, 9222.\\nGranpre, M. de, balloon ascension, 7162.\\nGranson, battle, G7S1 786 1 massacre, 7861\\nGrant, Sir Alexander, b., 9422; d. (1884).\\nAnne Mc Vicar, b., 9123; d., 9482.\\nCapt., surveyor, Australia, 494 1\\n.Charles, b. (1746); minister, 9472; d.\\n(1823).\\nSir Francis. 9323; pres. Roval So-\\nciety, 9681 d., 9822.\\nFrederick Dent, b. (1850); minister,\\n3512; in Aust., 5331.\\nHugh J., mayor N. Y., 3332, 3712,\\n4751 appoints school commissioners,\\n3482; removal of telegraph poles, 3813;\\nSunday opening, 3903.\\nGen. James, 1 1720) defeats Indians,\\n721 at Vallev Forge. 882 d., 1806.\\nnovelist, b., 9323; d. (1879).\\nnovelist, b., 9403 d., 9962.\\nB., inaug. gov,, 315 2\\nAugustus, b., 9423 in Africa,\\n5603; d., 10081.\\nSir James Hope, b. (1808) com-\\nmander, 6201 in Sepoy rebellion, 10481\\nin Jorway pass, 10482; d., 9802.\\nJohn, mayor of Victoria, 5863.\\nLewis A.,b. (1820); in war dept., 3512.\\nSir Patrick, field marshal, 9921.\\nPrincipal, moderator, 5862.\\nRobert Edmund, b., 9262.\\nUlysses Simpson, b., 1302 enters\\nWest Point, 1501; graduates. 154 1 in\\nLa., 1581; under Taylor, 1602; in Mex.;\\n1st Lieut., 1622; marries, 1643; in Ore.,\\n1701; capt., 1721; resigns commission,\\n1761,3; in leather business, 1753; a citi-\\nzen of Galena, 111., 187 1 returns to army\\nlife, 1942; commands in Mo.; enters Ky.,\\n1982; commands camp, 1942; brig.-gen.\\nof vols., 1643; commissioned col., 1961\\nexpedition leaves, 1982; gunboat expedi-\\ntion; leaves Cairo, 2H22; at Belmont,Mo.,\\n2002; takes Ft. Henry, 2022; invests Ft.\\nBonelson; maj.-gen., 2041 removed from\\ncommand, 204 2 resumes command; in\\nTenn., 205 1 at Shiloh, 206 1 superseded\\nby Halleck, 2062; defended in Cong.,\\n2073; besieges Vicksburg, 208 1, 2143;\\nnear Grand Junction, 2151; traverses\\nMiss.; at Holly Springs, 2161 march on\\nVicksburg, 2163; a t Young s Point, 2182;\\natPort Gibson, 2211 at Champion s Hill;\\nat Black River, 2221 Vicksburg cam-\\npaign, 2222; fires mine, 2231 Vicksburg\\nsurrenders, 2242; command of western\\narmies; at Nashville; at Chattanooga,\\n2271,2282; at Missionary Ridge; at\\nNashville, 2282; medal for, 2283; goes\\nto Washington, 230 2 15th commander-\\nin-chief, 2303; appt. lieut.-gen., 2302;\\nvisits Army of Potomac at Culpepper\\nCourt House,2303 campaign in Va.; near\\nChancellorsville; at battle of Wilder-\\nness, 2322; at Spottsvlvania, 2323; at\\nNorth Anna, 2332; at Pamunkey River;\\nat Totopotomoy River, 234 1 crosses\\nChickahominy, 2342; at Cold Harbor;\\nchanges base; crosses James River,\\n2341, 3; gratitude to, 2352; threatens\\nRichmond, 2371 at Strawberry Plains\\nand Deep Bottom Run, 2372; before\\nPetersburg. 2392; at Hatcher s Run and\\nDabney s Mills, 2421 conf. for peace,\\n2423; plan to assassinate, 243 grand\\nadvance, 2442; takes Petersburg; takes\\nRichmond, 245 summons to surrender,\\n245 2 Lee surrenders, 2461; meets Sher-\\nman at Raleigh, 2462; appt. general-in-\\nchief, 2521 Stanton s successor; appt.\\nsec. war, 259 vacates office; control\\nof Southern States, 2611 nom. for pres.,\\n2631 Let us have peace, 2032; elected\\npres., 2651; vote, 2653; inaugurated,\\n2671 receives Pr. Arthur, 26f\\nFenians, 271 2, 3; proclamation against\\nKuklux, 2733; Message on annexation,\\n2751 renom. for pres.; assailed, 2791;\\npopular vote, 279 2 electoral vote, 2812;\\ninaugural address, 2S11 enters office;\\nagainst disorderly bands, 2832; declines\\nthird term, 2892, 2931 recommends\\nnonsectarian and compulsory education,\\n2893; vetoes Salary Bill, 2913; journey\\nround the world, 2951 banquet in New\\nYork at San Francisco, 3031 nom. for\\npres. candidate; vote for, 3043, 3051;\\npensioned, 321 in Glasgow, 9833; at\\nShanghai, 7341 Cubans not recognized,\\n6331; d., 3202; funeral obsequies, 3213;\\nmonument completed, 356 2593; statue\\nat Chicago at Wash., 3592, s 3972 a t\\nGalena, 384 1, 3501, 3921; removal to\\nRiverside, 373 2.\\nGrant Monument Asso., N.Y., Pres. Porter\\nelected, 4022; chooses design, 368 fund,\\n3802 3953; Appropriation Fund Bill,\\n4031 corner-stone laid, 4041 fund com-\\npleted, 4093.\\nand Lee Monument Asso., org., 3G1 1\\nTenn. University org. 2543.\\nCronica de /\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Jspaiia appears, 11271.\\nde los Conyueridorcs, 11271.\\nGrantham, statue of Newton, 9621\\nLord, minister, 9231.\\nRichard B., d., 10062.\\nGrantley, Baron, title created, 9212.\\nGrant s Creek, N. C, stores captured, 2462.\\nGrantsburg, Wis., forest fires, 4733.\\nGranvella, archbishop of Mechlin, 10983.\\nGranvelle, Cardinal de (Antoine de Perre-\\nnot), b.-d., 11282 ru ler of Neth., 10992.\\nGranville, Can., Baptist Asso. org., 5771.\\nO., Denison Univ. org. Ladies Inst.\\nfnd., 1403; Shepardson College l nd.,3283.\\nEarl de, title created, 9451\\nEarl. (See Leveson-Gower; Carteret,\\nJohn.)\\nEdward, lord-lieutenant, 9573.\\nGeo.,Bar. Lansdowne,b.,8922;d.,9082.\\nRandulph de, works, 8503\\nGrao Para, independence, 5591\\nGrape, culture of, China, 6102,\\nvine, disease, in Fi\\\\, 7373,7513; re-\\nintro. in Ger., 768 immense, 9181 in\\nMadeira, 11093; in Portugal, 11113.\\nGraphophone invented, 3281.\\nGrappler burns, 3133, 991s.\\nGrasmere, Wordsworth Society, 9862.\\nGrasse, Francois Jos. Paul de, Marquis de\\nGrasse-TiUy, b., 69S2 in Chesapeake\\nBay, 942, 7041; d., 7062.\\nGrasshopper pest, 2933 in West, 2853\\nin Wis., 4701 troops to fight, 1120\\nGrassmann, Hermann Giinther, b., 8083;\\nd.,8282.\\nRobert, b., 8103.\\nGratefeud, F., embezzler, 4343.\\nGratian (Gratianus), b.-d., IO6S2 reigns,\\n10693 massacre of Christians, 11543 j\\ncaptured; k.. 10692.\\ncanonist, b., 10742.\\nGratianus, Decretum Gratiam, 10752.\\nGratry, Auguste Joseph Alphonse, b.,\\n7163 d.,7461.\\nGrattan, Henry, b., 9122 i n duel, 9292\\nCath. exclusion motion, 9393 in duel,\\n9411; d.,9402; statue, 9801.\\nThomas Colley, b., 9283.\\nGratton, Australia, see established, 9583.\\nGratz, capital of Stvria, 5073; Jesuits set-\\ntle, 5103 Univ. fnd., 5111 s trike,533i\\nstudents 1 riots, 5362; accident, 5373.\\nHirsch, b., 8121.\\nGraux, Charles, b., 7322 d., 7522.\\nGi^ave, The, poem, appears, 8463.\\nGravel, Elphege, cons, bishop, 5842.\\nGravelines,Fr., French defeat, 6821 taken,\\n6S81, 8721.\\nGravelly Run, Ya., Federals driven, 2443.\\nGravelotte, Ger., battle of, 7401\\nGraves, mayor of Fitchburg, guilty, 4042 c\\nAnson R., cons. P. E. bp., 3502.\\nBaron, title created, 9252.\\nCharles, cons, bishop, 9962.\\nF. R., bishop to China, 4321\\nJohn, leader, 851\\nLord Thomas, b. (1725); in Chesa-\\npeake Bay reenforced, 942 d., 9303.\\nT. Thatcher, 3983.\\nWilliam J., kills Cilley, 1491\\nGravesande, Willem Jakob van s., b.-d.,\\n11011.\\nGravesend, Eng., cholera panic, 10093.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1281.jp2"}, "1282": {"fulltext": "1270\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN DlLsL. Superior Figures indicate Column,\\nGrav-Greg.\\nGravesend, N. Y., municipal election, 4552.\\nGravier, Jacques, d., 696 3\\nGraviere, Jeanne Pierre Jurien de la, Aca-\\ndemician, 756 1\\nAdm. de la. (See De la Graviere.)\\nGravina, Ferderico, Adm., b. (1750); at\\nTrafalgar, 716 d. (1806).\\nGiovanni Vincenzo, b., 10831 founds\\nacademy, 10833.\\nGravitation disc, 8902 laws, 894\\nGravitza, entrenchments seized, 5661\\nGravius, Johann G., b., 7943 d.,7983.\\nGray, Fr., French defeated, 7422.\\nAlonzo, b. (1808) d., 186\\nAsa, b., 1162 d.,32S\\nEarl de, in Joint Commission, 273 2\\nminister, 995 2\\nElisha, b. (1835) telephone, 296\\nFrancis Culley, b., 1022 a., 178\\nGeorge, b., 1522.\\nRobert, b., 9343 d. (1872).\\nZabriskie, b. (1838) d., 3422.\\nHenry Peters, b. (1819) d., 296\\nHorace, h., 1362 justice, 3092.\\nIsaac Pusey, b. (182S) gov. Ind., 3233;\\nnom. for viee-pres., 4092 minister, 447 3\\nJohn Edward, b., 9302 d. (1875).\\nHamilton, b. (1814) d., 5S8\\nRobert, b., 71 discoveries, 102 d.,\\n1122.\\nb. (1827) cons, bp., 5972 org.\\nChurch of S. Africa, 599 d., 6013.\\nStephen, dis. electrical phenomena,\\n906 Copley medal, 908 d. (1730).\\nThomas, b., 9062 works, 911 913\\n1117 d.,9183.\\nWilliam Crane, cons, bishop, 420\\nGrayer, Gaspard de, d., 541\\nGrayson, Col., at Hodgesville, Ky., 200\\nWm., revolutionary soldier, d., 1022.\\nb., 98 gov. (1839-41) d., 2622.\\nJohn, b., 100 d., 2272.\\nGrayville, 111., railroad accident, 3153.\\nGraziani, Francesco, b., 10862.\\nGrazie, Marie Eugenie della, works, 8362.\\nGreard, Vallery lenient Octave, Aeade-\\nmieian, 752\\nGreat Britain (see text, pp. 839-1013) de-\\nclares war, 70 postal conven. with\\nIT. S., 1652; Am. relations strained, 1793;\\nrecognizes Confederates as belligerents,\\n195 3 rescinds recognition, 969 treaty\\nwith U.S.A., 2093 Fortune Bay settle-\\nment, 3112, 3122 abolishes slavery in\\nGuiana, 10393 treaty with Korea, 10943\\npeace with Persia, 11083.\\nGreat Canal, Red Sea and Nile, 648z\u00c2\u00b1.\\nFalls, Mont., sun dance prohib., 4622.\\nLakes, explored, r 722; first vessel on,\\n5733; gales in 1856, 180 through vessel\\nto Europe, 1813.\\nMarlow, Royal Military College, 9292;\\nremoved, 937\\nMeadows, Va., battle at, 68 5742.\\nNamaqualand (see text, West Coast of\\nAfrica); made Ger. dependency, 11613.\\nSalt Lake Valley, surveyed, 166\\nEastern, launched, 9602 at N. T.,\\n1893; pays out 2d cable, 2493; lays cable,\\n2533; lavs 4th cable, 2833 lays 6th cable,\\n2853 sails, 964 9693 for sale, 9893.\\nBarry, built, 866\\nNorthern, largest wheat cargo, 435 2\\nQueens/ant/, sails disappears, 981 3\\nRepublic, launched wrecked, 1733.\\nWestern, sails, 1493, 94.S2, 9493; arrives\\nin N. Y., 1513.\\nContract discussed, Eng., 8793.\\nGerman party, formed, 818 3\\nNorthern R. R. Am., finished, 4213.\\nseal, adopted by Congress, 953.\\nEng., 8773.\\nwall, China, 610 2, 6142.\\nWestern R. R., Can., built, 5813, 1752.\\nGreater New York. (See New York.)\\nGreatorex, Eliza, b., 1282.\\nGreatrix, Valentine, impostor, 893\\nGreaves, John, b., 878 d. (1652).\\nGreban, Arnoul, works, 678 3\\nGrecian, architecture, revived, 880 cities,\\nfreedom proclaimed, 10252; empire, pow-\\nerful, 10333 (see Greece) frontier ex-\\ntended, 11573 policy condemned, G. B.,\\n9553 republics decay, 10233.\\nGrecoff, M., selects cabinet, 5702.\\nGreece (see text, pp. 1013-37) crown of,\\naccepted, 6412; king in London, 985 in-\\ndependence declared, 1055 3 subjugated,\\n1056 Romans return, 10563 Roman\\nprovince, 1057 Isthmian games re-\\nvived, 10583; Romans invade, 1060 ;Rom.\\nprovince, 10633; war with Persia, 1106\\nfirst temples, 11463.\\nGreek alphabet adapted to Slavonic, 5023.\\nchronology begins, 1144 2\\nchurch, Cal., burned, 3402 in Egypt,\\n485 union with Eng. eh., 9063 con-\\ndemns images, 10322; independent, 10323,\\n10742; protected, 1035 est., 10663 lib-\\nerty questioned, 11573; in Georgia, IO682.\\ncitizens in Rome, 10292.\\nDanish Missionary Soc. fmd., 6403.\\nEmpire est., 10312; falls, 10253.\\nexarchs govern Italy, 10313, 1033\\nfire invented, 10333.\\nM.S., Gospel of Peter, found, 661\\nslave executed, 150\\nGreeley, Col., normal school est., 3503\\nHorace, b., 116 2 Tribune, issued, 1523\\nin N. Y. politics, 1652; on temperance,\\n171 confers with Confederates, 2373\\nworks, 2412^ 2643 surety for Jefferson\\nDavis, 2562, 2573; nom. pres., 2783; pres.\\ncandidate pop. vote, 2792 d., 2782\\nhome burned, 3553 statue, 368 460\\nGreely, Adolphus W. b., 1562 polar ex-\\npedition, 306 308 3103; search for,\\n316 rescue, 3162 a brig-gen., 320\\nAmerican Weather, 3323 in war de-\\npartment, 3512, 4472.\\nGreen Bay, Wis., first steamer, 1293; p. E.\\nmissions, 1323 Green Bail luteUiqencvr\\nissued, 1423; R. c. diocese est., 2642.\\nBrier, W. Va., battle of, 1983.\\nCape, wreck, 4993.\\nIsland, in Ivy., 2892, 3592.\\nMountain, la., first Congregationalist\\nChurch fmd., 14S3.\\nRiver, Ky., Confeds. defeated, 213\\nBridge, Confeds. repulsed, 224 2\\nChief Justice, women officials, 3823.\\nAndrew H., bridge committee, 3613.\\nGreen, Arthur Vincent, bishop, 1012\\nAshbel, b. (1762); moderator, 1323\\nd. (1848).\\nBerian, b. (1794) pres. Amer. Anti-\\nSlavery Society, 143 d. (1874).\\nSir Charles, gov. Guiana, 10392.\\nMaj. Henry, aids Khan, 5392.\\nHetty, deeds forged, 4123.\\nHorace, b. (1S02) d., 254\\nJohn, introduces seraphine, 946\\nRichard, b., 9482 works, 979\\nd. (1833).\\nMrs. Lyeott, baccarat scandal, 1006 3\\nMaj. Malcolm, aids khan, 5392.\\nMatt, assault by, 4343, 4503.\\nMaurice, b., 9002.\\nNorvin, b., 1262 d., 424\\nOliver D., commissioned col., 400\\nRobert S., governor N. J., 3293.\\nSamuel S., b., 1162.\\nSeth, b., 1262 d., 3262.\\nThomas, b. (1816) at Plymouth,2122;\\nnear Grand Eoore, 231 d. (1864).\\nMarshall, Sp. Consjiiraeif, 398 2\\nWm. Henrv, b.,1322;nio.lcrator,3842.\\nSir William Kirby, d., 10042.\\nMercer, b. (1798) eons. P. E. bp.,\\n1662; d.,326\\nand lllne factions, conflict, 1031\\nBag, inquiry, 9393; sent to Pari., 941 2.\\nMountCemetery.Md., dedicated, 1513.\\nRibbon Army, prominent, 9903.\\nWater Lily, society est., 617\\nGreenback, agitation, 265 2 Nat. Conven.\\nat Indianapolis, 293 at Chicago, 305\\nGreenburg, Pa., railway accident, 393 3\\nGreenbush, N. Y., northern army at, 1182.\\nGreencastle, Ind., As bury Univ. fnd De-\\nPauw Univ. fnd., 1483 school of the-\\nology org., 3183 McKim Observatory\\nerected, 322\\nGreene Co., N. C, White Cap outrage, 3643.\\nA. L. P., d., 2842.\\nCol. Christopher, b. (1737) at Red\\nBank, 88 d., 93\\nE. J., bank swindler defaulter, 4382.\\nFrancis Vinton, b. (1850) General\\nGreene, 448 2\\nGeo. Washington, b., 1162; d., 312\\nNathan., b., 642; quartermaster, 882\\nat Springfield, N. J., 92 commands\\nMorgan s army in South escapes Corn-\\nwallis supersedes Gates, 923 at Guil-\\nford Court House. 93 94 re-crosses\\nDan retreat from N. C. in Va., 93\\n1; retires, 942; d., 98\\nGreene, Nathan b. (1797) d., 2962.\\nRobert, b., 872 works, 8763; d.,8762.\\nSamuel Dana, b., 152 d., 318\\nThomas, gov. Md., 39\\nWm., b. (1695) gov. R. I., 653, 713.\\nJr.,b. (173lf; gov., 913; d., 116\\nW. Brenton, at Princeton, 4202,3.\\nGreenfield, Mass., cutlery mfg., 142\\nC. M. Moody defalcation, 3882.\\nGreenhalge, Fred. T., nom. for gov. Mass.,\\n4411,4732; governor, 4793.\\nGreenhow, Robert, d. 174\\nGreenland (see text, p. 1038), discov-\\nered; named; Northmen visit, 11\\nHelgi and Finnbogi leave, 112 inhab-\\nited, 113 visited, 122 explorers cut\\noff, 123 commerce restricted Eski-\\nmos appear settlements destroyed, 133\\nFrobisher possesses, 25 2 eight men\\nsurvive, 333 missions, 583, 603, 622\\nKane s boats Kane fnd., 176 Greely s\\nexped. in, 308 Peary arrives, 434 mis-\\nsion, 638 fisheries regulations, 6423.\\nMiss, revives enameling, 9222.\\nGap, W. Va., action at, 2203.\\nGreenleaf, Benjamin, b., 98 d., 2392.\\nSimon, b., 96 d., 1722.\\nThomas, -V. J ail// Ailvrtiser, issued,\\n1003 printing-office wrecked, 1002.\\nGreenly, William L., gov. Mich., 1633.\\nGreenock, N. S., Pomerania returns, 5953.\\nScotland, strike, 10003.\\nGreenough, Horatio, b., 1122; works, 136\\n156 1701; d. (1852).\\nRichard S., b., 128\\nGreensboro, N. C, council of war, 2461\\nBennett College founded, 2823.\\nGreensborough, Ala., Southern University\\nestablished, 1802, 3043.\\nCollege, Meth. Epis., org. (1846).\\nGreenup, Christopher, b. (1750) gov. Ky.,\\n1132 d. (1818).\\nGreenville, 111., Almira Coll. fnd., 1782.\\nMiss., State Bar Asso. colored law-\\nyers, 3783; fire, 4053.\\nO., Robertson hanged, 3043.\\nPa., Thiel College org., 2722.\\nS. C, Furman Univ. org., 1723.\\nTerm., and Tusculum Coil, org., 1063;\\nUnion Conven. meets, 1972; action, 2381\\nGreenwich, Conn., public school built,4042.\\nEng., observatory est., 8941 telescope\\nerected, 9401 railway opd., 9481 equa-\\ntorial telescope in observatory, 9641\\nGreenwood Ky., R. R. accident, 3293.\\nJohn, executed, 8763.\\nopens dentist office, 1001\\nGreer, James Augustin, b. (1833) com-\\nmodore, 3221 rear-admiral, 412\\nJohn E., commissioned major, 456\\nCollege, at II pstou, 111. (1891).\\nGreg, Robert Samuel, elected bp., 9803.\\nWilliam Rathhoiie, b. (1809) works,\\n9563, 9763; d. J1881).\\nGregans, landslide, 1086\\nGregg, Alex., b. (1819) cons. P.E.bp., 1862.\\nAndrew, b. (1755) pres. senate, 117 2\\nd., 1442.\\nDavid McMnrtrie, b., 142\\nJohn Irvin, b., 134\\nMaxey, b., 123 col. at Vienna, 196\\ngen. at Raymond, 222 at Beverly Ford,\\n2223; north of Rapidan,232 atReams s\\nStation, 2372; al. Sycamore Church, 238\\nat Hatcher s Run, 239 d. (1862).\\nThomas H., eons. R. C. bp., la., 2942.\\nDr., R. E., Common Prayer, 2942\\nBrooklyn pastor, 3562.\\nRobt. Samuel, cons, archbp., 1012\\nGregorian Code published, 1067\\nGregorioff, Col., hanged, 11223.\\nGregorovius, Ferdinand, b.,8122; d., 834\\nGregory I., St., the Great, b.-d., 10702; pope,\\n1071 enthroned; improvements; reli-\\ngious beliefs intro. church music, 10722.\\nII., St., pope, 10722 excom. Leo, 10322.\\nIII., St., pope, 10722.\\nIV., pope, 10723 institutes Festival\\nof Holy Trinity, 10723.\\nV\u00e2\u0080\u009e pope, 1073\\nVI., pope, 1073 10742 against Cres-\\ncentius, 10733.\\nVII., St. (Hildebrand), b.-d., 10722\\nreformer, 7743 deposed, 775 1 alliance\\nwith Normans disputes with emp. re-\\nleases subjects, 7753; besieged, 776\\nrules church, 10742; elected pope; sends\\nlegates to courts est. wakes, 10743\\ngreat political power, 1075 2", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1282.jp2"}, "1283": {"fulltext": "Greg-Guat.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1271\\nGregory VIII., pope, 1075\\nIX., pope est. Inquisition, 1075\\nX., pope, 10763.\\nXI., pope establishes Feast of Pre-\\nsentation, 1077\\nXII., pope, 1077 deposed, 7843.\\nXIII., pope, 10812; reforms cal., 1082\\nXIV., pope, 10812.\\nXV., pope, 571 est. Congregatio de\\nPropaganda Fide, 10832.\\nXVI., pope forbids infant schools\\nagainst slave trade d., 10863.\\nA. C, exploration, 496\\nDavid, b. (1627) problem of catenary,\\n900 edits Euclid s works, 9023.\\nGilbert Asbburtou, d., 9502.\\nJames, b. (1638) reflecting telescope,\\n890 d. (1675).\\nJohn H., gov. Virginia, 155 3\\nNazianzen, St., b.-d., 11512; music\\nfor history of Passion, 1154\\nOlinth us Gilbert, b., 919 d. (1841).\\nWilliam, speaker, 8952.\\nHenry, gov., 1049 d., 1008\\nSt., converts Tridates II., 11543.\\nSt., bp. of Myssa, b.-d., 10283.\\nof Tours, bp., b.-d., 6642.\\nthe Theologian, nourishes, 1029\\nInstitute, Wilmington fnd., 2862.\\nGregr, Herr, for emancipation, 5352.\\nGreifswald, Prus., university est., 787\\nGrementum, battle of, 10543.\\nGrenada, W. I., eclipse observed, 994\\nGrenadier troops, est., 690 guards mu-\\ntiny, 1006\\nGrenelle, Paris, laboratory est., 756\\nGrenfell, Gen., in Sudan, 6602,3.\\nGrenholm, Geo. A., paroled, 249\\nGrenier, Mayor, Montreal, reelected, 591\\nM., sentenced for treason, 763\\nGrenoble, Fr., university est., 6743 reor-\\nganized, 681 unites with Valence, 6832.\\nGrenville, D. of Portland, minister, 9233.\\nGeorge, b. (1712) prime minister, 733,\\n9172; in Paris, 953; Stamp Act, 75 lord\\nadmiralty, 9133; minister, 9153; d.(1770).\\nRichard, Sir, b.( 1541); takes merchant-\\nman at Roanoke; leader, 253; d.,8762.\\nPlantagenet Temple Nugent\\nBrydges Chandos, D. of Buckingham, b.\\n(1823); d., 1000\\nThomas, b. (1755) premier lord ad-\\nmiralty, 9332 d. (1846).\\nGresham, Sir Thomas, at Roval Exchange,\\nLond., 872 fnds. college, 875 d. (1579).\\nWalter Quinton, b., 1522 wounded\\nat Atlanta, 2362 se c. treas., 3192 de-\\nclines nomination, 411 sec. state, 427\\nCollege, founded, London, 875\\nGresley, Gen. Henri Francois Xavier, b.\\n(1819) minister, 7512,3. d. (1890).\\nThomas, grants warrant, 857\\nGresset, Jean Baptiste Louis, b., 6963\\nworks, 6992, 7012 d., 7043.\\nGressier, M., minister public works, 7392.\\nGretny, Andre Ernest Modeste, b., 7002\\nd.,721\\nGreuze, Jean Baptiste, b., 6982; d. (1805).\\nb. (1726) d., 7163.\\nGreville, Baron, title created, 965\\nSir Fulke, b., 8702; d., 8822.\\nRobert, b., 8782; d., 8843.\\nGrevin, Jacques, b. (1540) works, 683 d.\\n(1570).\\nGrevy, Albert, b. (1824) in Panama Canal\\nscandal, 7642; gov. Algeria resigns, 102.\\nFrancois Paul Julc, b., 7163; pres.\\nNat. Assem., 745 747 2 7512 resigns,\\n7473 pres. chamber, 751 pres. of\\nFrance, 7513,7552; grants amnesty, 7532;\\npope s letter; reply to pope, 7542; refuses\\nto resign resigns, 7563; d., 7621\\nGrew, Nehemiah, b., 8822; d. (1711).\\nGrey, Charles, 2d Earl, b., 9162; minister,\\n9332; against annexation; vs. Clerical\\nReserves, 5812; lord of admiralty, 9332,\\n9473 premier, 9452 resigns, 9453,9472;\\nlord lieut., 9512; minister, 9533, 973\\nde Ruthyn, Baron, title created, 8563\\nE. of, title created, 931\\nEarl. (See Charles Grey.)\\nEdmund Dwyer, d., 9982.\\nGeorge, senator speech, 439\\nSir explorer Australia, 4942;\\ngov., 4953.\\nb. (1799) minister, 9593,\\n9633,969 d. (1882).\\nHenry, D. of Suffolk, opposes royal\\ntreaty, 8712; d. (1554).\\nGrey, Lady Jane, b., 868 2 struggle for\\ncrown reigns, 8712 d., 8702.\\nSir John, deputy 1. lieut., 863 8652.\\nLord, and Main Conspiracy, 8792.\\npolitical confederacy, 897\\nSir Richard, executed, 865 3\\nThomas, Sir, executed, S63\\nLord Stamford, at StrattonHill,\\n884 d. (1688).\\nNuns, Order founded, 575\\nGrevtown, Xic, bombardment, 1773.\\nGrihoiedoff, Alexander, b.-d., 11162.,\\nGrider, Henry, Joint Committee of Re-\\nconstruction, 2493.\\nGridley, Jeremiah, b. (1705) American\\nMagazine, 671; d. (1767).\\nRichard, b., 562; d. (1796).\\nGrier, Robert Cooper, b., 1042 justice\\nU. S. Supreme Court, 1613; d. (1870).\\nGrierson, Benjamin Henry, b. (1826) near\\nColdwater, 2131; near Covington, 2201\\nraids, 2203, 2211 at Vicksburg, 2403.\\nGriesbach, Johann J., b., 8003; d., 8102.\\nGriffin, launched, 463.\\nGriffin, Charles, b. (1826) north of Rapi-\\ndan, 2321; appt. to Warren s command,\\n2443; d., 2582.\\nCyrus, h., 662; d., 1162.\\nDr., Brooklyn Health Dept., 3871\\nGerald, b., 9323; work, 9431 d., 9502.\\nGilderoy Wells, b., 1522.\\nLieut. R., 2132.\\nGriff enf eld, Ct. of. (SeeSchumacher,Peter.)\\nGriffis, William. Eliot, b., 1561.\\nGri/fMi burned, 1673.\\nGriffith, David, b. (1742) bp.,983; resigns,\\n1002; d. (1789).\\nWalter S., b., 1521\\nGriffiths, John Willis, b., 1161 d. (1882).\\nMaj., gov. in Can., 5773.\\nGrifton, King, in convent, 6653.\\nGrigorovitch, Nich.,b., 11163; works, 11183.\\nGrigsby, Hugh Blair, b., 1122; d., 3062.\\nGrijalva, Juan de, b., 11282 expedition\\nof, 171; d. (1527).\\nGrillparger, Franz, b. (1791) works, 8131,\\n8151; a. (1872).\\nGrim, asst.-snrg., indictment, 4163.\\nGrimes, James Wilson, b. (1816) gov. la.,\\n1771 on committee of 13, 1892 Com-\\nmittee on Reconstruction, 2493; d.,2762.\\nJohn J., cons. R. C. bp., 9962.\\nGrimke, Archibald H., C. Sumner, 4203.\\nThomas Smith, b., 981 d., 1422.\\nGrimm, Baron Fried. M., b., 8002 d.,8083.\\nJakob Ludwig, b., 8042 works, 8103,\\n8151 8202 dismissed from univ., 8152\\nd.,S221.\\n.William, b. (1786); works, 8151, 2,\\n8202; d. (1859).\\nW. H., sentenced, 4482.\\nGrimmelshausen, Christoffel, b. (1625)\\nSimplicissimus, 7971 d. (1676).\\nGrimoald, D. of Benevento, usurper, 10731\\nGrimsby, Eng., docks begun, 9541 fish-\\ning fleet wrecked, 10013.\\nGrimshaw, William, b., 951 d., 1701\\nGrimston, Viscount of, title created, 9051\\nGrincourt, Marquis do, pamphlet, 7432.\\nGrindal, Edinuiid, b.(1519); archbp. Canter-\\nbury, 8743; d. (1583).\\nGringore, Pierre, b. (1475\u00c2\u00b1) works, 6811;\\nd. (1544).\\nGrinnell, la., tornado, 3101 Iowa College\\norganized, 1631.\\nHenry, b. (1799) exped. starts,166i\\nsends Kane arctic exp., 1721 d., 2S4 2\\nMoses Hicks, b. (1803) d., 1102.\\nGrinstead, Baron, title created, 937 2\\nGrinthorpe, Baron, title created, 9963.\\nGrip prevails. 3513; epidemic, 3813; doubles\\ndeath rate, 3813, 6273. (See Influenza.)\\nGriqualand, diamonds, 6002 annexed,\\n6011 constituted colony, 9772. (See also\\ntext, Cape Colony, pp. 597-604.)\\nGriquas, characteristics, 6023.\\nGriscorn, John, b., 731 d., 1701\\nGrisebach, August H.R., b.,8102; d., 8301.\\nGrisi, Giulia, b. (1811) sings at Castle\\nGarden, 1761 d. (1869).\\nGrisons, Switz., canton, joins Act of\\nMediation, 11382.\\nLeague, allies of Confederates, 11373.\\nGrissell, C. E., arrested, 9352; breach of\\nGrist-tax, adopted, It., 10892.\\nGriswold, Ga., Confedis. repulsed, 2401\\nAlexander Vietz, b. (1766) cons, bp.,\\n1171 ;d. (1843).\\nGriswold, Casimir Clayton, b. (1834) Nat.\\nAcademy of Design, 2601\\nJohn Augustus, b. (1818) d., 2781\\nRoger, b. 1762); gov. C, 1192; d. (1812).\\nRufus Wiimot, b. (1815) d., 180\\nStanley, b. (1763) d., 1242.\\nCollege, la., org., 1843.\\nGrivart, M., minister, 7491.\\nGroat, Sam., cons. bp. Jerusalem, 11571\\nGrobnik, Mongols defeated, 5041\\nGrocyn, William, b., 8622 at Exeter Col-\\nlege, Oxford, 8663; d., 8661.\\nGroesbeck, N. H., polygamist, 407\\nWm. Sloeomb, b! (1815) Pres. John-\\nson s council, 2612; pres. candidate, 2791\\nvote, 2812.\\nGroff, Lewis A., in int. dept., 3512.\\nGrbnandael, R. R. collision, 5473.\\nGroningen, Netherlands, taken, 1098 2\\nGronovius, Jakob, b. (1G45) Thesaurus,\\n11012; d. (1716).\\nGros, Baron Antoine Jean.b., 7042; work,\\n7142; d., 7262.\\nGrose, Francis, b., 9082; d.(1791).\\nGrosmone, W., action at, 8601.\\nGross, Samuel David, b., 1122; d., 3162.\\nGrossbeeren, Prussia, battle of, 7201.\\nGrosse, Julius H. von, b., 8142.\\nPhilip Henry, b., 9351\\nIsland, Can., artillery competition,\\n5881; cable laid, 5892.\\nGrosser Kurt iirst, collides and sinks, 828\\nGen., d., 1122\\nGrosseteste, Robert, work, 8543; d., 8542.\\nGrossi, Tommaso, b., 10843; d., 10863.\\nGrossjagerndorf, Prus., battle of, 802\\nGrostiago, Gen., commander, 6063.\\nGrosvenor, Charles H., b., 142\\nLord Robert, Sunday Bill, 9612.\\nGros Ventres Mission, transferred, 3142.\\nGrote, George, b., 9263; works, 9543, 9683;\\nd., 976\\nGrotefend, Georg Friedrich, b., 804 d.,\\n(1853).\\nGroton, Conn., Baptist church org., 563;\\nbattle eel.. 391 1 monument, 1381\\nGrouchy, Marquis Emmanuel, b., 703\\nd., 7301.\\nGrousset, Paschal, b., 7283.\\nGrout, William W., b., 1462.\\nGrove, Sir George, b. (1820); work. 9842.\\nWm. Robert, b. (1811) nitric acid\\nbattery, 9501; work, 9511; decomposes\\nwater, 9541 electro-induction, 9841\\nGroveland, Minn., Cath. coll. fnded., 3682.\\nGrover, Gen. Cuvier, b. (1830) sent to\\nBaton Rouge, 2163.\\nLafayette, b. (1823); gov. Ore., 2732.\\nWm., gov. N. C, 573.\\nGroveton, Va., battle of, 2122.\\nGrow, Galusha Aaron, b., 1321; speaker,\\n1832, 1972, 2013, 4532.\\nGrubb, K. IS., 110m. gov. N.J., 345\\nGrubbs, John C, b., 1462.\\nGruber, Jacob, b., 912; d. (1850).\\nGrumatz, action at, 11121\\nGrumbach, Wilhelm, b. (1503) plunders\\nWurzburg protected by John Freder-\\nick executed, 7931 under ban, 7932.\\nGnuidVnitjiuiat, issued, 7991.\\nGrundtvig, Nicolai Fredrik Severin, b.,\\n6382; work, 6391; d.,6421.\\nGrundy, Felix, b., 89 atty-gen., 1512;\\nd., 1522.\\nGruner, Wilhelm H. L., b., 807 d., 8302.\\nGruter, or Gruytere, Jan., b.-d., 5403.\\nGryphius, Andreas, b., 7943; works, 797\\nd 7963.\\nGuadalajara, mission, 1096 2\\nGuadaloupc dis., 142 attacked, 703.\\nHidalgo, treaty of, 1633.\\nGuaimaro, constitution at, 633\\nGoal, Pedro, pres. Venezuela, 11602.\\nGualbert, John, fnds. Benedictine Abbey,\\n10742.\\nGuanere, earthquake, 6282.\\nGuano, intro. U. S., 1653; exported, 1109\\nagreement, 6093 Sp. seizes isles, 11083.\\nGuarantee by Companies Act, 9713.\\nGuarapari. Dutch defeated, 38\\nGuardia, Tomas. president, 631\\nGuardian, lost, 4953.\\nGuardians, compulsory education, 5472.\\nGuardiola, Gen. Santos, b. (1810) pres.,\\n10412; d. (1862).\\nGuarini, Giov. Bat., b., 10803 d., 10823.\\nGuasralla, battle at, 698\\nGuatemala, defeated, 11233. (See also text\\npp. 1038, 1039.)", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1283.jp2"}, "1284": {"fulltext": "1272\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Gliat\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hate.\\nGuatemozin, h. (1497); executed, 181.\\nGuay, M. le, Panama Canal scandal, 7643.\\nGuayainas, Mex., bombarded, 1622.\\nGuayaquil, earthquake, 643 2 free schools,\\n6433 riots, 6443\\nGubbio, Eugubine Tablets dis., 10781\\nGudalur, Madras mission, 10443.\\nGudin, Jean Autoine Theodore, b., 7143\\nd., 7522.\\nGudrod, reigns, 11043.\\nGudule, St. /Cathedral, 5392.\\nGuelders, Netherlands, taken, 9021.\\nGuelf II., is duke, 7771.\\nV., marries .Matilda, 7763.\\nGuelfs, war against Ghil ellines,7761 con-\\ntentions, 7773 rule Naples, 7821\\nGuelph, Fund Bill, Her., 8371.\\nGuelphic Order of Knighth 1, 8111\\nGuemez Pacheco de Padilla Horcasitas,\\nb. (1740) viceroy, 101153 d. (1799).\\nGuercheville.Madamede, fails, colony, 291\\nGuercino, Giovanni Francesco Barbieri,\\nb. (1590) St. Jerome. 10S22 d., 10831\\nGuericke, Heinrich Ernst Ferdinand, b.,\\n8082 d. (1878).\\nOtto von, b., 7922 inventions of,\\n7962 d., 7982.\\nGuerin, Eugene, minister, 765 2 7672.\\nGuernsey, East Surrey Regt. rebels, 10041\\nAlfred Hudson, b., 1322.\\nGuerrazi, Francesco Doineuieo, b., 10843\\nd., 10S82.\\nGuerrero, mission, 10962.\\nVicente, b.-d., 10952 pres., 10962.\\nGuerrier, Gen., president, 10402.\\nGuerrilla bands, U. S., 2023, 209 1 McNeil,\\nMorgan; Quantrell, 2142, 3; in Bolivia,\\n5501\\ninvents alphabet,\\nGuess, George, 1\\n1331; d., 1561.\\nGuessing contests legal, 3723.\\nGuest, John, d., 3091.\\nGuettard, Jean Etienne, b., 697 d., 7061\\nGuevara, Luis Velez, b.-d., 11282 Diablo\\nCojuelo, 11292.\\nGuex Confederacy formed, 10983.\\nGuglielmi, Pietro, b., 10841 d., 10843.\\nGuiana, S. Am. (see text, p. 1039), negro\\ninsurrection, 73 1 peace, 732 colonists\\nperish, 752; annexed to Brazil, 5551;\\nboundary dispute settled, 7613 annexed\\nto G. B., 9332 Bp. Swaby cons., 10002\\nceded to France, 11103 invaded, 11G03.\\nGuiart,Guillaume, poetical chronicle, 673 1\\nGuibert, Comte de, Jacques A. H., b.,\\n7003 d., 7062.\\nJos. Hippolyte, b., 7143 d., 7542.\\narchbp., favors nuns in schools, 7542.\\nGuibord, Joseph, burial of, 5821 3,\\nGuicciardini, Francesco, b., 10783 works,\\n10813 d., 10802.\\n(r/t u/c issued at Port Hope, Can., 5791\\nGuidi, Carlo Alessandro, b., 10823 d.,\\n10831.\\nGuidici, Paolo Emilliani, works, 10871\\nGuido d Arezzo, b.-d., 10722 invents mu-\\nsical system, 10721\\nCardinal, in Bohemia, 5042.\\ndella Colonne, b., 10762.\\nMiguel Sanchez de, governor, 6301.\\nReni, b., 1081 d., 10823.\\nGuienne, ceded, 6732 lost to Eng., 8633.\\nGuignes, Joseph de, b., 6982 d., 7142.\\nGuigniaut, Jos. Daniel, b., 7102; d., 7501.\\nGuild of Literature and Art inaug., 9682.\\nGuildford, Eng., bp. Sumner cons., 9983.\\nWest Austral., settlement, 4952.\\nEarl of, title created, 9112.\\nGuilds, property confiscated, Eng., 8692.\\nGuilford, N. 0. Mormons expelled, 4703\\nG. College (Friends), organized (1837).\\nCourt House, Gen. Greene at, 93 1\\nbattle at, 94 1\\nGuillamore, Viscount, title created, 9412.\\nGuillard, Nicolas Francois, b., 7011 d.,\\n7211.\\nGuillaume, de Jurnieges, Frere, b.-d., 678 2\\nde Lorris, works, 6712 d. (1240+).\\nGuillemeau, Jacques, b., 6803 d., 6862.\\nGuillon, Abbe, Marie Nicolas Sylvestre,\\nb., 7023; d.,7301.\\nM. E., works, 7582.\\nGuillotin, Jos. Ignatius, h., 7002 d.,7211.\\nGuilmeth, Alexandre Auguste, b., 7163,\\nGuilt, Joseph, d., 9662.\\nGuinaud, Pierre Louis, improves telescope,\\nGuinea fowls, introduced, France, 6833,\\nGuineas coined, England, 8913.\\nGuinegate, Louis XI. defeated, 078 i bat-\\ntle, 6801 Duke of Guise takes, 6821\\nGuiney Station, b. of Spottsylvania, 2323.\\nGuinne, united to France, 6792.\\nGuinness, Benjamin L., restores St. Pat-\\nrick s Cathedral, 9682.\\nH. Grattan, founds East London In\\nstitute, 9762.\\nGuion, John G., governor Miss., 1692.\\nW. H., establishes steamship line,\\n1553; d., 10121.\\nGuiraud, Ernest, b. (1837) d., 7621\\nPierre Marie Therese Alexandre,\\nBaron, b., 7062 d. (1847).\\nGuiscard, Robert, b.-d., 10722 alliance\\nwith pope, 775 3 rescues pope, 7761 in\\nGr., 10321; conquests, 10741 fnds. univ.,\\n10751; leader Normans duke, 10752.\\nGuischard, Karl Gottlieb, Col., b., 8002\\nd., 8041.\\nGuise, Charles de. (See Lorraine, Card, of.)\\nDue de. (See Lorraine, Francis of.)\\n(See Lorraine, Henry I. of.)\\nGuises, revolt against, 11833 k., 6851,3.\\nGuitar, Col., at Oompton s Kerry, 2103.\\nGuiteau, Chas., b. (1*4(\u00c2\u00bb .shoots Pres. Gar-\\nfield, 3072, 3092 trial, 3091 sentenced,\\n3102 hanged, 3103.\\nGuizot, Francois Pierre Guillaume, b.,\\n7002; ministry, 725 ,3, 7273, 7293; works,\\n7283, 7292, 7343, 7432 d., 74S2.\\nGujarat, India, conquered, 10421 2; inde-\\npendent, 10433 dynasty conquered,\\n10441 annexed, 10443 in Sepoy rebel-\\nlion, 10481\\nGulf of Passat, action at, 10241\\nGulfport, Miss., railroad wreck, 4373.\\nGull, Sir Win. Whitney, b., 9383; d., 10042.\\nGulot-Dessagcn, M., minister, 7572.\\nGummere, John, b., 962; d.,1581.\\nGum Swamp, N. C., action at, 2222.\\nGun, first used, 7842 multicharge or-\\ndered, 3441 plant for making est. by\\nCongress, 3501 steam, invented, 9402.\\n(See cannon.)\\nGunboat fleet, Eads, 1962 on Mississippi,\\n2062, 2101\\nGuncotton, discovered, 8161, 11381.\\nGundeniar, king, 7712, 11253.\\nGunderic, K., 6633 rules in Spain, 11253.\\nGunderode, Ivaroline von, b., 8042 d.,8082.\\nGundibald, Lex Gundibaldia, 6643.\\nGungunum, king of Ur, 11393.\\nGunnbjorn, discovers Greenland, 111 ,10382.\\nGunning, Bedford, governor Del., 1073.\\nGunnison, Miss., levee endangered, 4071.\\nGunpowder, inv., 7822, 10721 for blasting,\\nused in Ger., 7782 used in Eng., 8502,\\n8581; igniting, 9:122 smokeless, 5321\\nPlot, discovered, 8791, 2.\\nGuns, rifled at South Boston, 1441\\nGunsberg, Eberlin von, work, 7892.\\nEdmund, b., 8742 invents chain,\\nGiinth er. Albert Karl Ludwig, b., 8142.\\nAnton.Pr. of Auhalt.b., 7963; d., 7983.\\nb., 8042 d., 8221\\nC. Godfrey, mayor N. Y., 2032.\\nCount of Sch war/burg, b.(l: 04); emp.,\\nopposed sells claim, 7833 d. (1349).\\nJohann Christian, b. (1095) Poems,\\n8003 d. (1723).\\nGunton, George, Sneial Eeoiinmics, 3963.\\nGuntram, king of Franks, d., 6652.\\nGuntur, mission, 10471\\nGupta dynasty, reigns, 1043 2\\nGurgyong, fort captured, 10482.\\nGurley, D., moderator. 2162\\nJohn A., governor Ariz., 2173.\\nGurney, Elizabeth. (See Fry.)\\nT., stenography, 9041\\nGurowski, Adam, b. 11162 d., 11182.\\nGustafsvaern bombarded, 9581.\\nGustalla, ceded to Spain, 5153 given to\\nMaria Louisa, 10S71\\nGustavus I., Vasa, king, b.-d., 11342 re-\\nbels against Dunes, 11341 org. church,\\n11343 king of Sweden, 11352.\\nII., Adolphus, b.-d., 11342 reigns,\\n11353 victories over Sigismund in\\nThirty Years War, 7941, 11341; aids\\nProtestants, 5121 fails in Finland and\\nLivonia, 11341 reigns against Rus.,\\n11353, 11153; endows Univ. Upsala fnds.\\nUniv. Dorpat, 11343 prohibits whisky,\\n11351; k., 5121.\\nIII., b.-d., 11342; creates SwediBh\\nAcademy, 11351 reigns, 11353 shot,\\n11351.\\nGustavus IV., Adolphus, b.-d., 11342\\nreigns ;deposed, 11353.\\nCharles, commander, 11001\\nPrince of Sweden, b., 11361 marries\\nVictoria of Baden, 11363.\\nGussfeldt, Paul, b. (1840) expedition to\\nAfrica, 8281.\\nCollege (Lutheran) org. in St. Peters,\\nMinn. (1862).\\nGutenberg, Johannes, b.-d.; movable type\\nin-printing, 7842 festival honors, 8152\\nGuthred, in Ireland, 8521\\nGuthrie, Okla., laid out, 339 3 govern-\\nment org., 3392 iron-ore disc, 3421\\nJames, b., 1042 S ec. treas., 1732 d.\\ndiscovers chloro-\\n2661\\nSamuel, b., 95\\nform, 1401 d., 164\\nThomas, b., 9323 ordained, 9442\\nadvocates prohibition, 9563 d., 9781.\\nGuthrum, leads 6352 reigns, 1105\\nGutierrez, Diego, governor, 6301\\nGarcia, El Trooador, 11311.\\nGen., pres. San Salvador, 11232.\\nNicolas, governor California, 1472.\\nSantos Joaquin, b. (1820) president,\\n6292 d. (1872).\\nTomas, revolts in Peru, 11083.\\nGuts Muths, Johann Christoph Freidrich,\\n8143.\\nGutta-percha, introduced, 9521 insulator,\\n9541 mnf telegraph wires 1641.\\nGutzkow, Karl F., b., 8102 works, 8151\\n8163 d., 8282.\\nGutzlaff, Karl, b., 8082 d., 8182.\\nGuy de Lusignan, K. of Jerusalem, 6712,\\n7783, 11552 defeated, 11541 transfers\\nclaim for Cyprus, 6713 d. (1194).\\nSeymour Joseph, b. (1824) in Na-\\ntional Academy of Design, 2501\\nThomas, b., 8843 founds hospital,\\n9071 d., 9062.\\nbreaks trotting-record, 3433.\\nGuyandotte, W. Va., action at, 2003.\\nGuyon, Madam b. (1048) in Bastile, 6951\\ninfluence of, 6971 d. (1777)\\nJeanne Marie Bouvier de la Motto,\\nb.,6883 d.,6971.\\nGuyot, Arnold Henry, b., 1141 geograph-\\nical maps, 2291 d 3162.\\nYves, minister, 7572, 7611\\nGuyton, Ga., cloud-burst, 4361\\nde Morveau, Louis Bernard, b., 6983\\nd., 7222.\\nGuzman, Alfonzo Perez de, b.-d., 11262\\ntakes Gibraltar, 11261\\nDom, hot-air balloon, 11113.\\nFernando, elected president, 11033.\\nLuis Munoz de, governor, 6053.\\nGwalior, conquered, 10441 under British\\nprotection, 10472 seized, 10481\\nGwamba negroes, mission to, 11242.\\nGwilt, Joseph, b., 9223; d. (1863).\\nGwin, Wiu.McKeinlrce, b. (1805) d., 320\u00c2\u00bb.\\nGwydyr, Baron, title created, 9252.\\nGwyn, Eleanor (Nell), b., 8882 d., 8982.\\nGyges, leader, 10141 conquests of, 11453.\\nGyi ippus, b., 10211 commander, 10202.\\nGyllembourg- Khrensvard, T h o m a s i n e\\nChristine Buntzen, b. (1773) works,\\n6392 d. (1856).\\nGyllenborg, Gustaf Frederik, b. (1731)\\nAcross the Belt, 11351 d. (1809).\\nGympie, Australia, gold-field dis., 4981\\nGynecological Soc. org., Am., 290i\\nGynlay, Franz, b., 5191 d., 5262.\\nGyongyosy, Stephen, b., 5102 d.,5123.\\nGyroscope, invented, 8181\\nGyrowetz, Adalbert, b. (1763) d., 5223.\\nH.\\nHaakman, M., closes court, 6591.\\nHaaman, aims to destroy Jews, 11463.\\nHaarlem, invaded, 10981\\nLake, drained, 11022.\\nHaas, Johann llatthais, b., 7982; d., 8003.\\nMaurice F. H. de, b., 1401 National\\nAcademy of Design, 2601 d., 11021\\nHaase, Heinrich Gottlob Frederik Chris-\\ntian, b., 8083.\\nHabakkuk, a prophet, 11443.\\nHabberton, John, b. (1842) works, 2943,\\n3243.\\nHabeas Corpus, suspended, Am., 1951, 2,\\n2073, 2113, 2152, 2213, 2273, 2373, 2751 ,2;", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1284.jp2"}, "1285": {"fulltext": "Habe-Hall.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDjbX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1273\\nignored, 1953; extended, 197 sustained,\\n1973; legal, 2112; ineffective, 2352 par-\\ntially restored, 2492, 2523.\\nHabeas Corpus Act, suspension, Can. ,5811\\nsigned, Eng., SII52, X!) .I2 suspended, 9012,\\n9073, 9113, 9212, ;i_ 73, 0292, 9312, 9552,\\n9703,971 2, 3.\\nHabeneck, Antoine Francois, b., 705 d.,\\n7302.\\nHabercomb, L. W., in treas. dept., 3512.\\nHaberlin, Franz D., b., 7983 d., 8043.\\nHabert, M., murders Dupuis, 756 2\\nGeorge, d., 8822.\\nBaron, Pierre J., b., 7013 d., 7242.\\nHabicht, Christian M., b., 804 d., S143.\\nHabington, William, b., 878 d. (1654).\\nHabitual Criminals Act. passes, 9732.\\nDrunkards Act passes, 983\\nHabsburg, House of, anniversary, 5303.\\nHacliette, Jean Fourquette, b. (1454) at\\nBeauvais, 678\\nLouis Christophe, Francois, b. (1800)\\nd., 7362.\\nHackelinan, Pleasant Adam, b. (1814) d.,\\n2152.\\nHackensack, N. J., R. R. wreck, 3213\\nrobbers den; 445 R.R. collision, 4493.\\nHacker, Ludweek, S. S-, at Ephrata, Pa.;\\nSunday-school, 643.\\nHackert, Philipp, b., 8002 d., 8083.\\nHacket, William, hanged, 8763.\\nHackett, Horatio Baleh, b., 1142; d., 288\\nchief of police, kills Hannon, 4003.\\nJames Henry, b., 10S2; an actor, 134\\nd., 2742.\\nHackettstown, N.Y., Smith murdered,3263.\\nHacklander, Friedrich W. von, b., 812\\nworks, 8182, 825 d., 8282.\\nHackley, Charles E., b., 1462; d., 1902.\\nHackneycoachesinLondon,S813; licensed,\\n9393; restrictions on, removed, 945 3\\nHackworth, Timothy, invents steam-jet,\\n942\\nHaco VIII. weds Margaret of Den., 11352.\\nHaddington, Earl, of, title created, SSI\\nE. of, lord-lieut., 9473 minister, 9512.\\nScotland, cholera appears, 9453.\\nHaddock, Rev. Geo. C, murdered, 3243.\\nHaddys, murder of, 9903.\\nHadee reigns, Egypt, 6552.\\nHadji Khalfa (Mustapha Ben Abdallah),\\nd., 11563.\\nHadley, Mass., Indian attack, 46 ,2.\\nHenry Hamilton, b. (1826) d., 2373.\\nJames, b., 130 d., 2782.\\nJohn, b. (1682) reflecting sextant,\\n90S d., 9103.\\nOrzo A., governor Ark., 2772.\\nHadrian, Publius iElius Hadrianus, b.-d.,\\n10623 in Egypt, 6533 in Gaul, 6632\\nrampart in Ire., 839 in Britain, 8393\\nreigns, 10293 erects temples at Rome,\\npersecutes Christians, 10642 and Jews,\\n11532; Jews revolt, 10643; improvements,\\n1065 perpetual code; adopts Antoninus,\\n1065 2 builds temples, 11532 restores\\nNicomedia; relinquishes authority, 11533.\\nHaeckel, Ernst Heinrich, b., 8142; works,\\n825 829\\nHafiz, Mohammed Shems-ed-Din, b.-d.,\\n11063;\\nHafsfiord, action at, 1104\\nHagrar sent away, 11402.\\nHagedon, Friedrich von, b., 7983 works,\\n801 d., 8022.\\nHagedorn, Christian L., b., 7983; d., 8042.\\nHagelgan, Hislor// of Arminius. 797\\nHagen, Ernest A., b., 8063 d., 830\\nFriedrich Heinrich von der, b., 8042;\\nd., 820\\nHagenau, Ger., Germans occupy, 738\\nHagenbach, Karl R., b., 807 d., 828\\nPeter von, governor, beheaded, 7872.\\nHager, A. L., b., 168\\nAlbert David, b., 1262.\\nHagerstown, Md., miss. soc. org., 146 3\\nFed. enter, 196 Confed. occupy, 213\\nHaggai discovers the book, 1146 com-\\npletes temple a prophet, 11463.\\nHaggard, Henry Rider, b. (1S56) works,\\n9923, 10043.\\nHaggart, John, postmaster, 593 minister\\nR. R. and canals, 5952, 5963.\\nHaggerty, John, jumps bridge, 4332.\\nHaghe, Louis, b., 9303; d. (1885).\\nHagisa reigns, 11453.\\nHagood, Johnson, governor S. C, 3052.\\nHague, The (Eng.), (or Fr., La Hogue), in-\\ndependence of, 10993; states-gen. meet,\\n5433; league of find., 6933; naval battle,\\n694 treaty of, 7992, 7993,7112, 11013;\\nevacuated by Fr., 1102 cholera, 11023.\\nHague, Arnold, b., 1522.\\nHalm, August, b., S062; d., 822\\nMichael, governor La., 2312,3, 2413.\\nPhilipp M., b., 8002; d., 8043.\\nSimon, b., 79S2; d., S002.\\nHahnel, Ernst Julius, b., 8102 d. (1891).\\nHahnemann, Sam. C. F., b 8023; d.,8162,\\nHalm-Halm, Countess Ida Marie Luise So-\\nphie Friederika Uustave von, b., 8082\\nworks, 8152, 8202, 825 d., 830\\nHaichung, mission, 6222.\\nHaid, Leo, cons. R. C. bishop, 330 2\\nHaidarabad Sepoy rebellion, 1048 mis-\\nsion, 10463, 1(1483; mutiny at, 1049\\nHaidiugor, Wilhelm, b., 8003; d., 8262.\\nHaiDzuong, Black Flags, 4821.\\nHaifong, typhoon, 6222\\nHaight, Benjamin J., d., 3002.\\nHenry Huntley, b., 1322; governor\\nCal., 265,2; a., 2982.\\nHaik rules Armenia, 11412.\\nHaile, William H., nom. gi?v. Mass., 415\\nHailey, Ida., fire, 3432.\\nHaileybury Coll., Herts, fnd., 933 9623.\\nHaillan, Bernard de Gerard du, Histolre\\nde France, 683 2\\nHaimonsk/nder, appears, 791\\nHainan, China, mission, 6143, 623 6242.\\nHainaut, Belg., French conquer, 5401\\nHouse of, reigns, 10991\\nHaiiier, Eugene J., h., 1682.\\nHaines, Charles D., d., 1781\\nDan., gov. N. J., 1572, 1652; d., 2941.\\nBluff, Miss., Feds, at, 220 Confeds.\\ndefeated, 2212 evacuated, 222\\nHainfleld, Socialist Congress, 531 1\\nHaiphong, Fr. repulse, 4802.\\nHair-powder, in use,Eng.,877 3 tax, 9272,3;\\nrepealed, 9732.\\nHaiti, W. I. (see text, p. 1040), gold mines\\ndis.,141 religions, 142; Columbus leaves,\\n143, 153; Isabella fnd. Columbus re-\\nturns, 14 3 Indian labor, 152; Council of\\nregency gold mines, 153 Dominican\\nmonks arrive; Franciscans enter, 161;\\nslavery abounds, 171 negroes in mines,\\n172 Columbus illness, 1443 indepen-\\ndence, 715 3 recognized, 2093 Kear-\\nsarge at Gss/pee at 4o Galena leaves,\\n344 North Atlantic squadron at, 356\\ndefaulting pres. captured, 7643; British\\ngrievance, 1001 2.\\nHaiyen surrenders Manas, 622\\nllaizinger, Amalie, b., 807 d., 8302.\\nHakall, Richard B., surety, 2563.\\nHakim, Calif, o 6542.\\nHakka, mission, 023\\nHakkas, mission, 6183.\\nHakluyt, Richard, b., 8702 works, 8751\\nd., 8801\\nSociety, founded, 9543.\\nHakon I., invades Scotland, 1104\\nIII., reigns, 1105\\nIV., reigns, 11051 in Scotland, 8541\\nIceland subject to, 10422.\\nV., reigns, 11051 d., 11041.\\nVI., reigns, 11051.\\nthe Good, reigns, 11043; d., 1104\\nJarl governs provinces, 11043.\\nHalai defeated, 22.\\nHalberstadt, Prussia, bishoprics, 770 3\\nAlbrecht von, translates Ovid s Meta-\\nmorphoses, 7783.\\nHalbig, Johann, b., 8102; d., 8302.\\nIlaldane, Robert, b., 9162; d.,9502.\\nHaldeman, Samuel S., b., 1183; d., 3041.\\nHaldimand, Frederick, gov., 892; gov.-gen.;\\nland grants, 5772.\\nHaldon, Baron, title created, 9871\\nHale, Benj b., 1062, d., 2251.\\nChas. R., cons, bishop 111., 4202.\\nEdward Everett, b., 1302 works,\\n1643, 1742, 2011 2643, 2723, 2803, 2863,\\n2923, 3063, 4203, 4482 banquet, Boston,\\n4043.\\nEugene, b., 1462.\\nHoratio, b., 1262.\\nJohn Parker, b., 1122; nominated for\\npres., 1642, 1712 vote, 1712, 1732 d.,\\n2821 statue, 412\\nSir Matthew, h., 8782 witchcraft,\\n8911; chief justice, 8932; d., 8942.\\nCapt. Nathan, b., 71 1 hanged, 842\\nd., 851 statue, 4441.\\nNathan, journalist, b., 962; d., 2191.\\nSamuel W., gov. N. H., 3152.\\nHale, Sarah Josepha Buell, b. (1790); d.,\\n3002.\\nWarren S., lord mayor, London, 965a.\\nWilliam, governor N. H., 183 2\\nHales, John, b., 8742; d. (1656).\\nSir Robert, murdered, 8603.\\nStephen, b., 8942 g as experiments,\\n9061; ventilators, 9102; d.,9151.\\nHalevy, Jacques Francois Fromental filie,\\nb. 7142; d., 7342.\\nLeon, b., 7143; d., 7541\\nLudovic, b.,7262; Academician, 752\\nHaley, Edmund, magnetic variations,896\\nsun s distance, S98 2\\nHalf Mountain, Ky., Confeds. defeated,\\n2321.\\nHaifa Wady,GordondefeatsMahdists,6001.\\nHalt.lan I., reigns, 11043; d., 11041.\\nII., reigns, 11043.\\nIII., reigns, 11043.\\nHalford, Sir Henry, b.,9163; d., 9522.\\nHalf-way covenant, 383; adopted, 402.\\nHaliartus, action at, 10221\\nHaliburton, Thomas Chandler, b., 5762\\nworks, 5791 5S03; d., 5821\\nHalicamassus, Asia, surrenders, 10242\\nMausoleum -erected, 11462.\\nHalidon Hill, Eng., action at, 8581\\nHalifax, N. S., fnd., 5753; Gazette, 5752:\\nR. C. dio. est. Acadian lleeorder; Royal\\nGazette, 577 1 free port, 5773; Dalhousie\\nColl. est.; Xora Scotiau 5783; archbish-\\nopric fmd., 580 2; We tie van; Evang. Advo-\\ncate; Preslj. Witness, 5803; fi re 5853;\\nWeekly Herald, 5843 Fishery Commis-\\nsion in, 2972, 585i award, 11032 yellow\\nfever; cable contract, 5873 Presbytery\\nof, 5882; strike; carnivals, 5883; anni-\\nversary, 5S92 Jack the Kipper, 5903\\nsnowstorm gale, 5921 steamer sinks,\\n5953.\\nE. of. (See Montague, Charles.)\\nE. of, lord-lieut., 9153; minister, 9172.\\nLord. (See Wood, Charles.)\\nLord, in Va., 672; proposes taxation\\nof colonies, 693; opposed; paid, 2992.\\nMarquis of. (See Savile.)\\nViscount of, title created, 965\\nHall, Arthur, Homer s Jliades, 8751.\\nC. A., bishop of Vt., 450\\nA. Oakey, mayor, 2692 trial, 2811\\nAsaph, b. (1829) dis. satellites of\\nMars, 2961; gold medal, 4671.\\nBasil, b., 9243; d., 9522.\\nBayard Rust, b. (1798) d., 2191.\\nCharles Francis, b., 130i Arctic ex-\\npedition sails, 1861 235 reports, 250\\nreturns, 2661 sails, 2741 d., 2741 2.\\nHenry, b., 1282.\\nCol., near Milton, Tenn., 2201\\nDavid, governor Del., 1113.\\n-Fitzsiinmons prize-tight, 3883.\\nFrederick, d., 1561\\nGeorge Henry, b. (1825) in Academy\\nof Design, 2641\\nGordon, b. (1782); miss., 10463;d., 1341.\\nHiland, b., 1061 governor Vt., 1852.\\nJames, b., 1042; moderator, 1123; d.\\n2622.\\npaleontologist, h., 1162.\\nSir b. (1761) experiments, 9222;\\nd. (1832).\\nMrs. J. D., murderer hanged, 3043.\\nJohn, clergyman, life endangered,\\n3951.\\nI., in dept. of justice, 447 3\\nW., governor Del 3033; d., 4001\\nJoseph, bp., of Norwich, h., 8742\\nworks, 8771 8851 d., 8882.\\nLouisa Jane, b. (1802) d., 1482.\\nLyman, b., 602; d., 1022.\\nMarshall, b., 9243; d. (1857).\\nNathan Kelsey, b. (1810) P. M.-Gen.,\\n1672; d., 2841.\\nRev. Newman, b. (1816) at Lincoln\\nTower, 9792.\\nRobt., b., 9162 works, 9292; d.,9442.\\nII., commissioned colonel, 4301.\\nSamuel Carter, b., 9302; d., 10001.\\nT., in office of Iron Hall, 4143.\\nUrielS., b., 1701.\\nWm. A., defeats compensation, 2193.\\nN., d., 6222.\\nR., commissioned major, 4561\\ninvents rolling-machine, 5082.\\nof Columns erected at Karnak, 6481.\\nHallam, Arthur Henry, b., 9351 d. (1833).\\nHenry, b., 9203 works, 939i 950\u00c2\u00bb\\nd., 9622.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1285.jp2"}, "1286": {"fulltext": "1274\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nHall-Haiio.\\nHallam, William, theatrical company, 683.\\nHalle, Prus., Naturalists and Physicians,\\nConv.,8341 stormed, 716 cholera, 8373;\\nUniv. chartered, 799 univ. closed, 800\\nuniv. unites with Wittenberg, 8111.\\nAdam de la, b. (1240) works, 6731\\nd. (1287).\\nJean Noel, b., 7022; d., 7242.\\nHalleck, Fitz-Greene, b. (1790) works,\\n1283, 1312; d., 2582; statue, 2941.\\nHenry Wagner, b., 124 2 maj.-gen.,\\n1981 commands in Mo.; Order No. 3,\\n2003; orders martial law, 2021; com-\\nmands three depts., 2043; i n West, 2052;\\nsupersedes Grant, 2062; commander-in-\\nchief, 2101; sent to McClellan, 2141;\\ncountermands Red River exped., 2322;\\nexchange of prisoners, 2283 d., 2761\\nHaller, Albrecht von, b.-d., 11372; works,\\n8011,8032.\\nHallet, William, fined, 402.\\nHallet s Point Reef, blown up, 2933.\\nHalley, Edmund, b., 8882; SU n motion\\ntransit of Mercury, 894 1 foretells comet,\\n8961, 9022; red flames, 9041; sun s dis-\\ntance; astronomer royal, 9061 d., 9103.\\nHalliday, Lizzie, murderess, 4363, 4631.\\nPaul, body found, 4363.\\nHallixche Jafirbuch, issued, 815 2\\nHalliwell-Phillipps, .lames Orchard, b.,\\n9402; a., 10001\\nHallock, Gerard, b., 1082.\\nWilliam A., d., 3041\\nHalloran, Dr., transported, 9392.\\nHallowell, girls iiidus. school opd.,2871.\\nRichard Price, b., 1442.\\nHalpin (Fenian), trial, 9711\\nHalpine, Charles G., b., 1362; d., 2622.\\nHalsbury, Baron, title created, 9871.\\nLord. (See Giffard.)\\nHalstan reigns in Sweden, 11333.\\nHalstead, James, death, 4343.\\nMurat, b., 136 2 nomination rejected,\\n3391; editor Standard Union, 3562.\\nHalule, action at, 11442.\\nHaluntaqni, battle of, 6431\\nHalve Moon, sails with Hudson, 261.\\nHalyburton, Thomas, b., 8923; d., 9042.\\nHam, Ft., surrenders to Duke of Guise,\\n6821 occpuied, 7423.\\nHamadan. Persia, mission at, 11082.\\nHainan, plots against Jews, 11472.\\nHamann, Johann G., b., 8002; d., 8043.\\nHamath, Syria, reduced, 11441\\nHamberger, Georg B., b., 7982; d., 8023.\\nHambleden, Baron, title created, 10052.\\nHamboys, John, music, 8641.\\nHamburg, Ger., Fr. annexes revolt\\nagainst Fr., 7193 archbishopric, 7722\\nfnd.,7731 imperial city, 7823; free town,\\n7873; peace preliminaries, 7972 peace\\nof, 8033; sequesters Brit, property, 8073;\\ntaken, 8081 Fr. evacuate, 8101 inde-\\npendence restored, 8112; in Ger. Confed-\\neration, 8113 Am. Baptists in, 8143\\nburned, 8163 inundated new con-\\nstitution, 8202 new assembly meets\\nnew Constitution, 8212; taken, 635i;\\noocupied, 7201 in N. Ger. Confederation,\\n8252; joins Ger. Empire, 8272; free port,\\n8273 harbor works, 8321 Socialist\\nvTedde, funeral, 8331 surrenders free-\\ndom, 8332; cholera prevails; 8373.\\nN. Y., railway collision, 3533; town\\ncollector short, 4183.\\nS. C, race fight, 2891 2923.\\nAm. line steamers est., 1633 with-\\ndraws steamers, 5952.\\nHambargiS -lo r- Co rri^jionden t issued,799l\\nHamerton, Philip Gilbert, b. (1834) works,\\n8723.\\nHamid-bin-Thwain, Sultan, 5642.\\nHamilcar at Himera, 10182 in Sicily,\\n10523; in Sp., 10531, 11251 extends\\ndominions, 11252; d., 11391.\\nHamilton, Can., R. C. diocese est., 5802\\nWeekly Spectator Wesleyan Female\\nColl., 5803; Tinus, 5811; Brooklyn regi-\\nment ree d Herald Public Library est.,\\n5833.\\nG. B., miners riots, 9963.\\nN. C, action at, 2101\\nN. Y., Hamilton Coll. org., 119 1 Pres.\\nSkillman inaug., 3902 Madison Univ.\\nest. ,1251 Literary and Theological Insti.\\nest., 1291 Library building est., 3383.\\nRiver, immense falls discovered, 5961\\nCollege, Wis., Pres. Striker, 4221\\nUniv. est., Red Wing, Minn., 176 2\\nHamilton, Baron, title created, 9963.\\nBp., on supernaturalism, 9701\\nD. of, title created, 8S51 8932.\\nD. of, surrenders, SS62; killed, 9051\\nMarquis of, minister, 8833.\\nAlexander, b., 711; acquits Zenger,\\n631; at Ft. Washington, 852; Washing-\\nton s aide, 871 sec. treas., 1012; opposes\\nJefferson, 103 1 leads Federalists, 1033;\\nEssay* of Camilla*, 1063; challenged by\\nBurr, 1131 killed, 1121 statue, 4401\\nAndrew, gov. N. J., 511 532, 552\u00c2\u00b1.\\nGen. Andrew J., b. (1815) on Com.\\n33, 1891; gov. Tex., 2483, 2491, 2511; d.\\n(1875).\\nCount Anthony, b., 6883 Comte de\\nGramont, 6972; d., 6982.\\nCharles, cons, bp., 9922.\\nS., d., 3821\\nElizabeth, b., 9143; d., 9382.\\nFrank Hastings, b., 1211 d., 3241\\nGail. (See Dodge, Mary Abigail.)\\nLord George Francis, D. of Aber-\\ncorn, b. (1845) minister, 9792 L. of\\nAdmiralty, 9933, 9953; appropriation for\\nwarships, 10012; opens exhibition, 10081\\nGeorge William, E. of Orkney, d.,\\n10001.\\nGustavus, at Newton Butler, 8981\\nHamilton, elected Acad. Design, 3501\\nHenry.gov. Mich., 991 d. (1796).\\nJames, b., 562 gov. N. J., 672, 713,\\n731 captured at Viucennes,\\nb. (1786) gov. S. C, 1392; on nul-\\nlification; pres. convention, 1412; d.,lS2i\\nDuke of Abercorn, b., 9351;\\nL. lieut., 9692; d., 9941\\nEarl of Arran, b. (1477); regent,\\n8693; d. (1529).\\nJohn, pres. N. j., 633. 672.\\nJohn B., in treas. dept., 3512.\\n,Sir John Campbell Hamilton-Gordon,\\nE. of Aberdeen, gov. -gen. Can., 595 2 ,3.\\nJohn M., governor 111., 3152.\\nCol. J. S., arrested acquitted, 3271\\nPaul, b. (1762) gov. S. C, 1132 seo.\\nnavy, 1171; d. (1816).\\nSir Robert, resigns, 9953.\\nWalter Kerr, elected bp., 9583.\\nSir William, antiquary, b., 9082\\nBraes of Yarrow, 9152; d., 9323.\\nSir ,b.,9243; w. irks, .1583; d., 9603.\\nWilliam Richard, b., 9203; d. (1859).\\nSir Rowan, b., 9323 mathemati-\\ncal method, 9521 d., 9681\\nHamley, Sir Edward Bruce, b. (1824) d.,\\n10102.\\nHamlin, Charles S., in treas. dept., 4472.\\nHannibal, b., 1161 gov. Me., 1832\\nnom. vice-pres., 1873, 1931 vote, 1883,\\n1913, 1931; d., 3861.\\nHamline Univ. (Meth. Epis.) org. at St.\\nPaul, Minn. (1854).\\nLeonidas Lent, b., 1062 cons, bp.,\\n1563; d., 2452.\\nHamman, mission, 6571.\\nHammarskiold, Lars, b.-d., 11342 fnds.\\nLiterary Society, 11351 works of, 1136 2\\nHammellinrg, Prussian victory, 8242.\\nHammerieh, Frederik Peder Adolf, b.,\\n6382; d., 6421.\\nHammer-Purgstall, Joseph von, b., 8041;\\nwork, 8103; d., 8201.\\nHammersmith to Kew, tram-cars, 9901\\nHammon, David, surveys Phila., 492.\\nHammond manufactures lace, 916 2\\nLord Edmund, blackmailing scheme,\\n10023; d., 10022.\\nGeo., English minister, 1032.\\nJabez D., b., 912; d., 1761\\nJames Hamilton, b., 1141 gov. S. 0.,\\n1553; Cotton is King, 1833; d. (1864).\\nMatthew, burned, 8743.\\nSamuel, b., 71 1 d., 1452.\\nThomas, b., 1561\\nWilliam Alexander, b., 1362.\\nHammurabi, dynasty reigns, 483 2 de-\\nfeats Rim Shi builder, 11401\\nCanal, built, 11412.\\nHamon, Jean Louis, b., 7223; d., 7482.\\nHampden, Lord, impeached, 8852.\\nViscount of, title created, 9871.\\nJohn, b., 76 2 Puritan, 351 refuses\\nship-money, 883 3 wounded, 8841; d.,\\n8843.\\nRenn Dickson, bp., b., 9262; d., 9722.\\nRichard, minister, 8993.\\nclub, est., 9393.\\nSydney, College, Va., org., 851\\nHampdenk, John, political conspiracy,\\n8971.\\nHampshire, Eng., waste of land, 8491\\nHampton, Baron, title created, 9751.\\nHampton Court Conf., held, 8782, 8792.\\nCourt Palace, Raphael Cartoons, 8821.\\nInstitute, Va., org., 2643 H. B. Fria-\\nsell superintendent, 4302.\\nJohn, missionary, 522.\\nS., gov. W. Australia, 4972.\\nWade, b., 683; d., 1442.\\nb., 1262 at Shepherdstown,\\n2141; commands Confederates, 1201;\\nsouth of Kapidan, 2321 near Trevilian\\nStation, 2342; ;lt Sycamore Church, 2381\\nat Columbia, 2422; ;t t Cheraw 2423; near\\nJackson s Mill, 2441 gov., 2932, 2973; in\\nint. dept., 4472.\\nRoads, school opd. for freedmen,\\n2023 Congress burned Cumberland\\nsunk Monitor arrives, 2043 Merrimac\\nfights, 2062, 207 1 Fort Fisher expedition\\nleaves, 2402 peace commission meets,\\n2431.\\nWick, R. R. accident, 9993.\\nHamurab, reigns, 11393.\\nHanaford, Phoebe Coffin, b., 1362.\\nHanani, prophet imprisoned, 11423.\\nHanau, Prus., principality, 8091; incor-\\nporated, SU! 3; Bavariaiis defeated, 7202.\\nHan Belalovich, Bosnians defeated, 5281\\ndynasty rules, 611 3\\nchung Foo, taken, 6141\\nHancock, Mil., Confeds. driven from, 2363.\\nJohn, b., 642; sloop seized, 753; pres.\\nAssemDly, 792; p re s. Cong., 812; pardon\\nwithneid, 813; p re s. Cunt. Cung., 832:\\nresigns, 893; guv., 933, 1011 electoral\\nvote, 1012; d., 1042.\\nGen., at La (Julie Mills, 1221\\nWinfield Scott, b., 1321 at Williams-\\nburg, 2071 near Charlestown, 2142 at\\nFredericksburg, 2162 at Gettysburg,\\n2241 near Kapidan, 2321; ;l t Spottsyl-\\nvania, 2323 at Cold Harbor, 2341 at\\nWeldon K. R. 2343 at Petersburg, 2343;\\nat Reanis s Station, 237 2 at Hatcher s\\nRun, 2391; Cung. thanks, 2521 ;maj.-gen.,\\n2o2i; against Indians, 2561; commands\\n5th military dist., 2581; nom. for pres.,\\n2931 3051 vote, 3051 3072; d., 3222.\\nHand, Brig. -Gen. Edward, b. (1744) com-\\nmissioned, 861 d. (1802).\\nDaniel, d., 3961\\nHandel. George Frederick, b., 7982; in Lon-\\ndon, 9041 first English oratorio, 9061\\ncomposes The Messiah, 910 2 Jephthah,\\n9122 d., 8023 commemoration, 9222,\\n9461 festival, 9622.\\nSociety, formed, London, 9521\\nand Haydn Soc. org., 1241; anniver-\\nsary, 3561\\nHandful of Phasont Ihdiyhts, issued, 8751\\nHandkerchiefs, Paisley, first made, 910 2\\nHandoub taken, 6603.\\nHandsworth, east steel manufactory, 9102.\\nHanel, Ernest Julius, b. (1811) d., 83H\\nGustav F., b., 8062; d., S282.\\nHangehow-f u, China, captured; desolated,\\n6201 mission, 6203, 6211,2.\\nHanging Rock, S. C, attacked, 922.\\nin chains abulished, G. B., 9471\\nHango, Hermann, works, 8362.\\nHangorf, Thomas, martyr, 472.\\nHanifs, idolatry, 4843.\\nHanka, Venceslav, b., 5181 Bul-opis\\nKralodirorsl://, discovered, 5203; d.,5262.\\nHanke, Henriette W., b., 8042; d., 8202.\\nHankel, Wilhelm Gottlieb, b., 8102.\\nHan-Keu, sacked, 618 1 allies punished;\\ndefamed; fugitive, 10553.\\nHankow, China, mission, 0203; riots, 6251\\nR. R. syndicate, 6253; fire, 6273.\\nHanley, Eng., coal-mine caves in, 10013.\\nHanlon, E., on Lake Quinsigamond, 3253.\\nHanna, Hugh, open-air preaching, 9603.\\nSpeaker, life endangered, 3751.\\nHannay, J., makes artif l diamonds, 9841\\nHannen, Lord, arbitrator, 425 2\\nSir James, Parnell Commission, 9992.\\nHannibal, lost; 9301.\\nb.-d., 11391 in Italy, 6021 at Sagun-\\ntum, 10531 expeditions. 1054 11251;\\nrecalled, 10543 under Prusias, 11481\\nHannington, James, b. (1847) sails, 5613;\\nreturns, 5613 cons. martyred, 5621.\\nHanno, defeated, 10523, 10531\\nHanoi, Fr. defeated; evacuated Fr. cap-\\nture, 4802.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1286.jp2"}, "1287": {"fulltext": "Hano-Harr.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column\\n1275\\nHanoteaux, M., minister, 7672.\\nGabriel, Richelieu, 7641\\nHanover, Ger., restores Rhine Palatinate,\\n7972 becomes 9th electorate, 7992 Er-\\nnest Augustus, elector (1692); Geo. Lewis\\nelector (1698) treaty of, 9073 Geo.\\nAugustus elector (1727) purchase of\\nBremen, 801 2 in Seven Years War,\\n8032 Geo.-Wm.-Fred. elector (1760)\\nseized by Prus., 7021, 8073 occupied,\\n8091 acquired by Pius., 5272, 8092 re-\\ngained for Eng., 7212, 8112 Guelphie\\norder est.; Westphalia gains part, 8111 ,2;\\nregained by Eng., si 12; elector becomes\\nking (1814) in Confederation Duke\\nof Cambridge viceroy representative\\ngovt, fmd., 8113 Geo.-Augustus-Fred.,\\nK. Wm. Henry, K., S133 constitu-\\ntion abolished Victoria, Q. of Eng.\\nseparated from Eng., 8153, 9492 elec-\\ntoral rights opposed Constitution\\ngranted, S173 alliance with Prus. in\\nTariff Union George V., K., 8193\\nConstitution annulled, 821 1 gives up\\nState dues, 8212 claims crown jewels,\\n821 1 ally of Aust invades Holstein\\nPrus. troops in, 822 8233 Prus. gains,\\n8252 treaty with Prus. Bavaria royal\\nProperty sequestrated treason in, 8253;\\nId Catholic movement, 8263; king weds\\nThyra, S303 Ernest Augustus II., K.,\\n8311 imperial capital, 8353.\\nN H., Dartmouth College est., 763\\nCollege of Agriculture est., 2623; Miss\\nWarden shot, 3882.\\nCounty, Va., mission, 71 1 Sunday\\nSchool in, 983.\\nCourt House, Va., taken, 2082.\\nJunction, Va., cavalry tight, 2241\\nCollege, Ind., org., 1423.\\nHospital dedicated, 4291\\nHans of Den., defeats Sten Stare, 11341\\nBusk Life-Ship Institute fnd., 9723.\\nHansa, Arctic expedition, 8261\\nHansard, John K. G.. b., 1462.\\nLuke, b.. 9123 d., 9423.\\nHansbrough, H. C, b., 1641 speech, 4391\\nHanse towns, struggles with Den., 6372.\\nHanseatic League, fmd., 7773, 7811; W ar\\nwith Den., 782 1\\nHansen, Mauritz Christopher, b. (1794)\\nworks, 11042; d. (1842).\\nPeter Andreas, b., 8063; Table of the\\nMoon, published, 9621 d., 8281\\nHansom, Jos.Alovsius. in v. safety cab,946i\\nCapt., killed in duel, 9212.\\nHansteen, Christoifer, b.-d., 11041\\nHanway, Jonas, b. (1712) est. Marine\\nSociety, 9151; d., 9253.\\nHan-Yang, sacked, 6I81\\nHapsburg, House of; est., 5033, 5052;\\nrule begins, 5093 reigns, 10992, 5853.\\nLorraine, House or, 5232.\\nHarback, Abram A., commis. maj., 4501\\nHarbaugh, Henry, b., 1202; d., 2582.\\nHarberton, Viscount of, title created, 9252.\\nHarbour Grace, N. F., Standard estab-\\nlished, 5811.\\nHarcourt, Edward W., d., IOO62.\\nD Gen., at Turin, 6S81\\nDue d Henri, b., 6902; d., 6981.\\nSir Simon, b., 8902; keeper; lord\\nChanc, 9052; lord lieut., 9193; d. (1777).\\nSir Wm. Geo. Granville Venables\\nVernon.b. 94 J3;ininister, .lS .2, 9952, 10092,\\n10112; intro. Coercion Bill, 9892; Liquor\\nTraffic Bill, 1011 1.\\nHardee, Wm. J., b., 1262 at Shiloh, 2061\\nat Perryyille, 2142 at Murfreesboro,\\n2171 supersedes Bragg, 2283; at Pump-\\nkin-Vine Creek, 2341 at. Jonesboro, Ga.,\\n2381 at Savannah, 2402 from Charles-\\nton, 2422 at Cheraw, 2423 at Averys-\\nboro, 2441; d., 2821.\\nHarden, J. S., murderer, 1882.\\nHardenberg, Friedrich (Novalis) von, b.,\\n8031 work, 8072; d., 8071\\nJames B., pres. Ref. Synod, 1543.\\nPr. Karl August von,b.,8022; d.,8122.\\nHardicanute, K., b., 8462 reigns, Den.,\\n6352; reigns Eng.; d., 8472.\\nHardie, Capt., defeats Garza, 398 1\\nHardin, Charles H., gov. Mo., 2912.\\nMartin D., b. (1880); d., 1302.\\nHarding, Chester, b., 1022; at Fort Donel-\\nson, 2183; d., 2521.\\nJames Duffield, b., 9283; d., 9662.\\nKarl Ludwig, b. (1765) dis. Juno,\\n8081,9322; d. (1834).\\nHarding, Stephen, b., 6683.\\nS., gov. Utah, 2032.\\nCollege, fnd. at Mexico, Mo., 2782.\\nHardingc, Viscount, title created, 951 1\\nSir Arthur E., d., 10081\\nHenry, b., 9223; gov.-gen., 9532,\\n10473; at Mudkee. HMO commander-in-\\nchief. 9561; d., 9603.\\nCapt., killed, 9341.\\nHardman, Sir William, d., 10041.\\nHardouin, Trissor de V nerie, 6763.\\nJean, b., 6883; d., 6983.\\nHardrada, Harold, lights Danes, 6351;\\nkilled, 8461\\nHardt, Hermann von del b.,7963; d.,8003.\\nH a rdwick, Philip, b. (17921 begins Maryle-\\nbone Church, 9362; d. (1871).\\nHardwieke, Lord. (See Yorke, Philip.)\\nE. of, title created, 9112.\\nE. of. (See Yorke, Charles.)\\nHardy, Alexander, plays of, 6871\\nArthur Sherburne, b., 1623 works,\\n3163, 3263,3503.\\nSir Charles, b. (1705\u00c2\u00b1) gov. N. Y.,\\n712; d. (1780).\\nGathorne, Viscount Cranbrook, b.\\n(1814) minister, 9953.\\nJosiah, gov. N. J., 732.\\nThomas, b. (1840) works, 9763, 9963,\\n10121\\nSir Masterman, b., 9183 bom-\\nbards Stonington, 1222; d., 94S3.\\nHare, Augustus Julius Charles, b., 946 2\\nTwo Noble Lives, 4783.\\nBaron, title created, 9651\\nDarius D., b., 1561\\nJulius Charles, b., 9263; d., 9603.\\nRobert, b., 93 1 compound blow-pipe,\\n1101; d., 1841.\\nThomas, d., 10061\\nWm. Hobart, b. (1838); cons, bp., 2803.\\nHarel, Abbe Telesphore, d., 5881.\\nHaren, Willern van, b.-d., 1101 1 Gevallen\\nvan Frisco, 11012.\\nHarewood, E. of, title created, 9372.\\nHarlieur, Fr., surrenders, 6761 8621\\nHargraves, Edmund Hammond, b., 9382;\\ndiscovers gold, 4961\\nHargreaves, James, carding-machines,\\n9142; spinning-jenny, 9161, 9172; water-\\npower spinning, 9181 d., 9203.\\nHaring, Wilhelm. (See Alexis.)\\nHarington, Sir John, b., 8721; Orlando\\nFurioso, 8771 d. (1612).\\nHariri, Abu Mohammed Kasim ben Ali,\\nb. (1054); d., 4863.\\nHarker, Gen. Chas. G., b. (1836); k., 2351 ,2.\\nHarkins, Matt., b. (1845) cons, bp., 3262.\\nCapt., near Winchester, 2161.\\nHarkncss, William, astron., b., 1482.\\nHarlan Court-House, feud. 3471 ,3561,4502.\\nJames, b., 1282 se c. of interior,\\n2473; resigns, 2532.\\nJohn Marshall, b., 1421 justice,\\n2973; arbitrator, 4252, 4471.\\nRichard, b., 1061 d., 1561\\nHarland, Marion. (See Terhune, Mrs.)\\nHarlav, Achille de, b., 6803; d., 6863.\\nHarlaw, battle of, 860 1\\nHarlech, Baron, title created, 9751\\nCastle, Wales, besieged, 86O1\\nHarlcian Library est., 9023.\\nSociety fnd., 9721\\nHarlem Courant, London, issued, 8983.\\nHarlem Heights, N. Y., attack at, 842.\\nR. R. built, 1393, 1493; wreck, 3971.\\nHarless, Gottlieb Christolph Adolph von,\\nb.,8082; d., 8202.\\nHarley, Edward, E. Oxford library, 9023.\\nRobert, E. of Oxford, b. (1661) L.\\nadmiralty, 9031; dismissed, 9052; im-\\npeached, 9053; d. (1724).\\nRobert, E. of Oxford, b., 8902 min-\\nister, 9032; speaker ,9031 dismissed,9033;\\nchanc, 905 2 assassination fails, 9051\\n1. treas. created Karl, 905 2 d., 9062.\\nHarlots punished, Eng., 8591.\\nHarlow, George Henry, b., 9242; d. (1819).\\nHarman, Edward R. King, d., 9982.\\nMayor J. W., shot, 4743.\\nHarmar, Josiah, b., 683; general-in-chief,\\n1001 defeated by Indians, 1021 d., 1211\\nHarmon, Capt., near Decatur, 2102.\\nR. F., letter, 4753.\\nHarmonica, J. C. Gliick plays, 9102.\\nHarmonic Union, fmd., Eng., 958 2\\nHarmonichord invented, 8101\\nHarmonists founded, 8043 Ind., 1243.\\nHarmony, Davis B., rear-admiral, 3381\\nHarms, Claus, b., 8042; d., 8201\\nLouis, b. (1809) inane, missionary\\nsociety, 8182; d. (1S66).\\nHarmshope, mission, 11241.\\nHarmsworth, Polar expedition, 10121\\nHarnden, Lieut.-Col., captures Jefferson\\nDavis, 2463.\\nWm. Fred., org. express, 1513.\\nHarnett, Cornelius, b., 002; d., 931.\\nHarney, William Selbv, b., 1082 captures\\nInds., 1521 at San Juan Is., 1852 re-\\ncalled, 1873 in command; protects St.\\nLouis, 1921,1942; relieved, 1941 d.,3382.\\nHarnoy, Vice-Adm. de Dampierre, minis-\\nter, 7473.\\nHarold, Earl, subjugates Wales, 8461.\\nI. king of Eng.. reigns d., 8472.\\nII. reigns, 8473 crowned, 8463 a t\\nStamford Bridge k., 8461\\nK. of Den. est. Christianity, 6352.\\nthe Blue Tooth, reigns, 6352.\\nHeju reigns, 6353.\\nI. reigns in Nor., 11043; at Hafsfiord,\\n10041; consolidates, divides kingdom,\\n11043.\\nII. Graafeld, reigns, 11043 deposed.\\n10743; d., 11041.\\nIII. invades Eng., 11041\\nHardrada reigns in Nor., 11051\\nTV. reigns killed, 11051\\nHaroon reigns, Egypt, 655 2\\nHarpagus takes Za nthus, 11461.\\nHarpe, Jean F. de la, b. (1739) Waru-ick,\\n7032 d. (1803).\\nHarper, Fletcher, b., 1122; d., 2942.\\nb. (1828) d., 3581\\nJames, b., 1061 mayor N. Y., 1591\\nmoderator, 2642; d., 2661\\nJoseph Morrill, b. (1787); gov. N. H.,\\n1393 d., 2423.\\nWesley, b., 1101 d., 2701\\nB. D., moderator, 2023.\\nRobert F., d., 1322.\\nGoodloe, b., 741 vote for vice-\\npres., 1253, 1292 d. (1825).\\nWilliam, b., 1022; d. (1849).\\nRainey, b., 1781 Pres. Chicago\\nUniv., 3682; at Chautauqua, 3423.\\nHarper sFerrv, Va., govt, armory and mnf.,\\n1081; Brown s raid, 1861,3, 1871; fired,\\n1941 Confeds. evacuate, Federals oc-\\ncupy, 1961; action, 1962; Banks crosses\\nat, 2041; Confeds. invest, surrendered,\\n2131 evacuated by Confeds., 2132;Storer\\nCollege opened, 2603.\\nHarper s Bazaar founded, 2623.\\nNew Month/// Maijeciite fnd., 168 3\\nYouna People issued, 3023.\\nHarpestring, Henrik, on medicine, 6363.\\nHarpeth Shoals, gunboats destroyed, 2182.\\nHarpooner wrecked, 9381\\nHarpoot, mission of, 11563.\\nHarqua Hala mine, Arizona, 4073.\\nHarraden, Beatrice, work, 10122.\\nHarran, Pedro Alcantara, Pres., 6291.\\nHarrigan, Edward, contempt, 9991.\\nHarriman, Walter, b. (1817); governor N.\\nH., 2593 d. (1884).\\nHarrington, Earl of, title created, 9112.\\nEarl of. suspended, 9973.\\nEarl of, Wm. Stanhope, ininister,9113.\\nJames, b., 8782; Ormmi,88SS; d.,8942.\\nM. W., in Agri. Department, 4473.\\nSamuel Maxwell, b. (1803) d., 2482.\\nTimothy, Irish agitator in X. Y., 37H.\\nHarris, Baron, title created, 9372.\\nCaleb F., b., 1262; d., 3081\\nCarlyle W., convicted, 4002, 4222.\\nC. J., first, chief Cherokees, 3971.\\nE. C, gift of, 9842.\\nElisha, governor R. I., 1633.\\nFrank, editor, 10002.\\nGeorge, jurist, d., 10041\\nLord Gen., b. (1746) at Seringa-\\npatam, 10461 d. (1829).\\nIra, Committee of 15, 2493; d., 2881.\\nIsham Green, b., 1262 gov. (1857) re-\\nfuses troops, 1952; seizes U.S. funds, 1951\\nproclaims independence, 197 2 Kecon-\\nstruction Committee, 2493; pres. Senate,\\n4351 speech, 4392.\\nJames, b., 9042; works, 9131 d.,9211.\\nEarl of Malmesbury, b.,9122; d.\\n(1820).\\nHoward, third Earl of Malmes-\\nbury, b., 9331 minister, 9573, 9632,9692,\\n9792 d. 10001\\nJoel Chandler, b., 1641 works, 3183,\\n3322.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1287.jp2"}, "1288": {"fulltext": "1276\\nText Figures denote Page. IJN L)h.J\\\\.. Superior Figures indicate Column,\\nHarr-Hatc.\\nHarris, John,b.(1667) works, 902=1; d.(1719).\\nMajor, in Abyssinia, 13.\\nMary, trial, 2551.\\nMatthew, libel decision, 10003.\\nRiehara, constructs pendulum, 8842.\\nSamuel, clergyman, o., 1231\\nSmith, bp., b., 1522 cons. P. E.\\nbishop, 3022 d., 3301\\nThaddeus Mason, b., 761; d., 1542.\\nWilliam, b., 1061 d., 1781.\\nThomas Lake, b., 130 2 fnds. Brocton\\ncommunity, 25S 3\\nMealey, Brig.-Gen., b. (1817) mil-\\nitary commissioner, 247 2\\nTownsend, b. (1803) treaty with\\nJapan, 1831 d. (1878).\\nTucker, d., 130\\nT. W\u00e2\u0080\u009e Merriwether s Landing, 2103.\\nWin., b. (1765) pres. Columbia Col-\\nlege, 1191. d. (1829).\\nA., b., 1522.\\nTorrey, b., 1442; in interior de-\\npartment, 3512, 4472.\\nLogan, b., 1262; C ons. Meth. Epis.\\nbishop, 2763; d. (1887).\\nSir Snow, b., 926 2 inv. thermo-\\nelectromcter. 9422; makeseompass, 9441 j\\nd., 9722.\\nHarrisburg,Pa.,laid out. 993; capital, 1193;\\nState Library, tiul., 1251 Church of God\\norg., 1382; R. R. with Phila., 1413; Whig\\nNat. Conven. meets, 1512 Lincoln at,\\n1923 Gen. Wool at, 2142 threatened,\\n2232 obsequies of Lincoln, 2472 R. C.\\ndiocese est., 2642; Hartranft monument,\\n3841; cloud burst, 3851; train wrecked,\\n4093; dynamite wreck, 4651.\\nHarrison, N. J., Mehaffey assault, 4703.\\nO., Morgan enters, 2243.\\nBen] patriot, b., 642 d., 1022.\\nPres., b., 1421 graduates, 1723;\\nmarries, 1732 at Atlanta, 2362 nom.\\nfor pres., 3311; vote, 3312 inaug., 3372;\\naddresses Grand Army, 3332; proclama-\\ntion, 3392; Sunday parades, 3401 LL.D.\\nMiami Univ., 341 1 Log Coll. eel., 3443\\neffigy burned, 3472; at Carnegie Library\\nin Pa., 3522 at Centennial eel. bur-\\nglars, 3523 veterans reunion, 3701\\ntrans-continental trip, 3S22 proclama-\\ntions to foreigners, 3802; speeches, 3902;\\nmessage to Cong., 3972; at Grant s mon-\\nument, 4041; renominated. 4091 accep-\\ntance, 4151; vote, 419 2 4243 Mormon\\nproclamation, 421 2 Indianapolis ad-\\ndress, 428 3 Commander of Loyal Le-\\ngion, 4291; lecture, 4541, 4562; funeral\\nof wife, 4171\\nMrs. Burton, work, 3963.\\nCarter Henry, b. (1S25) mayor, 3811,\\n4272 assassinated d., 4421 4432.\\nSir G., memorial archway, 9981.\\nHenry B., governor Conn., 3233.\\nJames Albert, b., 1641\\nC, appt. judge in Kansas, 1812.\\nJohn, b., 9002 time-pieces, 9081\\nspinning wheel improved, 9122 time-\\nkeeper, 9161 watches, 9062 d.,9203.\\nNap. Bonaparte, b (1823); d.,2721.\\nBob. Hanson, b. (1745), 602 electoral\\nvote, 1012 justice S. C, 1012; d. (1790).\\nThomas, Confed. gen., d., 3861\\nWilliam Henry, b., 782 graduates,\\n1023; marries, 1071; gov. Ind., Ill at\\nTippecanoe, 116 meets Indians, 1172;\\nin Can., 118 commands army, 120 at\\nFt. Meigs, 1202 invades Can., 1203\\npresidential vote, 1472; renominated for\\npres., 1512, 1531 ,2 Log Cabin cam-\\npaign, 1531 inaug., 1532 d., 1522, 1532.\\nT., eons, bishop, 9983.\\nJudge, unconfirmed, 1812.\\nMr., ice-machine patented, 9621.\\nHarrison s Bar. V:i.,i M J l ell an leaves, 211\\nLanding, McClellan at, 210 211\\nHarriott, Thomas, b., 872 solar observa-\\ntions, 904 d., 8802.\\nHarrit.y, William F., chairman, 4113.\\nHarrodsburg, Ky., settled, 79 Daugh-\\nters College founded, 1802.\\nHarrowby, Earl of, title created, 931\\nEarl of. (See Ryder.)\\nHarrow, Eng., School founded, 8743.\\nHart, Alphonse, in treas. dept., 351 2\\nAnthony, lord chancellor, 943 3\\nC, d., 394\\nCharles S., b., 1623.\\nErnest, H i/inofism, Mesmerism, 448\\nJames McDougal, b., 136 2 in Nat.\\nAcademy of Design, 184 paintings,\\n186 286 300 3061 3121 318I 3221\\nHart, Joel T., b., nc.2; a,,,/, 1002 d.,294i.\\nJohn, rules, Md., 591\\nSeely, b., 1162 d., 2941\\nO. B., governor Fla., 2851\\nRowland, prints lie)/, ra Bible, 11371.\\nSolomon A., b., 1122 d. (1881).\\nT. H., Mayor Boston, 3491\\nWilliam, b., 1302.\\nH., in treas. dept., 3512.\\nW., stabs Clemens Warner, 4743.\\nDyke.Sir Win. .minister, 9933; School\\nof Handicraft, 9983.\\nHarte, Francis Bret, b., 1502; works, 1463,\\n2603, 2683, 2723, 2771, 2863, 2911, 2983,\\n3003, 3-J-3, 3203, 4203, 4782, 10043.\\nHarter, Michael D., b., 1522.\\nHartford, Conn., fort erected, 333 fnd.,\\n35 2 witchcraft, 41 Gov. Andros at;\\nCharter Oak event, 51 1 Gov. Fletcher\\nat, 521, 532; first newspaper; Conn.\\nCourant, 742; conference at. 922; incorp.,\\n973 theater opd., 106 conven. meets,\\n1233 H. Tract Soc. org. deaf mute\\nschool, 125 H. Times issued, 1271;\\nTrinity Coll. org., 1312; axes null 1341\\nTheological Sem. fnd., 1431 Library\\nAsso. fnd., 1503 R. c. diocese erected,\\n1581; Charter Oak falls, 1813; Watkin-\\nson Library fnd., 1S43 Colt Armory\\nburned, 231 3 Cedar Hill Cemetery est.,\\n2513 Congregation Club formed, 2902\\nLegislature meets, 2991; memorial to\\nGov. Buckingham, 3161 Free Library\\nfnd., 354 2 conven. of Christian workers,\\n3702; fire, 4513; bust of Mrs. Stowe, 4601\\nWashington Rochambeau memorial,\\n4653; bodies found, 4073 Mrs. Bobbins\\narrested, 4083 Francis defalcation, 4743.\\nHartford passes Port Hudson, 2201 in Mo-\\nbile Bay, 2371.\\nHartington, Marquis of. (See Cavendish,\\nSpencer Compton.)\\nHartismere, Baron, title created, 9651\\nHartland, Sir R., governor India, 10453.\\nHartlepool, Eng., riot at Colliery, 10083.\\nHartley, David, li., 9022; in Academy of\\nDesign, 3981; d., 9143.\\nHartiuan, Charles C, b,, 2023.\\nHartmann, von Aue, b. (1170\u00c2\u00b1) works,\\n7783; d., (1210\u00c2\u00b1).\\nEduard von, b., 8143.\\nKarl R. E., works, 8263.\\nMoritz, b., 8122 d., 8281\\nHartog, Dirk, explorer, 493i.\\nHartranft, John Frederick, b. (1830) gov-\\nernor La., 2851 295 commander G. A.\\nR., 2883, 2943 pres. contest, 293 d.\\n(18S9), 346 monument, 3841\\nHartshorn Memorial College fnd., 3143.\\nHartshorne, Edward, b., 1262; d. (1885).\\nHenry, b., 1302.\\nJoseph, b., 912; d., 1681\\nHartstene, Henry J., finds Kane, 1761 j d.,\\n2602.\\nHartsville, Ind., University org., 1703.\\nPa., Log College celebration, 3443.\\nTeun., action at, 2162.\\nHartt, Charles Frederic, b. (1840) d.,2982.\\nHartville, Mo., Confeds. defeated, 2181.\\nHartwell, Colo., R. R. collision, 4253.\\nHartwiek, N. Y., theolog. sem. at, 1243.\\nHartwood, Va., cavalry captured, 2161\\nHartzenbusch, Eugenio, work, 11311.\\nJuan, b.-d., 11303.\\nHartzhoim, Joseph, b., 7982; d., 8023.\\nHarun-al-Raschid, calif, 4863; Egypt, 6552;\\ngift to Charlemagne, 6661 invades Gr.\\npeace with emp. ravages Asia Minor,\\n10331 d.,4842.\\nHarvard, John, b., 202; gift, 343; freeman,\\n351 d., 341 statue, 3181 3622.\\nAsso. fnd., prevention of crime, 9703.\\nCollege, Harvard gift renamed, 343;\\nH. Dunster pres. first commencement\\nsupport of, 371 Chas. Chauncy, pre3.,\\n391 Gale library, 443; ferry granted;\\nMather, pres., 483 against Whitefield,\\nG51 students in homespun, 692; library\\nburned, 742; Botanical Garden and Chair\\nof Nat. His. est., 1121; John Q. Adams\\nprof., 1143 Divinity School opd., 1243,\\n1271 Edward Everett pres., 101 1 Hi/pe-\\nriondis., 1641 Scientific Dept. est., 1642;\\nJames AValker. pres., 1731 commemora-\\ntion day eel., 248 2 Museum built, chair\\nof Am. arelneologv and ethnology en-\\ndowed, 2541 Dental School est., 2623,\\n2641 photoheliograph used, 2701 School\\nof Agri. est., 2761 School of Forestry\\nest., 2782 Memorial Hall opd., 2863; in\\nboat race, 3053, 3073, 3113, 3173, 3213,\\n3253, 3273, 3313, 3432, 3023 Annex in-\\ncorp., 3102; Veterinary School est., 3121\\nwoman wins Sargent prize, 3602 three\\nyears course, 3702; Edwin Conant s gift,\\n3781 j Aristotle s Cemst etiitiem at, 3802; in-\\nterment of Lowell, 3892 large attend-\\nance, 4162 station in the Andes, 4421 j\\nGarland s gift, 4441 Radcliffe Coll., an-\\nnex named, 4442 wins Coll. debate, 448 2\\nAgnes Irwin, dean of Radcliffe College,\\n4602; athletics in regular course, 4761\\nHarveian Society org., 9441\\nHareest Moon blown up, 242 2\\nHarvey, Gabriel, b., 8682; d., 8822.\\nSir George, b., 9323.\\nHayward A., d., 4361\\nJames Madison, b. (1833) governor\\nKan., 2692.\\nLord John, b., 9002 gov. Va., 33\\n352 tines imposed, 332 deposed, 352;\\nrestored, 353 pres. of N.C., 49\\nSir gov. Cape Colony, 5792,\\nLouis Powell, b. (1820) gov. Wis.,\\n2032; d. (1862).\\nMat., b. (1781) gov., 1392 d. (1866).\\nThomas, governor N. C. in 1695.\\nWilliam, b.,8742; works, S7S 8823;\\nblood circulation, 8821 Medical School\\nest., 8901 d., 8882.\\nW. H., murderer, 5863.\\nHarwich, Eng., fleet sails, 570 2 Mammoth\\nremains, 9321\\nHarwich wrecked, 8981\\nHarzburg, Brunswick, besieged, 7753.\\nHasa invaded, 4861.\\nHasbain, battle of, 6761\\nHasdrubal, at Lilvbtenum, 10523 in Sp.,\\n10531 10541 at Bjecula, in N. It., 10542\\nincites Gauls, 10552; defeated; k., 10543.\\nHase, Heinrich, b., 8043; d., 8162.\\nKarl A., b., 8071\\nHasebreek, Johannes Pieter, work, 11022.\\nHasell, James, pres. N. C, 773.\\nHaselrig, Lord, impeached, 8852.\\nHaseltine, William Stanley, b. (1835); in\\nNat. Academy of Design, 2023.\\nHaseltoii, S., minister, 4473.\\nHasenclever, Peter, b., 7983; d., 8062.\\nHashem, calif, 485 z\\nHrtsl/eiii i arrives, 49G 3\\nHaslett, Joseph, gov. Del., 1192, 1313.\\nHass, Karl A., d., 8341\\nHassan, calif, 485 2 deposed restored,\\n6553; at Cairo, 6561.\\nPr., to Eng., 6232 commissioner in\\nSudan, 6612 shot, 6601 d., 6611\\nassassinates Hussein Avni, 11583.\\nJubab, insurrectionist, 487 2\\nMuley, reigns, 1097 2\\nHasse, Friedricb C. A., b., 8041\\nHeinrich G. F. C, d., 8243.\\nJohann A., b., 7983 produces operas,\\n800 d., 8042.\\nKarl E., b., 8102.\\nHassel, Johann G. H., b., 803 d., 8142.\\nHasselquist, Fredrick, b.-d., 11342.\\nHassenphug, Hans Daniel Ludwig Fred-\\nerich, b. (1794) aided, 5233 minister,\\n819 1 d. (1862).\\nHastenbeck, Prus., allies defeated, 516\\nHasting, the sea-king, expelled, S44\\nHastings, Eng., battle of, 846\\nNeb., C. N. Paul embezzles, 3991 in-\\nsane asylum, 339\\nN. Y., observatory erected, 1902\\ntrain wrecked, 3973.\\nCounty, Can., gold discovered, 5921\\nDan. H., nom. for gov. Pa., 4573.\\nBaron, title created, 8551.\\nDavid, embezzler, 4003.\\nE. C, shoots Hilliard, 4762.\\nSir Edward, minister, 8713.\\nFrancis Rawdon, Marquis, of Hast-\\nings, E. of Moira b. (1754) gov.-gen.\\nIndia, 10472; suppresses Pindaree, 10461\\nd. (1826).\\nJohn, lynched, 4182.\\nMarquis. (See Moira.)\\nWarren, b., 9082; gov.-gen. Ind.,9193;\\nimpeachment, 9233; trial, 925 d., 9382.\\nLordWm., b. (1430 beheaded, 8653.\\nHaswM collides with Bruiser, 9693.\\nHaswell, Anthony S., killed, 411 1\\nChas. Haynes, b., 1161.\\nHatch, Edwin, b., 10021", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1288.jp2"}, "1289": {"fulltext": "Hate-Heat.\\nText Figures denote Page. IJN JJJS.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1277\\nHatch, J. Porter, b.(1822i; ;it Oxford, 1316!\\nat Rienzi, 2243 at Honey Hill, 2402.\\nRufus, d., 4241.\\nWilliam H., b., 1421\\nHatcher s Run, Va., battle of, 2391; Con-\\nfeds. driven back, 2421 2443.\\nHattield, Eng., R. R. collision, 9753.\\nMass., Indians attack, 461 2.\\ntires at king, 9311\\nEdwin Francis, b. (1S07); moderator,\\n3122.\\nOctavius, elected bp., 9742.\\nRobert M., d., 3S01\\nHattield s Hall, Bishop, Durham Univ.\\nfounded, 9531.\\nHathaway, F. H., major, 4561.\\nHatherton, Baron, title created, 9451\\nHatshepsu, Queen, art patron, 6462; reigns,\\n6483, 6491.\\nHats, mnf. in Am., luSi of palm-leaf,\\n1341 fhst made, (i7i ,2 intro. Fr., 6791\\nmanuf. in Eng., 8662.\\nHats disturb Netherlaud, 11353.\\nHaTsevase, Trans., mission, 6003.\\nHalteras blown up at Galveston, 2181.\\nHatteras, expedition bombards, 1981,\\n2022\u00c2\u00b1.\\nHat-trimming case, verdict, 3412.\\nHatti-sherif, statutes, issued, 11573.\\nHatto I., regent of Ger., 7732.\\nHatton, Christopher, lord chancellor,\\nminister, 8773; d., 8762.\\nFrank, b.(lSW) P.M.G..3192; d.,4581\\nHatvau, battle, 5222 railroad opd., 5332.\\nHatzfeldt, Ot. von, Order of B. Eagle, 8342.\\nHauch, Johannes Oarsten von, D., 6382;\\nworks, G391, 6403; d., 6421.\\nHauff, Wilhelm, b., 8082 works, 8132; d.,\\n8141.\\nHaugen, Nils P., b., 1662.\\nHaughey, T. P., embezzler, 4362.\\nHauk, Minnie, b., 1722.\\nHauksljee, Francis, b., S 82; d., 9082.\\nHaupt, Moritz, b., 8083.\\nPaul, b., 1841\\nHiuptmann, Gerhardt, works, 8362.\\nMoritz, b., 8062; d., 8243.\\nHaureau, Jean Barthelmi, b., 7192.\\nHaasblatter issued, 8202.\\nHausen, Prus. victory, 8242.\\nHauser, Kaspar, d., 8142.\\nHausruckviertel ceded, 5193.\\nHausser, Ludnig, b., 8122 works, 8202,\\n8243.\\nHaussez, Baron d Charles Lemercher de\\nLongpre, b., 7043; d., 7322.\\nHaussmann, Dav. J. L., b., 8043; d., 8222.\\nBaron Georges Eugene, b., 7191 dis-\\nmissed, 7392; d., 7601.\\nHaussonville, Comte d work, 7622.\\nHaut efeuille, Jean de, b., 688 3 watches;\\nheat-engine, 6922 liquenes ozone, 7521\\nd.,6982.\\nHauting, theatre accident, G25 3\\nHautpoul, ilarq. d Alphonse Henri, b.,\\n7062; d., 7362.\\nHautville, Tancred de, sons in It., 10733.\\nHaiiy, Rene Just, abbe, b., 700 3 works,\\n7143, 7151,7243; d., 7242.\\nValentin, est. school for blind, 7063.\\nHavana, San Cristoval de la, dis. fnd.,\\n6313; named, 192 Fr. burn Fr. destroy,\\n6311 capital, 6313; pirate Sores plunders,\\n221 defenses built; walls begun; Morgan\\ntakes Am. Colonists at Eng. takes\\nMorro Castle, 6311 gov. capitulates,\\n6312; yellow fever restored to Sp., 6313;\\ncyclones, 6322 open to foreign com-\\nmerce, 6323,6331,3; expedition leaves,\\n6321 Rom. Cath. see erected flood\\nColumbus bones reinterred, 6322; Jesu\\nMaria burned; Fr. emigrants plundered\\ncholera railroad to Bejuoal to Guinea,\\n6333; hurricane, 6322; Gen. Lopez exe-\\ncuted, 6321 Crescent Viti/ boarded, 1713;\\ntelegraph est., 6333 hail, snow, 6322\\nuniv. students shot, 6331 liberal decree\\npublished; Botanical Garden est., 6322;\\nBible Society work; Sunday school est.,\\n6323 El Trifituo suppressed daily Am.\\nmail, 6333; cigar makers strike; Presb.\\nmission, 6341 brigand Maelin executed,\\n6342; powder explosion; bomb in church;\\ncaravels leave, 6343 Infanta Eulalie\\nsails; troops patrol, 6342.\\nHavelberg, Prus., bishopric fnd., 7723\\ndestroyed, 7741\\nHavelock, Sir Henry, b., 9263; i n Sepoy\\nrebellion, 10481 d., 9022; statue, 9642.\\nHavemeyer, Frederick C, d., 3881\\nHenry, gift to Greenwich, 4042.\\nH. O., indicted, 4732.\\nWm. Fred., b. 1121; mayor, N. Y.,\\n1652, 2752.\\nHaven, Alice B., b. (1828) d., 2521\\nLieut. Edwin T.de.Polar Exped.,1661\\nErastus Otis, b., 1282; cons, bp., 3042\\nd.,3081.\\nGilbert, b., 1301 bp., 2763 d., 3022.\\nHarriet M., b., 1321\\nJoseph, b., 1242 d., 2842.\\nSamuel Forster, b., 1122 d. (1881).\\nHavens, Nath. Appleton, b.,962; d. (1874).\\nHaverford Coll., Haverford, Pa., org., 1423.\\nHaverhill, Mass., Indians attack, 522\\nBapt. Ch. est., 742 Public Library, fnd.,\\n2822 R. R. wreck, 3293 employees\\nstrike, 351 1 250th anniversary cele-\\nbrated, 3633.\\nN. H., attacked, 56 1 burned, 3113.\\nHaverstraw, N. Y., landslide, 394i; dyna-\\nmite explosion, 3973.\\nHaviland, John, b., 9262 d., 9582.\\nT. H., at Montreal, 5743 glJ v., 5833.\\nHavre, Fr., built, 6813; transferred to Eng.,\\n6833 bombarded, 6941 advance on, 7431\\nde Grace, Md., burned, 120 2\\nHawaii. (See text, pp., 1040-1041.) Sand-\\nwich Islands Mormon mission, 162 3\\nannexation defeated, 1771 reciprocity\\ntreaty with U. S., 2591 treaty discussed,\\n3771,4231,2, 4251, 4271, 4471, 4491, 4512,\\n4612,4692,4792; annexation discussed;\\ncommissioners in Washington, 1). 0.,\\n4232 asks for redress, 4243 protecto-\\nrate favored, 4251 Minister Stevens ap-\\nproved, 4252 Blount s special mission,\\n4272 former gov. suggested, 4432 cor-\\nrespondence, 4451 ,44y2 Pres. sends mes-\\nsage, 4471 Provisional Gov. will not re-\\nsign Queen accepts condition, 4491;\\nDole vs. Willis, 4511 ,2, 4552 no force to\\nbe used, 4612 non-interference, 4613;\\nRepublic recognition, 4672 4691, 8372;\\nS. B. Dole, pres., 4673.\\nHawarden Castle captured, 8541\\nViscount of, title created, 9252.\\nHaweis, H. R., prohibited preaching, 9942.\\nHawes, Mary V. (See Terhune, Mrs.)\\n.Riehard, b. (1797); gov., 2153; d. (1877).\\nStep., b. (1479=); works, 8663; d.(1523i).\\nHawe s Shop, Va., Conf eds. defeated, 2341\\nHawke, Baron, title created, 9212.\\nEdward, b., 9042 defeats Fr. fleet,\\n7001 lord admiralty, 9133 d. (1781).\\nHawkers and pcdU-rs licensed, Eng., 9011.\\nHawkes, Lieut., in duel, 9531\\nHawkesbury River, hood, 495 3\\nHawkins, Atvin, gov., Tenn., 3093.\\nCol., Pa., indicted, 4163.\\nElder, sentenced, 2743.\\nG. S., on Com. of 33, 1891\\nHam. S., commissioned colonel, 4681\\nJohn, b. (1520) cargo of negroes, 231\\naidsHuguenots. Jo 1 Air. cxped., 8731 In-\\ntro, potatoes, S733; tobacco, 8772; d. 8762.\\nJohn, Sir, b., 9062 d.(1789).\\nHenry Willis, b. (1799; temper-\\nance signers, 1551 d., 1841\\nP., b. (1831) col. at Rural Hill,\\n2161 commissioned brig. -gen. vols., 4201\\nWm., b (1770) gov., 1192 d. (1819).\\nWilliam George, b., 1302.\\nHawks, Francis Lister, b. (1798) d., 2541\\nCicero Stephen, b., 1183 cons. P. E.\\nbp., 1563 d., 2621\\nHawkshaw, Sir John, b. (1811) d., 10061\\nHawley, Gen., at Falkirk Moor, 9101\\nJoseph Roswell, b., 1341 gov. Conn.,\\n2553 pres. Rep. Convention, 2631 nom.\\nfor pres., 3173.\\nHawley ville, Conn., railway eollision,3933.\\nHaw River, N. C, skirmish at, 931.\\nHaworth, Joseph S., b., 1761\\nHawson, Reginald, lord mayor, Lond, 9953.\\nHawthorne, Julian, b., 1602 works, 2823,\\n21163, 3031 3063, 3123, 3143, 3183, 3231\\nNathaniel, b., 1121 WO rks, 1491 1631\\n1653, 1703, 1731 1863, 2291 ,2651 d., 2332.\\nHaxlehurst, Miss., mayor killed, 4443.\\nHay, Baron, title created, 9031\\nJohn, b., 1502 works, 2771\\nLord, at Alexandria, 6601\\nMaj., restores loyal govt. inFla.,2301.\\nPhilip C, moderator, 166 2\\nHayden, Ferd. Vandeveer, b.,1362; d.,3281\\nH. H., acquitted of murder, 3032.\\nHaydensville, Mass., floods, 2853.\\nHaydn, Joseph, b., 800 2 Creation, 5191,\\n9282 musical festival, 5191 d., 8083.\\nb. author of Diet, of Dates,.\\nd. (1856).\\nHaydon, Benjamin Robert, b., 9242; d., 9522.\\nHayes, Augustus Allen, b., 1122 d., 3102.\\nDaniel, executed, 9983.\\nIsaac Israel, b.,140i sails north, 188\\nd., 3082.\\nJohn L., tariff commissioner, 3111.\\nJ. T., cons, bp., 10022.\\nLucy Ware Webb, mar., 1711 d., 3402.\\nMichael, murders Braddell, 9671\\nMr., duel, 9092.\\nRutherford Birchard, b., 1302 grad-\\nuates, 1551 marries, 1711; gov., 265 2\\n281)3, 2951; n0 m. for pres., 2931; vote,\\n2932,2952 election confirmed; sworn in,\\n2952 inaugurated pies. cabinet calls\\nspecial session unpopular, 2953 Indian\\nConference, proclamation toW.Va.,2972;\\npresides, 3703 d., 4221 4231\\nThomas, cons, bp., 9983.\\nWalter I., b., 1522.\\nHavgood, Atticus G., elected bp., 3581\\nHayley, William, b., 9103 d. (1820).\\nHaymerle, Heinrich von, b. (1828) minis-\\nter, 5311; d.,5302.\\nHaynau, Julius Jacob von, b., 5163 takes\\nBrescia commander, 5222; dictator, 52o a\\nd., 5242.\\nHayne, Arthur Peronneau, b. (1790) d.,\\n2542.\\nCol. J. W., commissioner, demands\\nSumter, 1913.\\nFriedrich G., b., 8023 d., 8142.\\nIsaac, b., 662; d., 931\\nPaul Hamilton, b., 1381 works, 1783,\\n1863, 2823 d., 3241.\\nRobert Young, b., 1022; defends state\\nrights, 1373; governor, 1412; d., 1602.\\nHaynes, John, gov., 351 ,3, 373; d., 381\\nN. S., pres. Disciples Conven., 3601\\nHays, George P., moderator, 3182.\\nGen. Alexander, b. (1824) at Gettys-\\nburg, 2241; killed 2322,2332.\\nIsaac, b. (1776) d 3002.\\nHaijticn Ui}mhli seized 595 2\\nHaywood, Nathaniel, b. (1808) d., 2481\\nHazael, in Judea defeated, 11441 sub-\\ndues Jehoahaz, 11443; reigns oppresses\\nIsrael, 11451.\\nHazard takes Albion and Caledonia, 1201.\\nHazard, Rowland Gibson, d., 3301\\nMr., nom. for governor R. I., 2892.\\nHazaz, battle, 4831.\\nHazen, Abraham D., in P. O. Dept.,3512.\\nWm. Babcock, b., 1381 at Woodbury,.\\n2202; at Brown s Ferry, 2271; captures\\nFort McAllister, 2402 d., 3261\\nHazing abolished at Annapolis. 2843.\\nHazleton, Pa., mine burning, 4453; Ameri-\\ncan Catholic Church formed, 4701\\nHazlitt, William, b., 9203; works, 9331,\\n9391, 9463 d., 9442.\\nIlazzard, David, governor Del., 1392.\\nHead, Sir Edmund Walker b., 5763; gov-\\nernor Can., 5792, 5812 d 5821\\nSir Francis Bond, b., 5762 governor\\nCan., 5773; at Toronto, 5781 d.,6841.\\nSir George, b., 9223 d. (1855).\\nNath., b. (1828) gov., 3033; d. (1883).\\ndress decreed, Eng., 8752.\\nHeadfort, Marquis, title created, 9311\\nHeadley, Baron, title created, 9252.\\nJoel Taylor, b., 1231\\nHealth, Protective Asso., Ladies 5563.\\nHealy, George Peter Alexander, b. 1211\\nJames Augustine, b. (1830) cons.\\nR. C. bishop, 2882.\\nJohn, cons bp. for Clonfert, 9922.\\nThomas, seditious speeches, 9911.\\nTimothy M., arrested, 9863, 9973.\\nHeang Yu, leader, 610 1 struggle, 6113.\\nHeard, John T., b 1522.\\nHearn, Lafcadio, Japan, 478 2\\nHearne, Samuel, b., 9103 fn Arctic re-\\ngions, 5762 d., 9262.\\nHearst, George, b. (1820) d., 3781.\\nHearth tax abolished. England, 899 2 re-\\nfused, 10992.\\nHeart s Content, N. F., cable laid, 2833.\\nHeat, excessive, 3841, 4121, 9721 a motion,\\n8801 latent, Black s discovery, 9142.\\nrays, discovered, 9301.\\nHeath, Charles, b. (1784) engraving on\\nsteel, 9382; decarbonizing, 9401 d., 9542.\\nNicolas, b. (lSOO-) high chancellor,.\\n8732 d. (1579).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1289.jp2"}, "1290": {"fulltext": "1278\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nHeat-Henr.\\nHeath, Sir Robert, land grant, 332 chief\\njustice, 8863.\\nWilliam, b., 642 d., 1231\\nHeathcote, Caleb, b. (1065) mayor N. T.,\\n573 d. (1721).\\nHeathfield, Eng., action at, 842\\nHeaton, John, steel process, 9701.\\nHeaventiold, action at, 842\\nHeavysege, Charles, b.,5763; works, 5803,\\n5811; d., 5841.\\nHebbel, Friedrich, b., 8102; d., 8221\\nHebe, lands, 9442.\\nHebel, Johann Peter, h., 8023; work, 8091\\nd., 8123.\\nHeber, Reginald, bp., b., 9223; d., 9422.\\nRev., on bribery of clergymen, 3703.\\nHebert, Jacques Rene, b., 7022; d., 7102.\\nPaul O., gov. La., 1771 d. (1880).\\nHebrew Literature Society est., 9743.\\nRabbis Conf., Am., 4101 4181\\n(See Jew.)\\nUnion Coll., Cincinnati, org., 288 3\\nHebrews, Epistle to. written, 11531.\\nHebrides annexed, 8693.\\nHebron, Can., mission, 5782.\\nS. Afr., mission, 11241.\\nHebrus, captured L Etoile, 9361\\nHecatanis, geography. 10162; work, 10171.\\nHecate, asteroid, discovered, 2621.\\nHeek, Barbara, b., 622 d.. 1121.\\nHecker, Friedrich Karl Franz, b., 8102\\nleader, 8172 d., 8301\\nIsaac Thomas, b., 1281 d., 3302.\\nJohn, d., 2842.\\nHeekewelder, John, b., 642; d., 1302.\\nHeciiuet. Philippe, b.. 6902 d., 0983.\\nHedda, asteroid, discovered, 52S 2\\nHedding, Elij., b., 931 bp., 1322 d., 1701\\nCollege, tad. at Abingdon, 1782.\\nHederich, Benjamin, b., 7963; d., 8003.\\nHedervary, Ct. Khuen, lninistrv find. ,5383.\\nHedge, Frederick Henry, b., 1122; d. (1890).\\nHedges, Sir (Jhas., minister, 9032; d. (1714).\\nHedglev Moor, battle of, 8641.\\nHedley, John C, cons. R. C. bishop, 9742.\\nWrn., makes first locomotive, 9362.\\nHedleyville, Canada, tire, 5953.\\nHedstroin, O. G., mission ship, 158 2\\nHedwig, Johann, h., 8002; d., 8063.\\nHedwige, b. (1371); reigns, 11152; d. (1339).\\nHeeiuskerk, Jacob, d., 11003.\\nJohau van, Batacian Arcadia, 1101 2\\nMartin, b.-d., 10982.\\nHeenan, John, prize tighter, defeated by\\nMorrissey, 1851; 9643.\\nHeeney, W., delegate arrested, 3822.\\nHeeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig, b.,8023;\\nworks, 8072, 8091, 8132; d., 8162.\\nHefele, Karl Jos. von, b., 8083; d.,8361\\nHegel, Georg Wilhelm Freidrich, b.,8031\\nworks, 9072, 8103; d., 8142.\\nHegira, occurs, 4843, 4851\\nHegner, Otto, pianist in London, 9981\\nHegyes, action at, 5222.\\nHehl, Father, animal magnetism, 5163.\\nHeiberg, H., Schulter an Schulter, 8342.\\nJohann Ludwig, h., 6382 d., 6403.\\nPeder Andreas, b., 6381 d., 6403.\\nHeidelberg, Ger., siege raised, 683 Stat-\\nlung, proclaimed, 7852; siege, 7943; Univ.\\nreconstituted, 81)83 mission, 11241,3.\\n0\u00e2\u0080\u009e Coll. fnd. at Tiffin, 1683.\\nHeidelberaisehe Jahrbuch der Lileratur is-\\nsued, 8072.\\nHeilbronn, Ger., league find., 7923, 7953.\\nHeilprin, Angelo, b. (IMS); work, 4462.\\nLouis, b. 1 1851) Hist. Inference Book,\\n(1884).\\nMichael, h., 1302; d. (1888).\\nProf. A., relief expedition, 4001\\nHeilsberg, Prussia, battle of, 8081\\nHeilton, Cashier, embezzler, 10031\\nHeimskringla written, 132, 10422.\\nHeine, Heinrich, b., 8063 works, 8132,\\n8152, 8162 d., 3201\\nHeineccius, Johann, b., 7982; d., 800\u00c2\u00ab.\\nHeiner, Daniel B., b., 1741\\nHeinse, Johann J. W., Ardinghelo, 8052.\\nHeinsius, Antonius, b.-d., 11003.\\nNikolaes, Mirandas, 11012.\\nHeintzelman, Samuel P.,b., 1122; in Army\\nof Potomac, 2043; at Williamsburg, 2071\\nat Fair Oaks, 2082; d., 3041\\nHeiss, Michael, b. (1818) R. C. archbp. of\\nMilwaukee, 3122 d., 3541\\nHeister, .Joseph, governor Pa., 1292.\\nHejaj, at Mecca, 4841.\\nHeld, Adolf, b., 8162; d., 8301.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Heldtnbucll appears, 785 2\\nHele, Philip, invents watches, 7862.\\nHelen of Troy, 1 10131 ;abduction,1014i ,3;\\nmarries Menelaus, 10143.\\nHelena,Ai-k., Federals occupy, 2101 action\\nnear, 2103; expedition returns, 2121;\\nConfeds. repulsed, 2162,2242.\\nMontana Univ. opens, 3962; National\\nCong., favors free coinage, 4103; earth-\\nquake, 4261 Free Coinage Asso., 4331\\npaints Battle of Jssus, 6502.\\nAugusta Victoria, Princess, b., 9522;\\nweds, 9692.\\nFlavia Julia, St., empress, Holy\\nCoat at Treves, 7762; erects ch. at\\nBethlehem finds true cross d., 10682.\\nPrincess weds Due d Orleans, 727 3\\nHelena, asteroid, discovered, 2621.\\nHelene, Fredrica Augusta, weds Prince\\nLeopold George, 9891\\nSainte, at Schenectady, 5721.\\nHelen-Judith, b.,5153.\\nHelgi, in Mass. murdered, 112.\\nHelgoland, or Heligoland, Ger., ceded,\\n5633; naval engagement. 641)2; Fr. fleet\\noff, 7422; fort iticat ions, 8341 Emp. Wil-\\nliam at Defeuse Bill passes, 8352\\ntaken, 9333.\\nHelice, Greece, destroyed, 10223.\\nllelieius, Stanilaus, body found, 5382.\\nHeliodorus, Bp., b., 102S3 JLthiopica,\\n10691 in Jerusalem, 11482.\\nHeliograph invented by Edison, 3641.\\nHeliometer invented, 7002.\\nHeliopolis, Egv. .obelisk, 6461 Great Wall,\\n6482; Turks deleated, 0561 sacked,11542.\\nHelioscope invented, 7943.\\nHeljand appears, 7723.\\nHermann, Jessie, condemned, 1121L\\nHell, Maximilian, b., 5142; d., 5191.\\nHellanicus, works, 10192.\\nHellas attacked, 6161\\nllelldorf, Heir, protest, 8352.\\nHellen, king of Pythia, 10133.\\nHellenic cities, union league, 10192.\\nHeller, Stephen, b.. 5202; d., 5302.\\nHellespont bridged, 1018 1; coasts sub-\\ndued, 10221 naval engagement, 10282\\nLord Byron swims, 11571\\nHell Fire Clubs suppressed, Eng., 9071\\nGate, N. Y., improvement, 267 3 ex-\\nplosion, 2933 Rock blown up, 3213.\\nHelhvald, Friedrich Anton Heller von, b.,\\n8162.\\nHelme, John Larne, b. (1802) gov. Ky.,\\n1692,2593; d. (1867).\\nHclincrs,JanFred.,b.-d.,1101i; work, 11022.\\nHehnholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand\\nvon, b., 8122 inv. myographion, oph-\\nthalmoscope, 8181 d., 8361\\nHelmichis, poisons Kosamunda poisoned,\\n7711.\\nHelmont, Jean Baptiste, b.-d., 5403; intro-\\nduces term, gas, 540 2\\nSegres Jacob van, b.-d., 5422.\\nHelnishore, Eng., collision occurs, 9653.\\nllcliiistadt, Bavaria, University suspends,\\n8091 Prussian victory, 8243.\\nIleloise, b.-d., 6683.\\nHelots, revolt, 10193; liberty of, 10201.\\nHelper, Hinton Rowan, b., 136 2 The Ne-\\ngroes, 2651\\nHelps, Sir Arthur, b., 9382; works, 9543,\\n9723; d., 9802.\\nHelsingfors, Finland, Univ. fnd. re-\\nmoved, 11151 Suometar issued, 11183.\\nHelswell wrecked, 9233.\\nHelvetia collides with Fanny, 9833.\\nsubject to Germans, 11372. (See\\nSwitzerland.)\\nHelvetic republic, recognized, 519 3 pro-\\nclaimed, 11382.\\nHelvetius, Claude Adrien, b., 6971 works,\\n7032, 7052; d., 7042.\\nHelvicus, Christopher, b., 7922; d., 7943.\\nHemann, Johann G., Socrates, 8031.\\nJlemans, Felicia Dorothea Browne, b.,\\n9263; works, 9391 9443; d. (1835).\\nHeinel en Aarde, lepers helped, 5972.\\nHemenay, Mary, bequests, 4521.\\nHemes, Capt., commands Leo, 1231.\\ntleming s patent lights London, 8973.\\nHemingway, W. L., embezzles, 3523,3611.\\nHemming inv. soda; ammonia process,\\n9482.\\nHemmingway, Jacob, Yale student, 543.\\nHemp-duck, manufactured, 601.\\ntrade, discussion in Den., 6393.\\nHemphill, John, b. (1803); senator, ex-\\npelled, 1973; d. (1862).\\nHempstead, N. Y., races at, 45 3\\nTex., Normal School opened, 3023.\\nStephen H., gov. la., 1691\\nHemsterhuys, Frans, b.-d., 11011.\\nHenault, Charles Jean Francois, b., 6923;\\nworks, 7012, 7032; d., 7042.\\nHenderson, Ky., attacked, 2362.\\nN. C, Judson College fnd., 1843.\\nAlfred, Latin Proverbs, 9723.\\nDavid B., b., 1522.\\nCol. E. Y. AY., police coniniiss., 9732.\\nJames P., b., 1142 gov. Tex., 1613;\\nd. (1858).\\nJohn Brooks, b. (1826) abolition\\namend., 2293; pies. Rep. Conven., 3043.\\nJohn S., b., 1602.\\nPeter, b. (1823) d., 3521\\nThomas, b., 9283; d. (1844).\\nJefferson, b., 1422.\\nCollege, Tex., org., 2823.\\nHenderson s Hill, La., cavalry taken, 2303.\\nHendrick, Indian chief, b. (16S0i); k., 682.\\nHendricken, Thomas F., b., 1342.\\nHendricks, Thos. Andrews, b., 1281 enters\\nHouse, 1692 senator, 2293 vote, 2812\\ngov., 2851 nom. for vice-pres., 2931 ,3173;\\nvote, 2952, 3051 conven.. vote, 3173, 3211\\ninaug., 3211; d., 3202; monument, 3621\\nWilliam, gov. Ind., 1272, 1312.\\nHendrix College (Meth. Epis. S.) org. at\\nConway, Ark. (1884).\\nE. H., elected bp., 3223.\\nJoseph C, b., 1722.\\nHendy, Andrew, election chief, 11043.\\nHeneage, Edward, minister, 9952.\\nHenfrey, Arthur, b., 9383; d. (1859.)\\nHengervar, Herr H. von, ambassador, 5371\\nHengistesdun [Cornwall], Danes in, 8441\\nHengist, fnds. towns, 7693; in Kent; king,\\nS412; d. (488).\\nHengstenborg, Ernst Wilhelm, b., S082.\\nHenle, Friedrich Gustav Jakob, b., 8083\\nd. (1SS5).\\nHenley, invents electrometer, 9182.\\nJohn, Orator Henley, b., 9001;\\nopens oratory, 9071 d., 9143.\\nJoseph Warner, b. (1794\u00c2\u00b1); withdraws\\nfrom cabinet, 9633; d. (1884).\\n.Robert, L. Northington, b. (1708);\\nlord keeper, 9153; d. (1772).\\nHenly, Baron, title created, 9252.\\nHennegan, B. K., gov. S. C, 1531.\\nHennepin, Louis, b., 5403 in Can., 5731;\\nexplorer, 5722; captured, 48 1 on Missis-\\nsippi River, 5733; d., 5422.\\nHenner, Jean Jacques, b. (1829); Idyl, 7461\\nHennessy, David C.,shot, 3703; monument,\\n4061.\\nJohn, b. (1825\u00c2\u00b1); cons. R. C. bp., 2542.\\nJ., cons. R. C. bp., 3302.\\nPope, b. (1834); d., 10062.\\nHennesy, Wm. J., b. (1839); in Academy\\nDesign, 2291.\\nHenniker, N. H., N. Douglas shot, 4683.\\nBaron, title created, 9311.\\nHenoticon, decree of union, issued, 10703.\\nHenrici, Jacob, b. (1803) d., 4201\\nHenrietta, sails on ocean race, 255 3\\nHenrietta Maria, of Fr., b. (1609); mar-\\nried, 8813; Holland arms, 8841 d. (1669).\\nHenriquel-Dupont, Louis Pierre, b.,7123.\\nHenriquez, Alnians a Mar tiiule, b.-d. ,11282.\\nDon Martin, viceroy, 252; d., 11082.\\nde Rivera, Payo, b.-d., 11283.\\nHenrotin, Ellen M., president, 4583.\\nHenry I., of Castile, reigns, 1127 3\\nII., of Castile, invades Spain, 11261\\nreigns poisoned, 11273.\\nIII. reigns in Leon-Castile, 11273.\\nIV. reigns in Castile, 11273.\\nI., Eng., king, b., 8482 a scholar,\\n8483; reigns; marries Matilda; grants\\ncharter of liberties Court of Exchequer\\nest. imprisons brother, 8492 defeats\\nRobert, 6681 d., 8493.\\nII., Eng., king, b., 8482; marries\\nEleanor homage to Louis VII., 6712\\nreigns pope gives Ire. in Wales, 8511\\nhomage to church, 8502 j intro. scutage\\nsystem; Becket opposes, 8511; recon-\\nciled to Becket at Waterford, 8512 in\\nIre., 8501 leaves Eng., 8513 penance at\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Becket s tomb, 8502 charters Dublin\\nhomage from Scot,, 8512; charters Cork\\nconspiracy against d., 851 3\\nIII., Eng., b.-d., 8521; reigns, 8532;\\nprohibits tournaments, 8523 renews\\nMagna Charta homage in Fr.; marries\\nEleanor, 8533 Fr. expedition impris-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1290.jp2"}, "1291": {"fulltext": "Henr-Heri.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Coluni\\n1279\\noned; released, 854 1; forbids Pari.; bull\\nfrom pope tree- trade granted d.,855 2\\nHenry IV., Eng., b (1366) marries Mary,\\ndau of E. of Hereford reign, 8612 at\\nShrewsbury, 3(i 1 assumes title of\\nGrace Order of Bath esi., 8603 invades\\nScot. rebellion, 8G0 1 marries Jane,\\n8613*; d., 8622.\\nV., Eng.,b., 8602; claims Fr. throne,\\n6772; invades Normandy, 802 1; marries\\nCatherine, 6773; reigns, 863 in Fr. at\\nHavre returns to Fug., 6761 d., 6773.\\nVI., Eng., prisoner, 862 1 reigns,\\n8631 crowned, 8632 recovers health,\\n8633 marries Margaret of Anjou, 079 1\\nmental trouble, 8033 deposed, 8651 re-\\nleased murdered, 8652.\\nVII., Eng., king, 8622; escapes, 8652;\\nat jVIilford Haven, 866 unites theHouses\\nof York and Lancaster by marrying Eliz-\\nabeth of York reigns, 807 2 builds ship,\\n866 1 signs Cabot s commission, 143\\nCabot s disc, unclaimed, 142; grants Am.\\npatent, 16 2 extortions, 8671 coins shil-\\nling, 8673 d., 8661 f 8672.\\nVIII., Eng., b.,866i lord lieut., 8672;\\nreigns ministers weds Catherine of\\nAragon divorced, 8673; in Holy League;\\nMost Christian King, 8673; head of\\nEng. Church, 8692; under interdict, 8683;\\nshaves head weds Anne Boleyn weds\\nJane Seymour, 869 1 weds Anne of\\nCleves weds Catherine Howard; weds\\nCatherine Parr, 8692 king f r re 8693;\\nassists French king Site i 8693 at Calais\\nat Teroiianne 680 1 war against Fr.\\nagainst Fr. and Turks alliance with Fr.,\\n6S13 aids Charles V., 7901; persecutes\\ndissenters, 222 j d., S71 2\\nI., Fr., b.-d., 6662 reigns, 6692 mar-\\nries Anne, 669 1 defeated at Varaville,\\n6681.\\nII., Fr., b., 6802 reigns, 5712, 6S13\\nagainst Charles V., 6832 j marries Cath-\\nerine de Medici, 6813; invades Ger., 6821\\nd., 6S32.\\nIII., Fr.,b.,6S22; alliance with Henry\\nof Navarre, 6853; enthroned, 5712; flees\\nto Chartres, 6853; expeditions in Italy,\\n10741; apt s three popes, 10742 d., 6S53.\\nIV., Fr., b., 6822 rules Lower Na-\\nvarre, 6851 reigns, 5S53; for toleration,\\n6853; at Arques at Paris, 684 1 changes\\nfaith, 6851 ,3; pope absolves, 6843; grants\\nEdict of Nantes, 6863 divorced, 6S72\\nwar against Savoy, 6861 assassinated,\\n6873. (See Henry of Navarre.)\\nVI. of Fr., king, 6773; wins Sicily,\\n10741; emperor, 10753.\\nI., Ger., b., 7722 buys off Magyars\\ndefeats Wends, 772 1 forts and defenses,\\n7723 est. Ger. monarchy peace with\\nHung. regains Lotharingia advances\\ncivilization; est. North Mark of Sax.;\\nrefuses tribute to Magyars d., 9733.\\nII., Saint, emp., b.-d., 774 2 elected\\nking invited to Italy crowned emp.\\ntribute from Poland peace with Poland,\\n7752; defeated by Boleslav, 774 expe-\\nditions to Italy, 7741\\nIII., emp., b.-d., 7742 reigns, 7753\\nconquers Bohemians deposes popes,\\n7743 at Menfew, 7741 expedition against\\npope; suppresses Hungary; cleanses\\nchurch crowned, 7753 defeated by\\nDirk IV., 10981 turns Ger. history fa-\\nvors Truce of God at siege of Presburg,\\n7742 d., 7753.\\nIV., emp., b.-d., 7742 abducted\\nerects fortresses flees from Harzburg\\ndisputes with popes, 775 1 3 excommu-\\nnicated, 7763; suspended; decision of\\ncase referred, 7753 humbled submits\\nto pope, 7762; goes to Kome deposed\\nexcommunicated, 777 1 invades Saxony\\ntakes Rome, 10741 expedition to Italy,\\n7761 Conrad rebels H. betrayed flees\\nabdicates, 7771 distressed, 7763; d., 7771\\nV., emp., b., (1081); he rebels against\\nfather reigns est. State over church,\\n7771 resigns investiture rights, 8483\\nmakes pope prisoner, 10743 holds Pascal\\nII. prisoner crowned marries Matilda\\nof Eng, 7771 possession of Eng. lands\\nd., 7772.\\nVI., emp., b.-d., 7782; marries Con-\\nstance, 7702; excommunication threat-\\nened, 77S2; reigns, 7791 2 against Henry\\nthe Lion Italian expeditions, 7781 sur-\\nrenders Tusculum tribute to Aust. be-\\nsieges Naples king of Naples, 7792.\\nHenry VII., emp., b.-d., 7802; Count of\\nLuxemburg reigns, 783 1 expedition to\\nItaly, 7821; d., 7821\\nJUL., D. of Guise, at Naples, 10833.\\nprince, Neth., d., 11021\\nMarquis of Anglesey, minister, 9433\\nlord lieutenant, 9452,\\nD. of Anjou, king of Poland, 6852.\\nMargrave of Istria D. of Aust., 5023.\\n1., margrave of Austria, 503 2\\nII., duke of Austria, 5043.\\narchduke of Austria, 5342.\\nof Battenberg, weds Beatrice, 9942.\\nD. of Bavaria, rebels, 7721, 7731 for-\\ngiven receives Bavaria, 7733.\\nI), of Bavaria, the Quarrelsome,\\nrevolts deposed receives Bavaria, 7751\\nD. of Bavaria, the Black, 7772.\\nD. of Bavaria, the Proud, under\\nban, 7772 d., 7773.\\nD. of Bavaria, Sax., the Lion, b.-d\\n7762 j receives, loses, regains Bavaria\\nreceives Sax. founds Munich, 777 3\\nfeud, arises enlarges Brunswick; deserts\\nemp.; pilgrimage, 7782; under ban; do-\\nminions divided overthrown, 7791 peace\\nwith emp.; d., 7792.\\nof Besancoii, against Saracens, 11261\\nof Bolingbroke, in rebellion, 861 1\\nof Brabant, landgrave, 781 2\\n1., I of Brunswick, 7853.\\nH.,B. of Brunswick, 7S53.\\nIII., 1). of Brunswick, 7872.\\nIV., D. of Brunswick, 7873.\\nof Burgundv, gains territory, 11092.\\nof Sehever, 1 of Carinthia, 5032.\\nIV., IX of Carinthia, 5033.\\nof Carinthia, D. reigns, 5053.\\nI., of Hainault, reigns, 10351\\nD. of Hereford, banished, 8612.\\nof Huntingdon, works, 8491\\nD. of Lancaster, inc. rebellion, 8601\\nE. of Manchester, minister, 8S3 2\\nthe Minstrel, writes Wallace, 8642.\\nof Navarre, b. (1553) at Cahors at\\nCoutras, 684 1 joins Calvinists recog-\\nnized as king, 6853; d. (1610). (See\\nHenry IV., Fr.)\\nMarquis of Normandy, 1. -lieut., 9473.\\nD.of Northumberland, 1. -lieut. 945 2\\nof Orange, takes Yenlo, 10981 takes\\nBreda, 1100 1.\\nof Port., the Navigator, b.-d., 11092,\\nof Port., the Cardinal, reigns, 11093.\\nCount of Port., reigns, 1109 2\\nPrince of Prussia, marries, 8322.\\nof Schwerin, imprisons king, 6353.\\nelector of Saxony, 7913.\\nPrince Sp., killed in duel, 7391\\nEarl of Surrey, minister, 8693.\\nK. of Sw abia of Borne of Aachen\\n7793 weds Isabella of Eng. revolts\\nagainst father prisoner d., 7811\\nDuke of Tyrol, d., 5062.\\nBp. of Upsala, intro. Christianity,\\n11143.\\nde Valois, king of Poland, 11152.\\nPrince of Wales, d., 8793.\\nrifle patented, 2023.\\nHenri/ A. Jones, burns, 2813.\\nChauncey, rapid passage to N.Y., 3493.\\nClay, burned, 1713.\\nHenry, Caleb Sprague, b., 1121 d. (1S84).\\nCrassus, reigns in Navarre, 11272.\\nEdward Lamson, b. (1841) in Acad-\\nemy of Design, 2681\\nEmile, trial executed, 7663,\\n\u00c2\u00a3tienne Ossian, b., 7131 d., 7461\\nGuy V., Col., at Baldwin, 2302.\\nJames, b., 1162.\\nJohn, b. (1750) vote for pres., 1073\\nexposes conspiracy, 1192; d. (1798).\\nJoseph, b., 1062; electricity, secon-\\ndary currents, 9481 d., 2982.\\nMatthew, b., 8902 d., 9042.\\nPatrick, b., 622 on Conduct in House,\\n731 popular rights, 733; speech for\\nrights, 75i patriot, 80i speech to Bur-\\ngesses, 831 gov., S53, 973; d., 1082.\\nPaul, dis. planets, 746i 7481 7521\\nProsper, dis. planets, 7411, 7481.\\nHenry Reiil, launched, 10942.\\nVisct. Sydney, minister; 1. lieut. ,8993.\\nWilliam, d., 1462.\\nW r irt,/ (/r/cA-, 3962;, .ration, 4391.\\nLake, island floats, 3341\\nHenryson, Robert, b. (1430) works, 8643\\nd. (1500+)\\nHensel, Luise, b., S063; d., 8282.\\nHenselt, Adolph, b. (1814); d., 8321.\\nHenshaw, John Prentiss Ivewley, b. (1796);\\ncons. P. E. bp., 1562; d. (1852).\\nHenslow, John Stevens, b., 92S3; d. (1861).\\nHenson, G. N., shoots J. B. Werts, 4502.\\nJosiah, b., 9S 2 received by queen.\\n9823; d. (1887).\\nHenty, Edward, arrival in Australia, 4943.\\nHentz, Car. Lee Whiting, b., 1082; d., 1781.\\nHenuijuez, Juan, governor Peru, 6053.\\nHepburn, O., railway accident, 3S93.\\nJames, E. oi Bothwell, b., 8682; weds\\nMary, 8733; d., 8742.\\nSir P., at Nesbit Muir, 8601\\nWilliam P., b., 1421\\nHepp, Alexandre, Lc Lait d un Autre, 7622.\\nHeptarchy, Eng., formed, 8412.\\nHeptasophs, Improved Order, 4463.\\nHera, asteroid, discovered, 2621\\nHeraclea, action, 10261 captured, 10582;\\naction, 10681\\nHeracles destroys Troy, 10141; fnds.\\ndynasty, 11432.\\nHeraclian invades Borne in Spain, 10701.\\nHeraclidse invade Gr., 10141, 10151 ex-\\npelled from Peloponnesus, 10151; dy-\\nnasty of, 11432.\\nHeraclitus of Ephesus, fire theory, 10163;\\nnourishes, 10171.\\nHeraclius I., emp., b.-d., 10303 defeats\\nPersians at Aznadin at Yermuk re-\\nbels; kills Phocas, 103112; issues A7,V/;r.w,s,\\n10311 reigns, 10313; recovers True Cross,\\n10722; takes.lcrusaleiii, 11541.\\nII. reigns, 10313.\\nHeraldry, in Ger., 7701 improved, 776 2\\nHerald s College, Eng., est., 8643.\\nHeralds Visitations cease in Eng., 897 1.\\nHerat, Afg., struggle for, 41 2, 51 2, 3 j\\n61,2,3,9601, 11083.\\nHerbart, Johann F., b., 8041 d., 8161\\nHerbelot, Barthelemy d\\\\ b.,0803; d.,6943.\\nHerbenger, Col., leaves Dong Song, 4822.\\nHerber, Milesian prince, in Britain, 8393.\\nHerbert, ex-treas., defaulter, 3782.\\nArthur, commander, 896 1 minister,\\nlord of admiralty, 8992.\\nC, Art of Music, 4783.\\nSir Edward, lord keeper, 889 1 chief\\njustice, 8973.\\nGeorge, b., 8762; works, 8823, SSS3.\\nHenry Howard Molyneaux, E. of\\nCarnarvon, b. (1831); minister, yoya, 9792;\\n9832, 9933; proposal, 6012; d., 10022.\\nW., b., 1141 d., 1841 publishes\\nAmerican Monthly Magazine, 1443.\\nHilary A., sec. navy, 4271 despatch,\\n4511\\nJohn R., d., 10021\\nPaulO., d., 3041.\\nLord Sidney, b., 935i minister, 9512,\\n9593 resigns, 961 1 d., 9642 statue, 9701\\nHerbertsdale, Cape Colony, mission, 6003.\\nHerbomez, Joseph Louis d d., 590 1\\nHerculaneum overwhelmed, 10622.\\nHercules launched, 9701\\nHercules, b., 10131 in Phrygia, 10143\\nworshiped, 10503.\\nHerder, Johann G. von, b., 8003; works,\\nS032, 8051,2, 8091; d., 8082.\\nHerdonia, action, 10542.\\nHerdonius surprises Kome, 10501.\\nHeredia, Jose Maria, b.-d., 6322; work, 7641\\nM. de, Academician, 7561; minister,\\n7563.\\nGen. Pedro de, at Sacramento, 1621\\nHereditary principle, abolition proposed,\\nG. B., 9952, 10012,10033.\\nHereford, see erected, 8423 H. Journal,\\n9043; H. Times, 9463.\\nViscount, title created, 8711\\nHerefordshire, revolts, 8481 earthquake,\\n8741\\nHeremon, Pr. of Sp., in Britain, 8393.\\nHereroland, S.W.Afr., Ger. annexes, S381.\\nHeresy, Smith trial, 4562; punishable,\\n6813 exterminated, 0852 detuied, S683;\\narticles repealed, 8702, See Briggs.)\\nHeretics, offenses, Ger., 7802; treatment,\\n8502; writ abolished, 8951 baptism dis-\\nputed, 10663.\\nHerford, Ger., a newspaper issued, 7951\\nHergenrother, Joseph, b., 8122; d., 8341\\nHering, Constantine, b., 1082; d., 3041\\nHeriot, George, b. (1563 fnds. hospital,\\n8811; d. (1623).\\nWatt College inaug.. 10002.\\nHerisson, Anne Charles, minister, 7543.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1291.jp2"}, "1292": {"fulltext": "1280\\nText Figures denote Page. INL)lii.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nHeri-Hida.\\nHerisson, Conrte d works, 7602.\\nHerjulfson on American coast, 111.\\nHerkimer, N. Y., Mrs. Druse hanged, 3263.\\nGen., battle of Oriskany, 87\\nNicholas, b., 58 d., 89\\nHerkomer, Hubert, b., 9542; d., 818\\nHermann (Arminius), statue, 828\\nof Baden, in authority, 5052.\\nof Luxemburg, abdicates; d.,777\\nof Swabia, vs. Henry II., 7752.\\nBinger, b., 1561 M. C, 3612.\\nFriedrich B. W. von, b., S063; d., 8243.\\nGessler, d., 5042.\\nJohann G. J., b., 803 d., 8162.\\nHermannsburg, fnd., 4982; mission society\\nfmd., 8182.\\nHerraannstadt, battle, 5221 ,2; fnd., 7791.\\nHermanric Huns defeated, 7681 subdues\\ncountry, 7692; d. (376).\\nHermes, Georg, b., 8041 d., 8142.\\nJohann Timotheus, b. (1738) work,\\n8032; d. (1822).\\nHermetic Society fnd., 9922.\\nHermitage, Tenn. Soldiers Home, 406 3\\nHermoder issued, 11042.\\nHermogenes, b., 10283.\\nHermoginian code published, 1067\\nHernandez, Franeiso, b. (1514) fnds.\\nBruselas, 630 d. (1578\u00c2\u00b1).\\nintroduces tobacco to Spain, 1128\\nHeme s Ancient Oak destroyed. 9673.\\nHerndon, William Henry, b. (1818) Lin-\\ncoln, 3502 d., 380\\nL., b. (1813); d., 182\\nHernici invade Rom. empire, 1050 wars,\\n10502; in Rom. and Latin Leagues, 1051 2\\nHero wrecked, 9342.\\nHerocleonas onstautine III. 10313\\nHerod the Great, b.-d., 11502\\nluxury, 1073 takes Jerusalem, 1150\\nrebuifds Temple, 11502 massacres in-\\nfants builds theater at Jericho, 11503\\nrebuilds Samaria gov. of Galilee mar-\\nries Mariarane; K. of Judea, 11512; visits\\nRome brings back sons accuses sons\\ninvites Agrippa to Judea sons con-\\ndemned conspiracy against d. domin-\\nions divided, 11513.\\nAgrippa, Syrian king, b.-d., 1152\\nprocurator, 10632.\\nAntipas, b.-d., 1152 rules Galilee;\\nexiled; 11513.\\nI., King, b.-d., 11502; tetrarch of\\nPalestine, 11532.\\nII., Prince of Chalcis; pleads for\\nJews, 11533.\\nHerodes, Tiberius Claudius Atticus, b.-d.,\\n10283.\\nHerodian, b., 10283; Rome, 10292; d. (240t).\\nHerodotus, b.-d., 1019 recites own works,\\n1021 history, 1023\\nHi rndotus translated, 9623.\\nHerold, David E., assassin, 243 at Dr.\\nMudd s, 247 captured, 2472; sentenced,\\n2482,3.\\nLouis J. F., b., 7082; d., 7262.\\nHeron, or Hero, b., 10263 constructs\\nseolopile, 6522.\\nBijou, b., 229\\nHerophilus, b., 10243; applies dissection,\\n10263.\\nHerostratus burns Temple, 11462, 11471.\\nHerrera, Fernando, b. (1534); poems, 1129\\nd. (1597).\\nFrancisco de, b.-d., 11282.\\nJos6 Joaquin de, b.-d., 1095 2\\nDr. Vicente, pres.,631\\ny Tordesillas, Antonio, b.-d., 112S2.\\nHerreros, Manuel Breton de los, b.-d.,\\n11302; work, 1131\\nHerrfuth, Hcrr, resigns, 837\\nHerrick, Anson, b. (1812); d., 260\\nM. T., struggle with outlaw, 4423.\\nRobert, b.. 8762; works, S863; d.,8923.\\nStephen Solon, b., 142\\nWilliam, shot, 4542.\\nHemes, Baron, title created, 8671 9871\\nJ. C, minister, 9433.\\nHerring, James, d., 258 2\\nJohnF., b.,9263; d.,968\\nThomas, archbp. Canterbury, 9123.\\nFisheries enrich Holland, 10982.\\nHerrings, battle of, 676\\nHerrnhut. Moravian settlement, 5143.\\nHerron, Francis, b. (1774) moderator,\\n1343; d. (1860).\\nGen. Francis Jay, b. (1837) at Fay-\\netteville, Ark., 2143 at Prairie Grove,\\n216 2 commands Army of Frontier, 2202.\\nHerschel, Caroline L., b., 9123; d.,9542.\\nHerschell, Baron, title created, 9963.\\n,Farrer, b.(1837); lordchancellor,995\\nminister, 9952, 10092.\\nSir John Fred. Wm., b., 9262; heat-\\nrays, 930 uses soda in photography,\\n93S 2 studies stars, 9401 j nv actinom-\\neter, 942 1 spectrum analysis, 9422 As-\\ntron., 9481 school scheme, 5991 d., 9761\\nSir Wm. Fred., b., 9102; sun-spots\\nmeasured; dis. Uranus, 9202; telescope,\\n9241 nebular hypothesis, 9343; d., 9403.\\nHersilia, asteroid, discovered, 302\\nHertford, E., minister, 871 2\\nE., lord-lieut., Ire., 9173.\\nMarquis, title created, 925 2\\nCollege, fnd., 8563 dissolved, 933\\nrevived, 9783.\\nHertha, asteroid, discovered, 284\\nHertogenboseh, S (Bois-le-Duc),D.of York\\ndefeated, 710\\nHerts, Ilailevburv College fnd., 933\\nHertwig, Richard, b., 818\\nHertz, Hendrik, b., 6382; works, 639 2;\\n6403; d., 642\\nHertzen, Alexander, b., 11163 works,\\n11183; d., 11182.\\nHerve, Aim 6 Marie Edouard, academician,\\nFlorimond Ronger, b. (1825); d., 7621\\nMangon, minister, resigns, 7552.\\nHervey, Lord A. C, cons, bp., 9663.\\nGov. John, monopolist, 323.\\nLord John, b. (1686); d., 9103.\\nThomas Kibble, b., 9323; d. (1859).\\nHervieu, Paul, L Armature, 7662.\\nHervy, James, b., 9042.\\nHerwegh, Georg. b., 8121 insurrectionist,\\n8172; d., 8282.\\nHery, Thierry de, b., 6861 d. (1599).\\nHerz, Cornelius, micro-telephone used,\\n7553 Panama Canal scandal, 7642 ex-\\npelled, Legion of Honor, 7643.\\nHeinrich, b., S0S2; d., 8321.\\nHerzegovina, Turk., unites with Bosnia,\\n5053 duchy, 509 anti-Turk, insurrec-\\ntion, 5261 revolt, 528 1 5293, 5301 5312,\\n565 3 to Aust., 5293 Austriaus enter,\\n5281,5293.\\nHerzqg, Hans, d., 11381\\nJohann J., b., 8082; d., 8302.\\nSheriff, embezzling, 410 3\\nJLtzo i Ernat appears, 77S 3\\nHescp-ti, K., reigns in Knvpt, 6453.\\nHesiod, b. works, 10142.\\nH- sione, freed from monster, 10143.\\nHeslin. Thomas, cons. R.C. bp., 3423.\\nILxprriir, asteroid, discovered, 10862.\\nHesperian College, org., Cal., 2662.\\nHess, Gen. Heinrich von, b., 5163 at Sol-\\nferino, 524\\nJohann Jakob, b.-d., 11372.\\nHesse, Ger., Drusus camp, 768 Attila\\nplunders, 769 war with Saxons, 7713;\\nDiet at Worms, 775 1 Imperial Diet\\nDiet of Tribur, 7753 Concordat at\\nWorms, 7762; ruled by Thuringia, 7773;\\nArnold is K., 7782; Imperial festival\\nRichard captive at Worms, 7792; Mar-\\nburg cathedral fnd.; Oppenheim cathe-\\ndral fnd., 7802; Diet of Mainz, 781\\nRhenish League meets Henry of Bra-\\nbant, Pr., 7812 printing inv. 7842\\nfirst book pub., 7862, 7.S71 Bible printed,\\n7863; Univ. of Mainz fnd., 787 Diet of\\nFrankfort (1486), 7872; imperial chamber\\nest. at Frankfort, 7873; Diet of Worms,\\nLuther at, 7883 Marburg Univ. fnd.,\\n7892; Leagueof Schmalcald, 7912; under\\nban, 7913; Univ. of Giessen chart., 793\\nTreaty of Friedwuld.7 .l. j divided, 7932;\\nTilly wins at Wimpfen at Hocht, 794\\nImperialists take .Mainz, 7943 Univ. of\\nRinteln fnd., 795 Ct. Turenne takes\\ncities Fr. take Mainz, 7961 Fr. take\\nMainz, 7981; retaken from Fr., 806 1\\nMainz ceded to Fr., 8073;leaves Confed.\\nof Rhine, 7212 electorate reest., 8112\\nin G. Confederation New Constitution\\ncedes Westphalia to Pros.; gains Mainz,\\n8113; William 11. elector, 8133; Louis II.,\\ngrand D., 815 3 Louis III. grand D.,\\n8173 Aust. invades Prus. enters re-\\ntires, 8181 jevacuation demanded; elector\\nrestored, 5233; ally of Aust., 8221 Prus.\\ninvades, 8233 Pan-Protestant Conf.,\\n8262 Louis TV. grand D., 8293 grand\\nD.,d., 8361.\\nCassel, Ger., troops by Br., 82-2; elec-\\ntorate, 809 electorate reest.. S112; Con-\\nstitution given, 8153; Fred. William elec-\\ntor, 817 ceded to Prus., 8252; war asks\\nfor aid, 5233 legislative contest, 819 2\\nConstitution maintained, 8212.\\nHesse-Darmstadt, loses territory, 8073\\ngains Westphalia, 809 a grand duchy,\\nLouis I., G. D., 8093 grand duchy\\nLouis I., grand d., 8093; acquires Mainz,\\n8113; peace with Prus., 8252; joins N.\\nGer. Confederation, 8272.\\nHomburg, est. landgraviate, 7933\\nH.-Homburg absorbed, 809 2 absorbed\\nby Hesse, 809 2.\\nNassau, beer-riots, 829 Limburg\\nChronicle, 7823.\\nHessians in Am. (See pp. 83-93.)\\nHestia, asteroid, discovered, 9602.\\nHet Vaghet in den Oosten, 1099\\nHetteria Philike, est. at Odessa, 10353.\\nHeth, Gen. Henry, b. (1825) atLewisburg,\\n208 Covington, 2123; Gettysburg, 224\\nsouth of Rapidan, 232 Globe Tavern,\\n2372.\\nHettner, Hermann J., History, 8203.\\nHetzendorf, emperors meet, 537\\nHetzer, Louis, beheaded, 7902.\\nHeuglin, Theodor von, b., 8123 d., 8282.\\nHeule, Friedrich G. K., d., 8302.\\nHeung-noo expelled, 6ubdued, 610 1\\nHeureaux, Gen. Ulises elected president,\\n6433.\\nHeuselt, Adolph, b., 8102.\\nHevelius (Hewel), Johannes, b.-d., 11142.\\nHewes, Joseph, b., 62 d. (1779).\\nHewett, Sir Prescott G., d., 1006\\nWilliam, d., 10062.\\nSir William N. Wrighte, inAbys.,32;\\nat Suakin, 6582 d., 9982.\\nHewitt, Abram Stevens, b., 1302 Com-\\nmittee of Seven, 2933; mayorN.Y.,3292.\\nAugustine Francis, b., 1282.\\nJames, lord chancellor, 9173.\\nHexham, battle, 864 Bp. Henry O Cal-\\nlaglian cons., 9982.\\nHexthorpe, railroad collision, 9973.\\nHeyde, Van der, hose invented, 11003.\\nHeydt, August von der, b., 807 ministry.\\n8212 resigns, 8233 d.,828\\nHeyerman, Commander, trial, 454\\nHeygate, Win., lord mayor London, 9413.\\nHeyl, Edward M., promoted colonel, 334\\nHeylin, Peter, b. (1600); d.,8902.\\nHeyne, Christ. Gottlob, b., 8002 d., 8102.\\nHeyse, Johann Ludwig Paul, b., 8142\\nworks, 8182, 8222, 829 8303, 8362.\\nHeytesburv. Baron, title created. 941 2\\nHeyward, Thomas, b. (1746) d., 116\\nHeywood, Mrs. Abel, statue, 980\\nCol. Chas., in navv dept., 4472.\\nJohn, b. (1500); Interludes, 667 d.\\n(1580+).\\nThomas, works, 8803 d., \u00c2\u00a3882.\\nHezekiah, reigns, 1145 3 army destroyed,\\n6503 cleanses temple, 11443 receives\\nembassy from Sargon, 11452.\\nHia dynasty fnd.; rules, 611\\nIliaccoincs, Indian missionary, 363.\\nHiao Hweiti, enthroned, 6113.\\nVouti enthroned, 613\\nWang enthroned, 611 2\\nHiaotsong enthroned progress, 615 2\\nHiawatha, Kan., colony est., 4753.\\nHibbert, Robt., d. (1849); trust fund, 9543.\\nHibernia wrecked, 9473; accident, 9733.\\nHibernians of Am., A. O., statistics, 4462.\\nHicbborn, Philip, in navv dept., 4472.\\nHickes, George, b., 8842 d., 9042.\\nHickev, Frank, gov s, requisition, 4263.\\nPatrick, d., 336\\nThomas, hanged, 823.\\nPlot, discovered, 833.\\nHickok, Laurens Perseus, b., 108 mod-\\nerator, 180 d. (1888).\\nHicks, Albert W., hanged, 1882.\\nElias, b., 662 d., 138\\nJohn, envoy, 3513.\\nJosiah D., b., 1562.\\nMrs. (witch), hanged, 907\\nThos. Holliday, b. (1798) gov. Md.\\n(1858-61); urges truce, 195 d. (1865).\\nWhitehead, b. (1728) mayor N. Y.,\\n753; d. (1780).\\nWilliam, b. (1831) pasha in Sudan,\\n6582; killed (1883).\\nBeach, Sir Michel Edward, b. 9482\\nminister, 9933, 91)53 resigns, 9972.\\nHicksite Friends. (See Friends.)\\nHidalgo y Costella, Miguel, b.-d., 1095 J", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1292.jp2"}, "1293": {"fulltext": "Hide-Hodg.\\nText Figures denote Page. I JN D.C..X. Superior Figures indicate Colu\\n1281\\nproclaims revolt, 10953 leads war de-\\nfeats Spanish defeated resigns cap-\\ntured tried and shot, 10951\\nHidetada, Jap., studies hrislianity, 10913,\\nHideyoshi, Jap., kills missionaries, 10911 j\\nrises to power shogun subdues re-\\nvolt d., 10913.\\nHiel, Emanuel, poet, b., 5442.\\nHienfung enthi-oned, 6192 d., 6202.\\nHienti enthroned, 6113.\\nKientsong poisoned, 6123.\\nHien Wang enthroned, 6112.\\nHiep-Hoa enthroned, 4813, 483\\nHierax, heresy, 10663.\\nHiero II., deserts Carthaginians,. 10523\\nsigns treaty K. of Syracuse ally of\\nCarthage, 1053 3\\nHieronymus, ruler of Syracuse, 10552.\\nHidden, Ralph, work, 8583 d., 85S2.\\nHiggins, Andrew, cons. R. C. bp., 9902.\\nand Voorhees, Elections Bill, 3733.\\nAnthony, b., 1522.\\nPatrick* convicted of murder, 9903.\\nThomas, convicted of murder, 9903.\\nHigginson, Francis John, captain, 3841\\nJohn, b. (1616); d., 563.\\nThomas Wentworth, b., 1302 com-\\nmands volunteers, 2151 takes Jackson-\\nville, 2201 works, 2272, 2683, 2771,2802,\\n2911 3031 3183, 3323, 4203, 4462.\\nHighbinders, Cal., shoot Chinamen, 4183.\\nHigh Bridge, Va., action at, 2451\\nHighbury College, London, fnd., 9431\\nTunnel, railroad collision, 9893.\\nHigh Church party, Eng., develops, U023.\\nHigh Coinmis. Ct. assembled, Eng., 8973.\\nHighland Asso. of 111., elects chief, 3883.\\nLand Law Reform Asso. fmd., 9912.\\nKan., university organized, 1822.\\nSociety est., 923 2\\nHigh license, Harper Law in 111., 3151 in\\nMo., 3131, 315I; in O., 3171, 3251; i u\\nMinn., 3291 in Pa., 3292 in Mass., 3332\\nin Mich., 3431 proposed in la., 3551 2\\n3562, 3571 in X. J., 3511 in Md., 3751\\nin Wis., 3511 in N. Hex, 3983; Peter\\nborough, 5S62; in Minn., 3291 in Mich.,\\n3431.\\nPoint Female College fnd., 3322.\\npriests sub-rulers in Judea, 11472\\nrulers of Judea, 11491 corruption, 11523.\\nHiginbotham, 11. N., pres. Directory, 4133.\\nHilarion, St., b.-d., 11542.\\nHilarius, painter, in Athens, 10282.\\nHilary, Saint, b.-d., 6623.\\nBp. of Poitiers, 6623.\\nBp. of Borne, 10683.\\npope, 10703 d. (467).\\nHilb.irn, Samuel G., b., 1422.\\nHilda, asteroid, discovered, 528 2\\nSaint, b.-d., 8421\\nHildburghausen, tier., acquired, 8133.\\nHildebald, reigns assassinated, 10713.\\nHildebrand. (See Gregory VII.)\\nking of Lombardy, 1073 2\\nHildehra ndslied appears, 7723.\\nHildehrandt, Eduard, b., 8121 d., 8243.\\nFerd. Theodor, b., 8082 d., 8281\\nHildesheim, Prus., bishopric, 7703 news-\\npaper issued, 7951\\nHildetand, Harald, at Bravalla, 6341.\\nHildreth, Richard, b., 1141 works, 1583,\\n1663, 1731 1742, 1763, 1783 d., 2481\\nSamuel Prescott, l (1783); d., 2251\\nHilgard, Julius Erasmus, b. (1825); d.,3821\\nHilgenfeld, Adolf Bernhard Christolph\\nChristian, b., S122.\\nHilkiah, high-priest, 11462.\\nHill, Abigail. (See Mashani.)\\nAmbrose Powell, b., 1322; at Seven\\nDays Battles. 2091 at Antietam, 2131;\\nat Fredericksburg, 2PJ2 at Chancellors-\\nville, 2211; at Ohambersburg, 2232; at\\nGettysburg, 2241 at Bristow s Station,\\n2271 south of Kapidan,232i defeats Fed-\\nerals on Weldon R.H., 2343 at Ream s\\nStation attacks Weldon R.R., 2372 at\\nKinston, 2441 d., 2482.\\nBenjamin Harvey, b., 1302; d., 3102.\\nDaniel Harvey, b., 1301 at Fair Oaks,\\n2082; at Seven Days Battles, 2091 at An-\\ntietam, 2131; at Chaneellorsville, 2211;\\nd., 3442.\\nDavid Bennett, b., 1561 gov. N. Y.,\\n3193, 3233, 3332 vetoes ballot reform,\\n3393, 3552 addresses delegates, 3472\\nsigns Weekly Payment Bill, 3603 par-\\ndons Davis, 3971 senator, 3972; in Dem.\\ndelegation, 4003 southern political tour,\\n4032 nom. forpres., 4092 speech, 437i\\n4412, 4571 resolution on BlandBill, 4532;\\nvs. Senator Gorman, 4671 nom. for gov.,\\n4731.\\nHill, F. M., nominee for gov. Me., 3612.\\nIsaac, b., 1001 gov., 1472 d., 1682.\\nJohn E., treasurer, sued, 4263.\\nJ., gift to college, 3682.\\nT., defaulter, 3823.\\nJoshua, b., 1183 d., 378\\nLord, commander-in-chief, 9421\\nGen. Rowland, b., 9103 at Merida,\\n7182.\\nSir Rowland, b., 9263 penny postage\\nbill, 9493; d., 9841 statue, 9881.\\nRowland, b. (1744) clerg. d., 9462.\\nViscount Rowland, b., 91.83; d., 9502.\\nSir Stephen J., gov., 11032.\\nThomas, b., 1262; d., 3941\\nWilliam, b. (1769) moderator, 1303\\nd. (1852).\\nTariff Policy in U. S., 4783.\\nViscount, title created, 9511.\\nHillebrand, Karl, b., 8142 d., 8302.\\nHiller, Ferdinand, b., 8102; d., 8302.\\nHillhouse, James, b. (1754) pres. senate,\\n1112 d. (1832).\\nAbraham, b., 1001 works, 1191\\n1212, 1283, 1331 1511 d., 1522.\\nHillard, George S., b., 1142 d., 3001 Six\\nMonths in Italy, 1742.\\nHilliard, E. P., killed, 4762.\\nHenry Washington, b., 1142; d. (1892).\\nHilliers.Barraguay d at Bomarsund. 95S1\\nHillingdon, Baron, title created, 9963.\\nHills, Gen., governor Afghanistan, 63.\\nHillsboro, 111., natural gas dis., 3941\\nN. Mex., Indians pm-sued, 3681\\nTex., fire, 4473.\\nHillsborough, Ky., action at, 2001.\\nO., College founded, 1823.\\nEarl, title created, 9152.\\nLord, colonial secretary, 753 minis-\\nter, 9173.\\nHillsdale, Mich, College org., 1783.\\nHilton Head, S. C, expedition, 2141.\\nHenry, lawsuit, 4043 Garden City\\nCathedral, 3842.\\nJohn, surgeon, b., 9331\\nIlillvard, legacy to Orphanage, 9711.\\nHilyard, Robert, insurrectionist, 865 2\\nHiniera, Sicily founded, 1051 1\\nHims, battle, 6562.\\nHinault, editor, imprisoned, 7663.\\nHinckeley, C, gift to Chicago University,\\n3411.\\nHinckley, Thomas, b. (1618) governor, 491\\n513 d. (1706).\\nHincks, Sir Francis, b., 5763; d., 5841\\nHincmar, b.-d., 6662.\\nHind, John Russell, b., 9403 discovers\\nplanets, 9541\\nHindman, Gen. Thomas C, b. (1818) Prai-\\nrie Grove, 2162; near Steven s Gap, 2262\\nd. (1868).\\nHindmarsh, Capt., governor, 4952.\\nHindlip, Baron, title created, 9963.\\nHines, Capt., enters Ind., 2223.\\nWilliam H., d., 1781\\nHinduism in India, 10431; marriage ques-\\ntion; Brit, support withdrawn, 10483.\\nHindus, recover India, 10421 10432 settle\\nin Ganges valley, 10432 war, 10441\\nHing Wang enthroned, 6112.\\nHinklev, Holmes, h. (1793) d., 2501\\nHinnian, Clark T\\\\, b., 1281 d., 1741.\\nHinoyossa, Alex, d gov. Pa., 412, 423.\\nHinsdale, Burke Aaron, b., 1482 work,\\n3323.\\nHinton, Harvey, lynched, 3991\\nJohn Howard, b., 9351 d. (1873).\\nHipparchus, Nicpea, b.; flourishes astro-\\nnomical talks, 10282 d., 11482.\\ntyrant, assassinated, 10162.\\nHippeau, Celestin, b., 7143 d., 7541\\nHippias, rules in Gr., 10172; expelled from\\nAthens in Persia, 10173; d. (490\u00c2\u00b1).\\nHippocrates, b.-d., 10191 flourishes, 10211\\nstudies human body, 10223.\\nHippomenes deposed, 10153.\\nHipponax, iambic poet, 10163.\\nHippopotamus, bones dis. Eng., 10041\\nHiram of Tyre, king, 11432.\\nCollege, organized, O., 2583.\\nHirlfeld,Arild,rAro\u00c2\u00bb;We y 7JeremarA-,637i.\\nHirosaki, missions, 10922.\\nHiroshima, Jap., army embarks, 6263.\\nHirsch, Baron; b. (1815) est. Hebrew Im-\\nmigrant Fund, 376 2 donation to trades-\\nmen, 5323; Jewish schools, 5343; Argen-\\ntine purchase, 8351 est. Jewish Colo-\\nnization Co., 10071.\\nHirsch, Solomon, minister, 3513.\\nHirtius, Aulas, at Mutina, 10602 consul,\\n10612; killed (43 B.C.).\\nHiscock, David, b., 1422.\\nIlispania, Laws written, 11252.\\nUlterior, joins Ca sar, 10601\\nIlispaniola [Haiti J, discovered, 142.\\nHistijeus, Ionian leader, 10173 d. (494 B.C.),\\nWistaria Literar ui issued, 9091\\nHistorian, first Chinese, 6102.\\nHistorical Ma ia::ine appears, 1823.\\nHistorical Soc. meets, Am. ,3482, 3731 ,3971\\nSociety, Eng., est., 9491\\nHistoire de Baudonin, V written, 6711\\nHistoires des ournujes des Savants, 6951.\\nHistorisk Tidsskrifi issued, 6403.\\nHistory, authentic, of China, 6111.\\nbirth of, in Egypt, 6463.\\nHistory of Learuinq issued, 8983.\\nof liorks of Learned, 9003,9091.\\nHita Gines Perez de, work, 11291\\nHitchcock, Charles H., b., 1462.\\nEdward, b., 1042; Geoloayofthe Globe,\\n1742 d., 2312.\\nEthan Allen, b. (1798); d., 2702.\\nHenry L., clergyman, d., 2821\\nHiram, hospital, 4291\\nMaj.-Gen., in Porter trial, 216\\nPeter, b., 931 d., 1722.\\nRoswell Dwight, b., 1262 d., 3262.\\nSamuel Austin, b. (1784) d., 2821.\\nHito, Mutsu, b., 10912.\\nHitsong expelled from capital, 6132.\\nHitt, Robert R., b., 1422.\\nHittell, Jonn S., Mental Growth, 4782.\\nHittites powerful, 11431 subdued, 11452.\\nHittorf, Jacques Ignaee, b., 7DS2; d.; 7362.\\nllitzig, Ferdinand, 8083 d., S282.\\nHiuenti enthroned, 611 3\\nHiwassee College, Tenn., founded, 1663.\\nHixem proclaims holy w 7 ar truce, 1125 1\\nHll-ifa, Affonbladet, 11362.\\nHime, David, works, 9111.\\nHoachanas, mission, 5983.\\nHoadley, Archbp., commissioner, 905 2\\nBenj., b., 8942 bp.; d., 9151 (1761).\\nGeorge, b. 1826) governor O., 3193.\\nJloai enthroned, 111.\\nHoaiti enthroned, 6131\\nHoang-Ho River, overflows, 6241 6271\\nHoar, Ebenezer Rockwood, b., 1242 atty,-\\ngen.,2671: resigns, 2712.\\nGeorge Frisbie, b., 1341 Credit Mo-\\nbilier investigation, 2812; Committee of\\nSeven, 293 3 Electoral Commission, 2951;\\npres. Rep. Nat. Conven., 3043 resolu-\\ntion, 4551\\nHoard, William D., gov. Wis., 3492, 3672.\\nHobart, Tasmania, council meets, 5003.\\nFree College. X. Y., fnd., 1331.\\nJohn G., b.,642.\\nHenry, b., 823 bp., 1171 d., 138\\nLord, minister, 931 2.\\nMai., in duel, 9252.\\nHampden (Hobart Pasha), Augustus\\nCharles, b.-d., 11563.\\nHobbema, Mynderhout, b., 5403; d., 5422.\\nHobbes, Tin unas. b.,8762; tor materialism,\\n8843; works, 8851 s.s.83, 8923 d., 8942.\\nHobbs, A. I., pres. Convention, 300 2\\nHobhouse, Baron, title created, 9871.\\nHohkirk s Hill, S. C, battle, 941\\nHoboken, N. J., steam-ferry est., 1193; Ste-\\nven s Inst, fnd., 2763 Sunday law en-\\nforced warrants for officials, 3803; relics\\nof St. Quietus, 3881 p. o. robbery, 4762.\\nHoche, Lazare, b., 7042; at Dunkirk, 7101 j\\nat Quiberon, 7102 at Kaiserslautem,\\n8061 d., 7123.\\nHochelaga. (See Montreal.)\\nHoehhausen. battle of Baden, 8243.\\nHochheim, Plus., battle of, 7202.\\nHochkirch, Frederick defeated, 5161.\\nHochkirchen, Austrians defeated, 7201\\nHdchst, Prus., battle at, 7941\\nHochstade, Conrad von, fnds. cath., 7802.\\nHoehstadt, Bav., Imperialists defeated,\\n6961; Aust. defeated, 7141; taken, 7942.\\nHochstetter, Jonathan, murdered, 4042.\\nHock, Jan van, b.-d., 5403.\\nHocking Valley, O., miners strike, 3172.\\nHoekst, battle, 5181.\\nHodaibiya, treaty, 4851\\nHodel, Emil H. M., shoots at emp., 8291;\\nexecuted, 8303.\\nHodge, Casper W., b., 1382; d., 3922.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1293.jp2"}, "1294": {"fulltext": "1282\\nText Figures denote Page. lNJJljX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Hodg\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hoild.\\nHodge, Chas., b., 1062; works, 133 mod-\\nerator, 1623; d., 2982.\\nH. Lenox, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 1462; d., 2802.\\nHodges, Edward Noel, cons, bp., 10042.\\nHenry C, commissioned col., 330 1\\nHodgesville, Ivy., action, 200\\nIlodgkins, Tims. C, gilt to Inst., 3942.\\nHodgkinson, Eaton, b., 9243; ,1. (1861).\\nJohn, b. (1S05) est. theater, 1061.\\nHodgson, Frances, b. (17S1) works, 3083\\nd. (1852).\\nSir Kobert, b. (1798); gov. Can., 5833;\\nd. (1880).\\nHodson, Gen., in Sepoy rebellion, 10481\\nHoe, .Richard March, b., 1183 rotary\\nprinting-press, 1622; d., 3222,\\nHoefer, Johann C. P., b., 8102; d., 8282.\\nHoeth, Earl, title created, 9252.\\nHoev, Frances Sarah Oashel, b., 9442.\\nJohn, defaulter, 3932; d., 418\\nHofer, Andreas, b., 5163; leader, 5193,\\n718 yields, 3183, executed statue, 202,\\n536 family ennobled, 521\\nEdmund, b., 8122; d. (1882).\\nHotf, Henry Kuhn, b. (1809); d., 300\\nHoifenthal, mission, 6003.\\nHolHin, Loe, lynched, 4023.\\nHoffmann and Fritzsche, inv. anilin, 814\\nAugust H., b., 8063; d., 828\\nChas. Fenno, b., 1122; works, 1403,\\n1443, 145 1523; d., 3162.\\nDavid, b., 962; d., 174\\nErnst T. W., b., 804 Tales, 811 d.,\\n8122.\\nFriedrich, b., 7963; d., 8003.\\nHans, Seitab mm Weqe, 8362.\\nJohann J., Universal Lexicon, 1137\\nJohn Thompson, b. (1828) gov. N. Y.,\\n2693; d., (1888).\\nMurray, b. (1791); d., 2982.\\nHofhuf, besieged; Turks defeated, 486\\nHofmann, August W., b., 8122.\\nJosef, plays, 996\\nHog; Island, boundary dispute, 349 St.\\nLawrence on, 589 2 San Albano on 4033.\\nHogan, Edward D., air-ship over Brook-\\nlyn over New York in sea, 3421\\nJohn Joseph, b. (1829) cons. K. C.\\nbishop, 2622; in Kansas City, 3042.\\nPatrick, arrested, 9932.\\nPolice Justice, testimony, 453\\nHogan s Industrial Army, captured, 4582.\\nHogarth, William., b., 9002 works, 908\\nd., 9162.\\nHoge, James, b. (1784) moderator, 1403\\nd. (1863).\\nHogg, James (Ettrick Shepherd), b., 9183;\\nwork, 937 d., 9462.\\nS., gov. Tex., 3992; message,4223.\\nHohenl riedberg, Pros., battle, 5142,\\nHoheniinden, Bavaria, battle, 5182.\\nHohenlohe, Pr. of (Gustav Adolf) b,\\n(1823); cons. card, priest, 8243.\\nIngelfingen, Pr. of (Friedrich Lud-\\nwig), b., (1746); at Jena; at Prenzlau,\\n716 d. (1818).\\nSchillingsfurst.Pr.of (Chlodwig-Karl\\nVictor); b. (18191; tier, ambassador, 749\\npres. of Landtag, 827 rejected, 8273;\\npremier, 837 2\\nHohenstaufen, House reigns, 7772 rules\\nSicily, 10753 overthrown, 10772.\\n_Lohenwart, Count, minister; resigns, 5292.\\nHoijer, Ben;. Karl Henrik, b.-d., 11342.\\nHojo clan, in military offices, 1091 2\\nHoke, Gen., at Town Creek, 230 2 at\\nKinston, 2303, 244 captures Plymouth,\\n232 on Darby Road, 2383; at Fort An-\\nderson, 2422; near Goldsboro, 244\\nHokodato, mission, 10922.\\nHolbach, Paul Thierry d b., 6982 Sys-\\ntem of Nature, 705 d., 7062.\\nHolbein, Hans, b., 7863; d., 7902.\\nSociety fnded., 972\\nHolberg, Ludwig, b., 6363 comedies\\nwritings, 6383; d., 638\\nHolbrook, Fred., gov. Tex., 2032.\\nJohn Edwards, b., 1042; d., 274\\nHolcoinb, Thomas, in state dept., 4472.\\nHoleombe, Lieut., massacred, 10493.\\nWm. F., b., 1342.\\nHolcroft, Thomas, b., 9103; d., 9343.\\nHolden, Mass., anniversary, 3873.\\nEdward Singleton, b., 1602.\\nOliver, d., 1682.\\nWm. Woods, b. (1818) gov. N. C,\\n2473; relieved, 2493; proclaims Alamance\\nCo., 2663; against secret society, 269\\nimpeached 273 d., 402\\nHolder, Charles Frederick, b. (1851) L.\\nAgassiz, 4482.\\nHolderlin, Johann Christian Frederick,\\nb. (1770) Hyperion, 807 d. (1843).\\nHoldich, Joseph, b., 1122.\\nHolfer, Edmund, d., 8302.\\nHolgate, O., strikers lire sheds, 4762.\\nHolguin, Cuba, revolt, 632 rebellion,\\nG332; railroad to Gibara, 6333.\\nHolinshed, Raphael, d., 8742.\\nHolkar, family important, 10452.\\ncommander defeated, 1046\\nHoll, Francis, b., 9363; d. (1884).\\nFrank, b., 9522 d. (1888).\\nHolland (see Neth., text, pp. 1098-1102).\\nprospers, 1099 naval battle, 858 an-\\nnexed by Den., 6372 enriched by fish-\\neries, 10982; Philip annexes, 10992; Wil-\\nliam of Orange inherits, 5412; commerce\\nfrom Antwerp, 1099 United Neth. est.,\\n252; revolts, 11293; war-ships, 6052; over-\\nrun by Fr.; Fr. expelled, 1100 fort-\\nresses garrisoned, 543 gives constitu-\\ntion, 10392 sympathy of 1780,933 loses\\nEng. colonies. Hut) 2 acknowledges inde-\\npendenceof U.S., 953; againstEng., 9273;\\npeace with Eng., 5452 annexed to Fr.,\\n7113, 7193 detached from Fr., 7212\\ninsurrection, 811 2 restored to House of\\nOrange, 11023; uprising, 543 2 religious\\ndifficulty, 5423 conven. against with,\\n5452.\\nMich., Hope College org., 2502.\\nEdward, mayor N. Y., 672.\\nGeorge, b. (1791) d., 272\\nSir Henry, b., 9243; d.,978\\nThurston, minister, 9953.\\nJosiah Gilbert, b., 128 works, 1823,\\n1813, 229 2643, 28113, 2X23. 28(13; d., 302.1\\nCanon Scott, sermon, 1009\\nThomas, lord, trustee, 8612.\\nHollander, Peter,gov. Del., 372; d. (1600+).\\nHolleindsvhe Spertalor, issued, 1101 2\\nHollar, Wenceslaus, b., 7923; d., 7963.\\nHolleben, Theodore von, minister, 4052.\\nHolies, Benzil, baron, b. (1599) impeached,\\n885 d. (1679).\\nHolley, Alex. H., governor Conn., 1832,\\nHorace, b., 93 d., 1342.\\nLyman, b., 140 d., 310\\nHolliday, B. S., Com. of Customs, 3512.\\nCapt., at Hillsborough, 200\\nFred. W. M., governor Va., 3012.\\nHolliman, Ezekiel, baptized, 343.\\nHollins, George Nichols, b., 1082 bom-\\nbards San Juan, 174 d., 2982.\\nHollis, Thomas, b. (1659) d., 62\\nMr., supports Indian pupils, 63\\nHollister, Gideon Hiram, b., 1262; d.,3062.\\nllolloway Coll., foundation laid, 9842.\\nHolly Springs, Miss., action, 215 supplies\\ncaptured, 2163 Rust Univ. fnd., 2623\\nState Normal School opd., 2702.\\nHolman, Wm. Steele, b., 1302; Crittenden\\nresolution, 2013; on Appropriation Com-\\nmittee, 3972 resolution adopted, 3993\\nstatement, 4132.\\nHolmes, Abiel, b., 723; d., 1482.\\nAdm., at Eomina, 1161\\nDavid, governor Miss., 1172, 1333.\\nGeorge Frederick, b., 128 2\\nH. H., fraudulent insurance, 475\\nObadiah, whipped, 383.\\n.Oliver Wendell, b., 116 works,\\n1843, 199 2603, 2723, 2803, 287 3063,\\n3223, 3283, 3743 d., 472\\nSergt., at Nolensville, 2183,\\nTheophilus, b. (1829); in Seven Days\\nBattle, 209 at Helena, 2242 d. (1880).\\nHolmfrith, flood, 9573.\\nHolofernes, reigns, 1149 1\\nHoist, Hans Peter, b., 6382 d. (1893).\\nHermann Eduard von, b., 816\\nHolstein, Prus., Prussians enter, 526\\n527 ceded, 6353; invaded, 6362 con-\\nquered, 638 936 Aust. evacuate, 040\\nindependence, 6412; invaded, 6413; sub-\\nmits to Danish rule, 7932 conquered,\\n794 overrun, 7962; occupied, 818 old\\nconstitution restored, 8212 invaded,\\n822 ,3, 8233; part of Prussia, 8252.\\nIlohtrinUchc Zet/inn/s-f Yirrespondent.TJdl\\nHolston, treaty with Oherokees, 1072.\\nConference, Meth. Epis., org., 247\\nRiver, Tenn., Burnside defeats Long-\\nstreet, 2282.\\nHolt, John, b. (1721) editor, 743; ,1. (17S4).\\nb., 8S42 justice, 8992 d., 9042.\\n.Joseph, b., 114 p. m. gen., 1852\\nsec. of war, 1893 replies to Hayne, 1913\\njudge advocate gen., 2133 Porter trial,\\n216 military commission, 2472; d.,466\\nHolt, J. W., bp. United Brethren, 3462.\\nHoltenau, stone of ship canal laid, 8333.\\nHolty, Ludwig Heinrich Christoph, b.,\\n8003 Poems, S052; d., 8042.\\nIloltzmann, Adolf, b., 8102; d., 2862.\\nHolub, Emil, b.,5203.\\nHolwell, John Zephaniah, b. (1711) gov.\\nin India, 10452 d. (1798).\\nHoly, Dan., endows Inst, for Blind, 985\\nAlliance, formed, 5212 Fr., joins,\\n7233; conven., 9373.\\nCatholic League, est., 6843.\\nCoat exhibited, Fr., 7622, 8342 in\\nTreves, 7762; offered for devotion, 8162;\\npossession claimed, 1122\\nCress College, org., Pittsburg, 157\\nCrusade, against Aragonese, 672\\nGhost College, chartered, 3123.\\nLand, treaty concerning, 11573; ceded\\nto Christians, 781\\nLeague formed, 6812.\\nRoman Emp., Ger. states, 5032 in-\\nterregnum, 5052 dissolved, 5193 sepa-\\nrated, 6672 terminated, 7172 period,\\n10732.\\nSee, prerogatives enlarged, 10683.\\nSepuleher. preservation of, 11582.\\nSynod, Bulgaria, illegal meets, 568\\nTrinity, order founded, 7782.\\nWater, in churches, 10723.\\nHolyhead and Howth, cable laid, 9593.\\nHolyoake, George Jacob, 9382.\\nHolyoke, Mass., tire, 2893; flood, 3413.\\nEdward Augustus, b., 602; d., 1362.\\nHolyrood, see erected, 8483.\\nIloJzapfela-Susinarsliausen, Ger., end of\\nThirty Years War, 7962.\\nHolzer, Johann, b., 7983; d., 8002.\\nHomans, John, b. (1793) d., 2602.\\nBorne wrecked, 1493.\\nand Foreujn Review, issued, 9663,\\nJourned, founded, 163\\nHome, Earl, title created, 8772.\\nHenry, Lord lvalues, b., 9002 Criti-\\ncism, 9163; d., 9223.\\nJohn, b., 9062; Doitgl as 915 d.,\\n9343.\\nArts Asso., est., London, 994\\nCircle, statistics, 4463.\\nAssociation, founded, 3032.\\nCollege. Disciples founded, 3143.\\nGovt. Asso., meets, Dublin, 9752.\\nGuards Minute Men. org., Mo., 1902.\\nMiss. Soc. Am. (See under American.)\\nMissionary Soc., org., Eng., 9383.\\nMissions, report, 3322.\\nProtection Party, org., 3112.\\nBule, Ire., money for, 4623 intro.,\\nCan., 587 com in Dublin; motion re-\\njected, 9792 meetings held. 985 con-\\nvention at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 9853\\nmembers withdraw, 9893 policy sus-\\ntained, 9952 Scottish Amendment re-\\njected, 10032; Bill intro., 9952, 10111;\\nreported, 10112; program, 979 2\\nHomeopathic Coll., attacked by mob,l7l 1\\nMedical College, opened, 199\\nPhysicians, convention, 2923.\\nHomeopath ists International Congress,\\nAtlantic City, 3863.\\nHomeopathy, first intro. in N. Y., 1321\\nAm. Inst, of, meets, 4081.\\nHomer, Ga., L. Willis kills father, 4542.\\npoet, b., 10142 Iliad, trans., 8772,\\n10142; Odi/sxri/, tvsos, 10142; gods poems\\nin Greece, 10142.\\nWinslow, b., 146 2 member Nat.\\nHomes College, chartered, La., 1782.\\nAcademy of Design, 2501\\nHomespun, fashionable, 692; mnf., 1001\\nHomestead, Pa., labor trouble, 4083, 4101\\n2,3, 4111,2, 4131,2, 4142,3, 4163, 4183,\\n4191 ,2,3, 4222,3 press, 4273, 4373; 4473,\\n4793.\\nAct, approved, U. S., 2093.\\nBill, dispossess of land, 2531.\\nHomeyer, von, Capt. Alex., b. (1834) ex-\\npedition in Kongo, 10931\\nHomildon Hill, Eng., battle, 8601.\\nHomilies, Blieking, written, 8463.\\nEng., author unknown, 8483.\\nHomilies, Book of, published, 8702.\\nHonan, China, improved, 6122 mission,\\n6223, 6243 famine, 6233 Presbytery\\nformed, 6243.\\nHonduras (see text, p. 1041), explored, 162;", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1294.jp2"}, "1295": {"fulltext": "Hone-Hous.\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JNI L)J^X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1283\\ncaptured, 182; flourishing, 233; settlers\\nin; Eng. overpowered; Sp. quiet, 5641\\nBp. Ormsby cons., 10102 at war, 1038\\nsurrendered to Nicaragua, 11043.\\nHone, Philip, b. (1781) mayor N. Y.,1352;\\nd. (1S51).\\nWin., b., 921 or (1719) d. (1842).\\nHoneychurch, Henry G., b., 1522.\\nHoney Hill, S. C, action, 2402.\\nSprings, Ind. Ter., action, 225\\nHonfleur, Fr., riot, 7432.\\nHong, Ulm, shoots Chu Hing, 4682.\\nHonghoa Anuam, Chinese lire, 482\\nHong Kong, China, taken by Brit, 615\\nGazette: mission,619 ,2,6203, 623 Dally\\nPress, 6H) 3 ceded to Eng. a protector-\\nate, 6173 Lord Elgin returns, 6182 mis-\\nsionaries in, 6183; sirlt. Grunt commands,\\n620 typhoon, 6222. G24 F. reign Enlist-\\nment Act proclaimed, 625 gale, 627\\nblack plague, 6273 bishopric est., 9543\\nBp. Kaimond cons., 9742.\\nHong-tsiuen, claims, 619\\nHongwou, Buddhist, 6143; d., 6142.\\nHonolulu, tirst missionaries, 10402 Amer.\\nflag down, 429 Bp. Willis cons., 9742.\\nHonorius, archbp. of Canterbury, 8422\\nfixes parish boundaries, 8423.\\n1., pope, anathematized, 1031 d.,\\n1071\\nII., pope, 10743.\\nIII., pope, 1075\\nIV., pope, 10763.\\nFlavius, b. (3841 reigns in West, 10693\\nassembles representatives, 0633 d. (423).\\nHontheim, Johann N. ron, b., 7983 d.,\\n8043.\\nHonthorst, Gerard, b., 5403 d., 541\\nHood, Alex., b. (1727 i) Lord Bridport,\\ndefeats Fr. fleet, 7102 d. (1814).\\nBaron, 923 1009 viscount, title\\ncreated, 925 2\\nCapt., explorer, 578\\nJohn Bell, b. (1831 at Antietam,213\\nat Gettysburg, 224 in Term., 2322 at\\nPumpkin-Vine Creek, 234 commands\\nDept. Tenn., 236 commands Confeds.,\\n2362; at Kulp House, 235 before At-\\nlanta, 236 2 ,3; truce with Sherman; evac-\\nuates Atlanta, 238 crosses Coosa River\\nDalton surrendered, 23S3 at Gadsden\\ninvasion of Tenn.,239 at Decatur, 2392;\\nat Florence, 240 atSpring Hill invests\\nNashville at Franklin, 2102 at Tupelo,\\n2403 relieved of command, 242 sur-\\nrenders, 2463 d., 3022.\\nRobin, flourishes (2), 851 d., 8543.\\nViscount Samuel, b., 906 2 adm., at\\nToulon, 708 d., 9382.\\nThomas, b., 9283 works, 9431, 9523\\nd., 9522.\\nHooft, Pieter Corneliszoon, b.-d., 10983\\nworks, 1099\\nHoogvliet, Arnold, b.-d., 1101\\nHook, James Clarke, b., 9383.\\nHooke, Nathaniel, b., 8982 d. (17G3).\\nRobert, b.,8822; balance wheel, 8882\\ninventions, 890 experiment on air;\\nconveys sounds telephone gravitation,\\n892 suggests telegraph, 896 d., 9022.\\nTheodore Edward, 9213 d., 9502.\\nHooker, Joseph, b., 123 at Williamsburg,\\n207 at Fair Oaks, 2082 iu Seven Days\\nBattles, 209 at Malvern Hill, 2102 at\\nAntietam, 213 at Fredericksburg, 2162\\ncommands Army of Potomac dismissed,\\n218 2 crosses Rapidau at Chancellors-\\nville crosses Rappahannock, 220 3 or-\\nders of congratulation, 2212 at Chancel-\\nlorsville,221 protects Washington, 2223;\\npursuit of Lee relieved of Army of Po-\\ntomac, 223 reinforces Roseerans, 2263\\nat Bridgeport, 22i at Lookout Moun-\\ntain; at Ringgold, 2282 at Pumpkin-\\nVine Creek, 234 d. (1879).\\nSir Dalton, b., 9382 president,\\n976\\nRichard, b., 8702 Ecclesiastical Pol-\\nity, SIT* d.,8762.\\nThomas, in Mass., 342 d., 381\\nWarren B., d., 178\\nWilliam Jackson, b., 9223 d., 968\\nWorthington, b., 1122 d., 2582.\\nHoogstrat, James, assails Luther, 7882.\\nHoole, John, b., 908 d. (1803).\\nHoonan, Green Water Lily Society, 617\\nHooper, John, cons, bp., 8703 d., 8702\\nburned, 8703.\\nJohn Kinnersley, lord mayor, 9492.\\nHooper, Johnson J., b. (1815) d., 229\\nLucy, b., 1242 d., 1522.\\nWilliam, b., 642 d., 1022.\\nCapt., takes Wrangle Land, 3092.\\nHoorn, Count of, b. (1520\u00c2\u00b1) opposes In-\\nquisition beheaded, 10993.\\nHoosac Tunnel, Mass., begun, 1813 work\\nresumed, 2273, 2652 explosion, 2593\\ncompleted, 283 3 first train, 2873 Mass.\\nsells interest, 3293.\\nHoosick, N.Y., settlement destroyed, 68\\nHoover, George, shot, 3803.\\nHoover s Gap, Teun., action, 223\\nHop-gardens, Ger., 7722.\\nHope captured, 822\\nHope in search of Eira, 988\\nHope, Ark., tornado, 430\\nCollege, Mich., org., 2502.\\nEng. magistrate murdered, 602\\nAdmiral, repulsed, 620\\nAnthony, Prisoner of Zint/a, 10122.\\nThomas, b., 9183 d., 9442.\\nHopedale mission, 5763.\\n111., R. R., accident, 3273.\\nO., White Caps, 333\\nHopetoun, Baron, title created, 931 earl,\\n903\\nEarl of, gov., 501\\nEarl of, 1. high commissioner, 10002\\nHopewell, N. J., funds for school, 711\\nPa., Indian treaty, 991\\nHopfen, Hans, t;lair.,-ii les Mend, 8362.\\nHopkins, Albert, d., 278\\nC, b., 1482.\\nJ., b., 1602.\\nEdward, b., 262 gov., 372,3 d., 40\\nElliee, est. Purity Society, 9931\\nEsek, b.,5S1 commander, 81 at New\\nProvidence, 821 captures Glasgow, 843\\nd., 1102.\\nHarry, sermon, 440\\nJohn Henry, b., 1282 cons. P.E. bp.,\\n1402 d. (186S).\\nP., mayor, Chicago, 445 447\\nJohns, b., 1001 hospital fund, 2943\\nd., 2821 (See Johns Hopkins Univ.)\\nMark, b., 1102 Man, 2842 d., 3262.\\nMatthew, witch-finder, 8871\\nMoses, capitalist, d., 4001\\nSam Miles, b. (1813) moderator, 2542.\\nSamuel, b., 601 against slavery, 851\\nfirst patent, 3641 d., 1102.\\nStephen T., b., 562 go v. R.I., 712,3,\\n731; d.,402i.\\nTimothy, gift to Leland Univ., 4041\\nW. E., Commodore, d., 4741\\nSearles will case settled, 4033.\\nHopkinson, Francis, b., 642 Pretty Story,\\n891; d., 1022.\\nJoseph, b., 762 Hail Columbia, 1091\\nd., 1542.\\nHopkinsville,Ky.,SouthKy.Coll.org.,3082.\\nHopkinton, la., Lenox College, org., 3183.\\nHopper, Isaac Tatem, b., 762 d., 1701\\nHoppin, Augustus, b., 13G2.\\nWilliam Warner, b. (1807) gov., 1772.\\nHopson, Peregrine Thomas, gov., 575 2\\nWilliam Heartly, b. (18231 pres. Dis-\\nciples Convention, 3022.\\nHopton, iron-workers strike, 9883.\\nHorace, Quintals Horatius Flaccus, b.-d.,\\n10583; student, 10291 works, 10603,10623.\\nHoratii, champions, 10501.\\nHorden, John, b. (1828) elected bp., 9742.\\nHormayr, Joseph von, b., 5163 d., 5223.\\nHormisdas, St., pope, 10703 d. (525).\\nI., reigns 11071; favors Manichees,\\n11063 d. (272).\\nII., reigns, 11072.\\nIII., reigns, 11072.\\nIV., reigns, 11072 d. (591).\\nHormuzd Rassam, dis. at Nineveh, 11562\\nin Abyssinia, 31\\nHorn, Gustaf, b.-d., 11342.\\nPhilip de Mont, b.-d., 6403.\\nHornblower, Joseph Coerten, b. (1777) d.,\\n2351.\\nWm. B., b., 1682 Supreme Ct., 4391.\\ndouble cylinder engine, 9221\\nHome, George, b., 9082 d. (1792).\\nRichard Hengist, b., 9323 9922.\\nThomas Hartwell, b., 9211 d., 9662.\\nHorner, Francis, b., 9203 d., 9382.\\nHornet, defeats British, 1201; captures\\nPenguin, 1231.\\nHorniman, John, d., 10102.\\nHornpipe dance intro., Eng., 8563.\\nHorodycki, insurrectionist, 11181.\\nHorological Society est., Eng., 962\\nHorrox, Jeremiah, b., 880 1; transit of\\nVenus, 8821; d., 8842.\\nHorsa, Jutish Chief, inds. towns, 769 3 in\\nKent, 8412; killed, 8401.\\nHorse artillery intro., 8001\\nGuards first, Eng., 8701 revived, 8901\\nshoe, Ala., Indians defeated, 1221.\\nshoeing introduced, 847 3\\nShoe Rock, Niagara, drops, 3341\\nHorseshoes made by machinery, 1441.\\nHorse thieves indicted, Okla., 4603.\\nHorses, stolen, 3893; tamed by Rarey,962i\\nused as food, 7373.\\nHorsey, Stephen, sentenced, 239 2\\nHorsford, Gen., defeats Nana Sahib, 10481\\nEben Norton, b., 1262 d., 4201\\nHorsley, Chas. Edward, b. (1822) d., 2902.\\nJohn, b. (1685) d., 9082.\\nSamuel, bp., b., 9082 d. (1S06).\\nHortensian Law, passed, 10533.\\nHorticultural Garden, est., Eng. ,9402, 9653.\\nSociety org. chartered, 9322.\\nHorton, N. S., Bapt. church, est., 5763.\\nHorus, polytheist, 6482; reigns, Egy., 6492.\\nHorvath, Mihaly, b., 5192 d., 5282.\\nHorve, Earl of, title created, 9372.\\nHosack, David, b., 761 d., 1442.\\nHose for fire-engines invented, 11003.\\nG. F., cons, bp., 9862.\\nHosea, prophet, 11443 oppressed by As-\\nsyrians, 11441 aided by Sabaco, 6511\\nreigns, 11452; rebels against Assyr., 11452.\\nHosein besieges Medina, 4841\\nHoshangabad mission, 10483.\\nHoshiarpur mission, 10471.\\nHo-Shung, intro. Buddhism, China, 6103.\\nHosiery manufactured, 1401, 1441.\\nHoskins, Sir A., in Mediterranean, 10001\\nHosmer, Harriet Goodhue, b., 1381.\\nWilliam, b. (1810) d., 3402.\\n//o,^ja^ //ers of St. Job 11, arrive inChile, 6051\\nHospitals. (See under cities.)\\nHoss, J. F., org. Washingtonians, 1511.\\nHost, Georg, b., 6381.\\nJens Kragh, b., 6382 d., 6403.\\nHoste, Capt. Wm., defeats Fr. fleet, 9342.\\nHostilianus, coregent executed, 10671.\\nHot-air blast, patented, 9422.\\nHotankia, enthroned, 6112.\\nHotham, Sir Charles, gov., 4972; d., 4973.\\nBaron, title created, 9252.\\nCapt. Henry, b. (1776) captures Fr.\\nfleet, 7102; Napoleon surrenders to, 7221;\\ndestroys Fr. ships, 9361 d. (1833).\\nHothfield, Baron, title created, 9871.\\nHoti, introduces grape culture, China,\\n6102 enthroned, 6113, 6131.\\nHotman, Francois, b., 68(13; Erauco-Gallia,\\n6843 d., 6842.\\nHot Springs, S.Dak., B. Hills Col. org., 3283\\n,\\\\Vash., train robbery, 4183; cloud-\\nburst, 4641.\\nHottentots in Kafir War, 9561. (See Cape\\nColony, text, pp. 597-604.)\\nHottinger, Johann H., b.-d., 11371.\\nHoudin, Robert, b., 7163 d., 7461\\nHoudon, Jean Antoine, b.,7002 sculptor,\\n981 d., 7343.\\nHouel, Jean Pierre Louis Laurent, b.,\\n6983 d., 7211.\\nHough, Franklin Benj., b., 1302; d., 3202.\\nRobert T., in treas. dept., 4472.\\nMajor, wounded, 2003.\\nHoughton, Baron, title created, 9651\\nDouglas, b., 1161 d. (1845).\\nGeorge Fred., b., 1282; d., 2701.\\nHenry Oscar, b., 1302.\\nLord, lord lieut., Ire., 10092.\\nHouk, George W., b.. 1322 d., 4501\\nLeonidas, d., 3842.\\nHoulakou, makes couquests, 4873.\\nH usatf iiie destroyed, 2302.\\nR.R. completed, 1513.\\nHouse, Edward Howard, b., 1462.\\nJames Alford, b., 1501\\nof Commons, Eng., first meets, 8552;\\nadopts Eng. language, 8631 Journals be-\\ngun, 8703; judicial power, 8N92; members\\nliable to arrest, 9193; long sitting, 9772;\\nmembers suspended, 9872, ;ty 3 sala-\\nries, 1O091, 10112; Rom. Cath. disabili-\\nties, 10091. (See Parliament; also in\\ntext, Great Britain, under State.)\\nof Lords, journals, commenced, 8663;\\nbankrupt peers excluded, 9753 salaries\\nreduced, 10112; abolition of, 10122.\\nof Peers (Port.), changed tolife, 11112.\\nof Representatives, new rules, 355 3\\n(See also text, America, under State.)", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1295.jp2"}, "1296": {"fulltext": "1284\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nHous-Hulk.\\nHouseless Poor Act, G. B., passes, 9671\\nHoussaye, Arsene, b., 7222 works, 7292\\n7343, 7522.\\nHenry, b. (1848); Academician, 7661.\\nHouston, Tex., soap mfg. co., 3813 rob-\\nbery, 3991 shooting, 452 fire, 4733.\\nGeorge Smith, b. (1811) gov. Ala.\\n2873; on Committee of :!3, 1891; d. (1879).\\nSam, b.,1042; gov.Tenn., 1353,1872;\\ndefeats Santa Anna, 1461 pres. Tex.,\\n147 2 1552; opposes secession, 1931 ex-\\npelled, 1932; d., 2272.\\nHoutman, Cornells, sails for India, 10443\\nd. (1605+).\\nHovas, in Madagascar, 10953\u00c2\u00b1.\\nllovede.il, Roger of, d., 8521.\\nHovell, Capt/, Port Phillip, 4951\\nHovenden, Thomas, in Nat. Acad., 3121\\nHovey, Alvin P., gov., 3492; gen. at Clar-\\nendon, 2103 d.,3941.\\nHow, John L., defaulter, 4123.\\nHoward, John, monument erected, 1361.\\nBenj. Chew, b. (1791); d., 2762.\\nCatherine, marriage; executed, 8G92.\\nLord Charles, of Effingham, b., 8682;\\ndestroys Span. Armada, 8761 d., 8802.\\nFrancis, of Effingham, b. (1630\u00c2\u00b1); gov.\\nVa., 492,3; political conspiracy, 8971;\\nd. (1694).\\n.Edward, d., 10081.\\nof Glossop. Baron, title created. 9651\\nGeo. fin. F., b., 9303; L. n e ut., 0213;\\nminister, 9432,3; d., 9681\\nG. A., in P. O. dept., 4472.\\nHenry, gov. R.I., 2851\\nEarl of Surrey, works, 8691 be-\\nheaded, 8701 8712.\\nJacob Merrett, b. (1805) Committee\\nof Fifteen, 2493; d. (1871).\\nJohn, b., 9063 sheriff prison inves-\\ntigations, 9192 statue, 9282 d., 9243\\nmonument, 1361\\nJohn Eager, b.,0S2; pres. senate, 1111\\nvote for V. Pres., 1252 d., 1342.\\nJ. J., coachman discussion, 4752,\\nLuke, works, 931 1 9551\\nOliver Otis, b., 138 1; at Antietam,\\n2131; at Chancellorsville, 2211; at Get-\\ntysburg, 2241 at Adairsville,233i com-\\nmands Army of T-enn., 2363; at Jones-\\nboro, 2381 at Atlanta, 2401 at Cheraw,\\n2423; against Chief Joseph, 2961 major\\ngen., 3221; succeeds Gen. Crook, 3541;\\nPres. Nat. Temperance Union, 4583; re-\\ntired, 4741\\nR. P., d., 5861.\\nThomas, Duke of Norfolk, b. (1536)\\nexecuted, 8752.\\nD. of Norfolk, b., 8642; ravages\\nScot., 8681; minister, 8693; lord lieut.,\\n8673; d., 8742.\\nW., guilty of killing, 4222.\\nWm. Alauson, b. (1813) on Com. of\\nThirty-three, 189 1; on Committee of\\nFive; on traitors, 191 1 d. (1880).\\nViscount Stafford, b., 8782; be-\\nheaded, 8952.\\nCollege, Ala., org., 1543.\\nDr., released in Cuba, 2791\\nInstitute Bill enacted, 2523.\\nPayne College (Bapt.), org. at Brown-\\nwood, Texas (1890).\\nUniversity org., opened, 2583.\\nHowe, brigadier-general, Albion, b. (1818);\\nParis commission, 247 2\\nElias, b., 1281 invents sewing-ma-\\nchine, 1541 patent, 1602 d., 2582.\\nGen. Geo. Augustus, b.,90U2; k., 702.\\nHubert, works, 3323.\\nJephtliali D-, insurance fraud, 4751.\\nJohn, b., 8822; d. (1705).\\nJoseph, gov. N. S., 5832,3.\\nJulia Ward, b., 1281; works, 1742,\\n1823, 2551,2871,3063.\\nLyman B., b., 1501\\nEarl Richard, b.,9002; commissioner\\nto Am., 752; letter to Washington, 852\\nin New York, 9212; L. Adm.,9232; min-\\nister, 9233; in Eng. Channel, 9261; off\\nUshant, 7101 d., 9283.\\nRobert, b. (1732); gen. at Savannah,\\n901 a. (1785).\\nSam. Gridley, b., lid in San Do-\\nmingo commissioner, 2732; d., 2902.\\n-.Timothy Otis, b., 1242; postmaster-\\ngeneral, 3092 d., 3122.\\nSir William, b., 908 2 commissioner\\nto Am.. 752 arrives, 801 in Boston,\\n803; leaves Halifax N.Y. Harbor, 822\\non Staten Island, 823 in N. 1 841\\noffers pardon, 85 2 confers with Am\\nstatesmen, 853; at New Brunswick, 862\\ngoes to sea, 863; before Phila., 871,2\\nat Port Mifflin at White Marsh, Pa.\\n881 recalled, 882 controversy, 913\\nd.,9363.\\nHowe, William Bell White, cons. asst.\\nbp., 2742.\\nCo., mnf. pins, 1441 1501\\nHowell, David, b.,662; d., 1321.\\nJames, b. (1595+); d., 8922.\\nJoshua.B., d., 2411\\nRichard, b. (1753); gov., 1053; d. (1802).\\nA., d., 10101.\\nRobert Boyte Crawford, b. (1801); d.,\\n2602.\\nT. C.,d.,414i.\\nHowells, William Dean, b., 1482 works,\\n2543, 2603, 2651, 2S02, 2823, 2871, 2903;\\n3063, 3083, ;;123, 3203, 3231, 3283, 3503,\\n3963, 4203, 4783.\\nHowgate, H. W., defaulter, 4722.\\nHoU ick, Lord. (See Grey, Sir Chas.)\\nHowitt, Mary, b., 9323; d., 9962.\\nBotham, b., 9283.\\nWin., b., 9263; Journal, 9131; d.,9S4i.\\nHowland, Alfred Cornelius, b. (183S) in\\nNat. Academy, 3121\\nW. P., gov. Ont., 5832.\\nHowley, Wm., b., 9162; archbp. of Can-\\nterbury, 9442 d. (1848).\\nHowlock, F., suicide, 4362.\\nHoworth, Henry H., work, 9963.\\nHowren, Henry D., in Charleston, 3383.\\nHowry, Charles B., in dept. of justice, 4473.\\nHowth and Holyhead, cable completed,\\n9593\\nHowth, Baron, title created, 9871\\nHoy family murdered, 4303.\\nHoyle, Edmund, b., 8922; Whist, 9111;\\nd.,9183.\\nBenjamin T., b., 1282 d., 2561.\\nHenry M., gov. Pa., 3033; d., 4181\\nJohn P., gov. Ida., 2912, 2973.\\nRussell B., arrested, 4663.\\nH. R. Arthur, explosion on, 2733.\\nHrotsvitha, b.-d., 7741.\\nHry, Thierry de, b., 6783.\\nHuacho, Peru, gold discovered, 11093.\\nHuamantla, Mex., action at, 1622.\\nHuaucavo, action at, 1108 2\\nHuanuco, Peru, battle at, 6063.\\nHuascar, becomes lnca, 193 imprisoned,\\n6431.\\nHuascar captures vessels captured, 6062;\\nsunk, 6082.\\nHuasco, occupied, 60S2 insurgents mass-\\ning, 6083.\\nHuayna Capac, rules Ecu. and Peru, 6441\\nconquers Quito, 6431 d., 6443.\\nHubbard, Henry, b. (1784) gov. N. H.,\\n1553 d., 1821\\nJohn, b. 1794); gov. Me., 1692; d., 2641\\nJoseph Stillman, b., 1302 d., 227.2.\\nLord Addington Gellibrand, d., 10001\\nLucius Fred. b.l 1836); gov.Minn.,3152.\\nRichard, gov. Tex., 2951.\\nWilliam, b., 301 d., 562.\\nHubbardtown, Vt., encounter at, 863.\\nHuber, Francois, b.-d., 11372.\\nJohann Nepomuk, b., 8142 d. (1879).\\nJohn Francis, cons, bp., 5763.\\nJohn J., suicide, 4702.\\nMatthieu, b., 6883; d., 697i\\n.Walter, archbp. of Canterbury; ad-\\nministrator, 8513 d., 8521.\\nHubert de Burgh. (See Burg.)\\nHubertusburg, Saxony, Peace of, ends\\nwar, 5162, 5172, 8033 battle of, 8922.\\nHubmever. Balthazar, preaches at Ratis-\\nbon, 7882 burned, 7902.\\nHubner, Baron yon, Nap. addresses, 525 2\\nKarl, b., 8102; d., 830i.\\n.Rudolph .Jul. Benno,b.,8082; d.,8302.\\nHue, Evaristc Regis, b., 7211 d. (1860).\\nHuchau, mission, 618 3\\nHiahh rsllrlil rescues passengers, 9513.\\nHiuldleston, Bar., John Walker, d., 10041\\nHudson, Mo., Confcds. defeated at, 2021\\nN. Y., bank clerk defalcation, 4792.\\nO., Western Reserve Coll. fnd., 1351\\nobservatory erected at, 1501 College,\\nname changed removed, 3123.\\nErasmus Darwin, b., 1122; d. (1887).\\nFrederick, b., 1281 d., 2881\\nHenry, voyage, 8781; explorations,\\nN. Y., etc., 262; dis. Hudson Bay, 281;\\nperishes crew rescued, 283 d., 8782.\\nHudson, Henry Norman, b., 1231 Shake-\\nspeare, 2802 d., 3222.\\nMary Clemmer Ames, d., 3162.\\nThomas J., b., 1562.\\nWilliam Leverreth. b. (1794); d., 2152.\\nBay, discoveries, 651 8781 settlement\\n9373 surrendered, 5752 missions, 5802.\\nCo., chartered, 5733 monopoly,\\n5793; in courts; monopolies restricted\\nrights sold, 5812; funds seized; monop-\\noly ends, 5x32 eharter expires, 9732.\\nand Mohawk R. R., opened, 1393.\\nRiver, dis., 191 202 frozen, 1281\\nBridge BilL 3552, 3572, 3631 ,3972,\\n4593, 4631.\\nCommittee, org., 361 3\\nR. R., opd., 1673, 1693 bridge\\ncompleted, 261 3 train accident, 4153.\\nTunnel, water in, 305 a work\\nsuspended, 3113, 3153, resumed, 3452.\\nStrait, discovered, 5702.\\nHudsonville, Miss., action at, 2151\\nHue, forts captured, 4803 Annamese re-\\nvolt Thayat attacks, 4822 Fr. rein-\\nforcements arrive, 4823.\\nHue ami I n/ established, Eng., 9051.\\nHnefl er, Francis, d., 10001\\nHuelva, Columbiananniversary eel. ,11331 _\\nHuemac Ateopaneeatl, d., 111.\\nHuesca, Sp., University founded, 11271.\\nHuessin Bey, rules, 9 2\\nHuet, Pierre D., b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 6882 d., 6982.\\nHuf eland, Christoph Wilhelm, b., 8023;\\nd., 8143.\\nHuff, Capt. de, near La Grange, 221 1\\nHugel, Karl Alex. Anseleni von, b., 8063;\\nd.,28G2.\\nHugelmann, Gabriel, sentenced, 7483.\\nHuger, Gen. Benjamin, b. (1806) destroys-\\nGosiJortNavy Yard. 2071 at Seven Days*\\nBattles, 2091; d., 2962.\\nHuger, Isaac, b., G42; d., 1062.\\nHuggins, Win., b., 9422;, analyzes stars, 9661.\\nHugh, India, factory opened, 10451.\\nthe Great, Conite de Paris, ruler in\\nFr.; d., 6673.\\nCapet, reigns, 6673; d. (996).\\nCount of Verinandois, joins First Cru-\\nsade, 6681\\nEarl Fortescue, l.-lieut., 9493.\\nof Provence, K. of It. expelled, 10733.\\nHughes and Buttner, bogus lawyers, 3762.\\nwins walking-match. 3813.\\nSir Edward, in E. I., 7041\\nJohn, b., 1062; cons. bp. (1838); in\\nsee of N. Y (1842) first archbp. (1850)\\ndraft riot, 2252 ,1., 2291 statue, 3861\\nW., hanged, 2551.\\nJoshua, elected bp., 9742 d., 5861\\nLouis C, governor Arizona, 4471\\nRobert Ball, b., 1122 d., 2602.\\nMan., Gen. Johnston, 4482.\\nP., commissioned colonel, 3301.\\nSimon P., governor Arkansas, 3233.\\nThomas, b., 9403; works, 9603, 9623,\\n10022; suggestion of New Rugby, 3043.\\nHugo, Gustav., b., 8023 d., 8162.\\nVictor, governor Guiana, 10391\\nMarie, b., 7143; works of, 7231 to\\n7542 in Paris, 7412; defense committee,\\n7433; expelled, 7443; radical, 745i sen-\\nator amnesty motion, 7511 d., 7542; in\\nPantheon, 7543.\\nHugstettin, Baden, K. R. wreck, 8313.\\nJfuaucnots, opera, appears, 8141\\nSir John Everett Millais, 9582,\\ncolony, America. 222; massacre of,\\n243; in Fla., 251 I resbv. church, N.Y.,\\n482 on Staten Island, 483 in Mass.,\\n502,3; inS.C.,503,511; inN.C.,512,572;\\ninNewRochelle, N.Y.,513; in Va.,552;\\nsettle in Braz., 5533 persecuted, 5531;\\nwar against Fr. discipline in army\\nEng. aids, 6821 religious liberty granted;\\naim of conspiracy of, 6823; rise instate\\naffairs, 68.31 massacre of, 6832; wars of\\npartial liberty granted, 6833 war with\\nFr., Eng. support, 6861 revolt deprived\\nof towns cause ruined, 687 3 perse-\\ncuted, 6943, 6951.\\nHultzilihuitl, enthroned, 10952 d. (1414).\\nHuitzilopochtli, temple dedicated, 122.\\nHu-Kuang, taken, 618 1.\\nHulaku, invades Persia, 11062; d. (1265).\\nHuldah, a prophetess, 11462.\\nllulick, George W., b., 1421\\nHulin, or Hullin, Comte Pierre Augustin,\\nb., 7023; d., 7282.\\nHulks for punishment, Eng., 9212.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1296.jp2"}, "1297": {"fulltext": "Hull-Huyg.\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JNU.C.-X. Superior Figures indicate Column,\\n1285\\nHull, Eng., Literary and Philosophical So-\\nciety fnd., 0411 Narcissus launched,\\n99-41; Church Congress, 10U42; dock la-\\nborers strike; riots, 10103\\n.Isaac, b., 78 2 captures G-uerriere,\\n1181; d. (1843).\\nJohn A. T., p., 1522.\\nJonathan, steam navigation, 9081\\nWilliam, b.,G83; gov. Mich., 1133; re-\\nturns from Can.; capture Ft. Maiden\\nsurrenders Detroit, 1181; d., 1322.\\nHullah, John, b., 9362.\\nPyke, h. (1812); d., 9922.\\nHulpias River, Ariz., dam bursts, 3533.\\nHulst, Spain, recovers, 10982.\\nHumaita, Parag., passage forced, 5561\\nHuman Freedom League, organizes, 3931\\nHumane Soc, meets, Am, ,3703,3931 ,4723.\\n(See Royal Humane Society.)\\nHumanitarians, founded, 9701\\nHumansville, Mo., action at, 2051\\nHumayun, h.-d., 10431; reigns; flees, 10433.\\nHumbert I., Raneri Carlo Emanuele Gio-\\nvanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio, king,\\nb., 10863; weds, 10893; reigns (1878).\\nJoseph Amahle, b., 7022; at Castle-\\nbar, 7122; d.,7242.\\nM., minister, 7532.\\nHumble Petition and Advice adopted,\\nEng., 8892.\\nHumboldt, Tenn., lynching, 4682.\\nBaron, Friedrieh Heiurirh Alex, von,\\nb., 8031; works, 8091, 8163; explorer,\\n8062; d., 8202; centenary, 8271; statue,\\n8301.\\nKarl W., b., 8023; works, 8072,\\n8083,8131; minister, 8133; d., 8143.\\nHume, David, b., 9042; works, 9132, 92H\\nd., 9203.\\nHamilton, at Port Phillip, 4951\\nJoseph, b., 9203; d., 9603.\\npreacher, refuses indulgence, 8963.\\nHumiliation, day of, Am., 2373.\\nHummel, Johami N., b., 8042; d., 8143.\\nHumphrey, A. T., wins rifle prize, 9741\\nD. of Gloucester, regent, 8631 mar-\\nriage; cruelty of 8623; arrested; mur-\\ndered, 8632.\\nEdward Porter, b. (1809); moderator,\\n1702.\\nHeman, b., 912; d., 1922.\\nJ., lord mayor, London, 9492,\\nJ., on Com. of Thirty-three, 1891\\nMarshall, b., 601\\nZ. M., moderator, 2762\\nHumphreys, Andrew Atkinson, b., 1162;\\nat Petersburg, 2443; a t Amelia Court-\\nhouse, 2451; d\\\\, 3142.\\nBenjamin G., gov. Miss., 2553; forced\\nto vacate Miss., 2632.\\nDavid, b., 682; treaty, 1071 d., 1262.\\nEliza, killed, 4362.\\nLyman U., governor Kan., 3293,3991.\\nP., killed, 4362.\\nHumphries, Corporal, wins prize, 9661.\\nHunchung, mission, 6242.\\nHundred Associates rule Canada, 5713.\\nYears War, 674i 6751 ends, 6781\\nHuneric persecutes Christians, 7682,10703.\\nHunfalvy, Pal, b.,5202; d. (1891).\\nHung, Phineas R., d., 6222.\\nHungary. (See text, Austria-Hungary, pp.\\n502-539.) Pagan princes, 503 1 ravages\\nGer., 7733; pagan uprising, 5023; Ger-\\nmans immigrate, 5032; war with Bohe-\\nmia,504i; Greeks repel, 10.I22; Gr. civ-\\nilization intro., 504 3; Golden Bull con-\\nfirmed, 5051 supremacy broken in Ru-\\nmania, 11121; war with Venice, 506 1\\nTurks invade loses coast lands partly\\nannexed to Turk., 11572; representative\\ngov t est., 507 3 war with Bohemia and\\nTurk., 5081; literature and arts in, 5083;\\nBohemia united, 5093 under Hapsburg\\nrule, 7893; independent, 5093 Protes-\\ntant revolt Turks aid Protestants\\nabandoned to Turks, 5101 revolt. 7973;\\nTurks driven out Protestants revolt,\\n5122; counts executed, 5131 insurrec-\\ntion; Servian colonists settle, 5133; war\\nwith Turks, 5141 peasants revolt, 5151\\nreligious toleration, 5163; censorship\\nof press, 5171; change of territory; in-\\ndependence guaranteed, 5173; academy\\nest., 5203 uprising constitution pro-\\nmulgated, 5213 war with Rus., 11161\\nrebellion; Aust. enters, 5221 Hungarian\\nwar ended, 5223; provisional gov t, 5231\\nconstitution abolished declared free,\\n5232, 8183; Rus. intervention, 5232; R.R.\\nopd., 5253 Prus. enter, 5262 rights re-\\nstored; autonomy, 5263; independence,\\n5271; dual government, 5272; Fiume\\nR.R. opd., 5293; landwehr est., 5321\\nwar vessels for; strategic railroad, 5332;\\nunion with Austria denounced, 5373.\\nHungerford bridge opened, 9521 9662.\\nSir Thomas, speaker, 8593.\\nHung-Tsiuen. b., 6163; leader, 6181; Tai-\\nping rebellion; emperor, 6193; suicide,\\n6213.\\nHuni, reigns, Egypt, 645 3\\nHuniades, Joannes Corvanus, b., 5062;\\nleader, 5081 gov., 509 1 atVerna, 5651 j\\natNish, 11561; d., 5082.\\nHunkers, Democratic Nat. Conven., 1651.\\nHunnewasser, battle at, 824i.\\nHuns, invade Hung., 5023, 5031 subdued.\\n6101; drive out Goths, 7692; invade and\\nravage Gr., 10301; migrate westward,\\n10651; near Caspian Sea, 10671, HO61\\nin Rus., 10692, 11131 invade Roman Em-\\npire; monarchy falls, 1071 2 burn Pa-\\nvia; invade It., 10721 rule in It., 10732;\\ninvade Cappadocia, 11541\\nHunt, A. Cameron, governor Colo., 259 a\\nCapt., Indian slave-dealer, 282.\\nCapt., on Kongo River, 10931\\nMajor, at Sturgeon, Mo., 2141\\nFreeman, b. (1804); d., 1841\\nGeorge Ward, b. (1825) minister,\\n9792; d. (1877).\\nHelen. (See Mrs. Jackson.)\\nHenry Jackson, b. (1819); d., 3341\\nJ. B., suicide, 4682.\\nLeigh Henry James, b., 9223; works,\\n9383,9411,9543; d., 9622.\\nR., clerg., at Jamestown, Va., 26 2\\nRobert, b., 9331 d., 9962.\\nThomas Terry, b., 1322; d., 4001\\nWard,b., 1162; justice, 2793; d.,3222.\\nWashington, t (1811); governor N.\\nY., 1692; d., 2561.\\nWin. Henry, painter, b., 9243; d.,968i.\\nb. (1824); sec. navy, 3072;\\nresigns, 3111; d., 3162.\\nHolman, b., 9423; paints Isa-\\nbella and Pot of Basil, 9721\\nMorris; b., 1321 d., 3022.\\nHunter, A. J., b., 1382.\\nBenjamin F., hanged, 3011\\nClaudius S., 1. mayor London, 9353.\\nDavid, b., 1102; receives Alvarado,\\n1621 at Charleston, Mo., 198i in South,\\n205 2 orders against, 2133; on Porter\\ncase, 2161; suceeeds Fremont; draft of\\nnegroes, 220i relieved of com mand,2222;\\nat Staunton, 2242, 2342; fails to meet\\nSheridan; commands W, Va.; at Pied-\\nmont, 2342; at Lynchburg, 2343; on com-\\nmission, 2472; d. (1886).\\nJohn, b., 9081 d., 9262.\\nGen. Peter, b. (1805) gov. Can., 5772.\\nRobert, governor X. Y.,573; d. (1734).\\nMercer Taliaferro, b., 116i\\nspeaker house, 1512; n Com. 13, 1892;\\nexpelled, 1973; pres. Confed. Senate,\\n2393; peace commissioner, 2431 d.,3262.\\nWilliam, b., 9062; d., 9223.\\nlord mayor, London, 9572.\\nB., kills Nickerson, 3721\\nCapt., governor Australia, 4951\\nHunterdon Co., N. J., no license, 3332.\\nHunterian Society organized, 9382, 9391\\nHuntersville, W.Va., stores captured,202i\\nHuntingdon, Eng., R. R. collisions, 9813.\\nEarl of, title created, 8672.\\nLady Selina, b. (1707) evangelist,\\n9123; Methodist, 9131 d. (1791).\\nHuntingfield, Baron, title created, 925 2\\nHuntingford, George I., elected op., 9303.\\nHuntington, Va., R.R. to Richmond, 2353.\\nW. Va., Normal School at, 2643;\\ntrain robbery, 4191\\nCharles B., forgeries dis., 1803.\\nDaniel, b., 1242; Nat. Acad., 1521.\\nFred. Dan, b., 1281 cons, bp., 2662.\\nJ. R., bank shortage, 4791\\nLucius Seth, Professor Conant, 5843.\\nSamuel, b., 621 governor, 991 j vote\\nfor president, 1012; d., 1061\\nb. (1731) gov. 0., 1153; d., 1262.\\nHuntley, H. V., governor P. E. I., 5792.\\nGen. W., governor N. B., 5773.\\nHuntlv, Marquis of, title created, 8773.\\nHunton, Eppa, b., 1302; Com. of Seven,\\n293 3 on electoral commission, 2951;\\ntestimony, 457 3\\nHunton, Jonathan D.,gover. Maine, 1392.\\nHunt s Merchants Minjazine, appears, 1523.\\nHuntsman, Benj., mfg. cast steel, 9102.\\nHuntsville, Ala., surprised, 2062.\\nTenn., Confederates defeated, 2151\\nTex., Normal School opened, 3031\\nHuntt, George G., commis. colonel, 3821\\nHunza Niger, Tibet, attacked, 10061.\\nHupt Moritz, d., 8281.\\nHuran, Mohammedans rebel, 6211.\\nHurd, Richard, b., 9062; bishop Worces-\\nter, 9223; d., 9343.\\nCol., near La Vergne, 2161\\nHurdy, Sir Chas., college subscription, 712.\\nHuret, Jules, Kroiution Litteraire,7G22.\\nHurlbut, Stephen Augustus, b., 1242; com-\\nmander G. A. R., 2551 d (1882).\\nWilliam Henry, b., 1342.\\nHurley, Wis., mine accident, 3553.\\nHuron, Can., burned, 5723; bishopric est.,\\n9483, 9722; Bp. Baldwin cons., 9922.\\nHuron, strikes rocks, 2961\\nCollege (Presb.), organized at Huron,\\nSouth Dakota (1883).\\nHuron driven out, 5721\\nLake, Champlain visits, 5702, 5713.\\nHurricane, W. I., 421 in Tex., 3581 4481\\nGulf of Mex., 4061 i n Aus., 4993; m k.\\nS. W.,500i; in Galicia, 5341; j n Sofia,\\n5693; in Hong Kong, 6241; i n Havana,\\n6322; in Eng., shn2, 948 1 (See Cyclone.)\\nHurst, John Fletcher, b., 1422; Indika,\\n4203; consecrated bishop, 3042.\\nJ. T., land purchase, 4133.\\nHurt ado, Bartolome\\\\ explorer, 163.\\nHurth, P. J., cons. R. C. bishop, 10121\\nHusain Ali, supported, 10441.\\nHusbandry, first taught, 10131\\nHuskisson, William, b., 9183; pres. Board\\nTrade, 9413; minister, 9432,3,\\nHuss, John, b., 5062; prof, at Prague;\\nrector of Univ. of Prague, 5071; de-\\nnounces indulgences pope s ban ar-\\nrested condemned, 5063, 6762, 7843;\\nburned; festival, 5062,3.\\nHussein dynasty reigns, 11393, 11072.\\nAvni, grand vizier, 11592; ass*\\nnated, 11583.\\nPasha, b.-d., 91.\\nHussey, Obed, inv. reaping machine, 1421\\nHussite creed war, 506 1 ,3, 7841\\nHussites terrorize, 5061 demand com-\\nmunion; heresy su].] r*ssed,5063; granted\\nuse of cup, 7843; enter treaty, 5071; jj\\nBohemia, 5073; crusade against, 5083.\\nHusted, James Win., b. (1833) d. 4161\\nHustler, Ky., office wrecked, 4311\\nHuston, James N., treas. dept., 351 2\\nHutcheson, Francis, b., 9002; d.. 9122.\\nHutchings, Sam., attempt to kill, 986 3\\nHutchins, Sir George, keeper, 8993.\\nHutchinson, Kan., cyclone, 4061.\\nAnne, b. (1600) org. women s meet-\\ning, 323; in R. I.; religious enthusiast;\\nat Newport, 353; massacred, 361.\\nB. B., robbed in Chicago, 3522,\\nEllen Mackay, Am. Literature, 3323.\\nCol. John, b., 880i d. (1664).\\nJohn, philos., b., 8923; doctrines,\\n8942; Moses Principia, 9061 d.,9083.\\nJos., chief justice, 732; assailed, 752.\\nG., nom. for governor, 3451\\nThomas, b., 562; conspicuous, 731\\ngov. Mass., 732, 772; controversy with\\ngeneral court, 783; leaves Boston, 79 2\\nagainst colonists, 793; d., 931.\\nBishop, Witchcraft, 9063.\\nCapt., killed, 461\\nViscount of, title created, 9372.\\nHutchinsonians appear, Eng., 8942.\\nHutten, Ulrich von, b., 7862; war of\\nnobles, 788i; works, 7892; d., 7882.\\nHutton, Charles, b., 9083; d., 9403.\\nJames, b., 9063; experiments, 9222;\\nd., 9283.\\nLawrence, Letters f Dickens, 10063.\\nMancius S., pres. R*ef. Synod, 1742.\\nMatthew, archbp. Canterbury, 9151\\nHuxley, Thomas Henry, b., 9422; works,\\n9631, 9723, 9811, 986 3, 1010 3; opens\\nWorking Men s College, 9703; commit-\\ntee vivisection, 4812; pres. Royal Soc,\\n9901 unveils Darwin s statue, 9921\\nHuy. Netherlands, taken, 9021\\nHuygens, Christian, b.-d., 11003; dis. Sat-\\nurn s ring; form of Saturn; dis. satel-\\nlite inv. pendulum clocks, 11002; oscil-\\nlation theory; undulatory theory; law of\\ndouble refraction, 11003; works, 11012.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1297.jp2"}, "1298": {"fulltext": "1286\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Huyg-IllU,\\nHuygens, Constantijn, b. (1\\nTempe, 11012 d. (1687).\\nHuysuin, Jan van, b.-d., 1101\\nBuzzard, Samuel, d., 2702.\\nBCwaiti enthroned, 6131.\\nHwang Chao, rebels, 6132.\\nHwangti enthroned, 611 1\\nHwei Wang enthroned, 611 2\\nHyacinth attacked, 6161\\nHyacinthe, Father. (See Loyson, Charles.)\\nHyatt, Alanson, murder and suicide, 4602.\\nAlpheus, h., 150 1.\\nJames W., d., 4261\\nHyattsville, Md.,Ooxeyites arrested, 4682.\\nHydahs, Alaska, sehool for, 30S 2\\nIIvdaspes,Md., battle of, 10242.\\nHyde, Anne, queen, d., 8922.\\nEdward, E. of Clarendon, b., 8781\\nminister, sin 2 impeached, 8932; chanc.,\\n8912; Great liehc/lion, 903^; d.,S923.\\nViscount Cornbury, 552 gov.\\nof N. Y. forges, 543; deposed gov. N.\\nC.,573; d., 601.\\nHenry, Earl of Clarendon, b. (1638)\\nminister, 8972; 1. lieut., 8973; land grant\\nto, 423 d. (1709).\\nLawrence, Earl of Rochester, minis-\\nter, S972 dismissed, 8973 hi Council,\\n8952 1. lieut., 9013 d. (1711).\\nLavius, d., 245 2\\nSir Nicholas, b. (1572) chief justice,\\n8813 d. (1631).\\nSir Robert, chief justice, 8913.\\nPark, Serpentine rivulet find., 9081\\nMarble arch, 9542.\\nHyderabad, Bishop Caprotti cons., 9862.\\nHyder-Ali, b.-d., 10443 at Porto Novo\\nagainst Madras overruns Carnatic\\ntakes Arcot, 10442 usurper, 1045 3\\nHydraulic canal begun, N. Y., 467 3\\ncrane patented, 9421 9541\\nengines invented, 8941\\npress patented, 9222.\\nHydrochloric acid discovered, 9182.\\nHydro-electric machine invented, 9501\\nHydrogen gas lighter than atmosphere,\\n9161.\\nHydropathic Society formed, 9501\\nHydropathy, first institution for, 1581;\\nsuggested, 5202 j practised, 4862 re-\\nvived, 9282.\\nHydrophobia, inoculations for, 3241.\\nHyeres Islands, Arrogant e sinks, 7501.\\nHygeia, asteroid, discovered, 7301\\nHygiene and Demography Congress in\\nLond.,1007 1 at Budapest, 5381 Internal.\\nCong., 5383, 1001 Internat. exhib., 8313.\\nHyginus, St., bishop at Rome, 10623 ap-\\npoints sponsors, 10643.\\nHvksos,inEgvpt,04G3\u00c2\u00b1,647i,3;exp.,649i.\\nHylleof Perfection issued, 8663.\\nHylton, Baron, title created, 9651.\\nHyndinan, H. M., in Socialist League,\\nHyne,*C. J. Cutcliffe, work, 4791.\\nHynes, Francis, executed, 9903.\\nHypatia, b., 6542 murdered, 6543.\\nIL/fx. rhm, asteroid, discovered, 1641\\nHypermenestra honored, 10132.\\nHypogea, of Beni-Hasan, 6462.\\nHyppolite, Louis Mondestin Florvil, b.\\n(1827) president gen. in battle, 10403.\\nHyrcanus I. (John), high-priest, delivers\\nJudea destroys Samaritan temple\\ntower of Antonio, 11502 des., 11511.\\nir.,b.-d., 11521 high-priest, 11483; de-\\nfeated, 11501 restored, 115U2, 11511 2\\nrival king; supported by Jews, 11511;\\ndefeated in Judea, 11501\\nHyrtle, Joseph, b., 5201\\nIambic verse introduced, 10143.\\nlams, Thomas, punished, 4121\\nIantke, asteroid, discovered, 2601\\nIapiza, Hospicio, insurgents fail, 6081\\nIasomirgott, Henry, margrave, 5043,\\nIbeka, attack of, 600 1\\nIberia, annexed independent, 11072.\\nOhio Central College, fml., 1663.\\nIberville, Pierre le Moyne T, b.-d., 572?\\nacross Gulf of Mexico, 541 on Missis-\\nsippi River, 551 ,2; at Schenectady, 5721\\n3d voyage, 5752; d\u00e2\u0080\u009e 562.\\nIbis wrecked, 9693.\\nIbn Khaldun, b.-d., 4863.\\nTofail, writer, d., 4862,3.\\nBatava Ibn-Yunas, Ali-Ibn-Abd-er-Rahman, d.,\\nIbraham becomes calif, 485 2\\nIbrahim II. reigns, 1157 2\\nBey, h., 6562 W ar with Murad Bey,\\n6571; d., 6562.\\nDey expels pasha, 92 reigns, 11393.\\nLodi, reigns, 10433.\\nPasha, b., 6562; at Yembo, 488i bat-\\ntle near Gaza conquests, 6562 ex-\\npelled from Egypt, 6563; viceroy, 6573\\nat Navarino, 942 1 in Gr.; captures Mis-\\nsolonghi, 1034 2 overthrows Wahabis,\\n11573 d., 11563\\nIbsen, Henrik, b. (1828); works, 11042.\\nIbycus, b., 10162.\\nIbzan judges Israel, 11432.\\nIcard, Ralph, b., 642.\\nIcarus launched, 9921.\\nIce, mfd., 9221 9343, 9621 j melted by fric-\\ntion, 9282.\\nTrade of America introduced, 1133.\\nIceland,, see erected, 11 1 miss., 111\\nAlthlmg meets Irish in, lis famine,\\n693. (See text, pp. 1041^2.)\\nIcelander s synod, org., U. S., 3223.\\nIchang mission, 6223 foreigners houseB\\nburned, 6251 fi re 6273.\\nIchisokaki, missions, 10922.\\nIcon Imlac reigns in Abyssinia, 13.\\nIconium taken, 10322; sultanate ends,\\n10341 capital Seljuks rule, 11552.\\nIconoclast controversy, 10322.\\nIctinus, b., 10211.\\nIda, king of Deira, 8413.\\nIdaho, territory, org., 2213 V\\\\ r m. H. Wal-\\nlace, gov., 2293; Caleb Lyon, gov., 2413;\\nDavid W. Ballard, gov., 2553, 2652; Isaac\\nL. Gihbs, gov., 2593 Roni. Cath. vicar-\\nate apostolic est., 2642 Gilman Mars-\\nton, gov., 2732 Thos. W. Bennett, gov.,\\n2772 John P. Hoyt, gov., 2912 Mason\\nBrayman, gov., 295 1 John N. Irwin,\\ngov., 3152 Wm, N. Bunn, gov., 3193;\\nEd. A. Stevenson, gov., 3252 Kthelbert\\nTalbot cons. Prot. Epis. miss. hp. 3262\\niloating island, 334 1 admission bill in\\nCong., 337 34111 3553, 3032; avalanches,\\n3521; bp. Donaldson arrested, 36X3 R el\\nelected, 3693; Indians trouble, 3741 Geo.\\nL.Shoupe.gov.; Norman B.Willey, gov.,\\n3751 striking miners, 4103; glacial held,\\n4122 horse-thieves killed, 417 1 Appor-\\ntionment Act unconstitutional, 4212\\nMormons enfranchised, 4231 cricket\\npest, 440 1 non-union men ill-treated,\\n4642; Wm. J. McConnell, gov., 4471,\\n4793; mineral output, 4793.\\nIddesleigh, Karl of, title created, 9871\\nEarl of. (See Northcote.)\\nIdeler, Christian L., b., 8023; d.,8162.\\nIdle, Eng., battle of, 8421\\nIdlib, Syria, Ref. Church, mission, 11582.\\nIdolatry, of degenerate Arabs, 4842; pun-\\nished; surrendered, 7702 abolished from\\nBrit., 8423 revived by Saxons, 8403\\nedict for suppression, 10691\\nIdols destroyed at Mecca, 4843.\\nIdomene, action at, 1020 2\\nIdstedt, Prussia, battle of, 6401.\\nIdumea subdued, 11493 iucorp., 11501.\\nIduna issued, 11042. 11362.\\nIdunna, asteroid, discovered, 2961\\nIfumu mission, 598 3\\nIglesias, Jose Maria, b.-d., 10952.\\nGen., makes claims, 10971\\nPres. Peru, peace with Chile, 11083\\ndefeated at Lima, 11082.\\nRafael, pres., 6313.\\nIgnatieif, Nikolai Pavlovich, b., 11163\\nresigns, 11213 Gen. implicated, 5682.\\nIgnatius, patriarch; deposed; restored,\\n10323.\\nSt., Thcophorus, d., 10642, 3, H521.\\nI S or I., b. (875 1) reigns, 11133; d. (945).\\nII., Duke of Tvielf, 1133 K. (1147).\\nIgualada, Sp., taken, 11321.\\nIlala, Afr., David Livingstone, d., 5611\\nIlarim, bishop, Testaments, 11131\\nIlchester, Earl of, title created, 9112.\\nIldebard, slain, 7703.\\nII Filanqwni issued, 1088 3\\nIllieos, Braz., captaincy transferred, 553 2\\nHi, China, annexed, 6161\\nIliad, present text written, 10212.\\nIlissus, Gr., temple erected, 10191\\nIllangina, Madagascar, mission, 10941.\\nIllapel, earthquake, 6063.\\nIllinois, La Salle in, 491 first Eng. settle-\\nment, 492 Fr. vacate, 54i; annexed to-\\nFr., 592; Fr. build forts, 701 Eng.\\ntroops in, 741 a county of A a.,893; First\\nBaptist Church, 1062 territory fmd.,\\n1153 Ninian Edwards, gov., 1172,1352\\nState admitted, 1272 Shadrach Bond,\\ngov., 1272 Edward Coles, gov., 1312\\nFirst Congregational Ch. fmd., 1383; m.\\nColl. org. Monthly Magazine, appears*\\n1391 John Reynuids, gov., 1392; o. S.\\nPresby. synod org., 1402 prot. Epis.\\ndiocese org., 1442; Abraham Lincoln\\nelected to Leg.; Jos. Duncan, gov., 1452;\\nUniversalist State conven. org., 1483 j\\nThomas Carl in, gov.; capital at Spring-\\nfield, 1512 Thos. Ford, gov., 1553; Cong.\\nConf. org. N. S. Presb. synod org., 1562;\\nGen. Congregational Asso. org., 1563 f\\nMormon mob, 157 1 Mormon Temple\\nfinished, 1582; Augustus C.French, gov.,\\n1613; HI. Female Coll. org., 1631; aids\\nf ranted Chicago and Mobile R. R., 1691\\nIvan. Luth. Gen. synod of Northern\\n111., org.; Southern 111. Meth. Epis. conf.\\norg., 1702 Hi. Wesleyan Univ. (M. E.),\\nest. (1851) Eldership Church of God\\norg., 1741 Joel A. Matteson, gov., 1743;\\nCentral R. R. completed, 1773 Hedding.\\nColl. est. Northwestern Univ. fnd.,\\n178 2 bridge at Rock Island completed,\\n1793, 1801 Rom. Cath. diocese of Quincy\\ntransferred, 1S02 Stephen A. Douglas\\ncandidate for senator, 181 2 Southern\\n111. Evan. Luth. synod org., 1821; levee\\nbreaks, 1841; tornado, 186 1 Free Meth.\\nConference fmd., I862 arms from St.\\nLouis, 1942 Northwestern Coll. org.,\\n1991 gunboat expedition, 2 it 2 leaves\\nCairo, 2022 Richard Yates, gov. Con-\\nstitutional conven., 13th amendment\\nratified, 2032; constitution rejected, 2093;\\nLincoln s party defeated, 2153 sale of\\nGov. Mattesoifs property, 2333; ratifies\\n13th amendment, 243 1 251 1 Westfield\\nColl. org., 2502 Cook County Hospital,\\nest., 2503 Richard J. Oglesby, gov.,\\n2511 2851 3233 ratifies 14th amendment,\\n2572; Univ. of 111. org., 2583; conf.Meth.\\nEpis. Church South, org., 2582 capital\\npunishment abolished, 2591 Pullman\\nCar Co. org.. 2613 ratifies 15th amend-\\nment, 2671 John M. Palmer, gov., 2C92;\\nnew constitution framed ratified, 271 z\\nJohn L. Beveridge, gov., 285i Southern\\n111. Normal Univ. opd.,2803; Unitarian\\nConf. org., 2882; African M. E. Conf.\\norg., 2942; Central 111. Free Meth. Conf.\\norg., 3002 sugar mnf. from sorghum,\\n3101; Harper Law passed, 3151; John\\nM. Hamilton, gov., 3152; tornadoes, 3222;\\nSoldiers and Sailors Home est., 3243*\\nmercury at 94 3382 Anti-Trust Bill\\npassed, 3392; troops disperse striking\\nminers, 340 1 Hotehkiss Secret Ballot\\nBill passes, 341= straw bands bounty,\\n3481 Jos. W. Fifer, gov., 3492; the saw-\\nfly in, 3581 many Unions for political\\naction, 3592; cyclone, 360 1 Lutherans\\nand Ger. Cath. attack educational law,\\n3602; Gen. Palmer nom. for gov.; Legis-\\nlature in special session, 3612; strike\\nof trainmen, 3623 World s Fair Fund,\\nbonds for World s Fair Bill signed,\\n3652; mastodon s bones unearthed, 3681\\nCompulsory Education Law, repeal, 375 2\\nFree Coinage endorsed, 377 1 Pullman\\nCar Works burned, 3773 Compulsory\\nEducation Bill, Eng. language, 3852\\nnatural-gas well burns out, 3921; wreck\\non C. and A. R. R., 3943 World s Fair\\nAmendment adopted, 3D52 Alien Law\\nunconstitutional, 3972 Anti-Trust Bill\\npassed, 3992 Lincoln s birthday a legal\\nholiday, 4003 John P. Altgeld, gov.,\\n4053,4471; Illinois valley flooded, 4061\\nNat. History Univ. dedicated, 4182 In-\\nterstate Commerce Act, unconstitu-\\ntional, 4192; Naval Reserve est., 4201;\\nlevee breaks, 4213 White Caps, 438 2\\nCentral R. R. train robbery, 43S2,4423;\\ntrain ditched, 4432; strike in coal-region,\\n4582,3, 4652 U. S. troops against stri-\\nkers, 4603; locust plague in, 4601.\\nIllinois Central R. R. completed, 1773.\\nWeslevan Univ. (M. E.),est.atBloom-\\nington (1851).\\nand Miehigan anal deepened trans-\\nferred to 111., 2753.\\nIlluminata, rise of, Sp., 11291-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1298.jp2"}, "1299": {"fulltext": "Ulu-Indi.\\nText Figures denote Page, IND11.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1287\\nIlluminati Society fnd., Bavaria, 8052.\\nI/lustreret Xi/hedshlad issued, 11043.\\nIllyria, a Roman province, 5023 quicksil-\\nver discovered, 5082 conquered sub-\\ndued, 10241 ravaged, 10301; subdued,\\ndivided, 10553 provinces formed, 5103,\\nIllyrians, of Scodra, conquered, 10531 j in-\\nvade Greece, 10141 subdued, 10223.\\nIllyricum, ceded, 1068*\\n11 Politecno issued, 1087 1\\nII Progreso Halo-Americano issued, 3023.\\nUse, asteroid, discovered, 3201\\nImad-ed-Din, Mohammed Al-Kateb, b.-d.,\\n11063.\\nImad Shabi, dynasty rules, 1043 3\\nImage worship, est. at Nice, 6643 j intro.\\nG. B., 8422; restored; forbidden, 10322\\nedict against, 1033 1 controversy, 10663\\nImamkuli, ruler Bokhara, 5492.\\nImandandriana, mission at, 10941\\nImbabani, Zulus at, 6002.\\nImbert, Joseph Gabriel, b., 6002; d., 7002.\\nImmaculate Conception, made a dogma,\\n8182; Coll. of, org., 155 1 festival ap-\\npointed, 10791.\\nImmanuel, Ger. synod, Evan. Luth., org.,\\n3262.\\nImmigrant vessels quarantined, 4151\\nImmigrants from Britain, Cape Colony,\\n5973 in Kafir lands, 5903 in Nyassa-\\nland, 6033.\\nImmigration, in U. S. A., statistics, 125a,\\n1293 (See Dec. 31 each following year.)\\nCensus, 2753, 3073; Act passes, 2891\\n7 Chinese; Cal. objects, 2913; Chile pro-\\nhibits, 607 1 6083; opposed in Chile, 6083;\\ninEcuador, 6472; board of, est., la., 2692;\\nregulations issued, 357 2 unrestricted,\\nopposed, 3383; Kalian, excessive, 3823;\\nfavored in Cuba, 6333 Chinese excluded,\\nEcu., 6443; checked, Fr., 7671\\nand Contract Labor Bill, passes, 4252.\\nCongress in Ga., 3603; Ala., 3313.\\nLaw, effective, U. S. A., 3812.\\nStone Bill passes, 467 1 469 1\\ntreaty, U. S., China, G252.\\nSuspension Bill, 4213.\\nImmorality of court, France, 705 2\\nImmortals, TJ. S., bill for, 4571\\nImpeachment threatened, Eng., 885*.\\n(See Johnson, Andrew.)\\nImperators rule empire, 769 1 10652.\\nImperial arrives at New Orleans, 2243.\\nImperial Aulic Council, est., 7873.\\nbishopric est., Chile, 6051\\nBrit. E. African Co., est., 9993.\\nConstitution, addition, 8241\\nDecree published, Fr., 7372.\\nDefense Act, Australia, 5003\\nFederation, discussed, 5013.\\nLibrary, China, Soui s gift Yangti s\\ngift, 6122.\\nRussia, founded, 1115 1\\nOrder of Crown of India, est., 9831-\\nof Medjidi, instituted, 11571\\nof Osmanieh, org., 11583.\\nImpetueux burned, 9261\\nImphal taken, 10482.\\nImpolweni mission established, 6003.\\nImport duties, bill for abolition, 9532,\\nImportation Act passed, Eng., 632 en-\\nforced iu Am., 732, 743.\\nImportations, Fr., into Eng., 8752.\\nImports, Eng., from N. Am., 553 Am.\\nfrom Eng., 613, 732 restricted, Eng,,\\n8651 Russian taxed, Ger., 837 f\\nImpostor, at La Salette, 7282 7462 a t\\nLourdes,7382.74i;2; Maluli, Kgy.,G38i+;\\nJohn Cade, 862 1-f; Lambert Simnel\\nWarbeck, SGG1 Holy Maid of Kent exe-\\ncuted at Tyburn, Apr. 21 (1534) Eliz.\\nCroft, 8711; Win. Ilaeket I. 8763 in Lon-\\ndon Greatrixin fre.,8931 Titus Oates,\\n8951 Robert Young, 9003; Old Pre-\\ntender, 9033; Young Pretender, 910 1\\nCock-Lane Ghost, 917 1 Johanna South-\\ncote proclaims her conception of the\\nMessiah, 9363; j hn Thorne, 6491; de-\\nscendant of Peter III., 11191 Alexander\\nII., 11503 Otrefief, Polish monk, 11151.\\nImpregnable wrecked, 9282.\\nImprensa Er angelica published, 5562.\\nImpressment of sailors, 1051 3, 1151 1213.\\nImprisonment for debt abolished, 2723.\\nAbolition Act passes, 9732.\\nImproved Order of Heptasophs fnd., 3011\\nIna, laws of, published, 7703.\\nInachus, king of Argives, 1013 3\\nInarus leads rebels in Egypt, 10183.\\nInauguration Day Resolution intro., 4253.\\npresidential, deferred, 295 2\\nInca imprisoned, 201\\nSayri Capae, reigns, 232 to Lima, 233.\\nTitu Cusi Yupanqul, reigns, 233, 6041\\nTupac Amaru, Indian leader, 5503\\nreigns; beheaded, 252.\\nIncandescent lights, Farmer makes, 2901\\nIncas, rule, 132 harems, 152; wealth, 173.\\nIncendiaries burned, 3683.\\nIncendiary attempt, New York, 4542.\\nIncest in Egypt, 6523.\\nInchbald, Mrs. (Elizabeth Simpson), b.,\\n9123; d. (1821).\\nJohn W., d., 9962.\\nInchiquin, Baron, title created, 8692.\\nIncledon, Charles Benjamin, b. (1763)\\nfirst appearance, 9242 d. (1826).\\nIncome Tax, reduced, 271 2 abolished,\\n279i protest, 4451 ,4613; recommended,\\n448 3 debate, 4632; repeal amendment,\\n4692; appendix; rates, 471 1 retained,\\n4772 test suit, 4792 passes Australia,\\n4991 negatived, Fr.,747i opposed, 7472;\\nBill passed, G. B., 9513 doubled, 9612,\\n9632; extended, 9592; increased, 9633,\\n9651; rate reduced, 9652; amount pro-\\nduced, 9653.\\nIncorporated Law Soc. fnd., Eng., 9431\\nIncumbents Resignation Act passes, 9743.\\nIndemnity for Alabama claims paid, 2832;\\nItalian, announced, 405 2 reduced for\\nChina bv France, 62.33; Fr. to Ger., 7463,\\n7471,3,74X3; J ndemnity and Oblivion Act\\npasses, S891 for Jap. outrages on for-\\neigners, 10923; from Morocco toSp., 10973.\\nIndependence, la., trotting record, 4152.\\nMo., action at, 2042; Quantrell de-\\nfeated, 2051; surrendered, 2103.\\nTex., Baylor Univ. org., 1631\\nIndependence wrecked, 1733.\\nIndependence, U. S., Franklin denies, 73 2\\nwar begins, 801 first at Mecklenberg,\\n81 2 in government; increase of; dis-\\ncussed; asked for, 83 2 committee for\\ndrafted Cong, debates Conn, issues\\ndeclaration, 833; Declaration, 851\\nadopted; colonists jubilant, 852; de-\\nclared at New Orleans, 91 3 becomes gen-\\neral, 952; Den. acknowledges alsoSwe.\\nand Holl., 953, and Sp. and Rus., 971;\\nday;2presidentsdie, 1352; Can. acknowl-\\nedges, 5772. (See Revolutionary War.)\\nof Brazil, 372 attempt for, 5543.\\nof Belgium, 5433.\\nof Chile, 6071.\\nof France proclaimea, 6723,\\nof Germany regained, 5211\\nof So. Am. republics recognized, 1312.\\nprice for Cuban, 6342.\\nIndependencia, in Chilean navy, 6061;\\nwrecked, 6062.\\nIndependent, L\\\\ issued, F., 7231\\nIndependent Order of B nai B rith, 1571\\nof Good Templars org. ,1703; favor\\npolitical action, 2563; at Toronto, 5883.\\nOdd Fellows inst. Am., 127i Sov-\\nereign Grand Lodge meets, 2743 day at\\nWorld s Fair, 4383 statistics, 4463 home\\ndedicated, 4703.\\nof Rechabites org., 1551\\n(Sub-Treasury) Bill, 1492, 1512,3, 1532.\\nParty formed, U. S. A., 3623.\\nPolish Cath. Church Conven., 468L\\ntreasury system est., 1612.\\nIndependents, rise of, Fr., 7233.\\nChurch, appears, Eng., 8843, 8863; con-\\ncessions to, S8G3 epitome of faith, 8883.\\nIndex Society, London, fnd., 9821\\nIndia (see text, pp. 1042-1049), Tamerlane s\\nexpedition to, 41 trade monopolized,\\n6553 invaded by Baber, 41 Ind. Trade\\nAct passes, 9373; peace with. Eng., 93S1\\nsuttee abolished, J4 2; slavery abolished,\\n9492 Muerta, defeat at, 4901 wa r with\\nPersia, 1108 1 relief fund, Eng., 961 1;\\nInd. Govt. Act., 9632; Ind. licensing sys-\\ntem, 9633 famine fund, 965 1 Meth. Ep is.\\nConf. fmd., 2903 Kuram annexed, 53\\nPitt s Ind. Bill in Pari., 9233 missions\\nreports, 10491; mint; closure opposed,\\n10112.\\nrubber, vulcanized, patented, 150 1.\\nIndian wrecked, 9633.\\nIndian Appropriat. Bill, 3371 3613, 379 1 2,\\n4031 4051 4252, 4633, 4663.\\nCommission, app. refused, 4632.\\nDepredation Y passes, 3732.\\nFamine Relief Fund, Eng., 9831\\nIndian Female and N. I. Society org., 9583.\\nInstitute, Oxford, fnd., 9842.\\nLand Commission, sale, 3632.\\nlands bought, Am., 117 2 controversy\\nin Ga., 1333 cede Seminole land, 1453.\\nmassacre, Ore., 2801\\nmissions transferred, 1303.\\nR. Cath. Bureau est., 2862.\\nUniversity est., 3043.\\nWar Pension Bill, passes H., 4071\\nIndiana, Bapt. church in, 1083 Win. H.\\nHarrison, gov., llli territory fmd. ,1172;\\nThomas Posey, gov., 1213; Harmonists\\nfnd. New Harmony, 1243, 1331 Abra-\\nham Lincoln moves to, 125 1 admitted\\nJonathan Jennings, gov., 1252; William\\nHendricks, gov., 1272, 1312; Indianapo-\\nlis settled, 1273 James P. Ray, gov.,\\n1333; Ind. Univ.org., 1363; Noah Noble,\\ngov., 1392 Meth. Kpis. Conf. org., 1402;\\nRom. Cath. diocese of Vineeniies est.,\\n1442; David Wallace, gov., 1492; Sam.\\nBigger, gov., 1531 Presb. O. S. Synod of\\nNorthern Ind. org., 1542; O. S. Presb.\\nSynod of N. Ind. org., 1502 North Ind.\\nMeth. Epis. Conf. org., 1563 James\\nWhiteomb, gov., 1572; Eldership Church\\nof God org., 1G0 3 Univ. State Conven.\\norg., 1642; Paj-is C. Dunning, gov., 1652;\\ncanal between Luke Mich, and 1 11. River,\\n1653 Jos. A. Wright, gov., 1671 South\\nEastern Ind. Meth. Epis. Conf. org.;\\nNorthwest Ind. Meth. Epis. Conf. org.,\\n1702; Dem. support Kansas-Nebraska\\nBill, 1751 Univ. building burned, 1753\\nNorthern Ind. Gen, Svnod Evan. Luth.\\norg., 1782 South Ind. Eldership Ch. of\\nGod org., 1821 ,2; Ashbel P. Willard, gov.,\\n1832; Ind. Cong. Gen. Conf., org.; Cong.\\nGen. Asso. org., 1842; 1st regiment for\\nwar, 1941 Oliver I*. Morton, gov., 2032\\ndisloyal Senator Bright expelled, 2033\\nConfeds. enter, 2 JL 3; rati ties 13th Amend-\\nment, 2432; Normal Sch. at Indianapolis\\nopd.,2543; ratifies 14thAmendment, 2572,\\n3; Conrad Baker, gov., 2593 ratifies 15th\\nAmendment, 2672; proclamation against\\nlynching, 2752 Evang. Luth. Synod\\nfmd., 2762 block coal dis., 2781 Thos.\\nA. Hendricks, gov., 285 1 meteor seen,\\n2941; James D. Williams, gov., 2973;\\nAlbert G. Porter, gov., 3093 Apaches\\npursued, 3221 tornadoes, 3222; Isaac P.\\nGray.gov., 3233; Normal Coll. at Coving-\\nton opd.; Free Meth. North Ind. Conf.\\norg., 3242; earthquake, 2521 ,3321 Insane\\nAsylum opens, 3332 lieut. excluded\\nfrom senate, 3333; bill to punish bribers,\\n3362; legislature vs. court, 3372; subter-\\nranean water-course, 3382 Australian\\nvoting system adopted, 339 1 liquor\\ntraffic decision, 3411 gold dis., 3441 Al-\\nvin P. Hovey, gov., 3492 White Caps,\\n3503, 3762, 3871 31^2 cigarette license\\nwife beaters lushed, 27\u00c2\u00bb! 2 against trusts,\\n3772; liners strike. 3823 ,397 1 4401 Audi-\\ntor Cavelle, defaulter, 3932 Lieut. Gov.\\nChase elected gov., 3952 woman wins\\nprize-fight, 397 1 opposes Sunday closing\\nWorld s Fair, 4042; floods, 4081; Regis-\\ntration Law unconstitutional, 4152; Ap-\\nportionment Act unconstitutional, 4192;\\nsilver and zinc dis., 4241 gas companies\\nconsolidate, 4293; accident, Fort Wayne\\nR.R., 4413; hunt for burglars, 4442; tor-\\nnado, 4561 U. S. troops ordered, 4603\\nClaud Matthews, gov., 4471\\nIndiana launched, 424 1 armor-plate shat-\\ntered, 4561.\\nrelief steamer to Russia, 11223.\\nIndiana University (non-sect.) est., Bloom-\\nington (1820).\\nIndianapolis, Ind., settled, 1273 char-\\ntered 1633 Crown Hill Cemetery est.,\\n2293 street cars intro., 2413 Lincoln\\nobsequies, 2472 1st Nat. encampment,\\nG. A. R., 2523,2551; Normal School opd.,\\n2543; encampment, G. A. R. meets, 255 1\\ncolored people meet, 2552 Simpson Coll.\\nfnd., 2583 News issued, 2662 Conf. of\\nUnit, and Indep. Religious Soc. meets,\\n2983; Ind. Puolic Lib. inaug., 2782; Agri-\\nculture Cong., 2831 Reform School for\\ngirls Women s prison opd., 2831 Green-\\nback Nat. Conven., 2931 Charity Organ-\\nization Soc. org., 3031 Nat. Conven. W.\\nC. T. U., 3032 corner-stone of State\\nhouse,3053; G. A. R. meets, 3332 earth-\\nquake, 3521 Soldiers and Sailors mon-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1299.jp2"}, "1300": {"fulltext": "1288\\nText Figures denote Page. UNlJilX.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nIndi-Inge.\\nuinent, 3441 fire, 35T 3, 4013, 4753 Hen-\\ndricks monument, 362 1 Ger. in schools,\\n365 1 trunk robberies systematized, 3723;\\nstrike, 399 1 4022; Iron Hall reorganiza-\\ntion, 4143; Liberty Bell in, 4283; Capital\\nNat. Bank suspends, 4293; Y. M. C. A.\\nconven.,4301 Pres. Haughey embezzles,\\n4362 G. A. R. encampment, 4363 de-\\nmand for labor, 4503 \\\\Y. H. Bruning\\nshot, 4563 train robbers kidnappers\\nconfess, 4622 pay-roll reduced, 4653\\nPopulist leaders arrested, 4683.\\nIndianola, la., Simpson Coll. fnd., 2583.\\nTex., storm injures, 2881\\nIndianola runs blockade, 2183.\\nIndian ring discovered, 2891\\nIndians, Am., cast on coast Ger., 123;\\nbaptized, 14*, 16* differ, 15 1 cruelty\\nto family, 152; sent to Sp., 152\u00c2\u00b1, 171\\nChristianized, 153; fight Ponce de Leon,\\n181,193; massacred, 20i tight de Soto,\\n20 2 enslaving forbidden, 203 battle\\nwith; persecute Spaniards, 211 guide\\nburned; subdued, 212; new laws for,\\n231 mission at St. Augustine, 242 ter-\\nritory of various tribes Algonkian,\\nAthapascan, California, Catawba, Cher-\\nokee, Comanche, Dakota, Huron, Iro-\\nquois, Klamath, Mobilian, Tuscarora,\\nSeininoles, 262, 271 govts., 271 attack\\nsettlers; attacked, 301 warning of, 302;\\npestilence decimates defrauded, 303\\ntreaty of peace, 321 alliance with, 322\\npurchase ratified, 331; at Saybrooke,\\n341 massacre at Wethersfield plunder\\ntrading-vessel, 341; war, New Neth.\\nsubdued in New Eng. colonies war-\\nfare truce on L. I. troubles in Va.,\\n361; converted; welcome Jesuits, 362;\\non Staten Island liquor prohibited\\nkidnapping massacred at Pavonia,37i\\npeace signed, 373 massacre in Can.\\ncolonists against, 38 1 Christianized\\nChristian Indians, 383; school opd.,39i\\nrebel in N. Y.,40i; reject Christianity,\\n402 liquor prohibited, 403, 411 in Costa\\nRica, 41 2; truce with; expedition against;\\nmassacres in N. Y. ravage Mass., 421\\nSusquehannocks annihilated routed\\nwar with Mohegan at Medfield, Mass.;\\nplot revealed, 441 praying-towns; first\\nchurch, 442; at Deerfield, 461 treaty\\nat Albany, 453; aid allies treaty, Mass.;\\noutrages, R. I.; chiefs killed hostilities\\nin Va., 461 massacres subdued, 462\\nabused; war impending, 463; oppression\\nof, 471 peace with, 473 chiefs k. in\\nVa., 483 Penn s treaty, 492 depreda-\\ntions, N. H. terrorize Can. allies of\\nFr M 501; attack N. H. villages; Mo-\\nhawks attacked depredations, Me.\\npeace, Me., 521; war with, Mass., 541\\ntreaties with; 55i 2; bounty for scalps\\nin Mass., 56i war in N. C, 562 Catho-\\nlics, Fla., 563; Sixth Nation find. mas-\\nsacred in N. C. expelled from S. C,\\n581; peaceable, 583; Natchez; depreda-\\ntions, Me.; sign peace, 60i worship sun,\\n602 traitors war against; reward for\\nscalps, 611; Eng. protection migrate to\\nO., 612, 3; treaty with, Me. cede terri-\\ntory meetiug-honse, 623, \u00c2\u00a343 in Hous-\\natonic school, 63 1 education of girls re-\\nvival among, 651 at Marlborough, 661\\nin schools, 07i treaty with, 672 in O.,\\n673; schools at Stoekbridge, 083 war-\\nfare, Va., 701 attack Fort Ninety-Six,\\n721 j capture Eng. forts Paxton Boys\\nmassacre, 722; Christians persecuted;\\ncollection for, 723 civilized, 77i war,\\n781,841; aid sought for, S2i formilitary\\nservice, 822; Wyoming massacre, 883\\nCherry Valley massacre, 90 expedition\\nagainst, N. Y.-Pa., 903 attack, N. Y.,\\n923; surrender lands, 972; treaty at Mc-\\nintosh, 973; treaties with, 99i Creeks\\ndefeated; Onondagas treaty; Cayugas\\nsell lands, 1011; Kickapoos surprised;\\nNorthwestern wars; Miamis war, 1021;\\nCreeks treaty, 1031 Friends work, 1062;\\nShawnese uprise, 116 massacre at Ft.\\nDearborne, list defeated at Talladega\\ndefeated at Autosse, 1203; Creek mas-\\nsacre, 1212; defeated at Emucdau de-\\nfeated at Horse Shoe, 1221; Seminole\\nwar, 1241 Cherokees mission, 1243\\nCreek war in Fla.; Seminole warinAla.,\\n1261 treaty with, 1252, 1332 mission-\\naries to, 1263; Cherokees expelled, 1271\\nChoctaw mission, 1283 miss, to Wyan-\\ndots; miss, to Oneidas, 1282; Ottawas\\nmission Cherokee mission, 1303; Mack-\\ninaw mission, 1311 Onondagas mission,\\n1303; Creeks mission, 1431 Meth. Epis.\\nmissions, 1322, 1363, 1383, 1422, 1631\\nBaptist mission, 1323, 1343, 1351, 1402,\\n1423,1542,1722, 1843; treaty in Ga.-Ala.;\\nCherokee alphabet inv., 1331,2; land\\ncontroversy, 1333 Franciscan mission\\nmissions trans, to Am. Board, 1343\\nChoc taws and Chickasaw missions, 1351;\\nStoekbridge mission; Ojibwas mission,\\n1363; suits with, 1371 Black Hawk war,\\n1381; missions in Ga., 1382 miss, per-\\nsecuted, 1383 Cherokees read, 139 1\\nwars, Wis., 1401 Ojibwas mission\\nCreeks mission, 1402 Presb. missions,\\nChippewas, 1423, 1462, 1483, 1542, 180 1,\\n2722, 3U62; Ind. Ter. set apart for, 1433;\\nSeminole hostilities Fla. war, 144i Da-\\nkotas and Pawnees mission, 1442 sale\\nof liquor, 1451; Seminoles cede lands,\\n145 3 Creek, Cherokee, Aroostook wars\\noutbreak of Seminoles, 1461 Kef. Dutch\\nChurch missions, 1462, 1631; settlers\\nabandonAla.,Ga.,147i Roanoke burned,\\n1473 Jessup captures Cherokees re-\\nmoval, 1481 1491 2 k. Cath. missions,\\nNez Perce, 1483 reward for capture,\\n1501 1511 Seminoles treaty, 1501 Sioux\\nmassacre Chippewas, 1511; Presb. miss,\\nto Creeks, 1542; Nez Perce conversions,\\n1543 massacre miss, at Walla Walla,\\n1623 Dalles mission trans, to Ref. Ch.,\\n1631; Father John Bapst, miss., 1642;\\nApache, Navajo, and Utah war, 166 1;\\ndis. gold in Ore., 1713 mission among\\nPueblos, Navajos, 1722 Kearny defeats\\nSioux, 1761 Sioux tight Chippewas, 1763;\\nSeminole war, 180 1, 1841; massacre at\\nMountain Meadow, 1823; mission among\\nSioux, 1903 Cherokees Christianized,\\nAm. Board withdraws, 1903; LittleCrow\\nBand massacre, 2111 attack New Ulm,\\n2121; Sioux assault Ft. Abercrombie\\ntroubles in Minn,, 2141 3s hanged, 2152;\\nprohibition enacted, 2172; battle in\\nDak., 2261; attack Julesburg, 2403 at-\\ntack Platte s Bridge, 248 massacre at\\nFt. Philip Kearny, 2541 Gens. Hancock\\nand Custer against, 256 removal treaty,\\n2571; wreck train, 25S1 defeated m\\nMont., 2601; raid in Kan., 2621, 2661;\\ndefeated uster defeats, 2641 war ends,\\n2681; removal of Osage, 2712; Act for\\nremoval, 2783 decision against, 2812\\nwar ends, 286 1 massacres in northwest,\\n2871; subdued, 2881; wa r with Sioux,\\n2901+ Home missions planted, 2903\\nCuster attacks, 292 1 Philip Mackay.\\nmission, 2922 surrender S. Dak. land,\\n2953 Nez Perces victorious, 2961 Gen.\\nHoward against, 2962; ordered from Ok-\\nlahoma, 3013; Sitting Bull s people re-\\nturn Apache driven into Mex., 3041\\nUniv. fnd., 3043; Chilcats school; Pue-\\nblos school, 3062 in Mex., 3121 adopt\\nnegroes, 3171 Apache trouble, 3201 re-\\nsponsiblefor all crimes, 3231 surrender\\nat Skeleton Canon removed to Fla.,\\n3241; Rom. Cath. Miss. Bureau incor.,\\n3263,3882; effect of alcohol taught, 3263;\\nskirmishatMilk Creek, 3321 intrenched,\\n3381 Chippewa outbreak, 346 1 contract\\nschools general govt, supports schools,\\n3423; Apaches ambush, 3461 Chippewas\\nsell reservation, 3472 Choctaws pass\\nlottery law, 3543; Cheyenne on warpath,\\n3561 chiefs meet, Mont. mutinous in\\nWis., 3603; ra id in Wyo., 3611; troops\\nfor defense against, 3621 tribe of dis.,\\nColo., 3662 pursued, 368 1 Sioux out-\\nbreak feared Sioux at Pine Ridge,\\n3701 Conf. opd. at Lake Mohonk, 3702,\\n3931, 4723 Chippewas welcome Sioux,\\n3703 troops tight Chief Red Cloud,\\n3721; ranchmen lighting Sitting Bull s\\nband and Big Foot s join armed, at\\nPine Ridge, 3721 ghost dances ambush,\\n3721,2; killed, 3723; arms against, 3731\\nrise at Clay Creek trouble in Ida. at\\nPine Ridge; surrender; battle at\\nWounded Knee Creek enlist as soldiers,\\n3741 Chinaman outrage, 3852 reserva-\\ntion settlement, N. Dak., 385 3 over-\\nawed, 3861; contracts with Catholic Ind.\\nschools, 3882 Page s daughters, 3891;\\nreservation to Fed. Govt., 3933 sen-\\ntenced, 3951 messiali dance, 3991 4142;\\nwars with Winnebagos, 401 1 Cheyenne\\nreservation open, 405 1 Wash, reserva-\\ntion open, 407 1 Cong, in S. Dak., 4101;\\non war-path, 41S1 police for S. Dak.,\\n4223 disagreement about land, 4252\\nreservation ceded, 431 1 reservation\\nwithheld,435i disturbance, 4543; against\\ncowboys; 4562; Creeks reject plan, 4572;\\nCree sun-dance, 4623 S un dance for-\\nbidden, 4622; urge original faith, 4681\\non war-path, I. T.,4753; Utes against\\nsettlers Indians torture, 4762 tribal\\ngovt, abolition, 4771 (See Woman s In-\\ndian Association.)\\nIndians,Canadian, toPort.,5701 ;massacre\\nat Montreal; alliance attempted; war\\nin Can.; expedition against, 5721 tor-\\nture miss., 5723; hospital for, 5722 al-\\nliance of, 5733 treaty of peace at\\nHaverhill, N. H. expedition against,\\n5741 Fr. and Indian war closes, 5753\\nIroquois treaty, 5752; conf. at Montreal,\\n5772; at Saskatchewan at Battleford,\\n5841; murderers, 5851; depredations;\\nIndustrial School, Church of Eng., 5902;\\nmortality. 591 3; attacked by wolves, 5953;\\nsuffering, 5963. (S ee names of tribes.)\\nRights Association organized, 3131\\nIndian Territory, De Soto m, 223; erected,\\n1093; John Gibson, gov., 1192 setapart,\\n1433 Eldership of the Ch. of God org.,\\n1822 j Gen. Blunt in, 2101 secession re-\\npealed, 2193 Bp. Pierce cons., 2683\\npower unrecognized, 2812; K, Cath. Pre-\\nfecture Apostolic erected, 2942; I, Univ.\\nfnd., 3043; Cherokee Strip cleared,372i\\nboomers driven out, 306 1 Bapt. Manual\\nLabor School fnd., 30*2; cyclone, 3101\\ngold dis., 3361, 3461, 3701 rush of\\nboomers, 3363 Indian Seminary ded.,\\n3423; elections, 3451 Lottery Law, 3543;\\nsilver dis., 3461 Gov. Byrd reelected,\\n3671; Allen Lee captured, 3703; silver\\nmining in, 3913 land petition, 3952\\nreservations opd., 4U53 train robbery,\\n4103,4502,4742 ,4762 political strife,4143;\\nDept. -Marshal V* hitman k., 4343; Osages\\nrefuse to cede, 435 1 Treas.McCurtin dis-\\nappears, 4402; outlaws shot, 4683 Cook\\ngang ravages, 4742 troops for, 4752\\nhotopa Protective Asso. formed, 4751\\nIndigo, cultivation in America, 651\\ndyeing, known, 6461\\nJndo-Sevthis, empire founded, 10432.\\nIndulf killed, 8461\\nIndulgences, pope promises, 5063 Clem-\\nent III. sells, 10751 traffic in, 7882.\\nIndustrial Army leaves Chtl., 4553; troubles,\\n4563. (See Coxey.)\\nChristian Alliance formed, 3861\\nCongress, first in United States, 1591\\nExhibition, at Boston, 1813 at Ot-\\ntawa, 5853; ,t Toronto, 5872 at Berlin,\\n8183 at Edinburgh, 10033.\\nExposition, Cincinnati, O., 2713.\\nImprovement Societies formed, 961\\nInstitute and College opened, 3203.\\nSenate, formed, 3551\\nIne, king, goes to Rome Saxon laws\\npublished, 843 1 d. (729).\\nInebriates, asylum for, 1763 Am. Asso.,\\ncure of, 2731\\nInfallibility, concordat on, 5282; revolt in\\nFr.,7383 decreed against Ger., 8262.\\nInfante, Jose Miguel, b., 6051 d., 6063.\\nInfidels multiply, Fr., 7032.\\nInflexible launched, 9741\\nIntiuenza, 3501 ,5322, 5473, 8353, 8361 8373,\\n10033, H213. (See Grippe.)\\nInformers, law against, 10633.\\nIngalls, John J., pres. Senate, 3252, 3292,\\n3372, 3483 resigns office, 3791 on pu-\\nrity in politics, 3983.\\nRufus, b. (1820) d., 4221\\nInge II. reigns, Nor., 1105\\nIngebord divorced, 6353.\\nIngeburgn, weds Philip II., 6712; divorced,\\n6713 d. (1236).\\nIngelow, Jean, b.,9442 works, 9683, 981\\ningemann, BernhardSeverin, b., 6382 d.,\\n6403 works 639 2.\\nIngermanland, Rus., ceded to Gustavus\\nAdolphus, 11153 ceded to Rus. ceded\\nto Sweden, 11353.\\nIngersoll, Chas. Jared, b., 951 d., 2072.\\nRoberts, b. 1S21) gov. Ct.,2851.\\nJared, b., 662; vote for vice-pres.,\\n1212 d., 1302.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1300.jp2"}, "1301": {"fulltext": "Inge-Iowa.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1289\\nIngersoll, Ralph Isaac, b. (1783) d., 2781\\nRobert Green, b., 142*\\nIngham, Chas. Cromwell, b., 106 1 d., 229*\\nErnest G., cons. bp. T 9862.\\nSir James T., d., 10021\\nSamuel Deluceima, b. (1779) sec.\\ntreas., 1372 d. (I860).\\nInghiranii, Francesco, b. 10842 d., 10863.\\nTommaso, b., 10783 d., 10802.\\nIngle, Capt. Richard, rebel, 36 1\\nIngleiield, Sir Edward A., d., 10121\\nInglis, Chas. b. (1734) bp., 5861 d. (1816).\\nHenry David, b., 9263 d., 9462.\\nLord John, d., 10061\\nSir Eardley Wilmot,b.,9363 d.,\\n9662.\\nSamuel, moderator, 1232.\\nIrtgo I., reigns in Swe., 11333 d. (1112).\\nII., reigns in Swe., 11333 d. (1130).\\nIngoldsby, Richard, gov., 532, 573.\\nIngolf, in Iceland, 10412.\\nIngolstadt, Bav., Univ. est., 787 1 3 moved\\ntoLandshut, 807 2.\\nIngor, in Black Sea, 10321.\\nIngraham, Benjamin, bp., b., 562.\\nDuncan Nathaniel, Capt., b. (1802)\\nrescues .Martin Ivoszta, 1721 d.,3922.\\nJoseph Holt, b., 1161 d., 2542.\\nIngres, Jean Auguste Dominique, b., 7051\\nworks, 7241, 726 1 728 1, 7301, 7321; d.,\\n7362.\\nIngulphus, Abbot of Croyland, b.-d., 8462.\\nInliambane, mission, 11113.\\nInkanyana, Zulus repulsed, 600 2\\nInkerman, Crimea, battle, 9581\\nInman, George, d., 9922.\\nHenry, b., HO 1 Fitz-G-reene Halleck,\\n1361.\\nWilliam, b. (1797) d., 2861\\nLine of steamers est., 1813.\\nInnes, Thomas, b., 8902 d., 9103.\\nInness, Capt., in India, 1048 2\\nGeorge, b., 1322 in Academy of De-\\nsign, 2641 works, 2601 2721 2861 3001\\n3061,3101, 3221.\\nJr., b. (1854) works, 3021 ,3121\\n3161.\\nInnocent I., St., pope, 10702.\\nII., pope, b.-d., 10742,3.\\nIII., pope, b.-d., 10742; excommuni-\\ncates emperor ordains marriages in\\nchurches grants dispensations de-\\nclares King John usurper corresponds\\nwith John Lomaterus, 10322.\\nIV., pope, 10751 abandons It., 7802; re-\\nsists emp., 10763; Univ. of Bologna, 10772.\\nV., pope, 10763.\\nVI., pope, 10771.\\nVII., pope, 10771.\\nVIII., pope against witchcraft.10791\\nIS., pope, 10812.\\nX.,pope, los:;2; against idolatry, 6143.\\nXL, Benedetto Odescalehi, pope, b.,\\n10323 pope, 10832 d., 10831\\nXII., pope; condemns Quietism, 10832.\\nXIII., pope d., 10832.\\nInnsbruck, Aust., Univ. fnd., 5131 privi-\\nleges restored, 5172 library gift status\\nreduced, 5171; Austrians cross, 51S2\\nHofer statue, 5202, 5361 Ferdinand flees\\nto, 5223 King of Saxony k. at, 8203.\\nInnviertel, Aust., ceded, 519 3\\nIno t asteroid, discovered, 7481\\nInoculation made known, 9061 preached\\nagainst, Eng., 9142 prohibited, 5343.\\nInquirer, issued, 950 3\\nInquisition, est. in Peru, Mex., 242; intro.\\nBelgium, 5401 6703 condemns many,\\n5411; tribunal, est.Eng. ,8683; in Fr.,6703;\\nabol., Fr., 7171 est. in It., 10751 H093\\nrevived, 10791; abol. in Tuscany and\\nLombardy, 10851 in Neth., 10983 pro-\\ntested, 10993; in Port., 11093; re-est. Sp.,\\n11263 in Andalusia, 11272 suppressed,\\n11303; last victim of, Sp., 11303.\\nInsane, Bill to relieve, vetoed, 175 1 supts.\\nof asylums meet, 3611; exhibition of,\\nstopped, 9192 poorhouse system abol-\\nished, 3323 treatment, Engl, 9271. (See\\nnames of States, U. S. A.)\\nInsects, exhibition of, 7481\\nInspectors of Elections, power, 3531.\\nof Public Buildings, coiiven., 3663.\\nInstitute of Actuaries fmd., 9541\\nof Bankers organized. Eng. (1879).\\nof Brazil founded, 5542.\\nof Chemistry of G. B. org. (1876).\\nof Civil Engineers org., 9381\\nof Ele* ?ai Engineers, org. (1871).\\nInstitute of Homeopathy meets, Wash.,\\n4081.\\nof Mechanical Engineers fmd., 9541\\nof Mining Engineers, Eng., fnd., 9561\\nof Naval Architects fnd., 9641.\\nof Sculptors, Eng., est., 9642.\\nInstitutio issued, 11101\\nInstruction of Am en em- hat, copies, 6483.\\nInstruction, Am. Inst, meets, 4101 464 2\\nInsubres, It., subdued, 10543.\\nInsurance Co. of N. Am. incorp., 105 3\\nCo. of Pa. incorp., 1053.\\nDuty, Eng., 9232; law, first Eng., 8773.\\nInsurrection, San Francisco, 1803; in York-\\nshire, 8652.\\nin tell itjence issued, Can., 5791\\nIntelligenza appears, It., 10771.\\nIntemperance in Va.,283 appeal against,\\nMass.; prohibited, Mass.. 323; fined,\\nMd., 371 fined, Conn.; fined, Mass.,\\nfined, R. L, 391 fined, Conn. punished,\\nMd., 411; fined in N. J., 423; names\\nposted, 443 Friends against, 483 in N.\\nH., 551 names posted, N. H..51H fined,\\nVt.,912 reported, Me., 129 1 intoxication\\na misdemeanor, S. C, 4762 in Cong.,\\n4131; pegs in cups,Eng., 8451 fined,Eng.,\\n8791; committee of inquiry, Eng. cure\\nfor, 9811; consumption of liquor, Eng.,\\n9972; death penalty for, 10171; beer-\\ndrinkers boycott breweries, 3603. (See\\nDrinking, Prohibition, Temperance.)\\nIntercollegiate Association, Mass., 3582.\\nProhibition Association meets, 4631\\nIntercolonial Conference, Ottawa, 5962.\\nInter-Commerce Bill passes, 3193.\\nInterior Department created, 1652.\\nInterdict, papal, Eng., $502, 3531\\nFr., under papal, 6762.\\nInterdicted, Fr. kingdom, 6693.\\nInterim of Augsburg, 7911\\nLaw, published, 7913.\\nInterior dept., created, U S., 1652.\\nInternal improvements, an issue, 1292\\nobjections, 1312, 1332 favored, 1652.\\nrevenue abolished, U. S., 1112.\\nRevenue law, U.S. bureau; everything\\ntaxed, 2112 bill for reduction, 2532 on\\ntobacco abolished, 3692 Bill reported,\\n4493; amendment to tariff, 4511\\nU. S., 105i (See following years\\nin December.)\\nlaw passed, 2353.\\nInternational African Asso., report, 10932.\\nAgri. Exhibition at Bremen, Ger. ,8293.\\nAmerican Bank, plan submitted, 3593;\\nbill for charter, 363L\\nAsso. (Socialists), at Geneva, 11383.\\nBible conference opens, 3661\\nBimetallic Cong, opens, Paris, 7592.\\nCatholic Cong., arrangements, 8342.\\nConf., Workingrnen, Paris, 7543.\\nCongress on crime, 9771\\nCong. Weights and Measures, 7503.\\nHygiene and Demography, 10061\\nConven. of Deaf Mutes, N. Y., 3663.\\nCopyright Act, 9942; Bill passed, 3302,\\n3532, 3591 3792,3 proclamation, 3872.\\nEducation Soc, Coll. fnd., 9702.\\nElectrical Cong., Paris, 7523; Emigra-\\ntion Cong., Paris, 7642; Exhibition opnd.,\\nChile, 6073 Exhibition, Munich, Bav.,\\n8261 S313 Exhibition, in Port., 11113\\nExhibition of Arts opnd., G. B., 9741;\\nFr. Cong., at Mont., 5953.\\nGeological Cong, meets, Wash., D.C.,\\n3901.\\nHomeopathists Congress, 3863.\\nHygienic Cong., Budapest, 538 3\\nExhibition, Berlin, 8313.\\nIndustrial Exhib. in Edinburgh, 9973.\\nLabor Conf., 8343. (See under Labor.)\\nLiterary Asso., 11x42, 11102, 11223.\\nLoan Exhib., South Kensington, 9S01\\nMagazine appears, 1683.\\nMarine Conf. adjourns, 3492.\\nMaritime Exhibition, Paris, 7493.\\nMedical Cong., Wash., 326 1 Staten\\nIsland, 3882; in Copenhagen, 6421; in\\nBerlin, 8341.\\nMedical Missionary Society, est., 3063.\\nMedico-legal cong opens, 3401.\\nMigration Society, 4743.\\nMiners Cong, at Brussels, 548 2\\nMiss. Union, meets at Niagara, 3182,\\n3501 4621 at Binghampton, 3501\\nMonetary Conf., meets, 375 2 post-\\nponed, 4292 in Brussels, 4172, 5491 cor-\\nrespondence, 4053 in Paris, 7373, 7512\\nrejects English plan, 10093.\\nInternational Postal Cong, in Paris, 7503\\n7532.\\nlaws operative regulations, 8293.\\nUnion, colonies join, 5012,\\nPotato Exhibition, London, 9853.\\nReview est., 2863.\\nrifle match, 2923, 5451\\nSalvation Army Cong., London, 9942.\\nSanitary Congress, 3071 9873.\\nSilver Cong., resolution, 3992 j Silver\\nConference, 401 1 8371\\nSoc, Colonization Jews, incor., 376 2\\nSocial Workmen s Cong., Berlin, 835 1\\nStatistical Congress, 5441\\nSubmarine Conf., Paris, 7523.\\nTelegraph Conf., Paris, 7603.\\nTemperance Conf., London, 9903.\\nTrades-Union Cong., 7553, 9991\\nTypographical Union meets, 4082.\\nWoolen Exhibition, London, 9873.\\nWorking Men s Asso. org., 9672 op-\\nposed, 9771.\\nWorkmen s Exhibition opnd., 9741\\nY. M. C. A. conv., 383i\\nInterstate Commerce Act, 321 1, 3371,2,\\n4652.\\nIntervention, for peace, Fr., 7411 in East,\\n6272; in Italy, Fr., 7373; for armistice,\\n7432.\\nIntestacy Bill rejected, 1011 1\\nIntolerance, S. C, repealed, 563 against\\nwomen, Mass., 423 religious, Mass.,\\n342,3,371,383,542 opposed, Conn., 343\\nin Va., 362,3 i n N. Eng., 363 opposed\\nin R. L, opposed in Md., 382 in Md.,\\n383,542,562; Jews favored, K.Y., 401; in\\nN.Y., 401 ,2, 443, 522, 563 against Qua-\\nkers, Va., 403 in Va., 403, 402 in Me.\\n482 i n s. C, 542 in N. C, 562.\\nIntoxicating Liquors Bill rejected, 10072.\\nIntra-Mercurial planets dis., 3001\\nIntransigentists, uprising, 11321.\\nIntrepid, in navy, Chile, 606 1\\nCapt. Parker Snow commands, 9641\\nInundations, 7281, 7321, 7351, 8181, \u00c2\u00a7962.\\n(See Flood.)\\nInvalid Pension Appropriation Bill, 4251\\nIn rali fie Ihisse issued, 11171.\\nInventions, Eng. devised, 8901\\nInverary, Scot., earthquake, 9861.\\nInverlochy, Scot., action, 8842.\\nInverness, Can., fire, 5912.\\nScot., taken, 8561\\nInverness burned, 821\\nInvestigator sails, 9542.\\nInvestitures, lay, Rome, condemned, 7743\\nrights usurped, 10723 Ger., War of the,\\n7762 Eng., prohibited, 8582.\\nInvincible in collision, 10001.\\nlost, 9301.\\nArmada, fmd.; inEng. Channel, 8761\\nstruggle, 241 destroyed, 11281\\nInwoud.j William, b. (1771); St. Pancras\\nChurch, 9382 d. (1843).\\n.A asteroid, discovered, 2481.\\nIodine discovered, 7191\\nlodocas condemned, 7682.\\nIona, Scot., founded, 8403.\\nlone City, Cal., Preston School fnd., 3503.\\nlones settle Ephesus, 10152.\\nIonia, colonized, 1143 2 conquered, 11461\\nsubject to Persia, 11473 j annexed to\\nRome, 11493.\\nIonian Greeks, revolt, 10161, 10173.\\nIslands, Fr. retains, 5192; ceded, 5193;\\ntaken, Fr., 7122 ceded to Eng., 9673\\nceded to Fr., 10353.\\nIonic Architecture invented, 10131\\nIowa, territory org., 1492 Robert Lucas,\\ngov., 1512; Gen. Congre. Asso. org., 1523\\nJohn Chambers, gov., 155 2 Mcth. Epis.\\nConf. fmd., 1563 I. Wesleyan Univ. est.,\\n1571 admitted Ansel Briggs, gov.\\nJames Clark, gov., 1613; State Univ. org.,\\n1631; eldership Church uf God org., 1642;\\nStephen Hempstead, gov., 1691; O. S.\\nPresb. synod org., 1702; p. e. diocese\\norg., 1723, 1741 N. S. Presb. synod org.,\\n174i Ger. synod Evan. Luth. org., 1762\\nJames W. Grimes, gov., 1771 Gen. Synod\\nEvan. Luth. org. Upper la. M. E. conf.\\norg., 17S2 Ralph P.Lowe, gov,. 1852;\\nTornado, I860, 186 1 Sam. J. /jTirki^ood,\\ngov., 1903; Wm. M. Stone, go* 2413;\\nDes Moines Coll. org., 2502 ratifies 13th\\nAmendment, 2512 Tabor Co 1 org., 2543;\\nratines 14th amendment, 2613 constitu-\\ntion changed; negroes to vote, 2651 Sam.\\nMerrill, gov., 2652; Agricultural Coll.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1301.jp2"}, "1302": {"fulltext": "1290\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nIowa-Iron,\\nopnd., 2662 board of immigration, est.,\\n2692; ratifies 15th Amend., 2693 j relics\\ndis., 2701 n. W. la. Meth. Epis. Conf.\\nfmd., 2763; North Free Meth. Conf. fmd.,\\n276 2 Liquor Law changed death pen-\\nalty abolished, 2803 Cyrus 0. Carpenter,\\ngov., 2311 Free Meth. Conf. org., 2822\\nSam, J. Kirkwood, gov., 205 1 death pen-\\nalty enforced, 301 1 John H. Gear, gov.,\\n3012; Buren R. Sherman, gov., 3052;\\nBoard of Health fnd., 3071 prohibitory\\nAmend, ratified, 313 1 Proh. Liquor Law,\\n3172, 3231 w. la. Free Meth. Conf. org.,\\n3182 Wm.Larabee, gov., 3252 Coll. ob-\\nservatory erected, 328 1 Law and Order\\nLeague est., 3331; s. B. Downing, H.\\nBoies, nom. for gov.; Jos. G. Hutchinson\\nnom. for gov., 3-151 j Horn. Cath. Dio. est.,\\n3501 Non-partisan prayers ordered, 3521\\nlegislative deadlock broken, 3532; lead-\\nmine dis., 3541 high license in, 3551 ,2\\nhigh license defeated, 3562, 3,771 j seizure\\nof beer, 3563 pharmacists no liquor tax,\\n3571 liquor-selling increasing, 3583\\nState Congre.Asso., right tor pub. schools,\\n3602 incendiaries in Oxford, 3683 ori-\\nginal packages of liquor, prohibited,\\n3711,2, 3763; Horace Boies, gov., 3751,\\n4212 Hiram C. Wheeler, gov., 3872\\nliquor quest ion, local settlement, 4031 ,2\\nfloods, 4093 R. r, accident, 4103 j torna-\\ndoes, 4321 banks resume, 4353 Frank\\nD. Jackson nom. for gov., 4363 admis-\\nsion anniversary, 4303 j Univer. State\\nConven. org., 446 1 Prohibition Amend-\\nment void, 4403 churches attack Amer.\\nProtect. Asso., 4501 municipal female\\nsuffrage, 4532 local option bill passes,\\n4542 prairie fire, 4553 j tramp thieves\\ndesperate, 4582 storm damage, 4733\\ngold dis., 4781 F. D. Jackson, gov., 4793.\\nIowa State Coll. est., at Ames., 2662.\\nColl. org., 1631.\\nUniv. org., 1631; Med. Dept.\\nopd., 2703.\\nWesleyan Univ. est., 1571\\nIpanenia, refining furnaces, 5541\\nIpUicrates cuts Spartan mora, 10222 com-\\nmands Athenians, 10223.\\nlphigenia captured, 9361\\nasteroid, discovered, 2741\\nIpsara, Turkish atrocities, 10342.\\nIpsns, battle, 10261 10271 10481\\nIquique, Chile, blockaded naval battle,\\nsurrenders, 6062, 6081 gold-mines, 6063;\\nrecaptured, 008 1 bombarded occupied\\ndefeat, 6082 riots, 6083 tire, 6093.\\nIranyi, D., d.,5361.\\nIrazu, eruption, 6313.\\nIrby, John L. M., b., 1741\\nIredell, James, b., 662 j justice, S. C, 1032;\\nelectoral vote, 1073 gov., 1353 d., 1082\\nIreland, Christianity intro., 8392 early\\nkings, 8393, 8411,3, 8433, 8452,3, 8471,\\n8493; standing army org., 8392; Killala\\nChurch built, 8403; rivalry with Rome,\\n8423; women non-military, 8431 mortal-\\nity, 8493, 859 3 civil strife; conquest;\\ngiven to Eng., 8502; Pari. begins; divided;\\nlords of, 8512; native bps. forbidden;\\ngiven to pope, 8531, 8522; disease rav-\\nages,8533; wool staples est., 8593; Rich-\\nard II. visits, 8603; statute of Kilkenny;\\npestilence, 8613 Kilmore Cathedral\\nerected, 8622 commissioners for crim-\\ninal prosecution jury, 8632; anti-tax law,\\n8633; Head Act passes, 8643 mints est.;\\nEng. Oath of allegiance, 865 1 plague,\\n8653, 8673, 8793; poyning s law; Eng.\\ncustoms-house laws, 8672; Fitzgerald s\\ninsurrection, S68i Reformation pro-\\nmoted, 8682 reformed religion in, 8691\\nmade kingdom, 8693 bps. summoned,\\n8703; Liturgy, first book printed, 8711;\\nUlster officer appt., 8712; papal bull,\\n8713; Ulster devastated, 872 1 English\\nshilling, 8732 counties est., 8733 Des-\\nmondrevolt; Castleof Carlo surrenders,\\n8741 revolt in Ulster, 8761 coinage\\nstruck, 8773 Protestants settlements,\\n8783; Tanistry abolished, 8791; under\\nEng. rule, 8792; insurrections, 88-11, 3,\\n8852 Royalists declare for Pari., 8862\\nsubjugated, 888 1 represented in Pari.,\\n8892 Settlement Act imposed, 8913\\nRegium Donum est., 8023, 8983 brass\\nmoney coined, 8993; greasy matter falls\\nmanufactures restrained, 9001; exports\\ntaxed linen manuf encouraged; woolen\\nmanuf. discouraged, 9013; Bible printed,\\n9023; laws against Catholics, 0023, 9032;\\nIrish Linen Board est., 9053; copper coin-\\nage, 9073; charter schools est., 9091;\\nsmall coins for, 9093; linen scarfs at fu-\\nnerals, 9092 famine, 9113 naturaliza-\\ntion refused to Jews, 9123 Whiteboys\\nravage, 9142,9152; honeydew falls, 9143;\\nlinen mnf., 9153 coal-mine dis., 9181\\nsteel-boys soc. resist employers, 9192*\\nstamp duties est., 919 3 Sacramental\\nTest Act repealed, 9211; tobacco culti-\\nvated trade restrictions removed\\nwoolen exportations Relief Bill passes,\\n9213; Genevese sheltered, 923i Catholic\\nRelief Bills, 9273 legislative independ-\\nence est.; Poyning s law repealed, 9232;\\nrailway, atmospheric, first in, 9521; ter-\\nrific storm, 9261, 9362, 9482; insurrec-\\ntion, 9281 9293,9313; Protestants perse-\\ncuted, 9292; legislative union; amnesty\\ngranted, 0293 Habeas Corpus Act sus-\\npended, 9313, 9GS3, 9692 Militia Act\\nE asses, 9353 first steamer, 9401 Ribbon\\noc. org., 9411; Total Abstinence Soc.\\norg., 943?; waterspout, 944 1 Protestant\\ncommunities est., 9443 customs consol-\\nidated, 9452 Reform Act passes, 947 2\\ntithe disorders poor laws extended,\\n9491,3; rents instituted, 9403 atmos-\\npheric railway, 9521; Molly Maguires\\nSoc; Queen s colleges est., 9531 Famine\\nRelief Acts, 9533 insurrectionists Vic-\\ntoria holds court; writs of error judged,\\n9552 great famine, 9553 Queen s Uni-\\nversity est., 9563; County Clare riot, 9571\\npopulation, 9572 Statute of Kilkenny,\\n859 2; Income Tax extended, 9592; Or-\\nange Clubs, 9613; National Gallery fnd.,\\n0621 National school system agitated,\\n9623; secret societies opposed; Phoenix\\nclubs est., 9631,2; soldiers ovation;\\nagrarian outrages, 9643, 9671; repeal\\nagitation, 9652 Roman Catholic Uni-\\nversity est., 9663 emigration to Amer.,\\n9671; moonlighters raid; Crimes Act\\nprotested, 9071; compulsory vaccination,\\n9673; fire-arms seized, 969i; concealed\\nweapons forbidden, 9692 counties pro-\\nclaimed, Habeas Corpus suspended, 0703,\\n9733 Fenian funeral opposed consta-\\nbles sworn in, 9713 Agrarian outrages,\\n9731,9811,0863,9883, 9943; linen-makers\\nstrike, 9792 Univ. Bill intro., 9851 lot-\\ntery drawn, 9871 population decreases,\\n9873 strike in potteries agitators ar-\\nrested extra magistrates, 089 1 police\\ndisloyal, 991 3 population, 9051 plan of\\ncampaign opposed, 0053; Natl. League\\nsuppressed, 097 1 nationalists dispersed\\ncounties proclaimed National League\\nproclaimed, 9973 Pope s rescript re-\\nsented, 9982 drunkenness, 0901 M. P.\\nignore summons, 10002 indignation\\nmeetings; evictions of tenants, 1000 3\\n10083 political interferences, 1000 3\\nTenants Defense League fmd., 1001 1;\\ngold dis., 10021; reporter sentenced,\\n10023 r.r. men strike, 10031 Devon-\\nshire reduces rents, 10033; County Clare\\nmoonlighters, 10051; potato crop fails,\\n10053 plan of campaign collapses, 10063;\\nrelief fund, G. B.; campaign fund, 10073;\\nCoercion Act; moonlighters raids; at-\\ntempted train wreck, 10083 municipal\\nfranchise, 10091; relief works made,\\n10093; Am. help, 1632 cable to Am. be-\\ngins, 1833; 2d cable laid, 2493, 2533; Am.\\ncollections for, 2722; cable to N.Y., 2893;\\nadvancing Home Rule, 3231 j Irish Natl.\\nLeague meet, 3931\\nIreland, John, gov. Tex., 315 3\\narchbp.,b.; cons., 2882; archbp.\\n3302; high-lieense address, 3463; educa-\\ntion address, 3622 collection for poor,\\n3702; against lotteries, 3762; policy con-\\nfirmed, 4302 Faribault plan, 4381\\nSamuel, b., 9123 d. (1800).\\nW. H., b.,9203.\\nIreland s True Diurnal issued, 8851.\\nIremeus, b., 10283; bp. of Lyons; mar-\\ntyred, 6623 refers to gospels, 10643.\\nIrene, b. marriage proposal, 10322 re-\\n\u00c2\u00a7ent imprisoned; rules; reigns alone\\nethroned, 10331; deposed; murdered,\\n10322.\\nPrincess, of Hesse, marries, 8323.\\nIreton, Henry, b., 8782 d., 8882.\\nIriarte, Ignacio, b.-d., 11283,\\n(Yriarte), Tomas de, b.-d., 11283;\\nworks, 11303.\\nIrick, John S., d., 4681\\nIris sinks, 9933.\\nplanet, discovered, 9541\\nIrish, invade Eng., 848 1 expelled, 8623\\naffairs discussed, H. C., 987 2 amend-\\nments in H. C, 9872 forfeited estates,\\nresumed, 9013 land commission, 9891;\\nreport, 9912; lace exhibit, London, 9913\\nlaw charges adopted, G. B., 10013 mili-\\ntia, service to Eng., 932 1; members of\\nPari, in N. Y., 3711.\\nAm. military encampment, 4323.\\nAmerican Society, find., 3851\\nArcha-ologienl Society, find., 9501.\\nAssociation, formed, 5903.\\nChurch Reform Bill passed commis-\\nsion app., 9702, 9713 church disestab-\\nlished, 9713, 9732.\\nCoercion Act passes, 991 2\\nConfederation Party, fmd., 953 3 mem-\\nbers arrested, 9552.\\nDefence Union, find., 9943.\\nEducation Act, 10092.\\nExhibition. London, 0981.\\nFamine Relief Bill, G. B., 9552.\\nflag displayed in N. Y.\u00e2\u0080\u009e 4522, 4542.\\nHome Rule Bill. (See Home Rule.)\\nRulers, Gen. Grant ignores, 292 3\\nHouse League intimidation, 9943.\\nIntermediate Education Act, 9832.\\nInvineibles Society est., 9883 Lord\\nCavendish killed, 9891\\nLand Act, tenants rights, 9751 com-\\nmittee sit, 9892; Land Bill, 9872,3, 9973;\\ndivides party, 9872,3.\\nLand Corporation dissolved, 9903.\\nPurchase Act, G. B., 9993.\\nLaw Court Commission, app., 9653.\\nLocal Govt. Bill (Balfour s), 10091.\\nLoyal and Patriotic Union, est., 993?\\nmagistrates, power of appt., 10112.\\nNat. Cong, meets, 2672, 2711\\nNat. Rep. Conven., Chicago, 2672.\\nNationalists* meeting, 371 1,\\n1 Nat. Education Board, incor., 9531.\\nFederation, Water ford, 10071\\nLand League, find., 9852, 9372\\nBp. McCabe against, 9842 manifesto\\nladies arrested leaders passive, 9883 T\\ncensured, 9882 against landlordism,.\\n9883; suppressed, 989 1 in Phoenix Park\\nconspiracy, 991 1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094League of Am., fnd., 3071; con-\\nven., 393i 9943, 10051 pres. Gannon re-\\nsigns land league, 4402 in Dublin, 9911\\nparliament, last meeting, 9312; Parli-\\namentary Fund Asso., fmd., 3211.\\npilgrims in Rome, 10091.\\npolicy, fails, 9892.\\nPresb. Ch. Regium Donum, est., 9742.\\nProperty Defense Asso,, fmd., 9871.\\nSociety chartered, 8932.\\nSunday Closing Bill, passes, 983*.\\nTenant League, meets, 9571\\nTenants Bill, defeated, 10092.\\nfavored, 9883.\\nTenure Land Bill, rejected, 10033.\\nUnion Bill, in H. C, 9311 2.\\nUniversity Bill, rejected, 9792.\\ncharter, 9852.\\nVolunteers Bill, defeated, 9852.\\nIrkutsk, gold discovered, 11201.\\nIrma, asteroid, discovered, 7481.\\nIrminger.CarlLudwig Christian, b., 6382;\\nd., 6421.\\nIrnerius lectures, 10751.\\nIron Duke, nearly lost collides, 9801\\nIron, first castings, 361; works encour-\\naged, Am., 373; forge in Mass., 381 (pig),\\nmnf. in Am., 581 mnf. prohited in Am.,\\n593; first rolling-mill, 1241; coal used,\\n1261, 1501; galvanized inv., 1361, 1721;\\nhot-air blast, 1381 1441.\\nand Steel Inst, org., 9721; opens, 3681.\\nClad Oath Bill repealed, 3172.\\nCross, order instituted, 8101 811 1 be-\\nstowed, 7403, 826i decoration, 8271 or-\\nder in It., 10853,\\ncrown, It., surrendered, 5272,\\nHall, accounts, 4142 receiver appt d,\\n4152 treas. Coke indicted, 4222.\\nLeague trouble, 4122.\\nmask, Man with the, 6932.\\nMt., accident, 4752\\nnailers riotous, Eng. 900 2\\nore, discovered kla., 342\\n4612 made in England, 8681\\nintro., 8941 improvementsin mnf., 92:\\nwrought by magnetism, 9701; welding\\ndiscovered, 10142; forging inv., 11391\\nduty on,\\ntinning", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1302.jp2"}, "1303": {"fulltext": "Iron-Jack.\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN DliX.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1291\\nIronmongers Co. formed, 8653.\\nIronsides formed by Cromwell, SS41\\nIronton, Mo., action, 2001 238 2\\nIrrigation conven., 3913, 4553, 4713.\\nIrun besieged, 11321\\nIrvin, Wm., physician, b. (1805) d., 248\\nIrvine, Ky., three persons shot, 371 1\\nWash. College founded, 3143.\\nS. G., moderator, 300 2\\nIi-ving, Edward, b., 9262.\\nHenry, b., 9482 first in Am., 314\\nas-ffamte ,97Sf Henry VIII. y 10061. (S\u00c2\u00ab\\nBrodrib, John Henry.)\\nT., governor, 10393.\\nJohn Beaufain, b. (1S25) works, 200\\n2681,2861, 2941.\\nLieut. John, remains found, 302 1\\nPeter, b., 762 d., 1501\\nWashington, b., 96*; works, 114:\\n1171, 1283, 1312, 1323, 1371, 1411, 145\\n1463, 1491, 1663, 16S3, 1783; d., 1842\\nbust, 2541\\nWilliam, b., 741 d., 1301\\nIrvington, III,, College organized, 2502.\\nInd., Butler University org., 1782.\\nN. J., gold discovered, 336i\\nN. Y., J. S. Penman resigns, 4321\\nIrwin, Agnes, Dean of Radcliffe, 4602.\\nBernard J. D.,commis. colonel, 3661\\nJared,b.(1750);gov., 1073,1151 ;d.,1262.\\nJobn N., gov. Ariz., 3152, 3673.\\nCom. b. (1832) promoted, 3341\\nL. S., Chinese smuggling, 4542.\\nNathaniel, b. (1756) moderator, 1103;\\nd. (1812).\\nWilliam, b. (1827); gov., 2912; d.(18S6).\\nIrwinville, Ga., J. Davis abandons, 2463.\\nIsaac Smith captured, 2182.\\nIsaac, sacrifice of; digs wells, 11402.\\nI., Conineuus, reigns, 10333; d. (1061).\\nII., Angelus Conmenus, reigns de-\\nthroned restored, 10333 against 3d\\ncrusade, 10322 d. (1204).\\nM., duel, 7Q23.\\nIsaacs, Sir Henry Aaron, lord mayor, 9993\\nIsabel escapes, 202\\nIsabella Island, discovered, 142.\\nQueen of France, exiled, 6771 ,3.\\nofSp.,b.-d.,112 ;3; rules Castile mar-\\nries Ferdinand II., 11273; aids Columbus,\\n123 aids Indian slaves, 152, 171 founds\\nhospital, 11272,\\nII. (Maria Isabella Louise), Spain,\\nqueen, b., 11303; reigns, 11312; deposed;\\ndeclared of age married, 11313 sep-\\narated, 11323; abdicates, 11332.\\nof Eng., marries, 6733, 8572, 8603; in-\\nvades Eng., 8561; cruelty to Edward,\\n8563; at Fr. court, S572; prisoner, 8573.\\nPrincess, b., 5542; marries, 556 3\\nPrincess of Aehaia, rules, 10352.\\nof Port., marries Charles V., 7893.\\nIsabella, asteroid, discovered, 5282.\\nIsabella and Pot of Basil painted, 9721\\nI sabey, Eugene Louis Gabriel, b., 7151 j d.,\\n7542.\\nJean Baptiste, b., 7031 d., 7322.\\nIsasus, b.-d., 10211 orations, 10231\\nIsagoras, leader of nobles, 1017 3\\nIsaiah, prophet, 11443.\\nIsambert, Franvois A., b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 7082; d., 7322.\\nIsandra mission opened, 10941.\\nIsandula, British defeat, 6002.\\nIsasi, Don EmilioCallejae,capt. -gen. ,6333.\\nIsaszeg, battle, 5222.\\nIsaure, Clemence, b.-d., 678 2\\nIsauric race of emperors, 10331\\nIschesne, earthquake, 11562.\\nIschl, Maria Valeria, married, 5343.\\nIsenberg, Miss, in Abyssinia, l 2\\nIsernia, action, 10S81.\\nIshaga, destroyed, 11613.\\nIshak, Khan, Bokharan service defeated;\\nat Tash Kurgan, 62; at Bokhara, 63\\nrevolts in Russia, 7* flees, 73.\\nIshbosheth, reigns, 11432.\\nIshima Island, volcanic eruption, 10921\\nIshingana, revolt; surrenders, 6022.\\nIshinomoki, missions, 10922.\\nIshmael, b., 4832; archer, 1140 1 sent away,\\nprogenitor of Arabs, 1140 2\\nreigns in Morocco, 10972.\\nI., high priest, 11503.\\nII., high priest, 11523.\\nIshpeming, Mich., gold found, 3641.\\nlsialawl., grand T of Russia, 11133.\\nII., D. of Kietf expelled, 11133.\\nIsidorus, Hispalensis, b.-d., 1125 1.\\nIsinglass wins Derby, 10053.\\nIsis, asteroid, discovered, 9602.\\nIsla, Jose Francisco de, b., 541; works,\\n11292, H303.\\nIslands 111, spreads, 4S43 Berbers won,\\n4851; reformed, 4882; checked, 5622.\\nIsland No. 10, Tenn., 205 1 taken, 2052,\\n2061; passed, 2061.\\nof Rugen, ceded to Prussia, 11363.\\nIsland Queen seized, 5813; plot to capture\\nMivhiqan sunk, 2382.\\nIsle of Man subdued, 842 1 84S1 8541 re-\\ncovered, 8561 85S1 ceded to Eng., 8613;\\nrestored to Stanley, S793; sold to crown,\\n9173.\\nIsles, see of, erected, 8402, 9063; bishopric\\nest., 9543.\\nIsley, Edward, cons. R. C. bishop, 9822.\\nIslington, London, thimbles mnfd., 900 1\\nIndustrial Exhib. opened, 9G52 horse-\\nshow opd., 9673; Myddleton statue, 9661.\\nIslip, N. Y., robber-caves, 387 1\\nIsmael, conquers Bokhara, 5491.\\nIsmail, Russia, taken, 11161.\\n(Ishmael), conquers Georgia, 11062.\\nL, Sufi, reigns, 11072.\\nII., Meerza, reigns, 11072.\\nPasha, Egy., b.,6563; viceroy, 6571 ,3;\\ntitled Khedive, 6573; Gr. insurrections\\nkilled, 6562.\\nex-Sultan, India, surrenders, 1048 2\\nSadyk, Egypt, banished, 6591.\\nSamani, conquers Persia rules Tur-\\nkestan, 4871.\\nIsmaila, Egypt, founded, 6573.\\nIsmene, asteroid, discovered, 298*.\\nIsmi-dagon reigns, 11413.\\nIsocrates, b.-d., 10211 works, 10231.\\nIsolde, asteroid, discovered, 528 2\\nIsotry, Madagascar, mission opd., 10941.\\nIsovina, mission opened, 10941\\nIspahan taken, 11062 jcapital Persia, 11072.\\nIsrael ruled by Judges, 11411 in Canaan;\\nfirst bondage, 11413 2d, 3d, 4th bond-\\nage, 11431 5th, 6th bondage, 11432; war\\nwith Judah, 11433.\\nIsraelites (see text, pp. 1141+) t migration,\\n6463; in Egypt, 6482 exodus, 6493 de-\\nlivered, 11401\\nIssus, battle, 10242, 10641\\nIstaliff, Afgh., stormed by British, 42.\\nIsthmian games, Gr., instituted, 10132 re-\\nvived, 10583, 10691.\\nIsthmus, Darien, U. S. Congress approves\\ncanal, 2693.\\nIstria, asteroid, discovered, 5282.\\nIstria, a Roman province, 5023 ceded to\\nAust., 5192,3 Venice acquires, 10733\\nHung, acquires, 1077 3\\nIsturiz, Francisco Xavier de, b.-d., 11302.\\nItajuba, Vicomte d Geneva Conven-\\ntion, 2752.\\nItalia launched, 10882.\\nItalian wrecked, 9733.\\nItalian Asso. for Science meets, 10861\\nconquests, Fr. give up, 6892.\\nkingdom overthrown, 10871\\nlegation, U.S., becomes embassy, 4312.\\nprotest against New Orleans lynch-\\ning, 3802.\\nsubjects protected, Am., 381 1\\nwars, 7741\\nItaly (see pp. 1050-1090) Pope Pius IX.\\nopens council, 2082 diplomatic rupture\\nwith U. S., 3813, 5593 diplomatic rela-\\ntions resumed, 405 2 confederation of\\nStates, 5253 surrendered, 681 3 king-\\ndom recognized, 7353 feudal system\\nsuppressed, 781 1\\nRata, Chilean steamer, escapes to sea,\\n3821. (See 3821, 3832, 3841, 3S6i, 3872,\\n6082, 6093.)\\nIthaca, N. Y., Cornell Univ. est., 2623,\\n3423.\\nand Oswego R. R,., commenced, 1393.\\nIthome, Gr., taken, 10141; Helots sub-\\ndued, 10191.\\nIto, Count, intro. Western dress, 10923.\\nIturbide, Augustin de, Mex., b.-d., 10952\\nissued manifesto emp, overthrown\\nsigns treaty, 10953; f ,]ls, 11231.\\nInk a, Miss., Confeds. defeated, 2132.\\nIvan I., Kalita, d., 11142; Grand Duke of\\nMoscow, 11152.\\nII., b.-d., 11142; D. of Moscow, 11152.\\nIII., takes Kasan, subjugates Novgo-\\nrod, 11141.\\nIII., Basilovitz, or John III., Grand\\nD. of Moscow; takes title of Czar, 11152;\\nSudebnik, code of laws, 11143; d., 11142.\\nIvan IV., b.-d., 11142 conquers Kasan,\\n11141 Sudebnik, code of laws, 11143\\nCzar, 11152.\\nV., b.-d., 11142; Czar, 11153.\\nVI., b.-d., 11143; reigns in Russia;\\nimprisoned killed, 1115 3\\nIvanoff, Alex. Andreyevitcb, b., 11162\\nd., 11182.\\nIvanoviteh, Vladimir, work, 11183.\\nIveagh, Baron, title created, 10052.\\nIverson, senator, b. (1798) withdraws,\\n1912 d. (1873).\\nIves, Levi Silliman, b. (1798) cons, bishop,\\n1383, 1733 deposed, 1732 d. (1S67).\\nThomas P., d., 2482.\\nW. B., Pres. Privy Council, 5952\\nMinister of Trade and Commerce, 6963.\\nIvison, Henry, d., 3181\\nIvry-la-Bataille, Fr., battle, 6841.\\nI Wang enthroned, 6112.\\nIxtlilxochitl, Mex., chief, b., 10951 Chi-\\nchtmec ruler, 133.\\nFerdinand de Alva Cortes, b.-d.,\\n10951.\\nIyeharu, shogun, 10913.\\nIyemitsu, shogun, 10913 opposes Chris-\\ntianity, closes Japan d., 10913.\\nIyemochi, shogun, 10923.\\nlyenori, shogun, 10913.\\nIyesada, shogun, 10913.\\nIyetsuna, shogun, 10913.\\nlyeyasu, shogun, Japan, favors education r\\ndecrees isolation; resigns title; leaves\\ncode; d., 1091 1,3.\\ndefeats enemies expels foreigners,\\n10911.\\nIyeyoshi, shogun, 10913.\\nIzard, Mark W., governor, 1792.\\nRalph, b. (1749) Pres. senate, 105*\\nsenator; d., 1122.\\nIzcoatzin, enthroned, 10952.\\nIztapalapan, conquered, 18 1,\\nIzzard, George, governor Ark., 1333.\\nJ.\\ntTabal, first builder, 11391\\nJabalpur, mission, 1046 3\\nJabin rules Israel, 11431\\nJablochkoff, Paul, electric candle, 750\\nelectric light system, 9822.\\nJacapa, Gen. Enriquez, killed, 1038 1\\nJack, Capt., Indian ehief, 2801 executed,\\n^2821.\\nJack the Ripper arrest, 5903.\\nJackman, David K., surety for Davis, 2563.\\nJackmann, Edouard K. E., b., 11163.\\nJack s Creek, Ga., Creeks defeated, 1001\\nJackson, Fla., Sub-Tropical Exhibition\\nopd., 3513 troops called, 408i.\\nMich., R. R. collision, 4413.\\nMiss., raid, 2103 j. e. Johnston ar-\\nrives at Feds, take, 222 1 Sherman at,\\n2242 action at Johnston besieged at\\nConfeds. craniate, 2243; Confeds. driven\\nout, 2361; Gov. Clark convenes Leg.,\\n2473 Immigration Conven. meets, 2612\\nAgricultural Coll. org., 3043 Normal\\nSchool opcl. ,314 2; Millsapduiiation,3362;\\nConstitutional Conven., 3671 ,3712; Con-\\nfed, monument, 3841; Ratcliffe trial,\\n4542 Confed. soldiers monument, 384 1\\nTenn., Confeds. def.-ated, 2243; South-\\nwestern Univ. est., 2863, 2903; negro\\nlynching, 3883.\\nAbner, b. (JS11) d., 2842.\\nAlice, abducted, 351 1.\\nAndrew, b., 741 at Hanging Rock,\\n92i; marries, 107 1 rep. 107 2 senator,\\n1091 hero of New Orleans, 1181 army\\ndisbands, 1201 at Autosse; at Talladega,\\n1203 at Emucfau at Horse-shoe, 1221\\natNew Orleans; attacked by Pakenham\\nat Pensacola, 1223 lights Indians, 1241\\ninvades Fla. reduces Barancas sub-\\ndues Seminoles takes Pensacola takes\\nSt. Marks, 126 1 gov., 1293; electoral\\nvote, 1332, 1372, 1413 presidential can-\\ndidate popular vote vote in House of\\nRep., 1332 pres. against Nat. Bank\\nvote for pres., 1371; electoral vote; in-\\naug., 1371,2; reigns, 1372; opposed\\nto Calhoun, 1373 nom. for pres., 141 1\\npopular vote; against milliners, 1412;\\nanti-nulliheation message, 1413; attempt\\nto assassinate, 1431 orders removal of\\ndeposits second term; signs Tariff\\nand Force bills, 1432 resolution to cen-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1303.jp2"}, "1304": {"fulltext": "1292\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Jack\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jap a.\\nsure, 1433 suppression of antislavery\\nliterature; Delavan s declaration, 1451\\nreprisals on Fr. commerce, 1452 specie\\ncircular vote of censure expunged,\\n1472; fine refunded, 1572; d.,1581 sword\\npresented to Cong., 1773.\\nJackson, Capt. battle with Indians, 2781\\nCharles Thomas, b., 1122 j gov. R. I.,\\n1611; d.,304i.\\nClaiborne Fox, b.(lS07), gov. Mo., 2032;\\nd., 2172.\\nEdward Payson.b. (1840) work, 3982.\\nFrank D., gov. la., 4363, 4793.\\nHarms worth, polar expedition, 10121\\nMrs. (Helen Maria Fiske, later Mrs.\\nHunt), Helen Hunt, b., 13S2 works,\\n2771,2803; d., 3202.\\nHenry, steam engine, 9261\\nM., cons, assistant bp., 376 2\\nR., b. (1S20) at Green Briar, W.\\nTa., 1983.\\nHowell Edmunds, b., 1401 associate\\njustice, 4251\\nJacob R., gov. W. Va., 3093.\\nJames, b., 891 gov. Mo., 1093 seizes\\narsenal, 194 1 loyalty of militia; near\\nWarsaw, 1961 battle of Carthage, 1962\\ndeclares state independence, 1992 calls\\nlegislature at Neosho, 2012 d., 2582.\\nS., b. (1822) d., 2152.\\nJohnK., d., 2501.\\nJonathan, b., 642 d., 1162.\\nMary Ann, works, 4202.\\nPrivate, wins ritle prize, 9941\\nThomas .Jonathan, b., 1321; at Mar-\\ntinsburg, Va., 1962; at Bath, 2021; at\\nBlooming Gap, 204 1 at Winehester,205i\\nat McDowell in Shenandoah Valley,\\n2071; near Winchester; retreats, 2082;\\nescapes Fremont at Port Republic at\\nCross Keys, 2083 in Seven Days Battles,\\n2091 at Cedar Mountain raids, 2103\\non the Rapidan,211i at Centerville at\\nChantilly at Groveton, 2122 at Antie-\\ntam at Harper s Ferry, 2131 at Fred-\\nericksburg, 216 2 at Chancellorsville,\\n2211 d., 2232 statue, 2SS1 3041 monu-\\nment, 3881.\\nWilliam J., b., 9082 cons. bp.. 9862.\\nDr. W. L., pres. soc, 4722.\\nWm. L., sec. for Ireland, 10073.\\nGen. W. S., forced from,W. Va., 2281\\nColl., Miss., Col. Uaptist fnd., 3023.\\nPark, Chicago, laid out, 2693.\\nJackson s Mills, N. C, Feds, routed, 244i\\nJacksonville, Fla., surrendered, 2043 j\\nFeds, occupy, 2142 again taken, 2201\\nFeds, evacuate, 2202 Confeds. driven\\nout, 2301 Cookman Inst, est., 2922 In-\\nstitution for Deaf and Dumb, 3191 yel-\\nlow fever, 3313; election fraud 3711;\\nfixe, 3913 Confederate (lags -10S2 race\\nwar, 4102 Corbett-Mitchell prize-right,\\n4462, 44S2 U. S. troops, 4483.\\n111., College org., 1391; Female Col-\\nlege org., 1621\\nJacob seized by pirates, 11331.\\nBell captured, 2183.\\nvision, 11402 marriages of, 11411.\\nJohn J., gov. W. Va., 2772.\\nJacoba, claims lordship, 10992 d., 10982.\\nJacobi, Friedrich H., b., 8803 d., 8122.\\nJohannG.,b.,8002 Poems, 8032 d.,\\n8102.\\nMaximilian, b., 8041 d., 8201\\nMichael Angelo, cons, bp., 9682.\\nMoritz Hermann, b. (1S01) electric\\nlight, 316i; d.(1874).\\nJacobins, origin of, 6703 rise of clubs,\\n7071; club sittings permanent, 7091 rule,\\n7092 attacked, 7111, 2.\\nJacobite lords trial, Eng., 9053 plot\\nagainst king, 9012 rebellion, 9053, 9101\\nriots, 9051 in Eng. suppressed in Scot.\\n9041; in Glasgow, 9112.\\nJacobites sect fnd.. Syria, 11543.\\nJacobs, Christian Frederick Wilhelm, b.,\\n8023 d. 8162.\\nJoshua W., commis. major, 4561\\nJacobus, Baraiheus, finis. Jacobites, 11543.\\nMelancthon W., b., 1242 moderator,\\n2682; d., 5921.\\nJacotot, Joseph, b., 7042 d., 7282.\\nJacquand, Claudius, b., 7163 d. (1878).\\nJacquard, Jos. Marie, b., 7011; weaving-\\nmachine, 7123 d., 7262.\\nJacque, Charles Emile, d., 7661.\\nJacquemart, Albert, b., 7163 d., 7501\\nJules F b., 7262 d., 7522.\\nJacquemont, Victor, b., 7143 d., 726 2\\nJacques, Baron, suicide, 7651.\\nJadassohn, Salomon, b., 8142.\\nJaddua, high priest, 11463.\\nJaeger, Kate, killed, 4222.\\nJaehne, Henry W., sentenced, 3232 par-\\ndoned, 4642.\\nJaenbert, archbp. of Canterbury, 8431\\nJaffa, or Joppa, Syria, taken by Saladin,\\n11541 taken by Louis IX. of Fr., 11542\\nEng. king takes, 4872 Napoleon takes,\\n7122; Caliph Omar takes; Crusaders take,\\n11541 Am pilgrims at, 11582 Am. col-\\nony at R. R. to Jerusalem, 11583.\\nJaffe, Philipp, b., 8122 d., 8262.\\nJaffna, Ceylon, Bp. Melizan, cons., 9862.\\nJaynlalak, Afghanistan, attacked, 61.\\nJagger,Thos. Augustus, b.(1839); bp.,2S82.\\nJagic, Vatroslav, philologist, b.,5203.\\nJahangir, reigns, India, 10443.\\nJahn, Friedrich L., work, 8103 d., 8181.\\nJohann, b. f 8022 d., 8121\\nJahr, Georg H. G., b., 807 1 d., 8282.\\nJaipur, India, mission, 10483.\\nJair, reigns, 11431\\nJalabert, Charles Francois, b., 7223.\\nJalander Khan, taken, 62.\\nmission, 10471.\\nJalapa, Mex., Americans enter, 1621.\\nJaloulah, battle, 4841.\\nJamaica, W. I., discovered, 143 Colum-\\nbus detained, 162 earthquake, 261,522;\\ntaken, 401 cyclone at, 601 631 Maroons\\nsettle, 652 theatrical performance, 661\\nnegro conspiracy, G7 1 Moravians, 691\\nSt. John s mission converts baptized,\\n711; port Royal destroyed, 78 1 Fr. at-\\ntack, 6321 Eng. capture, S88i ceded to\\nEng., 8892; bishopric est., 937 negro in-\\nsurrection, 9691 Up. NuttaLl cons., 9862.\\nN. Y., Polish mob raid, 3783.\\nBay,N. Y., Mystery capsizes, 3273.\\ndamages, Per., reigns, 11072.\\nJamee, or Djami, Per poet, b.-d., 11063.\\nJamenez, Je^us, pres. Costa Rica, 6311.\\nJames Islands, ri.C, skirmish ui.2083 ,2091\\nassaulted, 2243 Feds, take, 2263, 2422.\\nRiver, Va., Kilpal rick damages canal,\\n2302; Grant near, 2342, 3 rises, 2701,\\n2713.\\nJames Cooke wrecked, Ire., 9513.\\nJames 1). N troll sinks, 463 3\\nJames I. of Eng. (James VI. of Scot.), b.,\\n8722 rules Scot. at Castle Ruthven\\nescapes, 8753 K. Essayes, 8752; mar-\\nries Anne of Den., 8783 bridles liberty\\nof church divine right, 876 3 crowned\\nK. of Eng. reigns, 8791 domains, S792;\\nBible, 8783 revives Episcopacy, 8782\\nin Scot., 8811; works, 8772, 8803; con-\\ntest with H. C. grants Nova Scotia,\\n8312 coutends with Loudon Company,\\n311; d. t 8802, 8813.\\nII., b., 8822; D. of York, 1. high adm.,\\n8901; marries, 8912 claims throne; in\\nFr., 8952 excluded, 8953; est. sea sig-\\nnals, 8S6 2 award damages, 8971 at bat-\\ntle of Southwold, 6921 reigns lord of\\nadmiralty, 8972 restores charters pro-\\nrogues new pari., 8973 grants pardon,\\n89Yi; marriage opposed, 8933; favors\\nCatholics, 8902; for liberty of conscience,\\n8963, 8973; escapes arrested, 899 1 con-\\nvenes Irish Pari., 8983, 8992 tears up\\nParliament writs, 899 1 ;aid from Fr.,8981\\nin Scot., 9032; d., 9022; statue, 8962, 3.\\nI., Scot., b.-d., 861)2; imprisoned, 8603\\nreigns, 8613 released, 8631 crowned\\nmarriage King s Quair, 8623 mur-\\ndered, 8632.\\nII., Scot., b.-d., 8622 reigns, 8632\\nkilled, 8651.\\nIII., Scot., b.-d., 8622; reigns, 8651;\\nconspiracy against prisoner, 865 3\\nmarriage, 8652; k.,8672.\\nIV., Scot., b., 8642; K.,86 ,2 supports\\nWarbeek, 8661 marriage, 8671 k., 8661\\nV., Scot., b., 8661 reigns, 8673 mar-\\nriage, 8692 d., 8682.\\nI. of Aragon, takes Majorca, 11261\\nreigns, 11273.\\nII., the Just, reigns in Aragon, 11273.\\nI. (II.), king of Sicily, 10772.\\nthe Apostle, called, 11521 writes\\nEpistle beheaded, 1153 1\\nCapt., in Canada, 5722.\\nCharles T., b. (1805) d., 2152.\\nD. of Montrose, P. M. general, 9692.\\nE. of Morton, pres. Royal Soc, 9122.\\nJames, E. of Ormond, 8(532; gov., 8592,8612.\\nEarl Stanhope, prime minister, 9172.\\nGeorge Payne Kainsford, h., 9-393;\\nworks, 9443, 9503, 9623 d., 9642.\\nHenry, b. (1811) d., 3102.\\nJr., b., 1561; works, 2911, 2863,\\n3L03, 3031 3151 3243, 3743, 4203.\\nSir b., 9323 defends Times t\\n9993; d.,9822.\\nHorace, b., 1262.\\nJohn, persecuted, 8903.\\nAngell, b., 9223 d., 9622.\\nLouis, b., 1542.\\nMajor, at Cameron, Mo., 2001\\nTom, pugilist, killed, 3543.\\nThomas Lemuel, b. (1831) post-\\nmaster general, 3072.\\nWarren, d ,2921.\\nWilliam, Psychology, 3722.\\nH., governor Nebraska, 2772.\\nJames s Bay, Can., discovered, 321\\nGazette est., 10083.\\nJamestown, Kan., woman, judge, 3833.\\nN. Dak., insane asylum opd., 3203\\nfrogs, 3382 diocese est., 350i.\\nO., Woman s Temperance Crusade\\nopened, 2831\\nVa., colony, 263, 272, 8792 chapel,\\n262 sickness prosperous, 272, 292\\nAfr. slaves, 283 Burgesses meet, 293\\nmassacre threatened, 302 Harvey ar-\\nrives, 331 tobacco exported, 311 king s\\nproclamation, 31 2 burned, 462, 472.\\nJameson, Anna, b., 9283 works, 9551 d.,\\n9642.\\nCharles Davis, b. (1827) d., 212.\\nJames S.,d., 5621.-\\nJamieson, Geo., wins rifle prize, 9741\\nJamison, B.K. and Co., bankers, fail, 3733.\\nJamnia, or Jabne, battle at, 11481\\nJamyn, Amadis, work, 6843.\\nJan, seizes Ghazni, Afg. killed, 61.\\nJanarius. St., chapel at Naples, 10832.\\nJanauschek, Fanny Fran/.isca Magdalena\\nRomance), b.,5202.\\nJanequeo. avenges husband s death, 6051.\\nJanes, Edmund Storer, b., 114 1 conse-\\ncrated bishop, 1563 d., 2921\\nJanesville, Wis., anti-prohibition conven-\\ntion, 3S63.\\nJanet, Ange Louis, b., 7223 d., 7461\\nPaul, b., 7342 works, 7331 7363,\\n7462, 7503, 7542, 75(32, 7532.\\nJaneway, George L., gift to Rutgers Col-\\nlege, 3482.\\nJacob Jones, b. (1774) moderator,\\n1263 d. (1858).\\nJania, action at, 110S2.\\nJanias, reigns in Egypt, 6473.\\nJanicke, Pastor, founds societies, 8083.\\nJanin, Jules Gabriel, b., 7151; works,\\n7263,7283, 7303 d., 7482.\\nJanisch, Antonie, b., 5223.\\nJanizaries, org., 11542 Christian slaves,\\n11551 revolt, 11561 2 j n Algeria, 92.\\nJankau,Boli..Swedes victorious, 5122,6361.\\nJannev, Samuel M., b., 1101 d., 3041\\nJannier, T. A., Old Sen- Spain, 3963.\\nJansen, Cornelius, b.-d., 10983 Augus-\\ntinus, advocates free grace, 1101 1\\nJohannes, mayor New York, 612.\\nZacharia, invents telescope, 10822\\nmicroscope, 10982.\\nJansenist, Fr., dispute, 6951 persecuted,\\n6991,7011.\\nJanson,KristofferNagle,b., 11041 works,\\n11043.\\nor Jenson, Nicolas, b.-d., 6762.\\nJanssen, John, cons. bp. Belleville, 3302.\\nJanssens, Francis, b. (1847) archbishop\\nLouisiana, 306 2\\nJanuary, edict of, 6833.\\nJanuensis, Friar Johannes Balbus, Ca-\\ntholicon, 7S7U\\nJanus, temple of, erected, 10503 closed,\\n10532, 106H, 1073L\\nJapan (see text, pp. 1091-1093), Am. expe-\\ndition, 1712 inter-commerce with Am.,\\n1721 embassy in Am., 1S72, 2773 treaty\\nwith U.S., 3073,4771,1751,1831 Bishop\\nJohn MeKini eons., 4321 Crown Prince\\nvisits West Point, 4363 emigrants de-\\nbarred, Am., 4633 in Korean dispute,\\n4663 minister recalled, 4671 students\\nexecuted, 4771,6273; Congressional ac-\\ntion aids Korea, 6121 dispute with\\nChina; treaty with war avoided, 6232\\ntransports leave, fS202; rejects peace pro-\\nposals war on China alliance with", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1304.jp2"}, "1305": {"fulltext": "Japa-Jeru.\\nText Figures denote Page. INUiiA. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1295\\nKorea, 6272 demands ambassador;\\npeace negotiations, 0273 Fr. conven.,\\n7372; Brit, treaty -with, 9632; Bp.Bicker-\\nsteth cons., 9962 ambassadors in It.,\\n10832 gunboat attacked, 1U941; treaty\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0with Peru, 11093 in Siam, 11241 Chi-\\nnese war; Russian interference, 11231.\\nJapanese swords, subscription, 3S0 1\\nJapix, Gysbert, b.-d., 6362.\\nJaques, ChristovSo, in Patagonia, 163,\\nin Pernambueo Gov., recalled, 5532.\\nJaraslaw I., grand duke of Russia, 11133.\\nII., grand d. of Rus., reigns, 1115 2\\nIII., grand Duke of Vladimir, 11152.\\nJardine, Edward, d., 4341\\nJardins, Marie Oath. des,b.,6SS2; d. (16S3).\\nJargeau, France, captured. 6761.\\nJarnac, France, battle of, 6822.\\nJaromir, duke, 5032.\\nJaropolk I., duke of Poland, 11133.\\nII., duke of Kieff, 11133.\\nJarratt s Station, Col. Spear, 2322.\\nJarrow, Scot., monastery fnd., 8423 li-\\nbrary fnd., 8431 launchings, 9701 9941\\nJarves, James Jackson, b., 1262 d., 3301.\\nJarvis, Abraham, b., 642; cons.Prot. Epis.\\nbishop, 1082 d., 1211.\\nThus. Jordan, b. {1836); gov.N.C., 3033.\\nJasmin, Jacques, b., 713 1 works, 7251,\\n7271,7291; d., 7362.\\nJasomirgott, Henry, rules Bavaria, 7773.\\nJason, wreck, Cape Cod, Mass., 4453.\\nJason, inv. breastplates, 11422 leads Ar-\\ngonauts, 10131\\nof Pherie, rules Thessaly, 10233.\\nassassinated, 10232.\\npurchases priest s office, 11482,11492.\\nJasper, Tenn., Confeds. defeated, 2083.\\ndiscovers San Diego, Cal., 4281\\nJohn, revival at Richmond, Va., 3383.\\nWin., b., 662 saves flag, 823 d., 912.\\nJasquand, Claudius, d., 7502.\\nJassy, Rumania, evang. church, 11133.\\nJaucourt, Louis Chevalier de, b., 6962\\nd., 7043.\\nJaureguiberry, launched, 766-1\\nJaureguiberry, Adm., minister, 7513,7532.\\nJaureguiy, Aldecoa Agustin de, b. (1708)\\ngovernor, 6053 d. (17S4).\\nJaures, minister, 7572 d., 7562.\\nJava Station, Mont., avalanche, 4201\\nJava lost, 9321.\\ncaptured, 1182.\\nSthainba, erected, India, 10423.\\nJavadeva, b., 10423.\\nJay, John, b., 662; colonial address, 792\\npres. of Cong. commissioner, 913, 952 j\\nin Paris, 953 pres. Manumission Soc,\\n99i votefor pros., 1012, 1073, 1112; jus-\\ntice of S. C, 1012; gov.N. Y., 1033, 1073;\\nenvoy to Eng., 105 2 treaty ratified,\\n1071,2; declines justiceship, llli; d.,\\n1362.\\nWilliam, b., 912 d., 1S42.\\nb., 9183 d. (1853).\\nJay-Eye-See, trotting-record, 3173.\\nJayne, Francis John, cons, bishop, 99S3.\\nWilliam, governor Dakota, 2032.\\nJeatfreson, John Cordy, b., 9442,\\nJean V., D. of Brittany, at Auray, 6741\\nJeanesville, Pa., rescue of miners, 3793.\\nJeanne, d Albret, Joan, Q. of Navarre, b.,-\\n6803 d., 6823.\\nJeannette, on Arctic expedition, 3021 j\\nwrecked in ice, 306 1 two escape, 3081\\nJeannin, Pierre, b., 6803; JS egofiatioiis,\\n6872; d.,6863.\\nJeanron, Philippe Auguste, b., 7191; d.,\\n7502.\\nJeans, J. S., steel, 9843.\\nmanufactured in America, 951\\nJebb, John C, b., 9082 work, 47S2.\\nJebel Zait, petroleum discovered, 6611\\nJeddah, Arabia, taken, 6542 Christians\\nmassacred, 11581.\\nJeejeebhoy, Byramjee, d., 10483.\\n,Sir Jamsetjee,b.-d., 10443; erects hos-\\npitals, 10493.\\nJeffers, E.T., moderator, 3062.\\nWilliam, b., 1321.\\nJefferson captures British barges, 1181\\nBorden, mutiny, 2883.\\nJefferson City, La., united with New Or-\\nleans, 2731 ,3.\\nMo., State convention, 1931 Gen.\\nLyon at, 1961; Lincoln Inst. Normal\\nSchool opd., 2543 inaugurated Liberal\\nmovement, 277 2\\nCo., Va., transferred to W. Va., 2513.\\nJefferson, Ind., Union Leag. effigy, 3472.\\nPa., Monongahela College org., 2623.\\nParish, La., mob torture, 4382.\\nJoseph, b., 1362 as Rip Van Winkle,\\n2501 Dramatic Action, 3743.\\nThomas, b., 642 graduates, 731 j mar-\\nried, 771 antislavery paper, 783; on\\nCommittee; drafts Declaration of Inde-\\npendence^ 3 85 1 gov. Va., 913; treaty\\ncommissioner, 952; Xotes on Va., 971;\\nminister to Fr., 973 sec. of state, 1012;\\nopposes Hamilton, 1031; opposes U. S.\\nBank, 1032 leads Republicans presi-\\ndential vote, 1033, 1072,3, 1112,1133; re-\\nsigns as sec. of state, 1052 vice-pres.,\\n1073; reduces navy, 110i pres., 1112,\\n1132 forbids intercourse with G. B.,\\n1151 declines renomination, 1152; in-\\ndignant at Brit., 1213 erects observa-\\ntory, 1321 d., 1352.\\nJefr eVsonville R. R., Ind., robbed, 2631\\nJeffrey, Francis, b., 91S3 d., 9562.\\nReuben, d., 348i\\nJeffreys, Lord George, b., S862 Church\\ncommissioner, 8963 persecutions, 8971\\nchief justice, 8972 high chanc, 8973\\nin Tower, 8991; d., 8982.\\nH., gov. Va.,472.\\nJett revson, John, lord keeper, 9013.\\nJeffries, John, b. (1744) d., 1281\\nJehan, Shah, erects Tai Mahal, 10442;\\nrevolts, 10441 reigns, 10451\\nJehander, Shah, reigns, 1045 2 d., 10443.\\nJehoahaz, reigns, 11451 subdued by Ha-\\nzael, .11443.\\nII., reigns, 11471\\nJehoash, reigns, 11451 ,2 idolatry repairs\\nTemple, 11443.\\nJehoiachin, reigns, 11471 released, 11472.\\ndehoiada, high priest, 11443.\\nJehoiakiin, reigns revolts; sent to Bab-\\nylon, 11471.\\nJehoram, reigns, 11451\\nJehoshaphat, reigns, 11451; invades Moab;\\nsends teachers, 11442.\\nJehu, prophet, 11423 revolts, 11441 ex-\\nterminates idolatry, 11443 reigns trib-\\nute to Assyria, 11451\\nJehuda Hanassi, compiles Mishna, 11532.\\nJelaboff condemned, 11211.\\nJelalabad, Afg., defended by Sale revolt\\nled by Akbar Kban, 41; British enter;\\noccupied, 61 razed, 5 3\\nJelapla, action with Tibetans, 10482.\\ndellaehieh, von Buzim, Count Joseph, b.,\\n5191; at Velencze, 522 1; revolutionist;\\ncommander, 5231\\nJellasore, mission, 10471\\nJemappes, Belg., battle of, 5181, 5431,\\n7081,8061.\\nJena, battle of, 7161, 80S1 Ger., Saxe-\\nWeimei -L isriiach, Al/i/eme nie Literaiur-\\nzeitung, issued, 8052, 8091; Literaturzei-\\ntung, issued, 8291\\nJenckes, Joseph, b. (1656) gov. R. I., 613\\nd. (1740).\\nThomas Allen, b. (1818) introduces\\na civil-service bill, 2493, 2563 d. (1875).\\nJenispn, Silas A., gov. Vt., 1453.\\nJenkins, Albert G., b. (1830); at Cloyd s\\nMt. and New River Bridge, 2323; d.,2332.\\nCharles Jones, b. (1805) gov. Ga.,\\n2511; presidential vote, 2812.\\nCol., in Afg. at Char-asiab,6i\\nDr. vs. Federal authorities, 4153.\\nHoratio, pres. of Fla. conven., 2612.\\nJohn, pres. N. C, 491\\nJudge, decision reversed, 4723.\\nRobert, d., 10121.\\nThornton Alex., b., 1163 d. (1893).\\nJenkins s Ferry, Confeds. repulsed, 2321\\nJenkinson, Anthony, in Bokhara, 5491\\nCharles, E. of Liverpool, b., 9081\\n.Robert Banks, E. of Liverpool, b.,\\n91S3; minister, 9353; premier,9372,9412;\\n9423.\\nJenner, Edward, b., 9122 vaccination,\\n9202, 9262 jrjft by Pari., 9302 d., 9403\\nstatue, 9621,9661.\\nSir William, b., 9363.\\nJennie Hall, fined, 3333.\\nJennings, Edmund, gov. Va., 572.\\nJonathan, Ind., b. (1776+) gov. 1252;\\nd. (1834).\\nO., moderator, 1303.\\nPatrick, ministry, 4993.\\nSam., gov., 473 remonstrance, 572.\\nSarah, Duchess of Marlborough, b^\\n8902.\\nJenny Lind, steam pipes burst, 1733.\\nJensen, Christen, glossary, 11041. (See\\nJanson.)\\nPeter Andreas, En Erindring, 11043.\\nJenyns, Soame, b., 9022 d., 9242.\\nJephthah, defeats Ammonites, 11421 j\\nvows, 11422 judges Israel, 11432.\\nJeremaisson, missionary, 6231.\\nJeremiah, prophet, 11462.\\nat the Fall of Jerusalem, painted, 8281\\nJerez dela Front era, Goths defeated, 11251\\nJericho, Israelites captured, 11401; de-\\nstroyed, 11411; Ochus takes, 11461;\\ntheater built, 11503.\\nJerilderie, Australia, Kelly Gang, 4982.\\nJeroboam 1., reigns, 11433 Sheshonk an\\nally, 6503 defeated, 11421.\\nII., recovers terr. captures Damas-\\ncus, 11441 11451 reigns, 11452.\\nJerome, Antoine, discovers bromin, 7241.\\nDavid H., gov. Mich., 3093.\\nMarshal of France, 7301\\nof Prague, b.,5062,7S22 burned, 5063.\\nSt., b.-d., 106S2 prepares Vulgate\\nBible; Christian worship, 10691\\nJerrold, Douglas William, b.,o:;i 3; Punch,\\n9503 d.,9022.\\nJersey City, ferry est., 733 railroad to New\\nBrunswick, 1433 terminus of N. Y. and\\nErie R.R., 1733 fire, 1753 waterworks,\\n1773 draft riots, 2253 election frauds,\\n3551, 3591, 3632, 3711, 3871; AVein con-\\nvicted, 4002; Sunday liquor-selling, 4062;\\nballot-box stutters, 4083; Italians against\\nAms., 4362 cholera, 4373 Orangemen\\nparade, 4643.\\nE. of, title created, 8991\\nE. of, gov. N. S. W., 5011\\nJerusalem, Pal., first mentioned, 11411;\\nJoshua kills king, 11401; David takes,\\n11412; Davids capital, 11432; David\\nflees, 11433; Temple eons., 11423; Ara-\\nbians plunder, 11441 Shishak takes,\\n11421,3 Temple treasures carried to\\nEgy., 6511 Joash takes, 11441 Temple\\nprofaned, despoiled, repaired, cleansed,\\n11443, H462; Pekah besieges, 11441;\\npays tribute to Egy., 6512 destruction\\nforetold, 11461; Temple spoils restored,\\n11471; Daniel exiled, 11462; Babylon-\\nians besiege, raze, 11461 Ezekiel exiled,\\n11462 destroyed, 11463 2d Temple\\nbuilt stormed by Herod, 11462,3 Mal-\\nachi prophesies Nehemiah returns,\\nhigh-priests sub-rulers (see names 1146:=),\\n11463 Alex, the Great sacrifices, 11471\\nPtolemy I. takes Egy. expelled, 11491\\nAntiochuslTI. sacks ills 1 Simon, high-\\npriest, repairs rr einple Jupiter s altar\\nin Temple, 114S-2 Maceabean princes\\nrise Matthias Maccabeus opposes Syr-\\nians; Judas Maccabeus rules, 11492; Tem-\\nple purified; Eleazar Maccabeus rules as\\nK.; Judas Maccabeus rules, 11492 routs\\nSyrians; John Maccabeus rules; Jews\\nindependent; Jonathan Maeeabeusrules;\\ndefeats Syrians, 11481 11493; Jews reject\\nAlcimus, forced upon them first treaty\\nwith Romans Jewish embassy to Rome,\\n11493, Tower is purified, 11481; Tower\\nof Antonia built, 11502 Pharisees rebel;\\nAlex. Janmcus triumphs; Aristobulus\\nand Hyrcano II. rival kings, 11511 Aris-\\ntobulus takes defeated Pompey takes;\\nrestores Hyrcanus, 11501; Judea a Ro-\\nman province; Phasel gov.; Parthians\\ntake, 11512 Herod the Great takes,\\n11501 builds theater, 11503 wa lls re-\\nbuilt, 11512 Temple rebuilt, 11502 Ro-\\nmans take census Matthias high-priest;\\ntaxes levied in Judea, 11513 John Bap-\\ntist b. Jesus Christ b. at Bethlehem\\nranbis burned alive, 11502 Jesus visits\\ntemple, 11503 3d Temple built, 11502;\\nJesus Christ crucified buried raised\\nascends into heaven, 11523; walls rebuilt,\\n11521 Apostolic Council held Herod s\\npersecution; Apostles separate, 11531\\nRomans raze city, burn Temple Jewish\\npolicy and nation terminate, 11533; Tem-\\nple of Jupiter on Mt. Calvary, 11532\\nblank history, name dropped; Adrian re-\\nvives, 11533; C hosroes takes, 11541; Per-\\nsians rule, 11.551 Heraelius retakes; Sar-\\nacens take, 11541 Moslems rule, 11552\\nMosque of Omar fnd., 11543 Arabs take\\nCrusaders take, 11541 j Christians rule,\\n11552; Hospital erected, 11551; Saladin\\ntakes, 11541 Saracens take, 11553; Turks", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1305.jp2"}, "1306": {"fulltext": "1294\\nText Figures denote Page. lJNUllX.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nJerv-Johii.\\ntake, 1154 Fred. II. receives, 11553;\\nCrusaders take Mohammedans take,\\n1154 Egy. take, 11542 Turks take,\\n11561 Greeks excluded Holy Sepulcher\\nburned, rebuilt; missions est.; Prot. bish-\\nopric est. Anglican cathedral erected;\\nAm. church erected, 11563 claims to\\nHoly Sepulcher Emp. Aust. visits\\nMontetiore s benefactions. 11583 Union\\nfind., 8183; bishopric dissolved, 1157\\nR. R. to Jaffa, 11583 Franciscans ex-\\npelled, 11582.\\nJervis, John, E. of St. Vincent, b., 9082\\nat Cadiz, 11201 L. Adm., 9273 d., 9403.\\nBlooinfield, d., 31S2.\\nJervois, Sir Wm. F. D., gov. India, 10492,\\nJeshua killed in Temple, 11403.\\nJessel, Sir George, b., 9422 solicitor-gen.,\\n9772 master of rolls, 9773.\\nJessie Lagan wrecked, 9533.\\nMat/ launched on Thames, 9813.\\nJessup, Henry Harris, b. (1832) modera-\\ntor, 3023.\\nThomas Sidney, b. (1788) Seminoles\\nsign treaty. 146 Indian prisoners, 1471\\nd.,1801.\\nJesuits. (See Societv of Jesus.)\\nJesu Maria, lire, G333.\\nJesus I., high priest, 11502.\\nII., high priest, 11503.\\nhigh priest, 11512.\\nthe Christ, b., 1150 2 events of his\\nlife and his death, 11502,3, 11521,2,3;\\npapal orders for worship, 10763.\\nSirachides, Ecclesiasticus, 11483.\\nJeswunt Rao at Poona, b., 10461\\nJethro, counsels of, 11412.\\nJetter, T. B., governor S. C, 3051.\\nJeune, Francis, cons, bishop, 9663.\\n-Jevons, William Stanley, b., 9462; works,\\n9763.\\nJew, The Wandering. (See Sue, Eugene.)\\nJewel, John, bp. of Salisbury, b., 8663\\nwork, S731 d., 8742.\\nJewell, Marshall, b.,1322; gov. Conn., 2692,\\n2772 vote for, 2751 p. M.-gen., 2852\\nnom. for pres. resigns, 2931 d., 3122.\\nJewett, Clerk, charges against, 375 2\\nSarah Orme, b., 1662 works, 3163,\\n3183,3331.\\nJewish Alliance for immigration, 3893.\\nColonization Co., formed, 1007 i\\nDenominational Congress, 4361,2,\\nEmancipation Bill, defeated, 9492.\\nHistorical Soc. find., Am., 4081\\nInfant School formed, 9503.\\nMinisters Association, session, 3582.\\nOrphan Asylum established, 9451.\\nPoor Society founded, 9023;\\nschools established, 11203.\\nJews, (Hebrews) in Argentine Repub-\\nlic, 4921, 4932, 4982, 5002, 5533; in\\nAmerica; tolerated in New York,\\n401 org. in R. I., 402 est. at Newport,\\n522 first synagogue, 523; many in N.Y.,\\n603; org. in Savanuah, 622; disfranchised\\nin N. Y., 642 est. in Charleston, 742\\nin Md., 1311 in St. Louis, 1583; Hebrew\\nUnion Coll., O. 2883 refuge in Am.,\\n3103 celebration in N. Y., 3443 est.\\nschools, 3482; Jewish Ministers Asso. of\\nAm., 3582, 3843, 3862, 4101,4181; anar-\\nchist, 3683 Sabbath League formed,\\n3843; Rabbi Rosenberg expelled, 4182;\\nOrphan Asylum, 4211; Charitable Soc,\\n4322; Jewish Denomination! Cong. ,4361\\nlaborers parade, 4362 j j n Arabia,\\ntribes attacked war with Mohammed,\\n4841 resist Mohammedanism martyred,\\n4843; in Austria-Hungary, perse-\\ncution of, 5062 congress disabilities\\nabolished, 5291 relig. soc. favored, 5322;\\nschool, 5343; j n Brazil, 222, 5532;\\nin Can., 5922; i n P. Quebec, 5882 i\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nEgypt, captivity in, 6512; persecuted,\\n6522,6543. 6663; revolt, 6533; liberties re-\\nstricted, 6543 i n Egypt, 0.-.S3; in Fl\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nbanished, 6683, 6703, 679 1 persecuted,\\n6701, 6742; annoy Christians, 6743;\\nmission to, 7562 in Ger., synod at\\nWorms, 7751 persecuted, 7822 massa-\\ncred, 7823; expelled Cologne, 7863; study\\nlaw of Prus., 8183; anti-movement con-\\ndemned, 8302 emp. defends, 8303 ex-\\ncluded from public schools persecu-\\ntors denounced, 834 2 in Gt. Brit.,\\nmentioned in Eng. chronicles, 8431\\nbanished from Eng., 8463, 8542; in Eng.,\\n8471,8483; massacred, 8503, 8542, 3; r i t s Poitiers, 6741; prisoner of Eng, 6752,\\nagainst, 8511; denied freehold, 8542, 8591 hostage liberated, 6753; d. (1364).\\n8551 imprisoned, 8522 capitation tax John I., Ziiuices, reigns in Greece, 10332.\\nbanished from Eng., 8542 persecuted; II., Conmenus, in Gr., reigns, 10333.\\nsign of usurer, 8551 readmitted, 8882,3 n. reigns in Navarre, 11273.\\nacquire land, 9111,3 professors, natural- VI., Pakeologus. reigns, Gr., 1035 2\\nization refused, 9123 ,.j v il disabilities,\\n9452; mission in Ire., 9593; first baronet,\\n9512; in Pari., 9632; disabilities removed,\\n9652 Workshop Act, 9742; released from\\nSunday observance, 9743 Rus. cruelty\\ndenounced; fund, 9883, 9891, 9913; as-\\nsembly in Lond., 10102 in Italy,\\nbanished from Rome, 10623 revolt,\\n10633, 10641 revolt, against Hadrian,\\ncommunion with Rome, 10343,\\nVII., Paheologus, reigns, Gr., 10353.\\nVIII., solicits help, 10343.\\nI. rules Netherland, 10991.\\nIII., of Avenues, Neth., rules forces\\nUtrecht into alliance. 10991 d., 10982.\\nII., or Casimir V., reigns in Poland\\nabdicates d., 11153.\\nIII., Sobieski, king of Poland, 11153.\\n10643; massacred in Cyrene, 10651 edict I., Port., b.-d., 11092 reigns, 11093\\n,gainst, 10663 persecuted ;_ favored, invades Africa, 11091\\n10683; massacre Christians, 10722;\\nNeth., favored, 11011 in Port., ban-\\nished, 11093; i n Russia, persecuted,\\n11131,3; citizenship granted, 1117 1 po-\\nlitical privileges granted, 111S2 miss,\\nwork prohibited, 11202; hostilities, 1122\\nemigration, 11222; i n gp., expelled,\\n11252; tolerated, 11322; j\u00e2\u0080\u009e Sweden,\\nMission Union, 11361 era of, 11391 in-\\ndependence of treaty with Romans\\nembassy to Rome, 11493 recover Syria,\\n11503; rights of Roman citizenship,\\n11513; pay tribute to Rome, 11512.\\nJeypore, or Jaipur, mission, 1047 2\\nJezebel killed, 11443.\\nJezreel, house of ivory at, 11442.\\nJhansi taken, 10481.\\nJiddah, massacre assassins executed,\\n4881,2; cholera, 4883; M.Ali takes, 6562.\\nJinienes, pres. 6431 flees to Haiti, 6432.\\nJimenez. Ramon, gov. Costa Rica, 630 3\\nJimmu, Tenno, first mikado, 10911 ,2.\\nJingu-Kogo, reigns, 10912, 10941.\\nJintsoiig, educationist, 6122 d., 6142.\\nJiwai, mission, 10471.\\nJoachim, high priest, 11463.\\nI., elector, 7873.\\nII., margrave, 7912.\\nFrederick,\\n7933\\nII., Portugal, reigns. 11093.\\nIII., Portugal, reigns, 11093.\\nIV., Port., reigns, 11102.\\nV., Portugal, reigns, 11103.\\nVI., Port., b.-d., 11102; regent, 5551,\\n11103; reigns; withdraws to Brazil re-\\nturns from Brazil, 11103; d.,5413.\\n1, of Castile invades Port., 11261;\\nreigns, 11273.\\nII. of Navarre reigns in Aragon\\nreigns Leon-Castile, 11273.\\nI. of Sweden reigns, 11351.\\nII. of Swe. (I. of Den.) reigns, 11352.\\nIII., Swe., reigns, 11352 promotes\\nCatholicism condemned, 11343.\\nII., king of Den. and Swe., b. (1555)\\nreigns, 6373 d. (1513).\\nII., Duke of Bavaria, 7S72.\\nIII., of Brandenburg, 7S7 2\\nIII., elector of Prussia, 7872.\\nI., St., pope, 10703; d., 10702.\\nII., pope, 10703; d., 10702.\\nIII., pope, 10711 d., 10721.\\nIV., pope, 10722; d., 10721\\nV., pope, 10722.\\nVI., pope, 10722; d., 10721\\nVIX. pope. d.. 10721\\nVIII. pope, 10723 d., 10721\\ngrave Brandenburg, IX., pope, 10723 d., 10722.\\nX., pope, 10723; d., 10722.\\nJoan of Are, b.-d., 6762 announces mis- XI., pope, 10723 d., 10722.\\nsion; at Jargeau; at Troyes com- XII., pope, 10723 deposed, 10731 In\\nmands troops in Orleans, 6761 cap- Otho s army, 10733.\\ntared; condemned, 0762, 677 1 at Reims, XI II., pope; banished, 10731 d., 10722.\\n6773; burned, 8622; canonization, 7622 XIV., pope, 10731 d., 10722.\\nstatue, 7601 XV., pope, 10731 d.. 10722.\\nof Kent, burned, 8702. XVI., pope expelled, 10731 d., 10722.\\nXVII. pope, 10731 d.. 19722.\\nJoanna of Aragon, marries, 10991 co-ruler\\nin Castile, 11273.\\nI., reigns in Naples k., 10772.\\nII., marries reigns in Navarre, 1127 3\\nII., Q. of Naples, 10772; d., 10792.\\nJoao de, b.-d., 11092.\\nJoash, defeats Syrians in Jerusalem, 11441\\nJoazar, high priest, 11503.\\nJob, Greek patriarch, works, 11151.\\npatriarch, flourishes, 11402.\\nJob, Book of, written, 11411\\nJobbe-Duval, Arniand M. Felix, b., 7241\\nd.,7581.\\nJobeidah, d., 4842.\\nJocelyn, Robt., lord chancellor, 911 2\\nJockey Club formed, Eng., 9132,\\nJodelle, Etienne, b., 6803 works, 6831\\nd., 6841.\\nJodhpur, India, mission, 10483.\\nJoel, prophet, 11443.\\nin S. Afr., defeated, 6021\\nJogues, Isaac, b., 686 2 miss. captured,\\nXVIII. pope. 10731 d.. 10722.\\nXIX., pope, 10731 d., 10722.\\nXX., pope, 10731 d., 10332.\\nXXL, pope adds crown to cap, 10763;\\nd., 10762.\\nXXIL, pope, 10763; deposed, 7832; d.,\\n10762.\\n_\u00e2\u0080\u0094XXIIL, pope, 10791; fugitive, 7843;\\nd., 10783.\\nJohn wrecked, 9613.\\nking of Abyssinia, killed, 33.\\nusurps Eastern throne. 10711.\\nof Brazil, marries his aunt, 11113.\\nd Albret, reigns in Navarre, 11273.\\nof Aragon, king, 10793.\\narchduke of Aust., at. Hohenlinden,\\n5182, 7141; enters Frankfort, 5231; ad-\\nministrator, 5231 S172,3; changes name,\\n5323.\\nof Austria, or Don Juan, b., 790 2 d.,\\n7922.\\n[Blind], Bohemia, reigns, 7831 con-\\nquers Lombardy, 10761 d., 5062.\\nJohn Adams strikes snag, 1693.\\nthe Baptist, b.-d., 11502 reproves\\nHerod, 11521 preaches, beheaded, 11503.\\nBp. of Seville, Arabic Bible, 4842.\\n5723 k., 382.\\nJohanan, high priest, 11463; kills Jeshua\\nin Temple, 11463.\\nJohan11.1t, Alfred, b., 7142; d., 7262.\\nTony, b., 7143; d., 7322.\\nJohannson, Arqus issued, 11371.\\nJohn the Apostle, b.-d. called, 11521 ex- of Bologna, b., 10S03 d., 10823.\\niled returns to Kphesus writes Gospel; of Braganza, king, 5543;\\nEpistles, Apocalypse, 1153 2 de Brienne, K. of Jerusalem, 11552\\nLackland, K. of Eng., b.-d., 8502; regent, 10351 d. (1237).\\nreigns in Ire. uses we, 8531 at Bull, origin of name, 9051\\nWaterford marries Avisa, 851 3 mar- oldest locomotive, 4293.\\nries Isabella; murders Arthur; trial; John Elder wrecked, 609 3\\nsentenced, 8531 forfeits Fr. possessions, E. of Bridgewater, 1. admiralty, 899 2\\n6713,8531 summoned to answer league Earl of Bristol, minister. 8812.\\nagainst Fr., 6713 papal interdict ex- Dauphin, Fr., d., 6773.\\ncommunicated, deposed; yields, pope s\\nvassal, a522 yields to pope; charters\\nPandulph, S53 i peace with pope, 6713;\\ngrants election charter overruns coun-\\ntry, 8521 d., 8532.\\nI. of France, infant, d., 6733.\\nDon of Aust., leads revolt, 10833,\\nee John VI. of Port.)\\nD. of Marlborough, lord.-lieut., 9813.\\nI., Duke of Bavaria, 7852.\\n(Albert I.), Duke of Poland, 11152.\\nErnest, ruler, 7992; sons follow, 8012.\\nII., of Fr., the Good, reigns, 6752 at Frederick, D. of Saxony, 7912.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1306.jp2"}, "1307": {"fulltext": "John-Jone.\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN Dh.X.. Superior Figures indicate Colun\\n1295\\nJohn Frederick, D. of Wiirtemberg, 7933.\\nFriedrich L., b., 8042.\\nthe Fearless, D. of Burgundy, b.\\n(1371) assassinated, 6773 murdered\\n(1419).\\nGaston, Duke of Tuscany, 10813.\\nof Gaunt, D. of Lancaster, b. (1340)\\nmarries; king of Castile, 8593; d. (1399).\\nGeorge, elector Brandenburg, 7933\\nunder ban, 5123.\\nI., elector Saxony, 7933; alliance\\nwith Gustavus Adolphus, 7953.\\nII., elector Saxony, 797 3\\nIII., elector, Saxony, 7973.\\nIV., elector Saxony, 7992.\\nof Jagerndorf leader, 7941\\nde Gravina weds princess, 10352.\\nGeorge H. Hannah burns, 3313.\\nHyrcanus, high priest, 11483; reigns,\\ndelivers Judea, 11493 conquests, 11503.\\nJay burned, 1S1 3\\nLascaris reigns, 10351; deposed,\\n10352.\\nof Leyden, b. (1510+) leader Ana-\\nbaptists, 7901 d. (1536).\\nMaccabeus killed. 11193.\\nde Matha, Saint, b.-d., 6702.\\nde Montfort claims dukedom, 6751\\nLord Beaumont, created viscount,\\n8623.\\nof Oxnead, Chronicle, 8562.\\nthe Painter, fires dockyards, S51\\nprince, conspiracy, 7 earldoms, 851 3\\nGeorge Rutkdge founders, 1793.\\nelector of Saxony, 7893.\\nof Saxony, b., S0~i K., 8211 a., 8281\\nof Salisbury, b. (11201-) work, 8503\\nd. (1180).\\nSigisnmnd, elector Brandenburg, 7933.\\nVatatzes reigns, 10351\\nviceroy of Netherland, 5413, 10993.\\nof Wef th, at Mei-geiitheim, 63G1\\nffm, E. of Besborough, lord.-lieut.,\\n9533.\\nGeorge Wesley, mission ship, 1582.\\nWilliam, stadtholder, 11013.\\nJohns Hopkins, f nder., d., 2821 univ. org.,\\n2922; inoorp., 2,582; I an. O. Oilman, pres.,\\n2911; Hospital begun, 2913,2943; opened,\\n2922; Emergency Fund, 3383; gift, 3471;\\nWomen s Medical funds, 37(12 Scharf s\\ngift, 3822; Miss G-urctt s gift, 4202.\\nJohn, b.(1796); cons, bp., 1543; d. (1876).\\nJohnson, Vt., Nor. Schools opd., 2603, 2923.\\nAlbert, shoots woman, 450 2\\nAlfred, voyage, small boat, 2933.\\nAndrew, b., 1142 marries, 1352 signs\\nDelavan s declaration, 1451 in Cong.,\\n1571 1632 gov., 1743, 2053 IT. S. sena-\\ntor, 1832 vote for, 1913 sole senator\\nfrom South, 1972 gov. Tenn. resigns\\nsenatorship, 2053 nom. for vice-pres.,\\n2352 20th presidential election, 2412\\nplan to assassinate. 2431 electoral vote,\\n2432 oath of office, 2433 takes oath as\\npres., 2472 insurrection ended reviews\\narmy, 2463 proclaims amnesty hostili-\\nties ceased Southern ports open resto-\\nration of Va. reward for capture of\\nDavis est. provisional govt, in S. C.\\nreconstruction of South, 2473 discontin-\\nuance of army corps, 248i; blockade re-\\nmoved restoration of civil govt, in\\nMiss. reconstruction of Ga. and Tex.\\nremoves trade restriction, 2483 an-\\nnounces reconstruction policy issues\\n2d amnesty, 249 1 restores Habeas Cor-\\npus, 2492, 2523 disagreement with Cong.,\\n2511 resolution of confidence fails, 251 2\\nvetoes Freedmen s Bureau Bill de-\\nnounces Reconstruction Com., 2513 de-\\nclares insurrection suppressed; vetoes\\nCivil Eights Bill. 2523; declares general\\namnesty; objections to 14th Amendment;\\nagainst Fenians, 2531; message on ad-\\nmission of Tenn., 2532 peace in Texas\\ncables Victoria indorsed by Conven.,\\n2533 disputatious speeches Conserva-\\ntives indorse. 2533 at Douglas s monu-\\nment. 253 3 2553; his policy condemned\\nconciliatory message vetoes negro suf-\\nfrage bill, 2552 movement to impeach,\\n2553, 2572 vetoes Tenure of Office Bill\\nand Military District Bill. 2571 Judiciary\\nCom. reports inability, 2572 removes\\nGen. Sheridan; requests Stanton to re-\\nsign proclaims general amnesty, 259 1\\n2632 upholds supreinacyof civil courts\\nvetoes 2d Reconstruction Act, 2591 Im-\\npeachment Committee reports, 2592\\nStanton message, 2593 receives Charles\\nDickens censured jurisdiction re-\\nstricted, 261 1 impeachment decided,\\n2612 dismisses Stanton appoints Gen.\\nThomas sec. of war nominates Thomas\\nEwing sec. war, 2612 Cong, resolves to\\nimpeach; court convenes. 2612; impeach-\\nment abandoned cablegram to Field,\\n2631; vetoes Readmission bill vetoes\\nbill to readmit Ark., 2632 purchase of\\nAlaska, 263 3 obligations of govt. pro-\\nclaims amnesty, 2652 message on Brit,\\nclaims, 2672 senator, 28113 l., 2881.\\nJohnson, Lady Arabella, wife of Isaac, d.,\\n321.\\nGen. Bradley Tyler, b. (1829) enters\\nMd., 2361\\nBushrod Rust. b. (1817) driven from\\nQuaker Road, 2442 d. (1880).\\nCaptain, 9433.\\nCaptain, in European waters, 862.\\nCavo, b. (1793) P. M. Gen., 1592 d.\\n(1866).\\nCharles, governor of Borneo, 5522.\\nC. J., convicted, 4303.\\nCol., at Chapel Hill, Va., 2191.\\nDaniel, d., 3721\\nDavid, b. (1782) gov., 1613 d. (1855).\\nb. (1827); ill Acad. Design, 2023.\\nEastman, b., 1321 in Academy De-\\nsign, 1902 d. (1873).\\nE. R., elected bp., 9803.\\nGen. Edward, b. (1816); at Camp Alle-\\nghany, 2011; at Gettysburg. 2241 south\\nof Rapidan, 2321 d. (1873).\\nGabriel, gov. N. C, 633 d. (1752).\\nCol. Guy, conf. with Indians, 5772.\\nG. W., prov. gov. Ky., 2012.\\nH., loaographic printing, 9222.\\nH. R.~W., pres. Liberia, 11612.\\nHancock, gov. Mo., 1832.\\nHenry, b. (1783) gov., 1332; d., 2392.\\nU b., 168L\\nHerrick, b. (1832) moderator, 3122.\\nHerschell Vespasian, b. (1812) gov.\\nGa., 1743; nom. vice-pres., 1882; d., 3041.\\nIsaac, gov. La., 161 1 d. (1630).\\nCaptain J., governor of Borneo, 5522.\\nJames, b., 1162; gov., 2431 2483,2511\\nS., cons. P. E. bp., 3282.\\nJohn, mayor N. Y., 591\\nlord mayor, London, 9492.\\nSir b. (1742) flees to Canada,\\n802 disbands troops, 821 d., 9442.\\nJos..b.(17S5); gov. Va., 1712; d.(1877).\\nJ. Neely, gov. Cal., 1812 insurrec-\\ntion, 1803.\\nJudge, gov. (Red River), 5773.\\nMaj., at Scottville, 2301.\\nMartin N, b., 1681\\nMortiniore L., promoted capt., 42D1\\nSir Nath., gov. N. C, 553 d. (1713).\\nOliver, b., 1161 d., 3481\\nReverdy, b., 1061 atty.-gen.,. 1653\\nCom. on Reconstruction, 2493 proposes\\nBlaine Amend. ,2571 jininister, G.B.,2632;\\nAla. Claims Cominis., 2052,3 d., 2902.\\nRich. Mentor, b. (1781); electoral vote,\\n1472, 1532 vice-pres., 1473 d. (1850).\\nRobt., b. (1682) gov. 632 d. (1735).\\nS., presidential vote, 1073.\\nSamuel, cl., b., 1302 d., 3101\\nb., 522 at Stratford, 602; p re3\\nColumbia College, G91 991 d. (1772).\\ncl., b., 8862 punished, 8963.\\n.author, b., 9042; works, 9091,\\n9131 ,2, 9151 _ 9192 d., 9223.\\nWm, b., 1381\\nThomas, b., 621\\njustice S. C, 1032.\\nmurderer, 5863.\\nlord mayor, London, 9492.\\nL., b., 1741 speech, 4392.\\nWin., b., 762; justice, 1132 d. (1834).\\nSir b., 581 erects forts, 682,\\n701 at Fort Niagara 703 tribute to\\nAmericans, 782 d. (1774).\\nSir publisher d., 9981\\nFrame, b. (1808) gov. Pa., 1652\\nd. (1S72).\\nSamuel, b. (1727) d., 1281\\nClarendon treaty, rejected, 2672.\\nJohnsonville. Tenn., Fed. gunboats de-\\nstroyed, 2392.\\nJohnston, Pa., burglars, 4542.\\nA. K., Afr. expedition, d., 5611\\nAlbert S., b. 1102; in winter quarters,\\n1821; at Salt Lake City, 1843; commands\\nin West, 1982 at Shiloh, 2061 d., 2072.\\nJohnston, Alexander, b., 166 2 d., 3422.\\nKeith, b., 9323 expedition, 5611\\nd., 9761\\nC, in treas. dept., 4472.\\nJohn Taylor, b. (1829) paintings sold,\\n4241; d.,4261.\\n.Joseph E., b., 1161; at Bull Run,\\neludes Patterson, 1963 reorganizes\\narmy, 2003 evacuation of Manassas,\\n2043; in Tenn., 2051; holds McClellan,\\n2061 commands at Yorktown, 2062 at\\nMcDowell; at Williamsburg; retreats,\\n2071; crosses Chickahommy, 2072;\\nwounded at Fair Oaks, 2082; at Gallatin,\\n2121 commander in West, 2161 ordered\\nto Miss.; at Jackson. 2221, 2243; at Bol-\\nton, 2242; commands in Ga., 2283; atDal-\\nton; at Rocky Face Ridge, 2522 crosses to\\nAllatoona Pass evacuates Dalton,233i\\nat Kesaca, 2333; abandons Allatoona; at\\nLostMountain,234i ,3; leaves Pine Moun-\\ntain, 2342; evacuates Marietta, 2351 at\\nAtlanta; near Smyrna Camp Ground,\\n2361 superseded, 2: (62 at Ulattahooche,\\n2361 commands in N. C.,2422; atBenton-\\nville, 2441; in Davis council, 2461 sur-\\nrenders Govt, disavows terms, 2462\\npolitical disabilities removed, 2952 d.,\\n3801.\\nRichard M., b., 1302; works, 3962.\\nSamuel, b., 621 gov., 1011 d., 1242.\\nWilliam, moderator, 3222.\\nSir-\\nd.,\\nJohnstone. Commodore at St. Jago, 9202.\\npacing record, 3193.\\nJohnstown, N. Y., Indians confer, 893\\nburned, 921\\nPa., flood, 3401, 3413, 3561; under\\nmilitary rule, 3401 victims found, 345 2\\n359 3 religious meeting, 3403 Carnegie\\nlibrary, 3443 relief committee, 3522;\\nSultan of Turkey sends funds, 11583\\nfishing-club sued, 3863; forest fires, 4173.\\nJoint Commission of G. B. and U. S.\\nmeets, 2732,2752.\\nSynod. (See Evangelical Lutheran.)\\nJoinville, Fr., secret treaty at, 6852.\\nJean Sire de, b.-d., 6702; Louis, 6731\\nPr. de, Francois Ferdinand Philippe\\nLouis Marie d Orleans, b. (1818) atMog-\\nador, 7281 in Assembly, 3433, 7453.\\nJokai, Maurice, b., 5202.\\nJoliet, 111., car wrecked, 339 3 Steel Co.\\ndivides profits, 3703 furnace falls, 3733.\\nLouis, b., 361; explorer, 5722; on\\nMississippi, 443; d., 541\\nJolivet, Charles, eons. R. C. bp., 9742.\\nGen., subdues Arabs. 83.\\nPierre Jules, b., 7143; d., 7461\\nJoly, Marie Elizabeth, b., 7023; d\u00e2\u0080\u009e 7131.\\nJomelli, Niccolo, b., 10831 d., 10842.\\nJomini, Baron Henri, b., 7043; d., 7382.\\nJonah, prophet, preaching of, 11443 Com-\\nmentary on, 6663.\\nJonathan, defeats Philistines, 11421.\\nhigh priest, 11483.\\nMaccabeus, rules Jerusalem, 11493;\\nconfirmed, 11493; high priest, 11483; con-\\nducts war, 114S1 captive killed, 11493.\\nJones, Alfred, b. (1S19) in National Acad-\\nemy Design, 1701\\nAnson, Pres., b. (1798), 1592; d., 1842.\\nCharles Colcock, b. (1804) Negro\\nMyths, 3323; d.,4341.\\nC. H., editor, World, 4342.\\nFrank H., in P. O. Dept., 4472.\\nGeorge, finis. Times, 1683 d., 3881\\nGalnsha, d., 1422.\\nGen., at Dungan Hill, 8861\\nH., shoots Capt. Vial, 4171.\\nHugh Bolton, b. (1848) in National\\nAcademy Design, 3141\\nInigo b. (1572\u00c2\u00b1); d., 8S82.\\nJacob, b., 761 captures Frolic, 1182;\\nd., 1681.\\nJames C\u00e2\u0080\u009eb., 1161; gov., 1552; d.,1842.\\nKimbrough, b., 1502 speech,\\n4411.\\nJohn, gift of, 9901\\nM., b. (1820) d., 2332.\\nP., murdered in Pa., 2891\\nP.,b., 1381 (senator (1873) Mone-\\ntary Conf., 4132 joins Populists re-\\nquested to resign, 471 2\\nPaul, b., 662; lieut. commander,\\nS11 prizes, 823; on Alfred, 841 on Provi-\\ndence, 823. 841 captain, 841 on Banger,\\n881; at Whitehaven on Scottish coast,\\n882 on Serapis, 903 superintends\\nAmerica, 941 d\u00e2\u0080\u009e 1022.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1307.jp2"}, "1308": {"fulltext": "1296\\nText Eigures denote Page. INL)1l^C. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nJone-Jupi.\\nJones, John Taylor, b. (1802) missionary,\\n11243; d. (1851).\\nM^, h. speaker, 1572; d.(lS48).\\nJustin Edw., d., 3361\\nLieut., at Lake Borgne, 1223,\\nLlewellyn, elected bp., 9803.\\nR. L., in Liverpool charities, 979 2\\nRoger, b. (1789) d., 334\\nThomas G., gov. Ala., 375 4212.\\n\\\\Y. Bonce, boycotted, 9871\\nW. C, d., 588\\nWra., b. (1754); sec. navy, 1123 gov.\\nR. L, 1192; d. (1822).\\ncl., b., 9063; d., 9302.\\ntransported, 9511.\\nA., librarian, h., 1262.\\nA., M. Cong., b., 1662.\\nBasil, elected bp., 9742.\\nSir b., 9122 d., 9263.\\nCapt. near Smithville, 209 1\\nEdinondson, b. (1824) raid arrested,\\n2242 at Uogersville, 22Si near Wythe-\\nville, 2323 at Piedmont, 2342; d., 2351\\nW. J-, murdered, 4071\\nW W., elected bp., 9742.\\nJonesboro, Ark., Judge Ferrell k., 4751.\\nGa., action at, 2381\\nJonesport, Me., Mormons assemble, 3662.\\nJones s Bridge, Va., fight at, 235 1\\nJonesville, 111., molt hangs prisoner, 1771.\\nLa., John Hastings lynched, 4182.\\nVa., action at, 22S3.\\nJoniaux, Mine, poisons relatives, 5482.\\nJonis, Richard, d., 5013.\\nJonius, Franciscus, b., 6803.\\nJonnart, M., minister, 7671.\\nJonquiere, Marquis de la, gov. Can., 575 3\\nJonson, Ben, b., 8742; works, 8771 2; p0 et\\nlaureat, 8823 d., 8822.\\nJoo-ning Foo, fall of, 6141.\\nJoppa. (See Jaffa.)\\nJoram, reigns, 11451\\nJordaens, Jakob, b.,5403; d.,5411.\\nJordan, divided, 11403; expedition to, 1622.\\nClinton, murder and suicide, 4443.\\nDavid Starr, b., 1682 pres. Leland\\nUniversity, 3802.\\n,Mrs. (Dorothy Bland), b. (1702+) last\\nappearance, 1)362; d. (1816).\\nThomas, b., 1301 in Cuba, 2663.\\nWilhelin, b., 8122.\\nJoret, M., constructs steel bridge, 7361.\\nJorge Juan in Cuban navy, 6341\\nJorgenson, Jorgen, b., 6382.\\nJoraal de Cnimbra issued, 1110 1\\nEnciclop lico issued, 11101.\\nJortin, John, b., 9002; d. (1770).\\nJoseph, sold; will, 11412; gov., 11413,6463.\\nof Nazareth, (light into Egypt, 11503.\\nI., b. (1677); K.of Hung.. .133, 7992; K.\\nof Romans, 7992; emp.jGer., 5143, 7993;\\nseizes Duchy of Mantua, 10833 receives\\npapal dispensation, 11113; d., 5143.\\nII., emp., b., 8003 King of Romans,\\n5172 curbs the priests, 5423 in Ba-\\nvaria, 8041 j suppresses abbeys, 5103\\nest. schools, 8052 edict of tolerance,\\n5172, 8051; abolishes serfdom, 8052;\\nabolishes slave trade, 5172; ascends\\nthrone of Hung. abolishes reforms,\\n517 3 resigns command, 516 3 con-\\ntrols the pope institutes reforms\\nchange of terr., 5431 Dutch indemnity,\\n8053 improves legal system, 5173 emp.\\nHoly Roman Empire, 5172, 8053; d.,5163.\\nEmanuel, Port., reigns, 11103; tor-\\ntures subjects, 11113, (See Pedro III.)\\n-Henri attempts king s life, 7292.\\nson of Kami, high-priest, 11523.\\nI., Caiaphas, high-priest, 11503.\\nJosephine. Willi a collides, 9613.\\nJosephine of Flanders, married, 5482.\\nMarie Josephe Rose Tascher de la\\nPagerie, b., 7031; marries Napoleon I.,\\n713i; d., 721i.\\nJosephus, Flavius, b., 10622; Antiquities\\nof the Jews, 10643.\\nJoshua defeats Midianites, 11401; suc-\\nceeds Moses, 11413 commands sun and\\nmoon, 11402 d., 11413.\\nJosiah reigns, 11453; reforms; keeps feast,\\n11462 i n b. Megiddo, 11461 killed, 6501\\n-Mason s College, established, 9791\\nJosika, Miklos, b., 5191 d., 5262.\\nJossus elected emperor d., 7853.\\nJotham reigns, 11451 bramble tale, 11423.\\nJoubert, Peter J., in Transvaal, 6032,\\nBarthelemy Catherine, b., 7042 k.\\nat Novi, 5182 d., 7142.\\nJoubert, Joseph, b., 7022 d., 7242.\\nLeo, b.,7242.\\nM., financial scheme, Egypt, 659 1\\nJouett, James E., rear-admiral, 3221.\\nJouffroy, Marquis de, Claude Francois, b.\\n(1750\u00c2\u00b1); his steamboat, 7041; d. (1832),\\nTheo. S.,b., 7123; works, 7271 d.,72S2.\\nJouitsong encourages learning, 6122.\\nJoule, James Preseott, b.,9383 d., 10001.\\nJounont, Gen., at Than-Moi, 4823.\\nJourdan, Col., at Reedyville, 23.81\\nJean Baptiste, b.,7023; at Wattignes,\\n7101 at Vittoria, 720 1 d., 7262.\\nLopez, defeat, 4902 gov. Argentine,\\n4912 captured, 4913.\\nJournal of Stendhal appears, 758 2\\nBritamiiffiie issued, 7012.\\nde Commerce issued, 7032.\\nd Educofion issued, 7051.\\nde LitUraire, 705 2\\nde Marine issued, 705\\nde Monsieur issued, 705 2\\nde Musique, 7051\\nde Paris issued, 705 2\\ndes Beaux- Arts issued, 5443.\\ndes Dames issued, 7032.\\ndes Sciences issued, 7051\\ndes Theatres issued, 7051.\\ndu Palais issued, 6931\\nEccUsi istique issued, 693 2\\nEtranger issued, 703 2\\nLitUrairc published, 6972.\\nJournal of Sir W.Scot 7, etc., appears, 10043.\\nJouson Beg, at Medina, 4881.\\nJourdan, dean Baptiste, in War, 5181\\nJouvenet, Jean, b., 6S83 d., 69G3.\\nJouy, Victor Jos. E. de, b., 7031 d., 7283.\\nJovellanos, Gaspar Melchoir de, b.-d.,\\n11283.\\nSalvador, elected president, 11062.\\nJovellar, Gen., in Havana, 6332.\\nJovian (Flavius Claudius Jovianus), b.-d.,\\n10682 defeats Gauls, 6622 reigns,\\n10092; purchases retreat, 11061 d., 10692.\\nJovis, M. M., balloon ascent, 75G1.\\nJoy, Charles Arad, b., 302.\\nF., b. 1662.\\nJoyce, Isaac W. t elected M. E. bp., 3302.\\nJohn, shot, 9902.\\nJoyeuse,Duc de, Anne, b. (1501\u00c2\u00b1); at Cou-\\ntras, 6841\\nV.-Adm. Villaret de, in battle, 6291\\nJozar, high priest, 11502.\\nJuan, Don, de Acuna, viceroy Mex., 61 2\\nJuarez, Benito Pablo, b.-d., 10952 defeats\\nMiramon takes Mex. City, 10961 pres.\\nrevolt against factions tor; d., 10963.\\nCelman, Miguel, b. (1844) resigns,\\nest., England, 9153;\\n4922\\nJuba defeats Curio. 10601; killed, 10602.\\nJubal inv. musical instruments, 11391.\\nJuhalpur mission, 10483.\\nJuda, Leo, b.-d., G783.\\nJudah, kingdom formed war with Israel,\\n11433; alliance with Israel, 11451 trib-\\nutary to Assyria, 1145 2 Amaziah reigns,\\n11451 kingdom falls, 11471\\nHenry M., d., 2501\\nJudas, betrays Christ suicide, 11523.\\n(Aristobulus I.), high priest, 114S3.\\nhigh priest, 11492.\\nMaccabeus, at Beth-heron at Caph-\\narsalama, 11481 restores Temple falls,\\n11483 killed, 11481, 2.\\nson of Simon III., assassinated, 11493.\\nJudd, Max, exequatur not granted, 537\\nOrange, b., 1302.\\nOrinB., d., 3981.\\nSylvester, b. (1813) Margaret, 1591\\nd., 1722.\\nJudea invaded by Philistines, 11441 idol-\\natry restored 11443 province of Baby-\\nlon, 1147 2 high priests become sub-\\nrulers, 11473; province of Syria; sub-\\nject to Egypt, 11491 taken by Antio-\\nchus III., 11492; invaded by Syrians;\\nEeace with Syria, 11493 delivered from\\nyria; rebellion of Pharisees, 11511;\\nRoman province, 11512, 11533, 10632;\\ntributary to Rome, 10592 divided,\\n11512; taxes levied by Cyrenius, 1151 3\\nannexed to Pal., 11532 high priest cor-\\nruption, 11523; Jews revolt, 10633,\\n10641,3; Jewish war against Rome,\\n10621 invaded by Vespasian desolated\\nby Syrians revolts against Rome, 11533.\\n(See Palestine.)\\nJudge advertising scheme, 3493,\\nJudges rule Israel, 11411\\nJudges,\\nimpeached, S943.\\nJudicature reformed, French, 7551.\\nJudiciary, National, est., Am., 1012.\\nJudith reigns in Abyssinia, 13.\\nof Bavaria, marries Louis I., 6663.\\nJudore mission, 10491\\nJudson, Adoniram, b., lOOi miss, move-\\nment, 1171; ordained, 1183 at Calcutta,\\n1191 10463 bequest, 1363 visits home,\\n1603 d., 1681.\\nEdward Z. C, b. (1822) d., 3241\\n.Emily, b., 1262; returns, 131 1; d.,\\n1742.\\nJudsonia, Ark., Judson Univ. org., 2763.\\nJuel, Nicholas b., 6362 d., 6363.\\nJitewa, asteroid, discovered, 2861\\nJuga us reigns, 11452.\\nJugdespore Sepoy rebellion, 10481.\\nJugduluk Pass, taken by Gen. Pollock, 42.\\nJuggernaut, state allowance for, 10472.\\nJugurtha defeats Romans war; defeated;\\ndelivered to Marius, 10561; prisoner in\\nRome, 10563 buys peace struggle for\\nNumidian throne, 10572 k. (104 B.C.).\\nJujuy, revolution, 4913.\\nJukes-Brown, A. J., British Isles, 9983.\\nJulesburg, Colo., Indians attack, 2403.\\nJulfa, mission at, 1108 2\\nJulg, Bernhard, b., 8123 d., 8321\\nJulia explodes boiler, 3293.\\nasteroid, discovered, 7361.\\nmarries Pompey, 10591\\n(the elder). Julia (the younger), ban-\\nished. 10631.\\nJulian, George Washington, b. (1817); nom.\\nfor vice pres., 16; 2, 1712; electoral vote,\\n1732, 2812; Joshua li. Giddings, 4203.\\n(Flavius Claudius Julianus), de-\\nfeats Franks. 6622 emp.; campaigns in\\nGaul, 663i,3 defends Gaul defeats Al-\\nemanni, 7692 war against Sapor II.,\\n10681; fails to rebuild temple. 10683; re-\\nnounces Christianity, 10291, 10083 fnds.\\nhospitals; revives Isthmian games, 10691\\nmade csesar reigns in Gaul, etc.; pro-\\nclaimed emp., 10692 war with Persia,\\n11061; killed, 10692.\\nJulianus, Didius Salvius, reigns opposed\\nedicts; executed, 10651 ,2.\\nJnlich-Cleves, quarrel for succession. 7933.\\nJulien, Louis Georges, b.. 7192 d., 7342.\\nPierre, b., 6983 d., 7151\\nStanislaus, b., 7142; Chinese Lexicog-\\nraphy 7291 d., 7461.\\nJulius I., St., pope, 10603 calls synod,\\n10683.\\nII., b.-d., 10783 forms Holy League,\\n0812 conquests. 10781 pope, 1079 1\\nIII., b.. 10783 pope, 10812 d., 10803.\\nC, cons, bp., 10042.\\nDuke of Brunswick, 7933.\\nPollux, The Onomasticon, 10292.\\nJumbo, elephant, purchased, 9893, 3113.\\nJumonville, N. Coulon de, b. (1725+) at\\nGreat Meadows, 681 killed (1754).\\nJumuden Turkomans, defeated, 11181\\nJuncker, Henry D-, b., 8102.\\nJung-Bahadur, b.-d., 10462.\\nJoachim, b., 7922 d., 7963.\\nJunger, iEgidius, cons. R. C. bp., 3022.\\nJunghans, Sophie, b. (1845) d., 8162.\\nJunghuhn, Franz W., b., 8102 d.,8221.\\nJung-Stilling, Johann H., b., 8002 d.812i\\nJunin, Peru, action at, 11081\\nJunior order United Araer. Mechanics,\\nstatistics, 4463 flags on schools, 3543.\\nJunius, Franciscus, theologian, b., 6803;\\nd.,6862.\\nphilologist, b., 8762.\\nMarcus, commander, 10542.\\nJunker, Wilhelm, b. (1840) d., 11221.\\nJunkermann, August, b., 8142.\\nJunkin, George, b.(179(\u00c2\u00bb moderator, 1582;\\nd.,2621.\\nJuno, arms stolen from, 9S63.\\ndiscovered, 808 1\\nJuno, worshiped, 10503 temple built,\\n10142, 10502.\\nJunot, Andoche, Due d Abrantes, b., 7042;\\nenters Lisbon at Vimeiro, 716 2 decree\\nfor Port Independence evacuates Port.,\\n7173 d., 7203.\\nMadame (Laure Permon), Duchesse\\nd Abrantes, b. 7061 d., 7281\\nJunta est. in Chile, 6091; legal proceed-\\nings surrenders power, 6092,\\nJunto Whigs rule, Eng., 9012.\\nJupiter captured, 5581", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1308.jp2"}, "1309": {"fulltext": "Jupi-Kans.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDiifX. Superior Figures indicate Colu\\n1297\\nJupiter known, 6102; fifth satellite dis.,\\n4141.\\nJupiter Olympus, altar to, 1013 1 temples\\nof, 10162, 10203, 1U502, 11532 colossal\\nstatue, 10203 worshiped, 10503, 10553.\\nJurgem invents spinning-wheel, 7901\\nJuridical Society fnd., 9611\\nJurie, or George I., Duke of Kieff, 11133.\\nor George II., grand duke, 11151.\\nor Geo. III., reigns in Russia, 11152.\\nJurieu, Pierre, h., 6882 d., 6963.\\nJurisprudence, Ger. system of, 8312.\\nJury, trial by, intro., Australia, 4943.\\nJussieu, Antoine Laurent, b., 7003 sys-\\ntem of plants, 7061 d., 7262.\\nBernard de, b., 6943; d., 7043.\\nJuste, Theodore, b., 5423 d., 5461\\nJusti, C, Diego Velazquez, 8322.\\nJustice, principle of, 10312.\\nDept. of, est., Am., 2712.\\nJustices appointed, Eng., 8492.\\nJustin, or Justinus I., b.-d., 10303; reigns,\\n10312; alliance with Turks, 10313; re-\\nstores bishops, 10303.\\nII. reigns, 10313 defeats Persians,\\n10302.\\nDr., dynamite shell tested, 3661\\nSt., b.-d., 10642; apology, 10643.\\nJustinian I., emp., b.-d., 10303 reigns,\\n10312; emp.; pays Chosroes for peace,\\n11061; rebuilds Constantinople, 1155\\nfnds. second St. Sophia, 11543.\\nII. reigns, 10313 defeats Bulgarians,\\n5651 j debauchery mutilated, 10312 de-\\nthroned; restored, 10313; code of laws\\ncompiled, 10311,2; honors the pope,\\n10723 d. 10303, 10312.\\nJustus, archbishop, 8422.\\nJutland, invaded, 6361, 6401; pillaged,\\n6402; Prus. administrative power, 6413;\\nconquered, 7941\\nJuTenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis), b.-\\nd., 10622 Satires of, 10643.\\nJuxon, William, b., 8742 minister, 8833;\\narchbp. Canterbury d., 8902.\\nKaab, Arabian poet, d., 4842.\\nKaaba, dispute over, 4853 ruined, 4863.\\nKaas, Nikolaus, b.-d.. 6362.\\nKabatnik, Mart., in Asia and Egypt, 5083\\nKabir, b.; disciple of Ramanand, 10431\\nKabul, Afg., Brit, in, 41 taken by\\nBaber, by Nadir Shah, 41 byAzim,43;\\nthe capital, 51 under Ufzul and Azim,\\n52, 3 massacre, 53; Afghans leave, 61\\nreceives Abder-Rahman, 71 conquered,\\n10441 annexed to Ind., 10433 j indepen-\\ndent, 10452.\\nKhan defeats Kins, 6121\\nKabyle, insurrection of, 82, a, 93, HP\\nKader, war with Fr. t 82,3 emir, 93.\\nKadesh,aetionat, 11401 Israelitesat, 11403.\\nKadi jah, Mohammed s convert, 4S43; wife,\\n4853; d.,4842.\\nKadlubek, Vincent, d., 11142.\\nKadol, Burmese war, 10482.\\nK.a-en-Ra reigns in Egypt, 647 2\\nKaffraria, missions, 5971,2, 5982; Win.\\nShaw sent to, 5972 natives defeated,\\n6001 African war, 6012 amnesty, 6002\\nsocial conditions, 6023 jlanguagesspoken,\\n6043.\\nKafir war, 1st, 2d, 5971 3d, 4th, 5th, 593*\\nKafirs, mission work, 597 1, 2; defeated;\\nraid of, 5981 suicide of, 5992; insurrec-\\ntion, 6001, 6012; war with, 9381; rise\\nagainstEng.,9561 war with Boers, 11242.\\nKafoor reigns in Egy., 6552.\\nKafr-Bilmisht, mission, 6571\\nKanazarenes in Russia, 11132,\\nKahnis, Karl F. A., b., 810* d., 8321\\nKahpoo taken, 6202.\\nKah-sing taken, 6202.\\nKaieteur falls, discovered, 10393.\\nKai-fung Foo, retreat of emp., 6141 siege,\\n6142 human flesh for food, 6151\\nKaigan, church at. 10921\\nKaiking enthroned. 6172; dethroned, 6163.\\nKaikobad reigns, 10432.\\nKain, John Joseph, eons, bp., 28S 2\\nKainarjii, treaty of, 11573.\\nKaine, Thomas, attempt to rescue, 1711\\nKai Ping, mission work, 6242.\\nKaiser, Jacob J., sentenced, 4403.\\nItaiser Octavianus appears, 791 1\\nKaiserslautern, Bavaria, battle of, 8061\\nKaiulani, Princess, appeal, 4242.\\nKaiyereu, mission, 6222.\\nKajar, dynasty reigns, 11073.\\nKajaruak, Eskimau convert, 643, 10381.\\nKakaa reigns in Egypt, 647 1\\nKa-Kau reigns in Egypt, 6453.\\nKak Chieh mission, 6211.\\nKalafat, Rumania, Turks enter, 11181\\nKalakaua I., David, b., 10411 j king visits\\nWashington, D.C., 287 1,2; in Gal., 3723;\\nd., 10412 funeral, 3773.\\nKalamazoo, Mich., Coll. est., 1423, 1783\\nstreet-car accident, 3393,\\nKalangan massacre, 5522.\\nKala*t-i-Gilzai, Afghans repulsed, 42.\\nKalawa, Father Damien, d., 1041 2\\nKalbeck, Max, b., 8181.\\nKalderoon, action at, 11561.\\nKaled defeats Romans, 4841\\nKaleidoscope suggested, 9362.\\nKaley, George, murderer, 4003.\\nKalid, Mussulman, 4843.\\nKalidasa, b., 10423.\\nKalila and ZHmna appears, 11271\\nKaliouchnaia, Maria Wassilieona, sen-\\ntenced, 11211.\\nKalish alliance, 811 1 Rus. victory, 7183.\\nKalisch, David, b., 8122 d\u00e2\u0080\u009e 8281\\nKalkbrenner, Friedrich, b.,8043 d., 818 1.\\nKalley, Rev. .missionary, 5542; org. church,\\n5562 retires, 5563.\\nKallock, mayor San Francisco, shot, 3031.\\nKalnoky, Count, minister of foreign af-\\nfairs, 5311; Austria-Hung. Conf.,5351.\\nKalpi Sepoy rebellion, 10481\\nKaltenborn-Strachan, Gen. von, resigns,\\n8371.\\nKamakura,destroyed,1091 1 capital, 1091 2\\nKambathet reigns in Egypt, 651 2\\nKambini mission, 11113.\\nKambula, battle at, 6001\\nKamchatka, Kussia, discovered, 1114\\nKamchi, David (Radak), d., 6702.\\nKamed Pasha, governor of Syria, 11593.\\nKamehameha I. reigns, 10411\\nII. reigns, 10411; ends idolatry, 10402.\\nIII. reigns, 10411\\nIV.,b.; weds, 10411 succeeds; d.,10412.\\nKamerun, W.Afr., colony fnd., 8313. (See\\ntext, p. 1161.)\\nKamienic, Russia, taken, 11561\\nKamil, El, sultan, 6552 d., 6542.\\nKampen, Nikolaus Godfried van, b.-d.\\n11011.\\nKampfer, Engelbrecht, b., 7963 reaches\\nJapan, 10911 d., 7983.\\nKamran enthroned, 51 d., 43.\\nKamsan captured, 63.\\nKanagawa mission at, 10921\\nKanawha, W. Va., Coxeyites steal train,\\n4622 storm, 344 1.\\nKandahar fnd., 53 taken by Nadir Shah,\\n41 entered by Shere Ali, 43 Afghans\\nleave; Brit, hold revolts, 6 1 ,3; Ameers\\noccupy Ayoob retires occupied Rob-\\nerts arrives, 6 1 annexed to India, 10433\\nconquered, 1044 1 Persians wrest, 10443.\\nKandy, Pagnani, bp., cons., 9822 taken,\\n10461 mission, 10462.\\nKane, Edward, b., 1542.\\nElisha Kent, b., 1282 commands\\nGrinnell s expedition, 166 ,1721; 2d ex-\\npedition, 1731 in Greenland Hartstein\\nfinds, 1761 returns, 1761 1781 d., 1821\\nSir Robert b., 9351\\n.Theodore F., promoted captain in\\nU.S. A., 3221.\\nThos. Leiper, b., 1302 d. (1883).\\nMr., shot, 9891.\\nKang-hi cheeksGaldan, restores churches,\\n6142 reigns, 6153 d., 6163.\\nKangra mission, 10463.\\nKangti enthroned, 6131\\nKang Wang, enthroned, 6112.\\nKanfshka founds Buddhism, 10431.\\nKanizsa, Ferdinand, defeated, 5113.\\nKansas, territory org. Kansas-Nebraska\\nBill, 1751; Emigrant Aid Society sends\\nparties to, 175 2 Congregational Gen.\\nAsso. org., 1762 bloody election im-\\nmigration, 1763 in Cong. A. H. Reeder,\\ngov., 1771 removed, 1772; legislature\\nupholds slavery, 1771; intruders from\\nMo., fraudulent t-lection, 1771, 2; J. W.\\nWhitfield delegate in Cong., 1771 elec-\\ntion for territorial legislature; Daniel\\nWoolson, gov. Free State men meet\\nproslavery legislature meets supple-\\nmentary elections held; proslavery strug-\\ngle Wilson Shannon, gov., 1771, 1791\\nmercury falls, 1781 Cong l. Conf. org.\\nMeth. Epis. Conf. org., 1782 sheriff shot,\\n1783 C ivil war in Free Soil Party\\nmeets Free State conven. meets in-\\ndictments against Reeder and others\\nFree State constitution ratified; fraudu-\\nlent votes Bleeding Kansas times;\\nWhitfield elected M. Cong. Lawrence\\nsacked proslavery party meets To-\\npeka antislaveiy constitution adopted,\\n1791 Lawrence sacked Chas. Robinson\\nelected M. C. pres. recognizes prosla-\\nvery legislature Col. Buford in, 1792\\ngovt, employs Buford, 1793 proslavery\\nstruggle legislature meets Chas. Rob-\\ninson inaug. indicted Cong, commit-\\ntee investigate, 1792, it reports, 181 1\\nNorthern men opposed civil war, 1793;\\nlegislature dispersed by U. S. troops\\nMissourians drive out Free State men\\nHouse votes for admission; Committee\\nof Five rebellion declared, 181 1; dele-\\ngates to conven., 1831; Free State men\\ncapture post, 181 1; John W. Geary,\\nfov., 1812 Geary disbands hostile\\norces he releases prisoners prosla-\\nvery troubles House admits Senate\\nrejects admission legislature meets\\nat Topeka, 181 1; Gov. Geary resigns;\\nJudge Lecompton removed no major-\\nity in legislature; peace reported; pro-\\nslavery legislature meets Free State\\nlegislature meets legislators arrested,\\n1812 U. S. troops aid proslavery party,\\n1821; Baker Univ. fnd. Highland Univ.\\nfnd. St. Benedict s Coll. org., 1822 il-\\nlegal Constitution Conven. j election by\\nFree State men; election illegal, 1831;\\nelections, 1833 Robert J. Walker, gov.;\\nLecompton proslavery constitution re-\\njected proslavery constitution nomi-\\nnally adopted constitutional election\\nheld, 1832 state admitted, 1851,1873,\\n1912 constitution rejected, 1851 ,2\\nconstitutional conven. voted for con-\\nven. at Wyandotte antislavery consti-\\ntution find. James W. Denver, gov.\\nSamuel Medary, gov., 1852 antislavery\\nconstitution wins, 187 1; State legisla-\\nture first meets, 1932 A 7 e?u Sam Gaty\\nflies Confederate flag, 1953 first over-\\nland coach arrives, 1973 State capital\\nlocated admitted into S. Confed., 2012;\\nGeo. M. Bebee, gov. Thomas Carney\\ngov. Chas. Robinson gov., 2032 mar-\\ntial law, 2041; negroes enlist, 2103;\\nQuantrell raids, 2143 insane asylum\\nest., 2292 ratifies 13th Amendment,\\n2432 martial law abolished, 2491\\nWashburn Coll. org., 2502 colored con-\\nven. at Topeka, 251 1, 2672; Samuel J.\\nCrawford, gov., 2511 Ottawa Univ.org.;\\nUniv. of Kan. org., 2543 Hancock and\\nCuster against Indians, 2561; Indians\\nremoval treaty ,257 1 ratifiesl4thAmend-\\nment, 2572 State constitution amend-\\nments rejected; rejects negro suffrage,\\n259 2 Woman s suffrage campaign, 2592,\\n2653; Luth. General Synod fmd, 2642; In-\\ndians raid, 2661 colored conven. meets,\\n2672 Free Meth. Conf. org., 2682, 3042\\nUniversalists State conven. org., 682;\\nJames M. Harvey, gov. ,2692; ratifies 15th\\nAmendment, 269*3 Eldership Church of\\nGod org., 2762 Indians Removal Act-\\npasses, 27S3 drought, 282 South Kan.\\nM. E. Conf. org., 2841 Thos. A. Osborn,\\ngov. ,2S5i E. Baxter, gov. ,2852; grasshop-\\nper plague, 2853; State bonds issued.2883;\\ncolor franchise abolished, 2912 Geo. T.\\nAnthony gov., 2973 j John P. St. John\\ngov., 2993; tornado, 3001; negro immi-\\ngration to, 3011, 3071; Constitutional\\nProhibitory Bill, 3082, 3052,3082; Uni-\\ntarian Conf. org., 3042; Green, drive-well\\npatent, 3073; first Dem. gov., 3112; West\\nKan. Free Meth. Conf., fmd., 3122 Reg-\\nulators disband, 3131 R.R. commission\\nGeorge W. Glick gov., 3152 Southwest\\nKan. Coll. est. at Winfield (1885); anti-\\nsaloon Rep. org., 3231 John A. Martin,\\ngov., 3233 Western Univ. org. at Salina,\\n8242; storm, 3261; female suffrage per-\\nmitted, 3272; R. C. diocese of Wichita\\norg. R. C. diocese of Concordia org. 328 2\\nliquor in drug stores, 329 1 Lyman U.\\nHumphreys, gov., 3293 State troops pre-\\nserve peace, 8801 capital removed, 8333;", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1309.jp2"}, "1310": {"fulltext": "1298\\nText Figures denote Page. IN L).C,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. XailS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 KeiDX\\nresubmission of prohibition amendment,\\n34/72, 3792 corn for fuel, 3493; silk in-\\ndustry encouraged, 3513 prohibitory\\nlaw unconstitutional, 3592 whisky war\\nprevails, 3603, 3623 prohibitory laws\\nnullified, 3612; original liquor packages\\ndecision, 3613, 3711 Farmers Alliance\\nin legislature, 3713 horse thieves shot,\\n3723 new legislature, 375* Female Suf-\\nfrage Bill, 3791; Cherokee strip boom-\\ners; White Maskers, 3903 negro school\\nchildren, 3951 mob kills sheriff, 3983\\nL. U. Humphrey, gov., 399i prairie fires,\\n4053 robbers wreck train, 4163 j consti-\\ntutional conven. proposed, 4192 legisla-\\ntive struggles of Populists, Republicans,\\nDemocrats, 4222 Republicans win,\\n4251 bank robbery, 4222; Woman s\\nSuffrage Bill passes, 4253 war on liquor\\njoints, 4262; destitution, 4333,4513; com-\\npanies disband, 4341 militia subdues\\nstrikers, 4342 vagrant labor, 4452 Mrs.\\nLease controversv, 4513 avalanche,\\n4481; tornado, 456i land cave-in, 4732.\\nKansas Citv, Mo., Confeds. defeated, 1963\\naction at, 1932, 2003 ft. G. diocese est.,\\n3042; Congregational Club find., 3182\\ntornado, 3222; Math. College est., 3522;\\neight-hoar day, 357 1; Ferguson embez-\\nzles, 3971 rail way wreek, 3053, 3713; Am.\\nNat. Bank suspends, :i773; International\\nY. M. C. A. meets. 383 1 Western States\\nCommercial Cong. 3822, 3833 oars side-\\ntracked, 3913; natural g. is, 4021 Knights\\nof Pythias, 4142 election fight, 4543,\\n458 2 parochial schools abandoned, 4681\\nbridge collapses, 4712.\\nWesleyan Univ., 3242.\\nKansooh Nasr, sultan, 655 3\\nKansuh, Mussulmans defeated, 6161; Mo-\\nham s rebel, 6202, 6213; mission, 6223.\\nKant, Immanuel, b., 8002; works, 803 1, 2,\\nS051 d., 8082.\\nKauter invents pressing-boards, 8041.\\nKantiliav, Abys., submits to Italy, 32.\\nKantner, Abraham, b., 7983.\\nKan-wang executed, 6202.\\nKanweh, action at, 10422.\\nKao, enthroned, 611 1.\\nIviohwang enthroned, 6113.\\nKaotsong weds Woo How, 6123; d., 6122.\\nKaou-te, books to be burned, 6102.\\nKao Wang enthroned, 6112.\\nKapolna, Hung., battle at, 5221.\\nKapp, Friedrich, b., 8123; d. 8302.\\nKappel, Switz, wars of, 11371.\\nKaptsehak, Khan of, empire est., 11152.\\nKapmida founders, 9973.\\nKapanda Station, copper ore, 49G 1\\nKarachi mission, 10463.\\nKarageorgevitch, d., 11201.\\nKara-in-das reigns, 11413.\\nKaraites sect founded, 11543,\\nKarakal, Madras, mission, 10471.\\nKara-Khar-das reigns, 11413.\\nKarakozow attempts Czar s life, 11191.\\nKaram, Joseph, leader Maronites, 11581.\\nKaramsin, Nikolai, b., 1116 2 works,\\n11171 d., 11163.\\nKara Mustapha, Turkish loader, 5222.\\nKarat, Prince of Carinthia, 5031\\nKaraveloff, ministry, 5671 regent re-\\nsigns, 5673; arrested, 5683.\\nKarelia ceded to Sweden, 11353.\\nKareraa conquers Uganda, 5632.\\nKarens, missions among, 11243.\\nKarez-i-atta, battle at, 62.\\nKargan mission, 6211.\\nKarim Khan reigns, 11073.\\nKarl Slcronik tn written, 11343.\\nKarlowitz, peace of, 5133, 7992.\\nKarlsbad, Congress of, 5212, 8193.\\nKarlsefne, Thorfinn, explorer, 112.\\nKarlsruhe, Prus. army in, 818 1\\nKarman, captives massacred, 11073.\\nKarmathians, skeptics, 4863; stormMecca,\\nrise, 4861; 4863,4871.\\nKarnak, Egypt, Hall of Columns erected,\\n6481 Temple of Ammon, 6462 Temple\\nof Abydos, 048 1\\nKarnal, Madras, mission, 10471.\\nKarolyi, Count, London, Conference, 9932;\\nduel, 5323; killed, 5333.\\nKarr, Jean Baptiste Alphonse, b., 717i\\nworks, 7602, 7292; d., 7601\\nKars, Russians expelled, 5651 surrender,\\n9601 action at, 11562; taken, 11161 11581\\nceded to Russia annexed to Turkey,\\n11592.\\nKarsten, Henry, brutality, 4442.\\nKarl J. B., b.,8042; d.,8201.\\nKartner, Madame, assassinated, 11212,\\nKarun River, open to commerce, 11083.\\nKarwin, explosions, 5383.\\nKarzburg mines, Brunswick, opened, 7741\\nKasan, conquered, 11141 famine, 11232.\\nKaschan, earthquake at, 11073.\\nKashgar, Turkestan, annexed, 6113 in-\\nsurrections, 6172, 6213; taken, 6221.\\nKashgaria conquered. 6142.\\nKashgate, battle of, 658 2\\nKashmir, or Cashmere, lost by Afghans,\\n51 captured; subdued, 1044 conquered,\\n10461 native council est., 10493.\\nKasos, Turkish atrocities, 10342.\\nKasota, Minn., train robbery, 4102.\\nKaspary founds humanitarians, 9701.\\nKasrur, Madras, mission, 10483.\\nKassai, Dejaeh, revolts, 32.\\n[John If.], crowned punishes mis-\\nsionaries, 32.\\nKassala, E. Afr., besieged, 6001\\nKassimir, Albert, D. of Saxe-Teschen, b.\\n(1738) at Jemmapes, 51S1 d. (1822).\\nKasson, John Adams, b., 1302.\\nKastner, Abraham G., d., 8071.\\nKatahdhi launched, 4221\\nKatakazy, M., dismissed, 2752.\\nKate Adams burned, 3313.\\nKatensky, ol., assassin fails, 11211.\\nKater, Henry, b.,9203; d., 9462.\\nKatona, Istoan, b., 5143; d., 5202.\\nKatosou enthroned, 6103, 6113.\\nKatzbach, battle of, 7201\\nKatzer, Fred Xavier, archbp., letter, 4061\\nKautfman, John, murder suicide, 4623.\\nKauffmann, Maria A., b.-d., 11372.\\nThomas, inv. harmonichord, 8101\\nKaufman, Gen., at Khokand, 11181.\\nKaufmann, Konstantin Petrovitch, b.,\\n11163; d., 11201.\\nKaulback, J. A., archdeacon, 5862.\\nWilhelm von, h., 8082; d., 8281.\\nKaulbars, Gen., in Bulg., 5673.\\nKaunitz, Wenzel Anton von, b., 5142 d.,\\n5191.\\nKautz, August Valentine, b. (1828) at\\nSycamore Church, 2381 on Darby Road,\\n2383; commissioner, 2472.\\nKavanagh, Edward, b. (1795) gov. Me.,\\n1572; d. (1844).\\nJulia, b., 9422; d., 9822.\\nKavanaugh, Hubbard Hinde, b., 1102;\\nordained M. E. bp., 1762; d. (1884).\\nK.ay, Prussians defeated at, 5161\\nJohn, shuttle throwing plan, 9143.\\nKaying-chau mission, 6231\\nKnyscrling, Moses, b., 8142.\\nKay-Shuttleworth, Sir U., minister, 9952.\\nKazan, University of, fnd. Rus., 11171.\\nKazinczy, Francis, b., 5163.\\nKe, Viscount, refuge in Korea, 10942.\\nKean, Charles John, b., 935 1 in New\\nYork, 1381; d., 9722.\\nEdmund, b., 9242; in N. Y., 1281 last\\nappearance, 9461 d., 9462.\\nMrs. (Ellen Tree), b., 9323 in N. Y.,\\n1461; d., 9861..\\nJohn, Jr., nom. for gov. of N. J., 4151.\\nSir John, b. (1781) at Kandahar, 41\\nd. (1844).\\nJ. J., embezzler, 460 2\\nS. A., ex-banker, indicted, 4183.\\nKeane, Baron, title created, 9451.\\nGen., b. (1781) at New Orleans, 1223;\\nd. (1844).\\nJohn J., b. (1839) cons, bishop (1878);\\nresigned (Ihss); dci louncespublicschools,\\n3362 address, 3423.\\nKearney, N. J., riot, 3781 E. Bull, mur-\\nderer, 4603; robbers den, 4623.\\nDennis, arrested, 2971 pres. Work-\\ningman s Party, 2972; in Boston, 2991;\\nagitator in Cal., 2!i!t2 imprisoned, 3032.\\nKearny, Lawrence, b., 1001 d., 2641.\\nPhilip, b., 1242 defeats Sioux, 1761\\nat Fair Oaks, 2082 at Chantilly, 2122;\\nd., 2132.\\nStephen Watts, b., 1042 invades\\nMex. captures Santa Fe. 1601; at San\\nGabriel, 1621 gov. Cal., 1633; d., 16-11\\nKearnstown, Va., battle of, 205 1 Feds.\\ndefeated, 2363.\\nKearsarge destroys Alabama, 2343 at\\nHaiti at Port-au-Prince, 3401 wrecked,\\n4501; fired, 4541.\\nKearse, S. C, race riot occurs, 3643.\\nKeary, Annie, b., 9422.\\nKeate, Robt. W., governor Natal, 6011\\nKeating, Sir Henry S., d., 9982.\\nKeats, John, b., 9263; works, 9391 d., 9403\\nKea-tsing, d., 6142.\\nKeble, John, b., 9262; work, 9431 d., 9701\\nKe-choo, capital, 611 1\\nKedney, John Steinfort, b., 1281.\\nKeeley, S. V., embezzler, 436i\\nKeeling Islands acquired, 9613; detached\\nfrom Ceylon, 10492.\\nJosiah, dis. Rye House Plot, 8971\\nKeely, John Worrall, b. (1837) motor de-\\nveloped, 2801 d. (1899).\\nKeen, Alpheus A., d., 2411.\\nLung, in Central Asia, 6161 encour-\\nages art, 6162 feast to ancients, 6171\\nenthroned abdicates, 617 2\\nPhouc, king, 4832.\\nKeenan, John, indictments, 3591\\nKeene, Charles Sam., b. (1S23) d., 10042.\\nLaura, b., 1282; d., 2821.\\nThomas W., b., 1622.\\nKeener, John Christian, b., 1281.\\nKeet, Mr., prefix Rev., refused; case\\ntried, 9782;\\nKehl, Baden, captured, 6981\\nKehukee Baptist Association fmd., 742.\\nKeifer, Joseph W-, speaker, 3092, 3152.\\nKeightlev, Thomas, b., 9243 conimis-\\nsioner, 9052; d.,9761.\\nKeigwin, Col., at Cumberland Mts., 2051.\\nKeiki reigns, 10912 last shogun, 10931\\nKeilmever, Karl F., d., 8162.\\nKeim, Theodor, b. (1825) d., 8282.\\nKeiser, Keinhard, b., 7963 d., 8002.\\nKeith-Falconer, mission opened, 4882.\\nGeorge, b. (Hi39_-.); Quaker leader,\\n8863 d. (1716).\\nViscount Elphinstone, b. (1746)\\nd., 9403.\\nJames, b., 7982 d., 8023.\\nFrances Ed., b., 9002 d. (1758).\\nSir William, gov. Pa., 592 proposes\\nStamp Act, 613.\\nMr., missionary, 542.\\nKeitt, Lawrence M., b. (1824); at Fort\\nWagner, 2251 d., 2351.\\nKekule, Friedrich August, b., 8142.\\nKellach, coronation, 8443.\\nKeller, Father, arrested, 9971\\nJoseph, b., 8102 d., 8281\\nKellermann, Francois Cliristoph, D. de\\nValmy, b., 6983, 7081 at Lyons, 7101;\\nd., 7223.\\nKellersberg, Baron von, new ministry,\\n5292.\\nKelley, Benj. Franklin, b. (1807) at Phil-\\nippi, W. Va., 1961 a t Romney, 2002; at\\nCumberland, 2371 captured, 2422.\\nEugene, treas. Home Rule, 3851.\\nRobert, in Arctic seas, 411 1\\nThos., lord-mayor, London, 9453.\\nWilliam Darrab, b. (1814) d., 3501\\nKelley s Ford, Va., actions, 2201 2281\\nKellgren, Johan Henrik, work, 11351.\\nKellie, E. of, title created, 8731.\\nKellogg, Clara Louise, b., 1541; debut,\\nN. Y., 1902; debut in London, 9701.\\nEnsign H., Fishery Commission, 2972.\\nWin,, b. (1814) on Com. of, 33, 1891\\nP., b. (1831); gov. La., 2791,2,3,\\n2812, 2872,3 driven out, 2*53; restored\\nassumes office. 2872 maintained, 2873.\\nKelly, Edward, d., 10062.\\nEllen Alice Terry, b., 9542 first ap-\\npears, 3141\\nEugene, d., 4781\\nFrancis, cons, bishop, 9543.\\nHarrison, Committee on Mnfgs., 3491\\nHorace, donates gallery of arts, 3721\\nJames B., cons, bishop, 9663.\\nMichael, b., 9162 d., 9422.\\nMike, lynched, 3782.\\nNed, captured, 4982.\\nTimotbv, convicted; executed, 9911\\nKelley s Band, W. Va., arrested, 4643.\\nKelso, Scot., monastery fnd., 8483 stone\\nbridge commenced, 9282.\\nKelton, John C. appointed adjt. -gen., 3401\\nin war dept., 3512 d., 4341\\nKelung, Formosa, taken, 6221; Fr. re-\\npulsed, 6222; forts captured; taken, 6241.\\nKelvin, Baron, title created, 10083.\\nKeivng, Sir John, chief justice, 8932.\\nKem, Omer M., b., 1761.\\nKemble, Adelaide, b. (1814) first appear-\\nance, 9501; marries Fred. U. Sartoris\\n(1843) d. (1879).\\nChas.,b.,919i; inN.Y.,140i; d., 9582.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1310.jp2"}, "1311": {"fulltext": "Xemb-Key.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDIlX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1299\\nKemble, Francis Ann, b., 935 first ap-\\npearance, 9441 in N. Y., 140i d., 100S2.\\nGouverneur, b. (1786) d., 288 1\\nJohn M., b., 9331 d., 9622.\\nPhilip, b., 91-43; d., 9403.\\nKemburg acquired, 8133.\\nKemin, John, elected prince, 5132.\\nKeminler, William, sentence, 3631 first\\nelectrocuted, N. Y., 3651\\nKemp, James F., Ore Deposits, 478 3\\nJohn, b. (1400\u00c2\u00b1) archbp. of Canter-\\nbury, 8622; d. (1454).\\nHicham, nominated for gov., 37 3\\nKempelen, Wolfgang von, b., 5143 jd., 5191\\nKeinpen, Emily, opens law school, 3443.\\nKemper, Jackson, b. (1789); cons, P. E.\\nbishop, 1442, 1762 d. (1870).\\nJames Lawson, b. (1823) gov., 2873.\\nKempff, Louis, promoted, 3841.\\nKeinpis, Thos. A., b.-d., 7842 work, 7871\\nKempt, Sir James., gov. N. S., 5773, 5792.\\nKen, Thomas, b., 8822 acquitted, 8963;\\nd., 9042.\\nKendal, Mrs. (Margaret Brunton Robert-\\nson), b., 9542.\\nKendall, Amos,b., 1001 p.-m.gen., 1473\\nresigns, 1513; d., 2681.\\nBion Freeman, b. (1S27) d., 2191\\nGeorge, embezzles, 272.\\nWilkins, b. (1810) d., 2582.\\nK. S., moderator, 2722.\\nWin. J., swims Niagara Rapids, 325 3\\nKendrick, Asahel Clark, b., 116i\\nJames Kyland, b. (1821) d., 3422.\\nM. John, cons. P. E. bishop, 3341\\nPeter R., bp., 1542 archbp., 1623.\\nKenesaw Mountain, Ga., action, 2342,2351\\nKengting enthroned, 611 2\\nKeng Wang enthroned, 6112.\\nKenilworth Castle, Eng., built, 8482\\nsiege of, 854 1\\nKenlis, Baron, title created, 945 1\\nKenly, John Reese, b. (1820;, or (1822); at\\nFront Royal, 2081.\\nKenmare, Baron, title created, 9593.\\nEarl, title created, 9311.\\nKenmare Castle wrecked, 9913.\\nKenna, John Edward, b. (1848) d., 4201\\nKennan, Geo., b. (1845) works, 2723, yoss.\\nKennedy, Anthony, b., 116 2 d., 4101.\\nSir Arthur, gov. Australia, 499 1\\nE. B., exploring expedition k.,4961\\nF. W., embezzler, 3851\\nJohn Pendleton, b., lOGi d., 2702.\\nStewart, founds United Chari-\\nties Building, N. Y., 4243.\\nR. C, hanged as spy, 2442.\\nThomas J., nom. for gov. N. J., 4132.\\nW., moderator, 3981\\nWilliam, Flytinq of Dunbar, 8663.\\nN., b. (1839/; gov., 5812; d. (1885).\\nKenner, La., negroes banded, 4123.\\nDuncan F., b. (1813) tariff commis-\\nsioner, 31H; d. (1S87).\\nJohn C, cons M. E. South bp., 2522.\\nKennet and Avon canal, built, 9293.\\nKenneth L, K. of Scotland, 8413.\\nII., K, of Scotland, 844 1 takes Came-\\nlon.8451.\\nIII. at Luncarty, 846 1\\nKennett, Capt., near Lebanon, 2151\\nSquare, Pa., Cedarcroft on tire, 4793.\\nKennicott, Benjamin, b., 9062 d., 9223.\\nKennion,Geo. Wyndham, bp., 9862,10121.\\nKenny, filibuster, invasion, 10382.\\nJohn, murder of, 9931\\nKenrick, Francis Pa [rick, b., 1062; d., 2251\\nPeter Richard, b. (1806) bp. St. Louis,\\n1563 archbp., 1623 St. John s R. C.\\nchurch, 3801 cons., 1542.\\nKenry, Baron, title created, 9651\\nKensett, John Frederick, b., 1262 works,\\n1661 1701 1821 2411 2601 d., 2782.\\nKensington, Can., fire, 5893.\\nLondon, statue of Jenner removed,\\n9661; Rom. Cath. Univ. Coll. opd.,9743.\\nBaron, title created, 9172, 9953.\\nKent, Eng., won by Eng., 8403 early\\nkings, 8412 ravaged conquered, 8421\\nChristianity in, 8422; revolts, 8481 Good-\\nwin-Sands find. inundated, 8482; strike,\\n9831.\\nO., railway accident, 3933.\\nIsland, Md., settled, 333 Clayborne\\nat, 341; reduced, 381.\\n,D.of,Edw.Augustus,b., 9163; d., 9402.\\nEdward, b. (1802); gov. Me., 1512,\\n1531; d. (1877).\\nJas., b., 723; Am. Law, 1351 d., 1623.\\nKent, Joseph, b. (1802) d., 1482.\\nWilliam, b. (1802) d., 1902.\\nb., 8962 d., 9122.\\nMr., explorer, Australia, 4942.\\nKentish Gazette oxt], issued, 9063.\\nmen, imprisoned, 9031\\nTown, London, Eng., railway acci-\\ndent at, 9653.\\nKenton, O., burglars, 4482 W. Dales,\\nlynched, 3803.\\nSimon, b., 711 d., 1462.\\nKentucky settlers in, 632, 693, 79 1 county\\nof Va., 853 Transylvania Presb. fmd.,\\n982 j terr. org. seeks admission, 1031\\nadmitted, 1033; Isaac Shelby, gov., 1033,\\n1051,1193; James Garrard, gov., 1073;\\nPresb. synod formed, 1103; Christopher\\nGreenup, gov., 1132; k. c. diocese, Louis-\\nville, est., 1143 Chas. Scott, gov.. 1153;\\nGeorge Madison, gov. Gabriel Slaugh-\\nter, gov., 1252 John Adair, gov., 1292\\nState Library fnd., 131 1; Jos. Desha,\\ngov., 1332 P. E. diocese est., 1363 pub-\\nlic school system est.; 137 1 Thos. Met-\\ncalfe, gov., 137 2 John Breathitt, gov.,\\n1412 James T. Morehead, gov., 145 2\\nUniv. org., 1463 James Clark, gov.,\\n1472; Chas. A. Wickliffe, gov., 1512;\\nRobert P. Letcher, gov., 1531; Conf.\\nM. E. Church, South, org., 1582 Win.\\nOwsley, gov., 1591 John J. Crittenden,\\ngov., 165 2 John L. Helm, gov. Laza-\\nrus W. Powell, gov., 1692 M. E. Conf.\\norg., 1702 Chas. S. Morehead, gov.,\\n1792; Reriah H. Magoffin, gov., 1871;\\nin civil war refuses troops, 1933 neu-\\ntrality by arbitration. delegates against\\nsecession, 195 2 neutral in war, 195i,3;\\nBorder State conven., 197 1 special elec-\\ntion, unionists win, 1972; neutrality vio-\\nlated Union force enters 198 2 Gen. O.\\nM. Mitchell commands, 1983; armed neu-\\ntrality; Coufeds. violate neutrality, 1992;\\nConfed. troops ordered out state troops\\nto expel Gen Buckner calls to rise\\nagainst Lincoln; proclamation of neu-\\ntrality; gov. protests; army to repel Con-\\nfeds. Gen. ft. Anderson commander\\nadmitted to S. Confederacy; Sovereignty\\nConfed. Conven. held state secedes\\ngov. elected, 201 2 Sen. Breckinridge\\nexpelled Confed. legislature meets,\\n2013 Jas. F. Robinson, gov., 2032, 2113;\\nguerillas overrun, 2091: guerillas de-\\nfeated, 210 Gov. Magoffin resigns, 2113;\\nBragg s invasion, 212i; Richard Hawes\\nConfed. gov., 2153; Secessionists conven;\\nbroken up, 2 19 3 under martial law, 2261\\nAfr. M. E, Zion Conf. org., 2272; Thomas\\nE. Bramlette, gov., 2293 gov. against\\nmilitary enrollment of slaves, 2302; legis-\\nlature protests, 2312 Freedom conven.\\nheld, 2313; Morgan s raids, 2121, 234 1\\nHabeas Cm-pus suspended. 237 3 Agricul-\\ntural College est., 2423; refuses to ratify\\n13th Amend., 2432; lead ore mined, 2481\\nmartial law abolished, 219 1 State Farm-\\ner s conven. at Frankfort, 2513 Normal\\nInst, opd., 2543 George David Cummins,\\ncons. P. E. bp., 2542 terrorized by\\nSkaag s men, 255 1 ratifies 14th.\\nAmend., 2572; Presb. synod separates\\nfrom Northern Asso., 258 2 gov. sup-\\npresses lynchers, 2592; John L. Helm,\\ngov.; John W.Stevenson, gov., 2593; rat-\\nifies 15th Amend., 2671; synod joins\\nPresb. church, 2682; disturbance at Ben-\\nson, 2743 Public Library fnd. ,2763 Pres-\\nton H. Leslie, gov., 2811 State Colored\\nUniv. org., 2822; secures Green Island,\\n2892; James B. McCreary, gov., 2912;\\nmeteor seen, 2941 State Board of Health\\nest.; Whipping Post Bill rejected, 3011\\nLuke P. Blackburn, gov., 3033; Coll. of\\nAgriculture and Mechanics est., 3043;\\niron strikers, 3072; South Ky. Coll. org.,\\n3082; Hatfield-McCoy vendetta, 3131\\n3331, 3802; R. R. commissioners ap-\\npointed, 3132; J. Proctor Knott, gov.,\\n3152; Holbrook-Underwood feud closed,\\n3271; Simon B. Buckner, gov., 3293;\\ntroops ordered out, 330 1 treasurer a de-\\nfaulter, 3331 asphalt deposits dis., 3442;\\nHoward faction feud, 347 1 4222; gov.\\ndeclines troops, 3503; bill against lot-\\nteries passed, 3543, 4032; Green Island\\nownership fixed, 3592; new constitution,\\n3892 syndicate buys coal land, 3933\\nJohn Y. Brown, gov., 3991; moon-\\nshiners dis., 4042; negro R. R. coaches\\nordered, 4072 Howard-Turner feud,\\n4222 Turner-Nolin feud, 4503 Breck-\\ninridge Congressional contest, 470 2 W.\\nC. Owens, vote for Congress, 4731\\nKentucky University est., 1463.\\nWesleyan College org., 2543.\\nKenyon, Baron, title created, 9232.\\nJames Benj., b. (1858); work, 3291\\nLord Lloyd, b., 9082; chief justice,\\n9253; d., 9303.\\nCollege org., O., 1331\\nKeokuk, la., Constitution office sacked,\\n2192; Commercial Convention at, 2673.\\nKephart, E. B., bishop, 3082.\\nKepke, William, murderer, confesses, 3891\\nKepler invents wood engraving, 784 2\\nJohann, b., 7922; studies planets;\\nexplains tides, 792 1, 8961; Rudolphine\\ntables; telescope, 792 1 completes tables,\\n7943; dis. motions of planets; his third\\nlaw dis.; mathematician, 5111 t works,\\n7921 5 7931 f 7951 5111 ,5131 d., 7943.\\nKeppel, Com., destroys fleet, 6182.\\nViscount Augustus, b., 906 2 cap-\\ntured Fr. vessel, 7041 lord of admiralty,\\n9232; d., 9242.\\nArnold van, Earl of Albemarle,\\nb.-d., 11011.\\nGeorge Thomas, Earl of Albemarle,\\nb. (1799) d., 10042.\\nSir Henry, piracy, 5521\\nIsland, mission, 4902.\\nKeppler, Joseph, d., 450i\\nKer, Baron, title created, 9372.\\nJohn, b., 9103; d., 9323.\\nKeratry, Auguste Hilarion de, b., 704a\\nin Brittany, 7422 envoy, 7432; d., 7342.\\nKerbala besieged, 4861\\nKerchJiof, Cheer for Low Spirits, 7931\\nKeren, annexed by Italy, 33.\\nKerfoot, John Barrett, b. (1816) cons.\\nP. E..bp., 2502; d. (1881).\\nKerf stan, paper machine, 8102.\\nKerguelen-Treniarec, Yves J. de.,b., 7003;\\nd., 7123.\\nor Desolation, Is., Fr. occupies, 7671\\nKerman, or Kirman, captured, 1106 2\\nKernan, Francis, b., 124 2 in Electoral\\nCommission, 2952; d., 4141\\nJohn D., strike investigation, 4662.\\nKemell, Harry, d., 4261\\nKerner, Andreas J., b., 8043; works, 8103,\\n8151 d., 8202.\\nKerr, David, moderator, 2543.\\nJohn Leeds, b. (1780) d., 1562.\\nMark, dis. glacier in Alaska, 368 1\\nMichael Crawford, b. (1827) vote for\\nspeaker, 2671 2893; d. (1876).\\nO. C, Siuokai Class, 2651\\nRobert, b. (1755); d., 9363.\\nKerrville, Tenn., lynchers, 4751\\nKerry, Ire., Fenian outbreak, 9703.\\nE. of, title created, 9051.\\nKersa reigns, 1107 2\\nKerwin, Michael, appointed, 4653.\\nKeshen, Commissioner, truce with, 6161\\ncommissioner of trade, 6173.\\nKeshko, Natalie, weds Prince Milan,\\n11233. (See Natalie, Queen.)\\nKeshuqua, Pa., lumber burned, 435 3\\nKesseldorf G er. A us trians defeated, 5142 j\\nbattle of, 8001\\nKessels, Matthias, b.-d., 11011\\nKessler, Anton, shoots Mrs. Jaeger, 4222.\\nKestell-Cornish, R., bp., 9742, 10943.\\nKesteveii, Baron, title created, 9651\\nKef, William, rebel, 8701 d. (1549).\\nKetbogha. insurrection at, 6553.\\nKetchum, Edward B., forgeries of, 2483.\\nWilliam Scott, b. (1813); d., 2741\\nWinthrop W., b., 1282; d., 3042,\\nW. S., murder case, 3102.\\nKetil Haeng, in Iceland, 10412.\\nKetteler, Baron Wilhelm E. von, b., 8102;\\nd., 8282.\\nKettell, Samuel, b. (1800); d., 1761.\\nKettles of brass made, 1441\\nKettle Run, Va., Confeds. defeated, 2121\\nKeufstein, merchant, murdered, 5343.\\nKeukaColl. (Free Baptist) est. at Keuka\\nPark, N. Y. (1892).\\nKevetzow, Herr von, pres.Reichstag,8333.\\nK.e\\\\v, Eng., Gardens fnded., 9461; royal\\nkitchen, 9.j4i observatory given to Brit.\\nAsso. 9502 photolieliograph erected,\\n9621 tram-cars to Hammersmith, 9901.\\nKexholm, ceded to Swe., 11153, H353.\\nliey, Sir Astley Cooper, b. (1821); d., 9982.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1311.jp2"}, "1312": {"fulltext": "1300\\nText Figures denote Page. INDijX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nKey-Kins.\\nKey, Bramsby L., cons, bp., 996 2\\nDavid MeKendree, b. (1824) p.-m.\\ngen., 2953; resigns, 3043.\\nFrancis Scott, b., 93 1 Star Spangled\\nBanner, 1232 d., 156 monument, 332 1\\nSir John, lord mayor Londojx, 945 3\\nJoseph S., bp., 3223.\\nPhilip Barton, b. (1757) Sickles ac-\\nquitted of, 185^ killed (1815).\\nThomas Hewitt, b., 9283; d., 9802.\\nMarshall, b. (1819); d., 2641\\nKey to Shakespeare s works appears, 9843.\\nKey West, Habeas Corpus suspended, 1952;\\nsquadron leaves, 3561 storm, 473 3\\nKeyes, Erasmus Darwin, b. (1810) in Army\\nof Potomac, 2043 in Seven Days Battles,\\n2091 at Edwards Ferry, 2123.\\nThomas, executed, 9011\\nKeynerts, Tiaeart, d 7903.\\nKeyser, Nicaise de, b., 5423; d., 5461\\nPolydore de, lord mayor Lond., 9973.\\nKhaf-ra, reigns, Egy., 6453 builds pyra-\\nmid statues of, 6451\\nKhaibar Pass, Brit, envoy stopped, 53.\\nKhain, Ameer of Khorassan, d., HOSi\\nKhaleel, El Ashrof, d., 6542.\\nKha-kau-Ra (Usertsen III.), reigns, 6473.\\nkheper-Ra (Usertsen 11.), reigns, 6473.\\nKoalatlolu, mission at, 11241.\\nKhamaraweeyeh, reigns, Egy., 655 2\\nKhan of Cipango, letter to, 122.\\nKhandesh annexed, 10443; ravaged, 10441\\nKharesmians, expel invaders reign, 11072.\\nKharkoff, Univ. of, fnd., 11171.\\nKhartum built, 6573 invested, 6601\\nstormed, 6602.\\nKhasi Hills, mission, 10471.\\nKhelat, Afghans besiege, 5381 captured;\\nBrit, retake; Brit, overpowered, 5382;\\nBrit, gov., 539i; revenue, 5393; diplo-\\nmatic relations, 5392.\\ni-Ghilzais, Ameer defeated, 62.\\nKheper- ka-Ka (Usertsen I.) reigns, 6473.\\nKheraskoff, Mikhail, b.-d., 11143.\\nKherson, anti-Semitic riots, 11222.\\nKhilji, House of, rules, 10432.\\nKhilkof, Andrei Yakof Levitch, d., 11143.\\nKhitans, war with, 6121\\nKhiva, expedition against, 11161 j Rus-\\nsians at; surrenders, 11181; partly an-\\nnexed; revolt, 11192.\\nKhodadad Khan, wounded restored,5392.\\nKhokand, war with Russia, 11181 j annexed\\nto Russia, 11193.\\nKholand, aid to, 6121\\nKhorsavad, built, 11452.\\nKhoshkadem Moaiyud Ahmed rules, 6553.\\nKhoten annexed, 6113.\\nKhoulalonkorn 1., b. reigns, 11243.\\nKliu-aten, built, 6492.\\nKhufu, Cheops, king of Egy., 6451, 3;\\nbuilds Great Pyramid, 6451.\\nKhugianis, defeated by British, 61\\nKbiin-Hedervary.Ct., Ban of Croatia,5312.\\nIvbusru Khan, sultan, 10432.\\nKhusruf, Pasha, captured; in Egy. revolt\\nagainst, 6561 expelled, 6572.\\nKhutab Shaih, dynasty reigns, 1043 3\\nKia the tyrant, reigns, 6103, 6111\\nKiaehta, telegraph to Peking, 6253.\\nKiaking, emp. of China, d., 6163.\\nKiamil Pasha, grand vizier, 11593.\\nKiangnan, China, subdued, 6121\\nKiang-si, mission, 6222.\\nKiangsu, famine, 625 3\\nKian Weuti, enthroned, 6131\\nKibaichick, condemned, 11211.\\nKickapoo J mii;uis surprised, 1021.\\nKidd, William, b.,381 royal commission,\\n521 pirate, 53 convicted, 543; d., 541\\nKidder, Daniel Parish, b. (1815) Rio de\\nJaneiro, 5542\\nKidderminster, riot, 9931.\\nKidwell, Zedekiah, b. (1814): d., 2762.\\nKiett sacked, 11141 U niv. fnd. univ. re-\\nmoved, 11171 inundated, 11181 martial\\nlaw, 11212 gov. closes R. C. churches,\\n11202; Nihilists sentenced, 11211; univ.\\nclosed, 11*222.\\nKieft, Win., gov., 35 3 Indian treaty, 361\\nKiel, Prus., Univ. fnd., 7971; peace of,\\n8112; Fred, enters, 8223; cholera, 8373\\nobservatory, 828i marine station, 8231\\nKk-l T Zcitung, Pr. Fred. s Diary in, 8322,\\nKielland, Alexander, work, 11043.\\nKielmeyer, Karl F. von, b., 8023.\\nKien-Luug, b.-d., 6163.\\nWang, enthroned, 6112.\\nKiepert, Heinrich, b., 8122.\\nKies, Mary, receives patent, IMP,\\nKiffin, William, d., 9022.\\nKii river bursts banks, 10921\\nTilbourne, Henry S., major, 4501\\nKilbride, Dennis, warrant for, 10002.\\nKilcullen, Ire., action at, 9281.\\nKildare, Ire., see erected St. Bridget\\nnunnery est., 8403; see unites withTuam,\\n9462 see united with Dublin, 9551; M.\\nComarford cons. R. C. bp., 9983.\\nEarl of, gov., 8573.\\nThomas, Earl of, deputy, 8651.\\nKildwick, Eng., R. R. collision, 9813.\\nKilfenora, see erected, 8542.\\nKilgore, Buckley, b., 1442.\\nCarrie Burnham, practitioner, U.S. S.\\nCourt, 3523.\\nKilian, Lucas, b., 7922; d., 7963.\\nKilkenny, Ire., Castle built, 8501 English\\nsettle, 8512; surrendered, 8862; tenants\\nmeeting, 9732.\\nKillala, bishopric est., 840 3 Fr. invasion,\\n9281 Bishop Conway consecrated, 9762.\\nKillaloe, Ire., archbp. est., 8463; Bp.Ryan\\ncons., 9762; Bp. Chester cons., 9922.\\nKillam, Judge, adverse decision, 5902.\\nC. Flash, cons. R. C. bishop, 3082.\\nKillarney, Ire., waterspout, 9441 threat-\\nened, 9703.\\nKilleen, Father, controversy, 4221.\\nKillieerankie, Scot., action at, 8981.\\nKilligrew, Henry, b., 8782.\\nKillochan in collision, 10013.\\nKilmacduagh, see of, erected, 8422; Bp.\\nMcCormack consecrated, 9762.\\nKilmaine, Baron, title created, 923 1\\nKilmainham, Ire., Home Rulers jailed;\\nTreaty of released, 9892.\\nKilmallock, Ire., Abbey fnd., 8423 police\\nbarracks barricaded, 970 3\\nKilmarnock, Baron, title created, 9451\\nLord. (See Boyd, William.)\\nKilmore, Ire., see erected, S483 Bishop\\nShone cons., 9922 Bp. Maginnis, 9983.\\nKilmorey, Lord, title created, 9412.\\nat Barnum Banquet, 10023.\\nKilpatrick, George A., minister, 5931\\nHugh Judson, b., 1462 at Leesburg,\\n2132; at Carlisle, 224 1; at Falling Wa-\\nters, 2243 raid, 2302, 2372 at Aiken,\\n2422 routed, 2441 d., 3082.\\nKilrain, Jake, pugilist, 3433 fights, 9971\\nKilrush, Ire., houses wrecked, 10091.\\nKilsyth, Scotland, battle of, 886 1\\nKilwa captured, 5613, S382.\\nKilwarden, Lord (Arthur Wolfe), b.\\n(1740\u00c2\u00b1); justice; killed, 9301,\\nKihvardly, Robert, archbp., 8522; d. (1279).\\nKimball, Charles., nom. for gov., 391 2\\nF., missing, 3562.\\nHeber Chase, b. (1801) d., 2621\\nRich. Burleigh, b., 1242 d., 4201\\nKimberley, S. Afr., diamonds at, 600 2 ,3\\ncapital; mission, 601 1 Victoria diamond\\ndis., 6022 K. r. opened, 6033.\\nEarl of, title created, 9651\\nEarl of. (See Wodehouse, John.)\\nGen. Lewis Ashfield, b. (1830) pro-\\nmoted rear-admiral, 3261.\\nKimbolton, Lord, impeached, 8852.\\nKiniewa expelled, 5622.\\nKimpai destroyed defeat, 6221\\nKin enthroned, 611 1 dynasty rules, 6133;\\nMongols against, 6141.\\nKinathal, king of Scotland, reigns, 8413.\\nKinburn, Rus., captured, 960 1 action at,\\n11161.\\nKincaid, Charles E., shoots Taulbee, 3523.\\nKinchau, mission, 6222.\\nKin-Chow retaken, 6263.\\nKind, Johann F., b., 8031 d., 8162.\\nKindergarten system investigated, 2782\\nin New York schools, 4102.\\nKtnderkook,Tenn.,Confeds. defeated, 2103.\\nKindling-wood trust formed, 3893.\\nKing George Court House, captured, 2161\\nGeorge s Sound, military station, 495 1\\nand Queen s Court House. action, 2343.\\nWilliam s Town mission, 5972, 5983\\nincorporated, 599 3\\nKing George lost, 933 3\\nHorn, 8543.\\nKing, as vassal, Eng., 851 1\\nfemale ruler called in Hung., 5071\\nAustin A., b., 10952 gov Mo., 1652;\\nd., 2702.\\nEdward, L. Kingsborough, b., 9263.\\nssin, executed, 9011\\niecrated bishop, 9922.\\nKing Edward War, 641 5741\\nH. Clay, sentenced, 3802 j shoots\\nPosten condemned, 4023 flees from\\nmob, 4123.\\ninventor, patents light, 158 f\\nJames, killed, 179i\\nJohn, moderator, 1043.\\nEdward, explorer, 4962.\\nAlsop, b. (1788); gov. N. T., 1832;\\nd., 25Si.\\nLocke, franchise bill, 957 2\\nPeter, b., 8922 d., 9082.\\nSir [Lord], b. (1669) L. keeper,.\\n9073 d. (1734).\\nPhilip Gidley, gov., 4951\\nPreston, b., 1122 d., 2482.\\nRufus, b.,71i vote for v.-pres., 1133,\\n1153, 1252 d., 1342.\\nH., banker, b. (1784) d., 2581\\nSamuel W., gov. R. I., 1512 leads\\nLaw and trder party, 1552.\\nThos. Butler, b. (1804) d., 2332.\\nStarr, b., 1321 d., 2212.\\nWang enthroned, 6112.\\nWm., b. (1768); gov. Me., 1292 d. r\\n(1852); statue, 3001.\\nRufus, b., 981 pres. senate, 1472,\\n1492, 1512, 1531 1672 nom. for v.-pres.,\\n17H vote vice-pres., 1732 d., 1792.\\nCollege Tenn., org., 2602.\\nOrendel, poem, appears, 7783.\\nPhilip s War, 463 (See Philip.)\\nBother, poem, appears, 7763.\\nWilliam s War, 501 5721\\nKingdon, H. Tully, cons, bishop, 10082.\\nKinglake, Alex. Wm., b., 9351 Invasion\\nof Crimea, 9663 d., 10042.\\nKingo, Thos., b., 6362; works, 6371 ;d., 6381\\nKing s Book approved, Eng., 8683.\\nKingsborough, Lord. (See King, Edward.)\\nKing s Bounty distributed, Eng., 9443.\\nKingsbridge, N.Y., Morrison attacks, 4502,\\nKing s Coll. unites with Aberdeen, 9623.\\nKingsbury, Ga., sa It works destroyed,215i\\nInd.,R.R. accident, 4393.\\nPresident, conspiracy, 4642.\\nCyrus, missionary tolndians, 1243.\\nKing s Chapel. (See Boston.)\\nCollege. (See Columbia.)\\nLondon, established, 9443 Hos-\\npital founded, 951 1\\nCounty, Ire., founded, 8732.\\nMills, O., railway accident, 3653.\\nMountain, N. C, battle of, 922.\\nDaughters fnd., 3223 furnish help,\\n4063 conven., 4662 form guild, 10002.\\nSons, fnd., 3223 conven., 4662.\\nKingston!, Anna, fnds. Hermetic Society.\\n9922; d., 9982.\\nKingsland, Ambrose C, mayor N.Y., 1692.\\nKingsley, Calvin, b., 1183 cons.M.E. bp. f\\n2332; d.,2702.\\nCharles, b., 9383 works, 9523, 9603\\nChristian Socialist, 9603 d., 9802.\\nJames Luce, b., 912 d., 1701\\nKingsport, Tenn., Con feds, defeated, 2402.\\nKingston, Can., Weekly Xevs, 5771 R. C.\\ndiocese est., 5782 Queen s Univ. est. j\\nWeekly Brit. Whit/, 57l)i Canadian Free-\\nman, 5851; Black Caps org., 5863 Peo-\\nple s Political Party org., 5.s; 2 gas dis-\\ncovered Rom. Oath, see, 5901\\nEng., railway opened, 9461\\nN. Y., Indian massacre, 42 1 burned,\\n87 3 ;Ostrander defalcations, 3912; militia\\ncalled out, 3921 anniversary, 4402,4733.\\nPa., Confeds. occupy, 2232 eaith-\\nquake, 3321.\\nTenn., Burnside at; Confederates\\nevacuate, 226 2\\nDuchess of (Elizabeth Chudleigh), b.\\n(1720) trial of, 9192 d. (1788).\\nEarl, title created, 9172.\\nKingsville, Can., petroleum discovered\\ngas discovered, 5861.\\nKingti, enthroned, 6113, 6131 6152.\\nKinhwa, mission, 6183. 61*22, 6231.\\nKinkead, John 11., governor Nevada, 303 3\\nKinkel, Johann G., b., 8103 d., 8302.\\nKin-Kiang, mission, 6243.\\nKinloss, Baroness, title created, 8772.\\nKinnaird, Baron, title created, 9651.\\nBaroness, title created, S93 2\\nKinneh, mission, 6571.\\nKinnoull, Earl of, title created. 8831\\nKino, Father, in California, 541 2.\\nKinogawa River, bursts banks, 10921.\\nKins, war with defeated conquered,\\n6121 dynasty ends, 6151", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1312.jp2"}, "1313": {"fulltext": "Ens -Kong*.\\nText Figures denote Page. INJJxLX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1301\\nKinsale, Ire-, Eng. troops take, 898*.\\nBaron, title created, 8511\\nKinsolving, Geo. Herbert, bp. Tex., 4202.\\nKinston, N. C, action, 2162 Confeds. re-\\npulsed Schofield occupies Federals\\nbanged, 2302; Confeds. defeated, 2441\\nKin tang, Gordon repulsed, 620 2\\nKinti taken, 10482.\\nKiutore, Baron, title created, 945 1 Earl\\nof, 893 2.\\nEarl of, gov. Soutb Australia, 5003.\\nKinzie, David H., major, 4561\\nKioto, missions at, 10921\\nKioty, Jap., taken, 10911\\nKiowa, Kan., gambling-bouses closed,\\n3831; female mayor, 3931.\\nKip, William Ingraham, b., 1163 cons.\\nProt. Ei is. bishop, 1723; d., 4261.\\nKipling, Rudyard, b. (1865) works, 4203,\\n4482,9983, 10032, 10103.\\nKippis, Andrew, b., 9062 d., 9263.\\nKipton Station, O., railway accident, 3833.\\nKirby, James, executed, 999 1\\nWilliam, b., 9143 d. (1850).\\nCkien d y Qr, 5843.\\nKircber, Atbanasius, b., 7922 inventions\\nof, 7962; d.,7971.\\nKircbmaier, Georg K.,b., 7963 d., 7983.\\nKircboff, Gustav R., b., 8123 d., 8321\\nKiretscbjian, Herant M., appeal, 4762.\\nKirghiz invasion, Bokhara, 5491\\nKirk, Sir David, at Quebec, 30 1 captures\\nFt. supplies, 5721 settles in N. F., 11031\\nEdward Norris, b., 1102 d., 2841\\nSir John, in Zanzibar, 5623.\\nJohn Foster, b., 5781 works, 5811\\nRichard, governor S. C, 493.\\nWilliam H., murder of, 317 1\\nKirkaldy, Sir William, d,, 8742.\\nKirkbride, Thomas S., b., 1161 d. (18S3).\\nKirke, Percy, soldiers depredations, 8972.\\nIvirker, Thomas, governor of O., 1152.\\nKirkham, Mr., Methodist, 90S3.\\nKirkland, Caroline M. S., b., 1101 d.,2312.\\nJohn Thornton, b., 762 d., 1522.\\nSamuel, b., 642 d., 1142.\\nKirkpatrick, D., vote for vice-pres., 2952.\\nKirksville, Mo., Confederates defeated,\\n2103; Normal School established, 2763.\\nKirkwood, Daniel, b., 1231.\\nSamuel J., b. (1813) gov., 1903,2973;\\nsec. interior, 31)72; resigns, 3111 d.,470i.\\nKirsten, Peter, b., 7922 d., 7963.\\nKirtland, O., Mormons organize church,\\n1383, 1402 Mormon conference, 3801\\nKirwan, Richard, b., 9123 d., 9362.\\nKisfaludy, Karoly, b., 5163; d. (1830).\\nSandor, b., 5163 d., 5203.\\nKismaya, East Africa, native revolt, 5643.\\nKiss, August, b., 8082 d., 8222.\\nC, b.,9303.\\nKissingen,Bav., Prus. victory, 5261 8242.\\nKisoff, Col., conspirator, 5683.\\nKisulutini, mission opened, 5612.\\nKitchener, Lieut., survey of Pal., 11581\\nKite, ice-bound, 3881\\nKi-tsiang, b., 6183 marries, 6231.\\nKitteridge, Thomas, b., 662 d. (1818).\\nKittery, Me., first; Baptist church, 482.\\nKitto, John, b.,9323 d., 9582.\\nKittrow, Karl Ludwig t b., 5202.\\nKiukiang, mission, 6211 2.\\nKiung, enthroned, 611 1.\\nKiushiu, Bp. Evington cons., 10121 siege\\nof castle, 10911 number of R. C, 10922.\\nKiwiwa, reigns deposed, 5623.\\nKju!inf)i j riser, appears, 6363.\\nItfladno, Bohemia, strikers riot, 5323.\\nKlapka, Gvorgv, b., 5202 d., 5342.\\n,b., 8042; d., 8143.\\n8003 discovers zirco-\\nd 8121.\\nKlausenburg, Hung., trial of Roumanian\\nnationalists, 537 3\\nKleber, Jean Baptiste, b., 7022 gen., at\\nHeliopolis commander, 6561 6572\\narmy in Egy. 7123 Turks defeated, 7141\\nassassinated, 7141, 2.\\nKlein, Jakob T., b., 79S2 d., 8023.\\nJohann Adam, b., 5191 d.,5282.\\nJ. W., shot, 4142.\\nKleist, Ewald C. von, b., 7983 Spring,\\n8011; d., 8023.\\nHeinrich von, b., 8042 works, 8083\\n8132 invents Leydenjar, 11003 d.,8102.\\nKlengel, Johann C, b., 8022 d., 8123.\\nKlenze, Leo von, b., 8042 d., 8222.\\nKleph, killed, 771 1.\\nKlerksdorp, mission, 11242.\\nKliest, Marshal, at Kulin, 5201.\\nKlinger, FriedrichM., b.,8022 Storm and\\nStress, 8051; d., 8142.\\nKlopstock. Friedrich G., b., 8002 works,\\n8011,8032; d.,80S2.\\nKlose, C, wife murderer, 4343.\\nKlotz, Christian A., b., S002 d., 8031\\nKluber, Johann L., b., S023 d., 8143.\\nKlune, R. L., arrested, 4023.\\nKmety, Georg, b., 5202 d., 5262.\\nKnabe, Ernest J., d., 4562.\\nKnapp, Georg c., b., 8022 d., 8123.\\nJacob, b., 1082 d., 2841\\nHermann, b., 1401\\nLyman E., governor Alaska, 3492.\\nManning M., d., 4001\\nFt. F., indicted, 4043.\\nWilliam E., d., 4001\\nKnappe, Emil C, embezzler, 4623.\\nKnapton Hall, sinks, 9833.\\nKnared, treaty of, 11353.\\nKnatchbull-Hugessen, Edward H., Lord\\nBrabourne, d., 10082.\\nKnaus, Ludwig, b. (1829); paints Ifoh/ Fam-\\nill/, 8281.\\nKnebel, Karl L. von, b., 8003 d., 8142.\\nKneeland, Samuel, b., 1301.\\nKneller, Sir Godfrey, b., 7903 est. art\\nacademy, 9041 d., S002.\\nKnickerbocker, David Buell, b. (1833)\\nconsecrated Prot. Epis. bishop, 3142.\\nKnickerbocker Magazine, est., 1403.\\nKnigge, Ernest, a ssaul ted, 4562.\\nKnight, Charles, b., 9243 works, 9583,\\n9611; d.,97Si.\\nCyrus F., cons, bp., 3382 d., 3842.\\n7\u00e2\u0080\u0094 deputy marshal, killed, 4223.\\n,E. F.^Yitise of the. Aterte, 3962.\\nEdmund, cons. R. C. bishop, 9822.\\nEdward H., Die. of Mechanics, 9963.\\nHenry Edmond, lord mayor, 991 2\\nJames, explorer, 5743 d. (1719\u00c2\u00b1).\\nJohn, Arctic explorer, 8781\\nRichard Payne, b., 9123 d., 9422.\\n-Bruce, Sir James L.,1. justice, 957 2\\nKnighthood intro., Eng., 8491; for free-\\nholders, 8553.\\nKnightley, Baron, title created, 10091.\\nKnights of the Golden Circle meet, 1853\\narrested at Reading, 2213.\\nof the Holy Sepulchre, founded, 539 2\\nrevived, 10791 10863.\\nof Honor org., 2S3 1 statistics, 4463.\\nHospitallers buhl Rhodes, 11553.\\nof Labor, org., 269i Gen. Assembly\\norg., 3011; increase, 3032 proclamation\\nagainst, 3211 strike, 3291 agree, 3522\\nunite with Farmer s Alliance, 355 1 for\\npolitical action, 3591 political meeting\\ninlll.,a r 92; strike, 3662 glass-blowers\\nconven., 3NS2; leave Iron League, 4082\\nconven. St. Louis, 4183 Hugh Deinpsey\\nconvicted, 4222; Gen. Asso. meets, 4423\\nPowderly s resignation; con ven.inPhil a.,\\n4443; low wages, 4482; aid strikers, 4563;\\nconven. ,4743; Sovereign re-elected, 475 1\\nprotest against government bonds, 4762.\\nand Ladies of Honor, founded, 2983\\nstatistics, 446 3\\nof the Maccabees, statistics, 4463.\\nof Malta, at Jerusalem, 6543; Eng.,\\n8692 confirmed, 10741.\\nof Pythias, soc. fnd., 3091; liquor\\ndealers excluded, 3603 j session, 4142\\nstatistics, 421 1.\\nof Round Table revived, Eng., 8583.\\nof St. Catherine instituted. 11551\\nof St. John, at Rhodes, 10341 inst.,\\n10743 erect hospital at Jerusalem,\\n11551 expelled from Tripoli, 11382.\\nof St. Patrick, established, 9231\\nTemplars, membership, 3891 con-\\nclave, 4123 suppressed order abol-\\nished, 10763.\\nKnighthood, orders re-established, 11323.\\nKnipperdolling, Bernhard,d., 7902.\\nKnitting, known, 0802 common, 8662.\\nKnives, first made, Eng., 8721 manufac-\\ntured in America, 1361\\nKnock, Ire., shrine at, 10002.\\nKnold, Carl, indictment, 4143.\\nKnolles, Richard, b. (1550\u00c2\u00b1) History of\\nTurks, 8783 d. (1610).\\nKnone Island, E. I., Fr. possess, 7641\\nKnott, James Proctor, b. (1S30) resolu-\\ntion, 2933 governor, 3152.\\nKnout, use of, abolished, 11223.\\nKnowles, Commander, indignation against,\\n671 impresses seamen, 672.\\nKuowles James Sheridan, b., 9223 j\\nworks, 9383, 9431 9443 d., 9662.\\nKnow-Nothing Soc. appears, 1743; Nat.\\nConven., 177 2 enacts prohibition, R. I.,\\n1783 presidential nominations, 179 2\\nriot in Baltimore, 1803.\\nKnox vs. Lee, case of, 273 2\\nHenry, b., 662 maj.-gen., commands\\narmy, 961 forms Soc. of Cincinnati, 97 1\\nsec. of war,101 2 ,rg. militia, 1021; d., 1122.\\nJohn, b.,866i pres. Reformed Synod,\\n1363; preachings refugee in Eng., 8702\\nin Eng. est. Reformation writings\\nof, 8722 works, 8723,8751; d.,8742.\\nJ., d., 4001.\\nRobert R., consecrated bishop, 9962.\\nCollege founded, 1483.\\nLittle, Canon, at Toronto, 5861\\nKnoxville, Tenn., settled, 1013 printing-\\npress intro. K. Gazette est., 1043; Univ.\\nof Tenn. org., 1143 Burnside at evac-\\nuated. 2262, 2281 Confeds besiege, 2281\\nConfeds. seize fort battle Longstreet\\nat, 2282 siege raised, 22sa Stoneman\\nraids, 2442; insane asylum, 2872; St.\\nMary s School est., 3123; r. r. accident,\\n3452 Morning Journal seized, 3762\\nAfro-Am. League meets, 3872; shipment\\nof arms, 4121 Presb. against mobs, 4382.\\nKnudson, A. A., invents telephone, 320 1\\nKnutslord college est., 9771.\\nBaron, title created, 9963.\\nKnutsson, Torkel, regent, 11351 d., 11352.\\nKnyphausen, Baron Win. von, Hessian\\ngen.inAm.,b.,800i ;inN.J.,92i ;d.,8043.\\nKoanto annexed, 1091 2\\nKobad (Kuhadt, reigns, 11072.\\nKobe, missions at, 10921 2.\\nIvobell, Franz von, b., 8082.\\nKock, Charles Paul de, b., 7102 works,\\n7232\\n74i; 1.\\nKoch, Christoph Wilhelm von, b., 8002\\nd., 8102.\\nJoseph Anton, b., 8031 d., 8143.\\nHans, martyr, 7891\\nHenri de, b., 7241 d., 7621\\nKarl Heinrich Emil, 1 ..N083; d.,830i.\\nRobert, b. (1843) U. S. fund, 3732\\nremedy tested in N. Y., 3481 in Conn.,\\n3773 remedy praised Aust. proposes\\nhospitals, 5341 investigation report,\\n7601; microbe dis., 830i; tuberculosis\\nremedy institute est., 8341 Order of\\nBlack Eagle, 8342 aid from emperor,\\n8343.\\nKochi, mission at, 10922.\\nKoechlin, Daniel, b., 7061 d., 7461.\\nKoeckmann, Hermann, cons., 10411\\nKoekkoek, Bernard Cornelius, b.-d., 11021.\\nKoelxler, F., suicide, 4522.\\nKoliaku, mikado reigns, 10913.\\nKohima mission, 10463.\\nKohl, Johann G., b., 8083 d. 8282.\\nKohler, or Koehler, Johann D., b., 7982\\nd., S023.\\nKojuk Pass, British at, 41\\nKokomo, ind., White Caps outrage, 4211\\nwomen outlaws, 444 2\\nKokoran, Ayoob at, 61\\nKolb, Capt., oath of office, 4771\\nKolbe, Adolf W. H., b., 8122 d., 8302.\\nKolberg, Ger., resist Fr., 716 2 fortress\\ncaptured, 8022.\\nK olcsey, Ferencz, b., 5163 d., 5203.\\nKolding, Danes defeated, 8181 taken fc 6402.\\nKolga, asteroid, discovered, 2981\\nKolin, Bohemia, battle of, 8021 516I\\nKollack, Theodor, b., 8122.\\nKolliker, Rudolf Albert, b., 8122.\\nKollman, cloudburst, 5341.\\nKolokotronns, Theodorus, insurrectionist,\\nin Peloponnesus, 1035 3\\nKoloman, king, 5033.\\nKolowrat, Leopold Krakowski, founds mu-\\nseum, 5171\\nKolozsvar, Univ. founded, Hung,, 5283.\\nKolpakoviski, Gen., defeats Oghlan, 11181\\nKols mission, 10463.\\nKoltadab, Gholam Khan at, 62.\\nKomaroff, Gen., at Bokhara at Chard-\\njiu, 62.\\nKome-es-paht, mission, 6571.\\nKomei-Tenno, reigns, 10913.\\nKomorn, Hung., yields, 5223.\\nKondutchi, attacked, 8381\\nKongo Free State (see text, pp., 1093-1094),\\ntreaty saved, 3832 Am. missions, 5461\\nConf. proposed, r 462; Bin adopted; loan;\\ngov. appointed Purchase Bill railroad", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1313.jp2"}, "1314": {"fulltext": "1302\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Kong\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lat)0,\\ngovt, fund, 5472 railroad subscriptions,\\n5473 Free-trade zone, 5642.\\nKongo River, dis., 1161 1 explorations on,\\n10931; steamer on, 10932 mission, 10942;\\nPort, protest, rights denned, 11112.\\nKonias, Anthony, Jesuit book-burner, 5131\\nKonicli, battle at, 6562.\\nKdnig Friedrich, b., 8041 j steam printing-\\npress, 9343 d., 8142.\\nKdnig Wilhelm, launched, 8243; collides,\\n8281.\\nKbniggratz, Bohemia, battle of, 8242.\\nKoiii-inhuf, Bohemia, captured, 8241.\\nKbnigsberg, fud., 7812 treaty of, 7173\\nstatue of emp.,736 1 capital, 7813; Grand\\nMasters, Teutonic Order at, 7S72; dukes\\nat, 7893; Lutheran Univ., 7911; Univ. of\\nK.,7931; taken, 80S1.\\nKonigshofen, peasants defeated, 7881.\\nKonias mark, Count, Johann Christoph, b.\\n(1600) at Prague, 5122 a t Magdeburg,\\n6361 d. (1663).\\nPhilipp Christoph von, b. (1662) at\\nMorea, 10341 assassinated (1694).\\nKb nigstein Tun built, 8013.\\nKonrad Otho enthroned, Bohemia, 5051\\nKookas revolt, 104S2.\\nKooneh Sepoy rebellion, 10481\\nKoos, mission at, 6571\\nKooshab, action at, 110S1\\nKopfner, Johann G.,dis. cobalt blue, 8121\\nKopp, Prof. vs. Win. Tell, a myth, 11381\\nKbppen, Adolph Louis, b., 6382.\\nFriedrich, b., 8041 d., 8201.\\nKoprili-Fasil-Ahmed, b. (1626) grand viz-\\nier, 11572 d. (1676).\\nMustafa, killed, 5122.\\nKoralyi, Gustavo Siegmund, d., 5342.\\nKorah mutinies, 11413 engulfed, 11403.\\nKoran, written, 4S42 8th chapter col-\\nlected, 4843 appears, 10722.\\nKorashan, Messiah, San Francisco, 4021\\nKorea (see text, p. 1009), Adm. Rogers at-\\ntacks, 2721; Ams. endangered, 4601 war\\nwith China, 6121 Japanese claim, 6141;\\ninvaded annexed, 6152 demand of\\nChina, 6252; treaty with Japan, 6272;\\nbp. Corf e cons., 10022 Japanese invade,\\n10911; subdued, 10912; anti-Japanese\\nriots; China-. Japanese war, 10921 war,\\n6251,2,3, 6272,3.\\nIvoreysh, development, 4833.\\nKoreyshites, Mohammed defeats, 4841.\\nKorner, Karl T., b., 8043; Lyre and Sword,\\n8103 d., 8102.\\nKorti, Egypt, evacuated, 6602.\\nKortright, Eliza, married, 932.\\nKorum, Felix, papal nomination, 8303.\\nKosair, mission, 3571.\\nKosciusko, Miss., political tight, 4522.\\nThaddeus, b., 11143 in Am. army,\\n871 inLond.,92: 2; taken at Maciejoviee,\\n11161; insurrectionist, 11172 d., 11163.\\nKosegarten, Johann Gotfried Ludwig, b.,\\n8062 d., 8202.\\nKoshin, attacked, 6273.\\nKoskatad, miss, dower, 6003; mission, 601 1\\nKosmos sinks, 9893.\\nKossova, Turks victorious, 5081 eel., 5332.\\nKossuth, Francis, succeeds father, 5372\\nadvances father s ideas, 5382.\\nLouis, b., 5191 at Vienna, 522 1 gov.,\\n5231,2; i u exile, 5232; i n Turk., 5233;\\nsentenced, 5242; deputy letter, 5273; re-\\nsigns, 5291 citizenship denied, 535* for-\\nbids visiting Hung., 536 1 in N. Y. in\\nWash., 1691; addresses Cong. U. S. ves-\\nsel for, 1692 sails for Liverpool, 171 1,\\n9571 seized, 9592; d., 5361; funeral;\\nHung, in mourning, 5363 funeral con-\\ncessions, 5372 remains honored, 5373\\nmemorial resolution, 4551 library, 5373.\\nKostomaroff, Nicholas Ivanovitch, b.,\\n11163; d., 11201.\\nKostza, Martin, at Smyrna; seized, 525 1\\nrescued, 1721.\\nKotah taken, 10481.\\nKotapad mission, 10472.\\nKotgur mission, 10463.\\nKothair-byu, convert, 10463.\\nKothapur mission, 10471.\\nKotonou, secession action at, 11612.\\nKoto us captured, 118 1\\nKotze, Von, Chancellor, arrested, 8363.\\nKotzebue, August, Fred.Ferd.von,b.,8023;\\nworks,80f 2; assassinated, 8132; d.,8122,\\nOtto von, b., 11162 d., 11182.\\nKouts, Ind., R.R. collision, 3273.\\nKoutsky, Herr von, embezzler, 4222.\\nKow-Shung settled, 6263.\\nKraft, Joseph, child kidnapped, 4442.\\nKraitsir, Charles, d., 524z.\\nKranichfeld acquired, 813 3\\nKrantz, Adm., minister, 757 1\\nKrapf, John L., miss, in Abyss., 12, 561 2\\nat Mombasa, 5612.\\nKrapotkin,l emetrius assassinated, 11191\\nPrince Peter, b. (1842) trial, 7531\\nKrasieki, Ignatius, b.-d., 11143.\\nKrasinski, Waleryan, b., 11162 d., 11182.\\nKrasnoi, W. Rus., contest at, 7183.\\nKrauel, Dr., signs agreement, 835 2\\nKrause, Marshal, gov. of Prague, 5311\\nKrauth, Chas. Philip, b. (1797) d., 2471\\nPorterheld, b., 1302; p res of\\ncouncil, 2742 d., 3121.\\nKray, Baron Paul von, b. (1735) at Mag-\\nnano, 7122 at Stockach, 5182 d. (1804).\\nKrebs, John Michael, b. (1804); moderator,\\n1583 d. (1S67).\\nKreeder, D. S., murdered, 4331\\nKrefeld (Crefeld), Prus., battle at, 7021\\nKreli, repulsed, 6001\\nKreiuentz, Philip, card, priest, 8361.\\nKremlin, fnd. at Moscow, 11141 Napole-\\non s headquarters, 7183.\\nKremsier, Moravia, seat of govt., 5231;\\nrulers meet, 5312 first Anst. diet, 8173.\\nKresimir, Prince of Croatia, 5031\\nI., king of Croatia, 5032.\\nII., prince of Croatia, 5031 k., 5032.\\nKreutzer, Rudolf, b., 8823 d., 8142.\\nSonata excluded from mails, 3642.\\nBLribbs, George F., b., 1602.\\nKrieg mf l r ii arthurg issued, 7823.\\nKriloff, Ivan Andrievitch, b., 111G2 Fa-\\nbles, 11171; d., 11163.\\nKrishnagar mission, 10463; Bp. Pozzi cons.\\nR. C, 9962.\\nKristhena Soc. sails for India, 3341\\nKritim-fw Jl alder issued, 803 2\\nKritzinger, Pastor, chaplain, S322, 8342.\\nKrivandoff, Capt., in Siiistria, 5683.\\nKropp, on bone dust as fertilizer, 8081\\nGeorge, cons. card, priest, 8361\\nKrosche, riot in church, 11222.\\nKroton, destroys Sybaris, 1016 1\\nKrudener, Gen., at Plevna, 5652.\\nKrug, Commissioner, bribery, 4722.\\nWilhelm T., b., 803i d., 8162.\\nKruger, Stephen J. Paul, president Trans-\\nvaal, 6031, H243, 11252.\\nKruman, Moffat s church, 5981.\\nKrummacher, Fried. A., b., 8031 d., 8162.\\nKrupp, Alfred, b., 8102 exhibits steel in-\\ngot, 8181, 820 d.,8321.\\nFriedrich, d., 8123.\\nKrusentern, Adam Johann von, b., 11162;\\nd., 11182.\\nKuang-si, robbers infest, 6192.\\nTri, missionaries killed, 4823.\\nTung, robbers, 6192.\\nKubasolf, Sergius, Chronograph, 11151.\\nKublai Khan, in Peru, 123 favors Budd-\\nhism, 6142; jurisdiction, 6151; d., 6141, 2.\\nK.uche annexed, 6113.\\nKucheng mission, 6191\\nKuchler sentenced, 8311\\nKuchnoel, Christian F., d., 8161\\nKufeit, Abyssinia, conflict at, 22.\\nKugler, missionary in Abyssinia, 12.\\nFranz T., b., 8083 d., 8201\\nKulm, Adalbert, b., 8102; d. (1881).\\nK ubiio, Gustav F., b., 8082 d., 8321\\nKulmer, Rafael, b., 8082; d., 8282.\\nKuhnol, Christ. Gottlieb, b., 8031 d.(1841).\\nKuiranga, captured, 8383,\\nKukiang, enthroned, 611 1.\\nKuklux, in Ky., atrocities, 2831 in Ala-\\nmance (N. C.) County, 266i militia sup-\\npress, 2703 Congress passes Act, 2751;\\nin Tenn., 2651, 2 3; proclamation\\nagainst, 2732, 2752; terrify negroes, 2783.\\nKub ff seha, action at, 11161\\nKulja, Russia annexes, 623 2\\nK ullack, Theodor, b. (1818); d., 8302.\\nKullmen tries to kill Bismarck, 8291.\\nKulm, Prus., action at, 5201.\\nKulp House, Ga., Confeds. repulsed, 235*\\nKumamoto, earthquake destroys, 1092 1\\nKuraarila preaches, 10431\\nKumassi, W. Afr., burned, 11612.\\nKummamett mission, 10483.\\nKunersdorf, Frederick defeated, 5162.\\nKung, Prince, b., 6163; signs conven., 6212;\\ndegraded reinstated regent, 6213 dis-\\nmissed, 6233; dictator, 6273.\\nKung Wang, enthroned, 6112.\\nKungti enthroned, 613 1 k., 6123.\\nKunkel, discovers nitric ether, 798 2\\nKuunah, Burmese war, 10482.\\nKunnankulam mission, 10463.\\nKunst-en Letvurhlad issued, 5443.\\nKunth, Karl S., b., 8043; d., 8181\\nKuntz, John S., commander-in-chief, 3172.\\nKunz, John, imprisonment 3 years, 3482.\\nKuper, Adm., at Kagoshima 966 1 bom-\\nbards Kagoshima, 10921\\nKuppel, Wilhelm P. E. S., d., 8302.\\nKuram annexed, 53.\\nKurds ravage Per., 11081 raid Arm., 11593.\\nKuriking, captured, 618 2\\nKurman, mission, 5972.\\nKurram Valley, explored, 53.\\nKurri-Galzu reigns, 11413.\\nKursheed, besieged, 6562.\\nKurts, dynasty of, 43.\\nKurtz, Benjamin, b. (1795); d., 2481\\nJohann H., b., 8083.\\nJohn Nicholas, b. (1720\u00c2\u00b1) first min-\\nister, 542 ordained, 663 d. (1794).\\nKurze Uistotre, issued, 801 1\\nKushan, earthquake, 11073.\\nKustrin, retaken, 810 1\\nKusunoki-Masashige leads revolt, 10911.\\nKutab-ud-din, sultan of Delhi, 10432.\\nKutchuk-Kainardji, peace of, 10351 treaty\\nof, 11122, 11172.\\nKuti, sultan of, British treaty with, 5521\\nKntusoff, Mikhail, b., 11143 at Borodino,\\n71S2 at Austerlitz, 7161; d., 11163.\\nKurz, Heinrich, b., 8082; d., 8281\\nKTiatofski, hanged, 11203.\\nKwai, Yung, editor, 4662,\\nKwala Kapnas, mission at, 5523.\\nKwa-mouth, mission at, 10943.\\nKwangsi, commissioner sent; prime min-\\nister sent, 6193; itinerary, 6243.\\nKwangsu Tsaitien), b., 6222; rules, 6232.\\nKwang Vouti (Lew Sew), enthroned, 6113.\\nWang, enthroned, 6112.\\nKwantsong, b., 6142; d., 6153.\\nKwei-Chau, mission, 6223.\\nKwei-hwa-clieiig, mission, 6242.\\nKwei-yew, reigns, 6151 d., 6142,\\nKyd, Thomas, Sjiauis/t Tragedy, 8751\\nKyelang mission, 6191\\nKyle, James H., b., 1741 nom. for pres.,\\n4111 testimony, 4573.\\nJohn C, b., 1082; speech, 4392.\\nKynett, Alpha, b., 1362; d. (1899).\\nKyoto, capital Japan, 10912; Czarewitch\\nattacked; rebels arrested, 10923; capital\\ntransferred, 10931.\\nKypriak, M., new ministry, 5671\\nKyrle Society formed, 9801\\nLa Abra claim discussed, 3993.\\nLabadie, Jean de, b., 3093; d., 6922.\\nLabat, Jean Baptiste, b., 6903; d., 7002.\\nLabbe, Philippe, b., 6,%2; d. (1667).\\nLab\u00c2\u00a3, Louise, b., 6803 Bttbat de la folie,\\n6831; d., 6823.\\nLabec, Notker, philosophical works, 7751\\nLa B iolliere, fciiiile Gigault de, b., 7211\\nLabedoyere, Conite de, Charles Angelique\\nHuchet, b., 7061 shot, 7232; d., 7222.\\nLa BeesiiK.-, Father, missionary, 5731\\nLabel printers combine, 365 3\\nLaber, Hadamar von, Die Jagd, 7823,\\nLabiche, Eugene Marie, d., 7562.\\nLabienus, Titus, fights; occupies Paris,\\n105S3; k., 10602.\\nLablache, Luigi, b., 10843; d., 10S82.\\nLabor, prices fixed, 323; value of, 331;\\nfirst movement, 1571; agitations, 169\\nexalted by Lincoln, 201 3\\nAm. Federation. (See under Am.)\\nNat. Bureau of, created, 3191\\nCongress, Nat., meets in Cinn., 2711\\nin St. Louis, 2743. (See International.)\\nCongress in Montreal, 5891; elective\\nresolution, 5903; procession, 596 2\\nConvention, 2603, 2773, -j83i 301 1\\nDay legalized in Colo., 3131 in Mass.,\\n3271; in N. J., 3291; i n Me.; in Ore., 3292;\\nin N. Y., 3663 in la. O., 3752 in\\nD. C, 4792; generally observed, 3911,\\n4143,4703; denounced Can., 5S82.\\nLabor, eight-hour, 2021, 2632, 2651; Bill,\\n3772, 3792 law, passes H., 4093. (See\\nEight-hour day.)\\nExchanges, Congress of, 7623.\\ndivision of, Ger., 7723.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1314.jp2"}, "1315": {"fulltext": "Labo-Lake,\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1303\\nLabor investigations, Fr., 7551; disturb-\\nances, 7563; Cong, in Paris, 7583 dis-\\nturbances, 7G0 2 3; protected, 761 1 hours\\nlimited regulations Bill for Govt.\\nBureau, 7613.\\nReform National Convention, nomi-\\nnations, 279 2\\nscant supply, Eng., 8591 protected\\nIrish, opposed in Eng., DUD 2; unions for-\\nbidden, 9132; Bill for labor hours, 9532;\\nwages, 9571,9631,9771.\\nSocieties to leave, 380 2 boycott non-\\nunion men, 3863; demonstration, 387 1\\ntroubles, non-union, in Pottsville,\\nPa., 3891; of convicts opposed, Tenn.,\\n3882,3903,3911 mass-meeting for relief\\n4443 demanded in Indianapolis, 4503\\ncommission reports on strikes, 4763\\nunions protest against L R.R., 423 3\\nJudge Rick s decision, 426 2 Italians\\noppose Am. labor, 43G 2 j unions refuse\\nlow rates, 4493 conflict, 4571 coalition\\nin Chicago, 4623; men light, 4703.\\ntroubles, arbitrators, Australia; Con-\\nference decision, 500 2 war advocated,\\nBelg.,547i.\\nUnion against militia, N. Y., 4142.\\nUnion and People s Party unite, 4711\\nleague against labor unions, 4722.\\nwage rates determined, Cuba, 6333.\\nLaborers Electoral Asso. meets, 10031;\\ncapital against labor, 10053.\\nHousing Act passes, 9571, 9692; as\\npilgrims, 9791\\nLeague est., 9991.\\nLaborde, Comte de, Alexandre Louis\\nJoseph, b., 7043; d., 728 2\\nComte de, Leon Emmanuel Simon\\nJoseph, b., 7163; d., 7382.\\nLaborosarchad reigns, 11472.\\nLabouchere, Henry, Baron Taunton, b.,\\n9283 d. (1869)\\nb. (1831) accuses govt. insults\\nSalisbury; suspended, 1003 2 abolition\\namendment, 10122.\\nLaboulaye, Edouard Rene Lefebre, b.,\\n7192; works, 7283, 7291 7331 d., 7541\\nLabourdonnais, Bertrand Francois Mahe\\nde, b., 6943; d. (1753).\\nLabrador, dis., 5701 Cortereal visits, 151\\nmission, 763; Davis visits, 5712; Mora-\\nvians in, 575i; famine, 585 3 vessels\\nwrecked, 5933 discoveries, 5961 j Indians\\nsuffering, 596 3\\nLabuan Island, English acquire, 5521 ^9551\\nsee est., 9583.\\nLabynetus. (See Belshazzar.)\\nI,a Calle, telegraph lineopd., 10893.\\nLa Calprenede, Gautier de Costes de, b.,\\nK 6862; Faramond, 6911 d. (1663).\\nXac Court d Oreilles, mission at, 1423.\\nLace manuf. in Fr., 6721 in Eng., 916 2 at\\nAugsburg, 7842; at Annaberg, 7S8 2 im-\\nports forbidden, 8653.\\nLaceda^mon fnds. Sparta, 1013 3\\nLacedaemonians invade Arcadia, 10141.\\nLacepede, Comte de, Bernard G. S. de la\\nVille, d., 7242.\\nLa Cerda assassinated, 675 2\\nLacey, Edward S-, in treas. dept., 351 2\\nJohn F., b., 152 2 speech, 439 2\\nWilliam, b. (1781); d., 2541\\nLa Chaise, Francois d Aix, Pere, b., 6863;\\nking s confessor, 6923; d., 6963.\\nPere, anarchist riot, 7563.\\nLa Chauss^e, author of Gouvernante, 7012.\\nLacftexis, asteroid, discovered, 7361\\nLachine, Can., attacked, 50i 5722; bridge\\ncompleted, 587 2 canal begun, 5793.\\nLacbmann, Karl, b., 806 2 works, 8131 2\\nd., 8181.\\nLaclos, Pierre Ambroise Fran9oise Choder-\\nlosde, b.,7002 d., 7143.\\nLa Condamine, Chas. M., works, 701 2\\nLaconia, Gr., coasts plundered, 1022 2 rav-\\naged, 10223\\nNew Hamp., N. B. Gale s bequests,\\n4792.\\nLacordaire, Jean Baptiste Henri, b., 7143;\\nworks, 7271 7283, 7292; d., 7342.\\nLacour, Paul Challemel, Academician,\\n7561.\\nLacretelle, Jean Chas.de, b., 7031 d.,7322.\\nPierre Louis de, b., 7011 d., 7242.\\nLacriosa, asteroid, discovered, 5282.\\nLacroix, John C, b., 1421\\nJules, b., 7191.\\nPaul, b., 7163; d., 7541\\nSylvestre Francois, b., 7031 d., 7283.\\nLa Crosse, Wyo., mercury low, 3121\\nLacrosse played at Windsor, 9813.\\nLacteals discovered, 10822.\\nLacy, Drury, moderator, 1163.\\nHugh de, justice, 8512 lord deputy,\\n8513; viceroy, 853 1 k. (1186).\\nRichard, cons. R. C. bp., 9822.\\nLadas wins Derby, 1005 3\\nLadd observatory, Providence, R. L, 3941\\nHerbert W., nom. gov., 3373, 3412,\\n3492, 3811 3992; gives observatory, 3941\\nprize-fight unopposed, 395 1.\\nWilliam, b., 912; d., 152 2\\nLadies Asso. collects funds, Am., 1503.\\neducation of heathen org., 9682.\\nfor Jewish females org., 9583.\\nChina Miss. Soc. of Bait, org., 1642.\\nLadies Conytauton appears, 1291.\\nLadies Health Protective Asso., 3563.\\nInst, at Granville, O., fnd. 1403.\\nLadies Magazine, 1091, 1363.\\nLadies Mount Vernon Asso., 1851.\\nNat. Aid Society fmd., 993t.\\nNat. Covenant fmd., 2333.\\nNat. Tennis Tournament, 4083.\\nLadies Wakhi Mi seel lam/ est., 1143.\\nLadislaus I., St., or Wladislaw, b. (1041)\\nk. of Hung., 5032 conquers Croatia,\\n5021 d. (1095).\\nthe Margrave rules d., 5051\\nor Lancelot, king of Naples, 1077 2\\nrules Rome, 1079 2; sacks Rome opposed\\nby pope, 10781.\\nII. reigns in Hung., 5051\\nIII. the Cumen, reigns in Hung., 5052;\\nassassinated, 5043.\\nIV., king of Hung, and Bohemia,\\n50S 2 509i; son is poisoned, 5091; d.,\\n5081,2,5651.\\nV., Posthumus, king, 5091; returns,\\n5092; d.,508 2\\nVI. reigns in Bohemia, 509 2 reigns\\nin Hung., 5093.\\nI., b. (1044+) K. of Poland, 11133 d.\\n(1102\u00c2\u00b1).\\nII., son of Boleslaus III., reigns in\\nPoland, 11133.\\nIII., Duke of Poland, 11151\\nI., king of Poland, b.-d., 11142.\\nII., K. of Poland, b.-d., 1114 2 reigns,\\n11152.\\nIII., K. of Poland, b.-d., 11142; reigns\\n11152.\\nIV., K. of Poland, b.-d., 11142.\\nIV. the Short, king of Poland; de-\\nposed, 11152.\\nV. (II.) reigns conjointly; alone, 11152.\\nVI. (III.) reigns, 11152 elected k. of\\nBohemia and Hung., 5091 d., 5651\\nof Poland reigns in Russia, 1115 2\\nravages Moscow, 11141\\nVII. (IV.) reigns in Poland, 11153.\\n(See Wladislaw.)\\nLadmirault, Gen., at Tbionville, 738 1\\ngov., 7461\\nLady Elgin collides, 1893.\\nMunro wrecked, 9473.\\nNugent lost, 9581\\nSherbrooke lost, 9453.\\nLadysmith mission, 5983.\\nLady s Pictorial issued, 9862,\\nLaeken, statue of Leopold I., 546 1 castle\\nburned, 5473.\\nLaemlein, Alexandre, b., 8102; d., 8262.\\nLaenias, C. Ponrpillius, ambassador, 10553.\\nLaennec, Rene Theodore Hyacinthe, b.,\\n7051 invents stethoscope, 7221 d., 7242.\\nLaerde Efter retain yer issued, 6391\\nLeetitia, asteroid, discovered, 7321.\\nLafane, Mary, shot, 4262.\\nLa Fare, Marquise, Charles Auguste, b.\\n(1644) Pantltie, 6952 d. (1712).\\nLafarge, John, in Nat. Acad. Design, 2681\\nMarie C, b., 722 2 d., 7322.\\nLafayette, Ind. Purdue Univ. org., 2863\\ntrain wreck, 4293.\\nLa., election disorder, 3392.\\nMo., desperadoes in, 256 2\\nTenn., Confeds. repulsed, 2351\\nMarquis de (Marie Jean Paul Roch\\nYves Gilbert Motier), b., 71 1,7023; joins\\nAmericans, 7041 org. Nat. Guard, 7061\\nleader of Feuillants, 7071 commander,\\n707 2 delivers Royal family, 707 3 leaves\\nFr. army, 7081 llees from Paris, 7092;\\nescapes from prison, 711 1 commander\\nof Nat. Guards, 7241, 7253; ministry of,\\n725 3 joins Am. army, 86 1 maj.-gen.,\\n8623; wounded, 87 1 in Gloucester, N. J.\\ncommander, 88 1 request to D Estaing:\\nin R. I., 883 at Valley Forge, 88 2\\nleaves Am. receives sword, 90 1 returns\\nto Am., 911 j furnishes army outfits, d:; 2\\nin Va., 94 2 pursues Arnold, 94i block-\\nades Cornwallis travels in Am., 97 1;\\nvisits Am. voted land, 1331 welcomed\\nby Congress; voted remuneration, 1332 j\\nd., 7262 grave decorated, 7673 monu-\\nment, 2661.\\nLafayette, Comtesse de, Marie M. P. de la\\nV., b., 6S82; works, 6911 6931 d., 694 2\\nLa Fayette Coll. (non-sect.) est. at La\\nFayette, Ala. (1883).\\nLafayette Coll. org. Easton, Pa., 1403.\\nLa Fere, Fr., French repulsed, 7423.\\nLaffaldt, battle at, 7001\\nLafitau, Joseph, d., 700 2\\nLafitte, Jacques, b., 704 2 ministry of,\\n7253 d.,7283.\\nJean, b., 7051 d., 7242 (or 1746).\\nLafleche, Louis F., cons, bp., 5822; tithe\\norder, 5902.\\nLa Fleche in Derby race, 10093.\\nLa Fontaine, August H. J., b., 8023 d.,\\n8142.\\nJean de, b., 6863 works, 6903,\\n691 2 6931; d., 6943.\\nLafosse, Charles de, b., 6883 d., 6971.\\nLa France in collision, 7573.\\nPome, et V Italic published, 7343.\\nLa Fuente, Modesto, b.-d., 11303; Granada,\\n11311.\\nLaghouat, Algeria, taken, 8 3\\nLa Gillepe dam inaugurated. 5453.\\nLagos, W. Afr., captured, 9561 acquired\\nby Great Britain, 9653 mission, 1161 1.\\nLa Grande, Ore., Chinese expelled, 4383.\\nLa Grange, Ark., action near, 2181\\nGa., Southern College org., 1571\\nLa., Federals defeated, 2211\\nMo., College, founded, 1843.\\nTenn., Grierson leaves, 2203\\nConfederates defeated, 2151.\\nLagrange, Comte, Frederic, d., 7541.\\nLa Grange, Joseph de Chancel de, b., 6923;\\nd., 7023.\\nJos. Louis b., G983 libration of moon\\n702 2 on planetary orbits celestial in-\\nequalities. 704 1 works, 7063 ,7131 d.,7211\\nLagarde, Paul Anton de, b.(lS27) library\\npurchased, 434 2 d. (1891).\\nLagree, Capt. Doudart de, expe lition,4813.\\nLa Gueronniere, Arth. de, b., 7222 d., 7501\\nLaguerre, Deputy, arraigned, 758 2\\nLaharanpur mission, 10471.\\nLa Harpe in Texas, 59 2\\nJean Francois Piacenza, b., 7002\\nworks, 7063, 7151 d., 7151.\\nLahire, Philippe de, b., 6883 d., 6981\\nLahore, see of, est., 9803 Bp. Matthew\\ncons., 9962 Bp. Pelckmans cons., 10121;\\ntaken, 10421; occupied, 10432; citadel\\noccupied, 10461; mission, 10471, 10483;\\nannexed, 10473 Sepoy rebellion, 10481.\\nLaibach, Aust., Cong, of emperors meet,\\n521 2 demands for crown prince, 5322.\\nLaidlaw, W. R., suit, 444 2 award, 4543.\\nLaigle captured, 6761.\\nLainez, Jacob, Jesuit general, 1081 1.\\nLainriesa, Dr., president. 10383.\\nLaing, Alex. Gordon, b., 9262 d., 9422.\\nSamuel, b., 921i d., 9722.\\nLaingsburg mission, 5983, 6023.\\nLaing s Neck, Transvaal, action at, 9861\\nLaird, James, builds steam-rams, 9681\\nLaisant expelled from army, 7581.\\nLaius dethroned, 10131 d., 10132.\\nL,a Junquera, battle at, 11321\\ntakawn, mission at, 11242.\\nLake Alexandria mission, 4962.\\nAngeline, Mich., mine cave-in, 3693.\\nBaptist Missionary Soc. org., 1142.\\nBogo mission reopened, 4962.\\nCity, Fla, Stale University, 3143.\\ndwellings in Switzerland, 11381\\nErie, steamer on, 1273; rises, 1501;\\nand Ohio connected, 3473. (See Erie.)\\nForest Univ. Presb.), est. at Lake\\nForest, 111. (1857).\\nGeorge, N. T., fort on, 682 college\\nboat-races, 315 3 3253 Amer. Asso. at,\\n3862 tire, 4333 propeller sinks, 4353.\\nHenry, floating island reported, 3341\\nHuron, Champlain visits, 5702, 571a\\nAsia wrecked, 3093.\\nMichigan, steamboat on, 1293.\\nMinnetonka, Minn., bones of mound-\\nbuilders, 3G6i.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1315.jp2"}, "1316": {"fulltext": "1304\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN JJJltA.. Superior figures indicate Column.\\nLake-Lang.\\nLake Mohonk, N. Y., Indian conference at,\\n3702,3851,3931.\\nOkeechobee, Flu., drainage of, 3133.\\nPepin, Minn., Sea Wing capsized, 365 3\\nProvidence, Federals defeated, 2183.\\nQuinsigamond, Mass., intercollegiate\\nboat-race, 3273.\\nRegillus, action at, 1050 1\\nSuperior, Algoma founders, 5853.\\nTiberias, Crusaders defeated, 6541.\\nTimsah, channel from Mediterranean,\\n6573.\\nViscount Gerard, h., 9103 at Lin-\\ncelles, 70Si; at Castlebar, 7122; at\\nBhartpur in India, 10461 d., 9343.\\nJohn. b. (1024i acquitted, 8963 d.\\n(169S).\\nShore R. R. accident, 259 3 collision,\\n3553 strike, 4262 forged passes, 4443.\\nSide Monthly appears, 2662.\\nLakeport, Ark., crevasse, 4293.\\nLakins, George, dispossessed, 9243.\\nLalande, Jos. Jerome le Franc ais de, b.,\\n6983 d.,7163.\\nLalemant, Jerome, b., 6842 d., 6922.\\nLallemand, Baron Charles Francois An-\\ntoine, b., 7043 d., 7282.\\nClaude Francois, b.. 7062 d., 7322.\\nGabriel, tortured, 382, 5723,\\nLalliany, Robert G., d., 9982.\\nLally, Count Thos. Arthur, b., 9022 com-\\nmands in India, 10442 d., 9163.\\nLally-Tollendal, Marquis de, Trophime\\nGerard, b., 701i; d.,726i.\\nLalorre, L., president of Uruguay, 11603.\\nLamachus dies, 10202.\\nLamannais, L Abbe, Hugues Felicity Rob-\\nert de, d., 7322.\\nLamar, Lucius Quint us Ciiicinnatus, b.,\\n1322; at Seeessiouville, 2091; sec. inte-\\nrior, 3212; Supreme Court, 3332; d.,4221.\\nMirabeau Uui aiapai te, b.(1793) gov.,\\n1512 d. (1S59).\\nLamarck, Chevalier de, Jean Baptiste An-\\ntoine de Monet, b., 7003 U n animal de-\\nvelopment, 7183 d., 7243.\\nLamarque, Comte Maximilian, b., 7042\\nd., 7262 conflict at funeral, 7272.\\nLamartine, Alphoiise Marie Louis de, b.,\\n7062 works, 7232, 725 7271 7302,3 d.,\\n7382.\\nLamb, Charles, b., 919 1 works, 929 1 9331\\n9411; d.,9462.\\nMrs. (Martha. -Joanna Reade Nash), b.\\n(1829) d.,420i.\\nLamballe, Prineesse de (Marie Therese de\\nSavoie-Carignanj, b.,7003; mobbed, 70S 3\\nd. (1792).\\nLambdin, George C, b. (1832) in Academy\\nDesign, 2641\\nLamberg, Count, murdered, 5231.\\nLambert the Short, Afixandre, 6711.\\nFather A., not sustained, 3422 j leaves\\nR. C. church, 4541.\\nAylmer Bourke, h., 9151 d. (1842).\\nDaniel, b. (1770) d., 9351\\nFrancois, b., 07S3 d., 6803.\\nGen., at Fort Boyer, 1223.\\nSir John, gen., b., 91S3 d., 9542.\\nSir ,b. (1810); statesman ;d., 10081.\\nSir Gen., b., 8801 revolts, 8301\\nexpels Rump Pari. suppresses rising,\\n8893; attempts to rouse army defeated;\\narrested, 8911; d., 8962.\\nLamberta, asteroid, discovered, 7501.\\nLamberton, Robert A., d., 4381\\nLambeth Articles withdrawn, 8763.\\nPalace founded, 8781\\nEng, prelates great meeting, 8963\\nglass-plate made, S922 foundling asy-\\nlum, 9152 bridge opd.,9661 Pan-Angli-\\ncan Conf., 9702 Bishops Cong., 9983.\\nLambrecht, minister, 7451 d., 7471\\nauthor of Alexanderlied, 7763.\\nLambruschini, Luigi, b., 10843 d., 10863.\\nLambton, John George, E. of Durham, b.,\\n9262; minister, 9452; gov.-gen. Can.;\\nreport of resigns, 579 2 Can. ordnance\\ncommissioner, 9492.\\nLamech.inv., 11391 ;intro. polygamy, 11392.\\nLamennais, Hughes de, b., 70ji; works,\\n7231,7252, 7271,7291.\\nLaMesilla, N. Mex., election riot, 2743,\\nLameth, Comte de, Alexander Theodor\\nVictor, b., 7023 d., 7243.\\nLa Mettrie, Julien Offray de, b., 6963\\nworks, 7012 d., 7011.\\nLami writes JS or -l/e Letterarie, 10851.\\nLamian War, 10242.\\nLamington, Baron, title created, 9871\\nLamlet reigns, 10732.\\nLaiiioignon, Chretien Francois, b., 688 s\\nd., 6963.\\nLamon, Ward H., d., 4281\\nLamont, Daniel S., sec. war, 4271\\nJohann von, b. (1805) magnetic dis-\\nturbance discovered, 9561 d. (1879).\\nLamoral, Count of Egmont, at Gravelines,\\n6821.\\nLamoreaux, S. W., In int. dept., 4472.\\nLamoriciere, Christophe Louis Leon Ju-\\nchault de, b., 7163; conquers Kader, 83;\\nat Castelfidard, 7341 d., 7362.\\nLamotte, Jeanne de Valois, b., 7022; d.,\\n7082.\\nLamp, incandescent, patented, 2981 j ex-\\nhibited, 3021.\\nimproved patent, 9222 safety ap-\\npears; Geordy inv., 9381\\nLampadius, Wilhelm A., b., 8031 pro-\\nduces sulfurous carbon, 7821 dis. light-\\ning gas, 8102 d., 8162.\\nLampeter, W., St. David s Coll. est., 9411.\\nLampridius, .Elius, Jug. History, 10671.\\nLamps, oil, used. 1140 2\\nLamson, Alvan, b. (1792) d., 2351.\\nLamu Islands ceded, 5631\\nLa Navidad erected fort burned, 142.\\nLancashire, Eng.,spiiming-jenny invented,\\n9161; plate glass nianf., 9182; strike,\\n9831,9942\\nLancaster, Eng., Working-Men s Society,\\n9651 j earthquake, 1000 cotton-workers\\nstrike, 10083, 10103.\\nKy., illicit whisky, 4082.\\nMass., Indians attack, 461\\nO., gas explosion, 3993.\\nPa., Iroquois sell land, 65 3 capital\\nremoved, 1193; Franklin and Marshall\\nColl.org., 1463,1731 Indus. School, 4721\\nVa., Confederates defeated, 2003.\\nHouse of, 8612.\\n(See John of Gaunt.)\\nSir James, b., 8701 at Pernambuco,\\n5521; at Olinda, 5522 d.,8S0i.\\nJoseph, b., 9203 charity teacher,\\n9292 d.,9482.\\nThomas, E. of, leader, beheaded, 857 2\\nbishop of Kildare, 8702.\\nSound discovered, 5703 Capt. Ross\\nvisits, 5762 Parry enters, 5781\\nLance, George, b., 9303 d., 8961.\\nLancelot, Doin Claude, b., 6862; a., 6943.\\nLancers appear, 9381.\\nLancey, James de, governor, 693, 7J3,\\nOliver de, royalist corps, 842.\\nAVm. H. de, cous. P. E. bishop, 1503.\\nLan-Chau mission, 6242.\\nLanchner, Franz, b., 8082; d., 8321\\nLancival, Luce de, works, 7171 7192.\\nLand, grants to refugees, Algeria, 10 2\\nsales forbidden, China, 6252 power of\\nbequeathing, Eng., 8492 rent of, 8693.\\nAct denounced, 9S83.\\nand Stamp tax, France, 7071\\nBill introduced, 9733, 9952.\\nLand of Cor};,u/t/\u00c2\u00bbe issued, 8562.\\nLand Court Bill passes, 3732, 3791.\\nGrant Bill, notice of, Can., 5902.\\nForfeiture Bill, 3573, 3651 3691\\nLaw, as so. to support, 9883 Landed\\nEstates Court established, 963 2\\nLeague. (See Irish Nat. Land League.)\\nLand and Liberty circulated, 11203.\\nLand nationalization begins, 3091\\nSociety formed, 9883.\\nof Opliir, Columbus names, 153.\\nRegistry office fails, 9733.\\nTenure Reform League meets, 975 2\\nTransfer Act for Eng., 9812.\\nLandau taken, 7961\\nLanden, John, b., 9062.\\nLander, Frederick William, b. (1821) at\\nPhilippi, W. Va., 196i d., 2052.\\nLouisa, b.. 1442.\\nT Richard Lemon, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 9323 d. (1834).\\nLandes-Union find, in Mecklenburg, 7893.\\nLandgrave, title established, 777 2\\nLandi, Gasparo, b., 10842 at Calatatimi,\\n108S1 d., 10862.\\nLandiver, Rafael, b.-d., 10951.\\nLando, pope, 10723 d., 10721\\nLandon, Charles Paul, b., 7023 d., 7242.\\nLetitia Llizabeth (Mrs. George Mac-\\nlean), b., 9303; d. (1838).\\nSamuel, b., 602.\\nLandor, explorer, Australia, 4961\\nWalter Savage, b.,919i; works, 9271;\\n9371,9423,9483; d.,896i.\\nLandrost and Heemraaden ends, 5973.\\nLands, public, granted to railroads, 1691 j\\nrevenue from, 179\\nLandsdowne, Marquis of. (See Fitz-\\nmaurice, William Petty.)\\nLandseer, Sir Edwin, b., 930 3 works,\\n9461,9521; d.,978i.\\nJohn, b., 9151 a., 9582.\\nThomas, b., 9283 j. (1880).\\nLandshut, Prus.,I rnssians defeated, 5162;\\nAustrians defeated, 7182 Univ. of In-\\ngolstadt moved, 8072 univ. moves to\\nMunich, 8132.\\nLandslide, Rossberg Mountain, 11381\\nat Troy, K. Y., 1541\\nLandslides, Jap., earthquake causes,1092l\\nLandstadt, Magnus Brostrup, author of\\nNorske Folkeviser, 11043.\\nLandtag formed at Berlin, 8171\\nLand tax enacted, Australia, 4991; fixed,\\nEng., 9292.\\nTransfer Bill passes, 10012.\\nLandwehr formed, Ger., 8101\\nLane electrometer completed, 9162.\\nEdward William, b., 9303 d., 9802.\\nex-county treasurer, embezzler, 3991.\\nJames Henry, b.(1814) gen. at Hua-\\nmanta, 1622; indictnients against, 1792\\nat Papinsville, Mo., 198 3 enlists ne-\\ngroes, 2103 suicide, 2523 d., 2581.\\nJos., b., 1101 gov., 1671 ,1743; for vice-\\npres., 1S82; vote, 1883, 1913 d. (1881).\\nSergeant, wins prize, 9661.\\nSir Richard, lord keeperof seal, 8871\\nWilliam C, governor N. Mex., 1712.\\nTheol. Seminary opd. in Cincinnati,\\n1371 Lyman Beecher, president, 1403.\\nUniversity organized, Kan., 2093.\\nLanesborough, E. of, title created, 9132.\\nLanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, b.\\n(1005\u00c2\u00b1) d., 8462.\\nLanfrey, Pierre, b., 7243; Napoleon I., 7371\\nd.,7502.\\nLang, Adra., commands resigns, 624 1\\nAndrew, b., 9522; Ballads in Blue\\nChina; Rhymes, 9863.\\nDr., missionary work, 4942.\\nHeinrich, b., 8123; d., 8282.\\nLouis, b.,123i in National Academy\\nDesign, 1721.\\nLangalibalele, trial, 6012 released, 6012.\\nLangara, Adm., in b. St. Vincent, 9201\\nLangbridge, Frederick, b., 9542.\\nLangdale, Lord. (See liickersteth, Henry.)\\nCharles de, settles in Wis., 671.\\nLangdon, F. W. S., killed, 2093.\\nJohn, b., 642; pres. senate, 1012,1033;\\ngov. N. H., 1133, 1173; electoral vote,\\n1153 d., 1281.\\nLoomis L., commissioned col., 3341\\nSamuel, b. (1723) d., 1062.\\nLange, Card., treat v with peasants, 7893.\\nDaniel, dredges Suez Canal, 6573.\\nJohann Peter, b.,8082; works, 8163,\\n8203 d., 8302.\\nLudwig, b., 8L23 d., 8302.\\nLangebek, founds J anishLung. Soc, 6383.\\nL Angeli, court fool, d., 6923.\\nLangenieux, B. M., card, priest, 7542.\\nLangensalza, Prus., battle of, 8241\\nLangenstein, Hugo von, St. Martin, 7823.\\nLaugevin, Sir Hector Louis, b., 5781 pe.\\ntition against, 592 3 exculpated re-\\nsigns, 5931.\\nJean, cons, bishop, 5822 d.,5941.\\nLangford, Baron, title created, 9311\\nLangham, Simon de.b., S562; d., 8582.\\nLanghoi-ne, John, b., 9082 d.,9203.\\nLangiewic/,, Margan, b. (1827) dictator of\\nPoland, 11192.\\nLangland, William, b.-d., 8582; piers Plow-\\nman, 8583.\\nLangley, Samuel Pierpont, b., 1422\\nmoon s temperature. 3281\\nLangobardi, surrender idols, 7702; barbar-\\nous customs, 7703.\\nLangres, Fr., submits to Austria, 7202.\\nLnn frit/g Hull wrecked, 9813.\\nLangside, Scot., battle of, 8721\\nLangson, surrender Chinese evacuate\\nretake, 4822; evacuation demand, 4832.\\nLangstroth, L., d., 1162.\\nLangtoft, Peter, Chronicle of Eng, ,8562.\\nLaiigton, Stephen b.-d., 850 2 election\\narchbp primate; divides Bible, 8522.\\nLangtry, Mrs. (Lily Le Breton), actress,\\nb., 9562.\\nLanguage, useof Fr. abolished, Can., 5911\\nin Eng., 8463. (See French.)", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1316.jp2"}, "1317": {"fulltext": "Lang-Lava.\\nText Figures denote Page. INL)li,^C. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1305\\nLanguedoc, France, submits to Crusaders;\\n670i annexed to crown, 6732 revolt,\\n6753,688^; Huguenots persecuted, 6951\\ncanal constructed, 6913; completed, 7253.\\nLanguet, Hubert, b., 6S02 d., 6842.\\nLangworthy, E. R., gift to college, 9791\\nLamer, Sidney, b., 1542; works, 2603,2903,\\n2923, 3031, 3063, 3083, 3143, 3183 d.,\\n3031; bust, 3701.\\nLanjon, surrender of, 6321.\\nLankester, Edwin, b.,9363 d.,9542.\\nLanman, Charles, b., 1281.\\nLannes, Jean, Due de Montebello, b.,\\n7042 at Montebello, 7141 a t Pultusk\\nat Saalf eld in Fr. campaign in Prus.,\\n7161 at Aspern, 5183 d., 7191\\nLannoy, Gen. Cliarles, b. (1470 1) atPavia,\\n6801 d. (1527).\\nBaroness of, Juliana Cornelia, b.-d.,\\n11011.\\nLaNoue, Francois de, b., 6803 d., 6842.\\nLansdown, Eng., battle of, 8841\\nLansdowne, Marquis of, title created, 9231\\nof. (See Petty-Fitzmaurice.)\\nLansing, Mich., State Library est., 1371\\nschool for the blind, 3043; tire, 451 3\\nJohn, d., 1362.\\nNicolas, b. (1748) pres. synod, 1163\\nd. (1835).\\nRobert, arbitrator, 4252.\\nLansingburg, N. Y., election frauds, 42G 2\\nLanterne suppressed, 7383 repub., 7502.\\nLanterns inv., 8442; n houses, Eng., 8933.\\nLantier, Etieiine Francois de, b.,698 3 d.,\\n7242.\\nLanyer, Jerome, patents velvet paper, 8821\\nLanyon, Sir William Owen, gov. South\\nAfrican Republic, 6013, H243.\\nLanza, Giovanni, b., 10862 d., 10901.\\nLanzi, Luigi, b., 10842; d., 10S51\\nI^aocoon group produced, 10622.\\nLaodiee, Ojueen, poisons sons, 1150 3\\nLaodicea, Asia M., built, 11491.\\nLao Ling mission, 621 1\\nLaon, Fr., Napoleon defeated, 7203 sur-\\nrenders, 7402.\\nglobe appears, 12*\\nLaotze, b. religious teaching, 610 2 3\\nLa Paz, Peru, gold dis., 601; captured;\\nIndian insurrection, 5501 Jesuits op-\\nposed, 550 2 j pres. Arce assassinated\\nSucre driven out, 5503; banks shortage;\\ncollege fnd. gas silver mine, 5513.\\nLa Perouse, Comte de, Jean Francois de\\nGalaup, b.,7002; expeditions, 7061,7062.\\nLapliam, Elbridge Gerry, b., 1231 elected\\nsenator, 3092.\\nIncrease Allen, b., 1163; d., 288 1\\nOscar, b., 1482.\\nLapide, Cornelius, d., 5411.\\nLapierre, Adm., before Touron, 4801 com-\\nmander, 481 3\\nLapio-Bicske, battle of, 5222.\\nLaplace, Pierre Simon, b., 7003 investi-\\ngates tides, 701 1 works, 7123 7133 7193\\nd., 7243.\\nLa Plata founders, 9793,\\nLa Plata, Brit, claim navigation, 4901\\nLappenberg, Johann Martin, b., 8062 d.,\\n8222.\\nLa Puerta, Gen., president Peru, 11082.\\nLara, Miguel Gomez de, governor, 6302.\\nLaramie City, Wyo., founded, 2633 Uni-\\nversity of Wyoming opened, 326 3\\nLarangeiras, church organized, 5563.\\nLarcaris, Andreas Joannes, d., 10343.\\nLarcom, Lucy, b., 1341 d., 4281\\nLarcy, M. de, minister, 7451 7491\\nLardner, Dionysius, b., 9262 d., 9622.\\nNathaniel, b., 9862 d., 9163.\\nLa Real Academia Espaiiola created,\\n11292.\\nLa Religion de Univers issued, 7291\\nLa Ressagna Italiana issued, 1090 2\\nLarevelilere dismissed, 7133.\\nLa Revue issued, 7323.\\narchiologigue issued, 735 1\\nBritannique issued, 7251\\nde V Empire issued, 7291,\\nde Paris issued, 725 2\\ndes Cours Litteraires issued, 7363.\\ndes Deux Mondes appears, 7263.\\nEuropSenne issued, 7343.\\nFrangaise issued, 7251\\nGerman! que issued, 7343; changed\\nto La Rente Modern*, 7363.\\nHisforiqtie issued, 750 2\\nIndependante issued, 7291\\nNational! issued, 7343.\\nLa Revue Philosophique issued, 7502.\\nLargo Bay in collision, 10013.\\nLargs, Scot., action at, 8541.\\nLarish captured, 10971\\nCountess of, condemned, 8323; exiled,\\n5323.\\nLarivey, Pierre, b. (1550+) works, 6843,\\n6871; d. (1612).\\nLarkin, Allan, executed, 9711\\nLarned, J. N., Bistort/, 4783.\\nLa Rochelle, Fr., surrenders, 6861 peace\\nof, 6852.\\nLaromiguieri, Pierre, b. (1756) Logons de\\npkifnsophie, 7231; d. (1837).\\nLarondi, rebellion, 5601\\nLa Rochefoneauld-Lianeonrt, Francois\\nAlexandre Frederic, Due de, b., 7003\\nworks, 6912 d.,7243.\\nLa Rochejacquelein, Henri du Vergier,\\nComte de, b. (1772) at Le Manes, 7101\\nd., 7102.\\nLa Rothiere, French defeat, 7202.\\nLarousse, Pierre, b., 7222 Dictionnaire,\\n7263 d., 7501.\\nLarra, Mariano Jose de, b. (1809) work,\\n11311; d. (1837).\\nLarrabee, William, governor Ia.,325 2\\nLarret, Jean, Muse Historique, 6S9 2\\nLarrey, Baron Dominique Jean, b., 7031\\nd., 7282.\\nLarsen, Mary, robbed, 4042.\\nLartet, Edouard, b., 7143.\\nLartius, Titus, dictator, 1051 2\\nLa Rue Co., Ky., Lincoln homestead, 4513.\\nLaryngological Asso. meets, Am., 3581\\nLaryngoscope invented, 9602.\\nL,a Salette, miracles claimed, 7283 pope\\ndiscredits miracles, 7502.\\nLas Salinas, battle of, 20 2\\nLa Salle, Colo., train robbery, 413 1\\nJean Bapt iste de,b.,6902; d.,6981\\nRobert Cavelier de, b., 6883 in\\nCan., 433 explorer, 441 tour of discov-\\nery, 463; erects Fort St. Louis, 5721 ex-\\nplores Can. on Mississippi River, 5733;\\nland grant, 473, 6933 near Arkansas\\nRiver; on Mississippi; returns to Can.\\nin La., 481; in Ark. in La., 491 ,3; in 111.,\\n491 in Tex., 493; on Mississippi, 501\\nassassinated, 502 d., 6942 statue, 36i\\nCollege, Phila., organized, 2252.\\nLas Carreras, Haitians defeated at, 1040 2\\nCases, Marq. de, Emmanuel Avigus-\\ntin Dieudonne de, b., 703i d., 7282.\\nCerreras, battle at, 6431\\nChas Islands, occupied, 6261\\nCruces, N. Mex., Agri. Coll., 3502.\\nLasell Seminary or\u00c2\u00a7., 241 2 ,_\\nLaselle.Chas. Cuarrier des Etats C7ms,137i\\nLasker, Eduard, b., 8142 resolutions re-\\njected, 3172 d., S302.\\nLasLunas, N. Mexico, lynching, 4291\\nLas Nbvedades est., 2922.\\nLassalle, Ferdinand, b., 8123 socialist,\\n8203; org. socialistic party, 8223; d., S222.\\nDisciples of, org., 2503.\\nLassell, satellite of Neptune, dis., 9522.\\nLassell, Wm, b. (179a) dis., 954 1 d. (1S80).\\nLassen, Christian, b.-d., 11041\\nLasso, Orlando, b., 5402.\\nLasson, Saint, holds conference, 442.\\nLast, J. T., expedition, 562i\\nIsland, submerged, 1801\\nLasulitch, Vera, acquitted, 11191.\\nLasus, poet, 1017 1\\nLaswari, India, action at, 10461\\nLatakia Ref. Presb. mission, 11582.\\nLatane, James Allan, cons, up., 3022.\\nLateran Council, 10743, 10751 10811\\nLater Hojo, family rule, 10913.\\nTsin dynasty, rules, 6131\\nLatham, John, b., 9103 d., 9482.\\nMilton Scott, b., 1342; gov Cal.,\\n1903 d., 3101\\nRobert Gordon, b., 936 2 d. (1888).\\nLaThang, capital Tongking, 4811\\nLathom, Earl of, title created, 975 1\\nHouse, defense of, 884*\\nLathrop, Kan., temperance crusade. 3523;\\ntrial concluded, 3761\\nGeo. Parsons, b. (1851) works, 2943,\\n3131, 3163, 3183.\\nJudge, on Benefit Order, 421 1\\nJohn, b., 642 d. (1816).\\nHiram, b., 1082 d., 2521\\nMr., at Scituate, 342.\\nLatimer, Asbury C, b., 168 2\\nHugh, b., 8642 burned, 8702,3; Ser-\\nmons, 871 1\\nLatimer, Viscount, lord treas.; minister,\\n8933.\\nLatin Bible, printed, 681 1\\ncolonies est., 10513.\\nEmpire, ends, 10341 10352.\\nEnglish dictionary, first, 8691\\nWar, Great, 10521\\nlanguage, prohibited in courts, 9091;\\ndisplaces Gothic, 11252 abolished in\\nItaly, 10731\\nLeague, subjugated, 10511; surren-\\nders cities, 10r 2i ;~renewed, 10532.\\ntowns, settled by Rinnans, 1053 2\\nLatini, Brunetto, Tesoretio, 10771\\nLatins, attack Roman repub. war with,\\n10501 allies of Rome, 10511 desert Ro-\\nmans harass Tuseulans, 1051 3 subju-\\ngated, 10532 king of Janiculum rules,\\n10511.\\nLatium, defeated, 10521\\nLatour, Count, murdered, 5231\\nd Auvergne, Tlieophile Malo C. de,\\nb., 7003; d., 7142; body inl aiitheon, 7593.\\nLatreille, Pierre Andre, b., 7023 d., 7262.\\nLatrobe, Pa., R. R. accident, 3413,\\nCharles Joseph, b. (1801) gov., 4953;\\nd. (1875).\\nJohn Hazelhurst Boneval, b. (1803)\\nd., 3902.\\nLatta, Alex. Bonner, b. (1S21) d., 2471\\nJames, b. (1732); moderator, 1043;\\nd. (1801).\\nLatter Day Saints. (See Mormons.)\\nLatude, Henri Masers de,b.,698 2 d.,7163.\\ntaube, Heinrich, b., 8083 works, 8151,\\n8182 d., 8302.\\nLaud, Ferdinand, b., 520 2 d., 5282.\\nWm.,b.,8742; bp.,880 2 archbp. Can-\\nterbury, 878 2 commission, 8822 min-\\nister, 8833 martyred, 8843, 8853, 8862.\\nLauderdale, D. of. (SeeMaitland, John.)\\nEarl of, title created, 881 1\\nE. of. (See Maitland, James.)\\nLaudini, Christoforo, b.-d., 676 2\\nLaudon, Gideon Ernst von, b., 514 2 at\\nKay, 5161 defeats Prussians at Glatz\\n8021 d., 5163.\\nLaudonniere, Rene de, leader, 25 1\\nLauenberg, ceded, 526 3 king possesses,\\n8232.\\nLaufach, battle at, 8242.\\nLaugel, Antoine Auguste, b., 7261\\nLaughing gas, in Paris, 7361 in London,\\n9701 (See Nitrous oxid gas.)\\nLaugier, Comte de, Cesar de Bellecour,\\nb., 10843; d., 10882.\\nLauman, Gen. Jacob G., b. (1813) at\\nJackson, 2243.\\nLaunitz, Edward Schmidt yonder, b.,8063;\\nd., 2862.\\nRobert Eberhard, b. (1806) d., 2721\\nLaura, b. (130S) meets Petrarch, 10771,\\nd. (1348).\\nLaure, Sir Peter, lord mayor, Lond., 945 3\\nLaurel Hill, Cal., Broderick monument\\nrestored, 3421.\\nCemetery est., Phila., 1473.\\n,W r Va., Confeds. defeated, 1962.\\nLauremberg, Johann, Comic Poems 7971\\nLaurence, St., martyred, 10663.\\nLaurens, Henry, b., 602; pres. of Cont l\\nCongress, 89 2 captured by Brit., 933\\ntreaty commissioner, 952; d M 1022.\\nJohn, b., 711; tights duel, 89 2 d.,95i.\\nLaurent, discovers JS emausa, 7342.\\nLauren tin, asteroid, discovered, 7481\\nLaurentius, archbishop, 8422.\\nLauridsen, Niels, b., 6362.\\nLauriston, Marquis de, Jacques Alexandre\\nBernard Law, b., 7042 d., 7243.\\nLausanne, Switz., Workmen s Interna-\\ntional Congress, 11383.\\nLauson, M. de, gov. Can., 573 2 also (1656);\\nMontreal given to, 5732.\\nLautaro, b. (1535+) leader, 6043 d. (1557).\\nLautrec, Marshal, at Bococca, 6801 before\\nNaples, 6S0 2\\nLauzun, Antoine Nompar deCaumont de f\\nb., 6882; d., 698 2\\nLavadia, Chung-How signs treaty, 6232,\\nLaval-Montmorency, Francois Xavier, b,,\\n301 cons, bp., 5723 first R. C. bp. Que-\\nbec resigns, 5731 d.,575i.\\nUniversity, Can., founded, 5803, and\\nVictoria Univ., amalgamated, 588 2 ,3.\\nLavallee, Tlieophile Senastien, b., 715 1\\nHistory of the French, 7271 d., 736 2\\nLavalette, Comte de, Marie Chamens, b.,\\n7042 condemned; flees, 7232 d., 7261.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1317.jp2"}, "1318": {"fulltext": "1306\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nLava-Lee.\\nLavater, John Casper, b.-d., 11372 physi-\\nognomic Fragment*, 8051.\\nLavedan, Henri Leon Ewile, b. (1S59)\\nMarionnettes, 7662.\\nLaveleye, Emile Louis Victor, b., 5423; d.,\\n(1891).\\nLavelle County, Ind., defalcation, 3932.\\nGen. Juan, b.(1797); defeat; shot, 490\\nLa Vergne, Tenn., action near, 2161\\nLavergne, Louis Gabriel Leonce Guilhaud,\\nb. (1809) Rural Economy, 733 d. (1880).\\nLavigerie, Chas. Martial Allemand, cardi-\\nnal, b.. 91; cons, bp., 7362; cardinal\\npriest, 7522 unity of church and state,\\n7582; antislavery address, 7003 recog-\\nnizes Fr. Republic, 7632; est. pro-cathe-\\ndral, 11393; d., 7641.\\nLayisse, Ernest, Academician, 7561\\nworks, 7582.\\nLavoisier, Antoine Laurent, b., 7003 de-\\ncomposes water theory of phlogiston,\\n7041 d., 7102.\\nlaw, A. E., fined, 4171.\\nCharles Edward, Lord Ellenborough,\\ngov.-gen., Ind., 10473; d., 10041.\\nEdmund, b., 9022.\\nEdward, Lord Ellenborough, d., 9243.\\nL. Ellenborough, b., 9122; chief\\njustice, 9313 d., 9382.\\nL. Ellenborough, minister, 9433;\\ngov.-gen., 9513; lord admiralty, 9532; d.,\\n9761.\\nHugh, lord chancellor, 9891\\nJohn, b., 8922 projects Mississippi\\nscheme, 592,593, 3972, 6972, 3; company\\nchartered, 593 bank privileges, 6992\\ninsolvent, 6993 expelled from Fr., 611,\\n6992; d., 9082.\\nJonathan, b. (1674) gov., 653 d.\\n(1750).\\nRichard, b., 622 d. (1806).\\nSallie, C. G., d., 464i.\\nWilliam, b., S962 d. (1761).\\nAmendment Society est., 9531\\nEnforcement League org., 4751\\nand Order League, la., 333i stop\\nSunday traffic, W. Va.,3633; against ne-\\ngroes, N. J., 4562.\\nLaw Quarter fteriew issued, 9942.\\nLawes, Sir John Bennett, b., 9363.\\nLawler, Daniel V., Phonetic Bill in Cong.,\\n3562; nom. for gov., 4132.\\nThos. G., commander G. A. R., 4703.\\nLawrence, Kan., Congregational Church\\nfmd., 1762; election for leg.; Free State\\nmen meet, 1772; besieged, 1781 sacked,\\n1791,2; attacked, 1812; fl rs t legislature\\nmeets, 1932; state Univ. at, 2191 raided,\\n2261 TJniv. of Kansas org., 2543 Pro-\\nnib. Party org., 3172; R. R. wreck, 4493.\\nMass., Pemberton mill falls, 1873\\nstrike, 3103; Bolton bribery trial, 4171\\nAbbott, b., 1022; est. scientific dept.,\\nHarvard, 1642 d., 1761\\nAmos, b., 981 d., 1701\\nSir Arthur Johnstone, d., 10081\\nBaron, title created, 9651.\\nCharles, convicted, 3902.\\nCornelius VanWyck, b. (1791) mayor\\nN. T., 1452; d. (1861).\\nGeorge Alfred, b., 9423.\\nHenry, shot, 4743.\\nMontgomery, b., 9323 against\\nSepoys, 104S1 d. (1857).\\nJames, b., 931 defeats British, 1201\\nat Cape Ann, 1202; d., 1211\\nlord mayor London, 9691.\\nJ. F., arrested, 3902.\\nJohn, mayor N. Y., 453, 532.\\nb., 662 pres. senate, 1092 d.,\\n1162.\\nLord Laird Mair, b., 9351 vice-\\nroy, 10492; d. (1879).\\nRichard, to assassinate Jackson, 1431\\nMaj. Stringer, b. (1697) at Pondi-\\ncherry, 10441 gov. N. S., 5752 d. (1775).\\nSergt., wins rifle prize, 9821.\\nSir Thomas, b., 9183 Hamlet, 9302\\npres. Royal Society, 9401 d., 9442.\\n.William, cons, bp., 4301 4401\\nb., 9223 lord mayor London,\\n9652; d., 9151.\\nspiritualist punished. 9823.\\nBeach, b., 1082; d., 3062.\\nUniversity, org., Kan., 1632, 1663.\\nLawrencebnrg, Term., D. Crockett anni-\\nversary eel., 3663.\\nLawrie, Gawen, gov. N. J., 492.\\nLaws in New Eng., 721 prohibitory in\\nAm. colonies, 731. (See under the title\\nof each law.)\\nLawson, Cecil Gordon, b. (1851); Hop Gar-\\ndens, 9781; d. (1882).\\nJames Anthony, d., 9962.\\nJohn, surveyor, captured, 562 ex-\\nplorer, 4941 burned, 562, 572.\\nJustice, assaulted, 990 3\\nThomas G., b., 1442; speech, 4392.\\nSir Wilfred, on local option, 9851\\nLawyers exclusion statues repealed, 9772.\\nLay, Henry Champlin, b., 1302; b p 1862.\\nHelpers Association org., 9682.\\nReaders Brothers org., 3322.\\no/Havelock, 8543.\\nof the Hon, !/*iicl;/c appears, 6723.\\nof Kola tul brought from France, 8463.\\nI.ayainon. poet. Brut, 8523; d., 8521.\\nLavard, Sir Austen Henry, b., 938 2 works,\\n9551,9963, 11571 discoveries at Nineveh,\\n11562 d., 10102.\\nLayer, Christopher, in conspiracy against\\nking, 9072; executed, 9073.\\nLayton, Fernando C, b., 1623.\\nLazare Carnct, attempt to burn, 7671\\nLazarists, congregation of, 6871\\nLazaro, Count, duel, 5323.\\nLazarus raised, 11522.\\nEmma, b., 1662; d., 3262.\\nMoritz C, b., 8123.\\nLazear, Maj., at Van Buren, 2143.\\nLazelle, Henry M. .commissioned col. ,3341\\nLazo, Elias, minister, 6443.\\nLazzaroni, as pikeinen, 10841 at Naples,\\n10861.\\nLea, Henry Charles, b., 1322; work, 3283.\\nIsaac, b., 1022; d\u00e2\u0080\u009e 3242.\\nFemale College, Miss., fnd., 2963.\\nLeach, Richard, murderer, 4751.\\nWilliam Elford, b.. 9243; d., 9482.\\nLead discovered in Kansas, 2961.\\nCity, S. Dak., against prohibition,\\n3682; fire, 4393 cashier embezzles, 4483.\\nore Bill passes House, 411 1\\nLeadville, Colo., settled, 2973 mines\\nclosed, 4333.\\nLeague Island presented to Govt., 2621\\nfor Commercial Liberty, Fr., 7463.\\nof German Princes inaugurated, 5173.\\nof Patriots, scandal suppressed, 757 2\\nof Rhine cities, Ger., 7833.\\nof the Rose fmd., 7571\\nLeagues against nobles, Ger., 7793.\\nLeahy, John, bp., 9583 murdered, 9903.\\nLeake, Sir John, Adm., capture in Mediter-\\nranean at Barcelona, 9021 lord of ad-\\nmiralty, 9031 at Sardinia, 10821\\nWalter, b. (17601 gov. Miss., 293\\nd. (1825).\\nWilliam M., b., 9203; d., 9642.\\nLearning, James R., d., 4181\\nLeander ordered out of Am. waters, 1133.\\nLeang dynasty rules, 6131\\nLeaoutung, cue enforced, 615 1; Tartars\\ntake, 6153.\\nLear, Edward, d., 9962.\\nTobias, b. (1760) d., 1242.\\nLearned, Joseph E. d., 2702.\\nLeary s raft at Riker s Island, 3653.\\nLease, Mary Ellen, speaks to unemployed,\\n4531 on State Charities Beard, 451 2\\nopposes gov., 4513 speech, 453i\\nLeather, patent, produced, 126i.\\nLeavenworth, Kan., proslavery party\\nmeets, 1791 election troubles, 181 1 Con-\\nfed, flag, 1953 Times, 4513 excluded\\nfrom mails, 3703 pontoon bridge de-\\nstroyed, 3933 prisoners liberated, 4683.\\nLeavitt. John Brooks, in court, 4331.\\nJoshua, b., 1042; d., 2801.\\nMrs. Mary Clement, report, 3943.\\nLebanon, 111., McKendree Coll. fnd., 1351\\nInd., White Caps sentenced, 3643.\\nKy., Feds, captured, 2242 skirmish\\nnear Junction, 213 2\\nMo., action near, 2001\\nTenn., Cumberland Univ. org., 1551\\nConfeds. defeated, 2063; action near,\\n2151 Federals occupy, 2183.\\nValley College, Pa., org., 2583.\\nSchools Society est., London., 9643.\\nLebel rifle in bus. army, 11201\\nLebceuf, Edmond, b., 719i chief of staff,\\n7381 minister of war, 7392; d., 7562.\\nLe Boesme, Father, missionary, 422.\\nLe Bourget recaptured, 7422.\\nLebron in Paraguay, 11052.\\nLebrun, Charles, b. 6862 Passage of\\nGranicus, 6901 d., 6942.\\nLebrun, D. de, Charles Francois Piacenza,\\nb., 7002; consul, 7133; d., 7242.\\nPierre Antoine, b.,7061 works, 7052,\\n7171,7232; d.,7461.\\nPigault, L Enfant du Carnival, 7083.\\nPonce D. E., b., 6983; d., 7163.\\nLe Caron, Joseph, miss., 282 d. (1632).\\nLeehaeum, Gr., action at, 10222.\\nLechfeld, Ger., battle of, 7722.\\nLechus I., D. of Poland, 11132.\\nII., I), of Poland, deposed, 11132.\\nLechus III., D. of Poland, 11132.\\nIV., D. of Poland, 11132.\\nV., D. of Pol. abdicates, 11133.\\nLe Clear, Thomas, b., 1262; d. (1882).\\nLe Clerc, Jean, b.-d., 11372; work, 8963.\\nLouis, Count of Buffon, Histoire\\nnaiurelle, 7012.\\nVictor Emmanuel, b., 7042 slavery\\nin Haiti d., 7143.\\nLecke, Sir H., at Bushire, 9601\\nLecky, William Edward Hartpole, b.,\\n9482 works, 9683, 9842.\\nLecluse, Carolus, b., 6803; d., 6862.\\nLecombo, Bp. Smyth, cons., 10082.\\nLecompte, tries to assassinate king, 7292.\\nEdward W., d., 428 1\\nLecompton, Kan., post captured, 181 1;\\npartisan judge; proslavery force; pro-\\nslavery Legislature, 1S12 illegal con-\\nven., 1831 Lane University org.. 2093.\\nJudge, removed restored, 1812.\\nBill, House rejects; Sen. passes, 1851\\nConstitution, Douglas opposes, 1832\\nrejected, 1833.\\nLecomte, Gen. Claude Martin, shot, 7442, 3;\\nmurderers sentenced, 746 3\\nLeconrield, Baron, title created, 9591.\\nLeConte, John, physicist, b., 1 262 ;d. (1891).\\nnaturalist, b., 962; d. (I860).\\nLawrence, b., 1322; d., 3142.\\n.Joseph, b., 1302; works, 3003,\\n3323; Pres. Amer. Asso., 3901 d., 3821\\nde Lisle (Chas. Marie Leconte), b.\\n(1820), 7223 works, 7523, 7351 7333, 7542;\\nAcademician, 752 1 d., 7661\\nLecoq, Henri, b., 7143; d., 7461.\\nde Boisbaudran, Paul Emile, b., 7281\\nLecot, Victor L., cons. card, priest, 7622.\\nLecouvreur, Adrienne, b., 6942; d., 6983.\\nLe Crezut, Fr., strike, 7443.\\nLectisternian festival instituted, 10503.\\nLedebour, Karl F. von, b., 8042 d., 8181\\nLeddchowski, Ct. Mieczyslaw, or Miecis-\\nlas Halka, archbp., b., 11163; fined;\\nimprisoned; deposed card, priest, 8283.\\nLedra, William, hanged, 403.\\nLedru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste, b.,\\n7171; defense committee, 7433 leader,\\n7432; d., 7482.\\nL6 dynasty, Annam, 4811\\nLedyard, John, b., 683; d., 1001\\nLee, Alfred, b., 1141 bp., 1542; d., 3261\\nAnn, b., 622 assumptions of, 9151\\nin Am., 782; d., 962, 3.\\nArthur, b., 642 ambassador to Fr.,\\n853, 7053; quarrels, 892; d. (1792).\\nCharles, b., 621; inN. Y., 821 defense\\nof Charleston, 822 captured crosses\\nHudson River insubordinate, 843, S92\\ntreasonable negotiations, 861 ex-\\nchanged, 882; trial, 883; duel, 892; dis-\\nmissed, 911.\\nEliza Buckminstcr,b.,10S2; d.(1864).\\nFitz-Hugh, b. (1835); at Dumfries,\\n2163; at Beverly Ford, 2223; at Wilson s\\nLanding, 2332; at Yellow Tavern, 2331\\nat Cold Harbor, 2341 gov. Va., 3252; in\\nLexington Military Inst., 3431; Govt.\\nR. R. director, 4473.\\nFrancis Lightfoot, b., 622; d., 1062.\\nGideon, b. (1778) mayor, N. Y., 1433;\\nd. (1841).\\nHannah Farnham Sawyer, b. (17S0)\\nd.,2482.\\nHarriet, b., 9143; d., 9562.\\nHenry, b., 711 great strength, 882\\natPaulus Hook, 903; with Pickens, 931\\ntakes Fort Watson, 941 d., 951 gov.\\nVa., 1032 d., 1262.\\nof Mass., vote for v. pres., 1413.\\nactor, b., 1781\\nWashington, b. (1815) cons.\\nP. E. bp., 1762; d.,2861.\\nJ. D., Mormon bp., shot, 2943.\\nJesse, b. (1758) eel., 3642 d., (1816).\\nJohn, fnds. Numismatic Soc, 94S1.\\nLeroy Madison, b., 1142; d. (1882).\\nLuther, Rev., b., 1082.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1318.jp2"}, "1319": {"fulltext": "Lee-Lent.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1307\\nLee, Nathaniel, b. 8882, or (1653 d. (1692).\\nRichard, wire bridges, 9642.\\nHenry, b., 621 independence\\nresolution, 832 pres. Senate, 1033 d.,\\n1042.\\n.Robert Edward, b., 114 1 graduate,\\n136 1 capt., 14S 1 chief engineer, 1602;\\nsupt. West Point, 170 1 captures John\\nBrown, 186 apptd. col., 1921 com-\\nmands Va. troops offered command of\\nFederals resigns in U. S. A., 194 1 2\\ncommands Confederates, Va., 1942\\ncommands coast defenses, 2021 resumes\\ncommand, 2052 at Fair Oaks near\\nRichmond, 2083; at Seven Days Battles,\\n209 confronts Pope, 2103; at Groveton\\nat Manassas, 2122 in Maryland cam-\\npaign, 2123, 2132; at Antietam at South\\nMountain; at Hagerstown, 2131; at\\nHolly Springs at Ilndsonville near La\\nGrange, 215 at Fredericksburg, 2162;\\nat Chancellorsville, 2211 at Culpepper,\\n2222; at Chambersburg enters Pa., 2231\\nretreats to the Potomac, 2242; at Falling\\nWaters; at Williamsport, 2243; offers\\nresignation, 226 1 moves for Washing-\\nton, 227 1 behind the Rapidan on Rap-\\npahannock, 2281 at Locust Grove, 22S 2\\nGen. Meade declines to attack at Mine\\nRun declines exchange of prisoners,\\n2283 south of Rapidan 232 at North\\nAnna, 2332 at b. of Wilderness, 2322\\nat Spottsylvania, 2323 at Cold Harbor\\nat Paiuunkey River at Totopotornoy\\nRiver, 2341; at Strawberry Plains; at\\nReam s Station, 2372; appt. commander-\\nin-chief commands all Coufed. armies,\\n2421; meeting for peace, 2423, 2452;\\nassaults Fort Steadman, 2442 at Boyd-\\nton and White Oak Roads evacuates\\nRichmond, 2443, 4451 notifies J. Davis\\nat Amelia Court-House at Sailor s\\nCreek, 2451; retreats; turns toward\\nLynchburg, 2451 at Appomattox Sta-\\ntion escapes proposes peace condi-\\ntions of surrender. 2452, 2461 applies\\nfor pardon, 2483 d., 2702; statue un-\\nveiled, 3501 :i,-,.si 3591 birthday a holi-\\nday, 3762, 39S3, 4483.\\nSamuel, b., 9223; d., 9582.\\nF., at Vicksburg, 2081\\nGen. S. D., near Tnpello, 2362 a t\\nResaca, 2383.\\nSophia, b., 9123; d. (1824).\\nThomas, gov. Va.. 672 d. (1750).\\nWilliam, invents stocking weaving,\\n8761 d. (1610\u00c2\u00b1).\\nSir, chief justice, 9093.\\nHenry Fitz uugh, captured at\\nSouth Anna, 2231 d., 3922.\\nLeech, Edward O., in treas. dept., 3512.\\nJohn, b., 9382 a., 9681\\nLeechburg, Pa., original packages, 3591\\nLeeds, D. of, title created, 8991\\nYork, Eng., bridge built. 8573 Shen-\\nfield Grammar School fnd.,S71i Mercury\\nissued 9003 Colored Cloth Hall built,\\n9153; White Cloth Hall built, 9193; a bor-\\nOugh,9453; Brit. Asso. meets, 9002, 10041\\nreform meeting, 1091 Literary arid Phil-\\nosophical Soc. est., 9411 art exhibition,\\n9721; Social Science Asso. meets, 9741;\\nChurch Cong., 9742 new bridge opened,\\n9773 exhibition of arts and mnfs. opd.,\\n9721,9781; musical festival, 9781, 9821.\\n9681 Yorkshire Coll. of Science opd.,\\n9723, 9801; amphitheater burned; new\\nexchange, 9813 new municipal offices\\nfree library opd., 9923 j anti-Lords Con-\\nference, 10123.\\nMass, floods, 2853.\\nLeem, Knud. Beshrivelse, etc., 11042.\\nLeesburg, Va., Confeds. defeated, 2132.\\nLeaser, Isaac, b. (1806) d., 2601\\nLee s Mills, Va., action at, 2062.\\nLeete, Wm, b. (1603+) gov., 413; d. (1683).\\nLeeuwenhoek, Antonius van, b.-d.; dis-\\ncovers animalcules, 11003,\\nLeeuwin exploration, 4931\\nLeeward Islands, Fr. govt, possess, 7572.\\nE,efebvre-Wely, Louis J. A., b., 7222; d.,\u00c2\u00bb\\n7382.\\nLefebvre, Francois Joseph, Due de Dant-\\nzic, b., 7022 at Danzic, 7162 d., 7223.\\nLefevre, Charles Shaw, speaker, 9493.\\n(Lefebvre), d Etaples, b.-d., 67S2.\\nPeter B., bishop, d., 5402.\\nTannegui, 0802 d., 6622.\\nLefferts, John, d., 4281\\nLefferts, Marshal, b. (1821); defends Wash-\\nington, 1941 d. (1876).\\nLe Flo, Adolphe Emmanuel Charles, b.\\n(1804); gen.; minister, 7412, 7451 ;d. (1887).\\nLefort, Francois, b.-d., 11142.\\nLefranc, Victor, minister, 7471 censured,\\n7472.\\nLefroy, Edward Cracroft, d., 10042.\\n.explorer, 4961.\\nThomas, chief justice, 9573.\\nlegacy taxes repealed, U. S.,2712.\\nLegal Tender Act, 2031 ,2, 2053, 2112 de-\\ncision on, 2732; passes, 3172; limit, 2611\\nnotes, retirement prohibited, 2992.\\nLegare, Hugh Swinton, b. (1783); atty.-\\ngen., 1533 sec. state, 1552 d. (1843).\\nLegend 0/ Lohem/rin, poeni, 7803.\\nLe gendre, Adrie n Marie, b.,7011 d.,7262.\\nLegge, Augustus, consecrated bp., 10063.\\nFrancis, governor N. S., 575 3\\nGeorge, E. of Dart. ,b., 8.862; commands\\nnavy, StTc minister, 8972 d., 8982.\\nH. B., minister dismissed, 9152.\\nJames, b., 9363.\\nWm., E. of Dartmouth, sec. for colo-\\nnies, 9193 prime minister, 773.\\nLeggett, C. W., infernal machine, 4483.\\nMortimer Dormer, b. (1831) gen. at\\nBolivar, 2122.\\nWm., b., 1102 d., 1502.\\nLegion of Honor in: Fr., 7152 in Am, 301 1\\nLegislative Assembly, est., Fr., 7091.\\nLegislature, masses in Mass., 293.\\nLegitime, Gen. defeated pres., 10403.\\nLegitimists, Fr., 7211; unite with Orlean-\\nists, 7473 monarchy negatived, 7492.\\nLegnano, It., Aust. retains, 5252 battle\\nof, 7781\\nLegouve, Ernest Wilfred Gabriel Baptiste,\\nmember of Academy, 7321\\nGabriel Marie, lean Baptiste, b., 7031\\nHenry IK, 7171 d.. 7192.\\nLcgraud, Jacques Guillaume, b., 700 3 d.,\\n7163.\\nPierre, minister, 7552, 7571 resigns,\\n7552.\\nLe Grande, Ore., Blue Mt. Univ. org., 2922.\\nLegris, Emile Alexis, minister, 7392.\\nt,eli mission, 6242.\\nLehi, Utah, gold disc. ,4541 Enoch Davies\\nshot, 471 1\\nLehigh University organized, Pa., 2543.\\nCo., Pa., zinc discovered, 1622.\\nand Wilk.1 al Co. embezzlement, 4483.\\nLehmann, Heinrich, b., 8103 d., 8302.\\nJohann G., d., 8031\\nLe Houx, Jean, Faux tie Vire, 6832.\\nLehree, earthquake, 104S3.\\nLeiba, Ponciano, president, 10413.\\nLeibhardt, Davis P., in P. O. dept., 3512.\\nLeibnitz, Gottfried W. von, b., 7963;\\nworks, 7971 7991 8032 d., 7983.\\nLeicester, Eng., surrenders, S80i Luddites\\nhanged, 9302 Abbey Park opd., 9881\\nE. of, title created, 9451 (See Mont-\\nford, Simon of; Dudley, Robert.)\\nLit. andPhilos. Soc. founded, 9463.\\nLeichhart, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig,\\nb. (1813) last despatch disappears,\\n4961; expedition, 4973.\\nLeidesdorf, Professor, d., 5342.\\nLeidy, Joseph, b., 1302 d., 4061\\nLeigh, Baron of, title created, 9451.\\nBenjamin, b., 931 d., 1561\\nEdward, Sir, b.,878i d. (1671).\\nLeighlin, see erected. 8422 united, 8763.\\nLeighton, Sir Frederick, b., 9442 Her-\\ncules, 9761 president R. A., 9822.\\nGeo. E., director Union Pacific, 3512.\\nRobert, b., 8782 d., 8962.\\nSir Wm., lord mayor London, 9333.\\nLeimor, John, whipped, 4143.\\nLeinster, Ire., action at, 8442.\\nD. of, title created, 9172.\\nD of, Gerald F., d., 10102.\\nViscount of, title created, 9112,\\nLeipsic, Prus., great fairs, 7872; hattle of,\\n5201 7202, 7941 ,2, 7962, 8101 univ. fnd.,\\n7851; newspaper issued, 7971; Rostocker\\nZeilunci issued, 790 1 I.iijr.iger Litt-ratur\\n::eil/ini) issued. 807 2; Ilrnirs issued, 8131\\nGer. Union Natural Philosophers fnd.,\\n8132 locomotive railway, 8141 Evang.\\nLuth. Soc. fnd., 8143; anniversary of bat-\\ntle, 8222 Supreme Court at, 8293; dyna-\\nmitards trial, 8303 pres. of court re-\\nsigns, 8332 Hebrews arrested, 8343.\\nLeisler, Jacob, temporary gov. N.Y.,512,3;\\narrested, 513; warrant, 503; hanged, 513.\\nLeiter, L. Z., contribution, 4433.\\nLeith, granted to Scot,, 8273; burned, 868*\\nMercurius Politicus, 8883 new dock\\nopened, 987 3\\nand London steamboats est., 9413.\\nSir George, land purchase, 10453.\\nLeitner. Gottlieb Wilhelm, b., 5203.\\nMr., lepers d., 5972.\\nLeitrim, Earl of, title created, 9252.\\nEarl of, shot, 9831\\nEarl of, d., 1008 1.\\nLeiva, Ponciano, b. (182S\u00c2\u00b1) pres. Hon-\\nduras, 10413.\\nLejeune, Henry, b., 9383.\\nLe Jenne arrested, 5362.\\ntekain, Henri Louis Cain, b., 6982; d.,7043.\\nIceland, la., anti-liquor resolution, 3643.\\nAaron W-, moderator, 1682.\\nCharles Godfrey, b., 1321\\nJohn, b. (1754) clergyman, d. ,1522.\\nclergyman, b., 8982; d. (1766).\\nb., 8662; linguist d. (1522).\\nStanford, Jr., Univ. Cal., 3802 gift\\nof Czar, 3841; railway literature, 4041;\\n(See Stanford.)\\nUniversity founded, Cal., 2703\\nLelande, observations on moon, 7002.\\nLelewel, Joachim, b., 11162; d., 11182.\\nLe-Loi, on throne, 4811\\nLelong, Jacques, b., 6903; d., 6982.\\nLeniaire, Jacques, d., 11003.\\nLemaistre, Antoine, b., 6862 d., 6902.\\nLemaitre, Frederic, W7142 d., 7501\\nJules, Myrrha, 7662.\\nLemberg, University, joins Cracow, 519 2\\nLembery, Count, d., 5223.\\nLemercier, Louis Jean Nepomucene, b.,\\n7042 works, 7133, 7232 d., 7282.\\nLemery, Nicholas, b., 6883 d., 6971\\nLemettre, Joseph, condemned, 7463.\\nLemley, Sam. C, in navy dept., 447 2\\nLemnos taken, 10161 naval battle near,\\n10581 lost by Venice. 10781\\nLemoine, Francois, I.., 6942; d., 6983.\\nG. Abbe, d., 5901.\\nLemoinne, John Emile, b. (1815) d.,764i\\nLemon, Mark, b., 9351 Punch, 9503 d.,\\n9742.\\nLemonnier, Pierre Chas.,b., 6971 d.,7142.\\nLe Moyne, Charles, b. (1626) missionary,\\n383; d. (1683).\\nJulius, d., 7521\\nLempriere, John, b., 9151 Classical Dic-\\ntionary, 9251 d., 9422.\\nLena, 111., reunion Black Hawk War, 3903.\\nLenau, Nikolaus, b., 8082 d., 8181\\nLences, Bartolome de, governor, 6301.\\nL Enclos, Anne (Ninon de),b., 0802; d., 6963.\\nLendermann abolished. 11051.\\nLenfant, Jacques, b., 6902 d., 6982.\\nLennep, David Jacob van. b.-d., 11011.\\nJacobus van, b.-d., 11021\\nJan Daniel, b.-d., 1101 1\\nLennon, Patrick, convicted, 9711.\\nLennox, Col., in duel, 9252.\\nCharlotte, b., 582 d., 1122.\\nChas., D. of Richmond, b., 9082.\\nD. of Richmond, b. (1764) gov.-\\ngen., 579 2 minister, 9233.\\nHenry, D. of Rich., sec. forScot.,9951\\nGordon, D. of Richmond,\\nminister, 9333, 9792, 9933 d. (1819).\\nEarl of, regent killed, 8752.\\nLenoir, L Abbe, Charles Pelage, b., 7223.\\nColl. (Luth.), est. at Hickory, N. C.\\n(1891).\\nLenora.Mo., Eugene McEnroe killed, 4682.\\nLenormant, Charles, b., 7143 works, 7271\\n7292; d., 7342.\\nFrancois, b., 7262 works, 7383,7462,\\n7522; d.,754l.\\nLenotre, Andre, b., 6862 gardens of Tui-\\nleries, 6962 d., 6943.\\nLenover, Pa., eyndicate, 3553.\\nLenox, James, b., 1082 d., 3022.\\nCollege, la., organized, 3183.\\nLibrary, N. Y., incorp., 2702 opd.,\\n2963; Art Gallery opd., 2981\\nLyceum, N. Y., opened, 3503.\\nLenoxville, bishops Coll., Can., 5791.\\nLens, Fr., battle of, 6881 dynamite ex-\\nplosion strike, 7623.\\nburning, at Athens, 10203.\\nsystem, in lighthouses, 1721\\nLent observed, Eng., 8423 obs., Rome,\\n10643; marriage forbidden during, 10691\\nLenthall, William, b., (1591); speaker H.\\nC, 8833, 8893 d. (1662).\\nLentulus. Publius Cornelius Sura), con-\\nspirator, 10592; d. (63 B.C.).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1319.jp2"}, "1320": {"fulltext": "1308\\nText Figures denote Page. IJNJJiLyC. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nLenz-Leve.\\nLenz, Jakob Michael Reinhold, b. (1751)\\nHofmeister, 805 1; d. (1792).\\nHeinrich Oskar, b., 5223.\\nLeo captured by Tiber, 123 1\\nLeo the Great, St., pope, 10703; saves\\nRome from Attila, 1O70\\nII., St., pope, 10722; usurper of inves-\\ntitures, 10723; d., 10721.\\nIII., St., pope; driven out restored;\\nsupreme bp., 10723 d., 10721.\\nIV., St., pope, 10723; encloses Leonine\\ncity, 10721, 10733; d., 10721.\\nV., pope, 10723 d., 10721\\nVI., pope, 10723 d., 10722.\\nVII. pope, 10723 d., 10722.\\nVIII., pope, 10731 d., 10722.\\nIX., b.-d., 10722; pope, 10731 prisoner,\\nest. army reforms church, 10742.\\n-X.,b., 10783; pope, 10791; embellishes\\nRome, 10801; se ll s indulgences, 10811;\\nd., 10302.\\nXL, pope, 10312 d., 10823.\\nXII., b., 10812 pope, 103(53; d., 10862.\\nXIII., b., 10851; elected pope, 2983,\\n10383; condemns communism, socialism,\\nand nihilism, 10333 letter approves\\nWash. Univ. statues, 3361 confirms ac-\\ntion in Dr. Burtsell s case issues ency-\\nclical receives Archbp. Corrigan, 3521\\nStatue, 3921; jubilee, 4241, 4461, 10901;\\nthanks Cardinal Gibbons, 430 2 on\\nschool question, 4322 temporal power\\nclaimed, 5461 letter, 5602 thanks Can.\\nCaths., 5901 scheme, China, opposed,\\n624 2 favors Lavigerie s plan, 758 2 de-\\nclines to address bps., 7G02 Fr. govt.,\\nnote to, 7622; encyclical to Fr., 7632; and\\nto clergy, 7672; prisoner, 7743; encyclical\\nread, 9901 prohibits Parnell meetings,\\n10022; accepts terms of Fr., 10901\\nL, emp., reigus, Gr., d., 10312.\\nII., Younger, reigus, 10312 d., 10303.\\nIII., reigns, 1033 excommunicated;\\nagainst pope forbids image worship\\nd., 10322.\\nIV., the Iconoclast, b.-d. ,10322; reigns,\\n10331.\\nV., the Armen., reigns, 10332; k., 10323.\\nVI., the Philosopher, reigns, 10332.\\nVI., king of Armenia, d., 11562.\\nVII., K. of Armenia, prisoner, 11553.\\nAfric.Al Hassan Ibn M.,b.-d., 11263.\\nDiaconus, b., 10322.\\nHeinrich, b., 8063 d., 8282.\\nLeoben, peace of, 5192, 7132.\\nLeofric, bp. of Exeter, 8463.\\nLeomedon reigns, 11413.\\nLeon, Nicar.,fnd., 11031 sacked, 48 11031\\nSp., church est. at, IOG62 united to\\nCastile, 11272; separated, 11273; uprising,\\n11321 rulers of Leon and Castile, 1127 2 ,3.\\nDon Diego, attacks Palace, 11301.\\nB Vay Luis de, works, 11291 ,2.\\na Mexican, riding record, 9833.\\nPedro de, instructs deaf, 1129 3\\nPonce de. (See Ponce.)\\nLeonard, Abeil, cons. bp. of Nev., 3282,\\nJuan Genimiry, gov., 6302.\\nJ,, cons. R. C. bishop, 9742.\\nWin, Andrews, b. (1848) bp., 3462.\\nLeonhard,KarlC:isar von,b., 8042; d.,8202.\\nLeonhardt, Gerhard Adolph Wilhelm, b.,\\n8103; d., 3301.\\nminister, speech, 8253.\\nLeonidas killed, 10643.\\nIL, fugitive recalled, 10272.\\nI. at Thermopylae, 1018* d., 10191\\nLeonine City, Rome, 1 nd., 10733.\\nLeonnatus, territory, 10253.\\nLeontini founded, 10511\\nLeontius reigns, 10313 mutilated, 10312.\\nLeopard attacks Chesapeake, 1141, 1151.\\nlays Atlantic cable, 1833.\\nLeopardi, Giacomo, Count, b., 10843 Ope-\\nrettemorall; Canti, 10871 d.. 10862.\\nLeopold I., the Great, b.,79G3; K. of Hung.,\\n5132 emp. Holy R. Empire, 7973 suc-\\ncession of, 5132; leaves Vienna claims\\nprovinces, 5133 j war against Fr., 693 3\\nd., 7933.\\nIL, b., 8003; d. of Tuscany, 10813;\\nemp. Holy Roman Empire, 5173, 80S 3\\n10852; aids Fr.,5I92 restores constitu-\\ntion, 5432; d., 8072.\\nI., Georges Chretien Fred., D. of Sax.,\\nb.,8043; K.Belg., 54.33; visits Eng., 5443\\nmarries, 5452; d., 8222; statue. 544 1 ,546i\\nII., of Belg.. Louis Philip Marie Vic-\\ntor, b., 5442; marries, 5443; K. of Belg.,\\n5452; in Eng., 545 1; Cong, of Afr. ex-\\nplorers, 5463, 10931 sovereign of Kongo,\\n10933; silver wedding, 545 1 in Berlin,\\n5463; favors universal suffrage, 5471,\\n10933.\\nLeopold, prince of Anhalt-Dessau, b. 7963\\nd., 8003.\\nI., margrave of Aust., dynasty begins,\\n5032; d.,5022.\\nIL, margrave Austria, 5033.\\nIII., the Saint, margrave, 5033.\\nthe Strong, margrave of Austria, 5033\\ncanonized, 508 2\\nIV., margrave of Austria, 5043 B.\\nof Bavaria, 7772; crusader, 5042.\\nof Austria, at Leipsic, 7961\\nI., duke of Austria, 5053.\\nIII., duke of Austria, 5072 d., 5062.\\nIV., duke of Austria, 5072; d., 5062.\\nV., D. of Aust.; captures Richard L,\\n5051.\\nVI., duke of Austria, 5051 d., 5042.\\nArchduke of Styria, at Prague, 5101\\nDuke of Bavaria, 7772.\\nmargrave, first D. of Bavaria, 7732.\\nGrand Duke of Baden, 8133.\\nof Dessau in Silesian Wars, 5141 ,2.\\nFerdinand, prince Belg., b.-d., 5442.\\nprince of Prussia, candidate for Sp.\\nthrone,827i long ride, 8373 ;Fr.off ended;\\nhe withdraws acceptance, 7393.\\nPr. of Saxe-Coburg, marries, 9391\\nmaster Freemasons, 9S4 3\\nII. Tuscany, b., 5191 d., 52S2.\\nII. granduke of Tuscany, 1087 2\\nCharles Edward Geo. Albert, prince,\\nD. of Albany, 9922, 9032.\\nGeo. Duncan Albert, D. of Albany,\\nb., 9582 prince, titles, 9871 income in-\\ncreased marries Ilelcne, 9891 d.,9922.\\nWilliam, archduke, at Lens, 688 1\\nLeopoldville, Congo Africa, founded, 10932;\\nmission, 10942.\\nLeosthenes killed, 10251.\\nLeotychides, Greek commander, 1018 3\\nLepanto launched, 10882.\\nLepanto, Gr., .Eloliaus besieged, 10551;\\ntaken by Turks, 10731 battle at, 1080 1\\nLe Pape et le Cougres issued, 734 3\\nLe Parnasse Con tempo rain 7363.\\nLepaute, Jean Andre, b., 6963; d., 706 2\\nLe Pays, Rene de, Sieur Pleswis-Ville-\\nneuve, b., 6882; d., 6942.\\nLepe, Diego de, b. 1460 explores Brazil\\ncoast, 15i d. (15151).\\nL Ep^e, Abbe de, est. deaf and dumb\\nschools, 7063.\\nLeper Colony, Honolulu, Miss Flavin,\\n3382; in Pa., 371 3\\nLepere, M., minister, 751 3 7531 resigns,\\n7531.\\nLepers persecuted Fr., 6742; hospital\\nfounded, Sp., 11272.\\nLe piderinage de Churl 1 magne written, 6691\\nLe Phung, revolt, 4812.\\nLepidus, iEmilius Paulus, opposes Anto-\\nnius, 10602 defeated on Campus JVIar-\\ntius at Cosa flees to Sardinia, 10581\\nMarcus /Emelius in 2d triumvirate;\\ngoverns Afr., 1061 2; ejected from trium-\\nvirate, 10(113; in Sicily prisoner, 10612,3.\\nLe Pique, M., balloon ascension of, 7161.\\nLe Pour et le Contre issued, 6991\\nLeprosy question, committee for, 604 3\\nLepsius, Karl Richard, b., 8102; d., 8202.\\nI/Equester, Matthew de. postmaster Eng.,\\n8812.\\nLerdo, de Tejada, Miguel, b.-d., 10952.\\nCorreal, Sebastian, b.-d., 10961 j\\npres. retires, 10963.\\nLeri, Baron de, on Sable Island, 171.\\nLeribe, O., free State, mission at, 11051.\\nLerida, Sp., captured, 6961 University of,\\nfounded, 11271.\\nL Ermite, Tristan, b.. 6762; d., 6783.\\nLermontoff, Mikhail Yurievitch, b., 11163;\\nworks, 11171.\\nLe Roger, M., president of senate, 759 2\\nLe Roi Louis written, 6691\\nLerotholdi, chief, attacked, 6021\\nLeroux, Hector, Ilerculaneiim, 7521.\\nPierre, b., 7131 minister of agricul-\\nture, 7392 d., 7461.\\nLe Roy, Edgar, d., 3302.\\nLeroy, Julien, b., 6942 d., 7023.\\nDavid, b., 6983 d., 7151\\nPierre, b., 6981; d.,706i.\\nd Etiolles, Jean Jacques Joseph, b.,\\n7131; d.,7342.\\nLersundi, governor s volunteers, 6321\\nLe Sage, Alain Rene, b., 6903 works,\\n697i,2; d.,7003.\\nLesbos revolts submits, 1021 3\\nLescarbault, M., discovers Vulcan, 7342.\\nLescarbot, Marc, Muses, etc., 571 1\\nLesches, b. (700i E. c); Little Iliad, 10143.\\nLescot, Pierre, b., 6802; d., 682 3\\nLescure, Marquis de, Louis Marie, b., 7031\\nd., 7082.\\nLeszcynski, Marie, weds Louis IV., 6993.\\nStanislaus, Fr. support, 6981.\\nLesdiguieres, Due de Francois de Bonne,\\nb., 68O 3 d.,686 3\\nLes Jardins canal, accident, 7333.\\nLesko V. restored assassinated, 11151\\nVI., Duke of Poland, 11151.\\nLesley, John Peter, b., 1281\\nLeslie, Alexander, L. of Leven, b. (1580+)\\nin civil war, 8841; leader, 8821; d. (1661).\\nCharles Robert, b., 9263 d., 1842.\\nEliza, b. (1787) d., 1842.\\nFrank, b., 1301; founds F. Leslie s\\nIllustrirte Zeitntig, 1783; Gazette of Fash-\\nion, 1862 d, 3022.\\nHenry, musical choir organized, 9901\\nSir John, b., 916 3 artificial ice heat\\nrays, 9343 d.,9462.\\nPreston Hopkins, b. (1819) gov. Ky.,\\n2811,3252.\\nLespes, Adni., at Tamsin at Kekung,\\n6221.\\nLespinasse, Julie Jeanne Eleonore de, b.,\\n6983 Lettres, 7192 d., 704 3\\nLesquereaux, Leo, b. (1806) d., 3461.\\nLeeseps, Chas. De, pres. Panama Canal\\nCo. circular for subscription, 757 3\\nconfidence expressed. 7593 trial, 7603\\nCanal scandal, 7642,3 appeal rejected,\\nsentence changed, 764 3 in Suez Canal\\nCo., 7663.\\nVicomte de, Ferd., b., 7163 Acade-\\nmician, 752i j message of condolence,\\n7671; Suez Canal project, 6563 d.,7661.\\nLessing, Gotthold Ephraim, b., 8002\\nworks, 8011 8031 2 d., 8042.\\nKarl Friedrich, b.,80S3; paints Buss,\\nSI81 dis. Kratn, 820 d., 8301.\\nLester, Charles Edward, b.,1242;d. (1890).\\nRufus E., b., 1482.\\nLestocq, Gen., at Eylau, 7162.\\nl Esioile, Pierre de, b. (1544\u00c2\u00b1); work, 6843;\\nd. (1611).\\nL Estrange, Sir Roger, b. (1616); d., 9022.\\nLesueur, Eustaehe, b. (1617) d., 6902.\\nJean Franvoise.b., 7023; d.,7262.\\nLetcher, John, b. (1813) gov. Va., 1903\\nrecognizes Confederacy, 1943; proclaims\\nConfederacy, 1951 d., 3162.\\nRobert Perkins, b. (1788) gov. Ky.,\\n1531 d. (1861).\\nW., d., 1902.\\nLethbridge, Col., at Ogdensburg, 1181.\\nLetronne, Jean Antoine, b., 7062.\\nLetter-carriers in uniform, 263 3 conven-\\ntion, Boston, 367 3 reunion, N. Y., 3871\\nLetters, anonymous, felonious, Eng., 9071\\nrevival of, Eng., 8671\\nof Duke of Or/cans edited, 7602.\\nof marque by Congress, 822; byGreat\\nBritain, 861\\nLettuce introduced, Eng., 8662.\\nLeu defeated, 6181.\\nLeuckart, Karl Georg Friedrich Rudolph,\\nb.,8122.\\nLeuchtenberg, Due de, Nicolas, d., 7601\\nLeucopetra, battle of, 10281\\nLeuctra, Gr., battle at, 10222, 10262.\\nLeuret, Francoise, b., 712 3 d., 7302.\\nLeurden, Jan, b.-d., 1100 3\\nLeuthen, Prus., Frederick IL wins, 51G1\\nLeutze, Emanuel, b., 1242; works, 154 1\\n1581, 1641, 1681, 1721, 1861, 2411; d.,\\n2622.\\nLeuvigildo, co-ruler, 11253.\\nLevalliant, Francois, b.,7011 d., 7342.\\nLevant captured by Constitution, 1231\\nCompany chartered, 8753.\\nLevee, Ark., cut by Confederates, 2062.\\nconven. at Vicksburg, Miss., 3153.\\nLevelers appear, Ger., 7911\\nLeven, Earl of, title created, 8351.\\nLeveque, Jean Charles, b., 7223\\nLever, Aston, b. (1729) establishes society\\ntoxophilites, 9212 d. (1788).\\nCharles James, b.,9323; works, 9411\\nd.,9762.\\nLeverett, Fred. P., b., 1102 d., 1462.\\nJohn, b., 40i d. (1724).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1320.jp2"}, "1321": {"fulltext": "Leve-Lich.\\nText Figures denote Page. IND.C,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1809\\nLeverett,John, Sir, b., 281 gov. Mass. Bay,\\n452; d., 463.\\nLevorian Museum sold, Eng., 9233.\\nLevering, Joshua, nom. vice-pres., 4093.\\nLeverrier, Urban, Jean Joseph, b., 719 2\\ndis. Neptune, 728 1 on orbits of planets,\\n7482 d., 7502.\\nLe Vert, Octavia W., b., 1282 d. (1877).\\nLeveson-Gower, George, E. Granville, b.,\\n9363 negotiations tail, 6233 minister,\\n9533, 9633, 969 973 9852,9952; opposes\\nEnglish mediation, 2153 d., 1008\\nLevesque, Pierre Charles, b., 69S3 d., 7192.\\nLevetzow, Von, pres. Reichstag, 8351\\nLevi, Leone, b., 9403 d., 9982.\\nLevis, Duo de, Francis, b., 69S 2 d., 7062.\\nLevitch, Andrei Yukof, Russia, 1115\\nLevizac, Abbe, Jean P. V. L. de, d., 721\\nSir John, b., 9363.\\nLevy en masse, France, 709a\\nArthur, Napoleon intime, 764\\nLewal, Gen., minister, 755 3\\nLewald, Fanuy, d., 832\\nJohann Karl August, b., 8062 d.,\\n2862.\\nLewelling, L. J)., nom. for gov. Kan., 4632.\\nLewes, battle of, 854 treaty of, 8552.\\nMary Ann Evans (George Eliot). (See\\nCross, Mrs.)\\nGeorge Henry, b., 9382 works, 953\\n9603,979 d.,9822,\\nLewis, Andrew, b. (1720) Gen. at Point\\nPleasant, 78 d. (1781).\\nAugust us, bigamy, 3883.\\nCol., at Pittman s Ferry, 2143.\\nDavid P., governor Ala., 2792, 3.\\nDio, b., 1302; Our Girls, 277 d., 3222.\\nEstelle Anna B., b., 132 d., 304\\nFrancis, b., 58 d. (1803).\\nGeorge Comewall, b., 9323; minister,\\n9612; d., 9662.\\nIda (Mrs. Wilson), b. (1841) medal,\\n3093.\\nIsaac C, city missions, 3462.\\nJames T., governor Wis., 2293.\\nJ. H., explores Virginia, 366\\nJohn Frederick, b., 9323 d., 9802.\\nJohn Travers, b.,578 bishop, 9583.\\nMatt. Gregory, b., 919 d., 9383.\\nMeriwether, b. (1774) sent to Pacific,\\n112 governor La., 1152; d., 116\\nMorgan, b. (1758) gov., 1132; d., 140\\nRichard, consecrated bishop, 9862.\\nRudolf, D. of Brunswick, 7992.\\nSamuel, b., 1082 d., 174\\nS. W., defalcation, 3883.\\nTaylor, b. (1802) d., 2942.\\nWm. Berkeley, b. (1784) d., 254\\nWinslow, b. (1770) d., 288\\nBrothers and Co., assignment, 343 3\\nCollege, Mo., opened, 2543.\\nLewisburg, Pa n Bucknell Univ. fnd., 163\\nobservatory erected, 328 Univ. of\\nLewisburg founded, 1663.\\nW. Va., Confeds. defeated, 208\\nLewiston, Del., fnd., 332 massacre, 323\\nthreatened, 452 Beresford at, 120\\nbombarded, 120 2\\nIda., Wilbur Coll. fnd., 3123.\\nMe., Bates College org., 2232; fires,\\n3513,3533.\\nN. Y., burned by Brit., 121 hydrau-\\nlic canal, 4673.\\nO., reservoir breaks, 4293.\\nLew Kew Island annexed, 613\\nPang, leader, 610 struggle for\\nthrone, 611 3\\nPei, prince, 613\\nSew, army victorious, 610 leads\\nrebellion, 6113.\\nLexington burned, 1513.\\nexplodes, 1793.\\nGazette issued, 99\\nLexington, Ky., Transylvania Coll. fnd.,\\n109 cholera at, 1433 Univ. org., 1463;\\noccupied, 1983 Gen. Morgan reaches,\\n2123, 2142 Feds, defeated, 2163 Nor-\\nmal Inst, opd., 2543 centennial of ad-\\nmission, 4013 merchants boycotted,\\n4602 J. D. Livingstone stabbed, 4722.\\n.Mass., battle of, 80 576 normal\\nschool opened, 1503 battle commemo-\\nrated, 2893 4283 4542.\\nMo., proslavery convention meets,\\n1772 action at, 1982,3.\\nN. C, Morgan retains, 2342.\\nOhio railroad commenced, 1393.\\nS. C, lynchers acquitted, 361\\nj Tenn., action near, 218\\nLexington, Va., Fitzbugh Lee supt. Mili-\\ntary Inst. ,343 Jackson moiiument,3S8\\nLexow, Clarence, committee members,\\n451 investigation, 4522 expenses bill\\nvetoed, 461 witnesses disobey, 4652.\\nLey, James, E. of Marlborough, b. (1550) J\\nchief justice, 8812 d. (1626).\\nLeybourne, Win. de, appointed adm., 854\\nLeyden, Neth., relieved, 540 besieged,\\n1098 fever-stricken, 11012; Indepen-\\ndent Church, 8782.\\njar invented, 1100 3\\nJohn, poet, b., 919 d., 935\\nLuens van, b.-d., 10982.\\nLeydenburg mission, 1124\\nLeygues, Georges, minister, 7672.\\nLeys, Jean Auguste Henri, b.-d., 5423.\\nLezeen, Afghans defeated, 42.\\nL Hermite, Tristan, Marianne, 689\\nL Heritier de Brutelle, Charles Louis, b.,\\n7003 d., 7142.\\nLhoinoiid, Chas. Francois, b.,6982;d.,7102.\\nL Hopital, Guillaume Francois Antoine,\\nMarquis de St. Mesme, b., 6902; d., 6962.\\nMichel de,b.,6783; work, 6832; d.,684\\nLUuys, Edouard Drouyn de, minister,\\n735 3 resigns, 737 2 proposes media-\\ntion, 2153.\\nLiaoyang mission, 6222.\\nLibby Prison, prisoners escape, 230\\nLibel of press, 603 emp. Russia by Lon-\\ndon Courier, 929\\nBill passes, Fr., 7592, 7652.\\nFox s, passed, Eng., 9272, 9993 a\\nfelony, Eng., 8692.\\nLibelt, Kardl, b., 11162 d., 11182.\\nLibenyi, attempted assassin, 5243.\\nLibera Temple decorated, 10502.\\nLiberal Association formed, Ger., 8293.\\nChurches, Essex Conf. org., 2542.\\nColored Repub. Nat. Conven., 2792.\\nConvention opens, Can., 5953.\\nFederation Cong., Newcastle, 1007\\nmajority in Reichstag, 5312, 5472.\\nministry resigns, Belg., 547 5572;\\norganized, 5833.\\nmonarchy, Belg., adopted, 5433.\\nparty, leaders arrested, China, 6292.\\norganized in Cuba, 6332.\\nRepublicans, movement inaug., 277 2\\nreformation of revenue conven., 279\\ncoalition with Democrats, 2792 Nat l\\nConvention, 2783.\\nUnionists fmd., 995 2 London Confer-\\nence, 9973.\\nLiberalists defeat Federalists, Ger.; sup-\\npressed, 821\\nLiberals, Belg., rule election,5452; elected,\\n5552; leave ministry, 569 org. govt.\\nColombia, 629 elect in Fr., 7253 meet-\\ning at Offenburg, Ger.; demand of, 817\\norg. party, 8312; rise of, Eng.,9433.\\nLiberation, war of, Fr., 7183; in Prussia,\\n811\\nLiberator appears, 139 reward, 141\\nLiberatrix, asteroid, discovered, 741\\nLiberia, Afr. (See text p. 1161) secured,\\n129 independence recognized, 2093\\nrepublic fnd.; Conf. Sem. opd., 1161 2\\nconf.org., 11613; L. Herald issued, 11612.\\nLiberius, St., pope, 10663.\\nLiberty seized, Boston, 743, 753.\\nColl. (Bapt.), est. at Glasgow, Ky.\\n(1875).\\nMo., Wm. Jewell Coll. fnd., 1662; ar-\\nsenal seized, 194\\nstatue of, 754 pedestal, 3162 re-\\nceived in N. Y., 320 ,3 dedicated, 324\\nstruggle for, Amer. colonists, 812.4-\\nof conscience proposed, 5273 refused,\\nEng., 8963.\\nGap, Tenn., Confeds. defeated, 2231\\nParty convention at Warsaw, 1512\\nNat l Convention meets, 1513, 157 1632.\\n(See Abolition, Free Soil Party.)\\nSilk Mills fire, 3513.\\ntree consecrated, 753.\\nof Worship Bill passes, 537\\nLibno, treaty of, 511 3\\nLibraries, Cal. State, 1683; San Francisco,\\nMercantile, 173 2232; Free Public, 3023;\\nConn.; Yale Univ., 543 gift, 341 An-\\nsonia, 408 Conn. Hist. Soc. org., 1323;\\nHartford, 1503; Watkinson Reference,\\n1843,3542; Waterburv.S. Bronson, 2703\\nWesleyan Univ., 1423 D. C; U. S. Con-\\ngressional, HO 3 U. S. Bureau of Educa-\\ntion, 2623; u. S. Patent Office, 1503; U.S.\\nSenate, 1703 U. S. Surgeon-General B,\\n2502; 111., Chicago, 2822, 2843 Crerar,\\n347 400 4322; Northwestern Univ.,\\n1822, 3882 Indiana State Indianapo-\\nlis, State, 2782 Kentucky State, 131\\n2763 Louisville Polytechnic, 302 1\\nMd., Maryland State, 135 Historical\\n1583; Baltimore Mercantile, 1503; Md.\\nHistorical, 158 3 Johns Hopkins\\nPeabody Institute, 2922 Pratt, 323\\nMaine State, 1403 Bowdoin College,\\n1111; Portland Public, 3362; Mass.\\nState, Boston, 351 Boston Athenaeum,\\n1143; Public, 1703, 1782, 2962; N. Eng.\\nHistorical and Genealogical, 1583 Essex\\nInst., 1642; Worcester, 1843; Am. Anti-\\nquarian Soc. fnd., Worcester, fnd. Am-\\nherst Coll. fnd., 119 Andover Theol.,\\n1143; New Bedford, 173 Arlington,\\n3482; Fairhaven, 4082; Haverhill, 2822\\nLowell, 1583; Melhuen, 378 Mo., St.\\nLouie, Mercantile, 161 Public School,\\nHist. Soc, 2503; N. H., Camden, 3362;\\nWolfboro, 3522; Mich. State, 137 M.\\nUniv., 1543; Detroit Public, 2502; N.\\nCarolina State, 139 New York, first in\\nAm., 543; Public, 611; Columbia Univ.,.\\n691; Astor, 1173, 1663, 1742, 3023, 3543\\nHist. Soc. ,1131 Apprentice Mercantile,\\n1291, 265 Union Theol. Sem. ,1443, 1463;\\nLenox, 2702 2963 New York State, 125\\nUniv., 4342 Columbia Univ., 69 4042,\\n4282 Brooklyn, 1823; Long Island Hist.,\\n211 Colgate (Madison) Univ., 3383; Cor-\\nnell Univ., 2623, 2923, 3423; Elmira,\\n438 Syracuse, 3843; West Point Acad.\\nN. J. Princeton Univ., 119 Rutgers\\nColl., 3482; O., Ohio State, 125 Cincin-\\nnati, 2583 Y. M. Mercantile, 1443 Cleve-\\nland, 2623; Pa., Bethelem, Linderman,\\n3083 Johnstown, Carnegie, 3443, 4021\\nPa. State, 1271; Phila., first circulat-\\ning in Am., 623; public, 651; Mercan-\\ntile, 1311; Pittsburg, 3463, 3522, 3983;\\nAllegheny, Carnegie, 2522 Acad, of\\nNat.Sciences fnd. ,1191 R.I. Providence\\nAthen.-eum, 691; vt., Danville, 3443\\nVirginia, State, 211 1; Wis., State, 1663;\\nAust., Imperial, Vienna, 5083 Egy.,\\nPtolemy s, Alexandria, 6T 23, 6551; Fr.,\\nRoyal, Paris, 6743; Ger., Royal, Munich;,\\n7923; Greece, Aristotle s, first, 10251,\\nApellicon s, Athens, 10291, 10563; Pisis-\\ntratus, public, 10163; Great Brit., Cam-\\nbridge Univ., 8642 Bodelian, Oxford\\nCottonian, London, 8772; Brit. Museum,\\n9132; Harleian,9023; Ratclifl e, Oxford,\\n9091 first circulating, 911 913 9553\\nGladstone, London, 9983; Glasgow,8642;\\nRoyal Coll. Surgeons, 925 Royal So-\\nciety, 8923 Williams Public, Lond.,\\n909 Liverpool, 915 Trinity, Ire., 9152;\\nDublin College, 909 Manchester law,\\n941 Manchester Free, 9563 Hungary,\\nCorvinus, at Buda, 50S3; Rome Attalus,\\nIII., in Rome, 1148 3 Grecian removed\\nto, 1029 10552; Palatine, 10.SH2; Ulpean\\nest., 10643; Vatican, 10792 Russia, Im-\\nperial, 11511 Turkey, Constantine s,\\n11541\\nLibrary Association, London, org., 9823;\\nAmer. meets, 3682, 4042.\\nLibrary Journal established, 2922.\\nLibreville, French settle, 1161 1\\nLibri-Carrucci, Comte, Guillaume Brutus\\nIcile Timoleon, b., 715 1 d., 7382.\\nLibro de los Castigos y Documentos, King,\\nSancho IV. appears, 11271\\nLibussa, asteroid, discovered, 3241\\nLibyans invade Egypt, 6481\\nLicense Act passes, Eng., 9451 9772.\\nAct, for work hours, 9771 passes,\\n9793.\\nClause, ultra vires, Can., 5863.\\nfirst liquor law, Eng., 8711; system\\nestablished, 9651.\\nhigh. (See High License.)\\nhorse-dealers, Eng.. 9733.\\nHunterdon Co., N. J., 3332.\\nlaw, Mass. colony, 351\\nLicenses, consolidated, 9231 granted,965i\\nliquor, in Ire., 10023; abolished by Pari.,.\\n9733; for grazing, Australia, 4952.\\nfor venders, 9012.\\nof coffee-houses withdrawn, 8951\\nLicensing clause omitted from govt, biil,\\n9992; illegal, 8831.\\nLichfield lost, 914 1\\nLiclrneld, see erected, 8423 Bp. Maclagan\\nelected, 9803; Bp. Legge cons., 10063.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1321.jp2"}, "1322": {"fulltext": "1310\\nText Figures denote Page. INDIRA.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nLich-Lind.\\nLichfield, E. of, title created, 9451\\nE. of, postmaster, 9473.\\nLichnowsky, Prince Felix, killed, 8171\\nLichtenan, mission at, 782, 1038 2\\nLichtenberg, Georg Christoph, b., 8003 j\\nelectrical figures, 8041 a., 8063.\\nLichtenburg, Pius., capitulates, 7381.\\nLichtenfels, mission at, 711.\\nLichtenstein, Prince Joseph Wenzel, b.\\n(1696) at Piacenza, 7001 d. (1772).\\nMartin Heinrich Karl, b., 8042 d.,\\n8201.\\nUlrich von, b. (1199i); Frauendienst,\\n7803; d. (1275\u00c2\u00b1).\\nLichtwer, Magnus G., b., 7983; d., 8042.\\nLicinius (Caius Flavius Valerius Lician-\\nius) augustus, 10673; at Heraclea; de-\\nfeated, 10681; favors Christians, 10682\\nalliance with Constantine co-ruler,\\n10692 j hostilities with Constantine,\\n10282 murdered, 106S1\\n(Caius L. Calvus Stolo), union of\\nclasses, 1051 3\\nLick, James A., b., 1061 Key monument,\\n3321 observatory, 3041 d., 2921\\nFord, Ky., action at, 2041\\nObservatory, Cal., begun, 3041 com-\\npleted, 3181 ,3361 Prof .Bumham resigns,\\n4081.\\nLicome captured, 7041\\nLiddel, Duncan, phys., b., 8721 d., 8801\\nLiddell, Henry George, b., 9351\\nLiddon, arctic expedition, 9382.\\nHenry P., canon, d., 10041\\nLie enthroned, China, 6111.\\nJonas Lauritz Edemil, b. (1833)\\nworks, 11043.\\nLie Wang enthroned, 6112.\\nLiebenau, engagement at, 8241\\nLieber, Dr., resigns, 8372.\\nFrancis, b., 1082 d., 2781\\nGuido Norman, b. (1837) col., 3161;\\nin war department, 3512, 4472.\\nLeibers, ex-police serg., surrenders, 4742.\\nLiebig, Baron Justus von, b., 8082 dis-\\ncoveries, 8141; analysis of substances,\\n8141 8221 works, 8152, 81S2 d., 8281\\nLiebold, Philipp F. vou, d., 8243.\\nLiedmann, Lieut., d., 5632.\\nLief becomes Christian, Hi\\nLiege, Belg., Beguine nuns org., 5392; new\\nuniv. L* Esprit des Journaux at, 5423\\nCharlemagne s monument, 5441 strikes\\nof miners, 5462; Social Science Congress,\\n5463; arrests, 5471 dynamite explosions,\\n5471,54S 1 2; anarchists trial, 54S1 cap-\\ntured, G7Si taken, G901 destroyed, 7861\\nLiegnitz, Frederick, victorious, 5162, 8021.\\nLieta, Gen. Barrelto, gov. Brazil, 559 2\\nLieutenant-General Bill passes Congress,\\n2313 by brevet, grade revived, 177 2 2302\\npres. approves, 2313 Bill intro., 3491;\\ngrade re-established, 3092.\\nLieven, Dorothea, b., 11162 d., 11182.\\nLife Assurance Company est., 9022. (See\\nLifeboat patented, 9222; tubular, 9562.\\nIdfeguard, fate uncertain, 9673.\\nLife Insurance Amendment Act, 975 3\\nLife of King Edward the Confessor, 8483.\\nof J sns appears, Neth., 10991.\\nof St. Leger -written, 6663.\\nLife-raft sails from N. Y., 2561\\nt savers pay increased, 4113\\nsaving apparatus invented, 9342 sta-\\ntions est., 2*12. 2992; 1, ill for, 4671.\\nLiffey Valley inundated, 9302.\\nLiiford, Viscount of, title created, 9231\\nLight, Capt. F.,Penang settlement, 104^3.\\nBrigade, charge of, 9581.\\nDruminoml, produced, 9421 ,9602.\\ninterference of, 9302.\\npolarization of, 7162.\\nvelocity of, 6362.\\nLightfoot, John, b., 8781 d., 8942.\\nJos.Barber,b.i 1828) bp.,9803 ;d.,1002i\\nLighthouse, lens system est., 1721 new\\nsystem of lighting, 3481\\nLightning conductors, set up, Am., 683.\\nLigne, Karl Jos. de, b., 5143 d., 5202.\\nLigny, Belg., battle of, 7221\\nLigonier, John (Jean Louis), Earl of, b.,\\n8942; commander-in-chief, 9141 d.,9183.\\nLiguori, St. Alfonso Maria de, b., 10831\\nfnds. Redemptorists, 10851 d., 10843.\\nLigurian Republic est., 7132, 5193.\\nLi Hung Chang, struggle for power, 6213\\nmeets Gordon, G22 1 ^degraded restored;\\nsigns treaty with Fr. unpopular, 6233\\ndivested of jacket military commander,\\n6261 degraded purchase offer, 6263\\nreinstated, 627 1 degraded, 6272.\\nLilsea, asteroid, discovered, 3022.\\nLilburne, John, b., 880 1 (or 1614?); d.\\n(1657).\\nLilerena, battle at, 7182.\\nLiiford, Baron, title created, 9252.\\nLiliuokalani, queen, 10412; forces new con-\\nstitution, 10413 deposed, 4232.\\nLilja, Goran (Georg Stjernkjelm), b.-d.,\\n11342.\\nLille, Fr., fnd., 6692; ceded, 6733, 6753;\\nLouis possesses, 690 1 taken, 6961; be-\\nsieged, 7081.\\nRouget de, Mars iilaise I/i/mn, 70S 3\\nLilley, William, d., 4441\\nLillington, Alex., governor N. C, 53 2\\nLilly, George, b., 9002 d. (1739).\\nor Lyly, John, b., 8702 d., S762.\\nW.,b.;S64i Grammar, Mill d. (1522).\\nWilliam, M., Cong., b., 1301\\nb., 8781 d., 8942.\\nS., Christianity, 10122.\\nLi Long mission, 619 1\\nLily wrecked, 9593.\\nLilybamni taken, 10523.\\nLim country, Austrians occupy, 5301\\nLima, O., Lima College (Evan. Luth.) es-\\ntablished 1893) strike, 3333.\\nPeru, occupied, 20 1 fnd., 213 San\\nMarcos Univ. ,223; Pizarro in, 232; Coun-\\ncil of, fmd., 233; auto da fi, 242; earth-\\nquake, 242, 321 destroyed, 60i Chileans\\nenter evacuated insurrection occu-\\npied, 11081 San Martin enters, 4901; Mer-\\ncurio Peruano est. nautical school est.\\nrevolution, 11083; Indian witch burned,\\n11093.\\nLimborch, Philippus, b.-d., 11003.\\nLimburg, Neth., taken, 9021\\nLimburg Chronicle issued, 7823.\\nLimburg-Maestricht 1 assorer Play, 10982.\\nLimenitis, Georgilas, work, 10351\\nLimerick, Ire., bishopric est., 8403 char-\\ntered, 8513 cathedral fnd., 8522 siege\\nof; surrenders, 89S1 treaty of, 8993;\\nChronicle issued, 9171; riots, 945 1 Fe-\\nnian trials, 9703 Fenian demonstrations,\\n9711 new graving-dock opd., 9773; riots\\ntenants strike, 9883 constabulary dif-\\nferences, 9903 Bp. Graves cons. Bp.\\nO Dwyer cons., 9962 Irish Times libel,\\n10003 faction lights, 10083.\\nEarl of, title created, 9311\\nLimestone Springs, S.C., Cooper Inst. 3083.\\nLimoges, Fr., captured by Black Pr.,674 1\\nLimon, Colo., railway accident, 3653.\\nLimousin, Fr., Gramiinontines est., 66S3.\\nLinacre, Thomas, b., 864 1 works, 8642\\nd., 8663.\\nLilian, Ma Sien repulsed, 61S3.\\nLinares, Jose Maria, b. (1810); president,\\n551 d. (1861).\\nLincelles, French defeat, 7081\\nLin-Ching mission, 6243.\\nLincoln, Eng., battle of, 6701 S 0i earth-\\nquake, 8501 Great Tom hung, 8793\\nBishop King consecrated, 9922.\\nNeb., Home for Friendless opd., 3102;\\nUniv. of Neb. org., 2663, 2763 Insane\\nAsylum, 2743 R. c. diocese est., 3262\\nWesleyan Univ. fnd., 3322 anniversary\\nof statehood, 4073 gold dis., 4181\\nAbraham, b., 1161 moves to Ind.,\\n1251; mother dies, 1272 works a ferry,\\n1331 in Black Hawk war, 138 1 moves\\nto 111., 1391; Whig candidate supports\\nClay, 1411 a merchant, 143 1 signs De-\\nlavan s declaration, 1451 elected to leg-\\nislature, 1452; practises law, 1471 ,2,1492;\\nprotests against slavery, 1473; leader of\\nWhigs, 111., 1492 marries addresses\\nTemperance Soc, 1551 elected to Cong.,\\n1613, 1632 secures a patent, 166 1 joins\\nSons of Temperance, 1711; challenges\\nDouglas to debate, 1771; candidate for\\nnora. for vice-pres., 180 3 debates with\\nDouglas, 1851 norm for pres., 1873 de-\\nclines liquors, 188 1 elected pres. vote,\\n1883, 1913 farewell to Springfield\\nstarts for Wash., 1913; hastens arrives,\\n1923; inaugurated; 1st cabinet, 193 1\\ninaugural announces his policy, 1932\\ntries to save Va. summons Cong.; calls\\nfor 75,000 men, 192 2 1933 administration\\nbecomes popular, 1943 calls for volun-\\nteers, 1942,1952; calls for additional vol-\\nunteers; informs foreign govts, the Union\\nis to be maintained by force Term, re-\\nfuses troops, 1952 suspends Habeas Cor-\\npus, 1951 ,2 asks for troops, 1973 mes-\\nsage, policy stated, 1972 anti-intercourse\\nproclamation revokes Fremont s eman-\\ncipation order, 1992 commands general\\nadvance, 2022 exalts labor, 2023 de-\\nclines mediation war order No. 1, 2033\\nissues order No. 3, 2043 urges emanci-\\npation, 2052 bereaved 2d message,\\nfavors gradual emancipation, 205 3\\ncountermands military emancipation,\\n2081; signs Homestead Act, 2093; orders\\nnegro aid orders Confed. property\\nseized, 210 2 calls for volunteers, 2111;\\nsigns Pacific R. R. Bill urges emanci-\\npation, 2112; orders a draft, 2113; issues\\nmonitory proclamation, 2152; loses pop-\\nularity party defeated in 111., 2153 j\\nemancipation message, 2173; emancipa-\\ntion proclamation, 2181, 219 2 Demo-\\ncratic crusade against approves Finan-\\ncial Bill, 2193; visits Army of Potomac,\\n2202 proclaims draft, 2221; calle for\\ntroops, 2223 replies to Ohio Yallandig-\\nham com. letter to Albany Democrat,\\n2233 orders draft proclamation of\\ntriumph after Gettysburg; declines in-\\nterview with Alex. H. Stephens, 2253\\norders retaliation, 226 1, 2273; calls\\nfor men, 2271; message of amnesty;\\nplan of reconstruction, 2292 orders\\ndraft, 2301 ,3, 2313; gives Grant commis-\\nsion, 2303 signs Colo, and Nev. Bills\\nappts. Gov. Hahn military gov. Miss.,\\n2313 modifies Vallandigham s sen-\\ntence signs Neb. State Bill, 2333 ap-\\nproves Nat. Bank Tax Bill re-nom. for\\npres., 235 2 refuses to sign Reconstruc-\\ntion Bill, 2353 calls for volunteers,\\n2362, 2373, 2413; Reconstruction Act\\nmessage, 2373 proclamation for Thanks-\\ngiving, 2393; vote, 2412, 2432 inaugura-\\ntion message, 2413; orders Grant to de-\\ncline peace conf., 2423; announces addi-\\ntion to army, 2^32 conspiracy of assas-\\nsins, 2431 signs Reconstruction Bill\\nelectoral vote meets Confed. peace\\ncommissioners special message, 2432\\ncalls extra session of senate enters\\nsecond term with malice toward\\nnone, 2433 visits Richmond, 2451 3\\nassassinated in Wash. d., 2471 funeral\\nburied trial of conspirators, 2472\\ncondolence, 969 1 four assassins hanged,\\n2483; Com:, appropriates for statue, 2541\\nstatue unveiled, 260i 2721 2901 statue\\nin N. Y., 2641 widow pensioned, 2712;\\nbody removed, 2753; monument, Phila.,\\n2781 monumental Springfield, 111., 2861\\nstatue executed, 328 1 Monument Bill\\nintroduced,;^ proclamation eel. ,3683;\\nbirthday legal holiday, 111., 4003; statue,\\nG. B., 10101.\\nLincoln, Mrs. Abraham, franking privi-\\nlege, 2511; gold medal by the French,\\n2551 7372 pensioned, 311 1\\nBenj., b., 622; se c. Assembly, 792\\ngen., commissioned, 80i ;i t Boundbrook,\\n862 in command, 891 j n Ga., 902, 3\\nsurrenders Charleston, 921 suppresses\\nShay s rebellion, 981 electoral vote,\\n1012; d., 1162.\\nBishop of, trial of, 10022.\\nEarl of. (See Clinton, Ed. Fiennede.)\\nEnoch, b. (1788); gov. Me. ,1353; d.,1362.\\nJohn Larkin, b., 1262 d., 3922.\\nLevi, b., 662 d., 1282.\\nb., 951 atty.-gen., 1112 gover-\\nnor Mass., 1153, 1333 d.,2621.\\nRobert T., b., 1542 minister, 3072,\\n351 3 vote for pres. nora., 3173 nom.\\nfor president, 409 1\\nThomas, son of Abraham, d., 2053.\\nCity, Md., train accident, 3353.\\nCollege erected, 8642.\\nTerritory formed, 3193.\\nTheological Seminary opd., Pa, 2771\\nUniv. (Cumb. Presb.) est. at Lincoln,\\n111. (1865).\\nUniversity org., Pa,, 1762.\\nLincolnshire, Eng., inundated, 8402.\\nLind, Afr., captured, 8382.\\nJenny, b.-d., 1136 1 sings in Castle\\nGarden, 1661 charities, 1671 in London,\\n9541 d., 9962.\\nLindal, Matthew, b., 8882.\\nLindau, Paul, b. (1839) works, 8291.\\nLinde, Sam. Bogumil, b., 11162 d., 111S2.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1322.jp2"}, "1323": {"fulltext": "Lind-Live,\\nText Figures denote Page. IJNI L)Ji\u00c2\u00bb.X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1311\\nLinden, Tex., Williams sentenced, 37S 2\\nLindenau, Bernhurd August von, t 8042\\nd., 8201.\\nLinderman, L. P., library gift, 3083.\\nLindisfarne, see erected, S422.\\nLindisse, see erected, 8423,\\nLindley, John, b., 9283; d., 9C81.\\nSir Nath., lord justice, 9S9 1\\nThomas, I)., 900 2 d., 9203.\\nLindolf, Duke of Swabia rebels, 7733.\\nLindrum, Lieut.-Col., at Cynthiana, 210*\\nLinds, Kan., Bethanv College org., 3082.\\nLindsay, Sir David, ri., 866 1 d. (1555-).\\nE. of, title created, sxi i 8841\\nLord Alexander William Crawford,\\nb., 9363; d. (1880).\\nRobert B., gov. Ala., 2732; suit to re-\\ncover documents, 273 1\\nLindsey, O., R. R. accident, 4353.\\nPhilip, b. (1786) moderator, 1442 d.\\n(1855).\\nTheophilus, b. (1723); Sabbath In-\\nstructor, 9151 d. (1S0S).\\nWilliam, b., 1442.\\nLinen, art of staining, 8741\\npaper, first made, 0102, 7842.\\nWeavers Co. formed, S57 3\\nLing, Peter H., b.-d., 11342.\\nLingan, James Mac cu bin, b. (1752\u00c2\u00b1)\\nkilled, 1192.\\nLingard, John, b.,9183; Eng., 9391 d.,9562.\\nLingelbach, Jan, or Johaun, b., 5403 d.,\\n5422.\\nLingen, Baron, title created, 987 1\\nLingg, anarchist, suicide, 327 2\\nLingti enthroned, 6113.\\nLingtum, Tibetans defeat, 104S2.\\nLinguet, Simon Nicolas Henri, b., 6983\\nd. (1794).\\nLing Wong enthroned, 6112.\\nLinlithgow, Scot., captured, 8561.\\nLinn Creek, Va., action at, 2041\\nWilliam, b., 6S3; d., 1142.\\nLinna, Oxford monk, Map., 8562.\\nLinnasan Society organized, 1231 9241\\nLinnaeus, Carolus (Carl von Liune), b.-d.,\\n11342; est. botany system, 11341; fnda.\\nRoyal Academy, 1135 1\\nLinnell, John, b., 9262; d. (1882).\\nLinotype invented, 3321\\nLinsin enthroned, 6112.\\nLinsong, Tartar chief, 6121.\\nV Insurgent e captured, 1081.\\nLinten, Sidney, cons, bp., 9862; d.,5013.\\nLin Tishseu, anti-opium com er, 6172.\\nLinton, James D., b., 950 2\\nWilliam James, b., 9362; i n Nat-\\nional Academy, 3121\\nWilliam S., d., 1731\\nLintz, Aust., R. R. connections, 5213; bp.\\nof; sentenced, 528 2 inundated, 5341\\nLinus, St., bp. at Rome, 10623.\\nLinyanti, Livingstone arrives, 560 2\\nLin-Yun-Fu, against Fr., 4802.\\nLinz, J. Kepler, prof, mathematics, 5111\\nLinzendorf, Count, royal minister, 7993.\\nLion Sermon annually preai-hed, 8822.\\nTamer first produced, New York, 3981\\nLionberger, John R., d., 4601\\nLionel, D. of Dorset, lord-lieut., 9093.\\nPr., D. of Clarence, b. (1338) gov.\\nIre., marries Elizabeth, 8 2 d. (1368).\\nLord Crantield, minister, 8S12.\\nLippe, Ger., ruled bv Bernard, 7772 Ber-\\nnard VIII., turns Protestant, 7923 di-\\nvided, 795i Fred. II. elector of Ger.\\ngains territory electorate, 809 1 elector\\nis King Frederic I.,909 2 Sehaumberg-\\nLippe a principality Princess Pauline\\nrules, 8093; L.-Detmold joins Confed. of\\nRhine, 8093; in Ger. Confed., 8113; leaves\\nNat. Assembly, 817 2 dissolves Rump.\\nPari., 819 1 Lippe 2d in N. Ger. Confed-\\neration, 825 2\\nLippert, Mai., at Doniphan, 2222.\\nLippi, Filippo, b.-d., 10782.\\nLippincott, Mrs. (Sara Jane Clark), or\\nGrace Greenwood, b., 1302.\\nLippincotfs MtgaStne appears, 2623.\\nLippit, Henry, gov. R. I., 2892, 2912, 2931.\\nLiprandi, Gen. Paul Petrovitch, b. (1796);\\nat Balaklava, 5981 d. (1864).\\nLipsius, Justus (Joest Lips); b.-d., 10983.\\nLiptroth, John, d., 10021.\\nLiquor, sale to Indians, 391 Indian traf-\\nfic; prohibited Indians, 1/52; Methodists\\nforbid, 1191, 1643; prohibited in Ga.,\\n3892; S. C.State dispensaries, 4333,4342,\\n4543,4662; law, unconstitutional, 4683;\\nconstitutional, 4723 traffic Austral.,\\nmonopoly, 4951 convivial lined, China,\\n6103; vending in Eng., 9012; hawkers\\nwhipped, 9112.\\nLiquor-dealers in S. Dak., 3511; Conven.\\nN. Y., 3903; indicted, 3942; Dr. Park-\\nhurst s evidence crusade against, Ky.,\\n4302 resist officers, 4342 uncompen-\\nsated, 9991.\\nquestion in Sweden, 11351 consump-\\ntion of, Swe., 11363.\\ndrinking ;soci a hrestric ted, China,610 2\\nimbibers beheaded, 6123; Methodists for-\\nbid, 962, 1643; in Am. army, ration, 1071,\\n1131 in Am. navy, 111*, 1131 consump-\\ntion, Ger., 8303; in Eng., 9S71 (See In-\\ntemperance.)\\nlegislation; Wine Art, Eng., 8911 ,9651\\nfee, 9853 duties, Fr., 7633, 7652 in Fr.,\\n7652. (See Local Option, Prohibition,\\nand under names of states.)\\nlicenses; optional, N. H. and R. I.,\\n1492; optional in Conn., 1511; first in\\nVineland, N. J., 419i on steamers and\\nsteam-cars, 4713; restricted, Eng., 8711;\\nforfeited, 879 1; scarce, 9093; local con-\\ntrol, 10072.\\ntraffic, govt, controls, China, 6111;\\nmakers banished, 6151; prohibited in\\nVa., 471 limited in N. J., 483; limited\\nin Ga., 712; i n o., 731 action of Meth..\\n96 2 1191 4071 restriction law, la., 2803;\\nprohibition at military posts, 3071; op-\\nposed by R. C. prelates, 319 1 prohibited\\nin N. Dak., 321 1 prohibited to druggists,\\n3291 estimate; opposed, 3303; New York,\\n3331 decision, Ind., 341i; control; dis-\\ncussed, 259 2 Cong, taxes, 295 1 stopped\\non Sunday, la., 43U3 Fort Wayne Club\\nofficers, 44-13; Sad. Hi against, 4G6 2 Sun-\\nday prohibition, 4663; condemned, 4071\\nchurch saloons, 4% 2 state control, 4671\\ndestruction, 4763; N. Y. committee to\\nstudy, 4791 curtailed, Australia, 4943;\\nDominion Alliance for Suppression of,\\n5831; signs opposed, Eng., 909 2 advo-\\ncated, 9563 sums spent for, Eng., 9751\\ncost per capita, 987 direct veto favored,\\n10023; regulation bill, 10031; sa les for-\\nbidden, 10043 Local Veto Bill Local\\nControl Bill, 1011 1 traffickers beheaded,\\nChina, 6122.\\ngovt, monopoly, 11383.\\nLiris, given to Volscians, 10532.\\nLisbon, Port., occupied, 7162 captured,\\n11091 capital Port.; chief market of\\nworld; earthquake, 11093 Arckivo Pit-\\ntoresco issued Eng. army in evacuated,\\n11101; disturbances, 1110 3 revolution,\\n11111 Eng. mobbed; Nat. Defense Fund\\nstarted; R. R. to Madrid, 11113, 1132a\\nR. R. to Santarein Royal Acad, of Sci-\\nence fnd. fire, 11113; Empress of Brazil\\ninterred, 5573; D m Pedro arrives, 557 1\\nBrazilian legation withdrawn, 5603.\\nLisburne, Earl, title created, 917 2\\nLisle, Lady Alice, b. (1614+) beheaded,\\n8971.\\nBaron, title created, 9132.\\nL Isle, Gen. liriere de, in Annam, 4821.\\nLisle, Guillaume de, d., 6982.\\nLord, minister, 8693.\\nMarcus C, d., 2172.\\nPhilip de, gov., 8872.\\nLismore, Scot., sec erected, 8422 unites\\nwith Waterfnrd, .S5S 2 with Ernly, 9452;\\nBp. Power cons. R. C, 9962.\\nBaron, title created, 9451\\nViscount, title created, 9311\\nLissa, naval battle near, 8242.\\nLissagaray, M., duel, 7383, 7563.\\nLister, Sir Joseph, b., 9423 antiseptic\\nsurgery, 974i.\\nThomas Henry, b., 9303 (or 1800) d.\\n(1842).\\nListon, John, b. (1776) last appearance,\\n94S1; d. (1846).\\nListowel, Ire., R. R. built, 9993.\\nLord, title created, 9412.\\nLiszt, Francz, b., 520 2 produces Lohen-\\ngrin\\n.1., 5302\\nLitanies first used, 869 1, 10691.\\nLitchfield, Conn., Ly. Beecher installed,\\n1163 condensed milk mfd., 1801.\\n111., explosion, 4273.\\nLiterarische Aimlekten issued, 7991.\\nLiterarisrhes Centrnlblatt issued, 8I8 3\\nWochenblatt issued, 813 1\\nLiterary Asso. Internat. 9842, 11102, 11223.\\nLiterary Club fnd., London, 9163.\\nCopyright protected, 5372.\\nDigest, N. Y., issued (1890).\\nGazette issued, 9391\\nInst., Eastern and Western, 9423\\nMarlebone, Westminster, 9463.\\nInternational Asso., Paris, 7582.\\nInterna ti rial ongrtss, Paris, 7503.\\nJotfraa/ issued, Lond., 9091 Dub. ,9112.\\nand Philosophical Society est., at\\nManchester, 9221; at New Castle, 9271;\\nat Sheffield, 9401 at Leeds, 9411\\nMagazine issued, 9091 9151\\nRevieiv issued, 1311\\nand Scientijic lupoaiiory appears, 1291.\\nWorld appears, 270 3\\nYear issued, 7032.\\nLiteraturhUu/et issued, 11362.\\nLiterature, Royal Soc, London, 9401.\\nin Iceland, 132 encouraged, China,\\n6102; in Egy., 045 2 6463; injunctions\\nagainst, Ger., 8303.\\nLiteraiur Zeitung issued at Jena, 829\\nLithium discovered, 11361\\nLithographers est. at Boston, 1353; com-\\nbination formed, 4232.\\nLithography dis., 5191 1 806 2 intro., 938\\nLithoscope invented; described, 9662.\\nLithotrity, Civiale receives prize for, 7241\\nLithuania invaded, 11141 annexed, 1115 2\\nanti-Jewish riots, 11212; Christianity in-\\ntroduced, 7S43.\\nLi Tseching defeated, 6141\\nLittell, Eliakim, b. (1797).\\nLittelVs Living Age, 15S3; d., 2702.\\nLitteratur-S, Ixhtl.s S/:rift r issued, 6381\\nTidende issued, 6391\\nLittle Belt fires on J resident, 1161.\\nLittle Big Horn River, Indian battle, 2921\\nBlue, Mo., Feds, defeated, 2391\\nEgg Harbor, N. J., Am.\\nburned, 891.\\nFalls, Minn., plague of frogs, 414\u00c2\u00bb\\nN. Y., fire, 4233.\\nKenesaw, Ga., action at, 2342.\\nOsage, Mo., Price defeated at, 2392.\\nRock, Ark., laid out, 1293; R. c. dio-\\ncese est., 1562; arsenal seized, 1902; Gen.\\nCurtis at, 209 1 captured, 2262; Free-\\nState gov., 2293; Meth.Epis. South Conf.\\nfmd., 252 2 P.p. Fitzgerald cons. R. C,\\n2562; Little r U( _. k Coll. org., 2,s63; Philan-\\nder Smith Coll. fnd., 2962; L. R. Univ.\\nfnd., 3142 silver ore dis., 4121 2 bank\\nfailure, 4222, 4233 State Tax unconsti-\\ntutional, 451 2 tornado, 4733.\\nCollege org., 2863.\\nl niversit\\\\ fnd., 3142.\\nRound Top Hill, battle for, 2241\\nWallachia, ceded, 5151; restored to\\nPorte, 5152.\\nGeorge, b. (1754) d., 1161\\nLouis H., d.,2133.\\nLittledale, Richard Frederick, b. (1833)\\nd., 10021 (or 1890).\\nLittlefield, Alfred H., governor of R, I.,\\n3043, 3052.\\nLittlejohn, Abrani Newkirk, b., 1321 con-\\nsecrated, bp.,2642.\\nLittleton, Mass., Congr. Conf. org., 2542.\\nLord Edward, b., S76 2 lord keeper,\\n8852; d. (1645).\\nSir Thomas, b., 8602; d., 8642.\\nWilliam H., gov. S. C, 713.\\nLitton, Edward Falconer, d., 10041\\nLittr\u00c2\u00a3, Maximilian Paul Emile, b., 7143\\nworks, 7351 d., 7522.\\nLittrow, Jos. Johann von. b.,X042; d.,8143.\\nKarl Ludwig, b., 8102; d., 8282.\\nLiturgy, New Church, opposed, Eng.\\ncompleted, S70 2 in Ire. revised, 8703\\nabolished, 8843; revision, 8902. (See\\nBook of Common Prayer.)\\nLiuchi, Empress, regent, 6113.\\nLiukiu Islands, annexed to Japan, 1093 1\\nLiu Kun Yi, commander-in-chief, 6271\\nLiutold, duke, 5033.\\nLiutprand, b.-d., 10721; king; captures\\nRavenna, 10721\\nLiuvaL, reigns, 11253,\\nIL, reigns, 11253.\\nLivadia sinks, 9893.\\nLiveley, Greenland, Kane found at, 1761\\nLivermore, Sam., pres. senate, 1072, 109 3\\nLiverpool, Eng., chartered, 8533 inde-\\npendent, 8591 paved, 873 3 petition to\\nqueen, 875 2 separated from Lancaster,\\n8832; ship-money, 8833; taken, S841\\nseparate parish, 9002 j old dock built,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1323.jp2"}, "1324": {"fulltext": "1312\\nText Figures denote Page. IJN1 Dili A.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Live\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LOHLU.\\n9013; Blue-Coat Hospital fnd. L. Cou-\\nrant issued, 9043; infirmary est., 913*;\\nL. Advertiser issued, 9132 Seamen s\\nHospital fnd. Salthouse Dock opd.\\nTown Hall begun, 9133 library fnd.,\\n9151; Gore s General Advertiser, 9171;\\ntheater opd., 918 2 House of Industry\\nest., 919 2 equips army, 920 1 musical\\nfestival, 9222 King s Dock built, 9233;\\nAmerican cotton seized, 973 Lunatic\\nAsylum fnd., 927* Hydropathy revived,\\n9232 Athemeum opd., 9293 Lyceum\\nerected, 931 Union newsroom opd.,\\n9313 docks built statue George III.,\\n9343 r iot, 9352 Corn Exchange, opd.;\\nRoyal Exchange completed; St. Nicho-\\nlas Tower falls, 9353 Literary and Phil.\\nSoc. est., 937*; Royal Inst, fnd., 937\\n9381; Wellington-rooms erected, 9373;\\nfirst trans-Atlantic steamer at, 938 2 Am.\\nSeamen s Hospital est., 941 1; Marine\\nHumane Soc. find., 9412; St. John s Mar-\\nket opd., 9413 Laver theater opd., 942i\\nHouse of Industry erected, 943 Clar-\\nence Dock completed railway to Man-\\nchester opd., 9441; Blackrock Light-\\nhouse locomotive steam carriages\\nused, 945 3 Brit. Asso. meets, 9461\\nWelsh Presby. Soc. fnd., 9502 Sailors\\nHome est., 9531 Brit. Asso. meets, 954 1\\nearthquake, 9562; breadriots,959i docks\\ncompleted; Nat. Asso. for Social Sci-\\nence meets, 9621 cholera appears, 9693;\\nH. W. Beecher speaks, 2272 Confeder-\\nate States Fair, 2393 Shenandoah sur-\\nrenders, 2483 Fenians arrested, 9703\\nRoyal Bank suspends, 971 3 Greek Ch.\\nest., 9722; Brit. Asso. meets Social Sci-\\nence Asso. meets Stanley Park opd.\\nstatue of Queen, 9741 Bp. Reilly cons.,\\n9742 foundation of Stanley Hospital,\\n9743; Seamen s Orphan Inst., 9752 Sef-\\nton Park opd., 9761 coffee-saloon opd.,\\n977 2 art gallery est., 978 Mormon\\nmissionaries in, 9782; Seamen s Orphan-\\nage opd., 9792; w. Rathbone statue;\\nWalker Art Gallery opd., 9821 theater\\nriot, 9831; Literary and Philosophical\\nSoc. est., 9371 Rotunda Theater burned,\\n9833 bishopric est., 9342 riots, 9843\\nnamed city, 9852 Univ. Coll. fnd., 9862,\\n9882 plot against town hall, 9871 Lang-\\nton Dock opd., 9893 Home for Ancient\\nMariners, 9903 Mersey Tunnel opd.,\\n9933 riots, 9943 Gen. Earle statue\\nQueen s statue Royal Jubilee Exhibi-\\ntion opd., 9961 Seamen s strike ends,\\n10011 dock laborers strike, 10023, 10031\\ngrain-porters 3trike strikers parade,\\n10031 Trade Unions Cong., 10043; Naval\\nExhibition opd., 1008 Victoria Build-\\nings, Univ. Coll. opd., 10082 cholera\\npanic, 10093; elevated railway opd. ,10113.\\nLiverpool, N. S., Meth. Conf. meets, 5882.\\nLiversegge, Henry, b., 9323.\\nLivery Companies formed, Eng., 8573.\\nLivingston, Ala., Normal Coll. opd., 3142,\\nManor, N. Y., White Caps at, 4631\\nBrockholst, b., 741 justice, 115 1\\nEdward, b., 741 mayor N. Y., 1112\\nsec. state, 1392; d., 1462.\\nHenry Brockholst, b. (1757) d., 1382.\\nJohn Henry, b. (1746); d., 1322.\\nLa RhettL., commissioned Col., 3841.\\nLeonidas F., b., 140 1.\\nPhilip, b., 58i d., 911.\\nRobert R., b., 662 sec. for. affairs,\\n95 2 chancellor, builds steamer, 108 1\\npres. Rutger a Coll., 1171 d., 1211\\nWilliam, b. (1741) work, 671 d., 602.\\ngov. N. J., 853, 1013 d., 1022.\\nLivingstone launched, 10941.\\nLivingstone, David, b.,9363; explorations\\nin Afr. sails for Cape Town, 5601 sails\\nfor Eng., 5602; consul, 5603, 9691 H61i\\nsecond expedition returns, 5603 in\\nCent. Afr. home despatches tidings\\nletter, 5611; Stanley s tidings, 2741; let-\\nter in Herald letter on slave-trade\\nparts from Stanley, 5611 miss. dis. Lake\\nNgami, 5982 represents London Miss.\\nSoc; wifedies ,5983; at Lake Tanganyika,\\n5991 meets Stanley, 6003; travels, 8381\\nLast Journal, 9791 d.,5611 ,6003; interred\\nEng., 9782; statue, 9801 9841\\nJohn H., b. (1746) pres. svnod, 1103,\\n1123; d. (1825).\\nColl. (Afr. Meth.) est. at Salisbury,\\nN. C. (1882).\\nLivingstone expedition, Grady leaves, 1091\\nLivimum, fnd., 11432.\\nLivius, Andronicus, b. drama, 10531\\nLivno, captured, 5301\\nLivonia, in international race, 2753.\\nLivonia, Alex., Pr.; annexed to Pol. ,11152;\\nannexed to Russia, 11153 ceded, 11353.\\nLe Lirre issued, 7522.\\nLivre des Cent Ballades written, 6763.\\nfaits du Marichal de Boucicaut\\nappears, 6763.\\nLivrets, abolished, Fr., 7392.\\nLivy, Titus Livinus, b.-d., 10583; Annales,\\n1061 1\\nLi Wang, enthroned, 6112.\\nIii-Yang-tsai, rebel leader, 6221\\nLi Yuna, commander-in-chief, 6262.\\nLjudevit, Prince of Croatia, 5031\\nLlamo, Tex., gold mine rediscovered, 3921\\nLlandarf, Bishop Lewis, cons., 9SG2.\\nLlangattock, Baron, title created, 10091\\nLlewelyn the Great, Pr. of W., 8513 de-\\nstroys castles, 8541 defeated k., 8541 ,2.\\nLlorente, Don Juan Antonio, b.-d., 11283.\\nLloyd, Arthur T., cons, bishop, 10121.\\nChas., b.(1775) Poems, 92d* d. (1S39).\\nDaniel Lewis, eons, bishp, 1004 2\\nEdward, b. (1799) gov., 573; d.(1834).\\nb. (1815); works, 9003, 907 1,\\n9503 d., 10022.\\nHenry, b., 9082 d., 9223.\\nDemarest, work, 478 2\\nThomas, b. (1640\u00c2\u00b1); pres. Pa., 493; d.\\n(1694).\\n.William, bp. b. (1627); acquitted,\\n8963 d. (1717).\\nsmashes vase, 9521\\nLoa sunk, 6062.\\nLoan, subscription, Eng., 9273.\\nFr.,7072, 7333,7352, 7391, 7411, 7433,\\n7453, 7472.\\nauthorized, U. S., 1892.\\nAct, a law, 1973, 1992 authorized\\n\u00c2\u00a725,000,000, 1923 from banks, 1992 by-\\ntreasury, 2193 last for war, 2433.\\nLoando, Afr., fnded. canal at, 1161 1\\nLoano, It., Austrians defeated, 7102.\\nLoaysa, b. (1500\u00c2\u00b1) bp. of Lima; archbp.,\\n222 d. (1575).\\nLobau Island, Bonaparte crosses, 5183.\\nComte de, Georges Monton, b., 7042\\nd.,7282.\\nLobeira, Vasco de, b.-d., 11092 Amadis de\\nGaul translated, 1109 1.\\nLobengula, king, 6041,2,3.\\nLobkowic, John de, in Palestine, 5083.\\nLobo, Aristides, resigns, 5573.\\nJeronimo, b.-d., 11102.\\nLobomeria, Austria secures, 517 2\\nLobositz, Bohemia, battle of, 5142.\\nLobsinger, Hans, stamped leather, 7921.\\nLocal Govt. Bill, Ritchie s, 9991,2.\\nMilitia Bill, G. B., 9572.\\noption, in Minn., 2723 in Pa., 2S03,\\n2911; in Tex.; in R. I.,2911 inGa.,321i\\nin Miss., 325 1 in Dak., Mich., Mont.,\\n3291 in Wis., 351 for D. C, 3251 re-\\npealed in N. J., 3511; constitutional,\\nMich., 3702,3; in Del., 383 1 in Mel-\\nbourne, 4982 resolution adopted, G. B.,\\n9851,3; approved, 9891.\\nPreachers Nat. Asso. org., 1843.\\nLochearn sinks Vilie de Havre, 7493.\\nLochfyne collides with Knapton Hall, 9833.\\nLoehr en, William, in int. dept., 4473.\\nLock, Sir Henry, Brougham, gov. Victoria,\\n4992; Cape Colony, 0033 against Mata-\\nbeles 6041\\nLocke, David Ross, b., 1421 d., 328\\nJohn, b. (1792) invents magnetic\\nclock, 1641 d. (1856).\\npoet, d., 3341\\nphilosopher, b., 8822 constitu-\\ntion modified, 442; Grand Model, 451;\\nworks, 8983; d., 9022.\\nRichard Adams, b. (1800); The\\nMoon Hoax, 1443 d. (1871).\\nLocker, Arthur, d., 10101\\nLockhart, John Gibson, b.. 9263 Scott,\\n9491 d. 958 2\\nLockport n. Y., tornadoes, 3321 Odd Fel-\\nlows Home dedicated, 4703.\\nLockroy, Ednuard Etienne Antoine (Si-\\nmon), b. (1*38); minister, 7552,3, 7571;\\nreport on Magenta, 7661\\nLockwood, Belva, nom. for pres., U.S.A.,\\n319i; lawyer, 4623.\\nDaniel N., b., 1562.\\nLockyer, Joseph Norman, b., 948 2\\nLockyer, shot, 8873.\\nLocofocos (Democrats) appear, 1452.\\nLocomotive patented, 9302 tirst, 9362\\nmnf. in America, 1381 early trip, 137 3\\nFirefly, speed, 9461 Rocket travels, 9441\\nNorth Star, speed, 9482.\\nengineers, women delegates, Eng.,\\n4183; strike, 951 convention in Can.,\\n5883. (See Brotherhood of Locomotive\\nEngineers.)\\nLocomotives use anthracite coal, 146 as-\\ncents, 1473 cross Miss. River, 1793.\\nLocria Epizephyrii, fnd., 10153.\\nLocust Grove, Va., action at., 2282.\\nLocusts, plague of, 103 ravage Minn. ,284 1\\nin Central Park in Lackawanna Valley,\\n3422; inNyack,N.Y.,456i; inlll.,460\\non R.R., 4633 flight, Arabia, 4883 in\\nFr., 6661 in Syria, 11583 plague, 1154\\nLodge, Henry Cabot, b., 1781 works, 3131,\\n3163, 3191; 3502; on Silver Act, 4351;\\nspeech, 4391 bribery charges, 4611\\nThomas, b., 8721 works, 8751 8763\\nd., 8802.\\nFederal Election Bill, 3632, 3671\\nLodging-house Act, G. B., 9572.\\nLodi fnd. House of, rules, 10433.\\nbridge of, battle at, 712\\nLodiana mission, 10491\\nLodor, Richard, commissioned col., 400\\nLoeghevg issued, 5862.\\nLoendade Santa Iria appears, 11091\\nLofoden Isles, fishing fleet wrecked, 11053.\\nLoftcha mission, 5662.\\nLofthouse, railroad accident, 9853.\\nLoftus, Baron, title created, 931\\nLord Augustus AYilliam Frederick\\nSpencer, b. (1817) gov., 4991\\nMajor, on Mississippi, 741\\nLog, mariner s, first mentioned, 874\\nCabin campaign, 153\\nCollege, est., Pa., 583, 603 eel., 3443.\\nLogan, Ky., Female College fnd., 2543.\\nUtah, Brigham Young Coll., opd. t\\n3003 Agricultural College opd., 3662.\\nBenjamin, b., 682 d., 1102.\\nFriedrieh von, Simuiedichte, 797\\nJames, b., 442 pres.Pa.,033; d.,93\\nJohn, chief, b. (1725) d., 931\\nAlexander, b., 1341; before At-\\nlanta, 2363 pres. Nat. Conven. of Vet-\\nerans, 2552 impeachment manager,\\n2612; commander G. A. R., 2653, 2691 r\\n2723 on committee of seven, 2933 nom.\\nfor vice-pres., 3172 vote for pres. nom.,\\n3173 electoral vote, 321 1 d., 3242 in-\\nterred, 3333.\\n(son), lieut. 5th Reg., 3541\\nSir Wm. Edmond, b.,5702 d.,5841.\\nLogan s Fort, Ky., Indians besiege, 863.\\nLogansport, Ind., Insane Asylum, 3332.\\nLogaris attack Stewart, 61\\nLogarithms invented, 8761.\\nLogerot, M., minister, 7571\\nLoghlen,Sir Michael, masterof rolls, 9492.\\nLogographie printing patented, 9222.\\nLogs town, Ya., treaty with Indians, 69 2\\nLogue, Michael, cons. R. C. archbp., 9823;\\ncons, cardinal priest, 1010 2\\nLohengrin appears, 7621 816 1\\nLoliehstein, Daniel Kaspar von, b. (1635);\\nArminius mid Thns ielda,709^ d. (1683).\\nLohnian, \\\\Y. D., short accounts, 450 2\\nLoizellon, Gen. J. L., minister, 765 2\\nLoja, Granada, uprising, 11301.\\nLollards rise, 8582,-8622.\\nLollius, Marcus, defeated in Gaul, 10621\\nUrbicus, gov. of Caledonia, 10652\\nturf rampart, 8392.\\nLomaterus, John, correspondence with\\npope, 10323.\\nLoniax, Gen., at Crooked Run, 2372.\\nLombard, Lambert, d., 5402.\\nLeague fmd., 7791; peace with em-\\nperor, 7792; diet against, 7803.\\nPierre, b.-d., 6683 The Sentences,\\n6711.\\nUniversity, 111., org., 1703.\\nVenetian kingdom, subject, 5232\\nsiege, 5241 given to Aust., 10871 3.\\nLombardy, It., fnd. by Romans, 10533; in-\\nvades Hung., 5031 Hannibal reenforced,\\n1054 overrun, 1070 ravaged, 10702\\nin Gaul, 6641; in It., 10731; i n Eastern\\nEmpire, 10302 conversion completed,.\\n10731; kingdom destroyed, 7713; an-\\nnexed to papal dominion, 10723; Charle-\\nmagne conquers, 10732; annexed, 6653;\\nwar with Gr., 10321; fortified towns,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1324.jp2"}, "1325": {"fulltext": "Lomb-Lond.\\nText Figures denote Page. IJNJjJl,X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1313\\n1073 2 revolt, 7753 rule upper It., 7781\\nconquered, 10761 under Visconti, 10773;\\nFr. and Spaniards expelled, 10821; Sp.\\nloses, 6972; ruled by Anst., 10852; Trans-\\npadane Republic formed, 10*52; given\\nto Fr.,5192; enip. maintained, 5212; re-\\nbellion, 5213; incor. with Sardinia; in-\\nsurrection, 1087 2 given to Sardinia, 5252,\\nLombardy poplar introduced, 993.\\nLombe, Sir Thos., silk-throwing mill, 904 1\\nLome, Dupuy de, balloon ascension, 7443.\\nLomenie, Louis Leonard de, b., 7223 d.,\\n7502.\\nLomia discovered, 7361\\nLomonosoff, Mikhail, Vasilievitch, b.-d.,\\n11142; works, 11151.\\ntonato, French victory, 7121\\nISOncle Joseph sinks, 7533.\\nLondesborough, E. of, title created, 9963.\\nLondinum. (See London, 839 3\\nLondman, Thomas, b., 9002.\\nLondon founders, 9693.\\nLondon, Can., K. C. dioc. est., 5802; Weekly\\nFree Press, 5803, 5811 Advertiser, 5811\\nbattalion org., 58Si foresters org. ,5883;\\nCranbourne Club, gambling, 5S91\\nUniversity of, Eng., est. (1836) sup-\\nports woman suffrage, 8723.\\nLondon, Eng., capital large town, 8393\\nstone placed; Gothic architecture ap-\\npears, 8392, S482, 8541 St. Paul s built\\nbishopric est., 8402; walls built, 8412;\\nplague ravages, 8413 St. Paul s de-\\nstroyed rebuilt see erected West-\\nminster Abbey fnd., 8422 Danes pil-\\nlage, 2441; Danes expelled, 844 1 fire,\\n8453,8473. 10th Century, besieged;\\nbridges over Thames, 8461 Thames long\\nfrozen, 8462, 8622, 9143 St. Paul s\\nburned, 8473, 8482, 8493 storm ravages,\\n8481 Tower begun St. Paul s rebuilt\\nWestminster Hall built Temple Church\\nbuilt, 8482 St. Stephen s Chapel built,\\n8483 Newgate prison est. chartered,\\n8492; great mortality, 8493,8593, 8813; L.\\nbridge burned, 8493; 12th -Century\\nstone bridge built, 8502; Temple fnd.;\\nSt. Catherine s Hospital fnd. massacre\\nof Jews, 850 3 8542 anti-Jewish riots,\\n8511 8543 population, 8511 8773, 8593;\\nHenry Fitz-Alwyn first mayor first\\nfleet prison est. Longchamp deposed,\\n8513; 13th Century L. bridge burned,\\n8533, 8493; St. Thomas s Hosp. est.; for-\\neign merchants united convent demol-\\nished, 8523; Barons convene first Pari.,\\n853 2 pope interdicts, 8522 water supply,\\n8521 ,8813 Temple erected; present West-\\nminster Abbey begun, 852 1 Westmin-\\nster convent demolished, 8523 char-\\ntered, 8533, 8953; water intro. St.\\nMary s erected, 8521 aldermen; watch\\nest., 8533; Savoy Palace built, 8541 St.\\nThos. a Becket s Co. org., S55 3 riotous\\ntailors and goldsmiths, 8543 free trade\\nprivileges limited House of Commons\\nest. charter annulled, 8552 St. Kath-\\nerine s Hospital fnd. sea-coal prohib-\\nited, 8551 Edward I. crowned, 8553\\nBlackfriars convent erected; 8542 wa-\\nterworks est., 855 3 all Jews expelled,\\n8542 fixed prices, 857i 14thCentury\\nLincoln s Inn Court est. tournaments\\nin, 8563 Merchant. Tailors Co. Skin-\\nners Co.; Goldsmiths Co. find., 8573\\nWestminster Abbey nave built, 858 1\\nGrocers Co. fmd\u00e2\u0080\u009e 8573 St. Stephen s\\nChapel rebuilt, 8582 Tuner and Middle\\nTemple Court opd., 8583 Pari, becomes\\ntwo Houses four representatives, 9592;\\nClifford s Inn Court est.. .8583 title lord-\\nmayor est., 8592 K. John of Fr. pris-\\none r,959i Gray s Inn of Court est. ,8583\\nVintners Co. find., 857 3 striking clock,\\n8582 John Wyclif summoned, 8583\\nRichard II.crowned, 861i Watt the Ty-\\nler, k., 8601 Savoy Palace burned, 8613;\\nward meetings intro., 861 1; L. Mayor\\nBreraber executed, 8603 Mercers Co.\\nfmd., 8613; aldermen for life, 8612; parish\\nclerks perform plays Westminster Hall\\nrepaired, 8602; Christmas festival, 10,000\\nguests; Order of the Bath est., 8603;\\nRichard II. prisoner in Tower, 8612\\n15th Century; coal intro.; opposed,\\n8613 Wm. Sautre, heretic, burned al-\\nchemists forbidden, 860 2 lanterns\\nstreet lights, 8631.2; Staple s Inn of\\nCourt est. Guild Hall est. Lyon s Inn\\nof Court est., 8022 Henry V. crowned,\\n8631; Whittington Coll. est.; adulte-\\nrated wine condemned Whittington s\\nalmshouses est., 8623; St. Paul s much\\nburned, 8622; Drapers Co. fmd.; Haber-\\ndashers Co. find., 8633 John Cade en-\\nters, 8621 l. mayor s show inst., 8633\\nEdward, I of York, marches into, 8641\\nIronmongers Co. find., 8053 printing-\\npress introduced, 8642 Henry VI. mur-\\ndered, 805 2 Clement s Inn of Court es-\\ntablished, 8642; lothworkers Company\\nfmd.; Edward V. murdered in Tower;\\nRichard III. crowned, 8653 New Inn\\nCourt est., S642 Henry VII. crowned;\\nStar Chamber Court est., 867 2 sweat-\\ning sickness, 8073 anti-tax insurgents,\\n8661 court removed to Calais, 8673\\n16th Century; Henry VII. Chapel be-\\ngun, 8062 Fleet ditch navigable, 8673\\nmerchants extorted, S67 2 St. Paul s\\nSchool fnd., 8071 Henry VIII. crowned,\\n8673; 13 surg. and doctors, 8002; Henry\\nVIII. head of Church, 8082 Bp. Fisher\\nand Sir Thomas More executed; peti-\\ntion to read Bible, K0S2; Wm. Tyndale\\nburned, 8683; Fishmongers Co. fmd.,\\n8693; wine runs in conduit, S691 bills\\nof mortality, 8692 st. Bartholomew s\\nmonastery confiscated, 8083; surgeons\\nand barbers united, 80,si term lord pope\\nforbidden, 8683 Bethlehem Lunatic\\nHosp. est.; Christ s Hosp. fnd.; 40 tav-\\nerns in, 8711; q. Mary crowned, 8712\\nRus. Trading Co. est., S71 3 John Rogers\\nburned, 8703; Congreg. meetings est.,\\n8721 Abbey of Westminster reest.; Puri-\\ntans arise Poultry Compter becomes\\nprison, 8713; Stationers Co. incorp.,\\n8723, 8783 glass mfd., 8721 head-dress\\ndesignated, 8731 St. Paul s struck by\\nlightning, 8723 Salters Company\\nformed, 8733; Outer Temple made Inn\\nof Court Westminster a collegiate ch.;\\nWestminster School or St. Peter s Coll.,\\nfnd., 8723; first tragedy, Gorboduc, 8721\\n58 Scotchmen in; knives made, 8721;\\nFurnival s Inn of Court est., 8731 plague\\nprevails, 8733, 8793; Merchants Adven-\\nturers Co. fmd., 8733 Royal Exchange\\nest., 8721 care of poor, 873i Physic Gar-\\ndens est., 8.2 lottery in St. Paul s Ca-\\nthedral, 8731; Temple Hall built; Soc.\\nAntiquarians find., 8711; Gresham Coll.\\nfnd., 8751; Anabaptists burned; Bapt.\\nSoc. fmd., 8743 fi rs t regular theater\\nbuilt; gold-seekers visit America, 8741\\nTurkey and the Levant Cos. chartered\\nenlargement prohibited Thames water\\nsupplied, 8753; Henry Percy murdered,\\n8753; Northwest Passage excitement,\\n8742; Wm. Shakespeare in- Q. Eliza-\\nbeth s statue, 8761 tobacco intro., 8772;\\nThanksgiving services, 8762 Afr. Co.\\nfmd., 8773; Congreg. Church find., 8763;\\nThames dry. S701 Shakespeare s Globe\\nTheater built taffeta ranf.; Lord Cham-\\nberlain s actors 17th Century; Lord\\nAdmiral s actors, 8762; Cottonian Li-\\nbrary est., 8772; population in 1000,8773;\\nEssex s insurrection, 8761; James I.\\nreigns.^791 sanitary rigor, 8783; R ,leigh\\nin Tower, 8792, 8812 Gunpowder Plot,\\n8762; London Company established for\\nAmer., 8792; Charter House fnd., 8783\\nGranaries built, 8793; Great Tom bell;\\nlottery for Va., 8791 burned; New River\\nwater-supply opened., 8793, 8813; paved\\nThames improved, 8813; Francis Bacon\\nconspicuous; Bridewell prison built; Ra-\\nleigh beheaded, 8,sl2 gambling licenses\\ngranted, 8811; The Commit, Weekly\\nNews, etc., Certain Ne/vs, etc., issued;\\nSion Coll. and Hospital est., 8803 New\\nRiver Co. fmd.; Charles I. reigns, 8813;\\nBanqueting House erected, 8801 hack-\\nney coaches est., 8813 commission to\\nrestore St. Paul s Cathedral, 8822 pos-\\ntal communications opd., 8832 wind\\nsawmill inv., 8821 first Particular Bap-\\ntist Ch. est., 8822 velvet paper patented,\\n8821 Devonshire Square Bapt. Ch. est.;\\nSt. Giles parish begun bps- in Tower,\\n8823, 8852, 8963 Fleet Prison for debt-\\nors Long Pari., 8833 Diurnal Occur-\\nrences issued Puritans divided, Presb.\\nand Independents, 8843 Gazette is-\\nsued plays prohibited, 885 1 civil war\\nCharles I. leaves, 8852 excise system\\nest., 8S53 Westminster Assembly fmd.,\\n8843; Royal Soc. ni t -ets,s.S(i2,,s joi submits\\nto army; 2d civil war, 8861 Presb. gain\\ncontrol Cromwell coerces Pari., 8872\\nRump Pari.; Charles I. beheaded Com-\\nmonwealth proclaimed explosion,\\n8873 public In/ l/i, issued, 8883\\nOliver Cromwell, L. Protector, 8891\\nfestival of sons of clergy, S88 3 first ac-\\ntress, 8881 8911 Portuguese svnagogue\\nin, 8883 Richard. Cromwell, Protec-\\ntor army officers rule,8S\u00c2\u00ab.)3 army enters,\\n8901 Charles II. reigns; regicides tried;\\nK. India Co. char., 8012; banking begun,\\n8913; Anabaptists rise, 8902; Fifth Mon-\\narchy men rise, 891 2 .3 Medical School\\nest.; great storm, 8901; Ch. of Eng. re-\\nstored; Act of Uniformity, 8903; first\\nplay bill, 8911; the Great Plague, 8913;\\nGeo. Fox, Wm.Penn., Quakers, arrested;\\nimpostor whipped; riot, 8931, 8951; L.\\nGazette removed to Serjeant s Inn est.;\\nlighted by lanterns the Great Fire; run\\non banks; Royal Exchange fnd.; fire\\ninsurance begins, 8933; Moravians Soc.\\nest.; RovalSoc. Library fnd., 8923; great\\nfire, 8922; tires, 8933, 8953, 9003, 9093,\\n9133, [)413, 9473, 9513,9633,9913,10013,\\n10053; Drury Lane Theater rebuilt\\nmonument commemorating fire, 8922;\\npresent St. Paul s built, 8942; bribery\\nof Pari., 8943; Dutch loom used, 8941;\\nCity Mercury, 8943; coffee-house sup-\\npressed, 895 1 first City Directory, 8943;\\nstatue Charles I.. 891; anti-Oath, demon-\\nstrations, 8943, 8982,8991; Titus Oates\\npopish plot, 8951; Walbrook Church\\nbuilt, 8941; Domestick Jutelliqence est.,\\n8943; Meal Tub Plot, S952; Mercureum\\nLibrarius; chartered. 8913; oil-lighted;\\npenny-post set up, S953, 8972; Catholics\\nexpelled; election riot Chelsea Hospi-\\ntal fnd., 8951; Sadler s Wells est., 8961\\nRye House Plot, 897 1 king bumbles,\\n8972; Charter surrendered, 8973; operas\\nintro., 8961 Fr. Protestants settle, 8962;\\nJames II. reigns 8972; statue James II.,\\n8902; charity schools est.; clergy disobey\\nking; 7 bishops in Tower, 8963; James\\nII. relents Hemming s patent street\\nlight; charter restored Princess Anne\\nflees, 8973; silkweavers come; anti-\\nOatholie mobs, 89S2, 8991 Universal In-\\ntelligence, Athenian Gazette, Eng. Cour-\\nant, Harlem Couranf, L. Courant, L. In-\\ntelligence, L. Mercury, Orange Gazette,\\nissued, 8983; anti-Catl). riot James II.\\nflees; Irish Night; King William enters,\\n8991; William and Mary reign, 8992;\\nYoung s forgeries, 9003; Lloyd s coffee-\\nhouse, 8913; Bank of Eng, projected,\\n9012; charter restored, 8993; Lincoln s\\nInn Theater opd.; thimbles made, 9001\\nmarriages and births taxed, 9003; haw-\\nkers and pedlars first licensed, 901 1\\nfirst triennial Pari., 9012; Lloyd s News\\nest., 9003; St. Paul s Cathedral choir re-\\nopd.,9002; Hand-in-IIand lire insurance,\\n9013; welcomes William III., 9011;\\nGrey Coat School-fnd., 9003; Peter the\\nGreat in; stage immoral, 9011; White-\\nhall palace burned East India Co. est.,\\n9013; isth Century Haymarket Thea-\\nter built, 9021; and rebuilt, 916*, 9401;\\ngreat storm, 9021 Q. Anne reigns, 9032;\\nKit-Cat Club est., 9031; Da Hi/ Cnuravt\\nThe Review, 9023 Her Majesty s Theater\\nopd., 9022, 9253; union with Scot, meet-\\ning, 903 3 Country Gentleman s Courant,\\n9023; Soc. of Antiquaries est.; flea plague,\\n9022; Saelievercirs sermons; United Br.\\nE. India Co. est., 9033; Sons of Clergy-\\nmusical festival St. Paul s Cathedral\\ncompleted, 9042; The Examiner; Guar-\\ndian, 9043; Am. Indians visit Q.Anne,\\n9051 ,573; Sun Fire Office est., 9053; Han-\\ndel s opera private Acad, of Art, 9041\\nMohocks ravage, 9051 Q. Anne statue,\\n9041 newspapers first stamped, 9043; Q.\\nAnne touches for scrofula; Hamilton-\\nMohun duel, 9051; George I. reigns,\\n9053 Scriblerus Hub fnd. Welsh charity\\nschools est., 9043; Whig and Tory riots\\nJacobite riots, 9051 Jacobite lords exe-\\ncuted, 9053; James Quinn appears, 9061\\nMug-house riot first Free Masons, 907\\nSouth Sea Bubble excitement, 9053, 9071\\nWestminster Hosp. fnd., 907* first ma-\\nrineinsuranceco.,9073; Guy s Hosp. fnd.;", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1325.jp2"}, "1326": {"fulltext": "1314\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nLondon.\\nHell Fire clubs suppressed, 907 Chel-\\nsea waterworks built, 9073; Layer s con-\\nspiracy; Order of the Batli revived, 9072;\\nsmallpox in, 9073; Acad, of Art est.; Chris.\\nMacklin appears George I. statue, 9061\\nNewport Market oratory opened; L.\\nDaily Post and Gen. Advertiser issued\\nLloyd s List issued, 9071; George II.\\nreigns, 91)73; public library est.; fitsforia\\nLiteraria issued, 909 1 St. Martin s .Lane\\nAcad, opd.; Hyde Park Serpentine est.,\\n9081 prisoner reprieved for experiment;\\ncriminals transported to Am.; first forger\\nhanged, 9092; Bank of Eng. begun, 9093;\\nEnglish opera first oratorio Covent\\nGarden Theater opd., 9081 Literary\\nMag. issued; L. Mar/., The Bee, issued,\\n9091 Soe. of Dilettanti est.; Royal Acad,\\nof Music; time-pieces produced; high\\ntides, 9081; White s Club est.; riot at\\ntheater, 9092 post to Edinburgh est.;\\nFleet Ditch covered Fleet Market opd.,\\n9093; Wesley, and Whitetield in, 9083;\\nWestminster Bridge est., 910*, 01*^2,9673;\\nRoyal Soc. Musicians org., 9112; Metho-\\ndists first Confer. ,9111 Foundling Hosp.\\nest., 9112, 9152; jf ew Mansion House\\nbuilt, 9113; l. Hosp., 9112; hard winter,\\n9113; Madrigal Soc. org., 9102; White-\\nfield s chapel built, 9112; surgeons and\\nbarbers separate, 9102; Middlesex Hosp.\\nest.; Coll. of Surgeons est.; Smallpox\\nHosp.; Lock Hosp.; Jews Hosp.; Brit.\\nLying-in Hosp.; City of L. Lying-in Hosp.,\\n9112; Harmonica played, 9102; Chess\\nClub fniil,, 9121 Universal Mag. issued,\\n9131 solar eclipse, 9121 ,9161; circulating\\nlibrary est., 9131 conjurer excitement;\\nclose Fr. war eel., 9132; Monthly Re-\\nview, 9131; earthquake, 9121, 9132; Q.\\nCharlotte s Hosp. est.; L. Hosp. est.; St.\\nDuke s Asy. fnd., 9132; jail distemper,\\n9133; Soc. of Arts, 9122; Soc. for Promo-\\ntion of Religious Knowledge; Joanna\\nSouthcott s fanatics, i\u00c2\u00bb13i Jockey Club\\nest.; earthquake, 9132; World issued,\\n9131 Brit. Museum est., 9122, 9132; opd.,\\n9142; lotteries popular; L. lie view issued,\\n9132; Whitetield s Tabernacle built Lit-\\nerary Mat/.; Johnson s Idler, 9151 usury\\npunished; hosp. census, 9152; Thames\\nbridge burned, 9153; Public Ledger \u00c2\u00b19152;\\ntheatrical fund est.; art exhibition, 9142;\\nGeorge III. reigns Blaekfriars bridge\\nest., 9153, 9193; Catch club fmd., 9143;\\nriot at theater; Boodle s club est.,\\n9171; Royal Magazine, North Briton,\\n9152; ghost imposture; shop signs re-\\nmoved, 9173; Sadler s Wells Theater\\nopd., 916 1 Press unites with St. James s\\nChronic{,\\\\SH63; Lambeth Hospital est.;\\nJohn Wilkes mob, 9171,2; Mozart ap-\\npears, 9161; Literary club est.. 91G3;\\nmurderer burned, 917 1 first annual sci-\\nentific lecture, 916i Royal Acad. Arts\\nest., 9162; weavers riot convicts leave\\nfor Am., 9172; Tattersall s est., 9173;\\nHaymarket Theater rebuilt, 9161; Nau-\\ntical Almanac, 9171 Gospel Ma//., 917\\nRoyal Exchange repaired Royal Acad,\\nexhib.; letters of Junius, 9173, 9191\\nMorning Chronicle, 919 1 D. of Cumber-\\nland statue; saw-mills erected, 918 1;\\nPantheon erected, 9182; Morning Post,\\n9191; Lady s Mat/, antislavery decision,\\n9192; Medical Soc. fmd., Astley s Am-\\nphitheater built, 9182; Adelphi lottery\\nsale Cox s .Museum lottery sale Royal\\nHumane Soc. fnd., 9192; mail coaches\\nest., 9193; obelisk erected; Garrick s\\nlast appearance, 91S 2 masquerades re-\\nvived, 9212; ancient concerts given pris-\\noner s silence punished, 9212- L. Bible\\nSoc. est.; Protestant Asso. fmd.; first\\nSunday newspaper, Brit. Gazette and\\nSunday Monitor; Wi-sleyan Meth. Mag.,\\n9211; No Popery r.ots, 9211,2,3;\\nMorning Herald, 9211; King s Bench\\nprison burned news of Cornwallis s sur-\\nrender to Washington, 9213; Morning\\nHerald, 9231 Surrey Theater opd., 9221\\nHunter Museum begun Handel s com-\\nmemoration first balloon ascension,\\n9222; St. Patrick s Benev. Soc, 9231;\\nLeverian Museum lottery, 9232; first\\nmail-coach leaves, 9233; Royal Soc. of\\nMusic est.; Csecilian Music Soc, 9222;\\nDaily Universal Register (Times), 9231\\n9251; Strangers Friend Soc est.; High-\\nland Soc. est.; 97 shop-lifters executed,\\n9232; Curtis s Botan. Mag.; Library Royal\\nCollege of Surgeons fnd.; training-ship\\non Thames, 9251; umbrella used, 92.53;\\nGlee Club formed, 924 County Chroni-\\ncle, 9251 Linnajan Soc. est.; Italian\\nopera revived George III. statue, 9241\\nSwedenborg Soc formed, 9243; Analyti-\\ncal Review; Times, formerly Register,\\n9251; Anna Storace appears, 9242; The\\nMail, 9251 Her Majesty s Theater, Ital-\\nian Opera House burned opd.; Chas.\\nB. Incledon appears, 9242; antislavery\\nagitation, 9252; observer, 9251 Regent s\\nPark demolished j Horsemonger Lane\\nJail built; regis teringof shipping begins;\\nfire watch est 9253; Veterinary Coll. est.,\\n9261 Corresponding Soc fmd.; Sun, Ob-\\nserver, issued; Asy. for Deaf and Dumb;\\nplot against King s Bench prison Morn.\\nAdvertiser, 9271 Assembly Rooms built\\ntheater crush, 9273; police magistrate\\nsystem est., 9272; Lyceum Eng Opera\\nHouse est., 9262 Miss. Soc fmd., 9263\\nColdliath Fields Prison built bread riot,\\n9272; Miss Mellon appears, 9262; John\\nHoward statue coldest day, 9282; Bell s\\nMessenger, Monthly Mag., Meth. New\\nConnection Mag., 9291 Kosciusko ar-\\nrives, 9292; Bank of Eng. suspends spe-\\ncie payments, 9293; An/ i-Jarobin Review\\nand Mag.; Philosophical Mag., 9291;\\nRoyal Masonic Institution Smithfield\\nClub org.; members of Corresponding\\nSociety punished, 9292; river police est.,\\n9293; L. Courier libel; Religious Tract\\nSoc. est., 9291; docks built, 9293; and\\nopd., 9302; i9tu Century; soup-house\\nopd., 9293; storm Royal Inst. Labora-\\ntory est. Royal Inst, first meeting\\nBrit. Mineralogical Soc est., 9301 Post-\\nOffice. Directory; Library Fast India Co.\\nfnd., 9303; Sir William Staines lord-\\nmayor, 9312 (lord-mayors are hereafter\\nelected annually. See text 9312\u00c2\u00b1). First\\nsteamboat, 9301 Weekly Dispatch,\\n9303; Soc for Suppression of Vice org.;\\nCharitable Bank inst.; white bread pro-\\nhibited, 931 1 Westminster Hall re-\\npaired Royal Jennerian Inst, fnd.;\\nWest India Docks est., 9302; Christian\\nObserver, 9311 w. II. W. Betty appears,\\n9302; The Globe, 931 1; Astley s Amphi-\\ntheater burns fire Westminster partly\\nburned, 9313; Goddess of JHseord exhib-\\nited; Royal Ophthalmic Hospital est,;\\nEast India Docks opd.; Horticultural\\nSoc. est.; Finsbury Ophthalmic Hospi-\\ntal Royal est.; stereotyping revived,\\n9322; Brit, and ForeignBibleSoc.org.;\\nOrder of the Garter reest., 9331 L. In-\\nstitution fnd., 9322, 9331 Brit. Institu-\\ntion fmd.; Surrey Theater burned, 9333;\\nRefuge for Destitute creeled, 9333, 9591\\n9683; Adelphi Theater; Olympic Thea-\\nter opd.,,9322; Monthly Rej osifory,d3Zt;\\nfire panic, 9333; g ,s intro., 9352, 9362;\\nA.D. 1810 r Geological Soc est., 9342;\\nAfr. Institution est.; Female Peniten-\\ntiary est., 9352; Society for Promoting\\nChristianity among Jews est.; The Ex-\\naminer, 9351 Covent Garden Theater\\nburned, 9353; i Bedford statue; Eng.\\nOpera House opd. (Lyceum), 9343; Quar.\\nReview, 9351; (old prices) riots, 9352;\\nwarehouses burned, 9353; Baptist Coll.\\nfnd. ,9:352; flooded, 9353; y uxhallBridge\\nbegun; Waterloo Bridge, 9343, 93s t;\\nChurch Miss. Soc. est., 9363; philhar-\\nmonic Soc find.; Marylebone Ch. com-\\nmenced, 9362; Wbitecross St. Prison\\nerected; Orphan Asy. fnd., 9372; print-\\ning by steam power fair on Thames\\nNew Monthly Mag. Thanksgiving, 9371\\nBonaparte defeated Regent Park im-\\nprovements, 9373; corn-bill riots, 9372;\\nFox statue, 93.x 1 Asiatic Journal, 9383;\\nmeetings at Spa-fields Milbank prison\\nreceives convicts Westminster Royal\\nHosp. est., 9391 Savings Bank est., 9393;\\nNelson column erected; Waterloo Bridge\\nbuilt, 9381 riot in St. James s Park, 9391\\nPeace Soc est.; Blanketers rise, 9392;\\ngold sovereign intro., 9393; Inst, of Civil\\nEngineers, 9381; infant schools opd.,\\n9391 Mendicity Soc. est., 9392; Ch. St.\\nPancras begun Hunterian Soc. fmd.;\\nSoutbwark Bridge opd., 9382; Port of\\nLondonSoc.org.; Bethel Union Soc.org.;\\nPoultry Chapel erected, 9383; Egyptian\\nSoc. org., 9391 A. D. 1820\u00c2\u00b1 John Hull,\\n94H; George IV. reigns; Q. Caroline\\ndemonstration, 9412; Royal Astronom.\\nSoc; Medico-Botanical Soc org.; Bank\\nof Eng. completed Havmarket Theater\\nrebuilt, 9-n)i; Bell s Life, 941 1 Dread-\\nnought Hosp. fnd., 9412; L. and Leith.\\nsteamboats est., 9413; Achilles statue;\\nThames forded; St Paul s Cathedral ball\\nand en \u00c2\u00bbss restored; R. val Acad, of Music\\nest., 9402; Sunday Times, 9411; Royal\\nSoc Literature est., 9402, 9411; Royal\\nAsiaticSoc.org.; chartered; Mechanics\\nInstitution org.; Meteorological Socest.,\\n9402; Lancet, 9411; ca bs intro., 9413;\\nNational Gallery begun, 9402; Westmin-\\nster Review; Athemeum Club org., 941 1;\\nRoyal Soc Prevention of Cruelty to\\nAnimals est.; Q. Adelaide s Hospital\\nfnd., 9412; Thames tunnel begun; Mel-\\nodists Club est.; Zoological Soc. find.,\\n9421 j l. Univ. char.; opened Highbury\\nCollege fnd.; Athis issued, 9431 New L.\\nBridge built, 9422,- completed, 9441 For-\\neign Quar. Review; Soc for Promotion\\nand Diffusion of Knowledge; Standard\\nMedical Gazette, 9431 Protestant Soc.\\nest., 9423; Incorporated Law Soc. est.,\\n9431 Brit, Orphan Asylum est., 9432;\\nSt. Katherine s docks begun, 9433\\nQueen s Theatre opd., 9422; police Ga-\\nzette; Record; Spectator Athenseam\\nCourt Journal; Medical Times issued,\\n9431 Free Royal Hospital fnd.; stocks\\nremoved; Soc for Artists widows est,,\\n9432; theater wall falls, 9433; tirstgreat\\nexhibition, 9453; Trafalgar Square be-\\ngun; Fanny Kemble appears Post-Of-\\nfice completed, 944 1; new police force\\nest., 9452; Frazer s Mag.; A. D. 1830+;\\nMetropolitan Mag.; Westminster Review\\nunites with London Review; new police\\nservice King s Coll. incor., 9443; omni-\\nbuses intro.; New Bridewell Prison\\nerected; Farrington Market opd., 9453;\\nWilliam IV. reigns, 9452; Royal Geo-\\ngraphical Soc. org.; Garrick Theater\\nopd., 9441 Fauntleroy s forgeries; bet-\\nting-bouses suppressed, 9451; Lyceum\\nburned; Covent Garden market built,\\n9453; New L. Bridge completed Surrey\\nZoological Gardens; Paganini appears\\nPitt statue Strand Theater opd.; Har-\\nveian Soc org.; John Cartwright and\\nGeo. Canning statues set, 9441 Central\\nBoard of Health fmd.; New Charing\\nCross Hospital Jews Orphan Asylum\\nL. Temperance Soc. meets, 9451 cholera\\nfast, 9442; penny Mag. ceases, 9443\\nMedii-al Asso. org.; Zoological Gardens\\nopd., 946i; Mark Lane Express; Naval\\nand Military Gazette; Marylebone Lit-\\nerary Inst, fnd., 9463; anti-Wellington\\nmob, 11471 Entomological Soc. org.; Ed-\\nmund Kean retires; seraphine intro.;\\nWaithman Obelisk erected, 9461 Univ.\\nColl. Hospital est., 9471; Hungerford\\nMarket opd., 9473; Architects British\\nRoyal Institution org., 946 1 United\\nService Gazette, l M^\\\\ Carlton Club fmd.;\\nSt. George s Chess Club fnd.; last lot-\\ntery, 9471 Lyceum reopd.; Statistical\\nSoc. org.; Royal Inst. Brit. Architects\\norg., 9461 City of I,. School fnd.; West-\\nminster Literarv Inst, fnd., 9463; tailors\\nstrike; Sisters of Charity work, 9471;\\nSt. James [Princess s] Theater opened;\\nProtestant Asso. est., 9463 Sailors\\nHome opd. St. Mark s Hosp. fnd., 9471\\nReform Club, 9473; Numismatic Soc.\\nfnd 9481; Musical World, 9483; statue\\nof George III. erected Orthopaedic\\nHospital fnd., 9401 Bridewell Prison\\nrebuilt, 9493; Art Union fmd.; Ornitho-\\nlogical Soc org.; Electrical Soc. org.;\\nCity Theater, Norton-Folgateopd.,9481\\nMormons succeed, 9482,3; Edwin For-\\nrest appears, 146 1 Magnet; Era; Rail-\\nway Times; Publishers Circular, 9491;\\nQ. Victoria reigns crowned, 9492;\\nRoyal Agri. Society fmd.; Etching Club\\nfmd.; John Liston retires; hurricane;\\nrailway to Greenwich railway to Bir-\\nmingham, 94s 1 Eng. Historical Soc. est.;\\nArundel Yacht Club org.; Ecclesiastical,\\nGazette; Medical Press issued, 949\\nPaddington to West Drayton telegraph\\nRoyal Exchange burned, 9493; Royal", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1326.jp2"}, "1327": {"fulltext": "Xondon.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1315\\nPolytechnic Inst, opd.; Microscopical,\\nEee lesiological, Royal Botanical Soci-\\neties org., 9482; Ragged School est. ,9491\\nA. D. 1840\u00c2\u00b1; wood-paving fails, 950 1\\ndog-power abolished King s Coll. Hosp.\\nfnd.; Theatrical Fund est.; atmospheric\\npressure experiment railway to Brigh-\\nton, to Blackwall, to Bristol opd., 9511\\nCirculating Library fnd.; Tablet, K. C.\\nweekly, issued, 9503; Chemical, Pharma-\\nceutical, Hydropathic Societies formed;\\nAdelaide Kenible appears; Princess s\\nTheater opd., 9501 Nonconformist; Gar-\\ndener s Chronicle Jewish Chronicle\\nPunch; Pharmaceutical Journal; Non-\\nconformist, 9503; Percy, Parker Socie-\\nties Metropolitan Asso. (improving\\ndwellings) Consumption Hosp. L.\\nPhilanthropic Soc. fnd., 951 1 Astley s\\nAmphitheater burned, 9513; reopd.,\\n95*21; Marylebone Theater opd., 9502;\\nInqu i rer Lloyd s Weekly Ne wspaper\\nIllustrated London News; Builder;\\nBritish Society for Propagating Gospel\\namong Jews formed Philological So-\\nciety organized, 9503; Woman s Hospi-\\ntal est., 9511 Marshalsea Prison demol-\\nished Pentonville Model Prison est.,\\n9513; Christian Alliance org., 9523; Eth-\\nnological Soc; Brit. Archaeological\\nAsso.; Royal Archaeological Inst, org.;\\nNelson Column set Thames tunnel opd;\\nThames overflows South Eastern rail-\\nway to Dover and to Folkestone opened,\\n9521 Economist News of the World Law\\nTimes Farmer Allen s Indian Mail,\\n9523; Sydenham Law Amend., and Nat.\\nTemperance Societies find., 9531; Eng.\\nChurchman, 9523; Round, Catch, and tile\\nCannon Club est.; St. Mary s Hosp. fnd.,\\n9531 Wellington statue, 9521; British\\nQuar. Review Musical Times; Agricul-\\ntural Gazette; Y. M. C. A. est.; 9523;\\nFleet Prison taken down Royal Ex-\\nchange opd., 953 3 Handel, Syro-Egy.,\\nRay, and Caxton Societies find.; Hun-\\ngerford Bridge opd., 9521, Y. M. C. A.,\\nparent society org., 9523; Victoria Park\\nand Trafalgar Square est.; Victoria\\nstatue set railway to Cambridge, 9522;\\nmodel lodging houses Knight s Penny\\nMag., 9531 Building Act operative\\npenny fares on steamboats, 9533; Wel-\\nlington Arch set, 95.12; Guardian Daily\\nNews issued, 953 1 Pathological Society\\norg., 9541 Cavendish Soc. and Hakluyt\\nSoc. fmd., 9543; twopenny omnibuses,\\n955 3 Jenny Lind sings; Palteonto-\\ngraphical Soc. fmd., 9541 Education\\nTimes; Weekly Times issued, 9543;\\nShakespeare s house sold; commercial\\npanic, 9,553 Inst, of Actuaries find., and\\nArundel Soc; Bentinck statue set, 9541;\\nPsychological Journal est., 9543; Chart-\\nist demonstration, 9552; park Theater\\nbums, 9533 cholera in, 9553, 9593. 9(393;\\nBoard, of Health fnd.; Art Journal; Pho-\\nnetic News; Notes and Queries issued,\\n9551 Protectionists meet, 9552; Coal Ex-\\nchange opd.; Olympic Theater burned,\\n9553; A.D. 1850^; Marble Arch erected,\\n9542; Prince Albert statue set Lyceum\\nreopened. 956 1 Reynolds s Newspaper;\\nHousehold Words; New Coll. fmd., 9503;\\nHahnemann Hosp. fnd.; Royal Hosp. for\\nIncurables fnd., 9571 powerful magnet,\\n9562; Crystal Palace built, 95(12, 9582;\\nGovt. Sctioolof Mines opd., 9563; Cancer\\nHosp. est.; Children s Hosp. est.; Royal\\nOrthopaedic City Hosp. est.; St. Luke s\\nHosp.; L. Temperance League formed,\\n9571 Smithtield Market closed, 9572;\\ntelegraph to Dublin Crystal Palace ex-\\nhibition, 9573, 9532; electric clock set\\nup, 9562; City Prison opd., 9571 panop-\\nticon of Science and Art est., 9582; Jour.\\nof Mental Science; Jour, of Society; Jour,\\nof Art and Leisure Hour issued, 9583;\\nN.W. Reformatory Institution fnd.; Ref-\\nuges for Boys and Girls est., 9591 Chas.\\nH. Spurgeou, pastor; Epidemiological\\nSoc fmd., 956i; Philobiblon Soc est.,\\n9583; cabmen s strike St. Thomas s\\nHosp. fnd.; Christ s Hosp. fnd.; Harriet\\nBeecher Stowe received, 9591; Field;\\nCivil Service Gazette Wesleyan L. Quar.\\nReview; Commercial Gazette; Press united\\nwith St. James s Chronicle, 9583; poultry\\nexhibition Trades Museum est., 9583;\\nStandard Theater opd., 9582; Building\\nNews; Workingmen s Coll. est., 9591,\\n9703; statue of Peel, 9602; Illus. Times;\\nOver/and Mail; Daily Telegraph; Sat.\\nReview; Daily Chronicle and. Clerken-\\nwe/l News, 9603; bread riots; Juridical\\nSoc. -est., 9611; Metropolitan Board of\\nWorks est., 9612; Metropolitan Cattle\\nMarket opd., 9613; Napier statue Odon-\\ntological Soc. fmd., 9602; Gen. Eng. Con-\\ngreg. Synod, 9603; peace eel.; Postal\\nGuide: M\u00c2\u00bbrn. Star; Court Circular; Engi-\\nneer, 9611; Royal Brit. Bank suspends,\\n9612; Pavilion Theater burns; Covent\\nGarden Theater burns, 9613; South\\nKensington Museum opd.; Sheepshanks\\ncollection, 9602; (Genealogical Soc; Nat\\nAsso. for Social Science org., 9621 j City\\nPress; Solicitor s Jour., 9623; Horologi-\\ncal Soc; Soc. Fine Arts, and Musical\\nSoc. fmd., 9631 Rarey tames horses; Jen-\\nner statue; Covent Garden reopd., 9621\\nHailcybury or East India Coll. fnd.;\\nfinaksi Her; Photographic News, 9623;\\nDental Hosp., 963 1 postal districts, 9032;\\npopular Monday concerts fnd.; electric\\ntelegraphs intro.; Handel festival held,\\n!)i.;-j2; Sporting Life; religious riots, 9623,\\n9671; Maoni /lan s Mag.; Dental Hosp.\\nfnd.; Christian. World; Corn hill Mag.;\\nOnceaWeek; Chemical News builders\\nstrike, 963 1 stock exchange panic, 9633;\\nA. D. 1860 Richard I. statue, 9641;\\nInst. Naval Architects Acad. Music\\norg.; Clinical Soc fnd.; Spurgeon s Tab-\\nernacle opd., 9612; Good Words; Catho-\\nlic Times; National R former Army and\\nNavy Gazette; Temple Bar; Universe;\\nWorkingmen s Club opd., 9643, 9663; St.\\n-lames Soc for Relief; Soc. Prevention\\nof Cruelty to Animals est.; distress pre-\\nvails, 9651 West Kent wharf burns; New\\nHibernia wharf burns Metropolitan un-\\nderground R. It. begun, 9(553; and opd.,\\n9673; G. F. Train est. street railways,\\n9041,9053, and abandoned, 9653 Crystal\\nPalace injured; storm; Adelina Patti\\nappears Deaconess Inst, est.; statue of\\nUavelock erected, 9642; Middle Temple\\nNew Library opd. Illus. Times incor.\\nwith Penny ///us. Paper; Queen; Fun;\\nSt. James s Mag.; Church Review, 9643;\\nHome for Incurables est., 9651 wharves\\nburn Elcho Shield in Guildhall pneu-\\nmatic tubes laid Home for Dogs opd.,\\n9653; Orchestra; International Vieforia\\nMag.; Reader, 9663; Royalty Theater\\nopd.; special exhibition of art 2d Inter-\\nnational Exhibition opd.; Westminster\\nSuspension Bridge opd., 9661; Sporting\\nGazette; L. Society Mag., 9663; Royal\\nSoc of Naval Architecture Royal Sc.\\nNaval Architecture est.; Hyde Park riot,\\nmeeting prohibited, 9671 Westminster\\nBridge opd., 9673; Macgregor statue;\\nPr. Albert statue set, 9661 Anthropo-\\nlogical Soc org., 9662; Children s Day\\nAsylum opd.; St. John s Hospital, 967 1\\nmail-bags by pneumatic dispatch, 9673;\\npneumatic railway opd.; North Indus-\\ntrial Ex. opd., 9662; Oxford Declara-\\ntion, 9663; first train enters Peabody\\ndwcllings opd.; Thames embankment\\nbegun; Charing Cross R. R. opd., 967 3\\nOwl; Working Women s Coll. begun;\\nSalvation Army fnd.; Albert Veterinary\\nColl. opd.; Glowworm; Sporting Times;\\nFortnightly Review; Pall Mall Gazette\\nEng. Mechanic; Sportsman, 90S 2 Sani-\\ntary Commission (TJ. S. A.), 2312; bur-\\nglaries workhouses abuses, 96S3; Sur-\\nrey Theater burned cattle plague, 9693;\\nHolhorn Theater opd., 96S1 Working-\\nmen s Club training ship est.; Pea-\\nbody s gift, 90.33; reform meeting, 969 1\\nStandard Theater burned; Black Fri-\\nday panic bank suspensions, 9093; Jos.\\nJefferson appears, 2.501; Edwin Booth\\nappears, 2541 ,2581 Wm. Lloyd Garrison\\nreceived, 2503; Humanitarians fnd.,\\n9701 Law Journal; Bulliouist; Engineer;\\nLand- and Water; Belgravia. Mag.; Con-\\ntemporary Review, 9702; Street Reform\\nAsso. fmd.; Women and Children Hos-\\npital fnd.; Royal Canoe Club fnd., 9703;\\nCrystal Palace tire, 9713; Albert Hall of\\nArts est.; East L. Theater opd.; laugh-\\ning gas intro. Queen s Theater opd.\\nSt. George s Opera House opd.; Herbert\\nstatue Mile. Nilsson appears Kate\\nTerry retires; Mile. Kellogg appears,\\n9701; Coll. of Internal. Education Soc\\nest.; Guards Inst, inaug., 9702; tailors\\nstrike; Alexandra Ophanage est., 9703;\\nStoekwell Orphanage fnd.; explosion by\\nFenians; labor scarce; Orphans Home\\nest., 9711; County Court est., 9713; f C e\\nbreaks; Holhorn Viaduct begun; Belgian\\nvisitors, 5451 Barnsbury Jewish Syna-\\ngogue fnd.; Workingmen s Coll. opd.,\\n9703; Millwall docks opd. ,9713; Holbein\\nSoc, Royal Hist. Soc, and Colonial Inst,\\nest.; Peel statue set Clyde statue; St.\\nPan eras K. It. station opd.; Globe Thea-\\nter opd.; Gaiety A.D. 1870 Harleian\\nSoc; Amateur Mechanical Soc. fmd.;\\nCobden statue; Burlington Fine Arts\\nClub fnd., 9721; Bazaar; Rock; Echo,\\n9722; Peabodygift to poor, 9723; Asso.\\nPrevent Poverty and Crime est., 9731;\\nKing s Cross Market opd.; Albert\\nThames Embankment partly opd. ,9733;\\nRoyal Acad, in new building Iron and\\nSteel Inst, fnd.; Industrial Exhib. opd.;\\nPeabody statue Charing Cross Theater\\nopd., 9721 Sunday Lecture Soc, 9722;\\nMorning Star suspends Morning Herald\\nsuspends The Spiritualist Nature,\\n9723; Imbeciles Asylum fnd.; Woman s\\nClub and Inst, opd., 973 1 Vaudeville\\nTheater opened Martyrs Memorial\\nerected, 9722,3; pall Mall Gazette, Free-\\nmason, Graphic, Architect, Financier, are\\nissued; Univ. London and Univ. Coll.\\nfor Woman s Higher Education, 9723;\\nOpera Comique opd.; Inter. Workmen s\\nExhib. opd., 9741; Hebrew Literature\\nSoc est., 9743; riotous meetings of un-\\nemployed labor meetings prohibited;\\nRefugees Benevolent Fund est., 9751;\\nMillbank prison est.; Victoria Thames\\nEmbankment inaug., 9753 Anthropo-\\nlogical Inst, est., 9731 Intermit. Exhib.\\nof Art, 9741 Outram statue, 9742; first\\nMetropolitan Sc. Board election Em-\\npire; Jour. of Edu.; Portfolio; B,. CUnir.\\nColl. opened.; Rate-payers Board Asso.\\nest., 9743; Paris Relief Fund est., 9751\\nWorkman s Peace Asso.; Pr. Arthur,\\nfreedom of city, 9752; Royal Albert Hall,\\nArts and Sciences, opd., 9753; Inst, of\\nElectrical Engineers est. Stephenson\\nstatue set; Zoological Soc, many ani-\\nmals, 9701 New Cath. Club opd.; Bibli-\\ncal Archaeological Soc, 9702; Asso. Oral\\nInstruction of Deaf Mutes Woman s\\nEducation Union est., 9763; Marylebone\\nWomen s Hosp., 977 1 Marine Engineers\\nInst, est.; Brit. Orchestra Soc fmd.;\\nEast L. Museum opd.; Internat. Exhib.\\nopd.; John Stuart Mill statue set, 9761\\nEast L. Inst, fnd.; Union Chapel at Is-\\nlington opd., 97C 2 Library and Museum\\nat Guildhall .-pen Brit. Mail Metropol-\\nitan; Money Provident Knowledge Soc.\\norg.; Soc. for Org. of Academic Study\\norg.; Quar. Jour. Naval Science issued;\\nschools for unruly children opd., 9763;\\nbuilders, bakers, porters, gas-stokers\\nstrike; Fenian demonstrations, 9771 Her\\nMajesty s Theater rebuilt, 9773; Royal\\nAlexandra Theater opd., 9761 The Hour;\\nfirst L. School Board opd., 9771; work-\\ning-men s demonstration, 9772; 4th In-\\nternat. Exhib. opd.; Albert statue set,\\n9781 j Nat. Training School for Music\\nopd., 9781 9783; New Shakespeare Soc;\\nDialectic Soc, fnd.; Iron, 9783; Nat.\\nHealth Soc org.; Hosp. Sunday est.;\\nTemperance Hosp.; Orphans Home est.,\\n9791 Cremation Soc. org., 9792; panic on\\nStock Exchange, 9793; Physical Soc;\\nHenry Irving appears Shakespeare\\nstatue set Bunyan statue set Priestly\\nstatue; Derby statue set, 9781 city Tem-\\nple opened, 9782; Musical Asso.; Public\\nAnalysts, Shakespeare Memorial Socie-\\nties org.; Workingmen s and Working-\\nwomen s Coll. amalgamated Medical\\nSoc. for Women opd., 9783; j/lus. Sport-\\ning and Dramatic News, Brit. Architect,\\nPictorial World, Englishman, Sanitary\\nRecord, World Accountant issued; Throat\\nand Ear Hosp. opd.; Liberal Club org.,\\n9791 Hosp. Saturdays begun; Lincoln\\nTower est.; Women s Protective and\\nProvident League, 9792; Criterion, Re-\\ngent s Circus built. ,9793 Congreg.Memo-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1327.jp2"}, "1328": {"fulltext": "1316\\nText Figures denote Page. Ii\\\\ DEX. Superior Figure\\nindicate Column\\nLond-Long.\\nrial Hall opd., 9782; Psy etiological Soc,\\n980 1 ,2; Royal Aquarium Soc, Ch. Choral\\nSoc. est.; Nat. Opera House opd., 9801\\ndiocese rearranged Pan-Presb. Cong,\\nlield; Baxter statue set Education Soc.\\norg., 9802; Passiouist Monastery dedi-\\ncated, 9803; Bulgarian atrocities; bicycle\\nclubs find., 98P; drainage works com-\\npleted Metropolitan R. R. extended,\\n9813; and reports, 99. i3; spelling-bees\\nintro.; Smithtield poultry market, 9813;\\nInternal. Loan Exbib.; Mineralogical\\nSoc. est.; Grattan statue, 980 1 Faraday\\nstatue; Sanitary Inst., 9802; Christ Ch.\\nded.; Cb. of Eng. Workinginen s Soc.\\nest., 9803; Nat. Conf. against war Pneu-\\nmatic Dispatch Co. suspends, 9813; The\\nHour suspends Daily Reorder of Com-\\nmerce, Mind, Whitehall Review, issued\\nWorking Lad s Inst, opd., 981 1 cable to\\nNew Zealand; Royal Albert Hall opd.;\\nwar conference Weston walks, 981 3\\neel. dis. of printing Egy. obelisk set\\nelectric light tried; Grosvenor Gallery\\nopd.; Afr. Exploration Fund est.; Inst.\\nof Chemistry fnd.; Library Asso.; Index\\nSoc. org. Library Asso. fnd. Peel statue\\nset; Wagner festival held; Nineteenth\\nCentury issued Referee, Truth, issued\\nJosiah Henson received masons strike,\\n9823; whale in aquarium; pedestrian\\ncontest, 9833; Brit, ami For. Unitarian\\nSoc.org.; Carmellite Convent opd.; Pan-\\nAnglican Cong. Jabloehkoff electric\\nlight system Sunday opening of libra-\\nries, 9822, 9812, 98.31 Library Asso. org.;\\nWeekly Weather fir port issued New City\\nLibrary and Muse mti est., 9*23; Blue Rib-\\nbon movement; J. B. Gough lectures;\\nZeteticalSoc; Folk Lore Soc. est.; Girls\\nFriendly Soc. est., 983 1 Great Eastern\\nStreet opd.; Temple Bar removed, 9833;\\nImperial Theater opd.; Citizen, Mag. of\\nArt, Statist, Electrician; Northwest L.\\nHosp. fnd., 9843; Astrological Soe. fnd.,\\n9841 Metropolitan Free Library Asso.\\nfmd.; Carlyle Soc. fnd., 9812; engineers\\nstrike City Church Protection Soc.\\nfmd., 9813 Truscott, lord-mayor, 9852;\\nA. H\u00c2\u00bb. 1880 1; International potato ex-\\nhibition, 9853; Albert Inst, inaugurated;\\nLord Byron statue Robert liaikes\\nstatue, 984 Exeter Hall for Y.M.C.A.;\\nSunday Schools monument set, 9842;\\nSt. James s Gazette; Aristotelian Soc.\\nfmd., 9843; Home Hosp. opd.; Harley\\nStreet murder tournaments at Agri-\\ncultural Hall Sir Chas. Whetham, 1.-\\nmayor Woman Sulfrago meeting, 9851\\nnew post-office begun, 985 2 Holborn\\nTown Hall opened; Holborn Theater\\nburned Victoria Docks renamed Royal\\nAlbert, 985 3 Princess s Theater reopd. t\\n98G1 9901 p r of Wales statue set Vic-\\ntoria statue set Temple Bar Memorial\\nuncovered; Typographical Soc. org.; Bal-\\nloon Soc. org., 9861 Topographical Soc;\\nAscham Soc. find.; Univ. of L., women s\\ndegrees, 9862; Temperance Hosp. fnd.;\\nEvening Ne ws, 9363; Municipal Reform\\nLeague org.; Internat. Pharmaceutical\\nCong.; Mansion House explosion, 9871;\\nInternat. Sanitary Exhib.; Internat.\\nWoolen Exbib., 9873 Iuternat. Horticul-\\ntural Exbib.; Chemical Industry Soc.\\norg.; Savoy Theater opd.; Moody and\\nSankey visit; Browning Soc. fnd.;Meth.\\nEcumenical Conf.; Examiner suspends\\nHellenic Society Jour., Knowledge, Peo-\\nple, 9882; Parnell agitators meeting,\\n98S3; John W. Ellis, l.-tnayor,9892 Royal\\nAlexandra Theater burned, 9S93; Soc. for\\nPsychical Research org.; Rowland Hill\\nstatue set Abbey Gardens opd.; Inter-\\nnat. Electrical Exhib.; Wagner s Ring\\ndes Nibelnngen, 9881 City College fnd.;\\nGreat Bell dedicated Land Nationali-\\nzation Soc. fmd.; anti-cruelty to Jews\\nmeeting, 9883; Fenian arms seized;\\nQueen attacked; Internat. Electrical and\\nGaslight Exhib. opd., 9891 City of L.Sc.\\nopd.; Jumbo leaves, 9893 Oh. Army org.;\\nSc. of Dramatic Art opd., 9992; Internat.\\nTemperance Conf.; Metropolitan Public\\nGarden, Boulevard, and Playground As-\\nso.; Persecuted Jews aided Nat. Tem-\\nperance Jubilee, 9903; h. R. Knight, 1.-\\nmayor, 991 2 Alhambra Theater burned,\\n9913; and reopd., 9921 Strand Theater\\nrebuilt, 9913; Princess s Theater opd.;\\nBeaconstield statue set Electrical Ex-\\nhib. opd.; Royal Coll. of Music opd., 9901\\nEng. Illustrated Mag.; Lonymans May.;\\nTechnical Coll. opd. Nat. Review East\\nEnd Juvenile Soc. est. Pan-Presb. Coun-\\ncil; East End Juvenile mission est., 9902;\\ndynamiters fail; Egy. Refugee Fund;\\nWhiteehapel murders, 991 1 Nat.Healtb\\nSoe. Exhib.; attempt on local govt, office;\\nIrish Lace Exhibition opens, 9913; Seal.\\nSoc. org., 9921 Positivists meet,9922; Sir\\nR. N. Fowler, 1. -mayor, 9932,3; Metro-\\npolitan R. R. reports, 9933; cable tram-\\nway, first in Europe, opd.; Burns statue\\nset; Empire Theater opd., 9921 New St.\\nPaul s Sell. Buildings opd.; Soc. of Au-\\nthors fnd.; Brit. Commercial Geography\\nSoc. org.; Bp. Temple cons.; Ch. of the\\nOratory fmd.; Salvation Army Building\\nfnd., 9922; Educational Conf. opd.; New\\nSt. Paul s Sc. opd. ,9923; eel. of abol. sla-\\nvery dynamite in R. R. stations anti-\\nfranchise meeting Soc. Preventon Cru-\\nelty to Children est.; shoemakers strike,\\n9931 conf. for Egy. affairs, 9932; fi re a t\\nAquarium, 9933; a. D. 1885 Darwin\\nstatue set, 9921; Holloway Asy. opd.;\\nunemployed meet, 993 1; Shaftesbury\\nstatue set Home Arts Asso. est., 9941\\nSelborno Soe., Bacon Soc, Shelley Soc.\\norg., 9942,3; j. Staples, l.-mayor, 9951;\\nR. Hanson, l.-mayor, 9953; terrific storm,\\n9963; Colonial and Indian Exhib. opd.;\\nQ. Anne statue set, 9941 Sion s Coll. and\\nHosp. opd.; ch. census; Eng. Hist. Re-\\nview issued; 1620 churches; Brit, and\\nColonial Cong., 9942; riotous meetings,\\n9943; Socialist League fmd.; Nat. Con-\\nservative Club fmd., 9951; Brit. Home\\nRule for Ire. Asso. fmd.; private posting\\nboxes, 9952; Josef Hol mann plays; Inter-\\nnat. Shorthand Cong. Anglo-Jewish\\nAntiquities exhibited; Q.Victoria statue,\\nHolloway, 996i Selden Soc. org.; Vola-\\npiik advocated; Postman s Rest est.,\\n9963 Queen s Jubilee, 997 1 strikers\\nmeet Nat. Union org.; Poor Children s\\nAid Soc. org;.; Parnellism and Crime\\npublished; Times trial, 9972; Liberal\\nUnionists Conf.; P. de Keyser, l.-mayor\\nGrand Theater burned; Irish Coercion\\nBill protest, 9973; St. Paul s Cathedral\\nreredos unveiled, 9962; statues, Welling-\\nton, Shaftesbury, Gordon, Iddesleigh\\nset; tablets, Stewart and War Correspon-\\ndents monument of Sir Bartle Frere\\ntablet to Soudan soldiers Internat.\\nCong, of Geologists portrait of W. E.\\nForster Italian picture exhib.: Irish\\nExhib.; Anglo-Danish Exhib. opd.; Gal-\\nlery for Modern Pictures opd.; Italian\\nExhib.; Anglo-Danish Exhib.; Irish Ex-\\nhib.; Internat. Cong. Geologists, 9981\\nCong, of Prot. Missions; 3d Lambeth\\nConf.; Cong. Prot. Missions, 9982; East\\nEnd murders Universal Review; Glad-\\nstone Library opd.; Sc. of Handicraft\\nopd. ,9983; Iuternat. Trades Union Cong.;\\nWhitehall murder New Central Hosp.\\nopd.; strike of matchmakers; anti-liquor\\nsellers meeting, 9091 J. Whitehead, 1.\\nof Queen Royal Coll. of M usie gift; elec-\\ntric omnibus Spanish Exbib. of Arts\\nopd.; donation to Koyal Coll. of Music,\\n10001; World s Sunday-School Conven.;\\nN. Y. Herald in New Party Sat. Re-\\nview bought, 10002; Pr. Ferdinand visits,\\n5682; Road Woman s Hosp. fnd., 10003;\\ndock laborers strike, 10011; women in-\\neligible to council, 10012; ferry opd. to\\nWoolwich Salvationists dispersed,\\n10013; Neiv Review, 10022; Barnum ban-\\nquet, 10023; dock laborers strike; gas-\\nmen strike; The Speaker; Daily Graphic;\\nSubjects of the Bay; Quinn s charity\\ngift; Convalescent koine est.; Patriotic\\nvolunteer fund est., 10023; A.D. 1890\u00c2\u00b1\\nworkmen s holiday settled workmen s\\ndemonstration; shoemakers strike ends;\\nSiberian exiles demonstration; strike\\nagainst sweating system; ship-carpen-\\nters strike; tailors strike H.M.Stanley\\narrives, 10031 Loan Exbib. of Paintings\\ninfluenza rages Barnum s circus at-\\ntended Royal Agri. Soc. Exhib., 10033;\\ntelephone connection with Paris, 10041 j\\nSt. Paul s Cathedral service, 10042 Ship-\\nping Union fmd.; Paternoster Review,\\n10043; Armstrong laborers stiike; Union\\nmen ignored; Mayhew absconds, 10051;\\nJos. Savory, l.-mayor Whiteehapel\\nmurder; Blue Book disclosures, 30052;\\nelectric railway hiaug., 10053; a Joint-\\nStock Bank fails, 5013; Jnternat. Cong,\\nof Hygiene Grenadier Guards refuse\\nparade. 100G1 Internat. Comjreg. Coun-\\ncil, 10062; labor meeting in Hyde Park\\nbaccarat scandal New York Herald dis-\\ncontinued, 10063; murder of women;\\nlaundresses meet Oriental Cong.; omni-\\nbus strike Women s Labor Home opd.;\\nbank robbed St. Paul s reredos case dis-\\nmissed, 10071 Trafalgar Square Theater\\nopd., 10081; Pall Mail Gazette changes,\\n100S2; Borough Road Polytechnic opd.,\\n10083; Spurgeon obsequies; St. James s\\nGazette office attacked; Westminster\\nGazette; coal porters stiike, 10083; Cali-\\nfornia fruit received; cholera panic;\\nNew Oriental Bank fails cattle disease;\\nliquor dealers demonstration Trafal-\\ngar Square to be used for political meet-\\nings 30093 Camberwell, South L. Art\\nGallery opd., 10121 South Kensington\\nImperial Institution opd., 1010 2 ,3; Ar-\\nmenian mass meeting, 10102; Victoria\\nDocks strikers Total Abstainers\\ntrouble; North L. Hosp. opd.; Eight\\nHour Movement favored, 10103; Anarch-\\nist meeting Nat. League mass meeting;\\nwedding procession Duke of York Con-\\nsumptives Hosp. opd., 10111; vestibule\\ntrain intro.; Nat. Workmen s Exhib.\\nopd., 10113; Tower Bridge opd., 10121;\\ndemonstration against House of Lords\\ncab-drivers strike, 10122 Chartered\\nBank fails, 5013; Australian Joint-Stock\\nBank fails, 10123; bp. appointed, 10682;\\nUniv. of L. est., 943 1 R.K. strike, 9771;\\nR. R. accident, 9773; (see British Mu-\\nseum King s Coll.).\\nMunicipality Bill intro., 9S53; Paro-\\nchial Charities Act passes, 9913.\\nand Brighton R.K., Eng., strike, 970\u00c2\u00bb.\\nCo. chartered, 27 1 3,291 8793 poor\\nmanagement, 283; bankrupt, 311\\nInsurance Co. formed, Eng., 9073.\\nKy., Con fed. prisoners taken, 2163.\\nTenn., lynching, 4211\\nUniv. chartered; opd., 943 1 favors\\nhigher education for women, 9723; de-\\ngrees to women, 9823; first woman in,\\n9862; Queen s statue set, 10001\\nLondonderry mentioned, 8413 Abbey\\nburned, 8441; captured, 8781 besieged,\\n8981 iron bridge opd., 9823 strike,1000.3\\nMarquis of, title created, 9372.\\n(See Stewart, Charles William.)\\nLone Jack, Mo., action at, 2111\\nStar Soc. org., U. S., 17H, 6323.\\nLonesome Hollow, Ky., R. R. wreck, 4093.\\nArmistead L., b., 1341 d., 3821\\nEdwin.b., works, 9442 ^41 d., 10061.\\nEli, b., 1482.\\nGeorge, b., 9302.\\nJohn Day is, l 1838}; gov. Mass. ,3052.\\nSir Robert, minister, 8912.\\nRoger, b., 8942 d., 9183.\\nStephen Harriman, b., 962 d., 2392.\\nBishop William, est. schools, 8583.\\nLong Beach, N. Y., kidnappers, 4682\\nSummer Pari, opens, 464 2 Maxsassoit\\nashore, 4753.\\nBranch, N.J.,G nnania wrecked,3492;\\nInterdenominational Bible Cong. opens,\\n3661 hotel tire, 4113; Pier wrecked, 4453.\\nEaton Junction, R.R. collision, 9733.\\nIsland granted to E. of Stirling, 311\\nbattle of, 841 -weekly mails, 1193 His-\\ntorical Soc. Library find., 2111; Oregon\\ncollides, 3233 R. R. line to Boston, 3913.\\nCity, N Y., mayor sentenced,\\n3703; free librai-y given, 3722; street-car\\nstrike, 3831 4542; fire, 3833 watchman\\nmurdered, 4042; railroad accident, 4373.\\nSound, steamers collide, 4773.\\nLongamilla, battle of, 606 1\\nLongehamp, William of, government ad-\\nministrator deposed, 8513; d. (1197).\\nLongden, James Robert, gov., 5643, 10393.\\nLonget, Francois Achille, b., 7191 d., 7461\\nLongfellow, Henry Wadsworth, b., 1141;\\nworks, 1451 1511 1543, 1571 1591 1631 ,2,\\n1663, 1703, 1783, 1843, 2291, 2603, 2643,\\n2771 2803, 2843, 2903,3003, 3151 d., 3101", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1328.jp2"}, "1329": {"fulltext": "Xong-Loui.\\nText Figures denote Page. 1 N-Ui^yV. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1317\\nLongfellow, Robert, report, 312 1.\\nLongford, Earl, title created, 9231\\nLonghead, Flora Haines, work, 32S3.\\nLonghi, Giuseppe, b. (1766) d., 10862.\\nLonginus, Dionysius Cassius, pliilosopher,\\nexecuted, 10661\\nLongjumeau, Fr., peace of, 6833.\\nLongley, C. T., archb. of Canterbury, 9662.\\nLongmeadmv, Mass., thimbles nifd., 150 1\\nLongnecker, Henry lay, b. (1*20) d., 274\\nLougobardi takes North Italy, 10721\\nLongomontauus, Christian, b.-d., G362.\\nLongstreet, Augustus Baldwin, b. (1790)\\nd., 2702.\\nJames, b., 1301; at Williamsburg,\\n2071; at Seven Days battles, 2091; to\\nthe Rapidan, 2111 at Groveton, 2122\\nat Antietain, 213 1 at Fredericksburg,\\n2162; leaves Suit.. Ik, 2212; at Chambers-\\nburg, 2232 .-it Gettysburg, 22-! i in Tenn.,\\n2263 at Phila., 2271; detached from\\nBragg besieges Knoxsville, 2281 ,2,3;\\nat Cainpell s Station, 2281 at Fort San-\\nders, 2232 at Bean s Station, 2283; jn\\nVa., 231 1 ;S. of Rapidan, 232i n6 arChan-\\ncellorsville, 2322 on the James, 2391\\nLongueih Christophe de, b.-d., 6783.\\nLongue Point, Can., steamboat accident,\\n5873 j asylum burned, 5913.\\nLongueville, Duchesse de, Anna Gene-\\nvieve de Bourbon Conde.b., 0863 ;d.,6923.\\nLongus, Tiberius Sempronius, at Trebia,\\n10541.\\nLong View, Tex., bank robbery, 4603.\\nLongwood, British defeated, 1221\\nLongworth, Nicholas, b., 951 d., 2191\\nLongwy, capit., 7081 bombarded, 7441\\nLongay, Count, premier; ministry; re-\\nsigns, 5292.\\nLonnrot, Elias, b.-d., 11343.\\nLono, Gomez y, d., 11322.\\nLonsdale, Capt., gov. Victoria, 4953.\\nEarl of, title created, 9311.\\nin duel, 9271\\nLoochow captured, 6121\\nLoodiana burned, 595 3\\nLooker, Othniel, governor 0., 1233.\\nLooking-glasses mid. limited, 10762.\\nLookout Mountain, Tenn., Gen. Bragg at,\\n2262; Gen. Hooker at, 2282.\\nLoom, Dutch, used Eng., 8941\\nLoomis, Elias, b., 1163; d., 3441.\\nLooms, power, introduced, Eng., 9322.\\nLoop, Henry A., b. (1831) in Academy of\\nDesign, 2023.\\nLoos, C. L., pres. Disciples of Christ, 3282.\\nLoosjes, Adrian, b. (1761); Charlotte van\\nBourbon, 11022 d. (1818).\\n!L6per, Herr, libel published, 5681.\\nLopes, Fernao, b. (1380+) Chronicles,\\n11091; d. (1449).\\nSir Henry, lord justice, 9951\\nLopez, Carlos Antonio, b. (1795) dictator,\\npres. Paraguay, 11061 hostilities oppo-\\nsition treaty, 4912; proclaimed outlaw,\\n11062; freedom to slaves, 5561 s hot, 5562.\\nF. L., dictator Paraguay, 11061.\\nJos\u00c2\u00a3 Hilario, b.-d., 62S2 1 conspiracy\\nof, 6331 president, Columbia, 6291.\\nSir Manassch, bribery of, 9392.\\nNarciso, b.,0322; invades Cuba, 1663;\\ndefeated, 16S1 in Cuba, 169i ,2 a t Car-\\ndenas, 1691 6321 d., 6322.\\nVincente, governor, Argentine, 491 1\\ndeZuniga, I ie j;o de, Count of Nieva,\\nviceroy, 233 d. (1643+).\\nI*oras, Mathias, b. (1792) consecrated\\nRoman Catholic bishop, 1483; d. (1858).\\nLorca inundated, 11311\\nLord Castlentt/h wrecked, 9513.\\nLord, Daniel, b. (1795) d., 2602.\\nEleazer, b. (17SS) d., 274 1\\nJohn, b., 1162 d., 4781\\nChase, b. (1805) moderator,\\n1722; d. (1877).\\nNathan, b. (1793) d., 2702.\\nLord Melville lost, 93Si.\\nLord Warden launched, 9681.\\nWilliam Be.nt.inck wrecked, 951 3\\nLords rebel, Eng., 8561\\nLord s Supper, restrictions in, 10743.\\nLore lift asteroid, discovered, 2901.\\nLorena, Frederico, provisional pres., 5593.\\nLorencez, Coiute de, Charles Ferdinand\\nLatrille, b. (1814) commands French\\nforce, 10961; d. (1892).\\nLorfit, Campbell, b., 1282.\\nLoring, William Wing (Loring Pasha), b.,\\n1262 at Fayetteville, 2131 d. (1886).\\nLome, Marquis of (George Edward Henry\\nDouglas Sutherland Campbell), b., 5782;\\nfnds. soc, 5843; in Can.; at Halifax,\\n5851; gov.-gen., 5S5 2 marries Princess\\nLouise,975 i .pons Yorkshire Inst., 9923\\nvisits Washington, 313 1\\nL Orient, Fr., French fleet defeated, 7102 j\\nattacked, 7001.\\nL Orient blown up, 928 1\\nLoring, Col., murdered, 1743.\\nFrederick W., b., 160= d., 2742.\\nGeorge Bailey, b. (1817); d., 3902.\\nLorinser, Karl I., b., 8063 d., 8201.\\nLoriot, Antoine Joseph, b., 0971 d., 7051\\nLoris-Melikoff, Count Mikhail Tarielo-\\nvitch Tainow, b., 11163 Gen., peril,\\n11203; dictator of Rus. minister of in-\\nterior reform system, 11213 d., 11201\\nLorrain, Nareis.-e-ZepIiirih, cons., 584 2\\nLorraine (Lotharingia) divided, 6672,7732-\\n3,7782; a kingdom, 7732; civil war, 774 1\\nsurrendered to Otho, 7751; Lothair re-\\nnounces claim, 6673 annexed to Fr.,\\n6832, 6892 restored to Ger. duke, 6953,\\n7733; subject to Fr., 6982 House of,\\nreigns, 8013 reverts to Fr., 8033 an-\\nnexation opposed, 8272 j ceded to Fr.,\\n7013, 7741 ceded to Germany, 7451\\nCharles de (Chas. of Guise), b., 6803.\\nCardinal, est. Univ. at Pout-a-Mous-\\nson, 6832; founds University of Reims,\\n7812 d.,6S4i.\\nUCllt SV^Ull. C U., -a)0 11UU HI; .ii*\u00c2\u00b1\u00c2\u00ab, Jlli.V.\\nof Southern Cal. opd., 3042 Normal\\nSchool opd., 3123 TJniv. of, fnd., 3281\\nearthquake, 332 1 Hoods, 350 1 St. Vin-\\ncent s Coll.est.,25S!3;liIibusteringexped.,\\n3591; railway trainmen conven., 3703;\\nGeary Act enforced, 4383 earthquake,\\n4501 industrial army leaves, 4553 j\\nUnited Sons of America formed, 4682.\\nUniversity founded, 3282.\\nLosigna, Bp. Herbert, cathedral, 8483.\\nLos Olivos, Cal., robbery, 4222; meteor\\nfalls, 4261.\\nLosse, W.,d.,448i.\\nLossing, Benson J., b., 1211 works, 2G83,\\n2903,3283 d., 3842.\\nLost Island of Seven Cities on maps, 121\\nMt., Ga., Johnston retreats to, 2341\\naction at, 2342 Johnston retires, 2343.\\nLostwithiel, Essex surrenders, 8842.\\nLot taken rescued, 11401\\nLota mission, 6071\\nLothair, b. (941) K. of Fr., reigns, 6673\\nemp. of It., 1073 2 conquers Normans,\\n10741; surprises Otho, 7741; surrenders\\nLorraine, 7751 d., 6673.\\nLothairel., b.(795i); emp., 7731 10731 ,2;\\ndefeated at Fontenay, 7721 d., 7732.\\nII., D. of Saxony, K. of Ger., in It.\\nemp. authority rejected crowned re-\\nstores ch. property invests Albert the\\nBear; in It. curbs Roger the Norman\\nexpels Roger; d., 7772.\\nthe rebel, 7771;\\nLotharingia. (See Lorraine.)\\nLothian, ceded to Scotland, 847 2\\nLothrop, Daniel, d., 4021\\nLotich, Peter, b., 7902 d., 7922.\\nLotteries, mails closed against, 2523; Arch-\\nbp. Ireland against, 376 1 advertise-\\nment, 3692 decision against, 4721; in\\nFr., suppressed, 7103 abolished in Ba-\\nvaria, 8163 abound in Eng., 9003 abol-\\nished, 9432; penalty for advertising, 9491\\npopes oppose, 1085 3\\nLottery sunk, 1201.\\nLottery for Va. plantations, 28 3 Bill ap-\\nproved, 85 3 est. at Natchez, 1291 sup-\\npression of 1431; inLa.,3023,;;n:;2,;;,sj3 T\\n3883, 3931, 3942 mails exclude, 3652\\ngreat, in Paris, 7503; tirst iu Eng., 8732,\\n8S31 in London, 8791 demand for tick-\\nets, 9132 in sale of buildings, 9192 li-\\ncense law, 9212 last in Glasgow, 9471\\ndrawn in Ire., 9871 Fr., national draw-\\ning, 7512. (See Louisiana.)\\nLotto, Loreu/.o, paints St. Jerome, 10782.\\nLotze, Rudolph H., b., 8121 works, 8203,\\n8163,8251; d.,8301.\\nLotzen, Prus., Wallenstein defeated, 5121\\nLoubet, Ernile, new ministry, 7632 j min-\\nister, 7571 7632, 7651\\nLoucault, L^on, photographer, 7301 ex-\\nhibits telescope, 7361\\nLouckes, H. L., president National Farm-\\ner s Alliance, 4183.\\nLoud, Eugene F., b., 1623.\\nLoudenslager, H. C., b., 1701.\\nLoudon, Tenn., Burnside falls back, 2281\\nEarl of, title created, 8831\\nJohn Campbell, Earl of, b., 9022 a t\\nHalifax, 701 914i abandons expedition,\\nretired, 702; controversy, 713 d.,951.\\nHill, Scot., action at, 8561\\nC, b., 9223; horticulturist; d..\\n9522.\\nSamuel, editor, 851\\nLough, John Graham, b., 9323 d,, 9802.\\nLoughborough, Lord. (See Wedderburn,\\nAlexander.)\\nLoughlin, John, b. (1816) cons. R. C. bp. of\\nBrooklyn (Oct. 30, 1853) golden jubilee,\\n3701; d.,396 bequest to church, 4001\\nLouis, king of Sicily, 10772.\\nking of Port., b.-d., 11102.\\nI., king of Naples, 10772.\\nI., emperor, 1073 2\\nII., K. of It., b. (822); emperor, 10732;\\nd., 7732.\\nIII., king of Italy, 10732.\\nIV., emperor, invades It., 10761 j ex-\\ncommunicated, 10763.\\nI., son of K. of Aries, K. oflt., 10733.\\nI., D. of Parma, K. of Tuscany, 10853.\\nII., D. of Parma, K. of Tuscany, 10853.\\nIV., or V., K. of Bavaria, emp., b.-d.,\\n7802; protected, 7733; expedition to It.,\\n7821; excommunicated; crown forbid-\\nden, 7822 crowned confirms confeder-\\nation excommunicated protest de-\\nposed; emp.; deposes King John;\\nresigns unpopular sides with Eng.,\\ngains Tyrol; family power increased,\\n7831,2; d.,7833.\\nI., b., 8043; king of Bavaria, 8133;\\nabdicates, 8171 d., 8243.\\nII., b. (1845) K. Bav. 8231 d. (1886).\\nIII., or IV., K. of Bavaria, d., 7722.\\nL, duke of Bavaria, 7792.\\nII., duke of Bavaria, 7812.\\nII., duke of Hesse-Darmstadt; 8153.\\nIII., duke of Bavaria, 7823 war with\\nAust. defeats Frederick, 5041\\nof Bavaria, commands army, 7981.\\n1., Le D^bonnaire, b.-d., 6642; emp.,\\n6671, 7731; order of succession, 6671;\\nmarries, 6663 sends monks to Den.,\\n6351 penance decreed divides realm\\ndethroned restored dethroned again\\ncondemned, 6fJ62; restored ;divides realm\\nagain troops desert, 7721 d-, 6671.\\nI., of Fr. (See Louis le Dcbonnaire.)\\nII., the Stammerer, of Fr., b. (846);\\nking, 6672 d. (879).\\nIII., of Fr., b. (863 defeats North-\\nmen, 6661; reigns; d., 6672.\\nIV., of Eng., king of Fr. d., 6673.\\nV., of Fr., b. (921) reigns, 6673 d.,\\n6662,3.\\nVI., of Fr., b.-d., 66S3 reigns joint\\nking with Philippe d., 6693.\\nVII., the Young, of Fr., b. (1120\u00c2\u00b1)\\nreigns, 6693; seeks absolution; in 2d\\ncrusade, 669 1,3; divorces wife, 6712 de-\\nfeated, 6712, S501 d. (11S0).\\nVIII., the Lion, of Fr., b. (1187);\\ncrowned, 6713; against A Ibigenses, 6701\\nsiege of Marmande invades Poitou\\nbesieges Avignon, 6702 marries, 6713\\naccepts Eng. crown, 8532 frees serfs.\\n6712 d., 6713.\\nIX., Saint, of Fr., b.-d., 6702 king of\\nFr. marries, 6713 loads 6th crusade,\\n6722 takes Jaffa., 11542; in Egypt, 6732;\\nat Mansurah, 654 1 672 1 ransom, 6541;\\nd., 6732 canonized, 6722.\\nX., the Quarreler, of Fr., b. (1289);\\nreigns, 6733 d. (1316).\\nXL, of Fr., b.-d., 6762 reigns, 6791\\ntakes Rouen; takes Perpignan, 6781;\\ninvades It., 6782 iu Milan, 6793; League\\nof Public Weal oppose; rules over Nor-\\nmandy humbles nobles, 6791; at Pe-\\nronne, 6792; drinks infant s blood, 0782\\nd., 6792.\\nXII., of Fr., b. (1462); reigns divorces\\nqueen; marries Anne, 0793; claims Milan,\\n10793; at Agnadello, 6801; excommuni-\\ncated, 6S03 d., 6812,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1329.jp2"}, "1330": {"fulltext": "1318\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Coiumn.\\nLoui-Love\\nLouis XIII., of Fr., b., 6862 against Sp.,\\n686 6872,3; marries Anne of Austria,\\n6873; d., 6883.\\nXIV., the Grand, of Fr., b. king,\\n6893; embassy to Siam, 695 1, 11242;\\nmarries; invades Sp. Neth.; treaty with\\nEmp. Leopold, 6913 subdues Franche-\\nComt6 conquests in Holland, 6921;\\npatron of music, 6922 assembly of cler-\\ngy called, 6923; agreement with Eng.,\\n8953; claims Flanders, 540 1 0913; perse-\\ncutes Protestants, 6931 ,3,6943; marries,\\n6932 height of power, 0933; convention\\nwith Emp., 6932 i a Palatinate in\\nBelg., 6941; court conspicuous, 6952;\\npatron of art, 6962 in Alsace at Stras-\\nburg, 7973, 7931 d., 6971,3 statue, 698\\nXV., of Fr., b., 6963 king, 6973\\nassumes govt. marries, 6993 against\\nProtestants, 6991; at Fontenoy, 7001;\\ninvades Netb., 7013 builds Pantheon,\\n7022; limits Pari., 7033; contest with\\nPari., 7053; aids Charles Albert, 8012;\\nd., 7043.\\nXVI., of Fr., b., 7022 K., 7053 mar-\\nries, 7052 edict of toleration, 7002\\nyields to popular demands, 7072 oath\\nof constitution title changed, 7073\\nleaves Paris; captured, 7083; reinstated,\\n7091 imprisoned trial, 7092,3 be-\\nheaded, 7093, 7103 mourning for, 7232\\ncentenary celebration, 7643.\\nXVII., of Fr., b., 7061; king, 7093\\nd., 7102, 7111,3.\\nXVIII., of Fr., b., 7022 marries,\\n7053; religion of state, 7211; leaves\\nParis, 7213 reenters Paris, 7232 d.,\\n7242, 7252.\\nI., Gor., b.-d., 7722; reigns, 7731; a t\\nwar, 6661; defeats Kadbod, 5031 at An-\\ndernach invades Fr. at Fontenay,\\n7721 restores image worship, 7722; takes\\nFederation oath, 773 1; record of oath,\\n66G3 d., 6672.\\nthe Child, king of Germany, 7732.\\nIII., grand duke of Hesse, 8173.\\nIV., g. duke, Hesse-Darmstadt, 8203.\\nI., of Hung., campaigns, 5061 fnds.\\nUniv. Fu.nfkirc.heu, 507 5 reigns in Po-\\nland, 11152 K. of Hung., 5072 K. of\\nPoles, 5072 d., 5082.\\nII., of Hung, and Boh., king; k. 5093.\\nI., of Sp., reigns, 11293.\\nde Bourbon, at Sedan; killed, 6881.\\nprince, given Brandenburg, 7831\\nmarries Margaret Mult as cb, 783 ,2.\\nCount of Flanders, restored, 6741\\nDauphin of Fr., d., 6773.\\nEugene, duke of Wurteniberg, 8073.\\nFerdinand, prince, killed, 7161\\nprince of Hesse, marriage, 9652,9671.\\nHutin, reigns in Navarre, 11273.\\nde Male, rules Lille, 6753 expelled\\nfrom province, 675 3\\nMarie d Orleans, b., 7223.\\nNapoleon IV. (See Napoleon.)\\nof Nassau, revolutionist, 10981.\\nDue d Orleans, b., 6962 d., 7011\\nPhilippe, Port., prince, b., 11102; de-\\nclared heir, 11112.\\nDue d Orleans, b., 6982 d.,7061.\\nof Fr., Due d Orleans, b., 7043\\nmarries Marie Amelie, 7193 lieut-gen.,\\n7241 accepts office reigns, 725 3 mar-\\nries, 7273; abdicates, 7311; banished,\\n7312 d., 7302 buried, 7513.\\nJoseph, executed, 711\\nPierre Charles Alexandre, b., 7062\\nd., 7461.\\nthe Pious, Duke of Wiirtemberg, 7933\\nValois, assassinated, 676 3\\nWilliam, Grand Duke, 8133.\\nLouisa, princess, marries Fred. V., 6392.\\nprincess, Hesse-Cassel, marries, 641 1\\nprincess, Swe., marries, 6521\\nLouisburg, N. S., defenses of, 58* 5741\\ntaken, 661, 5742,3, 9101 fortress cap-\\ntured, 702 evacuated, 576 1\\nLouise, princess, Belg., b., 5442 marries,\\n5451.\\nprincess of Eng., b., 970i marries\\nMarquis of Lome, 975 1 dowry, 9753.\\nprincess, marries Dukoof Fife, 1001 1\\nof Fr., queen, d., 5442.\\nof Savoy, peace of Cambray, 511 1\\nprincess of Scbleswig, marries, 8331\\nCaroline Alberta, b., 9542.\\nMargaret, Princess of Prussia, mar-\\nries, 8303.\\nLouise Margaret, Princess, of Russia, mar-\\nries Prince Arthur, 9843,\\nMaria Therese, de Savoie-Carignan,\\nd., 7082.\\nLouisiana explodes, 1673 speed, 3113.\\nLouisiana, conquered, 20 2 possession,\\n491 Fr. colony, 55 1 Fr. missions, 582\\nsettled, 591 slaves arrive, 591,3, 61 1\\nBienville, gov.-gen., 592 Mississippi\\nCo. surrenders charter, 63 2 commerce\\nwith W. I., 652 sugar-cane intro., 662,\\n693 Fr. population, 713 ceded to Sp.,\\n733; Fr. republic est., 772 Rom. Cath.\\nbp. appointed, 1043 Moniteur issued,\\n1063; ceded to Fr. treaty of Ildefonso,\\n1111; purchased by U. S., 1113 0. s.\\ntakes possession Wm. C, C. Claiborne,\\ngov., 1132; Lewis Meriwether, gov.,\\n1152; admission, twin-birth of States,\\n1192; Jacques Villere, gov., 1252; Thos.\\nB. Robertson, gov., 1292 H. S. Thibo-\\ndeaux, gov., 1312 Henry Johnson, gov.,\\n1332 Peter Derbigny, gov., 1372 a.\\nBauvais, gov., 1373 Jacques Dupre,\\ngov., 1392 first railroad opd., 1393 Ed-\\nward D. White, gov., 1452 p. E. diocese\\nest., 1483 Andre B. Roman, gov., 1512\\nAlex. Mouton, gov., 1552; u. S.Grant in,\\n1581 Meth. Epis. Ch. South Conf. org.,\\n1603; Isaac Johnson, gov., 1611 Joseph\\nWalker, gov., 1692 p H ul O. Hebert,\\ngov., 1771; Robert (J. Wieklift e, gov., 1812;\\nlands for railroads, 1S13 State Univ.\\nest., 1863 Confeds. seize Federal arse-\\nnal forts seized, 1901 Xbos. O. Moore,\\ngov., 1903; Secession Conven.; secedes,\\n1912,3; senators withdraw, 1913; rati-\\nfies Confed. Constitution, 1932; troops\\nraised, 1942 e o. F. Shepley, gov., 2093,\\n2133 Order No. 15 published, 2072 ne-\\ngro recruits raised, 2102 representa-\\ntives admitted, 2103 Opelousas, capital,\\n2073; Henry F. Allen, Confed. gov. (1863);\\nstate election; Free State Conven. held,\\n2293; Gen. Banks s expedition; forces\\nof Red River Expedition unite, 2303\\nBanks falls back, 231 1; Michael Hahn,\\ngov., 2312, 2413 j State Conven. meets,\\nantislavery State, 2313 Confed. boats\\non Grand Lake, 2363; constitution rati-\\nfied, 2393; Confed. gov. Allen resigns,\\n247 3 James M. Wells, gov., 2511; con-\\nstitutional conven., 2523 Homestead\\nBill, 2531 political massacre, 2532 riot\\nat Republic Conven., 2533 j rejects 14th\\nAmend. reconstruction obstructed,\\n2573 Gen. Sheridan removed, 259 1\\nconstitution prohibiting slavery; dis-\\nfranchising Confeds., 2592 Ben). F.\\nFlanders, gov., 2593 ratifies new con-\\nstitution, 2ii3i ,3 ratifies 14th Amend.,\\n2633; readmitted, 2032; eb-ctionfrauds;\\nriots; Social Finality Bill, 2051 ,3;Joshua\\nBaker, gov.; Henry C. Warmoth, gov.,\\n2652 ratifies 15th Amend., 2662 Cong.\\nAsso. org., 2083; grains Stale bonds,271l\\npolitical factions in, 2752,3; Warmoth\\nLegislature meets, 277 2 militia in legis-\\nlative contest, 2773; \\\\V. P. Kellogg, gov.;\\nFusion Legislature convenes Return-\\ning Board divided; election disputed,\\n2793 two legislatures, 281 2, 2873 Jnhn\\nMcEnery installed gov. W. P. Kellogg\\ninstalled gov., 2812 McEnery legisla-\\nture arrested, 2s(3; State Labor Conven.,\\n283i; Anti-Ivellogg Conven. at New Or-\\nleans disorderly bands proclaimed\\nMcEuery party troublesome warning\\nproclamation from pres., 2S32 Rep.\\nofficials shot, 2S5i John McEnery claims\\ngovernorship, 2853 Gen. Brooke, mili-\\ntary gov.; proclamation against armed\\npartizans; Crescent City White League\\nf md. State buildings surrendered\\nGov. Kellogg reinstated, 2*72,3; 0. S.\\ntroops in Legislature, 2S73 legislative\\nclaims submitted Congressional Com-\\nmittee adjust political claims, 2891;\\nmouth of Miss. River deepened, 2913\\nelectoral vote disputed, 2932 two gov-\\nernors and legislatures, 2951; electoral\\nvote awarded, 2952 Packard Legisla-\\nture dispersed, 2953 Stephen B. Pack-\\nard, gov., 2973 election frauds investi-\\ngated, 2992; yellow fever, 2993; capital\\nchanged to Baton Rouge, 3012 Francis\\nT. Nicholle, gov., 3012, 3332 new con-\\nstitution, 3013,3033; Bureau of Agri.\\nand Immigration est., 3033 Southern\\n0niv. opd., 3043 Louis A. Wiltz, gov.,\\n3052 tornadoes, 3121 Samuel D. M En-\\nery, gov., 3132; Normal School est., 3183,\\n3223 care for Confederates widows and\\nchildren school for deaf mutes, 3251\\ncyclone, 3541; levee overflowed, 354i,\\n3673,4081, 4353; Labor Day holidav,\\n3751 negro burned 3851; a. J. West-\\nfall, for gov., 3853 cattlemen fight, 3891\\nFarmers Alliance and Democrats unite,\\n389 2 hot coldest, 3931; mob lynches\\nFelton and Smith, 3943; silver question,\\n4011; Dem. mass meetings, 4052; tire-\\narms license required, 4073 m. J.Fors-\\nter, gov., 4212 call for protection 440,2\\nrace-conflict, 4571 negroes lynched,4582.\\nLouisiana State Lottery Co.; Anti-Lottery\\nLeague org., 3523 legislative compro-\\nmise lottery of, legalized in N. Dak.,\\n353*; renewal of charter asked, 3563;\\namend, vetoed, 3632 money offered for\\ncharter, 3583 pro-led terv man lynched,\\n3611; Assembly favors lottery, 3623;\\ncharter extended, 3631 Lottery Bill\\npasses Lower House, 363 1 bill vetoed,\\n3671; pro-lottery amend., 3771 contest,\\n3972 withdraws offer, 4002 offer re-\\njected, 4053 chartered by Niear., 11042.\\nState University est., 1863.\\nCo. fmd. in Fr., 6973 grant, 592.\\n0niversity of, org., 3003.\\nMo., Cane College founded, 2663.\\nLouisville, Ky., settled, 913; incorporated,,\\n933 R. C. diocese est., 1143 L, Journal\\nissued, 1391 Meth. Epis. Church South\\norg., 1582 Cave Hill cemetery est.,\\n1593 Methodist Epis. Church South\\nConf. fmd., 1603; cyclone, 1761; riot,\\n1771 Southern Bapt. Theolog. Sem.fnd.,\\n1843; union meeting, 1951; legislature\\nmoved to, 2122 escapes capture by\\nConfeels., 214 1; threatened, 2143; Com-\\nmercial, 2232 martial law, 2243 Wm.\\nG. McCloskey cons. R. C. bp., 2622-\\nCourier Journal issued, 2023 Medical\\nColl. opd., 2602 St.ite Education Con-\\nven. held, 2602, _-t;,s 2, 2, ;;f,oi Commer-\\ncial Conven. at, 2693 Nat. Convention\\nRadical Democrats meet, 2792 Indus-\\ntrial Exposition, 2793 Ger. Bapt. Or-\\nphans Home est., 2803 State 0niv., col-\\nored, 2822; Times issued, 2902 Amer.\\nPrinting House for Blind, 3012 Poly-\\ntechnic Soc. Library fnd., 3023 Charity\\nOrganization Soc, fnd. Nat. Conven. of\\ncolored people, 3151 Southern Exposi-\\ntion held, 3.153 bridge caisson breaks,.\\n3513 labor strikes, 3623 fire, 2673,\\n3633, 4793 railway accident, 3893 Nat.\\nLeague Rep. Clubs, 4291; Humphreys\\nmurder, 4302 bridge falls, 4473 annexes\\nsuburbs, 4493 moonshiners trial, 4723.\\nLouie, Due de, minister, 1111 2.\\nLonndres, Henry de. castle, 8531\\nLounsberry, George H., a suicide, 3522.\\nLounsbury, Phineas C, gov. Conn., 3293.\\nLount, insurrectionist, hanged, 5792.\\nLourdes, Fr., miracles at, 7323; virgin at,\\n7342 grotto, 7462 pilgrims at, 7482.\\nLourenco, Mnrquez, siege of, 6042.\\nLourties, M., minister, 7072.\\nLouth, Eng., see erected, 8403.\\nBarem, title created, 8692.\\nJames, patents setbotelephone,352l.\\nLouvain, Belg., .Van de Weyer s statue,\\n5441 Univ. est., 5392; riots, 548i North-\\nmen defeated, 7721\\nL Ouverture, Toussaint. (See Toussaint.)\\nLouvet, Chas., minister agriculture, 7392.\\nde Convrav, -lean Baptiste, b., 7023\\nd., 7123.\\nLouvois, Marquis de, Francois Michel\\nLetellier, b., 6S83; d., 6942.\\nLouvre, council against pope, 6733. (See\\nParis.)\\nLovaine, Baron, title created, 9231.\\nLovat, Baron, title created, 8643, 9451.\\nLord. (See Fraser, Simon.)\\nLovatz, Bulg., captured, 5G5 2\\nLove, Family of, est., 8711; end, 8743.\\nAlfred H., pres. Peace Union, 3903.\\nJohn W., embezzler, 4502.\\nP. E on Committee of 33, 1891\\nfeasts forbidden, 10083.\\nLovejoy, Elijah Parish, b., 1102 antisla-\\nvery martyr, 1482, 1491,4322.\\nOwen, b. (1811) d., 2312.\\nLovelace, E. of, title created. 9451 9871.\\nFrancis, b. (1630\u00c2\u00b1); gov. N. Y., 433.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1330.jp2"}, "1331": {"fulltext": "Love-Luyn.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1319\\nLovelace, John, gov. N. Y., 573; d. (1709).\\nRichard, b., 880 work, S863 d., 8882.\\nLovell, Chas. Swain, b. (1611) d., 2721\\nJohn, b., 562; d., 100\\nGen. ManBfield, b. (1822) withdraws\\nfrom New Orleans, 2003; d. (1884).\\nand Stafford, insurrection, 866\\nLover, Sam., b.,9283 works. 9483 d.,9722.\\nLovewell, John, b. (1691) tight, 60 d.\\n(1725).\\nlow, Abiel A., b., 1163 d., 420\\nFrederick Ferdinand, b. (1828) gov.\\nCal.,2292; d., 466\\nSetb, b. (1850) pres. of Columbia,\\n3463, 3522 on liquor problem, 479\\nWilliam C.,pres. of Committee, 4392.\\nChurch party develops, Eng., 9023.\\nLowe, Col., at Fredericktown, 200\\nGen., at Verlage, 2243.\\nSir Hudson, b., 9183; d. (1844).\\nJohann Karl Gottfried, b., 8063 d.,\\n8262.\\nJohanna Sophie, b., 8103; d. (1866).\\nRalph P., gov. la., 1S52.\\nRobert, Viscount Sherbrooke, b.,\\n935 minister, 973 Spelling Reform\\nAsso., 9843; d., 1008\\nThaddeus S. C, b. (1832) balloon\\nascension, 1963.\\nLowelbund Asso. formed, 7852.\\nLowell, Mass., fnd., 1293; carpet power\\nlooms, 150 library fmd.,1583 gas intro.,\\n1693; soldiers monument, 248\\nCapt., near Lebanon, Mo., 200\\nChas. b. (17821 d., 1902.\\nRussell, b. (1835) d., 2392.\\nW., nom. for gov. Mass., 3912.\\nJames Russell, b., 128 minister to\\nEng., 3032; works, 1583,1643,2412,2503,\\n265 2683, 2722, 277 3833, 4203; d.,\\n388 interment, 3892; memorial, 444\\n10062.\\nJohn F., b., 1082; d. (1836).\\nPercival, Japan, 3963.\\nRobt. Traill Spence., b.,1242 d. (1891.)\\nOffering appears, 1543.\\nLowenstein, Emil, hanged, 2843.\\nLower Cal. annexed to U. S., 359\\nLower Germany, founded, 769\\nRichard, b., 8822; d., 8982.\\nLowestoft, Eng., naval battle near, 892\\nLowiek, Edward, executed, 901\\nLowndes, Rawlins, b., 60 d., 1082.\\nLowrie, John Cameron, b. (1808) modera-\\ntor, 2502.\\nWalter Macon, b. (1819) k., 6183.\\nLowry, Grosvenor P., d., 428\\nRobert, gov. Miss., 3132 with mili-\\ntary company, 344\\nLowth, Robert, b., 9042; d., 9242.\\nLowther, William, E. of Lonsdale, b.\\n(1787) postmaster, 9512; d. (1872).\\nLoyal Convention in Mo., 199\\nLoyal Legion org., 247 conven., 3703.\\nLoyalists in N.Y., 933; leave U. S., 953\\nEng. help in Am., 1003 arrive in Can.,\\n5752 Confederates expel, 1992.\\nLoyang captured, 612 palace, 6133.\\nLoyola, Ignatius de, b.-d., 11263; es t. order\\nof Jesuits, 5102, i;ir,i 681 7903, 108I1\\nMartin Gracia Ones de, b. (1548+)\\nviceroy, 253; gov., 6052; d. (1598).\\nLoyson, Charles (Pere Hyacinthe), b.,\\n7243; fnds. congregation, 7502; in N. Y.,\\n2691; against infallibility, 7383.\\nLozier, Charlotte T., 268\\nClemence Sophia, b. (1812); d., 330\\nLubbock.Fraucis liieh.,1,. (1815); gov. 2032.\\nSir John, b.,946 2 Prehistoric Times,\\n9633; assists strikers, 1001\\nSir William, b., 9323; d., 968\\nLilbec, Ger., fnd., 7773; free town, 7803;\\nin Hanseatic League, 7871; Peace of,\\n5121, 6373; occupied, 7161; allies pos-\\nsess, 7213, 7953 battle, 80S retaken,\\n810 regains independence, 7803, 8112;\\nin Ger. Confederation, 8113; gets con-\\nstitution, 8173; i n N. Ger. Confed., 8252.\\nLuberk, Col., at Charleston, 2283.\\nLiibke, Wilhelm, b., 8123 d. (1893).\\nLuby, Thomas Clark, Fenian, 9683.\\nLuca, battle at, 782 1 Roman colony,10553.\\nLucan, Marcus Anmeus, b.-d., 10622.\\nEarl, title created, 9252.\\n(See Bingham, George.)\\nLnrania beats Paris, 4413 record, 4413,\\n4432, 4713, 4753.\\nLucanians subdue,], 10522.\\nLucar, action at, 11322.\\nLucas, Adm., surrenders, 9261\\nCharles .lean .Marie, b., 715 d., 7482.\\nJohn, b., 933 d., 9782.\\nMargaret, d., 10042.\\nMatthias Prime, lord mayor, 9413.\\nRobert, b. (1781) gov. O., 1412, 1512;\\nd. (1853).\\nWilliam V., b., 1442.\\nBend, Ky., action at, 1983.\\nLucca independent, 10773 cathedral be-\\ngun Palazzo di Mendieita begun, 1078\\nunited to Tuscany, 1087 2\\nLuce, Cyrus G., gov. Mich., 3293.\\nLuceri, action at, 1052\\nLncerne revolts, 11373.\\nLucian, b.-d., 10283 works, 10292 exe-\\ncuted, 1063\\nLucifer matches used, Eng., 946\\nLucilius invents poetic satire, 10563, 10643.\\nLncina, asteroid, discovered, 748\\nLncius intro. Christianity in Britain, 8402.\\nI. St., pope, 10643.\\nII., pope, 10743.\\nIII., pope, 10751.\\nLuck, John B., cons. R. C. bp., 9862.\\nLucke, Gottfried Christian Frederick, b,,\\n8062; d., 8201.\\nLucker, Samuel, naval captain, 82\\nLucknow, Bp. Clifford cons., 1(H S2; treaty\\nof, 10472; besieged, 104S1 mission, 10483.\\nLucretia, suicide, 10503.\\nLucretius, Titus L. Carus, b.-d., 10563; De\\nRerum Natura, 10583.\\nLucullus, Lncius Lucinius, b.-d., 10563\\ndefeated, 10581 captures cities defeats\\nTigranes mutiny; in Mesopotamia;\\ninvades Armenia in Asia M. takes Ni-\\nsibis, 10582 Mithridates defeats, 11501\\nLucy Walker wrecked, 1573.\\nLmlden, Patrick Antony, b. (1838) cons.\\nR. C. bp., 3282.\\nLuderitz, F. A. S., in Afr., 8381\\nLiiders, Gen. Alex., b. (1790) at Sehiiss-\\nburg, 5222; in Moldavia, 11181 d. (1874).\\nLudi Apollinares instituted, 1055 2\\nLudington, Harrison, gov., 2951 d., 3842.\\nMark, commissioned colonel, 470\\nLudlow, Edmund, b., 8802; d., 9002.\\nGeo. C, gov. N. J., 3093.\\nJohn, b. (1793) pres. Reform Synod,\\n1342; d. (1857).\\nLudovica, Duch, d., 836\\nI.udvigsen, Anna Kristiane, d., 642\\nLudwell, Philip, gov., leaves N. C.,513\\ngov. S. C, 512, 532.\\nLudwig, son of Pepin, succeeds Charle-\\nmagne revolts, 773\\nChristian G., b., 7983; d., 804\\nKarl Friedrich Wilhelm, b., 812\\nPrince, b., 7922 d., 7963.\\nTAtdwigslied appears, 7723.\\nLudtrorth collides with CM. Palmer, 9833.\\nLuebofnd., 10932; mission, 10943.\\nLufft, Hans, b., 7862; d., 7922.\\nLugan, China, mission, 6243.\\nLugard, Capt., terms with Mwanga, 5642.\\nSir E., in Sepoy rebellion, 10481.\\nLugash, Austrians defeated, 804\\nLugdunensis, a Roman province, 10593.\\nLugdunum. (See Lyons.)\\nLuge, Arnold, d., 8301\\nLulm, Adalbert, d., 8301\\nLuh Vinh Phuoc, rewarded, 4822.\\nLulken, Jan, b. (1649); work, 11012; d.\\n(1708).\\nLuis I., reigns, Port. marries d., 11112.\\nLuitbert, king of It., 10731\\nLuitpold, Pr. regent, 8331 for throne, 8372.\\nLuitprand, king of It., 10731 d. (744).\\nLuke, St., Gospel Boole of Acts, 11531\\nLukin, Lionel, b., 9103 granted patent,\\n9222; d., 9462.\\nLulli, Jean Baptiste, b., 6882; d., 6942.\\nLully, Ramond, b.-d, 11262 Lo Desconort,\\n11271.\\nLulu wins yacht race, 5892.\\nLulu, Miss mayor Harmon shot, 4743.\\nLuluburg founded, 10932.\\nLumpkin, Wilson, b. (17S3); gov. La., 1392;\\nd. (1870).\\nLumen, asteroid, discovered, 7481\\nLumley, Viscount, title created, 881\\nLummis, Charles F-, work, 4791\\nLumphanan, action at, 8461.\\nLumsden, Mai., in Afghan, 53.\\nLuna wrecked, 1873.\\nLuna y Arellano, Tristan de, b. (1519) in\\nFla., 233 d. (1571).\\nLunacy Acts Amend. Bill passes, 999\\nLunalilo, William C, king, d., 10412.\\nLunar Society org., 9212.\\nLunardi, Vincent, balloon ascension, 9222.\\nLuncarty, action at, 746\\nLund Hill mine explosion, 9613.\\nUniv. fnd., 11343; mission soc.,1136\\nLundu mission, 5523.\\nLundy, Benjamin, b., 100 d., 1502.\\nLundy s Lane, battle of, 1222 eel., 5943.\\nLiineberger Heide, petroleum in, 830\\nLiineburg, Prus., Are, 8333.\\nLunenburg, N. S., settled, 5753.\\nLuneville. Fr., treaty of, 5182, 5193.\\nLung-Chow R.R., construction edict, 6253.\\nV Unirers Reliqieux becomes Le Morale,\\n735\\nLunney, Ella, shoots McEnroe, 468 2\\nLunt, Orrington, presents library, 3882.\\nLupul, Vasilje, rules successfully, 11122.\\nLurgan, Baron, title created, 945\\nLurin stormed, 6063.\\nLurting, Robt. t mayor, N. Y., 612.\\nlusa, R.R. opened to Turin, 10873.\\nLusatia, Ger., Austrian advance, 516\\n802 Lower, united to Bohemia, 7833;\\nceded to Saxony, 795 3\\nLuscinus, Fabricius, defeats Samnites,\\n10522.\\nLushington, Edmund L., d., 10102.\\nLieut., explorer, 4942.\\nLusitania, war with Romans, 1055\\nLusk, Andrew, lord mayor London, 9753.\\nLutai railroad destroyed, 625\\nLutal, Viceroy of China, 6263.\\nLutchia [Paris], taken, 6622.\\nLutetia, asteroid, discovered, 732\\nLuther, Karl T. R., discovers planet, 820\\nMartin, b., 7862.3 events of his life,\\n7863; instructor at Erfurt prof, at Wit-\\ntenberg, 787 visits Vatican, 108 nails\\nthesis, 7882; attracts attention, 6803 as-\\nsailed, 7SS 2 collection for choral singing,\\n7892; before Diet of Worms condemned,\\n7883; at Wartburg Castle, 78!M reforma-\\ntion spreads, 5083; works, 7892, 3 final\\nsermon, 7911 d., 7902; monument, 825\\ncentennial, 8303; birth eel., 317\\nLutheranism est., 11343 in Denmark,\\n7363 opposed, 7893.\\nLutherans, in New Amsterdam, 301 reli-\\ngious tolerance, 422, 6923, 7922, 7953\\nChurch in N. York, 57 582 in Spott-\\nsylvania, Va., 623 org. synod, 663 in\\nN. Y., 982 Theol. Sem., 742; granted\\nlands in Pa., 1023; N. C. synod fmd., 1123;\\nEnglish intro., 1163; Theolog. Sem., at\\nHarwick, 1243 synods fmd., Md., Va.,\\nO.; United Synod fmd., 1283; Gen. Synod\\nof Maineorg.,1582; org. Ger. Foreign Miss.\\nSoc.,1463; Concordia Coll. fnd.,1503; Roa-\\nnoke Coll. org., 173 Norwegian Univ.\\norg., 111., 1991 Gen. Council, Akron, O.,\\n2782; Woman s Home and Foreign Miss.\\nSoc. org., 3023 Norwegian L. annual ses-\\nsion held, 3601 Univ. of Jena fnd., 7931\\noppressed in Aust. -Hung., 5132; dismissal\\nof pastors, Rus., 11202 Univ. est. at\\nKdnigsberg, 791 1 Univ. of Helmstadt\\nest., 7931. (See Evangelical Lutherans,\\nGerman Lutherans.)\\nLutine wrecked, 9282.\\nLutke, Fedor Petrovitch, d., 11201\\nLutter, Tilly defeats Danes at, 512\\nLuttrel, Ladv. lined for]. laying faro, 929 2\\nLuttrell, Henry, b., 9562.\\nLutz, Johann von, b., 8123 d., 834\\nLiitzen, battle at, 5121 720\\nLuxembourg, D. of Nassau arrives, 5462.\\nDue de, Francois Henri de Montlno-\\nrency-Bouteville, b., 6863 at Fleurus,\\n694 at Neerwinden, 694 at Steen-\\nkerke, 6941; d., 6943.\\nPalace, built, decorated, 686\\nLuxemburg, Belg., taken, 6922, 1098\\n11001 ceded to Fr., 6933 Fr. contest\\nwith Prus.; Fr. desires to purchase, 7373;\\nsurrendered to Fr., 11021 annexed to\\nNeth.; proposals for annexation, 7393\\nevacuated, 8243 question settled, S253\\nconf. in London, 9712 Journal Histo-\\nHque et Litteraire, 5433.\\nHouse of, reigns, 5053, 5072.\\nLuxor Temple, Egv., erected, 6481; mis-\\nsion, 6571 obelisk in Paris, 726\\nLuynes, Due de (Charles dAlbert), b.,\\n(1578); king s favorite, 6873; d. (1621).\\nDuke of, flees from Fr., 761\\nDue de, Honore Theodoric Paul J.,\\nb., 7143 d., 7362.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1331.jp2"}, "1332": {"fulltext": "1320\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nLuza-Macc.\\nIjUzan, Don Ignacio, b.-d., 11283 works,\\n11292.\\nLuzerne, Anne Cesar de la, b., 7002 min-\\nister tO TJ. S., 913 d., 7082.\\nLuzzarra, It., battle at, 7981.\\nIrycsean games instituted, 10132.\\nLycia, subdued, 1062 a province, 10632.\\nJjycomedes commands Arcadians, 10223.\\nLycophron of Phene, rules Thessaly,1023 2\\nLycui gus, Gr., b., 10142; est. clubs makes\\nlaws, 10143; rules in Sparta. 10152; laws\\nrevived, 10272 laws abrogated, 10273.\\nreigns in Sparta, 10273.\\nLyden, Martin, murder of, 9903.\\nLydgate, John, b., 8582 works, 8622,\\n8642,3; d.,864\\nLydia, empire of, 11452 -war with Media,\\n11461; -war witrx Miletus, 10141; con-\\nquered; province of Persia, 11472,3; an-\\nnexed to Pergamus, 11491 part of Turk,\\nempire, 1155 3\\nLydia, asteroid, discovered, 7361.\\nLy-ee-Moon wrecked, 4993.\\nLyell, Sir Charles, b., 9283 work, 9663.\\nLyford, John, banished, 312.\\nLyji Kassa [King Theo.], b., 13.\\nLyle, Ed., works, 875 d., 878 9163.\\nLymaa, Charles, pres. Civil Service Com-\\nmission, 341 3512, 4473.\\nE. H. R., gift, 420\\nJoseph Bardwell, b. (1829) d., 2761\\nGen. Phineas, b. (1716) erects Ft.\\nEdward, 682 d., 823.\\nTheodore Benedict, b., 1242 P. E.\\nassistant bishop, 2822; d.,4441.\\nLyme Regis, Eng., chalk cliff falls, 9482.\\nLymne, Eng., taken, 8401\\nLymphatics discovered, 11341.\\nLyneeus, dethrones Danaus, 10133.\\nLynch in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 803.\\nLynch, Charles, gov. Miss., 1453.\\nJames, cons, bp., 968\\nJohn R., in treas. dept., 3512,\\nJohnson L., murder of, 3151\\nThos., M. C., b., 1562.\\nJr., b., 662 d., 912.\\nLynchburg, Va., Feds, invest Hunter re-\\ntires, 2343.\\nLynching in U. S.. 3782, 3802, 3832, 3883,\\n3903, 393 3943, 3951 3991 4003, 4042,3,\\n4063,4082,3,4102, 419 421 424 429\\n4331,4343, 4382,3, 4.-,s2, 4(102,4623, 4651,\\n4702, 4711, 4722,3, 4731, 4743, 4751; in\\nCan., 5003.\\nLynde, Isaac, yields Fort Filmore, 1981\\nLynden, Wash., Normal School opd.,3242.\\nLyndhurst, Lord. (See Copley, John S.)\\nLyndon, Josiali, gov. K. I., 772.\\nLyndsay, Sir David, works, 869 d., 8702.\\nLynn, Eng., railway accident, 9673.\\nMass., fire, 3492, 339 1; first Amer\\nLynnfleld, Mass., White Caps, 395\\nLyon, relief vessel, 332.\\nCaleb, b., 1302; gov. Ida.,2413;d.,288i\\nGeorge Francis, b. (179;j) expedition,\\n9401,9421; d. (1832).\\nGen. (Confed.), at Ashbyville, 2403.\\nIrving W., Colonial Furniture, 3982.\\nMary, b., 1062 d., 1662.\\nNathaniel b., 1281 commands Mo.\\nvolunteers, 194 1 at Camp Jackson, 1942;\\nat Jefferson Citv; at Uoonville,Mo.,196i\\nat Day Spring, 1981 d., 1983.\\nLyonnais conquered, 6733.\\nLe Lyonnais founders, 1813.\\nLyons, Fr., fnd. developed, 6632; plun-\\ndered, 6641 synods of, 6722 university\\nest., 673 silk manufactured, G8O2 Do-\\nlet burned, 681 2 steamboat on Saone,\\n704 taken, 710 7S13 demolition de-\\ncreed, 7111; insurrection, 7273, 7312;\\nmobbed, 8272, 7523 republican flag\\nraised, 7412,3; riots, 767 2 exhibition\\nopd., 7673.\\nGen. Arnaud, killed, 7432.\\nLord Edmund, b., 9243, 962\\nRichard Bickerton Pemell, b. (1817);\\nproposed mediator, 1951 Trent affair,\\n2013 discloses raid, 2281 surety for J.\\nDavis, 2563; d. (1887).\\nLyric poetry, period of, 10143.\\nLys taken, 912\\nLysander at iEgoppotainos besiegesAth-\\nens commands fleet, 1022 est. oligar-\\nchical govt., 10232 d., 1023\\nLysias, b.-d., 1019 writes orations, 10192;\\nat Bethsura, 1148 d. (380 B.C.).\\nLysimachia, earthquake, 10263.\\nLysimachus, b.d., 1023 master of Thrace,\\n10243, 10272; war with Seleucus, 1026\\nat Cyropedium, 1148 rules Bithynia,\\n1149 rebuilds Smyrna, 1155 k.,1026\\nLysippus, b., 10243 brings bronze horses\\nfrom Constantinople, 10742.\\nLyster, John, cons. R. C. bp., 9983.\\nSir Richard, chief iustice, 8693.\\nLylel Gesteofliobin Hode, etc. .issued, 8663.\\nLyttleton, gov., provokes Indian war, 72\\nLord George, b., 9042 d., 9183.\\nWilliam, patent granted, 9262.\\nLytton, Bulwer Edward Geo.,E.Lytton, b.,\\n9323 works, 943 951 9643,9763 d.,978\\n.Earl of, title created, 987\\nEdward Rob. Bulwer, E.Lytton (Owen\\nMeredith), b., 9442; viceroy, 10492; min-\\nister, 9632 works, 9603, 9(J43; d., 10062.\\nLyveden, Baron, title created, 959 1\\nM.\\nMa assassinated, 6212.\\nMaatrasina, trial, 9932.\\nMaanedtiifc AfJtaudl nujer issued, 11042.\\nJ/aanrihtl.rii i^ or Lilt craturc issued, 6391\\nMaas, Joseph, d., 9942.\\nor Meas, Nikolaas, b.-d., 11003.\\nMaat-en-Ra (Amen-em-hat 111.) reigns in\\nEgypt, 6473.\\nKhem-Ra (Amen-em-hat IV.) reigns\\nin Egypt., 6473.\\nMabie, Hamilton W., work, 3963.\\nMabillon, Jean, b., 6882; d., 6963.\\nMably, Gabriel Bonnet, L Abbe de, b.,\\n6963; works, 7012, 7032, 3; d., 706\\nMabotsa mission, 5601\\nMabuse, -Ian, or Gossaert, b.-d., 5402.\\nMacadam, John Loudon, b., 9143 roads\\nintro., 9382; d., 9482.\\nMcAdoo, William, in navy dept., 447 2\\nMcAleer, William, b., 150\\nMacAlester College opened, St. Paul, 3223.\\nMcAlester, I. T., mine explosion, 3993.\\nMiles David, d., 262\\nMcAlister, Patrick, cons. R. C, bp., 9962.\\nMcAll, Robert W., opens mission, 7462.\\nMcAlpin, Claude, kidnapped, 4622.\\nW. H., imprisoned, 260\\nMacao, China, Ruggiero arrives, 6143\\nPortuguese get, 6153 Eng. to retire, 616\\nmission, 6163, 11243 Napier d., 6172\\nEng, refuses, 6173 typhoon, 6222.\\nMcArdle, Eliza, marries Johnson, 135 2\\nMacarius Chctii Alinei, 11143.\\nMac Arthur, Duncan, b., 76 2 gov. O.,\\n1392; d., 1502.\\nJohn, sheep breeder, 4941 4951\\nMacartney, Earl of, George, b., 9083 gov.\\nInd., 10453; at Peking, 6172; d., 9323.\\nLord, in duel, 9232.\\nMacaulay, Cohnan P. L., d., 10022.\\nThomas Babington, Baron Macaulay,\\nb.,9302; in Pari., 9452 minister, 9492;\\nworks, 9411 9431 ;ir,ij3, 955 d., 9622.\\nZachary, b., 9163; d. (1838).\\nMac-Auley, Catherine E., d., 9503.\\nMcAyeal, R. A., moderator, 2762.\\nMacbeth at Dunsinane at Lumphana,\\n346 assassinates Duncan, 847\\nusurper, 8472; killed, 846 2.\\nMcEride, John, Pres. Amer. Federation\\nLabor, 479\\nMcCabe, Charles C, b., 1462.\\nEdward, b., 9382; cons. R. C. bp.,9823;\\nagainst Land League, 9842; card, priest,\\n9882; manifesto read, 9882; d., 9941.\\nrobber, hanged, 8991\\nMaccabees, rise of, 11492.\\nMcCall, George Archibald, b. (1802) at\\nSeven Days Battles, reenforces McClel-\\nlan, 2091 d. (1868).\\nJohn, intro. Australian meat, 969 s\\nSamuel W., b., 1682; j n House, 4392.\\nMcCalla, Com., suspended, 3561 sen-\\ntenced, 3581\\nMcCann, William P., commander, 3261;\\ncommands, S. Atlantic Squadron, 3661\\ncommands S. Pacific Squadron com-\\nmand of Charleston, 3841\\nM Carthy, Gen., at Newton Butler, 8981.\\nMcCarthy, John, cons. bp. Cologne, 9782.\\nJohn, shoots J. G. Wolf, 4723.\\nJustin, b., 9443 works. 9723, 9862\\npres. Irish Land League, 987 2 leavesNa-\\ntionalists; in Nat. Federal Conven.,1005 2\\nFather, boycotts, 10002 trial, 10003.\\nMcCarty, John, bill in assembly, 4223.\\nM Caskill, Gen., in Afghan, 42.\\nMcCaughey, land commissioner, impeach,\\nment, 4272.\\nMcCauley, C. A. H., commis. major, 4591\\nE. Y.,d.,470i.\\nFrancis, moderator, 1343.\\nMcCausland, Gen., at Hancock, 2363\\nburns Chambershurg, 2363; at Cumber-\\nland at Moorefleld, 237 1 at Front\\nRoyal, 2401\\nMcCawley, Charles G., in navy dept.,\\n3512; d., 3922.\\nMacCheyne, Rob.Murray,b.,9363; d. (1843).\\nMeClave, John, resigns, 4653.\\nMcCleary, J. T., b., 1722.\\nMacClellan, George Brinton, b., 1341 com-\\nmands dept. Ohio, 1942; maj.-gen., 1943;\\nat Beverly at Currick s Ford relieved\\nof command, 1963, 2043, 2151 commands\\nArmy of Potomac, 1981, 2043 reviews\\narmy, 2003 changes base, 2051 leaves\\nFortress Monroe besieges Yorktown\\nagainst Richmond controversy with\\nwar dept., 20l appeals for more men,\\n2071, 2; at White House, 2081; at Fair\\nOaks; takes Hanover Court House, 2082;\\nreenforeed by McCall retreats in\\nSeven Days Battles, 2O91 leaves Harri-\\nson s Bar, 211 at Aquia Creek, 2121;\\ndefends Washington at Alexandria,\\n2122 at Antietam; at South Mountain,\\n2131 arrests Maryland Legislature,2133;\\nto cross Potomac, 2142 first Va. cam-\\npaign, 2143; in politics, 2153; nominated\\nfor Pres. accepts nomination but re-\\njects platform, 2393 resigns command\\nU. S. A., 2401 defeated; vote, 2412;\\nelectoral vote, 2432; g qT 3012; d., 3202;\\nwidow pensioned, 3652 statue, 4741.\\nB., Irish flag, 4551\\nMcClelland, Alexander, d., 2411.\\nRobert, gov., 1712; sec. interior, 1732.\\nMcClernand, Gen. John Alexander, b.\\n(1812) at Belmont, Mo., 2002 at Fort\\nDonelson, 2041 supersedes Sherman,\\n2163, 2181; at Arkansas Post, 2181; at\\nYoung s Point, 2182 at New Carthage,\\n2202 at Black River at Haine s Bluff\\nat Champion s Hill, 222i congratulates\\ntroops, 2222; relieved, 2223; at Mata-\\ngorda, 2321 pres. Dem. Conven., 2931.\\nMacclesfield, E. of, title created, 9051\\nBaron, lord chancellor, 9072.\\nMcClintock, Sir Francis Leopold, b., 9383;\\nbrings Franklin relies, 9622.\\nJohn, b., 1231 work, 2603; d., 270\\nMcCloskey, John, b., 1162; cardinal, 2882;\\ndedicates St. Patrick s, 3002; d., 3202.\\nWm. George, b. (1823) bishop, 2622.\\nMcCluney, William J., d., 2312.\\nMcClure, Gen., abandons Ft. George, 1203.\\nM Clure, Robert John Le Mesurier, b.,\\n9331 discov., 5801, 9542,9602; d.,9781.\\nP. F., nom. for gov. S. Dak., 3451\\nM Clurg, Joseph W., gov. Mo., 2693.\\nMeConias, Judge, refuses mandamus, 4732.\\nMcComb City, Miss., lynching, 4083.\\nMacconnel, John L., b., 1341 d.\\nMcConnell, F., d., 5881.\\nWm. J., gov. Ida., 4471\\nS. D., Am. Ejii.icujial Church, 3743.\\nMcCook, Alex. McDowell, b., 1382 at\\nMurfreesboro, 2171 at Chickamauga\\nat Farmington relieved, 226 3 at Mossy\\nCreek, 2301 at Ashbyville, 2403 Gen.\\nJones surrenders, 2463; brig. -gen., 3621\\n3641 maj. -general, 4741\\nGen. Itan., killed near Kenesaw, 2351\\nEdward M., b., 1422 rn Ga., 2363\\ngov. Colo., 2692.\\nEdwin S., d., 2821.\\nRobt. L., b., 1482 at Laurel Hill, 1962.\\nMacCorkle, W. A., gov. W. Va., 4472.\\nMcCormack, Alex. H-, captain, 3981\\nMacCormack, Francis, cons. E.G. bp.,9762.\\nMcCormick, Cyprus Hall, b.,1161 patents\\nreaper, 144 machine perfected, 1602\\ngold medal, 1701 highest award, 258\\ngrain binder gold medal, 2981 d., 3162.\\nRich. 0., Jr., b., 1401 gov. Ariz., 2553\\nObservatory dedicated, 3201\\nTheological Seminary est., 1383.\\nMcCosh, James, b., 9351 works, 9563, 1863,\\n3063, 2771, 2371; d.,4741.\\nMcCoskry, Samuel Allen, cons. P. E. bp.,\\n1462; deposed, 2983.\\nMcCoy feud in Ky., 3331\\nMcCoy s Mill, W. Va.. action at, 2003.\\nMacCracken, H. M., chanc. of Univ., 3843.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1332.jp2"}, "1333": {"fulltext": "Mecr-Mcle.\\nText Figures denote Page. IJN JJ-hL-X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1321\\nMcCrary, George W., b., 1442 minister\\nresigns, 3033; d., 360\\nW., minister, 2953.\\nMcOrea, Jane, b., 683; k., 863.\\nMeCready, Benjamin W\\\\, d., 410\\nMcCreary, James B., b., 150 gov. Ky.,\\n2912; hi Monetary Conference, 4132.\\nBill passes Senate, 4411.\\nMcCreedv, Thomas C, d., 262\\nM Crie, Thomas, b., 9183; d., 9462.\\nMacCullagll, James, 1KJ.3 1 d., 9542.\\nMcCulloeh, Ben., b. (1814) d., 2052.\\nHugh, b. (1811) sec. treas., 2453, 3192;\\ncontraets eurreney, 2 1 Men, 3323.\\nMacedonia captured, 118 2\\nMacedonia, Gr., dynasty at, 6513 Cara-\\nnus reigns, 11)152 Philip reigns, 10153;\\nconquered, 1016 10173; Athenians\\nagainst, 10253 overrun with Goths,\\n10293 Eoman province, 10292, 1057\\nconquered, 10551 ceded;desolated,1068\\nphalanx instituted, 10223; Persian wives,\\n1025 condemned, 1029 earthquakes,\\n11502 annexed to Ottoman Empire,\\n11572 empire ends, 10292 insurrection,\\n11592 dynasty reigns, 10332.\\nMacedonian War, first, 10542 second,\\n10543 third fourth, 1055\\nSir James, premier, 4973 knighted, Maeedonius, bp. of Oonst ple, 1029 10683.\\nDarling grant, 49X3; ministry, 4991. McEnery, John, gov. La., 2793, 2812;\\nGen., at Milliken s Bend, 2222. claims govt, of La., 2853 d., 3801\\nMaeCulloch, John, b., 9183: d., 9462. discovers flint tools, 9421\\nM Culloch, John Ramsay, b., 9203; workB, M Enery, Samuel D., gov. La., 3132.\\n9423,9463; d., 9681 McEntee, Jervis, b., 1362; works, 2721,\\nPhilip D., b., 1682. 2861 2941 3021 3061 3101 3121 3161\\nMteCullough, John, b. (1837); as Icilius, 3181, 3221, 3261 d., 3761\\n2191 d., 3202.\\nJ. B., d., 466.1\\nMcCurdy, Hugh, Commander, 4123.\\nMeCurley, James, org. Washingtonian MacFarlaiid, Daniel, acquitted, 2703.\\nMaeeo, Gen., surrenders at Gibraltar, 6322\\nMcEttrick, M. J., b., 1602.\\nMacevilly, John, eons, bishop, 9583.\\nmovement, 1511\\nMcCurtin, treas., accounts short, 4402.\\nM Daniel, Henry D., gov., 3152.\\nMcDannold, John J., b., 1682.\\nMcDearmon, James C., b., 1562,\\nM Dermott, Terence, conspirator, 9923.\\nMacDill, David, moderator, 4202.\\nMaed.mald, A. A. gov. P. E. I., 5833.\\nAngus, cons. K. C. bp., 9841\\nCharles F., in P. 0. Dept., 3512.\\nMcDonald. Colonel, at K iuney. 200 2\\nMacDoiiald^D. A., gov., 5832\\nM Donald, E. F.,\\nstated, 375J.\\nMacDonald, Etienne Jacques Joseph Alex-\\nander, Due de Tarente, b., 7031 ;b. of Par-\\nma, 5182; at Bar-sur-Aube, 7203; d., 7232.\\nJohn, cons. bp\u00e2\u0080\u009e 9682.\\nJohn C., d., 1002\\nBaron, title created, 9172.\\nBaron, lord chancellor, 9072.\\nSir John Alexander, b. (1815)\\npremier, 5812, 5x52; ministry of, 5812;\\nMcFarland, Francis, moderator,\\nW. H., surety for J. Davis, 2563.\\nMacFarren, Geo. Alex, b., 9303 d. (1887).\\nMcGann, Lawrence E. b., 1701\\nMeGarrahan, Win., title sustained, 423i.\\nClaim, passes senate, 4253.\\nMcGee, Thomas D Arcy, b.,9422 assassi-\\nnated, 5823, 9722.\\nMaj., near Strasburg, 2203.\\nSheriff, killed, 4762.\\nMaeGeohegan, Abbe James, b., 900n Ire-\\nland; d.,9151.\\neated, 3592; rein- McGill, Alexander T., d., 3341.\\nAndrew It., gov. Minn., 3252.\\nJobn D., b., 1162.\\nM Gill, James, b. (1744) gift, 577 d.(1874).\\nColl., Montreal, 5783.\\nUniv., gift, 5X83, 5902; applied science\\nmovement, 5902.\\nMaegillivray, William, b., 9283 w ar with\\nIndians, 901 d., 9582.\\nMelilassin, attacks Brit., Plattsburg, 1222.\\nMcG-lensey, John F., promoted capt., 352\\ncharges against ministry admits money M Glynn, Edward, at Cooper Union, 3541\\nreceived ministry resigns, 5X33 con-\\ngratulations, 58li2 threatens, 5871; re-\\nsigns presidency, 5892 support, 5921\\naddress, 5923; policy continued, 593\\nd., 5921 statue, 5961.\\nMcDonald, Jos. E., nom. vice-pres., 3173\\nd., 3861.\\nW. A., bribery, 5943.\\nW. Z., indictments, 4402.\\nMacDonald, Capt., in Uganda, 5641.\\nLady, raised to peerage, 5922.\\nMr., M. P., gift of, 9882.\\nBaron, title created, 1005 2\\nGeorge, b., 9422 works, 9663.\\nMac lonnvll, Dictinnariinr (Junfalions ,9291\\nAlex., gov. R. River, 5773.\\nRom. Oath, bishop, 5901\\nMcDonnell, Charles Edward, bp., 4021\\nCol., takes Ogdensburg, 1201.\\nCapt. Miles, governor, 577 3\\nR. G., gov. N. S.,5792\\nattacks parochial schools,\\nehurch despots, 3482 conditions of re-\\nstoration, 3942 restored ovation, 4201\\nspeaks, 421 1 visits pope, 4321 celebrates\\nmass, 4341.\\nMeGoldriek, James, cons. R. C. bp., 248 2\\nMcGovern, Thomas, R. C. bp. cons., 3282.\\nMcGowan, Col., at Kinderhook, 2103.\\nMcGrane, Chief of Police, arrested, 4443.\\nMcGrath, James, sentenced, 987 1\\nMeGraw, John H., gov. Wash., 4472.\\nMcGreevy, Thomas, resigns, 5981\\nMacgregor, Sir Charles Metcalfe, d., 996 2\\nSir James, statue, 966 2\\nJohn, d., 10081.\\nCampbell, Hob Roy, b.,8902; d.,9082.\\nMcGuffev, Wm. Homes b. (1800) d.,2802.\\nMcHale, John, d., 9382.\\nMaehanidas, killed at Mantinea, 10262.\\nMachaut, Guillaume de, b. (1284) works,\\n6743 d. (1370),\\nMacdonough, Thomas, b., 961 at Platts- Macben, Willis B., vote, 2812.\\nburg, 1222 d., 1322.\\nMcDougal, Mr., discharged, 773.\\nAlex., b., 1581 d. (17S6).\\nEphraim, d., 1682.\\nJohn, moderator, 1283.\\nRobert, org. Presb. Church, 5763.\\nWilliam A., moderator, 1422.\\nMcDougall, Alex., b., 621; a t Peekskill,\\n861 d., 981\\nMacDougall, F. J., bp., 5523.\\nMcDowell, Va., Federals defeated, 2071\\nM Henry, Mary S., president, 3891.\\nMachine launehed, 39G 1 trial trip, 430\\nMaehiavelli, Niccolo, b., 10783 sec. at\\nFlorence, 10793 works, 10812 d., 10803.\\nMachiewicz, Abbe, hanged, 11183.\\nMachray, R., cons, bishop, 9683.\\nMcllvaine, Charles Pettit, b. (1799) cons.\\nP. E. bishop, 1402 d., 2802.\\nMcintosh, Ga., Dorchester Acad., 2763, 4.\\nJames McQueen, at Pea Ridge. 202\\nLachlan, b., 602 d., 1122\\nMacDowell, Irvin, b., 1262; advance on Mclntyre, H.W., nom. for gov. Col., 4712.\\nManassas, 1963 in Army of Potomac, Peter, cons, bishop, 6S02.\\n2043 in Va., 2052 commander de- Mack, Karl, surrenders Ulm, 51S3 con\\ntached, 206 at Fredericksburg, 20112 mander, 8083.\\ndefense of Wash., 2082 at Centerville Leiberich, b., 5143 d., 5202.\\nat Groveton, 2122 relieved, 2123, 2263 McKaig, William M., b., 158\\ncommands Pacific Coast, 2:132; commands Markall, Gen., at Island No. 10, 2052.\\n4th military dis., 258 262 d., 3202. McKane, John Y., case, 4422, 4423, 444:\\nM Dowell, James, b. (1796) gov. Va., 1572; 4451 4483, 4492, 4502,3, 453 4592.\\nd. (1851).\\nMeDuffie, George, b. (1788); gov. S. C,\\n1452; d., 1682.\\nMace, Samuel, in Va., 26\\nMacedo, Jose Agostino de, Or tente, 1110\\nMacedon rises in power, 10233 invaded,\\n10243, 1026\\nMackarness, John Fielder, d., 1000\\nMncko y-Bennett cable-steamer, 471 2\\nMackay n Alex. Murdock, b. (1849) Zanzi-\\nbar, 5612 baptism in Uganda, 5613; ex-\\npelled, 562 d.,5622.\\nCharles, b., 9363 works, 951 9682;\\nd., 10021\\nMackay, Capt., rifles Martello tower, 9711\\nMcKay, Donald, b., 1162 d., 3041.\\nMackay, Gen., at Killiecrankie, 8981.\\nG. M. ^contested election, 3111.\\nJohn W., trip, 3933 shot, 4242.\\nPhilip, mission, 2922.\\nSergt., wins rifle prize, 982\\nThomas, Pita for Liberty, 3962.\\nMackaye, Steele, b., 56 d.,452\\nMcKean, Frank A., embezzler, 4763.\\nThomas, b., 622 g0 v., 1093 d.,.1262.\\nWilliam W r d.,247\\nJIcKee. Maj., at Hudson, Mo., 2021\\nMcKeesport, Pa., mills resume, 4373\\nstrike, 4622 centennial, 471 3\\nMcKeever, Isaac, b., 1042 d., 1781.\\nMcKeighan, William A., b., 1542.\\nMcKendree, Wm., b. (1757) ordained bp.,\\n1142 d., 1442.\\nCollege founded, 135\\nMcKenna Bill, passes, 3532.\\nAlice, murdered, 1001\\nCol., defeats Sioux, 2921\\nDonald, governor, 5773.\\nMcKenzie, Tenn., Bethel Coll. org., 1703.\\nMackenzie, Alex. Slidell.b., 1102; d., 1641\\nSir Alex., b., 9123 polar expedition,\\n5162, 9242 goes to Pacific, 5762 reaches\\ncoast, 1041 d., 9402.\\nb. (1822) agent frees slaves in\\nAfr., 5632 premier, 5833 ministry re-\\nsigns, 5852 d.,594\\nmaj.-gen., d.. 1002\\nCharles F., bp. at Zambesi, 5612; lib-\\nerates slaves 59X3 d., 6612.\\nDouglas, cons. P. E. bishop, 9862.\\nSir George, b., 8822 d., 9862.\\nHenry, b., 9103 d., 9442.\\nJ. Kenneth, d., 6242.\\nSir Morell, b. (1837) royal physician,\\n3822 tracheotomy, 8223 d., 1008\\nRobert Shelton, b., 935 d., 986\\nRonald Slide]], d., 3341\\nWilliam Lyon, b., 5762 leader,578i\\nproclamation, 5792 d.,5801.\\nBasin, exploration, 5901\\nRiver, Can., disc, 576 2 attractions,\\n5863 Bishop Bombas, cons., 9742\\nBishop Reeve, cons., 1006 3\\nMcKeon, Mr., kills opponent; hanged, 925\\nMaekie, Charles P., Ocean Sea, 3982.\\nMcKim, A. J., colporteur, 6323.\\nJohn, bishop to Japan, 4321\\nMackinac Island, park on, 289i\\nMackinaw, Mich., mission, 563,602,1311,\\n5151 surrendered to British, 1181 as-\\nsaulted, 1222.\\nMcKinley, John, gov. Del., 853.\\nb., 931 justice of U. S. 1492.\\nWilliam, b. (1844) M. C. from O.,\\n2972 Committee on Ways and Means,\\n3491 intro. Tariff Bill, 3592 nom. for\\ngov. O., 3872 chairman Nat. Conven.;\\nnom. for pres., 409i gov. O., 4212, 4312\\nsubscription for, 4242 debts paid, 4521\\npres. U. S. (1897-1901).\\nTariff Bill, 3571 3592, 3, 3691 ,2, 4013,\\n4031 Aust. press attacks, 5353.\\nMcKinney, Luther F., nom. for gov. N.H.,\\n4151 minister, 4473.\\nPhilip W., governor Va., 3751\\nMackintosh, Sir .lames, b., 9162; works,\\n9353 d. (1832).\\nMcKitrie, E. S., moderator, 3501\\nMacklin, Charles, b. (1697\u00c2\u00b1) appears in\\nLondon, 906 d. (1797).\\nMcKnight, John, moderator, 1062.\\nMcKnivett, James, sentenced, 987\\nMackonnochie, A. H., ritualist trial, 9702;\\nsentence, 9782; appeal dismissed, 9862.\\nMacLachlan, John, cons. R. C. bp., 984\\nMaclagan, Wm.D., elected bp., 9803, 10062.\\nMacLane, Louis, b., 98 sec. of treas.,\\n1392 treaty with Mex., 1903 d., 182\\nRob. Miiligan.b. (1815); diplomat,1903.\\nMcLaren, Edwin W\\\\, b., 1382 cons. P. E.\\nbishop, 2883.\\nMcLauin, John L., b., 186\\nMaclauriii, Clin, b., 9002 d., 9122.\\nMcLaws, Gen. Lafayette, b. (1821) at\\nGettysburg, 224\\nMaclav College of Theology opened, 3203.\\nEdgar Staunton, U. S. Navy, 479\\nDr. Robert S., opens mission, 1094\\nMaeleag mission, 5002.\\nMcLean Co., 111., relief for Russians, 4023.\\nAlexander, b., 142\\nA., kills Miss Douglas, 4683.\\nCapt., on American, 305 2", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1333.jp2"}, "1334": {"fulltext": "1322\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Mcle\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Magll.\\nMcLean, John, b., 962 p. m gen., 1333;\\njustice IT. S. Supreme Court, 1372 j nom.\\npres., 1S03, 1873 d., 1922.\\nRobert, .shoots at queen, 988 1\\nM. W., moderator, 5882.\\nMcLeod, Alexander, indicted, 1532 ac-\\nquitted, 579\\nM Leod, John, in Georgia, 633.\\nMacLeod, Xavier Donald, b., 130 1 d.\\n(1865).\\nMaclise, Daniel, b., 935 Play Scene in\\nHamlet, 9502 d. (1870).\\nMaclure, William, b., 723 d., 1522.\\nCapt., captured, 9703.\\nMc3Iahon, Lawrence S., cons, bishop of\\nHartford, 3022 d.,436\\nMacMahon, Comte Marie Edme, Patrice\\nMaurice de, Due de Magenta, b., 717 1\\nat Magenta, 5241 at Strasburg at\\nWorth at Saverne, 738 fails to relieve\\nBazaine reaches Chalons-sur-Marne,\\n740 at Sedan; retreats; retreat cut\\noff, 740 2 commander-in-chief, 7442\\npres. of Fr., 7473 increased power, 7491\\ndisplaces Simon ministry, 751 1 submits\\nto majority, 7512; arbitrator, 6012; con-\\nflict with Chambers opens Exhibition,\\n7513; on council of war; supported for\\npres., 7472; d., 7661 funeral, 7662.\\nMarchioness, conspiracy, 748 3\\nMcMahon, Win. H.. tariif commissioner,\\n3111.\\nM Million, James, gift to E. C. univ., 3822.\\nMai. Master, Donald, commissioner, 5942.\\nMcMaster, John Bach, b. (1852); works,\\n3163, 4203.\\nMcMiehael, Morton, b., 1141 d., 3001\\nMacMillarapatna, India, mission, 10463.\\nMcMillan, James, b., 1501\\nWilliam H., moderator, 3162.\\nMcMillin Benton, b.,158i speaker, 3992\\nInternal Revenue Bill, 4511\\nM Minn, Joseph, governor Tenn., 1252.\\nMcMiunville College, Ore., org., 1863.\\nM Mullen, Favette, governor Wash., 1833.\\nMcMurdo, Sir William Scott, b., 10102.\\nMcMurray, Wm., pres. lief, synod, 1263.\\nMcMurrough, Dermod, banished, 851 2\\nMoMurtrie, Henry, d., 2471.\\nMacnab, Sir Allan Napier, b., 5762; leader,\\n5781 d., 5801\\nMacnaghten, Baron, title created, 9963.\\nSir William, Aden captured, 9493 en-\\nvoy to Afghanistan, 51 killed, 52.\\nMcNagny, William F., b., 1681.\\nM Nair, Alexander, governor Mo., 1292.\\nMcNales, James, shoots leo. Hoover, 3803.\\nMacnally, David R., b., 1162.\\nMcNeil, Col., at Ivirksville, 2103 gueril-\\nlas hanged, 2143 at Cape Girardeau,\\n2203.\\nGen., in Sudan, 6602.\\nMacneil, Hector, b., 9122; d.,9383.\\nMacNeven, Wm. James, b., 916 2 d.,9502.\\nMcNierny, Francis, cons. Roman Catholic\\nbishop, 2763, 2962 d., 4481\\nMcNish, George, missionary, 522.\\nM Nulty, Father, beaten, 3803.\\nM Nutt, Alex. G., gov. Miss., 1492.\\nMacomb, Alex., b., 951 commands army,\\n1341 at Plattsburg retires, 1221 ,2 d.,\\n1522.\\nCommander, takes Plymouth, 2392.\\nWilliam H., d., 2781\\nMacon, Fr., purchased, 6713.\\nMacon, Ga., Mercer Univ.org., 1423; earth-\\nquake, 1741 Stoneman rt raid, 23G 3 sur-\\nrendered, 2462 pio Nono College, R. C,\\norg., 2922 bust of Lanier, 3701\\nand Brunswick R. R. sold, 303 3\\nNathaniel, b.,71 speaker,1112,113i ,3;\\nNo. 2 Act passes, 119 2 electoral vote,\\n1332 pres. Senate, 1352 d., 1482.\\nMcPherson, Edward M., pres. Nat. Rep.\\nconven., 2931 clerk of House, 3483.\\nMacpherson Ministry, formed, 4983.\\nMacpherson, Sir Herbert Taylor, d., 9942.\\nJames, b., 9102; Ossian, 9152; d., 9283.\\nBirdseye, b., 1362 a t Bruins-\\nburg at Champion s Hill at Haines\\nBluff; at Raymond; at Jaekson, 2221\\nrecalled from Red River commands\\nDept.of Tenn., 2303,2322; near Marietta,\\nnear Pumpkin Vine Creek, 2341 at At-\\nlanta, 2362 d., 2373.\\nSir John, b. (1745) gov. -gen. India,\\n10453 d. (1821).\\nR., b., 1421.\\nGen., at Suez, 6582; in Abys., 61.\\nMcQuaid, Bernard J., cons. R. C. bp., 2622;\\ncons., Dp., sustained by pope, 3422.\\nMeQuaid, Alderman, of New York, sen-\\ntenced, 325L\\nMeQuade, John, commissioner, 4593.\\nMaequarie Plains, gold discovered, 4961\\nCol. Lachlan, gov., 4951\\nMacQuearey, Howard, suspended, 3542\\ntrial suspended deposition, 3742.\\nM Rae, John J., gov. Miss., 1771 d., 2621\\nMcRae, Thomas C, b., 1682.\\nMacready, William Charles, b., 9262; first\\nappearance, 9362 Astor Place riot,\\n1643 in N. York, 1341 ,1641 d., 9781\\nMcRedmond, T. T., cons. R. C. bp., 10042.\\nMacrinus, Marcus Opilius, b. (164) de-\\nfeated, 10641 reigns, 10293, 10653; assas-\\nsination of Caraealla purchases peace\\nkilled, 10653.\\nMacro, Navius Sertorius, favorite of Tibe-\\nrius, 10632; k. (38\u00c2\u00b1).\\nMacrorie, W. R., cons, bp., 6003,9663.\\nMcTavish, Wm., gov. Red River S., 5773.\\nMcT vcire, Holland N., ordained Meth.\\nEpis. bishop, 2522 d., 3361.\\nMcVeagh, Wayne, h. (1833); minister, 3072;\\natty.-gen., resigns, 3092 ambassador to\\nRome, 4473.\\nMacViokar, John, b., 982 d., 264i.\\nM Vicker s Theater burned, 3673.\\nMcWhirter, L. B., shot, 4142.\\nMcWhorter, Alexander, b. (1734) modera-\\ntor, 1062 d. (1807).\\nM Willie, Wm., gov. Miss., 1852 d., 2661\\nMachinery prohibited in prisons, 3783.\\n.exports prohibited, 9182,9193 riots\\nagainst, in G. B., 9451\\nMachine ram invented, 7901\\nMacy, Thomas, in Mass., 412.\\nMad Parliament assembles, Eng.,8551.\\nMad River Railroad opened, O., 1493.\\nMadagascar tsee text, pp. 1094-95), Fr. pro-\\ntectorate, 753 3 Fr. honor supported,\\n7551 peace, 7552 protectorate recog.,\\n7611; rupture of relations, 7632 grant\\nprotested, 7672 fund for campaign\\ntrouble with, 7673; naval engagement,\\n9342; Bp. Kestell-Cornish cons., 9742.\\nMadaiiapalli mission, 1047 2\\nMadden, Sir Fred., b., 9303 d.,9781.\\nMadder cultivated in Ger., 7921.\\nMadderne, Edward Byrne, threats, 9831\\nMadeira, acquired by Port. grape-vine\\nand sugar-cane planted, 11093.\\nMadeline wins America cup, 2933.\\nMadersburger, sewing-machine, 5202.\\nMadison, N J., Drew Sem. fnd.,2543.\\nS. Dak., Normal School opd., 3143.\\nVa., Confederates defeated, 2263.\\nWis., Univ. of Wis. org., 1643 State\\nHistor. Soc. Library tint., 1663; Coll. for\\nWomen opd., 2742 Washbume Observ-\\natory erected, 3001 hospital est., 360 3\\nGeorge, governor Ivy., 1252.\\nJames, b. (1749) bp., 1022; d. (1812).\\nb., 692; graduates from Prince-\\nton, 771 marries, 1071 se c. state, 1112\\nelectoral vote, 1153, 1212 inaug. pres.,\\n1171,1213; war against Eng., 1173; favors\\nFr. commerce, 1172 war message de-\\nclares war, 1192 cabinet, 121 3 signs\\nDelevau s declaration, 1451 d., 1462.\\nUniv., N. Y., est., 1251 Library build-\\ning, 3383 changed to Colgate Univ., 341 1\\nMadler, Johann H., b., 8062 d., 8281.\\nMadoc, legendary Welsh pr., d., 8502.\\nMadole, battle at, 518\\nMadoz, Pascuale, b.-d., 11303.\\nMadras, E. I., fnd., 8S33 attacked, 9101\\nbishopric est., 9483 Archbp. Colgan\\ncons., 9862; surrenders, 10441 besieged,\\n10442; mission, 10462, 10483, 10491 uni-\\nversity established, 10462.\\nMadrazo, Don Federico, d., 11322.\\nMadrid, Sp., sacked, 11261 peace of, void,\\n6802; yutnria s Requiem printed, 11292;\\ntreaty of, 452, 6333, 6.S13 foundation of\\nEscurial, 11281 capital of Sp., 11293; in-\\ntrigues, 5133 taken, 11281 telescope,\\n9302 Napoleon enters, 7173 supreme\\njunta fmd., 11312 Eng. enter, 936\\n7162; evacuated, 7182; surrenders; mili-\\ntary revolt, 11301 ,2, H322 k. R. to Lis-\\nbon, 11113 students riots, 11312 Pro-\\ntestants worship professors and stu-\\ndents expelled. 11322,3; Ger. legation\\nattacked, 11333 Workman s Cong. ex-\\nplosives in Cortes, 11331 Cortesguarded,\\n11333; Protestant church opened, 11323.\\nMadrid-Aranjuez R. R. opened, 11311.\\nMadrigal Society fnd., London, 9102.\\nMadura, Jesuit mission, 10432, 1046 3\\nRoman Catholic success at, 10491.\\nMadvig, Johann Nikolai, b.,6382; d.,6421.\\nMaecenas, Caius Cilnius, b.-d., 10583.\\nMaelin, Victor, executed. 6342.\\nMaerlant, Jakob van, b.-d., 539 2 Flowers\\nof Nature, 10983.\\nMaes, Camillus Paul, b. (1846); bp., 3182.\\nMaestricht, Neth., taken, 692 7001 11001\\nMafeking, attack on, 6021\\nMafia, in Sicily, 10893 mob against, 381\\nMaffei, Francesco Scipione, b., 10831 j\\nworks, 10833 d. (1775).\\nMaffit, John Newland, b., 1061 d., 1681\\nMafube, O., free State, mission at, 11051.\\nMagadha, ambassador from, 613 2\\nMagannis, Edward, cons. R. C. bp., 998 3\\nMagantone invents stucco-work, 10761\\nMagasinal istoriea peutru Dacia, 11133.\\nMagauscia uncrowned, 3 3\\nMagazine of Am. History appears, 296 3\\nMagaw, Col., at Fort Washington, 843.\\nMagdala, Abys., bombarded, 21\\nNicaragua, mission at, 11032.\\nMagdalena River, steamboats run, 6293.\\nMagdeburg, Saxony, fnd., 7732; imperial-\\nists repulsed, 6361 Catholics take, 5121\\nbattle at, 6961 occupied, 7161 besieged,\\n7921 monastery at, 7723 archbishopric\\nfmd., 7742; under ban, 7913; blockaded,\\n794 taken, 7942,795 archb pric ceded\\nto Sax., 7953; battle of, 796 808 an-\\nnexed to Brandenburg, 7973, to West-\\nphalia, 8093; restored to Prns., 8112.\\nMagdoshu captured, 561 3\\nMagee, William, b. (1765) d., 9442.\\nConnor, b. (1821) cons, bp., 9663;\\n10062 d., 1006\\nMagellan, Straits of, entered, 183.\\nFernando, b.-d., 11092; sails; enters\\nPacific, 183 in Plata Sea, 489 sails\\naround S. Am., 11093 circumnavigation\\nof globe, 182, 191.\\nMagrllancs, engagement with, 608 3\\nMagendie, Francois, b., 7051 d.,7322.\\nMagenta launched, 7341 destroyed, 7481\\nworthless, 7661\\nMagenta, It., battle of, 5241 7341\\nMaghazee reigns in Egypt, 655 2\\nMaglieramorne. Baron, title created, 996 3\\nLord, J. M. Hogg, d., 10022.\\nMagi banished, 6123; order est., 11063.\\nMagic ill Egvpt, 6483.\\nlantern invented, 7962, 8541\\nMagic wins race, 2713.\\nMagiciemie wrecked, 9341\\nlaunched, 9981.\\nMagila, mission station, 8383.\\nMaginn, William, b., 9263; d.,9502.\\nMaginnis, J Mward, cons. R. C. bp., 9983.\\nMaglai, action at, 5281.\\nMagliabccchi, Antonio, b., 10823; d., 10831.\\nMagna Charta, King John grants; an-\\nnulled revised, 853 2 renewed, 8533.\\nMagna Gra-cia, colonized colonizes Italy.\\n10133; states ruined, 10552.\\nMagnan, Bernard Pierre, b., 7082; d.,7362.\\nMagnano, It., French defeat, 7122,\\nMagnard, Francois, d.,7661.\\nMagnay, Christopher, lord mayor, 9393.\\nS. W., lord mayor London, 9492.\\nMagne, Pierre, b. (1806) financier, 739\\nminister, 7392, 3, 7472, 7491 d. (1879).\\nMagner, Thomas F.,b., 1861.\\nMagnesia, battle of, 10262, 10551.\\nMagnesium first obtained, 9343.\\nMagnet known, 6101 powerful, 9561\\nMagnetic needle, dip discovered, 8741\\nvariations, theory published, 8961\\nMagneto- elect lie machine, first, 9461\\nMagnifying-glasses invented, 4862.\\nMagnin, M., minister agriculture, 7412.\\nMaqnolia explodes, 261 3\\nMagnus I. reigns, 11051, 11351; d., 11041.\\nII. reigns, 11051 H852.\\nIII. reigns conquests in G. B., 11051\\ninvades Orkneys, Scot., Ire. k., 11041.\\nIV. reigns dethroned, 11051\\nV., defeated by Swerro, 11041 1105\\ncrowned by archbishop, 11051.\\nVI. reigns, 11051\\nVTI. reigns, 11051 (Magnus III. of\\nSweden); d., 11041.\\nAlbertus, K.rjio.sition Aristotle, 7803.\\nHeinrich Gustav, b., 80S2; d. (1780).\\nof Norway enthroned, 6352 on Isle\\nof Man, 8481", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1334.jp2"}, "1335": {"fulltext": "Magn- Mali.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1323\\nMagny, Oliver de, Sonnets, 6831 d. (1560\u00c2\u00b1).\\nMago, at Genoa, 10543.\\nMagoffin, Beriah, gov. Ky., 187 1 refuses\\ntroops, 1932; proclaims neutrality, 1953;\\nresigns, 2113.\\nMagomero mission, 561 2 838 3 slave settle-\\nment, 5983.\\nMagoon, Elias Lyman, b., 1162; d. (188G).\\nMagrath, And. G., gov. S. C, 2413; d.,4261\\nW., in Nat. Acad, of Design, 2941\\nMagruder, John Bankhead, b. (1810) at\\nBig Bethel, Va.,19Gi; checks McClellan,\\n2001 i u Seven Days Battles, 2091 a t\\nGalveston, 2181 d. (1871).\\nMaguire, Edward, in duel, 9372.\\nJames G., b., 1722.\\nJohn, burial, 3322.\\nFrancis, b., 9363; d., 9762.\\nMagwe captured, 10482.\\nMaifijar Museum issued, 5171.\\nLaszld, d., 5262.\\n-Magyars in Hung., 5031 in Aust., 5032,\\n5041 defeat Turks, 50S1 in Bavaria,\\n7721; conquer Ger., 7721, 7732; in Fr.,\\n7722; demand tribute, 7733; uprise, 8172.\\nMahaffey, John P., b. (1839) works, 9791\\n9983.\\nManagua, provincial govt, est., 11042.\\nMahalla mission, 6571\\nMahan, Capt. Alfred Thayer, b. (1840)\\nworks, 4203, 4461; in London; degrees\\nconferred, 10122.\\nFred. A., commissioned major, 45G1\\nMahanoro, mission, 101*42 bomb d, 10953.\\nMahanoy, Pa., Soldiers Monument, 4161\\nMahar, James, starvation, 4773.\\nMahazula, at Laureneo Marquez, 6042.\\nMahdi reigns in Egy., 6552.\\nMahdists, ravage Abyssinia, 31\\nMahdiya captured, 11392.\\nMahichandra Rautore reigns, 10432.\\nMahmoud reigns, 1107 2\\nCanal opened, 6563.\\nPasha, Kgypt, forms ministry, 6592.\\ngrand vizier, Turk., 11591 2.\\nShah reigns, Afgh. favors literature,\\n53; dethroned restored; gains Herat;\\nexpelled d., 51\\nMahmud, sultan of Ghazni, b.-d., 10423\\ndefeats rajah, 10421 est. dynasty, 1155 2\\nintro. Mohammedisrn, 10431.\\nsultan of Arabia, 4871\\nShah reigns in Persia, 11073.\\nII., conqueror, Ind., b.-d., 10423.\\nreigns in Ind., 10432,3.\\nShah reigns in India, 10452.\\nson of Mir Wais, d., 43.\\nI., b.-d., 11563; reigns, Turk., 11572.\\nII., b.-d., 11563; reigns, Turk., 11573.\\nIV., emp. Ind., b.-d., 10431\\nV., emp. Ind,, b.-d., 10431\\nXIII., emp. Ind., b.-d., 10443.\\nXIV., emp. Ind., b.-d., 10443.\\nAli, nawab of Oudh reigns, 10473.\\nBahadur Shah reigns, 10473.\\nof Ghur, in India; rules, 10432.\\nTughlak reigns, 10432, 3.\\nMahoetahi, action at, 9641\\nMahogany in Eng.,8773; general use, 9073.\\nMahon, Thaddeus M., b., 1522.\\nMahone, Wm., b., 1341\\nWilliam F., nom. for gov. Va., 3451\\npolitical circular, 3912.\\nMahoning Valley, furnaces closed, 3973.\\nMahony, Francis (Father Prout) b.,\\n9323 Father Prout, 9483; d., 9701\\nMahratta, fort of, captured, 10441 king-\\ndom founded, 10451\\nWar (first), 920 1 9321, 10441,2; de-\\nfeated, 10441 cause of war, 10453; power\\nbroken second war third war, 10461\\nHolkar refuses Brit, treaty, 10472.\\nMahuaim, mission at, 11241\\nMahy, Fran. 0. de, minister, 7532, 3 t 7571.\\nMai, Angelo, b., 10843; d., 10863.\\nMala, asteroid, discovered, 1922.\\nMaichu, peasants attack, 7881\\nMaida, battle at, 7161\\nVale Home, incurable children, 981 1\\nMaid of the Mist on Niagara River, 3153.\\nMaids of the Cross, Eng., est., 8802.\\nMaidstone, Eng., riot at, 9292.\\nMaigret, Junell, d., 10412.\\nLouis D-, cons, vicar-apostolic, 10402.\\nMailath, Janos Nepomuk, b., 5163 d., 5242.\\nMailberg, King John defeated, 5061\\nMaillard, Oliver, b.-d., 6762.\\nMaillart, Jean, kills Marcel, 6752.\\nMailly, Abbe, Akebar composed, 688 z\\nMails exclude antislavery papers, 1453\\nmerchandise admitted; daily delivery\\nin N. Y., 1933 withdrawn from the\\nSouth, 1953, 1971 overland, 1973 at St.\\nLouis, 1853 cut off, Confederate, 2033\\ntrains, fast, intro., 2*93; troops protect,\\n3221 under Civil Service, 3392 Am. ves-\\nsels employed, 3873 Service Bill passed,\\n3392 robbery, 4343 Stead s book ex-\\ncluded, 4562 subsidies, Can., 5872 by\\ncoaches, Eng. ,9193; overland route, 9473;\\non railroads, G. B., 9493 posts in Fr.,\\n6671; robbery, 7681.\\nMaimbourg, Louis, b., 6862 d., 6942.\\nMaimonides, Moses, b.-d., 1126 2\\nMain conspiracy discovered, 8792.\\nMaine, battleship, launched, 3701\\nMaine, Fr., conquered, 6681 ceded to\\nAnjou, 6693; united to Fr., 6792; sur-\\nrendered, 8632.\\nU. S. A., division line est., 33 2 pur-\\nchase, 393; population, 412 yields to\\nMass., 421 taken from Mass., 432; :\\\\Iass.\\ngoverns, 433 Fr. gets E. part, 45 1 Iiob-\\nertP. Dunlap.gov. .452; Mass. purchases,\\n472 a province of Mass., 491 Jesuit\\nmissions, 502 on Fr. frontier, 533 Fr.\\nand Indian conflict; Indians pacific, 541;\\nFr. claims in, 551 Kasles, mission in,\\n582; English settlements, 592 Machias,\\nMargaretta seized, S02 posts est. ex-\\ntending to Ga., 81 2 Falmouth Gazette\\nissued, 983 Bowdoin Coll. fnd., 1063\\nseparated from .Mass., 1272; P.E. diocese\\norg., 1282; State admitted; Colby Univ.\\nfnd., 1291 Wm. King, gov., 1292 W.D.\\nWilliamson, gov., 1293 Gen. Conf. of\\nCongregationalists org., 1342; Enoch Lin-\\ncoln, gov. ,1353; Universalists StateCon-\\nven. held, 1362; Daily Courier, 1371 Na-\\nthan Cutler, gov., 1373; Samuel B. Smith,\\ngov. Jonathan D. Hunton, gov., 1392\\nlibrary, state.org., 1403 Edward Kent,\\ngov., 1512, 1531 John Fairfield, gov.,\\n151 2 Edward Kavanagh, gov., 1572\\nHugh J. Anderson, gov., 1591 first pro-\\nhibitory law, 1611 2, 17S3; Geo. Burgess,\\ncons. P. E. bp., 1623 John W. Dana,\\ngov., 1633; East Meth. Epis. Conf. fmd.,\\n1642 ;;M. law signed, 1691; John Hub-\\nbard, gov., 1692; tornado, 1701; Demo-\\ncrats strengthen M. law., 1703 W. G.\\nCrosby, gov., 1743 Prohibitory Law\\nenacted, 1783, Law repealed, 1803; Sam-\\nuel Wells, gov., 1812 Joseph H. Wil-\\nliams, gov., 1832; Hannibal Hamlin, gov.,\\n1832; Lot M. Morrill, gov., 1852 Dem-\\nocrat office destroyed, 199 1 Israel Wash-\\nburn, Jr., gov. ,2032; Aimer Coburn, gov.,\\n2293 Confed. raiders in, 2362 Samuel\\nCorry, gov., 2413 ratifies 13th Amend.,\\n2432; ratifies 14th Amend., 2572; intoxi-\\ncants prohibited, 2591 J. L. Chamber-\\nlain, gov. Prohib. Liquor Law passed,\\n2593; Agricultural Coll. fnd., 2623; Con-\\nstabulary Law repealed, 265 2 earth-\\nquake extending to Iowa, 2702, 3521\\nProhibitory Law reinforced, 2723, 2811;\\nSidney Perham, gov., 2772 industrial\\nschool at Hallowell, 2S71; Nelson Ding-\\nley, gov., 2873; Unit. Asso. formed, 2882;\\nCompulsory Education Bill passes, 2911;\\ndeath penalty abolished, 2923 Selden\\nConner, gov., 2951 statue of Gov. King,\\n3001 Eldership Ch. of God, org., 3002\\nAlonzo Garcelon, gov. Rep. claim legis-\\nlature, 3033 Dan. F. Davis, gov., 3052\\nYoung People s Society of C. E. org.,\\n3062; Female Suffrage, 3071; Harris M.\\nPlaisted, gov., 3093 death penalty re-\\nstored, 3151; Fred. Robie, gov., 3152;\\nProhibitory Amend, approved, 3191 ;Pro-\\nhibitory Amend, adopted, 3192 Board\\nof Health est., 323 1 Capital punishment\\nest.; Labor Day est., 329 2 Sebastian S.\\nMarble, gov., 3293; Brit. Gleaner seized,\\n3372 Austral, ballot system rejected,\\n3363; selling votes, 3391 plumbago mine\\ndis., 3421 Anti-trust Act Edwin C.\\nBurleigh, gov., 349 2 W. P. Thompson\\nfor gov.. 3632 disfranchisement of illit-\\nerates Gen. Tern. Bill passes, 3812 ,aw\\neffective, 3831 tornado. 3921 forest fires,\\n3933 Edwin C. Burleigh, gov., 3991\\nHenry B. Cleaves, gov., 4471\\nSir Henry James Sumner, b., 9403\\nworks, 9643, 9923, 9763; d., 9981\\nde Birun (.Marie Francois Pierre Gon-\\nthier de Brian), b., 7031 d., 7242.\\nMaintenon, Francois d Aubigne, b., 6882;\\nLouis XIV. marries, 6932 Memoires,\\n6972; d., 6981.\\nMainz, Hesse. (See Mentz.)\\nMaipo, Chile, battle of, 6061\\nMair, John (Major, John), b. (1470\u00c2\u00b1)\\nGreat Britain, 8671 d. (1550+).\\nMairet, Jean, b., 6862; d., 6942.\\nMaisonneuve, Jules Germain Francois,\\nb.,719i.\\nMaissonier, Sieur de, gov. Montreal, 5723-\\nMaistre, Jos. Marie, Comte de, b., 10842\\nworks, 7131 7192, 7231 d., 10862.\\nComte Xavier de, b., 7031 works,\\n7103,7193; d., 7322.\\nMaitland, Can., hematite ore dis., 5901\\nAdm., at Macao, GIG 1\\nJames, Earl of Lauderdale, b., 9143\\nd., 9483.\\nD.of Lauderdale, b., 8801 royal\\ndecree, 8923; minister, 8932; persecutes\\nCovenanters, 8943.\\nPeregrine, lieut.-gov., 579 2 gov.,\\n5773; assists Griquas, 11052.\\nSir Richard, b., 8661 d., 87G2.\\nSir Thomas, Commissioner, 1035 3\\nClub, Glasgow, founded, 9491.\\nMaittaire, Michel, b., 8922; d. (1747).\\nMaiwand, battle at, 61\\nMaiz-Ad-Din builds Cairo, 4871.\\nMaize, cultivation begun, 281.\\nMajd, Zanzibar, 4882.\\nMajestic, maiden trip, 3573; breaks record,.\\n3573, 3793, 3893 injures schooner, 4673.\\nat Victoria, 5953.\\ncaptures J lrpsiehnre, 9361\\nMajesty, title of addicss, Eng., 8791.\\nMajor, J. P., takes Brashear City, 2231\\nMajorca, taken, 112G1\\nMajorian (Julius Majorianus) reigns; mur-\\ndered, 10712.\\nMajors, Thomas J., nom. for gov., 4692.\\nMajuba Hill, Transvaal, action at, 9861\\nMajunga captured, 10953.\\nMakanjira, chief, defeated, 10121\\nMakart, Hans, b. (1840); d., 6302.\\nMakemie, Francis, inMd.,482; org.Presb..\\nchurch, 4S2 appeals for missionaries,\\n522; licensed, 542; trial, 563.\\nMakenzie, Mr., Brit, resident resigns, 6032.\\nMakhaberg, mission at, 11241\\nMikodweni, mission at, 11113.\\nMakomo, d., 6013.\\nMakta River, French defeated, 8 2\\nMalabar, India, conquered, 10433 Portu-\\nguese settlements taken, 10451.\\nMalaboch, chief, surrenders, 6042.\\nMalacca conquered, 10433 ceded to Brit.,\\n10472 gold dis., 11242.\\nMalachi prophesies, 11463.\\nII., Ire.; defeats Danes, 8461 reigns,.\\n9472 d., 8462.\\nMalaga, Sp., naval battle off, 9021 upris-\\ning, 11321 cholera, 11323.\\nMalagrida, Gabriele, b. (1689); burned,\\n11113.\\nMalahide, Baron Talbot de, title created,\\n9412 9591\\nMalan mission, 6023.\\nMala Vita brigands execute persons, 10903.\\nMalazkuna, action at, 1032.\\nMalbone, Edvi aid G., b., 891 d., 1141\\nMalehus defeats Herod, 11501.\\ndedicates Waterford cathedral, 8483..\\nMalcolm I., king, murdered, 8451\\nIly king; assassinated, 8471.\\nIII., vassal, 847 2 reigns, married,\\n8473 invades Eng., 8481 homage to\\nWilliam, 8491 killed, 8481.\\nIV., king of Scot., 8511\\nSir John, b., 9183; d., 9462.\\nMalcom, Howard, b. (1799) d., 3002.\\nMaid. .11, Eng., battle of, 8461.\\nMaldumius, king, strangled, 8431.\\nMalebranche, Nicolas, b., 6882 works,\\n6931, 2; d., 6971.\\nMalek Shah, reigns, 11552.\\nMalesherbes, Chretien Guillaume de La-\\nmoignon de, b., 6982 advocate for Louis\\nXVI., 7092 a., 7102.\\nMalet, Sir E. B., signs agreement, 835 2\\nLucas (Mrs. Wm. Harrison), work,\\n10063.\\nMalherbe, Francois de, b., 6823 works,\\n6851, G871; d., 6863.\\nMali takes Swat., 41.\\nMalibran, Maria Fclieita Garcia, b., 7171\\nd., 7262.\\nMalin, Adm., at battle of Gravelines,872i", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1335.jp2"}, "1336": {"fulltext": "1324\\nText Figures denote Page. UN \u00c2\u00b1J ILK.. Superior Figures indicate Co/u\\nMali-Mant\\nMalines. (See Mechlin.)\\nMallalieu, Win. F., elected M. E. bp., 3163.\\nMaliarino, pres., 629*.\\nMallet, height, of balloon ascent, 7561.\\nCharles Auguste, 1 7163 J d., 7501.\\nSir Louis, d., 10021.\\norMalloch, David, b., 9002; d. (1765).\\nMalleville founders, 311 3\\nMalley, James, acquitted of murder, 3103.\\nMallory sinks, 2063.\\nC, Confed. sec. navy, 1913.\\nStephen B., b., 1522 d., 2821\\nMalloy, Patrick, sentenced, 9993.\\nMalmaison, Fr., sortie against, 7421.\\nMalmesburv, William of, b.-d., 8482.\\nEarl of, title created, 931 1. (See\\nJames Harris.)\\nEarl of, erects hospital, 8S11\\nMalmd, Sue., truce of, 8161 compact re-\\njected, 8173.\\nMalokong mission, 11241\\nMalone, X. Y., arsenal burned, 1221.\\nEdmund, b., 9103 d., 9363.\\nSylvester, regent, 4541 jubilee, 4721.\\nMaloney, Billie, gives bail for trial, 3591\\nMalory, Sir Thomas, b. (1430\u00c2\u00b1); King Ar-\\nthur, 8642; d. (1470\u00c2\u00b1).\\nMalou, Julius, b. (,1810) j ministry, 5452,3,\\n5471; d. (1886).\\nMalpighi, Marcello, b., 10823 discovers\\nMalpighian layer, 10822; d., 10831.\\nMalplaquet, Fr., French defeated, 5141;\\nbattle of, 6962.\\nMalta, given to knights, 10811 taken, 7122.\\n10741; surrenders, 7141 dispute with G,\\nB.,7153; mutinv,932i; annexed to G. B.,\\n9312; besieged, 11561.\\nRidge, N. Y., gas-well, 4401\\nMalta, infernal machine in, 9871\\nMaltby, Pa., riot, 4731.\\nMalte-Brim, Conrad., b.-d., 6382.\\nMalthas, Thomas Robert, b., 9163; Prin-\\nciples of Population, 929 d., 9462.\\nMalus Etienne Louis, b., 7043 polariza-\\ntion of light, 7162 d., 7192.\\nMalvern Hill, Va., battle of, 2092, 2102,3.\\nMalwa, ceded, 1042,\\nMama Ocello Huaco, arrives, ll 1 3\\nMamelukes, overthrown rule Egy., 6553;\\nmassacre, 6562 struggle against Turks,\\n6572; in Armenia, 11553; defeat of, 11561\\nMamertines, aided by Romans seize Mes-\\nsana, 10522.\\nMamiani, della Rovere, Count Terenzio,\\nb., 10843; d., 10901.\\nMamie collides with Garland, 3053.\\nMammalia, system introduced, 9622.\\nMammals, development of theory, 8141\\nMammoth skeleton found. Eng., 9321 ,9402;\\nflesh discovered in Siberia, 1116 2\\nMamoun, or Al Minium, b.-d., 11542.\\nMamre mission, 5971\\nMamusa, O. Free State, mission at, 11051\\nMan, see of, erected, 8402.\\nwith Iron Mask, d., 6962.\\nManagua. Nicaragua, riots, 1104 2\\nManakintown, conference at, 93 1\\nMauamadura mission, 10463.\\nManas surrendered, 6221.\\nManassas strikes Richmond, 200 1\\nVa., advance on, 1963 evacuation\\nbegun, 2043 battle, 2122.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Gap, Va., Confederates defeated, 2251\\nAugur defends, 2391.\\nJunction, Va., Confeds. at, 1963, 2122.\\nManassas, high-priest, 11491.\\nManasseh, sins of, 11443 reigns, 11453\\nhigh-priest, 11482.\\nManby, Capt., life-saving apparatus, 9342.\\nMancenion. (See Manchester.)\\nManchester wrecked, 9533.\\nManchester, Eng., Roman station, 839 1\\ntaken, 8401 8841 subdued, 8421 Chris-\\ntianized, 8422 burned, 8441 retaken\\nfrom Danes, 8442; chartered, 8571 sanc-\\ntuary privileges removed, 8683; aulnager\\nstationed at, 8733; Cheetham Coll., fnd.,\\n8883; riot. 995 1 M. Weekly Journal,\\n9063; m. Gazette, 909 1 Queen s Theater\\nopd., 9122 Infirmary fnd., 9132 corn-\\ngrinding at, 9153; Agricultural Soc inst.,\\n9161; lunatic asylum est., 917 2 muslin\\nmfg.; subscription concerts, 920 2 Liter-\\nary and Philos. Soc. fnd., 9211 mechan-\\nics riots, 9212; Philos. Soc. est., 922 1\\nnew Baity Bridge built, 9233; fever hos-\\npital erected, 933 2 new Bailey Court\\nbuilt, 9253 Queen s Theater burned,\\n9253 Philological Soc. inst. Theater\\nRoyal est., 9322 portico erected, 9331\\nwater-works est., 9353 Blanket meet-\\ning suppressed, 939 1 Lock Hospital fnd.,\\n9392; reform meeting held, 9392, 9691;\\nNatural History Soc. projected New\\nBrunswick Bridge built, 940 1 Floral and\\nHorticultural Soc. est. Royal Inst n\\nMechanics Inst n org., 9402 Deaf and\\ndumb school est. Law library fnd., 941 1\\nChamber of Commerce est., 9413; musi-\\ncal festival, 9422 launching disaster,\\n9433; concert-room est., 9441; borough\\nest., 945 3 Choral Soc. est.; Statistical\\nSoc. fmd., 9461 church rate refused,\\n9463; incorp.,9473; Geological Soc. inst.,\\n9481; British Asso. meets, 9482, 9602,\\n9961; chartered; Police Act passes, 9493;\\nPeelParkopd.; Philip s Park opd., 9522;\\nQueen s Park opd., 9522 Chetham Soc.\\nfnd. ,9523; Anti-Corn-Law League meet-\\nings free trade meetings, 953 1 Owen s\\nColl. fnd. ,9531, 9743; bishopric est., 9543;\\nfree library opd. ,9563; strike, 9571 ,9611\\nPeel statue, 9582 a city, 9592; Exhibi-\\ntion Fine Arts opd. ,9602 Xat. Social Sci-\\nence Asso. meets, 9641 2, 9662, 9741 Re-\\nciprocity Asso., 9643 Fenian outbreaks,\\n9711; Town Hall opd.; panic in Music\\nHall, 9733 Nat. Soc. for Women est.,\\n9723; Alexandra Park opd., 9741 Owen s\\nColl. est., 9743 Scientific Industry est.,\\n9781 statue of Cromwell, 9801 Free Li-\\nbrary opd., N822; Owen s Coll. changed to\\nVictoria Univ., 9S43 Art School opd.,\\n9861 Fine Art and Industrial Exhibi-\\ntion opd.; Fine Art Gallery opd., 9901\\nGeographical Soc. est., 9923; great polit-\\nical meetings, 9931 ship Canal Co. fmd.,\\n9953 Royal Jubilee Exhibition opd.,\\n996i; bp. Moorhouse cons., 9962; ship\\ncanal begun, 9973, and opd., 10073, 10123;\\nBirchfield grounds opd., 9991 gas-men\\nstrike, 10023; Oldham bank cashier ab-\\nsconds, 10031; martyrs meetings pro-\\nclaimed, 10032 anarchist meeting\\nstopped, 10111.\\nManchester, N. IT., Unit. Asso. org. at, 2191\\nR.C.dio.fmd.,31S2;GV/^/M, asliore,308i.\\nN. Y., burned by British, 1211 Mor-\\nmon church at, 1363.\\nDuke of, title created, 905 1.\\nManchu, anti-Christian riots Mohamme-\\ndan insurrection, 6271\\ndynasty rules, 615 3\\nTartars, invasion, 6141, 6153.\\nManchuria, mission, 6222, a insurrection\\nof Mohammedans, 6271; Russian forces\\nmassacred, 11201\\nMancini, Hortensia. b., 10823 d., 10831\\nPasqnale Stanislaus, b., 10862.\\nManeo Capac, in Peru, 111 3; d., Ill\\nII., b., 16 defeat, 202; crowned,\\n212 d., 221.\\nInca Yupanqui reigns, 2(.M k., 232.\\nManda, British flag raised, 5632 j conces-\\nsion canceled, 562 2\\nMandalay, mission, 10472; Brit, in, 10482.\\nMandapasalia mission, 10463.\\nMandats for land issued, Fr., 7113.\\nMander, Carel van, b.-d., 5403.\\nM a nderson, Charles F., b., 1482; senator;\\nPres. senate, 3792; vote of thanks, 4253.\\nMandeville, Nationalist, imprisoned, 9971\\nSir John de, b.-d., 8562; Travels, 8583.\\nMandl a mission, 10483.\\nMandomai mission, 5523.\\nMandridrano, Madagascar, mission, 10943.\\nMandru, ex.-treas., accounts short, 4743.\\nManeroo Plains explored, 4941\\nManes, or Manielueus, b.-d., 11062 teach-\\nings burned alive, 10663.\\nManetho, b.-d., 6522 History t 6523.\\nManfaloot mission, 656 3\\nManfred, b.-d., 10742; K. of Naples, 10753;\\nat Benevento, 6721; K. of Sicily, 7812;\\nfalls at, 7813.\\nMang enthroned, 6111\\nMangalore, Bp. Pagani cons., 9922.\\nMangals defeated, 61.\\nMangan, James Clarence, works, 9551.\\nManganese found 3601\\nMangerton collides, 9613.\\nManghoa, M. Dupuis, 4801\\nMangu, proclaimed einp., 6151 d., 6142.\\nMangum, Willie Person, b. (1792); elec-\\ntoral vote; popular vote, 147 2 pres.\\nSenate, 1552, 1572, 1593; ,1. (1861).\\nManhattan Island (see New York City)\\nColl., N. Y., org., 1731 incorp., 2253.\\nManhattan Rail. Co. 2813 accident, 4373.\\nManichaens, or Manichees, arise, 10663\\nfavored persecuted, 11063.\\nManikraramain mission, 10472.\\nManin, Daniele, b., 10843 proclaims re-\\npublic of Venice, 10872 d., 10882.\\nManipur, India, revolution, 10493.\\nManipuris, India, British attack. 10061\\nManistee, Mich., Lumber Co. fail, 3713.\\nManisty, Sir Henry, d., 10021\\nManitoba, Can., Highlanders in, 5773; M.\\nFree Press issued insurrection, 5823 j\\nprovince fmd., 5832; Russians in, 5833\\nM. Liberal issued Wesleyan Inst, est.,\\nNor west Farmer issued, 5843 storm,\\n5901; legislature dissolved, 5951 timber\\nreserves, 5963.\\nMankato,Minn., Normal School opd., 2662.\\nManley, John, b., 622j cruise of, 86 2 d.,\\n1042.\\npost-master, 889*.\\nJos. H., Nat. Rep. Committee, 4492.\\nMary de la Riviere, b., 8922; d., 9062.\\nManlius, Caius, commands insurgents,\\n10582.\\nCapitolinu-- Marcus, at Tarpeian\\nRock, 10513.\\nManly, Gen., at ITnionville, 2201\\nCharles, governor N. C., 1671\\nMann, Alex. H., pres. Ret synod, 1683.\\nHorace, b., 1061 works, 1683, 1742,\\n3982 d., 1842.\\nLieut., at Wounded Knee, 3741\\nManna falls, 11402.\\nManners, Baron, title created, 9311\\nCapt., commands Ju-indeer, 1221.\\nCharles, D. of Rutland, b. (1754); lord\\nlieut. minister, 9233; d. (1787).\\nC. J.,I of R., b. (1816) d.,9982.\\nJohn, Marquis of Granby, b., 9062\\ncommander-in-chief, 9361; d.,9183.\\n(John James Robert, D. of Rich-\\nmond), P. M. gen., 9713, 9792, 9933,9953.\\nLord. (See Sutton, Thomas M.)\\nMannheim, Baden, founded, 7933 taken,\\n7102, 7961, 806\u00c2\u00bb.\\nManning. Daniel, b. (1831) secretary of\\ntreasury, 3211; d., 3281.\\n,Henrv Edward, b., 9331 ;cons. archbp.,\\n9682 card, priest, 9803 jubilee, 10002\\nassists strike, 1001 1 d., 10062 funeral,\\n10072.\\nJohn L., governor S. C, 171 2\\nRichard J., governor S. C, 1332.\\nRobert, b., 8542; works, 8562; d.,\\n8582.\\nManogue, P., bp. of Sacramento, 318 2\\nManometer invented, 7962.\\nMavnooth College founded, 9271 j endowed,\\n9523 enlarged, 9643.\\nMans, Le, Fr., Yendeans defeated, 7101;\\nsiege of, 7441 battle of, 8261\\nMansart, Francois, b., 6861 d., 6903.\\nJules Hardouin, b., 6883; d., 6963.\\nMansel, Henry Longueville, b., 9402 d.,\\n9761.\\nSir Robert, against Algerines, 81\\nMansfeld, Count Ernst von, b., 7922 aide\\nBohemians, 7951 d., 7943.\\nManst elt at Costa Rica, 6302.\\nMansfield, Mich., mine accident, 4393.\\nMo., tornado, 3022.\\nO., counterfeiters captured, 4763.\\nPa., anarchist miners, 4502.\\nTex., College organized, 2782.\\nEarl of, title created, 9212.\\nJoseph King Fenno.b. (1803) at An-\\ntietam, 2131 d., 2133.\\nSir William, in India, 10482.\\nManso, Jose de, gov. fnds. cities, 6053.\\nManson, Federal gen. at Richmond, 2122,\\nMansur, Al, Abou Jaffar Abdallah, d.,\\n4842.\\nCharles H., in treas. dept. T 4472.\\nMansurah, Egy., Crusaders defeated, 6541\\nbattle of, 6721 mission, 6571\\nMantegna, Andrea, b. (1431) paints St.\\nGeorge and Drat/on, 10781 d. (1506).\\nMantell, Gideon Algernon, b. (1790) dis-\\ncovers extinct animals, 9421 d. (1852).\\nManteno, 111., cyclone, 1741 wreck, 4393.\\nMantes, France taken, 7403.\\nManteuifel, Baron, Edwin H. K., b.,8083;\\nat Olmutz, 5233 at Rouen, 7423 near\\nBapaume at Havre and Cherbourg; at\\nPont Moyelles, 7431 drives French to\\nSwitz., 7441 enters Holstein, 8221 as-\\nsumes govt., 8232 d., 8302.\\nBaron Otto Theo.von,b.,S0S2;d. ,8302.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1336.jp2"}, "1337": {"fulltext": "Iffant-Mark.\\nText Figures denote Page. IJNiiJJliX.. Superior Figures Indicate Column.\\n1325\\nMantin, action at, 11121\\nMantinea, Gr. action at, 10202 10223 10262\\nMantle, Lee, apxiointed senator, 4253.\\nMantoff, M., shot, 568\\nMantoon, Afgh., Mangals defeated, 6\\nMantua, It., surrenders, 776 Gonzugas\\nrules, 10773 siege raised, 6861 sacked,\\n1082 seized, 10833 cceded to Emp.,\\n5143 siege of, 518 capitulates, 51S 2\\nlost by France, 1084 Holer shot, 519\\nAust. retains, 5252 restored to It., 10892.\\nDuke of, d., 1082\\nMantz, Felix, executed, 11372.\\nManuane, mission at, 11241\\nManuel I., Comnenus, emp., b.-d., 10322\\nreigns, 10333 in it.; at Mvrocephalus\\nin Lydia, 10322 i u Servia, 1123\\nII., b.-d., 10343 reigns, 10352 aids\\nMobammed, 10353.\\nor Manoel, Francisco, b.-d., 11102.\\nJacques Antoine, b., 7043 d., 7243.\\nJuan, b. (1282) iv, irks, 11271 d. (1347).\\nGarcia Co. in N. Y., 1321\\nand Boness Junction, collision, 979 3\\nManufactories, steam warmed, 9342.\\nManufacturers Association org., 3903.\\nManufactures oppressed, 551 boycotted,\\n743; of colonists limited, 63 2 of flannel,\\n1321 (see cotton, iron, etc.) relieved\\nfrom taxation, 2631 develop, 85S 2 of\\ncloth encouraged, Eug., 9041\\nManumission Society formed, 991.\\nManutius, Aldus, b.-d., 10783.\\nPaulus, b. (1511) d., 10S1\\nManvel, Pres., supplies seed-wheat, 3693.\\nManvels, Allen, d., 424\\nManvers, Earl of, title created, 9,31\\nManwyne, British expedition attacked,\\n622 massacre, 623\\nManzanillo, Cuba, planters meet, 6333.\\nManzoni, Alessandro, Count, b., 10843\\nworks, 1087 d., 10882.\\nMauehetti, Carlo, d., 10SS2.\\nMaoris, war with Great Britain, 9641 965 1\\n9661 967\\nMap of northern seas, 8562.; Sanuto s\\nLizigana s Yalsequa s Donis s, 12\\nLa Cosca s, 17 John Smith s, 263.\\nMapes, James J., d., 250\\nWalter, b. (1140\u00c2\u00b1) works, 8503 d.,\\n852\\nMaps by wood engraving, 7862.\\nMaquet, Auguste, b., 721 d., 7562.\\nMar, Earl of, title created, 8603, 873\\nEarl of, regent, 8573 at Dupplin\\nMoor, 858\\nEarl of, regent d., 8752.\\nEarl of, at Harlaw, 860\\nMarah, bitter waters, 11403.\\nMarajo, Brazil, French colony, 29 5533\\nFrench surrender, 5533.\\nMaranham, Bra., insurrection at, 503, 5551\\nMaranhao, Bra., colony est., 25 3 5542\\ncaptaincy of, 5532 attached to Brazil,\\n555 inissious, 5563.\\nMarash, mission of Am. Board, 11563.\\nMarat, Jean Paul, b., 7003 works, 7063\\nleader, 707 assassinated, 7082, 7093.\\nMarathon, Gr., battle of, 1018\\nMarathon, British cruiser, launched, 998\\nMaratti, Carlo, b., 10823 d. (1712).\\nMarbach, Ger., league of, 7852.\\nMarbeau, Jean Baptiste Firinin, b., 713\\nd.,750\\nMarble, Sebastian S., governor Me., 3293.\\nMarblehead launched, 4i2 speed, 444\\nMarblebead, Miss., tire, 3313.\\nMarble Island, expedition lost on, 575\\nMarburg, Ger., cathedral founded, 780 2\\nconf. at, 7902 University fud., 7892\\nUniv. of Giessen transferre.1, 795\\nMarca, Pierre de, b., 6842 d., 6902.\\nMarcabrum writes poems, 669\\nMarceau, Francois Severin Desgraviers,\\nGen., b.-d (1769) at Le Manes, 710\\nMarcel, Jean Joseph, b., 7043 d., 7322.\\nStephen, leader of revolution, k.,675 2\\nMarcellinus, St., pope, 10663.\\nMarcello, Benedetto, b., 1083 d., 10842.\\nMarcellus I., St., pope, 10663.\\nII., pope, 10812.\\nMarcus Claudius, at Clastidum,662\\nconquers Venice; atMilanand Comum,\\n1053 commander, captures Syracuse\\ndefeated killed, 10542.\\nMarcere, M. de, minister, 7512,3 resigns,\\n7513.\\nMarch, Earl of, title created, 883\\nEarl of, in England, 8643.\\nMarch, Lord Campbell, chief justice, 967 2\\nFrancis Andrew, b., 1322 Compara-\\ntive Grammar, 2723 work, 2503.\\nRichard, rope machine, 9222.\\nMarchall, William Calder, b., 9363.\\nMarchant, Sir J. G. Lee, gov. N. S., 5792.\\nMarchaud, M., tortured, 4803.\\nMarche, Olivier de la, b. (1459); Mimoires,\\n6763 d. (1501).\\nMarchenoir attacked, 7422.\\n.Marches, annexed to Sardinia, 1089\\nMarchfeld, Aust., battle of, 504\\nMarchienne-au-Pont, Belg., riots, 545\\nMarciano, French defeat, 682\\nMarcinnus, b.-d., 10283 emp., 10312.\\nMarcion, heretic, b., 102S3.\\nMarcoinanni defeated, 1062\\nMarcos, Tex., dynamite explosion, 4493.\\nMarcus, Julius de, suicide, 4693.\\nSt., pope, 10663.\\nMarcy, William Learned, b., 98 to the\\nvictor belong the spoils, 141 leads the\\nHunkers gov. N. Y., 1433 sec. war,\\n1592 at Dem. Nat. Conven., 165 171\\nsec. of State, 1732 on Danish Sound\\ndues, 1752; d., 182\\nHarden, Lord. (See Yorke, Charles.)\\nMardiGrns festival, New Orleans, 3763.\\nMardin, mission, 11563 ch. reorg., 1158\\nMardonius, Gr. commander, 1016 in En-\\nrope, 10173 commands Persians in\\nThessaly, 10182; d., 11062.\\nMardontes, Persian commander, 1018 3\\nMarduk-bel-usati killed, 1144\\nnadin-acbi reigns, 1143 2\\nstrum reigns, 1145\\nMare, Peter de la, imprisoned speaker\\nof House, 8593.\\nMarees mission, 657\\nMarengo, It., battle of, 5182, 7141\\nMaret, Henri Loins Charles, b., 7163.\\nHugnes Bernard, Due de Bassano,\\nb., 703 d., 7282.\\nMarey, M. E. J., inv. sphymograph, 736\\nMargantown, W. Va., Univ. opd., 256 2\\nMargaret of Anjou, queen, b.-d., 6762\\nmarries Henry VI., 8632; forces defeated,\\n864 flees to Scot. seeks aid of French\\nking, 865 d., 8652.\\nof Aust. b., 7862; negotiates peace of\\nCambray, 511 d.,7902.\\nSophie, archducb., Aust., weds, 536 2\\nDuchess of Burgundy, b.-d., 109S2.\\nQueen of Den., b.-d., 636 2 regent in\\nNor.; queen; reigns in Swe.,637 2 11352.\\nPrincess, marries James IV., 8671\\nI. of Fr. marries Edward I., 8571\\nCountess of Holl., claims lordship,\\n10991 adheres to William cause ruined,\\n10981 resigns resumes, 10!I .I2; d., 10982.\\nQ. of Navarre, b.-d., 6783 works,\\n6812,6831.\\nMaid of Norway, marriage, 8653\\nd., 8542.\\nof Parma, regent, 1099 2 resigns,\\n10993.\\nPrincess, of Prus., married, 8363.\\ninfant Queen of Scot. d., 855 3\\nof Scot, marries Eric II., 11051\\nAlart/aretta seized, 80 2 in navy, 812.\\nMargarit, Pedro de, Uapt.-Gen., 153.\\nMan/arita, asteroid, discovered, 760\\nMargary, Mr., killed, 6231\\nMarggraf, Andreas, b., 798 3 beet-root\\nsugar, 8002 d., 8042.\\nMargraves first appointed, Ger., 7733.\\nMarguerite de Valois, b., 6822 Mtmoli\\\\s\\nof, 6872 d., 6862.\\n.Princess, marries Edward I., 6733.\\nMargueritt.es, Julie de, d., 2521.\\nMarheineke, Philipp K., b., 8042; d.,8162.\\nMarhof, Daniel, b., 7963.\\nMaria I., Port., reigns, 11103.\\nII., Port., b.-d., 1110 2 reigns; powers\\naid declared queen sanctions charter\\nweds Ferdinand, 1111\\nChristina, Q. dowager, b., 11303; weds\\nFerdinand VII. regent abdicates,\\n11312 impeached; returns; deposed;\\nescorted to Portugal, 11813.\\nmarries Alfonso XII. empress\\nregent of Spain, 11333.\\nreigns in Poland, 11152.\\nqueen of Sicily, 10772.\\nBertha de Rohan, marries, 5363.\\nFrancesca, marries P. John, 11113.\\nFrancesco, Donna, reigns d., 555\\nHenrietta marries, 5443.\\nMaria Isabel captured, 606\\nMaria Louisa, Aust., b., 519 weds Bona-\\nparte, 5203, 521 d., 730\\nAugusta, b., 8102 d., 832\\nof Sp. weds Monlpensier, 7292.\\nLouise, empress d., 5203.\\nMercedes Isabella, b., 11322.\\nPia, princess, weds K. of Port., 10893.\\nTheresa of Aust., queen of Hung., b. f\\n7983; dominions settled; heir, 515\\nmarries Francis 1..8012 convokes diet\\ninfant son to diet, 5122 opposes clergy,\\n542? alliance with Fug., 5152 appeals\\nto Hung. Diet, 8012 peace with Prus.,\\n5152, 8033 crowned, ,0152 claims sup-\\nported, 11013; gift, 5171; ruling spirit,\\n8013; fnds. Belgian Acad.. 5123; council\\nOf state, 5172 fosters industry, 5173\\nreforms, 5163, 5172; aids serfs rules\\nHapsburg dominions uniform laws,\\n6172; d., 5163; monument, 5302\\nof Sp. marries Louis XIV., 6913.\\nValeria marries, 5343\\nVittoria, D. of Aosta, d., 11322\\nMariamne marries Herod the Great 11512.\\nMariana, colony founded, 6613\\nJuan de, b.-d., 11282; works, 1129\\nMariani, M., d., 7562.\\nMarianna, Ark., Confeds. defeated, 215\\nMaricha, minister in Abys., 23.\\nMarie, grand duchess, Rus., weds, 979\\n1119\\nAmelie, b., 705 weds, 7193; d., 7362.\\nde Bourbon, b., 7362.\\nAntoinette, b., 7022 ve ds Louis XVI.,\\n7052 Diamond Necklace scandal, 707\\nbeheaded, 70S2, 7103, 7111\\nde France, Giti/enier, Equitan, 6711\\nPrincess, of Bourbon, weds, 8331.\\nPrincess of Edinburgh, weds, 8362.\\nLouise, of Parma, married, 5683.\\nMariel, port of entry, 6342.\\nMariendal, French defeat, 688 1\\nMarietta, Ga., Confeds. captured, 2341\\nJohnston evacuates, 2351.\\nO., settled, 1013; Centennial eel. ,3293.\\nCollege founded, O., 1443.\\nMariette, Auguste Edouard, b., 724\\nworks, 7343, 7383, 7432, 7433, 7502 d.,\\n7522.\\nMarin, Don Saba, commander, 6342.\\nMarine Conference International, 7493.\\nBiological Association founded, Lon-\\ndon, 992\\nEngineers Inst, fmd., Lond., 976\\nSchools, est. by govt., 2852.\\nSociety fnd., London, 915\\nMariner s compass used, 1078\\nMarini, Giovanni Bat list a,!,. 15011; works,\\n10832 d. (1625).\\nMarino Sanuto, map of, 12\\nMarinus, St., fnds. republic of, 1071 2\\n1., pope, 10723.\\nII., pope, 10723.\\nMario, Giuseppe, b., 1085 d., 1090\\nMarchesse di Candia, I). (1812) fare-\\nwell, 9742 d. (1883).\\nSigner, at Castle Garden, 176\\nMarion, N. J., R. R. collision, 4233.\\nCounty, Tenn., phosphate rock dis-\\ncovered, 342 land purchases, 349 3\\nFrancis,!.., 62 leader, 92 1 in South;\\nretreats, 922 d., 1061.\\nMariote, Edma, b., 6863 d., 6923.\\nMariposa, gold shipment, 4393.\\nMariposa, Cal., Big-tree park, 2351\\nMaris or Myrrha, discovered, 7481\\nMarischal Coll., fnd., 877 rebuilt (1837)\\nunites with Aberdeen Univ., 9623.\\nE., aids Jacobite rebellion, .9061.\\nMaritime Canal Co., Nicaragua, 1st expe-\\ndition, 3412, 3432 org. receiver, 1104\\nConference, Brussels, 544\\nExchange, Silver Resolution, 435\\nProvinces, Can., favor union, 595\\nsupremacy, struggle for, 25\\nMarius, invents hammer action, 696 2\\nCaius, b.-d., 1055 in Provence; in\\nAf r., 1056 war with Sulla defeats the\\nMarsi at Pass of Little St. Bernard\\ncrosses Alps; mutiny; escapes to Afr.,\\n10562 defeats Gauls, 662 besieges\\nRome, 1056 3 in command consul\\nagainst constitution, 1057 2 ,3 unpopu-\\nlar retires to Asia terrorizes Rome,\\n10573 at Sacriportus, 1058\\nMariux, Filips van, works, 1099\\nMarivaux, Pierre Carlet, de Cbamblain de,\\nb., 6942 works, 699 ,2 d., 703\\nMark Lane Express issued, 946 3", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1337.jp2"}, "1338": {"fulltext": "1326\\nText Figures denote Page. lis ]J.fc,.X. Superior Figures indicate Coktmn. Mark-Mary.\\nMark, Father, mission to Znili, 203.\\nSt., intro. Christianity in Egypt, 6522;\\nGospel written, 1153 2\\nMarkets, est. in towns, Ger., 7833.\\nMarkham, Clements It., b. (1830) Peru,\\n4203.\\nHenry H., gov. Cal.,3292, 307 -3991.\\nWilliam, dep.-gov. Pa. frame of\\ngovernment, 533.\\nMarkhardt of Epperstein, duke, 5033.\\nMarks, Albert S., gov., 3033 d., 3941\\nMarlay, Thomas, chief justice, 9113.\\nMarthoroiujh enters Liverpool dock, 9013.\\nMarlborough, Can., Indian defeat, 5742.\\nMass.T destroyed, 461.\\nVt., battle at, 661\\nBishop Earle cons., 9983.\\nDuchess of, appeals for poor, 9851\\nDuke of. (Sec John Churchill.)\\nEarl of, minister, 8832.\\nMarlowe, Christopher, b., S722 works,\\n8752, 8771 d. (1593).\\nMarniaduk, reigns in Babylon, 1145 3\\nMarmaduke, John S., at Cane Hill, 2161\\nat Prairie Grove, 2162 at Hartville\\nattacks Springfield, lsi at Cape Girar-\\ndeau, 2203 at Mine Creek, 2391; politi-\\ncal disabilities, 2952 gov. Mo., 3233.\\nMeredith M., d., 2312.\\nMarmande, Fr., siege of, 6702.\\nManuier, Xavier, b., 7191 f Fr. Acad-\\nemy, 7321; d., 7621.\\nMarmolejo, Bartolom^, R. G., bp., 6051\\nMarmont, August Frederic Louis Viesse\\nde, Due de Kaguese, b., 7043 at Mockern,\\n720 2 evacuates Paris inPrussiani\\npaign, 7203; at Salamanca, 9361 d.,732? monument, 3281\\nMarseilles, Fr. colony at, 6611 10171 con-\\nquered, 11472 Human ally, 6612 taken,\\n6622, 10601 Christianized. 6623 sacked,\\n6661 republic, 6i;:i3, 6713; el ass-painting,\\n6782 united to Fr., 6793 siege of, 6801\\nplague ravages, 6893, O .iiia loses privi-\\nleges, 6913 reduced, 7081 canal to Du-\\nrana, 7293 infernal machine, 7331; Re-\\npublicans rise, 7432 Communists sup-\\npressed, 7452 cholera at, 7553, 7633\\nRevolutionary relics. 7553; telephone to\\nParis, 7573; dock-makers strike, 7583;\\nbread riots, 7643, 7002 dynamite explo-\\nsion, 7662 anarchists arrested, 7671\\nMursevan, Am. Girls College destroyed,\\n11591.\\nMarsh, Mrs. (Anne Caldwell), b., 9302 d.\\n(1S74).\\nGeorge Perkins, b., 110-1 works, 20H\\n2133, 2412 d., 3102.\\nHerbert, b. (1757) bp. of Peterbor-\\nough, 9383; d. (1839).\\nJames, b., 1042 d., 1542.\\nOthniel Charles, b., 1382; exposes In-\\ndian ring, 2891 pres. Academy, 3381\\nMarshal, rank of, conferred, Eng., 9081.\\nMarshall Islands, gospel received, 10403.\\nTex., Wiley Univ. org., 2823; Bishop\\nCollege founded, 3083.\\nSir Chapman, lord mayor, 9492.\\nHumpln -ev, botanist, b. (1722) ;d., 1101.\\nGen., b., 1183 at Middle Creek,\\n2022 at Princeton, 2081 d., 2762.\\nhistorian, d., 1522.\\nJ. W., discovers gold, 1622.\\nJames W., h., 1562; p.-m.-gen., 2852;\\nMarniontel, Jean Francois, 6982; works,\\n7032, 7052, 7063 d., 7142.\\nMarmora, Alfonso Ferrero La, b. (1804)-;-\\nin Crimean War, 1086\\n10891; d. (1878).\\nMaroboduus, conquered, 502\\nMarochetti, Carlo, Bar., b., 10843; d.\\nJohn, b., 711; chief justice, 1112;\\nelectoral vote, 125 2 d., 1442.\\n-=7-Samuel S., defeated, 257 2\\nprime minister, Thomas Alexander, d., 2741\\nWilliam, E. of Pembroke, b. (1146)\\nbuilds Kilkenny Castle, 8501 defeats\\nLouis d., 8521\\nMaronites, rise of. 10311,11543; join Eo- Calder, b. (1813) d., 10121.\\nChurch, 11551 rebel, 11581\\nwith Druses, 1158 1,2; chapel, N.Y., 3761.\\nMaroons, in Jamaica, 652 revolt, 77 a\\nMaros, Servian settlement, 5133.\\nMarot, Clement, b., 6983 L Adolescence\\nClementine, 681i d., 6S03.\\nMarozia, power in Rome, 10733 d., 10721.\\nMarprelatc Tract* issued, 8763.\\nP., governor .Minn., 255 3\\nPrinciples of Economics, 1004 3\\nMarshtield, Mass., troops sent to, 781;\\nWebster s birth celebrated, 3103.\\nWis., R. R. wreck, 4613.\\nMarshman, John Clark, b., 9263; d., 9822.\\nJoshua, b., 9163; d., 9482.\\nMarsi yield to Romans, 10522\\nMarquand, Henry G., gift to Museum of Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinauilo, b., 10831 d.,\\nArt, 3341 3981 pres Museum, 3381 10842.\\nMarque. (See Letters of Marque.) Marsin, Ferdinand, b. (1656); marshal;\\nMarques de Santa Lucia. (See Garcia, at Blenheim, 0961 d. (1706).\\nCalixto.) Marsovan, mission at, 11563.\\nJose Amaldo.h. (1825- rises against Marston, Gilman, gov. Ida., 2732.\\nJuarez, 10901 d. (1881). John, b., 8742; works, 8771 d., 8822.\\nMarquesas Islands, occupied by Fr., 7281 Westland, b. (1819) d., 10021.\\ntaken by Fr., 7571 missionaries, 10403. Moor, Eng., battle of, 8842.\\nMarquette burns, 1593. Martaban taken, 10462.\\nMarquette, Can., mission settled, 443.\\nMich., Rom. Cath. diocese est., 1822.\\nWis., diocese suffragan to Mil., 2902.\\nJacques, b., 6882 miss., 422 dis-\\ncoverer, 441; St. Ignatius mission, 442\\non Mississippi, 443 d., 463.\\nMarquez, Jose Igtiacio de, pres., 623 3\\nLeonardo, b., 10952.\\nMarquis, D. C, moderator, 3242.\\nMarrast, Armand, b., 7143 d., 7322.\\nMarriage, intro. China, 6103 ,,f ecclesi-\\nastics, 6303 forbidden in Lent, 10691.\\nBill, introduced, Ontario, 5903.\\nIrregular, Act, passes, 9133.\\nLaw for blacks and whites. 6323.\\nroyal, restricted, Russia. 11213.\\nMarriages, civil, legalized, Eng., 8891;\\ntaxed, 9003 with lunatics void, 9112\\nin churches, begin, 10751.\\nMarried Woman s Property Act, 990 2\\nMarriott, Hayes, d., 10081\\nWit. T., judge-adv.-gen., 9953.\\nMaii-man. Father, imprisoned. 10003.\\nMarryat, Frederick, b., 9262 works, 9403,\\n9443, 9483, 9623 d., 9542.\\nMars Hill, Athens, Dr. Talmage at, 3481\\nMars wrecked, 9673.\\nsatellites discovered, 2961.\\nMars, worshiped, 10503 statue, 9181.\\nMartel, Charles. I.. (690 king, 7712; pal-\\nace-mayor, 0053; leader, 7701; est. feu-\\ndalism, 6653 at Soissons, 770 1 confis-\\ncates clerical property, 6643 defeats\\nSaracens, 4S42 rescues Christianity,\\n6043; saves Europe, 7702 at Narbonne,\\n7701 protects pope d., 6653.\\nLouis Jos., b. (1813) minister, 7511\\npres. senate, 751 2 resigns, 753 d.(lX92).\\nMartens, Police Captain, trial, N. Y., 4522.\\nProf., arbitrator, 7612.\\nMartensen.Hans Lassen, b., 6382; d., 6421\\nMarter, Rich., captures Cetewayo, 6002.\\nMarth, Mr., discovers planet, 9582.\\nMartha discovered, 5282.\\nMartha s Vineyard, Mass., missions, 363;\\nnaval action, 80\\nMartial, Marcus Valerius, b.-d., 10622\\nworks, 10643.\\nde Paris, works, 6783.\\nMartignac, -lean BaptisteSvlvereGayede,\\nVicomte de, b., 7043 premier, 725*\\nministry dismissed, 725 2 d., 7262.\\nMartin I., St., pope; est. celibacy of\\nclergy, 10722; d., 10721.\\nII., pope, d., 10721.\\nIV., pope, 10703; d., 10762.\\nV., pope, 10791 d., 10783.\\nI., K. of Sicily, 1077=\\nMile. (Anne Franyois HippolytcMars II., K. of Sicily, 10772.\\nBoutet Mom-el), b., 7043 d., 7301 Saint, b.-d. fnds. convent, 6623; bp.\\nMarsala, It. action, lossi telegraph, 10893. of Tours, 6631\\nMarsaglia, loyalists defeated, 6941. of Aragon, reigns, 11273; defeats\\nMarsden, William, b., 9123 d., 9482. Genoese, 11261 d. (1409).\\nMarseillaise Hi/mit, composed, 7083. Sir Albert, minister, 883 z\\npublication ceases, reappears,7383. Alex., b. (1740) gov., 1013 d. (1807).\\nMartin, Augustus N., b., 1623.\\nBenjamin, improves niieroscope,9I0*.\\nBon Louis Henri, b., 7191 d., 7541\\nCarlos R., escapes, 6211\\nbp. of Padenbom, resists clerical\\nlaws punished, 8283.\\nEddy, lynched, 4743.\\nFather, gen. of Soc. of Jesus, 11323.\\nFather of Cochem, Jesus, 7991\\nHenri, L llistoire tie France, 7271.\\nHenry Neyvell, b., 1641 work, 9811\\nJohn, b., 9243; Babylon, 9382; d.,9583.\\nb., 1421 u. S. senator, 4231\\nM. P., 9753.\\nA., gov. Kan., 3233.\\nJoseph, d., 7621\\nJoshua L., gov. Ala., 1611\\nJosiah, gov. N. C, 773.\\nLouis Aime, b., 7051 d. (1847).\\nNoah, gov. N. H., 1712.\\nmakes papier-mache, 8001.\\nPolice Inspector, killed, 10003.\\nMartineau, Harriet, b., 9303 Political\\nEconomy, 9443; ,1., 9802; statue. 3241.\\nJames, b., 9323 works, 9362, 9491\\n9623, 9983.\\nMartinez, Francis, d., 6143.\\nT., elected pres., 11033.\\nde la Rosa, Francisco, b.-d., 11302.\\nMartini, Giovanni Battista, b,, 10831; d\\n10843.\\nVincenzo, b.-d., 11283.\\nHenry rifle adopted, Eng., 9721\\nMartinique, W. I., dis., 162 earthquake\\nat, 741 settled by Fr.,6892; taken, 7101.\\nMartinsburg, W. Va. Confederates de-\\nfeated, 1962, 2123.\\n-Martin s Ferry, O., non-union men, 4791\\nMartinsvogel Association find., 7852.\\nMartius, Karl Frederich I hilipp von, b..\\n8002; d., 8243.\\nMartos, Ivan Petrovitch, b., 11143 d.,\\n11163.\\nMarty, Martin, b. (1834) cons, bp., 3023.\\nM., minister, 7671\\nMartyn, Henry, b., 9222 in Persia, trans-\\nlates Bible, 11071 d., 9363.\\nMartyrdom of Huss painted, 8181\\nMartyrs, era of, 0543 festival of, 10643;\\ncanonized, 10883.\\nMarum, Edward P. Mulhallen, d., 10041.\\nMartin van, b.-d., 11011\\nMarvel, Ik. (See Mitchell, Donald Grant.)\\nMarvell, Andrew, b., 8802; d., 8942.\\nRichard, Garden Poems, 8883.\\nMarvil, Joshua H., nom. for gov., 4692.\\nMarvin, Enoch M., b. (1823) M. E. bp.,\\n2522; d., 2962.\\nFrancis, b., 1362.\\nTheophilus, mission, 4891.\\nWilliam, gov. Fla., 2491, 251\\nCollege org., Tex., 2823.\\nMarx, Karl, b., 8122 manifesto, 8173 d.,\\n8302.\\nMart/ collides with Normandy, 973 3\\nyvrecked, 9021\\nMan/ Pose, accident to, 8693.\\nMary Sharp Female Coll. org., Tenn., 1703.\\nMary, Virgin, honors increased, 10683; I m\\nmaculate om-eption est., 10863.\\nd. of Prince Alfred Ernest, b., 9812.\\nI. Tudor reigns, 8712; marries Philip,\\nhousehold expenses, 8713; d., 8721, 8732.\\nII., b., 89(12; d., 9002, 9012.\\nQ. of Scots, b., 8682 sent to Fr.,\\n8692 reigns, 8693 marriage opposed\\npersecutes Protestants, 8703 sails for\\nFr., 8712 at Langside, 8721 marries\\nFrancis; title conferred, 8732; abdi-\\ncates in Loch Leven castle escapes\\ngoes to Eng. prisoner claims Eng.\\nthrone, 8732; j n Scot.; marries L. Dam-\\nley marries E. of Bothwell prisoner,\\n8733 conspirator trial sentenced exe-\\ncuted, 8753, 8762.\\nof Burgundy marries; rules; favors\\ncities and provinces, 10992.\\nPrincess of Denmark, betrothed to\\nAlexander III., 11191.\\nDuchess of Gloucester, d., 9622.\\nof Guise, or of Lorraine, b. (1515)\\nregent, 8713 d. (1560).\\nof Hesse, d., 11201\\nK. of Hung., d., 5072.\\nof Hung., regent. 10992.\\nof York marries William III., 8951.\\nMaryborough, Ire., founded, 8732.\\nMaryland, Catholics settle Soc. Jesus\\nest., 322; Clayborne settles in; Cecil", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1338.jp2"}, "1339": {"fulltext": "Mary-Mass.\\nText Figures denote Page. lNUx^X. Superior Figures indicate Co. i\\n1327\\nCalvert s Grant named Leonard Cal-\\nvert settles, 333 Cluyborne tights, 341\\nfirst Eng. Catli. Ch. in Am. ,342 a.G. stato\\nchurch, 343 general assembly meets\\nhostile to Va., 35i Clay borne flees, 353;\\nIndian war; Clayborne s rebellion, 36 1\\nPuritans invited; Catholics rule,362; gov.\\nest., 371 drunkenness fined; kidnappers\\nexecuted, 37 1 Puritans turbulent, 372\\namnesty granted rebellion succeeds\\nCalvert regains govt., 373; Kent Island\\nsubdued; religious war, 381, 3 401, 3,\\n411; toleration enacted, 382; Catholics\\ndisfranchised, 383; Robt. Yaughn(Prot.),\\ngov.; Thos. Greene (Cath.), gov., 39i;\\nWilliam Stone (Prot.), gov. Puritans\\nreceived, 392 Stone resisted deposed;\\n10 commissioners go vcin,3;)3; Protestant\\ncounties find. two legislative houses,\\n392; Stone resisted; deposed; faction\\ndeposes Catholics; Parliament controls,\\n393 Puritans in, 40i refuge for the\\npersecuted, 403 Revolution two gov-\\nernments stocks for drunkards, 41 1\\nrevolt settled Josias Fendall, gov.\\nP. Calvert, gov. popular 1 sovereignty J\\nindependence of L. Baltimore L. Balti-\\nmore confirmed in govt. mint act\\npassed, 413; felons excluded, 443, 471\\nslave act passed, 45 1, 2; population,\\n452, 633, 673; Si r Chas. Calvert, proprie-\\ntor, 471 Thomas Notley, gov.. 473\\nPresbyterian church org. ,482,502; fran-\\nchise limited, 491; quo warranto, 511;\\nJohn Coode revolts, 512; Revolution;\\na royal province Sir Lionel Copley,\\ngov., 513, 532 church of Eng. est., 51 3\\n522 e. Andros, gov., 532 unites with\\nPa.; B. Fletcher, gov.; public post est.;\\nAnnapolis capital Nath l Blackstone,\\ngov. ,533; Anglican ch. est., 542 A.D.\\n1700-1- Thos. Trench, gov., 553 anti-\\nCath. laws, 56 2 John Seymour, gov.,\\n57 z Edward Lloyd, gov., 573; slaves vs.\\nbaptism Calvert renounces Catholi-\\ncism, 582, 3 liquor traffic fined, 5S3\\nJohn Hart rules proprietary restored,\\n591 Chas. Calvert, gov., 593; m. Gazette\\nissued, 603; inheritors of Eng. law, 61i\\nBenedict C. Calvert, gov., 613; Balti-\\nmore city fnd; Samuel Ogle, gov., 632, 3,\\n672 Charles Lord Baltimore, gov.\\ntobacco legal tender, 632; copper-works,\\n64i; first Bapt. ch., 631 Thos. Bladen,\\ngov., 653; iron works, CG 1 M. Gazette\\nrevived, 67i Frederick City fnd., 672;\\nMason and Dixon Line, 673, 753 Gen.\\nBraddock leaves, 63 1 Benj. Tasker, gov.\\n692; Horatio Sharpe, gov., 693; Freder-\\nick Coll. org., 731 Robert Eden, gov.,\\n772; Jesuits suppressed, 781 magazines\\nseized, 801 convention bills of credit\\nissued; minute-men org., 813; declines\\nConfederation, 912 signs Confederation,\\n933; boundary commissioners meet, 973;\\nratifies Federal constitution, 101 1; St.\\nMary s Sem., fnd., 1023 T. J. Claggett\\ncons, bp., 1023; Bait. Meth. Epis. Conf.\\norg., 1042; A.D. 1800 Odd Fel-\\nlows org., 1271; Win. Ellery Channing\\npreaches, 1282; Luth. Synod find., 1283;\\nJews org., 1311 fire-brick mnf., 134 1\\nState library fnd., 135 1 1403; defaults\\ninterest, 1553 M. Hist. Library find.,\\n1583; Gen. Butler seizes Relay House,\\n194 2 disloyal rejects secession Fed-\\neral troops prohibited Gov. urges truce,\\n1951 legislators arrested for treason,\\n1993 fund for soldiers killed, 2032\\nhabeas corpus suspended, 2073 Gen.\\nLee invades, 2123; Legislature arrested,\\n213 3 Confed. invasion, 2223 m. Union-\\nists divided, 2273; M. Club suspended,\\n2292; Constitutional Conven.,2333; Gen.\\nEarly enters, 236i, 237 Constitution\\nratified, 231)3; ratifies 13th Amend., 2432;\\nM. Agricultural Coll. est. 250 2 Peabody\\nInst, fnd., 2543; observance of Sunday\\nBill, 2551 rejects 14th Amend., 2573\\nnew constitution approved, 2.7.) 1 flood\\nin Patapsco River, 2633 battle of N.\\nPoint eel., 3683 15th Amend, rejected,\\n2731 eldership in Ch. of God org!, 2S02;\\nInst, for Blind and Deaf, 2811; labor\\nstrikes, 296 3 pres. proclamation to\\nstrikers, 2972; Westminster Theolng.\\nSem. fnd., 3123; earthquake, 332 1 bill\\nto abolish pool-rooms, 3543; shortage in\\ntreasury, 3543, 3553 negroes excluded\\nfrom State Law school, 3682 forest fires,\\n3833 negro lynched, 3832 w. G. Van\\nNort for gov., 3912 j Va. boundary line,\\n4112; Frank Brown, gov., 4212; land tax\\nunconstitutional, 427 1 Free School-\\nbook Bill returned, 4541 Racing Bill\\nsigned, 4571 miners strike, 4583.\\nMarylebone Literary Institute fnd., 9463.\\nMarvviHe lollcge. rg., Tenn., 1283.\\nMarzials, Theophile, b., 9562.\\nMas, Burmese war, 10482.\\nMasaccio, Tommaso Guidi, b.-d., 10782.\\nMasailand, Eng., possess, 5613; Hanning-\\nton visits, 5621\\nMasaniello, Tommas Aniello, b.-d., 10823\\nleads revolt, 10821 10832.\\nMascara, Algeria, evacuated, 82.\\nMascarenbas, Garcia de, b., 5523; d., 5542.\\nMascarene, Capt. Paul, governor, 5752.\\nMascaron, Jules, b., 6882; d., 6962.\\nMascotte, La, burns on Miss, river, 3253.\\nMaserfeld, action at, 8421\\nMashakai, action at, 62.\\nMasham, Baron, title created, 10052,\\nLady, Abigail Hill, royal favorite,\\n9033; keeper of privy purse, 9052.\\nMashonaland, Boers raid in Boera ex-\\npelled, 6041 demand for, 6043,\\nMa Sien, at Linan; at Yunnan, 6183.\\nMasimian resigns, 10673.\\nMasinissa, K., aids Scipio, 10543.\\nMaskell, William, b., 9363; d. (1890).\\nMaskelyne, Mr., libel damages, 9931.\\nNevil, b.,9082; transit of J enus, 91\\nearth s density, 9182; d., 9351\\nMason County, W. Va., white caps, 460.\\nCharles, b. (1730) M. and Dixon line,\\nest., 431 673, 733, 75s, 913 d. (1787).\\nDumane, royal commissioner, 5942.\\nEdward C, commissioned col., 3301\\nFrancis, b., 1082 d., 2841\\nGeorge, b., 602 d., 1022.\\nHemming, b., 9383 d. (1872).\\nCapt. James, leader, 34 1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Murray, b., 108 1 pres. senate,\\n1812, 1881; urges secession, 1953; ex-\\npelled, 1973 captured, 2003, 2012, 9653\\nin Boston, 2003, 2012; imprisoned, 2012\\nsurrendered, 203 leaves Eng., 2273 d.,\\n2741.\\nJeremiah, b., 761 d., 1641\\nJohn, b., 262 d., 442.\\nt lands in N. H., 3H; d., 341\\nMitchell, b., 762 d., 1362.\\nW., in treas. dept., 3512.\\nYoung, b. (1799); sec. navy, 1572;\\natty. -gen. ,1592; issues Ostend Manifesto,\\n6331; d., 1842.\\nJosiah, almshouses, 9651 est. Orphan\\nHouses, 9731.\\nLowell, b. (1792) d., 2781\\nMabel, life-saving medal, 3882.\\nRichard B., gov. Gal., 1633 d. (1850).\\nSergeant, fires at Guiteau, 3083.\\nStevens Thomson, b. (1811) governor\\nMich., 1453 d. (1843).\\nWilliam, b., 9062, or (172-I) d. (1797).\\nMasonborougn Inlet, Columbia burned,\\n2182.\\nMasonry, opposition party in politics, 1392;\\nvote, 1413,\\nMason s Act, No. 2, 417 2\\nStation, O., R. R. accident, 3133.\\nMaspero, Gaston Camil le Charles, b. (1846);\\nPeuples de l Orient classique, 7661\\nMasquerades, Eng. Court, 8583 frequent,\\n8911; forbidden, 9063.\\nMass, first celebrated, 10691; said for\\nmoney, 10723.\\nMasqat ia, asteroid, discovered, 1086 2\\nMassachusetts Norsemen in, explored,\\n112; A.D. I6OO-1- Rep.govt. find.; John\\nCarver, gov. Pilgrims land, 283, 293\\nGonges exped., 2:t2; ;i ll citizens in legis-\\nlature, 293,331 Miles Staudish explores,\\n301 1st marriage Indian treaty Salem\\nfnd., 313; Salem Ch.org., 302; Massasoit\\nreceived 1st land patent 2d company\\narrive; Wm. Bradford, gov., 303, 351,\\n373 pestilence starving time first\\nexports, 303 Prot. Epis. services est.,\\n30i; Eng. extortion, Weymouth settled,\\nand abandoned, 31 1 Standish fights In-\\ndians, 301 2d laud patent, 31 1 conspi-\\nrators banished; land allotted yearly\\nland in perpetual fee cattle iutro.\\nCape Ann patent ree d settled Cape\\nCod settled Council of Five est. Mt.\\nWollaston settled, 31 2 first vessel built,\\n301 Pilgrims buy out London Co.; wam-\\npum currency Dutch embassy re-\\nceived; Mass. Colony est.; Wollaston\\nsuppressed, 313 ballot first used in\\nAm., 302 Mass. Bay Co. chartered\\nClnirlestown fnd. govt, trans, from Eng.\\nto Colony, 313, 331 bricks mnfd. Epis-\\ncopal clergy expelled; Indian allegiance;\\nJ. Endicott, gov., 321 thanksgiving for\\nplenty; John Winthrop arrives, 321\\n331, he writes 1st book; Plymouth tol-\\nerant, 322; 300 best families arrive;\\nwages fixed, 323 many perish J. Win-\\nthrop, gov. Mass colony many colo-\\nnists arrive Watertown, Dorchester,\\nRoxbury fnd. 1st Court; Trimountain\\n[Boston] fnd.; Board of Assistants appt.,\\n331 3d land patent great emigration\\nLyon arrives suffrage limited to ch.\\nmembers; Newtown [Cambridge] forti-\\nfied, 332 Plymouth courtesy Conn,\\nvalley attractive, 333 i s t eh. in Boston.\\n321; prohibition (Indians), 323 Charles\\nI. offended govt, restricted E. Win-\\nslow, gov., ballot used; Thos. Price,\\ngov., Plymouth Thos. Dudley, gov.\\nMass. Colony, 333 irreligion and heresy\\npunishable, 342 gov t changed to repre-\\nsentative democracy Plymouth Coun-\\ncil surrenders charter John Haynes,\\ngov. Wm. Bradford, gov. emigration\\nwestward; tidal wave, 341 Eng. cross,\\ndecision Roger Williams banished\\nThos. Hooker arrives Anne Hutchin\\nson for Women s Rights 3,000 immi-\\ngrants musket balls currency Concord\\nfnd. quo-warranto issued, 342 Boston\\npublic school est., 343 Indian troubles,\\n341 submission to est. church; 1st\\nCong, organization, 342 Coll. fnd.,\\nHarvard est., 343 Springfield fnd.\\nemigration Gen. Fundamental Laws\\nest. charter uurescinded Henry Vane,\\ngov.; Edward Winslo\\\\v,gov.,352; Pequot\\nWar, 341 synod of N. Eng., first meets\\nAnne Hutchinson banished; Sam. Gor-\\nton annoys ,342, 362 Rev. John Har*\\nvard arrives; slaves imported, 35 1 371\\nprohibition est. (Indians), 35i; J. Win-\\nthrop, gov. Wm. Bradford, 352 Henry\\nVane leaves Colony of Conn, set up\\nEng. emigration restrained; Thomas\\nPrince, gov., 353 Boston printing-press\\nest., 341 Plymouth 1st gen. assembly\\nWm. Bradford, gov. 353 effort for co-\\nlonial union, 37 1 dissenter pilloried,\\n362 j i s t book printed in Am. college-\\ntax public schools law; 37 1; Thomas\\nDudley, gov. rapid advancement, 372\\nBody of Liberties adopted Rich. Bel-\\nlingham, gov. Eng. oppresses com-\\nmerce, 372; iron castings, ropes mnfd.,\\n361; suffrage qualified, 362; Harvard s\\n1st commencement, 371 N. H. united,\\n372; ch. sleeper punished; Indian mis-\\nsions est., 362, 383,391 ,403,442,443,463,\\n623, 631, 663, 683, 771 New Eng. Con-\\nfederacy est. John Winthrop. pres.\\ncivil war in Eng., prosperity in Mass.,\\n373; alarming comet, 361; whipped for\\nnon-baptism dissenters banished, 363\\n2 legislative bodies for govt., 373 treaty\\nwithNarragansetts, 36 1 Wm. Bradford,\\ngov.; Thos. Dudley, gov.; bounty for\\niron works, 373; infant baptism trouble,\\n363, 371, 383; Ed. Winslow, gov.; J.\\nEndicott, gov., 373 2d Gen. Synod, Con-\\ngregationalism org. 38i,2; John Eliot,\\nmiss. prayer-book in Boston, 382 j.\\nWinthrop, gov. commerce restricted,\\n391 public schools common, 383; pro-\\nhibition (Indian), 391, 403 Thos. Cush-\\nman, elder; Cambridge Platform sub-\\nmitted, 382,3 j, Endicott, gov.; code\\nof laws, 392; many Indian converts;\\nHalf- Way Covenant, 383, 402,3, 442;\\nThos. Dudley, gov., 392 Baptists perse-\\ncuted, 383, 40 2 John Endicott, gov.,\\n391 purchases Maine mint est. Rich.\\nBellingham, gov. Puritans return to\\nEng. to fight, 393; Nianticks war; iron\\nforge est., 381 liquor dealers restricted,\\n39i J. Endicott, gov., 411 Quakers per-\\nsecuted, 40i ,2,3 Elder Faunce elected,\\n402 Mary Dwyer executed, 403 Ed-\\nward Whalley and Wm. Goife, regicides\\nconcealed, 4l i ,3 423 Nantucket fnd.;\\nPari, addressed commerce restricted,\\n412 j declaration of rights anti-Quaker", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1339.jp2"}, "1340": {"fulltext": "1328\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Massachusetts.\\nformists ejected licensers of the press\\nest., 403; adulterers executed, 411; 1st\\nBapt. Ch. Episcopalians intrusive; 1st\\nBible printed, Am., 422 j Rich. Belling-\\nham, gov. commerce vexed, 423 4\\nking s commissioners opposed, leave; re-\\nmonstrance against tyranny, 43 1 2\\nprinting restricted, 422 Deertield fnd.\\nRich. Bellingham, gov. Maine wrested,\\n43 2 Mohawks ravage, 42i Maine yielded,\\n421, 433; Worcester fnd., 433; Indian\\n41 Praying To \\\\vns org., 442 drunkards\\nposted, 443; great training days; bees\\nintro., 441 disloyal at heart, 442 j W ar\\nagainst the Dutch, 44 1 3 colonies unite,\\n452 whale fishery established, 453\\nIndians burn Medtield Indian conspi-\\nracy, 441 Josiah Winslow, gov. John\\nLeverett, gov., 452 commerce vexed,\\n453,472; printing-press in Boston, 443\\nKing Philip s War,44 ;eolonists terri-\\nfied, 443; Fast Day, 443 Narragansetts\\npeaceful Capt. Hutchinson s Co. way-\\nlaid Mendon attacked, also Deertield,\\nHadley, Bloody Brook, Hatfield, Lan-\\ncaster, Deertield, Weymouth, Northfield,\\nMarlborough, 461; Rehoboth attacked,\\nSudbury, Bridgewater, Plymouth, Hat-\\nfield, Hadley Indians defeated at Turn-\\ner s Falls and Mt. Hope, 462 Indians op-\\npressed, 471 E. Randolph, king s mes-\\nsenger in, 472,a anti-Quaker intoler-\\nance, 463 Maine bought, 472; treaty of\\npeace with Indians, 462, 473 Epis. Ch.\\nin Boston, 4G3 N. H. separated Brit,\\ngovt, assails king opposed great comet\\nterrorizes, 4G3 Maine org. as a province:\\nT. Hinckley, gov., 491 Jos. Dudley and\\nJohn Richards agents, 49 1; quo war-\\nranto issued, 41)2 first Universalist, 481 j\\ncharter forfeited darkest period; Jos.\\nDudley, Royal pres., 493, 503 charter\\nexpires, 493 Epis. service enforced,\\ntaxation for, 502 charter is displaced;\\nSir Edmund Andros vice-regent; Hu-\\nguenots arrive, 503 tyranny of Andros\\nN. York annexed Boston capital of\\nvice-royalty, 511 Andros recalled joy-\\nous tidings, accession of William and\\nMary Gen. Court reassembles Simon\\nBradstreet restored; rights demanded,\\n512 1st newspaper in Boston, 503 in\\n1st Am. Cong, of governors M. fleet\\nbefore Quebec, 50 1 witchcraft delusion,\\n523,531; new charter; Sir Win. Phipps,\\ngov. ,532; State schools and State church\\nest., 522 Hannah Dustiu, heroine, 531\\nunder Gov. Bellamont of N. York, 551\\nRich. Coote, gov. Wm. Stoughton, gov.,\\n552 A. D. 1700f R. Catholics ban-\\nished, 542; slavery opposed, 55 1 govt.\\nby the Council, 552; -war with Abnakis\\nQ. Anne s war, 541 Q. Anne proclaimed\\nJos. Dudley, gov., 553 j Deertield burned\\nIndians terrorize, 561 News-Letter is-\\nsued, 57i official conspiracy, 572 anti-\\nCath. mission, 582 Benj. Franklin, b.,\\n563 attempts conquest of Acadia [N.S.];\\nbombards Port Royal bounty for In-\\ndian scalps, 56i 61 1 Quebec expedition\\nsails, 56i; province bills, legal tender,\\n591 S. boundary rectified; Worcester\\norg.; mortgage bills emitted, 5!)i coun-\\ncil governs Jos. Dudley, gov. Wm.\\nTaller, gov. Sara Shute, gov. imposes\\nduty on Eng. goods, 592 Gazette is-\\nsued, 582 manufacturers restricted.\\ncommercial activity tea used, 593 jy.\\nEngland Courant, 603 quarrel with\\ngov. j charters defended, 611 smallpox\\nvaccination opposed, 613 Indian war,\\n60i; Gov. Shute flees; Wm. Dummer,\\ngov., 612; population, 613; ministers\\nreprimanded, 602 Western Mass. set-\\ntled; treaty with Indians explanatory\\ncharter, 612; Wm. Burnet, gov.; Wm.\\nDummer, go.., 613; 1st paper mill, 601\\nminister s support not enforced, 60s\\nPresb. Ch. in Boston, G22 Wm. Tailer,\\ngov.; J. Belcher, gov., 632 Freemasons\\nm, G3i; stage routes; petitions Pari.,\\n633 Arianism in, 643 Whitefield s re-\\nvival, 65i Faneuil Hall fnd., 641 N.H.\\nseparated; Wm. Shirley gov., 653; Fr.\\nand Indians take Ft. Mass. 1st theatri-\\ncal performance, 66 1; impressment of\\nseamen resented, 67i ,2 treaty with In-\\ndians a hard-money colony; Spencer\\nPhips.gov. reimbursed, 672 Jonathan\\nMayhew preaches against tyranny, 663\\nJonathan Edwards, pastor, 663, 691\\ntheatricals prohibited, 671 Parliament\\nvexes, 67 3 Wm. Shirley, governor;\\nColonial cong. proposed, 69 3 Fr. and\\nIndian War troops in Acadia Gov.\\nShirley commands Brit, troops, 682,701\\nearthquake, 703, 722; Spencer Phips,\\ngov. ,713; War Cong, of governors Thos.\\nPownal, gov. quartering troops con-\\ntroversy Thanksgiving Day, 71 3 self-\\nimposed war taxes, 73i superior in ed-\\nucation, 721 customs regulated by law,\\n73i Thos. Hutchinson, governor Sir\\nFrancis Bernard, gov., 732 Hutchinson\\nappt. chief justice; Revolution in em-\\nbryo ^James Otis agitates Importation\\nAct enforced, 732,743; arbitrary meas-\\nures by king s officers, 73 2 Universal-\\nism advances, 723 elaims Eng. rights,\\n743 Stamp Act indignation boycott\\nEng. goods, 743, 75i Liberty Tree sons,\\n753 Royal artillery arrives, 741 Mal-\\ncombo-iot, 743 calls Anti-Stamp Cong.;\\nstamp agent resigns; Chief-Jus. Hutch-\\ninson assailed Sons of Liberty org.\\nDennis Deberdt, agent in London Eng.\\nrepeal Stamp Act, 75 2 Romncy irritates,\\n741 Pari, enacts duty on tea, etc., irri-\\ntation nonimportation societies cir-\\ncular letter to other colonies Eng.\\norders circular letter rescinded Liberty\\nseized, 753 Gen. Gage arrives Boston\\nenraged Brit, officers vexed quarters\\nrefused Anti-troops Conven. of towns,\\n771 2 Pari, censures Gen. Court pro-\\nrogued obstinate Thos. Hutchinson\\nassumes authority, 77 2 first martyr, 771 j\\nBoston Massacre, 76* Eng. taxation\\nnearly abolished, 771, 2 govt, fallen to\\npieces court liberates McDougal com-\\nmittees of colonial correspondence appt.,\\n773; Pari, opposed, act void, 783 Bos-\\nton Tea Party, 782,3 court and govt,\\ncontroversy tea cheaper in Boston than\\nLondon, 783 Gen. Thos. Gage, gov., 791\\npatriots meet in Old South Meeting\\nHouse, 782; Boston port closed by Pari.;\\nPari, subverts charter, 791 Anti-Port\\nAct meeting County Conventions pro-\\ntest gov. dissolves Gen. Assembly; it\\nmeets in Salem resolves itself into a\\nProvincial Cong. troops incense citi-\\nzens militia organized as minute-men,\\n792; royalists propose, patricianorder,\\n793; Brit, troops in Marshtield; in Salem,\\n781,2; tar and feathers, 783; 2d Pro-\\nvincial Cong. Pari, restrains trade, 793;\\nGen. Gage seizes munitions fortifies\\nBoston Neck War for Independence\\nbegins; skirmish of Lexington and Con-\\ncord; Gen. Putnam arrives Americans\\nbesiege Boston; skirmish at Martha s\\nVineyard; Gens. Howe, Clinton, andBur-\\ngoyne in,80i Artemas Ward commands\\nAm. army at Cambridge Bunker Hill\\nbattle; authorizes privateering; Charles-\\ntown burned Washington arrives; war\\nvessels commissioned, 802 Gen. Howe\\ncommands Brit. Am. fortify Cobble\\nHill Brit. Adm. Shuldam in Boston-\\nians besieged suffer 1st Am. traitor\\nspirit of freedom grows accepts quota\\nGen. Court authorizes privateers; par-\\ndon offered rebels, 812,3; Brit, use\\nhouses for fuel, 813 first Union flag,\\n813, 831; Old South Ch. Brit, riding\\nschool ,823; Washington unsupplied; can-\\nnon from Ticonderoga; Aras. bombard\\nBoston action at Morris Creek Ams.\\ntake Dorchester Heights Brit, evacuate\\nBoston, 821 Washington enters B.,\\n822, 831 Washington leaves Hope cap-\\ntured transports taken, 822 Council\\ngoverns movement for total indepen-\\ndence, 832 Declaration of Indepen-\\ndence in Phila., 833, 852 declares\\nindependence, 832 act against Tories,\\n893,913 placable toward Baptists, 91 2\\nJohn Hancock, gov., 933, 101 1; adopts\\nconstitution, 933 abolishes slavery, 93 2\\nConstitutional Conven. meets; bill of\\nrights, 933 cedes Western claims. 952,\\n973 p. E. diocese est., 963 M. Maga-\\nzine issued, 97i aliens expelled, 972;\\nShays Rebellion, 981 James Bowdoin,\\ngov., 99i sells lands in N. Y., 992; mass\\nfirst eel., 1001 ratifies constitution, 1011\\nPresbytery of Salem dissolved, 1023\\nWilliams Coll. incorp., 1043 Samuel\\nAdams, gov., 105 2 Unitarian doctrines\\nspread, 1062 Edward Bass, cons. P. E.\\nbp. Polar Star and Daily Advertiser,\\n1063; Increase Sumner, gov., 1091 Moses\\nGill, gov., 1093 Caleb Strong, gov., 1112,\\n1153 James Sullivan, gov., 1151 Levi\\nLincoln, gov., 1153, 1333 Christopher\\nGore, gov., 1172; Eldridge Gerry, gov.,\\n1173 John Brooks, gov., 1252 gelati-\\nnous matter falls. 126 1 Maine separated,\\n1272 -Lowell fnd., 1293 cotton mill\\nerected, 1301; Amherst Coll. fnd., 1311;\\nWm. Eustis, gov., 131 3 Lafayette visits,\\n1321; Marcus Morton, gov., 1333, 153 1,\\n1572 State library fnd., 135i M. Hor-\\nticultural Society org., 136i Historical\\nSoc. of Essex Co. org., 1421 support of\\nclergy made voluntary, 1422 Rom.Cath.\\npersecuted, 1432 John Davis, gov., 145 2\\nSamuel Armstrong, gov., 145 3 Edward\\nEverett, gov., 1472 Bunker Hill Monu-\\nment erected, 154 1 John Fairfield, gov.\\n155 2 Boston and Maine R. R. opd., 1573;\\nGeorge N. Briggs, gov., 161 1 publishing\\nmarriage banns~eeases, 166 3 George S.\\nBoutwell, gov.. 1692; Kansas emigrants\\naided, 1742 JohnH.Clifford.gov., 1743;\\nEmigrant Aid Soc. org., 1751 it enters\\nKansas, 1752; Emory Washburn, gov.,\\n1771; Henry J. Gardner, gov., 1792;\\nsubmarine cable laid Hoosac Tunnel\\nbegun, 1813 watches innfd. by machin-\\nery, 1821; K.P. Banks.gov., 1852; Cong.\\nConf. org., 1S81 militia hastens to Bos-\\nton, 1922; Soldiers Relief fmd., 1923;\\n6th Regt. leaves for Washington, 1941\\ntroops called for, 1953; declares for the\\nUnion creates Union Fund, 1953, 1971\\nissues scrip for U. S. govt., 197 1 first\\ncolored regiment leaves, 190 1; John A.\\nAndrew, gov., 2032 ,s7,0(io raised for\\nmartyrs families, 2032 ratifies 13th\\nAmend., 243 2 Inst, of Technology opd.,\\n2502,2522; Norfolk Unit. C011f.org., 2542;\\nAlex. H. Bullock, gov., 2553 ratifies 14th\\nAmend., 2572 Agricultural Coll. opd.,\\n2583; long session legislature, 2632 cy-\\nclone, 3641 to complete Hoosac Tunnel,\\n2652, 2833; ratifies 15th Amend., 2671;\\nFranco-Am. cable eel., 2673; prohibition\\nenacted, 2691 and repealed, 2911 Wm.\\nClaflin,gov.,2092; Wendell Phillips nom.\\nfor gov., 2713 session to aid Boston fire\\nsufferers, 2793 Wm. B. Washburn, gov.,\\n2811; Nor. Art School est., 282 1 Nor.\\nSchool at Worcester, 2S43 Wm. Gaston,\\ngov. Thomas Talbot, gov.. 2873, 3033\\nProhibitory Law repealed Smith Coll.\\norg., 2883; Alex. H. Rice, gov., 2951;\\nBoards of Health, Charity, and Lunacy\\nest., 3011; John D. Long, gov., 3052;\\nanti-screen law operative, 3071; Benj.\\nF. Butler, gov., 3132 law for guardians\\nof children, 3151; Geo. D.Robinson, gov.,\\n3152; Constitutional Prohibitory A mend.\\npetition, 315 i,319i; Board of Health est.,\\n3251 Labor Dav legalized, 3271 begging-\\nprohibited, 3291 ;01iver Ames. gov. ,3293;\\nhigh-license enacted Australian ballot\\nadopted. 33;.! 2; women on sch. board,339i\\nColored Men s Conven., 3451 W. E. Rus-\\nsell, gov., 3472; gypsy moth, :553 Nine-\\nhour-day Bill passed,357i J.Q.A. Brack-\\nett, gov., 3751 Free Silver Coinage op-\\nposed, 3763; Biennial Elections Bill,\\n3791,4492; Fast Day, 3803,4041 ;heightof\\nhouses limited, 3832 Cong, districts\\nreapportioned, 3853 (has. W. Lowell,\\nnom. for gov., 3912; Wm. E. Russell,\\ngov., 3991 Anti-Cigarette Bill rejected;\\nAnti-Free Pass Bill signed, 4032 White\\nCaps sentenced, 4043; Ten-hour-day La-\\nbor Bill, 4052; Municipal Woman s Suf-\\nfrage, 4071; Wn). E. Russell, nom. for\\nfov.,4172; a nti-slaverv celebration, 428 3\\nast Day abolished, 4512, 4542 vessels\\nwrecked; 4573; Elevated R. R.Bill, 4651\\nstrikes, 469 1 F. T. Greenhalge inaug.\\ngov., 4793. (See Boston and New Eng-\\nland.)\\nMassachusetts launched, 430 1\\nSpy issued, 763.\\nQuartt r/tf Rcriew appears, 1631.\\nEvang. Miss. Soc, instituted, 1142.\\nHorticultural Society org., 1361\\nMissionary Society organized, 108 3", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1340.jp2"}, "1341": {"fulltext": "Mass-Maxw.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1329\\nMassachusetts Soc. for Promoting Chris-\\ntian Knowledge org., 1123.\\nMassacre, (See Indians, see slaughter.)\\nMassa-de-Carrani,Ja.,siegedeelared, 10902.\\nMassagata 1 war with Persia, HOG 1\\nMassalia. (See Marseilles.)\\nMassasoit ashore, 4753.\\nMassasoit, b. (1580^); in Mass., 30=; treaty\\nwith colonists, 303 d. (16G0).\\nMasse, Victor (Felix Marie), b., 7242 d.,\\n7541.\\nMass^na, Andre\\\\ Prince d Essling, Due do\\nRivoli, b., 7023 at Loano, 7102; at Ve-\\nrona, 7121; at Voltri, 714 1 in Port.,\\n7181 retreats into Sp., 7182 at Areola,\\n5182; d. (1817).\\nMassereene, Baron, title created, 925 2\\nViscount, title created, 8911\\nMassey Sir Edward, b. (1619+) at Glouces-\\nter, 8841 d. (1674\u00c2\u00b1).\\nGerald, b., 9423.\\nJohn, dean of Christ s Church, S96 3\\nJoseph, assault, 4262.\\nGen., captured, 9703.\\nMuss/tin, asteroid, discovered, 730\\nMassillon, O., fire at, 4743.\\nJean Baptiste, b., 0903; works, 6991\\nd.,7002.\\nMassinger, Philip, b., 8742 works, 8803,\\n8831 d., 8842.\\nMassiuissa. aids Carthaginians, 10542,\\nMassitissi, mission, 5991\\nMasso, Finiguerra, engraves copper, 10781\\nMasson, Ga., Conservative Party, 259 2\\nAntoine, b., G8S2 d., 6943.\\nDavid, b. (1822) works, 9631 9791\\nFrederic, works, 764 1\\nMassowah, Abys., besieged dervishes de-\\nfeated, 22; war with It., 3 2 annexed to\\nIt.; submits, 33.\\nMassy, Baron, title created, 9172.\\nMaster Builders Asso. meets, 3523.\\nCar Builders Asso., Saratoga, 4082.\\nMechanics U. S. R. R. meet, 3863.\\nMasters in chancery appt., 8773..\\nMastodon, bones unearthed, Jll.,368 1 ,3941.\\nMasudi, Abu Hasen Ali hen Husein ben-\\nAli, d., 4862.\\nMasulipatam, E. I. Co. agency, 10443.\\nMasupha, chief, submits, 602 1 in Basuto-\\nland, 6031\\nMataafa, unrecognized as king, 8333.\\nMatabele. (See Cape Colony, p. 597-004.)\\nMatagorda, La., Gen. Banks at, 2321\\nMatamoras, Am. army of occupation, 1601\\ncaptured, 10961 mission, 10962.\\nManuel, sentenced 11303.\\nMatanzas, Sp., floods, 634 1 kidnappers\\npunished, 6342.\\nMatches, substitutes for, 1321; friction\\nused, 1361 9401 i u cotton, 4013; mnfrs.\\nmonopolize, Fr., 759 2 anti-phosphor as\\ninv., 8161 lucifer used, 94Gi\\nMatchett, Charles H., nom. for vice, pres.,\\n4151 popular vote, 4192 electoral, 4243.\\nMaterna, Amilie (Frau Friedrich) b.(1847)\\nd.,8162.\\nMaternus, revolution in Sp., 1065 2\\nMatha, John de, forms Mathurins, 6703.\\nMathelin, Gen., explosion at home of, 7662.\\nMathematical method, quaternions, 9521.\\nTripos instituted, 9121\\nMather, Cotton, b. 421 works, 37i, 523,\\n543,583, 603; d., 603.\\nIncrease, b., 34 1 pres. Harvard, 48 3\\ndegree of D.D., 523; sermon, 582; d.,602.\\nMathes, F. L., shot, 4422.\\nMathesius, Johann, Wife of Lufker, 7931.\\nMathew, Theobald, b., 9243; administers\\npledge, 9451 in Scot. ,951i arrives, 1651\\nentertained by pres., 1663; d., 9603; me-\\nmorial church, 3462 memory eel., 3471\\nMathews, Charles, b. 9203 appears in\\nN. Y., 1301; d., 9462.\\nStanley, b., 1321 Justice of Supreme\\nCt., 3092 d., 3382.\\nWm\u00e2\u0080\u009e b., 1262.\\nMathieu, Pierre, works, 6851.\\nJudge, royal commissioner, 5942.\\nMathurins, order find., 6703.\\nMatilda, archduchess, d., 5262.\\nQ. of William I., d., 8482.\\nQ., Den., confesses plot, 6392; d.,6382.\\nof Eng., marries Henry I., 849 2\\ndau. of Henry I., b.-d.; invades Eng.,\\n848 2 claims throne; marries; in Suf-\\nfolk, 8493 besieged, 8501 crowned\\nretires, 8511\\nQueen, Fr.,fnds. Trinity Church,6683.\\nMatilda of Tuscany, gives estates to\\nchurch, 7762, 10743; marries, 7763, 10753\\nreigns, 10752.\\nMatimir, prince, 5031.\\nMatina, fort built, 6302.\\nMatins of Moscow, 11151\\nMatrimonial Causes Act passes, 9831\\nMats, Ketilmuiulsson, regent, 1135 2\\nMatsys, Quentin, b.-d., 5402.\\nMatta circular, withdrawal, 4003.\\nMattathias, leads revolt, 11481 against\\nSyrians, 11492; assassinated, 11493,11482.\\nMattapony River, Va., action near, 2103.\\nMatter, Jacques, b., 7082 d., 7362.\\nMatteson, Joel Aldrieh, b. (1808); gov. 111.,\\n1743; 8 ale of property, 2331.\\nMatteucci, Carlo, b., 10851 d., 10882.\\nMatthew, the Apostle, called, 11521 writes\\nGospel, 11523.\\nArchdeacon, eons, bp., 998 3\\nHenry J., minister, 9953 d., 581\\nthe Armenian in Portugal, 13.\\nMatthews, Asa C, in treas. dept., 3511\\nBrander, b., 1701 The Stage, 4783.\\nClaud, gov. Ind., 4471\\nDavid, mayor N. Y., 853.\\nEdmund O., in navy dept., 4472; com-\\nmissioned commodore, 4561.\\nGeo., b. (1739); gov. Ga., 1052; d. (1812)\\ncons, bp., 9962.\\nHenry, gov. W. Va., 2973.\\nJoseph W-, gov. Miss., 1652.\\nNathan, Jr., mayor of Boston, 373 2\\nSamuel, gov. Va., 411 d., 401\\nStanley, b., 1321 d., 3382.\\nGen., in Va., 902.\\nCan., insurgent hanged, 5792.\\nfirst makes knives, 8721\\nMatthias, high-priest; 11483, 11502.\\nson of A nanus, high priest, 11523.\\nCorvinus, king, Hung., 509 2 takes\\nVienna; d., 5093.\\nII., king, gov., emp, 5113 aids Ferdi\\nnand, duke of Slyria, 7933 d.. 5102.\\nMatthisson, Friedrich von, b., 8023 Poems,\\n8052 d., 8142.\\nMat-tie Wins/tip seized, 5861.\\nMattocks, John, gov. Vt., 1572.\\nMatto-Grosso, rebellion, 5581; blockade;\\nindependence, 5592.\\nMaturin, Chas. Robert, b., 9223 d. (1824).\\nMatz, Nicholas, b. (1850); bp., 3263.\\nMatzner, Eduard Adolf Ferdinand, b.,\\n8082 d. (1892).\\nMaubee mission, 10463.\\nMaubeuge, Fr. gains, 693 3\\nMaubin mission, 10471.\\nMauch Chunk, Pa., coal mined, 115 3\\ngravity road, 1353.\\nMaud, daughter Prince of Wales, b., 9733.\\nPrincess of Achaia marriages, 1035 2\\nMaud S., trotting record, 3213.\\nMaugaseia, king in Abys., 33.\\nMaul, Joseph, gov. Del., 1613.\\nMaule, Fox. (See Ramsay.)\\nMaulmain mission, 10463.\\nMaun Singh surrenders, 104S 2\\nMaundas, Laura, horse-thief, 4343.\\nMaunday Thursday, Eng., alms on, 8591.\\nMaupassant, Henri Rene Albert Guy de,\\nb.(1850); works, 7523,7542,7502; d.,7641.\\nMaupertuis, Pierre Ijouis Moreau, de, b.,\\n6943; to Lapland, 6981; works, 6992; d.,\\n7023.\\nMaur, St., intro. monastic life, 6642.\\nMauregato, reigns in Asturias, 11253.\\nMaurepas, Coiiite de (Jean Frederic Phe-\\nlippeaux), b. 6943; prime minister, 7053\\nd., 7051\\nMaurer, Georg Ludwig von, b., 8043 d.,\\n8281.\\nHans Georg, priest, 5571\\nJocabina, prophetess, 5571.\\nMauretana, or Mauritania, Ca^sariensis,\\nRoman province, 1063 2 conquered\\n10602, 8i divided, 9i.\\nMaurice, hanged for piracy, 8543.\\nPr., takes Exeter, 8841\\nSt., leader Thebean Legion, 10663.\\nCappadocian, reigns, 10313 against\\nPersians, 10302.\\nSiegen, Joan Mauritz, Count of Nas-\\nsau, b.-d., 1003; gov. of Brazil, 5533; amal-\\ngamation of races; recalled, 5543.\\nCount of Nassau, b. (1567) stad-\\nholder, 5413, 10993 takes cities, 10982\\nsubdues Gelderland, 10993 campaigns\\nof invades Flanders, 10982 supports\\nCalvinism, 11011,3; takes Sluis, 10982;\\nbecomes Pr. of Orange, 1101 3 record\\nstained, 11012 d. (1625).\\nMaurice, G. Edmund, works, 9963.\\nJohn Fred. Denison, est. working-\\nmen s college, 9591 works, 9583.\\nEarl of Kildare, gov., 8593.\\nduke, b., 788 2 elector of Saxony,\\n791 2 ,3; against Ger. emp.; takes Magde-\\nburg wounded, 792i d.,7932.\\nMauricius, Flavius Tiberius, b.-d., 10303.\\nMaurier, George Du, works, 4783, 10063.\\nMauritius, Eng., acquires, 9353 S ee of,\\nest., 9583 Bp. Royston cons., 9742 Bp.\\nWalsh cons., 10063.\\nMaurus, Rabanus, b., 7722 Abbot of\\nFulda, 7723.\\nMaury, Dabney M., works, 4783.\\nJean Siffrein, b., 7003 d., 7223.\\nLouis Ferd. Alfred, b., 7223 d., 762\u00c2\u00ab.\\nMatthew Fontaine, b., 1122; inv. mag-\\nnetic clock, 1641 work, 1781 d., 2801\\nWm. A., in dept. of justice, 3512.\\nMausoleum at lialicarnassus, 11462.\\nMausolus weds Artemisia, 11471 d.,353\u00c2\u00b1.\\nMaver, stenography, 9242.\\nMavrocordato, Constantine, manumits\\nserfs, 11122; d. (1765).\\nMavrocordatos, Alexander, statesman,\\nb.-d., 10343.\\nphysician, b.-d., 10343.\\nMLawe, John, b., 9122; d., 9442.\\nMaxen, Ger., Gen. Fink surrenders, 5162;\\nbattle of, 8021.\\nMaxentius, Marcus Aurelius Valerius,\\nwar with Constantine 10662; reigns,\\n10673; d. (312)\\nMaxfield, Thomas, leads Weslevan seces-\\nsion, 9163.\\nMaxim, Hiram S., gun tested, 3401;\\nadopted in Ger., 836i\\nMaximianus, Marcus Aurelius Valerius,\\nreigns, jnits down Gauls; defeats Franks,\\n6622 suppresses Afr. revolt defeated\\nin Massilia appt. Ca-sar gov. It., Afr.,\\nand Sicily, 10673; d., 10662.\\nMa.i-imiti t, asteroid, discovered, 7342.\\nMaximilian, Archd. Aust.,b., 7862; defeats\\nLouis XI., 6781 marries regent, 10992\\nK. of Romans, 7S72; espouses Anne, 6793;\\nwar against Swiss, 78iji emperor, 5C93;\\nest. imperial chamber est. Aulic Coun-\\ncil, 7873 invests Fr with Milan in\\nLeague of Cambrai in Holy League,\\n7873; in Eng. army, 6801 d., 7882, 7892.\\nII., b.,7XX2; king, 511 2; reigns emp.\\ntruce with Selim 1I.,79: 2 grants liberty\\nof conscience, 7923; Cath. leader; duke,\\n7933; besieged by Gustavus, 7942; electo-\\nral vote, 7!) 2 favors Protestantism,\\n5112; d.,5102.\\nAlexander Philipp, Pr. of Neuwied,\\nb.,S042; d. 8243.\\nEmanuel, D.ofBav., 7973; war against\\nemp., 7992 dominions restored, 7993.\\nJoseph I.j D. of Bavaria, 8013.\\nJoseph 11., b., 8102 elector Bavaria,\\n8073; Hug, S092, 8173; d., 8223.\\n(Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph),\\nArchduke, emp. of Mex., b.-d., 10961\\ncrown offered, 5263 accepts, 10963 Fr.\\nenthrone, 2281 lands at Vera Cruz,\\n5263; in Mex., 10961 ,3; unrecognized by\\nU. S., 2491, 2533; captured, 10961; issues\\ndecree transfers custom receipts toFr.,\\n10963 hist. order of Mex ican Eagle, 10972\\nshot, 520 3 10963 memorial monastery,\\n5342.\\nMaximin, at ITeraclea, 1068 1\\nMaximinus.Galerius Valerius, b.-d. ,10642;\\nreigns, 10293; pyrs. defeat, 10042; perse-\\ncutes Christians, 10643.\\nThrax (Maximin Caius Julius Verus)\\nreigns; assassinated, 1065 3\\nMaximum, est., Fr., 7111 repealed, 7112.\\nMaximus Magnus at Aquileia, 10282; emp.;\\nreigns in Gaul; defeats Gratian, 0022\\nagainst Valentinian II. crushed, 1069 3\\nFabius at Sen tin um, 6621.\\nM. Mallius, commands in S. Gaul,\\n10561 denounced, 10572.\\nPretonius, reigns, 10712.\\nMax O Rell. (See Blouet, Paul.)\\nMaxwell, executed, 3303.\\nJames Clerk, b., 9442; d. (1879).\\nLawrence, Jr., dept. of justice, 4472.\\nLily, votes for Bright, 971 1\\nLord, at Solway Moss, 8681\\nWilliam, atElizabethtown,N. J., 861\\nd. (1798).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1341.jp2"}, "1342": {"fulltext": "1330\\nText Figures denote Page. lJN.L).fcLX.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nMay-Meil.\\nMay, Cornelius Jaeobsori, in N. J., 311\\ngOV., 312.\\nGeo. Augustus Chichester, chief\\njustice, 9831.\\nJoseph, auth., S. Longfellow, 4783.\\nSamuel Joseph, b., 1062; d., 2741\\nThomas Erskine, b., 9363; d, 9942\\nmemorial, 10021\\nPrincess, of Teck, marries, 10111\\nMaybrick, Florence Eliz., sentence, 10011.\\nMay-day, Fr., anarchists sentenced, 7623.\\nMayenne, Due de, Charles de Lorraine,\\nb., 6822; at Argues and Paris, 6S41 in\\nParis, 6853; atMontauban, 6861 ;d.,G862.\\nMayer, Alfred Marshall, h., 1462.\\nBranz, b., 1161 d. (1879).\\nFrank Blackwell, b. (1827) studies\\nIndians, 1701 works, 2721 3061\\nJohann Tobias, h., 8002; d., 8023.\\nJulius Robert von, b., 8103 d., 8282.\\nTheophilus, cons. E. C. bp., 10121\\nCapt., wounded in duel, 7631\\nMay-field Assembly at Worms, 7701 7713;\\nat Baderborn, 7713.\\nMaijtloirer sails, 293.\\noutsails Galatea, 995 3\\nMavhew, Experience, b. (1673) opens In-\\ndian school, 391 d. (1758).\\nHenry, b. (1812); works, 9503, 9563;\\nd., 9962.\\nJohn, missionary, d., 502.\\nJonathan, b., 582 in Boston, 663\\nagainst Eng., 673 avows Universalism,\\n723; d., 741.\\nThomas, b., 301 work, 383; d., 401\\nJr., b. (1621); miss., 363; d.(1657).\\nabsconds, 10051\\nMayhor, W., wife murderer, 421 1\\nMay Laws in Ger., 8282 repealed, 8302.\\nMavnard. Francois de, b. (1582); Pliilaiulre,\\n6891; d. (1646).\\nGeo. Willoughbv, b. (1843): works,\\n3061,3121,3141,3181,3221.\\nHorace, b., 123 1 at Union Conven.,\\n2253; p.-m.-gen.,3043; d.,3101.\\nIsaac H., confirmed judge, 3993 op-\\nposed by N. Y. bar, 4023; Buffalo Bar\\nAsso., 4043 investigation, 4051, 2 ex-\\nonerated, 4052; Bar Asso. object, 4212;\\ncase, 4402; opposed, 4402, 4421\\nMayne, Richard Charles, d., 10081\\nMaynooth College est.. 9263, 9271 .9523; bill\\nfor improvement. 9532 enlarged, 9643.\\nMay-poles set up, 9031\\nMaypu, Arg., Spaniards defeated, 4891.\\nMavo, Ire., see erected, 8422.\\nAmory Dwight, b. 1302; d. (1850).\\n.Frank, b.,1502.\\nWin. Starbuck, b., 1183.\\nEarl, title created, 9231\\nEarl of, viceroy, 10492.\\nMayow, John, respiration; tire-air, 8922.\\nMay s Landing, N. J., poisoning, 390 3\\nMaysville, Ky., magazine explodes, 1773;\\nConfederates take, 2131\\nN. Dak., normal schools est., 3742.\\nMazade, Louis Charles, Jean Robert de,\\nb. (1820) works, 7582 Academician.\\n7521 d. (1893).\\nMazari Sherif, Ishak defeated, 62.\\nMazarin, Jules, cardinal, b., 0862 prime\\nminister, 6892; reforms; exiled, 6893; de-\\nprived of power flees from Fr. re-\\nturned to power, 6912; d., 6902.\\nMazeppa, Ivan, b.-d., 11142.\\nMaziere, Gen., ninands army, 7421.\\nMazra, Afgh., battle at, 62.\\nMazzini, Giuseppe, b., 10851 fuds. Young\\nIt. Party, 10872; d., 10882; statue, 10901\\nMazzola, Girolamo Francesco .Maria, b.-d.,\\n10802.\\nMazzuchelli, Giovanni Maria, b. (1707)\\nScrittori V Italia, 10833; d. (1765).\\nM. D., first degree to woman, 1663.\\nitteaeham, Coininissioner, killed, 2801\\nMead, Edwin D., in Nat. Edu. Soc., 3423.\\nMrs. E. Storrs, pres. Holvoke, 3562.\\nLarkin Goldsmith, b., 1442; works,\\n1781 1821 2541 marble group, 3201\\nMeade County, Ky., white caps, 3723.\\n.George Gordon, b., 1242; at Chan-\\neellorsville, 221 1 commands army of\\nPotomac, 2231 moves northward, 2232;\\nat Gettysburg, 2241 moves for Washing-\\nton, 2271; at Centerville,228i; at Locust\\nGrove, 22S2; at Mine Run. 2283; at Cul-\\npepper, 22S3; at Petersburg, 2343; seizes\\nWeldon R. R., 2343 maj.-gen., 2372\\nSheridan reenf orces, 2403 pursues Lee,\\n2451 commands 3d military district,\\n2581 calls Const. Conven. in Fla., 2612\\ngives Fla. to civil rulers, 2633; d., 2781\\nMeade, Coin., Naval Architecture, 268 3\\nSir Richard, d., 10121\\n.William, b., 1001; bp., 1363; d., 2052.\\nEdward, cons, bp., 10121\\nMeadow Mt., massacre by Mormons, 1823.\\nMeadows, Wm., murders Humphreys, 4362.\\nMeadville, Pa., Allegheny Coll.org., 1251\\nstraw paper made, 1361\\nMeagher, Thomas Francis, b., 9403; gov.\\nMont., 2511; arrested, 9552; in N. Y.,\\n9571 d., 2581.\\nMeal Tub Plot discovered, 8952.\\nMeans, Alexander, b., 1101 d. (1883).\\nJohn Hugh, b. (1812) gov. S. C, 1692;\\nd., 2132.\\nMears, Prof., opposes O. Community, 3032.\\nMeasures, metric system est., Fr., 7061\\nMeasuring compass invented, 7921\\nMeat-biseuit invented, 1681.\\nExport, and Inspee. Bill, 3553, 3672.\\nMeath, Ire., see erected, 8403; Bp. Reichel\\ncons., 9922.\\nE. of, title created, 8811\\nMeaux, Fr., Protestants at, 6803.\\nM. de, minister, 7493, 7511\\nMecca, pilgrimages forbidden, 103; King\\nAbraha, 4831 shrine visited, 4832; Hejaj\\ncaptures Mohammed enters, 4841\\nmosque erected, 4842 Mohammed a\\nprophet pilgrims assist Mohammed\\nplace of worship, 4843; Mohammed pos-\\nsesses; pilgrimage org., -Is 13 ,4851 Waha-\\nbistake,4SGi taken, 4S6i ,6562; pilgrims\\nvisit, 488 2 cholera; grand sherif assas-\\nsinated; pilgrims quarantined, 4S83.\\nMechain, Pierre Francois Andre, b.,7003;\\nd., 7163.\\nMechanical Engineers, Am. Soc. org.,\\n2743, 3071 meets, 3852, 3951 4002.\\nSociety of Amateurs est., 9721\\nMechanics Gap, W. Ya., action at 1983.\\nInstitution fnd., London, 9402; m\\nBirmingham, 9541.\\nMochaniesville, Ya., battle of, 2091.\\nMechi, John Jos., b., 9302; d. (1880).\\nMechlin, Catholic Cong., pope s power re-\\nstored, 5461 riot, 5463.\\nMeckel, Johann Friedrich, b., 7983; d.,\\n8041.\\nb., 8042; d., 8142.\\nMecklenburg, Germany, conquered, 5121\\nduchy, 7833; Univ. of Rostock fnd.,\\n7851,2; Landes-Union find., 7893; Wal-\\nlenstein D., 7952; dukes under ban, 7953;\\nJVetter Vnrrath, 7991; divided, 7992; in\\nConfed. of Rhine, 8093; leaves Confed.\\nRhine, 7193, 8112; grand duchy, 8113;\\nFred. Francis II., grand D., 8171 anti-\\nfeudal influence, 8173; Wm. is grand D.,\\n8212; in N. Ger. Confederation, 8252.\\nN. C, Independence convention, 811\\nGrand Duke of, rules, 7413, 8113; at\\nSoissons, 7421 commands armies, 7422;\\nat Bazoche des Hautes at Beaugency\\nat Dreux, 7423; pr. of empire, 795 2\\nMeclad, prophecy, 11403.\\nMedals for military merit, 211 2\\nMedary, Sam., b. (1801) gov., Minn.,1833,\\n1852; d. (1864).\\nMedea launched, 9981 sinks pirate, 61S1.\\nMedea, war with Lydians, 11541\\nMedes, asteroid, discovered, 5282.\\nMedrteld, Mass., Indian massacre, 441\\nMedhurst, Waller Henry, b.,9283;d.,9G22.\\nMedia overrun, 10242; revolts, 11453; war\\nwith Lydia, 11461 Cyrus conquers, 11472.\\nMediation, in Civil War; commission org.,\\n7252; offer to U.S. A. .952, 201 2, 2152, 3; de-\\nclined, 2033; Fr. proposes for U. S., 2153,\\n2192, 7371 accepted in Bra., 5603; for\\nPeru, 6073; de. lined by Fr., 0233; Great\\nBrit, declines, 7432; Port., 11112.\\nMedical Asso. eel., Am., 3401 convention,\\n4621; org., Eng., 9461\\n.Congress, Centennial held, 2922; In-\\nternat., 3261 3882, 0421 83-11 in Wash.,\\n3261 i n Paris, 7382.\\nAct passes, Eng., 9811\\nand ChiriirgicalSoc, Royal, est. ,9821\\nColl., Am. Association formed, 2901\\nCollege West. Reserve Univ. gill ,420=\\nEditors Asso. of America org., 2683.\\nMission, Phila., established, 3742.\\nMissionary Society org., 3063, 9503.\\nRelict Association founded, 9252.\\nSchool at Cordova, Spain, 11262.\\nMedical Soc, Lond., fnd., 9081 9182, 946\\nMedicine, American Academy org., 2901\\nLake, Wash., insane asylum, 3731\\nMedki mische Sacltrlcliten issued, 8011\\nMedici, Alessandro de, rise, fall, 10793.\\nde, D. of Tuscany D. of Flor-\\nence, 10813; d., 10803.\\nCatherine. (See Catherine of Medici.)\\nCosimode.b., 10S02; D. of Tub., 10813.\\nCosmo, or Cosimo de, Elder, b.,\\n10762; chief ruler, 10792; d., 1081 1.\\nFrancesco de, rules, 1079 3.\\nIppolito de, b.-d., 10802.\\nLorenzode, b.-d., 10783;works, 10792;\\nconspiracy against, 10793; D. of U., 10183.\\nMarie de, b., 6841 makes Richelieu\\ncardinal, 6S71; regent queen, 6873; ref-\\nuge in England, 6892; d., 6883.\\nPiero 1., de, chief of republic, 10793.\\nSylvester de, magistrate, 10773.\\nfamily, power in Florence, 1079 2 ,3.\\nMedieo-llo tanical Society org., 9401\\nChirurgieal college opened, 3083.\\nLegal Cong., Internat., 3401\\nPsychological Asso. meets 4601.\\nMedill, Mo., collapse of R. R. bridge 4073.\\nJoseph, b., 1303; commissioner, 2732.\\nWm., b. (1805) gov. O., 1751 d. (1865).\\nMedina, Arabia, Mohammed besieged,\\n4841; Abdallah calif, 4853; conquered,\\n4861, 4881, 6562.\\nAfrica, annexed, 11612.\\nde Rio Seen, Sp., defeat, 7162.\\nJose Maria, b. (1815); pres. Honduras,\\n10412; d. (1878).\\nHabu, temple at, erected, 6482.\\nMeding, Oskar, b., 8142.\\nMedingin mission, 11242.\\nMediolanum. (See Milan.)\\nMedley, W. Ya., action near, 2301\\nJohn D., b., 5762; bp., 9423; d., 5941\\nMedleys made, 8S01.\\nMednapur, destructive cyclone, 10483.\\nMedo-Babylonian empire annexed, 11071\\nPersian empire formed, 1147 2\\nMedola, France, victory, 7121.\\nMedora explodes, 1553.\\nMedusa, asteroid, discovered, 7481.\\nMeehan. Charles P. d., 10021\\nMeek, Alex. Beaufort, b., 1231 d., 2482.\\n.Fielding Bradford, b., 1262; d., 2921.\\nMeeker, N. C, killed by Indians, 3031\\nr.Ieeks, James, sentence, 355 2\\nJos., trial of Sheriff Flack, 3543.\\nMeer Khidadad rules, 5392.\\nNusseer Khan rules treaty with\\nBritish, 5391 d., 5392.\\nVan der, Jan, b.-d., 11003.\\nMeershaert, Theo., consecrated bp., 3981\\nMeerut rebels, 10181 Sepoys active, 10491.\\nMegacles saves Aeroiiolis, 10171.\\nMegalopolis, Gr., fnd., 1C233; battle of,\\n10242; taken, 10262.\\nMegaphone invented, 2982.\\nMegnpolensis, Johannis, b. (1603) pastor\\nDutch Reformed, 862; d. (1670).\\nMegara, Gr., defended, 10183; connected\\nwith Athens, 10193.\\nMegaris, Gr., devastated, 10201\\nMegiddo, battle at, 0481 ,6501 Hittites de-\\nfeated, 11401.\\nMeliadpur. Mabrattas defeats, 10461.\\nMehallev, Edward, murders wife, 4703.\\nMehan, John, captured, 3831\\nThomas, b., 1341\\nMehemet, Ali, b., 6562; at Damietta,6561\\nagainst Turks conquers Syria revolts\\nin Arabia; massacres Mamelukes, 6562;\\nreigns massacres demand of Abdul-\\nMedjid, 6572; alliance against Austria,\\n5213; gov.; treaty with Porte; invades\\nSyria, 6572; conquers Wahabis, 4881;\\ninvades Greece, 10342; commands, 5652,\\n5661 murdered, 115S3, 6562.\\nKoprili, ~rnnd vizier, 11572.\\nMeherrin, N. C, Baptist Ch. find., 603.\\nMehrab Khan annoys British, 5391\\nMehul, Etiennc Henri, b., 7031 d., 7223.\\nMeigs, Henry, forgeries discovered, 1763.\\nJohn B., murdered, 2383.\\nMontgomery Cunningham, b., 1242;\\nsails, 1921 at Fort Pickens, 1941 d.,3981\\nReturn Jonathan, b., 642; at Sag\\nHarbor, 862; d., 1303.\\nb., 741 gov. 1173; d. (1825).\\nMeiggs, Henry, b. (1811) d., 2961\\nMeignan, G. Rene, cardinal, priest, 7622.\\nMeilhac, Henri, b., 7262; Academician,\\n7561.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1342.jp2"}, "1343": {"fulltext": "Meik-Merc.\\nText Figures denote Page. UN JJii,A. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1331\\nMeikeljohn, George D., b., 1821\\nMeikle, Andrew, thrashing-machine, 9202.\\nMeineke,Johann Albert Friedrich August,\\nb., 8043; d-, 2862.\\nMeiners, Christoph, b., 8003; d., 8102.\\nMeinhardt I., count, 5052.\\nII., count, 5052.\\nMeinhold, Jobami Wilhelm, b., 8063; d.,\\n8181.\\nMeissen, Ger., revolution in, 7821; cathe-\\ndral finished, 7S22.\\nMeiasner, Alfred, b., 8122; d., 8302.\\nAugust Gottlieb, b.,8022; d., 8033.\\nMeissonier, Jean Louis Ernest, b., 7192;\\npicture IS 14 sold, 7601; gift to state,\\n7641; d., 7601.\\nJuste Aurele, b., 6943; d., 701 1.\\nMeistersauger Guild, last, dissolved, 8141.\\nMejia, Ignacio, b., 10952.\\nMejici, Tomas, b.-d., 1095 2\\nMekhiter, Peter, b.-d., 115G3.\\nMekong Kiver explored, 4813.\\nMelae, Gen., in Prussia, 798 1.\\nMelancbthon, Philip, b., 7863; professor\\nat Wittenburg, 7883; Loci Communes,\\n7891; d., 7922.\\nMelunehus, tyrant, overthrown, 10171.\\nMelanesi, N.Z., Bp. Sehvyn elected, 9803.\\nMelanesia, Bp. Wilson consecrated, 10121\\nMelanippides, lyric poet, 10192.\\nMelanthus reigns, 1013 3\\nMelas, Michael von. Baron, b. (1735) gen.\\nin It., 10S41 at Marengo, 7141 d. (1806).\\nMelazzo, or Milazzo, action at, 10S81\\nMelbourne, Australia, fnd., 4952; Victoria\\nbishopric est., 9543; Bp.Carr cons.,986 2\\nBp. Goecons.. 9962; Chas. J. Latrobe in,\\n4953; Univ. library fnd.; gold dis., 4961,\\n4971 Meth. mission explorers, 496 2\\nimmigration; mayor visits Eng., 4963;\\nMoravian mission, 4962; charter capi-\\ntal, 4971 Assembly meets; first Pari.,\\n4972 Land Act passed improved exhi-\\nbition, 497 3 great telescope, 4981 D. of\\n.Edinburgh in postal confederate, 4982;\\nFederation Council, 4992; Industrial\\nmuseum opd.; Inter nut. Inhibition ,4993,\\n5013; floods, 5001; Anglican Cathedral\\ncons. ,5002; Aus. Federal Confederation,\\n5011 banks suspend; docks opened, 5013.\\nViscount, Wm. Lamb, b., 9203; min-\\nister, 9452; premier, 9472,3; ministry\\ndissolved, 9472; administration, 949 2\\nresigns, 9512; d., 9542.\\nMelchers, Bp., archbp., 823 2 arrested;\\nfined, 8283; cardinal priest, 8322.\\nMelchiades, St., pope, 10663.\\nMelchior, Bishop, murdered, 4S03, 4813.\\nEugene Marie, Vicomte de Vogue,\\nAcademician, 7561.\\nMelchizedek, blesses Abram, 11402.\\nMeldrum, Baron, title created, 9372.\\nMelegnano, Italy, battle of, 5241 11371.\\nMelek El Azaae, sultan, 655 2\\nShah, subdues Syria, 10321; takes\\nJerusalem; d., 487 2\\nMelendez-Valdez, Juan Antonio, b.-d.,\\n11283.\\nMelete, asteroid, discovered, 732 1\\nMeletius, St., b.-d., 11542.\\nMelfl, Italy, constitution of, 7S11\\nMelfort, Earl of, title created, 8772.\\nMelgarejo, Mariano, b.-d., 5502 at Viacha;\\nat Potosi, 5501; leads revolt; subdues\\nrevolt, 5511\\nMeli, Giovanni, b., 10S4 2 d., 10S62.\\nMi lihira, asteroid, discovered, 5282.\\nMelilla, garrison attacked, 10973,11322.\\nMeline, Felix Jules, minister, 7543.\\nJames Florant, b. (1811); in treas.\\ndepartment, 4472; d. (1873).\\nMelinguc, Gaston, d., 7581.\\nMelitus, war -with Lydia, 10141\\nMelizan, Theophilus.cons.R. C. bp.,986 2\\nMell, Patrick Hues, b., 1231 d. (1888).\\nMellan, Claude, b., 6861 d., 6942.\\nMellano, Leonard, cons, bishop, 9682.\\nMellen, Grenville, b., 1082; d., 152 2\\nMellette, Arthur C, gov. 3451 3492, 3992.\\nMellin, Gustaf Henrik, b.-d., 11361,\\nPrentiss, d., 1522.\\nMellish, Sir George, lord justice, 975 2\\nMellitus, Archbishop, 8422; d. (624).\\nMello, Francisco Manoel de, b. (1611)\\nworks, 11292; d. (1665).\\nFontes Pereira de, ministry, llll 2\\nAdmiral Custodio J. \u00c2\u00bbse de, b. (1845+)\\nin rebellion at Rio, 5581 5601 ,3,\\nMellon, Miss, first appearance, 9262,\\nMelloni, Maeedonio, b., 10843; on heat\\nrays, 9343; d., 10863.\\nMellor, John W., judge-adv.-gen., 995 2\\nMelo, Francisco de Manuel, b.-d,, 11102.\\nMelodists Club established, 9421\\nMeloraiR mission at, 11241.\\nMeloria, battle of, 10761\\nMelos, island, expedition against, 10202.\\nMeloy, William T., moderator, 3322.\\nMclridestadt, battle at, 7761\\nMelrose, Scot., monastery founded, 8483.\\nMelville, Andrew, b., 8682; d., 8S02.\\nGeo. Wallace, b. (1841) in navy de-\\npartment, 3512, 4472.\\nHerman, b., 1281 d., 3922.\\n*W B., convicted, 4682.\\nViscount of, title created, 9311.\\nViscount. (See Dundas.)\\nMelvin,Tenn.,Swoit ord-TollettetVud,41S2.\\nMem de Sa, capt.-gen., 233; at Rio, 5521\\naids Jesuits, 5531 gov. -gen., 5533.\\nMemling, Hans, d., 540 2\\nMemminger, Charles Gustavus, b., HO 2\\nsec. treas., 1913; d. (1888).\\nMemnon, ravages Cyclades, 10242; statue\\nremoved, 6563.\\nMemohra jiour servir a VIFistoire des Sci-\\nences, etc., 695 2\\nLitUraires de la Grande Bretaipie is-\\nsued, 6991.\\nSecrete de la RepubUque des Lettres,\\n7012.\\nde Bachaumont issued, 703 2\\nde Madame de la Lime d Lp nay, 7231\\nMemoirs of Gen. Thiehault appears, 7641\\nfor iht/t ttioiis issued, 9002.\\nof Lite rat nre issued, 9043.\\nMemorial Literario issued, 11292.\\nMemphis, Egy., capital, 6453; taken, 6473,\\n6501, 6511; falls, 6501.\\nTenn., laid out, 1293;0. S. Presb.\\nsynod org., 163i Elmwood Cemetery in-\\ncor., 1713; Memphis Charleston R. R.\\nopened, 1S33; headquarters dept. lower\\nMiss., 1962 capital, 2053 naval fight,\\n2063; battle of, 2083; Sherman embarks,\\n2163; Sherman at, 2263; General Smith\\nleaves, 2301 race riot,2522,4022; South-\\nern Commercial Convention meets, 2673\\nNormal School est., 2763 Christian\\nBrothers Coll. org., 27S 2 Medical Coll.\\nopd., 3063; Hospital of S. W. B apt. Univ.\\nfnd., 3071; Freda Ward injured, 400 2\\nfire, 4013, 4433; mob, 4022^ Cantilever\\nBridge opd., 4073; Nat. Farmers Alli-\\nance Conven., 4183, 4193; earthquake,\\n4501.\\nMena, first Egyptian king, 6453.\\nJuan de/b.-d., 11262; work, 11271.\\nMenage, Giles, b., 6S6 2 works, 0931 6891\\nd., 694 2\\nL. F., liabilities, 4423.\\nMenagier de Paris issued, 6743.\\nMenahem,k. Shallum, 11451 reigns, 1145 2\\nMenai wrecked, 9233.\\nStrait, bridge opd., 9422, 9542.\\nMenan, Fran. Ant. Carrandi y, gov., 630 2\\nMenander, b.-d., 10243.\\nMenandona, Madagascar, mission at,10942.\\nMenapii yield to Rome, 1058 2\\nMenard, Rene, opens mission, 5723.\\nMenas surrenders Sardinia, 10613.\\nMenasseh in Samaria, 1147 3\\nMencius, philosopher, b., 6103.\\nMendell, Geo. H., in corps of eng., 3221\\nMendelssohn, Moses, b.,K002; works, 8032,\\n8052; d., 8043.\\nBartholdy, Felix, b., 8083; si. Paul,\\n8141; d., 8162.\\nMendenhall, Thomas Corwin, b, (1S41)\\nBehring Sea commis., 3873 resigns, 4032,\\nMendes, Catulle, b. (1640); works, 7351,\\n7383;.\\nEgypt, dynasty at, 6513.\\nMendez in Abyssinia, 12.\\nKunez at Alicante, 11321\\nMendi, mission at, 1161\\nMendicant orders reduced, 6722.\\nMendicity Society established, 9392.\\nMendon, Mass., Indians attack, 461\\nMendoza, Arg.Rep., fnd., 233,4892; earth-\\nquake, 4913.\\nAndrez Hurdato de, b. (1490+) in\\nLima, 232; on Pacific oast, 203; d. (1561).\\nAntonio de,b. (1590*-); viceroy, 10952;\\nvictorious, 6051 i n Arg., 201 d. (1644).\\nCount Garcia Hurtado Diego de, b.-\\nd., 11263; commander, 6043; capt.-gen.,\\n6052; viceroy, 233, 253; works, 11291 ,2.\\nMendoza, Juan de Gonz., b.,202; d. (1617)\\nde Medrano v, governor, 6302.\\nPedro de, b.-d., 11263; expedition of,\\n212; settlement, 4891 Plata River, 4892.\\nGonzales de, b.-d., 11262; presents\\nColumbus, 123.\\nMenelaus returns to Sparta, 10141.\\nhigh priest deposed sells temple\\nvessels, 114S2; purchases office, 11492.\\nMenelek defeated in Abys.; makes war,\\n22 king.\\nII. Abys,, crowned, 33,\\nMenendez, Francisco, pies. S. Salv., 11232.\\nMarquez, Pedro, in Am. ,241 ,3, 251 2\\nMen-en-Ra reigns in Egypt, 6473.\\nMeiieptah 11. reigns in Egypt, 6493.\\nIII. reigns in Egypt, 6492.\\nMeneses, Francisco de, gov. Chili, 6052.\\nMenestheus reigns, 10133.\\nMenevia, Archbp. Hedley cons., 9742.\\nMenfew, battle at, 7741\\nMengo, battle at, 5G4i Porter at, 5643.\\nMengs, Anton R., b., 8002; d., 8042.\\nMenhardt II., duke, 5052.\\nMenharg mission, 6571\\nMeninski, Francis M., b.,7943; d., 7982.\\nMi ti/ f asteroid, discovered, 2981.\\nMenippus, b., 10282.\\nMen-ka-Ra (Queen Nitocris), r reigns, 6472.\\nMen-kau-hor reigns in Egypt, 6472.\\nMen-kau-Ra, builds pyramids, builds tomb,\\n6451 dedicated to Ru, 0452; reigns, 6471\\nMenno, Simons, b., 7863; tnds. Mennonites,\\n7903; d., 7922.\\nMennonite Missionary Society org., 11021\\nMennonites in Pa., 482; open Indian mis-\\nsion, 1103; Foreign Miss. Society, 3062;\\npurchase land in Kan., 2873; removing\\nto Colorado, 3342 origin of, 7903 emi-\\ngrate to Odessa to America, 8302.\\nMenocal, A. G., surveys Nic. Canal, 11033.\\nMenou, Baron Jacques Francois de, b.\\n(1750); commander in Egy., 6561 7141\\nsurrenders, 6561 treaty at Cairo, 6572\\nd. (1810).\\nMenschikov, Prince Alex. Sergeivitch, b.,\\n11162; at Alma, 9581 d., 11182.\\nDaniloviteh. b.-d., 11142.\\nMentana, It., Italians defeated, 7361.\\nMentone, Fr., man s skeleton found, 7461\\nMentour, A., in 0., 673.\\nMentz, or Mainz, Ger., Franks repulsed,\\n10661 Napoleon in, 7202 destroyed\\nfortified camp, 7GS1; an archbishopric,\\n7702; cathedral fnd., 7742; imperial fes-\\ntival, 7792; Diet, 7811; printing-office,\\n7352; Cat hoi iron Cicero deOtficiis univ.\\nchartered, 7871; taken, 7942,3, 7961, 7981,\\n8061; winter quarters, 7942; occupied,\\n7981 univ. suspends, 8072; ceded to Fr.,\\n5192,8073; acquired by Hesse-Darmstadt,\\n8II 3 celebration of printing, 8253.\\nMenzel, Karl Adolf, b., 8042; d., 8201\\n.Wolfgang, b., 8063; d., 8281.\\nMenzies, Michael, inv. thrasher, 90S1\\nSergt. Robert, wins rifle prize, 9741\\nMeramie, Agnes de, marries, 6713.\\nMeran, services for crown prince, 5322\\nMer-ba-pen reigns in Egvpt, 6453.\\nMercadante, Saverio, b.,* 10843; d., 10882.\\nMercale, Miss F.,in Ind. dept., Can., 5903.\\nMercantile Library Asso. fnd., N.Y., 1291\\nin San Francisco, 1731 2232; in Pbila.,\\n1311.\\nMercator, Gerard, b.-d., 10982; charts pub-\\nlished, 5402.\\nMerceau, body in Pantheon, 7593.\\nMerced, Cal., grain fields burned, 3613,\\nMercedes, Queen, d., 11322.\\nMercer, David H., b., 1821\\nHugh, 582; d. (1777).\\nJesse, b., 761 d. (1841).\\nJohn, missionary, 6022.\\nUniversity organized, 1423.\\nMercersburg, Pa., college at, 1463.\\nCollege organized, 2503.\\nMercers Company formed, S613.\\nMerchandise, England levies, 8832.\\nMarks Act passes, G. B., 9672.\\nMerchant of Venice performed, 683.\\nShipping Survey Bill rejected, 9793;\\npasses, 9812.\\nTailors Company formed, Eng., 857 3\\nMcrchantmein wrecked, 9953.\\nMercia, Eng., see erected, 8423; Christian\\nkingdom, $423, $432; re volt in annexed\\ntoWesse\\\\,8453; earldom abolished,849i\\nMercier, Honore, address to Cong., 3463;\\npremier, Can., 5871 papal benediction,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1343.jp2"}, "1344": {"fulltext": "1332\\nText Figures denote Page. 1xnDjc,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. MGrC\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Meth.\\n5882; speech, 58S3; payment to Jesuits,\\n5892;prohibitionspeechcondemned,5902;\\nimplication, 5922; acquitted trial, 5943\\n595 resigns seat, 5951 d., 596\\nMercier, Gen., minister, 767 ,2.\\nMerck, Johann Heinrieh, b. (1741) work,\\n805 d. (1791).\\nMevcure de Suede, Le, issued, 1135\\nde France, Le, issued, 6992; suspends,\\n7323.\\nMercurian, Jesuit general, 1081\\nMercuric- issued, 11292.\\nMercurium Libravius issued, 8943.\\nMercurius worshiped, 1050 3\\nMercurius Aultcus issued, 885\\nHibernicus issued, 885\\nMercury, transit of, 6882, 894 transit\\nforetold, 7943.\\nMercy, Baron Francois b. (1595+) at\\nFreiburg, 688 at Duttlingen at Aller-\\nheim, 796\\nClaude Florimond, b. (1GC6) atOffen-\\nberg, 798 d. (1734).\\nOrder of, founded, 6703.\\nMereb, Abyssinia, reded to Italy, 33.\\nMeredith, Elisha E., b., 164\\nGeorge, b., 9423 works, 10063.\\nOwen(Bulwer-Lvtton) works, 9763,\\n9923.\\nWilliam Morris, b., 1082 se c. treas.,\\n1653 in treas. dept., 3512 d., 282\\nMeredyth, Baron, title created, 965\\nMereloza, le Juan Gonzales, d., 26\\nMer-en-Hor reigns, Egypt, 6472.\\nMer-en-se em-sa-f, reigns, Egypt, 6472.\\nMergbacher, Julio, embezzler, 3S52.\\nMergenthaler, Ottmar, inv. linotype, 332\\nMergentheim, Germauv, battle at, 636\\nMergui,Bur., taken, 11242 mission, 10463.\\nMerhab Khan, killed, 5382.\\nMeriam, Eben, b., 1042 d., 2312.\\nMerian, Maria Sibylla, b.-d., 11372.\\nM^rida, Spain, Fr. defeated, 7182.\\nMeriden, Conn., Lewis donation, 3462.\\nMeridian, Miss., Sherman at, 230\\nprime, to be established, 3112.\\nMeridional instrument invented, 7902.\\nMerigeau, Jacques, anarciiist, 7662.\\nMerimee, Prosper, b., 715 works, 727\\n729 7302, 7323, 733 7482; d., 7382.\\nMerinites, dynasty reigns, 1097\\nMerinosheep in Eng.,9253; in Spain, 1128\\nMerioka, missions at, 1092\\nMeri-Ra, Pepi I., reigns, Egypt, 6472.\\nMerivale, Charles, b., 9343 Romans Un-\\nder the Empire, .li3; d. (1893).\\nHerman, b., 9323, or (18(16) d. (1874).\\nJohn Herman, b., 9203 d. (1844).\\nMeriwether, David, b. (1800) gov., 1743.\\nMerle, Jean Henri d Aubigne, b.-d., 1138\\nMerlin, Philippe Antoine, dismissed, 7133.\\nMermillod, Gaspar, expelled, 11382 d.,\\n1138\\nMermnad:e. dynasty of, 11452.\\nMerodach-Bal adan II. (See Saigon.)\\nMerode, Francois de, b., 7223.\\nMeroe, kingdom founded, 6503.\\nMeroo Creek, Australia, gold, 496\\nMerovaeus, b.-d., 6623; K. of Franks, 6633.\\nMerovingian dynasty, 6G3 3 monarchy es-\\ntablished, 7693.\\nMerowich, husband of Brunehilde, 771\\nMerriam, C. H\u00e2\u0080\u009e commissioner, 3873.\\nHenry C, colonel, 320\\nWilliam E., gov. Minn., 3332, 3652.\\nMerrick, James, clergyman, d., 252\\npoet, b. (1720) d\u00e2\u0080\u009e 9183.\\nPliny, b. (1794) d., 256\\nMerrill, Col., at Hartville, 218\\nGeo. S., commander-in-chief, 307 2\\nJames C, commissioned maj., 450\\nJoseph A., h., 962 d., 1662.\\nLot Myrick, d., 312\\nStephen M., b., 1322 bp., 2763.\\nSamuel, governor Iowa, 265 2\\nMerrimac, Mass., IMward Crosby k.,4683.\\nMerrimac sinks Cumberland defeated,\\n2043; reappears, 2062; in Hampton Koads,\\n207 fired, 2072.\\nMerriman, Edgar C, promoted capt., 352\\nW. B., governor Minn., 399\\nMerrimon, Augustus S.,d.,418\\nMerritt, Weslev. l (1836) at Crooked Run,\\n2372 at Five Forks. 2443; disperses In-\\ndians, 302 protest against removal,\\n3072; brig.-gen., 326\\nWm.,b. (1640\u00c2\u00b1) mayor, 533; d. (1708).\\nMerriwether s Landing, Tenn., Confeder-\\nate defeat, 2103.\\nMerry England Magazine issued, 9923.\\nMerryman, John, arrested, 1953, 2073,\\nMerseburg, Hung., repulsed, 502\\nMerseburaer Ceihchte appears, 7723.\\nMersen, treaty of, 5393, 6672.\\nMersenne, Marin, b., 6842 d., 6883.\\nMersey launched, 992\\nMersey dam collapses, Eng., 10073.\\nTunnel opened, 9933.\\nMersina, Kef. Pres. mission at, 11582.\\nMerswin, Kuimann, Nine Rocks, 7823.\\nMerthyr-Tydvil, Wales, canal opd., 9273\\nrioting, 945 Fenians captured, 971\\nMiners Conference, 977\\nMerton, Eng., action at, 844\\nMerv, Asia, surrendered, 1120\\nMerwanl., reigns, Egypt, 6552 calif, 4852.\\n-II., calif, 4852.\\nMerwin, E. S., nom.gov. Conn., 3692,415\\nMery, Joseph, b., 713 d., 7362.\\nMeryon, Charles, b., 724 d., 7382.\\nMesae, Thomas, elected bishop, 9583.\\nMesentzoff, Gen., assassinated, 1119\\nMesesimordaous reigns, 11453.\\nMesey, M. de, governor Mich., 423.\\nMeshach in fiery furnace, 11463.\\nMesmer, Friedrieh Anton, b.,8002; theory\\nof mesmerism, 8022 d., 8103.\\nMesmerism investigated, 96\\nMesnard, Ren\u00c2\u00a3, miss, to Indians, 402,3.\\nMeso/ otami t wrecked, 9833.\\nMesopotamia, Horn, province, 1065 2;\\nRomans conquer, 10673, 1100 11072;\\ntraversed by Alexander, 11473.\\nMessaba Iron range, U. S. troops in, 4582.\\nMessalina rules Claudius k., 1063\\nMessana. (See Messina.)\\nMessene, Greece, founded, 10233.\\nMcssenia, Gr.. seized, named, 10133.\\nMessenian wars, 1014 10183.\\nMessenians revolt, 10153 Gr. expelled,\\n1019 independence proclaimed, 10223\\nindependence restored, 1023 3 withdraw\\nfrom League, 10273.\\nMesser, Asa, b., 76 d., 1462.\\nMesserve, Xathaniel, d., 71\\nMessiah, Indian, delusion spreads, 3603.\\nMessier, Charles, b., 6983 d., 7223.\\nMessina, Italy, fnd. named, 10153 seized,\\n1050 10522, 1074 besieged, 10523 re-\\nvolts, 1076 ,1(1833, KI8!)1 blockaded, 10821,\\n10Sg subdued, 10872 entered, 10881.\\nMessier, Abraham, b. (1800) pres. Reform\\nsynod, 1623; d. (1882).\\nMet, i, lwoguita discovered, 242,3, 5702.\\nMetalliferous .Mines Regul. Act, 9772.\\nMetastasio (Pietro Antonio Domenico\\nBonaveutura Trapassi), b., 10831 works,\\n10833; d., 10843.\\nMetcalf, Ralph, b. (1798); gov. N. H., 1792;\\nd: (1 58).\\nMetcalfe, Baron Charles Theophilus, b.,\\n9223 gov. -gen. Ind., 9473, of Canada,\\n5793; d. (1846).\\nThomas, gov. Ky., 1372.\\nMetellus, L uci us Ca eil ins, defeated; killed,\\n10522.\\nQuinctus, defeats Macedonians, 1050\\nexiled, 10573; in Sp., 10581; subdues\\nCrete, 10582; consul, 10591; d.(115\u00c2\u00b1B.c.)\\nSeipio, consul, 10503 suicide, 10602.\\nMetempsychosis, doctrine taught, 10163.\\nMeteor falls near Columbus, 12 1 observed,\\n1141 1881 in Mass., 1261 in L T.,402i\\nat Chicago, 364 in Cal., 4261, 466 in\\nBrandon, Miss., 432\\nMeteor wins race loses, 10093 loses, 10113.\\nMeteorite found in Cal., 400\\nMeteorological bulletin published, 7342.\\nMeteorological Soc. Conven. Am., 456\\nof Palatinate est., 804\\nEng., meets, 9402 reports, 964\\nRoyal Brit, chartered, org. ,956\\nMeteors, shower of, 148 152 1602, 258\\n264 278 394 403 6102 periodicity,\\nMeter, legal unit of length, Fr., 7102.\\nMethodism introduced in Can., 5763 Conf,\\nformed, 5782 Missionary Soc. org., 135\\n5782 unite with Wes leyans Meth.\\nEpis. Church org., 5782 union with\\nWesleyans severed; New Connection\\nMeth. est., 5783 union restored, 580\\nMeth. Church of Can. est., 3822, 5802\\nmissions, 5802 Bp. Carman ord., in\\nBrit. Col.. 582 2,5,84 2; Woman s Miss. Soc.\\nfind., 5842 conf. at Belleville, at Sher-\\nbrooke, 5881 at Liverpool, N. S., 5882\\n3d Gen. Conf. at Montreal, 5902.\\nMethodism intro. into Ger., 8143.\\nWesleyan, England, rise of; George\\nWhitefield joins, 9083 Charles Wesley\\nconverted, 909 John Wesley con-\\nverted. 9103 first society org.; mobs\\nattack, 9111 conferences held, 911\\n913 915 9163, 919 9942, 9982, 10062\\nWhitefield a field preacher separate\\nfrom Moravians Wesley itinerates\\nchapel at Moortields conf at Islington,\\n911 soc. fmd. at Dublin Lady Hunt-\\ningdon active, 912a Whitefield and Wes-\\nley in Scot., 913 decline to leave est.\\nchurch; Young People s Societies; Wes-\\nley in Ire., 915 Maxfield s secession;\\nMethodists expelled from Oxford, 9163 j\\nmissionaries to Am.; est. Sunday-school;\\nsends Supt. Rankin to Am., 919 ll es-\\nleuan Mao. issued, 921 Am. conf. est.;\\nThos. Coke Am. supt., 9223 New Con-\\nnection separates; JS ew Connection Mag.\\nest., 929 Primitive Methodists org.,\\n935 New Connection s first mission,\\n941 Wesleyan Meth. Asso. est., 9463\\ncentenary eel., 9483 Primitive Meth.\\nMiss. Soc. org., 9523 Reformers org.,\\n9543; Wesleifaii Loud. (Juar. Review est.,\\n958 Ladies Miss. Soc. est., 9622; Met-\\nropolitan Chapel Building fund est.,\\n9642 ecumenical conf. in Lond., 9882;\\nNew Connection conf., 10002 against\\nHome Rule, 10102; Adelaide and Mel-\\nbourne miss., 41)62; Wesleyans at Cape\\nColony, 597 Central M. E. Mission\\nconf. opd. in Mex., 10962. (See Wesley\\nand Whitefield.)\\nintroduced in Port., 11113.\\nin Russia, emigrate to Am., 11222.\\nintro. in Sp., 11303.\\nin Switz., 11382.\\nMethodist Epis. Church, U. S. A. Wesleys\\nin Ga., 023; return to Eng., 642. White-\\nfield in Am., 642, 3 i n ja., 71 1463,\\n1602, 2623, 2803, 2903 2062. Philip Em-\\nbury arrives, 723 i s t sermon, 742 i n\\nN. Y. City, 742, 762, 1023, 1062,3, 1082,\\n1143, 1263, 1343, 1583, 400 in Fhila.,\\n742, 762, 1002. Meth. missionaries ar.,\\n742; In Va., 742, 912,3, 1403, 1602; F. As-\\nbury arrives, 763 first conf., 78 T.\\nRankin, supt., 2d conf., 782 preachers\\nreturn to Eng., 85 Asbury arrested,\\n83 89 against distillers; secession in\\nVa., 912,3; conf. unite, 93 95 96\\nAsbury supt., detached from Wesley\\nagainst slaven 932; forbids intoxicants,\\n962; T. Coke bp.; Meth. Epis. Church\\norg. sacraments administered fund\\nfor needy preachers est. 1st General\\nConf.; Dickinson Coll. est., 963; in Pa.,\\n963, 125 1322, 1462, 1731, 1703, 2883.\\nCokesbury Coll. est., 99 in Mel., 99\\n1023, 1042, 1142, 2543 publishing bouse\\nest. gen. conf. Meth. council, 1002 1023\\nrules on intemperance org. Sunday-\\nschools; 1st Regular Gen. Conf., 1023 (see\\nf o llowingfiuad renin nms forotbers); Bait.\\nConf. org., 1042 Kelley secession, 1043;.\\nin N. Y. State, 1083,117 1402,1563\\n1642, 2722, 2763 in Boston, 1062, 163\\n3042,370 in Mass., 1062,2412. Negro\\nordained Metluulist Matjazine Bp.\\nWhatcoat cons.; N. Y. Conf. fmd., 1083;\\ndelegated Gen. Conf., 1142, 1183; restrict-\\nive rules, 1142 publishing house rem d\\ntoN. Y., 1143; Genesee Conf.org., 117\\nin O., 121 1282, 1503,1571,1611,1702,\\n1783, 1802, 1823, 2543, 25S3, 2903, 3402;\\nOhio Conf. fmd., 1211; Home Mission\\norg., 1211, 1282; Union Am. M. E. Ch.\\nfmd., 1212; bps. George and Morriscons.;\\nMiss. Conf. fmd., 1243 Allegheny Coll.\\nest.; Methodist Maaazinc Quae. Review,\\n127 125 137 Miss. Soc. est., 1263\\nIndian missions, 1282, 1303, 1322, 1351,\\n1363 1383, 1422, 1623; Meth. Prot. secede,\\n1283; election of elders condemned, 1322;\\nMe,, m., Pittsburg, and Iiolstein confs.\\nfmd. bps.Soule and Redding eons.; Re-\\nformers meet 1322, 1343, 1351 1362,1382\\nin 111., 1322, 1351 1503, 1631 1702, 1731\\n2623, 2703, 2SX3, 2903; in Me., 1322;\\n1642 i\u00e2\u0080\u009e Tex., 1322, 1503, 2543, 2823,\\n2842, 2903. Vntenarv Coll. est., 1323;\\nin la., 1323, 1782, 2682, 2822. Christian\\nAdvocate, 1331,1351; S.-S. Union fmd.\\nMcKendree Coll. est., 1351; Quarterly\\nReview, 137 Wesleyan Univ. est., 139\\nin Conn,, 139 Bps. Andrew and Em-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1344.jp2"}, "1345": {"fulltext": "Meth-Mexi.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1333\\nery cons., 1402; Western Christian Advo-\\ncate est., 1403; in Ala., 1402, 1802,3183;\\nin Ind., 1402, 1563, 1611 1702,1762,2543,\\n3742 in N. H., 1402, 1631. Ala., Illd.,\\nN. H., and Troy Confs. find., 1402; Ran-\\ndolph Macon Coll. est., 1403; bps. Waugh\\nand Morris cons. ,1462; Ark., Erie, Liberia,\\nMich., N. J., N.C. conf. fmd., 1462 i n\\nArk. 1462, 2763, 2962, 314.2 i n Mich.,\\n1462, 1783, 1843, 1991 i u N. J., 1462,\\n1782, 2543, 2902, 4641; i n N. C, 1462,\\n1802, 1823, 1863. Emory Coll. est., 1463;\\nE. Tex., North O., Providence and Rock\\nRiver confs. fmd., 1503 i\u00e2\u0080\u009e r. i 1503.\\nChristliche Apologete, 150 3 Wesleyans\\nsecede; Northern- Christian Advocate,\\n1543 Cincinnati Wesleyan Coll. est.,\\nWesleyan Univ., O., est., 1551 slavery\\nagitation Fla., la., 1ST. Ind. and Vt.\\nconfs. fmd., 1563; inFla., 1563, 2763;\\nin la., 1563, 157 1782, 1322, 1842, 2332,\\n2583, 2763, 2822; i n Vt., 1563. Bp.\\nAndrew suspended ch. divided by sla-\\nvery M. E. Ch. South secedes bps.\\nHamline and James cons., 1563 la.\\nWesleyan Univ. est., 1571 Five Points\\nMission est., 1582, 1741; Indian Mission\\nConf. org. Swedish mission, 1582 in\\nMo., 1583, 1823, 1842. 2412, 2543, 2842,\\n3283,3522. Williainet teUniv. est.,1583;\\nin Ore., 1583, 1642, 1702, 2,342, 3743. Mt.\\nUnion Coll. est. Ft. Wayne Coll. est.,\\n161 111. Fein. Coll. est. Boston Univ.\\nest., 1631 Lawrence Univ., 1632 in\\nWis., 1632,1642, 1663,1782. E.Me.,N.\\nY. East, Wis., Cal., Ore. confs. fmd., 1642,\\nin Cal., 1642, 1662, 1702, 1722, 1983, 2703,\\n2763 2903 3203 Ladies Miss. Soc. est.\\n1642 in Md., 1642. Liquor forbidden,\\n1643; Wm. Taylor in Cal., 16i 2; lfiwassee\\nColl., 1663; in Tenn., 1663, 2543, 3183.\\nLawrence Univ., 1663 Cal. Christian\\nAdvocate, 1691; bps. Simpson, Baker,\\nAmes ord. Cincinnati, Ky., Northwest\\nInd., Southwestern Ind., Ore., So. 111.,\\nWyo. confs. fmd., 1702 in Ky., 1702,\\n2543,2682,3262; in Wyo., 1702. Univ.\\nof Pacific, 1702; N. W. Univ., 1703, 1782\\nin Chicago, 1703, 3203, 3262, 3321. m.\\nWesleyan Univ. Beaver Coll., 1731\\nMoore s Hill Coll., 1762 in Minn.,\\n1762, 1783. Hamilton Univ. est., 1762;\\nPittsburg Fern. Coll. est.; in S. C, 1763;\\nCent.O., Germany, Switz., Detroit, Kan.,\\nMinn., Newark, Upper la., West Wis.,\\nconfs. find., 1782; in Kan., 1782, 2842,\\n3242. Pacific Advocate HeddingColl.;\\nNorthwestern Univ., 111., est. la. Wes-\\nleyan Univ., 1782; Garrett Bib. Inst, est.;\\nBaldwin Univ.; Cornell Coll., la.; Upper\\nla. Univ. Baker Univ. est., 1822; Hills-\\nborough Coll. est., 1823; Bp. Burns cons.;\\nLocal Preachers Nat. Asso. fmd. Mt.\\nUnion Coll. Adrian Coll. est., 1843 in\\nNeb., 1S62, 1922. Willoughby Coll. est.,\\n1863; Albion Coll. est., 199 Univ. of\\nDenver est., 2093 in Colo., 2093, 2332.\\nCh. Extension Soc. org.; Central Ger.,\\nColo., Del., Des Moines, Nev., Southwest\\nGer., Northwest Ger., and Wash, confs.\\norg. bps. Clark, Thomson and ECingsley\\nord., 2332 in Nev., 2332, 2822 in\\nWash., 2332. Ger. Wallace Coll. est.,\\n2352; Lassell Sem. est., 2412; Centenary\\neel., 2502; Bp.Roberts ord., 2522; Freed-\\nmen s Aid Soc. org., 2543; E. Ger., Tex.,\\nS.C.,Tenn. confs. fmd.; De Pauw Univ.;\\nKy. Wesleyan Coll.; Cent. Bib. Inst.;\\nMorgan Coll. Lewis Coll., Drew Theo.\\nSem. One Study Coll. U. S. Grant\\nUniv., 2543; 111. Conf. fmd., 2582; Simp-\\nson Coll.; Scio Coll., 25S3; Ala., Ga., Va.\\nconfs. fmd., 2602 Methodist Advocate,\\n2611 in Ala., 2G02, 2903. Ger. Eng.\\nColl.; Rust Univ.; Board of Education\\nest., 2623; in Miss., 2623. Women s\\nFor. Miss. Soc. Boston Univ., 2662, 3\\nOcean Grove Asso. org. Lexington and\\nLa. confs. fmd., 2682 Napa Coll.; Swe-\\ndish Theo. Sem., 2703 Syracuse Univ.\\nSalt Lake Sem., 2722 i n Utah, 2722,\\n2782, 2982, 3643. Lay delegates in gen.\\nconf. fraternal relations, south bps.\\nHarris, Foster, Wilev, Merrill, Andrews,\\nHaven, Peck, ord. Central N. Y., Fla.,\\nNorthwest la., Chicago Ger. confs. fmd.,\\n2763; Ger. Coll., la.; Southwestern Chris-\\ntian Advocate, 2822; Bennett Coll.; Mar-\\nvin Coll. Wiley Univ., 2823 Columbia\\nRiver, S. Kan., Tex., German Mission\\nconf. fmd., 2842 Clark Univ., 2863;\\nChaddock Coll. Allegheny Coll., 2883\\nSouthern fraternity, 2903, 2921 Austin,\\nCent. Ala., E. Ohio, India, Southern\\nCal., Mont., Southern Ger., Savannah\\nconfs. fmd., 2903 Blue Mt. Univ.\\nNational Repository, 2922 Philander\\nSmith Coll. Clark Univ., 2962, 3143\\nUtah Conf. fmd., 2982 India Mission\\nConf. fmd., 10491; Ashland Coll., 3023\\nwomen may be leaders bps. Warren\\nFoss, Hurst, E. O. Haven ord., 3042; Lon-\\ndon Ecumenical Council, 988 2 Wilbur\\nColl. Spokane Coll., 3123 i n Idaho,\\n3123; i\u00e2\u0080\u009e Wash. (State), 3123. Little\\nRock Univ., 3142 bps. Fowler, Ninde,\\nMallalieu, Walden, Taylor, ord., 3163\\nBloomington Coll., 3183 Maclay Coll. J\\nChicago Training School, 3203 Dakota\\nUniv., 3223 in S. Dak., 3223, 3283.\\nKan. Wesleyan Univ. S. W. Kan. Coll.,\\n3242 first Deaconesses Home est.\\nUnion Coll., 3262 Mo. Wesleyan Inst.;\\nBlack Hills College, 3283 hospital at\\nPortland, 3292 pastoral term extended\\nto5 years; bps. Vincent, Joyce, Goodsell,\\nNewman, Fitzgerald, Thoburn, cons.;\\nChinese work in N. Y., 3302; Woman s\\nColl., Bait.; Neb. Wesleyan Univ., 3322;\\nWesley Hospital, Chicago,. 1 Epworth\\nLeague org., 3402, 3982,432 ,4461 Brook-\\nlyn Home, 340 2 Deaconesses Conven.,\\n3423; John St. church eel., 3462; coll. in\\nKan. City, 3522 Peking Univ., China,\\n6231 Utah Univ., 3643 centennial N.\\nEng. Meth. eel., 3701; Taylor Univ.,3722;\\nPortland Univ., Ore., 3743 against\\nliquor traffic, 3831 Am. Univ. of Wash.,\\nest., 3843 in D. C, 3843. Epworth Pil-\\ngrims, 381)2; Keumenieal Council, Wash.,\\n3922 Denver and Omaha Hospitals,\\n3983. (For General Conferences see p.\\n102 in 1792 and quadrenniums following.)\\nMeth. Epis. Ch., South, secedes org., 1563,\\n1582; St. Louis Conf. fmd., 1583 gen.\\nconf., 1603, 1662, 1842, 2522, 2702, 2982,\\n3102, 3223, 3581, 458 1 bps. Capers and\\nPaine ord. Miss., La., and Louisville\\nconfs. f md. 1603 Bp. Bascom ord., 1683\\nPacific Conf., 1762 Wofford Coll. est.,\\n1763 Homer Coll. est., 1782 Southern\\nUniv. est.; Raleiijh Christian Advocate,\\n1802; Central Coll. est.; DavenportFem.\\nColl. est., 1823 Pacific Coll. est., 1983\\nwar gen, conf. omitted, 2072 Central\\nWesleyan Coll. est., 2412; bps. Doggert,\\nWightman, Marvin, McTyeire, and Ken-\\nner ord. Baltimore, Columbia, North-\\nwest Tex.; Little Rock, N. Ga, andS. Ga.\\nconfs. fmd., 2522 111. Conf. org., 2582\\nMeth. Advocate, Tenn., 2611; N. Miss.,\\nWhite River, Los Angeles, N. Ala., Wes-\\ntern confs. fmd., 270 2 gen. conf. at\\nLouisville N. Tex., Southwest Mo.,\\nDenver confs. fmd., 2842 Ger. Mission\\nConf., 2862; Vanderbilt Univ., Tenn.,\\n2903 N. Tex. Female Coll., 2963 Wo-\\nman s For. Miss. Soc. org., 3002 Board\\nof Missions chartered, 3062 bps. Dun-\\ncan, Galloway, Hendrix, Key, ord., 3223;\\nUnion Coll., 3282 laymen delegates\\nbps. Haygood, Fitzgerald, ord., 3581\\nCentral Mexican Mission, 10962.\\nUnion Am., formed, 1211\\nAfrican, org., 1283; Bp. Al-\\nlen cons., 1251 Bp. Brown eons., 1363\\nBp. Waters cons., 1403; Bp. Quinn cons.,\\n1582 Wilberforce Univ. est. Christian\\nRecorder, 2252 Ky. Conf., 2272 S. C.\\nConf. org., 247 Cal. Conf., 2502 Ga.,\\nFla. confs., 2562 Ala. and Ark. confs.,\\n2642 N. J. Conf., 2782 Women s For.\\nMiss. Soc, 2862 in. conf. fmd., 2942\\npro- temperance, 3303.\\n,Zion African, org. ,128 3 Ky.\\nConf. org., 2272 Cal. Conf. org., 2502.\\nColored, org., 2722, 2862.\\nChurch, African Union, org., 1343.\\nPrimitive Church in N. Y., 1383.\\nProtestant Church ind.-, 1283 Mutual\\nRights, 1322; in Pa., 1363; Meth. Protes-\\ntant, 1391; Meth. Recorder, 1523 Wes-\\ntern Meth. Protestant, 1783; secession of\\nMethodists, 1843 gen. conven., 2562\\nMethodist Ch. unites, 2942; Western\\nMd. Coll., 2663 Woman s For. Miss. Soc.\\norg., 3023 Board of Missions org., 3122;\\nWestminster Coll. at Westminster, Md.\\n(1867); Theo. Sem., Md., 3123; gen conf.\\nat Adrian against liquor licenses, 3202.\\nMethodist Republican Church find., 1043.\\nMethodists (Free), org. (Aug. 23, 1860) in\\n111., 1862, 28S2, 3182; inN. Y., 1862,2502,\\n2822; in Pa., 1903, 3122 j\u00e2\u0080\u009e Mich., 2411\\n2882, 3161,3 in Kan., 2682, 3122 j n l a\\n2762, 2822, 31S2; in Minn., 2762 i u La.,\\n2822; in Wis., 2802; in O., 30()2 in Cal.,\\n3121, 3742 in Mo.; in S. Dak., 3122\\nin Ore. in Wash., 3182 in Col., 3222\\nin Neb., 3502.\\nWesleyan, secede, 1543, 1563; in N.Y.,\\n1582 Miss. Soc. org., 2191 prohibition-\\nists, 3292.\\nMethodius Greek alphabet, d.,5022.\\nMethuen, Mary A. Kevins, gift to library,\\n3781.\\nBaron, title created, 9451\\nJ., lord chancellor, 9013, 9032.\\nPaul, Treaty concluded, 9032; signed,\\n11103.\\nMetidja, French defeated at, 83.\\nMetis in collision, 2793.\\nasteroid, discovered, 9541.\\nMeton dis. the meteoric circle, 10211.\\nMetric System legalized, U. S. A., 2533;\\nconference on, 7481\\nMetrical Weights and Meas., Austral. ,501\\nMetropolis wrecked, 2993.\\nMetropolitan Maaa~ tne issued, Eng., 9443.\\nFree Library Asso. fmd., 9842.\\nMuseum of Art fnd.,N.Y., 2741 opd.,\\n3022, 3583 gift declined, 3381 Emile\\nBrugsch Bey art collection, 3681 open\\nSundays, 3403, 3843; Japanese swords,\\n3801; chartered, 3701 Marquand s gift,\\n3981 new wing, 4741\\nPoor Act passes, 9712,\\nMetternich, Clemens Wenzel von, b., 51G 3\\nprime minister resigns, 5212 castle\\nburned, 5383; flees 8171 d., 8211\\nMettray, Fr., Reformatory school at., 7292.\\nMetullus killed, 6621.\\nMetz, Ger., built, 7691; Christianity in,\\n7682; capital of Austrasia, 7712; impe-\\nrial city, 7752; firearms in defense, 7822;\\nsiege of, 6821, 7841, 7921; annexed\\nto Fr., 6832 advance on, 738i Fr.\\nfrustrated, 7402; Fr. repulsed, 7403;\\nsorties, 7421 surrendered, 7422; sur-\\nrender a crime, 74.(3; ceded to Ger., 7451.\\nM. de, fnds. Reformed School, 7293.\\nMetzu, Gabriel, b.-d., 11003.\\nMeulen, Antoine Francois van der, b.,\\n5403; d., 5422.\\nMeung, Jehan de, b.-d., 6722; Roman de la\\nRose, 6731\\nMeunier fires at king, 727 2\\nanarchist, 7663; sentenced, 7671.\\nMeurin, Gabriel Leo, cons, bp., 9682.\\nMeurs, annexed to Prus., 7993.\\nMeuse, Fr., fortification of, 5473.\\nMeux, Prus., headquarters, 7403.\\nMexborough, E., title created, 9172.\\nMexerai, Ahrene Chrontdooifjue, 6912.\\nMexican Claims Bills, 3992, 4012.\\nSilver Dollars Resolution. 4571\\nMexico. (See text. pp. 1095-1097). Chichi-\\nmecsin; Huemae Ateopanecatl, d., Hi;\\ninvaded, 111, 2, 121, 133; Aztecs migra-\\ntion; annals picture writing, 112; Na-\\nhuas in history begins Chichimees-\\nTeotenancas tribes migrate, 113 fe-\\nrocity; earthenware, 121 human sacri-\\nfices, 122, 183, 172, 212; priests; supreme\\ncreator recognized, 122 year divided,\\n132; elective monarchy; empire of\\nTutul-Xius overthrown; Montezuma I.\\nreigns; triple alliance fmd., 133; first\\nmilitary force, 141 books, 151 beggars\\nabound; inquisition in; intoxicants, 15 2\\narts and sciences calendar, 161 con-\\nquest of, 161 i8i prisoners immolated,\\n162; dated records kept; east coast dis.,\\n171 siege of; submits to Cortez; subject\\ntoSp.,181; converts in; Dominicans ar-\\nrive* Franciscans arrive; religion of, 183;\\ngov tof phonetic language; riches, 192;\\nSp. province, 192, 11293; printing-press,\\n212; De Soto s expedition, 2 2 Arch-\\nbishopric created, 222 Coronado re-\\nturns; Univ. est., 223; Gothic cathedral\\nbuilt Jesuits, 242 reconquered, 521\\nTexan war for independence. 1421 Gen.\\nTaylor watches, 1581 minister with-\\ndraws, 1592; Scott invades; Stockton\\nblockades ports, 160 attempt to regain\\nCal., 1602; war declared by U.S.A., 161", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1345.jp2"}, "1346": {"fulltext": "1334\\nText Figures denote Page. lJNJjrLX.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nMexi-Mila.\\narmistice proposed, 1621; city surren-\\ndered to uprise against U. S., 163 2\\ncedes territory to U. S., 1633, 1732; Am.\\narmy evacuates, 164 1 peace proclaimed,\\n165 treaty adopted, 105 3172; neutral-\\nity proclaimed, 1692 boundary settled,\\n1732; Filibuster s State, 1743 treaty\\nwith U. S. rejected, 1903; crown ottered\\nMaximilian, 5263 u. S. A. against Fr.\\noccupation, 2492; Fr. troops in, 734\\n736 7372; Harding Coll. fnd., 27S2;\\nTexas troops attacked, 296 invasion\\ncontemplated, 3913; first-class mis-\\nsion, 379 Garza enters, 4002; Chile\\nclaims damages from, 6092; union pro-\\nposed, 6303; treaty with Japan, 10932;\\nSp. intervention, 11313.\\nMexico, City of, army evacuates, 164\\ntaken, 1096 mission at, 10962.\\nGulf of, explored, 1S3.\\nMeyendorlf visits Bokhara, 5492.\\nMeyer, Adolph, b., 1542.\\nAnnie Nathan, Woman s Work, 396 2\\nHermann, ashes scattered, 3793.\\nJohann G., b., 8102 d., 82\\nLeo, b., 8142.\\nMarie Paul Hyacinthe, b., 7282.\\nNicholas de, mayor N. Y., 47 2\\nMeyer Co., cotton firm, fail, 3733.\\nMeyerbeer, Giaconio {.Jacob Meyer Beer),\\nb., 806 2 (or 17911 works operas pro-\\nduced, 814 816 d. 8222 centenary\\ncelebrated, 835\\nMeyerheim, Fried. Kduard.h., 8083 ;d., 830\\nMeyerling estate, religious uses, 5323.\\nMeyster, Leonard, martyr, 7891.\\nMeza, Gen. de, defends Dannewerk, 6402.\\nMezerav, Francois Eudes de, b., 6862\\nHisloire de France, 689 d., 6923.\\nMezieres, Fr., sorties from, 7422; surren-\\ndered, 743\\nAlfred Jean Francois, b. (1826); Life\\nof Mirabeau, 7622.\\nMezzofanti, Giuseppe Gaspardo, h., 10842;\\nd., 10863.\\nMezzotint invented in tier., 7962, 8862.\\nMiall, Edward, b. (1809); disest. church,\\n9743; reward, 9762; d. (1881).\\nMiami boiler explodes, 2513.\\nMiami, O., Evangelical Lutheran General\\nSynod org., 158 2\\nCanal completed, 1573.\\nConfed. broken, 104 at war, 102\\nExporting Co. opens bank, 1133.\\nUniversity org. at Oxford, O., 1323.\\nValley Coll. org. at Springboro, 277\\niMiantoiunnoh at Kin de Janiero, 446\\nMiantonomoh murdered, 36\\nMiaotze rebellion, 6172.\\nMiaulis, Andreas Vokos, b.-d., 10343.\\nMiazerolle, Alexis Joseph, d., 758 2\\nMibas, Braz., diamonds discovered, 554\\nMicah, has a priest, 1141 a prophet, 11443.\\nMicaiah, prophet, 11443.\\nMichal, marries David, 1143\\nMichael I., prince of Transylvania, 5132.\\nII., prince of Transylvania, 5133.\\nI., Gr., emp., 1033\\nII., Gr., emp., 10332.\\nIII., Gr., emp., 10332 assass., 10333.\\nIV., Gr., emp., 10333.\\nV., Gr., emp., 10333.\\nVI., Gr., emp., 10333.\\nVII., Gr., emp., 10333.\\nVIII., Gr., emp., b.-d., 10342 reigns,\\n1035 recovers Constantinople 10352.\\n1., grand D. of Vladimir, 1111\\nIII., reigns in Russia, 11152.\\nII. of Servia reigns, 11233.\\nILL of Servia reigns, 11233.\\nIV. of Servia reigns, 11233.\\nthe Brave, at Mantin, defeats Andreas\\nBathori, 1112 2; delivers Turks ap-\\npointed pr. of Wallachia annexes Mol-\\ndavia d., 11122.\\nCerularius, patriarch; exiled. 10323.\\nConstantius Psellus, works, 10323.\\nKoributh-Wiesnowiski reigns, 1115 3\\nPaheologus takes Constantinople,\\n11542.\\nSt., reported appearance, 8423.\\nMicliaelis, Friedrich, b., 8103.\\nJohann David, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 7983; d., 8043.\\nMichaelius, Jonas, in N. Amsterdam, 302.\\nMichaelmas instituted, 10703.\\nMichailoff condemned, 1121\\nMiehaud, Abbe, Old Catholic, 7462.\\nJoseph Francois, b., 703 works,\\n7192, 729 d., 7282.\\nMiehaud, Louis Gabriel, b. (1772) Biogra-\\nphie Universelle, 7192; d. (1858).\\nMichaux, Andre, b., 7003; d., 7143.\\nFrancois Andre, b., 7042; d., 7322.\\nMichelangelo (Buonarrotti), b., 10783\\narchitect of St. Peter s, 10801 works,\\n10782; d., 10S03.\\nMichel, Dan, At/enbite of Inwi/t, 8583.\\nFraiieisque Xavier, b., 7191 d.,7562.\\nJean, The Passion, 6783.\\nSir John, b., 9323.\\nLouise, anarchist, b. (1S30) impris-\\noned, 7542; arrested, 7003, 7611\\nMichelet, Jules, b., 7131 works, 7272, 7302;\\nd., 7482.\\nKarl Ludwig, b., 8071 d., 8282.\\nMichelis, Friedrich, b. (1815) d., S321.\\nMichell, John L., nom. for vice-pres., 409 2\\nMieheltoreiia, Manuel, gov. Cal., 1553.\\nMichie, Sergt., wins ritie prize, 9741.\\nMirl/ n/an, plot to capture disc, 2382.\\nMichigan, M. de Mesey, gov.; M. de Cour-\\ncelles, gov., 423; Fr. flag planted, 482;\\nGuy Carleton, gov., 772 Fred. Haldi-\\nmand, gov., 892 invaded. 923 Henry\\nHamilton, gov., 991 Lord Dorchester,\\ngov., 992 Arthur St. Clair, gov., 1073\\nWm. H. Harrison.gov., 1112; Territory\\nfind., 1132; Wm. Hull, gov.. 1133; Macki-\\nnaw surrendered to Brit., 1181 John T.\\nGilman, gov., 1213; Cong. Church fmd.,\\n1343 State Library fnd., 1371 Geo. B.\\nPorter, gov., 139 2 Prot. Epis. diocese\\norg., 1402; N. S. Pres. synod org., 1442; s.\\nT. Mason, gov., 1452 C. Lynch, gov..\\n1453 Meth. Epis. Conference fmd. S.\\nM. Coskry, P. E. bp., 1402 state ad-\\nmitted, 1472; Wm. Woodbridge, gov.,\\n1531 Christian Herald issued, 1:55 1\\nUniv. Library fnd., 1543 J. Wright\\nGordon, gov., 1552 copper mining be-\\ngins, 1593 John S. Barry, gov., 1572,\\n1692 Win. L. Greenly, gov., 1033 Epa-\\nphroditus Ransom, gov.. 1052 canal\\nconnects Lake Mich, and 111. River, 165 3\\nconstitution forbids license laws, 1691\\nRobt. McClelland, gov., 1712 Kinsley\\nS. Bingham, gov., 1792 M. Agri. Coll.\\nest. (1857) railroad binds granted, 1813\\nEvan. Lutheran Synodical Conference\\norg., 1902; Austin Blair, gov., 2032 Free\\nMeth. Conference org., 241 ratifies 13th\\nAmend., 2432; public library fnd., 2502;\\nHenry H. Crapo, gov., 251 ratifies\\n14th Amend., 2573 Henry P. Baldwin,\\ngov., 2692; Constitutional Amend., 273\\nforest fires rage, 274 3093, ;js33, 3333,\\n4313, 470 4712 aid to sufferers, 2743\\nState Board of Health org., 283 John\\nJ. Bagley, gov., 2851 Battle Creek Coll.\\nfnd., 2863 Constitution ratified; female\\nsuffrage defeated, 2872; Mackinac Island\\nmade park, 2892; Prohibitory law, 2943,\\n3032, 320 Chas. M. Crosswell, gov.,\\n2973 new eapitol, 3013 insane asylum\\nat Pontiae. 301 I lavid H. Jerome, gov.,\\n3093; Josiah W. Begole, gov., 3152; Rus-\\nsell A. Alger, gov., 3233; Citizens Union\\norg., 329 Cyrus G. Luce, gov., 3293;\\nChas. C. Grafton, cons., 3383 heavy\\nsnowfall, 3401; women to vote, 3411;\\nhigh-license enacted, 3431; R. R, lands\\nsurrendered, 3452 Secret Ballot Law\\nenacted, 3492 James W. Turner nom.\\nfor gov., 3672; Local-Option Law consti-\\ntutional, 3702; Electors Bill passes, 3832;\\nCongressional Reapportionment Bill\\npassed, 3853 St. Clair River tunnel\\nopened, 3693, 3913 Edwin B. Winans,\\ngov., 3991 .Miner Electoral Law uncon-\\nstitutional, 4091; pine land purchase,\\n4133 Evan. Luth. United Ger. Synod\\norg., 4202 g id rock dis., 4241 R. R.\\nstrike, 4262; boycott decision, 427 ,2;\\nWoman Suffrage Law unconstitutional,\\n4412; John T. Rich, gov., 447 4793;\\nminers riot, 4642 bribery in school-\\nboard, 4702.\\nCentral R. R. opd., 1493, 1713; col-\\nlision, 1733.\\nColl. of Medicine opd., 3023.\\nLake, first steamboat on, 1293.\\nSouthern R. R. completed, 1713; acci-\\ndent,.1853.\\nMirhlucho-Maclay, Nikolas, b., 11182.\\nMichmasb, seat of J. Maccabeus, 11493.\\nMickiewicz, Adam, b., 11162; d., 11182.\\nMickle, Wm. Julius, b., 9082; d., 9243.\\nMicronesia, mission opd., 10403.\\nMicrophone, Edison invents, 2941\\nMicroscope inv., 10982; j m p. 9102.\\nMicroscopical Sue. (Royal) fmd., 9482.\\nMicros. opists. Am. Soc. meets, 3881.\\nMierotasiineter invented, 298\\nMiddelburg, Neth., taken, 10981.\\nMiddleborough.Mass.. Bapt.ch. fmd. ,711.\\nMiddlebrook, X. .1., Wash, at, S62.901.\\nMiddleburg. Va., Confeds. defeated, 2231\\nMiddlebury Coll. fnd., Vt., Ill C. J.\\nStarr s gift to, 4082; R.R. accident near,\\n3452.\\nMiddle Creek, Kv., battle of, 2022.\\nFork Bridge, W. Va., battle of, 1962.\\nTenn.,E. L.Gen. Synod org., 3002.\\nMiddleport, X. Sons of Vets. meet,4623.\\nMiddlesborough, Eng., Bp. Lacy cons.,\\n9822.\\nKy., Grant and Lee Monument Asso.\\norg., 361 sale of land, 3493.\\nMiddlesex, Harrow School fnd., 8743.\\nCanal opd, Mass., 1133; filled, 1752.\\nE. of, minister, 8992.\\nJoppling S., gets prize, 962\\nCounty Record Soc. fnd., Eng., 9923.\\nMiddleton, Arthur, b., 642; g0T 593 012-\\nd., 982.\\nBaron, title created, 903\\nBp., completes cathedral, 8542.\\nCapt. Christopher, explorer, 575\\nin Hudson Bay, 57.53 d. (1770).\\nConyers, b., 9862; Cicero, 911 d.,\\n9123.\\nSir Fred. Dobson, b. (1825) at Fish\\nCreek, 584 ,-anip inspection, 588 fare-\\nwell to militia. 590 convicted. 5903.\\nHenry, b. (1771) pres. of Cong., 792;\\ngov. S.C., 1173; d. (1846).\\nJohn, giant, born, 8752.\\nThomas, b., 8742 works, S783, 8803;\\nd.,8821.\\nViscount of, title created, 905\\nViscount. (Sec Brodrick, Alan.)\\nMiddletown, Conn., incur., 973; Wesleyan\\nUniv. org., 139 Univ. Library fnd.,\\n1423; City Hospital est. ,397\\nMd., action at, 2131\\nN. J., Baptists settle, 382, 43a.\\nO., accident, 3893 oil-well, 424\\nTenn., Confederates defeated, 233\\nMidhat Pasha, b.-d., 11563; grand vizier,\\n11592; gov. Syria; in Smyrna, 11593.\\nMidian. apt. Burton, explores, 4883.\\nMidianites defeated, 11401\\nMidland Coll., Atchison, Kan. (Luth.) est.\\n(1887).\\nRy. Co. changes rates, 9793 strike,\\n9843, 9971.\\nMidland oun/ies Herald issued, Eng. ,9483.\\nMidlothian, Va., explosion of mines, 1773.\\nMidliapur, grant of, 10452; mission, 10471.\\nMiecislas 1. elected D. of Poland, 11132\\na Christian, 11131\\nII., D. of Poland, 11133.\\nIII. reigns in Poland deposed, 11133.\\nIV. reigns in Poland, 11133.\\nMieczeslav, I of Pol., vassal of Ger., 7752.\\nMiel, or Meel, Jan, b.,5403; d.,5411.\\nMier, action near, 10961\\nMieris, Frans van, b.-d., 11003.\\nMieroslawski, Ludwig, b. 11163 insur-\\nrectionist, 81S3, 11181 d., 11182.\\nMifflin, Thomas, b., 662; maj.-gen., 86\\npres. Pa., 101 1 gov. Pa., 1032; d., 10S2.\\nMignard, Pierre, b., 6862; d., 6943.\\nMigne, L Abbe, Jacques Paul, b.,7142; d..\\n7501\\nMignet, Francois Auguste Marie, b., 7123;\\nworks, 725 7303; d., 7541\\nMigration Society Internat., 4743.\\nMiguel, Herr, minister, 8352.\\nMaria Evaristo, b.-d., 11102; squadron\\ncaptured defeated, 11101 expelled,\\n11102; king, 11111.\\nMiguelon Island, confirmed, 733.\\nMihalovitz, J., cons, bp., 5302.\\nMikado, Jaii., institutes Order of Golden\\nFalcon, 10923; supreme authority, 10931\\nMikados, choice of, 10912.\\nMikandani captured, 838 2\\nMikkel, works, 6363.\\nMiklos, Lieut., long ride, 8373.\\nMiklosich, Franz, b., 6202 d. (1891).\\nMilan, fnd., 1051 1, 3 capital Western\\nEmpire, 10692 sacked, 10701 destroyed,\\n10702 in Lombard kingdom, 10731\\nforces Conrad to acknowledge It. fiefs;\\nindependent, 1075 2 destroyed, 778\\nbuilt, 779 cathedral begun, 1077", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1346.jp2"}, "1347": {"fulltext": "Mila-Mine.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1335\\nduchy, controversy over House of\\nSforza rules, 10793 Fr. enter, 6782\\nFr. expelled, 786 1, lOSia given to Fr.,\\n7873; surrendered, 080 1, 7781; Francis\\nI. enters, 080 1 resigned by Francis, 6813;\\npasses to Sp., 10813 Francis I. claims,\\n790 f difficulty settled; possession dis-\\npute; given to Philip, 7013 Sunday in-\\nstruction iutro., His: 2 ceded, 5151 con-\\nquered, 69S1 7121 10531 Bonaparte\\nenters, 51S1 capital, 713 2 Fr. lose;\\ntaken by Eng., 10S41 seized by Fr.,\\n10852 regained by Fr., 10853 invaded,\\n108G1 Napoleon I. crowned, 7153; p li-\\ngrafo, 10852 Politemico issued; Biblh-\\noteca Italiana issued Conciliator is-\\nsued, 10871 mission in, 108S3 Charles\\nAlbert enters revolts, 5201 6793 evac-\\nuated, 5213 A us t nans take, 5221 peace\\nof, 10873; outbreak suppressed, 5241,\\n7761, 10781; International Peace Con-\\ngress meets, 10903.\\nMilan, Prinee,-\\\\veds Natalie Keshko,11233.\\nI., K. of Servia, 11241 divorced,\\n11233; abdicates, 11241; reigns, 11243.\\nIV., reigns in Servia, 11233.\\nDecree, Fr., 1152,9333.\\nMilborne, death warrant, 503 hanged, 51 3\\nMilburn, William Henry, b., 1303.\\nMildmay, Sir Walter, b. (1520 minister,\\n8753 d. (1589).\\nMileage Resolution lost, Congress, 436 2\\nMiledoler, Philip, moderator, 1143.\\nMiles City, Mont., against Indians, 3621\\nDixon H., b., 1122 j surrenders Har-\\nper s Ferry, 2131 d., 2133.\\nNelson Appleton, b. (1830) atFarm-\\nville, 245i; defeats Indians, 260 1 de-\\nfeats Sioux, 2941; succeeds Gen. Crook,\\n3221 at Skeleton Cafion, Ariz., 3241\\nmajor-gen., 3541; at Pure Ridge, 3741;\\nin coast dept., 4741 commands dept. of\\nthe East, 4761.\\nPliny, b. (1818) d., 2452.\\nRichard Pius, b., 1861\\nSir R. S., governor Canada, 577 3\\nMiletus, Asia, besieged, 1016 1 democratic\\ngovt, est., 10173; naval battle, 10203;\\nrevolts, 10213 war with Lydia, 11442\\ndestroyed, 11461.\\nMilford, Conn., anniversary, 345 3\\nMo., Confederates defeated, 2011\\nHaven, Wales, battle near ,8601 ;sham\\nbattles, 9941.\\nMilhaud, Compact of, signed, 6852.\\nMilic of Moravia, a reformer, 5062.\\nMilitary Academy est. West Point, 110i\\nCharleston, S. C, reopened, 3102.\\nParis, established, 7001\\nApp. Bill, 2571, 3771, 2, 4012, 4032,\\n4213,4251,4551,4652.\\nBill passes, Aust., 5313.\\ndepartments, Fr. divided into, 7341\\ndespatch by bicycle relays, 4061\\nDistrict Bill,257i districts est., 2572.\\neducation supported, Belg., 5472.\\ngovernments withdrawn, Am., 270 1\\nleague, Confed. in Tenn., 1942, 1952.\\nReconstruction Act passed, 243 2\\nReserve Act passes, G. B., 9621\\nRockets, invented, 9322.\\nrule, in Canada, 5753.\\nservice reduced, France, 7571\\nfreedom, Germany, 7703.\\nstores for war colonies, 793,\\ntribunals unconstitutional, Am., 2563.\\nMilitia, org. in Mass., 792; provided for,\\n793 mutiny, 843 org. in Penn., 1051\\nof New Orleans called out, 110i Enroll-\\nment Act, 2113 census, 4221, 4501, 5941,\\nstatistics, U. S. A., 4243 reorg., 4561;\\npower to call out, 5891 first created, Fr.,\\n6701 service restored, Eng., 8501 cen-\\nsus, Eng., 8801.\\nAct passes, G. B., 9313; Bill passes,\\nU.S., 5812, a.\\nof Jesus Society org., 7502.\\nMilk Creek, Colo., tight with Indians, 3021\\ncondensation, 1661 low price, 8733.\\nMill Spring, Ky., battle of, 2022.\\nJames, b., 9183 works, 9331, 9443\\nd., 9482.\\nJohn Stuart, b., 9323; works, 9523,\\n9623, 9682, 9783 Female Suffrage Bill,\\n971 2 chairman Land Tenure Reform\\nLeague, 9752 d., 9781 statue, 9761\\nsilk throwing, erected, 904 1\\nMillais, John Everett, b., 9442 paintings,\\n9582, 9681 9761\\nMillar, John, b. (1735) d., 9303.\\nMillaud, Edouard B. P., minister, 7553.\\nMillbank, military prison est.,975 3\\nMilledge, John, b. (1757) gov., 1113 pres.\\nsenate, 1153; d.,1262.\\nMilledgeville, (in., i Jen. Sherman at,240i\\nMilledoler, Philip, b., 823; moderator,\\n1303 pies. Kef. Synod, 1311; d. (1852).\\nMilieu, Ga., Sherman at, 2402.\\nHorace W., murdered, 291 1\\nMillenary Petition presented, Eug., 8791\\nMiller, Catherine, banged, 3071\\nCharles, murdered, 4743,\\nHenry, b., 1542.\\nW., nominee for gov. Pa., 3672.\\nCol., at Gallatin, 2103.\\nEmily Huntington, pres. Women s\\nCollege N. W. University, 3902.\\nFather, d.,588i.\\nGen., captured Honduras, 10411.\\nHugh, b., 9303; works, 9503, 9611;\\nd.,9603.\\nJames, b. (1770+) defeats Brit, and\\nInds., 1181; d. (1744).\\nb. (1776) gov. 1273 d. (1851).\\nFergurson, b. (1805) d., 2622.\\nJoaquin, b., 1522 works, 2771 2823,\\n2911,3003,3183.\\nJohn, gov. N. Dak., 3492.\\nJoseph, b., 9802 d., 9102.\\nCapt. Joseph N., commodore, 4561\\nS., in treas. dept., 447 2\\nKeeley, murders mayor, 4443.\\nLewis, org. Chautauqua Circle, 3003.\\nMartin, lias ittsc!i s Museum, 8051\\nMerrill, promoted captain, 4201\\nPres.,N. C, imprisoned redress, 47 3\\nSamuel, b., 761 d., 1681\\nFreeman, b., 1242 justice, 2173\\nElectoral mniission,295i Constitution\\nofU. 5., 3982; d., 3701.\\nStephen, b. (1810); gov., 2413; d.(18Sl).\\nDecatur, b. (1787); gov. S. C,\\n1372 d. (1838).\\nWarner, b., 1501 senator, 3092.\\nWilliam, adventist, b., 931 lectures,\\n1422; d., 1662.\\ngovernor N. C, 1233.\\nengraver, b., 9283 d., 9901\\npoet, b., 9351 d. (1872).\\nAllen, b., 9382 d., 9742.\\nHallows, b., 9323 d., 9861\\nHenry Harrison, b. (1840) atty.-\\ngen., 3372.\\nPatrick, paddle wheels, 9241\\nR., governor Ark., 2973.\\ncar-coupler ami buffer patent, 2291\\nMillerites (Adventists) appear, 1422.\\nMillersburg, Ky., WesleyanColl.org., 2543.\\nO., lynching, 4042.\\nMiller s Hill fortified, Boston, 803.\\nMillesimo, Fr. victory, 7121.\\nMillet, Aime, b., 7222 d., 7601\\nFrancisDavis, b., 160 2 Academician,\\n3221.\\nJacques, works, 6783.\\nJeanFrancois, b., 7222 (see Ani/elus)\\npaintings, 3422, 7342, 7581 d. (1875).\\nPierre, b., 6S82 d., 6963.\\nMillevoye, Chas.Hubert,b.,705i d.,7222.\\nM., charge to Clemenceau, 7653.\\nMil Ham, Pr. of Achia in N. Africa, 81.\\nMillie-Christine twins, b., 1701.\\nMilligan Coll., Milligan, Tenn. (Christian)\\nest. (1882).\\nL. P., sentenced, 2392.\\nMilliken s Bend, La., expedition at, 2171\\nConfederates defeated, 2222.\\nMillin, Aubin Louis, b., 7023 d. (1818).\\nMillington, Tenn., negroes killed, 4702.\\nMillot, Claude Francis Xavier, b., 6982\\nd., 7061.\\nMillow, S., Lebensmachte, 8342.\\nMills erected, England, 890 1.\\nAnson, commissioned col., 4001\\nClark, b., 1242; d.,3121.\\nD. O., gift to California, 3201.\\nRoger Quarles, b., 1401 Tariff Bill,\\n3293,3371 ,3. \u00c2\u00bb92; cominercecommissioner,\\n3972 speech, 4391 4552.\\nSamuel J., b. (17S3) moderator, 1142;\\norg. Am. Miss. Soc, 1163, 1171 d.(1818).\\nT. A., moderator, 1902.\\nCollege. California, opened, 2763.\\nMillsap, R. W., gift to coll., 3362.\\nMillson, J. S., on Committee of 33, 1891.\\nMills River, Mass., flood, 2853.\\nMilltown, Earl, title created, 9132.\\nMillville, N. J., saloons opened, 3931.\\nMillwall, For East, launched, 9662.\\nMilinan, Henry Hart, b., 9243 -works,\\n9443, 9603 d., 9722.\\nMilmore, Martin, b. (1844) d., 3141\\nMilne, William, missionary, 0163.\\nEdwards, Henri, b., 7142 d., 7542.\\nMilner, Isaac, b., 9123 d., 9402.\\nJoseph, b., 9103 d. (1797).\\nThomas A., d., 1522.\\nMillies, Richard JUonekton, L. Houghton,\\nb., 9351 Life ami Letters of, d., 9941\\nMilo, departs to Epirus in S. It., 10522.\\nTitusAnnius, partisans riotous, 10592.\\noverthrows Clodius, 10593,\\nMilroy, Robert H., b. (1814) at Camp Al-\\nleghany, W. Va., 2011; at McDowell,\\n2071; at Winchester, 2223; near Mur-\\nfreesboro, 2402.\\nMiltiades, at Marathon. 10181 takes Lem-\\nnos, 10161; attacks Paros, 1018 1 d.,\\n10191.\\nMiltitz, Karl von, advises Luther, 7882.\\nMilton, Cal., stage robbery, 4563.\\nMass., Hemenway will, 4521\\nN. C, R. R. accident, 4373.\\nTenn., Confederates defeated, 2201\\nJohn, b. (1740+) electoral vote, 101 2.\\ngov. Fla., 2032.\\npoet, b., 8781 works, 8823, 8843,\\n8851, 88S3, 893i, 8023 Latin Sec, 8873\\nd., 8922.\\nCollege organized, Wisconsin, 2603.\\nMilwaxikee blown up, 2442.\\nMilwaukee, Wis., Bapt. church opd., 1483;\\nR. C. diocese est., 15S 2 Prot. Epis. dio-\\ncese est., 163i; Musik-Verein est. at,\\n1681 mob kills prisoner, 1771 R.R. opd.,\\n1833; Nat. Soldiers Home est., 269 1\\nGermania; Der Hans- und Bauernfreund\\nissued, 2823; Am. Constitutional* Union\\nmeets, 2832 created archiepiscopal\\nsee, 2902; Nat. Ger.-Am. Teachers Sem\\nopd., 3003; state Insane Asylum opd. r\\n303 2 Charity Organization Soc. fmd.,\\n3091; exposition opd., 3093; Daily Jour-\\nna\u00c2\u00a3 issued, 3102; Newhall House burned,\\n3133; school for deaf opd., 3171 statue\\nof Washington, 3201 Normal School\\nopd., 3223; Layton Art Gallery opd.,\\n3281; syndicate purchases mines, 3433;\\nmillers combine, 3513; Roman Catholics\\nagainst Bennett law, 3562; G-er and\\nEng. academy gift, 3602; grip 381 3\\nSaengerfest receipts, 3871 Villard syn-\\ndicate, 3893; train robbers, 3943; rail-\\nway wreck, 4033; Arehbp. Katzer s\\nletter, 4062; fire, 4173, 4573; bomb ex-\\nplosion, 4211; Falk, incendiary, 4423;\\ncounty officials conspiracy, 4703; Pesch-\\nmann murder, 48S3.\\nMilzow, Gerhard, work, 11042.\\nMina, Francisco Javier, b.-d., 1095 2 ex-\\npedition, 10951\\nMinamoto, Jap., elans war with Taira\\nclans, 10901 male line ceases; exiled;\\nclans fill military offices; supreme, 10912.\\nMinas, Braz., goldiniin-s.f.rrj3; conspiracy\\nin, separates from Sao Paulo, 5551 bat-\\ntle of, 5742.\\nMincio, passage, 5182; battles, 7141 7202,\\nMineo, I. T., lynching, 4711\\nMindarus, naval commander; killed, 10203.\\nMinden, La., mob kill prisoner, 4703.\\nPrus., battle, 5162; bishopric, 7703.\\nMine Creek, Mo., Confeds. defeated, 2391\\nRun, Meade and Lee at, 2283.\\nMine Workers of Am. meet, 3763.\\nMiner, Alonzo Ames, b., 123*\\nCharles, b. (1780); d., 2482.\\nW., commissioned major, 456V,\\nJohn R., indictments against, 3103.\\nMineral system first laid out, 7901\\ntar discovered, 9261\\nwax arrives from Utah, 3341\\nRangeR.R., Mich., train robbers,438i\\nMineralogical Soc. est., G. B., 9301 980\\nMineralogy, professorship fnd., 9351\\nMiners Conf., 54(i3, 7482; j\u00e2\u0080\u009e Paris, 7603.\\nconv. at Nevada City, Cal., 3113.\\nEight-Hour Bill, 10091.\\nFederation, and Firemen s and Sea-\\nmen s union combine, 10103.\\nIntermit. Coug.,54S2.\\nNat. Progressive Union agrees, 352*.\\nMinerva issued, 6391\\nsatellite discovered, 2581.\\nMinerva, worship of, 10131. 10503; statue,\\n10203; temple built, 10502.\\nMinerve Francaise, La, issued, 7231.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1347.jp2"}, "1348": {"fulltext": "1336\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column, Ming-MisS.\\nMing dynasty rules, 6152.\\nMingan, defenses destroyed, 6221\\nMingchow, rebels hold, 6202.\\nMinghetti, Marco, b., 10S02; prime minis-\\nter, 10892; d., 10901.\\nMingo Swamp, Mo., action at, 21S 2\\nMingti, constructs dvke, 6102; enthroned,\\n6113, 613 reforms, 6132.\\nMinhla. fort captured, 10482.\\nMinh-Maug, king Ann, 4811 d., 4813.\\nMinie, Claude Etienne, b., 7191 d., 7521.\\nMinike, Henry, heretic, d., 7783.\\nMining Engineers meet Am. Inst., 3681.\\ncraze, Braz., 5553.\\nMining Journal issued, 9463.\\nMinisters, life incumbent, 542; annuity\\ntax, Bug., 9623. (See Clergy.)\\nminority, Eng., tirst time, 9173.\\nof War (G. B.), duties, 9612.\\ntrial of, for treason, Fr., 7253.\\nMinistry of colonies find., Fr., 7672.\\nMinneapolis launched, 4341, trial speed,\\n46H.\\nMian., Congregational Church f md.,\\n1702; bridge completed, 176 1 Tribune\\nIssued, 2583; Univ. of M. org., 2623;\\nAugsburg Theo. Sem. opd., 2663; united\\nWith St. Anthony, 281 1 Journal issued,\\n3003; dis. Falls of St. Anthony eel., 3053;\\nCharity Organization Soc. find., 3191\\nfire, 4492, 3933, 4353; syndicate find.,\\n3433; average flour production, 3953;\\nEep. Nat. C mven. meets, 4091 Pres.\\nMenage s liabilities, 4423; aid for Ar-\\nmenians, 4762.\\nMinnehaha Falls, Soldiers Home, 3291\\nMinnesingers flourish, Ger., 7782.\\nMinnesota Territorvorg.,1052; Alex Ram-\\nsey, gov., 1671,1903; Willis A. Gorman,\\ngov., 1743; Congregational Congress\\norg., 178 2 Congregational Gen. Asso.\\norg., 1801 Prot. Epis. diocese est.,\\n1822; Sam. Me iirv, gov., is:)2; admitted,\\n1851 Henrv H.Siblev, gov., 1852; Evang.\\nLuth. Svnndical Oonf.org., 1902; Great\\nSioux War., 2111; Stephen Miller, gov.,\\n2413; ratifies 13th Amend., 2432; \\\\y. R.\\nMarshall, gov., 2553; rejects negro suf-\\nfrage, 25152; ratilies Hth Amend., 2573;\\nTribune issued, 2583; Univ. of M. est.,\\n2623,2662; Constitution ratified; negroes\\nenfranchised, 2652; formal Schools opj.,\\n2662; ratifies 15th Amend., 2693; vote to\\nremove capital, 2692 local option\\nadopted, 2723 Horace Austin, gov.,\\n2732; forest tires, 2741 3933, 4332, 4661\\n4673; Free Meth. Conf. find., 2762; Min-\\nneapolis and St. Anthony united, 281 1\\nsnow-storm, 2313; saloon-keeper s tax,\\n2831 locusts ravage, 2841 Cushman K.\\nDavis, gov., 2873; Woman s suffrage par-\\ntially est., 2892; JohuS. Pillsbury,gov.,\\n2951 Constitutional Amend., 2673; State\\nInebriate Asylum est., 3011; School for\\nFeeble minded est., 3032 Lucius F.\\nHubbard, gov., 3152; And. R. McGill,\\ngov., 3252; State Insane Asylum est.,\\n3251 High License adopted; Soldiers\\nHome est., 3291 Normal School opd.,\\n3303; W. R. Merriam, gov., 3332, 3652,\\n3901 wind storms and prairie (ires, 3381\\nmound builders relics dis., 3332, 3661\\nPillsbury s gift to univ., 3383; Indians\\nresign land, 3432; Beef Inspection Law\\nunconstitutional, 31 2, :(r,:*2; great wheat\\ncrop, 3453; Secret Ballot Law, 3492;\\nMemorial day, 3503; cyclone, 364 1 S.\\nM. Owens nom. for gov., 3651 militia\\nordered out, 3661 Thomas Wilson nom.\\nfor gov., 369i Chippewas welcome\\nSioux; sham fight, 3703; State Turn-\\nfest School system, 4102; lumber syn-\\ndicate, 4233 Cigarette Bill passes,\\n4231 arrested legislators dismissed,\\n4272 school children, free religion,\\n4322; boycotting legal, 4352; Faribault\\nschool plan fails, 4:ssi anti-pool rooms,\\n4421 lumber robbery, 4422; Knute Nel-\\nson, gov., 4471 bad-debt agency swin-\\ndlers, 4522; mob of strikers, 4582; fires\\nchecked, 4713; storm, 4733.\\nUniv. org., 2623 medical depart.\\nopd., 3322.\\nMinnetonka, Lake, Minn., bones of mound\\nbuilders found, 366\\nMinnie seized, 5893.\\nMinor, Wm. Thomas, b. (1815) gov.,\\n1791.\\nMinorca, Island, taken, 7021, 7041, 11261,\\n11281 surrenders, 9121 lost to Eng.,\\n9213; restored. 11312.\\nMinot, Charles, b. (1810); d., 2541.\\nLawrence, IVar-lt/rics, 8583.\\nMinotaur, lost, 9342.\\nlaunched, 9661\\nMin River, fleet destroyed, 6221\\nMinster, Baron, title created, 9372.\\nMint erected, Am., 393; nat., est., 1033,\\n1373 branch mints est., 1452; gold de-\\nposited, 165 3 branch opd. at San Fran-\\ncisco, 1713; Coinage Act passes Cong.;\\nforeign coinage authorized, 2582; est. in\\nCan., 4972; completed G. B., 9353.\\nMintern, Eng., damaged, 10001\\nMinto, Lord, gov.-gen.,9333; title created.\\n9372; lord admiralty, :H73; gov. of India,\\n10472.\\nMinuoius, .Marcus attacks Hannibal, 10541\\nMinuit, Peter, b. (15S0\u00c2\u00b1); gov. NewNeth.,\\n:;i2, :;:.3; d.,36i\\n,493.\\n7522.\\nMinvielle, Gabriel, mayor j\\nHiosho-Tenno reigns, 10913.\\nMira, Senor Sanchez, segundo cabo, 6342.\\nMirabeau, Cointe de (Gabriel Honore de\\nRiquetti), b.,7003; orator, 7061, 7072; d.,\\n7032,3.\\ncastle captured, 6701\\nMiracle plays in Eng., 8541.\\nMiracles multiply in Italy, 10722.\\nMiraflores, Peru, battle of, 6063.\\nMarq. (Manuel dePamlo), b.-d., 11302.\\nMiramichi, (Jan., settled, 5753 fire, 5793.\\nMiramon, Miguel, b.-d., 10962 bombards\\nVera Cruz; siege, defeated, 1U961; presi-\\ndent Mex., 10963.\\nMiranda abandoned, 4701\\nMiranda, Francis, b.-d., 11283.\\nMirbel, Charles Francois (Brisseau de Mir-\\nbel), b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 7043 d., 7322.\\nLizinska Aiinee Zee Rue de, b., 7123;\\nd., 7322.\\nMircca reigns in Wallachia, 11121.\\nMireeourt, Eugene, de, b., 7192 d.\\nMiriam, asteroid, discovered, 2621.\\nMiribel, Marie Francois, d., 7641.\\nMir Jafar dethroned, 10452; bribery, 10453.\\nJumla invades Assam, 10441\\nKasim enthroned revolts, 10452.\\nMaasum, conqueror d., 5492.\\nMahbub Ali, nizam, 10492.\\nMuhammad rules, 5393.\\nWais, b.,43.\\nMirkhond, b.-d., 11063.\\nMiro, Gregorio, b.-d., 6282.\\nMirror, Tin issued, Eng., 9411.\\nMirsky, Leon, sentenced, 11203.\\nMime lo, Diego, in Fla., 171.\\nMirza Ali Mahmoud.org. Babist sect,H071\\nMirzapur mission, 10471\\nMisanthrope issued, 11012.\\nMiscellanai ruriosa issued, 7971.\\nMisrilanea (if Comcrcio issued, 11311..\\nHispano- Americano issued, 11311.\\nMischief wins America s cup, 309 3\\nMisdon, Vendeans defeated, 7101.\\nMise of Amiens, Fr., 6732 Eng., 8552.\\nMiskolcz, waterspout, 5282; railroad, 5332.\\nMismer, Charles, Six Ans Soldat, 7602.\\nMission Conf., London Protestant, 9982.\\nfirst movement, Eng., 8423.\\nSociety, London, org., 11361.\\nUnion for Jews org., 11361.\\nwork, clergy meet for, 9291\\nand Tract Society, N. Y., org., 2542.\\nMissionary Asso., Am. (See under Am.)\\nPresbytery of Canadas fmd., 5782.\\nRidge, Tenn., Federals capture, 2282.\\nSociety of Conn, fnd., 1083.\\nUnited Domestic, becomes Am.\\nHome Soc, 1342.\\nUnion, est. at Clifton Springs, 4621.\\nInternal;., 3182, 3501 4621\\nMissions. (See missionary societies under\\ndenominational names.)\\nMississippi, territory org., 1092; Sargent\\nWinthrop, gov.. 1093; Robert Williams,\\ngov., 1133 David Holmes, gov., 1172,\\n1333; Meth. Epis. Conf. org., 1243; State\\nadmitted, 1253; G. Poindexter, gov., 1273;\\nlottery est., 1291 W. Leake, gov., 1293;\\nProt. Epis. diocese org., 1342; Gerard C.\\nBrandon, gov., 1353; O. S. Presb. Synod,\\nfind., 1363; coll. est., 13.01, 1703 Abra.\\nM. Scott, gov., 1393; Hiram G. Runnels,\\ngov., 1433; Alex. G. M Nutt, gov., 1492;\\nrepudiates bonds, 1513; T. M. Tucker,\\ngov., 1552; Albert G. Brown, gov., 1572;\\nM. Univ. fnd., 1642 Jos. W. Matthews,\\ngov., 1652 -Wm. Mercer Green, Prot. Epis.\\nDp., 1662; disunion meetings held, 1691;\\nJames Whitfield, gov.; John G. Guion,\\nfov., John A. Quitman, gov., 1692;Henry\\n.Foote,gov., 1712; John J.M Rae, gov.,\\n1771; United Synod South Evan. Luth.\\norg., 1782; lands granted to R.R., 1813\\nWm. M Willie, gov., 185 2 gov. on seces-\\nsion, I882 Legislature considers seces-\\nsion, 1883 radical proslavery, 18b2\\nFederal forts seized, 1901 Jonn J, Pet-\\ntus, gov., 1903 Secession Conven heid\\nState secedes, 191 1 special session Leg-\\nislature, 191 1 2 plans So. Conf eaer .c 3\\nsenators withdraw, 1912 ratifies Gol-\\nfed. Constitution, 1932 Pemberton su-\\npersedes Van Dorn, 2142; Jacob Thomp-\\nson, gov., 2173; Charles Clark, gov. ,2413;\\nnew constitution, 2362, 2473 civil govt,\\nrestored Wm. L. Sharkey, gov., 24S3,\\n2511 ordinance of secession null; pardon\\nfor J. Davis, 2491 Gov. Clarke arrested,\\n2503; civil rights for freedmen, 2511;\\nBenj. G. Humphreys, gov., 2553 ratifies\\nHth Amend., 2573; rejects 14th Amend.,\\n2611 Rust Univ. est. ,2623; A. Ames, gov.,\\n2632,2873; rejects new consti.,2B32; con-\\nsti. ratified, 2652, 2692; excluded from\\nnat. election, 2(152; Normal school opd.,\\n2702; State Board 1 .1 Educntii in org.,2703\\nreadmitted to Cong., 2711 James L. Al-\\ncorn, gov., 2732; Riilgfly C. Powers, gov.,\\n2772; race riot, 2871; East M. Female\\nColl. opd., 27S2 president s proclama-\\ntion enforced, 2872 River jetties appro-\\npriation, 2891 Gov. Ames resigns, 2913;\\nJohn M. Stone, gov., 2951, 376I; Agri.\\nand Mechan. Coll. opd., 3042,3; liquor\\nprohibited near univ., 3131 Robt. Lowry,\\nfov., 3132 whites kill negroes, 3232\\nlocal Option Law passes migration of\\nnegroes, 3251; Thomas Heslin cons. R.\\nC. bp., 3423 James R. Chambers nom.\\nfor gov., 3452; Treas. Hemingway short\\nindicted, 361 1 convicted, 3523; Aberdeen\\noutrage in Cong. ,3531 levee breaks, 354 1\\n4073 flood sufferers relief, 3572, 3603\\nreunion of Blue anil Cray, 3591 division\\nof State proposed, 371 2 new constitution\\noperative, 3751 State Bar Asso., colored\\nlawyers org., 3783 World s Fair appro-\\npriation defeated, 4051 White Cap out-\\nrages, 43S 3 State officials arrested, 47U 3\\nMississippi Agri. and Mechanical Coll.\\nest. 3042 3.\\nColl. (Bapt.), est. at Clinton (1850).\\nCompany est., 5733.\\nrailroad opened, 1873.\\nRiver, Pineda enters, 183 dis., 222,\\n441 481 5733 crossed, 223 explored,\\n463, 541 5733 Fr. on, 552 trade with\\nEng., 592 Jesuits on, 602 Brit, posts\\non, 903; Brit, failure on, 921 source dis.,\\n1401 rises, 1561 bridge completed, 1761\\nice breaks up, 1793 floods, 1681, 1841,\\n3101, 3593, 3673, 4101; armament on,\\n1943 Federals open, 2242 appropria-\\ntions for, 2891; jetty at mouth, 2993;\\nimprovement conmiis.appt,, 3013; centen-\\nnial of dis., 3113; crevasses in levee, 4313.\\nBill, passes senate, 4033.\\nScheme, in Fr.; shares go up, 6973; fi-\\nnancial ruin, 6992,3; mythical gold, 6993.\\nValley, Cotton Planters Asso. org.,\\n3033; Industrial Conven., 3091.\\nMissolonghi, Gr., siege of captured Lord\\nByron d., 10342.\\nMissoula, Mo., Chinese outrages, 3902.\\nMissouri, State of, New Madrid settled\\n(1780); St. Genevive fnd. (1785); Daniel\\nBoone of Ivy. settles in (1795); detached\\nfrom Louisiana and annexed to Indian\\nTer. (1804, Mar. 26); territory org. (1805);\\nMissouri Gazette est. at St. Louis (1808,\\nJuly territory of Missouri approved\\n(change of name), (1812, June 4); First\\nGen. Assembly meets (1812); Wm. Clark\\nprovisional gov. (1813, July) Cong, op-\\nposes a State govt., 1272; Cong, provides\\nfor State govt., 1291 Alex. M Nair, gov.;\\nState conditionally admitted. 1292; Fred-\\nerick Bates, gov., 1332; John Miller, gov.,\\n1352 Dan. Dunklin, gov., 1412; Liburn\\nN. Boggs, gov., 1472 P. E. diocese org.,\\n1503; Thos. Reynolds, gov., 1531 Univ.\\nof M. org., 1543 St. Louis M. E. Conf.\\nfmd., 1583 John C. Edwards, gov., 1592;\\nMeth. Epis. South Conf. org., 1603; Sy-\\nnodicalConf.Evan.Luth.org., 1631 Aus-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1348.jp2"}, "1349": {"fulltext": "Miss-Mohl.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1337\\ntin A.King, gov., 1652; Sterling Pijice,\\ngov., 1743; voters in Kan., 177* 2; Han-\\ncock Jackson, gov.; Truston Polk, gov.;\\nR. M. Stewart, gov., 1S32 Secession\\nconvention meets, 1912 state Conven-\\ntion favors union, 1931 f 2 j gov. refuses\\ntroops to Lincoln, 1943; Federal arsenal\\nseized, 1951 gov. calls for militia, an-\\nnounces loyalty, 1961, 1972; gov. flees\\nsouth, 1972; emancipation by Fremont;\\ngunboat reconnaissance, 198 2 Snead s\\nslaves manumitted amnesty offered to\\nConfederates State officers deposed\\nH. R. Gamble, gov. protection to loyal-\\nists offered, 199 1 martial law declared\\nneutrality decided on gov. declares\\nState independence, 1992 Halleck com-\\nmands Order No. 3 issued, 2003 spe-\\ncial session legislature; secedes at Neo-\\nsho official oath required, 201 2 guer-\\nrillas abound, 2022, 2091, 2143 martial\\nlaw extended, 2031 C. F. Jackson, gov.;\\nH.R. Gamble, gov., 2032; military canal,\\n2061; military department fmd., 213 2\\nemancipation favored, 2153 compen-\\nsated emancipation lost, 2193 slavery\\nabolished, 2253, 2413, 2431; Confed. in-\\nvade, 2382; Gen. Price in, 2391; T. C.\\nFletcher, gov., 2413 ratifies 13th\\nAmend., 2432 judiciary officers vacate,\\n2453 new constitution completed, 247 2\\nratified, 2473, 2392; Cong. Asso. org.,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a22482 j udges est.byf orce,2483 LewisColl.\\nopd Lincoln Inst. Normal School opd.,\\n2543 ratifies 14th Amend., 2572 prize\\nfighting punishable, 261 1 Universalist\\nConven. org., 2642 State seal returned,\\n2672; Joseph W. M Clurg, gov.; ratifies\\n15th Amend., 2693; Eldership church of\\nGod org., 2762; normal schools opd., 2763\\nBenj. Gratz Brown, gov., 2772; S. W. Mo.\\nMeth. Epis. Conf. org., 2342; Silas Wood-\\n^eon, gov., 2851 Chas. H. Hardin, gov.,\\n2912; tornado, 3001; s. West Baptist\\nCollege est., 3003; Thos. T. Critten-\\nden, gov., 3093 Mo. Free Meth. Conf.\\nfmd., 3122 Downing High License Law\\npasses, 3131,3151 State Board of Health\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0est., 315 1 John S. Marmaduke, gov.,\\n3233 State Insane Asylum opd., 3272\\nA. G.Morehouse, gov., 3293 prohibition\\nadopted, 3292 Bald Knob victims, 3311\\nAustralian ballot, 3392, 3492 D. R.\\nFrancis, gov., 3492 o. O. Howard suc-\\nceeds Gen. Crook, 3541 State treas,, No-\\nland, suspended, 3543; White Caps out-\\nrage, 367* E. R. Atwill cons. P. E. bp.,\\n3701 Jjoyal Legion convention, 3703 f\\nWorld s Fair Appropriation fails, 3771\\ndirect tax received, 381 1; pool-selling\\nprohibited, 3863; outlaws, 3931; j. s.\\nPhelps, gov., 2973 train robbery, 4002,\\n4151 Congressional Redisricting Bill\\npasses, 4032 flood, 4061 banks resume,\\n4353 Wm- J,. Stone, gov., 4471 earth-\\nquake, 450i; parochial schools aban-\\ndoned, 4681 train derailed, 4713 collis-\\nion on N. P. R. R., 4453.\\nMissouri Valley Coll. (Cumb. Presb,.) est,\\nat Marshall (1889).\\nCompromise Bill passes, f29i notice\\nof repeal, 175 1\\nFree Meth. Conf. fmd., 3122.\\nRiver Improvement Conven., 3093.\\nburned, 1573.\\nrelief steamer to Russia, 11233.\\nrescues Denmark passengers, 3393.\\nMissroon, John S., d-., 2482.\\nMissunde, Schleswig, Danes defeated, 640i\\nGer., burned, 6402.\\nMist Ehamr mission, 657 1\\nMistral, FreMeYic, h., 726 1 works, 7343,\\n7371 7602.\\nMitau, Rus., taken, 11141.\\nMitchel, John, b., 9363 arrested, 5991.\\n955 2 escapes Jail Journal, 9591 M. P.,\\n9702\\n.1., D802.\\nOrmsby McNight, b., 11162 com-\\nmands in Ky., 1983 surprises Hunts-\\nville, 2062 d,, 2152.\\nMitchell, S. Dak., university fnd., 3223,\\nAdm., captures fleets, 9282 mutiny\\nagainst, 9301\\nAlice, wounds Freda Ward, 4002.\\nGen., in Sepoy rebellion, 10481.\\nCharles E., in int. dept., 3512.\\nSir proclamation, 6043.\\nDavid Bradie, b. (1766) gov. La.,\\n1172, 1252, 1472 d.,1482.\\nMitchell, Donald Grant, b., 1302; -works,\\n1632, 1683,2272,2551.\\nElisha, b., 1042 d., 1821\\nSir Francis, monopolist, 881 1 2.\\nJim, shoots four persons, 4521\\nJohn Hippie, b., 144 2 senator s\\nspeech, 4383.\\nL.,b.,1542.\\nJ. V., defaulter, 4421\\nMargaret Julia Maggie), b., 1401\\nMaria, b., 1262 d., 3422.\\nNathaniel, governor Del., 1133.\\nRobert B., b. (1825) gov. N. Mex.,\\n2511; d. (1882).\\nSam. Augustus, b. (1792) d., 2641\\nLatham, b., 74i lectures, 1043;\\nMedical Repository, 1083; d., 1382.\\nSilas Weir, b., 1362.\\nStephen Mix, b. (1743) d., 1442.\\nfounds free library, 9791\\nSir Thomas Livingstone, b. (1792); ex-\\nplorer, 4941,2; d. (1855).\\nW. K., org. Washingtonians 1511\\nMitchell s Fork, Confeds. defeated, 2442.\\nMitehelstown, Ire., agrarian outrages,\\n9811; Nationalists meet, 9971.\\nMitchil, C. W., missionary, 6223.\\nMitford, Sir John Freeman, Baron Redes-\\ndale, b. (1748) chancellor speaker,\\n9312, a d. (1830).\\nMary Russell, b., 9242 works, 9423\\nii., 9603.\\nWm., b.,9103; Greece, 9231; d.,9423.\\nMithridates of Iberia, king, 11513.\\nof Pergamus reigns? 11512.\\nK. of Lydia, marries Laodice, 11503.\\nking, massacres Romans, 1150 3\\nI., betrays father reigns, 11473.\\nII., reigns prisoner, 1153 2\\nIII., reigns, 11473.\\nIV., reigns, 1147 3 besieged, attacks\\nSinope, 11481.\\nV., in Punic war, 11481 reigns, 11492;\\nassassinated, 11503.\\nVI., reigns, 11492; rules Kherson,\\n10292 j war with Rome, 10561 conquers\\nBosporus defeats Lucullus conquests\\nin Cappadocia, 11501 master of Athens,\\n1028 1 peace with Romans, 10292; treaty\\nwith Sulla, 10591 against Nicoinedes\\nIII.; extent of territory conquers Cap-\\npadocia, 1058 1 1151 1 war against Tigra-\\nnes, 10591 driven from Cyzicus de-\\nfeated at Cabira, 10581 defeated by Pom-\\npev, 11511 in Asia M. expelled sui-\\ncide, 10582.\\nMithridatic wars, 10561 2, 10581\\nMitislaw, duke of Kieff, 11133.\\nMitre, Bartolome in Buenos Ayres,4902,\\n49H ,2,3; captured, 4902.\\nMitrophania(motherabbess),exiled, 11191.\\nMitscherlich, Eilhard, b., 8063 d., 8221.\\nMitsukuri, KinshOj b., 10912.\\nMittelmark, Prussia, conquered, 7772.\\nMittermaier, Karl Joseph Anton, b., 8043;\\npresident parliament, 8172 d., 8243.\\nMitylene, at war with Athens, 1016*\\nblockaded, 10201; surrenders, 10213;\\nnaval battle near, 11562.\\nMivart, St. George, b., 9423.\\nMix, Lieut.-Col., at Cove Cree k, 2161\\nMixon, John, b., 602.\\nMizam Shah repulsed, 10441.\\nMizizus enthroned killed, 1031 3\\nMizner, John K-, commissioned col., 3563.\\nLansing B., envoys, 3513.\\nMizpah sinks, 9833.\\nMizpeh, Philistines defeat, 11421.\\nMoab subdued, 11501.\\nrdoabite stone, year of, 11422; dis., 11581\\nMoabites fnd., 91; in North Afr.,81; de-\\nstroyed, 11422.\\nMoawiyah I., b.-d., 11542 calif in Syria,\\n4852 reigns, 6551.\\nII., calif., 4ST 2 reigns. 6552.\\nMoberly, leorge, b. (1803); elected bishop,\\n9583 d. (18S5).\\nMobert, Jacob Isidor, Crusades, 4782.\\nMobile, Ala., taken, 91 1 yellow fever, 1273\\nfire, 1513 bread riot. 2272, 2392 closed\\nagainst Confeds., 2372 siege of, 2442\\nsurrenders, 2461 Emerson Inst, opd.,\\n258 3 Ocean Wave explodes, 2753.\\nBay, naval battle in, 2371\\nMobilization ordered, France, 743 3\\nMobius, August Ferd., b., 8043 d., 8243.\\nMochoallog, St., founds Abbey, S423.\\nMockern, Prus., Russians defeated, 718 3\\nbattle, 7202.\\nMocquard, Constant, b. (1791) d., 7223.\\nModeenet, mission, 6571\\nModena, It., fortress erected, 10531 Rom.\\ncolony, 10553 war, 10602 cathedral\\nfnd., cons., 10751; gov. by House of\\nEste, 10773 appeal to Victor Emman-\\nuel, 10891 insurrection, 5201 10S91 re-\\nstored, 5253.\\nModern Reformers or Socialists issued,7283.\\nReview issued, 9862.\\nThought issued, 9843.\\nWoodmen Fraternity, statistics, 4463.\\nModimolle mission, 11241\\nModjeska, Helena, b., 11163.\\nModlin, allies possess, 7212 retaken, 8101\\nModoc Indians defeat troops in Ore., 2801\\nModon taken by Turks, 10781\\nModus vivendi, licenses, issued, Can. re-\\njected, 5871 expiration of, 5911 renewed,\\n5912,3; treaty, 6342; Fr. with Sp., 7633\\nEng. accepts, 10052, refuses, 10091.\\nMoe, Jdrgen Ingebrektsen, b.-d., 11041;\\nPoems, 11043.\\nMoen, Philip L., d., 3821\\nMoeris Lake formed, Kgy., 6462.\\nMoeser.A., Deutsche Kals^r/it der, 8342.\\nMoesia, settled, 5653 Bulgarian kingdom,\\n10313; Gothsin, 7692; subjugated, 10603.\\nInferior, Roman province, 1063 2\\nMoffat, Jas. Clement, b. (1811); d., 3601.\\n.Robert, b., 9263 sails, 397\u00c2\u00bb; inland\\njourney, 5972; marriage, 5973 first\\nchurch, 59S1 d., 5612, 6033.\\nLieut., seizes Echo, 1851\\nMoff et Dr., shot, 4183.\\nMog-ador, Morocco, bombarded, 7281\\nMogila, Peter, b. (lf 96\u00c2\u00b1) confession of\\nfaith, 11143 d. (1647).\\nMogontiacum. (See Mentz.)\\nMogul empire broken, 10441 power in In-\\ndia declines, 10451\\nMoguls in Hung, and Poland, 505 2 grant\\nto Christians, 10343 reigns, 1097 2\\nMohacs, Hungarians defeated, 5082\\nLouis II. falls, 5093 Turks defeated,\\n5122 explosion, 5362.\\nMohammed, b., 4842 early life rises to\\npower wives, 4853 creed meditations\\nprophet ascent into heaven, 4S43; flight\\nof, 10311; plunders caravan, 4841 hom-\\nage; Moslem treaty letters, 4842,4851\\nterritory extent of power, 4843- d.,4842;\\nShah, d., 51.\\nSultan, of Egypt, reigns, 655 3\\nI.,conquersBosnia; Wallachia, 11561\\nreigns, 11572.\\nIL, b.-d., 11562; besieges Constanti-\\nnople, 1034 reigns, 11572; in Servia,\\n5081, 11232 rules Kharismian Turks,\\n11553.\\nIII. reigns, 11572.\\nAboo Dahab rebels, 6571\\nAhmed, in Sudan, 6583 proclaims\\nhimself Mahdi conquests, 6581\\nAli, b.-d., 11563.\\nAlmuatid conquers Cordova, 11261.\\nBey at Grumatz, 11121.\\nDost. (See under Dost.)\\nel-Senusi in Tripoli, 11383.\\nJan Wardak against British, 63\\nseizes Ghazni killed, 61\\nKhusruf, pasha, 657 2\\nMeerza reigns, 11072.\\nRuchdi, grand vizier, 11591 2,\\nShah Kharezin subdues Bokhara,\\n5491.\\nSidi reigns, 10972.\\nTakoob Beg assumes office, 6202.\\nMohammedan army organized, 11562.\\nera begins. 4842.\\nrebels suppressed, China, 6221\\nMohammedanism est. in Persia, 11071.\\nMohammedans claim churches, 10311 re-\\nbel, 6211 struggle with Gr. Ch., 10311\\nenter Indus Valley, 10431 rule in Sp.,\\n11253 persecuted expelled Sp., 11271;\\nest. in Morocco, 1097 ravage Armenia,\\n11541 equal with Christians, 1157 1\\nmassacre persecute Christians, 11581 ,2.\\nMohammerah, Persia, captured, 9601\\nMohave County, Ariz., gold rush, 4093.\\nMohawk attacks St. Mary s, 2151\\nMohawk mission, N. Y., 623, 651 663.\\nValley, N. Y., Indians invade, 943\\nflooded, 3421 earthquake, 3521\\nMohilow, Rus., Russian defeat, 718 2\\nMohl, Hugo von, b., 8082 on protoplasm,\\nS201; d.,8281.\\nJulius von, b., 8071 d., 8282.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1349.jp2"}, "1350": {"fulltext": "1338\\nText Figures denote Page. lJNJDil\u00c2\u00bbX.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nMohl-Mont.\\nMohl, Moritz von, b. (1S02) d., 832\\nMcihler, Johann Adam, 1... 811113 d., 8143.\\nMohonk, Lake, N. Y., Indian Conference,\\n3702,3851,3931.\\nMohr, Karl Friedrich, b., 8083 d., 830\\nMohrungen, Prus., battle of, 716\\nMobun, Ban. n Charles,!.. (11175 k.,905\\nMoigno, Francois Napoleon Marie, b.,\\n715 d., 754\\nMoir mission, 657\\nDavid Macbeth, b., 9283 d., 9562.\\nMoira. (Si c Hastings, F. E.)\\nMoiroso, chief; killed, 6002.\\nMoivre, Abraham de, b. (1667) Doctrine\\nof Chances, 699 d. (1754).\\nMo kanna (Athen Ben Hakem), propbet,\\n597 d. (780i).\\nMolaghur, Sepoy rebellion, 1048\\nMolahiffe, Ire., moonlighters raid, 9943.\\nMolasses, import restricted, 572.\\nMolay, Jacques de, b., 6702; bnrned,673\\nMolh ceh, Christian, 1.., Ii:!.s2 d., 6403.\\nMold, Flintshire, Eng., riots, 973\\nMbldau River overflows, 534\\nMoldavia, Austrians enter, 524 army\\nwithdrawn, 5252 evacuated, 958 11121\\nTurks fail, 11121; uprising, 11121, 3,\\n1156 2 annexed recovered by Turks,\\n11122; Eus. enter, mgt.\\nMole, Comte Louis Matliieu, b., 7051;\\nministry, 7273 d., 7322.\\nMathieu, b. (1534) conference with\\nqueen, 6893 d. (1656).\\nMolendj, Peru, U. S. agent shot, 4272.\\nMolepolole mission est., 11242.\\nMoleschott, Jacob, b.8122; d. (1893).\\nMolesworth, isc., title created, 9051.\\nSir William, b.,935i minister, 9612;\\nd. (1855).\\nNassau, b., 9382 d. (1890).\\nMoletsane stormed, 602\\nMombasa, cable to Zanzibar, 5632.\\nMoliere, Jean Baptiste Poquelin, b., 6863;\\nin Theatre Illustre, 689 troupe before\\nLouis XIV., 691 j works of, 691 ,2, 693\\nd., 6922.\\nMolin, Marquis de, d., 11322.\\nMolina, Luis, b.-d., 11282.\\nMolindi captured, 5613.\\nMoliner, Guillaume, Lei/s a Amor, 1127\\nMolino del Rey, Hex., battle, 162\\nMolk, Heinrich von, satirical poem, 7783.\\nMollinger, Father, blesses visitors, 408\\nMolly Maguires fmd., 1732; operate, 2072,\\n2093, 2172 murder Geo. K. Smith, 2292;\\ncease, 2703; murder miners kill police-\\nman, 289 hanged, 295 flourish, 953\\nMolhvitz, Silesia, Prus. victorious, 514\\nMolodzoff, Hippolvte, attempt against\\nGen. Loris-Mellik c.tr, 11203.\\nMolotf, Dr., conspirator, Bulg., 5683.\\nMolonis, Miguel de, b.-d., 11283.\\nMoltenoininistry, dismissed, 6012.\\nMoltke, Count Hellmuth Karl Bernhard,\\nvon, b., 8063 in war, 8242 statue,\\n832 d. 834\\nMolung mission, 10463.\\nMolyneaux, William, b., 8882 d. (1698).\\nMombasa, East Afr., 5612, a, 5631 2, a.\\nrailway, fund for, 1009 appropria-\\ntions, 504 inaugurated, 5633.\\nMommsen, Christian M. Theodor, b., 812\\nworks, 8202, 8263.\\nMompelgarde surprised, 784\\nMonachism in Egypt., 6543.\\nMonaco, purchased by France, 7353.\\nMonagas, Jose Gregorio, b. (1795) presi-\\ndent Venezuela, 11602 d. (1858).\\nTadeo, b. (1784) president Ven-\\nezuela, 11602 d. (1868).\\nMonarch launched, 970\\nfounders, 9973.\\nbrings Peabody s body to Am., 2693.\\nMonasteries suppressed, 11303; hi 11 against,\\n10883; est. in Ger., 7722; reformed, 7743\\n1073 closed, Ger., 805 profligate, Eng.,\\n8663; dissolved, 8IW2 confiscated, Eng.,\\n8683 opposed, 10723 multiply, 10722,3.\\nMonastery of Sazava founded, 5023,\\nof Ze ven, treaty of, 8032.\\nMonastic orders, influence, 10763.\\nMonastics in Western Eur., 0042 climax\\nof, 695 orders aid pope, 7803 institu-\\ntions increase, 8442 buildings erected,\\n8562 institutions revived, 8963 appear,\\n10662.\\nMonastir, Turk., mission work, 5653.\\nMonatliche Anzuq issued, 799\\nErzahlungen issued, 799\\nMonatliche Unterrcdungen issued, 799\\nMonbodds, Lord. (See Barnet, J.)\\nMoncey, Bon Adrien Jeannot de, Due de\\nConegliano, b., 7022, d., 7282.\\nMonchristien, Antoine de, works, 685\\nMonck, sr Monk, Viscount of, title cre-\\nated, 931 baron, title created, 965\\nChas. Stanley, Vise, b. (1819); gov. -gen.\\nCan., 581 2 viceroy opens Pari., 583\\nMonckhoven, Desire von, d., 546\\nMonekton, Baron, title created, 9963.\\nRobert, b. (1726) in N. S., 682: gov.\\nN. Y., 732; d., 9223.\\nMoncon, treaty of, concluded, 6873.\\nMoncontour, Fr., battle at, 6822.\\nMonereitf, Baron, title created, 975\\nLord, arbitrator, 9823.\\nMoncton, Can., Times; Transcript, 5843\\nengineers convention, 5883.\\nMonde, Lc, judgment against, 589\\nMondovi, P iedmontese defeated, 712\\nMonetary Commission, org.; reports, 2952.\\nConf. Bill approved l.y prcs., 4132.\\nConf., Paris, 7543, 7373. (See under\\nInternational.)\\nMoney, Hernando D., b., 1502.\\ncounterfeit, in Am., 913 tokens\\nused, 2113; gold and silver, 1141\\nlenders imprisoned, Fr., 673\\norder oftice set up, Eng., 9272, 9512.\\n(See Post-office. See Paper-money.)\\nMonge, Gaspard, Comte de Peruze, b.,\\n7003; d., 7223.\\nMongols invade Hung., 504 in Bokhara,\\n549 sack Kieff, 1114 invade North,\\n6133; power subdued, 614 dynastyrules;\\nalliance with Sung, 615 invade Japan,\\n10902, 3; overrun Armenia, 1154\\nMoniteur Be/i/e at Brussels, 5423.\\nhe, issued, 7063.\\nOttoman issued, 11571.\\nMonitor launched, 202 2; completed, 2042; at\\nHampton Eoads, 2043 attacks Sewell s\\nPoint, 207 1 at Fort Darling, 208 1 found-\\ners, 2171.\\nMonk, Bretton, Baron, title created, 9871\\nLord. (See Dodson, John Geo.)\\nSir George, b., 8782 in war with\\nNeth., 1100 defeats Van Tromp, 888\\nenters Lond. E. of Torrington D. of\\nAlbemarle; capt. -gen., 890 takes gov t,\\n891 minister, 8912; at battle of Downs,\\n892 commissioner treasury, 893 2 land\\ngrant, 423; d., 8922.\\nJames Henry, elected bp., 9423.\\nLord, cablegram to Field, 263\\nMonks, in Sp. and Egy., 10663 inhabit\\ncaves, II )!.i;3; invent can 11 inc. 1082 mul-\\ntiply, 10722; influence in Ger., 7723 be-\\ncome eminent, Eng., 8443 influence in\\nBritain, 845 punished, Eng., 8682;\\nlimited education, Hung., 5042.\\nMonk s Corner, S. C, action at, 91\\nMonkswell, Baron, title created, 987\\nMonloddo, Lord. (See Burnet, Jas.)\\nMonmouth, N. J., battle of, 883 Salvator\\nruns, 3673 book-makers bail, 4123.\\nOre., Christian College org., 2543.\\nGeoffrey. (See Geoffrey.)\\nD. of, James Scott, b., 8862 com-\\nmander, 894 claims to throne, 8952,\\n8972; in Eng. arrested, 8953 at Sedge-\\nmoor, 896 political confederacy; in\\nEng., 896 8971 beheaded, 8972.\\nCollege org., 111., 1802.\\nMonnier, Marc, b., 7243; d., 7542.\\nMonnoyer, Jean Baptiste, b., 6882; d., 694\\nMonod, Adolphe, b., 7142; d., 7322.\\nTheo., preacher, Fr., 7482.\\nMonongahela City, Pa., riot, 4242.\\nCollege org., 2623.\\nMonophvsite sec tfnd., 10703; controversy;\\nprevails, 10303, 11543; protected, 10303.\\nMonopolies abolished, Eng., 8772; pro-\\nhibited, 8833.\\nMonothelites rise, 10311\\nMonpesson, Sir Giles, monopolist, 881 2.\\nMonroe, Col. at Ft. William Henry, 70 2.\\nCol., at Cainsville, 2183.\\nJames, b., 71 graduates, 85 mar-\\nries, 93 2 minister to Fr., 1053; electoral\\nvote, 1153; gov. Va., 1093, 1192; treaty\\nwith G. B., 115 sec. state, 1213; pres.,\\nU. S. A., 1252,3, 1292; inspects army\\nposts, 1253; returns slaves, 1272; declines\\nnom., 1332; d., 1382, 1393.\\nDoctrine declared, 1312, 3, 1323; fails,\\n1352; reaffirmed, 3332.\\nFemale College, Ga., fnd., 1662.\\nMonrovia, Afr., commenced, 129 mission\\ncapital Liberia, 11612.\\nMons, Belg., E. E. accident, 5453 riots,\\n5462, 548 strikes; De Chastileer k.,\\n5462; explosion, 5473; Flemings defeated,\\n672 taken, 694 surrenders, 6962.\\nBadonicus, battle of, 770\\nLactarius, action at, 10702.\\nJean Baptiste van, b., 5422; d\u00e2\u0080\u009e 544*.\\nMonselet, Chas., b., 7242; a., 7562.\\nMonsell, Wm. (1812); p.-m.-gen., 9753.\\nMonserrat (Montserrat), ceded Eng., 433.\\nMonsieur, peace of, 6843 revoked, 853.\\nMonstrelet, Enguerrand de, b.-d., 6762.\\nMontacute (Montagu), E. of Salisbury,\\ntakes Isle of Man, S58\\nMontagnac, M., minister, 749 3.\\nMontagu, Basil, b., 9183; d., 9562.\\nof Beaulieu, Baron, title created, 987\\nChas., E. of Halifax, b., 8902; resigns\\nfrom Council, 8952 named Trimmer,\\n8972 minister, 9012, 9053 commissioner,\\n9013; d. (1715).\\nEdward, E. of Manchester, b., 878\\nminister, 8912.\\nE. of Sandwich, b., 8802 min-\\nister, 8912; d., 8922.\\n.Elizabeth, h.,9062; d., 9302.\\nHenry, E. of Manch., b.(1562\u00c2\u00b1); chief\\njustiee,S793;miiiisU-r\u00e2\u0080\u009eSS12,N992;d.(lG42.)\\nJohn, E. of Sandwich, b. (1718); lord\\nadmiralty, 9073, 9133, 9193; d. (1792).\\nLady Mary Wortley, b., 9892 ad-\\nvances inoculation, 906 d., 9162.\\nWilliam, D. of Manchester, pres.\\nTravelers Society, 9792; d., 10021.\\nMontague, Chas., gov. S. C., 753.\\nSir Edward, chief justice, 8693.\\nLord Fred., p.-m.-gen., 9432.\\nGeorge, d., 4661.\\nMrs., silkwonian to Queen, 873\\nW. H., sec. state, Can., 5963.\\nMontaigne, Michael Eyquem de, b.,6S03;\\nEssays, IK43, X7S3; d. 6842.\\nMontaland, Celine, d., 7601\\nMontalban, Fama Postliuma, 11292.\\nMontalembert, Comte de, Charles Forbes,\\nb., 7191 works, 7271 ,7343, 7351 d., 7382.\\nMarquis de, Marc Bene, b., 6963\\nworks, 7052; d., 7142.\\nMontalt, Earl de, title created, 9963.\\nMontalvan, Juan Perez de, b.-d., 11283.\\nMontana, State, territory org., 235 2 vigi-\\nlance committee acts, 2292,2312; Sidney\\nEdgerton, gov., 2413 Historical Soc.\\nincor.,2423; Thomas Francis Meagher,\\ngov., 2511; Green Clay Smith, gov., 2553;\\nIndians defeated, 260 Benj. F. Potts,\\ngov., 2732; Meth. Epis. Conf. fmd., 2903;\\nwar with Sioux, 290 Sheridan in com-\\nmand; Sioux defeated, 292 294 Custer\\nattacks Indians, 292 J. Schuyler\\nCrosby, gov., 8132; Coll. of M.opd.,3143;\\nMormons settle, 3152 E. C. diocese of\\nHelena est., 3163 Constitutional Con-\\nven. meets, 3172, 3432; new constitution\\nratified, 3192, 347 Piatt Carpenter,\\ngov., 3193; Preston H. Leslie, gov., 3252;\\nbill to admit, 3363; Eed Lodge thrown\\nopen, 339 Bozeman capital fires,\\n3432; Jos. K. Toole nom. for gov., 345\\nconstitution adopted, 345 3471; ad-\\nmitted, 3472 State legislature meets,\\n3483; Secret Ballot Law; Jos. K. Toole,\\ngov. Benj. F. White, gov., legislature\\ndeadlock, 3492; earthquake, 3521 4261\\nEep. legislature the legal body, 3531\\nApp. Biil passes Cong., 3532 Crow In-\\ndians cede land, 3733 senate and two\\nhouses in session, 3752; legislative com-\\npromise lower house tie, 377 1 train\\nrobbers, 3951 Univ. opens at Helena,\\n3962 Labor day, holiday, 3983 frost,\\n4121 legislature Rep., 4212; Lee Mantle\\nappt. senator, 4253; John E. Eickards,\\ngov., 447 sun dance in, 4623 express\\nrobbed; E. E. wreck, 4643.\\nUniversity opens at Helena, 3962.\\nMontanus, Journey-Shortenir, 7923.\\nheresy, 10643.\\nMontauban, Gen., commander, 620 be-\\nsieged, 686 at Shanghai, 734\\nMontaud, Deluns, minister, 757\\nMontauk bombards Fort McAllister, 218*;\\ndestroys Nashville, 219\\nMontbeilard, Gueneau de, b., 6982.\\nFr., Germans enter, 7422 ceded to\\nFrance, 8073.\\nMont Blanc, observatory erected ava-\\nlanche, 11382.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1350.jp2"}, "1351": {"fulltext": "Mont-Moor.\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN Uil .A.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n133\\nMontcalm, Gozon de St.-Veran, Louis Jo-\\nseph, Marquis de, b., 6963; commands\\nFr., 70 in Quebec, 713; wounded, 72\\n5743; arrives d., 5753.\\nMonteeau-les-Mines, Fr., rising, 7533.\\nMont Cenis Tunnel, built, 10882; opened,\\n11383.\\nMontdidier, Fr., attacked, 742\\nMonte Rotondo, action at, 1088\\nVista, Colo., Soldiers Home est., 3503.\\nMonteagle, Baron, title created, 931\\nLord. (See Rice, T. S.)\\nMontealegre, Jese Maria, b. (1815); pres.\\nCosta Rica, 631\\nMont-Earl, Lord, title created, 9412.\\nMontebello, Aust., Austrians defeated,\\n714 battle of, 524\\nMonte-Caseros, Gen. Rosas defeated, 490\\nCasino, It., monastery finl., 10703.\\nMontecuculi,Ct.Kainiondo ,b.,5102;d.,5123.\\nMontetiore, Moses Haim, b. (1784); sheriff;\\nknighted, 9492 org. mission, 9502 in\\nRome, 9032 aids .lows, 11583; d. (1885).\\nMontemayor, Jorge de, b.-d., 11092.\\nMontenegro (see text, p. 1097) versus Turk.\\nAust. supports, 525 supports Herze-\\ngovina, 528 war with Turkey, 1158\\nboundaries determined rises against\\nTurk., 1159 annexed to Turk., 11592.\\nMontenotte, It., Austrians defeated, 712\\nMontenoy, Chas. Palissot de, work, 7032.\\nMontereau, Fr., allies defeated, 7203.\\nMonterey, Cal., mission at, 762; fnd., 772;\\nAm. flag raised, 1612; taken, 162 State\\nconvention fnd., 167\\nGap, Va., action at, 2242.\\nMex., battle of, 160 capital at,\\n10963; mission at, 10962.\\nTenn., action at, 2072.\\nMontero, Diego Gonzales, gov., 605 2 ,3.\\nLizardo, b. (1832); pres. Peru, 11082.\\nMontesinos, Antonio, miss., 183; d. (1526+).\\nMontespan, Marquis de (Francois At.hi-\\nnai s de Rocheehouart), 6.SS3; d.,6903.\\nMontesquieu, Baron de la Brede et de\\n(Charles de Secondat), b., 6942; works,\\n699 2, 7012; d., 7022.\\nMontevallo.Ala., furnaces destroyed, 2443.\\nMonteverdi, Claudio, b., 1081 works,\\n1082 d., 10823.\\nMontevideo, Arg. Rep., govt, separate,\\n673; capital Uruguay, 1160 surrender;\\nstormed; Brit, evacuate, 489 military\\nsettlement at, 11593; Univ. fnd., 11602;\\nreinforcements; occupied, 554 alliance\\nwith Paraguay, 5553 Gania arrives,\\n5603; siege ends, 490 missions at; re-\\nvolt, 11603.\\nMontezuma captures Essex, 1202.\\n1., b. (1390); subdues country, 12\\nreigns, 133; d., 122.\\n1L., b., 122; expedition defeated, 16\\nelected, 172; seized; orders invaders out;\\nk.; empire overthrown, 18\\nMontfaucon, Bernard de, b.,6902; d.,7002.\\nMontford, E. of, title created, 871\\nMontfort, Amaury, at Marmande, 6702.\\nJohn de, at Auray, 674\\nSimon de, E. of Leicester, b., 852\\nin Baron s war; marries Eleanor, 8533;\\nat Lewes returns to Eng. pres. Mad\\nPari., 855 election writs, 8552; k.,854\\nde, Comte, b.-d., 66S 2 crusade\\nagainst Allugenses, 670 massacre at\\nToulouse, 6703; killed, 670\\nMontgolfier, .Jacques Etienne, b., 700 3\\nd. (1799).\\nJoseph Michel, b., 7002; tirst balloon,\\n701 hydraulic ram imp., 70S d.,719\\nStephen, balloon ascension, 704\\nMontgomerie, Archibald William, E. of\\nEghnton, in Dub., 963 lord-lieut., 9632.\\nJohn, N. Y., 613.\\nMontgomery launched, 396 trial, 448\\nMontgomery, Ala., fnd., 1273; capital city,\\n1613; Confed. Cong, opens, 1913; Davis\\nGoufed. pres. at, 19.13; Confed. proclama-\\ntion, 1943 Provis. Cong, meets, 195 ,2\\nConfed. capital removed, 197 surren-\\ndered to Federals, 2401 military district,\\n2572 immigration conven., 2663, 3313\\nconstitutional conven. at, 2862 monu-\\nment to Confederates, 3222; southern ex-\\nposition at, 3473 Mayor Cottrell k., 371\\nW. Va., Davis killed, 4683.\\nAlex. B., b., 1482; at Osceola, Mo.,\\n1983; on Cambahee River, 234\\nE. of, lord of admiralty, 8992.\\nH. H., cons, bp., 10022.\\nMontgomery, Gen. James, invades Can.,\\nk., 576\\nJohn Reading, d., 274\\nRichard, b., 623; attacks Indians,\\n72 at St. John; at Montreal, 803;\\nkilled, SI 823; remains removed, 1273.\\nRobert, b., 933 d. (1855).\\nDr., gutta-percha, 952\\nMonth! a Akuiazinc issued, Eng., 929\\nRepository issued, Eng., 933\\nMontliolon, Marquis de, Charles Tristan,\\nb., 705 insurrectionist, 7293; d., 7322.\\nMonti, Vincenzo, b., 10S42; works, 10852;\\nd., 10862.\\nMontieello, 111., natural gas dis., 380 Nat.\\nPicket, 3862; air-ship, 390\\nKy., Confederates defeated, 221\\nN. Y., Mrs. Halliilay sentenced, 463\\nMontlliery, Fr., king defeated, 678\\nMontluc, Blaise de l.asseran-Massencome\\nde, b. (1503\u00c2\u00b1); work, 6832 d. (1517).\\nMontmagny, M. de., gov. Can., 5732.\\nMontmartre, stormed, 7203; treaty, 6913.\\nMontmedy, Fr., invested, 7422 bom-\\nbarded, 743\\nMontmirail, Fr., allies defeated, 7202.\\nMontmorency, Anne, Due de, b., 6783 d.,\\n682\\nHenri II., Due de, b., 6842 at St.\\nQuentin; prisoner, 682 executed, 689 .2.\\nMontmorres, Viscount, title created, 913 2\\nMontpellier,Fr., school of law, 671 taken,\\n675 surrendered,; peace of, (ISO 6873;\\nbooth falls, 7073 medical school, 669\\nUniv. fnd., 671 Univ. rank raised, 673\\nMontpensier, Duehesse de (Anne Marie\\nLouise d Orleans), b., 8863 d., 6943.\\nDucde (Antoine Marie Philippe Louis\\nd Orleans), b.,7242; marries Maria Luisa,\\n7292; fatal duel, 739 11323; arrested;\\nexiled, 11313 advocated as kiug, 11332\\nd., 7582.\\nMontreal wrecked, 5893.\\nMontreal, discovered, 203 site of city\\n362 to St. Sulpice, 5723 Sulpieians\\npossess, 363; Indian massacre, 41 ,572\\nIndians attack, 50 Cartier arrives,\\n5712; Hotel Dirtiest., 573 Co. purchase,\\n5723; Eng. raid, 5742; seigniority ceded,\\n5732 walls enclose, 703 taken, 5743\\nfire, 5753, 5773, 581 ,3, 5853, 5933, 5942,\\n5953; Ethan Allen fails to take, 576\\nIndians conf., 802, 574 5752; Am. at,\\n803; Brit, retake, 822 ;.St. Gabriel Street\\nChurch erected first Presbytery fmd.,\\n5763 hank est., 5773 Weekly Gazette;\\nCanadian; Weekly Herald, 577 expe-\\ndition against, abandoned, 1203 M Gill\\nColl. est. hospital est. ,579 La Minerve,\\n5783 first Baptist church R. C. diocese\\nest., 5782; bishopric est., 9483; Weekly\\nWitness, 579 riots, 579 5823, 583\\nBaptist College est. Cong. Theological\\nCollege, est., 579 Epis. bishopric\\nest. St. Peter s Cathedral projected\\nY. M. C. A. fmd., 5802; Witness, 581\\nVictoria Tubular Bridge built; damaged,\\n5813 Temperance Conven., 583 ice-\\ngorge, 5S4 La L resse issued; Le Canada,\\nissued, 5843 demonstrations against\\ngovt., 5S5 Woman s Miss. Soe. org.,\\n5842; small-pox, 5853 Bp. Bond elected,\\n9803; Brit. Asso. sits, 9S8 ice-palace,\\n5853 ice-carnival, 5862 harbor im-\\nprovements, 5872 roof falls, 5873\\nChurch of Eng. Synod Jewish petition\\ngranted, 5882 w. C. T. U. Conven.\\nLabor Cong. Conn. Nat. Guard in, 589\\nHochelaga Exhibition pig-iron boom,\\n5893 surplice land question, 590 night\\nschools; Mayor Crenier reelected, 591\\nice-bridge, 5913; i e ,Somedi,W2* riotous\\nmeeting Hebrew exiles, 5922 La. State\\nLottery Co. est., 5933,5943; NelsonMon-\\nument threatened explosion public\\nworks scandal mob, 5943 Internat.\\nFr. Congress Columbian caravels in,\\n5953 bomb expiation, 5962.\\nMontreuil-sur-Mer, Fr., treaty at, 6733.\\nMontrose, D. of, title created, 903\\nMarquis. (See Graham, J.)\\nMonts, Pierre du Guast de.b.,6822 land\\ngrant, 27 d., 6862.\\nMontserrat, Eng. possession, 8932.\\nMontsioa, siege of, 6032.\\nMontt, Manuel, pres., 6072, 6092,3.\\nPedro, received at Wash., 395\\nMontucla, Jean Etienne, b., 6982 d.,7142.\\nMontyon, J. B. R. A. de, b., 6983; d., 7223.\\nMontz, Count von, d., 832\\nMonument building in Egypt, 645 (See\\nnames of cities for Monuments.)\\nMonumenta Germanis Historia, society\\nfounded, 813\\nMoody, C. M., defaulter, 3S82.\\nDwight Lyman, b., 1482 in Phila.,\\n2882 coll. students encampment, 3422\\nGospel hymn-book issued, 343 services\\nat Yale, 3482 in Brooklyn, 354 at\\nNorthiield Conf., 386 at Bible Study\\nConf., 466 i n (Jan., 589 in G. B.,9782,\\n9882, 9922.\\nJohn, hanged, 943.\\nSamuel, b. (1676) d., 662.\\nZ. F., governor, 3132.\\nMookaj in Sikh war, 10462.\\nMookerheide, Spanish victory, 540\\nMoon, Sir Francis G.,1. mayor, Lond.,9572.\\nJohn W., b., 146\\nmap of, tirst drawn, 7962.\\nMoon Hoax published in N. Y., 1443, 1452.\\nMoonlight, Thomas, minister, 447 a\\nMoonshiners, raid, 4563.\\nMoor, Hung., battle at, 522 fire, 5353.\\nMooravief, Mikhail, b.. 11162.\\nMoore, Albert, d., 10102.\\nAlfred, b., 71i justice, 1093 ;d.(1810).\\nAndrew Barry, b. (1806) gov. Ala.,\\n1832 at Lancaster, Va., 2003 at Harts-\\nville, 2162 at Ripley, 2181 d. (1873).\\nBenjamin, b., 002; pres. King s Coll. r\\n831; eons, bp., 1103; pres. Columbia\\nColl., llli; d., 1242.\\nBishop, library purchased, 9043.\\nCapt., at Wagner Bay, 575\\nBrit, commander, 9321.\\nClement Clarke, b., 912 d., 225\\n,D. D. T.,d.,408\\nEverett, shoots E. M. Tate, 3912.\\nF. Marshall, governor Wash., 2593.\\nGabriel, b. (1790+) gov. Ala., 1373\\nd., 1562.\\nSir Henry, b. (1713) gov. N. Y., 752;\\nd. (1769).\\nGeorge Henry, b. (1823) d., 406\\nJ. A., instructor at Kingston, 590\\nJacob A., murdered, 4542.\\nJames, b. (1640+) invades Ga., 54\\ngov. S. C, 552, 593 in Fla.,56 in S. C,\\n56 defeats Indians, 58\\nJohn, b. (1835) cons. R. C. bp., 2942.\\ncons. R. C. bp. Australia, 9862.\\nb., 9082 archbp. Canterbury,\\n9223 d., 9303.\\nSir b., 915 gen. at Corunna,\\n7162 d.,935\\nB., in state dept., 351\\nlieut.-gen., administrator, 5953.\\nMartin, b. (1790) d., 250\\nO. H., at Green River Bridge, 2242.\\nNathaniel F., b. (1782) d., 2762.\\nRichard Channing, b., 723 cons.\\nP. E. bp., 1232 d., 1522.\\nS. P.,d., 340\\nThomas, poet, b., 921 works, 935\\n9391,9443 ;d., 9582; bust in Central Park,\\n3061 centenary celebrated, 9843.\\nO., governor La., 1903.\\nWilliam Eves, b. (1823) moderator,\\n3562, 3582.\\nZephaniah Swift, b., 762 d., 1303.\\nMr., Indian miss.. 56 2 explorer, 651\\nMoorefield, W. Va., action at, 2081, 2283,\\n237 242 Early driven out of, 230\\nMoorehead, Minn., Normal Sell, opd., 3303.\\nWarren K., works, 3962, 4203.\\nMoore s Creek Bridge, N. c., action at, 82\\nHill College founded, Ind., 1762.\\nMills, Mo., Confeds. defeated, 2102.\\nMoorflelds, Eng., Whitetield chapel, 911\\nMoorhouse, James, cons, bishop, 9962.\\nMoorish kings, fnd. Alhambra, 11262.\\nMoors conquered in N. Afr., 8 come\\nfrom Sp., 92; origin, 4852,11272; over-\\nthrow Saracens. 11272; in Algeria, 10972;\\nin Portugal, 11091,2; independent of\\nTurks, 11382 Valencia made capital,\\n11272; dominion overthrown, 1109 3\\nconquests checked, 11253; Spaniards\\nconquer; aid Saracens; sack Madrid;\\nlose Marjorca, etc.; take and lose Gib-\\nraltar; aid K. of Granada; assist PMro;\\ndefeated in Granada, 11261 ;intro. astron-\\nomy fnd. Alhambra; intro. chemistry,\\n11262; begin kingdom of Granada; power\\nannihilated, 11273; revolt; expelled from\\nSp., 11293.\\nMoorvielf, Mikhail, d., 11182.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1351.jp2"}, "1352": {"fulltext": "1340\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. MoOS-MoiT.\\nMoosa, contests throne, killed, 1157 2\\nMoosehead Lake, Me., R. R. wreck, 4653.\\nMoosera, mission, 657 1\\nMoosh, massacre of Christians, 1158 2\\nMoosonee, see established, 9722 Bishop\\nHorden cons., 9742,\\nMoot, G. S., president, 4441\\nMooteea, mission, 657 1\\nMoquin-Tandon, Horace Benedict Alfred,\\nb.,715i; d., 7362.\\nMora, action at, 11322.\\nFrancis, b. (1827); cons, bp., 2983.\\nJuan Rafael, b. (1814) president,\\n6303, 631 deposed, 6311 d. (I860).\\nMoradabad, mission, 10483.\\nMoraes, Prudente, b. (1844\u00c2\u00b1) president,\\n5602; plot to kill, 5583.\\nMoral, Don Jose Zorilla y, works, 11311\\nMorales, Ambrosio de, b.-d., 1128 2 works,\\n11291.\\nAugustin, b.-d. ,5502; president, 5512,\\nFrancisco de, works, 11101.\\nFr. Xavier, gov., 6053.\\nGen., surrenders Vera Cruz, 1621\\nMoral Ode, written, 8503.\\nMoran, Edward, b. (1829); works, 2641,\\n2841 3021 3081 3141 318I 3221\\nM. J., gift to, 3722.\\nPatrick, cons, bp., 9603, card., 4982.\\nThomas, b., 1482 works, 1902, 2411,\\n2801, 2981, 3081, 3121, 3181; member\\nNat. Acad, of Design, 3181\\nMorand, Sauveur Francois, b., 6943 d.,\\n7043.\\nMoranza, Gen. Francisca, pres., 6311\\nMorat, Charles, routed, 7861\\nMoratin, Leandro Fernandez de, b.-d.,\\n11283; works, 11311.\\nMoravia, cholera, 415 2\\nMoravia, Aust., Christianity in, 5022 at-\\ntacked, 5021; Q er ru i e of; powerful;\\nHungarians in, 5031 Bela IV. defeated,\\n5041 Albert V. obtains, 5073 con-\\nquered, 6361 Conf. at Oltnutz, 6411 oc-\\ncupied, 8021; evacuated, S243 treaty\\nfor, 8251; strike, 5311.\\nMoravians, Aust. missions, 4962 brothers\\nappear, 5082 Cape Colony missions,\\n5981 4-; church in N. Ger. commence\\nHernnhut, 8003 Wesley observes, 9083\\nMissions Aid Society, London, 9381\\nin America, missions in W. I. in\\nGreenland, 622, 643, 711 in Guiana in\\nGa.,623; inN.Y.; Pa., 643, 3301 Zinzen-\\ndorf visits, 65 1 missions opposed,N.Y.,\\n66 2 in Labrador, 69 1 763; in Jamaica;\\nat St. Croix, 691 at St. Johns in Gua-\\ntemala, 10381 i u Nicaragua, 11032; in\\nO., 711 iu Barbadoes, 742; \\\\y. 1,; j n o.\\nvalley, 76 3 converts massacred, 951\\nin Alas., 2542, 3202, 3223, 3742 j favor\\ntemperance, 3311 Easter service, 3801\\nComenius celebrated, 4041\\nMoray, Scot., see erected, 8502, goss.\\nEarl of, title created, 8731\\nSir Robert, Royal Soc.,8901 d.(1673).\\nMorazan, Gen. Francisco, b. (1792) in-\\nvader, 6303; d. (1842).\\nMordaunt, Charles, Earl of Peterborough,\\nb., 888 2 at Barcelona, 6961; minister,\\n8992; d., 9082.\\nFrank, b., 1522.\\nMordecai, advanced in power, 1147 2\\nAlfred, b. (1804) col., 3741 d. (1887).\\nMorden. Lord. (See Yorke, Charles.)\\nMore, Hannah, b., 9103; works, 9231 9291\\n9352; d.,9412.\\nHenry, b., 8801 d., 8962.\\nSir Thomas, b., 8642; works, 8671,\\n8691 lord chancellor; resigns, 8692; exe-\\ncuted, 8681 ,2.\\nMorea, Gr., ceded, 5151 Fr. army occupy,\\n7241; conquest of, 10341, 10352; Vene-\\ntians expelled, 10341 uprising in, 10342;\\ntaken from Turks, 10353; Venice loses,\\n10781 Venetians authority restored\\ngiven to Turk., 10833; subdued, 11572.\\nMoreas, Prudente de, b., 5542.\\nMoreau, Hegesippe, b., 7191 d., 7282.\\nJean Victor, b.,7023; Fr. Gen., 5181\\nat Pirmasens, 7101, 806 1 at Radstadt\\ndriven across Rhine, 7122; at Hohenlin-\\nden, 7141 arrested sentenced exiled,\\n7153; at Engen, 8062; killed, 5201 ,7211\\nLouis, consecrated bishop, 5841\\nMorehead, Charles Slaughter, b. (1802)\\ngov. Ky., 1792; d. (1868).\\nJames Turner, b. (1797) gov. Ky.,\\n1452; d. (1854).\\nMorehouse, A. G., governor Mo., 3293.\\nAlbert P., d., 3922.\\nMorel, Frederic, b., 6822; d., 6882.\\nMoreland, Sir Samuel, b., 8802.\\nMorell, Geo. Webb, b. (1815) at Malvern\\nHill, 2092; d. (18S3).\\nMorellet, Andre, b. (1727); works, 7231;\\nd. (1819).\\nMorelos y Pavon, Jose Maria de, b.; re-\\nvolt besieged d., 10951\\nMoreri, Louis, b., 6383; Dictionnaire His-\\ntorique, 6931 d., 6923.\\nMores, Marquis de, duel, 7593, 7623, 7631\\narrested, 7603; anarchist, 7611; assails\\nHebrews, 7642.\\nMoret, Henry, duel, 7643.\\nMoreto, Augustin, b. (1618\u00c2\u00b1); works, 11292;\\nd. (1669).\\ny Cabana, Augustin, b.-d., 11283.\\nMoreton Bay explored, 4941 convict penal\\nstation, 4943.\\nMoreville, Hugh de, kills Becket, 8512.\\nMorey, Samuel, b. (1762) stern-wheel\\nsteamboat, 1042; d. (1843).\\nforgery circulated, 3051\\nMm-^agni, Giovanni Battista, b., 10831\\nd., 10842.\\nMorgan Park, 111., Baptist Union Theo.\\nSeminary organized, 2583.\\nAbel,b.(1673); onBaptism,663;d.,962.\\nCharles Hale, b., 1561 d. (1875).\\nDaniel, b., 622; atCowpens; in South\\nCarolina, 923; d., 1102; statue, 3073.\\nN., in treas. department, 4472.\\nEdwin Dennison, b. (1811) gov. N.Y.,\\n1871 d.,3122.\\nGeorge Nelson, b. (1825) d., 2521\\nOsborue, judge-adv.-gen., 9853.\\nW., b. (1820) vote for, 2733; d.,\\n4101.\\nHenry, b. (1635 buccaneer leader;\\nat Porto Bello, 421 in Costa Rica, 6302;\\nat Havana, 6311 d. (1688).\\nJ. B., killed, 4083.\\nJohn, phys., b., 622; d. (1789).\\nkilled, Canada, 5883.\\nHunt, b., 1341 at Big Hurricane\\nCreek, 2001; at Cumberland Gap, 2091;\\natCynthiaua; raids, 2101 ,2231 a t Paris,\\n2102; a t Gallatin, 2103; at Edgetield\\nJunction captures Gallatin, 2121\\nreaches Lexington, Ky., 2123, 2142; raid\\ninKy., 2142,3; at Bardstown threatens\\nLouisville, 2143; near Lebanon; near\\nNashville, 215 at Munfordville, 2163;\\nat Cainsville, 2183; at Brady ville, 219\\nat Snow Hill, 2202; crosses Ohio River at\\nBrandenburg at Burkesville at Green\\nRiver Bridge at Lebanon, 2242; at Har-\\nrison at Vernon; at Verlage, 2243;\\nraiders captured attempts to recross\\nOhio, 225 captured, 2261 escapes, 22S3;\\n2d raid into Ky., 234 1 invests Frank-\\nfort defeated at Jit. Stirling, 2342; 8 ur-\\nrenders,2462; k. at Greenville, 2381 ,2392.\\nPierpont, b. (1837) gifts, 4042.\\nTyler, b., 1321 arbitrator, 4252;\\nspeech, 4392.\\nJunius Spencer, b. (1813) gift, 9983.\\nK. H., at Davis Mills, 2163; at Deca-\\ntur, 2392.\\nLewis Henry, b., 1262; d., 3082.\\nMichael R., commissioned col., 3641\\nin war dept., 447 2 brig.-general, 4721.\\nPritchar, discovered gold, 9961.\\nLady (Sydney Owenson), b., 9203; d.,\\n9622.\\nTutor, Methodist, 9083.\\nThomas J., in interior dept., 351 2\\nWilliam, b., 823; abduction of; anti-\\nMason excitement, 135 2 d., 1341.\\nCollege org., Baltimore, 2543.\\nMorganslown, Ky., skirmish at, 2143.\\nMoi-ganton, X. Cl, insane asylum opened,\\n3152; deaf and dumb school, 3983.\\nMorgarten, Switz., Aust. defeated, 5041.\\nMorqenblad issued, 11042.\\nMorghen, Ratfaelo S., b., 10842; d., 10862.\\nMorhof, Daniel G., d., 7982.\\nMoriarty, Daniel, captured, 9703; exe-\\ncuted, 9983.\\nCaptain David, killed, 600 1\\nMorier, James, b., 9211 d., 9542.\\nMorija mission, 5982.\\nMorillo Pablo, Gen., at Angostura, 11602;\\nd. (1838).\\nMorin, Frederic, b., 7242; d., 7482.\\nJean, b., 6842; d., 690 2\\nMorini yield to Rome, 1058 2\\nMoriones, General, at Oroquieta, 11321.\\nMorison, James, religious leader, 9503.\\nAugust. Cotter, b. (1832); d.,9982.\\nMorisonians suspended, 9503.\\nMoritz, Karl Philip (Anton Reiser), b.\\n(1757) works, 8052.\\nMork, Jakob Henrik, works, 11351\\nMorland, George, h., 9162.\\nMorley mission, 5981\\nArnold, minister, 10092.\\nEarl of, title created, 9372.\\nEarl of. (See Parker, A. E.)\\nHenry, b., 9403; works. 9682, 978s,\\n9963 d. (1894).\\nJohn, b., 9482; minister, 9952, 9992;\\nworks, 9763,9843; resolution, 10092.\\nSamuel, statue, 9961\\nMormons, Book of M. written 1211 J.\\nSmith s vision, 131 1 J. Smith s dis.,1343\\n1st church org., 13(13; in Ohio, 1383, 1402;\\nBook of M. pub., 1391 in Mo., 1402; op-\\nposed, 1423; 12 Apostles org., 1442; sur-\\nrender, 1481 in 111. ,1502, 1511 1582, 1603,\\n1642; J. Smith k., 1563; B. Young pres.,\\n1582; missionaries; in Utah, 1622, 1643;\\ntemple burned, 1642; State Deseretfmd.,\\n1792; revolt, 1812, 1832; U.S. army sent,\\n1841; Morrisite trouble, 2093; mission-\\naries sent out, 2562, 3142, 3562; a rebel-\\nlion, 2691 protest favoring polygamy,\\n2703; sulfrage tor women; polygamists\\ndenied civil rights, 2711 ,2; militia dis-\\npersed, 2742; B. Young resigns temporal\\npower, 2802; John Taylor pres., 2962;\\nBrigham Young Coll., 3002; Edmunds s\\nAnti-Polygamy Bill, 3111, 3203, 3233;\\npolygamists expelled. 315 2 saints as-\\nsemble, 3382, 3662, 3S01 4162, 4401 per-\\nsecuted, 3423, 3462; mmtiles elect, 3523;\\nin Wyo., 3622; Church Property Bill,\\n3612, 3631; renounce polygamy, 3683;\\ndefeated by Liberals, 3803; capstone of\\ntemple set, 4041 Harrison s proclama-\\ntion, 4213 legislature enfranchises,\\n4231 dedicate temple, 4261 London\\nconfs., 9762, ys.e.2 synod at I.ond., 9702.\\nMornay, Philippe de (l)u Plessis-Mornay),\\nb., 6822; Works, 6843; d., 6863.\\nMomingside Coll. (Meth.), est. at Sioux\\nCity, la. (1894).\\nMornington, Earl of, title created, 9132.\\nEarl of, governor-general, 10472.\\nMorny, Comte de, Charles Auguste Louis\\nJoseph, b.,719i minister, 7313; d.,^362.\\nMorocco (see text, p. 11101); treaty with\\nU.S., 992,3; convert, with Ger,, 8352; G.\\nB. demands indemnity of, 1001 2 in-\\nvaded, 11101 war with Sp.,1130 settles\\nSp. claims, 11333.\\nMorosco discovers Kamchatka, 11141.\\nMorosini, Francisco, at Morea, 10341\\nMorpeth R. K. accident, 9833.\\nMorphy, Paul Charles, b., 1482; d. (1884).\\nMorrell, William, first 1 E. service, 301\\nMorrill, Anson P., b., 1102.\\nDavid L., governor N. H., 1332.\\nJustin Smith, b., 1162; on committee\\nof 33, 189 war prediction, 2033; direct\\ntax bill, 34S 3 on Reconstruction Com-\\nmittee, 241)3; reports Funding Bill, 2513;\\non Sherman Law, 4371\\nLot Myrick, b. (1815) gov. Me., 1852;\\nsecretary treasury, 2931 d., 3121\\nFunding Bill Intro.; defeated, 2513;\\nbill becomes law, 257 2\\nSilver Bill, 2612.\\nTariff Bill, 1872; bill passes, 193\\nbecomes operative, 1932.\\nMorris Canal, N. J., 1333, 1393.\\nCreek, Mass., action at, 82\\nIsland, S. C, Confederates defeated,\\nAlex., governor Red River, 583 a\\nBaron, title created, 931\\nBenj. Wistar, b. 1819) bishop, 264\u00c2\u00bb.\\nCharles, b.,962; d., 178\\nClara, b., 1602.\\nEdward Dafydd, b. (1825) modera-\\ntor, 2902.\\nGeorge Pope, b., 1102; works, 149\\n1523; d., 2373.\\nSylvester, b., 1522.\\nGouverneur, b., 683; recalled, 1053;\\nd., 1242.\\nSir John, gov. Ire., 8592.\\nSir gen., attacks Vigo, 1128\\nLewis, b. (1671); gov. N. J., 652; d.,\\n108\\nLuzon B., gov., 3692, 4151 447\\nRobert, b., 622; gift to soldiers, 852;", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1352.jp2"}, "1353": {"fulltext": "Morr-Mugf.\\nText Figures denote Page. IN Oil. X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1341\\nsupt. of finance, 933,972; treasurer, 952;\\nd., 1122; celebrated, 4733.\\nMorris, Robert Hunter, b. (1700+) gov.\\nPa., 693.\\nH., mayor of N. Y., 1552.\\nR., ordained M. E. bp., 1243.\\nThomas, of O., b., S5i; nom. vice-\\npres. candidate, 157 vote, 1592.\\nsenator, d., 156 2\\nAsbury,b., 1042; bp. 1462; d.,2S42.\\nArmstrong, b. (1811) gen. at\\nCarrick s Ford, 1962.\\nWilliam, b., 9462; works, 9623, 972a,\\n10063; forms Socialist League, 995 1\\nBrown OoU. (Metb. Epis. S.) est. at\\nAtlanta, Ga. (1881).\\nand Smith expedition sails, 9121.\\nIsland, S. C, Confederates defeated,\\n2223; Gen. Gillmore at, 2242.\\nMorrisey, John, fights Sullivan, 1732,3;\\ndefeats Heenan, 185* in Cong., 2591\\nMorrisites defy, 2003; convicted, 2213.\\nMorrison, Joseph Wanton, b. (17S3) gen.\\nat Chrystler s Field, 1203; d. (1S26).\\nCol., at Monticello, Ky., 2211\\nErnest, crosses continent, 49S1\\nJ. G. W., stoned to death, 4443.\\nRobert, matricide, 450 2\\nb., 9223; miss., 6163; d., 9462.\\nWm. Ralls, b. (182-5); vote, 3051 nom.\\nfor pres., 4092; interstate Commerce\\nCom., 3512, 4473.\\nobservatory, at Glasgow, Mo., 286i\\nTariff Bill, 3172,3251.\\nMorristown, Mo., action at, 1982.\\nN. J., Washington at, 861 911 mu-\\ntiny at, 923 asylum for insane, 2923;\\ncentennial First Presb. church, 3923.\\nTerm., Confederates captured, 2393.\\nVt., anniversary, 3633.\\nMorrisville, N. J., Connors suicide, 4G32.\\nColl. (Meth. Epis.) est. at Morrisville,\\nMo. (1872).\\nMorrow, Jer.,b.,762; gov. 0.,1313; d.,1701.\\nCensus Amendment Bill passes, 3551\\nMorse, Allen B., nom. for vice-pres., 4092,\\nDr., fnds. Chris. Knowledge Soc.,1123.\\nEdward Sylvester, b., 1501\\nElijah J., b.,1522.\\nF. H., on Committee of 33, 1891\\nJedediah, b., 723; works, 1023, H03;\\nd., 1342.\\nJohn J., Jr., Abraham Lincoln, 4462.\\nmissionary, Bulg., 5653.\\nRichard Gary, b. (1795); iV. Y. Ob-\\nserver, 1312; d., 2622.\\nSamuel Finley Breese, b., 1022; ex-\\nhibits telegraph, 148 1 obtains patent,\\n1521 appropriation, 1541 telegraphs,\\n1561 offers telephone, 1593; $80,000 from\\nFr., 1861; d., 2762.\\nSidney E., N. Y. Observer, 1312;\\nd., 2742; statue, 2741.\\nMortara, It., action at, 5222.\\nEdgar, restoration refused, 9632.\\nMortier, Edouard Adolphe Casimir Jos.,\\nDue de Treviso, b., 7042; invades Han-\\nover, 7141 at Ocana, 7181 d., 7262.\\nMortimer, Edmund, E. of March, b.(1390i);\\nrevolt, 8613 gov. Ire., 8631 d. (1424).\\nEdward, gov. Ire., 8611\\nRoger, E. of March, b.,8.42; treachery,\\n8553; condemned, 8573; gov.; k., 8612.\\nMortimer s Cross, Eug., battle of, 8641\\nMortlach, see of erected, 8462.\\nMorton Bay, penal station, 4943; free set-\\ntlement, 4971\\nCharles B., hi navy dept., 4472.\\nEarl of, title created, 8631.\\nE. of (James Douglas), b., 8681 re-\\ngent, restores Episcopacy, 8743; d. (1581).\\nHenry, scholar, b., 1462.\\nJoseph, gov. S. C, 492.\\nJohn, b. (1420\u00c2\u00b1); archbp. Canterbury,\\nS622; d. (1500).\\nJ. Sterling, gov. Neb., 1852 nom.\\nfor gov., 4151 sec. agriculture, 4271\\nLevi P., b. (1824); nom. for pres., 3311\\nvice-president, 337 2 loss by fire, 435 3\\ngov. N. T., 4712; coachman s case, 4752.\\nMarcus, b., 962; gov. Mass. 1333,\\n1531, 1572; d., 2312.\\nNathaniel, b., 261; work, 443; d.,48i.\\nOliver Perry, b., 1303; gov. lnd., 2032;\\nnom. for pres. contest, 2931; on Com-\\nmittee of Seven, 2933; Electoral Com-\\nmission, 2951 d. (1877).\\nSamuel George, b.. b S2; works, 1331\\n1443, 1511, 1583; d., 1682.\\nMorton, Thomas, b., 9162; d., 9482.\\nWm. Thos. Green, b., 128i d., 2622.\\nMortough, reigns in Ire.; policy, 8493.\\nMoryson, F., gov. Va., 413.\\nMosby, John S., at Al.lie, 2191 at Fair-\\nfax Courthouse. 2201 a t Dranesville,\\n2202; at Warrenton Junction, 2212; near\\nDranesville, 2302.\\nMoscheles, Ignaz, b., 8063; d., 8263.\\nMoseheroseh, Hans M., works, 7871\\nMoseoso, Luis Alvarado de, b. (1505);\\nleader expedition, 223; d. (1561).\\nMoscow, burned; captured; tvremlin fnd.,\\nravaged, 11141 great bell made, 1114 2\\nCathedral of Assumption built, of\\nTransfiguration patriarchate est.,\\n11143; Aposto/ printed; czar overthrown;\\nfnd. Moskovskia ll iedoinosti issued\\nUniv. fnd.; printing-press set up, 11151\\ncapital of Rus., 11152; burned in war\\nwith Fr., 7183; Wiedomosti revived; St.\\nNicholas Cathedral built, 11171 Russkoi\\nV yestnik revived, 11183; cong. of Slavs;\\nR.R. opd. to St. Petersburg, 11193; ca-\\nthedral mined; students arrested, 11211\\nmartiallaw proclaimed, 1121 2; influenza,\\n11213; Holy Coat in Cathedral, 11221;\\nrobbery from Kremlin, 11223.\\nMoseley, Henry, b., 9303; d., 9762.\\nWm. D., b. (1795); gov., 1611 d. (1S63).\\nMoselle, bursts boilers, 1493.\\nsilver shipment, 6093.\\nMoselle, Fr., army retreats, 8261\\nMosenthal, Salomon Hermann von, b.,\\n8122; works, 8182, S222; d., 8282.\\nMoser, Friederieli K.von, b., 8002; d., 8063.\\nJohann Jakob, b., 7983; d., 8042.\\nJustus, b. (1720); works, 8032; d. (1794).\\nMoses, adopted in king s family; history\\nof, 11403, 11413; Jethro counsels, 11412;\\nat Egyptian court, 6482, 6493 sends\\nspies, 11401 report, 11413; builds Taber-\\nnacle, 11402 excluded from Canaan,\\n11403; writes Pentateuch; Song of d.,\\n11411.\\nBernard, pres. University Cal., 4142.\\nCharles L., d., 1781\\nFranklin J., Jr., gov. S. C, 2SH es-\\ncapes trial, 2842.\\nMosetta, mission at, 11241.\\nMosheim, Johann Lorenz von, b.,7982; d.,\\nS023.-\\nMoshesh, d., 6013.\\nMoslem empire, culmination, 4853.\\nInst. inN. Y., 4761.\\nMoslems destroy churches, Egy., 6543; exe-\\ncuted, 11582. (See text, pp. 4S3-488.)\\nMosley, Capt., expels Indians, 461\\nMosque of Amro, erected at Cairo, 6542,\\nof Hassan, erected, 6542.\\nof Tooloon, at Cairo, 6542.\\nMosquera, Tomas Cipriano, b. (1798); dic-\\ntator invitation seizes gov t. pres.,\\n629i,2; struggle with cong.; deposed;\\nsentenced, 6293; d. (1878).\\nMosquito Coast, annexed, 1103 2 ,3.\\nReservation vs. Nicaragua, 4711\\nMosse, Bartholomew, est. hospitals, 911 2\\nMossel Bay, mission, 601 1\\nMossy Creek, Tenn., Carson-Newman Coll.\\nfnd., 1663; Confederates defeated, 2301.\\nMost, John, anarchist, arrested,3232, 3531\\nsentenced, 3852.\\nMostar, Herzegovina, action at, 5281.\\nMostyn, Baron, title created, 9451\\nMosul annexed to Turkey, 1157 2\\nMot.azilites, Mussulman theology, 4851\\nMo/her Goose s Tales published, 583.\\nMotherwell, William, b., 9283 works,\\n943i d., 9462.\\nMotley, John Lothrop, b., 133 1 minister\\nto Eng., 2672; requested to resign, 271 2\\nworks, 1802, 1881 2043, 2863 d., 2942.\\nMott, Alexander Brown, b. (1826) reports\\nof hydrophobia, 3241 d., 3442.\\nLucretia, b., 1042 d.,3041.\\nValentine, b., 962 d., 2471\\nMotte, Antoine Houdart de la, b. (1672)\\nwork, 6991; d. (1731).\\nMotteville, Francois Bertantde, b. (1621\u00c2\u00b1).\\nM noires, 6932; d. (1689).\\nMouchot, M., scientific experiments, 10 3\\nMoukden mission, 6223; fortified, Japan-\\nese approach, 0263.\\nMoule, Geo. Evans, cons, bp., 9862.\\nMoulin, Gen., in Prairial revolt, 7133.\\nQuignon, Fr., human jaw found, 7361\\nMoultrie, Wm., b., 621 takes Ft. Johnson,\\n803; at Port Royal, S. C, 90i d., 1122.\\nMoulu mission, 6003.\\nMound-builders, relics, 3382, 3661 396!\\nCity, Ark., burned, 2182.\\nValley, Kan., train robbery, 4363.\\nMounier, Jean Joseph, b., 7023; d., 7162.\\nMount Allison, Wes. Fern. Coll. fnd., 5803.\\nAngel College, Ore., fnd., 3283.\\nAuburn, annexed to Cincinnati, 2733.\\nCenis R. R. opd., 10893 tumiel built,\\n10882 opened, 11383.\\nCoke mission, 5972.\\nDesert Island Me., pillaged, 28i\\ncolony on, 291 mission, 5713.\\nGretna, Pa., farmers encampment,\\n3662; Chautauqua meeting, 4322.\\nHamilton, Cal., Lick Observatory\\nbegun, 3041 solar eclipse observed, 3841\\nHolvokeColl.,MaryA.Bingkam,pres.,\\n3383 E. Storrs B. Mead, pres., 3562.\\nHood, earthquake and eruption, 2481.\\nHope, Mass., Indians attack, 462.\\nLebanon University, La., org., 1731\\nLyceum, Gr., action at, 10262.\\nPleasant, la., Wcsleyan Univ. org.,\\n1571 fnd., 1782; German Coll. est., 2822.\\nPa., explosion of (ire-damp, 377 a\\nMoonshiners captured, 4002.\\nSt. Elias, Prof. Russell ascends. 394*\\nSt. Louis Coll., Can., burned, 5942.\\nSt. Mary s Coll. fnd., Md., 1143.\\nShasta partly disappears, Cal., 3601.\\nSinai, Arabia, discovered, 4881\\nSterling, Ky., action at, 2102; Confed-\\nerates take retaken, 220 1 Confeds. de-\\nfeated, 2342 Morgan surrenders, 2462.\\nTabor, Turks defeated, 650 7122.\\nUnion Coll., O., fnd., 1611 1843.\\nVernon, Ala., arsenal seized, 1901.\\n111., cyclone, 32S1\\nla., Cornell College fnd., 1822.\\nN. Y., Hamilton member Nat.\\nAcademy Design, 3501\\nV a., spared, 94 1 purchased, 1851\\nWashington, N. H., incline R. R.,2553;.\\nsignal station, 3621 fire, 4352.\\nWollaston, Mass., settled, 312.\\nZion, Mo., action at, 2021\\nStephen, Baron, title created, 10052.\\nWilliam S.,b., 1141; works, 1481, 2641;.\\nd., 2641.\\nMountain Meadow, massacre, 1823.\\nMountcashel, Earl, title created, 9231.\\nMountebanks first sung, 4161\\nMountgarret, Vise, of, title created, 871 1\\nMountjoy, Deputy, besieges Span., 8761.\\nMountmorris, Lord, shot, 9863.\\nMouradgea D Ohason, b.-d., 11563.\\nMourning dress forbidden. Russia, 11191.\\nMourzoufle, Emp., put to death, 11541\\nMoussa Bey exiled to Syria. 115S 3\\nMoiistier, Marquis de, minister, 7372.\\nMouti enthroned, 613 1\\nMouton, Alex, gov. La., 1552.\\nJean Jacques, Alex. Alfred, b. (1829)\\nd., 2312.\\nMoutshobo Burmese war, 10482.\\nMuu Wang enthroned, 6112.\\nMowatt, Mrs. (See Ritchie, Mrs.)\\nLieut., at Falmouth, Me., 803.\\nMowbray, Baron, title created, 8551.\\nLord, executed, 8613.\\nH. Siddons, in Acad, of Design, 3981\\nMoweni, slave village, 8383.\\nMower, Gen. Joseph Anthony, b. (1827)\\ncaptures Confederates, 2303; at Pleasant\\nHill, 2311; d.,2681.\\nMowing-machine invented, 9282.\\nMoya y Contreras, Pedro de, b.-d., 11282.\\n3Iozaml ique, Brit, flag raised, 6033.\\nCo. extends territory, 11113.\\nMozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, b., 8023\\nworks, 5163, 5171, 2, 8041; visits Eng.,\\n9161; d.,S043.\\nMozufferinEgy.,6541.\\nMpbnda, li. C. colony at, 11121\\nMpwapwa mission attacked, 8383.\\nMtesa,King, convert 5612; lapses d. ,5613.\\nMuazzim reigns as Bahadur Shah 10451.\\nMubarie reigns, 10433.\\nMttcke, Hemrieh Kurl Anton, b., S083.\\nMucklerat, Pa., opposition to rlag, 3543.\\nMucla Hassim, Sarawak, 5521\\nMudd, J. J., at Woodville, 2143.\\nS. A. assassination plan, 2431 sen-\\ntenced, 2482, 3.\\nMudie, Robert, b. (1777) d., 9502.\\nMufti of Moosh decorated, 11591.\\nMugford, Capt., captures Hope, 822;,\\ncruises near Boston, 823.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1353.jp2"}, "1354": {"fulltext": "1342\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column, Mllgg\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Musi.\\nMuggleton, Lndowick, b., 87S 2 leader,\\n8882; d., 9002.\\nMuggletonians, rise of, 8882.\\nMuliamniad Khan rules, 5391.\\nMuhlbaeh, Luise (Mrs. Mundt); b., 8103;\\nFrederick, S202, 3; d., 8281\\nMulilberg, Prus., battle of, 7901\\nMuhlenberg College org., Pa., 2583.\\nmission, 1161 3\\nFrederick Augustus, I (1750); speaker,\\n1012, 1032; d. (1801).\\nHenry Melchior, b.,7983; in Pa., 651\\nd., 982,3.\\nJohn Peter Gabriel, b., 662 com-\\nmissioned brig. -gen., 86 1 d., 1141.\\nWm. Augustus, b., 1061 d., 2942.\\nMuhler von, resigns, 8273.\\nMiihlhausen, Prus., battle of, 7881, 7962\\nalliance with Swiss Confederation, 789 2\\narticles of, 789 3 Socialists bloody riot,\\n8331.\\nMuir, Thomas, transported, 9272.\\nMuirhead, John, d., 9941.\\nMukhtar, Pasha Achmed, b. (1832) de-\\nfeats insurgents, 328 at Kars, 5651\\nMuktuddir reigns in Egy., 6552.\\nMuktuffee reigns in Egy., 6552.\\nMukur insurrection, 6 2\\nMulbe, Gen. von, commander, 8221.\\nMulberry-trees, silkworms in Eng., 8762.\\nMulder, Gerardus Johannes, b. (1802)\\nprotein intro., 11021 d. (1880).\\nMules, Chas. Oliver, cons, bp., 10082.\\nMulford, Col., exchanges prisoners, 2401.\\nElisha.b. (1833); .Wm\u00c2\u00bb,2723; d.,3202.\\nMulgrave, Baron, title created, 917 2\\nEarl of, gov. N. S-, 5792.\\nLord, lord of admiralty, 9332.\\nMiilhausen annexed to Fr., 8073.\\nMull, coast of, diving-bell, 8921.\\nMullen, Tobias, cons. R. C. bp., 2622.\\nMiiller, Charles Louis, b., 7222; d., 7621\\nFriedrich Maximilian (Max Miiller),\\nb., 9403; works, 9523, 9623, 9083, 9842;\\nSpelling Reform Asso., 9843.\\nGeorge, b. (1805) fnds., institution,\\n9463; fnds. Bristol orphan-house, 9491\\nGerhard Frederick, b., 11142 work,\\n11151; d., 11142.\\nGottwerth, work, 8051\\nJohann, b., 8071 d., 8201.\\nJulius, b., 8071 d., 828=.\\nKarl Otfried, b., 8063 works, 8131,\\n8152; d., 8143.\\nOtto Frederick, b., 638i d. t 6382.\\nSophie, b., 8082; d., 8142.\\nvonKbnigswinter Wolfgang, b.,812i\\nd., 8281.\\nWilhelni, b., 8063 works, 8131 d.,\\n8141.\\nMulligan, James A., b. (1830) at Lexing-\\nton, 1983 drives Early, 2301 d. (1864).\\nMulocli, Dinah Maria. (See Craik, Mrs.)\\nMulreadv, William, b., 9242; d., 96G2.\\nMultan, or Mooltan, taken, 10421; Brit.\\nassassinated, 10462 mission, 1046 3 in\\nSepoy rebellion, 1048 L\\nKennyree besieged, 104G2.\\nMultasche, Margaret, marries Louis,\\n7831 ,2; countess of Tvrol,507i divorced,\\n5072; d., 5062.\\nMultiple Candidate Bill passes, Fr., 7591.\\nMulvihill, Jermiab II., wounded, 4502.\\nMumford, Paul, gov. R. I., 1133.\\nWilliam B., cuts down flag, 20G3\\nhanged, 2083.\\nMummius, Lucius, at Leucoptra, 10281;\\nsends art treasures to Rome, 10563.\\nMuncaster, Baron, title created, 9231.\\nMuncer. (See Munzer, Thomas.)\\nMiinch, Peder Andreas, b., 11041; works,\\n11042; d., 11041.\\nBellinghausen, Eligius Franz Joseph\\nvon,b.(lMfn; works, 5203, 5242; d. (1871).\\nMiinchengratz;, Bohemia, sovereigns meet,\\n5212; battle at, 8241.\\nMiinchhausen, Baron, Karl Friedrich\\nHieronyinus von, b., 7983; d., 8063.\\nMunck, Ehha, marries Prince Oscar, 11363.\\nMunda, battle of, 10602.\\nMunday, Col., at Lick Ford, 2041\\nMundeila, Anthony James, b. (1S25); min-\\nister, 9952, 10092.\\nMunden, Joseph Shepherd, b. (1758) last\\nappearance, 9402; d. (1832).\\nMundt, Theodor, b., 8083; works, 8152; d.,\\n8202.\\nMrs. Theodor. (See Muhlbacb.Luise.)\\nMundy, Robert M., governor Egy., 5643.\\nMuneepur, Maharajah abdicates, 10493.\\nMuneepuris massacre Ghoorkhas, 10482.\\nMunford, Gen., at Favmville, 2451\\nMunfordville, Ky., Federals defeated\\nConfederates defeated, 2131, 2163.\\nMungeli mission, 10491\\nMunich, fnd., 7773 capital, 7812 Royal\\nLibrary, 7923; captured, 7001 8001 Mo-\\nreau enters, 7141 surrenders, 7942; Par-\\nnassus Boieus issued, 8003 Univ. of\\nLandshut joins Acad, of Science, S132\\nrevision treaty, 819 1 insurrection, 817 1\\nExhibition, 8261, 8313, 8341; Univ., Dr.\\nDdllinger, rector, 8263.\\nMunicipal Bill, New, Fr., passes, 7453.\\nCorporation Act passes, G. B., 951 2\\nLeague org., Boston; permanent, 4522.\\nNat. org., 4003 meets, 4762.\\nReform Leaguefounded, London, 9871\\nMunn, Edward, Ill-treats Chinamen, 4443.\\nMunro-Ryan case, N. Y., 3952.\\nMaj. Hector, at Baxar, India, 10442.\\nNorman L., d., 4521\\nMunroe, James, d., 2702.\\nMunster, Count, in London Confer., 9932.\\nEarl of, title created, 945i\\nMunster, Prus., bishopric est., 7703; be-\\nsieged burned, 7772 seized, 7901 sur-\\nrendered, 7903 increase in. rime, 9883\\ntoll imposed, 1101 2 Bank, payment\\nstopped, 9953.\\nMiinstei kerehe of Essen cons., 7723.\\nMuntz, M., Histoire, etc., 7662.\\nMunzer, Thomas, b. (1490+) preacher,\\n7891; leader, 7881,7892,7911; org. Ana-\\nbaptists, 7891 executed, 7881.\\nMupng captured, 4823.\\nMurad. (See Amurath.)\\nBey, war with Ibrahim Bey, 6571;\\nbattle of Pyramids, 7122.\\nKhan, sultan, Bokharan service, 6 2\\nMurat, Joachim, b., 7042 a t Aboukir,\\n6561 marries Napoleon s sister, 7152 at\\nPrenzlau,716i grand duke of Berg,7172;\\nin Sp., 7162 in Vienna, 5183 K. of\\nNaples, 7173 commands Fr. army, 7183;\\nat Tolentino, .3201 7221 leaves It., 5201\\nalliance with Aust., 1087 1 at Modcna,\\n10861 waragainst Aust., 10871 ;shot,722i.\\neditor, sentence, 7503.\\nMuratori, Ludovico Antonio, b., 10S31\\nworks, 10833; d., 10842.\\nMureay, Villette de, b., 6922.\\nMurchison, Sir Roderick Impev, b., 9262\\nd.,9761.\\nMurcia subdued, 11253, 11273; taken, 11261\\ncholera in, 11323.\\nMurdoch of Albany, regent, 8631\\nJames E., b., 1163 d., 4301\\nSir Thomas William, d., 5921\\nWilliam, b. (1754) on coal gas, 9261\\n9282 d. (1856).\\nMurdock, JameB, b., 851 d,, 1781\\nMuret, Fr., Albig -nses defeated, 6701.\\nMurfree, Mary Noailles (Charles Egbert\\nCraddock), b. (1S50\u00c2\u00b1) works, 3183, 3231\\n3311.\\nMurfreesboro, Tenn., Union Coll. org.,\\n1643 Soule Coll. fnd., 1723 Unionists\\nmeet, 2093 Feds, defeated, 2101 battle\\nof, 2171 Confederates defeated, 2402, 3.\\nMurger, Henri, b. (1822) works, 7302 d.\\n(1861).\\nMm iatic powder invented, 7061\\nMurillo, Bartolome Esteban, b.-d., 11283\\nworks, 11282,\\nToro, Manuel, b.-d., 6282 pres.,\\n6291,2.\\nMurner, Thomas, b. 7862; works, 7871,\\n7892\\nd., 7902\\nMurphy, Arthur, b., 9081 d., 9323.\\nDaniel, cons, bishop, 9541\\nEdward, temperance advocate, 4191\\nJr., senator, b., 146 2\\nFrancis, reformer, 2831\\nIsaac, governor Arkansas, 2413.\\nJ. Francis, in Acad. Design, 3281\\nJames, pres. Ref. synod, 1503, 1523.\\nJerry, opens jail, 4683.\\nJohn, at Vinegar Hill, 9281\\n,l i78fi); gov. Ala., 1333; d. (1841).\\nMcLeod, b., 1342 at Readyville,\\n2122; d., 2741.\\nJoseph, b., 1502.\\nMichael, killed, 9281\\nN. O., gov. Ariz., 4212.\\npolice captain, trial, 4522.\\nvarnish syndicate sell, 357 3\\nMurray River explored, 4941\\nMurray, Alexander, b., 9191 d.,9363.\\nDavid, b., 1381 in Japan, 4783.\\nEli H., governor Utah, 3052.\\nG. W., b., 1722 speech, 4403.\\nJames, archbp.,IrishNational School\\nsystem, 9443 consecrated bishop, 9681.\\nAugustus Henry, b. (1837); works,\\n9631,8923.\\nGen. James, at Montreal, 5743; gov.-\\ngen., 5753, 5772.\\nSir J., at Castalla, 7183.\\nJohn, b., G42; first American sermon,\\n762 d., 1242.\\npublisher, b., 9203 d., 10081\\nJoseph, gilt to Columbia Coll., 69i\\nLindley, b., 662; works, 1003,1063,\\nNicholas, b. (1803) moderator, 1662;\\nd. (1861).\\nPendleton, governor Texas, 2293.\\nRobert, sets up penny post, 8953.\\nWilliam, sails for China, 6222; es-\\ntablishes mission to blind, 9962.\\nE. of Mansfield, b., 9022 chief\\njustice, 9152 declaration, 923 1 d., 9263.\\nHenrv Harrison, b., 1522.\\nVans, b., 723 d. (1803).\\nMurrell, Capt. Hamilton, gift to; knighted,\\n6422 rescues JJantneerk, 6423.\\nMurrumbidgee River explored, 4942.\\nMurska di, lima, b. (1S43\u00c2\u00b1) d., 5302.\\nMusa, b. (600 conquests, 4841 d. (71S).\\nChelebi attacks* onstantinople, 11561\\nKhan, ameer, 63; submits to Brit., 71\\nPedro de. missionary, 183.\\nMusseus, d., 10131\\nMusaus, Johann Karl August, b., 8002\\nworks, 8031 S052 d., 8043.\\nMuscat, Persian rule Portuguese in, 4873;\\ndriven out, 4861 surrenders, 4873, 4883;\\nhurricane; rebellion, 4883.\\nMuscovy Co. in Greenland, 273, 3781.\\nMuseum, The., London, issued, 9131.\\nMusgrave, Sir Anthony, gov. S. Afr., 4983,\\n4992 d., 5013 9982.\\nGeorge Washington, b. (1804); moder-\\nator, 2642 d. (1882).\\nMusgrove, Sir John, lord mayor, 9492.\\nMusic, Jubal plays the harp and organ,\\n11391 harp, flute, and pipe, early Egy.,\\n6461 the octave devised Olympus in-\\nvents the enharmonic system, 10142\\nPythagoras teaches the music of the\\nspheres hymns sung in tragedies, 10162;\\niEsehylus writes music to his own tra-\\ngedies, 1019 1 Archimedes invents water\\norgan, 1055 2 choristers sing in Roman\\ntragedies, 10622 Egy. intonation of\\nscale, 6522 Hucbald invents system of\\nscales, 539 1; ch. music intro., 10722 j\\nmusical notes inv., 10721 written on\\nstaff, 8462 uses of measured music cod-\\nified, Ger., 7762 earliest extant, 8521 j\\nmusical notes perfected, 10762 i s t Dr.\\nof, 8641; 1st public school of music,\\nMilan, 10782 Paris Academy Music,\\nest., 6802; sacred drama in Eng., 8701;\\nnotes printed, 0822 patent for printing,\\n8741; 1st true oratorios, Rome; opera,\\nEuridiee, at Florence operas, Arianna\\nand Orfeo, 10821; God Bless the King,\\nvocalized Tempest, 8781 harmoniza-\\ntions of tunes, 880 1 operas intro. in Eng.,\\nCambridge prof, of music appt., 8961\\nItalian opera intro., Eng., 9022 Ancient\\nAcad, inst.; Handel in London, Rinaldo\\npresented, 9041; Handel in G. B. t 9102,\\n9123; violin perfected pianoforte inv.,\\n10821 2 Handel s Esther in Eng., 9061\\n1st Ger. opera, 7943 i s t Fr. opera, 6822:\\nEolian harp inv., 7962; 1st Fr. composer,\\nPomone, 6922 opera Royal Soc. Musi-\\ncians org., Eng., 9112 Comique, Paris,\\nappears, 0902; Madrigal Soe.,Loiid.,org.,\\n9102; pedal harp inv., 8002; licensed in\\nEng., 9132; notes printed, Ger., 8022;\\nMozart in Eng., 9101 Mozart s operas,\\n8041 5163 Handel commemorations,\\nEng., 9222, 9461; glass harmonica inv.,\\n8041 Beethoven s com posit ions; Haydn s\\nCreation, 5191 harmonichord inv.,8101\\nRoyal Acad, of M. est., London, 9402;\\nWeber s compositions, 8121 Mendels-\\nsohn s compositions, 8121, 8141 Paga-\\nmm in Loud., 9441 accordion inv., 10861\\ntonic sol-fa system, 952 1 Meyerbeer s\\noperas, 814 1,81*61 Wagner s operas, 8161\\n818 1, 1 8243, 8281; London, 9881 Philhar-\\nmonic Soc. est., Loud., 9362, 9532 Ser-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1354.jp2"}, "1355": {"fulltext": "Musi-Napl.\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN JJ-hL-X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1343\\naphine appears, Lond., 940 1 Musical\\nWorld issued, 9483 Royal Soc. Female\\nMusicians est., 9501 Handel Soc, Lond.,\\norg., 9521 Jennv Lind sings, Lond., 9511\\nTonic Sol-Fa Soc. fnd. coll. est., 9582\\nMusical Soc. of Load, org.; .Monday con-\\ncerts, Lond., est., 962 Handed centenary\\nfestival, Lond., 9622 Acad, of Music,\\nLond., fnd. Patti sings, London, 9642;\\nNilsson sings, Lond.; Kellogg sings, Lon-\\ndon, 9701 concert pitch lowered, Lond.,\\n9721; Grand Opera House built, Paris,\\n7361 Musical Asso. fnd. ,978 1 Nat.Train-\\ning School Pirates of Penzance, 9781\\n.Nat. Opera House, Lond., est.; Nat. Train-\\ning School of Music, Edinburgh, 9801;\\nWagner festival, Lond., 9821 Patience,\\n9SS1 Musicians Conf., Brighton, 9883\\nMusical Choir, org. Acad. M., Scot.,\\nfnd. Royal Coll. XL, Lond., opd., 9901\\nPrincess Ida, Mik ido, presented, 9921;\\nsymphonion inv.; Joseph Hof man plays,\\nLondon, 9961; Otto Hegner plays in Lon-\\ndon, 9981 Compositions Copyright Act,\\nEng., 9992; oratorios intro. in It., 10S02.\\nMusic, U.S.A., singing-school music ap-\\npears, Mass., 761; Yankee Doodle sang,\\n912; Hail Columbia sang, 1091; Star\\nSpangled Ban-tier written, 1232, 3.361;\\nHandel and Haydn Soc, Boston, 124 1\\nMessiah, Creation, Boston, 126 1 My\\nCountry, Tis of Thee, written, 1403\\nOperatic Theater in N. Y. fails, 1421;\\nsinging lessons in Boston public schools,\\n1481; philharmonic. Soc, N. Y., first\\nsings, 1541 Ole Bull in N. Y 1561\\nJenny Lind in N. Y., 1661 Alboni in\\nN. Y., 1701; Sontag in N. Y., 1721;\\nAcad, of Music, N. Y., opd., 1761 Ade-\\nlaide Phillips in N. Y., 178 1 34$i 3541\\nParepa lv sa sings 1*57) Piccolomini in\\nN. Y., 1841 P;uti in N. Y., 1801 0. L.\\nKellogg in N. Y., 1902; Worcester Musi-\\ncal Asso. org., 229i Theo. Thomas soi-\\nrees, N. Y., 2411; Mendelssohn Glee\\nClub, N. Y., 2501 N. Eng. Conservatory,\\nBoston, est., 2581 2701 Salem Oratorio\\nSoc. est., Mass., 258 1 278 1 2 festivals at\\nCincinnati est., 2641 4GO1 Nat. Peace\\nJubilee, Boston, 266 1 Der Nordameri-\\nkanische Sangerbund, reorg. at Chicago\\n(1868) Orpheus Singing Soc. est., Buf-\\nfalo; Harmonic Society, Cincinnati, org.,\\n2681 Apollo Musical Club org., Chicago,\\n2741 Beethoven Conservatory org., St.\\nLouis; Orpheus Soc. org., Phila., 276 1\\nWorld s Peace Jubilee, Boston, 2781;\\nCleveland Vocal Soc org., 2801; Bee-\\nthoven QuintetClub, 282 1 Oratorio Soc,\\nN. Y. a org., 2841 Loring Musical Club\\norg., S. Francisco, 292 1 M. Teachers\\nNat. Asso. org., 2923, 3482 Mozart Club\\norg., Pittsburg, 298 1 Symphony Soc;\\nColl. of Music est., N. Y. Cincinnati\\nColl. of Music; Bach Soc of Cleveland,\\nO., org., 3001 Central Music Hall, Chi-\\ncago, est. Choral Soc org., St. Louis,\\n3021; Boston Syinph. Soc. org., 306 1\\nMetropolitan Opera House, N. Y., opd.;\\nCecilia Ladies Vocal Soc. org., Brook-\\nlyn; Campanini appears, 3141; Chicago\\nOpera House opd., 320 1 Erminie sung;\\nAm. Coll. of Musicians est., 3241 Carne-\\ngie Music Hall, fnd., 358 1 3821 Worces-\\nter Musical Festival standard piano\\npitch determined, 392 1 Lion Tamer\\nsung, 3981 Mountehaiiks, Fencing Master\\nsung, 4161 Acad. fnd. at Northampton,\\n4201 Sangerfest, N. Y., closes, 462i Soc.\\nfor Promotion of Music meets, 4641\\nMusical World, London, issued, 9483.\\nMusicians, Am. Coll. of, incor., 3241\\nNat. Soc. of Professional, find., 9903.\\nMusik-Verein, est. in Milwaukee, 1681\\nMuskegon, Michigan, tire, 3853.\\nMuskerry, Baron, title created, 9231.\\nMusket, in armies. 7382; matchlock inv.,\\n7882 flintlock used, Eng., 9001 j n It.,\\n10822 in Burgundy, 6762 in Fr., 6861\\nMuskingum college org., O., 1491\\nMuslin, figured, woven, 1361 first made,\\n8001 mfg. attempted, 9202.\\nMuspilla appears, 7723,\\nMuspratt, James Sheridan, b., 9403 d.,\\n9761.\\nMussa di Carrara, besieged, 10902.\\nKhan submits, 71\\nMussato, Albertino, b. (1261) Eccerinus,\\n10771; d. (1330).\\nMusschenbroek, Pieter von, b.-d., 1101 1;\\ninv. Leyden jar inv. pyrometer, 11003.\\nMusseerabad mission, 10483.\\nMusset, Louis Chas. Alfred de, b., 7191;\\nworks, 7263, 7271 7292, 8152; d., 7322.\\nMussey, Reuben Dimond, b.,931; d.,2521.\\nMustali takes Jerusalem, 4872.\\nMustang Island, Tex., expedition at, 2281.\\nMu.-lapha 1. reign:;, 11572; d., 11563.\\nII. reigns, 11572.\\nIII. reigns, 11572.\\nTV. reigns, 11573.\\nKoprili, grand vizier, 1157 2\\nMustapha et Zeanger, 7051\\nMustareb, revolt, 4S3i tribes war, 4841\\nMusurus Pasha in Lond., Conference, 9932.\\nMuta, Syria, battle of, 4841.\\nMutcher, Howard, b. 1842.\\nMutes, deaf instruction, Dr. Wallis, 8871\\nEng. law against, 9192.\\nMuther, Richard, work, 8362.\\nMutina. (See Modena.)\\nMutiny, punished, 5502; f sailors, 8921\\nAct, 751 9172; first, Eng., passed, 8992.\\nMutsu Hito, Japan, welcomes foreigners\\nreigns, 10931.\\nMutual Employment Soc, object, 4611.\\nMutual Rights issued, 1323.\\nMuxica, Martin de, governor, 605 2\\nMuybridge, E. J., photographs, 9881.\\nMuza, Saracen leader, 11251.\\nMuziano, Girolamo, b., 10803 d., 10823.\\nMwanga, of W.Afr., 5613, 5621 ,2,3,10023.\\nMycale, battle of, 10183.\\nMycenas, Or., fnd., 10133 explored, 11581\\nwalled, 10141 destroyed, 10193.\\nMyddleton, Sir Hugh, b. (1555) d. (1631)\\nstatue, 9661.\\nMyer, Albert James, b. (1827) d., 304i\\nMvers, Abraham C, b. (1812) d., 3402.\\nFrederic W. H., work, 44S2.\\nG. A., surety for J. Davis, 2563.\\nHarvey, indicted, 4183.\\nMy ingyan, occupied, 104*2; mission, 104G3.\\nMvbc, battle near. 10523; defeat off, 10603.\\nMylne, Louis G., elected bishop, 9803.\\nMynpuri, mission, 10471\\nMyographion invented, 8181\\nMyonnesus, action at, 10551.\\nMyrocephalus, action at, 10322.\\nMyron, Gr. sculptor, b., 10191.\\nMyronides invade Birotia, 10191.\\nMysia ravaged, 10341.\\nMysore, war with second, 10442 third,\\n10461 divided, 10472 taken, 10473.\\nBishop Coadon consecrated, 986 2\\nMysteries played, 6742.\\nMystery capsizes in Jamaica Bay, 327 3\\nof the Mat/ian Kiiu/s issued, 11271.\\nMysticism in Ger., 7843 intro. It., 10723.\\nMytens, Daniel, b.-d., 10983.\\nMzab annexed, 102.\\nN.\\nNaaraan comes to Elisha, 11443.\\nNabonassar reigns, 11452.\\nNabonidus reigns, 11472.\\nNabopolassar, viceroy, 11453 ally of Cya-\\nxares burns himself, 11461\\nNachod, Bohemia, battle at, 8241.\\nNachtigal, Gustav, b.,8142 fnds. colonies,\\n8313 d., 8302.\\nXacion, La, established, 4913.\\nNacooche, Ga., gold found, 3022.\\nNadab, offers fire, 11403 king, 11433.\\nXadal, Bernard Harrison,!.,., 1^42; d. (1870).\\nNadan captured, 10482.\\nNadar*s largest balloon, 7361.\\nNaddoddr in Iceland, 11 1\\nNadir Kuli, regent, 11072.\\nShah, or Kuli Khan, b.-d., 11063; con-\\nquers India, 11062 reigns, 11072 j in\\nAfghan., 5 attacks Oman, 4861; pil-\\nlages Delhi, 10441 assassinated, 11072,3.\\nNadius reigns, 1145 2\\nNaevius, works of, 10531\\nNat els, battle of, 7841\\nNagarkoil, mission, 10462; hospital, 10921\\nNagasaki, Japan, missionaries burned,\\n10911 Dutch privileges, 10913 missions,\\n10922 telegraph est., 10943, UlSi.\\nNagle, dep. -marshal, no jurisdiction, 3571\\nNagoya, mission at, 10922.\\nNagpur,Ind.,Bp.Kiccazcuns., 9962; taken,\\n10461 under G. B. 10473 mission, 10493.\\nNagri visits Bokhara, 549 2\\nNahant captures Atlanta, 2223.\\nNaharro, Propaladia, 11291.\\nNahuas in Mexico, 113.\\nNahum, prophet, 11443.\\nNails, wrought, 93 1 by machinery, 9241\\nNaiitchow sinks, 6273.\\nNairne, Baroness, title created, 8932.\\n(Carolina Uliphant), b., 9163\\nd., 9522.\\nNaish, John, elianc, 9933, 9951 d., 10041\\nNaissus. (See Nish.)\\nNajera, Spain, battle of, 858\\nNakhaileh, mission, 6571\\nNamaqualand, missionaries in, 5982,3\\nwith Cape Colony, 5993 j annexed, 6032.\\nNam-Dinh, B. Flags beaten Fr. conquer\\nevacuated, 4.S0*; pirates, 4821,4833.\\nNameoki, 111., R. R. accident, 4413.\\nNaimtr founders, 9121\\nNamur, Belg., taken. 5421 6941 7001 chol-\\nera,5492 capitulates, 6941 siege of, 900 1\\nNanainio, Can., mine explosion, 5853.\\nNana-Suhib, b.-d., 10462 in rebellion; de-\\nfeated, 104S1 at Jorway Pass, 1048=.\\nNance, Albinus, governor Neb., 3033.\\nNancy, Fr. take, G982 acquired, 7033,\\n743i military sedition, 706 1 occupied,\\n7202 statue of Joan of Are, 7601\\nNancy Hanks, record, 4133,4152,4173,4373.\\nNanfan, John, governor N. Y., 552.\\nNangar, Madras, mission, 10471.\\nNankeng enthroned, 611 2.\\nNanking, China, capital. 613 1 6152 battle\\nat porcelain tower, 6142, 61S3 British\\nfleet, 6I62 peace commissioners treaty\\nsigned, 9173; massacre; taken, 618 1\\nsiege raised, 620 1 recaptured; redress\\ndemanded, 6202; mission, 6223, 6243;\\nprotected, 6263.\\nNansen, Fridjof, b., 11041 Arctic expedi-\\ntion, 11053 in Greenland, 6421\\nNantes, Fr., Univ. of, fnd., 6783 burned,\\n8491; massacre, 7112; cholera, 7633;\\nstrike, 7643.\\nedict of, 571 2; signed, 6872; confirmed,\\n5732, 6873, 6903 revoked, 482,6931\\nNanteuil, Robert, b., 6882 d., 6923.\\nNanticoke, Pa., strike, 4242.\\nNantucket, Mass., settled, 412 fisheries\\nest., 453 plundered, 902 whaling-ship\\nsails, 1033 fire, 1613 secedes, 1232.\\nNantwich, Eng., battle of, 8841\\nNan Wang enthroned, 6112.\\nNaogeorg, Thomas, works, 7911.\\nNaomi dwells with Ruth, 11422.\\nNaoshera, defeat at, 41\\nNapa, Cal., Coll. fnd., 2703 insane asy-\\nlum established, 281 1\\nNapanee, opera-house collapses, 5872.\\nNapier, Baron, title created, 881 1\\nof Magdala, Baron, title created, 9651\\nSirCharles James, b., 9223 jgov.Ind.,\\n10473 d., 9582 statue, 9602.\\nSir John, admiral, b., 9242 de-\\nfeats Dom Miguel, lllOi at Beyrout,\\n656 3 9501; commands Baltic fleet; at\\nBomarsund, 9581 d,, 9642.\\nSir Francis, b. (1819) minister at\\nWash., 1831 gov. of Madras, 10491\\nJohn, b., 8701 Logarithms, 8761 ,8801\\nd., 8801\\nJoseph, lord chancellor, 9632,\\nLord, in China d., 6172.\\nSir Robert Cornelius, b., 9351; pro-\\nclamation in Abyssinia, 21 baron of\\nMagdala, 9051 field marshal, 9901 j vice-\\nroy of India, 10492 d., 10021\\nshipbuilder, b., 9243 d., 9802.\\nSir William Francis Patrick, b., 9223\\nwork, 9442; minister to Wash., 1831;\\ngovernor Did., 10491 ,2.\\nNapierville, insurrection, 5781\\nNaples, fnd., 10511 Gr. colony at, 10152\\nconquered, 10532, 10752, 10781 allied\\nwith Rome, 10522 defended, 10542\\nplague, 10652, 10S73 capital of duchy,\\n10713 acquired by Gr., 10332 Univ. of\\nSalerno fnd., 10751; capital, 10752; be-\\nsieged, 7781 Univ. of, fnd., 10752 sur-\\nrenders, 7S01 cathedral begun, 10763;\\nseparate from Sicily, 10772, 10793, 10853\\nSt. Janarius chapel erected, 10832 Acad.\\nest., 10781 earthquake at, 107S1, 10822,\\n10841 invaded, 6793, 1088 1 treaty for\\nconquest of, 6793 Fr. expelled, 6782,\\n10813 annexed to Sp., 10793 resigned\\nby Francis, 6813 possession dispute,\\n7913; revolt, 10S21, 1086 1 ceded to\\nAust.,515 10883 claimed by Charles\\nVI., 515i ruled by Sp., 10S52 ceded to", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1355.jp2"}, "1356": {"fulltext": "1344\\nText Figures denote Page. UNDrL-A.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nNapo-Nati.\\nSp., 10841 lazzaroni enrolled, 10841\\nFr. occupied, 714 Giomale Encyclope-\\ndico issued, 10S52 Fr. army invades,\\n6172 Napoleon abolishes temporal\\npower, 10751; Fr. capture, 5201 10301,\\n10702, 10741; united to Sicily, 10871;\\nuprising subdued, 5201, 10841, H28*;\\nAust. in; revolt of Carbonari, 10861,\\n10872 treaty with U. S., 1411 Eng. and\\nFr. withdraw, 1087 3 Jesuits expelled,\\n1086 3 Progresso del Science issued,\\n10871; R. k. to Rome, 10873; presb.\\nmission, 10383; Am. squadron at, 3541\\nNapoleon, Ark., seizures, 190 2\\nNapoleon I., Bonaparte, b., 7042; lieut. in\\nartillery, 706 at Toulon, 7101 crushes\\nrevolt of Sections, 710 2 7113; marries\\nJosephine, 713 1st Italian campaign;\\ndefeats Aust. at Mitlesimo; wins at Mon-\\ndovi,712i and at Lodi Savoy and Nice\\nceded Belgian provinces ceded peace,\\n713 2 besieges Mantua; wins at Lonato,\\nCastiglione,Medola, Roverado, Bassano;\\nrepulsed at Caldiero win? at Areola, at\\nCastelnuovo, 712 returns to Paris, 7132;\\ndefeats Aust. at Rivoli at Mantua at\\nAncona; at TagHamento crosses Alps,\\n712 war with Venice abolishes Vene-\\ntian aristocracy org. Cis-Alpine Repub-\\nlic, the Liguriau Republic sent to\\nEgy., 7132; 2d coalition against Ft.,\\n7133; sails for Egy.; takes Malta; takes\\nAlexandria; in battle of Pyramids;\\ntakes Cairo, 7122; takes El Arisch; war\\nagainst Aust. takes Jaffa besieges\\nAcre; takes Mt. Tabor; repulsed at\\nAcre leaves Egy., 7122; controls govt.;\\nreturns to Fr.; under New Directory;\\ncoup d e^at; Council of Ancients dis-\\nsolved; expels Council of Five Hun-\\ndred; chosen consul; consul for life,\\n7133; makes overtui es to Eng.; occu-\\npies Tuileries, 7152; subdues royalists in\\nVendue crosses Alps into It.; in Milan;\\nwins at Marengo, 714 j signs concordat\\nwith pope reestablishing religion, 715 1\\nassassination of, fails peace elected\\npres. of Italian Republic, 7152; i 3 t con-\\nsul for life Simplon road made Code\\nNapoleon Malta disputes war against\\nEng., 7153 makes insolent demands of\\nEng., 9313; builds docks at Antwerp,\\n5433; retaliation against Eng.; camp at\\nBoulogne, 714 insults Eng. ambassa-\\ndor; plans invasion Eng., 9313; conspir-\\nators defeated hereditary emperor\\ncrowned; K. of It.; Genoa annexed 3d\\ncoalition, Code N. promulgated, 7153;\\nenters Vienna; wins Austerlitz, 716\\nPeace of Presburg, Aust. cedes terri-\\ntory, 717 restores calendar; appoints\\nbrother, Joseph, king of Naples, brother\\nLouis, K. of Holland est. Confederation\\nof Rhine ending Holy Rom. Emp. de-\\nthrones Bourbons in Naples slanders\\nQ. of Prus.; war with Prus., 717 2 insti-\\ntutes Order of Iron Cross of It., 10853;\\nwins at Jena occupies Berlin enters\\nVienna; invades Poland; against Rus.,\\n7161 improves State service issues Ber-\\nlin decree (Anti-Eng.) peace with Sax-\\nony, 7173; issues Milan decree, 9333; a t\\nBayonne, 11312; defeats Prus. atEylau\\nat Friedkmd, 71G 2 peace with Rus. and\\nPrus.; Prus. cedes large territory, 7172;\\nrevives education, 717 treaty of Kon-\\nigsberg org. kingdom of Westphalia\\ntreaty of FontaineMeau Port, invaded\\nalliance with Sp. Port, claimed crown\\nof Sp. given height of glory, 7173 Pe-\\nninsular war with G. Brit., 716 2 meets\\nprinces at Erfurt enters Madrid sup-\\nported by czar, 717 3 abolishes Inquisi-\\ntion, 717 5th coalition, 7193; pope s\\nremonstrances, 5193; -war with Aust. as\\nally of Eng.; wins at Abensberg at\\nLandeshut wounded at Ratisbon takes\\nVienna again defeated at Aspern and\\nEssling wins at Wagram peace, 718\\nking of Italy, 10853; deposes pope;\\nabolishes pope s temporal power\\ntakes pope prisoner divorced excom-\\nmunicated, 7192; retaliates against\\nAm., 1151; marries Maria Louisa, 5203,\\n5211 annexes Hoi. and Hamburg, 7193;\\nNapoleon II. born denationalizes all\\npro-British flags Eng. rejects overtures\\nwar against Rus.; in West Rus.; in\\nVilna, 718 2 restrains press, il92; in\\nMoscow; Rus. rejects proposals disas-\\ntrous retreat wins at Krasnoi hastes\\nto Paris Rus. and Prus. against Fr.,\\n7193; power in Ger., 8111 War of Lib-\\neration raises another army, 7183;\\nnew concordat with pope, 7211 in Bo-\\nhemia wins at Liitzen at Bautzen at\\nHochkirchen; armistice, 720 Austria\\ndeclares war, 7212; wins at Dresden;\\nrepulsed at Nollendorf, 720 retreats;\\ndefeated at Leipsic wins at Hanau at\\nHochheim in Mentz, 720 2 empress\\nregent leaves Paris wins at St. Di-\\nzier defeated near river Aube wins at\\nChampaubert at Montmirail, 7202; at\\nMontereau at Craonne defeated at\\nLaon wins at Reims defeated at St.\\nDizier allies enter Paris, 7203; Cong,\\nof Chatillon empress flees throne for-\\nfeited abdicates receives sovreignty\\nof Elba, 7212; Louis XVIII. enthroned;\\nN. escapes at Cannes in Lyons ban\\nagainst enters Paris in triumph Hun-\\ndred Days commence, 7213; abolishes\\nslave-trade, 7211; makes concessions,\\n7232; reorg. army; in Belg.; wins at\\nLigny defeated at Waterloo, 7221 ab-\\ndicates, 7232; farewell to army; flees\\nfor Am.; surrenders to Brit.; sails for\\nSt. Helena, 7221 at St. Helena family\\nbanished d., 7233, 7273; remains\\nin Fr., 7292, 7353; birth eel., 733 7383;\\nwill given to G. Brit., 7333; statue, 7381\\n7501. (See Coalition.)\\nNapoleon II. Bonaparte, b., 7193; d., 7262.\\nIII., Charles Louis Napoleon Bona-\\nparte,^, 7171 coup d etat; proclaimed\\nemp., fails, 7273; works, 7272, 7343, 7363,\\n737 insurrection, 7293; pres. Fr., 8173;\\nescape from prison, 7293; in Assembly;\\npres. Fr. republic; address; opposed;\\nchanges ministry; coup d etat, 7313;\\ngrand banquet, 7303; Fr. sue cession, 731 3\\nrecognized, 9573; banishes opponents\\nat Tuileries, 7313; life endangered, 733\\n2,7351; tour in South Fr.; dynasty re-\\nstored proclaimed emp., 7332; marries\\nEugenie peace address restores peer-\\nage, 7331 declares war with Aust.. 5241\\n5252; in Algiers, 91 meets Ger. sover-\\neigns, 8212; ultimatum to Port. 11112;\\nat Genoa; advises pope, 7352; Mexican\\npolicy, 735 3 excommunicated; against\\ntemporal power, 7343 at Strasburg, 815 3\\nproposes European eong., 822 demands\\nof U. S., 10963; meets Bismarck, 8232;\\nwithdraws army from Mex., 2552, 7372;\\ninvites eong.,82:S3; visits Salzburg 5273;\\ncommands army at Metz succeeded by\\nBazaine, 738 1; concessions toward lib-\\neral government, 7391; proclaims war\\nagainst Prussia; empress regent, 7393;\\nsurrenders at Sedan, 7402; prisoner at\\nWilhelmshohe, Prus., 7412; empire ends,\\n7411; issues a proclamation; displaced\\nby 3d Republic Fr. capitulates, 745 1;\\nprotests, 7452; refuge in Eng., 745 3 as-\\nsumes responsibility for surrender at\\nSedan, 7472; d., 746 7473; remains re-\\nmoved, 9972 body in mausoleum, 757 3\\nNnpoh ^.n III. rf riinlhf appears, 7343.\\nNaquet, Alfred Joseph, b.,7262; senator;\\narraigned, 7582.\\nNaram-sin, temple, 11391 reigns, 11393.\\nNaranjo, battle at, 6321\\nNarbo, Martins, fnds. Provence, 10572.\\nNarbonensis, Gallia, Rom. province, 10572.\\nNarbonidus, finds records at Sippar, 1139\\nNarbonne, Fr., fnd., 6613; surrendered,\\n6641; battle, 7701.\\nNarbonne-Lara, Comte de, Louis, b., 7022;\\nd., 7211.\\nNarcein, asteroid, discovered, 7261.\\nNarcissus launched, 9941,\\nNarcissus rules Claudius, 10631; k. (54).\\nBp., intro. Christianity, 7682.\\nNarcotm discovered, 7142.\\nNardi, Jacobi, Jfisfoi-j/ of Florence, 10832.\\nNares, Capt. Sir George Strong, b. (1831)\\narctic expedition, 9801.\\nJames, b. 9042; d. (1783).\\nRobert, b. (1753) d., 9442.\\nNarodnaia Volia reappears, 11203.\\nNaronic lost life-boats found, 4273.\\nNarragaiisett, collision, 3053.\\nNarragansett, R. I., Indian battle, 462.\\nBay, cruiser Boston damaged, 3421.\\nNarranjeri, Bible translated, 4962.\\nNaraes, b.-d., 11062; rules Romans, 7712,\\n11071 disaffected, io.;o2 victories, 10302,\\n10312; recovers Rome, 10313, 10702, 10713;\\nmurders Goths, 7703; defeats Goths at\\nTotila; at Capua, 10702 expels Tiridates,,\\n11533; rules It. as duke, 10713.\\nNarsinhpur mission, 10483, 1049 1.\\nNaruszewicz, Adam Stanislaw, b.-d. ,11143.\\nNarva, battle at, 11141, 11341.\\nNarvaez, Pamfilo de, b.-d., 11263; against\\nCortez captured, 181 in Fla., 182, 191 T\\ngov., 19 3 expedition; survivors, 203.\\nRamon Maria, Duke of Valencia,\\nb.-d., 11302; exiled, 11313.\\nNasby, Petroleum V. (David Ross Locke),\\nb.(1833); works, 2603,2643; d. (1888).\\nNaseby, Eng., battle of, 8843.\\nNash, John, b. (1752) rebuilds Haymar-\\nket Theater, 9401 d. (1835).\\nRichard, b., 8923; d., 9151.\\nThos., b., 8722; -works, 8763; d.,8762.\\nNashua, N. H., McKean embezzlement,\\n4763; mills strike, 3531\\nand Lowell R. R. opened, 1493.\\nNaskrille runs blockade, 2002, 2042; in\\nEng.; leaves, 2022; destroyed, 2191.\\nNashville, Tenn., trading-post, 59 Univ.\\nof Tenn. org., 983; Q. s. Presb. synod\\norg., 1343; capital citv, 1352; R. C. dio-\\ncese, 1483; ii. s. Somth Conven.; dis-\\nunion assembly, 1672; cholera at, 1673;\\nlighted with gas, 1693; U. S. funds\\nseized, 195i evacuated, 202 occupied,\\n2042; loyalty of^2073; Confederates re-\\npulsed, 2151 Rosecrans leaves, 2171;\\nUnion Conven.., 2253; Grant s headquar-\\nters, 2283; battle; Hood invests, 2402;\\nstate conven. meets, 2431 Central Coll.\\nchar., 2522; Fiske Univ. org., 2602; p e a-\\nbody Normal Coll. opd.; Vanderbilt\\nUniv. org., Med. Dept. opd.. 2903; Med.\\nDept. of Univ. of Tenn. opd., 2963;\\nstatue of Jackson, 3041 centennial eel.,\\n3053; eartliquake,3o2 Nat. League Rep.\\nClubs, 3551 tire, 3813; mob in, 4063.\\nNasmyth, Alexander, b., 9143; d., 9502.\\nJames, b. (1808); inv. steam ram, 9481\\ninv. steam-hammer, 9521; sun observa-\\ntions, 9641 d., 10022.\\nNassau wrecked, 9282.\\nNassau balloon, in Weilburg, 9481\\nGer., annexed to Prus., 5272; Von\\nStein memorial, 826 see est., 9583; Bp.\\nChurton cons., 9962.\\nW.I., mission at, 622.\\nDillenburg, Ct. Louis of, b.-d., 10983.\\nD. of, at Luxemburg, 5462.\\nHouse of, rules in Orange, 6813.\\nRene de, rules, 10992.\\n-Siegen, Joan Mauritz, Count of,\\nb.-d., 11003.\\nNasse, Dr.. gov. of Rhine provinces, 8333.\\nFreidrich C. A., d., 8162.\\nNassr-ed-Din, b.-d., 1106 3 enthroned,\\n11081, 10432,3; in Europe, 5323, 11081.\\nNast, Abner, governor N. C, 913.\\nThomas,!)., 1522.\\nWin., b., 8083; editor, 1503.\\nNata, Panama, founded, 173.\\nNatal, Afr., two colleges, 5981; miBBlone,\\n5982,3, 6011; bishopric est., 5983; an-\\nnexed G. B., 5992; independent colony,\\n5993; insurrection, 600 2; Council of\\nEducation; Gordon memorial est., 6003;\\nconstitution modified, 601 2 clergy di-\\nvided representative govt, est.; tele-\\nfraph est., (1013, colonists disaffected;\\nulus belief, 6031; offer of legislative\\ncouncil ^^a; responsible govt., 6043;\\nemigre 1, 9413; Bp. Jolivet cons.,\\n9742; bp. baynes cons., 10102.\\nNatale mission est., 10463.\\nNatalie, ex-queen, b. (1859) in Hung.,\\n5343; expelled, 11242.\\nNatchez, Miss., trading-post est,, 591 set-\\ntled, 592; Indians attack war, 601 Eng.\\narrive, 783; first Bapt. church, 932; N.\\nGazette est., llli lottery est., 1191 yel-\\nlow fever,1313 R.C. see e., 1483 tornado,\\n1501; disunion meetings, 1691 Confeds.\\nsurrender, 2072; Hood surrenders. 2463.\\nLa., Inds. captured, 60 defeated,62i\\nNatchitoches, La., expedition, 231\\nNathan, prophet, fable, 11423.\\nNatick, Mass., women on sch. board, 339\\nNational Acad. Bill passes Cong., 4131.\\nof Art est., 4121\\nof Design, building erected, 2541\\nof Science, extends membership,\\n2701; meets, 338 1.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1356.jp2"}, "1357": {"fulltext": "Nati-Navi.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1345\\nNational Afro-Am. League org., 359\\nAgricultural Conven. meets, 171\\nArt Asso. Congress, 4061\\nAssembly, Ger., meets at Frankfort,\\n5223; dissolved, 5232; meets, 5672.\\nEr., fmd., 7053; meets, 7072; de-\\ncrees, 7073; dissolved, 709 meets, 731\\nworkman in, 7443; meets at Bordeaux,\\n745 at Versailles; vote for Ver-\\nsailles, 7452; dissensions in, 7463; per-\\nmanent committee. 747 committee for\\nconstitution, 7472; meets, 749 against\\nsenate motion to dissolve (5 parties in,\\n7492; passes new constitution, 7493; ap-\\npeal to nation, 7542.\\nGer., meets, 8172; est., 8212.\\nAssociation Baptists. (See Baptists.)\\nBuilders meets in N. Y., 3763.\\nDemocratic Clubs conven, 4172;\\nCleveland s address, 4172.\\nEng., fmd., 8752.\\nfor rifle-shooting meets, 966\\n974 982 1000 1002\\nfor Social Science, meetings, 962\\nof Inventors org, 3803.\\nof Military Surgeons org., 391\\nof Naval Veterans org., 3263.\\nBank, first, charter ends, 1192.\\nBill amended, 2333.\\nCharters Extension Bill, 311\\nCirculation Act, 2712, 349\\nReserves, :i ,T, certificates, 2572.\\nBankruptcy Bill, 257\\nBanks, funds removed, 1412.\\norg., 2293; tax of, defeated, 2333;\\nloans of, 2653; call on, 3892; capital law\\npasses, 285\\nTax Bill, 2352, 4652, 4672. (See\\nBanks.)\\nBaptist issued, 2503.\\nBar Asso. meets, Wash., D. C, 3963.\\nBenevolent Institution est., 9372.\\nBoard of Health appointed, 3013.\\nof Trade, session, 4232.\\nBrewers Association meets, 385\\nCong., political action, 2563.\\nBrotherhood Ball Players org., 3233.\\nBurial Case Association, session, 4593\\nCapital Building Loan Asso., 3892.\\nCasket Co., N. Y., incorporated, 3653.\\nCemeteries, soldiers Congress pro-\\nvides for, 257 Gettysburg dedi., 2293.\\nChautauqua, near Wash, opd., 3843.\\nCigarette and Tobacco Co., 4113.\\nCivil Service Reform League, 3703,\\n3923.\\nand Colonial League est., 9733.\\nColors Display Bill, N. Y., 455\\nColored Labor Conven. meets, 269\\nCommercial Conven. assembles, 2743.\\nCommission, World s Fair, 3693.\\nConference of Charities and Correc-\\ntions meets at Buffalo, 3583.\\nConfectioners Asso., 7th meeting,\\n3623. 6\\nCongress at Buenos Ayres, 4912.\\nat Argos, 10353.\\nConservative Partv find., Ger., 8273.\\nClub org., London, 995\\nConvention. (See Paris.)\\nBuilders 3523; hour payment,\\n3543.\\nColored, at New Orleans, 2773\\nat Red Oak, la., 3892.\\nof Inventors, London, 166\\nRadical Democrats.conven.,2792.\\nof Soldiers and Sailors, 2552.\\nof R. R. Commissio 359\\nof Temperance Wo *5\\n(See under names ol parties.)\\nCordage Co., buys, 5933.\\nCouncil of Educators, 3622.\\nCovenant, Scot., signed, 8823.\\nCyclists Union founded, 9843.\\nDeaf Mute Coll. est., 2352, 2412.\\nDebt, IT. S. A. (See text, pp. 103 to\\n155, on Jan. 1 of each year pp. 157-479,\\non July 1 of each year) in 1865, 249 re-\\nfunded, 2712 payment proposed, 2652.\\nof Eng., 9012.\\nConversion Bill passed, 999\\nDefense Govt, appt., 741 favored,\\nFrance, 7433.\\nDemocratic Conventions. (See Dem-\\nocratic Party.)\\nDivorce Reform League meets, 4222.\\nEditorial Asso. meets, 3443, 365\\n3862,3872,464\\nEducation (Ireland), Bill, 10112.\\nNational Education Board formed, 496\\nSociety, Can., meets, 5922.\\nU. S. A., meets, 2782, 3423,\\n4002.\\nUnion meets, 9723.\\nElectric Light Asso. meets, 3782.\\nFederal Asso. meets, Ger., 8213.\\nFederation. (See France, 7073.)\\nConven. iu Dublin, 10052.\\nof Employees find, Eng., 979\\nGallery, London, est., 9402, 956\\nof Ireland opened, 9662.\\nGrange of Patrons Industry org., 261\\nof Husbandry meets, 4183 de-\\nmands, 4442.\\nGreenback Party fmd., 299 con-\\nvention at Indianapolis, 317 2\\nGuard est., Fr., 7072 dissolved, 724\\n7463 reestablished, 724 reorg., 730\\nAsso. meets, N. Y., 334\\nof Ohio, John A. Logan, Jr., 1st\\nlieutenant, 354\\nof Seine abolished, 7453.\\nof Sp., org., 11302; disorg., 1130\\nGuild Alliance, Unitarian org., 3463.\\nHealth Society, London, fnd., 979\\nExhibition, 9913.\\nHome, Togus Springs, 255 near\\nMilwaukee, 269\\nIndependence eel., Phila., 1013.\\nIndustrial Conf. meets, St. Louis,\\n4 r ,23 favors People s Party, 4022.\\nIrrigation Congress, 3913.\\nLabor Congress meets, 2412, 271\\nLeague l or\\\\ onsolidation, 9883.\\nfor Baseball formed, 3133.\\nfor Protection of Am. Institu-\\ntions, address, 4443.\\ninvades Ulster, 9911 meeting pro-\\nhibited, 9913, 11932 active in Ire., 997\\nproclaimed, 9973 conven. at Cardiff,\\n9972; demonstration, 10103. (See under\\nIrish.)\\nof Rep. Clubs meets, 355 429\\nFederation fmd., 983 at Leeds,\\n985 ends conference, 1011\\nLiberal Club, supports Gladstone,\\n10012.\\nLiberty Conven. meets, 157\\nLive Stock Asso. org., 3193; 4223.\\nLoyalists Conven. at Phila., 2552.\\nMemorial Hall Asso. find., 3883.\\nMining Congress meets, 3953 favors\\nfree coinage, 4103.\\nMunicipal League organized, 4603\\nconvention, 4762.\\nPark at Chattanooga, 344 (See\\nCalifornia and Wyoming.)\\nPension Fund org., Eng., 9983.\\nPhotographers Asso. Conven., 3882.\\nPicket first issued, 3862.\\nPortrait Gallery provided, 9602.\\nPrison Reform Asso., org., 269\\nmeets, 321 3932, 4183.\\nProhibition Party. (See Prohibition.)\\nProvident Union r ml., 317 statistics,\\n4463.\\nQuarantine Bill passes House, 423\\nQuarterly Review founded, 1863.\\nReal Estate Cong, meets, Ala., 3803.\\nReform Union meets, 9853, 10122.\\nRepositonj issued, 2922.\\nRepublican Conven., etc. (See Re-\\npublican Party.)\\nReview issued, Eng., 9603.\\nrifle-inei tiiig. Belgium, 545\\nschool system agitated, Eng., 9623.\\nSeamen s Union of Am. Conven., 4283.\\nShooting-match at Gotha, Ger., 8203.\\nSilver Conven., St. Louis, Mo., 3492.\\n(See Silver.)\\nSmoke Abatement Inst, fnd., 9903.\\nSocial Science Asso. formed, 9602.\\n(For yearly meetings see following pp.)\\nSociety, training school, 9352.\\nfor sick and wounded, 975\\nElectro-Therapeutists, 4722.\\nof Prof. Musicians, fnd., 9903.\\nSoldiers Home opened, 375\\nTeachers Association held, 343\\nTemperance .Jubilee, London, 9903.\\nLeague formed, Eng., 961\\nSociety foniied,2483. ,Foryearly\\nmeetings see following text.)\\nestablished, Eng., 953\\nThrift Society founded, 9843.\\nTrade Society formed, 9752.\\nTruss Society founded, 925\\nUnion founded, 309 statistics, 4463.\\nNational Union (Temperance) formed,\\n977 9972.\\nConference, Cincinnati, 3852.\\nConven. of Conservatives, 2533.\\nUniversity Bill, intro. Cong., 3592.\\nVolunteer Asso. formed, 962\\nWaterways Conven. meets, 3932.\\nWoman Suffrage Asso. meets, 4503.\\nworkshops established, Fr.,731\\nNationalists dispersed, 997 meeting at\\nBallycoree, 9973 mobbed, 10003.\\nNutiir issued, Germany, 8183.\\nNalura, La, issued, Fr., 10902.\\nNatural gas dis., 332 3382, 350 362\\n380 394 402 well burns out, 392\\nHistory Society, Boston, org., 138\\nprojected, Eng., 940\\nMuseum of, opd. Phila., 110\\nUniv. of, dedicated, 111., 4182.\\nselection theory. 962\\nNaturalists, Am. Soc. meets, 348 446\\nand Physicians Congress, 8362.\\nNaturalization Act, first, F.ng., 8632.\\nTreaty with Gr. Brit., 2672.\\nNaturalized Citizens Bill, 2633.\\nNaturforscher Verein formed. 812\\nNaucratis.Egy., Grecian buildings erected,\\n6502.\\nNaudain, Arnold, b. (1790) d., 276\\nNaudet, Joseph, b., 7062, d., 7502.\\nNaughten, Michael, ens. R. C. bp., 9862.\\nNauhyotl, king of .Mexico, d., Ill\\nNaulochus, defeat off, 10603.\\nNaupactus. (See Lepanto.)\\n,Moritz Ernst Adolf. b.,s()63; d.,8262.\\nNauiuanu, Johann Gottlieb, b., 8003 d\\n807\\nNausikan discovered, 5282.\\nNautical JiJar/arJiw issued. 9463.\\nNauvoo, 111., founded, 1502 laid out, 1633\\nMormonmob,157 Mormon temple built,\\n1572,1582; Mormoiistabundoii, 1603,161\\ntemple burned, 1642.\\nLegion, review forbidden, 2713 com-\\npanies dispersed, 2752.\\nNava, Jose Joaquin de, gov., 6303.\\nNaval Academy. Annapolis, Md., 158 3\\n250 392 hazing prohibited, 284\\nArch. Marine Engi.. session, 444\\nApp. Bills pass bouse, 353 3571,\\n3592,3; 3771, 4052, 4251, 4611; pass sen-\\nate, 3593, 3773, 4072, 4252, 4652.\\nBill passes, G. B., 10012.\\nArchitects, Institution org. (1860.)\\nAssociation Veterans org., 3263.\\nCoast Volunteers Act, G. B., 9592.\\nCollege founded, Eng., 9071\\nCommittee, Congresnappoints, 813.\\ndepartment reform, Gr., 10181.\\nDiscipline Act passed, G. B.,9653.\\nDry Docks on Puget Sound, 4181\\nForce Act passed, Australia, 5003.\\nIntelligence committee find., 9912.\\nDepartment find., 996i 9972.\\nand Military Asylum est., 2431\\nOfficers, bill for promotion, 4792; con-\\nvention in Boston, 3863.\\nOrder, U. S., est., 387\\nordnance proving-ground tests, 3941\\nrepairs limit, 3201\\nreserves, U. S. A., org., 332t, 3332,\\n4201 4681 drill of on North River, 3881\\nannual cruise, 410 ,436 (appropriations,\\n4212; census, 4501.\\nschools authorized, 2852.\\nsupremacy, struggle for, 241\\nWar College opd., 4621\\nNavamorquenilciMarq. of, gov. Chili, 6053\\nNavara, battle of, 6801\\nNavarin Island mission, 4903.\\nNavarino, Gr., battle of, 7241; taken,\\n10342; fleet annihilated, 10343.\\nNavarre sinks, 9913.\\nNavarre annexed, 6873; partly annexed to\\nSp., 11262 kingdom fnd., 11272 con-\\nquered crown passes to Fr., 11273\\nkings of, 11272, 3; Carlistsin; uprising\\nin invaded, 1132 action at. 1137\\nCount of, in Algeria, 8\\nNavarrete, Martin Fernandez de, b.-d.,\\n11291; works, 113H.\\nNavarro, Luis Diez, gov., 6302,\\nNavas de Tolosa, action at, 1126\\nNavassa Island, Galena at, 344 rioters\\nreach Baltimore, 346\\nNavesink Highlands, tugboat sinks, 4633.\\nNavez, Francois Joseph, b.,5422; d., 5442.\\nNavigation deepened, Can. opd., 5952.\\nAct passed, 392; enforced, 43 472,3;", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1357.jp2"}, "1358": {"fulltext": "1346\\nText Figures denote Page. INUllyv. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nNavi-Neri.\\nanti-Amer., 412; third, 452 opposed.,\\n473; repealed, 893; first, Eng., 8991\\nNavigation Laws Kepeal Bill, G. B., 9552.\\nest., Gr., 10152.\\nNavy, officers appointed,81i first Am. fleet\\ncruises, 821 foundation of, 853; war-\\nTessels, 802 strengthened, 90 1 pro-\\nvided for, 1052; in 1798 dept. org., 1081\\n1092; Brooklyn yard est. reduced, 110 1\\ngunboat system intro., 1121; io hour\\nlabor system est., 153 1; rations, 1552;\\nreorganized, 2112; strength in, 1862,2143;\\nstatistics, 1865, 2463; spirit ration ends,\\n2511; admiral, the ranking officer, 256\\nadmiral and vice-adm. abolished, 2801\\nReduction Bill passes,. l: 2 dept. bureaus\\norg,, 3421 Squadron of Evolution sails,\\n3521 reduction of engineer corps\\nstopped, 411)2; new flag, 3491; Cushing\\nlaunched, 3521 Enlistment Bill intro.,\\n3571 heavy ordnance manf.,3741 plans\\nfor dry dock, 3961 war-ships reclassified,\\n3931 (See names of vessels.)\\nagainst gov t Chile, 6081.\\nappropriation for, Ger., 7321\\nEng., first naval victory, 8441 power-\\nful, Eng., 8453; pay office est., 8853; war\\nships lost, 9201 mutiny in, 9281 ordered\\nto evacuate, U.S. A., 9333; numbers, 9361;\\nscrew propeller, 9501; list completed,\\n9521 strength, 9561 9601 966 1 flogging\\nrestricted, 962 1 expenses, 9661; Disci-\\npline Act amended, 10031 warships\\nbuilt, 10012. (See names of vessels.)\\nfirst Fr., 664 1 aids Louis in Eng., 6701\\nfirst adin. appt., Fr., 6721 enlarged, 7561\\n7581; ravages Kng. coast, 8681.\\nlargest ironclad launched, it., 10901.\\nsuccessful, Neth., 10981\\nand Military Asylum est., 2431.\\nRoman, first appearance, 10521\\nNawab of Rampur in Am., 431 1 4343.\\nNaxos Island colonized, 10153 f nd., 1051 1\\nrevolts, 10173; destroyed, 1018 1 cap-\\ntured, 10183; battle of, 10222.\\nNayibugas reigns, 11413.\\nNaylor, James, b. (1616) punished, 8892;\\nd. (1660).\\nNazarenes in Hung., 5262, 5311\\nNazareth, Palestine, battle at, 6541 ceded\\nto Crusaders, 6552.\\nMadras, mission, 10462.\\nPennsylvania, fnd., 65 2\\nNeagle, John, b. (1796); d., 2481\\nNeal, Dan., h.,S*M2- Puritans, 900^ d.,9103.\\nJohn, b. T 1042; works, 1271 1312, 1341\\n1371, 1423; d., 2921.\\nJos. Clay,b. ,1141; work, 1583; d., 1623.\\nLawrence T., nom. for gov., O., 4351\\nNeale, Leonard, b., 662; d., 1262.\\nNeander, Joachim, b. (1650 works, 7972,\\n8132; d. (1680).\\nJohann A. W., b., 8043; works, 8103,\\n8151; d., 8181.\\nNearchns, b., 10243; explorations, 10242.\\nNebe, Oscar, sentenced, 3272.\\nNel -Ka reigns in Egy., 6453.\\nNeb-kher-Ka reigns in Kgy., 6472.\\nNeho, S. C, negro school difficulty, 4262.\\nNebraska, territory org., 175 1 Francis\\nBurt, gov., 1771 T. B. Cuming; gov.,\\n1772; Mark W. Izard, gov., 1702; Congre-\\ngational Conf. org., 1822; Wm. A. Rich-\\nardson, gov.; J. Sterling Morton, gov.,\\n1852; Meth. E. conf. find., 1862, 1902\\nSam. W. Black, gov., 187 1 A Ivan Saun-\\nders, gov., 2032; bill for forming state,\\n2333; constitution trained, 2513; consti-\\ntution ratified, 2531 js: 2; Cong, admits,\\n2532,2563; David Butler, gov., 2553, 2593;\\nnegroes disfranchised, 2563 legislature\\naccepts terms of admission admitted\\nover veto, 2571 capital transferred to\\nLincoln, 2593 normal schools opd.,\\n2603 prot. Epis. diocese, est. Univer-\\nsalist conven. org., 2642 ratifies 15th\\nAmend., 2693 state insane asylum, 2743\\nGov. Butler impeached, 275 1 Evang.\\nLuth. syimd find., 2762 j University of\\nN. opd., 2763; Wm.H. James, acting gov.,\\n2772; Robt. W.Furnas, gov., 2851; grass-\\nhopper plague, 2853 j Relief and Aid\\nSoc. org., 2871; arbor day est., 2873;\\neldership est. in Church of God, 288a\\nlocust plague, 291i; Silas Garber, gov.,\\n2912; tornado, 3001 Albinus Nance, gov.,\\n3033 Slocum Law effective, 3071 N.\\nUnitarian Asso., org., 3102; constitu-\\ntional amend, rejected, 3103 northern\\nboundary extended, 3111; James W.\\nDawes, gov., 3152; land grants to Indi-\\nans, 3191; institution for feeble minded\\nest., 3271 Wesleyan Univ. opd., 3322;\\ninsane asylums opd.; Algernon S. Pad-\\ndock, gov., 3332 legislature taxes din-\\ning cars, 337 2 Industrial Home opd.,\\n339i mammoth s skeleton unearthed,\\n3441 Prohibition party find., 3483 Labor\\nDay est., 3511 legislature special ses-\\nsion, 3612; Prohibitory Amend, rejected,\\n3711; corn famine, 3733; Farmer s Alli-\\nance in legislature, 3752 relief for\\nWestern farmers, 3771 James E. Boyd,\\ngov., 3991 Lorenzo Crouse, gov., 4132\\ntrain robbery, 4182 state officials im-\\npeached, 4263 trial, 4272 prairie fire,\\n4273; blizzard, 4541 Hibernians against\\nProtection, 4583; aid for sufferers, 4693;\\nThomas J. Majors nom. for gov.,\\n4692 straight Dem. ticket Dem. unite\\nwith Populists, 4731 Maximum Freight\\nLaw unconstitutional, 4772; destitution,\\n4793; Wm. V. Allen, gov. (1893).\\nNebraska Central Coll. est., 3223.\\nCity, Institution for Blind opd. 291 1\\nWesleyan Univ. est., 3322.\\nNebuchadnezzar, warrior, 11421 burns\\ntemple, 11422 art patron takes Tyre\\nconquers Egy.; invades Syria, 11461 at\\nCarchemish, 6501 visions, 11463\\ndreams; reigns; in Judea, 11471 resumes\\nthrone, 11472; d., 11462.\\nNebular hypothesis, Eng., 9343.\\nNecho I. reigns, 6512 at Megiddo, gar-\\nrisons; fortih eat ions, 65 1 Red Sea and\\nNile canal; builds fleets, 6502 sends\\nfleet for discovery, 651 2 captured, 6501\\nNeckam, Alexander, Science, 8503,\\nNecker, Jacques, b., 098 3 Compte Rendu\\npublished; resigns, 7 ).~.3; disiuissed,707 2\\nloses influence, 7073; d.,7151.\\nNeckerl, Leo Raymond de, b., 1082 d.,\\n1421.\\nNScrologie des Hommes, etc., issued, 7033.\\nNecropolis at Assouan, Egy., 661 1\\nNectanebo I., reigns 6513; dethroned, 6513.\\nII., reigns in Egy., 6513.\\nNectansmere, action at, 8421.\\nNectarius, bp. of Constantinople, 10291;\\nd., 10303.\\nNede/rluitsehe Leftcmrfenir/en issued, 5443.\\nNrderiandsch Museum issued, 11022.\\nSpectator issued, 11022.\\nNeedham, Marehmont, b. (1620); works,\\n8851; d. (1678).\\nNeedle-gun invented, 814 1 victories, 8243.\\nNeedlemakers incorporated, 7822.\\nNeele, Henry, b., 9283; d. (1828;.\\nNeely, Henry Adams, b., 1381 bp., 256i\\nNecpawa, The Pcqis! -r, 5843.\\nNeerwinden, Belg., battle of, 5181, 6941.\\nNees von Esenbeck, Christian Guttfried,\\n1.., S042; d., 8201\\nNcl i i\\nL-Ua reigns in Egy., 647.\\n-f-Ra reigns in Egy., 647i\\\\\\nka-Hor reigns in Egy., 6472.\\nRa reigns in Egy., 6453, 6472.\\nPepi II., reigns, Egy., 6472.\\nannu, reigns, Egy., 6472.\\nkhentu, reigns, Egy., 6472.\\nnebi reigns in Egy. 6472,\\nPepi-senb reigns Egy., 6472.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0terer reigns in Egy., 6472.\\nlission, 10472.\\nNegato, Prince of, bombarded, 10921.\\nNegley, James Scott, b., 1342 near Jas-\\nper, 2083; near Nashville, 2151\\nNegombo captured, 10441\\nNegrelli-Moldelbe, Aloys von, b., 519 1\\nd.,5242.\\nNegrete, Don Manuel de Salamanca y,\\ncaptain-general, Cuba, 6242.\\nGen., insurrection, Mex., 10961\\nNegrier, Gen., Francois Oscar de, b. (1839);\\nChinese attack, 482 1 victories, 4822;\\nwounded in duel, 7603.\\nNegroes, insurrection, San Domingo, 462\\nimportation of, 553 insurrection in Va..\\n1392; as soldiers, 2102, 2151 as soldiers\\nopposed, 2112 in army, 2113, 2173, 2192;\\nvote in D. C. conven., Indianapolis,\\n2252 killed in N. Y., 2253; for soldiers,\\n2293 in govt, service, 2311; in army;\\nConfed., senate opposed, 243 2 suffrage\\nextended, D. C, 24:13, 2552, 2591 Suf-\\nfrage Bill passes, 2o03 ascendency as\\nRepublicans, 2592 suffrage by 15th\\nAmend.; Nat. Conven., Wash., 2653;\\neligible to office, Ga., 2672 resume of-\\nfice, 2693; vote protected, supremacy in\\nSouth, 2711; emigrate West, 30H in In-\\ndian tribes, 3171 Emigration Bill, 3491\\nexodus in N. C, S. C, 3511 nrs t State\\nfair, 3513 excluded from law school,\\n3682 Colonization Bill, 3752 mo b\\nlynches,393i fast day of, 4062; conf of\\nAla., 4521 migration to Afr.,4743. (See\\nEmancipation, Liberia, Slavery.)\\nNegropont, naval battle near, 10761\\nNehavend, Persia, battle of, 4841\\nNehemiah, reforms of; expedition, 11463;\\nviews Jerusalem ruins gov. of Judea,\\n11473.\\nNehemialu written, 11463.\\nNehlig, Victor, h. (1830); in National Acad-\\nemy Design, 2701\\nNeild, John Camden, miser, d.,9571.\\nNeill, Robert, b., 1502.\\nWilliam, moderator, 1243.\\nNeilson, Chas., in P. O. dept., 4472.\\nJames B., hot-air blast, 9422.\\nJohn, b. (1745) in N. J., 861 d. (1833).\\nMr., murdered, 5631\\nTyge, first book printed, 11041\\nNeipperg, Gen. Adam Adelbert, b. (1775);\\nAustrian commander, 514 1 at Aschaf-\\nfenburg, 8242 d. (1829).\\nNekrasoff, Nikolai, b., 11163; works, 11171\\nd., 11182.\\nNelaton, Auguste, b. 7163 d., 7462.\\nNeligh, Gates College opd., 3123.\\nNelson launched, 9801.\\nMinn., R.R. wreck, 4193.\\nmonument, explosion, Can., 5943,\\nN. Zeal., fnd., 11032 bishopric est.,\\n9483 Bp. Mules cons., 10082.\\nC. Kinloeh, bishop of Ga., 4202.\\nEarl of, title created, 931 1\\nHenry Addison, b. (1820) moderator,\\n2582.\\nHoratio, Viscount, b.,9143; at Copen-\\nhagen, 6381 in w. Indies, 9201 captures\\nElba, 926i at battle of Nile knighted;\\nloses arm, 9281 in Mediterranean in\\nBaltic Sea, 9301 pursues Sp. fleet, 9321\\nat Trafalgar, 7161 d., 9323; monument,\\n9381.\\npillar erected, 9381\\nRnute, gov. Minn., 4471\\nSamuel, b., 1022 appointed justice,\\n1593 d.,2821.\\nT. A. R,, on Committee of 33, 1891\\nThomas, statesman, 642; d., 1001.\\npublisher, d., 10082.\\nWm. b. (1711); gov. Va.,773; d. (1772).\\nb. (1825) org. Camp Dick Rob-\\ninson, 1982 at Platte City, Mo.; atPike-\\nton, Ky., 2002; at Nashville, 2042; at\\nRichmond, 2122; s 1G t, 2133, 2152.\\nWolfred, b., 5762; insurgent, 5781;\\nd., 5821.\\nNemausa, asteroid, discovered, 7342.\\nNemcewiez, Julian Ursin, b., 11143.\\nNemean games est., 10132,\\nNemesis, temple begun, 10203.\\nNemours, Fr., treaty of,signed, 6752; edict\\nissued, 6843.\\nDue de (Pr. Louis CharleB Philippe\\nRaphael d Orleans), b., 72H; elected\\nking of Belg., 5433; refuses crown, 7273;\\nregent, 7293.\\nNenetta, asteroid, discovered, 7601\\nNeo-platonists, at Alexandria, 6523.\\nNeopolis. (See Naples.)\\nNeosho, Mo legislature meets, 2012; ac-\\ntion at, 2063.\\nNepal, or Nepaul, ambassador from, 6132\\nconquered, 10442 treaty, 10453 war\\nwith Ghurkhas, 10461 revolution, 10492;\\nwidows as suttees, 10493.\\nNephalia, Feast of, 10162.\\nNephoscope invented, 7382.\\nNepos, Julius, reigns; deposed, 10712 d.\\n(480).\\nNeptune, arrival, 5991.\\nasteroid, discovered, 7281 8161\\ngames to, 10132 temple erected,\\n10203; worshiped, 10503.\\nNeraz, John Claude, b., (1829\u00c2\u00b1); cons. bp.\\nof San Antonio, 3063.\\nNereid in collision, 10013.\\nNeresheim, battle of, 8062.\\nNeri, Filippo de, St., b. intro. oratorio,\\n10802; inst. Trinity Fraternity, 108H;\\norg. Brotherhood of Oratory, 10812; d.,\\n10823.\\nNerigissar reigns, 11472.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1358.jp2"}, "1359": {"fulltext": "Mero-Newf.\\nText Figures denote Page, lNJL)ll*A.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1347\\nNero, Caius Claudius, against Hannibal,\\n10542.\\nClaudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus,\\nb.-d., 10622; emp., 769 1 despoils Cor-\\ninth, 10282; in Gr., 1021)3; erects palace,\\n10622; perseeutesChristians, 10623; burns\\nRome; infamy of, 1063 1 conspiracy\\nagainst, 1063 3 revolts against com-\\nmits suicide, 10633.\\nNeron, Abb6, murdered, 4803.\\nNerva, Marcus Cocceius, b.-d., 10622\\nreigns, 1065 1.\\nNerval, Gerard de. (SeeGerard de Nerval.)\\nNervii, defeated, 662 1\\nNesbit Muir, battle of, 8601\\nNeshaminy, Pa., Log College, 583, 603.\\nJNesle, Fr., pillaged, 6781\\nNesmith, James Willis, b., 1282 j d. (1885).\\nNesos captured, 10262.\\nNespawa, Can., Register issued, 5843.\\nNesselrode, Karl Robert von, b., 11162\\nd., 11182.\\nNestor, Chronicle written, 11132 in Tro-\\njan war, 10141\\nNestorian, controversy, 10683 missiona-\\nries, 6123; heresy condemned, 10303.\\nNestorians, revivals, 11071; first church\\ncouncil, 11082.\\nNestorius, b.-d., 1154 2 doctrines opposed,\\n6543; patriarch of Constantinople, 10303.\\nNeter-bain reigns in Egypt, 6453.\\nhen-hotep-en-Amen reigns, 6503.\\nka-Ra reigns in Egypt, 6472.\\n.Netherlands, (See text, pp. 1097-1102)\\nFranks expelled from Batavia, 10673\\nMaximilian acquires, 509.2 war breaks\\nout, 5122; purchases Delaware, 411;\\nDutch territories enlarged, 521 1 Peace\\nof Ryswick, 6953 Peace of Utrecht,\\n6973; ceded to Fr., 5192, 7113; Ger.owns,\\n7872 Eng. takes Dutch possessions, 9273\\nDutch trade in Japan, 10911; influence\\nin Japan, 10913 leading traders, 11012\\nWar of Liberation insurrection; Duke\\nof Alva arrives, 5401 Aust. rules, 5412\\nreverttoSp.; truce withSp., 5413; trans-\\nferred to Holl., 7193; boundaries; an-\\nnexed to Fr., 5432 dissolution of, 5433\\nHague, Triple Alliance signed, 6913\\nLeague of the Hague find., 6933; barrier\\ntowns open to Fr., 6953 independent,\\n7972; peace, 798 1; Ger. emp. removes\\ntreaties of, 8053 against Eng. colorB,\\n8941 barrier fortresses seized, 9021\\nNetley Hospital commenced, Eng., 9611\\nNetscher, Caspar, or Kaspar, b., 7963; d,\\n7982.\\nNetshajew, Sergius, conspiracy, 11183.\\nNettleship, Henry, b. (1839) d., 10102.\\nNettleton, Allured B., intreas. dept., 3511\\nNeu Breisach, taken, 7421 ,2.\\nNeubruim, victory of Prussia, 8243.\\nNeuchatel, Switz., annexed to Ger., 7993;\\ntreaty, 8193; reconquered Prus. rights,\\n8211; ceded to Fr.; canton; joins Act\\nMediation, 11382 free from Prus., 11383.\\nNeue (Interred ungen issued, 7991\\nAcerra Philohjira issued, 7991.\\nZeitimqvn voii //e/el/rteit Sac ken, 7991\\nNeuhof, Baron, Th eodor von, b., 7982; K.\\nof Corsica, 6993; d., 8023.\\nNeukomm, Chevalier Sigismund von, b.,\\n8042; d., 8201.\\nNeumann, Baron, intro. waltz, 9372.\\nJohann N., d., 1861.\\nKarl Friedrich, b., 8063; d., 8262.\\nNeumark, Prus., battle at, 7121\\nNeumeister, Erdmann, work, 7991\\nNeunius, Hi.-ttori/ of Britons, 8443.\\nNeurological Asso Am., org., 2901.\\nNeusatz, Hung., editors duel, 5331.\\nNeustria, It., ceded to Rollo, 6672.\\nNeutrality, armed, announced, 11172.\\nAct passed, 1053; Fr. and Eng., 1052;\\nin Ky., Civil War, 195 1 ,2,3, 1932, 1982,3,\\n1992,3; in Md., 1951 in Mo., 1961 1992,\\n3; of Fr., 1972,8232; treaty, Belg.,5452;\\nFr. and U S. A., 7353.\\nproclamation, Mex., 1692.\\nNeutrals protected, 1151.\\nNeuville, Lemercier de, works, 7622.\\nNevada, silver dis., 1841; territory org.,\\n1931 Carson Citv. capital, 2013; Jas. W.\\nNye, gov., 2032; State Govt. Bill passes,\\n2313; Meth. Epis. conf. org., 2332; State\\nConstitutional Conven. meets, 2353; a d-\\n.mitted, 2393, 2491; Henry G. Blaisdell,\\ngov., 2413 ratifies 13th Amend., 2432\\nttunnel undertaken, 243 3 gold and silver\\nmines dis., 2491; boundary extended,\\n2523; ratifies 14th Amend., 2572; personal\\ntax, law unconstitutional, 2593; ratifies\\n15th Amend., 2663; Luther R. Bradley,\\ngov., 2772; State Univ. org., 2863; John\\nH. Kinkead.gov., 3033; nickel dis. ,3121\\nJewettW.Adams.gov., 3153; C.C.Stev-\\nenson, gov., 3293; storms, 3533; constitu-\\ntion amended, 2972 Ross. K. Colcord,\\ngov., 3991 State Univ. est. (1886) at\\nReno Dem. conv. favors silver coin-\\nage Senator Jones asked to resign\\njoins Populists, 4712.\\nNevada City, Cal., fire, 1693.\\nCity, Mo., miners convention, 3113\\ninsane asylum, 3272.\\nNeve, Philippe de, gov., 791\\nNevesinje, uprising, 5281\\nNevile, Richard. (See Warwick, Earl of.)\\nNevill, Samuel T., elected bishop, 9742.\\nNeville, George, degraded, 8643,\\nNeville s Cross, Eng., battle of, 8581\\nNevin, John Williamson, b., 1102; d.,3223.\\nNevins, Mary A., gift to library, 3781\\nMiss, marriage of, 4022.\\nN., d., 4521.\\nNevis, W. L, settled, 8832.\\nNewabzunge, in Sepoy rebellion, 10481\\nNew Albany, Ind., DePauwlTiiiv.org., 2543;\\njail entered, 269 1 kidnapping fails, 4442.\\nNew Albion, la., R. R. accident, 3113.\\nN. J., land grant, 351.\\nNewall, Robert Sterling, inv. telegraph\\ncables, 950 1 telescope, 9741\\nNew Amstel, Del., Dutch church est., 383.\\nNew Amsterdam. (See New York.)\\nNewark, Can., burned, 1203; Parliament\\nmeets, 5773.\\nDel., Delaware Coll. org., 2583, 2703.\\nEng., R. R. collision, 9753.\\nMo., Feds, defeated, 2102.\\nN. J., settled, 432; Presbyterian ch.\\nopd.,422; Puritans possess, 433; popula-\\ntion, 492; patent leather mfg., 126 1 Soc.\\nEvangelization of World org., 1443; rnilk\\ncondensed, 1661 R. C. diocese est., 1723;\\nFairmount Cemetery incor., 1793; Sol-\\ndiers Home est., 255 1 St. Benedict s\\nCollege org., 2623; p. E. diocese org.,\\n2862; parochial schools order, 3522; Wes-\\nton s record, 2873; w. C. T. U. National\\nConven., 2943 State Normal Sc. opd.,\\n3023; Charity Org. Soc. fmd.,3091 Even-\\ninn News issued, 3143; anarchists eel.,\\n3711 strike in thread mills, 3731 brew-\\neries bought, 3393,3433; bomb explosion,\\n3933; Alfred Parkes sentenced, 4043;\\nAlden Fales convicted, 408 2 Italian\\npadrone arrested, 4122; Ger. Cath conf.\\nopd., 4161 Irish- Am. encampment, 4323;\\nRus. Hebrews ill-treated, 4362; Am flag\\nonly, 4622; Christopher embezzlement,\\n4631 train-plunderers, 4643; Frelinghuy-\\nsen statue, 4681 garment-workers strike;\\ntramps dispersed, 4722.\\nConf. Meth. Epis. org., 1782.\\nNew Athens, 0-, Franklin Coll. org., 1331\\nNew Bedford, Conn., free library, 1731\\nMass., burned, 89i earthquake,\\n3321 Borden murder trial, 4291\\nand Taunton R. R,, 1513.\\nKeirhrrn runs Peraiseif ashore, 2342.\\nNew Berne, N. C, Indian massacre, 581\\nN. C. Gazette issued, 712; captured, 2051\\naction, 2081, 230 1 Edward Stanley in,\\n2093; Confederates attack, 216 1\\nNewberry, S. C, college org., 1802.\\nJohn Stronu, b. (1822) widow s gift,\\n4282; d., 4181.\\nNewborough, Baron, title created, 9172.\\nNew Bridge, Va., Confeds. defeated, 20S3.\\nBrunswick, Can., Fr. possession, 721\\nfirst Bapt. ch. in Am., 723, .-,751 loyalist\\nsettlers arrive province of, 5772; Chris-\\ntian Messenger, 5791 rejects confedera-\\ntion, 5831; alleged sea-serpent, 5921;\\nbishopric est., 94S3; Fenians raid, 2522.\\nN. J., headquarters f Howe, S6 2\\nrailroad to Trenton, 1453; Peter Hert-\\nzogTheolog. Hall (Itutger s Coll.) dedi-\\ncated, 1802; Scientific School opd., 2503.\\nNewburgh, N. Y., Washington s head-\\nquarters, 943; train wrecked, 435 2\\nEarl of, title created, 8911\\nNewbury, battle of, 8841 ,2.\\nNewburvport, Mass, first woolen mill,\\n1042; prints calico, 1061 fire, 1193.\\nNew Calabar, mission at, 11613.\\nCaledonia, Jesuit missions in, 76 2\\ncable favored, 5013; se e est., 9803; Bp.\\nRidley elected, 9803.\\nNew Carthage, Ark., McClernand at, 2202.\\nCosta Rica, province est., G301\\nSp., captured, 10542.\\nNewcastle wrecked, 902 1\\nNewcastle, Del., Are, 3913.\\non-Tyne, Eng taken, 8481 coal dis.,\\n8521; St. Nicholas church burned; coal\\ndigging est., 8533; St. Nicholas rebuilt,\\n8582; railway opd., 8781,8862; Courant,\\nissued, 9043; mobs, 9051; Literary and\\nPhilosoph. Soc. fnd., 9271; Antiquarian\\nSoc. est., 9362; r. Grainger erects mar-\\nket, 9481 Brit. Asso. meets, 9482, 9661\\nGrand Central Station built; bridge, high\\nlevel, erected, 9541 Inst, of Mining En-\\ngineers fnd.,9561 engineers strike, 975 2\\nSocial Science Asso. meets, 9741 Coll.\\nof Physical Science est., 9763; swing\\nbridge complete,980i colliery explosion,\\n9853; Bp. Pearson cons.; Bp. Wilberforce\\ncons.; Technical Coll. inaug.,986 2 char-\\ntered, 9893; Sanitary Inst, meets, 9901;\\ndistress of unemployed, 993i ironwork-\\ners strike, 9942; Victoria, launched;\\nRoyal Mining, Engineering, Industrial\\nExhib. opnd., 9961 Durham Coll. of\\nScience est., 9981 Bp. T. W. Wilkinson\\ncons., 9982; Trades Union Cong, opens;\\nLiberal Federation Cong., 10071\\nN. S. W., strikes, 5002; minerB in\\npit, 5013; Bp. Stanton cons., 10042.\\nPa., Penn lands, 492; Chronicle is-\\nsued, 742 fire, 4773.\\nW. Australia, bishopric est., 9533.\\nNew Castle, Wash., striking miners under\\nguard, 3871.\\nD. of, title created, 9112. (See Cav-\\nendish and Pelham.)\\nNewchwang mission, 6212, 6222; evacw\\nated, 6271.\\nNewcomb, Harvey, b. (1803); d., 2272.\\nRichard S., d., 3881\\nSimon, b., 1442; go ld medal, 284 1.\\nNewcomen, Thomas, steam-engine; min-\\ning, 9022, 9202; atmospheric engine,\\n9041; d., 9042.\\nNew Commission office, Eng., 8702.\\nConcord, O., Muskingum College,149i\\nNewcross, R. R. collision, 9733.\\nNewdegate, Charles, d., 9962.\\nNew Design, 111., Bapt. church imd., 1062.\\nEbenezer College fnd., Ga., 1782.\\nNewell, John, pres. R. R., d., 4681\\nSamuel, b. (1785) miss, movement,\\n117i;atCalcutta,119i;ord.,1183;d.(1821).\\nWilliam Augustus, b. (1819); governor\\nN. J., 1832,3052.\\nNew Empire, Egy., extended, 6492.\\nEngland, Icelanders visit, lit plague\\nvisits, 13 3 fnd., 8802; Puritan emigra-\\ntion prohibited, 8823; divided, 31 1\\nstorm, 341 colonies refuse to unite, 371\\nadvancement of; commerce restricted,\\n372; prosperous; first confederate govt.,\\n373; Quaker persecution, 402,3; popu-\\nlation, 412, 533, 673, 713; Eng. regicides\\narrive, 412; commissioners, 431 burden\\nof war, 46i; postal system, 473; defense\\nof frontier, 50i power of clergy limited,\\n502; Fr. incursions, 521; whale fishery\\nbegins, 593; education, 723; prohibitory\\nlaws, 731 bill to restrain commerce,\\n793; fleet destroyed, 903; dark day;\\nwrought iron nails, 931; Historical Li-\\nbrary fnd., 1583; snowstorm, 1721 post\\noffice robberies, 4361 protection statis-\\ntics, 4463. (See names of N. E. States.)-\\nAssociation of Farmers, Me-\\nchanics, etc., fmd., 1411\\nConservatory of Music, 2581, 2701.\\nOrder of Protection fnd., 3292.\\nWomen s Club org., 2651\\nNeio England Courant, 603.\\nMemorial, 44 3\\nEast India Co. (See East India Co.\\nEvangelical church est., 4742.\\nNewfoundland, Norse colonies est., 113;\\nDutch in; Cortereal visits, 123; dis.,\\n5701 Portuguese fisheries, 173; Bretons\\nvisit, 163; fish in shoals, 182; fisheries\\nused, 193, 579i attention in Pari., 23*;\\nGilbert lands, 25 2 Concepcion Bay col-\\nony, 291; settled, 8832; fish prepared,\\n352; a royal province, 423; Courcelles,\\ngov., 432 Placentia Bay colony fmd.,\\n412; Eng. get, 5752; diocese est., 578 s\\nfisheries, G. B. claims, 9573; Electric", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1359.jp2"}, "1360": {"fulltext": "1348\\nText Figures denote Page, INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. NeWS-Newm.\\nTelegraph Co., chartered, 11032; n. F.,\\nN. x., and. London Telegraph Co. org.,\\n1753; Atlantic cable laid, 1853; declines\\nCan. union, 5832, 5951 cable toN. York,\\n2893; Bp. Jones elected, 9803; Lieut.\\nGreely leaves, 3001 gov t protest, 10033;\\nfisheries Fr., modus rirciidi, 7G1* dispute\\nsubmitted to arbitrator, 7G12 fisheries\\nagreement of Fr. and Eng., 10052,3; ar-\\nbitration, 592 conven. protested, 5923\\nBait Act unconstitutional, 10073 Fish-\\neries Law; David Crockett seized, 3693.\\nNew School Society org., 941 1\\nFrance, [Canada], eons., 202; first set-\\ntlement, 5711 vice-royalty, 5712; gov t;\\nroyal province, 5732. (See Canada.)\\nGer. People s Party, manifesto, 5312.\\nGlasgow, Eastern Chronicle, 5791\\nGranada, dis., 151 visited, 162; a\\nvice-royalty, 592; conquered, 6281; re-\\npublic fnid., 6283. (See Colombia, pp.\\n628, 629.)\\nGuinea, annexation; Ger. opposes an-\\nnexation, 4992; colonization fails, 8372;\\nBrit, protectorate, 9932.\\nNewhall, Fales H., b., 1342.\\nNew Halle, So. Afr., mission, 11241\\nNew Hampshire, instruction vessel, 4361\\nNew Hampshire, religious tolerance, 301\\nland patent, 311 land grants, 323; first\\nCong, minister, 322; named, 331,432;\\nunites with Mass., 372; separated from\\nMass., 473, 532, 653; John Cutts, gov.;\\nMason claims worth less, 473; revoltsin,\\n49 2 Indians attack, 50i reannexed to\\nMass., 513; land speculators, 523; inn-\\nkeepers fined, 543; Bellamont in author-\\nity; intemperance fined, 551; land dis-\\nputes, 672; Mesheck Weare, pres. of\\nCouncil, (1775); John Langdon, gov.\\n(1785), (1788), 1133, 1171 John Sullivan,\\ngov. (1786); Josiah Bartlett, gov. (1790),\\n1051 ratifies the Constitution, 101 1;\\nJohnT. Gilman, gov., 1053, 1213; first\\ncotton mill at New Ipswich, 1121 Gen.\\nCongregational Asso. org., 1163; Jere-\\nmiah Smith, gov., 117 2 Wm. Plumer,\\ngov., 1192, 1252; Sam. Bell, gov., 1273;\\nLevi Woodbury, gov., 1313; David L.\\nMorrill, gov., 133 2 Gen. Conf. Free\\nWill Baptist fmd., 1343; Benj. Pierce,\\ngov., 1353, (1829); John Bell, gov.,\\n1373; Matt. Harvey, gov., 1392; Jos.\\nM. Harper, gov., 1393 Sam. Dins-\\nmoore, gov., 1393, 1671; Meth. Epis.\\nConfer, org. Univ. State Conven.\\norg., 1402; W. Badger, gov., 1452; Isaac\\nHill, gov., 1472; liquor license optional,\\n1492; John Paige, gov., 1512; Henry\\nHubbard, gov., 1553; John H. Steele,\\ngov., 1592; Anthony Colby, gov., 1613;\\nten hours legal labor day, 1622; Jared\\nW.Williams, gov., 1633; Noah Martin,\\ngov., 1712; Nathan. B. Baker, gov., 1772,\\nRalph Metcalf, gov., 1792; Wm. Haile,\\ngov., 1S32; -Ichabod Goodwin, gov., 1871\\n1st regt. vols, leaves, 1943 Concord\\nburned, 2013; Nathan. S. Berry, gov.,\\n2032; Unit. Asso. org., 2191; Jos. A.\\nGilmore, gov. ,2203; ratifies l.;th Amend.,\\n2432; Fred. Smyth, gov., 2511; ratifies\\n14th Amend., 2532 Walter Harriman\\ngov., 2593; ratifies 15th Amend., 2672;\\nOnslow Stearns, 2693; Compulsory Edu-\\ncation Law effective, 2763; Jas. A. Wes-\\nton gov., 2772, 2873; Ezekiel Stra\\\\v,gov.,\\n2811 Atlantic cable landed, 2853; Person\\nC. Cheney, gov., 2912; 12 constitutional\\namends, adopted; Benj. F. Prescott,\\ngov., 2973; dry fog, 3033; Nathan. Head,\\ngov., 3083; Chas. H. Bell, gov., 3093;\\nSam. W.Hale, gov., 3152; Moody Currier,\\ngov., 3233; Chas. H. Sawyer, gov., 3293;\\n7 constitutional amendments adopted;\\nprohibition liquor traffic rejected, 3362;\\ndecision against licenses, 343 1 David\\nH. Goodell, gov., 3492; Soldiers Home\\nest., 3511; Franconia State Park pro-\\nposed, 3521 Agri, Coll. fnd.,3542; J.M.\\nFletcher nom. gov., 369i lower house re-\\nsents senate, 3732; legislature obstruct-\\ned, 3731, 3811; Local Option Bill re-\\njected, 3812; Lahor Day, legal holiday,\\n3983; Hiram A. Tuttle, gov., 3991;\\nLuther F. Mc Kinney, nom. for gov.,\\n4151 statue appropriation, 4273; John\\nB. Smith, gov., 4471 forest fires, 4712,3.\\nHarmony, Ind., est., 1243, 1331\\nHaven, Conn., purchased; settled,\\n353; religious toleration, 343, 353; colo-\\nnies unite, 373, 432; Epis, Soc. fmd. ,563;\\nConn. Gazette, issued, 712; N. H. Post-\\nBoy issued, 743; Brit, seize, 84 i; Tryon\\ntakes, 902; incor., 973; Religious Tract\\nSoc. org., 1142; Female Miss. Soc. org.,\\n1191 carriages muf., 1331 foreign mis-\\nsion school est., 1263; 2d centennial,\\n1493; New Enylander appears, 1563;\\nAm. CJi. Review appears, 1642; Evergreen\\nCemetery est., 1673; water supply est.,\\n2033; News issued. 3023; James Malley\\nacquitted, 310 2 Congregational Club\\nfmd, 3162; Osborne Hall ded.,3503; R.\\nC. school-books, 3722; Antigone per-\\nformed, 3801 engineers refuse strike;\\nrailroad wrecks, 3991; mnfs. combine,\\n4133; Am. Inter. Sem. Alliance, 4421\\nChinese gamblers, 4531. (New Haven\\ncolony, see Conn. See Yale University.)\\nNew Haven, Pa., Hoy family murder, 4303.\\nHebrides, convention signed, 7563;\\nFr. declines annexation, 7592; conven-\\ntions, 9973.\\nHolland, named, 4933.\\nInn Hall chartered, 8602.\\nNew Ironsides completed, 2171\\nNew Jerusalem, Gen. Conven. meets, 1362,\\n1422, 1442, 1462, 14S3 1503, 1523, 154a,\\n1563, 1582, 1603, 1623, 1642, 1662, 16S3,\\n1702, 1722, 1702, 1782, 1821, 1842,3,\\n1881, 2092, 2352, 2482, 2522, 2562, 2662,\\n2702, 2742, 2782, 2821, 2882, 2942, 2983,\\n3002, 3063, 3102, 3123, 3202, 3223, 3262,\\n3302,3403, 3602,4062,4302,4621; Urbana\\nUniversity org., 1703.\\ncentenary eel., Eng., 990 2\\n.Missionary Society org., 9411.\\nNew Jersey burns, 179 a\\nNew Jersey, land grant, 331 Puritans in;\\nintemperance lined, 423; named; sepa-\\nrated from N. Y., 431 p. Carteret, gov.,\\n431,471; immigration encouraged; pat.\\nfor land lands distributed; Puritans\\nland grant; constitution adopted, 432;\\nConn, colonists in, 433 colonists refuse\\nrent, 45 1 name changed; Dutch rule,\\n452; Edmund Andros, gov., 453, 511\\nlaws perfected liquor forbidden to In-\\ndians, 471 divided, 47 2 Quakers in\\nGovernor Cartaret arrested, 473, 482\\ntribute from, 47 3 Edward Byllinge,\\ngovernor (1679) Sam. Jennings, deputy\\ngovernor of West J., 473 claim relin-\\nquished; General Sessions meets Penn s\\npurchase confirmed, 49 1 Robt. Bar-\\nclay, gov., of East J.; Thomas Rudyard,\\ndeputy Gawen Lawrie, gov. East J.\\nThos. Olive, dep. gov. West J. (1684)\\nScotch immigration, 492 John Skeine,\\ngov. West J., 493 Lord Neill Campbell,\\nSep. gov. East J., 503 Andrew Hamil-\\nton, dep. gov. East J., 511, 532, 552;\\nDan. Coxe, gov. West J. gov t surren-\\ndered, 5H offered for $25,000, 8953 no\\ngovt., 51 2 John Tatham, gov. East J.\\nEdward Hunloke, dep. gov., West J.\\n(1690); Col. Jos. Dudley, gov. East J.;\\nproprietors gov. West J. (1691) print-\\ning forbidden first Epis. Church, 543;\\ntoleration granted, 542 Jer. Basse, gov.,\\n55i Andrew Bowne, dep. gov. East J.\\n(1G99) royal province; Edward Hyde,\\nLord Cornbury in, 55 2 Lord Lovelace,\\nRich. Ingoldsby, Robt. Hunter, govs.\\npaper money issued, 573 Wm. Burnet,\\ngov., 593 JohnMontgomerie, gov., 613\\nLewis Morris, pres. of council (1731); Wm.\\nCrosby, gov. (1732) petition for separa-\\ntion, 613 negro burnt alive, 631 John\\nAnderson, pres. of council, 632 John\\nHamilton, pres., 633, 672 separate col-\\nony Lewis Morris, gov., 652; Coll. of\\nN. J., chartered, 663. (See Princeton\\nUniv.) John Reading, pres., 672, 713\\nJonathan Belcher, gov., 672 popula-\\ntion, 673 Francis Bernard, gov., 713 j\\nThos. Boone, gov. Josiah Hardy, gov.,\\n732; William Franklin, governor 733\\nBritish abandon posts, 85 1, 863 Wil-\\nliam Livingstone, governor, 853, ms\\nsigns Articles of Confederation, 91 3\\nWilliam Patterson, gov. (1790); rati-\\nfies Federation onsti tut ion, 1003 Rich.\\nHowell.gov., 1053; Jos. Bloomfield.gov.;\\nAaron Ogden, gov., 1193 Wm. S. Pen-\\nnington, gov., 1213, 1492 Mahlon Dick-\\nerson, gov. Isaac H. Williamson, gov.,\\n1252 patent leather mfg., 1261 Morris\\nCanal begun, 1333 Peter D. Yroom,\\ngov., 1373, 1433 Geo. W. Doane, cons.\\nP. E. bp., 1402 Sam. L. Southard, gov.\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\n1412 N. Y. boundary fixed, 1432 Elias\\nP. Seeley, gov., 1433 m. E. Conf. fmd. r\\n146 2 Philemon Dickerson, gov., 1472\\nDan. Haines, gov., 1572, 1052 Chas. C.\\nStratton, gov., 1592 Geo. F. Fort, gov.,\\n1092 N. Y. and Erie R. R. in J. City,\\n1733; Rodman M. Price, gov., 1772;\\nWin.A Ncwe.ll, gov., 1832 eonservative\\non secession, 1891; Chas. S. Olden, gov.,\\n1903 vols, go to war, 1942 prepares\\nfor civil war, 195 1 passes peace resolu-\\ntions, 2192 ;doel Parker, gov., 2293,2811\\nrejects 13th Amendment, 2432 Marcus\\nL. Ward, gov., 2 )53 ratifies 14thAmend-\\nment, 255 2 withdraws ratification of\\n14th Amendment, 2612, 2G3i Congrega-\\ntional Asso. org., 2662; Theo. F. Ran-\\ndolph, gov., 2693 refuses to ratify 15th.\\nAmendment, 2711; free school system\\nintro., 2742; Afr. Meth. Epis. conf. fmd.,\\n2782; Evan. Luth. synod org., 2802;\\nGeneral R. R. Law passes, 2853; compul-\\nsory education laws, 2863 Jos. D. Bedle,\\ngov., 2912 Asylum for Insane opd.,,\\n2923 Constitutional amendments rati-\\nfied, 2892 state Board of Health org.,\\n2972; Geo. B. McClellan, gov., 3012;\\nState Normal School opd., 3023; Geo. C.\\nLudlow, gov., 3093 Leon Abbett, gov.,\\n3193 storm, 3201 school for deaf mutes-\\nopd., 3231; Labor Day est., 3291; Robt.\\nS. Green, gov., 3293 Hunterdon Co.,\\nanti-license, 3332 Ballot Reform Bill\\npasses; Re-districting II ill passes, 3391;\\nBreweries liought, 3393 Leon Abbett,\\ngov., 3451, 375i E. B. Grubb, nom. for\\ngov., 3451 Local Option and High Li-\\ncense repealed, 351 1 election frauds in\\nHudson Co., 3523, 3551, 3591 3711 3871\\n4083,4211; E. F. Donald unseated, 3592;\\nglass-makers strike, 3523 Agri. College\\nest., 3542 Industrial Senate find., 3551;\\nAnti-Race-Track Bill, 3551; legal state\\nsenate, 4532; strike, 3643, 3883; Judi-\\nciary Revision Conven., 4052,4fi 3i; free\\nschools, 3743 Excise Boards new power,\\n381 1 Congressional Reapportionment\\nBill signed, 3832; Pool -sellers Act uncon-\\nstitutional, 3951 Half-Holiday Bill en-\\nacted, 39S3 Australian Election System\\nBill, 3992; race-track bills, 4012, 4242,\\n4251 4271 ,4491 f 4552 Thos. J. Kennedy,\\nnom. for gov., 4132; John Kean, Jr.,\\nnom. for gov. George T. Werts, nom.\\ngov., 4151,4471; Central R.R. withdraws\\nfromReading,4213;ParochialSchoolBill,.\\n4262 County Excise Law unconstitu-\\ntional, 443 1 Gerrymander Act unconsti-\\ntutional, 443i 4592 Lehigh Valley R. R.\\nstrike, 4442; Dem. Senators org., 4491;\\nSenate divided, two bodies, 449 1,2, 3;\\n4512, 4551 senators appeal to governor\\n4493; decision for senate, 455 1 female\\nsuffrage, 4553 Rep. election victories,\\n4572 Central Traction Co., file papers\\nwrecks on coast, 4573 Pool-selling and\\nBook-making Bill, 4592 reform bills\\nvetoed, 461 1 robbers den found, 4623\\nforest fires, 464 1 boycotting illegal 4793\\nNew, John C, b., 1482.\\nLanark, Scot., infant schools, 9383.\\nNewlands, F. G., b., 1641\\nNew Laws enacted, Peru, 231\\nNew Lebanon, N. H., Shakers in, 982,3.\\nLiberty, Ky Concord Coll. org. 2623\\nLights, laws against, 65 1\\nLisbon, O., Morgan captured, 2261\\nLondon, Conn., settlement of, 392;\\nmissionaries, 542; press set up, 57 1 Brit,\\nburn, 942 incorporated, 973 whale\\nfishery, 1293; Groton monument, 1381;\\nC. F. Hall sails north, 1861 Rom. Cath.\\nsummer school opd., 4122 Viking ship\\narrives, 4332.\\nPa., Old Side Academy est., 663.\\nMadrid, Mo., State independence de-\\nclared, 1992 occupied, 2043.\\nNewman, Francis, gov. Conn., K2;d. (1660).\\nWilliam, b., 9323.\\nJohn Henry, b.,9303; card, priest,\\n9842 works, 9463, 0543, 9GS3, 9743 d.,\\n10041.\\nPhilip, b., 1342 bishop, 3302.\\nNewmarket, Eng., racing intro., 8931\\nNew Market, Va., Federals routed, 2333.\\nBridge, Va., action at, 2021", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1360.jp2"}, "1361": {"fulltext": "^Newm-Newy.\\nText Figures denote Page- INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1349\\nNew Jfemoirs or Lift -rntitre issued, 907 1\\nJSTew Mexico, Zuiii visit, 202 dis., 243\\nrevolts, 491 uprising of Mex.; 6 Ams.\\nkilled, 1632 treaty of Guadalupe Hi-\\ndalgo, 1633 territory org., 1G7 2 James\\nS. Calhoun, gov., 1692 Col. E. V. Sum-\\nner, acting gov. John Griener, acting\\nfor. (1852) Wm. Carr Lane, gov., 1712\\nolon Borland, gov.; David Merri wether,\\ngov.,1743; W.H. H.Davis, gov. (lS57);Ahr.\\nRencher, gov., 1832 Henry Connelly,\\ngov., 2032 Confeds. occupy, 2043; Win.\\nF.N.Arny, gov., 2593; Kobt. B.Mitchell,\\ngov., 251 1 peonage abolished, 2562 at-\\ntached to U.S., 26M; Wm. A. Pile gov.,\\n2693 common schools est., 2763 Marsh\\nGiddings, gov., 2772 home missions,\\n2903 Wm. D. Ritch, acting gov. (1875)\\nSam. B. Axtell, gov., 2951 disorders ar-\\nrested, 2992- Utes expelled, 2991 Jesuit\\nfathers defeated Lewis Wallace, gov.,\\n3012; Univ. of N.M.opd., 3082; Lionel A.\\nSheldon, gov. ,3132; Industrial Schoolest.\\nat Santa Fe\\\\ 319i Indians trouble, 3201\\nschool for deaf mutes, 3231 Admission\\nBill in Cong., 337 1 constitution adopted,\\n-3452,3693; Edmund G. Ross, gov. (1885);\\nL. Bradford, Prince, gov., 3492; State\\nUniv.; School of Mines, Agri. Coll. est.,\\n350 2 drought in, 3621; constitution\\namendments, 3672; disorderly persons\\nproclaimed, 3992 High-license Law\\nenacted, 3983; forest preserve est., 3993;\\nfossils found, 406i Admission Billpasses,\\n4032, 409 1 ,447 1 ,465 1 telegraphers strike,\\n4171 w. T. Thornton, gov., 4472 Peralta\\ngrant claim, 4553.\\nNew Monthly Magazine issued, 9371\\nNetherlands. (See New York.)\\nNewnham Coll., Cambridge, opened, 9803.\\nNew Orange [Albany], N. Y., named, 453,\\nNew Orleans burned, 1013.\\nNew Orleans, La., fnd., 592; Ursulinenuns\\nin, 60s Ger. settle, 61 1; Fr. authority,\\n612; Sp. possesses, 74 first drama, 1021\\nR. C. diocese est.. 1043 j negro insurrec-\\ntion, 1161 Gen. Jackson in battle of,\\n1223 banks suspend, 1233 first P. E.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0church opd. at, 1243; yellow fever, 127 3\\n1333, 1733, 1752, 2593 steamer line toN.\\nY., 1293; Centenary Coll. est., 1323 N.\\nO. Bee appears, 135 1 cholera rages, 1413;\\nTulane Univ. org., 1431; branch mint\\nest., 1452 N. 0. Picayune issued, 1471\\nColl. of Immaculate Conception org.,\\n1551 Marquette burns, 1593 De Bow s\\nCommercial Review appears, 1611 floods,\\n1641, 1673; sight steamboats burned.\\n1693; riotoverCubanexped., 1703; Asso.\\nof Science org., 1721 disorder rules, 183 2\\nSumter runs blockade, 1962 under C.\\nmartial law, 2001 Manassas strikes\\nRichmond, 200 1 blockaded, 2021; Feds,\\ncapture, 2062, 3 Gen. Butler s offensive\\norders, 2072, 2142; recorder and chief of\\npolice arrested, 2081 aversion to Butler,\\n2083 State conven. meets, 2313 Webb\\ncaptured, 2462; Republicans massacred\\nconstitutional convention, 2523 Gen.\\nSheridan s military dist., 257 2 colored\\njudge presides, 25S3; shivery prohibited,\\n2592 Straight Univ. org., 2662 j Leland\\nUniv. fnd., 270 3 R. R. bonds granted\\nto, 2711; new charter, 2733 Mechanics\\nInst, seized, 2772 Exposition Park pur-\\nchased, 2773 Southwestern Christian\\nAdvocate est. Univ. of, fnd., 2822; and\\norg., 3003 rival factions, 2x:J2 Oarroll-\\nton annexed, 2873 state offices surren-\\ndered, 2951 City Item issued, 2963; The\\nStates issued Southern Univ. opd., 3043;\\nSouthern Academic Inst, opd., 30S 2\\nstrike, 3083; Charity Or^tnization Soc.\\norg., 3151; Tulane Univ. opd., 31S3\\nWorld s Cotton Exposition, 3193,3213\\nNormal School est.,3u23; school for deaf\\nmutes, 3251 Evening News issued, 3502;\\nAnti-Lottery League org., 3523 Con-\\nfed. Memorial Day, 3551 Anti-Lottery\\nLeague, State conven. Hennessy shot,\\n3703; assassins found guilty, 372*2 ac-\\nquitted, 3S02; cotton firm fails, 3733; yew\\nDelta issued, 3742 Mardi Gras festival,\\n3763 bribery of jurors, 3802 mo b kills\\nItalians, 3802, 40.13; O Malley accused of\\nbribery, 3S03; lynching; despatch, 381 1\\nlynchers prosecution demanded, 3812\\nItalian diplomacy, 3813,10902; lottery\\ncharter, 3823; Bernard Glaudi convicted;\\njury bribery, 3831 oath-bound societies,\\n3832; Italian consul offends, 3S5 2 anti-\\nlottery campaign, 3803 Fourth of July\\neel. ,3871 Garcia, embezzler, 3942; War-\\nmouth faction, 4002; fire, 4033, 4053,\\n4352,4593; Conven. United Confed. vet-\\nerans, 4043 rice trust, 405 3 Hennessy\\nmonument, 4061 Sullivan-Corbett fight,\\n4143 general strike, 418 2 Nicaragua\\nCanal Conven. street railways pur-\\nchased, 4193 Sunday laws enforced, 4222\\nstrike order unlawful, 4263 R. C. cen-\\ntennial, 4282; crevasse, 4313, 4332,3;\\nJeff. Davis s body removed, 4313 ne-\\ngroeslynched colored people protected,\\n4382; Maria trouble, 4443; Italian lynch-\\ning decision, 4612 bribery of Callahan,\\n4622 sugar-planters anti-Dem., 4691\\n4712 bribery indictments Louis Des-\\nforges, bribery Numa Douboussat, bri-\\nbery, 4702 Fitzpatrick impeachment\\nsuit, 4703 R. r. collision, 4733 race\\ntroubles, 4753; Knights of Labor protest,\\n4762 Exhibition Kill passed, 3172.\\nNew Party issued, 10002.\\nNew Plymouth, N. Z., founded, 11032,\\nNewport, Eng., chartist rioters, 9511 dock\\nlaborers strike, 10031; colliery explo-\\nsion, 10033 tank explodes, 10073 Arch-\\nbp. Hedley cons., 9742.\\nR. I., harbor inspected, 191; civil\\ngovt, est., 353; Rapt, church find., 362,3;\\nsettled, 372 j Seven Day Bapt. ch. fmd.,\\n422; Jewish worship, 522; p. E. ch. fmd.,\\n542 p. e. missionary at, 562 Baptist\\nAsso. fmd., 603; R. J. Gazette, 631;\\nslaves iu, 733 artillery seized, 781\\nthreatened, 803 Fr. fleet at, 883,921;\\ntorpedo school est. at, 268i Farmer s in-\\ncandescent lights made, 2901 fire at\\nThe Breakers, 4193 Naval War Col-\\nlege opened, 4621\\nChristopher, b. (1565) in Va., 261 3,\\n273; deserts colonists, 272 d., 261\\nLord. (See Robert Joselyn.)\\nNews, Va., action at, 2021\\nNew Providence, W. I., settled, 8832\\ntaken, 821\\nNew Quarterly Review issued, Eng., 9583.\\nQuarterly Magazine, Sng., 9783.\\nReview issued, Eng., 3231\\nNew Reform Bill introduced, 9932,\\nRiver, W. Va., action at, 2003.\\nBridge, Confeds. defeated, 2323.\\nRochelle, N. Y., Huguenots in, 513\\nrace fight, 4703.\\nRoss, Ire., action at, 9281 f Boyd\\nattack, 985i.\\nRugby, Tenn., inaugurated, 3043.\\nSan Gaty flies Confederate flag, 1953.\\nNewsham, Richard, gift of, 9921\\nNew Soo Line opened, Canada, 5892.\\nSouth Wales dis., 5722; Sydney Ga-\\nzette est.; N. S. W Advertiser, 4941 first\\nchurch fmd., 4942 an Eng. settlement\\nat Botany Bay felons Fr. expedition\\nimmigration, 4943 border police com-\\nmercial crises, 4953 constitution fmd.,\\n4961 transportation of criminals to,\\nceases, 4903; separated, 497 1 new consti-\\ntution nanhood suffrage, 497 2 first\\nR. R., 4973 denominational schools un-\\naided, 4981 Royal Soc. est., 4981 R. R.\\nconnection complete, 4iMi3 floods, 5001\\nhurricane, 5001 ,5013 strike settled, 5003\\nyearly salaries, 5012 Bp. Barry cons.,\\n9362.\\nNewspaper Libel Act passes, 989 1\\nPublishers Asso. Am. Convention,\\n3362 3523, 3781 4n()3, 4242, 4521 4683.\\nNewspapers, early, of U. S. A. 1st in\\nAm., Public Occurrences, 503 Boston\\nGazette; Am. Weekly, Messenger, Phil.,\\n5S 3 New Eng. Courant, Boston; Md.\\nGazette, 003 Penn. Gazette, 611\\nS. C. Gazette; Week/,/ Journal, N. Y.,\\nit criticizes govt., 623 p. J. Gazette\\nVa. Gazette, 631 Gen. Mag and, Histori-\\ncal Chronicle, 1st literary journal, 651\\nEve. Post, N. Y., 671 N. C. Gazette;\\nConn. Gazette; N. H. Gazette, 71 1 Pro-\\nvidence Gazette, R. I. Ga. Gazette, 731\\nConn. Courant, Hartford New Castle\\nChronicle, Pa., 742 y. y. Journal or\\nGen. Advertiser; Conn. Journal and N.\\nHaven Post-Boy, 743 Albany Gazette,\\nN. Y., 771; y, J. Gazette, Burlington,\\n851; yt. Gazette, Brooklyn Hail Super-\\nExtra Gazette, 95 2 1st daily in Am.,\\nPenn Packet or Gen. Advertiser, Phila-\\n971; Falmouth Gazette Me., 983 Lex-\\niugton Gazette, 991 The Sentinel of the\\nN. W. Territory, Cinn. Knoxv dle Ga-\\nzette, Tenn., 1043 Moniteur, La., 1063\\nsedition, laws against, 1091 Natchez Ga-\\nzette, Tenn., llli (See names of news-\\npapers in their alphabetical place in\\nindex, also under names of towns where\\nissued.)\\nNewspapers, early, in Can.; 1st, Que. Ga-\\nzette, 742.\\nFrance (see text, p. 689+) Eng. (see\\ntext, p. 878+) Ire. (see text, p. 896+).\\nissued, Eng., 9003; printed by steam\\npower, 9362.\\nfined, France, 7393.\\ninjunctions, Ger., 831*.\\nin U. S., 1391 in 1393, 4442.\\nNew Sweden fnd., 351 dissolved, 411\\nTestament, in Indian language, 423\\ntranslation, 5502, 5523, 6211; published,\\nDen., 6371 restricted, Eng., 8683.\\nTamil mission opened, 10483.\\nNewton, Mass., first Bapt. Church fmd.,\\n663; Theological Inst, est., 1323; Con-\\ngregational Club org., 3262.\\nBaron, title created, 10083.\\nButler, Ire., battle of, 8981.\\nEphraim H., d., 2411\\nHeher, teachings opposed, 3842.\\nSir Isaac, b., 8842 Differential Cal-\\nculus, 8902; light; telescope; shape of\\nearth, 8922; investigations gravitation,\\n8941; Principia, 896 2 theory of tides,\\n8961 in Royal Society, 8962, 9022; spec-\\ntrum, Optics, 9022; theory of fluids os-\\ncillation of waves, 9041 d.,908i statue,\\n9122, 9621.\\nIsaac, engineer, b., 1482.\\nJohn, b., 9062 d. (1807).\\nGen., b., 1303 dismissed, 2182.\\nB., assistant bishop of Va., 4602.\\nBp. Thomas, b. (1704) leader, 921 1\\nd. (1782).\\nNewtonia, Mo., action at, 2141; price de-\\nfeated, 2392.\\nNewtown, Mass., hegun,332; synod meets,\\n342 college at, 343.\\nBarry, Ire., riots, 9451\\nN. Y., settled, 393 Commissioner\\nKrug, bribery, 4722.\\nNew Ulm, Minn., Indians attack, 2121\\ncyclone, 3081\\nWest Education Commis. org., 2983.\\nWestminster, Can., R. C. diocese est.,\\n5902; fire, 5912, 5932; see est.; Bp. Sil-\\nlitoe elected, 9803.\\nWilmington, Pa., Westminster Coll.\\norganized, 1723.\\nWindsor College organized, 1571.\\nNew York, cruiser, launched, 3961\\nNew York City (Manhattan), Spaniards\\nvisit; also Verazzano and Gomez,\\n191 Hudson visits, 261 Under the\\nDutch Dutch arrive erect huts est.\\ntrading-post, 29 1 John Smith subdues\\nthe Dutch Dutch build fort build the\\nOnrust, 281; Sam. Argall destroys the\\npost New Netherland chartered\\nsettlement est., 291 Walloons arrive;\\nLutheran worship est., 30 1 ,2, 31 1 under\\nDutch West India Co., 303; Walloon col-\\nony arrive, 31i 2 civil gov t est.; Cor-\\nnelius May, gov., 312; first white child\\nb.,303, 312 Wm. Verhulst, gov. N.Neth.;\\nPeter Minuet, gov.; j. ays .?24 for Manhat-\\ntan Island, 31 2 ,3; friendly with Puri-\\ntans, 313; 1st Dutch minister; Refmd.\\nDutch church est.; Presb. church est.,\\n30 2 fur trade flourishes; charter of\\nprivileges, patroons like lords of Eur.,\\n270 people, 313; houses, 30 3 manors\\ncreated southern coast and Staten Isl-\\nand purchased, 33i; Charles I., Eng.,\\nclaims N. Neth., 333; Fort Amsterdam\\nbegun, 321 2d Dutch minister arrives\\nchurch built, 322; Wouter van Twiller,\\ngov., 333; pulpit politics, 343; brandy\\ndistilled on Staten Island, 352; William\\nKieft, gov., 353; De Vries settles Staten\\nIsland, 37 2 Indians abused, war follows\\nstone tavern built, 361 stone church\\nbuilt, 363; friendly Indians massacred,\\n371 1st representative assembly, 372;\\nFrancis Doughty, Presb., preaches Ger.\\nLutherans arrive, 363; city hall built,\\n373; treaty with Indians; 100 citizens,\\n361 373 peace thanksgiving, 363;", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1361.jp2"}, "1362": {"fulltext": "1350\\nText Figures denote Page, ll\\\\l-)xl*X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nNew York.\\nBreucklyn chartered; Peter Stuy-\\nvesant gov.; slaves iiitro., 391 Wall\\n[St.] built across island against Indians,\\n381 j incorporated municipal gov t est.,\\n393; war with Swedes (Del.); Indians\\nrise, 40* Jews may settle intolerance\\nonly Dutch worship allowed Jews to\\nworship privately, 40 1 minister Goet-\\nwater in, 402; streets paved and wind-\\nmill built, 401; Eng. take, 421 453;\\nUnder the English liquor traffic reg-\\nelated, 423; population 10,000,432; Luth-\\nerans may worship privately 1st church\\nin Brooklyn, 422; Thos. Willett first\\nmayor, 432, S ee text, alternate years\\nfor other mayors) Eng. oppress the\\nDutch; tyranny of Gov. Lovelace, 433;\\nRev. Jacob Fabric us in, 422; merchants\\nmeet daily, 45 1 May races, 453; Ger.\\nLuth. church built; Eng take, 443;\\nmonthly mail to Boston, 453 Dutch cap-\\nture, renamed New Orange, restore,\\n441,452,3; 1st Epis. service, 4G3; slaves\\nat $150 47i; trade becomes free, 491;\\nHuguenot Presb. church est.; Jesuit\\nFathers arrive; R. Cath. worship, 482;\\ntoleration for Christians assenibly\\nmeets, 49 2 chartered, 503; joy over Eng.\\nrevolution feud of factions Capt. Leis-\\nler assumes govt.; committee of safety,\\n51 2 1st colonial congress of governors\\nCapt. Leisler and Milborne hanged, 513;\\nepiscopacy rejected toleration granted,\\n522; whipping-post, pillory, and duck-\\ning stool est., 531; episcopacy est. by\\nlaw, 522,3; printing intro., 523; Refmcl.\\nProt. ch. incorp. 1st synagogue; (1st)\\nTrinity Ch., 523 (j,000 citizens, 533,\\n553 A.D. 1700+; night watch est.;\\nCapt. Kidd in, 543; lantern-lighted, 553;\\n1st public library in Am., 542; 1st ap-\\npropriation for cleaning streets \u00c2\u00a320\\n(1690) pestilence, 55 3 Kings [Columbia]\\nColl.; King s Farm granted to Trinity\\nChurch, 543, 691 712, 731 Presb. minis-\\nters arrested, 563; gov. bribed; Luth.\\nchurch est.; slave market Trinity Sch.\\nest., 57 2 Baptist preaching intro 57\\nnegro plot to burn, 583, Win. Tennent\\narrives Presb. church org., 58 2 first\\nBapt. church org., 602; N. Y. Gazette\\nfirst paper; many Jews come, 603; Benj.\\nFranklin in, 611; new charter, 613; i a t\\nfire engines, department org.; Boston\\nstage, 63 Weekly Journal, 623, editor\\nZenger imprisoned 031,3; fire in fort,\\n6t3 N i Gazette zt Wr kly Post-bcy\\nnegro conspiracy to burn, 65 2 John\\nCruger, mayor, 652, 713 Evening Post,\\n671; Nassau St- Theater, 66 1 Inde-\\npendent Reflector, M rcury, and Pacquet\\nSociety Library, 69 1 2d Nassau St.\\nTheater,6Si 703; King s College begun,\\n712; population 12,000, 713; i s t Metho-\\ndist arrives clergy in politics 1st Bap-\\ntist church org., 723; ferry to N. J., 733;\\nEng. preaching in Dutch churches, 741\\nConstitutional Gazette, 751 Anti-Stamp\\nAct Cong.; Sons of Liberty, 752; Metho-\\ndism intro.; John St. Theater est., 742;\\nflag-pole cut down express to Phila., 2\\ndays, 753; Chronicle, N. Y. Journal or\\nGen. Advertiser, 743; j G hn St. Meth.\\nchurch dedicated, 762; Chamber of Com-\\nmerce fnd.; George III. statue, 773;\\nliberty-pole cut, 772; McDougal impris-\\noned, 77 3 tea ship sent back, 783; favors\\ncong., 793; War of Revolution:\\nTories mobbed; Riving/on s Gazetteer s\\noffice wrecked, 81 1 Colonial Assembly\\nends Tories ascendant, 812,823; Ams,\\noccupy, 82 1; Washington arrives Gen,\\nHowe in hay, 822; Tory conspiracy\\nBrit, land on Staten Island, 823, 84 1\\nGov. Tryon retires to war vessel, 83\\nplot to k. Washington hydrant water\\nintroduced, 833; British land on Long\\nIsland; battle of Long Island; Wash-\\nington retreats, S4i British enter\\nbattle of Harlem Heights; Nathan Hale\\nbanged; royalist corps raised, 842;\\nWashington crosses Hudson River ;Brit.\\ntake Fort Washington, 843; jr. Y. Pac-\\nquet, Am. Advertiser, John Englishman;\\nKing s Coll. a hospital, 85 1 pardon of-\\nfered rebels, 852,3; conf. with Howe;\\ngreat fire, Trinity Church burned, 853;\\nAms. raid Staten Island, 87 Riving-\\nton s N. T. Royal Gazette issued, Brit.\\ntroops leave for West Indies, 89 1,\\nfor Ga., 901 Fort Mcintosh built Ethan\\nAllen welcomed; Brit, winter in, 911\\nBenedict Arnold s proclamation loyal-\\nists org., 933; Brit, peace commissioner\\narrives, 953; Brit, evacuate; Washing-\\nton enters; Am. army disbands, 9C\\nUnder Americans: Presb. churches\\nrestored, 962; i s t Prot. Epis Conven.\\nmeets diocese of N. Y., 963; King s Col-\\nlege changed to Columbia, 971 11th\\nContinental Cong, opens, 973; John St.\\nTheater reopened; Contrast, Gamester,\\nplayed, 981 St. Peter s, first R. C. ch.,\\n982; Am. Epis. church separates Daily\\nAdvertiser; free colored schools, 983;\\nManumission Soc; Tammany Soc. org.,\\n991, 1003: 12th Continental Cong., 991,\\n13th C. Cong., 992, 14th, 993; mo b de-\\nstroys printing-office, 1003; 1st dentist s\\noffice est., 1001 A r Y, Mag. and Liter-\\nary Repository, Independent Journal, Ar-\\ngus or I )ail u Advertiser, Federalist, 10l)2;\\nU.S. Gazette; An ti- Federal mob, 1003;\\nlast Continental Congress 1st Federal\\nCong.; capital of U. S. A., 1011 Wash-\\nington inaug celebration, 101 2 Castle\\nWilliams built, 1021 2d Methodist\\nchurch, 1023 Congress removed to\\nPhila., 1031 ,2; park project abandoned\\n1st N.Y.bank est. ;yellowfever,1033, 1073,\\n1133; steamboat built, J U4 2, 1ns 1 Minerva\\n[Commercial Advertiser, 1083], 1043; col-\\nored Meth. ch.; 1st Miss. Soc. org. ,1063;\\nPark Theater built, 1081 Meth.ch,Duane\\nSt., fmd., 1082; Monthly Mag. and Am.\\nReview, 1091 A.D. 1800\u00c2\u00b1 Brook-\\nlyn Navy Yard est., 110 1 Am. Watch-\\nman; Am. Citizen, 1103 \\\\E veiling Post est.,\\n1111; city hall built, 1121, H82; Acad,\\nof Fine Arts; Botanical Garden est.,\\n1121; Hfstorical Soc. inst.; labor strike,\\n1131 Clermont, steamboat, first trip,\\n1141 r. c. see erected Meth. Publish-\\ning House; Ladies Weekly Miscellany\\nestt, 1143; steamboat Paragon built;\\nGeo. F.Cook appears, HGi; Eng. used\\nin Luth. church, 1163; great fire, 1173;\\nProt. Epis. Tract Soc. org., 1171 Liter-\\nary Miscellany est., 1191; first stereo-\\ntyping; N. Y. Tract Soc. org., 121 1\\nBrooklyn steam ferry, 1213; Fulton,\\nfrigate, launched, 1222; tf Y. Weekly\\nMusi inn, 1232; chimnev-s weeps cries\\nforbidden; Peace Soc. fnd.; N. Y. Ma-\\nrine Bible Soc. org., 125 1 Lyceum of\\nNatural History inaug., 1261; hatters\\nunion fmd., 1272; Gen. Montgomery\\nburied, 127 3 Edmund Kean appears,\\n1281; mariners church dedicated, 128 2\\nBethel Union org., 1283; Mercantile Li-\\nbrary fnd.; Apprentice Library fnd.,\\n1291; steamship line to New Orleans,\\n1293; steam-power printing-press est.,\\n1301 j Albion Literary Review, 1311 Ob-\\nserver Christian Baptist; N. Y. Mirror,\\n1312; steamer to Norfolk, 1313; A.D.\\n1825+ 1st opera homeopathy intro.,\\n1321 Sunday Courier; Lafayette visits,\\n1331 boat arrives via Erie Canal, 1333;\\nAcad. of Design, 134 1 ,2541 Edwin Forrest\\nappears W. C. Muereadv appears, 1341\\nAir. Union Meth. church founded, 1343;\\nChristian Advocate, 1351; Journal of\\nomnierce, 1351 14^3 Morning Enquirer,\\n1351 varnish mnf., 1361 C ourrier des\\nEtats-Unis Quarterly Review; Noah s\\nNational Advocate, 137 1 Charles John\\nKean appears, 1381; Primitive Meth.\\nchurch org., 138 3 Spirit of the Times,\\n1391; high tariff conven.; Common\\nCouncil divided, 1392; an omnibus ap-\\npears, 1393; Charles and Fanny Kemhlo\\nappeal Ravel family appears, 1401\\nKnickerbocker Magazine; N. Y. Globe\\nest., 1403 Asiatic cholera appears\\nstreet railroad opd., 1413; operatic thea-\\nter opd.; Mechanics Inst, est., 1421\\nAm. Monthly Magazine; Sun, and Jour-\\nnal of Commerce est.; news by relays,\\n1423; New- Yorker Staats-Zeitung elec-\\ntion riot, 1431 anti-abolition mob. 1433;\\nmayors first elected by citizens, 1432;\\npins mnf., 1441 ,-jty missionaries N.Y.\\nHerald, 1443 mechanics hold conven.,\\n1451; fire; cholera, 1453, 1673; Ellen\\nTree appears, 1461 N. Y. Express est.,\\n1463; flour riot, 147 1; Morse exhibits\\ntelegraph, 1481; N. Y. Review issued,\\n1491 Croton Aqueduct, 1493, 1553, I653 r\\n3633; Harlem R. R. tunnel mercantile\\nfailures, 1493; Evening Express, 1503;\\nfire, 1513; earthquake; Fanny Elsler\\ndances; Trinity Church erected; John\\nBaldwin Buekstone appears, 1521 2Yib~\\nune, 1523; George Vanderhoff appears;\\nPhilharmonic Soc. concert, 154 1 St\\nJohn s College fnd.; Ger. Meth. church\\norg. ,1543; Polka dance intro., 157 1 Anna\\nCora Mowatt appears Washington\\nstatue hydropathic establishment opd.,\\n1581 j Wesleyan Meth. org.; Five Points\\nMission org., 1582, 1741 j Swedish Mis-\\nsion, 1582; Am. Review New Yorker Zei-\\ntung est., 1583; fire, 1593; Washington\\nmonument, 1622 St. Francis Xavier\\nColl. org., 1631; w. C. Macready ap-\\npears, 1641; Hamburg-Am. line steam-\\ners est., 1G33; Coll. of City of N. Y. est.,\\n1642; Associated Press find., 1643; Cen-\\ntury Club formed Astor Place riot,\\n1643; Father Matthew in, 1651; park\\nTheater burned Croton Aqueduct\\nBridge; Cypress Hill Cemetery est.;\\nCalvary Cemetery opd.; gas in Brook-\\nlyn, 1653; Jenny Lind sings F. B. Con-\\nway appears, 100 1 VEco d Italia, 1062;\\nAstor Library, 1063,1742,3023,3542; Hud-\\nson River R.R. opd. ,1073; A.D. 1850+\\nstreet explosion, 1673; Teresa Parodi\\nappears; Lola Monte/, appears; Mme.\\nPonisi appears, 1681 R. C. archiepisco-\\npal see est.; Times est., 1683; Louis\\nKossuth in; Meth. Home opd., 1691;\\nErie R.R. opd.; schoolhouse panic, 1693;\\nCentral Park suggested, 1701; Y. M. C\\nA. org., 1702; medal, to Henry Clay;\\nEvergreen Cemetery est., 1712; Lutheran\\nCemetery est.; Bible House est., 1713;\\nHenry Clay obsequies Thomas Kane s\\nexped.; Wallaek s Theater opd.; Henri-\\netta Sontag appears, 1721 Frank Leslie s\\nIllustrated est.; Upper est., 1731 Mer-\\ncantile Library .Asso. fmd.; Manhattan\\nColl. est., 1731, 2252; banquet to John\\nMitchel charter changed, 1732; Great\\nBepuhlic burned; San Francisco sails\\nCrystal Palace opd.; Clearing House\\nest., 1733; Astor Library opd., 1742; Col.\\nLoring murdered, 1743; firemen perish,\\n1753; Mile Rachel appears; Acad, of\\nMusic op. 1., 1701 ;Dr. Kane returns; East\\nRiver frozen, 1781 2573; Adelaide Phil-\\nlips appears, 178 1 lllustrirte Zeitwng\\nfnd.; city officials indicted; poor relief\\nplans; rilibust crs join Gen. Walker, 1783;\\nAdriatic launched; Castle Garden a re-\\nceivingstation, 1793; Washington statue,\\n1801 Harper s Weekly fnd., 1802; Inman\\nLine est., 1813; Central Park begun,\\n1821; police riots, 1823; Metropolitan Po-\\nlice Law constitutional resisted colli-\\nsion of police forces, 1823, 1331 Dead\\nRabbits control legislature interferes\\nin gov t; Cent. Park Oommis., 1S32; Am.\\ncup presented to Yacht Club, 1833; St.\\nPatrick s Cathedral built,184i ,1802,3003;\\nMile. Piccolomini appears, 184 1 Crystal\\nPalace burned, 1853; World est., 1863,\\n1991; Patti appears; Schiller s bust,\\n186i;AtliemrumCluMnd.,187i; A.D.\\n1S60\u00c2\u00b1 fire, 1873; Japanese embassy;\\nPrince of Wales in Hicks hanged,\\n1882; time ball placed; Union Miss.\\nSociety org., 1903; Clara Louise Kel-\\nlogg debut, 1902; Mayor Wood advises\\nsecession, 1911; Fort Pickens expedi-\\ntion sails, 1921 7th Regt. for Wash.,\\n1941; Soldier s Relief Assn. find., 1943-\\npatriotic war meeting, 195 1 billiard\\ntournament, 1953; cotton advances,\\n1973; Bellevue Hospital Med. Coll. est.;\\nHomrepathic Med. Coll. opd., 1991 Con-\\nfed, prisoners at Ft. Lafayette, 2012;\\nMonitor launched, 2022, sails, 2042;\\nspecie payments suspended; Produce\\nExchange org., 2032; slave-trader\\nhanged, 2052; premium on gold, 207 3\\npress opposes Lincoln, 2111 U. S. Brew-\\ners Asso. org., 215 2, 2971; Democratic\\nAnti-Lincoln meeting, 2153; French and\\nthe Guion lines est., 2173; Union League\\nfnd., 2192, 2431 Valandigham sympathy\\nconven.; Peace-party meeting held,.\\n2233; conscription begins, 2243, 2252;\\nterrible anti-draft riot, 2253; Tribune of-\\nfice dismantled, 2252; Nat. Academy of\\nDesign begun, 2273; Woodlawn Ceine-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1362.jp2"}, "1363": {"fulltext": "New York.\\nText Figures denote Page. INJDilfA.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1351\\ntery established, 2293 Sanitary Commis-\\nsion Fair, 2312; Journal of Commerce\\nand World suppressed, 233 3 Confed.\\nplot to burn, 2393, 2412; Gen. Butler\\ntakes command, 239 2 Theo. Thomas\\nconcerts Edwin Booth plays, 2411 aid\\nfor Savannah sufferers petition for\\nemancipation, 2423; high price paper,\\n2433 ;Lincoln obsequies in City Hall,247i;\\npaid fire dept. inst., 2473; Ketchum for-\\ngeries, 2483; Barnum s Museum burned\\n(Nov. 25, 1864), 2493, 2613, 2813; Mendels-\\nsohn Glee Club organized.; Commerce\\nstatue, 2501 Free Methodist Society\\norg., 2502; Manhattan Club fnd.; Disci-\\nples of Lassalle org.; Chimney Corner\\nfnd.; Commercial Bulletin fnd., 2503;\\nBoard of Health est., 2511 3043; Acad,\\nof Music and Univ. Med. Coll. burned,\\n2533; bust of Irving, 2541; City Mission\\nand Tract Soc. org., 2542; Oa/ary Maga-\\nzine, 2543; Nat. Acad, of Design, build-\\ning erected, 2541 Henrietta, Vesta, Fleet-\\nwint/ sail on race, 2553; life-raft sails,\\n2561 City Hall Park, for P.O. site,2573;\\nBlack Crook performance, 258 1 Even-\\ning Telegram and News fnd., 2583; yel-\\nlow fever at quarantine single track\\nelevated cable R. R. opd.; Gold and\\nStock Co. org., 2593; steam-motor man\\nexhibited, 2601 dinner for Dickens,\\n2611 court house completed, 2613; Har-\\nper s Bazaar fnd., 2623; Dem. Nat. Con-\\nven. meets, 2633; Booth s Theater opd.;\\nLincoln statue; Garibaldi statue, 264 1;\\nMercantile Library opd., 2651; George\\nPeabody sails; Ryan s filibusters sail;\\nEvening Mall fnd.; St.LouisColl.org.,\\n2663; Hell Gate improvements, 2673,\\n2933; a. D. 1870- East River Bridge\\nbegun, 2681 Nat. History, Am. Museum,\\nest. (1869), Sunday opening, 4141, new\\nwing opd., 4161; price of gold; Erie\\nRing panic; Black Friday, 2673;\\nAugustin Daly s Theater, .2681 p e re\\nKyacinthe intro.; Baptist Home fnd.,\\n269 Roosevelt Hospital begun (Oct. 29,\\n1869), opened Nov. 2, 1871, Anderson\\ngift, 418 3 Metropolitan Museum of\\nArt, 2701, 2741, 276 1 3022, 3321, 3341,\\n3381 3581 3681 3801 3981 4741 Public\\nRecord; Lenox Library, 2702,2963,3981\\nTimes exposes Tweed King, 2703; Daniel\\nMacFarland acquitted Tweed-Frear\\nCharter granted city and county com-\\nbined, 2711; New-Yorker Tages Nach-\\nrichten fnd., 2722; Tweed Ring domi-\\nnates, 2731 White Star Lin e est., 2733;\\nCapt. Hall sails in Polaris Morse statue,\\n2741 religious riots, 2743; Tammany\\nHal] defeated, 2752,3; Grand Central\\nDepot opd.; Red Star Line est., 2753;\\nWitness, 2763; Forest and Stream, 2771\\nmechanics combined strike, 2772; Gil-\\nbert Elevated R. R. sold; Erie Ring\\ncollapses, 2773; newspapers overthrow\\nTweed Ring, 27S2, 2912, 297 1 Presb.\\nHospital opd.; strikes, 2783; statues of\\nShakespeare, Scott, and Franklin, 2801\\ntrial of Tweed, 2811 Am. District Tele-\\ngraph Co. est.; Elevated R. R. Cos.\\nfmd.; Netherlands Line est.; State Line\\nest., 2813; Young Women s C. A. incor.,\\n2822; Soe. for Suppression of Vice est.,\\n2831 financial panic Stock Exchange\\nclosed, 2833; Oratorio Soc. org., 2S41\\ncharter amended Kingsbridgeannexed,\\n2851; White Cross Line est., 2853; sol-\\ndiers monument set up, 2861; Cit a Rec-\\nord established, 2863; Amsterdam-Neth-\\nerlands Line est., 2873 newspapers\\nagainst Whisky Ring, 2883 cable to\\nN. F. and Ire.; new post-office occupied,\\n2893; Soc. for Prevention of Cruelty to\\nChildren est.; Soc. of Sons of Revolu-\\ntion est., 2911; great fire; Fourth Ave.\\ntunnel North Dutch Church demol-\\nished, 2913; Journal and Puck appear,\\n2922; Seward statue, 2941; Soc. for Pre-\\nvention of Crime est., 2943; Halleck\\nstatue, 2941 N. Y. Hospital opd.; fire,\\n2953; Communists meet, 2971 explosion\\nin candy works, 2973; 6th Ave. Elevated\\nR.R. opd., 2953 Museum, of Nat. History,\\n2961,3321,3822,4141,4161 A.D.1880+;\\n3d Ave. Elevated R. R. opd., 2973; Stew-\\nart s body stolen, 299 1 9th Ave. Ele-\\nvated R. R.,2993, 3053; Coll. of Music\\nincor.; Soc. of Am. Art Symphony Soc.\\norg., 3001 Chinese Sunday-school org.,\\n300 2 Christian Herald; Magazine of\\nArt; Signs o/_ our Times; Texas Sift-\\ningSy est.; Univ. Club org.; Volkes-Zei-\\ntung est., 300 3 Congregational Club\\norg., 3022; New-Yorker Hen-Id est., 3023;\\n2d Ave. Elevated R. R. est., 3033; Sarah\\nBernhardt appears, 3041 Egyptian obel-\\nisk, 3041 3061 3501 Dr. Tanner fasts 40\\ndays; 9th Ave. Elevated reopd., 3053;\\nMadison Sq. Garden opd.; bust of Moore;\\nBurns statue, 3061 Critic est., 3003; Bor-\\ndeaux Lineest., 3073;, /m/y est., 3082,3493;\\nSt. Mary s opd.; Charity Organization\\nSoc. est., 3103; work, 4531; Jumbo ar-\\nrives; Hudson River tunnel begun (1874),\\nwork stopped, resumed 1879), suspends,\\n3113, 3153 (1892) Park Theater burned,\\n3113; Am. Art Union incor. ,3121 Actors\\nFund est., 3131 East River Bridge opd.,\\n312i, 3133, 3162; Washington statue,\\n3121, 3141; Argosy; Morning Journal,\\n3123; telephone 1 to Chicago, 3133; Metro-\\npolitan Opera House opd., 3141 Voice\\nest., 3143; Brit, evacuation eel., 315 1\\nStandard Theater burned, 3153; earth-\\nquakes; Statue of Liberty, 316 2 paint-\\ners strike, 3171 Marine Nat. Bank sus-\\npends panic on Exchange, 3173; bust\\nof Beethoven Bolivar statue, 3181\\nChurch Temperance Soc. reports, 3191\\nBlaine defeated by alliteration, 3192;\\nElevated R. R. fare reduced, 3193 Arch-\\nbp. Corrigan succeeds O DonovanRossa\\nassault, Statue of Liberty ree d, 3203;\\nbuildings collapse, 3212; Brooklyn Ele-\\nvated R.R. opd.; first cable road Grant\\nobsequies, 3213; Dodge statue, 3221;\\nKing s Daughters and King s Sons fmd.,\\n3222; Cosmopolitan est., ,3223; cigar-mak-\\ners strike; 3d Ave. car-line strike; Henry\\nW. Jahne sentenced, 3232; John Most\\narrested, 3232, 3852; Forum; HI as Lindn;\\nListy Catholic News est., 3242; Com-\\nmercial Temperance League org.; Al-\\ndermanMc.f.^uaid sentenced, 3251 Jacob\\nSharp convicted, 3271 Internat. yacht\\nrace, 327 3 Ereninq World Press est.,\\n3283; Unitarian Club org., 3282; Chinese\\nmission work, 3302; Bellevue school for\\nnurses, 3311; Garibaldi statue, 3321;\\nMail and Express purchased joss-\\nhouse est., 3322; ex-Pres. Cleveland,\\nlawyer, 3343; fire; Sunday stages with-\\ndrawn. 3353; K. Cath. pilgrims sail, 3361\\nDr. M Glynn attacks parochial schools,\\n3362; Greater New York Bill, 3372. (See\\nNew York State.) Centennial Loan Ex-\\nhibition Centennial parade, 3381 ,3413;\\nSabbath reform movement, 3382; Cen-\\ntennial services, 338 3 Dunraven s chal-\\nlenge accepted; electric poles come\\ndown, 3393,3493; City Police Commis-\\nsion Bill passed, 3392; Meth. Epis. Home\\ndedicated Museum of A lit opd. on. Sun-\\ndays, 3403, 3843; Cunenuuigh Valley Re-\\nlief 3403 Grant and Ward indictments\\nJos. Pulitzer educates pom- boys, 3411;\\nlocusts in Central Park, 3422; Col Em-\\nmons Clark retires, D. Appleton, Col. of\\n7th, 3421; special delivery letters, 3433;\\ntidal waves at Coney Island, 3442; Emily\\nKempen opens law school Daily Gra-\\nphic suspends, 3443; gas explosion, 3452;\\nR. C. Total Abstinence Soc. org., 3462;\\nAnti-Tammany mass -meeting, 347 2\\nWorld Building corner-stone laid\\nWorld s Fair subscriptions, 3473; Dr.\\nKoch s lymph tested, 348 3721, 3732;\\nMusic Teachers Asso.meet; school com-\\nmissioners appointed, 3482; Hebrews est.\\nfree schools, 3482, 3782; Pan-Am. Cong.\\ndelegates, 349 1 Washington Memorial\\nArch fund World s Fair Guaranty\\nfund, 3493,3513; Am. Fine Art Society\\nfmd., 3501 Barnard Coll. org.; Good\\nNeivs est. Lenox Lyceum opened,\\nHomeopathic Medical Coll. opd., 3503;\\nA.D. 1890+; Dem. governors honored\\nSouthern Society eulogizes Davis, 3511\\ngrippe prevails World s Fair commit-\\ntee 20 post-office stations est., 3513; 6th\\nNat Bank wrecked, 3522, a, 3533 ;Centen-\\nnialof Supreme Court eel.; World s Fair\\nmass-meeting Russian- Am. mass-meet-\\ning, 3523 cracker-makers trust, 3533;\\nPatti concerts, 354 1 mass-meeting sch.\\nconf., 3542 trial of Sheriff Flack, 3543,\\n3552 shirt-makers strike, 355 1; Jamee\\nMeeks sentenced, 3552; Wash. Memorial\\nArch begun, 3561 bronze doors in Trin-\\nity Church, 3562 muss-meeting for clean\\nstreets framers strike clothing-mak-\\ners strike, 3563; bribery of aldermen,\\n3572; Castle Garden changed, 3573; rapid\\ntransit commissioners, 357 ,3893,4292,\\n3, 4313, 4451,3; Carnegie Hall begun,\\n3581 Soc. for Enforcement of Criminal\\nLaw carpenters strike, 3583; John\\nKeenan indictments, 359 1; Commercial\\nAdvertiser building struck, 3601 Radi-\\ncal Club org.; Consumers League fmd.,\\n3603 Citizens Alliance fmd. Jay\\nGould fined strike against pool beer,\\n3611; consolidation commission, 3612;\\nheat oppressive, 3621 first Hungarian\\nrabbi in Baptist Institutional Church\\nbegun, 3622; cloak-makers locked out,\\n3623; fall of Bastile eel 3643; Dr. Burt-\\nsell removed, 3642; builders strike;\\nstreet-cleaners strike; Orangemen eel.,\\n3643; Prison Asso. successful 3651 fire,\\nWestern Union Lean s raft, 3653; cen-\\nsus of, 3653, 3713; l ns t. for Eye and Ear\\nDiseases est., 3661 brick-layers strike;\\nBavarian Yolkesfest opd., 3663; John\\nEricsson obsequies Single Tax conven.,\\n3673; Greeley statue, 3681; Central Labor\\nFederation fights public schools over-\\nfull, 3682; Comte de Paris arrives Rus-\\nsian Hebrews org., 3683; People s Mu-\\nnicipal League convenes, 3683, 3782,\\n3932; new city census, 3692,3713, 3723,\\n3792; Stanley s first lecture Cuban eel.;\\nSalvation Army Cong., 3702; Comte de\\nParis in Tammany bribe, 3703 North\\nRiver Bank, receiver appointed finan-\\ncial distress, 3713; bribery of police^Tl 1\\nIrish agitators welcomed, 3711, 3723,\\n3851; Swedish eel., 3711; Citizens Sav-\\ning Bank, run Sugar Trust, receivers,\\n3713; Washington tablet unveiled in St.\\nPaul s, 3722; Soc. for Psychical Research\\nfind., 3723; clearing-house certificates,\\n3733; Brazilian embassy, 3731; Patrick\\nDivver, a police justice, 3731 4522,4543,\\n3761; strike on school buildings, 3731;\\nDas Margin Journal, 3742; total liquor\\nshops, 3743; Wciber Zeitung, 3742; home-\\nless women Herald jackets for news-\\nboys, 3751 fire on river front, 3753;\\ndivorce lawyers sentenced, 3762; table\\nglassware mnf. trust, 3773; Seney pic-\\ntures sold, 3781; Gen. Sherman obse-\\nquies cloak-makers strike Troy Laun-\\ndry .strike, 3782; k. r. tunnel disaster,\\n3783, 3793; Sugar Trust Investigation,\\n3791 Parnell delegates arrive embez-\\nzlers, Claassen and Sin nitons, sentenced;\\nItalians against lynching, 3802; Sher-\\nman statue fund, 3803; 4^1 st. reservoir\\ngarden project, 381 1 i I ugbes wins walk-\\ning-match Sugar Refining Trust fire\\ntelegraph wires and poles removed, 3813;\\nwalking delegate arrested; Dr. Briggs\\ntrial for heresy; N. Niles arraigned.\\n3822; John T. Hill, defaulter mutilated\\nbody dis.; Patria Club first meets, 3823;\\nMemorial Home for Aged Women, 383 1\\nPoles eel. anniversary house-smiths\\nstrike Lumber Dealers Asso. boycotts\\nHandlers Union, 383 1 mutiny, 4593;\\nBeth Israel Hospital opd., 3832; fire,\\n383 3 Parish benefactions, 385 1 medium\\nobtains house, 3S5 2 S. S. Cox statue,\\n3861; law school chartered, 3862; dia-\\nmond thief captured. 3871 Elevated R.\\nR. out of Battery Park East River\\nBridge funds; Empire Printing Works\\nburned, 3873; s. W. Lewis, defaulter,\\n3883; editors indicted, 3S83, 3891 Good-\\nwin shot Chinese raided, 389i cloak-\\nmakers strike Forresters parade, 389 2\\npetroleum rises great lumber raft\\nfour-track underground R. R t 389 3\\nPeople s Baths opd.; Temple Beth-el,\\ndedication, 3902 Mexican eel Swedes\\neel.; liquor-dealers protected, 3911 Park\\nPlace, disaster, 3911 ,3; fire, 3913; Ful-\\nton St. praver-nieeting, anniv., 3922;\\nWoman s Univ. Club est., 3923; T. H.\\nStout, defaulter, 3932; Sir Edwin Ar-\\nnold reads, 3942,3983; Prison Sunday,\\n394 2 anti-lottery mass-meeting, 3943;\\nVice-suppressing Soc, 3951 Grant Mon-\\nument fund, 3953, 4041 4053, 4093; fire,\\n395 3 School of Social Economics opd.,\\n3962 Christmas Soc. org. 3963 ,421 1 Rus-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1363.jp2"}, "1364": {"fulltext": "1352\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Cotumn,\\nNew York.\\nsell Sage, dynamite peril, 3963; arbitra-\\ntion meeting E. M. Field insane, 3971\\n4022; Lion Tamer produced, 398 i Stuart\\nand Coles benefactions John Carson\\nmurdered; Typotheta- cel.,399i Cham-\\nber of Commerce, AVorld s Fair, app.,\\n3993; 4 Metb. churches unite, 4001 Car-\\nlyle Harris convicted Carnegie s lec-\\nture strike, Edison Electric Co., 4002;\\nChildren s Hospital opd.; police mat-\\nrons; Hotel Koyal tire, 4003, 4013; Dr.\\nParkhnrst denounces officials starving\\nRussians aided, 400 3 Dem. mass-meet-\\ning, 401 1 ,2; city ceusus by police escort;\\nfire, 4013; 6th Ave. surface road leased,\\n4013; Dr. Parkhurst against liquor-deal-\\ners, subpoenaed, 4022 Greater New York\\nBill, 4023, 4512, 4752 Anti-Maynard in-\\nvestigation Cullum s benefactions E.\\nL. Godkin arrested, 4023 vote carried,\\n4752 Standard Oil Trust dissolved\\nWest Side Park Bill, 4033; sale of Rob-\\nertson pictures, 404 1 labor unions unite;\\ngift to trade-schools corrupt police\\ndepartment, 4042,3; colored mass-meet-\\ning, 4042; City Club, first meeting; Tif-\\nfany and Co. forgery, 4043; tj. S. Bank\\ndefalcation; Ewer defalcation; Excise\\nLaw enforced, 4043, 4U63; Central Park\\nSpeedway Act repealed, 405 1 syndicate\\nstreet railways rubber trust find. Win.\\nMurray, supt. police, retires Inspector\\nByrnes, supt. police Mercantile Ex-\\nchange Grant Monument Asso., 4053;\\nbone of St. Anne exhibited T. Dixon\\ndenounces Tammany, 4062; King s\\nDaughters charity W. C. T. U. Nat.\\nCon veu.; Pavers Union strike Actors\\nFund Fair, 4063; mass-meeting endorses\\nDr. Parkhurst; Cumminskey defalca-\\ntion Barondess sentenced granite-\\ncutters strike, 4071; Art Exhibition,\\n4081; grand jury discharged free medi-\\ncal treatment Dillon benefactions\\nprisoner shot in court Iron League dis-\\ncharges Knights of L., 4083; Christian\\nEndeavor Conven.; R. C. chapel in Bel-\\nlevue Hospital Columbus statue, 410i\\nkindergarten in schools, 4102 Produce\\nExchange charity ,4103; Tee-To-TumClub\\nfind. ,4111 ,4263; Armenian mass-meeting,\\n4122; politics in health dept., 4132; Art\\nLoan Exhibition, 4141; cholera, 4141,\\n4152,3, 4173; A. J. Price, defaulter;\\nStandard suspends R.C. school census\\nsweating system investigation, 4142; illi-\\ncit still seized, 4143; plunge from High\\nBridge, 4152; Metropolitan Opera House\\ntire T 4152; Fenciiuj Master produced,416i\\nColumbian eel., 414 1 4162,3; Chinese\\nmass-meeting, 41G3; Ruiz forgery cloak-\\nmakers break Sunday law, 4171 Appor-\\ntionment Act upheld tire in synagogue,\\n4172; trolley forbidden Battery Park\\nAquarium; Dunraveu s challenge, 4173;\\nfranchisesfree,4173,4i;)3 embezzlement;\\nTeachers Coll. charter, 4 1X2; Anarchists\\nMemorial service, 4183; Dr. M Glynn re-\\nstored; St. John Cathedral, corner-\\nstone, 4201 Industrial School opd., 4202;\\npolice accused, 4221, 4462,4482,3,4522,\\n4563, 4581 4623, 4643, 4651 ,3, 4662, 4683,\\n4703,4742,3,4761,3; Anton Kessler, mur-\\nderer, 4222; underground road favored\\nsole-leather trust, 4233; anti-Gardner\\nconspiracy; Phillips Brooks memorial,\\n4242; United Charities Building pre-\\nsented, 4243; Metropolitan Opera House\\nbought, 425 3 earthquake, 42G1 pool-\\nroom raids; Judge Kick s decision op-\\nposed; Teachers Coll. gift; Dr. Rains-\\nford on church saloons, 4262; clothing-\\ncutters lockout, 4263; Times changes\\nowners, 4273; Audubon monument\\nEricsson s statue, 4281 Col. Shepard s\\nwill; printing anniversary; Duke de\\nVeragua received, 4282,3; waiters strike,\\n4283; Columbian XavalParade,4283 ,4291;\\nSt. Luke s New Hospital, 429 1 gold cer-\\ntificates suspended, 421)2; panic averted,\\n4293; Infanta Eulalie entertained; Jour-\\nnal of Commerce and Dai I, Commercial\\nBullet in consolidated, 4302; Whitman\\nembezzlement, 4303; Francis Weeks ab-\\nsconds, 430 2 murderer Johnson con-\\nvicted; cheap-milk depot opd., 4303;\\nCustom House investigation, 4312; im-\\nmigration investigation, 431 i cable-cars\\non Broadway new piers and bulkhead\\nplans, 4313; Briggs case reopd.; Bus.\\nship arrives, 4321,4342,4352; Christian\\nUnion changed to Outlook school teach-\\ners dismissed Irving Savings Inst, rob-\\nbery, 4322; Anti-sweating Law enforced;\\nGould inheritance tax, 4323 4753 bridge-\\njumpers, 4323, 4.532 anarchists meet,\\n4331 Norwegian Viking ship arrives\\nClearing House certificates, 4332, 3\u00c2\u00b1,\\n4393; Washington tablet on City Hall,\\n4333 Sage suit, 4342; Madison Square\\nBank closes, 4353; Cashier Keeley ar-\\nrested, 4361; mass-meeting for unem-\\nployed; Hebrew laborers riotous, 4362;\\nyellow fever in harbor, 4372; Liberty\\nBell arrives Croton Aqueduct cost,\\n4373; ClausTimmerman. sentenced, 4381\\nLord-mayor of Dublin in; Green and\\nCollins, forgers Italian flag, City Hall,\\n4382; Mrs. Fitzgerald shoots Mrs. Pear-\\nsail, 43S 3 excessive immigration, 4392;\\nJoseph Chamberlain in Archduke\\nFranz-Ferdinand arrives; police negli-\\ngence^^; Dunraven dinner N.Y. Yacht\\nClub; grand jury accused Chamber of\\nCommerce favors silver repeal bill; J.\\nKaiser, incendiary, 440 3 Cotton Ex-\\nchange favors silver repeal bill, 4412;\\nPresb. Hospital fire cholera by Russia,\\n4413; Anti-Maynard mass-meeting, 4421\\nManhattan Bank forgers F. L. Mathes\\nshot, 4422; defalcation, 4433,4451; vote\\ncanvassed without watchers, 4423; boiler\\nexplosion,4432; Polyclinic Hospital, frac-\\ntured vertebrae restored Hale statue\\nMohammedan muezzin, 4441 burglars\\nraid,4442; J. Y.Mc Kane s libel suit,4443;\\nW. R. 1 Laid law s damage suit, 4442,4543;\\nhelp for reformed women Capt. Dev-\\nery indicted, 4443; acquitted, 4563; Anti-\\nTammany Hall movement, 4451, 4682;\\nelection frauds, 4462, 4532; Dr. Park-\\nhurst against Inspector Williams, 4462,\\n4482,4502; bigamist Grimm sentenced,\\n4482,3; Lexow committee, 4511, 4522,\\n4611,4652, 4683, 4722; Greek Orthodox\\nchurch est., 4501; police census, 4502;\\nD. J. Buckley sentenced Citizens Re-\\nlief Fund, 4503; Northern Lights, 4521;\\nE. Wiman acquitted, 4521, 4623, 4643;\\ncivil justice Roeseh, admits fee, 4522\\nCapt. Westerfelt s trial. 4522, 4712; Irish\\nflagon City Hall, 4522. 4551 Capt. O Con-\\nnor s trial, 4522, 4563; work for unskilled\\nwomen, 453 Hospital Saturday; R. S.\\nEly s will, 4542; F. E. Edgar defalca-\\ntion, 4543; Civil Service Law violated,\\n4551 smallpox epidemic, 4553; Father\\nDrumgoole s statue, 4561 saloon census\\nof Sunday opening, 4563; Non-partizan\\nPark Commission Bill vetoed, 4593 R.\\nCroker resigns, 4593, 4623; Columbus\\nstatue, 4681; Greeley statue; Roman\\nCatholic parochial school exhibit,\\n460i; N. Y. Chapter, Colonial Order,\\nest.; pawn-shop, Provident Loan Soc;\\nKean embezzlement school for thiev-\\nery, 4602; Catherine Fitzgerald ac-\\nquitted, 4603; Mutual Kinployment Soc.,\\nobject; elephant Tip killed, 4613; bust\\nof H. G. Pearson, 462 1 Philip Moran\\nshot State Club opd., 4623; Capt. Price s\\ntrial Flag Day eel., 4633; Worthington\\nembezzlement, 4642; Policeman Brady\\ndismissed mass-meeting endorses Chi-\\ncago strikers, 4643; trial of police offi-\\ncials (see Police Accused), 4221 Police\\nCommissioner John McClave resigns;\\nEast River Tunnel completed, 4653;\\nCapt. Doherty trial, 4651 4662; Chinese\\nXews est., 4662; strikeon school buildings,\\n4663; Salvation Army Building, 4681\\ndiamond thief captured, 4682 Alder-\\nman Parks arrested strikers enjoined\\nMutual Employment Soc. est., 4691\\nCentral Park suicide; infected cheese,\\n4693; Josephine Hoffman, k.,4702; anti-\\nsweating system strike; Supt. Byrnes\\nreport,4703; Capt. Stephenson dismissed,\\n4703, 4763; citizens against Tammany;\\nCommittee of Seventy, 471 2, 4731 ,2,4751,\\n2; gov t corrupt, 4222, 4751; Builders\\nLeague find.; Geo. Appo wounded\\nshirtmakers strike street-car robbery\\ncorruption in city offices, 4722; in police\\ndepartment, 4662, 4683, 47^2, 4743; sym-\\npathetic strike, 4723; tailors eel., 4731\\nNathan Straus, W. L. Strong, nominees\\nfor mayor, Frederick Smythe and John\\nW. Goff for recorder, 4732, 4751 Thor-\\nwaldsen statue, 4741 Teachers College\\nopd., 4742; Woman s Municipal League,\\n4743; Hugh J. Grant nom. for mayor\\nmurderer Leach surrenders Dist.-Att.\\nFellows s trial, 475i tenement house in-\\nvestigation district attorney s neglect,\\n4752; fire, 4753; Seton Hospital opd.;\\nJohn Burns arrives Seeley bank rob-\\nbery; Parkhurst banquet; illicit still\\nraid, 4762; Capt. Westervelt s trial,4763;\\nfold at premium, 4772; sub-treas., big\\neposit, 4773; Capt. Creeden reinstated;\\ncommittee to study liquor problem, 4791\\nFederation East Side Workers estab-\\nlished; Carter, defaulter, 4792. (See\\nBrooklyn.)\\nNew York State (NewNetherland); Span-\\niards visit Verrazzano, and Gomez\\nvisit, 191 Champlain dis. Lake C, 261\\nHudson ascends H. River, 262 under\\nDutch rule: Dutch settle Manhattan,\\n29i 2 fur trade on the Hudson, 291\\nJohn Smith (Va.) overpowers Dutch\\nfort erected on Manhattan Onrest\\nlaunched, 28i New Netherland Co. char-\\ntered Ft. Nassau (Albany) erected, 29*;\\nFr. and Indians right, 281 Ft. Orange\\n(Albany) built, 292, 301 311 Lutherans\\nin New Amsterdam, 301; new charter,\\n303 Ft. Nassau built on the Delaware,\\n30i, 31i; Long Island granted to Loi I\\nStirling; Walloons arrive, 311; settle tho\\nHudson River region; civil gov t est.\\nCapt. May, gov. 100 cattle arrive, 31-\\nWin. Verhulst, gov. Peter Minuit, gov.,\\n312, 3; many immigrants, 312; Man-\\nhattan bought for ,si*4, 313; Comfort-\\ners lead Dutch Kefi umed worship, 302;\\nslavery intro., 303 friendly with Puri-\\ntans, 313; 1st Dutch minister; 1st Presb.\\nchurch, 312; patroons like lords of Eur.,\\n313; Reformed Dutch service at Albany,\\n321; manors created, 331; i s t church\\nbuilt purchase Cape May (N. J.), 332\\nterritory claimed by Charles L, 333\\nWouter Van Twiller, gov. purchase\\nland in (Conn.) also in (Pa.), 333, 352\\nbuy lands in (N. J.), 352; Win. Kieft,\\ngov open for trade, 353 distil brandy,\\n341 Indians abused war follows, 36i\\nPuritan Presb. church at Southold, 362;\\nimmigration increases, 372 Indians seek\\nrevenge, 36 1 Indians torture Father\\nJogues, 362 1st Representative Assem-\\nbly, 372 massacre of friendly Indians\\nHutchinson family massacred truce\\nwith Indians; Indians subdued, 361;\\nDutch miss, for Indians First Eng.\\nPresb. minister intolerance Ger. Luth-\\nerans arrive, 363 peace with Indians,\\n361 toleration in Flushing, 363; popula-\\ntion in 1645, 373 Brooklyn chartered\\nPeter Stuyvesant, gov. slaves brought,\\n39i N. Eng., boundary est., 392 built\\nFt. Casimir (Del.), 381; Newtown and\\nFlatbush patents, 393 church at Flat-\\nbush, 383; gait springs dis., 38 1 elective\\nmunicipality in N. Amsterdam, 393; Del.\\nSwedes subdued, 401, 411 Algonquins\\nsubdued Jews not excluded, 40 1 [Del.]\\nannexed, 41 1 Dutch intolerant, 401 2\\nJews may worship privately, 401, 662;\\nBaptists persecuted, 402; Indians attack\\nKingston, 421 Del. possessions sold,\\n423; New Netherland and New Amster-\\ndam end under English rule: Eng.\\ntake New Netherland, 421 431 also Ft.\\nOrange (Albany), 42i, 3 truce with In-\\ndians, 42i an Eng. duchy; [N. J.] lands\\nsold Richard Nicolls.Eiig. gov. Conn.\\nyields claims to Long Island, 431; treaty\\nwith Five Nations, 42 1 ,432; Schenectady\\nsettled, 432; liquor traffic regulated,\\n423 N. Y. City incorp., 432 Duke s\\nLaws enacted; Eng. oppress Dutch,\\n433; 1st church in Brooklyn, 422; Francis\\nLovelace, tyrannical gov., 433; arbitrary\\ntaxation protest annual assemblies\\ndemanded, 45i Ger. Lutherans build a\\nchurch,443;May races est.; monthly post,\\nN. Y., to Boston, 453; Dutch take N.Y.\\n441,452; Anthony Colve, gov. ,453; Eng.\\nacquire, 441 453 D. of York s patent\\nenlarged Sir Edmund Andros assumes\\ngov t arbitrary restored to Eng. dis-\\ncontent with govt. treaty with Indians,\\n453; Andros repulsed in Conn., 471;\\n1st Prot. Epis. service, 463 claims", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1364.jp2"}, "1365": {"fulltext": "New York.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n13b\\ntribute of N.J. ,473; i s t Gen. Assembly\\ngrants toleration, 48 2 Huguenot Presb.\\ncliurcb est., 482, 3 Thos. Dongan, gov.,\\n482,492; Jesuits est. R. Cath. worship,\\n4S2; trade becomes free, 49 1 1st session\\nof Assembly Charter of Liberties\\npassed, 492; Conn, boundary fixed, 493,\\n63 2 Fr. attack Seneeas, 501 made a\\nroval province, 503; Indians repulse Fr.,\\n50i Francis Nicholson, gov. (16SS-S9)\\nAlbany incorporated. Representative\\nAssembly abolished, 503 annexed to\\nN. Eng.; Andros, gov. -gen. of Brit. Am.,\\n511 Henry Sloughter, gov. (1691), 511 ,3;\\nglad tidings; revolution, Eng.; factional\\nfeuds Jacob Leisler assumes gov t\\n(1689-91); committee of safety; conf. with\\nMohawks Francis Nicholson, tempo-\\nrary gov., 512 Huguenots settle New\\nRocheile, 513 Indians burn Schenec-\\ntady,50i 1st Colonial Congress. Can. to\\nbe conquered, 513; expedition fails, 50 1\\narting-gov. Leisler hanged, 513; Schuy-\\nler s raid in Can., 521; whipping-post,\\npillory, and ducking stool est., 531\\nRichard Ingoldsby, acting gov. treaty\\nwith Iroquois, 532; Benj. Fletcher, gov.,\\n521 2, 532; toleration enacted R. Cath.\\nunder Test Act, 522 Fr against Mo-\\nhawks also against Iroquois, 521 all\\ntaxed for clergy; episcopacy est. by law,\\n522; arbitrary gov t opposed, 532 Flet-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0cher defied in Hartford, 52 1 53 2 print-\\ncopal clergy legal, 523 votes of Assem-\\nbly published population in 1696, 533\\nLord Bellomont, gov. of N. Y., N. J.,\\nMass., N. H., and Me., 533, 551 Jewish\\nsynagogue 1st Trinity church, N. Y.\\ncity, 523 Bellomont restricts liberties\\nand enlarges governor s prerogative\\nresented, 551 A.D. 1700f popish\\npriests to be hanged, 542; treaty\\nwith Iroquois, Ct. of Chancery est.; John\\nNanfangov.; L. Cornbury, gov. N.Y. and\\nN.J.,552; to fortify Narrows, 541 King s\\nColl. (Columbia) inception, 543; preroga-\\ntives unquestioned pestilence in N. Y.\\ncity, 553 slave market, 57 2 Presb.\\nclergy arrested, 563; Cornbury reproved,\\n572, dismissed extravagant land grants\\nvacated John Lovelace, gov. gov s\\nrevenue annual; contest; paper money\\nissued Richard Ingoldsby, gov., 573\\naids conquest of Can., 561 Palatines\\narrive Lutherans Baptist preaching,\\n571 GerardusBeeknian, gov.,57 3 Robt.\\nHunter, gov., 57 1 ,3; Lutherans in Scho-\\nharie Co.,582; council of gov s, and Indi-\\nans Oswego fnd., 59 1 Tuscaroras in,\\n593; 1st Presb. church, 582; Peter Schuy-\\nler, acting-gov. Wm. Burnet, gov., 593;\\nConestoga Indian conf., 61 1 conf. with\\nIroquois, 612 Oswego trading house,\\n612, 3; 1st Bapt. church, 602; y Ga _\\nztttt* issued, 603; Fr. build Ft. Niagara,\\n601 Indians seek Eng. protection, 61 2\\nJohn Montgomerie, gov., 613 many\\nJews in city, 603; Fr. build fortress,\\nCrown Point, 621 Rip Van Dam, gov.;\\nWm. Crosby, gov. Dem. vs. Autocratic\\nParty, 632; stage route to Boston popu-\\nlation in 1732, 633 Zenger criticizes\\ngov t; imprisoned, 623, 632, 3; successful\\nIndian missions, 623, 653 j Geo. Clarke,\\ngov., 633 Hebrews disfranchised, 642\\nN. J. separated, 652 paper currency\\ndepreciated; Moravian Indian missions,\\n65 3 negro conspiracy 65 2 Presb.\\nSynod of N. Y. find., 65 66i JT.\\nGazette or Weekly Post-Hoy, 652; Geo.\\nClinton, gov. dissolves legislature, 653;\\ngov. opposes missionaries, 643, 661 663;\\nIndians take Saratoga, 661 Lottery Bill\\nfor college Eve. Post issued, 67 1 Colo-\\nnial and Indian conf. revenue for king\\nrefused, 672; Coetus org. ,663; theatricals\\nintro., 661 A.D. 1750\u00c2\u00b1 colony sur-\\npassed by others an ti-Fr. Colonial Cong.,\\n673; calendar changed, 692; Troy fnd.,\\n693; Independent Rr% ict or, Mercury, and\\nPacquet,69i Sir Danvers Osborne, gov.,\\n692; James DeLaneey, gov., 693, 713;\\nKing s Coll. (Columbia) opd., 691 mort-\\ngages registered, 693 Indians destroy\\nHoosick and Schagtieoke,682; reformed\\nclassics org., 69 1 Cong, of seven colo-\\nnies Fed. Constitution proposed, 69 3\\nFt. William Henry built: Fr. fortify\\nTiconderoga, 70 1 Reformed Conferentic\\nmeets, 711 Sir Charles Hardy, gov., 712;\\nAbercromliie s expedition fails; Fr. be-\\nsiege Ft. Ontario Oswego surrenders\\nFt. take William Henry, 701 Indians\\nattack German Flats Eng. repulsed at\\nFt. Ticonderoga Eng. retreat to Ft.\\nGeorge; Ft. Stanwix built, 702; Eng.\\nexpedition Fr. leave Ft. Ticonderoga\\nand Crown Point, 703, 721 1st Metho-\\ndist, 723; Cadwallader Golden, gov.;\\nRobt. Monckton, gov., 732; treaty of\\nParis; peace, 733; t. claimed, 733, 751\\n(Jersey City) ferry est., 733; Stamp Act\\nindignation, 743; Anti-Stamp Act Cong.\\nDeclaration of Rights Sons of Lib-\\nerty org. Stamp Act enforced Sir\\nHenry Moore gov., 75 2 Methodism in-\\ntro. ,742; Assembly obstinate; suspended;\\nexpress toPhila.,75 3 Indians civilized,\\n77i Chamber of Commerce incorp.,77 3\\nShakers arrive, 763,782; Albany Gazette,\\n77 1 Lord John Dunmore, gov. Wm.\\nTryon, gov., 773; colonists divided\\nWhigs and Tories, 79 1 Allen surprises\\nFt. Ticonderoga; Crown Point taken,\\n801 Sir John Johnson flees Continen-\\ntal armv at Ft. Ticonderoga; expedition\\nto Can., 802 Tory Coll. pres. mobbed\\nColonial Assembly ends Tory counties,\\n812; A.D.1775+; king s authority over-\\nthrown, 813 j Gov. Tryon seeks safety,\\nS31 Hickey assassination plot, 833 j\\nHowe lands Brit, soldiers; Gen. Sullivan\\ndriven out of Can., commands on Long\\nIsland, defeated, 841 many of militia\\ndesert Brit, army in N. Y. City battle\\nof Harlem Heights Nathan Hale\\nhanged; Royalist corps org. B. Arnold\\nfights on Lake Champlain Arnold burns\\nCrown Point; Aims, abandon Manhattan;\\ndefeat at White Plains Carleton retires\\nto Can., 84.2 Washington enters N. J.\\nFt. Washington surrenders, 843; Riciny-\\nton s Gazetteer (Tory); John Englishman\\nN. T. Pacquet; Am. Advertiser, 851\\nAlex. Hamilton aids Washington de-\\nclared independent State Howe pro-\\nclaims pardon, 852 conf. with Howe\\npardon accepted, 853 Brit, seize stores\\nat Peekskill. 86 1 Clias. Lee negotiates\\ntreason, 861 873 Brit, surprised at Sag\\nHarbor; Burgoyne invades N. Y., at\\nCrown Point, 86 2 Six Nations join Brit.;\\nBrit, return to Staten Island Ams.\\nabandon Ft. Ticonderoga Brit, at\\nWhitehall, burn Ft. Ann Brit, at Ft.\\nEdward Jane McCrea k., 863 j Brit,\\nattack Ft. Stanwix battle of Oriskany\\nBrit, expedition to Bennington Ams.\\nraid Staten Island Gen. Gates com-\\nmands Ams., 871 battle of Stillwater\\nBrit, take Ft. Clinton and Ft. Montgom-\\nery battle of Saratoga, 872 Geo. Clin-\\nton, gov., 892 Washington at White\\nPlains Indian council, Johnstown\\nChief Brant raids Mohawk Valley,\\nCobbleskill Valley, German Flats, 883\\nsigns articles of Confederation Tories\\nto be banished, 893; Cherry Valley mas\\nsacre, 901 Indian towns destroyed\\nStony Point fortified, taken, 902 mas-\\nsacres; Indian war, 901 2, 3; 921 ,3, 943;\\nWest Point fortified, 903; cedes Western\\nlands, 913, 931, 953, 973; Tories burn\\nJohnstown; Indians burn Canajoharie,\\n921 B. Arnold s treason, 922; Ams. raid\\nStaten Island, 923 Board of Associated\\nLoyalists find,; transfers land claims,\\n933 Brit, surrender Ogdensburg, 941\\nAm. headquarters at Newburg, 943\\npeace proposals, 952 Am. army dis-\\nbands Brit, evacuate, 961 religious\\nequality enacted, 962; Epis. diocese of\\nN.Y.,9G3,!tN2 11th Continental Congress\\ninN.Y .,973; (seeN.Y. City) Lutheran\\nSynod fmd., 982; Board of Regents est.\\nManumission Soc. Tammany Soc. org.\\n991 retires from Constitutional Con ven.,\\n992; Conven. ratines Federal constitu-\\ntion; Cayuga Indians sell lands, 101 1;\\nBaptist Asso. fmd. public schools est.,\\n1023.; John Jay, gov., counted out dis-\\ncount bank at Albany road surveyed in\\nGenesee county, 1033; steamboat built,\\n1042, 1081 1141 1273 Union Coll. estab-\\nlished, 1063 A.D. 1800+ Meth. Epis.\\nConf. fmd., 1083 John Jay, gov., Albany\\nis capital, 1073; settlers enter Genesee\\nValley, 1073, ma Lyman Beecher or-\\ndained, 1083 abolition of slavery, 1091\\nyellow fever, 1093, 1133 West Point\\nAcad, est., 110 1 Geo. Clinton, gov., 1112;\\nBuffalo laid out, 1113 Morgan Lewis,\\ngov., 1132 first temperance soc, 1151;\\nDaniel D. Tompkins, gov., 1152\\nRochester fnd., 1153, 1193 Genesee\\nMeth. Conf. find., 1171 army at Platts-\\nburg, 11S2, 1221 weekly mails on Long\\nIsland, 1193 Brit, take Ogdensburg,\\n1201; Brit. a t SaeketCs Harbor, 1202;\\nBrit, take Plattsburg, 1203, bum Buf-\\nfalo, etc., burn Malone, 1221; battle of\\nPlattsburg, 1222 Madison University\\nest. Erie Canal cut, 1251 3, 1273, 1293\\n1313, 1331 3 John Taylor, gov., 1252\\nDeWitt Clinton, gov., 1253, 1332 State\\nlibrary fnd., 1251 ,1271 Champlain Canal\\ncut, 1273, 1331; Auburn prison opd.,\\n1272 Colgate Univ. est., 1291; Joseph\\nC. Yates, gov., 1312, 1343, 1353 Mor-\\nmons fnd., 1311, 1423; Universalists\\nconven. org.,1323; Hobart Coll. est., 1331\\nbounties for wolves, 1333 Sing Sing\\nprison begun, 1352 Van Buren leads\\nDem., 137i Nath. Pitcher, acting gov.,\\n1372 Martin Van Buren, gov., 1372, 3\\nWorkingmen s Party appears, 1372\\nCayuga and Seneca Canals Enos T.\\nThroop, gov., 1373 imprisonment for\\ndebt abolished; Univ. of N.Y est., 139 1\\n1423; Hudson and Mohawk R.R., Harlem,\\n1 thaca, Oswego, rail roads, l:;: 13 ;Tro\\\\-M.K.\\nConf. org., 1402; cholera, 1413 1453, 1673\\nSchenectady and Saratoga R. R., 1413\\nMillerites rise, 1422 Congregational\\nGen. Association fmd., 1423; suppression\\nof lotteries Antislavery Soc. est., 1431\\nanti-abolition riots N. J. boundary\\nfixed, 1432 Win. L. Marcy, gov., 1433\\nconven. of mechanics, 145 1 Locofocos\\nrise, 1452 Erie railroad, 1453 Alfred\\nUniv. est., 1463; Jamaica railroad; L T tica\\nand Schenectady, 1473 Western, P. E.\\ndiocese of, est, 14S3 Harlem R. R.\\nChenango Canal, 1493; general banking\\nlaw enacted, 1492; Chenango Canal com-\\npleted State banks resume, 1493; Wm.\\nH. Seward, gov.; Liberty Party conven.,\\n1512; Syracuse and Utica R. R. Syra-\\ncuse and Auburn R. R., 1513; St. John s\\nColl. est., 1543 Rochester and Buffalo\\nR. R.; Wm. C. Bouck, gov., 1553; Silas\\nWright, Jr., gov., 1592 anti-renters\\noutrages, 157 1, 159 1; constitution con-\\nven. meets, 1612 manhood suffrage in-\\ntro., 1613 ;teleg-raphintro.. 161 3,1632 ;John\\nYoung, gov., 1613 St. Francis Xavier\\nColl. est., 1631; spiritualism rises, 1632\\n1653; East N. Y. M. E. conf. fmd.; Coll.\\nof N. Y. est., 1642; Barnburners Nat.\\nconven. new code of laws adopted\\nFree Soil Party Nat. Conven., 1651;\\nHamilton Fish, gov., 1671 Hudson River\\nR.R., 1673 Univ. of Rochester est,,\\n1683 A.D. 1850\u00c2\u00b1 Washington Hunt,\\ngov.; Whitehalland Rutland R.R. opd.,\\n1692; Henry Clay burned, 1713; Man-\\nhattan Coll. est ,1731 gale, 174 1 Horatio\\nSeymour, gov., 1743, 2293; N. Y. Central\\nR. R., 1752, 3 Elmira Coll. est., 1783\\nM.H.Clark, Prohibition gov., 1792; Coll.\\nof Our Lady; St. Lawrence Univ. est.,\\n1802; J, A King, gov. Whigs interfere\\nwith local gov t, 1S32 St. Stephen s\\nColl. est., 1863; Edwin D. Morgan, gov.,\\n1871; N. Y. senate votes for constitu-\\ntion alpr oh ib., 1872; Prohibitory Amend,\\napproved, 1922 St. Joseph s College\\nVassar Coll. est., 1991; Anti-Lineuln\\nDem. meeting. 2153, 2233; Union League\\nfmd., 2192, 2431; Dem. Valandigham\\nsympathy conven. Peace Party (Dem.)\\nmeeting, 2233 Manhattan Coll. est.\\nNormal School est. at Oswego; Anti-\\nDraft riots, 2252, 3 Horatio Seymour,\\nfov., 2293 in draft riots, 225? opposes\\nraft, 2273; asylum for inebriates, 2412;\\nratifies 13th Amend.. 2432 Reuben E.\\nFenton, gov., 2511 ratifies 14th Amend.,\\n2572 public schools made free, 2582\\nnormal school opd. at Brockport, 2603\\nBoard of Charities est., 2611; Cornell\\nUniv.; Wells Coll. est., 2623; soldiers\\nmemorial day eel., 2631 Tweed controls\\nelection, 265 1 Albany and Susq. R. R.,\\n2653,2673; St. Louis Coll. est., 2603; new", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1365.jp2"}, "1366": {"fulltext": ".354\\nText Figures denote Page. INOKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Newy\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NlclL\\ncapital, 2673, 2753, 3013, 4011 Hell Gate\\nimprovements, 2673, 2933, 3213; Normal\\nschools, Potsdam and Portland, opd.,\\n2663; JohnT. Hoffman, gov., 261)3; Can-\\nisius Coll. est. St. John Baptist s Coll.\\nSyracuse University est.,272i Tammany\\nHall defeated, 2752, 2872; Central N. Y.\\nM. E. Conf. org., 2763 Judge Barnard\\nconvicted insane asylum at Buffalo,\\n2783; State Parks Commission est., 2791\\nsynod of Evang. Luth. org., 2802; survey\\nof Adirondack s, 2813 Free Meth. Conf.\\norg., 2822 W. C. T. U. nucleus, 2831 2851\\nWm. M. Tweed, sentenced, 2831; Colo-\\nrado beetle in, 2833 compulsory educa-\\ntion enacted. 2843,3463, 4051 4111 John\\nA. Dix, gov., 2851 Samuel J. Tilden, gov.,\\n2872 governor s term lengthened, 2S73;\\nsoldiers home est., 2923 Lucius Rob-\\ninson, gov., 2973; Chautauqua Literary\\nCircle est., 3003; Oneida Community dis-\\nsolved, 3032; Lung Island Historical Soc.\\nest., 3042; Alonzo B. Cornell, gov., 3052;\\nMiller and Lapham, senators, 3092\\nGrover Cleveland, gov., 3112, 3153; re-\\nsigns. 3193, pros. C.S., 3192, 321 1 declines\\nprohibition, 3212, at Grant s funeral,\\n3213 State Charities and Corrections\\nCouncil est., 3131; David B. Hill, gov.,\\n3193, 3233, 3332 forest commissioners\\nest.; Niagara Falls reservation est., 321 2;\\nBoard of Arbitration est., 3232; contract\\nconvict labor prohibited, 3303; electrical\\nexecution enacted, 3332,3492, 3631, 3651\\nNat. Guard Asso. meets. 334 1; Canal\\nBill, 3353; Naval Militia Bill, 3352; Erie\\nCanal enlargement, 3353; Ballot Reform\\nBill; substitute, 3472, passed, 3391 ,3551\\nAustralian system adopted, 3392\\nGreater New York, 3372,4023, 4032,4231\\n4272, 4512, 4752 secret ballot, 3372 t\\n3392, 3, 3532, 3552, 3, 3572; oil dis., 3381\\nnatural gas dis., 3332 moneys for R. C.\\nProtectory Bill defeated, 338*3 Woman\\nSuffrage defeated, 3391, 4052; Dressed\\nBeef Bill Excise Commission Bill\\nRapid Transit. Bill Police Justice Bills\\nN. Y. City Police Coi a miss ion Bill Park\\nCommission Bill, 3392 Saxton Ballot\\nKeform Bill, 3392, 3, 3532, 3552, 3572,\\n3992; Saxton Aiiti-Pooi-SellingBill.3792,\\n4292; Anti-Bucket Bill, 3412; Mohawk\\nlioud, 2421 Civil Service Reform League,\\n3472 Barnard Coll. est., 3502 a.D.\\n1890+ earthquake; Geo. Wm. Curtis,\\nchancellor of regents, 352 1 inspectorsof\\nelections are ministers, 3.531; World s\\nFair Bill, 3532, 3993, 4011 4271 Adiron-\\ndacks Park Bill, 3532, 4011 ballot re-\\nform, petition for, 3543 state care of\\nInsane Bill, 3553, 3773, 381 1 4191 Non-\\npartisan Police Bill, Ballot Reform Bill\\nintro. ,355 s WeeklyPayment Billpasses,\\n3571 Prohibition Amend, to constitu-\\ntion, 3571,2, 3592,3772, 3811; Two-Dol-\\nlars-a-Day Bill Hudson River Bridge\\nBill, 3572 paper-mills synch..; water-\\npower of Niagara Falls utilized, 357 3\\nBlackwell s Island; East River Bridge\\nBill, 3592, 3773, 4012 election frauds,\\n3591 Wood department in State\\nMuseum, 3641 Catholic schools, regent s\\nreport, 3642 snow falls in Aug., 3661;\\nYouths Anti-smoking law, 3663 H. R.\\nK. R. Yardmen quit work, 3663 supe-\\nrior courts abolished, 3672; Stadler\\nDance Hall, Sunday sales, and Hil-\\ndreth Liquor Bills defeated; N. Y.,\\nand Brooklyn Tunnel Bill, 381 1; no\\nKnights of Labor employed on C. R. R.,\\n368 3 Conf. of Prot. Denominations on\\npublic schools, 3702; Noyes election dis-\\npute, 3732; Stadler Special License Bill,\\n3783,381 Clifton race-track; operators\\npunished, 3762; Anti-Pool-Selling Bill,\\n379 2 election cases transferred to courts\\nCentral R. R. traffic resumed, 3793\\nAnti-Pinkerton Bill, 3811,4012; Brook-\\nlyn Tunnel Bill; Heirs Tax Bill, 3812;\\nSchaff Excise Bill, 3813 univ. Exten-\\nsion Bill, 3832 rose chosen for State\\nflower, 3833 nominees for gov., Bruce,\\nFlower, Fassett, 3912 State Liquor\\nDealers Asso., 390 3 first train by Sound\\nFerry, 391 s tie vote, 3952 Dutchess\\nCounty, other defective ballots, 395 2 -t-,\\n3971,4312 4792 Democratic majority\\nin senate, 3973 Sherwood seated,\\n3992 Judge Maynard confirmed, 3993,\\ninvestigation, 4021, 4051 Snap Demo-\\ncratic conven., 4003, 4011 Liquor Deal-\\ners Excise Bill, 4003, 4011 4051 Three\\nBridges Bill, 4012, 4573 St. Lawrence\\nBridge Bill, 4013 Dem. anti-silver\\ncoinage; Grant Monument Bill, 403 1\\nconstitutional amendments adopted\\nFreedom of Worship BiU, 4032 West\\nSide Park Bill census taken, 4033\\nHuckleberry R. R. Bill, 405 4593\\nWoman Suffrage Bill, 4052 Constitu-\\ntional Conven. Bill, 4052, 4231; Speed-\\nway Act repealed, 4051 Statutory Re-\\nvision Commission codes signed, 4072;\\nAnti-Hill Conven., 4073, nominates\\nWheeler, 4732 Factory Bill signed,\\n4072 tramps seize freight train, 4083\\nState Arbitrators in Buffalo, 4142\\nOneida County election case, 4171 Dem.\\nsole inspectors, 4171 4192; Buffalo elec-\\ntion frauds, 4192; Capitol Appropriation\\nBills intro., 401 1 Gov. Flower inaug.,\\n4212; Brooklyn officials protected, 4223;\\nNon-partizan Election Inspectors Bill,\\n4243, 4552; Fire Island purchased, 4271\\nBuffalo Police Bill, 4272, 4283; Anti-\\nCapital Punishment Bill, 4273 Anti-\\nPool-Room Bill, 4292 state Art Teach-\\ners* Asso. session, 44S 2 Anti-Conspiracy\\nBill, 4283; Niagara Falls electric syndi-\\ncate find., 4312 convicts work on roads,\\n433 2 tax-exempt property, 4372; Racing\\nAsso. Tax Bill, 4532; Brooklyn Annexa-\\ntion Bills signed, 4592; Pound Compul-\\nsory Education Bill, 4611; Bi-Partizan\\nPolice Bills vetoed, 4533, 4572, 4612\\nelectoral frauds, 4442, s, 4451, 2; coal\\ndeposit dis., 448i State parks proposed,\\n4493; Lexow investigating committee,\\n451i\u00c2\u00b1(see N.Y.Citvt Side Door Saloon\\nBill lost; Flag on Public buildings Bill\\n4551 4612; Ehnira Reformatory investi-\\ngation, 4551 Patriotic League of Revolu-\\ntion, 4563; Colony for Epileptics enacted,\\n4592, opd., 4702 Canal Improvement\\nBill Non-partizan Park Commission\\nBill; Ives Pool Bill unconstitutional,\\n4593 Constitutional Conven. officers,\\n4593, Female Suffrage petition, 4612, rs\\nstrikers, 4643, Sunday liquor frame, 4663,\\nto abolish coroners, 4712, railroading\\nbills, amends, demanded, 4671, favors\\ncapital punishment, 4682, female suf-\\nfrage, 4683, death penalty, 4692, Educa-\\ntional Amendments, 4702, abolition of\\nconvict labor, 4711, 2, railroad passes,\\n4712, Home rule, pool-selling, 4731 Demo-\\ncrats arraign Republicans, adopts con-\\nstitution, amendments divided, 473 2\\nconstitutional amendments approved,\\n4752; free library system extended, 462 1\\ninvestigation of Gov. Flower, 4551 4653;\\nrace-track decision education in charit-\\nable institutions vaccination in schools,\\n4702 Levi P. Morton, gov., 4712 Stan-\\ndard Oil Extradition, 4771\\nNew York Mills, cattle sale, 2833.\\nUniversity. (See Univ. of N. Y.)\\nYacht Club org. (1844) incorp.\\n(1845); custodians of America cup, 1S33\\nCambria defeated 2713 Livonia de-\\nfeated, 2753 Countess of Dufferin de-\\nfeated, 2933; Atalanta defeated, 3093;\\nreturns cup to donors, 313 3 Genesta de-\\nfeated, 3213 Galatea defeated, 3253\\nThistle defeated, 3273; Dunraven s chal-\\nlenge, 4173; Vigilant selected, 4392; Val-\\nkyrie defeated, 4413.\\nNew York, cruiser, launched, 3961 trial\\ntrip, 4301 at Rio de Janeiro, 4461\\nsteamship, flag raised, 4253; rec-\\nord, 4712,3.\\nNew York Custom House Bill passes, 3791\\nBridge Bills reported unfavor-\\nably in Congress, 401 2 4021\\n_ and N. J. Bridge Bill, 4251 4412,\\n4431,4471,4492,4773.\\nCentral R. R. est., 1752 accident\\non, 1853 newspaper train, 325 3 train\\nrobbers on, 3931,4022.\\nN. H. R. R. bridge wreck, 1733.\\nNewton Tbeolog. (Bapt.) Inst. est. (1825)\\nat Newton, Mass., 1323.\\nNew Zealand. (See text, p. 1103) settled,\\n9512; mission, 10031; detached, 4953;\\nbishopric est., 9483 detached bishopric,\\n4962 Maoris ins., 9(J4 1 9661 9672 strike,\\n5002; excluded, 5012 Christ church,\\nsee est., 9583 Bp. Julius cons., 1004 2\\nNew Zealand Company organized, 11032.\\nNey, Michel, Due d Elchigen, Pr. de la-\\nMoskowa, b., 7042 at Eichingen, 7141\\nat Dennewitz, 7201 shot, 722i ,2 statue\\n7321.\\nNeyoor in Travancor, mission, 10462.\\nNez Perces, Presbyterians among, 2822.\\nNezahualcoytl, d., 122.\\nNezahuapilli, enthroned, 133 d., 161.\\nNezib, battle at, 6562.\\nNezlet-Rooman, mission, 657\\nN gami, Lake, Afr., dis., 5601 5982.\\nNgape, Burmese war, 10482.\\nNguyen dynasty, Annam, 4811\\nNiafaaurut reigns, Egypt, 6513.\\nNiagara lays Atlantic cable, 1833.\\nblockades Charleston captures Gen-\\neral Parkhill, 1942, Georgia, 2372.\\nNiagara, Can., see est., 9803; Bp. Hamilton\\nconsecrated, 9922.\\nFalls, fort built, 481 rivalry for,\\n612 Table Rock falls, 1261 1661 172i\\nmen fall, 1753- Internat. Miss. Union\\ninaug., 3182 Suspension Bridge opd.,\\n1761, 3; 1773; Blondin crosses, 1853;\\nMatt. Webb drowned Cantilever Bridge\\nbuilt peril of Maid of Mist, 315 3\\nState purchases park, 3212, 3 bridge\\nwrecked, 3321; horseshoe rock drops,\\n3341 S. J. Dixon walks over, 3673; water\\npower tunnel, 3573, 36S1, 4513; grant\\nfor electric machine, 589 2\\nUniv.\\nFalls, N.\\nNibelungenot (Nibeliaigenlied) est., 7763.\\nNicander, at war with Argives, 10141\\nNicanor in Hellespont, 10243 at Caphar-\\nsalama killed in Adasa, 114S1.\\nNicaragua lost at sea, 3973.\\nNicaragua (see text,pp. 1103, 1104), dis.,162;.\\nrulers, 172; explored, 191 colonists\\nrebel, 221; Wm. Walker arrives, 1803 r\\n1822 treaty unratified, 3193; surrenders\\nto San Salv., 1123 3 Blueiields report,\\n551 Am. interests protected, 4661 sov-\\nereignty recognized, 4711 allied to Gua-\\ntemala, 103S1 Honduras defeated, 10411\\nCanal, route surveyed, 11031 ,2,3 in-\\nquiry resolution, 3992 conven. session,\\n4093, 4193 bill to incorporate, 3332,.\\n3363 bonds guaranteed, 3752 bill dis-\\ncussed, 3791 4772 concessions granted,\\n11033 receiver appointed, 4373; reor-\\nganized, 4453.\\nNiccolino, Ciovanni Battista, b, (1782);.\\nworks, 10871; d. (1861).\\nNice (Nic;ea), Asia, pillaged, 6611 crusa-\\nders win, 6682_; Gr. enip. reigns, 10351;\\nconquered, 10:i 2 Latin Emp. est., 1553 f\\nCouncil of, bps., 6643, 7913, 10283.\\nFr., truce of, ends war, 5112; annexed\\nto Savoy, 6772; bombarded, 7901; sur-\\nrenders, 6941 annexed toFr., 7092, 7132\\ncaptured by Fr. taken by Austrians,\\n10841; transferred to Sardinia, 7213;\\ntreaty for annexing. 7352; accident, 7473\\nfire-panic, 10903, earthquake, 7561 11502.\\nNicene creed adopted, 10682.\\nNiceola Pisano, Cathedral pulpit, 10761\\nNicephorus, in Asia. 10321 peace with\\nHarun-al-Rascbid. I0331 reigns k.,1032i\\nII., Phocas, reigns, 10332; recovers\\nCrete, etc, 10332; marries killed, 10323.\\nILL, reigns, 10333.\\nGregoras, b., 10343.\\nPatricias, deposed, 10331.\\nNichailovitcb, N ieolai, d., 11201.\\nNicholas L, the Great St., b.-d., 10721;\\npope, 10723.\\nII., pope, 10731\\nIII., pope, 10763.\\nIV., pope, embellishes Rome, 10762,3.\\nV., b.-d., 10782 pope, 10791 com-\\nmences ne.w St. Peter s, 10781; founds\\nlibrary, 10792.\\nV., anti-pope, 10771\\nI., Czar, b., 11162; reigns, 11173; abol-\\nishes slavery, 11172 manifesto for Chris-\\ntianity, 11182 manumission of serfs,\\n11191 W ar with Western powers, 11192;\\nat Varna, 5201 d., 11192.\\nII., proclaimed emp. Russia, 11231\\nof Guildford, work, 8523.\\nprince, b., 5652; recommended to\\nBulgaria, 5673; d., 5681\\nCzar, Turk, the Sick Man, 11571\\nSt., d., 11542.\\nCzarowitch, d., 11182.\\nGrand Duke, b., 11163 d., 11221", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1366.jp2"}, "1367": {"fulltext": "Nich-Norm.\\nText Figures denote Page. IN DrLX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n18^5\\nNicholas, G. D., insane, 11211.\\nRobt. chief justice, SS93.\\nNicholls, Francis T., gov., 2951 3012, 3332.\\nNichols, John b. 9103 d., 9422.\\nLouis, in Can. 5723.\\nWin. F., cons. P E. bishop, 3G21\\nRipley, b. (1847) d., 3241\\nNicholson, Gen., in Sepoy rebellion, 10481\\nFrancis, lieut.-gov., N. Y.,511 flees;\\nroyal commission, 512; gov., 551,593\\npeace with Indians, 60 1 gov., N. S.,\\n5752; d. (1728).\\nHenry Alleyne, voltaic battery, 930i\\nIsaac, consecrated bishop, 386*1 3941\\nJames, commodore, b., 642 d., 1122.\\nMargaret, assaults king, 9232.\\nWilliam, b., 9123 d (1815).\\nCarmichael, b. (1800) d., 2781\\nRufus, b. (1822) cons, bp., 2903.\\nNicholson s Crossing, R. R. accident, 3993.\\nNicias, peace of, 1020 2 executed, 10203\\nleader aristocratic party, 10212.\\nNickel dis., 3121, 11341 for coinage, 7533.\\nPlate Road, accident, 3873.\\nsteel experiments, 3901\\nNickerson, Town Marshal, killed, 3722.\\nNickolsburg, peace signed, 526 2\\nNicksich, aid from Mukhtar Pasha, 5281\\nNicobar Isles, acquired by Eng., 9733.\\nNicodemus interviews Jesus, 11521.\\nNicolai, Christoph Friedrich, b., 8002; Se-\\nbaldus Nothanker, 8051 d., S102.\\nKarl O. E., b., 8102 d., 8181\\nNicolas rules Montenegro, 10972.\\nDon, in Newfoundland, 19 1\\nSir Nicolas Harris, b., 9283 d., 9542.\\nWilson C, gov., 1233.\\nNicolay, John George, b. (1832); Abraham\\nLincoln, 4791\\nNicole, Pierre, b.,6863; work, 6931 d.,6943.\\nNicolet, R. C. diocese est., 5842.\\nNicoll, James Craig, b. (1846); of Academy\\nof Design, 3221.\\nNicollet, Jean Nicholas, b., 7062 d.,7283;\\nNicolls, Matthias, b. (1630+); mayor N.Y.,\\n452 d. (1687).\\nSir Richard, b. H624) gov. N.Y., 431\\nincorporates city, 432 d. (1672).\\nS. J., moderator, 280 2\\nNicols, Lewis, Indian missionary, 422.\\nNicomedes 1. reigns, 11492 d. (250i B.C.).\\nIII., Philopater, reigns expelled,\\n11511; routed by Mithridates, 10562;\\ngives Bithynia to Rom.. 1059 1 d.(74 B.C.).\\nNicomedia, Asia, earthquakes, 1150 2 re-\\nstored, 11533; Licinius surrenders, 10681\\nOthman invades, 11542 surrenders to\\nTurks, 11541 massacre of Christians\\n1154 3 j capital Empire, 11551 j mission,\\n11563.\\nNicon, Patriarch, cruelties, 11143.\\nNicopoli taken, 11581\\nNicopolis, action at, 10341 defeat of Si-\\ngismund, 11561\\nNicot, Jean, b., 6803; d., 6863.\\nNicotera, Giovanni, baron, b., 10862 d.,\\n10901\\nNicoya, Costa Rica, pirates; annexed, 6302.\\nNictheroy, Braz., victory, 558 s rebellion,\\n5601.\\nNicuessa, Diego de, b. (1465+) founds\\nNombre de Dios, 173 receives grant,\\n6282; gov., 6301; d. (1511).\\nNiebuhr, Barthold Georg, b., 8042; Roman\\nHistory, 8103; d., 8142.\\nKarstens, b. 8002; d., S103.\\nNiederbronn, Alsace, skirmish at, 7381\\nNieh degraded, 6263.\\nNiel, Adolpbe, b., 7143 minister of war,\\n7373 d., 7382.\\nNielsen, officer, death avenged, 8381\\nNiemcewicz, Julian Ursin, b. (1757); d.,\\n11163.\\nNiemen, Fr. army cross, 7183.\\nNiemeyer, August H.,b., 8022 d., 8142.\\nNien-fei, rebels defeated, 6202.\\nNiepce Jos. Nic^phore, b., 7031; dis. ac-\\ntion of light. 7201 inv. a velocipede. 7222\\nphotogalvanography, 7241 d., 7262.\\nde Saint-Victor, Claude Felix Abel,\\nb., 7163; d., 7382.\\nNierses II., calls synod of bishops, 10711\\nNietzsche, Friedrich, Jenseits, etc., 8362.\\nNieure Zijdinghen at Antwerp, 5411\\nNieuwentyl, Bernardus, b.-d., 11003.\\nNieuwpoort, action at, 10982.\\nNieva, Conde de. (See Lopez de Zufliga.)\\nNiger, Caius Pescennius, overthrown,\\n10641 in Sp., 1065 2 proclaimed emp.,\\n10653; defeated; killed, 6521.\\nNiger districts settled, 9951\\nRiver. (See text, p. 1161.)\\nNightingale, Florence, b.,9402 army ser-\\nvice, 9581 at Scutari, 11583.\\nNigra, Count, London Conference, 9932.\\nNihilists, arrest demanded, 5693 sen-\\ntenced, 7583 against Czar, 7603 ex-\\npelled, 7652 trial of, 11191 active ex-\\necuted, 11203; convicted at Kieff, 11211\\noffer to Czar manifesto, 11213.\\nNihon Bashi, mission at, 10922.\\nNiigata, missions at, 10921\\nNike, asteroid, discovered, 7601\\nNikoforoff, arrested, 5683.\\nNikopoli, battle of, 5061 captured, 5651\\nNile, source dis., 560 3 inundation fails,\\n6542 rises bricks found, 6563 Brit,\\nascend, 66O1 battle of, 928i\\nNile, steamer, wrecked, 9593.\\nironclad, launched, 9981\\nNiles, O., destitution, 4533.\\nHezekiah, b., 89 d., 1502.\\n.John Milton, b. (1787); P. M. Gen.,\\n1513 d (1856).\\nWm. Woodruff, b. (1S32); bp., 2702.\\nN., embezzling, 3S22.\\nNilometer erected, 6542.\\nNilsson, Christine, b., 11361; as Violetta,\\n9701.\\nSven, b.-d., 11342.\\nNimeguen, peace of, 5413; Eng. defeat,\\n710i; taken, 10981.\\nNimes, Fr., colony fnd., 661 1 conquered,\\n6621; plundered, 6622; united to Fr.,\\n6732; Protestants massacred, 7231 Cath-\\nolics massacred, 682 1; pacification of,\\n6371 burned and. plundered, 7221 mine\\nexplosion, 7573 Prot. Seminary, 7582.\\nNimrud, built, 11431 palace built, 11453.\\nNina sails; flag raised, 131; at Lisbon;\\nColumbus sails, 142.\\nstranded, 3801.\\nNinde, Wm. Xavier, b., 1402 bp., 3163.\\nNinety-Six, S. C, British take, 921\\nNineveh attacked, 11442; taken, 11471.\\n6481.\\nNing, Prince, rebels, 6141\\npo taken, 6161 attacked, 6162 mis-\\nsion, 6183,6192, 6211, 2 6222; desolated;\\nretaken, 6201 occupied, 6202; medicinal\\nwork, 6211.\\nhia, mission, 6242.\\nNinh-Binh, evacuated, 4802; yields, 4821\\nNinian, St., fnds. ch. in Galloway, 10702.\\nNinko reigns, 10913.\\nNinnescah, Kan., destroyed by gale, 3293.\\nNiobe rescues filibusters, 6321\\nbombards Omoa, 10411\\nNiogo opened to commerce, 10931\\nNippon Islands, earthquake, 10921\\nNipsic wrecked at Sainoim Islands, 3361\\nNisard, Jean Marie Napoleon Desire^ b.,\\n7163; d., 7562.\\nNisbet,EugeniusAristi.,b. (1803); d.,2721.\\nNish, Servia, action at, 1066 1; Turks de-\\nfeated, 5081\\nNisibis, action at, 10641\\nNitard, Jesuit, expelled, 11291\\nNitocris, Queen, avenges murder, 6471\\nNi-tek-tso, est. Christianity, 10941.\\nNitric acid, nature of\u00e2\u0080\u009e 9222.\\nether discovered, 7981\\nNitrogen described, 9182.\\nNitrous oxid gas intro. in London, 9701\\nused in Am., 2411.\\nNitscbmann, John, b. (1703) missionary,\\n622 d. (1772).\\nNitta Yoshisada leads revolt destroys\\nKamakura, 10911\\nNitzsch, Gregor Wilhelm, b., 8043; d. t\\n8202\\nKarl Ludwig, b., 8022 d., 8142.\\nNivollet, Fr., destroyed, 7561\\nNixon Dressed Beef Bill read, 3392.\\nCol., near Suffolk, 2211\\nJohn, d., 1242.\\nNizam Ali, treaty with Brit., 10453.\\nShahi dynasty reigns, 10433.\\n-ul-Mulk, yields to G. B., 10493.\\nN6, Charles, Hfii-es et Impressions, 760 2\\nNoachian deluge, 11401\\nNoah begins ark, 11401 ;sonsdisperse,11412.\\nMordecai, b., 962 d., 1681\\nNoailles, Due Adrien Maurice de,b.,6923;\\nd.,7031.\\nLouis Antoine de, cardinal, b. (1651);\\necclesiastical head in Fr., 6971; appel-\\nlant, 6991; d. (1729).\\nPhilippe de, Due de Mouchv, b. (1715);\\nmarshal; at Dettingen, 7001 d. (1794).\\nNobili, Leopoldo, b. (1784) animal elec-\\ntricity, 10861; d. (1834).\\nNobiling, Karl E., wounds Emp. William,\\n8291; suicide, S303.\\nNobility, Fr. contesting, 6692 Fr., privi-\\nleges of, 691 2 records burned, 7083 new,\\n7191 patents for English, 8583.\\nNoble, Benj. F., sec. of interior, 3372.\\nCol., at Grand Pre, N. S., 661\\nMatthew, statue of Cromwell by,980 1\\nNoah, gov. Ind., 1392.\\nPatrick, b. (1787); gov. S. C, 1512;\\nd. (1840).\\nNobles, Ger., disorder of, 7932.\\nNoboa, Diego, recalls Jesuits, 6441 pres.\\nEcuador, 6442.\\nNobrega, Manuel de, b., 1517 eBt. Sao-\\nPaulo, 5522 provincial, 5531 d. (1570).\\nNobunaga rises, 10913 shogun; suicide,\\n10913.\\nNocton captured, 1182.\\nNodier, Charles, b. 7051; works, 7151.\\n7231 d., 7283.\\nNoel, Francois Joseph Michel, b., 7022\\nd., 7282.\\nRoden Berkeley Wriothesley, b.\\n(1799); d., 10121.\\nNoell, Thomas, mayor N. Y., 55 2\\nNoir, Victor, b. (1848) killed, 7383.\\nNoire, Ludwig, b., 8142 d., 8321\\nNoisseville, Ger., Bazaine defeated, 740 2\\nNojara, battle of, 6741\\nNola, It., taken, 10521; action at; de-\\nfended, 10542.\\nNolan, Capt., unseated, 9771.\\nNoland, E. T., state treas., Mo., 3543.\\nNolensville, Tenn., Confed. defeat, 2183.\\nNollekens, Joseph, b., 9083; d., 9403.\\nNollendorf, Bohemia, repulse at, 7201.\\nNollet, Jean Antoine, b., 6943 d., 7042.\\nNombre de Dios, Panama, fnd., 173.\\nNominalists, controversy, 10763.\\nNominating conventions begin, Am., 1433.\\nNon-conformists favored, 8963 perse-\\ncuted, 8923; Bicentenary fund, 9662.\\nimportation asso. appear, Am., 753.\\nAct revived, 1173.\\njurors taxed, Eng., 9072.\\nresistant oath repealed, 9073.\\nUnion labor, World s Fair, 3763.\\nNoor-ed-Dern, Egy. at war with, 6541\\nNootka Sound discovered, 5772.\\nNorbanus, Caius, conquered, 10581 con-\\nsul at Rome, 10591 d. (81+ B. c).\\nNobunaga, Ota, b., 10911\\nNorbury, Earl, title created, 9412.\\nNorcross, Henry L., dynamiter, 3963.\\nNordenflycht, Hedvig Chark ita,b. (1718)\\nTurtledove 11351 d. (1763).\\nNordenskjold, Baron Nils, Adolf Eric, b.\\n11041 polar exped 9821 11053, 11361\\nXordisk Cnirtrsitets Tidsskrirt, 6403.\\nNordog Syd, 6403.\\nNordhausen, Richard, work, 8362.\\nNordhoff, Charles, journalist, b., 1381.\\nNordlingen, Ger., Protestants defeated,\\n5121 Spaniards defeated, 6881.\\nNore, Eng., mutiny at, 9281\\nNorfolk, Conn, gymnasium opened, 4102 t\\nNeb., Ins:ine Asvlum opened, 3332.\\nVa., burned, 821, 833 taken, 902\\nsteamer to N. Y., 1313 yellow fever,\\n1773; Navy Yard burned vessels sunk\\nGen. Taliaferro at, 194i Federals oc-\\ncupy, 2071; fire, 4453.\\nBaron, title created, 8643.\\nD. of, slander banished, 8612.\\nDuke of, dismissed, 9292.\\nDuke of, in Parliament, 945 2\\nDuke of, envoy extraordinary, 996 2\\n(See Howard, Thomas.)\\nIsland dis., 4932 colony, 4951 mis-\\nsion, 5001 annexed, 9253 settled, 943 1\\nNoricum subjugated, 10603; a Roman prov-\\nince, 10632 acquired, 10712.\\nNorkitten, action at, 11141\\nNorma, opera, in N. Y., 1761\\nNormal School Bill passes, Fr., 7513,\\nNorman, Okla., university located, 3743.\\nCol., at Jagdalak, 61\\nSir Henry Wylie, governor, 5003.\\nSir John, lord mayor London, 8633..\\nHenry, Monetary System, 4203.\\nRobert, magnetic needle, 8741.\\nline of kin^s established, 8473.\\nbarons revolt, 8481.\\nNormanby, Marquis of, minister, 9032.\\nMarquis of, title created, 9451\\nMarquis of, gov. Australia, 4983,4991\\nresigns, 4992.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1367.jp2"}, "1368": {"fulltext": "1356\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Norm\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Xoit.\\nNormandy collides with Mary, 973 3\\nNormandy, Fr., named, 6352; peasants re-\\nvolt, 6673 j war for duchy secured to\\nEng., 6693; conquered, 6713, 8481,8633\\nlosttoEng., 8531.\\nNormannia, cholera scare, 4141 3, 415 2 3;\\ndamaged by tidal wave returns, 4493.\\nNormans and Saxons united, 849 2\\nin Newfoundland, 163; absorbed,\\nEng., 8563; conquer Thessalonica, 10322;\\nin S. It., 10721 settle at Aversa, 10733\\ntake Naples, 10741; supreme in S. It.,\\n10752 in JRus., 11132; i n Tunis, 11392.\\nNormanton, Earl of, title created, 931 1\\nNornena, Francisco de Alva y, gov., 605 2\\nNorridgewock, burned, GO 1 rebuilt, 622.\\nNorris, John G., b., 1102.\\nNorristown, Pa.,R. R. opened, 1413 Har-\\ntranft monument, 384 i\\nNorsk Maane hskrift issued, 11043.\\nTidsskrift issued, 11042, 11362.\\nNorske Selskahorg. in Copenhagen, 11042.\\nNorth, Baron, title created, 871 1.\\nSir Francis, b., 8822 king s counsel,\\n8913 lord keeper, 8953; d., 8962.\\nFrederick, E. of Guilford, b., 9082\\nprime minister, 772, 919 3 923.2 resigns,\\n953; conciliatory bills, 9213; d. (1792).\\nMarianne, d., 10041\\nSir Thomas, Plutarch s Lives trans-\\nlated, 8751.\\nAlbingian duchies quarrel, 5271\\nNorth America sunk, 2413.\\nNorth Am. -Galway steamship service,965 3\\nNorth American Magazine issued, 71 2\\nReview issued, 1251.\\nNorth Am. Canal Co. formed, 5952.\\nSaengerbund festival, 4342.\\nVolapuk Asso., session, 3662.\\nNorthampton launched, 9801.\\nNorthampton, Eng., battle of, 8641; riot,\\n9792; strike, 9972 Bp. Riddell cons., 9862.\\nMass., great awakening, 623 j. Ed-\\nwards retires, 663 Clarke Inst, opened,\\n2591 Lyman s gift, 420 1 Indians ravage,\\n421 attack, 46i Smith Coll. org., 2883;\\nobservatory erected, 3241\\nEarl of (Henry Howard), b. (1539+)\\nminister, 3792, 3 d. (1641).\\nMarquis, title created, 9372.\\nMarquis of, b. (1790) president Royal\\nSociety, 9482.\\nNorth Anna, Va., battle of, 2332.\\nNorth British Review issued, 9523.\\nNorth British Borneo Co. chartered, 6523.\\nRailway built, 9521\\nBriton, libel in, 9172.\\nNorthbrook, Earl of, title created, 9751\\nNorthbrooke, Lord (Thomas George Bar-\\ning), b. (1826) viceroy of Ind., 10492\\nat Cairo, 6612.\\nNorthburne, Baron, title created, 9871\\nCarolina, corn, etc., dis., 242 land\\ngrant, 332 Wm. Drummond, gov., 393,\\n423 first settlement, 393 Puritans in,\\n413 civil gov t org., 423; Sam. Stevens,\\ngov., 433, 451 Friends settle, 443 Geo.\\nartwright, gov., 443 taxes refused,\\n45 2 commerce impeded; population,\\n453 Sam. Miller, gov. (1677) insurrec-\\ntion, 472, 511; John Culpepper, gov.\\n(1678) independent, 472 John Harvey,\\npres. John Jenkins, gov. Henry Wil-\\nkinson, gov., 491 Seth Sothel, gov. ,493;\\nquit-rents refused, 511; Huguenots in,\\n512,572; Philip Ludwell, gov., 512; toler-\\nation in churches erected, 523 Alex.\\nLillington, dep.-gov. 532; Thos. Harvey,\\ndep.-gov. (1695) naval stores produced,\\n533; H. Walker gov. 552; Indian war;\\nCh. of Eng. est., 56 2 toleration repealed,\\n563; on clergyman in 57 1 Robt. Daniel,\\ngov. ,572- sanc tuaryof runaways, 572,591\\ntwo governors Thos. Carey, gov.; anar-\\nchy, 572; gov. rebels Wm. Glover, pres.;\\nEdward Hyde gov yellow fever, 573\\nThos. Pollock, pres. 59 1 ,61 2 Chas. Eden\\ngov., 59i ;Bapt. ch. fmd.,603; Wm. Reed,\\npres., 612 Geo. Burrington, gov., 61 2,\\n632 Sir Richard Everard, gov., 612\\na royal province, 63 2 Nath. Rice, gov.,\\n633, 692 Gabriel Johnson, gov., 633\\nofficers imprisoned, 652 printingintro.,\\n671; Matthew Rowan, pres., 692; Arthur\\nDobbs, gov., 693; Bapt. Asso. fmd., 71 1\\n742 Wm. Tryon, gov., 751 regulators\\nresist taxation, 761 771 3 James Has-\\nkell, pres. Josiah Martin, gov., 773\\nboundary settled, 783 j aids Bostonians,\\n792; Presbyterians in Mecklenburg Con-\\nven., 811; Mecklenburg, declaration of\\nindependence, 812 subscribes for inde-\\npendence, 832 Richard Caswell, first\\nState gov., 85 3 97 3 adopts new consti-\\ntution, 853 signs Federation articles,\\n891; Abner Nash, gov., 913 Brit, in,\\n922 Indian expedition, 923 aban-\\ndoned to Brit., 93i Thos. Burke, gov.\\n(1781); cedes western lands, 972, 1013,\\n1031 ratifies Federal constitution; Univ.\\nof N.C. fnd., (1789) Alex. Martin, gov:\\n(1782), 1013 Sam. Johnston, gov., 101 1\\nRaleigh laid out, 1033; Rich. D. SpaigM.\\ngov., 1051; 1453 Univ. of org., 1063\\nSam. Ashe, gov., 107 3 A.I lSOOi\\nWilliam R. Davie, gov., 1093 Benjamin\\nWilliams, gov., 1093, 1152; James Tur-\\nner, gov., 1113; Lutheran synod formed,\\n1123;Nath. Alexander, gov., 1133; David\\nStone, gov. 1153 Benj Smith, gov., 1173\\nWm. Hawkins, gov., 1192 Presb. synod\\norg., 1212; Wm. Miller.gov., 1233; p ro t.\\nEpis. diocese org., 125 1 John Branch\\ngov., 1253 Jesse Franklin, gov., 1292\\nGabriel Holmes, gov., 1293 Hutchins\\nG. Burton, gov., 1332; James Iredell,\\ngov., 1353; John Owen, gov., 1372; State\\nLibrary fnd., 139 1 Montford Stokes,\\ngov., 1392 David L. Swain, gov., 1412\\nM. E.conf. fmd., 1462 Edward B. Dudley,\\ngov., 1492; John M.Morehead, gov.. 1552;\\nWm. A. Graham, gov., 1611 Chas. Manly\\ngov., 1671; David S. Reid, gov., 1692\\nThos. Bragg, gov., 1792; Judson College\\nfnd., 1843; Coll. of, org., 1862 John W.\\nEllis, gov., 1871 Fed. forts seized gov.\\nrestores forts, 190 1 adheres to slave\\nstates, 1912; refuses troops, 1933; block-\\naded, 1942; u. S. mint seized blockade\\nextended, 195 1 secedes, 1953 senators\\nexpelled, 1973 offices vacated M. N.\\nTaylor elected gov. independence de-\\nclared, 2012 Burnside commands in,\\n2021 Burnside s expedition arrives, 2022\\n(see Burnside) Henry T. Clark, gov.,\\n2032; Edward Stanley, niilUa.rygov.,2093;\\nBurnside recalled, 210 2 Zebulon B.\\nVance, gov., 2173, 297 3 amnesty to sol-\\ndiers, 2252; -Wm. M. Holden, gov., 2473,\\n2511 (1868) secession ordinance re-\\npealed slavery abolished, 2491 ratifies\\n13th Amend., 249 2; Jonathan Worth gov.,\\n2493, 2511 Constitutional conven. 2512;\\nrejects 14th Amend. act of amnesty\\npassed, 2552 Constitutional conven.,\\n2611; readmitted, 2632; ratifies 14th\\nAmend., 2633; ratines new cons., 263 1\\nR. C,vicarate apostolic est., 2642 j law-\\nless secret societies proclaimed, 2691;\\nmilitia suppress Kuklux, 2703 Gov.\\nHolden impeached, 273 1 Kuklux pro-\\nclaimed, 2733; senator readmitted, 277 3\\nTodR. Caldwell, gov., 2772; amnesty to\\nsecret societies, 283 1 amendments rati-\\nfied, 2832 compulsory education laws,\\n2863 Curtis H. Brogden, gov., 2873\\nConstitutional conven.; new cons, rati-\\nfied, 2892 Thos. M. Holt, gov. (1891)\\nColored Normal School opd., 2963 Con-\\ngregational conf. org., 3002 State In-\\ndustrial Asso. org. ,303 2 Thos, J. Jarvis\\ngov., 3033; asylum for insane, 3071 Pro-\\nhibition Bill rejected, 3083 Normal\\nSchool opd., 3082; dry fog, 3081; Pro-\\nhibitory Amendment voted down, 3091;\\nProt. Epis. diocese erected, 3162; Alfred\\nM. Scales, gov., 3233 Normal School\\nopd., 3283, 3962 earthquake, 3321 Fe-\\nmale Coll. fnd., 3322; cloud-burst, 3411\\nland syndicate find., 3412 Daniel G.\\nFowle, gov., 3492 threatened by negro\\nexodus, 3503, 3511 World s Fair appro-\\npriation refused, 377 1 Normal School\\nopd., 3962 illicit stills captured, 419i\\nElias Carr, gov., 4472 general strike\\n4563 ;Dem. for free silver,4692; Rep. favor\\nPopulists, 4731 Cong. conf. org., 3002.\\nNorth Carolina, Univ. of, est. (1787) ob-\\nservatory est., 1401; H.Smith s address,\\n4581.\\nCollege, 1862.\\nChina, mission est., 6222; see est.,\\n9722 Bishop Scott consecrated, 986 2\\nNortheote, James, b., 9122; d., 9442.\\nSir Stafford Henry, E. of Iddesleigh,\\nb.,9383 minister, 11713,0792, !)933, 9953;\\nin Joint Commission, 2732 against ob-\\nstruction, 9852 against Suez Canal mo-\\nnopoly,9912; royal commission, 9951 d.,\\n9962; statue, 9981.\\nNorth Dakota. (See territorial history\\nwith South Dakota.) Territory org.,\\n1931 N. Pacific R. R. begun at Grand\\nForks, 2773 Gen. Congre. Synod org.,\\n3142; N. Dak. Univ. est., 3183; Local Op-\\ntionLaw passed, 3291 Territory divided;\\nN. Dak. Ter. org., 3292; John Miller gov.,\\n3492;bill to a lnnt.. ;;i63 ,3471 ;Sioux Reser-\\nvation opd.,. .i4; 2; j ;i,sin;avk, capital; anti-\\ntrust clause in coiisti(-utiou,j45i prohi-\\nbition ratified, 3471, 3483; state gov t\\noperative, 3472; i s t legislature, 3483;\\nLa. lottery legalized. 3531 tornado, 3621\\nprairie fire, 3673; deaf mutes school\\nest., 3731 Agricultural Coll. est.; Nor-\\nmal Schools est., 3742; La. Lottery\\nofficers indicted, 3942; Andrew H.\\nBurke, gov., 3992; Indians cede land,\\n4172; Prohibitory Law constitutional,\\n4292; Universalist State conven., 4461\\nEli C. D. Shortridge, gov., 4472; Roger\\nAllen, gov. (1S95).\\nUniv. org., 3183.\\nDanville, Va., Dr. Moffett shot, 4183.\\nEastern R. R., Eng., strike, 9703.\\nEastham, Mass., cable laid, 3033.\\nNorthern and Continental collide, 3693.\\nNorthen, Amos Henry, d., 3301.\\nWm. J., gov., 3751 4212.\\nNorthern Belie wrecked, 1813.\\nNorthern Illinois Coll. (non-sect.) est.\\n(1854) at Fulton.\\nNorthern Indiana burns, 1813.\\nNorthern Liang conquered, 6131.\\nMissionary Society org., 1083.\\nPacific R. R. chartered, 2353, 2712;\\nbegun, 2713, 2773; completed, 3153,\\n5853; wreck ,:s; !)3 robbery. 4183 manage-\\nment, 4253; bond issue, 5893; strike, 4503;\\nreceivers appointed, 4372; deficit, 4733.\\nR. R., N. Hanrp., opnd., 1613, 1633.\\nNorthesk, E. of, title created, 8851\\nNorthfield, Mass., coll. students encamp-\\nment, 3422, 4i()i Clarke Inst, opd., 2591\\nColl. Students Conf. opens, 3622; Bible\\nCong.,3G42,:;,x ;i ,4341 ,466 1 Schoolsof Re-\\nligious Workers, 4122; Young Women s\\nConf., 4321,3, 463i; World s Students\\nConf., 4342.\\nMinn., Carleton Coll. org., 2722.\\nNorth fleet in collision. 9973.\\nNorth Ga. Meth. Epis. Conf. fmd., 2522.\\nGerman Lloyd Ss. line est., 1833.\\nGermany annexed to Fr,, 8111; de-\\nmands union of S. Gel 8253; cities de-\\nclare for union, 8272; unity est., 5271\\nGer. Miss. Society org., 8143.\\nConfederation fmd., 8251, 2;\\nPari, opened, 8253.\\nHolland canal opened, 11022.\\nNorthington, Baron, title created, 9871\\nE. of, lord-lieut., 9232.\\nNorth Kent Railway, collision, 9613.\\nLittle Rock, Ark., outrage, 4143.\\nNorthmen, in Greenland, 111 take Ant-\\nwerp, 5393; enter Seine, 6661; j n Paris,\\n6672; war with Ger., 7701 attack Prank-\\nish kingdoms, 7721 i n G. Brit., 8441\\nravage Eng., 8461.\\nNorth Point, Md., battle celebrated, 3683.\\npole, magnetic; discovered, 9441,\\nProvidence, R. I., first cotton mill\\nerected, 1041.\\nQueensland, Australia, diocese est.,\\n4982; see est.; Bp. Stanton elected, 9803;\\nBp. Barlow cons., 10062.\\nNorthrup, H. P., cons. R. C. bp., 3102;\\ntransferred to Charleston, 3122.\\nNorth Sea blocked, 6401 naval battle,\\n9141; vessels wrecked, 9913.\\nNorth Star returns, 9561\\nseized, 5933.\\nNorth Tex., Female Coll. est., 2963.\\nNorthumberland wrecked, 9021.\\nlaunched, 9681\\nNapoleon sails on, 7221\\nNorthumberland kingdom, 8413; ravaged,\\n8481; strikes, 9823; miners strike, 9943.\\nD. of, title created, 9152.\\nearldom abolished, 8491\\nNorthumbria Christianized, 8422 con-\\nquered,844 1 revolts, 8453 ^Romances, 8543\\nNorth Wales Chronicle issued, 933 1\\nNorthway, Step. A., b., 1421 speech, 4392.\\nNorthwest Missouri Coll. (Meth. South)\\nest. (1892) at Albany.\\nboundary, 1572,3; settled, 1592.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1368.jp2"}, "1369": {"fulltext": "Nort-Ocal.\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN L)rii.X, Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1357\\nNorthwest Passage dis. 9102, 9603; expe-\\ndition to, 938*.\\nPreventive and Reformatory Insti-\\ntution fnd., 9591.\\nTexas M. E. Conf. fmd., 2522.\\nNorthwestern Baseball League find. ,3133.\\nColl. Napiersville, org., 1991\\nR. R. collision, 9653.\\nUniv., Evanston, 111., org., 1703, fnd.,\\n1782; H. W. Rogers, pres., 378 1 library\\nfnd., 3882; Emily Huntington Miller,\\nprin. Woman s Coll., 3902.\\nWis., org., 2503.\\nNorthwiek, Lord, pictures sold, 9641.\\nNorton, Baron, title created, 9751\\n.Andrews, b.,981; works, 1191,1491;\\nd., 1701\\nCaroline Elizabeth, b., 9343; d., 9822.\\nCharles S., commodore, 4561.\\nElijah L., defeats e inpeusation,2193.\\nJoseph, governer S. C, 493.\\nOliver Perry, d., 2961\\nS. F., candidate for pres., 4111\\nNorwalk, Conn., burned, 902; felt cloth\\nmnf., 14i \u00c2\u00bbi drawbridge disaster, 1733.\\nNorway, Me., fire, 4593.\\n(See text, pp. 1104,1105.) Extradition\\ntreaty, 4431 conquered authentic his-\\ntory begins, 6352 Denmark surrenders,\\n6393; war with Sweden, 11341 ceded to\\nSweden, 11363.\\nNorwegian sailors in Labrador, 123 in\\nNewfoundland, 11031.\\nEvan. Luth. synod org., Am., 1723.\\nLuth. church annual session, 3601\\nLutheran University org., la., 1991\\nMission Soc. org.; consolidated, 11053.\\nNorwich, Conn., paper-mill est., 703; anti-\\nabolition riot, 1451 Backus s gift, 4103.\\nNorwich, Eng., see named, S4S3; cathedral\\nerected, 8483, s. 42; cathedral burned,\\n8551; plague, 8593; tire, 8673; Courant\\nissued, 9013; Weekly Mercury or Prot.\\nPacket issued, 906j; canal and harbor\\nopd., 9441; Brit. Asso. meets, 9662; So-\\ncial Science Asso. meets, 974i; Bp.\\nSheepshanks cons., 10102 attacked,\\n8701; Blackfriars church erected, 8622;\\nNat. Fisheries Exhibition held, 9861\\nVt., University fnd., 1443.\\nNorwich Postman issued, Eng., 9031.\\nNorwood, Richard, measures degree, 8821\\nNostradamus, (Michel do Notredame or\\nNostre dame), b., 67S3; Prophetical Cen-\\nturies, 6831; d.,6823.\\nNotes of an Englishman in Paris, 1008 2\\nNothelm, arctibp. of Canterbury, 8431\\nNotium, naval battle near; 10221\\nNotley, Thos., gov. Md., 473.\\nNotman, John, b., 1162; d. (1865).\\nNotre Dame, Ind., Univ. of, org., 1551\\nNott, Abner Kingman, b. (1834) d., 1842.\\nEdward, governor, Va., 572.\\nEliphalet, b., 781 miss., 1171 mod-\\nerator ordained, 1183 d., 2501.\\nSamuel, miss, in Calcutta, 10563.\\nSir William, b. (1782); in Afghan, 42;\\nd. (1845).\\nNottingham, Eng., N. Courant issued; N.\\nJour, issued, 9013; machinery riots, 9352;\\nLuddite riots, 9372 Brit. Asso. meets,\\n9662 Church Cong. Archbp. Bagshawe\\ncons., 9742 fund for education, 9792\\nminers strike, 1003 1 ensile burned, 9451\\nexcessive heat, 980 1 9821 Art Museum\\nopd., 9821; Nat. History museum opd.,\\npublic library opd., 9363 Social Science\\nAsso. meets, 9881.\\nEarl of, title created, 8831\\nof, minister, 8791 ,3.\\n(See Finch, Charles.)\\nNottinghamshire, lace mills burned, 10093.\\nNoue Francois de la, b. (1531) Discours,\\n6843 d. (1591).\\nNoureddin (Malek-al-Adel Nured din Ma-\\nhomed), b. 1116i: takes Syria, 11541 d.\\n(1173\u00c2\u00b1).\\nNouvel, Father Henry, at St, Marie, 442.\\nNouvelle llih/ m/heque Hrittannique, 7012.\\nRevue, La, issued, 7053.\\nNouvelles Deeourertcs dans touies les Par-\\nties issued, 693 1\\nNova Litferaria issued, Franconia, 8003.\\nGermanise Collecta Hamburgi is-\\nsued, 7981.\\nHelvetica issued, 1137J\\nMaris Balthici\\nissued, 7991.\\nNova Scotia, Can., colonies est., 113, 27i\\nFr. expelled, 5701 missions, 5711 name\\nchanged, 8812 patentfor,303,332, 5713;\\nrestored to Fr., 5732 grant of, 5732, 8812;\\nceded to Fr., 433 under Fr. flag; part\\nof Mass., 532 restored to Fr., 551 con-\\nquest, 561 ,5743 surrendered, 5752 emi-\\ngrants come, 5753 disputed claims, 673;\\nBoston troops aid, 68 1 exile of Aca-\\ndians,682 Eng. takes, 702 constitution\\ngranted, 713 bishopric est., 5763, 9243\\nBp. Courtney cons., 9983 Celtic settlers,\\n791 legislative assembly find.; Acadian\\nRecorder; Presb. Church find., 5771\\nNova Scotian issued, 5783 Congre.,\\nconf., 5S01; Casket issued, 5803; gold\\ndis., 5813 coal deposits (lis., 5881 gov t\\nloan, 589 i^iies, 590 1 (See Acadia.)\\nNovara, battle of, 5222.\\nNovatian, first anti-pope, 10662.\\nNova Zembla explored, 243.\\nNovello, Vincent, b., 9222 d., 9642.\\nNovgorod, Rus., seized, 11133 subjugated,\\n11141 invaded, 1115 2 anniversary of\\nEmpire, 11191,2 monument, 1119 3\\nNovi, It., battle at, 5182.\\nBazar, Bosnia, Austrians occupy,\\n5301 Turks attacked, 5321.\\nXovikoft Nikolai Ivanovitch, b., 11143\\nd., 11163.\\nNowgong mission, 10471\\nNoy, Peter de la, mayor N. Y. 513.\\nNoyes, Edward Follensbee, h. (1832) gov-\\nernor Ohio, 2811 d., 3661.\\nGeo. Rapall, b., 1081 d., 2621\\nH. A., election defeated, 3732.\\nJohn Humphrey, b., 1163; d., 3222.\\nWilliam Curtis, b. (1805) d., 2411\\nNubar Pasha, b. (1825) minister resigns,\\n6591.\\nNubia, Afr., annexed to Egy., 6473, 6572.\\nNubians in Egypt, 6541\\nNub-kau-Ra (Amen-em hat II.) reigns in\\nEgypt, 6473.\\nNuccoli, Cecco, comic poetry, 10772,\\nNuevo Leon, Mex., insurrection in, 10961.\\nNugent, Lord George Grenville,b.,9243\\nd., 9562.\\nSir George b. (1757); at Ballinahinch,\\n9281; d. (1849).\\nNuguffgur, Sepoy rebellion, 10481.\\nNuits, Fr., taken, 7421 Fr. defeated, 7431\\nNullification, ordinance passed legisla-\\ntive, 1412 message against, 1413 re-\\npealed in S. C, 1432.\\nNulty, Thomas, cons, bishop, 9681\\nNuma Pompilius, b.-d. 10502 king, 1051 1\\ncorrects calendar, 10502 regulates reli-\\ngious ceremonies, 10503.\\nNumancia, at Alicante, 11321.\\nNumantia, besieged; destroyed, 10561.\\nNumantine War, 10561 H251\\nNumericanus, Marcus Aurelius, appointed\\nAugustus, reigns; murdered, 10672.\\nNumidia, war with Home, 81; Jugurthine\\nWar, 10561; reduced, 10581; a Roman\\nprovince, 1061 1 united to Afr., 10613.\\nXumisinatir Chronicle, 9491.\\nNumismatieal Society founded, 9491\\nNuncomar, bribery, 10453.\\nNufiez, Alvarez, b.-d., 11263 conquers\\nParaguay, 11051 at Callao, 11081.\\nPedro, b.-d., 11092.\\nRafael, pres., 6292 d 6282.\\nVasco. (See Balboa, V. N.)\\nVela Blasco de, viceroy, 231 k., 221\\nNuns, eligible to teach, 3882 dress op-\\nposed in public schools, 4521 ,46S1 ,4742\\nexempt from court, 5882; excluded from\\nFr. schools, 7553 expelled from con-\\nvents, Ger., 8051 (See Convents.)\\nNuova Antoloijia issued, 10883.\\nGiornale Botanico issued, 10883.\\nlievista. fnfernaziona/e issued, 10901.\\nNur-ed-din, b.-d., 11543.\\nNuremberg, Ger., fnd., 7753; independent,\\n7793; parchment factory, 7822 in civil\\nwar, 7842 center of literature, 785 1 1st\\nmetal type Bible printed Gazette, 7871\\ncenter of art, 7882; accepts reformation,\\n7891; religious peace of, 7912; Gymna-\\nsium iEgidianum removed, 793 1 obser-\\nvatory est., 7963 annexed to Bav.,8092;\\nIstR.R., 8141 occupied, 8242; riot, 8323.\\nNur-Ramman, king of Larsam, 11393.\\nNurse, Rebecca, witch, hanged, 531\\nNus, Eugene, b. (1816) Miss Million, 7371\\nd. (1894).\\nNusseer Khan, defeated routs Afghans.,\\nbesieged, 538 1 assassinates brother,\\n5383 enthroned d., 5391.\\nNutt, Col., murder of, 3131.\\nCyrus, b. (1814) d., 2881\\nS., erects forge in Pa., 581\\nNuttall, Enos, cons, bishop, 9862.\\nThomas, b., 981 d., 1842.\\nNuvum, colony at, 10533.\\nNuyts, Peter, surveyor, 3941\\nNyack, N. Y-, locusts, 4.561 fire, 4752.\\nNyanza collides with Curfew, 6613.\\nNyberg, Julia Christina, b. (1785) Poems,\\n11362 d. (1854).\\nNye, Jas. Warren, b. (1814) gov., Nev.\\n2032; d., 292L\\nNyegush, Petrovicht, b. (1813) enthroned,\\n10971; d. (1851).\\nNye Tidender issued, 6383.\\nO.\\nOadney, Dr., crosses Sahara, 9402.\\nOakboys organized, 9171\\nOakes, James, b., 1342.\\nOak, Fairlop, blown down, 9401\\nOak Grove, Va., Confeds. repulsed, 209i\\nOakland, Cal., Chinese mission 2962; In-\\nstitution for Deaf, Dumb, Blind est.,\\n2551 Chabot Observ. gift, 324 1 railway\\naccident, 3593; unemployed men, 4562.\\nOakley, Sir C, governor, 10453.\\nOaks races begin, Eng., 9213.\\nOates, Titus, b., 8802 revelations of, 8943,\\n8951; fined, 8971; released, pensioned,\\n8993; d.,9022.\\nWilliam C, b., 1442 gov. Ala., 4573,\\n4771,4793.\\nOath Act, G. B., for Hebrews, 9651.\\nof Office Bill, Iron-clad, passes,\\n2112; repealed, 3172.\\nOaths Bill passes, 9552.\\nof clergy, 8982.\\nOaxaca, or Oajae.a, Mex., taken, 10961.\\nObadiah, prophet, 11462.\\nObaldia, vice-pres., 6291\\nObando, Francisco de, governor, 6053.\\nJose Maria, b. (1797) pres., 6291 d.\\n(1861).\\nObeidullah, ruler murdered, 5492.\\nObelisk, shipped from Alexandria, 3041;\\nin Central Park, 306i, 6841 examined,\\n3501 (See London, Paris.)\\nObelisks, in Egypt, 6461\\nOber-Ammergau, Bav., Passion Play ,7943\\nOberkampf, Christoph Philipp, b. (1738)\\ninvents printing machine, 8041 d. (1815).\\nOberlin, 0., Coll. fnd., 1431 robbery, 4743.\\nJean Frecienc, b., 7002 d, 7242.\\nOhenm, opera, appears, 8121.\\nObes, Julio Herreray, Pres. Uruguay,\\n11603.\\nObligado, D. Pastor, gov., 4911 2.\\nObold, city treas., accounts short, 4222.\\nObotrittii, on shores of Baltic Sea, 11132.\\nObregon, Juan de, gov., 6302.\\nObrenoviteli.Miloseh, rules Servia; prince;\\nabdicates, 11232,3.\\nO Brien, Connor, detents Turlough, 8501\\nCornelius, cons, archbp., 5842.\\nDonald, founds cathedral, 8522.\\nFitz James, b. (1828) d., 2072.\\nCol. H. T., murdered, 2252.\\nJer., b., 642 captain, 812 d. 1262.\\nPatrick, wounded, 10003 arrested,\\n10051.\\nThomas, escapes from keeper, 4043.\\n(Fenian), executed, 9711.\\nWilliam, b. (1852); in N. Y., 3711; i n\\nCan., 5851; agitator, 9883; trial 9951,\\n10003, 1(1051; imprisoned, 11971, 10003,\\n10071 testimony, 9993 at Cork, 10003\\nriot; at Castlerea; in Manchester,\\n10003 sentenced, 10011,3; sails for N.\\nY., 10013.\\nWhen We ire re Boys, 10043.\\nSmith, b., 9323; leader, 9533;\\ncontempt, 9532 arrested trial trans-\\nported, 9552; d.,9681; statue, 9741.\\nO Bryan, William, founds Bible Christian\\nSoc, 9371\\ns 7*ratio7ies selecta, etc., issued, 7991.\\nObserratioJis sur les Ecrits Mo/ /e rues, 6992.\\nObservations sur la Litterature, 7012.\\nOhservateur Lift era-ire L\\\\ issued, 7632.\\nOcala, Fla., negroes lynched, 4043.\\nO Callagban, Edmund Bailey, b. (1797);\\nd., 3041.\\nCol., tenants evicted, 9971.\\nHenry, cons. R. C. bp., 9982.\\nMr., in duel, 9392.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1369.jp2"}, "1370": {"fulltext": "1358\\nText Figures denote Page. INJDx^yC. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nOcal-Ohio.\\nO Callaghan, Thomas, cons. bp. 9922.\\nOcampo, Sebastian de, b. (1495+) around\\nCuba, 163; dis. Havana, 6313.\\nOcaBa, Sp., Spanish defeat, 7181\\nOcean, or Ockham, William of, b.-d., 8542.\\nOccasional Conformity Bill passed, 905 2\\nOccleve, Thos., b.-d., 8S82 work, 8603.\\nOccoquan, Va., Federals captured at, 2163.\\nOccum, Samson, b. (1723+) Indian miss.,\\n643 ordained, 723 promotes Indian\\nschools, 743; d. (1792).\\nOcean loaded with stone, 1251\\nOcean Grove, N. J., Asso.org., 2682; baby\\nparade, 3891 camp-meeting, 3902; Bible\\nConference, 4341 Auditorium opd., 4641\\nanniversary, 4661 King s Sons and\\nDaughters Convention, 4662.\\nOcean Monarch burned, 165 3 9553.\\nOcean Port, N. J., railroad accident, 2973.\\nOceanic record, 3473.\\nOceanus, explosion on, 2773\\nOcean Wave burns, 1733.\\ncollides, 1813.\\nexplodes, 2753.\\nOcellus, b., 10211.\\nOcHomogo, revolt quelled, 6303.\\nOchus. (See Artaxerxes.)\\nOckley, action at, 8441\\nSimon, b., 8942 d. (1720).\\nO Coiglev, James, executed, 9292.\\nO Connell, Daniel, b., 9191 in duel, 9372\\nin Pari., 9433, 9452, 9551 repeal motion,\\n9472 mayor, 9512 at Trim, 9531, deci-\\nsion revised; imprisoned; addresses,\\n9532 d., 9542 statue, 9662, 9901 mon-\\nument burned in effigy, 9672.\\nO Connor, Arthur, b., 9163 trial of, 9292\\nthreatens queen, 9771 d. (1852).\\nConnor MaeCormaek, beheaded, 8711\\nDennis, cons. It. C. bp., 5902.\\nFeargus Edward, b., 9283 d., 9603.\\nRichard A., cons. E. C. bp., 5862.\\nPolice Captain trial, 4522, 4563.\\nThomas Power, b. (1848) Irish dele-\\ngation arrives, 3711\\nWilliam Douglas, b. (1833); d., 3382.\\nO Conor, Charles, b., 1122 nom. for pres.\\ndeclines pop. vote, 2792 d., 316 2\\nOctai Khan, ruler Bokhara, 5491\\nOctavia, b. (42\u00c2\u00b1); murdered, 10633.\\nOctavian. (See Augustus.)\\nOctavius, Marcus Cngeus, deposed, 10571;\\nconsul, 10573.\\nOctober Club org., Eng., 9051\\nOctroi Duties Abolishment Bill, Fr.,\\npasses, 7652; abolished, Belg., 545 2\\nOdawara capital, 10913.\\nOdd Fellows, order instituted, 1271 Sov-\\nereign Grand Lodge meets, 2743 day at\\nWorld s Fair, 4383 statistics, 4463\\nHome dedicated, 4703.\\nOdel, Anders, Sinclairxvisa, 11351\\nOdell, Moses Fowler, b. (1818); d., 2521\\nOden, mission, 11242.\\nOdenathus, against Sapor, 10661 recog-\\nnized, 10672; d.,4831.\\nOdenheimer, William Henry, b., 1262\\ncons, bp., 2862 d., 3022.\\nOdessa, Rub., bombarded, 9581 Hetferia\\nPhilike est., 10353 Tjniv. fnd., 11183\\nNihilists riots, 11191 martial law, 11212.\\nOdger, Geo., pres. Inter. W.M.Asso., 9672.\\nOdoacer, King, b., 10702; overthrows em-\\npire, 7693, 7681 peace with Tbeodoric,\\n7693 takes Rome, 10701 near Aquileia,\\n10301 k., 7693.\\nO Doherty, J. Keys. cons. R. C. bp., 10042.\\nOdometers improved, 8941\\nO Donnell, Henry Joseph, Count of Abis-\\nbal, b.-d., 11302.\\nLeopold, Count of Lucena, b.-d.,\\n11303; takes Tetuan in Pampeluna\\nretires to France; leads revolt in Ma-\\ndrid, 11301.\\nChief, defeats O Neill, 8721\\nFrank H., suspended in H. C, 9893.\\nHugh, arrested, 4142.\\nPatrick, cons. R. C. bp., 9983.\\nshoots J. Carey executed, 991 1\\nO Donoju, Juan, b.-d., 10951 signs treaty,\\n10953.\\nO Donovan, Henry W., d., 10022.\\nJohn, d., 9642.\\nOdontologieal Six-iety formed, 9602.\\nO Dwver, Edward T., cons. It. C. bp., 9962;\\nattacks John Dillon, 10043.\\nOfh/l, asteroid, discovered, 8161.\\nOdysseus in Trojan war, 10141\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0CEcolampadius, Job., b., 7862 d., 7902.\\nOeder, Georg Ludwig, b., 8002 d., 8043.\\nGEdipus, myth of answers riddle, 10132\\nK. of Thebes, 10133.\\nOehlenschlager, Adam Gottlob, b., 6382\\nworks, 6391 6403 d., 6403.\\nCEriophyta, Ga., action at, 10191\\nGilnotria, ancient name for Italy, 10133.\\nCEnotrus. (See Magna Gracia, 10133.)\\nOersted, Anders Sandoe, b., 6382; d., 6403.\\nHans Christian, b., 6382 electro-\\nmagnetic action on magnetic needle,\\n6381; d., 6403.\\nOeser, or Oser, Adam Friedrich, b., 7983;\\nd., 8063.\\nOetinger, Friedrich Christoph, b., 7983\\nd., 8042.\\nOettinger, Eduard M., b., 8083 d., 8282.\\nO Farrell, Michael Joseph, b. (1832)\\nconsecrated Rom. Cath. bishop, 3082.\\nshoots Duke of Edinburgh, 4982.\\nOfen. (See Buda.)\\nO Ferrall, Charles T., b., 1522 gov. Va.,\\n4371,4793 oyster question, 4532.\\nOf fa, oonquers Kent, 8421 gift, 8442.\\nOffenbach, Jacques, 7223; d., 7522.\\nOffenburg, Baden, Fr. defeated, 7981.\\nCilice seekers struggle, 1372.\\nOfficial corruption prosecution, Fr., 7652.\\nOfterdingen, Heinrich von, b.-d., 7782.\\nOg, King, defeated, 11401\\nOgdai, Mongol leader, 6133 d., 6142.\\nOgden, Utah, Meth. Univ. est., 3743; Sem-\\ninary of, org., 2782.\\nAaron, gov. K. J., 1193; d., 1502.\\nJohn, b., 1321.\\nMatthias, on Staten Island, 87 1; d.\\n(1781).\\nCollege, Ky., organized, 2963.\\nOgdensburg collides with Atlantic, 1713.\\nOgdensburg, N. Y., surrenders, 941; at-\\ntempted capture, 118 2 taken by Brit.,\\n1201 R. c. diocese est., 2802.\\nOge\\\\ Jacques Vincent, b. (1755+) leads\\nrevolt in Haiti, 10401 d. (1791).\\nOgeron de la Bouere, Bertrand Denis d\\\\\\nb. (1615) plants colony, 10401 d. (1675).\\nOggione, Marco, b., 10783 d., 10803.\\nOgi, Tokato, b.-d., 10912.\\nOgilby, John, b., 8762 d., 8942.\\nOgilvie, John, b., 9082 d., 9362.\\nOgle, Sam., gov. Md., 632, 3, 672; d.(1751).\\nOglesby, Richard .Tames, b., 1321 gov.\\n111., 2511,2851, 3233.\\nOglethorpe, flames Edward, b., 900 2 at\\nAugusta, 621 organizes Ga. colony, 631\\nfriendly to Indians, 631 2 grants Ga.,\\n632 returns to America, 633 at St.\\nAugustine invades Fla. protects col-\\nonists, 641; closes administration, 652;\\nmeets Indian chiefs, 653; d., 9223.\\nOgobomosbaw, mission at, 11613.\\nO Gorman, Mahon, James Patrick, d.,\\n10061.\\nPurcell, d.,9982.\\nO Grady, D., commits murder, 448 2\\nOgulnian law passed, 10533.\\nOgyges, deluge of, 10131 reign6, 10133.\\nO Hagan, Baron, title created, 9751\\nLord Thomas, lord chancellor, 9732,\\n9852; d., 9941.\\nJohn, d., 10041.\\nOham, British ally, 6001\\nO Hara, Wm., b. (1816+) cons, bp., 2622.\\nO Hiqqins renamed, 6061.\\nO Higgins, Gen. Bernardo, b. (1776) dic-\\ntator, resigns, 6071 d.(1842).\\nOhio, Fr. settle, 453, 592; Fr. territory by\\ntreaty of Ryswick, 551 route opd., 592;\\nDelawares enter, 612 French est., 601\\nclaimed by Eng. occupied, 653; Ohio\\nCo., 672,3,993; possession disputed, 672,\\n682 Fr. and Indian allies in Washing-\\nton s mission, 092 valley settled, 693\\nliquor traffic, 731 ceded byFr. to Eng.,\\n733; Bouquet s exped., 741 O. country\\nannexed to Can. by Pari. (1765) Zane\\nfamily, 773 Indian war, 781 Cincinnati\\nfnd., 933, 1013 Clark s expedition, 943;\\nIndians massacred, 943, 951 Va. cedes\\nher claim, 97 2 Valley inspected tem-\\nporary gov t., 973 Northwest ter. org.,\\n992 Marietta fnd., 1013 Arthur St.\\nClair.gov., 1011, 1032; war with Indians,\\n1021 ;rhe Sentinel est. ,1043; Dayton laid\\nout, 1053; First Cong, ch., 1062 West-\\nern Reserve first occupied, 1072; Cleve-\\nland and Chillicothe fnd., 1073 A.D.\\n1800 State admitted; Chillicothe\\ncapital Chas. W. Bird, gov. admitted,\\n1113; Edward Tiffin, gov., 1132; o. Univ.\\nest., 1131 Thos. Kirker, gov., 115 2 Sam.\\nHuntingdon, gov., 1153 Return Jona-\\nthan Meigs, gov. (1810-14) Zanesville,\\ncapital (1811) Columbus laid out, 1193\\nGen. Harrison commands Army of the\\nWest, 1202+ M. E. conf. fmd., 1211;\\nsteamboats intro., 1213 Presb. synod\\nfmd., 1232; Othniel Looker, gov. Thos.\\nWorthingham.gov., 1233 State Library\\nest. Appeal issued, 1251 P. E. diocese\\norg., 1263; Evan. Luth. Joint synod org.,\\n1263, 1282; Ethan A. Brown, gov., 1272\\nwine mnf., 1301 p. E. diocese of Cincin-\\nnati fmd., 1303; Jer. Morrow.gov., 1313;\\nAllen Trimble, gov., 1312, 1352 Miami\\nUniv. est., 1321 Western Reserve Presb.\\nSynod fmd., 1323 Franklin Coll., Ken-\\nyon Coll. est., 1331 Univ. State conven.\\norg., 1343 Western Reserve Coll. est.,\\n1351; Lane Theo. Sem. est., 1371; Mor-\\nmon ch. org., 1383, 1402 Duncan Mc-\\nArthur, gov., 1392 flood, 1401, 2541\\nRobt. Lucas, gov., 1412; St. Xavier Coll.\\nest., 1403, 1423; Denison Univ. est., 1403,\\n1523 archbishopric of Cincinnati est.,\\n1422 Oberlin Coll. est., 1431; Marietta\\nColl. est., 1443 Richmond Coll. (1835)\\nO. Eldership of Church of God org.; gen.\\nsynod of E.Ohio, Evan. Luth., est., 1422;\\nOhio Canal opd., 1453 Joseph Vance,\\ngov., 1472 Muskingum Coll. est., 1491\\nNorth O. Meth. Epis. Conf. fmd., 1503\\nWilson Shannon, gov., 1512,1553; Thos.\\nCorwin, gov., 1531 O. Wesleyan Univ.\\nest.; Cincinnati Wesleyan Coll., 1551;\\nfirst R. R. completed (Cincinnati to\\nSpringfield, 1842) Wittenberg Coll. est.,\\n1583; Evang. Luth., gen. synod of Miami,\\nest., 1582; Thos. W. Bartley, gov.; Mor-\\ndecai Bartley, gov., 159 2 Mount Union\\nColl., 1611 Wm. Bebb, gov., 1613 gen.\\nsynod of Wittenberg, Evang. Luth., est.,\\n1623; Farmer s Coll. and Oberlin Univ.\\nest., 1631 Otterbein Univ., 1632 Ohio\\nCentral Coll. .Oxford Coll. est., 1663; Sea-\\nbury Ford.gov., 167i A.D. 1850+. Cap-\\nital Univ., Heidelberg Coll. est., 1683;\\nReuben Wood, gov., 1692; Cinn. M. E.\\nConf.org., 1702 Cong. Asso. of O. org.;\\nWestern Unit. conf. org., 1702; constitu-\\ntion amended license laws forbidden\\nUrbana Univ. est., 1703; railroads opd.\\nColumbus to Zeiiia (1850) Cleveland to\\nColumbus (1851) Cleveland toPillsbury\\n(1852); Cleveland to Toledo (1853); Wheel-\\ning, W. Va., to Columbus (1854); Pro-\\ngressive Friends org., 1722 Antioch\\nColl. est., 1723; freshet, 1781 Central O.\\nM. E. Conf. org., 1782; Wm.Medill, gov.,\\n1743; Baldwin Univ. est., 1802; Salmon\\nP. Chase, gov., 1812; HillsboroColl. est.,\\n1823; Mount Unionest.,1843; Willoughby\\nColl. est., 1863, 2503 wheat crop de-\\nstroyed, 1853 Wm.Dennison,gov., 190 a\\nregiments for defense of Wash. depart-\\nment of O. created. 1942, 2121 Soldiers\\nAid Soc. fmd., 1943 appropriation for\\nregiments volunteers debts exempt\\nsurplus of 10 regiments voted, 2032\\nState Univ. est., 2111; Kirby Smith\\nthreatens Cincinnati, 2123; David Tod,\\ngov., 2173 C. L. Vallandigham opposes\\nLincoln, 2213+ Lincoln s reply to Ohio\\nCommittee Vallandigham nom. for\\ngov., 2233; Wilherforce Univ. est., 2252;\\nGen. Morgan captured, 2261 Nat. Guard\\noffers services, 2322; Ger. Wallace Coll.\\nest., 2342; John Brough, gov., 2413;\\nChas. Anderson, gov., 2511 One Study\\n(Scio) Coll., 2543; Jacob Dolson Cox,\\ngov., 2553 rejects negro suffrage,\\n2562 ratifies 14th Amend., 2572 with-\\ndrawn, 2633; Hiram Coll., Scio Coll.,\\nest., 2583 Univ. of Wooster est., 2623\\nRutherford B. Hayes, gov., 2652, 2893,\\n2951 Univ. of Cincinnati est.. 2702, 2722;\\nWilmington Coll., 2722 Miami Valley\\nColl., Buchtel Univ., 2771; Edward F.\\nNoyes, gov., 2x1 1 State Univ. St. Jo-\\nseph s Coll. est., 2823 Christian Tem-\\nperance crusade, 2843; revised constitu-\\ntion rejected, 2851 Woman s Christian\\nTemperance Union find., 2862; Univ. of\\nCincinnati org. ,2863; license amend, re-\\njected, 2871 Wm. Allen, gov., 2873\\nAshland Coll., Hebrew Union Coll. est.,\\n2883 Southern O. diocese org., 2902\\nEast O. Meth. Epis. Conf. fmd., 2903", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1370.jp2"}, "1371": {"fulltext": "Ohio -Onea.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Coli\\n1359\\nAgricultural and Mechanical Coll.; Rio\\nGrande Coll. est., 2022; Thos. L. Young,\\ngov., 2973; Free Meth. Conf. org., 3002\\nCleveland Press Ashland tBapt.) Coll.\\nest., 3003; Richard M. Bishop, gov., 3012;\\nChas. Foster, gov.,3052; floods, 254 1 ,3121\\n316L A.D. 1880+. Central O. Coll. est.,\\n3123; Scott liquor law passed, 3171 j Geo.\\nHoadley, gov., 3193 Prohibitory Con-\\nstitutional Amend, adopted, 3171 water-\\nspout at Zenia, 3221 tornado, 822 2\\nBoard of Health est., 3231 Dow Law\\nenacted, 325 1 Findlay Coll. est. (Church\\nof God), (1886) Jos. Benson Foraker,\\ngov., 3252 Shepardson Coll. est., 32S3\\ngas dis., 3321; Sunday liquor-law, 3331\\nR.R. strike White aps, ;;.i.;2; Epworth\\nLeague org., 3402; Jos. B. Foraker norn.\\nfor gov., 3412 James E. Campbell nom.\\nfor gov., 3451, 3873 Ohio River and\\nLake Erie connected, 3473 lieut.-gov.\\nunseated, 3532 R. R. accidents. 3533,\\n4433, 4513; senate deadlock, 3532; R.C.\\nEducational Union est., 356 2 Labor\\nDay, legal holiday James E. Campbell,\\ngov.,375i ;W.McKinley,Jr nom. for gov.,\\n-3872,4312; Nat. People s Party org.,3872;\\nJohn Seitz nom. for gov., 3892 Central\\nStates Unitarian conf. org 3961 train\\nheld up, 4002; Wm. McKinley, Jr., in-\\naug., 4212, 4793; great miners strike,\\n4291 liquor-dealers in politics, 4343\\nLawrence T. Neal nom. for gov., 4352\\nminers out of work, 4511 ,3 Paige for-\\nf;ery, 4542 unemployed seize train, 4582\\nemale suffrage in school elections, 4592\\nmines -eopd. Holcomb law valid, 4633;\\nAm. railway union men dismissed, 4662;\\nPopulists and Labor Party combine,\\n4692 county commissioners indicted,\\n4723 popular election of senators fa-\\nvored free-silver plank adopted, 4731\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Ohio, Army of, Schofield commands,2322,3.\\nCanal opened, 1453.\\nState Univ. est. (1870), Columbus.\\nUniversity est. (1804), at Athens.\\nOliliuiiller, Jos. Daniel, b., 8043; d.,8143.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Ohm, Georg Simon, b., 8043 Ohm s law\\ndiscovered, 8121 d., 820\\nOhnet, Georges, b. (1848) works, 7523,\\n7562.\\nOhod, battle of, 484\\nOil City, Pa., fire, 4093.\\nOilioll, King, killed, 840\\nOimara wins contest, 9733.\\nOjeda, Alonzo de, b., 11263; expeditions,\\n151,2,6282; in Colombia, 173; inVenez.,\\n11601; grant, 6282; d. 1514 or 1515).\\nOiibway Missions under Wesleyans,5782.\\nOjin reigns, 10912.\\nOkad Fair, 4833.\\nO Kane, James, b., 1502.\\nO Keechobee Lake, Fla., drainage of,\\nO Keefe, John, b., 9122 d., 9462.\\nCKelley, Irish agitator, 9883.\\nJames, b. (1735) secedes, 1043 d.\\n(1826).\\nOken, Lorenz, b., 8042 d., 8181\\nOki-Maehi reigns, 10913.\\nOklahoma, negroes shot, 3822 Indians\\nexpelled, 3013 closed to settlers, 3033\\nmartial law, 3332; open to settlers, 3392;\\nboomers driven out, 336 lands\\nceded, 337 2 commission appointed,\\n3391 Guthrie laid out, 3393; municipal\\ngov t org., 3392; Geo. W. Steele, gov.\\n(1891); iron ore dis., 3421; territorial\\nconven., 343 Okla. Town Site Bill, 3513,\\n5531 3553, 4492 many negro settlers,\\n3522; Temporary Gov t Bill, 3532, 3551\\nCherokee strip entered, 3553 1st terri-\\ntorial election, 365 2 sufferers relieved,\\n3662, 3671; capital at Okla. City, 3692\\nfamine seed wheat furnished, 3693\\nUniv. located, 3743; women admitted to\\npublic office, 3X23; Cherokee strip closed,\\n3893, 3913; Indian lands opd.,3932; state\\nconven. meets, 3972 Indian Messiah\\ndance, 4142; Abraham J. Seay, gov. ,4212;\\ntornado, 4261,4281,4501; Indians cede\\nlands, 4311; statehood conven., 4351,\\n4371 outlaw fight, 4363 Cherokee strip\\nopen, 4391 blizzard, 4501 Indians fight,\\n4543,4562; train robbers. 4563 outlaws\\ntrouble, 457i,45S2,4C03,4642,3,465 ,4663,\\n4722, 4792 divorce suits, 4663 sand-\\nstorm, 4741 Wm. C. Renfrew, gov., 4793.\\nOkolona, Tenn., Beauregard at, 2082.\\nOkrika, mission at, 11613.\\nOkubo, Juzammi T., b., 10912; k., 10922.\\nOkumo, Skighenobu, b., 10912.\\nOlaechea, Francisco de, governor, 6302.\\nOlaf I., Swe., reigns, 11051 expelled from\\nSweden; d., 11041.\\nII., reigns, 11051 promotes Christian-\\nity, 11052 d., 11041\\nIII., the Ojuiet, reigns, 1105\\nIV., reigns, 11051.\\nV., reigns, 1105\\nSkotkonung, intro. Christianity, 1133\\nOlafser, Eggert, b. works d., 10423.\\nOlaneta, Gen., wounded, 5501\\nOlathe, Kan., Institute for Deaf, Dumb,\\nand Blind established, 2503.\\nMo., action at, 2011\\nO Laughlin, Michael, assassin of Lincoln,\\n2431 i 2482.\\nOlaus IV. the Hungry, enthroned, 635 3\\nV., reigns, 6372.\\nOlbers, Heinrich Wm. Matthias, b., 8023;\\ndiscovers asteroids, 8062; d., 8143.\\nOlcott, H. S. advocates Theosophieal Soc,\\n2902; lectures, 2923; presides, 10061\\nOld and New magazine est., 270 3\\nOld Believers expelled from Poland, 11143.\\nOld Calabar, mission at, 11613.\\nOldcastle, Sir John, L. Cobham, b.-d.,\\n8582; insurrectionist; escapes; hanged,\\n8622, 863\\nOld Catholics org.; cong., 8262,3, 8283; 1st\\nsynod; church in Berlin; elect first Ger.\\nbp., 8283; meet at Berne; at Geneva,\\n11382 excluded from R. decree, 5322.\\nColony R. R. officials sentenced, 4362.\\nCzechs, leaders retire, 5343 agree-\\nment with, 8333.\\nOlden, Charles Smith, b. (1799); gov.N.J.,\\n1903; d.,2902.\\nOldenburg, Ger., ruled by counts, 7753;\\nannexed to Den., 7853; house of, reigns,\\n6373; ruled by Denmark, 7973; resigned;\\na duchy, 8052; Peter Fred., D., 8053; in\\nconfed. of Rhine, 8093; Fr. gains, 811\\nreceives Birkenfeld, 8113 treaty with\\nPrus., 8252; restored, 7212; gains terr.,\\n8113; Augustus, grand D., 8152; new\\nconstitution, 819 1 in tariff union; Peter,\\ngrand D., 8193; in North Ger. Confeder-\\nation; treaty with Prus., 825 2\\nFord Station, R. R. collision, 9893.\\nGuard, 64th anniv., N. Y., 3561.\\nOldham, Eng., strike, 9811,10103; cotton-\\nworkers strike, 9831; cotton-weavers\\nstrike, 9943; wages raised, 10073.\\nJohn, banished, 31 2 in Me., 322 mur-\\ndered, 341\\nb., 8882; d., 8962.\\nOld Lights, contention with, 651\\nOldmixon, John, b., 8922; d., 9103.\\nOldric, duke, 5032.\\nOld River, La., Confederates defeated,\\n2183.\\nOld Sarum, Eng., captured, 8401\\nSt. Mary s, Md., Calvert monument,\\nOlds, Gamaliel Smith, b. (1777); d., 164\\nTestament, revised, 3203, 9922.\\nOldtown, Wis., Father John, miss., 1642.\\nOlearius, or Olschlager, Adam, b., 7922;\\nd., 7963.\\nO Leary, pedestrian, record, 9833.\\nOleg, reigns, 11133; takes Smolensh, 1113\\nOlen flourished, 10132.\\nOleomargarine, special tax, 3233, 3252;\\noriginal packages law void, 3733.\\n)l,,a wrecked, 832\\n01g;a, baptized; fnds. Rus. church, 1113\\nregent, 11133 d., 1113\\nOlid, Cristoval de, b. (1487\u00c2\u00b1); in Hondu-\\nras, 182; d. (1524).\\nOlier de Verneuil, Jean Jacques, b., 686 2\\nforms company, 5723; i., 6902.\\nOligarchy, expelled from Rome, 10512\\ngoverns Venice, 10773.\\nOlin, Abram Baldwin, b. (1808); d., 3022.\\nStephen, b., 1062; d., 1682.\\nOlinda, Bra., taken, 241 5541 slaves for,\\n323; colony at, 332; Dutch yield, 5541\\nOliphant, F. R., Victorian Aije, 10123.\\nLawrence, b., 9442 d., 9982.\\nMrs. Margaret Wilson, b., 9402\\nworks, 9842, 10043, 10063, 10103.\\nThos. Lawrence Kington, b., 9442.\\nOlivarez, Count (Gasparo de Guzman),\\nb.-d., 11283.\\nOlivas, Marq. de, bomb in residence, 11331\\nOlive Branch, Ind.,Luth. Synod org., 1642.\\nOlirer Bierne burned on Miss., 3953.\\nOliver Springs, Tenn., strikers, 4121 4131\\nAlderman, committed to Tower, 9193.\\nAndrew, b., 562 resigns, 751 against\\ncolonists, 793; d., 781.\\nHenry W., Jr., Tariff Commis., 3111\\nOlireros y Artus appears, 11271\\nOlivet, Mich., Olivet Coll. org., 1843.\\nJos. Thoulier d b., 6923; d., 7042.\\nOllendorff, Henry Godfrey, b., 8082; d.,\\n822\\nOllivier, Entile, b., 7242; in Fr. Academy,\\n7321; against Public Safety Bill, 735\\nminister of justice ministry recon-\\nstructed, 7392; reigns, 7393.\\nOlmstead, Denison, b., 1022; d., 1842.\\nFrederick Law, b., 130 2 pres. candi-\\ndate, 279\\nGuy T., shoots Clifford, 4543.\\n.John Wesley, b. (1816); d., 3902.\\nOlmiitz, Moravia, peace of, 508 Univ.\\nfnd., 511 siege; Frederick II. loses,\\n516 emp. flees to, 523 Nat. Conven.,\\n5232; conf. at, 5333.\\nOlney, Jesse, b., 108 d., 278\\nRichard, atty.-gen., 427\\nO Loghlen, Sir Brien, ministry premier;\\nresigns, 4992.\\nO-lo-peen arrives, 6123.\\nOlozaga, Don Salustiano de, b.-d., 11302;\\nassumes gov t, 11313.\\nOlshausen, Hermann, b., 8063; d.. 8143.\\nJustus, b., 807 d., 8302.\\nOlsnitz, Saxony, battle of, 796\\nOltenitza, Rumania, occupied, 1118\\nOlustee Station, Fla., Fed. defeat, 2302.\\nOlustee preys on commerce, 2202.\\nOluwole, I., cons, bp., 10102.\\nOly, Pa., mission at, 65\\nOlybrius, Emp., rules; d., 10712.\\nOlympeium, Temple of Jupiter, 10203.\\nOlympia, trial trip, 442 speed, 448\\nasteroid, discovered, 732\\nOlympia, Wash., Const l Conven., 343\\nOlympiad first celebrated, 10143.\\nOlympiads, epoch of, 10142 ends, 10702.\\nOlympias invades Macedon; k., 10243.\\nOlympic games, intro., 1013 important,\\n10143 boxing added chariot racing;\\nvictory valued; widely known, 1015\\nfamous victors, 1017 period extended,\\n10192; abolished, 1069\\nOlympiodorus, history of W. Emp., 1031\\nOlympus, musician, 10142.\\nOlynthiac war, 10222; Confederacy de-\\nstroyed, 10233; towns subdued, 1024\\nOlynthus captured, 1024\\nOmaha, deaf and dumb inst. opd., 269\\nDaily Bee est. ,2763 conven. of governors,\\n2933; Creighton Univ. est., 3003; Neb.\\nUnit. Asso. org., 3102; Congregational\\nClub fmd., 3162; R. c. diocese est., 3203;\\nbreweries sold, 3433: Prohibitionists\\norg., 348 3 bribery of officials, 365 mob,\\n389 393 4571 train robbers, 3943;\\nMeth. Hospital and Home fnd., 3983;\\nNat. Conven. People s Party, session,\\n4141; strike, 4191, 4282, 4663; female\\ncounterfeiters, 4522; Irrigation Conven.,\\n4553; wage rates decision, 4573; troops\\nsubdue strikers, 4682.\\nO Malley accused, 3803; acquitted, 383\\nOmar I., b.-d., 11542; caliph, 4851; takes\\nJoppa, Jerusalem, Syria, 1154 destroys\\nAlexandrian library, 6551 rules Jerusa-\\nlem, 11552; k.,4851.\\nII., calif, 4852; murdered, 4853.\\nOmer Pasha, b., 5192; rebellion quelled,\\n5243; d.,5282.\\nOmniades, dynasty, 4852.\\nOmnibus, inv., 6913; first in u. S. A., 1393.\\nSouthern War-Claims Bill, 3672.\\nO Moore, Roger, leader, 8841 8852.\\nO More, Rory Oge, besieges Castle, 8741\\nOmri reigns; builds Samaria, 11433.\\nOnarga, 111., mastodon remains dis. ,5941\\nOn Conduct of K uujs, written, 11343.\\nOncken, Johann Gerhard, b. (1800); im-\\nprisoned, 815i expelled, 8182; d. (1884).\\nOnderdonk, Benj. Treadwell, cons. bp.\\n(1830); suspended, 1582; d. (1861).\\n.Henry Ustick, b. (1789); cons. P. E.\\nbp., 1343; suspended, 1563; d. (1858).\\nO Neal, Edward A., gov. Ala., 3132.\\nGov., Fenian leader, 5821\\nJames, b., 9542.\\nJohn, released, 3583, 3591\\nJoseph H., b., 1722.\\nO Neall, John II., anti-Convict Bill, 3491.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1371.jp2"}, "1372": {"fulltext": "1360\\nText Figures denote Page. IlN L)riX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nOnei-Orle.\\nOneida collides with Bombay, 2693.\\nOneida, N. Y., community dissolved, 3032.\\nOneidas, missionaries to, 1282.\\nO Neil, Baron, title created, 9651\\nDaniel, cruelty, 440 2\\nforms post-office, 8913.\\nO Neill, Charles, b., 130 d., 4441\\nHugh, E. of Tyrone, at Blackwater;\\nleader, 8761; d. (1616).\\nPhelirn, leader, 8852.\\nOwen Koe, at Benburb, 8861\\nShane, makes war, 8721 d., 8722.\\nOneonta, N. Y., Normal School opd., 348 2\\nOne Study College est. O., 2543.\\nOngole mission, 1047 2\\nOnias I., high priest, 11463; sub-ruler,\\n11483; murdered, 11482.\\nII., high priest, 11482, 11491 refuses\\ntribute, 11482.\\nIII., high priest, 11482; banished,\\n11472.\\nOnicha, mission at, 11613.\\nOnomarchus, in sacred war k., 10241\\nOnondaga, N. Y., salt springs dis., 381;\\nchapel built, 383; towns destroyed, 902;\\nerroneous election returns; county clerk\\nsummoned, 395 2 centennial, 4633.\\nIron Company, plant sold, 4473,\\nOnondagas treaty, 101 1 mission, 1303.\\nOnrust Restless) built, 281\\nOnslow, Arthur, b., 8981 speaker, 9093,\\n9113, 9133 d., 9163.\\nEarl of, title created, 9311\\nEarl of, Arthur George, d., 9742.\\nSir Richard, speaker, 9033.\\nOntario, Can., land donated, 5771 chris-\\ntian Guardian est.; Ontario est., 5791;\\nCan. Bapt. Coll. school system remod-\\neled Christian i isitor, 5803 Echo est.;\\nLadies Coll. est., 5S23; floods, 5841 Em-\\npire est., 586 2 legislature opens, 5863\\nDiocesan Synod meets, 5882 Farmers\\nUnion org., 5921; Commercial Union\\nClub address, 51\u00c2\u00ab3 K. R. accident, 5873,\\n5933; Ont. and N. Y. Bridge Co. org.,\\n5933 Sun issued, 5942 Nat. Park, 5952;\\nsee est., 9583,\\nOntological Society, Am., organized, 2643.\\nOnyx discovered in Missouri, 3721.\\nOort, Adam Van, b.-d., 5403.\\nOos, emperors meet, 5273.\\nOoshooia, mission work, 490 2 ,3.\\nOost, Jacob ran, b., 5403 d., 5411\\nOoulard Hill, action at, 9281\\nOpdam, Adm., Earl of Sandwich takes\\nDutch fleet, 8921.\\nOpdyke, George, mayor N. Y., 2173.\\nOpechancaiiough rules, 293.\\nOpelousas, La., becomes Confederate capi-\\ntal, 2073 captured, 2203.\\nOpera, 1st in N. Y., 1321 theater for, in\\nN. Y., 1421; at Castle Garden, 1761;\\nItalian revived, 9241 English Opera\\nHouse opened, London, 9343.\\nOpera Comif/uc appears, 096 2\\nOphelia, asteroid, discovered, 7481.\\nOphrataeus reigns, 11433.\\nOphthalmoscope invented, 8181.\\nOpie, Mrs. (AmeliaAldersi.il), b.,9183; d.\\n(1853).\\nJohn, b., 9151 d. (1807).\\nOpitergium burned, 10641\\nOpitz, Martin, b., 7922; work, 7951 ;d., 7963.\\nOpium, smuggling, 4182, 5942- destroyed,\\nChina, 616 1, 6172; importation forbid-\\nden, 617 1 2 abandonment of trade, 6173\\ndutiesdiscussed; conven. for duties, 6252.\\nwar with China, 6161 6172+, 9501\\nOporto, Port., occupied, taken, 7181\\nearthquake, 11093 besieged junta ca-\\npitulates regiments revolt, 11101 revo-\\nlution in, 11103, mil; International\\nExhibition Wine Co. abolished, 11113.\\nOppenheim, St. Patrick s Cathedral com-\\npleted, 7803 revolts, 7813 taken, 7961\\nOppert, Jules, b., 7242 d., 8123.\\nOppian.b., 10283.\\nOppidum Ubiorum. (See Cologne.)\\nOps worshiped, 10503.\\nOptic nerves discovered, 10802.\\nOptics, discused, 6522 first treatise, 10671.\\nOran, editors expelled, 6103.\\nM. Roberts, governor, 3033.\\nOrange Blossom, colonists vessel, 8792.\\nOrange, William, Prince of, b.-d., 10983.\\nClubs, membership restricted, 9613.\\nCourthouse, Virginia, taken, 2102.\\nPa., R. R. accident, 3313.\\nEree State (see text, p. 1105) peace\\nin; invaded, 598i state formed, 5993.\\nOrange, House of, reigns, 10992; loyalty\\nto, 5433; restored, 8112.\\nRiver territory, annexed, 5992, 1105 2\\nUniversity of, founded, 6743\\nOrangeburg, Ams. take Fort Motte, 942.\\nOrangemen, riots at Montreal, 5851; at\\nOttawa, 5891 Soc. org., Ire., 9263; form\\nlodge, 9272; publish declaration, 9291\\nriots, 9571 meetings prohibited, 9932\\nprotected, 2743; eel. battle of Boyne,\\n3643; parade; forbidden; attacked, 4643.\\nOranmore, Baron, title created, 9471\\nOrbigny, Alcide Dessalines d b., 7143\\nd.,7322.\\nOrcagna (di Cione), Andrea, b.-d., 10762.\\nOrchan, Nicomedia surrenders to, 11542.\\nOrchomenus, action at, 10281\\nOrcutt, W. D., Good Old Dorchester, 4783.\\nOrczy, Baron von, resigns, 5332.\\nOrd, Edward Otho Cresap, b., 1262 at\\nDranesville, Va., 2021; in Army of\\nJames, 2403 commands 4th military\\ndistrict, 2561 at Vicksburg, 2572 re-\\nlieved in Miss., 2581; imprisons McAr-\\ndle, 2601 d. (1883).\\nSir Harry St. George, gov., 4991\\nOrdainers appointed, Eng., 857 2\\nOrdas, Diego de, discoveries, 10393.\\nOrdaz, Diego de, b. (1480i:) on Orinoco\\nRiver, 203 d. (1533).\\nOrder of Bath.inst., 8603 revived, 9072.\\nof Cath. Knights of Amer. fnd., 2983.\\nof Elks formed, 2651\\nof Garter, est., 5891 reconst ed, 9331\\nof Golden Chain founded, 3091 4463.\\nof Golden Falcon instituted, 10923.\\nof Golden Fleece est., 677 1 10991\\nof Good Templars. (See Good Temp.)\\nof Iron Cross. (See Iron Cross.)\\nof Knights of Malta (See Knights.)\\nof Mercy founded, 11263.\\nNumber 10 issued, 2561.\\n15 published, 2072.\\nof Red Eagle conferred, 8331\\nof St. Katherine established, 9843.\\nof St.Mic.hacland St. George est.,9392.\\nof Santiago founded, 11263.\\nof Scottish Clans founded, 3011\\nof Solon, accounts short, 4142.\\nof Star of the Crosi instituted, 5131\\nof Star of India instituted, 9651.\\nof the Sword established, 11351.\\nof Theatines instituted, 10811.\\nof Thistle instituted, 8692.\\nof the Hound Table instituted, 8411\\nof United Friends founded, 3091.\\nOrdericus, Vitalis, b.-d., 8482.\\nOrders in Council issued, 1133, 1151 2 re-\\npealed 1193 against Berlin Decree,\\n9333 blockade revokes orders, 9353\\nsuspended, 9373 confers title, 9613.\\nthree unite, Fr., 7072.\\nonlirico, M., beheaded, 4803.\\nOrdoflo II., reigns in Asturias, 11253, 11272.\\nIII., reigns in Asturias, 11272.\\nIV., reigns in Asturias, 11272.\\nOreamuno, Francisco Xavier, gov., 6303\\npresident, 6311.\\nJose Antonio, governor, 6303.\\nOregon explodes, 1693.\\ncollides, 3233.\\nMrs. Delia Cross, captain, 3623.\\nbattleship launched, 4421.\\nOregon, Columbia River discovered, 1021\\n5762; Vancouver explores, 1021; Lewis\\nand Clarke explore, 1121 Astoria fnd.,\\n1173, 1192 Brit, and Am. joint occupa-\\ntion agreed to, 1272, 1353,1611; Meth.\\nmission, 1422, 1483 Am. Board mission\\nest., 1443 boundary question emi-\\ngrants arrive, 1453 1573 settlers enact\\n1st code of laws (Feb. 17, 18, 1841) first\\nBapt. church, 1582 Willamette Univ.\\nest., 1583 boundary settled, 1592, 9532\\nR. C. diocese est., 1603, 5801 G. Aber-\\nnethy, governor, 161 1 Ore. Spectator is-\\nsued (1846), provisional gov t fmd., 1611\\ntreaty with G. B. signed, 1612 Mormon\\nmiss, enters, 1623 Congregationalist\\nAsso. org., 1642 prohibitory law re-\\npealed, 1643 Pacific Univ. at Forrest\\nGrove opd. (1848) chartered (1854) ter-\\nritory org., 1652 Jos. Lane, gov., 1671\\n1743 John P. Gaines, gov., 1671 M. E.\\nConf. org., 1702; gold dis., 1713 Congre-\\ngational Coni org., 1723 Thos. F. Scott,\\ncons. P. E. bp., 1741 Geo. L. Curry, gov.,\\n1743 constitutional conven. at Salem\\nratified (Nov. 9, 1857, Aug. 17+) John\\nW. Davis, gov., 1772 legislature meets\\nto org. gov t admitted, 1852 Meth.\\nEpis. Conf. org., 1702; McMinnville Coll.\\nest., 1863; John Whittaker, gov., 187 1\\nAddison C. Gibbs, gov., 2173; military\\nroad, 235 3 earthquake eruption of Mt.\\nHood, 2481, 4941 ratifies 13th Amend.,\\n2492; Bank of Portland est., 2493; Chris-\\ntian Coll. est.; Medical Depart. Willam-\\nette Univ .opd., 2543; ratifies 14th Amend.,\\n255 2 ;Geo. L. Woods, gov. 2553 Ore. Cen-\\ntral R. R. begun, 2571 ,3; State Agricul-\\ntural Coll. est., 2623; wheat exported to\\nLiverpool, 2653 Sch. for Deaf Mutes, Sa-\\nlem, 2723; 15th Amend, rejected; against\\nChinese treaty ,2731 Lafayette S.Grover,\\ngov., 2732; battle with Modocs, 2781 Re-\\nformed school est., 2782; Indian troubles,\\n2801, 2821; adopts 15th Amend., 281 1\\nPioneerAsso.org.; Salem Inst. for Blind,\\n2831 ;Univ.State Conven. org.,2862; State\\nBoard of Immigration Law, 2872; Univ.\\nof Ore. opd., 2922 s. F. Chadwick, gov.,\\n2973 electors bribery exposed Wm.\\nW. Thayer, gov., 3012 Ashland Coll.\\nand Normal School fnd., 3023 Female\\nSuffrage Amend. 3052 307 1 Zenas Ferry\\nMoody, gov., 3132 Female Suffrage\\nAmend, defeated Insane Asylum at\\nSalem, 3171 FreeMeth.Conf.org., 3182;\\nWoman s Miss. Soc. org. 3322 Normal\\nSchool est., 3223 Local Option Bill\\npasses (1885); Labor Day est.; Prohibitory\\nAmend, defeated, 32!) 2 Sylvester Peri-\\nnoyer, gov., 3293, 3992 Portland Univ.\\nfnd., 3743; large cave dis., 3861; p, e p. le-\\ngislature, 409 1 Chinese smuggling, 4342;\\nmob abuses Chinese, 4383; floods, 4621\\nWm. Paine Lord elected gov. (1894).\\nOregon Pacific R. R. sheriff s sale, 4013\\nInlet, N. C, Huron strikes rocks, 296 1\\nO Reilly, John Boyle, b. (1844) d., 3661\\n.Patrick Thomas, b. (1833); conse-\\ncrated R. C. bishop, 2702.\\nO Reilly, Patrick T., cons. R. C. bp., 2702,\\nOrelli, Kaspar, b.-d., 11381\\nOrellana, Francisco de, b.-d., 11263 ex-\\nplorer, 21 1.\\nOrense, Jose Marie de Albaida, b., 11302.\\nOresme, Nicole, works, 6743 d. (13S2).\\nOrestes kills Clyteinnestra, 10143.\\nOrfila, Mateo Jose Bonaventura, b., 7062;\\nd., 7322.\\nOrf ord, Earl of, title created, 931 1\\nEarl of, lord admiralty, 9031\\nEarl of. (See Walpole.)\\nOrgan, first used, 8442 sent to Fr., G642.\\nOrgonez, Rodrigo de, in Peru, 202.\\nOribe,Munuel,1 .(1802+); capitulates ,4901;\\nbesieges Montevideo, 11602; (1857).\\nOriel, Baron, title created, 9372,\\nOriental Congress opens, 10071.\\nOrigen, Adaniantius, b., 6522 persecuted,\\n6523 visits Rome, 10643 martyred\\n10663 d., 6522.\\nOriginal Package Bill, 3483, 3593, 3631,\\n3652,3; 3(171; decision unconstitutional,\\n3573 law upheld, 3851.\\nstore in Pa., 3591 protest, 3623.\\nOrilla, The Packet, 5823.\\nOrinoco River, Columbus names, 143. 153.\\nOrion wrecked, 9553.\\nOriskany, N. Y., battle of, 871.\\nOrissa, Bengal, conquered, 9121, 10441;\\nunder Brit, rule, 9173 ceded, 10452\\nfamine, 10493.\\nOrizaba, Mex., action at, 10961\\nOrkhan, rules takes Prusa, 1155 3 d.\\n(1359).\\nOrlando launched, 9941\\nOrlean, Herr, denounces police, 5332.\\nOrleans, Fr., heretics suffer, (1682 upris-\\ning, 6722 Univ. fnd., endowed, 6723\\nsiege, 6701 6821 ,7681 siege raised, 6761\\nStates-General meets, 6773 captured\\noccupied retaken, 7422 surrenders,\\n7433.\\nfamily, decree against, 7332; demand\\nrights, 7392 services declined, 7412\\nprinces excluded, Fr., 7543.\\nHouse of, est., 7253; enthroned, 6793.\\nDue d revolts, 6792.\\nDue d Jean Baptiste Gaston, b.,\\n6862 at Castelnaudary, 6881 d., 6902.\\nDuchess of, Memoires, 6991\\nDuchess of, in Chambers, 7311\\nHenri Jules, Due d Aumale, French\\nAcademy, 7321\\nLouis, Due d regent, assassinated,\\n6772.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1372.jp2"}, "1373": {"fulltext": "Orle-Ourl.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1361\\npass\\nOrleans, Due d Louis Philippe Joseph,\\nPhilippe Egalite, h., 7003; objects to\\nloan; imprisoned; banished, 707 2 guil-\\nlotined, 7082.\\nDue, d Louis Philippe Robert, trial,\\nsentence, 759 2 plot to proclaim ting,\\n7611.\\n.Pierre J. D b., 6883 d., 6943.\\nOrkney, Earl of, title created, 9011.\\nIsles, ceded to Scotland, 8651\\nto Scottish crown, 11052.\\nOrloff, Alexei, adm., b., 11143 comman-\\nder, 10341 d., 11163.\\nCount Grigori, b.-d., 11143.\\nPrince, b., 11162 d., 11182.\\nNicholas, d., 11201\\nOrm, or Ormulum, poet, OrmvXum, 8523\\nd.,8521.\\nOrmathwaite, Baron, title created, 9651.\\nOrme, Robert, b., 908i d., 9303.\\nWilliam W., d., 2541\\nOrmond, Alexander T., Concepts in Phi-\\nlosophy 4782.\\nOrmonde, Baron, title created, 9372.\\nMarquis, title created, 9412.\\n(See Butler James.)\\nmobs active, England, 9051\\nOrmsbee, Ebenezer J., gov. Vt., 325 2\\nOrmsby, George A., cons, bp., 10102.\\nOrmuz, Persia, founded, 1107 3\\nOrnamental gardening, England, 8662.\\nOrnithological Society formed, 948 1\\nOrono, Me., State Agricultural College\\norganized, 2623.\\nOroquieta, action at, 11321\\nO Rorke, Patrick Henry, b., 1442 killed\\nat Gettysburg (1863).\\nOrosius, Paulus, b.-d., 11251\\nOrozco y Berra, Manuel, b.-d., 10952.\\nOrphantropheon established, 7982.\\nOrpheus lost, 9661\\ncaptures Frolic, 122 1\\nOrr, James L., b., 1302 speaker, 1832\\ncommissioner for S. C, 1892 governor,\\n2511; d.,2802.\\nMrs. Sutherland, R.Browning, 11063.\\nOrsay, Comte Alfred Guillaume Gabriel\\nd b., 7131; d., 7322.\\nOrsini, Felici, b., 10862 conspirator, 7351\\nd., 10882.\\nOrso, doge of Venice, killed, 10732.\\nOrsova, Hung., Turks capture, 5141; r e-\\nstored to Porte, 515 2 steamboats at,\\n5213.\\nOrtega, Gen., in Sp., 11301\\nGen., faction for Mex., 10963.\\nMelchor, work, 11291\\nOrtelius, or Oertel, Abra., b., 7882; d., 7922.\\nOrtenau, Ger., ceded, 5193.\\nOrthez, Fr., battle of, 9361\\nOrthodoxy enforced, 28 2 protected, 543.\\nOrtigia sinks L Oncle Joseph, 7533.\\nOrtnit issued, 7803.\\nOrton, Arthur, trial sentence, 9752.\\nAzariah Giles, b. (1789); d., 2411\\nJames, b., 1381 d., 2961\\nJason Rockwood, b. (1806); d., 2561\\nfm\u00e2\u0080\u009e 1342 d., 2982.\\nOruro, Bolivia, railroad, 551 3\\nOsage blown up, 2442.\\nOsage City, Kan., Hoover shot, 3803 tor-\\nnado, 4281.\\nIndians, act for removal, 271 2\\nOsaka missions, 10921 opd., 10931\\nOsawatomie, Kan., proslavery conflict,\\n180i; captured; John Brown s son Fred\\nk.,18H insane asylum est., 2292; Brown\\nmonument, 2961 aerolite falls, 4261\\nOsborn, Sir Danvers, gov. N. Y., 692.\\nSellick, b., 961 d., 1342.\\nSherard, b., 9403 fleet org., 6202\\nd., 9802.\\nThomas A., gov. Kan., 2851\\nOsborne, John E., gov., 4192, 4472.\\nNathan W commissioned col., 3301.\\nMrs. M. A., will, 3831\\nLord Sidney Godolphin, d., 1000 1\\nThomas O., b., 1402.\\nEarl of Danby, b., 8822 im-\\npeached, 895 2 liberated, 8972; 1. treas.\\nminister, 8933, 8992, 3; d. (1712).\\nOsbourne, Lloyd, The Wrecker, 4203.\\nOscar I., reigns, 11363 fnds. Order, 11052.\\nII., b., 11361 marries reigns allow-\\nance reduced marries Sophia, 11363.\\nOscala, Fla., National Farmers Alliance\\nMeeting, 3723.\\nOsceola, Mo., action at, 1983.\\nPa., fire sweeps, 2913.\\nOsceola, Seminole chief, b., 1122; leader,\\n1441 prisoner, 1481 d., 1502.\\nOscillation, theory of, intro., 11003.\\nOsgood, David, b. (1747); d., 1302.\\nMrs. (Francis Sargeant Locke), b.,\\n1183 d. (1850).\\nHelen Louise Gibson, b., 1442\\n2621\\nd..\\nSam., b. (1812); works, 2603 d. (1880).\\nOsgoodby, Geo., Murchison letter, 3333.\\nO Shaughnessy, Sir William Brooke, b.,\\n9351 d. (1881).\\nO Shea, Captain, divorce, 10051.\\nMrs., marries Parnell, 1007 1\\nOshkosh, Wis., Normal School opd., 3283;\\ninsane asylum est., 28H fire, 2853, 2893.\\nOsiander, Andreas, b., 7863 d., 7921\\nOsiris, worship of, 6463.\\nOskaloosa, Kan., women in office, 3311\\nColL org., la., 2093 Penn. Coll. est.,\\n2822.\\nOsman Digma, Arabian Sheik, b. (1836),\\natEl-Teb, 6601; commander, 6582; over-\\nthrown, 6601 in Sudan, 6603.\\n-Pasha, b.(1835\u00c2\u00b1), at Plevna, 5652, 5661;\\ndefeated, 5661 in Turko-Russian war,\\n11581; occupies Oltenitz, 11181.\\nOsmanieh, Imperial Order fnd., 11583.\\nOsmium discovered, 9322.\\nOsnabriick, Prus., made bishopric, 7703.\\nOsorken I., reigns in Egypt, 6511\\nII., reigns in Kgypt, 6511\\nIII., reigns in Egypt, 6511\\nOspina, Ro lrigin M.iriano,b.(1803); pres.,\\n5291 deposed, 6291 d. (1885).\\nOssabaw Sound, Writer Witch taken, 2341\\nOssat, Cardinal Arnaud d b. (1536), Let-\\nters, 6871 d. (1604).\\nOssi, Ferdinand, cons. R. C. bp., 996 2\\nOssian, Celtic bard, 8403 d., 8402.\\nOssipee at Port-au-Prince, 3401\\nOssoll, M. F. (See Fuller, Margaret Sarah.)\\nOssory, Ire., see est., 8403 Bp. Walsh\\nelected,9803; Bp. Browning cons., 9922.\\nEarl of. (See Butler, Thos.)\\nOstade, Adrian van, b., 5403 d., 5422.\\nOstend, Belg., capitulates, 5401 Sp. be-\\nsiege, 5401 Fr. garrison at, 5421 Bruges\\ncanal works destroyed, 5433 theft, 5463\\ndvnamite explosion, 548i telegraph est.,\\n9593 besieged, 11001\\nCompany fmd., 1045 2\\nManifesto issued, 1771\\nOsten-Sacken, Fabian Wilhelm, Pr. von\\nder, b. (1752); at Champaubert, 7202 d.\\n(1837).\\nOsterhaus, Gen. Peter Joseph, b. (1820);\\nnear Searcy, 2081\\nOstermann, Count Andrei, b. (1686) at\\nKulm, 5201 d. (1747).\\nOstgaard, Nicolai Eaium, work, 11043.\\nOstia, It., built, 105H.\\nOstorius Scapula, bat. of Shropshire, 839 1\\nOstrander, James E., defaulter, 3911\\nOstrog, Rus., Slavonic Bible printed, 11151\\nOstrogoths invade Ger., 7681\\nOstrolenka, Poland, Rus. defeat, 7162 ac-\\ntion at, 11161\\nOstromir Codex- written, 11131.\\nO Sullivan, James, cons, bp., 10042.\\nOsuna, Duke of. (See Teliez y Giron.)\\nOswald, Saint, in Paris, 953; a t Heaven-\\nfield at Maserfield killed, 8421\\nOswego, N. Y., trading-post, 591, 612; ri-\\nvalry for, 612 fortress, 613 surrender,\\n701 surprised, 951 Brit, evacuate, 1061\\nNormal School est., 225 z Nat. Bank\\nsuspends, 3593 Soldiers and Sailors\\nmonument, 3861 railroad wreck T 4043.\\nCanal completed, 1373.\\nOtago, N. Zeal., fnd., 11032.\\nOtalora, J. E\u00e2\u0080\u009e pres., 6292.\\nOta Nobunaga, defeats Yoshimoto, 1091 1\\nOteiza, action at, 11322.\\nOtey, James H., cons, bp., 1423; d., 2212.\\nOtfried, version of C,,s/ ets, 7723; d.,7722.\\nOthman, Sheik, Keith mission, 4882.\\nconquests, 4841 a Mussulman, 484 3\\ncalif,485i; killed, 4852.\\nthe Turk, fnds. Ottoman emp., 10352\\nibn-Affan, reigns in Egypt, 6551\\nor Osman, I., b.-d., 11543; reigns,\\n11553 invades Nicomedia, 11542.\\nII. reigns, 11572.\\nIII. reigns, 11572.\\nOthniel, delivers Israelites, 11401 judges\\nIsrael, 11413.\\nOtho I., b.-d., 7722 repulses Hungarians,\\n5021 conquest, 5032 League against\\nFr., 6713 victories; in Fr. wars, 772\\ndefeats Magyars, 7722 marries Q. Ade-\\nlaide, 7731 declines crown, 7732 expe-\\ndition to It., 7722, 7741 religious re-\\nforms, 7723 tribute from Bohemians,\\n7733 king of Ger., 7733, 10733 emp.,\\n10753; crossesAlps,774i conquers Rome,\\n7751 K. of Lombardy, 10733 d., 7751.\\nOtho II. invades Fr.,666i ;expeditions,774i\\nemp., 7751 duke, 7811; claims Apulia\\nand Calabria 10721; crowned, 10733; as-\\nsassinated, 781i\\nIII., emp., 7751 reigns, 775 1,2; expels\\npope John XVI., 10731 emp., 10733\\nscheme d., 7752.\\nIV., K., 7792,3 at Strasburg, 7782\\nexcommunicated, 7782, 7793, 10751 de-\\nposed d., 7793.\\nDuke of Brunswick, 7811\\nK. of Bav., insane, 8323;opposed,8372.\\nde la Roche, acquires Athens, 10351\\nof Swabia, receives Lindolf 7751\\nof Wormsfeld, duke, 5032.\\nMarcus Salvius, b.-d., 10622 reigns\\ndefeated suicide, 10633.\\nOtis, Elwell S., commissioned col., 3021\\nGeorge A., b., 1381.\\nJames, b., 602 speech of, 731 2\\nRights of llrit. Monies, 742 d., 961\\nSamuel A., b., 642 d., 1231\\nOtranto, It., taken, 10341\\nOtt, Gen., at Montebello, 7141\\nOttawa, Can., mission, 1303 Asso. Bapt.\\nChurches meets, 5783 R. c. diocese est.,\\n5801 Citizen issued, 5803; capital, 5812\\nR. C. archdiocese est., 5842; Le Canada,\\n5843 New Pari, meets territory di-\\nvided, 585 2 Industrial Exhibition opd.,\\n5853; Cath. meeting, 5861 Sons of Eng.\\nconven., 5862; Dairymen s oonven.,5863\\nColl. of Music, 5881; Bapt. conven.;\\nLuth. Synod. Reformed Epis. Synod,\\n588 2 brakemenmeet, 58S3; Orange dem-\\nonstration, 5891 o. and N Y Bridge\\nCo. org., 5933 Liberal conven., 5953;\\nIntercolonial Conf., 5962; new cabinet;\\nministry, 596 a\\nKan., Ottawa Univ. org., 2543.\\nIndian missions, 1303, 1343, 5731\\nOttendorf, Sixt. de, work published, 5111.\\nOttendorfer, Oswald, b., 8123.\\nOtterbein, Philip William, b., 602 in Pa.,\\n691 d., 1211.\\nUniversity org., O., 1632.\\nOtterburn, Eng., battle of, 8601\\nBattle of, written, 8663.\\nOtter Creek, Vt., railroad wreck, 4373.\\nCol., at Battleford, 5841\\nOtterville, Mo., train robbed, 3662.\\nOtto, abdicates Hung. enthroned, 505 3\\nI.,Freidrich Ludwig, king, b.-d. ,10343.\\nIV., at battle of Bouvines, 6701\\nDuke of Aust., 5071 d., 5062.\\n,Friedrich Julian, b., 8083 d., 8262.\\nbicycle first patented, 9S81\\nOttocar I., margrave, 5032 signs treaty;\\nunder ban, 501 1 declines throne inheri-\\ntance refuses homage, 5052 d., 5042.\\nII., against Prus., 7801 king of Ger.\\npeace witli Rudolph I., 7813 k. (1278).\\nIII., margrave, 5032.\\nIV.) margrave, 5033.\\nV., margrave, 5033.\\nVI., margrave, 5043; duke, 5051\\nOttoman emp. (see Greece, p. 1013+) j an-\\narchy prevails, 157 1 alliance for, 951 2\\nfnd., 10352.\\nOttumwa, la., Lane embezzles, 3991\\nOtumba, Plain of, Mex., battle, 181\\nOtway, Thomas, b., 888 2 compositions,\\n661,8963 d., 8962.\\nOuachita, Ark., College fnd., 3242.\\nOudaen, Joachim, b., (1628) Johanna\\nGray, 11012 d. (1692).\\nMnlenarde, Belg., Fr. defeated, 5421\\nOudh, or Oude, India, pacification of, 9633;\\nconquered, 10441 independent, 10452\\nterr. ceded, 1047 2 chiefs surrender, 10481.\\nOudin 5, Eugene Andre, d., 7562 d. (1887).\\nOudinot, Nicolas Charles Victor, Due de\\nReggio, b., 7031 at Ostrolenka, 7162\\nat Grassbeeren, 7201; at Bar-sur-Aube,\\n7203 d., 7301\\nOuida. (See De la Ram\u00c2\u00a3, Louise.)\\nOuimet, J. A., minister, 5931 5952, 5963.\\nOurique, Port Alfonso I. conquers, 11091\\nOur Lady of Angels College org., 1802.\\nOur Lady the I irt/in performed, 10982.\\nOur Lord s Resurrection performed, 10983.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1373.jp2"}, "1374": {"fulltext": "1362\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. OllSe Pale.\\nOuseley, Sir Frederick Arthur Gore, b.,\\n942 2- d. 10001.\\nSir William, b., 9183; d., 9502.\\nOuthwaite, Joseph H., b., 1522.\\nOutlaw, Koger, governor, 8573.\\nOutram, Sir James, b., 9323; at Moham-\\nmerah, 9601 at Kooshab, 11081 d.\\n(1863); statue, 9742.\\nOuvidor, Brazil, fnd., 5533.\\nOvalle, Jose Tomas, b. (.1791); pres., 6072;\\nd. (1831).\\nOYambo mission, 6003.\\nOvando, Nicolas de, b. (1460); gov.; res-\\ncues Columbus, 172; d. (1518).\\nOverbeck, Fried. Johann, b.,S043; d.,8262.\\nOverbrook, Pa., St. Charles Borromeo\\nSeminary org., 1403.\\nOverbury, Sir Thomas, b. (1581); poisoned,\\n879 d., 880\\nOverdank, assassin; assassinated, 5303.\\nOverland Monthly Maijuzinc issued, 2623.\\nOversee, Aust. advance, 5261 taken, 6402.\\nOverweg, Adolf, b., 8122; d., 8181.\\nOvid, Publius Naso, b.-d., 10603; works,\\n10623; banished, 10632.\\nOviedo y Valdes, Gonzalo Fernandez de,\\nb.-d., 11263.\\nOwden, Tims. Scnmbler, 1. mayor, 9832.\\nOwego, N. Y., Nat. Bank suspends, 3593\\ntire, 1673.\\nOwen, Capt., explorer, 10931\\nDavid Dale, b., 114i d., 1861\\nRev. E., resigns, 5901\\nElias K., b., 1422.\\nMajor, defeats Kabba Rega, 5643.\\nMary A., Voodoo Tales, 4481\\nSir Richard, b., H323; system of mam-\\nmalia, 9622; d., 10082.\\n.Robert, b., 918 3 defeated in social-\\nism, 9311; d.,9622.\\nDale, b., 1082; est. New Har-\\nmony, 1331; d., 2942.\\nOwens, S. M., nominee for gov. Minn. ,3651\\nW. C, plurality for Congress, 4731\\nOwen s College, Manchester, fnd., 9531;\\nopd., 9743; gift of Langworthy, 9791;\\nbecomes Victoria University, 9843.\\nOwensboro, Ky., Thos. Young sentenced,\\n4131 women s temp, crusade, 430 2\\nOwensburg, Kv., Confed. repulsed at, 213 2\\nOwsley, William, b. (1782); gov. Ky.,1592;\\nd. (1862).\\nOxenburg, Vise, title created, 9871\\nOxenden, Ashton, b. (1808); d., 5901.\\nOxenford, Baron, title created, 9511\\nOxford, Eng., restored, 8463; first. Nat.\\nCouncil, 8472; stormed, 8481 printing,\\n8622; pestilence, 8653; see erected, 8Cn3\\nFatal Assizes, 8733; Pari, at, 8853; sur-\\nrenders, 8861; O. Gazette issued, 8923;\\nPari, meets, 89:12; tire, 8933 Ashmolean\\nMuseum fnd., 8941 O. Journal issued,\\n9132; Union Soc. est., 9412; excursionists\\nki lied, 9633 declaration,9663 Bp. Stubbs\\ncons., 9983.\\nla., incendiaries burn, 3683.\\nMass., Universalists conf. at, 982.\\nMiss., Univ. of Mississippi fnd., 1642;\\naction at, 2161\\nO., Miami Univ. org., 1323; Oxford\\nCollege org., 1663.\\nPa., Lincoln University org., 1762.\\nEdward, attempts assassination, 9511\\nEarl of. (See Harley, Robert.)\\nUniversity; Academy of, fnd., 8443,\\nor (1232); center of clerical study, 8503\\nforeign students; Univ. chests Univ.\\nest., 8523, 8583, 8671 Merton Coll. fnd.;\\nBalliol Coll. fnd., 8042; Oriel Coll. fnd.;\\nQueen s Coll. fnd., 8563 St. Mary s\\nHall fnd., 8563; Magdalen Coll. fnd.; All\\nSouls Coll. fnd., 8623; Lincoln Coll.;\\nSt. Mary Magdalen Hall est., 8642;\\nBrazenose Coll. fnd.; Exeter Coll., Wm.\\nGrocyn, 8663; Corpus Christi Coll. fnd.,\\n8671 professorships est., 8691 St. Al-\\nban s Hall, est., 8703; St. John s Coll.\\nfnd.; Trinity Coll. fnd., 8711; Jesus\\nColl. fnd.; Univ. incorp., 8743; Bodleian\\nLibrary fnd., 8772; elective franchise,\\n8783; Botanic garden est., 8801; Wad-\\nham Coll. fnd., 8802; Pembroke Coll.\\nfnd., 8811; Worcester Coll. fnd., 9043;\\nPolitical Economy professorship est.,\\n9423; Univ. Museum opd., 9641; Cath.\\nprofessor, 9743; Magdalen Hall incor.,\\n9783 New Coll. anniversary, 9842;\\nSomerville Hall fnd., 9843; women ad-\\nmitted, 9923; Univ. museum for weap-\\nons, 9961 Indian Inst, fnd., 9842\\nMansfield Coll. fnd., 9942; Holy Club\\nfind., 9083; Kadclitte Library fnd., 9091\\nstudents expelled, 9163; Radeliffe Ob-\\nservatory fnd., 9182; Theological lec-\\ntures, 9211; Hertford Coll. dissolved,\\n9331; Ashmolean Soc. fnd., 9431; Brit.\\nAsso. meets and org., 9441 meets, 9521\\n9602, 10121 investigating committee ap-\\npointed; ll~yc/il \\\\i Bible printed, 9563;\\nKeble Coll. fnd 9722; Hertford Coll. re-\\nvived; Magdalen Hall incor., 97S3; New\\nColl., O., anniversary, 9842; mission to\\nCalcutta org., 9862; Mr. Gladstone s lec-\\nture, 10083; Shelley monument, 10101;\\nwins boat races, 10113, 10123.\\nOxley, Lieut., expedition, 4941 j Queens-\\nland, 4951.\\nOxyarges reigns, 10133.\\nOxygen discovered, 11342.\\nOxymuriatie, first used, 9241.\\nOyama, Marshal, Jap. army, 6271\\nOyster Fisheries Act passes, Eng., 9712.\\nOysters scarce in England, 9813.\\nOzama lost, 4772.\\nOzark, Mo.,Kegulntors.tried,327l hanged,\\n3391; onyx caves discovered, 3721\\nOzone dis., at Basel, 11381 liquefied, 7521\\nproduced, 2S01\\nOzonometers introduced, 9621.\\nPa-ankhi, princes rule under, 651 1\\nPaars, Peder, Holberg, 6383.\\nPabama Indians destroy towns, 628 1\\nPacaud, trial of, 5951\\nPace, Peter, cons. R. C. bishop, 9822.\\nPachacamac, temple desecrated, 201\\nPacheco, Pres., elected, 551 3\\nPachomius, Saint, b., 6542; d. (349+).\\nPa Chow, explosion, 6253.\\nPachromius, builds monastery, 10683; d.\\n(348\u00c2\u00b1).\\nPacific, Atlantic record, 1693; lost, 1793;\\nfounders, 2293.\\nAdvocate est., Cal., 1782.\\nPacific cable to be laid, 5012.\\ncoast explored, 163, 1021.\\nRevenueCutter Bill passes, 3993.\\nCollege org., Cal., 1983.\\n(Friends) org. at Newberg, Ore.\\nFur Co. founds Astoria, 117 3\\nOcean dis., 163; Magellan enters, 183.\\nR. R., route, 1733; explorers for, 1752.\\nsurvey, 1743; Bill passes, 2073,\\n2093, 2112; amended, 2353. (See Union\\nPacific and Central Pacific R. R.)\\nUniv. (Cong.) org. (1848), at Forest\\nGrove, Ore.\\nat College Park, Cal., 1702.\\nPacini, Giovanni, b., 10843; d., 10882.\\nPackard, Alpheus Spring, b., 1502.\\nFred. Adolphus, b., (1794); d., 2582.\\nLouis Richard, b., 1462; d. (1884).\\n.Stephen B., gov. La., 2951, 2973;\\nholds conventions, 2791\\nPacker, Alfred, eats companions, 3243.\\nAsa, b., 1122; d., 3002.\\nWilliam Fisher, b., 1141 gov. Pa.,\\n1852; d., 2702.\\nPackington, Sir John, minister, 9573, 9G3 2\\nPaeoareos, Viscount, minister, 5591.\\nPacorus, b. (06+); killed, 10602.\\nPacte de Famine hold monopoly, Fr., 7053.\\nPaddington. (See London.)\\nPaddle Wheels patented, 9241.\\nPaddock, Algernon Sidney, b., 1381 gov.,\\n3332; Pure Food Bill, 4031.\\nBenjamin Henry, b., 1362; cons. P.\\nE. bp., 2822; d., 3801.\\nJohn Adam, b. (1825); cons, bp.,3042.\\nJ. W., gov t R. R. director, 4473.\\nPadelford, Seth, gov. R. I., 2693.\\nPaderborn, Prus. bishopric, 7703.\\nPadilla, Juan Lopez de, b.-d., 11263; leads\\ninsurrection, 6283.\\nPadlock invented, 7902.\\nPadre-Polli, mission, 10463.\\nPadua, It., Church of St. Anthony heal-\\nings, 3403; surrenders, 5221 Verona and\\nVicenza league, 7791; besieged, 786\\nfnd., 10511; refugees in Venice, 1071:\\nUniv. fnd., 10752; conquered, 1078\\nseized, 10792; botanical gardens, 10802\\nPaducah, Ky., occupied, 1982; Gen. For\\nrest at, 2303; sheriff wounded, 4103.\\nPae, John P., commander-in-chief, 3271\\nPa^onians reduced, 10223.\\nPaepe, Dr. Caesar de, d., 5461\\nPiestum, It., Temple of Neptune, 10203\\ntemple built, 10502; new colony, 10533.\\nPaez, Francisco, b. (1564); in Abyssinia,\\n12; d. (1622).\\nJose Antonio, b. (1790); pres. Vene-\\nzuela, 11602; d. (1873).\\nPagan, Burma, destroyed, 10422; occu-\\npied, 10482.\\nComte de, Blaise Francois, b., 6862;\\nd., 6903.\\nrites imitated, It., 10663; sacrifices\\nforbidden, 10683; hostile societies, 6251\\nPagani, Nicolas, cons, bp., 9922.\\nPaganini, Nicolo, b., 10843; appears, 944 1\\nd., 10862.\\nPaganism, merits discussed, 10691\\nPagassi, Antonio, train-wrecker, 4002.\\nPage, Calvin, recovers daughters, 3891.\\nCarroll S., governor Vt., 3751\\nCharles, in medical dept., 3261\\nGrafton, b. (1812) d.,2621.\\nH., b., 1561.\\nG. C, makes induction coil, 1481.\\nJohn, gov. N. H., 1512.\\nb.(1787); gov.Va., 1113; d.(1865).\\nB., governor Vt., 2593.\\nGen. R. L., at Mobile Bay, 2371 sur-\\nrenders Fort Morgan, 2372.\\nT., paints Venus, 186i\\nThomas Nelson, b. (1853) works,\\n3191,3283,3331,4791.\\nWm., b., 1163 paintings, 2721 2861\\n3061, 3161; d., 3202.\\nPaget, Sir George, d., 10081\\nHenry William, Marquisof Anglesey,\\nb., 9163 d., 9582.\\nSir James, b., 9363 n Pasteur\\nmethod, 756\\nSir William, minister, 8693, 8712.\\nPagin, Lord, arrested, 5943.\\nPagnani, Clement, cons. R. C. bishop, 9822.\\nPajou, Augustan, b., 6983; d., 7191\\nPakenham, Sir Edward .Michael, b. (1798);\\nattacks Jackson, 1223; k., 1223, 1242.\\nPakhoi, mission, 6243.\\nPakington, Sir John Somerset, b. (1799)\\nminister, 9633 d. (1880).\\nPaig e, Al onz o Chris., b. (1797) d., 2602.\\nDavid R., forger, 4542.\\nPailleron, Edouard Jules Henri, b., 7262\\nAcademician, 7521\\nPaine, O., railroad opened, 1713.\\nCharles, gov. Vt., 1052; d., 1722.\\nElijah, b., 711 d., 1542.\\nHalbert Eleazar, b., 1342 assaultB\\nSpring Hill, 2382.\\nJ. Knowles, b. (1839) work, 4971\\nMartyn, b., 1042 d. (1877).\\nRobert, b. (1799) bp. 1603; d. (1882).\\nTreat, b. (1731) jurist d., 123\\nJr., author, b., 78 d.,1163.\\nThomas, b., 642 works, 83 85 ,927\\nd., 1162.\\nPainerville, Mo., Confed. defeated, 226\\nPai-net em I. reigns, Egypt, 6503.\\nPains and Penalties Bill rejected, 9412.\\nPainter, Gamaliel b. (1743) d., 1281.\\nThomas, whipped, 363.\\nPainting, first in Greece, 10131.\\nPaisiello, Giovanni, b., 10842; d., 10862.\\nPaixhans, Henri Joseph, b.,705 d., 7322.\\nPalacio, Itainimulo Andrezia, pres., 11603.\\nI alacky, Francis, 5191 d. (1876).\\nPaladines, D Aurelles de, b. (1804\u00c2\u00b1) com-\\nmands at Tours, 7421 at Orleans, 7422,3;\\nat Louret, 7423\\nPala3ograpbical Soc. org., London, 9781.\\nPalxontographiea] Society formed, 9541.\\nPaheopolfs, capture of, 1052\\nPalafox y Melzi, Jose de, D. of Saragossa,\\nb.-d., 11302; at Saragossa, 7162.\\nPalakolla factory opened, 10443.\\nPalaprat, Jean, b. (1650); works, 695\\n697 d. (1721.)\\nPalatinate, war to obtain, 694 burned,\\n6952; falls to Bavaria, 7793; separated,\\n7832; united, 7973 insurrection. 8191\\nPalatine Bridge, N. Y., R. R. ace, 3453.\\nPalatines in N. Y., 571\\nPalatka, Fla., agents expelled, 4571\\nPalencia, Sp., Univ. fnd. removed, 1127\\nPalenque, Mex., ruins of, 661 10973.\\nPalermo, It., massacre at, 6731; taken,\\n10522, 10533, 10701, 10741; earthquake,\\n10841 surrenders, 10861 Giornale rli Sla-\\ntistica issued, 10871 insurrection, 10872,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1374.jp2"}, "1375": {"fulltext": "Pale -Para.\\nText Figures denote Page. UND-CLX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1363\\n10881 10891 stormed, evacuated, 10881\\nprov. govt, find., 10891 (See Panormus.)\\nPales discovered, 7321\\nPalestine. (See text under Turkey) in-\\nvaded, 650 1 Hebrew monarchy erected,\\n11432 coerced, 1147 1 Persian rule, 11472\\nunder Gr. rule,11473 ruled by Per.,11472\\ntaken by Autigonus subdued by Ptol-\\nemy taken from Egy.; Egy. rules, 11491\\ngiven to Ptolemy V.; Egy. rules battle\\nground; ruled by Syria ceded to Ptol-\\nemy Philopator; seized; subject to Syria,\\n11492; earthquakes, 11502; Roman cen-\\nsus taken. 11513; a Rom. province, aking-\\ndom, 10632; independent, 11533; pest of\\nlocusts, 11541 ruled by Fatimite califs;\\nruled by Christians taken from Egy.,\\n11552 Turks take, 10341 annexed to\\nTurk., 11572; Moabite stone dis.; survey\\nof, 976 1 11581; claims for holy places,\\n11191.\\nPalestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da, b.,\\n10802 work, 10813 d., 10823.\\nPalestro, It., action at, 5241\\nPaley, William, b., 9103; works, 9231 ,9271\\nd., 9323.\\nPalfrey, F. W., d.,348i.\\nJohn Gorham, b., 1061 History of\\nNew England, 1863 d., 3062.\\nWarwick, d., 1S02.\\nPalgrave, Sir Francis, b., 9243; Normandy\\nand England, 9563 d., 9642.\\nFrancis Turner, b. (1824); works, 9763.\\nThos. Turner, Idylls and Songs, 9591\\nWilliam Gifford, b., 9422 d., 9982.\\nPa-li-kao, Chinese defeat, 16201.\\nPalikao, Comte de (Charles Guillaume\\nMarie Apollinaire Antoine Cousin-Mon-\\ntauban), b. (1796); minister war, 7393\\nleaves Paris for Belg.,7412; d. (1878).\\nPalilsa, J., dis. minor planets, 5301 5321\\nPalissot, de Montenoy, Charles, b., 6983\\nd\u00e2\u0080\u009e 7211.\\nPalissy, Bernard, b., 6802 works, 6832\\n6843 experiments in enamels makes\\nFaience ware, 6822 d., 6842.\\nPalla, la., Central University org., 1731\\nPalladio, Andrea, b., 10802 d. (1580).\\nPalladium discovered, 9322.\\nPalladius, b. (367 1) sent to Scotland and\\nIreland, 8403; d. (431+).\\nPallas, asteroid, discovered, 8062.\\nwrecked, 9613.\\nPallas rules Claudius, 10631 reigns, 11072;\\nd. (63).\\nPeter Simon, b., 8003; d., 8102.\\nPaltavicino, Sforza, b., 10823 d., 10831.\\nPallister, Sir William, b., 9442.\\nPalm, Johannes Henricus van der, b.\\n(1765); works, 11022; d. (1840).\\nof Nuremburg, execution of, 716 J\\nPalma, Sp., Aurora, Maliorquina, 11311.\\nGonzalo de, governor, 6301\\nJacopo, b., 10783; d., 10803.\\nyounger, b., 10803 d., 10823.\\nPalmblad, Wilhelm Fredrik, b.-d., 11342\\nfnds. Aurora Formbundet, 11351 works,\\n11362.\\nPalmeirim d Inglaterra appears, 11091.\\nPalmella, Duke of. (See Sousa-Holstein.)\\nPalmer, Mass., strike, 4263.\\nAnthony, governor, 672; d., 662.\\nCol., in duel, 9372.\\nErastus Dow, b., 1262.\\nFrank W., b., 1342 in government\\nprinting department, 351 2\\nGeorge H., works, 3982.\\nJames A., forger, 4043,\\nShedden, b., 1162; d., 2582.\\nJohn, b. (1742) d., 8383.\\nMcCauley, b., 1262; at Murfrees-\\nboro, 2171 near Woodbury, 2182 at\\nRinggold, 2282; gov. 111., 2692; commands\\ndistrict of Ky., 2422 vote, 2812 n om.\\nfor gov., 3612; commander-iu-chief, 3891\\npres. society, 3923.\\nWilliamson, b., 1322.\\nJoseph, d., 2711.\\nPaul, forms church, 603.\\nPhoebe, b., 1141 d., 2861\\nRay, b., 1142; -works, 1511, 1783,2923,\\n3063; d.,326i.\\nRoundell, b., 9363; L. Selbourne\\nL. chancellor; Land Transfer Bill intro.\\n9773 minister, 9852 opens St. Paul\\nSchool, 9923; Bar Asso. medal, 3903.\\nRufus, 642.\\nSusan B., gift, 4063.\\nThomas F., transported, 9272.\\nPalmer, Thomas W., World s Fair Com-\\nmission, 3633 u. S. minister, 3513; re-\\nsigns commission, 433 3\\nTunis, b., 1321.\\nWilliam Adams, b. (1791) governor\\nVt., 1393 d. (1860).\\nCol. W. J., raid, 2403.\\nWm. Pitt, b., 1122 d. (1884).\\nPalmerston, Viscount. (See Temple, John\\nHenry.)\\nPalmetto, Ga., Jeff. Davis visits, 2382.\\nPalm-leaf hats manufactured, Mass., 1341\\nPalmyra fnd., 11433 a Roman colony,\\n10653 conquered, 10661 ruins of, 11571\\nKan., political fight, 1793.\\nPalnadu, mission, 10471\\nPalo Alto, Cal., battle, 160 1 Stanford\\nUniv., 3263,3923.\\nPalo Alto trots at Stockton, 3953.\\nPalomino de Castro y Velaseo, Acislo An-\\ntonio, b.-d., 11283.\\nPalo Pinto, Tex., Federals defeated, 2463.\\nPalos, Sp., Columbus sails, 131 dis. of\\nAm. eel. Santa Maria sails, 11331\\nPalovich revolts, 5281\\nPaludan-Muller, Frederic, b., 6382; works,\\n6392,6403 d., 6421.\\nPamacagua, Mateo Garcia rebels, 11082.\\nPamir, troops in, 6241; explanations de-\\nmanded, 6252 Russians invade, 11221;\\nChinese withdraw, 6272.\\nPamplona, Columbia, captured, 936 1 up-\\nrising, 11301.\\nSp., surrendered, 7202.\\nPamphilus, St., b.-d., 11521\\nPamphylia, new province, 10613.\\nPananus, painter, 10203.\\nPanama, Pizarro arrives, 173 Pizarro\\nsails, 182 fnd., 193 seat of govt., 192\\ntravelers perish, 213 sacked, 241\\nburned San Lorenzo destroyed, 441 Xn-\\ndians destroy towns, 581 Am. property\\nprotected, 320 appropriation of Cong.,\\n3363 telegraph est., 9913 bread dis-\\ntributed military force, 6282 treaty\\nwith Indians, 6283 a federal state se-\\ncedes, 6291; rebellions, 6292; fire hy-\\ndraulics for minerals Kearsarge crew\\narrives, 6293; commerce restricted, 6303.\\nCanal, in Cong., 2693, 3 33 commis-\\nsioners appointed, 2773 j Blaine s Circu-\\nlar letter, 3073.\\nCo. org., 7533; i n Fr., 6293 new\\nCo. fails workmen paid, 6293 bank-\\nruptcy bill; commercial standing, 7572,\\n3 bond issue depends on subscription\\ndissolution decreed, 7573 no credit\\nreports, 7593 j concession extended\\nnew contract, 6292 condition, 7632\\nparliamentary inquirer, 7651; swindlers\\ndeprived of decorations, 7673 see Fr.,\\n6293; commercial bouses assist shares,\\n7573 contractors offer work aban-\\ndoned, 6293 lottery prize, 7563 j Loan\\nBill, 7591 report on, 7592, 7653 bonds\\nissued, 7593 new scheme shares fall,\\n7613; concessions refused, 7652 special\\ncommittee reports, 7613; scandal; De\\nLesseps trial, 7603, 7642, 3 investiga-\\ntion resolution report, 4321 investiga-\\ntion begins, 4243.\\nCongress fails to meet, 1352.\\nR. R., earthquakes destroy, 6282; fi rs t\\ntrain, 6293.\\nPan-American Bimetallic convention, ses-\\nsion, 4402, 4573.\\nmonetary conf., 3491 3552, 357 z\\n3593,3631; held, 3593.\\nMedical Congress, Wash., D. C,\\n4361 ,3.\\nRepublican Congress, centennial\\nday, 3882.\\nAnglican Conference of bishops at\\nLambeth, 9702, 9822.\\nPanathemean games instituted, 10132.\\nPan-Chuang mission, 6223.\\nPandion reigns, 10133.\\nPandoo Madee, Sepoy rebellion, 1048\\nPandora, arctic expedition, 9801\\nasteroid, discovered, 1841.\\nfrigate, wrecked, 9241.\\nwar-ship, wrecked, 9342.\\nPandosia, It., action at, 10521.\\nPandulph, charter t legate, S, r .;;i d.(1226).\\nPanet, Bernard Claude, R. C. bp., d., 5782.\\nPangani, Afr., captured, 5631; occupied,\\n3381\\nPango-Pango, claims of U. S., 3393.\\nPanic, commercial, U. S., 1413, 1473 fail-\\n7112,\\nures in 1837, U. S., 1493 in G. B., 8933,\\n9551, 10073.\\nPanic-stricken England, 9313.\\nPanipat, India, victory of, 5 1\\nPanitza, Major, confession, 5682; conspi-\\nracy punished, 5692, 5682; trial,5682.\\nPanizzi, Sir Anthony, b., 10843; d. (1879).\\nPankeng enthroned, 6112.\\nPanmure, Lord. (See Fox, Maule.)\\nPannius, high-priest, 11523.\\nPannonia, invaded, 5021, 10693; Romans\\nrule, 5023, 1062 1, 10632; under Croatia,\\n5031; acquired, 10712.\\nPannonian war, in Bosnia, 10603.\\nPanama founders, 9913.\\nPanopsea, asteroid, discovered, 732*1.\\nPanorama issued, 11101.\\nPanorama exhibited, 9241\\nPanormus (see Palermo), 10522- captured,\\n10523.\\nPan-Presby. Cong, in London, 2882, 9802,\\n9902 inPhila.,3042 conf. at Belfast,\\n3182 at Edinburgh, 9822.\\nPan-Protestant Conf. at Worms, 8263.\\nPansa, Gaius Vibius, at Mutina, 10602;\\nconsul, 10612; k. (43 B.C.).\\nPantagraph improved, 940 1\\nPanthay rising, 618 1\\nPantheon erected; opd., 9182, 10603\\ndedicated, 10722; roof destroyed, 10822.\\nPanzer, Georg Wolfgang, b., 8002; d., 8082.\\nPaokwen enthroned, 613 1\\nPaoli, Pa., Wayne at, 872\\nPaBquale de, b., 6982\\n7021 defeated, 7041 revolts\\n10852; d., 7163.\\nPaolluccio, Anafaesto, first doge at Ven-\\nice, 10731.\\nPapacy, temporal power, Ger.,4303,770 2\\nGreeks acknowledge supremacy, 10703;\\ndespised summitof power, 7743; hatred\\nof, Eng,, 8583; contention for crown,\\n10731, 10743; dominion restored, 10773;\\nbills, imperial sanction, Aust., 517 1\\nconflict with gov t, 5442, 5453 power\\nlimited, Fr., 6923 encyclical prohibited,\\n7362; encyclical, 7542; gov t and nuncio\\ncircular, 767 2 recognizes power, Ger.,\\n7702 j summons to emperor, 7743, 7751\\nreleases allegiance, 7793 temporal\\npower denied, 7832. (See Pope and R.\\nCatholic.)\\nPapal infallibility, Jesuits favor, 8263\\nprotest against dogma promulgated,\\n8262 gov t disputes, 8282 encyclical\\nissued, 3321,8283.\\ninterdict, Eng., 8683, 8723 interfer-\\nence in Ire., 9982; power supreme, 10743;\\nnuncic opposes toleration, 11323.\\nstates fnd. 7713 10732 annexed to\\nFr., 10853; insurrection, 10881; vote for\\nunion 10893 Sardinians enter, 10881\\nPaparo, John, divides bishoprics, 8502.\\nPape-Carpentier, Marie, b. 7222 d.,7502.\\nPaper, made, 610 2 made of straw, 1361\\nhigh price, 2433 from asbestos, 7982 j\\nmachine inv., 8102, 8982; white manf.,\\n8962; bottles appear, 3281; duties abol-\\nished, G. B., 9651 ,2.\\nDuties Repeal Bill rejected, 9652.\\nHangings, used, Eng., 880 1\\nMnfrs Asso., Am., meets, 389\\nmill, first est. in Am., 502, 60 703;\\nin It., 10762 first in Eng., 8742.\\nmoney issued, 673, 612, 793; substi-\\ntute for taxation, 81 2 used in China,\\n6133 in Cuba, 6333. (See Money.)\\npulp bleached, 3321\\ntrust org. in England, 10033.\\nPaphiagonia, surrendered to Rome, 10292\\nPapias, Exposition of Oracles, 10643.\\nPapier-mache, method of, 800 1 ;mnf.,9102.\\nPapin, Denis, b., 6883 invents digester,\\n6922 devises steam-engine, 6942, 8001\\ninvents heat-engine, 6942; d., 6963.\\nPapineau, Louis Joseph, b., 5762 rebel\\nleader, 5731 5792 reward for, 5792 d.,\\n5821.\\nPapinian, iEmilius, b.-d., 10642 improves\\njustice, 10663.\\nPapinsville, Mo., battle of, 1983.\\nPapirius Cursor, Lucius, defeats Samnites,\\n10521 at Aquilonia, 10522.\\nPaprade, P. M. V. R. de, Symphonies, 733*\\nPapyrography, invented, 5202.\\nPara, Brazil, subdued, 554 1; rebellion,\\n5553 reportof church, 5563 boycotting\\nleague, 5583.\\nParachute constructed, 7041", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1375.jp2"}, "1376": {"fulltext": "1364\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nPara-ParL\\nParadis, Father, summoned, 5882.\\nParadise of Dainty Devices issued, 8751.\\nParaffin, made, 818 mineral oil, 954 1\\nParagon built, 116\\nParaguay (see text, pp. 1105-1106), explored,\\n19i; Santo Espiritu built, 193; Ascen-\\nsion fnd., 213 bishopric est. Jesuits\\nlabor; missions est., 222, 242, 262,3;\\nJesuit settlement, 29 67 3 Buenos\\nAyres separated, 293 Indian slave\\nraids, 323 Indian Jesuits, 553 Jesuits\\nexpelled, 742; diamonds dis., 5542 re-\\ninforcements, 554 alliance with Braz.,\\n5553 Water Witch attacked, 1772, 184 1\\nwar, 556 peace with Braz., 557 1 moni-\\ntors, 556 1 boundary treaty, 5512,\\nParamaribo, Guiana, Eng. colonists, 10391\\nmission established, 10393.\\nParana, Braz., civil war, 4902 insurgents\\nhold, 492 peace expedition, 5553; camp\\nbombarded victory, 556 churches\\norg., 5563 martial law, 5602.\\nParannis, governs for Commodus, 10652.\\nParay-le-Monial, Eng., pilgrims visit,9762.\\nParchment invented, 1148 2\\nPardo, Manuel, pres. Peru, 11082; k. (1878).\\nPardoe, Julia, b., 9322 d. (1862).\\nPardons, sale of, exposed, D. C, 2551\\nPar\u00c2\u00a3, Ambroise, b., 6802; Apologieet Voy-\\nages, 6843 d., 6842.\\nParedes y Arrillaga, Mariano, b.-d., 10952.\\nParepa-Rosa (Euphrosyne Parepa de\\nBoyesku), b. (1836) at Peace Jubilee,\\n266 d. (1874).\\nParet, Wm.,b. (1826); cons.P.E.bp.,2182.\\nParey-Chaley, mission, 10471.\\nParhelion appears, 7963.\\nH. M., dis. Galatea, 2661\\nParia, Venezuela, treaty of, 525\\nParieu, Maria Louis Pierre Felix Esquirou\\nde, b. (1815) pres., 7392 d. (1893).\\nParini, Giuseppe, b., 10842 works, 10851\\nd., 10843.\\nParis, City of, arrives, 4133.\\nR. C pilgrims on, 4661\\nParis, Fr., Commune in iEtius at taken,\\n6622; St.Denis church fnd., 6642; burned;\\ngreat council at, 6652 gen. assembly\\nconvoked, 7712 Louvre a royal resi-\\ndence, 6642; besieged by Northmen;\\nNorthmen enter, 6661; pillaged, 6672;\\ncapital of France., 6673; A.D. 1000+;\\nHungary, students in, 5042 Cistercian\\nconvent fnd.; Port Royale des Champs\\nfnd., 6703; colleges united; University\\nfnd., 671i; development; Festival of\\nFools, 6712, 6771; Notre Dame built,\\n6721 2; Sorbonne est., 2722, 2731 6721\\npersecution of Templars, 6723 States-\\nGeneral meet, 67. v .3. H7r,2; Bastile begun,\\n6741 ;Louvre occupied, 6742; Coll. of Medi-\\ncine fnd.; royal library fnd., 6743; riots\\nbarons k. black plague unsanitary\\ncondition, 675 ;revolt injtreaty withEng.\\nrejected 6752; civil strife; anarchy, 6753;\\noccupied by Eng., 676 Eng. evacuate\\nhats made; Fr. repulsed by Eng., 6762;\\ninsurrection against taxation, 6763,6771\\nbrigandage, 677 1 Cabochiens arise, 676\u00c2\u00bb\\nroyal family tl. -es, C77 2; Ii n rg i Indians gov-\\nern,6773; recovered from Kng.,6773,8632;\\nPantheon erected, 6782, 7022 bridge of\\nNotre Dame falls, 6782; Univ. has Gr.\\nprofessor, 6783 first post-office, 6792\\nAcad, of Music fnd. Hotel de Ville\\nbuilt; boulevards commenced; Louvre\\nimproved, 6802 Calvin preaches 6803\\nJesuits est. placards against mass\\npersecution of Christians, 681 1; Con-\\ncordat refused, 6812; Fountain of Inno-\\ncents erected palace of Tuileries, 6822;\\nfirst Protest, church edict for questions\\nof faith Sorbonne condemns Jesuits,\\n6823 coaches intro. forks used, 6833\\nbesieged, 6841, 7312, 746a, 7413, Pont\\nNeuf begun Hotel des Invalides erect-\\ned, 6841 Edict of Pacification, 6843; bed\\nof justice est., 685 D. of Guise enters\\ninsurrection against K., 6853 Hotel\\nDieu fnd., 6861 Fr. Acad, fnd., 686 1 6872;\\nLuxembourg Palace begun, 686 1 Cis-\\ntercianconventremoved,687i RoyalPal-\\nace built, 6861 Port Royale des Champs\\nrefmd., 687 Concini overthrown,\\n6872 great revolution, 6873 block-\\naded, 6881 Acad, of Fine Arts Val-de-\\nGrace built, 6882 wandering Jew ap-\\npears; Richelieu s influence; death, 6892;\\nillumination by pitch louis d or pieces\\nstruck; members of pari, arrested; re-\\nforms for abuses taxes refused war of\\nFronde, 6893; Acad, of Belles-Lettres,\\n690 ;Acad.of Scienceest.,690i,6912;R O y.\\nObservatory est., 6901 resort of scholars,\\n6911; Acad, of Architecture est.; Nat.\\nTheater fnd. St. Denis arch erected,\\n6922; Mercure Ga/a\u00c2\u00bbrissued,6931 female\\ndancers intro. Le Triompke de r Amour\\nplayed, 6932; national reverses, 695 2\\nA.D. 1700+ Champs Elysees a public\\npromenade; palace erected, 6962; Port\\nRoyale des Champs, demolition. 697\\nBastile opnd. dissolute regent Banque\\nGenerale est.; John Law s Mississippi\\nScheme, 6972 paper money issued,\\n6972,3; treaty of, 943, 5753, 6313, 7033,\\n7213, 7233, 7333, 9032 man with iron\\nmask d., 6973; Acad, of Surgery est.;\\npalace of Deputies erected, 6981 mir-\\nacles at St. Medard, 6991; Law s Hank\\nest., 593; finances low, 6992; military\\nacademy est., 7001; taxation of eccl.\\nproperty; rise of freethinkers, 701 1;\\nsteamboats on Seine, 7022 Jesuits sup-\\npressed, 7032 clergy opposed pari.\\nrestricted pari, triumphs over State,\\n7033; balloon ascent, 7041 7102; Hostile\\npulled down, 7061, 707 1 Nat. Guard\\norg., 7061 monasteries suppressed ;oath\\nof ecclesiastics prescribed, 7062; Bulle-\\ntin des Stances de rAssemblee National?\\nCourier de Versailles; deaf-mutes insti-\\ntute; Journal des Debats; Journal des\\nH tats Gineraux; Lettres a- ses Commet-\\ntants issued; Le Moiiiteur VnicerseUe\\nPatriate Francois; lit. volutions de Paris;\\nschool for blind soc. of the Sorbonne\\nbroken up, 7063; feteof Federation eel.\\nFrancis, baker, murdered Jacobin\\nclubs orig.; privileged elasses abolished\\nRegency Club est.; riot titles abolished,\\n7071 Bastile taken by mob, 707 2 mon-\\nasteries abolished Nat. Bank est., 7073;\\nmob at Tuileries, 7081 7091 7252, 7303;\\nSwiss Guards massacred, 7081 2; church\\nplate for coinage pope s effigy burned,\\n7082; Reign of Terror; mob massacres\\nprisoners; priests exiled; royal family\\nimprisoned j royal family flees, 7083\\nCommune in, 7091+; Nat. fraternity;\\nmassacre by Jacobins Nat. conven.\\nmeets; Revolutionary Era; Revolution-\\nary Tribunal, 7092, a, 7141; trial of\\nLouis XVI., 7092; Com. of Public Safety,\\n7093, 7112; Acad, of Natural Philos.\\nest. Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers\\nInstitut Nat. est., 710 2 Festival of Rea-\\nson; Fete del Et re Supreme, 7103; bread\\nriots, 7111, 7331 Christianity pro-\\nscribed; Dantonists condemned, 711 1;\\nAustriansin,518i Girondists executed\\nguillotines glutted; Jacobins mobbed;\\nwage rates est.; revolutionists executed\\nslave-trade abolished, 7111; Committee\\nPublic Safety arrested insurrection\\nagainst gov t. Moderates control, 7112;\\nNat. Conven. ends Prairial insurrec-\\ntion, 7113, 7133; gov t, of Directory;\\nRoyalists insurrection, 7113 N. Bona-\\nparte subdues, 710 2 Coup d Etat suc-\\nceeds, 7132, 3; Ancients remove; dis-\\nsolved; N. Bonaparte s offer; Council of\\n500 expelled, 7133 Adams Commission\\nmeets, 109 A.D. 1800+ amnesty to\\nemigrants, 7152; consulate, 7133 Napo-\\nleon in, 7153 Pont des Invalides erected,\\n7162; allies capture; evacuate; Napoleon\\nenters, marries Maria Louisa, 51203 em-\\npress leaves; legislative assembly pro-\\nrogued, 7212 allies enter, 5203, 8113\\nimperial guard dissolved; surrenders,\\n7221; velocipede patented, 7222; Bells\\nof Notre Dame baptized Fr. Acad, re-\\norg., 7231 Napoleon I. abdicates allies\\nenter; Peace Soc. fmd., 7232; Amnesty\\nLaw passes gas intro., 7233 omnibus\\nrevived war of barricades, 7241 La\\nRevue issued, 7252 Louvre taken July\\nrevolution siege Tuileries sacked,\\n7253; Luxor Obelisk erected, 0482, 7261\\nSoc. of Progress explosion; massacre\\nof insurrectionists, 7272; cholera, 7273,\\n7493,7633; insurrection, 7273, 7293, 7301,\\n7313; election riots; Soc. of Rights of\\nMan, 7272 gaming-houses prohibited,\\n7273; fortifications constructed, 7281;\\nCreches est. Napoleon I. re-interred,\\n7292 Nat. Guard re-org., 730 1 funeral\\nof revolutionary victims, 7303, 7311;\\npeace cong. opd., 7303 Assembly at-\\ntacked Executive Commission nat.\\nworkshops est. Socialist mobs Nat 1\\nAssembly meets Revolution of Febru-\\nrary 731 1 826 1 Second Republic, 731 1\\nLouis Napoleon, pres., 7312; Consulta-\\ntive Commission fnd. liberty trees\\nplanted, 7313; capitulation, 8261 Louvre\\nopd., 7321 World s Cong. Y. M. C. A.\\nchurch of St. Genevieve opd., 7323\\nplot to assassinate prince-pres. social-\\nist demonstration, 7331 legislative\\nchambers installed, 7332 first agricul-\\ntural exhibition peace conf. telegraph\\nto Bastia, 7333; Camp of Chalons, 7341\\ngreat aquarium, 7342 Univers sup-\\npressed,7343 ;Royal Library ,7351 ;greater\\nliberty of speech, 735 z Grand Opera\\nHouse erected, 736 1 riots, 7371, 7383,\\n7392,7(143; horse-flesh as food; Internat.\\nExhibition boulevards planned, 7373\\nKinck murder, 7383 Claims of Napole-\\nonic Dynasty Friends of Order fired on\\nJournal Officiel requisitions on shop-\\nkeepers, 739 1; A.D. 1870+ fortified,\\n7401 Ger. advance on Ger. repulse Fr.\\nsortie Ger. besiege actions at levy en\\nmasse, 7403 decree against foreigners,\\n741 imperial correspondence seized;\\nlegislative chamber dissolved Nat.\\nGuards preserve order, 741 2,3 first siege;\\nRepub. manifesto, 7413 Ger. fire first\\nshots St. Cloud burned, 7421 Imperial\\nGuard suppressed, 7422 invested, 7423,\\n8261; Commune est.; defeated, 7432;\\nmobilization of able men, 7422 bom-\\nbarded Fr. expelled from Mont Avron\\nForts Issy and Yanvres silenced, 7431;\\nRepublicans defeated, 7432; church bells\\nfor cannon Commune against gov t.,\\n7433, 7441 2 Fr. capitulate Ger, enter;\\nGer. occupy forts Nat. Guard meeting\\nsuppressed troops reviewed, 7441 Co-\\nlonne Vendome overthrown Commune\\nin churches Guillotine burned; news-\\npapers suppressed foreigners detailed\\nreign of terror under martial law, 7443;\\ncapitulation signed food from Eng.,\\n7451, 9751 Archbp. Darboy arrested,\\n2443, 7452, 3; Commune denounced;\\nCommunal election, 7452 j gov t at Bor-\\ndeaux Napoleon III. overthrown\\nThird Republic fmd., 2451 z; Commune\\nrevolts; Nat. Guard fmd. advances\\nexacted, 745 2 cartridge factory ex-\\nplodes Communists appeal to Fr.\\nchurches sacked Com. of Pub. Safety\\nfamine Palais Royal injured resorts-\\nreopd. Commune suppressed, 7453;\\nwomen executed, 746 2 drinking fount-\\nains est. Communists shot Shah of\\nPersia in, 7463 communist punished,\\n7471 new ministry; McMahon, pres.,\\n7473; Grand Opera House opd.; review at\\nLongchani ps; A endome column restored,\\n7481 Figaro suspended, 7483 Nomina-\\ntion of Mayor s Hill passes, 7491; Inter-\\nnat. Maritime Exhibition, 7493; Catholi\\nUniv. est., 7502; Communists pardoned,\\n7503,7511, 2,7531; Library report; Mid-\\nmay mission fnd., 7502; Communists\\nconvicted Public Instruction Law, 7503 1\\n7542 Internat. Exhibition opd., 7513\\nelectric tramway est. museum est.,\\n7521; Comedie Francaise eel.; crown\\njewels stolen, 7523 Bastile, fall eel.,\\n3643, 7523, 7583, 7633; Republican Nat.\\nfete; Victor Hugo feted, 7523 legisla-\\nture returns, 753 1 financial panic, 753-\\n7593; high school approved, 7532;Pharo\\nChateau presented, 7533; statue of Re-\\npublic, 7541, 7581; labor disturbances,\\n7543; anarchists demonstrations crem-\\natory est., 7552; telephone to Brussels,\\n7553 Gamhetta monument Shake-\\nspeare statue, 7561 Jewish mission,7562;\\nlaborers strike, 7563 sewage of city,\\n7572; express to Constantinople; tele-\\nphone est. Opera-Comique burned\\nPanama Canal Co. bonds increased,\\n7573 earthquakes Revolution Memo-\\nrial Fund; A.D. 1890 4 Pasteur Insti.\\nwork; Coligny statue Republic statue,\\n7581 ;ButtaloHill sWildYVest,bull fights\\nstopped cabmen strike; railroad strike,\\n7.1X3, 7603, 7GP Johnstown flood, gifts,\\n7583 Boulanger demonstration, 7592\\nUniversal Exposition, 7593; awards to", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1376.jp2"}, "1377": {"fulltext": "Pari-Pass.\\nText Figures denote Page. IJNiJJliA.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1365\\nU. S. A., 3473 new Salon, 7691 bakers\\nstrike, 7603; telephone with Lond., 7613,\\n10041; Fenian center org., 9012; stage-\\ndrivers strike, 7603 Boulangists routed,\\n7611; dynamite explosions, 7623, 763 1\\nanniversary of Commune decree for\\nexhib. in 1900; dynamite outrages; in-\\ndemnity, 7633 Arago and Renaudot\\nstatues, 7641 Jules Ferry funeral, 7642;\\nRevolutionary proclamations, 7643\\nCocarde forgeries, 7651; dynamite ex-\\nplosions anarchists arrested, 7662, 3.\\nParis, Ky., action at, 2102; barbecue, 4703.\\nTex., oil tire, 4133; mob, 4222.\\ncarries off Helen, 10143.\\nA. P., Romantic School, 7251.\\nG. B. P., ITist. cle Charlemagne, 7363.\\nComte de (Louis Philippe Alfred\\nd Orleans), pi\\\\, b.,7282; enters Am. Fed-\\neral service, 19S3 in N. Y., 3683 with\\nGen.McClellan, 3693; entertained, 3703;\\nvisits Can., 5903 minister, 7511 family\\nleaves Fr.,7553; d., 7631.\\nMatthew, b.-d., S502; works, 8523.\\nUniversity fnd., 6711 6743, 6783 re-\\nhabilitated, 685 1 lawcoui-ses, 6932; con-\\ntrols education, 7252.\\nParish Bank Friendlv Society est., 935 z\\nCouncils Bill, 10112\u00c2\u00b1.\\nfunds changed, Ger., 8293.\\nHenrv Woodbine, d., 10022.\\nJohnT., will, 3851.\\nParishes enlarged, 8622 provided, 9522.\\nPark, Edwards Amasa, b., 1142.\\nJames, moderator, 3581.\\nMungo,b.,9183; exploration voyage,\\n9262,9322 d. (1806?).\\nRoswell, b. (1807) d., 2662.\\n.National, in Wyo.,2773 inGa.,3441;\\nin Cal., 369i (See under cities for names\\nof city parks.)\\nCollege, Parkville, org., 2883.\\nParke, John Grubb, b., 1342 gen., at\\nNew Berne, 2051 at Petersburg, 2443.\\nThomas Heazle, d., 10102.\\nParker, Albert Edmund, minister, 9952.\\nAmasa Junius, h., 1141\\nArthur A., d., 1562.\\nCapt., explorer, 4942.\\nCol., at Independence, 2042; at War-\\nrensburg, 2051\\nDahigerrield, colonel, 4701\\nEdward G., b., 1322 d., 2602.\\nFoxhall, Alex., b., 1301 d. (1879).\\nFrancis Wavland, b., 1482.\\nSir Henry, d., 62i2.\\nSir Hyde\\\\ b., 9103 at Copenhagen,\\n6331; battle on Ger. ocean, 9202 fleet\\nwrecked, 9221 leaves for Baltic, 9301\\nIsaac, b., 1502.\\nJames, establishes 2T. T. Gazette, 652;\\npublisher, 69 1\\nJoel, jurist, b., 1061 d. (1875).\\nb. (1816) gov. N. J., 2293,2811\\npres. nominee, 2773 declines nom.,\\n2791 candidate for pres.,293i d. (1888).\\nJohn Henry, b., 9323 d. (1884).\\nJoseph, forms Baptist church, 60 3\\nbaccarat scandal, 10062.\\nMatthew, b., 866 1 archbp. Canter-\\nbury, S722 Bishops Bible, 8723; organ-\\nizes antiquarian Soc, 874 1 d., 8742.\\n.Sir Peter, b., 9062; on Sullivan s\\nIsland, 833 in N. Y., S41 d. (1811).\\nSam., b., 662; cons, bp., 1123; d., 1122.\\nTheodore, b., 1162; works, 173 1 2723;\\nd., 1861.\\nSir Thomas, chief justice, 9052.\\nThomas, Earl of Macclesfield, b.\\n(1666) impeached, 9072 d. (1732).\\nWillard, b., 1082 d. (1884).\\nSir William, b., 9222 d. (1366).\\nWilliam Kitchen, d., 10022.\\nSociety organized, 9511\\nParkersburg, O., Gen. Morgan at, 2251\\nW. Va., R. R. opd. 1833; oil-well\\nstruck, 3541 R. R. collision, 3452.\\nParker s Cross Roads, Tenn., Confederates\\ndefeated, 2171.\\nParker Society founded, 9511\\nParkes, Alfred, wife-murderer, 4043.\\nSir Henry, ministry, 5011 ,2 resigns,\\n5012.\\nSir Harry Smith, d., 9941\\nParkhurst, Charles Henry, b. (1842) pres.\\nSoc. for Suppression of Crime, 3823 on\\ncity officials, 4001 ,a municipal corrup-\\ntion, 4021 subpoenaed, 4022 police de-\\npartment evidence raid endorsed, 4043;\\nprotected crime crusade, 407 1; ByrneB*\\nnewspaper charges, 4191 letter to\\nmayor, 4403 aid to reformed women,\\n4443 charges police inspectors, 4462,\\n448 2 city offices corrupt, 4722.\\nParkman, Francis, b., 1303; works, 137 1,\\n1663, 17Q3, 2412, 2503, 2603,2683,2871,\\n2963,3183; d.,4421.\\nParks, Alderman, arrested, N. Y., 4691.\\nParkville, Mo., Park Coll. org., 2883.\\nN. Y., train wreck, 4332.\\nParkyus, Mansfield, d., 10102.\\nSir William, executed, 901 1.\\nParliament, Rump, of Aust., 5232.\\nfirst, of Can., 5793; seeks representa-\\ntion, London, 5911\\nabolished in Fr., 7053; 7072 exiled,\\n7053 grievances of, 707 2\\nEng., first, of Saxons, S452; first writ,\\n8532; of Merton, 8533 the Mad, 855*\\nH.C.fmd.,8552; regular form est., 8563;\\nfirst speaker fraudulently packed, 8593;\\naids king in Fr. separated, 8592 on\\nCoventry, S613 40 shillings and resi-\\ndence qualification, S632 acts printed;\\nJournals of H. L. commence, 8663\\nmembers exempt, 8693, 9193 Jour-\\nnals of H. C. begun, 8703 the Addled,\\n8811; Long Pari. omitted, 11 years;\\nShort Pari., 8833; struggle with king,\\n8851,2,3; triennial meetings, SS51 king\\nimpeaches members Star Chamber\\nCourt abolished, 8852,3; the Rump Pari.,\\n8373, 8891 ,2; h. L. abolished restored,\\n887 3 Cromwell dissolves Barebones\\nPari., 8891 the Convention, 8891 ,S912,\\nS99i; the Pension Pari., 8913 bribery\\nin, 8891 ,8943; Roman Catholics excluded,\\n8951; refuses army supplies, S973; oaths\\ntaken; 8992; Triennial Pari., 9012 first\\npari, of G. B.,90:!3 septennial, 9053\\njournals printed, 9133; debates reported;\\n9193 restrictions, ;*232 clergy ineli-\\ngible, 9303; first Pari., United Kingdom,\\n9312; reform favored, 9393; Rom. Cath.\\nelected, 9433, 9452; Reform Bill, 9452,3;\\nHouses burned, 947 3 franking relin-\\nquished, 9512 new houses, 9512, 9551\\nprivilege of Pari, settled, 9512; Hebrew\\nadmitted, 9632; oaths modified, 9691,\\n9873 representation, new, 9712 j ob-\\nstruction in, 9722, 9831, 9*52,9872 meet-\\ning legalized, 9752 cloture adopted,\\n9912,9933; new rules introduced, 999 1\\nReform Bill intro., 9713. (For opening\\nand closing see text, p. 867 3 -i-).\\ndemanded, Ger., 817 1 preliminary,\\n817 1, 2 biennial est. Rump meets,\\n8193 Parliamentary Discipline Bill\\nintroduced, 8312.\\nIrish, meets, 8992 last, 9312.\\nItalian, meets at Rome, 10893.\\nNew S. Wales, members salaried,\\n4983 dissolved, 5011.\\nof Religions opens in Chicago, 4381\\nScottish, last meeting, 9033.\\nReform Bill passes, Belg., 5471\\nParma, It., San Giovanni Evan^elista Ch.\\nfnd., 10702; taken, 7801, 10S41 battle\\nnear, 69Si; ceded, 5153; battle of, 5182\\ngiven to Maria Louisa, 10871; insurrec-\\ntion, 5201 revolution, 10891 appeals to\\nVictor Emmanuel, 10891\\nMich., Pentecost bands org., 3202.\\nDuke of. (See Farnese, A.)\\nPrince of, claims Port., 11102 at\\nZutphen, 8741\\nParmelee, Theo. Nelson, b. (1804); d., 2842.\\nParmenides, b., 10211; theory of change,\\n10171 executed, 10251.\\nParmentier, Jean, b.-d., 6783.\\nParmigiano, Francisco Maria Mazzuola,\\nb. (1504) invents copper etching paints\\nSt. Jerome, 10802 d. (1540).\\nParnaces I. subdues Sinope, 11481.\\nParnell, Chas. Stewart, l 9522 in Nat.\\nLand League, 9S5 2 leader, 9853; advo-\\ncates boycotting; arrested, 9S63 Irish\\nAmend, defeated; inanifesto,9S72, 10053;\\nopposes Land Bill, 9873 imprisoned,\\n9883; released, 9891,2; holds conven-\\ntion, 9951 amendment to address, 9953;\\npress attacks Parnellism and Crime,\\n997 2 denounces Crimes Act, 9991 com-\\nmission to investigate, 9992, 3, 1003 2\\ndenies letters, 9992; life-member Nat.\\nLiberal Club, 10012 letter denounces,\\n10021; ljbel suit with Times reelected\\nchairman, 1003 2 Cath. primate s letter\\nagainst, 10042 co-respondent, 10051;\\nchairman; pulpits denounce marriage,\\n10052, 10071; speaks, 10052 leadership\\nclaimed motion to remove resigna-\\ntion asked, 10053 opposed by bishops,\\n10062; leadership repudiated; d.,1006i;\\nfuneral, 10071.\\nParnell, Henry Brook, Lord Congleton,\\n9203 d 950 2\\nThomas, h.] 8942 d., 9062.\\nParnellite Land Law Amend. Bill, 9932.\\nParnellites fund from U. S.,3243 dele-\\ngates ill, 3802; refused sacrament, 10062.\\nParny, Evariste Desire de Forges, Vi-\\ncomte de, b., 701 1 works, 7131 ,3 d.,721 1\\nParochial missions to Jews est., 9802.\\nschools, non-supporters punished,\\nCan., 5901 appeal to Council, 5942.\\nParodi, Teresa, appears in N. Y., 1681.\\nParoja, Gen., commander, 6061.\\nParos, Greece, attacked, 10181\\nParr, Catherine, b. (1513+) marries\\nHenry VI1L, 8692; d. (1548).\\nJohn, governor N. S., 5753.\\nSamuel, b., 9122 d., 9422.\\nThomas, d., 8822.\\nParra, Aquileo, president, 6292.\\nParral, mission at, 10962.\\nParrault, Charles, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 6863 works, 6951\\nd.,6962.\\nParrhasius, b., 10243.\\nParrish, Joseph, b.,912 d., 1522.\\nParrott, Robert Parker, b., 1122 d., 2962.\\nParry, William, executed, 875 2\\nSir Edward, b., 9243; Arctic ex-\\nped., 5781,9381,2,9401, 9422; d.,9603.\\nH. Hutton, elected bishop, 9803.\\nThomas Gambier, d., 9982.\\nParsdorf, armistice, 5182.\\nParsees expelled from Persia, 11063.\\nParsons plot to capture Michigan, 2382.\\nParsons, Albert R., executed, 3272.\\nAndrew, governor Mich., 1743.\\nGen., at Carthage, 1962 at Prairie\\nGrove, 2162.\\nJohn, elected bishop, 9393.\\nLevi, missionary, 1263, 11563.\\nLewis E., gov. Ala., 2483, 2511\\nLucy, anarchist, arrested, 3711.\\nSamuel, Landscape Gardening, 3982.\\nTheophilus, b., 662 Infinite and\\nFinite, 2803 d., 1211.\\nThomas William, b., 128i d. (1892).\\nWilliam, impostor, 9171\\nE. of Rosse,b., 9302; erects tel-\\nescope, 9441 d.,970L\\nW. H., pres. National League Amer-\\nican Institutions, 4183.\\nParson s College org., la., 2922.\\nParthenire of Sparta, progeny of, 10151\\nParthenope, asteroid, discovered, 7301\\nParthenope (see Naples), 10152.\\nParthenopian Republic est., 10853.\\nParthia invaded, 11501; overrun, 1C242\\nannexed to Persia, 11071\\nParthian war, 10641; kingdom fnd., 11492.\\nParthians defeat P. rassus, lor,83 revolt\\nwar with Rome, 10621 j n Persia, 11061\\nrule Persia, 11071\\nPartholan, in Ire., 8393.\\nPartholani fnds. Phoenician colony, 11413.\\nParticular Baptists. (See Baptists.)\\nPartitions treaties, Fr., 695 3\\nPartizanship obliterated, America, 125 3\\nParton, Arthur, b. (1842) in National\\nAcademy of Design, 241\\nJames, b., 1302 works, 2412, 2503,\\n2603, 2643, 2871; d., 3922.\\nSara Payson Willis, b., 1163 -works,\\n2723 d.,278i.\\nParuta, Paolo, b. (1540) Venice, 10832\\nd. (1598).\\nParysades reigns, 11473.\\nPascal, Blaise, b., 6S63 theory of atmos-\\nphere, 6882; works, 6911 6931 d., 6903.\\nPaschal, anti-pope, 10751\\nI., St., pope, 10723 d., 10721\\nII., pope, 10743; submission, 7771\\nfugitive, 7772; d., 10742.\\nThomas M., b., 1581\\nPasco, burned, 1103 1\\nPaskevitch, Ivan Feodoroviteh, b., 11162\\ntakes Kars, 11161 d., 11182.\\nPaso de la Patria, battle at, 556 1\\nPasquier, Etienne, b., 6803 Recherchcs,\\n683*; d., 6862.\\nDue Etienne Denis, b., 7032; d.,7342.\\nPasque, Garibaldi defeated, 7423.\\nPassanante, G., tries to assass. king, 1089 3", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1377.jp2"}, "1378": {"fulltext": "1366\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JNL)JQ,-X.. Superior Figure\\nindicate Column.\\nPass-Peas.\\nPass Christian, Miss., taken, 2061.\\nPassaic, N. J., anti-tramp raid, 4043 s.\\nB. Palmer s gift, 4063; m m s close, 4453.\\nPassarowitz, Servia, peace of, 5151\\nPassau, Bavaria, bishop of, case of, 5171\\nconvention of, 5103, 793a; burned, 7972\\nceded, 6193.\\nPassavant, Johann Dav., b., 8043; d.,8202.\\nPasserat, Jean, b. (1534) works, 6871 d.\\n(1602).\\nPassion written, 6663.\\nPassion Play at Gberammergau, 7943.\\nPassover instituted, 11403; eel., 1146 2 ,3.\\nPassow, Franz L. K. F., b., 8043; d., 8142.\\nPassports required of immigrants, 2413.\\nPasta, Giuditra Negri, b., 10X43 d., 10882.\\nPastel painting invented, 686 1\\nPasteur, Louis, b., 7242 vaccination of\\nsheep Academician, 7521 experiments.\\n7541 7561 Inst, of, opd.,7541 L histoire\\noVun Saranf,7~A 2 diphtheria microbe,\\n7561 Inst., Paris, 7.~ S1 gold medal, 7641\\nPaston Letters issued, 8623.\\nPastor, Ludwig. works, S3G 2\\nPastora, Francisco Fernandez de la 6303.\\nPastoral Aid Soc, est. in Ch. of Eng., 9483\\nleases granted, Australia, 4971\\nPastoureaux, uprising of, 6722, 3.\\nPatagones, mission, 4903.\\nPatagonia, Christoval Jacques in, 163 di-\\nvided, 4913 boundary dispute, 6073.\\nPatagonian Missionary Soc. org., 9523.\\nPatapsco blown up, 2421\\nPatapsco Kiver. flood in, 2633.\\nPatay, Fr., battle of, 6761\\nPatch, Elizabeth, d., 58 1\\nSam., b. (1807); killed, 1373.\\nPate, Capt., in Kan., 1793.\\nassaults Queen Victoria, 9551\\nPatendtre, M. J., Fr. minister, arr., 3973.\\nPatent, first in U. S. A.; centennial, 3641\\noffice, burned, 1473; library fnd., 1503\\ncompleted, 1853, polychromy in, 2501\\nPater, Walter, b. (1839); works, 878a, 10022\\nd. (1894)\\nPaterculus.Caius Vellius, flourishes, 10623\\nPaterson, N. J.,R. R to Jersey City, opd.\\n1413: breweries sold, 3433; flre, 3533\\n3733, 3933 3973; Father M Nulty beaten\\n3803; centennial, 4113; silk-weavers\\nstrike, 4222 train wreck, 4332; C. Klose\\nmurders wife, 4343; Freeholders con-\\nvicted, 4422; mills close, 4453 aid for un-\\nemployed, 4462; strikers trouble, 4522,\\nWin., b., 662; justice, 1052; d. (1806).\\nb., 8882; projects Bank of Eng.,\\n9012 d. (1719).\\nPathan seized, 6263.\\nPathan kingdom founded, 10432.\\nPathaus attack British, 61.\\nPathological Society fmd., 9541\\nPatin, Gill, Letters, 6931\\nPatkul, Johann Reinhold, b.-d., 11142.\\nPatmore, Coventry, Kearsey Dighton, b.,\\n9403.\\nPatna India, taken 9161; E. I. Co., 10443.\\nPaton, Sir Joseph Noel, b., 9403.\\nPatrae, in Achasan League, 10272; St. An-\\ndrew crucified. 11532.\\nPatricians, social order, 10532.\\nPatrick, St., in Ire., 8403; d.,8402, 8403.\\nSimon, b., 8821 d. (1707).\\nPatriotic Asso. formed, 9872.\\nBrotherhood, sentences, 9911\\nLeague, Am., meets, 3603, 4563.\\nFr., arsenals dis., 757 2 letters\\nof, 7563 members arraigned, 7582\\nSons Am., state ticket, 3883.\\nPatriots Day celebrated, 4571.\\nPat Roger burns, 2853.\\nPatronage abolished by Church of Scot.,\\n9782 Bill for abolishment, Scot., 9793.\\nPatrons of Husbandry, meeting, 359 2\\nof Industry, Nat. Grange org., 2611;\\nmeets, 4183; demands, 4442,\\nPatta, Brit, flag raised, lowered, 5632.\\nPatten, Simon N., Protection, 3743.\\nPatterson, Mo.. Federals defeated, 2203.\\nDaniel Tod, b (1786); d., 1502.\\nEliz., b. (1785); weds, 7152 d. (1879).\\nJ. C, minister militia, 5952.\\nJ. N., in treasury department, 3512.\\nJames W., b., 1303 d., 4281\\nJohn, d., 1142.\\nJosiah, b., 1482 speech, 4392.\\nRobert, senator, b., 662 d., 1123.\\nGen., b. (1792): crosses Potomac,\\n1961 2 at Bunker Hill, W. Va., 196\u00c2\u00bb\\nJohnston escapes, 1963; in Shenandoah,\\n1981 d. (1881).\\nPatterson, Robt. Hogarth,b.,9403; d.(1886).\\nM\u00e2\u0080\u009ed.,1122.\\nR. W., moderator, 1862.\\nThomas H., d., 3382\\nCapt. Walter, gov. P. E. I., 5771\\nPatti, Adelina Maria Clorinda, b., 10863\\n1st appearance, 9641 in N. Y., 1861\\n3541 in Chicago, 3481.\\nCarlotta b (1840); d., 1090V\\nPattison Thomas, d.,3961.\\nRobert Emory, b. (1850); gov., 3153,\\n3992 vetoes 3862; nom. for pres., 4092.\\nPattinson s process, silver from lead, 9441\\nPatton, Jacob Harris, b. (1820+) works,\\n1863, 3123, 3183 3323.\\nJohn Mercer, b. (1796) Gag-Law\\nmotion, 1492 j d. (1S58).\\nRobert M., gov Ala., 2511\\nW. S., arrested, 4422.\\nWilliam Weston, b. (1821) letter to\\nChristians, 1543 a., 3481\\nPatusan, fort destroyed, 5522.\\nPauchow subdues Huns, 610V\\nPaul, apostle, b.-d., 1150 2 a Christian,\\n11523 in Brit., 83112 journeys, 10283,\\n11531,2; epistles, 1021H, 10623; prisoner,\\nRome, 10623 beheaded, 10623,10631.\\nI, St., pope, 10722 d., 10721\\nII., b.-d., 107S3 pope, 10791\\nIII., pope, gives Plncentiu, 10813 An-\\nti-Algerine bull, 91 d., 10S03.\\nIV., pope; Index Purgatorsi, 10812;\\nd., 10803.\\nV., b., 10803 pope, 10812 d., 10823.\\n1., b. 11143 reigns insane assassi-\\nnated, 11173, 11162.\\nAlexandrovitch, G. D., marries Alex-\\nandra of Greece, 11212.\\nthe Langobard, in court, 770 3\\nof Samasata, bp. of Antioch, 1066 3\\nC. N., embezzler, 3991\\nDavid, moderator, 3122.\\nJose Pablo Rojas. (See Rojas.)\\nLewis, spinning machine, 9102.\\nThebias, retires to Egypt, 1066 2\\nVincent de, fnds. hospital, 6892; org.\\nSisters of Charity, 6883.\\nPaula, Francis de. (See Francis.)\\nPaulding, Adm. Hiram, b., 1062 burns\\nNorfolk Navy Yard, 1941 d., 2982.\\nJames Kirke, b., 91 2 works, 135i,\\n1143, 1271, 1323, 1403, 1431, 1492, 1631;\\nsec. navy, 1492 d., 1861\\nJohn, b., 711 takes Maj. Andre, 922;\\nd., 1262.\\nLeonard, b. (1S26) d., 2561\\n.William, b.(17G9); mayor N. Y., 1333,\\n1353 d. (1854).\\nPaulet,L.Wm.,neld-marshal,994t ;d.,1010i\\nWm., Marq. of Winchester, b. (1479+);\\nminister, 8713; d. (1572).\\nPauli, Georg Reinhold, b., 8122 d., 8302.\\nJohannes, Jesting, 7892.\\nPaulician sect persecuted, 10311\\nPauline captured, 9342.\\nPaulists. (See Roman Catholics in Am.)\\nPaull, Mr., in duel, 9332\\nPaulus Hook, N. J., Lee at, 903.\\nthe Spaniard, oppresses, 8412.\\nLucius jEmilius, consul falls, 10541\\ncommands fleets defeats Antiochus II.\\ndrives back Macedonians, 1055 1\\nHeinrich Eberhard Gottlob, b., 8023;\\nd., 8181.\\nJulius, under Alex. Severus, 1065 3\\nPublius, becomes censor, 10532.\\nPauncefote, Sir Julian, in Am., 3392, 3472,\\n4771 minister, 1001 1\\nPauper children, boarding out, 9751\\nPauperism, social, considered, Eng., 873V\\nPausanius,leader,10182; executed.10191 ,3.\\nassassinates Philip II., 10251\\nb., 10283 Periegesis of Greece, 10292.\\nthrone of Sparta k., 10232.\\nPauthier, Jean Pierre Guillaume, b., 7143;\\nd., 7462.\\nPauw, Michael, buys Staten Island, 33 1\\nPauwels, Ferdinand, d., 5423.\\nPavia, Gen., at Cadiz, 11321 dissolves\\nCortes, 11332.\\nIt., action near, 10541 taken, 10701\\n10721 developed capital of Lombardy,\\n10713; court at, 7732; burned, 5021 univ.\\nchartered, 10772; battle of, 680 1 seized,\\n10841 republican uprising, 10892.\\nPavon, Col., at Mitre, 4902.\\nPavonia, N. J., massacre at, 371\\nPawnbroking introduced, 10793.\\nPawnee, Kan., legislature at, 177 2\\nPaw-Paw, 111., swept away, 3601\\nPawtucket, R. I., cotton factory at, 1021\\nsewing thread mnf. at, 1042 Slater-Cot-\\nton Centennial, 3683.\\nPaxico, Kan., R. R. collision, 4413.\\nPaxton boys massacre Indians, 722.\\nSir Joseph, b., 9323 Crystal Palace\\nbuilt, 9562 d., 9681.\\nJ. C, at Cold Knob Mountain, 2161\\nPayen, Anselme, b., 7102 d., 7461\\nPayne Co., Okla., courthouse burned, 4793.\\nEdward John, History Am., 420 3\\nGeorge, killed, 9352.\\nHenry B. b., (1810); on Committee of\\nSeven, 2933 on Electoral Commission,\\n2951 candidate for pres., 3051\\nJames S., pres. West Coast, 11612.\\nJohn, b., 9502.\\nb. (1815) bp., 1683; d. (1874).\\nHoward, b., 1022; d., 1701; in-\\nterred at Washington, 3132.\\nLewis, Lincoln assassination, 2431;\\nstabs Sec. Seward sentenced.247 1 ,2482 ,3\\nSereno E., b., 1561\\nWilliam, pedometer patented, 9441\\nruling machine, 930 2\\nPaynter, Samuel, gov. Del., 1332.\\nThomas H., b., 1682.\\nPaysandu taken, 5561\\nPayson, Edward, b. (1783) d.; 1342.\\nNorman, discovers planets, 9602.\\nPaz, Soldan, Mariano Felipe, b. (1821);\\nworks, 11083, 11091 d. (1886).\\nPazzi, Jacobi, forms conspiracy, 10793.\\nPeabody, And. Preston, b., 1163; d.,426i.\\nElizabeth Palmer, 1122.\\nGeorge, b., 10G1 promotes education,\\n2562 sails for Eng., 2063 gifts to Lon-\\ndon, 9671, 9683, 9723 d., 2681 body in\\nAm., 2693 funeral, 2691 statue, 9721\\nNathaniel, b., 642 d., 1303.\\ndwellings opened, 967 3\\nInstitute, 2543, 2562.\\nInstitute Library founded, 2922.\\nNormal College opened, 2903.\\nPeace, Let us have, Gen. Grant, 2632.\\nG. B. and Am. ,961, 3; of Paris, 7033\\nof Prague, 7943 Congress at Paris, 7483.\\nCommissioners for Virginia, 1912 in\\nWashington, 1933.\\nConfed., 1931,2; unrecognized;\\ndemand refused, 1932,3.\\nCong, at Geneva at Berne, 1138 3 at\\nWorld s Fair, 4363.\\nConfederate basis of, 2432.\\nConven., Wash., 1912,3 plan, 1933\\nin Delaware, 197 2\\nof God est., 6682, 6691\\nJubilee, celebrated at Boston, 2661\\nPreservation Act for Ire, 9733 or-\\ndered enforced, 9812.\\nSociety established, England, 9391,2.\\nPeacemaker explodes, 1561\\nPeach Tree Creek, Ga., battle, 2362.\\nPeacock captures Bpervier, 1221 in ex-\\nploring expedition, 1481 wrecked, 153 3\\nPeacock, Sir Barnes, d., 1004V\\nThomas Love, b., 9223 d., 9582.\\nPeacocke, Jos. Ferguson, cons, bp., 10121\\nPeale, Charles Wilson, b., 642 Washing-\\nton, 761,1041; d., 1342.\\nE. W., opens museum, 1101\\nJohn, Battle 0/ Niagara appears, 1271\\nRembrandt, b., 912 Washington,\\n1401; Court of Death, VOW; d., 1861\\nPeapack, N. J., Smith reunion, 436 2\\nPearce, James A., b. (1805) sec. interior,\\n1672 d., 2172.\\nPea Ridge, battle of, 2042.\\nPearl-barley mill, invented, 7962.\\nPearls found in America, 3441 3452.\\nPears, Sir Thomas Townsend, d., 1008 1.\\nIVarsall, Carrie, killed, 4383.\\nPearson, Albert J., b., 1602.\\nCharles Henry, d., 10121\\nCol., in Zulu war, 6002.\\nEmma Maria, d., 10101.\\nHenry G., d., 3382 bust, 4621\\nJ. B., consecrated bishop, 986 2\\nJohn, b. (1612) d., 8962.\\nWm. constructs planetarium, 9322.\\nPeartree, William, mayor N. Y., 572.\\nPeary, Robert Edwin, b. (1856) relief ex-\\npedition, 4001, 4081, 4ifli, 4321, 4341\\nArctic Journal, 4482 Falcon, 4701 5941\\nPeasants revolt, Eng., 8601 conspiracy of,\\n7873 war, Ger., 7861 7873, 7881 7892", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1378.jp2"}, "1379": {"fulltext": "Peas-Penn.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDJl\u00c2\u00abX. Superior Figures indicate Co)u\\n1367\\nrevolt, 7892 represented, 8292 upris-\\ning, Hung., 5082.\\nPease, Edward, builds K. R., 9421\\nEdward M., gov. Tex., 1743, 2591 ,3.\\nJoseph, Quaker in Pari., 9471 against\\ndeath penalty, 9873.\\nPeaucellier, M., machine for motion, 738 2\\nPecci, Giacchino. (See Leo XIII.)\\nPeck, Asahel, governor Vt., 2873.\\nCharles P., favors McKinley law,\\n4143, 4153.\\nGeorge, b. (1797) d., 2921\\nWilbur, gov. Wis., 3992; nom. for\\ngovernor, 4712.\\nJesse Truesdell, b., 1163 cons, bp.,\\n2763; d.,3122.\\nGen. John James, b. (1821) at Suf-\\nfolk, 2212 d., 2982.\\nJohn Mason, b. (1789) indictments\\nagainst, 3103 d., 1842.\\nPeckham, John, b. (1240\u00c2\u00b1) archbishop,\\n8522 d. (1292).\\nPecock, Reginald, b.-d., 8602; works, 8623.\\nPecquet, Jean, b., 6863 d.,6922.\\nPecquigny, peace of, signed, 6792.\\nPeculiar People founded, 9483.\\nPedal Harp, invented, 8002.\\norgan, invented, 934 3\\nPedee River, Sherman crosses, 2441\\nPedersen, Christian, works, 3633.\\nPedometer, pocket patented, 9282, 9441\\nPedrarias. (See Avila, Pedro Arias.)\\nPedraza, Manuel Gomez, b. (1788\u00c2\u00b1) presi-\\ndent, 10962 d. (1851).\\nPedro I., b.-d., 5542 sails for Port., 5543;\\nregent Braz. emp. abdicates, 555 2\\nII., b., 5542 marries, 5543; emp. of\\nBrazil, 5552 threatened returns from\\nEurope, 5571 in Am., 2912, 5571 recep-\\ntion sails on Alagoas refuses pension\\nopens assembly dethroned, 5572 ban-\\nished; in Portugal, 1110 1 declines ab-\\ndication, 5573 proclaims himself regent,\\nlllli; ill; refuses money d.,558 3\\nI., reigns in Portugal, 11093.\\nII., regent, reigns in Port., 11103.\\nIII., reigns in Portugal, 11103.\\nIV., reigns; charter restored, 1111\\nV.,b., 1110 2 reigns marries Princess\\nSophia Stephanie d., 11112.\\nII.,kingof Araeon, defeated, k.,6701.\\nor Peter, the Cruel, b.-d., 11262; ex-\\npelled; restored toCastile,6753; against\\nHenry II., 11261 reigns in Leon-Castile,\\n11273; Moors assist killed, 11261.\\nPrince, b., 5562.\\nde Souza-Holstein, D. of Pamella,\\nb.-d., 11102.\\nPeeble s Farm, Va., Confeds. retire, 2383.\\nPeekskill, N. Y., British at, 861\\nPeel, Arthur Wellesley, b. (1829) speaker,\\nH. C.,9932, 10092.\\n.Jonathan, b. (1799); minister, 969 2\\n9632; d. (1879).\\nSir Robert, b., 9123 minister, 9413,\\n9433; Cath. Emancipation Bill, 9452;\\npremier, 9473,9512; Sliding Scale Bill,\\n951 2 Income Tax Bill, 9513 Import\\nDuties Bill, 9532 resigns, 953 2 ,3 d.,\\n9562 statue, 9582, 9602, 9721 9821\\nSir b., 9243 cylinder carding\\nmachine, 916i; d., 9442.\\nSir Thomas, project, 495 2\\nPeele, Geo., b., 8721 works, 8751 d.,8762.\\nPeer enters H. C, 8873.\\nPeerage, hereditary, France, 7273 for\\nlife opposed, England, 9612.\\nPeers, new created, 7252, 8273 bill for\\ncreating, 9073 in Pari, elections, 9773.\\nPeffer, William A., b., 1382 speech, 4372,\\n4392 amendment, 4431 bond issue,\\n4492; resolution, 4533; Land Bill, 4572.\\nPefore, Adm., minister, 767i\\nPeg- Leg Mine, search, 4233.\\nPegasus wrecked, 9533.\\nPeggy Stewart, anniver. of burning, 4403.\\nPegram, Col. John, b. (1832); at Rich\\nMountain at Beverly, 1962 near Som-\\nerset, 2202 killed, 2421 ,3.\\nPegu, Burma, dis., 10433; stormed, 10462\\nannexed to G. B., 9573 invaded, 11241\\nPegwacket, fight at, 601\\nPeritang, Cathedral removed, 6242.\\nPeirce, Benjamin, b. (1809) d., 3041\\nPeiwar Pass, British defeat, 43.\\nPeixoto Floriano, b., 5542 appointment,\\n5583, 5593 j plot against, 5583, 5602;\\npres. power unlimited, 5592 resigna-\\ntion demanded, 5593.\\nPekah, at Jerusalem against Ahaz,\\n11441 j murders Pekahiah, 11451 reigns,\\n11452.\\nPekahiah, reigns, 1145 2 murdered, 11451\\nPeking, peace preliminaries, 4x:;2; sacked,\\n612i; earthquake, 6142, 616 2 capital,\\n615i,2; observatory, 616 2 rebels de-\\nfeated, 6181 evacuated surrendered,\\n6201; threatened, 6202; mission, 6203,\\n6211, 2; convention signed, 6212, 6252;\\nrebels approach, 6241 submerged, 6242,\\n6271; fire; tenders for R.R., 6253; canal\\nto Pee-Ho, 6142 electric lights, 6253\\nDutch embassy to, 617 2 emp. favors\\nRicci,6143; emperor s conf.,627 2 palace\\nravaged, 620 1; Eng. and Fr. embassies,\\n6213 P. Gazette, 6122, 6241 peace pre-\\nliminaries, 4832 Rom. Cath. Christians,\\n6243- Rus. embassy in, 6171 Society lor\\nPropagation Gospel, 623i Tartars in\\npower, 6142.\\nPeko, revolt, 528V\\nIVIagian controversy, 8403.\\nPelagianism, intro., 10691 condemned,\\n10702.\\nPelagius, fnds. Pelagian sect, 8403 j ban-\\nished, 10691; d.,8402.\\n1., pope, 10703.\\nII., pope, 107U; d., 10721.\\nPelasgus reigns, 10133 acorn food, 10131\\nPelayo, reigns in Asturias and Leon,\\n11253 d., 11252.\\nMendenez, works, 11323.\\nPelckmans, Godfrey, cons. R.C.bp., 10121\\nPelew Islands, seized by Japan, 1093 3\\nPelham-Clinton, Henry Pelham, D. of\\nNewcastle, b.,9351 minister,9592,9633;\\nd. (1864\\nGeorge, elected bishop, 9303.\\nSir Henry, b.,9002; lord treas., 9113;\\nforms administration, 911 3 d., 9123.\\nJ T., elected bishop, 9583.\\nThomas Holies, D. of Newcastle, b.,\\n9002; chancellor, Cambridge Univ., 9133;\\nminister, 9133, 9153 premier, 9153 re-\\nsigns, 9152 d. (1768).\\nEarl of Chichester, b., (1756)\\np.-m. gen., 9413; d. (1826).\\nPi /icaii captures Argus, 120 3\\nPelissier, Aimable Jean Jacques, Due de\\nMalakoff, b.,7102 suffocates Arabs, 83;\\nd.,-91.\\nPell, George H., arrested, 3522,3.\\nPellegrini, Count Pelegrino, ass ted, 10872.\\nCarlos, pres. Argentine, 4922.\\nPelletan, Pierre Clement Ku^ene.b., 72H\\nd.,7541.\\nPelletier, Bertrand, b., 7023; d.,7123.\\nPierre Joseph, b.,7062; dis. quinine,\\n7222 dis. narcein, 7261 d., 7282.\\nPellew, Edward, Viscount Exmouth, b.,\\n9143; takes Fr. fleet, 710 1 aj^ainstpirates,\\n9381 in Algeria, 82 d., 9462.\\nPelley, Robert, governor, 5773.\\nPellican, Conrad, b., 7862 d., 7922.\\nPellico, Silvio, b., 10843 d., 10863.\\nPellison, Paul, b. (1624) works, 6903\\nd. (1693).\\nFelly, Sir Lewis, d., 1008 1\\nPelnpidas commands Sacred Band, 10222\\nfrees Thebes, 10233 slain, 10223, 10231.\\nPeloponnesian War, first, 10201; league\\nindependent; confederacy meets, 10212;\\nwar ended, 10221.\\nPeloponnesus, Gr., settled, 10133; invaded,\\n10151 10222,3 ravaged, 10261\\nPelops, institutes Olympic games, 10131\\nin Peloponnesus, 10133.\\nPelouze, Theophile Jules, b., 7163 d.,\\n7362.\\nPels, Andries, Art of Poetry, 11012.\\nPeltier, induction electrometer, 8161\\nPeltzer, Leon and Armand, trial, 546i\\nPelusium, Egypt, battle at, 6502.\\nPemba, ceded, 5633.\\nPemberton, Sir Francis, chief justice, 8953.\\nJohn Clifford, b. (1814) supersedes\\nVan Dorn, 2142; at Black River; at\\nChampion s Hill, 2221 at Salisbury,\\n2461; d. (1881).\\nPembina, territory fmd., changed to\\nHuron, 2933.\\nPembroke wrecked, 912*\\nsurrenders, 8861\\nPembroke, Earl of, title created, 871 1.\\n(See Marshal.)\\nThomas, E. of, pres. R. Soc, 8961 1.-\\nadm., 8992, 9031 minister, 8993, 9032, 3.\\nPefia Mura, action at, 11321\\nPena, Saenz, pres., 4923.\\nPenal Code promulgated, 11023.\\nlaws repealed, Eng., 9213.\\nservitude recommended, G. B., 969*.\\nPenang occupied, 1242 ceded, 925 2 mar-\\nriage portion a Brit, province, 10453.\\nPenaranda, Diego de Sojo y, fnds. Tala-\\nmanca, 630 1\\nPence, Lafe, b., 1821.\\nPencils made, 870 1\\nPencker, Gen. Eduard von, minister, 8173.\\nPenda defeats Edwin; attacks Wessex,\\n8421 K. (655).\\nPender, Wm. Dorsey, b. (1854+) d., 225 1\\nPendergrast, Garrett Jesse, b. (1802) d.,\\n2152.\\nPendlebury, mine explosion, 9933.\\nPendleton, Edmund, b., 601 d., 1102.\\nGeo. C, M. C, b., 1581\\nHunt, b. (1825); for vice-pres.,\\n2393 in election, 2412 defeated, 2432\\nintro. Civil Reform Bill, 3112 d., 3481\\nPendulum inv.. 8842; spiral spring inv.,\\n9001 clock inv., 9061 improved, 11003.\\nPenguin captured by Hornet, 1231\\nPenguin mission, 498 2\\nPenick, Chas. Clifton, b. (1843) bp., 2942.\\nPeninsula campaign begins, 2061\\nCo. fmd., Eng., 9493.\\nWar, period of, 9341 11101\\nPenitents org. as nuns, 11291\\nPenjdeh assured to Afgh., 52 given to\\nRus.; occupied; surrendered, 71.\\nPenman, John S., resignation, 4321\\nPenu, D. P., drives Kellogg out, 2853;\\ntrouble in La., 2853.\\nDavidson R., Fair Committee, 3633.\\nJohn, b. (1729); gov., 733; d. (1795).\\n.Richard, b. (1734); gov., 773; inH.L.,\\nEng., 9193; d. (1811).\\nWilliam, adm., b., 8802; d. (1670).\\nWilliam, b., 361 tried, 8923; Quaker\\nleader, 8863; arrested, 8931; sails for\\nAm., 8953; i n Pa., 483, 55i proprietor\\nof Pa., 49i gov. Pa., 492, 551 land\\ngrants in Del. purchase in N. J.\\nproclamation, 491; in Phil., 492; de-\\nprived of rights, 532 returns to Am.,\\n543 proposes a cong. frees slaves, 55 1\\nconditions and concessions at New-\\ncastle, 491 treaty with Indians, 492;\\nrestored, 532, 3; d., 592 eel., 4422.\\nCollege, la., org., 2822.\\nSafe Deposit and Trust Co., 3833.\\nHaven, Pa., R. R. accidents, 3313.\\nPennant, Thomas, b., 9063; d., 9283.\\nPennecerrada, action at, 11301.\\nPennell, Joseph, b. (1859); work, 43.\\nPennefather, Edward, chief justice, 9512.\\nPennington, Alexander C, d.,256 1\\nJohn L,, gov. Dak., 2851\\nWilliam, b. U796); speaker, 1872; gov.\\nN. J., 1492; d. (1862).\\nSanford, b. (1757); gov. N. J.,\\n1213; d. (1826).\\nPennock, Caspar Wistar, b. (1799) d.,\\n2561.-\\nPennoyer, Sylvester, gov., 3293, 3612, 3992.\\nPennsylvania bursts boilers, 1853.\\nPennsylvania, Walloons ascend the Dela-\\nware, 311 Swedes enter the Delaware,\\n351 Peter Hollander, gov., 372; Swedish\\ncolony settle Chester, 373 under the\\nDutch, 41i Alex. D Hinyossa, gov., 412,\\n423; under the Eng., 453 Robt. Carr,\\ngovernor, 423; Scotch Presb. and Men-\\nnonites arrive, 482 intemperance op-\\nposed peacemakers appointed printing\\npres6 est. commonwealth proposed,\\n483 Wm. Markham, gov. (1681) Thos.\\nLloyd, pres. of Council (1684) first\\ncolony; granted to William Penn, 483,\\n49i Penn.gov.; purchases Swedes land\\nPhila. laid out D. of York cedes New-\\ncastle settled Welsh immigrants 1st\\nAssembly treaty with Indians, 492\\nThos. Lloyd, pres.; Germantown settled,\\n493 Presb. Church fmd. paper mill\\nest., 502; John Blackwell, deputy gov.,\\n511; [Delaware] secedes, 513; charter\\nschool est. j Prot. Epis. Church est., 523;\\nPenn deprived of gov t., 532, 3 Benj.\\nFletcher (of N. T.), gov. (1693); post\\nroute est.; Wm.Markham.dep.gov. ,533^\\nlater, Wm. Penn, 551 religious liberty\\nest., 542; slaves freed, 551 A.D. 1700+\\nsurrenders constitution Andrew Ham-\\nilton, dep. gov.; Edward Shippen, pres.\\n(1703); John Evans, gov., 552; prov-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1379.jp2"}, "1380": {"fulltext": "1368\\nText Figures denote Page, lJNL)-h,X. Superior Figures indicate Colu\\nPenn-Pere.\\nince Bet apart; yellow fever, 553, 733,\\n1093, 1113 Wm. Perm., personal gov.\\n(1699); Chas. Gookin, dep. gov., 573; iron\\nforge erected, 58 1 Dunkers (Ger. Bapt.)\\narrive; Phila. Presb. synod find., 582;\\nslave trade prohibited, 583 Sir Wm.\\nKeith, dep, gov.; deputies govern, 592;\\nLog Coll. est., 603 ;Benj. Franklin arrives,\\n63i; paper money issued, 612 Patrick\\nGorden, dep. gov., G13; Catholics arrive\\nGer. Baptists est. monastic soc; 1st Ger.\\nLuth. Church org., 622; library est.;\\nPoor Richard s Almanac, 623 James\\nLogan, pres. population, 63 3 Sunday\\nschool est. 643 Geo. Thomas, dep.-\\ngov., 65 2 Lancaster treaty, 653; Coetus\\nfmd.. 663; univ. fnd., 671 A.D. 1750;\\nA. Palmer, pres.; James Hamilton, dep.-\\nfov., 672, 713 731 immigrants in, 673\\norts est. in West, 681 9121 no fort on\\nOhio; stockade built at [Pittsburg];\\nWashington against the Fr., 6Si Brad-\\ndock s defeat, 632; hospital est., 69i;\\nplan for Am. union, 692 Robt. H. Mor-\\nris, dep.-gov.; land colonized, 693; N. Y.\\nPresb. Synod unites, 711; taxation\\nscheme; W. Denny, dep.-goy., 713 In-\\ndians massacred, 722; prohibitory laws,\\n73 1 immigrants debarred John Penn,\\ngov., 733 Methodism intro. Neir Castle\\nkr-micle issued, 742 express to N. Y.,\\n753 Rich. Penn., gov., 773 anti-tea\\nmovement, 79 1 hostilities of settlers,\\n803; Franklin returns from Eng., 812;\\nColonial charter overthrown proprie-\\ntary govt, ends, 832; Washington s army\\nenters, leaves, 833-^, 87 1 Benj. Frank-\\nlin, Committee of Safety, 853 Geo.\\nBryan, acting-gov., (1777) new constitu-\\ntion, 85 3 Quakers arrested, 863 battle\\nof Brandywine, S7 1 action at Diamond\\nIsland; Brit, at Germantown, 872; Thos.\\nWharton, pres., 892 Cong, at Phila.,\\nat Lancaster, York, 873; j os Reed, pres.,\\n913; Fort Miffin surrendered, S81 Wash-\\nington at Valley Forge Brit, leave for\\nN.Y., 882; Wyoming massuere, 883; Con-\\nfederation signed, 893 Christ s Church\\nleft slavery abolished, 932 Wm.\\nMoore, pres. (1781) John Dickinson,\\npres., 953 Prot. Epis. diocese est., 963\\nBenj. Franklin, pres. Supreme Council,\\n991 Harrisburg laid out, 993 Franklin\\nColl. est. ratines Federation Constitu-\\ntion, 1003 Thos. Mifflin, pres., 101 1 1032;\\nEaston laid out (1790] anthracite coal\\ndis., 1021; Jacob Albright s reforms;\\nland granted to Lutherans, 1023; Consti-\\ntution adopted, 1032; i s t turnpike, 105 3\\nPhila.Meth.Epis.Conf.org., 10G2; insur-\\nrection against widow tax; Thos.M Kean,\\ngov., 1093; a. D. 1800+ Evan. Meth.\\nAsso.org., 1103; Washington and Jeffer-\\nson Coll. est., 1111 p. Acad. Fine Arts\\nest., 114 1 Simon Snyder, gov. coal 1st\\nmined, 1153; 1st Sunday school est.,\\n1163; poor children instructed, 1171;\\nsteamboat leaves Pittsburg, 1173; rolling\\nmillatPittsburg,1182; Campheliites rise,\\n1183 capital removed to Harrisburg,\\n1193 anthracite coal marketed, 1213\\nAllegheny Coll. est.; State library fnd.,\\n1251 Wm. Findley, gov., 1253 Western\\nUniv. est., 1283; ,j m Heister, gov., 1292;\\ncoal marketed, 1293 John Andrew\\nShulze, gov., 1313; Pittsburg Meth. Epis.\\nConf. org., 1322 Evang. Luth. Synod\\nmeets, 1343; school slates mnf., 1341;\\nGeorge Wolf, gov., 1373; Church of God\\nfmd., 1382; East Penn. eldership fmd.,\\n1383; p a Coll. org.; Lafayette Coll. est.,\\n1403 Universalist State Conven. org.,\\n1402; R. R. Phila. and Harrisburg; West\\nChester R. R. opd., 1413; suppression of\\nlotteries, 143 1 Jos. Ritner, gov., 1453;\\ntwo rival legislatures; militia called out,\\n1493; iron made with coal, 1501; N. S.\\nPresby. Synod org., 1502; David R. Por-\\nter, gov., 1512; Scranton fnd., 1533; East\\nPa. Gen. Synod Evan. Luth. org., 1543;\\ndefaults interest, 1553 n s, Presb.\\nSynod, Western Pa., org.; R. C. dio-\\ncese est., 1563; petroleum dis., 15S ,392\\n3941 Eldership Church of God org., 1582;\\nFrancis R. Shunk, gov., 161 1 zinc dis.,\\n1622; Wm. F. Johnson, acting-gov., 1652;\\nuniv. of Lewisbnrg est., 1663 Wm.\\nBigler, gov., 1712 Beaver Coll. est.,\\n1731; Molly Maguires org., 1732; Pitts-\\nburg Female Coll. est., 1763; James Pol-\\nlock, gov., 1792; Penn. State Coll. org.,\\n1823; R.R. and canals sold to Pa. R.R.Co.,\\n1833; Win. F. Packer, gov., 1852; a. D.\\n1860\u00c2\u00b1 prepares for civil war, 1933 195 2\\nAndrew G. Curtin, gov., 2032 Molly\\nMaguires operate, 2072,201)3, -_ 172; Agri-\\ncultural Coll. est., 2111 all able-bodied\\nmen called out against Confederates,\\n2131 Chambersburg raided, 2142,2223,\\n2363 Gen. Wool at Harrisburg, 2142\\nConfederate army at Chambersburg\\nConfed. invasion, 223 3; 100,000 volun-\\nteers called out, 2233 Harrisburg,\\nPhila., threatened, 223= battle of\\nGettysburg, 2241 Stuart s raids, 2242\\nPhila. and Erie R. R. opd., 2393; ratifies\\n13th Amend., 2432; Lehigh Univ. est.,\\n2543; Penn. Hospital est., 2843; political\\ntemperance movement, 2562 ratifies\\n14th Amend., 2573 John W. Geary, gov.,\\n2593 Central Meth. Epis. Conf. fnd.,\\n2622; Swarthmore Coll. est., 2663; fi re\\nmAvondalecoal mine,267 3 ThielColl.;\\nSt. Vincent s Coll. Ursinus Coll. est.,\\n2722; strikes in coal region, 2731 4703\\nCentral Penn. P. E. diocese fmd., 2762\\npres. proclamation to, 297 2 local option\\nlaw, 2803, 2911 new constitution opera-\\ntive; John F.Hartrauft, gov. ,2851, 2951\\nnon-union men ill-treated, 2912; normal\\nschool opd., 2923; strikers resume work,\\n2971 Pittsburg Coll. org., 3003 Henry\\nM. Hoyt, gov., 3033; coal miners strike,\\n3103, 3171 3203, 3211 floods, 3121 4093\\nglass-blowers strike, 31. 1 inundations,\\n3161; Robert E. Pattison, gov., 3153,\\n3992; Bullett Act passes, 3233; Cngreg.\\nAsso. org., 3242; R. R, vestibule train\\nintro., 3253; Brooks Law, 3292, 3303;\\nJames A. Beaver, gov., 3293.; earth-\\nquake; tornadoes, 332i 3583; collieries\\nresume work, 3393 Johnstown flood,\\n3413; reports on floods, 3453; ship canal\\ncommission, 3473 J. W. Delamater,\\nnom. gov., 3631 C. W. Miller, nom. for\\ngov., 3672; new gas wells dis., 3721 L.V.\\nR. R. coal rates, 3811; coke region;\\ntroops withdrawn, 3821 Brooks Whole-\\nsale License Bill, 3832 Compulsory\\nEducation Bill vetoed, 3862; train rob-\\nbers, 3902 investigation of officials,\\n3932; coke-workers org., 3963; Moon-\\nshiners kill Hochstettcr, 4042; Home-\\nstead strike, 4083, 4102 R.R. explosion,\\n4193 Anti-cigarette Bill, 4223 wreck-\\ning train foiled, 4362; landing of Penn\\neel., 4422; nuns in public schools, 4521\\n4681; 4742; Galusha A. Grow, M. C,\\n4532; strike in coke-region, 4543,4581,\\n4563; 4571, 4623; tramps steal trains,\\n4583; rioters warned, 46U; wheel trust\\nfmd., 4733; R. R. collision, 4753, 4793;\\nDaniel Hartman Hastings, gov. (1894).\\nPennyslvania Acad. Fine Arts est., 1141\\nCollege org., 1403.\\nMilitary,Coll. org., Chester (1862).\\nState College org., 1823.\\nReading R. R. controls roads, 4013.\\nUniversity of, projected, 67 1 hospi-\\ntal dedicated, 2843; S. W. Pepper s gift,\\n3843 boat-race, 317 3 opd. to women,\\n3132, 3471, 4041 course lengthened,\\n4562; W. Potter s gift, 4761\\nPenny, Virginia, b., 1342.\\npost annexed to crown, 8972.\\nPostage Bill, G. B., 9493, 9512.\\npostage jubilee, 10023.\\n1-Vnnv baker, Isaac Samuels, b. (1807) d.,\\n1623.\\nPenobscot, Me., trading-post seized, 34i\\nand Kennebec R. R. completed, 1813.\\nPeiirhyn, Baron, title created, 9G51.\\nPenrose, W. J., shot, 3852.\\nPenry, John, b. (1559); hanged, 8763.\\nPens, gold mnf., 1521; iron, 8962; steel,\\n9321 general use, 9401, 9461.\\nPi- a a sunk, 3381\\neclipse expedition, 3461 3531 flag-\\nship, 3661\\nFla., Spaniards settle, 521; R. C.\\nchurch, 523 taken, 941 952, 126 1 bat-\\ntle at, 1221 Gen. Jackson at, 1223; navy\\nyard seized, 1901, 191 1; Confederates\\nevacuate, 207 1 Confederate soldiers\\nmonument, 3841 yellow fever, 435 3\\nPension Act, 813, 25^1, 3172,3193,3233,\\n3263, 3483, 3543, 3552, 3592, 3623,3631\\n3772, 3871 4031 42H 4251 ,2.\\nPension Bureau investigation, 365 2\\nFund, Nat., org. Eng., 9983.\\nPensions, granted, 115 1, 1272, 1871; in\\nGa.,391 1 special tax, Ala., 421 1 order\\nannulled, 4312 roll enlarged, 455 2 re-\\nstricted, 3441 for army nurses, 3651\\nIndian war, 4141. (See Invalid.)\\nBill approved, Fr., 7672.\\nby royal grant, G. B., 9492; provided,\\n9471.\\nPentaour, writer, 6483.\\nPentarchy of great powers, 5203.\\nPentateuch written, 11411\\nPentecost, at Jerusalem, 10623.\\nGeorge Fred.,b. (1S43) in Ind., 3681\\nbands org., 320 2 mission, 11053.\\nPentinger, Conrad, b., 7S6 2\\nPent land Hills, Scot., action at, 8921\\nPen-y-grage, colliery explosion, 9873.\\nPenzance, Baron, title created, 9651 fa-\\nvors C. J. Ridsdale, 9S02.\\nPeonage abolished in New Mexico, 256 2\\nPeople s Charter, Petition, G. B., 9513.\\nMunicipal League convention, 3683\\norganized, 378 2\\nParty fmd., 3852 conven., 411 1 car-\\nries Kan. and N. Dak., 4192; meets, 4683;\\nconf., 4793; in Can., 5892.\\nProvident Assurance Soc. fnd., 9591\\nPeoria, 111., N. S. Presb. synod org., 1562;\\nJohn L. Spaulding, bp.,2942 R. C. dio-\\ncese est., 2% 2 steamer ea-psizes, 4113\\nsteam-pipe collapses, 4553.\\nPepe, Gen. Guglielmo, b. (1783) leader,\\n10861; d., 10S63.\\nPepi I. reigns, Fr., 7472.\\nII. reigns, 7472 expeditions, 6461\\nPepin, Heristal, mayor of palace, 6652, a j\\nPr. of Franks defeats Berthar, 6641\\nd., 6653, 7702.\\nthe Short, b.-d., 6642 donation of\\nin It.; takes Narbonne, 664 1 delivers\\nFrance, 4853.\\nof Aquitania, comma nder-m-chief,\\n7701 regent, 667 1 d., 7731\\nLake, Minn., Sea Wing capsizes,\\n3653.\\nPepoli, Gioachino, Marquis, b., 10862 d.,\\n10901\\nPeppard, Capt., duel, 8092.\\nPepper, William, b. (1843) gift, 3843.\\nPepperell, N.H., earthquake shocks, 3741\\nSir William, b., 522 at Louisburg,\\n661; d.,721.\\nPepys, Sir Charles Christopher, b., 9222\\ncommissioner, 9473 lord chancellor,\\n9492,9533; d.,9562.\\nHenry, elected bishop, 9423.\\nSamuel, b., 8822; Diart/, 8903 cup\\nof tea, 8913; pies. Roy. Soc.,896i;d., 9022.\\nPequot war, 341\\nIVraiba, captaincy of, 5532.\\nPerak, British resident, 10492.\\nPeralta grant claimed, 4553.\\nFr., Ibanez de, governor, 605 3\\nPerceval, Spencer, b., 9162 minister,\\n9333; premier, 9353; assassinated, 9371\\nPerehard, Peter, lord mayor London, 9313.\\nPerche, annexed to France, 6732, 6792.\\nPercier, Charles, b., 7031 d., 7282.\\nPercival, James Gates, b., 106 1 works,\\n1312, 1431, 1571; d., 1781.\\nThomas, b. (1740) cod-liver oil rem-\\nedy, 9221 d. (1S04).\\nPercussion-caps used, 940 1\\nPercy, Algernon, h. (1602); Duke of North-\\numberland minister, 8833; d. (1668).\\nD. of Northumberland, b., 926=;\\nminister, 9573; a. (1865).\\nSir George, governor Va.,273.\\nHenry, found dead, S75 3\\nSir at Nesbit Muir at Homil-\\ndon Hill at Shrewsbury, 8601 d.,8602.\\nHugh, Earl Northumberland, b.\\n(1742) lord-lieut., 8172 d. (1816).\\nLady Mary, founds convent, 5411\\nThoinas, liunpowder plot, 8792.\\nh., 9082 -works, 9171 d., 9351\\nSociety founded, 9511\\nPercys revolt, Eng., 8613.\\nPerczel, Gen., defeated, 5221\\nPerdiccas, regent, 10253 invades Egypt,\\n6502; reigns, 10233 opposed, 10253; con-\\nquers Cappadocia, 11481, 11491 mur-\\ndered, 10242.\\nPereda, Angel de, governor, 6052.\\nPexefixe, Hardouin de Beaumont de, b.,\\n6862; Roi Henri, 6911 d., 6922.\\nPereira, Antonio, gov. Costa Rica, 6301", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1380.jp2"}, "1381": {"fulltext": "Pere-Pete.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDJiX.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n136\\nPereira, Duarte Coelho, captaincy, 553 2\\nvice-president Brazil, 5602.\\nPereire, Emile, b., 7143; Credit Mobilier,\\n7333,7373 d., 750t.\\nIsaac,b.,7163; C. Mobilier, 7333,7373.\\nPerestralo, Raphael, to China, 6142.\\nPereyra, G. A., pres. Uruguay, 1160 2\\nPerez, Antonio, b.-d., 11282.\\nGaldos (Benito), b., 11303.\\nJose Joaquin, b., 60S 1 war renewed,\\n6061 president, 6072.\\nJuan, letter to Isabella, 122.\\nSantiago, b., 6282 pres., 6292.\\nPergamus, kingdom fnd., 11491; extent\\nof, 1149 2 Romans possess library,\\n1148 3 bequeathed to Romans, 11493.\\nPergolesi, Giovanni Battista, b., 10831;\\nd., 10842.\\nPeriander rules, 10153 one of Seven\\nSages, 10163 d., 10162.\\nPericles, b.-d., 10162 reigns, 10153 be-\\ngins long walls, 10183 improves Athens\\noverruns Peloponnesus, 10191 in public\\naffairs rival of Cimon in Megaris\\nbribery of, 1020 1 subdues revolts rules\\ncommonwealth refounds Thurii, 10212.\\nPerie, Jose, governor, 6303.\\nP^rier, Casimir, b.,7043; d., 7262.\\nb., 7192 ministry of, 7273 d.,\\n7502.\\nIsaac, financier, d., 7522.\\nPeriers, Bonaventuredes, work, 6831.\\nPerignon, Dominique Catherine, Marquis\\nde, b., 7022; d., 7223.\\nPerigueux, Fr., cathedral founded, 6683\\ntaken, 6741,\\nPerinthus, siege of, 10241.\\nPeripatetic school of philos. fnd., 10243.\\nPerit, Pelatiah, b. (1785) d., 2312.\\nPerkins, Chas. Callahan, b., 1303; d.,324i.\\nElisha, b., 642 d. (1799).\\nGeorge Hamilton, b. 1S26) Capt., at\\nBerwick Bay, 220L\\nClement, b., 1502 j governor,\\n3033; senator, 4351.\\nD., b.,1522.\\nRoberts, b., 1183 d., 2921\\nJacob, b., 741 invents steel engrav-\\ning, 1261 steam-gun, 9402 d. (1849).\\nJustin, b. (1805) d., 2681\\nThomas, b., 741\\nHandasyd, b. (1764) d., 1741\\nPermissive Prohibitory Bill, G. B., 9673,\\n9732,9812, 9851.\\nPernambuco, Bra., captured, 5521 cap-\\ntaincy granted fnd., 553 2 republic\\nest., 5551 2 bixa malady appears, 555 3\\nmission, 5562 boycotting league elec-\\ntion riots, 558 3 martial law, 5601\\nPeroifskaja, Sophie, arrested, 11211.\\nPeronne, Fr., besieged, 7431\\nPerote, Mex., taken, 1621\\nPerowne, John James Stewart, b. (1824)\\nconsecrated bishop, 1004 2\\nPerperna assassinates executed, 10581\\nPerpetua, St., killed, 10643.\\nPerpetual Edict signed, 10993 passes,\\n11013.\\nPerpignan,Fr., cathedral fnd.; Univ. fnd.,\\n6743 taken, 6781 surrenders, 6881 an-\\nnexed to Fr., 6893.\\nPerraud, Adolphe Louis Albert, Academi-\\ncian, 7521\\nPerrault, Claudius, b., 6862 works, 6952;\\nd., 6942.\\nPerrenot, Antoine. (See Granulla.)\\nPerrens, Francois Tomme, b., 7242.\\nPerrin, Abbe. Pierre, work, 6901 d., 6923.\\nPerrine, W. W., cons, bishop, 10102.\\nPerring, John, lord mayor London, 9313.\\nPerronet. Jean Rodolphe, b., 6963.\\nPerrot, Art, dans V Antiquite, 7661\\nSir John, deputy, 8753.\\nPerrotin, M., discovery planets, 7481.\\nPerry, Ire., Bishop lliggins eons., 9902.\\nKan., tornado, 4321\\ntrain robber, convicted, 4022.\\n.Arthur Latham, b., 1381; Political\\nEconomy, 398 2.\\nBenjamin Franklin, b. (1805) gover-\\nnor S. C, 2483, 2511 d. (1886).\\nCharles, d.,5013.\\nCommander, ice-bound, 3881\\nEdward A., governor Fla., 3233.\\nEnoch Wood, b. (1831) National\\nAcademy Design, 2681\\nMadison S., governor, 1832.\\nMatthew Calbrith, b., 1042 bom-\\nbards Tobasco, 160i takes Tuspan,162i\\nin Japan, 1712, 172 1 1732, 10913 treaty\\nwith Japan, 1751 d., 1842; statue, 1881\\nPerry, Oliver Hazard, b., 962 on Lake\\nErie, 1203 d., 1281\\nStephen Joseph, b., 9462 d. (1889).\\nThos. Sargent, b., 158 1; works, 3722.\\nWilliam Stevens, b., 1402; bp.,2922.\\nPerryville, Ky., battle of, 2142.\\nN.Y., trial of dynamite shell, 3661\\nPersano, Count Carlo l ellione di, b. (1806);\\nAdm. at Lissa, 8242; d. (1883).\\nPersepolis captured, 10242.\\nPerseus, founds Lyceme, 10133; last K. of\\nMacedon, 10273; war with Rome, 10281\\nin chaius campaigns against, 10551\\nempire ends, 10292.\\nPersia. (See text pp. 1106-1108) subdued,\\n11442; wars; invades Gr., 1016 1; inva-\\nsion, 1st, 10173; 2d, 3d, 10181 4th, 10182;\\nwar ends, 10183; 2d expedition; crosses\\nHellespont, 10181 invasion arrested,\\n10122; independence of, 6513; oppresses\\nGr. cities, 10233; eonquered, 4851 10241\\nwar with Gr., 10502; war with Romans,\\n10641, 10701, 10712; vanquished, 10302;\\nempire destroyed; defeated, 4841; am-\\nbassador from,613 2 insurrections, 4S71\\n2; war with Turk., 11561 invades India,\\n10441 Turks lose possessions, 11561\\nwar with Rus., 11161 peace, 11173.\\nPersian Calendar reformed, 11073.\\nPersian Monarch ashore, 4593.\\nPersians in Afgh., 41 take Herat, 42, 51\\nPersico, Monsignor, represents pope, 9942.\\nPersigny, Jean Baptist e Philibert, d.,746 1\\nDue de (Jean Gilbert Victor de Fia-\\nlin),b.,717i instructs electors resigns,\\n7371 d. (1872).\\nPersius, Flaccus Aulus, b.-d., 10622; So-\\nPersonal Liberty Bill, 1851 2032, 2113.\\nSecurity Law. Eng., 8632.\\nPerth Amboy, N. J., fnd., 492; Assembly\\nmeets, 553.\\nCan., Courier issned, 5791\\nScot., fnd., 8393; captured, 8561 ,g5Si\\n8721, 8842; burned, 8601; 2d Covenant\\nsigned, S722; Articles of, 8802; surren-\\nders, 8862; Albert statue, 9662; Bishop\\nParry elected, 9803.\\nW. Australia, settled, 495 2 diocese\\nest., -4962; gold-field, 4981 see est., 9583;\\nBishop Gibney consecrated, 9962.\\nEarl of, title created, 8773.\\nPerthes, Fried. Cliristol 1 ,h,b..,S03i;d.,8162.\\nPertinax, Helvius, b.-d., 10642; reigns\\nmurdered, 10651 ,2.\\nPerty, Jos. Anton Maximilian, b., 8082;\\nd., 8302.\\nPertz, Georg Heinrich, b., 8063; d., 8282.\\nPeru. (See text, pp. 1108-1109); Manco\\nCapac appears, ll 1 3 civilized soc. be-\\ngins, ll 3 communism prevails, 11 2; Incas\\nrule, 132, 152 Sinchi Rocca reigns\\nLloque Yupanqui reigns Mayta Capac\\nreigns, 132; Rocca reigns despotism;\\nYuhuar-Huaccac reigns Uira-Cocha\\nreigns Pachacutec Yupanqui reigns\\nTupac Capac reigns Huayna Capac\\nreigns, 133; arts developed, 141 intoxi-\\ncants used; highly civilized, 152; roads\\nmade, 161 capitulation, 182; conquest,\\n182, 193, 201; religion, 183; gov t of,\\n193; rebellion, 201, 232; Almagro ar-\\nSp. province, 212; disputed\\n22 2 Pizarro rules; new laws revoked,\\n231 Sp. crown rules anarchy stamped\\nout secure gov t est., 232- wheat reaped,\\n233; Jesuits; Inquisition, 242; Henri-\\nquez viceroy, 252; Loyola viceroy Her-\\ndato de Mendoza viceroy, 253; earth-\\nquake, 502, 58i, 661; detached from\\nChile, 6051 ,2; Dutch attack, 11001 rup-\\nture with Sp., 11313; treaty with Chile,\\n6072; Harvard meteorological station\\nest., 4421 Santa Cruz enters uprising\\ninvades Bolivia, 550 1, 3; Indians work\\nmines confederation with Bolivia,5502;\\nboundary treaty, r 51 2; treaty with Boli-\\nvia, 6072 final treaty, 6073; Chile aids,\\n6061; Chileans invade, 6061,2; Eng. at-\\ntack, 9101\\nNeb., Normal Schools opened, 2603.\\nPerugia, It. (See Perusia) cathedral\\nerected, 10743 Cambio built con-\\nquered, 10781 pawnbrokir.gintro. ,10793;\\ntaken, 10821, 10881 mission, 10883.\\nPerugino, Pietro Vanucci, b.-d., 10783.\\nPeruke-makers petition, Eng., 9172.\\nPerusia, truce with Rome, 10521 reduced,\\n10522; surrendered; war of, 10602. (Same\\nas Perugia.)\\nPeruzzi, Baldassare, b., 10783; d., 10803.\\nUbaldino, b., 10862; d., 10901.\\nPesaro, It., taken, 10881\\nPescadores Islands captured, 6241\\nPescara, Marquis f Ferdinand Francesco\\nd Avalos), b., 10783; d., 10803.\\nPeschel, Oskar Ferd., b., 8123; d., 8282.\\nPeschiera, It., Aust. retains, 5552.\\nPeschka-Leutner, Minna, b., 5203 d.(1890).\\nPeschmann, R. J., confesses, 4483.\\nPesci, Francis, consecrated bishop, 9862.\\nPeshawar, Ahmed in, 51 mission, 53.\\nPestal, conspiracy against Czar, 11173.\\n1 estalozzi, Johaiin Heinrich, b.-d., 11372.\\nPesth (Budapest), fnd., 5031 earthquake,\\n516 3 Danube overflows, 520 1 enip. ar-\\nrives, 5262; anti-Jewish riots, 5303; mob,\\n5311; riots, 5322.\\nPetah-ases adopted, 6453.\\nPetau, Denis, b., 6842; d., 6902.\\nPetchingans exterminated, 11141.\\nPeter the Apostle, called, 11521 baptizes\\nCornelius, 11523 events of life and\\ndeath, 11523 11531,2; Epistles written,\\n11531 bishop at Koine 10623.\\nI. (III.) of Aragmi, K.of Sieily,10772.\\nII., K. of Aragon kingdom tributary\\nto Holy See, 107.-.3; aids Messina, 10761\\nK. of Sicily. 10772, reigns in Navarre,\\n11272; reigns in Aragon, 1127 3\\nthe Cruel. (See Pedro the Cruel.)\\nIII., reigns in Aragon, 11273; con-\\nquers Sicily, 11261\\nIV., the Ceremonious, reigns, 11273;\\naids Messina, 10761\\n1., Hung., enthroned, 5032,3; de-\\nthroned, 5032.\\nIII., of Port., reigns, 5551\\nIII., of Rus., withdraws from Aust.\\nalliance, 516 2\\nI., Alexievitch the Great, b.-d., 11142;\\nin Eng., 9011 against Turks visits Ger.,\\nHolL, and Eng.; a shipbuilder, 11141\\nenthroned recalled punishes rebel-\\nlion of Strelitz fnds. St. Petersburg\\ntitle of emp.; subdues Azo VIL, 561,\\n11572; reopens gold mine, 11153; at Pul-\\ntowa, 1134L\\nII., b.-d., 11143; enthroned; deposed,\\n11153.\\nIII., b.-d., 11143; reigns in Rus., 11172.\\nof Blois, on transubstantiation,6702.\\nthe Hermit, b.-d., 6682; preaches\\nCrusade, C683, 7762; in Crusade, 10743.\\nK. of Hung., vassal of Ger., 775 a\\nMartyr, b., 10791 d., 10803.\\ngrand duke of Oldenburg, 8193.\\nRus., impostor, 11191\\nthe Wild Boy, found, 8012.\\nPeter the Great launched, 11181\\nPeterborough, Can., Revieic issued; Ex-\\naminer, 6803; ft. C. diocese est., 5842;\\nhigh license, 5862; silver-cave, 5941\\nEng., mob, 9172 see erected, 8683\\nCathedral opd.. 10042, 10082.\\nEarl of. (See Mordaunt, Charles).\\nPeterhead. Scot., Carnegie library, 10063.\\nPeterkin, George William, b.(1841) cons.\\nP. E. bishop, 2983.\\nPeterman, August H., b., 8122; works,\\n8203; d., 8282.\\nJulius Heinrich, b., 8071 d., 8282.\\nPeters, Absalom, b. (1796), 2621 d. (1869).\\nBonaventure, b.-d., 540 3\\nCarl, h. (1856) arrival, 4362; expedi-\\ntion, 562 1 report of death, 563 1 in\\nSudan, 6603; in Africa, 8382.\\nChristian August Friedrich, b.,8083;\\nd., 8301\\nHenry Frederick, b., 810=; disc.\\nasteroids, 1963, 2152, 2483, 2521, 2581,\\n2601, 2621, 2681, 2701. 2741, 2781,2801,\\n2841 2881 2901 2961 0931 30u i 3021 ,2,\\n3141 3201 3241 3261 3441 d., 8341\\nFrancis Lucas, b., 5403; d.,541i.\\nHugh, b. (1598+) in Maas, 352;\\nhanged (1660).\\nJohn, b., 5403; d., 5411\\nburned, 8743.\\nS., gov. Conn., 1392.\\nSamuel, b. (1735); Blue Laws of Conn.,\\n952; d. (1826).\\nWilhelm Karl Hartwig, b., 8103; d.,\\n8302.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1381.jp2"}, "1382": {"fulltext": ".370\\nText Figures denote Page. lNlJJliX.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nPete-Phil.\\nPetersburg, St. (See St. Petersburg.)\\nTenn., Confederate defeat, 2191.\\nVa., Brit, take, 941 R. R. to Rich-\\nmond, 1493; Gen. Butler fails, 2342,3;\\nlosses before, 2351 mine exploded, 2363\\nsiege continues, 2383 Gen. Grant s\\narmy before, 2392; Confederates cap-\\ntured, 2443; fall of, 2451 State Normal\\nand Collegiate Institute est., 3143; tire,\\n3492; monument, 3601\\nand Roanoke Railroad opd., 1453.\\nPetersen, Carl, b., 6382; d., 642 1\\nNiels Matthias, b., 64S2; History of\\nDenmark, 6392; d., 6403.\\nPeterson, R. E., d., 474i\\nTheophilus B., d., 3742.\\nPeterson s Magazine, Phila., est., 4202.\\nPeter s pence, from N. Am., 350 2 on\\nPope s jubilee, 446 1 levy forbidden, Fr.,\\n7343; tax confirmed, G. B,, 8431; col-\\nlected, 8423.\\nPeterwardein, Hung., Turks defeated,\\n5141 convention entered, 9373.\\nPetigru, James Lewis, b., 1001 d., 2191\\nPotion, Mayor, communist, 709\\nAlex Sabes, gov. Haiti; d., 10402.\\nPetit, Jean Louis, b., 6922; structure of\\neye, 6942; inv. tourniquet, 6981 d., 7011.\\nPetition, right denied in Cong., 1471 1591\\nrestored, 1573 (See Gag Laws.)\\nof rights, Eng., 8832.\\nPetofi, Sandor, b., 5202; d., 5223.\\nPetrarch, Francesco, b.-d., 10762; meets\\nLaura; sonnets, 10771 crowned, 1077 2\\nPetre, Baron of, title created, 8772.\\nFather, in Privy Council, 8973.\\nLord, in H. L., 9932.\\nSir William, minister, 8G93, 8712.\\nPetreius, Marcus, surrenders at Ilerda,\\n10601; killed, 10602.\\nPetri, Olaus, works, 11343.\\nPetrie, George, b., 9243; d., 9701\\nPetroleum, found, 1581 dis. in Pa., 1853;\\nprices rise, 1933; excitement, 1993; low-\\nest price, 2033; shooting wells, 2171\\nin 1864,2373; at CobiagoT Cal., 3901 at\\nPittsburg, 3921; daily flow, 4181; in 0. t\\n4241, 4521; j u Dunkirk, N. Y. 4GS1; in\\nN. J., 4701; at Kingsville, Can., 5861;\\ndis., 5881; near Athabasca River, 5901\\nin Egy., 66H; used in Commune, 7453;\\nin Ger., 8301 fields discovered, 11221\\nAct passes, G. B., 9672.\\nPetrolia, fire, 5912.\\nPetronilla reigns, Aragon, 1127 2\\nPetronius subdues Ethiopians, 10603.\\nPublius, gov. Syria, 11513.\\nPett, Peter, builds (Vmstant IVarwick,$82l\\nPettengill Samuel M., d., 382 1\\nPettenkofen August von, d., 5322.\\nPettenkofer, Max von, b., 8122,\\nPettie, John, b., 9483.\\nPettigrew, Richard Franklin, b.,1641.\\nPettus, John J., gov. Miss., 1903.\\nPetty,Sir Wm.,b.,8802 works,8903 ;d.,8902.\\nFitzmaurice, Henry, Marq. of Lans-\\ndowne, b., 9211 minister, 9452, 9533.\\nHenry Charles Keith, Marq. of\\nLansdowne, b., 9522; viceroy, 585 2;\\nleaves Can., 5862; d., 9662.\\nWilliam, Lord Shelburne, b. (1737)\\nminister, 9173- in duel, 9212; prime min-\\nister, 9232; d. (1805).\\nPevensey run ashore, 2342.\\nPeTensey, Eng. South Saxons conquer,\\n8401; William of Normandy lands at,\\nPeyrat, Alphonse, b. (1812) d., 760i\\nNapoleon, b., 7191\\nPeyronnet, Comte, Charles Ignace, b.,\\n7043; d.. 7322.\\nPeyster, Abraham de, mayor, N. Y., 532.\\nJohannes de, mayor, N. Y., 551\\nPeyton, Sir Thomas, d., 9981\\nPeytral, Paul Louis, minister of finance,\\n7571,7652.\\nPezet, Juan Antonio, b. (1810) revolt\\nagainst, 11081 pres.Peru, 11083; indem-\\nnity, 11083 d. (1879).\\nPfaffenhofen, Ger., Ft. defeated, 5142.\\nPfalzburg, Ger., Germans invest, 7381 re-\\npulsed, 7401.\\nPfeifTer, Dr., dis. influenza bacillus, 8361\\nHenry, rights of peasants, 7893.\\nIda Laura (Reyer), b., 5191 d., 5242.\\nPfordten, Ludwig Karl Heinrich von der,\\nBaron, b.(1811); issues note,H232 d.{1880).\\nPhiedrus., b., 10G22 fables of, 10623.\\nPhaer, Thomas, sEneid, 8731 d. (1560).\\nPhmtusa^ asteroid, discovered, 7601.\\nPhair, John P., hanged, 3011\\nPhalracus in sacred war, 10241\\nPhalaris, reigns, 10172; roasted, 10171.\\nPhales reigns, 11433.\\nPhara-Norodoin, king, 4812.\\nPharaoh drowns, 11403. (See Meneptah II.)\\nalliance of Solomon, 6503.\\nNecho, b. in Megiddo at Carche-\\nmish, 11461 subdues Phenicia, 11471.\\nPhares, Ida, notary public, 4553.\\nPharisees, rebellion of, 11502,\\nPharmaceutical Society formed, 950*.\\nIuternat. Congress, at London, 9871\\nPharmacists of IT. S. meet, 35S3.\\nPharmacopmia issued, 8803.\\nPharmacy Act passes, Kngland, 973 2\\nPharnabazus invades Kgypt, 0502; naval\\ncommander, 10203; leader, 10222.\\nPharnaces fnds. Cappadoeia, 11452.\\nI., reigns, 1149 2\\nIE., reigns in Pontus, 11511\\nK. of Bosporus, C;esar opposes; de-\\nfeated at Zela, 10601.\\nPharos built, 6522.\\nPharsalus, Gr., battle of, 10601\\nPhasel, governor of Jerusalem, 11512.\\nPhaulcon, Constantine, minister, 11241.\\nPhaya Chakkri, fnds. dynasty, 11242.\\nPhelan, Richard, b. (isr.) cons.R. C. bp.,\\n3203 in diocese of Pittsburg, 3482.\\nPhelps, Alinira Hart Lincoln, b., 1042\\nd. (1884).\\nAustin, b., 1301 d. (1890).\\nBenjamin K., b., 1402.\\nEdward J., b. (1822) TJ. S. minister\\nto Eng. ,3212; in arbitration court.4331 ,2.\\nEliz. Stuart, b., 1242; works, 2643,\\n2683, 2723, 2903, 29X3, 3031, 3143, 3283.\\nJohn S., b. (1X14) gov. Mo., 2973\\non Committee of 33, 189i d. (1886).\\nW., b. (1813) negro recruits,\\n210 2 orders against, 2133 vote for\\npresident, 3051 d. (1885).\\nOliver, b. (1749) P. and Gorham\\nPurchase sold, 992; d. (1809).\\nWilliam Franklin, b., 1302.\\nWaller, b. (lXIV.It miuister,3513;\\nan LL.D., 3622 d., 4621.\\nPhenicia, conquered, 11451 subdued an-\\nnexed to Babylon, 11471 conquered by\\nCyrus, 11472 ceded to Ptolemy, 11492\\nconquered by Romans, 11501 recovered\\nby Egypt, 6531; granted to Cleopatra,\\n11512; annexed to Turk, 11572.\\nPhenicians colonize Nfm.es, 6611 elevate\\nGauls, 6631; in Brit., 8393; voyage of\\ndis., 6502 fnd. Cadiz, 11252 trade with\\nEngland, 11422; in Spain, 11473.\\nPherse in Achaean League, 10271\\nPherecydes of Syros, teachings of, 10163.\\nPhidias, b.-d., 101G2 completes Parthe-\\nnon statue of Jupiter, 10203.\\nPhidon coins money, 10152.\\nPhigalia, Gr., captured, 10141; Temple of\\nApollo built, 1020i,3.\\nPhigalian Marbles, in Brit. Museum, 9381\\n10211.\\nPhi Gamma Delta, Coll. Fraternity, 4742.\\nPhiladelphia, trial trip, 3621 in commis-\\nsion, 3641; accepted, 37X1 sails, 3941\\nPhiladelphia, Asia M., fnd., 11492 de-\\nstroyed, 11561\\nPa., first assembly laying out com-\\npleted printing-press est., 483; Walnut\\nSt. surveyed. 492; population, 493, 633,\\n693, 713, 1033; first Presb-,502, 522, 542;\\nfirst P. E. services High Sell, est., 523;\\nBaptists immersed first Bapt. ch. fmd.,\\n542 chartered, 552 yellow fever, 553,\\n733 A.D. 1 700 Bapt. Asso, fmd. first\\nAm. Presbytery org., 563; Presb. Synod\\nof Phila. org., 582 Am. Weekly Mer-\\ncury, 583 j Ger. Lutherans, 603 Pa. Ga-\\nzette, 611; r. Cath. church built, 622;\\nLibrary Co. fnd. Loganian Library fnd.,\\n623 second Freemasons lodge in Am.,\\n631; Philosophical Soc. fmd., 651; thea-\\nter attempted, 661 Bapt. ch. fmd.; org.,\\n66 3 Arctic exped, first theater opd.,\\n683; CongresB of governors, 71 a first\\nmedical school, 742 first Meth. church;\\nMeth. org., 762 first steam engine, 78 1\\n1st Continental Cong., 782, 792; against\\nBrit, tea, 791; Am. hospital est., 802;\\nAbolition Soc. fmd..81i; 2d C.Cong., 812;\\nPa. Mag., 831 Declaration of Indepen-\\ndence adopted, 852 Howe threatens;\\nWashington enters,87i ;4thC. Cong.,873;\\nBrit. in,88i ,2; Howe s headquarters,882;\\n7th C. Cong. Tories leave, 893 severe\\nwinter, 911 coldest day,912, 2501 bank\\nchartered, 913 Am. Daughters of Lib-\\nerty org. bank for army provisions\\nChrist s Church alone, 932 j New Cong,\\nof Confederation opens, 933 John\\nMoody hanged, 943; Bank of North Am.\\nest., 952,3 despatch of victory read,.\\n952 Southwark Theater opens U. S.\\narmy revolts, 961; p a Pacquet issued,\\n971 Phila. Directory, 983 Columbian\\nMagazine, 991 Nat. Constitutional Con-\\nven. at, 992; first power loom, lOOi;\\nGen. Conven. P. E. meets church org.,\\n1002 Coll. of Physicians est. Quakers\\nemancipate slaves, 1003 capital of U.\\nS. A., 1003, 1032; eel. independence, 1013^\\nsteamboat to Trenton, 102 1; 2d Cong.,\\n1032; Bank f U.S. est., 1032,3, 1473; bal-\\nloon ascension, 1041 j Chestnut St. theater\\nopd., 1042; 3d Cong, opens Genet ree d,\\n1052 Insurance Co. incorporated, 1053 j\\nCooper first appears, 1061 The Literary\\nMag. Am. Register, 1063, 1443; 4th Cong,\\nopens, 1072, 5th, 1073 Am. Universal\\nMagazine, \\\\(m; A.D. 1800+ 6th Cong.\\nopens, 1093; Museum of Nat. Hist, opd.,\\n110 7th Cong, opens, 1112 aqueduct\\nwater intro., lllpj 8th Cong, opens, 1131\\n9th,1132;capitalU.S.A.remov dtoWash. r\\n1131 commission house opd., 1133; Acad,\\nof Fine Arts est., 1141; Am. Register;\\nR. C. see erected, 1143 Mirror of Tastes,\\n1171 cotton goods printed, 1173; Acad-\\nemy of Nat. Sciences est., 1182, 1261\\nearthquake, 1182; Library of Acad. Nat.\\nScience, 1191; Analytical Mag., 1212;\\nanthracite eoal first steam ferry banks\\nsuspend, 1213 Tract Soc. org., 1251\\nSunday and Adult School Union est.,\\n1263, 1443 anthracite coal sold, 1293\\nMercantileLibraryAsso.fnd.;71/wsewmof\\nForeign Literature, 1311; Queen s ware\\nintro. ,1321 Am.Quar. Rcri 1351 Fair-\\nmount water worksest., 1353; Meth.Prot.\\nCh. fmd., 1363 mint completed, 1373;\\nThe Cent issued, 1391 free-trade conven.\\nopens, 1392 connection with Pittsburg,\\n1393 cholera, 1413, 1673 R. R. to Har-\\nrisburg, to Germantown, 1413 Am.\\nAnti-Slavery Soc.org. Nat. Temp. Soc.\\norg.; Whig barbecue, 143 1 teeth mnf.\\nfrom minerals, 1441 j anti-abolition riot,\\n1451, 1461, 1491, 1511, 1571; iron tubing\\nand fittings mnf., 1461; Public Ledger,\\n1463; Laurel Hill semetery established\\nlighted by gas, 1473 Gentleman s Mag-\\nazine 1491; u. S. Bank suspends, 1493;\\nHigh School observatory erected, 1501;\\nU. S. bank fails, 1513, 1553 Wm. J.\\nFlorence appears, 1521 Philharmonic\\nSoc. gives concert, 1541; Gen. Conven.\\nP. E., 1582; Girard Coll. opd,, 1632; Sons\\nof Am. org. Sin/leer s Am. Register ap-\\npears, 1632 Whig Nat. Conven. meets,\\n1651; fire, 1673, 2433, 3173, 3212, 3833,\\n3893, 4073 Woodlands Cemetery est.,\\n1712; galvanized iron intro., 172*; Presb.\\nQitar. Review; St. Joseph s Coll. org.,\\n1723; Nat. theater burned, 1753; tornado,\\n1781; Masonic Hall built, 1783; Fair-\\nmount, 1793 Rep. Nat. Conven. meets,\\n1803; drowning, 1813; A.I 1860+ Jap-\\nanese embassy ree d, 1871 troops leave\\nfor Wash. ,1941 soldiers refreshment sa-\\nloon opd., 1971 Am. Party Nat. Conven.,\\n1792; ChriBt Church Hospital, 201\\nNew Ironsides completed, 2171; Union\\nLeague Club fnd., 2172; Chestnut St.\\ntheater opd., 219 1 Sympathy Conven.,\\n2233; La Salle Coll. org. at, 2252 Even-\\ning Telegraph, 2292; Sanitary Fair opd.,\\n2352 Nat. Bank org., 2373 Savannah\\nrelief fund, 2423 Lincoln obsequies.\\n2473 Fenians meet, 2483 Saturday\\nNight, 250 3 Antoine Probst executed\\nEvening Star; Public Ledger, ,2522; Nat.\\nUnion Conven. of Conservatives opens,\\n2533 Conven. of Loyalists opens, 255 2\\nAmericus Club org., 2562 Meth. Home\\nfor Aged opd., 2563 explosion in saw-\\nmill, 2573 Am. Theater burned; Am.\\nNaturalist Magazine Baptist Quarterly\\nReview appears, 2583 new courthouse\\nopd., 2613 presents League Island to\\ngov t, 2621; Lippincott s Magazine, 2623;\\nmonument to Washington and Lafay-\\nette, 266i Nat. Labor Conven. meets,\\n2663 Chamber of Commerce dedicated,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1382.jp2"}, "1383": {"fulltext": "Phil-Phil.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDil\u00c2\u00bb.X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1371\\n2673, 2733; Knights of Labor org., 2691\\nexhibition of sand-blast, 2721 Public\\nRecord ,2702; Volunteer FireDept. abol-\\nished, 2723 Centennial Exhibition Act,\\n2732 paid fire department org., 2733\\nPresb. Hospital est., 2742; smallpox epi-\\ndemic, 2753 Orpheus Soc. org., 2701\\nPublic Building begun, 2761, 2S*i; Cen-\\ntennial Commission org., 2773 Lincoln\\nmonument, 27S Masonic Temple ded.,\\n2821 2841 Girard Avenue Bridge com-\\npleted, 284i Produce Exchange org.\\nCharley Ross stolen, 2S43; Cecilian Soc.\\norg., 2872 Moody and Sankey meetings,\\n2882; Dailtf Cut); Dailif Tiim-s issued;\\nPenn. Club org., 2883; Market St. Bridge\\nburns, 2893 museum aud school incor-\\nporated Acad, of Nat. Science opd.\\nSchool of Industrial Art est., 290 1 R. C.\\ndioceae erected, 2902 R. C. archiepisco-\\npal see, 2902; centennial year eel., 2911,\\n2923; Centennial Exhibition opd.,290i,\\n2913,2933; Am. Oath. Qnnrterh,; Spelling\\nReform Asso. org., 2922; Normal School\\nopd., 2923 Bapt. Orphanage fnd., 2943;\\nJefferson Medical College opd., 2962;\\nstorm, 2981 Soc. for Organizing Charity\\nfmd., 299*; telephone exchange opd.,\\n3001; A.D. 1880+; News issued, 3031;\\nCommittee of One Hundred org., 3043\\nGolden Days issued, 3063 Medico-Chi-\\nrurgical Coll. opens, 308 3 electric lights\\nintro., 3093 centennial of settlement,\\n3113; Ladies* Home Journal, 3143 Wm.\\nPenn s cottage rebuilt, 3153 carpet-\\nweavers strike, 319 1 Meth. Epis. Hos-\\npital est., 3203 Reform Charter by Bul-\\nlett Act, 3233 Nugent s Home fnd.,\\n3332; Centennial of signing Federal Con-\\nstitution, 3J73 R. R. accident, 3313\\nchurch for deaf mutes cons., 3362; sugar\\nrefinery est., 34P 3 4033; Johnstown Re-\\nlief Fund, 3522; Working Girls Society\\nConven., 3563 Bank of Am. suspends,\\n3573 Temple theater burned, 3253\\nStandard Oil Co. Trust, 3713 G-. W.\\nChilds s birthday eel., 3832 Spring Gar-\\nden Nat. Bank closes, 3833, 3351 Treas.\\nBardsley embezzlement, 385 1, 3871, 2;\\nKennedy embezzlement, 3851; Lord\\nHawkes s Cricket Team, 3923 Conven.\\nColl. presidents and professors Drexel\\nInst, ded., 3961 Nat. Acad, expedition,\\n40t)i; Anna P. Wilsbach s will, 4022;\\nremains of C. W. Riggin honored, 4121\\nrobbery,4163; city wells filled, 4173; r.r.\\ncollision, 4173, 4253, 4753 Social Guar-\\ndians assignment, 4173 electric cars\\nintro. police census, 4193 Peterson s\\nMagazine fnd., 4202; trolley system in-\\ntro. ,4293; garment-workers strike, 4323;\\nDrexel Art Gallery endowment, 4341;\\nEmma Goldman arrested, 4362; Liberty\\nBell returned, 4432; Conf. on Good City\\nGov t, 4502; Barney Sacks, suicide, 4583;\\nWorld s Fair Educational Exhibits se-\\ncured, 4602; Order of Tonti assignment,\\n4613; Orangemen attacked, 4643; Naval\\nReserve training, 4G8i Cornstock causes\\narrests, 4691 Adm. Benham s reception,\\n4721 McClellan statue, 474i fraudulent\\nLife Insurance scheme, 475 1\\nPhiladelphia, Tenn., action at, 227*.\\nand Erie R. R. opened, 2393.\\nPhilsetus flourishes, 6523t\\nPhilamount, Virginia, action at, 2143.\\nPhilander Smith College fnd., 2962.\\nPhilanthropic Cong, at Brussels, 544*.\\nSociety established, 9251\\nPhilemon, Epistle to, written, 1153\\nPhiletserus, art patron, 11482 fnds. king-\\ndom Pergamus reigns, 11491\\nPhilharmonic Society est., 9362 new so-\\nciety established, 9582.\\nPhilibert de Chalons, stadholder, 10992.\\nPhilidor, chess-player, wins, 9242,\\nPhilillovich, Joseph, 5322.\\nPhilip I., K. Castile, Aust., b.-d., 11263\\nmarriage, 5093; regent, 5412j co-rulei in\\nCastile, 11273; d., 5082.\\nI., Fr., b.-d., 6683, at war with Robert,\\n6681 excommunicatea in monastery;\\nchurch revenue for vices, 6683, 6692\\nreigns; deserts queen elopes with Ber-\\ntrande. 6692; d., 6693.\\nII. Augustus, Fr., b.-d., 6702 attacks\\nNormandy at war with King John\\ninvades Normandy, 6701 banishes Jews\\nexcommunicated in third crusade, 6703\\nmarries Ingeburge, 6712 j divorces her,\\n6353 reigns, 6712 war on Eng. mar-\\nries Agnes de Meranie seizes Touraine\\nd., 6713.\\nPhilip III., Fr., b.-d., 6722; patent of nobil-\\nity, 6731 reign6 d., 6732.\\nIV., Fr., b.-d., 6722 against money\\nlenders, 6731 marries; reigns, 6732; seizes\\npope; burns Ausculto Fili excom-\\nmunicated, 6733 d., 6723.\\nV., Fr., b.-d., 6722 reigns. 6733.\\nVI., Fr., b.-d., 6722 atCrecy; at Cas-\\nsel, 6741 reigns d., 6751\\n(Philippe), joint king, 6693.\\nIt., killed in Verona, 10661.\\n(Marcus Julius Philippus), reigns\\narmy revolts, 10671 Christianized, 10662;\\nrestores secular games in Rome, 10671\\nI. reigns in Macedonia, 1015 3\\nII., of Macedon, b.-d., 10231; se izes\\nPydnaand Potidrea conquers P:eonians\\nand lllyrians takes Amphipolis, 10223\\nreigns, 10233 captures Olynthus con-\\nquests war with Athens ends Sacred\\nWars; in Illyria, 10241; chosen leader,\\nenlarges kingdom; in Macedonian coun-\\ncil peace withAthenians; destroys cities\\nof Phocis war against in Byzantium\\ncampaign league against takes terri-\\ntory from Sparta grant to Athens de-\\nsigns of; assassinated, 10252.\\nIV., of Macedon, reigns d., 10271\\nV., of Macedon, b.-d., 10263; war with\\nRhodians war with Rome inElis sur-\\nprised by Valerius, 10262 aids Achaean\\nLeague reigns treaty with Hannibal\\nagainst Rome treaty with Antiochus\\nin Achaean League deserted by League\\nThrace ceded to peace with Romans\\nabandons cities war indemnity, 10273\\nrepulsed at Athens driven from Greece;\\nresigns possessions, 10543.\\nV., the Long; reigns Navarre, 11273.\\n1., Sp., b.-d., 11263 reigns d., 11273.\\nII., Sp., king; b.-d, 11282; reigns,\\n5411 2, H293 usnrps crown, 5533 ex-\\ntols massacre of St. Bartholomew, 6843;\\nthrones ceded to, 7932 i n Eng., 8713,\\n8732; commands Armada, 8761; marries\\nMary of Eng., 11293 erects Escurial,\\n11281; persecutes, 11291; enforces de-\\ncrees; 10983- K. of Two Sicilies, 10793\\nest. Inquisition, lo:i83 to suppress Prot-\\nestantism, 10983, 11291 succeeds father,\\n10992; conquers Port., 11101,2, 11293\\nIII., Sp., b.-d., 11282; reigns, 5413,\\n11292 K. of Two Sicilies, 10793 cedes\\nNeth. to Albert of Aust., 10993.\\nIV., Sp., king; b.-d., 11283; reigns,\\n5413; expels Fr., 6881 seizes pope, 10763;\\nK. of Two Sicilies, 10793 reigns in Sp.\\nand Portugal, 11102, 11293.\\nV., Sp., b.-d., 11283 claims Aust. in-\\nheritance, 515 2 heir of Sp.; reigns, 6953,\\n11281 11293 possessions in Neth., 6953;\\nat Saragossa, 6962 dethroned, 6972 re-\\nenthroned, 6973; enters Madrid, 904 1\\nK. of Two Sicilies, 10793 resigns, 11293.\\nreigns in Sweden, 11333.\\nIndian chief, war, 441\\nthe Arabian, reigns in Rome, 10293\\ncoregent murdered, 10671\\nof Burgundy, regent of Fr.; d., 6772.\\nthe Disciple, in Samaria, 11523.\\nthe Good, of Burg., enriches and\\ncorrupts church, 10983 reigns annexes\\nHoll. summons states general, 10992.\\nof Hesse, prisoner, 7901\\nthe Handsome, Count, rules Neth.,\\n10992 marries, 10991\\nCount of Flanders, marries, 5451\\nof Hohenstaufen, K., 7792, a.\\nof Nassau, at Lucca, 7821\\nthe Tetrarch, rebuilds CsesareaPhi-\\nlippi, 11512 dominion of, 11513.\\nDue d Orleans, b. 6883 regent, 6973\\nd., 6943\\nII., Due d Orleans, b., 6922; d., 6982.\\nCt. of Schauruburg-Lippe, 7972.\\nD. of Swabia, b.-d., 7782 K., 7792.\\nE. of Chesterfield, lord-lieut, 9113.\\nCharles, minister, 9592.\\nJohn W., capt. U. S. N., 336i\\nThomas, lord-lieut., 9512.\\nF., resigns treasury, 1911\\nPhiliphaugh, Scot., battle of, 8861\\nPhifippi fnd., 10233 battle of, 10281\\nW. Va., action at, 1961.\\nPhilippians, Epistle to, written, 11531\\nPhilippicus (Bardanes), reigns, 10331 as-\\nsassinated, 10323.\\nPhilippine Islands 1520, Aug. 7. A Span-\\nish expedition ol three ships under Ma-\\ngellan reaches Cebu it has already\\ndis. Mindanao. 1521, Apr. 25. Magellan\\nis mortally wounded in askinnish. [Apr.\\n27. Dies.] 1565, Apr. 27. A Spanish expe-\\ndition under Miguel Lopez de Legaspi,\\nhaving 400 men, including six Augustine\\nmonks, arrives at Cebu. 1570. Spaniards\\nunder Salcedo land near [Manila] the\\nnatives enter a treaty, and agree to sur-\\nrender their independence and pay trib-\\nute. [Batangas, Mindoro, and Panay\\nare soon subdued.] 1610. Serious earth-\\nquake. [1010, 1645, 1658, 1675, 1699, 1796,\\n1852, 1863 (400 people killed!, 1830, others.]\\n1622. Natives revolt against the tyr-\\nanny of Churcb and State. [1629 other\\nrevolts, 1649, 1660, 1744, 1825, 1827, 1844]\\n1761, Sept. 22. Brit, under Adm. Cor-\\nnish and Gen. Draper bombard Manila,\\n916i. [It falls.] 1765, Feb. 10. Peace of\\nParis it provides for the restoration of\\nManila to Spain. 1779. Jesuits expelled.\\n[1852. They return.] 1872. Formidable\\nrebellion at Cavity. [1896. Another re-\\nbellion.] 1898, May 1. Com. Dewey de-\\nstroys Sp. fleet at Manila. Islands ceded\\nto U. S. by Sp. Aguinaldo attacks Ams.\\nat Manila. Gen. Otis s campaign against\\nrevolting Tagals follows.\\nPhilippopolis, Rumelia, fnd., 10252 mis-\\nsion, 5653 meeting held, 5663 Alex,\\narrives, 5673 Ferdinand welcomed, 569 1\\ncaptured, 11642 revolution, 11593.\\nPhilippoteaux, Henri Emanuel Felix, b.,\\n7222 d., 7541\\nPhilippsburg, Ger.. surrenders, 6981;\\ntaken, 796 1, 7981.\\nPhilips, Ambrose, b. (1670+) d., 9122.\\nGen., gov. N. S., 5752.\\nJohn, b., 8942; d., 9022.\\nSir Robert, imprisoned, 8813.\\nSamuel, b.,683; d., 1102.\\nWilliam, b., 9191.\\nI liilipstown, Ire., fnd., 8732.\\nPhilistia, tribute to Assyria, 1145 1\\nPhilistines arise, Ger., 8152.\\nPhillbroke, Mary, rejected, 4622.\\nPhillimore, Sir Robert Joseph, b. (1810);\\njudge-adv.-gen., 9772 d. (1885).\\nPhillip, Capt. Arthur, settlement, Aus-\\ntralia, 4943 gov. resigns, 4951\\nCt. d Evreux, reigns in Navarre, 11273\\nPhillips, Beniamin Samuel, lord mayor,\\n9691 visits Belgium, 5451\\nAdelaide, b., 1421 appears, 1781 d.,\\n3102.\\nAmbrose, b., 8922.\\nC, cons, bp., 10102.\\nGeorge S., d., 3341\\nJohn, b.,582; d., 1061.\\nb., 9302 d. (1874)\\nJudge, Kan., injunction, 3643.\\nMiss, at Peace Jubilee, 2661\\nPhilip, b., 1422.\\nT., fire-annihilator inv., 9542.\\nThos. W.,b., 1442; pres. conven., 3742.\\nWatts, b., 9442 d. (1874).\\nWendell, b., 1163 antislavery advo-\\ncate, 1491 nom. for gov., 2713 d.,3162,\\nWm., b. (1731) gen. at Petersburg,\\n941 d. (1781).\\nWirt, moderator, 1462 d., 2452.\\nPhillipsburgh, Mo., R. R. wreck, 4173.\\nN. J., Bessemer process nmf., 1801;\\nsilk-workers attack, 4503,\\nPhillpotts, Henry, b. (1777 or 1778); elected\\nbp.,9423; d. (1869).\\nPhilo Judseus, b.-d., 11502.\\nPublius, laws of, 10532.\\nPhilobiblon Society instituted, 9583.\\nPhilological Asso., Am., 3431 3622, 3862.\\nSoc.,inst.,932? useof Volapuk,9963.\\nPhilologists, Cong, of, opens in Phila., 4781\\nPhilomath, College, Ore., org., 2623.\\nPhilomel, Muscat, 4881.\\nPhilomela, asteroid, discovered, 3001\\nPhilomelus in Sacred War, 10241\\nPhilo Parsons seized, 5813.\\nPhilopcemen, b.-d., 10263 invades Elis\\nat Man tinea, 10262 gen. Achrean League;\\nabrogates Lycurgus laws Philip V. re-\\nceives, 10273 defeated; executed, 10263.\\nPhilosophia. asteroid, discovered, 7521-\\nPhilosophical lamp constructed, 812 1\\nMagazine issued, 929 1", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1383.jp2"}, "1384": {"fulltext": "1372\\nText Figures denote Page. INDl^yv. Superior Figures indicate Coiim\\nPhil-Pine.\\nPhilosophical, Soc, Am., fnd., 651, 67\\npublications, 761 anniversary, 1541.\\nG. B., 9221, 9382, 9391, 9503.\\nof Aus., fnd., 4941\\nTransactions issued, 891 1\\nPhilosophy, Am. Inst. Christian, 3642, 410*.\\nrevives, Arabia, 4862.\\nschool of, Gr., 10163.\\nPhilostratus, b.-d., 10283.\\nPhi lotus killed, 1025\\nPhilpot, John, clergyman, 8703.\\nPhilpott, Henry, bp., 9583 d., 10062.\\nPhineas, high-priest, 11411 kills, 11412.\\nPhinney, Ellen J., pres. Union, 3943.\\nPhipps, Sir Constantine, lord chanc, 9052.\\nConstantino Henry, Marq. of Nor-\\nmandy, b., 9283 d. (1863).\\nJohn, Barn n M ulgrave, b., 9103; N.W.\\npassage, 9182 d., 9262.\\nPhips, Spencer, gov. Mass., 672, 713.\\nSir William, b., 38i at Port Royal\\nat Quebec fleet wrecked, 501 erects\\nFort William Henry, 521 1692; gov.\\nMass., 532; d., 522.\\nPlwcma, asteroid, discovered. 7321.\\nPhocas, emperor, b.-d. ,10303; reigns, 10313;\\nkilled, 10302.\\nPhocion, b.-d., 10231 forces Philip to\\nraise siege, 10241; executed, 10253.\\nPluebe captures Essex, 1221\\nPhrebidas in Thebes, 10222.\\nPhcecus, inv. statue casting, 10142.\\nPhiedra, asteroid, discovered, 2961.\\nPli cnix makes first trip, 1141.\\nburns, 1633.\\nClubs formed, 9631\\nPark assassins betrayed trials, 991 1\\nPhenixville, Pa., bone-cave dis., 2721.\\nPhonetic Society formed, 9521\\nPhonograph projected, 9121; announced,\\n2961 improved by Bidwell, 3021 inv.\\nby T. A. Edison, 3281 improved, 3301\\nadapted to water-motor, 3741\\nPhonography suggested, 763, 9122.\\nPhoroneus, king, intro. sacrifices, 10131.\\nPhosphor-bronze, invented, 5441.\\nPhosphorus discovered, 7962.\\nPkosporus, newspaper, issued, 11362.\\nPhotms, b., 10322; patriarch; deposed;\\nrestored; writings; d., 10323.\\nPhotogalvanography, specimens of, 7241\\nPhotoglyphic engraving process, 9621.\\nPhotograph, negative, multiplying, 9501.\\nPhotographers, amateurs meet, 3723.\\nAssociation meets, 3662, 3882, 5883.\\nPhotographic Society est., 9582.\\nPhotographs, produced, 9302; made on pa-\\nper, 9481 ignited magnesium used, 968 1\\nPhotography, ammonia used in, 2171 sub-\\ncarbonate of soda, 9332; collodion pro-\\ncess dis., 9562; tannin process, 9642.\\nPhotoheliograph used, 2701 erected, 9621\\nPhoto-lithography introduced, 1861.\\nPhotophone invented, 2982.\\nPhraates restores Roman prisoners, 10603.\\nPhra Naret, in Ayuthia in Pegu, 11241\\nPhraortes, subdued, 11442; reigns; k., 11453.\\nPhrenology, lectures, Aust.-Hung., 519i\\nPhthia, asteroid, discovered, 2981\\nPhylloxera Cong, at Bordeaux, 7521;\\nchecked, 7553 affects grape-vines, 11113.\\nPhyrnon, commander killed, 10161.\\nPhysic gardens, first planted, 8721\\nPhysical Society org., London, 9781\\nPhysician, first royal, Eug., 849 2\\nPhysicians exempted as jurors, 8662.\\nand Surgeons, Am., Cong., 3923, 4601.\\nCollege, opens, 3223.\\nPhysick, Philip Syng, b. (17681 d., 1482.\\nPhythian, Robert L., commodore, 4561.\\nPiacenza, It., battle at, 7001 Cathedral\\nof San Sisto cons.; church council, 10743;\\nunder Scotti Univ. of Pavia est., 10752,\\n10772; united with States of Church,\\n10S13; ceded to Sp., 10852; given to\\nMaria Louisa, 10871.\\nPiankhi conquers Egv., 6501 reigns, 6511\\nPiano first made in England. 9161 model\\nof, 7982 inv., 10822 standard pitch,\\n3921; cabinet, patented, 9342.\\nPianori, attempts assassination, 7331.\\nPiastus, Duke of Poland, 11132.\\nPiatt, Donn, b., 1362- Gen. George H.\\nThomas, 4482; d., 3941.\\nJohn James, b. (1835) work, 2771\\n.Mrs.(S.M.Bryan ,b.ll836 ;Poe\u00c2\u00bb!s,277i.\\nPiau, effects of lightning, 5341\\nPiazzi, Giuseppe, b., 10842; discovers\\nplanet, 10841 d., 10862.\\nPicard, Jean, b., 6862; measures earth,\\n6922; d., 6923.\\nLouis Benoit, b., 7042; d., 7243.\\nJoseph Ernest, b., 7241; minis-\\nter, 7412, 7451; defense com., 7433; im-\\npeached, 7452; d., 7502.\\nPicardy, Fr., invaded, 6881 war in, 6901\\nPicart, Bernard, b., 6922; d., 6983.\\nClaude, missionary, 362.\\nPiccini, Niccolo, b.; La Luona Figliuola,\\n10841 d., 1084\u00c2\u00bb.\\nPiccolomini, Ales., b. (1550+) d., 10811\\nroyal adviser, 7853.\\nMaria, b (1836) in N. T., 1841\\nOttavio, Gen., b., 5102; at Leipsic,\\n7961 d., 5123.\\nPicenum, It., Rome conquers, 10522; Han-\\nnibal occupies, 10541\\nPichegru, Charles, b., 7023; at Turgoing\\nin Belgium, 710 1; at Mannheim, 710 2\\ntransported, 7132 arrested, 7153 defeats\\nAust., 8061; conquers Neth., 11002;\\nstrangled, 7153.\\nPiehineha, Mount Equa. battle on, 6431\\nPichler, Madame (Caroline von Greiner),\\nb., 8031 d., 8162.\\nPiekawillanv, U., post destroyed, 681.\\nPickens, Col. Andrew, b.,642; in Ga.,901,\\n943 fights Tories, 931 in Cherokee\\ncountry, 943; gov. S. C, 1252; d., 1262.\\nFrancis W., b., 1141 gov. S. C, 1892,\\n1903; on paving debts, 1971 d., 2641\\nIsrael, b. (1780) gov., 1293; d., 1342.\\nPickering, Charles, b. (1805) d., 2982.\\nJohn, b., 891 d., 1602.\\nTim., b., 662; sec. state, 1072; d., 1362.\\nWilliam, gov. Washington, 2032.\\nPickersgill, Frederick Richard, b., 9402.\\nLieut., in Arctic regions, 5762.\\nPickett, Geo. Edward, b., 1322; ;l t Gettys-\\nburg, 2241 at New Berne, 2301 drives\\nSheridan back at Five Forks, 2-143;\\npresented flag, 3401 d., 2881\\nPicking, Henry F., captain U. S. N., 3341\\nPickler, John A., b., 1562.\\nHenry L., d., 2191\\nPico, Giovanni, Ct.of Miiandola,b.-d.,1783.\\nPio, gov. Cal., 1412, 1611 d., 4701\\nI icot, Georges Marie Kene, b., 7282.\\nPicou, Henri Pierre, b., 7242.\\nPictou, N. S., Standard issued, 5811.\\nPicts settle in Scot., 8393 invade Brit.,\\n7693, 8401, 8412.\\nPidjam, Kashgarians expelled, 6221\\nPiedmont, It.,Fr. dei eated,. r 14 Fr. enter,\\n5241; annexed to Fr., 7153; dispute, 7913;\\nacquired, 10793; Sardinia gets, 10871\\nVa., Confederates defeated, 2342.\\nPiedmontaise surrenders, 9341.\\nPiepowder Court, Eng., 8652.\\nPierce, Aratus F., trial acquitted, 2772.\\nBunj., b. (1757) gov., 1353; d. (1839).\\nFranklin, b., 1122; M. C, 1412; mar-\\nries signs Delavan declaration, 1451\\nnom. for pres., 1711; vote, 1712, 1732;\\ninaugurated, 1732; opens Crystal Palace\\ninaug. Washington Aqueduct, 1733; signs\\nKansas-Nebraska Bill vetoes Miss l ix\\nBill, 1751 receives Father Vijil recog-\\nnizes proslavery legislature, 179 2 recog-\\nnizes filibuster Walker; again candi-\\ndate, 1803; speech at Concord, 2252;\\nmonetary proclamation, 6331; d., 2681\\nBrig.^Gen., at Big Bethel, Va., 1961\\nCapt. Geo., wins rifle prize, 9741\\nFoster, b., 1163; eons, bp., 1762;\\nd. (1884).\\nGilbert A., inaug. gov. Dak., 3193.\\nHenry Niles, b. (1820) bishop, 2683.\\nJohn, land patent, 303, 311\\nMr., Almanac, 343, 351.\\nChristian College, Cal., org., 2763.\\nCity College, Mo., founded, 3063.\\nPiercy, Mr., mission at Canton, 6191\\nPierola, Nicolas de, b., 11082; flees, 6063;\\nleader at Sorota, 11081\\nPierpont, Francis H.,gov. W. Va., 1923,\\n2033, 2413, 2473.\\nJohn, b., 962; d., 2521\\nPierre, S. Dak., first legislature org.,3472;\\ncapital city, 3473.\\nUniversity, S. Dak., org., 3143.\\nPierrepont, Edwards, b., 1262 minister,\\ntoG. B.,2913 d., 4021.\\nPierretta, asteroid, discovered, 7601.\\nPierrot, president of Haiti, 10402.\\nPierson, Abraham, b. (1648) among In-\\ndians, 403; est. church in Newark, 422\\nrector of Yale College, 543 d. (1707).\\nPierson, Henry R., d., 3501\\n1 ieta Station, Cal., stage robberies, 4723.\\nPiete, Monts de, regulated by law, 7303.\\nPietermaritzburg, Natal, reinforcements\\narrive, 6002 mission, 5983, 5991 9722.\\nPietists founded, 7983.\\nPietro I., independence est., 1097 2\\nII., rules, 10972.\\nSt., da Verona, murdered, 10773.\\nPigalle, Jean Baptiste, b., 6963 d., 7001\\nPigault-Lebrun, Charles Antoine Guil-\\nlaume, b., 7011; d., 7262.\\nPigeon Bill, Indian desperado, 4223.\\nPigeon shooting prohibited, 9932.\\nPignerol (or Pinerol), It., fortress of, 688\\n1 ignotti, Lorenzo, b., 10842 d., 10851.\\nPigott, Lord, governor, 10453.\\n.Richard, punished for libel, 9711;\\nforger; suicide of, 10003.\\nPigtail, Chinese adopt, 6151.\\nPig Tin Bill, passes Senate, 4252.\\nPike, Albert, Gen., b., 1162 assaults\\nYork, 1202; at Pete Ridge, 2042; d., 3801\\nCollege (non-sect.), Bowling Green,\\nMo., organized (1881).\\nMary Hayden Green, b., 1342.\\nZeb. Montgomery, b., 912; d., 1211\\nPike s Peak sighted, 1561 gold dis., 1841\\nR. R. completed, 3713; Inclined Railway\\n3873 forest reserve, 4013 snow, 4601\\nPiketon, Ivy., Confederates defeated, 2002;\\naction at, 2151\\nPilate, Pontius, procurator, 11513 gives\\nup Jesus of Nazareth, 10623 d., 10622.\\nPilcamai/o joins insurgents, 608 2\\nPile, Wm. A., b. (1829) gov. N. Mex., 2693.\\nPiles, Roger de, b., 6882; d., 6963.\\nPilgrim Fathers monument, Mass., 3422.\\nUnited Order statistics, 3422.\\nPilgrimage of Grace insurrection,868i, 2, 3.\\nI ilgrimage to Parnassus acted, 8771.\\nPilgrimages, popular, Fr., 7482.\\nPilgrims, Am., to Home. 2S42, 3362.\\nin New England. (See text, p. 29+.)\\nquarantined, 4K..X3, 7622.\\nPilgrim s Progress in Portuguese, 11101.\\nPilitz, Karl von, Gennanicus, 8281\\nPilkington, Sheriff, trial of, 8971\\nPillnitz. Ger., rulers meet, 5192 declara-\\ntion of, 7091 treaty of, 8053.\\nPillory, set up, 531 abolished, 1111 rec-\\nognized, Eng., 8543, 873\\nPillow, Gen., at Chapultepec, 1622; occu-\\npies Columbus, 1982 at Ft. Donelson,\\n2041; at Lafayette, 2351\\nGideon Johnson, b. (1806) d., 2982.\\nPillsbury, Amos, b. (1805) d., 2821\\nGilbert, d., 4201\\nJohn S., gov. Minn., 2951 gift, 3383.\\nPilmoor, Joseph, in Phila., 762; missionary,\\n9191 d. (1821).\\nPilot Knob, Mo., Confeds. defeated, 23S2.\\nPilot) Karl Theodor, b., 8123; d., 8321\\nPilsen, Bohemia, defeat at, 7941 collision\\nwith troops, 5331 explosion, 5381 3.\\nPinchback, Pinekney Benton Stewart, b.\\n(18371 lieut.-gov. La., 2752 holds con-\\nven., 2791 nom. for Cong., for gov. La.,\\n2792; at Colored Men s Conven., 3523.\\nPinekney, Charles, b., 71i; governor S.C.,\\n1013, 1073, 1161 d. (1824).\\nCotesworth, b., 662; treaty of\\nSan Lorenzo, 1071 minister to Fr., 1072,\\nelectoral vote, 1073 1112, 1132, 1153\\ntreaty with Great Brit., 1151 d., 1322.\\nHenry Laurens, b. (1749) memorials\\nrefused, 1471 d. (1863).\\nThomas, b., 662 minister to Eng.,\\n1032 electoral vote, 1073 d., 1362.\\nPinckney s Island, action at, 2121\\nPindar, b.-d., 10162 Epinicia, 10171\\nhouse of. saved. 10241 10251\\nPindarees, war with, 10461\\nPine, Sir Benj. C. C, gov., 4982,3, 6012.\\nBarren Creek, Ala., action at, 2442.\\nBluff, Ark., action at, 2271 supply\\ntrain captured, 2321\\nGrove Township, Pa., fire, 3833.\\nLake, N. Y., ice breaks, 3353.\\nMountain, Ga., Johnston evacuates,\\nGen. Polk k. Sherman occupies, 2342.\\nRidge, S. Dak., outbreak anticipated,\\n3701 Gen. Miles at; Gen. Brook relieved;\\nIndian outbreak officers appointed .as\\nIndian agents Indians surrender, 3741\\nPineda, in Mississippi, 183.\\nPinel, Philippe, b., 7003 treats lunatics,\\n7081 d., 7243.\\nPinerolo, pacification of, 8892.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1384.jp2"}, "1385": {"fulltext": "Pine-Plas.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDl^X. Superior Figures indicate Column,\\n1373\\nPinetown, mission, 5983.\\nPing Quen, waterspout, 6241\\nPingree, Samuel Everett, b. (1832) gover-\\nnor Vt., 3193.\\nPingti enthroned, 6113.\\nPing Wang enthroned, 6112.\\nPing-yang, mission, 6223; battle at, 6262\\nflooded, 10921.\\nPinillos, Juan, governor, 6303,\\nPinkerton, Allan, b. (1819) d., 3162.\\nJohn, b., 9143 d., 9423.\\nRob. A., defeated, 4102 testifies ,419 2.\\nsystem investigation, 4192.\\nPinkham, W. C, cons, bishop, 9962.\\nPinkie, battle of, 870\\nPinkney, William, b., 74i atty. -general,\\n1213; d., 1302.\\nb. (1810) bishop, 2702; d. (1S83).\\nPino, Joaquin del, b. (1730+) governor\\nChile, 6053 d. (1804).\\nPins, mnf., Am., 1182 1441 8681 solid\\nheads mnf., 150i inv., Fr., 7822 intro.,\\nEng., 8681 mfd. by machinery, 942*\\nPinsker, Simcha, b., 5191 d., 5262.\\nPinta, voyage at Teneriffe, 13 1.\\nleaves Havana, 6343.\\nPintard, John, b. (1759) d., 1562.\\nPinto, Francisco, Anibal, pres., 607 1 ,2.\\nFernSo Mendez, b.-d., 11092; visits\\nJapan, 10911.\\nSerpa. (See Serpa Pinto.)\\nPintos, Gen., governor Argentine, 4911\\nPinzo, Alonzo, false cry of land, 13*.\\nPinzon, Martin Alonzo, b.-d., 11263.\\nVincente Yafiez, b.-d., 11263 dis-\\ncovers Brazil, 15 1 discoveries, 163.\\nPiombo, Sebastiano del, b., 10783 paints\\nHoly Family, 10801 d., 10S03.\\nPioneer launched, 10943.\\nPio Nono, R. C. Coll. org., Ga., 2922.\\nPico, governor Cal. 1412, 1611\\nPiorry, Pierre Adolphe, b., 7102 d., 752i\\nPiozzi, Mrs. (Hester Lynch Salisbury, also\\nMrs. Thrale), b., 9103 d. (1821).\\nPipe-Roll Society founded, 992.3.\\nPiracicaba, girls school, 556 3\\nPiracy, in West Indies, 1312 suppressed,\\nChina, 4821, 3; in Borneo, 5512 pun-\\nished, 551i, 2 suppresses Roman com-\\nmerce, 10591 in Tripoli, 11382.\\nPiroBus, Gr., harbor 10181 fortifications,\\n10183; seized, 10221; invaded, 10222.\\nPirates subsidized, Algiers, 91; famous,\\n93 D. Porter, subdues, 1301 in S. C,\\n581 in China, 6181 beheaded, 6251 dep-\\nredations of atNicoya; sack Begasces,\\nG302 at Tongking, 4321 7621 7661 war\\nof, 10581; org. community, 10583; in\\nMorocco, 10972 on board Jacob, 11331\\nPirie, John, lord mayor London, 9492.\\nPirkheimer, Willibald, work, 789=.\\nPirraasens, Bavaria, Fr. defeat, 7101 ,8061\\nPima, Saxony, battle of, 8021\\nPirogof, Nicholas, b., 11163; d., 11182.\\nPiron, Alexis, b., 6942 Metromanie, 7012;\\nd., 7042.\\nPirot, Servia, retreat to occupied, 5662.\\nPirua dynasty begins falls, ll 3\\nPisa, It.,fud., 10511 independent, 10733\\ncathedral begun war with Genoa,\\n10741 campanile begun, 10742 impor-\\ntant city,10752; enriched possesses Sar-\\ndinia, 10753 war with Florence fleet\\ndestroyed, 10761 admits invaders, 17821\\nnaval power declines charters univ.,\\n10772; besieged, 10781 La Spienza com-\\nmenced, 10782; Council of, 5063, 78G3,\\n10791 ruled by Florence subject to Vis-\\nconti, 1079 2 independent, 10793; Univ.\\nfnd., 1077 2 TJniv. revived, 10812; Council\\nof, 10811; loses independence, 10813;\\ntreaty of, 6913 Giomale issued, 10852.\\nPisagua blockaded, 6062; bombarded,6062,\\n6082 revolt, 608 1 naval engagement,\\noccupied, 6082; cruelties, 6092.\\nPisan, Christine, de. (See Christine.)\\nPisander killed, 10222.\\nPisano, Andrea, b.-d., 10762.\\nNiccolo, b.-d., 10742.\\nPisaus conquers Corsica, 6661\\nPiscataqua, N. J., Anabaptists at, 502.\\nPisistratue, b.-d., 10162 defeats Atheni-\\nans, 10161 fnds. library, 10163; rules; 3d\\ntyranny, 10172; in Persian army, 1018 1\\nPiski, battle at, 5221.\\nPiso, Calpurnius Lucius, consul, 10592\\nconspiracy, 10633; gov. Syria, 1151 3\\nPistol, revolving, patented, 144i\\nPiBtols used, 8681.\\nPistoria, or Pistoia, It., action at, 1058 2\\nPitard, Jean, fraternity of surgeons, 6721\\nPitcairn, Archibald, b., 8882 d., 9042.\\nPitcairn s Island, mutiny at, 924\\nPitch for concert singing, London, 9721\\npiano standard, 3921\\nPitcher, Nathaniel, b. (1777) governor\\nN. Y., 1372; d. (1836).\\nPitezel, Carrie, insurance fraud., 475 1\\nPithou, Pierre, b., 6803 d., 6842.\\nPitkin, Colo., ore discoveries, 412\\nFred. Walker, b. (1837) gov., 3033.\\nJohn R. C, envoys, 3512.\\nTimothy, b., 741 d. (1847).\\nPitkins, William, governor Conn., 753.\\nPitman Sir Isaac, b., 9363.\\nJohn, commissioned major, 4561\\nPitra, Jean Baptiste, b., 7192 d., 7582.\\nPitt, William, b., 9022 treas. fur lie., 9113\\nin Newcastle ministry, 713 dismissed,\\n915 2 conquest of Can., 703; sec. state,\\n915 a resigns pensioned wife s peer-\\nage, 9153; created E. of Chatham prime\\nminister, 9173; on Stamp Act, 752; con-\\nciliation motion, 79 3 commends colo-\\nnists,81i,inParl.,83i last appear e, 893.\\nthe younger, b., 9143; chancellor;\\nL. admiralty reform motion defeated,\\n9232; premier, 9233,9332; helps loyalists\\nin Am., 1003; i n duel, 9272; resigns for\\nrepeal, 9312; d., 9323; statue, 944i\\nPittacus, b.-d., 10142; one of Seven Sages,\\n10163 reigns, 10161 overthrows Ma-\\nlanchus, 10171 tyrant, 10172.\\nPittman s Ferry, Mo., action at, 2143.\\nPitt-Rivers, Gen., ancient weapons, 9961\\nPittsburg passes Island No. 10, 206 1.\\nPittsburg, Pa., named, 703; settled, 752\\nlaid out, 973; p. Gazette, 99 1 1003; first\\nSunday-school fmd., 1163 steamboat\\nleaves for N.O., 1173; earthquake roll-\\ning mill, 1182 Western Univ. of Pa.\\norg., 1283 damask table linen mnf.,\\n136i connected with Phila., 1393 R.c.\\ndiocese est., 1563; Holy Cross Coll. fnd.,\\n1571 Alleghany Cemetery est., 159 3\\nfire, 1593,4213, 4353,4432; Evan. Luth.\\nsynod org., 1603 Free-Soil Party Con-\\nven., 1712; p. Female Coll. fnd., 1763;\\nUnited Presb. Church of Am. fmd. ,1842;\\nR. R. to Chicago, 1873; protected against\\nConfederates, 2223; Soldiers and Sailors\\nConven., 225 2 Branch of Sanitary Com-\\nmission org., 2292 Commercial Gazette,\\n2412 Prot. Epis. diocese of, est., 2502\\ngen. synod Evan. Luth. org., 2543 Ho-\\nmeopathic Hospital est., 2551 Nat. Con-\\nven. of Citizens, Soldiers, and Sailors,\\n2552; p. Leader, 2722; flood, 2841, 2863;\\nSheridan s troops at, 2961 great labor\\nstrike Nat. Stockman and Farmer,\\n296 a order restored, 296 1 strikers\\nriots, 2971; strike ties up railroad, 2973;\\nMozart Club org., 2981 Daily Times fnd.,\\n3023 strike, 3103 315 1 Free Meth. Conf\\nfmd., 3122; HolyGhost Rom. Cath. Coll.\\nest., 3123; Press issued, 3143 Exposi-\\ntion buildings burn, 3153 Union Vet-\\neran Legion org., 317i natural gas used,\\n3181; R.C. school dedicated, 3362; land-\\nslide, 338i Kate Drexel, a sister of\\nMercy, 33S3 3522 Commercial Gazette,\\n2412 breweries controlled, 3433 Car\\nnegie s free library, 3463, 3522, 3953;\\nSister Alphonse decision announced,\\n3482 public library, 3522; public hos-\\npital bequeathed, 3523 boltmakers\\nstrike, 3551; street railway franchises,\\n3553; gas well dis., 356i,368i; employ-\\nees federation unrecognized,3563; brake-\\nmen strike, 3611 iron-works shut down,\\n3733; grip, 3813; Cambria Iron Co., stores\\nsold,3873; carpentersstrike,387i oil-well\\nopd., 3921 general strike, 3931 Butler\\noil-well burns, 3941 Senator Quay s libel\\nsuit, 3943, 4002 free library gift, 3983;\\nSunday newspaper selling, fines, 399 1;\\nsupt. police poisoned, 4043 strike set-\\ntled, 4123 puddlers strike, 4142 raid\\non disorderly houses, 4183 gas explo-\\nsion, 4213 plate-glass factories close,\\n4352; iron-mills resume work,4373; fire-\\nbug, 4343; striking miners trial, 4503;\\nWightman robbery, 463 1 G. A. R. en\\ncampment, 4703 Italian bankers ab-\\nscond, 4711; car-lines consolidate, 4773\\nLanding, Tenn., action at, 2042, 2061\\nGrant at, 205 1 Buell at, 206 1 Pope joins\\nHalleck, 2063.\\nPittsburg and Western R. R. strike, 3763.\\nPittsfield, Mass., summer frost at, 1661\\nPittston, Pa., earthquake, 3321.\\nPiturine extracted, 4981.\\nPius I., St., biyhop at Home, 10623.\\nII., b. (14051; pope, 10791 d. (1464).\\nIII., b.-d., 10783; pope, 10791.\\nIV., b., 10791 journey to Vienna,517l\\npope, 10812; d., 10803.\\nV., b., 10802; pope, 10812; d., 1081 1.\\nVI., pope, b., 10831; enip. controls,\\n5173; elected pope, 1085 prisoner of\\nFr., 7131,3 plea for church, 805 1 de-\\nposed, 10851; d., 10843.\\nVII., b., 10842; pope, 1083; Fr. soldiers\\ncapture, 619 2 deposed, 7192; prisoner,\\n7193; excommunicates Napoleon, 10851;\\nreigns, 10851 10863 reest. Inquisition\\nrestores Jesuits opposes Freemasons\\nannuls innovations edict against Bible\\nsocieties, 10863 d., 10862.\\nVIII., b., 10842; pope, 10863; d., 10862.\\nIX., b., 10843 pope, 10863 doctrine\\nof Immaculate Conception est. hier-\\narchy in Eng.; reforms religious bodies\\nlegislative power, 10S63; prohibits Vncle\\nTom s Cabin, 10871; reforms instituted,\\n10872; power restored, 10873; against\\nrebellious subjects, 1088 2 condemns\\nFenians in St. Peter s, 10883 issues\\nSyllabus of Errors, 9663, 10883 jubilee\\neel., 10883; allocution against Fr. and\\nSardinia, 10891 sovereignty, 7382; ex-\\ncommunicates subjects, 10891; refuses\\ncompromise, 10893 gift of relics, 3881\\nend of temporal power; jubilee, 10883;\\nletter, 5283; d., 10882.\\nPixley, Annie, d., 1781.\\nMr., obtains prize, 9621\\nPizarro, Hernando, d., 242.\\nFrancisco, b.-d., 11263 in Panama,\\n173 asks aid from Sp. capitulation\\nwith Sp. crown, 182 conquest of Peru,\\nI82 sent to Sp., 20i brothers confine-\\nment, 202; cruelty to natives* returns to\\nAm., 212 in Lima submits, 232 boun-\\ndary dispute, 605 1; executes Atahualpa,\\n644i assassinated, 221\\nGonzalo, in Ecu., 21 1 rebels, 23 1\\ncommands Quito, 213; executed, 221.\\nPadre Juan, Indians kill, 6301.\\nPizigana, map of Atlantic, 121\\nPlace, C. P., cons, cardinal priest, 7382.\\nPlacentia [Piacenza], frontier fortress\\nest., 10531 f n d., 10533 attacked, 10543\\nunited with Milan, 10773; revolts, 10792;\\nunited with Parma, 10813; taken, 10841\\na capital, 11031.\\nPlaeeta, insurgents defeated, 6322.\\nPlacide, Henry, b. (1799) d., 2682.\\nPlacidia, Galla, b. (388 0; regent, 10711;\\nmarries Atawulf, 10713; d. (450+).\\nPlafzburg eiiirenders, 7431\\nPlague at Hong-Kong, 6273+; in Egy.,\\n6533, 6573; in Gr., 10313; in F r 68 92 in\\nG. Brit., S413, 8593, 8613, 8653, 8673.\\nPbiguee, ten, 11403.\\nPtainfield, Ind., reform school opd., 2611.\\nN. J., railway accident, 3973.\\nPlains, Pa., prize-rights stopped, 4062.\\nof Abraham, battle of, 5743.\\nPlaisted, Harris Merrill, b. (1828) gov.\\nMe., 3093.\\nPlaistow, Royal Victoria docks opd., 9602.\\nJ lan of Iguala issued, 1095 2\\nPlanch^, James Robinson, b., 9283 d.,\\n9861.\\nJean Baptiste G., b., 7171 d., 7322.\\nPlanck, Gottlieb Jakob, b., 8022; d., 8142.\\nHeinrich Ludwig. b., 8042; d., 8142.\\nPlane charts used, 10781\\nPlaner, Johann Jacob, b., 8003; d., 8043.\\nPlanetarium constructed, 9322.\\nPlanetary orbits, stability proven, 7041\\nPlanets, minor. (See Asteroids.)\\nPlaning-machine,mtroduced;constructed,\\n1361,9302,9421.\\nPlankington, Elizabeth, gift, 3201\\nPlanquette, Robert, b., 7302.\\nPlans of defense sold, Fr., 7631\\nPlantagenet, John, D. of Bedford, b.\\n(1389) regent d. (1435) statue, 9343.\\nGeoffry. (See Geoffrey.)\\nHenry, in Eng., 8511\\nHouse reigns, 851 1\\nRich., D. of York, b. (1377) d., 8641\\nPlanter runs out of Charleston, 2072.\\nPlatinum tinder invented, 7822.\\nPlass, Bohemia, fire at, 53S 3", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1385.jp2"}, "1386": {"fulltext": "1374\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN DJl,A.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nPlas-Poll.\\nPlassey, Bengal, action at, 9141\\nPlata, explorations, 4892.\\nPlataea, Gr. T under Athens, 10173 battle\\nof; destroyed, 101X2 attacked siege of,\\n10201; rebuilt, 10233.\\nPlate Act passes, Eng. ,9133; repealed,9213.\\nAssay Office established, 9182.\\nGlass Company established, 9182.\\nprohibited in Eng., 9011\\nPlateau, Joseph Antoine Ferdinand, b.,\\n5423; d.,5461.\\nPlaten, August, b. 1 1 700) works, 8132 d.\\n(1835).\\nPlato, b.-d., 10211; definition of virtue,\\n10163; teachings of, 10211; flourishes,\\n10212 f nds. aead.; composes dialogues,\\n10231 mentions Atlantis, 112.\\nPlaton, Lefshin (Leffsehin), b.-d., 11143.\\nPlatonic theology extinct, 10163.\\nPiatt, Carpenter^ gov. Mont., 3193.\\nOrville H., b., 1342 on Idaho admis-\\nsion, 3491 on closure, 4391\\nThomas Collier, b., 1421; removed\\nfrom office, 34S3 senator resigns,\\n3073.\\nPlatte City, Mo., action at, 2002.\\nCo. Defense Asso. meets, 1743.\\nAnson R. Graves, cons, bp., 3502.\\nPlatte s Bridge Station, Indians at, 2481\\nPlatteville, Wis., normal school opd., 2543.\\nPlattsburg, Mo., action at, 2002.\\nN. Y., northern army at, 1182 Brit.\\ntake, 1203; Brit, attack Macomb with-\\ndraws battle at, 1222 R. c. summer\\nschool, 4342, 4642.\\nPlautus, Marcus Accius, b.-d., 10531;\\nworks of, 10552.\\nPlayfair, Baron, title created, 10083.\\nJohn, b., 9122; d., 9383.\\nLyon, postmaster-gen., 9792.\\nPlayitas, Lopez invades 6321.\\nPlays in streets, 8541 religious, 8542.\\nPleasant Hill, La., Gen. Banks at Taylor\\nrepulsed, 231 1\\nPleasonton, Alfred, b., 1321 a t Shepherds-\\ntown, 2141; at Aldie; at Brandy Station,\\n2223; at Middb-burg, 2231; at Gettys-\\nburg, 2241 at Mine Creek. 238 1\\nPleasants, James, b., 76i gov. ,1313; d., 1462.\\nPleasantville.N.Y., wreck attempted, 3971\\nPlebeian games instituted, 10531\\nPlebeians, lands granted to in office,\\n10511 position of, 10503.\\nPleiade, La, org. in Fr.; founders of, 6811\\nPlessis, Joseph Octave, b., 5781; cons.,\\n5771 archbp., 57S2.\\nPlevna, occupied, 5651 ,2; fighting; Osman\\nPasha at; siege of, 5652; supplies in-\\nvested surrendered, 506 1 riots, 5682.\\nPleydelle-Bouverie, Edward, b., 10021.\\nPleyel, Ignaz, b., 8023; d., 8142.\\nPlimsoll, Samuel, 1). (1824) work, 9783.\\nPliny (Caius Plinius Ciecilius Secundus),\\nb.-d., 10(1^3; account of Christians, 1042;\\nNat. History, 10631; questor of Anda-\\nlusia, 10633; is legate, 11533.\\nPlitt, Gustav Leopold, b., 8143; d., 8301\\nPlos taken bv Turks, 10781\\nPlotinus, h., 6522; d. (270\u00c2\u00b1).\\nPloug, Parmo Carl, d., 6421\\nPlow used, 11402; cast iron intro., 1081;\\nInvented, 6101 steam, 9481 9542.\\nPlowden, Sir Edward, land grant, 351 f 2,\\nPlucker, Julius, b., 8071 d., 8243.\\nPlug Uglies rule Baltimore, 1832.\\nPlum Creek, Neb., Indians attack, 2581\\nIsland for gov t purposes, 3873.\\nPlumb, Preston It., I 1837); Free Coinage\\nSilver Bill, 3731; d., 3961 3972.\\nPlurner, William, b., 1102; gov N.H., 1193,\\n1252; d., 1681.\\nSwan, b. (1802) moderator O. S.\\nPresb., 1502; d. (1880).\\nPlunder, Charles, b., 6883; d., 6962.\\nPlummer, John F., director, 3512.\\nJoseph B., b. (1822); d., 2111.\\nWilliam, b., 722; d. (1850).\\nPlurnptre, Edward Hayes, b., 9403 d.,\\n10042.\\nPlumstead, William, theater, 683.\\nPlunket, Baron, title created, 9412.\\nDavid R., minister, 9933, 9953.\\nOliver, b. (1630 executed, 8953.\\nWilliam Convngliam, baron, b.,9163;\\nchancellor, 9152 )473; d., 9583.\\nPlunkett, Thomas Oliver W., d., 10021.\\ncons, archbp., 9922.\\nPlutarch, b.-d.,102.S3; TJres, 8751, 10291.\\nPlutarch s Lives, translated, 8751.\\nPlymore, Kan., gold discovered, 4021\\nPlymouth ashore, K. I., 4633.\\nPlymouth, Conn., clocks innfd. at, 104 f\\nEng., Pilgrims sail, 293 submarine\\nboat tried, 918 2 breakwater begun, 9362;\\nBrit. Asso. meet, 9482, 9741 Atlantic\\ntelegraph fleet sails, 9613; Albert viaduct\\nopd.; 9622; Church Cong., 9742; Social\\nScience Asso. meets, 9741 telephone ex-\\nhibited^SJ 1 memorial of Armada,1004 1\\nMass., John Carver, gov. Pilgrims\\nland, 291; vessel built, 301; first mar-\\nriage; treaty with Indians, 302; colony\\nexports,303; cattle intro. ,31 2 company s\\ninterest purchased, 313 tolerance, 322;\\nsachems allegiance, 323; 3d land grant.\\n332 Thos. Prince, gov., 333 Bradford,\\ngov., 351,3; Gen. Fundamentals est,\\n352 in New Eng. Confederacy, 373; In-\\ndians attack, 462; Congreg. Church for\\n-Unitarianism 110 3 Pilgrim Fathers\\nmonument, 3422. (See Mass.)\\nN. C, Federal expedition leaves,\\n2101; Confederates defeated, 2122 Con-\\nfederates destroy, 216 2 Confederates\\nattack Albemarle at, 2321, 2391; Con-\\nfederates capture, 232i Federals take,\\n2392 State normal school opd., 3082.\\nN. H., normal school est., 2763.\\nPa., accident, 3353, 4513; fire, 4753.\\nBay Conf., Unitarian org., 2562.\\nCompany chartered, 8792 send out\\nships, 27 2 reorganized, 293; sells, 313;\\nsurrenders charter, 352.\\nPneumatic Postal Tubes Bill intro., 3992.\\nDespatch Co. suspends, 9813,\\nPniel, mission at, 11051.\\nPo river inundations, 10893.\\nPocahontas, Ark., action at, 226*.\\nMiss., action at, 2283.\\nsaves Smith, 263 stolen; marries,\\n283; Christianized, 282; goes to Eng.,\\n292; at Eng. court, 283; d.;262.\\nPocknell, Ley thle .Shorthand, 9882.\\nPocock, Adm., commander, 722; defeats\\nFr. fleet, 7021, 9141.\\nEdward, h. (1604) d., 8982.\\nPococke, Richard, bp.; b., 9022; d., 9163.\\nPocomoke City, Md., fire, 4113.\\nPocotaligo.actioji at, 20S2, 2143, 2402, 2421.\\nPodiebrad, George of, b.,506 2 aids Fred.\\nIIL; conquests, 5081 pope threatens,\\n5082; regent, 5091 excommunicated\\noffers crown; king, 5092; d.,5082.\\nPodol, Bohemia, engagement at, 8241.\\nPoe, Edgar Allan, b. (1809) works, 1371\\n1491, 1523, 1571; d., 1662.\\nOrlando Metcalfe, b., 1402; col., 3301.\\nPoema del Cid appears, 11271\\nPoerio, uprising of, 10893.\\nPoetic satire invented, 10563.\\nPoey, Felipe, b., 1082; d., 6341.\\nPoll, Sylvester, convicted of murder ,9903.\\nPogge, Paul, b. (1838); explorer, 10931\\nd. (1884).\\nPoggendorf, Johanu Christian, b., 8063\\nd., 8282.\\nPogodin, Mikhail, b., 11162; works, 11183\\nd., 11182.\\nPogson discovers planets, 9641 966 2\\nPohlman, John William, d., 6183.\\nPoirtiers takes Wasp, 1182; in Del., 120\\nPoincare, Kaymond, minister, 7652, 7672.\\nPoindexter, George, b., 912 gov., 1273,\\n1353; pres. senate, 1433; at Silver Creek,\\n2021 at Compton s Ferry, 2103 d. (1853).\\nPoinsett, Joel Roberts, b., 912; sec. war,\\n1473; d. (1851).\\nPoint Levi, Can., Wolfe at, 703; posses-\\nsion of, 5743.\\nLookout, Confederate sympathy,2472.\\nPleasant, Ark., levees give way,431 2\\nW. Va., battle, 781 2202.\\nSolander, coal dis., 4941\\nPoirier, murderer, executed, 7483.\\nPoirters, Adriaen, Masquer, 11012.\\nPoischwitz, Silesia, armistice of, 8101.\\nPoisson, Simeon* Denis, b., 7051 d., 7282.\\nPoissy Conference convened, 6823.\\nPoitevin executed, 7463.\\nPoitiers, Fr., battle of, 6741; univ. est.,\\n6763; peace of, 6843.\\nPoitou, Fr., invaded, 6702; homage to\\nHenry, 8533.\\nPoklo mission, 6203.\\nPola, Istria, lire, 5341 action near, 10761\\nPolana, asteroid, discovered, 528 2\\nPoland, aduchy, 11132; peace with Henry;\\ntribute to Henry II., 7752; Ger., influ-\\nence in, 7781 invaded, 11141 Louis of\\nHung, king, 5072; killing of old men\\nlegalized, 1115 1 war with Rus., 11141;\\nconquered, 7782, 11153; against Turk.,\\n10833; religious toleration, 11172; pesti-\\nlence, 11173 falls, 11172 partition\\ntreaty, 5172, 8033, 8073, 11172; witches\\nburned new constitution crown rev-\\nenue sequestered, 11172; Russians in,\\n11161, 11172; Diet opd., 11173; Pamiet-\\nnilc Uarsztttrslci issued, 11171 insurrec-\\ntions, 8171 11173, 11192; kingdom fmd.;\\nreduced; blotted out, 1117 3 sovereigns\\nmeet, 8193; military conscription, 11181\\nmanumission of serfs regulations for\\ndress, 11191, amnesty in; agitation ar-\\nrested; administrative council app.,\\n1119 2 church against army, 11182; con-\\nfiscates church property rupture with\\npope, 11183 amnesty, 11192 papal letter,\\n11183; Powers intervene, 11192 nation-\\nality abolished secret provisional gov t,\\n11192, 3 centenary of partition,, 11223\\nconspiracy for freedom, 11231 armistice\\nwith Sweden, 11353.\\nPoland, John S., commissioned col., 3881\\nLuke Potter, b., 1242; d. (1887).\\nPolar expedition; Dutch sails, 11021 (See\\nArctic expedition.)\\nPolaris sails; frozen in, 2741; survivors\\nrescued, 2801.\\nPolavieja, Gen., captain-gen., 6343.\\nPolding, Bishop, arrives, 4942.\\nPole, Reginald, b.,866i; absolves clergy,\\n8703; archbp. Canterbury, 8722; d.,872i.\\nPolemon I. conquers Bosporus, 11501\\nrules Pontus, 11511\\nII. reigns, 11532.\\nPoles, eel. anniversary, 3831 in Hung.,\\n5033; Soc. in Galicia, 5351 invade Ger.,\\n7741 sold to Turks, 11151 j u Fr. army\\nat Ostrolenka; rise, 11161 amnesty,\\n11192 executed, 11163; patriotic, 11223.\\nPolevoi, Nikolai, b., 11162; p e ter 1., 11171\\nd., 111S2.\\nPolfontein mission, 11242.\\nPolfrey, T. W.,d.,7582.\\nPolhemus, John, d., 4781\\nPolicies of Assurances Act passes, 971 2\\nPolicy captures Essex, 120 2\\nPolignac, Pr. Jules Auguste Armand\\nMarie de, b., 7051 ministry, 7252 trial,\\n7253 liberated, 7272 d., 7302.\\nPr. Melchoir de, b., 6902 d. (1742).\\nPr., at Yellow Bayou, 2331\\nPolish exiles revolt in Siberia, 11193.\\nJews in Bremen, 8353,\\nlanguage interdicted, 11183, 11211.\\nsuccession, 5151 war of, 6993.\\nPolitian, Angelo Ambrogini, b.-d., 10783;\\nworks, 10792.\\nPolitical assessments forbidden, 2943.\\nbitterness, 1573.\\ndisabilities removed, 2692, 2791.\\neconomy a science, 920 2\\nprisoners pardoned, Fr., 7331 7452.\\nrights restored, 2711\\nand Social Science, Acad, fnd., 3481\\nUnion formed, Eng., 9452.\\nPolitics, no purity in, lngalls, 3983,\\nPoli til: at/ Historic issued, 11042.\\nPolitique f rancaise en Tuiiise, La, appears,\\n7602.\\nPoliziano, same as Politian, A. A.\\nPolk, James Knox, b.,1061 marries, 1331\\nM.C.,1332; signs Delavan s declaration,\\n1451; Speaker, 1453, 1492; gov. Tenn.,\\n1512; vote for v. -pres., 1532; nom. for\\npres., 157 2 elected 1573; inaugurated,\\n1592; W ar message, 161 1 vetoes Harbor\\nBill, 1612; offer for Cuba, 1652, 6331;\\nd., 1662; widow pensioned, 3111.\\nLeonidas, b., 1122; cons. P. E. bp.,\\n1483; translated to La 1542; commands\\nConfed. dept., 19G2 occupies Ky., 1982;\\nat Belmont, Mo., 2002; at Shiloh, 2061\\nat Murfreesboro, 2171 at Chickamauga,\\n22G3; in Tenn., 2322; killed, 2342, 2351\\nSarah Childress pensioned, 3111.\\nT. M., defalcation, 3131.\\nTrusten.b. (1811); gov., 1833; d.,2902.\\n.William, d., 1442.\\nMecklenburg, b. (1844); Leonidas\\nPolk, 4783.\\nTariff modified, 1812.\\nPolka dance intro., Aust., 5202; Eng., 9531.\\nPolke, Elise, b., 8122.\\nPollard, Edward Albert, b., 1502; d., 2782.\\nPollio,Trebellius, J \u00c2\u00bb,7\u00c2\u00bb,s /a?i History, 10671", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1386.jp2"}, "1387": {"fulltext": "Poll-Port.\\nText Figures denote Page- IlN Dli.X!. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1375\\nPollnitz, Karl Ludwig, b., 7982; d., 8041\\nPollock, Sir George, b.,9242; in Afghan,\\n42,53; d. (1872).\\nJames, b. (1810) gov., 1792; d. (1890).\\nMaj., wins rifle prize, 10021\\nMrs., award, 4323.\\nThomas, pres. N. C, 691 612.\\nSir William Frederick, d., 9982.\\nW. G., robbed on train, 4182.\\nPollok, Robert, b., 9283; Course of Time,\\n943 d.,9423.\\nPoll Tax, Eng., first, 8603,861 granted\\nking, 8633; assessment, ,8932, 9452; abol-\\nished in Bus., 11193, 11213.\\nPolo, Marco, b.-d., 10762; traveler, 1076\\nin Japan, 1091 visits Kublai, 6143; in\\nTibet, 6153.\\nPolotzk, Russia, battle at, 7182,3.\\nPolotzki, Simeon, b.-d. ,11142; works, 1115\\nPolowzes exterminated, 1114\\nPoltimore, Baron, title created, 945\\nPol trot, John, shoots D. of Guise, 6833.\\nPolwhele, Eichard, b. (1759+) Corn mill,\\n933 a. (1838).\\nPolworth, Baron, title created, 897\\nPolybius, b.-d., 10263; Rome, 10291; de-\\ntained in Rome, 1055 2\\nPolycarp, Bp., burned, 11521, 11532.\\nPolychromyappliedto ceiling, Wash., 250i\\nPolycletus, b.,1021\\nPolyfem issued, 11362.\\nPolygamy, forbidden in ter., 2112; dis-\\nfranchisement, 271 2972; abandoned\\nin Utah, 3263, abolished, 3682,3 in Al-\\nberta, 5883; crim.,5903; in Ct. Afr.,603\\nin Egy., 647 proh. in Ger., 775 forbid,\\nin It., 10691 fi rs t practised, 11392.\\nPolygnotus, painter, 10203; d., 10211.\\nPolyhymnia, asteroid, discovered, 732\\nPolynesian goes ashore, 4013.\\ncollision, 5873.\\nPolyphemus launched, 986\\nPolysperchon, invadesGr.; retires to^Eto-\\nlia, 10243; enthroned, 10253.\\nPolytechnic Institute, Brooklyn, 1762.\\nCollege (Meth.-South), Fort Worth,\\nTex., org. (1891).\\nSoc, of Ky., Library, founded, 3023.\\nPombal, Marq. de (Sebastiao Jose de Car-\\nvalho e Mello), b.-d., 11102 court in-\\ntrigues reest. Brazilian Co., 555 prime\\nminister, Portugal, 11103.\\nPomerania, sinks, 2993; accident, 5953.\\nPomerania, Prus., conquered, 5121 an-\\nnexed to Den. ceded to Prus., 639 3\\nducal house extinct, 7972.\\nPomeranians on shores Baltic Sea, 11132.\\nPomeroy, Charles, speaker H. R., 2663.\\nJesse, boy murderer, 2911\\nSamuel C, pres. vote, 3072 d., 3902.\\nSeth, b., 58\\nPomfret, John, b., 8922 d. (1703).\\nPommeray, Henri de la, d., 762\\nPomona wrecked, 185 3\\nasteroid, discovered, 732\\nPomone captured, 9342.\\nPompadour, Marq. de (Jeanne Antoinette\\nPoissonle Normant d Etioles), b., 6982\\noverthrows ministry, 8032 influence,\\n7013 d., 703\\nPompeia, asteroid, discovered, 302\\nPompeii, Italy^overwhelmed, 10622.\\nPompey (Cneius Pompeius Magnus), b.-d.,\\n1056 3 joins Sulla; against Sertorius\\ndefeats Lepidus captures M. J. Brutus,\\ndefeated by Sertorius defeats and exe-\\ncutes Perperna, 1058 subdues Serto-\\nrius, 11252 subdues Celtiberians, 1125\\nrestores tribunate privileges, 1059 an-\\nnihilates insurgents in Apulia sup-\\npresses piracy defeats Mithridates\\nsubdues Tigranes reduces Syria cap-\\ntures, desecrates Jerusalem, 10582, 11502;\\ndismisses his army; privateeitizen, 10582;\\ndethrones Antiochus, 10592 triumph\\neel., 10591 disaffected by senate, 10592;\\ngov. of Sp., 1125 2 in 1st triumvirate\\nhis veterans favored, 10592 triangular\\nalliance renewed ruler of Sp. sole con-\\nsul rival of Cpesar 2d triumvirate,\\n10593 war with Ctesar, 10583 flees from\\nRome to Gr. before Csesar, 1060 1 1061 1\\ncaptures Csesar s transports besieged by\\nCsesar, defeats him defeated at Phar-\\nsalus, 10601 killed, 11501.\\nMagnus Sextus defeated by Caesar in\\nSp. and at Munda, 10602 conquers Sicily,\\nSardinia, Corsica, Peloponnesus, 10613\\ndefeated at Mylas, 10603.\\nPomponazzi, Pietro, b. (1462) Immor-\\ntality, 10812 d. (1524+).\\nPompton, N. J., troops mutiny, 923.\\nPonce, Herman, explorer, 163.\\nde Leon, Juan, b.-d., 11263.\\nLuis, b.-d., 11282.\\nPoncelet, Jean Victor, b., 7062 d., 7362.\\nPond, Enoch, b., 1022 d., 3101\\nJohn, b., 9163 astronomer royal,\\n9343 d., 9442.\\nPonder, James, governor Del., 2692.\\nPondicherry, E. I., taken, 7081 ,9261 10442;\\ncapitulates, 9142; captured, 9201 action\\nat, 10441 French settle, 10451\\nPondoland annexed, 10122.\\nPonema collides with Florida, 3173.\\nPoniatowski, Pr., b.,7023; d., 7211.\\nPonisi, Madame, appears in N. Y., 168\\nPons, Jean Louis, b., 7023 redis. Encke s\\ncomet, 722 d., 726\\nPonsa, Magdalen, d., 5342.\\nPonsard, Francois, b., 721 works, 729\\n7303 d., 7362.\\nPonson du Terrail, Viscount Pierre Alexis\\nde, b., 7243; d., 746\\nPonsonby, Baron, title created, 9112.\\nGeorge, b. (1755) lord chancellor,\\n9332 d. (1817).\\nPonta da Arora, Brazil, fired on,\u00c2\u00ab560\\nPont-a-Mousson,pope confirms university,\\n6382 advance on, 738\\nPontano, Giovanni, b. (1426) work, 10812;\\nd. (1487+)\\nPontbriand, H. M. D. de, cons., 575\\nPontchartrain, Comte de Louis Phely-\\npeaux, b., 6883 d., 6982.\\nPontgrave, colony of, 571 3\\nPontiac, Mich., insane asylum opd., 301\\nb., 562 conspiracy, 722 d., 76\\nvicariate established, 584 2\\nPontianus, St., pope, 10643.\\nPontifices appointed, 10503.\\nPontigny, Fi\\\\, pilgrimage to shrine, 9782.\\nPontius, Caius, defeats Romans, 10522.\\nPilate. (See Pilate.)\\nPontmartin, Armand Augustin Joseph\\nMarie Ferrand, Comte de, works, 733\\nPont-Noyelles, Fr., battle at, 743\\nI ontoppidan, Erie, b., 6362; d.,6363.\\nErik, bp., b., 6363; work, 637 d., 638\\nPontotoc, Confederates defeated, 2362.\\nPontus, a Roman province, 10592, 1065\\npower; war, 11492; earthquakes, 11502.\\nPontypridd Junction, W., R. R. collision,\\n9833 explosion in colliery, 9953, 10113.\\nPony Express established, 1853, 1933.\\nPool, Maria Louise, work, 4462.\\nPoole, Eng., public park opened, 10033.\\nRev. A., suspended, 9622.\\nJames, executed, 993\\nMatthew, b. (1624+) d., 8942.\\nPaul Falconer, b., 935 d. (1879).\\nPoolesville,Md., act ion, 2123; raided, 216\\nPoona, Bp. Biederlinden, cons. 9962 cap-\\ntured, 1044 battle, 1046 mission, 10463.\\nPoor, Agnes Blake, work, 4783.\\nBishop, Aneren Riwle, 8523.\\nChildren s Aid Society est., 9972.\\nConrad, conspiracy, Ger., 7873.\\nEng., punished, 869 support of, 873\\n8753; overseers of, appointed, 8772.\\nKnights of Windsor, order est., 8591\\nLaw Amendment Act passes, 9712,\\n9731,9812; assented, 9472.\\nLaw Unions report, G. B-, 9671\\nLaws amended, G. B., 9471 9472, 9653.\\nrates equalized, G. B., 9632.\\nPoore, Benjamin Perley, b., 1282; d.,3261.\\nPopai, revolting leader, 6152.\\nPope, elected by cardinals, 10742 inde-\\npendent of German emp., 10311\\n.Alexander, b. ,8982; works, 9043, 9071\\n9091; d.,9103.\\n.Charles Alex., b., 1262; d. 2702.\\nMrs. Chas. B., library gift, 3443.\\nHamilton, d., 4441\\nJohn, b. (1770) pres. senate, 1173\\ngov. Ark., 1373 d. (1845).\\nGen., b., 1302 occupies New\\nMadrid, 2042,3 at Island No. 10, 2052,\\n2061; captures Point Pleasant, 2051;\\ngoes to Tenn., 2062 joins Halleck, 2063\\nat Farmington commands in Virginia,\\n2101 2 arrests disloyal citizens, 2102\\ncrosses Rappahannock confronts Lee,\\n2103 at Groveton at Manassas base\\nof supplies attacked, Va., 2122; relieved,\\n2123; commands 3d district, 2561,257a;\\nrelieved of district, 2581 d\u00e2\u0080\u009e 4161\\nPope, W. H., captured in N. Mex., 3563.\\nPope s League against France, 10813.\\nPopeliniere, Lancelot de la, France, 6851\\nPopham, George, b. (1550+) colony in\\nMe., 272 d. (1608).\\nSir Home Riggs, b. (1762) conquest\\nin Argentine, 4891 9321 9332 a t Cape\\nTown, 5971 9332 d. (1820).\\nSir John, b. (1531) chief justice, 8773;\\nd. (1607).\\nPopiel I., reigns, 11132.\\nII., reigns, 11132.\\nPopish Plot revealed, Eng., 8943.\\nPopocatepetl, violent eruption, 10973.\\nPopoff, Major, trial and sentence, 569 1\\nPoppsea, Sabina, advisee Nero, 1063 3\\nPoppig, Eduard Friedrich,b.,8063; d., 8243.\\nPopular Science Monthly issued, 2782.\\nPopulists. (See People s Party.)\\nPopulonia, action at, 6621 10522.\\nPorcelain, known, 610 2 mnf 6122; tower\\ncompleted, 6142; in Eng., 6153, 9121\\nPorcher, Francis Peyre, b., 1322.\\nPorcile, E. H., R. C. pilgrimage, 4661\\nPorcius Festus, procurator, 11533.\\nPork, Am., admitted, Aust.,5352; in Den.,\\n6423 in Fr., 763t in Ger., 3912, 8352,3,\\n8363 in Italy, 3951.\\nPorphyry, b.-d., 10283 workB, 10292.\\nPorpoise exploring expedition, 148\\nPorpora, Nicolo, b., 10831 d., 10842.\\nPorsena, wars, 10501 aids Tarquin, 1051 2\\nPorson, Richard, b., 9143 d., 9343.\\nPorta, Giambattista della, b., 10803 in-\\nvents camera obscura, 10802 d. (1615).\\nPortaels, Jean Francois, b., 5423.\\nPortage la Prairie, Manitoba Liberal iB-\\nsued Review, 5843.\\nPortal, Antoine, b., 7002 d., 7262.\\nSir Gerald at Mengo, 5643.\\nPortalis, Jean Etienne Marie, b., 7003; d.,\\n7163.\\nComte, Jos. Marie, b., 7043 d., 7342.\\nPortarlington, Earl, title created, 9231\\nPort Arthur, gold-quartz dis.,592 bom-\\nbarded, 6262 fort captured defense\\nmassacre Japan squadron at Chinese\\nfleet confined 6263.\\nAugustus, R. R., 4993.\\nau^Prince, W. I., earthquake de-\\nstroys, 662.\\nBill, Boston, fast day for, 782.\\nBreton, Fr. emigrants enter, 7533.\\nCosta, Cal., fire, 3452.\\nElizabeth, Cape Colony, mission, 6003,\\nPortella, Ex-Gov., revolt for, 5593.\\nPorteous, Capt. John, hanged, 9092.\\nriots, debated, 9093.\\nBp., Sunday Act of, 9211\\nPorter, Albert G., b. (1824); gov. Ind., 3093.\\nAlexander, b., 98 d., 1562.\\nAndrew, Gen., b., 642; d., 121\\nGen., b. (1810+); d., 276\\nAnna Maria, b., 9211 d., 9462.\\nBenj. C, Nat. Acad, of Design, 3061\\nSir Charles, lord chancellor, 8993.\\nDavid, b., 93 captures Nocton, 1182;\\nattacks Alert,ll i subdues pirates, 1301\\ncaptures at Valparaiso, 1221 j sails in Es-\\nsex, 1181 d., 1561\\nDixon, b., 1231 sails for Sumter,\\n192 in Miss., 2062 at Vicksburg,2092;\\nsends dummy past Vicksburg, 2183 cap-\\ntures Arkansas Post, 2181 at Bruins-\\nburg, 2203; at Grand Gulf, 2241; attacks\\nFort Hill, 2222; attacks Fort Anderson,\\n2302, 2422 on Red River, 2303, 2321 at\\nGrand Ecore, 2321 attacks Ft. Fisher,\\n2403; vice-adm., 2521; adm., 2701 d.,\\n378\\ncollector, killed, 4002.\\nR., gov. Pa., 1512.\\nEbenezer, b., 762 d., 1422.\\nFitz-John, b., 1302 in Seven Days\\nBattles, 2091 at Moore s Mills at Flor-\\nida, Mo., 2102 at Kirksville, 2103 a t\\nBristoe Station, 2122 court martial,\\n2161; dismissed, 218 2 appeals to pres.,\\n2701 rehearing, 2981 exonerated, 3001\\n3221 sentence remitted, 3103 Relief\\nBill, 3112 Bill for liberty vetoed, 316\\nRestoration Bill, 3172 col., 324\\nGeorge, cons, bp., 9962,\\nB., gov. Mich., 1392 d., 1422.\\nHorace, b., 1482 Grant Monument\\nAsso., 4022 address, 4041\\nJames Davis, b. (1828) gov. Tenn.,\\n2912 minister, 4473.\\nLewis, b., 1362.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1387.jp2"}, "1388": {"fulltext": "1376\\nText Figures denote Page. INDIlX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nPort-Powe.\\n252 1\\nPorter, Horace M., d., 2152.\\nJane, b., 9203 works, 9311\\nJohn Addison, b. (1822) d\\nJosiah, d., 4781\\nMoses, d., 1302.\\nNoah, b., 1163 -works, 2643, 2722,\\n2771,3223,3722; pies. Yale, 3763; d., 4021\\nPeter Buel, b. (1773) d., 1562.\\nRobert J., founds Press, 3283.\\nSir Ker, b., 9191 d. (1842).\\nP., tariff commissioner, 3111.\\nThomas, jurist, b. (1734); d., 1421\\nWilliam David, b. (ISO!)) on Yazoo\\non Mississippi, 2171 d., 2332.\\nTrotter, b. (1809); d., 1842.\\nPorterfleld, Col., at Philippi, \\\\V. Va., 1961\\nPorte St. Antoine, Conde defeated, 690 1\\nPort Essington, Leiehart arrives, 4961\\nPorteus, W\\\\ S. Greely leaves Newfound-\\nland, 3061\\nPort Gibson, Miss., Confederates defeated\\nat,221i; reunion,359i mob at, 4082.\\nHope, Can., Guide, 5791\\nHudson, La., Farragutat, 2201 Banks\\nat 2222; surrenders, 2242; tornado, 4501\\nJackson named, N.S.W., 4932.\\nJervis, N.Y., officials indicted negro\\nlynched, 4082.\\nPortland, Ind., gold discovered, 4501\\nMe., Zinn s Advocate, 1363; Soc. of\\nNatural History, 1681 r.r. to Montreal\\nopd.,1733; liquor riot, 1763; B.C. diocese\\nest., 1782 flre, 2533, 3533 funeral of\\nPeabody.2691 Congregational Club org.,\\n3022; first Young IV,, pie s Soc. C. E. org.,\\n3062; free public library given, 3362\\ndam bursts, 4353 election frauds, 4262.\\nN.Y., Normal schools est., 2663.\\nOre., First Nat. Bank est., 2493; Med\\nPortsmouth bombards Guavamas, 1622.\\nPortsmouth, Eng., Naval Coll. fnd., 9071\\nvessels launched: Inflexible, 9741 Can-\\nada; Colossus, 9861 amperdown, 9921\\nTrafalgar, 9941 Vulcan, 10001 Bp. Vir-\\ntue cons., 9862.\\nN. H., settlement, 311 2; church fel-\\nlowship denied Epis. minister banishd,\\n362; Provincial Assembly, 473 Indians\\nattack, 521; first P. E. church, 622; N.H.\\nGazette est., 712; fort captured, 781 Fr.\\nvessel arrives, 862 America built, 941;\\nfirst bank, 1033 tornado, 1622.\\nVa., taken, 902 yellow fever, 1773\\nSpear s raid, 2322 Pensacola sunk, 3381\\nE. of, title created, 9112.\\nPort of Spain, Bp. Flood cons. B. C, 9962.\\nPortugal (See text, pp. 1109-1111) against\\nTangier, 10971; gov. threatens Colum-\\nbus, 142 driven out of Abyssinia, 13\\noccupies Muscat, 4873; in Madagascar;\\nmassacre, 10951 in Siam, 11241 debt,\\n5552 annexed to Sp., 5533 peace with\\nSp., 11293; war with Sp., 11301; revolts\\nin Sp., 11281, 11293; cruelty; factories,\\n4813 yields Muscat, 4861, 4S73 i n In-\\ndia, expelled war with Hindus, 10441\\njoins allies of Fr., 697 2 Conven. of\\nCintra entered, 7173 diamonds crown\\nproperty, 613 Braz. Co. chartered, 712\\n733 protects Am. vessels, 992 ports\\nclosed, 9333 invaded governed by Fr.,\\n7173; aids against Dutch, 554 1 Brit, force\\nleave; constitutional monarchy restored,\\n11111; claims collected, 145 2 claims in\\nKongo, 10932,3 dispute with Eng.,\\n10032 Delagoa Railway question, 10033;\\nconven. with Eng. proposal of modus\\nVivendi, 10052 cable to Azores, 11113.\\nical Depart., Willamette Univ., opd., Portuguese, on West Coast Afr., 11601\\n2543; Ore. Central R.R. begun, 2573; Porus, Pr., defeated, 1042 taken, 10242.\\nP. E. diocese of, est., 2642; st. Helen s reigns in Babylon, 11452.\\nHall opd., 2663 Portland Univ. fnd., Posen, ceded, 8073 Germanized, 8313.\\n3743; Reform School est., 2782; fire 4 Posey, Thomas, b. (1750); gov. Indiana,\\n2833, 4733; Meth. Hospital fnd., 3292; 1213; d. (1818).\\ndrawbridge accident, 4432; floods, 4621 Posidonius, b.-d., 10282.\\nVictoria, laid out, 4953; Henty fam- Post, Christian Frederick, b. (1710) mis.,\\nily settle, 4952. 711 d. (1785).\\ncollides with Avalanche, 9833. Philip Sidney, h., 1421\\nD. Of, title created, 9051 (See Cav- Postage, charges reduced, 1592, 1712, 3133,\\nendish.)\\nEarl of. (See Weston, Richard.)\\ncement first mentioned, 9402.\\nPort Lokkoh, mission, 11603.\\nof London Soc. est., 9383.\\nPortman, Sir Win., chief justice, 8713.\\nViscount, title created, 9751\\nPortmore, Ire., captured, 8761\\nPorto-Alegre Manoel de Aranjo, b., 5542.\\nPorto Alegre, Braz., Muckers attacked,\\n5571 gov. chosen, 5592.\\nBello, W. I., named, 162; sacked, 24\\ntaken, 42\\n5912, 8712, 9073. 9091 9743.\\ninternational, rates est., 3073; laws\\noperative, 8293 colonics join union, 501 2.\\nlaw, new, G. B., 9493.\\nstamps, used. 1633,9512; legal tender,\\n2113; receipt stamps, 9873.\\nPostal cards, one cent, issue, 2772, 2813.\\nCongress meets, 1052, 7503.\\nFree delivery, for N. Y., 1923; Bill\\npassed, 423i; extended, 3272,3472\\nletter-sheet envelopes issued, 1923,\\n3252; notes authorized, 3133.\\nbuccaneers est., Money Orders provided for, 2333, 2393;\\nin Eng.,9272 ,951 2 conven. with Fr., 9752.\\nprivileges denied, 445 3 receiving\\nboxes established, 2213.\\nsystem, in New Eng., 473; adopted in\\nFrance, 7503.\\nTelegraph Cable Co., N. Y., 3593.\\ntrains established, 9951\\nformed, Germany, 8193.\\n462; New Eng. troops at, 641 centre of\\ncommerce, 673, 6293 captured, 9101\\nNovo, India, action at, 10442.\\nPort Orchard, Wash., naval station, 3921\\nPorto Rico, W. I., dis. by Columbus, 142\\nsubdued by Ponce de Leon, 161 Leon,\\ngov., 173; San Juan Baptista fnd. (1511);\\nsacked by Adm. Drake repulses Drake\\nand Hawkins, 241; sacked by D. of Cum- Postel, Guillaume, b., 6802; d., 6842.\\nberland i 15981; unsuccessfully attacked Posten, D. H., shot, 4023.\\nby the Dutch (1615); also by the Eng. Post-horses for news of war, Eng., 8653.\\n(1678); also by Abercromby (1797); revolt houses established, France, 6791.\\nfor independence (1820); suppressed by Posthumous, Marcus Cassianus Latinus,\\nSp. (1823); appeals to Europe for protec- invades Samnium in Caudine Forks\\ntion, 11033; slavery abolished, 11323\\nSeguro, Easter eel., 5523 Cabral ar-\\nrives, 553i sugar works, 5532.\\nPort Patrick, telegraph completed, 9593.\\n-Phillip, Australia, convict colony ,4951\\n10521; defeats Franks, 11251; est.\\npireinGaul, 10G72; killed (267).\\nPostmaster in H. C, Act, G. B., 9692.\\nGeneral, member of cabinet, 1372\\nG. B., united in one, 9453.\\ncolonized, 4952 population, 4953 sepa- Post-office, first Am. est., 813;\\nrated from N. S. W., 4971\\nRepublic, Va., action at, 2083.\\nRoyal, N. S., colony deserted, 233,\\n272; Huguenot colony, 233; settlement.\\n271 burm-d, 28) taken, 301, 561 Jesuits\\narrive, 282; seized, 501 surrenders 521\\nMass. troopsattaek-,561 Fr. settlement,\\n5713; Fr. attacked, 5741\\nJamaica fire, 673 cyclone, 781\\nS. C, Huguenots settle, 222;\\nLord Cardross at ,49 3 col. mists expelled,\\n501 Brit, expelled, 901 Confederates\\nretreat, 2021 battle, 2002.\\nExpedition 2002, 2162.\\ndes Champs fnd. at Paris, 6703.\\ngrammars written, 691 1\\n1800,\\n1113; carriers uniformed. 2633; branch\\nstations est. in N. Y., 3513.\\nerected in Eng., 8853, 8912; est.,\\n8893; completed, 9441 authorities cen-\\nsured, 9773; register fee reduced, 9832.\\nActs consolidated, G. B., 9492;\\nAct passes, 9752.\\nApp. Hill, 3303, 3371,3612,3631,\\n3791 ,2, 4091 4251 ,3, 4551 4591 4652.\\nDirect Tii issued, 9303.\\nProtection Act passes, 9932.\\nSavings Bank est., G. B., 9653.\\n(See under Money Order.)\\nPoston, David H., shot, 3802.\\nPostupic, Albr. Kostka de, in Fr., 5083.\\nPotato discovered, 182; intro. in N. Eng.,\\n592; jn Eng., 8733, 8773; starch from,,\\n9022; International Exhibition, 9853.\\nPotato-beetle appears, 1873.\\nPotemkin, Pr. Gregori Alexandrovitch,.\\nb.-d., 11143.\\nPotgieter, Everhard Johannes, b.-d. ,11021\\nHerman, murder of, 5991\\nPothier, Robert Joseph, b., 6943; d., 7042.-\\nPothinus, Bishop of Lyons, 6623.\\nPothuan, Vice-Adm., minister, 7451, 7512..\\nPotidasa, besieged. 1020 revolts, 10212.\\nPotocki, Count, minister, 5291 5092.\\nPotomac attacks guallo Batto, 1401.\\nArmy of the, org.. 1981 report, 2002,\\n2062; reviewed. 20(13; enters Va., 2143;\\nadvances on Richmond, 2322; winter\\nquarters, 2391; reunion, 3871. (See\\nnames of commanders.)\\nPotosi, Bolivia, battle near, 5501 silver\\ndiscovered, 5513.\\nPotsdam, N. Y., Normal School est., 2663.\\nPrus., Convention of, 8092.\\nPott, August Friedrich, b., 8082; d., 8321.\\nPottawattomie, Kan., fight, 1781 1793.\\nPotter, Albert G., minister, 3513.\\nAlonzo, b., 1082; cons, bp., 1582; org.\\nEvan. Educational Soc. 2152; d., 2481-\\nAsa P., 3943; indicted, 4023, 4283.\\nChandler Eastman, b. (1807) d., 2622.\\nCipriani, b., 9262; d. (1871).\\nG., d., 10101.\\nHazard Arnold, b., 1162 d., 2681\\nHenry Codman, b., 1442; cons. bp.,.\\n3142; sermon, 3722; vs. Dr. Newton, 3842.\\nHoratio, b. (1802); cons. P. E. bishop,\\n1762; d., 3261.\\nJohn, b., 8923; Archbp. Canterbury,\\n9043; d., 9122.\\nLouis Joseph Antoine de, b.,5422;\\nd.,5442.\\nOrlando B., d., 4481\\nRobert, b., 9062; d. (1804).\\nW., ex-minister, library gift, 4761\\nPotteries founded, Eng., 9182.\\nPotters flourish, Gr., 10142.\\nPottery, enameled, made, 6942.\\nTrust formed, 3413.\\nPottinger. Sir Henry, h.,9243; at Macao,\\n6173; d. (1854).\\nPotts, Benjamin F.. gov. Mont., 2732.\\nJohn, governor Va., 313.\\nStacy Gardner, b. (1799) d., 2471\\nPottsville, Pa., mnf iron, 1441 coal in\\nmnfg. iron, 1501 cloudburst, 3881 non-\\nunion men employed, 3891 soldiers\\nmonument, 3921 CO al deposits, 4081\\nPotvin, Charles, b., 5423.\\nPouchet, Felix Archimede, b., 7143; d.\\n(1872).\\nPoughkeepsie, Constitution conven. at,\\n1011; Vassar Coll. fnd.,199i, Coll. Ob-\\nservatory erected, 3001; labor strikes,\\n3623; green goods man shot, 4242.\\nPouillet, Claude Servais Mathias, b.,7082;\\nd.,7382.\\nPouilly, Mensdorff, premier, 8231\\nPoujoulat, Jean Joseph Francois, b., 7143;\\nPoulett, E of, title created, 9031.\\nPoulson, Zachariah, b. (1761) d., 1562.\\nPoundage, Eng., 8912; repealed, 9252.\\nPound Gap, Ky., action at, 2042.\\nPoundmaker, Indian, 5841 surrender,584i\\nPoundridge, N. Y., boy kidnapped, 4002.\\nPourchot, Edme, b., 6902; d., 6983.\\nPourzan reigns, Armenia, 11551.\\nPoussin, Caspar, b., 10823; d., 10831.\\nNicolas, b., 6842; Blind Men of Jeri-\\ncho, 6901 d., 6903.\\nPouyer-Qnertier, A. T., d., 7602.\\nPoveda, Tomas Martin de, gov., 6053.\\nPoverty Point, Miss., colony at, 55 2\\nPovin, Prince of Croatia, 5031\\nPowderlv, Terence V., gen. master-work-\\nman, 3011; indorsed, 3663.\\nPowell, Baden, b., 9283; d., 9642.\\nHumphrey, Liturgy, 8711.\\nJohn Wesley, ,b., 1422; at Wythe-\\nville, 2251 descends Colorado River,.\\n2661 in interior department, 3512.\\nLazarus Whitehead, b. (1812) gov.\\n1692; for pacification, 189 d. (1867).\\nLyman P., in Wis. University, 4162.\\nWill. Henry, b. (1825) Albert Galla-\\ntin, 1561 at Front Royal, 2401\\nPower-loom, in Phila., 1001 for mnf. car-\\npets, 1501 intro., 1622, 9322; invented,,\\n9222; destroyed, 9232, 9432.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1388.jp2"}, "1389": {"fulltext": "Powe-Pres.\\nText Figures denote Page. IN L)r!,X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1377\\nPower, Pierce, cons. P. E. bp., 9962.\\nRichard, d., 10062.\\nThomas C, b., 1502; B peech, 4392.\\nPower s Art Gallery est., 2901\\nPowers, Abigail, marries Fillmore, 1352.\\nH. Henry, b., 1442.\\nHiram, b., 1122; executes busts, 144\\nGreek Slave; Eve, 150 d., 282\\nJohn H., governor Neb., 3752.\\nEidgely C, governor Miss., 2772.\\nPowerscourt, Vise, of, title created, 9112.\\nBaron, title created, 9871\\nPowhattan wrecked, 1753.\\nIndian, b. (1550\u00c2\u00b1) d., 262.\\nPowis, E. of, title created, 931\\nE. of (Win. Herbert), liberated, 8972.\\nPowlett, Harry G., D. of Cleveland, d.,\\n10061\\nSir George, massacred, 8781.\\nPownall, Thomas, b. (1720) gov. Mass.,\\n713; d., 1122.\\nPoynings, Sir Edward, deputy, 8672; d.,\\n866\\nPoynter, Edward John, b., 9482.\\nPoyntz, John, Earl Sj lencer ininister,985 2\\nPozo, Almonte, battle near, 6081\\nPozzi di Borgo Carlo, Andrea, b., 11162.\\nFrancis, cons. K. C. bishop, 9962.\\nPpzoomer, Carolus Wilhelmus, b.-d.,\\n11021.\\nPradier Jacques, b., 7082; d., 7322.\\nPrado, Gen. Mariano Ignacio, b. (1826)\\nchosen pres., 11082; at Sorota, 11081;\\nrevolt against, 11083.\\nPradon, Nicolas, b. (1632) PMdre et Hip-\\npolyle, 6932; d. (1698).\\nPraed, Winthrop Mackworth, b., 9303;\\nd., 9483.\\nPraemunire, Statute of, Eng., 8612.\\nPrasneste, It., surrenders, 10581\\nPrastorius, Michael, b., 7922; d., 7943.\\nPragmatic Sanction, 509 1 5143 approved,\\n5151 promulgated, 6732, 6763, 6773; ab-\\nrogated, 6791 rescinded, 681 2 ratified,\\n7493.\\nPrague, Bohemia, fnd., 5031 Benedictine\\nmonastery fnd., 5062; studium generale\\nauthorized, 5071 rebuilt, 7833; siege of,\\n5061; attacked; Compact of, 7S43; Jes-\\nuits at, 5103 learned city, 511 1 cap-\\ntured, 5121 5142; Bohemians defeated,\\n5131 bombarded, 7962 Swedes take,\\n712 2 recaptured, 7942; alliance with\\nSaxons, 8012; abandoned, 5142; Maria\\nTheresa crowned, 5152; battle of, 5161\\nFr. occupy, 5183; Cong, at, 8112; insur-\\nrection siege raised, 5221; Czechs\\nrise; Slavonic Cong, meets, 5231 Prus.\\nenter, 526 1 mission, 526 2 peace of,\\n5271 riots, 5291 5302; treaty abrogated,\\n8312; socialists imprisoned^ 5303; strik-\\ners win Filipoff silenced, 5323; eight-\\nhour movement, 5331 bombs explode;\\nemp. received; strike, 5343; Czechs\\nhonor Comenius, 5351; Czechs agitate,\\n5362; Charles of Bourbon marries, 5363;\\ntreason trials, 5372; anti-Ger. agitation,\\nUniv. fnd., 5043, 5071 John Huss,\\nprofessor professors withdraw, 7851\\nWyclif s writings discussed, 506 2 Hus-\\nsite troubles in seat of heresy, 5071\\nCzech language taught, 5392; students\\ndispersed, 5331 Omladina Society, trial\\nof members, 537 2\\nPraguerie appear, 6771 suppressed, 6791\\nPrairie du Chien, Wis., taken, 122 1 K. E.\\nopd., 1833.\\nGrove, Ark. Confederate defeat, 2162.\\nView Normal School opd., 3023.\\nPraise of Learning, copies of, 6483.\\nPram, Christian Henriksen, b.-d., 11041.\\nPranzini, murderer, 7562.\\nPrat, Belosarion, forms cabinet, 6091\\nMatthew, Cadwallader Colden, por-\\ntrait, 761.\\nPrati, Giovanni, b., 10862.\\nPratt, Calvin E., b. (1828) at Chapmans-\\nville, 1983.\\nCharles, b., 1381 gift to institute,\\n3843; d\u00e2\u0080\u009e 3821.\\nE. of Camden, b., 9042 lord\\nchancellor, 9173; lord-lieut., 9273.\\nDaniel Darwin, b. (1813) d., 2942.\\nEnoch, h. (1808); library gift, 3231\\nGen., in New Zealand, 9641\\nSir James, b., 1442.\\nJohn, chief justice, 9072.\\nJudge, decision, 3842.\\nPratt, Orson, b., 1163, d. (1881).\\nInstitute, org. at Brooklyn, 3283\\nendowment of Chas. Pratt, 3843.\\nPraxiteles, b., 10243; makes silver mirrors,\\n10243.\\nPrayer-book Revision Soe. petition, 9902.\\n(See Common Prayer-hook.)\\ngauge debate originates, 9762.\\nPreachers, Eug., restricted, 9163, 8743.\\nPreakness, Am. army winters at, 923.\\nPreang, villages destroyed by lava, 10921\\nPreble, Edward, b., 723 against Moors,\\n1121 d., 1141\\nGeorge Henry, b. (1816) d., 3201\\nPrecis Histon i/urs appears, 5443.\\nPreemption Free Land Bill, 1872; passes\\nvetoed, I882.\\nPrehistoric subjects, congress on, 737 1\\nPrelacies est., Eng., 8502.\\nPrelates, troubles in Bulg., 5681 confirma-\\ntion of, Ger., 7743.\\nPreller, Mr., murderer executed, 330 3\\nFriedrich, b.,S0S2; d., 8282.\\nLudwig, b., 8083; d., 8202.\\nPremislas, king of Poland assassinated,\\n11152.\\nPremsyl, Duke, 5031 conquered, 5021\\nOttocar enthroned, 505i, 2; marriage,\\n5052.\\nII., duke, 505i enthroned, 5052.\\nPrence, Thomas, b. (1601) gov. of Plym-\\nouth (1634, 1638, 1657, 1673) d. (1673).\\nPrendergast, Patrick E., assassin, 4421,\\n4442; guilty, 4642.\\nPrentice, Fred. C, verdict for, 3432.\\nGeorge, Wilbur Fi.ike, 3722.\\nDenison, b., 1102; d., 2682.\\nPrentiss, Benjamin Mayberry, b. (1819)\\nin court-martial, 2161 at Helena, 2242.\\nMrs. (Elizabeth Payson), b., 1262;\\nStepping Heavenward, 2683; d., 2982.\\nSeargent (or Sargent) Smith, b., 1142;\\nd., 1681.\\nPrenzlau, Hohenlohe surrenders, 7161\\nPreRaifaelite School est., Eng., 9561\\nPresbyterians, U. S. A., in S. C., Hugue-\\nnots in, 222,442,502,583,762, 1212, 1403,\\n2963. First church in Am. org., 302; j n\\nConn., intro., 321; Saybrook Platform\\nunion with Cong., 563 in N. Y., 362\\nFrancis Dougherty in, 363 on Staten\\nIsland, 48 a ministers arrested, 563; aid\\nfrom Glasgow, 58\u00c2\u00bb; 723, 1042, 1123, 1142,\\n1211, 1281, 1303, 1363, 1463, 1563,1782, 3,\\n3362,4241;in N. C, 383, 402, 1212,2583;\\nin N. J., Newark, Elizabeth, 422; Wood-\\nbridge, Fairfield, 481, 2, 3; New Side\\n522, 563, 932, 3; project Princeton Coll.,\\n663; 1203, 1311, 2663, 3742, 3922; i n\\nMd., 482, 1571 2582 Francis Makemie\\nstarts a new era, 48 2 in Mass., 502,\\n622 in PUila., 502, 522, 3, 542, 563,\\n58 2 643, 711 Brit, missionaries sent.\\n522; i n Va., 542, 712, 1322, 1731 j- irst\\nAm. presbytery, 563 union with Con-\\ngregationalists, 563, 742, 1043, 1062, 1103,\\n1163, 1171 1183, 1463, 1702 Irish Presb.\\narrive, 582 Wm. Tennent joins synod\\nof Phila. find., 582 Log Coll. est., 583\\nin Pa., 583, 043, 663, 1351, 1403, 1502,\\n1563, 1723, 2682, 2771 3443. Wilson Coll.\\norg. at Chambersburg (1870). Old Side\\nacad., 663 committee on conf., 602\\nConfession of Faith Adopting Act, 603;\\ndivided on Whiteneld s revivals, 043\\nschism In Phila., 643, 711 New Side\\nvs. Old Side, 663 overtures of peace,\\n651 Brainerds with Indians synod of\\nNew York fmd., 663 Indian missions,\\n663, 723, 1422, 3, 1511, 1543, 1801, 2682,\\n2722, 2822, 2903, 2982, 3002, 3002, 3082,\\n3122, 3162, 3182 in N. H., 663, 1423.\\nInception Princeton Univ., 6i .3; in Can.,\\n762. Religious publications, 781 Meck-\\nlenburg, Independence conven., N. C,\\n8H synod of N. Eng. fmd., 823, 951 i\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nKy\u00e2\u0080\u009e 962, 982, 1083, 1103, 1121, 3, 1142,\\n1271,1731,2582,2682. Abingdon, presby-\\ntery org.; standards revised, 982,3, 1001\\nGen. Assembly org., 1002; (See meetings\\non each succeeding year) in N.Y. City,\\n1312, 3321, 3443, 34(52, 3502, 3821, 4162,\\n4581 4601 4742. N. Y., missions, 1002\\nGen. Synod becomes Gen. Assembly,\\n100 2 Northern presbytery org., 1043\\nN. Y. Missionary Society org., 1063\\nrevival period camp-meetings, Ky.,\\n1083, 1102, 1123; Com. on Missions fmd.,\\n1103 Cumberland Presbytery cut off,\\n1123, 1142, H63; Reformed Presb. Synod\\norg., 1163 Mission Board, 1183; Hamil-\\nton Coll. Theo. School at Princeton\\n1191; in Ga., 1212, 1583; in O., 1232,1323,\\n1351, 1363, 1371, 1663, 2543; in Tenn.,\\n1233, 1263, 1283, 1343, 1631, 2602, 4181.\\nBoard of Missions org, 1243; Woman s\\nMiss. Soc. est. anti-slavery, 1263\\nCenter Coll., 1271 Auburn Theo. Sem.\\nest., 1283, 1311 plan of correspondence\\nMaryville Coll. est. Board of Educa-\\ntion, 1283 union with Reformed Ch.,\\n1303; Heathen Youth Soc. org., 1311;\\nN. Y. Observer, 1312; Union Theo. Sem.\\nest., 1323; Princeton Review*, 1331; in\\nInd., 1342, 1403, 1542, 1562, 1702. Con-\\ngrcgational delegates. !isfranckised,1343;\\nWestern Reserve Coll. Western Theo.\\nSem. est., 1351 i n Miss., 1363, 2942; i n\\nAla., 1363. 2022, 2902, ;i0S2. Lane Theo.\\nSem. est., 137 1403; i\u00e2\u0080\u009e m., 1383, 1391,\\n1402, 1483, 1562, 180 2502 McCormick\\nTheo. Sem. est., 1383 i n Chicago, 1383,\\n1422, 2842, 36S2. Illinois Coll., 139 in\\nMo., 1402, 1783, 2582. Columbia Theo.\\nSem., S. C, Wabash Coll., Lafayette\\nColl., est., 1403 1st church in Chicago,\\n1422 Hanover Coll., 1423 j n N. H.,\\n1423; in Mich., 1442. Soc. for Evang.\\nWorld est. Marietta Coll., 1443 anti-\\nliquor, 145 four presbyteries exscinded;\\nUnion Theo. Sem., 1463 Western\\nReserve Svnod cut off, 1482; Knox Coll.,\\n111., 1483 Davidson Coll., 149 split;\\nNew School and Old School Assemblies,\\n1502 New Windsor Coll., 157 Church\\nErection Fund, 1582, 1762; Oxford Coll.,\\n1663; Austen Coll., 1683; i n Tex., 1683,\\n1702 i\u00e2\u0080\u009e Wig., in Ark., 1702 in la.,\\n1702,1742,1842,3183. Bibliotheca Sacra,\\n1703, in Cal., 1722,3, 182 Com. on\\nPublications Chinese missions est.,\\n1722, 3; p. Quar. Review, 1723 Danville\\nTheo. Sem. est., 173 Ministerial Relief\\nest., 1782 Westminster Coll. El-\\nmira Coll., 1783 opposes slavery, 180\\n1822 Trustees of Board of Domestic\\nMissions; Highland Univ. 1822; in Kan.,\\n1822. United Presb. Church of N. A.\\norg., 1842 reunion Old Side and New\\nSide, 1843 divided by civil war, 197\\n219 241 Gen. Asso. of Confederate\\nStates org., 201 250 Com. of Home\\nMissions (N. S.) leave Home Mis. Soc,\\n2023 o. S. and N. S. correspond, 2172\\nSouthern presbyteries secede, 219\\nUnited Synod, south, unites, 241 Freed-\\nman s Board org. liquor dealers ex-\\ncluded; Irvington Coll. est. ,2502; O.S.and\\nN. S. assemblies fraternize. 2542; Univ.\\nof Wooster, Lehigh Univ.. 2543 South-\\nern Synods separate. 25S2; BiddleUniv.,\\n2583 National Union P. Convention;\\nKing Coll., 2602 O. S. votes against\\nunion,2642; Ger. Theo.Sehool,2663; total\\nabstinence, 2682, 385 union of N. S.\\nand O. S., 2682, 2702, 2922 secession\\nfirst reunited Gen. A ssenibly.270 2 Wom-\\nan s Board org., 2722 Phila. hospital,\\n2742 Ark. Coll. San Francisco Theo\\nSem.; Princeton Review, 2763; Lincoln\\nTheo. Sem. (colored), 277 Pan-Presb.\\nCongress, Lond., 2882 Dr. D. Swing ac-\\nquitted, 2S42 South-western P. Univ.,\\n2903 lust, for Colored Teachers Par-\\nson s Coll., 2922; enters P. alliance, 2942,\\n2962; Adger Coll., 2963 Bait Hospital,\\n297 Pan-Presb. Conven., Phila., 3042.\\nBelfast, 3182 Board Aid for Coll. org.,\\n3122 Pierre Univ. in S. Dak., 3143.\\nLenox Coll., 3183 ;Macalestei Coll., 3223;\\nin Minn., 3223, 3242. Reunion North\\nand South considered,3282, 332 ,3402; dis-\\nabled ministers aid. 3292; centennial of\\nGen. Assembly, 330 2 revision of creed,\\n2302, 2402, 3462, 3, 3431 3582, 3682, 3842,\\n3862; Harrison s cabinet Presbs., 336 2\\nGen. Ass. in, 1889, 3402 gov t appro-\\npriation Ind. schools, 3423; Gen. Assem-\\nbly Anti-license, 340 2 anniversary Log\\nColl., 3443; Welsh P. Conven.. 3602; Sun-\\nday closing, World s Fair, 3701 Prof.\\nKriggs, 3742, 3822, 3842, 3922, 3942, 4062,\\n4163, 4302, 4321, 4401; Prof. Smith s\\ntrial, 4181 ,4562; dogmatic warfare, 4241\\nPresbyterians, Associate Presb. Ch., Am.,\\n1st presbytery of Pa. org. (1753) of N.\\nY. (1776) partial union with Associate\\nReformed Church, 95 1 presbytery of Ky.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1389.jp2"}, "1390": {"fulltext": "1378\\nText Figures denote Page. INJ_)xl,X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nPres-Prin.\\nfmd. (179S); Synod of N. Am. find. (1801);\\nexcludes slaveholders southern seces-\\nsion (1831) unites in forming United\\nPresb. Church, 1842.\\nPresbyterians in Can. presbytery of\\nTruro fmd. service in Que. in Mont.,\\n5763; P. Ch. of N. S. fmd. union of all,\\nfails, 5771; synod of Can. fmd.; Home\\nMissions, 57X2 Scotch P. divided, 57S3\\nUnited P. Synod fmd., 580 in N. S.,\\n5802, 5882 Can. P. Church find. Free\\nand United P. Churches unite, 5802\\nPresb. Ch. of Lower Provinces fmd. 1st\\nGen. Assembly, 5S22 P. church of Can.\\nfmd., 5823 Woman s For. Miss. Soc.\\nfmd., 5812; in Ont., 5862, 5882,5912; Gen.\\nAssembly meets, 5882.\\nCumberland Presbyterians cut off,\\n1123, 1143 org., 1163 Indian missions,\\n1263 Cumberland Univ., est., 1551\\nBethel Coll.; Cane Hill Coll., 1703; Trin-\\nity Univ., Tex., 2663 Woman s Board\\nof Missions org., 306 2 Gen. Assembly\\nmeets, Kansas City, Mo.. 3402; Mex. mis-\\nsions, 10962.\\nReformed, Church, U. S. A., presby-\\ntery fmd., 782; dissolved; unites with\\nAssociate ch., 951 lief. Presbytery\\nconstituted, 1083 1st synod, 1163; Gen.\\nSynod, 1422 missions, 1463 Foreign\\nMiss. Committee, 1563 bond and coven-\\nant signed, 2762 Christ in Constitution,\\nU. S., 3622; expels ministers, 3843.\\nChurch, South Presbyterians di-\\nvided byCivil War, 197 org., 2012, 2191\\nUnited Synod of the South joins, 2411;\\nname changed to 1 resb. Church in U.S.\\n2502 Central Univ., Ky., 2863; celebra-\\ntion, 3262 Gen. Assembly at Chatta-\\nnooga, 3402 at Ash eville statistics, 358 1\\n(See Presbyterians above.)\\nUnited, Church Westminster Coll.,\\n1723; Monmouth Coll. est., 1S02; org.,\\n1842; Gen. Assembly meetings, 1843 and\\neachfollouing year; Women s (leu. Miss.\\nSoc. org., 3142; anti-tobacco, 3622.\\nin England; virtually fnd., 8742; 1st\\nchurch, 8743 separate from Indepen-\\ndents, 8843; est. by Pari.; in Pari. mis-\\nsions in N. Eng., SS03; Savoy Conf., 8902;\\nUniformity Act, 8903 Conventicle Act,\\n8903, 8923 Five Mile Act; Test Act, 8923;\\nToleration Act, 8982 Schism Act, 9043;\\nPresb. Ch. of Eng. org., 9211; Foreign\\nMissionary Soc. est., 9423 Welsh For.\\nMiss. Soc. est., 950 2 Jewish mission,\\n9762 Pan-Presb. Cong., 9802, 9822,\\n9902; church reconstituted, 3803; Wo-\\nman s Missionary Soc, 9841\\nReformed, in Great Britain; secedes,\\n8942; declaration, 9111\\nin Ireland, presbytery find, at Car-\\nrickfergus (June 10 1642) roval gift\\nfud., 8923 toleration granted, 9003\\nthe presbytery of Antrim secedes from\\nthe presbytery of Ulster (1726); Reformed\\nPresbytery org. (1792); Gen. -Assembly\\nfmd., 9502 Jewish Presb. Synod of Se-\\nceders org. (1818) mission, 9503 Pro-\\ntestant Alliance, 9523; Female Associa-\\ntion org., 9782; Gen. Assembly in Belfast,\\n10002.\\nChurch in Scotland First Covenant\\nfirst Book of Discipline succeeds Catho-\\nlicism, 8722 first Gen. Assembly Con-\\ngregation of the Lord org., 8723; Second\\nBook of Discipline, 8743; supplants epis-\\ncopacy liberty restricted, 8763, 8782;\\nArticles of Perth, 8802; Nat. Covenant\\nsigned; declared independent; Coven-\\nanters abolish episcopacy, 8823; Solemn\\nLeague and Covenant approved, 8843\\nWestminster confession in, 8863 As-\\nsembly dismissed by gov t., 888 2 dis-\\nobeys Cromwell. 88S 3 persecution, 8902;\\ngov t restores episcopacy; National Cov-\\nenant signed; Solemn League and Cov-\\nenant annulled, 39f 3 ;opposes episcopacy,\\n8921; many ministers return. 8922; Test\\nAct against, 8953 United Societies of\\nCovenanters meet Reformed Presb.\\nChurch secedes, 8942; confirmation age,\\n8962; Presbyterianism reestablished,\\n8982 Act of Settlement, SHS3 national\\nreligion of Scot., 9023; Soc. for Promo-\\ntion of Christian Knowledge est.; patron-\\nage restored, Glassites 9042; Gen. Assem-\\nbly, 9063; rise; Associate Presbytery se-\\ncede, 8093; Reformed Presbs. org., 911 1\\nBurghers and Anti-burghers, 9123,9203\\nSession and Relief Churches unite, 9123;\\nRelief Church secedes, 915 1 First United\\nSecession Ch. fmd., 9403, 9543; Foreign\\nMis. Com. Y. M. C. A. fmd., 9423; Dr.\\nDuff, missionary, 9442, 9183, 9542, 9732;\\nVeto Act, 9463; Morisonians suspended,\\n9503 Disruption, Free Church secedes,\\n9522 United Presb. Church fmd., 9543\\nNat. Bible Soc, 904 2 patronage abol-\\nished, 9782 Pan-Presb. Congress, 9802,\\n9822, 9902 Zenana mission work, 9862\\nBurgher con ventit in. 989 2 Home Mission\\nto Jews, 9942; high commissioner, 10002;\\njubilee, 10102.\\nPresbyterian College org., Clinton, S. C,\\n(1880).\\nPresburg, Ger., defeated, 5021 Diet of,\\n5133; peace signed, 5193; UngHsehes\\nMagazin, 5171; anti-Jew riot, 5303;\\nsiege, 7742.\\nPreseott, Can., insurrection at, 5781\\nCo., Kan., deadly strum, 3261\\nBenjamin F., gov. N. H., 2973.\\nRichard, Gen., b. (1725) gov.-gen.,\\n5772; captured, S63; exchanged, 8S2; d.\\n(1788).\\nWilliam, b., 602; d., 1061\\nHickling, b., 1061 works, 1491\\n1571, 1632, 1783; d., 1842.\\nPresent Stat,- of Republic!: of Letters,909i\\nPresidency, U. S. A., nominations by Con-\\ngressional caucus abandoned, 1332.\\nPresident captured by Endymion, 1223;\\nlost, 1533.\\nPresidential elections, 101 1. (See each\\nfollowing quadrennium.) Salary main-\\ntained, 2913.\\nSuccession Bill passed, 3132, 3212.\\nPresles, Raoul de, De civitate Dei, 6743.\\nPreslin, Due de, murders wife suicide,\\n7292,3.\\nPress, Am., Asso. incorporated, 4273.\\ncensorship relaxed, Rus., 11183; free-\\ndom abolished, 11313.\\nfreedom of, 631 4951 7252,7352,7532.\\nlimited, Fr., 7273.\\nhydraulic, invented, 9381.\\nrestricted, Fr., 7303, 7313, 7343, 7503,\\n7572, 765i; freedom legalized, 7391 de-\\ncree repealed, 7511; restrictions re-\\nmoved, 7512.\\nGreat Britain, 8831 censorship\\nlicense, 8883, 9012, 0291 censor, 9002.\\nSpain, 11313.\\n.suppressed, Ger., 8151; restricted,\\n8222; gov t defeated liberty upheld,\\n8292; political use, 8322.\\nunrestrained. Den., 6423.\\nPresse, La, issued, 7271\\nPressense, Edmond Dehoult de, b., 7242;\\nd., 7602.\\nPressing boards made. 8041 inv., 9142.\\nPressy, J. T., moderator, 1843.\\nPrester John, in Abyssinia, 13.\\nPreston, Eng., Guild Merchants festival,\\n8503,991)3; battle of, 8S62; Jaeobitessur-\\nrender, 9041; strike, .t.v.n 9731; Derby\\nstatue, 9761 riots, 9831 Harris gift,\\n9842; free library fnd., 9902; Newsham\\ngift, 9921\\nN. Y insane asylum burned lives\\nlost, 3593.\\nJames P.; gov. Va., 1252; d., 1561\\nRobert E., 111 treas. dept., 4472.\\nThomas Scott, b., 1322; d., 3941\\nWilliam Ballard, b. (1805); sec. navy,\\n1653; d. (1862).\\nCampbell, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 1042; d., 1861\\nLord, arrested, 899 3\\nViscount, secretary of state, 897 3\\nPrestonpans, Scot., action at, 9101.\\nPrestwich, Joseph, b., 9363.\\nPreto, ex-premier, banishment, 5591.\\nPretoria, Transvaal, mission, 11241 Bp.\\nBousfield elected, 9803.\\nPretorian Guard broken up, 10662.\\nPretorians, power of, 10632; murder Au-\\ngusta. 10671.\\nPretorius, Andries, aid to Boers invades\\nO. Free State, 59K1 pies.. 5993; leader,\\n11052.\\nPretorship filled by Plebeians, 10532.\\nPreuss, Johann David Erdmann, b., 8042;\\nd., 8243.\\nPrcussiscke Jahrloicli issued, 820 3\\nPrevention of Crimes Act, 985=, 9893.\\nof Cruelty to Animals Soc. fnd.,9412.\\nof Cruelty to Children Act, 10123.\\nPrevost, Sir George, b., 9163; at Platts-\\nburg, 1222; d., 9382.\\nd Exiles, Abbe Antoine Francois, b.,\\n6943; ManonLescaut, 6992; d.,703i.\\nGen. Augustine, b., 602; at Charles-\\nton, 902; at Fort Sunbury, 901 (1.(1786).\\nLouis Constant, b., 7062; d., 7322.\\nMarcel, Panama Canal scandal, 7643.\\nLes Uemi-Vierges, 7662.\\nParadol, Lucien Anatole, b., 7243;\\nd.,7382.\\nPierre, b., 7031 d., 7242.\\nPrevoyance, Society de est., 7462.\\nPriam reigns, 11431 d., 10142.\\nPrice, A. J., defalcation, 4142.\\nAndrew, b., 1741\\nBonamy, b. (1807) Royal Commis-\\nsion, 9951 d., 9962.\\nCharles, lord-mayor London, 9313.\\nJ. K., police captain, trial, 4522, 4623.\\nRichard, b., 9062; d., 9243.\\nRodman McCawley, b. (1816) gov.\\nN.J. ,1772; d.,4621.\\nSterling, b., 1162; in Valley of Taos,\\n1621 gov. ,1743 at Carthage, Mo.,1962; at\\nBoonville.1961 at Lexington, Mo., 1983;\\nleads guerillas, 2022; at Pea Ridge, 2042;\\nat Union Mills, 2121 a t luka, 2132; at\\nCorinth, 2142; at Dardanelles, 2381; a t\\nSpringfield, 2181; at Ironton invades\\nMo., 2382; at Little Blue; at Mine\\nCreek losses in Mo., 2391 at Big Blue,\\nLittle Osage, :mdNewtonia,2392; d.,2582.\\nT. B., d.,4161.\\nThos. L., defeats Compensation, 2193.\\nW. H., killed, 4763.\\nPrices, Eng., law for governing, 8623; re-\\nstricted, 8672, 8692.\\nPrichard, James Cowles, b. (1786) work,\\n9371 d. (1848).\\nPrideau, Lieut., in Abyssinia, 31\\nPrideaux, Humphrey, b., 8862; d., 9062.\\nGen. John, b. (1718) killed, 703.\\nb., 582; d., 722.\\nPrierias, Sylvester, assails Luther, 7882.\\nPriessnako ff hanged, 11203.\\nPriessnitz, Yincenz, b.,8063; hydropathy,\\n5202; d., 8182.\\nPriestley, Joseph, *b 9082; hydrochloric\\nacid, 9182; nitrous oxide gas, 9202; in\\nLunar Soc, 9212; d., 9323; statue, 9781\\nPriests, marriage law, Hung., 5023; influ-\\nencing wills, 5163; power curbed, 5423;\\nmissions of, 5751 illiterate in Fr., 6643;\\ndecree against, Fr., 7082,3; forbidden in\\npolitics, 7343, 75K2; indicted, Ger., 8351\\ninsurrection of, Eng., 876 2 celibacy con-\\nditional, 10663; marriage permitted,\\n10682; celibacy rejected, 10683; sub-ru-\\nlers of Palestine, 1147+\\nPriesthood, augurs est., 10503; election for,\\n10563.\\nPrigg Case, decision given, 1551\\nPrim, Juan, Count of Reus, b.-d., 11303;\\nexiled, 11313; revolts, 11302; in Cadiz;\\nin prov. gov t, 11313; created marshal,\\n11321 insurrectionist, 11313; shot, 11323.\\nPrima Vista discovered, 5711\\nPrime, Edw. Dorr Griffin, b., 1231 d., 3801.\\nSamuel Ireuajus, b., 1183; d., 3202.\\nWin. Cowper, b., 1322.\\nPrimitive Methodists. (See Methodists.)\\nPrimo passes through Suez Canal, 6573.\\nPrimogeniture abolished in Aust.,497 2 in\\nHung., 7073; in Eng. law, 8491\\nPrimrose, Archibald Philip, Earl of Rose-\\nbery, b., 9542; lord privy seal, 9933; K.\\nof Garter, 10083; minister, 9952, 10092\\nPrince Edward Island. Eng. possess, 5743;\\nin Confederation, 5833; One House, 5942.\\nRupert River, fort on, 5732.\\nPrince wrecked, 9593.\\nAlbert in Arctic Sea, 9561\\nGeorge burned, 9141\\nof Wales wrecked, Brazil, 9652.\\nof Wales wrecked, Ire., 9333\\nConsort, title conferred, G. B., 9613.\\nL. B., gov. N. Mex., 3492; asks for\\ntroops, 3663.\\nThomas, b., 502; gov. Mass., 333, 353,\\n412; d., 711.\\nPrinces succession, Ger., 8093.\\n1 rincess bursts boilers, 185 3\\nAlice sinks, 9832.\\nPrincess Dagmar marries, 6421\\nPrincess Henriettc, collision, 5473.\\nLedge, Can., gold dis., 5881\\nPrinceton Rerieu- est., 1331 2763.\\nPrinceton, Peacemaker, explodes, 156", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1390.jp2"}, "1391": {"fulltext": "Prin-Prot.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDjCLX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1379\\nPrinceton, N. J., battle of, 86 Conti-\\nnental Cong., 971 centennial eel., 2943.\\nUniversity; coll. of N. J., est. at\\nElizabethtown, 663; Nassau Hall fnd.;\\nmoved to Newark, 671 moved to Prince-\\nton; Jonathan Edwards, pres., 712; J.\\nWitherspoon, pres., 763; Theological\\nSchool est., 119 1263 rebellion, 126\\nobservatory erected, 296 Clark equa-\\ntorial set up, 314 MeCosh statue, 342\\nSusan Brown gift, 3602; Guyot s library,\\n3942; hazing abolished, 472\\nW. Va., action at, 208\\nPrincipia presented, 8962.\\nPring, Martin, in Plymouth, 26 27\\nPringle, Sir John, b., 9022; pres. Eoyal\\nSoe.,9182; d.,9223.\\nThomas, b., 9243; d. (1834).\\nPrinters, local unions find., 1403.\\nPrinting, presses limited, 422, 432; pro-\\nhibited in N. Y\u00e2\u0080\u009e 502; in N. Y., 523; at\\nCharleston, 623; fntro. in N. C, 67 set\\nat Knoxville, 1043; steam-power press in\\nN. Y., 130 discovery eel., 151 pro-\\nhibited inN. J. ,1543 rotary made, 1622;\\nanniversary of introduction, 42S 2 set\\nup in Brazil, 554 encouraged in China,\\n0102; est. in Fr., 681 first i 11 Eng., 8642;\\nset up, 8663; inv., 930 iron, gen. use,\\n9322 steam, inv., 9343 Albion intro.,\\n938 automatic patented, 964 intro.\\nGr., 1035 intro. Montenegro, 1097 im-\\nproved, 11002; in Uruiniah, 11073; intro.\\nHung.,50S3\\nby movable type inv., Ger.. 7842,\\n787 in dyes invented, 7862; cylindri-\\ncal machine inv., 804\\nintro. in Eng., 8622; Gothic types,\\n8642; Celtic letters intro., 8743; first\\npatent, 876 disorders repressed, 885\\n8903; periodicals prohibited, 8943; first\\ntypes, 906 in color; employed, 940 2\\nanastatic inv., 948\\nBill, U. S. A., 4012, 4192, 4412, 4771\\nPrintz, J., gov. Del., 363, 373.\\nPrior, Matthew, b., 8902; works, 897\\n9003; d.,9062.\\nRichard, criminal, 4522.\\nPriories mentioned, G. B-, 8423; seized in\\nEng., 8542; alien dissolved; suppressed,\\n8622.\\nPrison Asso. successful, 365\\nCharities Act, 9912.\\ncruelty in, Eng., 9092.\\nDiscipline Soc. est., 939\\nlabor, prohibited in N. Y., 3303.\\nMinisters Act., 9672.\\nPrisoners, Am., aided, 89 in Eng., 123\\nreleased by Confederates, 204 political,\\nreleased, Am., 2172; general exchange,\\n2283; political, discharged, 2352; par-\\ndoned, Fr., 7672 religious, released,\\nEng., 8962; of war, many, 920 ex-\\nchange of, 9202.\\nCounsel Bill passed, 8473.\\nPritchard, Charles, b. (1808=); d., 1010\\nLieut. -Col., captures Jet. Davis, 2463.\\nMr., Due d Orleans, 7293.\\nPriscillian beheaded, 1069\\nPriscillianists rise, 11252; fnd., 1069\\nPrivateering authorized, 80 2 abandoned,\\n203\\nIT. S. A. refuses to abolish, 961\\nPrivateers, enemies to Brit, commerce\\nAm. instructions to, 832, 892; Confeder-\\nate, authorized, 194 damages by Con-\\nfederate, 212 .H. ,3; used by Eng., 8563,\\nPrivy Council formed, Eng., 8453.\\nPrize fighting, Morrissev defeats Heenan,\\n185 punishable, 261 Hall and Fitz-\\nsimmons, 388 3 prohibited by Cong.,\\n3912 in Cal., 4262 pugilist killed,\\n342 Heenan and Sayers, 9643. (See\\nCorbett, J. J.).\\nmoney divided, Eng., 900 926\\nProbst, Antoine, executed, 2522.\\nProbus, Marcus Aurelius, defeats Franks,\\n6622; intro. vine culture, 6623; kills in-\\nvaders, 6632 improvements in Ger,,\\n768 enters Gaul; in Ger.; exacts trib-\\nute; imperator, 7692; defeats Florian;\\nagainst Ger. tribes; employs Ger. mer-\\ncenaries, 1064 defeats Varanes II.,\\n1106 reigns; killed, 10662, 10672.\\nProcles enthroned, 1015\\nProclidEe, kings of, 1015\\nProclus, b.-d., 10303.\\nProcne, asteroid, discovered, 300\\nProcopius, Archbp., metropolitan, 10362.\\nProcopius, rival of Sallust, k., 1068\\nhistorian, b.-d., 10303.\\nAndrew, Hussite leader, 5061 attends\\nGen. Council, 507 killed, 5062.\\nProcter, Adelaide Anne, b., 9423; d., 968\\nBryan \\\\V., b.,9242; d., 9782.\\nGen Henry D., b. (1765); at French-\\ntown, 120 1212; besieges Ft. Meigs,\\n1202; assaults Ft. Stephenson; on river\\nThames, 1203; d. (1859).\\nProctor, John K., Civil Ser.Com.,445 1, 4473.\\nJoseph, b., 1242.\\nKedtield.b., 1382; gov., 3012; sec. of\\nwar, 3372; eMigy discussed, 3531 enlists\\nIndians, 378\\nRichard Anthony, b., 9482; d., 330\\nProduction, U. S. statistics, 1693+.\\nPrcetus, divided kingdom, 10133.\\nProfanity, S. C, a misdemeanor, 4762.\\ntax, Eng., 901\\nProfligacy abounds, Ger., 771 2 of Court,\\nEng., 891\\nProgressive Amer. Party fmd., 463\\nFriends org., 1723; prohibited Mar-\\nriage Bill defeated, 957\\nProhibition, for Indians, 371, 2172; aban-\\ndoned in Pa., 371 law in Mass., 403,\\n41 Amendment rejected, Neb., 71\\npasses in Ore., 157 first Maine law,\\n1612; adopted in Me., 1691,2593; Maine\\nlaw repealed, 181 2 constitutional in\\nN. Y., 319 ,2, 3S12, 3831 senate favors,\\n1872; in N. Y., 1922; in Army, 1991,\\n2021; Good Templars for, 2503; favored\\nin Kan., 3032, 323 329 unconstitu-\\ntional, 3592, 3712, 3792; rejected ill Mich.,\\n3032, 3151 3291 at military posts, 3071\\ncanteens at, 35S 2 rejected in N. C,\\n3091; adopted in la., 313 3172, 323\\n333 3562, 3571 3583, 371 ,2, 403 ,2; po-\\nlitically opposed by brewers; adopted in\\nO.; for Alaska, 317 sought in Mass.,\\n3191,393 approved by R. C. Council,\\n319 adopted in N. Dak., 321 341\\n347 3483, 4092; grows in Ga., 321\\n329 partial, 3S92; in R. I., 3223,3243,\\n3362; rescinded, 341 defeated in Tex.,\\n3272, 3292; Federal Prohibition Bill,\\n2923,329 partly in Mo., 3292; defeated\\nin Ore., 3292; in W. Va., 3292,3332; re-\\njected in N. H., 3362; in S. Dak., 347\\n3682, 3783; rejected in Wash.; rejected\\nin Conn., 347 conven. in Neb., 3483;\\nrejected, 371 submission in N. Y.,\\n357 2, 3592,3772, 381 in Cambridge,\\nMass., 3723 partial in D. C, 3983\\nchurches favor; Christian church, 3243;\\nChurch of God; Ger. Ref d Church;\\nEvangelical Church, 327 Weslevan\\nMeth., 3292; Afr. Meth. Zion; Afr.\\nMeth. Epis.; Meth. Epis., 3303, 407\\nMoravian Seventh Day Adventists,\\n331 by Presbyterian, 3402,3602; Evan.\\nLutheran, 3403; favored by Sons of Tem-\\nperance, 3623; p. Bill in Cong., 367 by\\nmissionary societies, 3702 by Nat.\\nFarmers Cong., 3943.\\nParty, inGa.,321 org. at Lawrence,\\nKan., 3172;National Conventions at Chi-\\ncago, party org., 2672; at Columbus, O.,\\n2773; at Cleveland, 2923, 305 at Pitts-\\nburg, Pa., 3173; a t Indianapolis, 331\\nat Cincinnati, 4092; commission against,\\nCan., 593 in Ont., 5962; in Bechuana-\\nland; by Chief Moshesh, 599 upheld,\\nChina, 6123.\\nNat. Party in G B., 997\\nPark dedicated, 387 Temperance\\nCong., 461\\nProme captured, 10462; mission, 10472.\\nPrometheus attacked, 9572.\\nPromontory Point, U. and C. P. R.R. con-\\nnected, 2673.\\nPromotion and Diffusion of Knowledge\\nSociety fnd., 9432.\\nof Social Purity League meets, 3803.\\nProny, Baron de, Gaspard Clair Francois\\nMarie Riche, b., 7012; d., 7282.\\nPropeller screw, first in IT. S., 157 pat-\\nented, 9262 first built, 948 ,2.\\nPropertius, Ci/uthia; Synta.ris, 1061\\nProperty Qualification Abolishment Act,\\n9632.\\nPropontis, coasts subdued, 1022\\nProportional Representation Society fmd.,\\n9932; proposal rejected, 993 2\\nProscription laws abrogated, Fr., 745 3\\nr-\u00e2\u0080\u009en\u00e2\u0080\u009e\u00e2\u0080\u009e\u00e2\u0080\u009e /^\u00e2\u0080\u009e\u00e2\u0080\u009e\u00e2\u0080\u009e\u00e2\u0080\u009es Elm\\nProserpine wrecked, 928\\nProspective Rerun issued, 953\\nProsper of Aquitaine, w r orks, 663\\nProtagoras, b.-d., 1019\\nProtection of Am. Institutions League\\naddress, 4443; opposed, 450 475\\nfor manufactures an issue, 1292.\\nProtectionists favored; defeated, Austral.,\\n499 meet Great Brit., 9552 ministry\\nformed, 957 2\\nProtective Tariff Bill, Am., 1313. (See\\nTariff.)\\nadopted, Australia, 5012.\\nin Austria, 5173.\\npolicy opposed, (Jan., 593\\nProtector elective, Eng., 8892.\\nProtector wrecked, 9493.\\nProtectorate of Humphrey, 863\\nestablished, Eng., 889\\nProtein introduced, 1102\\nProtestant Alliance formed, 9543.\\nAssociation, Am., meets, 3852.\\norganized, 921 9463.\\nchurches permitted, Hung., 517\\nchurch of Prussia forbids socialism\\n834\\nConference, N. Y., 3702.\\nConservative Society est., 9442.\\nConvocation Articles, Eng., 8802\\nDissenters relief, 9253.\\nEpiscopal Church, Am.; in Can., first\\nEpis. service in Am., 242 j n Va., state\\nreligion; first service in, 262; daily ser-\\nvice, 282; orthodoxy tested Pocahontas\\nconverted; compulsory attendance dis-\\nsent a crime, 362 exclusive in, 402, 422;\\nWilliam and Mary Coll. est., 522 rev-\\nenue in tobacco, 533-982,3,1002, 1022,\\n1232, 1363, 1543, 2622, 3142, 4602. in\\nMe. minister in, 262, 1282, 1622. in\\nMass. among Puritans, 282; est. ,30 2;\\nservice in Salem, 302 John Winthrop\\nin leaders expelled Prayer Book in\\nBoston, 382; compulsory in Boston, 422,\\n502; 1st church in Boston, 463 King s\\nChapel built, 502,602,603,962,3-1023,\\n1123, 1543, 2832, 3822, 3923, 4301, 440\\nin Del. 1st service, 343, 542, 57 1523,\\n3202. j n n. Y. tolerated, 362; i s t ser-\\nvice, 463; est. by law, 522 Trinity Ch.\\nest., 523 King s farm granted Colum-\\nbia Coll. est., 543 Trinity school est.,\\n57 -9S2,3, 1103, 1171, 1331, 1382, 1603,\\n1582, 2412, 2642, 2662, 3142, 336 3862,\\n3922; inN. H. minister banished, 362,\\n622, 1103, 1563, 2702. Indian missions\\n363,571, 622,3, 651, 1243, 1323, 1003 j\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nN.C. legalized, 442, 662,671; in S. C.\\n482, 452, 563, 9S2,3, 119 1263, 1503, 1723,\\n2742,358 ,434 Church bishopless,4t3;\\nin Md. est. by law, 522, 902, 1143, 1522,\\n2702,3182 in K. I. in Newport, 542,\\n562, 1021 1562, 1762. Est. by law, N.C,\\n562. Miss, in Newport, R. I., 562; j n\\nConn., 563, 602, 962, 1082, 127 1312.\\nPrevails in N. Y., Va., S. C. Trinity\\nSchool, N. Y., est., 57 reproved in\\nMass., 602 in Bait., 643 royalistic,\\n723; s. Seabury elected bishop, 962,3.\\nStanding Committee for union, 962; first\\nconven. P. E. Church of Am. org., 963\\nin Pa., 963, 983, 1171 1323, 1343 ,1663,\\n1842, 2502, 2543, 2642, 2762, 3861 in N.\\nY. City, 963, 1271, 1762, 1863, 3562, 3702,\\n3842,4062, 4201 ,4341 4721 1st ordina-\\ntion, 963 1st gen. conven. King s\\nChapel, Boston, secedes, 982 in Va.,\\n982,3, 1002, 1022, 1232, 1363, 1543, 2622,\\n3142, 4602; j n N. J., 982, 1241 1402,1631\\n1862,2862,3023; in Ky., 1363, 1402,2542,\\n2862. Bp. Griffith elected; bps. White\\nand Provost cons., 983 separates from\\nCh. of Eng.; separation of Ch. and State,\\n98 3 constitution fmd.; Book of Prayer\\nAmericanized, 1002; Bp. Madison cons.,\\nPrayer Book used, 1022 in Vt., 1023,\\n1043, 1402,3, 1443, 2622, 4501 Bp. Clag-\\ngett cons., 1023 Bp. Bass cons., 1043,\\n1063; lands sequestered, Vt.; Bp. Smith\\ncons., 1062 Bp. Jarvis eons., 1082 Bp.\\nMoore cons., 1103, 1232 Bp. Parker\\ncons., 1123 Bible and C. Prayer-Book\\nSoc, 1163, 1642 Tract Soc. org., 1171\\n1243 bps. Hobart and Griswold cons.,\\n1171 same as Ch. of Eng., 1183 Bp.\\nDehoncons., 1191 Bp. Kemp cons. ,1232;\\nBp. Croes cons.; first ch. in N. Orleans,\\n1243, in La., 1243, 1542, 3023, 3861; j n\\nN. C, 1261,1383,1723; in Q.,1263, 1303,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1391.jp2"}, "1392": {"fulltext": "1380\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nProt-Prov.\\n1331, 1402, 1862, 2882, 2902, 3342, 3452,\\n3542,3742. Bp. Bowencons., 1263; Bp.\\nBrownell cony.; Theo. Sem. est., N. Y.,\\n1271. Domestic and Foreign Miss. Soc.\\nest., 1283 in Ga., 1303, 1523, 2861 4201\\nBp. Eavenscroft eons., 131 1 Trinity\\nColl. eBt., 1312; Hobart Free Coll. est.\\nKenyon Coll. est., 133* in Miss., 1341,\\n1(362, 3122. Bp. H. V. Onderdonk, 1343;\\nin Tenn., 1363, 24S2, 2643, 4341; Bp.\\nMeade cons., 1363; in Ala., 1363, 13S2,3,\\n1442, 1563, 3761 Bp. Stone cons., 1382\\nBp. Ives cons., 13S3 in Midi., 1402,\\n1462,2862, 3022, 3.W3, 3462,4162. Bps.\\nHopkins, Smith, Mcllvaine, and Doane\\ncons., 1402 Bp. Otey cons., 1423 Bp.\\nWhite Prayer-Book Soc. org., 1423 j n\\n111., 1442,3, 2832, 21)62, 2083, 4202. Bp.\\nKempes eons., 1442; Bp. Chase elected\\nin Chicago, 1443 Miss. Soc. changed,\\nNorwich Univ. est., 1443; Bp. McCoskry\\ncons., 1462; Bp. Lancey cons., 1503; i n\\nMo., 1503, 1.-163, 2622, 3382. Bp. Glads-\\nden eons., 1: ()3; Bp. Whittinghamcons.,\\n1522 Bp. Elliot cons., 1523 bps. Lee\\nand Polk cons., 1542 bps. Joans and\\nEastburn cons., 1543 Bp. Henshaw\\ncons., 1562; bps. Chase, Cobbs, Hawkes,\\nand Freeman eons., 1563; in Ark., 1563,\\n1862,2683,2762. Bp. H. V. Onderdonk\\nsuspended, 1563 Articles and Canons\\napproved Bp. B. T. Onderdonk sus-\\npended. Bp. Potter cons., 1582 The\\nChurchman, 158 3 Bp. Burgess cons.\\nSoc. for Promoting 0. Knowledge est.,\\n1623 i n Wis., 1631, 1731, 1762, 2542,\\n2882, 3382, 3041. Burlington College\\nest., 1631 Evang. Literature Soc. org.,\\n1642 i n Tex., 1642, 1862, 2842, 2862,\\n3282,4202. Bp. Doane s trial; bps. Up-\\nfold and Green cons., 1662; i n ind.,\\n1662,2482,3142; in Cal., 1032, 1723,25S3,\\n2862. Bp. Rutledge cons., 1683. Bp.\\nWainwright eons., 1702 i n la., 1723,\\n1741,1762,1843,2922. Bp. Ives cons.;\\ndeposed bps. Davis, Atkinson, Kip,\\ncons., 1723 Racine Coll. est., 1731 Bp.\\nScott cons., 1741; bps. Lee, Potter,\\nClark, Kemper, Jackson, cons., 1762.\\nin Wash., 1741, 2692,4202 in Ore.,\\n1741,2642. Prot.Kpis. Quarterly, 1763;\\nin Minn., 1822,1862. Bp. Bowman cons.,\\n1842; Griswold College est., 1843; bps.\\nGregg, Odenheimer, Bedell, Whipple,\\nLay, and Talbot cons., 1862 in Kan.,\\n1862, 2411, 3262. Soc. for Increase of\\nMinistry fmd., 1862; St. Stephen s Coll.\\nest., 1863 Bp. Steveus cons., 2023 Bp.\\nWilmer cons., 2052 Evang. Education\\nSoc. fmd., 2152; Bp. Vail cons., 241 1 Bp.\\nCox cons., 2412 bps. Quintard, Talbot,\\nClarkson, and Randall cons., 2482 in\\nNeb., 2482, 2642, 3502; i n Col., 2482,\\n2S22, 3282, 4221 Reunion of Southern\\nchurches, 2502 bps. Williams, Wilmer,\\nCummings, Armitage, cons., 2542 Bp.\\nNeely cons., 256 Bp. Young cons. in\\nFla., 2582. st. Augustine Coll., 2583;\\nBp. Beckwith cons., 2602; bps. Whittle,\\nBissell, Robertson, cons., 2622 ritual-\\nism discussed bps. Doane, Morris, Lit-\\ntlejohn, cons., 2642; Univ. of tbe South.,\\n2613 Bp. Huntington cons., 2662 bps.\\nWhitaker, Pierce, cons., 2682,3; Reform\\nconv.,2682; in Ariz., 2682, 3341 Bps.\\nNiles and Pinckney cons., 2702 Bp.\\nHowe cons., 2742 Woman s Auxiliary\\norg., 2762 bps. Hare, Auen, cons.; in\\nS. Dak., 2802. Bps. Paddock, Lyman,\\nSpaulding, cons.; secession of Reformed\\nEpis. Ch., 2822 Bp. Elliott cons. Bp.\\nCummings deposed, 2842 Bp. Welles\\ncons., 2861; bps. Wingfield, Odenheimer,\\nGarrett, Dudley, Scarborough, cons.\\ncanon against ritualism Church Cong,\\norg. Clergymen s Retiring Fund Soc.\\nest., 2862; B p Gillespie cons., 2863; bps.\\nJagger, McLaren, Brown, Adams, cons.,\\n2882; in N.Mex., 2882, 3042. First eh.\\ncongress, 2882 Free and Open Church\\nAsso. org., 2902 Bp. Perry cons., 2922\\nCookman Inst. Nat. Repository 2923\\nUp. Penick cons., 2942; i n W. Va., 2983;\\nGirls Friendly Soc. org. Soc. Promot-\\ning Christianity among Jews bps. Bur-\\ngess, Peterkin, Seymour cons. Bp. Mc-\\nCoskry deposed, 2983; Bp. Harris cons.,\\n3022. Church Ger. Soc. org.; bps. Star-\\nkey, Gallagher, cons., 3023 Ch. Build-\\ning Fund org. bps. Dunlop, Brewer,\\nPaddock cons. in Mont., 3042; j n\\nWash., 3042. Board of Missions est.\\n3062 ch. Temperance Soc, 3091 3191\\nBp. Thompson eons., 3122; bps. Knicker-\\nbocker, Potter, Randolph, Walker, cons.,\\n3142 j i n n. Dak., 3142; inN.C, 3162,3,\\n4401. Enrichment ol Prayer Book, 3162;\\nBp. Watson cons., 3163; Bishop Paret\\nconsecrated, 3182 Temperance report,\\n3191 Bishop Worthington eons., 3202\\nDaughters of the King Knights of\\nTemperance, 3231 bps. Thomas, Talbot,\\ncons. ,3262; in Wyo.,3262; inlda.,3262,\\n3861. Bps. Johnson, Leonard, cons. ,3282;\\ninNev., 3282; in Utah, 3282. Bp. Cole-\\nman cons., 202; Students Mission Asso.;\\nBrotherhood of Lay Readers, 3322\\nbps. Kendrick, Vincent, cons., 3341, 2\\nN. Y. province fmd., 3361 Bp. Knight\\ncons.; Bp. Bray deposed, 3882; Bp. Graf-\\nton cons., 3383 Colored P. E. Conf.,\\n3443 revision of Prayer Book, 3461,\\n4162; bps. Leonard, Davies, cons., 3462;\\nBp. Graves eons., 350 2 H. MacQuearey\\ndeposed, 3542,3742; Bp. Nichols cons.,\\n3621 Bp. Thomas eons., 3742 i n Ind.\\nTer., 3742. Bp. Jackson cons., 376 1\\nBp. Brooks, 3822, 3342, 3923; bps. Nich-\\nolson, Sessums, eons., 386 1 ;newhymnal;\\nBoard of Missions Bp. Thomas cons.,\\n4162 Cathedral of St. John the Divine;\\nBp. Gray cons.; bps. Nelson, Hale, Kin-\\nsolving, Wells, Brooke, cons., 4202; i n\\nOkla., 4202. Bp. Barker cons., 4221\\nBp. Lawrence cons., 430 1 bps. Graves,\\nMcKim, cons. ,4321 bps. Capers, Gaylor,\\ncons., 434 1 bps- Lawrence, Cheshire,\\ncons., 4401; Bp. Hall cons., 450 1 Soc.\\nfor Seamen eel., 4562; Bp. Newton cons.,\\n4602 Monastic Brotherhood fmd., 4721.\\nProtestant Fpiseopal Church of Confed.\\nStates org., 2172.\\nfirst mission in world, Brazil, 5531\\nFrench College dedicated, 3471.\\nMissions Conference, 9982.\\nReformation Society org., 9403.\\nSociety formed, 9423.\\nwar, Ger., 7901.\\nword obsolete, changed, 8123.\\nProtestantism intro. in Fr., 6702; abjured,\\n6843; prostrate, 6871; no congregations,\\n6971; ruined in Ger., 7911; flourishes in\\nGer., 7923 est. in Eng., 8703 rules,\\n8722; missions in India, 10491.\\nin Austro-Hung.: Wycklif s proposi-\\ntions condemned,. 506 2; John Huss under\\nban, burned; Hussite party fmd., Jerome\\nof Prague burned, Catholics expelled\\nfrom Prague,5003;Taborites annihilated;\\nUniv. of Prague suppressed, 5071 La-\\ndislaus leader, Moravians appear, 5082;\\nGeorge Podiebrad under pope s ban,\\nanti-Hussite crusade, 5083 called Pro-\\ntestants Reformation spreads; Schmal-\\nkaldic League favors Peace of Nurein-\\nburg favors Jesuits order against\\nCouncil of Trent against, 5102; Conven.\\nof Passau, Peace of Augsburg, reaction\\nagainst, toleration of, Protestant Union\\nfmd., 5103; Thirty Years War, 5111; re-\\nvolt of, 5113; Christian II. and Gustavus\\nAdolphus aid, 512 1 Christian and John\\nGeorge under ban, reaction against,\\n5123 supreme in Bohemia rises in\\nHungary, 5131; Herrnhut est., 5143;\\nadvance in Hung., 5163 toleration in\\nAust., 5171 rights in Aust.-Hung., 5242;\\nrights granted, 5252, 3 estates confis-\\ncated, 5413.\\nin Belgium intro.; opposed; Alva s\\ncruelty William of Orange, convert,\\n5411 Catholics and Protestants oppose\\neach other in, 5423.\\ninFr.: Luther s heresy condemned;\\nfirst Protestants in Paris John Calvin\\npreaches, persecuted, 6803 Calvin in\\nSwitz.; persecution of Albigenses, 681 1\\ndisturbs Council of Trent church in\\nParis advances in synod held Hugue-\\nnots rise Poissy Conf. fails; concessions\\nin, 6823 massacre at Vassy 36 years\\nreligious wars; tolerated; Huguenots\\nagain rise; gen. synod held, 683 1 St.\\nBartholomew s massacre, 6842; success-\\nful in war, 6843; toleration; Holy League\\nagainst Prots. est.; Peace of Poitiers\\nfavors, 6852; edict of Nemours against\\nHenry IV. abjures, 6843; edict of Nantes,\\n6863 Huguenot cause ruined tolera-\\ntion, 687 1 Lutherans tolerated, 6923\\nedict of Nantes revoked persecution,\\n6931 Huguenots persecuted, 6943; Cami-\\nsards revolt, 6971; severe laws against,\\n699 1 first nat. synod; declines, 7011;\\ntoleration, 7032, 7002 massacre at\\nNimes revival, 7231\\nProtestantisminGer.: Reformationbegins;\\nCouncil of Basle, Switz., 7843; Fred. III.\\nagainst, 7851 Bible first printed Luther\\nborn; Luther in Rome; Luther s reforma-\\ntion begins, ;W2, Zwingli in Switz. ,11371\\nDiet of Worms, 78-S3; Anabaptists org.,\\nReformation in Prus.; martyrs at Augs-\\nburg Nuremberg accepts; alliance of\\nProts., 7891; reformers protest; Diet\\nof Augsburg, 7902 fi rs t consistory in\\nSaxony; Luther dies cause apparently\\nruined, interim of Augsburg, 7911;\\npeace of Augsburg flourishes; reaction\\nagainst Prot. Union Cath. League\\nagainst, 7923; Prot. Union fmd.; peace\\nwith C. Lengue, 7933 Union ruined;\\nedictof Restitution, 7943; p. Union, last\\nof, 7952 toleration granted, 7971 Piet-\\nists fnd., 7983; edict uf tolerance, 8051.\\nin Great Brit, Act of Supremacy\\nChurch severed from Rome; persecution\\nby Prot. Reformation in Ire., 868 2\\nSapal interdict Reformation in Scot.\\nlatthew s Bible Prots. persecuted in\\nScot.; King s Book standardof doctrines,\\n8683; Knox reformers in Scot.; P. form-\\nally est. 1st Uniformity Act clergy\\nmarry Common Prayer-Book, 8701\\nReformation annulled persecution by\\nCath.: reconciled to Rome bps. Hooper,\\nTaylor, Farrar, Ridley, Latimer burned\\nBp. Cranni t bur lied, 8702 ;persecutionby\\nCath., 870 3 p, restored Puritans rise\\nUniformity reenacted; Reformation est. r\\nScot., 8722 Anglican Ch. est. papal\\nbull againM queen, 8723; Presb. Church,\\nest. ,8742; Congregational Ch. est., 8763;\\nin Ire., 8783 colonized in Ire., 8793;\\nmassacred in Ire., 8843, 929 2 restrained\\nby James II., 8963.\\nin Italy massacred at Valtelline,\\n10831,2 edict against Bible Societies,\\n10862; missions in Rome, 10*03, 10881,3;\\nmassacre in Naples, 30883 Evangelical\\nAlliance at Rome, 10901\\nProtestants persecuted in Spain, 1129\\nmassacred in Switz., 11372.\\nProtestation, Great, Eng., 8812.\\nProtet killed, 6201\\nProteus crushed in Smith s Sound, 314 1\\nI rotogenes, d., 11482.\\nProtoplasm discussed, 8201\\nProudhon, Jean Baptist Victor, b., 7023\\nd., 7282.\\nPierre Joseph, b., 7191 works, 7283-\\nd.,7362.\\nProust, M., minister, 7532.\\nProut, Samuel, b., 9223 d., 9582.\\nWilliam, b., 9242; d.,9562.\\nProuty, David, presents High Sehool,3443 r\\nProvence, Fr., fnd., 10572 conquered,\\n11261 reunited to Ger. Empire, 6692\\nceded to Barcelona, 6693; united to Fr.,\\n6792; invaded, 6802, 7901; ceded to-\\nFranks, 7712.\\nProvencher, J. N., bishop, 5801\\nProverbs written, 11423.\\nProvidence attacked by Brit, sloop, 822.\\nR. I., citizen disfranchised, 342; Bapt^\\nChurch org., 343,363,812 foundation\\nof, 352; gov t of, 372; division in church,\\n383; Jewish congregation, 40 2 Indians\\nattack, 462 Athenseum Library fnd.,\\n691, H63 p. Gazette, 731 Bapt. Coll.\\nest., 763; Am. fleet blockaded, 861;\\nhome-spun cloth mnf., 100 1 riot at, 1391\\nhorse thief whipped, 149 1 Meth. Epis.\\nconf. fmd., 1503 mad elephant, 1753\\nSwan Point Cemetery est.. 1853; Evening\\nIlultetin,2 X 2\\\\ Outlining I nif arianconf.\\norg., 2562 Union for Christian work\\norg., 2602 Normal School opd.,2742;\\nR. C. diocese est., 2802 school for deaf\\nopd., 2943 Nat. encampment G. A. R.,\\n2972 Cong. Club fmd., 3502 Cushing\\nlaunched, 3521 Ladies Cycling Club\\nest., 3533; Bible banished from schools,\\n3582 centennial of first Am. cotton-\\nmill, 3693; Ladd Observatory, 3941 Has-\\nwell killed, 4111; fire, 4113; Loan Society\\npawn-shop, 460 2", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1392.jp2"}, "1393": {"fulltext": "Prov-Prus.\\nText Figures denote Page. lJNJ_)ii.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1381\\nProvidence Lake, Federals defeat, 21S 3\\nand Stonington R. R. opd., 1493.\\nProvident Knowledge Society est., 9763.\\nProvisions of Merlon, Eng., 8533 of Ox-\\nford adopted, 8551 annulled, 8553.\\nProvoked Huxl aii t performed, 722.\\nProvost, David, mayor N. Y., 55 2\\nSir George, gov. -gen., 577 3\\nSamuel, b., 642 cons, in Eng., 983\\nd.,1242.\\nPrud homme, John F, E., in National\\nAcademy of Design, 1G0 2\\nPrunty, .lames, killed, 4423.\\nPrusa (later Brusa) taken by Orkhan,\\n11553\\nPrusias I., defeats Gauls, 11481; reigns,\\n11491.\\nII., reigns, 11491 k. (149 B.C.).\\nPrussia, Ger., Caasar crosses Rhine, 1058 3\\nTreves est., 7G91 Avars and Saxons in\\nThuringia Charlein;igne del eats Saxons\\nat Bocholt; he defeats the YViltzi, 7701\\nhe meets council of Frankfort, 770 3\\nTheodoric subdues Thuringia; Angles\\nsettle in Eng., 771 2 Aix-la-Chapelle,\\nfreecity Wittekind a Christian; refuge\\nof pope, 7713 B. of Andernaeh Mag-\\nyars invade; Wends defeated, 7721;\\narchbishopric of Treves est. Munster-\\nkerche of Essen cons. Havelberg and\\nBrandenburg, bishopries est.; monastery\\nof Fulda, 7723 Aix-la-Chapelle impor-\\ntant Frankfort walled capital, 7731\\nBreslau fnd., 7732 beginning of Prus-\\nsian state Danzig fnd. Cologne, impe-\\nrial city; Holy Roman Empire gains,\\n7733 Danes and Wends invade, 7741\\nSt. Adelbert, 7742; Breslau a bishopric,\\n7743; pressed by Wends; Boleslav rav-\\nages 7752 Rudolf victorious, 7761 Car-\\nthusian monks fnd. Holy Coat brought\\nto Treves, 7762 AVends converted, 7763;\\nMiinster burned; langrave begins, 7772;\\nVehmic Tribunals in Westphalia, 7782 j\\nBreslau capital of Silesia; Berlin fnd.,\\n77S3 feud with Henry the Lion, 7791\\ncolonized by Germans, 7793 Mongols\\ninvade; Raspe defeated heathen Prus-\\nsians crusaded, depopulated knights\\ndepopulate, 7S0i Wetzlar cathedral\\nfnd. Colognecathedral fnd. ,7802; Danes\\ndefeated atllornlnered, 7S()3 conquered\\nfor civilization, 7811 S021 Thorn fnd.\\nFrankfort diet (1234), an imperial city;\\nHanseatic League est. Henry Raspe\\nset up, 7811; Win. Count Holland set\\nup; great interregnum; Richard Plan-\\ntagenet set up Alphonso X. set up\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0electoral college est.; Kbnigsberg fnd.,\\n7812, the capital; Dusseldorf, a town,\\n7813; Adolf defeated; Albert of Aust.\\nsucceeds, is defeated at Lncca Branden-\\nburg attacked Hanseatic League at\\nwar with Den., 782 1 knights rule Dan-\\nzig; electors bribed Brandenburg given\\nto Louis, 7831; diet at Frankfort (1344),\\n7832 false Waldenmr bribery; league\\nof the cities Frankfort capital; Diet\\nof Ger. emp. begins Charles IV. gains\\nBrandenburg; league of Rhine cities,\\n7833 B. of Tannenberg war in West-\\nphalia, 7S41,2; Casimir IV. ally Soest\\nbesieged, 7842 ch. council at Treves,\\n7843 Frankfort anii-emp. league Univ.\\nCologne est., 7851; Dusseldorf impor-\\ntant, 785 2 Frederick I. elector secret\\ntribunals Prussian League est., 7853 j\\nUniv. of Treves fnd., 7863, 7871 Univ.\\nof Greifswald fnd., 787 1 Prus. League\\ndissolved bribery Danzig ceded to\\nPol. Konigsburg important W. Prus.\\nceded to Pol. States Union dissolved,\\n7872; Diet of Worms (1495); Joachim\\nbecomes an elector free city Diet of\\nCologne (1512), 7873 w ar G f the Nobles;\\nTreves besieged Peasants war, 7881\\nReformation in, 789 1 emp. visits Sick-\\ningen s League; Albert joins Protes-\\ntants freed from Poles, 7893 Univ. of\\nKbnigsberg fnd.; sweating sickness,\\n7911 Maurice defeats Imperialists, 7921\\nProtestant Union find., 7923 dukedom\\nannexed to Brandenburg Prot. Union\\nmeets, 7933; war with Swedes, 11341;\\nStraslund besieged Gustavus takes\\nFrankfort-on-Oder and Spandau, 7941;\\nWallenstein invades Silesia, 7942 Prot-\\nestants expelled from Cologne, 7943\\nduchy united with Brandenburg, 795 1\\nGeo. William, I). Prot. Union ruined;\\nEdict of Restitution, 7952 Gustavus\\nAdolphus victorious, 5121; B. of Witt-\\nstock, 7961; Swedes defeated at Fehr-\\nbellin, 796 2 Swedes aid Protestants,\\n5121 Protestants appeal, 513 2 Fred.\\nWilliam rules Brandenburg; rulesPrus.;\\nPeace of Westphalia, 7972; alliance with\\nHoll. neutrality with Fr. indepen-\\ndence of Poland peace with Fr.,7973;\\nFr. take cities, 7981 serfdom abolished,\\n7991 becomes a kingdom; Fred. III.\\ncrowned; Crefeld annexed Gelderland\\nsiezed, 799 2 annexations; Meurs an-\\nnexed; Fred. William L. king, 7993;\\nPeace of Utrecht, 5143 Gelderland\\nceded, 7993; treaty of Baden, 5143 Vom-\\npomern and Stettin annexed treaty of\\nStockholm, 7993 Rus. against, 11153\\nRus. and Saxons take Danzig, N001 Sile-\\nsian wars; takes Glogau takes Moll-\\nwitz, 5141; takes Breslau, 8001; takes\\nChotusitz, 5142 Peace of Breslau and\\nBerlin, 515 2 flying artillery intro.\\ninvades Bohemia, 8001 Fred. Xl. reigns;\\ntakes Breslau alliance against Aust.,\\n801 2 2d Silesian war, 5153 claims Si-\\nlesia Peace of Breslau; alliance with\\nChas. VII. and Fr. union of Frankfort\\ngains East Friesland, 8013 East Ind.\\nCo. fmd.,1045 2 alliance against; Peace\\nof Fiissen, 5153 secret treaty against\\nAust., 7013 Peace of Dresden a first-\\nclass power; envy of Aust., 8013; 3d\\nSilesian war; battles; Rus. conquests\\nFr. take Frankfort Fr. defeated in\\nWestphalia allies burn Berlin, 8021\\ntreaty for its partition, 5153 alliance\\nwith Eng. Fred. II. charged with trea-\\nson, 8032 Eng. subsidies withheld\\nEliz. dies, Prussia saved Peace of\\nSt. Petersburg, of Hamburg, with M.\\nTheresa Peace of Hubertsburg in par-\\ntition of Pol., 8033, 8073; A. D. 1800+\\nwar of Bavarian succession, 8041; in-\\nvades Neth., 11002; Peace of Teschen,\\n5173; war, 1st coalition; battles; in-\\nvades Fr., 8061 manifesto against Fr.\\nwith Aust. against Fr., 807 2 partition of\\nPoland Peace of Cainpo Formio Fred.\\nWilliam III. reigns ally against Eng.\\nseizes Hanover, 8073 withdraws cedes\\nto Fr. left bank of Rhine; imperiled,\\n8081; war with Fr., 7161; battles; Fr.\\nin Berlin truce universal military\\nservice, 8083 Tungenbnnd org. gains\\nErfurt gains terr. Hesse-Cassel, an\\nelectorate, Wm. I. elector, 8091 conven.\\nof Potsdam neutral toward Fr. Dus-\\nseldorf capital of duchy gains Hanover\\nby exchange Confed. of Rhine fmd.,\\nFrankfort, capital kingdom of West-\\nphalia formed; abolished; with Eng.\\nagainst Fr. Napoleon in Berlin Berlin\\ndecree; Saxony withdraws Frankfort\\ngiven to Von Dalberg; European com-\\npact fmd. Rus. leaves alliance; Peace\\nof Tilsit Fr. takes vast territory West-\\nphalia gains Magdeburg, Jerome Bona-\\nparte K., Hesse-Cassel joined; Tugend-\\nbund org. VonStein ministry conven.\\nof Berlin Hanau joins Frankfort, 809 3\\ninterdicts Am. trade, 1173 j ally of Na-\\npoleon; allies against Napoleon; Order\\nof Iron Cross est. patriotism of young\\nmen landwehr fmd. Napoleonic bat-\\ntles, 8101 majority nnder arms Fr.\\ngains Wesphalia; Frankfort a grand\\nduchy; uprising against Fr. in alliance\\nwith Rus. subsidy treaty with Eng.\\nin Cong, of Prague in alliance against\\nFr. kingdom of Westphalia; duchies\\nof Frankfort and of Berg abolished\\nConfed. of Rhine ends, 7212 war of\\nLiberation, 811 1; Fr. gain Breslau; in\\nalliance of Chaumont against Napoleon,\\n8112 j in Peace of Paris Fr. restore ter-\\nritory, 7213; Magdeburg restored, 811 2\\nin new alliance against Napoleon con-\\nstitutional law given gains part of Sax.;\\nin Germanic Confederation, also Hesse-\\nCassel, etc. in Holy alliance Frank-\\nfort, free city gains Westphalia 300th\\nanniv. of Reformation Evangelical sub-\\nstitutes Protestant Evan, church fmd.,\\n8123 ministry of education org. Univ.\\nof Bonn est., 8131 a central power, 5232;\\nin Cong. Aix-la-Chapelle in Cong. Karls-\\nbad ministry of education fmd. Von\\nHumbolt resigns Prus. and Aust. lead\\nin Cong. Troppau mail routes est.,\\n813 s religious disputes Archbishop\\nCologne imprisoned, 8151 3 Hesse-Cas-\\nsel, constitution students rise in Frank-\\nfort Ger. Tariff Union fmd. Fred.\\nWilliam IV., K. clergy disputes; alli-\\nance with Turk., 8153 Berlin, state of\\nsiege; Schleswig-Holstein war; troops\\nsent railway, Berlin to Magdeburg, 8161\\nking s life attempted insurrection, Ber-\\nlin, 816 3 riot in Frankfort; first Gen.\\nEstates meet, reforms in Hesse-Cassel\\nUnited Provincial Diet meets Fred.\\nWm. elector, Hesse-Cassel representa-\\ntive gov t est. Landtag org. Federal\\nUnion demanded king illiberal an-\\narchy in Berlin, 8171 general amnesty\\nrevolt in Schleswig-Holstein king pro-\\nposes reconsolidation of Ger. emp. pre-\\nliminary pari, meet uprising for re-\\nforms Bismarck in pari. Schleswig-\\nHolstein struggle Ger. Nat. Assembly\\nas pari, at Frankfort 4 parties, 817 2\\nreaction toward despotism anti-despo-\\ntism movement Nat. Assembly leaves\\nFrankfort; dissolved king s constitu-\\ntion communist s manifesto, 8173 2d,\\n3d Schleswig-Holstein war,818i battles,\\n5401 to exclude Aust. Aust. opposes\\nP. yields, 5233; invades Baden, 818 1\\nPeace with Den., 641 1 whole army out\\nAust. in Holstein, 8181 Great Ger. and\\nSmall Ger. parties King Wm. Fred,\\nelected emp., declines Schleswig-Hol-\\nstein gov t recognized reaction of im-\\nEerialism martial law, Jews may study\\niw, 8183 leaves Nat. Assembly alli-\\nance of three kings Rum]. Pari, meets\\nat Stuttgart Prus. Aust. central power,\\n5232,8191 peace with Den.; seeks leader-\\nship of Ger. alliance with Sax. Han-\\nover Aust. protests Chas. Anthony\\nresigns new constitution Diet of Con-\\nfederation meets excludes Aust. con-\\nvokes Union Pari. Confed. Cong, meets,\\n8191 peace with Den. Hesse-Cassel\\nCong. Ger. sovereigns meet out of\\nPari.; rupture with Aust. league against\\nPrus. abandons efforts for Union\\nAust. sends ultimatum conven. at 01-\\nniutz compromise Hesse-Cassel, new\\nconstitution, 819 2 constitution modi-\\nfied old Confed. Diet reest. reaction\\nof princes postal and teleg. union, Ger.\\nstates old council of state revived\\nconstitution modified Bismarck envoy\\ntreaty with Aust. Dem. conspiracy\\nfavors Rus., 8193 vacillates on Eastern\\nQues,; agrees to integrity of Turk., 8203,\\n8211 excluded from Vienna Confs.\\naccepts treaty of Paris renounces Neu-\\nchatel prince is regent currency con-\\nven.; Federal party defeated Bismarck\\nin St. Peterburg, S21i impedes Ger.\\nunity; military bills William I., king\\nVon der Heydt ministry, 821 2 Wm. I.\\ncrowned; responsible ministry Sclrwe-\\nrin ministry; Bismarck in Paris, minis-\\nter budget, unconstitutional liberal\\npapers suppressed. 8213 secedes from\\nLondon Protocol, 5203 war with Den.,\\nbattles; invades Holstein invadesHan-\\nover Austro-Prussian war, 5261, 5271,\\n8221 enters Saxony alliesagainstAust.,\\nHesse-Cassel, Hanover, Nassau, 8221 j\\nBismarck offends deputies anti-Dem.\\nprotest controversy, ministers vs. dep-\\nuties king rules without pari. press\\nrestricted, 8222 Frankfort Cong, unat-\\ntended, disapproved; Liberal majority\\nSocialistic Party org. Schleswig-Hol-\\nstein demands enters Altona London,\\nConf., 8223 governs Jutland Peace of\\nVienna demands on Aust. retains\\nSchleswig-Holstein chamber proro-\\ngued despotic revenue decree Schles-\\nwig in Confederation treaty of Gastein;\\nnaval treaty with G. B. Bismarck pre-\\nmier demandson Aust. ecclesiastical\\ndispute settled claims Holstein de-\\nmands decision of Ger. states agrees\\nto common disarmament treaty with\\nIt.; Prus. Diet dissolved, 8232 ]t. an\\nally; called to disarm; mediation with.\\nAust. declined rupture with Aust.\\nenters Holstein invades Hanover and\\nHesse Germanic Confederation dis-\\nsolved Austro-Prus. war allies in", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1393.jp2"}, "1394": {"fulltext": "1382\\nText Figures denote Page. INJ-)lj X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nPrus-Pyrr.\\nnorth, 8233 military movements, bat-\\ntles, S24i Von Moltke on field rejects\\ntruce, 8242 j Peace of Prague evacuate\\nLuxemburg, 8243 supreme in Ger.\\nNorth Ger. Confederation est. demands\\nHanover, Hesse, Nassau, and Frankfort.\\nGer. Confederation dissolved peace\\nwith states, 8251, 2; Peace of Prague;\\ngains Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, Nassau,\\nFrankfort cost of war gains Hesse\\nHomburg alliance with N. Ger. states\\nAnnexation Bill passed treaty with\\nSax., with Oldenburg Schleswig-Hol-\\nstein incorp., 8252 monarchy hereditary\\nover N. Ger. States accepts N. Ger.\\nconstitution; Catholics oppose unity;\\nnew Landtag opd. treason in Hanover\\nBismarck chancellor, 825 3 Franco-Prus,\\nwar, battles, 738 826 victorious ar-\\nmies in Berlin, 8261 old Catholics ac-\\ntive, 8282+ upheld in war against Fr.,\\n8271 imperial crown offered king Ger.\\nempire est.; papal infallibility disputes;\\nCatholics oppose supremacy, 827 2\\nquarrel with papacy, 8273 riots in\\nFrankfort, 8291 Mennonites emigrate;\\nclergy subordinated to State an ti- Jews\\nmovement condemned, 8;i()2; Anti-Sem-\\nitic League find., 8303; Cong, of Berlin,\\n8311; Berlin Conf., 8312 conven. with\\nVatican, 8331 p r William regent\\nFrederick III., king William II., king,\\n8332; church denounces Socialism, 8341\\nConf. of Ger. Cath. Soc. excluding Jews\\nfrom public schools, 8342.\\nPrussic acid discovered, 7982, 11343.\\nPruth, Peace of, 11572.\\nPrutz, Robert Ernst, b. (1816); works, 8162\\nd. (1872).\\nPrymiw, asteroid, discovered, 3241.\\nPrynne, William, b.. S7G2 HUtriomastix\\nfined, 8831 d., 8922.\\nPryor, Gen. Roger Atkinson, b. (1828) at\\nSuffolk at Deserted House, 2181 2.\\nCreek, I. T., train robbery, 4291\\nPrytanis reigns Bosporus, 11491.\\nPsalmana/.er, George, b., 6923.\\nPsalms written, 11423.\\nBook of, printed, 7862.\\nPsalter, first authorized copy, 6371.\\nPsammetichus I., invades Palestine; mu-\\ntiny in army, 6501 erects palace at Sais,\\n6502; conquests; reigns in Egypt, 6512\\nrevolts, 11442 dethroned, 10172.\\nIT., against Ethiopia, 6501; reigns in\\nEgypt, 6512.\\nIII., defeated by Persians, 6502; reigns\\nin Egypt, 6512.\\nPsammuthis reigns in Egypt, 6513.\\nPsyche, asteroid, discovered, 10862.\\nPsychical Research, Soc. of, org., 9881\\nPsychological Asso., Am., meets,478i ,479 2\\nSociety, London, org., 9801\\nPsychrometer invented, 7261\\nPtah-hotep, manuscript writer,\\nPtolemaic system of astrono\\nduced, 10642.\\nPtolemy I., Soter, b., 6503 takf\\nEgypt, 11471 ,3; takes Jerusalem, 11481\\n11491; subdues Palestine; assassinates\\nSimon III., 11493 founds museum and\\nlibrary, 6503 rules Egypt, G513 invades\\nGr., 10261; adorns Alexandria, 6522 ab-\\ndicates, 6531 d., 6522.\\nII., Philadelphus, b., 6503; in Afr.;\\ndefeated at Salamis aids Rhodians,\\n6502 marries, 6523 reigns in Egypt,\\n6531; d.,6522.\\nIII., war in Syria, 6521 rebuilds tem-\\nples, 6522 art patron, 6523 conquests\\nof, 11481 hires Athenian manuscripts,\\n10271; reigns in Kgvpt, 6531.\\nIV., defeats Ant i..,-hus III. ,6521; mur-\\nders relatives, 6523 reigns in Egy., 6531\\nat Raphia, 11481; against Jews! 11482;\\nd., 6522.\\nV., rules Palestine, 11492 Epiphanes\\nenthroned, S531 d., 6522.\\nVI., Philometor defeats Euergetes\\ncaptured, 6521 6532 reigns in Egypt,\\n6531.\\nVII., Euergetes, aid from Rome;\\nreigns in Egypt, 6531 married, 6523,\\n6531; reinstated, 6521, 6532; expelled,\\n6531.\\nVIII., reigns in Egy.; expelled, 6532\\nd., 6522.\\nIX., causes Cleopatra s death en-\\nthroned mother avenged, 6532.\\ny intro-\\nJews to\\nPtolemy Auletes, divides kingdom, 6523,\\n653 2 j reigns in Egypt, expelled, regains\\nthrone, 6532.\\nXII. ,warwith Cleopatra, 6521 reigns\\nin Egypt expels Cleopatra drowned,\\n6532 j Caesar decides claims, 10611\\nCsesar s son, 6532.\\nCeraunus, king of Macedon gains\\nThrace and Macedonia killed, 1027 2\\nClaudius, b. on astronomy, 6522\\nsystem devised, 10643.\\nPublications for the year, Fr., 7641 li-\\ncensed, Eng., 8751\\nPublic Analysts org., London, 9781\\nDebt, National, U.S. A. ,1032; rapid re-\\nduction, 3152,3252; Debt Bill for pay-\\nment, 2633. (See Debt.)\\nDocument Bill killed, 3993.\\nHealth Asso., Am., find., 2811\\nAct passes, 9772, 9793, 10073.\\nInstruction Law sanctioned, Belg.,\\n5453.\\nlands, sales encouraged, 2851\\nPowers Bill reintroduced, Fr., 7493.\\nPrinting Bill, 4012, 3.\\nSafety Bill passed, Fr., 7351\\nSchool Protection League find., 4182.\\nAct passed, 4981 Australia Eng.,\\n9723.\\nsystem extended, Eng., 9743.\\nWeal, League of, 679 1\\nWorks Act, G. B., 9672.\\nWorship Regulation Act, 9782, 9802.\\nPublilius, Volero, law of, 1051 2\\nPucara, battle at, 221\\nPuckering, Sir John, keeper of 9eal, 8773.\\nPuekler-Muskau, Pr. of, Hermann Lud-\\nwig Heinrich von, b., 8042 d., 2862.\\nPudukattai mission. 10471.\\nPuebla, Mex., Ams. enter, 1621 Am. be-\\nsieged, 1622 action near taken, 10961\\nPueblo, Colo., cloud-hurst, 460i Indiana\\nknown, 202 R, R. to Denver, 2793.\\nPuendo, Padre, d. 443.\\nPuenta de la Reyna, battle, 11321 1\\nPuerto Cortes, Venez., rebel troops, 10411\\nPuespolk llatval, fire at, 535 3\\nPueto, Gen., pres. Chile, 607 2\\nPuffendoif (or Pufendorf), Baron Samuel,\\nb.,7943; d.,7982.\\nPugatcheff, Yemelian, h. (1726); rebellion\\nsuppressed, 11161 executed (1775).\\nPuget Sound, Wash. anniversary of dis.,\\n4073; naval dry docks, 4181\\nUniv., org. (1889); [merged into\\nConsolidated Univ.].\\nPierre, b., 6863 d., 6943.\\nPugh, Eliza Loftus Phillips, d., 3422.\\nGeorge Ellis, b., 1302; d. (1870).\\nJames L., b., 1381 speech, 4383.\\nPughe, William Owen, b., 9143 d., 9462.\\nPugin, Augustin Welby Northmore, b.,\\n9363 d. (1852)\\nPuisaye Count de, Joseph Genevieve, b.\\n(1820 at Quiberoii, 7102 d. (1827).\\nPujol, Alexandre Denis Abel de, h., 7061\\nd., 7342.\\nPulaski, Tenn., Federals captured, 2063\\nConfederates captured, 2283.\\nCount, Casimir, b.-d., 11143 joins\\nWashington, 863 in Am. army, 871\\nwounded, 91 1 d. (1779).\\nPulcheria, b. (399) regent, 10711 d., 10312.\\nPulchner, Gen., at llerniannstadt, 5221\\nPulci.Luigi, b.-d. ,10783; 11 Morgande ilag-\\ngiore, 10792.\\nPulgar, Fernando del, b. (1436+) work,\\n11291 d. (1490+).\\nPulger, Gen., pres. Venezuela, 11603.\\nPulitzer, Albert, Das Morgen Journal is-\\nsued, 3742.\\nJoseph, educates poor boys, 3411;\\ntaAs. Evening World, 3283 buys World,\\n3143.\\nPullen, Com., at Jiddah, 4881\\nPullman, Sergt., wins rifle prize, 9741\\nGeorge M., Car Co. org., 2613 pur-\\nchases Union Car Co., 3353 statement,\\n4591 strike arbitration, 4643 destitu-\\ntion, 4683 testimony, 4702 taxation,\\n4733 strike investigation, 475 2\\npalace cars in tro. Midland R.R., 9793.\\nPulo-Condore, Fr. occupy, 4811.\\nPulszky, Francis Aureliiis, b., 5202.\\nPultenev Win., Etui of Bath, b. (1684); min-\\nister, 9113 d.,9162.\\nPultock, Robert, J eter WilMns, 9131.\\nPultowa (or Pultava), action at, 11141\\nprinces duel, 11223.\\nPultusk, Poland, battle of, 716i 11341\\nPumpkin-Vine Creek, Ga., action, 2341\\nPumps used, 8622.\\nPunchard, George, b. (1806); d., 3022.\\nPungwe River, S. E. Afr., conflict on,\\n10061 free passage, 11113.\\nPunic War (first), 10523, 10531; (second),\\n10531 (third), 10551.\\nPunjab, overrun by Ahmed, 51 annexed,\\n10473 conquered, 10441 uprising, 10462;\\npresidency, 10491\\nPunta Arenas, Nic, Walker lands at, 1803.\\nde Obligata, Gen. Rosas attacked,\\n4901.\\nPupienus Maximus, elected augustus,\\n10671 reigus, 10293 d. (238).\\nPurandokt reigns, 11072.\\nPurbach, Georg, b.-d., 7842.\\nPurcell, Henry, b., 8882; works, 8941 9001\\nd., 9002.\\nJohn Baptist, b. (1800) archbp.;\\ncreditors, 4202 d., 3141\\nThomas, b., 8962; d. (1682).\\nCol., at Corinth, 2082.\\nSociety fud., 9811.\\nPurchas, Samuel, b., 8742 Purchas, 8803;.\\nd.,8821.\\nMr., heresy of, 9743.\\nPurdue University. Lafayette, org., 2863.\\nPurefoy, Mr., kills duelist, 9251\\nPurgatory, doctrine of, 10662.\\nPurification, Feast of, instituted, 10711\\nPurinton, C. S., defaulter, 47P1\\nPuritan wins yacht race, 3213, 9953.\\nPuritans, rise in Eng 8722 common,\\n222, 8723 so-called, 8733 clergymen s\\nmeetings, 8742 opposed by Elizabeth,\\n8743; s ign petition, 8791 fnd. New Eng.,\\n8802 in Hoi., 263 emigration of, 282,\\n323, 8832 aided request of, 282 edu-\\ncated, 322 perish, 331 limit suffrage,\\n332 in contempt, 371 turbulent, 372\\ninN. C.,413; religious observances, 422\\nannoyed, 432 forbidden emigration,\\n8823; divided, 8843; oppose theater, 8871\\nPurkes, R. A., patents steam plow, 954 2\\nPurna-puriyas reigns, 11413.\\nPursh, Frederick, b. (1774); d., 1282.\\nPushkin, Alexander Sergeievi ten, b., 11162;\\nworks, 11171 d., 11163.\\nPusey, Edward Bouverie, b., 9302; d.,9901\\nPut-in-Bay, naval battle at, 1203.\\nPutlitz, Gustav H. Gans., b., 8112; d. (1890).\\nPutnam Co., O., funds embezzled, 4443.\\nAvery D., murder of, 2811\\nGeorge J., On the Offensive, 4783.\\nPalmer, b. (1S14) d., 2782.\\nIsrael, b., 582 at Concord, 801 on\\nHog Island, 802 on Long Island, 841\\nfamous ride, 902 d., 1022.\\nMrs. (Mary Lowell), b., 1162.\\nRufus, b. (1738) d., 1321\\nPutnam s Ferry, Federals take, 205 2\\nMagazine, 1731\\nPuttenliam, George, b., 8762 Art of Eng.\\nPoesie, 8752 d. (1600+).\\nPutter, Johann Stephan, b.,8002; d.,8083.\\nPuttkamer, Johanna von, marries Bis-\\nmarck, 8163.\\nRobert Victor von, b. (1828) minis-\\nter, 8302.\\nPuycerda, besieged, 11322.\\nPuy de Dome, Fr., observatory at, 7501\\nPwo mission, 1047 2\\nPyat, Felix, b. (1810) leader, 7432 im-\\nprisoned 7523; d., 7582.\\nPydna, battle of, 10281\\nPye, Henry James, b., 9103 poet laure-\\nate, 9251 d. (1813).\\nPygmalion reigns, 11451\\nPylades, introduces pantomime, 10282.\\nPvlus fortified, 10202.\\nPym, John, b., 8742 impeached, 8852\\nd., 8843 (1643).\\nPynchon, John, b. (1621) d., 541\\nWilliam, b.( 1590); at Springfield, 352;\\nd. (1662).\\nPyne (Nationalist arrested, 9983.\\nPyramid, Great, built, 6451, 6461; opd.,\\n6542.\\nPyramids, battle of, 6561\\nPyrenees, battles of, 9361 peace of signed,\\n6913.\\nPyrometer invented, 9401 H003.\\nPvrrho, b.-d., 10231.\\nPyrrhus, king, b.-d. 1025 1 in Epirus, 1015 1\\ninvades Italy; atBcneventum war with\\nDemetrius assists Svraeusans invades\\nMacedonia; ravages Peloponnesus, 10261", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1394.jp2"}, "1395": {"fulltext": "Pyth-Rade.\\nText Figures denote Page. IinDJo-X^. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1383\\nrules Epirus, 1027 king of Macedon\\nexpelled, 10272 in Gi\\\\; war in S. Italy\\nat Asculum ally of Tarentines, 10522 j\\npeace rejected, 10533.\\nPythagoras, b.-d., 10102; Gr. philos., 6503;\\nmusic of spheres, 10162 doctrine of\\nmetempsychosis teachings of, 10163.\\nPytheas, Gr., account of Germans, 7683.\\nPythian games instituted, 10132 enlarged,\\n10171.\\nPyx, trial of, 9753.\\nQ.\\neuadra, Vicente, pres. Costa Rica, 631\\nuadratus deposes Cumanus, 11533.\\nQuadruple Alliance find., 907 2 against\\nFr., 6033; Sp. accepts terms, 6993; Eng.,\\nAust., Prus., Eus. allied with Turk.,\\n7293.\\nQuaglio, Dominico, b., 8043; d., 8143.\\nQuain, Jones, d., 968\\nRichard, b., 9382; d. (1887).\\nQuakenbos, George Payn, b., 1342; d.,\\n308\\nQuaker Road, Va., Confederates driven\\nfrom, 2442.\\nQuakers. (See Friends.)\\nQualification Act passed, Eng., 9052.\\nfor Office, Abolition Act, 9692.\\nQuallo Batto, Sumatra, attacked, 140\\n-Quanah, Tex., Brice s embezzlement, 4763.\\nQuantico, Va., train robbery, 473\\nQuantrell, W. C, guerilla, at Indepen-\\ndence, 2042; defeated in Mo., 205 raids\\nKan., 2143; near Blue Springs, 220\\nraids Lawrence, 226 at Baxter s\\nSprings, 2263.\\nQu Appelle, Bishop Anson, cons., 9922.\\nQuarantine Bill, 4213, 423 ,2.\\nQuarles, Francis, b., 8762; works, 8823;\\nd., 8S43.\\nQuarry, Robert, gov. S. C, 493.\\nQuarterly Recife appears, 137. 935\\nQuartley, Arthur, b. (1839) paints Stormy\\nDay, 298 d. (1886).\\nQuatre-Bras, Belg., Fr. repulsed, 5422.\\nQuatrefages de Breau, Jean Louis Ar-\\nmand, b., 719 pres. Congress of Amer-\\nicanists, 371 d.,762\\nQuatremere, Etienne Marc, b., 705 d.,\\n7323.\\nde Quincy, Antoine Chrysostome, b.\\n(1775) d., 7302.\\nQuay, Matthew Stanley, b., 142 charges\\nagainst, 3563; charges denied, 3782; re-\\nsigns, 3892; vs. Pittsburgh Post, 3942;\\nwins libel suit, 4002.\\nQuebec, Can., fnd., 5713; colony trans-\\nferred, 5732; conquest of, 32 Eng. pos-\\nsess, 5732; seminary fnd., 343; popula-\\ntion, 352, 633, 813; IJrsuline Convent;\\nvicar apostolic est., 5723; seminary for\\npriests diocese fnd., 573 R. C. bishop-\\nric, 443; Laval-Montmorency cons., 573\\ninvasion of, 5722; Gen. Hospital est.,\\n575 2 theatrical performance, 522; fleet\\narrives, 50 attacked, 56 72 gov t\\nfor, 65 3 Eng. approach Wolfe checked,\\n703 .5743; assaulted; capitulates, 72\\nRamezay, gov., 73 Fr. retire, 72 Ga-\\nzette issued, 5752; Q. Act, governs Can.,\\n577 colonial address to, 792; Q. Bill\\npasses Pari., 79 legislative council\\nest., 793; Arnold at, 803; siege begins,\\n576 Presbyterian congregation, 5763;\\nPari., first meeting, 5772; see of, erected,\\n9263; cathedral erected; Mercury is-\\nsued, 577 Are, 5773, 5793, 5813, 5833,\\n5853, 587 3, 5913; Bank of, est., 5773;\\ncholera, 5793 Gazette and East Town-\\nships Adv., 579 R. C. archdiocese est.,\\n5783 Chronicle Laval University, 5803\\nriots, 581 gov t seat, 5812; Courier du\\nCanada, 581 Canadian Confederation\\nConf., 582 scheme of confederation,\\n5813; union scheme adopted. 583 L Evt-\\nnement, 5823 earthquake,. ,590 pari,\\nhouses burned Queen s congratulation,\\n5853; storms, 586 504 rock slide, 588\\nrelief for sufferers, 5883; artillery com-\\npetition, 583 Ostensory in. 586 explo-\\nsion, 5932; ministry resigns, 595 2 Bp.\\nDunn cons., 10082; trials of Mercier and\\nParaud, 594 3 immigration prohibited;\\ndebt, 595 floods, 594 landslide mob,\\n596 Am. Forestry Asso. Conven.,5903;\\nQuebec Bill passes, 577\\nQuebh reigns in Egypt, 645 3\\nQueen wrecked, 9293.\\nQueen, power of, Eng., 8773.\\nAnne touches to heal, 903\\nAnne s War, 54 574\\nBounty est., Eng., 9032.\\nCharlotte burned, 930\\nElizabeth founders, 9793.\\nEuphemia s Songs written, 11343,\\nof the West, captured; runs block-\\nade; destroyed, 2183.\\nVictoria wrecked, 9593.\\nWalter W., d., 440\\nQueen s Bench Prison, Act for abolishing,\\n9672.\\nCollege, Birmingham, est., 9523, 9583.\\nCan., founded, 8623.\\nColleges Act, 953\\nCounty, Ire., founded, 8732.\\nRangers recruited, 85\\nRoyal Reg t, 2d, organized, 890\\nUniversity in Ireland, est. in Dublin,\\n9563, 9C82; abolished, 9842; becomes\\nRoyal University of Ireland, 9862.\\nUniversity, Kingston, eBt, 579\\nware introduced, 132\\nQueensbury, D. of, title created Marquis\\nof, title created, 8932.\\nQueensland, Australia, becomes province,\\n4972.\\nQueenstown, Ire., named, 9553.\\nCan., Americans capture, 1182.\\nQueiros, Pedro Fernandez de, b.-d., 11092.\\nQuekett, John Thomas, b.,9363; d. (1861).\\nQuellyn, Erasmus, b., 5403; d., 541\\nJan Erasmus, b., 5403; d., 5422.\\nQuelma, Arabs pillage, 10 z\\nu.-ntin, Col., in duel, 9372.\\nQuerard, Joseph Marie, b., 7123; d., 7362.\\nQueretaro, Mex., peace signed, 165 Max-\\nimilian arrives, 1096 battle, 1095\\nQuerouaille, Louise Renee de, b. (1649)\\ncreated duchess, 893 d. (1734).\\nQuesada, Manuel, b., 6322; commander,\\n632 d., 634\\nXimines. (See Ximinez, Quesada.)\\nQuesnay, Francois, b. 7043 Economic\\nPicture. 7032; d., 6943.\\nQuesne, Marquis du, governor, 575 3\\nQuesnoy, Fr., Austrians take, 518\\nQuestion d Alsace appears, 7602.\\nQuestbr, Plebeian, first elected, 1051 3\\nQuestors, additional number appointed,\\n10512,3.\\nQuetelet, Lambert Adolph Jacques, b.,\\n5422; d., 5442.\\nQuetta, Afgh., Brit, occupy mission R.\\nR. to Punjab, 72,3, 5393; fortress com-\\npleted, 10482.\\nQuevedo y Villegas, Francisco de, b.-d.,\\n11282.\\nQuiberon, Fr., aid for Royalists taken,\\n7102.\\nQuicherat, Louis, b., 7142; d., 754\\nQuick, Robert Herbert, d., 10042.\\nQuicksilver mine dis., Aust.-Hung., 5082;\\nfrozen, 924\\nQuietists, org., 697 condemned, 10832.\\nQuievrain, French repulsed, 708\\nQuigley, Dr., suspension, 3423; indicted,\\n3602.\\nQuilimane, Livingstone arrives, 560 2 be-\\nsieged, 11123.\\nQuillota, Chile, troops defeated, 608\\nQuilon, India, Bp. Ossi cons. ,9962; mission,\\n10462.\\nQuiltings and velvets first made, 9142.\\nQuimby, Isaac Ferdinand, b. (1843\u00c2\u00b1) d.,\\n3902.\\nQuin, James, b. (1693) first appearance,\\n906 d. (1766).\\nQuinault, Philip, b., 6882; works, 691 ,3,\\n6932; librettos, 693 d., 6942.\\nQuinby, W. E., minister, 4473.\\nQuincy, 111., R. C. diocese transferred,\\n1802; bridge opd., 2653; St. Francis Sol-\\nanus Coll. est., 2822 Chaddoek Coll.\\nfnd., 2883; p r ot. Epis. diocese fmd.,\\n2983; Soldiers and Sailors Home dedi-\\ncated, 3243; White Caps indicted, 4382.\\nMass., horse-power railroad, 1353;\\nR. R. wreck, 2993; derailed train, 3673;\\ncentennial eel., 41 13, 4213; Massey snoots\\nMary Lafane, 4262.\\nEdmund, b., 642; d. (1738).\\nJosiah, orator, b., 66 2 Boston Port\\nBill,l 2; d.,823.\\nstatesman, b., 762; d., 2352.\\nLouise Imogen, works, 329\\nQuinet, Edgar, b., 715 works, 725 ,7263,\\n7291,7303, 7343, 735 7363, 7483,750 a\\nradical, 7452; d. (1875).\\nQuinine discovered, 7222.\\nQuinn, Henry, charity gift, 10023.\\nJ. P., Irish agitator, 9883 seditious\\nspeeches, 991\\nWm. Paul, bp. Africa M. E., 1582.\\nQuiftones, Francisco, governor, 6052.\\nQuinretaro, action at, 1096\\nQuinsan, taken, 620 2\\nQuinsigamond Lake, Mass.,boat-race,3273.\\nQuintana, battle at, 600\\nManuel Jose, b.-d., 11302; works,\\n1131\\nQuintard, Charles Todd, b., 132 conse-\\ncrated P. E. bishop, 2482.\\nQuinte burned, 5893.\\n(.tuintero Bay, ships in, 605\\nQuintilius Varius, Roman gov. revolt,\\n769\\nQuintillian, Marcus Fabius, b.-d., 10622;\\nemperor, 10672.\\nQuintinie, Jean de la, b., 6863; d., 6942.\\nQuintin s Bridge, N. J., action at, 8S2.\\nQuintuple tro.ily signed, G. B.,9512.\\nQuirke, Patrick murderer executed, 999\\nQuiroga, Jose, b.-d., 11283.\\nRodrigo de, governor, 233, 6052.\\nQuitman, John Anthony, b., 1082; at Cha-\\npultepec,1622; gov. Miss., Ii:;l2; d.,1842.\\nQuito, annexed to Ecua.,592; destroyed,\\n683, 6432; conquest of, 643 644 siege,\\n6432; annexed to N. Granada; foreign\\nkingdom Protestant burials, 644 first\\ncarriage, 6443.\\nQuoits, game of, 10132.\\nQUOtidienne, La, issued, 7083.\\nQuo warranto passed, Eng., 855 3 for\\nMass., 492; for Conn, and S. C, 503; for\\nMaryland, 51\\nQval, Segwald A., est. hospital, 3602.\\nK.\\nKaab, Hung., battle of, 5183; taken, 5222;\\nfloods, 530\\nKabanus, Maurus, d., 7722.\\nRabbinical Hebrew Bilde printed, 10812.\\nRabbitpest, N. S. W., 500 reward, 5013.\\nRabelais, Franfois, b., 6783; works, 681\\nd., 6822.\\nClub, meets, 9842.\\nRaboda, usurps throne, 1095\\nRab Rabina, completes Talmud, 1071\\nRabussou, Henri, Hallali, 7602.\\nRabutin, Roger de, Comte de Bussy, b.\\n(1618); work, 6912; d. (1693).\\nBacan, Honorat, Marquis de, b. (1589);\\nparaphrases on Psalms. 6903; d. (1670).\\nRace conflicts in Am., 2923, 3643, 3971,\\n4022, 4092, 4162, 4342, 457 4703, 4751,\\n479\\nRacedo, Sefior, resigns, 4922.\\nRacehorse lost, 966\\nRace tracks under gov t., Fr., 7612.\\nRachel, Eliza or Elizabeth I Ydix, b., 7223;\\nN. Y., 176 d., 7342.\\nJoachim, b., 7943; Satirische Gedichte,\\n797 d. (1669).\\nRacMs, king of Lombardy, 10732.\\nRacine, WiB., cyclone at. 312\\nAntoine, cons, bp., 5822.\\nJean Baptiste, b., 6883; in college,\\n689 pensioned, 691 works, 6912,\\n693 ,2, 6951,7012; d., 6943.\\nLouis, b.. 6942; d., 703\\nCollege, Wis., org., 173\\nRack abolished in Eng., 883\\nKadagaisus, commands Ger. troops in It.,\\n1070 d. (400).\\nRadcliff, Jacob, mayor N. Y., 1173, 1252.\\nRadcliffe, Ann, gift, 4442.\\nMrs. (Ann Ward), 9162 (or 1764); d.,\\n9403.\\nJames, b.. 8982; beheaded (1716).\\nThomas, b. (1526+) V. lieut., 8713;\\n8732; 1. deputy, 8732; d. (1583).\\nCollege, annex to Harvard, fnd.,\\n3023; est., 444 2; Agnes Irwin, dean,\\n4602.\\nRademacher, Joseph, b. (1840); cons. R. C.\\nbp., Nashville, 3123.\\nRadetzhy blown up, 528\\nRadetzk y, Joseph Wenzel. b., 5163 at\\nGoito, 522 at Shipka Pass, 5652; at\\nSenova, 566 d.,5243; statue, 5342.\\nCountess Josephine, suicide, 5323.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1395.jp2"}, "1396": {"fulltext": "1384\\nText Figures denote Page. INJjliX. Superior Figures indicate Column. E,adl H. 1C.\\nBadicalg, Belg., reports refused, 5471 en-\\nraged, Fr., 7463; active In G. B., 9393.\\nRadma becomes king, 1095\\nRadnor, E. of, title created, 9152.\\nE. of, minister, 8972.\\nW., taken, 8601.\\nRadoslavolf ministry, 5673.\\nRadoteur, Xe, issued, 7052.\\nRadowitz, Joseph Maria, von, b., 8063;\\ndismissed, 8192; d., 820\\nRadstadt, Aust., peace of, 6973; Austrians\\ndefeated, 712 besieged, 7881\\nRadstock, Baron, title created, 9311.\\nRadul recognized as prince, 11121\\nKae, John, b. (1813); explorer. 5801; at\\nSt. Paul, 1701; searching expedition,\\n9582; d., 10102.\\nRaeburn, Sir Henry, b., 9143; d., 9103.\\nRiedwald, religion of, 8422.\\nRretia, conquered. 1 ;03; Roman province,\\n10632. (See Rhajtia.)\\nRaffaello or Raffaelle. (See Raphael.)\\nRaffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, b., 9222;\\nSingapore factory, 10472; d., 9422.\\nRatinesque, Constantine, b., 962; Smaltz,\\nd., 1542.\\nRafn, Karl Christian, b., 6382; d., 6403.\\nRagaz, Switz., German defeat, 7842.\\nRagged Schools est., Eng., 9443.\\nSchool Union org., 9531\\nRagimbert, king of Italy, 10731\\nRaglan, Baron, title created, 9591\\n(See Somerset.)\\nRags imported, 1173.\\nRaguet, Condy, b. (1784); d., 1542.\\nRagusa, earthquake, 5123; ceded, 5193;\\nwar vessels at, 11593.\\nRaliab, receives spies, 11401 preserved,\\n11411.\\nRahbek, Knud Lyne, b., 6381 d., 6383.\\nRahl, Col., at battle of Trenton, 851.\\nRahmo, mission, 10472.\\nRahova taken. 5661.\\nRaiders, Confederate, in Can., 5S01.\\nRaikes, Robert, b., 9082; reproved, 9092;\\nest. Sunday-school, 9223; d., 9351\\nstatue, 9841.\\nHenry Cecil, minister, 9953; d., 10061.\\nRaikot mission, 10471.\\nRailroads, horse-power in Mass., 1353;\\nAlbany to Schenectady, 1393 four-\\nwheel trucks used; Boston and Worces-\\nter, 1413; Camden and Amboy, 1433;\\ncoal used, 1473 Raleigh and Gaston\\nWilmington; Roanoke, 1533; Richmond\\nand Frederick completed, 1493; speed,\\n1653 in la^o, 1693 uniform gauge used,\\n1752; lands granted, 1813; R. R. post-\\noffice trial trip made, 2393 1st dining-\\ncar, 2653; T. M. C. A. anniversary, 3322;\\nCommissioners Conven., Wash., D. C,\\n3591; officials indicted for tunnel disas-\\nter, 3783; many sold for creditors claims,\\n3873; fast time, 3913 31173, 4ir,3 increase\\nin U.S., 1871, 2753; employees conven.,\\n4002; reduction rates Bill, 4013; officials\\nsentenced, 4362; counterfeit tickets,\\n4442; commenced, Braz., 5553; Loan Act\\npasses, Can., 5831; subsidies appropri-\\nations, 5933; appropriations for, Cape\\nColony, 6013; first China, 6233, 6252; in\\nEng., 9313; Am. Intermit. R. R. Conf.\\napproved, Colo., 629,2; Fr. gov t controls,\\n7513; first in Ger., 8141; purchase op-\\nposed, 8293; in Eng. iron-covered rails,\\n9061; for colli. -lies. 9102; cast-iron rails,\\n9162; fi rs t in Eng., 9241 9313; mails on,\\n945 2 atmospheric, first experiments;\\nNorth Brit, built, 9521 from Cambridge\\nto Lond. opd., 9522; cheap trains imper-\\native schemes invest. gov t purchase,\\n9532; commis. constituted, 9533 mania;\\naccidents compensated, 9551 Railway\\nActs, 9551, 9592; Arbitration Act, 9633;\\npneumatic opd., 9662; Clauses Consoli-\\ndation Act, 9672; Metropolitan opd.,\\n9673; Co s Securities Act, 9092; against\\ngov tpurchase,9712, 9992; laws amended,\\n9732; Asso. est. to watch legislation,\\n9751 R.R. accidents, total, 9773; Trav-\\nelers Protection Soc. org., 9792; Co. re-\\nsponsibility, 9812; speed of trains, 9993;\\n2d cla3S carriages withdrawn, 10113; St.\\nGothard opd., It., 10903; Mexico and\\nVera Cruz opd., 1097 2 concession\\ngranted, 10973.\\nSupts., Am. Soe. meets, 3932.\\nTelegraph Supts. Conven., 361 1\\nUnion, Am., men dismissed, 4662.\\nRailroads, bridge-disasters on, U.S.A.:\\nNorwalk open drawbridge, 1733; breaks\\nthrough in Mo., 20 k., 1793 at Corry, Pa.,\\n20 k., 2793; through Ashtabula bridge, O.,\\n70 k., 2933; falls through at Ocean Port,\\nN. J., 60 inj.; sinking near I es Moines, I a.,\\n17k., 2973; falls through at Tariffville,\\nConn., 16 k., 2993; falls through near\\nBoston, 32 k. falls through near Chats-\\nworth, 111., 75 k.,3273; near Blockshear,\\nGa., 27 k., 3293; near Orange Court\\nHouse,Pa.,9k.,3313; falls at Spottsville,\\nKy., 12 k., 3373; falls through at Oak-\\nland, Cal., 13 k., 3593; falls through at\\nKansas City, Mo., 9 k 3713; falls near\\nMedill, Mo., 7 k., 4073; near Milton, N.\\nC, 7 k.; near Chester, Mass., 13 k., 4373;\\nnear Dunkirk, N. Y., 11 k.,4473; falls at\\nAnniston, Ala., 1 k., 4733. Collisions:\\nnear Chicago, 20 k., 1733; at Campbell,\\nPa., 60 k., 1813; near San Francisco, 15\\nk., 2693; at Eureka, Mo., 19 k., 2713; at\\nRevere, Mass., 20 k.,2753; at Spuvten\\nDuyvil Creek, N. Y., 9 k., 3113; ne ar\\nConnellsville, Pa., 14 d.,3173; near Aus-\\ntell, Ga., 11 k., 3213; at Silver Creek,\\nN. Y., 3253; near Hopedale, 111., 9 k.;\\nnear Kouts,Ind., 10 k.,3273; near Green-\\nwood, Ky., 6 k., 3293; near Penn Haven,\\nPa., 61 k., 3313; a t Tallmadge, O., 10 k.,\\n3353; atLatrobe, Pa., 25 k., 3413; near\\nParkersburg, W. Va.,4k.; near Middle-\\nbury, Vt., several k., 3452; near Auburn\\nPark, 111., 6 k.; at Palatine Bridge, N.\\nY-, several k., 345 3 near Hamburg, N.\\nY., 6k. ,3553; nearWarrenton,Mo\u00e2\u0080\u009e8k.,\\n3613; near Florence, Colo., 5 k.,3693;\\nSloan s Valley, Ky., 7 k., 3713; Park\\nAvenue, N. Y. City, 6 k., 3793; at Ra-\\nvenna, O., 19 k., 3873; at Hepburn, O.,\\n9 k.; near Syracuse, N. Y., 13 k., 3893;\\nnear Zelienople, Pa., 8 k.; near Hawley-\\nville, Ky., several k.; near Kent, O., 3\\nk.,3933; at Plainneld. N. J., 3 k.,3973;\\nat Eckenrode Mills, Pa., 14 k., 4153; on\\nFort Wayne Road, 13 k., 4172 near\\nPhila.,7 k., 4173; near Grand Island,\\nNeb., 4 k., 4193; near Alton, 111., 12 k.,\\n4233; near Hartwell, Colo., 3 k.; at\\nPhila.,4 k.,4253; at Somerset, Pa., 5 k.,\\n4293; at Berlin, N. Y., 10 k.; near Long\\nIs. City, 11 k., 4373; near Colehour, 111.,\\nIlk., 4392; near Kingsbury, Ind., 4393;\\nat Jackson, Miss., 13 k.; at Paxico, Kan.,\\n2 k.; at Wellsville, O., 4 k.; at Battle\\nCreek, Mich., 26 k., 4413; near Trenton,\\nN. J., 4 k., 4432; on Rock Island Road,\\n6 k., 4433; at Hackensack, N. J., 11 k.,\\n4493; at Seymour, Conn., 50 inj., 4653;\\nnear Phila., 2 k., 4753.\\nderailed trains on;U. S. A.: Cam-\\nden and Amboy, 21 k., 1773 near\\nDeerfield, Mass., 12 k.; near Santee\\nSwamp, S. C, 7 k., 3233 near White\\nRiver June, Vt.,30 k., 3273; at Waters-\\nmeet, Mich., several k.; near Lincoln\\nCity, Md., 36 inj., 3353 at Thrax-\\nton, Va., 30 k., 3433 near Knoxville,\\nTenn., 5 k., 3452 a t White Sulphur\\nSprings, W. Va., 11 k., 3493 near\\nKing s Mills, 0.,9 k.,3653; nearQuiney,\\nMass., 20 k., 3073; near Statesville, N.C.,\\n20 k., 3913; B. O., train, 30 inj., 4353.\\nWrecks, etc.: at Burlington, N. J., 21\\nk.; in 111., 40 k., 1773; at Utica, N. Y.,\\n8 k.; near So. Bend, Mich., 38 k., 1853;\\nLake Shore, 41 k., 2593; at Carr s Rock,\\nPa., 26 k., 2613; at New Albion, la., 21\\nk., 3113; near Tehichipa, Cal., 15 k.;\\nnear Mason s Station, O., 53 inj., 3133;\\nGrayville, 111., 9 k., 3153 White River,\\nInd., 6 k., 3173; Hackensack, N. J. ,9k.,\\n3213; near Saluda, N. C, 5 k., 3253;\\nnear Rio, Wis., 22 k.; 3253; near Haver-\\nhill, Mass., 9 k., 3293; Phila. Reading,\\nPa., 8 k., 3313; near Joliet, 111., 4 k.;\\nnear Hamilton, Ont., 17 k., 3393. Mis-\\nplaced switch at Quincy, Mass.. 21k;,\\n2993; Chicago Northwestern, Wis., 5\\nk., 3613; near Limon, Colo., 1 k., 3653;\\nat Kansas City, Mo., 2 k.; Louisville, N.\\nA. Chicago road, O., 6 k., at the Dalles,\\nOre., 10 k., 3533; at Shoemakersville,\\nPa., 20 k\u00e2\u0080\u009e 3693; near Tarrytown, N. Y.,\\n13 k., 3853; near Dover, 0., 1 k.; Ka-\\nnawha Mich, road, 14 k.,3873; near\\nMiddletown, O., 7 k.; near Louisville,\\nKy., 13 k., 3893; at Greenhurg, Pa.,3 k.,\\n3933 Chicago, Burl. Quincy road, 5\\nk.; near Toledo, O., 9 k., 3953; at Hast-\\nings, N. Y., 15 k., 3973; near Milwaukee,\\nWis.; 7 k.,4033; near Cleves, O., 7 d.,\\n4073; at Lonesome Hollow, Ky., 7 k.;\\nnear Harrisburg, Pa., 12 k., 4093;\\nWest Shore road, several k at West\\nCambridge June, Mass., 9 k.,4153;near\\nGrand Island, Neb., several k.; near\\nPhillipsburg, Mo., 6 k., 4173 at Nelson,\\nMinn., 8 k., 4193; at Lafayette, Ind., 10\\nk., 4293; at Parkville, N. Y., 8 k.;\\nat Patterson, N. J., 5 k., 4332; at New-\\nburg, N. Y., 5 k., 435 2 near Lindsey,\\nN. Y., 3 k., 4353; at Gulfport, Miss., 3\\nk.,4373; near Manteno, 111., 8 k.,4393;\\nPittsburg, Ft. W. Chicago road, 8 k.;\\nnear Nameoki, 111., 30 inj., 4413; near\\nLawrence, Kan., 4k., 449 3 near Marsh-\\nfield, Wis., 4 k., 4613; at Chillicothe, O.,\\n3 k., 4633; near Mooschead Lake, Me., 5\\nk.,4653; Rock Isl., la., road, Ilk., 4693.\\nRail roads, disasters on; collisions ;Gt.Brit.:\\nat Athertone,ll k.; at Clayton Tunnel,23\\nk.,9653 in Blackheath Tunnel 6 k., 9673\\nat Abergele, 33 k. at New Cross, 2 k.; at\\nLong Eaton June, 7 k.; near Welwyn, 3\\nk., 9733; near Newark, 19 k.; near Barns-\\nley, 14 k., 9753; at Rose Hill June, 2 k.j\\nat Clifton June, 4 k.; at Woodhouse\\nJune, 2 k., 9773; near Mannel, 16 k.,\\n9793; at Kildwick, 7 k.; near Hunting-\\nton, 14 k.; near Bath, 14 k., 9813; near\\nPontypridd June, 13 k.,9833; at Burs-\\ncough, 8 k., 9853; at Desford, 5 k.; at\\nTayport, Fife, 4 k.; Highbury Tunnel,\\n5 d.; at Old Ford, 6 d., 9893; at Hex-\\nthorpe, 25 d., 9973; near Armagh, 72 k.,\\n10013; at Taunton, 10 k., 10053.\\nWrecks, Gt. Brit. Hampstead\\nJune, 16 k., 9653; at Winchburgh, 15 k.;\\nnear Lynn, 5 k.; Chatham June, 3 k.; at\\nBrynkir Station, 6 k., 9693; near Carlisle\\n6k.; at Hatfield, 8 k.; atKirtlebridge,12\\nk.,9753; near Shrewsbury, 4 k.; on North-\\nwestern road, 13 k., 977 a at Shipton,\\n34 k., 9793; near Morpeth, 5 k.; near\\nCork, 3 k.; near Talybont, 4 k., 9833; at\\nLofthouse,2 k.; near Wennington June,\\n8 k., 9S53; at Slough, 12 k., 9893; near\\nBreamore, 5 k.; near Preston, 24 k.,\\n9933; at Hampton Wick, 4 k., 9993 at\\nMilngavie June, 30 inj., 10053; Hamp-\\nstead Heath Station, 8 k., 1O093. (See\\nunder the names of various railroads.)\\nspeed on Gt. Northern and North-\\neastern R. E.,9993.\\nRaimbert of Paris, Ogier le Danois, 6711\\nRaimond, J. T., cons. R. C. bp., 9742.\\nRaimondi, Marcantonio.b., 10783; d., 10803.\\nRain, Ger., victory at, 7942.\\nKaindle, Victor, embezzler, 6362.\\nRainey, J. H., first colored M. C, 2731\\nRains, James F., b., 1342; at Carthage,\\n1962; at Dug Spring, 1981 d., 2172.\\nRainsford, W. S., on chureh bar-rooms,\\n4062.\\nSir Richard, chief justice, 8951\\nRais (or Retz), Baron de (Gilles de Laval),\\nb.-d., 6762.\\nRaismes, M. de, orator, 7563.\\nRaisonnable lost, 9142.\\nRajagan, Raja, World s Fair, 4342.\\nRajah of Sikkim flees, 6252.\\nRajainaheiHlri mission, 10472.\\nRajput states combine, 10451\\nRajputana mission, 10483; famine. 10493.\\nRiikoezv, Franz Leopold, b., 5123 insur-\\nrectionist, 5133; d., 5143.\\nGeorge, revolt, 5132; d. (1648).\\nSigismund, Pr. of Trans., 5113; in-\\nvades Hung,; in Moravia 7961.\\nRakoto, Pr., enthroned, 10952.\\nRakovian Catechism published, 11143.\\nRakow, Rus.. Socinian church est., 11143.\\nRale, Sebastien, b., 6902; d., 6982.\\nRaleigh, N.C., town laved out, 1033; State\\nlibrary fnd., 1391; R. Christian Advo-\\ncate issued, 1802 Grant meets Sherman,\\n2462; State conven. meets, 2491, 2611;\\nShaw Univ. fnd., 2503 constitutional\\nconven. meets, 2512,2892; colored peo-\\nple s conven., 2551 conservative mass-\\nmeeting, 2592 Interstate Exposition\\nopens, 3933; Confederate Soldiers Home\\nfnd., 3983; anniversary, 4173.\\nRaleigh launched, 4041\\nSir Waiter, b., 8701; works, 8771,\\n8803 at Trinidad, 241 in N. C. in", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1396.jp2"}, "1397": {"fulltext": "Rale-Ray.\\nText Figures denote Page. IN JDrL^S.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1385\\nGuiana, 243,253,28 1st patent inVa.,\\n252; sells rights; in Venezuela, 253;fails\\nin colonizing, 29 1 invades Sp., 876\\nintro. mahogany, 8773; intro. tobacco,\\n8772; prisoner, 8773; conspirator tried\\nconvicted, 8792 released from prison,\\n881 explorations, 10393 beheaded,\\n8801,8812.\\nBaleigh and Gaston K. R. completed, 1533.\\nRalph, Earl of Norfolk, revolts, 848\\nRam No. 1 launched, 416\\nKama, Nicaragua, mission at, 11032.\\nRamadan, Mohammedan fast, 4843.\\nRamage, John, miniature painter, 76\\nRamah mission, 5822.\\nRamahyuck mission, 4963, 500\\nRamales, action at, 1132\\nRamaliane, mission at, 1124\\nRamanand, Vishnuite reformer, 1043\\nRamange, telescope erected, 940\\nRamanuja, Brahmin reformer, 1043\\nRamapatam mission, 10472.\\nBamberg, Gen., leader, 5312.\\nRanibouillet Decree issued, 1172.\\nMarquise. (See Vivonne.)\\nRamee, Louise de la (Uuida), works, 9683,\\n9743.\\nBameau, Jean Philippe, b., 6923; L Endrl-\\naque, 698 d., 703\\nRamezay, gov. in Canada, 73\\nRamillies, Belg., Fr. defeated b. of, 542\\nRami! lies launched, 1008\\nlost, 9142.\\nRamirez, Velasquez, gov., 630\\nRamiro I., reigns in Asturias, 11255 in\\nAragon,11272; cruelty to Saracens, 1126\\nd. (850).\\nII., reigns in Asturias in Aragon,\\n11272; d. (950).\\nIII., reigns in Asturias, 11272.\\nBamleh captured, 658\\nBamman-Nirari I., reigns, 1143\\nII., reigns, 1143\\nIII., defeats Benhadad; subdues\\nBabylonia, 1144 reigns, 1145\\nRammohun, Roy, b.-d. t 10443 fnds.\\nBrahman church, 10463.\\nRamon, Alonso Garcia, gov., 605 2 d., 605\\nEamorino (or Remorino), Girolamo Gio-\\nvanni Pietro, b. (1790\u00c2\u00b1) d., 10863.\\nRamos, Manuel, captured, 6342.\\nBampur Beauleah mission, 1049\\nBamsay, Baron, title created, 975 9963.\\nAlex., phys., b., 1242.\\ngov. Minn., 167 1903.\\nAllan, b., 8962; Gentle Shepherd, 907\\nd.,9143.\\nYounger, b. (1713\u00c2\u00b1) d., 9223.\\nAndrew Crornbie, b. 9363; d. (1891).\\nMichael, b., 8962; d., 9103.\\nDavid, b, 662; d., 1242.\\nFox Maule, b. (1801) minister, 9533;\\nd. (1874).\\nFrancis Munroe, b. (1835) in navy\\ndept., 3512, 4472 rear-adm., U. S. N!,\\n448\\nGeo., E. of Dalhousie, b. (1770).\\nJames A. B., E. of Dalhousie, first\\nMarq. of, b., 9362 gov.-gen., 9552, gov.\\nof Can., 5773, 5792; d. (1838).\\nJ. D., d., 1008\\nJohn Win., Earl of Dalhousie, opens\\nWinchester Coll., 9923 minister, 9952\\ngov.-gen., 10473.\\nThomas, b., 9042.\\nBamsden, Jesse, b., 9032 glass electrical\\nmachine, 916 theodolite, 924 d., 9302.\\nBamses (or Rameses) I., b., 6482 reigns\\nin Egy., 6492.\\nII., conquests, 648 6492; reigns, 6492;\\nfosters king-worship greatest builder,\\n6482 jealous of fame married progeny,\\n648 3 against Hittites, 1140 persecutes\\nIsraelites, 11403.\\nIII., conquests, 648 reigns in Egy.,\\n6493 art patron, 6482 cultivation of\\nland, 6483; female conspirators, 649\\nIV. to XIII., reigns in Egy., 6493.\\nRamseur, Gen. Stephen Dodsoh, b. (1837)\\nnear Rapidan, 232 at Stephenson s\\nDepot, 2362; d., 2392.\\nRamsey, Alex., b. (1815) sec. war, 303 3\\nDavid, inv. engines for plowing, 880\\nRamus, Jonas, works, 11042.\\nPeter (Pierre de la Ramee), b. 6802;\\nworks, 683 d. 6823.\\nRamusio, Giovanni Battista, b., 10783; d.,\\n10803.\\nEana Khumbo Java Sthamba, 10423.\\nKanavalona I., reigns, 1095\\nII., reigns, 10952.\\nIII., reigns, 10953.\\nKane, M., duel, 7463.\\nRanee, Armand Jean de Bouthillier de,\\nb., 6863 d., 6943.\\nRand, Isaac, b., 642 d., 1302.\\nRandal, Geo. Maxwell, b. (1810) cons.\\nP. E. bp., 2482; d. (1873).\\nRandall, Alex. W., gov. Wis., 1833; p.-m.-\\ngeneral, 2532; d., 278\\nCharles S., b., 132 d. (1881).\\nJames Leslie, cons, bp., 10022.\\nSamuel Jackson, b.. 1362 speaker,\\n2932, 2972, 3013, 3052; vo te, 305 vote\\nfor speaker, 3092 vote for vice-pres.,\\nnom., 3173; d., 356 eulogized, 357\\n369\\nRandolph, Vt., normal sch. opd.,2603, 2923.\\nRandolph blown up, 882.\\nAlfred Magill, b. (1836) cons. P. E.\\nbp., 3142.\\nBeverley, gov. Va., 101\\nE. of Moray, invades Eng., 856\\nEdmund, b. (1753) gov., in Consti-\\ntutional conven., 992 atty.-gen., 1012;\\nsec. of state, 1052; intrigue, 1053, d. 121\\nEdward, in Boston, 472,3.\\nJohn, b., 78 in Congress, 109 3 duel\\nwith Clay, 1352; d., 142\\nPeyton, b., 602; pre s. Cong., 792, 812\\nd., 823.\\nTheodore Frelinghuysen, b. (1826)\\ngov. N. J., 2693; d., 3142.\\nThos. Mann, b. (1741); gov. Va., 1273\\nd. (1793).\\nregent d., 8573.\\npostmaster-general, 8753.\\nWilton, shot by W. H. Clark, 351\\nMacon College org., 1403.\\nRandon, Gen., Jacques Louis C^sar Alex-\\nandre, b. (1795) subdues revolt, Algeria,\\n83; d. (1871).\\nRanfurly, Baron, title created Earl, 9412.\\nRangoon (or Unnguu), Burma, fnd., 10452;\\ntaken, 1046 2 Brit, officers insulted,\\n10462; Col. Browne at, 622 mission,\\n10463, 1047 bishopric erected, 10463,\\n1049 see est., 9803; Bp. Strachan cons.,\\n9862; annexed to G. B., 10473.\\nRanihhat mission, 1047\\nRanipet mission, 10483.\\nRanke, Leopold von, b., 8063; works, 8132,\\n8151,8163,8203; d., 832\\nRanki, Pazos, translates Testament, 5502.\\nRankin, Arthur McKee, b., 5782.\\nHenry, d., 6202.\\nJeremiah Eames, b. (1828); pres. How-\\nard University, 347\\nJohn, walks to London, 9833.\\nThos., b. (1738+); supt. of Meth.,782;\\nMr. Wesley s assistant, 919 d. (1810).\\nRanney.Rufus Percival, b. (1813) d.,396\\nRanseome, Fred., invents stone, 954\\nRansom, Epaphioditus, gov. Mich., 1652.\\nMatt W., b., 1342 senator, 2773 on\\nCommittee of Seven. 2933.\\nThomas Edward Greenfield, b., 1422\\nat Charleston, Mo., 198 at Arkansas\\nPass, 2282; d.,2392.\\nRansome, J., missionary, 5563.\\nRanters appear, Eng., 8863.\\nRantoul, Robert J., b., 1122; d., 1702.\\nRantz, Count, battle Duttlingen, 796\\nRanulf de Glanville, at Alnwick, 850\\nRaouf Pasha, at Shipka Pass, 566\\nRapaelje, Sarah, b., 312.\\nRaphael, Alexander, sheriff, 9472.\\n(or Rafael, or Kalfaelle), Sanzio d Ur-\\nbino, b., 107S3; works, 350 882 10782,\\narchitect of St. Peter s, 1080 d., 10802.\\nRaphall, Morris Jacob, b. (1798) d., 262\\nRaphia, Pal., action at, 1148\\nRaphoe, Ire., Bp. Patrick O Donnell, cons.,\\n9983.\\nRapid City, S. Dak., School of Mines, 3283\\nplatinum ore dis., 406\\nRajiid shells villages, 1008\\nRapidan, Gen. Lee behind, 228 Federals\\nnear; Confederates near, 232\\nBapin, Paul de, Sieur de Thoyras, b.,6902;\\nHistory ofEnq., 699 d., 6982.\\nRene\\\\ b.,6863; d., 6942.\\nRapp, Frederick, fnds. Harmonists, 8043.\\nGeorge, b., 803 fnds. Harmonists,\\n8043; d.,8162.\\nRappahannock Dept. fmd., 206 Gen.\\nPope recrosses, 212\\nStation,Va., Confederate defeat, 228\\nRappahannock, Lee at, 2283.\\nBaptcha, fighting, 566\\nRarey, John S., b., 1322 horse trainer,\\n201 962 receives present, 9653; d.,\\n254\\nBaritan Canal, rights surrendered, 2673.\\nRas Ali deposed, 3\\nAlulu, commander, 22; d., 33.\\nBaschid Pasha assassinated, 11583.\\nRasgrad, Bulg., Mohammedan disturb-\\nances, 5682.\\nRashi (Rabbenu Shelomoh Yashaki), b.-d..\\n602\\nBasoherina reigns, 10952.\\nBaspail, Francois Vincent, b., 7102; d.,\\n733 7502.\\nRaspe, Henry, emp., 781 in Thuringia\\ndefeats Conrad, 780\\nRast, A., of Ark., on Committee of 33, 189\\nRastatt (and Baden) Peace of, 5143; Cong,\\nof agreement with Fr., 8073 captured,\\n818 insurrection, 8183.\\nRaster, Herman, Resolution, 2783.\\nRatcliffe, John, gov. Va., 272.\\nRev., acquitted, 4542.\\nRathbone, Estes G., in p. o. dept., 3512.\\nMaj., wounded by Booth, 247\\nWm, statue unveiled, 982\\nRathdonnell, Baron, title created, 967\\nRatibor (Victor Moritz Karl), Duke of, b.\\n(1818); d., 836\\nRatisbon (Regensburg), Ger., nobles bap-\\ntized, 5022 taken, 5183, 7942 treaty-\\nconcluded, 6892 a truce signed, 6922*;\\nAust. expelled, 7181 Diet held, 7773\\nDiet at, 7903; electoral assembly at, 7953\\nWalhalla begun, 8141 boat upsets, 8353.\\nRattazzi, Mine., imprisoned, 7562.\\nUrbano, b., 10851 d., 10882.\\nRattler launched, 158\\nRattlesnake Point, train-wrecker, 3983.\\nKatzseh, Friedrich A., M., d., 820\\nRau, Karl Heinrich, b., 8062; d., 8262.\\nRauban, mine explosion, 8333.\\nRanch, Christian Daniel, b., 8042 statue\\nof Fred, the Great, 818 d., 820\\nFriederich Augustus, b., 1122 d.,\\n1522.\\nHenry, missionary, 643.\\nRaucoux, Austrians defeatj 700 sur-\\nrendered, 11002.\\nRaude, Eric, in Greenland, 11 3.\\nRaum, Green Berry, b. (1829) in int. dept.\\n3512; charges against, 367 2 377 2 resigns,\\n3832.\\nRaumer, Friedrich Ludwig Georg von, b.,\\n8042; d., 828\\nRaupach, Ernst Benj. Salomo, b. (1784)\\nworks, 815 d. (1852).\\nRauscher, Jos. Othmar von, b. (1797) car-\\ndinal letter, 5273; d., 5282.\\nRavachol, anarchist, 7623.\\nRavago, P. Juan de Astrada, gov., 630\\nRavaillac, Francois, b., 6862 regicide,\\n6872; executed (1610).\\nBavel family appear, 140\\nRavelin, N. E., arrested, 4643.\\nRaven Run, Pa., miners murdered, 289\\nRavenna, It., battle of, 680 captured.\\n1030 1070 1072 capital, 10313, 1071\\nannexed to Rome, 10533; cathedral fnd.,\\n10683 imperial residence, 10693 sub-\\ndued surrendered to Pepin, 10732\\n6tatue of Dante, 10882 united to It.,\\n10892.\\nO., railway accident, 3873.\\nRavenscroft, John Stark, b. (1772) cons.\\nP. E. bp., 131 d. (1830).\\nThos., b 8762; harmonization, 880\\nRavensworth, Earl of, title created, 975\\nRavignan, Gustave Francois Xavier Dela-\\ncroix de, Jesuit, b., 7102; d., 7342.\\nRawdon, Francis, Marquis of Hastings,\\nb., 9123; in Camden, S. C; at Hobkirk s\\nHill defeats Gen. Greene evacuates\\nCamden, 94 d., 9422.\\nRawlins, John A., b., 1382; B ec. of war,\\n267 d., 2622.\\nBawlinson, George, b., 9363 works, 9663,\\n9723,9783, 10022.\\nSir Henry Crcswieke, b., 935\\nSir Wm., keeper, 8993.\\nRawson, Albert Leigliton, b., 1362.\\nRay, George W., b., 1562.\\nJames P., gov. Ind., 1333.\\n(or Wray), John, b., 8822 botanist;", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1397.jp2"}, "1398": {"fulltext": "1386\\nText Figures denote Page. 1-NDll.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nRay-RegL\\njourneys of, 8902; works, 8931 8941 d.,\\n9022.\\nRay, Private, wins rifle prize, 9821\\n(Botanical) Soc. formed, 9521\\nRayleigh, Baron, title created, 9372.\\nRaymbault, Charles, missionary; d., 36 2\\nRaymond, Miss., Confederate defeat, 2221\\nIV., Comte de Toulonse, b.-d., 6682.\\nVI., Comte de Toulouse, b.-d., 6702;\\na count, 6712 joins crusade, 668 1, 3\\ndefeated; besieged bySimon deMontfort,\\n6701 crusade against, 6702.\\nCount of Barcelona, in Aragon, 11272.\\nA. V. V., installed, 4602.\\nGeorge Lansing, Art in Theory, 4783.\\nHenry Jar vis, b., 1282; fnds. N. Y.\\nTimes, 1683; d., 2662.\\nLord Robert, b. ^1673\u00c2\u00b1) chief justice,\\n9073; d. (1733).\\nRossiter Wir thing ton, b., 1522 gift,\\n4202.\\nRaynal, L Abbe Guillaume Thomas Fran-\\ncois, b.,6963; works, 7012, 7032; d.,7123.\\nM. David, minister, 753 2 7543.\\nPaul, work, 729 1\\nRayner, Isidor, b., 168 1.\\nRaynouard, Francois Juste Marie, b., 7023;\\nworks, 6663, 7171 1 7231, 7272; d., 7262.\\nRaysville, Miss., negroes lynched, 3991\\nRazatindrahety reigns, 1095 3\\nRazya, Empress, reigns, 10432.\\nRazzi, Giovanni. (See Sodoma.)\\nRe, Isle of, attacked, 6861.\\nReach, Angus Bethune, b., 9403; d. (1856).\\nRead, Abner, b. (1S20) d., 2251\\nGeo. Campbell, b., 1882; d., 2132.\\nJacob, b. (1752); pres. senate, 109 1;\\nd. (1816).\\nNathan, b., 722 d., 1662.\\nThos. Buchanan, b., 1302 works,\\n1783, 1823,2133; d., 2781.\\nReade, Charles, b.,9303; works, 9583,9743;\\nd., 9922.\\nReading, Eng., surrenders, 8841; abbots\\ncoin money, 8591; Bp. Randall cons.,\\n10022.\\nPa., Knights Golden Circle arrested,\\n2213; Lutherans Gen. Council, 2542\\nriots, 2971; tornadoes, 3321; R. R. acci-\\ndent, 3673 fire, 3773; city treas. short,\\n4222; Webber attempts murder, 4623.\\nCoal combine investigation, 4091\\n411\u00c2\u00bb,415i.\\nIron Co. plant sold, 3433.\\n-R. R., employees strike, 3291, 4173;\\ndischarged employees, 4773.\\nJohn, gov., 672 pies, council, 71 3\\nReady, Col., gov. Pr. E. Island, 5771\\nReadyville, Tenn., Confederates defeated,\\n2122.\\nReagan, John Heminger, b. (1818); confed.\\np.-m.-gen., 191 3 paroled, 249 1 for free\\ncoinage silver, 3483; amending Constitu-\\ntion, 3572.\\nReal Estate Nat. Cong, meets, 3803.\\nRealists controversy, 10763.\\nReam, Vinnie, statue of Lincoln, 254 1\\nReams s Station, Va., Lee repulsed, 237 2\\nReaper patented, 1441\\nReaping-machine, public trial, 142 1; Mc-\\nCormick s perfected, 1602, 1701 258*\\nReapportionment Bill passes, 3732, 4051\\nReason, goddess of, worshiped, 7103.\\nReaumur, Rene Antoine Ferchault de, b.,\\n6923 d. (1757).\\nReaux, Gideon T:i\\\\h-]nnntdes,iristoriettes,\\n6931.\\nReay, Baron, title created, 881 1 9871\\nLord, governor, 10473.\\nRebecca, riots, 9531\\nRebecque, Benjamin Constant de, works,\\n7211,7263.\\nRebellion, Am. war of, 1904- tariff, 1411\\n2,3; Shay s, 98i, 992; whisky, 1041 1053.\\nRebmann, John, joins Krapf, 5612.\\nRebwick, James, b., 1022.\\nRecamier, Madame (Jeanne Francoise\\nJulie Adelaide Bernard), b., 7043 d.,\\n7302.\\nRecared I. expels Franks, 11251 reigns,\\n11253.\\nII. reigns, 11253.\\nRecensent issued, 11022.\\nRecesuinto, subdues Basques, 11251;\\nreigns, 11253.\\nReihabites, Independent Order, statistics,\\n4463; Soc. formed in Eng., 9491\\nReehburg, Count, foreign minister, 5252\\nresigns, 823 1.\\nRecidivists, Fr., transportation of, 7551\\nReciprocity, U.S., 1752, 2513, 2873, 3691,2,\\n3763, 3812, 3892, 3911 ,2, 3973, 4012, 4032,\\n4071 ,2, 4091 4212, 471 4793.\\nfor Aust.-Hung., 5353.\\nfor Can., 5812,3, 5831 3 5371 ,2, 5892,\\n5911,2,5923,5931,5951.\\nfor Chile, 6091.\\nfor Cuba, 6343.\\nReclus, Jean Jacques Elisee, b., 7261\\nRecoinage Act passes, Eng.,901 2\\nRecollects, active, 463; i u Can., 5703, 5731\\nReconstruction, U.S.A., Pres. Lincoln s\\nplan, 2292; 2353, 2372,3,2432,2483, 2491,\\n2,3, 2511,2,3, 2523,2531,2,2571,2,3,2591,\\n2632,2692, 2701; Pres. Johnson s plan,\\n2473 completed, 2692 Standing and\\nSelect Committee, 4271\\nRecrain, Isle of, pillaged, 8441\\nRecreative Eve. Schools Asso. fnd., 9963.\\nRector, Henry M., governor Ark., 1903.\\nCollege, Va., founded, 1511\\nRed Bank, N. J., Fort Mercer attacked,\\n88i.\\nRedden, Laura C, b., 1522.\\nRed Eagle conferred, 8331\\nRedemptorists fnd., 1085 1 Fathers of\\nDouay Order dissolved, 7353 clergy\\nreadmitted, K322; admitted, 8372.\\nRedesdale, Baron. (See Sir John Mitford.)\\nLord, d., 9952.\\nRedtield, S. Dak., natural gas dis., 3501\\nIsaac Fletcher, b., 1122; d., 2902.\\nWilliam C, b. (1789) d., 1821\\nRedgrave, Richard, b. (1804) d., 9982.\\nRedhouxe, Sir James, d., 10062.\\nRedi, Francesco, b., 10823; d. (1698).\\nRedigher, Col., dismissed, 5671.\\nRedistribution of Seats Act passed, 9951.\\nRed Jacket, b., 683 d., 1382.\\nLodge reservation thrown open, 3391\\nMen, Order of, founded, 771; statis-\\ntics, 4463.\\nRedmond, John E., speaks, 4082.\\nWilliam H. R., imprisoned, 1001 1\\nRed Mound, Tenn., action at, 2181\\nRednal, Eng., train wrecked, 9693.\\nRed Oak, La., Nat. Colored Cong., 3892.\\nRedpath, James, b., 1421 d., 3761\\nRed Republicans, Fr., 7312.\\nRiver, La., rises, 3581\\nCan., settlement, 5773; mission,\\n5792; R. R. extended, 5872.\\nChina, open for trade, 6252 Fr.\\nconquer valley, 4802.\\nExpedition, La., 2303, 2311 2321\\nRussia, added to Poland, 11133.\\nSea, Egyptians overwhelmed, 6481\\ncable, accelerates telegrams, 9622.\\nStar line of steamers est., 2853.\\nRedstone explodes, 1713.\\nCreek, Pa., iron-mill est., 1241\\nRed Wing, Minn., Hamilton University\\nincorporated, 1762; fire, 4393.\\nReed, Andrew, b. (1787) founds Royal\\nHospital, 9571 d. (1862).\\nDavid, b., 2702 d. (1870).\\nSir Edward J., Japan, 9863.\\nGeorge E., president of Dickinson\\nCollege, 3331.\\n.Harrison, governor Fla., 2632, 2652;\\neffort to impeach, 2773.\\nHenry, b., 1142 d., 1741\\nIsaac, b., 9103; d. (1807).\\nJohn J., promoted captain, 4201.\\nJoseph, b., 642 president Exeter\\nCouncil, 913; d., 962.\\nRoland, b., 1702.\\nThomas I .rackett, b., 1502; enters H.\\nfrom Me., 2972 speaker, 3483 made\\nLL.D., 3622 thanks to, 3793 nom. for\\nv.-pres. nom. for pres., 4091 speech,\\n4253, 4371 Reed s Rules, 4783.\\nWilliam, pres. council, N. C, 61 2\\nSir W., Law of Storms, 9491.\\nW. B., treaty^ U- S. minister, 0193.\\nCol., at Princeton, 851 at Lexington,\\n1982.\\nReeder, Andrew H., b. (1807) gov. Kan.,\\n1771 nom. for Cong., 1772, 1791 irregu-\\nlarities removed, 177 2 elected to\\nCong., 1791 indictments against, 179 2\\nd., 2373.\\nMaj., at Mingo Swamp, 2182.\\nReedham, asvlum est., 9531.\\nReedtz, Mutt Baron, premier, 6423.\\nReedy Fort Creek, N.C., skirmish at, 941\\nReedyville, Tenn., Confeds. defeated, 2381.\\nReek, Stephen, punished, 362.\\nRees, Dak., mission transferred, 3142.\\nAbraham, b.,9103; works, 9231,9311;\\nd., 9422.\\nCyclopedia republished, 131 1\\nReese, David Meredith, b. (1800); d., 1983.\\nReeves, John, last witness, 8882.\\nWilliam Day, cons, bp., 9962, 10063.\\nRefining-houses built, Ger., 7822.\\nReflector, burning, invented, 7862.\\nReform Act approved at Vienna, 5312.\\nAssociation formed, London, 9473,\\nbanquets held, France, 7311\\nBill discussed, G. B., 9453, 9572, 9551\\n9692,9712,9973; withdrawn, 9992.\\nClub, London, formed, 9473.\\nReformation period, Aust.-Hung., 5083\\nin Denmark, 6363 in Fr., 6803 pro-\\ngresses, 6823; in Ger., 7843,7882,7891,.\\n790-2,3 progress under Luther, 7S82,3,\\n7891; in Prus. spreads, 7891 anniver-\\nsary of, 8123 begins in Eng., 8602; an-\\nnulled, 8703 in G. B., 8682, 8703 in\\nScot., 8722; est. Netherlands, 10983.\\nReformatory School est., Eng., 9623.\\nReformed Church, Am. Reformed Dutch\\nbegin worship in N. Y. first minister,.\\n301 org., 302 worship at Albany, 321\\nrecords begin; 1st church erected; 2d\\nminister, school est., 322; preach poli-\\ntics, 343; church at Albany, 362, 401,.\\n582, 4021 stone church in N. Y., 363; in\\nDel. church at Flatbush, 383 tyran-\\nnize N. Y.; church in Albany, 401 4021\\noppress Lutherans, 443 Reformed Prot.\\nDutch church incorp.,523; 3d church in\\nAlbany, 58 2 Coetus org., 663 classics\\nfind., 691; conference fmd., 71 1; in\\nN. J., 711, 743 preaching in Eng. N.Y.,.\\n741; Rutgers Coll. est., 743, 1171 plan\\nfor union synod authorized, 763 mis-\\nsion work adopted, 983 standards pub-\\nlishedin Eng., 1042 constitution adopted;\\ngen. synod org., 1043 minutes in Eng.,\\n1062 Eng. exclusive, 1163 plan of cor-\\nrespondence, 12*2 union with Presby-\\nterians, 1303 Christian Intelligencer,\\n1391 Board of Education mission board\\norg., 1402 Indian miss., 1462, 1623, 1631\\nS. S. union fmd., 150 2 miss. soc. fmd.,\\n1822; Hope Coll. est.; in Mich., 2502;\\nname changed to Reformed Church,\\n2602 Ursinus Coll. est., 2722; Woman s\\nBoard of Foreign Missions org., 2903;\\nfavors temperance, 3271; Arabian mis-\\nsion work, :s:;i)2, 4ss2; favors union, 3601;\\nmeetings of General Synod (see text, p.\\n106+)\\nof Fr. declines, 7011 synod wor-\\nship permitted, 6831 ministers expelled,\\nFr.,683i Gen. Synod at Paris, 7462, 7482.\\nEpiscopal Church, Am., org. Bishop\\nCummings presiding Bp. Cheney cons.,\\n2822; Bp. Nicholson cons., 2903; Bishop\\nCridge, Bp. Fellows cons., 2923 Synod\\nof the Pacific, of the Northwest, of the\\nWest; Common Prayer Book; Bp. Gregg\\ncons., 2942 bps. Faysoux, Latane, Rich-\\nardson, and Bower eons., 3022 Synod\\nSpecial, South org., 3023 Bp. Wilson\\n%cons., 3042; Synod of Chicago fmd.,\\n3062, of N y., of Phila. Bp. Whitehead\\ncons., 3102 G. R. and Ire. synod sepa-\\nrated from Am., 3122; svnod of Can.,\\n3321 Woman s For. Miss. Soc. org.,3403;\\neel. in N. Y., 3481; 13th Gen. Council;\\nBp. Campbell cons., 3842.\\nSynod, Can., 3321 in Ont., 5882.\\nReforms, asked, Belg., 5432 demanded,\\nReform Union, Nat., meets, USf 3, 10122.\\nG. B., 8532 civil, Ger., 8053.\\nRefugees, in Portugal, 5603 compensated\\nin Fr,, 7252 Fr. in Eng., 8973.\\nRefunding Art, passed U. S- A., 2732.\\nReferendum established, 11383.\\nRefunding Act passes Congress, 2732.\\nRega, Henry Joseph, b.-d., 5422.\\nKing Kablia, defeated, 5643.\\nRegan. Gen., at Thoury, 7403.\\nRegency Bill, Eng., 9133, :rj;,3. 9353, 9452,.\\n95f2.\\nRegensburg, Ger. (SeeRatisbon.)\\nRegent s Canal finished, Eng., 9413.\\nReggio, It., taken, 10881\\nRegibulus reigns, 1145 3\\nRegillus, Lake, action at, 10501\\nRegina, asteroid, discovered, 7561.\\nRiel s trial at, 5851\\nReginald, at Tinmore, 8442.\\nRegiomantanus, Johann Miiller, b.-d..", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1398.jp2"}, "1399": {"fulltext": "Regi-Revi.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1387\\n7842; adopts astrolabe, 121 invents re-\\nflector decimal system, 7S6 2\\nRegis, Jean Baptiste de, b., 6903; d., 6991\\nRegister, Salem, Mass., suspends, 4302.\\nRegistration Act passes, Capo Town, 6032.\\nBill passes, G. B., 10123.\\nlaw passes, Ger., 829*\\nRegistry of deeds, Eng., 9033.\\nRegium Donura est., 8923, 9743; revived,\\n8983.\\nRegnard, Jean Francois, b., 6902; works,\\n6951,2; 6971, 6963; d. (1709).\\nRegnault, Henri Victor, b.,719i; d.,7502.\\nMarie, murdered, 7562.\\nRegnier, Jacques August Adolphe, b. ,715 1\\nd., 7542.\\nMathurin, b., 6841 Satires, 6871 d.,\\n6862.\\nRegular Army and Navy Unionorg.,328 1\\n3661.\\nRegulation Act passed for Ind., 10453.\\nof Mines Act, 9652.\\nRegulator, wind, invented, 9402.\\nRegulus, Marcus Atilius, naval com-\\nmander in Afr., 10523 consul; com-\\nmander, 6621; defeated, I0262; commis-\\nsion to Rome killed, 10531,3.\\nRehan, Ada, b., 9642; statue, 4261.\\nRenim Bi Atalik, regicide, 5492.\\nRehoboam I. reigns, 11433; pays tribute to\\nEgy., 6501 S ets up golden calves, 11423,\\nRehobotli, Mass., Indians attack, 462.\\nMd., Presbyterian Church fmd., 482.\\nReichardt, Johann Friedrich, b. (1752)\\nWachtdes Deutsclieii Vat er land, 8132; d.\\n(1814).\\nReiehbauer, Herr, d., 5302.\\nReichel, Charles Parsons, cons, bp., 9922.\\nReichenbach, Prus.,cong. of, 8053; treaty,\\n8112 hurricane, 832 1; Frederick victo-\\nrious, 5162.\\nHeinrich Gottlieb Ludwig, b., 8062\\nd., 8301\\nBaron Karl von, b., 8043 names\\nodyl,816i makes paraffin, S181 d.,8262.\\nReichsrath, Austro-Hung., reconstituted,\\n5251 3 supremacy, 5291\\nReichstag, first meeting, 5231 8272.\\nReid, Capt., defeats John Brown, 180 1.\\n.David Boswell, b. (1805) inv. venti-\\nlators, 9461; d. (1863).\\nSettle, b. (1813) gov.N.C, 1692.\\nMaj.-Gen., in Sepoy rebellion, 10481.\\nMayne, b., 1262 d.,3142.\\nRobert R., governor Fla., 1512.\\nR. T., Vivisection Bill, 9912.\\nSamuel Chester, b., 961 d., 1902.\\nThomas, b.,9042; common-sense phi-\\nlosophy, 9122; works, 9131, 9163, 9231;\\nd., 9283.\\nWhitelaw, b., 1482 Ohio in War,\\n2643; retires from Tribune, 3383; minis-\\nter, 3513; nom. for vice-pres., 4091 vote,\\n4192, 4243.\\nSir William, b., 9283; d., 9622.\\nPrivate, wins rifle prize, 10001.\\nventilators introduced, 9461\\nReikiavik, anniversary celebrated, 10423.\\nReil, Johann Christian, b., 8023; d., 8102.\\nReilly, Bernard, cons. R. C. bishop, 974%.\\nJames B;, b., 1581\\nReimann, E., History of Austria, 8322.\\nReimarus, Hermann Samuel, b. (1694)\\nworks, S051; d.,8031.\\nReims (or Rheims), church erected, 6631\\nsacked, 6ti22; Fr. kings crowned, 6633; be-\\nsieged, 674 1 Charles VII. crowned, 677 3\\nUniv. fnd., 6812 New Testament pub-\\nlished, 6843 Univ. suppressed, 7063\\ntaken, 7203; Fr. troops leave, 7401 Ger.\\nheadquarters, 7402.\\nReinach, Baron J., d., 762i\\nReindeer, brig, captured, 1221.\\nsteamer, explodes, 1713.\\nReinecki Furhs published, 6371.\\nReinesius, Thomas, b., 7922; d., 7963.\\nReinhard, Francis V., b., 8022 d., 8102.\\nReinhold,Karl Leonhard,b.,8023; d.,8122,\\nReinkens, Jos. Hubert, b., 8122 bp.,8283.\\nReinsdorf, F. A., sentenced, 8311.\\nR pe, steel process patented, 9561.\\nReiske, Johann Jakob, b., 7983 d., 8041\\nReiss, Philip, electric telephone, 5441\\nReissiger, Karl Gottlieb, b.,8063.\\nReiter, Commander, case in senate, 3773.\\nReitz, F. W., inaugurated president, 11053.\\nRelationes Curinsm issued in Latin, 11343,\\nRelations Jesuits, Les, issued. 5731.\\nRelay House, Md., seized, 1942,\\nRelease searches for Kane, 1761 brings\\nhim back, returns, 1781.\\nReliance wrecked, 951 3\\nRelics, common (Gr. 604), 10722.\\nRelief, exploring expedition, 1481.\\nRelief Bill intro. Belg. 547 2 Eng. 921 1\\nChurch of Scot, fmd., 9131\\nfor Court of Claims, resolution, 399 3\\nof Distress Act for Ire., passes, 985 2\\nReligion de Univers, La, issued, 7291\\nReligion of Am. colonists, 57 1\\nin National Convention, Fr., 7103.\\nState, changed, Fr., 7263.\\nReligious instruction suppressed, Canada,\\n5582.\\nEducation, Am. Soc. for, 456 2\\nceremonies increase, 1066 3\\nCharities Bill opposed, Belg., 5442.\\nCorporations, non-liability, 3842.\\ndispute, Ger., 8143.\\ndissensions in Pari., Eng., 8871\\nequali-ty, law enacted, 962.\\nEquality Association formed, 9563.\\nFreedom Bills passed, Hung., 5383,\\nhouses, many, Belgium, 5442.\\nLiberty enacted, Neth., 11023.\\nMessenger issued, 1331.\\norders abolished, Fr., 7522.\\norders suppressed, Sp., 11303. (See\\nnames of Orders.)\\nprimers published, Eng., 8682.\\nriots, Belgium, 5442.\\nrivalry, Eng., 8583.\\ntests abolished by Pari., 9702, 9752.\\ntoleration in Peru, 11092.\\ntumults in Netherlands, 10983.\\nTract Soc. org. in Albany, 118 3 in\\nLondon, 9291.\\nwar in Europe, 6363.\\nwars devastate Fr., 6831\\nRembrandt(Rembrandt Harmanzoon van\\nRyn),b.-d., 11003; works, 11002.\\nIteniev, Wm. B., in navy dept.,351 2\\nRemington, Philo., b. (1816) d., 3382.\\nrifle. (See Rifle.)\\nRemithwaite, Ralph, work, 8803.\\nRemonstrance, Grand, Eng., 8852.\\nRemonstrants (see Anniniaiis), 11011.\\nRemusat, Com to Francois Marie Charles\\nde,b.,7123; foreign minister,7463;d., 7501.\\nJohn Pierre Abel, b., 706 2 works,\\n7232 d., 7262.\\nRemy, b.-d., 6623.\\nRenaissance, period of, 5083, 8671 Great,\\ninaugurated, 6813.\\nRenals, Sir Jos., 1. mayor London, 10123.\\nRenan, Jos. Erneste,b.,7242; works, 7303,\\n7363, 7482, 7503, 7542, 7562 d., 7622\\nwidow s pension, 7652 d. (1892).\\nRenata, Maria, burned, 8012.\\nRenaud, G-uinglain, 6711.\\nRi-uaud de Montauban appears, 6723.\\nRenaudot, Tbeophraste, b. (1584) works,\\n6891 d. (1653) statue, 7641\\nRencher, Abraham, gov. N. Mex., 183 2\\nRendlesheim, Baron, title created, 9311\\nRendsburg, Prus., Danes evacuate, 6402;\\ntaken, 8161,8221.\\nRen\u00c2\u00a3, Duke of Anjou, b.-d., 10782.\\nPeter, wins rifle prize, 10021\\nRenfrew, Wm. C, inaug. gov., Okla., 4793.\\nRennell, James, b., 9103; d., 9442,\\nRennie, John, b., 9151 stone bridge of\\nKelso, 9282; Waterloo Bridge, 9343,9381\\nd., 9403.\\nSir John, b. (1796+) d., 9782.\\nReno,Nev., tire, 3013; Asylum opd., 3103.\\nJesse Lee, b., 1322; at New Berne,\\n2051 at Camden, N.C., 2062; attacks Da-\\ndians, 2921; d., 2132.\\nReuse, electoral meeting, 7832.\\nRenshaw, Wm. Bainbridge, takes Galves-\\nton, 2142; k. at Galveston, 2181; d.H863).\\nRensselaer, Kiliaen van, manor land, 33 2\\nRensselaerwyck, N. Y., settled, 332.\\nRent tithe, recovery act, 10053.\\nRentes Conversion Rill passes, 767 2\\nRents in money, Eng., 8493,\\nRenwick, James, b., 1262 d., 2191.\\nReorganization of Senate Rill, Fr., 7472,\\n7551.\\nRepertorium der gesammten deutschen Li-\\nteratur issued, 8151\\nReptile Bureaucracy, Ger., 8263.\\nRepresentatives, House of, occupied, 1152;\\nnew apportionment, 2492 apportion-\\nment on basis of franchise, 251 2\\nReprisals, Pres. Jackson favors, 145 2\\nBritish make, 5553.\\nReprisals authorized, Eng., 9312.\\nRepublican issued, Denver, 2543.\\nClubs, Nat. League meets, 3551 4291\\nLeague of U. S. org., in N. Y., 3291\\nconven. opens, 4633; College Clubs fmd.,\\n407 2 convention, 4152.\\nministry formed, Fr., 751 2\\nNat. Conven. meets in Baltimore,\\n1392,2352 in Philadelphia, 1803,2791;\\nin Chicago, 1873, 263 1, 3043, 3311 in\\nCincinnati, 2931 i n St. Louis, 3043.\\nparty rises; inception at Detroit;\\nname at anti-Nebraska conven., 1752;\\nantislavery prominent, 1791; Dred\\nScott decision favors, 1832 majority in\\nCong., 1871; elects first speaker, 1872;\\nform Wide Awake clubs, 1882 1st pres.\\nelected majorities in I860, 1883 di-\\nvided, 2352; divided on Reconstruction,\\n2491,2,2511; massacred in N. Orleans,\\n2523 state elections favor, 255 2 in\\nelections 1867, 2592.\\nPress Club, Mass., org., 3883.\\nRiver, Kan., Indians raid, 2661\\nRepublicans, National, favor internal im-\\nprovements, 123 2 with Anti-Masons, 1392.\\nVatican favors conservative, in Fr.,\\n7582; overthrown in Italy, 10612.\\nRepulse founders, 9181\\nlaunched, 10081\\nBay, visited, 5751\\nRi jiunitjk der Oeleerden issued, 11012.\\nRequesens y Zufiiga, Luis de, b. (1522)\\ninNeth.; viceroy, Neth., 10993; d.,5412.\\nRequiem appears, 8041\\nRequier, Augustus Julian,b.,1322; d.(1887)~\\nResaca de la Palma, Tex., battle, 1601\\nGa., battle of, 2311; Confederate-\\nrepulse, 2383.\\nReschid (or Reheed), Pasha Mustapha, b.-\\nd., 11563 takes part of Argos, 10342; d.\\n(1858).\\nRescue sails for Arctic Ocean, 1661\\nResende, Garcia de,b. (1470+); Cancioneiro\\nGeral, 11091; d. (1554).\\nReservation, Chippeway, sold, 3472. (See\\nunder Cherokee and Oklahoma.)\\nReserve, U. S. N., appropriation, 3781.\\nReserve wrecked, 9021.\\nResht, Persia, railway opened, 11083.\\nResistance blown up, 928 1\\nResolute presented to Q. Victoria, 1813.\\nResolution wrecked, 9021\\nResponsabiliUs Les, 7483.\\nRestitution, Edict of, 7943.\\nResumption of specie payments opposed,.\\nU.S.,29! 2; resumed, 3012.\\nRetaliation by Confeds., 1973, 2163, 2173.\\nBill (anti-i anada), passed, 3312, 4091 1\\n4113, 4132.\\nRetampal Springs, Tex., camp broken up r\\n3961.\\nRethel, Alfred, b., 8121 d., 8202.\\nRetief, Pieter, leader, 5981.\\nRetrospective Review issued, 9411\\nReturn from Parnassus acted, 877 2\\nRetz, Cardinal de (Jean Francois Paul de\\nGondi), h., 6862; d., 6923.\\nRetzsch, Friedrich A. M., b.. 8042.\\nReuben, inheritance of, 11413.\\nKrueblin, Johann, b., 7862; d., 7882.\\nRe Umberto launched, 10882.\\nReunion and Reform Asso. at Nashville,.\\n7243.\\nReuss uprising, 11321\\nthe elder, joins Ger. Confed., 8252.\\nReuter, Fritz, b., 8102; works, 8202; d.\\n(1874).\\nJulius, b., 8103; concession to, 7393.\\nReutlingen, Ger., battle of, 7841\\nRevanche dn Cerf burned, 116 1.\\nRevelation (Apocalypse) written, 11532.\\nExplained and Defended, 1043.\\nRevels, Hiram R., b.(1822) senator, 2671\\n2711 favors amnesty and suffrage, 2711\\nRevelstoke, Baron, title created, 987 1.\\nRevenue, annual, gov. N. Y.,573; in Am..\\ncolonies, 611; demanded for king, 672;\\nFederal, 1032. (Also each following\\nyear); internal system abolished, 1113;,\\ninternal est., 1213; by force, S. C, 1412;\\nfrom lands, 179 1 in Civil War, 2153;.\\ndeficits provided for, 1932, 4412, 4732.\\nRevere, Mass, R. R. accident, 2753.\\nJohn W., galvanized iron, 1361\\nPaul, b., 622; rides to Concord, 80*;.\\nd., 1262.\\nReverend, title applied, Eng., 8882.\\nRevista Contemporanea issued, 10871.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1399.jp2"}, "1400": {"fulltext": "1388\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nRevi-Rice.\\nRevista de Ciendas y Letras issued, 6063.\\ndel Pac tfico issued, 6063.\\nEspanuta issued, 11311\\nLberica issued, 1131\\nMedica-Quirurjivft issued, 6063.\\nstorica Italiana issued, 10902.\\nUniversal Lisbonvnse issued, 11101.\\nRevivals, religious, prevail, 1523, 1S22.\\nRevolt against taxes, Eng., 8471.\\nRevolution, Eng., S99*.\\nNeth., 10993.\\npeaceful arts accomplished, 9142.\\nRevolutionary agitation, Ger., 817\\nTribunal. (See Paris.)\\nWar, Am., SO 1 to 953; ends, losses,\\ncosts, disbanding, farewell, 96* 97 1\\nRevolutions de Franvf et de Brabant, 7063.\\nRevue, La, issued, 7323.\\narcheotoijique. La, issued, 735\\nBeige issued, 5443.\\nBritannique, La, issued, 725*\\nCatholii/ui- appears, 5443.\\nCritique d Histoire el de Litterature,\\n7331.\\nde Belgique issued, 5443.\\nde Bru.vi lles issued, 5443.\\nde V Empire, La, issued, 7291\\nde Liege issued, 5443.\\nde Paris appears. 7252, 7661\\ndes Cours f/itteraires,La, issued, 7363.\\ndes Deux Mondes, La, appears, 7263.\\nEuropean-He, La, issued, 7343.\\nFrancaise, La, issued, 7251.\\nGerman iij ue, La, issued, 7343; changed\\nto La Revue Moderne, 7363.\\nHistorique, La, issued, 7502.\\nIndependante, La, issued, 7291\\nInternal in n a/ e issued, 10902.\\nNationale, La, issued, 7343.\\nPhilosophique, La, issued, 7502.\\nSuedoise issued, 11363.\\nSuisse issued, 11381\\nTrimeslr telle issued, 5443.\\nKey, Jean, b., 7043; d., 7302,\\nRevbaud, Marie Roch Louis, b., 7142; d.,\\n7521\\nReyburn, John E., b., 158\\nReyland, J fro me Paturot, 729 1\\nReymond, Mine., murderess, 7631.\\nReyna, Francisco Bruno Cerrando de,\\ngovernor, 6302.\\nReynaud, Antoine Andre Louis, d., 728 3\\nReynier, Gen. Jean Louis Ebenezer, b.\\n(1771) at Maida, 7161 d. (1814).\\nReynolds, Admiral, perishes, 9342.\\nGeorge N., killed, 9251\\nJohn, governor La., 692,3.\\nb. (1789+) gov. 111., 1392; d.,\\n2471.\\nJohn Fulton, b., 1282; a t Cheat\\nMountain, VV. Va., 1982; appt. 5th dis-\\ntrict, 2621; at Aquia Creek, 2121; a t\\nWarrenton, 2151 at Fredericksburg,\\n2162; at Chaneellorsville, 221 a t Get-\\ntysburg, 2241 d., 2251.\\nJ. M., in int. dept., 4472; pension de-\\nSir Joshua, b., 9062; L iscourses,9152- t\\npres. Royal Academy, 9162; d., 9262.\\nRobert J., gov. Del., 367 1 9991\\nT. C, transfers state seal, 2672.\\nThomas, governor Mo., 1531\\nAnti-Tobacco Crusade 9591\\nWalter, archbp. Canterbury 8562.\\nWilliam Morton, b., 1183; J. (1876).\\nMr., possession Wrange) Land, 3092.\\nReynoldsville and Dubois, strike, 4751\\nRezin I., reigns, 11433; against Ahaz.\\n11441.\\nRhaetia invaded, 5021 (See Rretia.)\\nRbamdamistus. king of Armenia, 11513.\\nRhamnus Temple of Nemesis begun, 10203.\\nRhawm, W. H., chairman, 4403.\\nRhazes, d., 4862.\\nRhegium, It., captured, 10502, 10522.\\nRheinfelden, imperialists defeated, 7961.\\nRhenish Fred. Wilhelm Univ. fnd., 8131\\nLeague meets at Mentz, 7812.\\nMission Society organized, 8143.\\nRhetel, Turenne defeated, 6901\\nRhett, William, at Charleston, S. C, 561\\nRhetz, Gen. Voigts, at Loiret, 7423.\\nRhine, Fr. cross, 5181,2; free to both\\ncountries, 5192; left bank ceded, 5193;\\ncanal to Vssel, 768 1 infected with chol-\\nera, 8373; Confederacy of, 7161 dis-\\nsolved, 5211; Palatinate restored, 7972,\\n8112.\\nRhoda, mission, 6571.\\nRhode Island, colony fnd. by Roger Wil-\\nliams colonists protected, 35 strict\\nlaws, 342 First Baptist church, 343\\ntoleration denied, 36 3 new constitution,\\n37 2 charter, 373 war against New\\nNeth., 381 toleration granted, 382\\nchurch divided, 383 Wm. Coddington,\\ngovernor at Portsmouth, 38 3 39 2 453\\ndrunkenness punished slavery pro-\\nhibited, John Coggshall, gov., 391; i s t\\ngen. assembly code of laws John Smyth,\\ngov., 392,3 N. Easton, gov., 392, 453\\nSam Gorton, gov. admittance to New\\nEng. Confederacy refused, 392 Roger\\nWilliams, gov., 39 3 Hebrew congrega-\\ntion, 402; 1st Quakers yearly meet, 403,\\n542; Benedict Arnold, gov. ,412, 441, 473;\\nWm, Brenon, gov., 412, 433; Seventh\\nDay Baptists Church org., 422,443; reli-\\ngious freedom est., 422 charters re-\\nnewed, 423 \\\\y. Clarke, gov., 471,503,\\n533 John Cranston, gov., 473 Peleg\\nSandford, gov., 491 Win. Coddington,\\nJr., gov., 492; Henry Bull, gov., 493, 513;\\ncharter rescinded, 51i charter resumed,\\n512,532 gov t dissolved, 511 John Eas-\\nton, gov., 513 Caleb Carr, gov. (1695)\\nSam T Cranston, gov., 551; Prot. Epis.\\nmiss, in, 56 2 Uom. (laths, disfranchised,\\n582 hemp-duck mnf., 601 weekly con-\\ntributions est. for ministry; General\\nBaptists org., 003; Joseph Jenckes, gov.,\\n613; Six Principle Baptists hold yearly\\nmeetings, 622; r, I. Gazette issued, 631\\npopulation, 633 Win. Wanton, gov.,\\n63 2 John Wanton, gov., 63 3 Richard\\nWard, gov., 652 troops against Fr., 701\\nWm. Green.-, gov., 053,713; Gideon Wan-\\nton, gov., 672; Stephen Uopkins, gov.;\\n712,3, 731 Sain. Ward, gov., 732,753;\\nslaves in Newport, 733; Warren Baptist\\nAsso. fmd., 742 Brown Univ. est., 742,\\n763 Six Principle Baptists secede, 76 2\\nJosiab Lyndon.gov.; Jos. Wanton, gov.,\\n772; Gen. Congress proposed, 79i com-\\nmissions cruisers, 802 Nicholas Cooke,\\ngov., 813, 831 repudiate allegiance to\\nking, 823; disloyal to king, 832 British\\ntake, 843; action at Quaker Hill storm\\nseparates fleets, 88 3 Wm. Greene, Jr.,\\ngov., 913 John Collins, gov., 992\\nhomespun cloth mnf., 100i P. E. dio.\\nreorganized, 1022; approves Federal con-\\nstitution, 103i; Arthur Fenner, gov.,\\n1032; i s t cotton mill erected, 1041 cot-\\nton sewing thread mnf., 1042 1st Sun-\\nday School in New Eng. est., 1043; Paul\\nMuniford.gov. Henry Smith, gov., 1133;\\nIsaac Wilbur, gov., 1151 James Fenner,\\ngov., 1152, 1332, 1572; Congregational\\nConf. org., 1163; Wm. Jones, gov., 1192;\\nNeh. R. Knight, gov. (1817) Wm. C.\\nGibbs, gov., 1293 riot at Providence,\\n1391; Lemuel H. Arnold, gov., 1393;\\nJohn B. Francis, gov., 14.33 whipping\\nlaw applied, repealed, 149 1 local op-\\ntion, 1492; Universalis ts State Conven.\\norg., 1502; Wm. Sprague, gov., 151 2\\n1903 Sam. W. King, gov., 1512 rival\\ngov t org., 1552 Cbas. Jackson, gov.,\\n1611; Byron Diman, gov., 1613 Elisha\\nHarris, gov., 1633 Henry P. Anthony,\\ngov., 167 Philip Allen, gov., 1692; pro-\\nhibitory law passes, 171 1, unconstitu-\\ntional, 1732 Francis M. Dimond, gov.,\\n1743; Wm. W. Hoppin, gov., 1772 pro-\\nhibitory Law passed, 17X3, and repealed,\\n2292; Elisha Dyer, gov., 1832 Thomas\\nG. Turner, gov. 1872; Evening Bulletin,\\nProvidence, est., 2252; James Y. Smith,\\ngov., 2293; Wm. C. Cozzens, gov., 2293\\nratifies 13th Amend., 2432,2683; Ambrose\\nBurnside, gov., 2553 Channing TJnita-\\nrianConf.org., 2562; ratiliesHth Amend.,\\n2573; Board of Charities and Correction\\norg., 2691: Seth Padelford.gov.; ratifies\\n15th Amend., 2693 Roger Williams\\nstatue for Wash., D. C, 2721 imprison-\\nment for debt abolished, 2723 normal\\nschool opd., 2742,3742; Providence R. C.\\ndiocese est., 2802 prohibitory law\\npassed, 2843; and repealed, 2911 Henry\\nHoward, g\u00c2\u00ab v., 2x51 Henry Lippitt, gov.,\\n2892, 2912, 0931 sc hool for deaf at Prov-\\nidence, 2943; Chas. C. Van Zandt, gov.,\\n2973 House votes to reestablish whip-\\nping post; State Board of Health est.,\\n3011; Alfred H. Littlefield, gov., 3043\\nAugustus O. Bourn, gov., 3153 prohibi-\\ntion amend, submitted, approved, 323 2\\n3243 Geo. P. Wetmore, gov. 3233 Dem.\\nwin elections, 3272 Compulsory School\\nLaw passes, 3283; John W. Davis, gov.,\\n3293, 3751 property qualifications re-\\nmoved, 3293 property qualification\\namend. Republicans rule, 3313 State\\nAgricultural School est., 3323; Royal C.\\nTaft, gov., 3332 Prohibitory Amend,\\nresubmitted, 3362, and rescinded, 3411\\nAustralian ballot adopted, 3371, 3412,\\n3492, 381i, 3882; Herbert W Ladd,\\ngov., 3373 State ticket in doubt, 3392\\nhigh license law enacted, 3431 legisla-\\nture elects state officers, 355 3 Bibles\\nbanished from schools, 358Z; centennial\\neel., 3693 election returns, 3812 R e\\n\u00c2\u00a3ublican candidates elected, 3853 Gov.\\n.add protects prize-fight, 395 1 Alex.\\nGibson nom. for gov., 4011 D. Russell\\nBrown, nom. for gov., 4032, 4533; Re-\\npublican nominees elected, 4091 legis-\\nlature prorogued, 4312; gov s action in\\nlegislature upheld, 4352; weavers strike,\\n4402 Republicans carry State elections,\\n4553; 1), Russell Brown, gov., 4793.\\nRhodes, peopled, 11433; city fnd., 11473;\\nearthquake, 11482, H562; flourishes,\\n11483; revolts against Athens, 10233;\\nbesieged, 10261; taken, 10313, 10321,\\n10341, H511; residence of Tiberius,\\n11513; held by Knights Hospitallers,\\n11553; subdued, 10621.\\nAlexander de, missionary, 4803.\\nCecil J., b. (1853); Brit, resident,\\n6032 on Anglo-Ger. agreement pre-\\nmier, 6033, 6043.\\nJames Ford, History of U. S., 4203.\\nLieut.-Col., at Bertram!. Mo., 2011\\nR. G., invents audiphone, 3061,\\nWm. Birk, gift to hospital, 9843.\\nRhodians fnd. colonies in Catalonia, 11252.\\nRhodium discovered, 9322.\\nJl/todoj f. asteroid, discovered, 2901\\nRhondda Valley, AY., mine explosion, 9973.\\nRhone freezes, 6962.\\nRhuddan Castle destroyed, 8541\\nRhyl, W., Church Congress at, 10062.\\nRiall, Sir Phinehas, b., 9183; at Chip-\\npewa, 1221; d. (1851).\\nRialto, capital Republic of Venice, 10732.\\nRiaz Pasha ministry, 6592, 6613.\\nRibalds established, 6701\\nRibault, Jean (John) b., 6803; dis. St.\\nJohn River, 223; colony in Fla.; leaves\\ncolony, 233; aids Huguenots, 251; d.,\\n6823.\\nRibblesdale, Baron, title created, 9252.\\nRibbon Society organized, 9411\\nRibeiro, Bemardin, Eclogues, 11091.\\nJoao Pedro, Researches in Chronol-\\nogy, 11101.\\nRiheio, Sefior, resigns, 5573.\\nRibot, Augustin Theodule, b. (1823); d.,\\n7621.\\nAlexander Felix Joseph, h. (1842)\\nminister, 7611 7032, 7651 forms minis-\\ntry, 7651 premier, 7652.\\nRibbonism, Act for suppression of, 9753.\\nRicard, L Xavier de, Autour de Bona-\\nparte, 7622.\\nM., minister, 7632.\\nRicardo, David, b., 9183; works, 9383; d.,\\nRicards, J. D., R. C. bishop cons., 9742.\\nRicasoli, Baron Bettino, b., 10851; d.,\\n10901.\\nRiccaz, Alex., cens. R. C. bishop, 9962,\\nRicci, Matteo, b. (1552) Shanking mis-\\nsion Jesuit arrives, 6143; at court,\\n6153; d., 6142.\\nRiccio, Domenico, b., 10783; d., 10803.\\nRice, intro. Am., 502; restricted import,\\n672; culture in Lombardy, 10801.\\nAlex. Hamilton, b., 1262; gov., 2951.\\nAllen Thorndike, b. (1853) d., 3401\\nB. H., moderator, 1363.\\nDavid, b. (1733) Presb. in Ky., 962;\\nd. (1816).\\nHenry Mower, b. (1816) on Commit-\\ntee of 13, 1892.\\nJames, b. (1844); Mortiboy, 9763; d.\\n(1882).\\nHolt, moderator, 1282.\\nLuther, h. (17S3) ordained, 1183; d.\\n(1836).\\nNathan Lewis, b. (1807) moderator,\\n1782; d. (1877).\\nNathaniel, governor, 633, 692.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1400.jp2"}, "1401": {"fulltext": "Rice-Rios.\\nText Figures denote Page. INUilX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1389\\nRice, Thomas Spring, Lord Monteagle, b.,\\n9243; d., 9701.\\nWm. M., gift to Houston, 3843.\\nRich, Claudius James, b., 9242 d., 9403.\\nIsaac, b. (1801) d., 2761\\nJohn T., nom. for gov, Mich., 4113,\\n4672 gov., 4471, 4793.\\nPres., arrested in Ida., 3683.\\nRichard, b. (1498\u00c2\u00b1) high chancellor,\\n8712 d. (1568).\\nRobert, Earl of Warwick, land\\ngranted transfers claim, 332 office in\\nN. Eng.,373 d. (1658).\\nRichard I., king, b.-d., 8502; prisoner,\\n5043 in third crusade, HT i gets money\\nby licenses reigns, 8513; at Ascalon,\\n8501 releases Scot, from homage est.\\nlicenses marries shipwrecked, 9513\\ngives Cyprus to Guyde Lusignan, 11553;\\ntakes Jaffa, 4872 released ransom\\nprice, 7792 recovers Normandy, 6701\\nd.,8531; statue, 9641.\\nII., king, b.-d., 8582 tournament,\\n.8563 reigns, 8603 invades Scot., 8601\\nappoints Continual Council 861 1 mar-\\nriage, 8612; pledge to Loudon; controls\\ngov t, 8611 charters York, 8611 in Ire.,\\n8603; a t Waterford, 8601, 8603; Christ-\\nmas festival. 8603; prisoner; deposed;\\nmurdered, 8612 will, 8613.\\nIII., b., 8622,3; D. of Gloucester pro-\\ntector supported for king reigns as\\nRichard III. title continued, 8653 op-\\nposes Henry of Tudor est. cavalry\\nposts levies benevolences k., 8672.\\nof Burgundy routs Northmen, 6661\\nof Normandy, archbp. Canterbury,\\n8303 d. (1184).\\nD. of York, lord-lieut., 8632, 8652;\\nprotector rules arreste I treason, 8633\\nclaims crowu. 865 1 claim acknowledged,\\nkilled, 8641, 8651.\\nF. M., eons, cardinal priest, 7582.\\nHenry, erected monument, 9842 d.,\\n9982.\\nMaurice, minister line arts, 7392.\\nPlantagenet, E. of Cornwall.b. (1209);\\nelected king, Ger., 781 2 delivers Jeru-\\nsalem, 8521 king of Romans, 8551 d.\\n(1272).\\nRichards, A. N., governor Can., 5833.\\nJames A. D., b., 1581\\nJohn, defends charter, 491 d., 1842.\\nL. D., nominee for gov. Neb., 3652.\\nPaul, mayor N. Y., 633.\\nThomas Addison, b. (1820) National\\nAcademy Design, 1701\\nSir William Buel, d., 5881\\nb., 1022 d. (1847).\\nBishop, cons. E. Cape Colony, 9742.\\nRichardson, AltredSpeucer, cons, bp., 3022.\\nBenjamin Ward, b., 9423.\\nCharles, b., 919 English Dictionary,\\n9491; d.(1865).\\nFrancis, b., 1682 works, 3083,\\n3283, 3502.\\nCol., at Covington, Tenn., 2201\\nGeorge F., b., 1681\\nH. J., nom. governor Del., 3691\\nHenry Hobson, b. (1839) d., 3222.\\nIsrael B.,b.,1262 at Savage Station,\\n2092 d., 2152.\\nJas., b .(1809) explorer, 5783 d.(1851).\\nB., governor S. C, 1113.\\nD.,b.,1562.\\nSir John, b., 9242 d., 9681\\nJohn Frarn, b. (1808) d., 2602.\\nPeter, b. (1801) gov. S. C, 153 1,\\n325 z against lynching, 3511 d. (1864).\\nSamuel, b., 8982; works, 9111; d.,\\n9151.\\nSir Thomas, b. (1569) chief justice,\\n8832 d. (1635).\\nWilliam Alex., b., 1301 gov. Neb.,\\n1852 minister, 2813 resigns, 2852 d.,\\nMr., murdered, 9661\\nMr., killed in Boston, 771.\\nRichaud, M., Fr. resident, 4833.\\nRiche\\\\ Gen. Jean Baptiste, b. (1780) pres-\\nident Haiti, 10402 d. (1847).\\nRichelieu, Due de (Armand Jean Duples-\\nsis), b., 6842 at La Rochelle est. Fr.\\nAcademy, 6861 cardinal; censured, 687 1\\nadministration in states-gen., 6873\\ndismissal annulled, 6892 d., 6883.\\nDue de (Armand Emmanuel Duples-\\nsis), b. (1766) ministry of, 7232 again\\nresigns oihee, 7233.\\nRichelieu, Due de (Louis Francois Armand\\nEmmanuel Duplessist, b., 6943 treaty\\nwith D. of Cumberland, 8032 d., 7062\\nRicheniont, Constable de, at Paris, 6762\\nat Formigny, 6781\\nRichense, regent of Poland, 11133.\\nRicliupin, Jean, b. (1849) Le Cadet, 7602.\\nRicher, E.louard, b., 7082 d., 7262.\\nKichev, M. N., governor Can., 5832.\\nRichings, Peter, d., 2721 d. (1871).\\nRichmauii, Georg Wilholm, b.-d., 11143.\\nRichmond, lnd., Earlham Coll. fnd., 1843\\noffice of Jejfersonian wrecked, 2232\\nschool for feeble-minded opened, 303 2\\nOrphan s Home, cruelty, 450 3\\nKy., Federals routed, 2122 Central\\nUniv. org., 2822, 2863.\\nVa., college proposed, 283 fnd., 653;\\ncapital, 913 stores burned, 923 evacu-\\nated, 942 constitutional conven. meets,\\n1091 2592 R. Inquirer, 1131 eclipse of\\nsun, 1161 theater burned, 1193 Booth\\nappears, 1281; R. c. diocese find., 130 3\\nState Library fnd., 1311; R. Whig ap-\\npears, 1351 R. R. to Frederick R. R. to\\nPetersburg, 1493 R. Coll. org., 1523\\nHollywood Cemetery opd., 1633 seced-\\ning Dem. Conven., 1873; Dem. Nat. Con-\\nven., 1882; Confed. capital, 1971 Confed.\\nProvisional Cong., 1973, 2053 first\\nConfed. Cong, meets, 2053 McClellan s\\nadvance begins, 2063 Confeds. concen-\\ntrate, 2072 bread riot, 2213; Meade ad-\\nvances on, 2271 Grant advances on,\\n2322+ 2d Confed. Cong, meets, 2333,\\n2393; Grant threatens, 2371 last Confed.\\nCong, adjourns evacuated, 2443 Fed-\\nerals occupy, 245 1 lire, 2453; Lincoln at,\\n2451,3; review of Federal troops, 2452\\nseal of Confederacy .arrives at, 2453\\nDavis admitted to bail, 2563; Gen. Scho-\\ntleld military commander, 2572 Davis\\nreturns to Constitutional Convention,\\n2592; Theological Sem. fnd., 2603 gal-\\nleries fall, 2713 R. R. to Huntington,\\n285 2 statue of Gen. Jackson earth-\\nquake, 2881 ciored People Educational\\nConven,, 28S 3 Hartshorn Memorial\\nColl. fnd., 3143 Rapt. Home for Aged\\nWomen est., 317 1 Times issued, 3242\\nJohn Jasper s revival, 3383 decorated\\nwith Confed. flags, 3591 Lee statue, 2591\\nemancipation eel., 3703; Conven. South-\\nern Govs., 4282 Soldiers and Sailors\\nmonument, 4601\\nRichmond built, 118 2\\nstruck by Manassas, 2001 ordered to\\nSamoa, 3381.\\nDuke of, title created, 8932. (See\\nLennox.)\\nDean, d., 2521.\\nLegh, b., 9183 d., 9423.\\nand Alleghany R. R. sold, 3393.\\nObservatory, Eng., built, 9181.\\nRich Mountain, W. Va., battle of, 1962.\\nRichter, Gustav, b. (1823); paints Daughter\\no/Jairus, 8201 d. (1884).\\nEugen, b. (1838) attacks Bismarck,\\n8352.\\nHenry Jos., b. (1838) cons. bp., 3122.\\nJean Paul Friedridi, b..S023; works,\\n8052, 8071 ,2 d., 8123 statue, 4301\\nRicimer, defeats Vandals, 10701 rules\\nItaly deposes Avitus d., 1071 2\\nRi. kinds, John E., gov. Mont., 4471.\\nRicker, Marilla, admitted to bar, 3643.\\nRicketts, James Brewerton, b., 1262 in\\ncourt-martial, 2161 north of Rapidan,\\n2321 at Baltimore, 2361 d. (1887).\\nRicks, Judge, decision on strikes, 4723.\\nHicord, Philippe, b., 7143; d., 7581.\\nRiddell, Arthur G., cons. R. C. bp., 9862.\\nJohn Leonard, b. (1807) d., 2582.\\nRiddenberger Act passes, 3132.\\nKidding, George, cons, bishop, 9922.\\nRiddle, D. H., moderator, 1682.\\nGeorge R., b., 1262; d., 2561\\nRiddleberger, Harrison Holt, b. (1844) d.,\\n3521.\\nRidel, Stephen, chancellor, 8513.\\nKidgetield College, Md., organized, 2583.\\nKidgelev, Daniel Boone, b.(1813) d.,2621.\\nJames Lot, b., 1141 d. (1881).\\nRi.lgeway, Col. Sir Jos. West, sec, 9973.\\nRobert, North Am. Birds, 3283.\\nRidley Hall, Cambridge, est., 9843.\\nNicholas, b., 8661 burned, 8702,3.\\nWilliam, mission, Australia, 496 2\\nbishop New Caledonia, 9803.\\nRiilpath, John Clark, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 1522.\\nRidsdale, Rev. C. J., trial, 9802.\\nHied, A list., treaty of, 5211\\nRiedesel, Friedrieh Adolf von, b., 8002\\nd., S071.\\nRiedinger, Johann Elias, b.,7982; d., 8031.\\nRiego y Nunez Rafael del, leader, exe-\\ncuted, 11312.\\nRiel, Louis, b., 5782 revolt, provisional\\ngov t, Can., 5832; surrenders, 5841 trial,\\n5851; insurrections, 5821, 5852 d., 5841.\\nRiemarus, Hermann S., b., 7982.\\nKieiner, Isaac de, mayor N. Y., 552.\\nRienzi, Miss., action at, 2243.\\nCola di, b.-d., 10762 revolution in\\nRome; executed, 10773.\\nRierson Island, annexed, 10013.\\nRieunier, Adm., minister, 7652.\\nRifle meeting, Nat., Belg., 5451\\nSpencer repeating pat., 1902.\\nRifled gun used, 7862.\\nRiga, Russia, siege of, 11341\\nliigand, Hyaciiitlie, I.., (l!ll)2 d., 7003.\\nKigaud, Gen., defeated, Haiti, 10401.\\nRiggin, Charles W., killed, 4121.\\nUiggs, Elias, b., 1162.\\nGeo. Washington, b. (1813) d., 3081\\nRight of search at sea renewed, 1851\\nRights of Man, declaration of, Fr., 7073.\\nRigord, b.-d., 6683.\\nRig-Veda edited by Max Muller, 9651\\nRiimkronike appears, 6363.\\nRiley, Gen. Bennett, b. (1787) governor\\nCalifornia, 167 1; d. (1853).\\nCharles Valentine, b., 156 2\\nJames Whiteomb, b. (1852) works,\\n3242, 3283, 3331 3962, 4731\\nJohn, b., 8862; workB,961i d.(1691).\\nPatrick, dynamiter, 4742.\\nRimini, Italy, council, 10683 cathedral\\nerected, 10771; earthquake, 10822.\\nRimnik, Aust., victorious, 8041\\nRimouski, R. C., diocese of, 5822; hospital\\nbuilt, 5883.\\nRim Sin defeated, 11401\\nRinehart, William H., b., 1322; d., 2861.\\nJ inif des Nibeluuijen performed, 8281.\\nRinggold, Ga., Confederate defeat 2281,2.\\nCapt., exploring expedition, 1721\\nGeorge Hay, b. (1814); d., 2332.\\nRintoln University fnd., 795 1 suspends,\\n809 1.\\nRintunbur captured, 10422.\\nRio, Wis., R.R. accident, 3253.\\nde Janeiro, Portuguese appear, 17 3\\ndis.,203 Bay dis., 5531 ;named Hugue-\\nnots at Portuguese at, 5532, a Fr. set-\\ntlement captured, 233, 5531 ,3; Prot. mis-\\nsion, 5531 Fr. squadron takes gov. ca-\\npitulates Nat. Library tea-plant cul-\\ntivated, 5541 Imperial chapel erected;\\nJournal deCommereio est.; Meth. mission,\\n5542; Museum Nat. Hist. 5541 hospital\\nerected, 5543 mission, i ,4 3 L -,63 polit-\\nical disorders, 5543 capital founded,\\n5551 Assembly opens, 5552; invaded;\\nrevolution, 5551 2 royal fugitives, 6551\\nBrit, officers arrested gas intro.,5553\\ngirls school fnd. current literature,\\n5562,5582; D. of Edinburgh visits mar-\\ntial law proclaimed, 5571 ,5593, 5602; po-\\nlitical agitation, 557 1 Nat. Bank est.,\\n5573; cannonaded; insurrection iron-\\nclad launched siege surrender de-\\nmanded, 5581 f 2, 5593; boveotting league;\\nrioting, 5583,5592 Nat. MortgageBank;\\nftrovisional gov t recognized State\\noans, 5591; belligerent rights refused;\\ncoffee syndicate; royal manifesto; troops\\nto withdraw, 5593 u. S. squadron, 446i\\n5601; siege abolished, 5(11)2; yellowfever,\\n5593,5603 royal residence, 11103.\\nde la Plata, Braz., explorers, 4891;\\ngov t, 4892 loss of life, 558i a vice-\\nroyalty, 11061\\nGrande City, jail broken open, 2971\\nCollege, org., Ohio, 2922.\\ndo Sul, Braz., subdued, 5541; re-\\nbellion, 5553 battle, 5602; mission, 5562,\\n10962 battle at defeat of troops up-\\nrising, 5581 3; victory, 5582 riots, 5583\\nindependence, 5591 controls Junta dis-\\nobeys State gov. deposed insurrec-\\ntion ends; new flag; revolt, 5592,6601 ,2.\\nPongas, mission, 11003.\\nRiordan, Patrick Win., b. (1841); cons, bp.,\\n3142 archbp. San Francisco, 3182 in-\\nvestigates Cleveland affair, 3461\\nRios, Pedro Venegas de los, gov., 6301", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1401.jp2"}, "1402": {"fulltext": "1390\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nRiot-Robi.\\nBiots, Boston, 743, Providence, 139 New\\nYork, 143 ,2,147 ,1643, 1823, 3782, Phila.,\\n145 157 Baltimore, 1452, 1803, Cincin-\\nnati, 147 317 Columbia Co., N.Y.,1632,\\nChristiana, Pa., 169 New Orleans, 1703,\\nBrooklyn, 1742. Chicago, 1703,3232, Port-\\nland, 1763, Louisville, St. Louis, 177\\nWashington, 1823, Great Anti-Draft,\\nNew York, 2253, Charleston, 111., 2312,\\nSavannah, 2333, Mobile, 2392, Memphis,\\n2522, Somerset, Kv., 269 Austin. Miss.,\\n2843, Vieksburg, Miss., 287 Yazoo City,\\nMiss. 28 .Danville, 315 .Seattle, Wash*.,\\n322 3232, Hopedale, _ 333 Duluth,\\nMinu., 3332, Carbon Hill, Ala., 376\\nKearney, N, J., 378 Connellsville, Pa.,\\n3822, Grand Rapids, Mich., 3852, San\\nDiego, Cal., 3882. Sacramento, Cal., To-\\nnawauda, N. Y., 4082, Homestead, Pa.,\\n4102, Star City, Ind., 4122, Buffalo, 4163,\\n1742, Cheyenne, Colo., 4163, Mononga-\\nhela City, 4242, Auburn, Me., 4383, Ab-\\nington, .Mass., 43(12, Camden, N.J.,4423,\\nFreeland, Pa., 4603, Wesley, 111., 4622,\\nminers, Mich., 4642, R.R., Okla., 465\\nminers, Barnesboro, Pa., 4682, Maltby,\\nPa., 473 Chinese, New South Wales,\\nBallarat, Vic., 4963, Vienna, 5223, 533\\n5362, Aust., 5323, 5331, 5302, Bohemia,\\n5302, 5331, 5351, Galicia, 533 534\\nHung., 531 5322. 5343, 53o ,5362, Bel-\\ngium, 543 548 Brussels, 5443, 547\\n548 Marchienne-au-Pont, 545 Charle-\\nroi.Mons, 5462, 548 Malignes,5463,Ant-\\nwerp, 547 548 Grammont, Louvain,\\n548 Pleviia.5t;s2,Soriu, 570 i .Montreal,\\n579 ,5823, .583 ,5922, Quebec, 5811 .Chile,\\n5083, 6081 Tangchow, China, Tien-tsin,\\n6212, Ching-KJang-Fu, Amoy, Fukien\\nprovince, Hankow, Woo Hoo, 625 Bo-\\ngota, Colombia, 6282, Alexandria, Egy.,\\n658 France, 7272, 73x1 7432, 71^43, 765 1\\nParis, 675 6763, 6872, 707 711 7252,\\n7272, 7303, 733 7371, 7333, 7543, 7043\\nGer., 7872, 7892, 7941, 8152, 8163, 817\\n829 8323, 833 8343, 835 3302 Great\\nBritain, Birmingham, 91192, 1)252, 9703,\\n993 Brist.il. 9132, 927 1,945 1,10103, Ches-\\nter Castle, 9702, n. ar Carlisle, 9751 Corn-\\nwall, 9911 Dungraven, Eng., 9691 Dart-\\nmoor, 9372, Ens., 9352, 9391 9451 Edin-\\nburgh, 9411, Exeter, 0711 Ireland, 9152,\\n9292, 9372, 9392, 9412, 9432, 945 947\\n955 ,957 963 967 ,2, 9683, 9703, 977\\n983 985 9863, 987 9883, 9943, 9963,\\n997 100U3, 1(||)71 10033, 1(1103; Glasgow,\\n9392, Hebrides, Scot., 9943, Kiddermins-\\nter, 993 Lancashire, 9432, Leicester,\\n9943, Lond., 895 ,905 ,9092, 9171 ,2,9212,\\n9272, 9352, 9372, 9392, 961 967 975\\n9943, 9972, 10103, 1013 Liverpool, 957\\n959 9943, Manchester. 931 2, 9711 Maid-\\nstone, Eng., 9292, Mold, 973 Notting-\\nham, Eng., 9372, 9683, Northampton,\\n9792, Paisley, 9392, Scot., 9292, Skve,\\nScot., 989 Stockport, Eng., 957 Sta-\\nleybridgc. Eng., 967 SI. Helen s. Wigan,\\n10123, Wales, 9451 9531 Worcester.Eng.,\\n9092, 9251, Wrexham, Eng., 9891, 9943,\\nYarmouth, 9571.\\nRipley, Tenn., action at, 2181\\nEleazer Wheelock, b., 95 d., 1502.\\nGeorge, b., 1102; at Fort Erie, 122\\nAm. Cyclopedia, 2823; d., 304\\nJames W., b. (1797) d., 270\\nLieut., hurt at sea, 338\\nRipon, Eng., treaty of, 8833; bishopric est.,\\n948 Bishop Carpenter cons., 9922.\\nWis.. Ripon College est., 173\\nEarl of, minister, 9433.\\n.Marquis, title created, 975 (See\\nRobinson.)\\nRippey, William C, shoots Mackay, 4242.\\nRip Raps riot with Wampanags, 1803.\\nRisakoff, condemned hanged, 1121\\nRising, Johann Claesson, b. (1600+) gov.,\\n393.\\nRiska, W., colliery collision, 9853.\\nRisley, John E., minister, 4473.\\nRispah watches bodies, 1143\\nRist, Johann, b. (1607) works, 795 797\\nd. (1667).\\nRistori, Adelaide, .Marchioness del Grillo,\\nb., 10862.\\nRitchie, Alex. Hay, b. (1822) Nat. Acad-\\nemy Design, 276\\nMrs. (Anna Cora O. Mowatt), b., 128\\nappears, 158 Fashion, 1583; d., 2702.\\nByron F., b., 1722.\\nRitchie, Col., at Shirley s Ford, 2132.\\nC. T., minister, 9953.\\nThomas, b., 912; d., 174\\nRites, Tribunal of decision for foreign\\n6153.\\nRitner, Jos., b. (1780) gov. Pa., 1453; d.,\\n268\\nRitschl, Friedrich Wilhelm, b., 8083.\\nRitson, Joseph, b., 9123; d., 9323.\\nRittenhouse, David, b., 62 method of\\nfluxions, 68 improved orrery, 74\\npres. Am. Philosophical Society, 102\\nd. (1796).\\nRitter, Charles, defaulter, 3782.\\nCol. Eli, pres. Prohibition Nat. Con-\\nvention, 4092.\\nFrederic Louis, b. (1834) d., 548\\nGalmy appears, 791\\nHeinrich, b., 8043; History of Phi-\\nlosophy, 815 d., 8262.\\nJohann W., dis. chemical rays, 8062;\\nsecondary pile, 9362.\\nKarl, b., 8042; work, 813 d., 8202.\\nRitualism, canon against, 2862; con-\\ndemned, 9701,2.\\nRitualistic practices, protested, Can., 586\\nRitualists censured, 9702, 9722.\\nRivadaria, president Argentine, 4903.\\nRivas, Nic, Gen. Walker rights at, 176\\nJose Maria, rises shot, 11233.\\npres., war against Costa Rica, 6302.\\nRive, Auguste De La, b.-d. invents galvan-\\nometer telephone, 1138\\nRiver Falls, Wis., State. Normal School\\nopd., 2903; lightning kills, 4332.\\nM., arbitrator, 7612.\\nand Harbor Appropriation Bill, 1612,\\n1633, 1652, 3112 3593, 4072, 4592, 4C53,\\n469 act unconstitutional, 4072.\\nRivera, Costa Rica, founded, 630\\nAlonso de, governor Chile, 6052.\\nGen. Jose Fructuoso, b. (1790+) de-\\nfeated, 490 d. (1854).\\nPerafau de, gov. Colombia, 630\\nRiverina; diocese, 4982; Bp. Linten cons.,\\n9862.\\nRivers, Lord. (See Woodville.)\\nRiversdale mission, 5983, 6003.\\nRiverside Park, N.Y., Grant s monument,\\n3592\\nRives, John C, b., 106 d., 2332.\\nWilliam Cabell, b., 1042; d., 262\\nRiviere, Briton, b., 9502.\\nCapt. Henri, at Hanoi, 4802; in An-\\nnam, 4813.\\nPres. Herrard, fails to subdue, 10402.\\nM., finds human skeleton, 746\\nR. T., d., 4813.\\nRivington, James, b., 602; d. (1802).\\nRivinus, August (Juirinus, b. 1 1052) botan-\\nical student, 7982; d. (1723).\\nRivoli, It., battle at, 5182.\\nliivoli taken, 9342.\\nRizo-Rhangabe, Alexander, b.-d., 10343.\\nRizzio, David, b., 10803; k., 873 10803.\\nRoach, John, b. (1815) Relief Bill, 349\\nCongress investigation, 429 d. (1887).\\nN. W., speech, 441\\nWilliam N., b., 1522.\\nRoad, National, Bill rejected, 1372.\\nRoads, improved Macadam, 938 2\\nRoane, John Selden, b. (1817) gov. Ark.,\\n1652; d., 256\\nRoanoke, Ga., burned, 1473.\\nVa., negro lvnehed, 40(13, cloud-burst,\\n414 mob, 4382, 4403.\\nCollege organized. 173\\nIsland, N.C., settlement at, 252; Vir-\\nginia Dare born; abandoned, 24 253;\\nBurnside s expedition arrives, 2022;\\ntaken, 204\\nR. R. completed, 1533.\\nRobartes, Baron, title created, 965\\nRobbery prevails, Eng., 8583.\\nRobbia, Luca della, b.-d., 10782; invents\\ndelftware, 1078\\nRobbins, Ashur, b., 71 d., 158\\nGaston A., b., 1842.\\nHorace Walcott, Xat. Acad., 300\\nMaria, library gift, 3482.\\nRoyal, b., 100 d., 1922.\\nThomas, b. (1777) clerg.; d., 178\\nRobe, J. H., gov. S. Australia, 497\\nRobert wrecked, 9413.\\nE. Lee burned, 3113.\\nI., killed at battle of Soissons, 6673.\\nI. (Robert Bruce), king, b.-d., 8542.\\nII., king of Scot., b., 8562; reigns,\\n8593; d.,8602.\\nRobert III., king of Scot., 861 d., 8613.\\nCount of Artois, battle of Spurs, 672\\nrefuge in Eng., 675 d., 6722.\\nCapt., at Gainesville, 230\\nde Courtenay reigns, 1035\\nof Flanders, in First Crusade, 6683.\\nFleury, Joseph N., b., 7123; d., 760\\nD. of Fr., revolts reigns, 6673; routs\\nNorthmen, 666 k., 6673.\\nthe Friesian, defeats Philip, 1098\\nE. of Gloucester, defeats Stephen\\ncaptured, 850\\nof Gloucester, b.-d., 8542; works, 8562.\\nHubert, b., 69S3; d., 717\\nE. of Kildare, commissioner, 9052.\\nEarl of Mar, at Perth, 858\\nI., the Devil, duke; d., 6692.\\nII., D. of Normandy, excommuni-\\ncated, 6662; marries cousin, 6663; reigns,\\n6673 joins First Crusade rebels against\\nfather imprisoned for life claim s\\nfather s throne, 668 pilgrimage to\\nHoly Sepulchre, 6682; d., 668\\nD. of Normandy, revolts invades\\nEng., 848 imprisoned, 849\\nthe Strong, opposes Northmen, 666\\nthe Wise, K. of Naples, 10772; strug-\\ngle for throne of It., 10773.\\nRoberts, Baron, title created, 1009\\nDavid, b., 9283; d., 968\\nFrederick Sleigh, Baron, b. (1832)\\nin Sepoy rebellion, 1048 in Burmese\\nwar; commander-in-chief, 1002 10482;\\nannexes part of Afgh., 53; at Matoon\\nat Kabul at Kandahar, 6 ,2; at Mazza,\\n62 proclaims martial law, 63 proclaims\\namnesty, 7\\nGeorge Washington, b. (1833) d\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\n2172.\\nJ. J., pres. Liberia, 11612.\\nJohn W, ordained M. E. miss, bp.,\\n2522.\\nLord, lord-lieutenant, 8932.\\nMarshal Owen, b. (1814) org. Cable\\nCo., 1753; d.,304\\nRoberts Richford, b. (1778) d., 1562.\\nSergt., obtains prize, 962\\nWilliam Charles, b. (1832) modera-\\ntor. 3402, 3463.\\nMilnor, b. (1810) d., 308\\nRobertson, A. and J., editors, 743.\\nAnthony Lispenard, b. (1808) d.,\\n264\\nArchibald, b. (1765) pictures sold,\\n404 d. (1835).\\nA. S., robbed, 445\\nCharles Franklin, b., 1442; cons. P.\\nE. bishop, 2622; d., 3222.\\nFred. William, b., 9382; d., 9582.\\nJacob, b., 106\\nJames, b., 642; d., 123\\nC, b.,9363; d., 990\\nJ. P. B., Scotch Local Gov t Bill,\\n10013.\\nSir John, ministry, Australia, 4993.\\nMargaret Bruntou. (See Mrs. Ken-\\ndal.)\\nMunroe, murderer, hanged, 3043.\\nSamuel M., b., 170\\nThomas Boiling, b. (1773) gov. La.,\\n1292; d. (1828).\\nWilliam, b., 9442; d., 976\\nWilliam, b., 9062; works, 9152,919\\n9263; d.,9263.\\nW r indham, h. (1803) gov. Va., 1472;\\nd. (1888).\\nRoberval, expedition lost, 223 colony\\nnear Quebec, 23 in Can., 232.\\nGiles Personne de, b., 6862; d., 6923.\\nRobespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore,\\nb.,7023; leader of Jacobins, 707 head\\nof gov t, 7093; favors Christianity, 7103,\\n7112; conspiracv against; falls, 711 2\\nguillotined, 7111,2.\\nRobeson, George Maxwell, b., 1342 (1827);\\nsec. navy, 2672, 2813.\\nHenry B., promoted capt., 326\\nRobie, Frederick, inaug. gov. Me., 3162.\\nRobin, Charles Philippe, b.,724 d.,7542.\\nHood, b., 8502, 851\\nJean, b., 6822; d., 6863.\\nRobins, Benjamin, b., 9022.\\nRobinson, lost, 9513.\\nRobinson, Camp Dick org., 198 2\\nAgnes Mary F., b., 9622.\\nCharles, M. C, indictments against;\\ngov. Kan., 1792, 2032; Kansas Conjtict,\\n4203; d.,468\\nC, on Committee of 33, 189", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1402.jp2"}, "1403": {"fulltext": "Hobi-Holt.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figurts indicate Column.\\n1391\\nRobiuson, Clarence, confesses murder,\\n473\\nEdward, b., 1042; -works, 1543, 1603;\\nd.,219\\nEzekiel Gilman, b., 1242; d. (1894).\\nFred. John, E. of Kipon, Viscount\\nGodericll, b., 9223; minister, 9432,3,\\n945 2 administration resigns, 9433\\nd., 9622.\\nGeorge Fred. Sam., Marq. of Ripon,\\nb., 9423; i n Joint Commission, 2732;\\nbecomes Cathe lie, 1)802; minister, 1009 2\\nviceroy, 10492; d., 9932.\\nDe.vlcr, b. 1S34); gov. Mass. ,3152.\\nSir Henry, b., 10101.\\nHenry Crabb, b., 9191 d., 970\\nSir Hercules, gov. N. S. W., 4983,\\n5772; commissioner, 603 S. Af. Exhi-\\nbition; retires, 6033, gov. Ceylon, 1049\\nHoratio N., b., 1122; d., 256\\nJas. F., gov. Ky., 2032, 2113.\\nJ. B., gov. Ont., 5832.\\nRev. John, b. (1575); imprisoned, 263;\\nfnd. of NewEng.,8802; d. (1625); tablet,\\n11022.\\nB., b., 1602.\\nSir B., b., 5762; d., 580\\nJohn Cleveland, b., 1262 comman-\\nder-in-chief, 2972, 3011.\\nS., gov. Vt., 1743.\\nThomas Ilomuey, b., 9262; d.\\n(18S2).\\nLucius B., b., 1342; gov. N. Y., 2973;\\nd., 380\\nMrs. (Mary Darby), b. (1758); last ap-\\npearance, 9202; d. (1800).\\nMoses, b. (1741); gov. Vt., 1013 d.\\n(1813).\\nStuart, b., 1242; d., 308\\nWilliam, iron method, 970\\nE., b., 123 d., 400\\nC. F., gov. W. Australia, 499 ,2,\\n501 5792; gov. Straits Settlements,\\n10492.\\nStevens, b., 1262; d\u00e2\u0080\u009e2902,\\nRobinsville, Miss., cyclone, 428\\nKobitaille, Theo., b. (1834); gov. Que., 5832.\\nRobles, Gen. Francisco, pres Ecu.; intro.\\nFr. customs; abdicates, 6442.\\nRobot, Isidore, cons. R. C. bp., 3742.\\nRobson, John, premier Brit. Col., 5892.\\nStuart, actor, b., 1462.\\nBoca, Julio A., b. (1843); pres. Argentine,\\n491 3 endangered, 493\\nGen., pres. Ecu., 6442.\\nRocafuerte, Vicente, b. (1783); pres. Ecu.,\\n6442; d. (1847).\\nRocca, Inca, reigns, 133.\\nRochambeau. (See Vimeur.)\\nRochdale wrecked, 9333.\\nRoche, James Jeffrey, b. (1847); John Boyle\\nO Reilly, 3963.\\nJules, minister ,\u00c2\u00b0761\\nTroilus de Mesgouat, Marquis de la,\\nb. (1549); commission, 24 colony in\\nNew Fr., 253; i n Can., 25\\nMarie Regina, b., 916=; d., 9522.\\nRochebouet, Gen., forms Royalist Cabinet,\\n7512.\\nRochefort, Henri (Victor Henri), Comte\\nde Rochefort-Ludeav, b., 7262; libel,\\n739 deputy. 7.7.12; added to gov t, 7412;\\neffects reconriliati 7432; resigns,7433;\\narrested, 7443,7453,7462; returns from\\nexile, 7532; duel, 7563; leaves Paris,\\n758 3 warrant for, 759 sentenced, 7592.\\nRochefoucauld, Due de la, Francois, b.,\\n6862; Memoirs, 6S9 letter to pope, 7633;\\nd., 6923.\\nRochelle, La., restored to Fiance, 674\\nRoches, Peter des, bp. Winchester; min-\\nister; dismissed, 853 3\\nRochester, Eng., destroyed, 842 see\\nerected, 8422; cathedra burned, 8493;\\ndiocese re-arranged, 9802; Bp. Thorold\\nelected, 9S03.\\nMinn., asylum for inebriates, 2332,\\n3011 tornado, 3141.\\nN. Y., log cabin at, 1153; R. Daily Ad-\\nvertiser, 135 cholera, 1413 R. ji, to\\nBuffalo opd., 1553; Mount Hope Ceme-\\ntery est., 159 3 Woman sRights conven.\\nmeets, 1643; first spiritualistic lecture,\\n1653; E. c. diocese est., 2642; women at\\npolls, 2773; wall gives way, 2813; Pow-\\ners Art Gallery est, 290 Warner Ob-\\nservatory erected, 302 treas. accounts\\nshort, 3543; soldiers monument, 406\\nfire, 4233; ice-cream poisoning, 433 3\\nRochester, E. of. (See Wilmont, John.\\nSee Hyde, Lawrence.)\\nViscount, minister, 8793.\\nRochet, Louis, b., 7223; d., 7502.\\nEochette, Desire Raoul, b.,7062; d., 7322.\\nRock Bluffs, lead discovered, 3621\\nIsland, 111., locomotives cross bridge,\\n1793; Miss. River bridge completed,\\n180 R. R. strike, 419\\nRiver, 111., M. E. Conf. fmd., 1543.\\nSpring, Wyo., race riot, 3203.\\nJohn S., admitted to supreme ct.,\\n2423.\\nRockaway Beach, N. Y., sanatorium ded-\\nicated, 4063, 4342; big hotel sold, 3413;\\ngamblers arrested, 4342.\\nRockefeller, John D., b. (1839); gift to\\nBapt. University, 3403, 3682, 4202, 4421\\nRocket locomotive travels, 9441\\nRock-fall at Ashley, 3593.\\nRockhampton, Austral., Bp. Dawes cons.,\\n10082.\\nRock Hill College, Ind., org., 1822.\\nRockhill, W. W., in state dept.,4472.\\nRockingham, Marquis of. (See Went-\\nworth.)\\nRocks melted, experiments, 9222.\\nKockville, Md., Early encamps at, 2361.\\nRockwell, James Otis, b. 1142; d., 1382.\\nRocky Face Ridge, Ga., action at, 2322,\\n233i.\\nRocky Moimt, S. C, Sumter at, 92\\nRocky Mountain Star issued, 2583.\\nUnit. Conference org., 3582.\\nMountains, Verender visits, 575\\nRocoux, Belg., Austrians defeated, 5142.\\nRocroft, Capt., killed, 292.\\nRocroi, Fr., Spanish defeat, 688 taken,\\n743\\nRocwitha, works, 7723.\\nRod, Edouard, works, 7662.\\nRoda, Gen. Caballero de, at Cadiz, 1132\\nRodas, Capt. -Gen. de, resigns, 633\\nRodburtus, Karl, b., 8082; d., 8282.\\nRoddy, Col., near Corinth, 2162; prisoner\\nat Selma, 245\\nRoden, Earl, title created, 917 2\\nRodenbach, M., Le Reone du Silence, 760 2\\nRoderic, at Jerez de la Frontera, 1125\\nlast king West Goths, 8452, 11253; d.,\\n11252.\\nRoderigo, bribed to poison queen, 8772.\\nRodes, Gen. Robt. Emmet, b. (1829); at\\nGettysburg, 224 at Kelley s Ford,\\n228 south of Rapidan, 232 at Berry-\\nville, 238 killed at Winchester, 2382.\\nRodgers, Christopher Ravmond Perry, b.,\\n128 d.,398\\nDr. John, b. (1727); restores Presb.\\nchurches, N. Y., 962; d. (1811).\\nCom,, b. (1771) d., 1502.\\nshot, 453\\nb. (1819); on James River, 208\\ncaptures Atlanta, 2223; d., 310\\nRodiger, Emil, b., 807 d., 8282.\\nRoding, Itel, defeats Swiss allies; 784\\nRodman, Thomas Jeff., b., 1242; great\\ngun cast, 1902; d., 274\\nRodney launched, 992\\nRodney, Miss., Alcorn Univ. org., 2763.\\nCaesar, b., 62 d., 96 monument,\\n346\\nAugustus, b. (1772), atty.-gen.,\\n117 d., 1321.\\nCaleb, gov. Del., 1312.\\n.Daniel, b. (1764); gov. Del., 1233;\\nelectoral vote, 1292; d. (1846).\\nGeorge Brydges, b. (1718); defeats\\nFr. fleet off Dominique, 7041 a t St.\\nVincent, 9201 i n w. I., 9202; takes\\nGuiana, 10392; d. (1792).\\nRodoald, king of It., 10731 assassinated,\\n10713.\\nIhuhdph sunk, 2443.\\nRodriguez, Joaquim Jose, b. (1802) pres.,\\n6312; d. (1873).\\nRoe, Azel Stevens, b., 1082; moderator,\\n1103; d. (1886).\\nEdward Payson, b., 1502; works, 2803,\\n2871, 2911, 2923, 2983, 3003, 3083, 3163,\\n3183,3231, 3323; d., 3301.\\nSir Thomas, mission to India, 8811\\nRoebling, John Augustus, b., 1122 mnf\\nwire ropes, 1541; Niagara Bridge, 1761.\\nWashington Augustus, b. (1837); East\\nRiver Bridge, 2681 d., 2662.\\nRoebuck, John Arthur, b., 9303; invention,\\n9142; d., 9841.\\nRoger I., b.-d., 10742; extinguishes Zihite\\ndynasty, 11391 expels Greeks, 10741\\nCount of Sicily and Calabria, 1075 2\\nRoger II., king, 10752 Ct. of Sicily and\\nCalabria; subjugates Naples; first king\\nof Naples, 1075 2 repulsed, 10322 con-\\nquered, expelled from It., 7772.\\nof Hovedon, Annals of England, 8523.\\nof Wendover, t ltron icle, 8523; d.(1237).\\nBp. of Sarum arrested, 8493.\\nCol., at Chapel Hill, 2191\\nW. C, b., 1303.\\nSupreme Court Bill intro., 3571\\nRogers City, .Mich., Kepke confesses, 3891\\nAbbie P., gift, 4532.\\nAndrew J., Reconstruction Com-\\nmittee, 2493.\\nDaniel, gov. Del., 1091\\nCol. David, ascends Miss., 901\\nFairman, b., 142\\nFrederick, promoted captain, 352\\nJames, b. (1826) cons, bp., 5802.\\nBlythe, b., 1102; d., 1702.\\nEdwin Thorold, works, 9942,\\n10122; d., 1004\\nJohn, sculptor, b., 136 2 works, 1861\\n2023; Nat. Acad. Design, 2291.\\nAdm. John, b., 1183 i n Korea, 2721\\n10941\\nb., 8662 Matthew s Bible, 8683\\nburned, 8702, 3.\\nHenry Darwin, b., 1142; d., 2521\\nH. H., children s library gift, 4192.\\nH. W., Pres. Northwestern Univ.,\\n3781.\\nMichael, Jesuit missionary, 6143.\\nRandolph, b., 1322; d. (1892).\\nRobt., b. (1722); on Lake Champlain,\\n702; recruits troops, 851 d. (1800\u00c2\u00b1).\\nSam., b., 9162 J oems, 9251 d., 9603.\\nWm. Barton, b., 1122; d., 3102.\\nWoodes, b. (16G5\u00c2\u00b1) suppresses buc-\\ncaneers, 581 d. (1732).\\nRogerson, John, chief justice, 9073.\\nRogersville, Tenn., Federals defeated,\\n2281.\\nRoget, Isaac, convicted, 125\\nPeter Mark, b. (1779) work, 9583 d.\\n(1869).\\nRogier, Charles Latour, b.,5423; minister,\\n5452; d., 546\\nd., 6882.\\nRohilla War in Ind., 918\\nRoblfs, Friedrich Gerhard, b., 8143 (or\\n1831).\\nRoi Louis, Le, written, 669\\nModus issued, 6743.\\nRoig, Jamne, Libre deles Dones, 1127\\nRojas, Francisco, works, 11292.\\nPaul Jose Pablo, b. (1845+) pres.\\nVenezuela, 11603.\\nRokeby, Thomas de, gov., 8592; at battle\\nBramham Moor, 860\\nRokitansky, Baron Karl von, b., 519\\n5282\\nd.,\\nRola, N. Dak., joints raided, 4263.\\nRoland the Frank, romantic hero, 665\\ndelaPlatieie,Madame(Manon Jeanne\\nPhlipon), b., 7022 executed, 7082, 7103.\\nde la Platiere, Jean Marie, b., 6983;\\ndismissed, 709 d., 7082.\\nPhilip, b., 7003; d., 7222.\\nRoldan, Francisco, b. ^1450\u00c2\u00b1); leads revolt,\\n153; d. (1502).\\nRolfe, John, cultivates tobacco, 28 mar-\\nries Pocahontas, 283.\\nRobt. Monsey, Baron Cranworth, b.\\n(1790) commissioner, 955 3 minister,\\n9592, 3, 969 chief justice, 963 chancel-\\nlor, 969 resigns, 9692; d. (1S68).\\nRolitt, Sir A. K., Women s Suffrage Bill,\\n10092.\\nRolle, Henry, b. (1589); chief justice, 8872;\\nd. (1656).\\nRichard, b. (1290\u00c2\u00b1) Pricke of Con-\\nscience, 8583; d., 8582.\\nRollenhagen, Georg, b. (1542) Frosch-\\nmauseler, 793 d. (1609).\\nRollin, Charles, b., 6902; works, 699 2;\\nd.,7002.\\nRolling-machine invented, 508 2\\nmill erected, 118 2\\nRollins College, Fla., org., 3223.\\nRollo, Baron, title created, 885\\nD. of Normandy, b.-d., 6662; besieges\\nParis, 666 baptized, 6662; leader, 635\\ngrant of Neustria, 635 2\\nRolt, Sir John, lord justice, 9712.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1403.jp2"}, "1404": {"fulltext": "1392\\nText Figures denote Page. IJNJJiiX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nRoma.\\nRoma, temple erected to, 10642.\\nRoniagna, It., conquered, 1078 1 insurrec-\\ntion in, 520 10891.\\nRoraaine, Wm., b. (1714); religious leader,\\n921 d. (1795).\\nW. G., d., 1010\\nKoman, Andre Bienvenue, b. (1785) gov.\\nLouisiana, 139 2 151 2 commissioner,\\n193 d.,250\\nRoman, Jose A., gov. Cal., 1032.\\nRoman Catholic Church, Am., intro. by\\nColumbus and other discoverers in W.I.\\nCent. Am., N. and S.Am.; first Chris-\\ntian worship, 133 12 missionaries with\\nColumbus; first converts, 14 1st clergy-\\nman, Land of the Holy Cross, 142\\n1st ordination Franciscans in Haiti,\\nMex., and Fla., 1G1 many Indian mis-\\nsions, 161+ 200,000 converts Domini-\\ncans arrive, 183. i n va., 1st service,\\n322 misc., 1303, 3403, 3462. In N.\\nMex., 203, 243, 302, 1682, 2682, 2882,\\n3182. in Can., Canada consecrated,\\n202; Jesuits in, 263, 282, 322, 342 362\\nRecollects in, 302,34 hospital for In-\\ndians, 342; convent in Quebec, 35 Sul-\\npicians in Montreal, 362, 3 Fa. Mar-\\nquette a miss., 422, 442; Bp. Laval cons.,\\n443 rivalry of orders, 463 Acadians\\nbanished, 71 tolerated, 782, 793. Do-\\nminicans in Peru, 202; Franciscans in\\nParaguay Las Casas in Guatemala in\\nMex. archbishopric of Mex. and New\\nSp. erected Jesuits in Brazil, 222 i s t\\nuniv. in Am., 223. i n Fla., 222, 242,\\n523,57 ,1043,2722,2042,3682. In Ala.,\\nJesuits, 222. Jesuits in Peru, Mex.,\\nParaguay; inquisition est. inMex.; auto-\\nda-fe in Am., Peru, 242. In Me., Fran-\\nciscans in, 282, 602, 1732, 2882. Buenos\\nAyres, bishopric est., 28 2 In Md.,\\nJesuits in; Oath, colony, 322; lstchurch\\nin Am., 342; rule, 362; Jesuits expelled,\\n363 disfranchised, 513 repressed by\\ngovernment, 542, 562; 57 78 963, 1002,\\n1023, 1143, 1363, 2622, 3132, 3323, 3163,\\n366 3742, 436 In Mich., 482, 1422,\\n1503, 1822, 2963, 3022, 3102, 3122, 3302,\\n4162. i n if. y., Gov. Dongan, Cath.\\ngov. Jesuits in, 482 1563, 1623, 1723,\\n199 2622, 2642, 2722, 2763, 2782, 2962,\\n3242, 3282, 3442, 3902, 4141, 4241, 4541,\\n4601 4641 4631 4702, 4721 l n Ind.,\\n502, 1442, 1571 1821 F 2, 2763, 2983. In\\nCal., given to Jesuits, 542 wealthy mis-\\nsions, 1103; 1123, 1632, 1702,3, 1723, 1802,\\n1843, 2583, 2782, 2983, 3182. In S. C,\\n613, 1283, 3102, 3122. I\u00e2\u0080\u009e Mass., 542,\\n1102, 1432, 1571, 2702, 2722,3942. In\\nN. J., 542, 1723, 1802, 2623, 3082, 3522,\\n3642, 3702, 3881, 4182, 4221, 4262, 4361.\\nJesuits protect Indians, 571 i n K.I.,\\n582,2802,3262. In La., at N. O., 582;\\nUrsuliue nuns inN. O.,603; archdiocese\\nof N. O. erected, 1043 1433, 1571, 199 1,\\n3062, 3202, 4282. In Tex., 582, 1343,\\n1623, 1783, 2S42, 2862, 3063, 3102, 3642,\\n3882, 3982, 4161 l\u00e2\u0080\u009e Miss., 582, 1433,\\n1821 Father Rasles k., 602. In Pa.,\\n622,1403,1502, 1643,2252,2622,2642,2722,\\n2902, 3003, 3123, 3203, 3282, 3362, 3442,\\n3482, 4081 4681 4742. l n Phlla., 1st\\nchurch, 602 1102,1143, 1723, 2902, 2922,\\n3622. vs. Protestantism in New World,\\n691 Jesuits expel led, 723, 742, 731. in-\\ndian missions, 723, 762, 85 963, 982,\\n1483, 1523. Dr. Carroll, prefect apos-\\ntolic, 963. in New York City, 982,\\n1543, 163 1653, 1682, 1731, 1841, 1862,\\n2663, 2882, 3203, 3223, 3262, 3282, 3322,\\n3342, 3383, 3403, 3482, 3501, 3642, 3701,\\n3721,2,3761,3942,4011,4021,4062,4141,2,\\n4201 ,4741 ,4761 In Boston, 1001 1143,\\n2211, 2502, 2862,3, 3931. Georgetown\\nAcad, est., 1003, 104s St. Mary s Sem.,\\nMd., 1023 archdiocese of N. O. erected,\\n1043 In D C 1043 250 2 328 2 308 2\\n4042. St. Charles Coll., Md., 1123. I,,\\nKy., 1143, 1311, 1723, 2583, 2622, 3182.\\nMt. St. Mary s Coll., 1143; Regulations\\nand Rules adopted, 117 1 Gonzaga Coll.,\\n1311 in Mo., 1343, 1403, 1562, 3, 1583,\\n1623, 1783, 2622, 2642, 3042, 380 468\\nProvincial Bait. Council, 1363 Spring\\nHill Coll., 1383; St. Xavier Coll., O., 1403,\\n1423, 1523. In Ohio, 1403, 1422,3,\\n1523, 1623, 2642, 2762, 2323, 3042, 3562,\\n3602,4202,466 St.Chas.BorromeoSem.\\nest., 140 3 Archbishopric of Cincinnati\\nerected, 1422, 2533 St. Charles Coll.,\\n1503. In Iowa, 1483,2542, 2822,3082,\\n3163,3602. In Tenn., 1483, 2782, 3123,\\n3423. St. John s College, N.Y., 1543\\nUniv. of Notre Dame Coll. of Immacu-\\nlate Conception, 155 In Ark., 1562,\\n2562. Coll. of Holy Cross, 157 In\\nChicago, 158 2662, 3062, 3562, 3702.\\nIn. 111., 1581 1S02, 2863, 2942, 2962, 3082,\\n3282, 3302. in Conn., 1581,2, 3022,\\n3722, 4122. in Wis., 1582, 1802, 2642,\\n2902, 2943, 3082,3122, ;;,522,35X2,4061, 466\\nSt. Vincent s Coll., Mo., 1583. i\u00e2\u0080\u009e Ore.,\\n1603, 2663. 3202, 32S3. Archbishopric of\\nSt. Louis erected Germans secede, 1623\\nSt. Marv s Coll., Del., 163 In Del.,\\n163 ,2642,3242. St Francis Xavier Coll.,\\n1631 Augustinian Coll., 1643 archdio-\\ncese of Santa Ft erected,1682. l\u00e2\u0080\u009e VT.\\nVa., 1682, 2882. InWash.,State,1682,\\n2112. In Ga., 16S2, 2922, 3223. In\\nMinn., 1632, 2382, 3163, 3302, 3482,3642,\\n36S2, 3701 ,4162,4322,4381. Archdiocese\\nof N.Y.; of Santa Fe erected, 1682; Santa\\nClara Coll., 1702 archdiocese of San\\nFrancisco erected, 1723. I n Vt., 1723,\\n3183. St. Joseph s Coll., Phila., 1723\\nManhattan Coll., 1731; American Party\\nagainst,1743; Coll. of Christian Brothers;\\nSt. Mary s Univ., 1783; Seton Hall Coll.;\\nColl. of Our Lady of Angels St. Fran-\\ncis de Sales Coll.. 1802 Bp. Elder cons.,\\n1821; St. Benedict s Coll.; Rock Hill\\nColl., 1822. in Kan., 1822, 2662, 2742,\\n3282,3; 3302, 3522. St. Ignatius Coll.,\\n1843 St. Bonaventura Coll. Cecilian\\nColl., 1863; St. Joseph s and Jefferson\\ncolls., 1991; Holy Angels Coll., 2111;\\nBoston Coll., 2212 L a Salle Coll., 2252;\\nCath. Y. Mens Soc 24S2; St. Louis Coll.,\\n2502. Catholic \\\\V,,rl,l. 2503 St. Augus-\\ntine Coll 2582 St. Meinrad s Coll. St.\\nVincent s Coll., 2583; St. Benedict s Coll.,\\n2623. In Idaho, 2642, 3202. In N.C.,\\n2022.2642,3302. In Colo., 2642, 3263.\\nSt. Ignatius Coll., Chicago St, Marv s\\nColl., Kan., 2662 St. Helen s Hall, St.\\nLouis Coll., N. Y., 2663 Canisius Coll.\\nSt. John Baptist s Coll., Brooklyn St.\\nVincent s Coll., Pa., 2722 St. Mary s\\nColl., Cal., 2782 Christian Brothers\\nColl.; St. Joseph s Coll., la., and of O.,\\n2822,3; Boston archdiocese erected Bu-\\nreau of Cath. Missions, II. C, 2862, 32G2;\\nSt. Viateur s Coll., 2863; Santa Fe arch-\\nbishopric erected, 288 2 Phila. archdio-\\ncese erected Milwaukee archdiocese\\nerected, 2902; PioNono Coll.; Am. Calk.\\nQuart, rhi, 2922 l\u00e2\u0080\u009e ind. Ter., 2942,\\n3742. Deaf Mute Inst., Wis.; Cath. Mu-\\ntual Benefit Asso. find., 2943 Detroit\\nColl., 2963 Pittsburg Coll., 3003. in\\nAlas., 3022. In Mont., 3022, 3163. in\\nS. Dak., 3023, 3501, 4101. Chicago\\narchdiocese erected, 3062. St. Joseph s\\nColl., 111., 3082 Holy Ghost Coll., Pa.,\\n3123. In N.H., 3163, 3182. Third Ple-\\nnary Council, 3182, 3191 ;St. John s B.E.\\nSem.; St. Joseph s Coll., Vt., 3183. i\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nNeb., 3203, 3262, 3282. I\u00e2\u0080\u009e Ariz., 3202,\\n3341. Archbp. Gibbons created cardinal,\\n3223. In Wyo., .1262,3. In Utah,\\n3262. Cath. Univ. of Am. org., 3282 (see\\nbelow); Mt. Angel Coll. org., 3283; Nat.\\nConven. colored Caths., 3322 archdio-\\ncese of St. Paul erected, 3302 Maguire\\nburial decision, 3322; (lath. Colonization\\nSoc. fmd., 3342 papal letter Pilgrims\\nby Wieland, 3361 Drexel Industrial\\nColl., 3362; Educational Union; Kate\\nDrexel a sister, 3383, 3522 Supreme\\nCouncil Knights of Am., 3402 against\\nsecret societies gov t appropriation,\\nIndian schools, 3403; Abstinence Soc.\\norg., 3462; Bp. Ryan on Catholic writers,\\n3463; layman opens Halt, Cong.; Centen-\\nnial eel.; Archbp. Satolli arrives High\\nLicensemassi tiiig,346 3 Dr.M Glynn,\\n3482+; Yale Club fmd.; Sister Alphonse\\nsustained, 3432. In N. Dak., 3501.\\nEncyclical, 3521 against Farmers Alli-\\nance; Am. Cath. Clerical Union org.,\\n3522 Cath. Educational Union fmd.,\\n3562 Ger. C. societies against Bennett\\nLaw, 3582 Fr. Quigley indicted, 3602\\nDr. Burtsall leaves N. Y.; Am. St. Ceci-\\nlia Society meets, 3642; Ger. Cath. Cong.,\\n2682, 3922 4142; Y. M. Nat. Union Conv.,\\nD. C, 368, 4122 St. Leo s Coll., Fla., 3682;\\nR. C. Press Asso. meets, 3822 Indian\\nBureau ignored, 3882 first bp. ceremo-\\nnially enthroned in Am., 3941 first col-\\nored priest, 396 InOkla.,398 1st\\nsummer school, 4122, 424 archbps. meet\\nin N. Y., 418 Dr. M Glynn restored,\\n420 apostolic delegate est., 422 pa\\npacy in public schools, 4322 summer\\nschool at Plattsburg, 416 4342, 464\\n468 472 R. c. Cong., 4361 women in\\ncoll., 4381; Bible study enjoined, 4441;\\nCath. Benevolent Legion statistics,\\n4461 hone of Brother Gerard, 44S1 Eng.\\nin churches, 4581 Indian Bureau reor-\\nganized, 4621 Satolli sustains Bp. Wat-\\nterson, 4621 liquor dealers condemned,\\n4661 2 Am. Cath. Church fmd., 4701\\nSulpicians in N. Y., 4741 against secret\\nsocieties, 478i; Catholic Univ. of Am.,\\nD. C, org., 3282; corner stone laid, 3302,\\npapal approval, 336i opened, 3471 Hall\\nof Philosophy, 4041\\nRoman Catholics inAust. bishopric est.\\nin N. S. W., 4942; mission started, 4962.\\nin Austro-Hungary in Hung.,\\n5023 defeat at Breitenfeld oppose\\nProtestantism, 5121 clergy amenable,\\n5291 clergy disregard minister, 5342.\\nin Belgium R. C. ministry fmd.,\\n5452 carry elections, 5442 join Radi-\\ncals, 5452 minority in elections, 5453;\\nLiberals against, 5481\\nin Brazil violate constitution,\\n5562.\\nin Canada dioceses erected, Que-\\nbec, 5723,5731; Halifax, 5771; Arichat,\\n5783 Charlottetown, Kingston, Mon-\\ntreal, 5782; Toronto,, St. Johns, 5783;\\nOttawa, St. Boniface, Oregon est., 5801\\nChatham, Hamilton, London, St. Hya-\\ncinthe, Three Rivers, Vancouver Island,\\n5802; Rimnuski, Sherbrooke, St, Albert,\\n5822; Alexandria. 590 New Westmins-\\nter, 5902 Chicoutimi, 5842 Arichat\\n(changes name), 5843; Nicolet, Peterbo-\\nrough, 5842 archdioceses, uebec, 5783;\\nHalifax, 5S02 Toronto, St. Boniface,\\n5822; Ottawa, 5842; Kingston est., 5901\\nLiberty granted, 5751, 5763; vicariate\\nest. in Athabasca-Mackenzie, 5S02; pre-\\nfecture est., Gulf of St. Lawrence; vica-\\nriate est. inPontiac, 5842; separateCath.\\nschools, 5843; favor Fr. in schools Cath.\\nschools abolished, Man., 5902 priests\\ninstructed for political action, 5921\\nin France. (See Church in text,\\npp. 661-767.)\\nin Germany. (See Church in text,\\npp. 768-837.)\\nin Great Britain, church est.,\\n8402 George of Cappadoeia is adopted\\nas patron saint l elagius founds Pela-\\ngians St, Patrick. in Ire., 8403; Augus-\\ntine arrives Canterbury an archiepis-\\ncopal see see of Rochester, of Lon-\\ndon, est,, first convent, 8422 Lent first\\nest.; Irish oppose Koine; St. Boniface\\n(Winfrid) at York English ch. fully\\norg.; first convent in Scot., 8423 Dun-\\nStan, archbp. supremacy of monastic\\norders; celibacy of clergy, 8443; tithes of\\none tenth Sab balli, holy day, 8462; bps.\\nmade barons William II. resists the\\npope claims, 8482; papal authority fully\\nestablished St. Anselm archbp. Cis-\\ntercian monks arrive, 8483; appeals first\\nmade to pope Archbishop a Becket\\nrules; Ire. given to Eng heretics de-\\nstroyed Eng under papal interdict,\\n8502; Richard I. in 3d crusade: St. Pat-\\nrick s Cathedral, Ire., fnd., 8503; king a\\npapal vassal, 8521 Fng under interdict\\nJohn deposed, excommunicated, yields,\\nand becomes pope s vassal, cedes Ire. to\\npope; tenths for the pope; Archbp. Lang-\\nton Exeter nunnery founded, 8522 re-\\nligious plays encouraged Scotists vs.\\nThornists Blackfriars Convent, Lond.,\\nest.; Statute of Mortmain est.; Jews ex-\\npelled, 8542; king demands half of cler-\\ngy s income clergy under ban great\\ncloisters and monastic buildings est.,\\n8562; Statute of Provisors against the pa-\\npacy Lollards oppose papacy Pari, re-\\nfuses papal demands, 8582 clergy not\\nliable to arrest for debt John Wycliff\\nattacks rich hierarchy, 8583 Wycliff ex-\\nalts Bible and opposes Rome Reforma-\\ntion begins heretics to be burned, 8602j", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1404.jp2"}, "1405": {"fulltext": "Eoma-Ross.\\nText Figures denote Page. llN JDJc,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1393\\n110 priories suppressed, 8622 St. An-\\ndrews, Scot., an archbishopric, 8642; pro-\\nfligate monasteries, 8642, 3, 8663; Henry\\nVIII. declares Eng. church independent\\nof Rome; Cranmer, archbp.; Eng. church\\nsevered from Rome by Act of Suprem-\\nacy; Persecution of R. C. s; monas-\\nteries dissolved Fisher and More exe-\\ncuted Pilgrimage of Grace uprising,\\n8682 Eng. under papal interdict con-\\nfiscation of monasteries clergy excluded\\nfrom Pari. Protestants persecuted in\\nScot., 8683 Catholicism restored by\\nMary; Protestants persecuted 3 years\\nBps. Hooper, Taylor, Farrar, Ridley, and\\nLatimer burned, 8703 earls lead insur-\\nrection, 8721 John Knox in Scot.; Prot-\\nestantism restored by Elizabeth Uni-\\nformity enacted in Eng.; Conformity in\\nScot. abolished in Scot., 8722 priests\\nplan an uprising, 876 2 Jesuits expelled\\nrecusancy not fined penal laws against\\nR. Ca., 8782 Maids of the Cross est., 8802\\nUlster Cs. massacre Protestants, 8843\\nConformity A.ct tolerating Cs., 8903; ex-\\ncluded from corporate offices, 8923 ex-\\ncluded from Pari., 8942, 895 1 ,89S3 Gates\\nPopish Plot expelled from London,\\n8951; James II. favors Cs.; Test Act dis-\\npensed monasteries restored; bp.cons.;\\npapal nuncio received Liberty of Con-\\nscience issued, 8963 Anti Cath. mobs\\nToleration Act, 8982 excluded from\\nthrone, 8983, 8993; persecuted by law,\\n9002; severe laws against in Ire.; sacra-\\nmental test against; forbidden to\\nmarry Protestants, 9023 Indulgences by\\nRelief bill obsolete anti-Cath. laws re-\\npealed Sacramental Test Act repealed\\nin Ire., 9211; Gordon s no popery\\nriots, 921 2; many C. disabilities removed,\\n9243 nuns at Winchester Mayuooth R.\\nC. Coll., Ire., fnd., 9263; C. Emancipa-\\ntion Bill, 945 2 C. Poor School Commis-\\nsion est., 9543; synod at Thurles, Ire.;\\nhierarchy est. Archbp. Cullen cons.;\\nC. Defense Asso., est.; habits prohibited\\nin streets, 9562 university originated;\\nReligious Equality Association fmd.,\\n9563; bps.forIre.cons.,9593 C. Union\\nReview est. univ. est., 9663 Ai-chbp.\\nManning cons., 9682 Oath s Bill, 9691\\nsecret societies and mixed education\\ncondemned in Ire. ,9702; Truth Soc. est.\\n9722; League for restoration of temporal\\npower, 9742; first made M. A. by Oxford;\\nEccl. Titles Act repealed university,\\nKensington, 9743 Cath. Club, London,\\nest. Vatican Decrees published reli-\\ngious tests for office abolished C. Union\\norg.; C. Education Crisis fund pilgrim-\\nage, 9762; C. Union of Dub. org., 9782; C.\\nColl., proposal rejected; mixed education\\ncondemned, 9802; Passionists monastery,\\nopd., 9803 hierarchy in Scot. Christ s\\nCathedral, Dublin, reopd., 9822; Archbp.\\nNewman, cardinal priest; bps. against\\nLand League Univ. of Ire. Bill, 9842,\\n988 2 Archbp. McCabe, cardinal priest,\\n9882 political disaffection forbidden,\\n9902; Bp. Presicoinlre., 9942; Pope con-\\ndemns boycotting, etc.; anti-Italian pro-\\ntest, 9982; Manning Jubilee; pilgrims\\nat Knock, Ire., 1000 2 split over univ.,\\n10013 pope against Parnellites, 10022,\\n10042, 10062; archbishopric and pellium\\nfor Bp. Vaughn, 10082 pilgrims eel.\\npope s jubilee, 1010 2 Archbp. Vaughn a\\ncardinal priest, 10122.\\nRoman Catholics in Italy. (See text, pp.\\n1050-1090).\\nCongress at Vienna, 532 2; League\\nfmd., 5111, 7393.\\nin Russia; coll. at St. Petersburg,\\nconvents abolished, 11183 churches\\nclosed,11202,3; toleration granted,11222.\\nCongress in Madrid, 11323.\\n(See German Catholics.)\\nRomandt, Charles R., d., 3481\\nRomanes, George John, b. (1848) Darwin,\\n4203; d. (1894).\\nRomano, Signor, suicide, 6323.\\nGiulio. (See Giulio.)\\nMichael Feodorovitch, b., 11142.\\nRomanos, Ramon Mesonero, Panorama\\nMatrileuse, 11311.\\nRomans, Epistle to, written, 1143\\nRomanus, pope, 10723.\\nI., exiled; reigns, 10332.\\nRomanus II., reigns; poisoned, 1033*.\\nIII., banishes relatives, 10323; reigns,\\n10333; poisoned, 10322, 1033\u00c2\u00bb.\\nIV., defeats Digor at Manzikert,\\n10321 reigns, 10333 peace with Alp\\nArslan, 11552; captured, 11541\\nRombouts, Francis, mayor, N. Y-, 473.\\nRome, Ala., train robbers, 3963.\\nGa., Federals occupy, 2331 Sherman\\nburns buildings, 240i; Shorter College\\nfnd.,2962.\\nIt. (see pp. 1050-1090), towns fnd.\\nin Ger., 7691; i n port., 11092; governs\\nSp., 11253 war with Persia, 11061 lan-\\nguage distinguished from Teutonic, 6643;\\nambassador from, 6132; law in Ger., 7723\\nlaw intro. in Fr., 6732; payments de-\\nmanded, 855 2 expedition of Charles,\\n782i pope s residence at, 8583 F r troops\\naid pope, 736 1 convention evacuation\\nsigned, 737 2 Sp. envoy not received,\\n11322; Fr. troops withdraw, 7403; diplo-\\nmatic relations cease with Belg., 5442\\nAm. Pilgrims visit, 336 2 Bulgarian dele-\\ngates in, 5673; Anti-Fr. demonstrations,\\n7651 j ancient coins found, 6043.\\nN Y., jire, 4453 bank robbery, 479 1\\netles Evequ.es published, 7351.\\nRomeiro, Francis, in Uheos, 5532.\\nRomer, Olaf, b. velocity of light, 6362;\\nd.,638i.\\nRomeyn, James, b. (1797); pres. synod,\\n1523, 1542; d. (1859).\\nJohnBrodhead, b. (1777) moderator,\\n1171; d. (1825).\\nJames Van Campen, b. (1765); pres.\\nsynod, 1123, 1142; d. (1840).\\nTheodoric Dirck, b., 662; moderator,\\n1063; d., 1122.\\nRomilda, treachery, murder, 7711\\nRomilly, Baron, title created, 9651.\\nSir Samuel, b., 9143; d., 9383.\\nRomney off Boston coast, 74\\nW. Va., Confederates defeated at,\\n2002, a, 2022 Deaf and Blind School,\\n2723.\\nE. of, title created, 9311.\\nGeorge, b., 9082 d., 9303.\\nRomulus seized, 609 1\\nborn, 10502 1st king of Rome, 10511\\nest. caste; est. Circensian games, 10503;\\nest. senate divides people, 10511 mur-\\ndered, 10503.\\nAugustus, d., 10702.\\nRonalds, Sir Francis, b. (1788) electric\\ntelegraph, 9381 9402; d. (1873).\\nRoncaglian Plains, Diet on, 7773.\\nRoncesvalles, Sp., battle of, 6641\\nRondelet, Guillaume, b. (1507); d., 6822.\\nWilliam, b., 6782.\\nRonge, Johannes, b., 810 2 attacks Arnold!,\\n8162; d., 8321.\\nRonne, Bone Falck, mission-boxes, 6383\\nfnds. Danish Missionary Society, 6383.\\nLudwig Moritz Peter, b., 8082 d.\\n(1891).\\nRonsard, Pierre de, b.,6803; works, 6831 ,2;\\nd., 6842.\\nRood, Ogden, b., 7261\\nRoodakee, b.-d., 11062.\\nRoodenbeck, Eugene T Kindt de, embez-\\nRooke, Sir George, b., 8882; in Port., 694i;\\ntakes Gibraltar at Cadiz, 6961 at Mal-\\naga, 902 1 d., 9042,\\nRooker, Emma, married, 10411\\nRookwood, Ambrose, executed, 9011\\nBaron, title created, 10091\\nRoon, Albrecht Theodor Emil von, Prus.\\ngen., b., 8082 pres. Federal Council,\\n8292; d.,830i.\\nRoos, Philipp Peter, b., 5411 d., 5422.\\nKonsalkalo t, 11221.\\nRoosebeke, battle of, 6742.\\nRoosevelt, James L., d., 288\\nRobert Barnwell, b. (1829); Five Acres\\nToo Much, 2683.\\nTheodore, b. (1858); works, 3283 3323\\ncivil service commissioner, 3512, 4473.\\nRoot, Francis M., d., 346i.\\nGeorge Frederick, b., 282.\\nRope-making machine pat., 9222, 9261\\nRoper, Col., killed, 9251\\nRopes, John Codman, b. (1836) Campaign\\nof Waterloo, 4462.\\nRipley, d., 3581.\\nfirst mnf., Am., 261 of wire, 1541\\nRoque, Jean Francois de la, receives\\ntitles, 213 in Canada, 6711 ,2.\\nRoquette,Forcadela, minister agric.,7373;\\nminister of interior, 7391 ,2.\\nRos, Baron de, title created, 854 3\\nRosa, Carl, b. (1843) at Peace Jubilee,\\n2661.\\nSalvator, b., 10823; d., 10831.\\nRosalie, asteroid, discovered, 10601\\nRosamunda poisons Alboin, 7703, 10713.\\nRosario, Argentine, captured, 4921, 556 2\\nboarding-school, 4903.\\nRosary invented, 11263.\\nRosas, Domingo Ortiz de, governor, 605\\nJuan Manuel de, b., 4893; joins Oribe\\ndeposed leader dictator, 4903; at Mon-\\ntevideo, 4911, 11602; d., 4913.\\nRoscelin, Jean, d., 6683.\\nRoscoe, Sir Henry Enfield, b.,9462.\\nWilliam, b.,*I)i23; d. (1831).\\nRoscommon, E. of. (SeeDi 11 m, Wentworth.)\\nRose, Col., escapes Libby Prison, 230\\nCapt. Edward, obtains prize, 9621\\nGustav, b., 8063 d., 8281\\nHeinrich, b., 8063 d., 8221\\nHugh Henry, Lord Strathnairn, b.,\\n9323 in Sepoy rebellion, 10481; com-\\nmands in India, 10482; d., 9941\\nSir John, d., 9982.\\nW. A., lord mayor London, 965 2,\\nWilliam Stuart, b., 9191 d. (1843).\\nRoseau, Bishop Naughten cons., 9862,\\nRosebeque, Flemings defeated at, 5391\\nRosebery, Baron, title created, 9412; Earl,\\n9031.\\nEarl of. (See Primrose, Philip.)\\nRosecrans, Sylvester H., b., 1342; d.,2982.\\nWm. Starke, b., 1281 at Rich Moun-\\ntain, 1962; succeeds Me.Clellan, 1963; at\\nCarnifex, 1982 Maj.-Gen., 2042 at\\nIuka, Miss., 2132; at Corinth, 2142; com-\\nmands Army of Cumberland succeeds\\nBuell, 2143 at Murfreesboro leaves\\nNashville, 217 1 at Shelby ville at\\nHoover s Gap; in Tenn., 223 1 at Chat-\\ntachoochee,224i moves southward,226i\\npursues Bragg; at Chattanooga, 2262\\natChickamauga, 2263; relieved, 2271 re-\\ninforced by Sherman, 2281 retired, 3371\\nin treas. dept., 3512; resigns, 4292.\\nRose Hill Junction, R.R. accident, 9773.\\nIsland, R. I., Plymouth ashore, 4633.\\nIjMsrlin, b.-d., 6682.\\nRosellini, Ippolito, b., 10843; d., 10863.\\nRosen, Friedrich August, b., 8082; d.,8143.\\nRosenau, fire, 5353.\\nRosenberg, Rabbi H., expelled, 4182.\\nHenry, will, 4303.\\nRosenhane, Gustaf, works, 11343.\\nRosenkrans, Johann Karl Friedrich, b.,\\n8082; d.,8301.\\nRosenmnller, Ernst Friedrich Karl, b.,\\n8031; d.,8143.\\nJohann Christian, b., 8031 d., 8122.\\nGeorg, b., 8002 d., 8103.\\nRosenthal, missionary, 23 imprisoned. 31\\nRosenweig, Jacob, trial for murder, 2783.\\nRose Poly technique Institute opened,3143\\nRosetta, Egy., French defeat, 6561\\nRoseville, Pa., fire, 3633.\\nRosewater, Edward, est. Daily Bee, 2763.\\nRosicrucians of Germany, 7951\\nRosini, Giovanni, b., 10843; d. (1885).\\nRoBlin, Scot., battle of, 8561\\nRoslyn, Wash., bank cashier shot, 4163.\\nRosmini, Carlo de, b., 10842; d., 10862.\\nSerbati, Antonio, b., 10843; d., 10882.\\nRosmital, Lew de, travels in Eur., 5083.\\nRosny, L6on de, b., 7262.\\nRoss, Ire., see erected, 8403 Bp. Fitzger-\\nald cons., 9822.\\nScot., see erected, 8483.\\nAlexander, embezzler, 4483.\\nMilton, b., 5781\\nCharley, abducted, 2843.\\nEdmund G., governor N. Mex., 325 2\\nGeorge, b., 62i d., 912.\\nJames, b. (1762) pres. senate, 1093\\nvote for vice-pres., 1252; d. (1847).\\nSir Clark, b., 9302 relief expe-\\ndition, 9541 north pole, magnetic, 9441 j\\nd. (1862).\\nSir John, b., 9203; exped., 5762, 9381,\\n9461; discoveries, 9441 d., 9603.\\nLawrence Sullivan, b. (1838) gover-\\nnor Texas, 3293.\\n.Robert, Gen., b. (1770); killed at\\nBaltimore, 1222 d. (1814).\\nkilled at Troy, 4522.\\nWilliam H., governor Del., 1692.\\nRossa, Jeremiah O Donovan, attempt to", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1405.jp2"}, "1406": {"fulltext": "1394\\nText Figures denote Page, IJNDlL-X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nRoss -Kudo.\\nkill, 3203 Feni.-m, 9GS3; arrested, 9731\\nM.P. for Xipperary, 9733; expelled, 995\\nRossbach, Prus., battle of, 516 1\\nRossberg, Jit., Switz., land slide, 1138\\nKosse, Earl, title created, 931 1\\nRossel, Col., court-martial under, 745 a\\nseutericed shot, 747\\nRosser, Thos. Lafayette, Gen., b. (1836)\\nat Fisher s Hill, 2383.\\nRossetti, Christina Georgina, b., 9442.\\nDante Gabriel, b., 9423; works, 9643,\\n9743 d., 990\\nGabriele, b., 10843 d., 10863.\\nWilliam Michael, b., 9442.\\nItossi, Ernesto, b., 10S62.\\nGiovanni Battistta de, b., 10862.\\nPellegrino Luigi Odoardo, Count, b.,\\n10843 assassinated, 10873.\\nRossini, Gioacehino Antonio, b., 10843\\noperas by, 1086 d., 10882.\\nEosslyn, Earl of. (See Wedderburn.)\\nRossmore, Baron, title created, 925 ,945\\nRostislaw, Duke of Kieff, 11133.\\nRostock. Ger., University founded, 785\\nRostoptehin, Count Feodor, b., 11162 d.,\\n11163.\\nRoth, Rudolf von, b., 8122.\\nRotharis, king of Italy, 1073\\nRothe, Richard, b., 8063 d., 8243.\\nThuringian Chronicle, 7852.\\nRotherhithe Eng., docks est., 8773.\\nRotherniel, Peter Frederick, b., 1262\\npaintings, 184 276 294 306 318\\nRothes, Earl of, title created, 8623.\\nRothesay, Duke of, title created, 8643.\\nRothmines, action at, 8862.\\nRothschild, Baron Lionel Nathan, b.,\\n9343; returns to Pari., 9552, 957 9632,\\n969 fuds. Jewish Synagogue, 9702 d.\\n(1879).\\nBaron, title created, 987\\nMayer Ansehn, b., 8003; begins busi-\\nness, 8052; d., 8102.\\nSir Nathaniel, County l.-lieut., 10012.\\nNathan Mayer, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 8042; d., 8142.\\nRegina, trip around world, 3543.\\nRothschilds, oppose Jewish oppression,\\n533 proposition to Monetary Commis-\\nsion, 949 gift to Pension Fund, 9983\\nRussian loan, 11232.\\nRotrou, Jean de, b., CS62 works, 687\\n689 d., 6902.\\nRotteck, Karl, b., 804 d., S143.\\nRotterdam, Neth., taken, 1098 bank of\\ntad., 11012 laborers strike, 11023.\\nRotton, Otto, d., 450\\nKottweil, Ger., French occupy, 790\\nRouatt, John L., governor Colo., 2912.\\nRoubilliac, Louis Francois, b., 6943 d.,\\n7023.\\nRouche, M., forced from Chambers, 7612.\\nRoucber, Jean Antoine, b. (1745) Mois,\\n7052 d. (1794).\\nRouen, Fr., Charles of Navarre seized,\\n6752; a bishopric, Ci .23; captured, 666\\n678 guests seized, 6752; capitulates to\\nHenry, 676 Eng. evacuate, 678 8633;\\nceded, 6791; besieged, 682 G84 Fr.\\ndefeated, 7403 occupied, 7423 Cam-\\npagnie du Cap Nord formed, 10393.\\nRoug\u00c2\u00a3,Gen. de la Motte, army retires,742\\nRouget de l lsle, Claude Joseph, b., 7023\\nd.,7262; statue, 762\\nRouher, Eugene, b.,721 minister, 7313,\\n7373; pres. state council, 737 president\\nsenate, 7392 d. (1844).\\nRoumanille, Joseph, b., 7223 d., 762\\nRoundheads named org., 8852.\\nRound Lake, missionaries resort, 3422.\\nRoimdout, N. Y., Indian massacre, 42\\nDr. Burtsell s parish, 3042.\\nRourke, Patrick H., d., 229\\nRous, Francis, b. (1579) publishes Bible,\\n8843, 887 d. (1659).\\nRouse s Point, Fenians arms seized, 2522.\\nRousse, Aime^ Joseph Edmond, Academi-\\ncian, 7521\\nRousseau, Jacques, or James, b. (1630); d.,\\n6943.\\nJean Baptiste, b., 6922; d., 7002.\\nJacques, b., 0963, works, 7012,3,\\n7032, 7052; in Eng., 9172; d., 7043.\\nLovell Harrison, Gen., b., 1282; at\\nMurfreesboro, 2171; raids, 236i,2; at\\nYoungstown, 236 2 at Murfreesboro,\\n2403; at Sitka Island, 2592; d.,2641.\\nF.yJoi/rrifil Enci/cln/iet/igne, 5423.\\nRousset, Camille Felix Michel, b. (1821)\\nd., 7621.\\nRoussillon, Fr., synod, GGS 2 acquired,\\n6791 rest., G793 Fr. possession, 6881\\nRoustam, or Koustem, b.-d., 11062.\\nRoutt, John L., gov. Colo. ,2092, 2951, 3991.\\nRouvier, Maurice, b. (1842); minister, 7532,\\n7563, 7572, 7611 declines pres., 7632;\\nresigns, 765\\nRouville, llertel de, Salmon Falls, 5721\\nRover, Philippe Emile de, resigns, 7652.\\nRoveredo, Tyrol, Austrian defeat, 7121\\nRowan, Stephen c legg, b, (1808); takes\\nElizabeth Citv, N. C, 2041 d., 3541\\nS. N., moderator, 1323.\\nRowe, George Fawcett, d., 3442.\\nJames, missionary, 4962.\\nNicholas, b., 8922; poet laureate,\\n9043 d., 9002.\\nSophie, d., 8243.\\nW. A., cycle record, 3253.\\nRowell, Edward N., acquitted, 315\\nRowlandson, Thomas, b., 9143 d 9423.\\nliowlesburg, W. Va., Confederates de-\\nfeated, 2203.\\nRowley, Henry, cons. bp. Madag., 10943.\\nRoxana, asteroid, discovered, 7601\\nRoxana marries Alex., 10251 k., 1027\\nRoxburghe Club instituted, 937 9463.\\nDuke of, title created, 903\\nRoxbury, Mass., founded, 33 annexed\\nto Boston, 2613.\\nRoxolani, war with, 10G4\\nRoy, K. J., president Liberia, 1161 2\\nWilliam, b., 9063 trigonometrical\\nsurvey, 922 d. (1690).\\nGen., defeated at Juniieges, 743\\nRoyal Academy of Arts est., 9162 first\\nexhibition, 90S 972\\nof Music est., 908 9402.\\nSwed., est., 1135\\nAdelaide wrecked, 9553.\\nAgricultural Society est., 948 jubi-\\nlee exhibition, 10013.\\nAmerican Magazine issued, 782.\\nAquarium Sob., London, org., 980*.\\nArcanum, Supreme Council org., 295\\nmembership, 3851 report, 4303.\\nArchaeological Institute find., 9521\\nArch Masons convocation, 388 3\\nArthur launched, 10041\\nAsiatic Society org., 9402.\\nAstronomical Society founded, 9401\\nBotanical Society formed, 9482.\\nBrit. Meteorological Soc. find., 9561.\\nCanoe Club tad., 9703.\\nChamber est., Fr., 7013.\\nCollege of Surgeons est., 86G3, 9112,\\n9241,9251,9311.\\nColonial Institute est., 973 3\\nDischarged Prisoners Aid Society\\nest., 9631.\\nDublin Society fmd., 9081\\nExchange, Dublin, begun, 9181\\nExchange, London, repaired, 9181\\nGeorge sinks, 9221\\nGeographical Society org., Eng., 9441\\nexpedition, East Afr., 561 2, 5621\\nHistorical Society fnd., 9721 2.\\nHorticultural Society est., 9322.\\nHumane Society fnd., 919 2\\nHungarian Guard formed, 5281\\nInst. Brit. Architects org., 9461\\nInstitution fnd., London, 9301, 9322;\\nopd., 9381 laboratory est., 9301 power-\\nful magnet exhibited, 9561\\nof Liverpool fnd., 937\\nof Manchester fnd., 9-102.\\nIrish Guards fnd., 8961\\nRoyalists taxed; insurrection, Eng., 8892;\\ninsurrection, Fr., 7093 control coun-\\ncil, 7132 cabinet find., 7512 meet in\\nParis, 7543.\\nRoyal Jennerian Institution fnd., 9302.\\ngardens with Kew Botanical gar-\\ndens, 9541\\nLabor Commission appointed, 1007 2\\nLibrary at Copenhagen, 6371.\\nat Munich, 7923.\\nLiterary Fund fnd., 9252.\\nLondon Yacht Club fnd., 949\\nMagazine issued, 9152.\\nMarriage Act passes, 9193 violated,\\n9252.\\nMasonic Institution for girls est.,\\n9252; for hi iys, 9292 for aged and widows,\\n951\\nMedical Benevolent Coll. fmd., 961\\nand Chirurgieal Soc. find., 9322.\\nMilitary College fnd., 9292; removed,\\nRoyal Military Tournament org., 9921\\nNavy Artillery, Volunteers est., 9773.\\nOak launched, 9661\\nObservatory est., Cape Town, 5971.\\n(See Greenwich, Eng.)\\nOrthopa-dic City Hospital, 9571.\\npensions checked, 9032.\\nPolytechnic Institute opd., 9482.\\nRed Cross for Ladies, order est., 991\\nRegiment of Belgium org., 888\\nSchool of Naval Architecture est.,\\n967\\nScots Regiment oig., 882\\nSociety incor., 890 meetings, 8802;\\nreceives Principia, 8962 first anniver-\\nsary, 890 library fnd., 8923; awards\\nmedal, 90.xi 930 1 Scientific Fund est.,\\n9622; presidents, 891)1, S J41, 8961,9021,\\n9061, 9122, 9182, 9261, 9322, 9422, 9482,\\n956 9621 0G42, 3 c, s i s4 i 990 994, _\\nof Arts chartered, 8901.\\nof Edinburgh fnd., 9102 chart-\\nered, 9221\\nGood Fellows incorporated, 3131\\nstatistics, 447 1\\nof Literature org.. 9402; fnd.,941 1.\\nof Music est., 9222.\\nof Musicians est., 9112, 950\\nSovereign wrecked, 900\\nburned, 926\\nlaunched, 1004\\nSpiritual Magazine issued, 77\\nTemplars of Temperance, 447\\nTitles Hill passes, 9S12.\\nRoyalton, Vt Indians attack, 923.\\nRoyal United Service Inst itution est., 945\\nUniversity, Ire. (See Queen s Uni-\\nversity, Ire.)\\nVictoria docks opd., 960 2\\nRoyce, Stephen, b. (1787); gov. Vt., 1772;\\nd. (1S68).\\nRoyer, M. le, minister, 7513.\\nRover-Collard, Pierre Paul, b., 703 d.,\\n7283.\\nRoyston, Peter S., elected bp., 9742.\\nRoze, Marie, b., 7283.\\nKubaga mission work, 5612.\\nRubber vulcanized, 150 Trust find., at\\nTrenton, 3513.\\nRubens, Christoph, b., 8082; d., 8282.\\nPeter Paul, b., 5403 works, 5402,\\n882 court painter; decorates Luxem-\\nbourg Palace, 5402; in Rome, 1082 great\\naltar piece house in Antwerp, 5402\\nmarried, 541 d., 5403; centenary of\\nbirth, 545\\nRubenstein, Rabbi Isaac, director-general,\\n3923.\\nPasach N., dies, 2912.\\nRubini, Giovanni Battista, b., 10843 d.,\\n10863.\\nRubinstein, Anton, b., 11163; d., 1122\\nRucellai, Giovanni, b. (1475) Ilosmunda\\nApi, 10812; d. (1526).\\nRnchonnet.M. L., d., 1138\\nRucker, J. B., wounded, 4102.\\nRuckert, Friedrich, b., 8043; works, 8103,\\n8132; d.,8243.\\nRudbeck, Glaus, b. (1030) dis. lymphatics,\\n1134 works, 11343; d. (1702).\\nRude, Fran v oise, it. (1784) statue of Ney,\\n732 d. (1855).\\nRudesheim, monument Hermania set, 830\\nRudini, Marquis A. di, premier, 10902\\nprosecution of N. O. lynchers, 3812.\\nRudlieb, Latin poem, appears, 775\\nRudolf (or Rudolph) 1. of Burgundy, K.\\nof It., 10732, 3.\\nI. of Hapsburg, b.-d., 778=; duke;\\nEmperor of Ger., 5052, 3 assists Otto-\\ncar, 5041 warwithOttocarll.; conquers\\nAustrians; captures Frederick in Wur-\\ntemberg; in Burgundy, 7802 despotism,\\n7823; d.,5042.\\nII.,Emp., b., 7921; enthroned, 5103\\ncrowned, 5112 conciliates Bohemians,\\n5113,7933; Pr. of Transylvania; cedes\\nHung. abdicates, 511 3 d., 5102.\\nArchduke crown pr., b., 5242 mar-\\nried, 5302 at Constantinople, 5303\\nsuicide, 5311\\nIV., D. of Aust., 5062 fnds. Univ. of\\nVienna, 5071.\\nV., D. of Aust., d., 5062.\\nelected king of Fr., d., 6673.\\nKing of Bohemia, d., 5042.\\nII., D. of Saxony, 7833.\\ninvents wire-drawing, 782 2\\nD. of Swabia, elected rival emp.,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1406.jp2"}, "1407": {"fulltext": "Eudo-Saar.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDl^X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1395\\n7762,777 defeats Henry IV., -wounded\\nd.,776\\nRudolf of Ems, works, 7803.\\nAugustus, D, of Brunswick, 7073.\\nLucretia, marries J. A. Garfield, 1851\\nRudolphine tables, by Kepler, 7921; com-\\npleted, 7943.\\nRueda, Lope de, works, 11291.\\nRufinus murdered, 10093.\\nRufus, P. Salpicius, proposes reforms,\\n10573.\\nWilliam, builds Westminster Hall,\\n8482; feast of Whitsuntide, 8491\\nRugby School founded, 8731-\\nRuge, Arnold, b., S082; d., 8301\\nRiigen, Ger., annexed to Den.; ceded to\\nPrus., (5393; cede to Sweden, 11353.\\nRuger, Thomas Howard, b., 1421; com-\\nmands in N. C, 2481 gov., 2593 com-\\nmissioned brig. -gen., 322 at Chicago,\\n4741.\\nRuggiero, Michael, missionary, 6143.\\nRuggles, Gen. Daniel, b. (1810) at Tupelo,\\n2212.\\nGeorge D., com. col., 3341 appointed\\nadjt.-gen., 4421 in war dept., 447 2\\nRugia quarantined, 4152.\\nRuiz, Dominico L., forgery, 4171\\nJuan, Ruenamor, poem, 11271.\\nRukli, Shah, reigns, 11073.\\nRules, new, of Procedure, adopted, 9991\\nRulhiere, Claude Oarloinan, works, 7131\\nRuling machines invented, 9221 im-\\nproved, 9302.\\nRuloff, Edward H., trial execution, 274 2\\nRumania (see text, pp. 1112-1113), boun-\\ndary est. for Turk., 11573; annexed to\\nTurk., 11592 made- kingdom, 11593.\\nRumelia (or Roumelia), Gen. Gourko,\\nenters, 565i Rus. expelled, 5652 rail-\\nway opened, 11583.\\nRumford, Count. (See Thompson, Benj.)\\nRump, Parliament. (See Parliament.)\\nRumsey, James, b., 642; experiments with\\nsteam, 961 d., 1022.\\nRunaway Act passed, Eng., 871-1\\nRuneberg, Johann Ludwig, b.-d., 11361\\nwoi-ks, 11362.\\nRunels, Charles, gift, 3883.\\nRunge, Otto t hilipp, inv. colors, 8141\\nRunjeet, Singh, b.-d., 10443.\\nRunk, William W., suicide, 4163.\\nRunkle, John Daniel, b., 1302.\\nRunnels, Hiram G., gov. Miss., 143 3 1832.\\nRunnymede, Eng., Magna Charta signed,\\n8532.\\nRunyon, Theo., in army, 1942 ambassador\\nto Berlin, 4473.\\nRupert, emp. Ger. 5073; K. of Ger.; d.,\\n7853.\\nPrince, of Bavaria, insane, 8323.\\nb., 7943; i n civil war, Eng.; at\\nStratton Hill, 884 improves mezzotint,\\n8862; lord admiralty, 8933; d., 7982.\\nLand, bishopric established, 9543.\\nRiippell, Wilhelm Peter Eduard Simon,\\nb., 8063; d. (1844).\\nRural Hill, Confederates defeated, 2161\\nRurik, fnds. Russian monarchy, 11133; d.,\\n1113\\nRurki, Punjab, mission, 10471\\nRuschenberger, Win. S. W., b., 1141.\\nRush ordered north, 4041\\nBenjamin, b., 662; sec. Abolition\\nSoc, 811 famous tract, 991 d. (1813).\\nJames, b., 981 d., 2662.\\nRichard, b., 931 atty.-gen., 1213;\\nelectoral vote, 1292, 1372; se c. treas.,\\n1333\\n.William, b. (1756); executes busts\\n1001, 1021; d. (1833).\\nRushworth, John, b., 8781 d. (1586).\\nRusk, Harrv Welles, b., 1701.\\nJeremiah McLain, b. (1S30); gov.Wis.,\\n3132; sec. of agriculture, 3372; fl.,4441.\\nThomas Jefferson, b., 1102 pres.\\nsenate, 1831; d., 178\\nRaskin, John, 9383; works, 9551 9663,\\n9763, 98G3, 9923; Museum of Art, Shef-\\nfield, 988 1 declines poet laureate, 1010 2\\nSociety formed, 9881\\nRuss, John Denison, b., 1101 d. (1881).\\nRusselkonda mission, 10483.\\nRussell, A. J., pres. Liberia, 11612.\\nBenjamin E., b., 1581\\nSir Charles, b. (1833) Arbitration\\nCourt, 4272; atty.-gen., 9951; counsel\\nfor Parnell, 9993; counsel, 10063; lord\\nchief justice, 10123.\\nRussell, Charles A., b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 1701.\\nDavid A., b. (1822+) at Unionville,\\n2201 killed, 2382.\\nEdward, E. of Orford, b. (1651) at-\\ntainder, 8992; off La Hogue, 6941; min-\\nister, 9012; 1. of admiralty, 8992; created\\nE. of Orford, 9013; ha Spain, 11281; d.\\n(1727).\\nFrancis, in house, 8712.\\nI. C, dis. Alaska glacier, 3681; as-\\ncends Mt. St. Elias, 3941\\nJohn, col. Royal Regiment Guards,\\n8901.\\nfirst E. of Bedford, lord-lieut.,\\n8G72; minister, 8712.\\nD. of Bedford, lord-admiralty,\\n9073; minister, 9113; lord-lieut., 9153.\\nProhibition candidate, 277 3\\nScott, b., 9343; d. (1882).\\nLord D. of Bedford, b., 9262;\\nsummons, 2012; minister, 945 2 9473,\\n9533, 0.7.12, 0G12, 9C33, SWIM Reform Bill,\\n9452,3, 9572, 9651; Municipal Corpora-\\ntion Bill, 9473; attempts ministry, 9532;\\nresumes office, 957 2 resigns, 9592, 9612,\\n9692; title earl created, 9651 d., 9822.\\nLord, minister (1547), 8712.\\nHenry, b. (1827) promoted rear-\\nadmiral, 322 1\\nJonathan, b. (1771) Treaty of Ghent,\\n1233; d. (1832).\\nLillian, b.; 1861\\nPeter, b. (1755+) governor, 5772; d.\\n(1825+).\\nLady (Rachel Wroi(hersley),b.,8822;\\nd. (1723).\\nSol. Smith, b., 1641.\\nMaj., tannin in photography, 9642.\\nWilliam, b., 1082; d., 2821\\nLord b., 8822; political confed-\\neracy, 8971 executed, 8971 ,2.\\nSir d., 10081.\\nWilliam E., gov. Mass., 3472, 3692,\\n3932, 3991, 4172, 4212, 4732; U om. for\\npres., 4092; d. (1895).\\nHoward, b., 9403.\\nOdo, Baron Ampthill, b., 944\\nd. (1884).\\nW. Clark, works, 10043.\\nRussellville, Ala., negroes lynched, 3803.\\nKy., Bethel Coll. org., 1762; Sover-\\neignty Conven., 2012; action at, 2141;\\nLogan Female College founded, 2543.\\nRussia brings cholera cases, 4413.\\nissued, 11203.\\nRussia (see text, pp. 1113-1123.) Am.\\ntreaty, 1332, 2572; befriends Am., 2153;\\nfamine resolution, 3992; famine relief\\ntrain, 4023; defends Bulgaria, 5651 em-\\nbassies to Fr., 6913; declines mediation,\\n7432; alliance at Kalisch, 8111; hostile\\nto Ger., 8312; armed neutrality, 9312,\\n11172; against Fr., 9332; war against (i.\\nB., 9333; Eng. captures fleet, 9341; Al-\\nlies war against, 9592; Goths repelled,\\n10692; war with Romans, 10641 rupture\\nwith It., 10892; Japan restrains com-\\nmerce, 10913; treaty with Japan, 10923;\\ntreaty with Korea, 10943; war with Per-\\nsia, 11062; treaty with Persia, 11083;\\nwar with Turk., 11123, 1156 ,11592; cedes\\nconquests in Turk.; treaty with Turk.;\\nmanifesto against Turk., 11573; peace\\nwith Turk., 1159 Sarmatian slaves re-\\nvolt, 1068\\nRussian-Am. Nat, League, N. Y., eel., 3543.\\nColonization Society organized, 3923.\\nembargo against G. Brit., 9312; out-\\nrages denounced, N. Y.,3523; legation\\nnotice, 4312; loan accepted Fr., 7573;\\nexiles opposed, 5003 troops on frontier\\nAust., 5352; troops join Austrians, 516\\npapers excluded (Bulg.l, 5693; policy\\nabandoned, 5673; in Hungary, 5222;\\ntreaty with China, 6193; naval officers,\\nFr. entertains, 7662.\\nExtradition Treaty with U.S.A., 4243,\\n4252,4282, 4292,4312.\\nHebrews org., 3682; in Am., 3883;\\nhome for, 493 ill-treated, 4362.\\nminerals to Leland Stanford Univer-\\nsity, 384\\nThistle Bill, 4512, 4653, 4072.\\nRusskol Vyestnik issued. 1117\\nRusso-Ger. Commercial Treaty, 5372, 8372;\\ntreaty negotiations ruptured, 8353.\\nGr. Church, confession of faith, 11143.\\nTurk, war, 525 5281, 10973; Eng.\\nneutrality, 983 1.\\nRussy, Isaac D. de, commissioned col. ,3841\\nRust, Deputy Marshal, killed, 4223.\\nRupreeht, copper-plate engrav.,7842.\\nUniversity founded, Miss., 2623.\\nRustchuk, Bulg., Alex, welcomed, 567 2\\nexecutions, 5681 revolt, 5681 ,2,3; in con-\\nspiracy, 5682; action at, 11161.\\nRustow, Wilhelm Friedrich, b., 8122; sui-\\ncide (1878).\\nRut, John, explorer, 191\\nRuteb.euf, b. (1230+) Pauereti Kulebu uf,\\nTliiophile, 6731 d. (1280+).\\nRuter, Fritz, d.,8281.\\nRutgers College, N. J., chartered, 743;\\nfnd., 1171 suspends work, 125 1 for-\\nmerly Queen s, 743, 1323; peter Hertzog\\nTheological Hall (led., 1802; Scientific\\nSchool Olid., 250 3 library presented to,\\n3482.\\nFemale College, N. Y.,vs. Tallman,\\n3852.\\nHenry, b., 662; d., 1382.\\nRuth, dwells with Naomi, 11422; marries\\nBoaz, 11423.\\nRutherford, N.C., college organized, 1731\\nR. College opd., 2763.\\nDaniel, b. (1749); nitrogen, 9182; d.,\\n(1819).\\nJohn C, b. (1792) gov. Va., 1552; d.,\\n2541 (1866).\\nLewis Morris, b. (1816) d., 4061\\nRuthven, Can., gas well tired, 5892.\\nScot., raid of, 8753.\\nGalway, L. Mountmorres shot, 9863.\\nBaron, title created, 8851.\\nJames Alexander, d., 3481\\nJohn.E.of Gowrie, conspiracy against\\nking, 8772.\\nWilliam, E. Gowrie, executed, 8752.\\nRutilius, C. Marcius, dictator, 10532.\\nRutland, I), of. (See Manners, John.)\\nRutledge, Edward, b., 662; confers with\\nHowe, 853; gov., 1093; d., 1082.\\nFrances Hughes, b., 1082; cons. P.E.\\nbishop, 1683; d., 2541.\\nJohn, b., 642; electoral vote justice,\\nS. C, 1012, 1072; d., 1082.\\nRuys, Augustin, explorer, 243.\\nRuyter, Michael Adriaanszoon de, b.-d.,\\n11003 defeated, 11001 in Mediterranean;\\nat Southwold, 6921 on Thames, 8921\\nRyan, Col., sails with filibusters, 2663.\\nEdward J., missing, 4083.\\nFather, imprisoned, 9971\\nJames, cons. R. C. op., Am., 3302.\\ncons. R. C. bp., Eng., 9762.\\nJohn, sheriff, 8712.\\nPatrick John, cons., 3302; archbp.\\n(1883) supports Catholic writers, 3463;\\neditor Qitarterlif Review, 3562; trans to\\nPhila. June 8, 1884.\\nStephen Vincent, b. (1X26) cons, bp.,\\n2642; suit of Father Dent, 4062.\\nThomas, minister, 351 3\\nWilliam, b., 1522.\\nRyckaert, Martin, b.-d., 10983.\\nRvdberg, Abraham Victor, b., 11361 Last\\nof the Athenians, 11363.\\nRyder, Sir Alfred P., adm., d., 9982.\\nRyder, Dudley, E. of Harrowby, chief jus-\\ntice, 9133; minister, 9432; d. (1882).\\nFrancis Stuart, minister, 9933.\\nHenry, b. (1777) elected bp., 9383; d.\\n(1836).\\nlive, prices rise, Ger., 8353.\\nHouse Plot discovered, R792, 8971.\\nRyerson, Adolphus E., b., 5762; d., 5841\\nMartin A., gift, 4221\\nRyle, John Charles, b., 9382; bp. Liver-\\npool, 9842.\\nRyiner, Thomas, b., 8822; d. (1713).\\nRymnik, action at, 1116 1\\nRysbraeek, Pieter, b.-d., 11003.\\nRyswick, Neth., peace of, 551 6953.\\nKzewuski, Count Stanislaus, Deborah,\\n7641.\\nSaa, Gen., rebellion of, 4902.\\nSaadani, massacre of missionaries, 5622;\\nbombarded, 5631 Ger. attack, 8381\\nSaadia, Ben Joseph (Saadia-Guon), b.-d.,\\n6542.\\nSaalfeld, Ger., battle at, 7161 acquired,\\n8133.\\nSaar, strike, 5323; battle at, 8242.\\nSaarbrtick, Prus., first action in Franco-\\nPrus. war abandoned, 7381", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1407.jp2"}, "1408": {"fulltext": "1396\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Saar-St. Jo.\\nSaargemund, Ger., Germans occupy, 7381\\nSaavedra, Gen., in Uruguay, 1159 1\\nAngel de, Duke of Rivas, b.-d., 11302;\\nworks, 11311.\\nFaxordo, Diego, b.-d., 11283; works,\\n11292.\\nSabaco, reigns, Egy., 651 1 defeats Sargon,\\n11442.\\nSabak-nefru-Ra reigns, Egy., 6473; ad-\\nvanced, 6463.\\nSabbath sanctified, 11403; reform move-\\nment, 3382; observance discussed, 8802;\\nrecreations revived, 8823.\\nBill stolen, Eng., 8903.\\nDay ordinance est., 8462.\\nObservance Act passes, 8942.\\nUnion, Am., org., 3302j inPhila.,3792;\\nWorld s Fair, 391 1 session, 4441.\\nSabathu mission, 10471\\nSabellius, condemned as heretic, 10663.\\nSaberis founded, 10511\\nSabina, Kan., injustice, 4483.\\nSabine country annexed, 10533.\\nCross Roads, battle of, 2311\\nPass, Tex., blockade removed, 218 3\\nBanks at, 2262; destroyed, 3241\\nEdward, b., 9243; pres. Royal Society,\\n9642; d., 9922.\\nJoseph, d., 3062.\\nLorenzo, b. (1803) d., 2942.\\nSabines, war with; take Rome, 10501;\\nwomen seized, 10503; incorporated with\\nRomans, 10511.\\nSabinianus, pope, 10711\\nSable Island, colony fails, 171 25 a\\nSabutan Island annexed, 10073.\\nSacaza, Dr. Roberto, b. (1840) pres, 11033;\\noverthrown, 11041\\nSaccharometer invented, 730i\\nSacchetti, Franco, b. (1335\u00c2\u00b1) writings of,\\n10772; d. (1410).\\nSachem captured, 2262.\\nSacher-Masoch, Leopold R. von, b., 5203.\\nSacheverell, Henry, b., 8922; sermons\\nagainst whigs, 9023; riots, 9043; im-\\npeached, 9052; d.,9062.\\nSachs, Hans, b., 7862; works, 7892,7923,\\n7931; d., 7922.\\nSae it sen. Spiegel issued, 7783.\\nSackett s Harbor, squadron before, 120 2\\nburned, 1221.\\nSacks, Barney, matricide and suicide,\\n4583.\\nSacksensheim, Hermann von, works, 7871.\\nSackville, Can., Mt. Allison Wesleyan\\nCollege, 5803.\\nBaron, title created, 9751\\nCharles, E. of Dorset, b., 8822; d.,\\n9022.\\nThomas, E. of Dorset, b., 8682; min-\\nister, 8773; works, 8721,3; d. (1608).\\nWest, Sir Lionel, minister, 3092; at\\nWashington, 3273; recalled, 3312.\\nSaco, Me., settlement at, 31 1, 332.\\nSacrament Controversy, Ger., 7891\\nSacramental test imposed, Eng., 9023.\\nSacramento, Oal., settlement at, 1513;\\nbattle of, 1621 State Library fnd., 1683;\\nburned, 1713; Central Pacific R.R. built,\\n2193; Anti-Debris Conven., 3113; floods\\nresolution, 3491 riot, 408 2 Lond. fruit\\ntrain, 4113; capital, 4553; XJ. S. troopa\\nfor mob, 4641 levee breaks, 4653.\\nSacred Band enrolled, 10222.\\nBlack Stone dispute, 4853.\\nWar, Gr., 10161 10201 10241\\nSacrifices offered, Gr., 10131\\nSacrilege, death penalties abnlished,947i.\\nSacy, Baron Svlvestre (Antnine Isaac Sil-\\nvestre), b.,7023; works, 117i, 7151; d.,\\n7282.\\nLouis Isaac, b., 6862; d., 6923.\\nSadales, K. of Odrysoe, territory to Ro-\\nmans, 10293.\\nSaddles used, Eng., 8421.\\nSadducees appear, 11482.\\nSadi, b.-d., 11063.\\nSadler, Lieut., at Hillsborough, Ky.,2001.\\nSir Ralph, b., 8661; minister, 8693;\\nd., 8762.\\nWilliam Windham, aerial voyage,\\n9222; killed (1824).\\nSadovsky, M., assassinated, 11211.\\nSadowa, Bohemia, battle at, 5261.\\nSadras, Ind., Dutch trade begins, 10443.\\nSadullah Pasha dies, 5343.\\nSadyattes, leader, 10141 reigns, 11453.\\nSaengerfest in Milwaukee, 387 in N. Y.,\\n4621,3.\\nSaenz, Gen. Julio, minister, 6443.\\nSafaneezah, Egy., mission, 6571.\\nSafferian dynasty founded, 4871\\nSafford, Henry Truman, b., 1462; dis. as-\\nteroid Feronia, 1963.\\nA. P. K., gov. Ariz., 2692.\\nSaga issued, 11042.\\nSagalla, mission, 5G12.\\nSagasta, Praxedes Mateo, b., 11303.\\nSage, Russell, b. (1816); office destroyed\\nby dynamite, 3963; sued, 4342.\\nSaget, Gen. Nissage, president, 10403.\\nSag Harbor, N. Y., capture of stores, 862.\\nSaguntum, Sp., destroyed by Hannibal,\\n10531 battle, 10581 taken, 11251.\\nSagus Iron Works. Mass, castings, 361.\\nSahara Desert, 103; crossed, 9402.\\nSahu-Ka, great god, 6462.; reigns (Egy.),\\n6471; in Arabia, 6461.\\nSaid Pasha Mohammed, b.-d., 11563;\\ngrand vizier, 11593; shot, 6601.\\nSa idTorkee, d., 4881.\\nSaif in power, 4833\\nSaigon, colony at, 7352; surrenders, 4801\\ntreaty signed, 4812, 4823.\\nSailing, middle latitude, 8801.\\nSailor s Creek, Va., battle of, 2451\\nSails made from duck, 1161\\nSain foil, wins Derby, 10053.\\nSt. Adelbert, bp. of Prague retires to\\nmonastery, 5022.\\nAlbans, Eng., church built, 8423; bat-\\ntle of, 8621 8641 borough disfranchised,\\n959i; bishopric created, 9802; Bp.\\nClaughton elected, 9803 archbp. Smith\\ncons., 9922; Bp. Festing cons., 10042\\nsee est., 9732.\\nVt., Confederates raid, 2391,3\\nraiders discharged, 5831; bank robbed\\n2393; Fenian arms seized, 2522.\\nBaron of, title created, 8932.\\nAlbert, R. C. diocese, 5822.\\nAmand, Fr. defeat, 7081.\\nAlmeric de, gov., 859 2\\nAndrews, Scot., see created, 8443,\\n9083; archbishopric fnd., 8642.\\nUniv. fnd., 8603 est., 9131\\nwomen in, 10083.\\nAnne, bone of, exhibited, 4062.\\nAnthony Falls, Minn., gold seekers,\\n553; State Univ. opd., 2662; united to\\nMinneapolis, 2811.\\nArnaud, Jacques Achille Leroy de,\\nb., 7123; subdues Kabyles, 83; a t Varna;\\nat Alma minister, T d., 7322, 9581\\nAsaph, W., Bp. Hughes cons., 9642;\\nBp. Edwards cons., 10022.\\nAugustine, Fla., castle built, 241;\\nIndian mission, 242; Fr. attempt to cap-\\nture, 241 fnd., 251 captured, 421 Ogle-\\nthorpe defeated, 64i; surrendered to\\nFederalB, 2043; R. C. diocese, 2722; Inst.\\nfor Deaf est., 3191.\\nCollege org., Cal., 2583.\\nAvoid, Germans occupy, 7381\\nBartholomew, massacre of, 6851.\\nBartholomew s Island, restored to\\nFr., 7512; surrendered, 9202.\\nBenedict s Coll. (R. Cath.) est., Atchi-\\nson, Kan. (1858).\\nSainte-Beuve, Chas. Augustin, b. (1804);\\nworks, 7251 7283, 7303; d. (1869).\\nSt. Blaise (horse), sold, 3933.\\nSt. Bonaventura College org., 1863.\\nBoniface, R. C. diocese est., 580i\\narchdiocese, 5822; l,. Manitoba, 5823;\\nmiss, in Ger., 7702. (See Winfrid.)\\nSt. Catherine, The Miracle Play of, ap-\\npears, 8482.\\nCatherines, Ont., Journal est., 5783\\ngas-well torpedoed, 5872.\\nCecilia Society of Am. meets, 3642.\\nCharles, Ark., Confed. defeat, 2091\\nMo., Confederates defeated\\nnear, 2351.\\nColl. (R. Cath.), Ellicott City,\\nMd. (1848).\\nChristopher Inland, settled, 8813;\\nEng., possession, 8832.\\nSt. Clair burns, 2933,\\nSt. Clair, Pa., locomotive explosion, 4013.\\nRiver, Mich., tunneled, 3693;\\nopd., 3913.\\nArthur, b., 622; commissioned\\nmaj.-gen., 86i; leaves Ticonderoga; at\\nIlu bbardtown, 863; report to Congress,\\n992; treaty with Indians, 10H; gov.,\\n1011, 1032, 1073; commander; Indian\\nwar, 1021; d., 1262.\\nSainte-Claire-Deville, Charles, b., 7211\\nd., 7501\\nSt. Clairsville, O., Appeal issued, 1251\\nClement s Island, Md., colony on,333.\\nCloud, Fr., Ancients remove to, 7133;\\nconven. signed, 7232; wind-storm, 7601\\nMinn., normal schools opd.,\\n2662; tornado strikes, 3222,\\nCroix, West Indies, missions, 622,\\n691,763.\\nDavids, Bp. Jones cons., 9742; college\\nfnd., 9411.\\nDenis, Fr., Huguenots defeated, 6821\\nbombarded, 744 1\\nCharles de, works, 6891\\nDizier, Fr., allies defeated, 7202;\\nNapoleon defeated, 7203; occupied, 7402.\\nEdward s Coll. (R. Cath.), Austin,\\nTexas, est. (1888).\\nSaintes, Fr., battle of, 6702.\\nSt. Espiritu, Mich., mission at, 422.\\nEtienne, Fr., explosion in coal-pit,\\n7593,7613,7633.\\nde la Tour, patent for Nova\\nScotia, 332.\\nEustace, insurrection, 5781\\nEvremonde (Charles de Marguetel\\nde St.-Denis), b., 6862; d., 6912.\\nFrancis, Wis., St. Francis de Sales\\nCollege org., 1802; R. c. normal school\\norg., 2763.\\nde Sales, mission est., Can., 482.\\nSolanus College est., 2822.\\nXavier College, 1631; admits\\nwomen, 4381.\\nGall joins Act Mediation, 11382.\\nGaudens, Augustus, b. (1848); statue\\nof Fai-ragut, 3061; of Lincoln, 3281 in\\nAcademy Design, 3501\\nGenest s, V Assemble e et la France*\\n7482.\\nSt. George wrecked, 9342.\\nwrecked, 9593.\\nlost, 9913.\\nIslaud, Me., colonists land, 262,\\n271.\\nAlas., seal fishery, 2671\\nN. Y., fire, 3893.\\nCan., R. R. accident, 5872.\\nKnighthood est., 9392.\\nGeorge s Bank, Eng., fishing schoo-\\nners founder, 3153.\\nchess club fmd., 9471\\nGermain, treaty of, 333, 6822, 6933.\\nGermains, E. of, title created, 937*.\\n(see Granville, Edward.)\\nGervais-les-Bains, destroyed, 7621.\\nGothard, Hung., battle of, 5122.\\nIt., railway opd., 101103; tunnel\\nbegun, 11383.\\nGregory of Tours, works, 6643.\\nHelena, Napoleon arrives at, 7221;\\nNapoleon s remains removed, 7292;\\nLongwood bought, 7353; acquired by\\nEng., 8773; see est., 9583.\\nHelens, colliers strike, 9703, 10111.\\nSainte-Hilaire, Barthel^my. (See BarthtS-\\n16my.)\\nSt. Hilaire, Can., R. R. accident, 5813.\\nAugustede,b., 7142; d., 7322.\\nEtienne Geoffroy. (See Geof-\\nfroy.)\\nHilary, writes against Arianism, 6631\\nHyacinthe, Can., R.C. diocese est.,\\n5802.\\nIgnace, Can., mission at 443; mis-\\nsion sacked, 5723,\\nJacob, battle of, 6781\\nJago, naval battle at, 9202.\\nSt. James explodes, 171 3\\nSt. James, Order of, fnd., 11263.\\nNeb., mammoth skeleton, 3441\\nJean d Acre, bombarded, 9501 (See\\nAcre.)\\nSt. James s Gazette est., 10083.\\nJohn, Mex., bombarded, 7261\\nN. B., Fr. possess, 9161; garri-\\nson surrenders, 803; R. C. diocese est.,\\n5783; Telegraph; Globe, 5811; fire, 5853;\\nSons of Temperance meet, 5i\u00c2\u00bb22; raiders\\nfrom Me., 2362.\\nW. L, Danish price for, 6422.\\nBaron, title created, 8711.\\nof Bletsoe, Baron, title treated,\\n9591.\\nViscount, title created, 905 1\\nHenry, b. (1678); Viscount Bol-\\ningbroke minister, 905 2 dismissed,\\n9033; d. (1751).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1408.jp2"}, "1409": {"fulltext": "St. Jo-St. Se.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDzL-X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1397\\nSt. John, James Augustus, b., 9303; d.\\n(1875).\\nJohn P., b., 142 1 gov, Kan.,\\n2993, 3033 j nom. for pres., 3173; popular\\nvote, 3192.\\nOliver, b. (1598+); fined, 8811;\\nd. (1673).\\nWilliam, lord keeper, 8712.\\n,W. P., resigns, 3511.\\nIsland, purchase treaty re-\\njected, 2711.\\nJohns, Newfoundland, sufferers\\nfund, 4103, 10083; Roijal Gazette, 5771;\\nTimes and Gen. Rom. Advertiser 579 1;\\nThe Globe, 5811 Eve. Herald, 5843\\ncamp inspection, 5881 fire; financial\\ncrisis, 11033.\\nS. Af., Bp. Key eons., 9962.\\nBluff, Fla., fired on, 2141\\nDeaf Mute Institute, Wis., 2943.\\nColl. est., Md., 1003.\\nWash., D. C. (R. Oath.),\\nest. (1865).\\nFordham, N. Y.(R. Cath.),\\nest. (1846).\\nRiver, dis. ,223; expedition, 2141.\\nSchool, poor clergy, sons, 95S3.\\nUniv. (R. Cath.), Collegeville,\\nMinn,, est. (1857).\\nJohnsbury, Vt., Museum, 3621\\nJoseph, Mo., terminus of pony ex-\\npress, 1933; B,. c. diocese est., 2642;\\nMissouri River Improvement Conven-\\ntion, 3093; Exposition buildings burned,\\n3453; fire, 4393; train robbery, 4483;\\nPalace Car Co. capitalized, 4633.\\nJoseph s Island, Mich., Indian refuge,\\nColl., est. Dubuque, 2822.\\nest. Teutopolis, 1991; org.,\\n30S2.\\nest. Phila., 1723.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Just, Cornwall, water in mine, 10093.\\nAntoine Louis Leon de, b.,703 2\\nd.,7102.\\nLetellier de, governor, 5832.\\nKatherine, Order of, est., 9843.\\nLambert, Jean Francois, Marquis de,\\nb. (1716); works, 7051 7131 d. (1803).\\nLaurent, Can., halt-breeds meet,588 3\\nSt. Lawrence wrecked, 589 2\\nSt. Lawrence River explored, 203, 21 1\\nice-bridge, 5932; Bridge Bill passes as-\\nsembly, 4013; possessed for Fr., 5712;\\nsteamboat sinks, 5892; canals deepened,\\n5913.\\nGulf, explored, 163; survey of,\\n5901.\\nUniv. est., 1802.\\nLazaro, French defeat, 7001\\nLeger, Anthony, deputy, 8693, 8712.\\nBarry, b. (17371; at Ft. Stanwix,\\n871; d., 1001.\\nLeonards, Baron, title created, 9591\\nBaron. (See Sugden.)\\nLeonard s College fnd., 6782, 867.\\nLevan, Baron, title created, 9963.\\nL6, Fr., captured, 6761\\nSt. Louis launched, 4753.\\nSt. Louis, Mo., settled, 493, 751 Sp. at-\\ntacked; attacked by Brit., 921 aban-\\ndoned, 493; Missouri Gazette, 1143; first\\ntheatrical performance, 126i R. C. dio-\\ncese, 1343; St. Louis Univ. org., 137 1\\nfnd., 1403; St. Louis Conf. find.; Hebrew\\nsynagogue built, 1583; Mercantile Li-\\nbrary fnd., 1611; R. C. archbishopric\\nest., 1623; lighted with gas, 1653; fire,\\n1653,3553, 4033,4233; cholera at; Belle\\nFontaine Cemetery est., 167 3 cyclone\\nat, 1681; Washington Univ. org., 1731;\\ntrains snow-bound, 1761; riot of Am.\\nand Irish, 1771; Coll. of Christian\\nBrothers org., 1783; train wrecked at,\\n1793; Free-State men embark for, 1811;\\nconnected with Baltimore by R. R.,\\n1833; Prof. Wise ascension, 1841 over-\\nland mail, 185 3 Minute Men and Home\\nGuards org., 1902; under Gen. Harney,\\n1921, 194 2 arms removed, 1942; Con-\\nfederate cannon landed Lyon takes\\nCamp Jackson, 1942 Snead s slaves\\nmanumitted, 1991; martial law, 202 1\\nMetropolitan police force, 2032; court-\\nhouse completed, 2113: Conf ederates de-\\nfeated, 2203; Public School Library\\nfnd.; Historical Soc. org., 2503; Caron-\\ndelet incorporated with, 2613; monu-\\nment to Benton, 262i; St. Louis Coll.\\norg., 2663; Tower Grove Park donated,\\n2693; Labor Cong., 2743; Beethoven s\\nConservatory of Music est., 276 1 Tubu-\\nlar bridge completed, 2841; headquar-\\nters of U S. A., 2861; boundaries ex-\\ntended, 2912; new parks, 2913; Demo-\\ncratic Nat. Con veil., 2931; Southern\\nHotel burned, 2953; dav school for deaf\\nest., 30H; Choral Soc. org., 302 1\\nManual Training School est.; Coll. of\\nPhysicians and Surgeons opd., 3023; Kep.\\nConven. at, 3013; Sjiorfinq Xcws Daily\\nChronicle, 3063 St. L. Post Despatch,\\neditor acquitted, 3103; Evening Star\\nSayings, 3143 w. C. T. U. Nat. Con-\\nven., 319 1 Nat. Live Stock Asso. org.,\\n3193 Merchant s Bridge commenced,\\n325 3 troops protect mails, 3221; fire,\\n3333; Dr. Bray deposed, 3382; elevator\\ncompanies combine, 3393; breweries sold;\\nWheat-growers conven., 3473 World s\\nFair, 3513; Alice Jackson abducted,351i\\ntornado strikes, 3521 Merchant s bridge\\ncompleted, 3581; Christian Endeavor\\nConven. ,3641 Wanamaker suicide, 3683;\\ntelegraphers strike; Loyal Legion Con-\\nven. begins, 3703; race-tight, 3782; Gen.\\nSherman s grave, 3793; Archbp. Kenrick\\ncons., 3801 pool-rooms closed, 3863; train\\nrobbers, 3963; Nat. Industrial Conf. ,4022;\\nflood, 4061 Nicaragua Canal Conven.,\\n4093; Knights of Labor Conven., 4183;\\nstreet R.R. mail car, 4193; brewery com-\\nbine, 4233; Sunday-school Conven., 4361\\nwater-famine, 4453; earthquake, 450 1\\nstrike on N. Pacific R.R. 4503 nickel-in-\\nslot machines, 4531 Trans-Miss. Cong,\\nmeets, 4772; sheriff-elect indicted, 4792.\\nSt. Louis, Mother, d., 5881\\nCollege org., N. Y., 2663.\\nCollege, Wash., org.. 2502.\\n.Order of, instituted, 6952.\\nUniv., Mo., org., 1371.\\nLucia, W. I., acquired, 9313.\\nLucia s Bay, Eng. flag raised, 6032.\\nLudmila murdered, 5023.\\nMalo, Fr., riot at, 7432; Cartier sails,\\n203,5712.\\nMarc Gerardin, Francois Auguste,\\nb.,7143; Gmrs de Litte.rafure draniathjue,\\n7291 d., 7461\\nMarks, Fla., captured, 1261; bom-\\nbarded, 694L\\nMartin, Marquis L. C. de, works,\\n7052,7083,7151.\\nMary, Ga., taken, 2043.\\nMary s, Fla., attacked, 2151.\\nKan., St. Mary s Coll. org., 2662.\\nMich., mission, 343; conf., 442,\\nSenegambia, Eng. settle, 11613.\\nBridge, Va., fight at, 2351.\\nCollege (R. C), St. Mary s, Ky.,\\norg. (1821).\\nCollege, Del., org., 1631\\nCollege, Eng., fnd., 8671 -dedi-\\ncated, 8691.\\nMatthews mission, 5983,\\nSainte Maure, Benoist de, works, 6711\\nSt. Meinrad, Ind., St. Meinrad s Coll., org.,\\n2583.\\nMenehoule, Ger. capture national\\nguards, 7401\\nMichael Knighthood est., 9392.\\nMichel, Mont., Fr., destroyed, 7561\\nNon, Abb\u00c2\u00a3de(Jean Claude Richard),\\nb. (1727) invents aquatinta, 6901 d.\\n(1791).\\nNicholas written. 6711\\nMagazine established, 2823.\\nOlaf, Order of, founded, 11052.\\nColl. (Luth.), Northfield, Minn.,\\nestablished (1874).\\nOlave. Richard de, bailiff, 8572.\\nOmer, Fr.. captured, 6921 Fr. gains,\\n6933.\\nOswald, Baron, title created, 9871\\nPatrick s Benevolent Soc. fnd., 9231\\nPaul de Loanda, Livingstone at, 5602.\\nPaul produced, 814 1\\nCan. Indian Industrial School,\\n5902.\\nMinn., first school est., 1631;\\nPioneer issued, 1643 capital removed,\\n2692; Macalaster Coll. org., 3223 brew-\\neries sold, 3393 cyclone, 3641; diocese\\nmade archbishopric, 3302; employees re-\\nsign, 375 3 John Mohan captured, 3831;\\nprotest against prize-fight, 3SS 3 wolves\\nnear, 395 3 incendiarism for insurance,\\n3963 falling wall, 3973 sluice-bank\\nbreaks, 4133 fire, 4233 banks close,\\n4353; R. K. men attacked, 4662.\\nSt. Paul Coll. (Moth. Epis.), St. Paul s\\nPark, Minn., established (1889).\\nIsland, Aust., Fr. possess, 7633.\\nMa ia;.iia issued, 9702.\\nR. R., Wis., train robbers, 3943.\\nPaulinus, works, 6631\\nPaulo, Jesuit College, 223.\\nPaul s Island, A las., seal fishery, 2671\\nCathedral, Lond. (See London.)\\nPeter, Minn., state hospital opd.,2551\\nasylum burns, 3053.\\nPeter s cathedral, Rome, first erected,\\n10662 Michelangelo, architect, 10782,\\n10801 erected, 1079 10x01 Kafl ael, ar-\\nchitect, 10801 consecrated, 10822.\\nPetersburg, fnd., 11153; observatory\\nerected 1st theater, 11142 Imperial Li-\\nbrary fnd., 11151 WinterPalace burned;\\nfire, 11153; Univ. fnd. Courier de V Eu-\\nrope, 11171; bank fnd., 11173 p e t er the\\nGreat launched; telegraph to Japan,\\n11181; Gov t Messeja/er; Romanist Coll.\\nest. univ. riots univ. closed univ.\\nreopened, 11183 students grievances\\nGen. deMesentzoff assassinated Social-\\nist conspiracy, 11191 proposals of peace\\nfrom Aust., 11192 R. R. to Moscow,\\n11193 gold-fields dis. war memorial,\\n11201; church fnd., 11202 Nihilists in\\nWinter Palace, 11203; Nihilists arrested\\nNihilists mine; k. Alexander II., 11211;\\nmartial law proclaimed, 11212 Repre-\\nsentative Council elected influenza\\nship-canal opd., 11213 corner in rye,\\n11232; frontier commission meets, 7 1\\npeace of, signed, 517 2\\nand Warsaw R. R. begun, 11193.\\nPhilip s College founded, 1503.\\nPierre, Bernardin de. (See Ber-\\nnardin.)\\nCharles Ir\u00c2\u00ab5nee Castel de,b. ,6902\\nd. (1743).\\ndu Sud, landslide, 5901\\nIsland, confirmed, 733.\\nPriest Emmanuel Louis Marie Gui-\\nnard, Comte de b. (1789) at Reims,\\n7203; arrested, 7333.\\nQuentin, Fr., redeemed, 6791 defeat,\\n6S2i taken, 7421 battle of, 744 1\\nQuietus, the martyr, relies of, 3881\\nReal, L Abbe de (Cesar Vichard), b.\\n(1639) Conjuration des Espa//nois t 6931\\nd. (1692).\\nRuth, Gen., in Ire., 6941 d. (1691).\\nSaints venerated, canonized, 10731.\\nSaintsburv, George Edward Bateman, b.,\\n9522 works, 9863, 10063.\\nSt. Sebastian. (See San Sebastian.)\\nLeague instituted, 9742.\\nSimeon, founded at Troyes, 7682.\\nSimon, Claude Henri, Comte de, b.,\\n7023 works, 7171 7251 d., 7242.\\nDue de (Louis de Rouvroy), b.\\n(1675); Mimoires, 7012; d. (1755).\\nSophia, Constantinople, erected, 10311\\ndedicated, 10683.\\nStephens, Ala., murderers indicted,\\n4182.\\nColl., N. Y., org., 1863.\\nStuart, Gen., at Minorca, 11281\\nThomas, Can., Southern Counties Jour-\\nnal, 5811; petroleum ignites, 5872 Am.\\nflag down, 5962.\\nIsland, Guiana, fnd., 253.\\nW. I., Moravian missionaries at,\\n622; purchase treaty rejected, 2711;\\nDanish possessions, sale of, G422.\\npatents boot machine, 9242.\\nUbes, Port., earthquake destroys,\\n11093.\\nVallier, J. B. de la Croix de, bishop\\nQuebec, 5731.\\nVictor, Paul JaequosKaymond Binsse,\\nComte de, b. (1825); works, 7363, 7371;\\nd. (1881).\\nVincent, Braz., burned, 241; battle\\nnear, 9201 Eng. fleet defeated, 6941 Sp.\\nfleet defeated, 7121\\nCape Verde Island, Dom Pedro\\narrives, 557 1.\\nKy., taken, 90 1\\nEarl of. (See Jervis, John.)\\nViscount of, title created, 931 1\\nViscount, ministry, Braz., 5571.\\nde Paul, reformed, 6871 Society\\nfnd., 7263; Soc. suppressed, 7343.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1409.jp2"}, "1410": {"fulltext": "1398\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. St. VI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sand.\\nSt. Vincent s Coll. est., Cal., 2583.\\nSaiping-Kow, mission, 6222.\\nSais, built porticoes erected, 6502 dy-\\nnasty at, 651 1\\nSaisset, Emile Edmond, b.,72H comman-\\nder National Guard, 7452; d., 73G2.\\nSakuran Dyaks, expedition, 552\\nSala, George Augustus, b., 9423.\\nSaladin (Salah-ed din Yusuf Ibn Ayub),\\nb., 6542; sultan, 6552 war -with Crusa-\\nders, 6541 accepts truce, 6552 captures\\nGuy of Lusignan, 6701 near Tiberias\\ncaptures Jerusalem takes Jaffa, 11541\\ndefeated, 8501 overthrows Fatimite dy-\\nnasty, 11553 conquests, 487 2 captures,\\nTyre, 10322 d.,4S63.\\nSalamanca, Sp., battle at, 9361, 11321;\\ntaken, 11261; Univ. of, fnd. Univ. of\\nPalencia removed to, 11271\\nGen., funeral of, 6343.\\nManuel de, governor Chile, 6053.\\nSalamis, Straits of, battle in, 10182, 10261\\n.recovered, 1017 battle of, 1020\\n1026\\nSalassi subjugated, 10603.\\nSalalis reigns, Egypt, 6473.\\nSalazai, Gen., revolutionary leader, 6443.\\nSaldantta, lost, 9342.\\nOliveria e Daun, b.-d., 11102 prime\\nminister, 1111 forms ministry, 11112\\nat Torres Vedras, 1110\\nSaldauka Bay, squadron captured, 597\\nSale, George, b., 9842 w ife released, 42\\nd., 9082.\\nSir Robert Henry, b., 9223; d., 9522.\\nof Food and Drugs Act passes, 981 2\\nSalem, Madras, mission, 10462.\\nPal., first mentioned, 1141 founded,\\n11413.\\nMass., colonists in, 313 election\\nEpiscopal worship, 30 2 bricks mnfd.\\nRoger Williams, teacher, 32 named,\\n323 Est. Church enforced, 342 witch-\\ncraft, 53 military stores defended, 78\\nGen. Gage opposed, 782 Assembly\\nmeets, 79 2 Presbytery dissolved, 1023\\nchemicals mnfd., 118 Female Cent.\\nSoc. org., 1183; Essex Inst. Library fnd.,\\n1642 Oratorio Soc. org., 258 dense fog,\\n308 Renistir suspends. 4302.\\nMo., Confederates defeated, 2003.\\nf N. J. colony at, 47\\n0., Progressive Friends org., 1722.\\nOre., Williamette Univ. fnd., 1583\\nSchool for Deaf Mutes, 2723 Insane\\nAsylum, 317\\nVa., Roanoke College org., 1731\\nSalerno, It., taken San Matteo Cathe-\\ndral built, 10741.\\nUniv. of, Naples, founded, 10751\\nSales, St. Francis de, b. (1567) works,\\n685 ,6871; d. (1622).\\nSalette, Lady of, apparition, 74G 2\\nSalford, Eng., Bp. Vaughan cons., 9742\\nBp. Bilsbarrow cons., 10082.\\nUnity organized, 9471\\nSalgar, Gen. E., president, 6292.\\nSalic Law inst., 6633 abolished, 11312.\\nSalieri, Antonio, b., 10842; a., 10862.\\nSalina, Kan., Wesleyan Univ. org., 3242.\\nSalinator, M. Livius, against Hannibal,\\n10542.\\nSalisbury, Ala., Normal School, colored\\nestablished, 3082.\\nEng., see named, 8463; cathedral be-\\ngun, 8521 Eng. army retreats, 8981 s.\\nPostman, 9043 total eclipse, 9061 ,s.\\nJournal, 9091; Bp. Wordsworth cons.,\\n9922 Beaconsfiehl Club opd., 9972.\\nN. C., Confeds. defeated, 2461; Fed-\\nerals occupy, 2462; silver vein dis., 3461\\nMills, N. Y., soldiers monument, 3841\\nCountess of, beheaded, 869 2\\nEarl of, at Blore Heath, 8621 in\\nEng., 8643.\\nJohn of, b.-d., 8482.\\nMarquis of, title created, 9232.\\nMarq., Robert Arthur Talbot Gas-\\ncoigne-Cecil, b., 9442 minister, 9632,\\n9792,9972; resigns, 9951 ministry find.,\\n9953; at Congress of Berlin, 8311; Beh-\\nring Sea communications, 3803; Bill for\\nLife Peers, 9992 on atrocities in Ar-\\nmenia, 10012 note to Port., 10032 pre-\\nsides, 10121\\nSalivahana rises against Scythians, 10421\\nSalkehatchie, S. C., Confeds. repulsed,\\nSallasapet\\n10483.\\nSalle, Antoine de la, works, 6783.\\nRobt. de la, leaves Montreal, 5722.\\nSallentini defeated, 10522.\\nSallo, Denis de, Journal des Savans, 6903.\\nSallust, Caius Crispus, b.-d., 10563; works\\nof, 10583.\\nagainst Procopius, 10681\\nSalmat/undi papers, 1143.\\nSalman Shah, in Iconium with troops,\\n11553.\\nSalmas, mission at, 11082.\\nSalmasius, Claudius, b., 6842; d., 6902.\\nSahnedi, Le, issued, 5921\\nSalmon City, Ida., stage robbers, 4042.\\nFalls, N. H., destroyed, 501\\nGeorge, b., 9383.\\nSalnave, Sylvestre, president defeats in-\\nsurgents emperor; defeated; flees;\\ncaptured; tried; shot, 10403.\\nSalomon, Edward, gov., Wis., 2173.\\nEd. S., gov., Wash. Ter., 2732.\\nGen. .deposed reelected, 10403.\\nKing, Hung., 5033.\\nibn Gabirol (Avicebron) Fountain\\nof Life, 4862; d. (1070\u00c2\u00b1).\\nSalomons. David, b. (1801) sheriff, 9473\\nlord mayor, 9612 d. (1873).\\nSalon, Le, issued, 8251\\nSalongs, Burma, mission, 10471.\\nSalonica, Aust., occupies seaport, 10053\\nkingdom conferred, 10351 R. R, pd.,\\n5693; mission of, 11563; burned, 11591.\\nSaloons, in N. Y., 3331 destroyed, 3523\\nfarmers boycott, 389 protected by po-\\nlice, 391 in Millville, N. J., 393 nu-\\nmerous in Brooklyn, 4022; iu SiouxFalls,\\nS. Dak., 4122 R. R. employes enjoined,\\n431 brewers licenses, 4522 gambling\\nstopped, 453 Sundav opening census,\\n4563 Satolli against, 406 2.\\nkeepers, Masons expel, 351 Asso.\\nof, excluded, 3583; ineligible, 383 fined,\\nSunday opening, 4062; unabsolved, 466\\nSalotoue hine, M., assassinated, 1121\\nSalpointe, Bp. J. B., made Archbp. Santa\\nF 5, 3182.\\nSalt Creek, Tex., cyclone, 360\\nHenry, explorations, 9322; d., 9423.\\nSir Titus, b., 9323; d. (1876).\\nmnfd. at Syracuse, 98 discovered\\nat Warsaw, 298\\nSalter, William, b., 9323; d. (1875).\\nSaltersford, Baron, title created, 9252.\\nSaltillo.Mex., captured, 1602; mail-pouch\\nmissing, 4343; mission, 1096 2\\nSalton Basin, Cal., water in, 390\\nLake, inflow of water, 3461\\nSaltonstail, Gurdon, gov., Conn., 572.\\nSaltoun, Baron, title created, 8623.\\nSaltus, Edgar Evcrtson, work, 3503.\\nSalt Lake City, fnd., 1622; Brigham Young\\narrives, 1623 Mormons arrive, 1643\\nUniversity of Utah organized, 1683\\nMormons desert, 1843; army in winter\\nquarters, 182 Univ. of Deseret org.,\\n2662; Meth. Epis. Sera, fnd., 2722 Deaf\\nMute Inst, opd., 3191 Industrial Home\\nfor Women est., 3263 Gentiles elected,\\n3432 Mormons elected, 3523,3532; poly-\\ngamy abolished, 3682 gehool election,\\n3862; Irrigation Cong., 3911; Mormon\\nChurch Conf.; temple- completed, 4041\\ntemple dedicated, 4261 unemployed,\\nmake trouble, 4563.\\nwater, freshened, 896 1\\nSaluda explodes, 1713.\\nN. C, E. R. accident, 3253.\\nSaluria, Tex., Federals taken, 1942.\\nSalus, Temple decorated, 10531\\nSalvandv, Comte, Narcisse Achille, b.,\\n7102; d.,7322.\\nSalvation Army fnd. in Eng., 968 2 build-\\ning fnd. in London, 9922; procession dis-\\npersed, 10013 gifts to, 10042, 10062\\nmobbed, 100X3; jubilee at Crystal Pal-\\nace, 10122 prohibited in Bus., 11202\\nin India, 10491 i n Switz., 11382 first\\ncontingent in U. S., 3082 arrested at\\nYonkers, 3502 divided, 3341 arrested,\\n3562; interstate cong. opens, 370 2 Mrs.\\nBooth-Clibborn arrives, 3941 attacked\\nin Wyandotte, Mich., 4162; Continental\\nCong, of Auxiliary League enrollment,\\n4181 census, 4201 building in N. Y.,\\n4681 Gen. Booth welcomed. 4741 in\\nToronto, Can., 5961 favored in Ghent,\\n5461; mob, 5962; forbidden in Ger., 8322;\\nInternational Cong., 9942.\\nSalvator, Charles, d., 5342.\\nSalvator runs at Monmouth Park, 3673.\\nSalverte, Anne Joseph Eusebe Barcon-\\nuiere, b., 7042 d., 7282.\\nSalvi, Giambattista, b. (1605) d., 10831\\nSalvini, Tommaso, b., 10862.\\nSalzburg, bishopric fnd., 5022; Univ. find.*\\n5131 ;ceded,5193; Univ. suppressed, 5203;\\nNapoleon III. visits, 5273 enips. meet,\\n5292; nobles killed, 7882; peasants treaty\\nwith Lange, 7S93; annexed to Bavaria,\\n8093 state interview, 823 ,2.\\nSamadou, King, captures French, 7621\\nSanrana, as naval rendezvous, 2692; ces-\\nsion toU. S., 6432.\\nSamanide dynasty established, 1107 2\\nSamarcand (or Samarkand), Arabs oc-\\ncupy, 5491; subjugated, 11131 occupied\\nby Russians, 11181\\nSamaria, Pal., built, 11433; besieged; de-\\nlivered, 11422 captured, 11442; tribute\\nto Assyr., 11451 temple destroyed,\\n11502 destroyed, 1150 rebuilt, 11512;.\\nannexed to Pal., 11532.\\nSamartians settle Thrace, 1155\\nSamas-sumukin reigns, 11453.\\nSambas, expedition against, 5512.\\nSambhaji reigns, 10451\\nSambre, battle on the, 6621.\\nSamnite wars in Central Italy, 10521,2.\\nSamnites, capture Capua, 10501 defeat\\nRomans in Caudine Forks war with,\\n10521 subdued, 10522 alliance with\\nRomans, 10532 secure peace, 10533.\\nSamnium, It., invaded, 10521.\\nSamoan Islands, vessels wrecked, 336\\nTrenton saved Alert at, 3381 commis-\\nsioners sail conf. in Berlin, 3392; conf.\\ndemand, 3393; treaty signed, 3572; Ger.\\nfleet at, 8321 secret treaty, 8333 Rich-\\nmond at; Adams at, 338 bombarded.\\n1012 chiefs yield to British, 10121\\nSamokov, mission work, 565 3\\nSamos, Gr. temple of Juno, 10142 revolt\\nin, 1020 Saracens possess, 10332; sub-\\ndued, 1062\\nSamothrace taken, 10551\\nSampson, William Tilden, capt. U. S. N.,\\n3341 in navy dept., 4472.\\nSamsi Ramon II., in Assyr., 11441\\nSamson slays Philistines, 11421; in vine-\\nyards of Philistines riddle suicide,\\n11423.\\nSanisu-Iluna reigns, 11393; builds canal\\n11402\\nSamuel, called, 11422 judges Israel at\\nMizpeh, 11421, 11432.\\nSamulcotta, mission, 10471.\\nSamur captured, 7081\\nSana, Arabia, rebels, 4883; capture, 4881\\nSan Albano wrecked at Hog Island, 4033.\\nSanalio, mission, 656 3\\nSan Antonio Abad Univ. founded, 243.\\nTex., diocese est., 2842; St.Leo s\\nColl. opd., 3682; Capt. J. G. Bourke,4183.\\nBernadine, Cal., insane asvl. est. ,3723.\\nParaguay, Ger. settle, 11063.\\nCarlos Coll., Peru, 283; est., 763.\\nSancerre, ceded to crown, 671 3\\nSanchez, shot, 1041\\nSancho I. in Port., 11091 reigns, 11093.\\nII. reigns in Port., 11093.\\nI. reigns in Asturias, 11272.\\nII., the Strong, reigns in Leon-Castile,.\\n11272.\\nIII. (of Navarre) reigns, Castile,11272.\\nIV. defeats Moors at Tarifa, 11261;\\ndocuments of, 11271 reigns in Castile,\\n11273.\\nII., king of Majorca, fnds. Cathedral\\nof Perpignan, 6743\\nIfiigo, fnds. kingdom Navarre, 11272.\\nII.. the Great, of Navarre, reign6,\\nking of Castile, 11272.\\nIII. of Navarre, reigns, 11272.\\nIV., of Navarre, reigns in Aragon,\\n11272.\\nV. (VI.), the Wise, reigns, Navarre,\\n11272.\\nVI. reigns in Navarre, 11272.\\nGarcia I., of Navarre, reigns, 11272.\\nSancroft, William, b., 8801 archbp. Can-\\nterbury, 8942; acquitted, 8963; d.,9002.\\nSancta Clara, Father Abraham, Mirks\\nWien, 7972.\\nSanctis, Francesco de,b., 10862; d. (1S84).\\nSanctuary privileges limited, 8671 abol-\\nished, 9092.\\nSand, George (Armantine Lucile Aurore\\nDupin, Baroness Dudevant), b., 7151", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1410.jp2"}, "1411": {"fulltext": "Sand-Sant.\\nText Figures denote Page. 1IS1 JJJ1-.X.. Superior Figures indicate Cotu\\n1399\\nworks, 7263, 7271 7291 7323, 7351 73C3,\\n7502; d., 7501.\\nSand, M., works, 7602.\\nblast exhibited, 272 1\\nSandby, Paul, b., 9063 d., 9351\\nSand Creek, Indian Camp attacked, 2401\\nSandeau, Leonard Svlvain Jviles, b., 7192;\\nworks, 7263. 72S3, 7291 7303, 7343. 7482;\\nd., 7541\\nSandeman, Maj. Robert, treatv, 5392.\\nSander s Creek, S. C, battle of, 921 ,2.\\nSanders, Wilbur F., b., 1422.\\nWilliam Reid, b. (18:;;}) captured,\\n2151 k. at Campbell s Station, 2281\\nSanderson, John Scott Burdon, b., 9423\\non Pasteur system, 7561\\nb. (1785) d,, 1562.\\nRobert, b. (1585) d., 8902.\\nSandford, C. W., elected bishop, 9742.\\nPeleg, governor R. I., 49*\\nSandhurst, Eng., Military Coll. fnd., 9392\\nmilitary acad. est., 9371 9401 Welling-\\nton Coll. fnd., 961 1 Staff Coll. fnd., 9623.\\nBaron, title created, 975 1\\nSan Diego, Cal., mission, 762; gold district\\ndis., 2681; Jtata seized; escapes, 382i;\\nItatdy arms libeled, 3861 Itata sails,\\n396i; riot, 3882; non-union shop de-\\nstroyed, 4071; Jasper found, 4281; con-\\nspiracy, 4643.\\nBay, Cal., anniversary, 4173.\\nSandilli, Chief, S. Afr., leader, 6001 dead,\\n6002.\\nSand Mountain, Confeds. defeated, 2203.\\nSan Domingo treaty opposed, 2733. (See\\nSanto Domingo.)\\nSandoval, Gregorio de, governor, 6302.\\nSand River Convention signed, 5992.\\nSandrocottus reigns, 10432.\\nSands, Elizabeth, d., 3641\\nCom. James H., promoted capt.,448i\\nRobert C, b., 1082 d., 1402.\\nSandshak, ruled by Aust,, 5293.\\nSands Head, M-Tr kantman wrecked, 9953.\\nSand-storm, Okla., 4741\\nSandusky, O., natural gas found, 3442.\\nSandwich Islands. (See Hawaii.)\\nEarl of, title created, 891 1 (See\\nMontagu.)\\nSandy Hook, N. J., lighthouse, 753 Gen.\\nHowe at, 822; quarantine station, 4151 3\\nFr. gun-powder tested, 3881\\nSandys, Baron, title created, 9311\\nGreorge, b., 8742; Quid, 302 Travels,\\n8803; d., 8843.\\nSan Elizario, Tex., Mexicans attack, 296*\\nSanetomo reigns, 10912.\\nSan Felice, action at, 11321\\nFernando fort, Costa Rica, built, 6302.\\nCal., Maelay College fnd., 3203.\\nSan ford, Ky., action at, 2142.\\nNathan, b. (1779) electoral vote,\\n1332 d. (1838).\\nRhoda, police protection, 4683.\\nSan Francisco sails, 1733.\\nlaunched, 3461 accepted, 3781\\nat Rio de Janeiro, 4461.\\nSan Francisco, Cal., bay dis., 761 fire,\\n1673,1693,3713; Cal. Christian Advocate,\\n1691 branch mint opd. at, 1713 R. C.\\narchdiocese; Presb. Chinese ch., 1723\\nJohn Mitchell arrives murders and\\nlynching, 1732; Mercantile Library Asso.\\nfnd., 1731 ,2H:;2 telegraph liue,1733;Meigs\\nforgeries dis., 1763 Vigilance Commit-\\ntee checks disturbances, 1791 commit-\\ntee disbands insurrection, 1803; St. Ig-\\nnatius Coll. org., 1843 overland mail\\narrives, 1853 Japanese embassy ree d,\\n1872; Baker s speech, 1883; Union Club\\norg., 2412 earthquake, 2481 3, 3741\\nMountain View Cemetery est., 2513; paid\\nfire dept. est.,255 3 Chinese embassy ar-\\nrives, 2611,3; Overland Monthly Mag.\\nissued, 2623 collision on Pacific R. R.;\\nSouthern R. R. est., 2693; Blossom Rock\\nexploded, 271 3 Theological Sem. org.,\\n2763; Asso. Christian Chinese org., 2762;\\nPalace Hotel completed, 2913; St.\\nMary s Coll. org., 27S2 Bank of Cal.\\nsuspends, 2393; centennial of Sp. Mis-\\nsion eel., 2922; anti-Chinese riots; Vigi-\\nlance Committee reorganized, 297 i\\nWorkingmen s party org., 2972 j Free\\nPublic Library fnd., 3023 political\\ndisorders abound Mayor Kallock shot,\\n3031 squatters ejected from Sand Lots,\\n3073 gale, 3222; train to Jersey City\\npanic on Exchange, 325 3 Cogswell\\nColl. opd., 3322; Lieut. Ripley hurt, 3381\\nGreek ch. burned, 3403 plague of\\ncrickets, 3441 appeal to Cong., 3602\\nKing Kalakau;i la nd 3723, funeral ,3773;\\nInternational Soc. Colonization Russian\\nJews joss-houses destroyed, 3762\\nElizabeth wrecked, 3793; first block tin,\\n3853; free kindergarten fnd., 3863; Mnfs.\\nAsso. org., 3903; cargo of slaves, 3911\\nSarah A. Terry disappears highbinders\\nfeud, 4003 Korashan Messiah, 4021;\\nlargest, gold-brick, 4073 Mountebanks\\nfirst sung, 4101 gold shipment, 4133,4393;\\nsheriff refuses hanging, 4143; smuggling,\\n4182, 4483 j stage robbery, 4182 China-\\nman shot, 4183 Mackay shot, 4242\\nNawab of Rampur in, 4311 bank pecu-\\nlations, 4343; Fair Bill passes, 4371;\\nUnion Sailors outrages, 43S3 news-\\npaper men indicted, 4451 j Drake Me-\\nmorial, 4481 Midwinter Fair opd., 4513;\\nSomali arrives, 4553 Liberty Tree\\nplanted, 4573; W. B. Melville convicted,\\n46S2.\\nSan Francisco, Chile, battle at, 6062.\\nPeru, action at, 11081\\nGabriel, Cal., action at, 1621\\nSangallo, Giuliano da, b.-d., 10783.\\nS:mg;t.iu iti, Italians defeated at, 22.\\nSanger, A. L., d., 4481\\nSangster, Margaret E., edits Harper s Ba-\\nzar, 3383.\\nSangli, Bombay mission, 10471\\nSanhedrim, instituted, 11403 j first men-\\ntion, 11482.\\nSanitarium Bill in Congress, 405 2\\nSanitary Act, G. B., 9692.\\nAssurance Asso. formed, 9871\\nCommission, inception of, 1923, 1941\\nappointed, 1971 Auxiliary Soc, Lond.,\\n2312 Auxiliary Relief Corps org., 2333.\\nN. W. branch, 2172; Pittsburg\\nBranch, 2292 Auxiliary Society, 2312,\\n2333, European branch of. org., 2292 fair\\nin N. Y., 2312; fair in Phila., 2352; in\\nChicago, 2472.\\nConference. Paris, 7661\\nCongress, Intermit., 3071 9873.\\nInstitute of G. B., 9802.\\nLaws Amendment Act passes, 9793.\\nPolice Co., 2111 inspectors in army,\\n2073.\\nSan Jacinto arrives overhauls Trent\\nat Boston, 2003 Alabama eludes, 2161\\nMexicans defeated, 1461\\nJose\\\\ Cal,, observatory erected, 3221\\ncapital, 4271 earthquake, 4501\\nde Cueuta, Colombia, earthquake,\\n6282; capital Costa Rica, 6303.\\nJuan, Arg., insurrection, 4912 R. R.\\ntracks demolished, 4933 question of,\\n5572; boundary dispute, 1S73, 5833.\\nIslands defended; boundary dis-\\npute, 185 2 1873 boundary commission\\nmeets, 2732 dispute arbitrated, 2792,\\n8292.\\nde Nicaragua, bombarded, 1741\\ndel Norte seized, 11031\\nN. Hex., fossils found. 4061\\nW. I., treaty for sale, 2592.\\nSankara Acharya, est. Sivaite sect, 10431\\nSankcy, Ira David, b., 1522; in Phila. ,2XS2\\nin London, 9882,0922 in G. B., 9782\\nGospel Hipnn Hon!: issued, 3431\\nWilliam, d., 100S2.\\nSan-ko-lin-sin captures by treachery; re-\\ntreats, 6201 killed, 6202.\\nSanlique, J., musical notes, 6822.\\nSan Lorenzo Castle, Colombia, attacked,\\n6281.\\nSpain, treaty of, 107*\\nLuca, It., academy replaced, 10883.\\nLucardeBarraine da,Sp., strike, 11331.\\nLuis Potosi, Mex., occupied, 10961;\\nmission, 10062; capital, 10963.\\nMarcos Univ., Peru, est., 223.\\nMarino republic fnd. ,10712; independ-\\nence destroyed, 10813 subject to pope,\\n10S5 2 confirmed to pope, 1087 2 enters\\nconvention, 10893.\\nMartin captures vessel, 6061\\nGen. Jose de, b. (1778) at\\nChanch Rayada, 6061 in Peru, 11081\\nproclaims independence, 1108 2 d. (1S50).\\nMateo Mt., cliff-dwellers dis., 3341\\nMiguel, Va.. settlement begins, 193,\\ndel Mezquital, Mex., mission,\\n10962.\\nMining Co., incorporated, 3773.\\nSannazaro, Jacopo, b., 10783; d., 10803.\\nSanons, Christianized, 7702.\\nSan Paulo, Braz., hardy men, 411\\nPedro, battle at, 10961\\nDiego de, Carcel de Amor, 11271\\nRamon, Miguel, b. (1802) president\\nPeru, 11082 d. (1863).\\nSalvador, Columbus at, 13 3 con-\\nquered, 182 Thome de Sousa at, 5533\\ncolony est., 251 at war, 10381, 104H;\\ncaptured, 10381 conquered, 11001 (See\\ntext, Salvador, p. 1123.)\\nSansculottes, Republican leaders named,\\n7071.\\nSebastian, Colombia, founded, 173.\\nSp., taken, 6981, 7201 Carlists\\ndefeated, 11301\\nSisto cathedral founded, 10743.\\nSanskrit College founded, 10442.\\nSanson, Nicolas, b., 6862 d., 6S03.\\nSansovino, Jacopo Tatti, b. (1479); d. ,10811\\nSans Pared launched, 9961\\nSan Stefano, peace of, 566 3\\nSant, James, b., 9402.\\nSantana, Pedro, leader, 643i pres. Domin-\\nican Republic, (I4.;2; against Pres.Baez,\\n6433; defeats Haitians, 10402.\\nSanta Anna, Antonio Lopez de, b.-d.,\\n10952 proclaims Vera Cruz Republic,\\n10953; deposes Guerrero; overthrows\\nBustamente dictator of Mexico pres.;\\ndeposed and exiled reinstated abdi-\\ncates, 10962 returns from exile dis-\\nmissed by Fr. supported by faction,\\n10963; defeated, 1401 in Mex. war, 1621\\nBarbara, Cal., Charleston arrives,338i\\nCasa, at Dalmatia at Loreto, 1076 3\\nCatalina, Cal., discovered, 142.\\nCatherina Is. surrenders, 5582; revo-\\nlution, 5593, 5602.\\nClara, Cal., Coll. org., 1702; R. R. Co.\\nest., 2613; Home opd., 3231; mission,\\n6341 Insane Asylum, 3291\\nCruz, Andres, b. (1794\u00c2\u00b1) pres. of Bo-\\nlivia; restores order, 550 3 entersPeru,\\n5501; d.,5502.\\ntreaty for sale, 259 2\\nCanary Island, attacked, 92S1\\nFe\\\\ Arg., fnd., 4892; Cong.,4911; gov.\\nsurrenders, 4921 revolution, 4923.\\nSp., agreement with Columbus,\\n121.\\nN. Mex,, captured, 160 1 R. C.\\narchdiocese, 1082 proslavery force at,\\n1811; evacuated, 2063; R. C. archbishop-\\nric, 2882 Univ. opd. at, 3082 state\\nschool est., 3191 School for Deaf Mutes,\\n3231 councilmen attacked, 3762 fire,\\n4073; r.k. accident, 3833; train robbery,\\n4082, 4711 strike off, 4283 work re-\\nsumed, 4711\\nMaria, Azores. Columbus arrives, 142.\\ndel Darien, Braz., settlement at,\\n173.\\nPanama, taken, 481\\nSanta Maria leaves Havana, 0343; wrecked\\n142 sails, 131 11331\\nMonica, Cal., hotel burned, 3353.\\nSantander, mission, 11323 steamer ex-\\nplodes, 11331\\nFrancisco de Paula, b.-d., 62S2; pres.\\nColombia, 6283.\\nSantarem, R. R. to Lisbon, 11113; besieged,\\n11261\\nSanta Rosa, Cal., Habeas Corpus sus-\\npended, 1952; Pacific College org., 1983;\\nearthquake, 3521\\nIsland, Fla., action at, 2001\\nVittoria, battle of, 6941\\nSantas, J. Maximo, pres. Uruguay, 11603.\\nSantayuna, Paraguayans defeated, 556 2\\nSan tee Agency, Neb mission, 3142.\\nIndians granted land, Neb., 3231\\nSwamp, S. C, train derailed, 3233.\\nSanteul, Jean de, b., 6882; d., 6943.\\nSantiago, Chile, fnd., 6052 San Felipe\\nUniv. est., 6053 battle at, 606i earth-\\nquake, 6063; advance on, 608 1 sham\\nbattle taken, 6083, 6092 mob forts\\nstrengthened, 60S 3 Balmaceda s sui-\\ncide, 6092 fire Egan s house guarded,\\n6093.\\nde Compostela taken, 11261\\nde Cuba, fnd., 6313; capital, 173;\\nburned, 6301 earthquake, 6322, 6341 re-\\nbellion, 633 2 immigration meeting, 6333.\\nDominican Republic, Haitians de-\\nfeated at, 6431.\\nGuatemala, earthquake, 10383.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1411.jp2"}, "1412": {"fulltext": "1400\\nText Figures denote Page. INl-)Ji,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nSant-Saxe.\\nSantiago, Order of, fnd., Sp., 112G3.\\nSp., Campania Church b\\nbesieged, 11322.\\nTex., occupied, 216i\\nSantipur mission, Ind., 10481\\nSanto, patriarch of Venice, 5342.\\nSantob, Jew, Proverbes Morales, 11271.\\nSanto Domingo, W. I., fnd., 153; fort con-\\nstructed, 141 2 sacked, 241 occupied,\\n432; insurrection, 4tJ2; treaty opposed,\\n2733. (See Haiti, p. 1040 and Dominican\\nRepublic, p. 643.)\\nSantos, Braz., blockaded, 5581 boycotting\\nleague, 5583.\\nSan Vincente, Brazil, founded, 212.\\nSanvolle, Le Moyne, d., 541\\nSao Amaro, Braz., settlement, 5532.\\nSaone River overflows, 7282.\\nSaood reigns k.,4873, 4SS3.\\nSao Paulo, Braz., coll. est., 5522; hardy\\nrace, 5543 Am. school, 5562 mission,\\n5563 governor resigns, 5592 martial\\nlaw, 5602.\\nSalvador, Kongo, missions, 10941.\\nVicente, Bolivia, burned, 552 1.\\nPiratininga, Braz., fnd., 5532.\\nSaphir, Moritz, b., 8063.\\nSapor I., defeats Rmnans, 10661 conquests\\nof, 10661 H072; enters It., 11001 reigns,\\n11071 cruelty, 11073; assassinated, H062.\\nII., reign s, 11072 contends with\\nRome, 10681, noiji proscribes Christian\\nreligion, 11063; war with Julian, 10681.\\nIII., reigns, 11072.\\nSappers and miners originated, G. B.,\\n9361.\\nSappho, b., 10162 invents Sapphic verse,\\n10143; Poems, 10163.\\nwins race, 2713. 2753, 9733.\\nasteroid, discovered, 9662.\\nSapulpa, Jim, commands scouts, 4683.\\nSaracens in N. Af., 81, 91 in Pyrenees,\\n485 2 in Egy,, 654 1 annexed by Turks,\\n6542; invade Gaul, 0641 defeated, 7701\\n7741 subdued in Sicily, 7782 wa r with\\nGr., 10301 2, 10331 10321 occupy Crete\\npossess Samos, 10332 expelled from\\nCrete, 10321; success in East, 10641;\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0war with It.; conquer Sicily, 10721 con-\\nquer Sardinia, 10732 j n Port., 11091 i n\\nSp., 11251,3; against Christians; pun-\\nished, 11261; in Carthage, 11392; over-\\nrun by Moors, 11272.\\nSaragossa, Sp., fnd., 11252; taken, 7162,\\n11261, nasi, ii28i; church council at,\\n10683 Philip V. defeated, 6962 insur-\\nrection, 11301 mission, 11323.\\nSarah, loss reported, 3353.\\nSarajevo taken, 5081\\nSaraloff, cholera riots, 11223.\\nSaratoga, X. V., attacked, 661 battle of,\\n872.\\nSarauw sentenced for treason, 831\\nSarawak, Borneo, Eng. settle; rebels, 5521\\nRajah of expedition, 552 2 Chinese\\nconspiracy; mission, 5523 annexed to\\nG. B., 9993.\\nSardanapalus conquers Phenicia, 11441;\\nin Egy., 6512.\\nII., reigns, 11453.\\nSardica, Council of, Brit. bps. at, 840 2\\nSardina, Sefior, ransom for, 6342.\\nSardinia, subjugated, 10532; Rum .province,\\n10533 surrenders, 10613; taken by Van-\\ndals, 10712; It. annexed, 10313; Sara-\\ncens conquer, 10732 Genoese conquer,\\n10733, 10752 held by Pisa, 10753, by Ara-\\ngon, 10773, by Fr. and Sp., 10781, by\\nEng., 10821 ceded to Aust., 10833 seized,\\n7993 a kingdom, 10833 peace of, 5152\\nacquires territory, 10852; insurrection\\nin new code promulgated, 10872 j up-\\nrising subdued; at war with Aust., 520i\\nJesuits expelled, 10863 ecclesiastical\\njurisdictions abolished against con-\\nvents, 10873; Austrians enter, 5241 press\\nassails Aust.; ultimatum to Aust. severs\\nfrom Aust. war against disarmament,\\n5252 Pope s appeal against new con-\\nstitution, 10891.\\nSardinians, rule in It., 10732; enter Milan,\\n5213.\\nSardis besieged taken, 11442 burned,\\n10173 ,11442 ,i 147 1 action near, 1022 1 sur-\\nrenders, 10242; council of, 10683; moon s\\neclipse, 11462 Tamerlane destroyed,\\n11542.\\nSardou, Victorien, b., 7261; works, 735\\n7462,7522,7562,7581.\\nSargasso Sea, Columbus enters, 13*\\n11312 Sargent, Chas. Sprague,b., 1522; Silvseof\\n2sbrth America, 396=\\nDudley A., athletics in Harvard,\\n4761.\\nEpes, b., 1183; d., 3042.\\nJohn, missionary, 622, 3; d., 662.\\ndelegate, 1352.\\nSinger, b. (1856); EUaleo, 752*\\nLucius Manlius, b., 981 d., 2561\\nWinthrop, gov. Miss., 1093.\\nprize won, Mass., 3602.\\nSargon, reigns, 11393 builder fighter,\\n11391.\\nreigns in Assyr. embassy to Heze-\\nkiah, 1145 2 subjugates Carchemish,\\n11432 defeated captures Samaria,\\n11442 conqueror, 483 2\\nSarmatian slaves revolt, 10691\\nSarmiento, Domingo Faustino, b., 4893\\npres. Argentina, 4912; d. (1888).\\nSaronic Gulf, action in, 10183.\\nSarpi, Paolo, b., 10803; d., 10823.\\nSarras, Egy., occupied, 6603.\\nSarrasin, Jean Francis, b. (1603) Con-\\nspiration de Waldstein, 6931 d. (1654).\\nSarrien, Chas., minister, 7651.\\nJean L. F., minister, 7552, a, 7571,\\n7651.\\nSars, Michel, b.-d., 11041\\nSarsfield, Patrick, siege of Limerick, 8981\\nd.,9002.\\nSartin, John, b., 1142.\\nSarto, Andrea del, b., 10783 Holy Family,\\n10801; d., 10803.\\nSartorius, Sir George Rose, d., 9941.\\nCount, defeats Don Miguel, 11101\\nSartwell, Henry Parker, b., 1022; d.,2582.\\nSasbach, Baden, battle at, 7962.\\nSaskatchewan, Can., Riel insurrection,\\n5852 see erected, 9782 Bp. Pinkham\\ncons., 9962.\\nSassacus defeats Albemarle, 2322.\\nSassi nides, dynasty of, 11071 last of,\\n11072.\\nSatanita wins race, 4693.\\nSatara, fort of, conquered, 10441; under\\nBrit, rule, 10473.\\nSatolli, Arehbp., arrives, 3463; apostolic\\ndelegate Wigger-ICilleen controversy,\\n4221 policy confirmed, 4302 English in\\nCatholic cathedrals, 4581 sustains Bp.\\nWatterson, 4001; against liquor-traffic,\\n4661, 2.\\nSatory, Fr., military camp est., 7321\\nSatricum, Latin colony at, 1051 3\\nSatsuma clans, rebellion of, 10932.\\nSatterly, A. W., nom. for v.-pres., 4093.\\nSaturday Maqazine Am., appears, 1311\\nissued, G. B., 9463.\\nSaturn, satellites dis., 6922, 954 1 inner\\nring dis,, 9561\\nSaturninus, L. Apuleius, leader, in Rome,\\n10573.\\nSaturnus worshiped, 10503.\\nSafyra da t v/ice e inftlice Vida appears,\\n11091.\\nSatyrus, reigns, 11473.\\nSaucourt, Northmen defeated at, 6661.\\nSauer, Andrew, embezzler, 4531\\nSauk Rapids, Minn., tornado at, 3222,\\nSaul, 1st K. Israel, 11432; delf\\nGilead, 11421 est. standing army, 11421\\nagainst Amalekites at Mt. Gilboa,\\n11421; rejected as king; burnt ottering,\\n11422; consults witch, 11431 search for\\nDavid, 11432.\\nD., Poems, 8362.\\nSaulcy, Louis Felicien Jos. Caignart de,\\nb., 7162; d., 7522.\\nSaulsbury, Eli, b., 1262 nom. for pres.,\\n2792; d., 4261.\\nGrove, gov., Del., 2511\\nWillard, b., 4021 d., 4041\\nSault Ste. Marie fnd., 433 chapel built,\\n443.\\nSaumara built, 4871\\nSaumarez, Baron de, title created, 945 1\\nSaunders, Alvan, gov. Neb., 2032.\\nE. of, lord admiralty, 9133.\\nSir Edmund, chief justice minister,\\n8972; d. (1683).\\nSir Edward, chief justice, 8732.\\nGeorge N., capture, 2473.\\nSir James, b. (1757) defeats Sp. fleet,\\n9301; d. (1836).\\nSaunderson, Nicholas, b. (1682) d., 9103.\\nSauppe, Hermann, b., S08 3\\nSaurin, Jacques, b., 6923; d., 6983.\\nSam-ma, Baron, ambassador, 4371\\nSaussaye, De, explorer, 5713.\\nSaussier, Gen., election vote, 7571\\nSaussure, Horace Ben6dicte de, b.-d.,\\n11372.\\nSautre, Wm., burned, 8602.\\nSaux, Sophie de, b., 7243.\\nSavage Station, Va., battle at, 2092.\\n.JamesW., director U. P. R.R.Co.,3512.\\nJohn, b., 1362; d. (1888).\\nconspirator, 8753.\\nMinot Judson, b., 1522.\\nRichard, b., 9002; d., 9103.\\nClub formed, 9623.\\nSavannah taken, 1961 prisoners, 197 3\\nwrecked passengers arrive, 4373.\\nSavannah, Ga., settled; streets laid out,\\n632; Moravians at, 633 Jews org., 622\\nChurch of Eng. org., 711 Georgia Ga-\\nzette, 731; attacked, 901, 91 1 siege of,\\n903 captured, 90i Brit, evacuate, 943;\\nfire, 1073,3393, 4513; storm, 1121 yellow\\nfever, 1273, 1293; burned, 1293; freshet\\nin river, 1501; bread riot, 2333; Sher-\\nman at, 2402, 3 Sherman leaves, 2421\\nanniversary of settlement, 3133 cy-\\nclones, 3201 Robt. Williuk, k., 3802\\ntrain robbers, 3911; wharf laborers\\nstrike, 3923 David Porter k., 4002; City\\nof Birmiiii/1/nm arrives, 4373 longshore-\\nmen s battle, 4703; fire in steamers, 475 3\\nM. E. Conference fmd., 2903.\\nTenn. River expedition lands, 2043.\\nSavary, Gen. Anne Jean Marie Rene\\\\\\nb. (J774), in Algeria, 82; d. (1883).\\nJacques, b., 6863; d., 6942.\\nNicolas, b., 701 1 d., 7062.\\nSavatopulk in Moravia, 5031 d., 5022.\\nSavery, Capt. Thomas, inventions, 9001\\natmospheric engine, 9041 d. (1715).\\nSavigny, Gen. Karl Friedrieh von, b.,\\n8042 Possession, 8083; d., 8202.\\nSavile, Baron, title created, 9963.\\nGeo.,Marq. of Halifax, b.,8822; min-\\nister, 8972; pres. gov t, 8991 d. (1695).\\nSir Henry, b., 8701; works, 8751,\\n8771; d., 8802.\\nSavings Banks. fSee also Banks.)\\nG. B-, Pari, controls, 9391 post-\\nage stamps, 987 2\\nBill passes, Fr., 7652.\\nInvestment Acts, 9692, 9732.\\nSavoie, Marie Josephine Louise de, mar-\\nries Louis XVIII. 7053.\\nSavolax, annexed to Sweden, 11352.\\nSavoldo, Girolamo, paints Holy Family,\\n10801\\nSavona, It., captured, 10841.\\nSavonarola, Girolamo, b., 10783 leader\\nreformation, 10791; writings, 1079 2\\nrules Florence, 10793; d., 10791.\\nSavory, Joseph, elected lord mayor, 10052.\\nSavoy, Fr. annexed, 7092; ceded to Fr.,\\n713 2 treaty for annexing, 735 2 erected\\n1 a duchy, 10792; Royal Acad, est., 10822;\\nwar with Genoa, 10821; occupied, 10841.\\nDuke of. (See Eugene, Prince.)\\nConferences, fruitless, 8902.\\nconfession approved, 463.\\nSave, circular, introduced, 9242.\\nfly, wheat pest, appears, 3581\\nSawmills, Augsburg, Breslau, Silesia,\\n7822; erected, G. 15., S901 9181 11053; in\\nGer., 7681 wind, invented, 8821\\nSawtelle, Charles G.,com. col., 4701.\\nSawyer, Charles H., gov. N. H., 3293.\\nPhiletus, b., 1242.\\nWm. E., incandescent lamp, 298*\\nKingston, b., 9423; d. (1876).\\nSax, Antoine Joseph (Adolph Sax), b.\\n(1814); d., 7661\\nSaxa Rubra, It., action at, 1066 2\\nSaxe-Altenberg in N. Ger. Confederation,\\n8252.\\nCoburg-Gotha, Ger., fnd., 7973; John\\nErnest, 7902 his sons rule as dukes,\\n8012; Ernest Fred. I., D., 8033; Francis\\nFred. Anthony, H.,8073; Ernest III., D.,\\n8092 in Germanic Confed., 8113 de-\\nposed exchanges territory Ernest I.,\\nD., 8133 reforms est., 8171 in N. Ger.\\nConfederation, 8252 D. of Edinburgh\\nreigns, 8371\\n.Hermann Maurice, Count of, b., 6943;\\ntakes Brussels, 542i at Fontenoy mar-\\nshal-gen. of Fr. in Holl. takes Namur,\\n7001 conquests, 11002; d., 8022.\\nHildburghausen, Prince of, at Ross-\\nbach, 7021.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1412.jp2"}, "1413": {"fulltext": "Saxe-Schi.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1401\\nSaxe, John Godfrey, b., 1242; works, 1643;\\n1863,2551, 2903; d.,3261.\\nMeiningen, Ger., fnd., 7973; annexa-\\ntions, 8133 joins Ger. Confederation,\\n8252.\\n-Teschen, D. of. (See Albert Kasi-\\nWeimar, Ger., fnd., Eisenach an-\\nnexed, 7972; divided, 7973 reunited,\\n8012 center of learning, 8033 Charles\\nAlbert, D., 8033 becomes duchy, 8092\\naccessions of territory; a grand duchy,\\n811 2 in Confederation new constitu-\\ntion, 8113 Charles Fred., G. D., 8152\\nCharles Alex., G. 1)., 8193; Liberal party\\nactive, 8212 in N. Ger. Confederation,\\n8252; Pr. William bankrupt, 8343.\\nGustave, Pr. of, d., 5342.\\nEisenach, Duke, b. (1604): d.,\\n8361.\\ntheater, Ger., 7822, 8052.\\n-Sax ton, Joseph, b., 1082 magneto-electric\\nmachine, 946 1 d., 2821\\nRufus, b. (1824); enlists negroes, 2121\\nat Charleston, 247 i\\nSaxo Grammaticus, b.-d.,635i; mentions\\nskating, 6353; translation of, 637 1\\nSaxon Clironirle appears, 7803.\\nHeptarchy, 8432, 3452 dynasty falls,\\n8461 supremacy restored, 847 2\\nEnglish language intro., 8483.\\nSaxons, country of, 7691; aid Carausius,\\n7692 invade Brit., 8412 invade Rom.\\nempire, 10712 enter Kent, 8401 do-\\nmestic, 8411; revive idolatry, 8403 i n\\nEng.,7712; inNeth., 10973; independent,\\n7712; war vote, 7713; subjugated, 7701,\\n7771 repudiate Christian faith, 6643\\nconveyance law of land, 8451 revolt,\\n775 3 army surrenders, 5142 defeated\\nby Henry III., 7742 j Maurice besieges\\nMagdeburg; defeats Imperialists, 7921\\nconcessions to Protestants revoked\\nJesuits in favor, 7923; Augustus, elector,\\n7932; Christian I., elector Christian II.,\\nJohn Geo. I., 7983 Altenburg inde-\\npendent Prot. union meets, 7933 suffers\\nin 30 yrs war Leipsic taken Magde-\\nburg blockaded, 7941 7951 Tilly takes\\nMadgeburg Gustavus wins at Leipsic\\ninvades Bohemia Wallenstein invades\\nGustavus wins at Liitzen, 7942 B. of\\nMagdeburg, 796 1; John Geo. II.; John\\nGeo. III., electors, 7973 B. of Olsnitz,\\nof Brandiez; 2d B. Leipsic; Pietists rise,\\n7983; League of Augsburg John George\\nIV., elector; Fred. Augustus L, elector\\nelectors are kings of Poland alliance\\nwith Den. and Bus., 7993 j invaded by\\nFred. II., 8001 Moravians commence\\nHerrnhut, 8003; war of the Polish suc-\\ncession Fred. Augustus II., elector,\\n5012 ally of Aust. indemnity to Prus.,\\n8013; 3d Silesian war Fred. II. invades\\nFr. allies in; Aust. overruns, 8021 Peace\\nof Hubertsburg Fred. Augustus III.,\\nelector, 9033; ally of Prus., 8052, 819 1\\nFred. II. opposes emp. League of Ger.\\nPrinces find. Fred. William II. reigns;\\nCong, of Reiekenbaeh meets, 8053 in\\ncoalition, 9332; Fr. takes territory, 7161\\nwithdraws from alliance, 8092, 3; peace\\nwith Napoleon, 7172 loses Magdeburg\\nAust. holds Dresden, 8093 Napoleonic\\nwars battles, 8101 Univ. Wittenberg\\njoined, to Halle king flees, Fr. enter,\\n8111; leaves Confed. Rhine, 8112; Prus.\\ngains part in Germanic Confederation,\\n8113; Univ. of Urfurt suspends, 8131;\\nGer. Union of Nat. Philosophers org.\\n8132; railway, Leipsic to Dresden, 814 1\\nAnthony Clement k. revolution Fred.\\nAugustus II., regent; king, 1831; new con-\\nstitution Zollverein est., 8152, riots, 817 1\\ninsurrection, 8181 in alliance, 3 kings\\nfavors revision Union Pari, est., 819 1\\nJohn, king, 8211 invades Holstein\\nPrus. invades, 8221 8241 ally of Aust.,\\n8221 capital punishment abo|ished,825i\\ntreaty with Prus., 8252 Albert, king,\\n8292; women in Univ., 8322; shoe dealers\\nstrike, 8343.\\nSaxony, Ger., Arminius revolts, 7681\\nLaws of Ina; bishoprics est., 7703 Sax-\\nonssettlein Eng.,7712; rebellion against\\nCharlemagne Franks subjugate re-\\nvolt, 7713; Magyars made, 772i monas-\\ntery of Magdeburg est., 7723; duchy est.;\\nMagdeburg fnd., 7732; s. Dynasty rules\\nGer.; North Mark est., 7733 House of\\nBilling rules, 7733 Magdeburg arch-\\nbishopricfnd.,7742; Henry IV. invades\\nrevolters defeated Wends defeated\\nimperialists defeated, 7761 subdued by\\nHenry, 7771; given to Albert, 7772;\\nHenry the Lion D. Guelfs vs. Ghibel-\\nlines Albert the Bear abdicates\\ngiven to Henry the Lion, 7773; Bernard,\\nD. Anhalt and Wittenberg annexed\\nHenry overthrown; electoral divided,\\n7791 Hohenstaufens vs. Welfs, 7793\\nDresden fnd., 7812; divided into duchies,\\n7812; Adolf devastates, 7821; Meissen\\nCathedral fnd. ,7*22; Altenburg annexed,\\n7S32; Wittenberg favored; Kudolph II.,\\nfirst elector, 7833; Univ. of Erfurt est.,\\nUniv. of Leipsic, 7851; given to Fred.\\nThuringia separated reunited, 7853\\nrifled gun inv., 7862 Univ. of Witten-\\nberg fnd. Martin Luther in Univ., 7871\\nLeipsic fairs important divided Dres-\\nden, capital Fred. ILL, D. of part Fred.\\nIII., D., 7872 George elector, 7873\\nencaustic painting lace-making Luth-\\ner s Beformation, 7882, 3 Anabaptists\\nappear; Protestant alliance, 7891; Ar-\\nticles of Muhlhausen John, elector,\\n7893; Protestants under ban, 7911 elec-\\ntor presents a Protest elector chief of\\nLeague of Schmalcald John Fred., D.,\\n7912 Henry, elector Maurice, elec-\\ntor Protestants under ban Altenburg\\nadded; Duke Maurice, elector; Dresden,\\ncapital, 7913.\\nSaxony, peace of, 5132, 800i 8252.\\nSay, Horace Emile, b., 7102; d., 7342.\\nJean Baptiste, b. (1767) Political\\nEconomy, 7152; d., 7262.\\nLeon, b. (1826); minister,\\n7473,7493,7511,2,3, 7532; Academician,\\n7521 pres. senate, 753 1\\nLord Treas., executed; 862*\\nThomas, b., 982; d., 1422.\\nSaybrooke, Conn., fort built Indians\\nravage, 341 Dutch expelled, 352; pur-\\nchased, 373; Puritans at, 47i; British\\nsurprise, 1221 wreck, 4773.\\nPlatform formed, 563.\\nSayce, Archibald H.,b.,9522; works, 9963.\\nSaye, Baron, title created, 8772.\\n(or Say) and Sele, Viscount (Wm.\\nFiennes, b. 1582); minister, 8912; d.\\n(1662).\\nSayers, Joseph D., b., 1522.\\nThomas, prize fighter, 9643.\\nSayids, House of, reigns, 1043 3 over-\\nthrown, 10452.\\nSayings of Alfred, author unknown, 8523.\\nSayle, Wm., in S. C, 451\\nSayre, Pa., murder in, 4511\\nDavid Austen, b. (1793); d., 2702.\\nSayreville, N.J. .Clemens Warner stabbed,\\n4743.\\nSayward, unlawful sealing, 3772.\\nSayyid (or Sayid), takes Medina, 4861;\\nreigns, 4873,\\nAli, Sultan, 5632.\\nAseer, deposed, 4883.\\nBarghash-b in-Said, decree, 5613 d.,\\n5623.\\nKhalifa-Said, Sultan, 5623.\\nKhiz Khan reigns, 10433.\\nof Muscat, d., 5613.\\nThuwainy obtains Oman, 4882, Zan-\\nzibar, 4883.\\nToorkee captures Muscat, 4883.\\nSazava, monastery of, fnd., 5023.\\nSealawags, nicknamed, 277 2\\nScales, Alfred Moore, b. (1827); gov., 3233.\\nScaliger, Joseph J., b., 6803; works, 6851,\\n6871; d.,6862.\\nJulius Caisar, b., 10783; works, 10812;\\nd., 10803.\\nScammon, Rachel, in N. H., 583.\\nScanderberg, Rev. (Alexander), or Geo.\\nCastriota, b.-d., 11562; defeated, 11561\\nScandia, cholera, 4153.\\nScandinavian Soc. advances confedera-\\ntion, 11363.\\nScandinavians in Greenland, 1038 2\\nScanlan, Lawrence, cons, vicar apostolic,\\n3262.\\nWilliam J., d., 1781\\nScanlen and Molteno ministry fmd., 6031\\nScannell, Richard, cons. E. C. bp., 3282.\\nScapula, John, b., 7902.\\nScarborough, E. of, title created, 8991\\nJohn, b. (1831); cons. P. E. bp., 2862.\\nScariff, eviction riots, 9871.\\nScarlatti, Alessandro, b., 10831 works of,\\n10822; d., 10841.\\nScarpa, Antonio, b., 10842; d., 10862.\\nScarphea, action at, 10281\\nScarron, Paul, b., G862; works, 6891 6903;\\nd., 6902.\\nScarrytown, W. Va., Federals captured,\\n1963.\\nScarsdale, Baron, title created, 9152.\\nScaurus, Marius Amilius, invades Tau-\\nrisci, 502 1 Roman prefect, 1151 2 builds\\nmarble theater, 1150 1,2; victories in\\nSyria, 11511.\\nSceaux, Prus., attacked, 7403.\\nSceptre takes Dutch E. Indiaman, 9261;\\nwrecked, 9282.\\nSchack, Ct. Adolf Friedrich von, b. (1815)\\nMoors in Spain, 8342.\\nGodenhaus Wilhelm Friedrich, b.,\\n8043; d.,8202.\\nSchadow, Johann Gottfried, b., 8023; d.,\\n8181.\\nSchaeberle s comet visible, 988i\\nSchaefrer, Chas. Fred., b., 1141 d., 3022.\\nSchafer, Arnold, b., 8122; d., 8302.\\nSchaff, Philip, b., 1281; works, 2603,2651,\\n3323, 3982; d.,4401.\\n.Sehaghticoke, N. Y., settlement destroyed,\\n681.\\nScharf, John Thomas, b. (1843); gift to\\nJohns Hopkins University, 3822.\\nJoseph, trial of, 5303.\\nScharnhorst, Gerhard David von, b., 8023;\\ncommission, 8081 d., 8102.\\nScharnow, riot, 11223.\\nSchassburg, Hung., battle, 5222.\\nSchauenstein, Count Buol,prime minister,\\n5243; resigns, 5252.\\nSchaumburg-Lippe, Ger. est., Philip, count,\\n7972; prineipalitv. .su .)3; in confedera-\\ntion, 8113; in Tariff Union, 8193.\\nScheffel, Jos. Victor von, b., 8123; d.,8321.\\nSchemer, Johann, b. (1621); works,797i,2;\\nd. (1679).\\nSchemer, Christoph, b. (1575) invents\\npantagraph, 7921; invents helioscope,\\n7943; d. (1650).\\nSchelandre, Jean de, Tyr et Siddon, 6872.\\nSchelde (or Scheldt), closed to commerce,\\n5413, 5431, 5473; abolishment of dues\\ncelebrated; 5443; capitalized by treaty,\\n11023.\\nScheele, Karl Wilhelm, b.-d.; discoveries\\nof, 11342.\\nSchell City, Mo., train robbed; 3702.\\nSchellendorf, Count von, retires, 8332;\\nminister, 8371.\\nScheller, Geo., arrested for arson, 3133.\\nSchelling, Friedrich G., b., 8023; d., 8143.\\nFriedrich Wilhelm Joseph von, b.,\\n8041; works, 8072; d., 8201.\\nSchemberg, Theodorich, Frau Jutte, 7871\\nSchenck, Robert Cumming, b., 1162; de-\\nfeated at Vienna, 196 1 at McDowell,\\n2071 martial law in Md., 2232; arrests\\ndisloyalists, 2292; minister to G. B.,\\n2731 in Joint Commission, 2732 in Em-\\nma Mines fraud; resigns, 2913; at Lin-\\ncoln Tower, 9792; d., 3541\\nBill passes, 2592, 2663, 2671.\\nSchendel, Petrus van, b., 5423; d., 5442.\\nSchenectady, N. T., purchased, 413; set-\\ntled, 43 2 attacked, 501 Academy fmd.,\\n983; Union Coll. org., 1063; R. R. to Al-\\nbany, 1393; 200th anniversary of mas-\\nsacre, 3523; Conven. Y. W.C. A., 4001;\\nburned, 5721.\\nand SaratogaR. R. opd., 1413.\\nSchenk, Hugo, executed, 5303.\\nSchenkel, Daniel, b., 8102; d., 8302.\\nSchenkendorf Max von, b. (1783); Poems,\\n8111; d. (1817).\\nScherer, Gen. Barthelemy Louis Joseph,\\nb. (1747); at Valenciennes, 710i atMag-\\nnano, 7122; d. (1804).\\nEdmond Henri Adolphe, b., 7222;\\nworks, 7303, 7351 d., 7581\\nSchereschewsky, Samuel T. J., cons. P.E.\\nmiss, bp., 2962.\\nSchermerhorn, Simon J., b., 1342.\\nScherzer, Karl von, b., 5202.\\nSchiaparelli, Giovanni Virginio, b., 10862;\\ndouble canal in Mars, 4122.\\nSchieren, Mayor, prohibits boxing, 4531.\\nSchill, Ferdinand von, b., 8041 ends war\\nwith Fr., 8081; d., 8083.\\nSchiller wrecked, 8293.\\nSchiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1413.jp2"}, "1414": {"fulltext": "1402\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN L)fc,X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nSchi-Seot.\\nb.,8023; works, 8051,2, 807 2, 9291; d.,\\n8082; bust, 186\\nSchilling, Johann, b., 8142.\\nSchinkel, Karl Friedrich, b., 8042; d.,816\\nSchism of the West, 7842; formal, Eng.,\\n8723.\\nActintro. Eng., 9043; passed, 9052;\\nrepealed, 9072.\\nSehlagiiitweit, Adolf, b., 8142; d., 820\\nBaron Hermann von, b., 8123; d.,\\n8302.\\nKobert, b., 8142; d., 8302.\\nSchlauch, L., consecrated, 536\\nSchlegel, August Wilhelm von, b.,803\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0works, 8072, 8091, 8132; d., 8162.\\nElias, Theatrical Works, 801\\nKarl Wilhelm Friedrich von, b.,\\n803 works, 8072; d., 8142.\\nSchlegler Asso. formed, 7852.\\nSchleicher, August, b., 8122; d., 8243.\\nSchleiden, Matthias Jakob, b., 8082 d.,\\n830\\nSchleiermacher, Friedrich Ernst Daniel,\\nb., 803 works, 8072, 8132; d., 8143.\\nSchleuburg, Count J. M., at Corfu, 10341.\\nSchleswig, Prus., Aust.-Prus. Army in,\\n5261 war with, 6361 conquered, 636\\n638 794 surrendered to Danes, 7752;\\nannexed to Den., 8222; incorporated\\nwith Prus., 8252; freedom favored, 831\\n-Holstein Ditmarshes war with\\nDen.; Danes defeated, 7861 Ditmarshes\\nsubmit to Den., 7932; conquered by Im-\\nperialists, 7941 Altona burned, 7981\\nunion with Den. decreed, 8171; wars\\nagainst Den.; Fred. VII. against, 6401;\\nrevolt incorporated question dis-\\ncussed, 8172; common gov t est., 8173;\\n2d war; 3d war, 8181; claims recog-\\nnized; gov t recognized, 81S3; constitu-\\ntion illegal; constitution revived, 8211;\\nceded, 5233; dispute, 8212, 8222, S23\\n8252; war in, 822 Federal Commis-\\nsioners in, 6413; conquered, 796 incor-\\nporation prevented, 5261 ceded to allies,\\n5263 rights transferred, 5272.\\nConference meets, 967 2\\nSchlettstiidt, tier., bombarded, 7422.\\nSchley, William, b. (1786); gov. Ga., 1453;\\nd.(1858).\\nWinfleld Scott, b. (1839); commands\\nexpedition finds Greely expedition,\\n316 promoted capt., 328 final re-\\nport, 3993.\\nSchlever, Johami Martin, invents Yola-\\npiik, 754 Volapiik, 8303.\\nSehlietrVn, Gen. von. chief of gcn.staff,834i\\nSchliemann, Heinrich, b., 8122; works,\\n8251,829 8.303; explorations at Troy;\\nat Mycenrc, 1158 d., 834\\nSchloss, David F., Industrial Remunera-\\ntion, 4203.\\nSchlossarck executed, 5303.\\nSchlosser, Friedrich C, b., 8042; works,\\n8052, 807 813 8163; d., 8202.\\nSchlozer, August L. von, b.,8002; History\\nof North, 805 d., 8083.\\nSehnialkald, alliance of, 7903; league fa-\\nvored, 5102.\\nSclimauss, Johami Jakob, b., 7982; d.,\\n8023.\\nSchmerling, Anton von, b. (1805) minis-\\nter, 8173; ministry ends, 823 d. (1893).\\nSelunid, Leopold, b., 8083; d. (1869).\\nSchmidt, Dervck, gov. Pa. (1655).\\nHeinrich Julian, b., 8122; d., 8321\\nMichael L., b., 8002; d., 8063.\\nSchmittberger, Police Capt., bribery, 4523.\\nSchmitz, Leouhard, b., 8083; d., 10022.\\nSclnnolk, Benjamin, b., 7903; d., 8002.\\nSchmucker, Sam. Simon, h. (1799); d., 2821\\nSchneider, Augusta, shoots tenant, 4403.\\nConrad victor, b., 7923; d., 7971\\nJoseph Eugene, b., 7163; pres. cham-\\nber, 7373; d., 7501.\\nHortense Catherine, b., 7262.\\nJohann Georg, b., 8022; d., 8122.\\nSchnell, Augustus, surety for J. Davis,\\n2563.\\nSchnorr von Karolsfeld, Julius, b., 8063;\\nd., 8281.\\nSchoener, Leonard, burned, 7902.\\nSchoenfelder, Prof., Archbp. of Bamberg,\\n8342.\\nSchoepf, Maj., at NewportNews,202\\nSchofield, John McAllister, b., 1382; com-\\nmands army of Mo., 2222; moves 23d\\ncorps, 2301 at Goldsboro; at Kinston,\\n2303; commands army of Ohio, 2322;\\nreaches Columbia; retires before Hood,\\n2401; at Franklin, 2402; commands in\\nN. C, 2421 captures Ft. Anderson, 2422;\\ndefeats Confederates at Kinston, 2441\\ncommands 1st military district, 256\\nat Richmond, 2572; removed, 262 sec.\\nwar, 263 267 maj.-gen., 266 trial\\nof Fitz-John Porter, 298 military\\nboard, 322 commander U. S. A., 330\\nSchb ffer, Peter, b., 7843; d., 7863.\\nSchofHer, M., beheaded, 4803.\\nScholecher, Victor, abolishes slavery, 7303.\\nScholey, George, lord mayor Loud. ,9353.\\nSehoH, Maximiliaii Samson Friedrich, b.,\\n8023; d., 8142.\\nScholten, Johannes Hendrik, b.-d., 1102\\nScholz, Dr. von, minister; resigns, 835\\nSchomberg, Capt., in Madagascar, 9342.\\nFred, von, b. (1615); commands at\\nVillaviciosa, 1128 in Eng. with Wil-\\nliam of Orange, 8901 k. (1690).\\nComte Henri de, b., 684 at Castel-\\nnandary, 68S d., 6882.\\nSchombuVgk, Sir Kobert Hermann, b.,\\n8082; water-lily, 9482; d., 822\\nSchonbein, Christian Friedrich, b., 8063.\\ndis. antozone. 820 dis. ozone, 1138\\nguncotton;colloilioii,8l61, 11381 ;d.,8243.\\nJohann L.. d., 8222.\\nSchonborn, F. de Paul, Cardinal, 5322.\\nSchbnbrann, O., Indian mission opd., 763.\\nSchonbrunn, Aust., peace of, 5193; sover-\\neigns meet, 8231\\nSchbnebeck, Bruno von, Sour/ or Solomon,\\n7803.\\nSchonlein, Johann Lucas, b.,8062; d.(1864).\\nSchool Act, reformatory, passes, 9623.\\nCan., passes, 5823.\\nInspection Bill opposed, Ger., 8263,\\nSchoolcraft, Henry Kowe, b., 104*; disc.\\nsource of Miss. River, 1401 works, 1283,\\n1443; d., 2411.\\nSchool of Philo.; Seaside Assembly, 3862.\\nSchools opposed, Algeria, 102; in Iceland,\\n132.\\nAm. Conf. of Protestant Denomina-\\ntions on morals in, 3702; in the South\\nprogressing, 3423 public, defense of,\\nla., 3602; no Bible in, 3923; p op e Leo s\\nletter on, 4322.\\nprovided in Aust., 5242.\\nincreased, Hung., 5321.\\nCan., separate lor R. C. denied, 5902,\\n592\\nChina, established, 6102; promoted\\nby emperor. 6142.\\nGer., est. imperial control by Joseph\\nII., Ger., 8052; free, are est., 813\\nG. B., teach in English, 8603; charity\\nfirst in London, 8963, 9043; charter est.,\\n9091; infant, first in Scot., 9383; in Lon-\\ndon, 9391; Board-schools in Sheffield,\\n9783.\\nin railway cars, Rus., 11203.\\nSchoolship Cornwall established, 9631.\\nSchoonmaker, Augustus, l (1828) Inter-\\nstate Commissioner, 351 2\\nJacob, pres. Reformed synod, 1351.\\nSchopenhauer, Arthur, b., 8043 advocates\\npessimism, 8121 works, 8131 d. (I860.)\\nMadam (Johanna HenrietteTrosina),\\nb., 8031; d., 8181.\\nSchopflin, Johann Daniel, b., 7982; d.,\\n8031.\\nSehopper, Hermann, Speculum vitas auli-\\ncx, 7931\\nSchottelius, Justus G., works, 7971.\\nSchouler, James, b., 1502; works, 3063,\\n4482.\\nSchouvaloff, Count Peter, d., 11201.\\nSchouw, Joachim Fredic, b., 6382; Geog-\\nraphy of Plants, 6391 d., 6403.\\nSchrader F.berhard, b., 8143.\\nSchreuder mission, 5982.\\nSchreyer, Adolph, b., 8142.\\nSchro ter, Christoph Gottlieb, b. (1649); in-\\nvents pianoforte, 7982; d. (1782),\\nSchubert, Franz Peter, b., 8063; d., 8141.\\nSchuehburg, Richard, Yankee Doodle, 9132.\\nSchufeldt, Commodore Robert W., sent to\\nKorea, 10941\\nSchulembourg, Johann Matthias, b.,7963;\\nd., 8003.\\nSeluilte, Johann Friedrich von, 8141.\\nSchultz, C. A., feud, 3903.\\nHeinrich, writes music, 7943; pre-\\npares cinnebar, 7982.\\nJohn Christian, b. (1840) gov. Man-\\nitoba gives hospital site, 5862.\\nSchultze, Ernst, d., 812\\nJohann Abraham Peter, b., 8003; d..\\n807\\nMax Johann Sigismund, b., 8123; d.,\\n828\\nScbulze, Ernst, b., 8043; Enchanted Hose,\\n813\\nDelitzsch, Hermann, b., 807 d.,\\n8302.\\nSchumacher, Hendrick Christian, b., 6382:\\nd., 6403.\\nPeter, C. of Griffenfeld, b., 6362; d.,\\n6363.\\nSchumann, Robert, b., 8102; d., 820\\nValentine, A achtbuclilein, 793\\nSchrums, Mrs. Annie, murdered, 448 3\\nSehuremaii, John, president synod, 1242.\\nW. H., embezzling, 4303.\\nSchurman, Jacob Gould, b. (1854) presi-\\ndent Cornell, 4042.\\nSchurz, Carl, b., 1362; pres. Liberal Re-\\npublicans, 2783; minister, 295 2 presi-\\ndent Reform League, 4763.\\nSchuyler, Eugene, b.. 1522; d. (1890).\\nPeter, b. (1675) Can. raid protects\\nsettlers liberates Mohawks, 52 leads\\nIroquois, 574 commands in N. Y., 593;\\nd. (1724).\\nPhilip John, b. (1733) with Wash-\\nington at Morristown, 843; commands\\nnorthern army, 86 2 in N. Y., 87 d.,\\n1122.\\nSchuylkill, Pa., Dutch purchase land, 333.\\nSchwab, anarchist, sentenced, 3272.\\nCount, monument to, 364\\nSchwabe, Heinrich Samuel, b. (17S9) dis.\\nsun-spots, 812 d. (1875).\\nMagiste, works, 801\\nSclrwabenspif act issued, 7783.\\nSehwach, Smaa/lif/tr appears, 11042.\\nSchwanhard uses tiuoric acid, 7963.\\nSchwann, Theodor, b., 8102; cell theory,\\n814 d., 8302.\\nSchwanthaler, Ludwig Michael, b., 8082;\\nd.,8102.\\nSchwartz, Mine. (Marie Sophie Birath) b.,\\n1136 works, 11363.\\nWilhelm, b., 8122.\\nSchwarz, Christian Friedrich, b.,8002; d.,\\n8063.\\nKarl Heinrich Wilhelm, b., 8102.\\nSchwarzburg Rudolstadt, principality,\\n7993; in Confederation, 8093.\\nSondershausen, principality, 7992;\\nConfederation, 8093; hi N. Ger. Confed-\\neration, 8252.\\nSchwarzenberg, Pr. Alexis, wounded, 5323.\\nFelix Ludwig Johann Friedrich von,\\nb. (1800); ministry, 5233, 8173; against\\nunion, 8192; d. (1852).\\nPrince Karl Philipp von, b., 5163; in\\nBohemian armv. 52(1 against Napo-\\nleon, 7181; at Nbllendorf, 7201 at Leip-\\nsic,7202; atBar-sur-Aube,7203; d.,8122.\\nSchwatka, Fred., b., 1662; leads Franklin\\nsearch expedition, 3021; in N. Mex.,\\n3401; in Chicago, 3533; Land of Cliff-\\ndwellers, 4782; d., 4161.\\nSchwechat, Hungarians routed at, 5221.\\nSchwcglcr, Albrecht, b., 8122 works, 8163\\nd., 8201\\nSchweidnitz, Prus., Austrians take Fred-\\nerick II. takes, 5162; castle stormed;\\nAustrians defeated, 8022.\\nSchweinfurth Georg August, b., 8143.\\nSchweinitz, Edmund Alexander, b., 1322;\\n(1887).\\nvon, Lewis David, b., 931 d., 1422.\\nSchweinschadel, Bohemia, engagement,\\n8241.\\nSchwenckfeld, Kaspar, b., 7862; d., 7922.\\nSchwenkfelders, memorial reunion, 3942.\\nSchwerin, Count Kurt Christoph, b.(1684);\\nPrussian leader, 5141 killed, 5161\\nMinistry resigns, 8213.\\nSchwetschke. Karl Gnstav, b., 8082.\\nSehwilgue, Jean Baptiste, b. (1776); weigh-\\ning machine, 8062; repairs Strasburg\\nclock; 8161; d. (1856).\\nSchwyz, war with Zurich, 11371 chartered\\n11373.\\nScience, Am. Asso. for Advancement of,\\nfounded. (See Am. Association.)\\nSciences advance, Eng., 8901\\nScientific researches made public, 9242.\\nScotch colonists in Canada, 5713.\\nCrofters tenure, 9952.\\nE. I. Co. started, 10451\\nGuards protect Fr. king, 6763.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1414.jp2"}, "1415": {"fulltext": "Scot-Seem.\\nText Figures denote Page. IN -Oil. A.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1403\\nScotch Intelligence issued, S851\\n-Irish Congress, Atlanta, 4062, 4302.\\nLocal Government Bill, 10013, 10123.\\nScotists appear, 8542.\\nScotland, Morisonians suspended Wit-\\nness issued, 9503; Queen s first visit,\\n9513; steam-hammer inv., 9521; discus-\\nsions on livings Free Church secedes,\\n9522; poor-law system est., 953 United\\nPresb. Church fmd. by union Edin-\\nburgh Philo. Soc. org., 9543; Nat. Gal-\\nlery fnd., 950 1 Sunday closing enforced,\\n959 Meteorological Society fud., 9602;\\nAberdeen Univ. amalgamates Marisehal\\nand King s colls., 9023; Nat. Bible Soc.\\norg., 9642; vaccination compulsory, 9673;\\nNat. Museum of Science and Art opd.,\\n968 1 Parliamentary Reform favored,\\n9693; Parliamentary Reform Bill for,\\n9713; Tay Bridge opd., 9741 Education\\nAct passed, 9703; patronage in est.\\nchurch abolished, 9782; Stephen Mitch-\\nell founds free library, 9791 Epis.\\nChurch Central Committee Episcopal\\nChurch Woman s Miss. Asso 9S0 3 R.\\nCath. hierarchy restored, 9822; destruc-\\ntive gales, 9881*; Home Rule movement\\norg., 9892; Acad, of Music est., 9901\\nejectments resisted, 9943; Forth Bridge\\nopd., 10921, 10033, 10053; Home Rule\\nAsso. Conf., 1005 women in St. An-\\ndrew s Univ., 10082; Free Church jubi-\\nlee, 10102; miners strike ends, 101U.\\n(See text, pp. 839-1012 following locality\\nword. Scot.)\\nScots Greys Regt. formed, 8961\\nScott, Abraham M., gov. Miss., 1393.\\nAustin, pres. Rutgers College, 3722.\\nCarolina Lavinia, marries Benjamin\\nHarrison, 1732.\\nCharles, governor Ky., 1153.\\nC. Pern consecrated bishop, 9862.\\nSir Geo. Gilbert, b. (1810+) designs\\nentrance Westminster, 9882; d. (1878).\\nJames A., pres. World s Fair, 3S13.\\nJohn, E. of Eldon, b., 9123; chief\\njustice, 9233; minister. 931 2, 9332, 3, 9372;\\nd., 9482.\\ngovernor Guiana, 10393.\\n-W., d., 41S1.\\nLevi, b. (1802) ord. M. E. hp., 1702;\\nd. (1882).\\n.Michael, b. (1789); works, 9443; d.,\\n8562.\\n(or Scotl. magician, d., 856 2\\nR. H., Weather Charts, Storm Warn-\\nings, 9811\\nRobert Kingston, h. (1826) gov. S.C.,\\n2653.\\nRoger, trial of, 363\\nSiddons, Mrs. (Mary Frances), b.,\\n10462.\\nThomas, b., 9122; d., 9403.\\nFielding, b. (1807) cons. P. E.\\nbishop, 1741 d. (1867).\\nH. S., b., 9522.\\nSir Walter, b., 9183; works, 9291,\\n9331 9371 ,2, 9423, 9431 d., 9402; monu-\\nment, 9501 statue, 2801\\nWilliam, M Congress, d., 3922.\\nAnderson, b. (1S13) moderator,\\n1842; d. (1885).\\nBaron St.. well, b., 91113; d., 9482.\\nBell, L, 10041 d. (1890).\\nWinfield, b., 981 at Lundy s Lane,\\n1222; atMalone; at Fort Erie, 1221; at\\nChicago, 1413; nth commander army,\\n1521 in Mexico, 160 1 at Vera Cruz at\\nCerro Gordo at Churubusco at Con-\\ntreras, 1621; Mexicans surrender; at\\nChapultepec, 1622; politics in army;\\nwar-hero, 1633; nom. for pres. U. S.,\\n1711; vote, 1712, 1732; at Fort Sumter,\\n1881; anticipates secession, 1883; com-\\nmands Federals, 192 a t Blue Mills\\nLanding, 1983; resigns, 2:02; d., 2521;\\nstatue, 2571.\\nSeottdale, Pa., furnaces close, 375 3\\nSeotti, rule Piacenza, 10772.\\nScottish church persecuted, 8902.\\nClans Order, fnd.,301 1 statistics,4463.\\nCorporation established. 8931.\\nHome Mission to Jews fmd., 9942.\\ninvestigation committee, 9911\\nLegislation Bill, KMH, 10122.\\nPermissive Bill (Temp.) Asso., 9631\\nRights Asso. formed, 9591\\nsoldiers in Fr. militia, 6761\\nTemperance League formed, 9531\\nScotto, Alberto, overthrown, 10773.\\nScottville, Ky., Confederate defeat, 2301\\nScouller, John Y., moderator, 2842.\\nScran ton. Pa. ,fnd., 1533 R. C. diocese est,,\\n2642, 2902 Soc. Army of Potomac pa-\\nrade, 408 2 race-war, 4342; ground eaves\\nin, 4573, 4693; fire, 4713.\\nJoseph A., b., 1502; d. (1S64).\\n1 Brit.\\nks,\\nH., d., 2781\\nScrew Propellers patented, 948\\nNavy, 9501.\\nScribe, Augustin Eugene, b., 7082 wo\\n7192, 7231 ,2, 7203, 7291 7303; d., 7342.\\nScriblerus Club founded, London, 9043.\\nScribner, Chas., b. (1821) d., 2741\\nScribner s Maoaiiuc founded, 328 3\\nMonthla established, 2703.\\nScripture Knowledge Inst, fnd., 9163.\\nScriptures forbidden in Eng., 7783, 8522.\\nCanon fixed, 10043. (See Bible.)\\nScrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose, b.,\\n9363; d. (1S91).\\nScriver, Christian, b. (1629) works, 7971\\nd. (1693).\\nScrofula cured by king s touch, 8471\\nScroggs, Sir Win., chief justice, 8952 d.\\n(1683).\\nScrooby, Eng., Independent Church org.,\\n8782.\\nScroop, Sir Thomas, governor, 8612.\\nScrope, or Scroop, Richard, Archbp. York,\\nexecuted, 8613;\\nScruggs, William L., envoy, 3513.\\nScrutin de liste adopted. Fr., 7532.\\nd arron.lissemeiit Bill passes, 757 2\\nScudder, Horace Elisha, b., 1502.\\nSamuel Hubbard, b., 1482.\\nScudery, Georges de, b. (1601\u00c2\u00b1) Alaric,\\n6903; d. (1667).\\nMadeleine de, b., 6S62 works, 6891\\n6912; d.,6943.\\nScultetus, Johannes, h., 7922; d., 7963.\\nScutari, Turk., taken, 10793 Florence\\nNightingale at, 115S3 Am. Coll. for\\nGirls est., 11582.\\nScylla, asteroid, discovered, 52S 2\\nScyllis, sculptor, 101G 2\\nScyros, Gr., pirates reduced, 10183.\\nSevthians, Chinese aid, 6121; at Naissus,\\n10522.\\nSea Bird burned, 2613.\\nSeabright, N. J., fire, 3853 sailors res-\\ncued, 4673.\\nSeabrooke, Wm. A., gov. S. C, 1652.\\nSeabury, Samuel, b., 602 P. E. bp. in\\nAm., 90 3 absent from conf., 982 in\\nHouse of Bps., 1002 d., 1061\\nSea-charts introduced, S663.\\nScarield, Earl of, title created, 9031\\nSea Fisheries Act passes, 9731\\nfight, first, Gr., 10141\\nGull in U. S. expedition, 1481\\nIslands, relief for, 4363.\\nprotection, Alaska, 3491\\nSeal, great, Eng., S813 commissioners\\nhold, 8871; in commission, 8892, S993,\\n9052, 9073.\\nU. S., adopted, 953 Confederate,\\n2373, 2453, 3333.\\nSociety founded, 9921\\nSealcote, in Sepoy rebellion, 10481\\nSealers, unprotected, 5912 correspon-\\ndence called for, 477 2 agreement, 5952.\\nSealing, in St. Lawrence, 5953 territory\\noutlined, 5962. (See Modus Vivendi.)\\nwax intro., S70i 8733 adhesive en-\\nvelopes supersede, 9553.\\nSeals, in Lower St. Lawrence, 5873.\\nSeaman, Col., near Butler, 2143.\\nMiss. Soc. anniversary, 456 2\\nSeamen exempt from debt, 9152 prayer-\\nmeetings for, established, .9371\\nSociety, est. in Norway, 1105 3\\nSeamen s Friend Soc, Am., org., 1351;\\nmissionaries of, 1363.\\nUnion of Am. Convention, 4283.\\nSeamless hose manufactured, 7982.\\nSe-ankh-ka-Ra, reigns, Egypt, 647 2\\nSearch of Am. vessels, Eng 185i\\nSearcy, Ark., action near, 2081\\nSearle, George Mary, b. (1839) discovered\\nPandora, 1841\\nJer., pres. Reformed Synod, 1662.\\nles, J. E., indicted, 4732;\\nSears, Barnas, b., HO 2 baptizes Germans,\\n8143 d.,3041.\\nEdmund Hamilton, h., 1162; d., 2902.\\nSea Serpent reaches Cowes, 3893,\\nSea-signals systematized, 896 2\\nSeaton, Baron, title created, 9451.\\nGen., in Sepoy rebellion, 10481\\nWilliam Winston, 962 d., 2521\\nSeattle, Wash., Anti-Chinese rioters, 3221\\n2, 3232 fire, 3413 recovers, 3432; anni-\\nversary of fire, .ir;i|3 Telei/mjili issued,\\n3743; Washington Univ. frid., 1991.\\nSeaioanhaka burned, 3053\\nSea Wi/ng capsized 3653.\\nSeay, A. J., inaug. gov. Okla., 4211.\\nThomas, governor Ala., 3252, 3332.\\nSebastian, Brazil, founded, 251.\\nking of Port., b.-d., 11092 reigns,\\n11093 invades Morocco, 11101 k., 10971\\nWm. King. I). (1814) expelled, 1973\\nd. (1865).\\nSebastiani, Cointe, Francois Bastien Hor-\\nace, b., 7043 d., 7302.\\nSehastojtol, iron-clad launched, 11221;\\nTchesme launched, 11231\\n.Russia, bombarded, 9581, 9601 de-\\nstroyed evacuated, 9601\\nSebennytus, dynasty at, 651 3\\nSecandum, battle at, 8421\\nSecannus, .Einilius, theater of, 10513.\\nSecession, U. S. A., first conspiracy, 1192\\nin Mass., 1232 threatened, 1671 secret\\nprelude, 18S2; S. C. proposes non-coer-\\ncion, 1883 Sec. Cobb joins; Jeff. Davis\\nadvocates committee for pacification\\nCommissioners for commended by M.\\nC, 1891; s. C. leads, 1S92; states secede;\\ncaucus at Wash. control of South\\nSec. Thompson joins, 191 1 ratified in\\nTex., 1923 of Va., 1933; mob at Balti-\\nmore, 1941,3; by coercion, 195 3 re-\\njected in Md., 1951 (See Southern Con-\\nfederacy and each seceding State.)\\nSecessionists seize forts, 1901 in North,\\n2021.\\nSecessionville, S. C, Feds, defeated, 2091\\nSecchi, Pietro Angelo, b., 10N02; a^ 10882.\\nSechenheim, Ger., battle of, 7861\\nSeckendorf, Count Friedrich Heinrich\\nvon, b., 7963 d., 8023.\\nVeit Ludwig von, b., 7943 d., 79S2.\\nSeeker, Thos., b. (1093) archbp. Canter-\\nbury, 9151; d. (1768).\\nSecocceni, lying, leader, 11242.\\nSecretan, M. E paintings of, 7581\\nSecret-Ballot Bill rejected, G. B., 9572\\nlaw in Am., 3492. (See Australian\\nballot.)\\nService, vote passes, Fr., 7612 fund\\nvoted, 7652.\\nSocieties condemned, Ire., 9702.\\nSecretary bursts boilers, 1753.\\nSecretin, M., trial for fraud, 7603.\\nSecular education, state controls, 5291\\ngames restored, 1067 1\\nUnion, Am., World s Fair, 4022.\\nSecurity from Violence Act passes, 9672.\\nSedaine, Michel Jean, b. (1719); works,\\n7013, 7033, 7051 d. (1797).\\nSedalia, Mo., Nat. Farmers Cong., 3943\\ndam, 4432.\\nSedan, Fr., tower of, 6873 joins with Sp.,\\n6881 p ro t. Univ. abolished, 6951 p r\\nretreat to battle of, 7402 surrender\\nannounced; emp. becomes prisoner, 7411\\nDay, anniversary eel., Ger., 836 3\\nSedoleii rescues Aurora, 1073.\\nSedgemoor, Eng., battle of, 8961\\nSedgewiek, Adam, b., 9223 d. (1873).\\nSedgwick, Catherine y I aria, I 100 1 works,\\n1311,1463; d., 2582.\\nHenry, Elements of Politics, 10082.\\nGen. John, b., 1211; near Corinth,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a02081; at Chancellorsville, 2211; at Get-\\ntysburg, 2241 at Rappahannock Station,\\n2281 near Kapidan, 2321 k., 2323.\\nTheodore b. (1747) speaker house,\\n1093; pres. senate, 1092 d., 1211\\nh. (1811) d., 1842.\\nSeditious writings prohibited, Eng., 9272\\nspeeches criminal, 9552.\\nSedley, Sir Charles, b., 8822 d., 9022.\\nSedwards, Jeffery, org. Temp. Soc, 9432.\\nSeebeck, Johann Thomas, b. (1770) ther-\\nmo-electricity, 8121 d. (1S31).\\nSeed Supply Act passes, G. B., 9852.\\nSeeley, Elias P., governor N. J., 1433.\\nF. A., minister to Madrid, 355 2\\nJohn Robert, b., 9462 works, 9702,\\n9843.\\nJulius Hawley, b., 1321\\nSamuel C, defaulter, 4762.\\nSeely, Henry B., a commander, 3221\\nSeeriiann, Berthold, b. ,8123 d., 8262.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1415.jp2"}, "1416": {"fulltext": "1404\\nText Figures denote Page. IN J-)li.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nSeet-Seve.\\nSeetzen, Ulrich Jasper, b., 8031 d., 8102.\\nSeftou, Earl, title created, 9172 Baron,\\ntitle created, 945 i\\nSefulu, mission, 6023.\\nSegan-Foo, China, taken, 6122.\\nSegrave, Baron, title created, 855 1\\nSeguin, Arthur Edward, b. (1809); d., 3041\\nEdouard, b., 7192 d., 7522.\\nSeguir, Alcaeer, captured, 10971.\\nSelgur, Comte, Louis Philippe de, b., 7011 j\\nd., 7261.\\nComte, Philippe Paul de, b., 7051;\\nNapoUon, 725 1 d., 7462.\\nSe-hotep-ab-Ka reigns, Egypt, 6472.\\nSeikwan, battle at, 6262.\\nSeilah, Fr. missionaries dead, 5632.\\nSeiss, Joseph Augustis, b., 1303.\\nSeitz, John, nom. for gov., Ohio, 389 2\\nSejanus, poisons Drusus, 10631 under\\nTiberius killed, 10632.\\nSekander Lodi, reigns, 10433.\\nSekenen-Ra reigns, Egypt, 6473.\\nSekigahara, battle of, 10911.\\nSelborne,Lord. (See Palmer, Roundell.)\\nEarl of, title created, 9871\\nSociety established, 9943.\\n;Selden, John, b., 8742 Table Talk, 8983\\nd., 8882.\\nSele, Baron, title created, 8772.\\nSelectmen appointed, Mass., 352.\\nSelect Vieivs of Literature, 1191\\nSelenium discovered, 11361\\nSeleucia burned, 1064 1 taken, 1151 1 con-\\nquered, 11061 Council of, meets, 11063\\ncapital, 11491 inhabitants killed, 11532;\\nannexed to Mesopotamia, 11551.\\nSoleueidre, rule Asia, 10272.\\nSeleucidan Era, begins, 11073.\\nSeleucus reigns, 1147 3\\nSeleucus I., Nicator, divides empire, 10271\\nunites empire, 10272 reigns fnds. em-\\npire takes Babylon, 11491; recovers\\nBabylon, 10253 divorces queen, 11483\\nat Ipsus war with Lysimachus, 10261;\\nd., 10272, 11482, H491.\\nIV., Philopator, reigns, 1149 2\\nCallinicus, reigns, 11491.\\nCeraunus, reigns, 11491.\\nSelf-binders introduced, Am., 2761.\\ndenying rdinaneepassed, Eng.,8871\\nSelfridge, Capt. Thomas Oliver, b. (1804)\\ndecoration by Fr.,466 3 made commo-\\ndore, 4561\\nSeliml.,b.-d., 11562; reigns, 11572; subdues\\nEgypt, 6542; calif ale, 4873; i,, Cairo, 6553.\\nII., reigns, 11572 in Tunis, 11392.\\nIII., b.-d., 11563 reigns, 11572.\\nBey, prisoner, E. Africa, 5641\\nSelinginsk, mission at, 11171\\nSeliverskoff, (Jen., killed, 7603.\\nSeljuk, Turkish leader, 11552.\\ndynasty divided, 1155 2\\nTurks invade empire, 10321 rule Per-\\nsia, 11072; kingdom declines, 4872.\\nSelkirk, Alexander, b., 8942; d., 9062.\\nLord, in Hudson Bay territory, 9373.\\nhospital site, Can., 5862 settlement\\nfounded, 5773.\\nSellar, William Young, d., 1004t\\nSellasia, action at, 10262.\\nSellon, Lvdia Priscilla, est. sisterhoods,\\n9543.\\nSelma, Ala., Federals capture, 2451 Bur-\\nrill School opd., 2623; Univ. fnd., 3002.\\nSelmer, Christian, impeached, 1105 2\\nSelons, Henry C, d., 10041\\nSeluan, N., eons, bishop, 10082.\\nSelwyn, Sir Ohas. Jasper, 1. justice, 9713.\\nGeorge Augustus, b., 9351 d. (1879).\\nJohn R., elected bishop, 9803.\\nCollege. (See Cambridge.)\\nSelymbria taken, 10221\\nSemalle leaves Peking, 6233.\\nSemanario Erudite issued, 11292.\\nPatriotico issued, 11311.\\nPittoresro Espa/ io/ issued, 11311.\\nSe-ma-tsien, historical dates, 6102.\\nSembratowics, Archbp., assaulted, 5342.\\nSemen-Ptah reigns, Egypt, 6453.\\nSeminara, It., battle of, 6782.\\nSeminole Indians removed, 1851.\\nwar in Ala., 1261 1701\\nSemiramis, employs eunuchs, 11411 wife\\nof Ramman-Xarari III., 11451\\nSemitic religion in Egypt, 6482.\\nSender, Johann Salonio, b., 7983; d.,8043.\\nSemraes, Raphael, b., 1162; commands\\nSumter, 1962; commands Alabama, 2121 1\\n2343; Service Afloat, 2683; d.,2961.\\nSempach, Switz., battle of, 506i.\\nSemper, Gottfried, b., 8082; d., 8301.\\nKarl, h., 8142.\\nSempill, Baron, title created, 867 1\\nSemple, Eugene, nom. for gov., 3451\\nJames, b. (1798) d., 2541\\nSemprad, King, martyred, 11551.\\nSempronius, Caius, leader civil strife,\\n10571.\\nSenalfe, Abys., Italians in, 22.\\nSenancour, Etieime Pivert de, b., 7042\\nworks, 7151 7231 d., 7283.\\nSenate, U. S., eminent, 1G71 library fnd.,\\n1703 occupies new chamber, 1852; extra\\nsessions, 2433, ^,373, ^72, 3372; elections\\nregulated, 2532 all-night session, 4251\\nlong session, 4411; counting quorum,\\n4572.\\nFr., est., 6332, 7492 last meeting,\\n741i constituted, 7493.\\nRoman, ratifies laws, 10632.\\nSenator by appointment void, 4371.\\nSenators by direct vote, 4671.\\nSendai, missions at, 10921,2.\\nSendall, Walter J., governor, 6031\\nSeneca Falls, N. Y., fire, 3653\\nIndians, mission among, 1103.\\nMills, Md., Cont eds. attack, 8961.\\nLucius Annseus, b.-d., 10622,3; notes\\ngravitation; studies tides, 10622; works\\nof, 10623; teacher to Nero, 10633; killed,\\n10631.\\nSenefelder, Alois, or Aloys, b., 8031 lith-\\nography, 5191 papvgraphy, 520 2 d.,\\n5203.\\nSeneffe, Belg., battle of, 6921\\nSe-nefer-ka-Ra reigns, Egypt, 6472,\\nSeneferu reigns, Egypt, 6451,3; leaves in-\\nscription, 6452.\\nSenegal (see text, p. 1161) recovered by\\nFrance, 7053; taken by British, 9341.\\nSenegambia, cedes territorial rights, 7631\\n(See text, p. 1161.)\\nSeney, George I., b., 1342; sale of pictures,\\n3781; d., 4261.\\nSenez, bishop of, expelled, 6991.\\nSenior, Nassau Wm, b., 9243; d., 9681.\\nSenkorics, Fortress, taken, 5281.\\nSennaar, Africa, taken, 6602.\\nSennacherib reigns, 11453 defeats Egyp-\\ntians, 650 1 great campaign takes Ash-\\ndod, 11442; in Judea, 11453.\\nSenner, Dr., examination, 4311.\\nSenones, Celtic, besiege Arretium de-\\nfeated, 10522.\\nSenova, Turk., battle at, 5661\\nSenta, reigns, Egypt, 6453.\\nSentenne, Cure, denounces Labor Day,\\n5882.\\nSenter, DeWitt C, gov. Tenn., 2693.\\nSentinum, Italy, battle of, 6621\\nSentius Saturnius, legatus, 1151 3\\nSeoul, Japanese repulse troops, 6261 fa-\\nnatical outbreak, 10941 mission, 10942\\nUnion Christian Church org., 10942.\\nSeparatists, appear committed to Black-\\nwell, 8723.\\nSepharvaim, colony planted, 1145 3\\nSepoy Rebellion in India, 10481 mutiny,\\n6182,9321,9601.\\nSeptamania, annexed to Fr., 6653.\\nSeptennial Act passed, Eng., 9053.\\nSeptien, Jose Manuel Pareja y.adm.,6072.\\nSeptuagint version of scriptures, 6523\\ntranslated, 11483.\\nSequoia Park enactment, Cal., 3691 3921\\nSer reigns, Egypt, 6453.\\nSeraing, Belg., anarchists, 5471 dynamite\\nexplosion, 548i\\nSerajevo, Bosnia, founded, 5093 bom-\\nbarded, 5281 taken, 5123.\\nSerampur, Ind., Danes settle, 10443 mis-\\nsionaries arrive, 10462 College of, fnd.,\\n10463.\\nSeraphine, introduced by Green, 9461\\nSerapis, battle with, 903.\\nSerapis, worshiped, Rome, 10643 temple\\nand worship destroyed, 6543.\\nSerfdom, in Cape Colony, 5972 abolished\\nin Ger., 797 i,Ki:i2; abolished, Eng.,891 1,2;\\nabolished in Russia, 11191.\\nSerfs, in Mex. and Peru, 113; condition\\nimproved, Hung., 5172; in Brit., 841 1\\nemancipation in Russia, 11211.\\nSergeant, John, b., 912 electoral vote,\\n1413 d., 1702.\\nSergius I., St., pope, 10722; changes name\\nfor pope inst. Feast Nativity of Virgin,\\n10723 d., 10721.\\nSergius II., pope, 10723 d., 10721\\nIII., pope, 10723 d., 10721\\nIV., pope, 10731 d., 10722.\\nSeria Frio, Brazil, diamond mines, 60i\\nSeribas, expedition against pirates, 5521\\nSeringapatam, India, taken, 924 1 mutiny\\nat, 9341 stormed, 10442.\\nSerna, Gen. Jose^ de la, defeated, 5501\\nSerokina, mission, 6571\\nSerpa-Pinto, Alex. Alberto da Rocha, b.-d.,\\n11102 attacks Africans, 11122.\\nSerpent launched, 9961 i UlS t, 10041\\nSerpentine, first worked, 7921.\\nSerra, Junipero, b. (1712) at San Diego,\\n762 d. (1734).\\nSerrano y Dominguez, Francisco, Duke\\nde la Torre, b.-d., 11303 at Alcolla,\\n1130 2 assumes gov t; exiled, 11313 in\\nNavarre commands troops, 11321 chief\\nexecutive Sp. regent, 11332.\\nSerres, Etieime Renaud Augustin,b.,7062;\\nd., 7332.\\nSertorius, Quintus, b.-d., 10563 besieges\\nRome, 10562 driven from Sp. war\\nagainst defeats Pompey, 10581 revolts,\\n11252 murdered, 10581\\n(younger), leader of Democrats, 1059t.\\nServant, Adam, mayor of London, 8513.\\nServants, Duty Act, Eng., 921 2 tax im-\\nposed, 9232.\\nServetus, Michael, b.-d., 11263 discovery\\nof circulation of blood, 11281; burned,\\n11372.\\nServia, speed record, 9893.\\nServia (see text, pp. 1123, 1124); invaded,\\n10522 Goths defeated, 10661 annexed,\\nTurk., 11572, 11592; ceded, 5151; Aust.\\nin, 5163; supports Herzegovina, 5281;\\nsettled, 5653 W ar against Turk., 11581;\\nTurk, signs peace, 11592 war against\\nBulg., 5671; warned, 5332; rebel refu-\\ngees, 5671.\\nServian colonists, serfs, 515 1 press at-\\ntacks Aust., 5332 raids, 5671 boundary\\ntreaty, 5691.\\nServians leave Bulg., 5662 decorated by\\nemp.,5343; exodus to Russia, 5153.\\nService Pension Bill intro., U. S. A., 349\\nServile War, 1st, 2d, 10561 ,2.\\nServilius, Cneius, against Hannibal, 10541\\nPublius, against pirates conquests,\\n105S1.\\nServitude of Aliens Bill, U. S. A., 2843,\\n2852.\\nSeryer Pasha, defeats insurgents, 5281.\\nSesheke, mission, 6023.\\nSesostris, King, Egypt, b.-d., 6482.\\n(Rameses II. conquests, 11413.\\nSessums, Davis, cons, assistant bp., 3861.\\nSeth, preserver of religion, 11391.\\nSet-es, reigns, Egypt, 6453.\\nSeti I., reigns, Egypt, 0492 conquests,\\n4831 ,2,6481 favors pi dytheistic religion\\nsinks artesian well named, 6482.\\nSetia, Latin colony at, 10513.\\nSetin, Lieut., in duel, 9531\\nSetler, Michael, martyr, 7891\\nSetnekht, reigns, Egypt, 6493.\\nSeton Hall College established, 1802.\\nSettle, Thomas, b., 2501 Pies. Republican\\nNat. Convention, 279 1 d. (1357).\\nSettled I. ami Act passes Eng., 9912.\\nSettlement Act passes, 8891.\\nSeuthes, king of Odrysa*, 10213.\\nSeven Days Battles, Ya., 2091.\\nPines, Va., battle of, 2082.\\nSacraments, decreed, Ger., 7851\\nSages of, Gr., 10163.\\nSeventh-Day Adventists. (See Adventists.)\\nBaptists. (See Baptists).\\nYears War, 5142, 7033, 7973.\\nSeverinus, pope, 10722.\\nSevern launched, 9921\\nSevern, joined to Thames by canal, 9253.\\nSeverndroog, taken, 9241\\nSevernoi Arkli ir issued, 11171.\\nSeverus, Flavius Valerius Augustus\\nCaesar, k., 10673.\\nLibius, reigns\\n10712.\\nLucius Septimus, b.-d., 10642; at By-\\nzantium, 10641; favors Jews; persecu-\\ntor, 10643 reigns, 10293, 10652 builds\\nat Baalbec, 11532 crushes Niger over-\\nthrows Albinus conquests in Scot.,\\n10653 i T1 Egypt, 6533 victory near\\nLyons, 6622 i n Gt. Brit. wall built,\\n8401; Caledonian treaty, 8411; d., 10653.\\nMarcus Aurelius Alexander, b.-d.,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1416.jp2"}, "1417": {"fulltext": "Sevi-Shel.\\nText Figures denote Page. IN D.C..X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1405\\n10642 at Palmyra, 10641 rules, 10653;\\nruler in Eng., 10651 defeats Alemanni,\\n1068 killed, 10653.\\nSevier, Ambrose Hundley, b. (1802) signs\\npeace with Hex., 165 d. (1848).\\nJohn, b., 662 against Indians, 923\\ngov., 99 1132; d., 1242.\\nRiver, Utah, dam bursts, 3G1 3\\nSevierville, Tenn., Conf eds. defeated, 230\\nSe vigne, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Mar-\\nquise de, b., 6863; Letters, 693 d.,6943.\\nSeville, Sp., taken, 1126 Univ. founded,\\n1127 annexed, 11273 bombarded, 1130\\nwoman burned, 1131 insurrections,\\n11323 peace signed, 6993.\\nSevres, Fr., porcelain factory established,\\n7022 surrenders, 7403.\\nSewage Bill passes, Fr., 7572.\\nSewall, Samuel, b., 38 confession of, 53\\nSelling of Joseph, 543 d., 62\\nclergyman, b. (1785) d., 2602.\\nThomas, writer, b. (1786) d., 158\\nSeward, Anna, b., 9122; d., 935\\nGeorge Frederick, stabbed, 247\\nWm, Henry, b., 110 gov., N. Y.,\\n1512 dominates N. Y. politics, 165 2\\nnom. for pres., 1873; on Committee of\\n13, 189 2 replies to commissioners, 1922;\\nsec. state, 193 Eng. refuses demands\\n1992 assassins plan meets Confed.\\nCommissioners, 243 stabbed, 247 Ala-\\nbama claims, 2552; d.,278 statue,294\\nSewel, William, b., 8882.\\nSewell s Point, Va., Federals attacked,\\n1943, 207\\nSewer Pipe Trust fnd., U.S.A., 3353, 4293.\\nSewing-machine, invented, 154 ,5202,726\\n9322 patented, 1602.\\nneedles made, 872\\nsilk manufactured, 136\\nSextant, in Arabia, 486 reflecting, made,\\nEng., 908 inv., Fr., 792\\nSexton, Thomas, house defended, 997\\nlord mayor of .Dublin, 997 3 examined,\\n9993.\\nIrish agitator, 9883.\\nSextus, Lucius, union of classes first\\ncurule magistrate, 10513.\\nSeydlitz, Friedrich Wilhelm von, b. (1721);\\nat Frieberg, 5162 d. (1773).\\nSeyffarth, Gustav, b. (1796) d., 3202.\\nSeymour, Conn., R. R. collision, 4653.\\nA. L., indicted contempt of sen., 4732.\\nAxny, shoots Judge Ferrell, 475\\nCharles B., d., 262\\nEdward, D. of Somerset, b.,8662; in-\\nvades Scot., 870 minister dismissed,\\n8712; beheaded, 870 8712.\\nSir b. (1633); minister, 8912,\\n8933: opposed asspeaker,8952; d.(1708).\\nSir Francis, d., 10022.\\nGeorge Franklin, b., 1362 cons.\\nP. E. bishop, 2983.\\nHoratio, b., 1162 gov., N. Y., 1743,\\n2152, 2293 draft riot in N. Y., 2252\\nagainst draft, 2273; nom. for pres, U. S.,\\n2633; vote, 2651,3; d., 3222.\\nIsaac, d., 229\\nJane, marries Henry, 869 d., 8692.\\nJohn, governor Md., 572.\\nS., in interior dept., 447 2\\nSir Michael Culme, b. (1802) destroys\\nfleet at Canton, 6182 at Alexandria,\\n658 commands Mediterranean fleet,\\n1010\\nRev. Richard, colonist, 262.\\nHenry F.,Marq. of Drogheda,d.,1008\\nThomas, L. Sudely, beheaded, 871 2\\nHart, b. (1808); gov. Conn., 169\\ncandidate pres. nom, 2393 d. (1868).\\nTruman, b. (1824) assaults Ft. Wag-\\nner, 225 leads Fla. expedition, 230 de-\\nfeated at Olustee Station, 2302; d.,394\\nSeyssel, Claude de, b., 6782 works, 681\\nd., 6803.\\nSezzo Frio, Braz., diamonds dis., 554\\nSezegedin, seat of government, 523\\nSforza, house of, rules Milan, 10793.\\nFrancesco, Duke, b.-d., 10782.\\nD. Ludovico, captured, 1078 rules\\nin Milan, 7873, 10793 d., 10802.\\nSTiabak conquers Egypt, 650\\nShabotok reigns, Egypt, 651\\nShackleford, Gen. James M., b. (1827) at\\nBean s Station, 2283.\\nShadrach in fiery furnace, 11463.\\nShadwell, Launcelot, vice-chancellor; com-\\nmissioner, 9473, 9553.\\nThomas b., 8842 poet laureate, 8983.\\nShadyside, N. J., fire, 3453.\\nShafer, Helen Almira, d., 448\\nShaffer, Chauncy, d., 460\\nJ. Wilson, gov. Utah, 2693; restrains\\nmilitia, 2701,2713.\\nShafford, Alfred, lynched, 3332.\\nShatter, Wm. Rufus, b. (1835); col. vol.\\n(1864); a colonel U. S. A., 300 brevet\\nbrig.-gen. (1865).\\nShaftsbury, Vt., Bapt. church fmd., 762.\\nShaftesbury, Earl of, title created, 8932.\\nEarl of. (See Cooper.)\\nShah-Abdul-Azim, R. R. opened, 11083.\\nShairp, John Campbell, b., 9383 works,\\n9722,9882 d., 994\\nShakers in Am., 763, 782, 982,3 sign cov-\\nenant, 1062.\\nShakespeare, William, b., 872 leaves\\nStratford, 876 Globe theater built\\nLord Chamberlain s company, 876 2\\nworks, 877 2 d., 880 works appear,\\n881 statue in Fr., 756 in Eng., 978\\nin N. Y., 280\\nfund est., 9643; jubilee eel., 919 ,9483.\\nhouse sold, 9553.\\nMemorial Asso.,org., 978 Memorial\\ntheater opd., 984\\nSociety of, fnd., 9503; issues works,\\nAlex. Dyce edits Works of Shake-\\nspe,\\n,962\\n1522\\nShakh Mali, conqueror, writer, 53\\nShaler, Nathaniel Southgate, b.\\nworks, 3983, 4782.\\nShallum reigns, 11452 murders Zachariah;\\nmurdered, 1145\\nShalmaneser I. reigns, 1143 subjugates\\nCarchemish, 11432.\\nII. reigns, 1145 invades Babylon\\natKarkar; enters Damascus subjugates\\nJehu defeats Hazael, 1144\\nIII., reigns, 11452 expeditions of,\\n1144\\nIV. reigns, 11452 abandons siege of\\nTyre, 11442 subdues revolt besieges\\nSamaria, 1144 subdues Israel, 1145 2\\nShamger kills Philistines, 1142 judges\\nIsrael, 11413.\\nShammi (Doctor), b.-d., 1152\\nShamokin, Pa., Elixir causes death, 344\\nexplosion, 4273,4733.\\nShamshi-Ramman II. reigns, 1145\\nShamyl, d., 11182.\\nShand, Baron, title created, 1009\\nShanghai, China, taken, 6162, 618 mis-\\nsion, 617 6183, 619 6203 rebels ex-\\npelled, 618 insurrection, 6193; advance\\non rebels repulsed, 620 Soc. for Chris-\\ntian Literature, 6223; opposition toR.R.\\nR. R. to Woosung, 6233 literary center,\\n6242 miss. conf. mission-press, 6243\\nmob burns consulate, ^625 protected,\\n6263 fire, 6273; Fr. storm camp, 734\\nShauhaikwan, Japanese occupy, 627\\nShanking, Jesuit mission, 6143.\\nShannon captures Chesapeake, 1202.\\nEarl of, title created, 9132.\\nWilson, b. (1802) gov. Kan., 1512,\\n1553, 1772, 1791 exchanges guns for\\nprisoners, 181 d. (1877).\\nShans, Burma, mission, 10472.\\nShan-si, mission, 6223, 623 famine, B233.\\ntung, capital, 611 mission, 6203\\nfamine, 6253.\\nShaohing, mission, 6183, 621 6222.\\nShapuntsai, pirate leader, 618\\nSliarbot Lake, coal dis., 590\\nShard, J. Ii., moderator, 2502.\\nSharkey, William Lewis, b., (1797); provi-\\nsional gov. Miss., 2483, 251 d. (1873).\\nSharman, Private, wins prize, 966\\nSliarnotT, corpse found, 11212.\\nSharp, James, b. (1618) archbp. St. An-\\ndrews, 8903; murdered, 8943.\\nGranville, b., 9082 d., 9363.\\nJacob, convicted, sentenced, 327\\nJohn, b. (1644) archbishop of York,\\n8983 d. (1714).\\nMartin, d., 1000\\nWilliam, b., 9103, or (1749) d. (1824).\\nSharpe, Horatio, gov. Md., 693.\\nSharpsburg, Md., Confed. dispersed, 214\\nShnrswood, Goo., b., 1162 d., 3122.\\nShasta. Cal., Bank of robbed, 4343.\\nShattuck, Aaron Draper, b. (1832) Acad,\\nof Design, 2023; paintings, 264 284\\n286 290 294 298 306 310 312\\n316 318\\nShaw, Annie Cornelia, b., (1852) Russet\\nYear, 322\\nShaw, D.B., d., 470\\nGeorge, b., 9123.\\nB., b., 174\\nHenry, d., 3442 d. (1813).\\nWheeler, b., 1262 works, 255\\nd., 3202.\\nSir James, lord mayor, London, 9313.\\nJ. D., shot, 387\\nLemuel, b. (1781); d., 1922.\\nRobert Gould, b. (1837); d., 225\\nThomas Budd, b. (1813) work, 2603\\nd. (1862).\\nWm., E. of Cathcart, b., 9123; Home\\nRule leader, 9852 manifesto, 987 2 se-\\ncedes from party, 989\\nmissionary 5972.\\nCapt., killed, 600\\nDr., political sermon, 8642.\\nUniversity, fnd., N. C, 2503.\\nShawnee Mound, Mo., action at, 201\\nShawnees Indians uprise, 116\\nShaw-Lefevre, Charles, Viscount Evers-\\nley, d., 9982.\\nGeo. ,postmaster-gen., 9932; min-\\nister, 10092.\\nShawneeton, Kan., burned, 2143.\\nShays, Daniel, b., 663 rebel, 98 992\\nd., 1322.\\nSliea, Bat, trial, 4642.\\nJohn Dawson Gilmary, b.,132 work,\\n3243 d., 402\\nSheaffe, Gen., gov., 5772; at York, 1202.\\nSheakley, James, gov. Alas., 4793.\\nShear-steel manufactured, 930\\nSheba, expedition against David, 1143 3\\nSheboygan, Wis., copper-ore found, 442\\nShedd, Win. Greenough Taylor, b., 1282\\nd., 474\\nShee, Sir Martin Archer, b., 9183 pres.\\nRoyal Academy, 944 d., 9562.\\nWilliam, appointed justice, 9672.\\nSheehan, J. D., M. P., conspiracy, 10002.\\nJ. D., pcdlcr murdered, 4062.\\nJohn C., defies Lexow Com., 4523,\\nR. A., cons., R. C. bp., 10082.\\nWm F., Buffalo Police Bill, 4292.\\nSheehey, Alderman, murdered, 9643.\\nSheep, Va\\\\\u00c2\u00a3., exports to Spain, 8653.\\nSheepshanks, John, b. (1787) gift of paint-\\nings, 9602; d. (1863).\\ncons, bp., 10102.\\nSheerness, Eng., burned, 892 Swallow\\nlaunched, 992\\nSheffield, Eng. hospital at, 881 Cutlers\\nHall built, 9073 cast steel made, 918\\nPlate Assay office, 9182 shear-steel\\nmade, 930 destructive rioters, 9372;\\nLiterary and Phil. Soc. org., 9401; a\\nborough, 9453 Wesley Coll., opd., 9491\\nR.R. opd., 9522 Athenaaum and Me-\\nchanics Institution opd., 9542 church\\nCong, at, 9742; board-schools opd., 9783;\\nFirth Park opd. public museum and\\nHall opd., 9801; Firth Coll. endowed,\\n9842; Institution for blind, 9851; Buskin\\nMuseum of Art, 9881; Corn exchange\\nbuilt, 9893 Conservative demonstration,.\\n9931.\\nEarl, title created, 9372.\\nJohn, Duke of Buckinghamshire, b.,\\n8862; lord-lieut., 9213; d., 9062.\\nSheil, Richard Lalor, b., 9243 d., 9562.\\nShekosniko, N. Y., mission at, 643.\\nShelburne, Earl of, title created, 905 1.\\n(See Petty, Wm.)\\nShelby, Isaac, b. (1750); gov. Ky., 1033,\\n1051 1193 d. (1826).\\nDepot, Tenn., Confed. defeat, 2143.\\nShelby, Gen., at Duvall s Bluff, 2372.\\nShelbyville, Tenn., Confederate de-\\nfeat, 2231 lynching, 4083.\\nSheldon, Charles H., gov. S. Dak., 4472-\\nnom. for gov., 4711\\nGilbert, b. (1598); archbp. Canter-\\nbury, 8902; d. (1677).\\nJohn, works, 8803.\\nLionel Allen, b. (1829); gov., 3132.\\nWm., intro. tapestry making, 8801\\nShell, George W., d., 1382.\\nShellabarger, Samuel, b. (1817); Credit\\nMobilier investigation, 2812.\\nShelley, Mrs. (Mary Wollstonecraft God-\\nwin), b., 9283; works, 9391, 947 d.,\\n9562.\\nPercy Bysshe, b., 9262; works, 937\\n9383,9411; d,9403; monument, 1010\\nShelley Society fnd., London, 9942.\\nShell Mound, Tenn., Confederates de-\\nfeated, 227", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1417.jp2"}, "1418": {"fulltext": "1406\\nText Figures denote Page. 1NDJ1..X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nShel-Shun.\\nSlieltou Works, Pa., bought by English,\\n3613.\\nThomas, trans. Don Quixote, 8783.\\nShenanfloali, privateering, 2202; surren-\\ndered, 24S1\\nShenandoah, la., Western Normal Coll.\\nopd., 3082.\\nVa., Indians expelled, 70i Gen.\\nBanks in valley, 205 Jackson s cam-\\npaign, 207 Federals ravage, 2103;\\nGen. Sigel in, 2322; Sheridan in, 238\\nSheridan devastates, 2383.\\nShendy, Nubia, taken, 660\\nShenendeh reigns, 11072.\\nShen-se devastated, 614\\nShen annexed, 6113.\\nsi, mission, 6223.\\nShenstone, William, b., 9042; work, 909\\nd.,9162.\\nShepard, Charles Upham.b., 1122; d.,3222.\\nEdward M., prosecutor, 4423,\\nElliot Fitch, b. 1442; purchases Mail\\nand Express, 3322; d., 426 will filed,\\n4282.\\nShepardson Coll. fnd. at Granville, 3283.\\nShepherd, Alex E., gov. of D. C, 2832.\\nEdwin M., promoted captain, 420\\nJames, attends assassination, 907\\nCollege org., W. Va., 277\\nSliejilienless wrecked, 1573.\\nShepherdstown, W. Va., Federals cross\\nPotomac, 2132; action, 214 2243; Early\\ncrosses, 237\\nShepherdsville, Ky., Federals capture,\\n2123; action, 2132.\\nShepley, George Forster, b. (1819); appt.\\ngov. La., 2133; d. (1878).\\nSheppey Island, ravaged, 844\\nShepses-ka-f, reigns. Egypt, 647\\nShepstone, Sir Theopliilus, proclamation,\\n11243; d., 1010\\nSher Afzul Khan expelled, 72.\\nSherard, Baron, title created, 881\\nSlierborne, see erected, 8423.\\nBaron, title created, 923\\nSherbro, Africa, mission at, 11613.\\nSherbrooke, R. C. diocese est., 5822.\\nSir John Coape, gov., 5773.\\nShere Ali, in Afgh. (p. 4 4 assassinates\\nE. S. Bourke, 977 d., 63.\\ndil Khan, rules murdered, 5392.\\nShah Soor, conquers Delhi, 10422;\\nrevolts, 10433; dethroned, 10422.\\nShing, attacked surrenders, 10462.\\nSherger-ad-Durr, regent, Egypt, 655 2\\nSheridan, Philip Henry, b., 1382; a t Mur-\\nfreesboro, 217 commands cavalry, in\\nArmy of Potomac, 231 north of Rapi-\\ndan, 2321; at Todd s Tavern; on raid,\\n2323, 2332 joins Butler; joins Grant;\\nat fellow Tavern, 233 at Cold Har-\\nbor; at Hawe s Shop, 234 near Tre-\\nvilian Station makes 2d raid, 2342\\nat White House at King and\\nQueen s Courthouse, 2343, at Jones s\\nBridge, St. Mary s Bridge, 235 com-\\nmands Army of Shenandoah, 237 at\\nBunker Hill) 2372; in Shenandoah Val-\\nley, 238 at Winchester; at Fisher s\\nHill, 2332 devastates Valley, 2383\\nSheridan s Eide at Cedar Creek,\\n239 maj.-gen. U.S. A., 240 raids,\\n2422; enters Charlottesville, 2423; at\\nWhite House; at Columbia, Va., 244\\nat Dinwiddie Courthouse; at FiveForks;\\non Quaker Eoad at City Point, 2442\\nforced hack, 2443 at Amelia Court-\\nhouse; pursues Lee, 24 1 at Appomat-\\ntox Station, 2452; ;it Clover Hill, 2461\\ncommands 5th military district, 256\\nat New Orleans, 2572; removes Gov.\\nWells, 2573; relieved of 5th district,\\n258 262 removes Gov. Throckmorton;\\nremoved from La., 259 course ap-\\nproved by Cong., 261 rank lieut.-gen.,\\n266 commands against Indians, 2922;\\nquells Pittsburg riots, 2961; commands\\nU. S. Army, 3141 rank of gen.; d., 3301\\nwidow pensioned, 3371\\nP. J., Phoenix Park murders, 991 1\\nEichard Biinsley, b., 9123; works,\\n9192, 9291 in H. C, 9213, d., 9382.\\nSheriff s Fund est., Eng., 9352.\\nSherifs, dynasty reigns, Morocco, 10971\\nSherlock, Thomas, bp., b., 8942; J. (1761).\\nWilliam, writer, b.. 8842; 9022.\\nSherman, Tex., Austin College fud., 1683;\\nmurder conspiracy, 428 2\\nBuren Robinson, b. (1836); gov., 3052.\\nSherman, Frank Dempster, works, 328 3\\nJames S.,b., 1761.\\nJohn, b., 1303; speakership coutest,\\n1872; intro. Nat. Bank Bill, 2192; Sub-\\nstitute Bill passes senate house re-\\njects it, 2571 sec. treas., 2953; vote for\\npres. candidate, 3043,3051, 3173; pres.\\nof senate, 3212; Election of Representa-\\ntives Bill intro., 3333; Anti-Trust Bill,\\n3483, 3591 Bill for Lieut-gen., 3491 up-\\nholds sec. of treas., 451 Silver Pur-\\nchase Eepeal Hill, 40S3, 4112, 4192, 4223,\\n4332,4351,2, 4363, 4371,2, 4412; Letter\\non Eepeal Bill, 4223; Bond Amendment,\\n4243,4251,2.\\nLydia, convicted of murder, 2843.\\nEoger, b., 601 on committee, 833;\\nd., 1042; statue, 276\\nThomas Ewing, in Society of Jesus,\\n3362.\\nWest, b. (1818+); d., 3002.\\nWm. Tecumseh, b., 1282; brig. -gen.\\nof vols., 1943; commands in Ivy 200\\ncommands Port Royal expedition, 2002;\\nin Tenn., 205 at Shiloh, 2061 advances\\non Vicksburg, 2162 superseded, 2163\\nat Chickasaw Bayou. 217 at Vicksburg,\\n2212; at Jackson, 222 at Bolton, 2242,\\n3 besieges Johnston, 2243; at Memphis;\\nat Colliersville, 2263; takes Missionary\\nEidge, 2282 leaves Vicksburg at Bol-\\nton, 230 commands in west expedi-\\ntion at Meridian, 2302; commands mili-\\ntary division. Miss., 2303; at EockyFace\\nEidge; campaign to Chattahoochee; be-\\ngins At lanta campaign, 2322 at Rocky\\nFace Eidge and Dallas; at Eesaca at\\nSnake Gap Creek near Camp Creek,\\n233 crosses Etowah; approaches Dal-\\nlas, 2332; outflanks Johnston, 2341 Gen.\\nBlair re-enforces at Lost Mountain,\\nKenesaw Mountain, and Little Kene-\\nsaw; at Pine Mountain, 2342; at Kulp\\nHouse near Kenesaw at Marietta,\\n2351 tit Chattahoochee; near Smyrna\\nCamp Ground, 2361 inarch to Atlanta;\\n2d battle of Atlanta, 2362,3; maj,-gen.\\nIT. S. A.; besieges Atlanta, 2371,2;\\nenters Atlanta truce with Hood\\nattacks Gen. Hardee, 2381; at Alla-\\ntoona Pass, 2383 cuts wires from\\nAtlanta to the sea; at Milledgeville at\\nGriswold burns part of Atlanta; burns\\nBorne 240i reaches sea at Savan-\\nnah, 2402 Cong, thanks demands Sa-\\nvannah at Savannah, 2403; leaves Sa-\\nvannah, 2421 at Columbia, 2422 takes\\nFayetteville crosses Cape Fear River;\\ncrosses Pedee River, 2441 returns to\\nGoldsboro, 2443 occupies Raleigh be-\\ngins advance, 2461 accepts Johnston s\\nsurrender, 2462; peace memorandum\\ndisapproved, 2172; appt. lieut-gen., 2521\\nMemoirs, 2911; relinquishes command,\\n3141; vote, nominee for pres, 3043, 3173;\\nlays corner-stone 3461 reception in\\nWashington, 3583; d., 37s 1 interment,\\n3793; Statue Fund, 3803;\\nSherpur, action near, 61\\nSherwin, John Keyse, b., 9123; d. (1790).\\nSherwood, Mo., Federals defeated, 2221\\nSheshonk I., conquests, 0.~,01 reigns, Egy.,\\n651 1\\nII., reigns, Egy., 6511\\nIII. (Shashank), reigns, 9511.\\nIV., reigns, Egy., 6511.\\nShetland Isles ceded to Scot., S651 storm\\ndestroys vessels, 9873.\\nSliidznoka, mission workers at, 10922.\\nShield, Wellington, presented, 9402.\\nShields, George H., int. dept., 351 2\\nJames, h. (181ID; at Winchester, 2051\\nat Port Republic, 2083 d. (1862); statue,\\n4441.\\nShiels, W., premier, 5943.\\nShiite Mohammedans, power in Persia,\\n11071 settle in Persia, 11072.\\nShiites recognize Ali, 4S52.\\nShillaber, Benjamin Penhallow, b. (1814;\\nd.,3721.\\nShilling coined, Eng., 8673.\\nShiloh wrecked, 5873.\\nShiloh, tabernacle at, 11411\\nbattle of, 2061 Nat. Park Act signed,\\n4793.\\nShimabara, Christians revolt at, 10911\\nShimadju Saburo, dies, 10923.\\nShimoga, Mysore mission, 10483.\\nShimonoseke, missions at, 10921\\nShiner, Tex., thieves captured, 4762.\\nShinwarris def by Gholam, 6 s peace, 7\\nShip-building Hill passes S., 4072.\\ncarpenters vs. Am. competition, 613.\\nfirst, Gr., 10132; submarine, 11002.\\nIsland seized, 190\\nShipka Pass, Turks expelled, 565 Sulei-\\nman Pasha at, 51532; action at, 1158\\nShipley, Col. G. H., gov., 2093.\\nJos. L., Pres, Rep. Press Club, 3883.\\nShip-money legal, Eng., 883 3\\nShippen. Edward. Pres. council, 553.\\nShipping Bill, 365 3752, 3792, 3.\\nand Industrial League, Am., 353\\nShipping and Mercantile Gazette issued,\\n9483.\\nregistered, Eng., 9253.\\nUnion find., 10043.\\nShips, act against unseaworthy, 9812,\\niron, constructed, 938\\nShipton, R. R. accident, 9793.\\nShiras, Alex., sanitary coininiss., 197\\nGeo., Jr., b., 1402; justice, 4112, 4172.\\nShires, Eng. divided into, 8453.\\nShirlaw, Walter, b., 1482 in Nat. Acad,\\nof Design, 332\\nShirley, James, b., S762 yvorks, 883 d.,\\n8922.\\nWm. b. (1705) gov. Mass., 653, 693\\ncommander, 082; foreolonial union, 693;\\nresigns, 70 d. (1771).\\nShirley s Ford, Mo., Confederate defeat,\\n2132.\\nShirwa, Lake, Afr\u00e2\u0080\u009e dis., 5603.\\nShishak invades Judea, 1142 1 takes Jeru-\\nsalem, 11423.\\nSlioa rebels, 32.\\nSho-Bandai-San, volcanic eruption, 10921\\nShoeblack Society Brigades est., 9571\\nShoemakersville, Pa., railway accident,\\n3693.\\nShoenberger, John II., bequests, 3523.\\nShoes, pointed, Eng., 8043 intro., 8831\\nShoe-string iiinf. opposed, Eng., 9252.\\nShogai Matsura visits V S., 4351\\nShoguns become Mayors of Palace,\\n10912.\\nShone, Samuel, cons, bp., 9922.\\nShoovalof, Andrei Peter, h., 11163 d.\\n(17S9).\\nShop Hours Regulation Act passed, 9963.\\nBill passes, 10092; shoplifting\\nfelonious, Eng., 9011 shop-tax enacted,\\nEng., 9232\\nShore, John, Lord Teignmouth, b., 9123\\ngov.- gen., 10453.\\nShort, Charles, b., 1301 d., 3242.\\nSliortall, John T., Pres. Asso., 4723.\\nShorter, John Gill, b. (1818); gov. Ala.,\\n2032; d. (1872).\\nEdward, patent granted, 9262.\\nCollege, fnd., 2962.\\nShorthand intro. Eng., 9122,\\nDictionary issued, 921\\nShort-laved Administration fmd.,\\nEng., 9113.\\nShorfridge, Eli C. D., gov.N. Dak., 4472.\\nShoshone Co., Ida., martial law, 4112.\\nIndians, territory, 263.\\nShot-tower companies form trust, 367 3\\nShoulderbone, Ga., Indian treaty, 992.\\nShoup, Francis Asbury, b. (1834; work,\\n3982.\\nGeo. L., b., 1462 gov. Ida., 375\\nspeech, 4383.\\nShovel, Sir Cloudsley, b., 8882 ship-\\nwrecked, 9021 d., 9022.\\nSlireve, Samuel Henry, b., 1362; d. (1884).\\nShrewsbury, Eng., battle of, 860 pesti-\\nlence, 8713 R. R. accident, 977 3 Bp\\nKnight cons., 9822; Bp.Slaiuer cons. ,9983.\\nN. J., settled, 432.\\nEarl of, title created, 8023.\\nEarl of. (See Talbot, Charles.)\\nShricveport, La., levees break, 455 3\\nShriver, in House of Representatives, 1571.\\nShropshire, Eng., battle of, 8391 iron-\\nworkers strike, 9943.\\nShubert, Neb., bank fails, 4331\\nShubrick, John Templar, b. (1778); d., 1242.\\nWm. Branford, b 1022; d., 2842.\\nShnja Shah, yrith Brit, marches on Sind,\\n41 reigns 51 assassinated, 42.\\nShulter, polyeliroinises patent office, 2501.\\nShultze, Capt., at Aldie, 2191.\\nShulze, John Andrew, gov. Pa., 1313.\\nShunk, Francis H., gov. Pa., 161\\nSlum-King, tire, 6273.\\nNung invents plow, 6101", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1418.jp2"}, "1419": {"fulltext": "Shuq-Silv.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDiiX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1407\\nShuqualak Female Coll. fnd., Miss., 3063.\\nShurtleff Coll., 111., est., 1351\\nSliutargardan, battle at, 61\\nShute, Baron, title evented, 987\\nSamuel, b. (1(353) gov., 592 goes to\\nEng. receives power, 612 d. (1742).\\nShuttle-fly used, 9121 throwing intro.,\\n9143.\\nSiam (see text, p. 1124); China rules, 6272;\\nFr. embassy to, 695* battle at Khong,\\n4823; Fr. blockade consents to Fr. ulti-\\nmatum, 765 3 ambassadors, 1)613; treaty\\nwith, 9612.\\nSiamese Islands, Fr. occupy, 7641\\ntwins, born, 11242; d., 2861\\nSialkot mission, 10472.\\nSiang enthroned, China, 6H1\\nWang enthroned, China, 6112.\\nSiaokia enthroned, 6112.\\nSiaosin enthroned, 611*.\\nSiaoy enthroned, 6112.\\nSiber, Col., at Fayetteville, Va., 2131\\nSiberia conquered by Bus., 11152; frozen\\nbody of mammoth found, 11162 exiles\\nrevolt, 11193, 11212 number of exiles\\noutrages on exiles solitary confinement\\nfor females, 11212; flogging of females\\nabolished, 11223.\\nSibilet, Thomas, b. (1512\u00c2\u00b1) Art Poitique,\\n6831 d. (1589).\\nSibley, Henrv. b. (1815 O at Ft. Fillmore,\\n2103 at Yellow Medicine River, 2141\\nd. (1886).\\nH., b. (1811) gov. Minn., 1852\\nd., 3781\\nJohn Langdon, b. (1804); d., 3202.\\nJoseph C, b., 1682.\\nSibour, Marie Dominique Auguste, b.\\n(1792); archbp. of Paris, assassinated,\\n7332.\\nSibsagor mission, 10471\\nSicard, Abbe Roch Ambroise Cucurron,\\nb.,7002; d., 7242.\\nMontgomery, a commoilore, 4561\\nSichel, Julius, b., 8082; d., 8243.\\nSicilians in Tripoli, 11381\\nSicilian Vespers, 6721 6731; reenacted in\\nSp., 7162; period of, 10772.\\nSicily, Gr. settle in, 10153; Naxos, Gela,\\nCamarina, Agrigentuni, Messina, and\\nSyracuse fnd., 10153, 105H sends out\\ncolonies, 10511; Phalaris reigns, 10172;\\ninvaded by Carthaginians. 10501 Oli-\\ngarchy expelled Gelon, Thrasybulus\\nrule, 10182, 10192, 3, 11512; invaded by\\nAthenians, 10202; Athenians as slaves,\\n10203 Dionysius rules, 10512 Cartha-\\nginians massacred, 10511 ;civil war, 10223\\nDionysius the Younger rules, 10233\\nDionysius expelled Timoleon reigns\\nAgathocles rules in Syracuse, 10532\\nCarthaginians in 10521 Hiero II., king\\nof Syracuse, 10533 pyrrhus assists,\\n10261; invaded by Romans, 10523; Clau-\\n-dius Caudex in Valerius Maximus in\\n10523 Dion welcomed, 10233 assas-\\nsinated, 1025 2 Syracuse tributary to\\nRome, 10533 Hiero II. deserts Cartha-\\nginians Hanno defeated Cuius Duilius\\nin naval battle; Hasdrubal in Adherbal\\nin; Romans lose 2 fleets. 10523 Hamil-\\ncar in, 10182, 10523 Carthaginian fleet\\ndestroyed, 10531 resigned by Carthage,\\n10533 Hieronymus rules Syracuse rup-\\nture with Rome, 10552 invaded by\\nRomans Syracuse, Agrigentum taken\\nSicily subjugated, 10542 slaves rise\\nagainst Romans, 10561, 2, 10631; Eunus\\n-captured, 10561 war with Sextus Pom-\\npeius, 10602; 10613 Octavian conducts\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0war; Lepidus lands, 10602; Agrippa con-\\nquers, 10603; slaves punished 10631 in-\\nvaded by Goths Belisarius conquers,\\n10301 invaded bv Vandals, 10701 subju-\\ngated, 10301 10601 Constantine IV.\\n-quells, 10302; Benedictines enter, 10703;\\nconfiscated bv Leo III., 1073 2 Constans\\nmurdered, 10313 Gr. lose, 10332 con-\\nquered by Saracens, 10721 taken by\\nChristians Gr. and Saracens expelled\\nsilk culture intro., 10741 culture of\\nsugar-cane, 10742 -won bv Henrv VI.,\\n10741 united to S. It., 10752 ruled by\\nGermans Roger II., king, 10752 Sara-\\ncens subdue, 7782; Papal party expelled,\\n7801 Eng. possesses, 8551 separate from\\nNaples, 10772, 10793, 10853 revolts,\\n10761 10772; Sicilian Vespers, 10772; an-\\nnexed to Sp., 11261 separated from Sp.\\nreunited, 10773 Two Sicilies restored\\nseparated from Naples, 10792 John of\\nAragon k. Ferdinand the Cath. k.,\\n10793 conquered by Fr. and Sp., 6782\\nannexed to Sp., 10793 Messina revolts,\\n10833 Dutch and Spanish in, 10821\\nearthquake, 10822 owned by Aust.,\\n10833; claimed by Charles VI., 5151;\\n6eized, 7993 invaded, 10S21 ceded to\\nSavoy, 6973,10833; invaded by Sp., 10821\\nearthquakes, 10841 ruled by Sp., 10852\\nsubdued, 11281 separated from Naples\\nunder Brit, protection, 1085 3 united to\\nNaples Ferdinand I. (IV.), king, 10871\\nFrancis I., king revolution Ferdinand\\nII., king provisional gov t proclaimed\\nliberal constitution granted; insurrec-\\ntion in Messina Bourbon family ex-\\ncluded, 10872 Jesuits expelled, 10863\\nNeapolitans in, 10861 Francis II., k.,\\n10891; insurrections, 10881,10891; Gari-\\nbaldi s campaign Gen. Cialdiniin, 1088 1\\nFrancis II. deposed Neapolitans evacu-\\nate, 10891 Garibaldi dictator, 10891, 2;\\nMafia outrages, 10893; constitution pro-\\nclaimed, 10S91 anti-tax riots exter-\\nmination of brigandage, 10903 siege\\ndeclared, 10902.\\nSickingen, Franz von, b., 7862 -war of\\nnobles, 7881; league for Reformation,\\n7893; d.,7882.\\nSickles, Daniel Edgar, b., 130 3 acquitted,\\n185 1; at Gettysburg, 224 1 commands\\n2d military district, 2561; at Columbia,\\n2572; relieved, 2581 removed, 2591\\nJacob, pres., 1191\\nSicyon, kingdom of, 10132 liberated, 10272.\\nSiddons, Marv Frances Scott, b., 10462.\\nSarah, b., 9123; d., 9442.\\nSide-saddles introduced, Eng., 8613.\\nSidi Ali Pasha, bey, 11393.\\nSidmouth, Viscount of, title created, 931 1\\n(See Addington.)\\nSidnaeester, sees united, 8483.\\nSidney, la., W. Mavhor arrested, 4211.\\n.Algernon, b., 8802; work, 8911; at-\\ntainder, 8992; executed, 8972.\\nLord Godolphin, b. (1635) minister,\\n8972, 8993 d. (1712).\\nSir Henrv, deputy, 8732 lord lieu-\\ntenant, 8993 d. (1586).\\nSir Philip, b., 8702; atZutphen, 8741\\nworks, 8761 invades Flanders; wounded,\\n10981 d., 8762.\\nSidon, Pal., Mohammedans capture, 487 3\\ntribute to Assyr., 11451 destroyed, 11453,\\n11461.\\nSidonius, Apollinaris, b. (430\u00c2\u00b1) work,\\n6631 d. (482 or 484).\\nSiebold, Karl Theodor Ernst\\nd., 8302\\nQ,b.,6\\nPhilipp Franz von, b., 8063.\\nCol., at Dalton, 2372.\\nSteele, le, issued, 7271.\\nSiege Bill passed, Fr., 7512.\\nSiegen, Ludwig von, inv. mezzotinto, 7962.\\nSiegfried, Bishop, chancellor, Ger., 7811.\\nJules, minister, Fr.,7652.\\nWalter, Tino-MoraU, 8362.\\nSiegerich, murder of, 7703\\nSiemens, Sir Charles Karl Wm., b., 8121\\narmature produced, 958 2 inv. furnaces,\\n9642; electric light vegetation, 9841 d.,\\n8302.\\nErnst Werner, b., 8121 d., 8361\\nSiena, Guido da, b.-d., 10783.\\nSienna, Univ., commenced, 10752.\\nSierra Leone, Afr., dis., 11601 mission;\\ndiocese fmd., 11603; acquired by Eng.,\\n9252 bishopric est., 9543; Bp. Ingham\\neons., 9862 Sofas defeated, 10101\\nSierra Nevada,^ cholera on, 1773.\\nNevada, highest peaks, 2501\\nSieunti, expedition against Tartars, 6101\\nenthroned, 6113.\\nSieyershauseu, Prus., battle at, 7921\\nSieyes, L Abbe, Comte Emmanuel Jos.,\\nb., 7003; rep. leader, 7133; d., 7262.\\nSiireau, Chief, defeated, 6042.\\nSigebert 1., marries, 6651 K., 6652; mur-\\ndered, 6651.\\nII., king, 6653.\\ncommences Cambridge Univ., 8431\\nSigel, Franz, b., 1321, at Carthage, Mo.,\\n1962; at Pea Ridge, 2042; at Centerville,\\n2122 in Shenandoah Yallev, 2322 in\\nDept. W. Va., 2332 at New Market,\\n2331 relieved, 2342.\\nSigiburg captured, Fr., 770\\nSigismund, b.-d., 7822; emp., 5073, 7853;\\nK. of Hung., 5072; K. of It., 10792; K.\\nof Bohemia, 7853; K. of Italy; emp.\\ndeposed, 10702; at. Nicopolis, 11561 sells\\nmargravate of Brandenburg dethroned,\\n7S53 d., 5082.\\nI., reigns in Poland, 11152.\\nII., reigns in Poland, 11152.\\nIII., K. of Poland, b., 7922 K. of\\nSwe.; reigns in Poland, 11152 defeated\\nat Linkoping, 11341 reigns, 11352 de-\\nthroned, 11353; charters univ., 7931; d.,\\n7943.\\nArchduke of Aust., d., 5342.\\nDuke of Outer Austria, 5091\\nD. of Bavaria, 7872; war with Switz.,\\n11371\\nJohn, king, 5112.\\nking of Burgundy, drowned, 7703,\\nSigmaringen, Prus., fire in palace, 8373,\\nSignals, sea, systematized, 8961\\nSignay, Jos, cons, bp., 5782; archbp., 5783.\\nSigournev, Lydia 11 nut ley, b., 1022; works,\\n1251 13 12, 1543, 1551 d., 2471\\nSigurd I., reigns, 11051\\nRing, in Bravalla, 6341\\nSnogoje, enthroned, 6352.\\nSikanderabad, mission, 10471; taken,\\n10481.\\nSikes, William Wirt, b. (1836) d., 3141\\nSikh war, first, 10461 second, 10462.\\nSikhs org., 10451 exterminated, 10441;\\nconquer Kashmir, 10461\\nSikki killed, 8383.\\nSikkim, British repulsed, 10482.\\nSikokuni, at war with Boers, 6001\\nSiladitya convenes council, 10431\\nSilanus, M. Junius, commands, 10561,\\nSilchester, Baron, title created, 9372.\\nSilesia, restored to Bohemia,5043 Breslau,\\ncapital, 7783 Ger. influence in, 7781 an-\\nnexed, 507 2 anti-reformation, 5123; in-\\nvaded, 7942 1st war, 5141; ceded to\\nPrus., 5152,3, 5162,3; 2d war, 5142 3d\\nwar, 5141 recognizes Maria Theresa,\\n5151 allies at, 720i waterspouts, 812 1;\\nAust. enter, 5261 River Neiss overflows,\\n5301; explosion, 8333; Galician miners\\nexpelled, 5322.\\nSilhouette, Etienne de, b.,\\nSilicon discovered, 11361\\nSilistria, Bulgaria, revolt, 5\\n11121 Turks defeated; su\\naction at, 11562.\\nSilk, sewing, mnf. by machinery, 1361\\nmnf. intro. in Gaul, 6641 culture in\\nSicily, 10741 mantles intro., 8551 stock-\\nings first worn in Fr., 6833; mnf., 8781\\nbroad, woven, 880 1 weaving improved,\\n8982; culture excitement, 1453; crop re-\\nduced, 7333; industry in U.S., 2601; sta-\\ntion est., 3513.\\nSill, Joshua W., b. (1831) d., 2172.\\nSilliman,Benj.,b.,912;work,127i d.,2411.\\nJr., b., 1242 d., 3182.\\nHorace B., pres. of Hamilton College,\\n3902.\\nSillitoe, A. W., elected bishop, 9803.\\nSilva, Antonio Diniz da Cruz e, Hyssope.\\n11101\\nSilver, fulmination of, 7061 dis. in Nev.,\\n1841; Black Hills, 2541 in Colo., 2993,\\n3021 in Salisbury, N. C; in Chickasaw\\nNation, 3461 Fairport, la., 3761 I n d.\\nTer., 3913; West Superior, Wis., 3921;\\nmines close, 405 3 4333 purchase of,\\nomitted; resolution, 4192, 4392; fnArk.,\\n4122; in Tex., 4141; and zinc, Ind., 4241\\ninS. Austral., 4961 ;inLaPaz, 5513; from\\nlead ore, process introduced, Eng., 9441\\nin Potosi, 5513 Peruvian, legal tender,\\n11083 roubles, coinage suspended, 1123 1\\nutensils used, Eng., 856 3\\nBill, Bland, free coinage of, 2951,2,\\n2972, 2991, 4003, 4012,3, 4031,3, 4083,\\n4352, 4371 4491 4512, 4532, 4553.\\nBullion Purchase, Repeal, 4112,\\n4192, 4223, 4231 2, 4243, 4331 2, 4351, 2,\\n4363, 4371 ,2, 4391 2, 4403, 4412 passes,\\n4431.\\nReagan s Free Coinage of, 3483,\\n3592, 3612, 3632,3, 3651 3, 3731 3752, 3,\\n3772,3791, 3833,3992.\\nStewart s Fsee, passes senate,\\n4093; killed, 4112.\\nCoinage suspended trade dollar\\ncoined, 2812; suppression of, 2991; un-\\nlimited, 4671\\nin China, 6251\\n6963.\\n581 ,3; invaded,\\nrenders, 1116 1", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1419.jp2"}, "1420": {"fulltext": "1408\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nSilv-Slav.\\nSilver Commission adjourns, 837 2\\nConf., Ger. government in, 837\\nCongress, Internat., 3992,401 837\\nConven., St. Louis, 3192: at El Paso,\\n397\\nCreek, Mo., action at, 202\\nN. Y., railroad accident, 3253.\\ncurrency, France, 7653.\\nLake, Edisonlndustrial Works, 3653;\\nfire, 4793.\\nLaw, resolutions of Commercial Con-\\nvention, 4383.\\nPool Investigation Committee, 3753,\\n3763,3771,3.\\nSilversmiths Co. incorporated, 4193.\\nSilvestre, Baron de, Augustin Francois,\\nd., 7302.\\nGregorio, b. (1520); work, 1129 d.\\n(1570).\\nSimcoe, John Graves, gov. Can., 577 2\\nSimeon, reign of, 5653.\\nStylites, b.-d., 11542 a pillar saint,\\n10703.\\nSimeoni, Giovanni, b. (1816) d., 1090\\nSimmons, A., arrested, 3523.\\nGeoffrey, trial of, 981\\nJames A., embezzler, 3802.\\nMr., balloon ascension, 988\\nSimms, William Gilmore, b., 1122; works,\\n1423 1443 145 1463 1523 170 2603 d.\\n(1870).\\nSimnel, Lambert, claims Eng. crown, 866\\nSimon, high priest, 1151 2\\n1., reigns, 11483 high priest, 11463\\nrepairs temple, 11482.\\nII., high priest, 11482: assassinated,\\n11493.\\nIII., rules in Judea, 11493.\\nIV., high priest, 11502.\\nV., high priest, 11503.\\nDuke of Moscow, enthroned, 11152.\\nof Sudbury, murdered, 8603.\\nCantherus, high priest, 11523.\\nJules, b., 721 works, 7283, 733 ,7412,\\n745 7473, 751 Order of Black Eagle,\\n8342.\\nM. E., Emperor Frederick, 7582.\\nMaccabeus, high priest, 11483; prince\\nof Jerusalem, 11493.\\nMagus, founds Simonians, 1153\\nRichard, b., 6882 d., 6963.\\nSimonians founded, 1153\\nSimonides, iambic poet, 10143; d., 10142.\\nb.-d., 10162 iy r i c poet, 1017\\nSimon s Bay, wreck of Birkenhead, 598\\nSimons, Thomas, dis. comet, 211\\nYoung, b. (1828) d., 2982.\\nSimony, condemned at synod, 7743 pre-\\nvails, 7743, 785 7863, 1073\\nSimoon, Thomas, b.,9042.\\nSimor, John, b. (1813) cons, cardinal\\npriest, 5283; d., 5342.\\nSimplicius, St., pope, 10703; d. (483).\\nSimplon road constructed, 7153.\\nSimpson Creek, Ya., first Bapt.ch.fmd., 783.\\nEdward, b. (1824) Confederates sur-\\nrender to, 2462.\\nJames, d., 478\\nSir Young, b., 935 d., 9742.\\nJeremiah, b., 1542.\\nMatthew, b., 1163; ord. M.E. bp., 1702;\\nat Lincoln s funeral, 2472 d., 3162.\\nThomas, b. (1808) explorations of,\\n578 d. (1840).\\nmath., b. (1710) d., 915\\nWilliamji., gov. S.C.,3012; resigns,\\n305\\nDr., pres. Ger. Parliament, 8253.\\nCollege, la., established, 2583.\\nSimrott, W. A., absconds, 463\\nSims, George B., sentenced, 373\\nJames Marion, b. (1813) d., 3142.\\nWilliam H., in int. dept., 4472.\\nSimsbury, Conn., mine for prison, 793.\\nSims-Edison torpedo boat tested, 388\\nSinchi Rocca, reign of, 132.\\nSinclair, Baron, title created, 867\\nCatherine, b., 9302; d., 968\\nJames Augustus, Earl of Caithness,\\nd., 10042.\\nSir John, b., 9123 d., 9462.\\nSind, India, conquered, 1044 10473 an-\\nnexed, 10443 transferred, 10452.\\nSindercomb, Miles, plot of, 8892.\\nSindian family important, 10452.\\nSingapore, Brit, settle; G. B. annexes,9393;\\nBp. Hose cons., 9862; mission, 10463; St.\\nAndrew s Cathedral, 1047 Brit, factory\\nestablished, 10472.\\nSinger, Otto, d., 448\\nSingerly, William Miskey, b. (1832) nom.\\nfor governor Pa., 4633.\\nSinging lessons in public schools, 148 1\\nSingleton, John, minister, 9433.\\nJ. W., d.,404\\nSing Sing, N. Y., prison commenced, 1352.\\nSinhore, mission, 657\\nSin-Idiimam, king of Larsam, 11393.\\nSinking Creek, W. Ya., action at, 216\\nFund Act passed, 9072.\\nBill, Pitt s, 9233.\\n(G. B.), reduced, Eng., 9433.\\nSinope captured, 10582 Turk, fleet de-\\nstroyed, 1118 attacked; subdued, 1148\\ncapital, 11492.\\nSinoris El Fayoom, mission, 657\\nSin Otefchestra issued, 1117\\nshar-ishkun reigns, 11453.\\nSinsheim, Baden, Imperialists defeated,\\n692\\nSio Khe, hospital, 6243.\\nSion, Mt., Syrian fort taken, 114S\\nSiong-Siong, ruler, 10942.\\nSioux Bill passed in senate, 337\\nCamp, S. Dak., 374\\nCity, la., G. C. Haddock murdered,\\n3243; Training School opil., 3502 flood-\\nwave, 406 4073; ex-county officials in-\\ndicted, 4763.\\nFalls, S. Dak., school for deaf mutes\\nfnd., 307 S. F. Univ. fnd., 3143; con-\\nstitution approved, 341 constitution\\nadopted, 347 K. C. diocese est., 350\\nsaloons reduced, 4122.\\nIndians retire to Can., 300 pow-wow\\nwith Gen. Brooks, 372 war, 211\\nReservation, S. Dak., settlers, 353 2\\ngold found, 370\\nSipe, William A., b., 1562.\\nSippar, temple built, 1139\\nSir Hugo wins Derby, 10053, 10093.\\nSiricius, St., pope, iu663, 1069\\nSirhts wrecked, 934\\nSirmia to Attila, 503\\nSirmium, church council at, 5022.\\nSiroes kills Chosroes II., 11073.\\nSlscar, Gregoria Mayans y,Retorica, 11292.\\nSisebut reigns, 11253.\\nSisenando reigns, 1125 3\\nSisera defeated, 1140 1141\\nSiserostat invented, 738 2\\nSisinnius, pope, 10722; d.(708).\\nSismondi, Jean diaries Leonard Simonde\\nde, b. (1773) Histiilretlvs Francois, 7232;\\nd. (1842).\\nSisseton, Ind. reservation, S. Dak., 405 2\\nSisterhoods est., G. B., 9543.\\nSisters seized, 5852.\\nSisters of Charity, t Oder org., 6883.\\nSistof, Bulg., Biblical Institute fnd., 5662.\\nSistova, Bulg., treaty of, 519 2\\nSisyphus, institutes isthmian games, 1013 2\\nfounds Corinth, 10133.\\nSitalces, furnishes army, 1020\\nSitka Island, Alas., Gen. Kousseau pos-\\nSitting Bull defeated, 300 Indians of,\\nreturn, 304\\nSinan Wang enthroned, 6112.\\nSiulo, Chinese proviuce, 6132.\\nSivaite sect established in India, 1043\\nSivaji, Mahratta, b.-d., 10443 rebels,1044\\nforms Mahratti kingdom; declares inde-\\npendence d., 10451\\nSivas, mission of American Board, 11563,\\nSi-Votha, Prince, leader, 4833.\\nSiira discovered, 5283.\\nSiward dies, 8473.\\n.Six Acts passed, G. B., 9393.\\nArticles Statute passed, 8683.\\nCompanies formed, 6233.\\nPrinciple Baptists. (See Baptists.)\\nSixteen, Council of, formed, Fr., 6852.\\nSixth Nation formed by Indians, 593.\\nSixtus I., St bishop at Koine, 10623 erects\\naltars, 10643.\\nII., St., pope, 10643; martyred, 10663.\\nIII., St., pope, 10702.\\nIV., pope, b.-d., 10782.\\nTV., pope, 10791.\\nV., pope, 10812; favors Jews, 10832.\\nSjervorog Mts., Malay mission, 10483.\\nSjbberg, Erik, b. (1794); Poems, 11362;\\nd. (1828).\\nSjogren, Andreas Johann, b., 11162 d.,\\n11182.\\nSkaag s men terrorize colored people\\nin Kentucky, 2551\\nSkaania annexed, 6372.\\nSkalitz, Bohemia, battle of, 8241\\nSkalla-Grim in Iceland, 10412.\\nSkandia issued, 1136 2\\nslc indinavisk Museum issued, 639\\nSkating known, 8511\\nSkeena River, explorations on, 5861 land-\\nslide, 5921\\nSkeine, John, governor N. J., 493.\\nSkeleton Canon, Ariz., Indians yield, 324 1\\nSkelton, John, b., 864 works, 8643, 8663;\\nd. (1529?).\\nMartha, married, 77 1\\nSkene, Philip, b. (1725) d., 1162.\\nSkerrett, Joseph S., commander Pacific\\nStation, 4181; transferred, 4421; frus-\\ntrates dynamite plot, 10413.\\nSkillinti-Xl ni i- tii issued, 11042.\\nSkinner, Kichard, b. (1778); gov., 1292;\\nd. (1883).\\nThomas Harvey, b. (1791) modera-\\ntor, 1762; d. (1871).\\nSkiold, reign of, 6352.\\nSkiolduugs rule, 11332.\\nSkipwith, Miss., levee breaks down, 3541\\nSkobeleff, Mikhail Dimitryevitch, b.,\\n11163; in Cent. Asia, 11201; at Lovatz,\\n5652; at Scnova, 5G6 d., 11201.\\nSkolno, along Labrador, 123.\\nSkye, no-rent riots, 9891\\nSlack, James Kichard, b. (1784): at Pea\\nKidge, 2042; ,1. ,m66).\\nSlade, Dr. Henry, trial of, 9812.\\nWm., b. (1786); gov. Vt., 1592: d.\\n(1859).\\nSlailen, Sir Edward Kose, d., 1002\\nSlalzar, Lucio, minister, 6443.\\nSlankamen, battle of, 5122.\\nSlate Creek, Ky., furnace at, 102\\nSlater, Samuel, b, (1768) first cotton mill,\\n102 104 est. first S.-School, 1043; d.\\n(1835).\\nCotton Centennial begins, 3683.\\nSlates, school, mnf in Pa., 134\\nSlaughter, Carthaginians, 1051 Tyrians,\\n1146 Capuans, 10,542; Romans, 1056 ,2;\\nCimbians, etc., 6621 in Pontus, 1056\\nin A.. Minor, 11503; in Perusia, 1061\\nin Jerusalem, 11521; in Syria, 11532;\\nin Alexandria 653 1 Ger. tribes, 1066 1\\nin Gaul, 7692; Tliessalonica, 10292; Con-\\nstantinople, 10301; of monks, Eng.,\\n8422; of Danes, Eng., 8461; in France,\\n670 683 of Jews, Eng., 851 of Brit-\\nish in Ire., 8523; m Sweden, 1135 St.\\nBartholomew, 685 1 in Croatia, 11563\\nin Russia, 1115 1 in Italy, 10832; of\\nBrit, in Ireland, 8841; of Scotch at\\nGlencoe, 9003; a t Thorn, Prus. (1724)\\nin Cyprus, 11573; at Batavia (1740) at\\nIsmail, Rus.; at Praga, Bus., 1116 in\\nIre., 9292; Fr. Royalists, 7tl,K3, 7092; at\\nSan Domingo, W. I., Mar. 29, 1804, all\\nthe whites murdered Fr. in Madrid,\\n11312; Mamelukes, 656 1 at Nimes, Fr.,\\n7231; at Scio, etc., 10342; of Janissaries\\nat Constantinople, 11571 Brit, in Afgh.,\\n42; in Ageria, 83; in Syria, 11571; i n\\nUtah, 1823; in India, 1048 at Damas-\\ncus, 11582; in China, 6242; in Borneo,\\n5522; m Buenos Ayres, 4913; in South\\nCarolina, 2923; in Afgh., 63; in Alex-\\nandria, 658 (See Indians and Mas-\\nGabriel, governor Ky., 1252.\\nCol., at Palo Pinto, 2463.\\nSlaugliterville, Ky., action near, 2123.\\nSlav dvnasty established in Poland, 7731.\\nSlave-dealers on Ger. territory, 8382; de-\\nfeated, E. Afr., 5642.\\nhunting expeditions popular in Egy.,\\n6483.\\nImportation Act passed, 45 2 decis-\\nion for inheritance of, 3451 children\\nfree, 6571, 6323.\\nmarket, N. Y. City, 572; intimida-\\ntion, 191\\nSlaver hanged in N. Y., 2052.\\nSlave States become a minority, 1903.\\ntrade, Abys., suppression, 3 Eng.\\ngov t upholds opposed in Am., 61 for-\\nbidden, 833; no longer Sp. monopoly,\\n1003,6323; is piracy, 1291 treaty against,\\n1553,2073; prohibited, 2353; treaty with\\nNeth.,93!i3; abolished from Hung., 5172;\\nsuppressed, Braz., 5543, 5552, 503 6323;\\nneglect of suppression, 5553; abolished,\\nGold Coast, 116H; Den. opposes, 6392;\\nEcuador opposes, 6433 abolished by Ft.,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1420.jp2"}, "1421": {"fulltext": "Slav-Smit.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1409\\n721 prohibited by sea, Ger.; Eng. be-\\ngins, 8731; exportation stopped, 8383;\\nabolished in Tripoli, 11393.\\nSlavery abolished, Algeria, 91,2; intro.\\nin Am., 283; prohibited in R. I., 39 i in-\\ntro. in N. C, 45 1 Boston opposes, 551 j\\nforbidden in Ga., 631 Cong, prohibits,\\n83i;inColonies,S: )2; Mass. abolishes,933;\\nPa. abolishes, 032 opposed by Meth.,\\n932, 971 law for abolition of, 071 local-\\nity for, limited, 99 1 Baptists against,\\n100 2 Anti-slavery Soc. org.; prohibited\\nin 6 States; J. Buchanan s address, 1031\\nanti-s. petition, 1071 gradual abolition,\\nN. Y., 1091 and in N. J.; Abolition Soc.\\ndwindles, 113i Cong, agitated, 1192;\\npublic agitation, 127 1 Mo. Compromise\\nBill extension prohibited, 129 1 excite-\\nment; Mo. admitted, 1292; agitation\\nviolent, 1312; agitation by Liberator,\\n1391; Anti-s. Soc. org., 1401, 143 1, and\\nmeeting broken up pro-s. violence and\\nopposition abolition riots in N. Y.,\\n1432; anti-s. literature, suppression of;\\nanti-s. movement opposed anti-aboli-\\ntion riots, 1451; Northern agitation,\\n145 2 mail matter excluded, 1453; phi-\\nlanthropist destroyed, 1463; petition to\\nabolish, in D. C; memorials refused by\\nCong.; right of petition denied, 1471;\\nproslavery mob destroys Pa. Hall Rev.\\nE. J. Lovejoy murdered, 149 1; Gag-\\nLaw passed, 1492,3, 1531 abolitionists\\norg. political party L Amistad arrives,\\n151i; riot at Cincinnati; uprising on\\nCreole, 153 1 mob at Phila.; suppressing\\nslave-trade; law of s. supreme, 155 1\\ndisturbs Meth., 1563; Tex. annexation,\\n157 2 divides Democrats, 157 2 187 2\\ndivides two parties, 1573; divideB Bap-\\ntists, 1582..1603; balance of States,1593;\\nBapt. missions suffer, 1603; Wilmot Pro-\\nviso agitation, 1612; extended, 1633;\\nabolished in D. C, 1652; divides Whigs\\ndivides Democrats, 1651 Fugitive-Slave\\nLaw violated, 1663 j Fillmore favors com-\\npromise wronged, 1672; Clay s Compro-\\nmise Bill; in Terr. debates in Cong.,1671\\n1751 Webster s speech, agitation, 1671\\ndebate on admission of Cal.; Fugitive\\nSlave Bill passed, 1672; riot at Christi-\\nana, 1691 j agitation quieted by compro-\\nmise, 1712; women against, 1711 Burns\\nrescue, 1742; agitation ceases, 1743, and\\nrenewed, 1751 repeal of Missouri Com-\\npromise Kan.-Neb. Bill enlargement\\nof area Emigrant Aid Co., 1751 North\\nand South antagonistic emigration to\\nKan., 1763; Kan. legislature upholds,\\n177i election forTer. legislature splits\\nAm. party, 177 2 pro-s. party meets in\\nKan.; Topeka Conven., anti-s. accepted,\\n1791 pro-s. legislature recognized in\\nKan., 1792 pro-s. conflict at Osawatomie;\\nPresbyterians condemn, 180 1, 1822; s\\ntrade revival proposed, 1803; pro-s. trou-\\nbles in Kan., 181i pro-s. party aided by\\nU. S. troops, 1821 Dred Scott decision,\\n1831; Republican party against; Kan.\\nelection, 1832; Personal Liberty Bill\\npassed, 1851; anti-constitution in Kan.,\\n1852; pro-s. resolutions pass senate, 1872;\\nKnights of Golden Circle, 1853; free\\nStates control gov t, 1903; in territories,\\n1922; nat., perpetual, unchangeable\\nplan, 1923; coerces Border States, 193 1\\n13th Amend, for.1031 .2293 bill to abolish\\nin D. C, 1993, 2013, 2072; divides Cong.,\\n2013; fugitives not returned; gradual\\nabolition, 205 3 anti-slave treaty, 207 3\\nexcluded from territories, 2093; or\\nfreedom, U. S. choosing, 215 3 13th Con-\\nstitutional Amend, prohibiting, intro.,\\n229 2 and approved, senate, 231 3 it\\nfails in house, 235 2 and house passes,\\n2431 repeal of Fugitive Slave Law, 2352,\\n3; ^coastwise slave-trade bill approved,\\n2353; prohibited by 13th Amend., 2493;\\nCong, abolishes, as an institution in U.S.;\\nTenn. abolishes, 243 1, and N. C, and\\nAla., 249i, and La., 2592; Am. Anti-s.\\nSoc. dissolved, 2703; Vienna Cong, abol-\\nishes, 5203; abolished in Boli v., 5502; in\\nBraz., 5543, 5571 ,2; abolishing law nul-\\nlified, 5572; disguised, Transvaal, 5991;\\nabolished, Colombia, 6282; intro., Cuba,\\n6312; abolished in Cuba, 6332, and in\\nDen., 6392; m Ecu., 6433; of captives,\\nEgy., 6471 favors Thothmes III. build-\\ning, 6483; abolition decreed, Egy., 6583;\\nabolished inj Fr.. 7303; abounding in\\nBrit., 8411 prohibited in G. Brit., 9102;\\nAbolition Slavery Bill defeated, 9272;\\nabolished in E. I., 9492; abolished in\\nGuate., 10391, in Madagascar, 10952;\\nChristian, abolished in Morocco, 10972;\\nabolished in Rus., 11172; abolished in\\nPorto Rico, 11323; abolished in Sweden,\\n11363.\\nSlaves, Algerine, 91 catching Indians for;\\ntraffic in W. I., 172; intro. in N. Y., 303,\\n391 traffic in Boston, 37 1; marriage\\namong, honored, Pa.; Wm. Penn frees,\\n551 real estate, 572; baptism, 57 1\\n582,3; Eng. exclusive transport; peti-\\ntion against freeing, Pa., 583 Chris-\\ntianity, 603; run to Fla., 632; colonists\\ndesire, 652; many fugitives, 93 2 Qua-\\nkers emancipate, 1003; in 1790, 103 1\\nmasters summary power; Fugitive S,\\nAct, 105i importation prohibited by\\nCong., 1143; in 1810, 1171; returned to\\nAfr.,1272; total in 1820; trade in, piracy,\\n1291; Sunday-schools for, prohibited,\\n1212; in 1850, 169 rise on Creole, 1552;\\ncapturing fugitives, 1711 in 1860, 1871;\\ncontraband of war, 1961, 1971 confis-\\ncated, 199 1 2 2013 5613 Fremont manu-\\nmits, 1991 excluded from camps, 2003;\\nenlisted, made free, 2031 2302, 2313; not\\nreturned\u00e2\u0080\u009e205 3 freed in S. C. by Hunter,\\n2071; military labor of, 2101; freed by\\nconfiscation, 2112; J. Davis recommends\\nenlisting, 2392; liberated, E. Afr., 5623;\\ns.-traders defeated,5643; intro. Cape Col-\\nony, 5973; liberation opposed by Boers,\\n5991 released, Tunis, 11392; free, Braz.;\\npopulation, 5571 ,2; sexagenarian, free,\\n5572; rntro., yearly Cuba, 631 2 impor-\\ntation prohibited, 6331 ,3; emancipation,\\n6323, 6332; mutilated bodies, Egy., 6471\\nin Gaul, 6652; transported, 9251; colo-\\nnial freed, G. B., 947 1; revolt of, It.,\\n1063 1 emancipation of, Venez., 11603,\\nSlave-trade favored, Eng., 9003, 9252; im-\\nportant, 9031; declaration of, 906 3 ef-\\nforts tosuppress,923i ,9251 ;bp. of Loud.,\\nabolition provided, 927 1 organized ef-\\nfort, 9352; suppression of, 9512; treaty,\\nEng. with U.S. ,9671, 2; Suppression Act\\npasses, 977 3 suppressed in Kongo,\\n10932; begins in Port., 11093; decree\\nagainst abolished on royal estates,\\n11113; abolished, 11311,2.\\nSlavin, Frank, pugilist, 10023.\\nSlavisa, king, 5033.\\nSlavonians, Gr. missionaries visit, 502 3\\nrise in revolution, 523 1; separate gov t,\\n5273; devastate Gr., 10302; ravage It.,\\n10721\\nSlavonic Cong, at Prague, 5231\\nSlavs, attempt to conciliate, 531 2 revolt,\\nBohemia, 7712; i n Ger., 7721; inRus.,\\n11132; cone, at Moscow, 11193.\\nSleeper, Jacob, d., 3382.\\nSleepy Hollow Cemetery, Monument,474i\\nSleidan, Johann, b., 7S63; work, 7923; d.,\\n7922.\\nSlemme, Edmund, reigns in Sweden, 11333,\\nSlemmer, Adam J., b. (1S28); holds Fort\\nPickens, Fla., 1901 d. (1868).\\nSlevin, Hugh, Parkhurst s charges, 4403;\\ntrial, 4522.\\nSlidell, John, b., 1042; bill to purchase\\nCuba, 1S5 2 senator withdraws, 1913;\\nConfed. commissioner sails seized,\\nin Boston in prison, 201 2 released, 2013\\nsails for Europe, 2032; d., 2741\\nill-treats Chinamen, 4443.\\nSliding Scale Act passes, 9433, 9512.\\nSligo, Marquis of, title created, 931 1\\nSling used, 11402.\\nSlivnitza, Servians defeated, 566 2\\nSloan, J. M M Shorthand, 9902.\\nSloan s Valley, Ky., railway accident,\\n3713.\\nSlc-ane, Sir Hans, b., 8902; pres. Royal So-\\nciety ,9061 library bought, 9132;d.(1752).\\nSir John, designs Bank of Eng., 9401\\nWilliam M., work, 4462.\\nSloat, Com. John Drake, b. (1780); at Mon-\\nterey, 1612, 1G21 gov. Cal., 1613; d. (1867).\\nSlocum, David, robbed, 479 1\\nHenry Wadsworth, b., 1342 near\\nCharleston, 2161 at Gettysburg, 2241\\nat Jackson, 2361 at Grand Gulf; action\\nbetween Pontotoc and Tupelo, 236 2 at\\nAtlanta, 2381 Atlanta to the sea, 2401\\nat Averysboro; atBentonville; at Golda-\\nboro, 2441 in Credit Mobilier investiga-\\ntion, 2812; d.,4562.\\nSlough, R. R. accident at, 9893.\\nCol. John P., b. (1829; at Vallis,\\n2051 court, 2161 d. (1866).\\nSloughter, Henry, signs death warrants,\\n503; gov., 51i; inN.Y., 513; d.,632.\\nSluis, battle of, 6741 taken, 10982.\\nSlums of cities, Cong, investigation, 4111\\nSluyter, missionary in New York, 463.\\nSmall Agricultural Holdings Bill, 10092.\\nGerman party formed, 818 3\\npox rages, Braz., 5573; inoculation\\nfor, G. B.,9061.\\nSmalls, Elliott, contest in congress, 3363.\\nRobert, b. (1839); runs Planter out of\\nCharleston, 2072.\\nSmart, Benj. Humphrey, b., 9242; d.,9762.\\nCol., at Patterson, Mo., 2203.\\nSmeaton, John, b., 9062; Eddystone light-\\nhouse rebuilt, 9142; d.,9262.\\nSmee, Alfred, electric battery constructed,\\n9501.\\nSinellie, William, b. (1740); Encyclopaedia\\nBritannica, 9191 d. (1795).\\nSmerdis, killed, 11062.\\nSmiles, Samuel, b., 9382; works, 9631,\\n9763,9811.\\nSmilie, Geo. Henry, b. (1840) in Nat.\\nAcademy, 3121\\nSmillie, James David, b. (1833) in Nat.\\nAcademy, 294 1\\nSmirke, Sir Robert, b., 9211 d., 9701.\\nSmith, Abigail, married, 743.\\nAdam, b., 9062; works, 9152, 92H;\\nd., 9243.\\nA. L., in Parnell Commission, 999 2\\nAlbert, b., 9382.\\nAlexander, b.,9442; d. (1867).\\nAlfred T., commissioned col., 4521\\nAndrew Jackson., b. (1815) at Milli-\\nken s Bend, 2171; captures Fort de\\nRussy, 2302; enters Red River, 2303;\\nat Cane River, 231 1; at Grand Ecore,\\n2321; at Yellow Bayou, 2331; between\\nPontotoc and Tupelo, 2362 attacks\\nSpanish fort, 2442.\\nA. W., noni. for gov. Kan., 4093.\\nBenj., b. (1750); gov. N. C, 1173; d.\\n(1829).\\nBosworth, b. (1794); cons. P. E.\\nbp., 1402; d. (1884).\\nLeigh, b. (1828) discoveries,\\n9761 polar expedition, 9841 9861\\nCaleb B., b. (1808); sec. int., 1931 d.,\\n2291.\\nC. D., gov. Can., 5771\\nSir C. G., gov., 10492.\\nCharles Emory, b. (1842); minister,\\nresigns, 4072.\\nFerguson, b. (1807); gen in Tenn.,\\n2043, 2051; d., 2072.\\nChristopher, 1. mayor London, 9353.\\nSir Culling Bradley, in Evang. Alli-\\nance, 9523.\\nSir Donald, last spike in C. P. R. R,,\\n5853.\\nE. D., White Caps, 4263.\\nEdward Kirby, b. (1824) threatens\\nCincinnati; at Richmond, Ky., 2122; at\\nMurfreesboro, 217 1 at Jenkins s Ferry,\\n2321; at Griswold, 2401; able to con-\\ntinue war, 2462; surrenders, 2463; polit-\\nical disabilities, 2992; d., 4261.\\nGen., commands at Baltimore, 1222.\\nCol. Euan, antislavery decree, 5633.\\nFrancis Pettit, b. (1808) intro. pro-\\npeller screw, 1481; patented, 9481; d.\\n(1874).\\nFrank, minister, Can., 5931, 5952,\\n5963.\\nGeo., hanged, 3071\\nb. (1840); explorations in Assyr.,\\n11581; Assyrian 1 discoveries, 9783; stud-\\nies inscriptions, 11562; d. (1876).\\nK., Molly Maguiresmurder,2292.\\nW., gov. Va., 1192.\\nM. C, b., 1602.\\nGerret, b., 1062; d., 2861.\\nGoldwin, b.,9403; againstC.P. R.R.,\\nGreen Clay, b. (1832); gov. Mont.,\\n2553; candidate for pres., 2931; vote,\\n293 2 295 2\\nGustavus Woodson, b. (1822); Battle\\nof Seven Pines, 3982.\\nCapt. H., at Aden, 10473.\\nHenry, gov. R.I., 1133.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1421.jp2"}, "1422": {"fulltext": "1410\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nSmit-Soci.\\nSmith, Henry, prov. gov. Tex., 1453.\\nBoynton, b. (1815) moderator,\\n229 d. (1877).\\nGeorge Wakelyn (Sir Harrv), b.\\n(178S); ends war, Cape Colony, 598\\ngov., 5992 defeats Sikhs, 1046 in\\nOrange Free State, 11052; d. (1877).\\nRev. P., trial, 418 4562.\\nHezekiah, b. (1737); pastor Haverhill\\nBaptist Church, 742; d. (1805).\\nHoke, sec. interior, 427 Commence-\\nment Address, 458\\nHorace, b., 9203; Rejected Addresses,\\n937 d.,9542.\\nHubbell, forgery, 4702.\\nHyruin, Mormon, shot, 1563.\\n.Israel, b. (1810); gov. Vt., 1152; d.\\n(1781).\\nJacob H., commissioned major, 456\\nJames, b., 019 Rejected Addresses,\\n937\\nJr., b., 1682.\\nA., cons. R. C. bp., 10042.\\nSir Edward, b., 9143; d., 9423.\\nMilton, gov. (4a., 281\\nYoungs, b. (1809) gov. B. I.,\\n2293; d. (18 6).\\nJem, pugilist, !)072, 1002=\\nSmith, William, architect, d., 10062.\\nSir b., 9363 WO rks, 951 9551\\n9583, 9643; d., 10122.\\n,cons. archbp. St. Andrews, 9922.\\nE., b. (1824); gov. Wis., 3012.\\nFarrar, b. (1S24) at ColdHarbor,\\n234 at Petersburg, 2343; work, 4462.\\nH., gov. Ala., 2652; enjoins\\ncounting votes, 273\\nHenry, b. (1S25) minister, 9933,\\n9953, 9972; chief sec, 9951; lord admi-\\nralty, 9831; d., 10062.\\nb. (1,sl;5) electoral vote for vice-\\npres., 1372, 1472 gov. S.C., 1613, 2652.\\nRobertson, b. (1846) Britannica,\\n9S42; d. 10121.\\nS., leaves Memphis, 2301 at West\\nPoint, Miss., 2302.\\nSaumarez, cons, bp., 10042 d.,\\n10082.\\nSir Sidney, b., 9162; d., 9502.\\nCapt., at Linn Creek, 2041\\nfamily reunion, N. J., 4362.\\nCollege, Mass., org., 2883 observa-\\ntory erected, 324 1 (See Northampton,\\nMass.)\\nexpedition sails, 9121 at Wagner\\nBay, 575\\nSobieslaus I., duke, 5033.\\nII. enthroned, 5051\\nSobranje, legislative chamber, 5663,\\nSobraon, India, action at, 10461\\nSobremonte, Viceroy, attacks, 489\\nSochovukopf, M., expelled, 5683.\\nSocial clubs est., Gr., 10143.\\nCongress, Paris, 763\\nDemocrats Congress opd., 836 3\\nGuardian Orderassignlnent, 4173.\\nPurity Movement org., 3203.\\nScience, Am. Acad, of Political and,\\nfnd., 348\\nAsso., Am., fmd., 250 conv.,\\n3,4142, 470 3 prison reform,\\n4. W1\\n62,9741,9881.\\nJe -emiah, b. (1759); gov. N. H., 1172; Smithtield, Or. Free State,\\n11051\\nSmith s Falls, Ont., U. S. treas. agent\\nwithdrawn, 595 3\\nSmitbson, James Lewis Macie, b., 741 d.,\\n1362; legacy received, 1501.\\nSmithsonian Institution, est., 1602; library\\nburned, 2423 partially burned, 251 3\\nChinese jewel, 3413; Hodgkin s gift, 3942.\\nSmithville, Ark., action near, 209\\nd. (18-12).\\nJohn, b., 8742; works, 263, 302; pris-\\none-; on Chesapeake Bay; on Susque-\\nhanna River, 261 conspiracy against;\\nla~o if; life saved; gov. Va.,263, 392,3;\\nexcluded from council imprisoned\\np-es of Va., 272; elected pres. ill; re-\\nleased by Indians; sails for Eng., 27 3\\nde-troys Fr. colony on Manhattan Is- mnTakof\u00c2\u00a3,Trudedyuhi/ at/a Ptcheta, 11151\\nland on New Eng. coast, 28\\nmap, 283 attempts settlement in New\\nEng., 292; d.,321.\\nbeheaded, 9353.\\ngov R. I., 393.\\nspeaker H. C, 9032.\\nB., gov. N. H., 4151 4471\\nBiair.b. (1736); moderator; 1083,\\nd. (1799).\\nCof-on, b. (1765) gov. Conn.,\\n1213 d. (1845).\\nG., gov. Vt., 2293.\\nLawrence, b., 1262; d., 3142.\\nM., d., 450\\nJoseph, est. savings institution, 9292\\nb., 1122 vision, 1311 dis. Mor\\nmon Book, 1343 org. Mormon church\\n1363; s hot, 1562, 3.\\nRowe, commissioned col., 3521\\nJoshua Jonathan, 1. mayor, 9333.\\nJ. T., moderator, 328 2\\nJ. W., wife-murderer, lynched, 4163\\nSmoke abatement, Nat. Inst.\\nNuisance Act, G. B., 9592, 9631\\nSmoking, prohibited by law, N. T., 3663\\ndeath penalty, 1156 3\\nSmolensk, Rus., taken by Oleg, 1113\\ncontested possession, 1114 battle of,\\n7182; Fr. army at, 7183.\\nSmollett, Tobias George, b., 9062 works,\\n9131,9151,9191; d., 9183.\\nSmuggling, dis. Cal., 4483; in Tex., 4522.\\nSrnybert, John, b. (108(1); d., 682.\\nSmyrna built, 10151 earthquake, 11502,\\n11562; rebuilt, 11551 sacked by Tamer-\\nlane, 11542 captured by Turks, 11561\\nSpectator de Orient issued; Echo de\\nI Orient mission filled, 11571 railway to\\nAidin, 115S3; Martin Koszta seized, 5251\\nCamp Ground, Ga., action, 2361\\nSmyth, Frederick, gov. N. H., 2511; li-\\nbrary gift to Camden, 336 2\\nfor recorder of N. Y., 4732.\\nGen. G. S., gov., 5773.\\nMelancthon, b. (1810) captures John, forms Eng. Bapt. Church,\\nBiloxi, 2021; rear-adm., retired, 4031; 1101 banished, 34^\\nd.,434\\nM. H., sentenced, 4483.\\nMorgan Lewis, b. (1822) at Vicks-\\nburg, 208 d. (1874).\\nM. P., embezzler, 434=\\nSmythe, Sir Thos., dis. Delaware Bay ,28\\nWilliam Edmund, cons, bp., 10082.\\nSmythies, C. A., cons, bp., 9862.\\nSnake Gap Creek, Ga., Sherman ap-\\nproaches, 233 T\\nPhilander, est. Bible Institute, 10922. Snead, Thos. L-, slaves manumitted, 199\\n-.Robert, b. (1723); moderator, 1023; Snell, Willebrord, law of refraction, 1100\\n.der, Jacob, breech-loader adopted,\\nEng., 970\\nSnodgrass, Henry C, b., 164\\nSnoilsky, Carl Joban Gustav, b. (1841)\\nworks, 11363.\\nSnow, blockades western trains, 176 falls,\\nN. Y., 366 violent storm, 1741 storm in\\nG. B., 10041 re d in It., 10861\\nSnenu Bird wrecked, 3313.\\nHill, Md., Presb. church org., 482.\\nTenn., action at, 2202.\\nCapt. Parker, searching expedition,\\n9641.\\nSnowden, Gen. Archibald Loudon, declines\\nHomestead reception, 4103.\\nSnuff prohibited, G. B., 9172.\\nSnyde, Sicke, beheaded, 7903.\\nSnyder, Christopher, b. (1755+) boy\\nmartyr, 771.\\nCol., near Medley, 2301\\nSimon, b. (1759) gov. Pa., 1163 d.\\n(1819).\\ncommissioned eol., 400\\n456 Snyders, Franz, b., 5403; d. (1657).\\nSouthwood, b. (1790+) d., 9642. Soane, Sir John, b. (1753); d. 9482.\\nTillie, killed, 3263. Soap manufacturing, great, org., 3813.\\nWilliam, com. brig.-gen.,354 in war Soapstone discovered, Va.,454\\ndept., 3512, 4472; d. (1891). Sober Society fnd., N. J., 113\\nb., 91.S3; geologist, 9282; geelogi- Sobieski, John III., b.-d., 11142 defeats\\neal map, 929 d., 9483. Turks at Vienna, 6122.\\nd. (1793)\\ncons. P. E. bp., 1062; d. (1801).\\nb. (1757) sec. navy, 1112 sec.\\nstate, 117 d. (1842).\\nmob murders, 438 2\\nAngus, d., 9922.\\nPayne, b., 9383.\\nRoswell, b., 1362; d., 4041.\\nSamuel, pres. senate, 1133, 115 1353,\\nbimetallic motion, 10033.\\nE., gov. Me., 1392.\\nFrancis, b. (1808); My Country.\\ntis of Thee, 1403.\\nStanhope, b. (1750) moderator\\n1083; d. (1819).\\nSeba, b., 1022; d., 2622.\\nSol. Franklin, b. (1801); d., 266\\nSydney, b., 9183 works, 931\\n9522.\\nThos., lord mayor, London, 933 3\\ngov. S. C, 532.\\nM. K., commissioned major\\nmeets, G.B\\nWar, Rome, 10562.\\nSocialism, progresses in Ger., 8052, 8203\\npower of suppression, 8303 forbidden,\\n8341 est. by Owen, fails, 9311\\nSocialist Labor Party, fmd., 2983 re-\\nfused naturalization, 3931; Workmen s\\nCong, at Brussels, 547i; workmen un-\\nemployed in Den., 6422.\\nLeague fmd., Loud., 9951\\nSocialistic Republic League fmd., Fr.,\\n7623; professors, 7672.\\nSocialists, Am., Brockton Community of,\\nfmd., 2583.\\nAust.-Hung., Cong, at Hainfleld,\\n5311; arrested at Budapest, 531 2 op-\\nposed, 533 2 laws modified, 533 3 dis-\\nturbance in Vienna, 5362, 5381 for uni-\\nversal suffrage, 536 3\\nBelg., Cong, at Ghent, 6451 ,5481 for\\nuniversal sub rage, alt) 3 demonstration;\\nviolence in Brussels, 5481\\n.agitation by Fr., 7293; alarm assem-\\nbly, 7312; dispersed, 7563.\\nParty org., Ger., 8223; in Ger. census,\\n8291 expelled, 8303 Expulsion Bill\\nissued, 8311; disapproved, 8. i22; disper-\\nsions illegal, SM Ja riot at Miilhausen,\\n8331; meet in Berlin; Cong, at Halle,\\n8343 prosecuted Cong, in Cologne re-\\nfuse cheers for enip. opposition to, 837 2\\ncondemned, in Rus., 11191.\\nSp., at Barcelona, Malaga, and\\nValencia. 11331\\nSocica Ljubibratich revolts, 5281\\nSociete Evangelique de Fr., fnd., 7263.\\ndes Gens de Lettres, Louisiana, fnd.,\\n7271.\\nMarseillaise in Tunis, 7532.\\nSociety, Am., customs in colonies, 731\\nEgy., classified, 6481 Fr., corrupt, 6651\\nGer., composed of classes, 7771\\nof Am. Art., 3001.\\nof Am. Florists, 3662.\\nof Antiquaries, G. B., 9202.\\nof Army of Potomac convention,\\n3411,3623,4323.\\nfor Artists Widows, 9432.\\nof Arts, Eng., 9122.\\nof Authors, 9923.\\nof Beneficence unsuccessful, 11022,\\nof Blessed Sacrament combined,9702.\\nof Brothers of Purity, 4861\\nof Christians (Christian Science),\\n3222\\n4642\\nd\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nof Company of Jesus, 7903.\\nof the Cincinnati opposed, 97 1 meets,\\nfor Diffusion and Promotion of\\nKnowledge est., 943 1\\nof Dilettanti est., 908\\nElectro-Therapeutists meet, 4722.\\nfor Encouragement of FineArts,962\\nfor Evangelization of Israel est., 7562.\\nfor Evangelization of Korea, 10942.\\nfor Evangelization of World, 1442.\\nof Four, Fr., 691\\nof Holy Cross, G. B., 9603.\\nfor Improvement Industrial Classes,\\n951\\nfor Increase of Ministry, 1862.\\nof Israel s Friends, 8143, 8162, 11382.\\nof Jesus (Jesuits), Abys. arrive, l 2\\nexpelled, 23.\\n,inAm.:miss\u00e2\u0080\u009eFla. in Paraguay,\\n222, 242 in Peru, 242; in Can., 263, 322,\\n342, 382, 442, 5703, 5722, 5731 575 6763;\\nat Port Royal, 282; settlements in Para-\\nguay in Brazil, 291 est. in Md., 322\\nin N. Eng., 362 missions to Indians,\\n422,502,542; on Lake Mich., 44 2; rivalry\\nof, 463 in New York, 482 California\\ngrant banished from Mass., 542 pro-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1422.jp2"}, "1423": {"fulltext": "Soci-Sont.\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN -U-fcL-X.. Superior Figures indicate Column\\n1411\\ntectors, 571 in Miss., 602; miss, at Nor-\\nridgedwock, 022 expelled from Braz.,\\n72a in Mich. expelled from Paraguay\\nexpelled from Sp. S. Am., 742 in New\\nCal., 762.\\nSociety of Jesus, College, Argentine,\\nburned, 4913.\\nAust.-Hung., order fnd., 5102;\\nin Prague; search for books, 513 1 ex-\\npelled 5163,5203; suppression, 516 3 ad-\\nvance, 5251\\nBelg., expelled, 5423; coll. at\\nAntwerp burned, 5493,\\nBolivia, opposed at La Paz, 5502.\\nin Braz., 222; opposed, 553* ex-\\npelled, Braz.; settlements, 5542.\\nCan., order confirmed, 5703; in-\\ncorp.; donations protested against, 586 1\\nuniv. degrees refused; libel suit, 5862\\ndisallowance amend, defeated, 587 1\\nestates resolution in H. C. request to\\nqueen, 5871 case referred, 5882 de-\\ncis on, 589 1; gov.-gen s opinion; pay-\\nments to, 5S92.\\nChile, arrive; expelled, 605 ad-\\nmission refused; church razed, 6071\\nChina missionaries, 6143 enter\\nTibet converts decree against mis-\\nsionaries strife with Dominicans, 6143\\nexpelled, 6163; anniversary, 6323.\\nEcuador, recalled, 644 1\\nin Fr., est, 681 1 condemned,\\n6823; expelled, CS43; recalled, 6871 sup-\\npressed in Paris, 7032; order abolished,\\n7051 753i schools closed, 7243 univer-\\nsities suppressed, 725 opposed educa-\\ntional control limited, 725 2 expelled,\\n7263, 7283 number iu Fr., 7362 decree\\nfor abolition, 7522; disbanded, 753 1\\nascendency in Ger., 7923 abolished,\\n804 3 law for expulsion favor papal\\ninfallibility, S263 exclusion law re-\\npealed, 8352, 8372 law against, 8273\\nreturn denied, 8363.\\nG.B., expelled from Eng., 8743,\\n87S 2 opens schools, 8963 reward for,\\n9113 expelled, 9442; in India, 10432.\\nIt., fnd., 10811; expelled, 10832,\\n10863; exiled, 10832; abol. in Rome, 10851\\nJapan, crucified, 10911.\\nNeth., expelled, HOP\\nParaguay, arrive, 1105 2 ex-\\npelled, 1106 1\\nPeru, opponents crushed, 1105 3\\nPort., expelled, 11113.\\nRus., expelled, 11143.\\nSiam, work, 11242,\\nSp., expelled, 11291; property\\nconfiscated, 11303.\\nSwitz., work, 1138+.\\nUruguay, work, 11592.\\nof Jesuit Fathers of New Mexico, in-\\ncorporation void, 3012.\\nof Loyal Volunteers, 3983.\\nof Maids of Cross, 8802.\\nof Mechanics and Tradesmen meets,\\n3711.\\nfor Missions to Afr. and East, 9291\\nfor Organization of Academical Study,\\n9763.\\nof Positivists meets, 9922.\\nfor Prevention of Crime, 2943.\\nfor Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,\\nAm., 2811 game aud lizard traffic, 4513;\\nand same in G. B., 9412.\\nfor Prevention 1 f Cruelty to Children,\\nAm., 2911 same in G. B., 9931\\nof Progress, Paris, 7272.\\nfor promoting Christianity, etc., 8131\\nfor Promoting Christian Knowledge\\nin England, 9002; i n Scotland, 9042.\\nfor Promoting Gospel among Seamen,\\n1263.\\nfor Promoting Religious Knowledge,\\n9131.\\nfor Promotion of Evangelical Knowl-\\nedge, 1623.\\nfor Promotion of Female Education\\nin Japan, 10922.\\nfor Promotion of Music meets, 464i\\nfor Promotion of Science and Useful\\nArtsfmd., N. Y., 1521.\\nfor Propagation of Gospel org., 382,\\n9023 9403, same among Indians, 542\\nsame in India, 10462, 10471\\nfor Protection of Legal Rights, 3723.\\nfor est. playgrounds, 9631\\nfor Psychical Research, Am., 3723;\\nEng., 9881\\nSociety of Red Cross, 54G2.\\nfor Reformation Manners, 899 1 9011\\nRelief of Aged and Destitute Clergy-\\nmen, 1643.\\nof Rights of Man in Paris, 7272.\\nof Royal Templars of Temperance,\\n2731.\\nof Sons of Revolution, 2911\\nfor Support of Heathen Youth, 1311\\nfor Suppression of Crime, 3823.\\nfor Suppression of Slave-trade, 9251\\nfor Suppression of Vice (see Park-\\nhurst, Charles), 2S31 sameinEng.,9Sli\\nof Surgeons reorganized, 9102.\\nfor Abolishing of Vivisection, 9811\\nof War of 1812 in N. Y., 1331, 3683\\nsame in Pa., 1823.\\nfor Young Men fail, 9151. (See Ameri-\\ncan, British, International, etc.)\\nSoeinians, est. church at Rakow, 11143.\\nSocinus, Faustus, b., 10803; d., 10823.\\nLa3lius,b. (,1525) fnds. Univ. Society,\\n10811; d. (1562).\\nSocono, Woman s Christian Temperance\\nUnion org., 10972.\\nSocorro, N. Hex., School of Mines estab-\\nlished, 3502.\\nSocotra acquired by G. B., 9953.\\nSocrates, b.-d., 1019 1 composes orations,\\n10231 condemned d., 10232.\\nSoda ammonia process invented, 9482.\\nSoden, Herr von, governor, 838 2\\nSodom destroyed, 11402.\\nSodoma, II. (Giovanni Antonio Bazzi, or\\nRazzi), b. (1477); d., 10803.\\nSodor, see erected, S40 2 Bp. Bardsley\\ncons., 99G2 Bp. Straton cons., 100S2.\\nSoest, Prussia, resists Dietrich 11., 7341\\nbesieged, 7842.\\nSofi aride dynasty established, 1107 2\\nSofia, Bulgaria, a mission, 5653 Turks\\ndefeated; taken; battle, 5661; siege,\\n5662, 5681,3, 5691; Alexander leaves,\\n5673; assassination plotdis. Holy Synod\\nmeets, 5681; brigands hanged Batcheff\\nassassination, 6682 Ferdinand and\\nbride welcomed, 5683, 5091 hurricane,\\n5693; riot, 5701\\nSotrdian Rock, fortress taken, 10242,\\nSogdianus, deposed, 11071 murders XerxeB\\nII., 11073.\\nSohn, Karl Ferdinand, b., 8082 d., 8243.\\nSoissons, Fr., Church Council at, 6643,\\n6683; battle, 666 1, 770 1; academy est.,\\n6931 Congress of, 6993; attacked, 7403\\nsurrenders, 7421\\nSola Pablo V. de, gov. Cal., 1252, 1312.\\nSolamon, King, deposed, 5023.\\nSolander, Daniel Charles, b.-d., 11342,\\nSolano in Paraguay, 11052.\\nSolar eclipse, occurs, 2661,3841; observa-\\ntions, Eng., 9041 spectrum lines, 8101\\n9302; year, length of, 10531. (See\\nEclipse).\\nSoldiers, Washington s, destitute, 923,\\n932; allowance for, 81 2 preservation\\nof graves, 2521 negro enlisted, 2121 re-\\nlief org., 1923, 1971 ;Home,Nat.,opd.,375i\\nNat. Park, N. and S. survivors re-\\nSoldiers and Sailors Convention, Cleve-\\nland, 2552.\\nSolebay lost, 9041\\nSolebay, naval battle near, 8921.\\nSoleil, Jean Baptiste Francois, b. (1798);\\ninvents saccharometer, 7301 d. (1878).\\nSolemn Declaration, G. B., 9653,\\nLeague and Covenant in Scot., 8843;\\nsigned, 8853, 8863 annulled, 8903.\\nSoler, Manuel, governor, 6303.\\nSoley, James Russell, b. (1851) in navy\\ndepartment, 8512.\\nSolferino launched, 7341\\nSolferino, Italy, battle of, 5241\\nSolier, Fr. Antonio de San Mig. y, bp., 6051\\nSoliman reigns, Morocco abolishes sla-\\nvery, 10972.\\ncalif of Moslems, 4852.\\nSolis, Antonio de, b.-d., 11283; work, 11292.\\nJuan Diaz de, discoveries, 163, 4891\\nin Uruguay, 163 d., 161\\nSolomon, Col., at Newtonia, 2141\\nKing, alliance with Pharaoh, 6503\\nstudies Natural History, 11422 marries\\nprincess of Egypt, 1143 1 erection of 1st\\ntemple, 11422 idolatry, 11423 harem,\\n6503; writes Pror -rl x, 11423; d., 11433.\\nSolomon, Song of, written, 11423.\\nSolon, b.-d., 10142 one of Seven Sages;\\nfuneral oral ion, 10163; recovers Salamis;\\ncode, 10171 constitutional oath returns\\nto Gr.; archon for life, 10172.\\nSolon, Order of. (See under Order.)\\nSolorzano, Alonzo de Castillo, work, 11292.\\nSolosa, Carlists defeated, 11321.\\nSolovieff, Alexander, attempt against\\nCzar, 11191.\\nSergius, b. (1820) History of Russia,\\n11203; d. (1879).\\nSoltikoff, Count Peter, b. (1700+) Aust.\\nleader, 5162 d. (1772).\\nSolvyns, Baron, d., 5481.\\nSolivai/ wrecked, 9533.\\nSohva y Moss, battle of, 8681\\nSolynian, captures Cappadocia, 11541.\\nrules Turkey killed, 11571\\nI., reigns, 11572 takes Belgrade, 5082;\\ninvades Hung., 5101; annexes Tripoli,\\n11381; at Vienna, 5101; i n Hung., 5112\\nd.,5101.\\nII., b.-d., 11562. invades Hung.; aids\\nFrancis I., 7901; besieges Belgrade,\\n11231. (See Suleyman.)\\nSolymosi, Esther, murder of, 5303.\\nSomali returns, 4553.\\nSomali ceded, 5633.\\nSomalis routed, 5643.\\nSomerein, gasoline explosion, 5353.\\nSomerhill, Baron, title created, 9412.\\nSomerled, Scot., invades Eng., S501.\\nSomers capsized, 161 3 wrecked, 1622.\\nSomers, Baron, title created, 9231\\nSir George, in Bermudas, 8793.\\nLord John, b., 88S 2 lord keeper,\\n9012; dismissed; chancellor, 9013; d.,\\n9062.\\nSomers, Peter J., b., 1682.\\nSomerset, Ky., Confeds. defeat, 2202; reg-\\nulators riot, 2691\\nPa., R. R. collision, 4293.\\nCol., at Fort Armstrong, 9561\\nD. of, title created, 871i. (See Bean-\\nfort, H., Seymour, Edw. Carr, Robert.)\\nDuke of, minister, 9692,\\nEdward, Marquis of Worcester, sig-\\nnaling telegraph, 8821 d., 8922.\\nLady Henry, 1 res. Brit. Temp. Asso.,\\n3943; yice-pres. W. C. T. U., 4402.\\nFitzroy James Henry, Baron Raglan,\\nb., 9243; at battle of Balaklava at\\nAlma at Varna, 9581 d., 9603\\nslave, trial of, 9192.\\nSomerton, battle at, 8421\\nBaron, title created, 9751\\nSomerville, Mass, first telephone to, 294*\\nMe., plumbago mine dis., 3421\\nHeights, Va.. Federals defeated, 2071.\\nMary, b., 9211 d., 9762.\\nWilliam, b., 9002, or (1677) d. (1742).\\nSomervitte, mission, 6023,\\nSomhlolo sentenced, 6022.\\nSomkeli submits, 6022 trial, 6033.\\nSommelsdijk, governor, 10391\\nSommering, Samuel Thomas von, b,, 8023;\\nd.,8142.\\nSomorrostro, action at, 11321\\nSomyor, mint-master, 4853.\\nSondes, Earl of, title created, 9871.\\nSong dynasty rules, 6131\\nSong of Battle of Maiden appears, 846 3\\nof Brunanburh written, 8443.\\nSonge du Vergier, Le, issued, 6743.\\nSonis, Col., defeats Arabs, 101\\nSonnini, de Manoneourt, Charles Nicolas\\nSigisbert, b., 701 1 d., 7192.\\nSonntag, Win. L., in Acad, of Design, 2023.\\nSonoma, Cal., captured* 1601.\\nSonora, Republic proclaimed, 1743 mis-\\nsion at, 10962.\\nSonorri, b., Ill\\nSons of America organized, 1632.\\nof Clergy, festival instituted, 8S83\\nmusical festival, 9042.\\nof England, Convention, Can., 5862.\\nof Liberty org., 75 2 Am. Knights or-\\nganized, 2392.\\nof Revolution org. in Wash., 3563\\nanniversary, 4102; Cong, of, 4062,4323.\\nof Temperance org., 155 1 Lincoln\\njoins, 1711; meeting, 3623; session at\\nSt. John, Can., 5922.\\nof Veterans encampment, N.Y., 4623.\\nSontag, outlaw yvounded, 4322.\\nHenriette, Countess Rossi, b., 80S*\\nappears. 1721 d., 8201\\nSontay. forts captured, 4821\\nSonier-Lie-th-h appears, 10991.\\nSonthals of Bengal revolt, 10462.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1423.jp2"}, "1424": {"fulltext": "1412\\nText Figures denote Page. IJMJJl^yC. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nSooc-Sout.\\nSoochoo, rebels defeated, 61S3 Gordon\\nfails, 6202; mission, 0222; fir..-, 6253.\\nSooloo, Sultan of, rebels, 5522 submits,\\n5512.\\nSoonees formed, 4851\\nSoor, battle of, 5142, 5261\\nSophia, or Sofia, occup ed, 115S1\\nArchduchess, d. 528 2\\nPrincess of Hanover, d., 9052,\\nprincess, b.-d., 5242.\\nof Wiirtemberg, marries William III.\\n11023; d., 11021.\\nSophie, PHncess of Prussia, marries, 8331\\nSophocles,b.-d., 10162; prize; works, 10191\\nmanuscriot, 1027 1.\\nSophomsba, first drama in Europe, 10S01\\nSorakichi, Matsada R., d., 3902.\\nSorbon, Robert de, b.-d., 6702 fnds. Sor-\\nbonne Soc, 6722 p fnds. College, 6731\\nit s broken up 7 062.\\nSorceries, statue against, Erg 8731.\\nSorel, Agnes b (1-109) d., 6 82.\\nAlbert, Academician, 7561\\nSo^es, Jacob, pirate, ^21\\nSorghum, nt. Am. 1801 sugar mnf., 3101.\\nSoria, Cristobal gnacio de 630 2\\nSorocaba, mission work, 5563.\\nSorocco, N Mex., gOi.d discovered, 4501\\nSorota, insurrection at, ^108i\\nSosnowice Russia, strike, 11212.\\nSosthenes, d., 10272.\\nSotelo, ather, put to death, 10911\\nSoterus, St., pope, 10643.\\nSothel, Seth, gov. N. C., 493, 513 ban-\\nished, 511.\\nSothern, Henry Askew, b., 1382 d., 3062.\\nSothiac festival in Egypt, 64G3 cycle, 6582.\\nSoto, Bernado, pros. Costa Rica, 631 2\\nFernando, or Hernando, b.-d., 1126 3\\nsails for Fla., 202 fights Indians, 202,\\n211 in Fla., 202, 211 i n Ga. in Miss.,\\ncruelty; expedition, 212; gov., Cuba,\\n213; Indians worship, 221; dig. Miss.,\\n222; expedition at Panuco reaches Ark.;\\nin La., 223 d., 221 buried, 223.\\nM. A., Pres. Honduras, 10413.\\nSotomayor, Alonso de, governor, 60S 2 at\\nAntofagasta, 606 1\\nEloi de Sa, Jardin do Ceo, 11102.\\ny Vald^s, Ramon, b., 6063.\\nSouhise, Benjamin de Rohan, b., 6842\\nleader revolts, (5873 d., 6883.\\nPr. de (Charles de Rohan), b. (1715)\\nat Rossbach, 702i commander, 802i d.\\n(1787).\\nSoublette, Carlos, b. (1790) pres. Vene-\\nzuela, 11602 d. (1870).\\nSoudan. (See Sudan.)\\nSoufnot,JacquesGermain,b.,6963;d.,705i.\\nSoui, science and education library gift,\\n6122\\nSoukari s forest, fire, 103.\\nSoulard, Archbp. Xavier Gouthe, fined,\\n763L\\nSoule College, Tenn., founded, 1723.\\nJoshua, b. (1781) cons, bp., 1322 d.\\n(1867).\\nPierre, b., 1102 Ostend Manifesto,\\n6331; d., 2701.\\nWilson, d., 4661.\\nSouli\u00c2\u00a3, MelchiorFrecb3ric,b.,7143; works,\\n7271,7291; d., 7302\\nSoulouque, Faustin Elie, b. (1785); at Las\\nCarreras, 6431 Pres., 10402; d. (1867).\\nSoult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu, D. de Dalrna-\\ntie,b.,7042; at Corunna,7162; takes Ba-\\ndajoz, at Lilerena, at Alhuera, 7182 in\\nPyrenees, 720 1 commander-in-chief,\\n7221 ministry, 7273, 7293 gen. of Fr.,\\n7281 atHellesberg, 808 1 atOrthez,93Gi\\nd., 7302.\\nSoul-Winning andPrayer Union fmd., 9862.\\nSoumet, Alexandre, b. (1788); works, 7243;\\nd. (1845).\\nSounddues suspended, 1752; u. S. refuses,\\n1791.\\nSourville, Anne H. de C. de, d., 6943.\\nSousa, Alfonso de, in Brazil, 203, 21 2; Rio\\nde Janeiro, 5532.\\nAntonio Jose de, D. of Terceira, b.-d.,\\n11102.\\nGoncalode, on W. Coast Afr.,116H.\\nHolstein, Pedrode, b. (1786); Duke of\\nPalmella, resigns regent in Port. ,11111\\nd. (1850).\\nPero Lopes de, b. (1503\u00c2\u00b1) Aao Amaro,\\n5532; d. (1539).\\n.Thome de, b. (1510+) at San Salva-\\ndor, 5533.\\nSouth, Robert, b., 882=; d., 9062.\\nAfrican Republic (see text, pp. 1124,\\n1125); find., 5993, 98G1 Coll. est., 598 1\\nchurch org., 599 1 Stafford House Com-\\nmittee org., 6002 Confederation, dele-\\ngates meet, 6012; Boers agreed; State\\nrecognized, 6032; Kafirs disturb, 6042;\\nBd. Jones eons., 9742; independent, 9861\\nAsso. est., 987 Company s charter ga-\\nzetted, 10053 Eng. and Port, conflict,\\n10061 (See Transvaal.)\\nAmerican Republics recognized, 1312;\\nCong, of delegates, 1352; boundary ques-\\ntion arbitrated, 4112.\\nSouthampton, Eng. Am. life raft at, 256 1\\nPr. Isabella arrives, 5563 Brit. Asso.\\nmeets, 9521,9881; Church Cong. at,9742\\nstrikes, 10043, 10051 railway opd., 9501\\nN. Y., founded, 372 250th anniver-\\nsary, 3613; whale caught, 4473.\\nSouth Anna, Va.,ContVds. detVatedat,223i\\nSouthard, S. G., suicide, murder, 43S3.\\nSamuel L., b,982 sec. of navy, 1333;\\ngov. N. J., 1412 pres. Senate, 1532 d.,\\n1542.\\nSouth Australia separated, 4952 Stuart s\\nexplorations, 4962 representative gov.;\\nlegislative council, 497 1; wheat crop,\\n5013, earthquake, 530 1 colonized, 9492.\\nAustralian Act passed, 495 2\\nBaron, title created, 9212.\\nBend, Ind. R.R. accident at, 185 3\\nbank robbery, 4443.\\nBermondsey, fire, 9973.\\nBethlehem, Pa., Lehigh University\\norg,, 2543.\\nSouthbridge, Mass., R.R. accident, 4773.\\nSouth Britain, Roman province, 10632.\\nCal. Five Meth. C mferenee org., 3742.\\nCarolina, U.S.A., Sp. holds, 251 land\\ngrants, 423, sain. extended, 432; Sps. in-\\nvade, 441 Wm. Sayle, gov. (1669); Pres-\\nbyterians and Independents settle; tol-\\neration.44 2 Fundamental Constitutions;\\nEng. on Ashley River self govt., 45\\nJ. West, gov., 452, again (1674, 1684);\\nDutch arrive Sir J. Yeamans, gov.; new\\ngovt, demanded, 452; slave wars, 481;\\nopposing parties, 483; Jos. Morton, gov.,\\n492; Richard Kirk, gov.; Robert Quarry,\\ngov., 493 rice planted, 502, y_ 2; James\\nColleton, gov.; Huguenots arrive; writs\\nagainst, 503; Huguenots in, 511 ,3 mar-\\ntial law; Seth Sothel, gov., 513; Philip\\nLudwell, gov.; Tims. Sinitli.gov.; legis-\\nlature acts rejected; Locke scheme\\nabandoned; Jos. Blake, gov., 533, also\\n(1696) moderate party favored; John\\nArchdale, gov., 53 3 Indian towns de-\\nstroyed, 541 dissenters abound, Chris-\\ntians enfranchised, 542 orthodoxy pro-\\ntected 1st P. E. minister, 543 pesti-\\nlence in; immigration, 551; debt of;\\nJames Moore, gov., 55 2 Sir Nat l John-\\neon, gov. refuses hereditary nobility,\\n553 dissenters prevail, 562 disfranch.se-\\nment illegal, intolerance repealed; 1st\\nchurch, 56 3 baptism of slaves, 571 Fr.\\ninvade dissenters disfranchise re-\\npealed, Gov. Johnson executive, 572;\\nEd. Tynte, gov.; Robt. Gibbes, gov.,57 3\\npirate s suppressed, 58 interest issue;\\nChas. Craven, gov., 591; Rob t Daniel,\\ngo^., 592 James Moore, gov. Arthur\\nMiddle-ton, gov., 593, Gl 2; Francis Nichol-\\nson, gov., population govt, revolution-\\nized, 593; invaded, 601 p-oprietarygo^t.\\noverthrown, 61 1 N. and S. divided;\\nGer. Palatines arrive, 613; Robt. John-\\nson, gov., 632 yellow fever T Brough-\\nton, gov., 633 indigo intro., 651 negro\\nteaching prohibited Wm. Bull, gov.,\\n652, 732; insurrection, 652; fire; Fr. col-\\nony fails; James Glen, gov., 633; Library\\nSoc. fnd., 671; Indians leave Brit, do-\\nmains, 712; Win. H. Littleton, gov., 713;\\nThos. Boone, gov., 73 2 land bounties,\\n75i; Chas. Montague, gov. ,753; Ger. set-\\ntle in, 79i aid to Bostonians, 792; Wm.\\nCampbell, gov., 813; John Rutledge,\\ngov., 831, again (1779); militia in, 861\\nRawlin Lowndes, gov. (1778) Ninety Six\\ntaken, 921 military race, 923 negroes\\nflee to Brit., 932; royal authority reest.,\\n933 Am. takes Brit, posts battle of\\nEutaw Springs Greene retires from\\nNinety Six, 942 John Matthews, gov.\\n(1782); Benj. Guerard, gov. (1783); govs,\\nat Wash., 953 cedes western land claims,\\n993; Wm. Moultrie, gov. (1785), 1613;\\nagain, 1053; Thos. Pinckney, gov. (1787),\\n101 3 ratifies constitution, 101 1; State\\nConvention meets, 1031 Arnoldus Van-\\nderhorst, governor, 1051 Charles Pinck-\\nney, governor, 1073,1151; Edward Rut\\nledge, gov., 1093 s. C. Coll. org. at Co-\\nlumbia, 1111 John Drayton, gov., 1112,\\n1153; Jas.B. Richardson, gov., 1113;Paul\\nHamilton, gov., 113 2 Henry Middleton,\\ngov., 1173; Jos. Alston, gov., H9 3 Pres-\\nbyterian Synod org., 1212; DavidR. Wil-\\nliams, gov. 1233; Andrew Pickens, gov.,\\n1252 John Geddes, gov., 1272 Thos.\\nBennett, gov., 1292 night or Sunday-\\nSchools for slaves prohib ted, 1312; John\\nL. Wilson, gov., 1313; United Synod So.\\n(Evang. Luth.), org., 1323; Rich. J. Man-\\nning, gov., 133 2 John Taylor, gov., 1352;\\nSteph. D.Miiler, gov., 1372; James Ham-\\nilton, gov., 1392; Columbia Theo. Sem.\\nest., 1403 incipient rebellion reward\\noffered against Liberator, 1411; Robert\\nY. Hayne, gov.; nullification ordinance\\npassed; State Conven. meets, 1412 se-\\ncession threatened U. S Force Act de-\\nclared void nullification repealed, 143 2\\nGeo McDuffie, gov., slavery mob enters\\npost-office U. S. mails opd, 145 2 rail-\\nroad opd., 1453 Pierce M. Butler, gov.,\\n1472 Patrick Noble, gov., 1512 p, K.\\nHennegan, gov. John P. Richardson,\\ngo 17 153 James H. Hammond, gov.,\\n1553; William Aiken, gov., 1592 David\\nJohnson, gov., 1613 W. B. Seabrook,\\ngo 16o2; calls a Southern Cong., 1672;\\nJohn H. Means, gov., 1G9 2; JohnL. Man-\\nning, go^., 17 2; James II. Adams, gov.,\\n17 2 Newbury Coil, org., 1802 Robert\\nF. W. Alston, gov., 1812 Wm. H. Gist,\\ngov., 1852; Asso. of 1SG0 fmd., 1882; elec-\\ntion excitement in 1860 secession advo-\\ncated Senators resign conven. called\\nsecession assumed, 1883 State Conven.;\\nE W Pickens, gov secedes by ordi-\\nnance sends commissioners to D. C. f\\n1892 3, 190 3 fo^ts requested; request\\nwithdrawn Caleb Cushmg sent to S.C.,\\n1892, independence declared, 189 2 ,3;\\nmembers of Cong withdraw, 1893 Ft.\\nJohnson seized, shot at Star of the If est,\\n1901; Francis W. Pickens, gov., 1892,\\n190 3 Gen. Beauregard in command;\\nMaj. Anderson cut off, 1921 Gov. Pick-\\nens notified constitution revised Ft.\\nSumter surrendered, 1933; Niagara cap-\\ntures Gen. Parkhitl Charleston block-\\naded, 1942; privateer Savannah escapes,\\n196 prohibits payment of northern\\ncreditors, 197 Sem Chestnut expelled,\\n19S3 Confed. envoys leave, 2001 2012\\nNashville runs blockade; battle of Port\\nRoyal, 2002 17 hrilks block channel,\\n2021,2; privateer Isabel escapes action\\nat Port Royal Ferry, 202 1 teachers for\\nfreedmen, 2052 skirmish at Edisto Is-\\nland, 206 2 Gen. Hunter emancipates\\nslaves, 2071 Planter runa blockade, 2072;\\naction on James Island, 2083, 2091,2243;\\n2203, 2422; action on Pinckney s island,\\n212 1st reg. S. C. vols, (colored) org.,\\n2151; M. L.Bonham, gov., 2173; block-\\nade declared open, 2182 Charleston\\nbombarded,32202 Federal raid up the\\nCambahee, 2241 Morris Is. surprised,\\n2242; Ft. Wagner assaulted, 2243,2251,\\n2202 Federals siege of Ft. Sumter, 2251\\n2261,2; Charleston bombarded, 2261 ac-\\ntion at Honey Hill at Devreaux Neck,\\n2402 A. G. Magrath, gov., 2413 action\\nat Pocotaligo at Salkehatchie, 2421;\\naction at Aiken; Federals enter Colum-\\nbia and Charleston, 2422 Sherman\\ncrosses Pedee River, 244 1 provisional\\ngovt, est., 2473 Garrison speaks in\\nCharleston, 247 1 Avery Institute opd.,\\n2482 Benj. F. Perry, provisional gov.,\\n2483; ordinance of secession repealed\\n13th Amend, ratified; new constitution\\nenacted, 2491 James L. Or, gov., 251 1\\nratifies 14th Amend., 2552; constitu-\\ntional conven. meets, 2611 new consti-\\ntution ratiiied, 2013 State readmitted,\\n2632; supt. of schools elected, 2043; Kob-\\nert K. Scott, gov., 2653 ratifies 15th\\nAmend., 2671; f re e school system est.,\\n2702; Habeas Corpus suspended, 2751 ,2\\nFranklin J. Moses, Jr., gov., 281 1; in-\\ndicted State debt repudiated Normal", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1424.jp2"}, "1425": {"fulltext": "Sout-Spai.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDiiX.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1413\\nscliool at Columbia, 2843 Dan. H. Cham-\\nberlain, gov., 2912 organizations dis-\\nband electoral vote disputed, 293 2\\nWade Hampton, gov., 2932, 2973 certi-\\nficates to Kepub. pres. electors 2 Legis-\\nlative bodies; 2 governors, Dan. H. Cham-\\nberlain, gov., 2932 electoral vote dis-\\nputed, 2951 ex-Treasurer F. L. Cardoza\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0convicted; political frauds, 2971; debts\\nscaled, 2993 Wra, D. Simpson, gov. elec-\\ntors bribery exposed, 3012 department\\nof Agric. est., 3021; Gov. Simpson re-\\nsigns; T.B.Jeter, gov. ,305 1 Johnson Ha-\\ngood, gov., 3052; negroes terrorized, 309*\\nHugh S. Thompson, gov., 3132 John P.\\nRichardson, gov., 325 2 pension system\\nenacted, 3292 Confed. seal given to,3333;\\njustice for lynchers negro exodus de-\\ntectives driven out by negroes negroes\\nlynched, 351 1 colored people s 1st State\\nfair, 3513; colored convention assembly,\\n3591 Benj. R. Tillman, gov., 3751 4212;\\nJ. D. Shaw shot, 3871; excessive R.R.\\ntaxes, 4251; Evans Liquor Law opera-\\ntive, 4323 Dispensary Law unconstitu-\\ntional, 4332, 4572, 4683 state dispensa-\\nries est., 4333 Dispensary Law enforce-\\nment resisted, 4342 gov. s appeal for Sea\\nIslands sufferers, 4363 cyclone, 4361 1\\n4401; gov. suppresses opposition; rebel-\\nlion against Liquor Law, 4543; gov. as-\\nsumes control, 4552; civil status restored,\\n4571; Evans Liquor Law valid, 4583;\\nState under prohibition, 4593; State dis-\\npensaries reopd., 46(32; gov. s liquor proc-\\nlamation, 407 1 Dispensary Law uncon-\\nstitutional, 4682; Dispensary Law consti-\\ntutional, 4723; Intoxication and Prof ane\\nLanguage Bill, 4762 John Gary Evans,\\ninaug., 4793. (See Fort Sumter.)\\nSouth Carolina Coll. est., 1111\\nChurch, Old, Boston, seized, 50 2\\nerected, 603 tea question discussed in,\\n782; as riding-school, 823.\\nSouthcott, Joanna, b., 9123; fanatic, 9131,\\n9263 d.,9363.\\nSouth Dakota, territorial history (N. and\\nS.Dak.); first settled, 1691 territory org.,\\n193i ter. govs., Win. Jayne, 2032, New-\\nton Edmonds, 2193, Andrew J. Faulk,\\n2253, John A. Burbank, 2693, John L.\\nPennington, 2851 Win. A. Howard (1878),\\nGilbert A. Pierce, 3193, Louis K. Church,\\n3252, Arthur C. Mellette (1889) Yank-\\nton, capital, 2173 Dak. Ind. missions\\nest., 2631; S. D. Congregational Asso.\\nfmd., 2762 Indians surrender lands,\\n2953 school for deaf mutes, 3071 Free\\nMeth. Conf. fmd., 3122 Yankton Coll.\\nopd.,3123; Univ. of, org.; Normal schools\\nopd., 3143 tin dis., 3141 Constitution\\nadopted Insane Asylum at Yankton,\\n3171 Agricultural Coll. opd. bill for\\nadmission, 3193,3363,3371 Constitution\\nframed, 3211, 2; Dakota Univ. est., 3223;\\nState School of Mines opd., 3283 Local\\nOption Law passed, 329 1 North and\\nSouth D. separated, 3292 gas struck,\\n332i; riot, 3331; windstorms and prairie\\nfires, 3381 Kepub. Conven. called, 3431\\nP. F. M Clure nom. for gov., 3451 3473\\nArthur C.Mellette nom. for gov., 3451;\\n1st Legislature meets, 347 2 3513 ad-\\nmitted to the Union Constitution\\nadopted, it prohibits the sale of intoxi-\\ncants, 3472 Arthur C. Mellette, gov.,\\n3492,3993; Rom. Cath., diocese est., 3501\\nliquor dealers continue business, 3511;\\ndust blizzard, 3561 woman suffrage soc.\\norg., 3603; Independent party fmd., 3623;\\ngold dis., 3681 strikes Prohibition Law\\noperative, 36S 2 troops arrive, 3701\\narmed Indians alarm, 3721; destitution,\\n3733; capital punishment rejected, 377 2\\nProhibition question resubmitted, 3783,\\nand sustained, 4232 divorces limited,\\n3891; platinum ore dis., 4061 r. c. In-\\ndian Cong., 4101 cowboys k., 4223 Re-\\napportionment Act unconstitutional,\\n4243,4632; cattle thieves scattered, 4271\\nC. H. Sheldon, gov., 4472 prairie fires,\\n4641 free silver platform adopted, 471 1\\nUniv., est., 3143.\\nSoutheastern R. R. and London R. R. Co.,\\namalgamate, 9832.\\nRailway, opened to Dover, 9521.\\nSouthern Baptists. (See Baptists.)\\nTheological Seminary est. (1859).\\nCollege org., Ga., 1571\\nSouthern Confederacy, South. Cong.called,\\n1672; states secede S. C, 1892; Miss.,\\nFla., Ala., 191 1 Ga., La., 1912; Tex.,\\nVa.,1913; Ark., 1952; N.C.,1953; Tenn.,\\n1972- Mo.(?), Ky. 2012 official be-\\nginning of, 1892; senators resign, 1883\\nseizes forts, 190i provisions for, 1912\\n1st Provisional Cong. org. provisional\\nconstitution adopted and style Cong,\\nelects pres., etc.; it assumes nat. prerog-\\natives Montgomery, Ala., capital, 191 3\\ncall for volunteers, 1921; enraged feel-\\nings, 192 2 sends 3 commissioners to\\nWash., 1931,3; importation of slaves\\nprohibited controls military affairs\\narmy of 100,000 constitution adopted\\ndemands independence adopts perma-\\nnent constitution, 1931 appoints for-\\neign commissioners; states to cede forts\\nto provides for a revenue Provisional\\nCong, closes, 1932 coast blockaded\\nprivateers for, 1941 Lee commands in\\nVa.; La. raises troops increase of army,\\n1942; forts blockaded telegrams seized.;\\ncompact with Va.; Provisonal Cong,\\nmeets, 1951 ,2; -war recognized; Va. en-\\nters Confed. Cong., 1952; Eng. recog-\\nnizes aliens property confiscated\\nCong, adjourns to Richmond, U. S.\\nmails withdrawn, 195 3 postal commu-\\nnications prohibited by U. S. Rich-\\nmond the capital, 1971 Fr. neutral\\nU. S. passports required, 1972; to raise\\na million men, 1973; 3d Provisional Cong,\\nat Richmond, 1973, 1992; value of Con-\\nfed. dollar, 1973+ army in 1861,1981;\\nconfiscation of property of Confederates;\\nG. Brit, communicates with Lincoln\\nprohibits commercial intercourse cit-\\nizens of U. S. exiled, 1992; passes re-\\nquired, 1993, 2001 envoys run blockade,\\n2001 Army of Va. org., 2003; envoys re-\\nleased general election Davis and\\nStephens elected conven. in Ky.; 4th\\nProv. Cong, opens; Cong, admits Ky.,\\n2012; confiscation of Confed. Property\\nBill, 2013 peace resolutions in Cong.,\\n2033;army under Beauregard,2042; prov.\\nCong., last session first Confed. Cong,\\nmeets; Jeff. Davis inaug. pres., 2053;\\nGen. Johnston commands army of Va.\\ncommerce cut off, 2062 gunboats re-\\npulsed in Tenn., 2071 Conscription Act\\npasses 1st Cong, closes 1st session, 207 3\\nLee commands Army of Va., 2083 con-\\nfiscation of rebels property, 2112 i s t\\nCong., 2d session opens, 2113 retalia-\\ntion ordered, 2133, 2152 Eng. recogni-\\ntion proposed, 2152; conscription, 2153,\\n2312,3;negroes guarded; Cong, adjourns,\\n215 3 Davis opposes enlisting negroes,\\n2173 death for officers of negro regi-\\nments on emancipation proclamation,\\n2192; dismisses consuls, 2233; 1st con-\\nscription proclamation, 225 3 bankruptcy\\nexposed, 2273; raid disclosed, 2281 com-\\npulsory funding of finances recom-\\nmended, 229 2 army south of Rapidan,\\n2321; 2d Cong, meets, 2333,2393; Gen.\\nHood commands dept. of Tenn., 236 2\\nseal finished, 2373 enlistment of negroes\\nauthorized, 2431 2; and defeated, 2432;\\n3 peace commissioners sen t, 243 1 ,2; Cong.\\nissues address, 2432 Confed. raiders from\\nCan. attack St. Albans, 5801 raiders dis-\\ncharged, 5831; Confed. debt repudiated\\nby Federal Cong., 2432,3; Davis s last\\nmessage last Cong, adjourns gov t\\nleaves Richmond Davis, Danville ad-\\ndress correspondence with Eng. on\\nprivateers begins seal arrives at Rich-\\nmond, 2453; surrender of Lee, 24G1 ports\\nclosed by Federals, 2472 opened, 2473\\n2491; Eng. and Fr. rescind recognition,\\n2473,9691; southern ports closed, 2472,\\nand reopened, 2473; Confed. prisoners\\nreleased southern ports, restrictions\\nremoved, 249 1; insurrection declared\\nsuppressed, 2523; Confeds. disfranchised\\nin W. Va. and Tenn., 2531 states with\\ninvalid gov ts, 2611; amnesty extended,\\n263 2 legal and political disabilities re-\\nmoved, 2633, 2711 states represented in\\nCong., 2711; flags not restored, 3272;\\nConfed. monument at Petersburg, 3601\\nConfed. veterans reunion held, 3623\\nveterans reception in N. Y., 3821 Con-\\nfed. Soldiers Home, 3983; flag returned\\nfrom Boston, 4001\\nSouthern Convention of Churches, 3163.\\nExposition at Louisville, Ky., 3153; at\\nMontgomery, 3473; at Augusta, 3953.\\nGovernor s Convention, 4283.\\n111. Conf. (Meth. Epis.) org., 1702.\\nImmigration Land and Title Co. org.,\\n4613.\\nInterstate Exposition opens, Raleigh,\\n3933.\\nKy. College (Christian) est. at Hop-\\nkinsville (1849).\\nSouthern Literary Gazette appears, 1331\\nSouthern Pacific R. R. chartered, 2733\\ntrain robbers, 3911, 4503; conven. for,\\n2893 formed, 7213.\\nUniversity (Meth. Epis. S.), est. at\\nGreensboro, Ala., 180 2\\nSoutheme, Thomas, b.,8902; d. (1746).\\nSouthesk, Earl of, title created, 8831\\nSouthey, Robert, b., 919 1; works, 9271,\\n9311 9371 9411 poet laureate, 9371 d..\\n9522.\\nMrs. Robert, b., 9242.\\nSouthgate, Horatio, b. (1812) cons. P. E.\\nbishop. 156 3\\nSouth German States protest against alli-\\nance, 8253.\\nHadley canal opened, 1053.\\nKentucky College organized, 3082.\\nSouthold, N. Y., Puritan Church; PreBb.\\nchurch fmd., 362 Founder s monument,\\n4401.\\nLawrence, Mass., cyclone damages,\\n3641.\\nMountain, Md., battles of, 2131 Early\\napproaches, 2361\\nSouth Orange, N. J,, Seton Hall College\\nfnd., 1802 Smith embezzlement, 4343.\\nOmaha, Neb., fire, 475 3\\nSouthport, Eng., British Asso. sits, 9881.\\nSouth Portland detained by gov t., 4151\\nSouth Saxons, kingdom established, 8413.\\nSea Bubble, formed, 9053 investi-\\ngated, 9071.\\nSide R.R., Va., Feds, attack, 2391\\nStaffordshire, Eng., strike, 9943.\\nVallejo, Cal., Julia explodes, 3293.\\nSouthwark, Eng., Bp. Butt eons., 9982; Bp.\\nYeatman cons., 10063; bridgeopd.,9382;\\nCongregational Church formed, 8782.\\nSouthwell, Eng., see fnd., 0922; Collegiate\\nCh. opd., 9982 Bp. Ridding cons., 9922.\\nSir Robert, pres. Royal Society, 8961\\nViscount, title created, 9172.\\nWilliam, cabinet pianos, 9342.\\nSouthwest Afr., Ger. boundaries, 8382.\\nAfrican Co. formed, 8353.\\nBapt. Coll. est. at Bolivar, Mo., 3003.\\nKansas College est., 3242.\\nMissouri, M. E. conference org., 2842\\nSilver Conven., El Paso, Tex., 3971\\nSouthwestern Baptist University est. at\\nJackson, Tenn. (1845).\\nPresb. Univ. est., Tenn., 2903.\\nUniv. (Meth. Epis. S.) est. at George-\\ntown, Tex. (1872).\\nSouthwick, clergyman executed, 8S8 2\\nSouthwold, Eng., battle of, 692i\\nSouthworth, Mrs. (Emma D. E. Nevitt),\\nb., 1281 Allsicorth Abbey, 2503.\\nSoutsong, suppresses rebellion, 6132; d.,\\n6122.\\nSoutza, Prince, duel, 7483.\\nSouvaroff (See Suvarof\\nSouvenirs du Geveral Jarras appears, 7622.\\ndu C. de Roclu rhouart, Les, 7602.\\ndu Genirol du Jjarail appears, 7641\\nSouvestre, Kmile, b., 7163 d., 7322.\\nSouza-Botelho, A. M. E. F., works, 710Q,\\n7171.\\nThome de, at Bahia, 23 2\\nSoverci rn of the. Seas launched, 8821\\nSovereign, gold, Eng., 9393; value est. in\\nU. S.,2851.\\nJames R., Gen. Master Knights of\\nLabor, 4443; reelected, 4751.\\nSo-werby, Anne, burned, 9172.\\nJames, b., 9143; d., 9403.\\nSoyer, Alexis, b., 7143; d., 7342.\\nSozomen, b., 10303.\\nSpada, Liouello, b., 10811 d. (1622).\\nSpagnoletto, b.-d., 11283.\\nSpaight, Richard Dobbs, b. (1758) gov.\\nN. C, 1051,1453; d. (1802).\\nSpain (see text, pp. 1125-1133) Hasdrubal\\nin, 10531, 10542; conquered by Hamilcar,\\n10531 Hannibal crosses, 10541 Roman\\nprovince, 10553; Carthaginians expelled,\\n10543; war in Lusitahia, 10551; Romans", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1425.jp2"}, "1426": {"fulltext": "1414\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nSpal-Spri.\\ninvade, 10561 Sertorius expelled,l0581\\nPompey rules, 10593 Romans surrender,\\n10601 Romans repulsed, 10602 CEesar\\npropretor, 10592; Augustus surrenders\\nsubdued, 10603 partly annexed to Ro-\\nman Emp., 10103, ioi;;!2; Petrieus rules\\nsubdued by Koine, 10672 Romans visit,\\n10673; monks abound, 10663; East Goth\\nkingdom est., 10693 Vandals and Bur-\\ngundians settle, 10711 Atawulf invades,\\n10701 West Gothic kingdom est., 10711\\nEomans expelled by West Goths, 10712;\\nMoslem empire, 4852 royal library\\nburned; philosophy cultivated; philos-\\nophers banished Alfonso X. astron-\\nomer, 4862; Mex. a province, 1095 2 con-\\nquest of Salvador, 11231 Sp.-Aust.\\nascendency in it., 10S1 3; Peru conquered,\\nli08i; loses fleet, 8 imperilled in\\nChile, 6041 at war with Chile, 6043,6051\\nwar with Neth., 10981; Port, annexed,\\nlost, 11101,2; naval power ruined by\\nDutch, 11001; Eng. captures Sp. ships,\\n8881; war against Eng., 9201 9332 in-\\nvades Port., 1110 1 Fr. cedes territory,\\n5413; acquires influence in It., 10833\\nAust. takes Sp. Neth., 543 1 treaty with\\nIndians in Chile, 6053; demands repara-\\ntion of Eng., 92.53 evacuates Yazoo\\ncountry, Am., 109 2 commercial mon-\\nopoly bro ken in Cuba, 0333; independence\\nof Port., 11103 ;Fr. army in,7173; war with\\nMex. ,10051 injustice, Chile; sovereignty\\nin Chile reest.,6071 Peruvian independ-\\nence, 11081; treaty with U.S., 1272, 12:12,\\n1433,3872,4712,6343; independence of Sal-\\nvador, 11231 surrenders Fla., 129 2 rec-\\nognizes independence of Sp. provinces,\\n1312 Colombian insurrection, 6283\\nMex. independent, 10962; Fr. frontier\\nregulations, 7371 2 war with Peru and\\nChile, 11081; treaty with Port., 11112;\\ngreeting to Fr. Republic, 7412; declines\\nmediation in Fr., 7432; siege in .Cuba,\\n6322; modus vicendi with Fr., 7633 re-\\npublic in Cuba, 633 2 Morocco pirates\\nrise, and indemnity claimed, 10973.\\nSpalatro. Diocletian s palace at, 10662,\\nSpalding Club fnd., 9491\\nJesse, gov t director IT. P. R.R.,351 2\\nJohn Franklin, b. (1828); cons. P. E.\\nbp., 2822.\\nL., b. (1840); cons. R. C. bp., 2942.\\nLyman, b., 823; d., 1301\\nMartin John, b., 1162; d., 2762.\\nSpandau, Prus., Gustavus takes, 7941.\\nSpangenberg, August G., b., 562; j., 1022.\\nWolfhart. Gan.s/:iinig, 7931.\\nSpangler, Edward, assassin, 2431 sen-\\ntenced, 2482,3.\\nSpanish Armada, 11281 memorial, 10041\\ncoins; of Am. circulation, 1793.\\nCollege founded, 10772.\\nEvangelical Society org., 9603.\\nFort invested, 2442 Federals as-\\nsault, 2452.\\nmarriages cause trouble, 7293.\\nMission, centennial eel. Cal, 2922.\\nand Port. ChurchAid. Soc. org., 9702.\\nSuccession, war of, 6953.\\nSparks, Jared, b., 100i works, 137i 1411\\n1431, 1451, 1583; d.,2501.\\nSparksville, Miss., Agricultural and Me-\\nchanical College opens, 3042.\\nSparre, Count, d., 6421\\nSparta, fnd., 10133; seized, 10141, 10151,\\n10262; early kings, 10152,3, 10172,3; sen-\\nate est., Ephori est., 1015 2 conspiracy\\nto take, 10153; increases helots, 10151;\\nsupremacy, 10172,3 at war with Ar-\\ngives; at war with Athens, 10161 earth-\\nquake, 10191 truce with Athens, 10212;\\narmistice with Athens, 10202; supreme\\ncommand, 10232; war with Persia, 10221\\nleague against, 10232; wa r with Thebes,\\n10222; attacked, 10223, 10281 10571 ter-\\nrito-y lost, 10252; revolts against Alex.,\\n10242 Agrarian agitation, 10271 in\\nTriangular League, 10272 in Achrean\\nLeague, 10273 sacked, 10661 oligarchy\\nrestored, 10273; power ends, 10262.\\nSpartacus I., reigns in Bosporus, 11473.\\nII., reigns, 1147 3\\ncaptures Thurii, 10281 escapes\\nthreatens Rome, 10581.\\nSpartan, mora cut, 10222; children raised\\ntogether, 10143; harmosts expelled from\\nGreece, 10222.\\nSpartanburg, Pa., Woffard Coll. org.,1763.\\nSpartanburg, S. C, mayor shot, 3923.\\nSpartianus, iElius, work, 10671.\\nSpaulding, Oliver L., in treas. dept., 3511\\nR. P., amendment to Constitution.\\n2512.\\nSolomon, b.,723; work, 1211 d.,1242.\\nRev., missionary in Braz., 5542.\\nSpeakers in Congress, 1012+.\\nSpeakership, long struggle, 1791 1871\\nSpeaking-trumpei improved, 7962.\\nSpear, Col., at Franklin, 2161; at South\\nAnna, 2231 at Jarratt s Station; raid\\nin Va., 2322.\\nSamuel Thayer, b. (1812); clergyman;\\nd.. 3801.\\nSpearfish, S. D., Normal School opd., 3143.\\nSpearville, Kan., bank robbery, 4171\\nSpecie Circular, U, S. A., issued, 147 2\\nPayment Act passes, 287 3\\nPayments suspended at Phila.; N.Y.\\nbanks resume, 1403; suspended in N. O.,\\n1993; suspended, 2032, 6332; Resump-\\ntion Bill passes house, 2S73 resumption\\nfavored, 2972,3; resumed, 3012, 9393.\\nSpecitic duties, abolished, Australia, 5011.\\nSpeckter, Erwin, b., 8083; d., 8143.\\nSpectacles, gold, manf., 1501 invented,\\n8541 10762.\\nSpectateur do V Orient issued in Fr., 11571\\nSpectator, 9043.\\nSpectatrice, La., issued, 6992.\\nSpectrum, lines compared, 8081 analysis\\nsolved, 9402, 9422.\\nSpeculation, general, 3251\\nSpec, Frieilrich, work, 7971\\nSpeech of Lamech written, 11411.\\nSpeed, James, b. (1812); resigns as atty.\\ngen., 2532; d. (1887).\\nJohn, History of Great Britain, 8783.\\nSpeedwell purchased, 293.\\nSpegel, Haquin, b.-d., 11342; works, 11351.\\nSpeke, Capt. John Hanning, b.,9423; Afr.\\ndiscoveries, 560 3 dis. Lake Tanganyika,\\n8381 d. (1864).\\nSpelling, Bill for phonetic, 3562.\\nReform Asso. org., 2922.\\nSpelman, Sir Henry, b., 8721 d. (1641).\\nSpelsbury, John, pastor, 8822.\\nSpence, William, prosecuted, 9311\\nSpencer, Mass., David Prouty gift, a high\\nschool 3443,\\nTerm., Burritt College org., 1643.\\nCharles, E. of Sunderland, b., 8923;\\nminister, 9033, 9053, 9072; lord treas.,\\n9072.\\nEarl of, title created, 9152.\\nEarl, George John, b. (1758+); lord\\nadm., 9273; d. (1834).\\nHerbert, b., 9402; works, 9563, 9043,\\n9663, 9723, 9783, 9882.\\nJohn Poyntz, b. (1835); lord-lieut.,\\n9732,9892, 9952, 10092; resigns, 9912.\\ngov. India, 1045 2\\nCanfield, b. (1788) sec. war,\\n1533; d.,1761.\\nPiatt R., d., 2332.\\nRobert, E. of Sunderland, b., 8842;\\nsec. of state, 8953; bribe from Fr., 8971\\nminister, 8972, 8992; d., 9022.\\nChurchill. (Sec Marlborough, D. of).\\nrepeating rilie patented, 1902.\\nSpencerian Philanthropists Soc. est.,939 2\\nSpencers, opposed, Eng., 8572.\\nSpenser, Edmund, b., 8702; works, 8751,\\n8771 8762.\\nJohn Charles, Viscount Althorp, h.\\n(1782) leader H. C. (1830-34) minister,\\n9452, 9472; earl, (1834); d. (1845).\\nSpener, Philipp Jakob, b., 7963; pia de-\\nsideria, 7972; d., 7983.\\nJames, fnds. Pietists sect, 798 3\\nSperanski, Mikhail, b., 11162; d., 11163.\\nSperry, Lewis, b., 1641\\nSpeve r, Diet of, 7891, 7902, 791s; taken,\\n7961 retaken, 8061\\nSphacteria, besieged; taken, 1020 2\\nSjihin.r burned, 5293.\\nSphinx Temple built, Egy., 6451\\nSphir, Moritz, d., 8201\\nSphygmograph invented, 7361.\\nSpicer, Albert, pres. Congregational Con-\\ngress, 10102.\\nSpickardsvillc, Mo., temp, crusade, 3523.\\nSpiegel, Friedrich, b., 8122.\\nSpiclhagen, Friedrich, b., 8142; works,\\n8203, 8263, 8303, 8322, 8362.\\nSpies, August, executed, 327 2\\nSpiess, Heinrich, b., 8142; d., 8282.\\nSpina, Alex, de, invents spectacles, 10762.\\nSpindler, Karl, b., 8063; The Jew, 8151;\\nd., 8201.\\nSpink County, S. Dak., natural gas discov-\\nered, 3501.\\nSpinner, Francis E., b. (1802); d., 3742.\\nSpinning, by machine, invented, 8062; in-\\ntro. Eng., 8662; water power, 9181\\njenny invented, 9161, 918 2 com-\\npleted, 917 2 opposed, 925 1 introduced,\\n9262.\\nmachine patented, 9102.\\nwheel invented, 7901 patent granted,\\n9143.\\nSpinola, Ambrosio, Marq. di, b.-d., 11282;\\ntakes Breda, 1100 1; against Maurice,\\n10982.\\nFrancis B., d., 3821\\nfamily in ascendency, 10772.\\nSpinoza, Baruch, b.-d., 11003.\\nSpirits, tax raised on distilled, 2313, 2413.\\nSpiritual M !/a~iiir issued, 9643.\\nSpiritualism, rise, 1632; first lecture, 1653;\\nmedium gets house, 3852; cong. of be-\\nlievers, N. Y., 3883; fn law, 4263; at-\\ntracts attention, 9571\\nSpiritualist issued, 9723.\\nSpitaltields, London, Eng., riots, 9172.\\nSpitchnev I., duke, 5031\\nII., duke, 5033.\\nSpithead, Eng., naval review, 996 1\\nSpitzbergen, Willoughby expedition, 8701\\nwhale Ashing, 8762.\\nSpofford, Ainsworth Rand, b. (1825) li-\\nDrarian of Congress, 3512, 4473.\\nHarriet Prescott, b., 1442 works,\\n2252, 2412, 2803, 3283.\\nSpohr, Louis, b., 8042; works, 8121 d.,\\n8202.\\nSpoils System, inaug., 1372, 1411 1433.\\nSpokane Falls, Wash., Spokane College\\nfnd., 3123; flre, 3433; explosion, 3693;\\n4413.\\nSpoletium, colonized, 10533; Hannibal at,\\n10541 action at, 10581.\\nSpoliation, indemnification for Brit., 1352;\\nIndemnity Bill, French vetoed, 161 2\\nSponai, mission at, 10922.\\nSponsors, first appointed, 10643.\\nSpontana, (,)uecii, killed. 8431\\nSpontini, Gasparo Luigi Pacifico, b., 10843;\\nd., 10863.\\nSpooner, JohnE.,nom. for gov. Wis., 4132.\\nSpoons forged, 7982.\\nSpotswood, Alex., b. (1676) gov. Va., 573;\\nupholds Indians, 583; crosses Blue\\nRidge opens road, 592; d. (1740).\\nSpottiswood Society fnded., Scot., 9531.\\nSpottiswoode, William, pres., 9761 9841\\nSpottsvlvania, Va., settled, 623; battle of\\n2322,3.\\nSpragg, Sir Edward, destroys ships k.,\\n8921.\\nSprague, C. E., I-Iandhookof olapiik,W83.\\nCharles, b., 1022; d. (1875).\\nPeleg, h. (1793) d., 3041\\nWilliam, b. (1799) gov. R. I., 1512,\\n1903; soldier, 1942; d. (1856).\\nBuell, clerg., b. (1795); d.,2902.\\nSprat, Thomas, b., 8822; d., 9042.\\nSpree, accident to shaft, b 373, 4193.\\nSprengel, Kurt, b., 8023; d., 8142.\\nSprigg.J. Gordon, ministry, 6012; resigns,\\n6031 premier, 6032.\\nSpring, spiral pendulum, invented, 9001.\\nGardiner, b.,- 962; moderator, 1563;\\nd., 2821\\nSamuel, Am. Board of Commission-\\ners, 1163.\\nSpringboro, O., Miami Valley College\\norganized, 2771\\nSpringer, Wm. McKendree.b., 1462; Com-\\nmittee of Seven, 2933; Ways and Means\\nCommittee, 3972; substitute, 4792.\\nSpringfield, 111., Lincoln practises law,\\n1471 capital, 1512; Oakridge Cemetery\\nopd., 1893; Lincoln s farewell, 1913;\\nLincoln monument, 2861 p. E. diocese\\norg., 2962; new stock-yard company,\\n3373; Nancy Hauls record, 4373.\\nKan., outlaws tight, 3983.\\nKy., Thomas Edgerton killed, 4763.\\nMass., settled, 352; Indians attack,\\n461; s. Jirpuhliran issued, 1631; R. C.\\ndiocese of, est., 2722; Fr. Prot. College\\nest., 3471 Fire Engineers Conven.,:;\u00c2\u00abi2;\\nfire, 4453; Knappe embezzlement, 4623.\\nMo., battle of, 2002; expedition\\nagainst, 2111 Confederates attack, 2181\\nDrury College founded, 2823.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1426.jp2"}, "1427": {"fulltext": "Spri-Stau.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDB,X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1415\\nSpringfield, N. J., Brit, defeated Gen.\\nGreene at, 921 fire, 1273.\\nN. Y., Brant raids, 883.\\nO., Wittenberg Coll. org., 1583; City\\nHall threatened, 3822 strike, 4262\\nScotch-Irish Congress session, 430 2\\nSpring Hill College, Ala., founded, 1383.\\nKan., women in office, 4543.\\nN. S., sufferers aided, 5921; ex-\\nplosion, 5932.\\nTenn., Confed. defeated, 2402.\\nVa., assaulted, 2382.\\nSpringville, la., neglected children die,\\n3802.\\nSpuller, Eugene, b. (1835) minister, 7563,\\n7572,7671; work, 7602.\\nSpur, John, expelled from church, 383.\\nSpurgeon, Charles Haddon, b., 946 2 pas-\\ntor in London, 9502; Tabernacle opd.,\\n9642; es t. Stockwell Orphanage, 9711\\nworks, 9723, 9811; d., 10081; body in\\nstate, 10083.\\nThomas, pastor Tabernacle, 10102.\\nSpurs, in use, 8613; battle of the, 6721,\\n6801.\\nSpurzheim, Johann Kaspar, b., 8042; d.,\\n8142.\\nSpuyten Duyvil Creek, N. Y., R. R. acci-\\ndent, 3113.\\nSquatter Sovereignty, issue, 1751\\nSquaw Gulch, Colo gold found, 4001.\\nSquier, Ephraim George, b., 1301 d.,330\u00c2\u00ab.\\nSquire, Watson C, b., 1502; gov., 3193;\\nprotection of Chinese, 3232.\\nStaal De, Count, in London Conference,\\n9932.\\nStack, Charles Maurice, cons, bp., 996 2\\nStackpole, Capt., in duel, 9372.\\nStade vessels pay toll, 6353.\\nStadion, Gen., at Montebello, 524 1\\nStadtlohn, battle at, 7941\\nStael-Holstein, Madame de, Baronne,\\nAnne Louise Germain, b., 7031 works,\\n7063, 7151 7221 7071 d., 7223.\\nStaempfi, Baron, Alabama -Arbitrator,\\nStafford, Baron, title created, 8831\\nEdward, D. of Buckingham, leads\\nrevolt beheaded, 8653.\\nJohn, archbp. Canterbury, 8622; d.\\n(1452).\\nStaffordshire, Eng., collieries strikes,\\n9911, 10471.\\nStagil, Germans repulsed, 7423.\\nStagira founded, 10153.\\nStahl, Friedrich Julius, b., 80S2; d., 8202.\\nGeorg Ernst, b., 7963; system of\\nchemistry, 8001; d., 8002.\\nGen. Julius, b. (1825) at Thorough-\\nfare Gap, 2142; d. (1862).\\nStahr, John S., pres. Marshall Coll., 3682.\\nStaines, Sir Wm., 1. mayor London, 931 2\\nStair, E. of, title created, 9031\\nEarl of. (See Dalrymple.)\\nStakebold, John, bailiff, 8572.\\nStalbridge, Baron, title created, 9963.\\nStaley, Thomas, consecrated bp., 10403.\\nStaleybridge, Eng., riots, 9671\\nStalker, Gen., at. Bushire, 9601\\nStalling*, Jesse F., d., 1781.\\nSta/hiinifrirnfh Fr rl/ i,ll tn len issued, 11362.\\nStambuloff, Stephen, b. (1853) emp. re-\\nceives, 537 1; premier, 5681; cabLaet\\nfmd.; ministry, 5691 atoned, 5701 re-\\nsigns, 5702; prefers charges, 5703.\\nStamer, Sir L. T., cons, bishop, 9983.\\nStamford, Conn., anniversary settlement,\\n4173.\\nEng., Mercury issued, 900 3\\nEarl of, title created, 8831\\nLord. (See Grey, Thomas.)\\nStamp used on newspapers, 9043.\\nAct, proposed, 613, 672, 9172; re-\\njected, 71 3 colonial agitation against\\ntroops to enforce rights affirmed, 743\\nfavored, 75 1 passes, 75 1 9172; colonies\\ntake oath effect in Am. colonies\\nrepealed, 752; anniversary of protest,\\n4403.\\ncutting known, 6101\\nduties imposed, 905 2 923 2 abolished,\\n9612; added, 9652; on leases, 9653.\\ntaxes abolished, 2712.\\nStamped leather press invented, 7921\\nStamps reduced, G. B., 9492.\\nStanbery, Henry, b. (1803) appt. atty.-\\ngen., 2532; on Reconstruction Act, 2573;\\nJohnson s counsel, 2612; d. (1881).\\nStandard, battle of the, Eng., 8481.\\nStandard musical pitch determined, 3921\\nOil Co. fmd., 2653, 2813; trust org.,\\n3112, 3713; absorbs O. Oil Co., 3393; full\\ncontrol trade, U. S., 3S33; obtains wells\\nin O,, 3893 controls gas companies,\\n4713; trust dissolved, 4033; extradition\\npapers refused; indictments, 4771.\\nStanding Army first org., China, 6101.\\nRock, Dak., Indian council, 3412.\\nStandish, Miles, b. (1548\u00c2\u00b1) defeats In-\\ndians; explorations, 30i d.,40i,\\nStanfield, Clarkson, b., 9263; d., 9701.\\nStanford, John, b. (1754); in America,\\n982; d. (1834).\\n,Leland, b., 1321 gov. Cal., 2012,2173;\\nunites U. C. P. R. R., 2673; nom. for\\npres., 4111 d.,432i.\\nMrs. Leland, trust-deed executed,\\n386 3 gift to orphans, 391 1 attack on\\ncar, 4532; Leland Stanford Jr. Univ.,\\n3802; corner-stone laid, 3203, 3923; Har-\\nrison lectures, 4541 45G 2\\nStanhope, Earl of, title created, 9051\\nAdelaide, b., 7342.\\nCharles, Earl of, b., 9123; d.,9382.\\nEdward, minister, 9933, 9953, 9972.\\nLady Hester Lucy, b., 9203; d., 9483.\\nJames, b., 8922; at Sardinia, 10821;\\nat Almenara, 6962; d. (1721).\\nPhilip D., Earl of Chesterfield, b.,\\n9002; d.,9183.\\nHenry, Lord Mahon, Earl of,\\nb., 9323; chairman Irish Church Com-\\nmittee, 9702, g7i3; d., 9802.\\niron printing-press, 9301 9322.\\nStanislaus, Augustus Poniatowski, b.-d.,\\n11143 reigns abolishes torture re-\\nsigns crown, 11172.\\nSt., murdered, 11132.\\nI., Leszcynski, b,-d., 11142; enthroned\\nin Poland deposed, 11153.\\nStanley wrecked, 9673.\\nStanley, Arthur Penrhyn, b.,9363; d.,9861\\nBaron, title created, 9451\\n,Gen. David S., at Snow Hill, 2202;\\nat Middletown, Tenn., 2332; at Spring\\nHill, 2402.\\nEdward, arrives at New Berne, 2093\\nGeoffrey Smith, E. of Derby, b.,\\n9283, ministry, 9472, 9512, 9572, 9632,\\n9691,2, 97(|2; postmaster, 9652; ultima-\\ntum, 32; resigns office, 9713, 9832; trans.\\nHomer s Iliad, 9682; d., 9722; statue,\\n9761 9781\\nHenry Smith, E. of Derby, b.,\\n9422; d., 10101.\\nFrederick Arthur, E. of Derby, b.\\n(1841) minister, 9933, 9953 gov.-gen.\\nCan., 5863; tour, 5892,3.\\nHenry Morton, b., 9502; in Abys.,3i\\nin Confederate army, 2021 in Zanzibar,\\n2701 2781 5632; in Air., 2701 finds Liv-\\ningstone, 5611 Bennctl expedition,2721\\nexpedition starts, 5611; displays Am.\\nflag tidings of Livingstone reaches\\nUnganyembe, 2741; How I Found Liv~\\ninqxtone, 2803; surveys Victoria Nyanza,\\n5611; a t Cape Town, 2961: explorer in\\nKongo, 10931; i\u00e2\u0080\u009e Sudan, 0603; relief of\\nEmin Pasha, 5621 meets Tippoo Tib,\\n8381; return journey; letter, 5621;\\nprogress; search ended, 5631 sails for\\nEgy.,5632; in Afr., 8382; letter to Tip-\\npoo Tib, 5462 expedition meets, 838 z\\nreceives medal, 10023; Lond. honors,\\n10031 la Darkest Africa, 3622; first\\nlecture in N. Y., 3702; reception, 3712;\\nin Belgium, 5461,3; gov. Congo State,\\n5472.\\nJohn, cons. R. C. bp., 2482.\\n.Sir deputy gov., 861 1 holds\\nIsle of Man, 8613; at Clontarf, 8631\\nLady, refuses divorced lady, 5902.\\nMaude, Working Girls, 3743.\\nSir Thomas, lor d-lieut., 8632.\\nStannard, Mary, murder of, 3032.\\nGen. Geo. Jefferson, b. (1820) at\\nFort Harrison, 2382; d. (1886).\\nStansfield, James, minister, 9952.\\nStanton, Edwin McMasters, b., 1231 Lin-\\ncoln s sec. of war, 2032; moves troops\\nrapidly, 2293 requested to resign re-\\nmoved, 2591 Johnson s message con-\\ncerning, 2593 senate refuses to concur;\\nnon-concurrence arrests Thomas re-\\nsumes office, 2611; impeachment pro-\\nceedings dismissed, 2612; resigns, 2631;\\nappt. Ass. Justice U. S. S. Ct., 2692; d.,\\nStanton, Elizabeth Cady, b., 1242\\nWoman s. Suffrage campaign, 2592; peti-\\ntion for Supreme Court, 5703.\\nFred. P., gov. Kan., 1871\\nG. H., elected bp., 9803; bp., 10042.\\nCom. Oscar F., S. Atlantic station,\\n4301, salutes flag 4401.\\n.Robert Livingston, b. (1810); moder-\\nator, 2542.\\nThaddeus H., commissioned colonel,\\n4201.\\nStanwix, John, b. (1690+) d., 741\\nStaplehurst railway accident, 9693.\\nStaples, Ont., explosion, 5953.\\nJohn, lord mayor London, 9951\\nStar attacks Sewell s Point, 1943.\\nStar-and-Stripes canvass, 1652.\\nChamber, court, restricts press, 8831\\nabolished, 8852.\\nCity, Ind., Italian riot, 4122.\\nof the Cross, order fmd., 5131.\\nof India, order fmd., 9651\\nRoute frauds exposed, 3073, 3091;\\nconspirators trial, 3103, 3131\\nStar of the IVest approaches Fort Sumter,\\n1001.\\nStara-Zagora, mission, 565 3 insurrection,\\n5681.\\nStarch from potatoes, 9022.\\nStarching linen, introduced, Eng., 870*.\\nSlargard, Truce of, concluded, 5162.\\nStarhemberg, Count Ernst Rudiger von,\\nb. (1635); defends Vienna, 5122; d. (1701).\\nCount Guide, b. (1657) at Almenara,\\n6962; at Villaviciosa, 11281; d. (1737).\\nStarin, John H., soldiers and sailors ex-\\ncursion, 3852.\\nStaring, Antoni Christian Winand, b.\\n(1767) Poems, 11022; d. (1840).\\nStark County, O., ex-treas. accounts short,\\n4743.\\nCaleb, b. (1804) d., 2312.\\nJohn, b., 602; at Carillon, 701 at\\nBennington, 871 d., 1302; statue, 3701,\\n4273.\\nStarkey, ThomaB Alfred, cons, bp., 3023.\\nStarley, James, b.-d., 988 2\\nStarr, C. J., college gift, 4082.\\nStars, meteoric seen, 1421 catalogue of,\\n8982; Chinese chart of, 6102; light of\\ndis., explained, 9081\\nStar s Mill, Ga., race fight, 3623.\\nStarter, Jan Janssen.b. (1594) work, 11012.\\nState Allegiance, paramount, S. C, 1412.\\nbank circulation tax imposed, 2423;\\nrepealed, 4571 4612.\\nCollege, Pa., org., 1823.\\nState of Georgia in ice-floes, 4553.\\nState Railroad Commissioners Nat. Con-\\nvention, 3591.\\nRights, Senator Hayne defends, 1373.\\nsupremacy over church, Eng., 8482.\\nUniv., la., est., 1631.\\nof Ky. (Bapt.), est. at Louis-\\nville (1879).\\nStaten Island, N. Y., purchased, 331 first\\ndistillers, 341 351 Indians ravage, 361\\ncolonized, 37 2 Huguenot church fmd.,\\n483; Brit, forces on, 823; Sir William\\nHowe on, 841 raided Ams., 871, 923;\\nquarantine hospital mob, 1851 draft\\nriots, 2253; Tunnel Act approved, 3783\\nProhibition Park dedicated, 3871 In-\\nternal Medical congress, 38S 2 election\\nfrauds, 4611.\\nStates-General meets, 7072.\\nStatesville, N. C, railway accident, 3913.\\nStatillius, conspirator, 10592.\\nStatistical congress meets, 5441 Fr., 7332.\\nSociety fmd., Eng., 9461,3.\\nStatistics, U. S., (yearly after a.d. 1860)\\nProduction and Currency. ls;)3+i; Reve-\\nnue Expenditure, Public Debt, 1972-4-.\\nStatue of Victory, Gettysburg, 4321\\nof Liberty, 3162. (See others under\\nnames of cities.)\\nStatues, casting invented, 10142.\\nStatute of Laborers passed, Eng., 8592.\\nof Limitations passed, 8813.\\nof Merchants passed, 8553.\\nof Mortmain, 8542.\\nof Praemunire passed, 857 1 8592.\\nof Provisors passed, 858 2\\nof Westminster passes, 8553.\\nof Winchester passes, 855 3\\nScabdulum Magnatum. 861 1.\\nStatutes first printed, Eng., 8643.\\nof Malbridge passed, 8552.\\nStaub, Nicholas, elected, Conn., 3771", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1427.jp2"}, "1428": {"fulltext": "1416\\nText Figures denote Page. INDllX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nStau-Stew.\\nStauiilin, Karl Friedrich, b., 8023 d., 8123.\\nStaunton, Va., Jones s raid arrested, 2242;\\nGen. Averell at, 2262; Federals occupy,\\n2342; Sheridan raids, 2422.\\nCol., at Blackstock, 923.\\nStauracius, reigns, 1033 1\\nStead, William Thomas, b. (1849) book\\nexcluded, 4562; works, 9983, 10023, 10122.\\nSteamboats, stern-wheel built, 1042; 1st\\non Hudson, 1081 in 1811, 1193; 1st on\\nLake Erie, 1273; anthracite coal used,\\n1461; screw intro., 1481; 1st in 6. B.,\\n9241, 9381; experimental, 9301; l 8 t in\\nFrance, 7022; 1st in Ire., 9401\\nSteam-engine first built in Am., 781; for\\nraising water, 8001 suggested, 8901 ;inv.,\\n9161; model completed, 9162; patented,\\n9181; i n mines, 9022; works est., 9182;\\nrotary motion double acting, 9202; 1st\\nconstructed, 9261; expansion, 6861; in-\\njector invented, 9G22.\\nMakers Society formed, 9431\\nengineers oppose strikes, 4602.\\nfire-engine constructed, Eng., 9441\\nhammer made, 7501 9521\\nheat, first used, 9322, 9382.\\njet applied, 9421\\nmotor man exhibited, 2601\\nnavigation est. across Atlantic, 1493\\non Rhine, 8121 set forth, 9081\\npacket breaks records, Eng., 9501\\npowersuggested,9O0i used in mines,\\nEng., 9343.\\nprinting-press invented, 8081\\nram, naval, invented, 9481\\nroad-carriage invented, 95 1 9641\\nwhistles prohibited on factories, 9773.\\nStearns, George Luther, b. (1809); d., 2561\\nJonathan French, b. (1808) modera-\\ntor, 2642.\\nM. L., governor Fla., 2873.\\nStedman, Edmund Clarence, b., 1421\\nworks, 1881,1991,2643, 2683,2911,2963,\\n3001, 3223, 3323.\\nGriffin Alex., b. (1838) d., 2373.\\nSteel, W. H., vice-pres. convention, 4593.\\nBessemer process patented, 9602\\ntried in Am., 1801 cast, 9102, 9343; en-\\ngraving on, 1261, 9382, 9401 puddle\\nprocess patented, 9561 Heaton s process\\nannounced, 9701\\nguns manufactured, 1963.\\ningot exhibited, 8201\\npens, general use, Eng., 9461.\\nsquares manufactured, 1281.\\nSteele, Gen. Fred., b. (1819) captures\\nLittle Bock, 2262; at Camden, 2311; at\\nJenkins Ferry, 2321 at Canton at\\nFort Blakely at Mitchell s Fork at\\nPine Barren Creek, 2442; d., 2601.\\nJoel Dorman, b. (1836) d., 3222.\\nJohn, shot dead, 3643.\\nH., governor N. H., 1592.\\nSir Richard, b., 8922 works, 683,\\n9023,9043,9071; d., 90S2.\\nMemorial Library Asso. incor., 4381\\nSteele s Bayou, Federals at, 2201\\nSteell, John, b.(lS04); Dr. Chalmers statue,\\n9821.\\nSteelyard Society est., Eng., 8533.\\nSteenkerke, Belg., royalists defeated, 6941\\nSteenwyck. Cornells, mayor N.Y., 451 ,492.\\nHendrik, b.-d., 5403.\\nSteers, James, org. Washingtonian move-\\nment, 1511\\nSteevens, George, b., 9082; d., 9302.\\nSteilacoom, Wash. Insane Asylum opened,\\n3332.\\nStein, Baron vom und zum (Heinrich\\nFriedrich Karl), b., S023; chief minister\\norg. Tugendbund, 8093; fnds. Soc. for\\nGer. hist., 8131; d.,8142; memorial, 8261\\nLorenz von, b., 8103.\\nSteinmetz, Karl Frederich von, b. (1796)\\nat Forbach, 7381; a t Colombey-Nouilly,\\n7401 d. (1877).\\nSteins, Fredrick W., d., 3341.\\nSteinway, Henry Englehard, d., 2721\\nWilliam, pres. Piano Mnf. Com. ,3921\\nand Sons, gift library, 3722.\\nStellaland, Afr.. crown colony, 603 2\\nStellinaeher, Hermann, executed, 5303.\\nSternberg, Alexander, b., 8083.\\nStenay captured, 7421\\nStendal, mission, 5983.\\nStenkill reigns in Sweden, 11333 against\\nSwedes, 11341.\\nSteno, Nicolas, b.; discovers Steno s duct,\\n6362; d., 6363.\\nStenography first attempted, 690i in-\\nvented, 8121 system of, 8141 intro-\\nduced, 9041 9162, 9241 ,2.\\nStenyclerus, Plain of, action at, 10141\\nStephan, M., discovers Julia, 7361\\nStephane, M., Panama Canal scandal,\\n7642.\\nSt plianta, asteroid, discovered, 5282.\\nStephanie, Princess Clotilde, betrothed,\\n5451 married, 5302.\\nStephanas murders Itomitian, 10633.\\nStephen, St., stoned, 11523.\\nking, Eng., b.-d., 8482.\\nI., St., b., 5022; baptized, 5023; King\\nof Hung., 5032; crown discovered, 525 3\\nd.,5022.\\nIL, K. of Hung.; K. of Croatia, 5033.\\nIII., King of Hung., 5043; d., 5042.\\nrV., King of Hung., 5043.\\nV., King of Hung., 5052.\\nI., St., pope, 10643.\\nII., St., pope, 10722.\\nIII., pope, 10722.\\nIV., pope, 10722.\\nV., pope, 10723 excommunicated,\\n10323.\\nVI., pope, 10723.\\nVII., pope, 10723.\\nVIII., pope, 10723.\\nIX., pope, 10723.\\nX., pope, 10731 founds Papal States,\\n10732.\\nDuke of Bavaria, 7833.\\nthe Great, develops principality\\nagainst Turks and Poles at Lake Ra-\\nkovietz d., 11121\\npatriarch, 10323 reigns banished,\\n10332.\\nof Blois, usurper, 8493; captured d.,\\n8511.\\nof Chartres in First Crusade, 6683.\\nDusan, enlarges Servia, 11231\\nStephen D. Hooper burned, 5573.\\nStephen, Maj.-Gen., commissioned, 861\\ndismissed, 881 891\\nSir James, b., 9243 d. (1859).\\nSir Fitzjames, b. (1829) d.,\\n10102.\\nLeslie, Hours in Library, 9791\\nMr., expelled from Temple, 9192.\\nStephens, Alex. Hamilton, b., 183; Union\\nspeech, 1883 minister of S. Confed.,\\n1951 ;v.-pres.S. Confed., 201 2; commission-\\ner to Lincoln, 2253; peace commissioner,\\n2431 applies for pardon, 2483 paroled,\\n2491 War between the States, 2723 re-\\npresentative in Cong. vote for speaker,\\n2832; gov. Ga\u00e2\u0080\u009e 3132; d.,3122; monument,\\n4301.\\nAnna Sophia, b., 1211 d., 3241.\\nFather, arrested, 1O003.\\nF. G., Dante Gabriel Ilossetti, 4782.\\nJames, Fenian, 9083; arrested, 9691\\narrives N. Y., 2522.\\nJohn, prints Latin Bible, 6811.\\nLloyd, b., 1122; d. (1852).\\nSamuel, governor N. C, 433.\\nThomas, first Englishman in India,\\n10443.\\nJustice, decision for cremation, 9931\\nexplorer, returns to N. Y., 5631.\\nStephenson, Sir E., in Sudan, 6G0 2\\nGeorge, b., 9222; 1 S locomotive, 9363;\\nsafety lamp, 9381 Stockton and Darling-\\nton R.R., 9421 d., 9542; centenary,987i\\nJ. C, assassinated, 2772.\\nJohn, d., 4341.\\nT., police capt., bribery, 4691;\\ndismissed, 4703; guilty, 4763.\\nRobert, b., 9323 Britannia Tubular\\nSuspension Bridge; high level bridge,\\n9541 d., 9622; statue, 9761.\\nRowland, defaulter, 9432.\\nSamuel M., b., 1382.\\nWilliam E., governor W. Va., 2693.\\nStephenson s Depot, Va., Confederates de-\\nfeated, 2362.\\nStepniak, Sereins, b. (1851\u00c2\u00b1) arrives in\\nN. Y. City, 375 1.\\nSteptoe, Col. E. J., gov. Utah, 1771,2.\\nStereochromy invented, 814i\\nStereoscope, reflecting, invented, 948 2\\nprismatic, invented, 9602.\\nStereotvpe plates used for book-printing,\\n9381.\\nStereotypes, increased durability of, 9561\\nStereotyping intro.. Am., 91 1 ,1211 known,\\nEng., 9041 improved method, 9202 re-\\nvived, 9322.\\nSterling, Colo., Pres. Smith sentences,4483.\\n111., Soldiers and Sailors Monument,\\n3621.\\nJohn b. (1806) d., 9522.\\nW. H., cons, bishop, 9663.\\nStern, Dr., miss., 23; imprisoned, 31\\nMaurice Reinhold von, Erster Fruh-\\nling, 8362.\\nSternberg, Alexander, d., 8243.\\nGeorge M., a brig. -gen., 4301 in war\\ndept., 4472.\\nSterne, Lawrence, b., 9042 Tristram\\nS/taiuly, 9152; d.,9163.\\nSternhold, Thomas, b. (1500\u00c2\u00b1) d., 8701.\\nSterrett, J. R. Stillington, work, 9963.\\nStethoscope invented, 7221.\\nStethotelepln me patented by Louth, 3521\\nStetson, Amos W., gift to Wellesley, 3362.\\nUniversity, Deland, founded, 3143.\\nStettin, Prus., seat of dukes, 7771; allies\\npossess, 7212 annexed to Prus., 7993;\\ntaken, S08i retaken, 8101 Overture per-\\nformed, 8121 Peace of, 11352 surren-\\ndered to Prussia, 1135 3\\nSteuart (or Stewart), Sir James Denham,\\nb., 9042; d., 9211.\\nSteuben Co., X. Y., natural gas, 3321\\nBaron Fred., b., 621 volunteers, 881\\ninspector gen. in Va., 882, 941 d., 8063.\\nSteubenville, O., honors Baron Steuben,\\n3663; labor demonstration, 3871.\\nStevens, Edwin Augustus, b., 1061 Ste-\\nvens Battery gift, 266i battery sold,\\n2S72; fnds. Institute, 2763; d., 2622.\\nStevens Gap, Tenn., action near, 2262.\\nInstitute at iloboken fnd., 2763.\\nPoint, Wis., strike, 4123.\\nStevens, Isaac I nualls, b.. 121:2 gov. Wash.,\\n1743; at Port Royal Ferry, S. C, 2021 at\\nChantilly, 2122; d. v 2132.\\nJohn, b. (1749) builds Phanix, 1141\\nd., 1502.\\nb., 662; d. (1838).\\nLivingstone, reply to Blount,\\n4451 condemned by Cleveland, 10413.\\nMoses T., b., 1322.\\nRobert Li\\\\ ingstone, b., 1001 d.,1781.\\nSamuel, gov. N. C, 433, 451\\nSimon, d., 4701\\nThaddeus, b.,1022; proposes amend.,\\n2492 Joint Committee of Reconstruc-\\ntion, 2493; on 14th Amend., 2531 intro.\\nReconstruction Act, 2571 impeachment\\nof Johnson, 2612; bill to readmit Ark.,\\n2631 d., 2G22; will sustained, 4721\\nThos. Holdup, b. (1819) attacks Fort\\nSumter, 2262.\\nends bicycle tour, 327 3 work,\\n3323.\\nUriah S., org. Knights of Labor, 2691\\nWalter Ilusted, b. (1827) d., 2582.\\nWm. Bacon, b. (1815) cons. P. E.\\nbishop, 2023 d., 3262.\\nStevenson, Ed. A., gov. Ida., 3252.\\nAdlai Ewing, b. (1835) nom. for v.-\\npres., 4092; nom. for pres., 4092, 4113;\\nvote, 4192,4243.\\n.Andrew, b., 962; speaker, 1353; d.,\\n1821.\\nChristopher C, governor Nev., 3293.\\nJohn W., against lynching gov. Ky.,\\n2592 pres. Dem. Nat. Conven., 3051\\nRobert, b., 9183; d., 9562.\\nLouis Balfour, works, 4203, 9842,\\n9902, 9963, 10063.\\nThomas Greeley, b. (1836\u00c2\u00b1) d., 2332.\\nWalter, gives breakwater, 9481.\\nMessrs., dispute on duties, 4991\\nStevenson s, Cal. regiment, sails, 1601.\\nStewart, Baron, title created, 9252.\\nAlex. Turney, b., 1102 nom. sec.\\ntreas. declines, 2671; d., 2902 body\\nstolen, 2991 will case, 3533.\\nBalfour, b., 9423; d., 9962.\\nCapt., survey of Palestine, 11581\\nCharles, b., 912; d., 2681.\\nE., president senate, 1803.\\nSeaforth, b., 1082.\\nStewart Vane Tempest, minister,\\n9953.\\nSir Donald, commander, 61 1048 2\\nDugald, b., 9123; works, 9272, 9352.\\nMrs. E. D., in woman s crusade, 2931\\nEdwin, in navv dept., 351 2, 4472.\\nGideon Tabor, b. (1824) nom. for\\npres., 2931 ,2, 4092; vote, 2952.\\n.Herbert, b. (1843) in Afgh., 61 in\\nSudan, 6582,01101; d. (18851; tablet, 9981.\\nJames, settles N. S., 5732; d., 5861", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1428.jp2"}, "1429": {"fulltext": "Stew-Stre.\\nText Figures denote Page. JLJND.h..X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1417\\nStewart, John, d., 1302.\\nW., governor Vt., 2732.\\nLieut., in duel, 937 2\\nliobert Mareellus, b. (1815) governor\\nMo., 1832; d. (1871).\\nCastlereagh, Marq. of London-\\nderry, b., 9182; minister, 9333,9353: in\\nduel, 9352,9372; d., 9403.\\nThomas J., report of Pa. floods, 3453.\\nWilliam H., b., 1342.\\nMorris, b. (1827) Free Coinage\\nBill, 405 speech, 4083, 409 4372,4383,\\n4411; attack on pres., 4391 ,2; bond reso-\\nlution debate, 451 1\\nStewartsville College, Mo., org., 3023.\\nStickney, A. B., railroad problem, 3963.\\nStieber censured, 8203.\\nStiles, Ezra, b., 603; pres. Tale College,\\n891; d., 1061.\\nStilicho, chancellor of Flavius Honorius,\\n10693; atFaisulx atPolentia, 10701 k.,\\n10711, 10702.\\nStille, Alfred, b., 1211.\\nCharles Janeway, b. (1839) Gen.\\nWayne, 4482.\\nJohn W., work, 3962.\\nStillingfleet, Edward, b., 8822; d. (1699).\\nStillman, Samuel, b. (1737) against Stamp\\nAct pastor Boston ch., 742 d., 1141\\nThomas Bliss, b. (1806) d., 2501\\nStillwater, N.Y., Agriculture College opd.\\nat, 3962; battle of, 872.\\nOkla., settlers expelled, 3191\\nStillwell, Amos J., murdered, 3331.\\nStimpson, William, b., 1402; d., 2781.\\nStiny, Thos., book for his children, 5071\\nStirbieu, Barbu, Pr. of Wallachia, 11123.\\nStirling, Scot., battle of Castle besieged,\\ntaken, 8561 Wallace monument, 9721\\nStirling Castle wrecked, 9021.\\nEarl of. (See Alexander, William.)\\nCapt., Sir James, lieut.-gov., 4952.\\nMaxwell, Sir William,b.,9383;d.,9822.\\nMaj.-Gen., commissioned, 861.\\nYates, promoted captain, 4481\\nStisted, Gen., administrator Can., 5832.\\nStith, William, b. (1689\u00c2\u00b1) History of Vir-\\nginia, 671 d. (1755).\\nStjernhjelm, Georg, works, 11343.\\nStockach, Baden, battle at, 5182.\\nStockbridge, Mass., Indian school, 671\\n683, 1363; J. Edwards, pastor, 691\\nFrancis B., b., 1342 d., 4581\\nStdcker, Dr., resigns chaplaincy, 8342; ar-\\nrives in America, 4361\\nStockhardt, Julius Adolf, b., 8083; d., 8321\\nStockholm, Swe., nobility killed, 6371;\\ntreaty concluded, ISI33, 7992,9373; Ordi-\\nnaire Post Tideiule published, 11343\\nfnd. fortified, 11351; Gothic Soc. fnd.,\\n11362; receives Ericsson s body, 3683.\\nStockings first knit, 8721 weaving inr.,\\n8761 cotton made, 9081\\nStockley, Charles C, inaug. gov., 315 2\\nStockport, Eng., riot at, 9571 ceases, 959i\\nStockton, Cal., fire at, 1693.\\nPark, Eng., opened, 10113.\\nD. W., mnf mineral teeth, 1441\\nFrank Richard, b. (1834) works,\\n303 1 3183 3243 3283 4783\\nJohn P., senator, 2492 loses seat,\\n2523.\\nKichard, in N. J., 861\\nb., 621 electoral vote vice-pres.,\\n1292 d.,931.\\nCom. Robert Field, h. (1796) block-\\nades Mex. ports takes Los Angeles,\\n1601; est. military gov t, Cal., 1612; gov.\\nCal., 1613 d.,2541.\\nThomas, governor Del., 1591\\nand Darlington Railway opd., 9421\\nStoddard, Charles A., Across Russia, 398 2\\nRichard Henry, b., 1322; works, 2133,\\n2771,3962.\\nStoddert, Benjamin, b. (1751) sec. navy,\\n1081 d. (1813).\\nStoiloff Ministry formed, 5691.\\nStoke, Melis, Uijinkmnils, 10991.\\nStokes, missionary to UTganda, 5622.\\nCaroline Phelps, library gift, 4081\\nCol., at Gallatin, 2141\\nEdward S., kills Col. Fiske, 2772;\\nconvicted, 2811 sentenced, 2831\\nGeorge Gabriel, b., 938 3 dis. flores-\\ncence, 95S2 pres. Royal Society, 9941\\nMontford, b. (1700) governor N. C,\\n1392 d. (1842).\\nStoke-upon-Trent, action at, 8661 Church\\nCongress at, 9742.\\nStolberg, Ct. Christian, b. (1748) J Poems,\\n8051; d. (1821).\\nCount Fnedrich Leopold, b., 8022\\nworks, 8051 807 1 8103 d., 8122.\\nStolhard, Thomas, Intemperance, 9202.\\nStolietoff, signs treaty for Russia, 5 3\\nStolze, Henrieu August Wilhelm, b. (1794);\\nsystem of stenography, 8141 d. (1867).\\nStone, Chas. Pomeroy, b. (1826) plans de-\\nfence of Wash., 190i exonerated, 2021\\narrested, 2022, 2041 d. (1887).\\nW., b., 1562.\\nDavid, b. (1770) gov. N. C, 1153 d.\\n(1818).\\nHenry, lord mayor, London, 9753\\nJohn M., governor, Miss., 3751\\nLucy Blackwell, b. (1818) Woman s\\nSuffrage campaign. 2592 d., 4401\\nMarcus, b., 9502.\\nS. C, accused of arson, 3903.\\nW. I., nom. for governor, Mo., 4113.\\nIm, b. (1693+) gov., Md. deposed,\\n392 proclamation resisted, 393.\\nA., b., 1602.\\nJ., b., 1522 governor, 4471\\nLeete, b., 1022 d., 1562.\\n,b., 1442.\\nM., governor Md., 2413.\\nM urray, b. ylll J) cons. P. E. bp.,\\n1382 d. (1838).\\netching, 5191 buildings, Eng., 8421\\nartificial intro., 9202, 954-\\nastronomical cycle of Aztecs, 10953.\\n(See Moabite.)\\nStoneman, Geo., b. (1824) at Fredericks-\\nburg, 2162; raid, 2211 raids in Ga.,2363;\\nraid in Tenn Ya.; pushes Breckinridge,\\n2402; raid in Ya., 2442 raid in N.C.; raids\\nin Tenn., Ya.,2441 captures lSoone,2442;\\nat Wytheville, 2452 at Salisbury, 2461\\nat Grant s Creek, 2462 commands 1st\\nmilitary district, 2621 gov., Cal., 3151\\nd., 4701.\\nStonewall burned, 2693.\\nStonington, Conn., settled, 412 British\\nbombard, 1222 attacked, 802.\\nStono Ferry, S. C, attack at, 902.\\nStony Point, N. Y., abandoned; retaken;\\n902; J. D. Sheeban murdered, 4062.\\nStopford, Ailm. Sir Robert, b. (1768); at\\nSt. Jean d Acre, 6563, 9501 d. (1847).\\nStorace, Anna Selina, b. (1766) first ap-\\npearance, 9242 d. (1817).\\nStephen, b. (1763) Waterman, pro-\\nduced, 9241 d. (1796).\\nStorage of Grain Bill passes, Fr., 761 2\\nStorch, Heinrich Friedrich von, b., 11162;\\nd., 11163.\\nStorck leads Levelers, 7911.\\nStorer, Bellamy, b., 1623.\\nGeorge Wash., b. (1789) d., 2291\\nCollege opened, 2603.\\nStorm, Theodor W., d., 8321\\nLake, Normal and Business School\\nopened, 3183.\\nsignals introduced, Eng., 9641\\nStorms, great, in Alger., 9 3 in Am., 1361\\n1721,2581, 3041, 3222, 320 1 3401, 3441,\\n3473, 3521, 3533, 3553, 3933, 4152, 4493,\\n4541 4601 4613, 4733 in Austral., 5013;\\nin Can., 5861 j n Fr., 5741 5761 in G. B.,\\n9001, 9143, 9222, 9262, 9301, 9362, 9401,\\n9422, 9602, 9641 9661 10041 in Sweden,\\n11341.\\nStormont, Viscount of, title created, 881 1\\nStorrs, Richard Salter, b., 1301 works,\\n3283 pres. Mission Board, 3462, 3701\\n4161.\\nS., bishop of Richmond, 3462.\\nannexed to Cincinnati, 2733.\\nStorthing, est. at Bergen, 11051; distilled\\nliquors prohibited, 11053.\\nStory, Dr. John, hanged, 8743.\\nJoseph, b., 912; justice, 1192; works,\\n1423, 1443, 1463, 1511 d., 1581\\nWin. Wetmore, b., 1281 work, 3963.\\nStoughton, Edwin Henry, b. (1838) cap-\\ntured, 2201 d. (186S).\\nWni., b. (1632) gov. Mass., 552 d.\\n(1701).\\nStourton, Baron, title created, 8551\\nLord, hanged, 8731\\nStout, Jacob, governor Del., 129 2\\nL., on Committee of 33, 1891\\nRichard, at Middletowu, N. J., 382.\\nStove-molders strike, N. Y., 3232.\\nStoves, first used, 7822.\\nStow, John, b. (1525); works, 8751, 8771;\\nd. (1604).\\nStowe, Vt., centennial, 4693.\\nCalvin Ellis, b., 1102 d., 3241\\nMrs. (Harriet Elizabeth Beecher), b.\\n1163 in London, 9591 works, 1443, 1703.\\n1802, 1863, 2603, 2643, 2683, 2771, 2803,\\n2X23, 2911 ii 23, 2963, 3003 bust, 4601\\nStowell, Baron. (See Scott, William.)\\nStowmarket, Eng., explosion, 9753.\\nStrabo, b.-d., 10283 geographical work,\\n10291 discourses on nature, 11502.\\nCneius Pompeius, defeats Marsi,\\n10562.\\nJ. M., consecrated bishop, 9862.\\nStrachey, Sir John, viceroy, 10492,\\nWilliam, works, 282.\\nStradbroke, Earl of, title created, 9372.\\nLord, seconds address, 10032.\\nStradella, Alessandro, b., 10823; d., 10831\\nStradivarius, or Stradivari, Antonio, b.,\\n10823; d., 10842.\\nStrafford, Earl of, title created, 951i (See\\nWentworth, Thomas.)\\nStrahan, Gov., against slave-trade, 11611.\\nStrahl, Brig.-Gen. O. F., killed at Frank-\\nlin, 2402.\\nStraight Univ., N. O., org., 2662.\\nStrait, Thomas J., b., 1602.\\nSfreiithnairn collides with E. Hough, 9853.\\nStraits of Belle Isle, Kite ice-bound, 3881.\\nSettlements, acquired by G. B., 9432\\nunder India, 10473 Malay revolt, 10482\\ndefined, 10492.\\nStrakosch, Max, b. (1835) d., 4021.\\nStralsmund, Prussia, peace of, 6372 be-\\nsieged, 7941 ceded to Prussia, 11363.\\nStranahan, James Sam. Thomas, b. (1808);\\nstatue, 3841\\nStrange, Earl of, title created, 9231\\nSir Robert, b., 9062; d., 9262.\\nGen., at Fort Pitt, 5841\\nStrangford, Viscountess, Emilv Anne, d.,\\n9962.\\nStrasburg, Ger., captured by Alemanni,\\n10701 gov. by Alemanni by Franks\\nruled by Franks, 769 3 cathedral de-\\nstroyed reconstructed, 7742 besieged,\\n7781; imperial city, 7812; mobs burn\\nJews, 7822 guilds in gov t, 7s:i2 cathe-\\ndral tower completed, 7842 Louis XIV.\\nseizes, 7973; annexed to Fr., 0933; cathe-\\ndral clock repaired, SIGi Ger. invest,\\n7381 bombardment of, 7401 ,2 sun-\\nders, 7403 entered, 8261 cathedral\\njured, 8262 library destroyed Univ.\\nrestored, 8263.\\nVa., Fremont enters, 2083 Confeds.\\ndefeated near, 2203 Early arrives, 2363\\nStratford, Can., Weekly Beoeon, 5803.\\nConn., Christ s Church org., 563\\nEpiscopal church built, 60 2\\nEarl of, lord admiralty, 9031\\nCanning. (See Canning.)\\nupon-Avon,Shakesperiaii monument,\\n9901 Memorial Theater opd., 9841\\nStrathairly wrecked on coast, N. C, 3813.\\nStrathnairn, Lord, (See Rose, Hugh\\nHenry.)\\nStrathallan, Vise, of, title created, 8971\\nStrathbogie Presb., minister deposed, 953.\\nSlratheluele collides veith Frerncouitc, 9813.\\nStrathmore, Earl of, title created, 8932.\\nStrathspey, Baron, title created, 9871\\nStraton, Norman D. J., cons, bp., 10082.\\nStratonice, Queen, divorced, 11483.\\nStratton Hill, Eng., bat lie of, 8841\\nChas. C, gov., N. J., 1592.\\nSherwood, b. (1838) d., 3141\\nD. T., assaulted, robbed, 4262.\\nJ. L. N., on Committee of 33, 1891\\nStraubenzee, commander, 618 2\\nStrauch, Capt., suppresses slave-trade,\\n10932.\\nStraus, Nathan, nom. mayor, N. Y., 4732.\\nOscar Solomon, b. (1850) Roger Wil-\\nliams, 4782.\\nStrauss, David Friedrich, b.,80S3; d.,8281.\\nJohann, b., 5191 d.,5223 jubilee of,\\n5381,2.\\nJr., b., 8123.\\nStraw, Ezekiel, governor, N. H., 2811.\\nJack, leader, 861 1.\\nweaving, patent for, 1101 paper\\nmade, 1361\\nStrawberry Plains, Va., action at, 2372.\\nStraw-Haulers Asso. boycott, 4662.\\nStreatfield, Lieut. Eric, appointed A. D. C. f\\n5901.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1429.jp2"}, "1430": {"fulltext": "1418\\nText Figures denote Page. UNDliX.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nStre-Stur.\\nStreator, Lieut.-Col., Pa., criticized, 4121\\nindicted, 4163 acquitted, 418\\nStreet, Alfred Billings, b., 1163 d., 3062.\\nGeorge Edmund, b. (1824) d., 9882.\\nplays performed, England, S54 1\\nRailway Association meets, 4171.\\nStreet er, Alison J., popular vote, 331 2\\nStreigbt, Col. Abel raid, 2202 escapes\\nfrom Libby Prison, 2301 d. (1864).\\nStrelitz (Neustrelitz) org., 11141 rebel-\\nlion of, 11153.\\nStrelnikoff, Gen., assassinated, 11211.\\nStremayr, Dr., forms new ministry, 5311\\nStrickland, Agnes, b., 9331; Queens of\\nEng., 9503 d\\\\, 9782.\\nStrikes in N. Y., 1131 2772, 2783; in Fall\\nRiver, Mass, 2891 in Mass.-Me., 2943\\nR.R., in Md. in W. Va., 2963; Reading\\nand Pittsburg, Pa., 2971 at New Orleans,\\n3083 miners and iron workers, Pitts-\\nburg, Pa., 3103, 3151 weavers and spin-\\nners, Mass., N. Y., 3103; bricklayers, at\\nChicago, 3132; glass-blowers; telegraph-\\ners, 3151 in Brazil, Ind.; miners in Pa.,\\n317 1 3203 321 1 painters in N. Y. spin-\\nners at Fall River, Mass., 3171; miners\\nin Hocking Valley. O., 317 2; carpet- weav-\\ners at Philadelphia, 3191; rolling-mill\\nhands, Cleveland, O..3203; shoemakers,\\nBrockton, Mass., 3211 glove-makers, N.\\nY., 3231; cigar-makers, N. Y.; Third\\nAve. horse-car line lumber shovers\\nPac. R.R. stove molders street car,\\n3233 pork-packers, Chicago, 3243, 3251\\non Reading R.R., 3291; onC. B.Q. R.R.,\\n3292; coal-dock laborers, Duluth L. E.\\nW. R. R. Burlington, R.R., 3332 in\\nHaverhill, 3511; of rolling-mill at Fla.;\\nglass-makers, 3523; Nashua Mills, N.H.;\\nN. Y.C. R. R.,3531; Ashland, Wis.; bolt-\\nmakers, Pittsburg; Sheldon Axle Works,\\nWilkesbarre, Pa. shirt-makers, N. Y.,\\nended switchmen, C. and Nw. R. R.,\\n3551 .Chicago carpenters and plumb-\\ners clothing-makers, N. Y. framers\\n3563; waiters in Chicago, 3591; brake-\\nmen, Pittsburg; street-car men, Colum-\\nbus switchmen, Cleveland, O. miners,\\nMich.; pool beer,N. Y., 3611 at Pough-\\nkeepsie, N. Y.; at Louisville, Ky., 3623\\ncloak-makers, N. Y., 3623, 3892; train-\\nmen,Ill.,3623,3663; street-cleaning dept.,\\nN.Y.,3642; N.J. steel- works men; union\\nworkmen, N.Y., 3643; coal-miners, Ala.,\\n3651 lumberman in Minn., 3661 Knights\\nof Labor, N. Y., 3662 carpenters in Cinn.,\\nO.; varnishers and painters, N.Y., 366 3\\ntelegraphers, St. Louis, 3703 thread\\nmills, Newark school building, N. Y.,\\n3731 coke-makers, Connelsville, Pa.;\\nPittsburg and Western R.R., 3763; Dob-\\nson s mills, Boston Troy Laundry Co.,\\nN. Y., 3782 street-car, Detroit, Mich.,\\nmarble-cutters, Chicago, miners, Ind.,\\n3823; strikers fined, 389 1; general, in\\nNorth and East for eight-hour day and\\nhigher wages; house-smiths, N.Y.; street-\\ncars, Long Island City, 3S31 molders\\nsympathetic, Chicago, 3863 street-car,\\nNewark, N. J., 3833 cabinet-makers,\\nChicago, 3903 wharf men, Savannah,\\nGa., 3923 Buffalo lithographers, 3931\\ncoal miners, Pittsburg, 3931 4123; trou-\\nble, Crested Butt, Colo., 3971 engineers\\nrefuse at New Haven R.R. at Gorcum,\\nTex.; street-cars, Indianapolis, 399 1;\\n4022; electric car, Allegheny, Pa.; Edison\\nElectric Co., N. Y. laundry workers,\\nTroy, N. Y., 4002 granite-cutters, New\\nEng., 4063, 4071 Pavers Union, N. Y.,\\n4063; street-cars, Cleveland, O., 4083;\\ncoal-miners, Coal Creek, Tenn. U. S.\\ntroops, Duquesne, Pa., 412i R. R. men,\\nBuffalo, 4123, Gov. Flower s proclama-\\ntion, 4142 sawmills, Steven s Point,\\nWis., 4123; miners, Tracy City,in Oliver\\nSprings, in Coal Creek, Term., 4131;\\nshoemakers, N.Y. puddlers, Pittsburg,\\n4142 d. and R. G. R. R. telegraphers,\\nSanta Fe R. R., 4171 general, New Or-\\nleans street railway, Ci.luinbus.O., 4182;\\ntelegraphers, Rock Island R.R., 111.;\\nschool-teachers, Garden City, 4191 elec-\\ntric line men, Toledo, O., 4211; resume\\nwork, Dunkirk, N.Y.; silk-weavers, Pat-\\nterson,^ J., 4222; Nanticoke mine, Pa.,\\n4242 Lake Shore R. R.; switchmen, O.;\\nT., A. H. and N. M. R. R., Mich., 4262\\nweavers, Palmer, Mass. carriage-mak-\\ners, Boston unlawful in La., 4263 on\\nWorld s Fair buildings Mich, decision\\nagainst Santa Fell. R.,4271 4282; min-\\ners in Ind, 4273 j Union Pacific shops,\\nNeb., 4282; iron-workers, N.Mex.; wait-\\ners, N. J.; guards, World s Fair, 4283,\\n4531 coal-miners in O., 4291; gold-mi-\\nners, Wash., 4301 garment-workers,\\nPhila. street-cars, Bridgeport, Conn.\\nlumbermen, Tonawanda, N. Y., 4323\\ncoal-men, Kan. ,4342; miners, Colo., 4343,\\n4382; R. R., Decatur, Ala., 438 wire-\\nworkers, Trenton, N. J., 4382; R.R. men,\\nIndianola, 111.; weavers in R. I., 4402; Le-\\nhigh Valley R. R., 4442 traction-men,\\nBridgeport, Coim..44S3; hatters, Conn.,\\n4502; N. Pacific R.R., and decision re-\\nversed, 4723; silk factories, N.J. .strikers\\nattack silk-workers. 4503, 4522; miners,\\nW. Va., 4522; dyers, Patterson, N. J.,\\n4531 street-cars, Long Island City, 4542;\\ncoke region, Pa., 4543, 4571, 458 i gen-\\neral, N. Dak. to Wash.; Great Northern\\nR.R. painters, Chicago, 4563; miners in\\nU.S. ,4571 coal-miners, 111. -Tenn. Crip-\\nple Creek, Colo., Mt. Iron mine, Minn.,\\n4582 Pullman Palace Car employees,\\n45*3,4591 U. S. troops subdue in Ala.,\\n45S3 Evansville and Terre Haute R.R.;\\nstreet-cars, Brooklyn, 4603 Cripple\\nCreek, Colo., 461 1; miners, Md. and\\nMich. miners, Mclvecsport, Pa. R. R.\\nmen, O., 4622; R.R. men, Buffalo, N.Y.\\nresolutions of sympathy for, 4643; dock-\\nmen, Duluth, Minn. Trinidad, Cal. vi-\\nolent at Sacramento, 4642 Constitu-\\ntional Conven., N. Y., on, 4643 injunc-\\ntion against, 4651; Pullman, Chicago,\\n4643, 4683, 4702, 4733, 4752; R, R. block-\\nades Pres. Debbs arrested, 465 2 In-\\nvestigating Committee, pres. consents\\nR. R. men, Toledo, O., 4653; firemen dis-\\nmissed off S.Pacific R.R.; R.R. rails re-\\nmoved, 4662, it ends, 471 1 mechanics and\\nworkmen in N. Y.; beef-killers, Omaha,\\nNeb., 4663 stockyards, Chicago, off,\\n4683- textile workers, Mass.; sympathetic\\ncondemned, 4691; garment-workers, N.\\nY.,4703; coke-workers, Pa., 4703,4751;\\ngarment-makers, Boston; garment-work-\\ners, Newark, N. J.; shirt-makers, N.Y.,\\n4722; decision against engineers, 4723\\nweavers, Fall River, Mass. cigar-mak-\\ners, Fla., 4731 arson during, O., 4762; La-\\nbor Commission report on, 476 3 4772;\\nstreet-car, Wash., D. C, 4763.\\nStrikes, Eng., in Lond., 9471 union work-\\ners great puddlers, 9683; colliers near\\nSt. Helens Northeastern R.R. London\\nand Brighton R. R. tailors in London,\\n9703; on Great Southern and Western\\nR. R., 9823 shipwrights, Eng., 9943 at\\nBlackburn, 9983; railway men; engi-\\nneers dock laborers tailors ship-car-\\npenters shoemakers miners general,\\n10031 dock, 10043 j shipyard men dock\\nmen; sailors, etc. colliers, 10051; R.R.\\nmen, 10052 j ship-workers, 10063 omni-\\nbus, London; miners, W., 10071; coal\\nporters, London; great coal-miners, 100s3,\\n10111 10123 great cotton-workers, 10091\\n10103 dock laborers, Hull Victoria\\ndocks, Lond., 10103; mill-hands in Scot.,\\n10111 Lond. cab-drivers miners, 10131\\nNew Zealand frequent, New Castle\\nSydney, 5002 settled, N. S. W.. 5003 in\\nMoravia, 531 1; in Prague, 5323,5343;\\nriots, Kladno, Bohemia; in Saar in\\nBrunn,5323; in Vienna, 5323, 5333,5343;\\nin Gratz; Wilczek collieries, 533 1 in\\nBelgium in Namur and Liege dock la-\\nborers at Antwerp coal-miners, Mons,\\n5462 Borinage District, 5463 general,\\nBelg., 5471, 5481,2; Charleroi District,\\n5482; Cornwall, Can., 5862,3 Toronto,\\n5863 Halifax, 5SS3 Can. Pacific R. R.,\\n5942 nitrate districts, Chile, 6083 hi\\nHavana, 634 1; at Lyons, Fr., 7272; i n\\nFr., 7503, 7543, 7603, 7033, 7C42; fund for\\nstrikers, Fr., 7592; j n Berlin, in Nurem-\\nburg, in Westphalia, 8323 miners at\\nSosnowice, Rus., 11212.\\nStrikers denied amnesty in Fr., 7592 im-\\nprisoned, 8331 make trouble, 8343\u00c2\u00b1.\\nStringham, Silas Horton, b., 1082; com-\\nmands Hatteras exped., 1981 d., 2902.\\nStrinnholm, AnderB Magnus, b. (1786); His-\\ntory of Sweden, 11362 d. (1857).\\nStrobel, E. H., minister, 4473.\\nStrong, Caleb, b. (1745) gov., 1112, 1193\\nd. (1819).\\nGen. Geo. Crockett, b. (1832); assault*\\nFort Wagner, 2243; d., 2272.\\nJames, b., 1302; ^orks, 2603; d.,468i.\\nC, work, 4783.\\nJosiah, New Era, 4481\\nLuther M., b., 1502.\\nS. H., chief-justice, Can., 5952.\\nThos. M., pres. Reformed Synod, 1462.\\nWilliam, b., 1142 associate justice,,\\n2731 on Electoral Commission, 2951\\nL., mayor, N. Y., 4732.\\nStrongbow. (See Clare, Richard.)\\nStrother, David Hunter, b.,1242.\\nStroud, Lord, impeached, 8852.\\nStruensee, Johann Friedrich, h., 6381 be-\\nheaded, 6392.\\nStruthas slays Thibron, 10222.\\nStrutt, Joseph, b., 9103 d., 9303.\\nStruve, Burkhard Gotthelf, b., 7963 d.,\\n8002.\\nGeorg Adam, b., 7943 d., 7982.\\nFriedrich Georg Wilhelm von, h. T\\n8062 d., 8222.\\nGustave von, b. (1805) insurrection\\nleader, 8172 d. (1870.)\\nOtto Wilhelm von, b., 11163.\\nStryker, M. W., pres. Hamilton Coll., 4221\\nStrype, John, b., SS43; d., 9083.\\nStrzelecki, Count, gold discovery, 4942\\nexplorations, 4961\\nStuart, Alexander, administration, Aus-\\ntral., 4992.\\nBaron, title created, 9252.\\nAlex. H. H., b. (1807) sec. interior,\\n1672; d.,3781.\\nArabella, b., 8742; imprisoned, 8793\\nd.,880i.\\nArchibald, trip inland, 5961\\nMaj.-Gen. Charles, in duel, 9232 d.,\\n10081\\nEdward, b., 9062 d., 9243.\\nEdmund Craig, elected bp., 9803.\\nGeorge Hay, b. (1816); pres., 2602.\\nGilbert Charles, b.,711 works, 1041.\\n1061, 1341; d.,1362.\\nGranville, minister 4473.\\nHenry A., d., 4281\\nBenedict, Duke of York, d., 9331\\nJames, E. of Moray, b., 8681 titles\\nof, 8643 at Langside. 8721 regent; as-\\nsassinated, 8733 d., 8742.\\nGen. Ewell Brown, b. (1833); at\\nDranesville, 2021 raid, 2091 2143 near\\nMattapony River, 2103 at Rapidan,\\n2111 captures Catlett s Station, 2121 at\\nEdwards Ferry crosses Potomac, 2123,\\n2142 in Md., 2123 in Pa., 2142 a t\\nShelby depot, 2143 at Dumfries, 2163;\\nat Beverly Ford; at Brandy. Station,\\n2223 at A ldie, 2231 at Carlisle at Get-\\ntysburg, 2241 joins Lee, 2242 south of\\nRapidan, 2321 at Todd s Tavern, 2323\\nkilled at Yellow Tavern, 2331\\nFrancis Edward, Chevalier de\\nSt. George, b., 8992; proclaimed; aban-\\ndons followers, 905 3 acknowledged as\\nking, 9032 attempt to land in Scot.,\\n9033,9041; d., 9163.\\nJohn, Earl of Bute, b., 9042 minis-\\nter, 9153.\\nSir John, at Maida, 7161\\nMacDonell, b. (1818) inland\\nlakes, 4961; crosses eont.,4962; d.,(1866).\\nMary Macrae, d., 3961\\nMoses, b.,93 1 miss, movement, 1171;\\nworks, 1212, 1351 1403, 1551 d., 1702.\\nRobert, at Berwick, 8581\\nHouse of, 8791 restoration of, 891*.\\nLady, fined for playing faro, 929 2\\nStubbea hit k quarantined, 4152.\\nStubbs, Geo., b., 9062, or (1722); d. (1806).\\nWm., b. (1825); Constitutional HisU\\nof Eng., 9791 cons, bp., 9983.\\nStucco-work invented, 10761\\nStudents, shot, Cuba, 6323 in politics\\nsocieties of, Ger., 8132 political disturb-\\nance by, in Hung., 5322; in Rub., 11183\u00c2\u00b1;\\nreligious culture, 11221.\\nStudley, John B., b., 1402.\\nStueben, Baron Fred. Wm. A., d., 1042.\\nStukelev, William, b., 8962; discovers Cur-\\nsus, 9061; d.,9163.\\nStundists persecuted, 11201 11222.\\nSture, Sten defeated, 11341; fnds. Univ.\\nTJpsala, 11343; protector, 11352 d.(1504).\\n(the Younger), protector, 11352;\\nd. (1520).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1430.jp2"}, "1431": {"fulltext": "Stur-Sund.\\nText Figures denote Page. IJNUJi-X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1419\\nSture, Svante Nilsso, protector, 11352 d.\\n(1512).\\nSturekronikorna written, 11343.\\nSturgeon, Mo., Confed. defeat, 2141.\\nWilliam, b., 9223; d., 9582.\\nSturgis, Gen. Samuel D., b. (3846) at Fay-\\netteville, Va., 215^; at Brice s Gross\\nRoads, 2342; d., 3442.\\nSturleson, Snorro, murdered, 13 2\\nSturm, Christopher Cbristian, b., 8002; d.,\\n8043.\\nJohann, b., 7S63; d., 7922.\\nSturt, Chas., explorer. 4941; advance\\n4961; d.,9722.\\nStuttgart, Ger., Castle of, burned, 7S03\\n1st mentioned, 781 1 capital, 7872 Pari.\\nadjourns to, 5232; statues of Bismarck\\nand Yon Moltke, 8321; r,. r, collision,\\n8333.\\nStuyvesant, Peter, b.,V/262 gov. N. T.;\\nclaims to lands, 39i in Del., 401 signs\\ncapitulation, 42i d., 431\\nStyria, margravate, 5032 margraves of,\\n503 2 3; ceded to Hung., 5041; annexed\\nto Aust.; lapses to empire, 5051 imperial\\nfief, 505 2 conquered, 5052 Jesuits\\narrive, 5103; earthquakes, 5302.\\nSuadea, Ref. Presb. mission at, 115S2.\\nSuakim, Egy., attacked, 6582, 6601 open to\\ncommerce, 661 2\\nSuarez, Francisco, b.-d., 1128 2\\nSubhankuly, ruler, Bokhara, 5492.\\nSubmarine cable, Dover and Fr., 9561\\nCongress, Paris, 7523.\\nSub-prefects removed, Fr., 7511\\nSubsidies levied, Eng., 8593.\\nSubtropical Exhibition, Fla., opened,\\n3511,3.\\nSucasica, Indian uprising, 5502.\\nSuchet, Louis Gabriel, Due d Albufera,\\nb., 7042; takes Valencia; at Albufera,\\n7182; at Castalla, 7183; d., 7243.\\nSuckling, Sir John, b., 8782 WO rks, 8831\\nd. (1642?).\\nSucre, Antonio Jos6 de, b.-d., 5502; enters\\nPeru, 550i driven from La Paz pres.,\\n5503\\nl Ecu., 6431\\nSucro, battle at, 10581.\\nSlid America collides, 757 3\\nSudan (or Soudan) independence of, 651 1\\nslave dealers rebel, 658 1 defense, 6593;\\nabandoned to Mahdists, 6602 war in,\\n9921 j Pioneer Mission party, 358 2\\ncampaign, 9921 j Can. offers men for,\\n5852.\\nSudbury, Mass., Indians attack, 462.\\nSimon of, archbp. Canterbury, d.,\\n8602.\\nSudeikin, Lieut., assassinated, 11211.\\nSudeley, Baron, title created, 9451.\\nSudermann, Herman, works, 8362.\\nI Sudley, Baron, title created, 9871\\nSue, Marie Joseph Eugene, b.,7151 works,\\n7263,7271,7291, 2; d., 7323.\\nSuessa Pometia conquered, 10511\\nSuetonius Paulinus in Mauritania, 81\\ncommander subdues Druids, 8391\\nSuevi invade Bom. empire, 10641 invade\\nSp., 10701; in Sp., 11253.\\nSuez, telegraph line to Aden, 6573, 11583;\\nl occupied, 6581.\\nCanal begun, 6563, 6573 part opd.\\nFr. loan, 6573; Eng. buys, 6591 3; inter-\\nnal protection, 659 2 Brit, neutrality;\\nformally opd. raises toll, 6593 plans\\nfor widening; neutral, 6612, 7573 1st\\nship in, 9713 opd., 9733 Brit. Gov t\\nbuys shares, 981 3 agreement, ratified,\\n991 3 conventions signed canal com-\\nmissions, 9973 vote against, 753 3 pen-\\nsions to de Lesseps family, 7663.\\nSuffavean dynasty est., 11072.\\nSurheld, Conn., school largest attendance\\ninN. Eng., 3642.\\nBaron, title created, 923 2\\nR. Rodolph, d., 10062.\\nSuffolk, Eng., action in, 8461\\nConf., Unit, org., Boston, 2542,\\nVa., Federals occupy, 2081 expedi-\\ntion leaves, 2161 action, 2181; Confed.\\ndefeated, 221 1 Federals capture, 2303.\\nThomas, Earl of, minister, 881 1\\nE. of (William de la Pole), adviser to\\nK.; arrested sentenced beheaded, 8633.\\nE. of, title created, S77 2 minister,\\n8791, 2.\\nSuffrage, limited, 451 restricted to whites,\\nKan., 1852 of free men protected, 251 2\\n1 to negroes in D. C, 2552, 2591 impartial\\nin South, 2571; impartial by Amend.,\\n265 3 negro, asked for, Kan., 2672 Act\\nto protect, 2732; universal in Landtag,\\n8271 extended iu It., 10902.\\ndemonstration, Aust.-Hung., 536 2\\nBill discussed, 5372.\\nBraz., for males, 5572.\\nBorough, reduced, Eng., 9832. (See\\nFemale Suffrage.)\\nConf., Brussels. 5463.\\nSuffrein, Moiis, at battle St. Jago, 9202.\\nSufi dynasty est., IIO72.\\nShah, reigns, 11072.\\nII., Shah, reigns, 11072.\\nSuft Meedom mission, 6571\\nSugar, made from starch, 1116 2 bounties,\\nAm., 4732, 9992; frauds, report in sen-\\nate, 3371 refining, Eng., 890 1 tariff,\\nCuba, 6333; tax, Eng., 8973.\\nAct modified, 75 1\\nBill in senate, 477 2\\ncane intro., Am., 662, 693; to W. Ind.,\\n6313; in Madeira, 11093; in Sicily, 10742;\\nin Japan, 10912; in Cyprus, 11551.\\nAbbot, of St. Denis, b., 6682\\nminister, 6693; d., 6712.\\nRiver, pearls found, 3441\\nTrust dissolved, 363 1 investigation,\\n3802, 37S2, 4533, 4592; charges, 4613;\\nreport, 4612, 463 2 senate consideration,\\n461 3 examinations, 463 2 indictments,\\n4642, 4651. 4723; committee reopens,\\nsenators exonerated, 4671 report signed,\\n467 2 refuse to show books, 379 3\\nCreek, Ark., action at, 2042.\\nSugden, Edward Burtenshaw, Baron St.\\nLeonards, b. (1781); lord chancellor, 947 a\\n9512,9572; minister, 9572; d. (1875).\\nJohn, cons. bp. Free Church, 9803.\\nSuhm, Peter Frederik, b., 6381 d., 6382.\\nSui, at war, 612 1.\\nSuicides, bodies of, 9912.\\nSuidas, b., 10322.\\nSuintila, reigns, 11253.\\nSujin, reigns, 10912.\\nSukkur mission, 10483.\\nSuleiman, Pasba, commands, 5661; at\\nShipka Pass, 5652.\\nleader, 620 2 for Eng. recognition,\\n6221 applies to Eng., 6232.\\nSami convicted, 658 3\\nSuleymau Aba-Jabir, at Mecca, 4861\\nassassinates Kleber, 7141 (See Soly-\\nSulfureous carbon produced, 7821\\nSulina, Rus., batteries destroyed, 9581\\nSuliotes, rebel, 10342, 10353 BU b., 11573.\\nSulla, Lucius Cornelius, b.-d., 10563 con-\\nquers Rome attacks Mithridates VI.\\ndefeats Archelaus captures Bovianum\\ndismissed fines cities of Gr. in Mithri-\\ndatic War war with Marius, 10562\\nsends library to Rome, 10563 consul\\nreforms; deposed, 10573 atBrundusiuni,\\n10581; builds capitol, 10583; conquers\\nNorbanus in Capua defeats Marius at\\nSacriportus in Etruria; repels Samnites\\nat Colline Gate, 10581; edict against\\nSaninite prisoners liberates slaves,\\n10583 Constitution by dictator; consul\\nabdicates treaty with Mithridates d.,\\n10591.\\nSullivan Co., N. V., train-wreckers, 3411\\ncanvassers, 3952.\\nAlexander M., d., 9922.\\nsentenced, 3482.\\nArthur Seymour, b., 9522, r (1842)\\nworks, 978 1 9S4i t jysi 990 1 9921 996I\\n998L\\nBarry, b. (1824) d., 1006 1\\nSir Bartholomew J., d., 1002\\nDaniel, sentenced, 963 1\\nDennis, wounded, 4141\\nEdward, cons, bp., 9862.\\nSir E., lord chancellor, 9932.\\nJames, b., 662; g0 v., 1151 d., 1142.\\nJohn, b., 642 a t Portsmouth, 781;\\ndriven from Can. on Long Island, 841\\nin Pa., 843; on Staten Island, 871 in\\nR. I., 883 among N. Y. Indians, 903\\nd., 1061.\\nJohn L., indictments annulled, 3543;\\nwins championship, 3433 loses cham-\\npionship, 4143.\\nGen.Thos. Crook, b. (1833); at Parker s\\nCross Roads, 2171 near Lexington, 218 1\\nThomas C., commissioned col., 4001\\nT. D., punished for libel, 9711 testi-\\nmony, 9993 Irish agitator arrives, 3711\\nSullivan, Yankee, fights Morrisey,1732.\\nSullivan s Island, fort bombarded, 823.\\nSully, Daniel, b., 1761.\\nJames, b. (1842k Human Mind, 4203.\\nDue de (Muxiniilien de Bethune), b.,\\n6822 minister, 6853 resigns, 6873 d.,\\n6883.\\nPrndhomme, Rene Francois Armand,\\nAcademician, 7521 works, 7363, 750 3\\n.Thomas, b., 961 works, 1301, 1501;\\nd., 2781\\nSulpicians,Soc.fnd. in Paris (1645); possess\\nMontreal, 5732.\\nSulpius defeats Philopcemen, 10262.\\nSumarokoff, Alexander, b.-d., 11143.\\nSumatra, Quallo Batto attacked, 140 1\\nwar with Achinese, 11021\\nSumbalpur mission, 10471\\nSummerfield, John, b., 1082; d., 1322.\\nSummer School Pedagogy and Psychol-\\nogy, 4102.\\nSummit, Miss., Lea Female College fnd.,\\n2963.\\nSumner, Archdeacon, cons, bp., 9983.\\nCharles, b., 1163 enters House, 1692\\nCrime against Kansas, 1792; as-\\nsaulted, 1791 2, candidate for noin. for\\nv.-pres., 1803 deposed from chairman-\\nship; against annexation San Domingo,\\n2733; against Grant, 2791 d., 2841\\nRichard, bp. elected, 9423.\\nEdwin Vose, b., 1061 in Army of\\nPotomac, 2043 at Williamsburg, 2071\\nat Fair Oaks, 2082 a t Seven Days Bat-\\ntles, 2091 at Antietam, 2131 at Freder-\\nicksburg, 2162; d.,2212.\\ncommissioned col., 4701\\nGeorge VY., promoted capt., 384.1,\\nIncrease, b. (1746); gov., 1091; d.\\n(1799).\\nJohn Bird, archbp. Canterbury, b. r\\n9211,9543; d. (1862).\\nWm. Graham, b. (1840) Alexander\\nHamilton, 3963.\\nSumter runs blockade, 196 2\\nSumter, Fort, to be reinforced, 1903 de-\\nmanded, 1913; expedition for, 1921 bom-\\nbarded; evacuated 1922 flag replaced,\\n2462.\\nCol., Thomas, b., 622 a t Rocky\\nMount, 92i in South; at Hanging Rock,.\\nS. C. at Fishing Creek, 922; at Black-\\nstocks, 923; d., 1402.\\nSumor, Janos, b., 5202.\\nSumptuary Laws in Va., 283 opposed,.\\n3172.\\nenacted, Fr., 6732.\\nin Eng., 859 1,875 2, 10143.\\nSnmu-Abi fnds. dynasty in Babylonia,\\n11393.\\nSun, eclipse of, observed, 3201 8502,8562,\\n8622,8901,9041, 9061, 9121, 9161, 115H,\\n11541; motion of, iS94i distance meas-\\nured, 8982, 9061 red flames, 9041 spots\\non, 1241,8121,9161,9181,9202, 10721.\\nSnn Chia Su in embassy, 6213.\\nKeuen Khan, Prince, 6131\\nSunbury, Pa., tornadoes, 3321.\\nSunda Islands conquered, 10433.\\nSunday, Can., closing -nl rced, 3921 5811 1\\n9443; street cars prohibited, 5921\\nFr., battles prohibited, 668 2 opening\\nof museums, 7482.\\nLiquor Law passed, O., 3331\\n-Rest Bill passes, 5343, 5352.\\ndress parad.es abolished, Am., 3361\\nnewspaper selling opposed, i99\\nObservance Cong., Paris, T58 3\\nopening, Metropolitan Museum Art,.\\n4031 museums, Eng., refused, 9782, 9822;\\nmotion rejected, 9793.\\nlabor prohibited, Eng., 8411\\nAct passes, 921 1; amended, 9743\\nclosing unobserved, 9443.\\nBill, G. B., 9612.\\nBilly, evangelist, 3361\\nLecture Soc. fmd., 9722.\\nschool, Internat. lesson course, 3403;\\nWorld s Conven., 3423 6th Internat.\\nConven. meets, 3621 conven., 4361\\nbuildings exempt, 9722 monument to,.\\n9842; centenary of est., 9832.\\nUnion Am. fmd., 1323.\\nfmd. Eng. 9303\\nSociety org., 9811; opening refused,\\n9821 Closing Act passes, 9831 opposed.\\nby Pari., 985i 2; Closing Bill, 1001 2.\\nSunderland lost, 9142.\\nSunderland, Eng., engineers strike, 994\u00c2\u00bb.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1431.jp2"}, "1432": {"fulltext": "1420\\nText Figures denote Page. lJNL)il.-/v. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nSimd-Synd.\\nSunderland, Le Roy, d., 3202.\\nEarl of. (See Spencer.)\\nSundry Civil App. Bill passes, 337 3613,\\n3652, 6772, 3792, 4072, 4131 4232, 4251 ,2,\\n451\\nSung dynasty rules, 6133.\\nSunincas, Moors defeated at, 1126\\nSunium, Temple of Athene begun, 10203.\\nSunnites oppose Ali, 4852.\\nSunol, trotter, sold, 3473; trots, 3673,3953.\\nSuomi mission, 10483.\\nSuperb wrecked, 922\\nSuperintendents of Insane Asylums meet,\\nNiagara Falls, 361\\nSuperior wrecked, 180\\nSuperior Courts abolished, N. Y., 367 2\\nGubernative Prov. Union installed,\\n6303.\\nSupplement rfes Nourelles Ecclesiastigues\\nissued, 6992.\\nSupplementary Reconstruction Act,\\npasses, 2572, 259 vetoed, 2572.\\nSupremacy of pope acknowledged, 10703.\\nSupreme Council of Labor, est., 761 2\\nCourt, Cong, limits membership, 2532;\\nopen, 4172.\\nof Judicature, operative, 9812;\\nAct passes, 9832.\\nSurajah Dowlah.capt vires Calcutta, 1044\\nd., 10443.\\nSurat, B. I., taken, 9153; pillaged, 1044\\ngov t seat removed, 1045 mission,\\n10462, 1047\\nSurgeons Society fnd., London, 9102.\\nSurinam, Guiana, dis., 15 settled, 332;\\ntaken, 42 occupied, 433; Moravians\\nin, 623; Maroon revolt, 773; colonists,\\n1039\\nSurname Act passed, 865\\nSurnames employed, 847 851\\nSurplices, intro., 10723; hist worn, 10682.\\nSurprise captures Kit/ ms, 118\\nSurratt, John H., assassination of Lin-\\ncoln, 243 tried discharged, 2483\\njury discharged, 2583.\\nMary E., assassination of Lincoln,\\n243 sentenced hanged, 2482,3.\\nSurrey, Dulwicu College fnd., 8803; Zo-\\nological Gardens est., 944\\nEarl. (See Howard, Henry.)\\nSurtees Society est., 9403; fmd., 947\\nSurvey, trigonometrical, 922\\nSurveyors, start for Pacific, 1733; for ship\\ncanals, 229 maps published, 938 2\\nSusa captured, 10242; action at, IO662.\\nSusanville, Cal., earthquake shocks, 374\\nSusarion, invents theatrical exhibition,\\n10162.\\nSuspension Bridge, Niagara, men fall,\\n1753; Coll. of Our Lady of Angels org.,\\n1802; Niagara R. R. opd., 176 strike\\nN. Y. C. R. R., 353\\nSusquehanna, collision on, 1753; Military\\ndept. fuid., 2222; Gen. Synod Evan.\\nLuth. org., 2602.\\nSusquehanna lays Atlantic cable, 183 3\\nSussex, Eng., converted, 8423; 11-0^868\\nArchaeological Society fmd., 954 strike\\n983\\nD. of. (See Augustus, Frederick.)\\nSussking, Capt. von, Cross Legionof Honor,\\n767\\nSuter, Andrew B., cons, bp., 9663.\\nSutherland, Charles, in war dept., 3512.\\nDuchess of, against slavery, 171\\nEarl of, title created, 8523. (See\\nLeveson-Gower.)\\nMaj., in Sepoy rebellion, 1048\\nKenneth F., guilty, 453 sentenced,\\n4603.\\nWilliam, counsel, 4523.\\nSutri, It., Council of 7743.\\nSutrium, Volscii defeated, 1052 be-\\nsieged, 1052\\nSutro, Adolph, supplies trees for Arbor\\nDay, 325\\ntunnel, Nev., completed, 3033.\\nSuttee abolished, 9452.\\nSutter, John Augustas, b. (1803); at Sacra-\\nmento, 1513; gold ilia., 1622; J. (1880).\\nSutton, Eng., bridge falls, 9693.\\nVt., Female Miss. Soc. org., 163\\nW. Va., action near, 202\\nCharles Manners, b., 9123; archbp.\\nCanterbury, 933 d. (1845).\\nJr. speaker, 9393.\\nJ. H., governor N. B., 5792.\\nJohn, governor, 863 2\\n1 H. T., governor Victoria, 4982.\\nSutton, Thos. Manners, lord chancellor,\\n9333.\\nSuvaroff Alexei Vasilievitch, b.-d., 11143\\naids Aust. against Fr.; at Kinburn at\\nPraga, 1116 at Zurich; at Alessandria,\\n7123; leaves Switz., 8062; R us3 gen-\\neral, 5182.\\nSuyders, Franz, d., 541\\nSvaitoslaf, divides kingdom of Rus., 11133.\\nSvatopluk II., defeated, 772\\nSven, king of Denmark, 777 3\\nSvenigorod, conquers Tartars, 1114\\nSvensk Literatur-Titlning issued, 11362.\\nMercurius issued, 11343.\\nSviatoslaf, Izbornik, intro. Christianity,\\n1113\\nS void, battle of, 1004\\nSwabia, Ger., ceded, 5193; fortified, 777\\nreduced, 7S02.\\nSwabian League joins Rhine cities, 7852\\nfmd., 7872.\\nSwaby, William Procter, cons, bp., 10102\\nSwaim, David Gaskill, b. (1834); coimnis\\nsioned brig.-gen.,306\\nSwain, Charles, b., 9:i23 ,1. (1874).\\nDavid Lowry, b. (1801); gov. N. C,\\n1412; d. (1S6S).\\nPeter T., commissioned col., 316\\nSwainson, William, b., 9243; d., 9603.\\nSwallow launched, 992\\nSwamp Angel bursts, 226\\nSwamp-land Bill defeated, Ark., 4223.\\nSwan wrecked, 922\\nSwan, Chas. H., bridge commission, 3683.\\nJoseph Wilson, b. (1828) inv. elec-\\ntric-light carbon, 410\\nMr., imprisoned for bribery, 9392.\\nPoint Cemetery, incorporated, 1853.\\nRiver, W. A., Stirling s expedition;\\nimmigrants; settlement projected, 495 2\\ncolony settled, 9452.\\nSwann, Thomas, Credit Mobilier investi-\\ngation, 2812.\\nSwansea, Eng., waterspout, 994\\n1 Mass., first Baptist church, 422.\\nLord. (See Vivian.)\\nSwanson, Claude A., d., 2172.\\nSwanzey, Mass., war begins, 44\\nSwarthmore, Pa., College org., 2663; Pres.\\nFoulke at, 3722.\\nSwartout, John, fights duel, 111\\nSwat, won by Mali, 4 conquest, 53.\\nSwatow, mission, 6203.\\nSwayne, Noah Haynes, b., 1122; justice,\\n2032; d., 3162.\\nSwaziland, Afr., annexed, 1125 3\\nSweaborg, bombarded, 960 fortifica-\\ntions commenced, 1114\\nSwearing on Gospels intro., 8432.\\nSweating sickness, in N. Ger., 7911; i n\\nEng., 8673,8713.\\nSystem, investigation, 4013, 4142\\ndiscussed, 4142; abolished, 4731.\\nSweaton, Arthur, elected bp., 980 3\\nSweden. (See text, pp. 1123-1136.) Against\\nGer., 5121 battle of Falkoping peace\\nwith; war with, 6361 2; Malmo truce is\\nsigned, 6401 peace negotiations open,\\n6373; declines alliance, 041 2 Fr. mission-\\naries, 6662; forms Continental system,\\n7193; grants to, 7971 cedes territory to\\nHanover, 7993; peace with Denmark,\\n7961.; alliance against Prus., 8032;\\narmed neutrality, 9312; war with Neth.,\\n11001 unites with Norway and Den.,\\n11051 crown prince viceroy separated\\nfrom Den., 11052; -war with Rus., 1114\\nfor Protestantism, 11343.\\nSwedenborg, Emanuel, b.-d., 11342; visions\\nof, 11343; Arcana Cwletlia, 1135\\ndisciples org., 924 Society org. ,9451.\\nSwedes, preach in Del., 36 2 eel. anni-\\nversary, 3911; invade Norway, 11041;\\nin Rus., 11132; conquer Poland, 11153.\\nSwedish Acad, created, 11351; i s t book\\nappears, 11343; Mission Union org.,\\n11361; Mission, N. Y., 1582; Pomerania\\nexchanged, 5211 Co. chartered, 1045 2\\nSweeny, Thomas William, b. (1820); at\\nForsyth, 196 3 defeated near Corinth,\\n2162; d., 4041.\\nJohn, consecrated bishop, 580 2\\nSweet, Charles F., work, 4782.\\nWillis, d., 1781\\nSu-entlri Argus issued, 11362.\\nMercurius issued, 11351\\nSwerker I., Karlson, reigns in Swe., 11333.\\nII., reigns, 11351; petition to pope,\\n11343.\\nSwerro, adventurer, defeats Magnus V.,\\n11041, 11051 d., 11041.\\nSwetchine, Madame (Anne Sophie Soy-\\nmonoff b., 7051 d., 7323.\\nSwetenham, Edmund, d., 10021\\nSwett, Leonard, b. (1782) d., 3401\\nSweyn I., enthroned, 6352; invades G. B.,\\n8461,8471; d., 6351.\\nII., or Suenon Estridsen, enthroned,\\n6353.\\nIII. Suenon III.), enthroned, 6353.\\nSwiatopolk, grand duke of Russia, 11133.\\nII., duke of Russia, 11133.\\nSwieten, Gerard van, b.-d., 11011\\nSwift Creek, Va., Confeds. defeated, 2323.\\nGeorge B., mayor, 4431 4452.\\nJohn F., minister, 3513 d., 3801\\nJonathan (Dean Swift), b., 8922;\\nworks, 9023, 9043, 9071, 9091, 9151; d.,\\n9103.\\nLewis, b. (1820) dis. comets, 2941\\n3461.\\nSwinburne, Algernon Charles, b., 948 2\\nworks, 9643, 9791 9963, 10022,3.\\nSwing, David, b. (1830) heresy trial, 2842;\\nd., 4721.\\nSwinton, W., b. (1S33) d., 4161\\nSwiss-Americans, anniversary, 3912.\\nConference formed, 11373.\\nConfederacy formed, 7823, 783 re-\\nnewed confirmed, 783 oppressed,\\n784\\nNational Church organized, 11382.\\nRebellion, 6792.\\nRepublic formed, 7853.\\nSwitzerland. (See text, pp.1137,1138); Aust.\\ndefeated at Morgarten, 504 revolts,\\n5053; liberty assured, 606 Peace of\\nBasle, 5093, 7112; conquest of, 7122;\\nfmd. in Helvetian Republic Fr. con-\\nquer, 7133; civil war, 784 independent,\\n7873,7972; Roman army defeated, 1056\\nCaesar invades, 10582; Am. and Brit,\\nclaims in, 2752.\\nSwofford-Tollette feud, 418 2\\nSwolerlowes, factory collapses, 5333.\\nSwords, small, introduced, Eng., 8772.\\nSybaris, It., fnd., 10153; destroyed, 1016\\nSybel, Heinrich von, b., 812 works, 8162,\\n8202, 8342.\\nSybota, battle of 1020\\nSycamore Church, Va., action at, 238\\nSyddal, the Barber, raises tumult; hanged,\\n905\\nSydenham Society established, 953\\nThomas, b., 8802; d., 8982.\\nSydney, Australia, bishopric, 4942, 9543;\\nmissions est., 4942 fnd., 4943 lighted,\\n4953; races est.; Brit, flag, 4943; Legis-\\nlative Council, 4952; pari, library, 496\\ngreat comet seen, 4962; miss, jubilee,\\n4963; incorp., 497 mint est.; first Pari.,\\n4972; fire, 4973, 4993, 5013; synod assem-\\nbles Free Public Library Capt. Cook\\nmonument cathedral cons., 498 Duke\\nEdinburgh visits, 4982; Intercolonial\\nExhibition R.R. connects to Goulburn,\\n499 3 Home-rulers arrive riot-act\\nstrikers Sunday advertisements illegal,\\n5002; Constitution Conven.. 5012; steam-\\ners collide,. aoi 3 capital, 5772; T/ie Arlro-\\ncate issued, 5823; Bp. Smith cons., 10042.\\nThomas, lord mayor, London, 9572.\\nUniversity founded inaug., 496\\nSykes, George, b. (1822); at Gettysburg,\\n224 d. (1880).\\nJames, b. (1761) gov., 1112; d. (1822).\\nSylander cuirass, adopted in Aust., 536\\nSylliet mission, 1047\\nSylverius, St., pope, 10703.\\nSylvester, Jtomostroi, 11143.\\nI., St., pope, 10663.\\nII., invents escapements for clocks,\\n1072 pope, 1073\\nIII., anti-pope, 10742.\\nSylvius reigns, 10133.\\nSymbert, John, lip. Berkeley, 63\\nSyme, James, 92S3; d., 9742.\\nSymington, W., steamboat on canal, 9242;\\nsteamboat experiment, 980\\nSymmachus, St., pope, 10703; pleads for\\nPaganism, 1069\\nSymonds, John Addington, b., 9502;\\nworks, 3743, 3002, 97S3, 9923, 10043; d.,\\n1010\\nSyncellus, George, Select Chronicle, 10323.\\nSyndicate, flour. Minneapolis iron, Mil-\\nwaukee Denver breweries, 3433; starch\\nfactories, Des Moines Cleveland brew-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1432.jp2"}, "1433": {"fulltext": "Synn-Talm.\\nText Figures denote Page IJN jDli^X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1421\\neries, 3533; p a cotton-mills, 3553; Bos-\\nton breweries Murphy Varnish Co.,\\nNewark paper-mills, ;;.i;3; Roach ship-\\nbuilding works, Chester, 3(133; arrears of\\ntaxes, Brooklyn, 3653; oil-carrying craft,\\n3713; English in Am.; O. oil works, 3S33;\\nStores of Cambria Iron Co., 3873; street-\\ncars, lighting, Milwaukee, 3S93; land in\\nKy., 31133; Chicago haul, 3953; street-car\\nlilies, N. Y., 4053; m fu-. W orks, Hart-\\nford; street E. It., N. Y., 4193; Chicago\\nstock-yards, 4232; lumber, Minn., 4233;\\niron and steel, Cincinnati cooperage,\\nN. Y,; Am. press, N. J., 4273; electric\\npower, Niagara, 4312; Lincoln Home-\\nstead, Ky., 451 3 banks in important\\ncities, 4772; in Can.,coffee,5593; cotton,\\n595 3 brewery plants twine factories,\\n5913; silver, 5932.\\nSynnot, detective, killed, 10083.\\nSyracuse, N. Y., salt infd., 9S S. Au-\\nburn R. R. opd., 1513; explosion, 153 3 S.\\nUticaR.R. opd., 1573; Xorlhem Chris-\\ntian Adrocate issued, 1543; fire, 1813,\\n3813,3953; Gen. Assembly N. S. Presb.\\nmeets, 2023; 2d Nat. Unitarian Conf.,\\n2542; R. C. diocese est., 3242; Glass Cos.\\nconsolidate, 3493; Reform Party Con-\\nven.,3611; railway accident, 3893; Con-\\nven. Typographical Unions, 393 1 Dem.\\nState Conven., 4073; sheriff s sale, 4473;\\nIndian Council, 4681\\nSicily, fnd., 10153, 10511 expedition\\nagainst stormed besieged, 10202,10542;\\ncaptured, 10202, 10512 Temple of Mi-\\nnerva built, 1050 2 tributary to Rome,\\n10533; destroyed by earthquake, 10802;\\nsurrenders, 10861 (See Sicily.)\\nUniv., fnd., 272 2; observatory erected,\\n3281; gift; Wolfe Collection at univ.,\\n3522; J. R. Day, chancellor, 4421\\nSyria, revolts against Egy., 6492; invaded,\\n11441 alliance against annexed to As-\\nsyria, 1145 1 tributary to Assyria, 11452;\\nconquered, 11461 taken by Antiochua\\nIII., 11492; W ar with Romans, 10553; in-\\nvades Judea, 11493; reconquered, 1150 3\\nannexed to Armenia taken by Romans,\\n11511; reduced, 10532; marble theater\\nbuilt, 11501 ,2; Roman province, 10592,\\n10732, 11511,2; Crassus rules, 10593;\\nParthian invasion Parthians take\\nproconsuls as rulers, 11512; Octavian s\\nadvance, 10603; earthquakes, 11502; an-\\nnexes Chalcis, 11533; Parthian invasion,\\n10641 Pers. invasion Saracen invasion,\\n11522; Persians devastate, 11061 Jacob-\\nites fnd., 10703; ravaged by Chosroes,\\n10302, by Arabs, 10313, by Antony, 10602;\\nChristian massacre, 10722; conquered\\nby califs, 11541 j taken from Egy., 1155 2\\ndesolated by Crusaders, 11551 emirs re-\\nvolt; subdued, 10321; Noureddin con-\\nquers, 11541 annexed to Turk., 11572;\\noverrun byTartars, 1154 1,2; conquered by\\nMozuffer, 6541 by Arabs, 10302, by ca-\\nlifs, 10321 Christians expelled, 11542;\\nTurks take, 10341 plague, 11571 Mo-\\nhammedanism intro., 10351 taken by Fr.,\\n11573; ceded to Ali, 6572; massacre of\\nChristians, 11571, 11583; Syrian expedi-\\ntion, 965 2 Fr. troops avenge Christians,\\n7341 Fr. troops withdrawn, 7353, 11591\\nProtestant Coll. opd., 11582; earthquake,\\n11562; Ref. Presb. mission, 11582; text\\nof the four Gospels found, 4881\\nSyriam, E. I., fort taken, 10461\\nSyro-Egyptian Society formed, 9521\\nSyudRedin, driven out, 4882; he regains\\noffice, 4883.\\nSzaikszo, battle of, 5221\\nSzapary, Count Julius von, premier, 5332;\\nminister, 5333; resigns, 5363; shot, 5361.\\nSzchuen, annexed, 6113, 6133; revolt sub-\\ndued, 6121; mission, 6223; murderers\\npunished, 6251.\\nSzechenyi, Istian, b., 5191 d., 5242.\\nSzegedin, Hung., flood wave, 530i ,2; quay\\nfalls in river, 5333.\\nSzekhely, George von Mailath von, mur-\\ndered, 5303.\\nSzemakwang, Garr/c/i of S zemalacang Y12\\nSzentivanyi, Carl, pres Reichstag, 5271\\nSzil, crushed in wine-press, 5323.\\nSzilagyi, D. von, appointed, 5383.\\nSzlavy ministry resigns, 529 2\\nSzobozlo riots, 5362.\\nSzolnok, battle at, 5222.\\nSzorek, battle at, 5222.\\nTaaffe, premier, changes ministry, Aust.,\\n5312.\\nViscount, Ire., title created, 881 1\\nTaba Mossegu, mission, 11242\\nTabernacle of Moses built, 11402; at Sinai,\\n11403; atShiloh, 11411.\\nTabitha restored, 11523.\\nTable Bay, breakwater, 5993.\\nTablets, use Of, 6103.\\nTabontes defeated, 5062.\\nTabor, Bohemia, built, 5073.\\nla., Tabor College organized, 2543.\\nCarlos It., minister, 6443.\\nTaborites, annihilated, 507 1 divided;\\nburned separate from Bohemian ch.,\\n6063.\\nTabriz, mission at, 11071 11082.\\nTaehe, Alex. Antoinc, b. (1S23); cons.R.\\nC. bishop, 5802 archbp., 5822 d., 5961\\nTachos in Egypt, 10233.\\nTacitus, Caius Cornelius, b.-d., 10623.\\nMarcus Claudius, b.-d., 10642; against\\nAlani, 10661 reigns d., 10672.\\nTacna, surrenders, 6062, 11083 ceded, G073.\\nTacoma, Wash., Geo. Francis Train ar-\\nrives in, 3593; land engulfed, 4773.\\nTacon, Gen., gov.-gen. Cuba, 6331\\nTacua sinks, 607 3\\nTacuarembo, gold dis., 11602 mission,\\n11603.\\nTaddeo, paintings, 10781\\nTadinas, battle of, 10702.\\nTadmor. (See Palmyra.)\\nTaetwine, archbp. Canterbury, 8431.\\nTafalla, action at, 11322.\\nTaffeta, first manufactured, 8762.\\nTatfra, Tamils kingdom, 10432.\\nTafna, fort taken by French, 8 3\\nTaft, Alphonso, b. (1810) attorney-gen.,\\n2931 d., 3842.\\nRoyal C, governor, R. I., 3332.\\nTages, Maximo, pres. Uruguay, 11603.\\nTaggert, senator, is acting governor, 357 2\\nTagguin, surprised, 101\\nTagher, action at, 8561\\nTagliamento, It., Austrian defeat, 7121\\nTaglioiii, Marie, b.-d., 11361.\\nMarie, b. (1833) d., 5342.\\nTagus captures Ceres, 9361\\nTa^us, American squadron at, 11111\\nTaherite dynasty established, 4S71 ,11072.\\nTaherites overthrown, 4871\\nTahir Pasha reignB, Egypt, 6572.\\nTahiti, cargo of slaves, 3911\\nTahiti, French occupy, 7281 annexed to\\nFrance, 7531 7G13.\\nTahlequah, Ind. Ter., sem. for girls, 3423;\\nIndian desperado, 4223.\\nTahmasp II. recovers throne, 1107 2\\nTahureau, Jacques, b. (1527) work, 6831\\nd. (1786).\\nTai-char, mission, 6211.\\nTaif, Wahabis subdue, 4861\\nTaiguen, artillery used, 6122.\\nTaikang enthroned, Egypt, 6111\\nTaikia enthroned, 6112.\\nTaiko-Sarna, emp., invades Korea, 10941\\nTai-ku, mission, 6231\\nTailer, Wm., governor, Mass., 592, 652.\\nTailbaud, M., minister, 7491.\\nTaillandier, Rene Gaspar Ernest, b., 7223;\\nworks, 7303, 7331 d., 7521\\nTaille, Jean de la, works, 6832.\\nTaillebourg, Fr., battle of, 6702.\\nTaillon, L. O., premier, 595 2\\nTailors strike, England, 10083.\\nTailour, Lieut., destroys Fr. ships, 9341\\nTaimar Shah executed, 71\\nTaine, Hippo! vie Adolphe,b., 7243 works,\\n7323, 7363, 7462, 7483, 7562 d., 7641\\nTainter, Sumner, inv. photophone, 2982\\nsound by electricity, 3081\\nTai-ping, China, army increased, 6171 dy-\\nnasty proclaimed; rebellion, 618 1 re-\\nbellion, semi-religious, 6191.\\nTai-pings at Nanking, 6201\\nTaira clans, war with Minamoto, Jap.,\\n10901 in military offices, 10912.\\nno Kiyomori, prime minister, d.,\\n10912.\\nTaishan-fu, mission, 6223.\\nTait, Archibald Campbell, b., 9351 arch-\\nbishop Canterbury, 9722 a., 9901\\nArthur F. in Nat. Acad. Design, 1841\\nPeterGuthrie,b.,9422; ozone theory,\\n9641.\\nTaiting, China, enthroned, 6112.\\nTaitsan, China, captured, 6202.\\nTai-tso, Japan, ruler, 10942.\\nTaitsong, standing army, 6121 6132 en-\\nthroned, 6123 recovers empire alliance\\nwith Turks, 6132 d., 6122.\\nTaitsou, China, at Loo-chow, 6121; en-\\ncourages arts, 6122 gains throne, 6133\\nd., 6122.\\nTaiwou, China, enthroned, 611 2\\nTaiyuen, artillery used at, 6121 mission,\\n6223.\\nTakahira reigns, Japan, 10912.\\nTakeleth I. reigns, Egypt, 6511\\nII. reigns, Egypt, 6511.\\nTaku, China, allies land, 6201 forts taken,\\n6182, 6201.\\nTa-ku-tang, mission, 6222.\\nTalamanca, fnd. Indian uprising, 6301,\\nand resubjected, 630 2\\nTalavera de la Reina, Sp., battle of, 7181\\ntaken, 11261\\narchpriest of, works, 1127 1\\nTalaveranno, Fernando, gov., Chile, 6052.\\nTalhert, W. J., b., 1581.\\nTalbot, Charles, Duke of Shrewsbury, b.,\\n8902 minister, 8992, 9012 lord-lieut.,\\nlord-treas., 9052 d., 9062.\\nLord Talbot, b. (1684) lord\\nchancellor, 9093 d. (1737).\\nCol. at Black River, 1982.\\nEarl of, title created, 9231\\nEarl, Charles Chetwynd, b. (1777)\\nlord-lieut., 9393 d., (1849).\\nEthelbert, b. (1848) cons, missionary\\nbishop, 3262 of Ga., 3861\\nJohn, Earl of Shrewsbury, b. (1373)\\nlord-lieut., 8631 ,2 evacuates Rouen, _\\nkilled, 6781.\\nJoseph Cruikshank, b. (1816) cons.\\nbp., 1862 in Ind., 2482 d. (1883).\\nMatthew, governor, 1273.\\nRichard, Earl of Tyrconnel, lord-\\nlieut., 8973 d. (1691).\\nThomas, b. (1818) governor, Mass.,\\n2873,3033; d. (1886).\\nWm. Henry Fox, b., 9302; observes\\nspectrum, 9421 photographs on paper,\\n9481 negative photograph, 950 1 photo-\\nglyphic engraving process, 9621 d., 9822.\\nmissionary in Conn., 542.\\nTalcose silica deposits dis., Colo., 4161\\nTalcott, Joseph, b. (1669) gov., Conn., 612\\nd. (1741).\\nTale of the Tim Brothers, 6483.\\nTalfourd, Thomas, iron bridge, 9262.\\nSir Noon, b., 9263 d. (1854).\\nTalhouet (Auguste Frederic Bon Amour),\\nMarquis de, b. (1788) minister public\\nworks, Fr., 7392 d. (1842).\\nTaliaferro, Benjamin, b., 662 a., 1301.\\nWm. Booth, b. (1822) in Va., 1941\\nTalien-Wan, China, Chinese possess forts,\\n6263.\\nTalifoo, China, captured, 6221\\nTalladee, C. W., d., 4701\\nTalladega, Ala., battle, 1203 Acad, for\\nBlind opens, 3331 T. Coll. opd., 2583.\\nTallaght, Fenian uprising. 9703\\nTallahassee blown up, 2421\\nTallahassee, Fla., Gen. Jones surrenders,\\n2463 State conven., 249 1 2Gli Consti-\\ntutional Union Party org., 2591\\nTallah-ud-din reigns, Ind., 10432.\\nTallard, Due de (Camille d Hostun), b.\\n(1652) at Blenheim, 5123 d. (1728).\\nTallet, Louis de, shelters Calvin, 6803.\\nTallevgauni mission; 10483.\\nTalleyrand-Pei igord, Charles Maurice de,\\nb.,7022 minister resigns, 7232; d.,72S2.\\nTallien, Jean Lambert, b., 7042 d., 7223.\\nTallmadge, O., collision, 3353 Female\\nCharitable Society org., 1243.\\nBenjamin, b., 683 d. (1835).\\nFred. Augustus, b. (1792) d., 2662.\\nJames, b., 912 slavery amendment,\\n1272 d., 1722.\\nNathaniel P., governor, 1592.\\nTallman, Jacob B., vs. Rutgers Female\\nCollege, 3852.\\nTallow candles, common, Eng., 8541\\nTallushatchie, Ala., Indians at. 1203.\\nTalma, Francois Joseph, b.,703i d.,7243.\\nTalmage, Sam. Kennedy, b. (1798); d.,2481\\nThomas De Witt, b., 1402 works,\\n2723, 2871 new Tabernacle built, 2842\\nTabernacle destroyed 2d Tabernacle,\\n3462, 3821 preaches on Mars Hill, 348i\\nat Hawarden returns from Eur., 3522\\nNew Tabernacle opd. 3821 in old South", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1433.jp2"}, "1434": {"fulltext": "1422\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nTalm-Tayl.\\nChurch, Boston, 385 1 visits Russia, 411\\n11223; anniversary, 4581 tour of world,\\n4602, 4743 resignation, 4742.\\nTalmud, translated, 4862; (second) com-\\npleted, 10711.\\nBabylonicum printed, 10812.\\nHierosolytanum printed, 10812.\\nJerusalem, compiled, 11532.\\nTaltal occupied, 6082.\\nTalybont, E. R. accident, 9833.\\nTamanieb. Sudan, battle of, 6601\\nTamaqua, Pa., Molly Maguires in, 2891\\nTamar reinforcements for Natal, 6002.\\nTamar Sbab executed, 71\\nTamarack Mine, Mich., strike, 3611.\\nTamatave, Madagascar, bombarded, 10953;\\nexpedition against, 10952.\\nTamaulipas, Mex., expedition lands, 10951\\nTamberlik, Enrico, b.-d., 10901\\nTamerlane, b.-d., 10431 begins conquests,\\n41; in India, 41, 10422; at Balkh, 51;\\nconquers Bokhara, 5491 at Aleppo,\\n6542 in Armenia, 11542 overthrows\\nTughlak dynasty, 10133 invades Persia,\\n11002, 11072 pyramid of skulls, 11073\\nburns Moscow, 11141 House of, reigns,\\n11433.\\nTameeyah, mission, 6571\\nTammany Hall, defeated, 2751; protest\\nagainst, 3472; bribe offered, 3703.\\nSociety, N. Y., org., 991; 1st meets,\\n1003.\\nTampico, Mex., occupied, 16U2; evacuated\\ntaken, 10961 mission, 10962.\\nTamsin, bombarded; Chinese defea*, 6221\\nTanagra, Gr., action at, 10193.\\nTanbody, mission at, G571\\nTancred and Hitniunda issued, 8731.\\nTancred, b.-d., 6683 1st crusade, 6683\\nking of Naples, 10753 besieged at Na-\\nples, 7792.\\nTanda, mission, 6571\\nTandy, Napper, liberated; flees, 9282.\\nTanenberg, battle of, 7841\\nTaney, Roger Brooke, b., 891 atty.-gen.,\\n139 2 S ec. treas., 1433 chief justice su-\\npreme court, 1,472 renders Dred Scott\\ndecision, 1831 and John Mcrrvman, 1953;\\nd.,_2392; oust, 2852.\\nTang dynasty rules, China, 6131 Golden\\nAge of literature, 6122.\\nTanganyika, Lake, dis., 5611, 8381; com-\\npany to develop, 6033; slave-raids, 8383;\\nsurveyed, 10931 missions, 10941.\\nTang Chuang, mission work, 6243.\\nTangier, ceded to Eng., 10972 Spanish\\nsquadron at, 10973.\\nTanis, Louis, insurrection, 10403.\\nHyksos dynasty at, 6473, 6493, 651 1\\nTankerville, Earl of, title created, 9051\\nTann, Baron Ludwig von der, b., 8103 at\\nArtenay; at Orleans, 742 1 defeated Or-\\nleans, 7422 d.,830l.\\nTannah, Lnd., 1st railway opened, 10473.\\nTannahill, Robert, b., 9191 Poems, 9331;\\nd., 9351.\\nTanner, Henry S., fast, 3053 sentenced,\\n10011; imprisoned, 10003 ;wounded,10083.\\nJames, resigns office, 3451\\nTannhauser appears, 8161.\\nTanning, by electricity discovered, 6341\\nin Egypt,6462.\\nTanta, mission, 6571\\nTantalum columbium discovered, 11361\\nTantia Topi defeated, Sepoy rebellion,\\n10481 captured, 10482.\\nTaonism abolished, 6122; declines, 6123.\\nTaonist priests forbidden marriage ban-\\nished, 6123.\\nTaoukwang, reply to Pottinger, 6171 en-\\nthroned, 6172; d., 6183.\\nTapestry, first made by Flemings, 6861;\\nintro. Eng., 8801\\nTapia, Don Eugenio de, b.-d., 11302.\\nTaplin, George, opens mission, 4962.\\nTappan, N. Y., Aiidre^ tried, 922; monu-\\nment to Maj. Andr6, 3021\\nA. B., Grand Sachem, Tammany ,3451\\nArthur, b., 981 org. antislavery so-\\nciety, 1411 1431; d., 2481.\\nHenry Philip, b., 1122; d., 3081.\\nJohn, d., 2721\\nLewis, b. (1788); mob attacks, 1432\\nd., 2821.\\nMason Weare, b. (1817); on Commit-\\ntee of 33, 1891 d. (1886).\\nWilliam Bingham, b., 1042; d., 1662.\\nTar, made from pit-coal, 9221\\nTara, Ire., action at, 9281\\nTarapaca, Chile, taken, 6062; ceded, 6073.\\nTarbac, W., mine explosion, 10033.\\nTarbell, John Adams, b. (1810); d., 2312.\\nTarbes, battle at, 7203.\\nTarbox, Increase Niles, b. (1815); d., 3301\\nTard s Dirtiuiutaire h H i j ine, 7323.\\nTarentum, fnd., 10152 Spartans colo-\\nnized, 1051 1 war with Rome surren-\\ndered to Rome, 10522; Hannibal con-\\nquers, 10542; Romans capture, 10543.\\nPa., petroleum discovered, 1591.\\nTarifa, action at, 11261\\nTariff resolution renews, Can., 595i\\nchanges in, 5962.\\nin Chile, 6072.\\nEcu. passes, 6443.\\nnew, Fr., 7352,7471, 7612,3,7632,3,\\n7651 lowered on Swiss nianuf., 7651\\nGer., Union est., 8153; war against\\nSp., 8372.\\nAct passed, Australia, 497 3\\nU. S., pres. approves first, 101 2\\nnew protective, 1252, 2031 protective\\nbill passed, 1313 High Protective,\\nTariff of Abominations, 1353 ,1411, 2, 3,\\n1552,3, i \u00c2\u00ab3, 1D31, 2112, 2453,2891; pro-\\ntest against high, 1372, 2372; high con-\\nven. meets, 1392; low pi otective T.,\\n1411,1812; duties resisted, 1412; Clay s\\nCompromise T-, 1413, 1432; modified pro-\\ntective T., 1552; pres. vetoes bill, 1553;\\nlower non-protective T. passed, 1612,3;\\nPolk s T. modified, 1812; Morrill T. en-\\nacted and operative, 1S7 2 1931 ,2, 1992,\\n2572; Morrill extended, 1992; new law\\neffective, 2372 high, law operative,\\n2453; reduced revenue, 2712, 2791,2832;\\nnew, 2732; changes, 2773, 2783, 2791,\\n2813, 2832, 2891,3013, 3133; new, 2712;\\nT. commission, 3111,2.\\nBill passes; approved, 3132; changes,\\n3252; (Mills) T. bill intro., 3293; passed\\nH. but failed in S.,331i discussed, 3332;\\nanti-free coal amend.; onlish,333 3 sub-\\nstitute, 3363; McKinley T. Bill debate,\\n3592, 3593, 3613, 3652, 3071,2,3, 3691,2;\\npasses; approved; operative, 3692; consti-\\ntutional, 4031 retaliatory reciprocity\\nclause repeal, 399 2 opposition T. bills,\\n4011; discussed, 405 1 free list to Cuba\\nand Porto Rico, 4092; Wilson T. Bill,\\n4491 to 4711. (See Duties, Duty,)\\nTariffville, Conn., R. R. accident, 2993.\\nTarik, Saracen leader, 112,51 Spanish con-\\nquests, 4842; subdued, 4862.\\nTarkio Coll. (IT. Presb.) est., Tarkio, Mo.\\n(1883).\\nTarku, at Memphis, 11442.\\nTarleton, Bannastre, b., 9123; Col. mas-\\nsacres Am., 921 at Fishing Creek, 92 2\\nCowpens, Blackstocks, 923; d., 9462.\\nCapt., in Burmese war, 1046 2\\nTarnow, Fanny, b., 8042; b., 8202.\\nTarnowski, Jan, b.-d., 1114 2\\nTarpon Springs, Fla., Univ. of fnd., 3582.\\nTarquinii, war with, 10521\\nTarquinius, Lucius Collatinus, consul,\\n10512.\\nPriscus, lays foundation of Rome,\\n10502; est. games in Circus Maximus,\\n10503; reigns, 10511; d., 10502.\\nSuperbus, builds Temple Jupiter,\\n10502; reigns; conquests, 10511.\\nTarquins, attack Roman republic, 10501\\noverthrown, 10503.\\nTarr, Ralph S., work, 47S2.\\nTarracina, Latin colony at, 10513.\\nTarragona, upied, 11281.\\nTarrytown, N. Y., railway accident; dyn-\\namite explosion, 3853; J. Hannon killed,\\n4003; Revolutionary monument, 4741.\\nTarsney, John C, M. C, b., 1581\\nAdj.-Gen., Colo., captured, 4631.\\nTarsus, captured, 1066 mission at, 1158 2\\nTartaric acid discovered, 11342.\\nTartars, invade China, G101 6121 ex-\\npelled, 6101 ravage China, 6121 con-\\nquests, 6133; in India, 10432; in Syria,\\n11542, in Bithynia in Armenia, 11553,\\nwar with Rus.; plunder Moscow; invade\\nPoland, 11141\\nTartary, held by Ghengis Khan, 11151\\nTarte, M., bribery, 5942.\\nTartini, Giuseppe, b., 10831 d., 10842.\\nTaschenberg, Ernst Ludwig, b., 8122.\\nTascnereau, Elzear-Alexandre, b., 5781\\ncons, arcbbp.. 5822; cardinal, 5842; con-\\nfirmation, 5882; celebration, 5941\\nH. E., judge, d., 5961\\nTaschereau, Jules Antoine,b.,7143 ;d.,7482.\\nTash Kurgan, Ishak Khan defeated, 6 2\\nTasker, Benjamin, gov. Md., 692.\\nTasman, Abel Janszen, b. (1602+) dis.\\nTasmania, 4931 dis. New Zealand, 11031\\nd., 11003.\\nTasmania, explorations, 4961 Van Die-\\nmen s Land dis., 4931 detached, 4962;\\nconvict penal station, 4951 5991 trans-\\nportation, 4963; Brit. Colony, 9313;\\nbishopric est., 9483; Bp. Montgomery\\ncons., 10022.\\nTasou, Pei, prince, 6131\\nTassilo II., deposed, 7713.\\nTasso. Bernardo, b., 10783; d. (1569).\\nTorquato, b., 10803; works, 8772,\\n10813; p., 10823.\\nTassoni, Alessandro, work, 10832.\\nT at ai reigns, Egypt, 6453.\\nTate, E. M., shot, 3912.\\nFarishC, d., 1781\\nNahum, b.,8882; poet laureate, 9002;\\nPsalms, 9003; d., 9042.\\nTat-f-lla reigns, Egypt. C453.\\nTat-Ku-Ba reigns, Egypt, 6472.\\nTat-Ka-lla-Maat reigns, Egypt, 6472.\\nlatter founded, 9031.\\nTattersall s est., London, 9173.\\nTattnall, Com. Josiab. 1.. (1795); in China;\\nassists Eng., 1841 fires Merrimac, 2072;\\nd.,2741.\\nTa-Tung mission, 6243.\\nTatutpa, Australia, gold dis., 4981.\\nTauberbisehotsheini, battleat, 8243.\\nTnuchnitz, Baron Christian Bemhardvon,\\nb., 8121.\\nKarl Christoph Fraugott, b., 8023; d.,\\n9143.\\nTauenzein, Gen., at Dennewitz, 7201\\nTrildbee, ex-congressman shot, 3523,\\nTauler, Jobann, b.-d., 7802.\\nTaunton, Eng., R.R. collision, 10053.\\nTaurasia, (See Turin.)\\nTaurisci, invasion of, 5021 ,3.\\nTaussig, F. W., works, 4203, 4482.\\nTavares-Bastos, Aureliano Candido, b.,\\n5642; d. (1874).\\nTaverner, Richard, Bible translation, 8683.\\nTavernier, Jean Baptiste, Baron d Au-\\nbonne, b., 6S62; d., 6942.\\nTavoy taken, 11242; mission, 10471.\\nTawnev, James A., b., 1761\\nTax, on tea, 772; distilled liquors, 103\\n1213; insurrection against window, 1093;\\ndirect, est., 1213, 199 2 first Am. war\\ntax, 1233; direct, repealed and abol-\\nished, 125 3 on beer restored, 2313;\\nraised on spirits, 2313, 2363, 2413; f\\nNat. Banks defeated, 2333; on banks\\nand incomes, 243 3 on spirits reduced,\\n2692; innfs. relieved, 263 stamp T.\\nabolished on legacies repealed, 2712;\\nrevenue T. reduced, 27S3; repayment\\nof direct, 3272, 3483; direct tax bill,\\n3311,3363,3371, 3531, 3791,2, 3811; liq-\\nuor tax fixed, 343\\nTaxation, revolt against; 7 recom-\\nmended for Am.; proposed, 693; right\\ndenied; opposed in Boston, 75 Eng.\\npartly renounces right, 892; for ex-\\npenses unapproved, 971 in Egv-, 6491;\\nParis against, \u00c2\u00ab703, 6771; in G. Brit.,\\n8411 opposed, 8593.\\nTaxes universally applied, 2353; reduced,\\n2532, 2773; stamp and income, abolished;\\nrevenue reduced, 2791\\ntenths collected, Eng., 8522.\\nlevied universally, Fr., 7013; edict,\\nFr., 707i,2.\\ninternal revenue. (See Am. 1033, and\\neach year following.)\\ninternal, on fish, fruits, and meats\\nremoved, 277 3 collection resisted, Can.,\\n6882; in specie intro., G. B., 8473; re-\\nmitted, 9013; collected in advance, 11313.\\nTay Bridge opd., 9742; injured by gale,\\n9333; disaster, 9853; aid for sufferers in\\ndisaster, 9871 new bridge opd. (1887).\\nTayleur wrecked, 9593.\\nTaylor, Alfred, b. (1810); d., 3821.\\nA., b., 1662.\\nAlva B., d., 3341\\nArthur H., b., 1702.\\nBayard, b. 1322; works, 1551, 1631,\\n1683, 1703, 1763, 1783, 1823, 2133, 2252,\\n2412, 2551, 2603, 2683, 2723, 2803.2843,\\n2871 2903, 2943, 3003; library gift, 426\\nd., 3001.\\nBenj. Franklin, b., 1302 d. (1887).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1434.jp2"}, "1435": {"fulltext": "Tayl-Temp.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1423\\nTaylor, Brook, b. (16S5) d., S962.\\nCorporal, wins rifle prize, 9821\\nEdward Burnett, b., 9462.\\nE. B., intro. Bankruptcy Bill, 3491\\nHannis, minister, 4473.\\nHarvey S., d., 2721\\nSir Henry, b., 9303; d., 9942.\\nC, promoted captain, 4481.\\nHorace A., in int. dept., 351*.\\nIsaac, b., 9242; d., 9462.\\nE.,d., 3461.\\nJeremy, b., 880 1 works, 8863; d.,\\nJohn, b., 8742; d., 8S82.\\nb. (1770); gov. S. C, 1352; d.\\n(1832).\\nb. (180S) pres. of Mormons,2962\\nd. (1887).\\nW., b. (17S4) speaker, 1292,\\n1333; d. (1854).\\nJoseph P., d., 2352.\\nMeadows, b., 9343; d. (1876).\\nMoses, b. (1806) org. Cable Co., 1753.\\nM., on Committee of 33, 1891\\nM, N., provisional gov. of N.C.,2012.\\nPeter Alfred, d., 10062.\\nGen. Richard, b. (1S26) assaults\\nDonaldsonville, 2232; defeated at Cane\\nRiver at Sabine Cross Roads at Pleas-\\nant Hill, 2311; capitulates, 2463; d.,\\n3002.\\nRobert L., governor Tenn., 3293.\\nSir b., 9042.\\nRoss, house burned, 4752.\\nRowland, bishop, burned, 8703.\\nSally Knox, marries J. Davis, 1452.\\nTom, b., 9382; d.,9861.\\nThomas House, b. (1799) d., 2582.\\nWin., .ib. (1821); street preaching,\\n1662; revival in India, 10491; m i ss bp.\\nfor Afr., 3163, H613; self-supporting\\nmissions, 3302; at Lueba, 10943.\\nH., governor Wis., 2873.\\nMackergo, clerg., b., 1362; re-\\nsigns pulpit, 4162.\\nRogers, b. (1811) d., 33S2.\\nZachary, b., 962; marries, 1171 signs\\nDelavan s declaration, 1451 brevetted\\nbrig. -gen., 1481 defeats Indians, 1461\\nin Tex., 1581; on Rio Grande; relieves\\nFort Taylor; invades Mex.; at Palo\\nAlto at Resaca de la Palma at Mon-\\nterey, 1601 at Buena Vista, 162i poli-\\ntics in army; war hero, 1633; nom. for\\npres., 1651 electoral vote popular vote;\\ninaug., 1652; filibusters denounced, 6331\\nd., 1672, 1682.\\nUniversity, Ind., founded, 3742.\\nTaylor s Stenography introduced, 9241.\\nTayport, Fife, R. R. collision, 9893.\\nTazewell, Henry, b. (1753) pres. senate,\\n1071; d. (1799).\\nLittleton W., b. (1774) pres. senate,\\n1392, 1411 gov. Va., 1452; vote for vice-\\npres. U. S., 1532; d. (1860).\\nTchernaieff, Gen., in Central Asia, 11201.\\nTchernaya, Rus., action at, 9601\\nTchernyshevsky, Nikolai, b., 11163; d.,\\n11201.\\nTchesme launched, 11201\\nTchowfoo mission, 6243.\\nTea, first used in Am., 593; export tax\\non; Boston Tea Party; revenue froui,783;\\nintro. Eng.,6153, 8773,8933; taxed, 8912;\\ngreen, intro. in Eng., 9053; and sugar\\nduties, 9652; plant intro., Braz., 554 1\\nplant in Eng., 9173.\\nTeachers Association, Nat., held, 3431.\\nCollege, N. Y., charter, 4182; gift to,\\n4262.\\nGuild, 9923.\\nRetreat opened, N. Y., 4102.\\nTeaching of Twelve Apostles written, 11551\\nTeanum given to Samnites, 10532.\\nTebee, Stephen, Cherokee chief, 3971.\\nTebhau captured, 6241\\nTechotl, d., 122.\\nTechow, battle at, 6141\\nTecklenburg purchased, 7993.\\nTecumseh lost in Mobile Bay, 2371.\\nb., 761; besieges Fort Meigs, 1202;\\nkilled, 1203, 1211.\\nTeen-ke, d., 6142.\\nTeeth mnf. from minerals, 1441\\nTeetotaler, term applied, 9471\\nTee-To-Tum Club, N. Y., 411 1 4263.\\nTefei, empress, regent, 6133.\\nTefft, Ben. Franklin, b. (1S13) d., 3202.\\nTegea pillaged, 10282.\\nTegethoff, Wilhelm von,b., 5202; defeats\\nBosnians, 5281; at Lissa, 8242; d.,5282.\\nTegner, Esaias, b.-d., 11342; works, 11361\\nTegyra, action near, 10222.\\nTeheran, capital Persia, 11072; mission,\\n11082; R. R. opened, 110S3.\\nTehichipa, Cal., R. R. wreck, 3133.\\nTehucana, Tex., Trinity Univ. opd., 2663.\\nTehwei sacked, 6241\\nTeias, reigns, 10713; killed, 10302.\\nTeignmouth devastated, S9S1.\\nBaron, title created, 9252.\\nTeja murders Romans, 7703; k., 7712.\\nTekeen El Gezeree, d., 6542.\\nTekoar, action at, 10961\\nTelamon, Gauls defeated, 6621.\\nTelche, Turks expelled, 5661.\\nTelegrams, seized by gov t, 1951; army,\\nprohibited, 1973.\\nTelegraph. (See Morse) Morse exhibits,\\n148i; patented, 1521; submarine laid,\\n1541; inPhila.; Balto.; Boston; N. Y.;\\nBuffalo; Harrisburg, 1613; gutta-percha\\ninsulation, 164 1 right of way granted,\\n177 3 communication suspended, 197 3\\nline to Cal., 1903; pacific line opd., 2013.\\nin Australia, 4993 China, communica-\\ntion refused; lines connected, 625 3 in\\nColombia, 6293; hi Costa Rica, 6313; in\\nCuba, 6333; in Sweden, 6423; from Aden\\nto Suez, 6573.\\nFr., optical, 7061 70S2; Ampere s in-\\nventions, 7222; between Fr. and Eng.,\\n7313; beacon inv., 7943; machines ex-\\nhibited, 8081; from Cromer to Emden,\\n8201 electromagnetic, invented, 8141\\nEng., signaling, 8821 suggested,\\n8901 896i electric inr.,9381 9481 mag-\\nnetic needle inv., 9481 y wire cables pa-\\ntented, 9501 alphabetical printing,9502;\\nline erected, 9513; transatlantic cable\\nplanned, 9522; electric, authorized, 9532;\\npurchase, D73 1 submarine cablebetween\\nEng. and Fr., 9561 London to Dublin,\\n9573; intro., 9622; London and Constan-\\ntinople, 9633; Eng. and Bombay, 9693;\\ncolumn printing, 10001\\nSt. Petersburg to Japan, 1118 1 treaty\\nbetween Rus. and China, 11231\\ncable laid, Braz., 5573, 5593.\\nclock, electromagnetic inv., 9501.\\nConference, International, 7603.\\nEngineers Society established, 9771.\\nTelegraphe issued, 5443 f 581 1\\nTelegraphers strike, 315 1 3703.\\nTelegraphic cable, European, convention\\nfor, 7373.\\nfire-alarms, Boston, 1713.\\nUnion formed, Ger., 819 3\\nTeleki, Count, expedition starts, 5621\\nLadislaus, b., 5202; d., 5262.\\nMichael, Protestant leader revolt,\\nHung., 5122.\\nTel-el-Kebir occupied by British, 6582.\\nTelemachus in arena; stoned, 10702,\\nTelemaque, Gen., killed, 10403.\\nTelephone, principle advanced, 11381 elec-\\ntric mfd., 2841 Graham describes, 2901\\nT., 2941 Edison inv.; exhibited, Boston,\\n2941; Dolbear system, 308 1; mechanical\\ninv., 3201; electric, at Frankfort, 5441;\\nfrom Paris to Brussels micro-tel. used,\\n7553 Paris to Marseilles, 7573 Bill\\npasses, Fr., 7591 p r gov t owns, 7593;\\nconnects Paris and London, 7613; trans-\\nmission of music, 8341 musical, inv.,\\n9741 discussions, 10092,\\nTelescope inv., 6362, 7982, 8541 exhibited\\nat Paris, 7361 mnf., 7921 improved,\\n3081; reflecting inv., 890 1 Dolland s\\nachromatic, 9142; completed, 9241; for\\nMadrid, 9302; reflecting erected, 9401;\\nat Parsonstown, 9441 of Yale Univ.,\\n1381.\\nTelesilla, poet, 10171.\\nTelesphorous, St., at Rome, 10623.\\nTelfair, Edward, electoral vote, 1012; gov-\\nernor Ga., 1032.\\nTelford, Thomas, b., 9143; erects chain\\nbridge, 9421; d., 9462.\\nTell, William, b., 11371 shoots Gesler,\\n7831 legend, 7811 n38l\\nTeller, Henry Moore, b. 1382 sec. interior,\\n3111; Free Coinage of Silver Bill, 3731\\nspeech, 4372, 4383,4391.\\nTellez, Balthazar, b., 11102; d. (1675).\\nGabriel, b.-d., 11282; works. 11291.\\nJos6 Vasqnez y, governor, 6303.\\ny Giron, Pedro, D. of Osuna,d., 10823.\\nTelnga mission, 10463, 10491.\\nTelurias at Aspendos, 10222.\\nTemenus, leader, 10151.\\nTemeraire launched, 9741\\nTemescal mines, Cal., block tin, 3853.\\nTemesvar, Hung., representative gov t,\\n5073; battle, 5223.\\nTemminck, Coenraad Jacob, b.-d., 1101 1.\\nTempel, Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht, b.\\n(1821) planets, 7342; d. (1889).\\nTemperance Movement and the Liquor\\nTraffic, Am. Chileans make fermented\\ndrink; drunkenness in Mex.; in Peru,\\n152; prohibited Indians, 322, 351, 371,\\n391, 403, 423, 471, 4S3, 583, 1111,1251,\\n1451,2172; restricted sale in Mass.; dis-\\ntillery on Staten Island, 351 drunken-\\nness fined, Md., 371 penalty for drunk\\nenness, R. I.; brew-houses in Va.; ex-\\ncessive drinking punished, Conn., Mass.,\\n391 drunkenness punished, Md., Va.,\\nConn.; distillation of corn or malt pro-\\nhibited, Conn. ,41i ministers restricted,\\nVa. prices fixed, N. Y. drunkenness\\nfined, N. J., 423 drunkards names\\nposted, Mass. ,443; prohibition, Va., 471\\nFriends on moderation, 48 2 Sunday\\ndrinking fined, N. H., 543; drunkenness\\nfined, N. H., 55 1 drunkards names\\nposted, N. H., 591 importation prohib-\\nited, Ga., 63i 2; rum necessary, Ga., 652;\\nlicenses restricted, Ga., 712 rum in\\nOhio Valley, 73i Cont. Cong, against\\ndistilling, 891; drunkenness fined, Va.;\\nMethodists expel distillers, 912; liquors\\nunnecessary. Conn., 1003 liquor rations,\\n1023, 1071, llli, 1131, 1192, 1271, 1411,\\n1511,1552,2031,2133,2511; T. memorial\\nto Cong.; taxing liquors, 1031 Whisky\\nRebellion, Pa., 104 1, 1051, 1063 Sober\\nSoc. fmd., N. J., 1131 1st T. Soc, 1151\\nMethodists expel ministerial traffickers,\\n1191 prohibited in army, 127 1 tipplers\\nnames posted. Me., 129 1; Am. Soc. for\\nPromotion of T. fmd., Boston, 1352\\nCongregational T. Soc. org., D. C., 1431,\\n1551 2562. IstNationat T. Soc, Phila.;\\nlstlocal option law, Ga., 1431 Delavan s\\ndeclaration Presbyterians against traf-\\nfic, 1451 local option, B.I. N.H.,1492;\\nWashingtonian movement, 151 1 Na-\\ntional T. conven., 1531 2483 (and. suc-\\nceeding years) Abraham Lincoln com-\\nmends abstinence Order of Rechabites\\nfmd.; JohnB.Gough pledged, 1551 ,1571,\\n1591 Ore. prohibits disui-aee in Cong.,\\n1571 new law, Me., 16fi Methodists\\nforbid drinking; Ore. repeals prohib.,\\n1643; Father Mathew honored, 1663;\\nNeal Dow s Me. law National T. con-\\nven.; Mich. Constitution fori. ids license,\\n1691 Me. law strengthened Good Tem-\\nplars org.; Ohio constitution forbids\\nlicense, 1703; Lincoln a Son of T.; R. I.\\nprohibits, unconstitutional, 1711,1732;\\nConn, prohibits, 1742 Gov. Clark, Pro-\\nhib., elected, N.Y.; pro-liquor riot, Me.,\\n1763 prohibition reenacted, Me.; R. I.,\\n1783; Me. law repealed, 1803 Constitu-\\ntional Prohib. Amendments proposed,\\nN.Y., 1823,1922; Lincoln declines liquors,\\n1881 prohibited soldiers, 199^,2031 U.\\nS. Brewers Asso. org., 2152,2213,2971;\\nR. I. repeals prohib., 229 2 first asylum\\nfor inebriates, 2412 Presbyterians ex-\\nclude makers and dealers, 25(J3; T. drifts\\ninto politics, 2562, 3, 3163 Brewers*\\nCong, in polities, 2563 Me. prohibits\\nwith constables, 2591 2523, 281 1 Mass.\\nprohibits Presbyterians for total absti-\\nnence, 2691 Minn, enacts local option:\\n2723; Asso. for Cure Inebriates Royal\\nTemplars of T. org., 2731 1st National\\nConven. of Prohibition Party, 2773 (See\\nProhibition Party) Conn, repeals pro-\\nhibition; Pa. enacts loeal option; la.\\nregulates licenses, 2803; Wis. punishes\\ndrunkenness, 2811; women s crusade in\\nN.Y.,2831; in Ohio, 2831 ,2,2843; inKy.,\\n4302; Murphy s blue ribbon, 2831; R. I.\\nprohibits, 2S43 Women s Christian T.\\nUnion, inception (see W. C. T. U.) red\\nribbon, 2841 ;T. women convention, 2851\\nOhio rejeets license amend., 2871 whisky\\nring, D. C, 2872, 2883,2912; Me. repeals\\nprohib., 2883. Mass. repeals; Pa. repeals\\nlocal option R. I. repeals prohib.; Tex.\\nconstitution guarantees local option,\\n2911 Federal prohib. intro., senate,2923;", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1435.jp2"}, "1436": {"fulltext": "1424\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Temp\u00e2\u0080\u0094 T6ril.\\nChicago Citizens League,297 2 ;Inebri i\\nAsylum, Mich., 301 i Constitutional Pi\\nhibition Movement Bill passes, Kan.;\\nNeb. rejects, 3103; la. adopts, 3131,3172;\\nMass. petitioned, 3151 319* 3343; Ohio\\nadopts; defeated, 3171; Me. opposes,\\n3191; S. Dak. approves, 321^,3471,3682;\\nR.I. approves, 3232,3243; Tenn. defeats,\\n3272; Md. defeats, 3291; Ore., Tex., de-\\nfeat, 3292 W. Va. defeats, 3332 N. H.\\nrejects, 3362 R. I. rescinds, 3362, 3411\\nN. Dak. approves Wash., Conn., reject,\\n3471 Neb. rejects, 3711; Mich, defeats\\nprohib., 3032 outrages suffered, 3032,\\n3243,4003,4161,4363; sales prohibited at\\narmy posts high license crusade Slo-\\ncumb Law, Neb., 3071; Mo. enacts\\nDowning Law, 313 1; 111. enacts Harper\\nLaw, 3151 Ohio, Scott Law, 3171; Ga.\\nenacts, 321 1 Ohio enacts Dow Law, 325 1\\nMinn, enacts, 3291 Pa. enacts Brooks\\nLaw, 3303 N. c. rejects prohib., 30S3:\\nMiss, limits distance, 3131; prohibited\\nin Alaska, 3171; Democratic platform;\\nProhibitionists org., Kan., 3172 R. C.\\nPlenary Council against traffic saloons\\nand politics, N. Y., 3191 la. enacts pro-\\nhib. Anti-Saloon Republicans org.;\\nKnightsofT.org. (Epis.),323i Brewers\\ncompensation decision, 3232; Unitarian\\nT. Soc, aim Christian Ch. for prohib.,\\n3243; instruction in D. C; Commercial\\nT. League org., 325 1 local option in\\nJ C, 3351, 3983 Indians instructed,\\n3263; Ch. of God for prohib.; Ger. Re-\\nformed Ch., sentiments Evangelical\\nCh. for prohib., 3271 Mich, has partial\\nprohib.; Federal prohib. pn -posed; Ivans.\\nrestricts druggists, 329 1 Mo. partially\\nprohibits; Wesleyans for prohib., 329 2\\nNat. Repub. Conven. for Afr. Metho-\\ndists, 3303; Meth. Epis. Ch. for prohib.,\\n3303, 4071; High License Congress in\\nMass., 3332; in Boston, 3362 in Mich.\\nin R. 1., 343i in Wis., 351 1 defeated in\\nla., 3562; in Bait., 3751 inN. Mex.,3983;\\nMoravians, Adventists, for prohib. N.\\nY. City regulates original package\\nstruggle, la., 3331 3563, 3583, 3591 ,3603,\\n302 1 3643 30G2, 371 1 385 1 2 Ohio passes\\nSunday Law, 3331, 3363; p a senate\\npasses prohib., 3342 Conn, against\\nwomen s vote Lad. decision, license a\\nspecial tax. 341i Omaha prohib. conven.;\\nN. Dak. prohibits, 3483 dealers rebel\\nin S. Dak., 351i crusade in Mo., 3523\\ndivisions in la., 3551 beer in canteens,\\nsaloonists excluded, 3583; Presbyterians\\ncommend prohib., 360 2 Meth Protest-\\nants for prohib., 3603; N. Y. T. conven.;\\nReform Party, N. Y. N. Y. Citizens\\nAlliance, 361 1 R. R. Cos. against sa-\\nloons, 3611, 37S3 Independent Party;\\n3623; Non-Partizan W. C.T. U. org.,3623,\\n3712, 3943; Sons of T. for prohib., 3623\\ncitizens violent, la., 3643; in Kan. ,.3752;\\nin O., 3803; local option constitutional,\\nMich., 3702; Cambridge, Mass., no-\\nlicense, 3723; saloons in N. Y.,3741,\\n4022, 4043,4063, 4761 wrecks of society,\\nTJ. S. A.,375i illicit stills, Fla., 37S3;\\nPa., 4002, 4042 Ky., 4042 N. Y., 4143\\nTenn., 4163; N. C.,4191; Md.,4203; Me.\\nenacts rigid law, 3803, 383 1 .3942; Sunday\\nLaw struggle, 3803, 385i ,3 j03, 3931 ,4062,\\n4262; protests against gov t extension of\\ntraffic Del. enacts local option saloon-\\nists ineligible, 383 1 gov t commission of\\ninquiry N. Y. Excise Reform Asso.,\\n3851; anti-prohib. conven., Wis., 3863\\nProhibition Park, 3871 3882, 4611 4631\\nGa. limits distance, 3892; prohib. peti-\\ntion 10 miles long, 3931 Brooklyn saloons,\\n4022; Boston Anti-Saloon League org.,\\n4042 Brooklyn Enforcement League,\\n4083, 4522 Cong, prohibits intoxicants,\\nWorld s Fair reconsiders, 4112; Tee-To-\\nTum est., N. Y., 411 1 saloons in S. Dak.,\\n4122; first sales inVineland; Murphy s\\npledges, 4191 saloon annex to churches,\\nwar on joints, Kan., 4262 saloon\\nscreens removed, la., 430 3 S. 0. dispen-\\nsaries monopolize traffic. 4323, 4331 ,4342,\\n4502, 4543, 4583, 4723; Ohio dealers in\\npolitics, 4343; elections in Conn., 4422\\nR. C. decisions against traffic, 4661 2;\\nBrooklyn Law Enforcement League,\\n475i intoxication a misdemeanor, 4762;\\nN. Y. Committee of Fifty, 4791. (See\\nLicense, Liquor, Local Option, and Pro-\\nhibition.)\\nTemperance, Conference, Internat., 990 3\\nJubilee, National, London, 9903.\\nLeague, National, formed, Eng.,9611.\\nSociety, Church 1 f England, f ml. ,9762.\\nNational, fmd.,2483. (For meet-\\nings see text in each following year.)\\nformed, Eng., 9531\\nUnion, National, formed, 9771 9972.\\nNational Conference for, 3S52.\\nTemplars, Order of, statutes drawn, 6691\\nknights persecuted, 6723\u00c2\u00b1 burned; or-\\nder abolished, 6731. (See Teutonic\\nKnights.)\\nTemple of Abydos erected; of Ammon\\nerected, 648 2 of Der-el-Bahari, at Kar-\\nnak, 646 2 of Jupiter at Corinth; of\\nAthens, 10162 of Victory; Theseum,\\n10191 j of I ianaatEphesus~, 10162, 10461\\ndestroyed, 10282, 114(32 and re-erected,\\n11462 of Edfoo, 6522; f Gebel-Barkal,\\n6481 of Juggernaut state allowance\\nto, IO472 of Jupiter Ammon, expedition\\nagainst, 6503 to Roma erected, 1064 2\\nof Serapis, library of, 655 1; of Venus\\nerected, 10642.\\nN. H., glass-factory erected, 931\\nEarl, lord admiralty, 9133; minister,\\ndismissed, 9152 lord-lieut., 9232 re-\\nsigns, 9233.\\nFrederick, b. (1821) cons, bp., 9663,\\n9922; spelling reform association, 9843.\\nHenry John, Viscount Palmerston,\\nb., 9223; minister, 9353,9372, 9432, 9452,\\n9472,3, 9533, 9591,3, 9633; disapproves\\nRussell, 2012 j offers IT. S. mediation,\\n2152; ministry famed, 9691; d.,9681.\\nWilliam, governor Del., 1613.\\nSir b., 8822; works, 8931 8983\\nforms Council of Thirty resigns from\\nCouncil, 8952 d., 9002.\\nGranville, b. (1824) d., 4641.\\nHall, London, 8741\\nof Stowe, Earl of, title created, 9412.\\nTemplemore, Baron, title created, 9451\\nTemples destroyed in Egy., 6463; of Abu-\\nSimbel built, 6482.\\nTempleton, Viscount, title created, 9311\\nTemporal power, foundation of, 10682; be-\\ngins, 10723 abolished. losr,3, 10873 re-\\nstored, 10871; downfall, 10873 restora-\\ntion demanded, 586i denied, 7822; con-\\nsidered, 8342; declaration against, 10883.\\nTen Virgins written, 6711.\\nTenants Defense Conven., Ire., 10023.\\nLeague formed, 10011.\\nRelief Bill rejected, 9953.\\nTen Broeck, running record, 2953.\\nTen Commandments given, 11403, 11411\\nTunerani, Pietro, b., 10843 d. (1869).\\nTeneriffe, expedition waits, 131\\nTeniers, David, b.-d., 5403.\\n(younger), b., 5403 d., 5422.\\nTenison, Thomas, b. (1636) archbp. of\\nCanterbury, 8983 d. (1715).\\nTennant, Sir James Emerson, b., 9323; d.,\\n9722.\\nWilliam, b., 9223; d., 9542.\\nM., moderator, b., 1082.\\nTennemann, Wilhelm Gottlieb, b., 8023\\nd., 8122.\\nTennent, Gilbert, b., 541\\nWilliam, b., 562\\nLog College, 5S3.G03; a., 89\\nTennessee captured, 237 1\\nTennessee, labor contract binding, 393;\\nexplored, 653; 1st settlement, 713; Bapt.\\nchurches find., 742; Watauga Asso. set-\\ntles; settlers in, 772; expedition against\\nIndians, 902; settlers revolt, 972; John\\nSevier, gov.; state of Franklin, 99 1\\nKnoxville settled, 1013 Wni. Blount,\\ngov. Ter., 1032 1st printing-press, 1043;\\nJohn Sevier, gov., 1072, 1132; admitted\\nconstitution adopted, 1072; Archibald\\nRoane, gov. (1801); Univ. org., 983, 1143;\\nWm. Blount, gov., 1172 Jos. McMinn,\\ngov., 1252; Evan. Luth. Synod org., 1283;\\nMemphis laid out; Wm. Carroll, gov.,\\n1293, 1373; N. S.Presb. synod org., 1343;\\ncapital moved to Nashville, 135 2 Sam\\nHouston,gov.,1353;P.E. diocese est., 1363;\\nNewton Cannon, gov., 145 3 meteoric\\nshower, 1481; James K. Polk, gov., 151 2\\nJames C. Jones, gov., 155 2 Southwest-\\nern Bapt. Univ. est. at Jackson (1845)\\nAaron V. Brown, gov., 161 1 Neil S.\\nN. Y.,582; est.\\nBrown, gov., 1633; Hiwassee Coll. fnd.,\\n1663; Win. Trousdale, gov., 1671; calls\\nSouthern Cong., 1672 f m B. Campbell,\\ngov., 1692; And. Johnson, gov. ,1743,2053;\\nIsham G. Harris, gov. (1857) unionists\\nelect, 1913; enters military league, 1942;\\ngov. seizes U. S funds, 195 1 league with\\nConfederacy refuses troops to Lincoln\\nenters league with S. Confed., 1952;\\nUnion conven. meets independence\\nproclaimed ratified secedes by proc-\\nlamation, 1972 senator expelled, 1973\\nTenn. River expedition lands, 2043\\nArmy of Tenn. find., 2063; state reor-\\nganized; many unionists, 2073; guerillas\\noverrun, 2091 Unionists meet, 2093\\nFed. raiders devastate, 2163; Confeds.\\ndefeated at Nolensville, 218 3 Union\\nConven. meets, 2253; Confeds. defeated\\nat Columbia and Collinsville, 228i Con-\\nfeds. defeated at Sevierville, 2301 loyal\\nconven. reorg. State, 2413; slavery pro-\\nhibited. 2431 new constitution ratified,\\n2432, 2711; ratifies 13th Amend., 2453;\\ninsurrection suppressed, 2483; Wm. G.\\nBrownlow, gov., 2511 secessionists dis-\\nfranchised, 2531 ratifies 14th Amend.;\\nreadmitted, 253 2 Meth. Epis. conf.org.,\\n2543; negroes and Indians testimony ac-\\ncepted, 255 1 color distinctions abolished;\\npolitical disabilities Kuklux Klan pen-\\nalty, 2652 martial law, 2653 ratifies 15th\\nAmend.; DeWitt C. Senter, gov., 2693\\nconstitutional conven. constitution rat-\\nified, 2711; Central South Cong. Asso.\\norg., 2742 Agricul. Bureau provided,\\n2752 Le Moyne Normal School est.,2763\\nJohn C. Brown, gov., 2772 new State\\nmovement State conven. at Jackson,\\n2832; negro uprising, 2851; insane asy-\\nlum at Kiioxvilh. ^^72 constitutional\\nconven. 289 2 Southwestern Presb. Univ.\\nest., 2903; James D. Porter, Jr., gov.,\\n2912; scaling of public debt, 3013, 3032\\nAlbert S. Marks, gov., 303 3 farmers in-\\naug. New Rugby, 3043 Alvin Hawkins,\\ngov., 3093 p,,]k defalcation, 3131 State\\ndebt, 3152; Wm. B. Bate, gov., 3153; Hos-\\npital for Insane, 3263 Prohibitorv\\nAmend, defeated, 3272; Robt. L. Taylor\\ngov., 3293; Mormons driven out, 3422,3;\\nreunion of veterans, 3441; East Tenn.\\nLand Co. org., 3493 earthquake, 3521,\\n4501 J. P. Buchanan, gov., 3051 negro\\nlynched, 3883; convict leases, 3912,4022,\\n4131,2; Nat. Guard Bill passes, 3912;\\nLabor Day, legal holiday, 398 3 refuses\\nWorld s Fair appro.; Dor itch Election\\nBill passes, 399 2 White Caps raid, 4062;\\nConfed. Soldiers Home opd.,4063; illicit\\nstill captured, 4163 gold found, 430i\\ncoal miners strike, 4582; Peter Turney,\\ngov. (1893) banks resume business, 4353;\\nDem. lose elections, 4672 H. Clay\\nEvans, gov. (1895), 4692.\\nTennessee, Univ. of, org., 983, 1143; Med.\\nDept. Univ. of Tenn. opened, 2963.\\nTenney, Sanborn, b. (1827) d., 2961\\nTennis introduced, Eng., 8911\\nTournament, Ladies National, 4083.\\nTennyson, Alfred, b., 9343; works, 9431,\\n9503, 9603, 9723, 9442, 3, 10103; poet lau-\\nreate, 9563 d., 10081.\\nBaron, title created, 9871.\\nCharles. (See Turner, C. T.)\\nFrederick, h. (1S06\u00c2\u00b1) Daphne, 10063.\\nTenoarino destroyed, 10953.\\nTenochtitlan, Mexico, founded, 133.\\nTenterden, Baron, title created, 9412\\nLord. (See Abbott, Charles.)\\nTenths collected, Eng., 8522 king de-\\nmands, 8551\\nTenure of Land Bill, 10091\\nof office, 4 years, 129 1 Bill intro., 2252;\\nBill discussed it includes cabinet\\npasses, 2563; substitute for, 267 1 vetoed;\\npassed over veto, 257 1 Act repealed;\\nsubstitute Act, 2671.\\nTepanecs invade Mexico, 121 133.\\nTeplitz, alliance formed, 521 1 ministerial\\nconference at, 5212.\\nTerence, Publius Terentius Afer, b.-d.,\\nworks, 10552.\\nTeres retains independence, 10173.\\nTerhune, Mrs. (Mary Virginia Hawes),Ma-\\nrionHarland,b.,r2S 2 works, 1731, 1783,\\n1823, 2651, 2722, 2771. 2S23.L 943,3083, 3151.\\nTernaux-Compans, Henri,b.,9163; d. (1864).\\nTerntowski, Ferdinand B., d., 8262.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1436.jp2"}, "1437": {"fulltext": "Tero-Thea.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1425\\nTeroiianne besieged capitulates, 680 1\\nsurrenders, 682* 7921\\nTerpander, b. improves lyre, 10142 j\\nmusician, 10143.\\nTerpsichore, asteroid, discovered, 7342.\\ncaptured, 936 t\\nTerra del Fuego divided, 4913 mission-\\naries killed, 4902; civilized, 4932.\\nFirma, name for Venezuela, 11601\\nTerral, Ben, nom. for v.-pres., 4111\\nTerrall, Chas.M., commissioned col., 4201.\\nTerre Haute, Ind., Rose Polytechnic In-\\nstitute opd., 3143; relief mass-meeting,\\n4443.\\nTerrell, Alexander W., minister, 4473.\\nEdwin H., envoys, 3513.\\nTerreuce Bay fisheries failed, 5893.\\nTerrier, Louis, minister, 7652.\\nTerrill, Wui.R., b. (1832); d., 2152.\\nTerris, William, b., 9542.\\nTerritorial Waters Jurisdiction Act\\npasses, 9832.\\nTerritory, proposed division in U. S., 972.\\nTerror, Reign of (see Paris), 7083, 7443.\\nTerrorists in Ire., 9863.\\nTerry, Ky., mob violence suppressed, 2981\\nAlfred Howe, b., 1342 assaults James\\nIsland, 2243 on Darby town Road, 2383;\\nleaves Fortress Monroe at Ft. Fisher,\\n2403; captures Ft. Anderson, 2422; com-\\nmands Ga. District, 2681 n military\\nboard, 322 1 d., 372 1.\\nD. S., kills Broderick, 1871\\nEli, manufactures clocks, 1041\\nEllen Alice, b., 9542. (See Kelly,\\nE. A. T.)\\nKate, last appearance as Juliet, 9701\\nSarah Althea, disappearance, 4003.\\nSilas W., promoted captain, 4201\\nWilliam L., b., 1682.\\nTersteegen, Gerhard, b., 7982; d., 8031.\\nTertullian (Quintus Septimus Florens\\nTertullianus), b.-d., 10642; a Christian,\\n10643.\\nTerunish, Queen, Abys., 32.\\nTervoort, Henry, burned, 8743.\\nTesch shoots at king, 8171\\nTeschen, Peace concluded, 5173,\\nTescott, Kan., bank robbery, 4702,\\nTescuco occupied, 181\\nTest Act, Eng., passes, 8923; enforced, 522;\\ndispensed with, S963; repealed, 9253.\\nTestament, copies forbidden, 6703 Old\\nand New, in Greek, 10883.\\nTestament of Love issued, 8603.\\nTestatori of Milan invents violin, 10822.\\nTestri, Fr., battle of, 6641\\nTeta reigns, Egy., 6453, 6472.\\nTete, Livingstone arrives at, 560 2\\nTetricus captured, 1066 1 in Gaul and Sp.,\\n10672.\\nTetsong prohibition, 6123.\\nTettenhall, action at, 8442.\\nTetuan, Morocco, taken, 11301.\\nTetzel, Johann, b. (1455\u00c2\u00b1) indulgences\\ncondemned, 7882 rates, absolution,\\n7863; d. (1590).\\nTeuffel, Wilhelm Sigismond, b., 8122\\nwork, 8251; d., 8282.\\nTeutoburg, Romans defeated at, 10621\\nTeuton founders, 9893.\\nTeutones defeat Romans in Illyria, 10561.\\nTeutonic in trans-ocean race, 3452; record\\n3673,3913,3933.\\ntribes, migration of, 7602 7691, 2 f\\n10693.\\nKnights conquer Poland, 7783 in\\nHoly Land, 7782 conquer Prus., 7801 j\\ndefeated, 7841 oppressive, 7842; opposed,\\n7853 bribe emp., 7872 grand master\\nmade prince, 7892. (See Templars.)\\nlanguage intro., Ger., 7703.\\nTeutons invade Gaul, 6621 6631 f 2; against\\nGauls, 6632.\\nTeutopolis, 111., St. Joseph s College char-\\ntered, 3082.\\nTeutsche Acta Eruditorum issued, 7991\\nTewflk, Mahommed Pasha, b. (1852) dis-\\nmissed; pres. council, 6591 d., 6611 3.\\nBey at Sinkat, 6582.\\nTewkesbury, Eng., battle of, 8641\\nTexan Legion Ky., surrenders, 2203.\\nTexarkana, Ark., negro burned at stake,\\n4022; Prof. Ellis wounded, 4722.\\nTex., train robbery, 361 1\\nTexas launched, 4081\\nTexas, Franciscan missionaries in, 582\\nU. S. claims surrendered to Sp., 1272\\ncolonization begins, 1293; Austin grant\\nby Mex,, 1312, 3, war for independence,\\n142i declares independence Henry\\nSmith, provisional pres., 145 3 republi-\\ncan gov t fmd., 147 1 Sam. Houston,\\npreB., 1472, 1552 Democrats favor an-\\nnexation, 1472; East Meth. Epis. confer-\\nence fmd., 1503 M irabeau B. Lamar,\\npres., 1512; David G. Burnet, pres., 1531 j\\nannexation plan, 157 2 159 1 VanBuren s\\nopposition; annexed, 1591, 2; Anson,\\nJones, pres., 1592; admitted; constitu-\\ntion ratified, 1593 1st legislatuie; war\\nprecipitated, 161 1; J. P. Henderson,\\ngov., 1613; Geo. T. Wood, gov., 1633\\nP. E. diocese org., 1662; P. Hansborough\\nBell, gov., 167i; James S. Calhoun,\\ngov., 169 2 Evan. Luth. synod org.,\\n1702 Edward M. Pease, gov., 1743 El-\\ndership Church of God org., 1822; H. G.\\nRunnels, gov., 1832; Sam HouBton, gov.,\\n1872 Secession conven., 1912 State\\nsecedes, 1913 Gen. Twiggs surrenders\\nFederalB surrender, 192 1 Secession\\nratified, 1923; represented in both con-\\ngresses proclaimed out of Union Gov.\\nHouston blocks secession, 1931; State\\nConven. ratifies Confederate Constitu-\\ntion; conven. vacates governorship, 1932;\\npayment of Northern debts prohibited,\\n1972 senators expelled, 1973 Edward\\nClark, gov. Francis R. Lubbock, gov.,\\n2032 Fr. steamers arrive to invade\\nMex., 2281; Pendleton Murrray, gov.,\\n229 3 A. J. Hamilton, provisional gov.,\\n2483, 249 1 251 1 proclamation for recon-\\nstruction, 2483; Constitutional conven.,\\n2513 Northwest Meth. Epis. South.\\nConf. fmd., 2522 constitution ratified,\\n2532; war ended, 2533; Meth. Epis. Conf.\\norg., 2543; J. w. Throckmorton, gov.,\\n2553; Edward M. Pease, gov., 2593; state\\nconvention held, 2632 no voting, 265 2\\nrivers rise, 2661; Constitution ratified,\\n2692; ratifies 15th Amend., 2693 read-\\nmitted to Cong. ratifies 14th and 15th\\namend., 2711; Edmund J. Davis, gov.,\\n2732 public school system intro., 2742\\nSouthwestern Univ. (Meth. E. S.) est. at\\nGeorgetown (1872) special election\\nHenderson Coll. org., 2823; E. J. Davis\\nand Richard Coke for gov., 2832, 2873\\nNorth T. Meth. Epis. Conf. South org.,\\n284 2 special election unconstitutional\\ntwo legislatures org., 285 1 Western\\nTexas P. E. diocese org., 286 2 storm\\ndamages coast, 288i constitutional con-\\nven. new Constitution ratified, 2892\\nlocal option guaranteed, 291 1; Agricul.\\nand Mechanical Coll. opd., 2922; normal\\nschool opd. at Cedar Falls. 2923; Rich.\\nR. Hubbard, gov. 295 1 North T. Female\\nColl. est., 2963; state troops attacked by\\nMexicans, 2961 Eastern conven. of\\nBapt. fmd., 2982; Prairie View Normal\\nSchool opd,, 3023; Sam Houston Normal\\nSchool opd., 3031 Oran M.Roberts, gov.,\\n3033 State univ. org. 308 1 3 3143 John\\nIreland, gov., 3153 cyclone, 324* Pro-\\nhibitory Amend, defeated, 3292 j Law-\\nrence S. Ross, gov., 3293; election out-\\nrages debated, 3363 tin ore dis., 3381;\\nfloods, 3421, 2, 4701; Arbor Day fixed,\\n3513 hurricane, 35S1 train robberies,\\n3611, 39ii 4742, 4762; harbor improve-\\nments enacted, 3693; earthquakes, 3741\\nnuns eligible to teach, 3882 Constitu-\\ntional Amends, ratified, 3892 Dyren-\\nforth rain experiments, 390i against\\nBible in public schools, 3923 Garza s\\nmen pursued, 398 Universalist State\\nconven. org., 3982; Gorcum strikers,\\n399 1 James S. Hogg, gov. 399 2 drought,\\n4073 no part in World s Fair, 4113\\nbandits against U. S. troops, 4201 mob\\nchecked, 4223 land commissioner im-\\npeached, 4272; cyclone, 4281 4561 mail\\nstage robbery, 4402; Sheriff Dickson\\nshot, 4503; heavy storms, 4541 destitu-\\ntion, 4553 Chas. A. Culbertson, gov.,\\n469 2 boll-worms, 4701 floods destroy\\nR. R., 4713 Standard Oil Trust indict-\\nment, 4771 prairie fire, 4773 requisi-\\ntion for Flagler, 4792; R. R. collision,\\n4793.\\nTexas Univ. org., 3081, 3, 3143 Medical\\nBranch Univ. opd., 3923.\\nTexel Island, surrender at, 9282.\\nTexier, Charles Felix Marie, b.,7143; d.,\\n7461.\\nTeynham, Baron, title created, 881 1\\nTezcucano subdued, 12 1\\nTezcuco, Mex., art and culture, 121;\\nking s concubines, 132.\\nThaarup, Thomas, b., 6381 d., 6382.\\nThaba-Bosiou, O. Free State, mission at,\\n1105L\\nTimelier, James, b. (1754) d., 1562.\\nThackeray, William Makepeace, b., 9351\\nworks, 9491 9543, 9643 d., 9662.\\nThackwell, Gen., in Sikh war, 10462.\\nThaer, Albert, b., 8022 d., 8142.\\nThai-Nguyen captured, 4821\\nThalberg, Sigismund, b.-d., 11381.\\nThales, b.-d.; primary substance; earth s\\nform, 10142 astronomer predictB\\neclipse, 1016 1, 11462; fnds. Ionic phil-\\nosophy one of Seven Sages, 10163.\\nThalestris visits Alex., 10242, 10251.\\nThames wrecked, 951 3\\nThames, overflows, 352 1 frozen, 8622,\\n9143 ebbs and flows, 8S82, 9202 naval\\nbattle, 8921 regatta on, 9192 canal to\\nSevern, 9253; fair on ice; 1st steam-\\nvessel on, 9362, 9381; very low, 9402\\nbridged, 8502 conservation of, 9631\\nnavigable, 8813 traffic blocked, 9281\\noverflows, 9813; tunnel begun, 9421\\nEmbankment Bill passes, 9672, first\\nstone laid, 967 3 Burns statue on, 9921\\nThanhoa, pirates defeated, 7621; French\\noccupy, 4822.\\nThanksgiving Day, est., Mass., 321,363;\\nobserved, 371,713,5903; Southern, 2133;\\nnational for victories, 239 3 inU. S. for\\npeace, 249 2\\nin Eng., 9011, 9023, 9252, 937\\n9623 London, royal, 9243.\\nThan-Moi attacked, 4823.\\nThann, battle at, 5183.\\nThapsus, Afr., battle of, 10601\\nThasos, punished, 10183 secedes, 10193\\nconquered, 1016 1\\nThatcher, Adm., James, b., 683 attacks\\nSp. fort, 2442 takes Fort Blakely, 2452;\\nd.,3821.\\nThatone mission, 10472.\\nThau-Khai, King, 4833.\\nThaw, William, d., 3442.\\nThaxter, Celia, works, 2823, 2871, 3003\\n3191; d.,4701.\\nThaxton, Va., R. R. accident, 3433.\\nThayer, Samuel R., minister, 3513 gov.\\nrefuses to vacate, 3752 reinstated, 3832;\\nresigns, 4012.\\nWm. R., Italian Independence, 446 2\\nW. governor, Oregon, 3012.\\nThayetmayo mission, 10463.\\nTheater, Am.: 1st play in Can., 522 i s t\\nplay in W. Indies 1st play in Boston,\\nin Phila., in N. Y., 661 inVa. by first,\\nregular stock co., 682; 2d theater in\\nN. T. 1st in Phila., 683; i n n. Y., 703;\\nplay in R. I., 722 ist play written by\\nAm.; inN. Y.,74i; play in Albany, 761\\ninS. C, 781 ,981; Brit, officers in Boston,\\n823 1st in Bait., 891 in N. Y., 981 1st\\nin La.; in Boston, 1021, 1041, H61 in\\nHartford, 1061 G. F. Cook, Mrs. Duff\\nappear, 1161 E. Kean, J. B. Booth ap-\\npear, 1281; C. Matthews appears, 1301\\nE. Forrest, W. C. Mac-ready, J. H.Hack-\\nett, appear, 1341; C. J. Kean appears,\\n1381 Ravel family, C. Kemble, F. Kem-\\nble appear, 140 1 opera fails, 1421 c.\\nCushman appears, 1441 ,1481 Ellen Tree\\nappears, 1461 F. Elsler, W. J. Florence\\nappear, 1521 G. Vanderhoff appears,\\n1541 Mrs. Mowatt appears, 15S1 1st in\\nChicago, 1622 w. C. Macready, F. S.\\nChanfrau appear, 1641 E. Booth, F. B.\\nConway Jenny Lind Bings 1661 T. Pa-\\nrodi, Mad. Ponisi, Lola Montez appear,\\n1681 Wallack s est., 1721 opera, Castle\\nGarden, Acad, of Music, N. Y., Mile.\\nRachel appears, 1761 A. Phillips ap-\\npears, 1781 Mile. Piccolomini appears,\\n1841 a. Patti appears, 1861 C. L. Kel-\\nlogg appears, 190i E. Forrest, J. McCul-\\nlough appear, 219 1 1st in Brooklyn,\\n2291 E. Booth appears, 2411 j. Jeffer-\\nson appears, 2501 G. L. Fox appears,\\n2601; Booth s opd.. 2641; Daly s opd.,\\n2681 S. Bernhardtappears,304i Henry\\nIrving, E. A. Terry Kelley appear, 3141\\nEng., miracle play intro., 8482; street-\\nplays performed and Chester mysteries,\\n8541; parish clerks perform, 860 1 1st\\nregular comedy sacred drama, 8701", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1437.jp2"}, "1438": {"fulltext": "1426\\nText Figures denote Page, INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Thea-Thom.\\n1st tragedy, 872 stage, plays licensed\\nBlackfriars Theater built, 874 Shake-\\nspeare in Lond., 8761 his Glohe Theater\\nbuilt; Lord Chamberlain s Co., 8762;\\nPuritans close, 8871 1st female actor,\\n8881,8901; theaters reopd.,8911; Drury\\nLane T. rebuilt, 8022 operas intro., 8961\\nLincoln s Inn T. opd., 9001 Haymarket\\nT. opd., 0021; Her Majesty s T. [Italian\\nOpera House], opd. ,0021 Handel s opera,\\n9041; Convent Harden T. opd.; Eng.\\nopera intro., OOSi Handel s Jephthayer-\\nformed Queen s T., Manchester, 9122\\nCovent Garden Theatrical Fund est.,\\n9142 Sadler s Wells T. opd., 0161 Pan-\\ntheon bnilt Liverpool T. built, Miss\\nFarrenin Ast.ley s Amphitheater opd.\\nGarrick in Lond., 0182 Mrs. Robinson\\nin Lond., 0202 Surrey T. opd. T. at\\nExeter, 9221 J. Braham appears It.\\nOpera revived, 9241 Mad. Storace, C. B.\\nIncledon appear Lodiska performed,\\n3242 Lyceum built Miss Mellon ap-\\npears, 9262; Creation composed, 928 2\\nBetty appears, 9302 Olympic Adelphoi\\nT. opd. T. Royal, Manchester, built,\\n9322 Lyceum opd., 9343 Mrs. Jordan,\\nlast appearance, Macready as Romeo,\\n9362; J. B. Booth appears, 9381; Hay-\\nmarket T. rebuilt, 9401 Shepherd s last\\nappearance, 940 2 Liver. T., Liverpool,\\n9421 Queen s T. opd., 9422 F. Kemble\\nappears; Garrick T. opd.; Strand T. opd.,\\n9441; E. Kean, last appearance; Lyceum\\nreopd.; The Mountain Sylph produced;\\nSt. James [Princess s] opd., 9461, 9501;\\nCityT. opd., J. Listen, last appearance,\\n9841; A. Kemble, 1st appearance, 9501;\\nMaryleboue T. opd., 9502 Astley s Am-\\nphitheater reopd., 9521 Jenny Lind ap-\\npears, 9541 Lyceum reopd., 9561 stan-\\ndard T. opd., 9582 Covent Garden re-\\nopd., 9621; Adelina Patti appears, 9641\\nRoyalty T., Soho, opd., 9661 Kate J.\\nBateman appears, 9662 Holborn T.\\n[MirrorJ opd., 9681 Mile. Nilsson, Mile.\\nKellog appear, Kate Terry last appear.\\nEastLondon T., Queen s T.; St. George s\\nOpera House opd., 9701 Globe T.; Gaiety\\nT. Charing Cross T. Vaudeville T.\\nopd., 9721 Opera Comique opd., 9741\\nRoyal Alexandra T. opd., 9761 H. Irving\\nappears Pirate* of Penzance, Lohengrin\\nproduced, 97si; National Opera House\\nfnd., 9801 Imperial T. opd., 9841 Prin-\\ncesses T. rebuilt, 986 1, 9881; Savoy T.\\nopd. Patience, Ring ties Xibe/ungenpro-\\nduced,988 1 IoUtuthe produced, 9901 Al-\\nhambra rebuilt, Empire T. opd., 0921\\nYeoman of the Guard produced, 9081\\nIrving in Lond., 10061 Trafalgar Square\\nT. opd., //ad, Ion Hall produced, 10081\\nTheater, Dublin, Ire., 1st, 8821 Orange St.\\nT. built, 8901 Aungier Street T. [Victor]\\nbuilt Crow Street Music Hall built,\\n9081; 1st Oratorio, llandels; Fishamble\\nStreet Music Hall opd.; Chapel Street\\nT opd., 9102; Crow Street T. opd., 9142;\\nT. Royal opd. Hawkins Street T. opd.,\\n9401 Queen s T. opd., 9521\\nScot., Theater of Music built, 8922\\nAllan Ramsay s T. built, 9081 T. Royal\\nopd., 9181 Victoria (Coburg) T. opd.,\\n9382; Caledonian T. opd., 9401\\nTheatines, Order of, founded, 10811.\\nTheatrical fund est., 9142, 9511\\nperformances, Fr., 6742,3; first in\\nJapan, 10911 i n it., 10622.\\nTbeban Sacred Band annihilated, 10241\\nThebanB, est. republic, 10151 revolt, 10241\\nThebaw, King, sent to Madras cruelty,\\n1049 2-.\\nThebean Legion, martyred, 10663.\\nThebes, Egypt, dynasty at, 6471 capital\\nof dynasty, 647 2 new empire est. build-\\nings at, 6481; dynasties est., 649 1 public\\nlibrary at, 6483 Ramesseum built, 6482;\\ncaptured, 651 2 sacked; falls; decays,\\n6501 siege of, 6521\\nGr., fnd., 10133; wa rs, 10141 Greeks\\nbefore, 10183; ally of Sparta liberated,\\nwar with Sparta, 10222 freed from\\nSpartans head of Boeotian League,\\n10233 garrison in Cadmea destroyed,\\n10241, 11453; rebuilt, 10253.\\nTheed, William, b. (1804); d., 1006\\nTheiss, river, overflows, 5301\\nThellusson Act passes, Eng., 931 2\\nThemis, asteroid, discovered, 10862.\\nThemistocles, b.-d., 10162 statesman,\\n10192; banished; driven to Persia, 10103.\\nThenard, Arnauld Paul Edniond, b.,7223\\nd., 7542.\\nBaron Louis Jacques, b., 7043; work,\\n7192; d., 7323.\\nTheobald, or Thibaud, archbp. Canter-\\nbury, 8483 intro. law study, 8493 ex-\\niled, 8502; d., (1161).\\nI. reigns in Navarre, 11272.\\nII. reigns in Navarre, 11273.\\nLewis, d., 9103.\\nTheocritus, b., 10263 flourishes, 6523\\nIdylls, 10271.\\nTheodates reigns assassinated, 10713.\\nTheodebald, king, d., 6642.\\n(Hildebaldl, assassinated, 10713.\\nTheodohert sacrifices children, 7703.\\nTheodolinda, Queen, a Christian, 770 2 se-\\nlects king; Christian influence, 7711;\\nd., 7702.\\nTheodolite completed, 9241.\\nTheodora, empress, b.-d., 1030 3 reigns,\\n10333.\\nthe Younger, a power, 10733.\\nTheodore, vengeance of routs gov. of\\nTigre submits, 21 oppression of, 3 2\\nsuicide, 33.\\nof Tarsus, in Eng. archbp. of Can-\\nterbury, 8423 est. Canterbury School,\\n8431.\\nI., pope; d., 10721.\\nII., pope; d., 10721.\\nLascaris I., reigns, 10351\\nTheodoret, b.-d., 11542; bp. of Antioch,\\n10702.\\nBp. of Cyprus, b.-d., 10283.\\nTheodoric the Great, b.-d., 10702; est. East\\nGoth kingdom, 10693 hostage for peace;\\ngeneral, 10312 invasions, 10301 devel-\\nops Pavia, 10713; peace with Odoacer,\\nascends throne, 7603 suppresses gladi-\\natorial contests, 10713; at Aries, 6641;\\nsubdues Thuringia, 771 2 subdues Italy,\\n10701\\nI., reigns, 1125 3 settles along Dan-\\nube, 7693.\\nII., reigns, 11253.\\nTheodorus I., pope; title of Sovereign\\nPontiff, 10722; d., 10721.\\nLI.,-pope, 10723.\\nof Cyrene, b., 10243.\\nAngelus, seizes Epirus made em-\\nperor captive, 10351\\nTheodosius I., Flavius, b.-d., 10682 de-\\nfeats invaders, 8401 peace with Goths,\\n769 2 supports orthodoxy, 10683 ruleB\\ninE., 10093 co-regent, 7092 proclaims\\ndoctrines, 10291 enrolls Goths at Aqui-\\nleia, 1028 2 destroys Serapis temple,\\n6543 abolishes Eleusinian mysteries;\\nabolishes Olympic games expelled from\\nChurch, 10691; massacre at Thessalou-\\nica, 10292; suppresses idolatry, 10691 at\\nFrigidus, 10282; last sole emp.; d., 10693.\\nII., reigns, 10312; emp. of West; con-\\nquers John the usurper, 10711; revival\\nof learning, 1031 1 at Council Ephesue,\\n10303; code promulgated, 10312; Grecian\\narchitecture, 10702.\\nIII., reigns, 10331.\\nwrites Pouehenia, 11132.\\nbishop, expelled, Bulg., 568\\nTheognis, poet, 10163.\\nTheohania marries Nicephorus II., 10323.\\nTheology, medicine, law, and arts sup-\\npressed, 7103.\\nTheidngisrh Tijdsrhrift issued, 11022.\\nTheopbano, Queen, regent d., 7752.\\nTheophilus, high priest, 11523.\\ncondemns image worship, 10322\\nreigns, 10332 in Armenia, 11541 11551\\nTheophrastus, b.-d., 10231 studies botany,\\n10243 works, 10271.\\nTheophylact, b.-d., 10322.\\nTlieosinia, in Messenian Avar, 10141\\nTheosophic Soc, Lond., Conven., 10061 ,2\\nMadame Biavatsky and Col. Olcott ad-\\nvocated, 2902; Nat. Conven., 3823, 4283.\\nTheosophists, Am., meet, 3383 teachers\\ndismissed, 4322.\\nTheosojihy, lectures by Olcott, 3923\\nWhite Lotus Day observed, 4291;\\nE. Indians welcomed, 4363.\\nTheramenes, d., 10231.\\nTheremin, Ludwig Friedrich Franz., b.,\\n8042 d., 8162.\\nTheresa, Empress, Braz., b.,5542; at Wash-\\nington, 2912; d.,5881.\\nTheresa, St., b.-d., 11282.\\nTherese, Alexandre, d., 7301\\nCharlotte, d., 7302.\\nThermes, Paul de la Barthe de. b. (1482);\\nat Gravelines, 6821 d. (1562).\\nThermidor suppressed, 7601\\nThermo-electricity discovered, 8121.\\nelectrometer invented, 9422.\\nThermometer invented, 8001 11002 alco-\\nhol T. devised, 8801\\nThermopylae, A niphietyonicCouncil, 10152;\\nbattle, 10181 10342; Brennus at, 10261\\nTheseus conquers Amazons, 10131 fnds.\\nAthens; K., 10133 steals Helen, 10143.\\nThesiger, Fred., L. Chelmsford, b., 9263\\nminister, 9632; in Zulu war,6002; leader,\\n6001; d.,9822.\\nThespise destroyed, 10182.\\nThespis, b.; Alcestis; 1st tragedian, 10162.\\nThessalonians, Epistles to, written, 11531.\\nThessalonica, fnd., 10253 massacre at.\\n10292; taken, 10321 2, 10341\\nThessalv, Turk, subdued, 10241 overrun\\nwith Goths, 10293; ceded to Gr., 11593.\\nThessander, king of Thebes, 10133.\\nThetford, Bishop Lloyd, cons., 10121.\\nTbeudas leads revolt, killed, 11533.\\nTheudebert, confined, killed, 7711\\nTheuderich, cruelty; poisoned, 7711.\\nTheudewald executed, 7701\\nTheudis reigns, 11253 d., (548).\\nTheudisela reigns, 11253.\\nThevenot, dean de, b., 6882; d., 6903.\\nMelehisedeeh, b., 6863 d., 6942.\\nM., minister, 7572.\\nThibaud. (See Theobald.)\\nThibaudeau, Comte, Antoine Claire de,\\nb., 7031 d., 7322.\\nThibaudin, Gen., minister, 7543 resigns,\\n7551.\\nThibaut, rebels against Louis VII., 6681\\nAnton F. J., b., 8041 d., 8143.\\nComte de Champagne, b.-d., 6702.\\nThibetans in Bokhara, 5491\\nThibodeaux, H. S., gov. La., 1312.\\nThibron, leader, 10221 killed, 10222.\\nThicbault, Gustave, murdered, 9671\\nThiel, College org., 2722.\\nThien Tu, k., 4811 d., 4813.\\nThierry, Amedee Simon Dominique, b.,\\n7123 works, 7323, 7331 d. (1873).\\nEdouard, b. (1813); d., 7661\\nJacques Nicolas Augustin, b., 7102\\nworks, 7251 7283; d., 7322.\\nI., Fred., reigns in Austrasia, 6652.\\nII., king; d., 6652.\\nIV., king, 6653.\\nThiers, Louis Adolphe, b., 7123 works,\\n7251,7292; ministry, 7273, 7293; fall ex-\\niled, 7293 returns from exile, 7332\\nleads opposition, 7371,3, 7453; on de-\\nfense committee, 741 1 diplomatic mis-\\nsion fails appeals to Vienna, 7413 ne-\\ngotiates with Bismarck, 7433 peace with\\nGer.; pres. provisional gov t, 7451; im-\\npeached, 7152; issues decree, 7453; pres.\\nFr. republic, 7463 advocates duties\\nest. ministry in Paris J inaugural, 747 2\\nresigns, 7473 Republican leader, 751 2\\nsenator, 7511; d., 7502.\\nThiersch, Friedrich Wilhelm, b., 8042; d.,\\n8202.\\nThimble League, queen patronizes, 9963.\\nThimbles made of gold, 1501 mnf 9001\\nThimonnier, inv. sewing machine, 7261.\\nThhit/i-alla collides with Geiser, 8333.\\nThionville, Ger., surrenders to Fr., 6821;\\ntaken, 6881 bombarded, 7402, 7423 in-\\nvested, 7422; ceded to Ger., 7451\\nThirkill, Lancelot, explorer, 151\\nThirlwall, Connop, bp., b., 9283; Greece,\\n9483 d. (1875).\\nThirty dukes rule, 10313.\\nYears War, 5101 cause, 5111; ends,\\n5122,5132, 7062 affects, 7951.\\nThisbe, asteroid, dis. 2521\\nThistle, loses yacht race, 3273.\\ncrew murdered, 6182.\\nThistle, order of, inst., 8692.\\nThiu, German god, 7682.\\nThizy, cotton-weavers strike, 7582.\\nThlotse Heights, mission, 11053.\\nThode, Henry, Der Ring des Frangipani,\\n8362.\\nThokore, of Marvi, arrives, Am., 4343.\\nTholuck, Friedrich August Gottreu, b.,\\n8063; fnds. society Christianity among\\nJews, 8131 d., 8282.\\nThorn, James, b., 9283 d., 9562.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1438.jp2"}, "1439": {"fulltext": "Thom-Tici.\\nText Figures denote Page. IinDJI-X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1427\\nThorn, John, impostor, 9491\\nThomas, St., apostle, in China, 6103.\\nA. G., pres. Conven. Disciples, 3182.\\nAntoine Leonard, b. (1732) works,\\n7032, 7052 d. (1785).\\nArthur L., gov. Utah, 3492.\\nB. L., cons. card, priest, 7022.\\nClement, b. (1S00); gen.; assassinated,\\n7442 murderers sentenced, 746 a\\nCol., killed in duel, 9231\\nCount, acquires Piedmont, 10793.\\nCyrus, b., 1322.\\nDuke of Clarence, gov. Ire., 8613.\\nEarl of Elgin. (See Bruce.)\\nEarl of Sussex. (See Sussex.)\\nElisha Smith, b. (1834) cons. P. E.\\nbp., 3262, 3742.\\nEvans, massacred by Indians, 2801\\nGen., at Constantinople, 10321\\nSir George, b. (1705\u00c2\u00b1) gov. Pa., 652;\\nd. (1775).\\nGeorge Henry, b., 1242; commands in\\nIvy., 1982; at Mill Springs, 2022 at Shi-\\nlob, 20G1; at Murfreesboro, 2171; at\\nMilliken s Bend, 2222; at Chickamauga,\\n226 3 commands Army of Cumberland,\\n227i, 2322, 2561 at Chattanooga, 2282\\nat Columbia, 240 1 at Nashville, 2402\\nmaj.-gen.,U. S. A., 2403; 3d military dis-\\ntrict, 2661 d., 2701.\\nJas., Jr., surety for Jeff. Davis, 2563.\\nHenry F., b., 1562.\\nIsaiah, b., 662 d., 1382.\\nJohn, sculptor, b., 9363 d. (1862).\\n.missionary, 9263; in India, 10443.\\ngen., b., 60 2 at Dorchester\\nHeights, 821 retreat from Quebec d.,\\nL., inp.-o. dept, 4472; in dept. of\\njustice, 4473.\\nJoseph, b., 1163.\\nJulia Martha, murdered, 9843.\\nLorenzo, b. (1804); appt. sec. war de-\\nclared illegal arrested, bailed, released,\\n2612; d. (1875).\\nPhilip F., b. (1810); sec. of treas., 1891\\naided by banks, 1893 resigns, 1911\\nTheodore, b., 1442 concerts in N.Y.,\\n2411 resignation ordered, 4301 festival,\\nCincinnati, 4601\\nGaillard, b., 1382.\\nWilliam, W., minister, 3513.\\nW. E., bp. of Northern Mich., 4162.\\nThomasius, Christian, b. (1655) Monats-\\ngesprache, 7991; d. (1728).\\nThomasville, Ga., train robbery, 4631\\nN. C, Female Coll. org., 1783 Bapt.\\nOrphanage fnd., 3231\\nThomists appear, 8542.\\nThompson, Gen. Alex. Ramsay, k., 1441\\nAlfred Wordsworth, b., 1522.\\nArthur J., Animal Life, 4782.\\nA. M., norn. for vice-pres., 3051 pres.\\nvote, 3072.\\nSir August Rivers, d., 10042.\\nBenjamin, Poems of 39 1\\nSir Count Rumford, 1)., 683, 9123;\\nwater boils by friction, 9282 medal\\nawarded, 9301 Tory officer, 943; ambas-\\nsador, 4473; d., 1231.\\nCapt., at Warrensburg, 2051\\nCephas Giovanni, b., 1162; d. (1888).\\nCharles, b., 602 d., 1321\\nPowlett, gov. -gen. Can., 5793.\\nDaniel Pierce, b., 1061 d., 2621\\nDenman, b., 1421\\nEdward, b. (1810) ord. Meth. Epis.\\nbp.,2332; d. (1870).\\nEliza J., pres. Woman s Crusade,2831\\nFrederick D., At Sea, 4482.\\nSir Henry, b. (1820); originates Prayer\\nGauge debate, 9762.\\nHugh Miller, b. (1830); cons, bp., 3122.\\nS., gov. S.C., 3132 Civil Service\\ncommission, 3512.\\nJacob, b. (1810) sec. int., 1831 re-\\nsigns, 1911 gov. Miss., 217 3 reward for\\ncapture, 2473 amnesty refused, 2912\\nd.,3202.\\nRev. James, suspended, Can., 5921.\\nGen. Jeff. C, at Ironton, Mo. at\\nFredericktown at Big River Bridge,\\n200i; east of Helena, 2103; captured,\\n2261 surrenders, 2463.\\nJerome, b., 1232 d. (1886).\\nSir John S. D. arbitrator 4252 min.\\njustice, 593i r. c. public schools, 5942\\npremier, 6951 2 cabinet find., 595 2 d.,\\n5961.\\nThompson, Joseph, expedition for E.Afr.,\\n5612.\\nParrisli, b., 1281 d. (1879).\\nLaunt, b., 1421 in Academy Design,\\n2171; d. 4721.\\nSir Matthew W., d., 10062.\\nMaurice, b., 1562.\\nM. L. P., moderator, 1842.\\nMr., photographs bottom of sea, 9642.\\nRichard Wigginton, b. (1809) sec.\\nnavy, 2953 resigns, 305 2\\nliobt. Ellis, b. (1844) Life of George\\nH. Stuart, 3743.\\nSmith, b., 741 sec. navy, 1292 jus-\\ntice U. S. Supreme Court, 1313 d. (1843).\\nThomas minister, 4473.\\nWaddy, b. (1798) d., 2641\\nWm., lord mayor, London, 9413.\\nbp., 9583; archbp., 9663.\\nP., for gov. Me., 3632.\\nWordsworth, Acad. Design, 2861\\nsmoke-consuming furnace, 9941\\nThompsonville, 111., farmers boycott the\\nmerchants, 3891\\nThorns, William John. 9323- d. (1885).\\nThomson, Chas., b. (1729); sec. Continental\\nCong., 792, 812; d. (1824).\\nL., moderator, 3322, 3402.\\nJames, poet, b. 9022 works, 9071\\n9131; d., 9122.\\nengineer, b., 9382; works, 979\\nSir William, b., 9422; d., 10042.\\nThongze mission, 10472.\\nThorbecke, Jan Rudolph, b.-d., 11021.\\nThoreau, Henry D., b., 1262; works, 1763,\\n2253, 2412, 2503 d., 2072.\\nThorinum, discovered, 11361.\\nThorn, W. Prus., fnd., 781 1 treaty at, 7872;\\nreligious riot, 8003.\\nPoland, Protestants are persecuted,\\n11143.\\nThornburn, Grant, b. (1773); d., 2291\\nThornbury, Pa., first iron mill, 661\\nMaj.j k. at Milk Creek, Colo., 3021\\nThorncliffe, riot and strike, 973 1\\nThorncreek, Pa., oil-well sunk, 3181\\nThorndike, Rachel Sherman, Letters, 478 2\\nThome, Edwin F., b., 1581\\nRobert, explorer, 5701\\nThomhill, Sir James, b., 8942 opens\\nAcademy of Art, 9061 d., 9032.\\nThornton, Ark., race-war, 416 2\\nCapt., attacked on Rio Grande, 1601\\nSir Edward, b. (1817); proposes joint\\ncommission, 2732.\\nSamuel, elected bp., 9803.\\nW. T., gov. N. Mex., 4472.\\nThorold, Anthony Wilson, cons, bp.,9803.\\n.elected bp., 9803; cons, bp.,\\n10062.\\nThorolf in Iceland, 10412.\\nThoroughfare Gap, Va., Federals occupy,\\n2061 Confederates capture, 2142.\\nThorp, William, gov. Del., 1613.\\nThorpe, Benjamin, b., 9343 d., 9742.\\nJohn T., lord mayor, 9393.\\nRobert, voyage, 8662.\\nWilliam fie, hanged, 8591\\nThorp s Springs, Tex., Add-Rau Christian\\nColl. org., 2823.\\nThorrismund, reigns, 11253.\\nThorstien, on New England coast, 112.\\nThorvaldsen, Albert, b., 6382; d., 6403;\\nstatue, New York, 4741\\nThorwald, visits New Eng. avenges in-\\nsult explorations extended, 112.\\nThou, Jacques Auguste de, b.,6822; work,\\n6871 d., 6862.\\nThoury, Germans defeated, 7403.\\nThousand Islands, Can., sold, 5962.\\nPark, Miss. Union, 5843.\\nYears Jubilee, celebrated, 8163.\\nThouvenel, Edouard Antoine, b., 7223\\nminister, 7352; resigns, 7353 d., 7362.\\nTbothmes I., married, 648 3 conquests,\\n6491 worships Amnion, 6482.\\nII. reigns (Egy.), 6491\\nIII. reigns (Kgy. l 49 2 conquests,\\n6481; chronology of kings, 648 3\\nIV. reigns (Egy.), 6492.\\nThoweynee, killed, 4883.\\nThrace conquered, 1016 1024 settled,\\n1151 j coast subdued, 10161 Greek colo-\\nnies in, 10193 Athenian empire over-\\nthrown, 10213; invaded, 10241, 10321;\\ntributary, 10252; ceded to Philip V.,\\n10273 Goths overrun, 10293, 11541 rav-\\naged, 10301, 1032 Lysimachus rules,\\n11491 Turks in, 10352; rebellion, 11513\\nsubdued, 10621 Rom province 10632,\\n11513; conquered, 11542.\\nThracian Chersonese conquered, 10223\\npossession dispute, 10233\\nThrasybulus rules, expelled, 10193 com-\\nmander. 1U2D3; atMunyclna, 1022i over-\\nthrows Thirty Tyrants, 10232; d., 10231.\\nThrax, Maximinus, expels Alemanni, 10641\\nThread, cotton sewing rnnf, 1042.\\nThree Rivers, Can., battle of, 5761; R. c.\\ndiocese est., 6802; farmers pay tithes.\\n6902.\\nThreshing-machine invented, 9081 9202.\\nThrift Society, Nat., fnd., 9843.\\nThring, Baron, title created, 9963.\\nThrockmorton, James Webb, b. (1825) J\\ngov. Tex., 2553, removed, 2591.\\nThroop, Enos Thompson,, b. (1784); gov.\\nN. Y., 1373.\\nPolytechnic Inst, est,, Pasadena, Cal.\\n(1891).\\nTlxucydides, b.-d., 10191; leader; ban-\\nished; Peloponnesian War, 10212.\\nThumb, Tom. (See Stratton, Charles\\nSherwood).\\nThiimmel, Moritz August, b, (1738) j Wil-\\nhelmine, 8032; d. (1817).\\nThunberg, Karl Peter, b. -d., 11342.\\nThunderer, launched, 974 explosion on,\\n9801,9841.\\nThundering Legion escapes, 10641,\\nThurber, H.* J., sec. to Cleveland, 425*.\\nThureau-Dangin, Paul Louis, Academi-\\ncian, 7561.\\nThurgau canton, Act Mediation 11382.\\nThurii, fnd., 10193; refnd., 1021 2; captured,\\n10281\\nThuringia, Ger., separate from Sax,, 7853.\\nThurloe, John, b., 8801 d. (1668).\\nThurlow, Baron, title created, 9252.\\nBaron Edward, b., 9082; lord chanc,\\n9213,9233; minister. 9233; d.,933\\nThurman, Allen G., b., 1211 on Commit-\\ntee of Seven, 2933; on Electoral Com-\\nmission, 2951; pres. senate, 3013, 3033;\\nconven. vote, 305 1; vote for vice-pres.,\\n3173; nom. for pres., 3311 birthday cel-\\nebration, 3712.\\nThurn, Count Heinrich Matthias von, b.\\n(1580) at Vienna, 5101 a. (1636+).\\nThurot, Francois, b. (1727) invades Ire-\\nland Isle of Man; killed, 702 1.\\nThursby, Emma, b., 1821.\\nThurston, Asa, b. (1787); miss., 1263; d.\\n(1868).\\nGates P., works, 3962,\\nLorin A., Hawaiian minister, 4312.\\nRobert Henry, b. (1839) works, 4782.\\nThury, Cassini de. (See Cassini.)\\nTliutnelda, asteroid, discovered, 5282,\\nThwaites, Reuben Gold, b. (1863) Colo-\\nnies, 3962.\\nTliymactes reigns, 10133.\\nThymbra, battle at, 11461.\\nThynne, Thomas, murdered, 895\\nThyra, asteroid, discovered, 2741-\\nPrincess, Den., marries, 6423.\\nTi, tomb of, 6461.\\nTiago, explosion on, 3633.\\nTiben, synod of Armenian bishops, 10711\\nTiber captures Leo, 1231\\nTiber River, floating mills on, 10702; over-\\nflows, 10882; improvements; inunda-\\ntion, 10893.\\nTiberias, Pal., Christians defeated at,4872\\nmission, 11582.\\nLake, crusaders defeated, 654\\nTiberius, Alex., procurator, 1153 3\\nClaudius Nero I avsar, b. d., 10603; re-\\nsides at Rhodes, 11513; emperor, 769\\n10632; est. Roman power in Ger, 769\\nassociate ruler, 10313; against Suevi;\\nin Aust., 1062 power of; retires to\\nCapri sent to Armenia, 10632.\\nII. reigns, 10313.\\nusurper, degraded, 10312.\\nTibet, subdued, 612 Buddhism prevails,\\n6123; Jesuits enter, 0143; annexed to\\nInd., 6151,3; earthquake, 6271; Fort of\\nLingtu captured, 9981\\nTibni, reigns k\u00e2\u0080\u009e 11433.\\nTibullus, book of poems, 10611\\nTibur, villa erected, 10642.\\nTichborne trial begins, 9752.\\nTichenor, Isaac, b. (1754); gov. Vt., 1091,\\n1153; d. (1838).\\nTichi enthroned, 611\\nTicino, Switz., fortifications, 5262; canton\\njoins Act Mediation, 11382.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1439.jp2"}, "1440": {"fulltext": "1428\\nText Figures denote Page, INDEX.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nTick-Tole.\\nTickell, Thomas, b., S962; d., 9103.\\nTickets of leave granted, G. B., 9611.\\nTicknor, George, b., 1022; works, 1663,\\n2272; d., 2721.\\nTiconderoga, N. Y., fortified, 682, 701\\nambuscade; battle, 702; surrendered to\\nAllen, SOi; Continental army at Schuy-\\nler leaves, 802; celebration, 3832.\\nTide-mills in Venice, 10741\\nTides explained, 7041 7921\\nTidnint/ar om den Lardas Arbelen issued,\\n11351.\\nTidss!:ri[ t for Litleratur oq Kritick, Den.,\\n6391.\\nTidssli-if/for Litterci/in\\\\S\\\\ve.,issnedM3G2.\\nTieck, Christian Friedrich, b., S042; d.,\\n8181.\\nLuuwig, b.,804i; works, 8071, 8091,\\n8132,8151; d.,8201.\\nTiedge, Christoph August, b., 8032; Ura-\\nnia, 8072; d., 8162.\\nTieling mission, 6222.\\nTiemann, Daniel N., mayor N. T., 1S5 2\\nTien, worship of, 6163.\\nTsin, treaty with China signed, 1851\\ntreaty signed, 4812, 4831, 9632; treaty\\nratified, 4S32; expedition at, 61S 3 mis-\\nsion, 6203, 0222, 0231, 6243; occupied,\\n6201 ;nrob massacres rnissionaries,6212\u00c2\u00b1;\\ntreaty supplement, 6213; treaty vio-\\nlated, 6221 7341 hospital started, 6231\\nsubmerged, 6242; R. R. opens, 6253;\\ntroops ordered, 626 2 consuls seek pro-\\ntection, 6272,3.\\nWang, northern march, 618 1\\nTierney, George, b. (1761) in duel, 9272;\\nminister, 9433; d. (1830).\\nTierra de Santo Cruz, named, 553 1\\nFirma, province formed, 62S3.\\nTiersot. Julian, works, 7602.\\nTietjen, F., discovers asteroid, 8221.\\nTifernum, action at, 10522.\\nTiffany, Louis Comfort, b. (1848) Acad-\\nemy of Design, 3061\\nO. H., clergyman, d., 3941\\nTiffin, O., Heidelberg Coll. fnd.,1683 show-\\ner of snails, 3881.\\n.Edward, b. (1776); gov., 1132; d.\\n(1829).\\nTiflis, built, 11132; capital, 11173.\\nTigellinus, adviser of Nero, 10633.\\nTiger, Indian trader, 291.\\nashore, 9581\\nTiglathinin reigns, 11413.\\nTiglath-Pileser I., victories, 11421 builder,\\n11422; reigns, 11432.\\nII. reigns. 11433.\\nIII., reigns, 11452; expeditions of\\nally of Ahaz, 11441; ar t patron, 11412;\\ncaptivity of Jews, 11443.\\nTigranes I., reigns, 11472; annexes Syria to\\nArmenia, 11511; ravages Cappadocia,\\n11501; war on, 10582, 10591; submits to\\nPompey, 105S2, 11501 aggressions of,\\n10591.\\nII., enthroned, 11511 ,3.\\nIII., governor Syria, 11513.\\nIV., king of Armenia, 11513.\\nTigranocerta, battle at, 10582, 11501\\nTo/cess rescue of I alaris exped., 2801.\\nTi /dschn ft voor Xedcrlan/lsch /nt/ie issued,\\n11022.\\nTijdstroom issued, 11022.\\nTiki seizes throne, 611 1\\nTiklat-Adar II. reigns, 11433.\\nTikou, est. schools, 6102: enthroned,\\n6111.\\nTilbury lost, 9141.\\nTilden, Samuel Jones, b., 1232; gov. N.Y.,\\n2872; nom. for pres., 2931; vote, 2932,\\n3051 electoral vote, 2952; declines can-\\ndidacy, 3051 d., 3241.\\nTilford, Tenn., Federals defeated, 2262.\\nTilghman, B. C.inv. of sand-blast, 2721\\nWilliam, b., 711 d., 1342.\\nTilikot, battle of, 10422.\\nTill Eulenspiegel stories appear, 7871\\nTillemont, Sebastien Le Nain de, b., 6882;\\nwork, 6951 d., 6943.\\nTilley, Sir S. L., governor N. B., 5831\\nTillman, Benj. Ryan, nom. for gov. S. C,\\n3552,3691; gov., 3751, 4212; senator, 4772.\\nJames F., in treas. dept., 4472.\\nTilloch, Mr., stereotyping, 9202.\\nTillotson, John, b., 8822; archbp. Canter-\\nbury, 8983; d., 9002.\\nTilly, Count of (Johann Tserclaes), b.,\\n7922; commands Catholics, 5101 in\\nThirty Years War, 7941 d., 7943.\\nTilsit, Prus., peace of, 7172.\\nTilton, N. H., Soldiers Home est., 3511.\\nTheo., b. (1835); against Beecher,2S43.\\nW. S., d.,3382.\\nTima mission, 6571\\nTimanthes, b., 10263.\\nof Cythnos, b., 10231\\nTimber, growth encouraged, 2851, 3012,\\n3552,3691.\\nreserves, Manitoba, 5963.\\nTimble, Allen, d., 2682.\\nTiinbuctoo, Fr. expelled occupied, 101\\ncolumn annihilated, 103,7661 occupied,\\n7652; independent, 10972.\\nTime ball, placed, N. Y., 1902; electric, set\\nup, Bng., 9602.\\nkeeper, John Harrison s used, 9161\\npieces produced, 9081\\nTimes, est., 9231 9251 trial, 9972; Parnell\\nCommission reports, 10032.\\nTininierman. Clans, sentenced, 4381.\\nTimoleon, reigns, 10532; d., 10243.\\nTimotheus, destroys Spartan fleet, 10222;\\ncommands Athenians, 10223.\\nTimothy stoned, 11532.\\nTimothy, Epistle to, written, 11532.\\nTimour, or Timur, captures Bajazet, 11121\\nsaves Greek empire; 1035 2\\nTimrod, Henry, b. (1829) Poems, 1881 d.\\n(1867).\\nTimsah, Lake, channel from Mediterra-\\nnean, 6573.\\nTimur Shah, reigns, 51; d.,43.\\nTin, dis. in S. Dak., 3141 in Tex., 3381\\nin Mex., 11973; production Am., 4252;\\nduties, 4253.\\nplate Bill, 4111 4252.\\nindustry, increase, 4172; mills\\nclosed, 4733.\\nTinchebray, Fr., battle of, 6681\\nTing, Admiral, degraded, 627 2\\nAng, a convert, 6191\\nWang enthroned, 6112.\\nTinghai, bombarded taken, 6162;\\nTingitana, Roman province, 10632.\\nTinmore, action at, S442.\\nTinnevelli, India, Bp. Elwes cons., 10121;\\nmission, 10462.\\nTinning of iron intro., Eng., 8941\\nTinsley s Mai/a-Jnv issued, 9702.\\nTintoretto, jacopo Robusti, b., 10802; d.\\n(1594).\\nTinware mfg. in colonies, 761\\nTioga, N. patriots succeed, 903.\\nTip, elephant, killed, 4613.\\nJ. ipolitza taken, 10342.\\nTippecanoe, Ind., battle of, 1161\\nTippermuir, Scot., action at, 8842.\\nTippling Acts passed, Kng., 8791\\nTippoo Sahib, b.-d., 10443; attacks Rajah\\nTravancore conquered, 10442 sultan\\nof Mysore; treaty with Eng., 10453.\\nTib, letter to, 5462 meets Stanley,\\n8381 paralyzed, 5633.\\nTipton, Ind., gas-well struck, 3681\\nTirant lo Blanch*- appears, 11271\\nTirard, Pierre Emmanuel, minister, 753 2\\n3, 7543, 7571, 765i, 2; premier; new\\nministry, 7572; d., 7661\\nTirhakah vanquished; 6501 aids Heze-\\nkiah, 650 2 defeated by Sennacherib,\\n11442; takes Memphis, 6501; reigns,\\nEgy.,6511.\\nThidates II., enthroned, Armenia; ex-\\npelled, 11533 restored, 10033, 11533.\\nTillemont, Belg., French defeat, 6961.\\nTirloch, King, d., 8482.\\nTirman, Louis, governor retires, 102.\\nTirnova, Bulg., captured, 5651 against\\nministry Alex, arrives Nat. Assembly\\nmeets, 500 3 manifesto issued, 5673.\\nTirsa, asteroid, discovered, 7561.\\nTiryns, Gr., walls erected, 10141.\\nTischendorff, Lobegott Friedrich Kon-\\nstantin von, b., 8103; dis. Codex Sinaiti-\\ncus, 8162; d., 8281.\\nTisdale, John A., shot, 3963.\\nTissaphernes, Persian satrap, 10221 k.\\n(396+ B.C.).\\nTissot, John M., cons, bp., 9681\\nPierre Francois, b., 7042; d., 7322.\\nSimon Auguste Andre, b.-d., 1137 2\\nTisza von Borosjeno, Koloman, b. (1820)\\npremier, 5293 ministry reorganized\\nministry resigns, 5311,5333; Army Bill,\\n5321; assassination plot, 5323; abused;\\nvindicated, 5332.\\nTitania, America outsails, 1693.\\nTitans, revolt of, 10131\\nTithe Commutation Act passes, 9492.\\nTithes abolished, Fr.,7073; imposed, Ger.,\\n7702; compulsory, Eng., 8442; collected.\\n8451 for church, 8462.\\nTtian, Tziano Vecellio, b., 10783 works,\\nof, 10801 ;d., 10811.\\nTiticaea, Lake, battle near, 221 5501\\nTitres de la Dynastic Imperiale, Les,7383.\\nTittmann, Johann A., b., 8041 d., 8142.\\nTitus, Epistle to, written, 11532.\\nFlavius Sabinus Vespasianus, b.-d.,\\n10622 emperor, 10633 against Jews,\\n10621; takes Jerusalem, 10621, 11502,\\n1151 1 Triumphal Arch erected, 10622\\ndestroys Temple, Jerusalem, 10623\\nassassinated, 10633.\\nCol., captured; exchanged, 1811\\nCol., Killinq no Murder, 8893.\\nJames, killed T. Smith, 3263.\\nTitusville, Pa., petroleum dis., 1853.\\nTiverton, R. I., Bapt. church fmd., 262.\\nTiy enthroned, 6112, 6131\\nTi Yuen enthroned, 6113.\\nTizoc enthroned, 133 d., 122.\\nTlascalon conquered, 181\\nTleincen captured bv French, 82, 3.\\nTobacco, Am., cultivation, 281, 6313;\\ncurrency, 292, 302; exported, 31 1, 713;\\nmonoply, 312-1 duty on, 483 church\\nrevenue, 543; legal tender, 632; fine cut.\\nmnf., 1461 internal revenue tax, 3013\\nprohibited in West Point Military Acad.,\\n3073; sale of tobacco restricted, Conn.\\n3363; denounced by Ger. Baptists, 3403;\\ntrust fmd., 3413 largest crop, 3933\\nintro., Eng.; proclamation against, 8772;\\ncultivation restricted, 8073 prohibited\\nto preachers, 9163 cultivation per-\\nmitted, 9053; consumption of, 9993; con-\\nsumption in Bus., 11213 intro. in Sp.,\\n11281\\nAct approved, 3773 T. Rebate Bill,\\n3732.\\nTobasco, Mex., bombarded, 1601\\nTobago, W. I., settled, 373 taken re-\\ntaken, 441 recovered by Fr., 7053;\\nneutral, 672.\\nTobitschau, Aust.-Hung., action at, 5261\\nTo-Cheng, mission, 6203.\\nTocqueville, Alexis Charles Henri Clerel\\nde, b\u00e2\u0080\u009e 7103; works, 7271,7331 d., 7342.\\nTocuyo settled, 11601.\\nTod, David, b. (1805) gov. O., 2173 d.\\n(1868).\\nTodd, John, b., 1082; d., 2821\\nMabel Loomis, Eclipses of Sun, 4783.\\nMaj., declines colonelcy, 5881.\\nMary, marries A. Lincoln, 1551\\nRobert Bentley, b., 9351\\nThomas b., 74i justice, 1152.\\nTodd s Tavern, Va., Confederates de-\\nfeated, 2323.\\nTodgarth mission, 10483.\\nTodleben (or Totleben), Count Franz\\nEduard b., 11163; at Plevna, promoted,\\n5652 commands, 5661 d., 11201\\nToebbe, Augustus Mary, d., 3162.\\nTogrel (or Togrul) Beg, elected snltan,\\n11552; conquers Persia, 4872; rules Per-\\nsia, 11072.\\nTogugawa rises to power shoguns rule;\\ntitles, 10913.\\nTogus Springs, Me., soldiers home, 2551\\nTokar, Nubia, surrenders, 6601 taken,\\n6603.\\nTokay, Hung., fire, 5353.\\nTokoly, Emile, prince Transylvania, 5133.\\nTokolyi, Eiueric, Protestant leader, 5122.\\nTokyo, Jap., missions at, 10921 Biblical\\nInst. est. library fnd. mission work\\nnative church est. univ. est., 10922\\nViscount Arniori assassinated food\\nscarce, 100 J3; e q,ital, 10031 ambassador\\nfrom China, 6273.\\nTola reigns, 11431\\nToland, John, b., 8922; d. (1722).\\nTolbiacum Zulpich, battle at, 6622.\\nToledo, la.. Western College org., 1802.\\nO., Nat. Greenback Conven., 2991;\\nDr. Quiglev suspended, 3423 earth-\\nquake, 3001 3741 railway accident, 3953;\\nbribery in Common Council, 4103, 4182;\\nelectric wires cut, 421 1 R. R. men with\\nstrikers, 4262 R. R. boycotts illegal,\\n4282; cadets start for Chicago, 4342; fire,\\n4493, 4773; R. R. strike, 4653.\\nSp., church council, 11252; capital,\\nSp., 11253 conquered taken, 11261\\narchbp., primate of Sp., 11263 univ.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1440.jp2"}, "1441": {"fulltext": "Tole-Towl.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1429\\nfnd., 11271; annexed by Ferdinand,\\n11273.\\nToledo, Francisco de, b.-d., 11282 vice-\\nroy, 251.\\nPedro de, b.-d., 11263.\\nTolentino, battle at, 5201\\nTolerance granted by emp., It. 10851\\nToleration in N. Eng., 362 denied in\\nFlusliing, N. Y., 363; i u Del. in R. I.,\\n382, 422 in Md., 382 i n New Amster-\\ndam, 40 1 in N.Y., 482,492; inN.C.,523;\\nin N. J. in Pa., 542 i n Hung., 5163\\nedict of, 6543, 7062, 805 1 granted by\\nHenry IV., Fr.,6K.~,3; to Huguenots, 687 1\\nin Pr., 6892, 7OG2 to Lutherans, 6923\\nforbidden Huguenots, 6943; to Vaudois,\\n6951 j principles prevail, 7032; to Protes-\\ntants in Bavaria, 7913; in Ger., 7923,\\n7971 to Protestants, 7923; edict of,S05i\\nto Waldenses, 8883 recommended, G.B.,\\n890 2 to Dissenters, 9063; to all religious,\\n11173 prohibited, 11202 to Catholics,\\n11222 decreed, 11303 i n Sp., 11322 ex-\\ntended Swe., 11361; Act passes, Chile,\\n6072,8982,8992.\\nToliekona rules Mongols gov., 6151\\nTolland, John, at Wytheville, 2251; raid\\ninW. Va.,226i.\\nToll-bars appear, Eng., 8553.\\nTollemache, Baron, title created, 9751\\nTollens, Hendrik, b. (1780), Winter in Nova\\nZembla, 11022; d. (1856).\\nTolligunge mission, 10471.\\nTolliver, Craig, killed, 3271.\\nTolly, Marshal Barclay de, at Smolensk,\\n7182; leaves Vilna, 7182.\\nTolosa, Sp., action at, 11321\\n(See Toulouse.)\\nTolosa, asteroid, discovered, 7481.\\nTolsto i, Count Alexii Konstantinovitch,\\nb., 11163; works, 11183; d., 11182.\\nCount Dmitri, b., 1116 3 minister,\\n11213; d., 11201.\\nCount Lyeff or Lyoif Nikolaievich,\\nb., 11163 Kreutzer Sonata excluded,\\n3642; works, 11183.\\nToltec empire est.; fall of, 113.\\nToltecan family in Peru, Mex., and\\nBogota, 152.\\nToltecs invade Mex., Hi j civilization, 112;\\ndecay, 152.\\nToman Bey, sultan, 655 3\\nT.uiiich, Pere, work, 11271.\\nTomline, George, bp. of Winchester, b.,\\n9123; bp., 9383; d. (1827).\\nTomlinson, Gideon, b. (1780); gov. Conn.,\\n1353; d. (1854).\\nTomo-chichi, present to Gov. Oglethorpe,\\n63i.\\nTompion, Thomas, invents escapement,\\n9001.\\nTompkins, Charles H., b. (1830) military\\ncommissioner, 2472; col., 3061\\nDaniel D., b., 78 1 gov. N. Y., 1152;\\nelectoral vote, 1252, 1292 vice-pres.,\\n1292; d., 1322.\\nToms River, N. J., blockhouse taken, 943.\\nTonawanda, N. Y., riot, 408 2 troops\\nordered, 432 1 strike, 4323.\\nTone, Theobald Wolfe, b. 9162; captured,\\n9282; suicide, 9292; d., 9283.\\nTonga Islands, Brit, protection, 10052.\\nTonghaks attack Koshin, 6271\\nTongking (see Annam, text pp. 480-483),\\nannexed to China as a province only\\ntributary state, 6152 defense of, 6221\\nFr. conquer, 6232 evacuation de-\\nmanded Fr. recognized, 6233 telegraph\\ncomplete, 6253 subdued, 748 1 Fr.\\ncredit protectorate threatened, 7551\\nFr. garrison overcome, 7601 pirate\\nstronghold captured, 762 1 pirates attack\\nFt., 7661.\\nToniataba, E. I., captured, 10081\\nTonic Sol-fa Asso. founded est., 9582.\\nTonnage dues abolished, Fr., 7372\\ngranted to Eng., 8912; repealed, 9252.\\nTonti on Mississippi River, 5733.\\nLorenzo, b., 10823.\\nOrder of, assignment, 4613.\\nToo-Fuku-no-in, succeeds to throne, 10913.\\nTooke, John Home, b.,9082; work, 9251;\\nd., 9363.\\nToole, Jos. K., nom. for gov., 3451 gov.\\nMontana, 3492.\\nToo-le, Mongol leader, 6141\\nTooloonide, dynasty overthrown, 11552.\\nToombs, Robert, b., 1162; on Committee\\nof 33, 1S9 2 denounces Lincoln, 1911;\\nsec. State, 1913; exposes Confederacy,\\n2273; amnesty refused, 2912; d., 3202.\\nToomey, Michael, d., 1821\\nToorkee, guerilla hands, 4881\\nToosoon Pasha, against Wahabis; at Me-\\ndina, 6562.\\nTooth, Rev. A. H., inhibited, 9803.\\nToj eka, Kan., Free-State conven.; Con-\\nstitution, 1791 legislature meets, 179 2\\n1811; Free-State legislature org.; dis-\\npersed, 1812; Washburn Coll.org., 2502;\\ncolored conven. at, 2511, 267 2 Capital\\nissued, 2662 Farmers Cong, meets,\\n3313; State Conven. against whisky in-\\nvasion, 3623; injunction against original\\npackages, 3643; Pres. Harrison at, 3701\\noriginal package agent sentenced, 3852;\\nRepublicans vs. Populists; political\\ncompromise, 4242; Republicans hold\\nRepresentatives Hall, 4251 M. E. Lease\\nin Charities Board, 451 2\\nTopelius, Zucharias.b., 11163.\\nTopiltzin Ceacatl Quetzalcoatl, est. cap-\\nital, 113.\\nToplady, Augustus Montagu, Rock of\\nAges, hymn, 9211\\nToplitz, sovereigns meet at, 8212.\\nTopographical Society fnd., Lond., 9861\\nTopsham, Eng., canal at, 8953.\\nTordenBkjold, Peter, b., 6363; d., 6381\\nTorebio, St., archbp., b. (1534); at Lima,\\n242; d. (1606).\\nToreno, Jose Maria Queypo de Llano Ruiz\\nde Savaria, b.-d., 11302.\\nTorgau, Prus., allies possess, 7212; Prot-\\nestant alliance at, 789 3 besieged; re-\\ntaken; surrenders, 8101 Frederick vic-\\ntorious at, 5162, 8021,\\nTories, punishment of, 783; named, 791\\narrest urged, 813; measures against,\\n831 banished; leave Phila.,893; against\\nMass., 893, 913; defeated in N. C, 93i\\nin Eng., 972.\\nTornado, at Natchez, 1501; i n Me., 1701,\\n3921; obstructs P. C. R. R., 1741; in\\nPhila., 1781; in Ill.,Ia., 1861 Mo., Kan-,\\nNeb., 301)1; Rochester, Minn., 314 1 Buf-\\nfalo, 3321 St. Cloud, Minn.; in 0., 3222;\\nLockport, N. Y.; Reading, Pa., 3321;\\nN. Dak., 3621 St. Louis, 3521 Frank-\\nlin, Pa., 3581; N. Dak., 3641; Okla.,\\n4261 456i Kan., 423 432i 4561 West-\\nern states, 4281; Ark., 4301, 4501, 4733;\\nLa., 4321, 4501; Ind., 3222, 4561; Mich,\\nand Minn., 4561 Ohio, 4421 4561 Tex.,\\n4561 in the South, 310 1 3161 Ga., La.,\\n3121; 111., 3222; Pa., 3321.\\nTorney, George H., a major, 4561\\nToronto (York), Can., fnd., 5772; as-\\nsaulted, 1202 Can. Science Asso. meets,\\n3442; Bapt. Y. P. Union Conven., 4661\\nYork seat of gov t, 5773; insurrection,\\n5781; diocese est.; Uuiv. fnd., 5783;\\nChristian Guardian, 5721; Globe,- Up-\\nper Can. Coll. and Academy, 579 1; re-\\nnamed Toronto, 5793; Canadian Bap-\\ntist; Christian Messenger; Univ., Trin-\\nity Coll.; Univ. renamed, 5803; R. c.\\narchdiocese est., 5822; The Mail, 5823;\\nEvening News Eratina Telenram; War\\nCry, 5843; dynamite in, 5851; fire; In-\\ndustrial Exposition opd; R. R. collision,\\n5S53; Empire; Jailers Cong.; Toronto\\nMail, libel suit novels destroyed Sat-\\nurday Night; Weekly Empire; W. En-\\nfranchisement Asso., 586 2 A. O. United\\nWorkmen Harvey arrested strike,\\n5863; Industrial Exposition, 5872; Sur-\\ngical Hospital for Women, 5863; Bapt.\\nCong, of Am. meets; Presb. Gen. As-\\nsem. meets, 5882; W. C. T. U. Conven.,\\n5883; dancing exhibitions agitate, 5891\\nExhibition opd.; syndicate buys brew-\\neries, 5893; diocesan jubilee, 5901 Univ.\\nburned, 5913, Univ. rebuilt, 590 2 no\\nSunday street-cars, 51)2 1 5943; Harbor\\nWorks scandal, 5922; Liberal demon-\\nstration, 5923 Industrial Exhibition,\\n5933 females on school-board free\\ntext-books; Sun, 5942; Sunday driving\\nfined; women practise in courts, 5943;\\nColumbian caravels, 5953; Macdonald s\\nstatue, 5961 labor procession, 5962; bish-\\nopric est., 9483; Bp. s wen ton elected,9803.\\nTorpedo, submarine invented, 1121 shells\\ninv., 9201 school est. at Newport, 2681\\nTorpichen, Baron, title created, 8731\\nTorquatus, Titus Manlius Imperiosus,\\nnear Trifanum, 10521\\nTorquemada, Tomas de, b.-d., 11262.\\nTorre del Greco destroyed, 10822, 10841.\\nTorregiani, Elzear, elected bp., 9803.\\nTorrenee, Major, at Silver reek, Mo., 2021\\nTorrens, William Torrens Maccullaugh,\\nb., 9363.\\nTorres, Luis Vac/, de, explorer, 4931\\nVedras, defended, 7181 action, 11101\\nTorrey, John, b. (1796); d., 2802.\\nTorricelli, Evangelist;!,, discovers barom-\\neter, 10822; d., 10823.\\nTorrington, Eng., action at, S86 1\\nViscount of, title created, 9051\\nViscount, George Byng, b., 8902; off\\nBeachy Head, 6941; against. Spanish\\nfleet, 9061 Lord of Admiralty, 9073; d.\\n(1733).\\nTorstenson, Lennart, b.-d., 11342; com-\\nmander; conquers Moravia, 7961; at\\nJenkau, 5122; in Ger.; at Magdeburg;\\nconquers Holstein, 6361\\nTortola, W. I., settled, 8932.\\nTortugas, Fla., Habeas Corpus suspended,\\n1952.\\nIslands discovered, 162.\\nTorture, punishment by, abolished in\\nHung., 5172; in Fr., 7053; in Eng., 9112.\\nTory conspiracy dis., S J3; origin, 8812.\\npeers created, Eng., 9052.\\nToscanelli, Paoli, encourages Columbus,\\n123,\\nTostig, Earl of Northumberland, 8473;\\nkilled, 8461.\\nTotal Abstinence Society org., U.S.A.,\\n3462.\\nTothmes III., art patron, 6481\\nTotila takes Naples takes Rome\\nwounded, 10702; reigns, 10713; d., 10301,\\n11131.\\nTotopotomoy River, Grant and Lee at,\\nTott, Baron de, Francois, b., 6983; d.,7082.\\nTottel, Richard, work, S723.\\nTotten, Joseph G., b., 1001 d., 2332.\\nTottenham Savings Bank instituted, 9292.\\nTouat Oasis, sovereignty of, 703 2\\nToucey, Isaac, b. (1796); gov., 1613; d.(1869).\\nJacob, sec. navy, 1831\\nTougaloo University, Miss., est., 2663.\\nToul,Fr., taken, 6882; besieged, 7401; at-\\ntack, 7402.\\nToulon, Fr., bombarded, 6961; Eng. de-\\nfeated, 7001; surrenders, 708 taken by\\nEng., 7101; cholera at, 7553; Jaxvregue-\\nberry launched, 7661\\nToulouse, Fr., Tolosa, capital West Goths,\\n6623; taken, 6622; settled by Romans,\\n10572; fnd., 6611, 10711; captured, 6641\\ncounty created, 6653 dukes of Aqui-\\ntaine reign, 6652; conquered, 6701; in-\\nquisition est.; massacre at, 6703; Univ.\\nof est., 6711; annexed, 6713; united to\\nFr. monarchy, 6732; battle of, 7203; in-\\nundated, 7481 7493; army corps mobil-\\nized, 7561 war of succession, 8501\\nComte de, at Malaga, 902i\\nTouraine, Fr. occupy, 4811; ceded, 6692;\\nseized, 6713.\\nTour du Monde issued, 7343.\\nTourgee, Albion Winegar, b. (1838); works,\\n2871,3031, 3143, 3743,3982.\\nTourjee, Eben, d., 3801\\nTournaments, frequent in Fr.,6663; abol-\\nished, 6831; prohibited, Eng., 8523.\\nTournay, Belg., Fr. attack allies, 5181\\nTournei ort, Joseph Pitten de, b., 6902;\\nbotanical system, 6942; d., 6963.\\nTournelles, Rastile, captured, 6761.\\nTourniquet invented, 6981\\nTouro, Judah, b. (1776); d., 1742\\nTouron, Annam, stormed, 4801\\nTours, Fr., Alcuin in Abbey of St. Mar-\\ntin s, 6651 States-General meets, 6792;\\ncouncil of clergy, 6812; Roman circus\\ndis., 7333; occupied, 743 1; successor of\\nJeanne d Arc appears, 7433,\\nTourville, Comte de (Anne Hilarion de\\nConteutin), b., 6883 at Beachy Head;\\nbattle,La Iiogue in Belg.,6941 d. (1701).\\nToussaint, Anna L. G. (See Bosboom.)\\nL Ouverture, b., 66 2 adopts consti-\\ntution; aids Fr.; deserts Sp.; fights Sp.,\\n10401; surrenders, 7141, 10402; capitu-\\nlated; arrested, 10402; d. (1803).\\nToutinho, Pedro de Canipo, captaincy ,5532.\\nTower, Minn., striking miners, 40S1, 3\\nOrson Squire, d., 3262.\\nTowle, George Makepeace, b. (1841);\\nGlimpses of History, 2503: d.,4341.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1441.jp2"}, "1442": {"fulltext": "1430\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. ToWIl-TreV.\\nTown, Fr., liberties increase, 0693.\\nCreek, N. C, action at, 2302, 0422.\\nFrancis L., commissioned col., 4581\\nSites Entry Bill passes, 4512.\\nTown Topics issued, 3023.\\nTowns, Edwin F., a colonel, 322*\\nGeorge W. B., gov. Ga., 1633.\\nM. L., resolution, 4643.\\nTownsend, Wash., tleet sails, 457 3\\nEdward D., d., 4282.\\nLuther Tracy, 1462.\\n.Thomas S., b. (1829); Nat. Records\\npurchased, 369 1\\nTownshend Act repealed, 77 3\\nLord, in duel, 9192.\\nMarquis of, title created, 923 1\\nViscount Charles b., 8942; se c. state,\\n9073; d. (1738).\\nb., 906 3 asst. prime minister;\\nlord-lieut.,9173; d. (1767).\\nRichard Wellington, b. (1840) d.,\\n336\\nThomas, minister, 9232.\\nTowton, Eng., battle of, 864\\nToxophilites Society founded, 9212.\\nToy, Crawford Howell, b., 1462; work,\\n3962.\\nTracer, Charles, b.,1623; d. (1885).\\nTract Soc. Am. (See Am. Tract Soc.)\\nConn., organized, 125\\nEvangelical, organized, 1183.\\nReligious, org. at Albany, 1183.\\nTractsfor the Tinus published, 946 2\\nTracy, Tenu., explosion, 4662; riots, 413\\nComte Alex. Cesar Victor Charles\\nDestutt de, b. (1754) works, 715 7192;\\nd., 7262.\\nDe Prouville, Marquis of, b.\\n(1603); at Montreal, 5732; d. (1670).\\nBenj. Franklin, b. (1830) sec. of\\nnavy, 3372; navy dept. org., 342 reclas-\\nsifies war-ships, 398\\nJoseph, b. (1794) d., 284\\nSir R., commissioner, 9072.\\n.Uriah, b. (1755); pres. senate, 1093;\\nd. (1807).\\nWilliam, kills Becket, 8512.\\nW. W., pres. Republican Club, 4292.\\nTrade, colonial limited; Am., prohibited\\nwith Fr., 593; interdicted, 1172,3; re-\\nstrictions removed, 1173; restrictions\\nN. and S. removed in South, 2483 de-\\npression of, G. B-, 995 (See Commerce.)\\ndollar not legal tender, 2932.\\nmarks legalized, 3092.\\npolicy, sustained. Can., 593 recipro-\\ncity defeated, 5863.\\nSociety, Nat., formed, 9752.\\nUnion Act passes, G. B., 9753\\namended, 9812.\\nCongress in Paris, 7553; advocates\\nnationalization, 990 3 disapproves na-\\ntionalization land, 991 in Liverpool,\\n10043; at Newcastle, 1007\\nUnions organized, 169\\nTrades separated, Eng., 8813.\\nand Labor Asso., World s Fair, 4443.\\nSocieties Cong, at Manchester, 973\\nUnions, laws against, abolished, 943\\nTradescant, John, b., 8782; d., 8842.\\nTrafalgar launched, 994\\nTrafalgar Cape, battle of, 719 j disheartens.\\nNapoleon, 9332.\\nTraritdy of Sir T. More produced, 87G3.\\nTrain, George Francis, b. (1829) opens\\nstreet railways, 964 trip round world,\\n3543, 3593.\\nTraining-school begun, 935 2 fnd., Batter-\\nsea, 9503.\\nship, first on Thames, 925 est., 9683.\\nTrajan, Marcus Ulpius Trajanus, b.-d.,\\n10623; reigns; annexes territory; war\\nwith Dacians, 1065 subdues Dacians,\\n769 against Parthians conquers Se-\\nleucia; seizes Ctesiphon in Transvlva-\\nnia reduces Dacia, 1064 bridges Dan-\\nube; persecutes Christians, 10642; eel.\\ntriumph est. orphan houses d., 1065\\nTrajan s Arch, Pillar erected 10642.\\nTralee, dynamite Edinburgh House, 993\\nTrail, Russell Thatcher, b., 1183; d., 296\\nTramroad, iron, completed, 930\\nTramways used, 812 912\\nTranguebar, Danes settle, 10443; Protes-\\ntant mission, 10443, 1047\\nTransalpine Gaul, partly captured, 10561\\nTranscaucasia, fighting grasshoppers,\\n1120 earthquake, 1122\\nTranscribing manuscripts fashionable,\\nTranscript issued, Can., 5843.\\nTransfiguration, Feast of, eel., 10703.\\nTransforming Act passed, Eng., 8992.\\nTransfusion of blood practised, 6782.\\nTranskei, mission, 6003; annexed, 6012.\\nTransmission of Powers Bill, Fr., 7492.\\nTrans-Mississippi Cong., Denver, 385 3,\\n4772.\\nSahara R. R. opened, 103.\\nSiberian R. R. opened, 11232.\\nTransportation opposed, Australia, 4963;\\nAct. Eng., 8932; sentences, 907 for\\ncrime ceases, 9192; in G. B., 9473.\\nTransubstantiation, opposed, 8462; doc-\\ntrine accepted, 1073 adopted, 1075\\nTransvaal, diamonds, 598 color-line\\ndrawn, 5992; arbitration; boundaries\\nenlarged, 601 flag unfurled, 6012; an-\\narchy, 61113; Republic annexed, 6012; in-\\nsurrection, 6013; Dinizulu invades, 6022;\\ngold-seekers, 6023; republic, 603 treaty\\nof peace, 6(1:! 9873; see of, est., 9803; an-\\nnexed, 9832; proclaimed, 11243. (See\\nSouth Afrieau Republic.)\\nTransylvania, Hung., Dacian war, 1064\\ndefeat Turks, 508 J. Zapolya, pr.,511\\nprincipality fnd.; J. Sigismund, king S.\\nB. Zapolya, pr.,511 2 Gabriel I., pr.; Ga-\\nbriel II.,pr.; Sigismund Batory, pr.; Sig-\\nismund Rakocsy, pr.; Stephen Borskay\\npr., 5113; Michael I. pr., 5132; reformed\\nreligion, 513 E. Tokoly, pr.,5133; Geo.\\nI.,pr.; J.Kemin,pr.; revolt against Aust.;\\nwar with Turks, 5132; Michael II., pr.,\\n5133; F. Rakocsy, pr., 5143; Pragmatic\\nSanction, 515 Diet convoked, 5263;\\nunion with Hung., 5272; cyclone, 532\\nchurch fight, 534 3 conquered by Mi-\\nchael, lll J 2 annexed to Turkey, 1157 2\\nColl., Ky., fnd., 109 joined to Ken-\\ntucky University, 2422.\\nTrappist monks in Ire., 7263, 9442.\\nTrasimene Lake, action at, 1054\\nTraugott, Romuald, hanged, 11193.\\nTrautenau, Bohemia, action at. 526\\nTrautwine, John C, b., 1162; d. (1883).\\nTravancore, India, see of, est., 980 3 Bp.\\nHodges consecrated, 10042.\\nTrave, La, captured, 936\\nTraverse City, Mich., insane asylum, 313\\nTravnik, Austrians occupy, 528\\nTreadmill invented, 938\\nTi cadwell, Daniel, b., 1022; d., 2762.\\nJohn, b. (1745) gov. Conn., 1172; d.\\n(1823).\\nTreason, report on, 852; in Egypt, 6612;\\nplotted, Braz., 5682.\\nTreasons, statute of, passes, Eng., 8592.\\nTreasury, U. S., germ of department org.,\\n832; department formed, 1012; building\\nburned, 1433; in 1858, 1852; issues bonds,\\n1882; highest reserve, 477 lowest re-\\nserve, 4792 debt reduced, 3532, 3632,\\n3673, 3912; redemption of bonds, 3672;\\ndebt, 3712,375 1.3S7 2, 3992. 4083, 4172,4451;\\n449 report (1893), 447 deficit, 465\\nbids for loan, 477\\nNotes, issued, 1492; authorized, 2013,\\n2193; legal-tender, 2053, 2112; issue,\\n2193, 2553; Chicago bankers liny, 4273.\\nTreat, Robert, Am., b., 62 gov. Conn.,\\n492,513.\\nTreaties relating to U. S. A., Mass., with\\nMassasoit, 303 New Netherlands with\\nInds., 33 Eng.-Sp. of Aix-la-Chapelle,\\n433; Penn with lnds.; Shockamoxon,\\n492; Colonists-Inds.; Albany, 493, 532,\\n552,591,673; Eng.-Fr. of Utrecht, 59\\nInds. with British, 612,3, 71 2; Inds.\\nwith Colonists at Lancaster, Pa., 65 3\\nVa.-Inds., 67 C92; Eng.-Fr.-Sp. of Aix-\\nla-Chapelle 672; Mass.-lndians, 672; Fr.-\\nSp., ceding Louisiana. 732; G. B.-Fr.-\\nSp.-Port., of Paris, 733; U.S. A., 203\\nFr., 853,873, 89 2 1093; purchase, 1113;\\nextradition, 405 4232; G. B., 913, 952,\\n3, 97 of Paris Jay s 1053; Monroe and\\nPinckney, 113 1252, 1592, 1672, 1752,\\n2073, 2513, 2672, 2692, 2873; Swe., 97\\nwith Inds., 973, 99 2, 101 1031,1051,\\n1072, 1172, 1252, 1332, 2571, 3a5 3372,\\n3432, 3632, 4172, 4211; Prus., 973; Mo-\\nrocco, 992,3; Algiers, 1072, 1193; Sp., of\\nSan Lorenzo, 1071; of Ildefonso, 111 1\\nceding Fla., 1272, 1433, 3872; Tripoli,\\n1132; San Salvador, 3973; Honduras,\\n4071 Norway, extradition, 4431; Rus.,\\nboundary, 1332; commercial, 1412; pur-\\nchase of Alaska, 257 2 extradition, 4312;\\nColumbia, 1333; Germany, 3572, 3933;\\nDenmark, 1372, 2592; Brazil, 3772;\\nTurkey, 1373 Dominican Republic,\\n2692, 2712, 3892; Mex., boundary, 1392;\\nceding territory, 1633, 165 1732. 1903;\\nNaples, 1411; 1 exas, 1572; China, 1572,\\n1592, 1851 ,2633, 3073; immigration, 3293;\\nJap., 1751, 1831, 3073, 3363, 4771; of\\nParis, 2031; Hawaii, 2591; annexation,\\n4251, 427 Dominican Republic, 2692;\\nBelg., 3793, 3832, 3992; Guatemala, 3973,\\n4072; Eng., of Ghent, 1233; commercial,\\n1252; indemnittcat ion, 1352; Oregon, 1353,\\n1592, 1612; Washington boundary, 1553;\\nBulwer-Clayton, Can. 167 2 reciprocity,\\n1752,2513; accedes to treaty of Paris.\\n2031 antislave trade, 2073; of Wash-\\nington, Alabama claims, 2652, 2751 San\\nJuan, 2792; fisheries, 3293,3311; extra-\\ndition,i349i 3552; Samoan, 3572; Bering\\nSea, 3952, 4031 (For treaties between\\nother countries follow text. Also see\\ntitles of treaties.)\\nTrebelli-Bettini, Zelia, d., 7621.\\nTrebia, action at, 10541\\nTrebinje, insurgents defeated surren-\\nders, 6281\\nTrebizonde, seat of empire, 11553 taken,\\n11561 Turks take, 10341\\nTrebonianus Gallus reigns, 10293.\\nTrehonius, Caius, captures Marseilles,\\n10601.\\nTreby, Sir Geo., b. (1644); lord keeper.\\n9013 d. (1702).\\nTredegar, S. C, manganese found, 360\\nBaron, title created, 959\\nTredgold, Thomas, b., 9243 d. (1829).\\nTree, Ellen. (See Kean, Mrs.)\\nLambert, com. for vice.-pres., 409*.\\nTrees, of Liberty planted, Fr, ,7073; sacred\\nto gods, Ger., 7682.\\nTrefoil, Smaadigte, 11042.\\nTreilhard, Count Jean Baptiste, b. (1742)\\nforced to retire, 7133 d. (1810).\\nTrelawney, Bishop, acquitted, 8963.\\nTremilius, Emmanuel, b. (1510\u00c2\u00b1); d., 10822.\\nTrench, Baron Franz von der, b., 79S3; d.,\\n8003.\\nBaron Friedrich von der, b., 8002\\nd.,8063.\\nRichard Chenevix, b., 9331 works,\\n9563, 9842 archbp., 9663 d., 9942.\\nThomas, governor Md., 55 3\\nTrendelenburg, Friedrich Adolf, b., 8082\\nd., 8281.\\nTrenholm, Geo. A., paroled, 249 d. (1876).\\nWilliam L., Pinpli x Money, 4482.\\nTrent, Confed. envoys, 200 20l i 2022,3.\\nTrent, Tyrol, council of, 681 dissolved,\\n6823 decrees enforced, 10983.\\nTrenton lighted by electricity, 312\\nwrecked at Samoa, 336 battery of,\\nsaved, 338\\nTrenton, N. C, action near, 208\\nN. J., occupied by Washington,\\n843 battle of, 85 Continental Con-\\ngress meets, 972; steel guns mnfd., 1963;\\nhomefor soldiers children, 2453 school\\nfor deaf mutes, 323 pottery trust fmd.,\\n3413 rubber trust fmd., 3513 Am.\\nGas Investment Co., 3633 hattle monu-\\nment, 396 440 3; leather trust; U.\\nS. Cutlery Co., 4093 Race-track Bills\\nrally, 4243 Am. Stave and Cooperage\\nCo., 4273 strike. 4382 R. R. collision,\\n4432; Miss Phillbroke s application,\\n4622 Phila. and N. Y. Traction Co.,\\n4653; Great White Spirit Co. org., 4752.\\nTenn., action at, 2182 negroes shot,\\n285 3871.\\nBridge, N. C, Confeds. defeated,\\n2072.\\nTrenton s Neck, skirmish at, 2083.\\nTrentowski, Ferdinand B., b., 11163 d.,\\n11182.\\nTrepotf, Gen., shot at, 11191\\nTreskow, Gen., ordered to So. Fr., 7403;\\nat Dreux, 7423.\\nTr sor Rationale issued, Belg., 5443.\\nTresilian, chief justice, executed, 860 3\\nTressan, La Vergne de, works, 7052, 7131.\\nTrevecca, W., theolog. school fnd., 9131\\nTrevellick, Richard, pres. Greenback Con-\\nvention, 3051\\nTrevelyan, Sir Charles Edward, h., 9331\\ngovernor Madras, 10491 994 2\\nSir George Otto, b., 9482 work, 9811;\\nchancellor Lancaster. 993 2 chief secre-\\ntary, 9892 minister, 9952, 10092.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1442.jp2"}, "1443": {"fulltext": "Trev-Tuek.\\nText Figures denote Page, IND-h-yC. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1431\\nTreves, Prus., fnd.,769i taken, 6881 6921\\n6981, 7962 bprie. fnd., 7682 c h. coun-\\ncil, 7682, 7843 church of Simeon fnd.,\\n7682 archbishopric find., 7723 Univ.\\nof est., 7863, 787 besieged, 7881 electo-\\nrate revoked, 7923; occupied, 7981; p r\\nexiles in, 8072 pilgrimages t o cathedral,\\n8342; prosperous, lnii:;2; capital, 10673.\\nTrevethick, patent granted, 9302.\\nTrevilian Station, Va., Sheridan at, 2342.\\nTrevira. (See Treves.)\\nTreviranus, Gottfried Keiuhold, b., 8042\\nd.,8143.\\nTrevisa, John, Polychronicon, 8603 d.,\\n8622.\\nTrevise, Due de. (See Mortier.)\\nTreviso, It., Univ. chartered, 10771.\\nTrevor, George, b. (1809) d., 9982.\\nSir John, b. (1535) keeper, 8993; ex-\\npelled, 9003,9012 d. (1717).\\nTrew, Ohristoph Jakob, b., 7982 d.,8031.\\nTrial at bar adopted, G. B., 9472 by com-\\nbat first, It., 10733 by jury, est., Gr.,\\n8431 by juries, Rus., 11192, 14333 by\\njury, Fr., 7472; by ordeal, abolished, G.\\nB., 8523 by peers, est. It., 10712 by\\ntorture, abolished, Port., 11113.\\nfor Treason Act, G. B., 9012.\\nTriana wrecked off Cuttyhunk, 3701\\nRodrigo de, discovers land, 132.\\nTribunal of Rites, decision of, 6151\\nTribunate, privileges restored, 10591\\nTribune, La, wrecked, 9281\\nTribunes, increased to ten, 1051 2 military\\nsuccessors to decemvirs military, abol-\\nished, 10513 power in senate, 10532.\\nTribur, or Trebur, Ger., Diet of, 7751 ,3.\\nTrichinopoli, India, battle at, 7001\\nTridates II., reigns, 11533 converted,\\n11543.\\nTriennial Act repealed, Eng., 8913; passed,\\n8851.\\nMeeting. (See Baptist.)\\nParliament Act, Eng., 9012.\\nTrieste, Aust., severe cold, 5341 water-\\nspout, 5342 Episcopal palace endan-\\ngered, 535i dynamite explosion free\\nport, 5353 storm, 5361\\nTrillo, Juan de Ocon y, governor, 6301\\nTrim, Ire., bishopric created, 8403.\\nTrimberg, Hogo von, Renner, 7823.\\nTrimble, Allen, b. (1783); governor O.,\\n1312, 1352 d. (1870).\\nRobert, b., 891 justice U. S. court,\\n1352 d. (1828).\\nTrimlestown, Baron, title created, 8631\\nTrimountain (Boston), founded, 331\\nTrincomalee, Fr. fleet defeated, 10442.\\nTrinidad, W. I., dis., 143 settled, 173,\\n631 3 taken, 24 1 462 G. B. acquires,\\n9292 see est., 9722 Bp. Hayes cons.,\\n10022 mission, 11603.\\nCal., riotous strikers, 4642.\\nTrinitarians, rupture with Unitarians, N.\\nEng., 1243.\\nTrinity painted, 7862.\\nTrinity Coll. est., Dublin, 8771 8783, 8831\\nbarracks, 8983 erected, 9152 religious\\ntests abolished, 9771\\n(See Cambridge and Oxford.)\\nest., Durham, N. C, 1863.\\nest., Hartford, Conn., 1312.\\nFraternity instituted, Rome, 1081 1\\nUniv. (Cumb. Presb.), est.,Tehuacana,\\nTexas (1869).\\nTrinpany, A. V., missionary, 5822.\\nTriopas reigns in Argos, 10133.\\nTripartite treaty signed, Fr., 7333.\\nTriple Alliance War, Brazil, 5561 signed\\nagainst Fr., 6913 fmd. against Sweden\\nandSp., 6973 Rus., Aust., Er., fmd. 8032;\\nGer., Aust., It. against Rus., Fr., 10902\\nextended, 5352, 8352,3.\\nTripoli, Afr., war withU. S. A.,1101 1112;\\nsiege of, 1121 Am. prisoners liberated,\\n1133 treaty with U. S. A., 1132 taken\\nfrom Christians, 654 2 (See text, pp.\\n1138, 1139.)\\nTripolis, or Tripolitza, taken, 10321\\nstormed, 10342.\\nT ipp, Bartlett, minister, 4473.\\nTriremes invented, 10142.\\nTrissino, Gian-Giorgio, b. (1478) work,\\n10812 d. (1550).\\nTrist, Mr., commissioner, 1633.\\nTristan l Hermite, Francois, b., 6862\\nd., 6902.\\nTristant issued, 7783.\\nTritrea in Achaean League, 1027 1\\nTriumph launched, 9701\\nof Germanicus painted, 8281\\nTriumvir, appointed, 6071 lstfmd.,1059\\n2d fmd., 10612; war of, 10602.\\nTriune, Tenn., action at, 2222.\\nTrivet, Nicholas, b. (1258\u00c2\u00b1) work, 8562\\nd. (1358).\\nTrn, Bulg., battle of, 5662.\\nTrobriand, Philippe Regis de, b., 7222.\\nTrochu, Gen. Louis Jules, b., 7222 forti-\\nfies Paris, 7401 decree against foreign-\\ners gov. of Paris refuses gov t of Fr.,\\n741 1 issues proclamation pres. senate,\\n7412; resigns; sortie from Paris, 7441;\\nlibeled, 7463.\\nTroil, Uno, b.-d., 11342.\\nTroisville, Belg., taken, 7101\\nTrojan Pass, Russians take, 5661\\nWar, 10141.\\nTrojans Bettle in Latium, 10511\\nTrollope. Anthony, b., 9363; works, 9543,\\n9723; 9901.\\nMrs. (Frances Milton), d., 9662.\\nThomas Adolphus, b.,9351 d., 10082.\\nTrommsdorff, Johann Bartkoloniaus, b.,\\n8031 d., 8143.\\nTromp, Admiral Cornelius, or Cornells,\\nvan, b.-d., 11003.\\nMarten Harpertzoon van, b.-d., 10983;\\nadm., at Dunkirk, 6881 naval battles\\nof; at Downs, 8881: in Eng. Channel;\\nvictories, 1100 1 killed, 888 1\\nTroost, Gerard, b., 851 d., 1682.\\nTroplong, Raymond Theodore, b., 7012;\\nd., 7382.\\nTroppau, Silesia, emperors meet at, 5212;\\nAnti-Semites opposed, 5362.\\nTros reigns, 11413.\\nTross-jagerndorf, battle of, 5161\\nTroubadour period, 6663, 6691\\nTroublesome llviqu of Kino John, 8771\\nTroup, George M., b (1780) gov. Ga., 1313\\nd. (1856).\\nTrousdale, William, gov. Tenn., 1671.\\nTrousers, loose, intro., G. B., 9391\\nTrousseau, Armand, b., 7143; d., 7362.\\nTrowbridge, John, b., 1562.\\nTownsend, b., 1342.\\nWilliam Petit, b., 1362; d. (1892).\\nTroy, Ala., normal school opened, 3282.\\nAncient, Asia, siege of captured,\\n11421 destroyed, 10141 site explored,\\n11581.\\nN. T., first house, 693; fire, 1293, 1773,\\n2073; Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst, org.,\\n1323 horseshoes made, 1441 landslide,\\n1541 stove-molders strike, 323 2 steam-\\nboats sold, 3493 soldiers and sailors\\nmonument, 3901 laundry strike, 3782,\\n4002; Liberty Bell cast, 4332 election\\nriot, 4522 Bipartisan Election Inspec-\\ntors Bill, 4533 citizens petition, 4552\\nBat Shea s trial, 4642.\\nTroyes, Pr., capitulates, 6761; treaty of,\\nsigned, 6773, 8733; allies retreat to, 7203.\\nChrestien de. (See Chrestien.)\\nJeande, Chrvnujiw Scnn la/euse,6783.\\nTroyon, Constant, b., 7211 d., 7362.\\nTruce, of Antwerp concluded, 11001 Eng.\\nand Fr., 5741 two years with Eng.,\\n6741; five years with Eng., Fr., 6781;\\nFr. with Sp., 6793; Eng. 28 years with\\nFr., 8612; Eng. 22 months with Fr., 8621\\nof God est., 6682, 6691 2; favored, 7753.\\nTruck Act passes, 9752.\\nsystem forbidden, 9451.\\nTrue Christian Belief published, 7923.\\nChronicle History of K. Lear, 8771\\nTruett, George, gov. Del., 1153.\\nTrujillo, Gen., pres. Colombia, 6292.\\nTrumbull, Benj., b., 622; d., 1282.\\nHenry Clay, b., 1382.\\nJames Hammond, b., 1301.\\nJohn, b.,662; d., 1562.\\nb., 711 paintings, 771 831 931\\n951 2, 981 1001 1021 commission from\\nCongress, 1261 d., 1382.\\nG., commissioned major, 4561\\nJonathan, b., 56 2 gov. Conn., 772\\n1092 speaker, 1032 d., 1162 statue,\\n2761.\\nJoseph, gov. Conn., 1671\\nLyman, b., 1211; Free-Soil senator,\\n1812; Confiscation Bill, 2013; intro. Civil\\nRights Bill, 2512.\\nTrun, Sp., action at, 11301\\nTruro, Eng., action at,886i see est., 9803;\\nCathedral of St. Mary fnd., 9842 Bp.\\nGott cons. 10062.\\nTruro, N. S., Presbytery, 5763; coal dis..\\n5881.\\nBaron, title created, 9511\\nLord. (See Wilde, Sir Thos.)\\nTruscott, Sir Francis Wyatt, lord mayor,\\n9852.\\nTrust, sewer pipe, fmd., 3353; pottery, at\\nTrenton, 3413; sweet potato fmd., Balti-\\nmore, 3433; tobacco find., 3413; cigarette\\nmnf. cracker-makers, 3533 smelt-\\ning organizations, 3553 ice-dealers,\\nChicago, 3573 publishers of cheap\\nnovels, 3593 Nat. Casket Co., 3653\\nStandard Oil Co., 3713 (dissolved, 4033\\nindictment, 4771 sugar refiners, N. Y.,\\n3713 window-glass, 3733 table glass-\\nware mnf., 3773; sash and door Spreck-\\nels and Havemeyers sugar, 3813\\nwhisky, annual meeting, 383 3 kindling\\nwood, 3893; barbed wire Chicago sch.\\nfurniture, 401 3 brewers, Chicago\\nPhila., purchase refinery Standard Oil\\ndissolved, 4033; rice, New Orleans rub-\\nber, N. Y., 4053; leather, 4093; brewers\\nflour shoe, 4133 liverymen, 4172;3viSst~\\nern book publishers, 4193; sole-leather,\\n4233 iron pipe, 4273 sewer-pipe men,\\n4293 oak-harness leather men, 4393\\nfruit-canners, 463 3 Chicago gas, dis-\\nsolved, 4653 wheel, 4733 wharfage,\\nBrooklyn, 4773 wrapping paper, Can.,\\n5893; cordage, Can., 5933; colliery, Eng.,\\n10053.\\nTrutch, J. W., gov., Br. Col., 5833.\\nTruxillo (or Trujillo), Peru, battle, 10951\\nTruxtum, Thomas, b., 711; battles with\\nFr., 1081 d., 1302.\\nTryon, Dwight William, b. (1849) ill\\nAcademy of Design, 3981\\nSir Geo., vice-adm., drowned, 10101\\nGen. J. Rufus, in navy dept., 447 2\\nWm., b. (1725+) gov. N. C, 76 of\\nN. Y., 773 retires, 831 at Danbury,\\nConn., 862; i n Conn, 901 2; d., 9243.\\nTryphon, insurrectionist, in Sicily, 10562.\\nusurper, 11481 kills J. Maccabeus\\nkills Antiochus reigns, 11493.\\nTrytseus flourishes, 10143.\\nTsa Korna mission, 11241\\nTsao-Khan captured, 6261\\nTsaou Taaou defeats Chang Keo, 6121\\nTschang Heng, astronomer, 6122.\\nTschirnhausen, Ehrenfried Walter, b.\\n(1651); inv. telescopes, 7982; d. (1708).\\nTschudi, Friedrieh von, b.-d., 11381\\nTse-nan Foo taken, 6121\\nTseng, Marq., b. (1839) signs treaty, 6232;\\ndirector R. R., 6253 d. (1890).\\nTsenge Kwofan, d., 6222.\\nTseu-kwo-fan, struggle for power, 621 a\\nTshak-Khan retires, 62.\\nTsi dynasty rules, 6131\\nTsiampa, Annam conquers, 481\\nTsin dynasty rules, 6112.\\nChi Hwangti, buildings erected, 6102;\\nenthroned, 6112.\\nChing Wang org. army, 610 1\\nLi Chow, cloud burst, 6241.\\nTsinghai, rebels besieged, 6181\\nTsiiic-ki;i]iti-pu mission, 6243.\\nTsi-tsien dynasty formed, 10942.\\nTsi-r/uen, Japanese cruiser, sunk, 6261\\nTsiu Kno Yin, Chinese ambassador, 3451\\nTso-tsung-tang, Chinese leader, 6221; d.,\\n6242.\\nTsoupa Wang enthroned, 6113.\\nTsousin enthroned, 611 2\\nTsouting enthroned, 6112.\\nTsouy enthroned, 611 2\\nTsunayoski, shogun, 10913.\\nTsunhua mission, 6231\\nTsychandyr, action at, 11181.\\nTsze-Au, d., 6222.\\nTualis, storm, 5341\\nTuam, see of, erected, 8403 archbishopric\\nest., 8502; Bp. O Sullivan cons., 10042.\\nTuathal org. army, 8392.\\nTubal-Cain inv. iron forging, 1139 1\\nTubertus defeats Veientes and Volscii,\\n10501.\\nTubarao River, coal discovered, 5542.\\nTuberculosis. Koch s remedy, 8341.\\nTubing and fitting first mnf., 1461\\nTiibingeii, Ger., univ. chartered, 7871\\nTucapel, battle of, 6043.\\nTuehbald, Elizabeth, d., 9403.\\nTucker, Abraham, b., 9022; d., 9191\\nAlfred Robt., cons. bp. of Afr., 10042;\\ncaravan to Uganda, 5622.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1443.jp2"}, "1444": {"fulltext": "1432\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Tuck-Tynd.\\nTucker, Beverly, reward for, 2473 d., 360\\nCapt., at Old River, 2183.\\nCharlotte (A. L. O. E.), b. (1821)\\nd., 10122.\\nGeorge, b. (1775) History, 1802 d.,\\n1922.\\nGideon J., for Socialists, 4671.\\nHenry St. George, b., 1722 d. (1S48).\\nTilghman, M., gov., Miss., 1552.\\nWilliam Jewett, b. (1839) pres. Dart-\\nmouth College 4022, 4221\\nTuckerman, Bayard, b. (1855) Gen. Lafay-\\nette, 3503.\\nHenry Theodore, b., 1211; works,\\n1451,1631,1663, 1742,1863,2603; d.,2742.\\nRepeal Bill, 4392, 4403, 4411, 4492,\\n4512.\\nTuckey, James Hingston, b. (1778) ex-\\nplorer, 10931 d. (1816).\\nTucsou, Ariz., Leon, stage robber, 3852\\nGeromino killed, 3852.\\nTucuman founded, 4S92; saved, 4921.\\nTudela, Sp., Spanish defeat, 7162.\\nTutlomanifos i/ /iijctimcni/ issued, 5203.\\nTudor, William, b., 912; d., 1382.\\nHouse of, 8672.\\nTu Due, King, Annam, 4812 resists Fr.,\\n4813; d., 4813.\\nTufts, B. R., arrested, 4663.\\nCharles, b. (1781) donor d., 2921\\nLieut., at Beokwith s Farm, 2001\\nQuincy, d., 2762.\\nCollege, Mass., org., 1703.\\nTugenbund formed, Ger., 8091 3.\\nTughlak, House of, rules, 10432 dynasty\\noverthrown, 10433.\\nTugu, mission, 8383, 10472.\\nTngwell, Herbert, eons, bp., 10121\\nTuigg, John, b. (lS20i; d., 3481\\nTuileries. (See Paris.)\\nTukulti Adar 1., conquers Babylon, 11401\\nreigns, 11431\\nTulane Univ. org.. 1431 opd., 3183.\\nTulga reigns, 11253.\\nTullia d Aragona, Infinity of Love, 1081 2\\nTullius, Servius, advancement of; divides\\nproperty holders, 10503 reigns, 10511.\\nTulloeh, John, 9403; u 9942.\\nTullus, Hostilius,b.-d., 10502 king, 10511\\nTully, William, b., 962 d., 1842.\\nTumbez, Peru, Pizarro arrives, 201.\\nTumkur mission, 10483.\\nTummoo, Burmese war, 104S 2\\nTuinr Bogha, sultan, 6553.\\nTunbridge Wells, Eng., medicinal springs,\\n8793.\\nTungani of Kashgaria. rev.. It. 6202, 6221\\nTungche, enthroned, 6213, 6232; receives\\nministers, 6232 d., 6222.\\nTung-Chow, mission, 6203, 6211; sud-\\nmerged, 6242.\\nTimgi stormed, 11121.\\nTung-Kwan, pass of taken, 6121.\\nTungsten steel manufactured, 8201\\nTungu mission, 10471\\nTungarahua, Mount, eruption of, 6433.\\nTurns (see text, p. 1139 1, subjugated, 10502;\\nannexed to Turk., 11592 Fr. army in,\\n101 Bey cedes territory, 102 Fr. expe-\\ndition, 7532, 7901 Fr. protectorate est.,\\n7551 action at, 10523.\\nTunnel, 1st in Eng., 9U ,1 great canal T.\\nopd^ 9182; Thames T. opd., 9521 under\\nSt. Clair River, 3693. (See also under\\nspecific names.)\\nHill, Ga., Bragg pursued, 2282; Con-\\nfederates defeated, 2301 action at, 2302.\\nTunstall s Station, Va., cavalry fight, 2343.\\nTupac, Amaru, captured, 5501 leads re-\\nbellion, 11082.\\nYupanqui, at uito, 6431\\nTupelo, Miss., Confederates defeated, 2212,\\n2362; Hood retreats to, 2403.\\nTupper, Sir Charles, b. (1S21) minister\\nfisheries, Can., 5931, 5952; knighted,\\n5943; justice, 5963; at Washington, 3273;\\nreciprocity, 381 2\\nMartin Farquhar, b., 9351; works,\\n9503 d., 10021\\nTura mission, 10472.\\nTurbine, Ralph de, archbp. Canterbury,\\n8483.\\nwheel inv. by Fourneyron, 7241\\nTurcoing, Neth., allies defeated, 7101.\\nTurcomans defeated, 6 2\\nTurco-Russian neutrality of rulers, 5293.\\nTurenne, Vicomte de (Henry de la Tour\\nd Auvergne), b., 686 2 at Mergentheim,\\n6361; in Fr, army; campaign in Ger.,\\n68S1, 6921; j i ns royalists; at Rhetel,\\n6901; inNeth. ,5401, 6921 in Palatinate,\\n6921 end of Thirty Years War, 7961\\njoins court party, 6912 commander; in\\nHesse, 7961 at Dunkirk, 8881; k.,6921.\\nTurgeneff, Ivan, b., 11163 works, 11172\\nd., 11201.\\nTurgeon, Peter Flavian, cons. bp. Que.,\\n5S02; d.,5821.\\nTurgot, Anne Robert Jacques, Baron de\\nl Aulne, b., 69S 2 comptroller-general,\\n7053; d., 7051.\\nTurin, It., siege raised, 5141 surrenders,\\n6881; peace of, 694 1 battle at, 6961,\\n10662; captured, 10541; Savoy acquires,\\n10752; Univ. fuel., 10791 occupied by Fr.,\\n10813, 111853; seized, 10841 L Opinion Re-\\nvista Conieinj/onaict Sardinia gets,\\n10871 R. R. to Lusa; R.R. to Florence,\\n10873 monument to Cavour, 10882.\\nTurkestan independent, 4871; province\\nfnd., 11193.\\nTurkey (see text, pp. 1139-1159); indepen-\\ndence of, 92; treaty with U. S., 1373;\\nfleet captured, 6563 quadruple alliance\\nwith, 7293 Eng. trade, 8713; appeals to\\nEng., 9592; Eng. aids, 9581; wars with\\nRome, 10281 aid for Christians, 9803\\npeace with Venice peace with Austria,\\n11572 ally of Fr., 11553 manifesto\\nagainst treaty with Rus. league with\\nEng. and Rus., 11573; war with Monte-\\nnegro; war with Servia Turko-Russian\\nwar; evacuation, 115S1 famine, 11583\\nwar with, Rus., 11141, 1116I 11181 war\\nindemnity pressed, 11213; Servia strug-\\ngles against, 11233; treaty to maintain\\nempire, 5251 I ers. invade, 10101 10181\\nGoths invade, 10282; Huns invade; Betas\\nravages, 10301; Romans invade, 10321;\\nGr. revolts Suliotcs rebel, 10353; Great\\nBrit, aids, 1037 2 Romans invade, 10551\\nGauls invade, 105(1 1 rupture with Gr.,\\n10572; Pompey in, 1060 1 Goths ravage,\\n10661, 10681.\\nred dye introduced, 7002.\\nand Levant Co. chartered, 8753.\\nTurkeys introduced, Fr., 6833.\\nTurkheim, Imperialists defeated, 6921.\\nTurkish Mission Aid Soc. org., 9583.\\nTurkish tax refused, Fr., 7912.\\nTurkoman dynasty fnd., 11073.\\nTurkomans defeated, 62; conquer Persia\\ndriven out, 11072.\\nTurko-Russian war, 5651 -K\\nTurks, 1st mentioned, 10313; invade Asia\\nM., 10321 i n N. Afr., 81 conquer Egy.\\nand Arabia expelled, 4861 conquer\\nWahabis, 4882 in Arabia, 4883 tribute\\nto, 5112 in Aust., 514i hold Greece,\\n1035 3 in Hung., 5141, 7881; conquer\\nBokhara, 5491 ]n China, 6131 in Italy,\\n10781; in B. Lepanto, 10801; conquered,\\n10821; invade Montenegro, 10971,2; war\\nwith Montenegro, 10972; war withpers.,\\n11061; Port, troops against, 11101 mas-\\nsacred, 11121; defeat Servians, 11231.\\nTurnau, engagement at, 8241\\nTurnebus, Adrianus, b., 6S02; d., 6842.\\nTurner, A. W., arrested, 4122.\\nCharles, d., 9622.\\nTennyson, b. (1808) Poems by\\nTwo Brothers, 9431 d. (1874).\\nYardley, b. (1S50) Academy of\\nDesign, 3241\\nCol., at Salem, Mo., 2003.\\nEdward, b. (1797); d., 9482.\\nFrancis. Bp., acquitted, 8963; d.(1700).\\nPalgrave, b., 9422.\\nSir George James, lord justice, 9592.\\nHenry G., b., 1502,\\nMeXeal, b. (1833); mobbed, 3271.\\nJames, b. (1766) gov. N. C, 111 3 d.\\n(1824).\\nW., nom. for. gov., 367 2\\nJ. Fraser, cons, bp., 9663.\\nJohn Wesley, b. (1833) at Forts\\nGregg and Witworth, 2443.\\nJoseph Edward, d.. 3422.\\nMallord William, b., 9191;\\npaintings, 11322, 9343, u;ji;2, 9381 d.,9562.\\nNat, b. (1800 leads negro insurrec-\\ntion, 1391 d. (1831).\\nNolin feud fight, 4503.\\nRichard, temperance address, 9471\\nSamuel Hulbeart, b., 1022 d.,2023.\\nSharon, h. (1768); d., 9542.\\nThomas G., gov. R. I., 1872.\\nW. A., arrested, 4743.\\nTurner, William, cons, bp., 10102.\\nWadden, b., 1162 d., 1842.\\nFalls, .Mass., Indians defeated, 462.\\nTurpie, David, b., 1362.\\nTurpin, archbp. of Reims, works, 6663 d.\\n(812\u00c2\u00b1).\\nLouis W., b., 1662.\\nTurquet, Dei)., arraigned, 758 2\\nTurretini, Francois, b.-d., 11371\\nJean Alphonse, b.-d., 11372.\\nTuscaloosa Univ., Ala., org., 1391 French\\nCollege est., 1822; institute opd., 2922.\\nTuscans, defeated at Tusculum, 10501\\nTuscany, It., annexed to Rome, 10532\\nduchyin Medici family, 10813 occupied\\nby Fr., 10841 annexed to Fr., 1085 3\\nceded to Parma, 5193 occupancy pro-\\ntested restored, 5253; new constitution,\\n10872 provisional gov t, 10883 appeal\\nto Victor Emmanuel votes for union,\\n10891.\\nTuscarora village burned by Brit., 1211\\nTusculum destroyed, 778 1 action at, 10501\\nTuscumbia, Ala. Confederates defeated,\\n2162, 2203; J. Steele shot, 3643.\\nTenn., Blair at, 2271\\nTuskegee, Ala., Normal and Industrial\\nSchool est., 3082 colored people s con-\\nvention, 421 1\\nTuspan, Mex., taken, 1621\\nTuttle, Charles Wesley, b.(1829); d.,3081.\\nFrederick A., gov. Ariz., 313 2\\nHiram A., gov. N. H., 3692, 3991\\nH. P., dis. asteroids, Maia, 1922, Cly-\\ntia, 2072 comet, 2111.\\nTu Wensin (Suleiman), d., 6222.\\nTuyen-Kouan, siege of, 4822.\\nQuan, besieged, 6241\\nTuyutu, battle at, 5561\\nTwain, Mark. (See Clemens, Samuel.)\\nTweed wrecked, 9553.\\nFrear charter, granted in N.Y., 27H\\nWm. M., b., 1303 controls election,\\n2651; swindle in N. Y., 2731; arrested;\\nin Tombs, 2743 trial, 281 1 2d trial, 2831\\ncivil suit, 2883; verdict, 2911; arrested\\nin Sp.; inN.Y.,2923 discloses scheme,\\n297 1; d.,2982.\\nRing, exposed by N. Y. Times, 270 3 in-\\nvestigation, 2743 newspapers oppose,\\n2782.\\nTweeddale, Baron, title created, 9871\\nTweedmouth, Baron, title created, 9871.\\nTwesten, August I let lev Christian, b., 8043;\\nd.,8282.\\nKarl, b., 8122; d., 8262.\\nTwiggs, David Emanuel, b., 1022 casb-\\niered superseded in Tex. surrenders,\\n1921 d., 2132.\\nTwiller. W. mter van, gov. N. Y., 333.\\nTwiss, Sir Travel s, b., S351\\nTtri.ts s Index to Sh(tk sjH iire issued, 9331\\nTwitchell, Geo. S., sentenced, 2651\\nJoseph H., John Winthrop, 420 3\\nTwopenny Register powerful, 939 2\\nTwo Sicilies conquered, (1793 subdued;\\n7781; restored to Frederick 111., 10792.\\ndollars-a-day Bill repealed, 357 2.\\nTyard,Poiitusde,h.,6S03 Er rears amou-\\nreuses, 0831 d., 6S62.\\nTyce, John, makes Taffeta, 8762.\\nTychsen, Olans Gerhard, b. ,8002 d.,8103.\\nThomas Christian, b., 8023; d., 814 3\\nTvgart s Valley, Gen. Averell at, 2262.\\nTvler, B. It., moderator, 3122.\\nD. Gardner, b., 1602.\\nDavidson, fountain unveiled, 2741\\nE. B., Spelling Reform Asso., 984 3\\nGeo. Robt., lord mayor Lend., 10112.\\nGen. Daniel.b. (1799); at Blackburn s\\nFord, Va., 196 3 d. (1882).\\nCol. Erastus B., b. (1822\u00c2\u00b1); at Cross\\nLanes, 1981 d. (1891).\\nJohn, b., 1022; gov. Va., 115 3 1333;\\nmarries, 1212, 1591 signs Delavan s de-\\nclaration pres. senate, 1452 vote for\\nv.-pres., 1472, 1532; vice-pres., 1512, 1533;\\ncabinet disagrees vetoes bank bill\\npres., 153 2 vetoes tariff bill, 155 3 nom.,\\n1572; withdraws from conven., 157 3 en-\\ntertains Father Mathew, I66 3 seeks\\ntruce, 1912; pres. of Peace Conven., 191 3\\nd.,202 3 widow pensioned, 3111.\\nMoses Ci.it, b. (1835); work, 3291.\\nWat., opposes tax;k., 8601; d., 8602.\\nWilliam S., b., 1162.\\nTyndale(or Tindale), William, b., 8642;\\ntranslates Bible, 8063; Practice of Prel-\\nates, 8091 burned, 8682,3.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1444.jp2"}, "1445": {"fulltext": "Tynd-Unit.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1433\\nTyndall, Prof. John, on dust, 972 in\\nU. S., 2783; diamagnetic polarity, 9602;\\nworks, 9743, 9783,9882; d. (1893).\\nTyndaris, naval battle near, 10523.\\nTyne, Sir Richard, chief justice, 9012.\\nTyner, James Noble, b. (1826); post-mas-\\nter gen., 2931 in p.-o. dept., 3512.\\nTyng, Stephen Higginson, b.,1082; d.(1885).\\nTynte, Edward, gov., 573.\\nType-setting machine used, 950 2\\nTypes, first in England, 9061.\\nTyphoon in China, 6222.\\nTypographical Unions Conven., 393\\nagainst liquor traffic, 4763.\\nUnion, International, 4083.\\nTypothetie, United Asso.of,in session,3682;\\nfor nine hours, 3863; conven. Cincinnati,\\n3942; Franklin anniversary, 3991; con-\\nvention, Phila., 4722.\\nTyrconnel, Earlof (See Talbot, Richard.)\\nTyre, built, 11412; rebuilt, 11431; pre-\\neminent, 11432; tribute to Assyr., 11451\\nbesieged, 10242, 11461 taken, 10322,\\n10741 11541 Council of, 10692.\\nTyrol, Bohemians expelled, 7821 gained\\nby Ger., 7832; Aust. acquires, 5072; Jes-\\nuits arrive, 5103; ceded to Aust., 5132,\\n5193,7973; revolts from Bavaria, 8093;\\nabandoned armed against Fr. suprem-\\nacy, 519 3 South T. annexed to It., 7193;\\nrebellion, 5213; stormed, 5341; request\\nfor Trieste, 5353.\\nTyron, George Washington, d., 3281.\\nTyrone, Ire., proclaimed, 9952.\\nBaron, title created, 9232.\\nTyrrel, Walter shoots king, 8492.\\nTyrrell, James, b., 8842; d. (1718).\\nTyrtams, d., 10142.\\nTyson, Edward, b., 8862; d., 9022.\\nTytler, Alex. Fraser, b., 9122; d., 9363.\\n,Patrick Fraser, b., 9243; Scotland,\\n9443; d., 9542.\\nTy wappity, Miss., 1st Baptist church, 1123.\\nTzatcheff, Dr., conspirator, 5683.\\nTzegedinac, Pero, leader of revolt, 515 1\\nTze-kee, Chinese routed, 6162.\\nTzitzania, Slavic Grammar, 1115\\nT.\\nUat -nes reigns, Egy., 6453.\\nTbeda, Francisco Lopez de, Picara Jus-\\ntina, 11291.\\nUbicini, Jean Henri Abdolonyme, b.,\\n7223 d., 7542.\\nUbiquarians est., 7903.\\nUchch taken, 10421\\nUdabuko, trial, 6033.\\nUdaipur mission, 10483.\\nUdall, Nicholas, b., 8661; work, 8691; d.,\\n8721.\\nTJdayagiri mission, 10472.\\nUdderzook, William E., convicted, 2871.\\nUeberweg, Friedrich, b., 8123; d., 8262.\\nUechtritz, Friedrich von, b., 8071 d., 8282.\\nTffenbach, Zacharias Conrad von, b.,\\n7982; d., 8002.\\nUfford, Sir Ralph, gov., 8592.\\nUfzul rebels, 52.\\nUganda, Karema conquers, 5632; Han-\\nnington leaves, 5612. (See British East\\nAfrica.)\\nUyentJia: korie Afhandlingerissueti,110i z\\nUguru mission, 8383.\\nTJlil, Edwin F., in state dept., 4472.\\nFriedrich, b., 8123.\\nUhland, Johanu Ludwig, b., 8043; works,\\n811 ,8152, 8163; d., 8202.\\nUhlich, Leberecht, b.,8063; d., 8281.\\nThrich, Jean Jacques Alexis, b., 7143;\\nsurrenders Strasburg, 7403 Cross of\\nLegion of Honor, 8261 d., 7522.\\nUifalvy, de, Charles Eugene, b., 5203.\\nUira-Cocha, Inca reigns, 133.\\nUjiji, Afr., Stanley s band marches into,\\n2741 Livingstone reaches, 5611 j mis-\\nsion, 8383.\\nTkiah, Cal., corner-stone laid, 3723; stage\\nrobbery, 4703.\\nTkraine, plain, ceded to Cossacks, 1115 3\\nTlbach, Louis, b. (1822); d., 758i.\\nUlfijot, leader, 113.\\nUlfilas, Bp., b. (311); translates Scrip-\\ntures, 7683, 10683; Gothic Gospels pub-\\nlished, 797 cons. bp. of W. Goths,\\n10683; d. (381).\\nTlick, Marquis of Clanricarde, post-mas-\\nter, 9551.\\nU. S. Grant University org., 2543.\\nTllmann, Karl, b., 8063; d., 8221.\\nUlloa, Antonio de, b.-d., 11283; takes New\\nOrleans, 741.\\nFrancisco de, b.-d., 11282 in Gulf\\nof Cal., 21\\nLopez de, gov. Chile, 6052; d., 6051\\nPedro Sorez de, gov. Chile, 6052.\\nTim, Ger., treaty of, 6893, 7952; cathe-\\ndral commenced, 7822; cath. finished,\\n8342; Ney victorious, 7161; besieged,\\n7801; Maurice repelled, 7921; captured,\\n5183,7981.\\nUlman, Daniel, d., 4161\\nTlpean library est., 10643.\\nUlpianus, Doinitius, jurist, 10653.\\nUlpius, Marcellus, expels Caledonians,\\n8401.\\nTlrich, Saint, b.-d., 7722.\\nCount, at Reutlingen; wounded,784i.\\nI., Duke of Carinthia, 5033.\\nIII., Duke bequest, 5052.\\nDuke of Wiirtemberg, 7873.\\nCharles Frederick, 1842.\\nTitus, b., 8102.\\nUlrici, Hermann, b., 8083; d., 8302.\\nUlrika, Eleonora, b. (1688); reigns abdi-\\ncates, 11353; d. (1741).\\nTlster, Ire., ravaged, 8441 loses charter,\\n8833; convention meets, 10083; Defense\\nLeague fmd., lull 2\\nTltramarine known, 1026 3\\nUltra-montanism, in Prus., 8151; agita-\\ntion in Ger., 8263; in Reichstag, 8292;\\nresolution in Pari., Can., 586 2\\nUmachiri, action at, 110S1\\nTmballa, mission, 10471\\nUmbrellas, intro. Am., 771 Eng.,(?) 9202;\\nknown China, 6101 used Fr.,6882; fold-\\ning intro., It., 10822.\\nUmbreit, Freidrioh Wilhelm Karl, 8063;\\nd.,8202.\\nUmbria, speed record, 3313, 10013.\\nTmlilonhlo, murders colonists, 6021\\nTmlazi, Zulu mission, 5982.\\nTmpanda, king, 5992.\\nTmtwalume, mission, 5983.\\nTna, against Herusha, 6461\\nUna, asteroid, discovered, 2901\\nUnam Sanctum issued, 6733.\\nUnas reigns, Egypt, 6472.\\nUncle Sam, cholera on, 1793.\\nTndabuko, trial of, 6022.\\nUndaunted launched, 994\\nUnderbill, Eugene, canoe journey, 5933.\\nJohn, subdues Indians, 361 d (1672+).\\nUnderwood, Francis Henry, b., 1322.\\nJohnWm. Henry, b. (1816); tariff\\ncommissioner, 3111 d. (1888).\\nLucien Marcus, b., 1722.\\nUndina, asteroid, discovered, 2581.\\nUndop, mission, 5523.\\nUnganyembe, Afr., Stanley reaches,274\\nUnger, Franz, b., 5191 d., 5282.\\nUniform Bankruptcy Bill passes, 4653.\\nUniformity, Act of, stringent, 363 passed,\\n8702, 8712, 8722, 8903, 8913, 9762; re-\\npealed, 8713.\\nof Process Act passes, 9471\\nUnion, Ore., 1st Baptist church org., 158 2\\nAm. M. E. Church org., 1212.\\nBill, Canada under, 5793.\\nof Brussels proclaimed, 10991.\\nof Calmar, kingdoms united, 1135 2\\nCar Co., sold, 3353.\\nChargeability Act passes, 9691\\nfor Christian work org., R. I., 2602.\\nChristian College (Christian) org.,\\nMerom, Ind. (1859).\\nCity, Tenn., taken, 2052.\\nColl. (Meth. Epis.) org., Barbour-\\nville, Ky. (1886).\\n(non-sect.) org., College View,\\nNeb. (1891).\\norg., Schenectady, N. T., 1063,\\n1643; Pres. Raymond installed, 4602.\\nof Conservative .Associations, 10082.\\nEdict of, issued, Fr., 6853.\\nFund of Mass., 1971.\\nGenerale, directors imprisoned, 7531.\\nGerman Princes fmd, 5173,\\nGospel News issued, 3322.\\nIron Works, San Francisco, est.,\\n3461.\\nJack, national flag of England, 8792.\\nLeague Club fnd., Phila., 2172; In\\nN. Y., 2431 C. Depew pres., N.Y., 351\\nMagazine appears, 1632.\\nMills, Mo., action near, 2121.\\nUnion Pacific R.R. charter purchased ,2573\\njoins Cent. Pac, 2673; Credit Mobilier\\nbuilds, 2593; completed, 2713; strike,\\n3232, 4662; robbers routed, 4131\\nParty Convention, Baltimore, 1872.\\nPipe-Line incorporated, 2853; lay\\npipes, 3073.\\nPrisoners Nat. Memorial Asso. meets,\\n3783.\\nStock-yards opened, 2493.\\nTheological Sem. org., 1323, 1463; Li-\\nbrary org., 146 3 accepts Chas. Butler s\\ngift, 3582; Prof. Briggs installed, 3761.\\nVeteran Legion org., 317 1; National\\nOrganization, 325 1\\nUnionist Roman Catholics, address to\\nQueen, 9942.\\nUniontown, ice-dam, 342\\nUnitarian Church, Am., first, 582. in\\nMass., 643, 1103, H23, 1243, 1343, 2542,\\n2561,2,2722,3262; org., 982. H.Ballou,\\n1062; Congregational ists, 1063; Plymouth\\nChurch, Mass., 1103; in Harvard, 1123;\\ndisrupt Congreg. Ch., 117 1, 1243; Theo.\\nEducation Soc; Harvard Divinity Sen.\\nest., 1243; Christian Examiner issued,\\n1271; Channing s sermon, 1282; s. S.\\nSoc. org., 1343; Benevolent Fraternity\\nest., 1431; Am. U. Asso. incorp., 1623;\\nAsso. of Ministers at Large fmd., 1682.\\nIn O., 1702, 396L InN.H.,2191. In\\nMe., 2352. National Conf., 2452, 2542.\\nIn Wis., 2542. Conn. Valley Conf. In\\nConn., 2561. Plymouth Bay Conf. In\\nR.I.; Channing Conf., 2562. National\\nConf. in N. Y., 2722, j\u00e2\u0080\u009e Boston, 2782, at\\nSaratoga. 280 1 2!l22 unsa j 14 2 ,3102,3182,\\n3242,uiPhila.,3462, at Saratoga ,3922,472\\nU. Ministers Institute meets, 2922. In\\nMich.,28S2. Inla.,2942. Inlnd.,2983.\\nBirth of Channing eel., 3042. in 111.,\\n3062, 3242. Woman s Western Conf.,\\norg., 3062. InMo.,3062. In Neb.,\\n3102. in Ga., 3163. Middle States\\nConference, 3202; Indian mission work\\nbegins. In Mont., 3223. Western\\nAsso. org., 324 2 Bureau of Unity Clubs\\norg., 3262. InMinn.,3263. InN.Y.,\\n3282. U.Yo unger Ministers Asso., 3463;\\nNat. Guild Alliance org., 3463. i n\\nColo., 3582. Central Conf. org., 396\\nconf. in Baltimore, 478\\nparty, rally, 490 (See text, Argen-\\ntine Republic, pp. 490+.)\\nUnitarians, in Europe, 900 2 Presbyter-\\nians become, 9083; exempt from penal-\\nties, 937 association founded, 9822.\\nUnite captured, 9342.\\nUnited Alkali Company registered, 10073.\\nAm. Mechanics statistics, 4463.\\nAssociation of Typotheta^meets,368\\nBelgium formed, 543 2\\nBrethren in Christ fnd., 69 org.,\\n1103; otterbein Univ. org., 1632; Harts-\\nville Univ., 1703 Westminster Coll.;\\nMiss. Society org., 1723; Western Coll.,\\n1802; Lane Univ., 2093; Bp. Weaver\\nelected, 2452 Lebanon Valley Coll. ,2582;\\nPhilmoath Coll., 2623; Bp. Dickinson\\nelected, 2682 Woman s Asso. fmd., 2882\\nSan Joaquin Coll. org., 2962; Bp. Castle\\nelected, 2983 Bp. Kephart elected, 3082\\nGen. Conf. at York, 3403; Bp. Holt\\nelected, 3462- Central Coll., Kan., est.,\\n3962; York College org. at York, Neb.\\n(1890).\\nChurch in Christ in Japan fmd., 10922.\\nConfederate Veterans Conven., 4043.\\nDomestic Miss. Soc. formed, 1303.\\nFriends, order of, inst.,309 statis-\\ntics, 4463.\\nIrishman Soc. org., 351 active, 9272;\\ninsurrection, 928\\nKingdom Alliance founded, 959\\nBeneficent Asso. founded, 967\\nHome Rule League fmd., 9953.\\nNorwegian Lutheran Free Church of\\nAm. formed, 360\\nOrder Golden Cross, fnd., 2943; s ta-\\nof Pilgrim Fathers fnd., 3032.\\nPresbyterians. (See Presbyterians.)\\nProvincial Diet, summons to, 817\\nSecession Working Men s Insurance\\nest., 941\\nService Journal issued, 9443,\\nSons of America formed, 4682.\\nStates of Am. (See text, 84-479)\\nBank (see Bank) bonds redeemed,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1445.jp2"}, "1446": {"fulltext": "1434\\nText Figures denote Page. LNDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nUnit-Utah.\\n3733 (see Bonds) Mex. boundary fixed,\\n3932 Courts, jurisdiction defined,\\n369 2 Supreme Court, centennial eel.,\\nfemale practitioner in, 3523; political\\nexistence, 812; flag adopted, 127 2 Fr.\\nRepublic congratulates, 165 treasury,\\nstatistics, 239 3 statistics, revenue, ex-\\npenses, etc., 2712, 2733, 275 2791 2832,\\n2852, 281)2, 22)31 2953, 211:12, ;ll 13, 305 ,3,\\n3073, 3093, 3111 3133, 3152,3, 3173 3193,\\n3212,3, 3251,3, 3272, 3293, 3311, 3333,\\n3431 3632, 4093, 4213, 4331 4473; treaty\\nwith Korea, 10943; treaty with Mad.,\\n10953; W ar with Mex., 1091! boundary\\ndispute with Mex., 10962; war claims re-\\nfused by Port., lllli treaty with Siam,\\n11242; Sp. acknowledges independence,\\n11312; claims from Cuban duties, 11333;\\nBrewers Asso., Wash., D. C, 3591;\\nApostolic delegate est., 4221\\nUnited States South, failure, 1672.\\nUnited States captures Macedonia, 118 2\\nUnited States Cutlery Co. incorporated,\\n4093.\\nUnited States Magazine appears, 1083.\\nUnited States Military Acad. (See West\\nPoint.)\\nNaval Acad. (See Annapolis.)\\nUnited States Review appears, 359 3\\nUnited States Rolling Stock Co., assign-\\nment, 3733.\\nWorkmen. (See Ancient Order U.\\nW.)\\nUniversal Amnesty Bill fails, 2912.\\nExhibition opd. in Paris, 7593.\\nUniversal German Library, 803 2\\nsuffrage, Aust., agitated, 536 2 Bill\\nfavored in Socialist Assembly, 5363;\\nextended in Bohemia, 537 1 Leopold\\nfavors, Belg., 547 1 petition to Council\\nSocialists favor, 5463 in Brussels in\\nBelgium, 5481.\\nfavored, Swe.. 11332, 11333.\\nUniversalist Church, Am., first believers,\\n422,482; first preacher, 651. In Pa.,\\n65i 951 1402. J. Mayhew avows, 723;\\nfounder Murray arrives, 742. In Mass.,\\n723, 932, 982, 1422, 1703. In N. J.,\\n742,583. First church, 932; lstconven.,\\n982; new era, new theology; H. Ballou\\npreaches, 1033; Winchester Confession\\nadopted, 1123. in n. y., 1323, 1802\\nInO., 1343, 2782. In Me., 1362. in\\nConn., 1402. InN.H.,1402. State\\nconven. org., 1323, 1402, 1442, 1483, 1563,\\n1583, 2862, 2882, 2962, 3982, 4461. In\\nPa., 1402. in K. I., 1502. i n\\nMich., 1562. U.Qiltrterhi Review, 1583.\\nInlnd.,1642. In Wis., 1642. Tufts\\nColl., Mass., org., 1703; St. Lawrence\\nUniv., 1802. In Kan., 2682, 2882.\\nBuchtel Coll., O., 2782. In Ida., 2962.\\nIn Tex., 3982. in W. Va.,3982. In\\nVt.,446i. In Can., 446 In Wash.,\\n4461.\\nUniversities, degrees inst., 10752; suffer\\nfrom plague, 1077 2 at Bologna; reor-\\nganized, Fr., 7151 emp. seeks to control,\\nGer., 805 2 under police supervision,\\n8131 Act passes, G. B., 9832; riots of\\nstudents, Bus.; gov t restrictions, 11203.\\nUniversity of Alabama est., 1391, 2742,\\n3163.\\nof Arizona org. at Tucson (1891).\\nof California est., 2623, 2822, 3282;\\nLick Observatory est., 3301 4142.\\nof Chicago est., 3522, 3682, 4162, 4182,\\n420 2 4221\\nof Cincinnati est., 270 2 2863.\\nof City of New York est., 139 1423;\\nButler gift, 3582; J. Hall, chanc, 3843,\\n4041; land purchase, 430 2 Lagarde Li-\\nbrary, 4342; graduates of, 4041, 4562;\\nMedical College burned, 2533.\\nof Colorado est., 2962.\\nof Denver est., 2093.\\nof Deseret est, 2662.\\nof Florida est., 3582.\\nof Georgia est., 983.\\nof Idaho est. (1892).\\nof Illinois est., 2583.\\nof Indianapolis est. (1850).\\nInstitute (non-sect.), org., Lockhart,\\nMiss. (1881).\\nof Iowa org., Iowa City (1855).\\nof Kansas est., 2191 2543.\\nof Lewisburg est., 1663.\\nof Louisiana est., 3003.\\nof Maine org. at Orono (1865).\\nUniversity of Michigan est., 1483, 1543\\n2703,4021.\\nof Minnesota est., 2623.\\nof Mississippi est., 1642.\\nof Missouri est., 1543.\\nof Montana est. (1895).\\nof Nashville est., 9S3.\\nof Nebraska est, 2663, 2763.\\nof Nevada org., 2863.\\nof New Mexico est., 3082, 3502.\\nof North Carolina est, 1063, 458\\nof North Dakota est., 3183.\\nof Notre Dame org., 155\\nof Oklahoma est. (1892).\\nof Omaha est. (1880).\\nof Oregon est., 2922.\\nof Pacific est., 1702.\\nof Pennsylvania est., 347 3843, 3882,\\n456i,2.\\nof Rochester est., 1683.\\nof Southern California est., 3042.\\nof South Dakota est., 3143.\\nof the South est., 2643.\\nof Tennessee est., 1143. (See Nash-\\nville.)\\nof Texas est., 3143.\\nof Urbana est., 1703.\\nof Utah est., 1683, 3643.\\nof Vermont est., 1023.\\nof Virginia est., 133 2923.\\nof Washington est. (1892).\\nof Wisconsin est., 1643.\\nof Wooster est., 2623.\\nof Wyoming est., 3263.\\nof Berlin est., 8103.\\nof Paris controls education, 725\\nof Rostock, fnd., 785 Faculty of\\nTheology, 7852.\\nof Toronto, Can., 5803.\\nof Trinity Coll. fnd., Toronto, 5803.\\n(See also specific names in Vocabulary\\nplace as Cambridge, Dublin, Harvard,\\nOxford, Victoria, Yale, etc.)\\nboat-races, 3153, 3213, 3253.\\nClub, N.Y., org. ,3003; admits women,\\n4562.\\ndegrees denied to women, Scot., 979\\nExtension, N. Y., 380 3832, 396\\nconf., Phila., 4202; summer meeting,\\n4342; society first meeting, 464\\nSettlement, art exhibit, 408 aids\\npoor society meets, 4262.\\nTests Bill passes, 9732; testB abol-\\nished, 9743.\\nUnstrut, Ger., victory on, 772\\nUnyamyembe, explorers reach, 561\\nUpdegraff, Thomas, b., 1422.\\nUpfold, George, b. (1796) cons, bishop,\\n1662; d. (1872).\\nUpham, Charles Wentworth, b., 1102; d.,\\n2881.\\nFrederick W., d., 380\\nThomas Cogswell, b., 1082; d., 2762.\\nW. H., nom. for governor Wis., 4672.\\nUpington ministry funned, 6032.\\nUpjohn, Richard, b. (1802) d., 2982.\\nUpper Alton, 111., Shurtletf College, 135\\nCanada Coll. and Academy fnd., 679\\nGermany founded, 769\\nIowa University founded, 1822.\\nUpsala, fortress taken; Garden est.,\\n1134 archbishopric est. University\\nfnd., 11343; Theolog. Sel 1 opd., 1136\\nUpshur, Abel Parker, b. (1790) sec. navy,\\n1533 killed, 156\\nUpton, Anson J., chancellor, 416 2\\nGen. Emory, b. (1839); work, 2603;\\nd. (1881).\\nGeorge F., Vise. Templeton, d., 1002\\nJohn, steam-plow, 948\\nUr, ruling city, 11393.\\nUraca reigns in Leon-Castile, 11272.\\nUrambo, mission, 8383.\\nUranium discovered, 804\\nUranus in Greece, 10133.\\nUranus, planet, discovered, 9202, 954\\nUrartu, KiiiLi, expeditions against, 1144\\nUrban, Sir Ben]. D\\\\ sets boundary, 598\\nUrban I., St., pope, 10643.\\nIX, pope, 10743 council, 10323; re-\\nstrictions in Lord s Supper, 10743; d.,\\n10742.\\nIXI., pope, d., 10742.\\nIV., pope, d., 10762.\\nV\\\\, pope, 1077 d., 10762.\\nVT.j pope, 1077 d., 10762.\\nVII., pope, 10812; d., 10822.\\nUrban VIII., pope, 10832; d., 10823\\nUr-Bahu reigns, 11393.\\nUrbana, Md., action near, 120\\nO., University org., 1703.\\nUrbieus, Lollius. governor, 10652.\\nUrbina, dictator Ecuador, 6442.\\nUrbino, It., taken, 1078 duchy created\\nseized, 10793 goes to L. de Medici an-\\nnexed to Papal States, 10813; annexed\\nto Italy, 10892.\\nGen., at battle of Galte, 6432.\\nUrdu, asteroid, discovered, 2901\\nUrdamen captures Pharaoh Necho, 650\\nUrfe, Honors d b., 6823; Astrie, 6871 d.,\\n6863.\\nUrgel, action at, 11322.\\nUr-Gur, king of Shumer, 11393.\\nUri, Switz., confederated, 11373.\\nUriarte, Higinio, elected president, 11063.\\nUric secedes, 11382.\\nUrquhart, Richard, b., 878 d., 8902.\\nUrquiza, Justo Jose, b., 4893; at Buenos\\nAyres, 4901, 2; gov., 4903; deposed; de-\\nfeat at India Muerta, 490 commander,\\n490 2 conquest navigation secured\\npres. deposed dictator repels fili-\\nbusters, 491 neutral, 4912; assassi-\\nnated, 4913.\\nUrraca attacks Countess of Port., 1126\\nUrriola, Col., leader, 6072; killed, 606\\nUrsere Zeit issued, 8203.\\nUrsicinus elected anti-pope, 1068 3\\nUrsinus College organized, Pa., 2722.\\nZacharius, b., 7902; d.,7922.\\nUrsua, Pedro d in Colombia seeks El-\\ndorado, 223.\\nUrsula, d., 8402.\\nUrsuline nuns, order fnd., 1081 est. at\\nNew Orleans, 603.\\nUruguay. (See text, pp. 1159-1160.)\\nUrukh, king, builder, 1140\\nUrumiah, Per., revival, 1107 printing-\\npress est., 11073.\\nUsagala, Stanley meets missionaries ,5622.\\nUsambara, Moslems close mosques, 8383.\\nUsambrioa, Mackav remains at, 562\\nUser-en-Ra, in Arabia, 646 titles, 6462\\nreigns, Egypt, 647\\nUser-ka-f reigns, Egypt, 647\\nUsertsen I., art patron, 646 erects obe-\\nlisk, 646\\nII., and III. reign, 6473.\\nUsher, or Ussher, James, archbp. of Ar-\\nmagh, chronol gist, b.,S742 d., 8882.\\nUsibepu, Chief,atUlundi,602 defeated,\\n6022.\\nUskuto, Bp. Theodosius expelled, 568\\nlissagah dies, 429\\nUsse, Anthony, cons. R. C. bishop, 1012\\nUssing, Tage Algreen, b., 6382; d., 642\\nUstariz, Juan Andres de, gov., 605 3\\nUsu, mission at, 1161 2.\\nUsufruct, cipher despatches, 3012.\\nUsury prohibited, Eng., 8592; allowed to\\nChristians, It., 10793.\\nUsutus, Chief, fugitive, 6022.\\nUtah, U. S. A.: ceded by Mex. to U. S.,\\n1633: territory org., 1672; Univ. of Utah\\nfnd., 1683; Brigham Young, gov., 1692;\\nCol. E. J. Steptoe, gov., 177 State of\\nDeseret fnd., 179 2 revolt against U. S.,\\n1812; rebellion army atSaltLake, 182\\nMountain Meadow massacre, 1823\\nYoung vs. army, 183 A. Cummings\\ngov., 1832, 1971 leaders indicted for\\ntreason, 1832; compromise; peace, 1841;\\nJ. W. Dawson, gov.; S. Harding, gov.,\\n2032 conven. meets Constitution rati-\\nfied, 2053 Morrisites defy sheriff, 2093,\\n2213 D. Doty, gov., 2413 C. Durkee,\\ngov., 2512 Union Pacific R. R. com-\\npleted, 2673; Univ. of Deseret est., 2662;\\nMormons rise against B. Young, 269\\nJ. Wilson Slaffer, gov., 261)3 Mormon\\nmilitia repressed, 270 2713, 2742, 2752\\nprotest against interference with polyg-\\namy, 2703; polygamists deprived of civil\\nrights; woman s suffrage est., 271\\nZion s Cooperative Mercantile Institu-\\ntion est., 2733 B. Young arrested for\\nbigamy; escapes, 2743, 2783,287 Geo.\\nL.Woods, gov., 277 Ogden Sem. est.,\\n278 2 B. Young resigns temporal power,\\n2802 Geo. w. Emery, gov., 2912 John\\nTaylor, chief apostle, 2962; Meth. Epis.\\nConf. fmd., 2982; Brigham Young Coll.\\nest., 3003 Eli H. Murray, gov., 3052;\\nCongregational Asso. fmd., 310 2 mis-\\nsionaries sent out, 3142; expelled Mor-\\nmons enter Montana, 3152; Deaf Mutes\\nInstit. est., 319 Edmunds Anti-Polyg-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1446.jp2"}, "1447": {"fulltext": "Ute-Vane.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1435\\namy Bill, 311 3203, it is constitutional,\\n3212 Insane Asylum est., 3231 Caleb\\nW. West, goT., 3252; Women s Indus-\\ntrial Home est., 3263; prot. Epis. dio-\\ncese, 328 2 mineral wax ice-cave, 3341\\nGentiles elect, 3352,3432; priesthood de-\\nficient, 3462 A. L. Thomas, gov., 3492;\\nmigration to Mex., 3553; Utah Univ.,\\n3643; Agricultural Coll est., 3662; polyg-\\namy abolished, 3682, 3 free schools,\\n3743; Irrigation Cong., 391 Liberals\\nelect, 4012; Mormon Temple built, 404\\n4261; Gov t Bill passes, 4111 admission,\\n4291,2,4693; U. and Nevada consolida-\\ntion, 4391; W. West, gov., 4472; receiver\\nfor Mormon church fuiuls.-lUl 2; wreckers\\ncaught, 4662; Kep. Conven., free coinage\\nof silver, 4712 settlers against Utes,\\n4762; annexation resolution, 4772.\\nUte Indians removed from N. Mex., 2991\\nsubdued, 4761 ,2.\\nUtica (Tunis), flourishes ally of Car-\\nthage, 11391 Koman armies unite, 10551\\ncaptured, 10601\\nN. Y., (N. S.) Presb. synod find., 1363\\nconven. of mechanics, 1451 Barnburners\\nBern. Conven. meets, 1651 Gen. Asso.\\nN. S. Presb. meets, 1702; B.R. accident,\\n1853; Saturday Globe issued, 3123 fire,\\n3533, 4293 natural gas found, 3621\\nagainst gambling, 4531 M Leod ac-\\nquitted, 5791.\\nand Schenectady R. B. opened, 146 3\\nUtopia, steamboat, accident, 3813.\\nsinks, 10903.\\nUtraquist Synod, imitate Luther, 5083\\nUtrecht, Neth., Peace of, 59 1 6973; Pr. of\\nOrange abandons, 6921 quarrel of minis-\\nters, 6972; Union of, 5411 Christian Ch.\\nfnd.,1097 in alliance, 10991 surrendered\\nto Prus., 11002; observatory est., 11003;\\nannexed to Fr., 11013; Miss. Soe. fnd.,\\n11022 anniversary of Seven United\\nProvinces, 11023.\\nAdriaan van, b.-d., 5403.\\nUttlman, Barbara, lace-making, 788 2\\nUttoxeter, Scots surrender at, 8862.\\nUvalde, socialist refused naturalization,\\n3931 flood, 4713.\\nUyui, mission, 8383.\\nVz, Johann P., b., 7983; works, 8011 d.,\\n8063.\\nUzbeck Tartars, in Bokhara, 5491\\nUzzah smitten, 11423.\\nUzzi, high priest, 11411\\nUzziah (Azariah), reigns, 11451\\ndefeated, 11441\\nVaal River, R. R. connection, 6033.\\nVaart, Jan van der, b.-d., 11003.\\nVaballathus, heir to Palmyra, 10672.\\nVaca, Cabeza de. (See Cabeza.)\\nVaccai, or Vaccaj, Nicolo, d., 10863.\\nVaccination, intra., Am., 613, 11073; Anti-\\nCompulsory League org., 4571 Law con-\\nstitutional, Conn.; in Hartford schools,\\n4602; not compulsory, N. Y., 4612; riots,\\nCan., 5851; fi rs t used in Ger.,8041; in\\nBelg.,5441; in Persia, 11073; idea con-\\nceived, Eng., 9202 experiment, 9262;\\nlymph procured, 950i Act passes, G.B.,\\n9512; compulsory, 9591 opposed, 9751\\nVacherot, Etienne, b., 7191 works, 7292,\\n7343, 7383.\\nVacquerie, Auguste, b., 7223.\\nVacslav, the Saint, duke, 5032.\\nVaderlandsche Lettrroennhufeii, 11012.\\nVadimonian Lake, battle at, 6621 10521\\nVagrancy, penalties, Eng., 8671 punished,\\n8752.\\nVail, Chas. N., Bridge Commission, 3613.\\nThomas Hubbard, b. (1812) cons. P.\\nE. bishop, 2411; d., 3461.\\nVaillant, Auguste, anarchist, 766 2 bomb\\nin Chamber of Deputies, 7671 executed,\\n7663.\\nJean Baptiste Philibert, b., 7062\\nminister fine arts, 7392; d. (1872).\\nSebastien, b., 6903; d., 6982.\\nVakhtang builds Tiflis, 11132.\\nValabhis dynasty reigns, 10432.\\nValaduc, prince Carinthia, 5031\\nValais canton, joins Act Mediation, 11382.\\nValarsaces, or Vagharshag, est. Arsacidse\\ndynasty, 1149 3\\nValderrama, Baltazar Francisco de, gov.,\\n6302.\\nV aides, Juan de, work, 11291 d. (1540).\\nValdivia, Pedro de, b.-d., 11263; fnds. Val-\\nparaiso, 23 1; conquers Chile to Peru;\\nrepulsed, 6042 return, 6043; explorer,\\n6051 taken, 6061 killed, 6043, 6051\\nValdrome, Chevandier de, minister, 7392.\\nValee, Comte Sylvain Charles, b. (1773) in\\nAlgeria, 83, 93; d. (1846).\\nValencay, Fr., treaty of, 11312.\\nValence, Fr., University est., 6783.\\nValencia, Sp., taken, 7LS2; capital, 11272\\nVanciotiero General, 11271 insurrection,\\n11301 conspiracy, 11313 surrendered,\\n11321; taken, 11261, 11321; cholera,\\n11323, 11331; bomb for archbp., 11331;\\nTirant /o Blanche, 11271.\\nGen., defeated at Conteras, 1621\\nValenciennes, Fr., siege of, 6901,10981;\\ncaptured, 6921, 7081, 710 722 Fr.\\ngains, 6933 revolt, 7823.\\nValengia, annexed to Ger., 7993.\\nValens, Flavius, b.-d., 106S2; defeated,\\n1068 reigns, 10692; Augustus, 10293;\\nkilled, 10282.\\nValentia, Ire., cable laid, 2833, 1833, 2533.\\nScot., a Boman province, 1069 3\\nLord, in duel, 9272.\\nViscount, title created, 881\\nValentin, Gabriel Gustav,b.,8102; d.,8302.\\nValentine founders, 9853.\\npope, d., 1072\\nSt., beheaded, 10663.\\nValentinian I., b.-d., 10682; defeats Ale-\\nmanni, 1068 reigns, 10692.\\nII., b.-d., 10682 ;reigns,10693; strangled,\\n6633.\\nIII. (Flavius Placidus Valentinianus),\\nb.-d., 10702; at Council Ephesus, 10303;\\nreigns, 1071 1 assassinated, 10712, 3.\\nValentius, pope, 10723.\\nValerian (Publius Aurelius Licinius Vale-\\nrianus), persecutes Christians, 10663;\\nreigns, captured by Pers.; conquests;\\nprisoner, 1060 executed, 10671,2; d.,\\n10662.\\nValerius defeats Philip V., 10262.\\nGratus rules in Judea, 11513.\\nMaximus, historian, b., 10622.\\nCorvinus Messala, against Car-\\nthaginians and Syracusans, 10523.\\nValette, Marquis de la, minister, 739\\nValfogona, massacre of prisoners, 11322.\\nValkyrie in N. Y., 439 3 races Viqllant,\\n4413.\\nII. races Defender wins race, 10013.\\nValla, Lorenzo, b.-d., 10782.\\nVallabha-Swami, religion of pleasure,\\n1043 enthroned, 10432.\\nValladolid, Univ. fnd., 1127 recovered\\nfrom Saracens, 1127 2\\nVallandigham, Clement L., b. 1282 ob-\\nstructionist, 203 anti-Lincoln speech,\\n2213; arrested, 2212; escorted to Confed.\\nlines, 2222; i n Bermuda, 223 nom. for\\ngov. O.; release urged no Habeas Cor-\\npus, 2233; in Nova Scotia, 2242; returns\\nfrom Can., 2352; kills himself, 2753.\\nValle, Pietro della, d., 1083\\nVallejo, Manuel G., d., 352\\nValley City, N. Dak., Normal schools, 3742.\\nForge, Pa., sufferings Fr. aUiance\\ncelebrated encounter, 88 2\\nof Taos, action in, 1631\\nValliant launched, 966\\nValliant, Francois le. (See Le Valliant.)\\nValliere, Duchesse de la, Louise Francoise\\nde la Baume le Blanc, b., 6883; d., 6963.\\nVallis Ranch, Confeds. defeated, 205\\nVallombrosa, It., Benedictine Abbey at,\\n10742.\\nValmy, Fr., battle at, 70S\\nValois, House of, enthroned, 6751\\nCharles de. (See Angouleme, Ducd\\nFelix de, forms Mathurins, 6703.\\nValparaiso, Cal., mobs org., 3992.\\nChile, fnd., 6052 bombarded, 606\\nearthquake storm, 6063; revolt threat-\\nened, 6081 plot foiled, 6082 battle\\nsurrenders, 6083; eel.; Baltimore crew\\nattacked, 609 1.\\nValsalva, Antonio Maria, b., 1083 d.,\\n10832.\\nValsequa, chart of Atlantic, 121\\nValtelline, It., Fr. seize, 6861 Protes-\\ntants massacred, 10823.\\nValtezza, battle at, 11562.\\nValverde, N. Mex., action at, 2042.\\nVan, Turk., mission, 11563 council dis-\\nsolved, 11582.\\nVanadis, asteroid, discovered, 748\\nVanAlen, J. J., ambassador, 439 resigns,\\n4412.\\nVan Allen, W., Coxey resolution, 4592.\\nVan Arnburg, Isaac, b., 1242 d., 250\\nVan Arteveld, Philippe, killed, 6742.\\nVanbrugh, Sir John, b., 8922; works, 9003;.\\nd., 9063.\\nVan Brunt, Gershom Jacques, b. (1798) d.,\\n229\\nVanBuren, Ark., Confederate defeat, 2143,\\n217\\nJohn, b., 1162; d., 254\\nMartin, b. (1782) marries, 1143; elec-\\ntoral vote, 1332, 1413, 1472, 1532, 1652;\\ngov., 1353, 1372,3 leads N. Y. democ-\\nracy, 137 sec. state, 1372 nom. for\\npres., 141 1,1513, 165 ,2; vice-pres., 1432;\\nsigns Delavan s declaration, 145 pop-\\nular vote, 1472, 153 1652; inaug. Pres.,\\n1473; pres. nomination, 151 3 successful\\nadministration; est. 10-hour system, 153\\nsuccessful but inglorious, 153 mis-\\ntake opposes Tex., 159 d., 2111\\nW. H., Sanitary Commissioner, 197\\nVance, Jos., b. (1786) gov., 1472; d. (1852).\\nZebulon, b., 1382 gov. N. C, 2173\\n2973; speech, 4372; d., 4562.\\nVan Courtland, Henry C, d., 9982.\\nVancouver, Br. Col., Haytien Republic\\nseized, 5952; Sp. Beize, 577 2 petroleum\\ndis.,688i.\\nCity, Wash., Holy Angels Coll. est.,\\n2111 defective youth school, 3263.\\nWash., Bishop of Nesqually s land\\nclaim, 3712.\\nIsland, Can., settled, 5772 captured\\nbySp.,924 diocese est.; coal dis., 580\\ngranted Hudson Bay Co., 581 2 Scottish\\ncrofters, 595\\nGeorge, b., 9123; explorer, 102 ,576*,.\\n1041 possessions of Sp. received, 577*;\\nvoyage, 9262 d. (1798).\\nVandalia wrecked, 336 338\\nVandals in N. Afr., 8 expelled, 8 9\\nsettle in Gaul, 6632, 3 in Ger., 6622; pos-\\nsess Dacia, 7692 invade Boman empire^\\n1064 i n Tunis, 1139 in Fr., 1067\\nexpedition against invade Afr. invade\\nSp. in Sicily, 1070 take Sardinia;\\nplunder It., 10712 conquer Morocco,\\n1097 power destroyed in Air., 1030\\nVandamme, Dominique Josephe, Comte\\nd Unebourg, b., 7042; a t Kulm, 520\\nat Nollendorf, 720 d., 726\\nVanderbilt, Congress thanks for, 231*.\\nVanderbilt, Cornelius, b., 1042 gift to\\nU. S., 2312 gift to Univ., 2903 d., 294\\nGeo. W., gilt to Fine Art Soc, 396\\nWilliam Henry, b. (1821) d., 3202.\\nW. K., yacht Alia sinks, 4133.\\nUniv. (Meth. Epis. S.) org., Nashville\\nTenn. (1872).\\nVanderbilts control D., L. and W., 4432.\\nVanderhorst, Arnoldus, gov. S. C, 105\\nVanderhoff, George, appears, 154\\nVanderlyn, John, b., 85 paintings, 112\\n114 d., 1702.\\nVanderpool, Geo., trial for murder, 274*.\\nVan Der Voort, Paul, commander-in-\\nchief, 3103.\\nVandersmissen, M., sentenced, 5462.\\nVandervelde, Willem, b.-d., 11003.\\nVan de Vyver, bp. of Bichmond, 3462.\\nde Weyer, Sylvanus, b. (1802\u00c2\u00b1) d.\\n(1874) statue, 544\\nDiemen s Land. (See Tasmania.)\\nDorn, Earl, b., 1303 atSaluria,1942\\nat Pea Bidge, 2042 at Farmington, 207\\nat Vicksburg, 2102 at Corinth super-\\nseded by Pemberton, 2142 at Davis\\nMills, 2163 at Franklin, 2202 captures\\na Bosecrans force, 220 near Franklin,\\n221 assassinated, 222 d., 2232.\\nDyck, Sir Anthony, b.-d., 6403 ap-\\nprenticed enters Bubens studio altar-\\npiece, 5402 paintings, 880 882\\nDyke, Henry J., b., 1302; moderator,\\n2942 d., 3842.\\nVane, Earl of, title created, 941*.\\nSir Henry, b., 8782; in Mass.; gov.,\\n352 returns to Eng., 353 minister,\\n8833 beheaded (1662).\\nCharles William Stewart, M. of Lon-\\ndonderry, b., 9203; d., 9583.\\nVan Eyck, Hubert and John, fnd. Flemish;\\nSchool, 10982.\\nElton, Hendrik Dirk Krhseman, b.,,\\n1362 Nat. Academy, 314", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1447.jp2"}, "1448": {"fulltext": "1436\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Vailf\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Venl.\\nVan Fleet, Abraham, d., 4781.\\nVangerow, Karl Adolf von, b., 80S 3 d.;\\n8262.\\nTan Gorder, G. S., Election Inspectors\\nBill, 4243.\\nBelmont. (See Belmont.)\\nVanguard wrecked, 9021\\nsunk, 9801.\\nHorn, James J., a colonel, 3821\\nMajor Thos. B., at Brownstown,\\n1181 at Kansas City, 1933.\\nHuten, Philip, search for Eldorado,\\n223.\\nVaniere, Jacques, b., 6903 d., 7002.\\nVanini, Lucilio, b., 10822 work, 10832\\nburned, 6871.\\nVanloo, Charles Andre, b., 6962 d., 7031\\nJean Baptiste, b., 6923 d., 7003.\\nMarum, electric machine constructed,\\n11003.\\nMurray, minister to France, 1093.\\nNess, Cornelius Peter, b. (1782) gov.\\nVt\u00e2\u0080\u009e 1313 d., 16S2.\\nNort, W. G., nom. for gov. Md., 3912.\\nVanorden, E., mission, 5563.\\nVan Pare, George, martyr, burned, 8703.\\nVanquelin, Louis Nicolas, d., 7243.\\nVan Renssalaer, Cortlandt, b., 1142 mod-\\nerator, 1821 d., 1862.\\nCol. Henry, d., 2312.\\nSolomon, b., 781 Gen. at Queens-\\ntown, 1182 d., 1702.\\nStephen, b., 741 d., 1502.\\nSautvoord, George, b., 1281 d., 2212.\\nShaick, Gen. Gozen, b. (1737) destroys\\nInd. towns, 902; d. (1787).\\nVansittart, H., gov., India, 10452.\\nNicholas, L. Bexlev, b. (1766) min-\\nister, 9372 d. (1851).\\nVan Straubenzee, Sir Charles T., d., 10081\\nSyckel, Judge, church lotteries, 4721\\nTromp, Adm. (See Tromp.)\\nVechten, Jacob, b. (1788) pres. synod,\\n1563, 1662 d. (1871).\\nVoorhis, Henry C, b., 1702.\\nVranken, Sam. A., pres. Reformed\\nSynod, 1423.\\nWart, Isaac, b., 722 d., 1362.\\nZandt, Charles C, gov. R. I., 2973 d.,\\n4621.\\nVapereau, Louis Gustave, b., 7223.\\nVaranes I. (Bahrain), persecutions cf,\\n11063 reigns, 11071.\\nII., defeated, 11061 reigns, 11071\\nIII., resists Romans; defeated; reigns,\\n1107L\\nIV., reigns, 11072.\\nV., conquers Arabia Felix, 11061 per-\\nsecutes Christians, 11063 reigns, 1107 2\\nVaraville. invaders conquered, G681\\nVarchi, Benedetto, b. (1502) works, 10S12;\\nd. (1565).\\nVarela, Pedro, pres. Uruguay, 11603.\\nVargas, Jose Maria, pres. Venezuela re-\\nsigns, 11602.\\nLuis de, b.-d., 11263.\\nVarian, Isaac L., mayor N. V., 151 2\\nVariedades de Ciencias, Literatura y Artes\\nissued, 11311\\nVarignon, Pierre, b., 6902 d., 6982.\\nVarley, Cromwell, musical telephone,\\n9741.\\nVarna, Hung, defeated, 5081 Ladislaus\\nfalls, 5091; Russian army in, 5201; re-\\nstored bv Russia. 5653 Russians land;\\nmission, 5662 Alex, arrives, 5663; Eng.\\narmy at armies leave, 9581 surrenders,\\n11562.\\nVarnes, Crete, seized, 11581\\nVarnhagen, Francisco Adolpho de, b.,\\n554 2 d. 556 2\\nvo nEnse, Karl August, b., 8042; d.,\\n8202.\\nVarnish, mnf. in Am., 1361\\nVarnuni, Jos. Bradley, It. (17554-) speaker,\\n1151 1172; pres. senate, 1213 d. (1821).\\nVaroli Costanzo, b.-d., 10803.\\nN., discovers optic nerves, 10802.\\nVarro, Caius Terentius, elected consul;\\narmy annihilated, 10541; capitulates at\\nCadiz, 10603.\\nMarcus Terentius, b.-d., 10563.\\nPublius Terentius, b.-d., 10583.\\nVarroy, M., minister, Fr.. 7532.\\nVarus, Publius Quintilius, commands,\\n10621; gov. Syria. 11513 suicide, 10621\\nkilled at Simula, 10G02.\\nasari, Giorgio, b. paints Supper of St.\\nGregory, 10802 d., 1081\\nVase, Portland, smashed, repaired, 9521\\nVasey, George, b., 1302.\\nVashon Coll. (non-sect.), org. at Bur-ton,\\nWash. (1892).\\nVasilii I., reigns in Russia, 11152.\\nII., reigns, 1115 2\\nIII., rules Moscow, 11152.\\nIV., rules Moscow banished; returns,\\n11152.\\nV., enthroned as Czar of Muscovy,\\nreceives title of emperor, 11152.\\nChoniski, Czar of Russia, 1115 2\\nVasquez, Juan Francisco Saenz, gov.\\nexpels pirates, 6302.\\nVassar, Matthew, b., 1022; gift to college,\\n1991; d., 2621.\\nCollege fnd., 1991; name changed,\\n2562 observatory established, 3001\\nVassy, Fr., attack on Huguenots, 6821;\\nmassacre of Protestants, 6831\\nVater, Johann Severin, b., 8031 d., 8123.\\nVatican, Rome, papal residence, 10762\\nreading-room gift, 5373.\\nCodex, Old and New Testament in\\nGreek, 10883.\\nVatke, Johann Karl Wilhelm, b., 8083\\nd., 8302.\\nVattel, Emmeric de, b.-d., 11372.\\nVauban, S^bastien LePrestrede, b.,6882;\\nat Treves, 6921 works, 7011 d., 6%3.\\nVaucanson, Jacques de, b., 6963; d., 7051\\nVaucelles, Fr., truce concluded at, 6832.\\nVauchamps, Prussians defeat, 7203.\\nVaud, Switz., canton, joins Act Mediation,\\nsecedes, 11382.\\nVaudois (or Waldenses) sect prospers,\\n5062; freedom of religion, 6951\\nVaudreuil, Marquis de (Philippe de Ri-\\nguad), b., lis,S3 governor, 5752,3 signs\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0conven. for Can., 7033 d., 6982.\\nVaugelas, Claude Favre de, b., 6842 d.,\\n6902.\\nVaughan, Alfred, b., 9403 d. (1857).\\nJ., Gen., at Carroll Station, 2382;\\nat Morristown, 2391\\nHenry, b., 8802 Silex Srint.il/aiKi,\\n8883 d. (1693).\\nHerbert, cons. R. C. bp., 9742 archbp.\\nWestminster pallium conferred, 10082;\\ncons, cardinal priest, 10103.\\nSir John, Gen., b., 9103.\\nThomas, b., 8802.\\nWilliam, forger, executed, 9152.\\ncons. R. C. bp., 9603 est. Truth\\nSociety, 9722.\\nVaughn, Sir William, b. (1577) Golden\\nFleece, 322 d. (1640).\\nRobert, governor, Md., 391\\nSir Thomas, executed, 8653.\\nVaulabelle, Achille Tenoille de, b., 7142\\nwork, 7291 d., 7522.\\nVauquelin, Louis Nicolas, b., 7031 min-\\nerals discovered, 7123 d. (1829).\\nVautier, Benjamin, D., 11381\\nVauvenargucs, Marquis de (Due de Cla-\\npier), b. (1715) Human Mind, 7012 d.\\n(1747).\\nVaux, Baron, title created, 8672.\\nCount, lands in Corsica, 7041\\nRobert, b., 981 d., 1462.\\nWilliam Sandys Wright, b., 9383 d.\\n(1885).\\nVeazey, Wheelock G., interstate com-\\nmissioner, 3512, 4473.\\nVeccio, Palma, Time Graces, 10801\\nVecellio, Marco, b., 10803.\\nVechte, Antoine, b., 7223; d., 7382.\\nVedder, Elihu, b., 1462 Nat. Academy\\nDesign, 2501\\nVedel, A. G., collects Kjiemjieriser, 6371.\\nVeqa Polar expedition, 9821.\\nVega, Carpio Lope, Felix de, b.-d., 11282.\\nFrancisco Laso de la, governor, 6052.\\nGarcillaso Inoa de la, b.-d., 11282\\nworks of, 11291 ,2, H303.\\nGeorg von, b., 5143; k. (1802).\\nVegetarian Society fnd., 9551.\\nVehicle tax, England, 9233.\\nVehmic Tribunals, nourish, 778 2\\nVehse, Karl Eduard, b., 8082 d., 8262.\\nVeientes, defeated by Romans slayFabii,\\n105O1\\nVeiga, Diego Laureneo da, gov., Brazil,\\n252.\\nVeii, It., taken wars with, 10501\\nVeit, Philipp, b., 8062 d., 8282.\\nVeitch, John, b., 9442 d., 9941\\nb. (1829 V, d., 10121.\\nWilliam, b., 9263; d. (1885).\\nVela, Blasco Nunez. (See Nunez.)\\nVelasco, Jose Miguel de, b. (1795\u00c2\u00b1); pres.\\nBolivia, 5503; d. (1859).\\nRodrigo Arias Meldonado y, gov.,\\n6302.\\nVelasquez, Diego, b.-d., 11283; conquers\\nCuba, 16i; Sp. leader, 631i; atBaracoa.\\n6313.\\nRodriguez de Silva, b. (1599);\\npaintings, 11282; d. (1660).\\nVeldeke, Heinrich von, JEneid, 7783.\\nVelencze, battle at, 5221\\nVeli Mehemet, ruler Bokhara, 5492.\\nVelleda, asteroid, discovered, 7461\\nVellctri, It., action at, 10861.\\nVellore, India, Sepoys rebel, 10461\\nVellum leaves in books, 10271.\\nVelocipede, inv., 7222; description, 704\\nin use, 9642; common, 9713.\\nVelpean, Alfred Armand Louis Marie, b.,\\n7102; d., 7362.\\nVelvet, mnf. intro., England, 8962, 9142.\\nVenable, Charles S., b., 1342.\\nWilliam, lord mayor London, 9413.\\nV enables, George S., d., 9982.\\nVendal drowns herself, 11132.\\nVendean insurgents assemble, Fr., 7113;\\nsign treaty, 7112.\\nVendee, Fr., subjugation completed, 7141\\nwar of, 7081\\nVendome, Fr., French defeated, 5421\\nLouis Joseph, Due de, b., 6902; at\\nOudenarde, 5141 d., 6963.\\nFrancois de Due de Beaufort, b.,\\n6862; war of Sp. succession, 6961; at\\nVilla Viciosa, 698i, 11281; d., 6903.\\nColumn. (See Paris.)\\nVenedey, Jakob, b., 8082; d., 8262.\\nVenedi inhabit Prussia, 7683.\\nVeneer mills invented, 7921\\nVenerable captures Fr. frigates, 9361.\\nVeneration of saints, Ger., 7723.\\nVenetia, It., ceded to Fr., 10S92 It. covets,\\n5271 seized, 8251; transferred to It.,\\n5271, 10892; ceded to Austria, 10852;\\nceded to France, 8251\\nVenetians against Algerines, 81 take\\nZadar, 504 1 hold Ionian Islands; in\\nGr., 10353; aid crusaders; in Tyre, 10741\\nwar with Turks, 11542; defeat Turks,\\n10821.\\nVenezuela goes ashore, 4013.\\nVenezuela, S. Am. (see text, p. 1160); gold\\ndis., 202; f\u00e2\u0080\u009ed.; withdraws from S. Am.\\nRepublic. 0283; to join Confederation,\\n6291 Arbitration Treaty, 4032.\\nGulf of, discovered, 151.\\nVengeur, Le, suppressed, 744 3\\nVengeance escapes, 1081\\nVenice, Gauls conquer, 10531,2; fnd.,\\n10712; campanile commenced; basilica\\nrebuilt; St. Mark s Church built, 10723;\\nRepublic est., 10732; independent, 10733;\\nwar with Genoa, 10741 10761 important\\ncity, 10752 burned enriched by cru-\\nsaders maritime power; quarantine\\nenforced bank fnd. commercial\\npower dominion over sea, 10753, 10773;\\npeace signed, 7791 war with Hungary,\\n1076 Doge s palace begun, 107(12; Great\\nCouncil ceases acquires Corfu, 10773;\\nalliance against Fred. II, 10772; treaty\\nwith Sultan loses Istria, Dalmatia;\\ngolden book of nobility gov t by Coun-\\ncil of Ten, 10773; acquires Padua and\\nVerona; loses provinces Palazzo Ven-\\ndramin-Calergi built; takes Brescia;\\nwar with Turks, 107S 1080 1082\\n10833; height of power, 10792; acquires\\nCyprus; against Naples; declines;\\nburned; gov t of Inquisitors, 10793;\\nwar with Fr., 1080 Gazetta issued,\\n10812; despoiled Grand Council .Pa-\\nlazzo Ducale burned, 10813; Bridge of\\nSighs built aids Greece war with\\npope, 10S2 retains Dalmatia, 515\\npeace with Turk., 11572; Jesuits ex-\\niled. 10832; disregards papal interdict;\\nGalleria de Minerva, 10833; Giordano\\nBruno burned, 10S32; surrenders Crete.\\n10833; Bonaparte est. gov t, 7132; ceded\\ntoAust., 10852; ceded to It., 10853; re-\\nvolts, 8173 free port incorporated\\nwith Sardinia insurrection; Republic\\nproclaimed; 10872; taken. 5223; Victor\\nEmmanuel enters, 10892; Internat. Fine\\nArts Exhibition; Bruno statue, 1090\\nPreferred performed, 76\\nVenlo, Neth., taken, 902 besieged, 1098\\nsurrendered, 11002.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1448.jp2"}, "1449": {"fulltext": "Venn-Vict.\\nText Figures denote Page. IN JDxLX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1437\\nVenner, Thomas, leader of revolt, 8912.\\nVenoues, King, in Armenia, 1151 3\\nVenosta, Marquis Emilio Yisconti, arbi-\\ntrator, 4252.\\nVentidius Cumanus, procurator, 11533.\\nVentilators inv., 9102; intro. Eng., 946\\nwork on, 9482.\\nVentimiglia, Antonio, d., 5513.\\nVentriloquism, described, 11442.\\nVenus, Temple of, erected, 10642.\\nVenus, transit foretold, 7943; transit ob-\\nserved, 882 9H3, 9181\\nVenus de Medicis removed to France,6922.\\nVentry, Baron, title created, 9311\\nVera, action at, 11322.\\nAugusto, b., 10802; d., 10901.\\nCruz, fnd., 192; Oortez arrives, 212\\nScott lands, 1621; bombarded, 1621,\\n7261, 10961; evacuated; surrendered,\\n1621, 10961; Maximilian and Charlotte\\nland, 5263; republic proclaimed, 10953.\\nVeragua, Colombia, secedes, 6291.\\nDukede, arrives X. Y., 4282; recep-\\ntion, 4283, 43H.\\nVerapoli, Bp. Berardi elected, 9803.\\nVerba Buena, Cal., missions at, 851.\\nVerboeckhoven, Eugene Joseph, b.,5423;\\nd.,5461.\\nVercellse (or Vercelli), It., battle at, 10562;\\nUniversity fnd., 10752.\\nVereingetorix, surrenders, 6622; against\\nCaesar, 10583.\\nVerdaguer, Peter, vicar-apostolic, 8642.\\nVerden, Prus., ceded to Hanover, 11353.\\nVerdi, Giuseppe, b., 10862; writes operas,\\n10861 Legion of Honor, 7671\\nVerdun, Fr.,Treatyof,667 annexed,6S32,\\n7813; Prussians take, 70S1 ceded to\\nEng., 9072; attack repulsed; emperor s\\nheadquarters, 7401 Fr. resist, 7402;\\nGer. invest, 7403; capitulates, 7422;\\nbishopric, 7703.\\nVere, Robert de, title of marquis, 8603;\\ngov. Ire.; impeached, 861\\nThomas de, b., S682.\\nVereez, dynamite wrecks house, 535\\nVerela, Sixto, killed, 6342.\\nVerelst, Harry, gov., India, 10453.\\nVeremundo I. (Bermuda) reigns, 11253.\\nII. (Bermuda) reigns, 11272.\\nIII. (Bermuda) reigns, 11272.\\nVerendre, explorer; in Rocky Mts., 5751\\nVerestchagin, Basil, or Vasili, b., 11163.\\nVergas, Diego de, in Mexico, 521\\nYergennes, Comte de (Chas. Gravier), b.\\n(1717); king s favorite, 7053; d. (1787).\\nVerger, Jean, assassinates Sibour, 733 2\\nVergil (Publius Vergilius Maro), b.-d.,\\n105S3; works, 10603.\\nVergniaud, Pierre Victurnien, b., 7033;\\nd., 7082.\\nVerhuel, Carel Hendrik, b.-d., 11011\\nVerhulst, William, governor, 312.\\nVerlage, action at, 2243.\\nVermandois, Fr., incorporated, 6713;\\nunited to Fr., 6712.\\nVermeulen, Jan, b.-d., 5403.\\nVermillion, S. Dak., University of S.\\nDak. org., 3143.\\nVermilye, Thomas Edward, b. (1803); pres.\\nReform Synod, 1642.\\nVermischte Biljliothel; issued, 799\\nVermont, U. S. A. Fr. settle, 612; royal\\nclaims, 733; State, 893; intemperance\\nfined, 912; Thos. Chittenden, gov., 913,\\n1032; i s t newspaper issued. 952; Moses\\nRobinson, gov., 101 3 P. E. diocese org.,\\n1023, 1403; Univ. fnd., 1023; state ad-\\nmitted approves Fed. Constitution,\\n1032, 1072; Congregational Conven org.,\\n1062; p au i Brigham, gov., 1091; Isaac\\nTichnor, gov., 1091, 1153; Israel Smith,\\ngov., 1152; Jonas Galusha, gov., 1172,\\n1252; Martin Chittenden, gov., 1213; 1st\\nbank est., 1273; Rich. Skinner, gov.,\\n1292; o. P. Van Ness, gov., 1313; Ezra\\nButler, gov., 1352; Sam. C. Crafts; gov.,\\n1372; Wm.A. Palmer.gov., 1393; Silas\\nH. Jenison, gov., 1453; Charles Paine,\\ngov., 1552; Moth. Epis. Conf.fmd., 1563;\\nJohn Mattocks, gov., 1572; Wm. Slade,\\ngov., 1592; Horace Eaton, gov., 1613;\\nCarlos Coolidge, gov., 167 Charles K.\\nWilliams, gov., 1092; Krastus Fairbanks,\\ngov., 1712, 1903; John S.Robinson, gov.,\\n1743; Stephen Royce, gov., 1772; Ry-\\nland Fletcher, gov., 1812; Personal Lib-\\nerty Bill passes, 1851; repealed, 2032;\\nHiland Hall, gov., 1852; Fred. Holbrook,\\ngov., 2032; John G. Smith, gov., 2293;\\nratifies 13th Amend., 2432; Paul Dil-\\nlingham, gov. ,2512; ratities 14th Amend.,\\n2552, 2592; John B. Paige, gov., 2593;\\nNormal School opd., 2003, 2923; ratifies\\n15th Amend., 2672; Peter T. Washburn,\\ngov., 2693; G. W. Hendee (1870), John\\nW. Stewart, gov., 273 2 Constitution\\namended, 277 2 governors: Julius Con-\\nverse, 2811, Asahel Peck, 2X73, Horace\\nFairbanks, 295 Redfield Proctor, 3012,\\nRoswell Karnham, 3052, John L. Bar-\\nstow, 3132, Sam. E. Pingree, 3193, Eben.\\nJ. Ormsbee, 3252; Soldiers Home lo-\\ncated,3263;Wm.P.Dillingbam,gov.,3332;\\nlegislature rejects female stiff rage,3723;\\nCarroll S. Paige, gov.; 375 Levi K.\\nFuller, gov., 409 2 4212; Univeraalist\\nState Conven. org., 4461; Urban A.\\nWoodruff, gov. (1894).\\nVerne, Jules, b., 7243; works, 7363, 7432,\\n7462, 7602.\\nVernet, Antoine Charles, Horace, b., 7023\\nd., 7262.\\nClaude Joseph, b., 6963; d., 7062.\\nEmile Jean Horace, b., 7062 Battle\\nof Jena, 7201 d., 7362.\\nYerneuil, Fr., battle of, 6761\\nVernois, Verdiz du, minister, S33 2 resigns,\\n8352.\\nVernon, Ind., action at, 2243.\\nBaron, title created, 9152.\\nEdward, b., 8902; at Porto Bello, 64\\n910 at Cartagena; in Am., 910 d.,\\n9143.\\nVernor, Henry G., b., 5782.\\nVeron, Louis Desire, b., 713 d., 7362.\\nVerona, It., action at, 10662 conquered,\\n1078 taken, 712 Fr. defeat,7122; Cong,\\nof, 5212; Austria retains, 525 2\\nVeronese, Paul (Paolo Carliari), b., 10S03;\\npainting, 10802 d., 10822.\\nVerplanck, Guliau Crommelin, b., 98\\nworks, 127 12X3, 1323,1431 ,1631 d.,2701.\\nVerplank s Point, N. Y., subdued, 902.\\nVerrazzano, Giovanni da, b., 10783 sails\\nwest, 182 explorations, 19 5701 5711\\nclaims for Fr., 193 d., 10803.\\nVerrochi, Andrea, b. (1432) takes casts\\nfrom faces, 1078 d. (1488).\\nVersailles, Fr., treaty signed, 953, 5153,\\n4811,8053; hunting seat at, 6893; palace\\nmobbed Paris Pari, summoned to, 707\\nbread riot, 7073 vine disease, 7313 Fr.\\nsurrender Ger. headquarters, 7403; sor-\\ntie against, 742 Ger. army leaves, 7442;\\ntreaty with Ger., 745 Nat. Assembly\\nat, 7452 Assembly reopens, 7472; anar-\\nchists convicted, 763\\nYerstegan, Richard, d., S822.\\nVertin, John, cons. R. C. bp., 3022.\\nVertot, d Aubceuf, Rene Aubert de, b.,\\n6902; works, 695 699 d., 6983.\\nVertue, George, b., 8962 d., 9143.\\nVerulam, Eng., council of, 8403.\\nLord. (See Bacon, Francis.)\\nE. of, title created, 9372.\\nVerus, Lucius Anrelius (M. Aurelius), war\\nin Asia, 10041 adopted co-regent, 1065 2\\nd. (ISO).\\nVerville, Beroalde de, work, 687\\nVervins, Fr., Treaty of, 6872.\\nVesalius, Andreas, b.-d., 10982 dissects\\nbody, 5402 works, 10802.\\nVesci, Baron de, title created, 987 vis-\\ncount, title created, 9172.\\nVesey, W., pastor Trinity, N.Y., 523.\\nVesoul, Fr., captured, 742\\nVesovici family murdered, 5023.\\nYespasianus, Titus Flavius Sabinus, b.-d.,\\n10622; against Jews; conquests, 1062\\ninvades Judea, 11533 erects Coliseum\\nerects Temple to Peace, 10622 defeats\\nAulus Vitellius reigns in Greece, 1063 3\\ntakes Rhodes, 1151\\nVespucci, Amerigo, b., 10783 1st voyage,\\n143; in Ojeda s expedition, 15 as pilot,\\n16 in Brazil; 3d voyage, 162; narra-\\ntive, 17 dis. in Am., 553 10782, 11262;\\nd., 10802.\\nVessel, 1st built in Am. .28 ,30 1st built in\\nWest, 463; forbidden to sail, 35 sunk,\\nFr., 743.\\nVest, George C, b., 1382 favors free coin-\\nage, 4363\\nVesta collides with Arctic, 1773.\\nasteroid, discovered, 8062.\\nVesta worshiped, 10503.\\nVestals est., 10503.\\nVesteras, fortress taken, 1134\\nVestibule dining-cars intro., G. B., 1011 3\\nVestiges of Creation appears, 9523.\\nVestris, Gaetano Apollim- llaldassare, b.,\\n6983 d. (1842).\\nVesuvius, eruption, 10022, 10702, 10822,\\n1084 10862; suicide in, 10873.\\nVeszary, Claudius, consecrated, 536\\nVeterans of 1870, order created, 8363.\\nVeterinary Surgeons Act passed, 989\\nVethake, Henry, d., 254\\nVeto, President s, first overridden, 1592.\\nYetters, J. 1 inv. pedal harp, 8002.\\nYeturius, T., in Caudine Forks, 1052\\nVeuillot, Louis, b., 721 d., 754\\nVevaliches, Gen., at Alcolla, 11302.\\nVey, mission at, 11613.\\nVezin, Hermann, b., 1362.\\nVia jEmilia constructed, 10543.\\nViacha, battle at, 550\\nVial, C.ipt. W. G., shot, 417\\nViand, Louis Marie Julien (Pierre Loti),\\nAcademician, 756\\nViardot-Garcia, Micliele Fcrdinande Paul-\\nine, b., 724\\nViau, Theophile de, b. (1590) Pyrami et\\nThisbi, 6872 Q (1626).\\nVibbard, Chauncy, d., 3842.\\nVibert, Jehan Georges, b. (1840) works,\\n6482,743\\nVibilia, asteroid, discovered, 288\\nVibourg Jan, ceded to Rus., 1135 3\\nVicat, Louis Joseph, b., 7062 d., 7342.\\nVice, Eng., proclamation against, 925\\n(See under Society.)\\nVice-adm., rank abolished, U.S.A., 280\\nVice-chancellor, 3d app., 957 2\\nVicente, Gil, b. (1471) hie:, l ereira, 1109\\nd. (1537?).\\nVicenza, It., taken, 786 Univ. of, fmd.,\\n10752; univ. Soc. fnd., 1081\\nVick, makes a clock, 6742.\\nVicksburg, Miss., yellow fever, 175 2 for-\\ntified, 190 defenses, 2072; Farragut at,\\n208 2092 campaign, 208 2092, 2222\\ninvested, 208 Farragut passes, 210\\nVan Dorn commands, 2102 Pemberton\\nsupersedes Van Dorn, 2142 Grant\\nmoves on, 2143, 2162, 222 expedition,\\n2163,217 2182 mine fired, 223 224\\nsurrenders, 224 2 Sherman leaves, 230\\nGrierson s raid, 2403 Gen. Old in mili-\\ntary district, 2572; race riot, 287 Levee\\nConven., 3153; reunion of Blue and Gray,\\n3591,360\\nVico, Giovanni Battista, b. (1668); works,\\n10833 d,, 10842.\\nVicq d Azyr, Felix, b., 7002; d., 7102.\\nVictor I., St., pope, killed, 10643.\\nII., pope, 1073\\nIII., pope, 10743.\\nIY r anti-pope, 1075\\nAmadeus II. (I.), b., 1083 d., 10842.\\n(See Amadeus II.)\\nIII., b., 1084 d., 10843.\\nClaude, Due de Belluno, b., 7031 d.,\\nPerrin, b. (1764); marshal, at Tal-\\navera de la Reina, 7181 at Barrosa,\\n9342; d. (1841).\\nEmmanuel I., b., 10842; K.; abdicates,\\n10853 d., 10862.\\nII., b., 10862 K. of Sardinia,\\n10873; at Solferino, 5241; recognized,\\n8232 commander, 8241 10881 K. of Na-\\nples, 10891 surrenders civil lists, 10892\\nd., 10882; statue, 1090\\nFerdinand, b., 108S2.\\nPr., Bonapartists leader, 7533, 755\\nVictoria sunk, 5853.\\nwrecked, 757 3\\nlaunched, 996 sunk, 1010\\nAustral., bishopric divided, 4962; con-\\nvicts arrive gold-field disturbances\\npopulation, 4963 Brit, province, 497\\nballot system; constitution, 497 2 com-\\nmercial crisis, 4973; creditors protected;\\njudges dismissed ministry resigns; min-\\nistry reformed ministry approved, 499\\nstrikes, 5002 City of Melbourne Bank\\nfails, 5013 bishopric est., 9543 bishop\\nBurdon cons., 9742.\\nBr. Col., selected port, 5793; Colonist,\\n581 ;R.R.opd.,5813; John Grant, mayor;\\n5863 sealers for Bering Sea, 5933, Ma-\\njestic arrives, 595 3\\nQueen (Alexandrina Victoria), b.,\\n939 3 reigns, 9492; accession eel., Can.,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1449.jp2"}, "1450": {"fulltext": "1438\\nText Figures denote Page. INDxl/X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nVict-Vinc.\\n5783; crowned, 9492; Chinese appeal to,\\n617* marries, 9512; attempted assassi-\\nnations; 1st in Scot, 9513; statue erected,\\n9522, 9861, 9921, 99(51, 10OO1 in Ger.,\\n9531 in Ire., 9551,2,3, 9591, 9631; at\\nManchester, 9o7 visits Belgium, 5443;\\nResolute presented, 181 3 1st cable mes-\\nsage, 1853, 2533; proclaimed queen in\\nIndia, 963 2 Prince Albert, queen s con-\\nsort d.,9642; works, 9702,3, 9771,9923;\\nlife threatened, 977i thanks from Fr.,\\n7483; proclaimed Km press of India, 9S1 2\\n10491; Order of White Elephant, 9S41\\ncables to Mrs. Garfield, 3083; Arab\\nhorses for, 4883; jubilee, 9971; jubilee\\ngift to pope, 9962 meets Bismarck, 8323\\ncables Pres. Harrison, 3892; writes Bar-\\noness McDonald, 5922; reviews Fr. and\\nBrit, fleets, 762i.\\nVictoria Adelaide Mary Louisa, princess\\nroyal, h., 950 2 royal dower, 9613; weds\\nPrince Fred. William of Prus., 9631\\ndaughter of Alfred Ernest, b., 9813.\\ndaughter Prince of Wales, b., 9731\\nDuchess of Kent, d., 9642,\\nMelita, Princess of Saxe-Coburg,\\nmarried, 8363.\\nPrincess of Ger., marries Pr. Adol-\\nphus, 10051,\\nPrincess of Prus., married, 8343.\\n(Vitoria) Francesco, d., 11282.\\nGuadalupe (Juan Felix Fernandez),\\nb.-d., 10952; president, 10953.\\nApache leader, killed, 3041.\\nand Albert, Order of, est., 965\\nColl., Can., confederation restrained,\\n5862.\\nCross instituted, 9G1\\ndiamond found, 6022.\\nFalls, East Afr., discovered, 5602.\\nManuel, governor, 139 2\\nNyanza, dis., 560 3 561 1 fortified sta-\\ntion, 8362.\\nTreaty of, 11601 mission, 11613.\\nUniv. org., 5791 confederated with\\nToronto, 5862.\\nVictorious takes Rivoli, 9342.\\nVictory wrecked, 9101\\nbears body of Nelson, 9321\\nVictualling office instituted, Eng., 8901;\\nchanged, 9472.\\nVicuna Mackenna, Benj., b. (1831); d.,\\n6063.\\nSeflor, for pres., 609i elected, 6092.\\nVida, Marco Girolamo, b., 1078 3 d.,\\n10803.\\nViday LTecuos de Estabnnillo donzales^La,\\n11292.\\nVidal, F. A., pres. Uruguay, 11603.\\nRamon, works, 11271\\n1 idar issued, 1104 2\\nVidela, Gen., rebellion of, 4902.\\nVidocq, Eugene Francois, b., 7043; d., 7302\\nVie, treaty of, 6892.\\nVie de Saint Alexis, La, written, 6691\\nGrigoire^ La, written, 6691\\nVieira, Joao Fernandez, leader, 361\\nVien, Joseph Marie, b., 6971 d., 719 1.\\nVienna, taken, 504 1 Jewish synagogue\\nest., 5042; Imperial City, 5043; capital\\nempire, 5052, 6672; synod est., 6723; en-\\nlarged, 5053; St. Stephen Cathedral be-\\ngun, 5062; Univ. of, 5071 Concordat of,\\nwith pope, 7851 Frederick III. besieged,\\n5081; Imperial Library fnd.; enlarged,\\n6083; Aulic Council; Matthias takes,\\n5093; Solyman besieges, 5101; Corpus\\nChristi procession abandoned peace of,\\ntolerateB Protestants, 5103; besieged by\\nTurks, 5122; Swedes approach, 6361;\\nCong, of, 7213, 8113; lottery for hospital,\\n513i gTand alliance; Leopold I. flees\\nTurks in; wolves ravage, 5133; Prag-\\nmatic Sanction, 5143; treaty of, 5151,\\n5251,5263,5272,7013,8052; normal school;\\nstate controls schools TJniv. of, profes-\\nsors chosen,517i removal of crown,5173;\\nNapoleon captures Fr. evacuate peace\\nwith Fr., 5183; Peace of, 5193; sub-\\nmerged, 5202; slavery abolished; Bona-\\nparte marries Maria Louisa, 520 3 Cong,\\nof, 5211, 5432; alliance fmd.; treaty of.\\nsigned, 5211,2; treaty revoked, 5213;\\nconf. at, 5212; Cong, settles boundaries.\\n521i; agitations; steamboats in; con-\\ntrol of burgher-guard Constituent Diet\\nfmd.; Cong, signs Final Act, 5213; Hun-\\ngarians approach besiege withdraw\\nbombarded; taken, 5221 riot, 5223,\\n5331,5362; treaty of, 8191; 2d\\ntion; Reichstag meets, 5231; reconsti-\\ntuted, 5251 Imperialists in, 5232; St.\\nStephen s crown, 5233; Hung, army ap-\\nproaches^:^ 2 assassination of emperor\\nfails, 5243; conferences; preliminaries\\nof peace; treaty of, 5251; enlarged,\\n5252,3; fortifications demolished, 525 3\\nPrus. besiege ,5261 ,2; treaty of, 5263; peace\\nof, 6413 sultan in, 5262 peace of, 5272 fi-\\nnancial conven.; dual gov t approved,\\n527 3 Polar expedition arrives Medical\\nCong, held; Palace of Fine Arts fnd.,\\n52S2; Old Catholics meet, 5283; Danube\\nchannel opd.; water-works opd.; Inter-\\nnal Exhibition sharp-shooting match,\\n5293; storm; Art Exhibition shoemak-\\ners riot, 5301; Maria Theresa monu-\\nment Internat. Literary Society meets\\nK. and Q. of It. in Meteorological\\nCong., 5302; Hygienic Cong.; Socialists\\nexpelled; conspiracies, 5203; Beetho-\\nven s funeral eel.; Industrial Exhibition,\\n5311; conspiracy to burn, 531 1,2; Wil-\\nliam II. visits, 5311; police approved;\\nReform Act appr. ved, 531 2 star of Beth-\\nlehem appears, 5321 Cath. Cong, meets,\\n5322; strike, 5323, 5331, 5343; Shah visits,\\n5323; May-day eel.; Rothschilds threaten\\nto go; Socialists in riots, 5331 suburbs in-\\ncorp., 5332; tramway reforms demanded,\\n5332,3; water famine; grain market boy-\\ncotted work ceases influenza in, 5333\\nMuseum of Fine Arts opd. earthquakes,\\n5341 Radetzky statue; Meth. church\\nclosed; primate threatened, 5342; Ger.\\nemp. at Agri. Cong, opens, 5343; fires\\nfamine sufferers Austro-Hung. conf.,\\n5351 police suppress workingmen,535i\\n6362; murders, 5351; World s Fair ap-\\npropriation, 5353; Democratic Asso. dis-\\nsolved, 535 2 Agri. Exhibition; panic;\\npress attacks McKinley Bill recipro-\\ncity with U. S.; Internat. Postal Conf.\\nmeets, 5353; Acad, of Art, anniversary,\\n5361; primate of Hung., assassination\\nattempted, 5362; meetings for suffrage,\\n5362,3; Ferles suicide; Oder and Dan-\\nube river connect emperors confer,\\n5363; conven. with G. Brit., 5372; Inter-\\nnat. Exhibition, 537 3 Strauss jubilee,\\n5381,2; suffrage demonstration; hail-\\nstorms; Socialists arrested, 5381; post-\\noffice to Brussels, 5413.\\nVienna, W. Va., Federals surprised, 196 1\\naction at, 200 3\\nVienne, Fr., capital of Burgundy, 6633;\\ngeneral conference, 7822.\\nViennet, Jean Pons Guillaume, b., 7043;\\nd., 7382.\\nVientenilla, Gen., at battle of Calte, 6432;\\nleads revolt; president Ecuador, 6443.\\nVieta, Francois, b., 6803; d., 6862.\\nViette, M., minister, 757 1 7632, 7652.\\nVieussens, Raimond, b., 6883; d., 6971.\\nVieux Testament, Le, appears, 6783.\\nVieuxtemps, Henri, b., 5423; d., 5461\\nVieyra, Joal Fernandes, leader of revolt,\\n5543.\\nViger, Albert, minister, 7652, 7671 ,2.\\nVigil, Father, ree d by Pres. Pierce, 1792.\\nVigilance Committee. (See Cal.)\\nVigilant seizes ship, 5861\\nselected for race, 4392; wins Am.\\ncup, 4413; loses race, 4672,3,4693.\\nVigilantius, writes on worship, 6631.\\nVigilius, pope, 10703; d. (554).\\nVigne, Jean, b., 292.\\nPeter de la, for poison, 7812.\\nVigny, Alfred Victor de, Comte, b., 7123;\\nworks, 7251,7271; d., 73G2.\\nVigo, Sp., Wm, M. Tweed arrested, 2923;\\nattacked taken, 11281 Carlists defeat,\\n11301.\\nBay of, Fr., fleet attacked, 6961\\nVi.jaya rules in Ceylon, 10432.\\nYijil, Father, minister, 1792.\\nViking ship at N. Y., 4332, H053; for\\nWorld s Fair, 4332; given Chicago, 4613.\\nVikings attack Franks, 7721\\nVikramaditya conquers Scythians, 10421.\\nVilagos, Gen. Gorgey surrenders, 52l 3.\\nVilas, Wm. F., b., 1522; minister, 3212;\\ndefends sec. treas., 4511 defendB presi-\\ndent, 4671.\\nVilemov, truce signed, 5081\\nYillaeh ceded, 5193.\\nVillafranca, It., peace signed, 6241, 525 2\\nemperors meet, 525 2\\nVillage Creek, Ark., Confederates de\\nfeated, 2091.\\nVillagran, Francisco de, capt.-gen., 605 2\\nVillain, Giovanni, b.-d., 10762.\\nVilla-nova, Port., St. Augustinian College\\nest., 1643.\\nColl. (It. Cath.), org. at Villanova, Pa.,\\n(1842.)\\nVillanueva, Joaquin Lorenzo de, b.-d.,\\n11283.\\nVillars, Due de (Claude Louis Hector), b.,\\n6902; at Friedlengen, 694 1 suppresses\\nCamisards war of Sp. Succession, 6961\\nImperialists defeated, 6961; a t Malpla-\\nquet, 5141; in WUrteniberg, 798 1; d.,\\n6983.\\nVillarsel, Diego de, leader, 489 2\\nVillavieiosa, Port., action at, 11101 ,11281\\nVille de Havre sinks, 7493.\\nVillefranche, Fr., Am. squadron sails,\\n3521.\\nVillegagnon, Nicolas Durand de, b.(1510);\\ncolonists in Brazil, 232; joins Catholics,\\n222, 233; Rio de Janeiro, 553i d (1571).\\nVillegas, Esteban Manuel de, b.-d., 11283;\\nAmatorias, 11292.\\nVille hardouin, Geoffrey de, b.-d., 6702;\\nobtains Achaia, 6713.\\nVille-la-Grande, conflict at, 7341\\nVillele, Comte Jean Baptiste Seraphin\\nJoseph de, b., 7043; premier, 7233; re-\\nsigns, 7252; d.,7322.\\nVillemain, Abet Francois, b.,706 2 works,\\n7251,7292,7482; d., 7382.\\nVilleme, M., photos for sculpture, 7361\\nVillenave, Mathieu Guillaume Therese,\\nb., 7023; d., 7283.\\nVilleneuve, Pierre Charles Jean Baptiste\\nSilvestre de, b.,703i at Trafalgar, 7161\\nd.,7163.\\nVillere, Jacques, b. (1761) gov. La., 1252;\\nd. (1S31).\\nVillerme, Louis Rene, b., 7051 d., 7362.\\nVilleroi, Due de (Francois de Neufville),\\nb., 6883; at Chiari, 6941 war of Sp. Suc-\\ncession, 6961; bombards Brussels, 5421\\nd.,6983.\\nVillers, Charles Francois Dominique de,\\nb., 7031; d.,7222.\\nLe Myre De, Fr. force, 4813.\\nVillersexel, Fr., French defeated, 7431.\\nVilleta, near Paris, battle at, 5561\\nVilletard, Le testament de Cesar Oirodot,\\n7343.\\nVillette, Colonel, imprisoned, 748\u00c2\u00ae.\\nVillieger, George, d., 8822.\\nVilliers, Charles Pclham, leader Anti-corn\\nLeague, 9493; minister, 9692.\\nGeorge, D. of Buckingham, b. (1592)\\nattacks Isle of Re, 68Gi created D. of\\nBuckingham, 8812; minister; 8811,2;\\naids Huguenots, 8821 impeachment,\\n8813; assassinated, 883i.\\nD. of Buckingham, b., 8821 The\\nRehearsal, 893 1 minister, 8932; d., 8982.\\nGeneral, d., 10062.\\nWm. Frederick, E. of Clarendon,\\nb., 9302; minister, 9492, 9593, 9731 Ala-\\nbama Claims, 2652,3, 2692; ,1., 9742.\\nVillius, L., lex annalis est., 10553.\\nVilloison, Jean Baptiste Gaspard d Ansse\\nde, b., 7011; d.,7163.\\nVillon, Francois, b. (1431) works, 6783; d.\\n(1484+\\nTuna, occupied, 7182; Univ. of Kieff,\\n11171 Czechs in Greek Church, 11202.\\nVimeiro, Port., battle at, 7162.\\nVimeure, Jean Baptiste Donatien de,\\nComte de Rochambeau, b., 6982; aids\\nAm. colonies, 7053; arrives in Am.; at\\nNewport, 922; with Washington, 922,\\n942; d.,7163.\\nVina, Cal., ruffians attack, 450 2\\ndel Mar, battle at, 6083.\\nVince, Samuel, d., 9403.\\nVincennes, Fr., balloon ascension, 744 3\\nreview of troops, 7501\\nInd., misson at, 502; fed., 553; cap-\\ntured; retaken, 90i; R. C. diocese est.,\\n1442.\\nUniv. (non-sect.), org. at Vincennes,\\nInd. (1806).\\nVineentK s exploring expedition, 1481.\\nVincennes, Jean Baptiste Bissot de, b.,\\n5722; d.,5751.\\nVincent, Boyd, b. (1845); eons, bp., 3342.\\nde Paul, St., b., 6841 d., 6902.\\nI. H., defalcation, 3131.\\nGen. John, at Burlington Heights,\\n1202.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1450.jp2"}, "1451": {"fulltext": "Vinc-Virg.\\nText Figures denote Page. l.N-L)-Il*-X.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1439\\nVincent, John Heyl, b. t 1402; elected bp.,\\n3302.\\nVinci, Leonardo da, b., 10783; works,\\n1078 2, 10833; d., 10S02.\\nVincke, Ernest Georg von, b., 8102; d.,\\n8282.\\nVindelicia, conquered, 10603; Rom. prov-\\nince, 10(332.\\nVindex, C. Julius, rebels, 6632; defeated,\\n5021.\\nVinegar Hill, Ire., action at, 9281\\nVinelnid, N. J., Home, Feeble minds,\\nopens, 3331 i s t liquor-license, 4191.\\nVines, Richard, b. (1585 in Me., 332;\\nd. (1651).\\nSidney H., Text-book of Botany, 4782.\\nVinet, Alexandre Rodolphe, b.-d., 1138 1\\nVineyard Haven, Mass., fire, 315 3\\nVinyoria sinks, 9853.\\nVining, Frank, forger, 4222.\\nVinje, Aasmuud Olafsen, b. (1818) Store-\\ngut, 11043; d. (1870).\\nVinland, search for, 122.\\nVinoy, Gen., in Paris, 7402; retires, 7442;\\nsuppresses newspapers, 7443; deposed,\\n7452.\\nVinton, Fred. Porter, b. (1846) Academy\\nof Design, 4981.\\nVinuconda mission, 1047\\nViolet wrecked, 961 3\\nViolins introduced, 894 1\\nViollet Le Due, Eugene Emmanuel, b.,\\n7211; d., 7521.\\nVionville, battle of, 7401\\nVirchow, Rudolf, b., 8122 at Medical\\nCong., 8341.\\nVirey, Julien Jos., b., 7043; d., 7283.\\nVirgin Islands settled, 8932.\\nVirginia, U S. A. Dominican missionaries\\nin, 18 3 named Melendez colonizes, 252;\\nreligious charter, 262 colonists perish\\ncolonists become pirates property in\\ncommon, 263; 1st charter, 271 Ed. Wing-\\nfield, gov; John Ratclitfe, gov., 272; Capt.\\nJohn Smith, gov., Geo. Percy, gov. Lord\\nDelaware, gov., 273 immigrants arrive,\\n273 282; famine Inferior Council gold-\\nseeking, 273 Church of Eng. confirmed\\ncolonists return orthodoxy enforced,\\n282 j immigrant reenforcements felons\\nheld as slaves land divided women\\nimported, 293, 303 Sir Thomas Dale,\\ngov., 291 j Sir Thomas Gates, gov. land\\ngrants starving-time, 291 Geo. Yeard-\\nTey, gov., 292, 3, 313; Sam. Argall, gov.,\\n292; colonies increased; popular gov t,\\n29 a 1st gristmill; industries; Indians\\nattack; settlers depredations, 301 Univ.\\nfmd., 302; ^st Assembly; new constitu-\\ntion, 303; people massacred population,\\n311 ,413,451 633; colonists perish; royal\\ncolony, 312,493; Sir Francis Wyatt, gov.,\\n31 2 iooo emigrants; Francis West, gov.;\\nJohn Potts, gov., 313 R. c. services\\nbegun, 322; John Harvey, gov., 331 352;\\nnon-Conformists expelled, 342 John\\nWest, gov., 352 j colonists persecuted,\\n353, 413 Sir F. Wyatt, gov., 353 Sir\\nWm. Berkeley, gov., 372, 3, 412; trade\\ncrippled, 372; favors king, 38 1 churches\\nest., 382; building list, 391 R. Bennett,\\ngov., 393 Lord Culpepper, land grant,\\n392; loyalists surrender Rich. Bennett,\\ngov., 393 j laws against Quakers Bap-\\ntists oppressed; religious liberty tolera-\\ntion, 403; Ed. Diggs, gov., 41i, 43\u00c2\u00bb\\nhereditary slavery; intemperance; Sam.\\nMatthews, gov. commerce oppressed,\\nSir Wm. Berkeley, gov. (1663-77), 412;\\nAssembly perpetual Col. Francis Mory-\\nson, gov., 413 royalists The Old\\nDominion, 412; imposition on tobacco\\nroyalist assembly, 413 intolerance\\nSeparatists oppressed, 422 clergy re-\\nstrained killing of slaves unpunished,\\n423; Dutch ravage coast, 441 education\\nopposed felons excluded 48 parishes,\\n443; colored refugees dismembered by\\ngrants non-Christian servants, slaves\\nsuffrage limited; unequal taxation, 451\\ngrant changed; leased, 45 2 Lord Cul-\\npepper, gov., 453, 472, 3 reform move-\\nment suppressed remonstrance of colo-\\nnists, 45 3 Bacon s rebellion liberal\\ncharter liquor forbidden two parties,\\n47 1 1st Revolution in Am. 1st martyr\\nto liberty, 472 king s commissioners\\nSir Herbert Jeffreys, gov. legal reforma-\\ntion popular conven. tyranny of gov.,\\n472; Sir Henry Chicheley, gov.,443, 473;\\nCromwell s soldiers executed, 482; print-\\ning-press suppressed Eng. servants\\nbanished to tobacco duty toleration\\ndenied servants, 48 3 Lord Howard of\\nEffingham, gov., 492 royal appeals for-\\nbidden, 492; distress prevails; again a\\nroyal province, 493; despotism resisted,\\n503; Kath. Bacon, gov. 511 Fr. Protes-\\ntants enter, 513 Presbyterians in, 522,\\n542; William and Mary Coll., 522, 3 Sir\\nEdm.Andros,gov.,532; industry ebbs and\\nimmigration languish., 533 A.D. 1700+\\nclergy irremovable, 543 p. Nicholson,\\ngov., 551 Huguenots in, 552; Edw. Nott,\\ngov. Edin. Jennings, gov. slaves, real\\nestate, 572; Alex. Spotswood, gov., 573;\\n\u00c2\u00a7ig-iron mnf., 581 1st Bapists, 582 in-\\nians honor, 58 3 p.-o. extended, 592 j\\nnegroes disfranchised opposition to\\nslave trade, 61 Hugh Drysdale, gov.,\\n612 Robt. Carter, gov. Wm. Gooch,\\ngov., 613; y. Gazette appears, 631 land\\npurchase, 67 1; Thos. Lee, gov.; Lewis\\nBurwell, gov. Lord Albemarle, gov.\\nWashington and Lee Univ. org., 671;\\nLord Halifax in, 67 2 regular theatrical\\ntroop, 681 Geo. Washington serves,\\n581 2 t 592, 3, 701 a church attendance\\nrequired, 69i Robt. Dinwiddle, gov.,\\n692; Ft. encroach in; Colonial Cong.,\\n693 j Washington against lnds., 701;\\nJohn Blair, gov., 713 p. Henry pleads\\ncollision of authorities, 733 Francis\\nFauquier, gov.; tobacco exported, 713\\nleads in education, 723 j social laws rigor-\\nous, 73i denies king s taxation; P.\\nHenry s speech, 751 Lord de Botetourt,\\ngov.; against slavery John Blair, lieut.-\\ngov. gov. dissolves assembly non-im-\\nportation agreement, 77 2 Wm. Nelson,\\ngov., 773 Lord Dunmore, gov., 783 ;gov.\\nremoves powder patriots force pay-\\nment, SO 1 in Va. War of Revolution\\nfighting, 803, 821, 871, 882, 902, 921, 3,\\n941 2 3; Declaration of Rights adopted\\n833; Patrick Henry, gov., 853,973; Thos.\\nJefferson, gov., 913 Thos. Nelson, gov.\\n(1781) Benj. Harrison, gov. (1781-84)\\noffers lands to Cong., 933 conquest\\nplanned, 941 Lafayette in, 942 cedes\\nwestern claims, 953, 972 Edm. Ran-\\ndolph, gov., 992; Beverly Randolph, gov.;\\nratifies Federal constitution, 101 1\\nHenry Lee, gov., 1032; James Wood, gov.,\\n1073 Harper s Ferry a Federal armory,\\n1081; A.D. 1800+ Jas.Monroe,gov., 1093,\\nH92;Washington andj effersonColl.org.,\\nllli John Page, gov., 1113 Accomack\\nBapt. Asso. fmd., 1143 w. H. Cabell,\\ngov., 1133 John Tyler, gov., 1153, 1333\\nnaval battle off coast, 1182; James Mon-\\nroe, gov. Geo. W. Smith, gov., 1192\\nJames Barbour, gov., 1193 Wilson C.\\nNicolas, gov., 1233 James P. Preston,\\ngov., 1252 Thos. M. Randolph, gov.,\\n1273 Luth. Synod fmd., 1283 state\\nlibrary fnd., 131 1 1st observatory, 1321\\nUniversity org., 1331 James Pleasant,\\ngov., 1313 -sVm. B. Giles, gov., 1353\\nUnited Synod South, Evan. Luth., org.,\\n1383 j negro insurrection, 1391, 2; John\\nFloyd, gov., 1392,1671 1st railroad opd.,\\n1413; Littleton W. Tazewell, gov., 1452;\\nWyndham Roberts, gov., 1472 Emory\\nand Henry Coll. org., 149 1; Dav. Camp-\\nbell, gov., 1492; Thos. W. Gilmer, gov.,\\n1531 Southwest United Synod, Evan.\\nLuth. org., 1543; John Rutherford, gov.,\\n1552; James M Dowell, gov., 1572 Wm.\\nSmith, gov., 1612 (1864-65); Constitu-\\ntional Conven. meets, 1691 illiteracy in\\n(1850), 1691 John Johnson, gov. (1851-52);\\nJos. Johnson, gov., 171 2 Henry A.\\nWise.gov., 1812; Richmond Central R.R.\\nopd.,1833; Mount Vernon sold,185i; John\\nBrown raid, 1863, 1S71 J. Letcher, gov.,\\n190 3 coercion by Confederates legisla-\\nture meets, 1911 peace commissioners\\nsent to Wash., 1912; election, 1933; state\\nconven., 1913; F. H.Pierpont, gov., 1923,\\n2032, 2413; state conven. meets, 1923;\\nconven. rejects secession commission-\\ners for Wash., 1932; secedes, 1933 ves-\\nsels sunk at Norfolk, 1941 S. Confeder-\\nacy recognized prepares for war,\\n1943 j blockade extended commission-\\ners to S. Confederacy; secession precipi-\\ntated, 1951, 2; military league, 1951;\\nadmitted in S. Confed., 1952; West Va.\\nloyal, 1952, 1972 secession, subject to\\nratification, 1952, ratified; favor seces-\\nsion or leave state, 1953; slaves as con-\\ntraband, 1961, 1971 state troops trans-\\nferred to Confederacy, 1961; ordinance\\nto reorganize, 1972 senators expelled,\\n1973; loyalty to U. S. treason, 1991;\\nUnionists exiled, 1992 S ee Southern\\nConfederacy Congress) army of Poto-\\nmac reorganized, 198 1, 2003; Civil War\\nactions in Va. in 1861 Sewall s Point,\\nBig Bethel, 190 1; Martinsburg, Manas-\\nsas-Bull Run, 1962, 3; Ball s Bluff, 2001\\nLancaster, Dranesville, Vienna, 2003;\\nDranesville, Newport, News, New Mar-\\nket actions in 1862 Big Bethel, 2021\\nFairfax Courthouse, Linn Creek, Bloom-\\ning Gap, 2041 Winchester, Hampton\\nRoads, Centerville, 2043 Winchester,\\nYorktown 205 1 Wo- alstock, 2052 York-\\ntown, Thoroughfare Gap, 206 1 York-\\ntown.Lee s Mills, 2062; West Point, York-\\ntown, 2063; Williamsburg, West Point,\\nMcDowell, Sonierville Heights, SewelTfl\\nPoint, Norfolk, 2071; Drewey s Bluff,\\nFront Royal, New Bridge, 208*; Win-\\nchester, Hanover Courthouse, Front\\nRoyal, Fair Oaks (Seven Pines), 2082\\nStrasburg, New Bridge, Cross Keys,\\nPort Republic, iiosa SI ua rl s raid, 2091\\n2142 Seven Days Battle, MechanicB-\\nville, Beaver Dam Creek, -J09i; Chicka-\\nhoininy, Gain s Mill, Savage s Station,\\nWhite Oak Swamp, Frayser s Farm\\nOGlendale), Malvern Hill, 2092; Orange\\nCourthouse, Malvern Hill, 2102, 3;\\nMattapony River, Cedar Mt., Shenan-\\ndoah Valley, Jackson s raids, 2103\\nWhite Oak Ridge, Catlett s Station,\\nWaterloo Bridge, Kettle Run, 2121;\\nCenterville, Manassas Junction, Grove-\\nton, City Point, Manassas, Chantilly,\\n2122 Fairfax Courthouse, Edward s\\nFerry, Williamsburg, 21L 3; Fayetteville,\\nHarper s Ferry, 2131 Warrenton, 2141\\nThoroughfare Gap, 2142; Philomount,\\n2143 Warrenton, Fredericksburg, Fay-\\netteville, 2151 Winchester, Cold Knob\\nMt., Hartwood, Berryville, King George\\nC. H., 2161; Port Royal, Blackwater,\\nFredericksburg, 2162,3 Occoquan, Dum-\\nfries, 2163. Actions in 1863: Suffolk,\\n2181; Deserted House, 2182; Williams-\\nburg, Annandale, 2183 Woodstock,\\nAldie, Chapel Hill, 2191 Fairfax Court-\\nhouse, 220i Dranesville, Londoun Co.\\nraid, 2202; Strasburg, Chancellorsville,\\n2203; Stoneman s raid, Chancellorsville,\\nWilliamsburg, Suffolk, 2211 Warrenton\\nJunction, Suffolk, 2212; Culpepper con-\\ncentration, 2222 Brandy Station, Bev-\\nerly Ford, Winchester, Aldie, 2223; Mid-\\ndleburg, South Anna, Lee crosses\\nHarper s Ferry, 223 1 Hanover Junction,\\n2241 Monterey Gap, Jones raid, Staun-\\nton, 2242 Antietam, Falling Waters,\\nSheppardstown, 2243 Manassas Gap,\\n225i Kelley sFord,226i Warm Springs,\\nCumberland Gap, 2262 Culpepper Court-\\nhouse, Madison Courthouse, 2263 race\\nends Bristow s Station, Backland s\\nMills, 2271 Rappahannock Station,\\nKelley s Ford, 2281 Locust Grove, 2282;\\nMineRun, Averell s raid, 2283. Actions\\nin 1864: Jonesville, 2283; Dranesville,\\nKilpatrick s raid, 2302; Suffolk, Grant s\\nfirst headquarters at Culpepper, 230 1\\nGrant s campaign, 2322+ Spear s raid;\\nbattle of Wilderness Bermuda Hun-\\ndred, 2322 Spottsylvania Court-House;\\nGuiney Station Cloyd s Mt. New-\\nRiver Wytheville, 2323 Yellow Tavern,\\n2331; Sheridan s raid; Drury s Bluff;\\nNew Market; Winchester, 233i North\\nAnna Wilson s Landing, 2332; Pamun-\\nkey River Hawes Shop; Cold Harbor;\\nBermuda Hundred, L o4i Sheridan s 2d\\nraid Piedmont Staunton Petersburg\\nTrevilian Station, 2342; Petersburg;\\nReams s Station, Lynchburg, King and\\nQ. s Court-H. White House; Weldon\\nR. R., 2343+; Jones s Bridge Early s\\nraid, 235 1; White s Ford, Stephenson s\\nDepot, 2352 Kearnstown Petersburg,\\n2363 Moorefield, 2371 Strawberry\\nPlains Crooked Run Weldon R. R.\\nDuvall s Bluff; Reams s Station, 2372\\nPetersburg Berryville, Sycamore Ch.,", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1451.jp2"}, "1452": {"fulltext": "1440\\nText Figures denote Page. lN.D.h,.\\\\. Superior Figures indicate Colu\\nVirg-Wagn.\\n238 Winchester battle Fisher s Hill\\nSpring Hill Fort Harrison, Chapiu s\\nBluff, 2382 Peeble s Farm Petersburg\\nAbingdon Sbeuaudoah Valley devas-\\ntated Fisher s Hill Darbytown Road\\n2383; Cedar Creek; Hatcher s Kun;\\nDutch Gap Canal dim, 239 Petersburg;\\nFort Sedgwick, 2392; Front Royal Ber-\\nmuda Hundred, 240 Hatcher s Eun\\nDarby s Mill s, 242 Sheridan s raid;\\nWaynesboro, 2422. Actions in 1865\\nGrant s final advance Fort Steadmau\\nQuaker Koad Dinwiddle C. -House; Five\\nForks, 2442, 3 Boydton White Oak\\nRoads battle of Five Forks Peters-\\nburg Richmond abandoned, 2443\\nPetersburg falls Amelia C.-House\\nSailor s Creek High Bridge Farm-\\nville, 2451; Wytheville Appomattox\\nStation, 245 2 Appomatox C.-House\\nLee s surrender, 2461 ratifies 13th\\nAmend., 2432 restored to union, 2473;\\nJeff. Davis indicted, 2531; ratifies 14th\\nAmend., 2552 under Federal gov t re-\\njects 14th Amend., 2572 Constitutional\\nConven., 2592 Meth. Epis. Conf. find.,\\n2602; new constitution adopted, 2613,\\n2672 Hampton Inst, org., 2043 not\\nvoting in nat. election, 2652 Henry H.\\nWells, gov., 2653 Gen. Canby, military\\ngov., 207 2; legislature meets; ratifies\\n14th and 15th Amends., 2692 fully re-\\nconstructed M. C. admitted turned\\nover to State authorities, 2093; Gilbert\\nC. Walker, gov., 2732 eldership of\\nChurch of God org., 2802 Constitution\\namended .laities L. Kemper, gov., 287 3\\nFred. W. M. Holliday, gov., 3012 Con-\\nstitutional Amend, abrogated, 3112\\nnormal school opd., 3123 corporal pun-\\nishment abolished, 3131 Wm. E. Cam-\\neron, gov., 3132; Normal and Collegiate\\nInst, est., 3143 lunatic asylum provided,\\n3191 ;McCormiek observatory dedicated,\\n3201 Fitzhugh Lee, gov., 3252; gold dis.,\\n3361 ballot reform, 3392 fc, F.\\nMahone nom. for gov., 3451 frost in\\nJuly, 3621; Phil. W. McKinney, gov.,\\n3751 Gerrymandei ing Reapportionment\\nBill, 3793 Debt Bill passes S., 4023\\nRepublicans unite with 3d party, 4172;\\nno Republican nominations, 4:152; Chas.\\nT. O Ferrall, gov., 4371, 4793; oyster\\nschooners captured, 4532. (See South-\\nern Confederacy.)\\nVirginia, stabbed in forum by father, 1051 3.\\nCentral R. R. completed, 1833.\\nCity, Nev., first sermon, 2822; fire,\\n2893; Enterprise suspends, 4221\\nMilitary Inst. org. at Petersburg, Va.\\n(1839).\\nPolytechnic Inst. org. at Blacksburg,\\nVa. (1872).\\nVirginius captured Americans shot sur-\\nvivors surrendered founders, 2833 Sp.\\nindemnity fixed, 287 3\\nViriathus, Lusitanian, betrayed; d., 10551\\nViridomar, commander, 6621\\nVirtue, John, eons. R. C. bp., 9862.\\nVischer, Friedrich Theodor, b., 80S3 d.,\\n8321.\\nVischering, Droste von, quarrel, 8153.\\nVisconti, Azzo, lord of Milan, 10773.\\nEmiro Quirino, d., 10862.\\nFilippo Maria, D. of Milan war\\nwith Florence, 10781\\nGaleazzo, at Milan, 10761 lord of\\nMilan; rules Lombardy, 10773.\\nGian Galeazzo takes title D. of Milan,\\n10792.\\nGiovanni, lord of Milan, 10773.\\nMatteo, the Great, b.-d., 10762 de-\\nfeats Torriani, 10701 captain of the\\npeople, 10772 gov. Venice, 10773.\\nfamily ascendant, 10772.\\nVisbni Volotchok, colony at, 11212.\\nVishnu Purana written, 10431\\nVisigoths. (See West Goths.)\\nVistor, Marshal, at Barosa, 7181.\\nVistula River, flotilla on, 11201\\nVital statistics, G. B., 9492.\\nVitalianus besieges Constantinople, 10303.\\nSt., pope orders church services in\\nLatin, 10722.\\nVitebsk, Russia, French defeated, 7183.\\nVitellischi, Mutius, Jesuit gen., 10811\\nVitellius, legatus in Syria, 1151 3\\nAulus, reigns, 10031 ,3; defeats Otho,\\n10633 put to death, 10631\\nViterbo, It., action at, 10881\\nVitericus reigns, 11253.\\nVitiges, conquers Milan, 7703 reigns,\\n1071 3 attacks Rome captures Ravenna;\\nin Constantinople, 10301 captured,\\n10702.\\nVitry, Fr., castle of, burned, 66S1 0693.\\nle-Franeois surrendered, 7401\\nVitterheteus Yanner established, 11351\\nI ittnria surrendered to Spain, 11321.\\nVittoria, Sp. battle of 9361\\nVitu, Afr., McKenzie at, 5032 ceded, 5633\\nGer. outposts raided captured, 8382\\nmassacre, 838 3\\nAuguste, d., 7621\\nVitus, St. Anthony, relics removed, 7723.\\nVivaneo, Gen., insurrectionist, 11081\\nVivarini, Bartolomeo, paints St. George\\nand the Dragon, 10821\\nVivero, Manuel de Bustamente y, gover-\\nnor, C. R., 6302.\\nVives, Juan Louis, b.-d., 11263.\\nVivian, patent granted, 9302.\\nBaron, title created, 9511.\\nHenry H., Lord Swansea, d., 10121\\nViviani, Vincenzo, b., 10823; d., 10831.\\nVivisection condemned, 9651 society for\\nabolishing, 981 1 Internat. Asso. against,\\n9812.\\nVivonne, Catherine de, Marquise de Ram-\\nbouillet, b., 6842 d., 6903.\\nVivius Lupus, governor, 1065 2\\nVizagapatam, .Madras, mission, 10462.\\nVizcaino, Sebastian, d., 11283.\\nVizcaya collision, 3713.\\nVizetelly, Henry Richard, b., 9403 d.,\\n10102.\\nVlaardingen, action at, 10981\\nVladimir, fnd., cap. grand duchy, 1115 1\\nI., the Great, baptized, 11131 marries\\nAnne, 11132 grand duke, 11133 d.,\\n11131.\\nDuke of Kieff, 11133.\\nVladislav. (See Ladislaus.)\\nII., duke, 5033; king, 5043; abdicates,\\n505i.\\nVladivostok fortified, 11221\\nVlaemoche Rederyleer issued, 5443.\\nVlamingh, explorer, 4933.\\nVoeux, Sir G. Wm., des. gov., 11032.\\nVogel, Eduard, b., 8142 d., 8201.\\nYoges, Capt. ordered to Fort Pickens, 1921.\\nVogt, Karl, b., 8122 works, 8163, 8203.\\nVogue, Chas. Jean Melchior, b., 7243.\\nVoigt, Johannes, b., 8043 d., 8221\\nVoirol, Gen., gov. Algeria, 92.\\nVoiture, Vincent, b., 086 1 Uranie, 6891;\\nd., 6883.\\nVolagt: attacked, 6161.\\nVola piik, invented, 7541 successful, 3323;\\nconvention held, 3662.\\nVolcano de Agua, destroys Guatemala,\\n10383.\\nVolhynia, Russia, invaded, 11181.\\nVolkmann, Alfred Wilhelm, b., 8071 d.,\\n8282.\\nVolney, Cointe, Cnnstautin Francois Chas-\\nsebceuf de, b., 7023 d., 722a.\\nVologarses III., king in Armenia, 11533.\\nVolontaire captures Aspasia, 1231.\\nVolpiscus, Flavius, Augustan History,\\n10071.\\nVolscii, defeated. 10501 subjugated, 10532.\\nVolta, Count, Alessandro, b., 10842 elec-\\ntrophorus improved, 9221 researches,\\n9242; dis. chemical electricity, 10841;\\nd., 10862.\\nVoltaic arc exhibited, 9362.\\nbattery inv., 10841 improved, 9381\\nVoltaire, Francois Marie Arouet de, b.,\\n6943; works, 6013, 6972, 6991,2, 7012,\\n7032 leader, 7011 in Eng., 9072; .1., 7043.\\nVolteline, Protestant, massacred, 1137 2\\nVolterra, Daniele da, b. Descent from\\nCross, 10802 d., 10803.\\nVoltri, It., Fr. defeat, 7141\\nVolturno, It., action at, 10881\\nVoluntary School Society fmd., 9523.\\nVolunteer wins yacht race, 3273 pur-\\nchased, 3353.\\nVolunteer Army Service corps est., 9721\\nforce est., 926 1 932 1 appropriation,\\nEng., 9772.\\nReserve for Navy Act, G. B., 962i\\nVolunteers for Mexican war, 1011, 1643\\nfor Civil war, 1922, 1942, 1952,1973,2101\\na, 2111, 2362, 2373, 2413; favored in\\nOhio, 2032.\\norganized, Can., 5812.\\nVolunteers, Ger. calls for, 8111\\nFirst Middlesex, fmd., Eng., 9321;\\nOfficers Decoration instituted, 1010 1\\nAct amended, 9732.\\nVolusianus killed, 10671\\nVornpomem annexed to Prus., 7993.\\nVondel, Joost van den, b.-d., 10983; works,\\n11012.\\nVoorhees, Daniel Wolsey, b., 134 2 Bank\\nIssue Bill, 4363.\\nRepeal Bill passes, 4431\\nVorontzof, Mikhail Seminovitch,b.,1116 2\\nd., 11182.\\nVorosmarty, Mihaly, b., 5191 d., 5242.\\nVorstius, Conrad, b., 7922 d., 7943.\\nVortigern, king, 8412.\\nVos, Jan, Aaron and Titus, Medea, 11012.\\nVosges, Fr., Fr. army defeated, 7422.\\nVoss, Johann Heinrich, b., 8022 works,\\n8051, 8071 d., 8123.\\nR., works, 8322, 8342.\\nVossem, Peace of, 6933.\\nVossius, or Voss, Gerard Johannes, b.,\\n7922 d., 7963.\\nIsaac, b., 7943 d., 7982.\\nVote, Congress enforces right to, 2711\\nVoting by proxy abolished, 9813. (See\\nSuffrage.)\\nVouet, Simon, b., 6842 d., 6883.\\nVound, chieftain, leader, 5653.\\nVouti, expedition, 610 1 patronizes art and\\nscience, 6102; enthroned, 0113, 6131.\\nVox Femr/iiiia issued, 11102.\\nVratislav I., duke, 6032.\\nII., duke king, 5033.\\nVrizy stormed, 7402.,\\nVroom, Peter D., gov. N. J., 1373, 1433.\\nVrooman, Henry, d., 3382.\\nVucatovitch surrenders, 5261.\\nVuillaume, Jean Baptiste, b. 7131; d.,\\n7482.\\nVulcan launched, 10001\\nplanet, discovered, 7342.\\nVulgate Bible, Mentz, 7871\\nVulpius, Christian A., b., 8023.\\nVulso, L. Manlius, naval com., 10523.\\nVyver, Van de, A., promoted bp., 3403.\\nS. Van de, installed bishop, 3462.\\nW.\\nWaagen, Gustav Friedrich, b., 8063 d.,\\n8243.\\nWabash, I ml., train wreckers, 3851.\\nCollege established, 1403.\\nR. R., robbery, 4242.\\nand Erie Canal completed, 1712.\\nWace, Master Robert, b.-d., 8482 works,\\n8503.\\nWac liter, Johann, b., 7963 d., 8023.\\nKarl Georg von, b., 8063 d., 8301\\nWachusett captures Flnrida, 2383.\\nWaddington, Wm. Henri, b., 7242 min-\\nister, 7473, 7512 ambassador at Berlin,\\n751 2 premier, 7513 resigns, 7531\\nCongre\\nof Berlin, 8311; London Con-\\nference, 9932 d., 8661.\\nWade, Benj. Franklin, b., 108 2 senator,\\n1692 on Committee of 13, 1892 on war\\ninvestigation com., 2031 pres. senate,\\n2572; conven. vote, v. -Pres., 2631 com-\\nmission, 2732; d.,2982;\\nField-Marshal, commander-in-chief;\\nRoyalist commander, 9101\\nJames F., a colonel, 3261\\nWadesmill, TlmmasClark lueinorial, 9841\\nWadhnins, Edgar P., cons. R. C. bp., 2782.\\nWadleigh, Bainbridge, 3761.\\nGeo. H., promoted captain, 4481\\nWadswoitli, .lames, b., 761 d., 1562.\\nSamuel, b. (1807) in Army of\\nPotomac, 2043 defends Wash., 2061\\nnom. for gov., 2152 k., 2322 d., 2332.\\nW., b., 1602.\\n.Joseph, Charter Oak, 61 intimi-\\ndates Gov. Fletcher, 533.\\nWage-workers Political Alliance peti-\\ntions president, 3703.\\nWager, Sir Charles, b. (1666) lord admi-\\nralty, 9073 d. (1743).\\nRiver, Capt. Back s voyage, 9481.\\nWages regulated by law, Eng., 8671 table\\nof, 8971 of harvestmen, 907 9112, 9152,\\n9252, 9272, 9311, 9431 laborers 8691,\\n8971,9491.\\nWaggoner, Link, killed, 4703.\\nWaghausel, Ger., battle at, 818L\\nWagner Inlet, visited, 5751", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1452.jp2"}, "1453": {"fulltext": "Wagn-Wals.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDxLX.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1441\\nWagner, Irving P., b., 1702.\\nJohn, commander G. A. R., 3043.\\nMoritz, b., 8102 d., 8321\\nKicbard, b., 8082 operas, 816 8243,\\n8281 9781 London festival, 9821 d.,\\nRudolph Johannes, b.,8123; d.,830i.\\nWilhelm Eichard, b., 8102; d., 8302.\\nPalace Car Co. incorporated, 2613.\\nWagram, Aust., battle of, 5183.\\nWagsham Gobazye revolts, 32,\\nWahabis, 4861 to 488 2 insurrection of,\\n11662; overthrown, 11573.\\nWahayama, floods, 10921\\nWahlstatt, Silesia, battle at, 7201\\nWahoo Swamp, Indian fight at, 1461\\nWaiapu, N. Z., see of, est., 9583; Bp. Stu-\\nart elected, 9803; Bp. Williams cons.,\\n10121\\nWaijen enthroned, 6112.\\nWailly, Charles de, b., 6983; d., 7131.\\nWainwright, Jonathan M., d., 2191\\nMayhew, b. (1792) cons. P. E.\\nbishop, 1702; d., 1741.\\nWairarapu wrecked, 11033.\\nWaite, Gen. Carlos Adolphus, b. (1800)\\ncommands in Tex., 1921 d., 2521\\nDavis H., gov., 4471; arrested ac-\\nquitted, 4702; nom. for gov., 471 2.\\nMorrison Remick, b., 1242 chief jus-\\ntice, 2852; N. Y. and N. H. case, 3133\\nd., 3282.\\nWaithman, Robert, lord mayor London,\\n9413; obelisk in memory of, 9461\\nWaitzen, Hung., action at, 5222.\\nWakayama, lives lost famine, 10921\\nWake Forest, N. C, College est., 1423.\\nWilliam, archbp. Canterbury, 9043.\\nWakefield, Bng., battle, 8641; Bishop\\nWalsham cons., 9983.\\nMass., quarter-millennial anniver-\\nsary, 4613.\\nR. I., burglars, 4602.\\nEdward Gibbon, b., 9233; d. (1862).\\nGilbert, b., 9143; d.,9303.\\nMrs. Priscilla, est. bank, 9311\\nWakes, regulations for, Eng., 869 2 intro-\\nduction, It., 10713.\\nWakkersoon, mission, 11243.\\nWakley, Thomas, b., 9263; d., 9662.\\nWalbrook Church completed, 8941\\nWalch, Christian Wilhelm Franz, b., 8002;\\nd., 8042.\\nWalcher, Bishop, Earl, d., 8482.\\nWalcheren expedition fails, 9341\\nIsle of, fever ravages army, 9341\\nWalckenaer, Charles Athanase, b., 7042\\nd., 7322.\\nWalcott, Charles Doolittle, b. (1850) in\\ninterior department, 4472.\\nWaldashach, Prussian victory, 8242.\\nWaldeck, Count [Prince of Prus.], (Georg\\nFriedrich), b. (1620) at Munster, 7903\\ndefeated at Fleurus, 5421 d. (1692).\\nCount (Jean Fred.), d., 7501\\nPyrmont, Ger., principality, 7992 j\\nnew constitution, 8113.\\nRousseau, minister, 7532, 7543.\\nWaldegrave, Earl of, title created, 9051\\nWaldemar, Prince, elected Prince of Bul-\\ngaria declines, 567\\nI. (Valdemar), b.-d.; conquests de-\\nfeats, 635i builos Copenhagen elected,\\n6353.\\nII.,inBornhceved; inPrus.; in Rus.;\\nunfurls standard, 6351 converts pagans,\\n6352; attempts to regain Holstein im-\\nprisoned loses power reigns unsuc-\\ncessful in Nor. and Swe., 6353; d., 6351\\nkingdom divided, 637 1\\nIII. accepts peace of Stralsmund\\nreigns, 6372; d.,6362.\\nTV., of Den., ravages Sweden, 11341\\nV. reigns, 11351\\n(false) appears, 7833.\\nWalden, Baron Howard de, title created,\\n8772.\\nJohn M., elected M. E. bishop, 3163.\\nWaldenses appear, 6702 massacred at\\nToulouse, 6703; persecuted, 8822; tolera-\\ntion, 8883, 8892. (See Vaudois.)\\nWaldhouser, Conrad, attempts reforma-\\ntion, 5062.\\nWaldis, Burkhard, b. (1500+) works, 791 1\\nWaldo, Daniel, b. (1762) d., 2373.\\nPierre, b.-d., 6683.\\nWaldoborough, Me., settled, 652.\\nWaldseemiiller, Martin, b. (1470+); d.,7882.\\nWales, invaded, 7121 Romans resisted,\\n8391 leek, national emblem, 8401 Eng.\\nlanguage in see of Asaph; see of Clan-\\nilail, K403; early kings, 8432; devastated,\\n8442; earlyrulers, 8452,3,8473,8493, 8551\\nRoderie rules, 845 2 subjugated, 8461;\\nwolves heads as tribute, 8471 conquest\\nof, 8541,8552; insurrection; statute of\\nW. promulgated 8553; united to Eng.,\\n8553, 8692; rebellion, 8601; Merthyr-\\nTydvil canal opd., 0273 Fr. invasion,\\n9281 St. David s Coll. fnd., 9411 chain\\nsuspension bridge erected, 9421; Brit.\\nTubular Suspension Bridge erected\\nConway Tubular Bridge erected, 9541\\nAberystwith College (nil., 9763 strike,\\n9772,3, 10023, 10071 10111 tithe collec-\\ntors mobbed, 10003 earthquake, 10081\\n10101 University College, library opd.,\\n10082; coal-pit explosion ami lire, 10093,\\n10113, 10123 Great Western Colliery\\nfire, 10113.\\nWalewski, Comte Alexandre Florian Jo-\\nseph Colonna,b., 7191 resigns, 7352,7373;\\nd.,7382.\\nWalhalla, Bavaria, begun, 8141\\nS. C, W. Female College opd., 2782;\\nAlger College org., 2963.\\nWali.l I., calif, 4852.\\nII., calif, 4852.\\nWalke, Commander Henry, b. (1808)\\npasses Island No. 10, 2061\\nWalker, senator seated, N. Y., 3992.\\n.makes ice, 922 1; friction matches,\\nAmasa, b., 1082; d., 2881\\nAndrew, est. Ragged School, 9491;\\ngift of, 9821.\\nSir Charles P. Beauchamp, d., 10102.\\nD. A., Civil Service commissioner,\\nDavid, hanged, 3303.\\nS., governor Fla.,2553.\\nFrancis Amasa, b. (1840); works, 3031\\nMonetary Conference, 4132.\\nFrederick, b., 9502; d.,9802.\\nGeorge Leon, Thomas Hooker, 39 2.\\ndefense of Londonderry, 8981\\nGilbert Carleton, b. (1832) gov. Va.,\\n2732; Va. reconstrurte.l, 2693; d. (1885).\\nHenderson, b. (1660) gov. N. C, 552;\\nd. (1704).\\nHoratio, in Acad, of Design, 3981\\nSir Hovenden, b. (1660+) at Quebec,\\n561 d. (1726).\\nJames, b., 1042 president Harvard,\\n173i; d., 2861.\\nB., presidential vote for, 2932\\nelectoral vote, 295 2\\nP., d., 3641.\\nJohn, b., 9082 d., 9331\\nGeorge, rear-adm., 4481\\nJoseph, governor La., 1692.\\nH., b., 1362.\\nLeroy Pope, Confed. sec. war, 1913\\nat Pocotaligo, 2143 near Tupelo, 2362;\\nd. (1888).\\nRev. R. H., Uganda mission, 5621\\nRobert John, b. (1801) gov. Kan.,\\n1831 ,3; sec. treas., 1592; d., 2681\\nSamuel, lord chancellor, 10092.\\nSears Cook, b., 1122; d., 1722.\\nWilliam, filibuster, b., 1322 sails\\nfor Cal., 1732; in Lower Cal.; in Sonora,\\n1743; defeats Nicaraguans, 1761 leaves\\nN. Y-, 1783 at Nicaragua recognized\\nas pres., 1803; expedition lands, 1823\\nexpedition wreeked, 1851 sails for Hon-\\nduras, 1882; in Costa Rica, 6311; in\\nGuatemala, 1038 2 driven from Nica-\\nragua; aids Nicaragua, 11032 d., 1862.\\nW., cons. P. E. bishop, 3142.\\nWilliston, work, 4782.\\nWalking-sticks, term applied to M.P., 9832.\\nWalk-in-the-lVitter launched, 1273.\\nWall, great Chinese, built, 6101; Agrico-\\nla s, 8391; Antoninus s, 8392; Severus\\n8401.\\nWall, D. C, bomb discovered, 4611.\\nWallace, Ida., fire, 3653.\\nAlfred Russell, b., 9403 works, 9621\\n9743, 10022.\\nCapt., at Wounded Knee, 3741.\\nCorporal, shot, 9891\\nD. A., moderator, 2411\\nDavid, b. (1799) gov., 1492; d. (1859).\\nHorace Binney, b., 1262; d., 1781.\\nJoseph, work, 47S 2\\nGen. Lewis, b. (1827) works, 2823,\\n3063, 3323, 3502, 4442 saves Cincinnati,\\n2122; on the Monocacy, 2361 military\\ncommission, 247 2 gov. New Mex., 3012.\\nWallace, N. Clarke, comptroller customs,\\nCan., 5952, 5963.\\nSir Richard, gift to Paris, 7463; d.,\\n10041.\\nRush R., commodore, 4561\\nProf. William, b. (1768) pantagraph\\nimproved, 9401 d. (1843).\\nb.-d., 8542 defeats Eng., 8561\\nexecuted, 857 1\\nH., governor WaBh., 2032, 2293\\nspeaker, 2932.\\nHarvey Lamb, b. (1821); d.,2072.\\nM., commissioned major, 4561\\nVincent, b., 9363; d., 9681\\nWallachia, conquered, 11561 revolts,\\n11562 Aust. enter, 5241 army with-\\ndrawn, 5252; evacuated; invasions of;\\nlaid waste; uprising, 11121; gov t pur-\\nchased by Alex. oath to Russian queen\\nprinces purchase appointments re-\\nturned, 11122.\\nWallachians expelled from Poland, 11141\\nWallack, James William, b. (1795) opens\\ntheater, 1721; d.,241i.\\nLester (John Johnstone W.), b. (1820);\\nd.,330i.\\nWalla-Walla, printing-press set up, 151 1\\nmissionaries murdered, 1623 constitu-\\ntion convention, 2992 Witman College\\nopened, 3143.\\nWallenstein, Albrecht Eusebius von, Duke\\nof Friedland, b., 7922; defeats Protest-\\nants, 5121 dismissal, 6121 7941 peace\\natLubeck; recalled, 5121 invades Den.,\\n6361; D. of Meckleuburg, 6373; com-\\nmands imperial army in Nuremburg,\\n7941 cruelty faces Gustavus relieves\\nMaximilian, 7942; prince of emp.,7952;\\nlands bestowed power alarms army\\ndisbanded loses favor treason at\\nEger; assassinated, 7953 d., 7943.\\nWaller, Edmund, b., 8781; works, 8803,\\n8851,8883,8903; plot of 8853 d., 8962.\\nThomas M., gov. Conn., 3152; World s\\nFair Commission, 3633.\\nSir William, parliamentary gen., b.,\\n876 2 at Landsdown at Cropredy Bridge,\\n8841; d.,8922.\\nWallia fights for Romans, 10701\\nWallin, Johan Olif b. (1779) National\\nHymn Bonk of Sweden, 11362; d. (1839).\\nWalling, Henry Francis, d., 3301\\nWallingford, Conn., Baptist church, 623.\\nWallis, Samuel, voyage, 9161; explora-\\ntions, 4932 d. (1795).\\nDr., deaf mutes, 8871\\nJohn, b., 8801 d., 9022.\\nSir Provo William Parry, d., 10081\\nWallon, Henri Alexandre, b., 7192; works,\\n7303, 7351, 7363, 7482, 7522, 7602; minis-\\nter, 7493.\\nWalloons, persecuted, 301 build Fort\\nOrange; in N. Y., 31 1; near Hudson\\nRiver, 312.\\nWallscourt, Baron, title created, 9311.\\nWalmannsthal, mission, 11241\\nWalmesley, Charles, b., 9062 d. (1797),\\n9283.\\nWalpole, N. H., Farmer s Museum, 1043.\\n.Horace, E. of Orford, b., 9062; Cas-\\ntle of Otranto, 9171 d. (1797).\\nSir Robert, E. of Orford, b., 8942;\\nbill, 672; minister, 9033; premier, 9053,\\n907 3 resigns created E. of Orford,\\n9113; d.,9103.\\nSpencer Horatio, b. (1806); minister,\\n9573, 9632, 9692; withdraws, 9633.\\nWalram, Archbp., freed, 7822.\\nWalruff, John, upholds prohibition, 3232\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nWalsh, John, minister, resigns, 303 2\\nb. (1830); cons., 5822; archbp.,\\n5882; testimony, 9993.\\nHenry, d., 998L\\nMayor of Wexford, imprisoned, 10051.\\nMichael, convicted of murder, 9903.\\nMr., arrested, 9863.\\n,N., printing in Celtic letters, 8743.\\nPatrick, senator for Ga., 455 2\\nexecuted, 9903.\\nRobert, b., 962; Am. Quarterly Be-\\nview, 1351 d., 1842.\\nThomas, arrested, 9891\\nWilliam, cons, bp., 10063.\\nJ. cons, archbp., 9922.\\nParkerham, elected bp., 980 a\\nWalsham, William, cons, bp., 9983.\\nWalsingham, Baron, title created, 9212.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1453.jp2"}, "1454": {"fulltext": "1442\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Wals-Wash..\\nWalsingham, Sir Francis, b., 868=: minis-\\nter, 8753; d. (1590;.\\nWalthall, Edward Cary, b., 1382.\\nWaltham, Mass., first power cotton mill,\\n1231; statuary destroyed, 4642.\\nWalter, Hubert, death of, 8522.\\nJohann Gottlieb, b., 8002; d., 8122.\\nJohn, b., 9103; logographic printing,\\n9222; d., 10121.\\nof the Strong Hand appears, 7723.\\nthe Penniless, nobility support, 6683;\\nin Crusade, 10743.\\nThomas Ustick, b., 1122; d., 328\\nWaltheof, Earl, beheaded, 849\\nWalther von der Vogehveide, b.-d., 7782;\\ncollection for choral singing, 7892.\\nWalters, Mr., gift to Art Museum, 3381\\nRobert, mayor N. Y., 59 3\\nWilliam Thompson, d., 4761.\\nWalton, Ind., tenant shot, 4403.\\nJunction, Eiig., R.R. accident, 9713.\\nF. A., absconds, 3523.\\nGeo., b. (1740\u00c2\u00b1); gov. Ga., 1013; d.,\\n1122.\\nIzaak, b., 8762; Complete Angler,\\n8883; d., 8962.\\nWaltz introduced into England, 9372.\\nWaltzeemiiller, Martin, names America,\\n171.\\nWalworth, Frank M-, sentenced, 2931\\nReuben Hyde, b. (1789); d., 2582.\\nWilliam, lord mayor London, 8611\\nWamba, subdues Saracens, 11251 reigns,\\n11253.\\nWambe wrecked, 3113.\\nWampanoags defeated in R. I., 461\\nWampum; currency, 313.\\nWanamaker, Alfred, a suicide, 3683.\\nJohn, b. (1837); p.-m. gen., 3372; Log\\nCollege eel., 3443; letter-box order,415i.\\nWanborough, battle at, 8421\\nWandewasli, India, action at, 9142, 10442.\\nWandsworth, Eng., first Presb. church,\\n8743; j r on tramroad, 9301\\nWangeman, A. G., robbed, 4762.\\nWangti, inventions of, 6101\\nWanleli, land grant, 6152; d., 6142.\\nWangMaug rebellion, China, 6101,6113;\\nenthroned, 6113.\\nWanstead, Eng., Orphan Asylum est. ,9422.\\nWantage, Baron, title created, 9871.\\nWanton, Gideon, gov. R. I., 672.\\nJohn, gov. R. 1., 633.\\nWilliam, gov. R. I., 632.\\nWapping, E. India warehouse burned,\\n9273.\\nWar, Civil, war funds, 1972; loan, 1973;\\nappropriations, 1992 investigation,\\nCong., 2913, 2031; able governors, 2032;\\ncomplications; Order No. 1, 203 3 daily\\ncost, 2093; last loan, 2433; ends, 2473;\\ntotal cost, 2491 (See pp. 188-248.)\\nFrench and Indian. (See pp. 68-73.)\\n.King Philip s (Indian). See pp.44-46.)\\nMexican. (See pp. 158-164).\\nof 1812, Cong, declares war, 1192;\\npolitics in, 1173; New Eng. opposes,\\n1173, 1193. (See pp. 118-123.)\\nRevolutionary, for American Inde-\\npendence. (See pp. 80-97.)\\nWarbeck, Perkin, pretender at Beaulieu\\nmonastery, 8671; attacks; defeated;\\nhanged, 8661\\nWarburg, Prus., French defeat, 7021 8021\\nWarburton, Eliot Bartholomew George,\\nb., 9351; d., 9582.\\nWm, b., 900=\\nWard, Artemas, 1\\nchief, 802; d., 1082.\\nArtemus, humorist. (See Brown, C.F.)\\nEdgar M., Academy Design, 3141\\nSir Edward, lord keeper, 901 3\\nEdward Matthew, b., 9382; d. (1879).\\nElizabeth Phelps, b. (1844); Doctor\\nZay, 3191\\nFerdinand, indicted, 3411; released\\nfrom Sing Sing, 4063.\\nFreda, assaulted, 4002.\\nFrederick, b. (1851); enters service;\\nreorganizes army, 6201 d. (1862).\\nGen., envoy at Peking, 185 3\\nSir H., gov., 10491.\\nHerbert D., work, 3743.\\nMrs. Humphry (Mary Augusta Ar-\\nnold), b. (1851); works, 9983.\\nJohn, d. 10041\\nQuincy Adams, b., 1382; paints,\\n1821,2023; Acad. Design, 2291; statue\\nof Lincoln, 2901 of Washington, 3121\\nWard, John S., breach of privilege, 9852.\\nMarcus Lawrence, b. (1812); gov. N.\\nJ., 2553; vetoes, 2612; d. (1884).\\nMr., expelled H. C. for forgery, 9072.\\nNathaniel, b. (157S+); Simple Cobbler\\nof Agawam, 383; d. (1653+).\\nN. B., devises Wardian cases, 9441\\nRadcliffe, electric omnibus, 10001\\nRichard, b. (16S9); gov., 652; d. (1763).\\nRobert Plumer, b., 9163; d. (1846).\\nRodney C, d., 3442.\\nS., gov. India, 10491\\nSam., b. (1725); gov. R. I., 732, 753;\\nopposes Stamp Act, 752; d. (1776).\\nWarden, D., train wrecker, 4642.\\nWardian Cases devised, 9441\\nWardley, James, revives Friends Society,\\n9123.\\nWardner, Ida., non-union men, 4103; U.S.\\ntroops, 410\\nWardrop, Maj., in Sudan, 6602.\\nWare, Edward Ash, cons. bp. Derby, 10022.\\nHenry, Jr., b., 1042; Harvard prof.,\\n1123; d., 1562.\\nb., 741 d. (1845).\\ncons, bp., 10022.\\nWilliam, b., 1062; d., 1702.\\nWareham, Eng., taken, 8441\\nWarham, Wm., b. (1450-;-); archbp. Can-\\nterbury, 8622; lord chan., 8672; d. (1532).\\nWarehousemen s Asso. org., U. S., 3932.\\nWarehouse system est., 1612.\\nWaring, Edward John, d., 10042.\\nGeorge E., b. (1833); work, 4782; d.\\n(1898).\\nWarm Springs, Va., action at, 2262.\\nWarmouth, Henry C., gov. La., 265 2 sus-\\npended, 2793.\\nfaction, New Orleans, 4002.\\nWarmstadt, battle at, 7761\\nWarner, A. J., pres. Silver Conven., 3492.\\nCharles Dudley, b., 1362 works,\\n2723,2802, 2823, 2943, 2983, 3003, 3263,\\n3503, 3963.\\nDaniel B., pres. Liberia, Afr., 11612.\\nJohnD., b., 1682.\\nOlin Levi, b. (1844) sculptor, 3161\\nAcademy of Design, 3501\\nSeth, b., 642; at Crown Point, 801;\\nd., 962.\\nSusan (Elizabeth Wetherell),b., 1281\\nworks, 1683, 3031 d., 3202.\\nWilliam, b. (1840); commander-in-\\nchief, 3303.\\nMaj. nom. for gov. Mo., 4071\\nb. (1558) Albion y s England,\\n8763; d. (1609).\\nObservatory est., Rochester, 3021\\nWarrants, general, illegal, Eng., 9173.\\nWarren, R. I., Brown University est., 742.\\nBaptist Association formed, 74 2\\nCharles, b.,9403.\\nSir commissioner\\nwith Kruger, 6032.\\nSir excavations at Jerusalem,\\n11581.\\nFitz Henry, d., 2982.\\nFrancis E., b., 1562; gov. Wyo., 3492,\\n3671\\nGouverneur Kemble, b., 1382 north\\nof Rapidan, 2321 at Spot tsylvania, 2323;\\ntakes Weldon R. R. at Globe Tavern,\\n2372 at Peeble s Farm, 2383; at Hatch-\\ner s Run, 2391 at Five Forks reenforcea\\nSheridan; relieved, 2443 d., 3102.\\nJohn, b., 683 d. (1815).\\nSir John Borlase, b.,9123 captures\\nFr. ships, 9231 blockades Chesapeake\\nBay, 1201; d.,9403.\\nCollins, anatomist, b., 912; d.,\\n1781.\\nJoseph, b., 642; leaves Harvard, 723;\\nmassacre oration, 831 d., 823.\\nLieut., wins rifle prize, 9941.\\nMercy, b., 602; Am. Revolution, 1131\\nSir Peter, b., 9022; d., 9123.\\nSamuel, b., 9331 works, 9443 d., 9822.\\nS. D., estate damaged, 464 2\\nWm., Jr., b., 1183 d., 3301\\nWarrenne, Earl, treachery of, 855 3\\nWarrensburg, Mo., Confederates defeated,\\n2051; State Normal School est., 2763.\\nWarrenstown, Ire., tenants right demon-\\nstration, 9571\\nWarrenton, Mo., Central Wesleyan Coll.\\nfnd., 2412; collision, 3611\\nVa., Federals take, 2141 action, 2151\\nConfederates defeated, 2212.\\nWarriner, Francis, b. (1805); d., 2521.\\nWarrington, Lewis, b., 951 d., 1682.\\nWarrior launched, 9641\\nWarrior, Ala., Prohibitionist killed, 4003.\\nWarsaw, Mo., battle near, 1961\\nN. Y., Liberty Party Conven. meetB,\\nat, 1512; rock salt dis., 2981\\nAust., enlarged, 5193.\\nRus., diet est. at, 11152 Polish de-\\nfeat, 11141 alliance of; capital of Po-\\nland, 11153; surrenders to Charles XII.,\\n11141 Rus. garrison expelled; taken,\\n11161 a duchy annexed to Saxony\\ngeneral diet at overrun revolution,\\n11173; riot, 11191 sovereigns meet, 8212;\\nbesieged, 11192 Reign of Terror, 11181\\nmilitary arrests 11182; decree on educa-\\ntion; Univ. provided for, 11183; martial\\nlaw, 11212; Nihilist printing-est., 11211;\\nanarchists arrested bomb in Greek ch.;\\ncentenary of partition of Poland, 11223.\\nWartburg, Cape Colony, mission, 5983.\\nGer., festival of, 8123.\\nEvan. Luth. General Synod org., 2942.\\nWartenburg, Prus., battle of, 7202.\\nWarton, Joseph, b., 9062.\\nThomas, b., 9081 poet laureate, 9151\\nd., 9243.\\nWilliam, Hist, of Eng. Poetry, 9192.\\nWarwick, Abraham, surety for Jefferson\\nDavis, 2563.\\nE. of (Richard Neville), b.-d., 8622\\narrested, 861 2 captures Sp. fleet, 8621\\nin Eng., 8643; intrigues against king;\\ninstigates rebellion; declared traitor,\\nkilled, 8652.\\nEarl of, title created, 9112.\\nEarl of. (See Edward Plantagenet.)\\nEarl of. (See Dudley, John Rich,\\nRobert).\\nJohn G., d., 4121\\nWarwickshire, Eng., Kenilworth castle\\nbuilt, 8482 miners strike, 981 1\\nWashburn, Cadwallader Colden,b. (1818);\\non Committee of 33, 1891 commands\\nTex. expedition, 2281; gov. Wis., 2811;\\nd. (1882).\\nEmory, b. (1800); gov. Mass., 1771\\nIsrael, Jr., b. (1813) gov. Me., 2032\\noccupies Helena, 2101 near La Grange,\\n218i; d., 3122.\\nJohn W., defaulter, 4382.\\nPeter Thacher, b. (1814) gov. Yt.,\\n2693 d. (1870).\\nWm. Barrett, b. (1820) gov. Mass.,\\n2811; d. (1887).\\nDrew, b., 1382.\\nCollege org., 250 2\\nFlour Mills, Wis., burn, 2993.\\nWashburne, Elihu Benjamin, b. (1816);\\ndefends Grant, 2073; Joint Com. of Re-\\nconstruction, 2493 gee. state retires\\nminister to Fr., 2671 nom. for pres. can-\\ndidate, 3043, 3051 work, 3291 d., 3262.\\nHempstead, mayor, Chicago, 3811\\ncloses gambling-houses, 3823.\\nWasltituitun puts to sea, 1241,\\nsails, 1623.\\nstate Alexander Mackenzie reaches\\ncoast, 1041 Territory created, 1743\\nprinting-press set up, 151i Isaac I.\\nStevens, gov., 1743; J. p, Anderson,\\ngov., 1832; Fayette M Mullen, gov..\\n1833; Univ. est., Seattle, 1991; R. D.\\nGohlson, gov.;.Wm. Pickering, gov.;\\nWm. H. Wallace, gov., 2032; Nat. Deaf\\nMute Coll. opd., 2352; Marshall F.\\nMoore, gov., 2593; Alvin Flanders, gov.,\\n2683; Ed. S. Salomon, gov., 2732; Elj.\\nshaP. Ferry, gov., 291 Constitutional\\nConven.; Constitution ratified, 2992,3;\\nWm. A. Newell, gov., 3052; Free Meth.\\nConf.org., 3182; Watson C. Squire.gov.,\\n3193; Chinese protected. 3211 ,3, 3232;\\nAnti-Chinese riot, 3232; school for\\ndefective youths opd., 3263, Normal\\nSchool at Lynden, 3242, tunnel under\\nCascade Range, 3313 insane asylum\\nopens, 3332; Bill to admit, 3363; Ena-\\nbling Act signed, 337 Gen, Congrega-\\ntional Asso. org., 3422; E. P. Ferry nom.\\nfor gov.; Eugene Semple nom. for gov.,\\n345 constitution ratified; Prohibition\\nlaw rejected, 347 admitted, 3472;\\nstorm, 3521 cattle thieves, 3802, -wheat\\ncrop destroyed, 386 Italians riotous,\\nrace-fight, 3863; state Railroad Com-\\nmissioners, 359 Great Northern R. R.\\ncompleted, 4213; gold strike, 430 John\\nH. McGraw, gov., 4472 wheat de-", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1454.jp2"}, "1455": {"fulltext": "Wash-Weav.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1443\\nstroyed, 4493; cloudburst, 4641; fire in\\nmine, 4712: woman suffrage adopted,\\n343*.\\nWashington, D. C, cityfnd., 1033; capitol\\nbegun, 1041 }y (ls h. tin-cite, 1063 Intelli-\\ngencer issued, 111 i Brit, advance on,\\n1222; Nat. Library burned, 1232- Am.\\nColonization Soe.i inl.,12oi eapitolbuilt,\\n1273, 1341 Columbian Univ. fnd., 1311\\ntreasury building destroyed, 1433; pat-\\nent office and post-office burned, 1473;\\ntelegraph to Bait, est., 150 Democratic\\nReview est., 1483; Soc. for Promotion of\\nScience and Useful Arts est., 152 i Naval\\nObservatory est., 1541 Kossuth arrives,\\n1691 w. Univ. org., 173 aqueduct in-\\naug., 1733; race riot, 1323; representa-\\ntives in new chamber, 1S3 2 senate in\\nnew chamber, 1852; patent office com-\\npleted, 1853; Japanese embassy rec d\\n1871; defenses planned, 1901; Lincoln\\narrives, 1923; defense in Civil War,\\n1923, 1941 ,2, 1981 2061 2082, 2123; Con-\\nfederate Commissioners in, 1932; balloon\\nascension, 1963; Holy Angels Coll. org.,\\n21H; Nat. Acad, of Science est., 2212;\\nGen. Grant arrives, 2302; Conf. Meth,\\nEpis.org., 2332; Ladies National Cove-\\nnant fmd., 2333; Gen. Early threatens,\\n2351, 2361; Smithsonian Institution li-\\nbrary burned, 2423 review of Fed,\\narmy, 2463; obsequies of Lincoln held,\\n2472 polychromy applied to patent\\noffice dome of capitol frescoed, 250i\\nSt. Louis Coll. org.; surgeon-gen s of-\\nfice library fnd., 2502; Howard lust,\\nfnd., 2523; Mary Harris tried, 2551;\\nHoward Univ. org., 2583; Corcoran Art\\nGallery donated, 262 1 2701 Bureau of\\nEducation library fnd., 2623; Chinese\\nembassy in, 2632; Xat. Con veil. Colored\\nMen Asso., 2653; Burlingame treaty ne-\\ngotiated, 2633 Clark equatorial\\nmounted, 2S2 1 Lincoln Park statue\\nof Lincoln, 290 1 National Tribune,\\n2962; Soc. Asso. Charities org., 3072;\\nChas. Guiteau hanged, 3103; National\\nTheater burns, 3212 Cath. Univ. of\\nAm. org., 3232, 3302, 3471; National\\nEconomist, 3322 j site of Zoological Park,\\n3401 j S ale of pardons exposed, 2551 Bill\\nto est. Univ. of U. S., 3582; Italo-Amg.\\nhold meeting 387 1; Nat. Art Asso.\\nCong., 4061; f r legation an embassy,\\n4252; Webster statue, 4273; Ford s Thea-\\nter disaster, 4323 Lincoln Memorial\\nHome opd., 4413. (See District of Co-\\nlumbia.)\\nla., Gen. Ass. United Presb. meets,\\n2502.\\nN. J., zinc manufacture, 1501\\nN. C, Federals at, 2051 action near,\\n2082, 2123.\\nPa., Wash, and Jefferson Coll. est.,\\n1111; militia arrive, 194 1 Slocum rob-\\nbery, 4791.\\nBushrod, b., 723; justice, 1092; d.,\\n1362.\\nGeorge, b., 621 surveyor-gen., 673;\\nat Fort Necessity; at Great Meadows;\\nadj.-gen. for Va.; lieut.-col., 681 visits\\nLake Erie; Fr. aggressions, 692, 7021\\nIndians threaten, 69 2 brings letter;\\nvisits Am. colonies, 693; in Shenandoah\\nValley, 701; resigns, 703; marries, 71 2\\nat Cambridge commander-in-chief,\\n802, 813; at Boston, 811 822, S31 1013;\\nat Charlestown, Mass., 82 1 no super-\\nvision of navy leaves Cambridge in\\nNew York, 822; gold medal, 831 plot\\nagainst, 833; army report; retreats to\\nNew York, 84 1 in North Castle, N. Y.,\\nretreats to N. J.; in Pa., 843; crosses\\nBel. at Trenton, 851 at Princeton, 861\\nrecrosses the Del., 863; forbids games;\\nletter from Howe, 85 2; military power,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0853; at Morristown, SfJi force increased,\\n86 2 marches south, 863; in Phila.; en-\\nters Chesapeake Valley, 87 1; at White\\nMarsh, 881 conspiracy against, 8S 2\\nat Monmouth at White Plains, 883; at\\nMiddlebrook, 901 army destitute, 91 1\\nmeets Rochambeau, 92 1, 942; troops\\nmutiny, 921 ,3; at Totowa, 923; a lieut.-\\ngen. and adm. of Fr., 933; reenforced\\nby Fr.; transfers army from N. Y. to\\nVa., 942; at Williamsburg Newburgh,\\nheadquarters, 943; despatch of victory,\\n:95 2 farewell address surrenders com-\\nmission, 96 last circular, 97 1; ad-\\ndresses Congress, 972; inspects O.Val-\\nley, 97 3 pres. Nat. Constitution Con-\\nven., 992; electoral vote, 1012, 1032\\n1073; 1st. pres. U. S.; approves Tariff\\nAct, 1012; visiting tour, 1013, 1023, 1051;\\nre-elected pres., 1023; second term;\\nproclamation of neutrality, 1051; lieut.-\\ngen., 1061; ascendency over people,\\n1071 declines 3d term; farewell ad-\\ndress, 1072; meets Cong, last time, 107 3\\nappointed 1st general, 108 1 d., 1082,\\n1091; monument, N. Y., 1622; monu-\\nment, D. C, 1041, 1742, 2932; farewell\\naddress Ms. sold, 1673; statue in Phila.,\\n2661; i u N. Y., 158 1, 180 1, 3121, 3141,\\nand in Milwaukee, 320i\\nWashington, Joseph E., b., 1682.\\n.Madison, leads uprising slaves, 153 1\\nMartha, d., 1102.\\nMary, day at World s Fair, 4403.\\nWm. Augustine, b. (1752); d., 1162.\\nand Bait. R. R. sold, 3453.\\nCentennial Arch fnd. 366 1\\nCollege (non-sect.) org at Chester-\\ntown, Md. (1783).\\n(non-Beet.) org. at Wash. Coll.,\\nTenn. (1795).\\nCourt-houBe, O., lynchers, 4731 tor-\\nnado, 3201\\ninauguration, centennial, 349 1 tab-\\nlet unveiled, 3722; birthday honored,\\n4251,4532.\\nand Jefferson College org., 1111\\nand Lafayette, monument to, 2661\\nand Lee University fnd., 67i.\\nmonument, description, 318 black\\ndestroyed, 1742; appropriation for, 2932;\\ninaugurated, 3201\\nTreaty of, find., 1553, 2751 5833; op-\\nposed, 5833.\\nUniv. (non-sect.) org. at St. Louia,\\nMo. (1853).\\nWashingtonian temp. movement org., 1511\\nWasp captures Frolic, 11S2; captures Rein-\\ndeer, 1221\\nlost, 9921\\nWasta, mission, 6571\\nWatch and Ward Act enforced, G. B.,\\n9391.\\nWatches mnf. by machinery, 1821 first\\nmade, 7863; in Eng., 8753; i s t used in\\nEng., 8833; pocket made, 8882; i nv\\n8941 marine inv., 9061 taxed, 9292.\\nWatchman issued, Eng., 946 3\\nWater; components, 7041, 7221; supply,\\nLondon, 8521 salt, freshened, 8961 by\\nfriction, 9282; decomposed, 9301 9541\\nBeggars capture Brille, 5401.\\nWaterberg, mission, 11242.\\nWaterbury, Conn., Silas Bronson Library\\nfnd., 2703.\\nN. J., lawyer, d., 4562.\\nVt., Insane Asylum opened, 333 2\\nWard, kidnapped, 4002.\\nWater-famine, St. Louis, Mo., 4453.\\nWaterford, Conn., Bapt. church org., 572.\\nIre., built, 8452; fire, 8473; Trinity\\nCathedral fnd., 8483; see unites with\\nLismore, 8582; Richard II. lands, 860 1;\\nW. Flyintj Post, 9091; w. Chronicle,\\n9171; storm, 9201; cathedral destroyed,\\n9373; see unites with Cashel, 9462; mar-\\ntello tower attacked, 971 1; Bp. Power\\ncons., 9962; election riots; Irish Nat.\\nFederation, 10071.\\nMarquis of, title created, 923\\nWater-glass invented, 8121\\nlily, Victoria Eegia intro., 9482.\\nWaterloo lost, 9513.\\nWaterloo, battle of, 5422, 7221\\nDuke of Brunswick s statue, 5461\\nWaterloo Advertiser, 5803.\\nWaterloo Bridge, Va., skirmish at, 2121\\nSir Sidney. 1. mayor Lond., 9753.\\nWaterman, Robert Whitney, b. (1826); d.,\\n380 1.\\nWater-mills in operation, 10622.\\norgan invented, 10552.\\nWaterpark, E., title created, 9252.\\nWaters, Horace, b., 1183; d., 4281.\\nMargaret, convicted, 9751\\nRichard, bp. Af. M. E. ch., 1403.\\nW. E., pres. Wells College, 4682.\\nWatersmeet, Mich., car accident, 3353.\\nWaterspout, Canon City, Colo., 4101;\\nChang Ping, 6241 destructive, 9441\\nWatertown, N. Y., fire, 3553; bank run\\nprevented, 4333; train wreckers, 4663.\\nWis., Northwestern Univ. org., 2503.\\nWaterville, Me., Colby Univ. fnd., 1291\\nWaterways Conven., Nat., meets, 3932.\\nWater Witc h fired on, 1772; Confederates\\ncapture, 2341\\nWatkins, N. Y., cashier absconds, 4503.\\nWatling Island dis., 132; Columbus on\\ncoast, 142.\\nWatrous, George H., d., 3422.\\nelectricity, transmission of, 9121.\\nWatson, Alfred Augustus, b. (1818); cons.\\nP. E. bp., 3163.\\nAndrew, moderator Gen. Assem.,\\n3742.\\nBaron, title created, 9871\\nJ. B., d.,5013.\\nJames Craig, b. (1838) dis. satellites,\\n1881, 2272, 2581, 2621, 2741, 2761, 2861,\\n2901, 2961; se ea Vulcan, 2981; intra-\\nMercurial planets, 3001 d., 3041\\nJ. Crittenden promoted captain, 326 1\\nJohn, first Am, artist, 581\\nFanning, b., 912 d., 1862.\\nLewis F., d., 3661\\nRichard, bp. of Llandaff, b., 9083 d.\\n(1816).\\nThomas, b. (1557+) work, 875 1; d.\\n(1592).\\nE., intoxication, 4131\\nWilliam, works, 9863, 10022, 10122,\\nWatt, James, b., 9082 mathematical in-\\nstruments, 9142 method of condensa-\\ntion steam-engine inv., 9161, model,\\n9162; awarded patent, 9181,9221; with\\nBoulton, 9181; expansion engine, 9202\\nin Lunar Society, 9212 water composi-\\ntion, 9221; rotary engine, 9241 gas used,\\n9282 stereo plates, 9381 d., 9383.\\nJoseph, exports wheat, 2653.\\nRobert, b., 9191 d. (1819).\\nWatteau, Antoine, b., 6923 d., 6982.\\nWatterson, Henry, b. (1840) nom. for vice-\\npresident, 4092.\\nHervey McGee, d., 3922.\\nJohn Ambrose, b. (1844) cons. R. C.\\nbp.,3042; sustained, 4661\\nW T attignies, Fr., Austrians defeated, 7101,\\nWatts, George Frederick, b., 9403.\\nIsaac, b., 8923 d., 9122,\\nJohn, baptisms, 54 2\\nThomas Hill, b. (1819) gov. Ala.,\\n2293\\nd., 4141\\nWaud Ali Shah rules, 10473.\\nWaudenkolk, Adm., captured, 5581.\\nWaugh, Beverly, b. (1789) cons. Meth.\\nEpis. bishop, 1462 d. (1858).\\nDaniel, b., 1522,\\nVauhatehie, Tenn., battle of, 2271\\nWaukomis, Okla., bridge burned, 4642 j\\nWaverly, N. Y., A. Hyatt, murderer, 4602.\\nTenn., action at, 2143.\\nWawasset burns, 2833.\\nWaxhaw Creek, S. C, Buford massacre,\\n921.\\nWay, James, missionary, 4962.\\nLewis, Christian Soc. former, 8131.\\nWayland, Francis, b., 106 1 works, 145*,\\n1491, 1763 d., 2481.\\nWayman, Alex. Washington, b., 1301\\nWayne, Pa., Drexel Industrial College\\nfounded, 3362.\\nAnthony, b., 662 brig.-gen., 861 at\\nPaoli, Pa., 872 at Stony Point, 902 at\\nBall s Ferry, 921 commander of army,\\n1021; attacks Indians in O.; builds Fort\\nGreenville; builds Ft. Recovery, 104 1j\\ntreaty with Indians, 107i d., 1061\\nJames Moore, b. (1790) justice U. S.\\nSupreme Court, 1453 d. (1867).\\nWaynesboro, Ga., Haven Normal Acad-\\nemy founded, 2623.\\nVa., Sheridan raids; Confederates\\ndefeated, 2422.\\nWazen, sheriff of, detained, 102.\\nWazirabad mission, 10483.\\nWeadock, Th. A., b., 1682.\\nWearmouth, library fnd. by Benedict BiB-\\ncop, 8431 monastery founded, 8423.\\nWeather Bureau est., 2693 transferred,\\n3692, 3872.\\nWeathersfield, Conn., conference, 94\\nWeathershed, Richard, archbishop, 8522.\\nWeaver, James, B., b. (1833) nom. for\\npres., 305i, 411i, 415 2 popular vote,\\n3051 4192 electoral vote, 4243.\\nJonathan, b. (1824) elected bp., 2452.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1455.jp2"}, "1456": {"fulltext": "1444\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN D-K-X. Superior Figures indicate Column. WeaV\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W6sL\\nWeaverville, N. C, college org., 2863.\\nWeavers riots, England, 935 2\\nWeaving in Chile, 605\\nWebb captured, 2462.\\nWebb, Alex. Stewart, b. (1835) at Brio-\\ntow s Station, 2271\\nAllan B., cons, bishop, 9862.\\nCharles, b. (1724) refuses aid, 701\\nd. (1794\u00c2\u00b1).\\nJames Watson, b., 1102 d., 3162.\\nLucy Ware, marries R. Hayes, 1711.\\nMatt... swims English channel, 9813\\ndrowned, 3153.\\nMohammed Alex. Russell, repudi-\\nated, 4761\\nThomas, b. (1724) intro. Meth. in\\nPhila., 742 d. (1796).\\nSamuel, Bibliotheca Literaria, 9071\\nWm. Henry, b. (1816) endows col-\\nlege home, 2642.\\nWebbe, John, publisher, 651\\nWilliam, English l oetrie, 8752.\\nWebber, Chas. Wilkins, b. (1819) d., 1781\\nW., arrested, 4623.\\nW. T. I., cons, bishop, 9922.\\nWeber invents machine ram, 7901\\nGeorg, b., 8083 d., 8321\\nBaron Karl Maria Friedrich Ernst\\nvon, h., 8043 d., 8123.\\nPaul, b., 8122.\\nVeit, German Ballads, 7871\\nWilhelm Eduard, b.,S082 dismissed\\nfrom university, 8152 d. (1891).\\nWebster Co., Kv., action in, 2151\\nB. C, shoots Goodwin, 3891 4163.\\nDaniel, b., 951 enters coll. ,1091 stud-\\nies law, 1133 enters Cong., 1192 slavery\\nagitation, 129 oration at Bunker Hill,\\n1321 1541 defends Union, 1373 opposes\\nremoval of funds, 1412 nullification de-\\nbate, 1413 electoral vote popular vote,\\n1472 sec. state, 1532,3, 1553, 1672; signs\\nWash, treaty, 1553 against antislavery\\nfriends, 167 1 candidate at Whig Con-\\nvention, 1711 d., 1702, 1712; 100th An-\\nniversary eel., 3103 statues, 3222, 4273.\\nJohn, dramatist, works, 8783 d., 8882.\\ngovernor, Conn., 411\\nMajor, at Huntersville, 2021\\nKatherine, murderess, executed,9343.\\nNoah, b., 711 works, 963, 983, 1003,\\n1043, 1083, 1363, 1523, 2412; Copyright\\nAct, 1023 on Am. policy, 991 dictionary\\nrevised, 1583 d., 1562.\\nPelatiah, b. (1725) gov t revision,\\n953 d. (1795).\\nSir Richard Everard, minister, 9933,\\n9953 counsel for Times, 9993 banquet\\nto, 10003.\\nWeckherlin, Rudolf, b. (1584) Oden wnd\\nGesange, 7951 d. (1653\u00c2\u00b1).\\nWedde, funeral attendance, 8331.\\nWedderburn, Alexander, Baron Lough-\\nborough, Earl of Roslyn, b., 9082 com-\\nmissioner, 9233 d. (1805).\\nWedel, Georg Wolfgang, b.,7963 d., 7983.\\nWedell, Gen. H. von, Prussian leader,5l61\\nWeder, Gen. von, at Belfort, 8261\\nWedgwood, Josiah, b.,9082 produces W.\\npottery, 9161 9182 d., 9263.\\nThomas, photographs produced, 9302.\\nWeed, Stephen Hillsdale, b. (1834); d.,\\n2251.\\nThurlow, b., 1062 political leader,\\n1652 d., 3102.\\nWeeden, Wm. B., work, 3743.\\nWeehawken captures Atlanta, 2223 sinks,\\n2283.\\nWeekly Memorials for the Ingenius, 8943.\\nWeeks, Francis H., defalcation, 4302.\\nWeems, Mason Locke, b., 1322 d. (1825).\\nWeeninx, Jan, b.-d., 11003.\\nWei, Gen., beheaded by proxy, 6271\\nWeiber Ztitung issued, 3742.\\nWeigel, Christian E. von, b., 8003 d., 8142.\\nWeighing machine invented, 8062.\\nWeights and Measures, International Con-\\ngress, 7503.\\nWeih, John, convicted of robbery, 4002.\\nWei-Hai-Wei fortified, G263.\\nWei-Hien, mission, 6231\\nWeik, Jesse W-, joint author, mco/tt,3502.\\nWeil, Benjamin, claimants, 3993.\\nGustav, b., 8083 d., 8321\\nWeiland, Der Deutsche Merkur, 8051\\nWeilburg, Prus. Nassau, balloon at, 9481\\nWeili Wang enthroned, 6112.\\nWeimar, Fruchtbringende Soc. fmd., 7951\\nWeingarten, treaty of, 789 3\\nWeinsburg, Ger., battle of, 5041 7881\\nWeir, Julian Alden, b. (1852); Academy of\\nDesign, 3241.\\nRobert Walter, b., 1102; d. (1889).\\nWeisbach, Julius, d., 8262.\\nWeisbaden, inundated, 830 1; statue of\\nemp., 8361.\\nWeise, Christian, b. (1642); works, 7971;\\nd. (1708).\\nWeishaupt, Adam, b.,8003; fnds. Illumi-\\nnati Soc, 8052; d.,8142.\\nWeiss, Geo. Michael, in Pa., 603.\\nJean Jacques, works, 7G61, 7602.\\nWeisse, Christian Felix, b., 8002 works,\\n8031,8051; d., 8082.\\nWeissenberg, tier., battle of, 7381 stormed,\\n8061.\\nWeissert, A. G., commander G.A.R.,4151.\\nWei Tsing, against Tartars, 6101\\nWeitzel, Gen. Godfrey, b. (1835) at Don-\\naldsonville, 2143 \u00e2\u0080\u009en Bayou Tecbe, 2181\\ndefeated on James, 239 occupies Rich-\\nmond, 2451; d. (1884).\\nWekerle, Dr., fms. new ministry, 5363 re-\\nsigns, 5382,3 conferences cabinet, 5383.\\nWolby, Amelia B., b., 1301 d. (1802).\\nThomas Kuile, elected bp., 9583.\\nWelcker, Friedrich Gottlieb, b., 8042\\nwork, 8132; d., 8243.\\nWeld, Frederick A., gov., 4983, 10492.\\nWehion Extradition Act, 5872, 5892.\\nMoses, robbed, 468 3\\nR. R., force advances, 2343; Wilson s\\nraid on, 2351.\\nWeleed, El, reigns, Egy., 6552.\\nWelf, or Guelf, of Altorf, duke, 5033.\\npossesses Bavaria, 7753.\\nV., marries Matilda of Tuscany, 10753.\\nVI., claims Bavaria, 777 3\\nWelfesholze, Ger., battle of, 7761\\nWelfs defeated, 7781.\\nWelhaven, Joliann Sebastian Cammer-\\nmeyer, b. (1807); works, 11042 d. (1873).\\nWeiland, Out., Tribune, 6803.\\nCanal commenced, 5793 opd., 5873;\\n1st vessel, 1393, 1813.\\nWeller, Congressman, encounter, 1571.\\nJohn B., b. (1812) gov. Cal., 1852\\nd. (1875).\\nWelles, Edward Randolph, b. (1830); cons.\\nP. E. bp., 2861; d., 3301.\\nGideon, b., 1102 sec. navy, 1931 d.,\\n2982.\\nSir Robert, insurrectionist, 865 2\\nThos., b. (1598); gov., 411 ,2; d. (1660).\\nWellesley, Mass., Wellesley College org.,\\n2883 Martineau statue, 3241 Stetson\\ngift, 3362; dedicated, 3471\\nMarquis of, Henry Richard Charles\\nCowley, d., 9922.\\n(or Wesley), Arthur, Visc t Wellesley,\\nD. of Wellington, b., 9182 enters army,\\n9241; jnParl.; minister, 9333, 9433, 9473,\\n9512 at Vimeiro, 716 2 takes Oporto,\\n7181 atTalavera de laReina, 7181 titleB\\nconferred, 9341 in Sp., 7182; atAlmeida,\\n9342; in Port., 7181, 9341; campaign in\\nBelg.,722i in Fr.; campaign in Sp.,9361\\ncreated duke; in House, It:;, 3; assassina-\\ntion attempted, 939 2 W. shield pre-\\nsented, 9402; conspiracy against, 9412;\\nlord lieut., 9413 commander-in-chief,\\n9421 9501 premier, 9452 opposes Pari,\\nreform, 9452; mobbed, 9471; j n India,\\n10441 2 d.,9582 funeral, 9573 statue,\\n9521,9981.\\n(or Wesley), Marq. of, Richard Cow-\\nley, b., 9151 resigns, 9353 lord lieut.,\\n9472; d.,9502.\\nWellingborough, Eng., shop laborers\\nstrike, 1005 1.\\nAustralia, mission, 4942, 4962 coal-\\nmines shut down, 5872.\\nKan., cyclone, 4061\\nN. Zealand, New Zealand Co. settles,\\n11032; see est, 9583; Bp. Hatfield cons.,\\n9742.\\nBaron of, title created, 9372.\\nDuke of. (See Welleslev, Arthur.)\\nCollege, Sandhurst, est., 9611\\nWellingtonia Gigantea, disc, 168\\nWellman top-card cotton stripper, 1721\\nWells, Eng., see created, 8443 Bp. Ken-\\nnion cons., 10121\\nDavid Ames, b., 1362.\\nElijaR., d.,3801.\\nHenry Horatio, b. (1823) gov. Va.,\\n2653.\\nHorace, b., 1242; d., 164\\nWells, James M., gov. La., 251\\nReconstruction Act, 2573.\\nLemuel H., Bp. Wash., 4202.\\nLord, lord lieut. Ire., 863 2\\nOwen A., b., 1562.\\nSamuel, b. (1801); gov. Me., 1812 d.\\n(186S).\\nRoberts, b., 1282; d. (1876).\\nWilliam, deputy, 8632.\\nGorman, d., 10062.\\nCollege org., N. Y., 2623.\\nFargo and Co., robbery, 399 4063\\n40S3, 4703, 4723.\\nWellsville, O., R. R. collision, 4413.\\nWels, Aust., Hungarians defeated, 5021\\nWelsh invade Eng., 8601 church disest.,\\n1009 10102; wars, 8501; emigrants in\\nPa., 492. (See Wales.)\\nLocal Option Bill passed, 10053.\\nPresby. Mission Society est., 950 2\\nSunday Liquor Closing Act passed.\\n9891.\\nAristides, surety for Jeff. Davis, 3563.\\nVicar, hanged, 8702.\\nWeltmann, wife poisoner, 8203.\\nWelwyn, R. R. collision, 9733.\\nAVeiiivss, Baron, title created, 9372.\\nEarl of, title created, 8831\\nWenceslaus I., king, 5051\\nII., prisoner king, 5043, 5052; d.,6042\\nIII., reign, 5053; assassinated, 5043.\\nPrince, king, 5053; reigns in Poland\\nabandons Poland, 11152.\\nb., 5062 K. of Bohemia; K. of Ro-\\nmans, 5072; abdication, 5073; emit. Ger.\\n5072; war against, 5061 proclaims pub-\\nlic peace imprisoned, deposed. 785 2\\nd., 5073.\\nWen-Chau, mission, 6223.\\nWenchow, pirates, 6251\\nWenckhein, Baron of, ministry, 5292.\\nWendell, Barrett, works, 3982, 4203.\\nWends, defeated, 772 1 rebel, 7741 drive\\nGer. to N. Mark, 7752; converted, 7763;\\nrevolt, 6351; war with Danes, 6351; i n\\nBus., 11132.\\nWenlock, Baron, title created, 9451\\nWenman, William, publisher, 691\\nWennington Junction, K.R. accident, 9853.\\nWenti, restores literature, 6102; order for\\nold men; abolishes mutilation, 611 1 en-\\nthroned, 6113, 6131 at Techow, 6141\\nWentworth, explorer, 4941 at Cartagena.\\n9101\\nBenning, b., 522; d., 762.\\nChas. W., Marq. of Rockingham, b.,\\n9082; ministry, 751 953; d., 9232.\\nJohn, b. (1815); mem. Cong.; d.,3301.\\nSir b., 622 gov. N. H. (1767);\\ngov. N. S., 5753; d., 1282.\\nPeter, protest in Parliament, 8752.\\nThos., E. of Strafford, b., 8762; coun-\\ncillor, 8832; lord lieut. treason; minis-\\nter,8833; trial; execution, 885 1 d.,8842.\\nWerbach, Baden, battle at, 8243.\\nWerder, Von, August, at Strasburg, 7381\\ntakes Nuits, 7421; at Basque, 7423; at\\nDijon at Nuits, 7431 at Belfort, 7441\\nb., 8321.\\nWerf, Van der, Adriaan, b.-d., 11003.\\nWeraeland arrives in Chicago, 4073.\\nHenrik Arnold, b.-d., 11041; works,\\n11042.\\nWerner, Count of Hapsburg, 5033.\\nAbraham Gottlob, b.,8022; d., 8122.\\nFriedrich Liu 1 wig Z; u h arias, b., 8031\\n24th of Feb., 8091 d., 8123.\\nWernicke, Christian, b., (1670+) Volume\\nof Epigrams, 7991 d. (1720+).\\nWerth, Gen. Johann von (Jean de Weert),\\nat Duttlingen, 7961 d. (1652).\\nWerts, George Theodore, b. (1846) gov.\\nN. J., 4151, 4471.\\nWescote, Baron, title created, 917 2\\nWesel, annexed to Fr., 7161\\nWesley, 111., coal-miners riot, 4622.\\nCharles, b., 9202; sails for Am., 623;\\nreturns to Eng., 642; at Oxford, 9073;\\nrest to his soul, 9091 d., 9243.\\nJohn, b., 9022,3; early home, 3862;\\nreorg. Christian community, 8962 en-\\nters coll., 9063; sails for Am., 623, 9083;\\nreturns from Am. builds meeting-\\nhouses observes Moravians curate,\\n9083; conversion, 9103; in Herrnhut,\\nGer.; preaching slandered; excessive\\npreaching; ducked, 9111; temperance\\nBtand, 9112; hi Ire., 9123, 9151 in Scot.,\\n9131; est. Methodist conferences, 9223;", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1456.jp2"}, "1457": {"fulltext": "Wesl-Weym.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1445\\nauthority ends in XT. S.,963; anniversary\\neel., 3541 John Wesley Swedish, mission\\nbegun, 1582.\\nWesley, Samuel, b., 8902; marries, 8991.\\nCollege, Sheffield, opened, 9491\\nWesley an Church. (See Methodists.)\\nCollege founded, Cincinnati, 155 i\\nN. S. W., subscription, -4963.\\nFemale College founded, Ont., 5803.\\nLay Mission started, China, 6242.\\nUniversity, Conn., fnd., 139 library\\nfnd.,1423; boat-races, 3153.\\nest., la., 1571 1782.\\norg., 111., 1731 Hiram Buck gift,\\n3923.\\nEast, Tenn., org., 2602.\\nat Cameron, Mo., 3283.\\nLincoln, Neb., opd., 3322.\\nWessels, Gen. Henry W., b. (1809+) pris-\\noner at Plymouth, 2321\\nWessex, Eng., Christianized, 8422; rav-\\naged, 8441 annexes Mercia, S453; king-\\ndom fnd., 8413; earldom abolished, 8491\\nWest Africa synod constituted, 11612.\\nAfrican Conf., slave-trade prohibited,\\nWestall, Richard, b., 9163; d., 9482.\\nWest, A. M. nom. for vice-pres. 305 1 ,3172\\nBelfast, Ire., religious riots, 9943 ,9!\u00c2\u00abi3.\\nBenj., b., 642; J), ith of Socrates, 683;\\nportrait painter, 66i, 703; abroad, 722;\\npres. Royal Sue, 926 1 pres. Royal Acad.,\\n9322; d., 1282.\\nBerkeley.powder- works explode,4113.\\nWestbrook, C. D., pres. Synod, 1263.\\nWestbnrv, Baron, title created, 9651\\nLord. (See Bethell, Richard.)\\nWest, Caleb W., gov. U., 3252, 4472.\\nCambridge Junction, Mass., R. R. ac-\\ncident, 4153.\\nCape Colony, Bp. Leonard cons. ,9742.\\nChester Railroad opened, 1413.\\nTaylor collection, 426 1\\nWestcott, Brooke Foss, b. (1825) cons,\\nbp., 10042.\\nWest Cumberland, miners strike, 9931\\nDes Moines Training School opd. ,3123\\nDrayton to Paddington, telegraph\\nline, 9493.\\nEquatorial Afr., Bps. Phillips and\\nOluwole cons., 10102; Bp. Tugwell cons.,\\n10121.\\nWestergaard, Niels Ludwig, b., 6382; d.,\\n6421.\\nWestermann, Gen., at Le Manes, 7101\\nWestern Australia (see Australia) bank-\\nruptcy universal, 4943; explorers Free-\\nmantle Gazette, 4961 convicts welcomed;\\ncriminal transportation stopped, 4963;\\nlegislative council, 4983 responsible\\ngov t favored, 501 1 bicameral constitu-\\ntion, 5012.\\nCollege org., la., 1802.\\nKulja ceded, 6232.\\nlands offered to Cong., 933,952,3, 972,\\n3,992,3, 1011,3,1031, 1071.\\nLiterary Institution founded, 9423.\\nMaryland College (Meth. Prot.), org.\\n(1867), 2663.\\nWestern Methodist Protestant issued, 1783.\\nWestern Milit. Dent, under Halleck, 2003.\\nMiss. Society, Indian work, 1303.\\nWestern Month/// Manazhw appears, 1423.\\nWestern R. R., Mass., built, 1513, 1553.\\nWestern Recorder, 145 1\\nReserve lost, 415 2\\nWestern Reserve, O., conveyed, 1051\\nConn, alienates, 107 1 2.\\nColl. fnd., Hudson O., 1351 ob-\\nservatory for, 1501 name changed to\\nAdelbert; removed, 3123.\\nUniv. (non-sect.), org. at Cleve-\\nland, O. (1SS6).\\nWestern Rerietc appears, 1371.\\nWestern States Commercial Congress\\nmeets, 3833.\\nTheo. Coll. fnd. at Plymouth, 9131\\nUnion Telegraph Co. reply, 3432.\\nUniv. of Pa. org., Pittsburg, 1283.\\nWestervelt, Jacob A., mayor N. Y., 1743.\\nWesterville O., Otterbein Univ. org., 1632.\\nWestfall, A. J., nom. for gov., 385 3\\nWest Farms, N. Y., Baptist Ministers\\nHome founded, 3122.\\nWesttield, explosion on, 2753.\\nWestfield, 111., W. College of, org., 2502.\\nN. J., tramps abound, 383 1; centen-\\nnial celebrated, 4513.\\nTVest, Francis, governor Va., 313.\\nWest Galicia ceded, 5193 Aust. recovers,\\n5212.\\nGoths, kingdom erected, 5023; king-\\ndom overthrown, 4842; iu Rom. terri-\\ntories, 10693; conquered, 1109 1 in Port.,\\n11092; rule in Sp., 11251 ,3.\\nGreenwich, Conn., burned, 902.\\nGriqualand, colony constituted, 6011.\\nIndia Co., Dutch, chartered, 303, 313.\\nIndies, Columbus viceroy, 131 named,\\n15 3 discord and mutinies; Indians en-\\nslaved, 152; islands colonized; Colum-\\nbus ceases to be viceroy, 172; hurricane;\\nbuccaneers in, 421 buccaneers ravage,\\n433, 451 buccaneers suppressed, 58i;\\nyellow fever, 633, 653, 673; Eng. posses-\\nsions in; Fr. islands surrender, 722;\\ncolonial trade ruined, 75 1 piracy com-\\nmon, 1312; Eng. loses possessions, 9213;\\nslavery proscribed, Eng., 9333. (See\\nnames of Islands.)\\nWestinghouse, George, air-brakes, 2641\\ntriple-valve attachment, 2801\\nWest, James, pres. Royal Academy, 9162.\\nJ., sentenced, 3523.\\nJ. S., on original packages, 360 2\\nCapt. John, governor Va., 352, 452,\\nJoseph, in S. C, 451 gov., 452.\\nLiberty, Mo., action at, 2001\\nW. Va., Normal Sch. opd., 2722.\\nLionel Sackville. (See Sackville.) -J\\nWestmacott, Sir Richard, b., 9191; d.,\\n9603.\\nWestmeath, Earl of, title created, 8811\\nAVestminster, Md., Western Md. College\\nest., 2663.\\nRagged School started, 9481\\nWestminster Review issued, 9411; united\\nwith London Review, 9443.\\nWestminster Royal Opthalmie Hospital\\nest. 9391\\nSchool founded, 8723.\\nTheological Seminary founded, 3123.\\nVt., Vermont Gazette issued Mount-\\nain Post-boy issued, 952.\\nAbbey, fnd., 8422; royal inaugura-\\ntions, 8463; i s t stone, 8521; convent de-\\nmolished, 8523; nave rebuilt, 851 1 strik-\\ning clock, S082 reliefs of angels, 8541\\ncoronation stone, 8571; bronze effigies,\\n8562 rebuilt, 8463, 8581; St. Stephen s\\nChapel rebuilt, 8483, S5S2; Gothic archi-\\ntecture, 8582 chapel commenced, 8662\\nreest., 8722 made collegiate church,\\n8723; tower burned, 9313 entrance re-\\npaired, 9882; new organ, 9922 Lowell\\nmemorial, 444 1 Phillips Brooks memo-\\nrial, 10101\\nAssembly fmd., 8843.\\nBridge begun, 9102; opened, 9122.\\nBridge (suspension) opened, 9661 ,9673.\\nCatechism adopted, 100 1.\\nCollege org. at Fulton, 1782.\\n(Unit. Presb.) org. at North Wil-\\nmington, Pa (1852).\\ncolliery, riot on, 9412.\\nConfession, adopted, 8S63 in Gen.\\nAssembly, 3462.\\nDuke of, title created, 9751\\nHall built, 8482; entertainment, 8523;\\nrepaired, 8602,9302.\\nHospital fnd., 9071 repaired, 9302.\\nLiterary Institution founded, 9463.\\nWestmoreland, Earl of, title created, 881 1\\nEarl of, lord lieutenant, 9253.\\nWest Muncie, Ltd., gas-well burns, 4513.\\nWeston, Mo., Platte Co. Defense Associa-\\ntion meets, 1743.\\nW. Va., insane asylum opd., 2412.\\nEdward Payson, American record,\\n2873; London record, 9813.\\nJames A., gov. N. H., 2772, 2873.\\nJohn D., murder of, 2843.\\nRichard, Earl of Portland, minister,\\n8832 d. (1551).\\nWestphalia, kingdom fnd., 7173, S092\\nfeuds prevail, 7791; secret tribunals\\npower, 7853 ceded to Hesse-Darmstadt,\\n3091; annexes Hanover, 811 1 ceded to\\nPrus., 8113; miners riot, 8323; strike;\\nminers union fmd.,833i explosion, 8333;\\nanti-strike insurance union fnd., 8342.\\nPeace of, 5132, 7S53.\\nWest Point sinks, 2113.\\nwrecked, 3093.\\nWest Point, Miss., Federals defeated, 2302;\\nsurrender saluted, 2461\\nN. Y., fortified, 903; Gen. Ar-\\nnold at, 92 1.\\nWest Point Military Academy est., 110 1\\n1111; library fnd., 1191; observatory\\nerected, 150 admission to, limited, 2521\\ncadets at World s Fair, 436i applicants,\\n4621\\n2071\\nVa., Confederates defeated, 2063,\\nWest, Richard, 1. chanc, 9073 d., (1726).\\nSaxons, see erected, 8422 king s su-\\npremacy, 8452.\\nShore R. R., fast train, 3213; conspir-\\nacy, 406 3 wreck, 4153.\\nSuperior, Wis., silver dis., 3921\\nT., favors auricular confession, 9622.\\nTexas, M. E. Conference find., 2522.\\nThomas, Lord Delaware, gov. Va.,\\n273, 291 in Eng., 29i d., 292, 3.\\nTroy, N. Y., gun-making plant, 2501\\nVirginia Bethany College org., 1543 j\\nHarper s Ferry (see Va.) loyal to Union,\\n195 2 civil war, actions: Grafton; Vi-\\nenna, 1961; Gurriek s Ford; Rich Mt.,\\n1962; Bunker Hill, 1063; Cheat Mt., 1982;\\nGreen Briar, 1983; Romney, 2002 Dam\\nNo. 5, 2011; Huntsville Bath, 2021;\\nLewisburg, 208 1; Martinsburg, 2123;\\nHarper s Ferry Gauley, 213 1 Shep-\\nherdstown, 2132 Charleston Frank-\\nfort, 2161 Beverley; Rowlesburg,2203;\\nTollard s raid, 226 1 Averill s raid, 2262;\\nMoorefield, 2301 Beverley, 2403 Cum-\\nberland, 2422; loyal state conven. meets,\\n1972, 2013; senators in Cong., 1973; Gen.\\nFloyd in Gen. H. A. Wise in, 1982 on.\\ndinance for new state, 1992; new state\\napproved, 2012; state constitution fmd. t\\n2013; Francis H.Pierpont, gov., 2032; 1st\\nlegislature, 197 2 constitution ratified\\nnew state approved, 2073 Stonewall\\nJackson retreats, 20*2; admitted, 2112 f\\n2173,2223; Berkeley Co. transferred to,\\n2273 Geh. W. S. Jackson forced out,\\n2281; Arthur J. Boreman, gov., 2293;\\nGen. Franz Sigel commands dept., 2332;\\nEarly crosses Potomac, 2371; ratifies\\n13th Amend., 2432; Berkeley and Jef-\\nferson counties annexed, 2513; constitu-\\ntion ratified, 253 1 W. Va. Univ. org.,\\n2561 ratifies 14th Amend., 2573; Normal\\nSchool at H untington, 2643; W. Va. Coll.\\nopd., 2643; ratifies 15th Amend., 2671;\\nWm. E. Stephenson, gov., 2693; citizen-\\nship rights restored, 275 1 constitutional\\nconven. John J. Jacobs, gov., 2772;\\nconstitution ratified, 279 2 Normal Sch.\\nopd., 2722, 2823; nat. troops arrive, 2963;\\nCharleston, capital pres. proclamation\\nto, 2972; HenryM.Matthews.gov., 2973;\\nProt. Epis. diocese fmd., 29Si Board of\\nHealth org., 3072; Jacob R. Jackson,\\ngov. 3093 Normal Buekhannon Classical\\nAcad, opd., 3123; eldership, Ch. of God,\\norg., 3182; Prohibitory Amend, submit-\\nted, 3292 governorship contest, 3372,\\n3491 storm, 3441 A. B. Fleming, guv.,\\n3532,3751; cattle-famine, 3593; Hatfield\\nMcCoy vendetta ended, 3,sn2 railway\\naccident, 3S73; W. A. MacCorkle, gov.,\\n4472; state debt, 4492; earthquake, 4501\\nstriking miners depredations, 4522;\\nminers strike, 4583 Cominonwealers*\\nband arrested, 4643.\\nCollege opened, 2643.\\nUniversity org., 2561\\nWetherell, Sir Charles, b. (1770) causes\\nriots, 9451 d. (1846).\\nElizabeth. (See Warner, Susan.)\\nWethersfield, Conn., Presb. worship est.,\\n321 Indians massacred, 341 fnd., 352.\\nWetmore, has. T., whaleback, at Valpa-\\nraiso, 6093.\\nWetmore, George P., gov. R. I., 3233.\\nWetumpka, Ala., action at, 2461\\nI. T., Manual Labor School fnd., 3082.\\nWetzlar, Prus., cathedral completed, 7802.\\nWever, Col. Clark R., at Resaca, 2383.\\nJohnM., b., 1623.\\nWexford, Eng., taken, 8862.\\nWeyde, H. Van der, electric photography,\\n2941.\\nWeyer, or Van de Wey er, Sylvanus van de,\\nb. (1802+) d.,5442.\\nWevland, Thomas de, banished, 855 1\\nWeyman, Stanley J., b. (1855); work, 10121\\nWeymouth, Mass., fur-trading expedition,\\n27 3 settlement begun abandoned, 31 1\\nIndians attack, 461\\nGeorge, in Me., 261 271 enters Hud-\\nson Str., 570 2 Arctic expedition, 8781", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1457.jp2"}, "1458": {"fulltext": "1446\\nText Figures denote Page. 1NJDJcL.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. WeVDl\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Whit,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Weymouth, Lord, libel on, 9173.\\nWhale-fishery est., 453, 8753 at New Lon\\ndon, 1293.\\nWhaley, Col. K. V., at Guyandotte, 2003.\\nWhalley, Edward, b. (1620\u00c2\u00b1) in Boston,\\n411; refugee, 413, 423; d. (1678+).\\nWharncliffe, Earl of, title created, 975\\nWharton, Charles Henry, b. (1748) pre8.\\nColumbia College, 111 d. (1833).\\nEdward, minister, 9012.\\nFrancis, b., 1282 d., 3361\\nGen., at Yellow Bayou, 2331\\nMrs., acquitted, 3102.\\nPhilip, Duke of, b., 9002 d., 9082.\\nThomas, Marquis of, b., 8842; lord\\nlieut.,9052; d. (1715).\\nb. (1735) pres. Pa., 892; d. (1778).\\nanatomist, b., 8782; d., 8922.\\nWilliam F., in state dept., 3511\\nWhatcoat, Richard, b. (1736) Meth. Epis.\\nbishop, 1083; d. (1806).\\nWhately, Miss, missionary at Cairo, 6563.\\nRichard, b., 9242 works, 9371 9431\\narchbp. Dublin, 9442 Irish National\\nschool system 9443 d., 9662.\\nWheat, crop destroyed in O., 1853; ex-\\nported, 2653; Chicago exchange, 3913;\\nlow prices, 4773; s. Am. crop, 5013; cor-\\nner, Can., 5912; gov t aids farmers, 5913;\\ncrop, Can., 5933; price of, Eng., 8553,\\n8613; imported, Eng., 8593; scarce, 8733.\\n-growers convention org., 3473.\\nWheatly, Capt., at Dunksburg, Mo., 200*.\\nPhillis, b., CS3; Poems, 763 d. (1794).\\nWheaton, 111., W. College org., 1863.\\nFrank, b. (1S33) commissioned brig.-\\ngen., 4041.\\nHenry, b., 962; d.,1641.\\nNath. Sheldon,clerg.,b.(1792); d.,2052.\\nWheatstone, Sir Charles, b. (1802) con-\\nveys sound, 9401 magnetic telegraph,\\n9481 i u v. concertina, 9421 electro-mag-\\nnetic apparatus electric telegraph,948i\\noptical dis.; reflecting stereoscope, 9482;\\ntelegraph clock, 950 alphabetical print-\\ning telegraph. :i. \u00c2\u00bb02; automatic printing\\npress, 9641 d. (1875).\\nWheel, punishment by, Fr., 6812; abol-\\nished, 7083.\\nWheeler, discovers electrical phenomena,\\n9061,\\nEverett P., nom. for gov. N. Y., 4732.\\nH. H., d., 4481\\nHamilton K., b., 1641\\nHenry, murdered, 9863.\\nHiram C, nom. for gov. la., 3872.\\nJoseph, b., 1462.\\nM. D., in p.-o. department, 4472.\\nNathaniel, d., 4461.\\nWra. Adolphus, b., 1421 d., 2861\\nJoseph, b. (1836) at Ft. Donelson,\\n2183; captures Federals, 2201 at Charles-\\nton, Tenn., 2283; follows Sherman, 2363;\\nat Dalton, 2372; cavalry raid in Ga.,\\n2381; at Aiken, 2422.\\nWilliam Almon, b., 1281 candidate\\nfor pres.; nom. for vice-pres., 2931 elec-\\ntoral vote election confirmed, 2953\\nsworn, 2953; d., 3261.\\nWheeling, W. Va., loyal conven., 1952; i 8 t\\nlegislature org., 1972; loyal state conven.\\nmeets at, 1972, 2013 Bp. Keane de-\\nnounces public schools, 3362 Sunday\\ntraffic stopped, 368 3 mob, 4241\\nWheelmen s League, Am., org., 3043.\\nWheeloek, Charles, d., 2423.\\nEleazer, b., 562 Indian training-\\nschool, 743; d., 912.\\nWheelwright, John.b. (1594); banished,343;\\nd.,463.\\nWhelan convicted, Can., 5823.\\nWhelehan, constable, killed, 9971\\nWhetham, Sir Charles, lord mayor, 9851\\nWhetstone, George, work, 8751\\nWhewell,Wm.,b.,9263;w ks, 9491 ;d., 9701.\\nWhichcote, George, d., 10061.\\nWhigs, U.S., named.772,791 anti-Jackson,\\n1333; barbecue, 1431 Nat. Conven., 1512;\\nvictorious Birney s nomination defeats,\\n1531 Nat. Conven., 157 2 conven. at\\nPhil., 1651 Conscience Whigs refuse to\\nTote elect pres., 1652 party dies, 1752;\\nconven. at Balto., 1711 coalesce with\\nantislavery Democrats, 1771 Nat. Con-\\nven., meets, 1512, 1572, 1651 1711 1812,\\nadopts Am. Party candidates, 1812; dis-\\nappear, 1791.\\norigin, Eng., 881 2 ministers dis-\\nmissed, 9052; party broken up, 9272.\\nWhinyates, Capt., commands Frolic, 1182.\\nWhipping-law repealed in R..L, 1491\\npost est. New York, 531\\nWhipple, Abraham, b., 622 se nt to Ber-\\nmuda, 802; d. (1829).\\nEdwin Percy, b., 1281; works, 1663,\\n2551 2683, 2771 3283; d., 3222.\\nHenry liciij., b. (1822); cons, bp., 1862.\\nWhippoorw ill liriilge. Ivy., action, 2011.\\nWhish, Gen., in Sikh war, 10462.\\nWhisky disturbance militia revolt, S. C,\\n4543.\\ninvasion, Kan., 3623.\\nRebellion, Pa., 1041 1063 ring, power,\\n2872; frauds exposed, 2883,2893; in Kan.,\\n3603.\\nTrust favored, 4083 investigation,\\nHouse, 4231 meets, 4573; illegal, 4722.\\nWhist issued, 9271.\\nWhist Congress, Am., 3883.\\nWhistler carries wheat to Australia, 2613.\\nWhistler, Ala., store robbery, 3651.\\nJames Abbott McNeill, b., 9462.\\nWinston, William, b., 8922; d.,9123.\\nWhitaker, Alexander, b. (1585); Good News\\nfrom Fa., 283; d. (1613\u00c2\u00b1).\\nWhitaker, Ozi William, b. (1830); cons.\\nP. E. bp., 2682.\\nWhitborne, Rich., at Newfoundland, 292.\\nWhitby, Eng., abbey erected, 8423.\\nWhitcomb, James, b. (1795) gov. Ind.,\\n1572; d. (1852).\\nWhite, Andrew, b. (1579+) R. C. services,\\n322; expelled, 363; d. (1656).\\nDickson, b., 1402; San Domingo\\nCommission, 273 2 address, 3901 PreB.\\nSocial Science Asso., 3442, 3903.\\nBenjamin F., gov., 3492.\\nBp., Eng., acquitted by James II.,\\n8963.\\nChandler, org. Cable Co., 1753.\\nEdward D., gov. La., 1452, 1472.\\nD., b., 1581 justice S. Ct., 4533.\\nF. G., at Grand Prairie, 2143 near\\nStrasburg, 2203.\\nGilbert, works, 9251\\nC, promoted captain, 3261\\nHenry, d., 10041.\\nKirke, b., 9223; Poems, 9311 d.,\\n9331.\\nHugh Lawson.b. (1773) pres. senate,\\n1412, 1432; presidential vote; electoral\\nvote, 1472; d. (1840).\\nJames E., p.-o. dept., 4472.\\nJohn, at Roanoke, 25 a colony on\\nCape Cod, 312.\\nb. (1805); speaker, 1532 d. (1845).\\nJos. Blanco, b., 9191 d., 9502.\\nGen. Julius, b. (1816) at Martins-\\nburg, 2123.\\nRichard Grant, b., 1301 works, 2721\\n3063, 3123, 3l( 3, 3233; d., 3202.\\nSally Joy, works, 3982.\\nStephen M., b., 1722; speech, 4391\\nSusanna, marriage, 30 2\\nThomas, b. (1830) d., 5861\\nSir lord mayor London, 9813.\\nT. W., S. L. Messenger, 1431\\nWilliam, b. (1748) advises Epis.\\nchurches, 951 cons, in Eng., 983 in\\nHouse of Bps-, 100 2 presides Gen.\\nConven., 1002; d. (1836).\\nSir William, d., 10062.\\nWilliam J., b., 1682.\\nCaps, Hopedale, O., 3331 ra id, Cov-\\nington, Ky., 3543 murder, Lebanon,\\nInd. pay damages, 3643 nearly kill\\nminister, Mo., 3671; flog woman, Ind.,\\n3762, 3923 raid, Tenn., 4063 Kokomo\\noutrage, Ind., 4211 persecute Hebrews,\\nMiss., 4221; outrage, .Miss., 4263, 4383;\\nkill, Miss. shot, Ga., 4263; u. S. troops\\nsuppress, Miss., 4281 sentencea, Ga.,\\n4283 assassinate witness, Miss., 4323\\n14 indictments, 111., 4382; active, Ala.,\\n4402 pardoned, Ga., 4422 burn court\\nhouse, Miss., 4423 terrorize settlers,\\nI. T., 4442 terrorize in Ky., 4482 kill\\nWoolley, Ga., 4571; lynch negroes, W.\\nVa., 4602 punish drunkenness N. Y.,\\n4631 in Georgetown, Can., 5863.\\nCross Army est., 9922, 9931\\nLine of steamers est., 2853.\\nEarth Reservation opened, 3431.\\nHall, N. C, action at, 2163.\\nWhitehall, N. Y., military stores captured,\\n863.\\nand Rutland R.R. opened, 1692.\\nLondon, James II. statue, 8962.\\nWhitehaven, railroads for collieries, 9102.\\nWhitehead, Cortlandt, b. (1842) cons.\\nP. E. bp., 3102.\\nJames, lord mayor, London, 9993\\nest. volunteer fund, 10023.\\nW., dis. Wellinqtonia Gigantca, 1681\\nWilliam, b. 9042 poe t laureate, 915 1\\nd.,9223.\\nAdee, b. (1810) d., 3162.\\nHouse, D. C, closed to office seekers,\\n4292.\\nHouse, Va., McClellan at, 2081\\ncavalry fight, 2343 Sheridan reaches,\\n2441.\\nMarsh, Pa., Washington at, 881\\nLeague, Crescent City, La., fmd.,\\n2872.\\nMountain, Boh., battle of, 6101\\nState Park, N. H., 3521\\nOak Bridge, Va., action at, 2121\\nRoads, Va., battle of, 2443.\\nRun,Pa.,C. Ehrleck killed, 4522.\\nSwamp, Va., battle of, 2092.\\nPigeon, Mich., dynamite explosion.\\n3913.\\nPlains, N. Y., battle of, 842 Pro-\\nvincial Cong, meets, 85 2 Am. army at,\\n883; railway collision, 3873 Presb. Rest\\nopd.,4311.\\nRiver, Ind., R. R. train in, 3173.\\nJune, Vt., R. R. accident, 327\u00c2\u00bb.\\nWhite .Shi/) sinks, 8493.\\nStone Hill, S. Dak., Indian fight, 2262.\\nSulphur Springs, W. Va., wreck, 349\u00c2\u00bb.\\nWhitebait dinner revived, 9792.\\nWhiteboys in Ire., 9142, 9152.\\nWhiteehapel murder, 10071.\\nWliitefield, George, b., 9042; i s t Am. visit,\\n641; est. orphan asylum, 642; sails for\\nEng. 2d visit to Am. in Phila., 6*3 in\\nN. Y., 642; before commissary 643; in\\nNew Eng. colleges oppose, 651 3d visit\\nto Am., 663; farewell address, 6 *3; re-\\nvival New Eng., 651 ordained, 9083; at\\nOxford, 9083 in Am., 9083, 9131 field\\npreaching, 911 1 followers named. 9i3i\\nitinerates in Scot. in Ire., 9131 Taber-\\nnacle built, 9151; last voyage to Am.,\\n9191; d.,9183.\\nWhitelock, John, b. (1757+) River La\\nPlata, 481M; j u Sepoy rebellion, 10481;\\nd. (1808+).\\nBulstrode, b., 8781 d. (1676).\\nWhite s Fold, Early crosses Potomac, 2362.\\nWhiteside, .lames, b. (1806+) chief jub-\\ntice,9692; Fenian trial, 9703 d. (1876).\\nMaj., at Wounded Knee Creek, 3741\\nThomas, cons. R. C. bp., 10121\\nWhitewater, Wis., normal school opened,\\n2643.\\nWhitfield, James, gov. Miss., 1693 con-\\nvenes Provincial Council, 1363.\\nJ. W., elected to Congress, 1771 1791\\nSmith A., p.-o. dept., 3512.\\nVVliitgilt, John, b., 8681 archbp. Canter-\\nbury, 8743; d.,8781.\\nWhiting, Justin R., b., 1623.\\nWm., b., 1211; at West Point, Va.,\\n2071; d., 2821.\\nWhitingham, Wm. Rollingson, bp., 1522.\\nWhitley, Jal.cz C, cons, bp., 10042.\\nW. G., on Committee of 33, 1891.\\nWhitman, Deputy-marshal, k., 4343.\\nG. A., embezzler, 4303.\\nJ. W., pies. Bapt. Conven., 5882.\\nMarcus, b. (INirj); murdered, 1623.\\nWalt (or Walter), b., 1281; works,\\n1783, 2503 -723 277 1 2843 3123 d., 4041\\nWhitney, Mrs. (Adeline Dutton Train),\\nb., 1322; works, 1863, 2252, 2503, 2683,\\n2723, 2771 2943, 3063, 3242.\\nEdward I in dept. of just., 4473.\\nEli, b., 741 inv. cotton-gin, 1041 d.,\\n1322.\\nG. P.. defalcation, 3583.\\nHenry C, Life mi the Circuit, 4462.\\nJosiab Ilwight, b.,1281.\\nWm. Collins, b. (1841); minister, 321 1\\ncandidate for pres., 4092.\\nWm. Dwight, b., 1342; works, 1863,\\n2603, 2683, 2723, 2803, 2863, 319 1, 3502,\\n3963; d., 4621.\\nCommodore W. D., d., 4541\\nWhitshed, W., chief justice, 9053.\\nWhitsuntide celebrated, 8491\\nWhittaker, John, gov. Ore. ,1871 atMoore-\\nfield, 2421\\nWhittemore, James M., commissioned\\ncol., 3261", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1458.jp2"}, "1459": {"fulltext": "Whit-Will.\\nText Figures denote Page, IiN Dli.X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1447\\nWhittier, John 6., b., 114 works, 1403,\\n1463, 1683, 1742, 1863, 2272, 2603, 255\\n2603, 2643, 2683, 2723, 2803, 2863, 2903,\\n3003,3083,3143; birthday eel., 373 d.,\\n414\\nWhitthorne, Washington C, d., 3922.\\nWhittington, Sir Richard, b., 8582; mayor\\nLondon, 8612; est. almhouses fnds. coll.\\n8623; d., 8622.\\nWhittle, Francis McNeece, b. (1823) con-\\nsecrated assistant bishop, 2622.\\nWhittredge, Worthington, b. (1820) paint-\\nings, 260 280 300 302 306 310\\n316 318 3222, 326\\nWhitworth, Charles, Earl, b. (1754) in-\\nsulted, 9313; demands passports, 715 3\\nlord-lieut. Ire., 9373; d. (1825).\\nG. K., kills chancellor A. Allison of\\nof Tenn.,4763.\\nSir Joseph, b., 9323; mechanism,\\n962 d., 9962.\\nWhole Duty of Man issued, 8903.\\nWholesale Druggists Convention, 3932.\\nLumber Dealers Asso. meeting, 4593.\\nWhydah, Fr. gov t refuses occupation,\\n761 secession demanded, 11612.\\nWiatschelaw, Duke of Kieif 11133.\\nWibbandun. (See Wimbledon.)\\nWiberg, Andreas, b. (1816) fnds. Baptist\\nChurch, Sweden, 1136\\nWichern, Johann Heinrich, b.,8083; d.,\\n830\\nWichita, Kan., Garfield Univ. org., 3242;\\nR. C. diocese org., 3282; new bp. con-\\nfirmed, 336 Repub. League meets, 353\\nWickes, Capt. Lambert, cruising, 842; d.,\\n(1778).\\nWickham, Wm. H., mayor New York,2892.\\nWilliams Carter, b. (1820) at Crooked\\nRun, 2372; at Fisher s Hill, 2383.\\nWickliife, Charles A., b. (1788) gov. Ky.,\\n1512; p.-m.-gen., 1533; d. (1869).\\nGeorge, trial of, 2703.\\nR. C, governor La., 181 2\\nWicklow, Ire., County Conven. held, 995\\nEarl, title created, 925 2\\nWickram, Jorg, works, 791\\nWiddin, Bulgarian bishop, appointed,\\n5652; besieged, 5662.\\nWide Awake clubs formed, 1882.\\nWidower s tax enacted, 901\\nWieland, Cath. pilgrims sail on, 336\\nWieland, Christopher Martin, b., 8002;\\nworks, 803 ,2, 805 ,2; d., 8102.\\nWien, German for Vienna.\\nWiener Litt ratur:.eituuq issued, 8103.\\nWienhen, theater accident, 6253.\\nWiertz, Antoine Joseph, b.,5423; d., 5442.\\nWiesbach, Julius, b., 8083.\\nWiesbaden, Prus., occupied, 8242; Cong,\\nof Ger. Philologists meets, 829\\nWieselgren, Peter, b. (1800) Swedish Lit-\\nerature, 11362; d. (1877).\\nWiesenthal, battle at, 8242.\\nWiesloch, battle at, 794\\nWife sold, G. B., 9392.\\nWife s debt, decision, 9863.\\nWigan, Eng., colliery strike, 1011 col-\\nliers strike, 9723; colliery explosion,\\n9833, 10093.\\nWigfall, Louis Trezevant, b. (1816) sena-\\ntor expelled, 1973; d. (1874).\\nWigger, Michael Winland, b. (1841) conB.\\nR. C. bp., 308 2 on parochial schools,\\n3522; Satolli against, 422\\nWigglesworth, Michael, b. (1631) The Day\\nof Boom, 403; d. (1705).\\nWight, Orlando Williams, b., 1322; d.,\\n330\\nWightman, Edward, burned, 8783.\\nValentine, b. (1681) Bapt. preacher,\\n57 d. (1747).\\nWm. May, b. (1808) ord. Meth. Epis.\\nbishop, 2522; d. (1882).\\nWignel, Mr., opens theater, Phila., 1042.\\nWlnan, Baron, title created, 9412.\\nWi Ju, captured, 6263.\\nWike, Scott, in treas. dept., 4472.\\nWilberforce University, O., org., 2252.\\nErnest Roland, b. (1840) cons, bp.,\\n9862.\\nSamuel, b., 9323; cons, bp., 9663.\\nWilliam, b., 9143; anti-slave-trade\\ninvestigation, 925 2 antislavery resolu-\\ntions, 927 2 Practical Christianity, 929\\nAntislavery Act antislavery motto,\\n9292; d.,9462.\\nWilbrandt, Adolf, b. (1887) Ber Meister\\nvon Palmyra, 8362.\\nWilbrord, Saint, b.-d., 7702.\\nWilbur, Isaac, governor R. I., 115\\nCollege, M. E., Ida., founded, 3123.\\nWilburton, I. T., Choctaws on war-path,\\n4753.\\nWilcox, Cadmus Marcellus, b. (1826) at\\nGettysburg, 224 d. (1890).\\nWilezek, Count, miners strike, 633\\nWild Birds Protection Act, 9812, 9872.\\nEdward Augustus, b. (1825) at Wil-\\nson s Landing, 233 2\\nWilde, Sir Thomas, Lord Truro, b. (1732)\\nminister, 9.133; lord clianc, 9553 d. (1855).\\nOscar Fingall O Flahertie Wills, b.\\n(1806) works, 9882, 10043.\\nRichard Henry, b. (1789) work, 105\\nd. (1847).\\nWildeubruch, Haubnilerche, 836 2\\nWilder, Marshal Pinckney, b. (1798) pres.\\nNat. Agri. Conven., 171 d. (1886).\\nCol., at Mumfordville, 213\\nSamson Vryling Stoddard, b. (1780)\\nd., 2402.\\nWilderness, battle of, 2322.\\nWildes, Frank, promoted captain, 448\\nWildgoose, Thomas, iny. engines, 889\\nWiler, Fred., obtains Yttrium, 814\\nWiley, Isaac Wm., b. (1820) cons. M. E.\\nbishop, 2763; d. (1884).\\nUniv. org. at Marshall, Tex., 2823.\\nWilfrid, Saint, b.-d., 842 uses silver\\nplate, 8432.\\nWilhelmina Carolina Dorothea marries,\\n9032.\\nQueen, reigns, 11023.\\nWillielmshafen, Prus., military post est.,\\n827\\nWilhems, Jan Franz, b., 0422.\\nWilken, Friedrich, b. (1777); Crusades,\\n809 d. (1840).\\nWilkes, Charles, b. (1801) U. S. explor-\\ning expedition, 148 on Cal. coast, 102\\noverhauls Trent, 2003; Cong, thanks,\\n2013; at Bermuda, 214 suspended,\\n2322- d. 2941.\\nJohn, b., 908 North Briton, 9102;\\nin prison, 917 ,2; action against L. Hal-\\nifax, 9172; minister; expelled, 9173; 1.\\nmayor London; in Pari. 9193 d., 9283.\\nMr., mission work, 0782.\\nWilkesbarre, Pa., earthquake, 332 cy-\\nclone visits, 3413; strike in axle works,\\n305 collieries resume, 3393; mine ex-\\nplosion, 4393; house wrecked, 4743.\\nWilkie, Sir David, b., 9223; works, 938\\n9421,9002; d. (1841).\\nWilkins, Sir Charles, b., 9122; d., 9482.\\nJohn, b., 8801 d., 8922.\\nMary E., works, 3283.\\nWilliam, vote for vice-pres., 1413.\\nNoy, Burxbilitii in Art, 9803.\\nWilkinson, builds railroads, 9161\\nHenry, governor N. C, 491\\nJames, b., 711 commander U. S. A.,\\n106i hoi at La Colle Mills at French\\nMills, 1221 d., 1322.\\nJemima, b. (1703) d., 1281\\nJohn, founds mission, 502.\\nSir Gardiner, b., 9283; d., 9802.\\nMorton Smith, b. (1819) d., 4001\\nT. E., cons. Ch. Eng. bp., 9962.\\nT. W., cons. bp. (R. C), 9982.\\nWillamette Univ., Ore., fnd., 1583; medi-\\ncal department opened, 2043.\\nWillard, Ashbel P., gov. Ind., 1832.\\nEmmaH., b., 982; d., 270\\nFrances Elizabeth, b. (Sept. 28, 1839)\\npres. W. C. T. U., 3032, 307 309 3131\\n315 319 3203, 325 329 3712, 4171,\\n4402, 4743; pres. Internat. W. C. T. U.,\\n3943; arrives, N. Y.; reception, 4623.\\nGeo., on Committee of Seven, 2933.\\nJohn Dwight, b. (1799) d., 2392.\\nJoseph, d., 2471\\nWillcox, Orlando Bolivar, b. (1823) near\\nRapidan, 2321.\\nWille, Johann Georg, b., 7983; d., 8083.\\nWillem Bare itt z, arc tic explorations, 11021.\\nWillcs, .Ian Frans, d., 5442.\\nWillett, Gen. Marinus, b. (1740) at Fort\\nSchuyler, 871 at Oswego, 901 mayor of\\nN. Y., 1152; d. (1830).\\nThomas, b. (1611) mayor N. Y., 432.\\n3; d. (1674).\\nWillett s Point, N. Y., torpedo-boat, 3881\\nWilley, Norman B., gov. Ida., 3751; calls\\nfor aid, 4072.\\nWilley, S. J., expelled from order, 4311\\nWilliam I, the Conqueror, b., 8461 at Val\\nde Dunes; at Varaville, 6G8 est. St.\\nEtienne Church, 668 3 defeats Henry I.;\\nconquers Maine, 6681 war for Nor-\\nmandy, 6692; conquers Maine, Fr., 668\\nat Pevensey, 846 obtains crown of\\nEng. at Hastings, 6692, 846 8473; intro.\\nFr. customs, 847 est. court of chan-\\ncery, 8472; conqueror, king introduces\\nhorse-shoeing, 8473; exacts honiage,848\\nlearns Eng.; state policy, 8483; devas-\\ntations; feudal system intro., 849 in-\\nvades Vexin, 668 refuses papal hom-\\nage, 8492; encourages fairs, 8493; d.,\\n668 6692, 8492.\\nWilliam II.,Rufus,Eng. king, b.-d., 8462\\nreigns, 8492.\\nIII., of Eng., William Henry of Nas-\\nsau, Pr. of Orange, K. of Eng., b., 11003;\\nstadtholder, 11013; takes Bonn, 692\\nvisits Eng.; marries, 895 conspiracy\\nto enthrone issues declaration em-\\nbarks with army, 896 commissioners\\nto treat, 8973 enters London en-\\nthroned, 899 in Ire.; battle of Boyne\\nassaults Limerick, 898 abolishes hearth\\ntax Mary crowned crown of Scot.,\\n899 2 visits Holland extirpates Mac-\\ndonalds, 8993; aids Sire,; defeated at\\nNeerwinden, 694 at Steenkerke at\\nLanden; takes Namur, 694 900 life\\nendangered, 901 grand reception, 9003\\nassassination plot, 901 forms grand\\nalliance falls d., 9032.\\nIV., b., 9162; king of Hanover; at-\\ntempt to kill eel. anniversary Prus.\\nmonarchy; Sofelage attempts to kill,\\n8183; marries, 9392; reigns, Eng., 9452,\\n10473; assaulted, 947 d., 9482, 9492.\\nI.,K. of Prus.,emp. of Ger., b., 8063;\\nat Gravelotte. 74t)t at Sedan at Reims,\\n7402; D. of Brunswick, 78:13; D. of Ba-\\nvaria, 7873; elector, 809 K. of Wiir-\\ntemburg, 8113; abolishes serfdom, 8132;\\nmarries, 8152; concordat with Rome;\\nregent of Prus.; king, 821 crowned,\\n8213; commander, 822 meets Emperor\\nFrancis Joseph, 5273, 8223; war with\\nFr., 8242; becomes emp.; proclaimed\\nemp.; commands army, 8272; life en-\\ndangered, 829 grants amnesty, 8272;\\narbitrates San Juan boundary, 8292;\\neel. golden wed. line, 8303; king, d.,832\\n8332; William II. nom. emp., 8272; obse-\\nquies, 8323; statue, 832 836 monu-\\nment, 832\\nII. ,Frederick Wilhelm Victor Albert,\\nb. (Jan. 27, 1S59) prince regent emp.\\nreigns, 8332; meets the czar; in Swe.;\\ntravels, 8323; visits Vienna, 531 at\\nthe Vatican, 8322; i n Eng., 1001 visits\\nempress of Aust., 533 Anti-socialist\\nLaw, 8343; at Helgoland, 8352; gift to\\nProf. Koch, 8343; on educational sys-\\ntem, 8342; opposes Berlin Exposition,\\n8372; in Eng., 1007 army maneuvers,\\n536 gambling edict visits Bismarck\\narrests Von Kotze decorates Von Ca-\\nprivi infernal machine for, 8363 in\\nEng., 10122.\\nI., of Holland, rules gives charters,\\n1099 d., 10983.\\nII., of Holland, k. of Romans, 1099\\nd., 10982.\\nIII., rules peace with Flanders,\\n1099 d., 10982,\\nIV., reigns, Neth., K.,1099 d.,10982.\\nV., reigns, 10992; defeats the Hooks,\\n1098 d., 10982.\\nVI., reigns, 10992; ,1., 10982.\\nI., Frederick Wilhelm, b.-d., 1101\\nking of Neth., 11023.\\ntt., b.-d., 1101 stadtholder, 11013;\\nreigns Neth., 11023.\\nIII., b.-d., 1102 reigns Neth.; mar-\\nries Emma marries Sophia, 11023.\\nI., king of Naples, 10703.\\nII., king of Naples, 10703.\\nIII., king of Naples, 10753.\\nI., the Lion, reigns in Scot., 8512; in-\\nvades Eng.; prisoner, 850 prisoner,\\n8512.\\nPrince of Achaia rules, 1035\\nArchduke, Aust., wounded, 538\\nDuke, Austria, 5072,3.\\nII., Duke of Bavaria, 7933.\\nthe Breton, b.-d., 6702.\\nof Brescia, founds college, 1077\\nII., Duke of Brunswick, 7872.\\nFred.,D. of Brunswick, 8093;k.,810", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1459.jp2"}, "1460": {"fulltext": "1448\\nText Figures denote Page, INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Wlll-Wimb.\\nWilliam of Charuplitte, organizes Achaia,\\n10351\\nCrown Prince of Ger., in power, 8332.\\nPrince of Ger., marries Augusta Vic-\\ntoria, 8303 bankrupt, 8343 ship-\\nwrecked, 8493.\\nII., of Hesse, elector, 8133.\\nPr. of Hohenzollern, marries, 8331\\nCt. of Holland, anti-king, 7812.\\nLord Heytesbury, lord lieut., Ire.,\\n9532.\\nof Malmesbury, works, 8503.\\nLord Maryborough, postmaster ,9473.\\nis grand duke, Mecklenburg,S212.\\nI., the Silent, of Nassau, inherits es-\\ntates, 5412; rules Holland; recovers\\nOrange; leaves Council of Ten, 10992;\\nresists Inquisition, 10993; assassinated,\\n5411.\\nof Newbury, English Affairs, 8523.\\nD. of Normandy. (See William I.\\nof England.)\\nPrince of Orange. (See William III.\\nof England.)\\nof Orange, inheritance estate con-\\nfiscated, 5412; converted to Calvinism;\\nCalvinism protected, 10983 represses\\nother religions, 541 1 10983 leaves\\nNetherlands, 5412 leads revolution-\\nists, 10981 in Brabant, 5401 navy\\nvexes Sp. navy, 10981 re-enters Neth-\\nerlands, 10983; proclaimed gov.; retires\\noutlawed, 10993; Sp. assassins, 10991\\ngovernor count murdered, 10993\\nstatue, 10021.\\nE. of Pembroke; regent, 8532; d., 8533.\\nIX., Count of Poitiers, poems, 6691\\nLouis, Duke of Wurtemburg, 7973.\\nPr. of Wurtemburg shot at, 8331\\nWilliam Browne wrecked, 951 3\\nWilliamette Univ. org., Salem, 1583.\\nWilliam Hnsfixson wrecked, 9513.\\nWilliam Jewell Coll., Mo., fnd., 1662.\\nWilliam and- Mary wrecked, 9393.\\nWilliam and Mary Coll. est., 522,3; James\\nBlair, pres, 523; first graduates, 543.\\nWilliam Rice lost at sea, 3653.\\nWilliams, Alexander S-, police inspector,\\nbribery, 4462, 4523.\\nBenj., b. (1754); gov. N. C, 1093, 1152;\\nd. (1814).\\nCapt., captures Covadonqa, 11302.\\n.Charles Kilborn, b. (1782); gov. Vt.,\\n1692, a. (1853).\\nCnanning Moore, b. (1829) cons.\\nP. E. miss, bp., 2542.\\nC. R., embezzler, 4183.\\nDavid, b. (1724); arrests Andre, 922;\\nd. (1831).\\nest. Royal Literary Fund, 9252.\\nEleazer, b., 982; d., 1842.\\nElisha, b. (1694); rector Yale, 603; d.\\n(1755).\\nCol. Ephraim, b., 5S1 leaves Lake\\nGeorge, 682; k., 682, 711; bequest to\\nWilliams Coll., 1043.\\nSir Fenwick, gov. N. S., 5792, 5832.\\nGeo., organizer T. M. C. A., 5783.\\nGeorge Henry, b. (1823); Com. on\\nReconstruction, 2493; intro. Tenure of\\nOffice Bill,2552; atty.-gen.,2813; resigns,\\n2891.\\nGeorge Wash., b. (1849); The Negro\\nTroops, 3323.\\nJames Douglas, b. (1808); gov. Ind.,\\n2973; d. (1880).\\nJames R., b., 1682.\\nJames William, elected bp., 9583.\\nJared Warner, b. (1796); gov., 1633;\\nd., 2.392.\\nJohn, captive, b. (1644); d., 602.\\nb. (1817); cons. P. E. bp., 1683.\\nlord keeper, 8812.\\nDean of Westminster minis-\\nter, 8812.\\nmissionary, b., 9283; d., 9483.\\nA., sentenced, 3782.\\nJoseph, 1). (1822); cons. R. C. bp.,\\n2502; arcbbp. Boston, 2863.\\nS., b., 1741\\nJoseph H., gov. Me., 1832.\\nMr., org. Patagonian Miss. Soc,\\n9523.\\nOtho Holland, b., 662; d., 1082.\\nRobert, plants Meth. in Va., 762.\\nb. (1765\u00c2\u00b1); gov. Miss., 1133.\\nRoger, b. (16O0+); in Boston, 321\\nreligious toleration; pastor Salem Ch.,\\n322; in Mass., 323; banished; land own-\\nership, 342 rejects infant baptism\\nwithdraws from Bapt., 343; banished,\\n352; truce with Indians, 361; works,\\n371, 391 obtains charter in Eng., 373;\\ngov. R.I.; consummation of charter,393\\nd., 4S1 statue, 2721 2761\\nWilliams, Sam. Wells, b., 1183; d., 3162.\\nThomas, b. (1815); at Baton Rouge,\\nimpeachment\\n2102; k., 2103\\nThomas, b. 1\\nmanager, 2612.\\nest. Meth. in Dublin, 9123.\\nWilliam, b., 621 d., 1163.\\nSir Wm. Fenwick, gen., surrenders,\\nKars, 9601\\nW. L., cons, bp., 10121\\nZephaniah, transported, 9511.\\nColl., Mass., incorp., 1043; observa-\\ntory, 1461; James A. Garfield graduates,\\n1803; centennial celebration, 4401.\\nWilliamsburg, Can., skirmish at, 1203.\\nIvy., lynching, 4191.\\nMass., floods, 2853.\\nN. Y., Meth. build first church, 1143;\\nconsolidated, 1773.\\nVa., Va. Gazette, 631 gunpowderre-\\nmoved, 801; Brit, evacuate; Cornwallis\\nevacuates, 942; Washington at, 943;\\nbattle of, 207 Confeds. repulsed, 2133,\\n2211; action, 2183.\\nWilliamson, Alexander, d., 6242.\\nCol. Andrew, against Indians, 841\\nmassacres, 943.\\nAtkin, Episcopal clergyman, 482.\\nHugh, b., 622; d., 12S1.\\nIsaiah V., d., 3361\\nJudge, state tax decision, 451 2\\nL. J., executes statue of Queen, 10001\\nMajor, in Burmese war, 10482.\\nWilliam Durkee b. (1779); gov. Me.,\\n1293; d. (1846).\\nWilliamsport, Md., Gen. Lee at, 2243.\\nPa., Smith and Miller hanged, 3071\\nPenn. Grit issued, 3123; accident, 3413.\\nW. Va., Federals cross Potomac, 1962;\\nEarly crosses Potomac, 2371\\nWilliamstown, Mass. (See Williams Coll.)\\nIre., moonlighters active, 9943.\\nWillich, August, li.dMO); at Liberty Gap.,\\n2231\\nWilligris, Arcbbp., regent, 7752.\\nWilli man tie, Conn., Columbus statue,4l61\\nWilling, James C, d., 4701.\\nWillingboro, N. J., Mrs. Ashebrooke non-\\nvoter, 4223.\\nWillink, Robert, killed in prize-fight, 3802.\\nWilliram, Soil*/ of Solomon, 7751\\nWillis, Alfred elected bp., 9742, 10411.\\nA. S., minister, 4473; presents cre-\\ndentials, 10413.\\nJohn, Stenographic, 8783.\\n.Lillian, patricide, 4542.\\n.Nathaniel Parker, b., 1123; works,\\n1451, 1463, 1491, 1511, 1523, 1583,1683,\\n1742, 1763, 1783; d.,256L\\nRobert, b., 9303; d., 9802.\\nThomas, b., 8802; d., 8942.\\nWillisen, Gen. Wilhelm, b. (1790); at Id-\\nstedt commander, 6401 d. (1879).\\nWilliston, S. Confeds. repulsed, 2421\\nSamuel, b. (1793); d., 2842.\\nWillits, Edwin, in dept. agriculture, 351 2\\nWillo, song on life of Christ, 7751.\\nWill of the People circulated, 11203.\\nWill 6 the Wisp wrecked, 9593.\\nWilloughby Coll., Ohio, est., 1863, 2503.\\nFrancis, b. (1635); botanist; journeys,\\n8902; d. (1672).\\nSir Hugh, Arctic expedition, 223,\\n8701 flred on, 11123; d., 8702.\\nLord, Giuana granted to, 10391; d.,\\n421.\\nSociety fnd., 9841\\nWills, William John, explorer, 4962.\\nWilmarth, Lemuel Everett, b. (1835); in\\nAcademy Design, 2841\\nWilmer, Joseph Pere Bell, b. (1812); cons.\\nP. E. bp.,2542; d. (1878).\\nRichard Hooker, b. (1816); cons. P.E.\\nbishop, 2052.\\nWilmington, Del., Lutherans settle, 34 3\\nTrinity Church cons., 542; w. Gazette\\nissued, 731 explosion, 1273; St. Mary s\\nColl. fnd., 1631 powder explosion, 175 3\\nR. C. diocese est., 2642; race riot, 3331;\\nexplosion, 3713 Republican ticket\\nelected, 3853.\\nN. C, Lord Cornwallis at, 941 fire,\\n1273 R. R. completed, 1533 Confed.\\nworks destroyed, 2321; action near;\\nFederals occupy, 2422 Gregory Inst.,\\ncolored, fnd., 2863.\\nWilmington, O., W. Coll. org., 2722\\nopened, 2883; tornado, 4421\\nE. of, lord treas.; d.,9113.\\nWilmot, David, b., 1232 intro. W. pro-\\nviso, 1593; proviso approved, 1612; candi-\\ndate for vice-pres., 1803; d., 2602.\\nCol., gov., N. S., 5753.\\nJohn, E. of Rochester, b., 8862 d.\\n(1680).\\nLemuel Allan, b. (1809) lieut.-gov.\\nN. B.,5832; d. (1878).\\nRobert Duncan, b. (1809) gov. N. B.,\\n5832.\\nWilsbach, Anna P., will, 4022.\\nWilson, Mrs. (Augusta J. Evans), o., 1442\\nSaint Elmo, 255*.\\nrevives stereotyping, 9322.\\nAlexander, b., 741 works, 1143, 1212;\\nd., 1211.\\nSir Archdale, b. (1803); in Sepoy rebel-\\nlion, 10481 d. (1874).\\nCapt., troops massacred, 6041\\nCatherine, executed, 9671\\nCecil, cons, bp., 1012 1\\nCol., at Santa Rosa Island, Fla., 200\\nCol., in Sudan, 6602.\\nDr., observes sun-spots, 9181\\nDaniel, illegal election, 7631\\nSir Daniel, b. (1816) works, 5803,\\n5811,5823,5843,5942; d., 5941.\\nEbenezer, mayor N. Y., 57 2\\nEdward, cons. R. E. bp., 3042.\\nEphraim K., d., 3781\\nE. Willis, gov. W. Va., 3233; sus-\\ntained, 3372.\\nGeorge W., M. Cong., b., 1522.\\n,b.,9383; d.,9622.\\nHenry, b., 1183; army investigation,\\n2192 revives Cong. Tern. Soc, 2562 nom.\\nfor pres.; nom. for vice-pres., 2791 vote,\\n2812 elected enters office, 2813 d.,\\n2881,2892.\\nHorace Hayman, b., 9242; d., 9642.\\nJames, b.. 642 justice S. Ct., 1012\\nd., 1082.\\nGrant, b. (1832) north of Rapi-\\ndan, 2321 destroys K. Ks., 2343 raid on\\nWeldon R. R., 2351 raid on Mobile; raid\\nin Tenn., 2441; at Montevallo, 2443; a t\\nEbenezer Church; captures Selma,245i;\\ncaptures Columbus, 2462; enters Macon,\\n246 2 presiding officer, 4751 works,\\n2683,2871; 3502.\\nF., b., 136 2 impeachment man-\\nager, 2612; intro. Original Package Bill,\\n3483.\\nJ. M., Credit Mobilier investigation,\\n2812.\\nJohn, b. (1588); elected, 302 pastor\\nin Mass. colony, 333; d.,422.\\n(Christopher North), b., 9223\\nworks, 9371,9411: d., 9583.\\nconvicted, treason-felony, 9751\\nLeighton, b. (1809); moderator,\\n1503; d. (1886).\\nLyde, b., 1682 gov., 1313 d.\\n(1849).\\nJoseph T., The Black Phalanx, 3323.\\nM., imprisoned, 756 2\\nRichard, b., 9042; d., 9223.\\nRivers, minister to Egy., 6591\\nSamuel, lord mayor London, 9492.\\nJ., moderator, 286 2\\nTheodore Delevan.b. (1840) in navy\\ndept., 3512; commodore retires, 4341\\nThomas, b. (1827) nominated gov.,\\nMinn., 3691.\\nRhetoric and Logic, 871 1 d.,8742.\\nWilliam Dexter, b., 1242.\\nLyne, b., 1562; chairman Con-\\nven.,4092 intro. Silver Repeal Bill, 4352;\\nintro. Tariff Bill, 4491 (See Tariff.)\\nWoodrow.b. (1856); works, 3503, 4462.\\nColl. (Presb.) org. at Chambersburg,\\nPa. (1870).\\nWilson s Landing, Va., action at, 2332.\\nWilton, Eng., action at, 8441.\\nE. of, title created, 9311\\nWiltse, Gilbert C, d., 4281\\nWiltz, Louis A., gov. La., 3052.\\nWiltzi defeated, 7701.\\nWilze on shores of Baltic Sea, 11132.\\nWiman, Erastus,b. (1834); arrested, 4521\\nsentenced, 4623; on bail acquitted, 4643\\nWimbledon, Eng., 1st English fight, 8401\\nBelgian visitors at camp, 5451", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1460.jp2"}, "1461": {"fulltext": "Wimb-With.\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN L)Jir.X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1449\\nWimbledon Camp, international rifle-\\nshooting contests, 9621 966 9741 978\\n982 992 994\\nWimpfeling, Jacob, History of Ger., 787\\nWimpfen-Hesse, battle at, 794\\nWimpffen, Emmanuel Felix de, b., 7192;\\nat battle of Sedan, 7402; d., 7542.\\nWimshurst, H., 1st screw propeller, 94S 2\\nWina, bishop of Winchester, 8423.\\nWinsed, action at, 842\\nWinellburgh railway collision, 9673.\\nWinchell, Alexander, b., 1322; works,287\\n2723, 2963, 3063; d., 378\\nWinehelsea, hlng., sea overflows, 854\\nB. of, title created, 883\\nE. of, lord admiralty, 9073, 9133\\nminister, 9113.\\nWinchesley, Robt., archbp., 8522.\\nWinchester wrecked, 9593.\\nEng., church built see erected, 8423\\ncathedral Se^im, S4s2; Hospital of Holy\\nCross fnd., 849 naval battle off, 858\\noldest school; St. Mary s Coll. est., 8583;\\nsurrendered, 886 palace begun, 896\\nCharitable Soc. of natives fmd., 901\\nnuns received, 9263 Bp. Browne cons.,\\n9742 diocese re-arranged, 9802 coll.\\nopd., 9923; New College anniversary eel.,\\n9963; cathedral south anniversary, 10102;\\n111., mob s tone J.G. W.Morrison, 4443.\\nInd., soldiers monument, 410\\nKy., Confeds. defeated, 226\\nTenn., Mary Sharpe Female Coll.\\norg., 1703.\\nVa., action at, 2043 battle of, 205\\n2382 battle near, 20S2, 216 invested\\nFeds, defeated, 2223, 2363 Confeds.\\ndefeated near, 233 2362 Early moves\\nfrom, 235 soldiers monument at, 410\\nConfession adopted, 1123.\\nElhanan, b. (1751) joins Univer-\\nsalists, 95 d. (1797).\\nGen., at Frenchtown, 120\\nHenry, lord mayor London, 945 3\\nMarquis, title created, 871\\nWinckelmann, Johann Joachim, b., 7983;\\nworks; d., 803\\nWindebank, Sir Francis, minister, 8833.\\nWindeck, Eberhard, Km. Siq tsmund, 7S5 2\\nWinder, Win. H., Gen., at Burlington\\nHeights, 1202; at Bladensburg, 1222.\\nWindermere aground at Deal Beach, 4033.\\nWindham, Conn., Fourdrinier machine\\nmade, 138\\nChas. Ash, b. (1810) in Sepoy rebel-\\nlion, 1048 d. (1870).\\nWilliam, b., 9123; d., 935\\nWindischgratz, Pr. Alfred zu (Alfred\\nClaudius Ferdinand), b. (1787) Aust.\\nleader, 522 suppresses Czechs, 523\\nnew ministry, 5372; d. (1862).\\nWiudmac, Ind., land settlement suit, 477 2\\nWindmill erected, New York, 40 1st in\\nFr., 783 general use, Neth., 10982.\\nWindom, William, b., 1342; n Committee\\nof 33,1891 votefor pres. candidate, 3051\\nsec. treas.,3072, 3372; exchanges bonds\\nresigns, 3092 seal protection, 3491\\nlanding of immigrants, 357 2 4% bids,\\n3732; d., 3761 2; Cong, adjourns, 3771\\nWindow glazing common, 10721\\ntax, Eng., enacted, 9012 increased,\\n9113, 9292; reduced, 9233, 9413; repealed,\\n9572.\\nWindrim, James H., in treas. dept., 3512.\\nWindsor, Conn., fort at, 32 1 trading-post,\\n333; fnd., 352.\\nEng., Belgian visitors received, 5451\\ntournament, 8583 Albert Memorial\\nChapel opd., 9S02; lacrosse played, 9813;\\nstatue Pr. Louis Napoleon, 9861 Bp. Da-\\nvidson cons., 9862; Lend. Royal Agri. Soc.\\nexhibit, 10013; Pr. Albertlstatue, 10021\\nEmp. Frederick statue, 10041 castle\\nenlarged, 8482, and reerected, 8582, and\\nenlarged, 9421 chapel opd. ,5253; forest\\nrestricted, 8793 forest surveyed, 9213;\\nmarches drained; trees planted, 9133.\\nN. S., King s College est., 5771 Hants\\nJournal, 5823; The Tribune, 5843.\\nOnt., opium smugglers, 5942.\\nVt., bank est., 1273; murder, 3011\\nBaron, title created, 8672.\\nSir William de, gov., 8593.\\nWindthorst, Ludwig, b., 8102; d.,8341.\\nWntrlward, Polar expedition, 10121.\\nWine, Fr., consumption of, 7432, 7543.\\nprices raised, Eng., 8533 druggists\\nsell, 8563; tunnage on, 8592; prices regu-\\nlated, 8603 prices, 8613 claret im-\\nported, 8673; duties, 9453.\\nWine and games, Mohammed prohibits,\\n4843.\\nWinebrenner, John, b., 1062 leader\\nChurch of God, 13S2; d., 1862.\\nWiner, George B., b., 8043; d., 8202.\\nWinfield, Kan., Southwest K. Coll. org.,\\n3242.\\nEdward, gov. embezzles stores, 272.\\nWinfrid. (See St. Boniface.)\\nWing, Simon, nom. for pres., 415 vote,\\n4192, 4243.\\nWingfleld, John Henry Ducachet, b. (1833);\\ncons. P, E. bp., 2862.\\nLewis, d., 10062.\\nWingi burned, 563\\nWinkelried, Arnold von, falls, 506 d.,\\n1137\\nWinlock, Joseph, b. (1826) uses photo-\\nheliograph, 2701 d. (1875).\\nWinnepeg, Can., Gilder s expedition starts,\\n3241 returns, 3261 Manitoba Free Press,\\n5823; Nor ioest Farmer.; Manitoba Wes-\\nleyan Inst, est., 5843; Den Skandina-\\nviske Canadiensaren; The Loegberg, 5862;\\nBurke arrested, 586 3 Anglican Synod\\nest., 5882; Tribune, 5921.\\nWinona, Minn., fire, 3453.\\nWinslow, Edward, b. (1595) marriage of,\\n302 returns, 312 gov., 333, 352, 373\\nd., 401.\\nE. D., forgeries discovered, 2911;\\ncauses diplomatic dispute, 2913.\\nForbes, b. (1810); Psychological Jour-\\nnal issued, 9543 d. (1874).\\nHubbard, b. (1800); d., 2373.\\nJames, b. (1814); d., 2842.\\nJohn Ancrum, b., 1163; on Kearsarge,\\n2343, d.,282i.\\nJosiah, b. (1629) gov., 452 peace\\nwith Indians, 473; d. (1680).\\nMiron, b., 100 d., 2392.\\nSamuel, d., 474\\nWarren, b. (1810) on Committee of\\n33, 189 d. (1862).\\nWinsor, Frederick Albert, b., 9162 d.\\n(1830).\\nJustin, b. (1831) works, 3183, 3503,\\n3982, 4783.\\nWinstead, J. M., suicide, 4693.\\nWinston, Ala., moonshiners raid, 4262.\\nJohn Anthony, b. (1812) gov. Ala.,\\n175 d. (1871).\\nWinter, Thos., gunpowder plot, 8792.\\nWilliam, b., 1462 works, 1763, 3003,\\n3083, 3143.\\nAssizes, Act for, 9812.\\nWinterfried invents waterspout, 8022.\\nWinterhalter, Franz Xavier, b.. 9323 d.\\n(1873).\\nWinter Park, Fla., Rollins College org.,\\n3223.\\nWinters, Francis de, admin.-general, 10932.\\nWinterton, Earl of, title created, 917 2\\nWinther, Rasmus Willads Christian Fer-\\ndinand, b. (1796); work, 6403 d. (1876).\\nWinthrop, Gen. F., d., 2452.\\nFitz-John, b. (1639); gov., 55 d.\\n(1707).\\nJohn, b., 262; gov. Mass., 313, 331,\\n351,2,372,391,2,432; Episcopalian, 32\\nChristian 7mW/y/,322; arrives with char-\\nter, 33 at Saybrooke, 34 sent to Eng.,\\n413; president, confederacy, 373; d.,463.\\nRobert Charles, b., 1162 oration,\\n320 d., 4741.\\nTheodore, b.,1362; works, 1991 ,2132;\\nd., 1963.\\nWinton wrecked, 9913.\\nEarl of, title created, 959\\nWill wood, Sir Ralph, b. (1564\u00c2\u00b1) minister,\\n8793; d. (1617).\\nWippidsfleet, Britons defeated, 840\\nWire, David W. lord mayor, Lond. 9612\\nbridges invented, 9642.\\ndrawing invented, 7822.\\nmill erected, 8901\\nWireker, Nigel, works, 8503.\\nWirsen, Karl David, b. (1842); Poems, 11363.\\nWirt, Isaac, arrests Andre, 922.\\nWilliam, b., 762; works, 1123, 127\\natty.-gen., 1253, 1292, 1333 presidential\\nvote, 1412,3 d., 1422.\\nWirz, Henry, tried, banged, 2481 9492.\\nWisconsin, U.S.A.: Chas. deLangdale set-\\ntles, 671; Colorado beetle, 1321; terri-\\ntory org., 1471 Henry Dodge, gov., 1472,\\n161i; James D. Doty, gov., 1552; Na-\\nthaniel P. Tallmadge, gov., 1592 state\\ngovt, authorized, 1612; Meth. Epis. Conf.\\nfmd., 1641 Universalist State Conven.\\norg., 1642 Univ. of W. org., 1643 State\\nadmitted, I651 Nelson Dewey, gov., 1652;\\nState Hist. Soc. library fnd., 1663; Leon-\\nard J. Farwell, gov., 1692 o. S. Pres.\\nSynod org., 1702 Wm. A. Barstow, gov.\\n(1854); Bashford Coles, gov., 1792; lands\\ngranted to railroads, 1S13 Alex. W. Ran-\\ndall, gov., 1833 Louis P. Harvey, gov.,\\n203 2 Personal Liberty Bill repealed,\\n2113 Edward Salomon, gov., 2173; Jas.\\nT.Lewis, gov., 221)3; ratifies 13th Amend.\\n2432 Negro Suffrage Amend, rejected,\\n2492; soldiers orphans homeopd.,251\\nNormal Schools opd., 2543, 2643, 2763,\\n2903, 3223, 32S3 Lucius Fairchild, gov.,\\n2553; ratifies 14th Amend., 2573; Milton\\nColl. org., 2603 ratifies 15th Amend.,\\n267 forest fires, 274 prairie fires, 2753;\\nInsane Asylum at Oslrkosh, 281 and at\\nMilwaukee, 3032; C. C. Washburne.gov.j\\nintemperance punished, 261 ;PotterLaw\\npasses, 2852, affirmed, 2873, and modi-\\nfied, 2912 Wm. H. Taylor, gov., 2873\\nwomen lawyers rejected, 2912, and ad-\\nmitted, 29S3; Harrison Ludington, gov.,\\n295 Wm. E. Smith, gov., 3012; Com-\\npulsory Education Bill, 303 Jer. M.\\nRu6k, gov., 3132 pearls found, 2*4\\npearl finding eraze, :;4f 2 Secret Ballot\\nLawenacted Wm. D. Hoard, gov., 3492;\\nLocal Option Bill passed, 351 Am.\\nCath. Clerical Union org., 3522 excite-\\nment English in public schools, 3542\\nSupreme Ct. decision against Bible in\\nschools, 354 2 Bennett School Law issue,\\n3542+ Ger. Catholics against Bennett\\nLaw, 358 2 Republicans divide on Ben-\\nnett Law, 3602, 3731 Democrats oppose\\nBennett Law, 3672, 3 Bennett Law re-\\nscinded, 3702, 3763 recount gives Re-\\npublicans control, 373 land claims\\nfiled, 3952 settlers rush in, 3953 Geo.\\nW. Peck, gov., 3992; special session leg-\\nislature for reapportionment, 409 417 2\\nreapportionment invalid Apportion-\\nment Bill; no agreement, 4172; arrested\\nlegislators, 4272 Anti-Pinkerton Bill,\\n4273 forest fires, 4332, 4353, 4663, 4673,\\n4713,4733; copper ore found, 442 army\\nworm devastates, 466 Geo. W. Peck\\nrenom. gov., 4712 canal survey com-\\npleted, 4772; Win. II. I pham, gov. (1895).\\nUniv. org., 1643; Charles Kendall\\nAdams, pres., 4042, 4221 Univ. Exten-\\nsion Dept., 4162.\\nWise, George Douglas, 1)., 1442.\\nHenry Alex., b., 1123; gov. Va., 1812;\\ninW.Va.,1982; at Roanoke Island, 204\\nd., 266\\nIsaacMayer, b.(1819); presides, 3862.\\nJohn, b. (1808) balloon ascension,\\n1841 d. (1879).\\nMr., steel pens, 932\\nWilliam C, promoted captain, 448\\nWiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen, b.\\n9303; archbp., 9562 ;/.v,/,;,j/\u00e2\u0080\u009e,!i ;03;(j.,9681.\\nWishar, George, b., 870 burned, 869\\nWisner, Moses, gov. Mich., 187\\nWm., moderator, 1523.\\nC, moderator, 1782.\\nWisnetzar, battle of, 798\\nWissig, Philip threatens, 4523.\\nWissmann, Hermann von, b. (1853) at\\nZanzibar, 838 2 at Pangani at Wingi,\\n663 explorer, 1093 at Lubuku fnds.\\nLuluburg and Luebo, 10932.\\nWistar, Casper, b., 723; d., 1262.\\nWitboy, Hemic, defeated, 8383.\\nWitch, burned in Peru, 11093.\\nWitchcraft, New Eng., punished, 41\\nbreaks out, 523; victims, 53\\npunished, Fr., 685\\nfelony, Eng., 8692; statute against,\\n873 879 punished, 8943, 1079 lawa\\nrepealed, 9093.\\nWitches executed, 8643, 903 test of, 9152.\\nconvicted, Fr., 679 burned, 685\\npunished, 6912.\\nburned, It., 1081\\nburned, Russia, 11172.\\nburned in Geneva, 11373.\\nWither, George, b.,8762 works, 8802; d\\n8922.\\nWitherell, Lizzie, burglar, 385\\nWithering Wm., b. (1741) in Lunar Soc,\\n9212; d., (1799).", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1461.jp2"}, "1462": {"fulltext": "1450\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. With- Wood.\\nWitherings, Thomas, postmaster, 8832,\\nWitherington, Buccaneer, at Bahia, 241\\nWithers, Jones Mitchel, b. (1814); at Mnr-\\nfreesboro, 2171\\nWitherspoon, John, b. t 601 pres. N. J.\\nColl., 762,3; moderator, 1462; d., 1042.\\nWithlaeooehee, Fla., Seminoles defeated\\nat, 1441.\\nWitiza reigns, 11253.\\nWitman College, Wash., opd., 3143.\\nWittekind, Saxon, baptized, 6643; leader;\\nsubmits to Charlemagne, 7713.\\nWittenberg, O., W. College org., 1583; Gen.\\nSynod Evan. Luth. of, org., 1623;\\nPrus., belongs to Saxony, 7791; fa-\\nvored by Golden Bull, 7833 Univ., char-\\ntered; Martin Luther, professor, 7871;\\npossessed by allies, 7212 retaken, 810i\\nUniv. unites with Halle, 8111\\nWittenborg, John, invades Denmark ex-\\necuted, 7821\\nWittenmeyer, Annie, pres. W. C. T. U.,\\n2911,2943,2971,3011.\\nWitter, Wm., against infant baptism, 37 1.\\nSpeaker of Montana, d., 3771\\nWitteric, takes throne of W. Goths, 7712.\\nWitteveen, Pastor, fnds. Ermelo Miss.\\nSociety, 11021\\nWittgensteig, Marshal, in Dresden, 7183.\\nWittingham, William K., b., 1122.\\nWittstock, Swedes victorious, 5121\\nWitu, E. Afr., investigation ceded, 5633;\\ncaptured, 5643.\\nWitzeleben, Karl August Friedrich von,\\nb., 8041 d., 8143.\\nWitzius, Hermann, b.-d., 11003.\\nWladislaw attacks Mark of Brandenburg\\n7821.\\n(See LadislauB.)\\nWoburn, Mass., anniversary, 4173.\\nWodehouse, John, Earl of Kimberley, b.,\\n9422 u. S. Civil War statement, 9652\\nlordlieut., 9672; minister, 9731,9852,\\n9912, 9952, 10092 chancellor, 9893 tar-\\niff system, 4983.\\nSir Philip, governor, 10473.\\nWoden, German god, 7682.\\nWodrow, Robert, b. (1679) d., 9082.\\nWofford College org., S. C, 1763.\\nWohler, Friedrich, b., 8071 d., 8302.\\nWohlgemuth, Michael, b., 7842 d., 7882.\\nWokong surrenders, 6202.\\nWolcott, Edward O., b., 1641 Silver Pur-\\nchase Repeal Bill amend., 4231 speech,\\n4372 4391\\nJohn (Peter Pindar), b., 9103 d.,\\n9383.\\nOliver, b., 722 g0 v. Conn., 1073, 1272\\nd., 1421.\\nRoger, b., 463 gov. Mass., 673; d., 741\\nb. (1847); gov. Mass. (1874+).\\nWolcottville, Conn., brass kettles, 1441.\\nWolf, Christian von, b. (1679) works, 7991\\n8011; d. (1754).\\nFriedrich August, b., 8023 work,\\n8071; d.,8123.\\nGeorge, b. (1777) gov. Pa., 1373 d.\\n(1840).\\nJ. G., shot, 4723.\\nJohann Christoph von, b., 7971 d.,\\n8022.\\nWolfall, Master, 1st communion in Am.,\\n5703.\\nWolfboro, N. H., hall and library dedi-\\ncated, 3522.\\nWolfdietrich issued, 7803.\\nWolfe, Arthur, chief justice, 9293.\\nCharles, b., 9243 work, 9391 d.,\\n9403.\\nJames, b., 9081; in Am., 702; at\\nPoint Levi checked at Quebec, 703\\nkilled, 721 d., 722.\\nWolff, Albert, b., 8103 d., 7621\\nBetjen, works, 11012.\\nEmil, b., 8082 d., 8301\\nSir H. Drummond, b. (1830) signs\\nconvention, 6612.\\nWilhelm, b., 8121.\\nWolfley, Lewis, governor, Ariz., 3492.\\nWolford, Capt., near Lebanon, 2151\\nWollaston, Mass., settlement, 313.\\nWm. Hyde, b.,9163 solar spectrum,\\n9302 dis. rhodium dis. palladium, 9322\\ncamera lucida, 9342 voltaic battery,\\n938i; pres. Royal Soc, 9401 d.,9423.\\nWb llner, Dr., excommunicated, 8263.\\nWollstonecraft, Mary. (See Godwin, Mrs.)\\nWolowski, Louis Francois Michel Ray-\\nmond, b., 7191 d., 7601.\\nWolseley, Garnet Joseph, Vise. Wolseley,\\nb., 9462 at Fort Garry, 5821 for Natal,\\n6001,2; gov. Cape Colony, 6012,3; re-\\nceives Zulus, 6013 in Sudan, 6601 in\\nCairo, 6612 commander in Dublin,\\n10041; in So. Afr. Rep., 11242; in W.\\nAfr., 11612.\\nViscount of, title created, 9871\\nWolsey, Thomas, b., 8642 bp.of Lincoln;\\narchbp. of York cardinal high chanc,\\n8673 loses favor, 8692 d. (1530).\\nWolstenholme s Sound, Canada, dis., 281.\\nWolverene donated, 4993.\\nWolverton, Baron, title created, 9651\\nSimon P., b., 1482.\\nWolves, mandate for destruction of, 8553.\\nWoman practices in U. S. Sup. Ct., 3522.\\nWoman s Christian Temperance Union,\\ngerminates at Fredonia, 2831 org., 2S62,\\n2871,2911; Nat. Conven., 2943, 2971,\\n3011,3032; 3071, 3091, 3131, 3151, 3191,\\n3203, 3251, 3291, 3712, 3942, 4171, 4402,\\n4743, 5S83, 5891 Worlds W. C. T. U. org.,\\n3151 department.of temperance instruc-\\ntion fmd., 3091 Temple, Chicago, cor-\\nner-stone laid, 3701 division by seces-\\nsion, 3712; ill-treated in North Dakota,\\n4263 World s Fair session, 4402 foun-\\ntain in Willard Hall, 4733; org. in Eng.,\\n10972.\\nnon-partisan fnd., 3623\\nconvention, 371 2 3943.\\nCommittee of Christian Work, 9762.\\nMeth. Epis. College founded, 3322.\\nMunicipal League, niass-meeting,4743.\\nNat. Indian Assn.. mission-work, 3182;\\nat Boston, 3712; at New Haven, 4762.\\nNat. Triennial Council meets, 378 2\\nPrison Association reports, 3762.\\nRelief Corps of U. S., 3862, 3891\\nRepublican League org., 3311\\nRights Convention meets, 1643.\\nSuffrage campaign, 2592\\nN. Y., 339 1; adopted in Utah, 2711;\\ncampaign In Kan., 2592 Constitutional\\nAmend, to secure, 3591 Wash, constitu-\\ntional conven. submits, 3431, and re-\\njected, 347 billfor cities rejected, 3572;\\nSuifrage Bill fails, N. Y., 4052 conven-\\ntions, 269 ,2,3, 4503; unconstitutional\\nin Mich., 4412.\\nAsso., Am., org., 269 2 meetB,\\n3991,4222,4503.\\nLeague, N. Y., petition to czar,\\n3551 reception, N. Y., 3802.\\nAmend. Bill reported, 3591\\nBill, Eng., 9932, 9991 10092.\\nSoc, annual meeting, 9943 Nat.\\nConven., 9723.\\nSociety org. in S. Dak., 3G03.\\nin France, 7632.\\nWomen, meeting of, Mass. colony, 323;\\npatriotic Am., 932 lawyers in Su-\\npreme Courts, 301i,2; excluded from\\ngov t, 309 administration in Kansas,\\n331 stage robbers, 4042 inlaw schools,\\n4071 in public offices, Kan., 4543 in-\\nspectors of streets, Chicago, 4622.\\nmanners of, Fr., 6751 influence in\\nsociety, 69a 2 in factories, 7613 labor\\nregulated, 7683 honored, 7711\\nimported, Va., 283, 303, 881 posi-\\ntion improved, Eng., 9491 marriage\\nproperty, 975 degrees denied to, 9791.\\nbill for, in Loud. Council rejected, 1001 2\\nchurching of, Italy, 10643.\\nWomen s Clubs, Cell. Federation Conven.,\\n3563 Am. Federation, 4063,4583 State\\nFederation begins, 4751\\nCongress, Paris, 7563.\\nCrusade. (See Temperance.)\\nEducation Union founded, 9763.\\nEnfranchisement Society fnd., Can.,\\n5862,5903.\\nMissionary Societies. (See names of\\nvarious churches.)\\nProtective and Provident League\\nfounded, 9792.\\nWonderful Parliament, England, 8611\\nWoo Hoo, riot at, 6251\\nHow, influence, 6123 abdicates; ex-\\ncludes heir, 6132 d., 6122.\\nWood, used to make paper, 268 first en-\\ngraving, 784 2 e ngruvingi in proved, 9242.\\nAlphonso, b., 1162 d., 3062.\\nAnthony, b., 8822; d., 9002.\\nCol., at Trenton, 2182.\\nSir Charles, Viscount Halifax, min-\\nister, 9612, 9692; d., 9941.\\nWood, De Volson, b., 1402.\\nFernando, b. (1812) mayor N. Y.,\\n179 ,1903; arrested, 1823 resists police\\nlaw, 183 advises secession, 1911 leads\\npeace-party, 2233 vote for speaker, 283 2\\nd., 3062.\\nGeorge Bacon, b., 106 2 physician,\\nauthor, d., 3002.\\nT., governor Tex., 1633.\\nSir Henry Evelyn, b. (1838) changes\\nmade, 6031 at Cairo, 6682 in Sudan,\\n6602; against Zulus, 6001\\nHoratio C, b., 1522.\\nJames, b. (1750) gov. Va., 1073\\nmoderator, 2411 d., 2561\\nJohn George, b., 9423; d., 100O1\\nI., comptroller Can., 595 2\\nF., comptroller Can., 5963.\\nLeonard, b., 781\\nLieut.-Col., at Coldwater, 2183.\\nMarshall W., commissioned major,\\n4561.\\nSir Matthew, b. (1768) lord mayor,\\nLondon, 9353; d. (1843).\\nR. C, sanitary commissioner, 197\\nReuben, b. (1792) gov. O., 1692 d.\\n(1864).\\nThomas Waterman, b., 130 3 paint-\\nings, 2601, 3021, 3061, 3101, 3121, 3161\\n3181 3221 3061 Acad. Design, 2761\\nWalter Abbott, b. (1815) d., 3981\\nSir Wm. Page, b. (1801) lord justice,\\n9713; minister, 9732; d. (1881).\\nLake, Minn., Indians defeated, 2141\\nWoodberry, George Edward, b. (1855)\\nworks, 3743.\\nWoodbine, La., Normal School opd., 3183.\\nWoodbridge, Cal., San Joaquin Valley\\nCollege org., 2962.\\nN. J., first printing-press, 691.\\nWm., b. (1780) gov., 1531 d. (1861).\\nWoodbury, Tenn., action, 2182, 2202.\\nGeorge Edward, b., 1761\\nLevi, b., 1001 gov. N. H., 1313; B eo.\\nnavy, 1392 s ec. treas., 1473 justice,\\n1593; d., 1682.\\nWoodfall, William (Junius s), b., 9103.\\nWoodford, William, b. (1735); brig.-gen.,\\ncommissioned, 86 d. (1780).\\nWoodhouso I unction, U.K. collision, 9773.\\nSir Philip, gov. Cape Colony, 5993.\\nWoodhull, Caleb S., gov. N. Y., 1671.\\nJohn, b. (1744) moderator, 1023; d.\\n(1824).\\nS. S., pres. Reformed Synod, 1283.\\nWoodland, Cal., Hesperian Coll. org. ,2662.\\nWis., cyclone, 1821\\nWoodley, A., kills Miss Buchanan, 4583.\\nWoodlock, Bartholomew, cons, bp.,9823.\\nWoodmason, ruling machine, 9302.\\nWoodmen of the World Society est., 3983;\\nstatistics, 4471\\nWood-paving unsuccessful, Eng., 9501\\nWoodrow, James, evolutionist case, 3402.\\nWoodruff, Carle A., commissioned major,\\n4501.\\nCol., at Barbourville, W. Va., 1962.\\nW. E., accounts short, 3751 ac-\\nquitted, 3863.\\nWilford, b. (1807) Mormor. pres. for-\\nbids plural marriages, 3682 completes\\ntemple, 4041\\nW r oods, George L., gov. Ore., 2553; gov.\\nUtah, 2772 d., 3501\\nJohn L., gift to college, 4202.\\nKatharine, Musk to Dawn, 4462.\\nLeonard, b., 114 d., 174\\nWilliam Burnham, 1322 justice\\nsupreme court, 3052; d. (1887).\\nWoodson, Daniel, acting gov. Kan., 1773\\nagainst rebellion, 181 1\\nSilas, governor Mo., 2851\\nWoodson s Gap, Tenn., action at, 2062.\\nWoodstock, N. B., Carli tnn .Sentinel, 6791\\nCollege buildings, 585i trial of Bir-\\nchall, 6903.\\nWoodstock, Eng., great park, 8493.\\nMd., center of population, 1293.\\nVa., Gen. Banks at, 2052; Confeds.\\ndefeated, 2191\\nThomas, Duke of Gloucester, gov.\\nIre. arrested, 861 2.\\nWoodville, Pa., mob of strikers, 4502.\\nTenn., Confeds. defeated, 2143.\\nAnthony, Earl of Rivers, b. (1442)\\nworks, 8642; beheaded, 8653.\\n.Elizabeth. (See Elizabeth Woodville.)\\nWoodward, Col., at Ft. Donelson, 2121\\nE. T., d., 4521", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1462.jp2"}, "1463": {"fulltext": "Wood-Wris.\\nText Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1451\\nWoodward, Frederick A., b., 1741\\nJoseph Janvier, b., U2 d., 3162.\\nWoodwark, Okla., robbery, 4531\\nWoodworth, Mrs., predictions believed,\\nCal., 3562.\\nSamuel, b., 962; d., 1542.\\nWilliam, planing machine, 1361\\nWool, duties on, Eng., 8552; importation\\nfrom Ire. prohibited, 9013; commerce of\\nEng., 8493; first spun, 858* Act passed,\\n9072, 9113; duty repealed, 911a law re-\\npealed, 9413.\\ngrowers Asso., petition to pres.,3412.\\nWool, John Ellis, b., 962; commands Fort-\\nress Monroe, 19S1 occupies Norfolk,\\n2071 dept. Maryland, 2083 d., 2681\\nWoolen Exhibition, International, 9S73.\\ngoods manufactured, 1042.\\nmanufacture est., Eng., 8562.\\nWoolf, cylinder expansion engine, 9322.\\nWoolley, Henry, White Gaps kill, 4571\\nWoolraan, John, b., 5S 2 Journal of, 78 2\\nd., 762.\\nWoolner, Thomas, b., 9422 statue of\\nqueen, 9921.\\nWoolsey, Sarah Ghauncey (Susan Cool-\\nidge), b. {1815 i:) Katy Did, 2803.\\n,Theo.Dwight,b.,110i ;works,143i ,1451\\n1431 1551 p r es. of Yale, 1611 d., 3422.\\nWool-shearers strike, Eng., 10051\\nWoolson, Constance Fenimore, b. (1848)\\nworks, 2911, 3031, 3063, 3263, 4783; d.\\n(1894).\\nWoolwich, Eng., arsenal at largest gun\\ncast, 110 ton, 9061 Royal Military Acad,\\norg., 9101 rnagueto-electricity used,950 2\\ndockyard closed floating dry-dock\\nlaunched, 9721 arsenal flooded, 9813 j\\ncollision on Thames, 9833 Gordon s\\ndynamo machine, 9901 steam ferry opd.,\\n10013.\\nWoomer, Ephraim, b., 1562.\\nWooster, O., Univ. of Wooster est., 2543;\\nUniversity org., 2623.\\nDavid, b. (1710) d., 891\\nWoo-sung captured, 616 2\\nWorcester, Cape Colony, mission, 6023.\\nEug., see erected, 3423; married priests\\nleave, 816 2 threatened, 860 1 battle of\\n88*1; W. Postman, 8983,9943; anti-ma-\\nchinery riot, 925i cathedral opd., 978 2\\nBaxter statue, 9S0 2\\nMass., granted, 43 3 settled, 59i\\nAm. Antiquarian Soc. Library, 119i\\nknives mfd., 1361 College of the Holy\\nCross org., 1571 nre 1753; Free Public\\nLibrary fnd., 1843; W. Co. Mutual Asso.\\norg., 2291 Polytechnic Inst, org., 2623\\nNormal School opd., 2843; Clark Univ.\\ndedicated, 3463 strike, 3611 musical\\nfestival, 3921 summer school, 4102; ex-\\nplosion, 4233.\\nEarl of. (See Tiptoft, John.)\\nEarl of, minister, 879 1\\nEarl of, minister, 8793.\\nJoseph Emerson, b., 962; d., 2482.\\nmissionary, opposed, 1383.\\nNoah, b., 71i work, 1403; d., 1482.\\nSamuel, b. (1770) board of commis-\\nsioners, 1163; d. (1821).\\nWorden, John Lorimer, b., 1262; Congress\\nthanks, 2183.\\nWordner, Ida., fire, 4293.\\nWordsworth, Christopher, b. (1808\u00c2\u00b1)\\nelected bishop, 9533; d. (1885).\\nJohn, cons, bishop, 9922.\\nWilliam, b., 9183; works, 9271 9331\\n9371,9563; poet laureate, 9523; d., 9562.\\nSociety formed, London, 9862.\\nWork, ten hours legal day s, 1632; eight\\nhours, 2631\\nWorking classes restless, Eng., 8591\\nGirls Clubs, conven.,2563, 4583,\\nWorkingmen, Cong, at Brussels, 5451.\\nNew Eng. Association, 1591\\nWorkingmen s Asso., Interuat., 9672,9771.\\nBenevolent Asso. orders strike, 2731.\\nClub and Institute Union est., 9663,\\n9633.\\nCollege est. London, Cambridge, 9591\\n9703.\\ndwellings protected, 9773.\\nExhibition, International, 974\\nInternational Association demonstra-\\ntion, Am., 2772; crushed in Fr., 7463.\\nInternational Conference, 7543.\\nOrganization appears, 137 2\\nticket appears, 137 2 Party reorgan-\\nized, 2983.\\nWorking- worn en s Bill, Fr., 7592,\\nCollege begun, 9682.\\nWorkman, Mr., gift of, 5S83.\\nWorkmen, in Fr. army, 7312; compulsory\\nfunds, Ger., 8323.\\nWorkmen s International Congress at\\nLausanne, 11383.\\nCongress, International Social, Ber-\\n,8351\\neetings, Belg., 5471\\nNat l presidential conven., 2791.\\nPeace Asso. meets, London, 9752.\\nSocial Education League find., 9843.\\nWorks of Learned issued, 8983.\\nWorkshop Regulation Act passes, 9703.\\nWorld s Agricultural Cong, opens, 4413.\\nWorld s Columbian Exposition, Chicago;\\nfinances, 3473, 3493, 3513, 3912, 4033,\\n4131,2, 4193, 4271; legislation, 3491,\\n3532,3551 ,2, 3571 ,2, 3713,3771 3812, 3912,\\n3993,4011, 4031, 4131, 4271; location,\\n3513, 3523, 3532; site, 3653,3693; Sun-\\nday opening difficulty, 3701,3722,3911,\\n3972, 4022, 4032, 4042, 4072, 4103. 4112,3,\\n4143,4191,4291, 4302,3, 4322,3, 4342,3;\\nliquor selling, 4112; incorporated and\\norg., 3573; commission org., 3632, 3693;\\nGeorge R. Davis, director-general, 3693;\\nwomen managers organize, 3712; presi-\\ndent s proclamation, 3733; non-union\\nlabor, 3763; Italians fear union men,\\n378 2 J. A. Scott, pres. board directors,\\n3813; directors banquet, 3923; direc-\\ntory reelects Pres. Baker, 4053; Texas\\ndeclines part, 4113; memorial half-dol-\\nlars, 4132, 4193; dedicated; Mr. Cleve-\\nland absent, 417i,3; Ada Rehan statue\\ncast, 426i Columbian Guards strike,\\n4283; gates closed Sunday; opened;\\nWoman s Building finished, 4291 ex-\\nhibitors time extended, 4292; admis-\\nsions; directorate officers elected;\\nSpanish caravels arrive, 4293, 4333\\nTheo. Thomas resigns, 430 1 Judiciary\\nCommittee s report accepted, 4303\\nSunday attendance, 431 1, 4323; English\\nand Italian exhibits floor breaks for-\\neign exhibitors withdraw gates closed\\nSunday Swiss exhibit closed, 4313\\nGladstone s statue, 432 1 German day\\nattendance, 4322; battle of Bunker Hill\\neel., 4323; Independence Day; Liberty\\nBell dedicated, 433 1 lace missing com-\\npleted; admission payments; fire; Pres.\\nPalmer resigns; R.R. rates, 4333; Edi-\\ntorial Day; cold storage warehouse fire\\nopen all Sundays, 4.543; Sunday attend-\\nance, 4351 4381 4393; attendance, 4353;\\nCadets lawn party; Jewish Cong.\\nPeace Cong., 436 2 live stock exhibit,\\n4373; Pari, of Religion, 4381; Odd Fel-\\nlows day, 4383; artisans arrive, 4392;\\nChicago day; Public School day, 440 2\\nAm. Bankers Asso. Conven. Mary\\nWashington day, 4403; duties remitted;\\ngovernments thanked, 4412; large pro-\\nfits, 4413; Midway Plaisance fight, 4422;\\nadmissions cities represented by may-\\nors; close, 4432; statistics, 4433; assets\\nshrinking, 4453; buildings burned, 4493,\\n4513,4533, 4653; dividend to stockhold-\\ners, 451 3 Columbian Guards strike,\\n4531, 4553; Field Columbian Museum\\ndedicated, 4601 Fr. Republic vs. U. S.\\nWorld s Fair, 4612; Salvage Co. claim\\nfor damage, 467 3\\nExhibition, Antwerp, 5493.\\nIndustrial Cotton Exposition opened,\\n3193.\\nPeace Jubilee celebrated, 2781 ,3.\\nStudents Conf. closes, 4342,\\nSunday School Conven. opd., 10002.\\nW. C.T. U. org., 3151.\\nWorlingham, Baron, title created, 9451\\nWorm, Olaus, b.-d., 6362.\\nWorms, Ger., fnd., 7692; plundered re-\\nbuilt, 7693 Mayfield assembly, 7713\\nDiet deposes Gregory, 7751; Concordat,\\n7763; battle. 780 V Imperial Diet, 7873;\\nDiet of, 7883, 7893; taken, 7961; occu-\\npied, 798 1 retaken, 806 1; Luther mon-\\nument, 825 1 flooded, 8301.\\nWormwood, Scrubbs, Eng., experiments\\nin atmospheric railways, 9521\\nWornum, Ralph Nicholson, b., 9363; d.\\n(1877).\\nWorsane, Jens Jacob Asmussen, b., 6382;\\nd., 6421.\\nWorship, ancient Egyptian, 6463.\\nWorship of ancestors, forbidden; toler-\\nated, 6143.\\nWorsley, subterranean canals completed,\\n9161.\\nWorsted, first spun, 8581\\nBill passed, 3573,3593.\\nWorth, Alsace, battle of, 7381\\nJonathan, b. (1802); gov. N. C, 2493,\\n2511; d. (1869).\\nWm. Jenkins, b., 1042; captures Sal-\\ntillo, 1602 at Chapultepec, 1622 at\\nMolino del Rey, 1622; d., 1662; shaft\\nunveiled, 182 1.\\nWorthington, George, b. (1848) cons. P.\\nE. bp., 3202.\\nN. E., strike investigation, 4662.\\nRichard, embezzler, 4642.\\nThomas, b. (1773) gov. O., 1233 d.\\n(1327).\\nWotton, Sir Henry, b., 8722; -\\\\york, 8883;\\nd., 8822.\\nWilliam, b. (1666) d. 9063.\\nWon Sankwei, leads rebellion, 6142,6153.\\nWoukai enthroned, 6112.\\nWoulfe, Peter, scientific lectures, 916i d.\\n(1806).\\nWounded Knee Creek, S\u00c2\u00ab Dak., battle,\\n3741 Col. Forsyth exonerated, 3781.\\nWouters, Francois, b., 540 3 d., 5411.\\nWonting enthroned, 6112.\\nWoutsong, against religions, 6123.\\nWou-Wang dynasty est.; divides country,\\n6112.\\nWouy enthroned, 611 2.\\nWoyenthiii, mission, 11242.\\nWrangel, Ct. Karl Gustav von, b.-d.,\\n11342 joppresses Danes, 6361 ;commander,\\n7961 general, 5122.\\nBaron Friedrich Heinrich Ernst von,\\nb. (1784); at Danewerk, 6401 in Berlin,\\n8161; at Susmarehausen, 796 2 at Eck-\\nernforde in Holstein, 6402; d. (1871).\\nLand, possession of, 3092.\\nWrangell, Ferdinand Petrovitch von, b.,\\n11162; d., 11182.\\nWraxall, Sir Nathaniel Wm., b. (1751); d. t\\n9442.\\nWray, Sir Christopher, chief iustiee, 8753.\\nWrede, Karl Philipp, Prince, b. 8031 at\\nHanau, 7202; d., 8143.\\nWren, Sir Christopher, b., 8822; completes\\ncathedral, 9042; d.,9062.\\nWrexham, W., miners riot, 9891, 9943; col-\\nliery explosion, 10013.\\nWright, Arthur Williams, b., 1462; pro-\\nduces ozone, 2801.\\nAshley B., b., 1522.\\nAustin J., pork conspiracy, 4163.\\nCapt., near Lebanon, 200i\\nCapt., settlement Australia, 4951\\nCarroll Davidson, b. (1840); commis-\\nsioner of Labor, 336 3 in labor dept.,\\n3512, 4473; investigation, 4662; in int.\\ndept., 4472.\\nElizur, b., 1122; d., 3202.\\nFrances, b., 9263; d., 9582.\\nGeo. Fred., b., 1502; work, 3963,4203.\\nHoratioGouverneur, b.,1303; at Cold\\nHarbor, 234 1 at Weldon R. R., 2343;\\ndefense of Washington, 236 1 Army of\\nShenandoah, 2371 at Cedar Creek,239i\\nat Petersburg, 2443.\\nJ. H., d., 4761.\\nSir James, b. (1714+); gov. Ga,, 732;\\nd. (1785).\\nJohn, gunpowder plot, 8792.\\nJos., b. (1756); John Jay, 98 1 d.(1793).\\nAlbert, b.(1810); gov. Ind., 1671\\nd. (1867).\\nP., commissioned colonel, 4581\\nMajor, defeats Confederates, 2001\\nMarcus J., General Scott, 4791.\\nMyron, b., 1623.\\nSir Nathan, b. (1653); lord keeper,\\n9033, 9032; d. (1721).\\nPatience, sculptor, 66 2\\nRichard, in Philadelphia, 763.\\nSir Robert, chief justice, 8973.\\nSilas, b. (1795); leads Barnburners,\\n1651 gov. N. Y., 1592; d., 1623.\\nStrethill, electrophone inv.,9662.\\nThomas, b., 935i; William Cowper,\\n10082; d., 9822.\\nWilliam, b., 9442.\\nWriothesley, Henry, E. of Southampton,\\nb., 8742; imprisoned, 8813; d. (1624).\\nThomas, lord chancellor, 8693; min-\\nister, 8712.\\nWrisberg, Heinrich A., b., 8002; d., 8083.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1463.jp2"}, "1464": {"fulltext": "1452\\nText Figures denote Page. lJNJJJC/^C. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nWrit-Yeat.\\nWriting invented, 650 2 alphabetical,\\nfound, 11402.\\nWrottesley, Baron, title created, 9451\\nBaron, John, b., 9283; d. (1867).\\nWsewoiod I., expels Isialaw; duke, 1113*.\\nII., Duke of Kieif, 11133.\\nIII., Grand Duke of Vladimir, 11151\\nWuchang mission, (3203, 621 6222.\\nWuhu, China, governor removed, 6252;\\nmission,G-42;missionariesattaeked,6251.\\nWulfere, King, founds abbey, 8423.\\nWulfred, arelibp. Canterbury, 8442.\\nWunderlich, Karl August, b., 8103; d.,\\n8282.\\nWundt, Wilhelni Max, b., 8142.\\nWupperthal mission, 5982.\\nWurmser.Count Dagobert Sigismund von,\\nb.,5143; at Kovedere, 7121; at Mann-\\nheim, 7102; capitulates, 7121 at Weis-\\nsenburg, 806i; d.,519i.\\nWiirtemberg, Ger.; B. of Weinsberg, 7761\\nWelfs defeated, 7781 Diet of, 7792 uim\\nbesieged, 7801 Eberhard againstSwabia,\\n780 2 Stuttgart mentioned, 7811 county\\nof, 7813 uim cathedral fnd., 7822 B.\\nof Reutlingen, of Doliingen, 7841 Swa-\\nbian City League est.. 7852 Univ. of\\nTubingen fnd., 7871 Esslingen under\\nBaden Albert III., margrave, John\\nIII.; Stuttgart, capital Great Swabian\\nLeague find., 7872 duchy est. Eber-\\nhard I., D. Eberhard II., D. Uric,\\nD. Poor Conrad conspiracy, 7S7 3 Peas-\\nants War, 7881 Albert a Protestant,\\n7891 Protestant league, 7923 Chris-\\ntopher, D., 7931 Lours, D. Fred. I.,D.;\\nJohn Fred., D.,7933 Eberhard III., I).,\\n795 2 League of Heilbronn Peace of\\nPrague, 7953 Fr. invade, 7961 ff m\\nLouis, D. Eberhard Louis, D., 7973\\nMaximilian takes Uim Fr. invasion,\\n7981 duke turns Catholic Chas. Alex.,\\nD. Chas. Eugene, D., 8012; Louis Eu-\\ngene, D.,8073 ma lean electorate, 8091 j\\nFred. I., D. Fred. II., D. cedes terri-\\ntory to Fr. leaves Confed. of Rhine,\\n7212 Fred. II., king, 8992 i n Q. Con-\\nfederation, 8113 leaves Confederation,\\n8112; Wm. I., king representative gov t,\\n8113 serfdom abolished, 8132 work-\\nmen s schools est., 8163 4 parties rep-\\nresentatives resign, 8172 favors Con-\\nfederate revision, S19i disperses Rump\\nPari., 5232 against Prus., 8192 con-\\ncordat with Rome. 8211 ally of Aust.,\\n8221 Chas. I., king, 8231 peace with\\nPrus., 8251 pays indemnity to Prus.,\\n8252 joins N. Ger. Confederation, 8272;\\nPr. William shot, 8331\\nPrince of, at Halle, 7161\\nDuchess of, d., 7282.\\nWurtz, Charles Adolphe, b., 7223 d.,7542.\\nHenry, b., 13G2.\\nWurttemberqiseke Xebenstunden, 7991\\nWiirzburg, Ger., battle at, 5182 bom-\\nbarded Prussians enter, 5262 Diet\\nassemblies, 7773, 7792 witches punished,\\n7951,8012; Bavaria receives, 8091 occu-\\npied, 8242 citadel bombarded, 8243.\\nJohannes von, work, 7823.\\nWu-slish-shan mob, 6223.\\nWuttke, Heinrich, b., 8122 d., 8282.\\nWyandotes, expedition against, 943; mis-\\nsionary for, 1282, 1303.\\nWyandotte, Kan., State convention, 1S52.\\nMich., Salvationists attacked, 4162.\\nWyant, Alex. H., b. (1838) d., 4181\\nE. L., member of the National Acad-\\nemy of Design, 2681\\nWyatt, Sir Francis, governor, 303, 312,\\n353; d. (1644).\\nJames, b., 9103 Pan theonopd., 9182;\\nLee Priory erected, 9222 Fonthill Ab-\\nbey, 9262; pres. Royal Acad., 9322 d.,\\n9363.\\nJohn, executed, 8703.\\nwins prize, 966\\nMatthew Digby, b., 9403 d., 9822.\\nSir Thomas, b.. SG61 work, 8691\\nleads rebellion, 8701 opposes royal\\ntreaty, 8712 executed, 8 ;s2, 8701, 8713.\\nWycherly, William, b.,8842; works, 8931\\nd., 9042.\\nWyclif (or Wyclilfe), John, b.-d., a562\\nwritings discussed, 5062 summoned to\\nLondon, 8533 doctrines denies tran-\\nsubstantiation translation of Bible\\nworks escapes martyrdom followers\\npersecuted, 8602; bones burned, S622.\\nWycoff, Isaac Newton, b. (1792); pres. Ref.\\nSynod, 1483 d. (1869).\\nWvcombe, lEng., Roya Military College,\\n9292.\\nWykeham founders, 9913.\\nWykeham, William of, b.-d., 8562.\\nWylie Station, Tex., agent arrested, 4743.\\nWvllie, Sir William, d., lOOSi\\nWyllys, Geo., b. (1570\u00c2\u00b1) gov. Conn., 373\\nd. (1645).\\nWyraan, Andrew A., d., 4761\\nJames, guilty of extortion, 4003.\\nJeffries, b., 123 2 sanitary commis-\\nsioner, 197i; d.,2842.\\nWalter, in treas. dept., 4472.\\nWynants, Jan, b.-d., 10983.\\nYVvnford, Baron, title created, 9412.\\nWvndliam, Thomas, lord lieut., 9073.\\nSir William, b., 9462 d. (1740).\\nWynn, C. W. W., minister, 9432,3.\\nWynne, Frederick Richards, cons, bishop,\\n10102.\\nWyoming, Pa., massacre, 883 avenged,\\n891 tornado, 3661.\\nState Meth. Epis. Conf. org., 1702\\nDaily Argus issued; Unci:// Mountain\\nStar issued, 2583 gold dis., 2601 3361\\nterritory org., 2633 coal dis., 2641 John\\nA. Campbell, gov. (1869) John M.\\nThayer (1875) Yellowstone Park est.,\\n2761 2773 female suffrage permitted,\\n2971; John M. Hovt, gov. (1879); Wm.\\nHale (1883) F. E. Warren (1885) Thomas\\nMoonlight (1887) W. Univ. opd., 3263\\nfemale suffrage est., 3293 Deaf and\\nDumb school opd., 3332 state admitted,\\n3371, 3491, 3552, 3631, Constitutional\\nConven. called, 3412; Cheyenne, capital,\\n3452 constitution ratified, 3483 F. E.\\nWarren, governor Ter.,3492 Excelsior\\nGeyser active, 3641 4661 1st State Con-\\nvention, 3671 i s t State gov. elected, F.\\nE. Warren, 3691 Forest Reservation\\nest., 3812 Indians cede reservation,\\n3933 ranchmen shot, 3963 cattlemen s\\ndisturbances, 4041 1 cattle thieves, 4043\\ncowboys subside, 4122; president s pro-\\nclamation, 4131 John E. Osborne, gov.,\\n4192,4472 desperados killed, 4211 Amos\\nW. Barber, gov. (1892), Wm. A. Rich-\\nards (1895) blizzard, 4541\\nWyse, L. N. Bonaparte, b., 7283 reportB\\nto Panama Canal Commission, 7613.\\nWysocki, Joseph, insurrectionist, 11181;\\nd., 11182.\\nPeter, b., 11162 d., 11163.\\nWythe, George, 602 d., 1123.\\nWytheville, Va., action at, 2251 Confeds.\\ndefeated, 2323 Confed. stores destroyed,\\nXanthippe, asteroid, discovered, 528 2\\nXanthippe, b., 10211.\\nXitnthippus, commander, 10183 in Afr.,\\n10262 aids Carthaginians defeats Ro-\\nmans, 10523.\\nXanthus, taken, 11461\\nXavier, St. Francis, b.-d., 11263 in Goa,\\nIndia, 10432 in China, 6143 in Japan,\\n10911.\\nSilva, conspiracy, 5551\\nXeuia, O., waterspout, 3222.\\nGrand Duchess marries, 11223.\\nXenocrates, b.-d., 10231\\nXenophanes, founder of Eleatic school,\\n10163.\\nXenophon, b.-d., 10211; works, 1019\\nleader, 10221\\nXeres (or .Jerez de la Frontera),Anarchists\\nattack, 11331.\\nXerxes, the Great, b.-d., 11062 reigns in\\nEgypt, 11513 reigns, 11071 11472 enters\\nGreece in Mysia commander, 10181\\nlosses non-resistance in Gr. retreats,\\n10182; heralds of, 10192; murdered, 11073.\\nII., Sogdianus, reigns, 11473 mur-\\ndered, 11072.\\nXesibeland invaded, 6022.\\nXimena, French defeated, 71S2.\\nXinienes, Francisco, b.-d., 11263 Crestia,\\n11271 regent, 11293.\\nde Queseda, Gonsalo, b. (1495\u00c2\u00b1) in\\nNew Granada, 21) d. (after 1576).\\nXoite, dynasty at, 6473.\\nXylander, Wilhelin, b., 7902 d., 7922.\\nYacht race, 4693. (See also names of\\ncompeting yachts.)\\nYacubbin-Leis, gov. Bokhara, 5491.\\nYadkin, N. C, tight at the, 931\\nYadrintsef, Nikolai M., d., 11221\\nYaliuar-Huaccac, Inca, reigns, 133.\\nYakima, Wash., Coxeyites trouble, 458\u00c2\u00bb.\\nBeg, ruler China, 6213 assassinated,\\n6221.\\nYakoob, in Afghanistan, 52,3 gov.; abdi-\\ncates treaty with, 63.\\nYakoub takes Tripoli, 11381\\nYakub Ebn Seis founds dynasty, 4871\\nYale, Pa., fatal fight, 4663.\\nElihu, b., 381 d., 601\\nUniversity, college chartered; opd.;\\nA. Pierson, rector first student, 543;\\nT. Cutler, rector moved to New Haven,\\n583 ;Elisha Williams, rector,603; against\\nWhitefield; Thomas Clap, pres., 651;\\nNaphtali Daggett, pres., 743 Ezra Stiles,\\npres., 691; observatory erected, 1381,\\n312 alumni endowment, 140 3 Y. Lit-\\nerary Magazine appears, 1463; Theo. D.\\nWoolsey, pres., 161 1; endowment in-\\ncreased, 173 School of Fine Arts opd.,\\n254 Noah Porter, pres., 2763; Bona-\\nparte publications presented, 3411 Prof.\\nLoomis s gift, 3443; Moody s religious\\nservices, 348 2 systematic Bible study,\\n347i R. Cath. Club fmd., 3482; Osborne\\nHall dedicated, 3503; Cornell freshmen\\ndefeated, 3623; gift of Mrs. Osborne,\\n3831; cap and gown adopted, 3842; first\\nwoman admitted, 3862; post-graduate\\ncourses for both sexes, 4022; gymnasium\\nbuilt, 4221 j Soc. of Naturalists meet,\\n4461.\\nYaloo River, naval battle troops land,\\n6263.\\nYamashina, Prince, in D. C, 4731\\nYamaska, earthquake, 5961.\\nYaniato-Dake reigns, 1091 2\\nYancey, Wm. Lowndes, h., 1232; d., 2272.\\nYang-Chau(Yangehow), mission-houses de-\\nstroyed, 6211; mission, 6212; redress\\ndeclined, 6213.\\nYang Keend., 6122.\\nYangkia enthroned, 6112.\\nYang-tse valley, Eng. attack, 6272.\\nYang-tse-Kiang (Yellow River), British as-\\ncend, 6162; Chinese settle, 6111 dikes cut,\\n6142.\\nYangti, expedition of, 6121 builds canals\\nlibrary gift, 6122; enthroned; levies\\nlaborers, 6123; assassinated, 6122,3.\\nYankee captures Thames, 1202.\\nDoodle sung, 912, 9132.\\nYankton, S. Dak., made capital of Dak.,\\n2173; Insane Asylum at., 3171.\\nCollege opened, 3123.\\nYao, the Great, abstainer, 6103; en-\\nthroned improvements, 611 1 ,3.\\nYara, insurrection, 633\\nYarborough, E. of, title created, 9451.\\nYard measure formed, 8482.\\nYarimar, Prince, at Copenhagen, 6361.\\nYarmouth destroys Randolph, 882.\\nYarmouth, Eng., Nelson pillar erected,\\n938 bridge falls, 9533; riots, 957 dis-\\nfranchised, 9703; Aquarium and Winter\\nGarden opened, 980\\nMass., anniversary, 3453.\\nYaroslav, Itusskvaia Pravda, 1113 d.,\\n(1054).\\nYaroslavez, contest at, 7183.\\nYarrell, William, b., 9223; d., 9603.\\nYarriba. (See text, p. 1161.)\\nYates, Edmund Hodgson, b., 9442; works,\\n9683; d., 10121.\\nJoseph, governor N. Y., 131 2\\nRichard, b. (1818) gov. 111., 2032;\\nsends troops to Cairo, 1941; appoints\\nGrant, 1942; d. (1873).\\nYazoo sinks, 3133.\\nYazoo City, Miss., disunion meetings,\\n1691; Cairo blown up, 2162; taken by\\nFederals, 222 Confeds. defeated, 2302;\\nriots, 289 fire, 3493.\\ncountry, Miss., Spain evacuates, 1092.\\nPass, Miss., action at; levee cut, 218 3\\nYeamans, Sir John, b. (1605\u00c2\u00b1) in N. C,\\n431,2; intro. slavery, 451 gov., 452; d.\\n(1076+).\\nYeardley, Geo., b. (1580\u00c2\u00b1) gov. Va., 292,\\n3, 312; d., 301.\\nYeatmen, W. H., consecrated bp., 10363.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1464.jp2"}, "1465": {"fulltext": "Yedd-Zald.\\nText Figures denote Page. 1JN1 J_)Jl,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\n1453.\\nYeddo, Jap., first theater opd.; ruinous\\nearthquake, 10911; free hospital est.,\\n1091 2 opd. to trade, 10922; sugar-cane\\nintro., 10912; important city, 10913. (See\\nTokyo.)\\nYeh, captive, 61S 2 joins army rewarded,\\n6262; degraded, 6263.\\nYelizavetgrad, Rus., anti-Semitic riots,\\n11222.\\nYell, Archibald, b. (1797) gov. Ark., 1531\\nd. (1847).\\nYellow Bayou, La., Confeds. repulsed,\\nCreek, Mo., Confeds. defeated, 2103.\\nfever, in Phila.,553, 733, 1053, ma;\\nin N. C, 573; in s. C, 633, 1273; in W. I.,\\n653, 673; in Havana, 6313; in New York,\\n1033, 1073, 1133, 2593, 4372; in U. S.,\\n1093; in Baltimore, 1113; in Southern\\nStates, 1273, 2993; at Natchez, Miss.,\\n1313; m New Orleans, 1333, 1733, 1752,3,\\n2593; great sums raised, 173 2 in Vicks-\\nburg, 175 2 at Portsmouth and Norfolk,\\nVa., 1773; in La., 2993; at Jacksonville,\\n3313; panic, Pensacola, Fla., 4353; in\\nBrunswick, Ga., 4393; appears, Brazil,\\n5553; rages, 5573, 5593, 5603; in Halifax,\\nCan., 5873 in Aspinwall, 6293 in Spain,\\n11311.\\nMedicine River, Minn., Indian battle,\\n2141.\\nSprings, O., Antioch Coll. org., 1723.\\nTavern, Va., cavalry battle, 2331\\nYellowstone Nat. Park, Wyo., est., 2761\\n2773, 4072; geyser active, 364i 4661 elk\\nand buffalos destroyed, 4541\\nYellville, Ark., salt-works destroyed, 2163.\\nYemen, invasion, 4831 monarchy est.,\\n4832; overthrown, 4833; monarchy ab-\\nsorbed, 4851 revolt, 4881 11581\\nYemenites, expel Turks, 4861 j est. king-\\ndom, 4873.\\nYen Ching, ambassador, in N. Y., 4613.\\nYenell, George Henry, b., 1382.\\nYenta, made prince, 6152.\\nYeola, religious riots, 10493.\\nYeomans, James D., Interstate Commerce\\nCommission, 4473.\\nJohn William, b. (1800) moderator,\\n1902; d. (1863).\\nYeou Wang enthroned, 611 2\\nYepez, Gen., overthrows Conservatives,\\n6443.\\nYermuk, action at, 10302.\\nYewell, George Henry, b. (1830) in Nat.\\nAcademy of Design, 3061\\nYezdegerd Era begins, 11073\\nI., reigns, 11072; conquers Armenia,\\n11061\\nII. reigns, 11072.\\nILL, reigns, 13072; d., 11062.\\nYezidL, calif, 4852; inEgy., 6552.\\nII., calif, 4852.\\nIII., calif d.,4852.\\nYindaawango action, Burmese war, 10482.\\nYingtse mission, 6212.\\nYing Wang enthroned, 6131\\nKngavi, battle at, 5501\\nYngtsong, captured; restored, 6152; mur-\\ndered, 615 1.\\nYoe-Duc, king, 4831\\nYokio, Heishiro assassinated, 10921.\\nYokohama, Jap., mission, 10921, 2; floods,\\n10921; fishing-place; destroyed by fire;\\nY. and Tokyo Railroad, 10922; Internat.\\nExhibition opened, 10923.\\nYondu, colliery explosion, 10093.\\nYonge, Charles, Duke, b., 9363.\\nCharlotte Mary, b., 9403.\\nYonghai, Ire., riots., 9971\\nYonglo, encourages literature d., 6142.\\nYonkers, N. Y., Salvationists arrested,\\n3562; Soldiers and Sailors monument,\\n3861 3901\\nYoriiye reigns, 1091 2\\nYoritomo, reigns generalissimo con-\\nquests; d., 10912.\\nYork, Can. (See Toronto.)\\nEng., archbishopric erected, 8402;\\ncenter of European learning school and\\nlibrary est.,8431 St. Mary s Abbey fmd.,\\n8463; burned, 8481 nre,8493; chartered,\\n861 1 Guildhall erected, 8622; taken,8S4i\\nbridge falls, 9653; Fine Arts Exhibition\\nopened, 9841 Royal Agricultural Soc.\\nmeets, 9901 bishop appointed, 10682.\\nMe., Indians attack, 521\\nHouse of, reigns, 8651\\nMinster, Eng., erected, 8502.\\nYork, Duke of, Frederick Augustus, b.,\\n9162; at Valenciennes, 70S1 at Dunkirk\\nat Bois-le-Duc; at Nimeguen, 7101; in\\nduel, 9252; recalled from Holl.; com-\\nmander-in-chief, 9261 at Alkmar, 7123;\\ncapt.-gen. surrenders, 9282 charges\\nagainst, 9352 acquitted, 9353 com-\\nmander-in-chief, 9342; as prince regent,\\n9353; defeated at Montmirail, 7202; lord\\njustice, 9413; d., 9423,9432..\\nGeorge, D. of, b. 9691 marries, 10101\\nPatrick, hired to kill queen, 8773.\\nCollege (U. Breth.), org. at York,\\nNeb. (1890).\\nRiver, Va., burn gunboats, 206 3\\nYorke, Charles, Lord Morden, b., 9062;\\nlord chancellor, 9193.\\nE. of Hardwicke, b., 9183; lord\\nlieut., 9312 lord admiralty, 9332; min-\\nister, 9592, 9632.\\nPhilip, Earl of Hardwicke, b., 8982\\nchief justice lord chanc, 9093 d., 9162.\\nYorkshire, Eng., inundated, 8962, 9131;\\npetition in Parliament, 9213 Philosoph-\\nical Soc. org., 940i Coll. of Science opd.,\\n9733, 9801; earthquake, 992 1 miners\\nstrike, 9811; Inst, opd., 9923 colliers\\nstrike, 9931 riots, 1011 1.\\nYorktomi captures Avery, 1202.\\nsails, 3951.\\nYorktown, Va., Brit, forces concentrate,\\n942; siege, 943; Brit, surrender, 952,\\n9202; news of victory, 952; siege begun,\\n2061 action Johnston commands, 2062;\\nConfeds. evacuate, 206 3 memorial, 3051\\nanniversary eel., 3093.\\nYosemite Valley a national park, 2351\\nYoshiake, shogun, 10913.\\nYoshikage deposes Yoshiake, 10913.\\nYoshimoto defeated, 10911.\\nYoshimune shogun, 10913.\\nYoshitsune reigns, 1091 2.\\nYouan Wang enthroned, 6112.\\nYou-Kiang attacked, 6183.\\nYoumans, Edward Livingstone, b., 1301\\nd., 3261\\nYoung, Alex., b. (1800); moderator, 2291\\nd. (1854), 3801.\\nAllen, polar expedition, 9801\\nArthur, b., 9103; Travels in France,\\n9271; d.,9403.\\nCol. A. W., gov. P. E. Island, 5792.\\nBennett H., raids St. Albans, 2391\\nBrigham, b., 110 1 pres. of Mormons,\\n1571; leader, 1582; i n Utah, 1623; g0 v.\\nUtah, 1692; u. S. justice ignored, 3771\\nforbids U. S. force to enter removed,\\n1831; indicted for treason, 183 2 Mor-\\nmons rebel against, 2691; approves\\nwoman suffrage, 271 1 arrested escapes\\ntrial, 2743 surrenders, 277 2 bigamy\\nproceedings annulled, 2783; resigns tem-\\nporal power, 2802; indicted, 287 1 sup-\\nports wife, 2883; d.,2961.\\nCapt., at Dunksburg, Mo., 2003.\\nCharles Augustus, b., 1422.\\nCzech party rejected, 5293; agitation;\\nexcluded; protest, 537 1.\\nEdward, b., 8962; works, 9063,9111,\\n9171; d., 9163.\\nEdward Daniel, b. (1831) search for\\nLivingstone, 5611\\nGeorge Paxton, b. (1S18) d., 5861\\nSir Henry Fox, gov., 497 1\\nJames,uses type-composing machine,\\n950 2 paraffin from mineral oil, 9541\\nJohn, Puritan church organizer, 362.\\nb. (1802) gov., 1613; d. (1852).\\nSir b. (1807) gov. N. S. Wales,\\n4972; gov.-gen. Can., 5832; d. (1876).\\nJohnClark,b.(l*o;ii; moderator, 1723;\\nd. (1857).\\nFreeman, b. (1820) cons. P. E.\\nbishop, 2582; d., 3202.\\nMatthew, b. 9123; d., 9303.\\nMen s Christian Asso. org., 1683 est.\\nin N. 1702 Internal. Assembly, D.C.,\\n2742; Railroad. Y. M. C. A. anniversary,\\n3322; 35th anniversary, Brooklyn, 3342;\\nconven.inPhila.,3383; in Kan. City In-\\nternat. Conven., 3831 in Indianapolis,\\n4301; World s Cong., Chicago, 440 1 in\\nParis, 7323 in Amsterdam, 11022; i n Lon-\\ndon, 10121 org. in London, Can., 5783; rg.\\nin Montreal, 5802 rg. in Glasgow, 9423;\\norg. in London, 9523; buys Exeter Hall,\\n9842; Foreign Miss. Soc. founded, 9803.\\nPierce Manning Butler, b. (1839)\\nminister, 4473.\\nYoung, Richard, cons, bishop, 9922.\\nRobert, impostor, 9003.\\nb. (1822); Concordance, 9843.\\nThomas, sentenced, 4131\\nb., 9183 interference of light,\\ntheory of light, 9302; d., 9442.\\nLowry, h. (1832) gov. O., 2973;.\\nd. (1888).\\nItaly Party founded; rise in Bologna,.\\n10872.\\nDemocratic League, conven., 3451\\nYoung Misses Magazine, 1443.\\nYoung People s Society Christian En-\\ndeavor, membership, 3842; meets, 3862,\\n(See Christian Endeavor.)\\nWomen s Christian Asso. incor.,2502;.\\n2822 Internat. Asso. fmd., 3263; con-\\nvention, 3462, 4001\\nYoung s Point, Ark., Grantoccupies, 218 2\\nexpedition returns, 2201\\nYoungstown, Ala., Gen. Rousseau at, 2362..\\nN. Y.j burned by British, 1211\\n0., miser dies, 3682.\\nYoutville, Cal., Veterans Home, 3503.\\nYples, Charles de, b.-d., 5402.\\nYpres, Belg., surrenders, 6921 Fr. gains,.\\n6933; Alpha and Omega est., 10991\\nYpsilanti, Mich., tornado, 4281\\nAlexander, b.-d., 10343 leader in\\nRoumania, 1034 2 leader Hetseria Phil-\\nike, 10353.\\nDemetrius, b. (1793) d., 11123.\\nYsabeau, Clement Alexandre, b. (1754)\\nd., 7582.\\nVictor Frederic Alexandre, b. (1793)\\nd., 7462.\\nYsleta, Tenn., election fight, 3643.\\nYsui Kwo Yin, minister, 4372.\\nYtsong reigns, 6123.\\nYttrium first obtained, 8141\\nYu enthroned, 611 1\\nYuangti enthroned, 613 1\\nYucatan dis., 163; conquest, 182; Cortez.\\narrives, 183; separated from Mex., 233;\\nIndians slaves, 6323; declares independ-\\nence, 10952; revolts, 10963.\\nYuen-Ching reigns, 6151\\nYuenti enthroned, 6113,6131.\\nYuen-Tsung reigns, 6121\\nYu Ho Canal completed, 6142.\\nYuh-shau, mission, 6223.\\nYule, Henry, b.,9403; d. (1889).\\nYungay, Peruvians attack pres., 5503.\\nYung-Ching expels missionaries from\\nschools, 6142; enthroned, 6172 d., 6163..\\nYungki enthroned, 6112.\\nYung Ping, mission work, 6242.\\nYunnan, China, Mohammedanism intro.,,\\n6142 Mohammedans attack, 6181 3\\nmassacre of Mohammedans, 6391 Mo-\\nhammedans rebel, 6192,3, 6202, 6213^\\nmission,623i Chinese missionaries,6242 t\\nFu capitulates, 6201\\nYupanqui, Inca Lloque, reigns, 132.\\nPachacutec, reigns, 13 3\\nYussuf-el-Tehri, last emir, 11253.\\nYu-yaou taken, 6162.\\nYvan, Melchior, b., 7151 d., 7462.\\nYvon, Adolphe, b., 7223; d., 7641\\nY Wang, enthroned, 6112.\\nZ.\\nZabzalians, sect arises, 13543.\\nZacatecas, mission at, 30962.\\nZaccheus entertains Christ, 31523.\\nZach, Franz Xavier von, b., 5143; d., 6202..\\nZachariah, Just F. W., b., 8002; d., 8042.\\nreigns, 1145 2 murdered, 11451.\\nZachary, St., pope, 10722; d., 10721\\nZacher, Ernst Julius August, b., 8121\\nZacoone, Pierre, b., 7223.\\nZacynthus [Zante], captured, 10262.\\nZadar taken, 5041\\nZafarwal mission, 10483.\\nZagazig, mission, 6571.\\nZagonyi, Maj.. at Springfield, Mo., 2002.\\nZagoskin, Mikhail, b., 1116 2 Young Mus-\\ncovite, 1117 1; d., 11182.\\nZagrab (or Agram), University fnd., 5283.\\nZaher Beybars, Ez, sultan, 6553.\\nBerbook, Ez, sultan, 6553.\\nZahn, Johann Karl Wilhelm, b., 8071 d.,\\n8262.\\nZala, anti-Jewish riots, 5303.\\nZaldiver, R., pres. San Salvador, 13232.\\nZaldua, F. J pres. Colombia, 6292 d.,,\\n6282.", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1465.jp2"}, "1466": {"fulltext": "1454\\nText Figures denote Page. IJNJjiiX.. Superior Figures indicate Column.\\nZale-Zyll.\\nZaleski, Bohdan Joseph, b., 11162 d.,\\n1120\\nZaleucus, compiles laws, 10143, 10153\\ncode, restrictions, 10151.\\nZaluski, Josef Andrew, b.-d., 11142.\\nZania, Afr., Hannibal s army annihilated,\\n10543; battle at, 662 invaded, 6641\\nZamacois, Eduardo, b.-d., 11303.\\nZamama-sum-iddina defeated, 11401\\nZaman enthroned dethroned, 51\\nZambert, Bartholomew, translation Eu-\\nclid s Elements, 1079 2\\nZambesi, Afr., Mackenzie arrives, 5612.\\nRiver, course traced, 560 2 reached,\\n5601 mission steamers on, 11122.\\nZamoiski, Jan, b.-d., 11142.\\nAndroej, b.-d., 11143.\\nZamosc, allies possess, 7212 retaken,\\n8101.\\nZamoyski, Count, exiled, 11192.\\nZancle. (See Messina.)\\nZancoff, Dragan, b. (1828); inEng.,5662;\\naccusation, 5683 ministry resigns,\\n5671; arrested, 5662; released, 5673.\\nZane family settle in O., 773.\\nZanesville, O., partly burned, 4791\\nZanzibar, Stanley arrives at, 2701; Ben-\\nnett expedition starts, 2721 Madjid ob-\\ntains, 5613 Brit, protectorate recog.,\\n761i j peace declared, 8382; coast ceded\\ntoGer., 8352, 8382; missionaries killed,\\n8383 fleet at, 10021 Eng. protectorate,\\n10052; free port, 10091; war with Mo-\\nzambique, 11121 (See text, pp. 561-564.)\\nZapolya, John, b. (1487) rival king, 5093\\ncrowned, 5111 anti-king, 511 2 favored,\\n788i defeats Ger. emp., 7881 d., 5102.\\nb. (1540) Pr. of Transylvania,\\n5111 d. (1570\u00c2\u00b1).\\nStephen Batory, grand prince, 5112 j\\nd. (1499).\\nZara, Aust., captured, 10741 revolts from\\nVenice, 10753; Louis of Hung, defeated,\\n10761\\nZarala, Gen., at Montevideo, 601\\nZaribrod, Servians defeated, 566 2\\nZasius, TJlric, b., 7862; d., 7902.\\nZauner, Franz, b., 8003; d., 8122.\\nZavala, Gen., at Montevideo, 11593.\\nJoaquin, pres. Nicaragua, 11033.\\nZayas, Maria de, in China, 6143; Novelas,\\n11292.\\nZea, Francisco Antonia, b., 762.\\nZeachen, explorer, 4931\\nZealand overflowed, 6381\\nZechariah, the priest, killed, 11443.\\nprophet, completes temple, 11463.\\nZedekiah reigns, 11471.\\nZedeslav, Prince, 5031\\nZeditz, Joseph C. von, d., 8043.\\nZedler, Johann H., Universal Lexicon of\\nScience and Arts, 8011\\nZedlitzs, Count von, resigns, 8363 d., 8202.\\nZedwitz, Baron von, marriage at Wash-\\nington, D. C, 3611.\\nZeigler, Anselm von, Asiatic Banise, 7991\\nZeisbergur, David, b., 601 d., 1142.\\nZela, action at, 10601\\nZelas reigns, 11492.\\nZeley, Maj., at Smithville, 2091\\nZelia, minor planet, discovered, 7411\\nZelienopole, Pa., railway collision, 3933.\\nZell, W. X., embezzler, 448 3 surrenders,\\nZeller, Eduard, b.,8103; works, 8152,8202;\\nJules Sylvain, b., 7223.\\nZemethen, Burmese war, 10482.\\n.Zenger, John Peter, b. (1680\u00c2\u00b1) Weekly\\nJournal, 623; arrested, 63 1 2; acquitted,\\n631 d. (1746).\\nZenji, Isono, mother of drama, flour-\\nishes 10911\\nZeno, b .-d. 10243 fnds. Stoic school, 10263\\nAntonio, explorer, 10383.\\nApostolo, works, 10833.\\nof Elea, b., 10162.\\nthe Isaurian, emperor, 10312; issues\\nHenoticon, 10703.\\nNicolo, b.-d., 10762; visits Greenland,\\n123; in China, 6142.\\nof Pontus, king of Armenia, 11513.\\nZenobia, Queen, defeated, 652 1 conquers\\nEgy., 6533; regent in Palmyra, 10672; d.,\\n11542.\\nZenodotus, b., 10263.\\nZenta, Hung., Turks defeated, 6122.\\nZepce, action at, 5281\\nZephaniah, prophet, 11443.\\nZephyrinus, St., pope, 10643.\\nZerabi mission, 6571\\nZerah invades Palestine, 6501 j at Mare-\\nshak, 11421.\\nZerkler, Thomasin, Welsche Gast, 7783.\\nZerubbabel leads Jews back to Pal., 11472.\\nZesen, Philipp von, b. (1619) works, 7971\\nd. (1689).\\nZetetical Soc. est., S83i\\nZethos besieges Thebes, 10131\\nZetland, Marquis of, title created, 1091\\nZettersedt, Johan Wilhelm, b.-d., 11342.\\nZetunium, battle of, 5651\\nZeuss, Johann Kasper, b., 8083; d., 8201.\\nZenxis, b., 10211.\\nZhidiata, Luke, Discourse, 11132.\\nZhookovsky, Vasilii Andreievitch, b.,\\n11162; translations, 11171 d., 11182.\\nZiar Yen Foo, arrival, 4613.\\nZich, Johann, stones ambassador, 530 3\\nZidek, Paul, works, 5083.\\nZiegler, Friedrich Wilhelm, b., 8023 d.,\\n8141.\\nZlem, Felix, b., 7241\\nZiemomislas elected D. of Poland, 11132.\\nZiemovitus elected D. of Poland, 11132.\\nZier, Victor Casimir, b., 7242.\\nZiethen, Hans Johachim von, b., 798 3 d.,\\n8043.\\nZifkoff, regent, Bulgaria, 5673.\\nZihite dynasty extinguished, 11391\\nZimines, John, assassinates Nicephorus\\nII., 10323, 10332.\\nZimmermann, Albert, b., 8083.\\nClemens von, b., 8043; d., 8262.\\nEberhard A. W. von, b., 8003 J.,\\n8103.\\nJohann von, b.-d., 11372.\\nZimmern, Helen, d., 8162.\\nZimri assassinates King Elah, 11431 3\\nreigns, 11433.\\nZinc mnf. from red oxide, 1501; dis. in\\nPa., 1622; mnf. at Bethlehem, 2452; dis-\\nin Yorkshire, 9343.\\nZincfiref, Julius Wilhelm, b. (1591); work,\\n7951 d. (1635).\\nZingarelli, Niccolo, b., 10842 d., 10862.\\nZino, storm at, 5321\\nZinzendorf und Pottendorf, Nikolaus\\nLndwig, Count von, b., 7983 in Am.\\nmission at Oly, 651 Herrnhut on estate,\\n5143; d., 8023.\\nZion, Mormons found, 1402.\\nZion s Co-operative Mercantile Institution\\nest., 2733.\\nZipsetes dies, 11491.\\nZirconium discovered, 8041 11361\\nZlska, John, b., 5062 Hussite leader, 5061\\n5073; at siege of Prague, 7841 d., 5062.\\nZitacuaro mission, 10962.\\nZiu, German s god, 7682.\\nZnaim, battle of, 5183 Bobber Tower\\nfalls, 5342.\\n8142.\\nZoar mission, 5821\\nZobel, Benjamin, b., 8(\\nZodiac observed, 10162\\nZoe, regent, 10332 punishes Michael V. j\\npoisons Romanus III., 10333 empress\\nd., 10322, 10331, 3.\\nZoega, Georg, b., 6381 t 6382.\\nZoilus, b., 10243.\\nZola, Emile, b., 7282 novels destroyed,\\n5862 works, 7363, 7502, 7562 elected\\npres., 7602; officer Legion of Honor, 7651.\\nZollicoffer, Felix Kirk, b. (1812) at Cum-\\nberland Ford, 1982 at Mill Springs.\\n2022; d.,2023.\\nZolling, Theophil, b., 8181\\nZdllner, Johann Karl Friedrich, b., 8143;\\nd., 8302.\\nZollverein fmd., 8152,3, 8253.\\nZoological Society fnd., London, 9421 gift\\nof Pr. of Wales, 9813.\\nZorndorf, Prus., Russians defeated, 5161\\nZoroaster, b.-d., 11062 j fnds. order of\\nMagi, 11063 king of Bactria reigns,\\n11071.\\nZorrilla, Manuel Ruiz, b., 11303.\\ny Moral, Jose, b.-d., 11303 crowned\\npoet laureate, 11323.\\nZosimus St., b., 10303; History Roman\\nEmpire, 10311 pope, 10702.\\nZouche, Baron of Haryngworth, title\\ncreated, 8543.\\nZoulpansberg mission, 11242.\\nZoutman, Adm.,b. in German Ocean, 9202.\\nZrinyi, Count Niklas, b., 5082 besieged,\\n5101 d., 6102.\\nZschokke, Johann Heinrich Daniel, b.,\\n8031 work, 8071 d., 8162.\\nZukertort, Johannes Hermann, b., 11163;\\nd., 11201.\\nZulick, C. Meyer, gov. Ariz., 3252.\\nZulfikar Pass differences, 71\\nZuloaga, Gen., assumes authority abdi-\\ncates; deposes Miramon, 10963.\\nZululand, Bp. Mackenzie cons., 9862 Bp.\\nCarter cons., 10062 appropriation for\\nwar, 9851. (See text pp. 596-603.)\\nZumarraga, Juan de, b. (1486) first Mex.\\nbishop, 212; d. (1548).\\nZumpt, August Wilhelm, b.,8103; d.,8282.\\nKarl Gottlob, b., 8062; d., 818\u00c2\u00ab.\\nZuni, mission to, 2982.\\nZunis discovered, Mex., 211\\nZunz, Leopold, b., S063; d.,8321.\\nZurbano, Gen. Martin, captures Bilbao,\\nrevolts, 11301\\nZurbaran, Francisco, b.-d., 11283.\\nZurich, ally of Aust., 5091; treaty with\\nFred. 111., 7S4 besieged, 7841, 11371;\\nwar with Schwyz, 11371 ally of Aust.,\\n11373; treaty signed, 5252; Fr. defeated,\\n7122; Russians defeated, 7123; peace of,\\n7341 council of envoys, 525 2\\nZurita, Geronimo de, Anates de la Corona\\ndeAragon, 11291.\\nZusmarshausen, battle at, 7962.\\nZiitphen, Neth., action at, 87H Sir Philip\\nSidney at, 10981\\nZuvrrlasxUie Auchricliten issued, 8011.\\nZuyder Zee, Neth., naval battle, 8881\\nZuyper Slays, Neth., Fr. defeated, 7123.\\nZwicker, Daniel, b., 7923; d., 7963.\\nZwingli, Huldreich (or Ulric), b.-d., 11371\\ninaug. reformation, 7883 reformer,\\n11372; killed, 7903, 11371.\\nZwirner, Ernst Friedrich, b., 8082 d.,\\n8202.\\nZwornik, surrender of, 5281\\nZyll, Otho van, b.-d., 10983.\\nWM\\n3^0", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1466.jp2"}, "1467": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1467.jp2"}, "1468": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1468.jp2"}, "1469": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2849", "width": "1967", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1469.jp2"}, "1470": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2906", "width": "2049", "jp2-path": "cyclopediaofclas00litt_1470.jp2"}}